cb11ce86aabfc03d5e8af7e3ea516050c75f4810	Nutrition is a vital process for our body, if you want to live – you need to eat
c9f7d65b89855cdea5a23beb2a11de41cb040a1d	As a result of this process, we get energy, building material for the renewal (growth) of the body, biologically active nutrients, a certain effect on the psyche.
e668a3ad521686dea5f7f7cfa289ed056527b337	A healthy diet is a diet that ensures the growth, normal development and vital activity of a person, contributes to the strengthening of his health and the prevention of diseases[1].
55095213de7155b9ac8f31369788555536a38e58	Following the rules of a healthy diet in combination with regular physical exercise reduces the risk of chronic diseases and disorders, such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, high blood pressure and cancer[2].
a7292ceb0251ad6d47b93f28c121dc14913675e2	Modern science conducts numerous studies to optimize the diet for the prevention of major chronic diseases.
48c1407b5e3ac71c5c65a13e233872a8418ac6d6	The first full-scale study that confirmed that a healthy diet can significantly reduce problems with cardiovascular diseases, obesity and diabetes was the North Karelia project, which was launched in Finland in 1973.
0d97829937ce47644a627ffad057cb3ca5b1fb3a	Over 35 years, the mortality rate from cardiovascular diseases has decreased by 7 times in the population of the North Karelia region
57b3663a66be24a883a9a30edc197931f131d9af	This result formed the basis of the Pan-European Health Strategy 2020. [4]
cbb62e5684d55490dd80cb58bf9b7381d00ce227	Representatives of the philosophical and sociological direction consider a healthy lifestyle as a global social problem, an integral part of the life of society as a whole, although the very concept of a "healthy lifestyle" has not yet been clearly defined.
71b23c56ff133b55aa152e4f0d7f5f32e921c4f3	In the psychological and pedagogical direction, a healthy lifestyle is considered from the point of view of consciousness, human psychology, motivation.
d1020e334c3969f5340bacc6d328999f0c3124e8	There are other points of view (for example, medical and biological), but there is no sharp line between them, since they are aimed at solving one problem — improving the health of an individual[2].
17814aca226747d8471241b877a1fd9f0383268d	A healthy lifestyle is a prerequisite for the development of various aspects of human life, achieving active longevity and full-fledged performance of social functions[3], for active participation in labor, social, family, household, leisure forms of life[4].
c54a2182e4cbefae73ca16e21eda482c7f91e337	The relevance of a healthy lifestyle is caused by an increase and change in the nature of loads on the human body due to the complication of public life, an increase in the risks of technogenic, environmental, psychological, political and military characters that provoke negative changes in the state of health[5].
528712c8c5cd5c70831a25fd5412e75123d59b74	In modern society, the tendency to lead a healthy lifestyle is increasing more and more.
66f87aa91cfded3e34b401aa9ea8bf78f763ae8a	The formation of a lifestyle that promotes human health is carried out at three levels[4]: Putin's promotion of a healthy lifestyle, In social: propaganda, information and educational work; infrastructure: specific conditions in the main spheres of life (availability of free time, material resources), preventive institutions, environmental control; personal: a system of human value orientations, standardization of everyday life.
7126908a5d89bfae77bedfcbeb15a297847df02b	The promotion of a healthy lifestyle is understood as a number of activities aimed at its popularization, among which the most important are educational and field programs, advertising in the media (radio, television, the Internet).
4305a62310e1eb770e91a6c696e3500ea5f4d2bb	Proper and healthy nutrition nowadays is no longer an indicator of aristocracy, but a response to the pace and conditions of life.
459ab2c7518fd7fef2e3331f4b14507f405ccb39	More and more people today are engaged in sports, which is inseparable from a healthy diet.
b388598c6aaf8c60595cee03a7411e7956e4cd74	Choosing a diet and making a menu for a day, week, month becomes an urgent task for everyone who is wondering about losing weight, losing weight or muscle growth, improving well-being in general.
7b2afc989d4d7fe56c28c8ca9b8b48c536cbb3c6	One of the famous authors of books about proper nutrition is an American naturopath, an adherent of alternative medicine, a vegetarian Herbert Shelton (1895-1985).
0b961e7526fa3ee65b21a3801817c5ec21ab16fb	His idea about the benefits of natural food became progressive: Shelton believed that nature took care of the human needs for food in full, which means that our body needs only natural products.
70d056f8a18decdc0444df9943e9b44ff457567d	Shelton also developed the dietetic concept of separate nutrition in the book "The right combination of food products".
3119fad65880cc9c8d79598cc11b6aa2db07753e	The idea of this diet is the incompatibility of some foods with their simultaneous use
222fbdcccc040c6f89bf06994e4e0703c619c04b	Separate meals interested not only those who want to lead a healthy lifestyle, but also specialists in the field of dietetics and physiology.
ff6578d9f8e58ad95dc047697c92c964dc514922	Clinical studies were conducted, as a result of which it was possible to establish that it is useful not so much to eat separately, but to eat healthy food, since weight loss and good body condition are affected not by the principle of food separation, but by a general decrease in its caloric content.
c2c98ee4383e202f819d043a94dd2411c4dd275a	Summarizing the information from these works, we can highlight several general recommendations about what you need to know about proper nutrition and healthy food:
9f9176372c1297eeaa3cc8dbedb19b3c8fd670a0	Rule 1. Food is primarily the basis for vital activity, the "fuel" for the body, from which energy is produced, and only then – a ritual and pleasure.
01f24b24dcafc7c0c6e0f4f3abdd1c571fd5ad0b	Rule 2. A healthy diet will protect your body from premature aging, will help to avoid many diseases of the cardiovascular system, some types of cancer, diseases of the digestive tract, diabetes, hypertension.
40f3eeaa49ca312194a22eee4529595ec280a1a1	Rule 3. There is no place for compromises in a healthy diet.
becfd41ae6e9e192e124b410e60333ec2f258e0f	Soda, chips, mayonnaise and other harmful products should be abandoned.
69f2d944601c10156a21e533c99ea2e8e66a351a	You can and even need to eat sweets, but not all the time and not everything in a row.
f9ec06a451c588cd0a81b3b35bd9dc8d5be89795	Rule 4. Baked, stewed and boiled food is healthier than fried and smoked.
1759242d377244a9d109072757cbf8030f2a72e5	Rule 5. Trust, but check.
87fd25ce2a6485158b1f3ebcf7eb976b5506e336	With the development of the Internet, a huge number of different blogs and sites have appeared on the network that contain information about healthy nutrition and give recommendations for improving the figure.
aa70ed3193b1ef5f82b0e248e9a5bf09eb10118e	According to the content of various nutrients and vitamins, all products can be divided into groups that will allow you to make an optimal diet during the day.
aa5e52a04db6dfed468747f79eef6f1010149a5d	Based on the principles of proper nutrition, specialists of the Harvard School of Public Health under the leadership of American nutritionist Walter Willett have developed a universal scheme of human nutrition during the day - a food pyramid.
46969efa22adf72aba82266ec5864697780c5d88	The products located at the bottom of the pyramid are recommended to be eaten as often as possible, and the products from the upper part should be consumed in limited quantities or completely excluded from your diet.
1b2658abe0290244469f0f228f267b0a53474465	In addition, it is worth noting that physical activity and sufficient consumption of liquids, preferably mineral water, are also at the base of this pyramid.
c30adc360652b85054580f36055b1436d8c7ca58	Whole grain bread, oat flakes, rice and pasta are the basis of a healthy diet.
4fcf74f3c114adf9da911c9bad5df182a053987d	These foods provide the body with complex carbohydrates, an important source of energy.
1621edc0b17617320a53972a5643a48360438a97	Vegetables provide us with vitamins, are an excellent source of protein, in addition, they are not rich in fats.
8e208872d709f59d6481f9ec1f8b063961a76137	Fruits are a rich source of vitamins, primarily vitamin
c0f2c528541e96de32bf7ccce1326d4c62d77812	Animal products are an excellent source of protein, iron, zinc and B vitamins, as well as beans, nuts and seeds.
bc96ea467468d6a072b7effc86f602135c9069be	Dairy products are essential sources of calcium
4e5387bab098a5e883d914da1713322dce4e1367	Fats, oils and sweets - these products are high in calories and very nutritious.
873839df0418cb2647bb4bd10030215faff5f178	The desire to lose weight makes many people turn to proper nutrition, since the main cause of obesity is the use of unhealthy food, fast food and a lot of sweets.
938a04343d9a6b3cbec4b11009c71b73f68675d8	The way to a beautiful healthy body is through building a proper diet and nutrition regime.
e5911aa136e5717bc371d748b5ea36f81a430e90	In search of an optimal weight loss program for yourself, you should not immediately go to the Internet and study "revolutionary techniques" that allow you to lose weight without the slightest effort and food restrictions.
21649bb8c7d0054ef3206eb7d1898ad960f16a98	It is necessary to treat with caution all the methods offered in the network, because quite often they are compiled by people who do not have a professional education in the field of dietetics, and can not guarantee a positive result.
5fa486074a99dacc3faeae67caa569c9edcd358f	If you have the opportunity, be sure to make an appointment with a specialist nutritionist, who will conduct an individual study of the characteristics of your body, and according to its results will offer a suitable nutrition program for you in accordance with your goals.
44a1a8e02feee6d0553d2b995675a1a96cbed80e	If the advice of a professional nutritionist is not available for you for any reason, you can use the advice of specialists who lead websites, forums and blogs on weight loss, read books on this topic, without forgetting to check the information offered to you, get acquainted in detail with the reviews and recommendations of people who have experienced this technique on their own experience.
6390bf14bb7989cbc09c89eee2441637e194d8b6	What do you need to know if you are going to lose weight?
4538e72089a26c5c21f613e9b642f1f3854d88b2	1. It is important to understand that a diet for weight loss without sports will not bring a quick result.
41490926565fe5492e6ca6d855bf89cfe9d1bad4	2. When choosing a diet, it is best to consult a specialist doctor or, at least, opt for a well-known program, the effectiveness of which has already been tested by other people.
1ccd36bfe9c34548a39844a80f2e25d6cf352526	3. If you start to sleep poorly or feel constantly tired and irritable, your overall health has worsened-these are sure signs that the diet is bad or the amount of food consumed is not enough, which can damage your health and, therefore, the program needs to be reviewed or changed.
a05bdc8d662fe5210cb7fbe35506082889518677	4. Most low-carb diets should be approached carefully.
cefe532daa3b71425a5c4245b2b6ff23a93f1261	You should also carefully treat express diets that allow you to lose weight in a short period of time.
06962ebeea88c1ba7e77d08b7578ed5923d1b6fa	5. The number of meals – 4-5 per day.
1420d1d145009089de01896d1cddfc019c4490ed	It is better to make small portions.
7ac9cc4e4e8c8a136f1fec5dc4b03a52f55bdb17	6. Useful products for losing weight, allowing you to maintain a balance of vitamins and minerals in the body: apples, broccoli, wild berries, pomegranate juice, beans, garlic, nuts.
d77b06e8b381bddfbf25cba2e13652984761d7ae	7. The main thing is a positive attitude, willpower and determination.
7d1234c79da3075cd3fa0b508ae118c1ab1f299f	The rest will definitely work out.
55c842aaac1daaac02bbb35e77d0cd6c21626f95	The drinking regime is an important element of a healthy lifestyle.
8639a4bbca3910253d61353357ea7e095cc1fc9f	Water is the basis of any living organism, including a human one.
69827c9244532cfdda098314b8f9bb6ef5f87748	Water regulates the water-salt balance in the body, body temperature, serves as the basis for the structure of new blood cells, the normal functioning of ligaments and joints, kidneys.
863a54f1c76143eb3f3e4623f05047279ed49df0	The problem of nutrition at the global and state level is quite serious today.
acbadb2766dfd95aadf17e925e5379693301147d	In Russia, the problem of nutrition is even larger in comparison with the leading developed countries.
a52384125fbcc6be38684008ad0b3b252fc819e6	In fact, it is quite a sad situation, but it is quite solvable, if only there is a desire and you can make an effort.
047364e644f50a63d72d9b917a69677d5dac5394	Scientists have found a way to make up for the total lack of nutrients in the human body – biologically active additives have been developed, which have been successfully used for many decades in the leading developed countries of the world, including Japan, the United States and others.
e197258b177cb8cc88e906ee1f51dcda327f5737	The Governments of many developed countries annually allocate funds for the promotion of a healthy lifestyle and, in particular, a healthy diet.
2a37e8dc9bb8d97875860e500a36727d5728eb40	In Russia, it is possible to receive dietary assistance within the framework of primary health care.
0ce0d98ec8902acb3b67cb6844927e930391983a	According to the methodological recommendations "Assessment of the risk associated with the impact of lifestyle factors on the health of the population", there are aspects of lifestyle that pose a health risk, i.e. they can lead to deterioration of human health.
a92911df213016b8369591860488940c962b138c	Therapeutic nutrition is the nutrition of a sick person, the purpose of which is, firstly, to help his recovery and, secondly — to provide the body with the necessary nutrients (nutrients)as much as possible
08510def5ae44acd008cd1493e70b6d3a371a0ef	In most cases, therapeutic nutrition should be used in combination with other methods of treatment
23fafbebde218a3bf2f38c2c3fdbabb8b035778a	Sometimes it serves as a mandatory therapeutic background for the use of other, including specific, therapies (for example, for infectious diseases).
3fd9509f670321a3005dea9c04f2583e64d539ba	The diet is prescribed by the attending physician taking into account the nature of the disease, indications and contraindications, the peculiarities of the course of the main and concomitant diseases, the tastes of the patient, his national traditions.
be66ddde42874b7c979c537cac2560f707b7b241	Modern principles of therapeutic nutrition include:
6e8cb92845a44acb157a4def2c5894a3da505bce	1) the use of diets that can affect the body as a whole, and not just the diseased organ;
b9e0ccf45af8a254f19f70a53e665912594fb338	2) sparing or training of enzymatic systems affected by the disease-by introducing or, on the contrary, excluding any specific nutritional factors; as well as therapeutic fasting, i.e. unloading the body;
e212589f1645f64735cb69537b63e36492aef03a	3) variability in the use of diets, i.e. their use in accordance with the course of the disease.
ab76e7ddacfaa14b7f9cc17aadf399e6c59c09fa	There are two different systems of therapeutic nutrition-group and individual, which are based on the principle of prescribing diets.
5f0725c8b5cf6be9407b3da739727d895bd9945c	A" step-by-step " system.
59b2606406130b440ed69b89a4d010a716ea4f80	It provides for a gradual expansion of the initial strict diet due to the dosed removal of restrictions.
f58779049b68af391ca321b5e69469c5b9ffb314	This system, in the event of the elimination of the pathological process, allows you to dose a gradual expansion of the diet-up to the transition to a rational diet that meets the physiological needs of the body.
61aaae5c7cf2e6aa419371b1f9a94510a8f18db3	The system of "zigzags".
d5674b41f2d31724fe789d30f6c62a385950564c	It provides for a relatively sharp, short-term change in the diet.
88aa1a43e7a99a25e3ef38016d0990089ae965a4	Such diets and, accordingly, the days of their use are called contrast diets.
360b576f015c57d25b750abbc96749225ecc58f2	Exercise diets ("plus zigzags") are used in accordance with the principle of training.
b572393fb8c94234d3141c792b02ac4c81862623	They provide for the inclusion of food substances in the diet, the content of which is sharply limited or they are completely excluded from the main diet.
70e2a965d6b57d5e05088fdc7c98c442242c847e	The periodic appointment (at the beginning of 1-7 days) of exercise diets contributes to the push-like stimulation of weakened functions
6bf0ee34839af02ab55d64860b00ac5d3dfec5a6	These diets provide the introduction of deficient nutrients into the body, cause an increase in appetite—as a result of introducing diversity into the patient's diet and facilitate the tolerability of often long and very strict dietary regimes
f76ee23d073309f5a0d16ea055694ac596a9a48b	A good tolerance of a stress diet has an important psychoprophylactic value: it strengthens the patient's confidence in the positive changes that have occurred and indicates the possibility of switching to a more expanded food diet
1508b015f9c6eadc1626174cdd6a3d44e98b4449	A gradual increase in the frequency of load days and the degree of load with good tolerability leads to the fact that the main diet can become a load one, and the one that was previously the main one becomes a discharge one.
487ada21b8ea375f53259e69149b5cad0a0d2f74	Thus, a zigzag transition from a strict diet to a more diverse and full-fledged diet is carried out.
e112aeb18b28c5868917ce8f810c1ce455a56eed	Fasting diets ("minus zigzags") are based on limiting the energy value or are associated with a purposeful restructuring of the chemical composition of the diet, which ensures the repair of damaged functional mechanisms, as well as correcting metabolic disorders.
7ab43f1c14ac40e8592dd303942c384eb149e952	Special fasting days Can be prescribed periodically 1 time every 1-10 days for a number of diseases (from the beginning of treatment, against the background of relatively strict diets).
4be2a7237bc8da76311c99e59dca0b632eb3a8e9	Carrying out unloading days is advisable even after the restoration of impaired functions, since during this period they differ in some lability and need periodic unloading and sparing.
1509d3a73cba8382e33727010017b5ac583f5b11	These diets are recommended for: diseases of the cardiovascular system (hypertension, circulatory insufficiency, atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease with obesity); obesity; diabetes mellitus with obesity; acute diseases of the stomach and intestines in the first days of treatment; kidney diseases (acute nephritis, kidney failure); liver and biliary tract diseases (exacerbation of chronic cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, liver failure, etc.); gout; urolithiasis.
eae299793a2cdae8a1eea1cea673b90ca1c067e7	According to the predominance of food products in the diets, unloading diets are divided into vegetarian — only vegetable food (fruits, potatoes, vegetables, rice), dairy (milk, cottage cheese, etc.), sugar, meat and fish, liquid (juices of vegetables and fruits).
3b87fd479c4714f2093649a4bf48b6b2e140a6fe	Fasting diets are defective in chemical composition and energy value, they can cause a feeling of hunger, so at home they are prescribed for 1-2 days and no more than 1-2 times a week, taking into account the nature of the disease, the tolerability of certain diets and treatment conditions: in acute illness or exacerbation of a chronic disease — with temporary disability (sick leave) or with a chronic disease with preserved working capacity (in the latter case, fasting diets should be timed to the weekend).
4ab1d19a7fb560f4dc049becdfda4cc834e5bf84	The diet of patients should be built individually, depending on the nature of the disease and the characteristics of its course, the presence of appetite, other methods of therapy, general and labor regimes
d8e4937852c45a498b90dfd99be33e913245490b	For medical and preventive institutions, the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, in accordance with the general regime, has established as a minimum four meals a day.
8a4b4ba73f43aec817b05b362b74b656988d1f73	When prescribing therapeutic nutrition, in principle, two systems can be used: elemental and dietary.
59affdb76903e38180e409cca59382c3d873cea8	The daily catering of patients in hospitals and sanatoriums is carried out by a dietitian who directs the preparation of the menu layout for all therapeutic diets, the discharge of additional dishes or products for medical reasons.
53df34346e33ccd8d293cbc8a4a106730d43f7c5	In the catering units of medical institutions, the quality of ready-made food is evaluated jointly by the doctor on duty and the dietitian.
9c5ae501088e77056e64b71e4cee159c32b75b18	For an organoleptic assessment of food, it is necessary to have a chef's needle (to determine the readiness of meat or fish), spoons, a fork, a knife, a thermometer, a bowl of boiling water (for rinsing spoons), plates, a glass of cold tea (for rinsing the mouth).
aa630faec44ce863476c9233c955036040e259b0	When determining the appearance and consistency of food, pay attention to its color, shape, size, structure (in section), uniformity, juiciness, friability, crumbliness, etc.
103c05e32931088fa27b59502d0c3035bfb0e3e7	The smell is determined before the sample and when swallowing food after chewing.
5b03d023f9c4d579422ccb1aea5f775ddd8bbaf5	It is necessary to take breaks between samples, avoid repeated testing of the same dish (the first taste perception gives the greatest taste), exclude the delay of the taste sensation by rinsing your mouth with tea.
1e07bc117609b70a7be8c45a128e633ab40f0125	Although measures are being taken in Russia to create conditions that exclude any harmful effects on people's health in the course of their work and sports activities, there are still harmful and dangerous factors leading to occupational diseases in some industries.
845b7d287ed7c9f9e3258c34de7c1ff3312d7164	The basis for the prevention of occupational diseases is the improvement of working conditions, technical and sanitary-hygienic improvement of enterprises, as well as strict compliance with safety regulations.
a6db64f2a196e766d3df96beb39f3dbf14923ad7	Along with the improvement of the environment, measures aimed at increasing the body's resistance to the adverse effects of physical and chemical factors of the production environment are of great importance.
f088ebed8ae9bc0c175d86de8b0ee14477f509ac	Therapeutic and preventive nutrition is provided free of charge and includes a set of products that have a specific orientation.
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a1e556a57d85a0802bd03440b92482bc90b5adda	Lesson 2.
7ef541889e078ce07a5ccf6ddd86e73e6ac1d014	Proper nutrition
b1a29196308356eaaa966ce661aad73eea425ecc	More and more people are interested in proper nutrition as one of the most important elements of a healthy lifestyle every day.
187cd92f66416f92387961765da02a9273f2a4d3	Food is something without which the vital activity of any person is impossible, and health directly depends on the diet.
e2813936649a673c8e5df1004cbf22b6c4ddf2d7	Poor quality or harmful food can cause damage to the body, so it is very important to be able to make a proper nutrition program for every day.
14ad47cfdf361eae411e644397831079940df304	Healthy food is not always the standard of taste, but from the point of view of its benefits there are no analogues.
e71d517a59db093eefe18b2caa659d64bdfec8d9	Choosing a diet and making a menu for a day, week, month becomes an urgent task for everyone who is wondering about losing weight, losing weight or muscle growth, improving well being in general.
84361513c57d2415d4c89e0374ae1fe9d9982047	In this lesson, we will talk about the basic principles of proper nutrition.
bae14ee1fff7b2a05299ec56ecdba3f6a62d2c5f	Table of contents:
844a91fbf0f780f1415e694d684cadee10a44191	What is proper nutrition?
b096788d8ee02da3a76f793cb41ec09ee660e317	Food Pyramid
d3bfc0db106f61d82bde3c2e5acd917a37c27127	Options for the daily diet
c9092065f943d04c0c0a7a8494c200fcc10bae69	Healthy eating and weight loss
a15b3adaa8b4677b4a36060f91e62aec924dc80f	TDEE Calculation
32936895ff098192a4565ea8b8f062a64fd93dc2	Proper nutrition for muscle growth
d8122c00ca3f3a32b5f5110f843ae01817a83059	Drinking regime
adeb99a63bc497bba6dcad1ddb16d6ffcdf74f9c	Useful information
861e9797986ae0bcb0f9b9e55884d561ef248672	Verification test
4bfd3b78e337566aaf0d1b12ae10edf3107a2fe2	It is rare to find a clear and specific definition of the concept of healthy and proper nutrition in the sources.
c1334842137ad2550701e9424ac9edacb80bd68a	The most complete formulation of this term is as follows:
57ff88d8050704bb5908d9c26c630c45fa109427	Proper nutrition (or healthy nutrition) is a balanced diet of natural and high quality products that meet all the needs of the body, in addition, they benefit it.
9ac54f2f2d550a9c3ed6fbacc31c11d2ad44d351	For example, the author argued that it is impossible to combine food rich in proteins with carbohydrate containing products, combine milk with other foods, and fats with proteins.
9f0f7c612ecc3a39f547bcea20ea416764342b4d	Also relevant for proper nutrition are the postulates set out in one of the most popular modern books about healthy food "Chinese Research".
6ed2fc856626fc3087ba1d3673d04d16ae9ca3ba	This work was written by the famous specialist Colin Campbell, Professor emeritus of the Department of Food Biochemistry at Cornell University, winner of the US National Institutes of Health Award.
eac80ad6fb2c7bda6273db0ada0b6a6c17e29bc2	Here are some conclusions from this book:
8afe57b59f535801139a310faedf69350633f24a	dietary vitamin supplements will never replace natural products containing the same set of vitamins;
293e359ea9d71b65752172aba369269d1b50d20c	almost all nutrients are better absorbed from plant food than from animal food;
c535ee0120c680643c0b183149b61d747988840e	proper nutrition helps to control the influence of negative external factors on the body;
5e561df51136524183d11175ee221c90ff85aae1	a properly formulated diet will never harm the body.
3b50f8a7837745b282745daa3862ff3f8e633da1	Summarizing the information from these works, we can highlight several general recommendations about what you need to know about proper nutrition and healthy food: Rule 1.
39595b658902b1c954fd126e077ba251bcf5fa2c	Food is primarily the basis for vital activity, the "fuel" for the body, from which energy is produced, and only then – a ritual and pleasure.
735880fa70c326d8f8f4231395b5ec74b97baaaf	Rule 2.
fbc201d15f29200a023aab2c7865d4a41ef93b08	A healthy diet will protect your body from premature aging, will help to avoid many diseases of the cardiovascular system, some types of cancer, diseases of the digestive tract, diabetes, hypertension.
9f79f29175ae325c435c5015ab3008dfe727b2b5	In addition, there is a certain list of products that contribute to improving mental activity, read about them in this article.
9ca3d1e22b624d4f656fa2af936926ed011145bd	Rule 3.
df5c59e75f61c941ac943f32fad4c8c1a3eee5e2	There is no place for compromises in a healthy diet.
0c0b59bf9a50672fcd7717a7a30bad9682456830	Rule 4.
da8bf88f6b36497edb1dbc2e62c71cd0258b6065	Baked, stewed and boiled food is healthier than fried and smoked.
8edfe6378a9887676627e7eb3bef07626908a72a	Rule 5.
709be7822dace081eed123df13e17b9259e91760	Trust, but check.
ed00583f1a37a9e8bf0cf0394f208ef5808068b7	However, do not forget that the authors of blogs are not always professionals who really know their business.
2dc4dd83eaefdac95ea1da9454c672e21e8eb40a	That is why before you start applying a particular technique on yourself, you should read the reviews of other users in as much detail as possible, read additional information about the author of the theory and analyze the results achieved by him.
d7e59a1033a7dd5f72acd2c57fc9c19d7743c4c9	This simple advice will help you weed out untested theories and thereby avoid the risk of causing irreparable harm to your health by trusting non professionals.
66932758a1d33981d9aec3049e23a264a04e8baf	So, the basis of a healthy lifestyle is proper nutrition, which depends on the food we consume.
2d7189fd3d0d9783cfbfa19121f876eaff12ca6d	Here is the structure of the pyramid with a list of necessary products and their properties from the bottom up:
16b8d26121860c1a30239491fb32479260bd2968	Whole grain food is rich in B vitamins, minerals and fiber, which are necessary for every person.
258d49ce39f6056965081e9f52adb55c2d7fc0f3	Contrary to popular belief, these products do not lead to weight gain if you do not add butter, cheese or sauces to them.
2a4dba76ead08154f3a1eb6cb751962208044fa9	Vegetables
224b30ef4ecf949e2906f19b90f9ee0f75db0c1a	The maximum amount of nutrients is contained in vegetables of rich green, yellow and orange colors, as well as in starchy vegetables – potatoes and yams.
df142c3202ba6e5cce6d2c4710925e40c4900bcf	Vegetable juices are also very useful for the body.
62ee7744e7af7913af65d6bc879df65c90e63499	Fruit
eec6c872fc4aef1cc1fcbcbe80dc40d4204070ff	Fruits are a rich source of vitamins, primarily vitamin With.
8c02048d37c47a344b0641ed09f404d9dd6483a0	These are low calorie products that contain almost no fat.
501502c4ef82d47974fda0f071df19f4a7a37cbb	Fruits are useful in any form: fresh, frozen, canned, dried, as well as in the form of juice, with the exception of highly sweetened nectars and fruit based syrups.
557a62bdfc9fc34f8f3dd1d95c3c349bad75948f	Meat, poultry, fish, dried beans, eggs and nuts
3a73409d88270e69ca67dcd61eff1f60f43d8d96	Tofu (soy curd), as well as white beans are rich in calcium necessary for the body.
f15dff29594de2838c68776379ba7a6d0f819358	Almonds are a good source of vitamin E.
ccc7cefe433f399926ffc17addc29ac543b72b29	Milk, kefir, cheese, yogurt
e5993b00c83305f566bbd51fdc4bf5a7d74aa0e3	They also provide the body with proteins and vitamin B12.
ba756e5b289d990ade804816375111660761cc52	For eating, you should choose low fat varieties of dairy products, since they contain a minimum of cholesterol, saturated fats and, of course, calories.
d4445d60f5176bed3e36c9c8ae5e6aae6b3f792e	They should not be abused, but they should not be completely abandoned.
827ae3cac12310e8527c68b6e6873adf7cdc23b1	The diet must contain vegetable oils, which are a rich source of vitamin E (1 tablespoon per day is enough for the body).
e67f0a16f34302c977b1be670487337b9d343ee9	Products containing molasses can be useful as a source of iron.
7689cabd3580f675f594b213312f36281a98bd29	Options for the daily diet in accordance with the food pyramid
b08714499ad1c2e2aba2e0b148630fe8a9baa5be	Many different dishes can be prepared from these food groups.
ca548db623c045d44c672f37caf6b3056e4c9655	The approximate daily menu of the average person may look like this:
16460f6ae43597f024de81a1a32d8e073042fc56	Option 1
530eb5baad0f7a81ff55609b12555eaeb049ecfd	Breakfast: a small piece of meat, a portion of rice and 200 g of salad, a cup of tea with lemon, a small fruit.
af5807f7c5c86cb46bd723fcc516908a7006e22e	Snack: unsweetened fruit.
b061742ade7bd8708dfc8bbd7883eb1b08e41b61	Lunch: two bread toast with lean fish, green salad without dressing, mineral water with lemon.
221c33900c01a9066923adc975f75f6358958b3e	Snack: kefir or yogurt.
10f5a4115134c4db34485561f2082267ea0b0f72	Dinner: stewed vegetables with toast, a glass of water with lemon.
e3b484a8502d979972fa694df58964540ec6dde6	Option 2
d9510018994585cc68e2a2bbc11d01b2b4e2b42c	Breakfast: chicken breast sprinkled with parmesan, boiled potatoes with green beans, a cup of tea with lemon, a small fruit.
05597b0c197ae2fdcf69ed1cfe0b101a2c992c92	Snack: a handful of nuts.
9941f1bc31bf0ce1cf1ff3b13372c610052a6885	Lunch: a portion of brown rice with stewed vegetables, a glass of mint tea, a small fruit.
4b3f8ab33c0deeac099b8da9000b0a786d0dabad	Dinner: 150 g of low fat cottage cheese, a small fruit, a glass of water.
69fd8e1b3f296132795cfe2f689b32107534df6d	It is worth noting that such a diet meets the needs of the average person in food.
c902e1916e7750f3ca3c9bded4ef03ac7f047685	For those who want to lose weight or gain muscle mass, the menu should be adjusted in accordance with the individual characteristics of the body and the goal set.
c04f605cd704fc8e8d61d3ba8d2ab1fc517298ed	Any nutritionist will tell you with confidence that you can lose weight by reducing the number of calories consumed by a person per day.
1dc4047db8c3b2d64cacba14f619a38b116519f3	The minimum number of units of energy required by the body of an adult every day is 1200 kcal.
c81bb0cf99cdd8b416dc6d31a27d1bd3f6a08192	You can calculate the number of calories needed to maintain weight at the current level by determining your total daily energy consumption or, as it is called, TDEE (Total Daily Energy Expenditure).
8a0d2a92715f17882e900545c8188252ac9b11d7	It is calculated from the indicator of the level of basal metabolism – the number of calories needed to maintain vital activity in a calm state (BMR) multiplied by the activity factor.
968e2e8e88c9b382750aba58daa7daa75a4dcbed	The formula for calculating basal metabolism, based on a person's weight, height and age, is derived as follows:
5d2af7833c36561af653039f4dd59d7f34248acf	Men: 66 + (13.7 X body weight) + (5 X height in cm) - (6.8 X age in years) = the level of basic metabolism.
72bfa4991087c1f3de66e34480693bb74ca32031	Women: 655 + (9.6 X body weight) + (1.8 X height in cm) - (4.7 X age in years) = the level of basic metabolism.
0dc34a1dcbaa59fded0cede6e0a5b038871d4346	The resulting result should be multiplied by the activity factor, which is equal to:
9bd1387f61cb6f0edeb225b4ad7873827e44d95f	1,2 = sedentary lifestyle;
c403481e606c8255c5dea408883868f5de93e813	1.375 = average activity (light exercises 1-3 per week);
17bef6355cfe183088630f435a35d2ab4311bc98	1.55 = high activity (intensive classes 3-5 times a week);
b3899775d0e5e6be355403e986d2d19c39ba00e4	1.725 = very high activity (heavy physical activity 6-7 times a week);
eb08a0ddf6d408a141a64c8049ba6682df4ad9b6	1.9 = extreme activity (very hard physical work, or intensive training 2 times a day).
275d36351099ca3ca3d9d7775d36fbc221706796	You can find out how many calories per day you need in the form below:
8dee297e69598246320130b370b8c702ebbce155	Calculate your Total Daily Energy Consumption (TDEE)
4f9a936cefe46b2e99f616c9518670e22cef339e	YOUR GENDER: Male Female
4de641f1465600392c3b83cf76c8c1e69df1d842	& nbspkg & nbspcm & nbsplet
a1fad89c71b2568ad38cd747470face89e4f820f	YOUR ACTIVITY:
467b14d7721c21901ac0eb256ae120af9e445dbd	Sedentary lifestyle
968ab083adc44692269918084c15e85b7af1a6b4	Light exercises 1-3 per week
2cc03e55869ba55312e31083f73117f74e2ba67a	Intensive classes 3-5 times a week
de78615c2e86f5ac37bd2e57ad79456d485b3e3c	Heavy physical activity 6-7 times a week
184d4f35af7b39ca848f20dc0f8fa3e2d3305074	Training 2-3 times a day
285efd993eea41041921e1e2b36c7caa2151f91e	CALCULATE IT ?
5dcf3e585be798e792478bdf4ef4caeb311d129a	After you determine how many calories per day you need to maintain your existing weight, you can easily calculate how many calories you need to lose weight.
a090b7b0c268b50842955a085f80f24ebe93c4a3	Without harm to the body, you can reduce your daily calorie intake by 10-15% of the required energy consumption to compensate.
f7e2b8f90ce044ecdade8e80152e32144f3e138c	To speed up the process, having previously deduced the formula for the number of calories taking into account physical exertion, of course, and having calculated the daily diet from it, you can only do special exercises.
9b197a27c59477e467f6c5c440b3127c8445757c	You will learn about them in the next lesson.
b41ae57985e93b75c8d316ac19b67b51fedfa859	2. When choosing a diet, it is best to consult a specialist doctor or, at least, opt for a well known program, the effectiveness of which has already been tested by other people.
71dac14338ec2218a5e93972ca92c49c8bc80164	3. If you start to sleep poorly or feel constantly tired and irritable, your overall health has worsened these are sure signs that the diet is bad or the amount of food consumed is not enough, which can damage your health and, therefore, the program needs to be reviewed or changed.
8dbba70552cb009a56efe1ebc53faef1a35a926f	4. Most low carb diets should be approached carefully.
2432ecd8495886278b100e313000c4b946c62ebf	Carbohydrates are the basis that feeds our body with energy.
b330a0610ac8029f80dc2d5a15d16d078e804633	It is necessary to distinguish between fast and slow carbohydrates, while you can not completely abandon some and replace them with others.
2cff8ef4b37a10be62199e96335dbde1408bc7dd	For more information, see here.
65c717bc1d0fcdab1a22fdfcbd9d96e338403697	It should be remembered that having lost weight with the help of a cucumber or buckwheat diet, you will soon gain weight again when you return to your usual diet.
0e86f66825ab1ab15638273b469580d7d9a6405a	Finally, an example of a menu for the day for women:
ef680ef2fe4467ef52f34587f95e997b87086e78	Breakfast: oatmeal on water, 1 apple, coffee with milk.
69f52381333a7244380fe0c443fc86e0e2449834	Second breakfast: a glass of kefir, 2 peaches.
44d302c8193c080c70adfff3d622489a9e3ef192	Lunch: 1 baked potato, a piece of fish, vegetable salad with a tablespoon of oil.
e3e9b406c4ecb823178e2ae03ad42edf714033c0	Snack: grated carrots with olives.
f113e5b4dd06053686be3bae60b6a67d60d2108e	Dinner: boiled broccoli, stewed chicken breast.
ee8627f7605020cb6fec41fc56a7d02d096259b1	A healthy diet is just as important for gaining muscle mass as physical training.
b4fc2cf76083798f55c6f3d2394fa763dff48f95	Food serves as a building material from which the body takes everything it needs for muscles.
80414958739158aa4fbc6e7fe27572e21d557f40	In the case of a set of muscle mass, the same principle works as with weight loss, only in reverse order.
9bc3b415422ffd0ab14ff51cc6dd3880d64cdd06	If you want to gain weight, you need to consume more calories than your body spends per day.
8c35c8826fa4931b8fc84b5931ca583af816fb63	At the same time, you should avoid a large amount of fast carbohydrates and fats, which, unlike protein, are not directly involved in the process of creating muscle tissue and can accumulate in the body, creating an extra fat layer.
e763755e074057b2785f4f3a2030ca0223b3b4e2	However, it is fats and carbohydrates that are the main source of energy for training and therefore it is impossible to completely abandon them: it is necessary to consume them at the right time and in the right amount (in accordance with TDEE).
7309ea8a239f48e77f19bd36b6ac431a6c523f2c	If you are actively engaged in sports, then it is important to get enough carbohydrates for breakfast and lunch, because they provide us with the energy that is needed for intensive training.
29f85c2fd070122b84286cd1f4f4563854fd49e4	But the main role in muscle growth is assigned to proteins.
e1f26d8bccde29509c637a0729e50d8fd17c675e	A well known truism is that in order for muscles to grow, you need to consume 2 g of protein for every kilogram of body weight.
7a3d6a45b4c7a83dadabad27f9e6aecaa6037d84	In general, the nutrition process should be organized as follows: meals – 5-6 times a day every 3 hours, portions are average.
7e742041dfa2937e8aec201626adbacc32a67536	What do you need to know about proper nutrition for muscle growth?
8b03feb078b93309c6810aa2f56e73138ffb87e5	1. Muscles grow when the amount of incoming energy in the form of food exceeds the amount of energy consumed per day.
80045c70c9cbbf60d639c2060092e2ce8015dec0	Calculate the daily calorie requirement using the formula described in the weight loss section and increase it by 15-20% (on average +300-500 kcal daily).
3494c8763acba36b993f37dd8891848a38eb0126	2. If you follow the rules and do everything correctly, but the muscles do not grow, increase your carbohydrate intake at breakfast and after training by 40-50 g.
8c9f1f5e2532bb073c30d0ea60ad8fc7ab359a64	3. Do not panic during the period of stopping muscle growth.
8a5c0b615f85c1867d75fb9c0cbfda2af1572697	Muscles grow spasmodically.
50625a424f7a7b6b67dcce1d6cc17feb23f4bcf7	After a few weeks of progress, stagnation may occur, and after a week or two, growth will begin again.
d00716b6c91d0dff40a80c7f066914fa2a38a59e	4. Smoking and alcohol abuse are unacceptable, not only if you are engaged in sports, but also do not correlate with a healthy lifestyle in general.
e7d003bd20a06b61504afb99a7b49fe65052dfb8	5. To achieve the growth of muscle mass, you need to follow the following daily ratio of macronutrients consumed: protein (proteins) - 25-30%, carbohydrates - 55-65%, fats 10-15%.
9d07b2f435fd50f9ea29d45708fc1e976c83c823	Squirrels.
4481557476620f67b2f2fdb78463a29c85020d81	One gram of protein contains 4 kcal.
e46f7393ce9f36939c559a62b0f6627ff108ac27	The main sources of protein are chicken, turkey, meat( beef), fish, eggs, milk, cottage cheese, cheese, yogurt, protein powder, nuts, beans, peas and soy.
5b8d358eb1cd74dbe5764a3a6d7285d2e58aca96	Animal proteins (meat, poultry, milk, fish) are more nutritious than proteins from plants (nuts, beans, peas, soy).
e33920f49e1d43970ecff3648c8b9a4181f09855	Carbohydrates.
2590099b596ed3728f0a9d6dac40de945f29ebc8	Carbohydrates contain 4 kcal per gram.
8257b60b1f776750b0eaf0394bbfc2b9328197ad	The main sources of carbohydrates are: oats, potatoes, yams, rice, pasta, sugar, fruits, vegetables, bread, fruit juices, milk, cookies, chocolate, corn, cereals.
cfc8d213c244072b19313de5ce304f674803d8c5	Fats.
2dead93f950c2d9a43587a648d6478c7faebe525	Fats contain 9 kcal per gram.
e79f7b7916c37d26a00a95f7f5bb3e44f1bcf2ba	The main sources of fat are: butter, fatty meat, fatty fish, egg yolks, sauces, milk fat, cheese, cookies, potatoes, nuts, olives, chocolate.
5e8883c0af6644fe505fa79dd28460c286e580f9	Animal fats are more harmful to the body, primarily for the cardiovascular system, than vegetable fats.
0cced8bab19b486c6427d7b446bf99ece6728beb	6. Top 10 products for gaining muscle mass: cottage cheese, oatmeal, buckwheat, chicken breast, turkey fillet, salmon, tuna, beef, eggs, fish oil.
770aad85064d027d865d80a8a7a198d9b60e389e	Read more about these products in the article of our blog.
8e3d6f74012c00de7360b3613e8173afdc53e2ba	7. You should drink enough water.
b2068082dcc2afed49fbb89613ffddb2826b1627	More on this below.
9fb2b473e0e5ba5a52fc0d18069db8d6179d3483	The approximate daily diet for muscle growth of a man weighing 75-80 kg is as follows:
130932ceac65b2aeec6c0325faede71b0686b348	First breakfast: 2 whole eggs, 7 egg whites, 1 bun, 3 teaspoons of jam, a large banana.
61524daa59d3a15835ea124f4b12b55162802339	Second breakfast: 150 g of chopped boiled breasts without skin, 1 piece of low fat cheese, 4 tablespoons of low fat mayonnaise, 1/2 onion, 3-4 tomatoes, 2 unleavened tortillas.
f16c272e1e62496e71663d0b23c5ee69cff5a6a9	First lunch: 250 g of grilled beef, 100 g of pasta, 3/4 cup of tomato sauce.
52e8f59da4e99b865b4946333ff658ce4b463cfb	Second lunch: 150 g of grilled chicken breasts, 240 g of boiled potatoes, 2 tablespoons of low fat mayonnaise, 1 cup of vegetable salad.
b922fdd17be155939006e87579519b3ca5b2145a	First dinner: 500 g of skimmed milk, 2 scoops of whey protein, 3 tablespoons of honey.
80076d6b074b4659301ddeaa218026bcaca915a4	Second dinner: 240 g of boiled fish, 240 g of boiled beans, 1 cup of boiled carrots.
d566f5ff4553d6e2d31c4499d1b97a4cac69520b	Water regulates the water salt balance in the body, body temperature, serves as the basis for the structure of new blood cells, the normal functioning of ligaments and joints, kidneys.
6849ab23f9fb363f0b921ab278bb151c6c739794	Drinking enough water allows you to control your appetite.
9dd424c7ba5feafcfe3060d22b4de8c8ca39c72d	There are recommendations for diets, according to which you need to drink no more than 1 liter of water per day.
61fadc180fa98cac4dc3b546bb7e8f5efa2f5562	In no case should you follow such diets.
05bfe952905938083cbeef0a08f3706cb31a8f8d	You will get the desired -5 kg in a week, but the body will be dehydrated, which will affect your well being and functionality.
1057237c99bf89c91a1d84be9c0a2fd7f1d33820	It is worth starting to drink again when you want, and the weight will return.
c8f0b7294ec01072cdecdc427a1a2f6beba4e27f	Remember, the norm of water for an adult per day is 2-2.
da6f04732e1965fd58bdc739bb611446667feb4c	5 liters, divided into equal receptions after the same amount of time.
ab86c579036be54994e26b241e3645ea59595427	Scientists derive this figure from the calculation of 30 ml of water per day per 1 kg of weight.
78fcff5a45d7d05dad18f4207b3e7e81ba4a4cee	It is important to drink the right amount of water for those who are engaged in sports.
61d902c3282400264402b693a55614cb98d84ec4	If the body is dehydrated, energy is absorbed 10-30% worse, which directly affects the intensity of training and fatigue.
4b1bbfa0e331855365ea4c4cc42a897cb19ed5a1	It is recommended to drink a glass of water with lemon immediately after waking up – this accelerates the metabolism and has a positive effect on the digestive system.
99cb4fc5cc3989de984f4fd0de0bc92fcdd1c61f	Below we have collected some useful links that will be useful to everyone who is interested in a healthy diet, diets for weight loss and muscle growth.
87994800e8cd227a6d24b12e1e629c2bc4232b8f	A detailed and convenient table of the caloric content of individual products and ready meals with an indication of the amount of proteins, fats and carbohydrates and an analyzer of recipes for the content of biologically significant food elements.
518021054a7d9531f98a50c8769d420e6d6c1508	Recipes for dietary and low calorie dishes.
41eb59abc54a79a615c7afeacb3d9f756c097ac6	Recipes for protein dishes.
941397999f1b7a4bb80af486fc13cd6da710599d	Description of various diets for women.
a2aa47ba7683ffbc5d9e2ed07fcbe7b4f8e08e65	If you want to test your knowledge on the topic of this lesson, you can take a small test consisting of 5 questions.
68aff91738f349d80eb718dc80413f6f775a9181	In each question, only 1 option can be correct.
1538c2fb0f859a4626d7c98cf70668d26cdb1e3d	After you select one of the options, the system automatically proceeds to the next question.
47e8d6db784f2060635b43ce4ff948d83452c89a	The maximum number of points is 5.
dd05f8f19b1bc70eda52228025e702d2166c0da1	The points you receive are affected by the correctness of your answers and the time spent on passing.
084cfd87c64834c1200b1d0ecddb76ae3ffbfaf4	Please note that the questions are different each time, and the options are mixed up.
fe8d6dca4ceccae32e3b0dbf5103beee79806bc6	Before you start testing, we recommend that you register so that the result is saved in your history, and you can see your own progress.
5458b7f549090b5d197ec984f2ce49b493066914	≡ Start Rules Background
22441e7571e2e2d492b5bb99a2c6f84951b5db4b	00:00
0820b32b206b7352858e8903a838ed14319acdfd	Testing
bb2ee7965f77f9766b22af69c80d158d636b95e0	×Testing rules
6ddbeafd598319b028b366f7a9026a11d330edbd	If you want to test your knowledge on the topic, then you can take this verification test for all the information described in the trainings and additional materials.
621e03a9f5031a9770e539d3c57efe81f204d0ea	Each time, several different questions are taken from our database, so you have the opportunity to take the test many times.
a1cdec50ebffbdb0d1c7aa89ee9903b19f9ad334	Before starting the exam, we recommend logging in to your account so that the result is saved in your history, you can see your own progress and get advanced statistics.
28df23c1508b4b357175cb9343202d4a6b985708	To begin
cd7b620fdb681c848322718ea341bd233e70448c	×Result
819f41f058379eb51168ff0ad732be993fa49610	points
26de05a44d1e5fe8d199a0b207cf89f9e390f7dd	accuracy
9b08e4dbe735089daf9260b35ca6e84111e11990	Last:
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a036ad396941dee570334cf8a8264ea94a1a572a	We got acquainted with the basics of a healthy diet and its role in losing weight and gaining muscle mass.
4eb86d6a5b85c68047796071bb7eee44eefc1662	Let's move on to the next lesson.
b97538eafb249aa6e6f43265eb7d8e1ddd99b479	Author: Sergey Krutko (+)
3462490441223a65cf392cf25d098ed45607c014	УРОК LESSON 1 (Daily routine) LESSON 3 (Sports) →
edcc7a9988ee1f89500d3be916557c7ed944367a	Rules for reprinting Become an author
1b9d2e1f56938e19cb9b8f069aee4c6867669755	Self knowledge
6373ba99129889609b21faab769f03c61c4f721f	Oral invoice
34c1e9af242e06e4dbdd7e8fe086126529b27b07	Speed reading
eaa9b82e49052aafde496d90ac0390d4036a8149	Memory development
f5427e8f6f25d5f83bb2fa2f496a6fa1e61f1ece	Leadership
e000935a29d0a4ebf029f71653a5cae5e6bceffa	Public speaking
b09528db5e233d261959d67fc94a644a649a7c55	Creative thinking
06c74ec1236080da6d1f8114bd73a9a9d304aa6b	Time management
e06757fb7029e759ac0a1c667e240e80b7178c09	Pedagogy
562ff8c2880db865e56fbb39065b842d47908ca0	Competent Russian speech
e665e630c9ea361b631b9a1a6438d935ec235fd4	Logical thinking
378f492bb7284de2d0523c555284f782524c19b4	Writing skills
6fe3285cb9790f40a03bdbc4538eab0ddaaaf1e0	Healthy lifestyle
ee4c47fcf1ee4cfc4896c88d1a704a9ceaae73f3	Human psychology
2ba78037b18ed43a6c3a868933d0477f6a439354	Acting skills
cfa32552964b68d3b09cb05db0981edab4c63769	Spiritual development
3665d0b233ea48bafe7d3f41b40cebe7fda94d78	TRIZ
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723737b6f816333805895776968ae482658b0241	▲
6ced3659a8202fb82b94aed14eada48d20f43e94	Healthy eating
2c17934e2a2a8f9af4a013907baaaac4b0024e60	[edit / edit wiki text] Material from Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
57b3de5f34f6d8d10b2eb49fabbf22db998c7fde	The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on July 17, 2015; checks require 10 edits.
def0aa5411f5bf77f7f7d54dc8a02638bd5069c6	Go to: navigation, Search
ac1bbe0c5c9fa3cdac8ccf6fb018384abfa6b802	The use of fresh vegetables and fruits is an important component of the basis of a healthy diet
3400c6598195e18db749e803aac83a3ed005e891	The first full scale study that confirmed that a healthy diet can significantly reduce problems with cardiovascular diseases, obesity and diabetes was the North Karelia project, which was launched in Finland in 1973.
a7f44fc89ba0cdea89332a8ad41dc752f9c425ae	Over 35 years, the mortality rate from cardiovascular diseases has decreased by 7 times in the population of the North Karelia region This result formed the basis of the Pan European Health Strategy 2020.
8f4e345e7cd51e4e633816f5a52a47df465da189	[4]
feffc7cb335c5e2314f65d14b117f90c6cf18693	The main changes that led the North Karelia project to such a result:
77ac17bb3ea6a9b6bf2cc768ba9bd6aaa0e9d73c	quitting smoking changing the diet of the population:
629356fcbc4c806b7601839a189cba83d7d5c479	reduction of butter consumption by 80% increase in vegetable oil consumption consumption of low fat dairy products increase in the consumption of vegetables and fruits changes in the recipe of traditional dishes and training of the population in new cooking techniques (not frying, but baking and boiling)
4f9be057f0ea5d2ba72fd2c810e8d7b9aa98b469	Content
9249e9200678e0a212f1ad8ab45001f6eef7cab2	[remove]
ac1d409208601b8a4378f86aa3657b3196b0660b	1 Recommendations for a healthy diet 1.1 Support for a healthy diet by the state
64d7a71657c05c983883b0fe17bd6f02786eae9f	2 See also 3 References 3.1 Notes
af95a0a04003274845ed80eaf1dbd279077c5324	Recommendations for a healthy diet[edit / edit wiki text]
700dbf95474afc5354f95954f537e2222cb29a3a	Of course, the composition of the ideal human diet depends on the type of activity, lifestyle and place of residence, but there are more or less universal tips developed by health organizations:[5][6]
60e10cae862e5ce61cd9afaacf51e2fd888ddf1f	A diagram illustrating the recommended ratio of products in food, based on the Eatwell plate
5e9feb47c0c57a2568b007febbf671b9561ad2a6	Carefully monitor the calorie content of products and body weight.
2f1dcc2a0819c4854069ddeb59ec1f31be3271bc	Thus, the State Research Center for Preventive Medicine (GNICPM) recommends reducing excess weight with a body mass index greater than 27 kg/m2[6].
19dbb693ffff4b4a64fe2dd30569f8b41a2e15a5	Limit the production of energy from fats.
69be62a470713165c576607fb0b33cb855e820da	Saturated fats (animal, solid vegetable fats) - should be up to 1/3 of the consumed fats, the remaining 2/3 of the fats should be unsaturated, liquid fats.
615f4c2c9c6c226a11a58373b92969e5b8804866	When using milk and dairy products, preference should be given to products with reduced fat content[7].
d30981c84d1e3edb4528803c7001d9a54047426b	Try not to eat food containing trans fatty acids.
c0eb8980777aee565157d7d276c5def6c4667d7e	Aim to increase the proportion of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes and nuts in your daily diet.
83bb9a1eb6bdc723bda5ac142ed9a543c6013fc5	It is from this food that 50-60% of all energy should be obtained.[8] About a third of bread, cereals, flour in the diet should be products enriched with micronutrients.[7] Limit the use of simple carbohydrates (sugar, honey, sweet carbonated drinks) - no more than 30-40 g per day.
118b9ea214af3a06be3f3e34ba8dd8fd0e6447a4	Limit the use of table salt and use only iodized salt.
2898f2e7803e10928e1bd171c3bc6e8dd7695be6	Try to provide the body with vitamins in physiological quantities, including antioxidants (vitamins A, C, E), folic acid.
56e15da0109f14543422b0e57f83a54cc46b396a	If your diet does not include enough vitamins from food, you can periodically take multivitamins and additionally vitamin D.[9][10]
45fee72994e154601a743457339a0068993ab79e	Consult with your doctor on the topics of diets, trust only the nutrition developed by reputable healthcare institutions.
f0941b46e6cfdc293833dc6846892b94904101ee	Support of healthy nutrition by the state[edit / edit wiki text]
3a6b70724ae35ef3a7c6ff6a4b005ead1686f826	Infographic tools have become very popular, for example, developed taking into account the national characteristics of the food pyramid[11], which visually show the recommended number of different types of products.
1ae1e1c1f6d2df8f5e1d2474ba10297f90a8b085	12] dietitians monitor and treat the following groups of patients:
82010f8123bd5a523a902bb4f4ded466a6765216	overweight and obese of the I—III degree; with alimentary dependent diseases; suffering from a syndrome of impaired digestion and absorption; having a violation of the nutritional status.
5e34346e368281e28aea9e78330f1b0126b5173b	See also[edit / edit wiki text]
4bc2170cee8e17daf1209c9c7058c8364fc478aa	Personal Hygiene Healthy Lifestyle Healthy Food Pyramid
0baa909bb87bd34f0ea319a7cc5bf7ed1ecb907b	Links[edit / edit wiki text]
e55ff401369a6e2059d8ab2ae8f4df974ebda46d	Recommendations on rational norms of food consumption — the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation.
8c623f7fc99bf5df719f1e33ad4134b78d23b7ec	Nutrition Data a website for searching for food products by their nutritional characteristics
35b753bcda260031e31090ba7dfd13b2f4ec8ad7	Notes[edit / edit wiki text]
e17b328480ff0240e758b58864a2d533172890de	↑ Show compactly
befe62d21462dec57de5894e7cde8141617b461d	↑ The International Health Organization Healthy Nutrition: an action plan for the development of regional programs in Russia — rus.).
12e553481f9498cf1bdf38383efe91f99280a49b	- Arkhangelsk, 2000.
b6e7f94ecc3a88ef8a9dd5b97c70214863a01d82	↑ Joint WHO / FAO Expert Consultation on Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases (eng.).
e44d9f12a37154ea64afc780dbe3907835bffb5d	— Geneva, Switzerland, 2003.
8363e73ce6ddaed058c8c7af6a2899f0eb5195a3	— ISBN 924120916.
b7e3c0082ba4e88020e5e7bd6c987cdeaaac44e0	— ISSN 0512-3054.
f3fe27ca0e569ba7b81934e145ee1bdb6e29c12e	↑ Start up delay.
3d46254a1043e927da6882d4ab521b79b1b7034c	The project "North Karelia".
0d17595765433a24ec6891fc27a11b2cffc267b1	↑ best practice from north karelia towards the EU 2020 strategy.
9fac1c4894790ffb1ea3d1ebb29e1a16dc6f373a	↑ World Health Organization.
b4d2a506cecf68826960830ced79aad0e52500f7	WHO / Diet — English).
cea7c97576c0a66c63a7ed8f43f6ed4f4f5eb196	- Recommendations of the International Health Association on Healthy Nutrition.
9c25d01c36d0913fc85e74886918b55626ad9b93	Checked on January 29, 2012.
0b581da9a6eee23902c2cfb886bd8b95ac176abe	Archived from the original source on January 29, 2012.
5b6b5748752040c6ad29933af1ceef5f1c66a9b6	Перейти Go to: 1 2 Perova N. V. Healthy Lifestyle (rus.).
0b5869d0aa044c455ec36038e765dc5537df02e4	State Research Center for Preventive Medicine.
3b4e2f5f1555a3004367ab247b5adf4075bba10d	- Recommendations of the State Medical Center of Preventive Medicine on a healthy lifestyle and healthy nutrition.
94a94956684f4b8e6f7c7a197da0a87bc2650cb9	Checked on January 30, 2012.
04cfed9ea945f4ac19b3fdb5ffa7a645f9753f28	Archived from the original source on January 30, 2012.
c3cb5771121212ddf8bfa6f0d8ed0f7d8abca8a8	↑ Go to: 1 2 Innocent, Irina Proper food.
74d6e6c96af64562c5de2b6381c7b06fac0500b7	What and how much should be in the plate to stay healthy (rus.).
d1272b4de6a83e553a64909348a158b212415846	"Rossiyskaya Gazeta" - Week No. 5318 (239).
4cf940cbd3fe1adb526ffd7e6747e511137ba4e6	Rossiyskaya Gazeta (21.10.2010).
2b960cbfe55a306c42787ffc670ba65f5de89036	- Comments of the Director of the Institute of Nutrition, Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Viktor Tutelyan on the norms of rational nutrition developed by the Ministry of Health and Social Development.
d0a92bb645e3f6e634d4948a52c8468d6158a8ea	↑ What Should I Eat?
655ddca8634455c093f246e58f91fe31c8cbaf1f	(English).
03913a646be0c45adff2f322d7593aeaef2b1022	Harvard School of Public Health, Nutrition Department.
ffbd34d0bd1559f0684531f9ef0587712b774f1c	- Nutrition recommendations of the Harvard School of Public Health.
a3736ef7ce2ecf105406f73ee8d4284d56e318f6	Verified on June 25, 2012.
cbd047ea5ad7dfc86b45bc4305cc720b7156232d	Archived from the original source on August 2, 2012.
ac60a661387de09c2b1d685fe9e800c39e22d66c	↑ Harvard School of Public Health.
c4a2b7370e4cb1d665933315d098952f39fa78d0	Vitamins (English)
f23a63a3814778db314378fb26fb9d474744e28c	— - Nutrition Source.
9e4a003b473bd59989a02c22183baf05e164b11f	— "A daily multivitamin, and maybe an extra vitamin D supplement, is a good way to make sure you're getting all the nutrients you need to be healthy" Verified June 27, 2012.
f60cbc685954ce5df26e915badebb09d6d5000c7	Nutrition Insurance Policy: A Daily Multivitamin (English).
ce140f7d1cec7731553ac9b79cbe6982510f0ca1	- "For these reasons, we believe a daily multivitamin multimineral pill offers safe, simple micronutrient insurance" Checked on June 27, 2012.
fa2caf5d3e8dd3acfaf30846b69511aa6cfe2bfd	↑ Walter C. Willet;
0a8b74ad14f116196101adf211d37d18ef9cf0d5	Patrick J. Skerrett.
fc842b74e89e49f05862b8da89758973a22229bf	The Healthy Eating Pyramid (English) (pdf). Harvard School of Public Health, Nutrition Department (2005) — - Harvard Nutrition Pyramid.
4ef94e6e537e87e5485e768b1be6d1c0cfe2a7c7	Verified on May 23, 2012.
ab74bdadb53f9cd88d5b9191aa083cb6720de2b4	Приказ Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia) from June 24, 2010 N 474n Moscow "On approval of the Procedure for providing medical care to the population in the profile "dietology"" (rus.).
c42c3aba8e4c536f930e5d1febd290a7beae0b19	Rossiyskaya gazeta.
dd331882011e81b18ec2fd1ef4e2138a40a8b664	Checked on January 31, 2012.
96cc5de92f78615b497ee6977b98e507c2418527	Archived from the original source on January 31, 2012.
ca0a6e0071e7beae1e256ed6020dd57129c0c722	[hide] Healthy lifestyle Healthy lifestyle • Hygiene • Personal Hygiene • Hygiene education • Healthy nutrition • Cleaning • Physical education • Exercise • Walking • Jogging • Fitness • Human Flexibility • Winter Swimming • Human aging • Life Extension • Longevity • Rejuvenation • Physical attractiveness • Love • Sex Education • Safe Sex • Contraception
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b32e824464df17811ca420d829c7ef7141872a17	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Здоровое power supply&oldid=77568523"
e8433d31594560b4204cd35842a66d221e2bd5a8	Categories: Food Dietetics Healthy lifestyle Personal hygiene
0943694a5288a1922a9eef12e862167306fb8f2f	Hidden category: Incomplete articles on nutrition
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90d169176b901d8dad75d462eae2f16fec9e5d97	A healthy lifestyle is a lifestyle of a person aimed at preventing diseases and strengthening health.
085c3e751b9f51b9bb3dd2b4e15b3c03890ca3c4	According to experts, people's health depends on lifestyle by 50-55%, on the environment by 20 %, on genetic predisposition by 18-20%, and only 8-10% — on health care[1].
fea1f93624a9a1a288a9bd5bdf606f4c1e128af5	Swimming in the ice hole (walrus), Poland
8cd3b6871750e92aa5fe95c3d6092da2e82af09b	Physical education is one of the main components of a healthy lifestyle
15ff9f7b16500a351cbbbeae21c69fe71f987464	A healthy lifestyle is a prerequisite for the development of various aspects of human life, achieving active longevity and full fledged performance of social functions[3], for active participation in labor, social, family, household, leisure forms of life[4].
d2806e07971ca2cbf6e586b2c8de5345b4d48e26	1 Formation of a healthy lifestyle 2 A lifestyle that poses an increased risk to health 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References
5750d9762d0894432fdcede29d81bb9982572a89	Formation of a healthy lifestyle[edit / edit wiki text]
43a328a7f2d355909cd22343939c93c118f4fdec	Lifestyle that poses an increased risk to health[edit / edit wiki text]
a8c40ad5a1f71e11e028c29693e3602af8c3938a	This article or section needs to be reworked. copying MR is extremely unencyclopedic
4860aa9ddbe7aa74bf557dadf155ba83afac8f6c	Please improve the article in accordance with the rules of writing articles.
8d59a58ef6c6305b6a57ff1d6081473469ab3896	These include:
8a4db807cc93ed1ca5c17b785544a93149e0378f	Improper nutrition: violation of the regime, unbalanced, energetically inadequate nutrition, disregard for food safety requirements;
77ef1a626ad46576789b24751f6487e7661947cc	Addictive and forced behavior: active smoking of tobacco (cigarettes, pipes, hookah, etc.), systematic passive smoking (during wakefulness, sleep), alcohol consumption (any use, any supposedly harmless norms are a product of marketing by alcohol manufacturers and have nothing to do with science), the use of narcotic and non narcotic psychoactive substances without medical indications;
0c0f607925cba85a5eeb434d3006b729df1d2660	Violation of motor activity: insufficient physical activity (of medium intensity, daily for 5 days a week for persons over 18 years — less than 30 minutes/day, for persons under 18 years — less than 60 minutes/day), extreme sports, non compliance of physical activity with the state of health;
8e690d44e7aeee916374348750c6b23b1bf6d17e	Irresponsible medical behavior: untimely treatment to a doctor (treatment only in case of serious symptoms of the disease, neglect and passing preventive medical examinations less than once a half year), undertreatment (interruption of the course of treatment prescribed by a doctor), self medication (prescribing pharmaceutical drugs and treatment methods to yourself without a doctor's appointment, including on someone's advice, as well as a passion for "folk" methods of treatment), lack of self control of basic health indicators (measurement of blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol levels, weight, waist and hip volume, mammography (in women) less than 1 time per half year);
8cf9265e1db634d98c71679bb7d51b0e112ea36a	Irresponsible hygienic behavior: violation of sleep and wakefulness regimes (lack of sleep, night sleep less than 7 hours a day for an adult), violation of the work and rest regime (no rest breaks during the working day, no days off, no annual vacation), non compliance with residential hygiene (ventilation less than 1 time a day, wet cleaning less than 1 time a week), non compliance with the rules of personal hygiene (oral care less than 2 times a day, non compliance with the rules of hand washing, body care), unsafe sexual behavior (casual sexual contact, use of unsafe contraceptives for health).
c47975e7ea0ccf4b8149b7d611ab975599a5c344	Images:Physical culture
209d506fde55c1a91d502c2527ff8bd6d9cc5456	Personal Hygiene Health promotion in the Workplace Healthy Nutrition Wellness Pool Straight edge Street Workout Bodybuilding
095aa38bd8f7a513755634710765c46da94da797	Нев Neurology : national guidelines / ed . by E. I. Gusev, A. N. Konovalov, V. I. Skvortsova, A. B. Geht.
258d28eadb5d5c2102cf83c147cfcb7b216106fa	- GEOTAR Media, 2009.
c5fb3eeb899fe42de562b498c3dce5ee7d85af32	Движения Movements to music in the system of organizing a healthy lifestyle of preschoolers in kindergarten.
9b0cbba0cd7e3fa5ba5326ce04df97187c48f6e6	- Dissertation, 1997.
4ee16ceeaf4cc1ef48145e952f1e5095b011b32a	Из Izutkin D.
614ff837a62df5d1da8fc95b3daebdd2345a8713	A. Formation of a healthy lifestyle.
e5a56c3007ce42f488742f25769d0636a02ef5f1	- Soviet Healthcare, 1984, No.
69c0321e6cefb50fe12f83c2824fbf3521c20676	11, pp.
96a04c5c41bfbd0fbe93f0c27d030b6ea62d5d6a	8-11.
1fed7f4f005a5faf18708874e799b53934c6f336	Перейти Go to: 1 2 Martynenko A.V., Valentik Yu.
4342712765c1aa6a6a0ee49ceb9a299421d5e102	V., Polessky V.
1aee6b8f594b88fa65460aa48f050e17201f3041	A., etc. Formation of a healthy lifestyle of young people.
b3273a13238ded03ad8fb65aac9ee8b6b73647ad	- M.: Medicine, 1988.
b2d7f8e0b514aa0619ba2f974f4627f949ead6f5	↑ Shukhatovich V. R. Healthy lifestyle// Encyclopedia of Sociology.
ad17a99fbb109e541d5ed376f7ec25da08f2b41d	- Mn.: Book House, 2003.
a8bff86af49580d1b98561fe61cbfed98655de0b	Literature[edit / edit wiki text]
d3defc6411f992dd43db82517b89a020372f6209	MP 2.1.10.0033-11 "Assessment of the risk associated with the impact of lifestyle factors on the health of the population"//Methodological recommendations/Approved by the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of Russia on 31.07.2011.
0a7531ea3bc1556d2118dc859fe024cbfd74a518	A healthy lifestyle on Wikimedia Commons?
57468afe038c0d1f85b0867e14abfdc66fe4a7f6	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Здоровый lifestyle&oldid=77468229"
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908a089998828e63f97ea479a4fb3ab6165c347c	"Fundamentals of individual and collective nutrition of athletes".
0862d62971218750b1a8e9177298efa1951e2e40	Author: Professor, Doctor of Medical Sciences, S.
79cdeff35a6d4a856909e5e65b63c0df263a6271	A. Polievsky Ed.: Physical Culture and Sport, 2005
ea0e43de9c152f734a8a3fad65c6e8a7a7205616	1 The concept of therapeutic nutrition 1.1 Principles of therapeutic nutrition
6204553111bd810606cc0bafe713c7a2f1c9c0b9	2 Tactics of diet therapy 2.1 Diet regimen of patients 2.2 Therapeutic nutrition systems 2.2.1 Element system 2.2.2 Dietary system
6272e8c9748d7ea2d5be8a3ea4cd8095fe70e191	2.3 Organization of medical nutrition and control over it 2.4 Therapeutic and preventive nutrition and its goals
b0bd25cbbd43a8c25cd6e1bc287c3f4a6fe5e416	3 See also
c1126c557473afa71d8733c5c64eff51f96edc0a	The concept of therapeutic nutrition[edit]
b7b8129fe23e52597c99bfcd53c8a5951f4003d8	In some cases (diabetes, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, colitis, obesity, etc.), therapeutic nutrition can act as the main therapeutic agent.
bbbd06c71976d532f9ad70edd49f900c9ecfb162	In most cases, therapeutic nutrition should be used in combination with other methods of treatment Sometimes it serves as a mandatory therapeutic background for the use of other, including specific, therapies (for example, for infectious diseases).
a8ed34bf0de39faa743be1f57a0731927fae705e	Modern principles of therapeutic nutrition include: 1) the use of diets that can affect the body as a whole, and not just the diseased organ;
75a00394e4d3d0b1d2f460422f3e785d835c0c10	2) sparing or training of enzymatic systems affected by the disease by introducing or, on the contrary, excluding any specific nutritional factors; as well as therapeutic fasting, i.e. unloading the body;
d5aacb17648babaaa385f3ab037d4e0320fffcab	For example, sparing diets are defective and with prolonged use can lead to a weakening of the body.
15613bbb9deb6dba584ce5e03a016e1c75fa083b	Tactics of diet therapy[edit]
669124b977a4f3caa3cb0e1150e1f5904a11a74b	There are two different systems of therapeutic nutrition group and individual, which are based on the principle of prescribing diets.
b4a6ad9500880180a7427940c920346db5d5adbf	In all cases, the principle of sparing is usually used at the beginning of treatment.
21d576518ce23dcdbe88a1944cc22ea448f35151	It consists in following strict diets.
ed635fd3e667c6485e11423eae4454c1738fae1e	In the future, in order to prevent partial starvation in relation to certain nutrients and to train shallow disturbed functional mechanisms in order to restore them, it is necessary to switch to the training principle.
f6576c7d629a2d34c45231df1e4675929f0def4b	It is carried out according to the "step" system and the "zigzag"system.
9107fb02bde1b0e72bdc743bf951cd51f4454841	A" step by step " system.
7d06308f4a3ae8ea31c156e47233dc73227faf59	When switching to the principle of training, it should be borne in mind that excessive haste in expanding the diet — as well as excessive prolongation of it — can have a negative impact.
ada1f606072d02bd71ca2b403e525799f52867b4	To avoid this, it is necessary to focus on the dynamics of clinical signs, the state of impaired functional mechanisms, as well as the associated consequences.
f7ddb77d755e4b67c1a69244f30b4bdd367e9818	This system, in the event of the elimination of the pathological process, allows you to dose a gradual expansion of the diet up to the transition to a rational diet that meets the physiological needs of the body.
8c7e54bc37b5e3cdf084a15c707763c9970e0390	It provides for a relatively sharp, short term change in the diet.
1ed1b267afab929f6f9a246540d5f48babddde8c	Contrast diets (days) are of two types: loading ("plus zigzags") and unloading ("minus zigzags").
2b96150660c1239937e889c9ccf52320d6f0b510	The periodic appointment (at the beginning of 1-7 days) of exercise diets contributes to the push like stimulation of weakened functions These diets provide the introduction of deficient nutrients into the body, cause an increase in appetite—as a result of introducing diversity into the patient's diet and facilitate the tolerability of often long and very strict dietary regimes
70d5cfaa1bcfbfe63a06e0f6d65833dc3107e68e	Exercise diets are also a functional test.
4ee8b666c242ba4ca4c93b860ada569e3c86d164	A good tolerance of a stress diet has an important psychoprophylactic value: it strengthens the patient's confidence in the positive changes that have occurred and indicates the possibility of switching to a more expanded food diet A gradual increase in the frequency of load days and the degree of load with good tolerability leads to the fact that the main diet can become a load one, and the one that was previously the main one becomes a discharge one.
7e06aed14867c3a38bb307de7254d78bb98dd221	Thus, a zigzag transition from a strict diet to a more diverse and full fledged diet is carried out.
2715fb3464d96e0369763583702d51ae23893205	If these diets are used for 2 days in a row, it is advisable to vary them: for example, for obesity, the 1st day is an apple diet, the 2nd is a meat (fish) diet.
4253abd94afac3f08019c8a97a099fa2e727b680	However, in any case, you should not allow breaks between individual meals: in the daytime more than 4-5 hours, between the last evening meal and breakfast 10-11 hours.
9c0e4ab34978581ccaf56d0ba46c7b80ff67154c	In many diseases (digestive organs, cardiovascular system, infectious, etc.), a more frequent meal is necessary 5-6 times a day.
b830d9766c9ff81970166fc02451040bc63c636c	With five meals a day, it is advisable to introduce a second breakfast into the diet, and with a six course meal, it is also an afternoon snack.
45b9c49c4add2f77552d8c0ec83b3583a214154c	For febrile patients, taking the main amount of food is indicated during the hours of lowering body temperature, when appetite usually improves.
52a56488bba44784ebd999ae65f0caa1ff376f64	Medical nutrition systems[edit]
23fa1763344077c13853f5516d4448d240db4922	Element system[edit]
2ffe44009ffa4754d7e79966ad6a93cd7fac062f	It provides for the development of an individual diet for each patient with a specific enumeration of the indicators of each of the elements of the daily food ration.
a7651f6bd4defed76e742015ca98eeb3d5d4fc72	The dietary system[edit]
7c1f53a001c956765ec4f1c6f75f9dea58fe48bf	It provides for the individual appointment of a particular diet from among the previously developed and tested ones.
df07f1f6eecea56aa5f15bdf5508e5ae5aa7b284	In medical and preventive institutions, the dietary system is mainly used.
cdc9aa581c8d163c86c4f047d9b47cfe646aa875	In our country, the diets recommended and approved by the Ministry of Health for widespread use, which were developed in the clinic of therapeutic Nutrition of the Institute of Nutrition of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, with a numbered designation system according to the nomenclature proposed by M. I. Pevsner, have become predominant.
a8cbf089a726da3624d15d025c0b6b1ae02e43c3	This system of therapeutic nutrition, previously referred to as a group, provides for 15 basic therapeutic diets (tables) and a group of contrast, unloading diets.
26b2b781a06a3207fd32406492343c1db752e09b	For example, some basic diets (1,4,5,7,9,10) have several variants, denoted by capital letters of the Russian alphabet, which are added to the number of the main diet (for example, 1a, 16, 5a, etc.).
03509d758766bb2f992de10debf86815602eec0c	Each diet and its variants are characterized by:
f7429939cbca8cb2b1733f4479b5fcad2c3d4a30	1) indications for use;
4d57ee720459ff994ad382fb4159791fc56422b1	2) targeted (therapeutic) purpose;
e58f8f61a85196fa12dd19b2cf2a7dbdf8608625	3) energy value and chemical composition;
057d087491db31b73cc26f3ae91de93ab47d9691	4) features of culinary processing of food;
29ebd2f03e9567f875faec2f494a68bb5716e984	5) power supply mode;
50b5dbe94ac7034826fce4f58aec34d732153519	6) a list of allowed and recommended dishes.
e3199c40619e5d65d2bfd94743c6afb0c22b04f5	The dietary system allows for the organization and individualization of therapeutic nutrition in the conditions of servicing a large number of patients with various diseases.
eb48d0b6d07e2a68ea22e67456833041545f8f5c	This is achieved by using one of the most
7c065bebb68d261766fed53b59a7f15d604302c7	suitable basic diets or its variants with appropriate correction (by adding or removing individual products and dishes that allow you to regulate the chemical composition and culinary processing).
b19d56fd81174309980db09923af89507131cb56	Additionally, it is recommended to use products that have certain medicinal properties (cottage cheese, milk, liver, watermelon, apples).
61db95e75d86c2b63979cf83ca9d3f3cde62636b	Without violating the principle of food diversity, the same products in different forms of preparation and dishes in different combinations can be introduced into several diets.
bd56a96d4b98d524b0b0b6b9308fa1242025f7f7	Organization of medical nutrition and control over it[edit]
6c8c3dc673c06d39f5a028ec94565f2327924a7c	In the catering units of medical institutions, the quality of ready made food is evaluated jointly by the doctor on duty and the dietitian.
082041cb7373d9138c1979d718f47fec718dbe47	Immediately before the delivery of food, the so called sample removal (brackerage) is performed.
c5fef6874b533d4c17d666b4a797d5b4b1d12212	Determine the actual yield of dishes, their temperature, organoleptic parameters (appearance, taste, smell, etc.), compliance with diets.
8430c8f49e6ff7bac2ede7900a42637c61daeee4	The results of the sample for each dish are recorded in the menu layout, and the overall assessment of the cooked food is recorded in the brakerage journal.
c5535525aa2e193361692b706fd10be661c48c6f	When determining the taste, food is held in the mouth, rolling the tongue for even distribution in the oral cavity.
3e747f1ad89f49c53804d16a9b3199c42a1c1d17	The taste assessment begins with the least salty, sweet and other dishes with a pronounced taste.
0b1395d5829ac3a825e96cc86c040046ed532558	The sample is produced with moderate satiety — in the middle of the interval between the last and next meals.
8e8f235e09fe5b486dd38a64d9a106489b993817	The assessment of the quality of food is carried out according to a five point system:
221b0f7d4ac75b22ec1a2c545cd58d0cdda92d29	5 points (excellent) — the dish meets the layout, diet and cooking requirements in all respects;
e29e9ffca45bedf7d6feb9156249e311408017e1	4 points (good) — the dish has small correctable defects (lack of salt, lack of decoration, etc.);
7247bb1dc3edf3b598f7295b1615ef22d73bd784	3 points (satisfactory) — the dish has deviations from the requirements of cooking (violations of consistency, non compliance with the form of slicing, etc.), but it is suitable for consumption.
e6518c334305280bf39645d7088af31fad34c159	Periodically, average samples of cooked dishes are sent for laboratory analysis to the CSSEN: this is necessary to assess the actual yield of dishes, determine their compliance with the menu layout in terms of chemical composition and calorie content.
7650b1f4ac6dbd8f9796933a75b68ebb14ce14e9	In addition, if a bacteriological study is necessary (in case of food poisoning), samples of cooked food are taken, which are stored in the refrigerator for at least 24 hours.
f4854e1a74a34ad0853c8c3b08c0fdbb9b3b9b56	Persons carrying out sanitary supervision of the food department are obliged to show perseverance and uncompromising attitude when detecting violations of sanitary norms.
57f90f88e342236466930c203675555cc9025228	Therapeutic and preventive nutrition and its goals[edit]
9286eda7c05d9dc5fc83373a409ffab8d0fa6712	The basis for the prevention of occupational diseases is the improvement of working conditions, technical and sanitary hygienic improvement of enterprises, as well as strict compliance with safety regulations.
b37b211f412ccb469346bed19a6d3495f59ea821	Among these measures, one of the first places belongs to therapeutic and preventive nutrition.
b56873f6a91300a45ee9e3fff764d72c5624bef6	Its task is to promote not only an increase in the overall resistance of the body and the functional abilities of organs and systems, but also to reduce the absorption of toxic substances and their rapid elimination from the body.
39d2da91c8acccb2f37d848e80f89fccb613e768	There are three types of therapeutic and preventive nutrition:
75dbb139960f0ab7123d888869be9cb8c3fda1c4	1) rations of therapeutic and preventive nutrition;
062c79876b928875917b052e09e8308b09e68cdc	2) vitamin preparations;
7c1b0114f2191234f11ae1c07e14c10acbda67e8	3) milk, fermented milk products and pectin.
81c4e1ddfc04c44abea245b6da988388543d82c7	The use of therapeutic and preventive nutrition is also shown in some sports (motorcycle racing on a cinder track, etc.).
c843ee6882d7717deb7d2a96e40d91fc54e2e435	Read also[edit]
bac9b1b71efaa795002d992009270c6291d1b587	Diet for peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum
388557801a6bd970c4f8e80a933267ae3752a4f6	Diet for gastritis
5dd8f6b2bd5cdc2c6ae0263f096a90c6438532c9	Diet after gastric resection
8afc9c08741141d76cb7cceb570dd150733d89d5	Diet for functional disorders of the stomach
430c2ca2e02a65a5f134a0080e69e90fbf5118d0	Diet for intestinal diseases
a38fa15b6f46c5dcd43e37fc39ec490c60bf72d5	Diet for cholecystitis
bedce520dd223518e5a542898fd019b7e184e872	Diet after cholecystectomy
f29c2fabf40cdb879ae4bc61f0d598fa12ecdd2f	Diet for cirrhosis of the liver
9d92d9ee5d367f6ff76679a9b0fa5efb8b80df76	Diet for acute hepatitis
aaeb69b69c8a9737461f73374b604f7fb27371f4	Diet for chronic hepatitis
b7d40cac99ef855814a0a17391feff63c8689f47	Diet for pancreatitis
eba3c96512dcee2c972a6ef6e1009690edee7c93	Diet for coronary heart disease
44fd49bdb380529bc43b7c8c7ed3f2f11d5dc882	Diet for myocardial infarction
bea4be8b331939b7939e19f9aedf64b76be9e2d4	Diet for hypertension
45091c4d0cbf53057c7db8a0e3e90fe99b61e620	Diet for chronic heart failure
4a27c0c7ce284ab18791a8a01fd40ba75e97458d	Diet for rheumatism
d63feb09663c038477dd8337440e09760740d287	Diet for pneumonia
b0109a57d95f8a50c4556a26b6018ab38baa9b76	Diet for glomerulonephritis
c95d96d89eba1376e30b631952c097cb96e1029d	Diet for chronic kidney failure
09ba40aa6240e17bd751a38c54c95022e8135d36	Diet for nephrotic syndrome
33d18315d5604b71d997695d2c57516cf8f6a08d	Diet for obesity
3be7d373b08d7951832b5600af64ef3c93f08676	Diet for gout
3ccf224311d24728a92dd3cac16d84c535d559cb	Diet for thyrotoxicosis
8c2d175a2147942b581f30d57db6fb497f47e6a5	Diet for hypothyroidism
5095012780f4474593e8610b0865570a5e99af05	Diet for diabetes insipidus
b5543a6ec499d0cd8f955b635bbf5c4cc327af11	Diet for diabetes mellitus
de6bf62ef7943e8ef9ceea2444a0f841d21760e1	Diet for allergies
ea77126442241b5b8cf057146f6ef9932a801110	Source — "http://sportwiki.to/index.php?title=Therapeutic Nutrition&oldid=67575"
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3a52ef732242843fcf62706a9c005c88cb076f8b	Proper nutrition is a source of health
312d8b7177078c862aabd3e88b3923df9e77d6d5	Nutrition Basics
ba52a5b73ae0c18eb5cdc2aaec43d53fd303b145	Power components
0d9d1583a4653ac17a1344ace52eb653d1b76d01	Water for health
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44d68bb1de5a3be7675d01421828fb15ea69eb94	Mineral substances
3250bf3ed87fb5517daacdba6d0aa418d2d7daba	Vitamins
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b66b914606b0cca8f063057df84b029398e4d0f0	Classical theories of nutrition
d2ac61b2efeff1e6c77be93c8ebc29245b270f7d	Nutrition programs
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556628faf9d74ad8249aeed284da47413ea57319	About healthy eating
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1b04f20080e5c31ecd201274ddecc682cec43dcf	Why is proper nutrition important, what can we get as a result and how to act to achieve the desired result....
c2eff5179c30258d9bd881827c2d92e8b11c2e50	What goals will a healthy diet help to achieve?
e1948fb07682cc1100877a3d2e7f766d8cf1b5b7	Nutrition is a vital process for our body, if you want to live – you need to eat As a result of this process, we get energy, building material for the renewal (growth) of the body, biologically active nutrients, a certain effect on the psyche.
35434420760d689c52e740c188029d136f40c0d3	Proper nutrition can give us health, longevity and beauty.
8dcd694152938a01986776683ebd62e3cd9b8f64	It assumes that many nutrients – proteins, carbohydrates, fats, water, minerals and vitamins should be supplied to the body regularly, in the necessary amount and optimal proportions.
5d52d3c0d17c5b5752c67bb488e0431c4ac68d89	And the lack, as well as the excess of nutrients, first cause temporary inconveniences, then a source of disease development, a factor of premature aging and early death.
bc7874ba70fb48039cab39ecd8646be8faa21dab	Thus, vitamin deficiency affects health, mind and youth significantly more than a number of other reasons.
cc139e834f207987accf9142f0e469eb1220bfc6	At the heart of most diseases is a lack of any vitamin.
085089e4b361e0fdff0b2dc5a4b5798613deb43b	An unsatisfactory amount of mineral substances is the main mechanism of aging of the body, as well as the process of dehydration.
cf82b0b03f9336b7eb18a7e1c97dc738ebee0d53	Similarly, the imbalance in the diet of other food components, such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins, affects the body.
98a5a195e7fc7134d6e27ea59f86a7d2136c21a8	That is, based on the above, we can conclude that it is necessary to have some information about the components of nutrition, what they are, in what amount are required by the body, what effect they have.
edf83ba8ee2dd275acf137d2730663db44d813e8	And it is also desirable to understand the mechanisms of the digestive system, the process of digestion, assimilation.
6b36cca0ab05021abf803cc982944a599c8dcc83	For example, why it is important to chew food thoroughly, what affects the absorption of nutrients; how you can save your own energy by optimizing your diet, etc.
bb0179604fc4c05f453af198089a82fcc5273c2f	Also, a healthy diet will make it possible to stabilize weight without violent restrictions, help get rid of diseases and prevent their development, will help restore intellectual and physical energy.
4b9e4cfc00714e3c6a97da14f5256107aee727dd	That is, simply put, proper nutrition is one of the main ways that will lead us to health.
d17c0a1170925afc37c2fca5785af1667b9ac0a8	And health, in turn, will give, first of all, good health, as well as a beautiful appearance and time so that we can achieve the goals that we set for ourselves in life.
bc1f06246c7531da58d83ba94d79cf4ada90ce61	Nutrition problems
97c30cac75d6525c707ad09ecdd280da452afdba	And you need to know about this and take it into account.
5d08b634e4540f0621dc6c8556d3e923349fe8ca	The lack of essential nutrients (vitamins, minerals, amino acids, etc.) is associated with a number of reasons:
036e40913786a1323154da70c81d84f4249ddb91	Due to a decrease in physical activity of the population and, accordingly, a decrease in energy costs, the amount of food consumed has sharply decreased (by 2-3 times).
74b004aa2d95954f98922346784be1dc8a45fbb1	That is, instead of 5 000 – 6 000 kcal is consumed 2 000 – 3 000 kcal.
3c5f834fff08069e3b1c367d53d1f0903d985c03	The problem with ecology, on the one hand, is the impoverishment of soils, on the other – environmental pollution.
35a2c048e8f6067605cecc0370e931685ba9ebeb	That is, this leads to a lack of necessary biologically active substances in human food products and to the concentration of toxic substances in his body.
e9eb79270720c64619bf2e7c676ba5908869b470	Modern production technologies (pasteurization, preservation, hormone administration, emulsification, refining, etc.) at all production stages cause the loss of minerals, vitamins and other biologically valuable elements.
c032e0d93575f28ce4c8b18c0d238fe7d7159119	The main goal of these technologies is to increase the quantity in order to increase the profit of manufacturers, but not the quality of products.
fa386839e9e035dd3432225376c57d45e81866e6	The use of high temperature cooking modes provokes the loss of necessary nutrients.
575e21dcbffc8e7a574bd25e902fd045324f9ccb	For example, the refining of vegetable oils.
9a683b9b1232ea3906e0808e0b42e2fe7e6c443c	Violation of the diet and structure, when they eat on the go, fatty, carbohydrate, monotonous, refined food with abundant meals in the evening.
d898fa9f416bdc6b97f701d1f99e0e24165e9715	How to eat properly?
5a8482aa3ab64ba2c60a07b40cc9925c95a14287	Learning to eat properly is not easy, you need a comprehensive approach, you need knowledge, certain skills.
e3e431c8aed76ec30af4c696df8c9507127b0b1c	Researchers and specialists in nutrition have developed various theories, concepts, and nutrition programs.
78ef9bb664370b6a9f1160757cd5125da991ff12	There is no single theory and system for everyone, but we have the opportunity to study the information, disadvantages, advantages, principles, consequences, learn about reviews, etc. Choose the most suitable option for yourself and rationally organize your meals in this way.
bb4a4c4962597b5a9d9e8bdf9b9391b168f0a069	This is if you want to figure it out on your own.
53667ebe5d437512e1eb5c265b86013603a28435	In addition, you can contact nutritionists and nutritionists for optimal selection of a healthy diet.
4e4da8114a992770bae6599b560030aabeb54881	It is also advisable to be interested in:
72f20f129541b135dc2c9e303cb5fcb0d9f29287	which products are harmful, which are useful and why;
ec67dcee44c6da0513a959dc3a8dfd2aa65b783f	on the basis of what modern production technologies were these or other food products made, what food additives are in their composition;
226e6d4f1628db09196baa3ab80c05123ed844e4	which cooking technologies should be used, and which ones should not, after applying which of them there will be more necessary nutrients left;
034f6d2326633cb8ff543dd9dc45e359c86d6c64	the diet and why it is important;
f21488cf30b28d9ade609fa60739955b5274788c	what are dietary supplements, their types, application, etc.
622dd5ead798a874b80c645b40256ac7faf348c7	The most correct diet will be the one that is selected for a particular individual, taking into account his age, constitution, main and side diseases and other factors.
ccd95fbd9b96a6bd83fb31937fc542b8d2227c7e	It's very individual.
6d5113397407147207f39b3804f544b613bce5dd	But in order to improve our health, feel good, preserve youth, beauty – it is reasonable to think about what we eat and be interested in what to do to know more today and be better than yesterday
d4f88c79e8951ad160f4496f0dec42c3c67b8a7d	We recommend you to read it:
4065a58ee83ba247ffb2e6772290c08f0e88ab53	Modern recommendations for a healthy diet from American doctors
8a34f46eb8c7361ac24342f6a32a8d1c41f9bb04	In case of full or partial use of the materials, the active link to properdiet.ru required
c92fc683ff9ba69ef500114be867157ef239ea8c	© 2016 All rights reserved
6a818bafc8243035bae08fcf327a2dbf92191cda	Google+ is developed in
957535e1ae265276fe03ea48898c9022b12dcfc0	BMW AG (abbreviation of Bayerische Motoren Werke AG, from German - "Bavarian Motor Plants") is a German manufacturer of cars, motorcycles, engines, and bicycles.
94f3111809d14449999981cf2d5babaef7140810	The chairman of the company today is Norbert Reithofer, and the chief designer is Karim Habib.
b923b8f63373b2acc2aad3c80d6a1eae306234ae	The company's motto is "Freude am Fahren", from it. — "With pleasure at the wheel".
4bd36328a6dbac436b17c2dbb29fbf8a78982e43	For English-speaking countries, "The Ultimate Driving Machine"was also invented.
2a13bf19384c29b703d25b63ff2f881f69ad44e0	In Russian, the name "BMW" is pronounced "be em ve", which is close to the German pronunciation; occasionally there is a spelling "BMW".
d0c390b13284748331515b1499803e8952f5a2fe	In English-speaking countries, they pronounce "B. M. double u".
2dd5eca375808f0115f4ebeb88e26f72fc424453	There are also several names: for motorcycles, the company historically had the name " beemer "(English beemer), for cars — similar, but not" bimmer " (English bimmer)[5].
7d76f7a920731b5d252b0452bde5c2ea6f11d1de	In Russia, the names "baha", "boomer"[6],"beamer" can also be used to designate the brand, in Arab countries — "BM"[7].
b4e47979127404a6b29662ba5f33e912f01c8b55	Cars can also be named according to their series, for example, for the 5th series — "five", it. Fünfer, English fiver.
7b01e86747c109f92dbfe0f59c2411af35575428	The company was founded by Karl Friedrich Rapp, the BMW industrial company was officially registered on July 20, 1917, but initially as an aircraft engine manufacturer, Bayerische Flugzeug Werke.
84edb3c087c13bf97a0ff5a1a23c1295026e8314	Since 1929, the blue-and-white round BMW logo, which is still used (shown at the top right), for convenience, begins to be interpreted as an airplane propeller against a blue sky background.
d5b597805acf15dbc513b3f317ff598651433161	BMW claims that the white and blue colors on the logo are taken from the flag of Bavaria.
6d02c97d0505f4f493575423d841f1fe6aef4815	In 1916, the company signed a contract for the production of V12 engines .
eb18d2ec9e4d73c7a4d54ae402a9fe64d6b9f24a	Needing additional funding, Rapp receives the support of Camillo Castiglioni and Max Fritz, the company is recreated as Bayerische Motoren Werke GmbH.
dfcee30ea190576dfaddc942de4b3b22533c11aa	Overextension caused difficulties, Rapp left the company, and the management of the company was taken over by the Austrian industrialist Franz Joseph Popp in 1917.
40cce75c6df1ca32d35ce14cb67d3dc4c2649df6	In 1919, Franz Diemer set the first BMW world record by climbing to an altitude of 9760 meters in an airplane with a BMW engine.
b1b675afa4f5c3013dce8564bbb07d0f5c3132f8	The Versailles Peace Treaty of 1919 banned the production of aircraft in Germany.
f66c3938fcde73f1b44e6fd7d48a4bd6f4fff109	Otto closed his factory and BMW switched to the production of brakes for trains.
893ba514fdb5888f13c4669fd61094151cacac7a	BMW is building its current main building east of Munich's Oberwiesenfeld Airport (today it is the city's Olympic Center).
a45ea7e6a8633f78b197df87bdcb4c0a9d53a787	In 1923, the first BMW motorcycle was produced at the factory in Munich.
220a65658a494f8193ec656d22218e3f60310430	The first intercontinental flight to Persia took place on an aircraft equipped with BMW engines.
7b7a6584549d64adb01f71785493c3cee2def59f	the year is 1927. This year, 87 world records were set in aviation.
20403d31416ff6bec551aa8cda10fb8dfe96dcb7	The beginning of the XXI century is the true success and flourishing of the company.
a25b79d502bd98f26a59553e4e2221d2a5ad61ea	The beginning of the 21st century was marked by record sales volumes for BMW.
22a99492ad14965f84526ac337a5990e3682b144	Compared to 1999, only in the Russian market, the sales of cars of the German concern increased by 83%!
9fc8b755076fb907a64e893cde54e30098744a74	The production of magnificent models continues, each of which becomes a kind of sensation.
b4543fb1074b16f856baf8be415f050f02b2aa27	So, at the beginning of the 21st century, the BMW 7 car was released – an executive limousine of the "luxury" class.
f5a882bc2f209dbebe95a8ae788ced689e8c5dd6	In 2003, the BMW Z4 was recognized as the best convertible of the year.
28d494c26b16fab65b58449195d2e9d175a18803	This model looks more like a concept car than a production car.
90d8c2c43b42841d71f1ddd9d0e41eaeb2e677e2	She managed to turn the usual idea of the design of roadsters around.
1d26b7dd52e5c977bbc6e1c68183d1d72877f004	In 2006, the luxury BMW X6 appears, combining the best technical qualities of an SUV and a coupe design (all-wheel drive, increased ground clearance, large wheels and a significant roof slope in the rear of the car).
e73c8dd800afb70137dc730a7bdecef93f81b365	It became the first four-seat SUV equipped with an automatic transmission.
25e4541a771f8c4d09b5f5aa6c6bb2b8b9683a1f	Only in the second half of 2008, the car went on sale.
49a43af672af8decbb6fe4dd263c3e43d2898ebb	BMW has produced over a million cars.
22bf97da173067a8d4c62573d72db00aef2d5560	More than 100,000 people work for the company.
62ee42315cf0f898cb9ffe928059f47121cb6156	The group's revenue was over 50 billion euros, and its net profit was 330 million euros.
c2bd4d83d5c0356d13a7cdf46f0778f36ee2fecb	The first "seven" was equipped with a large number of technical innovations, such as a system for indicating service intervals and climate control.
ae0901586bd9977c282659e08ddbadddcdf34166	An ABS system and a leather interior were optionally available.
d4ab8dfd7151d6f04892c9e03b83a008bb8ce44a	The BMW 7 Series model range was equipped with 12-valve six-cylinder engines .
d628da0f712918af942798bbdaba8820d750e63b	In 1983, the E23 body was updated, the radiator grille was changed, a new spoiler was installed and the bumper was updated.
8dcc08905b4ae1abefde25e95b0a1ef565072345	Since October 1984, all BMW 7 Series have been equipped with an ABS system as standard.
963bad4c2dfdbab270804fb43144312afadad0bb	In June 1986, the production of this series was completed.
e2139a3236975dd590a4908e683ac4bd4dcf76a2	Exciting, - this is how you can describe the appearance of the new BMW X6 M.
83a9e53b3ce880505f7fe90dcdaa6f017e75a0fd	This premium crossover expands the boundaries of the imagination with its attractive design with powerful double air intakes indicating an imperious character.
94442c6414126068f98e8f79cf2d207cdf7029e4	The muscular side line effectively ends in an attractive spoiler.
a4547b01dc46401f17e089753b5a387af47caaf9	Optimized for outstanding grip qualities, the stylish double-spoked wheels emphasize the athleticism and irrepressible strength of the new BMW X6 M.
af1cc50b17ddc8659c842eed31e10a138cb3a733	Inside the crossover, everything is designed for the most effective interaction between the driver and the car.
ed4041c1ed971d6f0028255b22d126e76255bf91	Comfortable 3-inch steering wheel, anatomic bucket seats with amazing body support, high-quality finishing materials-everything is focused on comfort.
a142aa9b50246b20767a9fdeb5c07dda3884c3ba	The cockpit of the new BMW X6 M has a clear structure and thoughtful ergonomics, providing quick and unhindered access to the most necessary functions.
d178819f55d3541ef042e73db553e20229468281	The optional Connected Drive system offers the driver a wide range of information and entertainment services.
58f72cfc0f385159bdf6d70dbd993776836a59e6	With the help of a special BMW M Laptimer application, all data from the race track can be recorded for subsequent analysis in order to improve driving performance.
4231b4dcdf0be45c947ba33ae3f094aa580254e8	The powerful M TwinPower with two turbochargers provides rapid acceleration and amazing sensations from the dynamics.
c349d153f2d5c5f98298828c5a5e6e1e80ae3ea9	The 8-speed transmission sets new standards for efficiency and gearshift speed.
bdd0b068ac31be62580bcdaadf081a886c6df78d	The all-wheel drive system distributes the torque curve across all axes for the highest stability and driving safety.
cd3694e5dffa013485adce9783b21524fba8e962	German carmaker BMW is celebrating its 100th anniversary. On this occasion, the German automaker is showing at its headquarters in Munich the Vision Next 100 car concept developed by it — the company's idea of what cars can become in the next 100 years.
7cc7ef2bf03fd5ebb85433242d0d3842cda2e7e8	The created concept looks really very futuristic.
40a6f67a3702707ad4ce11859e92a28d5bb3bdcc	If you look at the car carefully, you can notice a recognizable feature of all BMW cars.
77aabe09fef1fdc6cd12d50d1e75d2d81181457a	Of course, we are talking about the familiar forms of the radiator grille.
dd0f7193f601d2a1374d7919fbc300312e8785aa	However, everything else is beyond reality.
0ec9fb30937780d4a6c35d943f64acb2bd597512	This is what we are used to usually seeing in some fantastic films.
6271e6b71de4b9540692ad8e0a11022078313577	Take at least the windshield, the entire surface of which is an augmented reality display (the route of movement will be displayed, various tips), which, by the way, is used in almost every part of the dashboard of the car.
45932118e0f9dd8f5d917357ecf543ebb5f88721	The entire upper part of the dashboard is covered with 800 triangles, which BWM calls "Alive Geometry".
0e4f3359bde5c88d2338737e39527dd721f14aaf	These multicolored "polygons" actually perform a very important function — they are "a means of controlling the car's systems through the driver's gestures, and are also a kind of means of attracting the driver's attention to what is happening in front of the car."
e950e704f2f861af548bbb3d73d86eef473fa305	According to BMW, such cars will most likely be autonomous, but at the same time they will retain the possibility of manual control if the driver has such a desire.
c2fcaddafb476fd439b94d2d2c165a59a45a3618	When switching to the "Boost" mode, the car's dashboard will transform and provide access to an unusual steering wheel.
44bdb41fc3ae98c47c5dc16d96b33b4aa47d447a	When choosing the "Ease" mode, in fact, the entire ergonomics of the driver's seat will change for the sake of further comfortable movement.
6fa16c5cf8f70d5bc7dff6bb2b720da9890e7f84	The seats will change their shape and direction, and the windshield can be used for various entertainment multimedia capabilities.
7d58a4eef6267c7710395b296bd5d51d8e21afcc	However, perhaps the most ambitious idea, or rather part of the car, is the so-called "Companion" system, which BMW describes as "the quintessence of intelligence, connectivity and accessibility."
9cbe5b0cf56d399222e7d0f6c5750d71fb627889	At its core, this is an artificial intelligence of the car, which will have the ability to learn by tracking the owner.
334b535e000314f89b95be1a322c109f6332daf1	"Having gained experience", the AI will perform "everyday ordinary tasks" and "give useful hints"instead of the owner.
beb33e495064cd4bc917f1d5a542ff2403ab6b3e	The "Companion" mode of operation will be selected depending on which driving mode the car is in at one time or another.
df6e58555a4099802b7cc57c034598be7fe3d1b8	For example, the system will display information on the windshield about passers-by or cyclists hiding behind cars parked at the sidewalks that are difficult for a person to see or notice, and offer further movement in offline mode to minimize all possible accident risks.
d0222bdf741dac6650fe2348a12cd4e9a8d1babf	It should be noted that individually, the vast majority of technologies that are used in this concept have not yet been really invented (however, developments are already underway, and for more than one year), but BMW is confident that the necessary "details" to create such a car may appear in the next couple of decades.
4ff898e58bd3543fea1bfe4f220be28fa9cc3f30	BMW is celebrating the anniversary of the most famous M5 model.
80ec5cb9c0d84d111303c84e0c8ab075fc4fd565	The model turns 30 years old.
3551cc0a0a1efd255de83818e80323917ce6130f	Since the first generation, the company has developed many new models that have become much more reliable and powerful.
b3b6dda435c9d643dd7354c07052298c9991761e	This is the most powerful BMW production car ever produced by the Bavarians.
e75acde9fbda7aa1a414720ac34d639d019f417f	It became known that in honor of the Anniversary date, BMW will release a limited series of M5s with increased capacity.
7943dc552f6f7faf0e8d81d72eafe802979941ad	The new model will have a power of 600 hp and a maximum torque of 516 Nm.
42ba72ea29f81d28d4215aa0a1ba015ac9364d4a	Acceleration from 0 to 100 km / h in 3.7 seconds.
90d6cfa2016c840b68de2a0f53b942fb87194ca9	A 4.4-liter V8 engine with two turbines will be installed under the hood.
9ecac513a6871ce8e792e2bdc8c380ddd9fe1c7d	In addition to the increased power, the novelty will receive new colors of Frozen Dark Silver, a black leather Alcantra interior and a lot of branded badges and logos that will remind you that this is 1 of 300 cars of the special anniversary series (limited series).
3cc6eeb64e8b44004fc7924e396c6be2538294e7	People who will be ready to pay for an exclusive M5 (the cost in Europe is 138,000 US dollars) will also receive an invitation to a special BMW school in which the buyer will be taught extreme driving on the M5s.
202fbd58c8a03dee6412173d2d6d8c1214502b4a	Orders for the model will be accepted until May 21, 2014.
8bf5a016e5f113abfef1b9fe3b4e82c30671c010	It is not yet known about the terms of purchase on the territory of Russia.
5c4c0e93c393e742a7afab606851fedd927f3e7b	Russian BMW dealers are not as quick as always.
1be1966a0e351f5c73e0dc0a9c6073dd369cb936	For example, in the USA, you can order a car through Instagram.
9a12ff22b2f6ac7b58f4553808fee8c188c4a9ff	In Russia, there is also an official BMW page on Instagram, but we did not find information there about the possibility of ordering a new M5.
96f69af8f04f2f2f91b68486ed42bf5a58498299	If you are ready to buy this car, we advise you not to hesitate and call an official dealer in Russia to clarify information about the anniversary model M5s.
02d5ce3c683fdb8bc7f065a95046756fba10acaf	After all, the offer is limited.
1a5a323eda43b9d367a7d44d25a3baf137ab3127	A total of 300 units will be produced. cars all over the world.
70f8bb9a8a5393ef080507a89e4b98d139000d65	Home
8164f4aa829ceb3a724df89970c49296ed907954	Car catalog
dad9e461b99d9f664b0efbf0b59057248a044a60	Moto catalog
45c159afd32932572f0341fcbd9f8235362b7c47	Traffic Regulations Exam
0eb5ed506e4923c28d7f4a8aa69efe99b3ad75d1	Information
c9fc8f7448e2c86fe4501875ef64086eebbba5dd	Car sales
6407f855be9bbb1928269cd0530a315b1826674b	Home Catalog of BMW cars BMW X6 M Mobile version Contacts | About the project
e6d42f16c0cc0de4912a4aa01c293624da3be90d	BMW X6 M car
ab3047a30ce0ddc9e8ddd877b75f0673f55bafbb	Sale of BMW X6 M with mileage
4e2ad2a9c0fc74261db9130f86cae85fe66e45e9	Previous generations of BMW X6 M
1bd4f31525ba6a9c69c862a2ac8eac46f1db4fb8	Model Year of manufacture Body BMW X6 E71 2012 Crossover BMW X6 M E71 2012 Crossover
c85c709d1d0f8710fec6fe265185c0c2cb195fb0	Technical Specifications of BMW X6 M
c43ce7563abdab307b2fca6c7999dc2aa5ba4fe7	Price in rubles: 6 680 000 - 7 348 000 Model year 2015 Body type Crossover Length, mm 4909 Width, mm 1989 Height, mm 1689 Number of doors 5 Number of seats 5 Trunk volume, l 550-1525 Warranty 2 years without mileage limit Country of assembly USA
b1acdc6d987d1f6b719171e3fe224d33111192bf	Modifications of BMW X6 M / BMW X6 M
3cdbb267d169ee74698e56747b67ed457f2922aa	Modification Price Speed Acceleration Volume Power Consumption BMW X6 M 4.4 AT 6 680 000 250 4.2 4395 575/6000 11.1
866d03b57f1ce7a405aca1b2c045572f5abd372f	* Price - the minimum price of the car in rubles
fbbcde969edca4875a4e2c6932bba5921d5372e7	* Speed - maximum speed in km / h
f6f9a1b74d93d2a8c3a8d00b22f8e6a47e893409	* Acceleration - acceleration time up to 100 km / h in seconds
aa918313dc2bf400471076a32cf351ed1d85b6fc	* Volume - the working volume of the engine in cm3
2e4597d88b09988065860ac678ed067684f8328f	* Power - in hp / at revolutions per minute
1492495d5fa2ddc9b55cf03d75c2304424481649	* Fuel consumption - average fuel consumption in liters per 100 km
ab9034428285d2163bc4e31302fcbee4479ba3ed	BMW X6 M Car Review
aba934a06d94144777f51118515e87fdd7169898	BMW X6 M / BMW X6 M Exciting, - this is how you can describe the appearance of the new BMW X6 M.
e621f67e0347d87e3cb598d9cd8b503621ac498f	Optimized for outstanding grip qualities, the stylish double spoked wheels emphasize the athleticism and irrepressible strength of the new BMW X6 M. Inside the crossover, everything is designed for the most effective interaction between the driver and the car.
60accdb0b022ce46349612237eb0ebe7ad792602	Comfortable 3 inch steering wheel, anatomic bucket seats with amazing body support, high quality finishing materials everything is focused on comfort.
bf2e46a8417e1a08b8c1f7912f65c470d993f418	The 8 speed transmission sets new standards for efficiency and gearshift speed.
20f4d9e1ffe086ee7e5b4509a6b9a14df523439b	The all wheel drive system distributes the torque curve across all axes for the highest stability and driving safety.
32cd02f58d755a8151ad2d12a1712cb7c0eddeba	Sale of new BMW cars Sale of BMW with mileage
0028d743eb44b8eed72fcd19669509f495bfa15a	Sale
04e1c428e6ec9abef4f74875c7fa473bece922db	New car sales
f589a94f164007ecd725e970bd0ad29e3a4fffb6	Ads for the sale of new cars in Moscow, St. Petersburg and other cities.
bc17c1f0179a888f2a7e8389f67d4f2cf5cf4531	Video
f392042183f59f66a59900e666dc0776ca168f7b	BMW X6 M
796643ab49d3d86fd099bc1b1ab716c3dbf7f329	Watch the videos of the BMW X6 M car in our virtual cinema.
2176fe2bcf0a65ed4876cfb6cdeb47eaae2f6ace	Classmates
3525350006f99145712db54e95579979956252d9	Cars of other brands with a body like the BMW X6 M and at the same price.
d9b4c6a736130dad873e2ee7fbee6288a21b7c64	Owner reviews
8fee67a67117d7a40775b07de1dc9d4dacc74bd7	Reviews of owners of BMW X6 M. Find out their opinion about the car.
13c18def800bb06f349375dfc82756be057dea3a	Odnoklassniki BMW X6 M for the price
83ddf930dbebca1aa5cae29c748aa5048bbde962	Model Price in rubles Body type BMW X5 M 6 300 000 - 6 930 000 Crossover
033261cb454a928d6f3b70e5f94394f63621b440	Land Rover Range Rover 6 304 000 - 12 180 000 SUV
f7bf891432118846bfd77f7c825d449d0a3fc132	Mercedes G class 6 370 000 - 20 220 000 SUV
4ec4ef6858db5c82fa22476d9ce9887f42d13829	To close
1ab4f08f1aa59e2f64bda218a99839d03a16d115	Reviews of owners of BMW X6 M
7487161ab93bedd90aa5da3d18668581bc1a0910	There are no reviews for this car yet
9d3961a8339e514f342fe2417480fc999fe0f9ca	Send a review
54ff3af42e7bf1d2acd588b12719f475f3eb1085	BMW X6 M Wallpaper
03bc58217a6d531bf19e34c0b39d13053976ba57	Your screen resolution: 1366x768
f36625d8ddb6fd7cf5622361f73b4ab9dd4fc768	BMW X6 M 1024x768 Wallpaper
a070bd52f3f138de908e830e6fe9dab9de941be1	BMW X6 M 1280x724 Wallpaper
1142dbf2c23740ed238a3625c4d23e8643c7c10d	All cars of the BMW / BMW brand
366204837f0631b4f8b1f07463fd7463eb4caefe	The entire model range of new BMW 2016 cars in Russia.
45760070ddcb2968f3f8e9a8be32ff51e3d9146d	Click on the model name to go to the page of this BMW car.
8cb9bc75bf0ea111e0bf12115a6783d93da6763f	Model Price in rubles body Type BMW 1 series 1 490 000 - 2 630 000 the BMW 1 series Hatchback 3dr - Hatchback BMW 2 series 1 940 000 - 2 810 000 Coupe BMW 2 series Active Tourer Van BMW 2 series Cabrio - Convertible BMW 2 series Gran Tourer Minivan, BMW 3 series 1 790 000 - 3 119 400 Sedan BMW 3 series GT 2 345 000 - 2 999 000 Hatchback Touring BMW 3 series Wagon BMW 4 series 2 330 000 - 3 240 300 Coupe BMW 4 series Cabrio 2 770 000 - 3 502 300 Coupe / Convertible BMW 4 Series Gran Coupe 2 300 000 - 3 270 300 Hatchback BMW 5 series 2 540 000 - 4 490 000 Sedan BMW 5 series GT 3 350 000 - 4 450 000 Hatchback BMW 5 series Touring 3 080 000 - 3 388 000 Universal BMW 6 series 4 420 000 - 5 110 000 Coupe BMW 6 series Cabrio 4 710 000 - 5 580 000 Convertible BMW 6 series Gran Coupe 4 780 000 - 5 660 000 Sedan BMW 7 series 5 490 000 - 7 240 000 Sedan BMW i3 - the BMW i8 Minivan 10 040 000 - 11 044 000 BMW M2 Coupe 3 650 000 - 3 982 000 BMW M3 Coupe 3 950 000 - 4 282 000 Sedan BMW M4 4 080 000 - 4 412 000 Coupe BMW M4 Cabrio 4 500 000 - 4 832 000 Coupe / Convertible BMW M5 5 485 000 - 6 035 000 Sedan BMW M6 7 680 000 - 8 448 000 Coupe BMW M6 Cabrio 8 220 000 - 9 042 000 Convertible BMW M6 Gran Coupe 8 340 000 - 9 174 000 Sedan BMW X1 1 800 000 - 2 550 000 Crossover BMW X3 2 620 000 - 3 555 200 Crossover BMW X4 2 880 000 - 3 690 000 Crossover BMW X5 3 530 000 - 5 370 000 Crossover BMW X5 M 6 300 000 - 6 930 000 Crossover BMW X6 4 200 000 - 5 280 000 Crossover BMW X6 M 6 680 000 - 7 348 000 Crossover BMW Z4 Roadster 2 600 000 - 3 660 000 Roadster
1f847b89839a9fbf00d5daded581779bed741c02	All BMW / BMW models
14af546bb306cc7f23c7d16ac390a199e3e4ed86	New ads for the sale of cars from individuals:
abcb92866e5c04b17869091a98be462e83dbfffc	Nissan Primera
0d09dff6b0cd03ac21252fdd35feb9df16481327	300,000 rubles.
9e7d972733eba1a36bfe102ca032bd4dbeda6c6b	05.05.2016
287d9f401098cb345911b5a149b01142e341a7f1	Suzuki Liana
2b6fdce74e540044892e68b084f4444495737bcb	288,000 rubles.
ede392c86799b773507d24593d07e337d4b02c90	Land Rover
eeae8f6fa1ebdb29879820f13786ae0403514b7d	373,000 rubles.
a5200a777353a3725611764872b7a88cfa92c97a	Toyota Avensis
f47de5bd6aa2303937a8ff925344f8ce9f2c788f	540,000 rubles.
51e1477917625de6a0e42567fb6118a2ffc1b33c	Toyota Corolla
e432c0961119a7079d19d07ed3f39be29de54d37	362,000 rubles.
8cd48ad8c4d621362fc6915cda52fbc070fdeea4	Renault Koleos
4665f9ef25c3471bf46342ba7ac48071a20e5412	927,000 rubles.
18ba6ad3eca91a0e9fd47ef4e93f68d29187e73d	Ford Focus
d59fb5931c2f7bbbccbde4a5fe4408be24abb835	318,000 rubles.
7cb50a965eaaf4c3f67b5512aa5c823f50b428a6	Nissan Note
15df6042cc9f46d9395aaf82b40005ce89d1093f	315,000 rubles.
b861b578d5e15dcd10f8e722c5e1869e0226163d	Skoda Octavia
5cf626a651972f4c898bce901b5bab294e204ed5	519,000 rubles.
07f407938119740fdc2ca78acb22989f71e10f9b	Peugeot 308
b4b43e800f26e4951add2ba17ec13428b56810c2	Citroen C4
9967aee475d4e866fc553ce8ddd61240afc4b709	230,000 rubles.
4cf1eadc9195d98cba21ff8756f6895018ae446c	Volkswagen
7624936fec57dd292ae7c47e6d0e766158cccf74	616,000 rubles.
ce70b7ac7bce16eeeb91b35a281d3a31f6fd6d8d	Chery Amulet
69008243251034e4cd02b5cf33be291ae8243226	125,000 rubles.
f4bd670014814bbf66fd9b2ee6b046783d1d8be7	Audi A6
85a5f66660c37677e7c5a186d6ec9eaa7ef57662	535,000 rubles.
ba8fc3ce4957a14ed34d1d4fa4d537085472c155	375,000 rubles.
f28858b36a9d894e4a54b74f9fa64abd141f4907	Hyundai HD
745774825f8826c854069bdb13ed4e531e3d160a	1,130,000 rubles.
398d535b70efdd728a83f6d4f7b1ea2adbb61bbd	Kia Sportage
fa3f3014b9256bf47a3db3658d3e9d88cf14d089	950 000 rubles.
ea42be4a1844493459e1b2b908614c81b4225b01	Gazelle GAS
6998969791b0c3d1e22a850bd624199d38780dd5	780,000 rubles.
ff11cc5c30ae28b4e0b1c1559c01fac7ba640c47	Mitsubishi
0482b2f9d861e765c320b8404af2de5c172a024d	605,000 rubles.
c2422a3aea52b87bd39a7c3b2d40b0970277b248	Opel Zafira
502c538ab5a5482c042bfaaefae9a5a450c98a8b	511,000 rubles.
8a6d7b0873fff3eacf939291db530ffb5195b216	Mercedes
88121ee193bcc1d1b0f4281e3af582e7b14b9894	1,700,000 rubles.
51aec2b206aaa1757a3aad3b2665fcb2b170b0b0	Ford
3693affe9fefbf3bc087528b46c83b44d6e21781	475,000 rubles.
cbf516049d886838dabf72cde96bc90b6c26f038	Daewoo Nexia
ac9db892a97b5ac7b858bc24b87225add068d174	140,000 rubles.
81a955567eb6c71005aa4f9070a1d4d4ef03d09a	548,000 rubles.
46bf00f7101b8886bd698690346c1c123396c4d5	Citroen
23aa6be03cc77e0055c145575eb24ed628a4210a	599,000 rubles.
6c0aad1ad3c5e0d91ffd67d345d2a2e19b2cda44	270 000 rubles.
1140361b3cd1aa28bf9e132827ecc35d6a263887	Honda CR V
23b1f0949e76ff96cbea7972c6ba98020bc93b70	750,000 rubles.
f496efcf1e057428e16ff3f09a21776bf42b2749	Hyundai
d8a2dbe32ea4bce9bf54925183d2acc3de32aac5	465,000 rubles.
252b8292125b60d5ce99d72d834d2f682056e76b	450,000 rubles.
0b5bcfd9214cd6e44187f3c70d9b32f0ed7821c2	435,000 rubles.
586e9880138dcb3a46987b308be453411770464d	Renault Sandero
920b9d85cc5c9cad4d1d616000b4cdf19e43840a	440,000 rubles.
94f7c71dfc0b535475130349cf3de81935b46cfc	395,000 rubles.
b7dc5929e0f155f6f5c9f74eac90d9e65a9cfdcf	635,000 rubles.
5aa20568c932574e6094af622ee153b1422d544e	525,000 rubles.
01cc67057851cdc3842effa8ad866d84bdbf5f25	Volkswagen Polo
d225e22640ad5ecf730d7ab02a05971d3e64a9c5	460,000 rubles.
f9aa8d593ede5f92334b3da6da6663505a4e619d	2,000,000 rubles.
d0360cb73f5cf57f1626c3c7d5c7f08d33e5d692	185 000 rubles.
fabd4e45b4f05bf38042dbc37c2a12072c843025	Great Wall Safe
28d3c02881fac9935b4d1ea4e3361329215b9089	265,000 rubles.
19772cc0daa319b5d227f1d7cdb4429a4c6e15eb	SsangYong Kyron
206fdeffc35ee7c144605d67555fe26cc11c18f2	550,000 rubles.
fbb446a61a4468f5ad96947bdc0040fe036d44ee	Report a bug
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6c6b82f40286d60cf22ea62bcb3fa3b4345fa5a5	Sedan up to 350,000 rubles Hatchback from 350,000 to 450,000 rubles Station wagon from 450,000 to 550,000 rubles Crossover from 550,000 to 700,000 rubles SUV from 700,000 to 950,000 rubles Compact car from 950,000 to 1,100,000 Minivan from 1,100,000 to 1,250,000 Coupe from 1,250,000 to 1,500,000 Convertible from 1,500,000 to 1,750,000 Roadster from 1,750,000 to 2,500,000 Van from 2,500,000 to 5,000,000 Pickup truck over 5,000,000 rubles
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dfa36897d0d79626c26c3a60bbf710ce93f678ec	BMW
bd14b1b7d287a74735b0580a397a22a8fcd960f3	This is the stable version, released on May 2, 2016.
9ca05499fb3094561072712a3fe003c905e85c63	The state is unpatrolled
f3b02286c33cce40fb7d161df9716e4d85c29101	Coordinates: 48°10 '35" s. w.
ee17baffe1f683637fa2b10d50a182af02c0bc26	11°33'34" v. d.
01a117d9f6d8a37cd46056fd61b7955e35cc36d4	/ 48.1766639° s. w.
599abfa86f2a4c58924b094f1e7b7fe65ed11d66	11.5596417° v. d.
34853358eccd3b28461517d1586870888a36066e	/ 48.1766639; 11.5596417 (G) (O)
b49bece0e76dabb2099e9f26140d9c6cdbe6ee4d	Show a geographical map
a3465863ecd0ea26f53ada6aac0a6815de22a5a7	The request "BMW" is redirected here; see also other values.
b0b992d4a6d2afb20657ddabc8986901411ac43c	Bayerische Motoren Werke AG
57169ab5782b99e32d965cb01f2d8f79751fe57f	Type Joint Stock Company
1628247d46b45198bda3ae03d8f554ab022446ec	Listing on the FWB exchange: BMW, ISE:BMW
e233843c555487ce9fa1466341c56852d20c3a42	Foundation 1916
89af6da1e4ef13c7036e739792d6b0c376b628ed	The founders are Franz Joseph Popp[d]
0ce2bafde31132d5d6eab21d51199d4de0e7ae36	Location Germany Germany: Munich
0e399d06ccff0e5376e3982af4afbcc93b51cbf2	Key figures Norbert Reithofer, Chairman of the Board of Directors
9b702bf528c9efcc01c5a2fbd0ab8dc731ecb66d	Industry Automotive industry
4defbbb17dd3844cabc4a529e038012ac0274504	Products Passenger cars, motorcycles
71246b660532ff71c1b2d8b4169ffbafd37366e2	Turnover : €68.8 billion (2011)[1]
228d982c0ea2ec96854532ffa14acf0657b373cb	Operating profit of €7,099 billion (2011)
7735bdc95d1f3b14e9916f47de0fa918d5e691d1	Net profit : €4,907 billion (2011)
fe8bdae899be7f1e49b66038b029ffca6e5db6f5	Assets of $187.3 billion (2015)[2]
991c80a7bfb8a7ae1a26eddddc9509746444b760	Number of employees ~100,000 (end of 2011)[3]
92e43245e8fc28ba59d97217a043858a3bbdafa1	Subsidiaries of Mini, Rolls Royce, BMW M, BMW I
55e4f6f1601742ac1d9a43ab91f7cb46a1d0bf72	KPMG Auditor To
3d8fb25669444474b1e2c0aea7bb334afacab8c6	Website bmw.ru
f96935f385b1e03dcf1d5e54a602cfd097cc4273	The company's motto is "Freude am Fahren", from it.
97d182a19d61efc34110833a862701cc62c05413	— "With pleasure at the wheel".
ac7e9f623eb4fcc65f1ac668ba5706e86665d06e	For English speaking countries, "The Ultimate Driving Machine"was also invented.
e0acd8087749d6a14ad938a636c4928f32add7aa	1 Title 2 History 2.1 Before World War II 2.2 World War II 2.3 After the War 2.3.1 Production of light motorcycles 2.3.2 Significant dates in the history of BMW
b9d5809fc576e59321e02121b81af6f65ca70ecf	3 Owners and management 4 Activities 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Literature 8 References
da09a3f90fd8de4981b9e3e38110bd891adda3c8	Title[edit / edit wiki text]
d2f8264d6fcb8b1b6f73467b50cde821b42080cb	In English speaking countries, they pronounce "B. M. double u".
370618b9684dba07f6ece4065c43980b572e2a57	There are also several names: for motorcycles, the company historically had the name " beemer "(English beemer), for cars — similar, but not" bimmer " (English bimmer)[5]. In Russia, the names "baha", "boomer"[6],"beamer" can also be used to designate the brand, in Arab countries — "BM"[7].
be0458d116e1a93ead9ea76c8bf20cf38b95c90c	Cars can also be named according to their series, for example, for the 5th series — "five", it.
6ab6200a0e611ca8512c6c2e7c2a3b4f9a0ea66e	Fünfer, English fiver.
52625b3585d5ea92027578f34ebfdd4106393f7f	History[edit / edit wiki text]
ab6f353945f89058bbde0d0bfde4a99e67f58487	Before the Second World War[edit / edit wiki text]
650d1ca0257e79a1b4e2baf4d4437013c035d0ad	This section lacks links to information sources.
fbd4984f3b3716baee4ff3bca926d056d61bc81a	The information must be verifiable, otherwise it may be questioned and deleted.
c3f43d6e1f8072ac6ca2c1c9a1a3e356c90c1348	You can edit this article by adding links to authoritative sources.
fe10657529b12f94d2c92da7566552324e04ee65	This mark was set on July 10, 2011.
1078d110ab4c5c94d12063929219a8c71cdb6ae1	BMW 5 Series (E39)
26b8a95405ea5ae26371b7b65e9ff86c20d7f879	The Munich — Milbertshofen district was chosen because it was located close to Gustav Otto's Flugmaschinenfabrik — a German aircraft manufacturer.
2c40b0c1c2d94447ce72906a1668d7f235e71c46	Since 1929, the blue and white round BMW logo, which is still used (shown at the top right), for convenience, begins to be interpreted as an airplane propeller against a blue sky background.
5545e3283d5212ec0d671f4f879a3f2f1b09ae5c	Needing additional funding, Rapp receives the support of Camillo Castiglioni and Max Fritz, the company is recreated as Bayerische Motoren Werke GmbH. Overextension caused difficulties, Rapp left the company, and the management of the company was taken over by the Austrian industrialist Franz Joseph Popp in 1917.
c3bd8e7bcfb166eedd6d4a64a7608fec744c4c1d	In 1926, the Rohrbach Ro VII seaplane with BMW VI engines sets five world records.
1b41b7bafbf23db9f83d6af064851f5da3433e0a	the year is 1927.
851a3db666972e746fd3074b45982998d0129c01	This year, 87 world records were set in aviation.
0770098b214446db3518de4b145abc6f6221c2a3	29 of them are on planes with BMW engines.
b49c086e3a648338c84d9700f05e60b190ce508f	In 1928, BMW acquired an automobile plant in Eisenach (Thuringia), and with it a license to produce a small car called Dixi.
feedb932775d5b41adbf75d22837c0366f815266	The company enters into a license agreement for the construction of radial engines with the American manufacturer of aircraft engines Pratt & Whitney.
e13b0f7f319cb10ceb696e61346d30848a1529d3	1929 Dixi — the name of the first BMW car.
67a351f5c9bfe7a197eababad35fd02cab1b1e3d	It was developed in Munich, like all subsequent BMW products, but cars were produced in Eisenach until the forties.
72677286f2e292d1be26cccb430fe9a2dc8e8f0e	Ernst Henne becomes the fastest motorcyclist in the world with a BMW engine.
ccbc08277bf7c2fb47a217522daa1697f5e6caac	World War II[edit / edit wiki text]
34ada944c0f0c9560a56c8d170d27e132c20dddc	This section of the article has not yet been written.
96c3c022f01080def920f0ad00e90e261697422f	According to the idea of one of the Wikipedia participants, a special section should be located in this place.
232b2fa86d951fa1438f8e1dc7073e803d6bd679	You can help the project by writing this section.
bd9731fb81bb24ec688b9433b1bb686af0d2c07a	After the war[edit / edit wiki text]
9592505aefbd7e53eb95be6d69bc8efb6cf2ef02	BMW Alpina B5
2ccdd35a8ae146e6f014049a4384b1999be11a3a	The BMW concern, which was powerful in the pre war era, found itself in a critical situation after the Second World War, largely due to the ban on the production of aircraft engines that formed the basis of its business and the destruction or occupation of the concern's factories in Munich and Eisenach by Germany's opponents during the World War.
1f87fe94c503bdc8fdd7fbb8fe078acd26b45717	Thus, the Munich Milbertshofen plant, according to the decision of the American occupation forces, was subject to demolition[8].
47dcedd0ec1031d92b1ae02574eeab20d809b0d4	Like other German automobile companies with an industrial base destroyed by the Second World War, BMW took years to revive as a serious car manufacturer: only in 1962 the company released a car on the market that allowed it to fulfill this task[9].
f2dfeaaf7e7cbc0e77f416b998023780541ce01f	BMW's strategy in the post war years was to try to improve things by producing motorcycles with low power, since the Allies allowed BMW to produce motorcycles with an engine capacity of only up to 250 cm3 after the war, and also banned the production of large and comfortable sedans.[source not specified 779 days] In addition, the company lost its factory in Eisenach, which remained in the territory occupied by Soviet troops, and then in the newly formed GDR.
39dee8ca98e724315f5af6b4b0bd0171eeff2d94	However, the market situation and the attempts made by BMW management to restore the production of aircraft engines led BMW to the very edge of the abyss and almost ended with the establishment of control over it by a well — known competitor Mercedes Benz.
cdae2339ecaff9fecb084b1ae0f294fc11981c8e	Production of light motorcycles[edit / edit wiki text]
812b563f3ba24d6044c0ed13db809391bc866b87	However, the company's staff managed to save BMW by producing household goods and bicycles, which was reflected in the decision of the Americans to cancel the decision to demolish the plant and the subsequent permit for the production of light motorcycles.
a2be0fe826024347bc23f39600e18a9700608256	So in 1948, the R24 motorcycle from Munich became the first post war BMW product.
1c0589e5878cf8d3fbe045a2ce25afb98cd7ff44	Like its predecessor of the 1930s, the R24 was equipped with a BMW branded gimbal transmission, was painted black and had a white upholstery of the stroller.
6c50f4b3ddaa52b5463534ebb666c84d7e7e6618	Unlike its predecessor, this product had a single cylinder engine with a working volume of only 247 cm3, a much lower price, and, as a result, was much more affordable and was in great demand among Germans in need of vehicles.
4a5c2d4e2808bb065028e0af1e20b258d03347b7	By 1951, BMW was producing more than 18 thousand of these motorcycles per year, which brought profit and allowed the development of a new model — the R51 already with a 2 cylinder opposed engine[10].
275353f762cf94ad69c568e9084acc7f28cb925a	Significant dates in the history of BMW[edit / edit wiki text]
c94d6e6d0a7bb7516b171f9ce7b261c73bb496b2	1951 BMW produces its first post war car 501. 1954 BMW becomes the world champion in motorcycle racing with sidecars and holds the world championship for the next twenty years. 1955 The BMW Triebwerk GmbH branch comes back to life.
0a34c41adff36aeacab25ad5fa89942c7469908c	The company focuses on the traditions of the production of aircraft engines.
c17c55688501e0303061896c50577ba9e570e454	The next step in the right direction was a change in BMW's policy in order to popularize its products among the middle class.
adc8f22416981407bbb1a5f1be49d90fea1cecf2	And the first mass produced car in the post war years was the BMW Isetta.
76a3261a6274efbd1a5ee8140444cbfd4e0e6109	The idea of creating a miniature car belonged to the Italian company Iso, and the prototype of the body created by it was bought by the Germans. 1956 Sports cars of models 503 and 507. 1959 The Model 700 became the first big serial success for BMW cars.
26e2dabd998d34777a814455ff8f75dc1a0aa63e	The BMW company is put up for sale. 1975 — During these years, the first three in the history of BMW appeared,it was released in the E21 body. 1994 The BMW plant in Spartanberg was launched.
73247b94923d3c698b12cee3fe4500a7e2b09b32	The 16th branch of BMW de Mexico S.
3938ca967c3bce565f15532d65517dddfe68e27f	A. was opened, a trade representative office was established in Beijing. 1995 Presentation of the legendary BMW Z8.
8f63347b64b35bedc9616cb5fea295c6d4da593b	The car becomes a star of cinema and is filmed in a James Bond film. 1999 The presentation of the new BMW X5 all wheel drive SUV is held at the Detroit Auto Show. 2013 The presentation of the BMW i3 electric car and the i8 hybrid is held
8d11c1e67fefd7790ad6616383f7ec65e1c8c338	Owners and management[edit / edit wiki text]
3e2a509526fd8e6a37d931b9a997976807eed87d	BMW headquarters and the BMW Museum building in Munich, Germany.
a1dc91512f86d818a5fb969f0c9bd01e3a9c1774	As of July 25, 2011, Stefan Quandt owns 17.4% of the automaker's securities, his sister Susanne Klatten — 12.6 %, their mother Johanna Quandt 16.7 %. 53.3 percent of the company's shares are traded on the market[11].
4c5472c89d532341142f9222bb24bb7c39aab10d	Activity[edit / edit wiki text]
d5bf9b72c831e1ed02656145425b69b71584e706	BMW Concern produced 1,203,482 cars in 2008 (a drop of 7.6 % compared to the same period in 2007)[12].
6934afdbe1735196c08f521fd1a639e2f39d6ec4	The main competitor of BMW in the passenger car market is Mercedes Benz[13].
514274006d8f1880045c7c205348a41dffa44eaf	The company also competes with Audi and Lexus cars[14][15].
830026c9670227d0b9a0b1c23e31968dcbaf75c3	Member of the Association of European Automobile Manufacturers (ACEA).
a10f3ad07fa182733b7348859b7ddd079f5d10e8	The main production facilities of the company are concentrated in Germany (Dingolfing, Regensburg, Leipzig, Munich).
d9c8089bc5f3940d8866a14a67b0a592598cc3ae	Also, cars are assembled at enterprises in Thailand, Malaysia, India, Egypt, South Africa, Vietnam and the USA (Spartanberg).
eccc2c9a61daa6de65dbad541f21192366f88163	In Russia, BMW cars are assembled in Kaliningrad ("Avtotor").
c768b1caebd413c8582e0da7c56e8c3f8458286e	Also in China, it cooperates with the company Huacheng Auto Holding, which produces passenger cars under the Brilliance trademark.
67025094eeb81c7b50243b7d06cd6da36a66b8db	BMW on Wikimedia Commons?
3a6d6b6ad390b7b4df9f9c377f823660e712c3ff	BMW in Wikinovosti?
e12e013bf45a6216a204e2b9612524605a54f087	BMW Cars BMW Museum BMW Engines BMW GINA
a836cc539463f496a41a818155dda0394ec2c90a	↑ Annual Report 2011 (PDF).
03dd5a8f00793fc655cbccf7755c08ccb74eda63	BMW Group.
47d9d63999117c4d8228ed5445566ab05e1534d2	Verified on May 15, 2012.
8d7c2d996c91776b28a7c6fbc788de93514b6fa1	Archived from the original source on June 23, 2012.
2dafc38c6c21f1cdaadf9e6fb5854a25a8525852	↑ The World's Biggest Public Companies List - Forbes ↑ BMW Group sales reach all time high in March .
1bce838872672c319667871b23192e0c09bf3521	BMW Group (April 11, 2012).
4b0bffe71c0ee3396c5c80d5f2379e0df004528b	Verified on May 14, 2012.
774834dac659de1c7595c167d76c67528fbc6e0e	Назначен A new chief designer of BMW has been appointed, drive.ru, May 24, 2012 ↑ BMW 5 Series Bimmer vs. Beamer vs. Beemer (English) (March 10, 2005). Verified on May 13, 2011.
ca5827dbb545485d22d0f507b4408c456a92c2db	Archived from the original source on August 28, 2008.
ef31eaa07bde514e1fa41cce1a123043505a3683	↑ "Baha", "boomers".
32c709306bc9675565a0b3a7edee879ca8d7b02e	And only (Rus.).
f1a79fc3c6e3293baa55fa3c3433f68c425c3c9e	Delovoy Peterburg (August 6, 2007).
11b16d38d06a2a3ba7db88eeea06c7fef5057873	Checked on May 13, 2011.
172a533bfe3959938d57587c892cd824bc2f287b	Archived from the original source on August 6, 2007.
cd6d7da2426a4b702e52ce9c6c089499b5a95064	↑ Jennifer Dylan.
269eec9b05f5c7cc2ee7d9a79ee639683e8f60bd	The Bimmer's Bavaria (English).
81ffa603dbe72260ab04eb746ed43d83e8370025	Vehicles Magazine (April 30, 2007).
f306c6c6aa844dbc70c5393f5ea81043049203d2	Archived from the original source on October 12, 2008.
b68711477cb59aa20a503e6ed3a463ad5b139c07	То Tony Lewin.
a564c3dd785994d4220cbe72aac26b59c3b21e6e	BMW.
bdb7847ca3dfef1d4715bc9c248b8214eba78dde	The complete book.
ae6519e0bf26cdbfc1fe409e1730771d503fa437	All models since 1950 = The Complete Book of BMW: Every Model In the World Since 1950 / Translated from the English by K. Tkachenko.
3368e781ec9d5b7405667e59cd3c87d3ad665c65	- M.: "FAIR Publishing House", 2008.
d21915ae9617465dceaa1fb29b7e3b2f5c97f398	- p.
f290b51bf9595990b5e1deb748e93299803df1e8	23.
f52a0ab24af5703c84ff98ca8f9d48a68306e7d4	- 384 p.
2a428c6e60b970d1be55f7298e9995acdbee7f5a	— ISBN 978-5-8183-1358-0 (Russian) ISBN 0-7603-1951-0 (English).
55be57827a4a441d3bf9a1bb863a12c5756ac05a	↑ Tony Lewin.
0f2a2d31a4deedfe5e0926291e87d50553c1876d	- P. 10.
434135eeca534ed0bb47f1a3ff63cc467a9bb638	- Moscow: "FAIR Publishing House", 2008.
90bc0d9a00e367dc9a41446c3a82980b16752e6e	- P. 24.
c5722058e71de2870060caf4cf35f3ec59d3d119	- ISBN 978-5-8183-1358-0 (Russian) ISBN 0-7603-1951-0 (English).
e68e4a5e3b18224de017ca7cc1b555e5edaf63cd	BMW BMW shares soared record high on rumors of a stock purchase.
4a0a53b41980370ebda3256af24737436936dd8e	Корреспондент.net according to the materials of Reuters (July 25, 2011).
63cba9a25c8c14ce808395116c7107ebcd6ceddf	Checked on January 31, 2013.
811b876201e6b387948e5695a474a1d739f71aab	Archived from the original source on February 1, 2013.
a45dc1df2341148eeee78c134b0175829a841b9a	BMW on the website vmotore.info ↑ Lewin, Tony.
55a77d511645ced3119edebc274507a7d70b5a01	All models since 1950.
7275e18cce652c166d511a3dd4baf6079d62fa60	= The Complete Book of BMW.
3d9785ac089d171960e88285e3b17ce22077c68f	Every Model Since 1950..
588ab135a83b53d553f297e9672aa849148d51a6	- Moscow: FAIR, 2008.
be64e0e06d78f819de8a87d3b8e31bbbe2f2f01a	- p. 370 — - 384 p — - 2000 copies.
c8f44a510d0dc8309d95c38931de56929334f36b	— ISBN 978-5-8183-1358-0.
e2008cb3845827349ede37387f6b27539d3f0918	↑ Colin Barrow.
9a66a88d797ea98a09d604fad88110b26a43e103	The 30 Day MBA in International Business: Your Fast Track Guide to Business Success.
4d43b3a501f398ab19155e86358d27fa5123976e	— Kogan Page Publishers, 2011.
3f0bf66c183df061f883fdcec4b12e9feb25d071	— P. 77.
e72f3152bacbf34299f6982f9c9995ff0349698e	— 312 p.
a29bfbf4e8163d59b806bf609016b25d640a2565	— ISBN 9780749462147.
da989c818f7705d1223a0a39e14b5032a60a5e99	↑ Nick Gibbs.
a1c67ae5a994e88ecde973c46cdb032d2c54f9b5	Audi, BMW, Mercedes look for edge with virtual showrooms .
6ab445b775bf7d378c20eba1ca2c1b38b276b5d4	Automotive News Europe (March 14, 2013).
226821ffd42fd3f56e717e19d581837aa84a2b8c	Checked on March 20, 2013.
fbd9380ba16381bf7a57fac0b5681e5e6034551a	Lewin T. BMW.
c52435fa27561837651678a10c8b340ab48e0fb3	All models since 1950 / Tony Lewin.
c021683f37b0324004936c35d915a5fa0c94c286	- Translated from the English by K. Tkachenko.
79bedee1df639c9194a1b29c421a21511a03c642	- 384 p.: ill.
6981e10e425eeddfdcc09dd9c8c0ffc833834508	Scientific editor: S. V. Kanunnikov, Head of the Science and Technology Testing Department of the Za Rulem magazine.
238b7108ee5e8e5fe10d5722a07267b27c60263a	ISBN 978-5-8183-1358-0 (Russian) ISBN 0-7603-1951-0 (English)
69782b1626adc560f54eeb6c6cf3d3e0fdd53464	bmw.ru -official BMW website bmw.com -official BMW website (English)
e4178e8edf0eb0c360b9cf3160ab9c4269cdc2bf	To improve this article, is it desirable?:
f6aba47e6e4314f20bf8984b2148b955ff8774e7	Rework the design in accordance with the rules of writing articles.
943786f2b9283d36a1c63a96fb852c158b349828	Correct the article according to the stylistic rules of Wikipedia.
a7a6a9139867c0bda96ae71b7a993ccf74d8c56f	[hide]
e70c77ec540f14eeddde6ef1b614740ebf0ca0cb	p·o·r
fbca0cc2708e300d80b75d09d44857bb4847caf4	BMW Cars
69a320af93af348a871d0f3e4724019db407357a	BMW cars 1920-1960[show]
381b63dace206214bfea164d3511d691b7221bfd	Class 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Single cylinder Isetta 250/300 Opposed Two cylinder 600 Inline Four cylinder Dixi 3/15/Dixi 3/15 DA/Dixi 3/15 DA1/ 3/15 DA2/ Wartburg DA3/ 3/15 DA4/ 3/20 Inline six cylinder 303 315/315/1 BMW 320/321 326 326 340/340-2 319 327 327 329 335 V8 501/502 503 507 Sports Car 328
156e66aef9db7a5089c185f23e770816c9ca4af7	BMW cars, 1960s — present[show]
46d91aabde8e09c970a84709eb6f0ce3c5b4f493	Class Series 1960's 1970's 1980's 1990's 2000's 2010's 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Micro Isetta Compact i3 I01 1 LS/700 E81/82/87/88 F20/21 2 F22/23/45/46 Average 3 1602,2002 E21 E30 E36 E46 E90/91/92/93 F30/31/35 3 GT F34 4 F32/33/36 Top Medium 5 1500,1800,2000 E12 E28 E34 E39 E60/E61 F10/11/18 Top 5 GT F07 6 3200CS 2000CS E9 E24 E63/E64 F06/12/13 7 501/502 E3 E23 E32 E38 E65/E66 F01/02/03/04 G11 / 12 Sports Coupe 8 E31 Roadster Z 507 Z1 Z3 Z4 Sports Car M1 Z8 Z10 4x4 X1 E84 X3 E83 F25 X5 E53 E70 F15 X6 E71/E72 i i8 I12
c03ad5e945ca142dc1d432e15f320cd3b63b9dd1	[hide] Calculation base of the DAX index of the Frankfurt Stock Exchange
8fba78efc25c47ff340c907167f96cb652582074	Adidas • Allianz • BASF • Bayer • Beiersdorf • BMW • Commerzbank • Continental • Daimler • Deutsche Bank • Deutsche Börse • Deutsche Post • Deutsche Telekom • E.ON • Fresenius • Fresenius Medical Care • HeidelbergCement • Henkel • Infineon • K+S • Linde • Lufthansa • Merck KGaA • Munich Re • RWE • SAP • Siemens • ThyssenKrupp • Volkswagen • Vonovia
9be00b8fff06eedb4c64a7f93b6ccf9c0273b1fb	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BMW&oldid=78137069"
ca52686e739da9c4ab0729eed741adfa63b095bd	Categories: Companies listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange Companies listed on the Italian Stock Exchange Companies alphabetically Companies founded in 1916 BMW Automotive companies in Germany Motorcycle manufacturers Diesel engine manufacturers Companies in Munich
cb5dfd6407b0bfb4291e3559c38d9047abecfe3c	Hidden categories: Wikipedia:Articles with redefinition of the value from Wikidata Wikipedia:Articles with sections without links to sources from July 2011 Wikipedia:Articles with incomplete sections Wikipedia:No sources since March 2014 Wikipedia:Articles with statements without sources for more than 14 days Articles with links to Wikinews Wikipedia:Articles for processing Wikipedia:Stylistically incorrect articles
96edb4c82b657a366e96a599fa2efc72d81fcc26	Read Edit Edit wiki text History
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0a584c81b599587eab71b371a103a0e090d8bee8	Last modified on this page: 20: 01, May 2, 2016.
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10400ace377f726d246d446ac8d34498e67abf7e	8.05.14 (01:35)
a7359ff0e18cf1c378d554df4893bf4368a6d33b	11636
241fdff70ad8ea62189140374d727d9be8abee41	Source © 1gai.ru, 1gai
9e18191584834ac4d76155048560a19d21324656	2015 BMW M5 will be the most powerful in the history of production
17c308f3ea8e02bef46268cc5590c5bb352d1f3a	M5 - 30 years of production.
0c24b7e781392669d509f352d7bee46ca6ebe75e	A 4.4 liter V8 engine with two turbines will be installed under the hood.
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555d527aca75c35651f5949d1c0121cf7f40ec68	The new HYUNDAI Genesis is a passion that has flared up with a new force!
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60b3fb87b304adb8af2717341cd67f2c8106dcc3	Alpina will release a special calendar in honor of the 50th anniversary
96452b03d913a6f5862f036d2f642883e160e4e7	Which BMW models will be released in the future?
85e439a4be5b10e2834a3dac3cd56121d951b3ff	Exclusive: BMW is preparing a re tuning of the 3 series in 2015
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6abfc02a69d3c8acbd17c4e8c8542b8658766f92	Audi has confirmed the information about the Quattro concept car, which will be shown at the Frankfurt Motor Show
263051fedaddb0575c20bbcd950943d222c7e1a6	The official BMW X5 2014 configurator has appeared
2720cc3c2a6c9e4c6771c6fc72ac6fa8099117c9	Audi will revive the legendary Quattro model 600 hp.
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f6632a23ebecf14393df170c5f85de9ff898a9e9	BMW breaks sales records
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ff3240533421e07325ea5f3bb4ed23570c7d9b7c	BMW 5 Series
1b16f9f24568502e2836124de836865e80d72bbb	≡ 12 December 2014 · Category: In the world of BMW
76ecf018fb42c48d6b2435e62844bd1e00c612a6	Important milestones in the history of BMW: the concern's path to global success
65da0c2804f2280b1c11b87de23996601790d1ef	Ahhh
7b1bf5c123d3ca54c34521435987e000162926d2	The German automobile company BMW (an abbreviation of "Bayerische Motoren Werke", which translates as" Bavarian Motor Plants") is a giant concern, whose headquarters are located in Munich.
ddb854d78ea48d320887383ead1d6518adcd2dd5	Currently, BMW products are manufactured at five factories located in Germany, as well as twenty two subsidiaries around the world.
2dc2fb62ecb116a53185df608055d8bbfd6e4b61	The BMW brand is a guarantee of reliability and the highest quality, proven by time.
9d35d99af9e159af88f11cb65e496b0e76cbbcd0	The car of this brand emphasizes the high status of its owner and not just speaks, but literally screams about his impeccable taste and financial well being.
cfc2775c897fd2924bba811a8f2a5703f3b3dd21	The company produces not only magnificent passenger cars and sports cars, but also specializes in the production of motorcycles.
dd5494052569f5ab188ba06f9a973fb528ce39ba	What was the history of BMW and how did the company manage to achieve such an incredible success?
6d51b362c02707eddc0b69e94e983d75cd9d0ad2	Contents 1 Important milestones in the history of BMW 2 How it all began 3 The First World War and the first collapse of the company 4 The beginning of car production 5 The difficult post war years 6 The development of the brand in the 90s 7 The beginning of the XXI century is the true success and flourishing of the company.
e845252e612e7cef60efa9bc59b78c84fc12df59	8 The latest history of BMW: eco friendly cars of the future 9 Beautiful and stylish advertising of the BMW i8 (video) 10 The history of BMW on video 11 Photo Gallery legendary BMW models
1141a8f6c3aee1a9455bbbbbc4d0809f421a0bb1	Important milestones in the history of BMW
443e07517bb4b87ea28da2ec52d0aa2f1444993c	Year Event July 20, 1917 Registration of the BMW factory in Munich September 1917 Creation of the BMW logo 1919 The Motor 4 engine was developed 1923 The release of the R32 motorcycle 1928 Acquisition of a license for the production of the Dixi car 1932 The first BMW 3/15 PS 1933 The release of the BMW 303 1936 The release of the BMW 328 1959 The release of the BMW 700 1962 The release of the BMW 1500 1966 The release of the BMW 1600-2 1968 The premiere of the models 2500 and 2800 1990 The release of the BMW 850i 1994 The company acquires the group "Rover Group" 1996 The release of the BMW Z3, famous in the film "Golden Eye" 1997 The release of the motorcycle R1200C 1999 The debut of the BMW X5 - the legendary SUV 2000 Record sales worldwide 2007 The concept of the BMW X6 2009 is presented 1)A sports version of the X6 M is presented
51adf2e1040f96f875dd74539fc9e655ce6f318f	2) The beginning of mass production of sports cars with a hybrid engine
592e04475f2484bf8c8e3f0dca3150d1988d6dfa	3) New BMW 5 Series sedan (top model BMW 550i) 2011 World premiere of the BMW ActiveE electric car September 2011 Opening of a carbon fiber production plant together with SGL Group 2013 Innovative BMWi sub brand December 2014 The BMW i8 sports car becomes the car of the year 2014 according to the author's glossy publication Top Gear
3494ae35e0886f7b9ae963008f1505087c8f046f	How it all started
a08aba5dd772c6379f61737d09f5587d79379198	And the path to success was thorny, for its entire history of more than a century, the company experienced several rapid takeoffs and repeatedly teetered on the verge of complete ruin.
c1b6e5279d18f51d3dfafdf51699d3ee09b756d8	The history of the BMW company began back in 1913, when Gustav Otto (the heir of Nikolaus August Otto, the inventor of the internal combustion engine) and entrepreneur Karl Rapp independently opened small firms specializing in the production of aircraft engines in the north of Munich.
4e0fff25d9136a758219f3db6c4ecbdef294ec3e	In those years, such production was very profitable due to the legendary flight of the Wright brothers and the rapidly increasing popularity of aircraft.
666323aa665ee3518d0c49dcec820a34020dd047	In 1914, the First World War broke out.
9f71a282785e56a9696d7b97ee2603a68290a262	The demand for aircraft engines increased, and the firms of Otto and Rapp joined together to extract even greater profits.
c7741dfcd60853ca6ecf3e4510e77ec711a833ac	The official registration date of the new aircraft engine plant is July 20, 1917.
bffdf4a879f30f27ec6a2413e6b0a8b41b68167e	The plant received the world famous name "Bayerishe Motoren Werke".
7f4a4b7e45fa22534ae392d4c7316f34e381c22a	Thus, Karl Rapp and Gustav Otto are the founders of the BMW concern.
e83e5121b49af8b89ac36cc2f1bd2568791f0cdf	In September 1917, the BMW logo was invented.
d03dd88f7910d217fa846b08b095082b96bbbea6	Initially, it depicted a propeller against the sky.
2af30d10b93df964497c06049d629e1fb3a34360	Later, the logo was stylized to four sectors painted in white and blue, symbolizing, according to one version, the Bavarian flag, according to another version — the rotating blades of a helicopter, through which the blue sky is visible.
0531830e9a0fd6248f44b31cc7aee3ca86ddc17d	In 1929, the logo was finally approved and practically no changes were made to it in the future (except for adding volume already at the beginning of the XXI century)
69c8fe478ae1b79d34abe0c7fe5de7d16ede88ac	The First World War and the first collapse of the company
400fecf1c842df20811e526dc53738882e734941	the year is 1916.
8f46dc806012345c4d36282a10c328003a64edfb	The end of the First World War and the signed Treaty of Versailles lead the company to the first threshold of collapse, since the production of aircraft engines was prohibited to the Germans — and it was the engines that were the basic products of the young plant!
03d0f9337b412807a4c954684483a8ad1d5b3773	However, enterprising businessmen find a way out and turn to the production of motorcycle engines first, and later to the serial production of motorcycles themselves.
16675d3b8f07d7a3a631898872455d5b3f459c85	Gradually, BMW motorcycles are gaining fame as the fastest in the world!
b63f0d18a0b91bb3c432f81eb4f23b736607af41	And in 1919, the production of engines for aircraft was resumed.
7cc62125884c1048f021961d0a76a227e87300fc	This is interesting: in 1919, the pilot Franz Diemer on an airplane with an engine "Motor 4", developed by BMW, set the first world record, having conquered an altitude of 9760 meters!
963b2d173c4cf4a5768d651ba845582bca677162	BMW enters into a secret contract with the USSR for the supply of aircraft engines — thus, almost all the record flights in Soviet Russia of those years were carried out on aircraft equipped with BMW engines.
eda174edc08510f8aa4c9e3183bcad8c606e4f87	In 1932, the legendary R32 motorcycle was released, in the 20s and 30s, numerous and absolute speed records were set on it in races, and the motorcycle itself gained fame as a reliable and high quality car!
367debd23ef665b68ff14d4778122dcf057bed86	The beginning of car production
6b7b2aa9c911f44b27425f5077f8e6a1daa3a5bc	In 1928, the company acquired automobile plants in Thuringia, and together with them a license for the production of the Dixi subcompact car, which became one of the most popular cars in Europe during the economic crisis.
a2f7aa25343168a1d7c184957f418ad495ed5ca3	Thus, we can say that the history of the BMW car begins with the release of this compact car.
89a8d5eee522636e3586be7162113b2a73a1166a	In 1932, BMW began producing its own cars.
e6ece9643647590858a423933b358b74926e82b4	In 1933, a BMW 303 car was released, equipped with a six cylinder engine.
7caf89876ba443a0324594c352ad72036a6d38a8	The car becomes a real sensation of those years.
4894653ba9d1a87d120e99f03031766fe2e429d2	The famous radiator grille (the so called "BMW nostrils") has already been installed on it, which later became a distinctive design element of all the children of the concern.
7ef3e27de930f853d8449af36475fc36285a21ab	The year 1936 became a real breakthrough in the history of the BMW brand – the company produces the BMW 328 car, which became the most successful sports model capable of reaching speeds of up to 90 km / h.
460c481c527cda3d32d50eaefd59f00cf2d6b3c5	For those years, the novelty is perceived as a genuine avant garde and causes a true thrill in the soul of every motorist.
878b4ead0915846e2215192990d7c52b20ed16a2	The appearance of this model finally formed the company's ideology ("Car - for the driver") and secured the reputation of quality, beauty, style and reliability for the BMW brand.
601e7b694261fa8d41a9ac5ef2065f40c5aeab04	This is interesting: the concept of BMW's main competitor, Mercedes Benz, sounds like a "Car for passengers"
60db50deaa0a02599e7f33cd72e4da234954896e	By the beginning of the Second World War, BMW had already managed to become famous all over the world as a dynamically developing and successful company specializing in sports cars and motorcycles.
5dc5a0e39b754e6c806a93a2e0d454e8d5d3595f	On airplanes equipped with BMW engines, world records are set, the same thing happens at motorcycle races.
42e4e393cc1696a23aa6c895c12ea85840056697	Cars amaze the imagination with their power, beauty and reliability.
69e690df9b9c043d2f6e3da8c4a498ab78d12490	The difficult post war years
d69efc3cea6a807ad4c7df3247f03c531d007bf6	The end of the war leads the company to its second collapse.
bae15c684dcd61cd4f059602f00a779f0e218f75	The German economy is destroyed.
49e317f0628ea6020553c46227f5254c659deeb3	Several factories located in the occupation zone have been completely destroyed.
774c812367f87407d452d14e832db61629aaca76	The British also dismantled the main plant in Munich.
5364502df4d01bb7f1ca741cfbe7f059f9ec4e5d	There is a ban on the production of missiles and aircraft engines for a period of three years.
f68db1cad4898aa78d2df95895616763292090e6	The production of cars is also suspended.
cd40d87fc2bfdf3e8c2e1ebf349bfaeeb2a80574	And then the company again turns to motorcycles, which had previously helped it out during the first crisis.
89efad31519d9ebcb948b07c61b9cea3fdebd4a1	Everything has to start from scratch, but this does not frighten the founding fathers, Otto and Rapp.
1fe784a5a4ebe3639094ea9ab099e258e2c637c7	They manage to raise the company from its knees — although not immediately.
15681ed4bc6a04b95279783f3e515622badd3161	The first post war BMW product is the R24 motorcycle, assembled almost artistically in workshops.
8dc8502b3c7ebda00ecd1413452b314e83b2a4e3	The first post war car, the 501, was not a success.
637b3973686070e7d3a641b18edd382e53473994	An interesting Izetta model is also being produced – a three wheeled subcompact, a kind of symbiosis of a motorcycle and a car.
69ba5d1c509154d69b281b9c7627306ce0799785	The new decision was enthusiastically accepted by impoverished Germany, and, it would seem, here it is, the way out!
abe39c75f619fa70c7a0d0abab4f769b4faeb9fa	But the economic potential of the population was estimated incorrectly, and the company mistakenly focused on the promotion of limousines, popular in those years in Europe.
7f78bd4bae665e0de7ef0ece9cf40006c1db6da0	This again led the company to the deepest financial crisis — the third in its history and, perhaps, the most serious.
3fc089222bd4a2cba2882d1312403de8b0258f9b	Mercedes Benz offers to buy out BMW for a lot of money, but shareholders and employees are indignant.
333a7e1f025b72957f975b27f19480fd714a38e8	By joint efforts, the company is being brought out of the crisis.
bb21d26b8b9371599e749eaabf2f0ccaf07faedb	The history of BMW models continued, and soon the company again took a leading place in the global automotive industry.
21bbd774edc6b28f0b2f2eb00aebfac93495fa16	In 1956, a magnificent beautiful BMW 507 car was released.
5643500fca296eed39a551ece1e573f4ef5cb173	The car accelerated to 220 km/h, was offered in two body versions — a roadster and with a hard roof.
3573fb6ee2d2a8219aff8da6136f230dd19fe130	The car was equipped with an 8 – cylinder 3.2 l.engine with a capacity of 150 hp.
fafa8ddf30af3abda1e58e604a9c48092a277d07	Currently, the BMW 507 is one of the most rare, expensive and beautiful collectible cars.
0fa3f5e22c1500b77cb2c992b91a46249b5d0ec0	In 1959, the BMW 700 car was produced, equipped with an air cooling system.
dac1a9a60e9b302d08cd5b537e5f99cfcb4d654c	The machine wins worldwide recognition and lays the foundation for the further stable and confident development of the company, its promotion to permanent world fame.
01507a4a804724aafc34451eefcad81aa71fb17a	The 1970s were marked by the appearance of the legendary series 3,5,6 and 7.
6c13ec263813b772f3899569bd083acb4b46d61c	The company is entering a fundamentally new level with the release of the 5th series.
e0426cef63231914951e0c0e4ae81e6a4da7038a	Do you remember that before the company specialized in the production of sports cars?
b1c704a8eca44bbb8967d878088b343e61610e72	From now on, it has occupied its niche in the segment of high end sedans.
3404caaf7c7c2c6659b95a8f6bc1a5c82da82597	The BMW 3.0 CSL model has won six European championships since 1973.
b00a7033d9c04836fdb3673dece2444b1535a09b	This car, made in the body of a coupe, was equipped with a six cylinder four valve engine, and this is not the only technical innovation in its device (take, for example, the updated ABS brake system).
d267fe766a357736f10c3a97c0a6546c8aa16c79	1987 the new BMW Z1 roadster, equipped with the latest technology, saw the light.
0deec90ef187686aa874ec2d5aafb2487b1de3d3	The exemplary aerodynamics and the latest electronic engine power control system take the car to a fundamentally new level, although it was originally conceived as an experimental model.
27d421764482fdd65c0093283a9dfe7151b01f66	This is interesting: the BMW concern is the founder of the "Musica Viva" music award in the field of avant garde musical directions
6290e82170d7d74247c4d1754e96867c25982312	The development of the brand in the 90s
ad9883b2060504067f66104f4cfc00d371e8e10c	In the early 90s, BMW opened many representative offices around the world, and also acquired the Rolls Royce brand and signed an agreement on the supply of engines for 8 and 12 cylinders for these cars.
d7527247dfcfb6624803fb49143cecf4b256cccf	In 1994, BMW acquired the Rover Group industrial group (Rover, Land Rover, MG cars), which allows to replenish the BMW model range with ultra small class cars and SUVs.
51afabc9ab8e099aada307888d9e4900261a5bd0	In 1990, a new magnificent BMW 850i luxury coupe car was produced, equipped with a powerful 12 cylinder engine a telem that allows the car to instantly take off like a predatory beast.
788f97efc7752f5a905e6fe4ffd675fe901601d0	The year 1995 was marked by the release of the 3rd series station wagon, as well as the release of the new 5th series.
4dae8b0915e87447f5c7ff96f09c0407e8c3b8c3	The models are distinguished by modern design and the most advanced technology (for example, the chassis is almost completely made of aluminum for the first time in the history of the automotive industry).
7b6ac72e779d9144f50eb4a413f29850c7a1f414	In 1996, BMW equipped the Z3 7 series car with a diesel engine, giving birth to an amazing model that combines a classic design with excellent speed characteristics.
d9e7d0711d575ee7b8c74752ff376409511bb726	The real glory of this car is brought by the picture "Golden Eye", which is part of the legendary series of films about super agent 007.
1e716ba309115c039c918be0dbabdf8bed3d0e37	James Bond, played by the handsome Pierce Brosnan, drives around in it on a magnificent BMW Z3.
ae95b5c83143b3874712e5fef995f9b1652e3832	The car was such a success that the plant in Spartanburg simply did not have time to fulfill all the orders received for it!
328c8173aea8bef58d262f87858aa455fd4eb72e	The spring of 1998 is the debut of the fifth generation of 3 series sedans with improved safety characteristics (not just improved, but the best in its class).
0e2f11a59a851610c8f4e256b16237fd54579310	As always, cars delight with unsurpassed technical characteristics and a magnificent appearance.
9987164fe6885a5080b8e5aadf06c1a3c67d84c8	And in 1999, the legendary BMW X5 was released.
723724eeb48e63839913602ce7f161c6f9e827c9	Another success in 1999 is celebrated by the new sports model BMW Z8, which again won the hearts of the audience in the next film "Bond" — "And the whole world is not enough".
2a125a1d34ba948872e161fdf20a72fc64fee70c	This is interesting: BMW models have repeatedly become the heroes of films, and not only about James Bond!
506c1d3c88f6c407155705fb92e2f706eb6fd8b5	The beginning of the XXI century: the true success and flourishing of the company
2dbe3297867566d9d092b4b254f622786f850d9e	In 2006, the luxury BMW X6 appears, combining the best technical qualities of an SUV and a coupe design (all wheel drive, increased ground clearance, large wheels and a significant roof slope in the rear of the car).
efb38b205c5f163e47e8c1063e45bdf0ef11b06f	It became the first four seat SUV equipped with an automatic transmission.
e079d3aba7b3e2608975902526239b38fe77a26f	Did you know that robots are not used in BMW factories?
a512de09a7decd272343998b17764dc52b6bcd9e	The models are assembled on conveyors exclusively manually!
a6cff47bdf0e1119bec3281ba9e24ee88b8b7abc	The latest history of BMW: eco friendly cars of the future
027b003a9956b4444fd62e98b3850f3ca04329d1	Today, the BMW concern continues to develop at a rapid pace.
2fe10bcba6532c4e92a3b5cc1de158ff344f9b28	To describe all the achievements and innovations of the company, one article is not enough.
5de774db3f91c5107f151d02bc19eaa4ca741f22	Therefore, in this section we will try to reflect the main points that are worth paying attention to when talking about the recent history of the BMW company.
f6b307c60d14c34ab46cd83cb079705235cffbfe	In 2009, a sports car with a BMW Vision EfficientDynamics hybrid engine made its debut at the Frankfurt International Motor Show.
4d04e12e6d5356508401424b94b8dabf0774ef5d	The premiere was truly stellar and caused a wide response from the public.
5d3ac22150f9c4c1ce7edfef7a4cd9ba1b4fd4bb	The new sports car has gained such fame thanks to its bright design and incredible economy, as well as full compliance with the technologies of the future.
28fa8b337e135b88d1a8f4f2158b15b5985e1ac2	The car has received several prestigious awards for its futuristic appearance and innovative finds.
06df4ad797de5152c9d285284d3cade8780be051	This is interesting: the height of the BMW Vision EfficientDynamics sports car is only 1.24 meters!
1d3c501e711a66e9e9ea31a8e7af7f0185c63aa4	Also in 2009, the world premiere of the new sedan of the legendary BMW 5 series took place.
8e32c25f907d4f223739b2973f866979642d5dac	The top model of the line was the magnificent BMW 550i car, which embodied all the best qualities of the brand, which are its hallmark — refined and stylish design, unsurpassed comfort for the driver and efficiency, saturation with innovative technologies.
09cebc31c547712d9d2db7852765ca24b2598090	All this allowed the sixth generation of the BMW 5 Series to act as a true embodiment of the highest quality standards and once again confirm and strengthen its status as one of the most successful manufacturers of premium cars.
76c58358ef2eb3d5b29ba5c6812a82d8bcde8586	In 2011, at the International Geneva Motor Show, BMW presented the innovative BMW ActiveE electric car, the first model that combines a spacious and comfortable interior and a full fledged electric motor.
e086539ff82a7477174c97715e1ddbc434074dd4	The car is presented in the body of a coupe.
c98ac0546065af444f63a7b5325f9d0b2eef5031	The thoughtful design of the interior of the electric car leaves the driver and three passengers enough space (the same as in a BMW 1 series coupe).
c88981583c7c83027358c5532d84d779d48744a0	In September 2011, a significant event for the concern took place — the official launch of an ultra modern carbon fiber production plant together with the SGL Group company.
455507ec4dcba1dbe21d69cf0a3a81461c3f04f0	The plant is located in the USA, Washington, the city of Moses Lake.
a8e84cb90ac06fd6ae0c9c8e8f18740fc1220a9a	The new company produces carbon fiber reinforced ultralight plastic for cars of the BMWi sub brand.
f7aea8d79f8176d35997c7b45648aec0060476bb	The new sub brand is the latest standard of efficiency and environmental friendliness in the premium class.
cc426fed2713062fdbd8067dc2ae59840e62bfc1	Its appearance has earned the BMW concern the fame of the manufacturer of the most environmentally friendly and innovative cars in the world!
2ba27a74f49153772d7b316f1dc38ff22f9a74d3	This is a new era in the global automotive industry, a real revolutionary breakthrough.
a1c8ee34cc9f67c013688d0813c074aa20a7e93f	In 2013, the magnificent BMW i3 and BMW i8 were released.
4e6fff070e59b7c451abed43dbf2030267242948	In the future, it is planned to significantly expand the model range of the sub brand, BMWi Ventures JSC has already been opened in New York for this purpose.
4bc9c119c561a23641bd840bc30febf9c3436015	In December 2014, the phenomenal BMW i8 received the title of "Car of the Year" according to the influential glossy automotive publication Top Gear.
4196102eb4599de6826c0f21d3d94b629a4281ee	The competition was held in conditions of serious competition, many of the world's best premium car manufacturers fought for this prestigious title.
800357afd8a80d099df8a16c839501024f222b67	But the amazing features of the BMW i8 were appreciated it is both an electric motor, and an absolutely low fuel consumption, a minimum level of emissions, as well as an impressive design!
f83c513317f90d4040b5e01d4382fdf658816d6d	This is a truly unique car that completely changes our idea of what the cars of the future should be like.
b0e9187e74c4ba0094af651debd30309adf3117d	Did you know that the cost of a BMW i8 in Russia is 8 800 000 rubles?
013151ace9bc0651e8d0729edb6eb9d1aa9a7ecd	Beautiful and stylish advertising of the BMW i8 (video)
afa3adba075762da1396868d6bc3fbbe9f4d397d	Currently, the company, which started a century ago with a small aircraft engine plant, has turned into the world's largest concern with five plants in Germany, subsidiaries in Malaysia, India, Egypt, Vietnam, Thailand, Russia (Kaliningrad, Avtotor).
1e4c98a90aaf421268575725b38da9220c0f5ce6	The cars that have been produced and continue to be produced throughout the history of BMW are a true symbol of comfortable transport of the highest class.
8f24546e39f2bac2c15fb2dd91cb193c4500ef73	BMW history on video
3568ba14d5069e60ba2d6d3a42cbb0dd1e6379e2	Photo Gallery — legendary BMW models
d750a95469ad34811a14dd240a9c3b8e26d2663e	About the author Recent articles
9a6ebee2b834b7a11daa1e1bea588f8a623e028c	Igor Varlamov
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591e7d8e94163db9ee86b98025d8fee3f7a29edd	BMW finally shared information about the new model 30.03.2016
5a980bff31ab2d08381bca64d133c4489c3c6ed7	The special version of the BMW M6 Competition Edition can be ordered in Russia 05.02.2016
791b4b47aef26dfea0be62a1d2f7d43d330e5eac	Revision of the BMW E39 brake system - 11.09.2015
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a7c402e1d0214984ced9008e9deba358ac88f34e	Related publications: Excursion to the BMW factory: how to assemble the legendary car Automatic transmission in the BMW model ranges Replacement and repair of automatic transmission BMW X5 How to find out the factory configuration of BMW by VIN?
103336d4fd601db8de21ae5328bd5b07a7063893	Vikulya Frolova
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c266c2ddbfe58cc99e41584220417987e68366c6	Revision of the BMW E39 BMW M5 E60 brake system a breakthrough in serial sports cars Repair of the BMW E34 backstage at home Characteristics of BMW E60 with 3 liter engines BMW sedan in the E12 body – a worthy answer to Mercedes Replacement of hub bearings on BMW E39 Replacement of engine oil in BMW E39 on their own
24a190232305fed28e3e0b38b4ae3af782221420	Layout and decoding protect...
949e5bd6101f92b64f63a2b720c0b1028e624a1a	What do the signals on the dashboard indicate ...
51517090139957a0cead9b8d10b80f1130edb31a	What are the tire sizes and loosening on the BMW E34...
59e4832bcfee50f5009cacf9d7659966cc6c1757	The process of registering the BMW E39 and e car key...
2b8cdd44647f65b0ed8220140c988b6715ab40dc	Diagnostics and repair of the BMW E39 ABS system...
243acf87dca45ead259fe6f9355667dae4d08254	The layout and decoding protect...
dd27180c1d11b1ab28383f6073293012b1facb77	How the technical characteristics have evolved...
b7336d09f5db9e014968123ba65c553cca8e0dc7	Categories Auto news BMW news
4b3e9bfb97167d3c4eeb2568d480b1d68cd14c95	BMW 5 News
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24ee0a00c581316f021f6e1d78949a89c8b4fd3b	In the BMW world
7f5d63aa39996f3cbdd87423f8bd26a431723e9d	Engines
78f09d691b4335030bdf2192118017537c69da70	Repair of BMW 5 with your own hands
159f14701c639a51ea7b1de485b0b7efea268b44	BMW 5 E12 Series (1972-1981)
6d94ed1c80b3d3c3a434b6f129d623fc57dbe962	E28 (1981-1988)
4a0f4410572f1dd6707b288a8b87931e9f14e8d8	E34 (1989-1996)
a5fb22c0acea572e13c43b3616743c62db057dcb	E39 (1996-2003)
d2e8c9cfcf3bfb00b9a84b2731b068ad29cba641	E60/61 (2003-2009)
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f41f49b4bd4f662c5daad48b0104aa523697f22b	Tuning BMW 5 External tuning
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25c7fe6908d1499e6e388653a670c4c86ff06656	Hi Tech news > Technologies - BMW Auto presented Vision Next 100: the concept of the car of the future for the next 100 years
c2959628e285a8b92f13bf10d714d2c70f443ba8	Nikolay Khizhnyak niodix id191473620
bc00c236f28a2a0b6124812c76a090d471e2f884	March 8, 2016 at 10: 3008.03.2016
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1299bdd26abbb1c96af6a7591b0a7232884f2f6a	About the author I am a computer enthusiast, a fan of technologies and gadgets, I love space, I love science fiction, computer games and movies.
1801e7cf9bf80ad7e89053e9abf1807f88b3ce33	I think if I didnot learn anything new, then the day was spent in vain.
a815e5f008d0dae2bc97c0a9602fe21ce158ddc2	German carmaker BMW is celebrating its 100th anniversary.
6bd2d6809ccc0130ef343fe177f4716bca26a20e	On this occasion, the German automaker is showing at its headquarters in Munich the Vision Next 100 car concept developed by it — the company's idea of what cars can become in the next 100 years.
494895b95392d736b31304cf65e14152a4df332b	However, perhaps the most ambitious idea, or rather part of the car, is the so called "Companion" system, which BMW describes as "the quintessence of intelligence, connectivity and accessibility."
525bbd4cee0cdf4722cd29ffafbc7d91c780128d	For example, the system will display information on the windshield about passers by or cyclists hiding behind cars parked at the sidewalks that are difficult for a person to see or notice, and offer further movement in offline mode to minimize all possible accident risks.
a3f4a0bd28c9bd571725073af5063fd9c846f7d8	BMW presented Vision Next 100: the concept of the car of the future for the next 100 years Nikolay Khizhnyak
db85cc240cf5d9c40346c90c98c9ba2f50320d66	Placemarks: The Future, Augmented Reality, Transport, BMW.
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0d57e49f6122e19a475b6b8b8a874d855d1f3581	Nanorobots have been created that can independently "treat" breaks in electrical circuits
486a28e98782ea8a9aaf067dbd1e3ce9a669bfa5	Six space problems of space exploration
d974b42a80e350fab7e5a783dddee45d8b3b07d7	The largest radio telescope in the world demanded "human sacrifices"
c03c26ce752db38c08319cf3850f15f5ce5dc9d3	androidinsider Review of the HTC 10 shell (Sense 8.0) Urgently stop believing in these tales about smartphone batteries The best Android smartphones that you can buy as of April 2016
1d915079d19cf216c47d43c13b693c9e37a76ef1	tabasko March 8, 2016 at 10: 38 08.03.2016 #
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11ecdb3321cc455585188840af04770ecd6a8d0e	Anonymous March 8, 2016 at 10: 47 08.03.2016 #
746970469f2ee30db6588126ebcafbe27c0e8d95	And what are its wheels made of?
0347dcbfda7dca86c0f4d372e5f9a6e7537817bd	(sent from the Android application Hi News.ru)
b6dea5fd6495e1c1e1a0579d672123bb42fd09f5	tabasko March 8, 2016 at 10: 47 08.03.2016 #
3d653e6f9dcaf0f582103ebbebe3dd1aac5a3c93	here is the full video.
072df7f3518482c975e829c7a328ccc575e4203e	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0DS9PY6iaxE
2915f8f313a1302bc789af3adee88fec15335558	designer andrew March 8, 2016 at 11: 15 08.03.2016 #
210ada8d4fa9a7cec3e2160314865857380d91b2	But why does he need a radiator?
bec4a5e855c351f0880904e407840b3432960982	Will it have an internal combustion engine?
ad015fbc5c408c0ef952a60056903d1fc84d7dc3	(sent from the Hi application News.ru)
c9201f35bb53a5e6ecc5e767fde21ee391f9cd5d	anonim123 March 8, 2016 at 11: 20 08.03.2016 #
8a29c36cbea9f3a5c0e172ff3e2a8e51d0515802	Isnot the electric motor getting hot?
ce4a1b7c15bf821994353d56a3bdba1f5786849a	Nikita Maksimov March 8, 2016 at 11: 34 08.03.2016 #
3ebd56d65041866b2b929d6fa5bc962283cb54ed	Experience teaches that the concepts of the cars of the future are becoming obsolete at an incredible speed.
a8eec8f5d68c79f605ea9910b5c9849b15ce8027	20 years later, this is a completely different story.
1eef9316de5cc26cde66b5f40274c5b273863758	It is enough to recall any retrofuturism of the sample of the 50s.
45c07e3dd557dd5c7ad5221b1bb1a4daff2c48f9	Hamb00mger March 8, 2016 at 15: 58 08.03.2016 #
153a90f9812f82f3865f78584c8c679669c53153	++, it would be better to show the latest technologies that exist at the moment
79181c5fcef5699d0b4918422a44f482bf4961c5	Kutcher March 8, 2016 at 16: 00 08.03.2016 #
2ed8fa18828fea3a2bed9112378efd2c09da659a	experience teaches that all concepts remain concepts
397f628b3b5b66b6ccc22c4e20c75cbf7a090f92	qwsz March 8, 2016 at 16: 32 08.03.2016 #
564c6b7b63958765c8a9f143c955d131fc9b9dc6	+++ )
b19e6bd0a99b6913bf6c6d5529cf427b05cbe0ef	Denus Warrus March 8, 2016 at 11: 46 08.03.2016 #
f57bfc26b40580b8cb74db8152d7f846695d1c70	These Europeans are a backward people, we have been driving self driving cars in Russia for more than a decade.
cb54f2076ded70d7a9482354eb8995087bff1b7f	The sponsor of self driving cars from Avtovaz, JSC "Russian Track".
cc113a9138095c0e8569f07ef446a77f727e8be9	Russian track, with us you can forget about the steering wheel).
8adb1a7f9a4e1f443c8a01a1c4858df8d3168f47	The main thing is not to sit on the belly...
e81392e341112858956881c72cbb1b590a37ce35	Khius March 8, 2016 at 13: 06 08.03.2016 #
c9cab45487aaedb920fbcea2c06122eec18a564d	swan song (sent from the Hi app News.ru)
5baa4091eab702b58715fb6597c461ce603d5a60	burn1709 March 8, 2016 at 13: 39 08.03.2016 #
c3b9919410473620e09335ab39a6c2cc0dd7d186	Until the wheels are replaced with magnetic pillows - it's not interesting!)
f6c6530f9dc5fad7b9260d39acb3f48974b470e4	Kiryan March 8, 2016 at 21: 16 08.03.2016 #
ad0f1ff70ee00ac788ea3359516aa4b5d90d2480	I agree 100%.
ff202dc95f67559e714a37218a8d7d6ccfade76a	So there was a box on 4 wheels.
9c348fee305a8c1d6d836fb49b14f181e9b00236	I want something really new.
e26f4971c4d68d8a3d8a568ae0fe5c2c5f7e9d7c	And like 100% will remain on wheels???
f027148883c1a19037b363388c0b7f16c7c0062d	adobe March 8, 2016 at 15: 03 08.03.2016 #
2ec1094125e74ea804adc036ab87bb82eda0df90	@@@@@@
13bf46b7383c042e46d8a42431b23c6cc794f39f	WHAT * * * * D CARS?
97471d0d1cde67fc6255825fd58e87728e36b975	BACK IN THE 50S, WE WERE PROMISED FLYING CARS.
f3bf28b0f89f9edf8d1b6819c98221d749d319fa	I THOUGHT THAT ONLY FROM RUSSIA YOU CAN ESCAPE AND EVERYTHING WILL GET BETTER, BUT NO...
edf1cccf18d495ee039e5c23dc2f4ab0ea2b39aa	THE ONLY CHANCE TO SELECT NORMAL PEOPLE AND ESTABLISH A COLONY ON MARS, IF A DOWN WAS BORN , IS IN THE OVEN.
0aa48143a0299add8758734e520d942fecf390cc	@@@@
15ff4c6fe20916f93724abcef8d2c9b31276bb84	THEN IT WILL BE POSSIBLE TO LIVE NORMALLY
ebb7aad2108dc4cc7cf34117dc63f675e06b0dbf	Hamb00mger March 8, 2016 at 15: 57 08.03.2016 #
bd7ce201229da7bd5eb982464d75613d658f9ed3	Donot get mad, they wonot take you to the colony anyway
b4469e429126c5d76cd8dcd1c86f6326a50533f5	Jr March 9, 2016 at 4: 52 am 09.03.2016 #
657a03a475758b35ba68bc40405a7f1634768930	I repeat, nakukuy fly to Mars!?
cd3d71e7a50a01c3419cf600ddf8ef0853c38bcd	And leave the earth to the ghouls!?
f9456946612e179e508d18a11fb8f9599b11adba	Mars needs to be teraformed and tinkered with for a long time!
e2b5a61a0fc3b1102ddd3c14fee9512bf5ed1c7d	And the land is already good!
698bc7555ed3b4522ce9c140610a3c7b4f5ff037	Those who do not want to be normal should be sent to Mars,
5990105a5e92764c23f61c33b359119b563d6613	rednecks, Muslims and all sorts of dandruff there, to Mars!
38ceff82dcee7d7ab82d3b3dc9d469dc6cb51135	qwer 9 March 2016 at 20: 35 09.03.2016 #
acb72b94764e480255cf52e9a0ba66c6fe536272	+1
3e629b6aba7f9eb38617c7b2d72b4b5886b5d40f	Kutcher March 8, 2016 at 16: 02 08.03.2016 #
63276d448d0ec91fcea7c56cbda537ebe25c25cf	A poor concept.
e89f43d336a6fb3d9f3fdb99df42be240cb6382e	Just a beautiful graphon.
18ae6aa1ff1408f83b5088f181d08a6e53f8ac06	Nothing real and nothing new.
dcebd1aaf5194876fb788ac0e9175bc117b262ed	Kasog March 8, 2016 at 22: 49 08.03.2016 #
4cd5e26ce8a35a75226be15700d808a211a73cc9	Aha.
25071bc6a1efb4e0663760ae3435cdb46a01cf9a	And these triangular elements of the wheel will be hemorrhoids even in the cleanest and well groomed cities.
4a9c6ca7d666953f98c5ac34be084b19a51ee375	3DPascal March 8, 2016 at 17: 37 08.03.2016 #
a437a7eac981ff4e0a80b54fc640ea818df2d1b5	In a hundred years, for sure, everything will change, maybe cars will no longer be needed.
f4e5e643046c4e3e3c39e12b8f9e31cadcc1d0d9	And where are the round wheels that look much more revolutionary http://hi news.ru/technology/video kompaniya goodyear pokazala koncept avtomobilnyx shin budushhego.html
36f0cdd8b442c0ac4a84dc6df41299714c45e6ad	Sagittarius A* March 8, 2016 at 18: 01 08.03.2016 #
bbfedec1812b88ba41e51c887822b361d850929c	It is better to write an article about what roads will be for 100 years (sent from the Android application Hi News.ru)
7349632c389d7cbe8c7d57c2ee44eb6472cb951a	7777777 March 8, 2016 at 20: 09 08.03.2016 #
a4de38473f58fba75e81c09145996d9e241e7037	In Russia, the roads will be the same, the article will not be interesting))
66e3805e9aea0d7e36f449f4c41e619e4fc21d9a	mr. Vanya March 8, 2016 at 20: 45 08.03.2016 #
c8aabc9ee49c95ebe0cbcf804bdf9002b96fe2e8	The Germans have a bad English
ed3f8c48e07abf54a8d4589f62f40c3d013070b9	It should have been called "In the next 100"
60d1799d72c4ffa602303fc240d3020e76bd3f35	The preposition "In" was skipped
afaa100fd2a0a2c72701347b75eb9dc9f6bd75b9	P.S. the cartoon is a test
ec2a69ab2c1b992162b8de5b7284e6abe4c58c9b	FirdavsAkilov March 8, 2016 at 21: 23 08.03.2016 #
a59a9e84569403dc3d56c993df203a249ed2659c	In general, Mercedes has already made a working prototype of the car of the future Concept IAA and cooler than this...
cf1673b33731feebf5eda3057e926d5817a7d47c	MadRax March 9, 2016 at 0: 54 09.03.2016 #
e8f81a2a2d2802aab264bfbc43c0332e02fb3a86	As they rode on Zhiguli, they will continue to ride for another 100 years.
82e6e6f143d374ac996d6c4a34452fa3e7c38e02	(sent from the Android app) News.ru)
d4a189d8b0c2feec57402281606b70fe3b5e214a	vladeloff March 9, 2016 at 22: 14 09.03.2016 #
617c4e51c237f811dea92af6df6f8089a9e086fc	Futuristic design is like rhinestones for distraction.
9b6fb3f1c4ea6ac8a475217ea952847b4e242d49	Even 10 years ago, Mercedes had a working prototype with a joystick control instead of a steering wheel, located in the middle of the tunnel in the area of the automatic transmission handle.
3d3935eaca6bec0826fcdee7a94bbc1b802d5d5c	It was innovative and relevant, it is enough to change crossing the border of the country with a different direction of movement.
31fa67743f287f32f18d1764e8d89afceb8ebcd7	Managing the prototype for about a year, the engineer did not experience difficulties, on the contrary, he noted the intuitiveness of this type of control, since the throttle and deceleration were also displayed on the joystick.
fd8371591e9e947bb20b0c86fb8b49acddf4740e	Then it seemed - here It is, it should quickly go into series, but no, the serfs still need to feed a hundred tons of expired gum around the circle..
0861e4ba7a044f9a2095e203e7d9454b5cae8906	So all this talk about new products with the current social differentiation, for 99%, nothing but white noise does not threaten..
7dce10a966ce17f31ee3c2c0ee2b0de736678153	storm X March 10, 2016 at 2: 29 on 10.03.2016 #
34e16fe175eb11fe3febe168fe8d56fa15d964f6	really. and what is difficult to do for all cars with white semicircular plugs on the rear wheels? one touch of this and any car seems to have come to us from the 2030s! all that is needed is that these plugs!
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34b6ee106c93f2c6cc6385ce8a760eb504de36de	X X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7
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bf9d783fcc4125c4da2a86ecd0a4cd20f3556395	ART CARS CLASSICS ENGINES SPECIFICATIONS MORE Moto Mini RR Concept
dcabd337a9e829b56ca0c1ece43681f4b80e37c3	BMW 7 Series history characteristics photos test drive
5dc7b603176fe3f2fd88110a0389f54e3ec1d5b4	BMW 7 Series is a family of luxury cars of the "Luxury" class, which began its history in June 1977 as a replacement for the BMW E3.
2952869aea5220c6b5a6987f6577ef19391e96c3	The main competitors for the "seven" are Mercedes S Class, Audi A8, Lexus LS and VW Phaeton.
2d42e7d26e70ead89e00c49872c2aa7ae0f98007	BMW E23
5b2819ae5a9cd2c78bc7512da89497a2f9b4338e	In order to strengthen its position in the luxury car segment, BMW launched its new series under the number "7"in 1977.
c898c4473e4effc6df930d83049e7a4404a067fc	BMW E23 the first generation of the 7 series
0089a63e1f9aeb40d66d37873241f67c004c047d	The first generation of the 7 series E23
69ee960c5c03a6fbac8b33799b8b52f4271e89ad	BMW E23 — the first generation of luxury sedans 7 series
4e39dac3a14d4d5052dc2979a4255909eb2bd4cb	BMW E23 — the first generation of 7 Series sedans
be3fa4a154a684ba7245d643a204717118b9899b	The BMW 7 Series model range was equipped with 12 valve six cylinder engines .
03815dffcf70fdfccafdcbf34c5b86b8cc2845cf	30 and a 4 or 5 speed transmission.
4bb121cb55dd2e3ae3368c19f59523b32e8ae46e	Technical characteristics and engines of BMW E23
0a489cdec2e5afffb91d6d61b3652e580ab14685	Motor Volume, cc Power, hp Torque, Nm 725 M30B25 2494 150 215 728 M30B28V 2788 170 238 728i M30B28 2788 184 240 730 M30B30V 2985 184 260 732i M30B32LE 3210 197 285 733i M30B3LE 3210 197 280 735i M30B35LE
250bcefb825d89b7602535dab10ec2e75fe2e4fd	M30B34M 3453
9eacfc4bae3ef9add3c3b6593b118c69c29bd70e	3430 218
2c0cec33eb7016560d17254fa8daae0132be9c6f	218 310
88b6c0c3e03d9cfa278629064450ada04f11fa05	310 745i M30B32LAE
bc46fe782f6835a294a085b0df69d6e861cca032	M30B34MAE 3120
89ae37ff5f1189aa049d1cbdd3ea8d156fe25658	3430 252
836123b8df248b72a3aae4f54d545f4af4b0e6f1	252 380
c30749cf5bc74c7c3a7e5c8411512825e95333a8	380
5625f262a1baa4bdb20b30daf75bc7221705ee86	BMW E32
39849d2cff73ad796cdfcbbdf459a0a1d86ceee2	The second generation of the BMW 7 Series was introduced in 1986.
a5b8c6991c8c357210b95345af1427dd098737f1	BMW E32 luxury sedan of the second generation 7 series
aafc8c604f19288bd0077e574faef819d32a53a0	BMW E32 — the second generation of BMW's flagship sedan
989f9985f3ed357a9e364d2da8e32a05c95a2979	BMW E32 with 12 cylinders with an extended base
561b28308d2a7af160f739c443d4e9fbef6fbe90	BMW E32 7 Series — 2nd generation
832ac6172f6b507a306e1c2c49a51ea263324e97	This model was initially available with three engines — 730i, 735i and 750i, offering a wide range of power units from 188 to 300 horsepower.
27572dcaa43cf079378440a741ec686a73e6e78b	The top end version of the 750iL became the first BMW car with a speed limiter (up to 250 km/h), since the real speed without a limiter of a 2 ton sedan is 300 km/h.
fbde2aaed6f62f738b79800b8058d4fce9e9c901	Other impressive features of this luxury car are dual climate control, adjustable rear seats and leather interior upholstery.
ada8a7644f6ee1d57489135bf4e1b33c040fe576	In 1992, the BMW 7 Series model range was supplemented with two 8 cylinder new models 730i (V8) and 740i.
463b2f9322d776f34b592533d68af3f8e05a1ff5	From now on, sedans with an extended wheelbase (iL) of 114 mm are also available, the additional space of which was used to improve the comfort of rear passengers.
8eaf69f2fb99876ae186767dce6f0bce6f11fd3d	As for the 8 cylinder model, it began to be equipped with a wide radiator grille, which was previously installed only on the 12 cylinder modification.
abdad1ee34b5cafcc4b7e48a315c92ef1e18ad45	Technical characteristics and engines of BMW E32
e3cb7747185b3d5b7adf7923f049fa3e19626745	Engine Volume, cm3 Power, hp Torque, Nm 730i M30B30
188692c412594fdbb94d0870d42155e5d6f22616	M30B30
88f408a79f1616f100584cf3665dff294a6a9e1f	M60B30 2985
2fb16ae54f4a996c50cbfcde7a297b3bee9ba05e	2985
892519b9ca013025b33ae363f9ce57f3cd89b2fa	2997 197
f67462663a512121ffada791890b558ee8b38773	187
5d7ca2d7369950c3f8e319dbf41c668f9c4a09ae	218 275
09d66f6e5482d9b0ba91815c350fd9af3770819b	260
7d0b986530dff919ed58fe53e8de0fed425a3759	290 735i M30B35LE
f27027d88322c1a1ceafbdc3bec0932663fe8298	M30B35LE 3430
f3a4cba3b354d546f1ba89019ac55ec5f827565d	3430 220
ae561208f09ccae49b89e3762ce7b22d9384eb2e	211 315
3d238be2168628013242499d3df7b490f4b83036	305 740i M60B40 3982 286 400 750i M70B50 4988 299 450
89a71787210ef4cbf7fed9f14e3600a4879a6311	BMW E38
3b6f2663c7ed1fcd6ba0001b6960fa7c30825dd4	The third generation of the BMW 7 Series was introduced in the summer of 1994 with a completely new, slim and dynamic design, despite the large external dimensions.
6f98013825bede46f5355469bae16de5e815b054	BMW E38 is a logical development of a successful predecessor, with a simple body design that successfully combined elegance, aesthetics and harmony.
2d4ec300b1a7da373cf789a2afdd8dd47557ccb8	BMW E38 7 Series — 3rd generation
57962fa8084f4684d4cc0b4190d0085f11fefbd4	BMW E38-3rd generation 7 Series
105c5f32291c8206210130471a753b4399bcc7b5	Elegant BMW E38 7 Series 3rd generation
92cd92921bb30a6f99752a50716820f3c547fac0	In addition to the eight petrol versions, for the first time the 7 Series was available with two eight cylinder diesel engines.
e46d5d370350fea6e428fed2d34331e27a48ba6d	In addition to models with an extended wheelbase of 140 mm (iL), BMW has been offering a special version since 1996 — the L7, which is 39 cm longer than the production sedan.
18f5378aff15ffb9dbaccced70cf6efff2b789dd	The BMW L7 was technically based on the 750iL and was equipped with a 12 cylinder engine.
49ff17a678de0ed3f71f1b02d2311a5028555ae7	As for the configuration, the 7 series limousine in the E38 body was equipped with all options, including a leather interior.
8ae0a955411392f2f8bcc035a32cf62654427fc7	In 2001, the L7 was produced in small quantities for individual customers and was offered with a steering wheel on both the left and right sides.
6ce347e6919863e0431f9f0a713f4ea616899a5d	BMW L7 E38 a special model of the luxury 7 series
486d21c306ce50e3fad1512c2615fb0611affbfb	In 1998, the E38 model received a small restyling.
a88874059f6bae590a53f44204c583a38eb1b430	The front optics, rear lights, sports suspension and torque converter were updated.
f6dc529f306758cc6eff643179196edb087f95ac	In addition, BMW has launched a new sports package, which was initially available for the 740i version, but later optionally for both the 740iL and 750iL.
7941b676a80ea1385f050f83dddb956ab1caabda	Other innovations are the automatic climate control system, front side airbags and a standard head protection system.
733a9c64adeb05bbcfeb488c6af907128b602fad	BMW E38 LCI after the update
b3c04c4dc09cda68ad1c3f0de75adc7c357cdca8	The restyled model of the BMW E38 7 series
e8e98f975bc4696d83f2fd49cfa9bf4347a8f5b8	Updated 7 Series BMW E38
c0729dca74324ca59befcdaabd5d3e669cf03f7c	BMW E38 after restyling
68ed901f8a9e8b7afdee8c0e1fd298be6b29c1d1	The BMW E38 was discontinued in 2001, when it was replaced by the 4th generation model E65/66.
8df1726ce5064138e32ca139bdbc293a7c6a1816	Technical characteristics and engines of BMW E38
d2a9e30dfc9e9f272921f59983c6ae8c61a9e71c	Engines Volume, cc Power, hp Torque, Nm 728i M52B28
3763d4bcc65c0f38267352122ecc15b70040de93	M52TUB28 2793
3d47a83514a645c31dc2e10bd0f57cf67611f1ef	2793 193
5c03e8cb0ea25084868645063c1a5306f6492c14	193 282
fb9adf54a41e45aa188af5e2fc5b4df2985e5925	282 730i M60B30 2997 218 290 735i M62B35
12c2e2327dd281089e1950263782d09bce9ad2b3	M62TUB35 3498
49c809c25f068365e2797076908caa59d91864f2	3498 235
d44c4996cc4d3b2cb355f68c0649012590f51061	238 320
3b9b53a42add87dcbe3cf203eac12a4a74c08201	345 740i M60B40
22c990ec4348944dd000cf5bcc63c116fd4ef5ac	M62B44
e4ce8453a58664774502f4d092527985a487a090	M62TUB44 3982
bafde46b1c4df25aeaa8c4d432759fb2dccf89b2	4398
0588020404b6cea864467adada715e66d5cd0d8f	4398 286
7edab1f00ca6b31e11f7eb2e61787ed747420923	286
ed7e3c9d0dc39a0a63020a21b52f425f8c886430	290 400
6d0e1050797b03d8826ea5ad224adba68621f692	440
c55c56594d6554568df3f82fc6621d07f573be3a	440 750i/iL M73B54
6cffe466ca62be61362f1e0b573f777f0701594a	M73TUB54 5379
8aaa92b93879f364f2cd7c5e821bd7fd42ad6901	5379 326
1cf5780a81924afd6c1c7fac64778dc1663947d5	326 490
9fd9437e06aba473823b1aba8452e52ca4d0f5c6	490 725tds M51D25S 2498 143 280 730d M57D29
1541a05472c6e2ca711b7224e84a3a0ee649bbca	M57D29 2926
856b7a4767ac129b25cbc39840fa81080222016e	2926 184
ec1ef4b8acf8f78ed0848e0752f3c737ea065d49	193 410
e90fa97915e6e042d3c1e8a5f7bb0473ec5b7391	430 740d M67D39
1c73c7f0ea49baa35dc8fcfa468a2a206c4c1ebb	M67D39 3901
03b0b721b1626bc8ee67eb447700ecc33318685d	3901 238
d8e93cf080f91fb69488b1a354840dfedae82e9a	245 560
f8c43aac3a77d175f7d523818258165c6c44fadb	560 L7 M73B54
1b0a69d74c5ab68f9e3505f103f40618a51e5987	490
9d59f254ce836bad99580a98e43d3a7d04eafa2a	Test drive BMW E38 750Li by Vladimir Potanin
7e82c2df38e95150f0feb8e529e05a8c63037a35	BMW E65
929b38661d51ba67bb97bf804b27f7331e4937fa	BMW E65 the fourth generation of the 7 series produced from 2001 to 2008.
f4ec703eec8c24c85a692aa3a51ebcc003f09d35	This version of the body was produced in the same way as its predecessors with an extended wheelbase (Li), the internal number of which is E66, but in addition, the armored model of the luxury sedan — E67 Security, as well as the modification running on hydrogen — E68 Hydrogen 7, received a separate number.
6acba5502fae3012d9408cc7f7a632336dbabe77	BMW E65 fourth generation 7 Series
84dd994bdb2ee63be20ececa0c6f86d8f283c364	BMW E66-7 series sedan with an extended wheelbase
eacdc6e6adae39386babfb63a20b1c536ae158cd	Hybrid modification of the BMW Hydrogen 7 luxury sedan with the number E68
bae283f5cad872de18cd8a766aea30248037b436	The most important innovation of this body was the introduction of the innovative BMW iDrive system, which included a screen on the dashboard and a remote control on the center console, like a computer mouse.
ef2995e8d2c3394759353d95d56240fe1867a62d	With the help of a system of eight menu items, it is possible to control the climate, audio, navigation, suspension and communication.
e48cdfca3f850f64054053d21989f1648f3774b1	For 4 years of production (before facelifting in 2005), this model was available in a choice of 13 variants (including the Long version), of which 4 with a diesel engine for the United States.
9025cea754e9f3a3b14fbed2a52402c7451c3285	BMW E65 7 series before restyling
fe06e8c6f6bb94a6195c6ba1ba45f145cf779890	BMW E65 7 series before the update
5797b073cd48c060737d78be23d2bf50766886d0	BMW E66 Li 7 Series before restyling
44886bf6dc34afcd628700e8248dfacb43c0b6ad	Restyling in 2005 significantly changed the appearance of the E6x model range.
63936f2bd5fccc1007257c15562e6d6584d3dbdc	The fourth generation of the 7 Series received styling changes in the front and rear parts, namely, the front and rear optics, radiator grille and bumpers were updated.
20b604096a9a50d172a78d4bd90d283a38bf5c46	In addition, a 4.8 — liter modification with a 367 horsepower engine was offered 750i/Li, instead of 745i/Li.
ebb022154ead046b73d1cf2eb9da82890b40bf0b	A year later, the mirrors were updated, and the iDrive system was installed as a standard feature.
e91e4ff7fbcec9add35c5fc8f1e28ef287fd2320	BMW E65 LCI — after the update
296844326869ce8c1b95d0e27cabd108ace28f7f	BMW E65 — after restyling
a084a210b2e5f3511cd929d13746b949dc8a6f27	BMW E66 Long after restyling
779aebccf6613838dc9fddaae53f92ac3d17c009	BMW 7 Series E66 745Li Test Drive from BMW Life
5a18327f744181036d479fd37045c222ff61b392	The production of the BMW E65 was completed in 2008.
06b5b5385e49207027a9f75b0fa777f6f353f197	Technical characteristics and engines of BMW E65
c6710df2dbe0de7687df7ab6aa9c19399b890747	Motor Volume, cc Power, hp Torque, Nm 730i M54B30
0690117bffb9a9bd5812f816e63aeb7402091677	N52B30 2979
35cdeb23739196340f9e6ea3d131fc4c6b9d94bf	2996 231
8a495fbaa178885c4cd9bf68f5ca0d39001c336f	258 300
f520c9871bbec9dd119d0b2682fc0cd60cf64ff7	300 735i N62B36 3600 272 360 740i N62B40 4000 306 390 745i N62B44 4398 333 450 750i N62B48 4799 367 490 760i N73B60 5972 445 600 730d M57TUD30
605225aa5ba62f05039b65917ddb763b01abbd50	M57TU2D30 2993
9e3d16d0fb455b72e86bb3b02b7cdd0b50d7878e	2993 218
f86da3d2bcf67e7dcdd73cd44fad69610bf6aad4	231 500
d06e4a6b093bf087566b82aba6268d3a05c066ff	520 740d M67D39 3901 258 600 745d M67D44 4423 329 750
fabc1afd3a09bcee1f280ca1515adeb71329da97	BMW F01
74131b5de3ae91aa41790316dc88fa759d27f715	The BMW F01 is the fifth generation of the 7 Series and was introduced in November 2008.
5075bd659ea70a5acda4f765f78161b433af46aa	The model range of the flagship sedan embodies sporty elegance, refined transmission technology and luxurious comfort.
8697ebd4ba9c1d30ef2c69739443ec40b0c3c07b	The new model has a longer wheelbase and a shorter front overhang to improve the dynamic appearance.
ecb8e7c30a737d6c2168f28afdd543e2b0066a11	It is available with both a standard and an extended F02 wheelbase (the latter is indicated by the letters "Li"in the model index).
0049fb0b50043ed1cc8b471c67ca9795148529b3	The body design of the F01 is slightly similar to its predecessor E65, whose design caused a strong reaction.
c7fa51f39ad8d6133c4d0fa759b10cd6400100f3	The new "seven" received LED headlights and a radiator grille with a design similar to the optics in the BMW CS Concept, and sound insulation was optimized in the interior and driving comfort was significantly improved.
b35c26465b299e39bba1e03144246d5b88e048e4	For the first time, the "xDrive" all wheel drive function has become available for the 7th series, which is already successfully used on the 3 and 5 series.
2de79335b60b9117aba70b8f8c3eedc4518d290d	BMW F01-5th generation 7 Series
7838d29ada0b215c87170838d2ea1cae6c1436d4	BMW F02 with extended knee base
5c8e5e36a35c34360a467e18f002217651142585	BMW F01 with all wheel drive — for the first time in the 7 series
6e8b2b89d6472613f96991f2b64b8bf74529916a	BMW 7 series in the new version is equipped with various electronic functions, such as integrated active steering, adaptive cruise control, dynamic damping control system, adaptive lighting control system, night vision system with obstacle detection, rear and side cameras, Lane Departure Warning a warning system when crossing road markings, navigation with a 40 GB hard disk and a 10.2 inch high resolution display (1280x480), Black Panel dashboard and a Head Up Display designer on the windshield.
b4b08512f34c887a49f91a44512f81cd83a8679e	Some of these systems are available only for an additional fee.
92ed221b5a53a36db72716ee2528e54a517ce25b	Test drive BMW F02 740Li by Vladimir Potanin
5d8348b8a1cfe1a0dbab24cd5f4e5988996c05d9	The armored version of the BMW 7 Series F03 High Security comes with only two engines and only with an extended base 750 Li and 760 Li.
818452d6b5d4a2406833a482cc7f479eff623b48	This car is equipped with laminated glass with a thickness of 6 cm and resistant explosives in the lower part.
b7ff4065a934bb849fe300228df56dad067a89f8	Armored model of the luxury sedan BMW F03 Security
ea8c0daf92d5ddc5a7bda46689e2271a2b7b2e28	The hybrid version of the BMW ActiveHybrid F04 7 Series was presented at the IAA exhibition in Frankfurt.
8fb1c4e1b304063694d0ff93d99b9876b3d5ac64	It is equipped with a 449 horsepower V8 gasoline engine, which is paired with an electric motor with a capacity of 20 horsepower.
1e4c57390b21f1301e915dda716dc720468ed992	Compared to the 750i, the Active Hybrid 7 is 15 percent more efficient.
820e83e542d9b322442d9316bfeb47f006d6c538	Hybrid model BMW F04 ActiveHybrid 7
1773b14691daca396988a60926c8d5a4689832e0	Technical characteristics and engines of BMW F01/F02/F03/F04
b8a4f6ba9ee1e1fe807204c0d9ba79dab567adad	Engine Volume, cm3 Power, hp Torque, Nm 740i/Li N54B30T0
29531112b83417e26c49697a02c8c17d4a7773a1	N55B30 2979 326
7b3559330e354cd700f0383deb64c8bdf0f12bc1	320 450
c76ff866c340ac2ab4aad1a5c3e87cbcbec3a846	450 750i/Li/xDrive N63B44 4398 407
89818a7188c2d86c3024e71d64b38dce4bc57ae7	450 600
2341a9c2efe3c95c9d10f662abb93439320df204	650 760i/Li N74B60 5972 544 750 730d/Ld/xDrive N57D30 2993 245
5a8e40218b02013e50143c1f71b0c4db595f98e3	258 540
02eb0d8ffdfd3a901aa7a97cffaa8d55e89c0196	560 740d/xDrive N57D30TOP 2993 306
6f7edfbedd576f59e46c8d7f80be1dfafef90b5b	313 600
a493f43f7232e2eba73e325e9483294ba2232bc1	630 750d xDrive/Ld xDrive N57S 2993 381 740 ActiveHybrid 7 N63B44 +
fc76992d526622ff2e04726c91211a72c2559551	electric motor
2f8f43400a5216e3f93c142c32e4ebc60c3015a7	N55B30 +
d7b35deb68e1f8d7ff25ccd9e0b8e4e97d38bcd0	electric motor 4398
9ac6afd7125a2b7074487c3afcde5acbb838b137	2979 465
025dfc8f9cc0e8b95dc758662faf5699bb8573fd	354 700
f83a383c0fa81f295d057f8f5ed0ba4610947817	500
573fdc220b26e1d609c6cac686b802b0ff0c3aef	BMW G11
977755b3000733125688ea0a73ed436330152d18	The premiere of the new sixth generation BMW 7 series is expected in September 2015 with a new platform "35up".
93ac54f2ca0303d532de3807d742a2e08a61be33	A sedan with standard dimensions will receive the internal number G11, and with an extended K olesnoy base — G12.
7a34d676d83be02ed1abed5ac0d19447d056dd53	The new seventh series will use modern materials with a large amount of carbon fiber, and the car itself will set new standards for luxury class not only in terms of simplicity of design, but also in driving dynamics.
d45a2eb206c955a40dc7e719b73896a4775b016e	The presentation of the BMW G11 is expected in 2015
ad825b04eaabd34197932d172f4dcb072871aa04	BMW G11 the sixth generation of the 7 series in 2016
562a1cd8bdf1f65065f0cf2381687217a1478cc4	BMW G11 7 Series model range 2016
15c98da94b747c5133552f6be4802a7f199bc09b	The first photos of the BMW G11 7 Series without camouflage:
bd439da2138c2f869f563b61111cc7cb2249b360	The first photos of the BMW G11 side view
666ce0feeb92c07bc4000ae54177efd5b7f581f2	The first photos of the new BMW G11 7 Series 2015 — the front of the car
dbc93e51691c5b8256bf69987339721605c308ab	The first photos of the 2015 BMW G11 — the back of the car
e44e685292a06187be44fac9e3e8f9bb092d58ad	The first photos of the BMW G11 7 series rear view
f4780af3225fafeb1a42284371675e406f595039	Interior of the 2015 BMW G11 7 Series
0f75fdc44eaba68b3dd78195fb88c7087f369178	The flagship sedan will be offered with four gasoline engines, one diesel and two hybrid.
2e03eb6a4bc623f8bf2e4e9f49dd437bc8fca94c	Most of these power units belong to the new line of engines of the "B" series, which provide more power and low fuel consumption.
ad72ec522570becd2cb31e7d6d324b5e0bac701b	A new 8 speed transmission is also planned for the G11/G12 models.
a9738c8b60d11f37352c36a63119217565ccd74a	According to the configuration, the new sedans will be equipped with a Bowers&Wilkins audio system, wireless phone charging, Wi Fi Hotspot, a new climate package, high tech seats and an updated iDrive touch screen.
bee26b3df3bae7421fb920e49cd837ab2da85d6d	Technical characteristics and engines of BMW G11/G12
68ca7967164c0cc2960d8b0b76c8e8e4ba4b6521	740i/Li 750i/Li M760i 730d/Ld 740Ld 740e Engine B58B30 N63B44 — B57D30 B57 B48 Volume, cm3 2998 4395 6592 2993 2993 1997 Power, hp / rpm 326/5500 450/5500 600/5500 265/4000 320/4400 258+95 Torque, Nm / rev.min 450/1380 650/1800 800/1500 620/2000 680/1750 400+250 Compression ratio, :1 11,0 10,5 — 16,5 16,5 —
e56d4b26f654994d89c4e232632499a3f78274e9	Dimensions of the BMW 7 Series
8e9c3996d0bef10c3b99276e0a392cd5a4f9a4e4	dimensions in mm E23 E32 (Li) E38 (Li)/ (*—L7) E65 (LCI) F01 (F02) G11 Length 4860 4910
1ebb3539fad1bbb5c65c1969396480f6d4e55bd7	(5024) 4984
20a560eaf3e10260e58553df4c3366c1b354dd9f	(5124)
7549399cedeb2b96a29a36462559b7713fa1fa30	(*5370) 5029
99f938af4a6fb9d4abdccfd46abc70cadddc701e	(5039) 5079
40f19bf127fbb7f6eead5d825e58ee29f8f6bb1f	(5219) 5098 Width 1800 1845 1862
dbaaca796d1dffbc80abcc472fe7aeb15d06388a	(*1859) 1902 1902 1902 Height 1430 1411
80648c1bfc7e6e891a885243ab579ea71a423c66	(1400) 1435
f526c0b8e61b37281f22450bb78a370e160883af	(1425)
ddc4c2badd1cc69fd1e766d0f2ccbddf8cda1e38	(*1420) 1491 1470
cb51f0169cee247be6d3713732bc25ff60a5a7c1	(1481) 1467 Front track 1502 1530 1552
e651b3c08591e698924b637db3252f192c37512e	(*1549) 1586
b20ba216e9bc80591ba3feb7e52498cbc12136ab	(1578) 1611 1618 Rear track 1524 1558 1568
deb9dafd70d2d53cef3d669f365a31495f0419a6	(*1570) 1586
cc669c65718b5d7c7722aa7bac31679b57900210	(1596) 1650 1646 Wheelbase 2795 2833 2930
c10e613891957f9c7d890e78052ae01598342d2d	(3070)
c31b350a7ab9c993268e64e6fae1a92844111488	(*3320) 2990 3070
d48087152ea7911893657bb79d66b250c05a43a7	(3210) 3210 Ground clearance 135 140 120 120 152 135 Trunk volume 480 501 500
51942f72de6ee9d4dfac79dbbc5bb8a180fc8930	(*439) 501 500 515
8d1c6543f4546ddd195fc66d413c0ede475e53c9	News Tuning Photos Videos Dealers Tuning studios Partners Contacts To Advertisers
fc309cbb19b3843f6cb6e51bd86525a5f0ae9da2	BMW 7 Series Engines
63093ffc44ddf4650ea768c3be519a32eb39e0ad	Photo BMW 7 Series
6a061b11567b85f6762ca6ea0cbd9450db9da4e6	What kind of engine oil do you use?
181e32e0f7f604c4576c63cb3509914d43e443d1	Motul
578dbd0754f52230950a898ebfb965963a581f66	Castrol
6e1dffe991650653e71c21ac5c534f5bbb159f18	Mobil
2b0f7b446a0acd5d6d1ce6c47607ec85373294a1	Liqui Moly
6e6a6f2086bb5fe5dbfd17d8d5f502d48759834b	Other
bdc1fd5d3c0f3dcfd55d010426e61bf9451e680d	Shell
e24656700194b90269a96cf0170e9fc1dd35c7dc	Lukoil
3e19ef28eacde8d6883cff95fa747530e063b41f	Texaco
612e12d29278b5519294bc25cdaddffec6d0f1c6	Results
4262dc4f1f3f09d5bc7bf84be976311d56517681	Poll Options are limited because JavaScript is disabled in your browser.
5ea523e3e32214c8863402c5a197ade6b9f50296	Motul 27%, 377 votes
93c945adea000834e2e1f79be06c5d8669ae4f1f	377 votes 27% 27% of all votes
19e480ab3bd2c1c7db37cdfed8ebde58c4a12b8b	Castrol 19%, 267 votes
c81d3a3e980af9f4296287bbe8d56a9494ac4de9	267 votes 19% 19% of all votes
657510e00a5d0147dcd816cf840f33a70c951e95	Mobil 14%, 194 votes
82c0f8d16b9299bff2a6acef145eaaa07dd296de	194 votes 14% 14% of all votes
cd658856291b7b6fcb2246ff98f1a1a221321703	Liqui Moly 12%, 160 votes
fc03d7d61876f85882d294ac65c2c24a9afb5936	160 votes 12% 12% of all votes
8118e6595e4db972989d4d7e8dfc5a940b8f1064	Other * 11%, 157 votes
581342d2dbdc85fec3bd16867cade3b2c802cda1	157 votes 11% 11% of all votes
d58523709130abb6c55e54a8e1e9027aeea5c291	Shell * 9%, 128 votes
b90580b8b1fb335bdd64031365c4c8e1b1c2bac7	128 votes 9% 9% of all votes
ed09078a9f08be72ac00a6e4f98906cd1d6dd7bf	Lukoil * 5%, 70 votes
e2ee6afdee4ea2e0f9f588541041124efd9c29b7	70 votes 5% 5% of all votes
7c5b9861a3669bb5a39517743496f4eac904961d	Texaco * 1%, 18 votes
978761eba139674f94804165fd8d2322ee4bec8d	18 votes 1% 1% of all votes
a78af0662bb6a3da8f911caa1488143c002abcb5	Total votes: 1371 2016-02-24 * - added by a visitor
b1920c8372437fe32ab99bb248e8ea1076a3361f	× You or from your IP have already voted.
346f643262c30350060afe58af8b1b1772fcf738	Motul Castrol Mobil Liqui Moly Other Shell Lukoil Texaco
15917aec34d2e83bc1cdd472268f6bba30a611bc	Conspiracy theory (also known as conspiracy theory) is a set of hypotheses that try to explain the sequence of socially significant events, certain historical phenomena, or the course of history as a whole as a result of a conspiracy on the part of a certain group of people who control this process out of self-interest, ambition or other group, clan, etc. interests.
e61ebdd2e198d7daafde38f23d57152f6f919e86	The conspiracy theory can be considered as one of the extreme variants of the theory of elites[1].
118855004a4987e8eb24b05620fd8c68dfb1b0e7	Conspiracy theory ascribes to individuals and small groups supernatural abilities to control and manage the most complex social and political processes, presenting any particular conflict as part of the universal struggle of good and evil[2].
c16905b4726160d0a7baa022a1f90748d0731ba0	Following the provisions of the conspiracy theory can be considered as a generalization of special cases, as one of the types of cognitive distortions.
f13d0929982054228077a70392424867360159a6	One of the reasons for the emergence of conspiracy theories is the deep social and psychological needs of a person.
89f91d5b3a6079d1b8d554a1e76e9f4f880ce02d	The perception of the provisions of the conspiracy theory is closely related to the mechanisms of stereotyping[3], projection and the phenomenon of escapism, as well as the complexity of a person's understanding of random events, fragmentary perception of the world, the desire for a holistic representation of the picture of events (see gestalt psychology).
c6824a49ba263e78ba9a928fd10c556f76869d41	The reason for the success of conspiracy theories is also called an ideological reaction to social inequality[3].
190638b3754501735f4eb58f1c688771cf06894e	The projection mechanism means that the proponent of the conspiracy theory, as a rule, transfers some of his positive and negative personal properties to the alleged participants of the conspiracy.
bb4d1e1a9dbab19baa8a4090aa4b3a1f63a78b30	This makes it possible to remove any moral restrictions in actions in relation to the alleged conspirators, to avoid moral condemnation or criminal responsibility.
8f5571ef857e9f7bc074b13e7e600bec5e5f9d69	The desire to avoid cognitive dissonance leads to the fact that a person who has once accepted a certain conspiracy theory is usually difficult to convince to abandon it.
2a56ebd9081ec4dc2f88f3caaf915847ddac7441	All facts that contradict the theory are either simply ignored or rejected with the help of typical conspiracy theory techniques (they can be denied, called manifestations of provocative activity of the conspirators, or interpreted in such a way that they will turn from contradictory into confirming).
37a319049e920fd0d11c737fafa8a8785b7fc969	Conversely, any fact, even the most harmless and seemingly irrelevant, can, with some effort, fit into the picture offered by the conspiracy theory.
84de5f250605e842705996e93e68c20e4802d044	The attempt to study and classify objectively existing or existing conspiracies, closed groups (elitist or oligarchic), sects, special services, etc., as well as the discovery of information that for one reason or another they are trying to hide from the general public, led to the emergence of the scientific direction of conspiracy, or secret science.
bd881e15995949897ab7405517d13bcdd7b4625c	Political speculations are sometimes carried out under the guise of conspiracy studies.
26ce6bc6692cfcd36d30bd9bb4a93cab787866e0	Thus, the publicist Lawrence Gardner claims that the Stuart family descends from Jesus Christ through the Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties.
10ef47e2adc41fbfc335a3c06314ec3000656c24	With this, the author motivated the legitimacy of the occupation of the Scottish throne by "Prince Michael of Albany" [4][5].
b074fea5876c8e0ecf4720a8023ad4f7c3421ef6	A characteristic feature of most of these conspiracy theories is the statement about the existence of an unknown or inconspicuous secret society created by a certain group of people with the aim of seizing power over the world.
f99b5fd4b007260debac456a9f1eb14725129ce6	The activity of this society explains a number of historical events that have a negative character for the target audience of the theory.
b3ddc441892ba15b72b6baf5680197c52c87ea2b	Proponents of such theories also postulate a number of relationships between historical and modern events, which are stages in the implementation of the global plan of the conspirators[10][11][12].
39baee96ad66ee2af434fed32fa87e5ca7105a0b	In any society, regardless of its state, there are social groups that are more predisposed than others to the perception and support of global conspiracy theories.
2dd1314d2698f38a8707ee05361707124617216f	In general, conspiracy theories find support among those who are dissatisfied with the existing state of affairs in society, especially those who are dissatisfied with their personal situation.
babd087e8b89109e101469343285baded373ebb3	Since crisis periods dramatically increase the number of such subjects, support for global conspiracy theories increases in an appropriate proportion.
83466736a2b0a36dfd3a944f7ac20d6ee1fc5db4	There are assumptions about the conspiracies of manufacturers: it is assumed that the latter agree to support the production of low-quality, short-lived and expensive goods, while simultaneously preventing the spread of high-quality, durable and cheap, thus trying to maximize their own profit.
b3119c4888677f92c3662b12bb8a51f2d7d6855f	The question remains whether such actions should be considered a conspiracy, that is, an activity conducted by a preliminary agreement of the producers.
ed295a74ddd0be1b842186665c342743a7d88057	After all, the same thing can be done independently by them, because of the coincidence of interests (just as in a card game several players, without collusion, can play against one if the current situation makes his loss profitable for everyone else).
5e56277fa0d4b03e321eb122ff2726e176aa744f	Nevertheless, in the 1990s, a series of lawsuits took place in the United States, during which numerous representatives of the authorities accused the country's largest tobacco companies of a conspiracy that took place in the middle of the XX century[13], aimed at limiting publicly available information about the real harm of tobacco smoking to health (Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement).
4e3e7a41e5e9cab2fdecae7f4dcf634d47bc7d7b	There is a version that software manufacturers deliberately release products that are increasingly demanding on computer resources in order to support the demand for expensive components.
83613e2b4d1ee24a78e442d7da893ce2fd249b34	The rational explanation of the phenomenon of "software bloat" is that in conditions of rapid reduction in the cost of hardware computer resources, even poorly written programs are in demand, so it is more profitable for manufacturers not to worry about optimization, but to reduce the development time (and, accordingly, costs) by abandoning optimization and using simpler, but also more resource-intensive algorithms; this approach also allows using less qualified programmers.
1cd8a137bdf3b74ef3110ac8a86e8bf53091c708	Supporters of another popular "computer conspiracy" claim that manufacturers of antivirus software themselves produce viruses and distribute them on the network (or, at least, finance such activities, or contribute to it) in order to support the demand for their products[14][15].
e0c7d72bef104a647a6c7a91d72c169828ecb0c4	According to this conspiracy concept, the owners of the largest oil companies are holding back the development of alternative energy, preventing an energy revolution.
c2b11af5298f6aef31112649e5544406105723be	In 2008, the European Commission exposed the so-called paraffin conspiracy, in which Exxon Mobil, Total, Sasol Limited and several other leading oil companies were accused, which secretly agreed among themselves to set high prices for paraffin used in the production of candles, paper plates and cups[16].
687e2d76184e1a0cf25f1fe7693b4c9b2efe9f1e	The Jewish Masonic conspiracy is a conspiracy concept that combines the concepts of Masonic and Jewish conspiracies.
525486f4f8c400d65d770ea65db5ee3226549666	The Mondialist conspiracy is the latest form of conspiracy theory, exposing the plans of the "secret World government" in recent decades.
5ff966ddf360083b67445d041976b8ff6c7cfdd2	The peculiarity of this variant of conspiracy theory is that the main object of research is the United States of America, as a special geopolitical center with its own specific and controversial in a number of aspects cultural and futurological concept.
3d1a1a2e3b50496b86a0f6d7b43e391c7ce5b9b7	The unofficial international organization "Bilderberg Club" is considered by some conspiracy theorists as a secret world government[6][17].
768111ef63fb8ae9d48f1be0cd4d3914b3e28b70	According to conspiracy theorists, the true goal of the Trilateral Commission (a private organization that encourages cooperation between North America, Europe and the Pacific region of Asia, founded by banker David Rockefeller) is also the creation of a world government controlled by it[18].
772c4ecd56c80fe494f11c2db20b30ab860dee16	The Bohemian Club, which unites influential members of American society, is considered by some conspiracy theorists to be a place where decisions on the most important issues of domestic and international politics are formed[19].
29761362dfc3968983bf952c2903226acfc13316	The Arab conspiracy is a global Islamist conspiracy directed against Western civilization.
8bd46bc5e30b84609251cd0a06a5ec89e90931e9	Presumably it covers the governments of Arab and a number of European states ("Eurabia").
983da0c004c598073022aca3488b861b28d770d4	Conspiracy theorists call the purpose of the conspiracy the transformation of Western European states into Islamist theocracies, as well as the destruction of the United States and Israel.
3fabd0029d8895a29877e09e15da2585ca1dccc0	Depending on the political views of the target audience, fascism or communism is attributed to the conspiracy as an ally (referring to the pro-Nazi activities of the Mufti of Jerusalem, Amin al-Husseini, in the 1940s[20] and to the USSR's assistance to Arab countries during the Cold War, respectively)[21].
01b8c78f1a250058661bd6c21da40619c081b5e9	the Apollo flights with American astronauts to the Moon are just a staging ("lunar conspiracy"); or, on the contrary, conversations about staging are needed to hide the alien presence on the Moon
4664008ee956ff5a4585ff21c920f48175e9dd7d	the assassination of John F. Kennedy was planned by the CIA;
b8683db0efcf3db3553babc5279f6b0c630a1075	explosions of residential buildings in Moscow and Volgodonsk — organized by the FSB;
f0d2366d8f27ad33c233640352b64e02be17cf77	the terrorist act of September 11, 2001 was planned by the American special services;
b16c59b9e04f8e18af979a9e644639e38c99f6b1	the death of the Kursk nuclear submarine occurred as a result of an attack by an American submarine, hidden at the highest political level in order to avoid a conflict between the Russian Federation and the United States;
01fee99eb539e1f72c70ab52b95efbce1e1207ae	Read this list carefully and think about who exactly can exploit these cognitive distortions (that is, peculiar "vulnerabilities" of the brain's defense system) for their own purposes.
8e37ced3ba9e103d29e3df1b7ceb488bd537430e	What is the easiest way to create the illusion of truth and the illusion of frequency?
70e1873329217883eab89d535c2f10ce81ab7bcf	It is obvious that these effects are easiest to create if you systematically and daily bring the same messages to a person.
95a603502e2872c3da26beb608cf880159f86937	In other words, we need a stable, controlled channel for broadcasting messages to a mass audience.
294b95a7a2920726b00121b8d64f21f92a8f9a46	News on TV inspires the illusion that the viewer should be constantly "up to date", that everything that happens is extremely important.
400c32a5ffdccb8548bfcdd56e3ebd663f779bf9	Live broadcasts, 24-hour broadcasts during "important" events like elections.
00ead5cf8dc5529ea77e568f367e24ffc21aa50a	It is assumed that people watch TV around the clock, monitor every new piece of information.
6684cee54a99f7c877d02e2835ef3eab06813342	If there is a plane crash or another accident, then the viewer is kept in suspense for several days, feeding more and more fragments of information piece by piece, interrupting the program with emergency releases, launching a running line with hot news.
1e0f5b928af1add69919639180d90737fc77cd36	When the interest in that topic subsides — something else "extremely important" happens, and the intense excitement persists. This intense excitement persists constantly.
4d95a084de0baa762b9a50d323616c4526007d11	Due to the above-mentioned features of perception, some information attracts special attention of the audience.
940d7e3857becdec7ded0db7aad362fa0b3483c2	This is "hot news", compiled taking into account the peculiarities of human thinking.
002c52ef9ebc9d63f89e5f731089af6230296933	They don't have to be broadcast on television.
6fe300056ca0159e8c8f9664691f117934e7f5c0	You can also use other channels.
31f694e8c74c1d623171429a9ef1c23a886107e6	The Internet is even more favorable environment for the spread of so-called "memes", the source of which is often the same hot news.
3312beda24885ca6f196d54f3e25b103e84d64a0	In a simplified form, for maximum zombie effect, "hot news" must meet several requirements.
9738863c0e55f8faa7ca3e88e09cba2defb7a093	a familiar topic that corresponds to a person's beliefs, repeated, confirming the choice made, of a negative nature, preferably with a picture
dc509a8007d610256e70ff91533d454f068d8b28	The term "conspiracy theory" first appeared in the twenties of the XX century in the economic literature, and acquired its modern meaning by the end of the 1960s.
446ce511af19f04bf13644dfea714124027b1222	This phrase was included in the Oxford English Dictionary only in 1997.
54ae2d22b2f379ad5dc84af81459a468cf4a8991	The large state seal of the United States, depicted, in particular, on a one-dollar bill, has given rise to many myths.
38d7179b529e51c44e57442f8808a4362c69b2f1	The reverse side of the seal, which depicts a pyramid crowned with the All-seeing Eye of God, surrounded by two Latin sayings, attracts special attention of conspiracy lovers.
61974c933621a02a310f9ba82ff98dc845d5bbe8	Annuit Coeptis refers to the All-seeing Eye and means "according to [our] beginnings". The second expression, Novus Ordo Seclorum, is a quotation torn from Virgil, meaning "The New order of the centuries".
7c150f413c05d94cd88c90dce86c4004bbb250c4	Supporters of conspiracy theory know that if you enter a six-pointed star in the circle of the reverse side of the seal, the upper ray will point to the All-seeing Eye, and the five remaining ones will point to the letters M, A, S, O and N, thereby indicating the true owners of the federal treasury.
2e3fee997b010e9fef5be5de3308d4c20d53f45c	In 2006, speaking on television, Hassan Bolkhari, an adviser to the Iranian Ministry of Education, declared the cartoon "Tom and Jerry" part of a global Jewish conspiracy: "The cartoon was made by Hollywood Jews in order to change the attitude to mice, in the form of which the Nazis often portrayed themselves.
1f1c6053aef1b05322cdd2f40db5239acb62721e	The only state that has legally banned the organization of secret societies is Poland.
aec560aa76785c79c6187ea8c265ccafc9c3dab6	Article 13 of the Polish Constitution states: "The existence of political parties and other organizations whose program or activity [...] provides for the secrecy of structures or membership is prohibited."
7897948dce9cdc903cc3c97c9d501164eac0f131	A serious conspiracy in words can pursue absolutely any goal, for example, "kill all people", "bring sotona to earth", or simply "world peace", but the main thing in a conspiracy is always to strengthen the position of a certain group of people or a movement by some insidious fucking everyone else.
6d9c8b75437f64f5f5aad05998455ee8870d4e69	The reasons that make the conspirators fuck up the population may be different, but their goal is the same as that of the cattle in the paragraph above: true conspiracies are tied to loot and personal ambitions, and do not pretend to be global.
ac2f7bcf13fbd08a26619e91263ee2fbae2f2324	Another thing is that with severe damage to the thought process, the patient begins to explain a little more than all his failings by the machinations of hostile forces.
0a484924417c3cceb3e60809830e19289592fe1e	It is much easier and more pleasant to live firmly knowing that an Englishwoman shits, than to admit that he is an asshole who is not capable of either hired work as an office plankton, or to work as an office plankton manager, or in general to any work.
f522d046a2fecfe2a6a8d0780a51e1888823a9d9	One of the first versions of the conspiracy theory was proposed by none other than the Frenchman Rene Descartes back in the XVII century.
9037235b6ffd20153d6a25d1aa9e774f1fb0c05a	And he immediately set such a high bar that all subsequent generations of conspiracy theorists can only bite their elbows enviously: what if the whole world around me is an illusion inspired by some powerful and evil demon?
9f9d4cca02ff059102b3089fca82a71e3c3e782f	The problem in this case is posed as globally and uncompromisingly as possible: the subject of the conspiracy is the whole world, the main conspirator is God, and you are the very person against whom the conspiracy is directed-in fact, the whole meaning of your existence is at stake.
4917fd2ae702cdf473ceeb435d49f376e4b32ed9	This is how a conspiracy theory turns out, which has indisputable evidence (real facts).
b38aca33f464235cb04b8ffc95ee33b6433307e9	But the conspiracy itself, described in any theory, may not exist.
4f3119659fc1c611e76ac9031d30b9c5629acf3f	In general, analyzing any of these theories, you can understand that they are based on a small amount of real facts and a large amount of speculation.
8bf0d14a81ee70e53d227458366e4a240a02be17	Then, from this set of mostly unreliable facts, an assumption is made that meets the expectations of the target audience (something they will willingly believe).
590aae2fed351e73c06dca3abeb2e0f5a9804db2	They can change the direction of existing trends, accelerate or delay this or that development of events, but in order for something more to happen, the efforts of this group, as a rule, are not enough.
1b9ffb133b4b3f969a61a902fe843d6ebb9c84b7	To have a chance of success, the conspiracy must be local and pursue easily achievable goals.
05fd800a99dcc0f069879366f39e5e943506fdfb	In short, conspiracy theories have the same compatibility problems with reality: the abilities of global control attributed to the conspirators, coupled with complete secrecy, require the perfect operation of the conspiracy mechanism, which, with the stated goals (control over the world), available forces (a relatively small group of people) and the duration of action (decades, centuries, or even millennia), is a little less feasible than nothing.
ddc4d993a8404766dacf20e011228ff50d76901c	The ability of a certain group of conspirators or a secret society to influence the course of history does not much exceed the role of the influence of an individual.
a55b14181ff842773224c0b4b827f7e10d6a0055	Unlike fantasy worlds, in our reality, a person or a group of people who do not have superpowers cannot radically change the situation.
26f76c9963bc0ac5bc30ac46cd9316469603fbf3	Some believe that the North and South poles of the Earth were not always where they are now.
131d7f17f265bc4d1a53661fd361f07c15f932fc	Proponents of the theory believe that once the earth's axis shifted.
d5b7a383d1cc99b6ef71fc9cb4eb03dd6ff0fa30	Others say that the Earth always rotates on the polar axis, but the earth's crust moves in such a way that the landscape under each of the poles changes.
fd7f8faa184cfdeb66fa88ebf195b0e422985118	Third — in 2012, the secret government will achieve its goals and gain world domination.
f1534cfcbffae801f3743bf9531bd2c002b360de	What really happened?
833f58768e3376cc792df57ebcea35887d6e8dc2	Supporters of this theory believe that the Soviet government deliberately concealed the fact of the deceased cosmonaut in order to preserve the country's reputation as a leader in space exploration.
74d1dd66338a4fde0b56254b0a84079e1517a56f	The truth remains shrouded in mystery, but the recordings are available on the Internet if you are interested and if you search.
f82f87a71aacb0456b6f0607fba797f6eb48b3a6	There are a lot of theories about how this could be.
612759216576c3b3611e36e2c3290016d072d223	Some believed that a pole shift would occur in 2012 (see above).
31f5eeddf6f0e143bac0ea5693bcdf642d245b25	Others — after 2012, a new era of terrible destruction awaits the Earth, followed by a new age of peace and enlightenment.
0a9817920d24513076f79338dd38143e889be5fb	However, the brothers of Judica Cordilla from Italy believed that Gagarin was not the first.
a688d9818b57dcdf2d0d5c31c5fc744203bc51a5	The brothers set up a listening station in Italy to intercept data transmitted between ground bases and spacecraft, both American and Soviet missions.
7b415909abd5e3ba733afcbe5cc4c8cb74199f66	A few weeks before Gagarin's successful flight, the brothers claimed that they had detected and registered radio signals from an astronaut slowly dying on Earth's orbit. The Soviet Union denied the brothers ' claims.
853795108bac3b8302eab2afcadbb700d4e3a334	When people later showed him pictures of the Earth taken from orbit, Shelton said that the photos were fake.
2d4eb310198042c13fd6e2be18ed9d608d0925e7	Together with members of the community, he found new supporters of the flat Earth theory and what "the authorities are hiding" until he died.
a8c9f7a3d65e3948c9b0c4ea654292b9d731e320	In 1956, Samuel Shelton founded a society that adhered to the flat Earth theory.
40f6802334a9327286245895fc8ce3dc3a0d6ecf	The theory was based on Shelton's "common sense" and his own observations.
499b57f8db5438a4dd1610ccfaea0c292a870661	He stated that the scientific evidence of the dogmatic earthly "ball" does not have strong evidence.
4277c684b360f8a6af5f4bd2c8da7d805dcf42c6	Not everything that is acceptable from the point of view of logic is acceptable from the point of view of common sense.
53059bab025fbeecd4680f0548cae9e795cbc0f3	Not all enemies seek power over the world; accidents happen by themselves; churches, underground tunnels and senatorial chairs are not murder weapons; it is not necessary to suspect Catholics, Jews or Democrats of using such methods.
58752678c10ee7b40bd4b703bf024cf1b77a0e29	Common sense accepts simple explanations.
ed21e67cd66d0a9c67b1f72c7151b39170d1a9b4	Conspiracy theories, on the contrary, are complex and confusing.
66717d37d923df81324546ae875cde9e35691617	They need a tangle of tricks and deceptions and such monstrous ingenuity of the mind that they eventually collapse on the root from their own improbability.
1a6dfb6b83f328392758294530a0c5b4e3bc3863	Having identified the main features, it becomes obvious how much conspiracy theories have in common with each other in essence.
c08f23a405a881c03e39be489405241d4d93f6f4	They are distinguished from the generally accepted thinking by two main features: the same evidence and versions.
126c58b23712da18c9d0435df1a995cbbc38994a	Here are the obvious signs of conspiracy.
09fd8c82e6e02ad7b3c7d98751b4995077d9a8ba	A good family man, an honest entrepreneur, a patriot turns out to be a two-faced traitor.
3196d7c9e4cc545fe8c413f6248e6a0193f25ab2	A member of the American right-wing group E Pluribus Unum explains: "Nothing in the government happens by chance. If something happens, know that this was intended."
d175d7ef4a2223cc790922c28b9cbb0d0750cdfd	Life is a scripted game. To succeed, the plot must be disguised and presented as something opposite."
779d1cda020cc8a75aeb9e408a72792a1e76b3a9	The apparent benefits are losses; losses, in fact, bring benefits.
e7ce1780cdf24a1013b9b9d10952b57b65a0af3f	The victims torture themselves, and the torturers are innocent. "The obvious means that it is not real; and the present is necessarily bad."
f50d974ed39abb8e52ca7acfec67f92ff446d687	There is no place for chance in the conspirationist picture of the world.
361e6be7a76926140ed8b508a798e3f8243a09b0	Cause and effect are reversed: "If there is an effect, there must always be a reason."
622c10ecdd9edeac8c807f2923bed9e3b3811948	There is no room for a person with his weaknesses, there are machines all around. Conspirators are in awe of the incredible abilities of their enemies.
fc6c6d7c9849e63c861f2b2255a19f7dff072c21	The visible enemies should actually be friends
fe2fced51b22fb8dfdddae6218ad94fc6e15f9c6	Best friends should actually be enemies
1058cfefb540d702ea162729e44d82180e154b16	The most popular and easily provable conspiracy theory.
2510ba4534a34348098d48020037ef17f169473f	Special services and law enforcement agencies are really happy to use the information that users voluntarily post on Facebook, VKontakte and any other social networks.
1d441fee9b5620b15a742b8458ed407132b5db5f	At the same time, there are regular reports in the press that the leadership of the networks directly cooperates with the secret services: take, for example, the recent scandal with the leadership of VKontakte, which was accused of having ties with the FSB, the department of the "K" of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the notorious "former gray cardinal" Vladislav Surkov.
518776428417352e76ac3d8f6ed08c8c62fd18df	This is the oldest " IT " conspiracy theory based on a completely rational approach, because the very existence of computer viruses is the basis for the well — being of antivirus developers.
9788e2b3124b339fe7efc90134d9575ae2ddfa18	However, the logic here is of a very peculiar order: following it, we can safely say that the fighters against drugs benefit from the existence of drug dealers, the tax inspectorate-persons who evade paying taxes on a particularly large scale, and the police — numerous thieves and murderers.
37527f4155c046bf21f4bd63feee7e4a2b7ea4dc	And all of them cherish and cherish the objects of their direct activity and literally blow away dust particles from them.
f82d461861958986416c402bbacc38471f23e1cd	Long-lasting incandescent lamps are deliberately discontinued
f9239f1e590258143df6e9314c9d3e414ccf860b	The 2010 French-Spanish documentary The Light Bulb Conspiracy is devoted to this theory, which, among other things, tells about electronics that fail in a timely manner due to special components that play the role of timers, as well as about a Russian program that allows ink cartridges to be used in inkjet printers, which malicious electronics prematurely considers empty.
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f230f78e00b6b017171552f9db8de700450f3734	Ten of the most truthful conspiracy theories in high technology
0fd1776ceea9611775046b80604357a51dfcde64	author: Oleg Nechay May 12, 2013
02c9789fc5ad9956a55fb332ba57d64ef4dc3cbd	In the modern world, cynical rationality and the most absurd chaos are intertwined in the most bizarre way.
39d13b7cd6e5c18ea97b234e1705bdd2ef214432	The special services of the strongest states of the world can easily track all the actions and movements of a law abiding citizen, but at the same time they are unable to prevent the most destructive terrorist acts.
39c91537d5bd0737a9063e89ff99b83660118daa	The Large Hadron Collider brought science very close to understanding the origin of the universe, but at the same time everyday obscurantism reached a level that would have been amazed even in the Middle Ages.
1e3e7c1d87e70441e23104aca5f2ec0d7f33b6b2	All this creates the most hothouse conditions for the growth of all kinds of conspiracy theories that explain everything that is happening in the world as the result of deliberate actions of malicious forces or simply insidious plans of secret groups from sects and special services to freemasons and demons.
b7fb489ef72df22513e0b953ab4ee1716b6bd629	Conspiracy theories have not ignored high technologies.
f086e10cbe6ba54b270b779ae78b40526dd6e2ee	Of course, this is such a tempting way to find simple explanations for the most ambiguous and new events and phenomena!
90910429aeef077ba751d481943a62b50c39222e	Moreover, subconsciously, most of us seriously and for good reason suspect that all these world elites, governments and big business are manipulating technologies in their own interests, seeking to preserve and increase their power and influence on ordinary people.
7e2e28cddc18eb49685e95f8fd0e0682e2d4a079	Let's get acquainted with several popular conspiracy theories that are directly related to high technologies.
b6dc5046713d689c0c8b1682697b10ca65c06384	1. Social networks are created and work with the participation of special services
adce3a72e01c3bd88c7618ffe23cc0f384b16273	It is difficult to say how reliable such reports are, if even without any contact with the owners, the special services have all the technical means to monitor social networks.
2fd422984ae266c966e44023e50b633927a5b338	2. Oil and gas companies are preventing the spread of electric vehicles
f9114c2a44823200069f60f5582dd7546d7aca88	This theory is most clearly presented in the 2006 American documentary Who Killed The Electric Car?
90ff6660db59978081ac9484b0bc80594c2d9ab0	("Who killed the electric car?") and its 2011 sequel Revenge of The Electric Car ("Revenge of the electric Car").
a1be7f4a60d1a7ca792b156dee9212b16296ce95	Both of these films with a Russian translation can be found in torrents.
25860a5a98547952ec926598df18544cbd5f150c	The first film is dedicated to the history of one of the first mass produced electric vehicles, the General Electric EV1, which appeared as a result of the adoption of the air pollution control Law in California in 1990.
031153aeaa3b4664103be1f4ec736ca93ef8a263	As a result of protests by automakers and oil companies, this law was quickly repealed.
097f317307e8bc910b40a3f262f3003b31304cf2	At the same time, almost the entire film is occupied by a story about how General Electric tried in every possible way to discourage potential buyers from buying or renting their own electric car.
a70f67b2ad31cad383f06aaef5941d8e165b1fd7	The second film, which was subtitled "You canot kill an idea whose time has come", tells about the company Tesla Motors and its electric car expensive and pretentious.
cad9ac9d33dca0155a511a7f590fc4b61bdd605c	One way or another, the oil monopolists are doing everything possible to make us continue to depend on the producers of gasoline and diesel fuel.
813546641cba89e4e65be408069a8670dc82dd4a	And we know that it's not at all about the imperfection of technologies, because of which electric cars remain too expensive and impractical to operate.
99beac56e363cf799dbe476bb792c2e4b916c2a0	3. The American HAARP program is engaged in the creation of energy weapons
e230ba5ddd33cf38dd6b6ed8e330c4f60e4b3e0e	The idea of "insidious intrigues abroad", so beloved by the current political leadership of Russia, is also understood by alternative thinkers in the West itself.
84c2cb9706111e6c4371b8033f8342112c76566c	The American High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) has been repeatedly accused of the most monstrous manipulations of the weather and provoking destructive cataclysms — from the earthquake in Haiti in 2010 and the Chelyabinsk meteorite in 2013 to the violation of air and sea navigation and the failure of spacecraft, in particular "Phobos Grunt".
a6434d1ea561a342f39234ce037905d641257ad2	To influence the ionosphere, the HAARP program in Alaska has deployed a phased array antenna field capable of focusing high power electromagnetic radiation (up to about 3,600 kW) on a small area.
1e908ecc5de194a3c2cf3c2d648468cba60c3993	Opponents of the project claim that it is not a scientific study, but a geophysical weapon that violates the natural climate of the Earth, and that the hurricanes and floods that have swept the world and the United States itself over the past decade are a direct consequence of the use of HAARP.
51906466abe913c4ae51965b389b8e3bcb2806d7	Of course, they deny everything.
8e52fa8c69f179c727dddccbe9ffe7c6b26be8b2	4. Manufacturers of antivirus programs are intensively developing viruses, which they themselves are fighting
415e522f80512d34f87f8b473dde26b45e87420e	However, the logic here is of a very peculiar order: following it, we can safely say that the fighters against drugs benefit from the existence of drug dealers, the tax inspectorate persons who evade paying taxes on a particularly large scale, and the police — numerous thieves and murderers.
d33f6a42fb7f6a02d4f86c16a1fc36aa4d1f8193	Long lasting incandescent lamps are deliberately discontinued
7f9af46f92a32bc06b9ebcb45da267882814637f	Another common conspiracy theory, according to which manufacturers deliberately limit the service life of their products in order to maintain a stable demand for it and generate interest in new models.
47d49eedfd3743c8c7c6f191728cd86b793f21fe	The history of this theory goes back to the so called "Phoebus Cartel", which united the world's largest manufacturers of electric lamps, within the framework of which a secret agreement was reached in 1924 to prevent the mass production of lamps with a service life of more than 1000 hours and on measures to ensure such a restriction.
ebaf2763e71e74f0d48f0bbf336ac0bc395c2432	The 2010 French Spanish documentary The Light Bulb Conspiracy is devoted to this theory, which, among other things, tells about electronics that fail in a timely manner due to special components that play the role of timers, as well as about a Russian program that allows ink cartridges to be used in inkjet printers, which malicious electronics prematurely considers empty.
77ef62816dacb87d2023a8d344f8075bd50dacfa	6. Free energy exists
69bcbcc1a209d9c67b235bebb713451bf24a0bac	Many people are convinced that there is publicly available and completely free energy in nature, the use of which is blocked by governments and energy monopolists, because this can undermine the basis of their power.
b29cef0014d4dd008f82e52b525b2e92c02b0e09	Otherwise, we would have long ago used cold nuclear fusion as the main method of generating electricity, including at home, and our cars would have driven on engines that are absolutely safe for nature, running on atmospheric air.
535261e1fc1a5e037d1d6fc75530df56869bc730	7. Perpetual motion is possible
728b961f5c6b1d91b88e457ac11d4a4dae4829fd	A variation on the theme of the previous theory, as ancient and indestructible as the dream of heaven or faith in God.
c0230f5ddef00bde8058b84a3fcdd460799555be	An idea that is especially attractive to those who have memorized only formulas from the school course of natural sciences and completely ignored their physical meaning.
3217a2da6581c9e0832bc809b5bd15471514cfcb	The creators of magnetic motors are especially beautiful, the principle of operation of which is based on the fact that magnets have a reserve of energy, and the action of the magnetic field is limited in space.
38ba50897545f56a15a0554b7a14c4c22f4f8f83	As a result, a body from a ferromagnet can be launched into a closed circle, which will move sequentially passing from the field of action of one magnet to another.
df923a89f42991f3c8634cf4f424d9d11aa8e477	Of course, the law of conservation of energy was invented solely to hide these amazing opportunities from the population of the planet.
b04d46f09fad86e8afe5479abe073643d3e5ff12	Fortunately, there are people like Bob who do not give up and tirelessly invent magnetic motors.
012af2e69f6ed9111f424cbafaaf71042ecb88a5	8. The authorities have long been able to control the human brain and travel through time
81392b1d52d1a95faa3269dba6fd0fe6fcd04741	As you know, secret experiments on controlling human consciousness and moving in space and time have been conducted by the special services of all countries since the last century.
1864d82cb239bc91d3e3c2db8f8ae5f94130bbe2	Thanks to the venality of the decaying capitalist society, the most famous experiments of this type were not Soviet, but American secret programs.
faeb2895429417984f7c348c566e3fe3ebce6059	For example, the Montauk project (after the name of the area in New York State) in the 60s was engaged in the study of super strong electromagnetic fields to create psychological weapons, as well as to move objects of influence in space and time.
7e1e8e4cd28feae3786e65917c43c2f9417f0dbe	The popular science fiction plot about "popadants" is just about this: first, a person's perception of reality changes, and then he suddenly finds himself in another place and in another time.
3cc764895a4fb08d564198e6160f1164ae486456	The inactive AN/FPS 35 radar serves as a monument to the Montauk project.
835713dcf054fde12ac186bbad9b70fcbd2c2dba	A legendary example of transporting an object in space was the so called Philadelphia experiment, during which in 1943 the US Navy destroyer "Eldridge" with a team disappeared from radar and instantly moved several tens of kilometers from the original point.
0d7282b0d6aa00b149ccd3d59097249aa5ad34a6	According to some reports, the experiment on the teleportation of the ship was organized on the basis of the records of the recently deceased physicist Nikola Tesla, which fell into the hands of the American government.
6339cbfbd5733efce9560b8fded2077e466d94b1	This story formed the basis for the feature film "The Philadelphia Experiment", which was shot in 1984, which was successfully played, including in Soviet cinemas.
3fdbd711a2865a2ac80c7e0ba9b7a1a061a6e866	9. Bitcoin is discredited by the "powerful of this world"
029216756e39780bb5207f013c8c1607f66778de	The so called "cryptocurrency" Bitcoin, which does not have a single issuing center, nor an official regulator capable of forcibly influencing its course, does not fit into the scheme of the modern world economy at all.
fa108ebb495955a097b6d57829a4d4658ca324e7	That is why it is deliberately discredited by the true owners of the international financial system, which Bitcoin undermines with its virtuality.
27afa91ef8428928924eae284dc7c6c77d35bb73	And it does not matter to us at all that even solid capitals in Bitcoin today are not worth a penny and Bitcoin is not a legal tender in any country in the world.
09d024446ff1219444b262b0a209238d775cf754	10.
13e101cd73ec13129dc38e6884e89801528ea359	Your laptop, TV and game console are watching you
65b75c3e59373cc0561caf348cbce1a6cd5b082e	All electronic and radio technical devices are able to monitor their owners: hidden microphones and cameras have been repeatedly detected in them, as well as encrypted signal transmission schemes via the Internet or on the radio.
29edc6eaadb732919109bb81584a276061efaa76	It's no secret that the cameras of your laptop or smartphone can be activated even without your participation and without an appropriate alarm, so knowledgeable people must seal them with opaque tape.
a43dbb20ebd13679c7d62146daeb12d48b48dcfc	Some companies no longer consider it necessary to hide their desire to monitor their customers: for example, Comcast, Google TV, Microsoft and Verizon have applied for patents for the design of televisions and digital video recorders that can monitor what viewers are doing while using them.
cda3238a208cd63530d194362f30a2638b78c738	It is planned to track all movements, sounds, the choice of food and drinks, nationality, mood and other information in order to make advertising more targeted, and broadcasts more suitable for a particular moment.
1e3ece329ca7051443f1d9b55f2a9e8d7b26056c	But we know what all this is really necessary for!
7231e9ce7968c798f0c8f86e6ab4f0e1d4fd6b26	* * *
f01a55dee2554a845b5ec0d34047f9f209671c81	We have listed only ten of the most truthful conspiracy theories in the field of high technologies, the truth of which no educated and sane person will doubt.
91e051856574bdeb61b3863c193b6902c4b7dfdd	In fact, there are much more simple explanations for complex things — in Russia, a whole TV channel is engaged in promoting conspiracy theories and other achievements of weird science.
b0a89ce2304d11c6ef441fac3c738090fb3cd510	Let's hope that the day will come very soon when we will all know everything about what really exists.
2b681c0a24baff8899d7163cc7f805c75e1f44e4	Google
aa011cd82091ed04035e92a1827546cb88176712	bitcoin, bitcoins, haarp, free energy, bitcoin, perpetual motion, conspiracy theory, social networks, conspiracy theories
2d8243a2c0e464492c9d563c4f92c56ae3421bcc	See also
312f51845b79103b587faef8c6409dc7137260e5	How the Russian" My Office " imported MS Office overcame
aee655773d856fb038536adcfd6472fc7543463e	2026
cd1fe7a1e168ce5934eea4ac2ec253d04b0c0415	From import substitution to import independence: why should Russian software developers join forces?
a85f2d02e23cd73f8f9a7e5564778deb983ecb2f	712
d27c49e70c18e49bb7278271c53c8e1c8053706b	If you print it, you will live!
b0b58557c2f26b1322e608f2bf7f332e618c406c	How do they print at home?
1bf6592ecf317c9cd6f92bab901b7ac5dd6fa2af	1322
e73d9330d802247ffdbf57bbf707b746d4c1c8c4	2538
8eb360a6a9911a97b2b7c5b97562cd47befd2242	Well, let's say that the possibility of providing free or much cheaper energy to everyone exists, it is enough just to show the state will.
c0ebe45d70fecce5cc8db2ead54e9156345891a1	unk32
0c0bc82481bf01bda32e4aa0cfc6301fbcf6c859	It is very easy to deal with this: somewhere in a large consumer (say in the USA or Germany), prices are inflated (at the request of the "Troika", for example).
af1649ad0290467f9fca88b7733ce5c6f0dee585	And the local supplier will inflate the prices automatically, they say you can sell there and at a high price, I will not sell here cheap.
a2675388598fd2cfe610648ead4a085bae109f99	Well, or just "what's here if you can go there plus a mansion in London".
ddb99b994cf35a0838a013585adb7561d1b99bb6	sukhano1
7140b37f5484a77d30a3c39248f8033bb4d2dacb	And why isnot there a global conspiracy against the standardization of standard sizes of lithium batteries?
2c5bef1b0337268af682460d2ca1a910ed37df6a	1M
0fa8818fb0a871e45287416bb16abaad9403de8d	The fact that it is profitable for drug fighters not to catch all the dealers!
b7437448f15584f18f14acc969f8210b0ddbe5c0	My house once had a police department and there were ALWAYS syringes lying around in my driveway!
0638e1ba83c9fb2012c134e93cbd67b9521852c1	As soon as this compartment was gone and the syringes were gone!
15972e2d7db3802d75c5c161d09ac4989eb32e53	Do you think these mournful cases are not known to the special services???
7f8d7076e8117248f1f652d4762278c3f54afb2f	I will say from the light bulbs that the short lived nature of goods is certainly in the hands of the capitalist economy!
66fe014e7d88d58b76b4687e1f50f1bc7513ecd3	There is such a work "Capital"…And the mass public certainly DOES NOT UNDERSTAND what they are studying there on the TANK!
d1f24035ace69f4cbc6fa92a5707eb4b10dc7b3d	Conspiracies are the essence of legends and myths of the modern abundant world!
eda03581cff7fba8d176335932503cdf37929f0f	Watch REN TV for example…There are things slooozhnye!
874233bbd68ad2e7c640ad178810a63ce157425c	And in order to turn away the mind with freedom of choice from the worries of the mind (which can spoil a lot by the way), you need to make fun of something and impose nonsense........For example...
54a9a9a23bf767cea3fba823c6594311afb03962	.) Adults and everyone is like ignorant children!
2ba5f61edbd7b85d7a064e21fd2a8b70481f0ded	Yes, the children will be more observant ...then their eyes will go blind, although they can see, it's good that not everyone has it!
77a5ce58e47537907fdc61e0b33686a6dab448be	This is me, this is a fun world…
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6aaf9d7da1264991bf6dabd9c60120c699a1888e	Conspiracy theory
6d3307a2700606deecd08ec25663c32eb622ef00	Material from Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
9205046ec390a23431d497eafd143404431abc79	This term has other meanings, see Conspiracy Theory (meanings).
7343f8d33da7be02d0000fb681375ef05a27993e	The All seeing Eye on a one dollar bill according to conspiracy theorists, symbolizes the conspiracy of Freemasons in the Fed
c31587fbb59453333ccc8c6b90f89c2f1b2a4a59	Conspiracy theory (also known as conspiracy theory) is a set of hypotheses that try to explain the sequence of socially significant events, certain historical phenomena, or the course of history as a whole as a result of a conspiracy on the part of a certain group of people who control this process out of self interest, ambition or other group, clan, etc. interests.
67f06d1b4c55bce9d88cc63efd20ea6138b1f946	Nothing happens by chance in politics.
e2627fdcdb1a2a61fb378bd60cf74e8120a9c843	If something happened, it was intended that way.
38efdc96a6903c169327316c1a63e528b7f4a683	- Franklin Delano Roosevelt
bba35433b0b22cd49e004555bf285abc38d15ff6	1 Prerequisites for the emergence of conspiracy theories 2 Conspiracy theory 3 Typology of conspiracies 3.1 Global conspiracies 3.1.1 Conspiracies of producers 3.1.2 Computer conspiracy 3.1.3 Conspiracy of Oil workers 3.1.4 Mondialist Conspiracy 3.1.5 Jewish Masonic Conspiracy 3.1.6 Arab Conspiracy
a948200eea422be70399445efeaef35ac9e5e11c	3.2 Small plots
e63e9d5419deb9e5211e8a2e1add339cf42046f0	4 Assessments of the theory 4.1 Political conspiracies
64c0de37623535439abf9102e65670fb1ae290ac	5 See also 6 Notes 7 Literature 7.1 Scientific and journalistic works 7.2 Conspiracy works 7.2.1 Films
669127b99a48042f2f1642c1e3daa9b3f0fba23c	7.3 Fiction
1e164585848a098e4d15802ad3b6907f4d784a41	8 Links
22ca9b4e1e92236f7eddb21e3321c26898a5367f	Prerequisites for the emergence of conspiracy theories[edit / edit wiki text]
f75c0ca61f6e8c957215dfdfda75473d00d49ebf	At the same time, they acquire an exaggerated character.
9ae9547e30d94306d9b5770f49756e5daed16750	On the one hand, the conspirators are demonized, they are attributed both evil intentions and personal immorality.
ab7c62d10497403a1f07860a1a5ea94538af8cc1	After all, the one who destroys such monsters should be recognized as a hero, not a criminal.
8fa9de8166f6db1b220c36bff8fcb9546a893b66	On the other hand, the conspirators are endowed with special abilities (intelligence, cunning, purposefulness, etc.).
9e62dbb6020f54e9a69e695a5f5b34b6b4b2e8f1	Umberto Eco
51f141fbb48ba87811dbff72caa839aa4a884fe0	In Foucault's Pendulum, Umberto Eco put it this way:
e1f6a3966e3ff75a362578fb4a8771746a4caae1	If we assume the possibility that there is at least one starting point in the universe that is not a sign of something else, we immediately go beyond the scope of hermetic thinking.
69f54d501ef4256df0f6ca33d4775b3134698bb2	- Umberto Eco.
f126c758f1b5ee4998af99bd202f785f26adc6b8	Foucault's Pendulum
0f92ef0a2b8b097d56d53445fb50faad4374c762	From the point of view of meme theory, conspiracy theories are memes that compete with the meme of the generally accepted picture of the world.
06ea90f735ec4604f21bc24d9e9dc287f02ee9b1	Their success is based on distrust of the authority of experts and generally accepted sources of knowledge[3].
1b2b3d57454cead753b3c9087fbfb9f51609b2a0	Conspiracy theory[edit / edit wiki text]
0129751a499f18c08f0997a0960cb18483017a5d	The request "Conspiracy theory"is redirected here.
e3cee52e5e74604969f0ba0bc0c0215f2c5dc1a6	A separate article is needed on this topic.
61d70b6e51e893dcc563c9a707ffafa140aeea6f	There are many conspiracy theories regarding the events of September 11, 2001
e3bca6c36b0de64dc72cd9698974aa8aa63a3baf	(In Russian language works, the authors of which treat conspiracy ideas with skepticism, the term "conspirativism" is used or, as in the monograph of Daniel Pipes in the Russian translation of Dometi Zavolsky, "conspiracy".)
6c620f438722b48997a069ff437966799d25e1a4	Another example is the book by the famous Russian sociologist A. I. Fursov De conspiratione ("Capitalism as a conspiracy"), in which, using the example of a huge variety of variants of market economies from the United States to China, it is concluded that at the political level, capitalism is unstable and requires supranational governing institutions acting in the interests of the owners of transnational corporations, using the leadership of special services, secret unions and network organizations as an organizational structure.
0532a73611bcd220c1ae06f60077fb10ec5a1839	The third example: John Coleman, an American publicist, a former figure of the British special services, in his book " The Committee of 300.
c10075870dc3c3f2c957015625bf19fbd972b754	Secrets of the world government " claims that there is a powerful secret organization in the world, which includes the elite of the United Kingdom, the United States and some other states, one of the tasks of which is to radically reduce the world's population to one billion people.
9cdea22a00e87b30f7c3c507ddccf20272051c5e	And it is proposed to leave only half a billion on the tablets of Georgia.
250ae77e8839ffb35e01803799d8f047a0420354	In the above book, John Coleman indicates, for example, that the author of the music and songs of the Beatles is the philosopher and musicologist Theodor Adorno[6][7].
c69f67fdc9c0ef0527ac10f54e006601e51f2870	The emblem of the Tula Society
ddf7dbefc5ba5dd0340d543d6b63cf272f848c00	We also highlight Rene Allot, a French historian and hermetic philosopher who devoted a lot of time to the history of the Third Reich.
c6f72765acc5e43e1bbf22b6e9e52af1a61294eb	In the book "Hitler and Secret Societies"[8], Rene Allo describes the history of the creation of the" Thule Society " associated with the eschatological aspects of Nazism.
cb8cadb848d53436acf34d5bb49f3e0b4460254d	However, in the same place, Allo pointed out the symbolism of the Green Color in the so called "esoteric Hitlerism".
e6191158e9ede61d43ee7b5d0ac298d64788eeb2	He associated this symbolism with the color of Islam, and even the green color of Himmler's favorite ink pen, the head of the "black order" — the SS, played a certain role in his concepts[9].
03ff1b9e6e5ff48814e2b52da9274fdfb27bbfb9	The foundations of conspiracy theory were laid by the esoteric traditionalist, French philosopher and fiction writer R. Guenon[source not specified 424 days].
29342e0b79d4c82902cfc8cb9559a5c7fb71aa43	In the modern Russian Federation, one of the researchers of conspiracy theory is A. G. Dugin[9].
9f622d238b9beb0ba754090b00da46503bf6f3c1	Opponents of this trend accuse conspiracy theorists of not collecting facts that refute or confirm the existence of a conspiracy, but interpret any facts in favor of the existence of a conspiracy.
7c22f8a2ab1368bfd8074fc26f389dd23b6555e0	All the facts that refute any conspiracy theory in conspiracy theory can always be "challenged" with the help of simple arguments: "You do not have access to these materials" or "THEY needed you to think so".
f605e4da7a0da14b5482e07fba485801e9da4b22	Typology of conspiracies[edit / edit wiki text]
47365837d16c9b002cc78163d83dbc66c1289e36	Global conspiracies[edit / edit wiki text]
e7c34d99f58d2c3036ed21404a9191b390257d9e	As a rule, the peak of popularity of global conspiracy theories coincides with periods of economic and (or) political instability, crisis.
ca24f61149761fae498c45a91ebd7ee5adcdce08	In this case, the reluctance of the broad masses of society to make efforts to understand the objective causes of the problem results in the search for "simple solutions", among which is the search for enemies, personally responsible persons in the crisis.
e4a48bf7b9a548a7f8907e3e5cbe70ef577b2233	Thus, global conspiracy theories provide an outlet for chaotic destructive social energy, and can be used both in the interests of the ruling elite (the Black Hundreds in Tsarist Russia) and against it (the Nazis in the Weimar Republic).
82ee48bb562caecf6b3aff019a10d500c7105304	This makes global conspiracy theories one of the most effective tools for manipulating the masses in crisis societies, although in inept hands such a tool can lead to completely unforeseen consequences.
1199bedd488bca499b1c01ff46f894d0ebeb1ea3	The most common are the following global conspiracy theories.
0a67c4dee6515cb6b2936a5e8c832bab9b255b24	Conspiracies of manufacturers[edit / edit wiki text]
409f0b9c286a0c95ed342ae9460be45abcbbb7c9	There are assumptions about the conspiracies of manufacturers: it is assumed that the latter agree to support the production of low quality, short lived and expensive goods, while simultaneously preventing the spread of high quality, durable and cheap, thus trying to maximize their own profit.
0b8474dda46aa79e99d4d16e504a12b1fcaed97b	Computer conspiracy[edit / edit wiki text]
e9d4972ee8d3de4c46e001d1366d47e6dbb5f448	Main Article: Software Bloat
5a77b7fc88ce9920f569efc6580d88a78aa0bd78	The rational explanation of the phenomenon of "software bloat" is that in conditions of rapid reduction in the cost of hardware computer resources, even poorly written programs are in demand, so it is more profitable for manufacturers not to worry about optimization, but to reduce the development time (and, accordingly, costs) by abandoning optimization and using simpler, but also more resource intensive algorithms; this approach also allows using less qualified programmers.
0f8eecf56c7068b8d410a49e1f6a3156995591f7	The conspiracy of the oilmen[edit / edit wiki text]
5484398318955b1c14b884af4554cbe22444be73	In 2008, the European Commission exposed the so called paraffin conspiracy, in which Exxon Mobil, Total, Sasol Limited and several other leading oil companies were accused, which secretly agreed among themselves to set high prices for paraffin used in the production of candles, paper plates and cups[16].
448f2d48aeb611abf34af7f7b7a5aa976a9ae625	The Mondialist conspiracy[edit / edit wiki text]
66e5e8f6aaf52353f17df96e6f7417940c164a70	See also: World Government
9f2aab5d4eaa1f7d2d889cc037536bb5db696d63	The use of Masonic symbols on the state emblem of the United States on the Great State Seal of the United States
893ed16cef69a85f1c23bf1d712133b32c50589c	The unofficial international organization "Bilderberg Club" is considered by some conspiracy theorists as a secret world government[6][17]. According to conspiracy theorists, the true goal of the Trilateral Commission (a private organization that encourages cooperation between North America, Europe and the Pacific region of Asia, founded by banker David Rockefeller) is also the creation of a world government controlled by it[18].
0fb7de6d794a3b85645989e233d2d7287024e6c7	The Jewish Masonic conspiracy[edit / edit wiki text]
d4e25434bfe69125e60f3f765ea74ae1049b1827	The Arab conspiracy[edit / edit wiki text]
4478b6e95cf8886630f5ee48719390d4b5c562e1	Depending on the political views of the target audience, fascism or communism is attributed to the conspiracy as an ally (referring to the pro Nazi activities of the Mufti of Jerusalem, Amin al Husseini, in the 1940s[20] and to the USSR's assistance to Arab countries during the Cold War, respectively)[21].
6a50895bd4d1c08360dac848383232eebdb552b9	Small plots[edit / edit wiki text]
eb139548e585ed614957339016d47ea7f28231ca	The theories of small conspiracies give a different interpretation of individual historical episodes, differing from the generally accepted one, attracting various secret intentions and forces to the explanation of such events.
c81115be63777b4cc15266b19533a0e5fad58103	Examples of such theories[source not specified 298 days]:
003450774666c7e061cfa0d5143d989d09da2755	the Apollo flights with American astronauts to the Moon are just a staging ("lunar conspiracy"); or, on the contrary, conversations about staging are needed to hide the alien presence on the Moon the pre Gagarin "missing cosmonauts" of the USSR[22] and later suspected unsuccessful manned flights (including the small " Soviet lunar conspiracy — - a lunar flyby flight, allegedly during which Gagarin died[23]); the terrorist act of September 11, 2001 was planned by the American special services; the assassination of John F. Kennedy was planned by the CIA; explosions of residential buildings in Moscow and Volgodonsk — organized by the FSB; the death of the Kursk nuclear submarine occurred as a result of an attack by an American submarine, hidden at the highest political level in order to avoid a conflict between the Russian Federation and the United States; the legend of the death of Paul McCartney — Paul McCartney from the Beatles group died in 1966 and was replaced by a double with a similar appearance and voice; secret replacements of deceased, murdered, suspended or voluntarily renounced the power of heads of state, political or statesmen with doubles — similar versions were put forward regarding Yeltsin, Peter I, Stalin, Napoleon Bonaparte, Hitler, Rudolf Hess and Kim Jong Il.
eaf472a548544131aa2d5298955838ffb06e4e20	Theory estimates[edit / edit wiki text]
1bdffd312b14882c55f7e03abb1661e386389d55	According to George Entin, Professor emeritus at the University of Pennsylvania, it is usually not so much about really scientific theories as about myths, guesses, rumors[24].
e73bb73bc6802b678bf6be2fe75f2d5f931ab9a9	Conspiracy theories are often used to simply explain complex social phenomena (while often appealing to pseudological evidence Argumentum ad ignorantiam).
d54a069e8a1e057a6e32940d6121f6f790aab8ac	But any process in politics, economics and many other areas is the result of coordinated actions between two or more persons.
203d749e763004bda41ecfc748599e3a96ea167f	These actions can always be interpreted as collusion or conspiracy.
ddd89e2619ced70cea75cef643fd742cbb23547c	However, Adam Smith also showed that the main motive for actions in the economy is the mutual benefit of each of the subjects, and Karl Marx showed that politics is ultimately dependent on the economy — limited by its capabilities and guided by its interests.
532c94a0dd4f05da4734cec3d1bcd734b1ffab25	Conspiracy theory is used not to expose the conspirators, but to mask the true causes of a phenomenon with mystical, in fact, explanations (since postulating the existence of an unprovable conspiracy practically does not differ from explaining the event, for example, by witchcraft or "the will of the gods" — neither one nor the other, nor the third can be proved, refuted, or prevented).
e2245939e433a5c4111f1a8ece63ab75d0ddc5cb	The main "core" of conspiracy theories is an unofficial and rather impersonal (otherwise the case will go to court and, most likely, will be lost) indication of the subject of public life (firm, corporation, nationality, country), allegedly responsible for some events or the existing state of things, the study of their motivation.
73abd28472fa3fd9fc0367a3c797d42dbf42d0da	In addition, the idea of secret, non institutionalized power ("curatorship") plays an important role in conspiracy theory.
2c5ef6bcba58bb34f1b4b61b2a19e73adc285f92	... Real political actions often require secrecy not only at the planning stage, but also at the implementation stage.
26fbf01392921da529e69b78603190798d39263e	Therefore, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish between ordinary politics and conspiracy.
738e9483253c6c6db5f3ce3e3fd17bf058776c03	Usually, for a conspiracy theorist, the upcoming change has a global significance, the destinies of peoples and the whole world are at stake.
fabcadd602a7c2c6cb054fad98689331c89be48a	Scientific interpretations and conspiracy theories are characterized by two different approaches.[24].
ba60f6e00163c3201dc77b60f77be2eee415b791	As a rule, double standards can be found in the proof system of a conspiracy theory: any contradictory facts are rejected as weak or fake, and the assumption of a conspiracy is accepted unconditionally, as having no alternative and requiring no evidence.
513d36c30b1dbf209207a80662e7fbc8d9315f21	In such cases, the law of sufficient reason works only when evaluating a generally accepted theory, but is ignored when justifying a conspiracy theory.
66745b59e64a6b9da935bbb894f0bf7360a44e60	... Conspirativism is devoid of common sense, is not based on evidence or does not evaluate the reliability of sources, does not have criteria for preferring one interpretation to another, knows little about actual conspiracies and how often they fail, power is considered as the only goal.
7c07a4156c83a9a94b7f7e3a7e5eb0a47864d846	[24].
4d22ae19a55cc4986be062800bdd5cb327a4b676	Any attempts to refute the conspiracy theory can be interpreted by its supporters as part of the conspiracy itself.
4fe836f10fd734bf2e8bba27762a9123d96e722a	For example, it can be argued that this article was written by members of a worldwide conspiracy to hide the truth.
16afdb8c4931ad96f78188fc067b968618800a88	... Conspirativism resembles the thinking of a paranoid person who sees conspiracies against himself.
594c1e106188c9cc7d4db038f44e7fa9da2e2588	Adherents of conspiracy theories believe that everything is directed against the groups to which they belong or with which they identify themselves[24].
ee9d7e49cd37b566bd45561f5da81625388c03a9	The weakest point of the conspiracy theory (especially the "global" one) is the addition of a large number of complications to the interpretation of a historical episode.
334f33da4d11b51d69665a4a49a249b76c053eaf	One of the principles that is necessarily violated is Hanlon's Razor: although it is known that in reality the causes of an event can be quite ordinary (an accident, the actions of a lone maniac, an epidemic, a catastrophe), in their place is the action of a numerous, flawlessly secret, all powerful organization, all participants of which strive for a single goal and do not make mistakes.
28bdcbdb6e9cf33c0f269d47193c980df9dd6099	This assumption is extremely doubtful.
960bd741c4b0f6483deace2c80ab9d6bda28fa56	It is highly unlikely that events involving a sufficiently large number of people will remain undisclosed for a long time: history shows that sooner or later real life conspiracies become public (for example, "Watergate")[25].
1e96292febcc628488a1737cf3603c9bb3c06bf8	According to Sergey Kara Murza, "The term" conspiracy theory "is becoming evaluative and in many audiences it is used as a fail safe way to shut up an opponent"[26].
f39645d709c986135e9c5c77a1a83c3a26190c32	Political conspiracies[edit / edit wiki text]
5ecdb25ea3ca31cc2c0971dd114c6d3bf84c0ad5	en: Katherine K. Young writes: "real secret conspiracies are characterized by at least four features: they are groups, not individuals; illegal, sinister goals, lack of a task to take care of society as a whole; a series of planned actions, not spontaneous; and, of course, secret discussion and planning of the conspiracy, not open discussion on the pages of the press"[27].
1b45bd5d525c1248b6e3e1e3346df4b5848631d3	This, apparently, causes such a close opinion to the already disclosed and proven places where influential people gather together.
9d22dd9eb7ea43ab4cb10718e58cd6ea00993f10	Some conspiracies later become just a story that they wanted to hide from society: The Watergate scandal, a deal for the secret supply of weapons to Iran[28][29].
3025248a445c13db24f8b6c99b138dda19fe2402	"Some historians pay attention to the fact that it was the United States that became the main stronghold of conspiracy theory, since it was here that many outstanding conspiracies were attempted and uncovered, especially after the 1960s."[30] The presence of real conspiracies feeds the confidence of conspiracy theorists in the reality of unsolved conspiracy theories.[31][32][33]
71257fc73eb39a86be6c53cbc063adf723b61f97	Hanlon's Razor Secret Society Protocols of the Elders of Zion Folk History Denver (airport)
d00775e7fc97deb05ed2ac985f92db75c19b683d	Ц Tsygankov A. P. Modern political regimes: structure, typology, dynamics.
eb5383dca270e76670f19451fe0175f4897306b0	- Moscow: Interprax, 1995.
771aa873f8314878e84de526127c83985bea5cac	ISBN 5-85235-212-8 Circulation 3000 copies Con Conspiracy - (eng.).
4d8b3aaaf85e655c33bfc92f2d99cd843e068e37	PublicEye.org. Political Research Associates.
8403476a1edb6093aece1ae2b493bc463959d479	Retrieved September 13, 2014.
056773b9f52fdef6303254128b8f5273eb34d04f	↑ 1 2 3 Jamie Bartlett and Carl Miller A Bestiary of the 9/11 Truth Movement: Notes from the Front Line / / Skeptical Inquirer.
b4ffabadacdfe0a922dd849ca37d592bc8af0ce6	- 2011.
c1dc1cb688d504156e5c633b5554fa121fb6daa2	- Vol. 35.4. ↑ The man who would be king The Guardian, March 24, 1999 (English) ↑ Two reviews of " The Genealogy of St. Grail" (English) ↑ 1 2 Coleman D. Committee of 300.
84edf5d03f09843bfdf338aba6a54b47e43e7860	Secrets of the world government Moscow: Vityaz Publishing House, 2005.
d63de98fb62af9b921b4ba68384f210faed65dfe	- 320 p.
f8ee3b1aceb71c14d6c96e3c0169db0e3ee96587	ISBN 5-86523-080-8 Бит Beatles Tavistock rock experiment Hit Hitler et les sociétés secrètes, enquête sur les sources occultes du nazisme, Paris, Cercle du nouveau livre d'histoire, 1969, 367 p.
2fb2284af558b46d81c6fb4f348aea701231886c	↑ 1 2 Dugin A. G. "Conspiracy theory" Thom (English) Thomas Jones: "Short Cuts" ↑ (English)Political Research Associates: "Conspiracy" Лак Lacker U.
f73c3b96b745cd8528e9a1926d14ef2ee4d787f9	The Black Hundred: The Origin of Russian fascism.
1f8be1b5dc74bd0fd23b04af7ed989864182019a	- M.: Text, 1999.
3443ea60606345e8134b837bbe7b86e5859f76a8	72 — - 432 p.
ce2d5e21b41102129c96abb1639d48e176029525	— ISBN 5-7516-0001-0.
50877051df85895358d9e75452ee874c7618c0fc	The US authorities accuse tobacco companies of criminal conspiracy and demand 280 billion.
908436b8bb5b4113a4d83f56477e3cc5d7b688a6	Tape.<url> ↑ Why there is no global antivirus software conspiracy ↑ 10 Biggest Computer Security Myths Busted " Myth #9.
a59dbebde2a00994fcda633f545101c414b81b91	Security software companies write most viruses "↑ The European Commission fined the "paraffin mafia" a billion dollars / / Lenta.<url>, 01.10.2008 ↑ Daniel Estulin.
d75193675af92374044856ece693d96dd394ca7c	"Who rules the world?
599c6289e9c16a590dac2d0d5d940e401426fd69	Or the whole truth about the Bilderberg Club."
45c0c109be9c014cfe826bb882b7082d9d866d8e	- Mn.: Potpourri, 2009.
4af5b05fce60793f84e2db239bb7eca8de9c6535	- 288 p.
def809e257478bd7c09de218bb008ad25d76b3fb	ISBN 978-985-15-0466-0 Михаил Mikhail Kazinik A five minute guide to conspiracy Theories / / Esquire, 15.12.2011 ↑ (English) "Masters of the Universe Go to Camp: Inside the Bohemian Grove" by Philip Weiss, Spy Magazine, November 1989, pages 59-76.
147135d9ac26f58ac593da40cc6dab360fca3fd7	Ara Arab fascist axis (English).
9efa37082dbd46ec182494f7344cbba375b8bfc4	Conspiracy Encyclopedia.
35e3d2728f40e67c178b98029dc4cb8bdafde27d	(Accessed July 24, 2011) ↑ Bat Yeor.
a1d29405235a98ddb8d432e3378d4c50a4932d62	From the history of the Eurabia project (translated from English. Eleanor Shifrin).
be5e7216136c62b383b021522ed323423942ae58	The Eurabia Project (translated from the English by L. Gulko).
e557a8f87f8ec22fc6c988be8c901439647722cd	(Checked on July 24, 2011) ↑ Andrey MOISEENKO.
0fb07ea6a8463a1b97497e86c8062f339267fd28	Gagarin was the twelfth?
1bfbd66184708b9cfe203e5d3a57335225d390fe	/ / Komsomolskaya Pravda, 11.07.2005 Александр Alexander Zheleznyakov, Leon Rosenblum.
852a8f98b654f53f5c5ca00ea4119a7349f461c6	Was and remains the first!
13951b990de713b292dc2d90c175513b0ac1eb82	/ / News of the week (Israel), 15-24.04.2003 ↑ 1 2 3 4 George Entin "Conspiracy theory and the conspiratorial mentality" / / New and modern history. 2000.
cbc2e03f266fe8e5f98dd376028112baa75f7420	№ 1.
4b052f3de09f3db53eb79d9df3786406fe6f3d84	Pipes D. "Conspiracy: an explanation of the success and origin of the "paranoid style "" / / New Literary Review.
81c50e6b5f3c19b430e20cbb0a471f47061fff17	— 2000.
872404baa089f2e25c37e8517e2e5b4bccb1af79	Сергей Sergey Georgievich Kara Murza.
37b81811ec45bc35686f21f2d8bf92a5acdbde1f	Russia is dying?
72b9ec2fef4699375598621c897a93865f11251f	Direct and explicit threats.
14392f7eddca968826f48e49f34b3c8506253169	Yauza Press (2010).
17f7a27b77508c8c06870b4af3f77d00244f809c	↑ Katherine K. Young & Paul Nathanson (2010), Sanctifying Misandry: Goddess Ideology and the Fall of Man, McGill Queen's Press MQUP, ss. 275–, ISBN 978-0-7735-3615-9, <http://books.google.com/books?id=-kqiqToVngAC&pg=PA275> ↑ Shenon, Philip.
dd35e104f024b8dc00924bc680db70e395dd2a20	North, Poindexter and 2 Others Indicated on Iran Contra Fraud and Theft Charges, New York Times (March 17, 1988).
e66b5bcff219b8dba787e23e80d0c262ffbb8ba1	Accessed June 7, 2008.
d8190cffb43fe18a575e420c34cc467642c5a486	↑ The Iran Contra Defenders (17 September 1991), p.
fb3dadfd8a3fb5aa9ea565c7e7c6154398200788	A6.
3e8ebccd99af368d1775766b000ef1547d8137ef	Accessed January 14, 2011.
fd91b971fa33fd5e9c404686d9e149b86c858ccd	Kn Knight, Peter (2003) Conspiracy theories in American history: an encyclopedia, Volume 1;
e2305d673f7bb94cec7ab233470ae2883c539726	ABC CLIO;
376677b403d35c362cf835cea3cb75bf62b731bf	ISBN 978-1-57607-812-9 p.
00498f46e7f0f3e54e61495a23ee1803a1d5699e	18.
48a989daf8350018f4213cc3b4e8eead2f4e0369	↑ Jewett, Robert;
4e3b6714fdcd745086a7c946ca8e6c9ea4376abe	John Shelton Lawrence (2004) Captain America and the crusade against evil: the dilemma of zealous nationalism Wm.
a9f24f60805d868777c581a8da34f70f8f12918e	B. Eerdmans Publishing p. 206.
a2f3cf769eb12ebdb5b0f36026dc9b9c518aaf1a	↑ Olmsted, Kathryn S. (2011) Real Enemies: Conspiracy Theories and American Democracy, World War I to 9/11 Oxford University Press p.
40252e7260534e5db5078450f55f7c79410c8503	8. ↑ Whitfield, Stephen J. (2004) A companion to 20th centur y America Wiley Blackwell ISBN 978-0-631-21100-6 p. 136.
8d135d91ddd0d0421c77265ecf339bd7a2cbe4d4	Scientific and journalistic works[edit / edit wiki text]
094f65994773dff1ac6f3e6248737e413e51389c	Bagdasaryan V. E. "Conspiracy theory" in the Russian historiography of the second half of the XIX XX centuries M., 1999 Nemirovsky V. G. Secret societies and conspirators.
47d00f5e86b10a70befa28f7b981b6b02adcc8d3	- St. Petersburg: Peter, 2007.
114552a74467f79ed126a919251985ffa521d38e	- 240 p — - 4000 copies.
0ecda5ae1f7f4667b0bd8e895d1228d32d84d481	— ISBN 978-5-91180-549-4.
c82fd26bb31ab57aa8a89539ac9f6a1782ad3480	Peter Knight Conspiracy Culture Ultraculture 2.0 M., 2010 Pipes D. Conspiracy.
de8ac8e42b4a7e577e45ce20c5171e7bc5a05e65	Mania of persecution in the Minds of Politicians = Conspiracy: How the Paranoid Style Flourishes and Where It Comes From / (D. Zavolsky lane).
894bac16ef570956f49d2b22c37a43402a6cfbcd	- New chronograph, 2008 — - 336 p — - 2000 copies.
cfb79b626f11294e0684c114177b0a97c3aee9be	— ISBN 978-5-94881-055-3.
c956736bda6210d45e0277729cb5e780dad93e6e	George Entin "Conspiracy theory and the conspiratorial mentality" / / New and modern history. 2000.
f34f281940f98c8f05b9c61468ad78c34a3f65d5	№ 1).
20e24e39cc6bda9bd44f17ee19224c28afe8ee9c	Ralph Epperson The Invisible Hand.
3c73fb11775e3b8fc7f8a711d5f5e1dc2448d750	Introduction to the View of History as a Conspiracy The social consequences of conspiracy: Exposure to conspiracy theories reduces intentions to engage in politics and to reduce one's carbon footprint
12dd5a9f8ebd41985d0a2ee3aade99b2bb3dcfd5	Conspiracy works[edit / edit wiki text]
64c1fee8f22bdb7f96b71187ed97a6fa5ec6b09c	A. A. Autorkhanov "The riddle of Stalin's death (the Beria conspiracy) "A. Dugin " Conspiracy theory".
03c30745a1b4b3d308c0a4a86abf3c1955576c5d	Moscow, 1993 (ISBN 5-85928-010-6), 2005 (ISBN 5-902322-03-0) John Coleman.
86b8c791ec2dfe7c92db7404414adac7f2ff35a6	"The Committee of Three Hundred.
2c26d0f0300005cba9d99cb6cae8aa9a971ca286	Secrets of the world government " S. Nilus.
6c4a1be49c767567981310a61a36c03de6c3b70a	"Protocols of the Elders of Zion" K. P. Petrov "Secrets of the management of mankind" ISBN 978-5-91047-002-0 Douglas Reed.
a3674975336c968868d4cbd2dbbdc7733ab570d6	"The dispute about Zion. 2500 years of the Jewish conspiracy.
07370920e9fb9e7fc26a212065d727a47e5c9f39	" Ralph Epperson.
e10d43f322bc36b3b01ce3ecfc22f90e40be06cc	"The invisible hand.
173a64973b9c4e723cb6e3e9ce26b408a8904bc3	Introduction to the View of History as a Conspiracy" ISBN 5-88857-013-3
bbe85e622dd89931d4ce955d870949a4e0fbe654	Movies[edit / edit wiki text]
b513024cdc5bb58b66f39e4dc20cf8ff28f90158	The Zeitgeist, the Zeitgeist: The App and the Zeitgeist: The Next Step Peter Joseph's documentaries about the "religious conspiracy", about the September 11 conspiracy theory and about the US Federal Reserve financial conspiracy theory.
f8846ea5b43907c5d07fa9c0c4b596b84efb337b	The Empire of Good is a documentary film about US politics.
ac0aa4a54cdf4db45ff2d82a382f54b32f447e1f	It was shown on the Russia channel.
ac842350981a9ba354302773377aa790fb3090e4	The Secret is a 2006 American documentary film.
384efd73009f311c00c89ea0aac005ffcdc4eb39	At the beginning, several shots are shown with people (presumably high ranking officials) who agree with something.
cbe372c0065b4e91fd022cdb52f433c77711e9fa	From the context, it is clear that we are talking about a conspiracy theory ("The secret was carefully hidden").
63264195e99142725e7a45d9ba68486e823f8d9d	Loose change (film) is another film about the September 11 conspiracy theory.
3e23401cc8d7dfa6f8f6db5b7846c0fb4c6c5737	Dark Skies is a miniseries about a conspiracy to hide the truth about UFOs and aliens.
6f1f7fe7321ccc3ff2316082bb68884d0c201138	Conspiracy Theory (film) is a feature film directed by Richard Donner.
a7774c9847fac7c662e3ededddc15b64728c9461	The main character is obsessed with the paranoid idea that conspiracies are being plotted around.
16183da34628dbc75840a735b0bea6725c15d9e8	Utopia (mini series)
5f7c4d05fc2624ec56abddcafdc59a138154e313	- a series about a conspiracy theory against the population of the planet.
eebef37ebf95e10e8c9f3bb15e465c02a1e3b440	Fiction[edit / edit wiki text]
8d8439b11c09e38f66ab9bbe1327deb9b012d3c1	Sergey Sergeyevich Tarmashev.
9f223682eb7213b59c30816dd9715cfea1a00eb0	The novels "Heritage", "Heritage 2", which tell, among other things, about the conspiracy of the owners of the largest companies and corporations who want to seize the food market with the help of the production of genetically modified organisms.
a24c89cdd3be3e1bb88a8fc4db25ac0483c2b03a	James Grady.
48602e193a4db16a6ac554327fa9d1f0fa9ea660	"Six Days of the Condor" ("Six Days of the Condor"), a novel by Dan Brown.
dcd7182392d0e96b1b03b66c3f48ab8ad2af30a4	"The Da Vinci Code"," Angels and Demons " by Umberto Eco.
816c2f542216ecbe442d019f9c0b6b1ae81d6ecc	"Foucault's Pendulum" by Anatoly Gladilin.
74186dbbfd47962a0bcf45ec8555423a2af0428d	"The Shadow of the Horseman" by Oleg Markeev.
45425040e283016577c815f46ac859c6dbb9c112	The Wanderer cycle by Lawrence Norfolk.
af3b5b83736a1504f52659e2aebbae627ab01708	"The Lamprier Dictionary" by Thomas Pynchon.
860b459446fb67c1cba5a327b44a5803f6077de1	"Lot 49 is being shouted out" by Neil Stevenson.
dc47ee2ec95de1b096ba5bc20f71344bb9dcac8a	"Cryptonomicon" by Alex Tarn.
487abe43e9572bf5949679f94e5ec6ab338c99f8	"The Protocols of the Elders of Zion" by Alexander Eckstein.
32707a57a51de19b1d2d42c11138207fcef989dd	"People of the Full Moon" by Robert Wilson, Robert Shea.
086552449b89af1c45c57acdebb2d589aa7275df	"The Illuminatus!"
09693c98e014c546d6cd1c52330a80800f41af5d	Trilogy»)
301f7031dffb8d5b6d0b467b097a2d2fb9e764da	Dugin A. G. "Conspiracy theory has become vulgar".
38e1ffa4ed04bfc7a9ce8a439cd478bbdf06b7f7	Conspiracy theory.
3ec523b96166f36eca19c097ae278d14b5672eab	Peter Knight mapped the vast expanses of American paranoia by the BBC: "Does a conspiracy theorist live in each of us?"
2afea475e8c18b53c63e82330b1fd98de786b694	A big city.
5c344000c3977d96a408f1c51815fd3d3f53faf3	Article "And the authorities hide" A.
1f90ead12e43b5b1c271cf14116b17b6ed213f85	A. Wasserman The basics and axioms of historical conspiracy theory Dugin A. G. "Conspiracy theory".
189186812d636ef04a1460ef49315c40dacb1cfb	Moscow, 1993, 2005;
bdf5cfccce14ab1b26b879b2973184fefa9c2a8f	Computerra: No.
9372efd89a05f42ffd71eaa4758c6689b1cd1737	14 (538)
ff8cf9f9fd56c7c151db2f45b621c40b8d797086	April 13, 2004 Issue subject: "In search of a conspiracy" Kiwi Bird Conspiracies as a way of life Oleg Kireev In the networks Mikhail Vannakh A few words about conspiracy studies and high technologies
9f9a1a0683b89ccd27a2c03d6771a065faa203c0	Alexander Panchenko.
ed3084854dbb13f019239c2f924575a4d39c3d30	"Conspiracy Theory" and modern religious culture (video)
35a1f8ab7acbb6b12da31a5cc0f8cb2d840709b2	To improve this article, it is desirable:
de648c2a0fe33a62244b716e9ea70f2427265880	Find and issue links to independent authoritative sources confirming what has been written in the form of footnotes.
cdc9811adb90d20fcb329ab36a37b281311cc91e	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conspiracy Theory&oldid=83665893"
0c6bda95a2a877d3d1db85413a9d36ffa252361d	Category: Conspiracy Theories
8b2cf4c934f692bd79913107065a0804c37edbdb	Hidden Categories: Pages using magic Links ISBN Wikipedia:Redirects instead of Wikipedia articles:No sources since January 2016 Wikipedia:Articles with statements without sources for more than 14 days Wikipedia:Articles without sources (type: not specified) Wikipedia:No sources since May 2016 Wikipedia:Articles without links to sources
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2bb20b11a82769a8fef7c549a1a86076666a3e98	Wikimedia Commons
550656ab25bfaf15832a1c87c0cfcdda14efc1b1	Alemannisch العربية مصرى Azərbaycanca Boarisch Belarusian Bulgarian বাংলা Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cushla Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Suomi Français Galego עברית हिन्दी Hrvatski Magyar Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano 日本語 ქართული 한국어 Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Macedonian Bahasa Melayu മലയാളം Nederlands Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română संस्कृतम् Srpskohrvatski / srpskohrvatski සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Srpski Slovenscina / srpski Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Ukrainian اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Bân lâm gú
9e74b6f5a96d346f685f97903944721e92657828	Last modified on this page: 15: 24, February 14, 2017.
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843de1e48ee5f95ffff19c3971268b7b8387caf1	Material from Lurkmore
67a2f73fdd6ba8b55293bc5e32d724426548c913	ZIONIST OCCUPATION GOVERNMENT We still found out about us, but no one will hurt you all shit.
970b229bff93c4e4631604986433ce9ad162e884	You can live longer.
a0740ddb8a72eb7e293fe2e8a4beeed14ccc9f57	"Donot you know?
8c338ae9a9d5553cc198618c7a8cf25d13aa52f4	They are all in collusion — the Jews, the Vatican, the dictators, and the Democrats
eef39489a64209f9cd6823ab5d4f14b6a352466f	"- C. S. Lewis, "The Dissolution of Marriage".
a8e489a9825c02803b91297b3f7eab80d6812746	"...- This is nonsense, everything is very clear in this investigation.
8eb846a0f4f4716f52165eb6e418cb1167d24a65	— That's what 'they' want you to think.
2768047f25047915bbc00a8fa6df8e8cfa515509	"Sir, we are 'they'.
53688bb4ff091e1aa6db59cd7490845fb08b3283	— - The King of the Mountain
176ccea6fdab457380f1410d0a02df4271372de1	Delivering a breakdown of the covers
81677bd7c0121ee9bcb8c1eb864e04759002677f	The conspiracy theory is an attempt to explain the origin of a certain event in a completely different way than the authorities tell the masses about it, which has grown into an unshakable belief that in fact it was the result of a secret conspiracy of certain persons.
c6f2b3718de04f777378624190a0235457551aa2	To make it more scientific and conspiratorial, supporters of conspiracy theories like to call their activities "conspiracy theory", that is, the science of conspiracies.
dd05d00e473d8774469be17d39c13717f752abeb	1 Conspiracies 2 Variations 2.1 Secret Society 2.2 Concealment of the Truth by the Authorities 2.3 Crypto History 2.4 Examples 2.5 Is Not
399bc0b36fd2e62559c34c0bdd5ba1c1f4c689cf	3 Anamnesis 4 Treatment 5 Trolling 6 Actually 7 Gallery 8 Links 9 Donot see also 10 Notes
4558644210287b54229478db4a2812730fed4821	[edit] Conspiracies
730c7984be86e8e5a0678943415066695f8626aa	"Two cows on a farm are talking: - Imagine, people keep us only to milk, and then kill us for meat.
ee1ea722ac289ce673c460287fb873f39dfacde3	- Listen, these conspiracy theories of yours are fucked up!
a3d7ad07c1dc8e03db14070d93335a822bc62e61	"- Anecdote
cb9e386e078b84c39c7b7105e7f52aad346c85f6	Sabzh in folk art
c64857c25d46c73cc3fa08b72a2edf5fd5f9af27	◄ ►
95fb309e956274832d7f516d53086cc5647502dc	The whole essence of hardcore conspiracy theories, during this program, a conspiracy was also made up under the guise of a joke
990c0795cb19bcf801c2f616afd5706d2248c28b	A brief essence of ZOG in one song
b9ff8fa332a40b9df9780ced25ad179b7e6a6586	Conspiracy theories are nothing more than the inventions of paranoids
c5626f6e7cdcddea8b5915fd15860406659e0bb2	Noize MC Conspiracy
42e2246cbdec9c432419f06263814ec37594dcd8	Actually, there is nothing wrong with the conspiracy theory itself — there really were, are and will be conspiracies, and the assumption of their existence is not yet a reason to prescribe haloperidol to the patient.
13e04f762d29a793e65b3cb5a7ca56daa13dbed2	A full fledged conspiracy requires only a group of people (at least two) and a plan conceived and carried out in secret from the others.
2f5381b9bc1c015c6491ba3f0d4e879aaa47323b	The situation is not so rare, if you look at it.
fea5e04de2757b07d1fbc82de0db83a2f75a25d3	A plan secretly conceived and carried out by one person can hardly formally be considered a conspiracy, except for very marginal cases (see, for example, Fight Club).
19666901c7761fee3eeb2fcfa8da25642efec567	For example, to gather a crowd, steal a cow from a neighbor at night, sell it, and with the money you get, buy a box of vodka and get drunk, or, there, get to the post of chairman of the collective farm, so that you can turn your fellow villagers around also a conspiracy, redneck style.
d88988215e60c46f53584ec94166fbb75182b624	Work, of course, is not the only thing that is affected by the machinations of the conspirators: Did not give a chick?
55becfbc3e7e64937650538db239b683f7e0e4af	ZOG is to blame.
be52e1cc5da997677237d3ebf7887178ce820361	Has a wart grown on the cock?
411c52a6d5eea77f75641afff68c8e382ec5d644	So, the aliens, embracing the special services, took you into account.
8f2196c2fc93e1bacbb35d8900bdb924e27048c9	Stepped in dog shit?
3c643243afc38130e08e604bf02ab4977c8c6338	Hey… And these, my brother, are Jew Masons.
f74a689c945870f1fcfac56c508d5d9b7c69743c	[edit] Variations
bdad6c0860d1d5fe52bc6a157fd23243b6b8ed10	[edit] Secret Society
c7f412f9e6ad7a279cdc59e01a916bf0ee7e0a32	PEOPLE!!!!!
0aff28267ca267ecd9550b28d0c56152c7e58f6e	KNOW!!
25d8c40987f8bca53518d119bf86c65a5835adac	THE PLANET IS RULED BY ZOG!!
600b838c91383c9f720fd84443a601396f39d85f	Everyman
acc2328dd0b144c97888996556868347e15d39d8	Serious people are not interested in playing hide and seek
3396ad6ad548955d993444146a12f2dc8984ce13	At the center of the conspiracy theory are people who are appointed by the will of conspiracy phages to be omnipotent.
aef7994aa22ae01f0b73a7ceba852f0559974490	The main features of such a society are globality, secrecy, omnipotence and, of course, malicious intent.
e70a09616a0cf062eae7717285d9e6a7576ff27d	Sometimes this is supplemented by an extensive system of influential henchmen who, sometimes unconsciously, fulfill the evil will of the conspirators.
8cf99a6ea378b26f5e6d1eed2b3add984df2d623	This society has been trying to take over the world for a long time and still canot, or it has captured and is trying to destroy it and canot in any way.
51ffb86b70d0e7578f26b706d1c4bcff660c027a	The classics of the genre are, of course, jews and Freemasons.
70791dc9dfb176e4c81c6fcf85386a4dc2302776	Both of them have always been an ideal target for conspiracy theories because of their prevalence, isolation and closeness, so the idea of combining the two currents within the framework of the wave particle Judeo Masonic dualism appealed to the adherents of both beliefs.
33835a96792f7b8d7f23a1def1cdae8b1ce98671	From the stuffing on this topic of the late 19th — early 20th centuries, we can note the works of the winrar troll Leo Taxil, as well as the"Protocols of the Elders of Zion".
87df11f9435114226d17cb61f9f48195d02008b9	From the much loved ZOG bitards, the covers began to be torn off only in the 1970s as a development of the previous concept.
a8a006cae54024bfc856df401b28046c13779c6c	Also, in a sense, the analogue of a secret society is the MPH in the view of feminists, which unselfishly brings joy to every TP evil, whose will is global, and which forces itself to hide.
f6a8258ca0540d195520c751ca14fcc007c3a816	[edit] Concealment of the truth by the authorities
da796d1e2fbd798ff34daf7447bb29e31387a882	It pops up especially vividly immediately after another plane crash or shipwreck.
4b81f2e3fd2e1a39f423070f438cdd54dd60791d	The people are waiting for details immediately and immediately, any delay is perceived as a concealment of the truth in favor of corporations (the Boeing fell — the pindos paid for silence, the Tu 154 fell — the authorities hide the state of the Russian aviation industry).
9cc213af627ce27b76ecb6cffe41b7de654adecf	In reality, everything is much more prosaic: when the official commission, yes, finishes the investigation (and this can happen in a year or two after the incident), the boiling of shit, as a rule, has long stopped, and the topic is forgotten.
e581c44262a6d562af75babeca0aea77ff2026b4	However, sometimes there are funny characters who are ready to prove the existence of a conspiracy for decades[1].
d4871863f358006d25f4ec7abb8e92cd653dab3e	[edit] Crypto History
d0d024b9ba4d4bef94d0d655859605329dc547fd	"Everything can be, and everything can be, and only that cannot be, which absolutely cannot be.
6a8d66cc05c4d53c52c5b1cb9b4dac4d901ebab4	Although... and it can be.
55f20179b416d369203bd0d1b46fd50f1cab94f7	"- Attributed to highwind
e499be674600080023d3f8885e6b5940351f2b7c	It is an original description of history, revealing to the layman the Truth about the Past, hitherto hidden by the machinations of the previous two variations.
5350e915690aa7cc471b6dcdf811da8a46a3f635	Most conspiracy theories involve an "alternative" representation of known historical facts, but sometimes this is the whole essence of the theory.
942eefce7025f5b4fbfd8237e3be7722f1beaa3a	For example, Fomenko and Nosovsky are known to the general public as the authors of an alternative historiography consisting of mutually exclusive paragraphs a little more than completely.
7b376a83a3bc9e867cbe86df23d9b0a5f310c0bb	[edit] Examples
ecd9e26722b0a1f4765bd66f0dacaa630c1615ad	A clear example of the model of the Jewish Masonic conspiracy.
0a12855cdb3ab73b3a33b2a1d7aae999238aadd3	The problem in this case is posed as globally and uncompromisingly as possible: the subject of the conspiracy is the whole world, the main conspirator is God, and you are the very person against whom the conspiracy is directed in fact, the whole meaning of your existence is at stake.
2d8af1ba9c231ea07c4123e19ab0d2b6cbb7473d	And you also happened to become the main (and only possible) whistleblower.
d38125d632db998910cdb89c0e98d5f59929c228	All further conspiracy theories quite predictably lost in the globality and / or in the acuteness of the issues raised, which, however, is not surprising: an ordinary Hollywood superhero will involuntarily drop his hands before the grandiosity of the enemy and his plan.
c88d54a7e46b5b232bcd58134f2f55501e3eead8	The happy ending is canceled.
bdd033257f99a23761b4ea6acbc4196e4d32695f	Mission impossible.
51f93e988f8946569546377e8fca0fcfffb14234	"Protocols of the Elders of Zion".
760b39c420144379525c8861d0b3a45ca742997b	The product of one of the longest running conspiracy theories.
7725a7d6710521da7d8f3a97d21204f08873ef57	For a number of reasons, it is especially popular in this country.
09e3dee7e7b54faca69bb55abab558c2b94242f3	"The Testament of Peter I".
af9bb1c06d0bad6c225b843e92609b5f301795fe	The epic text comes from the XIX century, composed by a French diplomat.
b54955ca7aa1ea55816b8452f543a21bb56f0a43	The evil Russian Peter came up with how "it should divide and conquer the whole of Europe".
da7997c383be6e49bcac67e9e3d34b29762b0d2f	It surfaced from the very beginning, was forced first by Napoleon, then by the British Empire (see the Crimean War).
c4ab46e20fe65b449a2bb858c84f4fab9fd598e1	In the 90s, the idea was put on the shelf, and with the arrival of Putin (he hung a portrait of Peter in his office), it was again extracted from mothballs to scare American hamsters.
d1bdae1041eddf9645ee14ad50ea5ee3692e1bfc	"Beria held an amnesty in order to destabilize the situation in the country and legitimize his power."
a46427d0e638d34fcd9a0dbce351e8d83198e3c0	The malicious intent is obvious, as is the attempt to hide it.
6563e534a344092a2936b1711168f3da78676111	"The Pindos didnot land on the moon, everything was filmed in Hollywood."
42b7b7c3cb08dd52a96926fc0d9fa3bb91aa2a1e	Pain for the Motherland.
2e95bf605591bd97993b6b7efc027ccd79ac5ee8	Sputnik, Gagarin, Leonov.
5dba66b0a662cb836f0615484140fabaaf178f07	The final point is the Moon.
9aaec5753957765c46160fd000683dc34786ec15	And here the pindos are moving their ass a little faster than the USSR and they are shitting the entire victory line.
57f9a206034f1143198453461bdfda547f5484d4	Tellingly, this shit was invented in the USA itself, and it also has the lion's share of fans there; in Rashka, this is what they lubricate their butthert, mainly potsreots.
f775d51acfc358223acf1a26d42e5af19a2ff12c	"Kennedy was killed by THEIR henchmen."
ca624e70cb2a5bb6148807cfa2e05cc74fb7f4e9	This is also a classic case.
5f86460463167e91aea8dc2c4e28f6c10ff4b9f5	"The Dulles Plan" is a variation on the theme of "Protocols", only in the realities of the Cold War.
ffcaf9c2ad07d3c98823769a9293f7d960f8907b	"The twin Towers were blown up by the Yankees themselves."
3321dec78901bd556be7a487f018ecf7f0f3dbd6	Classic of the genre.
7a913dd1938846715d503e4bbe7468dfc4e3a14a	"Barack Obama was framed to blame him for the Global Crisis."
2037e5f3eaa250e53affa66fdb2b9febca7cf5cb	A modern variation.
935dfa5e5fef56c8510ce77d616494ac4f1b8ca6	This thesis of kakbe tells us that THEY did dark deeds and will continue to do so.
156c310d9e270610f08516f87c001b0679c7cdf1	"The Pentagon and the NSA have already sold the biomaterial of all mankind to aliens."
f7d3472adc311b8b9d678e2aacec97b34a39c549	UFO stories are very strongly associated with a variety of conspiracy theories.
b030980ca1f826baa776e39b4888dcd1d7668e2a	In fact, the aliens were cut out back in 1999!
a42af4a595df60e0364ff9a34aa6020ddd346db5	"Protocols of the Carpathian Sages" — the Ukrainian version on the topic of KNOR.
0adc2beb6d82a743c597a0c7fc79afa6e066e107	The Flat Earth Society is an organization founded in England and later revived in the United States, which promoted the idea of a flat Earth.
754ac40c7acb17d74ce8662990740bfc4a896ed8	The Flat Earth Society defended the idea that the Earth has the shape of a flat disk.
c5bd8447cf98538f7ff394b44a54efcc46f15c9a	According to the statements of the supporters of the society, all the governments of the Earth have concluded a global conspiracy to deceive people.
b798d0a54e3e9bea799a076d576ca5371e1a5155	The Society distributed newsletters, leaflets and similar literature that defended the flat Earth model.
2e86957f5298aefbf35c57e5932b8bd898f51916	In the person of its leaders, the society claimed that the landing of a man on the Moon was a hoax, filmed in Hollywood based on a script by Arthur C. Clarke or Stanley Kubrick.
d5b953914c20b0bcf93dea3acbc576fb88a7f0e3	The cosmology of society is as follows:
1f3373354d1a0c0393adda58d237072f20567dc6	The Earth is a flat disk 40,000 kilometers in diameter, centered around the North Pole
df8b391b9d124c8680670cf0c3953066c8732d21	The Sun and the Moon rotate above the Earth's surface.
bd48c01293976f9e6958de0a7374fbd259927164	The same thing happens with the stars.
503e15d354259935ff1deb5e6980c92b983275fc	Gravity occurs due to the fact that the Earth is moving upwards with an acceleration of 9.8 m/s2.
4fb2257e0423fb9ab83288580d35686973fbf35b	The South Pole does not exist.
1d8c4e231136f15d4fa0e3d8811eabb896cf021c	What we think of as Antarctica is an ice wall encircling the world.
4137713a6d8eb888be884dae58b61ee0888b34c7	All photos of the Earth from space are fakes
4aad26a702cf1a8fc2c0c7ed5bfaf07b75ee22a8	The distance between objects in the southern hemisphere is much greater.
9dfe948fced785bb6279431bcb103c11190c1a8b	The fact that the flights between them are faster than they should be according to the map of the flat Earth is explained by the fact that the pilots of the airliners are also involved in the conspiracy.
b8085b0a66bce718bc0c137dc9652edb95a7ed76	According to reports, when Samuel Shenton was shown photos of the Earth from orbit and asked what he thought about them, he replied: "It's easy to see how photos of this kind can fool an ignorant person."
70cb18bdc2d557707bfc69e0db0b75c29a367232	[edit] It is not
6a6b07384ecfef61b153e7e1de5fdd38f8cad77c	"The population is to blame for the Global Crisis, 95% of which are idiots" - there must be an evil intent.
f8db41d998a50cc4328828a60033da59b1f0a629	"For me, a mason standing at the control panel of the world with a cunning grin is better than running around in front of him in a panic" - nothing can be worse than a mason's insidious smile.
365fdf0cd237b5bd30507a9bcc36f60b8fea70df	The evil intent is so evil.
ce0b660e9a1933907a333e319af525b2978640ba	"Oil magnates are hindering the development of alternative fuels, because they are afraid of losing profits" - conspiratorial, but too mundane for a real conspiracy theorist.
b0f3b60d60241cb182b2b3a440818b3467e0c823	Olso, the circumstances of the death of Rudolf Diesel, the inventor of the engine named after himself, in the era of the domination of steam locomotives, and therefore coal mining companies, make you think.
99ab7933969394efda2a74b2508f2c938ff5beef	"The rotting USA/communists/liberals are to blame for everything..."
7469b145de86608f2b5bf13bad5f87cf8746bd86	- similarly, although the Universal Evil, of course, uses the levers of power available to the sabzh.
9e92be0367b415f9ab021ee858d8725cfab301a0	The presence of a group to blame for everything is a necessary, but not sufficient condition for a diagnosis.
2725510c36affa990842d694593a53a0c39b0a5b	"The Mafia is immortal and powerful" - many "facts" used to confirm the existence of a secret society, as they point to the very top echelons of power.
164bde20f4d1b1ea910aa557cdc4785e3300a333	The Mafia itself is just a tool…
cf3d3f825cedebaa21f547cd7eaa4446a3e3bd44	[edit] Anamnesis
d7064a502a48844f9da6d1c53c3f6cf772f2beba	"He saw secret Zionist symbols in the structures of buildings, the location of streets and natural phenomena.
007233d2c8642914617450809eb5a5adc6317eb8	Flipping through newspapers or magazines, he found six pointed stars placed in them as if by chance, and looking "at the light", he distinguished secret watermarks or verbal sabotage.
fe16325c4d4a25becc1d0c70de5e60de7dc8cf55	Russian Russian Song Festival is printed on one side, for example, and the title of the international article "We will never allow it" is printed on the other (together it turns out: "We will never allow a Russian Song Festival").
9c86a34959dd59164ac2661cd0f38e88e49a61a7	"- V. Voinovich
afc64ec81fc20f985f1340907d3facedaafc5a14	How it works.
fe7ff2beda03de9a5aa25e9b6ac332b2f233368c	The main advantage and reason for the spread of the disease is getting rid of cognitive dissonance.
5875540d36ac5f1555ac8dadc2b8dcf997fb5069	Even British scientists cannot compete with him in this.
f8b68b345c6d0eaf0c5b4ebc54133da0d31b34a1	Any unpleasant phenomenon or fact can be easily written into a cozy scheme, from which it becomes scary to live, but it is simple and understandable.
4a183f3e60b075882b38a2afd8e96e58502fc71e	It also makes life much easier to have just a beaver with a donkey, and not a whole zoo, according to which the roles are distributed.
ce886cf63ffd7583d9c5ab9a0088c280617c9840	At the same time, the fact that the majority does not share this opinion allows conspiracy theorists to consider themselves a non professional and reproach others for not understanding what is really happening.
87052bcbd39d808e04a02af32746d4f03313aa2c	Or even in participating in a conspiracy.
0c5f4a63fd8d53f92a4cf84bdb8d16e3400d2512	By analogy with the SPGS, the ability to justify what happened is much more intricate than the generally accepted simple version and to find a deep meaning in the most ordinary events, according to the patient's plan, as it were, should not speak of uporotost, but of a sign of a big mind capable of thinking much deeper than the hamsters around him, hypnotized by a zombie.
a38fdfe406ca608c69fa4a1167d29e6a61e6ad9b	In some cases, the machinations of hostile forces explain their own fail, which, however, is not always associated with conspiracy theory, the belief in which is sincere (otherwise it levels the therapeutic effect and leads to cognitive dissonance).
a6515830755a0851be5ba81016a105c2ae0763d0	Substances can also play a significant role in the formation of such a picture of the world.
f63432cc8df1045cb3589106b11388c919cda613	With frequent introspection and forced tension of the left hemisphere responsible for logic, the human mind comes to the conclusion that there is no absolute truth, and people (according to one of the theories) are machines that receive information, process it in a strictly defined way and pass it on.
36d0f6e82fc372a5de91840cdb0298ec621f0686	In general, from the point of view of neural networks, it is so.
cd0a73f9497d89a6fe23921805ffd70380a01964	This means that only what can be convinced of the other is real.
e2259728a8d3fe8223f530ddd5208cccbb36dcda	It works like an sql injection.
6bebbb85a9f616b851f90e74e3a5bc0252a37658	You give out such information that, when processed by the brain of a certain person, will give out a strictly defined result.
59783e82ddc6bd746096501aae05b0f671d8afb2	Here a philosophical question arises: What is better, to manipulate people, and even rule the world, bearing responsibility for everything that you do in the name of goals known only to you, or to quietly peacefully succumb to manipulation without realizing it, and not be responsible for anything, drinking beer in your Khrushchev after a hard day's work.
479274703bcf23731c797978f4462d1f5fa7760d	And anyway, how can you be sure that you are not being manipulated right now, by this very text?
d5a408895f952a83581c01c7d00294b5ff2332e4	After all, it is obvious that with a successful implementation, the victim of manipulation should not realize the fact of manipulation.
b52f496f576584601e7c44c65081cd64d06a74c5	[edit] Treatment
4d4c6f9bb8b434fd611e42ea6dacd750d8948723	"...The history of Russia is regularly rewritten.
ababe13ddfa7e1adf469255da44221325b787082	Today, every new ruler is not only trying to mix his predecessor with dirt, but also to create a new system of knowledge about the past, historical values, heroes and crimes, in which his predecessors will mechanically be in the mud.
8d3e59905c4b1bfe1bd06622bd31ab334e642b62	By doing this, he protects himself from the supporters of the departed; to some extent, this is more humane than executing them, and in our age of universal literacy and radio, the masses would have to be executed.
72c7dcab7cbc818a17c4bc18a44664c33ec4bc77	A striking example is the Romanov dynasty.
48195ba709c5c5a46006bfdc37a4aef214836c9e	Hardly anyone in Europe at that time could be put next to their titanic work of reshaping the entire previous history of the Russian Empire to suit their interests.
7226146e5dc7a5d01598e0b1102a16423991e61d	As a result, we have, at least subjectively, several parallel worlds with different histories.
1895f67ec3d1a95a36024edd3c7d2d5ef4683491	The question arises: can subjective actions to rewrite history in the future entail actual changes in the past?
48b3702e70b2c9fa507fb73eb54b52155fd91dab	Materialism answers this question in the negative…
d54ee9e9da3bfd880a2ae52b5b62eaeb6623e701	"- Oleg Izmerov, "The Task of the Empire"
735250fbeff05aa83edb17bdd29446d417984cca	The forecast is disappointing.
c19f591dfd3ca8e43657852ec4bffa4540e41ff0	It is useless to try to convince the conspiracy theorist, since the adoption of conspiracy theory is caused by a deep psychological background.
ffffee97f84fdfd6a3956495f5dabe4c7f400e8b	With the help of a few unverifiable statements[2], any set of reliable facts is easily interpreted in favor of the existence of a secret organization of Universal Evil.
c5332ab844e302b8188c2c9c2fe0355cdadfc6c0	Counter arguments are either ignored ("THEY need you to think so"), or they are distorted, or, in extreme cases, they are also included in the scheme (a small redistribution of roles does not harm the essence of the concept).
ca3c71657ac7c88df4d30156725834c4598013ab	In any case, the authorities continue to hide, evil continues to happen, THEY continue to profit from someone else's grief, and sometimes someone suddenly tears off the covers, delivering them to the agents and trolls without a hitch.
5e5f92b94cbb5faedb5bf0b5db0f13dbb7b4612a	The indication of mutually exclusive paragraphs is also not de yo.
e35c0b819820e61257ef11e9c8e3046c416d2096	And contradictions are necessarily present in all patients with KSM and are expressed, in particular, in the presence of Stalin (Lenin, Putin, Kennedy — it is necessary to substitute), leading the country out of the power of Universal Evil, which has already taken all the levers of power to its tentacles.
42954f320c41a6433370e18f2c80542a9931e0b9	[edit] Trolling
10e4ed6f2f3d4ab115246944d780419a168ffbbf	"Skeptic: Yes, there is not really a world conspiracy?
153a3879fea9e65f6f0a8f6344f36b639acb5d52	And maybe not one?
bf813e6a7ecf22729739b8e51a8a8aa70ed2b839	Stalinubergedai: Ten.
f70a76a6cef64c49d5e0972208b47d56961188b1	I counted them.
b611cb267aad62d63aafe0f6bf1bc1db3112825d	The Massons are to blame for three, the Jews for two, the Pindos for two more, the Jedi for two more and the Sith for one.
d154e14210f2fdae8ed6d8c79a2beac0637d8da3	Skeptic: Is there a Russian world conspiracy?
e41d2dd667562c209a55feea872b6254256b6f79	And then suddenly there is, and I do not participate.
39182cbb5295e8f3379c363826de9126b24a63fe	Stalinubergedai: There is.
493aa4c746a2964fe57d788a693f2fa50e4a6a8b	It consists in the fact that behind all ten are the Russians, who have long ruled the galaxy.
ba0db2b361656347094ee0b56002e1dd20e3b746	But I didnot tell you that, comrades.
071210504b9baf7b39430aed10870ac2eeb03ba1	Skeptic: Phew, a stone from the heart, I will be silent, like ice on a fish
2fb841513b964164b0b900e586a39986c7a016bd	» — http://samlib.ru/comment/a/abwow a s/zifra4?PAGE=2
fd9f0145429a6e685928d3a2e11e4bd59cbba30a	It is difficult to troll, because despite the aggressive imposition of their own opinion, the students themselves are not irritable, because they have a large arsenal to protect themselves from cognitive dissonance.
625cbefd4ed7c2bf24f83cdac2f18740150b521a	However, they themselves can be used for trolling, for example, throwing in an enchanting arrangement of points over the Crisis, exposing conspiracy theorists themselves (liberals, orange, potsreots, etc.) involved in the will of Universal Evil, forcing them to prove with foam at the mouth that there is no secret society.
e4f1be5f8d4a55dfca2e2ea6f36369b65cd8080a	The exception is the case when the student's KGM has not entered the final stage, and he is more himself a ymperts, a foshist, a commie or something like that.
79eb86b41dd94fc4611f02d569b890f336b4bf97	Then the standard approach is used for trolling.
0b9f3e275d45f0e3acf710c0c28b8289b9d963c2	[edit] Actually
3cda3009d847fd6709870b860661d0b6450531f2	"Unfortunately, I am increasingly inclined to the conclusion that the world is ruled not by a secret lodge, but by an obvious mess.
89f6c1b11a34a4c9a4a51ccadfee668dee39de02	"- Pelevin
ae86060060a16e368c32a33bf632ea55e8e62ed7	"A person brought up in the traditions of European rational thinking terribly wants social processes to be subordinated to some meaningful plan, even if it is villainous, misanthropic, but still reasonable, in the sense of rational.
f997a91b9e33dee0061ec1f9f2a290c8a72b86a0	It is easier for him to admit that the world is ruled by villainy thought out for many moves ahead, than to admit the obvious: the world is ruled by a mess – stupidity, utter incompetence and the amazing irresponsibility of Decision Makers that does not fit into the ordinary head.
bbd428bd39add839725d95569917e03df52777fa	"- K. Eskov
615ec77bd3e374300c8126694a50f89f8db98386	They're following you, %username%
27d92322289f9d8ae52da2cb5da1f9ced35c20ef	The conspiracy theory certainly exists.
842f5a9c5c83dc246a45af3ff27ddf820161c301	There's not even one of them.
8aa8055d0a98c2bdd56a1dd806258f4262f89c81	It is difficult to fight with such a theory, because as a rule, they do not fight with speculation, but with assumptions.
f902fbf3211fb519a848b19916a0d3219797f21c	Assumptions, however, quite logically follow from the existing set of postulates and the defender needs to appeal to common sense and indisputable facts.
5bbccaa0a22d90990e44305a9582738b715be6e8	But in fact, everything is much simpler.
32f636d1385d4ba19c12eac9c00d04cf0561920e	All epic refusals are explained by the so called "Hanlon's razor": you should not look for malicious intent, where everything is explained by stupidity.
ee1e74b932df01723e5ec904c60f675aebe1cc7a	In other words, the world is ruled not by a secret lodge, but by an obvious mess.
e32787b1ca5c270c59bcfc54b5d28d6fa6810f16	So that's it!
86af70bd19a3cac55cd619824deb591b77d5d113	You can check out the point by point debriefing here.
b48056b16b2600830a58fabbc52adeebcb72645b	In addition, Onotole, with a slight effort of a few nerve cells of one of his spare mosks, decomposed all the activities of the conspirators into components, giving Anonymus the pleasure of kosher copy paste.
102d6c42d71abefc1a263266a0ef2fa567e0f627	Canonical mutually exclusive paragraphs as is!
4763dec6378b8009bf6873a41bf765aaceb5bfc9	The reasons for everything that happens in the world are complex and hidden from ordinary mortals.
f052ba5db20605d601c7f46bad6b57771c607190	The reasons for everything that is happening in the world are simple and obvious to a conspiracy theorist.
fb3f08f1dd5a1377cafced40dce97f03a5db7cf6	The conspirators are so cunning that even the smartest of their contemporaries, under the most favorable circumstances, it is difficult to notice their deeds.
5fa11dbf0698f040141acc211c0b69636d8fb1eb	The conspirators are so primitive that even after decades and centuries, it is possible to reveal their deeds and expose their plans, including unfulfilled ones.
0b290b1c5651bdf34c082e5dd7abb962d4249bc5	Any statement of classical science that is inconvenient for a conspiracy theorist is obviously false and is part of a conspiracy or its consequence.
394ecb6871b0177cbf12f95f70a300e626c370cd	Any assumption of one conspiracy theorist, any other conspiracy theorist has the right, if desired, to consider an indisputable and strictly proven truth.
765eb51a757b0e1ccfcf158e8a93e8b329380c38	Any fact that does not fit into the picture of the conspiracy is undoubtedly irrelevant or even invented by the conspirators for disguise.
0d7bbb38e84e4ffb987b54eac7ed79fe516d7e1b	Any fact that supports the picture of a conspiracy is undoubtedly real and reliable, even if it has just been invented by the conspiracy theorist himself.
17c61d507685df71cabdff621573d1ffeb7f2653	Archival documents are part of a conspiracy prepared to deceive later researchers.
6d40fd6f07bb8170af69d84177c0716aad340000	Archival documents are unquestionable if they are quoted selectively, excluding all fragments that contradict the conspiracy theory.
c2020dd722086bf9189863a48e8303336e7916d1	The memoirs are unmistakable and reveal the smallest details of events, even if they directly contradict all the documents or even are openly self promoting and fantastic.
0725fcdca76c2a5c14ec12a4f67922c9c702bb03	The memoirs are full of mistakes and cannot refute any version of events — even if it corresponds to the documents, even if it is fantastic.
6bda7e72c15270c7ce4d28076a817565c9e05b52	The fact that the conspiracy theorist for some reason did not bother to get acquainted with does not exist, even if it is known to all his opponents.
d4da81592f71d1e5ff66f037e3c03d29f2e473dd	A fact mentioned at least in passing by one conspiracy theorist, anyone else can, if they wish, recognize as undoubtedly existing and use it to prove their theory, even if it directly contradicts the one in connection with which this fact was originally mentioned.
dcb22c50468efed86b51333013c60b40c3960e37	Opponents of a conspiracy theorist are obliged to behave perfectly correctly; the slightest sharpness on their part is considered as an admission of the absence of arguments and indisputable evidence of their ignorance, groundlessness, mental inferiority.
9d09c054e3b10e3fc17a2587072ba378e000781f	The opponents of the conspiracy theorist are obviously ignorant, groundless, mentally deficient and do not have arguments, in which they can be constantly accused with any harsh words and expressions, without caring in any way about correctness.
604aec7be6c07b8a7d7a40905d12367cec104bc5	Onotole
9d2c8d022fc7d4fe5408018fe1dd33ed75c4003d	In addition, you should always pay attention to the occupation of conspiracy theorists who assume control over humanity.
cad15d70b1369ec1768f26e3dd653952e07723d1	As a rule, these are people who are not able to cope even with a team of three people.
04cd32542532ec1e386b1bbce38cd9828077440b	And yet, all of the above does not mean that throughout the history of mankind in the peys, Jews do not sell the meat of unbaptized Orthodox Russian babies to aliens from Sirius with the tacit consent of the US State Department.
d3bb1cd1090dd7365ead57f03f00d22e71cc9dc5	[edit] Gallery
94597b1fd0b2442d8460b08a08e07996647bc0f3	This is obvious to every conspiracy theorist
da1fdd86e8c672a7d055e5bcdb87b3e3e65ca414	Freemasons
fd75a406ccd7e4c67effccf2e0ed4a91fa2f3f20	They're obviously up to something…
7fe98cacb9921a86c2c453313e18bca407dce282	He knows something
6632bd771a4d641abfcf40ea3c7a8c33b6135924	Elections in Russia
1c3d93b7bb8c91907abed4fb78a297c4da9699b2	[edit] Links
0e5bd258bcf811939e5034d0e5ca321b5c332947	The Big Conspiracy Theory.
3ce8b3eb4e20e4767fd8e78e679b540cfc10b248	Conspiracy gurus have released the third season of fearless revelations!
9a5e1b44642e894015840c577135b0f9bfb98d25	Khazin's ward.
579e3a17e4579874fc4b9856c3a50634222e13a2	The term "global financial backstage" is heard in almost every program.
f7fe6f07744be77770f073b3fd66fd665339e77b	Guidebook catalog on conspiracy theories by Alexander Gelich Dugin (with brief excursions into the author's violent subconscious).
ab637587c6558a096e5102f7c5deb72aeb1cd60f	ckotinko is an exemplary patient with a terminal stage of conspiracy.
2f04ce93cb1d3b98e7a5710f3106c63e01b87b8f	Freemasons, Illuminati, Communists, everything.
4eb1b316edeab9e69e84a2f6d472b8f12e594016	Open Your Mind Illuminati Symbolism delivering a breakdown of veils.
0c31e27bc6cd589b3bb0eaef3877c4ac1051e265	Briefly about conspiracy theories from Onotole himself.
73d40441e9fdad0a1f51f2be4a0cfff64b7ecb24	The Cold War is a collection of conspiracy theories about everything in the world.
5c67613aa6cedca94e3f07dd3d66e05ff5fd0a27	List of conspiracy theories and a List of existing political conspiracies (in English)
a1d010d723b5625f837a5000068dbf062384cd97	The insidious Plans of the Greys This is not talked about either on TV or in the media.
147762da0802437b27c1328daad4682094e2b6b2	A thematic plaque.
478ee18b06fe3ac836b4cf97e944735e051fbab0	A set of classic conspiracy hackers.
aa38e190daaa31729b3901978e01b6b3db1a7576	Conspiracy theory for dummies.
68ff68d0d476d01bb5dfa98558a0d6ca3b82529d	A course of lectures on conspiracy theory.
ec5122fa0404222dd9134f576b2ef6c8dffe1635	KPE adds fuel to the devils.
d4435fc076149b20281bd1016718488966695620	About how everything happens: the breaking of the covers and the cracking of templates.
f8314eb586faf8d9143fa57cbf88c76351af6cc3	Global genocide.
08466b54ed5092f16f2ce5676b9e9383fea8f379	Obvious facts and an adequate analysis.
06d347f7722d900000aeae4a1d8d5e459019e31e	Part 1/1385.
ff1ff0a929fd275300927209f8c7e1701a6be1f2	Part 2/1781.
372be2d61e53b7d26e4e823d2eff73ce06285f72	Conspiracy theories that turned out to be true
b62005b0b0d13598bf593a49c5fa8313e90f10f3	[edit] Donot see also
535af61c7451b59811a1f99b797ad2884974a844	Inappropriate artifact
41c3590cae2be9470b33b4076e32b492291ecede	And the authorities are hiding
a5de40959791d8e0a917ea6f8b2b0afa737369f1	«Zeitgeist»
dbdc09a9ba7a484d68661fc463306dc77d36e2f7	Mukhin
1128037ce71f5fb537569c11b34caebeb4e2ae9b	COB
d05b76cd428b06622860325581873575211512f5	Reptiloids
8026a9f3874d830c8ac998837640205b3df5dfcb	ZOG
e5d146caf1d8377ffd220d508eec2018d2215a23	The Golden Billion
9ec26ea7dfac8d75ed2e4ced6b66f1f819bce395	Lunar Conspiracy
009a5fb2c027a8eb2efd544b6e7ad2aff62a49a9	[edit] Notes
635c71d6dba3cdfd261408a4e389fded9441e2ff	Эстония The ferry "Estonia", a Korean Boeing shot down by a Soviet fighter in 1983, thousands of them.
97d6feaa59627a6e12cc9630f2910dc4f571ee35	↑ Try to prove that the crash of Kursk was not staged, or that the general was accidentally on the fallen plane.
3a8bb7943075225cbd0187cc68be0e658a20abd8	[ ✡ ] ZOG does not sleep, ZOG does not sleep beware,!
e673fed55905eeb37efbdcafe4f3b3e8c55e09b3	7it.
ea35b276b4468949bf044bba9359e80c3f31eccf	Meta Anti globalism * YERZH • Ass Holism • Global Financial Crisis • Consumer Society • Paranoia • Population Census • Psiterror • Conspiracy Theory • System • Urban Legends of the Organization Facebook • Google • NHK • SCP • WikiLeaks • ZOG • Washington Regional Committee • State Department • Bloody Gibnya • Freemasons • Mossad * NATO • Opposition • SOUP • FBI • FSB People AlexSword • Klimov • Men in Black • Petukhov • Psychonauts • Sklyarov • Starikov • Fomenko • Khazin * 25th frame • Backmasking • Bitcoin • F 19 • Fraternization • Global Warming • GMOs • The Dreyfus Case • Bookmarks • Zombie Apocalypse • Identification • Kabbalah • KOB • Numbered Radio Stations • The Dulles Plan • The Helmholtz Resonator • Terrorism • Black Helicopters • Shulkhan Arukh• Falsification of History • PR Memes 2012 • Zeitgeist • And the authorities are hiding • An Englishwoman is shitting • The Wyoming incident • A Paranoid's Nest • A State secret • A banned video * Zone 51 • A Lunar conspiracy • Metro 2 • Not everyone will live to winter • SDV • September 11 • Yuggot
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5bdd6923828502da0a96a466746f6f2425939ed7	Categories: Conspiracy Theories Basics
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b3110c8db5c19caee0c8193518e16ac59df16319	Home Politics Power (Kratology) Conspiracy Theories: how to distinguish the solid ground of facts from the swamp of fiction
38c667f18187a5533125c7c6bc04d7cd4c58948c	Conspiracy theories: how to distinguish the solid ground of facts from the swamp of fiction
08705d8d7a1016c8b704bf8d0a716e8de66114a4	Uncertainty and ambiguity make it possible for conspirationism to penetrate from the periphery to the center of public life.
abb4bd088733f58e7e5c8a964cac02e8a8a21f9f	Fortunately, we have the tools at our disposal to determine that we are facing a fiction or a conspiracy theory.
105eaa6714d20a534aa6661da81d83cc37b411c8	These tools include: common sense, knowledge of history and the ability to recognize stereotypes and cliches.
adcc985702bd780158d901f6f8a0fccb14d4ec6d	Author: Daniel Pipes, researcher at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, professor at Harvard University.
a56325cdf03c26ac83044738e996b7a713afd1df	The material is published in an abridged and adapted translation from English.
7ce70f6699614c382173634488cde6e8c432cd4f	Distinguishing between real and imaginary conspiracies or conspiracies and conspiracy theories is an absolutely necessary process.
4aa061821f84a07361e96e0cad81d782b5b1a0f6	It is impossible to put on the same level the warnings of Winston Churchill about the secret intentions of the Nazis that sounded in the 1930s and the delusional fabrications of his contemporary Hitler about a Jewish conspiracy.
365e95230c84be043555473dddc1c8b5e425d23f	It is necessary to clearly distinguish the solid ground of facts from the swamp of fiction, since it is this uncertainty that makes it possible for conspirationism to penetrate from the periphery to the center of public life.
b59b20b40a6c514426b9c26f000c44f86ade5108	1. Common sense
f293ec835746ec3971ed272110b56162be0720ff	As the logician noted, " when we put forward a hypothesis to explain something, we are not acting in a vacuum.
7e7921c3c3341f23ff9056b943646ba2df12a747	We have an extensive knowledge base consisting of beliefs, principles and theories supported by numerous proofs on our part."
dc9dc5b8ca4fdcdcdb5262cc811ac30232849411	Take, for example, the case of the assassination of John F. Kennedy.
f686fcb1079016faf0fcf78b693c7407cdf05a7c	It made no sense for a certain force to choose Lee Harvey Oswald, because too many participants would be involved in the conspiracy.
6a7dc8fcee7f24d0e68f95b2f1360ee4dc1c2977	In order for Oswald to be in the building of the Texas book warehouse, from which he could make a well aimed shot at the Kennedy motorcade, it would take the coordinated actions of four people, and hundreds of people would be involved in the entire operation.
4c35ed4962f56c54dc709725e209b44c772e191d	This contradicts the logical principle of simplicity: of two equally justified versions, the one that requires fewer new assumptions should be considered the more convincing.
97e99d55b4fc547387456eb7821f6ffd42a46664	Two conclusions follow from this.
f5053ef21c9aca18ce0577d9427c449067f2bdde	First, conspiracies are carried out only under certain circumstances (murders that had grounds to occur in Moscow are meaningless in Washington).
5d20e37567dbf9abaae925cc29f28b71d14835e6	Secondly, the more effort is required for the alleged conspiracy, the more doubtful its reality is.
6af9f841ace53cf33fae7a19324e2185819545f4	The version about the preparation of a palace coup makes sense; the version about the preparation of the Great French Revolution is madness.
0f3223aef566fb1fcff4ba10a77c6b8c9da262c8	2. Knowledge of history and conspiracy theory
06f5aea680bd98cc609ba048d4f96caa9eaf6331	Knowledge of the past easily reveals the impracticability of most conspiracies.
2bf61a0fa9763c9ac79b1541e616e7e2bca63bad	Unforeseen accidents destroy the plans of the conspirators, comrades in arms betray, enemies recognize the threat in time.
bc089f3fbb72cdfd3867f0eacad15779bc03fd87	As a rule, the more complex the plot, the less likely it is that it will work.
0f764c5b56ccf0138c36276aa841c6c5903437e7	Niccolo Machiavelli, a witness of many intrigues, notes that a conspiracy "is always fraught with innumerable difficulties and dangers", and points to widespread failures: "Many conspiracies have taken place, but history shows that only a few have succeeded."
8ea0ac47fd0b9a531b434d3aa54b5680468e3ec5	The philosopher Karl Popper continues this idea: "Firstly, they do not happen very often and do not change the main features of public life.
38115a9ca099686668b425be9fb4805978c1f460	If we assume that the conspiracies will stop, the problems that we will face will not change radically.
66ba60ceb9d633b38e842da56d08c6f580f98f82	Secondly, I claim that conspiracies are very rarely successful.
b3b1a587e85085097adad69e8e941dfade538659	As a rule, the results achieved absolutely do not coincide with the intended goals (let's turn, for example,to the Nazi conspiracy)."
9115598073d9e9d696953d7de723ac3e8cfb7c1c	Large scale secret conspiracies in the Middle East, conducted by European, Israeli and American leaders, were unsuccessful; moreover, they hit the conspirators themselves with a ricochet.
54bc0313870e3ba116b93d8c2f7a7c4b939cdf71	The British and French governments secretly divided the Middle East under the Sykes - Picot agreement, but soon lost their dominance.
312809da76c88c94e5526a763067885c2a401d44	In the case of the Lavon affair, Israeli intelligence tried to hold Gamal Abdel Nasser responsible for violence against Americans in Egypt, but was exposed.
213b2baf90fcd810908bbe5b966b460967cd6fab	In the case of the Iran — Contra scandal, the American authorities secretly sold weapons to Iran and were exposed.
aeecd6bc939c1bbac009e515a739e3a531113604	Similar cases occur all over the world.
2c4ee6cdbff417ac6bac43696bb0e51eeca86b9d	3. Explicit stereotypes and cliches of conspiracy theories
2c8ffcac48035d12ef91df61fb7a796ec391f1e7	Mystery
19143c862a1031ea383ba65d895dec29ac0e7aa7	Creating a deceptive appearance, conspirators easily devalue well known information and seek out bizarre and little known facts.
0f67400ea30bb4558916d1b0b454ce8144af22f0	Due to the tendency of conspirators to mysticism, the data they have selected immediately catches the eye.
f8b4f0ab780c7e16e9e5168f09a50e8e1ce260d7	Conspiracy
6cbbb99efa64f1efe9b80e9f817406ad7976118c	Usually conspirators resort to impersonal constructions ("they were waiting for him"), but sometimes they use more open forms of communication, for example: "In order not to compromise the persons who may be involved in this case, I prefer not to disclose the sources of my information yet."
e97a96e77dbe79203803defe7f4b464084fbf6f0	Use of forged documents
40b2c965a7910bfcbc944fc800e3a347c59bd2e0	Falsifications are a strong proof of conspiracy.
de9da97c94c77164392ab9949d5ffcbbd4e14cce	The fear of the Templars increased as their history gradually became overgrown with fabricated facts.
fa75cad66812d9628538c876f615778df96ee45d	The peak of the" posthumous glory "of the templars was the publication in 1877 of the "Latin Rule", compiled as if six centuries earlier.
bed8afd416c7db6d803250585e2bb41b4221970a	The publication accused the Order of secret and obscene practices.
7abefafea9af8668a0788d3caff46ddcfac3c2aa	In a treatise published in 1614, the apostate Jesuit exposed the dark deeds and intentions of the"Society of Jesus".
bebb12ff8d6c9a5a83ef9c962530e4e476ed044a	Napoleon in 1811 issued a fake "Testament" ("Testament") Peter the Great, dated 1709 In it, the tsar outlined the plans of Russian hegemony in Europe and predicted with incredible accuracy the events that happened during the century after his death.
0a72a4170444a69627aa65c23f743161b52d3b8d	In the 90s of the XIX century.
7a1af49ce73f0e65f94e27758ca288e989e15bfe	The "American Protective Association" (American Protective Association) has released many fake documents.
ac4270539fbbb43634745a16dd420d63cbfb652a	The most important of them was the fake encyclical of Leo XIII, addressed to American Catholics, in which the Pope called on his overseas flock to exterminate all heretics (i.e., non Catholics).
8cd50d3e3cfd3b3ae64e7c42f230c41a46760f26	However, the so — called "Protocols of the Elders of Zion", fabricated in France and Russia on the basis of several earlier works, and some of the primary sources are primitive slander, have become a fake for all times.
9adb71bcd983bacafd51ecf6021805bfec0329cd	SEE ALSO: Mechanisms of human perception by a person and mutual understanding in the process of communication
1a6522fde444fd940b1909969d346596d7b2a60f	The inconsistencies of conspiracy theories
1e267ba8a985c57c3f57acf5aafa2983d4144fa3	Conspirationists repeat the same basic statements with minor variations and protruding inconsistencies.
cdeb22765a9d831812fab1ce1af4ef0571a82304	For half a century, American right wing reactionary groups, one after another, raised the alarm, warning of enemy troops concentrated on the border of Mexico with the United States.
4008a55645f5aab3dcff31e075c6867de9e3d075	During the Second World War, an extremist leader wrote: "200 thousand Communist Jews are ready to cross the Mexican border.
60fecbee9dfb33430037c34f598cc625bfaeac24	If they are allowed, they will subject all women and children left without protection to violence."
dba839e4f96c4473a72021c47240fdea01d236c6	In 1962, the Minutemen group raised the alarm about Chinese Communist troops stationed on the Mexican border and preparing to launch an invasion.
fb4538023d499ac4a30cfef8f1ee504687beed3f	A year later, the John Birch Society outlined the threat more specifically: thirty five thousand Chinese troops are ready to invade San Diego.
3b6876606485edd294b4720ab7c649be31318987	In the 80s, the movement against the government's tax policy Posse Comitatus turned the "Chinese threat" into thirty five thousand Vietcong hiding in south Texas.
6c05ec5657e84a2bb085474357d7a225f460d633	Subsequently, Russian troops assembled in Mexico were already mentioned.
f7337cc3cb38c93f833d3dd60ab89e982d82ddf7	Jews, Chinese, Vietnamese, Russians it is unlikely that fears will allow you to identify the face of the enemy.
d23603abd409b097f630997a62916fdedba47e72	There is a "paranoid style".
fa87549da65ef832052a7773584477f3ed1b77e1	Redundancy of factual material and excessively pedantic references
21cfea52ba05c113c9dd13ce4fec36f7bbf27310	It seems that the creators of conspiracy theories are trying to overwhelm the reader with a pile of names, dates and facts.
2d9c23904bb05ff58ecdc8614829b538676444c9	Proving that the CIA was involved in the distribution of cocaine in Los Angeles, Gary Webb gives such dizzying details from the lives of a large number of people that the reader can hardly follow the thread of his evidence.
1d953ecd84d8adaeccde6acfe7f3805dda72b228	A pile of conspiracy theories
eec64c420ce7cb6c574ebaeea55622005cb16297	The failure of one conspiratorial version (for example, no "extra" bullets were actually found in Kennedy's body) it is immediately explained with the help of another (the bullets were secretly extracted by doctors).
8ef6f94145ae07bf62c8a421a32604c7381dc226	Dismissing any contradictions in the evidence
49db9a35b4f30756f45f40d8e1506efc360bccb9	Conspirators begin their work with a conclusion and look for justifications to reject all inappropriate facts.
a10765ad2523431812e84779ec5d528afef56391	An assistant to Jim Garrison, a leading "expert" on the Kennedy assassination, describes his boss's method as follows: "We usually select facts, and then deduce a theory from them.
dd7f3263aef2f9189451289aa10d417c94d7f220	Garrison first deduced the theory, and then selected the facts.
f4f5c1b5ff457408905a09cc115cfd2856555a41	If the fact does not fit, Garrison will say that this is a CIA fraud."
e3dc42844efcfc3b52ee6ec3dbbff1530f282d2a	Independence from the change of times
62dd70fa0bac5fda158532abbd534b9d67fb2d64	Centuries pass, generations change, but little changes in the world of conspiratorial fantasies.
c77f8d822a371dc80cd8af155ec1a4aac0893c07	The most striking example of this is the Templars, a Catholic military monastic order that appeared around 1119 and was destroyed by the French king in 1314.
1a738022163397d51dca33d7cff7544c83dbe03e	Almost seven hundred years have passed since no one has seen a living Templar, but the mystical fleur of the oldest "secret society" continues to live.
bb95917ffe22d4fb888d8ba4c729c0cf238f5652	The Bavarian Illuminati have been gone for more than two centuries, but they remain a powerful force in conspiratorial minds.
283fc0a14801bb3cf0c318e05dd671a2d624d666	The fascist group "Mothers of the United States of America" (Mothers of the United States of America) accused the Sanhedrin — the council of rabbis, which ceased to exist in 66 AD — of provoking Hitler to attack Poland (in order to discredit the Fuhrer).
d0d538e47fddc76af2965141185ee964a8c2fa45	Chivalrous attitude to facts
08e7977ea4ee86b2dc6a6c91f5f9abfae205ee58	Sometimes there are more than enough facts.
595b035f7898ef539755f33aba444d15a044f74b	At first, the Rosicrucians "were so everywhere that their existence was questioned."
41aa9cb6ee7dec5c698d226391b77645f1069872	The very idea of this organization appeared in three books of fantastic content, published in 1614, 1615 and 1616.
4a54c09180b048ead9880036fba379f74a65fabf	Some readers (especially in Germany and England) took their existence on faith to such an extent that they began to look for opportunities to join the order and join the ancient mysteries.
4b88203bbaa77cf2437f65dc69a7aeb754f0d48c	In the following centuries, charlatans and imaginary conspirators, such as Filippo Buonarroti and Eliphas Levi, used the mysterious name "roses and crosses" for their own purposes.
d651df66deba51b5cac9cf68155e70cb67461721	In 1915, the "Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis "was founded in San Jose (California), which turned the ghost into a rigid organization with branches and protocols.
f08a257e9a8f0bee8287b789516f8a91e26d96d1	Cases with completely invented testimonies are also remarkable in their own way.
36c3eaa0e1e290f41e2810bae8d9502c785e92d9	***
45ea598b8d05f492f9ad89f5f3acfcf70b004bda	Finally, several basic considerations are constantly repeated in conspiracy theories.
d8ed86944dc4cabb44216a68e81b6729d0af2852	Everyone is eager for power.
b7eadf7c0b2966dd909221240a7de346fe3717bf	Other — decay
66bdc1bbde14284cc51e97580fe6266a2a795c5e	In the ideas of conspirationists, human interests are limited to the struggle for power: the more influential a force is, the less logic there is in its actions.
75221a0a2f2bdae6addbff356136c2ec12b904cf	Mercy is a deception.
f2e90e027fea7d690a6a345b94049272b56833f3	Masons pretend to profess Christianity, seeking only to "prepare for its overthrow".
1453dc026a193f41375f89b33049a667649fceac	According to the anti Semitic fake, " everyone aspires to power, everyone would become a dictator if he could, and there are few who would not be willing to sacrifice the general well being in order to protect their own."
73a624e5ad9b27d31c8646bc9e5bcfec6d31774e	Wealth and sexual satisfaction are usually in the first place among the benefits of the achieved power.
ee220d4210c3486c33fb54c8c870caa1c7624199	"They worship no god but Mammon."
f2827ef5284a0728271340dc12687eb1fd428a38	Charity is a hidden form of profit
7630da0eccfd70d6b0c855a0d488c4aeb3c49a6b	If someone does good, it means that he is secretly looking for benefits for himself.
88aa7f841d207eb2d5660dac3ec486088f137a30	It would seem that the great powers after the Second World War gave independence to their colonies in order to benefit their peoples.
808ac12bf0a07572ee05c19ee8ea9f7bf9403d95	In fact ,the "international economic circles" have only benefited from their immature independence and socialist fever.
990bcf7615e64f93841ecb26bc8c498517c73de0	The subsequent collapse of the economies in the newly independent states freed the former metropolises from competitors.
c660752fa0aedc18b79de65786c91d8af70681f4	Thus, developed countries have provided themselves with cheap raw materials.
030d473eb90131f98ca1b2d10984d18086ff3801	Foreign aid is a mechanism for deepening dependence, and loans provided to poor countries are a way of"domination and control".
9c0d21258b16bc7051463251fbe7837c597c988a	There is also a catch behind other forms of generosity: Jews helped black Americans fight for civil rights because it was commercially profitable.
aa26de3e0e57bde989f2eacad2651e8d8cd8f36d	The prize is issued by the organizer
b6a6664baa23a7477808dff324b283998643c4bf	Whoever benefits from the event is the one who caused it.
bea91d405b1f9ee353f74e8166b2ccf4b1c425c9	If you know who won, it is clear who was scheming.
f2ddf5e62b014f718a4ab54c703eb7484f9c813e	Ask " cui bono?" (which in Italian means "who wins", "who benefits from it"), and the answer will point to the conspirators.
9892faf3c06e3dc6f80804b71bcfe3b432a125f2	The French Revolution gave Jews the right to vote, so the Jews were the cause of it.
721f4f28ab08074fc4f2c69ca237eab1cfaead8c	Or was Napoleon a Jew?
a63f21606769492e35f15d9a1d22e114f399d9f0	Most of all, the business circles that needed new markets benefited from the imperialist policy — therefore, they were the invisible mover of the British Empire.
f435de0a9a9e0a5bf5257c9bcf9dc09430f7fb25	Among the defendants in the Kennedy assassination are representatives of almost thirty different social groups, and each time the justification for guilt is reduced to the benefits of the president's death.
c56c322a82448f6f50749314b90d496a5de6570c	SEE MORE: Comparative analysis of the advantages of advertising, PR and personal sales in achieving marketing goals
d57a8cd9f993ec88a85642d1dd80c10d57c1b1ea	If Saddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait was financially beneficial to the Soviet Union, it means that Moscow inspired the Iraqi president to take this step.
c629edf74a4c2c7a8ed498cf70c416b5f1325b81	Others see American benefits in these events — therefore, the United States was the instigator.
4ea008544f53647df25cf9a10de7d47f68b6bfa2	Boris Yeltsin won the most from the coup attempt in 1991, which means that he should have been the director of the conspiracy (he must have orchestrated it).
6c9f912bf85db195823d408a0910b5b9b06cb3d5	Conspiracies rule history
fd33f61c8b228dea2da904fe3da51711b84433a4	Other forces do not count.
49a91b60495a557303b678dfd19926d2a21512a3	Whether it's a lost crop or the First World War — someone invisible is responsible for all this.
79b9ff11a024a2bc00896d6079418f8297385495	The usual explanations of history are completely unsuitable.
6eec079f38253a285bfa869c5998781980aa64af	Ideological confusion, economic difficulties, victory in the war — all these are symptoms, not causes.
cd6f8ee322337b459b16eec4340cbee8d3d4ba6f	The real power is the "magnificent organization and powerful financial resources" that the conspirators use.
a436102174ce5b6033f24a13bbda380cdfe2f1fb	From this point of view, historical giants such as Napoleon and Lenin, they become simple pawns, and people who actually did not have any power or did not exist at all are put forward in their place.
5ed6b4f2096e015a7b7b821d43f4447e96643b33	In this inverted world, the strongest are the weakest: "The Pope is almost in the position of a prisoner in the Vatican, just as the President of the United States is imprisoned in the White House, the Queen of England is in Buckingham, and Putin is in the Kremlin."
bf6fd8eb37e786ffd1fe6efdd2c86f51f7db40a7	It seems to others that the whole course of history is guided by a Jewish conspiracy: there are many Jews, they are everywhere and well organized.
d41bdcc4287090b9a7879f1d749d8cf57b660d3c	Others put all the blame on secret societies.
59aa6b114b793df02017186fd409776e6f3095b4	As one American journalist put it, "the history of conspiracy theories is the history of secret societies.
6ece0afe006d0af7bb91921c17f8110e6f7907a1	The history of secret societies is a history of conspiracies.
29dbb989eaa354bf629ddf86af30ffeca351fb12	That's the whole history of civilization."
c427c9d3805a34254f062f79badc6e26751922cb	Important events take place exclusively behind closed doors, where only initiates are allowed.
5079032aca82076390e68902058efc4f2acf181a	The rest can think as much as they like that it is they who make decisions, but "the real force that elects presidents and prime ministers is invisible to the public — it is behind the stage."
e7fd344c0d094808a884b5bc999fdeb5e1842d1f	Take, for example, the French Revolution.
75c220dbf19d9c2e48d1e505ede28b82b51a5d45	In the conspiratorial versions, the plans of secret societies and meetings of various kinds of dark personalities are carefully traced.
96acb52d9498e6dff5cb076ca3c9cea952b8ba79	Elections and public policy generally exist for a distraction.
872f2b6e232801d96d0ae5a343fb2012ccd4a9d1	According to the American racist, democracy is just " a hubbub that is raised only to replace the American system of governance with despotism."
e5f86fd5f296dfe113b42d4ff0c7c7c4785d0e4c	The conspirationist vision of history is very different from academic science.
eb0e3a4af8ea73060e3ea691034f434e72a3541a	Science draws conclusions about the causes of changes only after analyzing numerous factors.
74581686b50143bcb358ccd6b08fb8184e8fe550	"The characteristic feature of the 'paranoid style'," writes Richard Hofstedter, "is not that interpreters everywhere in history see treason and secret collusion, but that they see a 'colossal' conspiracy as the main force behind historical events.
593b067e03e944971e3ee2fb2c3e840651d55dd2	The story becomes a conspiracy."
7a7df644398960fb0bc40f80ef08ed833f577147	There is nothing accidental or ridiculous
82553eb742a72cef9d0a107a1b07e5c4ee74dc83	As the philosopher Karl Popper explains, from this point of view, everything that would not happen in society, "is the result of a purposeful plan developed by some powerful individuals or groups."
09b1ae6d624c27269e005e22ee660980f2708a4c	William Guy Carr is more specific: "The better we learn the techniques by which the "Secret Powers" operate behind the facade of international politics, the more obvious it becomes that murders are passed off as accidents or suicides, sabotage is passed off as negligence, judicial errors and deadly stupidities are committed due to excusable circumstances."
0dbbbd0158e3734aaa7a886e8a26e15b93ebe373	There is no room for a person with his weaknesses, there are machines all around.
1a8d8373d9604a5e819a643aaa41ab3a637dcb97	Conspirators are in awe of the incredible abilities of their enemies.
fdd9810f407f984ac7ed1c107dd34569a560f786	A member of the American right wing group E Pluribus Unum explains: "Nothing in the government happens by chance.
a37549abee52c0c504e1db7d80fcf579024bd49f	If something happens, know that this was intended."
d33017344a29e0d8f700d6aebf5c9d1f8568fa3d	Stalin's show trials and the "Great Terror" linked accidents in the Soviet national economy (and such really happened in large numbers, because little attention was paid to human life during forced industrialization) with someone's malicious intent: "there can be no question of accidents."
c39e55e9a252b3af9b20102dc10e4968ef94d689	From this, Stalin drew a conclusion about the millions of saboteurs who work for hostile imperialism, and almost all of them were overtaken by his punishment.
2a39ccb188a4ab5c53286c057c345a2ce03e0bea	AIDS also could not have appeared by itself, but was created in the laboratory by evil forces that seek to destroy millions or even billions of people.
2e64a9c0b4ebf696cc563e0cd49f9b02a78c7147	Conspirators are looking for traces of the intervention of an "invisible hand" even in such natural phenomena as earthquakes and hurricanes.
52f247029c184e55620e384db8adb1b4664096f5	Visibility is deceptive
13e118825a4ef12b30a5edb939f4b40776ffdeaf	Life is a scripted game.
2517d71d78060f8ee48f42c3b16042133ff32e48	To succeed, the plot must be disguised and presented as something opposite."
42fd956af982555a5113759c3fda5b3b93942a97	The victims torture themselves, and the torturers are innocent.
498c46916786cb59a3e9c00896499d5107190290	"The obvious means that it is not real; and the present is necessarily bad."
cc5fff2f818c6ac0e184430c7670306808a22a31	A good family man, an honest entrepreneur, a patriot turns out to be a two faced traitor.
aba3e70f6fb2fee2e865390221c7afc452edb523	For a reasonable person, the absence of evidence against a conspiracy indicates the absence of a conspiracy, but for conspirators, "the best evidence is the absence of any evidence."
fbab48391f79a59db8d36929fb96746cc85ba534	The serenity speaks of the secret actions of the enemy: Stalin believed that the "outwardly safe" situation indicates a "quiet war against the Soviet government".
2ad3e481e3404e2258bcab0aa7aac13da8707102	The belief that appearances are deceptive entails four main mistakes: the search for enemies, the existence of conspiracies, dictate and freedom (where none of this exists).
0f2bac2d7289a2c7049edfabf171e201136d121b	The Jews themselves created anti Semitism and successfully use it.
e793aed4ed9e500775afc9d96d87fbc595e3fafe	The" Elders of Zion "clearly said:"We need anti Semitism to rule our smaller brothers."
5be74c064c801094480ee89fe07dc36ded1a2198	Anti Semites pour water on the mill of the Jewish conspiracy.
b06bd4f18e93bd4bd865c59d9bb26a14c742d663	Similar suspicions concern secret societies.
cc59745e62a5f1f4a759ec14fa60909c31b6e919	The Jesuits and the Illuminati are not enemies, but secret allies.
0f999b9f54a55571c7617038faec7e38a15d925b	Or: the core of the Masonic movement consists of members of the " Society of Jesus "(contrary to the papal condemnation of Freemasonry).
6f1fcb1cb95071a8b7d6d1550798cee161cc19b5	Many right wingers believe that Marx was not at all an outstanding fighter against capitalism, but its agent.
5c5aef30a8c683ffb73b3a1921af86c94bb9f100	Nesta Webster, the most famous representative of British fascism, assured that Marx "was not sincere in denouncing the capitalist system."
b0b34d5d34265d0141b9505d596c297185897f37	The famous historian Oswald Spengler went even further, arguing that Western bankers created the communist movement and run it.
6d548cbd862f0ed64ba37306e4d615d4003da529	SEE MORE: All the main ways of psychological explanation of people's behavior
6b556de9065e9ae554e3079167952c18c7c32663	"Any proletarian movement, even a Communist, he argued, acts (although his idealistic managers do not fully aware of this) in the interest of Money is moving in a direction that is desirable for Money; and so long as the Money."
1a285bfe3b3e45e3b02dfed87295cfa8cf263d71	Alfred Rosenberg (Alfred Rosenberg), a theorist of Nazism, he added this view to the ideology of the third Reich.
502df63c0b20f5d4b933467e5ab71a251833d999	Spengler's statement is still repeated by the right.
ca5d1fa408688eb77945817d3be6ab91bc6836db	This statement is less widespread than the previous one, but it also finds wide support.
d9a3e1dfe68195c678a3d60519654a4ee9a25f70	The United States entered world wars not of its own free will, but as a result of the machinations of British agents, especially those from Wall Street.
1bbbadbc8940168366b5d0c196799861ff9ac937	Two pro Israeli writers do not put all the assistance provided to Israel by the Americans and Europeans into anything, and declare that " the secret prejudices that Western governments have against Jews have been and remain the only significant obstacle to peace in the Middle East."
8f710953146bfe4e2f59addc002c447477a752cf	Combined, these two illusions caused an almost surreal conversation that took place in November 1940 between Hitler and Stalin's People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs Vyacheslav Molotov.
e5a7195a81b1408be2849985e0da60357169458f	The German dictator claimed that the Americans were simply eager to seize the British colonies, and this at a time when America had already begun to help Great Britain.
3f1d579a8bf43861de3eb72e40a664c05bd5698e	Hitler wanted to convince the Soviets that " Roosevelt is having a hard time maintaining the appearance of order in his long bankrupt state."
aab895762559031fde75c2944d5fa42445c1acd0	But since the Anglo American alliance did not even think of falling apart, he himself chose to attack his recent ally.
0628538792a698a50ed367a5fc1288e4c473c894	Hitler's predictions that "England and America will soon begin to fight each other with the greatest fury imaginable" fully reflect the nature of the war that he himself waged against Russia.
c71d2cce02d044564886a0aeb8bd886a130f8914	Freedom is a compulsion
e0f39b3ef5544470073b3b6e947a23c94c1ede35	For almost two millennia (from 70 AD to 1948), the Jews did not have any centralized power.
c36d11547b6e60501df8641d3adfffcaff9e9bbf	However, proponents of conspiracy theories claim that the elders of Zion have ruled Jewry for centuries and led it to world domination.
1100ded215b9eef8e446123cebc07752c18868d7	The conspirationists ignore the Jewish disunity, which has become a proverb ("where there are two Jews, there are three synagogues").
8cb8ae8b4a6f28baccba9077a12c45a1cb386004	In Jews, conspirationists see trained soldiers who unquestioningly follow the orders of the all powerful Jewish politburo.
f920ad1b34408e8b9433874daeaf14d1d281d189	Dissimilarities and contradictions are nothing more than a Jewish trick designed to fool narrow minded observers.
6734375484dfc4ffdac8ce1c6444308c5257dc38	Atheist Jews and anti Semitic Jews are the same conspirators as the orthodox.
991d0b170e447bb51f98910e47b932d828eaf0a9	Such "non Jewish Jews" as Trotsky can deny their Jewishness in word and deed as much as they like, but by doing so they only confirm their loyalty to the Jewish authorities.
14bd35c0a2407e03f4c2df68a1f474d22d608d2f	Capitalism is not a competitive system, but a hierarchy that is obedient to the top.
4b33714d1c56c9087a06519b9432c6c1fd5ff3c9	Entrepreneurs are given the opportunity only to follow the orders of politicians.
2b3f6a3f1274a246e8b2b50ccae76de43bc0954a	The UN, despite its apparent weakness, almost completely controls the representatives of the American government chosen by the people.
aee276be8a8c8a694c0e94d72d4f37a225c3ca25	Then there is the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA; Federal Emergency Management Agency), a completely harmless government organization that gets involved in cases of natural disasters.
d4b70f7a610c47460077ffce1d26d31c395ce5b1	Under its guise, in their opinion, there is a structure that will become the executor of the laws of wartime in the future.
c64b9a31b84b43d9cbfded490dd0549a3c2427e1	In each of these examples, conspirationists give dictatorial powers to civil institutions.
c331aee7e1d6f076845cff7762d771da0924fd6c	Coercion is freedom
0e29d28fe35be0f87ecb887368ea2d0f22e67304	When it comes to dictatorship, conspirationists, on the contrary, cannot see a monolithic system in such former totalitarian regimes as the Nazi, Soviet, Chinese, Vietnamese or Iraqi.
d969128d2da6fd9ad444b80e0348687d82ea8f17	In such cases, they, referring to the general line of the party, see conflicts ("moderate" and "extreme") where there is no struggle, and downplay the number of victims remaining on the conscience of these regimes, not noticing real attempts at conspiracies.
0463d8d9b8381f5b21eb2d4467166745870098e4	One author of the 50s went so far as to see in Stalin "only an agent of international financial circles appointed to rule Russia."
45b02de2ac119f6426888d29cddd5fe853137d5b	He also called Hitler a conductor of a "moderate fascist policy", who fell under the control of a group of "Nazi military caste".
da0925014ee880193d206e05f91901577018a5a0	The author of studies on the problems of mass culture commented on the Vietnam War: "If it were not for the prevalence of prejudices about conspiracies, we would never have been involved in a war that we were warned so much about and which is being waged in a region that is strategically of no interest to us."
77effbbe1f70c9f344edae1181bb4a37751b4d2a	It is curious that conspirationists downplay the power of governments, considering it incomparable with the influence of Jews or secret societies.
0372c3ca12dfc81f5ceb0156b6507a6ac06555c2	The right wingers were convinced that the Soviet Union was a manifestation of Jewish power.
6a2411dd0ce08d8dcd174f2d603cbe0c64f56afd	Both the right and the left continue to believe that hidden forces rule in Washington.
75a0e945da3d98c593d3e3e3db5234f08aa313d1	Thus, the cliche "appearance is deceptive" is used again and again: secondary figures (Jewry) or even insignificant ones (Freemasonry) are attributed greater importance than such truly influential players as the American or Soviet governments.
1c9a8663fd33908eb4a8ac0e21da4d7921925110	The extreme conviction that" appearance is deceptive " in itself indicates a lack of prudence.
dc4d41d81ae815380daad4b7b1a1afaf2780931e	Conspirationism turns marginal groups (Jews, Freemasons) into the most powerful, and worthy governments turn out to be the embodiments of evil.
eb00d8482f436f81954c6a7cc0dc4f460a207128	The fear of the harmless and well intentioned blinds the conspirators, hiding from them the real face of totalitarian regimes.
4277ba4b466e9ae9dfc60e91d200bfa58ef662e2	They see despotism in New York freethinking, and not in Stalinist Russia.
5de76444ef108b6292e332fd710d68c473f9f2cc	Conspiracy leads to a complete inability to make objective assessments.
7c02719e0a32422389bef1b83aeafa542a3a6683	Consistent systematic elimination of behavioral stereotypes is one of the results of training according to an individual program.
1c2d757d24a9a7143e5c0b773a26ae1a10af8061	For the first time in Russian language education, you can study according to an individual curriculum, at a convenient pace, combining training with professional activity.
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d162c6c20b1753d1f01e6ef8f9b8ac3be7b36535	Conspiracy theories.
9240524a033bd63ccde7d872045cc7664e15a6c8	Zomboyashchik
f35188a01bcb2d5b5f741412c29ab0568c50d739	Brain*, Information security
114cf23c52fcddf4427b9d1e2e0ae56da6535574	Note.
67937bdb80daf0458021eaa44c01fbfeaff2d2b2	"Zombification" in this context is the repeated repetition of false and / or inaccurate information.
bca625eee101e743c2fab32172b92f2cabbd81eb	Among all the cognitive distortions of a person, there is a large group associated with an overabundance of information.
08f24adac7934ce5bee6edffb3dcf46009be415f	Recall that these distortions are divided into five main subgroups:
348d76a13103fba1d22c25f4df5b9ec9bb3174a7	1. People notice things that are already fixed in their memory or are often repeated.
444d5f2c04b6ef683c1a4a41f9e75ffa0e8dac3e	2. People tend to notice and remember rather special, bizarre and funny images than non bizarre or unfunny ones.
f7e3018262e761cf2704212210bb5adda8a6310d	3. People tend to notice changes.
4dec7718080aa7f20c27460e6ff38c269a7d2705	4. People are attracted to information that confirms their beliefs.
697cedffa7f447b822ba93efded2403a056c13a3	5. People tend to notice mistakes better in others than in themselves.
22b370ac48960a7c1e22e70290f22eadcf927b5e	Live broadcasts, 24 hour broadcasts during "important" events like elections.
bc1bc54a1cf477218928c5f83ad8969453365a07	When the interest in that topic subsides — something else "extremely important" happens, and the intense excitement persists.
a1b797a6712ee6234f00737f2e9ec8dd9a00de9a	This intense excitement persists constantly.
1771e74f720952caa062c8f227d263cb080abbec	"Hot news" attracts everyone's attention, and analytical reports with comprehensive objective information are interesting only to rare specialists.
0b5bf02f34067fc699647a371633d4b3ab71af6b	Not just television
ad89a03fca956afd3671e5c6a84abbe658b2abb7	Due to the above mentioned features of perception, some information attracts special attention of the audience.
ccba5ed5ea1e2393feeae4e73b3947b7c5bfc945	They donot have to be broadcast on television.
7ef1a9fd4e5dee29b05976d35b1516265354acf4	The Internet is even more favorable environment for the spread of so called "memes", the source of which is often the same hot news.
b294bb07287fffed68eb864131b2deed728e6266	Hot news and memes for maximum efficiency should exploit the same cognitive distortions, that is, the "vulnerabilities" of the human brain, which are well known:
ba94323fa3ce9f10646f5a533e6b9bedbe33dbd6	systematic error of attention; the effect of the illusion of truth; the effect of familiarity with the object; forgetting without context; the illusion of frequency; the effect of the superiority of the picture; the effect of self reference; a bias towards negativity; a tendency to confirm one's point of view; distortion in the perception of the choice made; conservatism; the ostrich effect.
dde9bd3d987be8015977986e3c5304419edda290	In a simplified form, for maximum zombie effect, "hot news" must meet several requirements. a familiar topic that corresponds to a person's beliefs, repeated, confirming the choice made, of a negative nature, preferably with a picture
5c6666675a74db8bdbadf3345f339142e625b8e5	You can also distribute such information on the Internet.
8a1ec4bd4bee09dac686db573c4cdfadcfbf69b3	With prolonged use, "zombification" becomes more effective due to the effect of the illusion of truth and the repeated repetition of lies.
56b760b4c34780d3dc108f22823020733591e1eb	How life will change if you stop watching the news
5642b803d24d31cb15867b3671513872e112f7f7	First of all, I would like to say "no way", because the news on TV does not give an objective picture of the world, does not give important and valuable information necessary for making life decisions.
8b727a1776c64871544228e168c2819db530409a	But in reality, if you stop watching the news on TV, a person's life will really change a lot, and for the better.
8a2bda6c8613a6fa458f2a75c1a32003b72ea7ed	You will have more free time
61bbbb6aa8f022ffc955bf72e45b2b8c33492d8b	Remember what useful things you did or finished while watching the news.
865e00c40a83706d2f54a6cedde257742de66748	Most likely, the answer is "None".
8c2e172d5ffa9731edbd95501cf836cb433e8173	While watching the news, people can only passively consume food or do simple manual work.
4cfb54bd11b7b829256266dc1a33fef5365c5336	Creative energy consuming processes are not compatible with watching the news, they are too distracting due to the deliberate exploitation of cognitive distortions ("vulnerabilities") of the brain.
6845b8727a4253429dc977c2110c18331a4588b5	Actually, news is specially designed in such a way as to most effectively attract a person's attention and feed him certain information.
757cbdf7410d0fd36d68ddb41810dd25de34f164	In the post truth era, this may be deliberately false information, since the impact is on an emotional level with the programming of the subsequent effect, which will not change after the refutation of the thesis (post truth).
f5bae9708b49d8562c42a3f64c48447f3bf34d93	Each information can be perceived with the condition: how important will it be for you in a week, in a year, in 10 years?
ca0ef5c805b2c8b1a309ce6010924cbc882daf08	In this sense, "hot news" is often absolutely useless — it is a waste of time.
42e488d441d7984ad2bba713a360c0109fb84f23	An effective technique can be reading news with a delay of a day or more.
cf1d71978095f69b5bd846eda9163c883064575b	After this period, it becomes more clear what is important and what is momentary.
aac6c77a5ecbdb8f78c96cdb4e438c04220bc865	By refusing to watch and read all the "hot" news in a row, you will free up a lot of time for more important tasks in your life.
f783f957598cf7ca517452ee5c9ca5c6c1938ab0	Someone says that they watch the news to be "up to date", because "current problems cannot be ignored".
07ffa8055d8123409354a1b216a55cd486b2268c	In fact, such a person himself probably understands that this is not true.
a76c1b85d49c7ff37c04021484cdee57d0e1c111	This is very easy to check: if a person refuses to watch the news daily for a week or a month, then he will definitely not miss any of the important current events.
1bf172fba7dd6b7c89f1092c6663009c739d8a3f	Calculate how much time a person spends on this absolutely useless activity.
56a9708f37360561dcdb829c5112a75289636723	The daily hours add up to months.
739568963051648fdd6ba800d06faed109a4ff41	This time can be spent on something really useful.
fa8f98eddea651c28afda55a832b43ff8688fd5a	For example, if a person learned a foreign language instead of watching the news every night, he would absolutely not miss anything from the "current events", but in a few years he would know several new foreign languages at a very good level.
3b64ddc0775bf84264dee7f8dabf5f1adbaf070e	Almost all talk shows and discussions of current events on television are absolutely useless chatter with close to zero information content.
65aa17e98355865838d90e6e60904dbb8c9ec90d	People really like to express their opinion on all issues that they understand at least a little (the keyword is "a little").
bacdcc430c8559ba7e4dc42801c2a15e2ca1a9f4	Do I need to take the time and listen to an hour long debate of such people?
a79963c1bf7f22d0a1d8b5752c729488d138f782	After all, there are better ways to get information.
c82560d5c09aed8ca11a06fcf0dfe7c1ed4be931	Television is definitely not one of them.
1cddd380e7a4a7139a8675fa021896cbc20c957d	For example, if you read a couple of books on any particular topic, then you will understand this topic better than 99% of the world's population.
b3b5530313f1d9d85cd89050447093f63bcd824a	Even if you spend years watching television, you will never reach this level of knowledge in anything.
6fef3ea8d80792ae496ea0fe362167199c77e530	All knowledge will be superficial, blurry and largely false.
627352bc9e826a6a2ce68aae7e31251e269b8ad0	In fact, remembering the desire of viewers to "stay informed" and "be informed", there is practically no difference between "being informed" and "being misinformed".
75ed898d16876540567784983e28a83c4739e934	Another interesting phenomenon of constantly watching news on TV is the illusion of participation.
3b4145549d424275be70800e99836fdfbf564e57	The viewer is not indifferent, he worries, sympathizes with the victims, feels sincere indignation at the injustice.
6ab673b5b8800e4b27f2acc858e23a433589d580	It seems to him that it is impossible to ignore such things, it is necessary to be aware of them, to follow the events.
d8952108cdbd3004e127f91d27247eb454aabc4d	He seems to participate in them, but this is not so.
edaf49cb9e2a990d061c8de96c40e50ca9b85211	In fact, he is completely innocent of what is happening.
4454c5638812b46e93866c0f7b8982d031a1ae80	His experiences ease his own guilt, but they do not benefit anyone.
cef51e61ca37ed9aa4c4edcb7f0b0ca4ab4fbccf	It is quite possible that there is a certain replacement effect.
52b195b27f2bec5e8c8fcc8abbd2834d94e1cb92	And if a person did not empathize with abstract victims on TV, he would show more sympathy for the real people around him.
78d186349dbb588f77f5987e6d44de723e4f2b91	The main reason why people watch the news on TV is concern for their neighbors, anxiety, concern about what is happening around them in fact, it turns into its opposite.
15ef3ceeefa74dbc5f633b32e06f4e4cc31811e8	The majority of TV viewers in reality do not provide any assistance to the victims they see on TV.
fd0d17520d8fabc987b227ee394e3d95f9f6f718	This is a kind of "sublimation of empathy", from which, probably, only others suffer.
4b49bc9f68484ca83f6f01ee75e7c7a6aecba708	It turns out that the main reason why people watch the news is at the same time the main reason why they should refuse to watch it.
6a28b5ec2490a5a1713ea6bdaa8dd565d140df9e	You will feel better
05a6a04595dc24e56b4b85f33f08da0a2af77ba6	A common symptom of refusing to watch the news is a general improvement in mood.
ce21c32f21ce7838eb289dd1b7cf4ebf148720d6	It is difficult to say what is the reason for this effect.
a3a7b6e9b861eb94d74351fd5af93dbf73ce80b1	Apparently, the zombie news and the constant exploitation of cognitive distortions ("vulnerabilities") of the brain does not have a very good effect on a person's well being.
effefd007eb42dc26497678dde2ccf62f58add54	Having freed the head from garbage, a person begins to think more clearly, and the overall well being improves.
3d3ff81b60d6ba526ea7cc309979371a774ee323	In fact, after all, the rule of effective zombification involves the choice of the most vivid, extraordinary plots with a negative bias.
8f4eaa652e81d7408b609dd360026ab58c0d83f3	They are the best way to attract attention and influence a person.
c86ac1ed4c56c4f439fcb710e907adc291f68210	Roughly speaking, this is a fear trade.
f7c188c07a6b9a0b62cd7468d50c1bb07e799035	The task is to frighten a person.
39125fcbc890f75884d14966f061e0b8ff69356d	A stream of terrible, terrible events related to violence and exploitation of various fears — fear of the future (fear of change), of technology, of corporations, of foreigners, of emigrants, of people of a different sexual orientation or any different people (the archetype of an "outsider" who wants to seize some of your resources is actively exploited in the news).
23e8095aab8f714004110ffacd26544e090db125	If you get rid of this flow of fear, it is quite natural that you will feel better.
4671e180698768915a84202f6996740d76ab1d6f	Knowing about cognitive distortions, we know the rules by which news stories are selected.
f8fba6643118bae65f2cb02f9b72b55af8fff2cf	Now we can roughly understand why a particular plot attracts attention (what fear is being exploited, what hidden message is encrypted in the topic).
47564c2a812c7bb374020a8b19d3a4f40b55e62c	This is very useful knowledge.
8afc194640df0ef6d97135ab7d2cdc5cc2c868df	Only it should be remembered that even the knowledge of cognitive distortions and the recognition of their presence in oneself does not make it possible to level their effect.
77af189e387e681d7d496b882a5513533ad1c994	The conducted scientific studies have not revealed evidence that awareness of one's own cognitive distortions somehow helps people avoid them.
3bad8c219b97b8239e74a52e4088c826fa62091d	In other words, zombification on TV will be effective in any case, even if you are familiar with the techniques used by the authors of the plots.
dc4569001e457018eedf1885bcc96d5064227e59	There is only one way out — not to look at all.
4839e788326e06282d750bb861ada96e8aef9c7d	"Now you canot believe anything you see in the newspapers.
7b80b58e056a12b586e070b09c72ba5e495127ed	The truth itself becomes suspicious when it is presented on these soiled pages… I look with sad sympathy at many of my fellow citizens who, reading newspapers, live and die in the belief that they know to some extent what is happening in this world… You can still get the main facts from the newspapers, but you canot rely on the details.
be92862056a9414d2dd55ef4388fa1471babf1de	I will add that a person who never looks at newspapers has better knowledge than someone who reads newspapers, because he who does not know anything is still closer to the truth than someone whose mind is filled with false and erroneous information.
532955cb098b2f629e6df8a4088a78176b7c8f39	Anyone who doesnot read the newspapers still knows the basic facts, and all the details in the newspapers are lies."
9d08cfb310ecb39c389739aa1178563d04a4538f	From a letter from Thomas Jefferson to John Norwell, June 11, 1807
21b5551fe4ae9e0c5dae8518ada7d2f44ae26a19	Do you know people who watch the news on TV every day?
e5f7dec896cdcb62be2fc16b2cdd4086e96727f3	Yes, there are such people among my relatives
c5e9cd44c5c71f2bdc8a909d6ee9080e1f47f1c3	Yes, there are such people among my friends
1469401bd7b1451800def309f58bbac61adf551d	I know about their existence by indirect signs
3febd9332bd2274fe3f6fc75c2db9f7bed4f2cc3	1,439 people voted. 234 people abstained.
33f9be74810ecdc428d1af7badd84ee23e4313c7	Only registered users can participate in the survey.
2373fc982587de2400b161049e94a45f0f6f40a4	Please log in.
ec701b284bdd8381949407bc4b94643df8b30dc4	brainwashing of the population, news releases, constant tension, cognitive distortions, vulnerabilities of the brain, TV
b7a9049c845dab25670b060f0c06d94dafc69381	Advertising helps to maintain and develop our services
a1329a711dc6d445f13bfb4778c283848d1f8fda	Advertisement
2dd042112044456596003ef793e7d75a5438efba	All hubs+104
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9555ffd723416b08221db7640ba91557e0098b72	↑
251bd49e85a44286c1354a56e73170b8110f318d	+41
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8924d99d1916f6d028c0d17a01bd8f27dc8a5f1e	44,5k
5dfbd9ba8ed9b46c0697ea5097d4985969a1f75d	Add to Favorites
572e20738130fddc7c389f2ab14f4e4b22a97c39	173
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90e0fcfeaa49315e04a92a88708d821e47c59cee	Only the blog is specified
82d2c15de1ece8f4fcce9c570fad69e05c7e6794	Spelling mistakes
6d0d6429ae7feb26fa4cad6a84e7b081f50d4165	Punctuation errors
d01f8dc1fa3fdb78897e1aa7c78cfa8bc2c78b99	Margins
ff2db9b86a6d9d886479a0ba4a165f3d9fb8ab1d	Text sheet
96630fd2952f0130738c47f51e590c57c0766d28	Short sentences
ac6ff37e2f54571cc60828ad2c5211775b2622b5	Emoticons
e0d86538a860c79b04146431d5bd1aa1ba5cd5f7	Lots of formatting
935edbe91f7d3337c2fe13e3ad2373c9a8ec468c	Pictures
014bcd654c60d5250fad2123b073b9c0ac3340f6	Links
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527c838e363d15507ed7abe82cbfaf956ebfbc91	Anatoly Alizar @alizar
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8b6e30919bc3cff1ef3278da27cf4f150fbba854	Homeopathy is an instrument of natural selection
597390b3d5a70d0f4a4da2bfbec145ae793893d8	+76
89649fae02e5b241395eb9188261b77e79643c50	49,8k
c097638f92de80ba8d6c696b26e6e601a5f61eb7	72
8d1218244d96823a1ecdf1b383e010d29b57a3cc	761
577761073f252280fb85a4ac38ae7c68fbccf441	A little bit about cheating in shooters: what are "cheats"?
a13ec413d584c209450874c19a75f42622553148	+63
dd66da0a27c452a39e5003bf1dda47205178d81a	47,9k
d694dce2c21af7e2a6c757b948aa94c55e677261	Comments (300)
7ad5a881ab873c84513ed4f8255fb2cc78909daa	Tomcrafd
e530bf7ee9f9488f93d7b64232085b138f32be9c	December 14, 2016 at 16: 28
1d0e634d769ed03d1d1876ad9768a6218856f019	+8
65799bcaa380147192ea28966a0dff3585d35e4e	I turned off the cable at home 3 years ago. If you need to watch sports. that is, the Internet and ace stream.
d6d9fe19f0124c4d7ffa21f5eedc49d74b9bcdcb	I donot watch anything else from the broadcast programs.
01d5e83293bf52c2403c96144102e73f7eff1ad1	shadovv76
7be18042c3ea68edae9ca30c6a25840e470db854	December 15, 2016 at 08: 53
bf8bf1a08e9e7528b036dc22bf18a0053f3b4cc1	+2
dda521c16bed6f04bd8b253f94fb3d8fd6d33c6a	how is sports better than news?
32cfa2de324815f33cfdfbfb6f1310968c15d640	TScissors
5569e5805d11d0a8d744e5fd246aa8204a52ea65	December 15, 2016 at 10:18 am
803263c7002504601e94136bafebea1abd53105d	+3
b4042ea13097c97a5fb4924157628af8305ed2a1	probably for some it is better that there is almost no politics there. but really, what's the difference?
799db9e902e8e4755b3b7f221640d8f185619d26	NINeOneone
20bbfddf2b618219fec56ef4a8edc96b32cd3d30	December 15, 2016 at 11: 00
ce862e1b21db72c346c3808bb8fc61cb7ea08d93	The difference is that there the rules of the game are simple and clear and it is easy for the layman to understand whether they are doing something correctly or not.
269fd66200507bd4c7c6b3613ee2062a67effc89	In sports, it is easier for people to disagree with a judge than in politics with "national interests", because they have their own opinion.
722668fda016acb7dd7fc035bbe4db2add87155f	Noweol
c1530f777276e2fe6d263d058279c9fb43c711b5	December 15, 2016 at 16: 10
a7b816115bc6ff10076a50644088ce90bf90c9a7	Remember what useful things you did or finished while watching the news of a football match.
8f8eae514cdce3bc8af835018ee687991ced1dbb	In general, sports news, although they lie in a different plane, but they do the same thing as ordinary ones.
f6c177ec3474394797e258bcde20134d62a15fe3	ValdikSS
16c079c33f147b0786c0ab62939b9a6e262a5493	December 15, 2016 at 23: 13
06223e8eec5720bfafeddfa5478368cb6135b37a	Please do not use Ace Stream.
1835cef687d575033150f858410690a1d0ea2496	I donot want anyone to deliberately install this Trojan.
6e4b8361a8f06d97a88cdd4cf8993fac23e0d439	rPman
87c1b8a03df335c6a8e1e81bcb28407a650e1579	December 18, 2016 at 01: 42
ad4004a0aa914a5c6d7270d5bc7f52945a56ed0f	for more information, can I?
e44dc649424de396bd45469560416b8e4ac706be	and if you fork it? https://bitbucket.org/AceStream/acestreamplayer
b6abde7a028bd7d886c23637390e1c95817ebf6b	4GT
faf847694bdadd824d174cc297829e172e3ad1fc	December 16, 2016 at 10:03 am
1e1ce72377339e3d6494eecd391befa7959b178d	I went to university (2001) So I stopped watching TV.
f99cc20d1a9ad3e30d66a48e8bf4a6e90961349d	But I canot wean my parents off.
824b1d37680ffe5dd5302eda90ecef0a8bef320c	I could only dilute it by giving them a TV with a 3D effect and a flash drive, now at least they watch movies sometimes.
4c303e01d025ad9a41a9b7f5a88bd56df2abfee7	Ugrum
3ca39e823a0cdfedd2b676e1e11c126e6d59056b	December 14, 2016 at 16: 29
0bd257664016d46124aec96a08b99f70a9796c8a	(the comment has been changed)
bcc9d740ac210d33453453153fec7d78d79bf6c3	+11
1ffc9d8fe50a7b417882dcbf78d5842d7c934b87	Ahahaha, what a thematic advertisement stuck to this post.
6484013190bf9425d808a5814496d4d54ad3ac4c	Theodora – All kinds of magic
e557d98d38de99ea611905c89b7db997de7e00b1	the healer Theodora.RF
b2f88017447e32a8c38d2b15538b4b8b98b7215d	Divination by photo, predictions of the future.
97ffd1e78d222306c415ae78326a6350313b8a56	Free consultation.
3004d31a66d9961df0689606ce8b298a4ea721bb	Well, it's just 100% hitting the color.
2c24b809bdff8bfc0fea8c7371a1d5363852752d	LuckyStarr
831a8145423477691c00eb215f97142842215f7d	December 14, 2016 at 22: 42
1b07c01962d1bd145e54c9d42ffbbb03254af5cd	–1
a0d00f2851229339261bbb499efc15bbb3ffa6a8	Targeted advertising is like this;)
3c27d7bc9f44d500f27d15dc8fab808e30ba739c	DASpit
e7d81539c182d28de9b5d95c02b470227d26066c	December 14, 2016 at 23: 54
a5b969e253df0b2d59b0f558f2c0ac2d5ffca079	You have a strange trail of site visits on your computer.
7e56fc6e3d1f20c9812b7c734ab3c08c3a79f50f	I have a thematic ad about constructors for children, a home goods store and banking services.
b259e3cc29067f6d10c7e3937114e1ccc9140e59	killik
bbf25e43d5b07c442ae431367e83bba7e477111d	December 15, 2016 at 03: 52
d2c3f40bf87b5cb840581ebdfc14f4afd1aedb2b	I also have all three about magic, and I'm only interested in it except for EmDrive.
bf0e40893916e2908921ea2431bb19862d38196d	I just havenot visited anywhere else today, and my browser history is not saved.
1324fda31be1dffc1c29aedd4aa656c4876e2690	So, sometimes dreams are just dreams ;)
58143a746d985b09682aa1a61e0100915446d3fa	Pakos
cb4393ba932b618739be658fae95f8780d5dcd7b	December 15, 2016 at 10:04 am
6879d30c8b3e86a6b16f1df02e7c06cd7a2b30ff	We donot know anything about this user?
93c1d135984a5240ec2126c2de7066323e70a3c1	It's magic!
94fe7d40809a656e887c4a42622f583da376ed29	We need to advertise magic to him.
74bbf8687c76f4f8b69692a7718032619afc234b	Shultzenfegel
e554ed2e5b6a0307753290073d576fe0e3f0ee81	December 15, 2016 at 11:54 am
b800a59677c8ff6b4b9ec77f0e8b9c65e02724f9	Similarly — all three blocks are about amulets and fortune telling on coffee grounds.
d810c8c9704b643bd2beafb7b0e715a4f2b5bf3c	Ad targeting is disabled in the Yandex profile.
9420b15bc25d8ffa6b3bb55666e24b23362c115a	Maybe the general trend of the Runet?
f8530587100dc697b3a13bad5d7f2d2d3f145198	)))
0201ea27723672babd0ef4a5cc424d94fc0be323	December 15, 2016 at 10:03 am
749251e58dda6f93a5424d353a4691614e5ae5e0	Something you were looking for interesting — I have a case of sis. blocks, datakam and for some reason a medical certificate.
43a4ef666d9fdd73988b1094d283cf9857dff0e9	December 15, 2016 at 10:22 am
2ad712865593cc1e6a5571712d4446eda5e9b205	Only tabs with 4PDA, Tmfeed and Yandex market are always open + I periodically look at currency rates.
951c7dc269460291ea2205796b2bb783321cb692	Everything.
93f29c89273147b34f4d33610f1cf6d395692418	What is the magic here?
9e534380841c2adb326c5ccf577aabd80cbb9468	Nipanyatnaaa.
cf7ace7b5eee16a2b3f159a6f997b0d96d1eacb2	dimm ddr
8f1a2578d2e9dab284fc18051ca9a048bcdbe960	December 15, 2016 at 16: 45
970ef5e6a3a0a13b9ff2927eea13ce0ff7bf40f2	From the exchange rates, definitely.
2ef287141296be3e51db2cbb280528674674db9c	See the exchange rates -> play on the stock exchange -> definitely need a fortune teller to know what will happen tomorrow.
e6af44c50166070094b90afc91e6bfa4b8569403	< / sarcasm>
7f65af6d7a9408c447eae35aaa79cd746177028c	stalinets
288424abf04063a0d59b9f85ea3cecb60ad6d878	December 15, 2016 at 20: 04
69af9d6e1375fdc2e5398f4a33050865e0248a3f	Well, the principle that targeted advertising does not guarantee that only targeted advertising will be displayed.
38024d5cbe807c0f65952d86926fd933c34d0518	Obviously, there is an admixture of random advertising.
f0550e127fa5aec83fe9d111b015ad5bb9ad4482	The advertiser of such advertising believes that his advertising will be interesting to everyone.
91b92dd4b5d212ec0344ce34526a47996bc19c35	And in general, a person is difficult, people are all different.
e43d8f9608b443c0b98575df85b720369e68d73b	For example, I have a familiar sysadmin telecom, who believes in omens, the power of baptism, devilry, etc.
6ac9cc359c48ac21f497beebb85476c2fb55ee6b	ruwebstyle
9a2c427c1d0bd7189c1b4f564455d9363b68c471	December 16, 2016 at 10: 00
37388ebd5fef383008924084e0c43aeb1be60860	I am amazed at how many people still sit on the Internet without protection.
66b3bea8338f9122f75fbc205f22d33fc92ca20c	Namely, Ublock Origin, Adguard, Disconnetc, etc.
94b5241ffc5d4169d753a05d3bbd7869bcdeb380	December 16, 2016 at 11:16 am
2dfe83f97bf1ead2a59acc992dc0edc309f08e77	My ad blocker is disabled only on TM.
724ebd41bc3fdc0d0fc3677ca136de39a9a7ae7d	And the result is sometimes hilarious.
805e1a9b50fd5e7467ccab198d8cb286d6dd74d3	Light Metal
8650291628ad250b91ee3b0969cfa80c3fe004e0	December 16, 2016 at 11:29 am
d2443fdbc11b2b4d61eef7861a7aec0ae478d322	But what about the good old jokes about IT people dancing with a shamanic tambourine?
41db354e357e5b59c0ba1dbb4d3556187ee57a56	Well, about the accompanying mysticism and magic.
2fb8564252ecc9cf5fad98bb6a52de3377d1cf1a	So much for targeting ads on a relatively CA resource.
2b2d64e3ae8eacf262b4a10056a5ea635ccbd330	December 16, 2016 at 11:37 am
01713d2c15ff743f9b7440895c1cbff41ff6d6bf	Good move.
e72be2e8f191ca8f51f62aa59630ca5d1a71e653	It is accepted as a working version.
1e9c7deac425309214ee5c93ae3c5983ac1448f8	lex infohunter
fba76a8b0d5bdee2c05f2f2f0c30b792eb8ee487	December 19, 2016 at 09: 08
07181f6a548330183f6a021499a9087b959326b7	witchcraft in the trend means.
ed8d5fd885e7190b459c73af8ef9a113d2ff66cb	swarggg
4fd98aeabb354bf7c0be0c179f81dd9e56b0d5e5	December 14, 2016 at 16: 30
5c26d9fb710edfe1859dd52fd8aa035c14e80b0e	+19
d26c26c6a52a6163e70741b89f7d20157c7f4e5a	I donot watch TV at all!
7662233edfd934a7fbbbd61af3f36bdc7f1cc632	I quit this business because of the simply unbearable amount of advertising!
35dc3203d7327b83653cf71fe6c56f95e0cc0519	And I donot understand people who are ready to watch some content flavored with tons of advertising, if there is an opportunity to watch without it.
91d43ec2d81aaecab2657dc3d73c8a956f661c61	Well, then the realization of the things described in the article came, plus the quality of journalism fell, plus censorship…
7ed74f0a922d101db3fc70cf542d842f043957fe	kvinn
1fc4eacbddf20c89d0aa874fa2fee98315987578	December 14, 2016 at 19: 00
68a6c00fe35060487bb4fbe6f7d15592674a5879	I will add to this that the information (any) in the TV is not served at the time when I am ready to perceive it.
5a1a6e65760076bc104d4adb93418b958385e044	It is impractical to adjust your schedule to the mailbox if there are more convenient sources of information.
385f3edfab5c0049695aee749503805ebc5944fe	As for the news, it is quite possible to draw facts from them if there are a sufficiently large number of sources.
50491cf9e89099ace1c7e0b5e5cc5a63c9507fd6	And you need to do analytics yourself, relying on a suitable methodology.
b5c2d905a5c78dba634ef7034708b912b05bf83a	As an option — listen to those analysts who rely on a suitable methodology.
091a8ca347ad4b29b3790fd6260dc9e74b8654cd	The criterion for the validity of the methodology is morality.
30286bb3b9d9d1e0cfe228ce982dd46229021da1	December 15, 2016 at 04: 25
09a844a0b982950a2f493e54be9aacabd4bb2452	It's not even the advertising itself that is annoying, but the stupid drumming of a couple of dozen commercials from day to day, especially the announcements of the programs of the channel itself.
ca00accd3de5da49f8e360489ec377d96a30aded	Actually, it's the same with the news — if you just look at the feed on the site and new messages are visible, then the same stories are repeated in the zomboyashchik every issue.
41e11286cf6d8d217aae16b0140c44904b691509	In general, brainwashing should be treated more carefully, I think.
a5d6302eb4b4f9b6f6e9b6cc3e0c2833b8bff2a7	December 15, 2016 at 10:07 am
21b0f4bd62788217db71bd3154ee72395103a656	Watch in the record, squandering ads.
cc25f04dafc1bfee75bfb6aa17729192aed30dac	New seasons of discovery broadcasts that are not available anywhere on trackers.
1b41527b8ce5a053a5aff836cd42c354450e38c9	Navij
cc84f1ed4089aefec7f5e3b792ed847ebe9f8097	December 15, 2016 at 13: 23
7c0d8591d8d4d636373a01c044ebc745c0c76914	I stopped watching Discovery a long time ago, looked into the program for today and realized that it was not in vain.
8c811a021a7a8e3e1e30a4715c983885e95477fa	Fraudsters, Warehouse Hunters, Container Battles, Gold Rush and all this around the clock.
6353254b3329801f16832fa5a8f33c0321d1ee0e	But such a good channel was once!
43f66ae0c40bf958cf3fb7aa16ade8e8fe80d952	gsaw
38a2bf56ae8f0cf078ebd3a1ae8676634918e025	December 15, 2016 at 14: 52
d5ae02c0cc474b421d06a559c0365776676f89e7	Similarly.
bdfc03f58bd9679504bb3bbecf653c53c0648950	Probably, what is the demand — such is the supply.
0a5337584875905ff14572aac2735253c6a026f1	It is probably difficult to make a normal scientific transfer.
7a4b9c7bf7d638bfed6e2df4f035dc32f62583fa	What would be interesting and understandable to the general mass was.
1ad70f6fd54c1fe5274b48dc7c721598a0e11f8a	Really probably, but then you need to fill the channel around the clock, where do you get so many topics?
66d8352c138a622b5140394dac3f76e9a0402a3a	It is necessary for a person to be more or less in the topic, an operator, an editor, write a script, go to a research institute or get out into nature.
991a5e7e9ddc860d0f60c8a2afd6393a4d94430c	KostaArnorsky
9d697c984ce7c649c25f9df82d9ac97c7807daa0	December 15, 2016 at 15: 49
5205e374b813485fd643f09f1f9ca7310933d2c6	Now it's Discovery Science.
b8180f7d9c84762fab9a6199f47503f06732c183	At least I was I havenot looked for a long time.
245ca2d2f505bf8922cdf329dec0bf2eed42e8e8	December 15, 2016 at 16: 00
2db78bda465de20e4e2df384abbb3bb45b4f96c6	Wheeler Dealers is quite at the level of all kinds of auto channels, especially since they are quite a lot of years old.
c2f2e3b8784ae2652a86f3eaeb2f3e8c5d5afc6c	shifttstas
4fc94edeec6586db75ff2bbd48c429e16ea977cf	December 14, 2016 at 17: 00
283c8d80f866076c3147f9b20bd2bc7924e8c7bb	Judging by the survey, many relatives watch a zombie movie, in order to reduce the impact, you can block all federal channels and instead set up CNN and similar channels on the same buttons, the withdrawal usually takes place in a month, and then there are fewer blackheads there at times.
f280bfa39f889244d4a773fc37b7635d83a13f06	norlin
27b6219fc9d1f322ce6e79254e13fcf6b843c67a	December 14, 2016 at 17: 14
91bb4c952b94bb7d7a9b4686551cf511d3a28d22	And what to do if relatives are against this approach?
5bb18b03b5dc10ce8cf00b0f2e391fc15fe1c160	December 14, 2016 at 18: 10
855a77d7d7dd6d88322d75d52e983ae6306f5a39	If it is absolutely desirable for the age — we can say that the channel was rebranded, if the age is such that they are most likely not to be led — they will refer to the poor quality of reception (and advertising) or any other reason.
9285afc6a976196d9a69d9a4dbad6c08b45b2bb7	Here's the truth, if a person is disconnected from federal channels, then after about 2 months when viewing them, he will have a persistent dislike.
febf27ee7db9b2f131305fba9ee2ad9830bd7d55	December 14, 2016 at 18: 34
7c64eee4eb65e6719aebcb02c55455f48e8c036e	No, not elderly.
53c913bc9b4dae87fad312a528ffa2ca564d4ede	Quite adequate conscious people, more or less technically literate.
a039837b1f4bf931eb877ac6d12935ed668fa433	They just donot support the point of view about "zomboyashchik", they watch some programs on the "main" channels, etc.
eef162140841c351bae07318e73c1aff5833b2d7	December 14, 2016 at 19: 26
84ba6a711f0a14724d2d538dcb76275f2d025ea8	If they are not interested in news — provide convenient access to the content VOD or put together a file server themselves
d2d2865c75356348bb60d8ef4f2382b41c1a1f5c	buggykey
dc3120a8357a1b62ab7701e39c2610c8f79736ca	December 14, 2016 at 20: 26
7e3517a772a95cbb439edde90a968b40e8b088f3	According to the second paragraph — I absolutely support it!
a48c2040a679ea89eba6e37411be3bc0d25d0dd5	Several (about five years, it doesnot matter) years ago, I myself felt that I could not watch the news on TV.
34e82bfc5719af0cfec0e2a5d1b29bb0c47dbdaa	I stopped looking.
5e7addc097d9955be5fd0f5d329f8ffa2adeb6b7	I bought a new TV, it will exclude and based on the need for a large monitor, just a stupid TV.
c8b4271d4ca3649637c42dbcf0ce77666662c9ff	Now everything that looks looks through KODI (XBMC), downloaded from the network.
63484e6810fb1b8c9ff01643dadadea4cc77f15e	Sometimes, when guests come, you have to turn on terrestrial TV and news I see that it's an empty matter to look for at least some grains of truth there: everything that is broadcast is always served in the same, specific context.
2e3468ac9427e8ec0b362dafc1d67032b5f7c869	Moreover, this is checked by a simple call to relatives or friends in the country that is being discussed in the news.
af8258eac518abae86d376c0d705144245782d88	And one more example from life: an old friend from Novokuznetsk came to us (we ourselves live in St. Petersburg).
54f266dfc291abbe178ec6666e0c1b63a22a767e	He tells me.
732055d4880f1f588821b180dcc146c63f50adc2	Relatives from Ukraine came either to him, or to his wife, to Novokuznetsk.
8740a60c7a7fa677d6c625b5cfd24479540f860f	They came home, they were sorting things out, the TV was turned on in the background, as usual, in the room.
f9b439fb06a00987c3a7c6a20b2b1af036765839	Suddenly they come running to the kitchen, shouting: "They show this on TV about us and Ukraine!
07b5889152be4901922198a1147b93665a7025ec	How can this be — we have just come from there, there is nothing like this at ALL!".
3dcbf6579b3ea44c85a4b614437a4af967169ae8	They were slowly calmed down, explained what was what, everything calmed down.
d79c8e28a03731ad5c09d358b29faa922d653694	This friend, the owner of the apartment himself left for a couple of weeks.
4d5d4d0b98362edca0f414a79e88e1c64584348b	I came back, he says, I donot understand anything: these same guests are beginning to gradually, but increasingly, to agree with the Russian news!
6557fb6ebf7aba247cb9f03d1c8525e1447b207d	And, characteristically, they do not sit on purpose, do not watch TV and news, it just works in the background, but it penetrates even those who know exactly what is really happening, but continue to be exposed to it.
d0150da61ed1b76f811974202491f86abb95e84d	Even implicit!
02543e7a69d67a10d8772e2869825bf5606af712	PS
4869598a6d1c923a37eec617145b647697c08f56	I would not like this comment to be perceived by anyone in a political context — I am not talking about politics here, but about the depth of the impact of TV on people's opinions.
27d66beadbfc819f1ed43eceba33c497615fe5a6	Skerrigan
f618a9a54793fa7d3d36a446db43b03246247f5b	December 15, 2016 at 04: 11
3e20376b14d0a0d251eedfbaf8f379854dde0987	–2
ecbc78abd832fac2d3c418a093df15ca7ba92214	Okay, "our answer to Chamberlain" - relatives have also arrived, their brains have been brainwashed to the fullest by the fact that "you know who is to blame" for all their troubles.
eeecf97c4c7ef2da283ecbcf7189982ddf3e948d	What is this... in short, exclusively "their" (our neighboring country) point of view on the topic of "who is fighting there".
a13455194d9af31bbcd6cd5be5873cf69a786731	And only after living with us for a few weeks, they moved away a little and became sane.
a26b7a4cbb406cc6fcb5c40cfb914549791a8265	And then, according to the first one, we were almost "accomplices of evil"with them.
9d049bd18fdfae1330c339fd51f67beec7f949b6	Or else, a friend of the master from Tomsk went there in 2014.
b68904573c38873878f83b3893e3d368271cd1bb	A few months later, he was gone.
73244dadc4dd400a9605db5557d7952fb5bdb645	Such are the cases.
747a7ca74b3739aabec2614720d8b1911a525e99	And I also saw friends from those places of life where the contact lines are.
7b8c7bc67dbec4a221fed11fd210a39d69ecbbc3	Live here, who have already arrived here.
a2a48d234a86dcf53d6a99330b49ac4c7933e485	Therefore, I do not know what exactly was discussed in your case, but yes, there is quite a real meat grinder going on there.
7128d98ae381b83137fe464122819added22e324	P.S. on a professional line, I continue to communicate with Ukrainians on the topic of testing automation.
c064b4160d087819b4890531d4247f39cea9ddd3	Both sides of the dialogues carefully do not touch on this very sensitive topic.
c4b69caafd25c564a00472d1ef0294798f6cb06f	Nevertheless, it is extremely difficult to communicate, because the tension is felt even through correspondence.
355bd3e52d58a22d1171b061756dee89f3026ce2	December 15, 2016 at 14: 18
8a68b064ba7dd170dfcb6019b12baf603d3a547b	As for the meat grinder, no one, in my opinion, doubts that it is the real one, but to give the initial minimum objectivity to views on this issue, it is enough just to remember on whose territory this is all happening.
cd40d0b74b6fca34c6ccc8f4b12abd48bb5e1307	Let's, as we wanted, not go into politics, but discuss, in this case, the tool itself, and not the forces that use it.
6af2194f2af25b15ef1807e11a3374d2502a02d2	You have just confirmed what I said: there is no need to watch the news either "there" or "here".
6e676d2764bb2d666160648042bd285079705166	As it was said in a children's fairy tale: "Do not drink from the hoof, you will become a goat!".
e50e9c03df619ee1ffeb80dadc8379f0d5f0be9f	Both you and I have come to the conclusion that regardless of who uses it, the influence of television on people's opinions is very effective.
4a6a0fa67e993f8e0f69b08db3c3aef6cfb8143a	It seems to me that if there is a desire to free relatives and friends from this effect, you need to completely switch them to an extraneous context, for example, find the same series to your taste, or pump up some educational films or programs, completely disabling the ability to turn on the air.
b9e2d6f75807dddab27bdff24ac1add3af67279d	As written below,
5d729e1c71f42e8f52c9ef60fba56078ee739e08	RSS Twitter VK Instagram Facebook YouTube Google+ AppStore GooglePlay Telegram
46205a85f6676f6b6db317278a2c2484afc75097	Trends CES 2017 Space Elon Musk Tesla NASA Drones Quantum Physics
b0283350c388ce498c2eb4b7aaabae5234c3934e	High tech news > Research Space 10 most interesting conspiracy theories
73b80056540864ebec910d086ca1adef41770f4a	Ilya Helle behelle le. helle elehele
f23ccc4c976375cd2b94cb7ee6446cfc29971bf9	March 8, 2013 at 11: 1408.03.2013
95601b403f77df3eba528fd124364d62a17c4d24	68,289 views
8b1b12a8427e5149c0b994f621598f03b47b0a88	46 comments
a3d87618f950518c93eac50d12592b83269f5e2d	About the author, I am interested in everything related to high technologies.
c835aa887134d8771b1148b1d9194362c8b4a6d6	The solar system is not a limited soap bubble, and there are many interesting and unexpected things lurking outside of it.
4912b17a8b41797904cfb57ed3415ceea0d4c2b6	But how much?
dc64296d48488ff17f6fae2f13c8281fa0f835a5	There were many different hoaxes in the world, and any poorly explained event was invariably overgrown with speculation.
2a852c72ddb31309caac50c951c5c8b44ff72ea8	Giving rise, thereby, to the assumption that " the authorities are hiding the truth."
3509eebab8edc6d963f40fcfcef14a9a86aac549	Do aliens exist?
89ea45536fa6f694b1dea6bb8f9c499f05e369ab	What is dark matter?
ffe71203dc7a704fcb2bd5654115576d8fa8c3a7	Are there any journeys faster than the speed of light?
9e4ec24a4327c236270794bc5976a887f30045db	The answers to these questions have not yet been found.
f37c2cf70b6917936e573dbfd4c0a43510b44005	But many people believe that the authorities are hiding the real truth, and we will never know who is behind it — the Illuminati, Freemasons, Jews or the Lord himself.
c43bd14bd95c75910aad94a3289aabb65241fbc1	This is where the conspiracy theory begins.
6031a8989dad73515c6b3f6d4ff5cc1a3557b8f1	Here are ten of the most exciting conspiracy theories of all time.
10e93aee5222bc55fcf90aa11892df77261987d8	Let's get started.
2e05877aa907e3267ef61bf26792b80d127db6de	The dead cosmonaut
3564b30d074692a9c7b14c3fa283ff8e1d859567	In the 60s of the XX century, the Soviet Union and the United States staged a race to explore outer space as quickly as possible.
3e4df26da06e17d80c3bb6ff1eadd47f56fd01c7	The leader, of course, will claim technological superiority over the other.
1408b2d4d0cab1a24293f4e70349dc47f234cefe	The Soviet Union was the first to start: in 1957, Sputnik was launched, the first man made orbital satellite.
41fa6b7b62d48812ecc4715c6dd6f0301b0b3148	In 1961, the Union struck another blow: Yuri Gagarin became the first man in space.
233111d00cd114557f36c87408302459a56852a1	A few weeks before Gagarin's successful flight, the brothers claimed that they had detected and registered radio signals from an astronaut slowly dying on Earth's orbit.
100875d5fe521da401d3cfccdf8b4fd93facbcf7	The Soviet Union denied the brothers ' claims.
417a3da552063ea87f89e6fa608b3e7a35998d96	There is another conspiracy theory on the topic of outer space.
159cf5a6832015a75444e49900c2f060969d5912	Pole shift
0fec4f2f605658a4c0b647568f4c121e9ff722b4	Climate change, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are a direct consequence of the pole shift.
c45603ac375e970ac8531ad43f7a290ad264d32a	Some argue that soon the Earth will face another tragic pole shift, as a result of which entire continents will be under water, and others will rise from the depths of the sea.
953ee4189ed3110efb76202f776a30cc0f68517d	The hypothesis of the pole shift is included in the list of worldwide conspiracy theories that, according to many, are hidden by the government and knowledgeable people from the public.
60a49a748e74e02740d958aa9455e44bb692fdc9	This is done in order not to cause panic among the population.
6e5f93cbe4223ec78fad074a3aaaf76b315b6789	Skeptics just shrug their shoulders, claiming that there is no scientific justification for the pole shift.
0bd85cbe6077b9b4b0001ecfda0056c5818a580a	The true poles of the Earth do not coincide with the magnetic poles, which, in turn, are definitely shifted.
4a11b52e3030c16e23326a8604bcc3e61cd3deff	The North magnetic pole is slowly moving from the northwest towards Canada.
8a5a0e0275c2aea540bb12d97440e00d4721124d	This means that if you travel to the North Pole by compass for ten years, you will come to a different place every time.
cddf78a5edfc18d55ca87e5d184794286633e6f7	2012 and the end of the world
a3c43a56e6f4b31c5a47a4614bf983efbfcb121f	The Maya are to blame for everything.
3a002eed18799457b436850f138e8f58a4382c2f	They created a long calendar that had a spiritual significance for the whole culture.
262b25745816fae6e800a114d094d76e975dfe9f	The calendar was divided into several cycles, the last of which ended in December 2012.
79c051792db3b6f6618ffdb3ec2917ccb790ceed	Some people believed that the Maya knew that after 2012 the world was doomed to ragnarok.
011cbdca0291f058f61907fa45d11261a0810648	We happily announced: disasters, destruction, the apocalypse ... today is 2013.
b88821d427d0b9a4e035c39bc38c6c38bbacd2ea	It's all good.
8eb313beb7a3ea29db9c843f50cf2ee376dc6205	The Illuminati and "Majestic 12"
a26e50b419d413ada46f8c61737dfba5cccf2bf4	Secret governments are the main core of conspiracy theory.
2f3832eba6f53cc46ffdddc011906e87ae141d7b	According to the" ufologist "William L. Moore," Majestic 12 " (Majestic 12) was the code name of the secret department of the US government headed by President Harry Truman.
f8d45775cc4163bfd53dd6cf7ce2f81029e1e211	The purpose of the department: the fight against alien creatures.
6060591e226abaf16822e0d9a40b2ec9e9c1b6e1	Skeptics say that the documents that Moore cites as proof are fakes, and there is no secret department.
fc10ae08a763ef2afa0295b6f55fdca174d5b42f	But the Illuminati is another secret organization that has access to the secrets of the universe.
6dc50eb3bd4609487bf95c5195faacead797ecc1	There are dozens of theories about the Illuminati and their activities, some of which say that it is an organization that dominates all secret organizations.
e4a45cc1dd45892a3190b6537c40dee2daa735b6	Some theories say that the Illuminati are the common descendants of humans and an extraterrestrial reptilian civilization.
fd6465393a309b3f6876bb39caafcbb5b2d3bfe1	According to these testimonies, hybrid descendants are now at the top of power in all countries of the world.
ac4bf731548aff4e58b5cdd252816f298ac3eda0	And they sharpen their teeth, that is, their claws.
a98d0a143bfdd128993a0650bbf234eb08dc5e6e	The goals of the Illuminati are quite extensive: from simple world domination to preparing the Earth for the colonization of other planets.
4dac310c7fffd71c95ef8e35dc2f8e49a9a46357	Skeptics note that there is no evidence to support the existence of the Illuminati, but supporters of conspiracy theories say that the lack of evidence only confirms the existence of the group.
4940e523992dc6f398f946b45242594eb507fde6	The Illuminati, they say, work so effectively that they erase almost all traces of their existence.
e605d89a756ca6894a023e23ba1040cdc6b7c022	Speaking of aliens?
b3616938101ccebc9410f1374f658ec363a06496	What about Roswell and Area 51?
83b6a5f751f47c46a90fd73cd21c16f4f49c9659	Roswell and Area 51
0dcede41df82985a2cd7a0b986136710f8e9c6c7	The discussion of conspiracy theories does not ignore the incident in Roswell.
5b8785e4b857e925264dcee88be469924eb3a27f	In July 1947, rancher Mc Brazel discovered several strange objects northwest of Roswell.
7d036f6fb62baa53c69b08df8837a5d310bb91b8	Brazel was unable to identify this garbage, and a military base nearby published conflicting information about the nature of the find.
bb77c8fc8d11f7ac75df8d01435fddb51b942c94	Several newspapers picked up the gossip.
79f7a6dcd20b2dab6e327cfd1fe457d0c5368871	At that time, people simply considered the incident unusual, but a few decades later, conspiracy theories on the topic of aliens added fuel to the fire.
6d60a823574c215d2eaf9c2de0b7f38d43979b3c	Then dozens of enthusiasts published books about the Roswell incident.
2ed5c02d0e21abbeba3a849a85a641ae570ba3cf	The main version of the incident was the fall of a spaceship, and of course, with subsequent encryption by the US government.
ad90f718bb4bd30d88f8e61845b2c45e9329e0ba	The military, in addition, confiscated space debris.
8ddf01603356018629161e77c224dbf0dfaca3ec	According to the evidence, the authorities transported the wreckage to the Air Force base in Roswell.
df4ca6dff464681972687cc9f733f4dcd162f226	Others say they were taken to Area 51, a secret military base in Nevada, where the government was studying an experimentally dropped saucer.
7d56be3dde488f2fbb9e408c786ac7242d0dcfbc	The press got stories from officials about the autopsy of alien bodies.
5f64999fe5df6a18fcec92df681e60c939950ca5	Some said that anyone who dared to investigate the case on their own was visited by" men in black " — the relevant vigilant bodies.
69bca7df79c192699f40d9e2c959135f95038ed4	The official version of what happened is this: a balloon with the code name "Project Mogol" crashed on the territory of Roswell, which was part of the secret tests of the military.
b8d6441798edfc7df2b834d872b8a774d07b96a3	No extraterrestrials.
9b6606c52780e5d6d32634f9237d6173b62cdeb6	Planet X
420303c8499f877b76febbc598854f1e54912855	Is there a giant unnamed planet in our solar system?
4456b3d0a37b85a395517e52d144800bc96f1737	According to the theory of "Planet X" - yes.
919a1b71fcc02b96b0fbbcbbbe73e194e4f73fb3	Not so long ago, we considered a hypothetical situation: what happens if a black hole appears in the solar system?
bfb9837fd13114f0e5aa4ac6a61799d391b125fd	Now let's recall the main details of the conspiracy theory about an unknown planet.
56d4f9ae8d89c45e40e473b9aba09739aa69f24a	So, there is a tenth planet in our Solar system (if, of course, you count Pluto among the planets, otherwise — nine).
64c0ad297dc1790fdc9e94cc9b5541df0b1851d2	The planet is very unusual and is on a path that will soon bring it closer to Earth.
82690cf8f76ffdd392c8e6a7b9b27ad8b3808f03	Proponents of the theory refer to the growing number of earthquakes and weather changes as evidence of the approach of this mystical planet.
e17355432a6cd01b152727334c7d6e9cb9c1cbdc	They also claim that the government is forcing the observatories to stop monitoring it, so as not to cause panic among the population.
a9b21761555cabb6f5ca603c99ebafdffd05841e	Astronomers say that there is no evidence of the presence of "planet X", and that if it existed, we would see it without a telescope.
f5a099b48879d4d36215671f1472c06592b73f6c	Spy Satellite USA 193
bcef942b836e096cb3ef050f67a885c93e3f15ce	On December 14, 2006, Vandenberg Air Force Base launched a rocket carrying a satellite called USA 193.
cba2edf72fa96d88d75e5f8fa99d3623c3b9e6cb	He was part of the NRO (National Reconnaissance Office) intelligence program.
be840badd43d7d9958c0d38cba24f9acac8c4042	In short, a spy.
1adc07bb165acef05d4e59f77f90376d095e5afc	The satellite had problems in orbit, and at the end of 2007, the US Air Force discovered that the "baby" would soon fall to Earth.
3db00df560286dbb4c3c6ee36c723c40d55ca766	In January 2008, the US government announced that it intended to shoot down the satellite with a rocket.
cf4559f863c4ea9fbec6e744753cf21330cb3718	Why shoot down a satellite?
e6e4ab94576409881ade4c0371837c7a6be9d48e	The United States said that the satellite's fuel tank is full of hydrazine, which is poisonous.
6d1967498a50d96f5099cc51b1961a0565ff3175	If the fuel tank survives the return to Earth, it can land on a populated area.
6cbe7e55368168ccbd008be43e237459325f6674	On February 20, 2008, the United States shot down the satellite USA 193 with a rocket.
f67e457077a56c590e256dbfc1c04e8674c5eb1c	But for some, this explanation did not seem enough, which means that "the authorities are hiding".
da6ab757c3ec1a493c71b0398ea5492d1b47dfa0	There are different explanations: some believe that the United States was afraid to "drop" a satellite on the territory of another country, others — the United States wanted to show that they can shoot down a satellite with a rocket.
86fbb129d2fad7c25245abba33a39b5501c20658	In 2007, China destroyed another meteorological satellite, calling it a "test".
b7e6ddcf66ef47e6a0e1dd3eef0745b7bdf32bd5	But this "test" put other satellites flying around the Earth at risk, threatening to turn them into space debris.
4d974285062e79bebf42578f20af39efe1830095	The USA 193 satellite was shot down in a low orbit, which did not threaten other satellites in any way.
0db912909b63a4f094d9ed59d916b6c66c30f23c	Could the US response have been directed at China?
49b1e628bf1f07bfcc0a0e767f99afee1c143895	Quite.
c069d812ea412580a2c68dfeea5afbb942556982	According to some.
f48af5dfca64ceb585f5b80a09a0ce90fcdb3377	Is the Earth really round?
61ab6a8b0ef8d0c661a5a69f838289efd7d130cd	Is there any evidence of the existence of an ancient civilization on Mars?
a5d69b7391e6e23935da77e1dbcdf39a446fd48b	Did the United States fake the moon landing?
8a5e5c1a04fcafde9170cac1b804e329d38a03dd	Read on.
feb797b6e019835778e6c314aa41f3777366a93f	Flat Earth Society
b6ffd88595f9852465f7317db89626ce87c0791f	In 1971, the leadership passed to Charles Johnson.
57929cfc3f63ddfdb34b958c12fba2f48da0e150	He headed the society until his death in 2001.
738c0a4af2ef9ec60883543c0fbd98639bb405ad	Without a leader, it fell apart.
5c173aa03b321f3de1b064b90cf993ee6bc0c7c9	Critics of the Flat Earth Society say that the members of the society simply denied any evidence that conflicted with their worldview, without offering real alternative hypotheses.
b09189ec2c6571b6173974848a7178fef41fe335	A Face on Mars
a3b98dca7393ec0cadf53e2067eb82b06479b1b5	In the 1970s, NASA launched two spacecraft named "Viking 1" and "Viking 2" to Mars.
cf20d7165207f8e252606a8547935ebf1697c090	Both photographed the surface of Mars and sent the images to NASA.
0d060430950cba2dcd666c127694c30510708c8f	In one of the photos, a hill on the surface of the red planet looked like a face.
459d5705bd49d78a649c465ad473b3835ec7f4ac	Author and conspiracy theorist Richard Hegland went further and stated that this is not just a face on Mars, it is actually a face.
9783d837ab2a0827b00edffc296ba14766f4c319	Hegland suggested that an alien civilization colonized Mars, and the face only confirms the existence of an alien city in the Cydonia sector.
40131b56c7605d129c7462f6973ea8f9b9779d82	When other satellites began photographing the surface of Mars, images of Cydonia showed that the face was just a manifestation of soil erosion.
bd18fb5857c606a007374276555225862d814b68	In response, Hegland said that the equipment used by NASA for subsequent images was not as accurate as what the Vikings were shooting with.
ff802cd7fa0027c8c7ad2e0981b8c852aab88b60	In addition, the space agency edited the images, making the face on them less like a face.
9220e0e1e8dc5e94333735ea3f302a5682fbcdfe	The Americans did not land on the moon
578e4c95d9c99c72778393422cd7619b82ecb1fc	The grandfather of all conspiracy theories can be called the moon landing hoax.
36227037a018cba9687af3dfdb57a0a6d30b56f3	Those who are for the fact that the States did not land on the Moon, believe that they did not have enough technology to transport people to the moon and back.
c49774b61cd680e4ff9df8cb730421427b704580	Allegedly, NASA made a fake landing in order for people to believe that President John F. Kennedy kept his promise: to land a man on the moon before 1970.
296bd585423a5e22c60fae93e525fa585b953cff	What evidence is provided?
6cf7689551e2b810c37c46b32c50fe4704e0b623	First, the video of the moon landing does not show the stars in the sky.
aa2763b1edfef3e5937fc50b69894d8599303796	NASA argues that the surface of the Moon and the astronauts ' suits strongly reflected light, and the camera caught them first, and not the faintly shining stars.
a546595646031d020cd5fa37eb9c57c737787dc2	Secondly, when the American flag is planted in the lunar soil, a wave appears on the canvas.
662cddd426ee4335fee58af2b619bb646cf94eca	In the absence of air in space, this is impossible.
9cc4aa397edf7f4b5a5b7e57efd90023c86d2141	NASA claims that the astronauts turned the axis of the flag at the moment of action, so it wrapped up.
a93c4bf0524ccf9a195b84bf7da2152ea7314fc5	The rotation of the axis caused the flag to move as well.
4a0a1f5b33ee51bbe0b9edff017ba0648a78fa96	According to NASA, there is a lot of evidence that people were on the moon.
07f44071129289120dbfec9326b33cea7eae6461	Photos, videos and reviews of dozens of astronauts who have visited the surface of the Earth's satellite.
bedb1305522c5a6886775bfde1b58c7dbf716279	Samples of soil and rocks.
f89c5aec2a1aa48e5b8271d22f1d76d5c4c3c336	The most persistent conspiracy theorists believe that everything is fake and "the authorities are hiding".
6acaa0ff2f3c25ea9fbf62a9ea234f1ef2435591	Do you think the authorities are hiding it?
288ccba9b62ddc1803cb556382ced804a9b72ebb	10 most interesting conspiracy theories Ilya Khel
d0a4a27e5cca7612f5c230f21a4bf6a47fd66bf8	Tags: Conspiracy theory.
3a9820f7a6136ba764d4413fa423656d3168137f	Tweet Share 0 Share 0 Share 0 Plus 0
129172e01558d187adf093b77bda3f3083b283a9	Hewlett Packard has created a photonic processor with a thousand components on a chip
57f68988206236663d481a300d508a487be35c13	The Outer Space Treaty was good, but is it suitable for our time?
ff591088c08ab41dbe005c44c04a1d9af7d106b7	Scientists have organized the first ever duel of two quantum computers
1d7e83d82e775198a25a1b408365649bbf547a7a	1 2 Next →
8899f5c988f39b062b97e2753b27f746b738e662	kirill on March 8, 2013 at 11: 36 on 08.03.2013 #
4daa6d1045e97dcf735b97c1b8a66cd07b89e501	Thank you, an interesting article.
0947217e7856b51a45766f892b339b069efcd1da	Vitor March 8, 2013 at 12: 49 08.03.2013 #
46228d51700890e6b76e927b89783ae41cb996b5	what kind of nonsense about the Illuminati that they are other creatures
7dc86397f1014062d7780a270bb7097bb4a070a1	Illuminat May 11, 2013 at 21: 58 on 11.05.2013 #
eb500aac6911263ecc0815cb9256d3f3bc146632	Yes, we are different!
23bbc64bdc1626d4a2ee0b2f209ac849f4b70e4e	Armani June 20, 2013 at 3: 57 on 20.06.2013 #
e835a149241be1903ca1708449e583474106822e	This is not nonsense.
7043598c4e19610aed3329fc044bdecba5252f3a	We are different, we are reptilian.
248b046f03af761abfb84b9a6b2299ad5cffa2b1	Our pupils are of a different shape, but you people canot see it.
700cdc029dc0601a775d4ff08f2bf08163299219	Vladislav Mironov on August 13, 2013 at 20: 05 on 13.08.2013 #
f57a6bd8be9b36e0a0e5f3acb2d91fef634177a2	And you will condense to the 3rd density of vibrations and then we will see.
27339d288c83e294e3c93f589c67b4221f20576b	Mikhail on March 8, 2013 at 13: 27 08.03.2013 #
0f783d3796ed366a1c30f1841d2dba5d9809e8cf	it's interesting and scary, but I'm still glad that I learned about this and will try to learn everything by heart !I will count more and more thanks a lot to the author there are no words thank you so much to keep it up !!!!!!!!!!I was especially impressed about the aliens I was so interested in Ash himself I believed it before not when I didnot believe it
59fefd30b1de51b08a2201d14c300fe147f2f4b7	((so scary !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
4e20a5abb9402b5682bb768b1101bf28ab6b5f2d	karadan on June 24, 2013 at 3: 06 on 24.06.2013 #
d105a4be80a6086435514ea0d7d2b2bbf96b59ae	why teach it?
9276a01a60bfaf38cfa09e691a8d757e32e7df9b	Illuminates... nonsense.
0e512f9368b0db10784d58a7833df523dec67172	Here is a Masonic conspiracy that is interesting.
b02419cb3a54505892cf661ed9890b3ac14c3bdd	Although they say that the illuminati and Masons are the same thing
dbce1b3c803df11da80252c59bcec3f44a776187	Vladislav Mironov on August 13, 2013 at 20: 08 on 13.08.2013 #
ea8ff788924db84bb15f8881822436001a73ce2c	The Illuminati are much higher than the Masons.
e0ace173ae58b296ba32e31aede8a27d693df461	And the Illuminati is led by Rothschild.
7b8813f98e124ec6dd8413c2c45abb1d50aa5c13	The most interesting thing, according to unofficial data ( oh, yes, as if there are official ones. Hee hee), the Rothschilds themselves were created by Reptiloids, but that's not all.
e214fe6de39d7b7328756fea32813787b805deb2	The Reptilians are led by the Orins, and the Orions are used as livestock by the aliens "Scandinavians".
09f5dc9f867b07fa07d3830bcaaeda623a8fb8a6	How do you like it?
e674393400899114e33112b6d4f475c08caab366	mixail March 8, 2013 at 13: 37 08.03.2013 #
696be5fc41ebfea8774081b73259c7cbf0d45540	Anonymous March 8, 2013 at 14: 29 08.03.2013 #
b8c1cf696bf723b4df6ae768877baac496c53f85	The most funny thing is that if this is true, you will almost never prove it, and having put forward such guesses, you will be taken for a crank ^^
7646897f657ae5c4bf17cbbb348ee8a3fa49efea	Farruh March 8, 2013 at 15: 34 08.03.2013 #
8e2bddee61b2b2d8ed29d8367085c8f5d8ba4ba1	XAXAXAXA ZEMLYA PLOSKAYA
9a8c7469f1743f64f9db4a6d4bd8c2e86e295f59	Anonymous March 8, 2013 at 17: 42 08.03.2013 #
c20240e2b724f8c149f14d16526476a23a0a4bcc	they could have burned him for this
1e8c289afaa4c21a2de5440f6ddd3784c422feff	jcmax on March 19, 2013 at 16: 06 on 19.03.2013 #
578c2e9ea923e8045f8a5e152085c84ccba60772	well, this is already pz*c and where does the horizon go?
28e5b91a4074ec331843f0db55dd084edb30feb7	Nuriman April 7, 2013 at 21: 32 07.04.2013 #
0da69697f5d03441d022ace36963fb36eecf092c	the government hides from us that the earth is flat
dd50f48924ed3c62b9f0ff52a967169fe91a493f	Nu amerikansi tochno ne sadilis v lunu
7d99b4b744a2e22a2d98775ce66cc3eefa953562	Chiringvin January 29, 2015 at 15: 13 29.01.2015 #
fa05bd82c4333bf88637e84ea3143b3d9fa64cdf	FARRUH personally saw how they did not sit down
a3a2982de83f692732524a6dfbe4f8cc0b619021	Farruh March 8, 2013 at 15: 37 08.03.2013 #
4d8512f14dfe53bcef9f94d5bf2d4e7e8343dd06	and the planet x breeeeddddd
d917efcd25e36dad0e45d2ccfe08f137bddcd20a	Mishal March 8, 2013 at 16: 06 08.03.2013 #
5a3b8ac77051c94b356d0986822c1779a25a2b98	"reviews of dozens of astronauts who have visited the surface of the Earth's satellite"???
c9d1e6919dd7224e39743b77bbad7852fb5b2788	Guys!
e9768d5693f33c4815af8182a3440853a8776879	We really donot know something!
b8bfc88356abdc589c114452260cd0ac60399a94	For example, the level of education of those who compiled this nonsense for the amusement of those who eat it.
924501f28a26271f1b868e74d74d1d7142972949	And about the Illuminati, with claws and teeth in general, they are beautiful...
4630f6ef9e0ccadc6793ab210ee7590951c35b4e	Tell me, where do you get these beautiful pills? ;
c427dae3d4535d54e49da27aa41e22a7b973a706	-)
bbab5c4769a17a40e253f4dadce0281adccaf33a	Artem on April 2, 2013 at 10: 26 02.04.2013 #
b4811150fb844b5d1a1ce1c743776c611d1e5904	so I still canot find them))))
66458eac47cc1648a50894333fee9643c16d280d	Tooboo November 29, 2013 at 10: 59 on 11/29/2013 #
889f1564b383979e920741b4bc30399848ee1d92	pills? or those dozens of astronauts who were on the moon?))
281faeca3bc61b54b1ac5f84bd19edec823f42b3	Tigger March 8, 2013 at 17: 26 08.03.2013 #
8ee75a90a667919a33b64314b23f77553b4d3ef5	Cattle need what?
04439d43a7ce7814cc48cfbe945feb96a33bf87e	Bread and circuses, bread is a vry aphid... and here are the sights, skoka hosh.
3dd301a3e7ddbbec2b799635547c1843f8e8e81a	The article is useful, at least because everything is in one place (and not a lot of books), maybe someone will think.
0e40aec174782f4e8cb8b8d19c62fe37fe8824bc	ktulhu March 8, 2013 at 20: 54 08.03.2013 #
0e73b398a94d32aa0304f2d7854f501f1f6db98e	not a redneck, but a schoolboy
9792ef967ef5c60454ca2c38e20ae8ba5b67dcd2	Alexandr March 8, 2013 at 17: 42 08.03.2013 #
3416ebe8e565ad4a74af747cbabd948340adbfeb	BBS or Discovery made a material about the critical shift of the Earth's axis: it is this theory and no other that explains the one time extinction of dinosaurs throughout the planet within a few minutes.
54e66fbb89e6144f10a53f3bf67699dcc5df1012	Anonymous March 8, 2013 at 17: 44 08.03.2013 #
da2c2611f0b919f63ba32a88a3d8fefa4b6d9b16	and what about the asteroid?
db9f8f3c6fb8eb08ef082c82a3e6d8c425271e10	Artem on April 2, 2013 at 10: 29 02.04.2013 #
be9464d475b82c4309d271af31c94093a649d42d	they have always fallen, they are falling and they will fall!
1a339e5ae31ce229dcf1b100ab397d512fa634fc	This is what size the damn thing should fall so that all the dinosaurs on the planet would die out!
eafc10fb8b757097931de942bc2ba0074eb98455	Yes, and this theory is confused by one thing, BUT why only dinosaurs and everything else as if nothing had happened began to develop further!
bcc7432993a86703defa514903fb5e4c0cc0c88a	Some special asteroid turns out
05cb1725bce71c6aef0f83f47003e3d02253d468	Anonymous March 8, 2013 at 17: 48 08.03.2013 #
b5426fcb06ba2535887b1229dbe5ac635bfa9062	Why would anyone hide the truth? even if they hide it, it's like kokakola. people need something to fill their brains with. everyone is free in their thoughts
08b3d40f9e6f0c97d506161503d0262851633907	Arpeccop on March 9, 2013 at 2: 24 on 09.03.2013 #
a521c74c9e5f97d7b45d9540dd4a663cacfd2ce8	You have also forgotten about HIV, AIDS.
1f6808109e99a06650d3a102bf45e785d2fa7f58	Supposedly there are none.
46ac3339a44ae1a877351890f13cc62efc2d809e	;) As it is written above: "supporters of conspiracy theories say that the lack of evidence only confirms the existence."
78702a797173cd64334bfe961a3558fd85873516	My mother was laughing.
03950e069704ea6df4581d4b67b63e366ab3fd72	Artem on April 2, 2013 at 10: 33 02.04.2013 #
0dd813d3248aa1bbd735598d0d8f663efb7b7081	well, HIV and AIDS, I have generally heard an allegedly artificially derived virus! and that there are supposedly 13 people who rule the world and that they use HIV/AIDS as a mechanism for regulating the population, and that they recognized that Russia cannot be defeated by force and through all the propaganda of Western campaigns and lifestyle they want to enslave us!
0633bdda798a96903380d4c41a9a934075fbb23b	maxim April 11, 2013 at 22: 49 11.04.2013 #
102aa30f8de809153ca94ce46c360bb05d7905df	I I you've found us out we'll destroy you
4a4282ae63cfbac0104682e64f40108eaa83ec1b	Tooboo November 29, 2013 at 11: 02 on 29.11.2013 #
6d1756c8a40fd90a97974c4546dab65b96069fc3	didnot Zhirinovsky say that?
7bb3c0eb51f17ab43967467b1e27623d0dd874f3	=D
5c5084e3edae79e2217db9654c3586250c58f4b5	Jon May 12, 2013 at 21: 35 12.05.2013 #
3388e64c601efbf30e0290db77d650642555e231	Donot forget.
af4ce335aca7925947f6240b4ca7b7011ffb6754	Viruses rule people.
dd8dd623d6061a6d6bfa1848fe2842e1f1d2f83d	Sasha May 29, 2013 at 17: 31 on 29.05.2013 #
bd46104331e8d30afd0e98a1d7389bca9127e1e8	and laughter and sin, but the Americans did not land )
8f1771bacbca868e5e065291aebcbddd407ae3bd	File21 May 31, 2013 at 16: 39 on 31.05.2013 #
df4bb519f797a654cd2fe4f2be868bdc1e3ae1a2	"I always have a dream.
8990bba49ec32563a9f9a5f955161af2cfba4b0a	Dream to live in the world, where I could be free."
58a025e97f3f3d63dd441ae07b83791e17e3a2b8	Project Geniusis
792c8647f25db2d17b12887204281aa5275ef4fe	Existentialist June 8, 2013 at 0: 30 08.06.2013 #
e7e30bd238a1eaebed9afa6c005bc8effe5fcb56	In fact, it has already been scientifically proven that the poles of the Earth have shifted.
19b7d1856871649d4b7673397823ec7ebd062909	And there is also more real evidence that there was no landing on the moon.
c76e12bd46c323cff3dea314e52446d25b6f774e	What a lie about the reflection of the suit.
c27f07c6b1a48adb778715fa64dcd5ec9cf46f6d	You will shine your cell phone at night on a camera that takes pictures of a person against the background of the starry sky - it will still see the stars, and there they are in ten times brighter.
e942f1c59a64561f99430abc2619dfb4e1f2a2be	khochudeneg June 20, 2013 at 19: 29 20.06.2013 #
1095c9639fba24b3c680f482ba93d21f66a156c8	the hoax of the landing on the moon of the Americans is the pure truth:
2146e05af99f2b0fb283795c82c3739b99a8d076	this video was mounted in golimud(they showed the exposure on the box)-their lighting mast fell during the shooting, everything was filmed in the pavilion.
5141b4b819f1e5b761b73ea41813e0fa6660b349	Vladislav Mironov on August 13, 2013 at 20: 10 on 13.08.2013 #
946f8a403dc82a544f789bacefc754a82cdd2452	They still visited the moon, but they met some bastards, you know...
3e2656dc9fc30be81bb98c8bf9f6d307357002df	and on June 24, 2013 at 2: 53 on 24.06.2013 #
60a384044fb9766021beb43531330d33efb097ff	fix the slowly dying on
900a88820aef9cd34185311b48bfea93ae26eae5	earth >>oribte<>claws<< on the fangs
94ce8a838059954b3030303336959c26e1560abb	Anonymous on June 24, 2013 at 2: 54 on 24.06.2013 #
8410a068261cb9dc62485131fa3dc639248abd80	earth >oribtekogti< on the fangs
4389d06753513508f002fe23c4baf874a33be497	10136
032b0402883ab3d2e8fa24a3ca7b28fa583a3473	10 reasons to be happy about the discovery of planets in the TRAPPIST 1 system on March 6, 2017 at 15: 00
1c17e9994c118de3d44f6c97366c113d8646ec93	8349
db20f056d691c90ae0fc1a0876067415aeec6f76	The Geohot hacker was prevented from buying a Tesla car by the company's lawyers yesterday, at 10: 30
0810026898d95f0d082b560bd31790e0bccb797c	6306
67fc4048df7e7d82f774a157d9d463c0df50b9a4	#video | Blue Origin company showed how its "New Glenn" rockets will fly and land on March 7, 2017 at 20: 30
efc7f1653017b8e13c088ec0a8dc55108bee7407	Auto 590
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6022906ed3ec07e298e5d1efec8610844123b9c6	Website promotion - Sawinyh.ru 2006-2017, Hi News.ru
af78c7f8a4c543261f5a185a46100726e9037dc0	The Tu 154 plane of the Ministry of Defense crashed On the morning of December 25, 7 minutes after takeoff from Adler Airport, the TU 154 of the Russian Defense Ministry crashed.
89a10ffc7c3fed4088c5708798d6d20a3227f80c	The plane was carrying out a scheduled flight to Latakia (Syria).
68520492b3bc9ce8caf4aba00bc8ac4200e2f7a4	There were 92 people on board: artists of the Alexandrov Song and Dance ensemble, who were supposed to perform a New Year's concert at the Khmeimim airbase, journalists of NTV, Channel One and the Zvezda TV channel, and servicemen of the armed forces.
903100d81163758c1933bbd49fa9ebf2b418be86	Among those killed in the plane crash is human rights activist Elizaveta Glinka, known as Dr. Lisa.
3dda62e9bf9589d7bab195baed8fb2cab626f307	She was carrying medicines and medical equipment to the University hospital in Latakia.
cafae495cac39faf0e0f176c135ed2d7070c8781	Monday, December 26, has been declared an official day of mourning in Russia.
b476d29bc54e2dab9713e468f9919bbc27989957	The full list of the dead: http://function.mil.ru/news page/country/more.htm?id=12106925@egNews
c2e5d86915aa9750cfa05b8b19c21e6761d01dab	Stories Rules of Life Things Photos Magazine
b921997b94b6ee3e9d4154231a0c2e037a7db6c4	A five minute guide A five minute guide to the benefits of smuggling through secret rooms on gastronomic wars on disappearing officials on evil clowns on marriages with inanimate objects on animals that fall from the sky on useless gifts on criminals movie fans on revenge on crimes of disguised priests on the good deeds of dictators on gilded Kalashnikov assault rifles on politicians goats on Vladimir Putin's relationship with reptiles on superheroes gay men on the orientation of toilet paper according to ninety nine percent on the genocide of bacteria on politicians in the porn industry on sexual strikes on conspiracy theories on vegetable bribery in Russia on Siberian separatism on travel guides to Russia on Evdokia Mikhailovna Timofeeva on colonels who came to power on placebos on sleepwalkers murderers on administrative offenses of Vladimir Putin on costumed robberies on cases of bites of Russian policemen
e19c92e89fd99fb752ce283d2c98aa76ac403354	Stories|The Five Minute Guide A Five minute Guide to Conspiracy Theories
45567cb09256179ad5e71d0fe8f77ed36a76fd2b	The emergence of the term "Conspiracy theory"
8c9f77563c08059c092541703b312b4a0a784bc5	Who rules the world?
d734279d88c07b7ee905055d3bf07d281db18104	In 1999, the English football player, reporter, TV commentator and member of the Green Party, David Icke, published the book "The Greatest Secret: The Book that will Change the World", where he described the system of the modern world.
c6c3ae03f0354fb30cfefdbad663e0d75551d5ec	According to Ike, the world is ruled by alien lizards, aliens from the constellation Draco, who created a secret society on Earth, the Babylonian Brotherhood.
8aa95de2f5e908dee3b2cc027407911191a51cdf	These lizards, says Ike, are erect and can take on human form.
02d7ab5050084e2e0f846f44cf42d9b32eff20ff	Ike convincingly proves that most of the world's leaders are lizards: both Bush, Hillary Clinton, Tony Blair, all the Rothschilds and Rockefellers, as well as a significant part of country artists.
9c45c3c26aa83dca1878843192b4ca71cc83bf60	"I donot need a nation of thinkers, I need a nation of workers."
9c9fd45b2dc420f58aecced0dadfdac94cfaefed	John D. Rockefeller, tycoon who is credited with creating several secret organizations
847e203a6351a99f005a5ef9be1de4a686aef712	The first literary mention of the world Jewish conspiracy In 1868, German postal worker Hermann Goedsche under the pseudonym Sir John Retcliffe publishes the novel "Biarritz".
0e3774f7f7d8102f9313d18e123c8c18ff5f58e7	In the chapter "Night at the Jewish Cemetery in Prague", Goedsche describes a ritual that takes place once every hundred years: representatives of the twelve tribes of Israel gather at the tomb of Rabbi Simeon Ben Yehuda.
381ea70a6cdf6e67f8cf0750b24562351d295ea4	They share their successes (they discuss how much gold is concentrated in the hands of world Jewry, how the workers and the press are controlled); they develop plans for the future: discrediting Christianity, fomenting revolutions, penetrating into power.
f27972a26438c6ec5b9c299400db98c8a4984aab	Conceiving the novel as an adventurous adventure, Goedsche could not even imagine that already in 1876 the specified passage entitled "The Rabbi's Speech" would be widely distributed throughout Russia in the form of separate brochures.
272d663f8b85f4952e4875622bdfd3d6bdfe2ada	The material was presented as a shorthand of the speech of the chief rabbi, overheard by the English diplomat Sir John Retcliffe.
f734feb3672211fac0d00428b81be127a07f8744	The World Conspiracy in Russian pre revolutionary Literature
d5ba23c7472ef3e8e9ab2d33eaf4a7b9607ca548	In 1911, Vera Kryzhanovskaya's novel "The Death of the Planet"was published.
bcdd930e5fa9a9f0c343d0f3d464ea32b595d656	One of the first female science fiction writers in the world, Kryzhanovskaya often turned in her works to the theme of the world Jewish conspiracy designed to destroy Christian civilization.
b94d85c0bc799c7761782a2cd8c2ff1b797cb1e1	In "The Death of the Planet", the plans of the world conspiracy of Satanist Jews go so far that the fate of the planet is literally decided in a battle between the good Himalayan magician Supramati and the Jewish Satanist Shelom Jesodot.
3f6b45cb4ddc7463a92dac808029443126d54a6a	In 1909, the newspaper "Zemshchyna" published the novel "The Fish Man".
a3ed65cad52d77410b4462d488a1454d615e07e9	The main villain (his name is a Jew) heads the "Council of the World Dominion of the Jews".
965a17c08c6b73163bc75601b8c13d7a90e777b6	With the help of a surgeon, he implants gills in the boy Giktaner and teaches him to sink ships.
7cf0d0666c95429c71a6341f4c76ab6ddd2942e3	The world is saved by the beautiful Moisette, who falls in love with Giktaner and forces him to abandon his evil intentions.
7e36d3c1a33174cff27f99106f9a596321314fda	"The Fish Man" was a revised version of the novel "The Man Who could Live in Water" by Jean de la Ira.
565555f9aeba98030ab09ee81d111dd992fddc01	In the original, the Jew was called Fulber and he headed the Jesuit order.
80e51e3a595d819f014825099504c731dbc44d3a	What source was used by A. Belyaev when writing "Amphibian Man", it remains to be guessed.
e7c91836ea866eb4a8dcd7b6aab60181be714183	The three most influential secret societies of our time
25e14a841c92ee033f666ce1e4df47da1efe9e49	THE BILDERBERG CLUB
79004dbf537f5526356cc0316e82e56af15722c7	Year of foundation: 1954
7ba4e037b78658445e2d756e76ef173b9666493e	Founder: Prince Bernard of the Netherlands
b6bb4bd73c18fa6d6bcdaf42c68cdf49a79db2ea	Goal: to strengthen mutual understanding between the United States and Europe in their fight against the communist threat.
89a5c4662deb044b67dfb6bc79bc96ef81e91b13	Meeting place: once a year, club members gather for closed meetings, the locations of which are not a secret.
edafc8b556f14b2efdda080071222c61f23e1da0	Features: there is no permanent membership in the Bilderberg Club.
897d4c19e9740832c111b6f2c9eadcb5122168ee	Each year, the steering committee invites no more than a hundred people to a meeting, each of whom undertakes to keep everything he has heard secret.
4943abf7870ac06491ccea29726eb9d58083bb81	Members of the club: Margaret Thatcher, Bill Clinton, Tony Blair, Angela Merkel, Romano Prodi, Henry Kissinger, Donald Rumsfeld.
8ebf0849925120cb6a92a936519851a4caaca645	TRILATERAL COMMISSION
5cad9fb88b45ac50f2aad0a83ca2d58c071904cb	Year of foundation: 1973
682e70a1f27dd49858416800dd30d18857742374	Founder: banker David Rockefeller and Professor Zbigniew Brzezinski
1dc5fe9823417d09de45ff3efc70ce1189510e0b	Goal: the need to expand the Bilderberg Club (see above) and invite Japan to it.
1e50dca58905c0913d2450962a9dc1684ebf8f9a	Features: back in 1972, Rockefeller and Brzezinski elected 200 members of the Commission around the world: a third of North Americans, a third of Europeans and a third of Japanese.
10b5795241df339d00589887abdc7f651cf0aae3	All members of the Commission were officially called outstanding citizens, and the Commission itself was a private unofficial organization.
dc9567432492079928d000611a66a402b0baf848	Today, the Commission has up to 500 members.
9dc0a86d29f5d1eb4acb42103e58e0c3724050d9	Members of the club: George Bush (Sr.), Dick Cheney, Paul Wolfowitz, Sergey Karaganov.
102bc4f0d6ca43d0ec72b37c10dd59fab454432e	Members of the Commission who receive positions in the governments of their countries, for the duration of public service, cease to participate in meetings of the organization.
b905d3ca7883ec935f6d0259ad9819b3bebe28fc	BOHEMIAN GROVE
c44d9394cbbc46d924f59d7fd0f0c21b1310c982	Year of foundation: 1872
e268236d81301826eee94953447ddd310d26999f	Founders: California students
fd50a1157e2e41fdb16a05bb9be3e58199efdf56	Gathering place: since 1899, the annual July meetings of the club have been held in the Bohemian Grove a relict forest, whose age reaches 1500 years.
04dc0b18f465064a38fcbd3259155989b6cc9845	Features: to get permission to join the club, you need to wait from 15 to 20 years.
1c6298dd760b6bdd9be2a2aa22a0f46f2ad2ba2b	Life in the Grove is arranged according to the principle of a scout camp, in the middle of which there is a giant 15 — meter concrete owl the official symbol of the club.
09a9619667271d86fe2600c1191ae2d2880a46ff	The clearing in front of the owl serves as a place for various rituals, including an imaginary sacrifice, during which hooded members of the club burn the Doll of Cares.
4724ddf62b731cc9e644a49f056785f40f4b5258	This rite symbolizes the liberation of all those present from worldly affairs.
46399dc4b88f7354b7efa211f259d6c558d8cb6d	The club's motto: "May there be no spiders weaving a web here."
c66bf9108fcca132e7b5abc540aae3cb9baecfb5	Club members: Colin Powell, Francis Ford Coppola, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Clint Eastwood.
c27ede19c23c7576bc8ab9e1f9eb96146cacb289	"The world is divided into three classes of people: a small group that does things; a larger group that watches how these things are done; and a majority that will never know what is happening."
59266d531e07b5bec8343d02e62c459df19a10e1	Nicholas Murray Butler, former President of Columbia University
72c1ebb9024472140261894724b76f2595641144	Who runs America?
5464c3418bf729af81acf65b6a6471b920d3d309	The large state seal of the United States, depicted, in particular, on a one dollar bill, has given rise to many myths.
e827e73c5b913c677e239dc32d46fb395d137145	The reverse side of the seal, which depicts a pyramid crowned with the All seeing Eye of God, surrounded by two Latin sayings, attracts special attention of conspiracy lovers.
e0fc09b44eac4cd5cfde91040187ae885ece443a	Annuit Coeptis refers to the All seeing Eye and means "according to [our] beginnings".
ce6c144f2ed15761d9fd579accc637882b5f16a7	The second expression, Novus Ordo Seclorum, is a quotation torn from Virgil, meaning "The New order of the centuries".
4d0f4e675943db8fab2449cd073c1c4088c2e4a1	Supporters of conspiracy theory know that if you enter a six pointed star in the circle of the reverse side of the seal, the upper ray will point to the All seeing Eye, and the five remaining ones will point to the letters M, A, S, O and N, thereby indicating the true owners of the federal treasury.
6e5fb02a3784af3e2f5fca2f073e2a1de3a19475	Does George Bush worship Satan?
a14d010b8ab5beeeffb90ca314f6828ae2850b84	Following Hugo Chavez, who likes to talk about George Bush's connection with the devil, the American website www.theforbiddenknowledge.com scrupulously collects photos where the American president shows an ancient Satanic greeting the sign of the horned owl.
0f816a06aacf97f5d13bebd8fba786764dd0d1cf	According to the website, this proves Bush's involvement in one of the secret Satanic orders.
400c31e9cf48667f74abf632aa8522bba625b5e5	The law against secret societies
a900d9160f1db177a150ce4483146b67b44cce54	No nation acts as secretly as the Jews."
aa699b0af1d47b72ab355a7e714624d257ff6bb4	According to Bolhari, Jerry's mouse has Semitic roots.
c66c948ddb0b2315b41bacc5d158ea65c1b334df	"She is very resourceful.
492160beabfcf0a1fe28b58d90f079ac619a5807	She hits the poor cat on the ass.
d344f5d4ce5406ae0f11e45f26561e3a8bbf9c0b	However, despite this atrocity, you do not look at the mouse with contempt.
53008c7bd7f123db80a0d1a0c2f1e414deb71a1d	She looks attractive and very smart!"
6ad82e9f1ba060b9378f7726603fedc1be333d86	Another 20 well known conspiracy theories based on the materials of the sites www.conspiracyarchive.com, www.snopes.com, www.conspiracycentral.info, www.illuminati news.com, Dr. Alan Cantwell's book "AIDS and the Doctors of Death" and other sources.
7eb55977c1eefcdf236dcfb2271654cb8b386b47	1. John F. Kennedy was killed by his own driver.
1f49ad3e420a6863b9ea785e7c48f023e69acb15	2. On May 22, 1962, the Americans landed on Mars.
5e7e7bf71f7e245819b2c3a44617d44e408a8d0f	3. The UN was created by the Luceferians to enslave the world.
b8eeb92c7bb6e3b799ae7aeee0398e6f762ca7f9	4. NASA hides the planet Nibiru from earthlings, whose orbit is beyond the orbit of Pluto.
06e3a9dcf70c57b3ca0806de299afc8ba92f5b0c	5. The number 13 is hidden twice in the McDonald's logo.
8b132f2016e51e9b3df96ca4d45544da7e27e891	6. Under the pyramids of Giza there is a tunnel leading to the underworld.
89a09df4e4232e98a78a525eea7185eb430e619f	7. Anti gravity has long been put into the service of the American army.
77c5c96cf95fcce143984b0c6280a8a63eaea2c9	8. The golden structure on the roof of the Academy of Sciences building is a submissive wave emitter.
5f724fa8ab4672c926e52a9051f2c6482046ac2a	9. The galactic government exists, and the United States is the only country that maintains contact with it.
f5a6f1ff37a0f0133ad82a799484eb83ee033cb3	The scene of the astronauts landing on the Moon was shot by Stanley Kubrick in Nevada.
f7629dabfcbdae576adcd4692b0bf8658cc65230	11.
d704a5bb20c5084a0ddac54dc361090e6b75d2ea	Walt Disney was a Freemason.
bd0eb8527e5e47f7601d819319a9a0df9621886b	12.
03dfeb1e321904301b04233d0c2513c95557bca0	Kentucky Fried Chicken belongs to the Ku Klux Klan, and all fried chicken is soaked in a drug that is harmless to any European, but makes any colored person impotent.
f5804170baf84607e9300e97149aad4d379c2a22	13.
eb51f2dfbb4918be921da7807d9f175d354c4456	The Denver Airport, which uses a huge amount of Masonic symbols in its design, is the headquarters of the international Masonic government, and there is a giant underground city under the terminal.
abfb80760ea4780b8a238698b70362aca2fbf0a6	14.
545eabab112dfeac6789ec6a9e859e320c3bc861	If you turn a pack of Marlboro upside down, then in place of the syllable Mar, you can see the English word " Jew " (jew).
8d89c34dc2c52858c88bbb336f5688e62f31e4ea	15.
8fd58f0c8f114263e0b640cffeecb10550479bde	The white contrail left behind the plane is actually the process of spraying various secret substances that control the mind.
a2781076d8400a1febd6582a390532e751b48a0e	16.
901a6eeff380e1191a3ee3f6245a1e4a04e562f9	The 1958 FIFA World Cup did not actually take place in Sweden, but was staged by the Americans specifically for radio and TV as a strategic maneuver of the "cold war".
f2cb7f68e063b25aed5a41f0fc4c63447fbcafc7	17.
2acccdd580908c0d6162301487f13317739864ec	HIV was developed in the laboratories of the CIA in order to rid the world of black people and pederasts.
22f396e22341189a379f1544219e918d69286cd4	At the beginning of the XX century, cannabis was outlawed only because it competed with more expensive, and therefore more profitable raw materials for the manufacture of various products from paper to plastic.
a9e87b67b8619878c0dcf28e47d1ee21289a13e4	19.
2cc27aaf6e7dd3471fc73395bca0eeb9bfe455e4	Each barcode on the product contains an encrypted number of the beast.
ffc405a6cda7f3f0f087bfd02eb96bff9285ce85	20.
75c9f95f313f96b19c6237fd0ac97226488dde42	The tsunami of 2004 was stimulated by the American and Indian military with the help of powerful electromagnetic emitters.
e2fa0f96c1f4f3e44409412c39c96fbc9733d966	Compiled by Mikhail Kazinik.
4f259ddd35e1c9049e4b0afd9f6f0e298ec8205d	19572389
d61ea4d99bfd8a8f16bc7faa66c9799989f51b3b	See also War 27 episodes
93e9c848ee7e45e95a080e2b6c47e6410ced7cd9	Artifacts 8 episodes
e4dfbe890c55385e3bf100b56d19b020e14c6000	Bandits 9 episodes
349e1dc87191b6900fe1cc3105ca24b563366dac	Audio stories 2 episodes
d3580505eb53b165dd92e60ca60d122749c95e74	E-sports (outside the CIS is better known as English e Sports) is a gaming competition using computer technologies, where a computer simulates a virtual space inside which the competition takes place[1].
76afa2e4b4ba3e869002f1548bd2b1fded01d356	All computer games, and competitions on them, are divided into several main classes, distinguished by the properties of spaces, models, a game task and the developed game skills of cyber athletes[1].
3b19a844b860d4556bd8113a00989c7b9c3cf3c3	Esports is one of the most popular sports in the world.
168845e428b647bbcfc802b68175ad94a3dafaae	It is believed that it all started with the network game Doom, which operated on a local computer network.
ebaf2ba13fc70ee5535da40752c86c4ec7c67c3c	And the first league of cyber athletes appeared in the United States in 1997 thanks to the popular game Quake.
eabe06b7d13ed7d10fb209407ed7a6550a0b13b4	We can say that the main forces for the development of the industry were applied by South Korea, which chose high tech as the main "national idea".
befa9a4962f41577a93ea8e8d790fa6d7a35ca71	For its popularization, certain symbols and directions were needed, so the Koreans made computer sports the most important in the country, a topic around which the population united.
25ea317f6f2c73d0caf1dad810bb9cae762cf4b1	It happened in the 2000s, and even then they invested a lot of money in esports and brought it to a very high level.
00cb104ec4fbd3599357472c954de45e2542ce76	In just a couple of years, South Korea has become the main organizer of world competitions: it has become extremely prestigious to come and win something at competitions in this country.
5ba6d6a1efd8a41138daa30875db83c9aaecc09b	Modern online video games are divided into team and single-player.
94c782e7bd125fc61516a3f03de5fbf99a4ab7d5	Team games are played by those for whom it is important to feel like a part of the team.
5657eeae912c04b6bf0231c27dd2d30b8e826ca8	Team players believe that in the event of a victory, the celebration does not decrease, splitting into all team members, but on the contrary, it multiplies.
84cd89fbdcc7237ee0debe2bbe84c77f3541c3b8	Single-player games are chosen by ambitious players who want to be responsible for their own triumphs and failures.
959a0990851842cab61394a4410b1f877c8e8aec	They believe that nothing compares to the feeling of personal victory, if you won it in a difficult duel.
55261518f7dab44e5dea93b1cca0e2545d489a2f	Each participant of this circus arranges for himself an esports game with blackjack and the rest.
24f6b5ec53a76647c8d6e87bdbdb012b0b8ab545	There is no international classification, there are no internationally recognized disciplines, there is no register of games – this is not an Olympiad for you.
e51f9239cd04e5d1b5bd20b9a37b301e8478dee8	The fate of esports in each part of the world has developed differently.
92d333332b8f1124d77b96e107ce33837fec9718	In the States, the phenomenon of esports in general developed in its own unique way.
cd2562c2840f9ea890953c6e420b55b9511a34e5	In America, there was a CPL – CyberSport Professional League, whose participants played exactly 15 games on consoles.
d3304e253deda5540bd23669a50a968dceb4cb4d	As for us, a new type of business appeared in the CIS countries in 1997, which everyone liked very much and developed quickly.
a857fe8c98c7419e0b572114d367c49c4c082fc1	The essence of it is that you find a certain room, put the assembled computers in it — as much as you want — and rent them out.
2a844059662b5224ad9b9d8952715ebc51e26fda	It was called the "computer club".
a84fe0484f2a9b9d45d23411bc5974fa75bc7e6d	Accordingly, together with the clubs, tournaments in the CIS began to develop.
761a44e6141c09c8b27e86f0e761a682f18dd8fb	At first, they were held simply at the expense of enthusiasts.
1e734d19631eec839849d91f4385301037bd58fd	With the advent of World Cyber Games, people have a new motivation to develop a promising direction.
90a81bfcdc19fc602fafe3ac65e0112c16cc4f80	Everyone rushed to train and play, another 100,500 clubs were opened to accommodate everyone, qualifying competitions began in the cities.
96934a82f33ee9090581a8dd9f0acb770dbf896f	This is how the first, even approximate structure of what later became Russian esports as we know it now was born.
54bf2227abc85b116ea78069ee792e56953a07b3	World Cyber Games has announced competitions for three games: StarCraft, Counter Strike and Quake.
de7e48f4c87e64ef63c65b0d36b1bbae4f57212a	Qualifiers were held in every major city, the city's team came to the final in Moscow, where the first mega final took place, where we found out who is the best player in StarCraft, the best player in Quake and the five best guys in Counter Strike.
c6c76299d9515073221c16d3b7232cccd4fcb45e	It so happened that the Russians took two gold medals at that competition, in Counter Strike and Quake.
cb82b859843142626e294c3abbf57382f8f76f84	In particular, a series of Asus tournaments has started in Russia.
06b114986fbc25483ce3e032205d32b03709ec5f	The company gave money and launched tournaments every three months: qualifiers in the CIS countries, the final in Moscow.
45a60c7a4c981541d26c9a7fad0cb723c9156358	That is, in addition to the World championships, new stable competitions with decent prize money have appeared in the calendar of cyber athletes.
302b10f7e8c1338274fcd7311d83c0ad851e75af	In other parts of the world, of course, they did not sleep either.
72deb28de191f1f0510f37c59b8d5aeaa3954275	So, the Electronic Sports League was launched in Europe.
b9c191c837854bf962ff0788df754a7a25ca4ed9	She gathered all the adequate European enthusiasts who worked for the idea, and created a very large union of intelligent people from almost all European countries.
b37ffe60506d7bc0824780987bd9f17d48c4eafd	It was they who launched the ESL online service, which, by the way,is still working.
8bc1b3bfcaa01ed4dbc7362e0b07dfefa75e606e	The first international online competition series appeared on this platform.
29d63a412566916cfda2b0b69d0ca8ce73c5fc3f	I came to an esports competition, played one match with the champion, he took me out with a score of 16: 0, I ran away, cried and never touched the game again.
19bbf5964638225fbb3bd6e10edf865a11b7589d	This could have been the case before the advent of ESL; subsequently, this service minimized the chances of such a scenario.
85857bd9830e759b6cf166b08097b87e2a4661dd	Now I could play with an opponent with approximately the same win-loss ratio as me.
b2ec8cbfee5cc45e138e9f8563ed11a299257d1c	The matchmaking system based on rates was laid: ESL launched a gradation based on the statistics of your wins and losses, which is used by any modern game project.
ce5faa6bb2abfdaa039b186d62f518e5d3277000	Of course, this lowered the bar for entering the sport, and many players came to the industry who were quite comfortable competing.
ef828bb941b3c1cce115c19a22968ad1bff50727	They did not build any far – reaching plans-these people just played for the rating, watched professional matches and got their fan.
17b5a62d486f675d529d2af409adb1e9065920b1	In America, meanwhile, the CyberSport Professional League was thundering with all its might, Garena was launched, and the Championship Gaming Series appeared, a league that was made in the format of a TV show.
6a2c39980fc96f93305f2fcb1931692cc8b99df9	It looked like this: a major American channel regularly published digests, which told about all the competitions in the five CGS cyber disciplines, played in a stunningly beautiful studio.
ac7e12d055d5c1b326b0aa5eb9185a722c25162a	The second season of the show was broadcast on a separate channel.
f67ce101756348fbfcddf8acca81566d0e75a673	Roughly speaking, with this launch, the United States took a step along the path chosen by Korea, which, for example, has three channels entirely dedicated to StarCraft.
389f4e23be66c319db7ee1f5447f49af5d1ed903	Meanwhile, in Russia, enthusiasts have reached the officials: by the forces of the Russian Computer Sports Federation, esports was included in the official register of sports in 2004.
d4d86f4f0c0070beddbfb71934445033123a1d24	Even earlier, in 2002, a landmark event took place in the capital: NetLand was opened — the Samsung gaming center on the fourth floor of the Children's World.
bc6216d1b380ddf63c8e499ac9619094479b1c6d	It was a fantastically expensive and beautiful room with its own entrance, separate zones, a bunch of staff, an original layout (tables with computers were not along the walls, but an amphitheater, while the highest row was intended for selected pro gamers).
91d6ec14e1fd77785e082da0aa55852ff66a1a73	It was a completely new level: NetLand showed that a computer club may not be a basement.
27b25474854b4a89729a0ca2e1185f67b3133747	A little later, somewhere in early 2006, another iconic gaming center, Club4Game, was opened, which your humble servant also had a hand in creating.
a4a6632ce37f5ac04826e21f82451c8c1d250b4b	At the same time, we launched the National Professional Esports League, which operated in cooperation with partners.
d65c93b985e9d0fbad15810bc2d20b1353457160	In July 2006, esports was excluded from the All-Russian Register of Sports[7] due to the fact that it did not meet the criteria necessary for inclusion in this register: development in more than half of the subjects of the Russian Federation and the presence of an all-Russian physical culture and sports association registered in accordance with the established procedure[8].
4c34d9bee3364b961b3124fb3ffde8e96feebdba	The prize fund varied: I found championships where we played for a case of beer, but at the same time there were other processes.
711f7a5859268b80d4e0ed093ffd50fe21dcabb3	After all, at world competitions, the prize fund sometimes exceeds $ 1,000,000, and the salary, for example, of players from South Korea ranges from$ 20,000 to $ 500,000 - $ 600,000.
6e6f867ba1a2db7b089f57087e7d68e11419e235	In 2015, the turnover of the esports market amounted to almost 747.5 million dollars.
4f0e7b143741013d7324a7da14aa66d2c7148a08	The bulk of the money turnover is accounted for by sponsorship and advertising.
b6a1c17d3fde6cbda82289c5f24fd792a1aff026	All this is quite logical, because hundreds of thousands and millions of viewers watch the world finals of leading disciplines, especially at major premium events such as WCS, The International 5 and others.
99a2f1c6ea0fa7c247955bdfbcd9038812b91dcc	All this attracts additional investments. Funding for esports startups in 2015 reached $ 150 million.
2470765a84031ae075eca6f44192aa8ea932557b	Also, the betting direction is intensively developing in cyber sports.
ed66ea8e7f254264b050ec6acaff8d20374f4252	Betting sites such as Unikrn, Draftkings and FunDuel receive multimillion-dollar investments.
e6ecfbf9d111a13c148e9531b11e1fe5367e2ad9	As you can see from the graph, they almost make up 7% of the turnover for 2015, which is even more than the share of prize funds at the leading tournaments.
934ea8415e345631b833201bb1363fe583bd6d34	One of the reasons for the development of esports is the increase in the audience.
e3a027312c4d44aa1decc8d97680586c81d6d699	Since 2008, when the first stream services just began to appear, technologies have significantly stepped forward: Internet channels have become "thicker", and servers have become more powerful.
b0533cc7055696a3ed39a02e88f2e963c74ec066	The audience of esports is constantly and quite naturally growing.
04c72d0d79ffee0c82b407f553c48c0f7d47b1af	Today it is about 188 million viewers.
a3fb4e0d80fdbb614883d872814c0d7bc5410184	According to SuperData Research, this year the esports audience will grow to 238 million people.
364313475a0151afc3c05ec0a72ab4feedbccb28	Esports fans are much like fans in classic sports: 76% of viewers have a favorite team, and 69% of viewers have a favorite player, whom they watch everywhere.
345e7165616940ee1eb32afa4bf8ea7d1d5acb10	Fans and fans find their superstar, which increases his popularity, and, accordingly, the popularity of the team
b302714b0d70c104803dd50c1ff6c3c9e7ec774f	One thing can be concluded from all this: today esports is one of the most promising and attractive areas for investment.
0588822cbe93bc52bec3b1cb5a02517bb25ccb08	In this area, there are great trends for the development of the audience and competition.
8b8cf2ccc4f2d604a9536b29b2947c6526872203	In addition to competitions with a prize fund, there are a number of semi-professional leagues that organize competitions in the form of online cups and ladders.
04601a361d7921d8b886ab6778be78cbae530629	Even major championships can delay the payment of prize money to winners.
c640dcbb45a48bc9da0f90585a2a795029e6c6fc	Like any other sport, esports requires sacrifices from players.
ac0f9a3a867443d8d6272a215720da5176bf17ff	Before achieving decent results, the player must devote a lot of time to the game.
fda903b9ff2d0cd5c0625f02c684e2f0aee6380e	In addition, you have to spend a lot of money on equipment: a computer of sufficient power with a good video card, a good monitor, a mouse, a microphone, headphones, etc.
03107300b129887fcd17ad0cc397724301834ed7	Money is also required for trips to lan competitions that are held around the world.
0131e2b93a612e15e3d81fb9baff227dc41b8024	In order to show high results in competitions and maintain regular training, progamers should be in good physical shape, because visiting a fitness center and jogging every morning for many of them is a mandatory addition to esports classes.
96030b8e949968526a968e9f76da7acfea9b12dd	The career of a cyber athlete requires high intelligence, strong nerves, good vision, quick reaction and good manual motor skills.
4654c731938bbdcc0db29b7ae2159d311dcfbc65	a cyber athlete should not only know the rules of the game he is playing well, but also be able to use many other computer programs.
c23e744f1fd23a3e26d3a7bdde3d71bef0824f2e	Most of the players are (or eventually become) advanced computer and Internet users.
7522c20059aca7b3bfd7e0ca6aa82e2be0826340	To successfully participate in the games, you need to know English.
bd61dad2beb87b0f0be2f38204321fbe36c6f9fe	The player equips his main workplace himself, at home.
8f6e1c06cda7b66868b7df834b65fcac0e6b2af1	If this is not possible, he can play in a computer club.
5fc3e8c93b712f42b2e0432ec76b30e1a1e36df1	The advantages of this way of earning money include trips around the world, wide communication with like-minded people and the love of fans.
6a68398116c2d3b47d8d03b2a97eb778e3bd2c0e	cyber athletes are not trained in special educational institutions.
869ab69c05fd26691bc5510b75a96f2a09483b8e	They hone their professionalism in virtual battles, and the best of them earn quite real money.
eb21af1c22f20226f9c2ac2b165efff3d6675139	As a rule, every cyber player has his own favorite game, in which he is immersed for years.
998b1afe2917416279f5b7c9e297fb4b737efea5	An avid network player does not switch to other games.
e3afc37b973e6a0f42ec65d8e30dfc50ae684692	All the updates that he is interested in relate only to his favorite game: changes, new maps, patches, etc.
c3f9525b3f95b26293eda1967c8494e7172542af	Progamers are able to prove themselves only in virtual sports.
e157e09d04d185cfb29a0e4c53c64697f1ba4a33	Not obligatory.
9476ecd136943246db087b142a41a687a8bedf88	Many players before joining esports (and some - in parallel with virtual sports) were engaged in football, diving, chess, etc., and reached great heights, and received no less awards than in cyber sports.
81b3c2d16691ff2799ba9868aef75e12b46d43ee	Esports are just one of the manifestations of gambling addiction, a way of detachment from reality.
48449061361fd83e2f5654fd3e057676f9d258e9	Gambling addiction is a disease of gamers who give every free minute to their favorite hobby-computer games.
d0134251472c68f7653eb3ab7b2e4e51eab6c244	For a cyber athlete, games are not a hobby - it is serious, painstaking work, besides bringing profit, and a considerable one.
c27b708939724bf5dca14911ce134f239ad3555a	Cyber athletes often suffer from their eyes.
9878908ad5c673e19b8df45fbbec73a96bb5cc9c	The eyes of cyber athletes really get tired, as a result of constant gaming tension, visual acuity is lost, and sometimes retinal detachment occurs - then you can not do without laser correction.
f42189278ca684c384f99a91ab92f94825590bcb	According to experts, vision worsens in players who have an innate predisposition to eye ailments, which is aggravated by the radiation of the monitor.
921c50e76a9adf93e9f76815f7285c6c475f116f	Cyber athletes do not use alcoholic and energy drinks, because, for example, beer, although it helps to overcome the excitement that often occurs before the start of the game, in the future it causes a deterioration in the reaction speed and accuracy of actions.
da5e6b0ee91c3b12075e4a56e0e655e79712f4b1	Energy drinks, on the other hand, lead to overstrain and the appearance of the "shaking hands" effect, which also negatively affects the performance of the game.
2a408f94cf23f9588bea2bb3a42bb196b59ede5a	Therefore, cyber athletes during tournaments prefer chocolate, Coca Cola or Pepsi Cola containing a sufficient amount of caffeine to activate brain activity.
32048edc4fa4a775fb45e01d0e878204620c3216	Esports is a useless activity, since the people who are engaged in it do not produce anything, do not build, do not bring any benefit to society.
cf031bd96ebbb4dbb032bfa616e77b2b13c8904e	However, their merits and achievements are undeniable.
71030711f9eeb41b86a7803f37665860f9d5f364	Firstly, any sport is a spectacle that is interesting to a huge number of people.
0464dee0a0f763a8f1a8b0d68f0dd5046d5a91e7	And esports is no exception in this sense, since it is extremely popular in many countries of the world.
c2ddb35d012aad56e1ad4b5377fa21a0359dd5e8	Secondly, the creation of sports associations, entire sports empires-these are new jobs that give many people the opportunity to earn honest money.
3d86b0764e166478c1a1eddea5734aa7fbdae018	And finally, esports gives young people an opportunity to show their abilities, even if they have any physical disabilities that prevent them from being interested in other sports.
bdbb186881ecaf0dcc57eedf4e3a4ec3c9f38169	And you can engage in this sport even in a crisis-you would have enough perseverance and patience.
35d2cf8af48c3b73dc5a32b562c87aa13b9ca4e8	Esports is not a sport.
dd976cec91ef0625ddfb959563af17babfcca809	An erroneous opinion.
bb8336bf53045353cd13f78f40f66836eb3ccac2	After all, sport (from the English sport, an abbreviation of the original English disport - "game", "entertainment") is a specific kind of physical and intellectual activity for the purpose of competition, organized according to certain rules, as well as preparation for this activity by training in combination with rest.
96fac15cb6fd42453958e74541d7254143f3a11c	And esports (such as checkers, chess or sports poker) it is primarily a competition that takes place in a virtual space and obeys certain rules.
8742e655844a4c731061ef278c3f2784d80b6d5e	In the process of competitions held according to a certain scheme (championships followed by playoffs and finals), players demonstrate ingenuity, reaction speed, intellectual abilities, as well as the ability to work in a team for the sake of victory.
0aeb62d331f5d2c5393ab11032cf9aab4e84fe73	The average age of a cyber athlete is 22-23 years. Usually, the career of a coach ends at 25-26 years old – this is the age when the reaction time worsens and you are beaten by overworked schoolchildren: for example, now a Pakistani guy at 16 years old got into a very strong American EG team.
6da6fb8e6698183902b46e9f969bb0b208f2212c	Then the players have two options – to become either commentators or streamers.
a6ee50a4aa26f544f93ce3a3c8ec913f9d03238f	You initially have an audience, you get money from it: from donations, advertising and subscriptions on broadcast services.
165913294a47a2a5751fd5ec1c3dcf682d4a8731	For most cyber athletes, streaming is even more profitable than participating in tournaments: if you don't take the first places, you won't get a lot of money.
ae51077583076cf60c8aac9b5ba6e757103807ba	There is an objective reason why they dominate in cyber sports.
5e46487f44c1610c1dfe10f1e4ef10e90ef0f57c	They have a huge game base.
1f21a1b5aeac88eb2490c64754152b205703757a	There are a lot of players who are directly zadrachivayut for 15-16 hours a day.
5bed76455050c93a2953ec8d9e7308ce6751f1e5	Alisher Usmanov will build one of the world's largest cyberstadions.
979857bc463db5bb3e5ce407a5fa5c565b0c671b	In the fall of 2015, the billionaire invested a record $100 million in Russian esports.
bf1dc421ff3b6af47ca6f23eadf3294a40ec860e	USM Holding, owned by billionaire Alisher Usmanov, has invested in the esports community Virtus.pro.
15bbdde1eae009ea4ebba30ee525625877457d28	Part of this money will go to the construction of an arena near the Timiryazevskaya metro station.
6a1413f16d6e918dd898eeba56e1452b09b883d2	The opening is scheduled for October 2016.
afde3c8897ead5717b38a28ab3cf0c27f5bde09c	Its area will exceed 5 thousand square meters, while the largest cyber stadiums in the United States occupy only 1.5 thousand square meters.
14c52668506ed57ca8d747d9f01f28c6004b6587	The tentative name of the building is Arena Moscow.
bf7e6867167a88ed5739db59d5c70d265607630f	There will be tournaments, training of cyber athletes, meetings with fans and other entertainment events.
c0ae592e40f0010e4543ee125f33303f76f62d03	There are none in Dota and League of Legends.
fedfabe91384c0b6acbe03e03af885341d77c0ac	Cheats are a Counter Strike problem.
15a1e4c7542055e1a2b1c764e763b357f9ac0a73	It is very easy to get burned, so there are scandals.
4cefbe5027355370640f8977bd2904a00ca2e03d	Six months ago, there was a scandal with the Fnatic team in CS Go.
43ffd2da7ef492dcc3e35fe9da1a2ef238d466c5	At one of the online tournaments, a player under the nickname Flusha got burned a couple of times with a Counter Strike bot: the sight was immediately aimed at the opponent's head.
0ba49313da40dc9d22e90182638a30e4ab6c741f	Career guidance for adults Career guidance for schoolchildren
1d5cb144f48e7b271a86ddbe138e4ec6294a7e2d	Career guidance for children from 6 to 12 years old Career guidance tests
b13c822b26e733b6253140143f144654410e80b6	Professions Free career guidance
b5dcd6ced8c727555e90ad7f7ee674232c7c4f21	Professions Information Technology (IT) Esports player
524d5e123fad754791367706ebfc785cc5fcbe83	Esports player
7d593901d75d9800b14d1a81975de8d6d54adeed	But this is a sports paradox.
deec5b5fad9e90de25fedd8b708e6b203d8ee8a1	On the one hand, the main principles of any sport operate in it: clearly follow the rules, and let the strongest win.
b8202505e14c4f681e4a5d278ad8862f07d6e768	On the other hand, an esports player does not need special physical abilities to win.
221c7e31c727bbd141ab7f154e7d498ee97862a7	Reaction speed, strategic thinking, excitement – all this is realized by an athlete with a cyber prefix using a computer connected to the Internet.
1191d577b54a3db35bad4f4683472b325089dc82	In this sport, those who would not win in running, swimming or even golf under any circumstances can prove themselves.
b1d4ada7c6b12f63a53dc835c6b2b822107a895b	Moreover, this is probably the only sport where gender does not matter: a fragile girl can fight any monster, trying on the image of an invincible knight.
437bb84cb056fb761cf8af71a3aaaa099bfcad42	At first glance, cybernetics and sports are completely incongruous things.
e5da2ae3605faae72bfabbdf3564b39ea8648ebb	But a person is so arranged that he is cramped in a utilitarian framework – in addition to the benefits, he always wants something else, optional and frivolous.
3ec991676d120d53d134795978ea1a81339fbc09	Therefore, the pinnacle of modern pragmatism – computer technology has become the basis for computer games.
9fd8c2a118b8bfbebc703590df2e9c8b877f028d	However, simple entertainment also does not make much sense if there is no place for achievements and competition in it.
0e801a10f45e9c0327e85b758db3bfd364f2dd5d	As a result, computer toys very soon turned into a playground for sports battles.
94d13dad978fbaf0ce8162b8fd0e65f1a2d2987c	As you might guess, online games appeared when the Internet appeared and began to develop rapidly.
f418f8bded95112ded6d41c67ff2bdbba8dbdb93	However, experts consider Counter strike to be the most popular online game that has turned esports into a phenomenon of the world order.
ddd6d2b32e710ceec485e7f27f3460d32084c89d	Modern online video games are divided into team and single player.
69cb7e4c43dda9890c3459f6ceaae2bde41dea88	Single player games are chosen by ambitious players who want to be responsible for their own triumphs and failures.
fc6e77aae021c78bc8714cac66415ced7f668cc2	Esports players participate in tournaments that are held over the Internet (online competitions) or in computer clubs (offline, LAN tournaments).
0575cbd650eafa4d09e9f04f50ffd806a0e286df	Online competitions are good because the player can participate without leaving home, and in several competitions at the same time.
6eb3824708267a8f6650699d77e0e273c6429ef9	LAN tournaments (from the Local Area Network, i.e. the local network) allow you to create equal conditions for all participants.
e6859a81f249ba8ed19a78e3441fbc81fe4d7c3d	And secondly, they allow athletes to communicate with each other directly.
8a389ca8bc63287e2abcadd7e30c49f832888fc9	Players from all over the world come to such competitions.
eaf20890b12c06916b03a100ef51a9365cdae851	Whether you are a team player or a convinced loner, computer games expand your living space and help you find friends in different countries.
5c9c392dba183ff84b7035deb6cdedb64effdabe	Esports is a hobby profession.
8b588e83d5516c0b772f4c079e8469abc3391d14	This means that everything starts with a passion for some online game, and only when the player reaches noticeable heights in it, sports becomes a profession.
711b93d5d5e453c9cc3c5cb49507011273ef3409	To cyber athletes are not trained in special educational institutions.
1ba47a76ce12c7e81ff2e900cd15a16f855448ac	Cash prizes (each serious tournament has its own prize fund), support from sponsors and advertisers – these are the sources of income of a successful esports player.
ac9ea4fbd2b07a32a1daab7f9a8d70cea057967a	The advantages of this way of earning money include trips around the world, wide communication with like minded people and the love of fans.
40c5984b35e1b7d42fda74fb1fc9d166358f6251	But there are also disadvantages.
9fe238ca560cbeeec1d11b1f844b3ca1c25cda20	In addition, you have to spend a lot of money on equipment: a computer of sufficient power with a good video card, a good monitor, a mouse, a microphone, headphones, etc. Money is also required for trips to lan competitions that are held around the world.
29649d71b5f366b07617179d27c378df0808e147	And another disadvantage of an esports player's career is chronic physical inactivity.
75914e24b9b62c42547744e0fdb6d0ba5f13983e	However, as the professionals themselves assure, many of them are fond of active sports.
22ac2c27915ddd6535c606b9b12439f4cce43ea6	Chronic sitting at the computer will not lead to victory if it harms your health.
f53745ae02338f4f10e6050eefd879889b24a644	So the time devoted to movement can be considered part of the player's sports discipline.
029f7e2a5d09178e8c82cf9ba5e58fc15fdddb0f	As in any other sport, an athlete sooner or later decides to end his career.
37427c2ea0ad3f9029f95fdf622b09a2b7137154	However, the habit of playing can be embodied in another form.
722505a49f6d6d49753360a2e969dd3625946385	It is noteworthy that many cyber gamers, leaving virtual games, switch to playing cards.
6278d0f483b875db09b38e38acec695cfb4cd082	In particular, among poker players (and it is considered a very gambling and intellectual game), you can meet a lot of former cyber athletes.
91b6106dcf60c75ba85fcb13023e7a3c753c9d19	Workplace
36267e85244e1025d91fbbf37944d847e9bbdc21	Also, a professional player travels to other cities and countries where lan competitions are held.
ad688482cd824d52caf2bdef309ebad126593484	Important qualities
f05200137ade30a9a8496dfd338277aac3b3c4bc	The career of a cyber athlete requires high intelligence, strong nerves, good vision, quick reaction and good manual motor skills. a cyber athlete should not only know the rules of the game he is playing well, but also be able to use many other computer programs.
d999d65c4b293441098c53e0732b19ed809a4a49	Where to study for an esports athlete
edad0151f7f9a6cc676c4caef506177f8f417076	You can master the game you like yourself or with the help of friends.
0ea319c7b64b3275b3849bd5cc30a83feba2060c	Answers to many questions are given by Russian language and English language Internet forums dedicated to games.
6f38372e33788992b2daaa899cfce43a9f46777c	Author: Rina Tsvetkova
9d01f54edc86d379b4f862b11aa9f8f309c38c75	Subscribe to articles
fce06e20e5f7f74aacccab40b59b75a56c8f7305	Comments
d5d4dd6d54774330e33879e175d286c17fe79570	Fix the following errors:
29d2dc1d53f2431f1701f8855398ce2ee1f50fc3	log in using
1f52464e5f61efc677c547a01013a73882504355	Alexey
4fa3efc3e8b7890dc13314b3c12e1889d7dd5984	December 31, 2015
64815050e62a62ecf201af5498b6494dea0f3d96	and there is also an interesting statistic that after 24 years the skill drops, because the reaction slows down.
693aa10c59eaeeb6acb5d11339526eecc3a162e7	The best years for this are the teenage years.
44c3025367b365ca38e9396b7651cafb705a89f8	But it is not enough to have a skill in the form of a reaction, you also need experience, cunning, logic.
b4e8b66c1eb4c1876e0ac0f2b133b006359a738c	Evgeny Babochkin
4e98b250de694f45371eae87347a35c4337b5d35	December 18, 2015
c21247e157cdfceb5828c2fd1fdb925a79e21bf3	Salary is winnings from tournaments, there is a tournament for $ 500,000, and there is a tournament for 50 rubles, but there are a lot of them.
30a84ffcd5d4139d8052bba0551d5579d0ad6d01	It is from the skill that everything depends.
d621c28c99fb3b2e157206b4a60b9fd8d817699f	Because if you put a "cancer" to play, then at least do not give him any super fancy devices(mouse, headphones, etc.), then nothing will come out of it.
3897072d3186cfb21a621a48833ac70f4dda2d2a	In esports, you should rely only on your skill and team.
0b893f5e806a8c8a853d76d15ec331ab78514df3	If you donot believe it, try to sit down and play something yourself.
7363c9c590e23f9f91497298419ef7745dc8e817	For example, I play Hunter Strike, and I can say for sure that you are nobody without a skill.
a5e4fe6aaa494f5294aba56c066ec42f5bc17197	Without it, you will not win a single tournament.
35a4ba55ee0f4f534dd5b3117950b8c407c2d0d9	Show in full
8ad310b0c1ad45f2ff5746badf0ab087bb70e220	Kirill Makarov
0b34f0859874eed9626fb7363f21969f62ecccc2	November 6, 2015
8f3b57f2cde53481d7888371dd33ad9bf458c820	It does not depend on the skill at all, the main thing is whether you win the competition or not.
1e7dffe20231136c8a9485c92bbbffbb26cf3f90	If you do not win the tournament, then you will remain without money until the next one, at this time you will have to pay for yourself.
ca8efacd66706942566fc2291b80c79e9892f72d	Alexander Minin
ccf8eea095df0c568403fdb4cdf95a5dc6242dca	October 26, 2015
cacd527778c03f01dc1edd0eda6d289da7d5a733	as for the salary, they say in a million, I do not agree.
d9d23e89947e6337e1e707d47542928aa2c0bc47	Because everything can be different, depending on your skill
db9b9b0f14890d0ba8036f8904f626b556d271ce	Vova Tikhonov
217f485d66fec5ca973cddc82de9403a590e12d2	October 14, 2015
5e9b08350f66371ca5e596f105f73da003578f5a	1 million rubles a year somewhere maybe more)))
1adeb6832c5575bc2a04686db700ce7fb7cfdd6a	Danil Nazarenko
2f1cd8074eee36e31c84b609f4009be0b20da79a	May 22, 2013
9e6a55b6b4563e652a23be9d623ca5055c356940	18
0ef31eb22600b35a41907a221ab9719c2bc76a0c	And what is the salary ?
e47e0cee6888bc696abcbdf3d7a970b403d6c3a6	Other professions in the section " Information Technologies (IT)"
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587409650d360779beb731523c0543ac87a7e694	Esports
a07183ad906521dac60151cf41401bf7c4e5a7a9	Eurosport Last updated 10/07 / 2015 at 22: 05 Published 10/07/2015 at 16:44
341cd89406ebb0e50fc450402af3d3278844b247	Last updated 10/07/2015 at 22: 05 Published 10/07/2015 at 16:44
e5109c6746ba381adde585396f3c366c7b8b9d8d	Author: Eurosport
48530252ec8373cd76f7239ea3224d6bc19737dc	16 hours of training, 15 million euros in prize money and the end of his career at 25 years old a Russian Dota 2 player anonymously spoke about the world of esports.
348f0bfe0e619bbea99cfed42df482fefce7c86e	Career
c31445c93a86dadaf2bcfb6ceb4352e289179482	To become a professional esports player, you need to start tearing up those with whom you play at the amateur level.
4f64d37b5e91559f2028a7ca09df333888b23a80	If you are the king among friends, you feel the makings – you can move to another level.
c8391ca65be20c37c75a83576d34985b42351cf0	The main deposit is the reaction time, which is measured on a special device.
e35a8ce020b0a3aa2aed1d6c4de1960ef58c50c5	A well trained esports player has 0.13-0.15 seconds.
13d784f403466746e2c7d603c272f2a58f078f6e	If initially it is 0.18-0.2 seconds, this is a normal result, you can move forward from it.
b2506718f2b7b4bdb728c3cebcb4c4dc70bcdbca	The path of an esports player is not a trip to some section, as in other sports.
b4eb54fda1b895c329f6c232ae29c4d355fdb8a7	People who want to become professional players sit down and work 10-12 hours a day.
b460ddb5aa7643d34cd53696af3bce882568e79f	To become an esports player, you need to be a gamer.
02b7568e76d84989e02f1e8988b0faeadfba0148	If you donot like computer games, it wonot work.
79004a21088179e33b2caa1a9c9ea678d4a5057e	This cannot be considered as a job.
4ba7f2fc909999e9bf3a10ad668af02651027c04	"League of Legends"
a9d6760d3edf140e804c2de9ea1edbfe7fdc3608	League of Legends is played by 40 million people around the world.
4d2b227696e13cafd46cf2a3549d9c036367569a	But it canot even be called esports, this game is casual, that is, for morons.
2574d0b282a6ccb7b6a9d1f3be769c953f2caee7	However, there is a lot of money there: big salaries, good conditions for tournaments, strict regulations.
1da4280c21b5fb1a237814580929fff9fd92d0aa	The developer of the League of Legends, Riot Games, has a goal – to hold tournaments at the highest level.
60a1c33ac820b4b7451fb15cfe6281204b39f777	They set the rules themselves, regulate all transfers, there are even contracts there.
e5ebfda2feb767c44f8470d49127c004df583eaa	There are a lot of restrictions.
8ab750c3c726be930b980e809a324c37578f22c9	If you do not fulfill the conditions, goodbye, you do not participate in tournaments.
27ac0e049d6d50d2f7a4b1a5b8da9b52f836c6c9	Dota 2
90fd92d81373f7c9a0a882bf8a934f753bfb2d7e	The second largest developer is Valve.
70edfe3979537db4799dbd959a2a94ce78ebd779	There are more than 100 people working there, they hold one tournament a year – The International.
46a634fff123c5aa168edd23e10dff3ae8f96b57	By the way, its final will be very soon – in August.
3cd7f6039bd1aad6dbf2f80e72cee0a801e70838	For the first The International Valve raised $ 1.5 million, and this year the prize fund is more than 15 million.
c233090391575b1fa2bab0564c0ba1fc7c20c23c	Esports helps developers promote games among ordinary gamers.
40c70a8df36b99b8c0e98a2a643c90e6d1c45db9	The main money comes from the creators of games – this is a very effective advertising.
4edc708921c348aba6d02d24a523006388b8c476	But there are also sponsors who also invest in advertising at tournaments.
f1d0db48a4b5fb48228bc0471600be0f7435d201	As a rule, these are manufacturers of mice, keyboards and other devices for games.
02d1efff0ef931dd439220e8656d4a75a06dcee4	Now the ratio of money from developers and sponsorship money in esports is about 8 to 1.
50450d930f17dd706097104db94ea4bcac2bd873	In Dota 2, teams have been paid $ 40 million for all time, 4 of them are not from the developer.
6754fe3cd8310d20ed04b8c7b66abebcdb16d88d	Russia
9dd96368cb46b8d4a3afdb50900c57e7f376345a	We have the most Dota players in the world, but there are no normal teams consisting only of Russian players.
db368dc52dbb47b1268aeb14c4347ab5827cfa05	You can argue for a long time why this is so, but I will name one reason.
dcfdde183220b8c9c3b161508c639b10571761e5	To become a cool esports player, you need to train an insane amount of time.
8658253fc2aaec8fb3ab43c139692b43bc51393d	When you play something for more than 5 hours, you get bored and you need to force yourself to play.
c9a29ad5091b3502eba94343bb3e3fc8a23238ec	It's hard for Russians.
f98408bfcfff6fedd0a7c50787df321300874543	Even in Ukraine, everything is much better with esports in terms of results.
26065757767f6d9c75704178238d417d0440c98c	Probably, this is due to the mentality.
cbfd44d9c70c7779f5181628b8d41b1ea4d0c281	Teams
75cb9b8f4be115bdd7c64a48b7f31ab10d93188a	Another problem of Russian esports is the organization of teams.
76b1efbecc30f1de73e28af4007d84def6688208	If all the Russians in the team are Russian, they will disperse in three months.
9de553abfea59329d946af29a28c8b77f7934f2b	Someone will say: "This one is * * * * * * * [gay], I will never play with him again in my life."
17a08bcb9cf6f378b3090ecc89831bccb52a5465	In six months they will reconcile.
ea7d124b17f164a1b186287528415588d9a416c4	Scandals happen all the time.
d99338faababfc4a427e7cbdf808f0d71f7e0b08	A few years ago, Yaroslav Kuznetsov played in a Ukrainian Russian Dota team, he had a red haired girl.
fa2319cd555356ddfaae0a9c60e5a1bf25a2b90e	Sergey Bragin came to the team and said that he would continue to play for it only if Kuznetsov was not there.
2929576b380da758a15df1fd36de3840c8eac544	Yaroslav left, his red haired girl ran away to Bragin, and their team sucked at the International – took the last place.
5ddaaa68ecccf7ab4800633508da7d60d738382b	Naturally, then everyone reconciled, and the girl returned to Kuznetsov.
e310f3551a9b1a2639c4039b18345eb9fd2d0c18	In fact, Yaroslav objectively never knew how to play.
2a5927efb8ef4fc938f3ac780eec20dd4cacd5d8	Now he works as an analyst: after tournaments, he analyzes games.
4c374da06ec6e974a87f4dc9431fcea64cc57185	Someone is even watching it.
36155d48f460d339ac29c2069ba7e011cbc7b0b7	Equipment
2a096b9d6c2451fd7832bc7d5c42d313d1e49b7e	The obligation of expensive devices is a myth.
8f2f46219405ed5da971376ab3fc3ba14c908271	You can play with the most ordinary mouse for 500 rubles and be in the top.
bfa5eaa6c8b111d16fc857ea02a6014214368a71	The main indicators of the mouse are a high DPI and the correct frequency so that the cursor moves smoothly across the screen.
669c6f5940f874a488d4b1a28fedded959b09306	Of course, if you have top end equipment, you can play better.
ab08782ec0dcd6e4634bfc09da21ad87018b7603	A normal mechanical keyboard costs from 4 thousand rubles: if there are 400-500 clicks per minute on the membrane keyboard, then the nerds make 800 clicks per minute on the mechanical one.
97f27d094761a55977902da397a4bee2ed1ececc	A mouse with flagship characteristics costs 3 thousand rubles.
7fe3cdae9eda689be6b410a50294cab62567bea1	The best players bring their equipment to the tournaments.
286c29cc95d31efd3cd2f4d6cd8dd1e0331fe832	Now they also want to bring their own chairs – they often give some uncomfortable shit at competitions.
e567440d2550594e5aebab5cf43841ff745d277a	Therefore, the chair is also part of the equipment.
e59e8f15f76017b59aaf0246d5a07ba76a7d553e	Locations
a185d8d69bf5c96a03cc0991052cdcb2e58dff51	Previously, everything in Dota was carried out in small institutions.
191a342299997066fa71207a11ab948b032b53fa	There was a computer club in Kiev, a hotel in Poland, there were not many people.
6217b52ab30f6033bc2138993c4dc0caa7474ef2	The only tournament that brought people together was the International.
89b322ab207b52d0d2d6373db2bc25eb1ee8735a	It was held at the Opera House in Seattle.
27ee615dcead5f28ca4bb3f922df9343cfed9eaf	Now this tournament has been moved to the Ki Arena basketball stadium.
d77b4e2623e25456e421e959b005a7066737653c	A year ago, a lot of money appeared in Dota – this is the top discipline for money.
bd21afbad67c76c7511d1bd687f8f0f2b99ce084	Recently, there was a tournament that was held at the Commerzbank Arena in Frankfurt.
a33b345bc1bfab06d0eb6789e5489b1d23047b37	The 60th thousandth was not filled, but half of the seats were packed.
6ddda8c45a3cbfd9299413380e58d018cc68a586	The system
623d8675bf9a5944055dd4fbb776f2f40ef4aa82	Valve does not sponsor Dota directly – the money is given by the people themselves, tournament visitors.
d4d73fe7999656a173acb7a6da06ebe6ecef9493	A person buys a ticket, and part of the money from the sale goes to the prize fund.
d358273cfa75ba345a09fe399e6e48214d7ef6d2	At the same time, the viewer gets not only a pass to the tournament, but also in game clothes.
4d03a64982390f3663cf0fa0e6d0fc5bb938ee8f	The ticket costs only $ 10.
f2830137c95db0cc75d11b9043214c5f24b8ff39	Cheats
973d79aee66a449a7c8412a919db06b59bacc04a	Everyone * * * * * * [was surprised], but the organizers did not find any evidence and did not disqualify the team.
c4efa7488a475df42a1bf1b8098ac42aaa741ea3	However, Fnatic is now disliked by everyone, they are humiliated and humiliated, although they were previously considered a respected team.
d76b8ef49beb7b06ec6eb560d2290e8744baf893	Counter Strike
461ab2e88dde0c3f5f3201b21b42d37817eb6e6f	Contre tournaments are held up to four times a year, each with a prize fund of 250 thousand dollars.
0df5f1418889f2679aa8a613848e46700da3bbb7	Plus, there are many more small competitions.
ec6ab07caa221cee2ba95e7531da1e5e16e5ab14	In Counter Strike, people earn money from broadcasts – often this is even the main income.
f05ec10ab46417981f26abe0ba275d443cd26ddd	There was a story about a Polish player with the nickname Pasha Biceps.
b3c720026fccac3503eea11d0b884f1d79741a25	He streamed for 3 months in a row, then he looks, and some guy from the Emirates threw off 10 thousand dollars first, 10 minutes later another 10 thousand, and then 5 thousand dollars.
6beb437bbbe417993647f7890809ed27ebe6f0be	And that's how he got 25 thousand in half an hour.
0ceaa8bf74f5eb466c221055333108a42b58176a	He had financial problems, he even burst into tears of happiness during the stream.
b0bbf5d8a3a52f1a940a0f2951f8168b6949622e	My longest game session happened four years ago. I played World of Tanks for exactly two days in a row.
74dc4d8a5e174eed90b5f69bf6c99f49a40e945a	I only got up to go to the toilet.
28cc4d422eccd2c2db9c461371b75e2faa44b968	End of career
3139e0607e61b715d8f29dd69a6717c4fd5356b8	The average age of a cyber athlete is 22-23 years.
44000599ae3f433962300833a7d9071237720be4	Usually, the career of a coach ends at 25-26 years old – this is the age when the reaction time worsens and you are beaten by overworked schoolchildren: for example, now a Pakistani guy at 16 years old got into a very strong American EG team.
f2648fae88b1b9faa79afde57de0c6d97ea0c7f3	Where nothing depends on the reaction, you can play at the top level and in 30-35 years.
12d43030340e46f4188c048bcf2d2844e17193d3	For most cyber athletes, streaming is even more profitable than participating in tournaments: if you donot take the first places, you wonot get a lot of money.
920f38b67a1c4f9cdd6fa5bce7780dbc5a963bed	You can still become a coach, but there are very few of them.
0176283348743bf6dadfdfe3cc3f91ce8962aca2	Of the 16 top teams, only four have coaches.
2b4c335d22cf83b3cdd2a32844abbbd54c7174f8	Not counting the Chinese, whose role as a coach is reduced to the phrase: "Get up from the computer, you need to do exercises."
c692245531cac6668231eae8aaacf76ea4921d09	The coach does not need to be a good player in terms of reaction at all: he just tells the main athletes.
c4b2580010d9cbd637834e78f81f67483f385761	However, this is prohibited at almost all major tournaments.
698c06d5d2d08aeb15b569eff3a69edf9a5627ef	Injuries
0c44faf8ab02bb0ca577ac2fd8e1229772545eac	The main damage that occurs in those who do not do exercises is tunnel syndrome.
49921387c4f49adf873758b52015afc58a23ad2c	Sooner or later, this happens to everyone – your hand hurts because you make monotonous movements with the mouse.
e2331fa803d12f07fdff2ffc705935b3e0a53efa	If this * * * * * [bullshit] happened to you, you probably wonot be able to play.
eff770b178c060770561fcee4433da5baf519973	You miss at least six months.
945b01b142c6cff39a9513ddaf6b4e25526e8450	The second sore spot is the eyes.
8e4e8f061de35f985f564b527d1dbd696815c1e1	Sometimes you canot blink for 3 minutes in games.
e9eb7ec4f9e35a9a093dc24a716414ce815f6cab	The work of the lacrimal gland is disrupted, * * * * * * [horror] occurs with the eyes.
2b6349b33b61655f563912cd5d4953496e06ae31	Tears then flow uncontrollably from the eyes.
3f53c9a2bc116c8ad5b24d091435f595c7207687	This shit is chronic, you canot get rid of it, so it's easier to quit right away.
812412a05e2b95b72ee7ca40abcaf99493396389	Transfers
f50f56564ac127c867e8466ddfbbb264ef12bb71	In Dota, everything is controlled by the players themselves.
7b21dff8892777599ead7912f3b6de161131a0bc	An athlete in the middle of the season can say: "Go fuck yourself, I went to play for another team."
1a86a4ee9bbfe4935ab7c11fefa90c71383aa5f7	And no one will stop him.
b80b2225d9c86698b148105c382bd9d42f24f33b	But there are almost no transitions during the year: everyone wants to get to the International, and an invite is needed there.
bf417d103930dce555ed7fa99a13b487e0f11478	To get an invite, you need a permanent composition.
5b6866a1864ac359041ad180362c79f25d6db9bd	But after the International, the composition of the teams changes by 80%: 4 out of 5 people are new.
309e4a0821a8a218a119bf88935651103bae5bed	In League of Legends, players usually cost a penny 10-15 thousand dollars.
9de91687a34690650c93d76d360839f4943b7e1a	Top – up to a million dollars: 500 thousand the transfer itself, 500 – his salary for two years.
a409278d9d02352a114e2ff6b8782bf2e1d7dfd9	StarCraft
0eb69a3a918a5aaca53535fcdd90d98ee4eebcab	Esports began with this game in 1999.
590769d62a4986b12c9af7509832ecc856a267d5	In Korea, a WCG (World Cyber Games) tournament was held, people came there to see how the Koreans were **** [tearing up].
e7f178a7dff40d3f8910e6980edd650844e75fea	Then Starcraft 2 came out, everyone switched to it and played quite successfully for four years: there was a lot of money, and the level of players was crazy.
c47c174239cc5911cdcae48a5a19ea0aafb0b073	But then the developer (Blizzard) failed to organize tournaments, and the discipline died.
d9382ee8b970ed4580b6d17a4cdb991e6a3b70b8	No one is playing Starcraft seriously right now.
df37d4e17a8df4791a85c6f2edfe693bf5f4d3ce	Disciplines in esports die very quickly: everything can burn out even in a year.
d665abaec83dee730eee4de540b5a5837ee50f08	Koreans
d557f4b6b9098ef4255abb6df2a72ca07ae5ed87	Europeans also train a lot, but still not so hard.
1f99d5e9f20b0b836ea44c1edfa9a5e09323b666	In the League of Legends, Samsung sponsors four Korean teams at once with huge money.
4d9bdd2d1ff17186d4e57ce940697605abf975b7	They pour in 2.5-3 million dollars a year – this is a lot for esports.
0d39f44735a3a6fbc366c3c2f66608317f12e22e	When Starcraft died, the strongest players went to the League of Legends.
14f73ba181705ff9d8f2b5bf6b8b57f2b1a68256	Why not Dota?
7085cc2a6c102bb2b2803cb52e2e0dae83f04dbf	China dominates Dota, and the Koreans do not want to lose to them.
c97811fb53f458c82ac6cd1d30232a9a4c7e164a	It is very difficult to enter Dota from scratch.
64f04cc76185c1687793d587e25d7c83f72252ce	Salaries
c627448e4d2df686e8c39b5ac5f268552c230181	It all depends on the discipline.
2369c92f6215b7651d766cf466b5a4c8d141d67a	In the League of Legends, a good Korean esports player earns 7-8 thousand dollars a month.
c8ffde60a8b08fc090ae14e291b7d1e1b74c0d00	European – 2-3 thousand dollars.
7947911d1f15f7c0265d5b14f190bd1b6f2c419c	But not because they pay less in Europe, but because there are few top teams here.
6e407c0516fa833fad1cab2ec0266ec73f9e88a8	In the USA – about 5 thousand dollars.
53dfcc1ba2ce0d00c2f1d192dff58decf83af7b2	In Russia 1.5 thousand dollars
0ff14070345c516d60fe710d730c1127a3bb751e	The thing about esports is that your salary is only a part of your earnings.
5a4964095d6dc59d47d3ae154f637ff255649f07	First, you can stream and earn much more.
b0ca0ab6f9ec9cf1edec15ffe196ee59add209f6	Secondly, you can win tournaments: if in football the prize money does not go to the players, then everything is different here.
eceaaa96831ff02cfa889e5b3742cede57f5da3e	From 50 to 100 percent of the prize pool goes to the players.
f03fcafeb6353b8dd30105308f4f83e648906ed8	Doping
9e1060fe6ac6d421c820011fab263102678be70b	It sounds strange, but there is no such problem at all.
b1c2218a08146ba1cab581438d7a633b5bb8f530	Moreover, one of the main sponsors is the energy specialist Monster.
56bdaf20fb95ed0bb7c6502e85002a835d4c62b9	It is customary to slurp it right at tournaments: players are paid extra for this.
ae0c666b79e9a397dfa1eb87ac4a6429f101a9b1	There are no drugs that are guaranteed to help you in the game.
01c7c82087eae2b62dedb6478c2b04cb3d409959	Bookmakers
8652c938c00bd08d26caa207631feebf43be557c	They are associated with the most severe scandal in the "Dota", which occurred two years ago. Russian player Alexey Berezin wanted to raise money and bet $ 100 against himself.
3bda58605af7f224697f5045fb16d11f8df9ad53	The coefficient is 3.22.
5c55e99363f787543a83e7e00d64b977c3fb7561	The next day, he leaked the game, and then burned down: the bet was placed on his girlfriend.
bc42dfd0562c452a5b4321b33a2a55ecb8caaa6a	He also had a chip: "I didnot bet against myself, but I didnot bet on myself."
48b6829edb153635965f35b5a14fc1be0b3c8d9f	But the bookmaker still passed the information to the organizers of the tournament.
7036acd7d4f3a3892301e7b0cd13fe8a3508db92	Berezin was first banned for life, then he was reduced to a year, and then the ban was removed altogether.
cc92e8a1334bfc46f34a11b8da1001758ef73eb5	The Peruvian team was less lucky: they bet 1000 against themselves, the bookmaker conducted an investigation, and these players were disqualified for life.
de2e32f2cd77aeb80dbcc788d52d529122b39c93	The bookmaker market is generally very developed.
73bd66e28818a536a6467714e5d52870c5e5859c	Even Russian companies have entered there – all sorts of "Baltbets" take bets on"Dota".
9bc616caa108e3f968d78c7ef26d71aec9729fdf	FIFA
e9b164b1a5948400246bc5a8b52af6db026833e1	Computer football is boring to watch, it is only interesting to play it.
6776fa6f49e24525a70642d6952612c39ac6d176	FIFA was a discipline at the WCG for nine years, but then the tournament died, and with it the FIFA competitions.
a655a0e2dfd9ac88a145c0701aa7608cd79a6a45	But even there, there was very little prize money – about 10 thousand dollars.
c1c9b8d35a04e832007adb877ce6cdfb594ffd30	After all, the money comes from the developer, and EA Sports believes that it lives normally without such marketing.
a294b226a0d81da23ac53f1cfa43be79d7270c19	Therefore, there are no normal tournaments with large prize money there now.
ef87f8a5b7381a1bb439242a8123d13745a14a6d	The game is in the box.
7a04d01ab09c4149ee26cab0988c332e122650bd	How esports comes to TV
110a9bc8fc3ae51c17e448e2c70065241c986289	"Playing with me costs 1000 rubles, like – 200".
7ad8d2e56e71e2baa45667f910a5756298ea86e8	How to earn money while sitting on the couch and playing FIFA
0f7df68b9ca669cb32b1aafc1ce9101c9fb076aa	Feel the range of sports emotions with the help of applications Eurosport.ru for iOS and Android
f3dd6d4e0829d4bf44d241d9aff3e5586a42c77c	On the topic of Spinolom, electronic fishing and 8 more very strange games, Ronaldo got on the cover of FIFA 16
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c30a0119ecbe2e16be82795f0d2d8c0e9895b88b	Esports Photography The characteristics of Athletes in the team depends on the discipline
f891e21503d65bbcd124cbca9e938264d52a9151	Inventory of personal computers and input devices
3ed4ae5773986a601e0cc11d6bf404983c2e8983	Disciplines
d08ae2068981cb62b2ee9498540b0296d7ce68c0	Quake Live, Counter Strike, StarCraft, Dota 2, League of Legends, World of Tanks, Heroes of the Storm, Hearthstone: Heroes of Warcraft, Halo, Rocket League, Call of Duty.
20be02394edeced9fc13ade3981f8c70328af3f5	First competitions International Federation Name IeSF
8558ad7b6378fc04891441ff581ea6f125ec685d	Related Projects Category:Esports Portal:Esports
240e2a0384ae0f48f4b33f8d2ae977cc68696951	E sports (outside the CIS is better known as English e Sports) is a gaming competition using computer technologies, where a computer simulates a virtual space inside which the competition takes place[1].
bb4f2e45bb09bd3f1a4419b3486c8f12303f6214	The website of the FCC of the Russian Federation indicates that 0.5% of the population actively plays computer games[1].
e2ef75148fed8f3fa56329ad3492e0b1c29512df	Large competitions can gather up to several thousand participants, and the duration of the games reaches 10 continuous days[1].
803490eb025dc14d7d79f482c24eed80f39345f9	The history of esports began with the game Doom 2, which had a network game mode via a local computer network.
afed5d8981f47f241bb9ca6e7ff7311c933e9955	Due to the popularity of the game Quake, in 1997 the first league of esports players appeared in the United States — Cyberathlete Professional League.
4354529a95cec856ec6a457ff742bd370527fac1	1 History 1.1 Recognition in Russia
52150bbd76275ecdf04feb3f7c5a562be4c4ef4a	2 Competitions 2.1 Semi professional online leagues
3f9535eab03397513bb2385261f7beb4b52daf3c	3 Requirements for conducting competitions 4 Rules 4.1 General 4.2 Disciplines
6aa43c38a7f639601461c509d921e49c3a11b848	5 Esports in the countries of the world 5.1 USA 5.2 CIS 5.2.1 The most influential people in the CIS
2da2ffb1db78c89b757cef8fcb554633f618a80c	5.3 India 5.4 Mexico 5.5 Italy
49a6690a7ff7abd5fced9693ed12af61d64f49ec	6 Broadcast on television 7 Esports as one of the sports 8 Criticism 9 Bets on esports 10 Holding competitions 10.1 Prize amounts 10.2 Teams
854f38e32c5010f107c8dea5c83909a60b79fde0	11 Federations and Associations 11.1 Russian Computer Sports Federation 11.2 G7 11.3 National Electronic Sports Commission (NeSC)
b5212d0d19448c9ebd049964f41eaec7c76b878c	12 Notes 13 References 14 References
a7d3855382b56721dd28a5fdb0928ff5312c9116	The history of esports begins in 1997, when CPL was founded, which made the first tournament in the Quake discipline[2].
82c36da17f1e80408ae745e41b43e479cb9c7786	But the first game with the possibility of cooperative combat was Doom 2[2].
2bc65687327141fe9bb11e24eccdba5019afcdcf	Recognition in Russia[edit / edit wiki text]
0666cd8fa169bc12976e92119bfb30822a29c5cc	Russia has become the first country in the world to recognize esports as an official sport.
47ce43004f0b385fe3f3e7b121e87b6ab67d60b7	This happened on July 25, 2001 by order of the then head of the State Sports Committee of Russia, Pavel Rozhkov[3].
2a63426ceafd2e219f925ec5ce56cee0bf41951c	After the change of leadership and the renaming of the State Sports Committee of Russia into the Federal Agency for Physical Culture and Sports, as well as in connection with the subsequent introduction of the All Russian Register of Sports (VRVS), it was necessary to repeat the procedure for recognizing computer sports on March 12, 2004 by order of the head of the State Sports Committee of Russia Vyacheslav Fetisov[3][4][4][5][6].
141c0c3e0e56a8cfa37ed9a6c32c25f8bc5b9f9a	In July 2006, esports was excluded from the All Russian Register of Sports[7] due to the fact that it did not meet the criteria necessary for inclusion in this register: development in more than half of the subjects of the Russian Federation and the presence of an all Russian physical culture and sports association registered in accordance with the established procedure[8].
8ed90bb0481043bfec9e23efe79f0713e398be99	Competitions[edit / edit wiki text]
107e888448c8717036db01f3e20f7d8101b58856	Esports competitions are held all over the world, including international ones.
17d661052a8ab31ecdb57dac6a4dde2d262afaed	The most significant and analogous of the Olympic Games[9] is the international tournament World Cyber Games (WCG), which was held in various countries from 2000 to 2013.
29610c40f7d62185d35c10972a0353817cee22da	In addition to WCG, Cyberathlete Professional League and Electronic Sports League are regularly held.
6cfe1605bd9c8174c2315de70746c887c78e4ea1	Semi professional online leagues[edit / edit wiki text]
29a24c96ca6458a6bc2ad2326b83d93337f87f69	In addition to competitions with a prize fund, there are a number of semi professional leagues that organize competitions in the form of online cups and ladders.
746dbe2a91e177c92bed043b7b31fb019b9f55c9	The most well known and popular ones include ClanBase, ESL, etc.
3ddfd8a76d33f2ae550a555c33713a24c0f6a5c6	Requirements for conducting competitions[edit / edit wiki text]
8bb7c14784da6ef3c0418971cb3f78b54b490453	In addition to the protocol that confirms the fact of the tournament [10], Russia has strict rules for conducting competitions established by the Cyber Sports Federation[10].
83c6d415d6fc69a5535a02c08015444aa9ef7a74	According to the protocols, athletes are awarded ranks and rating points in the All Russian rating system for computer sports[10].
9bb213a4737cbadd9a41eae886efcbc9d5bf050f	In addition to the protocol, it is mandatory to have a team of judges, which consists of the chief judge and game judges (if there are several of them), line judges, observers and technical judges[10].
4fe307b208c400ce51b4b12e7b957523ee39e430	Rules[edit / edit wiki text]
dbebcd18171ef061bdbe7644d14c71c754e6087f	General[edit / edit wiki text]
975a3099cd46d0e862ce9937ba2fdc4cb63e6bff	The winner of the competition in esports is the player or team that showed the best result in the final battle.
e77667e43a2e71e886852f51dfe51a1f0fcf4d09	Disciplines[edit / edit wiki text]
bc322f54527c11bc7cde1fd336e43879bf47a404	You canot use any games in esports.
dc53e28cdcaa80205dbccc7998206d67f61a60e0	For example, games that contain an element of randomness that prevails over the skill factor of the game are not suitable for competitions[11].
f88e865b5c4da9c2351138d6d1dcc072415ca6d4	Thus, games of the MOBA or RTS genres often fall into the category of esports disciplines[11].
73b3218a1d625e9f11a2b24576d045159de578ff	Warcraft 3 was one of the main [12] and spectacular disciplines.
009439b570f601efeacd512bb3601d1a608c48a8	With the release of the second part of StarCraft as an esports discipline, Warcraft 3 began to weaken.
e2d6500da2a3e35accce4c06525aad62f8273dc1	The last major tournament was WCG 2013[12].
8f7fa8311ce3565e99387a350eb3711ec16b8d63	Esports in the countries of the world[edit / edit wiki text]
e5a8c296e32962c8b563dce7a8a52a56662a5568	USA[edit / edit wiki text]
7673885e77d03759d6a75c8936471620a7a096ea	In 2013, the esports discipline League Of Legends was recognized as a real sport, and its participants were recognized as real athletes.
4063ff11e2a4f5e8e31f358f91bac143d8df1575	This makes it easier for players from other countries to enter the United States through a simplified visa system.
f01e386f22fedc6accaf4405e308d782bcefd043	CIS[edit / edit wiki text]
2dd3659c6fb000820499d1201ceeec0fc220a777	There is an ESL in which more than a million dollars are played annually.
1079f9ff76ed8b7336b38956c2272ab9bbfc16da	One of the largest esports organizations in Russia was the National Professional Esports League (NPKL), which was established in 2004 and was engaged in conducting esports competitions among professional gamers.
018177719aa2e9fcd1c4570826405cceb0074533	For the first time in Russia, the NPKL applied a show format for holding esports matches, created one professional esports club (already closed) and launched a regular championship organized according to the principle of the largest sports leagues and associations.
6a8779117efd39d7b2dae8ef5350ec29948bd5d3	Currently, the league has ceased to exist.[source not specified 842 days]
52b0f9dca47df7e8c924f6ad6c268eb4bcbcee9f	Esports organizations exist in several CIS countries, including Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine.
15abb35e581991f0f26634662a7617dff23402e0	One of the largest tournaments in the CIS countries was the ASUS Open[source not specified 842 days], held once a quarter since 2003.
087be686db90f1f247d98f0550836e908bba7a74	The prize funds are one of the largest among the CIS championships — up to 1 million rubles.
28adeb21ba4933a9602ff2f8c8bea38b3315b061	WCG qualifying games, the winners of which go to the World Cyber Games Championship, are also one of the prestigious competitions of the CIS countries.
42ecbcc5696d682e7fc282f003bada276824d44a	At the moment, WCG has ceased its activities.
a6971719a62143286ba5e0ca14d7a5df0062b87d	TechLabs cup has taken a stable position among the CIS cyber festivals since 2012[source not specified 842 days].
3c878a14a8f459988e9e5248b7da98b3ae639e02	Moscow, Minsk, Kiev and Almaty are four cities that have been hosting the TechLabs team for the festival since 2010.
27155684908a807fa717efeaaf26225d75807f51	There are also various non commercial tournaments, for example, RDL (Russian Duel League for Quake II).
f6dcfa961ff3ddd32b9d8e3417560711e8698318	The largest individual Starcraft 2 league in Europe is the Russian RSL project Russian Starcraft 2 League, organized by sc2tv.ru.
7d3e0b00bce99fe6aedf79bc166367cab6f4eb0f	The largest league for Counter Strike Source and Counter Strike: Global Offensive, as well as Dota 2 for 2014 is the CSPL league.
5c13fe2c9bff347fad4efba6c0857a9303498234	From May 9 to 15, Moscow will host Epicenter , the largest Dota 2 tournament among the CIS countries.
ec3fdb2d8783317564e3b3e9ad06b911705ffb7c	The most influential people in the CIS[edit / edit wiki text]
67e7b3fc19057dae7f418034bd91493e8ee68f45	In January 2014, the site kanobu.ru published a list of "The most influential in the CIS gaming industry"[13][14]:
45aed1818a66992c6aced94bfd76acc2b52066e7	Vladimir Nikolsky is the operating Director of Mail.
ac3f916a98493907b034c92ba6598ff28475c702	Ru Group Gevorg Sargsyan CEO of Innova Sergey Orlovsky Founder and CEO of Nival Nikolay Katselapov Co founder and co owner of Wargaming Public Co Ltd Sergey Klish General Manager of Playstation in Russia
e4089b8b4610f1c60a9119bfa92edcebfd09f560	India[edit / edit wiki text]
9ba20683d6fbf925cc536f790683091e0e17c9c3	There is no Internet and computers in remote cities of India, but at the same time there is no problem with this in large cities[15].
9cb37fffd5ccdb6d9f57e9348c557095d73bc5a2	For more than ten years, the dominant discipline was Counter Strike 1.6[15][16] and regularly participated in the World Cyber Games Grand Final and Electronic Sports World Cup.
fb85b97e8afcb9534cd4249f6acf712169131de3	The debut performance on the world stage was WCG 2002, where the TUI team lost all the matches, by the way, together with them in the group were the champions of that M19 tournament[15].
651c74b01df176c90ae36c617dac595140aa7799	The two most famous teams are ACID (participants of WCG 2003, WCG 2004, WCG 2005) and Team ATE[15].
70a6eaa3122b49911d498804500e9253a8b315c5	The most famous players are "r4iD" and "RiTz" [15].
aaa93bb5aa03a95135475f991776510f0b25b3bd	With the advent of free to play MOBA games League of Legends and DOTA 2, the outdated CS 1.6 is losing its position, it should be noted that LoL is a somewhat more popular game in this country, and more tournaments are held on it[15].
c806e49a44b18403a67807e475fa5f93351fb2c6	Frag portals are the promotion and popularization of these games nation.in and afkgaming.com[15].
4aacd25e44ce161b526518d7317781565f6b97f1	Mexico[edit / edit wiki text]
d5b7020a3c567739bfc44315744bbf8e892c7b7b	Due to the proximity of Mexico to the United States, most gamers use consoles, not computers[17].
06788734df941c0639442035c4c1228a74e8a4fe	StarCraft II is the most popular discipline supported by three organizations: Team Quetzal, Team Neo Forze and xGamers[17].
5237728d3d72bf4c3014f15cce5ca432e75fda8f	In the League of Legends discipline, their success;
730b9c7ed8a671fe8fb44dbf504f25b3c02ed5fd	4th place at WCG 2013[17].
933810cb38f6a760671646349dad8bac7ddfd758	Italy[edit / edit wiki text]
a602312aa6f91e3a580dcb8decdab5496b21e368	Team disciplines in Italy are weak, for example, at WCG in Counter Strike and DOTA 2 disciplines, Italian teams do not leave the group.
f9d592344a7e1a27bb65d85ee28a8b55682a3f60	But, in individual disciplines, they earned one medal at the ESWC and a dozen at the WCG[18].
5c842ce5aa46a21d4922a547c09d7b994397c97f	In Italy, the StarCraft II discipline is popular, where three organizations dominate: Old School Clan, InFerno eSports and Team Redbyte Italia[18].
b5dafcffc0f353e9dc7f3a79630348e033211075	Broadcast on television[edit / edit wiki text]
3adb12278c497192cbddbba5666f5130ca336b4d	Esports are actively broadcast on sports channels.
8c72c16d1d691d6e653c6c9a61d23262e44905df	In 2015, the World of Tanks Gold season of the Russian Championship was held on the sports channel 7TV with the submission of the National Professional Esports League, where 32 matches were shown.[19].
331d97546df74baffba1a162fc81d1b7b0817053	Esports as one of the sports[edit / edit wiki text]
8fb71aaa9ac6be7cd6d7edb42cb274edfd96029a	The article on the formation of esports on the pages of the official website of the Team Empire esports organization proves that esports has achieved recognition as one of the sports disciplines, because there are long established rules in the disciplines, the intellectual abilities of participants are used, mandatory training is carried out, and, finally, interpersonal relationships are also an established fact[11].
e180195cab48963fddd9b27aa6e454c9f9f0d54b	On January 27, at a special conference in Seoul, the Korean Electronic Sports Association (KeSPA) successfully promoted esports to the ranks of second level sports disciplines.
ff347fa647ee5f4f903fd470f52911b6252d4152	So far, we are talking about the recognition of esports only by the Korean committee, in order to claim something serious, you need the recognition of the IOC itself[20]
1b2a5e0252326cad2420b0637247b3d32e01b421	Criticism[edit / edit wiki text]
435d62c6d551426f7cda5cfea2bb0bea06b2bda9	Electronic championships do not have a clear organization: one world tournament can be held every month, therefore, more than one world champion may appear in each discipline in a year[21].
cd293a6fcca65a7e6987f24e224ca51f72f73c2b	For example, ACON5 2005 did not pay $ 5,000 to the German team defusekids for Counter Strike, which took third place.
463146cc628e7389d35c5384e077b2bd21258357	In response, one of the team members — Yannik Bindo wrote an open letter describing the situation[22].
ac426825b6edd8d00c91598e10be1c416b4f2ff5	Esports betting[edit / edit wiki text]
a16a5539e4c7d2c59b0f5f758869085db1a3b3b3	Like any sport, millions of people bet on esports.
ae39eb0ecf8350d821486fdb4e44d28ec8f92722	Today, esports is on the 3rd place in terms of betting volume among all sports.
2f2e8f628ac617b9680767068055f40182877a9d	Analysts say that in 2018, esports will overtake football in popularity, and will come out on top.
ff250f51aa88779c309e0b51f8663b0d39252d4d	But since esports is a new phenomenon, not all bookmakers accept bets on it.
1888f4f05f65893fcfddf14a5ec68713fb22805f	Egamingbets is popular in English speaking countries, and Betsstore is popular in Russia.
9ce4f0f0c6689a1ec096f6435a6fe019408ee19e	The bookmaker's website usually has match statistics.
511b8a33c6efde0632fdd1f6bb3c1d7790da3e02	You can also look at the probability of winning your favorite team.[source not specified 247 days]
498d09d6b4a0b0837f8d3daeacb03742b4e7bafd	Conducting competitions[edit / edit wiki text]
58bcacc3c890e3c76f1fab02c87fcf33e7d40206	Large competitions are held in special places where the public can watch the players sitting at computers, and track the progress of the match on a large screen, where images from the screens of the players are broadcast.
c669074ff0252ea456ebb028f5458db5f642480d	In South Korea, due to the large number of spectators, such competitions are held at stadiums.
f735b2f50a75302952650a4e0b9b4c391a8b41a5	Smaller scale competitions are held in computer clubs and Internet cafes.
38b3ad3727af850dfff37979717238baeb161396	In addition, there are online competitions that are held via the Internet.
0c0b5c8bb9783d3d802b56cd66048628967d6d83	Prize amounts[edit / edit wiki text]
4523fdc987c1b50010461b0a45640608c7cbe16e	In 2015, at The International 5 Dota 2 World Championship, the prize fund of which is more than $18,000,000, the American team Evil Geniuses won more than $6,500,000.One of the members of the "Evil Geniuses" team is a 16 year old Pakistani boy Syed "Sumail" Hassan
eeb1ec01a2c1716436a828ba3af691f9647438f1	In 2014, at The International 4 Dota 2 World Championship, with a prize pool of more than $10,000,000, the Chinese team NewBee won $5,000,000.
4dbfc25d75fd1d02cd18da9dae3e7ddf77db41ae	In 2014, the prize money of The International 4 Dota 2 World Championship will amount to at least $10,931,105.
4cf6fab849e36dba5c6fe2be6c9434c156cb6052	Of these, $ 1.6 million was provided by the organizers of the tournament — Valve, and the rest was collected by the voluntary purchase of an in game compendium item by the players.
e39173d5506c9c0d7fe9fc2a654d2c0f786899b9	In 2013, SK Telecom1 won about $ 1,000,000 for the 3rd season of the World Championship at the RiotGames tournament for the League of Legends game.
3fe3ee37350a8266bf3503145c8e94f1222cad27	The prize fund of the season was $ 2,050,000 per season divided into 14 teams[23].
e9ca401841f1c621d215097ee875ef61d4eec3fb	In 2013, at The International 3 Dota 2 World Championship, with a prize fund of $ 2,874,407, The Alliance team won $ 1,437,203.[24]
30d30db2147265b069455fa167c196198590ed6a	In 2012, Taipei Assasins won $ 1,000,000 for the 2nd season of the World Championship at the RiotGames tournament for the League of Legends game.
883907a99fd162999014b274bb23222de0fffce7	The prize fund of the season was $ 1,970,000.[23]
12f86c47e05f6ee5f139715efdd1cff532b04597	In 2011, the Na'VI team won at The International Dota 2 tournament.
7863439b114ce1cad875d06c64d06ddda99a68b4	Per team (5 people) they received $ 1,000,000.
bf4710fc159a50a0138d74966bfc3640a56df16b	Previously, at major competitions, the prize fund reached no more than $ 1,000,000 or more.
a9d8423925bae88205117bba0ee98ee0e6b54f92	The biggest prize in the history of esports competitions was won by Jonathan Wendell, who performs under the nickname "Fatal1ty".
d88148ce2ddc683e7aa7f270e2c041fe2f46b020	In the final of the Painkiller competition in 2005, his winnings amounted to $ 150,000.
02a7984b8d3f0986783d533109cced13db21d3f4	Salaries of Korean StarCraft players range from $ 20,000 to $ 600,000 per year.
0b96661abc95149b1a6221cee813983c81678fb2	The prize funds of major competitions are most often sponsored by companies associated with the production of components, peripherals and computer software.[source not specified 835 days]
0c8a998b0a1d733d7d107258a2be65245741f0f3	In 2002, the Russian player "uNkind" took first place at the World Cyber Games for the game Quake III and went home with the amount of $ 20,000[2].
ecec8c14bfe9ed41cb09f3309791df6b3f40e28b	Also in 2002, at the World Cyber Games, the St. Petersburg Counter strike M19 team took first place and took $ 40,000 with them;
7197b2dca96af62dec7bae0fd9a1810823032ac8	Still in the same Quake III, the player "Cooler" took first place at Cyber [X]Gaming, held in Las Vegas, USA, and won $ 20,000[2].
a1480cf9a1b8189c36f8355fe96e5e71976d97ee	In 2005, the 3D.Androide player won a silver medal at the StarCraft competition, earning $ 10,000[2].
4038d062f1a0c3e816d2df3ba3a4dced6a4c5df6	In 2006, two Russian players "USSRxAlan" and "USSRxMrRASER" took first and second place in NFS: Most Wanted, receiving $ 15,000 and $ 8,000, respectively[2].
d4b942dfb8412a1edb74a20ed258332bc012751d	In 2007, " Logitech.
c0cf8d8466267a55eccecef5650389861118009f	Alan "(ex." USSRxAlan") won a bronze medal in the discipline NFS: Carbon[2]. 2008 brought us the Russian final in Need For Speed and a bronze from Dmitry Kostin under the nickname "Happy" in Warcraft 3[2].
e3a5a2e9c9b0a3d051ce77cef067490a81d3cb29	Commands[edit / edit wiki text]
1a7356f2b6498af12f1800982e4f514056bd2994	In esports, teams of players are traditionally called clans.
a18df412726b1fe39131dd224349186846af61fe	Some types of computer games, such as Counter Strike, are created only for a team competition, while others allow you to play both in the "1x1" mode and team to team.
773a780c02e24bcf7360933856f0539679c5e8c2	Federations and associations[edit / edit wiki text]
81a12a8b4835c81f337dd9bede0983a11c3bbfdc	There are several major esports associations and federations in the world.
31f5725efc808cf328c445761e4053b517785024	If associations are called upon to improve and protect esports from the position of players, trying to raise salaries, establish some guarantees, then federations, on the contrary, are interested in the interests of the audience and the competitive part.
c32fc32910dc594887a74f7ef28254ba82fa2bc2	It is the latter that set the rules and entertainment of the match.
9cf6df9fef0203ddbb16790a4ee5ba28308e8a31	Russian Computer Sports Federation[edit / edit wiki text]
7d9eef0631c875e24c2d855a3c891f3ed7d5cc86	Main article: Russian Computer Sports Federation
ae42efc98bbf4e687cdc2b370c059e0b7d30b7b2	The FCC of the Russian Federation is authorized to create a Russian national team based on the annual results of performances at the main competitions of the year, the ratings of athletes and the submission of the Presidential Council of the FCC[25].
8f7f8b299c307f0771ce32f9a686e42865a731a4	The goal of the national team is to win the championship in disciplines and strengthen the prestige of Russia, as well as patriotic education[25].
85ad9ba33ae317b8c25f84408f946843eabf3a5b	In addition to other regulations and regulations, the FCC has issued methodological recommendations for teaching computer sports[26].
38815b5b99808604846659392a49dc94408fa1fd	It is recommended to first master the initial computer management skills[26].
bdeb7302f308c6f780a57e64395e4131ddaf6bf9	After that, with the use of a trainer, the player learns how to control the game[26].
cb3475e20d9782c5bc95b466d1a99e9da4c6126a	Among other things, computer setup, viewing games, developing tactics, improving game techniques, as well as special preparation for important competitions are regulated[26].
2ed8cc973564c77fe1b792062104c87594ba85ac	G7[edit / edit wiki text]
785b6dafb3996b59fdce7c7f7d71bd58e4f51810	In 2007, Mousesports, Fnatic and SK gaming formed the G7 League — an association of the largest esports organizations[27].
a614ae9fb5522afc0a6627ec6f2ae86ae39f274b	The motivation for this was the organization of transfers, cooperation with leagues and tournaments, and maintaining a rating of teams in different disciplines[27].
be920db9f51415f9175a8d87e6d3ffcb52f59c18	During its existence, the association boycotted (G7 members did not compete at competitions) CPL Winter 2007 and ESWC 2010 for non payment for previous tournament seasons[27].
e5f15c86c325a4de91c0341f9290d5476ef631f5	National Electronic Sports Commission (NeSC)[edit / edit wiki text]
d9706146f607c429311acd87232a0856524377ec	On March 23, 2013, the first meeting of the National Electronic Sports Commission was held, the purpose of which was to create a professional gaming environment with appropriate rules and responsibilities that are fair both for large organizations and for newer and younger ones[28][29].
ad5ebb394e32d57c5af99cce3176eda578b1d1d8	↑ 1 2 3 4 Methodological recommendations: Computer sports.
affde3680d4f31211ae1d202487a289dac3fb29d	Checked on February 23 2014.
3ce57e8c7ce196190e246eba2f90bc27b222c839	↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Esports: is it a sport?.
681149dd5811d6ff0cf27e75764ed7e371a27238	Checked on February 28, 2014.
4341f1be2adbcfbc6f10dcdb7e9e6d7ed96261c9	↑ 1 2 Order of the State Sports Committee of the Russian Federation of 25.07.2001 No. 449 "On the introduction of sports in state physical education programs" ↑ 1 2 Approved by Order of the State Sports Committee of the Russian Federation of 14.04.2003 No. 225 "On the list of sports recognized by the federal executive authority in the field of physical culture and sports" with subsequent amendments.
289deb9e7b87594525ef46e3ac0ad6c9ceae74f0	↑ Order of the Federal Agency for Physical Culture and Sport No. 414 "On Computer Sports" dated July 4, 2006 ↑ Regulation "On the All Russian Register of Sports (VRVS)" (approved by Order of the Federal Agency for Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism No. 273 dated September 28, 2004) ↑ ProPlay / News / Esports no longer has an official status ↑ See.
b5414977f4062eac583e01c20ca6bd1ec0adc878	Order of the Federal Agency for Physical Culture and Sport of July 4, 2006 No. 414 "On Computer Sports";
b53ed7d728699924c6c57d4c839949965cdf890f	The Regulation "On the All Russian Register of Sports (VRVS)" (approved by the Order of the Federal Agency for Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism No. 273 of September 28, 2004).
1d643980fdf4a4d5c6675f4635b6dbe17a394a19	W WCG Concept (English).
4dfeaa4d682971fac3e002b9f852a152554ebb10	World Cyber Games.
b0f2120de79e7055234884f942b2c52169fc2c5f	Verified on August 21, 2010.
b389d9ce1d3861173d45abdf261eee091b6ca8e4	Archived from the original source on February 22, 2012.
3b49947f897d4dd5aba69ad33a848ea91f6a905a	↑ 1 2 3 4 About the registration of the protocol of competitions in computer sports.
9d174bdd64875c629a575030c29e3e1202c8956f	Verified on February 24, 2014.
e04416439160b00a0fac754a3f094d168e675a2f	↑ 1 2 3 Esports as a sport: formation and development, 2013 ↑ 1 2 Andrey Kiryukin.
eb26059d62922f7bcc66195b36d12250d12f43e3	Farewell 322 for WarCraft III. Verified on February 25, 2014.
30aea94cef5192506697b4f927d4e4931ba5ee9f	Кири Kirill Rusakov.
30ed551e1220374f2758dea4f2e307157fab4608	The most influential in the CIS gaming industry (29.01.2014 15: 38:45).
d21af7af15669de50e14658cd634f5512ebec1c8	↑ The most influential people in the CIS gaming industry.
c6d6e634299c4a1b58f246e9e3ee4cfa429f539e	Checked on February 28 2014.
f76bc35d794c329f754cb8e598e1b725c92ac142	↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Rostislav Grubi.
a4a4216fbb582d725b32223d448d777ba7d17c90	"Esports Globe": India.
c8fbc8b07da774ac975f43548251d1a305c609e1	Checked on January 28, 2014.
e88dea083bbb948e0008a0ea19a03ed4718d2a7c	↑ Talk Esports Asia #4 - eSports in India.
8aa8e11318a0b7f9406ec0f7706ea6ec4c85c936	Verified on January 28, 2014.
4f0b16ee044c613cf3f8e713879db8827b947126	↑ 1 2 3 Rostislav Grubi.
3cf462f66f79f86079e5e6e274f420bae1c95c63	"Esports Globe": Mexico.
5af37deacb0a6037233afe2dac56e8467d94a7a7	Verified on January 29, 2014.
0009c6bd3940645d47e432319411c560bd61c955	↑ 1 2 Rostislav Grubi.
405645e630ccd3430ecc5af117936a17345dda6f	"Esports Globe": Italy.
513577f1a4df09f499d37033a1f9fd39a1572ca8	↑ The third Championship among professional esports clubs will be held in October 2007.
01173fd1cf069756a7bb851ef8ca9b13379ec33d	Verified on February 28, 2014.
9e8cae05de83ad819af6c76e96ba09730cc16921	Киб Esports: stars, tournaments, bets, lifestyle (09.04.2015).
fdf9256052cb20720f67e7697401f9562140c633	Киб Esports > Esports in Chinese.
508d6c892e3282aad02df841822508b1c0418446	Report from ACON5.
c1ae2abd1d9333f185ea3526599a947a36a727ab	Checked on January 20, 2014.
e1dd3fcf4379314d67e02ec4b2f956101a514c29	AC ACON5 a scandal over money.
a8d8ac9740fbbe8b46fb8a2cea61955f01013bf7	Verified on January 20, 2014.
62e2b32a1a49c4a956fd4fe92d5a0b35a5bbd383	↑ 1 2 esportsearnings.com. Prize money in esports. esportsearnings.com. ↑ Top 100 Largest Overall Prize Pools:: e Sports Earnings ↑ 1 2 Regulations on the formation of the Russian national team in computer sports.
7401c92b14a63eb311b6bf7569dcda5fec8788c0	Verified on February 25, 2014.
06281e7a2db45fb5bbf873fdf9eaab7daffe6780	↑ 1 2 3 4 Methodological recommendations for teaching computer sports.
cf92a9dfb2c84e567e2db227395dcd6c1f147dbe	↑ 1 2 3 DotA 2 | Doters of all pages an, unite!.
2b982039e3008ae4683580b4569d5be88cb6d932	↑ Other | The first esports Association in Asia started with a failure.
7aad43ad73fff4e758e58f6d8b565035c611c73e	↑ E Sports organizing body formed in the Philippines.
8ca1b1d36c6247a67729694697560a5c68688acd	Alexander "El'XANDER" Ovodkov Esports as a sport: formation and development / / team empire.org : internet site.
aad1f1b2ced7b2c74284d98cd744e4c24c17f4d3	— 2013.
56d71a5e9dd5037334bec3a0a6f9fca5f6fcf917	Russian Computer Sports Federation.
99247bc20f6b0617533843bf44adbbdd79a0b796	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esports&oldid=77579270"
4afb0e9e233cf5f6a197ab1cc5af287e6fc0909c	Categories: Esports Sports excluded from the All Russian Register of Sports
015108c70283bb0c99b3bff4a9743063b90a2c89	Hidden categories: Articles with links to missing Wikipedia files:No sources since December 2013 Wikipedia:Articles with statements without sources for more than 14 days Wikipedia:No sources since August 2015
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c26ab0c6a6b5c5349eedde5b27d073dd6f6957ae	Wednesday, April 06
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4365906806e6edb2a26bda8fe37b4a1484c387c0	04:52 "RIA Novosti": the seventh Russian soldier who allegedly died in Syria completed his service 10 years ago
6d54fc368512cbb1e6780cba7cc551ffa706460a	04: 40 The Verkhovna Rada may vote for the resignation of Arseniy Yatsenyuk
5ca4f6802c16b9de6f519d507d77a698956521a7	04: 19 John Kerry said that Europe needs to tighten transport security measures
214c9f8bd0a12a9224c5b9e543780bc992507c83	03: 54 "Al Qaeda" confirmed the death of one of its leaders as a result of a US air strike
9a4b76c59bf94fead7a4bb41ba62295e90c559ff	03: 41 The Ahrar al Sham group claimed responsibility for the downed Syrian Su 22
015e6ad48e0370d03f7272f98d01cd1af5440147	03: 22 Barack Obama announced the need to invest in military development in Europe to confront Russia
c496b5b1f2a13defafcfa552be92c9da6a46fd47	02:57 US authorities may block the merger of Halliburton and Baker Hughes
66d42f4fa56f68259e221c9dc8923360c35a4236	02: 34 The self proclaimed government in Tripoli announced its rejection of power
fdc02d793afa8c155fb53d059a59092e60cfbf3d	02: 15 The UN Security Council blocked the draft statement of Russia in support of comprehensive negotiations on Syria
1c1183d954f2e116457d6f39cdfc8c1c135904e7	01: 58 An earthquake of magnitude 5.4 occurred off the coast of Kamchatka
597712c857e2129e2ee8231293eba5d81ba75644	01: 38 Russian skeleton racer Pavel Kulikov asked the head of WADA to make changes to the anti doping code
0e86299219c576e58dbbcfe5113bc93fd9a4a6bd	01: 17 As a result of an explosion in a residential building in Rio de Janeiro, five people were killed
e8194c3a5a88e26b0fbf8a1468a79ddecc4248d0	00: 52 Gianni Infantino may be involved in the "offshore scandal"
8b50e0df57443adaca5e4b1abf3db68233b6a4fd	00: 37 The head of the IMF stated the need to fight corruption in Ukraine in connection with the "offshore scandal"
fc220ced4391158d82d2f212d99f1075f685d178	00: 17 The European Union wants to create a federal agency for asylum
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3bad324528e5a64f21bd767686a90687e915ff0c	Kommersant
6e51b65923d532f923d97b26304728afea644d47	"Esports is a big and fast growing niche"
26214445cbce4849076fad0122ed4fdc3f6f11b7	Alisher Usmanov invests in the construction of a stadium for computer games
a38043ea1035f3dcef33f95a1d100ba7bf1b5c63	05.04.2016, 17:57
269712259413cdc79d3ed280a121184957cd4ce9	How to invest in esports
cb284789d2d3f7940e643f1709e8bbafcca94726	This is reported by RBC with reference to the company ESforce, which will build the arena.
089b7210f728a1a8e180db6a4898838b18f9598b	Cyber Stadium is a platform for holding competitions in computer games.
de91412ee826a7cadfe51b2839f50c08b05db93f	USM Holding, owned by billionaire Alisher Usmanov, has invested in the esports community Virtus.pro. Part of this money will go to the construction of an arena near the Timiryazevskaya metro station.
9b05f9931460c60563581ecd02e355f693d67d9f	The Russian esports market is actively growing, so the investment in the construction of the stadium will be justified, according to the analyst of the investment holding "Finam" Leonid Delitsyn.
f3050dd6e2592c62e3628a819f802ad722e08881	"The investment, of course, is characteristic and requires such an investor as Usmanov.
51d42a2caf64528fd7fe191aef0429a9da070e06	This is certainly a niche, but it is a large and fast growing niche.
0e7af381d4e3c3ddce5faa0aa1da33923bada674	It is estimated that by 2018 it will grow three times and amount to about $2 billion, which, again, is not a very large market compared to the earnings of social networks or Google earnings, but the growth rate is high, and 2 billion by themselves are also not lying on the road," Delitsyn said.
1b399d395a20f87e0a5050c5f8515107427d9216	Despite the positive signal that Usmanov sends to the market, so far the volume of investments is not comparable to investments in esports in other countries, Karen Kazaryan, chief analyst of the Russian Association of Electronic Communications, is sure.
b23e130d267ed6eaf281e343f5739d916acd4c4a	"So far, this is still a fairly local niche thing.
68027a62aaf4636bfb0ead93e8fbb45f029525af	Such investments should just scale this model and expand the audience to a more adult and solvent one.
642be621cbc2f93526aab071e72025c0bb751684	This is not so much, of course, but so far, interest has been shown mainly by companies that are directly related to the sale and development of games," Kazaryan said.
42070f4b213e39f15f79b5427f8d0b0b4d68bdd4	According to SuperData Research, in 2015, the volume of the global esports market exceeded $600 million.
44b6e7242c446651c681df3edab5e57bcd8b2121	The total amount of prize funds of the competition was $42 million, and the total audience grew to 130 million people.
74c0fa14edef70c8ab77f591518c1eb28d3820f9	Nikita Sokolov
a5fbfbf3f3bc15341a6df92aa4382526f9d9a3b0	"Kommersant FM" from 05.04.2016, 17: 57
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438be1ccb0c2768f18e8e0bbc1a1c2f66e49883b	There is no hot spot in the conflict yet / International mediators have joined the Armenian Azerbaijani settlement
c95282617efc912b8ae4965c5035e903890b8fa9	The Central Election Commission is ready to work on errors / The Central Bank is connected to the verification of candidates ' declarations
6cd5a5a77a7ce5193cf46c074978b897e69b853d	Innovators are being rearranged / The Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Economy are arguing about the schemes of their state support
c02e4f80d494fa4ec8914fb0d19d0f4b271796c4	The Netherlands has stood on the European path of Ukraine / Opponents of Kiev's association with the EU may win in the referendum
fa74ebfd41a904ae8f639d91678e09277f80c01c	The Prosecutor General's Office will work with the Panama papers / Russian reaction to the investigation of offshore companies
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72a158279bf892693cad13c6e271326f3e5024d4	The subject of national security / History teachers were given a task of national importance
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23584a0814a0dbe42e9d62a69b600f55f08559b4	ROSSETI will not switch to one share / According to Kommersant, Vladimir Putin did not support the consolidation of the holding
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3b87c78bb4149ee5a1717ac3273e30d302eaa3cb	Photo of the day: April 5
2430096a9daaa89def8285768b02a82058fb3b0f	The destruction of a Malaysian ship for poaching, a meeting of the Russian organizing Committee "Victory", the eruption of the Villarrica volcano
2f966e71e031f2ad7e9ce1d21900b939c9df413d	In the short war
c27a17bb02c7ffe2734b3f3254dea14751741436	Kommersant recalls examples of conflicts that lasted only a few days or weeks
a94784a42e50c20df27ac123ba3afb20d97e3d96	The history of the Aum Senrikyo Sect
8581d7609b51aa51e7dd459b96c4764d75ac94fe	On April 5, in Moscow and St. Petersburg, police officers, the FSB and the TFR conducted a large scale operation against adherents of the Aum Shinrikyo sect banned in Russia
669ee3833713734cd59329906c062d4ae15ca51b	In the footsteps of Schengen
8eec3c93b05f3ff217f18383e59fedd0f77a16ac	What do abandoned border checkpoints look like on the territory of the EU
3fa92342a0aa5f8f77941a6e728e749a1d0e093a	Iceland against offshore companies
aac6eddd871a7227a7adc71b5b988bc1f4ad462a	Thousands of Icelandic residents have come to a rally demanding the resignation of the country's prime minister due to an offshore scandal
86445c7f3a81286fe19c64c82c6405a397db54c9	"Rock and roll is alive, but I'm not anymore"
3c144a6e5a01731653bec1261af05eab36ccc10f	On April 5, 1994, Kurt Cobain, the founder of the rock band Nirvana, committed suicide
3f499238f2bd784dd10e5309a7ae1b67ad8f9cbb	Day in history: April 5
ba5743040055384af1eca32a6b9d14a84c89fec7	The passing of the death sentence to Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, the suicide of Kurt Cobain, the beginning of the US military operation against Cuba and other events that made this day memorable in history
2ab02fb1f52fa501789e93da12879a477f8322d2	"A person who does not strive for the greatness of the soul is a nonentity"
5b06dbe17bb4eef7519e9c7664dc7515b264776c	On April 4, Andrey Tarkovsky, the main Russian film director of the second half of the twentieth century, would have turned 84 years old
7d9ade1582b6fcdb2e3e3679efc82e821d89bbe7	On the guard of the Celestial Empire
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1c769937e8acc18802f4a8accf4fbd47f3aab626	Opening of the restaurant "Noodles and Ducks", Art up festival.
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cab360feea37c69875d82d2d5093d7430c08c956	Chronicle of the Karabakh conflict
db72102e066d10cbc45e8547d638b32640f2958e	On the night of April 2, fighting resumed in the Karabakh conflict zone
acb0d1e4deb6f12cab275fcd82cb964cdae53e39	Special project:
f58c0e3c0864063c11faaf3c4bca34f8adc08677	The direction does not change from the change of wings
43f4ed20812617159263d8f09e770aba7b9c90ee	The bankruptcy of Transaero did not solve the problems of the Russian aviation market
8799b994eb6c3bfce076d0153b866aca36c4021c	Life after Mirax
3f93c64dbca6996d6da0d3ae86747a3a698623ce	Kommersant found out what people who built and lost one of the largest development companies in Russia are doing
31e8dc134b56c334d12a8effddea2caf9f0c0153	Borderline state
de39343cc5fb5582414939ef44aa31f5d71fc857	How life has changed on the Russian Chinese border after Moscow's proclaimed "turn to the East" - in the Kommersant special project
6d536456c12b491cd5445e88d81029f09832d08b	How the world reacted to the "Panama files" "Kommersant" collected the reaction of the persons mentioned in the investigation
843ef22b67c2c2738a6cae7bc2f62682685a3890	What you need to know about the conflict in Nagorno Karabakh The key points of the confrontation between Azerbaijan and Armenia
2797e9128f73974034e1da41eade797669c83031	Missed deductions How to pay less taxes
9cdcf4e5eedd64474e294d360635cf955b059dc6	The people are malicious As citizens steal gas, light and water
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e9dbc2188b076f53c1c172a7bb78ea66e5abaa5b	September 4, 2014 at 16: 44
64501fd51729a38235606f9b768fad058d7bcde3	The esports industry: from a case of beer to a million dollars
135c11f1bd0ee548ab803154d1ec3d59f564cb8a	The blog of the Mail company.
c0a0ad26a634840c67a210fefdda76577b03a111	Hi!
6109d5206849aa1ea00aae02f77d1c1b2f4d9c7c	My name is Nikita Bokarev, I am a creative producer of the Mail game direction.
a0d40d3bdaf3adec1b572c47809ebe1fc010a513	Ru Group.
daa7f4089a48d0dcacac51ff4fe9a65c833f9dcb	Today I will tell you in colors about such a phenomenon as esports.
30074872745b8d8775bf1a2074c68e021518a63c	Of course, the topic is huge and there is not enough textbook to cover it in its entirety, so I will tell you about the most significant, from my point of view, events and phenomena from the moment of the birth of esports to the present day.
c1f3428e291027c17f79990e90b64917ea57b18b	In the world: Korea, Europe, the United States and China The fate of esports in each part of the world has developed differently.
54633a610221aeea07046d0822f6db7943572f16	Those who participated in competitions and won, immediately received large fees and new opportunities.
e6499c694beefa5ad4b7ffb6f3b90115b61adba7	This was originally a state initiative, to the point that the first tournaments were opened personally by the country's leadership, with great pomp and pathos.
11d6c2d1135776db5083aee577f1d4a9adf398b1	European esports developed both along the classical path (the organization of offline tournaments) and along the path of online.
15429fc2461adf1248d0f70a52764f93c7fa98dc	The fact is that even then, Westerners had an order of magnitude better ping than in other countries, and already in 1997 – 1998, Scandinavians were playing Quake and other games on the Internet with might and main.
8b6ab3f94be7a83a66addf4ccee18223cb5aaeea	The Swedes and the rest of the Vikings were engaged in the development of all sorts of online leagues, online competitions, platforms, services and everything that allowed players to fight within certain communities.
9e515c5abfbdadb7bfbb7d9df9cef893938c9650	There were about five of them in Europe, and each of them decided which games got into tournaments (and, accordingly, into esports), and which ones did not.
88b1d18bc19ec76c7c7cb4f1746db65498702c79	By the way, one thing that is useful to immediately understand: in general, there is no single concept of "esports".
015ce415cd3bc95abb207143816e6fa2758c2b18	He's gone.
75685379c17cbe3543c23e7498c8fcc1afc58fdc	For example: I am South Korea and I want to make a World Cup.
3498ae21341af2f0e2934bde2152b011744fe2fa	I say: it will have StarCraft, Counter Strike, DOTA and LoL.
f8cd8b36bd8244acbbc6c04fe2279d6537f4c135	So I created my own esports.
05c047b7398d0412f7f430d3ab3faf54210d54fe	Of course, all this was done with great fanfare and scope: for example, for the first place, the player received not just a prize, but a ready made Ferrari.
7032cdb98c5b6bd2461b815422fa0b65a904ed79	Undoubtedly, the red one.
87b3d59e8b26ffaf58c4e89f05c8362f6eb9d1f1	In the early 2000s, Koreans made a big fuss in the field of esports, launching a major project World Cyber Games.
0036957f4321c2e325c415548ab9430a7b8b630a	It was the first incredibly cool World Championship with one important feature: the qualifiers were held in 200 countries.
f6f5cfed390e6bbc755bae0db3ad15626387a089	If before that, it was possible to come to a major championship in the same, for example, Korea by invitation (some Korean miraculously noticed you and called you to compete), then with the advent of World Cyber Games, qualifying tournaments began to be organized within different countries.
75cfb809e6c36b198f7709bed94f7e2e3b9cd3fc	Some competitions were held, the national team was selected, which then went to the final to defend the honor of the motherland.
6272afd874db59efeaaa579eb3cba8b4d61e1ce4	It was the WCG that gave an impetus to the unification of various ideas about esports in the world.
5abd83ca22a27e3a57e329c0391193264b0264fc	Before that, everyone, as I have already told, did what they wanted.
2cbc9c1ffaa73362d1fa5fa68375fd786235a90e	Koreans used esports as a tool for working with their own population;
fdf8ecde01914b7f985981c20fa293db0f6dcc68	Europeans developed the industry online;
348434610278afd04c21fd7e5ce6d765c5d3222b	Americans made a show; well, the Chinese used the phenomenon to unite the country and demonstrate their national achievements in a winning light.
4673bcbff0dde831ca28b59d015f5b64f47d2d5f	Only the champions of their countries, 200 teams from all over the world got to the tournaments in China.
76540391d576b8edee311e4a096c233b79622a73	It was very large scale and spectacular.
26516d332d150f720a3f8b094944356e98369b28	In the CIS countries As for us, a new type of business appeared in the CIS countries in 1997, which everyone liked very much and developed quickly.
618e0810c096292211ba7b073c3592c1ad82463e	The first computer club was opened in 1997 at the Shabolovskaya metro station in Moscow and was called "Orki" — a memorable place for me, because, in fact, I once started my activity there as a pro gamer.
768122541669a4dc009adcc8decf71267585e69c	This business model quickly became very popular.
773120839a9d20256ef1df51f59deb1957ecb8a1	People realized that this was pretty easy money: we didnot have much Internet at that time, and everyone wanted to try it terribly, people were coming in a wave,.
233260a554919909fa7115857a37c712980392cb	Of course, it was enough to go to the club once to understand that this is a completely different level of the game and a very special thrill.
3fdf06ad1ad257454ec228b0dedfe998dd414eea	So you are sitting at home in proud solitude, and here you are playing on the grid with twenty live people!
67a6f94fe0003fe0c9429b03d32cda06c6681740	Then no one played on the Internet, for the sake of "multiplayer" they dragged their entire computer to a friend's apartment.
5ee7bb720d8f80b7e807b526982fdbf64b180616	And here there was not only an opportunity, but also a choice: with whom to play, what to play, when to play.
3a6b2f23bef789839547d186ac1124b4bea8dbc8	The topic exploded: clubs began to appear like mushrooms in the forest.
5668f27de5329f69f3a9102f3979c362afcc125d	For example: I play Counter Strike, I like this game, I want to do more for it than just play it.
e0104bae61029268e012ff8bbec9d502b869894a	I gather people, I tell them that on such and such a date in such and such a place we are going to play, the fee will be so much.
e11fca0501045daf623b2cb727d5852d335bf403	Actually, the amount collected from the contributions was the prize fund.
f8311596ba48144fd8fa52a54bc491c6636e0ea5	This is how the Russian esports of the "noughties" looked like.
56f72310360a3ea73565b24600c38434fca755fa	At that time, no one was dreaming of some kind of world tournaments – they thought that it was just such a fan, no one was seriously looking at it.
87413b2a313f521c06c227c4390ba5a2bb0ab06a	The explosion occurred in 2001, when the first season of World Cyber Games was officially announced with the final in Seoul.
1052935e04e87b3cae2eae128f9caaaf7bd4100e	What did that mean?
4619b14eb12372349da10bd0052577ee803af636	In all countries, there is an opportunity not only to be the coolest guy in the city, but also to win the qualifying, become the champion of the whole country and go to the final in Korea.
edb6c9bc67cf2fd3266abfb673d58f56e3c63c4a	The main sponsor of the World Cyber Games was Samsung.
0dcae02d43f25eabf5c068ec4ce9a6f647590e23	This was the first time when such a large sponsor was attracted to the organization of a large event and when the company invested a lot of money in esports.
1e4f6f50ad9c481005580a2fee68e433048b5b3f	Samsung had its own interest in this venture.
01a4c924fb683d708d334f8d7536b9c3857a58c3	Then, in 2001, the company began to actively promote its mobile games for brand new phones with color screens.
3cd9764b5ee1d98c1f46644c802943c6a3da8ec3	They themselves developed toys for their own platform and sold them, including through gamers.
398f2d69d2e393c7648851b46eb4da496646ffe6	Thus, Samsung bent its own line: if World Cyber Games were dedicated to" client " games, then the Korean company tried to promote mobile ones.
931e0c5a53beaab724fa0053d8fd62e96c05ad22	In fact, they even succeeded in something: at some point, separate mobile games competitions appeared at the championship.
11b715301683dcebb5c2e0f0a08ceaaec2bab507	Samsung was closely involved in the tournament and in addition to its mobile path: it helped organize qualifying competitions in countries with its representative offices, invested a lot of money, to the point that the prize funds amounted to tens of thousands of dollars per team: the first place – 50 thousand, the second 40 thousand, the third 30 thousand.
3f3ae13db631bf37a113c45a2b75b1c7456d9635	For that time, these were unrealistic amounts.
0df443ee8aeadd43d5d126d4e785058f329912d5	As for the Russian representative office of Samsung, in 2001 it did a lot of useful things: it did a great job with the gaming community, controlled the qualifiers, and also did a very significant thing — it covered the cities with a polygraph about the choice of the national champion.
aae2fc569b80a29c1ffc84e9f786330fe45ceb2d	For the first time, such an unexpected thing for that time as gamers and esports appeared on outdoor advertising.
17d30ed1dbeecf03790081d375b12cc4deff0544	The effect was amazing: it was very cool to feel like a part of a grand event, to know that this is YOUR competition.
fde15f0abdcf8bdd8bf6dca5d5ad3b1864e8a18b	Actually, we mostly played in them.
b180e3b2d16b8566a35b5a07cf43f5b6fbd1d663	All this had a certain media coverage, which expanded incredibly after they told about esports on TV.
e81efa34ec9f6e1d4d44e6fb5b6f217d43ced875	It was like this: around that time, Leonid Parfenov, a well known person, I think, to everyone, and his friend Sergei Loshak were looking for new topics for the program "The Other Day".
5ca18000d0ee3b52e39a478aa6a2f4256078c61e	They wanted to find something interesting that no one had talked about yet.
95224563652779b9cfe51b2a946dcca9cead17b2	Actually, they found World Cyber Games and decided to shoot a story about how Russians are preparing for the tournament, fly to Korea and perform.
48265263b69d49ba68aa29cbe4bcec4195e46385	The plot turned out to be interesting: how simple St. Petersburg guys play, go to the institute, drink beer, how a simple Novogireevsky dude from Moscow also trains before the finals.
7b6d7b1782dbdf4b111c43831d3e76dba24b87ff	When the guys returned, it was a real celebration: our team won!
43b834afcd45583dcbcba11b2571750549ae5132	And then, in addition, the program "The other day.
1a025edf2fbd82d8538560d07d080df5fc071d55	Esports", which was shown on NTV several times.
9bacd42732cceeafdd9cc3c5434ab2da552d2874	What did it give?
09184f5e6ec49ff01e95fd2e2282d48d806d2530	A new era has come: people were shown on TV a guy from Novogireevo who won 20 thousand dollars playing Quake.
6c91a701756ebe28a931ed20d840d2e4d1c4b53a	At that moment, everyone's roofs were blown off, because thousands of people realized: "It's me!
a954626187869d808b45d83af2ba1c4acfccb795	Here I am, wait, I'm already coming!"
e176b970a16f3853a6f68faa435fa9b3df3ffa09	And everyone began to play with double inspiration, organize competitions, turn it into their life's work, collect leagues, open computer centers.
f57241ab516033e03cb602415612a0a5e7689fa7	A new process has begun, the formation of a new scene, such a mini industry within the gaming industry.
a22a244518b1d87b1a42bd2b5fb4c812fb9e79f1	Publishers did not deal with this side of the issue at all, they were interested in selling boxes with new games, so the organization of sports events fell heavily on the shoulders of enthusiasts.
a23241e92f256e67ce7f94e197f084bfe3c2b89a	All this was formed thanks to very difficult work with sponsors, who at that time, in 2002-2003, did not understand at all what it was and why it was needed.
21701f25c86600330b6d683ba3f747d06d5dfe5b	Gradually, the results began to appear.
fff10df8a8c476878b78b5997d499040007ddb3b	And this is not counting a couple of dozen small tournaments!
4dba40a0f3bb036427d0bff4cfa139ba925fbaa3	People made their own schedules and prepared for the fight no worse than Rocky Balboa.
3db2994e4d645ded301f9647cb972fb8d5365336	More tournaments, good and different In other parts of the world, of course, they did not sleep either.
657539eda5cc58534a00094cc17bcadc42a750e0	Of course, we took it very well.
589f0497a9137298cb97bfe07baed4ef842b4141	In addition to the fact that in the life of Russian pro gamers there were four major championships and about twenty small ones during the year, so now they could play online competitions for money or quotas.
18eb1020d82b137f5610173594870a5c6e33cbfd	All this was unrealistically cool, and in addition, it gave a decent boost to the development of the esports audience.
3a353bfb18f8aeeafc186b0ee0bbe8e534c63100	The most important thing is that not only hardcore fans, but also another audience began to slowly come to it.
e21c97c1395b5856118ed303694ad90c6fa3a200	Due to the launch of ESL, a kind of "packaging" of existing teams according to their skill level began.
baf01111b752fa0ae5da89f15e5dab9f3310b733	Let's say I play Counter Strike, I love this game, I dream of becoming a champion.
f0ca34d59bbb625a016256336afedda9b138866c	Now I could play with an opponent with approximately the same win loss ratio as me.
b2393b52a199254a90f318ef075efefab022dc65	They did not build any far – reaching plans these people just played for the rating, watched professional matches and got their fan.
dc73c1a8ccb5d68c1874afab2c75bdad5095444f	Yes, TV channels that play StarCraft around the clock.
d7056058399e3745e89351163cca8c549d9fcd12	The Americans did the same, but still remained in the format of a TV show.
bacef435b98c2a750ce599d57494d16e60f44119	Summing up the intermediate result of my story: what did we have at that time?
9b5227470c355f3778a46cd3f0e1efe0e6a4c355	There have already been a lot of different competitions in a variety of games in the world.
44a95f9743e13d4435ba69e619b99c7186a5f967	Enthusiasts moved projects that were interesting to them, so tournaments dedicated to anything at all, even Mario, began to appear.
5f376466f1a01369034b5b4d26ec73a32d04b606	At the same time, the Electronic Sports World Cup was gaining momentum in Europe — a major tournament with decent prize money, which gathered the color of esports from all over the world.
2b5d75d956e9265dc13bfcf85d8609fb363be216	The scene itself was popularized: people began to learn not only about the competitions themselves, but also about those who participated in them year after year.
ac6e050db80d8af9fb66a2bed02d4b9ca32b6df6	We started buying tickets to tournaments with the participation of these players, coming, taking autographs, recognizing them on the street.
1be4ec46acbc728f7769fe41d2bb913185ac08c3	At this cheerful moment, I will pause so as not to overload you with information.
07f3e1a5b084f1a980a976029fb00b38116132b4	In the next post, read about the crisis of esports, the wars of MOBA games, the appearance of broadcasts and other interesting events.
4e3e89523f637bcc0a45d2c922782cbc8b3c9e1a	If you have any questions about what has already been told, ask them in the comments.
888c6404c79455654cebd0bfe3f44a5fa922f8a3	esports, wcg, computer clubs
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16b06bd9b738835e2d134fe8d596e9ab0086a985	89
7532126d51ce055d9ecac6d8c434b5ce2008eef2	Author: @GamesMRG
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a1cf6dd721d422a6b9b77325100c788f80df4463	Facebook Twitter Vkontakte Instagram
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0d79fffd7346e60b94c13c9c461cf5fa72721972	Morphology.
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c37c1c474cb80e93a33101835d811c114cde96d8	The role of morphology in computational linguistics
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b61338a589c9b7f7ec357049763ff5f65f3f4752	Morphology and computational linguistics for the youngest
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587d7aa7d712d723775aa78f5761c0e9ee3c9205	Comments (31)
fcfd65ff3f90a29015a69d6b26bdd36955f1c6b2	bazil11
e15cd47fd9ab3dd0c0f5a95928ccea62b7657648	September 4, 2014 at 17: 15
fa30d94392ed751819f36a61851a5b9cfac0d67b	In netland there was a huge number of inadequate personalities, drunk to death, more or less calmly it was possible to settle only in the Comfort zone) Oh, I remembered my school years =_=
260755e38321331de56373c6cf6aa637d29ddcd2	PS.
2b11052fea013e6c6d362e1ba06b5312c5a38fba	It also seems to me that it would make sense to mention TI, because this is quite an interesting phenomenon that has, so far (if I'm not mistaken), the largest prize pool :)
d9b6df4e1a89d0744de1a0323e2df59d0e1e1b8a	naum
f595ae276d67ce2c85f510130427c7f59a4c0352	September 5, 2014 at 07: 22
a5622c198742facfddf3344f66dcf4ec14ddbc6b	–3
63929e94093dc8088f8fc8b4b415934fa02c5445	I went to the article to see the discussion of The International, and it's not even in the article.
7d1bb0c69ee70f6e28901a5809cc39c098cc4a64	Just like that.
1c9cc7d8d39ff632ec6e220535b902dba79527ee	donRumatta
73d1aca0e4ac8f32e8bdd330e62655b1d0023f4b	September 5, 2014 at 09: 12
2292b5a72a93f0badc0a08820d9306b8a5a91b2f	After all, WCG is WCG, and TI is another LAN)
38191a637f3aa9ff12a3e3106db1189490de729e	vayho
090d9ecd9c0d349aa592938af2751d21235cc5ed	September 4, 2014 at 17: 17
af64fe7e1fcf0d5cdb801c2a522fed2988d50419	+5
6a0ce7a5a1a66952e0450ccd64f8aa8db126edda	Now esports is experiencing a certain boom, it seems to me that the crazy money at LoL and Dota tournaments has also pulled up other games.
a27c297435493a7c0e34aacc54a9c1fe24830086	When I come home, I often watch a couple of hours of Dota or Hearthstone streams.
7773aa5e34a193273e2959c32369f90534cba354	I notice recently in the top of twitch and CS.
7bbed78616ddeea27c150b61fdaba7caf542bc7a	This trend only pleases me.
296ce564788113d5e5554b3538a5415ff7988f40	September 4, 2014 at 17: 37
1c5cc9aeac09d47639812a36c5862e2a543a07ca	I am very sorry that I constantly miss the starlader streams that go during working hours, because they do not pour all the matches later on YouTube :( There is a suspicion that they have everything on twitch, but they will not get their hands to check in any way =)
2a458da70bb529f6c2a5de1e065b4558dbfbf0c7	track13
f918c86266e38616a30b21b6bf631ed4d792ada7	September 5, 2014 at 00: 23
73a01b0e43e32f947613910bf36d40a66337308f	It seems that you can buy a ticket and then watch it with commentators and whores.
9f5bccdd8e84081511aabc839f112534478cd07c	And inexpensive.
14d4508a598e7d45ed75871fffc62921ceb28284	jimmy webs
c6a926e834f15490431b8351b7384235a88981ce	It is gradually recovering from the crisis.
1ccece9b99e997291afbbfb892c4408a2362b022	Oh, what were the plans before 2008… But everything has developed as it has developed and, in my humble opinion, is developing in the right (albeit slightly different) direction.
9926b5298235784731861ef908ea9bb396528d0e	September 4, 2014 at 17: 44
46c5b5dcb9ba47008788dc60a670f2475f5f0623	MOBA is quite a worthy development of the tactical and" wanker " problems of CS and Q3 (namely, mobs are now coming to the top, replacing SC2 and QL) + strategic component, in the form of a macro.
4de017057d759fb4e91de8e030898552776c77da	I myself spat for a long time from the first dota, a couple of years ago I was dragged into the HON, then the Volvo gave the betka Doty2, now more than 1500 hours have been played in D2 + the same, if not more, viewed in the form of streams and waters.
015ed7e3779351fdc99d6c88f20f01c6fb1fefd7	And this is considering that before that there was about 1.5 k in ks16, no less in kvach and starcraft for a couple :)
d659f6ba7cd804830224f0059271f06e74f7ddf8	13alex
22dc952397177742c8e7636559f6758df39542fe	September 4, 2014 at 17: 20
5eae2a50ac6bca45fdf46d566fbc2f254e265d07	I didnot know that you work for emails :) at least somewhere the right people are at the head of the directions, and not just MBAs.
b6e10f70fcfddd38fcde6c3b167351ad464956e7	P.S. and the coolest thing now, after so many years, is to realize that those who are now squeaking — "tanks are cool, cs is your shit, the old man is sad" - they were not even in the plans then, when for us it has already become the meaning of life, the meaning of developing further.
928a384e7271d7c82d71c86d4d5ce6a78a8182af	September 4, 2014 at 17: 36
fadd2c7bf5f328483061cda37356fe9de1ed8da3	I understand that Simba is the author of the topic?
485d19fa308b658aba5e6c5e1f833766ea200bc0	September 4, 2014 at 17: 38
4b5ef422a60caabda4a190ada411f9aa117ee1aa	That's right.
e8d2a4a5d9fb3bafc425ec2000ed4194e2c069b4	Why didnot I tell you about forZe and other zero teams — that's the only question
4a2d9d56876a3207c19e04824d4916cf6b60d8a6	September 4, 2014 at 17: 40
4a1fc92e54755178441afa50b470e46b3d0aaa11	He will have time, I think:)
14845b84e0035a432a79971238f998959fbead93	Registered: September 01, 2014
1ee254b656c2a56d72b4fcb7d0b04fbed3490b74	GamesMRG
5c999d6659cd41d334ba50bdb61901500679ec3c	September 4, 2014 at 18: 01
9b29bcfe71519fe0b36034d16437a8383082cfe2	Yeah, read all the stories about International and other present\future in the following posts
594f373c0903d569d50ec0f64c37de0265d96256	And yes Simba, it's me.
71cd7be1f95d8be8d60dac43aef0fcedc1243caa	Only very old players know me by this name.
069c4208a11ba5cf83752ec8be98def4186a1226	Since 2004, I have subscribed to smb
6755eef10535f933d0bbaa0160cc3a714cf79e49	4utep
1cc5340a2b1e8576b42bb7c0bc51a55cee4c3f28	September 4, 2014 at 19: 07
0d25bd18ea5deb7bb9f317c74115ec72d2b3ddc6	Hello :)
fb001b2c292ad2f619c8caf6e0ac8afd191aaa76	Framework
65c55a4c71f43f8c6ed4f87b5311c77b245a94b6	September 5, 2014 at 09: 59
26988d2ab3317092403bfa8f7c20c3aed28e3511	Just in tanks, esports is a little more than completely depressing…
56155418a88a05301a0ded5b912187206373ff42	darthslider
d544bf341e280c0c8ac7df5ab2d6c364753fd8b5	September 4, 2014 at 17: 58
007677e155b5794dbf8917829f07e20086038fe6	By the way, who is interested in Moscow next weekend (September 13-14) will host the DreamHack stage, they will play Dota2, Starcraft 2 and Point Blank.
1a36341a6465beb4c86355b1a7a8a3f46bd0f247	Admission is free.
6d13d2dd1ad55cd3927444b364db527df1fb875e	Aingis
cb8497d483ffbf552c9ff73f8eed5dc206f1183d	September 5, 2014 at 02: 59
1a70563fbad4adfa579984b4bc8e0dcf781cee38	dreamhack.ru/2014/ru/
1e41c981637834caec149b4d33f7f8566076ddfa	adidas
ffe95ecdc80cde465c64d69452c7adca2830818c	September 4, 2014 at 18: 05
f098bc5e259ef48b862b07bfe5b98d7d69613b21	+4
3bc0de7b5ddd89dedbfc12a3caac0743aafbc4b5	Dota 2 is now, for me, going through its best times.
c1aa8206c298ae7fa34b7f9209a3a441c17e9793	Streams of games from famous players (the same Dandy, for example) and all sorts of Versuts, not to mention TI games, collect a fairly large number of people.
e2fcab2c6b327ea10f7ae4bf7d7310ac16279051	In the summer, we were going to watch the international with friends and discussed it, probably in the same way as football fans of the 2014 World Cup.
91677645460478f6c09e43bca8c1e3bc142d704f	Smi1e
dd1d1b9ea3ab75c9c7e7de2acbccc2a747c95cdb	September 4, 2014 at 18: 29
6e601dc4b3c31d847de497c14b7381ef6692eae0	It is very sad that QL has lost a lot of ground over the past 3 years.
f39b5320299bc7f535d90710962cf5fd7abc7c45	ID openly merges the esports direction.
ad2cdf72e541a4344f1aab1e6073c1b76dcf2928	I hope that the imminent arrival of the game on Steam will change things and will be an impetus for the emergence of a new audience and tournaments.
598a71d477ce1b598fd160933f2bf726171b006f	And we havenot heard anything about UT at all.
9f562e29cc5f4db6d163bccb1b72c08684462ea6	Although recently there was an encouraging statement about the intention to breathe new life into the famous series.
71501ee2c43030323446a4b0640c6cc5d4b455ec	danfe
9e404bcc2ed9234607dc132e8d605ddb2a34977d	September 4, 2014 at 19: 43
3d5ead773afcef4212ea7f8661a067e458b51544	To my great regret, FPS as an esports genre has generally begun to stagnate since the time of Quake 4;
691618c77b73d4532c02fc628b0abbd423780942	I once tried to think about this topic.
52fb985cda2ac9eb9c30c2db9f27861621784501	Nothing has changed since then.
16fb2301dd11c2d1f5fc23e84b18018f55a57555	:-(
5859e314f94bc42e8a49eb6984c36939df4c25a6	Apparently, the whole point is that it is stupidly easier to earn money on conditional dota and lola.
c88fc634fba883cb5875b033ef76d89d15802ab7	September 5, 2014 at 00: 28
97a72ba916ccb3bcc007babdef0411410c8c0b85	Imho they are also more spectacular.
1d67a32153fc7de222b6ab80e6d657263caabb53	What is there to comment on in kvak (judging by q2)?
b5fee14493c5735969b04a15881e372d5405236e	"He took the rail and armor, does not give it to the enemy and looks for an opponent for a minute"?
555d69ad440045d6b0781d46b2bcb1a030eaebe6	And in the same dota there is always something to say, the benefit is 5x5.
5d87f1ea4199bab72e60141c0f7eb651e5b71b18	pushist1y
c53b233b38ff4bb4ac7789a1fbc5e2f06b4076e8	September 5, 2014 at 10:51 am
a19847d3ee9355012fd2a762d3de24723e5fa68d	Duels and old cards really had a rather slow and measured game.
13968ed2e456bdcdeae33763307ddabe1c101669	Now in QL with a huge number of new maps in the form of hubs with a bunch of teleports, even in duels, dynamics are more than enough, but there is another problem without watching a couple of dozen matches on this map (or without playing on it yourself for a couple of days), it is absolutely impossible to understand what is happening — shooting is coming from all sides almost simultaneously.
0abc6ea4b161c03fd7968eb0c78844e72cdd4baa	On the other hand — there is always TDM, look, for example, at the CPL Cologne 2002 matches that forZe won (Here is a record of one of them, if possible, find old demos), it can be played in different ways, but forZe then, together with iC, blew up the tournament with an exorbitant game speed.
28313b70aa2e0d12509db07b68339322a9492a4c	But even if you play TDM slowly and steadily, there is always something going on.
fe10d09014752afcfd65d5e3ed208594764fe21f	Another problem is that there are no real ways to observe the game, except from the eyes of one of the players, and accordingly, in 4x4 you see only some part of what is happening, while in genres with a top view the whole game is visible.
4db54287b6f8fd190d2ffc19334ed4b3fe84837a	VBKesha
2baa73ef933df3aaa41995e8228e9a14de916ab7	September 5, 2014 at 00: 17
b68b3474583e420b2f732149dd05269160f3317c	UT was ruined by the 2003 version and then they never pulled it back.
3b3409cd2c2dc63084d7731d58c485b60616f4de	But this is IMHO.
d74b6f4cbcd3f2a9babf944e737a8bcc6b231ee3	PavelMSTU
84292682601868bd22804410f8c6a258888855c8	September 4, 2014 at 19: 18
4190ac5d7661dfa6659d3428a9282d254ad363e2	Are there tournaments for games "not for reaction"?
0501adf9ba11abe470e25a924472b12182ac2cd9	For example, according to the Heroes? or the springiness?
2f2cf836bfa67d09bfc478039d61ef15d6dd8227	September 4, 2014 at 19: 34
59e17271dfe1ad1f97d20bd0c980cae1d962f324	Heroes of Might and Magic 3 was almost one of the first esports disciplines = ) It was in the late 90s.
cc59d8ffdd33d9a6872078bdb920424059b40a42	There were no major tournaments for them, but they found their audience.
01d5537bac28ddaa6043960afafed1b28b94ac59	As far as I know, tournaments on the 3rd part of the heroes are held to this day.
58dc56edafe272449d0437e6edfbff24a021c1d4	Tournaments can be held for any game, there would be a desire = )
ddbdf6dd0e44b94b5cf979ff260b341f14d25f34	ilfate
9258ab8347c720a85ba6097c43653a9d81731625	September 4, 2014 at 19: 36
69206fb602a0b4e200d212746335de6f5b546ee1	Well, Hearthstone hosts all sorts of tournaments.
cb6b90041f768703a6648893a6373eaee33ac55e	Of course, not such scales.
ea2faf20390c0aa6bb56c547e8366e7361d1bf22	Well, the reason is that the games "not for reaction" entertainment is an order of magnitude lower.
2a20d7551293389dba5d7d8517755e5d59d7a45d	STATZeg
a8f4e7f60a042f8cb93145249c2aaabd4b067d4a	September 4, 2014 at 19: 25
a5851418593875d3c6fcf9d4c58b79cfd41ffc96	thank you for the article!
d30c3e47921336ca8f136d0503064c9f0cc620f5	Nostalgia overcame )
35d83fe772b39056705608a512e8ab391c712383	We played in Netland at one time )
55b7776d1127edd6b6a401955ec6ade6c02d7220	I'm really looking forward to continuing!
101a70c2ada99a349b25797bac372acb284a5120	September 4, 2014 at 19: 51
0cedfa3139a88a2a3eecab5527420e74e32ae083	In the" golden years " of esports in Russia, perhaps the main news site was cyberfight, which is now almost dead.
5f3467f7864f2df143b678e7ad010e4ca41def42	There was a good article about its history on the progamer last year.
4eefbdb211eaa33967e7e4f42c5330aab41b7229	corwin7
a85031c3264347b817bc96a229b5e7fb2ab1a8e3	September 4, 2014 at 21: 25
d191e64a33a0542e866c0e18b8a3b69ae97add6f	–8
888628d064e336316cac8ff24cff30d92d44e920	No player or clan was mentioned.
4776b71670daf84789bc377fbb2565038c7c7a62	No Asmodeus for you, no Boxer…
529c3661b94e98ec8e84a7d339460d6fadce527e	Kolegg
ea4ebf2d1d25ce77bf81636a1b3d9ea86bd13ee1	September 6, 2014 at 04: 35
3aa4f622f8132e50d8975127ad3120f0326a0fa2	Meanwhile, Kas became the "world champion in esports"... journalists, they are such journalists…
acc3b0369fe815c4eb7ccfd288dadb4a8ee46b1a	www.m24.ru/videos/14993?attempt=2
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fef946057a4149b707e1f56148f4cb44392e73fb	Home Myths Sports Esports Esports.
0e66a4a49e56874322a380497a93c14228203e8a	ESports (electronic sports)
08623c6f34810fe2b6ca81607533234116ef3fb4	- sports computer video games (in the early 90's of the last century - Doom, 1997 - Quake 2001 - Counter Strike, etc.).
feda17d8191ca554826cfde25842331db66605a3	Thanks to the popularity of the game Quake in 1997 in the United States appeared first League players (Cyberathlete Professional League,CPL), which lasted until 13 March 2008.
380b9d4b40105f0a717b87b13c5e6bbfedbbae4f	Today, organizations of this kind are present in many countries of the world.
dfc8ae9e447c8d7b5407be5981e86acd08f32683	In Russia, this is the National Professional Cybersport League (NPCL), established in 2003.
ee37309055cedd66a2439fec08f7e993ca6ca626	International esports competitions are regularly held: * World Cyber Games (World computer games) - the largest cyber games competitions in the world that have been held since 2000.
b1ab1169b544b2f90c1deabf953fef93e961fa57	According to the regulations, qualifying games are held in each country (in Russia, such competitions have been held since 2001 and are called WCG RU Preliminaries), the winners of which receive the right to participate in the final WCG games;
d7a4c025d103554aa68f0555cf7bee324383fb4e	• The Electronic Sports World Cup (The World Esports Cup) is an annual competition for computer and video games, held since 2003;
1ae7b5f2f759dcc4806870a1e24428a7fcc93626	* ASUS Open is an international tournament held 4 times a year in Russia, since 2003;
679dd91f78d9bbc6be9f24bcf5a49c1cdd85abe0	* QuakeCon is an annual free LAN party tournament held since 1996 in Dallas (Texas, USA).
fe819bc34e7dd2f0c677f92092b68e37dfb04dba	The organizer is id Software (the developer of the Quake game).
f0d40c78dbf22fbf043644176debe0d25f40018c	There are also semi professional leagues that organize non commercial tournaments, ladders (from the English ladder - "ladder, scale" - competitions used to compile personal and team ratings) and online cups.
2b5428c7d1ba522b855c3a630812e229a834d71c	For example, the Russian Duel League organizes Quake II competitions, the international ClanBase system organizes online tournaments for Counter Strike, Unreal Tournament 2004, Call of Duty II, Medal of Honor, Battlefield II, WarCraft III, etc.
0b56126279c9b700f3a8ac66c515e25330546267	The first esports were recognized as one of the sports in the United States.
fae38b1bf1c6732d35eb11c3f2015e7448eccedd	No, esports was recognized as an official sport for the first time on March 12, 2004 in Russia, in accordance with the order of the head of the State Sports Committee of Russia Vyacheslav Fetisov.
7fe902257c44cadca6889b1188cc7b29dc064efd	But a few years later, esports was excluded from the All Russian Register of Sports, as it did not meet the criteria necessary for inclusion in the mentioned register.
d14eaedb7af9fce28b8ace7fc506ca8488f6e8bf	The term "esports" is used only to refer to computer games competitions.
b70e3e0f613064b8b4cfd45504972464338c4574	This state of affairs takes place only in Russia.
a442105d0b6b26a817d2c3488008da5d7c0570b4	The mentioned term first appeared at the end of the XX century in the United States to name games using the Lasertron v.
32b3ad408ad814b13311618ec0b586e88b311de9	10 laser tag system
f1ea57a692ce8b401b4200710812761f320225db	(from the English laser - "laser", and tag - "mark"; initially, this was the name of laser combat a game that consisted in defeating interactive targets (villages) and enemy players, later they began to name the weapons used in this game).
ea1e7d84fce5dd1da7951d46541adcf7c6bd75c0	Nowadays, "Esports" is the officially registered slogan of LaserTron, Inc., an American laser tag manufacturer.
6cf686305bcb648d068ed7b6495392876a7421ed	The most convenient form of competitions in esports is online competitions.
24de659fae2048609cb79e1f3a3c0862d8eadc93	Such competitions are convenient only because they allow esports players to measure themselves without leaving their own apartment.
9fe521615160c8dbb95354fcc4e19b37990918a5	However, this form of competition has many serious drawbacks.
51761579d3218b4c1c5d1f9b10f41d4fa92a1a0a	The structure of the global network is heterogeneous, because information is transmitted at different speeds, which is a considerable inconvenience for some players, significantly reducing their chances of winning.
66da007e46cd44e0af9078bee19d5134606fcb08	In addition, it is more difficult to track cheating in an online duel (the so - called "cheating" (from the English to cheat - "cheat", "cheat"), i.e. the use of modified equipment or programs that allow you to gain an advantage over other progamers).
63b3a3b055fd0404d0d60693f50fc2ab69441ebd	Therefore, they prefer to organize serious international competitions through a local network - in this case, all the players are present in the same room, which minimizes the possibility of cheating.
42383d5606114839e6527204dec33e9733160cbe	And the LAN bandwidth is the same for all progamers, and thanks to the personal presence of all participants and fans, a unique atmosphere of the competition is created.
911dc43aca0e84590e09e569a59d29b6f9ce48e1	Esports is beneficial only to sellers of gaming software.
7a04983cf72bb33a903ef8c94448835eecd9c9ba	This is not true.
8317a28b24ed8f347e4be4d15838b06ab7fec02d	It is the gaming industry in general and esports in particular that contributes to the improvement of computers, the development of new Internet technologies.
a0ffdb709add4e79a0d3043ab568450f3460da39	(in order to meet the ever increasing demands of progamers, specialized equipment is being created, new programs are being written, etc.).
adfe7f51a0d0e28a72cddd685d46300ee6062df6	New sports drinks and food additives, clothing and accessories are being developed for esports players.
c49bc0dc4bd124157df16b71b844a6cde1a4365c	In addition, a new direction in medicine has appeared and is being improved - esports medicine, designed to preserve and improve the health of progamers.
c3c193ed90f5d1bc7af74bef7935ab0fbb96ae4f	The purpose of sports competitions is not only to improve physical health, but also to increase the level of intelligence, as well as to obtain moral and material satisfaction and the desire for self improvement.
90f08af22f7f64c8d7dc455d03c36a555b5d7dc1	There is also a prize fund of major international esports competitions.
5c16735d0809a1e2717984aca67deb0d7dde590d	Competitions are held not only in computer clubs, game centers and online, but also at stadiums, where fans have the opportunity to follow the actions of players live and watch the course of the match displayed on a large screen and broadcast in the media.
097f48dcc92f1fb02e151fefd69f819113de0a32	And the energy costs and psychological loads of esports athletes are quite comparable to the loads of people engaged in any other sport.
983dfda9cf5429996891f49b0a7911134f6db369	Esports athletes are distinguished by a sickly pallor, unhealthy thinness and physical weakness.
8bcfd8005045f3a65800f5292e0342040bcd99ef	In addition, athletes try to look good - after all, they necessarily fall under the lenses of TV and photo cameras at competitions.
3fa8057ad7a0f684587f87f418b714b810db89ab	A gamer and an esports player are one and the same thing.
af268d13c583fa28ae993b4bc3c2cf5484a0f8aa	In the past, many esports players were really gamers.
99d0051aaa3d9dc1eb59e25171c2e99b270e7e80	However, these concepts have very little in common these days.
346da80a102aefde0d6a3fc563aff8bf6a8c4d1f	For example, gamers play computer games just to pass the time or get rid of boredom.
913cc0b15c61965a0e9cd78d58008457d677350d	At the same time, they spend a lot of money on the Internet and new disks with the game.
5ab9026be4008a0046814808d3c939e9b7927281	Esports players earn money, participate in competitions (while often traveling abroad), learn to communicate and work in a team.
8b572491d1ff879e4d3a2026f955fa4a8c399397	Gambling addiction is a disease of gamers who give every free minute to their favorite hobby computer games.
ea1c2a52965587577e2b2a1628b6f46117af57a9	The largest amount was received in 2005 by Jonathan Wendell (Kansas, Missouri, USA), who performed under the nickname Fatal1ty.
be7ebae521365ea6318ef5407841ac4521750af3	He won $ 150,000 in the final of the Painkiller competition.
741fe00f3242a53eb4b151b7a6c658710e39ac72	In addition, progamers also get moral satisfaction from esports.
a7be5b8fad9f2a34d4560671fd9bef5045712506	A morbid passion for video games among esports players is very rare, although they often do not have enough time for study, work and personal life due to regular training and performances.
e7d8a2e4179b2baeb428ddb89f955c162f54986f	A loss for an esports player, as a result of which players are sometimes excluded from the team, often becomes a cause of prolonged depression.
0350495ce7c401a75d42355ce2d942a179492c33	No, this state of affairs takes place among gamers and gamers.
3986f32d9e09515dd38858b28ac3b796f6e0b4c3	Esports players try to pull themselves together as quickly as possible, so as not to "lose shape" and prepare better for the next performance.
094aef6bffb6a4149664e072d219caac26c22354	Switching to another team also most often has a positive impact on the player - after all, in order to join an unfamiliar team and continue the fight for victory in competitions, he will have to use all his capabilities, abilities, skills and abilities.
f12519d43a0a4cb906d30e0e67f1cb1f3ac2d466	Yes, they do not produce and do not build.
4c6d401e190f70bd21d94a7fcfa443fd28228086	But this can be said about all sports - football and basketball players, swimmers and chess players also do not produce anything.
d3d6070c7181b0bf3d2486c44b8f4ac35f4e1684	Secondly, the creation of sports associations, entire sports empires these are new jobs that give many people the opportunity to earn honest money.
3eff2a6fd5a8565a9b247ce2371cd0d2aac14a0c	And you can engage in this sport even in a crisis you would have enough perseverance and patience.
a074369756610f2a0cacb72e355eb699c5ef85e9	However, it should be noted that cases of visual impairment requiring surgical intervention are not so frequent in esports.
59b667338da3a8bc8e00172393b6a5c0bc7682b8	For example, Russian athletes do not complain about vision problems.
a7bfc07d946fead79672461abf46324e4d70f5c3	Much more often, esports athletes suffer from tunnel syndrome (severe pain in the wrist) and calluses on the wrist.
f8b834a8fe0c30e1b3e48f119285292d2bc758fb	Only a decrease in the intensity of gaming activity can help in this case.
182ff0039cab9ccac98a710d698327986546e1f1	And the lack of self discipline in some players leads to chronic lack of sleep and poor nutrition, which negatively affects the state of the nervous system and gastrointestinal tract, and sometimes leads to death from exhaustion.
a86752917edd1c9c0cdcce7e1fec84638f62cc95	To minimize the likelihood of esports players having health problems, in some countries (for example, in Korea) they are required to undergo a medical examination several times a year, as well as participate in various recreation programs, including trips to nature, visits to fitness centers, etc.Doping in esports is a common thing.
f0cd6174a6e17799df05b60cb8bc1e5986b447e6	Nowadays, the so called "tablets for esports players" (FpsBrain, Blueberry, DHA) have appeared.
2bbbf9a07cd339aa0163c2ec76e12c7ed43b2310	However, manufacturers claim that these substances are just fortified energetically active dietary supplements designed to improve the concentration and reaction rate of the progeimer.
6f80dc04074c0de66afe9abbf0bc1b950a77d022	Computers for esports competitions are provided by the organizers.
04e08f6f007b1ab4f7422a8f93b34f9654bbd467	For example, QuakeCon participants come to the competitions with their own computer.
1f4d6a60805a842eaa97e1c5ec850aaf60f31f99	The strongest progamers are in the United States - after all, it was there that the professional computer sports league was created.
ab85c5b09e868690db4b0a8364fdbb9dfaf0969e	Professional Computer Sports League (The Cyberathlete Professional League (CPL)) indeed, it was created by Angel Munez in the United States on June 26, 1997.
0dc417fccaf7137caf25dce7a310f842d4cd29f1	It is thanks to this organization that esports competitions began to be held at the international level.
9fa21514a711e148ceb7c8b07355e053e71489bf	However, despite the above mentioned fact, esports players from other countries of the world compete quite successfully with American progamers.
de030cad8d53e248b22be808329139ffe9399a0c	For example, at the World Computer Games (World Cyber Games), held annually since 2000, for 7 years (from 2000 to 2007), athletes from the Republic of Korea earned 38 medals (19 gold, 9 silver, 10 bronze), and progamers from the United States - 21 (11 gold, 6 silver, 4 bronze).
e2e3c4226b4b659e6779d025319867a8d717a682	At the competitions held since 2003 under the name "The Electronic Sports World Cup", the second most important after the WCG, according to statistics for 5 years (from 2003 to 2008), the best results were demonstrated by athletes from France - 22 medals (8 gold, 7 silver, 7 bronze) and Sweden 15 medals (4 gold, 6 silver, 5 bronze).
6a8819c82b1bd7e4aa0c13556023975b78bee810	Athletes from the United States received 10 medals (4 gold, 4 silver, 2 bronze) and took 4th place.
34e69b9484ffcf830982da1c656a03f4bea33c41	In esports, only team play is possible.
0157b1a4e59c9abc136ca221bdedb441e3f31ed7	Some types of computer games (for example, Counter Strike) are created specifically for team play (in esports, teams are called clans or " tims "(from the English team - "team")).
5b82ceb0053421214873fad052b750e9ad931840	Others are suitable for both team competitions and for playing in the "1 on 1" mode.
6658868a5ec65be43d6ded18a0a1729a51e1bda2	The result of the game must be confirmed by both teams that participated in the competition.
7b21e803e8648c3e7b5a6d82fb020225b6e515be	Yes, it is.
75bb36dcb17d2476a064cbfae9794517e8e7b224	However, if the game is played online, the result of the match will be confirmed automatically 4 days after the last move, regardless of whether it is confirmed by both teams or not.
5aacb831ef72071c86b1ceebf39f4310de9bf61f	If the opposing team did not show up for the game, a "No - show" is entered as a result - a result that does not require the approval of the opponent.
f4ad1de8bb7ddbec95695d767bc88a0684e144ee	During Counter Strke matches, players can communicate with each other by voice.
7224b540e662eda42db5f6768c1382570b3f2cdf	Voice communication is allowed in two cases: 1) if all the communicating players in the game are "alive", 2) if the entire team is "dead".
c5624c8490fed059f7ff5de72f188b30a82afabf	The "dead" player, 3 seconds after his "death", loses the right to communicate with the" living " members of his team until the end of the current round.
80e7f3c9a15ad9ee86afd21fb503fff8a5942655	Also, he does not have the right to leave his playing place (get up from the table).
4115db31465a12a6d23a9f83d4306612a7bdad12	Communication with the audience during the competition is strictly prohibited.
d2bd1a415f27488cdcc0877fae3f5345b103b919	If during the game there are any technical problems (connection failure, computer "hang", etc.), the participants of the game have the right, with the permission of the referee, to pause and continue the game after the problem is fixed.
178845ef35b78dfdcd86c3a6575858f1f7abf114	In order to put a pause in case of technical problems, the permission of the judge is not required.
b5cfaff47aba80dad6a08cc75ff2b807a3978cdf	If it is impossible to continue the game due to a connection break, the competition either starts anew (if the problem occurred before the start of the third round), or the score is recorded, the entire period is replayed, at the end of which the points earned are summed up.
d340d85dc01578425ec8077ebf10d26dd3e24e4d	If the rules are violated, the captain is obliged to notify the judge about it, putting a pause at the end of the round.
8f15c27513bea01caf8e8dffab21c4d1f0bc2754	If the captain could not put a pause , he is obliged to report the problem within 1 minute after the end of the game, since after the specified period, any claims will not be considered.
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030ab3492498065eb5fd9db26ce0c8a8dabb0013	Esports from the inside: an analysis of the esports economy
6d903291ce2a385ba71fae7b892c739478e22985	Esports as a gaming direction appeared about 18 years ago.
9c98ef9cc4e41f6aa7033c781c52d969e13091a3	Since then, it has received a much stronger development than expected, and the prize funds have grown from tens of thousands to millions.
bcf39997994a60b453526c6bc49bba586411eeb4	In this article, we will study the results of the past year and the prospects for the next few years.
f6e1126cedebf23e1463aee73f9df08783640400	25
678ef14f979ecd19652fedf27f3347520e56ed53	19: 40, February 26 from Swen
0ebf39e9e031448321fb537329f1172d6fd4d12b	Full material:
9465f6e5b16b0a7e77281bbdbe83a1e7fc8958ce	Esports functions as a large organism.
5d82d27bf073e2a678cc65e3dc145ead8e77728a	We will divide the article into 3 parts, but it is worth considering that they are all interrelated.
2ff5a70a78a2b104b8d7ac2eee7c822072eedcc2	In the first of them, we will consider the state of esports today, and the next two parts will explain the cause and effect relationships and explain the development process.
b654de49e7bf0696ae259b12cf42587cd7834bd5	Looking behind the esports curtain...
8a75edc08ad04b9021d028f0c5ce60a7f8f301a7	Therefore, the largest companies, one way or another connected with the gaming industry, are fighting for advertising places at leading tournaments.
4b968726669922338175db4d0d06d92708e3c6d6	All this attracts additional investments.
ef9069341480601c8198ef329156d549c4d17e56	Funding for esports startups in 2015 reached $ 150 million.
9f08d318653389cab625ba423dc12f98a19107ac	Betting sites such as Unikrn, Draftkings and FunDuel receive multimillion dollar investments.
87beb40d9d4a87ffbc4b898567370e55dca5e999	Direct revenues in esports over the past year amounted to $ 170.2 million (23% of the annual turnover).
a84e02c5c2f79807fea3a1c4e0edb589c580374c	According to assumptions, this indicator will grow by 5 times by 2018.
a2710ec54a9649948b9259026602af0464b8c12e	The income from bookmakers accounts for almost a third of the direct income.
f9f2d091957462c2c0719d504d6ad4a89caf2c0a	The past year has clearly shown how big organizations are interested in esports.
c05fde51e0e21bd78ac5cb76fc3666f6ec952191	For example, the Finnish giant Modern Times Group has acquired two of the largest esports organizations in Europe: ESL and DreamHack.
3e25894fae15ca49080ad7c4526ce07a6276bc18	The total amount of the transaction was more than $ 100 million (78 million for ESL and 28 million for DreamHack).
953ba1210f7080e68acc6f87ee09f213a892f593	The CIS scene was also not left without attention: Alisher Usmanov's USM Holdings invested in a Russian organization Virtus.pro 100 million dollars.
cb66b5db31f9291762c6717ee71d1f841a638727	All this indicates that many of the media and business communities have believed in the future of esports.
0f749e3b108d31b376b80aeaa130ef433bdbff48	Another example of a major investment in esports was the former NBA player Rick Fox, who recently acquired his own League of Legends team - Echo Fox.
4cc622cf825707be17b61fd289991accba2108d3	In 2015, the financing of tournaments and players reached $ 578 million.
d5c55e1760e6c2719fa605d61c896853200b2dc2	This is only 28% less than the funding of the NBA.
5406719f85098826b4cb7bdaff3f2e39ad194a4e	It is also worth noting that among the giants of the gaming industry, almost everyone was involved in the esports sphere in one way or another.
b0cd990a3773a1b5e2487de6b7acb308d61f3a76	At Electronic Arts, Fifa has migrated to esports, at Blizzard Entertainment, almost all game projects are esports (Diablo is an exception), and Activision last year announced a major Call of Duty league with a prize fund of $ 3 million.
ade66672f3c0504edb6205af35255dbf72491a1c	In 2015, Valve set a record prize pool in the gaming industry.
a41820c01d52da3c93cf7dcba9df1285d6114217	It amounted to $ 18,429,613.
fcaeef85e12d0a495d4ac9e09229f2307df7d99e	This is due to the fact that 25% of the purchase of the Compendium TI5 tournament kit went to the prize fund.
a0911c33eb750dba3cc0e8bc963bf8963e4471c4	Valve itself initially announced a prize fund of $ 1.6 million.
60b95320cf0ba3d958a2530e5112202e57180776	Everyone is looking forward to this year: will the prize money become even bigger?
0311d9105a778db538dbeacdd7f26be6cbc3065f	Streaming as an engine for the development of esports
b85faf85116c07a6c5c6d42dcba1e5f586309a53	All this led to an increase in the audience, followed by attention from investors and advertisers.
476684e38acd67bf160f133346ffdfbaaa45a17b	In 2015, the esports audience grew by 88%: from 100.6 million (end of 2014) people to 188.3 million .
31eea3391833be1bfe5dfdd488f2a672ab17eb31	This is one of the reasons for expensive esports transfers.
cfd3a0e979fe157151390aa549f5c1fb3a6a60a5	One of the most sensational transfers was the transition of Xiao8, which cost $ 320,000 (the transition from Newbee to LGD).
cf9f142f819ae0421d0c60c5befb473d2aa05e0d	As for broadcasts, today, the largest stream service is Twitch.tv, and most recently, the organization published statistics for 2015.
a96cc9874fb894eaafb67e4b384f364ba641ea4f	For the past year:
2ffbab24c64ea7b32f9c20536770c46eeb4d0f44	More than 240 billion views have been viewed.
2ae0066028395ab125f1059dabefc112af1aa6c7	The average number of online viewers was about 550 thousand minutes of video.
bf7ccc81f43a52cbfe920c030dc9183e98e795d3	On August 23, the maximum number of active viewers was registered 2,098,529 people.
088c2da85adc2c403bfbc91c216bd960f80f5e2b	Platform statistics: PC: 56% Mobile platforms:35% Console: 7% Other: 2%
10d050ec7411af3ffe82510f1c497e8c25aa20a3	Despite the current dominance of Twitch, television is also actively coming to the market.
6ae524f319a319502876bd94bc14729d23017f58	In the second quarter of 2015, ESPN announced the broadcast of Heroes of the Dorm (American League for Heroes of the Storm) on ESPN2.
3be847220e46fe13856600be5bd2a6592732732b	A program of broadcasting American leagues on CS:GO was also planned.
871d1de13d88b8ce6fc4651927119f35ed8dbb02	In addition, other "players" are invading the market of stream sites: hitbox.tv, Youtube, Dingit.tv, Azubu et al.
3af0fa25ec3840e12c806ceb5f94f069436d5286	These organizations are gaining popularity by acquiring the rights to broadcast tournaments or motivating organizers to use their stream services through sponsorship.
ff9f1c26cb6e1f72ba36377abc4ec3e966bbb7dd	Such an experience of broadcasting was at one of the last DreamHack tournaments, where the owners sold the rights to broadcast the tournament to an Austrian organization hitbox.tv.
d3e7858bd0b33a98f9591a7a4264d99204b04319	This gives a good boost to the streaming platform, but there was a conflict of interest: most are used to the most common Twitch sites.tv and Youtube.
88e90d3da023f6849005ca359c26719954d7d699	It is worth noting that despite the recent entry into the market, Google still managed to get ahead in some aspects, and perhaps it is Youtube Gaming that is the platform of the future.
6739e2d08d12001cecd177704aeeb65eee4bd9db	Youtube is the most popular streaming platform on mobile devices in the United States.
d7e763c2533e598d75987a4b97c0f28d900e1112	Its share is 40%.
1b0c398428cd37d79d14fd054015cd3c990d40d6	The YouTube Gaming stream service is a relatively new platform.
a163789c5e81b24d21d0fea85743150e842cf994	It opened on August 26, 2015, but this did not prevent it from taking the lead among streaming sites on mobile devices.
3ff12d6ef54804325a1af73cf2cb67862db5b94c	Tournaments.
31972e96cbba10fb7d209b86ecefe6aee5b96729	Increasing competition in esports
9657e93c98db432fff17f9a0559bbd12d6182ed9	The popularity of streams, the growth of the audience and financial opportunities lead to an increase in the number of tournaments, as well as prize funds.
c632dbdf813d9db69c3a2338bb014e1fd3bca657	It would be more accurate to say that this is a two way communication.
7d110509c640d5b8f4bff2a8840ba8cf5f4f56d3	The number of tournaments also affects the popularity of disciplines, and accordingly, by attending tournaments, disciplines find more fans and viewers.
23fc1645d5b2076ea8f7e0efe9f245efdb2a463c	In order to understand how the number of tournaments increased, we will look at the table:
7e4412c890e47b55acab578798af1605b8dcc5b5	Dota 2 CS:GO LoL StarCraft II 2015 125 300 154 187 2014 106 146 173 182 2013 90 100 160 147
a17064b6f03e9217abae9bb2004826f505e3b421	Source esportsearnings.com
a2ca17493a0d441e0c9f969a93740e013ddd8ca7	Despite a slight decrease in the number of League of Legends tournaments, there is an increase in other disciplines.
2f48257252cdd8667d81ade247be84df1e7c4557	This is especially noticeable in CS:GO: the number of tournaments on it in 2015 increased by 2 times!
b5364416e229930d81607fd0681df7e6c146a437	The prize funds of tournaments are also growing.
3343b525f7bb4c894eb5ff604e1f022dd79fdef7	Over the past year, there has been a slight decrease in League of Legends, StarCraft II, but a global increase in CS prize funds:GO and Dota 2.
a2c3ce117d671d0c562d6a4b667defa27f017ad5	This allows us to openly declare that the most successful esports projects today are in the care of Valve.
035d924baed2a60c674b40e8587536fe020ea0f0	Dota 2 CS:GO LoL StarCraft II 2015 31,046,865 5,841,976 7,640,674 2,912,547 2014 16,494,586 1,935,451 7,990,954 3,386,415 2013 4,488,961 1,162,678 6,100,970 3,736,865
a68952541d29acc75f07dd48ca60dc0656bc9b5f	As we can see, the prize funds of Valve projects have doubled (Dota 2) and tripled (CS: GO).
26a78105891a96dfc2918cd09e5fbe1d0444d2ec	StarCraft II, in turn, is going through hard times: over the past three years, its prize funds have been decreasing (from 300 to 400 thousand dollars a year), despite the fact that the number of tournaments is growing.
6a04d0a89d639b38e40ebc2a44de7b8d61335608	It is difficult to say about League of Legends.
6726a8eb44000ba8db3baac40dbe4d13e66041e3	In 2015, the moba game from Riot experienced a slight decline, but everything may also change in the coming year.
077a40fe6b3f53092607c15c212c3186d997aec3	In 2012, LoL received a huge development: the prize fund increased almost 10 times (from 490 thousand to 4.2 million).
41d86463ae954e52073ec47f82ada66e0a3ff19d	In addition to major tournaments, regular (weekly, daily) tournaments are being intensively developed on such resources as Faceit, Toornament, XFire.
f87a85ba37342424137be61386988ed53a823e51	Online tournament platforms provide an opportunity for esports fans to try their hand at a more serious competitive basis than the ladder system.
083c4e78923d0d7e078e48644b771e712210a18a	The income from small scale tournaments in 2015 amounted to $ 27.7 million, and their popularity is simply off the scale.
bdcc634067fbaa3a5a265094f9783131a8295418	Over the past year, more than seven million players have registered for the tournaments.
acd84df958a3ec4bb22416df7537d583b1b2901d	A striking example of the popularity is Faceit: 1.8 million registered players and 1,500 tournaments every month.
50f05d495b5d65a5931a9afe4dae43f827bc9a7c	Also, in addition to classical disciplines, others are gradually being pushed in and developed: Call of Duty, Vainglory, StreetFighter, Smite, etc.
17da54642f9fff0bd0e3d648ecf671728e681a5c	Among the described factors, it is difficult to single out one thing, but as a result, the audience has increased significantly over the past year, and it is worth believing that 2015 was the most fruitful for esports over the past 15 years.
e2bf400f9a9f35582d91424715aa76c8dbebb9e8	And this applies to the prize funds, the number of tournaments and the audience.
449f461bac69d778d9109a0f0ff6cac33ae792d6	Number of tournaments Prize pool ($) 2015 4444 65,017,976 2014 2640 36,697,723 2013 1892 20,486,253 2012 1699 13,464,864 2011 1491 9,938,144 2010 814 5,525,589 2009 562 3,652,611 2008 432 6,353,675 2007 353 6,443,681 2006 299 4,562,399 2005 260 3,807,190 2004 176 2,219,203 2003 114 1,486,174 2002 39 854,003 2001 44 842,806 2000 49 670,505
fa54147cc6d4956bf3d19347ce02420d4e6dc523	*(to the prize fund esportsearnings.com not only premium tournaments are included)
63201cd56c089acd21b25066cb7f5faf6c748cf6	Over the past 15 years, the size of the prize fund (annual) has fallen only once: in 2009, after the global economic crisis, and the number of tournaments has continued to grow since 2002.
f1f7eeecde1a20d94040d085ad6eec44aa04c9bc	Statistical data are provided by the analytical agency SuperData Research and esportsearnings.com
f1f0203b3aa511f342dec5db74dd43c08ca2e556	2569
dd3f9bb1c4f86d947f6c4ccca20fa644c85fd2f9	19: 40, February 26
1723c8dbe62999917916b0c4ad49366fc924fda0	from Swen
eff670dab41a97501d3fe7afe19d04117ea54b0c	Best comments
4a9d00561e1794b1223ba2575dfaa4953b1304f8	+17
44a26491cd5c68d06834c161bcdd44f3f7088ac2	#1 hrabriu.ivan
e68833aff3b530dd7f4d80a96ce074eadd7a9909	20: 13, February 26
4ba9e5648f0e6b907c0d87d599b70bf4ffd96998	Luik, if you dreamed of becoming an esports player as a child
5342d8af5ab8457e0a0b6aeabab8d1311105901f	Riposte, if you are already so old that your apm barely exceeds 10tku
f0ce93ced3ce7946128b89726cb2603eb4a26d35	#13 lettermelater
cd25fda7a5d6682d480ab7b5ee78240623ff8ad3	01: 31, February 28
a196247058fbfed20b803eea8c20163e2f819a37	#12, your article shows a direct correlation between the number of tournaments and prize money on the popularity of the esports discipline :
841cf1ddb23858139bd0b8ce55951383aa6690de	"The popularity of streams, the growth of the audience and financial opportunities lead to an increase in the number of tournaments, as well as prize funds.
2e1db2acb01fb9754111f485f44c2614fbadab68	The number of tournaments also affects the popularity of disciplines, and accordingly, by attending tournaments, disciplines find more fans and viewers."
f7112707806e0d926c55bd6a64a058d406b557f1	I just pointed out that in the case of some games (LoL), this does not work.
004093110c0e4dd2c3d466c6a05be6a0cfc15edd	When there were many tournaments, the game was less popular.
709bedf0088f516f0b3691c8339c40515278a990	I mean, it's just that the correlation is far from direct in some cases, that's all.
78e109da1d8bd1bd5c17fbc06f7f5f25b00c71cd	In turn, I completely incorrectly stated my thoughts :
c8ef627b43c78cd32dc6b8bd0b342e091a164039	"And to say that esports is developing better for those, and worse for others is completely incorrect.
2ace62c1befa19e3ea37dd52be9f6d508c5163e6	"
6f083e0de7568fc19776e4109d5e3a0fe5f16e44	There is really not a word about this in the article.
ff150017e1fccf3d84214fe48f0476e5639283ca	Apologize.
f66140485ff994541ea4d0a8982b73a0e56957f2	25 comments
ecafc7a2c90c2325d86374e3aa81352987b67e64	#2 grok88
d221dfd120cc4ec2dcf4c8ebfeceee205cbf615f	20: 32, February 26
b1aa9cf4ac00c8ba5686f7ac316d978bf0bad473	Dota 2 and CS GO from Valve are great, Gaben is out of competition
7984b0a0e139cabadb5afc7756d473fb34d23819	-1
fe8c9214ef0276fe6096fcca1a348d62bc8565c1	#3 skippi 22
1c6f1123dbace9657b25593dd8650af2e5a0fcea	20: 35, February 26
f91c47ac6aec5a68a4219e1a1baedde4a8fa35c9	A little dry analysis
29e089a32720550e0d7baedf3a15807933133b7d	#4 Razgibator
f7946695fdb06784b4d87a2154fc884bee3ee271	21: 00, February 26
49db4e72bb6061e71cc0e7d10dbc02f585e765cd	#1, and how to repost ?
21e11c27168f341b397ff7e860c1ca5693e42428	#5 villi shot
183600af22e2b2bb94f533fd39348cc7b1e87de2	22: 53, February 26
c77212733c3ddb68d7b717a8b2cb3178e63ec395	garantmarket.net Fly on the light!
58ebe2644ab3e253c28adcb36c9bc3d044f004fe	#6 Platinum
4b2515a422440b8d6cf5a269f9ef01f0f4eeffd4	00: 47, February 27
f9ebb2ad7d8fa5faeccfe98b1842a6f5aa0b9355	Yes, it was necessary to be born 8-10 years later, at least.
3fd1006697b110e2e7d5b1dcbec06e736871884b	Nowadays, apart from Moscow and St. Petersburg, the only worthwhile tournament where you could win something valuable was WCG.
ed47e4635b16b1dc3563faa052982ae6a444f8dd	The rest of the tournaments 20 people came, chipped in 100-200 rubles, the winner took half and left.
521dc4f1654de6780c6f86ee3a6c059a551f6063	There are no streams, mass tournaments and support of esports players from sponsors.
7fb9180aeea0cc17a6b1ad5888696267af5e3a42	It's just that you played because you liked it, and you loved this game
13ec509c973e9c9db46454479e359ea56c009e27	#7 GG.Swen
58856e718f705715f9222ebfa6965be58ca21854	01: 14, February 27
9b3772dbe99b9e44a891753f015f51dcacb2985b	#6, over time, the competition also grows.
6a723db7aeb46d6bdf8186cad2046f77949bad49	#8 GhoSTSpark
b1a789bab485178ea6cd24797b52bd6a23246f3f	07: 35, February 27
617585a801950ae8c246f2966e000de3035180a9	#1, unfortunately it is:(
e999426a91980fef34d0e842432f28e393983c41	#9 Platinum
b5deb61a55085719fd30fa75d8cb3984b4e541d9	07: 57, February 27
39ea4da82dc75be84fb72eccdf2e6632e220ffb2	#7, I remember watching the WCG records of 2004-2005 on CS, it feels like some disabled people are playing.
726798a91462ed117d451e7699e579a780726f74	Everything is cooler now.
e9cfae05ec94ae7d37727b986a7bb294351a2f82	Competition, everything is fine.
0b52507ed79d6d02530be2f6c2b88782724fdf46	You look at the records of the Olympics of the 70s and 80s and you look now.
14d1e7ded7495bc22c77165a23c8b61132512be2	That is, what was considered a top at that time is now a warm up for children.
d2fbbb86b17b1b3c6c9ba89e43653f73979d6752	Evolution and development, what to say.
93a5b433d50e8f446ec6969e08115516992c1435	Therefore, it is not the competition that is cooler now, but the game is developing and strategies are changing.
bcac9a7d5ee0de80285f24778cd3dea8a6f6ac57	But at that time, with that understanding of the game, the guys played at the maximum.
05300dad6acd5fb19d46d13078c06baf3838f821	#10 GG.Swen
4cd4f3b58ef86b20b6876bcdf5f88e131834697e	10: 22, 27 February (10: 23, 27 February)
bbfd2d2170d6b3b9bc589e6f73d8507855076825	#9, I disagree.
f3cad431d2f9b7fd6045e0bf48782a3f64712595	Check out WarCraft.
8b8588ca63abfff8f6875198e47925d80132b853	Matches of 2007-2009.
464a6ef5ff11056f1642ccdcdfb5f4cd8e2302ba	Check out StarCraft bv.
5c9a70eba77ffa7de9a57cbc3daf86b61ec4fc4d	Today's players did not even dream of the control that was demonstrated in bv.
7e773844197f94c19bdddfc4d8cd3ea1cc04afad	At least, I've never seen anything like it.
a9a86ecb13fd8d1bcbdfe300b458b1796a516a02	I donot remember who, but there was a moment with one of the top toss (like an encore): we need to kill Lura.
e5b0eae9118acbcf9f0af676945e41a0efd18169	He brings a zealot in a shuttle, shoots a river at him (for splash).
a99b5c8c0e30a9e68212cc700521a36fe333167a	While the cockroach is flying, he switches to the main, orders several units in the barracks.
00dd17811b753d562dd5c7a0864de3340713d140	He returns, puts the zealot in the shuttle.
d1d9e72576af7e2bf603bcc0df7babf588e35120	Lura has been killed.
4fa484c92b1b4bfb6f71bd2ec0d56cda4ad3a08f	And something like this I have not seen in modern times.
1f46356094f5063026864f2b0469b8ad28c30a0d	Anyway, the mechanics are cooler than the flash has never been in the history of starcraft.
de4acf0402d6fd320ec5063f00f82b64b5d988ee	And so you can give a lot of things as an example.
159080881df5ae30413607dca540a5f159a627e8	#11 lettermelater
b30a847e3a1645f53463e221b66636b5ea7b5d93	18: 42, February 27
f62c365ef902b8bc771b3c6317b14b64af2ed334	It is not quite correct to compare the number of tournaments and the number of prize games of Valve and League of Legends games : there are completely different development strategies.
4e2f7f779cde7bf51b95c8ebfe051a6eac6d7fa1	And to say that esports is developing better for those, and worse for others is completely incorrect.
951f8db7336dd097c3d5870f25e46a00d591e618	Looking back, before the LCS( and other analogues) for League of Legends, a huge number of tournaments were held , but the quality of the product (stream in essence) fell, and it was at the level only on large lan.
3c667d72a370199435f3a457dcc1745d79eeb87d	Riot followed the path of overseas sports leagues and did not lose.
b51b706cf11c95c3c18c6be5da428917f8b67ace	At the same time , looking at the growth of CS GO , it seems that Valve's strategy is not worse.
41ff9bc86208aa6032a73bf16d9fe2aca7d66a8d	#12 GG.Swen
63497c06408278b8448c6615b2112057dd303384	01: 20, February 28
61c42a7da6e484bfb4667154bc803a9fac9bc8d7	#11, in the sense of better?
8ea876654e5b4be7902001b08807237bc0e22fb1	What is this all about?
6562e5cb3f622649da4b30f0c26ba00c247343c4	No one says what is better or worse.
8147de6bfc8068d0bece95285d94e2d5c01567ed	The conclusion of the article is unambiguous development, etc.
7ae73d6e1fee58cd64ac3271fd6b34295619b198	No one was going to compare development strategies either, but one thing is unambiguous more tournaments = development.
3a1f407dbd6b464465a55f7f9423e86c1e9983c5	More money = development.
c4b781a8c8157db5666ef781d4633e15a0d2cf36	More investment = development.
bf2fbf46a7e088398db2433d2e4c0e67c9a91c49	That's actually all.
c4a084da6dd53ea67b9aa1e4e9676976fcb61253	The article contains the facts that there is more and there is less.
df2ad9a70e85459e5b6be1b41a10e0642dd842e6	There you can definitely say one thing Starcraft is gradually suffocating.
0b44d69e0dbe4ebdeedd05a3adfda5323959c9a1	Regarding LoLa, I specifically noted that this is not an unambiguous statistic, so I did not quite understand this statement
6e58295fe8465c02df8b4c567ce71a6dd36d7bca	When there were a lot of tournaments, the game was less popular.
85b62e1d8b852a5712663574156a5a806e8ebaf4	#14 GG.Swen
81c4219877313a48e9cde4ebdae73f8d333d5929	11: 44, February 28
53cea3a18a577b77de2d7a95607c1703346b82f6	#13, well, yes:) I will take into account) I donot know much about the League of Legends in principle, so like this)
47b2d265d72d8cd6f6f088d4419cd17a1b89e044	#15 eXpulsive
306b55071fe184b801d180c2ebbc29bb2136ee83	03: 56, February 29 (03:58, February 29)
3df92995b72d1a6c718e760f2456bd206ec17f24	And where is HS???
54334b5556bac96ed09105ac84913177e4bc8da6	The prize money in XC is simply many times higher than the same SK2.
d55f12bd2231f70d3b71a2f5f39d4d31f136ea17	Simply INCOMMENSURABLY Many Times.
97dc5c029a8d0aef3a8d94560265e75492eb40a4	CARLA.
4daa48ae82094b0372fe5e09c4bff7d8ed8bc862	#16 Esselta.
d360edb4214cff24ed1837c9e39197905c684508	Hotspur
6e42ce261044fb5080d6a4ab0bce16ccf6f1fe15	13: 55, February 29
1bb12876047b613b3d4867ce312217df47c77e1e	#15, read carefully.
9d653d96e251ce6d69cad0934a11a95bdc23c965	An article about esports.
637420b24e88b5c6b37beb5776dc81eb095e7037	#17 eXpulsive
ba384fe7d21abc32b20fdf0a9b70d414dbd35b06	20: 14, February 29 (20:17, February 29)
9c2e168b2e894fd65de0475ee85909cb5a8450f6	#16, Esselta.
053659c774b6ac4c15a3159783e9a4551d6af34d	HS = Esports, my young inexperienced fan.
2ed8e72c2bed682eaa38ace125b4b2fefd7a590d	XC - has been an OFFICIAL World class ESPORTS DISCIPLINE for over a year, with worldwide recognition of all international Multigames, as well as Esports Federations around the WORLD.
15f51444be75bc88e935c57ef2ee7477dc73a64e	TO
d05d4cef74f00e0c3cdfe4d1069cf7db22651708	#18 GG.Swen
8dcd6db95f5c4819c313b4c35d0c05cb8ec78800	20: 24, February 29
462baeecb908058706ea78773fe8f3dcf48c0602	#17, Yeah.
b51f81e2a439359f4182ccce23c3efa4692b9e9a	Although I do not consider CS to be esports, nevertheless, I think the person meant something else.
796a3836306058ddff2f617b0c4edd35f01cacee	That the article is not about specific disciplines.
46066d848c00d4d220b19710093950ae40cc27b8	These disciplines are just an example.
2a570e8ad81330e0f26fc3bfbe7ec73e69373d57	I decided to take these disciplines.
6d3cdbf45e8e4d0488fd32711483321a80e79595	#19 W e r W o l F
b1fa5acd74a82780b70ec0c97f009cd9fd24eb59	22: 33, February 29
9154e4738c0674e18170a36d93d21b1d88068cf7	Great article, thank you!
6919eedeafdab6c592fe14ebbc92cec5f8708972	"Alisher Usmanov's USM Holdings invested in a Russian organization Virtus.pro $ 100 million" is just ridiculous.
da88036163e0bb4af3e646f53802f4828fe0cef8	I shouldnot have mentioned it.
6b90144b3df73677a583e2bde624308ab0ac7db3	Even in that news it was said that up to 100 million But the main thing is that apart from that news, there are no facts that the money was invested.
eac7098449c5b95fe2c8aaf375629770de922274	I donot see any news about the growth of salaries by dozens of times, about incredible prize tournaments under the auspices of the VP, TV channel, computer clubs, etc . Either Usmanov forgot about his words the next day, or there was some kind of economic fraud that has nothing to do with esports.
161f453803cd94ed76ab5416b335060c8272acd3	#20 GG.Swen
7e87a86cba402138aadddd4d6a849f1d781be19e	07: 36, March 1
40bfbfca724f99d50fde71c84d2d60c0156a4d45	#19, I will reveal a secret: The growth of salaries, etc. is already closed commercial information.
14e1659edf690828e90f6ffa9d0ac2654ab45ad4	And what facts can you expect if the money was invested quite recently.
2a1f07c631d8cfef89816c7cc9ae8835e2e95a2d	Or how do you imagine it: They invest money and salaries grow in a month, and VP begin to invest in tournaments and the construction of a cyber arena?
7d314291d6717df7adc37ba44130c5210c5027a9	In addition, this money can be spent on paying for training places and other things, which is also not disclosed.
2b8a164939b93feb50206c90a2d9c07db91faf02	#21 W e r W o l F
724d1564eb2a59429450d94182007d6ff3ca229e	21: 59, March 1
be869aa8a9718e5796920162983070766bf8932e	#20, $100 million this is 7.5 billion rubles.
96895254c7ca8f41e62acc6c566bcf8db89efd90	Do you really think that so much or at least a tenth of this money has been invested and there is still no information about it?
93ea78eca16e95a652562df539dbe03c9c771bcc	It seems that you have little (I also, however) do not imagine the scale of the specified amount.
e85456e277924c6525afea5deae5da207b9030d2	So much money and no result - is this normal?
4ecc4f1485790e908662a69236b7ff0f87b12fef	Well, well
28275e84592b2c7be5b461120f7f8151a93539fc	#22 GG.Swen
f0f3e867a605a1aedd1e11d31fa1e8d68a72dbe5	08: 24, March 2
6bd9769202f9dc2dcf531dcbe0f3425605cb2bd8	#21, Do you know what Alisher Usmanov owns?
cffe0cb7ed677235d0c2f318a935a8ef77f3ff48	In his scale of 100 million this is an out of pocket expense
3648192e43024ea46db4f1814f9bd9125bc1f6ff	#23 W e r W o l F
59cbe2e5e3e7039e947717c842c2a1a28b61477e	22: 25, March 3
30a724fb24c8a6550aca742839219c2699c2d1ad	#22, did he tell you this personally over a cup of coffee?
40b517633a07555886ea628f60fef5b4bcb1edb0	If not, then you should not voice your fantasies.
d32910f8b15d4887ec2559bbe1d32b59b3e9f61f	People are rich because they are rich because they do not throw money to the wind.
d5ef8bf7d4aae2fb99ecc901d76a53bd4490bc7a	Even charity is self promotion.
ddcad63a01a8debf391ee0835c4539010eebddb1	Yes, and that's not the point.
68fafd2464e756375a6d33c7404a2378116717bb	There is supposedly money here, but there is no result or at least some announcements.
ea1a78591f600c504eb7f3f32ebe1b8941332492	Therefore, questions arise.
d2b9ad9543f1d0ba7607b95545e3e84b179f7056	#24 GG.Swen
19220789a1a70ac92c612b702ca971d873bc23fe	15: 13, March 6
3b62b28e35b9d81b2aafa2d5e2d468bffaf9af17	#23, I'm just too lazy to explain... the guy owns the control packages Mail.ru, Megafon and Yota.
e29170cd0fc8378c50a5fd704aedd5e071dd6ae8	Also Alibaba, half of the Russian television and a significant part of the shares of the oil industry.
ad532bdc50db21be4c82371d3c80ccf7d81920a4	I donot know what else to say.
6d2c81b4158721d2f95ec3f6c2ec794a391d78f9	100 million this is not a waste of money.
b92c891ea1ef362c1086ef72b13647a506c975bf	This is an investment and he will still get his own.
ebf2bf89537683db3a0a13741ef7c625507728d2	#25 W e r W o l F
82b505af864ee24050451e3b41703717b08a9015	15: 14, March 7
95d7ecd03d2cd8df64d69ed509ca6a54377de813	#24, why do I need a biography of Usmanov?
530cb41d6f84692270bca3b145c286088468cb4a	In the previous post, you wrote about pocket expenses, and now that this is already an investment?
e4961028b3f489ccc1f4c3c2b1251f17b6f5ea81	Make up your mind:)
1077eb5978eac0960d955ebcef71f1693fd09a54	And once again: we are not talking about amounts and their use, but about the fact that there is an intention, but there are no cases.
feae4ec9cfd1134cf16d16bc4716c40e3b54d145	Although, now, it seems, the tour has been announced p on the DOTA is large.
26a56fb3320190c0c901545608ac4e8e0942a2a4	But only six months later ...
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3ceee0626b3a621170c7f4519bf2ecef5f1b3cbf	TL Matt: "We expected closer games, but the opponents let us down"
356a192b7913b04c54574d18c28d46e6395428ab	1
a961bc7c4b4724fa1bf1614dcecb81a1298f653d	Shanghai reshafly.
ccf8c3d2cc3494119d9a61e1558ade8cf0062d57	Part two.
274f4a7d137b2ac9d1383b50af258356e59e3d93	Asian region
2c6212a04d80ff6728f5d8488604d84e2719542e	Proliga: Round 2, Week 1
94e6807efefe2a79336d7b6cc67def36ddf194d3	Short line #21
a6c4d2458c7a40d706b16ac7c7965fb0bc08befd	GSL Ro16 Preview: Group B
2bc7d1e68b3f46bc418d5ce4bd4d6c0b6cc42cb8	?type=3&curr material=29552&id=0130
19ad8ec7231e0cc9d9ea7e0684742672018e1f05	Interview
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2bae1b0b5eaca9b3fdf3a2540df42626a5fc10e8	Snute: "There is no limit to the skill"
17ba0791499db908433b80f37c5fbc89b870084b	11
f39e8fad23afdf74445e140847ee47267cab8f10	The opinion of progamers about the current map pool
7b52009b64fd0a2a49e6d8a939753077792b0554	12
45906f70bb8f8d047e12642a967733623af9b349	VortiX: "I can beat anyone at the WCS"
0ade7c2cf97f75d009975f4d720d1fa6c19f4897	9
6de3a9cb7b5ac1165ef6bd3cbf5f667f7d9b4bb4	Interview with Kim Fan about the new WCS format
57821aa2003bf978230cdc23e3ca7a0a4698007f	Flash: "I will do everything to make esports recognized"
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6ecbbd350e9d40b82a484b511a78846981fa26af	Diaries
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cd01b772ee621a68e727fd837715de794d0d09b5	Part 1.
511f471516f1785ec11b060cd5196171d219b5c6	Problems with the microphone and the choice of a webcam
1b6453892473a467d07372d45eb05abc2031647a	4
fb84cabc7edd1bb58f560dd748c5e436a9723694	Visiting Ludwig
18b91fc30e00391f33467171f6dcbeffae8c6675	The Magnificent Five and water
8afc1c3989a5e0817cb9ab2110c1c23eae8ffe68	Happy Defender of the Fatherland Day
77de68daecd823babbb58edb1c8e14d7106e83bb	3
42249c0ebe37412a0e063d2434e3a5bfdc431dd4	Happy birthday, GG.
aa93671e63c8126956fad33e08ebc54efee074b6	Dian!
a1623c86c86e3d864f443517375b5e4b388e2919	Asperant!
4d134bc072212ace2df385dae143139da74ec0ef	24
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1a334d0a045c669645f9360cd457d0bc0266da80	The history of the first car in Russia begins back in the distant 18th century, when in 1752 the Russian craftsman Leonty Shamshurenkov invented a new type of cart.
e7f7bbb944f48f831a3e9e1552c5986c14019332	The wheelchair was approved by the Senate of Russia and Shamshurenkov received a big award — 50 rubles, which was a lot of money at that time.
fb7d42383739f56c85df07b2a7d64304f44e4e09	A few years later, in 1791, the famous Russian mechanic Ivan Petrovich Kulibin already mounted a three-wheeled cart.
48378c349db344bcc15566f272905120aa1a9c94	It could accommodate two passengers at once, and someone from the household servants served as the engine.
f5011d8b8a8e31293db7eccca6b7c3524b1db0fd	He stood at the back and pressed the pedals.
11384818bd8716cc369fe992b7b98e54259af06d	It is these carts that can be considered the very first cars in Russia.
f60ed7e6120d2124a50c89abfc97db27eb7a14d6	Despite the fact that it was still far from creating a real car, the scooter already had all the main elements of the car with the exception of the engine.
c0031dfc199a5a94f8d91bdc82f9c65a3f41fa1f	The movement from the pedals was transmitted to the flywheel, jerks from the pedal presses were not felt, since they were smoothed out by the inertia of the flywheel, the friction of the axles was also reduced with the help of rolling bearings, and when climbing uphill, the traction force could be increased if the gearbox wheels were switched.
5ea924f99333479a15b03d152fc5d65e60cc0025	A special merit of the inventor can be considered that he invented a system of devices for transmitting rotation from the pedal to the wheels — a transmission.
fa40a96241e8e57a5849dc3c3651270cc895c157	The principle of its operation is still used in modern cars.
ff582d82304f47148617ee509794ef1f766bb61c	The cart was controlled by a steering mechanism that turned the front wheel.
749657d9efa4da81c12966890fdab74da6c8007e	However, this scooter did not receive much distribution: the human engine was too weak to be able to use this cart widely.
5ece1263e5f27588113231096ea57b9a997ff396	Some of the monarchs of Europe took special pleasure in riding in such carts.
6d7f1025f5314d0739cd22e85b1c8ce30331c447	The spring drive did not receive its development, but it still remained an important milestone in the history of the development of automobile construction.
3fb417c49033a14cb7a629f016886ef5a6545065	The inventor of the continuous-action steam engine was a Russian mechanic Ivan Ivanovich Polzunov.
741eb66682e154fa713ce611ed1a361d73563e3b	The idea was good: a jet of steam was supposed to push the cart forward and facilitate its movement.
0915d267d7e1c2219be87b19a49eed650bde77ab	But in fact, everything did not look too reasonable: the steam engine was a kind of kettle on wheels, approaching which was fraught with steam burns.
82719ebf5e7baf2c989258e3c9d93c3acf35a56d	In addition, in order for such a car to roll forward at least at the speed of a pedestrian on a smooth, hard road, it needed 2-3 tons of water every minute of the trip.
5576bedf1854908bfbc7472c4d4c9fcc2ab2c199	It turned out that the car shrouded in steam could only move along the shore of the reservoir, "sucking" a large amount of water, which it turned into steam.
d9efe0e25c2ac522679ff09cde627389ba69c5da	Many people have heard that before the revolution, Russia was an agrarian country.
0db8ef79ceaa48903d6bb769af5fdde0c5bdfc32	However, few people know that the first car in Russia was a French Panar Levassor brought in 1891 by Vasily Navrotsky, who worked as an editor of the Odessa Leaflet.
92a46727420957a41221226b0908e48417390c37	Little information has been preserved about the people who made the first Russian car.
6a0a6f01edc57c14a0bd5ff96ea775092e28b76f	This is Yevgeny Yakovlev, who was born in 1857 in a poor noble family.
1a24ff7f4e699c5d7c4db1174c8ede60b064ecdc	After completing his service in the navy and reaching the rank of lieutenant, he retired in 1883 and married a woman with a good dowry.
c48d0675a779407fb67701ba69261f59b3fc5395	With these funds, the “First Plant for the Production of Gas and kerosene Engines”was built in St. Petersburg.
f6a0d7c0a50617e01f951f915596f0bef4a65c4d	The enterprise was the first domestic plant that manufactured internal combustion engines.
cee5b79b99a085512759dc46a114ad072681989d	An interesting fact is that all the motors were designed by Yakovlev himself.
78e0e8c36e3828a2f2c03c66cfbf3580b8dd373f	In the 90s of the 19th century, his factory was famous throughout Russia, and the owner himself received several patents in the field of mechanical engineering.
b3781c931702b7be6f8de5166ae0b97d81155090	In 1893, the World's Fair was held in Chicago, which was dedicated to the 400th anniversary of Columbus ' discovery of America.
15506b27ca07556ee664e7b0caade1f7022ef8f7	This is probably where Yakovlev met Freze – his future companion.
422c2cd209c9d7b206e9a01e48bb9a820a783683	He graduated from the Mining Institute and became closely involved in the construction of carriages when he worked at the Nellis factory.
ee6d2d951cad704329e2a1afce4be2d2b6efd050	Freze managed to quickly make a career: becoming a factory manager, and then a co-owner.
30603ec7ba45974ec7f02ffaef800f30e7f9c13a	Old Karl Nellis gradually transferred the company's management levers to a young and businesslike partner.
e0f55eeebefc73b032001b653d29a621362dba96	The company gained such authority that in 1893 it represented Russia at an exhibition in Chicago.
7dae29f8662b9c888f196ab84a5c9a1cf75a14ff	The crews made at the Mill factory with the Yakovlev internal combustion engine received bronze medals and were awarded with diplomas of the exhibition.
63bbc2989148aaafb56c4f700a85238671a9ecff	Most likely, Russian machine builders, seeing the prototype of the “Benz Velo", decided to create something similar in their homeland.
71710da8419ecddb8b19316c8598e5d310166247	Studies of the Museum of the History of Moscow show that the car appeared in the Mother See only in 1899.
dbcc19f5c75b6a403370f6bd5da4e416c32bd8bf	But even earlier, the most significant event in the history of Russian motorization took place - in 1896, the first Russian car was built in St. Petersburg.
415a7d7f24d89b555b7575cbc9ec8a058ead9d6f	The history of the first Russian car began in 1893 in Chicago, at the World Exhibition, where the Benz car of the Velo model was demonstrated.
1c8c78ba19d8b68e115d57e60390f4dcb275032e	It also attracted the attention of two St. Petersburg residents who present their products here.
c84730fc39c1c9b542316b9140bb467fcab3efb0	What is interesting: they met for the first time only at the exhibition.
72f6f796910ef725049d9d94e0929728ed7966a3	They were the owner of the kerosene and gas engine plant, Yevgeny Alexandrovich Yakovlev, and the manager of the horse-drawn carriage factory, Pyotr Alexandrovich Freze.
c17ce0ec25b4d5c35d542f8241f2482c157f9953	The decision to produce a similar "self-running crew" by joint efforts was self-evident.
da2dc866d20f2c4b85aa12004aac499db1882f90	In 1898, when Yevgeny Yakovlev was no longer alive, Frese continued his work by concluding a contract with the firm”De Dion Bouton".
c176f4b39e76766ad4cda4b3eb5670a1d9971e75	This agreement allowed us to independently manufacture motors.
5abb4f6ba27f6fc1b895d54ff641c0c47f250431	The crew part of the first Russian car by design followed the traditions of light horse-drawn carriages.
6d0037309336f562bf57a97f6a2bc5d5f1ff7c75	The wheels with wooden rims and solid rubber tires rotated not on ball bearings, but on bronze bushings.
e587d113da2483a7bdcd44e6e65dbc55a7d17562	Their support surface had to be large and hence the massive hubs.
60747d44ab6ea8bac2e6ebe343241d357e416243	At the end of the XIX century, some crew masters began to install the front wheels on rotary pins.
85a2280973c13f1074bf5cc7d3cd132939e1a73b	And since the wheels rolled along arcs of different radii on turns, it was necessary to invent special mechanisms known as the Ackerman system or the Jeantot trapezoid (after the name of its creators).
185e4eafb296761e73601f9b8e6617ecd205a2ea	Many crew masters followed these principles, and P. A. Freze also adhered to them when developing the chassis of the first Russian car.
a17dc4dc2d2407495203382a0982113e1a35f51b	He placed the suspension springs of the front wheels next to the wheels, like the rear, non-rotating wheels.
bb19b6b8577f6dfe147582f31e62e33ee02d1f7e	The front springs turned together with the wheels relative to the pins, and P. A. Freze provided for the pins not only in the front axle beam, but also in the crossbar located above it, rigidly connected to the body frame.
c608901e1bf3a0bad76a204d1541624a0b091539	A steering trapeze was also attached to it, raised high above the road and thus not subject to impacts on possible obstacles.
6ed332b5fe05a8df5139d9e1a92f51370da7c06a	For a relatively light (320 kg) stroller, P. A. Freze chose wooden wheels, believing that the cobblestone pavement requires a more durable construction.
7bf1daccbb1daf7bf71e837b924b84b723be2aaa	Bicycle-type wheels would have been easier, but there were no bicycle factories in St. Petersburg at that time where it would be possible to order wheels.
2b83f4115d938eb2937d82423e75ee65f760e9df	The firms " Dux " and "Leitner" were located quite far away: in Moscow and Riga.
5e0e36620aa65df4f1595a3c4b36984325c335d6	It is not natural that the wheels were equipped with solid rubber tires, since the St. Petersburg company "Triangle" turned to the production of pneumatic tires only in 1898, two years after the experiments of the French manufacturer Michelin.
d835b71c0b0395edd3989c04c131d0164995b853	As for the engine and transmission, E. A. Yakovlev followed the path of K. Benz, but he corrected some of his mistakes and made the engine lighter.
1a28d24ce185b763092644801e8158b00923b739	In any case, the mass of the car, built by him together with P. A. Frese, turned out to be the same as that of the small model "Velo" by K. Benz, the production of which began in 1894.
a3d8f21a2f06a9f9f5187965cf94e90319332b07	It is also important to note that the German and Russian cars had almost the same wheelbase and similar design.
32a9a49307763eb070b064d5e784e42077338a5c	But the Russian car was wider in track, was equipped with heavier wooden wheels (in German – bicycle type) and was equipped with a folding leather top.
38ff01f13b5490869295390fae0f0d277f504237	This meant an increase in weight by 50-70 kg compared to the design of K. Benz.
30b75c71b184381f801cc9d4ba558648c0ab4c65	Apparently, E. A. Yakovlev significantly simplified the engine and transmission, in particular, he performed the actual engine of smaller dimensions than that of K. Benz.
c115f9f2f66a91dde4d41d605e8a288cd3a7095a	The "Benz" engines installed on the "Velo" model, with a working volume of 1045 cm, developed a power of 1.5 hp at a speed of rotation of the crankshaft of 450 min, and since 1896-2.75 hp at a speed of 600 min.
89dadadd1b1d63ec92f1b5a767935898e988cc22	At E. A. Yakovlev, this power was 2 hp.
75b8483a8208ae9c05b5d1f9da31b7914d0d816a	E. A. Yakovlev, as well as the German inventor, equipped his engine with an evaporative cooling system.
f0846a85bf1137b6faed8755b9281a4b7442f27d	When the engine was running, the water was constantly boiling, the steam entered the condenser, where it was cooled and condensed into water.
2d93bd5833987152614aa9122370ecbfba99535b	But some of the water evaporated.
e41b0ccab6d91eb457b96e964152c48a635498f8	It is curious that T. von Liebig, who in 1894 made a run from Reichenberg to Mannheim and back in a Benz Victoria car with a similar cooling system, consumed 21 liters of gasoline and 150 liters (!) of water per 100 km of the way.
efc1bfbd4ee054ab6a157d680a8bd2bb25e4d38c	E. A. Yakovlev's water supply (about 30 liters) was placed in two side brass tanks.
2e1ab42bcfd81ab054eb49c1954bb1073c4a173e	The condenser itself in the form of a horizontal long cylinder was placed behind the back of the seat.
d84a6456dca1a64f2d6f8582beb930d96aed622c	Following the example of K. Benz, E. A. Yakovlev also manufactured an evaporative carburetor.
3724a01d7cd8f69d6b1bd13ca97d71c3680c2f9e	This carburetor resembled a vertical cylindrical tank with a diameter of about 200 mm.
1d9b1d00b27dd422e17204d7e1e6e3e0966411d4	It was heated by exhaust gases, gasoline evaporated, saturating the air passing through the tank with vapors.
79ecdac9c5ad5e3a71c4900f2640d692d87c7544	The composition of the working mixture could be changed in the mixer, where it was combined with additional air if necessary.
a3f1088dba38a2c846df0ecaff32956a1d6f46c2	A rotary lever placed under the driver's seat served to regulate its composition.
6a8f854c9938be6cf5adc0534c76be091c13f280	There was no quantitative adjustment of the mixture entering the cylinder, as well as advance ignition.
e57f024828469a5daffd8eab3d3c285f6042a203	Electric ignition was carried out from a battery and an induction coil with an electromagnetic interrupter (a kind of Rumkorff coil).
cc50864465a8562bfece0a062929262809344bb1	These design features did not allow adjusting the engine speed in relation to the load on it and along the way predetermined its operation as if in a stationary mode.
e1a0ef86805583eca28c4d0555103034b140824f	It was possible to control its operation, either by greatly enriching the mixture, or by creating gaps in the current supply to the candle.
9bc49e943df5d6cdca54a119f151fcbd3d7c940f	The cars of K. Benz, E. A. Yakovlev and P. A. Freze had a similar transmission design, the basic scheme of which was borrowed from machine tools.
66d953656fb1ca9dee2ffc4f83ab84e6902e29ee	It consisted of two belts (for K. Benz – leather, for E. A. Yakovlev – rubberized fabric), working on stepped pulleys.
26bf9e717a05b4eec2730c70498873d6018d3216	Each corresponded to a lower and higher gear, and each had an idle speed.
42c4ce57c79c7e1a0d01b946e907a8c35c139acd	The movement of the belts and, thereby, the gearshift was controlled using two levers on vertical axles located to the right and left of the steering column.
cd02bbb75d7209b9b05319d0c8ac470bcf735de0	Slipping of the belts when switching replaced the action of the clutch mechanism.
9231fc9a3fe1ef12c70a4f7aa0d2532e7c91f24a	As for the most sensitive issue - its cost, it is still impossible to determine exactly by the novelty of the case.
85d8f2c43e88411f0413eb44dd4f2edc9049507b	Nevertheless, the company "Freze and K" hopes that its cost will not exceed 1300 rubles in silver, so that it will be possible to compete with foreign production.
9b434642644e47cc05b146c4c644d557de3ad58e	Welcoming the new production in Russia, which is so desirable in the current state of travel conditions, we wish it successful development and improvement, for which, as it seems, there are solid data, since firms known for their factories throughout Russia have taken up the task."
3da4e89359c6ba43779bd31ba00df8fa8b64c31f	Judging by the advertising published in those years, for example in the St. Petersburg newspaper Novoe Vremya (from May 27, 1896 to April 17, 1900 according to the old style), the car was definitely presented as a product of the E. A. Yakovlev factory.
ba211e08bc4ffd5393cbf86f83d7a8a75f543f57	In July 1896, the car was demonstrated in Nizhny Novgorod at the All-Russian Industrial and Art Exhibition.
2df54c3a368583979ee9c63a03279cae71697b6f	But the fate of the first Russian car was unsuccessful.
3cce559c4a12f2b29013bcf6da61853dfe5bfb2a	At the Nizhny Novgorod Fair, Emperor Nicholas II did not even deign to pay attention to him, did not appreciate the work of two brilliant inventors.
2ce6910d626725357609c56f71994a4a9686c18a	What became of the first domestic car is unknown.
8a364d93edbaa477c2d115ff2743a720815043a8	There is an assumption that the car was destroyed by its creators themselves.
1915f04812f459c0f7296463cd61b1dd7e5ccc7c	Therefore, today we can only see a copy of it, carefully recreated in the restoration center based on the surviving photos for the 100th anniversary of the Russian car.
e95496fe56092150efd6e62f8bbe7eef57593176	Much more information has been preserved about the people who built the first car in Russia.
da8d56e4432de505a4aa1f99292e8458602d5325	In 1898, after the untimely death of Yevgeny Yakovlev, Frese signed an agreement with the French company De DionButon, which allowed him to start independent production of engines.
215e91d0e178c6fc34d9d426abee99eda8bb7ec4	Pyotr Alexandrovich's swan song was the St. Petersburg International Industrial Automobile Exhibition of 1910, at which his company was awarded a large gold medal.
3bef950d1442602916c77b0c66db698bd0340656	After the exhibition, Freze retired from automotive affairs and in April 1918, at the age of seventy-four, he died in Petrograd.
9f0ae588f08aba0e1936fe89318cadb7675265bd	The entry of our automotive industry to a new technical level with the creation of the infrastructure of related industries took place in the 70-80 years, when new and radically reconstructed plants VAZ, Izhmash, KAMAZ, ZIL, GAZ began to work.
a3164a92f164a98f0eddb9820b4bc1bf65576839	Despite the economic difficulties of recent years, the Russian automotive industry keeps production at a fairly high level.
c24e18a88553c7d72e72935b74c33be6b8c2727c	In 1995, more than one million buses, cars and trucks were produced.
0fe2c3ca76ac44f37da44d24c09cf0fd98c28a12	If we count from the car of E. A. Yakovlev and P. A. Freze, then for 100 years the factories of Russia and Ukraine have produced more than 23 million passenger cars alone.
b1617349cdde80cd45d1fd38c7c5446429a5a068	Yakovlev and Freze's Car
3c681d30868895392a7f8930189c6474fde8080d	the first Russian car
f35d7506504a0a95d5d8f27ea2d1f471e98a9c5f	Read about other domestic cars there →
a54879c7a86ab3cdf7c62ec2c08756efcc2fbeac	The creators of the first Russian car are considered to be Yevgeny Alexandrovich Yakovlev (1857-1898) and Pyotr Alexandrovich Freze (1844-1918): on July 1 (14), 1896, at the Nizhny Novgorod Industrial and Art Exhibition, they presented the first car with an internal combustion engine made in our country.
947042956042f684589331371adfb45270dc8f64	It cannot be said that Russian engineers did not look for information about the achievements of science and technology abroad.
282aaa299408be5fdce5f82391d42f0fe7881e32	The famous Moscow propagandist of technical progress and invention P. K. Engelmeyer met K. Benz in Germany in 1883, and E.
151ae982b083d7ad0252b85db4f1cde149100665	A. Yakovlev and P.
9366447c4c701d889787884740c1233e7729218e	A. Freze visited the World Exhibition in Chicago in 1893, where the Benz Victoria car was exhibited.
1e360bb5811439bdd5a117f4cfa0faaa9e034516	Thus, it would be wrong to treat the creation of the car by Yakovlev and Freze as a brilliant insight of technical thought.
177ada0390dce2ff5708d731a6be0fde87241253	Moreover, he was born at a time when there were prerequisites for the birth of the automotive industry all over the world.
e1e324b6e7c50139a22526f2c4bff14485d4e776	It was in the summer of the same 1896 that Ford made the first trip on his "quadricycle", the Paris – Marseille – Paris automobile race was held in France at a distance of 1720 km long, and E. Michelin equipped several hundred cars with pneumatic tires.
a0bce681e3f92e3f350fadc3de2fd59accd517ee	In the same year, Russia introduced traffic rules, the German company Benz manufactured 181 cars, and in England the parliament repealed the law on a man with a red flag, who had to go ahead of any horseless carriage.
e54954c21d103a0f1cd19d4dcad8a4c345a09b48	Both Freze and Yakovlev knew about the experiments with self propelled carriages in France and Germany, and the "Benz" of the Victoria model, which they could see in detail at the World Exhibition in Chicago, struck their imagination.
a83b9bbe274a20715f9e3029e9606937ae4b9b22	The crew part of the first Russian car by design followed the traditions of light horse drawn carriages.
8aa183b2ac419d26233822a5d9f0f4a1c6114bad	The spring suspension of continuous axles was then distinguished by a very large variety of designs, often quite complex.
9a344ed12d63516379a44c1fa680350feafc850a	The simplest design for light open carriages (for 2-4 people) is on four longitudinal semi elliptical springs.
f511e35330134c48dcb105d554aa95f1c3482d11	A large number of sheets with significant friction between the sheets (a kind of friction vibration dampener) made it possible to do without shock absorbers.
eef1e96d80d93e7bbb7fe4448c924fea6f922004	Light carriages often did not have a frame.
68060afa9620e0090ccf41d262e505149a53b1fd	The front and rear beams were pivotally connected by two longitudinal rods, forming, as they said then, a"stroke".
a15edb1fec9994b0da577c36878e7246a0ad5b8e	The body with a frame made of bent wooden beams was an independent load bearing system that was connected to the" stroke " through springs.
c511c987f01e535949a1fd07265c8b33e5fb2d2f	The wheels, equipped with solid rubber tires, did not absorb road shocks well, especially when driving on cobblestone pavements.
3454d610bd7d2424ccbfd388dee89204a8228e15	Therefore, the wheels had to be made as large as possible in diameter (1200-1500 mm).
64fb0af7e769f4f63e78def3bf4ea4bdc459f9dc	In horse drawn carriages, the turn was carried out by the front wheels.
5332b9cae5aed85373483025df1f5c010226925f	The shafts were connected to the outer parts of the hubs, and the axle itself with the wheels turned on a swivel relative to the body.
b25e1d3da1de0a59e25dc7a09b94fc03c28e08a4	At the same time, the front wheels went under the so called "goose" (front of the body), and they had to be made with a diameter smaller than the rear ones, so that the "goose" and the trestles located above it were not very high.
818e58032f0f5fa371519b83f3ad01504ae3b926	But at the end of the XIX century, some crew masters began to install the front wheels on rotary pins.
cd46a2e9ff237857329da3bb3dbe6297702de810	Many crew masters followed these principles, and P.
da77ea1d2125e710cd510b9e6ec62bf7eb2fa754	A. Freze also adhered to them when developing the chassis of the first Russian car.
605b32b99a7684ab18926e61f8e6cb66a3918674	He carefully studied the patent of K. Benz, issued to him in 1893, and found his own solution.
dd6b3ef9d2de1d7d8a666c5067064bb72b9198e0	Frese placed the suspension springs of the front wheels next to the wheels, like those of the rear, non rotating wheels.
f4285324fce82c9f34b1eb738d7b92886e53bdec	The front springs turned together with the wheels relative to the pins, and P.
c6217e4fc1c104840d98be08226dc356ed42853d	A. Freze provided for the pins not only in the front axle beam, but also in the crossbar located above it, rigidly connected to the body frame.
f1172462102e5bdf032dfd678545c4a42e7d901e	For a relatively light (320 kg) stroller, P.
570946e7187fd319cc0571109dfa5c1c6c335514	A. Freze chose wooden wheels, believing that the cobblestone pavement requires a more durable construction.
5cbb7eb4476463b66234ae2c6a5bc20c27908b34	Bicycle type wheels would have been easier, but there were no bicycle factories in St. Petersburg at that time where it would be possible to order wheels.
2df8e6a04aac02b384a913795c7e4c0568a9e415	As for the engine and transmission, E.
bc24f4cd69965814be7b71032d1b0ea3d98a316a	A. Yakovlev followed the path of K. Benz, but he corrected some of his mistakes and made the engine lighter.
dad4dbef7f70f62345ca6f79357309fdc5de1235	In any case, the mass of the car, built by him together with P.
80319cfa180b67f881d9a9deb06cc3b98d3d455e	A. Frese, turned out to be the same as that of the small model "Velo" by K. Benz, the production of which began in 1894.
7f43879e47df1ccb19cf6e600a0dd10cdcd3003b	1 candle lantern;
6d2181396729af32f546605d92d788bf5d790f1f	2 transmission belt brake pedal;
ba95023c41475a0d80f1c75ded6b577e86ec6f21	3 signal horn with a rubber pear;
788a8588a02571f441d18584570f22d9d9a8c618	4 and 5 gear shift handles;
1d0917883ced4455864f0289924900220c82df93	6 additional air spool handle;
69e606c32eebdc63a81055a38934050997621f83	7 gas handle;
b29fbb14f45253cf2a2ef4b4cf71f53f85a14520	8 ignition advance toggle switch;
8f5afe31fdb7af3c4bcfe0bb74d26b5c2f415c85	9 steering lever;
0b01ef296120710160a1cfb82b20a088e13339f9	10 hand brake lever;
8fec0049ef048e2d6ea5c8f1f2a516ba6e41f7b2	11 folding leather upper;
f797bb7afec11291b05ea9ed55378185a53f1df1	12 silencer;
1ccd5dd629dc667158420d801a4c4aadb1e31562	13 rear wheel sprocket;
bf224f1ef65dcafe4d1234002054ec4a6f7205d9	14 carburetor;
09bdbcfca6e800556dbe9694f893d2b10170fbc3	15 with carburetor drain valve;
f2a96c3b1d61fe4493090eb3e133d517c1ea63d7	16 chain;
64f0695cff4a50ec862140a776ef0f8092bc9e98	17 – the asterisk of the differential axis.
5af6f9378aa3c60d2794b90a108ff6cd327008bd	Apparently, E.
584eadb86773cbfb6de7cc80fea2fd4dcc0e6f3e	A. Yakovlev significantly simplified the engine and transmission, in particular, he performed the actual engine of smaller dimensions than that of K. Benz.
9e3df106072ff9f04739071ea4a5f3b1710814a2	The "Benz" engines installed on the "Velo" model, with a working volume of 1045 cm, developed a power of 1.5 hp at a speed of rotation of the crankshaft of 450 min, and since 1896-2.75 hp at a speed of 600 min. At E.
336ba8c6f826645323a2e8671121879a216f3219	A. Yakovlev, this power was 2 hp.
8cae54a3d409ac5d69d1986c28529b68525d66ff	Following the example of K. Benz, E.
7cb84cb55e112ec669b1a08accd7fd97f5795b86	A. Yakovlev also manufactured an evaporative carburetor.
d2ca804c6d797de100e6d951fb7fba5ce233c572	The pictures of the car show its lower part with a drain tap.
10f5f42a4dc31493a11b8ab251f9bccbbbf9a9bc	Such actions were necessary when changing gears.
b2346064eede99194d6010576da523fc8b8811fb	The cars of K. Benz, E.
8868b519255d902c4b8364acdb77cbf7238709b8	A. Freze had a similar transmission design, the basic scheme of which was borrowed from machine tools.
7f3af3a45598e987dab5742867d54fd4582d7fcb	Two chains served to transfer the torque to the driving wheels.
291fadcbfac20e8f180c881b0ef36a9597bb6551	They were connected by an intermediate shaft with pulleys attached to it.
74f5bbf9ee0b071518bc1a7f6de8f9da9d698a61	But this shaft was made split and its half shafts were connected by a differential.
056ffcdfa053ccabb05eebdcd0da9c7a1db8fb21	The maximum speed of the first Russian car was 20 versts per hour.
cfbc0f98e77a86b5546bc4043a27256e761b8a55	The rational combination of their own and borrowed technical solutions indicates the creative approach of E.
0b09e03766be1cc443eef0148f8297d0b338abcd	A. Freze to creating their own "horseless crew".
c3502a0cbc7fecb45de16b8f4170f00aba03d890	At the same time, it should be noted that the appearance of the first Benz car in St. Petersburg (a four seat model "Victoria") could not add anything to the knowledge that the inventors had after visiting the Chicago exhibition in 1893.
8b7a92f5167f4de39bafbe848e84f803fb4aa234	The St. Petersburg merchant E. Zeleny in the spring of 1895 ordered a car to the company "Benz".
7b1076a8e2898c0912d4aac253ae2187cb48788d	The car No. 218 arrived in the capital on August 1 (14), 1895, and it was purchased by the architect A. K. Zhirgalev, who made his first trip on August 9 (22), 1896 to the Field of Mars.
45a1093c2cfc56c16a73c9bef5400a15e7047b9d	It is quite obvious that there was no point in copying this bulky four seater car (it weighed 864 kg) of the Victoria model.
e158dfffe53f08ae87f5159c826b2297ba592169	Pre revolutionary salaries and their current equivalents
5e43a83c3c3f38a27c86d6fc6f641eb45329889e	Russian cars
8b5e2761c34500b21b36d0ffdd520851876d0bd4	from 1896 to 2011
5c09d963812e2028dc266dbfd32e46cf1ca443fd	Military and civil ranks of pre revolutionary Russia, the USSR and the Russian Federation
c90cf8d93031e8d44486e2c37fc47a73f8113f02	Russian fighters from 1915 to the present day
3e9653d1bf9e365fa5187544b80ca404020437e7	Russian tanks from All terrain vehicle to T 90
3d1b5377efe9168918e91060455512ba73b912d5	Russian small arms
4850921d2d6eef0fe75a0376ecb1f85731fbaa75	Russian armored cars
f048eca514d0e9bc446610be841b886a82b75d02	Russian measures
1dd2213db6ceb3da2ce00ab5c7b76d9c67535725	arshin, barrel, bucket, verst, vershok, fraction, inch, spool, line, pud, fathom, point, pound
4a2a624c24e1bab837f67fbad04361aec98487c1	Rating of the subjects of the Russian Federation by the standard of living
92fc687c20894e04055e490a5883695b1b5a9d04	Salaries in the United States over the past 60 years
c39a46e855da2019b3d7e549c34060c8fca24a98	Add to your World Add to your Facebook
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b4bdcd6be855e13d69d4901f994db05a75fd0f0c	VIP vip hall Sheremetyevo f, comfort zone
2459603bbdf432a98c21cde4b590ade1a1d7d200	Content:
59cd566d1ddc02e2cb959fb11e82b1aa6fe67904	Russian cars from 1896 to 2011
ef96075f56a294c61c893f497ece4028af07a65e	Uniforms and insignia of the armies of the Second World War
434d0e5448c5b578096ec91a18a8534ef391dfcf	Salaries, in the Russian Empire, the USSR and the Russian Federation from 1853 to 2010
a3979b60465eec47b7cd80c41cc9733cd347bc4a	The exchange rate of the ruble to the dollar and the dollar to the ruble from 1792 to 2010
81559388f832af975de377ff364a654aebf16c29	Useful tips for motorists
b314f29a5d296c302a6360ef89ba2f185fb4bf7f	« »
d35b5c45d0f2b417377dc884d3ee6c9c7d7946e6	Traffic police exam Traffic police fines Forum Cheap hard hat and CTP
57f5f5efbc5990f5230aa95359042338b856707b	Menu
3bbbe83f8792c6fec6a0fa1f920a5b7236de6952	The main story of the car is the debut of the Russian automobile industry
8672f60f5909073c6f10e543ff63112a9211e61f	The debut of the Russian automobile industry
b5837167d11933886719de37241482b4decc86fc	The first car in Russia
2be5a4c732b9ee0e487da2906181288ea428a78c	” Panar Levassor " by Navrotsky
04c8f493f4dfa9a6fe509caffb91e3d350841be0	According to the employees of the Museum of Automobile Transport, located in St. Petersburg, the very first car drove along the roads of the capital of the Russian Empire on August 9, 1895.
47abb400962cad39534ce6af77e0fccce58041fd	And at the end of this year, several more cars were brought to the country.
b16f2e28d3965fe93c3d7e45e3ff4d34ec01fe28	According to research conducted at the Museum of the History of Moscow, the Mother See saw her first car only in 1899.
d1506e6fd88cf9a4e8ce292a099d15665c70135e	Even earlier (in 1896), there was one famous historical event in Russia – the creation of the first Russian car in St. Petersburg.
c177a227b46a4ca657a4064863bf932ade9517bd	If you pick up the "Journal of New Inventions and Discoveries" for 1896, you can read a note about the production in Russia of crews on which a gasoline engine is installed.
a95e25ee3bb079536609a10066afb0417fd05ea1	The first Russian car
f273beba215ea398c10257e2c7a28208dd1c9afb	Here is what you can read on the pages of this magazine: “The production of carriages with engines, which has taken quite large sizes in Germany, France and England, as well as around the world, has not yet been undertaken in Russia.
955c50b1b71d53ef38b382ad985e782e5491ea1d	It is not necessary to consider, of course, some facts of unsuccessful attempts to manufacture bicycles with gasoline engines similar to German ones.
c2a92801bd746af1b328b78e536d9bb8bc23f5c2	Currently, the well known company “Freze and Co. " in St. Petersburg has taken up the work.
9adfefe981088480c55c58d6642870775f0923c0	The company's engineers are finishing the design of a two seat carriage intended for the Nizhny Novgorod exhibition.
2ec5fbc944494bee4221db7b9ad23ee6f8205229	The company builds only the crew, and the engine will be brought from the St. Petersburg plant, which belongs to E. Yakovlev.
e6b1a4866a70dfdb5b870dac0d75341c81d65716	We had the pleasure to consider such a Russian made car not yet finished.
d153d3598923c5345b16eb5cf4e20591f8d11458	Postponing this description until it is fully manufactured and tested, in which we will inform you about the features of such a machine.
6c04d9d396c498f9b64f2264b3245d4be2700691	If you carefully consider the crew, it is made like foreign designs.
3117627e91c51ebbb651c76c12e7e2e07d840494	However, you can notice additional improvements in it.
d6eea7e92b7eb00a777b1fdbed794907edfce7f6	For example, a folding top has been completed, which will be very useful for our capricious climate.
530d52f7c1087fde4268c1c1f97768cbcc129a2d	Two seat crew of the company " Freze and Co.”
d288a5cc045533cb1698023750eda99fbe555c10	The transfer belts were replaced with rubber ones, which was reflected in the reduced sliding on the pulleys.
fcdc2504723f18288c5115e8ced836f10fbc0ea2	A significant improvement of the front axle has been made.
6204423fbc6ec52b2744ff531349db66b79e7605	Therefore, it turned out to be stronger, and the body lies on the axis with the help of strong, elastic springs, which additionally give elasticity to the entire crew.
2b0cc09bc89e37fdeb875ffaf1973d4dcf4bf0bc	Of course, it has a solid finish and rubber tires.
69606e06db48238ed9e4fbb1bcc15f08eadf9290	A horizontally positioned gasoline engine creates two forces, which is quite enough for the crew to pass at a speed of twenty versts per hour.
c23213da7ab2f033c9dae1b3dc614a8c1aaac73f	There is enough gasoline for ten hours of travel.
fd4ad1beeb0d51c895e7402e6b4e64ff82011e4d	If we touch on the main issue, namely the cost of such a crew, then it is difficult to determine it by the novelty of the case.
a6a6ac1dc18f292edd72163564c18d14944bffb5	However, the employees of the company “Freze and Co. " hope that the price will not exceed 1300 rubles in silver.
75abde7a289f442fd749e632d491cb96344339fb	This will create competition for foreign manufacturers.
2836cca77be7387e7282a9b00e24b4059053d300	Saying "welcome" to the new production of Russia, which is very desirable in modern conditions of movement, I would like to wish him successful growth and improvement.
690e567913c2728c55a5804d0d5479a7847e8a39	After all, there are huge reasons for this, because solid firms that have solid factories all over Russia have taken up the case."
563b8c265c47e4e210497a21e7c8ee044943db3e	Unpleasant, of course, is the fact that neither the car itself nor detailed information about it has been preserved.
52f6a7d035a9465373bacee0150165f24b54b2c1	Therefore, at the moment you can only see a copy that the restoration center was able to recreate using the preserved photos to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Russian car.
c70b300657f7ab45b9ab9cc8d294bc1bcd1884f0	Many manufacturers gathered for such an event.
3f7b2f29ff9006f0ce7e391bf20c858422d685bd	Peter Freze was born in St. Petersburg in 1844.
7f292535eb6e9de141c15cc851d7b05d4b2ff5b1	One of the creators is Pyotr Alexandrovich Freze
028d927013c31c9ddce1756659d1dc11141c6d08	Freze managed to quickly make a career: becoming a factory manager, and then a co owner.
deb98b99bc079eddbda15b31a652c747cc749bad	At the end of the nineteenth century, the company began to be called already as “Freze and Nelis”, and after that – “Freze and KV”.
d1cf16ee29430dcc4cbb23124f3c3ade38cd6ee7	The first results of such an alliance took place in 1896 at the Nizhny Novgorod Exhibition.
cc0c961832b7071a3da74e3644a4df833510b533	The height of glory was in 1910 for Pyotr Alexandrovich the St. Petersburg Industrial Automobile Exhibition, at which the company was given a gold medal.
e123e17a51ffbad5d8728c160eca55da10dff2a6	After the end of the exhibition, Freze was no longer engaged in mechanical engineering, and in 1918 he died.
1d58dbbbf366f5c502669ddf43fb392953ecfee5	That's how the first car appeared in Russia.
b26f72f32ce97e2e7b22b72c4a5f01b075524e45	And, when did the first car appear in your garage, and what kind of model was it?
05f7d3aeea087d3c11c7507da0f9bc6ed966cbbf	News Workshop
10bf3b582421ca02cf5d9b340a9295b759db1ee1	The more expensive the car, the higher the penalty: the proposals are already being heard
44208551299815173864f173c44b542b7a381b96	According to the head of the Moscow Department of Transport, it is necessary to increase penalties for aggressive maneuvering, and dangerous driving should include drivers exceeding the speed of more than 60 km/h in the city, Interfax reports.
03ae83755856ba203d9c5403f0d52430de6bb9d4	M. Liksutov also suggested linking the size of the fine for dangerous driving with the cost of the violator's car.
efebd813f67bfea90b2f38e34c923da820639ea5	Also the head of the metropolitan deptrans ...
89518f3b944592979306898aed45cdb981091348	0 Read more...
7a6a7bb4a71df0b8c97def6262d1fa36abb15178	The Chinese presented an inexpensive electric sedan
04a023d43d201c585eb62ec2c13ad47e5d169a59	The car is an electrified modification of the BYD Qin hybrid sedan, which was launched in December 2013.
6fdd997187d5fc7725eaa27741a002150d85dc5f	The electric sedan differs from its hybrid counterpart only in its technical "stuffing", so the dimensions of both cars are identical: length 4740 mm, width 1765 mm, wheelbase 2660 ...
8011469002f1a960bdbe0dff31e555c9edd43ad6	The traffic police began a traditional round up in Moscow
eb267dba93c33fdd4e74131134603dcb86b95daf	The campaign, during which vehicles will be checked for cleanliness, will be held from March 31 to April 30.
00018680670d1d1ff5596b389e614786c74c14fa	This is reported by the press service of the capital's Traffic Management Center (DPC).
9a892d73b6df63453ac3047381ab1948d5aa6631	The traffic police reminds drivers that, according to Article 12.2 of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation, driving a vehicle with unreadable, non standard or installed in violation of the requirements of the state standard ...
192177cadb226a30e8fcc60f1f9a4952bb77bd76	The ban on the use of a car: now in another country
ca4d56a296ad0f0ba0456bd715156e13fa4d364a	In the period from April 5 to June 30, 2016, a ban on the use of personal cars for one day a week will be introduced in the capital of Mexico, RIA Novosti reports.
fef7459af42758dae5b66b65cd2cecf7fba75fa0	According to the head of the Commission on the Environment of Mexico City, Martin Lacayo, the restriction will apply regardless of the results shown by the car during the environmental inspection.
23fbddbe9dff95ef5dc36f209c38aeb86d20269d	Earlier...
7f0dc82fe54415f94bb07b21e8bfaba173675eaa	CTP: it is impossible to pay for repairs
dc6b29faa41d6027fb6b94281db06bac26e80ac1	Last Monday, one of the topics of the program "Results of the week with Peter Shkumatov" on the Auto Plus TV channel was the discussion of the development option of the CTP system, which implies the cancellation of monetary compensation.
f59395323bc91215b8ab744a3e418f66b986d8f8	The video version of the program is available online.
64927813fa581162fe173d5c77b2a0a94acc81b0	The host of the program, a popular one, told us about the pros and cons of the natural form of compensation for losses under CTP ...
9a51e76a0ffce9265bdab1d02fa0e57d8f5949b6	How much does a car cost in Moscow: the amount is named
9023c5d9a65721e2b3160b76d45a1ee2024b1e23	As it turned out, using a car in the capital costs the owner about 200 rubles a day, not counting the cost of paid parking and loss of time in traffic jams.
627ad36557d07525d1ebe0111850e2d4a8e2c886	This conclusion was reached by the correspondents of the Moscow 24 TV channel, having studied the situation with transport in the capital.
55d46a389ea7368dd9ab432bce9057f3a8686af6	Let's make a reservation right away: the amount of 200 rubles per day is correct if it is ...
708ea6f2a05e092304c8a4eee2467415ce7381b3	Chevrolet Niva will get better and become more expensive
b4f55967258f15d2b9979ec9bcc5b4fd0b69a7aa	So, in the L, LC and LE trim levels, isothermal glasses will appear, moreover, the latter will also get head restraints for the rear row of seats.
eb0ee091bb778353cfc36c2a261b50b2dbcf304a	The GLC configuration now includes a heated windshield, a radio, two front speakers and an adjustment of the lumbar support of the driver's seat.
6db05979068e407f1b17659873be74baab16ed25	In the LE+ configuration (in the photo on the right), a snorkel and engine protection are added ...
23f304cddb7e3a4725609ed6484453e10ccfabe3	Mercedes Maybach will release an SUV
d120cf6583c72db0858fcb658ab5a80e151c462d	As the top manager said in an interview with TopGear, expanding the line of Mercedes Maybach models with the help of a new SUV definitely makes sense.
367a6a6f2e819a778117183a1981cb7ef03a467a	Callenius also noted that he does not see the possibility of releasing a new luxury SUV on one of the existing platforms.
fff8fea3947a616845aa7088c6b57d79dcac2825	"If we take this step, the car will be built on a new generation platform," he said ...
9ca752797717746ccc0f75f1811942c950fd0c0f	Urban Lada 4×4 can get a military version
040adb0ecd362179dbcbd5918e12ad4aac0d25bf	This is not the first time that the Russian auto giant conducts surveys to determine the public's opinion about upcoming new products or possible improvements.
dfa8b3e5c973e6aa07ad2b8cd9c1dacc2405ecda	Now the public is offered to decide: "Is the Camouflage color suitable for Lada 4×4 Urban?"
91fd32eff62ace53e795a3a331a1dfc20c6d0f40	Given the experience of previous surveys, we can assume that if the majority of fans of the model vote "yes", this is the case ...
9b0737c36e50a05540f59f3cc75e11e780459063	BMW made a car specifically for Russia
89d187b165e1ae9a69a3d7fea0d5a837c39c0f3f	Recently, Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev signed a decree according to which the capacity of official cars for state and municipal needs should not exceed 200 horsepower.
ed0a6404e353917873a0873d49cc310a3cdb3182	Another attempt to transfer officials to Lada and other Russian made cars?
7001a5b389d64865bd887a778163b0699ed020a4	It failed miserably!
13a63131b76d4e763d49c66ac80d0bd49fc22c50	The fact is that BMW is already ready to circumvent these restrictions and said ...
e834d59626c81f213ef2203f45c7571b6ea1a5e7	What did the stars ride in the 20th century and today?
56f983c9a3f97b287490ff2f75b19095b0b2e0df	Everyone has long understood that a car is not just a means of transportation, but an indicator of status in society.
769e9421c6ce80976f890f730e2f0e03ef4348c2	By the car, you can easily determine which class its owner belongs to.
00aef49fbf3ef8ae6aa2d93ea861919297528466	This applies both to the common man and to pop stars. ...
7756aa122383b737b37a2fa7237100a3aa70577a	The most expensive car in the world
210c00d6a8b355d06aa4a8ada82032a681fef887	There are a huge number of cars in the world: beautiful and not very, expensive and cheap, powerful and weak, their own and others'.
81f1b95608c542db8e2f3805a90013b983637e4c	However, the most expensive car in the world is one this is a Ferrari 250 GTO, it was built in 1963 and only this car is considered ...
2e6433b868fb8b3df4659b0d4bd3d3c23a081afd	Test of four sedans: Skoda Octavia, Opel Astra, Peugeot 408 and Kia Cerato
f8a7c54ff8b356cd05af1d3dcb208cc4a55322c9	Before the test, we can safely say that it will be "Three against one": 3 sedans and 1 liftback;
d67f94b79f1cecf52fc059aea6e413bda84bde13	3 supercharged motors and 1 atmospheric pump.
ee1a175105278db848adde116ca0070c71b7acad	Three cars with automatic weapons and only one with mechanics.
0ecf32710980bf1ffa8d1f0eb1aba131d618932c	Three cars are European brands, and one is ...
ea062ac313cc67ecdf90b50e7fb528064d5b6be5	WHERE can I buy a new car in Moscow?, where to sell a car in Moscow quickly.
fe18c75f08027dc085ef25743c702c6ddb21a232	Where can I buy a new car in Moscow?
3565655dabb0ae09510dfaff9f2367405f2249a0	The number of car dealerships in Moscow will soon reach the thousand mark.
2dbbc5c6eb9f7b7c9830c499846c8ee9f52647d0	Now you can buy almost any car in the capital, even a Ferrari or a Lamborghini.
e3c0663aba0443e5fd78ca4c8a4ca6d1db0dc137	In the struggle for the client, salons go to all sorts of tricks.
0142fe7076e8bf89699224abd5d187f1f5e2143e	But your task ...
054b964fbc6e0b7304ccd16ca1a1003064a7e3bc	The best cars of 2016 in different classes: Hatchback, Suv, Sports Car, Pickup Truck, Crossover, Minivan, Sedan
04d31782c3cbc0cf1cec63797521b1ae3a60915e	Let's look at the advanced novelties of the Russian automobile market to determine the best car of 2016.
ce48a4093a7555acd7f6058560e99fd6cdc452b8	To do this, consider forty nine models, which are distributed in thirteen classes.
f508311b18637a4a3de6787064f196a139a0a266	So, we offer only the best cars, so it is impossible for a buyer to make a mistake when choosing a new car.
d18cf9b02349570c49f890fbb459be17762a4efb	The best...
62b3c3497c1435a6741a4f9c4836b396c9d9c284	What colors of cars are most popular
bfb72f61408b1a1aca66f1b6ce0ba8dce7ae5d1f	Compared to reliability and technical characteristics, the color of the car body is, one might say, a trifle – but a trifle is quite important.
0d04c3d6f42f27ebf4c23c43b83628dcd87098fd	Once the color scheme of vehicles was not particularly diverse, but these times have long since sunk into oblivion, and today the widest range of services is available to motorists ...
78555415debdb9815c955e8d20e2a61df1d3fd91	Hits of 2016: rating of crossovers by cost and quality
3ddb098b4cf4d4b8efc93c414c8ece17f86afba9	They appeared as a result of genetic modeling, they are synthetic, like a disposable cup, they are practically useless, like Pekingese, but they are loved and expected.
89537b956f670a3278b20a417be642bd95d4dbef	Those who want a fighting dog, get a bull terrier for themselves, who need a sporty and slender one, give preference to Afghan greyhounds, who need it ...
3d4823050ce147acb7fe6893d068e1ce99034714	HOW to choose a car brand, which car brand to choose.
1fef1f56227aeafa1b5ba4b65bbbce1ff20b1516	How to choose a car brand When choosing a car, you need to study all the pros and cons of the car.
202a9954355c19f48c7c4e96ccddb68ca0ade05c	Look for information on popular automotive related websites, where car owners share their experience, and professionals test new products.
8861bdf50c877786eeddd3f8112c7c1e2c120e6f	After collecting all the necessary information, you can make a decision in ...
bb44127d4baf07e606216364fe7a73c9ce2bda9d	Reliability of cars by rating
19fda00457c6dbd371003ce1074cde613af2918c	What are the reliability ratings used for?
781c01e826c7c7fcbd3b2a86905dd05b806af8d2	Let's be honest with each other, almost every motorist often thinks: the most reliable car is mine, and it does not cause me much trouble with various breakdowns.
95f5727c62d357d6af14e658eb2563d3ff54a99e	However, this is just a subjective opinion of each car owner.
5a3f550782775431fc4accfe3849c6e6e4816d58	When purchasing a car, we are in ...
8bdba690b258aa931b5b6b34d899a9d5fefdc85d	HOW to order a car from Germany, how to order a car from Germany.
db8e10695d68f68ad21b683f3e543f946e5c8b0f	How to order a car from Germany There are two options for buying a used German car.
44bacb06795aad805b78986ddcb0fe343112e38b	The first option involves an independent trip to Germany, a choice, a purchase and the stage.
2a5489a01e03c99713208804fc24fd070f924e5b	But this method is not suitable for everyone due to lack of experience, knowledge, time or desire.
9814b2f8c25a74d3ddba97571e2a91f9f0f59e6b	The way out is to order a car ...
7631ceea225cb10bafe0241a717c9d472afe6074	Discussion on Vkontakte
f1764b083a924197c313a3a2712e3d9d741d0043	http://uid.me/uguid/430739092 Igor
cf39c1d0014578ef8de4facb5b4985894e90905f	The car under discussion was first shown to the public at an industrial and art exhibition in 1896.
6ef80993f89aa99eab72372c218da0dd7ddfe63c	It is significant that the Emperor Nicholas II, who visited it, did not even want to look at the "miracle cart" of talented domestic engineers.
199382c6c0d9d227515cf4647cde85fab97e2e08	Therefore, the future fate of the car is quite natural…
39a4beac32130fca27b04587be8af2ffd32fe661	http://vk.com/id4365042 Evgeny Eremenko
f4be8f8789b51816e129a5903e3b2133af3a02ca	In St. Petersburg, the Motor Transport Museum (Konyushennoye) exhibits vehicles of the pre automobile era.
0235eb25f1c421eb42efe3f3f02288dccb3ed5ab	Sleighs, royal carriages, etc.
8a14af7ca8f0a2aa2170c5981858f7269d0baf80	This is very beautiful, but there are few cars themselves.
96fdc0ebcd4559309049fa3b1822b37486e8e7d3	In addition, it is not very clear what year of manufacture the existing cars are, where they came from.
b07a393674f08d6fc72403f6162321e61466359d	Yuri.
e9604c4d6066a63c7cd3dc72b095fb51f748f2b6	The first car is zaz 968m the ginger is still standing in garozhe 1983 year of release this miracle unit 94400 has passed to the engine has broken down but there is nothing to just fix the carburetor and that's it
a49482999512e6f1c3c1be89cfb554165a905837	We recommend the Best
4a8b11ce209fa80a7bc8abcf5300d26b3fa7b95a	Which car to choose for a family man
5b5637f0f6a39fa26aa4de633723e3e350ec8e65	A family car should be safe, roomy and comfortable.
d3f37b07d088e71a96b73e33221af60bf73e36f0	In addition, family cars should be convenient to use.
6e619e77cce0dd570dee7c535f74c6fd345f2683	Varieties of family cars As a rule, most people associate the concept of a "family car" with a 6-7 seat model.
61ac7ea427396ddaad1637247e2068231197f8be	Universal.
46610e273fc8fe2a74d6919fb1edab978e72b1d4	Such a model ...
bad8a640ad76b91614a93300e340a45ecd6913e7	CHOOSE a car: "European" or "Japanese", Buy and sell.
e0f9c83338809d65bc5da185a58981921cff2e09	Choosing a car: "European" or "Japanese" Going to buy a new car, a motorist will undoubtedly face the question of what to prefer: the left steering wheel of a "Japanese" or the right – legal – "European". ...
3ddbabefce5b2e3db661616557d2b37aae1778b4	The device and design of the car rack
d344ec22121ddf4d48201a145737d4ca5be44330	No matter how expensive and modern a car is, the convenience and comfort of movement primarily depend on the operation of the suspension on it.
f5e46c0de247b6b36d4f3a43b2de04c8135357e9	This is especially acute on domestic roads.
abd968728e99ee93630581141539048a7f90b3ab	It's no secret that the most important part of the suspension is ...
e269dc0691582b3b97ac0869591b3c67e1c49e1e	This applies, as to a simple person,...
140ed48714539d2ee27b0905f41c036522b23364	Those who want a fighting dog, get a bull terrier for themselves, who need a sporty and slender one, give it away ...
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acfa6554252c0f84bcf8356295616c647357273a	Which Golf class hatchback to choose: Astra, i30, Civik or still Golf
7a308fc33df0368aca8a49fa3160a5a697b27d4b	The central figures of the local traffic cops do not show any reaction to the new "Golf".
660e06df09fff189e53cf7195fd564ba8f94ae4b	According to observations, they like the flashy Honda much more (apparently, it is rare in Ukraine). ...
ad82c91e9fc68e90a3cf6c4579c070a1779b02bc	The choice of an affordable sedan: Zaz Change, Lada Granta and Renault Logan
1b04740ff2352286bb34db2c29d36bdc1de3f617	Even some 2-3 years ago, it was considered a priori that an affordable car should have a manual transmission.
649c7604e85485478994ae9b8ca9bd3453865501	Their lot was considered a five speed mechanics.
76f043723955e554e295eb0540e47be46d5e0943	However, currently ...
0b2fbc9f67623f834bd783b857cddf4237581ac8	Rating of reliable cars of 2015-2016
41cf3e1e9608e1e702c3541b91cce6413005282b	Reliability, of course, is the most important requirement for a car.
80a24ddffe228d916aebcfe6100bafc2860d4abb	Design, tuning, any "bells and whistles" – all these trendy tricks in terms of their importance inevitably fade when it comes to speech ...
b5bb3e1fd484d5e86eb48b4034f8b3a04e502465	The cheapest car in the world TOP 5 of 2016
77d04e149fd4602410eb1ed9ecbef761bf8697aa	Crises and the financial situation are not too favorable for buying a new car, especially in 2016.
5849487766ac218f34304a986d7626add9b0c0c3	Only everyone has to drive, and buy a car on a secondary one ...
cfb95f0f5392063264e96ed3ba4d584d060bd329	Which car is the most expensive jeep in the world
1e2c450bf2db0e4786bc494c121e6dc8f58b383f	All cars in the world can be divided into categories in which there will be an indispensable leader.
da7e652ea397644508e795adc3c2927564330905	So you can select the fastest, most powerful, economical car.
864d0bcc68ded438f6f3cd00e1f5b7be38fdf05e	There are a huge number of similar classifications, ...
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554fa96d301295072d35b2d3943c23f090ee0a96	HOW to exchange an old car for a new one, Buying and selling.
5fc65d2350e52e05212272ea9aeb97a205b685c4	How to exchange an old car for a new one In March 2010, a program for recycling old cars was launched in our country, according to which any car owner can change his old car for a new one, having received from the state in the person of the Ministry of Industry and Trade ...
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45dc4bf2aaf68586d64865bdeaf71b1c355e68e4	This car can not leave anyone indifferent.
52e4e808a71f96179f9c5875fa601d968265ffd3	You either like it or not.
0149b12eb1313b1a910f4ac4e90acbdde2af098b	According to the certificate ...
16ddd377e6a0b635c5d10f890f11e7159b08a060	Only everyone has to drive, and not everyone is ready to buy a car on the secondary market.
aa8fe50f9a7a25c5ff3afc235713b94c62019f5b	There are individual reasons for this — ...
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1cabcbf6634f38ef6fc3fddcd8a9c24e28e344b3	And yet, there are some models in which ...
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c211f7d1cc187cb4801da6872f956256cb227edf	M. Kornilov
7a2fb2be65a8502855f6ff3e3e97feb55fcd3fd7	The creators of the first Russian car were Yevgeny Alexandrovich Yakovlev (1857-1898) and Pyotr Alexandrovich Freze (1844-1918).
fb07de95b036a0303d67127b0630432198ec26b2	It would be wrong to consider the appearance of the design of E.
83549efb6b69b892359640901294e27eac44700e	A. Freze without analyzing the development of Russian industry.
f4242e65d12f94c992eb457262a83b4c9d773313	At the end of the XIX century, the country was experiencing an industrial boom.
ddce748b7f93095edf50c6c969876f00fb8345ea	Military shipbuilding, the weapons industry, locomotive construction, bridge construction were rapidly advancing and were not inferior to the same industries in countries that are more economically developed than Russia.
b5f792ad6a413792a881013695f4f3f239d913bd	It was in the summer of the same 1896 that Ford made the first trip on his "quadricycle", the Paris - Marseille - Paris automobile race was held in France at a distance of 1720 km long, and E. Michelin equipped several hundred cars with pneumatic tires.
9318763a58342eae2a23810cc1de295174963cb1	He placed the suspension springs of the front wheels next to the wheels, like the rear, non rotating wheels.
ccc2408eb68b8f3f40ea644833559c23ec23cde8	A. Yakovlev followed the path of K. Benz.
4b0d315b7005a6bccc452086e76b03e8e66f4bba	However, he corrected some of his mistakes and made the engine lighter.
411df9857d812cf591df5adaea5f11e58ecb1831	But the Russian car was wider in track, was equipped with heavier wooden wheels (in German - bicycle type) and was equipped with a folding leather top.
8c7e4c428adaf638d0e570744a387c373a040ff7	It consisted of two belts (for K. Benz - leather, for E. A. Yakovlev - rubberized fabric), working on stepped pulleys.
9f39f1a61d01230bef0945d4d87b7fe30cf3abb3	Each corresponded to the lower and higher gears and each had an idle speed.
a0dd6f2cb52efb33fbfd6871d6687468a093c3c0	The movement of the belts and thus the gear shift was controlled using two levers on the vertical axles located to the right and left of the steering column.
3c2165cd6bff22228f1fc8dcd2a57f78a6052294	The rational combination of their own and borrowed technical solutions speaks about the creative approach of E.
79ef996aec9b3bc806985cdf0936ebd970f98520	A. Freze to create their own "horseless crew".
194104394ef191530473ba76dd9814bd64c4ab90	At the same time, it should be noted that the appearance in St. Petersburg of the first Benz car (a four seat model "Victoria") could not add anything to the knowledge that the inventors had after visiting the Chicago exhibition in 1893.
88bea7613b3cc8362131f6f90bd9da71abea535e	If we count from the car of E.
5469dbce7b0d0d07095df3cdda4e1f26f38852a8	A. Freze, then for 100 years the factories of Russia and Ukraine have produced more than 23 million passenger cars alone.
21329ac597728dd0a3071b30ecb572cf1fd4b03d	List of literature
d378772b16387a69594891be357ae5c60dd6cbc7	Materials from the website were used to prepare this work http://referat.ru/
b0ad313499042e4319b80bc47b1ffa375affe09a	Date added: 28.02.2009
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12b2b7105fb312df99f2af086214e266b00e63ae	MAIN
0f32b99776f024a915fc397c3f6c9656bde8a852	Among historians of Russian automobile transport, it is considered established that the first car with an internal combustion engine in the Russian Empire was a car of the French brand "Panar Levassor", brought in 1891 by the editor of the "Odessa leaflet" Vasily Navrotsky.
ad9be80f80739094c3c63bdceded7719598d8f3b	According to the research of the specialists of the Stable Museum, the first car appeared in the capital of the Russian Empire on August 9, 1895, and at the end of the same year several more cars were imported to the capital.
01277bdf42943847982274f4dad324afea411af6	Here is what was written in the article "Production of carriages with gasoline engines in Russia", published in the" Journal of the Latest Discoveries and Inventions "for 1896:" The production of carriages with mechanical engines, which took quite extensive dimensions in France, Germany, England and other countries, has not yet had entrepreneurs in Russia, except for a few and unsuccessful attempts to build bicycles with gasoline engines on the model of German ones.
b0f63ed3cfb4935509a8100b078210ad05b90422	They were the owner of the kerosene and gas engine plant, Yevgeny Alexandrovich Yakovlev, and the manager of the horse drawn carriage factory, Pyotr Alexandrovich Freze.
f5282d24d587d594571ab1cf55ab8308fe564631	The decision to produce a similar "self running crew" by joint efforts was self evident.
849b57bbac6cb604362d2b68633edd2604bb179c	And three years later, in 1896, the first Russian production car was presented to the general public.
69276a5a6c3057c32e6df57e9e0cf854ef27c3ad	It is not difficult to guess that the engine and transmission were manufactured by the Yakovlev plant, and the body, chassis and wheels were manufactured by the Mill factory.
bfc44672cf686fa5de82c7a93aae3ad7949c06a1	Naturally, this car was very similar to the Benz design both in appearance and in design solutions.
d55b2c309006650d028a605aee8a5b593450ec76	However, it was not a repetition of the German design, but its original development.
e93022866706a7ac4366dc61ff6a0c26ecac14b1	The drawings were not preserved, and the historians restored the parameters of the car from the available photos and descriptions.
5a872dbe87668763ac1a5e995c4981f59ce8e3d5	The design of the first Russian car
62949f15d79e6a7335f28a68d30c77e50607afa6	Both in appearance and in design, the first Russian car strongly resembled the Benz Velo, as well as the Richard Duke car produced in France under the license of the Benz company.
22877ad5984927aa33f2fa246db5402083ad7fdd	The equipment of the car included a folding leather top, a horn with a rubber bulb, lanterns with candles.
3ea3c649c8da85481b48c299e8ea732fc19cef0c	The steering lever mounted vertically in front of the seat on the column served for turning.
8a4eec598c85cb2fdd9a8ebb61b7b01c98a769c1	The layout is rear engined.
48be2247d38349c2d8b6fd613ad3cd3f3c8765f9	The engine is 2 hp, four - stroke, with one horizontally positioned cylinder.
52b0b4dda656a7163087b50cc223eaa78f8a7c44	(The "Benz" had a power of 1.5 hp) Water served to cool the cylinder, and the heat exchangers were two brass tanks placed along the sides in the rear of the car.
f5b26827512b87e810513b009fe0f23a49d1bc9b	The ignition of the mixture was electric (a dry cell battery and a patented candle), while many engines of those years used a hot water pipe.
8ef5189f44748123f6fcf2f11ee7be0396e55de7	The carburetor was the simplest, the so called evaporative type (unlike modern spray type carburetors).
35ca1da9b12fe4d9f450b6b08be33106c0c9e472	Its body in the form of a high cylinder was located in the rear left corner of the body.
0549e485e71fe494599f0194b10a8f08ff20f9f1	As with all other Yakovlev engines, the exhaust valve had a mechanical drive, and the intake valve acted, as they said then, "automatically", i.e. from discharge.
70b0f6ad1f1f6030bb2048b64cd3ee83a5e65777	In front of the engine (it was located at the rear wheels), a transverse drive shaft with a differential passed under the driver's and passenger's seat.
3e3af2f061c05955d59e5af3c813460ab9d03bdd	The sprockets mounted on its ends transmitted rotation through chains to the driven sprockets connected to the spokes of the rear driving wheels by six stepladders each.
3cca9c42b792970576f545c68b4281c335522f78	Judging by the ratio of the diameters of the chain sprockets visible on the preserved images of the Russian car, the gear ratio of the main gear was about 5.45.
d99b9c2a1d761357affb1201366ac226998d68c4	The car had two brakes.
0b65cad988631ed89f0c9a9e1fb1fc7955743efb	The handbrake (from the lever located at the left side of the body) acted on the tires of the rear wheels, pressing tiny brake pads against them.
2f8896683ff5c673ef002b67c745d55913a77fe9	It was this brake that, according to modern terminology, was a working one, and the other - the foot brake performed an auxiliary role and acted on the drive shaft of the transmission.
8da726b4877242ed608b166945176d927c1ec25f	The gearbox is an analog of the Benz one, but the leather belts have been replaced with more reliable ones made of multi layer rubberized fabric.
7bf9fda2ed0dbb09cb5b3940c5910e4a1de183c1	There were two forward gears and an idle mode.
95694635b110676bc65d709944b66b258cd1e2bc	There was no reverse gear.
b441ac1029c4393c25be87d6641c56666a10407b	The features of the belt drive made it possible to do without a clutch.
566e532acf2224183cf696bfcc8d61a18bc82ac9	The transmission was a very unusual design from a modern point of view.
1052315e04576d8868eb2f3e3fa758369d7a4543	From the box, the force was transmitted to a differential with transverse drive shafts, from which the drive wheels rotated by means of two chain (bicycle) gears.
2836613262bf3e81c727a9a3911a8b5bf5cde849	That is, the inter wheel differential was not between the wheels, but several in front of them.
e84e404efe633608e6a1a8a252179ece85011d6b	There were two brakes.
b432310d075112eaaa9a5524d1bd661f939d3de4	The main (foot) acted on the drive shaft of the gearbox.
2d00688a50d28d919ee47732bd0f85e8f382d2db	Another (manual) pressed rubber bars to the tires of the rear wheels.
8d06a036f4d8dbf47239a9dc7f724705131bc970	The gears were activated by levers placed on the racks to the left and right of the steering column, there was no reverse gear.
82e80a3aed22876218e14f9a094c1d6f2c48cf24	The car of Yakovlev and Freze was not just a copy of the German model, despite the fact that by 1896 four Benz cars were already driving around St. Petersburg: two were Velo models and two were Victoria models.
d6584d58c9a03aef05790892cdc6267e02529745	In fairness, it should be noted the difference between Russian and German cars in the engine steering, in the design of wheels and other parts.
ea24431f514296b8df31bb541504bba94bc34f47	In addition, the first "Benz Velo" arrived in St. Petersburg in May 1895, when even a detailed acquaintance with its device could not affect the basic design solutions of Yakovlev and Freze.
ec78bb59949715cf0a54db6e3dbd87ef814d0aea	The chassis of the car, made by the mill factory, had a lot in common with horse drawn carriages.
356b73cc0b4638f375fb9a891dbf453fa05db1d3	The body was a double, open, with a folding cloth top.
bfd898e20160087f84da2cb8c1712e1e75b7591a	In general, the whole structure was very similar to a cab without a beam (the place where the driver was sitting) both in appearance and in device.
9c46b30f05d2ef4ff831919dad579c8b92c6257c	The suspension used full elliptical springs (they are also called "carriage").
c6da70baaaf884a112b41b7b09db010d0f247de2	The wheels are wooden, the rear ones are larger than the front ones, with solid rubber tires.
90a6cc59ba58ecae556992b63195339f17ee72c0	The wheel hubs were mounted on sliding bearings - a classic cart solution!
a058981eacc1e12469c0f307d71ca76bec884ca9	The front and rear axles were connected by a stretcher, forming a kind of chassis, to which the body was attached with the help of springs.
8ef4aa8267da0f235de3e2554186bfe4e4e49573	The steering was very original.
4e2b60416314703f6c657c2b8c737109796f8696	The front wheels turned on the pins together with the springs.
ef2dbb5e1199afc7bbd851646bc8cc84805a189d	The carriage itself does not differ in appearance from similar foreign designs, nevertheless, some significant improvements have been made in it, namely, a folding lumpy top is attached, as in covered cabs, which is not superfluous for our capricious climate; the transmission belts are replaced with rubber, which will affect less sliding on the pulleys, which are necessarily small, with a relatively short distance between the axles; a major improvement has been made in the design of the front axle.
1fed6124b3ad773559f753c641fa48829ea5b8a4	Thanks to the improved design, this axle gets greater strength, and the body rests on the axle with strong elastic springs that complement the elasticity of the carriage's movement.
5027de7ccdcfb0e2f03b47b1c63eb5ce5829b645	It goes without saying that the crew is distinguished by a strong, elegant finish and has rubber tires.
8cb609e9f0c07f8cc3bcd94aa9594a793e2496df	The horizontal gasoline engine develops two forces, which is sufficient for the crew to move at a speed of 20 versts per hour on a flat pavement.
b8e71fd5e127a0043b7cd9d1e54be34d6fb55cb5	The supply of gasoline is enough for 10 hours.
fd384be658a43256084c9b26768e273d281c1be1	The question of the brand of the first Russian car deserves attention.
e4eb32da287838b5a2e1b6064688e1efa47694a1	Judging by the advertising published in those years, for example in the St. Petersburg newspaper Novoe Vremya (from May 27, 1896 to April 17, 1900 according to the old style), the car was definitely presented as a product of the E.
cc862cadb92dd2628780b5d8247d95651469a15b	A. Yakovlev factory.
26ec18be4cc6ff26432937c081cc61b41b230bb8	At the same time, the "Journal of the Latest Discoveries and Inventions" (1896. No. 24. p. 2-3) reported that " a well known firm in St. Petersburg, "Freze and Co." (ex.
bd095f78bd05480c66ff231788926a83d2c5819b	Nellis), finishing the construction of a two seat crew with a gasoline engine, intended to be sent to the Nizhny Novgorod exhibition.
9dc7453c4369263148c997fa0519e56083690999	The company "Freze and Co." built only the crew, the engine was built by the St. Petersburg plant of gas and kerosene engines of E.
209fad671eb5a96bd5a780e9171134bc9c10e1f7	A. Yakovlev."
f81488a1c9fa7febb3bb0bc28490b67147692b1e	Based on this quote, it should be assumed that the milling cutter has priority in creating the machine.
c2d1130e0dbf7d4d2e964fcd895c08eae0d7ed4d	However, the dispute was helped to resolve by studying the branded brass plate on the back of the seat.
2c227fe2198f3254b4076d2aa82f628caadc27e0	It is visible on the only negative with a picture of the first Russian car stored in the Nizhny Novgorod regional archive.
8a771bd758425fc8d10f52d835eec7dcafaa6c48	The following inscription is visible on the plate: "Crews, Fabre, Freze and Co.machine builds. plant E.
b5baacf2fd46a44c76e7c4122d0187924bd49e60	A. Yakovleva.
6b9c78d01dc0824ecc3e22ad207ded64d32e3561	St. Petersburg".
e5b6cc048d69a6562b210dbfb4774421cc03a211	It resolves all disputes and gives the right to consider this machine a product of Yakovlev and Freze.
baec5642087e06243320a6ed620b97b21cb0dbcd	In July 1896, the car was demonstrated in Nizhny Novgorod at the All Russian Industrial and Art Exhibition.
32208b07424e6ee5f9c7e1c737bfec5efdf9e9f4	It was in no way inferior to its foreign competitors.
6e8a0e39af7f81caf07bf07eb3be07b4c51cad7c	Yevgeny Yakovlev was born in 1857 in a poor noble family.
a46c986d2fc82675db8270daa97415bad34f88d0	After serving in the Navy, having reached the rank of lieutenant, in 1883 he retired and married, taking a good dowry for his wife.
234d52d69b565b5ea5a001b9a4d9ccfc4de14823	It was with this money that the "First Russian Plant of Kerosene and Gas Engines by E.
a6f444ba33bf3f6a40e5fa0c763f5e491142dd29	A. Yakovlev" was founded in St. Petersburg on Bolshaya Spasskaya Street.
1c690eea3d8b03852fc531c3bc07c10439fa9929	The company was one of the first domestic plants that built internal combustion engines.
30431d87017e0994101c3d1231763ed08efc985a	Yakovlev designed all his engines himself.
c7cc351319011a2173513a1a04fa6837e68d5774	By the beginning of the 90s of the XIX century. his factory already had a solid reputation, and the owner himself had several privileges (patents) for his products.
a311784ce1bb81f34439f80a65aab274e9b55360	In 1893, the World Industrial Exhibition was held in Chicago, dedicated to the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America, which brought together manufacturers from all over the world.
b204515f63131d93c4494a06b4fd6ad7a15fc0b6	Most likely, it was in Chicago that Yakovlev met his future partner Freze.
8925113f9c99edf8fc59cd94db12bcaf3cc9bd42	Peter Freze was born in 1844 in St. Petersburg and after graduating from the Mining Institute, he tied his fate with the crew construction, entering the Nellis factory.
673679324295df92d54446c3b9c97753f8bac53f	Frese quickly made a career: soon he became a factory manager, and then a co owner.
881794378ed94179a0f7be042343e0c8a065a9ac	The aging Karl Nellis, the owner of the company, observing the business qualities of the young partner, gradually transferred the reins of power into his hands.
22d9821e2d14c58f9ce4bfe1fc19d0148d969092	At the end of the XIX century, the company was already called "Freze and Nellis", and later "Freze and K".
8449c4e85d86b2e7d159112a1183d3756ca4ebbe	The authority of the company was so great that in 1893 it was invited to represent Russia at the World Columbian Exhibition in Chicago.
ebd2218fb6fedb0dfda5200e232413968f8b5c7f	The crews of the Milling cutter and Yakovlev internal combustion engines were awarded bronze medals and honorary diplomas of the exhibition.
652e6d63658c3dd44012146b3a6c24d45ea50773	There, Russian machine builders also drew attention to the experienced "Benz Velo", which, apparently, influenced their decision to create their own car.
934be3cd6c76dc82e587dade155a2363c58f1e29	The first demonstration of the result of this cooperation took place at the Nizhny Novgorod exhibition in 1896.
c32522725a098c374783dc87c9c077a57858a967	After the exhibition, Freze retired from automotive affairs and in April 1918, at the age of seventy four, he died in Petrograd.
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4a61bc0c70c06e3a57f2d7f88227c2f14fecb6e3	Now it did not need to be harnessed to horses, it had pedals and moved with the help of two men who stood in it and pressed the levers.
6034f602ea705f7e2a489942dca52e1baa67149a	A few years later, in 1791, the famous Russian mechanic Ivan Petrovich Kulibin already mounted a three wheeled cart.
41dcf8bd927482a8ea8701680f753721f7579107	At about the same time, unknown craftsmen invented other self propelled guns, which instead of a motor were equipped with wound springs by analogy with clockwork mechanisms.
2e2f36edb1825f6209cee22e880a92a0fbe5cce2	The next step was the creation of a steam engine.
93ca51a9761992c11fe8d8d8ad60c764eec6c4e2	The inventor of the continuous action steam engine was a Russian mechanic Ivan Ivanovich Polzunov.
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6f4d2212154ea9f35b38e8516db80b8de5e2a358	The first CPUs appeared in the 40s of the XX century.
cf30385afa3770ce9e647537c673563223905063	Then they worked with the help of electromechanical relays and vacuum tubes, and the ferrite cores used in them served as storage devices.
396c0af625800cf9e319f40121269d82b04677a3	For the functioning of a computer based on such chips, a huge number of processors were required.
6ba70d0eb194b054c0fadb9e398719744f3786fb	Such a computer was a huge case the size of a fairly large room.
c044e16ed5d713dad39ad282670da5267a12c68e	At the same time, it released a large amount of energy, and its speed left much to be desired.
259a8632b84736e1f3289f0fe17e68b561cef94a	However, already in the 1950s, transistors began to be used in the design of processors.
661da35dfb2d14ed4ab7e274e01196cba5a2873e	Thanks to their use, engineers managed to achieve a higher speed of operation of the chips, as well as reduce their power consumption, but increase reliability.
12eee38da6bc2b1a10189a2dd5042ac9ec61bb11	In the 1960s, the technology of manufacturing integrated circuits was developed, which made it possible to create microchips with transistors located on them.
8361b2fc4f244b742631b201417e00beca4a2e28	The processor itself consisted of several such circuits.
651a4a8b87e4e38227f3235af5fdf24e44bcce5e	Over time, technologies have made it possible to place an increasing number of transistors on a chip, and therefore the number of integrated circuits used in the CPU has been reduced.
72157c834c6a198ede03d893b15bd89c8473e87e	Nevertheless, the processor architecture was still very, very far from what we see today. But the release of the IBM System/360 in 1964 brought the design of the then computers and CPUs a little closer to the modern one-primarily in terms of working with software.
a10439530b32dfb223ec1b642ca34ec650aee43b	The fact is that before the advent of this computer, all systems and processors worked only with the program code that was written specifically for them.
c4d1956cfb88727d37384eb85020f7b05fd3095e	For the first time, IBM used a different philosophy in its computers: the entire line of CPUs with different performance supported the same set of instructions, which allowed writing software that would run under any System/360 modification.
db1b1cfee83df0c49a7232417853458a172cb5fd	By its architecture, the IBM System/360 processor was a CISC solution.
ea4bf30f4db54c8a9d39c3b44a93357192b7f1f7	As you know, all integrated circuits are divided into two large categories: RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) and CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer).
69a4c1ad0d4987c46782e62ce8d3efea40e5cbfd	The latter work with complex instructions, while the former work with simplified ones.
08746a30473aa38ee43bf3f9dd021739818f9fa3	From the point of view of modern achievements, the complexity of instructions for CISC processors is that their length is not limited.
05bc0bf0e235bb031eb811dc2573a5ec74c887ed	In addition, they can contain several arithmetic operations at once
196ddf2f6f2ed2dde9248d6888bbb2d0d4a0af3d	However, at that time, the RISC design did not exist in principle, and IBM, as well as other manufacturers, used the CISC architecture until the 1980s.
3085412c93239068af86fce99c3699bae2b77aac	The System / 360 had some other features as well.
d5f3e8308fe7b313141a4ef0ecda16b80b86073b	For example, an 8-bit byte was implemented in a computer for the first time — before that, the byte volume was 6 bits.
e85d31c8a40cddc7d36f78527b12f3fe555096f3	Also, System / 360 became the first 32-bit system in history.
a00a4cec9d6c9142ac79328729e13275eb94b1cb	The computer was also able to work with virtual memory, and the older models of the line supported the technology of virtual machines.
8f1719cd5d9969b90716d56d1c1102b434558de9	In short, the System/360 processor already resembled modern solutions in many ways.
8566d4fe1a27386984f3d3b2966282ac6a74222c	Despite the high cost, the System / 360 has become relatively successful in the market.
1a2aa4b918133ed6e5a19edf945bd6f9db693dc6	During the presentation of the computer, about 100 thousand businessmen were present in all cities of the United States, according to an official IBM press release dated April 7, 1964.
462c5f5fc60b0ad6273eacf8171c1682d7ea9cdf	In the first month, the American company received more than 1,000 orders for the IBM System/360 and another thousand in the next four months.
197ba9869a4dcc2344b05d179146153382c41023	For that time, the figures are more than impressive. The System / 360 computers were also actively used by NASA to control space flights during the Apollo program.
2d5476ff50c83b7a3e0b2a2949985d6fde4e2bc3	In the first half of the 1970s, the processor market was just beginning to gain momentum.
dfba0812afbaa7fad20c06a56e70864cdf99dbb6	Intel was already getting into the leading positions at that time, Motorola was trying to keep up, and MOS Technology for a couple of Zilog pleasantly surprised and did not let the first two relax.
9e9b5739db31d61ecca6854371345b390c38b1d2	The development of the 16-bit Intel 8086 processor started in the spring of 1976.
66ad066c9c34d65491c915400d6991705ac80f5e	The company had very high hopes for this chip, but at the same time they understood that the existing 8-bit processors would not be able to ensure a stable financial position of the company.
7f67eac43fb637e716b705fa84587ac43f0fe60f	In addition, it was a matter of principle for Intel to shift the Zilog Z80, developed, as you already know, by Federico Fagin, from the leading positions.
683b18b303cbfeb4a318e853a532bd41057f47b7	Therefore, it was decided to develop a temporary replacement for the iAPX 432 in the face of the 8086 processor.
082106013a26bfc376f9981e410fa65304050c57	The development of the 8086 was entrusted to engineer Stephen Morse, who compiled the main specifications of the processor and its architecture by mid-summer 1976.
9e2c97f46a4881a5642b34e1a9155e2e6f6eba28	It took Intel two more years to create it.
6d9432c02b75a82f111877d2b8e28aeb16fcff8a	And on June 8, 1978, the crystal 8086 was officially announced.
f124806fbea0cbd0c0d6ac6b7322cdc066a3715a	Its clock frequency was from 4 to 10 MHz.
8c085fb5e5c431f58cb9d980b07c39cda76e1d1b	The bit depth of the registers and the data bus was 16 bits, and the bit depth of the address bus was 20 bits.
ec639394c92df5c65e699b3bf8251ac25dae49bf	The amount of addressable memory was 1 MB.
d81f505e69cb3d72fd6ebd50c47f7b392aa2383a	The maximum heat dissipation of the 8086 was at the level of 1.75 watts.
c9c107bd5e2e9deea95bba6dca410594109b688c	A 40-pin DIP was used as a form factor.
434ad999f9f4e47fa47404010363b063af0bfafe	During the development of the processor, Intel engineers did not set the task of backward compatibility at the 8086 software level with the previous 8-bit models, but most of the programs written for the 8080 crystal could be run on the "eighty-sixth" after recompilation.
4689a853294d4e97a109812535e317ee25f3de73	The Intel 8086 was about 10 times faster than the 8080 index model.
14ef5d44b5526e4e69bedc1816c2de1917ca6b41	The processor became the first implementation of the x86 instruction system and the architecture of the same name, which later became a kind of standard and is used in AMD and Intel crystals to this day.
ab43f648c2f3c3d80cd922447930ab21b655c958	However, at that time, Intel did not even suspect how successful their project would be.
1ac13aa376a90f11299a97d13c530d79ea029b45	Sales of the 8086 were very sluggish, and in 1979 the father of the "eighty-sixth" Stephen Morse left the company.
a17104b003603e9c7009b4c38d5f3bfb49d3e539	The reason for the weak sales of new processors was that 16-bit support chips were needed for their operation.
04788f075715673e53b2c9af89774b519dffb138	At that time, the market was focused on the production of auxiliary chips for 8-bit processors, and 16-bit solutions were very expensive.
99e9997b63d0d182667d9706db42bd1ce2e48ff6	Therefore, most manufacturers still relied on budget 8-bit "stones".
c3f202847bf9d07bbd5d0f2e71bd39f077db927c	Immediately after the end of the development of the 8086, Intel engineers started a new project — the 80186 processor.
3ae61b808bcb491753a5bfdb21383235189360f0	This chip was based on the same architecture. As you know, the main disadvantage of the 8086 was the need to use numerous support chips, so it was decided to abandon them in the 80186.
a565b7982811a99234f18789454fa11894063330	All the necessary components were transferred to the processor itself.
b1d725ce2904a515707faaa0f27539572df2f12e	Thus, the 80186 architecture already included two direct memory access controllers with interrupt circuits( DMA), address decoders, a three-channel programmable timer counter, a synchronization generator and a programmable interrupt controller.
8b2cf19eeed956084822ef3323a4410117bca6c0	Additional commands for working with the stack and I / O ports were added, new arithmetic commands and commands for implementing high-level languages appeared.
a414d85fc94f9e1a199b2920dbc0da5d57a5dbc7	Two leaders have been identified among processor manufacturers: Intel and Motorola.
f01e6d91dcc3b6be4aef45a267c76895d7f7e2fe	At the same time, IBM and Apple began to struggle in the segment of ready-made computers.
8c479369354e9d458e962a9bf0835dc580f00a73	This is the end of the short period of 16-bit processors.
afac616a6d3f27409e9ab743d14fcb411a3e21db	The next step was the launch of 32-bit crystals.
f9539fe44609d4533feeec932a5ae9a509c9ab95	Three years after the release of Intel 80286, its follower, a crystal with the index 80386, saw the light.
530b26bff330a06051dd0be92bc3ad6f4719a49f	"Three hundred and eighty-sixth" became the first 32-bit processor of an American company.
3b54104afe403316991160474862319bb2e601b8	Despite the fact that the Intel 80386 was still based on the x86 architecture and maintained backward compatibility with the Intel 8086 and 80286 processors, it underwent many changes.
cab783c077d9441541e685370b9acfe3b17319ed	According to some estimates, the x86 architecture did not receive such significant changes as in the case of the 80386 "stone" for many years.
a38c70ca2ec0cbef0cbab3a5cbccf8a75e907a8d	The first i386 was introduced on October 13, 1985 and had a clock frequency of 16 MHz.
ddf2edab7647751d36a35d15b700dacdcb464b29	Subsequently, this modification of the" stone " received the prefix DX-the model became known as the 386DX immediately after the launch of the cheaper 386SX in June 1988
42f3aa761f507355c4541259c91d0283276bbea8	The DX prefix stood for Double word eXternal, which emphasized the processor's support for a 32-bit external data bus.
ddcebe61287cb59f09d099338cf5b5681479ffdc	The clock frequency of the 386DX has increased over the years.
26026cf37fabf973704fbc205fd0d89c23656eba	So, in 1987, the frequency was increased to 20 MHz, in 1988 - to 25 MHz.
97affa2e5db70e52427ebb7c2f42f581d7372525	And in 1990, a modification with a frequency of 33 MHz went on sale.
75500bc1ac21bb3a9b9821272cce491e55a880d7	At the same time, the processor's power consumption remained at a fairly low level — even lower than that of the "eighty-sixth".
aabd3f9a612b14e56767aa16534db082a697ecde	The 386DX was available in several cases: for example, in the PQFP 132 and in the ceramic PGA 132.
4aef8986004332c5044435eca1e79b98199bc336	By the end of the 1980s, the situation on the processor market, as you can see, had changed slightly.
4ec47c84f28923454b7c77d9590c9b0a0f97a35d	Intel only strengthened its position, and Motorola, in turn, tried to keep up.
aef530b4f86bd027d8477ea518a14967e9e15fce	A little later, in the early 1990s, AMD loudly declared itself.
f4985f168a34f810035d75965eb8e363756997fb	However, these companies relied on time-tested CISC architectures, while many others began to produce processors based on the RISC architecture.
38a6603414a2c8d835cc17b4dbc889d33b891722	There were many interesting and promising developments among them.
51f8e4d5c9fefc929fd9812609b6b42ca0582fe1	As has been repeatedly mentioned, all x86 processors, Motorola solutions and the vast majority of crystals released in the 1980s had the CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computing) architecture.
aff7a6a3ebc3bc27fc7658f805fe3abc35b86e80	The combination of all the features has led to the fact that the chips have become not only complex and expensive to produce, but also reached their performance ceiling.
16982a4fd86351aedb00a6cda5b9de750c88c958	To further increase the speed, it was necessary to increase the number of transistors, but the mastered technological standards did not allow creating more complex solutions.
a3792c2295cc6224903934fda042049f0838b56b	Intel faced this when releasing the i486 family.
83609517337517bb5944fde956ccc3f2a904beb2	To improve performance, they made changes to the processor architecture, adding cache memory, multipliers and pipelines.
874a95491194bdf094963435160254a72f47fa5d	At this time, AMD was already developing its first proprietary architecture.
42caad5049c0212eb20ddbbc27798c00e24aba6b	And in 1996, the K5 platform was introduced, which was supposed to compete with the Intel Pentium.
a8113f53009ddb05e2e6259370cc1a2eff7c3925	The architecture was a RISC core, but it worked with complex CISC instructions.
e5d377df78dd770862326c320c15c83598a3c8b0	This was possible due to the presence of a translator in the processor, which divided long instructions into simple RISC operations.
6308501f22daddbb2d86649fe17aea41c93d36fd	All K5s had five integer blocks and one floating-point calculation block.
0929afee304814691d256aefeb15726017cb8bb6	The architecture also provided for the presence of a branch prediction block, the size of which was four times larger than that of the Pentium.
7f7fc51b8fa4647344a97a023d4f0fab2c78a31f	The size of the instruction cache was 16 Kbytes, and the data was 8 Kbytes.
f6094808a6bb734eb03ff84831122b7efce9d1ad	The clock frequency of the processors ranged from 75 MHz to 133 MHz.
c00b1059e7c7da48a77ee0caa5edb48f034dea6e	Despite the fact that the architecture was superior to the Pentium in many characteristics, in practice the K5 processors were inferior to Intel solutions and were not widely used.
e90cc757b85b72eaff81919465015ea5f6d8cd99	So, we talked about what RISC processors were, and also delved into the technical details of chips produced in the 90s of the last century.
5b3787a4a3eb229d8760a23094840717cffc98d5	You have already noticed that a lot of interesting developments have appeared at this time.
b43fe4b361d746ad4970d518dc777778733acaf2	In addition, this decade marked the beginning of a long and interesting rivalry between AMD and Intel, which continues to this day.
73edc4490d699deaa787c4565602cfc88d44a844	Long before the company released the K7 platform, AMD and Motorola entered into a partnership agreement, under which Motorola factories could be used to produce new processors.
030d299bdab5ed75c2be88349036a3ae87e6d661	The result of their cooperation was the technology of crystal production using copper compounds.
5456baab528d6ee6c5a0915c834a1c34bf823a3c	AMD newcomer Dirk Meyer was responsible for the development of the K7 architecture.
f7df2263eb42d2fcb9812a9f12011ff534177a62	At that time, the future CEO of AMD had only recently joined the company.
96c7607cce754546195eeb0c11cf29acb2434343	Prior to that, he worked at DEC and was directly involved in the development of Alpha processors.
d82f3763258285cc410d9af368c0cb17dc5b728b	In 2011, the K10 was replaced by a fundamentally new Bulldozer architecture.
b9fb3f5e5d33cfa415f44bc275729e59ad784518	The main difference between the "Bulldozer" and the previous platforms was in the very structure of the core (or rather the module).
ad5490bc0cb191e17a10bc9572e2132f47dd67ba	Each module contained two cores, each of which had its own block of integer calculations and a cache memory of the 1st level.
63a278c8b820ce6f436107f944ccc372ce54cd1f	In terms of work, the "building block" was similar to Intel Hyper Threading technology — we can even say that the ideas of the "Intel" technology were implemented here at the hardware level.
14610a8e1b65967d4bca4318804f555e2673b3d1	And as for the near future, we will certainly have a lot of interesting things waiting for us.
0bf116650d38ccb350c852597b62c1ad28c04e91	At the end of this year, the release of the 14 nm Intel Broadwell architecture is planned, and the new Skylake platform is planned for the second half of 2015.
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d085879e1d0362b3d2ca5ddde43685c37d750f2f	Topics: processor
a9c2a16f2cda4aa679fc692a0671406666f89023	The evolution of processors.
bb7f80c1dcb687f3c5ec7751ac4d72cc91c9f4f8	Part 2: The 16 bit Era
78dff53fe6866995752841fd3862e2112f35f501	30.06.2014
792df488a8401175af25a6be7a1ea2891bf0cf22	Oleg Kolenchenko, info@ferra.ru
fd62e227965c42b5701422848f4a1ea01cdcea03	Print version
32903fa4bcf601c7c5ec19f822116b84dc99d11e	In the 1970s, central processing units developed very quickly.
8af09eb7bb559937abf0ea27611cd44908ebf4f4	First, 4 — bit crystals appeared, then 8 bit ones.
1cd82ab9eb30507fde138577d4c58d3462600980	When they also revealed their potential, manufacturers took up the development of new 16 bit processors.
8c1a472253e995cff2a354abb0b1a95b606cefb3	They will be discussed in this material.
1a428989bd13dceabd89b698d9fa38eb8a0d175c	Table of contents
f1de74310638578e8a722258b99034b3e0b6cd31	Intel 8086/8088 and x86 architecture Intel 80186 and 80286 Motorola 68k and Apple computers DEC PDP 11 WDC W65C816S and Zilog Z8000 Instead of conclusion
ad0e77928f0d5cc4acebf6215531f475af8280f4	In the first part of our material, we told you about the development of the industry in the 1940s and 1970s, as well as about the creation of the first microprocessors.
7c9f1898e958a395d7cc000df109b5c4f38ca846	By the end of the seventies, the potential and performance of 8 bit chips reached their ceiling, and large companies began to develop and produce 16 bit solutions, which will be discussed later.
7251158177016e37c4790ed04350cf878a0dae9c	How legends were born
bbdaeab92d844a1e2569e1e950240a1d9da8793c	Image source
963436f8c6c6edb4e8e9be2f9cb4a9d581951daf	Intel 8086/8088 and x86 architecture
211ccb558df3c36b9af3312a5d98a03e66070e7d	By the end of the 1970s, the market for 8 bit processors was crowded.
50f35530ae0bc466623e869b3fae57974cf18209	The crystals of Intel, Motorola and MOS Technology companies sold well.
0466e60b2e7368a5096d438ef9bd73e0a2e16e48	The Zilog Z80 chip was considered particularly successful.
c690a3afe57151241ab2798eddad3f87644d85c1	In addition, clones of these processors were distributed on sale, which often differed from the original models by significantly improved characteristics.
41ad2cecc0829a0d86702b09fce5a25d4a3e8c19	The development of 8 bit solutions has reached its limit, so major manufacturers have concentrated on the development of 16 and 32 bit "stones".
4fb994bb8360998d2c99b8fdff0966a1273250b3	The development of the 16 bit Intel 8086 processor started in the spring of 1976.
fc63d5d5c7c85ab746a19746dd1dde1de66ed2f6	At that time, the 8086 project was considered only an intermediate stage before the launch of the 32 bit iAPX 432 architecture of the same name.
eb333240abee7f3f54eac1a55beec591a3a36552	The company had very high hopes for this chip, but at the same time they understood that the existing 8 bit processors would not be able to ensure a stable financial position of the company.
860bb34226058c31758262feadbd87e168ee93a4	Intel 8086 processor
9c1a573d09f0c415ec285e29e46e4d61f32f3b5e	The development of the 8086 was entrusted to engineer Stephen Morse, who compiled the main specifications of the processor and its architecture by mid summer 1976.
c4cb8b75d46711df7d88380ee145bb6ea21c4dea	The processor was produced according to a 3 micron process technology and contained 29,000 transistors.
c737c5a929004ee97ee70edd2fa4d32b45f65612	A 40 pin DIP was used as a form factor.
cf05ffc1ea58dec8f703793d11faf95adb3099d5	During the development of the processor, Intel engineers did not set the task of backward compatibility at the 8086 software level with the previous 8 bit models, but most of the programs written for the 8080 crystal could be run on the "eighty sixth" after recompilation.
445470e65dbddbd32d41eaf553f47266ecc6c33a	Stephen Morse (right) - the father of "eighty six"
1263e8f68b99fcc25b2b10273c2fce5b3b35603f	Sales of the 8086 were very sluggish, and in 1979 the father of the "eighty sixth" Stephen Morse left the company.
ef4927e0728c82246c4afe5d4c1a48cfd068132b	The reason for the weak sales of new processors was that 16 bit support chips were needed for their operation.
4714c34864779355434ead72398bd3b6d21bc53a	At that time, the market was focused on the production of auxiliary chips for 8 bit processors, and 16 bit solutions were very expensive.
9a78f4d51cd7c7e6cd123929dee11ef800902eb7	Therefore, most manufacturers still relied on budget 8 bit "stones".
d683842c6b5cb025709e0a3d3f2dc083e006a1d9	To solve the problem and increase sales of the 8086, Intel went an interesting way.
32eedfed4a2a2d7edee592aef8f9e344dfb0fcb4	In 1979, they released the 8088 processor.
8ac8a7f469b4567b53120b0543cc98e4d6886cfb	The "eighty eighth" was a complete analog of the 8086 crystal, with the exception of the modified data bus.
ce6b07f638e64693282210436b89a8443c5dac77	Its width was cut from 16 bits to 8 bits, which allowed it to work with 8 bit support chips.
9bef260bd082b84eee935065afcdd1ed86da46ee	With one small change, Intel has finally set the stage for the use of its 16 bit processors.
17f21cb786ba38884e75dfc00a987be91f82d897	Intel 8088 processor
cbaca6f65a002c427984913656a406f4a6d1c7d0	The results were not long in coming.
d196ec771b23889d3039097d35308c08a95cc696	At that time, IBM was just beginning to develop its subsequently very successful IBM 5150 computer.
e24d096f2977dd363bf5424c06d81577cf5aa9bd	It was decided to use only a 16 bit processor in the system, and IBM engineers had to choose between three models: Motorola 68000 (we will talk about it later), Intel 8086 and Intel 8088.
9f40d723252878db6dbe0cf05cec79e8c883765a	For IBM, Intel's "stones "were more familiar and convenient, so the choice was made in favor of the"eighty eighth".
11a921a8ec1c519e1951858ca2e3d88ccd5befda	In addition, simpler 8 bit support chips could be used to operate this processor, which allowed IBM to create cheaper computers.
52e5f7f1aacd9e3aa69e8fe5b8afd5d53331d4eb	Another advantage of Intel crystals was that Microsoft already had the BASIC programming language for 8088.
e4f285b4b844a2353ae2232a23ae34147a7edaed	The development of the 5150 computer was of great importance for IBM.
0b757f0a3390232115dadf10f977740b21baa276	In the second half of the 1970s, the personal desktop market was actively developing, and IBM did not pay enough attention to this segment.
9f05e88b8232a909ca5f3d2dbd264b428904d7e2	Of course, the company was aware of all its prospects, and therefore it was decided to develop its own computer model.
7a6f8ea19a5631d82ea9ad3fef36697dc03a34bd	The IBM 5150, the first model of the IBM PC line, was released in 1981.
fd5eadfcf76eeb5d021e0e66c22d69d4ab9b870c	The top version of the computer was estimated at $ 3005.
404211bc6f6c7589572209ce0764f2dc98641827	It was equipped with an Intel 8088 processor with a frequency of 4.77 MHz, and the amount of RAM was 64 Kbytes.
5e81d3e930c2d24cb35cd774b232cc103dfdfe7f	The IBM 5150 used 5.25 inch floppy disks as a data storage device.
c70c9c68e4677fdf85e4467321be4ea5dfb322b4	And a little later, computer models appeared on sale that allowed using audio cassettes as a data storage.
2a1c6696a1d940cbfa9e03911d7ca245e47058c4	It was impossible to install a hard disk into the system, but after a while IBM released a hard drive that connected to the 5150 as an expansion module.
34d3e7f3a7fa225ab9da10cf0a754e067557cdeb	The computer had several expansion ports, through which, in addition to the hard drive, video adapters, cards with I / O ports and other devices were connected.
3c513e04be20d3d7d9abfe7b813d00df57d9a5b3	The younger version of the desktop cost almost half as much — 1565 US dollars.
d114eb59e1bf892336fb05b9914a05a6703d4451	The" stripped down " model used the same Intel 8088, but the amount of RAM was only 16 KB.
761c618c274186425b2e42932f5b1ea2cf12e870	Secondly, unlike the older version, the younger one was not equipped with a CGA monitor and a floppy disk drive.
4023a643d402bd9070c1eea1ba57873f74c86545	It was proposed to use a TV as a display, and it was possible to store data on a cassette drive.
9cf2d51b64fa4ca8994aa7067d072d56010e7d0f	Also, unlike the top end version of the IBM 5150, the younger model did not work with the PC DOS 1.0 operating system (which later became MS DOS).
5c7da4cb65b0f1af3600bfdd2591d4b0344dd9c2	IBM 5150 computer
ff49ddba816638610957bc3b4232f2036827e070	Not to say that the success of the first IBM PC was stunning.
5a5972168272aae89fd2032312fe9a18621925ea	Yes, the computer sold well, but no more.
13736c09f9eb8eef53c73618e5a07ce54fa0f1c1	At that time, it was possible to buy a personal computer at a lower price and with better characteristics than IBM.
13bfeaaeb47497d2da20a2dfe92ee6f056bd7c8e	Often, the IBM brand itself played into the hands of sales — everyone knew it.
8895c75c3bd4690737c4bd2b7def5386225ea16b	In March 1983, the company introduced an updated version of the 5150 called IBM PC/XT.
8c18a1953b0c12ce6a26bb7c7c24b01edd9552f2	The computer was based on the same 8088 processor, but at the same time it introduced many changes.
71d13f5097d210d3ad52a7c2e67bf6fde8a62bd5	So, a full fledged hard disk with a 10 MB ST 412 interface was finally added to the computer, and the RAM capacity was 128 KB or 256 KB.
98074e8861ad686e6164c59396b3efbf5618ba79	The computer was equipped with a monochrome MDA video adapter or a 16 color CGA.
139f1a443d2b69ef26167a2ad6ab12a48130350f	After some time, it became possible to use the EGA adapter in the system.
3c1c5246924bd451dedb961af04bca6e40f2fd38	As for the operating system, the IBM PC/XT used PC DOS version 2.0.
f0e3b564c9781ef7e600ec591dd5177fc43b5eca	Externally, the IBM PC/XT was not much different from the 5150
5ac0469a227f956e376847fcdf0f4024830f509e	Interestingly, IBM did not protect the architecture of the PC computer with copyrights, and therefore a huge number of clones of this model appeared on the market, which also used the 8088 processor.
862c97b301114adc5598c586e907dd3353cb0acb	Intel only benefited from this state of affairs.
99751d4c92bcc3e906946edb50f3c4cf04790919	It is worth noting that the 8088 processor itself also had many clones.
7363ebeeda5923b28341362c4d652975ba799e01	Such large companies as AMD, Siemens, NEC and others were engaged in their production.
f212da782815ac59012f0a788d0f1c2374c50908	Intel 80186 and 80286
c9f9410d28dec628925e6d3e045f716fb27417bf	This chip was based on the same architecture.
274f60fbb12ac6688c61b94d1e4e3fdfa6477b50	As you know, the main disadvantage of the 8086 was the need to use numerous support chips, so it was decided to abandon them in the 80186.
693a6f22f391e3f4c06494c5f9a177254187ded1	Thus, the 80186 architecture already included two direct memory access controllers with interrupt circuits( DMA), address decoders, a three channel programmable timer counter, a synchronization generator and a programmable interrupt controller.
273ed555114ca735f26fccad79b81dac38d119e9	In addition, the system of internal instructions has been significantly expanded.
c128d2f1df0179ddf533468a103c898660fe01e0	Additional commands for working with the stack and I / O ports were added, new arithmetic commands and commands for implementing high level languages appeared.
8a5cae93c0d1e1b9a017366368eed40ca48a18fd	Intel 80186 processor
51e1259c062c77181a9d7b4e1908c0ee2265eb7e	As for the technical characteristics of the processor, here it was not surprised by anything.
d4b302d3c5f3bf645c017b248548fd1fea92d549	The crystal, like the 8086, was produced according to a 3 micron process technology and contained 134,000 transistors.
89c7b5cb386a3d5e25da30b2a12a293280a05586	The bit depth of the registers and the data bus was 16 bits, the address bus was 20 bits.
a90e3cc43f1206687df86b0df074f72c510f17d1	The amount of addressable memory was still 1 MB.
fbecd209831c1bd5e70be0b616ae48747258239f	The clock frequencies ranged from 6 to 25 MHz.
05f662d288c12ec0cce5ba560130eacb95f09b9e	Due to the significantly redesigned architecture, the 80186 could not be used on IBM PC compatible computers, which is why it was very rarely found in computers of that time.
2f542065f6ab5197a0a63d90b7a57b325acf1614	Among the few models that use this "stone" are the world's first laptop Dulmont Magnum, Mindset computers, Siemens PC D, HP 100/200LX, HP 1000CX, Compis and RM Nimbus school desktops, as well as some other devices.
b7742741bb01c7b2c5e7f4a7b9ce693c55bfa223	Dulmont Magnum
441835a82e94daa36146aef8af4f5d33fbb4aac6	Intel's next step was to launch a processor with the 80286 index.
5db004061a97e6832818a8c13ce9ffc88d67da2d	It was developed in parallel with the 80186, so it can also be considered a redesigned "eighty sixth", on the architecture of which it was based.
ec1e71a9fcdc3342d1db1873d29eb13833d3a8bd	The 80286, as well as the 80186, was introduced in 1982.
da487f9f00d17e71735dfc253c62e148575e3b0b	If we compare the architectures of these processors, we can see that the "two hundred and eighty sixth" lacked some of the built in modules that were available in the 80186.
91d292ff99bf5d5a3c5c86fff509b0dea4d8e236	In addition, the 80286 was distinguished by an increased number of registers.
b5165f634d9b7e5eed10fe257b446e07ea9ece50	New instructions were added to the crystal, as well as a protected mode of operation of the "stone".
b895f18ede0c34925a6fda63444a0b4a492513c6	Intel 80286 processor
5b28fcb89b8e10a556805de12ea961b222cf7fd4	Let's say a few words about the operating modes of the processor.
8cd6aba83c759a341c522ce6ac08b01c006eecca	In addition to the protected mode, 80286 also supported the real one.
59b2965259ef4f53c626e64f6359d126f985dc11	In it, the crystal was fully compatible with other processors with the x86 architecture.
c76caea0b65cd8751151b06448e36bad94adb4db	Simply put, it ran programs designed for the 8086 and 8088.
a29fc2780223984279a93231718bf504b4e52549	At the same time, the amount of addressable memory was 1 MB.
75ae8d377ec313a15b01aa01ff5b1a01a943bca4	In protected mode, the address space capacity could be up to 1 GB due to a change in the memory addressing mechanism.
c822366a05ce702693ae680222177b14840efc46	Thus, only the part of the program that was needed at the moment was stored in memory.
76ee48566a2975a50dc39dc91ad5fb68a5bde7ba	And in the case of accessing the part that was not stored in memory, the operating system suspended the program, loaded the necessary pieces of code and continued its execution.
4e046cbd1df18a49943f5b22c08bdfd06fefb26a	Despite the support of protected mode, it was used extremely rarely and very limited by the processor.
d6c422981a89a45737dbc87426b97646df15bd0b	Now let's talk about the technical characteristics of the device.
930ee8d1e4eafd29cbae29b6116bc6ab978ef804	First of all, it is worth noting that 80286 became the first Intel "stone", produced according to 1.5 microns technological standards.
3ba85ea064f2aee850463a39bfda377a9de58bdf	The number of processor transistors was 134,000 pieces.
fed0e93dcd04083c55e9b735b1d8569c4fed9b63	The clock frequency depended on the model and was equal to 6 MHz, 8 MHz, 10 MHz or 12.5 MHz, respectively.
cd6f4408bca467db1bc9f0aa0ec22cf47b905332	The bit depth of the registers and the data bus was 16 bits, and the address bus was 24 bits.
8f7271cc3097dc8dfac676e0403cfd8f9807f7ec	As we have already said, the amount of addressable memory was 16 MB, although up to 1 GB of virtual memory could be used in protected mode.
9aaa6f5efef7112feeedb1aa3bc35a8a11f707c3	The efficiency of the processor was very high.
909fe8b7301c0311053071642ba83406b9d1a3d1	At a frequency of 12.5 MHz, the 80286 model performed at least 2.66 million operations per second.
882fb4b47de8d8b9c10b1989dfd37f6f10479b75	For comparison, the 8086 with a frequency of 10 MHz had a performance of about 0.75 million operations per second.
caab3ecdbd0c3f474d49e0ac67066f9d9f24aef2	As before, Intel provided licenses for the production of 80286 clones to third party manufacturers.
ec4392ad0fd45e185cc4fbe158e727db9ab1d4a4	IBM PC/AT computer
fa013dbaa6205df2c48c61a72ae4ebfe4338526f	The main application for the 80286 model was IBM PC/AT computers — the third model in the IBM PC line.
c98d1e30e63dc96e6be248cf6eccdc4c51ba3cf5	And the most successful.
2a8e9be0767d844ab0adcb1a27074844af10a5e0	Unlike its predecessors in the face of the IBM PC and PC/XT, which used an 8088 processor, the PC/AT was equipped with an 80286 chip with a frequency of 6 or 8 MHz.
1af78a7ea26fe9aa2d381d57c677353eb204e9bc	A special feature of the computer was the use of a 16 bit AT bus input / output bus.
35ae5ba92849a4f4007766bf7c338b1e67c991ef	Its use allowed to increase the maximum amount of RAM to 16 MB.
5e1c1f64ee2eeccc6bfba1ff8e1c6ed7eb0db459	For example, IBM PC and PC/XT worked only with RAM up to 640 Kbytes.
c5181d7d625eb8f1d787fce99f0ae8ee775a5eb2	A battery for powering a 50 byte CMOS chip appeared on the computer's motherboard.
22103372d7d34a7aa1bc00012e9307178b970a46	Previously, it was not available in IBM PC systems.
2179e3ef35448be30dffec87c7377d277cd9f1e4	5.25 inch floppy disks with a capacity of 1.2 MB were still used as data storage, while IBM PC and PC/XT computers supported only floppy disks with a volume of up to 360 KB.
b121c8d64d88d0d473e6b5c795676f1585cb0a82	The PC/AT graphics system was represented by an EGA or PGA video adapter.
17544dfc1afdd11c092c0458f74115120d7b8cb4	Later models of the IBM PC/AT were already equipped exclusively with a VGA video adapter.
25236412b9aef94326fe3cbc610f98755c54f777	For all the innovations to work, a different operating system was required — PC DOS 3.0.
aa428b00eca668e808a831f2a4572386c6b2f02c	IBM PC/AT has become truly successful.
e1ea78a2f7df9b16295d9a87788e7581753ed8d9	It further strengthened the leading positions of IBM and the x86 architecture in the computer market.
69d04cc80a7e14d7d0a60788a9a10ffd0467b7f3	Motorola 68k and Apple computers
326e82d8450cadf4bf219750b63a14592dbca51e	Intel's 16 bit processors did not dominate the market, despite the growing popularity of the IBM PC line.
5609db722e2962fd1c09a86355e35c1d880786c1	The main competitor of the "Intel" crystals was the Motorola 68000 series of processors.
39925c01068af00e3725c7badeee00b9d11e0c66	The Motorola 68k project started in 1976 — the same year when the development of the 16 bit Intel 8086 processor began.
d0b199f1ed7665105c7a61e144c60958dc6b473d	Initially, the 68k family was considered as chips with a completely new architecture.
6b68453d4db9b61f5f741f4d5e80d50102a3cb22	So, there was no question of any backward compatibility with 8 bit Motorola 6800 processors.
572e3cfebeabe39efd07caad0aa48f7b31eaccd2	However, looking ahead, let's say that the Motorola 68000 crystals still received support for the "stones" bus protocol of the previous generation.
b13db20a79e7b65cc2441a871b1440b7e1cc83ff	The development bet was made on something else — Motorola wanted to ensure backward compatibility of subsequent developments with the 68k family.
64eeeacba120c50514e2841fd76802f236cfb77b	In short, we wanted to create an architecture that would become the basis for processors for many years to come.
25b47df2a270471495fe2fe64f6f0032abf24e09	Motorola 68000 processor
a13f4f71373353e0fb9aef36124ba3e7bac21b3d	The Motorola 68000 line was introduced in 1979.
05054e0233bee41fa06feebfc2afa5a5c98322bc	The processors were based on the CISC design, and many architectural features were borrowed from the PDP 11 computer.
290e51264d211abacf2f136581fb5e1426c5f35a	The Motorola 68000 cannot be unambiguously attributed to the category of 16 or 32 bit devices.
fd2376ed9b3dbaafbcab4d6c78e033aece5c1658	Although the crystal had a 32 bit core, it worked via 16 bit data buses.
57ffd88106cd445aca31c8ede1a84e18a5a650d2	Motorola turned out to be a kind of hybrid.
e465ca6f8a261f07a3411632998b125e4490cb4a	It goes without saying that the Motorola 68000 processor had a completely different command system than processors with the x86 architecture.
6e3d968c933350928153b12db131ef0aa9e16f02	The instruction set of the crystal is considered more "orthogonal" than x86.
51246e15bbd33ddca52c7dd71cbd59da93221dae	This means that operations and operands can be freely combined, without paying attention to the limitations associated with the compatibility of a particular operation and a set of operands.
2d7491aeceee48883b7a0c3dfd4145f18a9a31c2	The advantage of this approach is the ease of programming in the Motorola 68000 assembler.
c4c3c5734fba7e25e0fbc6c6cd259bd8d3369051	As for other technical characteristics, as we have already said, the Motorola 68000 worked with a 16 bit data bus and a 24 bit address bus.
da62716510453aed46c0bc4a579cf103913d6d96	Its frequency ranged from 8 MHz to 20 MHz, and the number of transistors was 68,000 pieces.
ac1b604d360daca91f64aae57164d209ba34cb2b	The chip was produced in the DIP form factor with 64 pins, but there were also models with LCC and PGA connectors.
a68fef7a268e3e6dba4a48d54d9a917a092cd72f	Three years later, Motorola released the next model of the 68k line — the Motorola MC68010 processor.
7376c01fa0fda28b11b8e91934f4189d9938184e	Oddly enough, the crystal turned out to be incompatible with the 68000 model at the software level.
1f672cea33161259e58a50950a6b74d7b8d4fe26	At the same time, the processor has not made any revolutions in design.
915cfe8858a80f6ba30af2720849db6152c3b8c2	The main differences between the "tenth" and the crystal with the index 68000 were working with virtual memory and adding a new VBR (vector base register) register.
8e3934eb3176ca31089665b73b303e3e5bd22b23	Motorola MC68010 processor
5d7b1c31d38e5e84c3c8d3c69fbc8d3259385833	If we talk about the technical characteristics, they almost completely corresponded to those of the Motorola 68000.
c185bd4491acbc1439f70b01d53f2b26ff0d88d6	The changes affected only the number of transistors, which became 84,000.
ee1e71b7a885360e50bb85a16cffb86e1c2dc555	Nevertheless, the 68010 model turned out to be about 10% faster than the 68000.
7f5945928e9d3090cf62eecda270df4065228781	In comparison with its predecessor, the new processor did not gain much success.
e579e41ab788c929975a66024f42072171ff3e05	Only thanks to the support for working with virtual memory, some manufacturers used the chip in small UNIX systems, for example, Sun 2 Workstation and AT&T UNIX PC.
ff152c422c9c9aa327abd21357083b17c0fb0d42	The market was waiting for the second generation of Motorola 68k.
8656603cd8de2a5210f5e7c833baa5c2d59f1fd2	The Motorola 68000 processor was used in many computers, but many people remember it from the first Apple computers.
21b47300125282b246dbe20a5732d3abed6f0356	So, different versions of this "stone" were used in the first Apple personal computers: Lisa and Macintosh.
1e42582a601c36118aff4ed29e1a606a14eb0f4c	Apple Lisa appeared in 1983.
0cbf23e4d11e653cdfa76df4663d8901564f6a44	It took almost 5 years to develop the computer.
2edd93afac386ce77918004dfe348d5a9953a438	As you know, the project was launched back in 1978.
b3253f86892de52e0e0e801704544d5cff4d0f47	Apple wanted to create a computer that would combine all the components in one case.
5213ae47ddffd2ae915504b476ba3270354bdf7e	The technical part of Lisa was also innovative.
b4aef3187b3ee96f0123756625ed84fbf1960486	Protected memory, cooperative multitasking, a complex file system, data breach protection systems, support for up to 2 MB of RAM and a high resolution screen were implemented in the desktop.
ae4348b0dab915757f057d5ecfebcc6a67bdffb1	But the project was expected to be a commercial failure.
be7f79dce6c67448f9d8c7e8225b1ed3efef762c	The main reason for the low sales of Lisa was its high cost — $ 10,000.
88212cfba84ad6507c0600a51eb29f7043a66564	Few people could afford to buy such a computer at home.
8b3f701b06396db10a7e23e4c883d6e1a69e55e9	Apple Lisa Computer
bc929b067670da9753a28cf05f4af25e8893dad9	In parallel with Lisa, another computer was being developed — the Macintosh.
eedf581d6efac6ec37af9f1baa5d597c0246f4c4	The project started in 1979, and in 1981 it was headed by Steve Jobs.
41bca1147df781427ed6a109b5f468915fb55301	The computer itself was released in 1984.
1c2a931d66820eb291931e63eee939cafba6ab28	The principle of creating a Macintosh was quite simple: take the best from Lisa, but at the same time make the computer as simple and accessible as possible.
4595336712a9cdfe80078ddef6396239d308a2af	The desktop received the same Motorola 68000 processor, but its frequency was increased to 8 MHz.
efe01d9a4a90b539fd63fda6e8a15b9022f07a8e	The amount of RAM was 128 Kbytes.
170206bb2143c7d3b8ba420c969fbe82569cc05c	The design of the "Macintosh" provided for a built in 9 inch black and white screen with a resolution of 512x342 pixels.
8cba08d9b3dc7fb7ffacc24c139d6fe6dfa9fd7d	A 3.5 inch floppy disk with a volume of 400 KB was used as a data storage.
5ba428879ebf10634d10305a3a89482193490e2f	The computer was also equipped with a mouse and keyboard.
99a56194436cb50d9f3e0693eb36c9f0fcb36e2d	The cost of the Macintosh was $ 2,500, which was significantly lower than the cost of the Lisa.
e636164559a588da1f888d611e82cbbe83948923	Despite the fact that the Apple computer cost more than the IBM PC models, it was not only able to compete with a decent competition, but also become a full fledged th alternative.
01fd8c5b0e6d9ef2c943f9c7cb3769584d836679	In short, the release of "Macintosh" marked the beginning of a great confrontation between Apple and IBM.
924c49ea7b1f286e7909b2507ade35b099e16761	Apple Macintosh 128k
c78195f3f33b41de9f5761c18d339372e426d156	In addition to Apple computers, the Motorola 68000 processor was also used in other devices: for example, in high performance Texas Instruments calculators and Commodore Amiga, Sinclair QL and Atari ST desktops.
a264e5ce34dd5ac59e0606dcdce1af65fcd4e96d	DEC PDP 11
fcc371e6425e25e302055fbcd55afda8a9042887	Despite the fact that the 80s were marked by the dominance of IBM and Apple computers, we should not forget about PDP computers and specifically about the PDP 11 model, which had a great influence on the architecture of Motorola processors.
489db108ae3a1143bd6c020679ee445f58b44da9	Many consider it one of the greatest desktops of all time.
32be5c905cb919e76f595a6536d777fb8a70978a	The PDP 11 was the world's first 16 bit system.
147a057d3a90c28ec0a51a6ddc141cb44c9d36d0	It became available much earlier than the IBM PC and Apple Macintosh, and went on sale in 1970.
5bb90746b265552676fa9fd5b2ee68347a418010	Like all processors of that time, the PDP 11 was based on the CISC architecture.
d038289f498fa99da6e82c372d1859f578dab3d6	Its main difference was the "orthogonal" command system, which was used for the first time.
a61119d53e75deae5a2bfc99e84be6e2e5c713aa	Many modifications of the PDP 11 did not have a separate I / O bus, but only a Unibus memory bus.
b917612cf06780e846890c2f62ac9fbd38562b01	PDP 11 Computer Panel
d24cb8ba457272847395ce5497ad5268e2a2c2f1	The Unibus bus itself is the first computer bus.
e5e198803684d90da9e6e3861997eb639c6713cc	It was completely asynchronous, which allowed you to simultaneously connect fast and slow devices.
6e866d09ba97c3a9feac6812c16db0b3e0ee35a2	A little later, a bus for magnetic disks and tapes called Massbus was added to the PDP 11.
235756b34cdb79aea423936bde48330471484806	There were also models of a computer with a Q Bus interface, which was a cheaper version of Unibus and used multiplexing, allowing data lines and addresses to use the same contacts.
e5b22a7f96d89f647761ef80ffbc3e3324239e90	At the same time, the bus functionality was practically not reduced: Q Bus supported I / O with memory mapping (the same protocol is used for data exchange between any devices over the bus), addressing with byte accuracy and an asynchronous interaction protocol.
f55f8f3fd7c7cacd965da63a080cb3e59355a6cc	The technical component of the PDP 11 was constantly improving, and over time, the Unibus and Q Bus buses simply began to limit the computer's potential.
8405b0e681909c7749c37961fd398419c583ffec	In addition, 16 bit addressing did not allow creating large programs.
6f1bd10b7cdc8bb0725163df02f608d06458c263	As a result, the PDP 11 computer could not compete with the IBM PC computers that were just gaining momentum.
cd9d6a6c1ff5404ff9d3d8dee4e8db451cbee503	WDC W65C816S and Zilog Z8000
ac7994d9ae98e9d7542dc9b9bdbcf0b54592ce75	Western Design Center (WDC) and Zilog have released their 16 bit processors.
2a21b19ac1b08f366927a4bfbaac8d3fcb5ab03e	The first introduced its W65C816S crystal only in 1984.
391f057f856668d4694170a0a3e74a8697acb918	At the same time, the processor did not stand out from its competitors in any way.
8a1c61ec88e42e0b0b01079202c9411c99e26942	Moreover, it, in fact, was only an improved version of the 8 bit WDC 65C02 chip, which, in turn, was a clone of the 8 bit MOS Technology 6502 crystal.
c2f3ab8ebe39e349565d7d14998360d1c58c7be4	WDC W65C816S processor
8497480742d5ac95762e31aa9badc875a4b01d1b	Interestingly, the WDC W65C816S was developed by order of Apple.
6e0c746260cb438055bc7b9eddf6d81541c04fd3	The Apple company needed a processor for the updated Apple II series of computers, which could provide backward compatibility with the 65C02, which was used in the initial Apple II line.
0487de5af3d7a2b243ed9312202ecef39be494c4	This is how the W65C816S appeared.
768469399b813209d2a2d46064776ee58e26b00b	It did not have any architectural features.
47d421a8e29377fd7e261a0cbea0982295171798	The processor worked with 16 bit registers, supported 24 bit memory addressing and a 16 bit stack pointer, and also had an extended set of instructions.
20d9292a492ce675e5c8159148bf04e9cf15337d	A little later, a static core appeared in the W65C816S, which allowed storing register data without receiving a clock signal.
1b5fdf18eb33a8a655148c9b7a84b6939963e0c2	Coupled with the use of static memory with random access, this allowed the "stone" to consume a minimum amount of energy when switching to sleep mode.
cd6f94642f3547481c8bb3a6ca614e0369d719ca	The processor found its application in the Apple IIGS computer, as well as the Acorn Communicator and C One systems.
c84ed79c104aa1f450feedbb08e737d4978bb6b2	Zilog also introduced a follower of the successful Z80 processor — the 16 bit Z8000 crystal.
0de2c05d80022fc90675761e2c6ecb41f75d85b5	It was not backward compatible with the "eighties" chip and, in general, could not repeat the success of its predecessor.
06bcbf255810e684d1ad38deecc9cd5c25f66f03	Initially, two versions of the processor were released: Z8001 and Z8002.
516debdc3e3cd1fa6c794635fd8c8050a2072661	Their differences consisted only in the fact that the first worked with addressing up to 8 MB of memory, and the second only up to 64 KB.
348200acf5d23ae567956917a214b43b42ce9252	A little later, the Z8003 and Z8004 models appeared, which were able to work with virtual memory.
bd0149f440daff0a94b3828c3b583b512c568cd0	All processors supported an orthogonal command system.
e84a5f215f3f8885ee56e3ca938a062f0983a330	As for the clock frequency of the Z8000, it ranged from 4 to 10 MHz.
6e2088f985103e2f69b7e96d7037977260b5aee0	Zilog Z8000 processor
e3390b2eb64911e9ac95ea6f72c79259795f011d	The Z8000 was often used in UNIX desktop computers, which allowed creating real multi user systems.
8be8ac87b9964899d85c01768fd052f6ed428ff9	It could also be found in computers such as the Onyx C8000, Olivetti M and Commodore 900.
c58a471a892cddd8d98ecfced5fc24d86302b89e	The Z8000 was introduced simultaneously with Intel 8086 and Motorola 68000 processors, but it could not compete with them properly.
aa0658a3d7390d545ec1f55071a9ff11267f1deb	Instead of a conclusion
89b8dad28a24c141a09e18ed42791501b7c89772	We have told you about how things were going by the mid 1980s.
e3ffa50d1b9d7ff482fca5b1b3167c1a10c2bc63	At the same time, IBM and Apple began to struggle in the segment of ready made computers.
0176f27097852fb204ad5116779ba6a1090b70eb	This is the end of the short period of 16 bit processors.
7a2d3b6db6edb8a84fa3abbee21a281971281064	The next step was the launch of 32 bit crystals.
932d59a2491736e660a46ff2a261b2a9cbaef999	But read about this in the next part of our series of materials.
6284c4e0b99fe4ddad66435f1752429e53ed2ce5	Did you see a typo?
1ebd3419f9ca7e8fbb66636abc394a82212bdd5d	Select the text and press Ctrl+Enter
bbcfbec8bd507e9db2bf22d2ffa8374dd1183b47	The main thing for the week
b0c18f3cea95619f84da704cb9d21a976dd425d6	29.03.2016 The FBI hacked the iPhone without the help of Apple
94acca9caa8320f9e9b0256f033e1babe67a334c	01.04.2016 YouTube launched SnoopaVision
c3528376fe8895a1e15995b98fb4b1b91f8c80fd	01.04.2016 A new Android Trojan is distributed using GPS
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ae4ae437a8affa766c44f7716c6c1284acfe886d	Part 1: The 8 bit Era
8c3c7769952807e0a103e615352fa5e86bc01695	13.06.2014
6d53c597d77fd75ed28f0a9406c866fe7abc65bd	We continue the series of articles devoted to the history of the development of the main components of personal computers, and we invite you to remember and follow how central processing units evolved.
563a6b1ba11687edec6fd58891a5746f8f2e5cf6	The first part of this series of materials will focus on the development of integrated solutions in the 70s of the last century.
63a1d693bd3d3a496e69ec635cdf932c3ba188f7	1940s 1960s Intel 4004 Intel 8008 Intel 8080 Zilog Z80 ZX Spectrum Motorola 6800 Processor MOS Technology 6502 Instead of conclusion
bc31367814212f0df1c1609a0eeef473af5a185e	Most recently, we told you about the history of the development of video cards (part 1, part 2, part 3 and part 4), starting from the first MDA and CGA graphics adapters and ending with the latest AMD and NVIDIA architectures.
394ce2deb3b6dae74a0c728be1f9ef7050af167b	Now it is the turn to follow the development of central processing units — an equally important component of any computer.
c1a658ef5f2db1cbcdf5dc2635591c89b8f799bb	In this part of the material, we will talk about the 1970s, and therefore the first 4 and 8 bit solutions.
f41e745958ef275983634e986ce17cae9b7ce6b8	The first CPUs were centipedes
abfdb7109bdd5708cc9f86c1941f5ca685fda120	1940s 1960s
2f25c3e54b3e3a483bc97e24d32ff312148db065	Before delving into the history of the development of central processors, it is necessary to say a few words about the development of computers in general.
821f0a6c079a79c7fa6e12a786a740c04ba15e36	A computer using electromechanical relays
70f24d888b045dffed3325c7c0905a32744c7197	Nevertheless, the processor architecture was still very, very far from what we see today.
1cd99a089aa2acb332fd55ed73211bec6e85ec08	But the release of the IBM System/360 in 1964 brought the design of the then computers and CPUs a little closer to the modern one primarily in terms of working with software.
f4fdaaccf4c9ed5673ea141879ad616f670b9529	IBM System/360 computer
6ac3170e9f50bf2162945f9c55a7b4b5d98e796f	In addition, they can contain several arithmetic operations at once However, at that time, the RISC design did not exist in principle, and IBM, as well as other manufacturers, used the CISC architecture until the 1980s.
4d12a18d4fa83c7f3d90cd255f21b5b4d348f811	For example, an 8 bit byte was implemented in a computer for the first time — before that, the byte volume was 6 bits.
0adcd6e4344423b175d74e6d78f5e4f6d9deacea	Also, System / 360 became the first 32 bit system in history.
38a2e01237039ef3104fc8c95a9d9cb76fd1b5e0	For that time, the figures are more than impressive.
c518ecc74b2ca9ae399fb510ef90f346565928a7	The System / 360 computers were also actively used by NASA to control space flights during the Apollo program. outbooks and other devices.
2101c9c8160cba9d2d81c43dd55328907018f472	And one of the first companies that was just founded at that time was Intel, which launched the 4004 model — the world's first commercially available single chip processor.
0e5210ab755ed3a4f65689cc49958896c396e41a	Before proceeding directly to the 4004 processor, it is worth saying a few words about Intel itself.
ae93aef04db3fab054b656a04511aafeb91f2223	It was created in 1968 by engineers Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore, who until then had worked for the benefit of Fairchild Semiconductor, and Andrew Grove.
0959523c37b78d733cd83ad4357e4b2a8fce40e7	By the way, it was Gordon Moore who published the well known "Moore's law", according to which the number of transistors in the processor doubles every year.
4b6fd8381dad2def1511d1b52d4445748a112eef	Already in 1969, just a year after its foundation, Intel received an order from the Japanese company Nippon Calculating Machine (Busicon Corp.) for the production of 12 chips for high performance desktop calculators.
79ba5d7b669337f148b89b159988df5ce1dea655	The initial design of the chips was proposed by Nippon itself.
97dfe38a3883b294081690383c87cf256b7e8e11	However, this architecture did not appeal to Intel engineers, and an employee of the American company Ted Hoff proposed to reduce the number of chips to four by using a universal central processor that would be responsible for arithmetic and logical functions.
8fba4e4c697012c97a221d84c8ea5fa9ce4ac38e	In addition to the CPU, the architecture of the chips included RAM for storing user data, as well as ROM for storing software.
4303fa831f21dd50b06ff00c2419170eccc02c8a	After the approval of the final structure of the chips, work continued on the design of the microprocessor.
a8dbc3b08b548b59067f34a278ca1ab5bdd7f831	In April 1970, the Italian physicist Federico Fagin, who had also worked at Fairchild, joined the Intel engineering team.
d9e1168dd0f0e4d75db4b5c8e676c146c882f335	He had extensive experience in the field of logical design of computers and MOS (metal oxide semiconductor) technologies with silicon gates.
310e7c6c290a62f10b12c3d6ea51174eefa3d910	It was thanks to Federico's contribution that Intel engineers managed to combine all the chips into one chip.
8e33f92e2b3b130031d3c41d777494a1ff8c94df	So the world's first microprocessor 4004 was born.
c0dfafe16d362859c583b1c32e44193221a25d6e	Intel 4004 processor
df41d79b6645e363ef1e4bdc4ded762a088cb34e	As for the technical characteristics of the Intel 4004, then, by today's standards, of course, they were more than modest.
1abf86f3f00589dd58d2f0b32bf4c80b63cd0fb2	The chip was produced according to a 10 micron process technology, contained 2300 transistors and operated at a frequency of 740 kHz, which meant that it was possible to perform 92,600 operations per second.
f84fdbc6e3f3c418feefbfc3df1b997db067f7b9	DIP16 packaging was used as a form factor.
4a37406ed6c6797f0e73fe640b54c125c5d540c1	The dimensions of the Intel 4004 were 3x4 mm, and there were rows of contacts on the sides.
f2fd1585808f6b83976cc5c392440b2a65db9dd4	Initially, all the rights to the chip belonged to Busicom, which intended to use the microprocessor exclusively in calculators of its own production.
536ef1e7a5b60c3258fa3c59bd0ffa5f9eca0f7f	However, in the end, they allowed Intel to sell its chips.
54ffa9f8c708437699ac5e21177a5bf84b3de986	In 1971, anyone could buy a 4004 processor at a price of about $ 200.
c2e3ea66306c5acff1520bbec82bc2822151bb14	By the way, a little later Intel bought all the rights to the processor from Busicom, predicting the important role of the chip in the subsequent miniaturization of integrated circuits.
5aea5c6632c5c1717435a12ee81266547984ce6d	Despite the availability of the processor, its scope of application was limited to the Busicom 141 PF calculator.
6807ee93b68b83bb6ad178ccf584f668e5f5cf86	There have also been rumors for a long time that Intel 4004 was used in the design of the onboard computer of the unmanned Pioneer 10 spacecraft, which became the first interplanetary probe to fly near Jupiter.
e24157643cb49997e8358cc0b249d12dc488754d	These rumors are directly refuted by the fact that the Pioneer's onboard computers had 18 or 16 bit bitness, while the Intel 4004 was a 4 bit processor.
fa64a2de708a0ad73816752ba651c48b30d1ffcb	However, it is worth noting that NASA engineers considered the possibility of using it in their devices, but considered the chip insufficiently tested for such purposes.
08e6c54b163452dddbbb6ea8080c014edf610603	Intel 4040 processor
be9c175c57bbf81dbfdbe34716e5da7cfe6c2d6f	Three years after the release of the Intel 4004 processor, its successor, the 4 — bit Intel 4040, was released.
17b005ea173bd36a5920a037e5342fa35abd10c0	The chip was produced according to the same 10 microns process technology and worked at the same clock frequency of 740 kHz.
de22cf9ac537b409aa739702bd82ea2842feffe7	However, the processor has become a little "more complex" and has received a richer set of functions.
954225f55d8e2ff919f1298144e566947ff162c7	So, the 4040 contained 3000 transistors (700 more than the 4004).
fcf2ce8f0c86582ac622d6cbb996fca4ea933d7f	The form factor of the processor remained the same, but instead of a 16 pin one, a 24 pin DIP was used.
e974f5bc2721d34a3ca931b34ad6e969150ef016	Among the improvements of the 4040, it is worth noting support for 14 new commands, increased stack depth to 7 levels, as well as support for interrupts.
d99a4661f08379f3d5af9d45ba2bb73d04d9bd28	The "Fortieth" was used mainly in test devices and equipment management.
564318db47620b266b8a37cb5db1aa23317c1840	Intel 8008
ce484fbd781f5c579533b3adf24a0b35fd1b2c5a	In addition to 4 bit processors, in the early 70s, an 8 — bit model 8008 appeared in Intel's arsenal.
a2bb72c8e7c56d9e28a4ec2ef9790a40d314a35a	At its core, the chip was an 8 bit version of the 4004 processor with a lower clock frequency.
e30ab9865c6f72f136eb5c621b7e86f049d52f77	This should not be surprising, because the development of the 8008 model was carried out in parallel with the development of the 4004.
2fa03a44d33adbf52e6222ea9f1efbfc5b01f19a	So, in 1969, the Computer Terminal Corporation (later Datapoint) commissioned Intel to create a processor for Datapoint terminals, providing them with an architecture diagram.
b3192451cce2b264092237907d559c73153868de	As in the case of the 4004 model, Ted Hoff proposed to integrate all the chips into one chip, and CTC agreed with this proposal.
2437b65814b606943b24e66ac19ba8d3c6211822	The development was gradually coming to its end, but in 1970 CTC abandoned both the chip and further cooperation with Intel.
0d88a5268e05e9fc1512a6d8a1c88fe4f8968b54	The reasons were banal: Intel engineers did not invest in the established development deadlines, and the functionality of the provided "stone" did not meet the requirements of CTC.
bb93f536f3e5443122682846aade8f20c2a6a3c0	The contract between the two companies was broken, the rights to all the developments remained with Intel.
3a124f44fbf7131523b463016a04fba0d4e47b6c	The Japanese company Seiko became interested in the new chip, whose engineers wanted to use the new processor in their calculators.
d9d2180e56b53b423f77912fe8223d985e506043	Intel 8008 processor
cd70961fa87f9ba6bd39ebaf32dd5c0bfaab7ced	One way or another, but after the termination of cooperation with CTC, Intel renamed the chip under development to 8008.
334b6dade4bc6f3858b4ce9b6d48519077e267c6	In April 1972, this processor became available for order at a price of $ 120.
6816f4441c337cfd813ff2fafe89ccddfba7be95	After Intel was left without CTC support, the company's camp was cautious about the commercial prospects of the new chip, but doubts were in vain — the processor sold well.
86d5e314f5819ebd6027bc1717fd2861ef9523e2	The technical characteristics of the 8008 were in many ways similar to the 4004.
4deca360c1eb72e15bb14507ef6cdcbd8af3f8bf	The processor was produced in an 18 pin DIP form factor according to 10 microns technological standards and contained 3500 transistors.
52222bd92da883bcac8eac2d74e84d3e7629d0d3	The internal stack supported 8 levels, and the amount of supported external memory was up to 16 Kbytes.
70654f1368a34ff8273d8cb07653f9a0f60e102c	The clock frequency of the 8008 was set at 500 kHz (240 kHz lower than that of the 4004).
42c872f5113f7db5fe05e70e41ec9b0ce838e7e1	Due to this, the 8 bit Intel processor often lost in speed to the 4 bit one.
3b585cc5faaabf05036d2b59b196958477fb4c5c	Several computer systems were built on the basis of the 8008.
0ad2c7c7ff076d69fbea9ab87d843aecae4dc573	The first of them was a not very well known project called The Sac State 8008.
a12db93fd0c69c8d031adb55f1eac224b40e79a0	This system was developed at the University of Sacramento under the supervision of engineer Bill Pentz.
8d3a192809daf2344f0414bb00827e67dac5e1f7	Despite the fact that for a long time the Altair 8800 system was considered the first microcomputer created, it is The Sac State 8008 that is such.
ef9d379e8b6aca206751e4c99d66e8523253152e	The project was completed in 1972 and represented a fully functional computer for processing and storing medical records of patients.
1a87ff1b77b715dc44c5314e69160082e3a47784	The computer included an 8008 processor, a hard disk, 8 KB of RAM, a color display, an interface for connecting to mainframes, as well as its own operating system.
bd35c77d64df6b37ad9647e2bfd14356229c873d	The cost of such a system was extremely high, so The Sac State 8008 was never able to get proper distribution, although it had no competitors in terms of performance for quite a long time.
eb091f547036947ae95e0a3ae2a068c4cd39bf9b	This is what The Sac State 8008 looked like
e0c15cb35bf5c4394f96af9955184dc0dfa3691b	However, The Sac State 8008 is not the only computer built on the basis of the 8008 processor.
bc4997770085dfe74c071d4691dd3b6a6a80a9f3	Other systems were also created, such as the American SCELBI 8H, the French Micral N and the Canadian MCM/70.
d3b2c3ebd58c2625039cba4b2322c379371e8896	Intel 8080
497102cf6ee8feafefc8fbbb0cd2ba0d1c79d0be	As in the case of the 4004 processor, after a while the 8008 also received an update in the face of the 8080 chip.
0810ac449e8e790af35b3559b2ff9896b40e725c	However, in the case of an 8 bit solution, the changes made to the processor architecture were much more significant.
02477103127f81fa0b6ca83292bdfc84f36ae0c7	The Intel 8080 was introduced in April 1974.
f3273624d4e6dcf09133342f28012677d50de2d6	First of all, it should be noted that the production of the processor was transferred to a new 6 microns process technology.
0a6db2eeefaa4dd7ac5fb74e1fcd57429a7ff69e	Moreover, the production used the technology of N MOSFETs (n channel transistors) - in contrast to the 8008, which was produced using P MOSFET logic.
b466eb2ca66c2b51baea44a0543f35c6ea7b3571	The use of a new technological process made it possible to place 6000 transistors on the chip.
cfe652fb45539bcf7d1581d72e1afba45ee19679	A DIP with 40 contacts was used as a form factor.
967f9856e123c8a737636330a8b60ce36bcf1621	The 8080 model received a richer set of commands, which included 16 data transfer commands, 31 commands for processing them, 28 commands for switching with direct addressing, as well as 5 control commands.
3bdd6bb625ccc412b74c96f11361b74f5c06d13a	The processor's clock frequency was 2 MHz — 4 times more than that of its predecessor.
cd6e9cc5d6d827e94d70e8ab29299ee0b97a73c1	The 8080 also had a 16 bit address bus, which allowed addressing 64 KB of memory.
782048e79136f783ddd28744cb059230f00d4855	These innovations ensured the high performance of the new chip, which was about 10 times higher than that of the 8008.
77c200bfb37afb6ba42cd6936550b78744bbf1bd	Intel 8080 processor
95be06deb6b445ea13c14dcfee79467472492e4f	The 8080 processor in its first revision contained a serious error that could lead to a hang.
c5c236542420465123f77dee75be6a6bd7888ff9	The error was fixed in an updated revision of the chip, called 8080A and released only six months later.
60301132e503d811a016b2dff186b58fdb257f59	Due to the high performance, the 8080 processor has become very popular.
c089bea935c56908b8ded3a364ec16c37cf962f8	It was used even in control systems for street lighting and traffic lights.
e57d5a34023e8af8faeca61ea4ac7a59f1b2f1d7	However, it was mainly used in computer systems, the most famous of which was the development of the company MITS Altair 8800, presented in 1975.
d3898c51487d0c1e74fc31482f12f92429a7b099	The Altair 8800 was based on the Altair BASIC operating system, and the S 100 interface was used as the bus, which a few years later became the standard for all personal computers.
4af88d95a9aa3e3eaf832c5ae0993412d715849a	The technical characteristics of the computer were more than modest.
2af33558345f481d000e89980ec22110d92301be	It had only 256 bytes of RAM oh, memory, he had no keyboard and monitor.
7ede76a081f623d30584e4717d45cf3c6734db30	The user worked with the computer by entering programs and data in binary form, clicking a set of small keys that could occupy two positions: upper and lower.
4bdfad806717b6505a070441132593c38ca4884d	The result was also read in binary form by the extinguished and glowing light bulbs.
54292035f11367fa69208613a99102e99c91bd8d	Nevertheless, the Altair 8800 became so popular that such a small company as MITS simply did not have time to meet the demand for computers.
19f2440a985cbe8494329b9e7cc9800bed8f6009	The popularity of the computer was directly promoted by its low cost — 621 US dollars.
25a07c629f09ea2aa35fef7da794c9e6daa6a678	At the same time, for 439 US dollars, it was possible to purchase a computer in disassembled form.
b59afcb4c271ab08bb71dcca3fc375dfac7ca3ea	Altair 8800 computer
e86917d0669012af7564dc6f4a4006afeaaf344f	Returning to the topic of the 8080, it should be noted that there were many clones of it on the market.
838966e9bb954289cbec2017787d8cdd0d17beec	The marketing situation at that time was radically different from what we are seeing today, and it was advantageous for Intel to grant licenses to third party companies to produce copies of the 8080.
cd38c5ade034aa0f6278c0d1ee9c74168883f139	Many large companies, such as National Semiconductor, NEC, Siemens and AMD, were engaged in the production of clones.
bc2a3ea6ec90c71df91701aba2f119ff00c5d6d8	Yes, in the 70s, AMD did not yet have its own processors — the company was engaged exclusively in the production of" remakes " of other crystals at its own capacities.
4c8a2215d2187fa9939620d8e3c003184b2186ca	Interestingly, there was also a domestic copy of the 8080 processor.
2ae79bbb7e578e1d8e9ce6a468f4095225fa4923	It was developed by the Kiev Research Institute of Micro Devices and was called KR580VM80A.
91ae118381118846bd09fb89b12adcd2985dd41f	Several variants of this processor were released, including for use in military facilities.
f2ab96256a194ff071dbf758608228ddc11e232d	"Nezalezhny" KR580VM80A
f507c58f34ebf9f7f552e44e6fd10ab7e4be3c35	In 1976, an updated version of the 8080 chip appeared, which received the index 8085.
049629fee87c6d92447d1124a827bfc1eeedc4a3	The new crystal was manufactured according to a 3 micron technological process, which made it possible to place 6500 transistors on the chip.
f463dae5a6ef1f1a2f6be617305dfc3f8f264db5	The maximum clock frequency of the processor was 6 MHz.
492f9488e607ae9d324f00b54362b13694754117	The set of supported instructions contained 79 commands, among which were two new commands for managing interrupts.
cc2137126e34f3d8f0a058e32d18ece9069e1f00	Zilog Z80
10bdf709fc3f611dedacdfafa7ca9e58b2d19895	The main event after the release of 8080 was the dismissal of Federico Fagin.
92b2b359cddd38b454595f710c4af97ee83cc1f1	The Italian did not agree with the internal policy of the company and decided to leave.
6f0b7d10dce97c868a9d4002efab8a64053d4ae3	Together with former Intel manager Ralph Ungermann and Japanese engineer Masatoshi Shima, he founded the company Zilog.
db3b82351d467182ab81fb7d7919519da3bede69	Immediately after that, the development of a new processor similar in architecture to the 8080 began.
719938025bc60423542e7ebe38254e9b3a7b98ae	So, in July 1976, the Zilog Z80 processor appeared, binary compatible with the 8080.
86731fa336daf9d38d3391bb9ea2e145f1830527	Federico Fagin (left)
cd55f9c837fed494949f4cfb29c2612b2a27d9f1	Compared to the Intel 8080, the Zilog Z80 had many improvements, for example, an expanded instruction set, new registers and instructions for them, new interrupt modes, two separate register blocks, as well as a built in dynamic memory regeneration scheme.
b836fdc1be3671672b15df882fb91e2aa6a043d6	In addition, the cost of the Z80 was much lower than the 8080.
6343a273a06b18e71d66cfc4fd8fdf25f574de2f	As for the technical characteristics, the processor was produced according to 3 microns technological standards using the technologies N MOSFET and CMOS.
04a84004c6c901d4a064e135a3ba5d4999be0eab	The Z80 contained 8,500 transistors, and its area was 22.54 mm2.
b87bb6d91f9c8c7de88f38524349447cf0f5589e	The clock frequency of the Z80 ranged from 2.5 to 8 MHz.
b22b00191466be10cc3f3400cc9548acd3e06bc1	The bit depth of the data bus was 8 bits.
a8acb756e6f1e362a788deaac0a6e1bcf9810d50	The processor had a 16 bit address bus, and the amount of addressable memory was 64 Kbytes.
0ccff0cec424c55a440cab3f9d7ae08595372204	The Z80 was produced in several form factors: DIP40 or 44 pin PLCC and PQFP.
e51ed79ed8f068c37b366622555cf356aa64e821	Zilog Z80 processor
e9becd76554f5ba21b46e7e57e8cd4d16a9ac604	The Z80 quickly surpassed all competing solutions in popularity, including the 8080.
e21f1537b93260c4cb2128c586e093d524ae6eeb	The processor was used in computers of such companies as Sharp, NEC and others.
66cd85bb4a8287e2caf3c67a165917ecd8c7292f	Also, the Z80 was "registered" in Sega and Nintendo consoles.
b7f1e9f0d0f387f49342d19be6d8b97bfabf5726	In addition, the processor was used in slot machines, modems, printers, industrial robots and many other devices.
62cb61b731bdb494e6a63211978062217f7180f0	ZX Spectrum
7f99b80bac2d53708bade41820c7e5b3ec57eff3	A special mention is worthy of a device called the ZX Spectrum, despite the fact that our current story does not concern the solutions of the 80s of the last century.
6410759e1eab1e31d4bfd2a5185fef52e7c46a55	The computer was developed by the British company Sinclair Research and was released in 1982.
df3567e10ca15e42eab341a09af1329b8c48b704	The ZX Spectrum was far from the first SR development.
275be6297b9171846c336e2319dadf573b90e012	In the early 1970s, the head of the company and its chief engineer, Clive Sinclair, were engaged in selling radio components by mail.
0bb6200bd1b442d85504f917cceef2e3a4d1a69f	Closer to the mid 70s, Clive created a pocket calculator, which became the first successful invention of the company.
bfbb1d289cf2bfa400066c12c4efd268edf73446	Note that the company did not directly develop the calculator.
c74dc2b691fdb4f986932ab425e87ebf6d84f707	They managed to find a successful combination of design, functionality and cost, thanks to which the device sold well.
2b4849f6cc4cec9af62b3918a53e88e28685b7fa	The next Sinclair device also became a calculator, but with a richer set of functions.
186a6ae7a6222d0b9a965260fa673336c219324d	The device was intended for a more "advanced" audience, but it failed to gain much success.
d153053ad14bc76a483996f4b9b7bc397a447a99	Clive Sinclair — the "father" of the ZX Spectrum
cd700cd4f411560e770ccf38d8e865f2b9321e42	After calculators, Sinclair decided to focus on developing full fledged computers, and between 1980 and 1981, home computers of the ZX line appeared: the ZX80 and ZX81.
5b987231ab02f1063dcb9d6f69b5398bb0e783cf	But the most popular solution was a system released in 1982 called the ZX Spectrum.
f6fa76c2c224c673687d7ae506fa4d7543b485ef	Initially, it was supposed to enter the market under the name ZX83, but at the last moment it was decided to rename the device to emphasize the computer's support for color images.
e376e8d8f1034620b541cd62be27aae311532ee8	The ZX Spectrum has become popular, primarily due to its simplicity and cheapness.
8d4bb96b74624ad9c5a21bf54e8be357383f43e7	The computer looked like a game console.
68f20e92bcc9562555ae841931df7e5c7ceb2321	A TV, which was used as a monitor, and a cassette recorder, which performs the function of a storage device, were connected to it through external interfaces.
6aae996b8124e438aa2cbc840a271a8d98603487	A multifunctional keyboard with 40 rubber keys was located on the Spectrum case.
66211a8c28afc49ead51a05a76bc18b366fbc71c	Each button had up to seven values when working in different modes.
e4c4e5231a2e59b079d443b00fbd4e8325cd1b49	ZX Spectrum Computer
2652f498ac0bd4472e9aa4018b02de0678b5c392	The internal architecture of the ZX Spectrum was also quite simple.
85df36bedd381bc5cef9dd2b41e0d5e12d396ebe	Thanks to the use of ULA (Uncommitted Logic Array) technology, the main part of the computer's circuit was placed on a single chip.
66638af68a477265f7852b904d2dcc94aa9f95f4	The Zilog Z80 with a clock frequency of 3.5 MHz was used as the central processor.
82bf456f2b08f0535f8de2a1f98cb119d12060cf	The amount of RAM was 16 or 48 Kbytes.
c1c434bcebf72ad8d70e356b259a21129a811c82	However, some third party manufacturers produced 32 KB memory modules that were inserted into one of the Spectrum expansion ports.
f2c324eb262a23fdd8eeafc9cafbd2e5b32d59a8	The volume of the ROM was 16 KB, and a dialect of the BASIC language called Sinclair BASIC was sewn into the memory.
a87008c6caec5a1de4ab34fcf1e2ec5768f01c2b	The ZX Spectrum supported the output of only one bit audio through the built in speaker.
6486cad31750bb5d23e5d475e9b7770e2ffdbb18	The computer worked only in graphic mode (8 colors and 2 brightness levels).
deaec662ad1353e1248a868b0edaa87db941e5ea	Therefore, there was no support for text mode.
344d8a24d8df87c8102ae3ae0d6710278d816e2d	The maximum resolution was 256x192 pixels.
1a5a3122c265077b484c9f3408f2915d14ae7424	The initial price for the ZX Spectrum was set at around 125 pounds.
d15c9eae9dde9283b9b5563ead83b806caea8edf	Interestingly, Sinclair Research was still selling their devices via mail.
af35dd34ffc8bc9387ed063703e1f068172592e5	In the first 17 months after the release of Spectrum, more than a million computers were sold.
cdd90c2a74838e32ba3b653e9c5df8276cc9210e	Unlike Western Europe, where other computers (the same Atari and Commodore) were sold perfectly along with the ZX Spectrum, in the USSR the Sinclair device was the sole sales leader.
d77989c1e3c0e0ace735631597dc367ffdfa6f32	Why?
a46791684749fba07129c77aa5f2151d86bbc1c7	The reason, first of all, was the low cost of the Spectrum: the computer was not subject to duties and was affordable for many Soviet citizens.
0e3169bca97499c9aec188604ea067c7ac0ef28e	Atari and Commodore devices came a long way before they hit the shelves of Soviet stores, and their price was significantly higher compared to the ZX Spectrum.
54660e2608578600b3423b72eac44cabf6e66b0c	In addition, it turned out that most of the Spectrum parts could be replaced with domestic ones if necessary.
aeb0bb33fe4180011e0a6fcc82b196b86702b3ed	Even the" secret " ULA chip was implemented on Soviet components.
8aa7174373346b6af465d935f82053380d2a8ace	As you may have guessed, the only irreplaceable component of the system was only the Z80 processor.
b932e8f938e27ca05bc8228c8d8b2c0557cfcafc	As a result, many Spectrum clones with domestic components appeared in the USSR: "Lviv 48", "Moscow 48", "Pentagon 48" and others.
2938a0786da486ce83e766921239dc639357255b	In addition, a good part of the replicas were created by the radio amateurs themselves, independently.
26ad1149f42d13b621d8fde0043ae9e76546fc09	A clone of "Spectrum" - Leningrad 48.
b44084d044ce3ae402c14bbc007f6bdda709c797	Inside view
9ccea296149083f4aae2e257f238e6694bcf9092	The popularity of the ZX Spectrum was played into the hands of a huge number of different programs and games.
d87907dba27d0ffcac8cb2cd4935fd55d63119be	The computer was also quite convenient for learning programming.
da90bb0a8828e526016b171b375f670dd3c58f25	Therefore, it is believed that a whole generation of domestic programmers has grown up on the Spectrum.
5e2addad66287350d44f08f05560193d06175c8c	In the 90s, the ZX Spectrum platform reached the peak of popularity in the post Soviet space.
d6674f2b1f0100772ce006892a0678a7666bd69a	By this time, the computer had already lost its relevance in the West, and domestic enthusiasts were still creating improved clones of the Spectrum.
6ae480c50cb722f01cb67a66c631b9fe0d14c6ae	Nevertheless, new computers appeared on sale, and the ZX Spectrum began to gradually fade into the background.
7c5264f69422fb9bba4044762d4d8cacaf736888	Motorola 6800
6507ed7d1b421beed608ae976959fbc76efe6b55	Do not think that Intel had no competitors.
d7f96c174b64333098bad3546d64320794cb4b11	For example, Motorola actively promoted its 6800 processor.
2316e9f599714326be8e2401d2679b5164d1bcaf	The development of the chip began in 1969 under the leadership of engineer Tom Bennett, and, just like the 8080, Motorola's "stone" was released in 1974.
93f7e23791b3210213f5a7819a553e80d570189e	The crystal was produced according to a 6 micron process technology, and its clock frequency was the same 2 MHz.
6fe20e4bd6f0eb26f04bbc49ae7648ed11ac2a74	Interestingly, the production of the 6800 also used the N MOS technology.
ae498e01d4adb8c39c3d60c1f2c7d7394d14da03	DIP40 was used as a form factor, and the processor instruction set contained 78 instructions.
28efbbcaf716b44473a26b7e8deb2d14715c226e	Note that the 6800 had a 16 bit address bus with direct addressing of 64 Kbytes of memory.
bfd4e0d2f83e62b367ed500e307d24de476b0984	Motorola 6800 processor
f34bd0e2b4a5e26f2213656236c575c215c37445	The processor was used in a huge number of personal computers.
2d1138af20d93775ae407477afe0de0fcd716f34	Among them were the development boards MEK6800D2, SWTPC 6800, and computers Ohio Scientific, Midwest Scientific and Smoke Signal Broadcasting, as well as the MITS Altair 680 solution.
2334afd73dd3f1e9d4ea96eb0a45e48b96965f7a	The latter was a complete analogue of the Altair 8800 system.
f466be829698b430a5d2f4effe0bf12d915a52ca	As you may have guessed, the only exception was that the 6800 processor was used instead of the 8080.
9925497b341f24095e197466ad7248c4542f06d1	On the basis of the Motorola solution, several micro controllers that were used in industrial robots and some personal computers.
e2be5c06a2643b7d9b59fb6b2423126143086a7f	For example, the 6801 chip included, in addition to the processor, 2 KB of ROM, 128 bytes of RAM and supported hardware implemented multiplication.
d928a2b12a8b6be196449620ef6d68fcc16e6fb4	Like Intel, Motorola provided licenses for the production of 6800 clones to third party companies.
0199dc3afd4a9e317748404381ac494a574a9304	Therefore, copies of the processor from Freescale and Hitachi appeared on the market, supporting a richer set of functions.
cb287effd67654d371c04936c407acf52bceb5ca	For example, they worked with an extended set of commands.
758a89f9c21097e92930de334fff3415e35a05b2	MOS Technology 6502 processor
8aac63bcf5ff0424aa4bc3093cada75aa5d853d7	At the same time, things were not going so smoothly inside the company.
faf4fbbef892c10b7953d14f56ab964702064ace	And in 1974, the full development team of the 6800 processor joined the MOS Technology company.
6beb2860a101a5e653824f9e42631d97886df60b	Immediately, work began on a chip similar in architecture to the Motorola solution.
e074aa11db57fedcc6ac42683695a3b09f484704	And in 1975, the 6501 processor saw the light.
4449be08a771e14ff2e7402e08f7674056f88986	However, sales of the "stone" were discontinued shortly after its announcement.
7ec539317e3f582974131c5e8e3bbf250a7f082a	The reason for this was Motorola's lawsuit against MOS Technology due to the compatibility of the 6501 processor with 6800 based systems.
1f787fbfa7959c8f9c8b3c70d933f5655c17e481	It took several more months before an updated version of the MOS Technology device with the index 6502 went on sale.
12da00783b91054f0ba722944caeedef2dee470c	The characteristics of this chip were much more modest than those of the Intel 8080 and Motorola 6800.
4fc3b8e5740502348a100771e9b2eef733f381f3	The "Five Hundred and Second" was an 8 bit processor with a 16 bit address bus with support for addressing up to 64 KB of RAM.
cb4fe7e996fb2d55872860fcc2b3a776f1da9907	Its clock frequency was only 1 MHz, but due to improved memory addressing methods and short instruction execution cycles, it was not so much inferior in performance to competing solutions.
d02dd5179f39d170d7df4f3b1ba31ae7075ee028	Like all processors of the 70s, the 6502 had a CISC architecture, but some crystal addressing modes were later characteristic of RISC architectures.
bd652052c04bcff2d0021915c474ed6bc09fa820	The main distinguishing feature of the processor was its price.
ba82ea513a0feeb4f9a9be9e6452f77f9f5d3c92	It was only $ 25, while the Intel 8080 and Motorola 6800 models were sold at a price of at least $ 180.
5fb817fd91b371a01fed886fec16551c0d1cdb7a	This forced the companies to reduce the prices of their devices, but it was already too late — sales of the 6502 were only growing.
79be2714ff067d44b343a81dab71859eb2f2b078	MOS Technology managed to achieve such a low cost of the CPU due to the use of mask correction technology.
b08696aa90f60c4675c82f39f1ce5f5ab51cda58	The masks themselves were large images of the layers of the chip crystal, which were subsequently reduced using a photographic process to obtain layers of the desired size.
7f03541fcce5a14c387d9a48fb2f51ab69e97e7d	Absolutely all masks had inaccuracies.
2c1e7ca34c45df9aecf1dff7d12f8806f96a071a	These inaccuracies were often duplicated on the crystal, which is why about 70% of the chips produced simply turned out to be non working.
ccc7f55357f2184e7bea68be2df430cc5f326eb9	MOS Technology has found a way to correct flaws in the masks, which allowed to significantly increase the percentage of output of working crystals, and therefore significantly reduce the cost of each chip.
e5e805cbf28ecad7ecee8b385d8d6076e0e3cca0	So, the number of 6502 working crystals from their total number was already about 70%.
0ec217b467a2471458f67b2c323e3d3daae29f2c	In addition to the main version of the processor, many modifications were released, which received indexes from 6503 to 6507.
c6da3eb255ceb2b0d52ca1796b1f1b8c6c534f26	Some of them have had the number of functions reduced in order to make it even cheaper.
c9af5db8460306fb93ae2abc54ce0946b84280ae	MOS Technology distributed licenses for the production of 6502 processors.
f4b9dd8bd543a9c8a61e9e8f4f787f4b4a0cf1fb	As a result, companies such as Rockwell International, GTE, Synertek were engaged in the production of clones.
68a0d9fa817d7c61a2037ee6a01a75bebc596d71	There was also a Soviet analogue of the 8502 called 4K602VM1.
f670ee4f98eea6d64a8f1980c3feff27432bda84	Another domestic "stone" — 4K602VM1
259128cff62e9597ed026b714fa905804e1ff402	6502 has found application in a huge number of personal computers.
1640fc914a645be47bcb1833623fd4b8795d2004	For example, the processor was used in Apple I, Apple II and Commodore PET computers.
1f4897e5f7cf2e90c76694382a2a3ea820e446eb	The 6502 also served as the basis for the Atari and BBC Micro home desktops line.
4a5654b19178b5283155cf2394e92eb67665454b	In addition, the development of MOS Technology was also used in the Atari 2600 and Nintendo Famicom video game consoles.
ce24a660025216b253c24084ef3a36a7c088c765	Recall that today we talked only about 4 and 8 bit processors, but in the second half of the 1970s, interesting 16 bit architectures appeared, which we will talk about next time.
52d9c8529e162bb1274f2b3c12e23288050e2b8c	18.03 19:24 Razer Core desktop dock for video cards will cost $499
475267053933f83f09626d0400faffc55f4f9a47	Ќќќ—""
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88c3906234dcd339b873fefeafce72f712182361	j џs–j " No.
4d0d1eafab872d85195300caac18307eae651d7e	- tatya and news
532aa06969b967d767bf0b16153ca92095ff431e	÷ены ены ены ены ены ены
4fe5bfe8ef62a6ac9cf8ef6d97f8a0da067f41e6	Notebooks and tablets
d9082e793282eb8a4eec01d76e767a30ab9ff382	"elefons
33f66d3f4d4e73bd22f53ac43ab3cf8415226994	'oto and video
0f9c0b48e272d60f83d45936cc34fcfd6a2f032c	judio
8b12c32d4d9f61ffe180c89327ea996f9b3cafeb	ел elezo
a784bf9d4e1ef7073d5bc39ce0bdef89e2de155c	sheriff¤
d1d054030ac300064035298eee900bd681f13668	- this is
c1533be59761ed147db9c44e815f1481d0c957df	"gry
b24e5affe5439370952049c19897bed4541757d5	"my house
db59869e60059244d130794856e2755d68bfe81a	"elevizory
d337c495318283f4250db47e523b98df873e12f4	Sytova¤ " yehnika
a023a4d7a4a169d1d590b3cb1d1218de9cb229b1	'itness and health
df678b073743c6d6b64b5bb849b53332d5bdf374	jto
dcf26aa4154f32e439ffddafc5f08ed07aeae815	Electronic books
e1af46dea1025b2b996080baf6a318136ee60d1a	omputers
062416fa7f3b5f8260611971ce7d6cc7147e997f	applications¤
51bc08361573daccecc9d2c25f70050123389362	- aity days¤
0f71a0e0917ce4fcc246bc816fcc57393da0c501	ce reviews∆elezose reviews of computer hardware
17e754a4456ab828aba24042e55fbd6b5741b1e5	"emy: INTEL AMD processor evolution¤
eff81849789b11ac609b811ac97fdbca6d402af8	Evolution of processors.
89de1dd697265b2ab5d3dcb224a7ca1fd763eaf1	"aste 5: modernity
e2e8feb79c2ca36002e92aa731342ad5a815e63e	31.07.2014
c1598c20ca4dc195c6d0922254a740d30a4c82b7	Oleg olenchenko, info@ferra.ru
58827137b68c35646513aaefc5874b82ecfc2b8d	yersi¤ for печати printing
e7e789fa3581167f13fb82636e7839cd5d83fbe1	The 2000s are already modernity. the first Athlon; not herself¤ successful¤ NetBurst architecture, mountains¤Chiyo PentiumТы for ¤Dre Prescott; for¤mentation dvuh¤nuclear processors; the superiority of the AMD K8 and numbing¤following the success of Intel Core H read all about it in the concluding part of the series.
4b5573c815f44eb6ddabe4d2000b222e5725335b	Beheading
3f9b2f077a7212e5a5ca5507f79f6e3f10b87899	AMD K7 Intel NetBurst AMD K8 Intel Core and followers AMD K10 and followers " aklyuchenie
ccaff4b79ed0ba647931412aa652d4b48970acc4	the following parts:
0039dc4f8b4ff3c54f22dec8240510e04a59beef	"age 1: 8 bit эп epoch;
3fbf7e74e674d23faa7e735b09687beda643c998	"asti 2: 16 bitna эп epoch;
be07076f981779df970e64818ef78b8fad63f72f	"ast 3: 32 bit processors in the second half of the 1980s;
b955a2d63ef2938c7c4b2512c7dccd2c4eba4b2b	"article 4: RISC architecture and industry development in the 1990s.
05e275da4d7ceebdfb97c42f6b252a31c3b56e02	AMD K7
52e8faba0472d1acef275f5e1c49c4ad105f2cd1	The debut of the AMD K7 architecture and Athlon processors came in August 1999.
d8385523739875e5e3b55f5f0fd6dca146cc3630	The American company set itself more and more serious tasks, so the expectations of users from the new development were quite high, especially taking into account the information about technical characteristics leaking into the press.
67402609a9588d6d1271ad320f55b3f9fcbe48be	≈ Long before the company released the K7 platform, AMD and Motorola entered into a partnership agreement, under which Motorola factories could be used to produce new processors.
a99647736df5809e8387e9230b1650924ea9eb92	Prior to that, he worked at DEC and was directly involved in the development of Alpha processors. stem.
2013cafe371413f7efb47ae74ba3406f856d6625	the ash pam of the "cyclones" has also undergone certain changes.
e2e9f00630c797b1a3b36409b4c9f1bd084b0e89	First of all, it should be noted that the processor cache consists of two levels.
159b93c25ebdb84adf3345bc4dd0fcc43f675fb5	"lozgi" of the 1st level is divided into blocks of instructions and data.
35ce632922408f31e1fe244b85352435eff61442	The volume of each module was 64 bytes, which in total gave 128 bytes.
8146e0b35992b843a791d1c4c941f106643445c1	For example, the Pentium III has a first level cache capacity of only 32 bytes. the cache of the 2nd level memory in the K7 architecture was 512 bytes, but it worked at twice or three times less frequency than the processor itself.
55e9894ffb57e87c1d54512cfcd3613f79bcdb63	This was due to the fact that the SRAM memory was taken out of the crystal.
cc891528874a7913b11f41df6e5aabefa38059e1	Athlon processor, Slot A
8e8259a015c87f638e5a27668c759b690b40db20	"image stochnik¤
31629bc475be085a36f5ace2b66a9e623cd94166	The first Athlon processors were based on the Pluto core, which was produced using a 250 nm process technology.
142400262f8ee163852e7ba52fa916b191b3f876	"amen" contained about 22 million transistors.
62d699a7e3f5ec5f9d1dcf13db31a4b7b74626fc	The "jtlons" with the Pluto cable were installed in the Slot A connector.
795d6d40386feae5fdb46d3bb709c22b2301ff9a	A little later, crystals were produced based on the Orion core, which was produced using a 180 nm process technology.
de6e96617873875e2af34fdc5cf6da597549f1fa	"that was the only difference between it and Pluto.
f41f9b8f0fbd76d6b449031525ce82fdad67c02c	"The processors received interesting changes after the release of the 180 nm Thunderbird dra. about the first, from now on, AMD products were compatible with the Socket A connector. secondly, they have also undergone significant architectural changes. the ash memory of the 2nd level was transferred directly to the processor draw and worked at the same frequency with it.
874e3b5fa909d22c34b9a027133e14a2af030b24	Despite the fact that its volume has been reduced to 256 bytes, its speed has increased.
77d787d31bfa118ecbdfcd36463a6391c750ea83	In addition, the clock frequency of the system bus was increased.
8b896f2966ba5f8b9e39b3d70dd8ab02616e637d	"Now it functioned with a frequency of 133 l√ts, that is, its effective indicator is equal to л ls¤ 266 l√ts.
07c954ec5a89a1adfc644d21721915082b3d5bc2	by the way, AMD's processors were the first to overcome the gigahertz limit.
f68ccd597765a8d783ca12acda1cee6f8b5b765c	On March 6, 2000, the Athlon Thunderbird became the first "stone" in history with an operating frequency of 1 √√ts.
c755f156af0499f73d8012479890d7f33680ffda	But even this did not become the limit for the K7 architecture, since a little later models were developed that operated at a frequency of 1400 l / c.
264c9936f3417a3e6016cf06e07e20033f183776	√Gigahertz Athlon for the Slot A connector
8b33109cd139ea73c5bb2085bce59086380f4324	Despite the commercial and technological success of the K7, the architecture was far from perfect.
2b8947b889f525607a03578c91ee371e0c21606e	Its main problem was the slow cache of the 2nd level - even after it was moved to the crystal, its performance left much to be desired.
2e462119585673e9cf62b605d0d0b10fc2c3762a	"also, the lack of support for the "Intel" SSE instruction set was considered a disadvantage of the first "jtlons".
9636fe4038d5e9362f1e74a4dbbd27b56f229bba	These commands were a kind of analogue of the 3DNow! instructions, and the overwhelming majority of applications were "sharpened" under SSE. for this reason, Athlon processors were often inferior in performance to Intel crystals.
abd463878c56e4b1a30b92fbfae72915e0856850	These shortcomings were fixed in the new Palomino DRE, on the basis of which the Athlon XP (eXtra Performance) solutions were released. in addition to SSE support and a faster cache of the 2nd level, the crystals finally got a thermal sensor for temperature tracking. the Palomino core was produced according to the 180 nm process technology, but in comparison with its predecessors it became more complicated and contained almost 38 million transistors.
1fd8d8ecea4417b94412ca430a91a664fadc11cd	Most of the Athlon XP models were installed in the Socket A connector, although there were also transitional versions for Slot A.
2029359309e76e133a58a10fb1bc83171c4141ce	The maximum clock frequency of the Palomino is 1733 l√ts.
e9d3c00789a86d65c7f0c6c8417d8910839551eb	Athlon XP processor for Socket A
8366b9365b4498927ee341e912b072fd5adc8d93	Note that with the release of Athlon XP, AMD introduced a rating system for naming processors.
d4f5aa8af848b3656359316b9f15747358dc6a73	"ak, the index of any model from now on did not display the real clock frequency of the dra.
dbbd306d8cb9a03323d1f4563755af8b4bac843e	For example, the Athlon XP 2000+ functioned at a speed of 1667 l / c and was comparable in performance to a Pentium 4 processor with a frequency of 2000 l/c.
78db07b985053bfa6dc7609e3de5b53e807b422d	the Palomino core was introduced in October 2001, and after 9 months it was replaced by Thoroughbred (Tbred A) processors.
d4c4a86a4c6058abb92129cad82673e3496cf1dd	This solution is the same Palomino dro, but produced according to 130 nm technological standards.
1ceb5a1aaef4485ba5cd446ab95a465742ecbf38	AMD unexpectedly experienced problems with increasing the clock frequency in new processors, so after two months a new revision was made Thoroughbred — Tbred B. According to the architectural design, Tbred A was slightly different from Tbred B, but this allowed the updatedру dru to reach a frequency of 2200 l√ts.
87239c30e3b36a0bcbc52a475f961f89f649ea3b	Thoroughbred also increased the system bus frequency to 166 l√ts.
00ebc6bd591c039e2df8761b97d60cb15afbac63	The last advent of the K7 architecture was the Barton draw, released in 2003.
7264d22b4b62922f028645b3e25757a327953ff4	The processors differed from Thoroughbred only by the level 2 cache increased to 512 bytes.
e15f96d39787ac15964c1f697063b6a8ec48bc7a	Barton was only slightly superior in performance to Tbred B, and AMD hastened to bring its new architecture called K8 to the market.
536ef69eb507b2ccaa730cfead1ecb1434d77c30	Intel NetBurst
1a6bb44bdc07f1d7b88908b9be8f7b6436ca9006	remembering the Intel P6 architecture, I canot say that it has finally exhausted its potential by the end of its life cycle. it is quite possible that by making certain changes, it was possible to get more productive processors based on it.
98b4639af37ca68cec4d6ac65bad5a1fa7778969	But Intel engineers thought differently and created a completely new architecture called NetBurst, which replaced P6 in 2000.
9806f6b9b198462b4d99e125232e949d2b5781c7	"just like AMD K7, NetBurst was developed with the expectation of high clock speeds.
7a510c79c1a9e39a608c70fb3c6f7a1887a6afcc	Therefore, the architecture was based on the principle of hyperconveyerization, which, roughly speaking, was an analogue of the superconveyor technology in K7.
70c2aafa0becb9cba6acc3287bdadb3b33d20de7	Therefore, NetBurst processors similarly had a pipeline with a large number of stages. the first NetBurst revisions — the Willamette and Northwood drahs had a depth of 20 stages. later versions — Prescott and Cedar Mill could already boast of 31 stages.
1df079f4f1d1211af30573c1979e6d9672f59ac4	- the stages of decoding instructions were not included, since the decoder itself was taken out of the pipeline.
6baf3927f84cbc85bbd85a2efe1e0b076c3f3322	"if earlier complex operations were decoded on the fly, then in NetBurst the splitting of instructions occurred at the stage of copying the code to the cache of the 1st level memory.
696e2e3b804049ad97283fa448019936f205ec82	The type of Pentium 4 processors
95dc66c0eb382000d5500859ae80165787f4a761	by the way, about the cache memory.
bc4995464b0cbc39b122b9cfd8a931637a2c6001	She was of a different type in NetBurst.
892463f604a75840257e9a814fe8c45a79b2e87d	"so, the traditional memory was replaced by a cache of micro operation sequences (Trace Cache), which stores decoded instruction traces, which allowed the decoder not to re process recently performed operations.
b6813da29343404346648aa2e666face6b1257cc	"this approach allowed to increase the throughput of loading instructions, as well as reduce the heat dissipation of the processor.
d8054bac87c4035cbfabec131f82d63a514e402c	The cache volume in NetBurst is 12 thousand micro operations. the memory itself worked at a half time (relative to the clock) frequency.
c9e7d5c992cbe8ac12a231cc9b5a5e46ebca4cd9	Among other things, the design of arithmetic logic devices was changed. јЋ " was divided into 3 blocks.
2728cd64785602e4d360ffabc69dadd05b5922a3	One of them was "slow J"", which works with all integer operations. the other two are "2X јЋ"", performing only elementary operations (for example, addition).
84d49a5873d876e85e98259ac73d6aff5322b3ac	The branch prediction block has also been finalized. compared with the same module of the P6 architecture, the number of errors in the calculation of x was reduced by 33%.
1c5f28e9552592c11e8541279272c7042c838578	The first draw with the NetBurst architecture, called Willamette, operated at a frequency of up to 2 √√ts with a system bus frequency of 400 √ √ts. his worn out cycle was short lived.
3184de2b36b9a22e4938665fd22eac455c04c9f6	Since 2002, it has been replaced by Northwood processors. unlike the 180 nm dra Willamette, these crystals were manufactured according to the 130 nm process technology.
7e55618594b5957d3264e47751e5d4d52a823966	"they also received a cache volume of the 2nd level increased to 512 bytes and support for Hyper Threading multithreading technology.
47086255c18b8b72b7b10e98a89ce1a0667db71c	The Northwood frequency range ranged from 1.6 √√c to 3.4 √√c.
daad591c216c420baae3152b186faf8967a7aefc	Northwood processors supported Hyper Threading technology
991816916e61a69a4f4c2d5fa847d1808ea02456	The most significant changes were received by the next draw in the line — Prescott, released in 2004. the reproduction of processors was again transferred to more subtle technological standards — 90 nm.
60b67b742c90a2af40cd07622aba97a392ed6834	But the architecture design itself has also changed.
54d7ea237f09afe162f5bddbff3a90ae87fe4525	"So, the volume of cache memory increased to 1 MB (and in the Prescott 2M revision to 2 MB), and the pipeline received 31 stages instead of 20 in Willamette and Northwood.
d1acb0898c589359fa8f18ec9d9eff8e84d32dac	The branch prediction block was improved, support for SSE3 instructions was added, and a little later — a 64 bit extension of the x86 instruction set. Despite all the improvements, Prescott processors managed to be inferior in performance to Northwood in single threaded applications at the same clock frequency.
fd6027509d30f734f0f16739e3e7fca7ac5865bb	Moreover, they had a huge power consumption and heat dissipation, which is why Prescott was awarded the well deserved title of the most powerful x86 processor.
13c707439fd5d3612847e8c891a8d27c93bb9963	In 2005, Intel introduced its first dual core Pentium D processor based on the Smithfield chip.
227c5cade52c0051d0ac4bcb8f44560767efafcb	"a kind of "stump" is represented by two Prescott holes located on the same substrate.
2c11b59fd3bedf2c8816fa440650072ed0ec94f0	- it turned out not to be the most successful, probably because the Pentium D had all the disadvantages of Prescott (primarily high heat dissipation).
5342df956f827cf9c7df9fa8cdaff1abf03db92c	"In order to fit into a 130 watt TDP, Intel engineers had to limit the Smithfield clock frequency to a bar of 2.8 √√ts.
f55c3adfbc78ed59a531a5562bd4a2b3c016aab4	“since the performance of the NetBurst architecture strongly depended on the frequency, the speed of the first two Intel processors left much to be desired.
ac471fd9b3ab88e1f90ac8593b0d328fb668212c	—a significant role was played by the use of slow DDR2 memory, as well as the non optimization of most applications for working with two drams.
cc7435faeee94b5cb9b0e02d256df64ba399ebba	Pentium D — the first dual core Intel processor
946c36ed259d787bf94b86a4ab49ff2390b35d6d	The last processors with the NetBurst architecture were the single core Cedar Mill and the two core Presler.
8fedaffd130053acbbdd4ab26437f9836e07f539	Cedar Mill was a complete analogue of Prescott 2M, except for the production technology — it was manufactured according to 65 nm technological standards. the transition to the new "rails" allowed to reduce the power consumption of the dra, but to increase the clock frequencies.
6882edc8a9a41417f6abcb084136d357bcc0678b	"now it concerns the Presler two dern model, then in terms of design it is a repeat of Smithfield, that is, two dra were located on the same substrate, with the only difference: Cedar Mill was used instead of Prescott.
2393482cdcc2835c220b20845597ee7332f72a16	In 2008, the release of the latest processors with the NetBurst architecture was stopped.
7450cabdacefd2fd21d065979820ef3c6571e4c9	NetBurst has been replaced by a more advanced microarchitect ra Core.
ea2fa8decfbb7c2a77dc6c3f1e348243b41466e6	AMD K8
c09f352bab734754b57da3a18472410ff883ecfb	at the end of 2003, AMD released a new K8 architecture.
7eca5433948edbd60b04fd7d7a92607e8f170056	This time there were not so many architectural changes.
7fc8dfccb61d4fcce1e73dd93a04c91358bf9fe4	there were three key innovations: a 64 bit architecture, a built in memory controller and a HyperTransport bus.
f50ae65d008c62a73cada8ced11796ce7e9ab84d	AMD's new products are called the Athlon 64.
b51e4cd823ea603d364b03d096feb25b5222b2e0	Indeed, it was in K8 crystals that the x86 architecture was first expanded and became 64 bit.
a9b738b594e19b28f59862b76c9c193eeb0a314d	- amo extension is officially called x86 x86-64, but AMD named it in its own way — AMD64.
69a5a2a42808f8c4c4db75284dd46f44aa883de6	Backward compatibility with 16 - and 32 bit applications was also obtained, that is, 64 bit AMD processors worked with old programs without problems.
36f29de67e9e992e1d4aaabe1f40bdfcdccb5126	A new performance increase in comparison with the K7 was provided by the built in memory controller. if earlier the data also passed through the north bridge, which acted as a connecting link between the processor and the memory, now the connection was made, for example. in addition, the volume of the associative translation buffer was increased and the branch prediction block was improved.
5f8da1b6ca3778962c52ffb38858fde486cda89f	Athlon 64 processor
0a00d9b979ecee97b3177e9ae789a21a48727332	computers with the Athlon 64 chipset and other processors with the K8 architecture used the HyperTransport bus.
1892abcfbc18b6d248b55ac796275c71713cb459	She worked at a frequency of 200 l√ts.
c26562bbcfd0fcec851df84c3cc9d63a16f3a9fa	Thanks to DDR (Double Data Rate) support, it could transmit two packets at once in one clock cycle, providing a bandwidth of 3.2 √bytes/s.
b3b5b32b226ded8853ecb6def1db042dd10251a9	the rest of the K8 innovations were rather quantitative in nature.
53301e3f919f362a4865e8a1436fc2558f557317	For example, the processor pipeline has become longer by two stages. for integer operations, their number is 12, and for floating — point numbers 17.
64ff247ff5e4a1d9828d03afadd33181d632d109	The FPU block has retained the previous design. but the cache has not changed¤.
f29d252551181148565f8d2eb783b096dd464b9c	64 bit "jtlons" supported many instruction sets, such as MMX, 3DNow!, SSE, SSE2 and SSE3.
f53d173f4caaa9150ab451889834487cb9118001	In addition, the processors received support for Cool'n'Quiet energy saving technology and hardware protection against buffer overflow error NX bit (No Execute bit).
02f3cb8605ba72bbd15c8d666598513a4fbcc0bf	The first Athlon 64 models were built on a 130 nm Clawhammer and were installed in both Socket 754 (single channel operation mode"") and Socket 939 (dual channel operation mode"").
cbe7b5a6202dbdc98ab6cd6f6b765e9d7859deaf	- processor ratings ranged from 2600+ to 4000+.
3ec77f2e95d676c873e248247cb8d9ff8440fda2	- the most productive Athlon 64 processors had the FX prefix
2fb74b2c0842349518834aa4d81d5b752f471185	"and Clawhammer was followed by the Newcastle draw, which had almost no differences from its predecessor. it disabled 512 bytes of Level 2 memory cache and added support for NX Bit technology, which was absent in the first implementations of the K8 architecture.
909ec270e9d59b648cd87056c8bf399eccff99b1	as part of the next DRA, Winchester, released in September 2004, all processors were installed exclusively in the Socket 939 connector.
eed258df2e7779f9d476393b6b2a7ecff84a20b2	Architecturally, Winchester was no different from Newcastle.
67b21ce52ff74e63fdb72d8eafef8c4c29c41c2b	In April 2005, AMD released the next K8 architecture draw — San Diego.
0058614b7693aa69ec245dfb50ce197daa6072aa	The processor received support for the SSE3 instruction set, as well as a redesigned memory controller that taught how to work with DDR 433/466/500 modules.
efaf8865ca030aa0d941eb760f5e28a1369c4b23	The maximum rating of the" stones " of San Diego is 4000+.
5dcd68b0cb1fee19cce2df1a878c09224331d1d5	"The final chord in the line of single core K8 processors was the Orleans draw, introduced in the second quarter of 2006. ristall received support for AMD V virtualization technology, but its main feature was working exclusively through the new Socket AM2 connector.
62da400ff805d198d9e7b195c317c016d4c1376e	We take the cache of the 2nd level memory equal to 512 bytes, and the maximum crystal rating is 4000+.
7ad9211e6de7b1b9ca816a5fa12dab5c9e4aecc4	At the same time, the level of energy consumption was limited to 62 tons, while all previous ones consumed at least 89 tons.
bf4e4e286237f9c34dc1802156441d577d9f2e0d	In 2005, AMD introduced its first dual core processors under the Athlon 64 X2 brand. such models were based on two д dra made on a single crystal.
47ebd48fcc1a4aff1b247f8dc3150271f44310e0	They had a common memory controller, a HyperTransport bus, and a command queue.
48f14f13b0c4b3b046a461d90ec5be00354aefe5	Plus, an additional management logic was located in the processor.
60bab903b253963ee5adc255490d21bbf1867f53	At the same time, the cache memory was individual for each dra.
d77c88702fbb3be4ba326a1567ea56719bd1a09b	Athlon 64 X2 competitor of the Pentium D line
0243ff434d2e397e9f824f8915be599b69c298a6	"The Athlon 64 X2 had all the "children's balls" inherent in the first dual core processors. first, the chip area was significantly larger in comparison with single dern models. ak and power consumption.
15f702aaa0ebeaba450f3990146ef3ce61bd60d4	"Nevertheless, the TDP level was found at a completely acceptable level, especially taking into account the "voracity" of competing solutions in the face of Pentium D.
bdcc4dab866719ea4900fdc43f9bb56f7f14b063	For example, the heat package of the Athlon 64 X2 3800 + processor was 89 t, while the similar indicator of the Athlon 64 3800+ model is 65 t. secondly, in applications that did not involve multithreading, single core crystals were faster than dual core ones due to a higher clock frequency.
1b4c28877a07db57f25e9573b2b034c380b776ef	during 2005 and 2006, AMD released four generations of dual core chips: three 90 nm Manchester, Toledo and Windsor chips, as well as 65 nm Brisbane chips. the processors differed in the volume of cache memory of the 2nd level and power consumption.
7d9f757ed13b9b5720a35520e7d8e9a5e8e14d29	"For example, Brisbane had 512 bytes of cache for each draw and had a TDP of 89 tons.
e045454e4dedd804e37effbe0b1298c398e758dd	The maximum rating of Brisbane was 6000+ at a frequency of 3100 l√c, hot Wind on the basis of д DRA Windsor produced an Athlon 64 X2 6400 + processor with a clock frequency of 3200 l√c.
c679c7dc4d7f35049413131955fbd804ec8bc7ca	Do not forget that the K8 architecture was the basis of solutions for other market segments — budget Sempron crystals, Opteron server and mobile Turion.
0004e6378606c30cb7be2f5bb24d0cf49f48bcf4	Intel Core and followers
9daa1a94d03ff076406ad029ecc301369ff3b0f0	The failure of the NetBurst architecture forced Intel to rethink its strategy for the near future.
bc53901b08b6730bbe4ab7ffc704651660596b9a	Pentium 4 processors have shown that NetBurst cannot adequately compete with AMD K8. even more: over time, the advantage of the competitor's solutions only increased.
6bcf3b4dc5cb3ed22cae57a1b2b2779615c5695a	Therefore, in the microarchitecture of the next generation, which received the Core and was introduced in early 2006, it was decided to return to the root and borrow the best features of the P6 architecture.
df10e5571f848d82db1e2fbd6e9603d7eb87e954	- the list of received changes should be started from the conveyor. he received "only" 14 stages — about the same number used by the P6 pipeline, in contrast to the 31 stage design of NetBurst.
f8f4761f09ef7fea12ba0211a57bc8c10c494480	The processor has learned to process up to four instructions per clock cycle.
f2f5361cd4c531715b358901b2d628108d571c18	The Core architecture was originally designed for two dernity, so a common cache of level 2 memory was provided for all "heads".
dd90ce0c788f41e87e8970faa08f5b9da4c2cda9	"this approach provided more speed and less power consumption.
6d77023f917ce2d9804333b6974ebe8c650ba2a9	Core added support for various energy saving technologies, the essence of which was to enable the necessary processor logic if necessary.
67592837015ad589be16f7c06035adf776341ab1	The performance was also positively affected by the improved work with the memory subsystem.
7220deaf34d6619d9a2cd3b2d205526ac6bff54e	In addition to all of the above, the algorithm for processing 128 bit SSE, SSE2 and SSE3 instructions was redesigned in Core.
6d84820c07329f15c6859c81e32f6fbcc9efa858	If earlier each command was processed in two cycles, now only one cycle was required for the operation.
4f0bcb74b1bf5fa286601a9fe69f2b0affcadd21	Note that the Core architecture differed from NetBurst by the lack of support for some technologies: for example, Hyper Threading and a Level 3 memory cache.
bfd247f5beb6187463d366607fe1314c25530240	The Core 2 trademark has replaced the Pentium
3d324edb4ce9214f8ebb544691f027c9fd7868d2	The debut of the Core microarchitecture was marked by processors with the code names Merom, Conroe, Allendale and Woodcrest.
62cfbdb5a9016869192437ed0a2d340470904ab7	"if the first and last were intended for mobile and server systems, respectively, then the second and third were aimed at the desktop segment. the Allendale core was a stripped down version of Conroe, it reduced the frequency of the system bus from 1066 l√c to 800 l√c, and also reduced the volume of the cache memory of the 2nd level from 4 MB to 2 MB. plus, there was no support for hardware virtualization.
1d22a8e6c1405e65c3b1490d678d7804bfbcc7b4	These "stones" received their original names.
1da570dea0e12f93674768a0e1edd20729684cc6	Intel introduced the Core 2 trademark, which replaced the Pentium in the upper and middle price segment.
ebea34bc6915fc695e3cd81dd590128a95c11bf4	The brand has remained, but the "stumps" have now migrated to the budget segment, where they live to this day.
5c48dc5001c10def6efff51c5707aa6c79182f31	Core marked the return of Intel to a leading position in the processor market. compared with Pentium D crystals, Conroe's performance increased by an average of 40%, and power consumption decreased by the same 40%.
64027b94fed1d087c8ecdf17c01010ded3198b0c	In addition, Conroe as a whole confidently outperformed the AMD Athlon 64 X2 in performance.
627daaa028086277960c08f53e8423ad675bd04f	In 2007, the Core was replaced by the 45 nm Penryn microarchitecture.
d1b44fc616b4a5013a691edb4cc7431346ad76a0	The modifications were minimal. in the production of new crystals, metal gates and materials with a high index of the dielectric constant began to be used. support for SSE4 instructions was added to the architecture, and the maximum cache volume of level 2 memory for dual core processors was increased from 4 MB to 6 MB.
3ff6636ec4933d29f3231278849681d2d700ced2	The Penryn generation was represented by two dern Wolfdale solutions and four dern Yorkfield.
6e539b1ab14d9aa37e7f91bb8d0811f49425fbfe	isual comparison of Conroe and Wolfdale
b2cc79a7cd4cfffddbc2f0350485b849ad2ec814	Nehalem, the next generation architecture, was released in 2008. compared to Core and Penryn, it has received many improvements. ak and AMD K8 processors have got a built in three channel DDR3 memory controller.
ea41705a0acf984b268e7c971f5b0f712c36f896	Nehalem received a new modular structure, which later allowed adding a graphics draw to the processor, and in general it is easier to increase the number of holes in the chip.
ce9d5284b45ab883f94bb2d8198f59519e80fc5a	The FSB bus has finally become a thing of the past — instead of it, the QPI (QuickPath Interconnect) interface was used in the older processors for the Socket LGA1366 connector, and DMI (Direct Media Interface) was used in the Socket LGA1156 solution.
d3405498b6af12a391ae82b0f4010926f75c14a9	The memory cache of the 2nd level was reduced to 256 bytes for each draw, but L3 support was added.
11a845da64ce82f69d9c06c4e4ae8b7c4be7ff12	- yes, they supported SMT (Simultaneous Multithreading) technology an analog of Hyper Threading.
9703b494f4453de28bfe3995de61f751b2d7fa99	You can read more about Nehalem's innovations in this review.
4fd130aac9625bbac8898d0dd6d28d356f3dcdac	"more than a year later, Intel transferred the Nehalem architecture to a new 32 nm process technology.
c5021cffea887c999c85abce66ebd249dbf3a263	This line of processors was named Westmere.
21a76f21b1e517fb32fe744c80be7d032fd5160c	Solutions have been released with the integrated Clarkdale graphics module, as well as the desktop top six door Gulftown models.
e8a17e177e14309a9f82b3f3ad1827ce118461a9	since then, Intel has managed to bring to the market 32 nm processors of the next generation — Sandy Bridge and their 22 nm modification Ivy Bridge. last year, crystals based on the 22 nm Haswell architecture were on sale.
4fad0dcfe4548fe682df4d2e07252a9ea4eda53b	AMD K10 and its followers
be6febb6cb59e7e401a8a2c93ee9b36fe820ddb1	— With the introduction of the Intel Core architecture, AMD found itself in a rather difficult situation.
e24b8dc0fadc0991105a1b49e9a79ea2c3d6ac93	If at the time of the competition of its K8 platform with the "Intel" NetBurst, the advantage of the first was obvious, now everything was exactly the opposite. even the top end K8 processors hardly held back the onslaught of not the fastest Conroe, so AMD hastened to release the architecture of the new generation K10.
47271b1f4593926991c22e40bc4e6be8626a0677	The positive thing for AMD was that the K8 itself was a successful product and it did not need to be radically redesigned.
81ef9b6f2e9209cf6d53c2eca6c93d5fa5067f6d	"nevertheless, the changes affected almost all processor blocks, and this does not count as a general optimization of the architecture of the dra.
77236bac4e51deb6dc9f9cf1e07d5cf7cd8c78c4	If earlier only two dra could be located on one crystal, now this number has increased to six. in addition to the cache of the 1st and 2nd levels, the K10 models finally received L3 "brains" with a volume of 2 MB.
dce6b134d38b37a0cbf94d55a530f49b6666fed4	It was shared.
732ca17e1871017ca7e3c82f50ce59b9e93546e5	At the same time, the volume of the data and instructions cache of the 1st level is 64 bytes each, and the memory cache of the 2nd level is 512 bytes.
55d3de6a92f0fd8b7060f1457b2367df82f90d25	Another difference from the K8 was the memory controller. processors used one 128 — bit controller, and in K10 there were two of them 64 bit. in many ways, the change in the architecture of the controller was caused by the multiplicity of processors. by the way, each memory controller has received its own buffer.
0a0dbbfcfd711b8dbf4bba7b57284d845a58b7d8	"this approach made it possible to reduce delays when contacting the client.
0b4cca04285bda46036f0fde4d7d542687d83b0e	The development also affected the FPU blocks. each processor draw had a 128 bit floating point computing module.
930d0436c45593129504f3be7212c5e80e2b5f21	The algorithms for predicting transitions have been improved. as a result, the K10 architecture has learned to process two 128 bit SSE instructions per clock cycle. in addition, the new processors worked through the HyperTransport 3.0 interface.
1bc6caf4fbd9ca6a6fbfa3f7689449dc1763a6ed	Compared with previous versions, the new generation of buses provided a higher data exchange rate due to a higher clock frequency (up to 2.6 √√ts).
b9264090c41cee12b6e73b8485d3d8c6a786146f	The efficiency of crystals began to play a big role, so in K10 AMD worked on various energy saving technologies (Cool'n'Quiet 2.0, CoolCore), which allowed turning off idle processor blocks or automatically reducing the frequency of unloaded cores.
57297531a2db62c6388486c903fd51bf579d2bc4	The trade mark Phenom has replaced Athlon
f942d85fda2e766236f65d0f6a0e0dfcf168dd96	The first processors with the K10 architecture were Opteron server solutions, released in 2007.
8be35176f7cb9aea2fefac53247b546502b1dc5c	The K10 desktop models received the name "Phenom".
2ea0de151e88525c74904d371f1d9ebeb4fd2039	They replaced the "cyclones", but AMD retained the trademark for its Low End products.
8034b5c27a85855772fab9105f415efabaeb82d5	The first solutions based on K10 were made according to the aging 65 nm process technology. unfortunately, the AMD architecture could not oppose much to a competitor in the face of Intel Core.
851ed7fe8e70ad3b2b5388f3a380acfa696a1f6f	at the end of 2008, K10 switched to 45 nm technorms. in the new version of the architecture (10.5), the memory controller was trained to work with DDR2 and DDR3 memory, and power consumption was significantly reduced, which significantly increased the clock speeds of the processors. the desktop segment received Phenom II processors, which were installed in the new Socket AM3 connector, which, however, retained backward compatibility with the previous Socket AM2+. in terms of performance, the K10.
ffb41f3425d12e46fec6ca96848cc799417de286	5 managed to reduce the huge gap from Intel Core.
7fbd59914d939d04668b2e488c8c14614f74784f	the previous production "moved" from 45 nm to 32 nm process technology.
b86de9d4cfbcb536c93d6e5460f698b973571ff0	However, such crystals found their application only in the first APU (Accelerated Processing Unit) of AMD, codenamed Llano.
726785b736047915623e454156508a4feda18c1a	Two bit AMD Phenom II X6 processor
3a82fd0a24447037f5436b64d6244cce8474edce	¬ In 2011, the K10 was replaced by a fundamentally new Bulldozer architecture.
0540248d2e85cb314e4ad3a53d7cd6ad35007668	Each module contained two cores, each of which had its own block of integer calculations and a cache memory of the 1st level. .
6a290466561a16d226ab487fab02991fcb783713	At the same time, within the framework of one module, there was a common block of floating point calculations, 2 MB of L2 cache and a device for fetching and decoding instructions.
9a975ae21fe2e94b9e314d9c97bdfc61b81d1038	At the same time, in terms of performance, the Bulldozer module was approaching a full fledged dual core processor, with almost half as many transistors.
0bdce73b6fff5cad3dc1cbcddee888768a91ea53	Thanks to the redesigned architecture, Bulldozer could boast of executing four instructions per clock cycle.
059be66d71f36a0a96fd8b93da29ac0dff51b7e0	- Among other improvements, it is necessary to note the support of the cache of the 3rd level with a volume of 8 MB, the HyperTransport 3.1 bus, the technology of increasing the frequency of the second generation Turbo Core and the AVX, SSE 4.1, SSE 4.2, AES instruction sets.
58a33ae3a453cedf6d6c28a3c3212ddaf2dac436	"also, Bulldozer processors were endowed with a dual channel DDR3 memory controller with an effective frequency of 1866 l√ts.
ff66ca53220e841b1b366e4d6b2c9ff2f25b9402	AMD Bulldozer Processor
08e095b3ee0c2231207326d9a1134b9476808438	The first solutions based on Bulldozer were FX crystals.
9ae6951b9b9d6621bd8b8dfdbdb712463075008e	But they were never able to push Intel processors.
10c835d5ac6ba34cabe0dc92312e72d5410682f4	AMD quickly realized the critical situation, so soon (in mid 2013) the next generation of processors was born — Piledriver.
6eef97cfbea22ddabb1e2ca4be3f7161c48ce181	The model is an improved Bulldozer architecture in all respects.
4dd07313dd9dd34ba10021256960d15f8614f660	The branch prediction blocks have been improved, the performance of floating point operations and integer calculations has increased, as well as the clock frequency.
fe1729515ace2d0303e92978eb06119c57c66868	- tal faster integrated memory controller.
cf5266e66696d2e90cc551190290d50135823357	At the same time, energy consumption and heat generation decreased. on average, processors with the Piledriver architecture have become 15% faster than "bulldozers".
91ea9803d5cb25018d44244ffc490832cd39617c	More detailed information about the results of these processors can be found in our review of the AMD FX 8350.
2ffeddcd9b938a025523edeb848370e9ef8eee9c	Well, earlier this year, AMD introduced the third generation of the Bulldozer architecture the Steamroller platform.
a19c13171e544c46c4539b9cc7a50896e0d82539	It has not undergone any drastic changes in comparison with Piledriver.
e1031cacd8a32f815c4c2ad4c56f164ac899c019	—the most significant innovation is the integration of each module with its own independent decoder, which can process up to four instructions per clock cycle.
0c30c3c61feb5f9122b8c065870852e6808c2b6c	The operation of the cache memory, the branch prediction block and the memory controller has been improved.
52d19aa3f5a5ddca34cebb2c4d0a469731bac78e	"an exception
18e554d487d943549b0acc38a813231e25ce90d9	this is why our story about the history of the development of central processors has come to an end. a few years ago, you can see how modern "stones" differ from those solutions that were produced 15-20 years ago. "it's amazing how they can even have common features at the same time.
d42704fac5670f9c477438c818ab904f787afd9a	For example, the same x86 architecture. j And as for the near future, we will certainly have a lot of interesting things waiting for us.
30e2fa48fd9126118e97c72710e8d20e72e4d0a1	AMD is ready to release the latest generation of Bulldozer architecture called Excavator next year, after which it is planned to launch completely new crystals.
3ac025d777ce775a297076d51992b3338dee240b	It is clear that Intel and AMD will not let us get bored.
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3295933bc6a08bfa4bb49f4ec39d469ee52c641b	"did you see the typo? select the text and press Ctrl+Enter
2df92497e551f4b9d49e77dcc2fb27e6285949d8	√lavnoe for a week
ce23527f30830c15a017e3019007335e1f4528c8	29.03.2016 ‘S hacked the iPhone without the help of Apple
ace92ff797022b141d7e08265e2e32120e611ddf	01.04.2016 New Android device распростран n distributes ет ets¤ using GPS
2109fe2d9c8cdaa193392ceac696897def926020	31.03.2016 oenna стратег Strategists¤ War Thunder: Conflicts is available on iOS and Android
28b2e043cc5da5bd55f69eb627218aabeacc07e7	29.03.2016 Konami showed Contra for iOS iOS and Android
40197d507c63d2e4727d45fbd91ef4a766d20a03	17:29 NVIDIA Quadro M5500 has become the fastest graphics for laptops
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b03f01a1e273105777ae67c8ec553dfdf89a1717	24.03 11: 56 the performance of the Russian Baikal T1 processor is revealed for the first time
f7d3d337ae73fcde93dccb559e6cf49a1a820ebf	23.03 11: 27 NVIDIA introduced the Quadro M6000 with 24 √S video memory
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4cd44d64ecf8d03c80906b08859a43ffb175ee2f	Topics: INTEL processor AMD MOTOROLA NEC CPU history evolution DEC
a329754908bb9cdbaaff39ffa559d829ebbec8d3	Part 4: RISC architecture and industry development in the 1990s
513a2aac47c55d163eaf808b0396e32a6836d59d	25.07.2014
4bdb86a947ad0d303fb70904c8952cd14b176f19	In the previous parts of this series of articles, we talked exclusively about CISC processors.
9f73b3c3ca67be51aa28616753c88aecb230191c	In this part of the material, we will follow how the development of the RISC architecture began.
cc9621b05d06a0ec1488af30a3d84ad8c9cad7bc	We will also pay attention to the last decade of the XX century and the nascent rivalry between AMD and Intel.
8a3408def5108030ed606e9d4db76d7536b10485	Creating a RISC architecture MIPS processors SPARC processors ARM processors PowerPC processors DEC Alpha processors Intel P5 Architecture AMD K5 Architecture Intel P6 Architecture AMD K6 Architecture Instead of concluding
385288ed48ef68bf59429a1c728ef3e53487c871	Previous parts:
bd98d2d1ff97ea916141ebf563f4f0890b678f74	Part 1: The 8 bit Era;
c453bd98ca473f22cda6686894c8929e7218e32c	Part 2: The 16 bit Era;
269cf5cc4e52abdb79889d1d2d13d689e0b60388	Part 3: 32 bit processors in the second half of the 1980s.
e2083f586867dee36c0e4aa24c4e2a4c97ecebd4	Creating a RISC architecture
9f077c7cebcdc568556bd1d274ad576f11ba5a39	To improve performance, they made changes to the processor architecture, adding cache memory, multipliers and pipelines. the processor, when executing small programs, was on average twice as fast as the VAX 11/780 and about four times more productive than the Zilog Z8000" stone".
b112d2f2a3562bb849bb75c39ff3d3b917dfa571	RISC II differed from its predecessor in a large number of instructions: 39 versus 32.
8c4519286e888d831b859326e0453893d8321eab	He was faster.
1b3bef6180161d280fbb89f237c00df3d7d988c5	Its advantage over the VAX processor reached 200%, and the Motorola 68000 was about four times slower in some programs.
9e3702d3836d65e8a62787743d03b2892052d2a6	It should be noted that Berkeley RISC was part of a large project called VLSI.
7b9318dd2d66d09df71496a84fde9fdc2c84ad24	This also included the Stanford University MIPS project, which started in 1981.
d0bca359798b8f2fe23b48c5d4f20bdb314dd460	MIPS processors
8b95c15f07ba4e437b8b4fd1d631d9f831f99503	The head of the MIPS project was Stanford University scientist John Hennessy.
b373b6f36261e0ee55cd06ace5340fd79622a7ce	As in the case of Berkeley RISC, the startup's task was to research and create a processor that would use a pipeline and a reduced set of commands.
2b66a578067b0dba29ec278fa3c2e3726a365401	The architecture of MIPS solutions also provided for the presence of auxiliary blocks in the crystal: for example, modules for working with memory, an integer ALU (arithmetic logic device) and command decoders.
1a90478c476f90f4b2f4f25a1e52fe402900f84c	The difference between the MIPS plan and the Berkeley RISC was the use of an extended conveyor.
4bd36ee2e177975d18e5d11e966b2c37141a59d2	The RISC architecture, in principle, assumes the use of a pipeline, but Hennessy went further and proposed to lengthen the pipeline in the processor as much as possible, that is, to "split" the execution of a single operation even more.
44f8c707d22b8d8a872423197d11d5e9563c5980	This approach opened up even greater scope for increasing the clock frequency.
e4e2e80e0d17da05dad6f9fd0bcb7d5a43a66f38	At the same time, the lengthening of the pipeline provided more efficient parallelization of command execution.
2b42b20a2dbe4a8dd647494b3620ddb883acee80	At that time, parallelization was a distinctive feature of the RISC architecture, since this function was not implemented in any CISC processor until the appearance of pipelines in them.
3b0fb6bd6e5d36cca454f7af43879e41937a10d0	For example, in MIPS, as well as in RISC, the execution of one command could not yet be completed when the other one began to be executed.
bd0f33328e4af6eecd1973c2fc0c70ba344a7dd9	In CISC processors, to start the execution of one instruction, it was necessary that the processing of the other was completed.
51b98b07c6c14d7b6dcd0cee573257d114c87601	John Hennessy creator of the MIPS architecture, and now president of Stanford University
97abaf02a63fead6fce4c4b9e324692c63de2cf8	The original specification of MIPS processors did not provide support for such elementary operations as multiplication and division.
5b4c989e1405c9781ed444bdc8aab34e5f4d5378	This was done on purpose.
c5e6876ca1100ba310202468bcb78997f7811027	Thus, the developers wanted to get rid of the need to use so called pipeline locks.
d9a9896b8c7a5a9bb1020377373e8331dd2e3269	The blocking itself was a suspension of the pipeline in cases when an operation at a certain stage of the pipeline cannot be performed in one clock cycle.
170d7750f623a8db094a5be8f66ffec27c351e42	Nevertheless, the first implementations of the MIPS architecture worked with locks and even supported multiplication and division operations.
9d103272a4816194aaa72aca6955fcf464dc56f6	It took some time before the original idea was implemented in the processors.
2ee5a9b0770a78bb90a43242009918600107b104	In 1984, Hennessy left Stanford University and founded MIPS Computer Systems, which started producing processors with the same architecture.
17ddb297cdfb50a96dac43698a1505cd05c96f5c	A year later, the company's first product was released — the 32 bit "stone" R2000.
3e704169760163c27f049cb91932cd96b6f8cc5e	It became the first commercially available RISC model in history.
a3612ecb89be72f5d230ba16ef41f7b5adf10863	In 1988, a next generation processor called the R3000 appeared.
9659a2d9949319cade7190a5ffa4c663590cc79b	In comparison with the R2000, it received support for multiprocessing and a cache of instructions and data.
c3a032b6a3c9cc062ae49c9607700cd998e59ca5	"Three thousandth" was commercially successful.
c03a1dbd017cde43ae2ebaa3f6513b3e71f14d16	The processor was used in server systems and workstations of such companies as Silicon Graphics, DEC, Seiko Epson and many others.
91a8d5b6c1727d0580a6a0af94b54b8f5415f85d	Plus, the R3000 has become the heart of the Sony PlayStation game console.
02b860c7817c445193805ee2912cd70fc43b6c38	MIPS R3000 processor
d156689106f5ad741688fd05989f103c33aea3c7	It took three years to develop the next generation of MIPS processors.
64873dbd4c85cb642bda18e17df48b9ebd280eb3	The R4000 processor was introduced in 1991.
9f17781fc340032669ea7e031ffd8ed2255050f1	It received a 64 bit architecture, a built in coprocessor and worked at a higher clock frequency than its predecessors.
babee7d43627e1e8feea1db8e25dffa86c7c41bf	So, the minimum frequency of the R4000 was 100 MHz.
d86afa5c17011cdc8fc695b0e9d542141c2ddbc7	The amount of instruction and data cache memory was 8 KB each.
e4ae1fbde26aead0cb4b16debda0306e0b2f9984	Two years later, a modified version of the processor with the R4400 index was presented.
2c301c1833b50eb30c6df5ef08bc23fbeec2db72	The new crystal had a doubled cache and supported a larger cache memory of the second level.
27dbb27f24e1650fa48beaa4856aeb48d3644986	In addition, numerous errors were fixed when working in 64 bit mode.
1f7a016f32fe85d56d8b245d7152c02671af2910	Surprisingly, despite the commercial success of its processors, MIPS experienced financial difficulties and was eventually bought by SGI and renamed MIPS Technologies.
0e45199b12535feb8729e492ba9e414826b98c7e	After that, licenses for the production of clones began to be issued to third party companies.
0aac0e2cf59108fd5146b2c254d29bb6606a4da4	So, the company QED (Quantum Effects Devices) created inexpensive MIPS processors that were used in Cisco routers.
17536055440006c13463449c1284475de4de38d5	And NEC was engaged in the production of the VR4300 "stone", which was" registered " in the Nintendo 64 game console.
257f69ff41f6849037524562616711075f758c9b	The NEC VR4300 processor was used in the Nintendo 64 console
c17f03efe383c9ae2e666e5a1c5297dbba14f3e8	In 1994, the R8000 processor appeared.
cd242db0b196954ba8e3fe04a9cecc823003a0b6	It became the first MIPS solution with a superscalar architecture, which implies parallel execution of commands, provided that the execution of one command does not depend on the result of another.
caffc2933d2a7e79db704d05c778fffee60566f6	For example, the R8000 could process up to four instructions per clock cycle.
9889f034d1632f481526877069fdcd1be1b9448c	In January 1996, MIPS introduced a next generation processor called the R10000.
4dec6d3f417a785cd93e7e758924f133f732a016	The "Ten Thousandth" used the same superscalar architecture as the R8000, and, in fact, was a modified version of its predecessor.
eda35a546e35a1e6fa5b1688ff6e90a381ac75b6	The processor also had a cache of instructions and data of 32 KB each and operated at a frequency of 175 MHz or 195 MHz.
6323fc1768c7ed0b3a076c49993b772f20e2aeca	In 1997, there was even a version of the chip with a frequency of 250 MHz.
d88ba46f4b03eec115370537a1e0729b088337a5	But even with the parameter of 195 MHz, the R10000 was one of the fastest processors of that time.
ff1325a023c92f1b8c39a6962ef0c62f089bf3d1	The R10000 processor, manufactured by Toshiba
7d3f16a1f9e41d67c66f96b197764bdc5c07a04f	Unfortunately, after the launch of R10000, SGI abandoned the MIPS architecture.
e6bd84c0409bac34aac6b224a50b9cf95043e86f	All subsequent crystals were based on the core of the "ten thousandth" and did not have any fundamental differences in comparison with it.
5bb0bd206bee32d18037fcc2fcced594099dcb10	For example, the R12000 processor, introduced in 1998, received an additional stage in the pipeline and improved work with instruction queues.
ff76066e208dbe8a6d172b221bd209fab81e4d68	Its clock frequency was 270 MHz, 300 MHz or 360 MHz.
f78b8097913169b59cdc99c2d6ea7edf9486b7f2	After the R12000, two more generations of MIPS processors were released: R14000 and R16000.
bf4056e7f622c70188cb410344d287bd70390bb0	They received support for faster system buses, increased frequencies and a larger cache memory.
02c24ad6ac521c6e1178a82dbad4b14d3db8ad79	For example, the R16000 could operate at a frequency of 700 MHz and supported 64 Kbytes of instruction and data cache memory.
1292ea9318596d32c371702f55ca206f6ad9841d	After that, MIPS started selling licenses for the 32 bit and 64 bit MIPS32 and MIPS64 architectures.
37a085a6bf339ce5bcd4911234fb509875a2f035	SPARC Processors
faebe21990e474b036ffc3b3c1d9dd7deceda5dd	Sun Microsystems also decided to develop an architecture — SPARC (Scalable Processor ARChitecture).
f94dc2e6e5b7cdbc3af50580adc0e0007c3da5c8	So, the engineers drew inspiration from the Berkeley RISC project.
8e80fb702b3ebd669801143b2266a258bd0a17d6	And David Patterson himself was even involved in the project as a consultant.
b4e6a68bc9c4d60ce5040b9868e561b08653d517	However, as a result, SPARC more closely resembled the MIPS architecture.
05dbf9256d3508d5e7b22cee2432bc39efe4b0cc	For example, the platform's instruction set also lacked multiplication and division instructions.
48ebaa7a04d6b47a20c218ff94beff121ff2bafb	A feature of the SPARC architecture was the use of a register window, with the help of which the process of calling functions in programs was slightly changed.
c7476a544a46460ce9949b3d70f94e90a17a6749	Usually, when calling programs, the processor remembered its state (that is, it remembered the state of some general and special purpose registers), went to the execution of the function, and then returned to its original state before calling the function.
e86152b8427a5f18eadd068cc49968d6ea60b820	And in SPARC processors, when calling a function, the necessary data was written to the end of the register window, and the register window itself was moved through the file so that the data was at the beginning of the window.
c0dd763f8b1c2eb11bc748bb772fcbea76954c07	This approach in theory provided a higher speed of work.
b5b98839172537b4e4b69fac0e3a6addcde9d990	The SPARC V7 processor, manufactured by Fujitsu
986b1aa0db7524f6b1b95382e90fc72b5d860a65	The first version of the architecture was called SPARC V7.
680a797a07f1c70f817fe715be56b9f0a223c9fb	The processor of the same name was produced on its basis until 1992.
cb7200e1839470aa3fe462646a029c545f3c7e07	Then the next generation of the architecture appeared — SPARC V8.
dd546df00ea545c71b4faf57d121df230c71593a	It has not undergone any drastic changes.
8d6edff3d70e6481149967594f8061aac4207296	The key differences were the addition of multiplication and division operations,as well as improved execution of floating point arithmetic.
9411146b9ab8718bf15f1a653d15df2d21540d52	Like SPARC V7, SPARC V8 remained a 32 bit architecture, on the basis of which the microSPARC processor was created.
a0703103750735a3ecc6e27aeb30187c97dd9b96	It belonged to the Low End segment and was used in small workstations and embedded systems.
d6f62ba5b81dc9ad77680c29dae9f1e4ee339a52	Improved clones were also released by Texas Instruments and Fujitsu.
d387927f6c1b672b525f291e5d299db8d7adbe0f	A more productive solution was the SuperSPARC processor.
df2019fb6e2ecc34e7db7b80604ad0e93ba2db50	The whole organization SPARC Architecture Committee, which, in addition to Sun itself, included such companies as Texas Instruments, Fujitsu, Philips and many others, was already working on the creation of the next generation of architecture named SPARC V9.
19f0d8bb7f708ba67047e6a31c8af1bdb9360d5e	The platform was expanded to 64 bits and was superscalar with a 9 stage pipeline.
27f20462ebe066e1324d26bf187df09e1061466d	SPARC V9 provided for the use of the first level cache memory, divided into instructions and data of 16 KB each, as well as the second level with a capacity of 512-4096 KB.
51499ad79c6146fbb85d40e7c10d22f47c404de7	The implementation of the architecture was the UltraSPARC processor with a frequency of 143-200 MHz.
57e8c22e0b42397699007484bdc8c262a0841de3	UltraSPARC II processor
5e20f707887318fd39672af1bcfae88dca5bae21	UltraSPARC was not the only processor with the SPARC V9 architecture.
d0c7089b9553b02e21324d8f2aafdf914f5e8d22	In 1997, the UltraSPARC II was introduced.
adc29f89a1fb30e7787a4537b3b3f3cdd9387570	ARM processors
d7003ddc86ab40d588b7d68159f9be7f70bcfde5	The history of the now popular ARM processors, or rather the ARM architecture itself, begins with Acorn Computers and its BBC Micro computer.
4e7c82a09894ec716d0b093ce46502c0be6e488c	It used the MOS Technology 6502" stone", but its performance was not enough to create a next generation desktop.
e85ea6caf104b888d385f205944fa8ae23e40fef	For various reasons, other available processors also did not fit the requirements of Acorn, so the company thought about creating its own chip.
fe36b10fdd81e13629b9227d849ca93def0b7592	After studying various architectures, Acorn engineers took RISC processors as a basis and all that the same crystal MOS Technology 6502.
66f13828d2623f8875f8d0435b8dcc7e85ea3653	BBC Micro Computer
afca5bab4677a13f3404c24285d6053dc8d915a8	For example, the memory access architecture and instruction set were borrowed from the MOS processor.
a4041d31d71eb940cb10393feef6676fc23e38bc	Each instruction was supplemented with a special four bit condition code.
b8570ee81c995046a05002c4deb9e80d086fbc05	Depending on the value of the code (true or false), the instruction could be executed or not executed.
f46dde61fdd2257e5a3a9e06ab9183905317d66f	This made it possible to reduce the number of transitions when performing operations that negatively affected the performance of the pipeline architecture.
1c0ddd8bd04f93cce22b0f2a85dbd720c3911ae4	The developers also included teams that performed several elementary operations in the initial revision of the architecture.
27e4e8b4e5c72c79b400da98c3f5cf90ca97cd3f	In short, we have slightly deviated from the RISC rules.
63c771d16bc091f390c5cc4f3064ec107b6aa49f	However, in the end, this only improved the performance of the processor.
7c580d034426687222e2daf4c485cce5c79399c4	The development of the architecture was completed in 1985 with the creation of the ARM processor.
83df98570b417451a2264af1482f171ccfff638d	The first commercial variants appeared in 1986 and were called ARM2.
7f8e59a25ea37240b74344650fbe2a07268f3dc2	Compared to CISC processors, the ARM2 was very simple — it contained only 30,000 transistors.
faf4d30783aee8c719ce99e561d9132e50ea8bcd	At the same time, it consumed very little energy and at the same time was quite productive.
25a4be92409a35b161c477fe365c991ae8c5e8cf	A little later, ARM processors appeared, in which 4 Kbytes of cache memory were added, which further increased the performance of the crystals.
c7a4be1ec9fb7b51f670f96f9424cb87f4e13b33	ARM2 Processor
e646a8723d20c909606ee27c451f6efb7d600c4c	By the end of the 1980s, Acorn was no longer developing the ARM architecture alone – Apple joined it.
1e82251b18f88e1d92dfac6b22ad4420d43feff7	In this regard, the division that was directly engaged in ARM processors was transformed into a separate company – Advanced RISC Machines.
640ec3778e22bb7b60c10281a2567fc332915bb9	The first product of the new company was the ARM6 processor core and the ARM610 processor, which was used in one of the world's first Apple Newton PDAs.
1539212fe58e9df6a00a9c2e503ef434c6e06e70	However, ARM processors could no longer compete with CISC solutions in terms of performance, and MIPS processors dominated the RISC segment.
85e1d628e04ed12ab709df1b0874a6dbe436f4fa	Then ARM went a different way.
77181843798d150b8bc52526e34adb588ac744b7	The company began to position ARM6 as an embedded core that any third party manufacturer could use in their processors for little money.
87f014b54770d41025ec3d7a4cfae91ddf19de03	This policy has borne fruit, and the ARM core has become very popular, and the company itself has become commercially successful.
7a817888ac9c293d5160970b0eae0778fe48a00e	Together with DEC, an architecture was developed for more productive ARM solutions called StrongARM, which was a classic scalar architecture with a 5 stage pipeline.
08cf6e7959ac6e4e501e9e242bdbfcb2013ef945	The architecture had memory management blocks and supported a cache of instructions and data of 16 KB each.
8f0eb23bb29ef1360c305a7e3760ffbcc59d6f23	The first processor based on StrongARM — SA 110 - was introduced in February 1996.
550b54aa7d58a646683fcac530eb0857c6f6fa15	It worked at clock frequencies of 100 MHz, 160 MHz or 200 MHz.
3cbd702111c6d1ce009f3533f538e3de84d9650e	The "stone" was used in the Apple MessagePad 2000, as well as the Acorn Computer Risc PC and Eidos Optima systems.
90fc5f608bfb108c1b14dfcdcd6c2dca8e4c490e	Throughout 1996, the SA 110 remained the most productive mobile processor.
041db8f52abb3075b62f8e704e7a8ca157e8c9c4	The Apple MessagePad 2000 used an SA 110 processor
d207e3d9e030075fe7706959bfe389d4aa0f671c	In 1997, the rights to the StrongARM architecture were sold to Intel, which began developing the next generation of the platform.
9d6e3744600258cfadb2308e981d8a569f7b4fd0	In 2000, it was introduced, but the architecture (or rather the implementation of the architecture) had a different name Xscale.
533262aba0fbfbad1017ff2d7baa6e6e7ef3e1cf	The platform has received many changes.
dd35e9192dd4ead6de667a2f91a790e9f44bb202	For example, the length of the conveyor was increased to 8 stages.
dff7d320bd3279d9363ebf7fb5a84a5eeaf1db53	The amount of cache memory for both instructions and data has increased to 32 KB.
0e5a839e9f904348e6e6056369b85a22d6f33dee	XScale was used in devices such as RIM Blackberry, Dell Axim, Motorola A780 mobile phone and other devices.
5ac95cf16f742694d333be84e444033e37200112	PowerPC Processors
b13aca822b1912212603df648ec37946f220148e	To be more precise, IBM was the first company to start developing the RISC architecture.
1be193100367cac298783d79174d068eb3526f14	Back in 1974, the development of the IBM 801 processor started, which laid the first foundations for this platform.
695e9aecb6644216a96b89faa81e01a1429c77d2	And the Berkeley RISC project finally formed the architecture.
ba8249a738c423c66dd035cc5c0257ae9e997fbe	In the early 80s, some IBM processors for embedded systems used the 801 architecture.
d44edcd0dbdfff805617853640c939f39a3a01db	The processor based on it was also "registered" in the IBM 9370 computer.
ae08b131141a7206aa04fcfed87358db716a282f	In 1985, IBM began developing the next generation RISC architecture.
a0bb00733c9d2397753bead6d11de1a8c789aa7c	The project was named America Project.
961015b21d4f09ff16570f793d635c9fee041a21	The development of the processor and the instruction set for it ended in 1990.
5da4d599b0b3d9495995b4fe5e0c18a8f6d28e3a	The crystal itself was named POWER1 and was used in IBM servers and workstations.
ea51bd4f65eb354e087411fdc5e1e40c031cdfcc	It had a fairly high level of performance, but had a multi chip layout and consisted of 11 different chips.
f822dc2b0ede09f3a7f0e9ef14961855dccffef8	In 1992, IBM introduced a budget version of the POWER1 processor, which fit into a single chip.
3135efdf8ccf2c9363d8ea66c552c9af7bc24b76	The POWER1 processor.
8ab5cbb954135a66e4731883019240ecb2358875	Even, rather, a chipset
2ef78b9251318ec2675cbac1b9746d6fbd87172b	In 1993, the second generation of the POWER2 architecture was introduced.
901bdb609ef762918991ba7287f6598eb4dd7b43	One additional block of arithmetic and logical operations and floating point calculations was added to it.
bfe737c354a58a4d4dcddc67fb708a5402d4df61	The set of commands was also expanded: for example, the operation of calculating the square root of a number at the hardware level was added.
f322f27a5477ead525cce6e640b8f8ed502ee75f	The processor clock frequency ranged from 55 MHz to 71 MHz, and the cache memory of data and instructions was 256 KB and 32 KB, respectively.
3d0c1732df65f2b9ad20d0d5573e0625d708df67	Like its predecessor, the new processor had a multi chip layout.
c6c444f0b79908b4a9fffcc135aafe953addea43	But in May 1994, a single chip version was also released.
0940bb26476b66d4a190199563da48e305450e24	However, even before the release of POWER2, IBM, together with Apple and Motorola, formed the AIM alliance and agreed to create an improved architecture based on POWER.
6485fe19ee62c0f8376ac78f478e5836de961d5d	All three companies won, having received one of the fastest RISC processors on the market.
4bff377a2c28ae062e528d194c61bf18679e0e3f	The architecture developed jointly was called PowerPC.
63183e0e95175f860c15b8a151ac9138192e8141	In addition to the basic set of functions of the POWER platform, support for working in two modes (big endian and little endian), new instructions for floating point calculations and backward compatibility with the 32 bit mode of operation for the 64 bit version of the architecture were added to it.
8a05b0bbc1b8eaea178a39f3318c16740a1470a2	First generation PowerPC processor
4e1996544d63e3a4ec58520f7ce72d940fabb179	Unlike other RISC architectures that occupied narrow market niches, PowerPC was positioned as a competitor to x86.
51cfffeea2c0fbee246a590e3b3eed82386049a3	Its main purpose was personal computers.
a120fb7cf33205dcf5cbd79b451429bdb0ccb93c	For example, a PowerPC based processor was used for quite a long time in Apple Macintosh computers — until 2006.
e0e5a7ff2b5d1c8558a99d259e9447a803916579	The architecture competed on a par with x86 until 2001, but after that it could not keep up with Intel and AMD processors.
981135efd037e70304c67bad809f510f42136bdc	Despite this, PowerPC based processors were used in Sony PlayStation 3 and Microsoft Xbox 360 game consoles.
aa2d95505a0057a3178c37a214b79b014aca3f11	Sony's PlayStation 3 and Microsoft's Xbox 360 consoles run on a PowerPC processor
285493134876b6bcb1b11850399d0c86bda0392d	In the 90s, IBM managed to release the third generation of processors called POWER3, which, in fact, became an implementation of the 64 bit PowerPC architecture.
20c233d811f1b57311ad4c3f1328bfe6c10d4ba3	The chip was created with an eye to use in servers and workstations, but in the end, IBM RS/6000 systems became its main application.
1566811169e0249049836f805896fc56fcd8cef7	DEC Alpha Processors
b4210affbe09391e9e2cd5ac3744400e258ba37b	The DEC VAX architecture was hopelessly outdated and in the early 90s the company thought about developing its own RISC platform.
654c503eef32e33cfcad17bbd46e8c88a611fffd	It became Alpha, released in 1994.
f92cbfd770157fce671addc158dc9cb9e84bd1e4	The first processor was the Alpha 21064, codenamed EV4.
78ffb5251585d6157e740ad07b84ac5f6144e7e9	This is a 64 bit superscalar crystal with a pipeline architecture.
bf500031fbeac4f61edcbb8fa1af58368e0354b0	That is, it had a classic RISC design.
228c66d2e0b7a62f0821350703f43c65949ed5a9	The DEC processor was favorably distinguished by the smooth operation of all its blocks.
d00e2c30e29c9075a7798a4892529edb807fbe02	So, with an equal frequency with other "stones", the EV4 showed higher performance.
06dd3e1414739318a443628104d72c9681ae462a	The external bus of the processor was 128 bit.
6cf8596ff2fb4b72e053602b42d6d9377828a441	It had a 16 KB cache of data and instructions and was manufactured using CMOS 4 technology.
873e83a52de50471be29978cb9a0379aec1fdc8b	The clock frequency of the EV4 was 150 MHz or 200 MHz.
4d5f9e76b5f4b0b48495ac82482e1c1e01aea089	A little later, a modification called 21064A appeared, which could work at speeds up to 300 MHz, which provided the crystal with the title of the fastest processor of that time.
c94f99b9ba1d301baa76953a4cf652a1dc26feb9	The main application of EV4 was servers and workstations.
5143255779a1b382a6735c26d3dd09218ff01b3c	Alpha 21064 processor
75b636e6dd1727ce557f2f76e4bb1c2f99d9d53c	The Alpha 21064A remained DEC's top model until the release of the next generation of processors — 21164 (EV5).
0c442b21fd6433e7c8cfa7092877365614c60a3f	It had two integer blocks and two floating point calculation modules.
73273c98e9b226bebbaaaec3f4eddf90a54db261	In EV5, there were already three levels of cache memory: two were located directly in the processor, and the third was external.
e6985dc7c143846afb23bf50731e3175cc471b6b	The cache memory of the first level was divided into two parts: the data cache and the instruction cache of 8 KB each.
55c6bd76df3bb91daddee7dde637e1d008da8da7	The volume of the second level cache memory was 96 Kbytes.
31e47f717ef61daebca038fbf83b73daf6a7fe81	The processor clock frequency ranged from 266 MHz to 333 MHz.
bdb89f2bb5f5b7dd93839076009d6fa2a01dbb22	The Alpha 21164 took over the palm from the Alpha 21064A and was the fastest processor before the release of the Pentium Pro.
7df6935cefc04c269c18a3f2b2a0b86e29b88aaa	However, DEC's response was not long in coming — the company released a more productive Alpha 21164A processor running at higher clock speeds (up to 666 MHz).
e709040ce37499efaad36463b1e048c5b45b62a6	The processor was used in workstations and server computers of companies such as Digital, Network Appliance and Cray Research.
f8608b23558b68d6a36a0c108bc3db95aae78849	Alpha 21264 processor
e9b5105f770cc8d6ddb42520ae27af3bbf762d53	In 1996, the next generation of DEC processors was introduced — Alpha 21264 (EV6).
f6cd178ba521b3709c3be953e09b97113f5648a3	The chip has received several important changes compared to previous models.
618afc99397feba6f45fab32398f179f0e56f8d2	For example, it supported the extraordinary execution of instructions, which led to a complete reorganization of the kernel.
2432e65748fcb63a71028dd7f3abf153ad4aec76	Integer blocks and load/save blocks were combined into a single Ebox module, and floating point calculation blocks were allocated to the Fbox module.
e4667a75055b2290a869a57759ee7a13a08021f3	In addition to the blocks themselves, these units also contained register files.
6db7314b4c2625b50dd1606b7aa678341baa2650	The cache memory structure has again become two level — it replaced the three level cache organization in Alpha 21164.
87e1634ef7ff2fe38e9c49d090ea6e8ba9389a1b	The first level cache has preserved the memory separation for instructions and for data.
afb8b0ff65460ab8fec47d6ae4027a55f08f6198	The volume of each part was 64 Kbytes.
4f4eb69b3dbc6cfa938c2bc2f4b312b35ab937cf	As for the second level cache memory, its volume could be from 1 MB to 16 MB.
3b725b9e7d8b9a57f6718f086f0da9ceb73af705	Plus, the processor has received support for: the number of branches.
e774bd7efcbab9c566614a0cf1729b729238206b	Over time, more and more new versions of Alpha 21264 processors were released, in which, first of all, the clock frequency was increased.
c1c7ab4f6d57569cb1a2174a53334d4fe2e8d724	The latest modification was the Alpha 21264E, which operated at a frequency of 1250 MHz.
1bfe1375118c0766ca6b326d473fddb594183dc0	Alas, the Alpha 21264 processor line became the last in the history of the "independent" DEC.
3e10fd10b0e03138ef442897c2f87c63b997255b	In early 1998, DEC was declared bankrupt, and it was absorbed by Compaq.
7165a9306907389ee2385c51407e059d80a516bc	Intel P5 Architecture
aae986ea21331bc7b19ef7cb34b31319878301d1	Processors with the RISC architecture for the most part occupied their specialized niche, but x86 crystals continued to be used in desktop systems anyway.
ba574782243a5c92bc4a411fe09c82bd054ce903	Their development continued, albeit with some changes.
aed3bf73bc45c6d1f460d073bdc20ed868f7a2f5	Despite the fact that Intel entered the RISC processor market with its i860 and i960 solutions, the main bet in the company was still made on x86 crystals.
ea4ba825e477d2712818cbbecc4199b6bb4660fa	The next generation of "stones" became the well known Pentium based on the P5 architecture, released in 1993.
5634810a159a08eacceacc971ee97dbc985f5dcf	A lot of work has been done.
7b9c0121eca28f7d23307c8828c33dcb0f87b19d	First, P5 has become superscalar.
8cfe62d42eb4756b92fb8b79afcd8cc5ba655097	The architecture worked using two pipelines, each of which could perform two operations per clock cycle.
0c7361ead46946c9550753a8c9c01f89f828be80	Secondly, the data bus became 64 bit, which made it possible to transfer twice as much data per cycle.
c9a28d6e3bf958d0f0662abf21b9fcd6a3a4e885	Third, the cache memory of data and instructions was divided into two separate blocks of 8 KB each.
4f6be26a474357aa383dbe4c373246bb469a4754	In addition, a branch prediction block was added to the processor, and the floating point calculation module became more productive.
f9ad42826747bebb16e88865d2450b2daf6656d4	The first processors of the Pentium line worked at frequencies of 60 MHz or 66 MHz.
d74d88729e42595ada31d9ffa157300463602d18	At the same time, a voltage of 5 V was required for their operation, so they were very hot.
d922837112315edf57a6d3c4262ac2ce164c3063	Also, the first "stumps" became famous for the incorrect operation of the floating point calculation block, which in some cases gave an incorrect result when dividing numbers.
0902f5440336453e01db9bb663644d9bf39b0dfd	Therefore, Intel soon launched processors with the corrected P54C architecture.
372dfa35a03551e151d001f5bb739aca8f704860	Intel Pentium Processor
6b1ff11ca921cb9d08ce89aaf3c89e456da24ee2	P54C has become a kind of work on errors.
9d49f3ad6c7c9bc7aa66a0cd546b839b95a94728	The production of new processors was transferred to the 0.6 microns process technology.
439e03ee91a73db09b4ead4e0ba136b12de6a8dc	The crystals themselves now worked with a voltage of 3.3 V, which allowed us to solve the problem with overheating.
e59f624a3e3d244016c64da6288eef069835c84f	As for the changes at the architecture level, a one — and a half multiplier was added to the P54C from now on, the processors worked at a higher frequency than the system bus.
110c4be86daa3ade5c45f014b8b5c71397bbc196	The speed of the processors was 75 MHz, 90 MHz or 100 MHz.
166162319e4e31abd45cf5bc0f923e0b5061f938	The P54C was also installed in Socket 5 or Socket 7 connectors.
c4d72a682c7b6b50baa5cac029cfdb80e75b4bf9	Unlike the P5, which only supported Socket 4.
4920d18a095d7ba2aa81fb75805364c18f2509d5	The P54C architecture itself was updated again in 1995, when it was transferred to the 350 nm process technology.
045333b89b7fc5b54f164082cf04a40567378e86	This made it possible to reduce the power consumption of the crystals again, as well as to increase their clock frequency to 200 MHz.
5880331f4f6e8191607d57eb8aebe81a4ea37026	Pentium MMX Processor
5ab60c7a616af2f40841093884329ea3f38008d6	In 1996, the P5 received the latest update the P55C.
208c1244fc4d8899cd0ca6fdf56c323812cb473b	The key innovation was the support for the MMX (MultiMedia eXtension) command set, which significantly increased the performance of the architecture when working with multimedia.
0d671b31f4c262d5b6e0d6c2e6c7183da9dd1d46	And the new processors were called Pentium MMX.
a758296c34836a3d924db9c1c3f445c1442fe711	However, this was not the only improvement of the platform.
31fa14c9e060775dbdd30cd5bafcf35ac4930ede	The volume of the cache memory of the first level was increased to 32 Kbytes, and the production of Pentium MMX was transferred to 0.28 microns of the technological process.
218b0710e6304cda7a312d8ca40afd7e75b82cc0	This made it possible to increase the frequency of processors to 233 MHz.
4cbfca24be624efd5bd7f3bd029de28d73de393d	This is the end of the development of the P5 core for desktop systems.
7a741020cc50ab00b3fe4672c914e1fd8ac96950	AMD K5 Architecture
6310cf90621d8fccfda85fff0d4de62089a0fcdd	As we have already said in the previous parts of the material, since its foundation, AMD has been engaged in the production of clones of Intel processors.
6bcbce005113decea8ceba876655139e1c7494ad	In the early 90s, AMD duplicates were so good that the company began to be considered as a serious player in the market.
04a7edc16d83a1476514f3bd4861d7fa8039e37a	AMD K5 Processor
cd69f8d9a4fe13e39da3f28c3ed5cc2493b52538	All K5s had five integer blocks and one floating point calculation block.
9d1bcf01734d59914fe10953b51b2081916cb1bc	Intel P6 Architecture
67a9349e5ee3570fe7375b69d4591dd8a920a8e7	In 1995, the P5 architecture was replaced, you will never believe it, by the P6 architecture — a CISC platform with a RISC core.
fde150de085e5020db9deb3f039630af8efbcabe	To divide complex operations into simple ones, the processors had a special decoder.
19bb509b4b9c471c47e1827ec7fd1694f263621f	P6 was superscalar and supported changes in the order of operations.
39d99dbc1edebb40ef99599c54d4656113643b51	Its conveyor had as many as 12 stages.
35d0695288c420346c3e76f29bce37fbc631c8b7	The architecture also provided a branch prediction block.
f2d6298595d89867e2995bdb316eb38eeab5b001	The processors used a dual independent bus, which significantly increased the memory bandwidth.
af0d29fc1fd33f485540fc87022de2ff962c7bae	P6 had the most productive floating point computing unit at that time.
a7a0523b0db87a23764d7f4dda1a6d251900ccfc	In the same year, 1995, the next generation Pentium Pro processors were introduced.
81995b7a0b6a6e1894804519dedbdd4c2261e96c	The crystals operated at a frequency of 150-200 MHz, had 16 KB of first level cache and up to 1 MB of second level cache.
377edc61b378fe9aba6ea00a066b67fa18cc0836	It should be noted that the Pentium Pro did not support the MMX instruction set. Largely because of this, the chips were inferior in performance to Pentium processors in 16 bit applications.
460e95cfef35b802816250a7d02297d480664f26	In the desktop segment, the Pentium Pro frankly failed, and soon Intel "retrained" them into server ones.
93a2988f58038f30fb3d0fa1b3268c70782fa3e3	And for ordinary users, the Pentium II was introduced in 1997.
888df0f572a136f83fde09138ec63761c69fb07d	The second generation of "stumps" was based on the same P6 core (codenamed Klamath), which was used in Pentium Pro processors.
63233ebd8ec0b0922040bb0266a50a067a72fd0b	Compared to the Pentium, the second generation of crystals has increased the cache memory of the first level to 32 Kbytes.
961ff236f800b2c5063fc0c8caeb006fa61cadb4	MMX instructions were also added.
97304bc9d58123fdaf0254ef69f4eefc40cf1bb3	Given the poor performance of the Pentium Pro in 16 bit applications, changes were made to the architecture with an eye just for everyday work.
b71bc40b5838bd79dcb2dc7daeb5f11197dabf9f	As a result, the performance in 16 bit programs increased by a third.
6632246ed7d6e3f435489c043ef11a304031580d	The maximum frequency of Klamath processors was 300 MHz.
06a6710f2a0850e579b20b365e186eb3cd677891	Intel Pentium Pro Processor
5878970a9a7987f6506128598b1ad5249f539f81	In 1998, processors with an improved P6 core (Deschutes) appeared on sale.
e8b34d3065be3a726a7541837fe1a46db6bcb26b	They became less hot.
645171790e0c55530e97711f9b7d984b780beb0c	At the same time, the frequency potential of the models has increased.
7d6d5ef693b97b9d1175b6a8e30ab9313b199ef9	So, Deschutes could work at a frequency of 450 MHz.
6fe30185dade306c86e15f688184b8e40038963a	By the way, for the first time there was a differentiation in the Pentium II line: server and Low End processors began to be sold under separate brands: Xeon and Celeron, respectively.
9a16676fa2331cf3122b5c957fbc07d278f6a1ce	In 1999, the first Pentium III processors were introduced.
b033c7d9ac399813c4df1a7213ef0536a857576a	They were based on a new generation of the P6 core called Katmai, which were modified versions of Deschutes.
fbdf56ac2e18996f03a22a6111f84454e6e7c495	Support for SSE instructions was added to the kernel, and the mechanism for working with memory was improved.
dd1c7a194afd11e87c1f8bb871ad72c109b6c70d	The clock frequency of Katmai processors reached 600 MHz.
7215aefd1f9c170ccf4d1414a4b3f4930a129b28	Intel Pentium III processor
de94d5d9794d90d7c7fe4c7040beed0e6c819a0f	At the end of 1999, the core of Coppermine replaced Katmai.
7145355c5a7d77641c7d6e2d6c79a8bf5b50f801	The new processors were produced according to the 180 nm process technology and had an integrated second level cache memory. unlike Katmai, where it was taken out of the processor.
8130034e354d347c198d5c7c50c544b3134198ad	The frequency of the processors has already reached 1.13 GHz.
ec919e66638113e5367ea5310f0babee39057863	AMD K6 Architecture
6e76e023d131fb3e0aef8fff94280ff33b6bc0fc	After the failure of the K5 architecture, AMD was determined to create a worthy competitor to Intel processors.
ba3eb68fc084717db714e7a288bddcc046c9d8c6	The company took a non standard path — in 1996, the company acquired a small developer of x86 processors NexGen and released their Nx686 project as K6.
993774df5311647b175f87a5f72af0efa88a01c7	The new architecture was seriously different from the K5.
920c85948d4f83f539e2f4fbf7a5b0153c6522aa	The K6 processors supported changing the order of execution of instructions, the MMX instruction set and the floating point calculation block.
7213730d13cae22e0c35fa28bc2be4de094f6ead	Like K5, the new platform was a superscalar CISC architecture with a RISC core.
efcd31b1fb554518b36c980d95e29b8830487ca9	The first K5 processors were produced using 350 nm and 250 nm process technology, had 64 KB of first level cache memory and operated at frequencies scattered in the range of 166-300 MHz.
7962877b96d6442f4bad9e5f8a7e7c83465b5c17	In 1998, AMD released "stones" with an improved K6-2 architecture.
0ec7b65710ef57ce63a6b5ab21af75f1e182e56f	The new crystals competed with the most productive models of the Pentium II.
fcc7ad457b2d0105c3cd42f540ca252cf42f9047	The processors received support for the 3DNow!
39f6ba46c6f03b5085fe5c6fc5d4dc9d789893b0	SIMD instruction set, which improved performance in floating point calculations, as well as a first level cache increased to 64 KB.
37a2ba1b0e990461c50f98fabb4e3c6b054c05e3	The maximum frequency of the chip was 550 MHz.
7702fc8025916418c27663c3e7422402622a3d6b	K6-2 was a commercially successful architecture that provided AMD with much needed financial stability for its continued existence.
4d55bc3ac89deb920e9357fd5d8ef5abe1dd29d0	AMD K6-2 processor
8e6616745eb10642ce60727e1e2cbcae0fcab3d5	In 1999, the third generation of the K6 architecture was released — K6 III. Processors were considered as a competitor to the Pentium III. AMD solutions really provided the same level of performance at a lower cost.
228aa983e327456c4f37194955235fca48f9c709	The very essence of the K6 III architecture was simple.
7971ebb5922219c2e2af4695457f96e8a26455c9	So, the crystal kept all the "chips" of K6-2, but at the same time it received a built in cache memory of the second level with a volume of 256 Kbytes.
ebf6218b646d06e665e1c9fa614a129769cf3966	The volume of the first level cache was 64 Kbytes.
d519746ee8214e847579761cdafcba038ae9db14	At K6 III, the development of the K6 architecture was completed.
b950fdd8814bcf832fefb26a01ec8f4cc6dc652f	In the same 1999, it was replaced by the K7 platform.
eb725c195094cc95c27610018787b84b5267a21a	You will learn about how the processors produced in this century have evolved in the next, final part of the cycle.
eda2c4e23ee71d724022d1619342a7839711274d	Part 3: 32 bit processors in the second half of the 1980s
b6a9483d976e72a60b7365cfb15adb5795ca879e	15.07.2014
ed7c79122a74618c83edaf7dca9333bc4f17c3fa	The first half of the 1980s was marked by 16 bit processors, and two companies stood out among the manufacturers: Intel and Motorola.
0ebfe3a08662ffbd9c8c7a83f53e9d01dc94a4ff	Soon they focused on the release of 32 bit solutions, which this part of the series of articles is dedicated to.
df1278b82285fcc0946296ccf2960528988650e2	Intel i386 Intel i486 Motorola 68020, 68030, 68040 NEC V60, V70, V80 DEC VAX Instead of conclusion
ca59dbf6f594df1ba9c6c501b6c551f62f834c22	Part 2: The 16 bit era.
001824a17fe832687c8fc828cfe2d87e360f5776	Intel i386
d321d67198065dada3157f8ec598ef273102368b	"Three hundred and eighty sixth" became the first 32 bit processor of an American company.
bfe6001b01ef86e65bbfe4b25dd38a62f548ab79	Therefore, it is worth telling more about them.
facf1ea4f6dea99549e8d938c5f1dbba1a2e5719	As we have already said, the i386 processor has retained backward compatibility with its 8086 and 80286 predecessors.
3f32edeaddfe4bb97c536317e589da4ebcc7b56b	That is, it can execute absolutely all programs written for previous processors, and it does it more efficiently.
41bb63cfd7a3436fe3de905edd62abb4ec7a2396	Higher performance was achieved due to higher clock frequencies, as well as a smaller number of synchronization cycles when executing programs.
56cd0935b255dc0daad16908064436af9917d784	For example, the multiplication of two 16 bit numbers was performed in 9-22 clock cycles.
a0b7e860135b3e584fcc8806c182785695b18752	For comparison, the 80286 processor performed this operation in 21 clock cycles, and the 8086 crystal - in 118-133 clock cycles.
9529557194251ec3d89f0e76aabd6d7050c82169	The advantage of the i386 was obvious!
735cdfcdf9d990269424dd77fae8237ce552867b	In addition, the increased command pre selection buffer, the volume of which was 16 bytes, played a role.
562e57cfdb614131dd1543faa85eaf48141311fa	Intel i386 processor
20378be9a442d575f7ceb3df7be5e5b85f8e4a08	Of course, the main innovation of the i386 was that the processor became 32 bit.
f0063f012df3d939fc4593fa7b90b8652e09db83	The entire x86 architecture has been expanded to 32 bits.
5bc3f3ec7a8cd1d952fdb16c244823f9bfb6c043	The registers became 32 bit, and, of course, the processor received support for a set of 32 bit instructions.
df4da4b574af92b975c1067b7b13e92360e84806	Importantly, the protected mode of operation, which first appeared in 80286, was significantly improved.
0586000ece1f75cc7988d2bab29d8b165f584900	The principle of operation of the protected mode remained the same, but the mode received three important innovations: removing the limit on the segment size, Page Addressing mode (Page Addressing) and Virtual 8086 mode (Virtual 8086 Mode).
c6ba006dc7f99d754416f48f24348842d1aad764	In protected mode, the i386 used the same architecture with memory segments as in previous Intel solutions.
972fa9838b3de6700b74846068fbf28cfe66f5ed	However, if earlier the maximum size of the memory segment was 64 KB, which for a long time did not suit programmers, now it has increased to 4 GB.
c555b2b8d88b5f698c2c86a7fe2f4259a8400868	This greatly facilitated the development of 32 bit applications that could be executed without switching between different memory segments.
a225c52e7e31cdab1ba5bb7d39ee1dc829c2db97	Also, in i386, it became possible to quickly switch between real and protected modes without simulating a CPU reboot.
d74ae6aa7490b1a619de897f89662fed3c786c58	As for the virtual 8086 mode, it does not represent anything special.
fa489bfe6136eddb466b49a93a31741d88f87c38	Interestingly, when creating the "three hundred and eighty sixth", a rather big mistake was made.
d82cd1c0c86f94b19982815cc016454704066327	So, the processor incorrectly performed the multiplication operation of 32 bit numbers.
907bd730a05b8b478bb82521be63e61685a525ef	However, at the time of the chip's release, there were no 32 bit operating systems and applications yet, so the error was discovered only 18 months later — in April 1987.
af1d1593c63800d4716b2a1fe1c97c34f7f3d771	All released but not sold processors were re labeled by Intel with the note "only for 16 bit operations".
339be6961461bffd36167245a1347874a8188e5b	However, the "stones" released after the error was detected were marked with a double symbol "sigma" (ΣΣ).
067a9232919bf99b0b980ccd89937eb56432bbc2	The i386 processor was released in many different versions, which differed in performance, form factors, power consumption and other characteristics.
d209045f7c0f2a266c7fa6bba3e401027ba9b447	The i386 was produced using CHMOS III technology, which combined the speed of HMOS technology and the low power consumption of CMOS technology.
d6ffd62ed024af00a9e14063e90c949145be4b6f	At the same time, a 1.5 micron process was used, and the number of transistors was 275 thousand pieces.
7f3070a516831eef84f79a7164602eed950292a8	i386DX processor (left)
3a9a24a4cdbe52e97e985d4cd91402b04731cb40	Subsequently, this modification of the" stone " received the prefix DX the model became known as the 386DX immediately after the launch of the cheaper 386SX in June 1988 The DX prefix stood for Double word eXternal, which emphasized the processor's support for a 32 bit external data bus.
a15125187a94767c89fe638e0858235175e3b911	At the same time, the processor's power consumption remained at a fairly low level — even lower than that of the "eighty sixth".
77a1488f14694e9972570447f68e9ad412005f6b	The main disadvantage of the 386DX was its high cost.
690623a3b95d3cc8c654a99256b8e2f3e2d5fdf1	Intel wanted to increase the number of sales of a new generation of processors, and so soon the "stripped down" 386SX crystal saw the light.
fa3bcd95b79aeef71444e4437fd08cd54a8ffd15	The chip was released in 1988 and eventually became the most popular in the i386 line.
71252ffa82e78c086e14e70dd0a696553829a0d5	In its architecture, it was a complete analog of the DX version, with the exception of data buses and addresses.
8efb54e2598806f2c11af8658035fbc7d807824f	So, instead of a 32 bit external data bus, a 16 bit one was used.
4deb1b6742fd95feb8afbafa0b649cc9ab0c920c	The bit depth of the external address bus was 24 bits.
0fc6265a6f1d0fc01ba42b85b18eabbcdddb04fe	At the same time, the processor itself remained completely 32 bit.
0a71ad012a894dd8150bee7ec8ce67dd3b1a22f0	The reduction of the external data bus led to the fact that the exchange of information with the 386SX was carried out at half the speed than in the case of the 386DX.
7f696b6c0da3079696bedd352d6035757d12a959	This reduced the performance of the crystal by about 25%.
ff7b20314518bd757d16d26627ebcda15837d7e5	i386SX processor
108c7fd81c98185b3b62058b55b9f068e9c139a1	The first 386SX had a frequency of 16 MHz, which then increased to 20, 25 and 33 MHz, respectively.
2070ffddff4188d151435094cf74e8637c9ae4ab	The SX version was intended for entry level desktop computers and portable systems.
bedc348481dc82fa3a928a706a5d95f77b0f989c	In fact, the processor is "registered" in a huge number of home and office systems.
618d7e4351b879094efb4cca3526d982e8a72340	In addition to the SX and DX modifications, one of the first energy efficient 386SL processors was presented, designed primarily for laptops.
1076a40f26c55c12aafa6a96ffc050a6793c15d9	The "stone" had a frequency of 20 or 25 MHz and (unlike the 386SX) contained many built in controllers: for example, a RAM controller, a bus controller and an external cache memory controller, the volume of which varied from 16 to 64 KB.
4d0f0b2225f5cb0e5cfb638b0b0c9a8ffd04ee3d	In addition, the 386SL supported various "sleep" modes, as well as system management modes (System Management Mode).
0c56f3126ff228864080226f5e82ac5bf1c4b978	Compaq Deskpro 386 computer
6a9389c2f8d191f20922adcf0a61fb56ead4d400	The first computer using the i386 processor was the Compaq Deskpro 386.
e439c1ccd418eb6a592c6a40f532a16da912bb53	At that time, Compaq became the first "third party" company in history to make significant changes to the PC platform.
b4cad6617c860338129c57f3bc4835e5b75bcdd7	Until then, IBM was always the first to release new computers.
c9a490c027cfa7237c8752e88614902e66151975	It could have been the first one this time, but IBM had a long term contract for the use of 286 processors, and the company preferred to devote some more time to the 16 bit platform.
287ab4c481451208a6415f7ba7314f8140bda2dc	As history has shown, this step was quite a big mistake.
5455e123a0fd24d8e65606b1b2c264b23301fe05	Deskpro 386 sold well, so by the time the first IBM computers based on the 386 processor were launched, the company had already lost its leading position.
0a1f939ea46b7e29450cf4c9f9ad39d836c81994	As a result, Compaq managed to "reshape" the entire desktop market a little.
133880a23a59071da48a1ffb15b4afa593d94077	Thus, competition increased, and the influence of IBM was no longer so significant.
d57ad54c988ab42664e00edd112f2a8d02e1aba1	Andy Grove former CEO of Intel
ff7351dd61913db1080eda641bd6334892ab723b	As before, i386 clones soon appeared on the market.
5c6aa565362c8a8a181f65e8801e3f6046c6b924	Several companies were engaged in their production: AMD, Cyrix and IBM.
008c917a879acf469959f7f5239ca5a10ca11e65	However, Intel's own policy regarding clones has changed.
62e7205ec1957182e2ac977b7d6be59e23a17d39	CEO of the company Andy Grove decided not to issue licenses for the production of modifications of the i386 to third party companies, but later they still appeared.
e1fdec68c9752a80de5a816a74a91c9f69ca7be3	The first clones were released by AMD in March 1991.
5f187b4f8acf79dec110888600cc2d5c67805f20	The processors were ready long before this date, but Intel was sure that the license for the production of "duplicates" provided by AMD extended only to 80286 and earlier processors, so the case went to court.
b2b2164a110da8f46c11555fc7e54b668feec926	The lawsuits lasted for quite a long time, but in the end AMD won the case, and the AMD Am386 processor family still saw the light.
70ebbd1dbdd472024d922287ecb8dd05cf6a73ba	The line included clones of both 386DX and 386SX processors.
039960d31fa3d6531796e6574246e5eb6f40bada	The top model Am386DX received a clock frequency of 40 MHz, that is, 7 MHz more than the most productive Intel modification!
aba9ca477637b40c44287923115a55e97ca077ef	The performance of such a processor was at the level of the next — generation chip from Intel i486, which had already been released by that time.
d73f5765b4f56985176c6791376029d793430856	At the same time, the cost of the AMD solution was much lower than that of Intel models.
ef980e7ef54175c5810c2eba31be655db9172d18	Due to the favorable combination of price and speed, the processor has found application in many desktop systems.
3f68cf151106c38b0a519f2dcb11f277e218722d	AMD Am386DX Processor
052302b6f20dcd2cbaa80a0a68836b67a9c49e77	As for the 386SX clone the Am386SX model it was not so much an ordinary copy, but a redesigned version of the" Intel " crystal.
81d2a8c09189d85460c7c1ad2eea1bb1dfd7cfc3	So, the chip was produced according to a thinner 0.8 microns technological process and used a static core, which made it possible to achieve energy efficient operation of the processor.
35df77b3962107b7b002059bc0cc249d13b2f507	On average, the Am386SX was 35% more economical than the original 386SX.
54660bc25422e6c9d5a5af2468b6aacc8f6004e1	And even more economical than the 386SL processor designed specifically for portable devices.
2b3fd5d9f8036b377bf5f962f8146a1eef341b19	At the same time, the clock frequencies of the Am386SX were, as a rule, higher than those of the 386SX (the maximum clock frequency was 40 MHz).
268ac540b741c604f9d797b686a1459c16251ae8	By the way, despite the fact that the Am386SX is a clone of the "Intel" chip, it is considered the first independent development of AMD.
1573cf387da1e262b38a3b1f77acd446cd122d8b	And after the launch of the Am386 line, AMD was rightfully considered one of Intel's competitors.
d6a379d02fdf43948e9ee79e9b4000e9965f7bc3	AMD Am386SX Processor
28d291fe4f82ba724c1d38e358f01d24c49e1674	i386 clones produced by Cyrix have been used in laptops and inexpensive desktop systems.
4cc4c3126fc2139d2de2218003f45e0c25ddc480	The line of "stones" consisted of two models: 486SLC and 486DLC.
78e1e1593eacb7815b730eda5e783218863c4496	Despite the index in the name, the processors were copies of the 386SX and 386DX, respectively.
73e6587050d1ee1f8cb8045d383b40ff182523a0	However, it should be noted that Cyrix solutions have received support for the i486 instruction set. An interesting architectural feature of the line was the presence of a first level cache memory with a volume of 1-8 Kbytes.
9c71f1c02af41433e62ebb3eeeba97478a5ad1b9	As for the clock frequency of the processors, its maximum indicator was 40 MHz, as in the case of AMD Am386.
7417ea401be9b464dc06ffc1ffd3cebf34a59a9b	At the same time, the power consumption of the Cx486 was at a very low level.
b1710c23c6e1a1494ab09db5b032b708a096fa6b	The processors could not compete with the AMD line.
391f162f14df5feac01d41f9aad8e26319431149	Over time, Intel reduced the prices of its products, and the i486 managed to finally displace Cyrix crystals.
dbf95527d2f66cdfa268f6398ddcf72b01d21968	Cyrix 486DLC processor
94b4afdfe72ba6179637a3f17bd9bb8b405b225e	IBM also did not stay away from the production of clones.
64673b5a26f573d1879b64177e68bceded9cb056	In 1991, it introduced the 386SLC and 386DLC processors, which were clones of the 386SX and 386DX, respectively.
6fd2f20fbb42e88c9789fcdac462e090c63b691b	They were used in IBM PS/2 and PS/ValuePoint desktop computers, as well as in the IBM ThinkPad laptop.
9e4cc8a496c13b934e141da74505403b2b76daef	IBM ThinkPad Laptop
9e63ade0f1a0833292486cbad6365e824234a56a	In addition to the above models, Intel has released processors for embedded systems: 80376 and 386EX.
ac5d102280271c58feec72a2271845c1fdf2a0c1	The first crystal was released in January 1989.
84422acd0c303bc053dce3205ee05ddb49c42a6d	It differed from the 386SX in the lack of support for the real mode of operation (the "stone" worked only in protected mode) and the process of replacing pages in the memory management unit.
5a8138c6de03aba1534bdd1d023ad5a252f8db6c	The clock frequency of the 376th was 16/20 MHz.
29681ad5f70963f48f3b7371bd4b441efd6bc5c0	After 5 years, 386EX replaced 80376.
db421053dc604053654d88d3c0cc8fc7e85e3f6f	The processor supported 26 bit memory addressing, had a static core that provided high energy efficiency, and many peripheral devices: for example, counters, timers and an interrupt controller.
caa5f8c360282dac42dbb6e2346e1fa8c779c64b	Basically, the 386EX was used in the computer systems of various orbiting satellites, as well as in a NASA project called FlightLinux.
9ead018166423bf4137b31ad46d0e13a1d96e31e	Intel i486
98b965154f670fd90196096c0cefc0ccd854d68a	When developing processors of the next (read — the fourth) generation, Intel engineers faced serious problems.
6b6428aa2dca93de114c1170bac75fbca0ecbdf3	The previous generation of integrated circuits reached the performance ceiling, and the technologies used at that time did not allow placing even more transistors on the same area.
587639f4dae28e77d68094e2d14689456545cb21	The developers had no choice but to rework the existing architecture, or rather, to supplement it.
3f27dcd890aeddb3b1c496027e3c2d07535eb926	So, for the first time, i486 processors got such components as cache memory, a pipeline, an integrated coprocessor and a multiplication factor (multiplier).
0f5626b966c72bfbb9e03a9e92dbb77e09439879	Thanks to them, the new generation of CPUs has become faster than its predecessors.
7c7d9018919178cc66083641e07364ad9d032c4d	But about everything in order.
4fa47220fd951b6ed35be12e3b2ee4779dfbc1e9	"What is a cache memory?"
51e6df4bd5f3d806f375f6e54d1725ee934cd7e0	— our readers know the answer to this question perfectly well.
19bf116de2cdeab981176a1c1e6a4afb9c899147	It is located "between" the processor and RAM and stores copies of the most frequently used data from the main memory.
82cb53854eb7be6b006f17e0fbcbf57d7f5d5b03	The access time to it is much less than to the main memory.
1c903098fc1a8a07e042ca32230bb01399096bf4	Therefore, when the necessary data is contained in the cache, the average memory access time is significantly reduced.
e30adb0c943e5ab7772fa1861916106b6629afd6	The i486 processor received an 8 KB cache memory.
091f25172a11a4bc83523e4c18fad6d2b237e6d8	The first 486 processors worked with the cache on the Write Through principle, that is, data was always written to the main memory, even if they were already present in the cache.
f9358aedfca3da54899448d81358b3a4f4c1556d	Then the "stones" learned how to work with the cache using the Write Back function.
96b4e914be28588ff5f1472775067a47e39ce665	When using this principle (if there is a copy of them in the cache), they were written only to the cache memory, no write was made to the RAM. i486 processors also worked with the so called external cache, which was located on the motherboard.
b20850411fc829f1f7d1d335a6bd786c582c5cad	Its volume at that time ranged from 256 KB to 512 KB.
ded4703d3121076f7b13cead6cd61e80f596b52b	One of the processors of the i486 family
53b5896db7fe8e8e1705a45b2b563f6bc4b5d7ce	The presence of a level 1 cache memory has significantly complicated the chip itself.
4a13925cc12a63835630fcf50f62d9cd23e45f60	The i486 processor contained almost 1.2 million transistors.
f376ad902893b00722fd565165d1d74b3d2691e2	About half of them were on the cache memory.
b7ffe735944f2cad6987c44f5b78c0b3ef04246a	The complexity of the chip caused its high power consumption and heat dissipation.
56ce181c7ed5f978e4b93273490a6cf231308ab4	For example, active cooling was used for the first time in systems using i486.
4bc47116304924275c812a709d3cb8e9ae1932f6	In addition to this, the complexity of the processor caused an increase in defects during production.
05377360e112827ab6990dc48598a18cb08e7248	Consequently, because of this, the cost of the device has also increased.
bec23758a1e25b5de5f63340db964a9f7e3b0ffc	i486 processors also have computing pipelines, the essence of which is to divide the processing of a computer instruction into a sequence of independent stages with the results saved at the end of each stage.
d5b15d0270711ff0f92b80adc503753c7b068fca	Something similar was implemented back in the Zilog Z8000.
afb08271fa89141d606417e334155d587ad1f784	The i486 pipeline consisted of five stages: sampling, decoding, decoding operand addresses, executing a command, and recording the result of executing an instruction.
ffc0de7517b14759858c9bc6b2161192fbc2b239	The appearance of pipelines not only increased the speed, but also simplified the processor architecture to some extent.
e9b7efcc90ed0e20ef94ac70a0ce1f0dc329d3f3	It is also worth noting that the appearance of conveyors has had a positive effect on the acceleration potential CPU.
5cb8b6278e6c6634440db0561f4c3be6ad75726d	As for the coprocessor (FPU, Floating Point Unit, Floating Point Operations Module), it was a module that helps to perform mathematical operations on real numbers.
b68d66787d54df1be721f31d56c86bb32036bd10	In the i486, it was built into the chip itself.
5ec96dc9fd65f6a57e54cfe37d20bd24a564890f	However, not all fourth generation crystals had an integrated FPU.
dc735f281e89e59259f6dfe11f4806ab1824c0dd	Multiplication coefficients did not appear in the first i486 processors at all.
84b7f54552c477aab6b8be3302de58f35d89de23	The 486SX and 486DX models dispensed with it and worked at the system bus frequency.
00c99d15c7e416cb8af9b64494a23275bfcbeab0	Support for the multiplier appeared only in the 486DX2 crystal.
12671bd68a807cd11c11ba624fb88ea8d2cabe55	At a system bus frequency of 33 MHz, the clock frequency of the processor itself was 66 MHz.
d8d18af26cc541cc3f837fb1785e2af1b49a1e25	That is, the multiplier was equal to two.
36c2712e5e947451a43baa70231b7bcfb8a94dcf	In 486DX4, the multiplication factor was increased to three.
73b25f1b71d2f85787b18cad3b835360a63779ef	Along with the introduction of multipliers, overclocking appeared.
3cf9b01c704092aee8ad190c03b96284b4836531	i486DX Processor
a4f6d3b8311c87e33d816151931e4fcd0a59f13a	As with the third generation, Intel initially introduced only two models to the market: the 486SX and 486DX.
28c2070858a3f882e45204b9535d2c35280d1853	As we have already said, the only difference between these processors was the lack of an integrated FPU.
8c3f81faa63a3868a5c5fa1dab16e310a1efa2fe	Otherwise, the crystals were completely identical.
abcdc0e69a28734f0302ddea4a6f527c27f3c404	By the way, due to the large percentage of defects in production, some 486SX models were 486DX with a faulty coprocessor.
651ee9058d6f22d13563e54f23a99e4785fa2e7a	Thus, Intel tried to reduce production costs.
cada0e4864433eb008e847e6768f13884fef112f	The chips were produced according to 1 microns of the technological process, and a little later, according to 0.8 microns of technorms.
ffbe24c15d22bf143d81d55e8c264bb11948f58f	The clock frequency of both models varied from 25 to 50 MHz.
0bf932fbb67ec185789fc73f500f326282bd7a36	The maximum power consumption reached the mark of 5 watts.
b6f38daca2008a35817fc6019e907c43b88e18ac	Intel i486SX processor
f780768e3c4412c922125e4bdf979f5ed3653bbc	Despite the fact that Intel was increasingly protecting its developments with patents, many i486 clones appeared on the market.
0c78004c465dac01b938192c14cb0001d51792b1	AMD, Cyrix, IBM, Texas Instruments and others were engaged in the production of copies.
174a3546a8bfeec07fcff9638b504ef0edcb0f01	The basis of the AMD Am486 clone line was the Am486SX and Am486DX models.
57abd8fb9b1cd9993814d8f7fed75930c8d5b337	The processors were produced according to a thinner 0.7 microns technical process, and then in accordance with 0.5 microns and 0.35 microns technological standards.
bf3d4bc1500c69b113a32193c6c49958f5d791b9	Technically, the Am486SX and Am486DX were complete analogs of Intel crystals.
2ba2fdf7eb714947c17422e444c57a82dae97094	Processors that did not use multipliers had frequencies from 25 to 40 MHz, and "stones" with a multiplication factor worked at a clock frequency from 66 to 100 MHz.
781a45ebfdd37826d9a730bf838f3ed9bbccad00	In 1995, AMD introduced the fastest i486 compatible processor called the Am5x86.
7859df20601bbba0ace8deea0e9a9e31e3ccb32b	The crystal was produced according to a 350 nm process technology and had 1.6 million transistors.
4de6fab826a4c611770fa7e2542f938038a40b22	The volume of the cache memory of the 1st level was increased to 16 KB, and the multiplication factor was equal to 4.
61db312bb13a8183221a538413d82848224ce1d2	The processor worked with a bus with a frequency of 33 MHz, that is, the clock frequency of the crystal itself was 133 MHz.
3190deed82053a2f548233c4f1dc04fad2158ec8	In terms of performance, the Am5x86 was comparable to a Pentium processor with a frequency of 75 MHz.
c7034dbd99fc09bc7e5cb0552f7671fd04b3c7f5	The Am5x86 was AMD's top solution before the release of the new K5 generation processors.
82b0ae214624bdbd35082fb496ed2d38e427910b	A clone processor from AMD
6dec229f1bd37e3d9804e1c08f628c1bdd085005	The i486 clones produced by other companies were no different.
a19261c06936b3768b637b19dc64ac6c5052f4fd	They architecturally repeated the original and, of course, had the same performance.
818e0e8b1382b20b46f27e39c9081e9219035f1b	Motorola 68020, 68030, 68040
610a01d62086721b9c58c777ea7782951f339f2a	In 1984, a few months before the introduction of the i386, Motorola released its first fully 32 bit chip, the 68020.
5581c5aa8a1048328919df2960707af8798a09c7	The processor was produced according to a 2 micron process technology and had 190,000 transistors.
25bd5848abf194cfd3777cf68ab130665cb4346f	Its clock frequency ranged from 12 to 33 MHz.
799d1d71568f86b06c40e05b070eedb52abd8dc3	In comparison with its predecessor, the 68010, the new processor has received many improvements.
5b771b8d23af2aa2530ded90b1fb20865ed024ad	First of all, it should be noted that the "twentieth" worked with full fledged 32 bit external data and address buses, and also supported new instructions and addressing modes.
c85881930665a5f78a09db70522b6aa840980a05	At the same time, the execution time of some instructions was reduced.
a6acf56b8586b6d8162386a2c16542f8279253c0	Also, the 68020 became the first processor in the Motorola 68k line with built in cache memory of the first level.
d527c7dc6744f4c3b8749031dda3d53124c3951c	However, its volume was only 256 bytes.
71165a92631416fdb910be1e974d9579a094353f	Alas, the 68020 did not have a built in FPU, although the crystal interface provided support for up to 8 coprocessors.
4e81d2c4612aa9e4102fc35e3124ea71a972fac5	As for performance, at a frequency of 33 MHz, the result was 5.36 million instructions per second.
3056868add7017ca4d3cc8cfc16f13537e3f0008	The main area of application of the processor again became Apple computers: Macintosh II and Macintosh LC.
b03040348ae826473bb02ee10c186d5f6e1ff1f5	In addition, the Motorola 68020 is also "registered" in the systems Sun 3, Hewlett Packard 8711, Sinclair QL and Alpha Microsystems AM 2000.
e73d9e74409062908b823dc1ed632cc7aaf7743f	Macintosh LC Computer
c3b82ff9a6faf79079a0cd65f25707b02cd6acb8	At the same time, Motorola introduced a "stripped - down" version of the processor called the 68EC020.
b20bdcef19ce840968206ce5e7305545831e7c74	So, the crystal had a 24 bit address bus and therefore could address only up to 16 MB of memory.
a26f59e352a90286f7faf9acc3f71ae1376c6dbe	Kodak and Apple used it in their printers, and Commodore used it in Amiga 1200 computers and CD32 game consoles.
e3ce50cb91d90a3b3cf63f55d4c757420b150437	In 1987, the next Motorola processor appeared on sale — the 68030.
4a9fad02ebce208642d94f05a051bb69c6b6e457	It was fully 32 bit.
3d288515e2dac60f680f801716e3dfd7a4433f9f	The data bus in the 68030 became dynamic, it could function in 8 -, 16 and 32 bit modes.
a36d9fbf601da4146897409f05e2585663b571f4	There was also a synchronous mode of operation of the data bus and the address bus, which increased the data transfer speed.
9c8ae5068963e61110450c4889b0bc7974768c97	Processor performance has also increased due to the additional 256 bytes of the first level cache, reducing the access time to the instruction cache and adding a memory management unit.
1204284248ae00168e68acdb52e60e924d7462fa	As in the case of the model 68020, the "thirtieth" did not have a built in coprocessor.
4b3d1c146614e546b5eb0bf29c737ee7f0db5fb6	As for the technical characteristics, they largely coincided with those of the predecessor.
d3753ea12a2a40ea568b02c4727ec261ad43e61e	The processor clock frequency ranged from 16 MHz to 50 MHz.
1f058fb34bc727cc6042cf209e0714646ea9682d	In the second case, the performance of the "stone" was about 18 million instructions per second.
8c9104474fb6b285226c030ec7a4f9ba6d32224b	Motorola 68030 processor
7f353eb09795f52fc06706c1c51ad23913b26292	The 68030 was used in the same Apple Macintosh II and Commodore Amiga computers, as well as in the Next Cube, Sun 3/80, Atari TT and Atari Falcon systems.
0f74aae2cd3fe59100d114dc26bce349c8cb114d	A stripped down version of the processor called 68EC030 was also released.
071a97e143cd6ad3f40002d230fe6f72a37d3bcc	The Motorola 68040 processor, which became available in 1990, brought much more architectural changes than its predecessors.
e956499e4a042f39fd9c9b3359dba71ec12db562	So, for the first time there was a built in coprocessor.
ad3ba159ecda38f5058fdf4d0828e180665a4351	In the "fortieth", support for the memory management unit, which appeared in the previous generation of "stones", has been preserved.
9450bd77e0595dad5a4025019b7a86ce3f87ad4b	The size of the instruction memory cache and the data memory cache has been increased to 4 Kbytes each.
bedef49c64b4658a9561c7587bfc9cd0ac7be30d	The principle of operation of the processor was based on computing pipelines, which consisted of six stages.
caf7aa0ef1d89d26de75b18ec772ce827a5fe681	With the advent of an integrated coprocessor and an increase in the amount of cache memory, the chip has become much more complicated.
7d9705c59fe1652f221d8b5b94f9e07df7461b53	At the same frequency, the performance of the 68040 model exceeded the CPU speed of previous generations by more than four times.
bf63d86360a01057e92f8ab0cd29f69c8ecbb86c	At the same time, the crystal was very hot, and the developers were not able to solve this problem.
5933fc00cbe841268b867020a8cbc6ea60d20f3b	Hence, the processor's clock frequency never exceeded the 40 MHz mark, although Motorola itself had plans to launch a 50 megahertz version.
4f147e20c6bef9ab0f12a919fe6e57ddec8cb767	In terms of its capabilities, the Motorola 68040 was comparable to the Intel i486 and even surpassed it in speed at the same frequency.
62ea02e2f647419a9d9ea0e67b2c43e364ced801	However, overclocking was gaining momentum at that time, and the 486 differed favorably from the "Motorola" chip just by its overclocking potential.
f9b1d1e61cca36f93f480c2d153ad70b694fe385	Motorola did not forget about the younger versions of the 68040, of which this time there were two: 68EC040 and 68LC040.
48806f59d8633dd45dba773a8f0e6c0e8739bd70	Both models lacked a built in coprocessor, and the 68EC040 version also lost the memory management unit.
edb98a25c4efb74ca310f556243286bca26c6a49	Despite this, the processors showed decent performance.
5fc4ca407b8519ed9025ff5933528ff6bb17bba8	So, the 68LC040 was not inferior in speed to the 68020.
db7bfeeb540142cfcb6b453e0d0f83809571f867	Macintosh Quadra Computer
b76b4beb0e53d18cdb22edcc6fea6ecc2176b3e8	As before, Apple made extensive use of Motorola processors in its computers.
a7270eef7676b37a9d1acbf3bee1a6d818bc9d11	For example, the 68040 became the basis of the High End Macintosh Quadra system.
f0b281efdf7292c8ce945598e36ed73cc567921b	Macintosh Centris and Performa also used processors of the 68040 family.
6ab5b88c55d6fd1e98c239001974d5e48338e080	Plus, Amiga 4000/4000T computers were built on the basis of the Fortieth, as well as some Alpha Microsystems and HP servers.
243788238f38e5e6108b71820a30b89730e1fc56	NEC V60, V70, V80
bab4dcbf339f301d928210019ec14f9b428cd8b3	Japanese manufacturers are known for paying a lot of attention to the domestic market.
aa9c4a0794426023234f81613f506a89ddb8084b	The situation with NEC processors was about the same: the first 32 bit solution called V60, released in February 1986, was available only in the Land of the Rising Sun. If all the previous developments of the company were based on the x86 architecture, now the design of the processors partly resembled the RISC model with a large number of general purpose registers.
ef927457a72b9389869df8dbb0eb54c981c08a46	Nevertheless, the "stone" inherited a lot from the CISC architecture. x86 platform emulation was also supported.
ca897bf1c3e9ced8dcf543d4def8957178fb68a4	The V60 was not fully 32 bit — the width of the external data bus was 16 bits, and the address bus was 24 bit.
6267caaa62abcfe5c7d8965d109dfd8d4346c0b3	The processor itself was produced according to a 1.5 microns process technology and had 375 thousand transistors.
daf26d954e08535595feb6676e4c68bca3d43deb	It used computing pipelines with six stages, and also had a built in coprocessor and a memory management unit.
43c5b5f4999d948b05d806609bb581b7a436a0cf	At a clock frequency of 16 MHz, the performance of the V60 was 3.5 million instructions per second.
f23e00cfc1a6dd5ac01de88a6f2b24a2d22269cc	Sega used this "stone" in its arcade platforms System 32 and Model 1.
5da785b6aaeab4759b30a027fddf1189a0bd156f	NEC V60 (bottom row, left) and V70 (bottom row, right)processors
b6ff36f29a439ffecfb3edee9be6bc8e6d3bb818	A year later, NEC released the V70 processor.
38cfc18c0c7435b8f284402e5abdcdb972bf32f8	The new chip was able to work with full fledged 32 bit data and address buses — this was its main difference from the V60.
9a7d821c4e63779b3ff99164045f7b86c6222205	At first, the processor was produced according to 1.5 microns of the technical process, but then 1.2 microns of technological norms were mastered.
ec3a82c1f07c855e02c81f542e6ec1f221094698	The maximum clock frequency of the V70 was 20 MHz.
80d8c75c50d86b367d37beedd25df268ef407007	At this speed, the chip's performance was 6.6 million instructions per second.
9650cd803f1d9e5cf59c316f0bb0e7cb1a52375f	Like its predecessor, the V70 was not very popular, but Sega continued to use it in its platforms.
e21e78f5592ec4af5fb03145929eac1404a6e49a	In the spring of 1989, the V80 processor saw the light.
74835e855c30e3d1638e67fe78d9f05872c0df35	This crystal already had an instruction cache and a data cache of 1 KB each, as well as a branch prediction block.
b4cbcf75c24d633dd722255518a7d469d9ab61d8	The production of the crystal was transferred to the 0.8 microns process technology, and the chip itself contained 980 thousand transistors.
a3e7ecdc50c4583dd3c5b69067585e4def646d19	The clock speed indicator also increased: V80 it worked at a frequency of 25/33 MHz.
a43f09d2c6d7c09a7b3ddff8d495d9f8c73507d0	The flagship's performance was 16.5 million instructions per second.
be315fc2a22e8758234ceb5a07d95de5eca8fc28	NEC plans included the release of the V80 with a frequency of 45 MHz, but the project remained on paper.
135899ee866c2e893eee334ce1836a71c1b2cb38	The V80 was the last NEC "stone" with the CISC architecture.
48b6a5a2c14f720494deda0512fb4b36627b5e00	The next line of processors, the V800, was based on the RISC architecture.
bd41be3d3fcc8d84e183de1095c27cf2b523d965	DEC VAX
8154e9e10674f1d000c318d0847b7afafb582d29	In 1985, DEC offered its line of 32 bit processors based on its own VAX architecture.
33ec44b1b6277593ecedd215fef78a7389477f14	The first swallow was the MicroVAX 78032, which was also the first device manufactured by the company's own forces.
42863612f0b2137cb6c65ccfa585199332891ee6	The processor contained 125 thousand transistors and was manufactured according to 3 microns NMOS technological standards.
4c0cc293bd01ae3ffa4b3650da9c5a23aa26e9ba	At a frequency of 5 MHz, the chip's performance when working with integers was comparable to the speed of the VAX 11/780 superminicomputer released in 1977.
b39ffc507dd75bdeb99d56eb890137c19259ba29	To speed up operations with floating point numbers in a duet with MicroVAX 78032, it was proposed to use the MicroVAX 78132 coprocessor.
ba8acd716f63ff9acd23674cf108b8ee997745b2	The 78032 crystal was used in DEC computers, starting with the MicroVAX II model.
b82cbf5906a95fdf9f5b1753d45b9ef557edef81	DEC MicroVAX II computer
e4e4b7f4177f42dc4281e6fb05f9d60d3783fb06	And in 1987, the CVAX processor was introduced — the next generation of "stones" with the VAX architecture.
068b07fd63786256abfb7cab775b801b97128e40	Although it is more correct to call this solution not a CPU, but a chipset.
d585e73e0b74d13bc43824b40ceeebf32c6104c4	CVAX consisted of the processor itself with the index 78034, a coprocessor for accelerating CFPA floating point calculations, and various support chips (for example, a memory controller and a Q Bus controller).
4ff61127e97419497611500f6955517bc2e4409a	The clock frequency of the VAX 78034 was 11.11 MHz or 12.5 MHz.
a0314c711883f68921f289bb26a7a85adfed6355	The processor was produced using the first generation CMOS technology.
ca59ed02fa79bf181847b6a8fd827f488ef6fdee	The crystal received a common cache of instructions and data with a volume of 1 KB.
b2460e35b18bc2c16f74467ed27a7f4ba66b5565	While Intel and Motorola solutions used SRAM memory as the cache, the DEC processor cache used DRAM type memory.
146d9c058db55126be1632cf74186bb849a00260	The 78034 also supported 64 KB of external cache memory.
754f6b60762f2d3ffe45103e0056d5cf06ba45c8	The first systems using CVAX appeared in 1987.
40a5a1382c5b1caf54cfed14b01f6502a705cb20	Among them were both high performance solutions (VAX 6000 Model 200) and Low end MicroVAX 3500 minicomputers.
4fe5772e2e96245621772e61941c4f65ecdca8e4	DEC CVAX Chipset
a37a7e2a92f1851b71fbf86cd6e83aa85a8a0646	The last chipset that DEC managed to release in the 80s was DEC Rigel.
981de5bd9433b18c102578142aef16f220d4fe83	Like CVAX, it consisted of a processor (REX520), a DC523 coprocessor, a DC592 cache controller, and support chips.
985831948c96f58e43539be879c9cc6718145003	The volume of the level memory cache was increased to 2 Kbytes, and the size of the external cache was 128 Kbytes.
8dc306ffd2718e5f84d68469c8692c491804fc2f	The REX520 was manufactured using the second generation CMOS technology and contained 320 thousand transistors, more than half of which accounted for cache memory.
36df8934557306f778ed4407bce02ddd0b6e7b74	Like its predecessors, the processor was used only in DEC systems (VAX 6000 Model 300/400 and VAXstation 3100 Model 76).
e8e3a89498cc5e249fe4c9dfff9564a168306ba5	However, these companies relied on time tested CISC architectures, while many others began to produce processors based on the RISC architecture.
70430e8ac8659cb5500cca5409c5c2d943ddee70	We will tell you about them next time.
55459471d5aee3abb2283efcf2ed60145f3aa705	Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky 7 (19) July 1893, p. Baghdadi of the Kutaisi province — April 14, 1930, Moscow, Russian poet, one of the brightest representatives of the avant-garde art of the 1910s and 1920s.
0cdd87d2e540756833f189d3f937adc3d144ad8c	In the pre-revolutionary work of Vladimir Mayakovsky, the confession of a poet who perceives reality as an apocalypse is forced to a scream (the tragedy "Vladimir Mayakovsky", 1914; the poems "Cloud in pants", 1915; "Flute spine", 1916; " Man " 1916-1917).
a6dca8c093db3dabc56050c93d28a66d5c9ebc35	After 1917, the creation of the socialist myth about the world order (the play "Mystery buff", 1918; the poems "150000000", 1921; "Vladimir Ilyich Lenin", 1924, " Good!", 1927) and the tragically growing sense of its depravity (from the poem "The Prozasedshiesya", 1922, to the play "Bath", 1929).
3c9e9482bb12f07c3dc33c4250a648b7542ef622	In the poem "At the Top of my Voice" (1930), the statement of the sincerity of my path and the hope of being understood in the "communist faraway".
be45d931bb9d024a9803b44d33fc695d20d248c9	A reformer of the poetic language, he had a great influence on the poetry of the 20th century.
ca2527afb035695873f3caed84c5a7a6e97a4d0c	Vladimir Mayakovsky was born in the village of Bagdati, Kutaisi province (in Soviet times the village was called Mayakovsky) in Georgia, in the family of Vladimir Konstantinovich Mayakovsky (1857-1906), who served as a third-class forester in the Erivan province, since 1889 in the Bagdat forestry.
8098ecf21976afec862b408090703ddb982f069e	The poet's mother, Alexandra Alekseevna Pavlenko (1867-1954), from the Kuban Cossacks, was born in the Kuban, in the village of Ternovskaya.
f0a1c8d9488ea7c0dc9c1387ef075557f5096ad6	In the poem "Vladikavkaz — Tiflis" of 1924, Mayakovsky calls himself a "Georgian".
f6fc09b99b20a8e5a88f9352519486083fe8497e	One of the grandmothers, Efrosinya Osipovna Danilevskaya, is a cousin of the author of historical novels G. P. Danilevsky.
9dac492a4695863f5f00e5da2e73e3fd54188d6b	The future poet had two sisters: Lyudmila (1884-1972) and Olga (1890-1949), and two brothers: Konstantin (died at the age of three from scarlet fever) and Alexander (died in infancy).
93b407cabcc447eecd37e9777da5fa7829c4ade1	In 1902, Mayakovsky entered the gymnasium in Kutaisi.
f469482bae789aab1643795b2f67efb738ff13af	Like his parents, he was fluent in Georgian.
1c7425ea176c1e3c10bb1c90d51bf6ffcfb7943b	He participated in a revolutionary demonstration, read propaganda brochures.
88adb2a2c6fb6500ef1be16753847373e2ac4976	In February 1906, his father died of blood poisoning after pricking his finger with a needle while stitching papers.
0f105f9cb038556681c5c993d488b19687dddd8d	Since then, Mayakovsky could not stand pins and hairpins, bacteriophobia remained lifelong.
8881f574e3e1d72ceeea83190c42b322177e3e5c	The future poet was about two meters tall.
edbabfe6090f8432d08659de0ff3de08842a258d	In July of the same year, Mayakovsky, along with his mother and sisters, moved to Moscow, where he entered the IV class of the 5th classical gymnasium (now Moscow school No. 91 on Povarskaya Street, the building has not been preserved), where he studied in the same class with B. L. Pasternak's brother Shura.
5378f8b501ca5bc187a64551878f61da174116f2	In March 1908, he was expelled from the V class due to non-payment of tuition fees.
f0755ec9754d63f57b5be7e925334a8f298abf6b	Mayakovsky published the first "half-poem" in the illegal magazine "Rush", which was published by the Third Gymnasium.
1a49014dfb1913b886a3e4400c2d4c992ca09d77	According to him, "it turned out to be incredibly revolutionary and equally ugly."
35c90880da4b4b2a3da4e458fde40c6aa8652390	In Moscow, Mayakovsky met revolutionary-minded students, became interested in Marxist literature, and in 1908 joined the RSDLP.
d83cab2b8918d52ad81d912b6215369af7434236	He was a propagandist in the commercial and industrial subdistrict, in 1908-1909 he was arrested three times (in the case of an underground printing house, on suspicion of being connected with a group of anarchist expropriators, on suspicion of aiding the escape of female political prisoners from Novinsky prison).
b0c07342cc254b978501fc3c88656eeed40af54c	In the first case, he was released under the supervision of his parents by a court verdict as a minor who acted "without understanding", in the second and third cases he was released for lack of evidence.
0a4ed86a507e0ee1e074a94774118567ef271ced	In prison, Mayakovsky "scandalized", so he was often transferred from one unit to another: Basmannaya, Meshchanskaya, Myasnitskaya and, finally, Butyrskaya prison, where he spent 11 months in solitary confinement No. 103.
973d034431f56c7c55f0813f891f188b1e666641	In prison in 1909, Mayakovsky again began to write poetry, but was dissatisfied with what he had written.
f70b4b51b3c595a46e06cb2c9f66fdcd231adae9	In his memoirs, he writes: "It turned out stilted and revplaksivo.
6be51d72a52a8af7542797496f1f052ac631d6ae	Something like: The forests were dressed in gold and purple, The sun played on the heads of churches.
ee16e84f7976f828c0dc83623109d4dd65b7425d	I waited: but in the months the days were lost, Hundreds of weary days.
64742d9cc7b5e75849cfbd5e795ff3c273736f95	Thanks to the guards — they were taken away at the exit.
6cc44663080123343415d831a85fb3630c5927cb	Despite such a critical attitude, Mayakovsky calculated the beginning of his work from this notebook.
0b3dbbcf41cbd76c0ff123053bd0ff3c9cfb4a8d	After his third arrest, he was released from prison in January 1910.
ad7d6e9608676327d587f5deba403dc88d125318	After his release, he left the party.
f97cc0e344804079abe23a3084315398d2661c98	In 1918, he wrote in his autobiography: "Why not in the party?
7cc5d13364c4ab939ec0be8ee73ad160acddd552	The Communists worked at the fronts.
96f509b90f314b054ea0476a51adb63817dcfe96	In art and education, there are still compromisers.
66d099a5e3d09ad6019e6caedb073cd0ec2c870c	I would have been sent to fish in Astrakhan."
65f535ae9f0b6a3e68a24c32cd044ae33612d836	It was in prison, under the impression of reading modern poems for the first time, in particular – Balmont, that Mayakovsky took his first steps in poetry (the poems have not been preserved), and later he evaluated what he wrote very critically.
7858bd8c9fa539a5d8783c1390aec92ff59721c1	In 1911, after several attempts to enter an art educational institution, Mayakovsky became a student of the School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture in Moscow.
163087627f3bb291681c4163defc68cae932843c	Through David Burlyuk, who studied there, one of the leaders of the group of futurists "Gilea", Mayakovsky gets acquainted with the world of the Moscow literary and artistic avant-garde.
2b8f8efbe4240ab358371c7d40951a29328bd80b	Burlyuk, whom Mayakovsky introduced to his poems, highly appreciated them and recommended that he continue studying poetry.
a960a31447e4664ff7cf968e0d088c833e7a7272	From the end of 1912-the beginning of 1923, Mayakovsky took part in art exhibitions of modern art, performed with the reading of his poems, participated in public performances together with Burlyuk and other members of the Gilea group.
30f302e177a21843ccf719d9116d6fa6b70d2559	The first publications of Mayakovsky (poems Night, Morning) appeared at the end of 1912 in the publication "Gilei": A Slap in the Face to public taste.
1cc2e93ded9929d46c81e2fd2278d65cb48dd9b8	Mayakovsky also participated in the writing of the manifesto of the same name, from which the position often quoted by artistic opponents of the Futurists is taken – "to throw Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Pushkin off the Ship of modernity".
59bd2749f2f3e0c94f580ef8453766a687feba26	The authors of numerous memoirs emphasize Mayakovsky's love for the classics, a brilliant knowledge of Pushkin's poetry, etc., trying to balance declarations of this kind.
9a63a08de337846dcde5b88875cb5aef11b9e402	They were typical of many left-wing trends in the art of the early 20th century (cf. Italian Futurism, Dada, Surrealism).
19a30b579633ddc26d58faff5420f7d7d7271bef	In May 1913, the first collection of Mayakovsky – Ya! with illustrations by the author and his comrades in the School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture – V. Chekrygin and L. Shekhtel, was printed by the lithographic method in the amount of 300 copies.
4e2b7ab9820356c885279c9db4b590b4a67f182a	In the first verses, Mayakovsky's imagery is quite traditional compared to other Futurists, but, already starting from the cycle I!, gradually anti – aestheticism, an appeal to shocking topics (I like to watch children die – A few words about myself) and, along with them, features of originality appear in them: urban imagery; dynamism and a sharp change of intonation; widespread use of motifs, the source of which was fine art, primarily modernist painting.
db6c43205645f4295b499ee2c42656c903b3aeec	Such poetics also determines the peculiarities of the organization of the verse: up to the early 1920s, Mayakovsky, as a rule, splits the poetic line into small meaningful fragments; such fragmentation also compensates for the irregular punctuation or its complete absence, which distinguish Mayakovsky's publications.
c36a23ccd6d77ac6c5f5377e49c449d6e4fed9f9	The metric of Mayakovsky's poems (except for a few written in traditional syllabic tonic sizes) is characteristic of the poetry of the 1910s, in general, it is, as a rule, tonic sizes –an accent verse, a bar.
18ce24780e9db62ad4d12f52a85932693f1a727e	According to M. L. Gasparov, most of Mayakovsky's works "freely change the size from stanza to stanza", and "four types of verse" – iambic, chorus, dolnik and accent verse - " formed the main metrical repertoire of Mayakovsky...".
0e82ab286bdcfded916ef47fffd2e0e0a4ed599a	Somewhat later, there are features that were preserved in Mayakovsky's poetry in the 1920s: the use of occasional words (words associated with a certain case, occasion, and not registered as a linguistic norm) and the use of compound rhyme, common for most futurists.
475b6097acd77bf2beb9faa91b2edb94d9f7be8a	Mayakovsky, together with Burlyuk, V. Kamensky and other members of the kubofuturist group, actively participates in" futuristic tours " in Russia – collective performances with lectures and poetry readings. The performances had strong elements of theatricalization, shocking (defiant behavior, unusual clothes, makeup).
087420d3dcfae14e119823bcec61cfe25508665f	In the positive reviews that appeared later, Mayakovsky was considered outside the context of a group of futurists.
9edeeb9aca6b28c812fd075be7832f9345e279ba	In the criticism of the 1910s, associated with the traditionalist ("realistic") trends in literature, it was often said that Mayakovsky was alien to the literary current and the grouping to which he attributed himself, and this was declared one of his main advantages: "Mayakovsky is completely alien to them, he is among them by chance... "(K.Chukovsky. Egofuturism and cubofuturism); Gorky called Mayakovsky the only poet among all futurists, etc.
1914debadc31b1b87cdf82ba563b0612275d964c	Mayakovsky uses a belligerently broken, rude, stylistically reduced language that contrasts with traditional poetic images — "lay down love on the violins", "nocturne... on the flute of drainpipes".
a4f45db7a4de9a781426867d34c17b27b81cb2bd	The lyrical hero, shocking the layman with sharpness, brittle language and blasphemy ("God was caught in the sky with a Lasso"), remains a romantic, lonely, tender, suffering, feeling the value of "the smallest speck of living dust".
7988ff3860f78dd1695191ddf76a475ead42cc00	Mayakovsky's poems of the 1910s were focused on reproduction in oral form — from the stage, at evenings, debates (the collection "For the Voice", 1923; in magazines, newspapers and book publications, poems often appeared in a form distorted by censorship).
488d1840d279689b2160f26cdc92fea4ee4d3b53	Their short chopped lines, "ragged" syntax, "colloquialism" and deliberately familiar ("fraternal") intonation could not be better suited for listening: "... do you, who love women and dishes, give your life to please?".
e9eab846e55192eb86f1ebd036d8cdb2e8288dc4	In combination with his tall stature ("hefty, with a step of a fathom") and the sonorous voice of Mayakovsky, all this created a unique individual image of a poet fighter, an area rally speaker, a defender of the "language — free street" in the "hell of the city", whose words cannot be beautiful, they are "cramps stuck together in a lump".
0a976de1a9fb0d3b082fd374428d3768fea8c3bc	Already in the early rebellious poems and poems of Mayakovsky, a love lyrical theme occupies a significant place: "My love, like an apostle during it, I will spread the roads along a thousand thousand."
658cb43e09084b46f2b0b538a5e1c9b9e24701e6	Love "torments the soul" of a suffering, lonely poet.
44bc853b11fc4ca67fa5631c5534a8c2df3698e1	In 1915, Vladimir Mayakovsky met Lilya Brik, who took a central place in his life.
af13e28618c6fb1bb4e2878965a821a156636d3f	From their relationship, the futurist poet and his beloved sought to build a model of a new family, free from jealousy, prejudice, and traditional principles of relations between women and men in a "bourgeois" society.
9a8087bcdac9cb328df1d5cedf58f09f6950bdf5	Many of the poet's works are associated with the name Brik, the intimate intonation colors the letters of Mayakovsky addressed to her. Declaring in the 1920s that "now is not the time for love affairs", the poet nevertheless remains faithful to the theme (lyrical poems, the poem "About It", 1923), which reaches a tragically heart-rending sound in the last lines of Mayakovsky — in the unfinished introduction to the poem "At the Top of his Voice" (1930).
d7cba2826372b8d2e74a6f8d296bfbbc778f160a	Despite the close communication with Lilya Brik, Mayakovsky's personal life was not limited to her.
5cbc0fcda6e929b18072909e8b33cce4aea23e19	According to the testimonies and materials collected in the Channel One documentary "The Third Extra", which premiered on the 120th anniversary of the poet on July 20, 2013, Mayakovsky is the birth father of the Soviet sculptor Gleb Nikita Lavinsky (1921-1986).
109781c8736bc4e0102305b11f7c06fbdde6d9fa	The poet became closely acquainted with the mother of Gleb Nikita, the artist Lilya Lavinskaya, in 1920, working in the Windows of the Satire of GROWTH.
333f9d0dbafaae0fe970d8e72e241113c1405d34	In 1922, Lilya published a large article about the Futurists and about Mayakovsky in the Riga newspaper Novy Put.
8c029ad15836f54ca3e4d9bfca18edd52896c0e1	She also organized his performances.
a3b17a5479f78364e569509949eee4552087c8e5	All nine days they lived at the Bellevue Hotel, and the poem "I Love" was finished there.
aa3f6ca8a60b4f282809b4ec7f3258374b922e6e	At the end of 1922, Bric simultaneously with Mayakovsky had a long and serious affair with the head of Prombank A. Krasnoshchekov.
dbef169eafc637fe6ddb920110b5fb64d3b0e5b2	This affair almost led to a break in relations with Mayakovsky.
20b82ad0d6aed6c53d795d6629493763f2b43df9	For two months, Mayakovsky and Briki lived separately.
a88a7756b54b0d71ee2e6aff8208c0f96e3cc28b	This story is reflected in the poem "About it".
eabb44c06cab6af6be1acf8dc67fd4251a8beb78	In 1915-1917, Mayakovsky, under the patronage of Maxim Gorky, served in Petrograd in an automobile Training School.
ea88cd9b540fb6999a54c0e99bfe2690b5c8634e	The soldiers were not allowed to print, but he was saved by Osip Brik, who bought the poems "Flute Spine" and "Cloud in Pants" for 50 kopecks per line and printed them.
0c3a528ec8e2b4be9eb401c0d1654b361447c4aa	Anti-war lyrics: "Mother and the evening killed by the Germans", "I and Napoleon", the poem "War and Peace" (1915).
83d3c4acf7d1889e3f41475a8f8d4afc6b462065	The cycle "Hymns" for the magazine "New Satyricon "(1915).
3f7893dd7e76114efe7ed69aed80ff84c095feba	In 1916, the first large collection "Simple as a Mooing" was published.
bb0db54a6472fd1aea1ef0637415cfdcf9e59626	On March 3, 1917, Mayakovsky led a detachment of 7 soldiers who arrested the commander of the Automobile Training School, General P. I. Sekretev.
84aba924d809ab8c175735d3a80a6e38ca82e10d	It is curious that shortly before that, on January 31, Mayakovsky received a silver medal "For Diligence"from the hands of Sekretev.
54dbd82eefadfb6b38725ea0f35375c1843afaee	During the summer of 1917, Mayakovsky vigorously tried to declare him unfit for military service and was released from it in the fall.
381828f199d07d8cdb0584a74937d3c935da32e7	The October Revolution opened up new horizons for V. Mayakovsky.
099498b16b9e8bdc75fffe60ca22701cd881d93a	It was the poet's second birth.
030d9c3282dadde59fea07056d1f431c5047da8f	By the first anniversary of October, the play "Mystery Buff", conceived back in August 1917, was staged at the Musical Drama Theater (staged by V. Meyerhold, with whom Mayakovsky was associated with the creative search for a theater consonant with the revolution until the end of his life).
89eef00b1f473ce7cbbd5b59eec751be7d7be629	Mayakovsky associates his innovative ideas with "left art"; he seeks to rally the Futurists in the name of the democratization of art (speeches in the "Newspaper of the Futurists", "Order for the Army of Art", 1918; he is part of the group of Futurist communists ("Comfutes"), who published the newspaper "Art of the Commune").
a80d50372bcf8fa40fff677855da4b097f3b4ff2	In March 1919, Mayakovsky moved to Moscow, where in October his cooperation with ROSTA began.
7e35e26ac71d7e94a643059aa63c0de52de669dd	Mayakovsky's inherent need for mass agitation activity was satisfied in the artistic and poetic work on the posters "Windows of GROWTH".
526a4a10dd2a4ff8c9266c356fc3f617602f1def	In 1922-1924, Mayakovsky made his first trips abroad (Riga, Berlin, Paris, etc.). The cycle of his essays about Paris is " Paris. (Notes of Ludogus)", "Seven-day review of French painting", etc. (1922-1923), which captured Mayakovsky's artistic sympathies (in particular, he notes the world significance of P. Picasso), and poems ("How does the democratic republic work?", 1922; "Germany", 1922-1923; " Paris. (Conversations with the Eiffel Tower)", 1923) were Mayakovsky's approach to the foreign topic.
107fd8148eac264e26556ce22c3e5bcbe8e60b67	The transition to a peaceful life is interpreted by Mayakovsky as an internally significant event that makes us think about the spiritual values of the future person (the unfinished utopia "The Fifth International", 1922).
1aeafb4fb503848b86424f0d6d26307697b15ab6	The poem "About this" (December 1922 – February 1923) becomes a poetic catharsis with its theme of purification of the lyrical hero, who carries the indestructible ideal of humanity through the phantasmagoria of philistinism and breaks into the future.
30c39c60ba7134d32978b9d313728d3d6e98ad3e	The poem was first published in the first issue of the magazine "LEF" (1923-1925), the editor-in-chief of which becomes Mayakovsky, who headed the literary group LEF (1922-1928) and decided to rally around the magazine "left forces "(articles "What is Lef fighting for?", " Who is Lef biting into?", " Whom is Lef warning?", 1923).
2cf9a6714f4a80c9a2c3d726d8c44036afa3c5f2	By the end of the 1920s, Vladimir Mayakovsky had a growing sense of inconsistency with the political and social reality that inspired him from his adolescence to the high ideals of the revolution, according to which he built his entire life — from clothes and gait to love and creativity.
b6441c4bf5dde35c639ad02acd29bb89fbd5e171	The comedies "The Bug" (1928) and "The Bathhouse" (1929) are a satire (with elements of dystopia) on a bourgeois society that has forgotten about the revolutionary values for which it was created.
a77858d0fde56db965e6cbe2ac2b6a9d3528e4a4	The year 1930 began unsuccessfully for Mayakovsky.
4157216823c44095f0636417db9362e2325e36a1	In February, Lilya and Osip Brik left for Europe.
8b2d9287126376c973f71185fb1de906dfbd861e	Mayakovsky was harshly studied in the newspapers as a "fellow traveler of the Soviet government" — while he himself saw himself as a proletarian writer.
fa610649a1b254a08ee852f8b3d5f23d7c2a5a92	There was an embarrassment with his long-awaited exhibition "20 years of work", which was not visited by any of the prominent writers and state leaders, which the poet hoped for.
c3f74a160dd5d492c8ee869290a99a26f2c3db5a	The premiere of the play "Banya" was held without success in March, the performance "Bedbug"was also expected to fail.
ae73ef4e3d77153e6c76fe644012c2e6d568e822	At the beginning of April 1930, the greeting "to the great proletarian poet on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of his work and social activity" was withdrawn from the peer-reviewed magazine "Press and Revolution".
b59233612279967b730c1b7a4eab54b4fa1c6caa	There was talk in literary circles that Mayakovsky had written himself out.
f9b5c6c94fa50f0ff846a4a6c78466a08510f3c8	The poet was denied a visa for a foreign trip.
558c86d624841765e5c0ec5b5935f3706a95a55f	Two days before the suicide, on April 12, Mayakovsky had a meeting with readers at the Polytechnic Institute, which was attended mainly by Komsomol members; there were a lot of boorish shouts from the seats.
20ee7310e12b4ce24ab535e2c082192942628189	The poet was pursued everywhere by quarrels and scandals.
c0699676a2c232abc353f5576770430bd3db30cd	His state of mind became increasingly anxious and depressing.
e42740964528826a9284e933203217dffcb17d38	Since the spring of 1919, Mayakovsky, despite the fact that he constantly lived with the Briks, had a small boat room for work on the fourth floor in a communal apartment on the Lubyanka (now it is the State Museum of V. V. Mayakovsky, Lubyansky Proezd, 3/6 p. 4).
d4d80f7abe2afea13494fb0a881af6cde8d3a18e	It was in this room that the suicide occurred.
0f58df2cc1b53a9d6482f40e49e4f618a0f46f71	On the morning of April 14, Mayakovsky had an appointment with Veronika (Nora) Polonskaya.
574cdd2dd81aff30639d2fc50a4a892d8b95ede3	The poet met with Polonskaya for the second year, insisted on her divorce and even signed up for a writers ' cooperative in the passage of the Art Theater, where he was going to move to live with Nora.
bebe8e398bdf8a40571e160fa795a6e34d182b49	As 82-year-old Polonskaya recalled in 1990 in an interview with the magazine "Soviet Screen" (No. 13-1990), on that fateful morning the poet called for her at eight o'clock, because at 10.30 she had a rehearsal with Nemirovich Danchenko scheduled at the theater.
28883d953d6f9448889fb2f32e19515004693d84	The suicide letter, prepared two days earlier, is clear and detailed (which, according to the researchers, excludes the version about the spontaneity of the shot), begins with the words: "Don't blame anyone for the fact that I'm dying, and please don't gossip, the deceased didn't like it terribly...".
2bc5681c9955ae092ea230e6815e255411722d5e	The poet calls Lilya Brik (as well as Veronika Polonskaya), mother and sisters members of his family and asks them to transfer all the poems and archives to the Briks.
08edc8e87e52a75186a726dca2c1eeb44cc639b5	Briki managed to arrive at the funeral, having urgently interrupted the European tour; Polonskaya, on the contrary, did not dare to attend, because Mayakovsky's mother and sisters considered her the culprit of the poet's death.
142074348b69aced34d6cba63849503a4674a514	For three days, with an endless stream of people, the farewell went on in the House of Writers.
d46bdf3d3f7a1a28488b79b119d65a00628b2d2b	Tens of thousands of fans of his talent accompanied the poet to the Don Cemetery in an iron coffin to the singing of the "International".
779aac011a02fe0c889104d5e7c8a4c7c3224270	Ironically, the" futuristic " iron coffin of Mayakovsky was made by the avant-garde sculptor Anton Lavinsky, the husband of the artist Lily Lavinskaya, who gave birth to a son from a relationship with Mayakovsky.
79010a9fd98ca7f6f1e778b95b2eac908c37d416	The poet was cremated in the first Moscow crematorium opened three years earlier near the Donskoy Monastery.
846bf98bba1c59ee3d3219507f37930d3e9d270c	The brain was seized for research by the Brain Institute.
a4994e53bbff9e288768f00e897f1e4c43bf089b	Initially, the ashes were located there, in the columbarium of the New Don Cemetery, but as a result of the persistent actions of Lilia Brik and the elder sister of the poet Lyudmila, the urn with the ashes of Mayakovsky was moved on May 22, 1952 and buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery.
401e71b501f6482ac71027e32a16b4adf27fb6c2	Researchers of Mayakovsky's creative development liken his poetic life to a five-act action with a prologue and an epilogue.
29281a8222c77048397c047672b106e5eea9d96a	The role of a kind of prologue in the poet's creative path was played by the tragedy "Vladimir Mayakovsky" (1913), the first act were the poems "Cloud in trousers" (1914-1915) and "Flute spine" (1915), the second act—the poems "War and Peace" (1915-1916) and "Man" (1916-1917), the third act— the play "Mystery Buff" (the first version—1918, the second-1920-1921) and the poem "150 000 000" (1919— 1920), the fourth act—the poems "I Love" (1922), "About it" (1923) and "Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" (1924), the fifth act-the poem "Good!" (1927) and the plays " Bug "(1928-1929) and "Bath" (1929-1930), the epilogue—the first and second introductions to the poem "At the top of my voice" (1928-1930) and the poet's suicide letter "To Everyone" (April 12, 1930).
f4e4de15605c3b043c46098a4c852cc4657bd1cf	The rest of Mayakovsky's works, including numerous poems, tend to one or another part of this general picture, which is based on the poet's major works.
20f9ced2a0d8a4db53747880211b52a53fc32b36	The artistic world of Mayakovsky is a synthetic drama, which includes the properties of various dramatic genres: tragedy, mystery, epic-heroic drama, comedy, raik, cinema, extravaganza, etc., subordinate to the main one of Mayakovsky — the tragic character of his main character and the tragic structure of his entire work.
0cbe825e506c84e3ef025e24e9d4aae836283cdf	It should be noted that not only his plays, but also his poems are dramatic in their own way and most often tragic.
be206b3ea96d4241172f2df7a892f9af8472cb8c	In the tragedy "Vladimir Mayakovsky", the poet sees his life's duty and the purpose of his art in contributing to the achievement of human happiness.
3e9d6cb8ca828267ec056161819d7bed8dc4c586	Art for him from the very beginning was not just a reflection of life, but a means of remaking it, an instrument of life-building.
cae4fc8614a7e06e36938a3d2669d42ea3b47208	Mayakovsky seeks to put his lyrically tragic hero, who expresses the aspirations of all mankind, in the place of God — decrepit, helpless, unable to do anything for the sake of people.
54567a456b91a9a8981fee7857b9d8f20657642b	This hero, because of his unrequited love for a woman and for people in general, becomes a God-fighter with the heart of Christ.
7142e78366480a7db2d61d1d56338636ba34107a	However, in order to become a Human god, the hero and all other people must be free, reveal their best abilities, throw off all slavery.
e45df609beec2b979e47bf3733ca58ced42cfcb0	Hence Mayakovsky's revolutionary nihilism, which found its expression in the definition of the programmatic meaning of the poem "The Cloud in the pants": "Down with your love", "Down with your art"," down with your system"," down with your religion" — four cries of four parts".
b56db3f5290e0b3499fce54719e113e2bee8a579	Mayakovsky contrasts his love, his art, his idea of the social structure of the future, his faith in the ideal of a new, in all respects beautiful person with love, art, the social system and religion of the old world.
ff81b565dc8af472f926608e8713a94b1932cf24	The attempt to implement this program after the revolution turned out to be tragic for the poet.
5fd3d6d189babfc7b5efa4ffa7f3936a22f2d47d	In the" Cloud "Mayakovsky goes out to the people of the" language-free " street in the role of the poet of the prophet, the "thirteenth apostle", "today's cry-lipped Zarathustra" to deliver a new sermon on the Mount before them.
10cbdafb0303e7dd7f7303bcebf7ca008b662e8e	Calling himself "today's cry-lipped Zarathustra", Mayakovsky wanted to say that he, like Zarathustra, is a prophet of the future — but not of superman, but of humanity freed from slavery.
0c185440269ae54e207fe62b81b62e889c2ae652	In the tragic poems "Cloud in Pants", "Flute spine", "War and Peace", "Man" and "About it", the hero of Mayakovsky, acting as a God-fighter, "the thirteenth apostle", a Demon and a warrior, tragic doubles similar to Christ appear.
e71c80d368aab75cf079992b523e4d40c450f730	In depicting this tragic duality, Mayakovsky develops the traditions of Gogol, Lermontov, Dostoevsky and Blok, becomes a God-fighter with the heart of Christ.
26a9cc2c6cb262774894cf393160b113ce47c0f3	His God-fighting begins with the torments of unrequited love for a woman and only then acquires a social and existential meaning.
eeb81326081a051f69c9b639e433aa3daff2e2c8	In the poem "Flute Spine" he showed the upcoming holiday of mutual, shared love, and in the poem "War and Peace" - the holiday of fraternal unity of all countries, peoples and continents.
61dcb1858f5a65e01b51574b866f3b00fc5cc5b6	Mayakovsky wanted shared love not only for himself, but "so that love goes to the whole universe."
d9d460bc38924aee48708dbd9b93ecada06ea5eb	His ideals were tragically shattered by the real reality.
be9d376ede9c8431b0ea6d1781e543d210dbe578	The poem " Man " shows the collapse of all the efforts and aspirations of the hero aimed at achieving personal and social ideals.
8f7ff2d39b20ec4876d882c8d558c01c04ab1865	This collapse is caused by the inertia of human nature, the tragic lack of love, the slavish submission of people to the Master of Everything — this all-powerful vicar of God on earth, a symbol of the power of money, the power of the bourgeoisie, able to buy love and art, to subdue the will and mind of people.
ee2e6805842e3bebfb3c423029f801ed6ddf340b	In the play "Mystery Buff" and the poem "150,000,000", the poet puts the revolutionary masses of the people in the place of God and Christ.
333df4b0a7ccff1de2d5b4b689c4bb197099d910	At the same time, unlike Blok's "Twelve", Mayakovsky one-sidedly idealizes the social consciousness and creative possibilities of the revolutionary masses, who until recently were depicted by the poet as faceless crowds of people, submissive to the Master of Everything, and now, at the prompting of the author, confidently declaring: "We are our own Christ and Savior!"
36e70327e04d2102befd4da0045a52da4f2c4517	In the brilliant poem of the tragedy "About this", Mayakovsky showed the struggle of the lyrical hero for an ideal, divided love, without which there is no life.
52b492a6f1e379c70fa07b859d205f217cee9543	During this tragic duel with the hero, fantastic metamorphoses occur, his natural nature under the influence of the "bulk of love" is disembodied, turns into creative and spiritual energy, the symbols of which are verse, poetry and the suffering Christ.
5521fd772decb6a22bde2c7a99af4f40b5687ce3	The hyperbolic process of metamorphoses is expressed by the poet in a complex system of tragic doubles of the poet: a bear, a suicide Komsomol member who looks like Jesus, Mayakovsky himself, and others at the same time.
5846a012fcafff6188bb9dd396d2a07e9c27088e	In general, this tragic metamorphic process takes the form of a mystery poem about love, suffering, death and the coming resurrection of the All-Man, a natural Man who seeks to take the place of God.
a5ba7e269130cc24d41719e855fbfa8dbe08085f	In the poem " Good!" and in the satirical dilogy "Bedbug" and "Bathhouse" Mayakovsky depicts how Soviet Russia is born in the revolutionary struggle, praises the " fatherland... which is,/but three times-which will be", closely follows the sprouts of a new life, striving as a poet of a romantic futuristic disposition to help their rapid development.
f86544e5edf985475b7ea32f7e42cf564e328610	At the same time, he discovers in the embryo cancerous tumors of Soviet society, threatening him with deadly diseases.
5f7ceb7608a2c750ff60de332c4bf389f2c12d02	Biography of Mayakovsky
8b1b8c1f3505e4ace5441f2e9f0c06876880ae1c	Mayakovsky's poems
99d85d55262a763ab21f1bb64aeaa7d2eec90f3f	- About the Soviet passport
47cb39c09a29a59e38c76735d041cf38554200ef	- Listen to me!
f1815634bec64bd78e70e7b2ec7b9eb8cbe32e8f	"All poems
3fa754fe467d6f7f92ad1a1c5c8c3e26df0cb158	Poems of Mayakovsky
9d6149b7eee9093be02d03401dd1d913cb1dcf54	- A cloud in your pants
51cb72d9fa4c8629cee7a6a5be9dd3b95089b923	- Flute spine
08e7d31d911f92895d890e667c1535c767a58d00	Mayakovsky's Prose
de35cb2ef3fe986c72ec51dbe75ea69b25b6de30	- Reader!
c1a1fd6af1243975f8ad306d24608f99118dc13a	- I went like this
7641a680134770b43be43516121ecb6a30056b2e	"All prose
f53c4784fa9d78e8b16c0a7fa81faf04c5c08d6b	Mayakovsky's Plays
afd82e9b3d502e467df3c4978df9bddeb173f52b	- Mystery Buff
d01d900383e44b2374d80860d4d86b317de21077	Photo
d3a77fdec636235918ecf5a8e5c020b62d223140	Biography of Mayakovsky (19.07.1893-14.04.1930)
65388ae7bcdcd107122244c1e8a0af49d0e47db7	He was born in the village of Baghdadi, Kutaisi province.
baa01d5717edb5a77b96dfd412982f5ed2a954ee	His father is a nobleman, served as a forester, his ancestors are from the Cossacks of the Zaporozhye Sich; his mother is from the Kuban Cossacks.
97908dbb64d747f0938c18319c3a5585aab24387	In 1902-1906, Mayakovsky studied at the Kutaisi gymnasium, in July 1906, after the death of his father, he moved to Moscow with his mother and two sisters, where he entered the IV class of the 5th classical gymnasium (he was expelled from the V class in March 1908 for non payment of tuition fees).
a1a5a82a6e5f49e8db5e0b3c55404cf1bbc213e5	In Moscow, Mayakovsky met with revolutionary minded students, became interested in Marxist literature, joined the Bolshevik Party in early 1908, was arrested, spent 11 months in Butyrskaya prison, from where he was released in January 1910 as a minor.
55eddf9dbcb359b2666e5692dd6f2cc2092dcf9f	In prison, Mayakovsky wrote a notebook of poems (1909), which was selected by the guards; the poet counted the beginning of his work from it.
69e1312bbe5917287b80928ee961709f6017d7f7	After his release from prison, he interrupts his party work to "make socialist art".
74b22af1fc44439a9149a3b73f91b2b1eed0c341	In 1911, Mayakovsky entered the School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture, where he met D. D. Burlyuk, the organizer of the futuristic group "Gilea", who discovered a "genius poet"in him.
310778b6119b22d5689f0b20dd95dc40a9c1c404	Three years later, in February 1914, Mayakovsky, along with Burlyuk, was expelled from the school for public speaking.
9e5b8162ee787208c8c55bc86e6e87ff973a8e15	In December 1912, Mayakovsky made his debut as a poet in the almanac "Slap in the Face to Public Taste", where his poems" Night "and"Morning" were published.
5e81faf589646c15dc99722479afc18d616e0439	It also published the manifesto of Russian cubo futurists, signed by D. Burlyuk, A. Kruchenykh, V. Mayakovsky and V. Khlebnikov.
dadb34a63552b1392409c348d312e2b8f058b166	The manifesto proclaimed a nihilistic attitude to Russian literature of the present and the past: "To abandon Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, etc. and so on. from the Steamship of modernity.
4c0bd5a56261d4930b9e5c34958d46c562987146	(...) To all these Maxims Gorky, Kuprin, Blok, Sologub, Remizov, Averchenkov, Cherny, Kuzmin, Bunin, and so on. and so on. all you need is a dacha on the river.
bca211ea3fbd8181408ee158945f5c30db33b543	Such a reward is given by fate to tailors."
0af5c12c5310205d04c21e6f388cf0ceed68c7a9	However, despite the declarations, Mayakovsky highly appreciated Gogol, Dostoevsky, Blok, and other writers who had a profound influence on his work.
99278d7ea0f2515a76f720dc23f319d3f30ec010	The year 1913 became creatively fruitful for Mayakovsky, when his first collection "I" (a cycle of four poems) was published, the program tragedy "Vladimir Mayakovsky" was written and staged, and a great tour of the cities of Russia was made together with other futurists.
8fe2d766f6d78a20528664715bf6e4a2dc3c6602	The collection " I " was written by hand, provided with drawings by V. N. Chekrygin and L. Shekhtel and reproduced by lithographic method in the amount of 300 copies.
531f7d4b782909deb68e4182def4dd4092bffd6f	As the first section, this collection was included in the book of poems of the poet "Simple as a Lowing" (1916).
6a5373bc3c800f542da61a72cf101e6a2ae6462d	In 1915-1917, Mayakovsky completed his military service in Petrograd at a driving school.
f9fffba4b7ab6e8970e52bc87ac4e305c037679b	On December 17, 1918, the poet for the first time read the poems "Left March (to the Sailors)"from the stage of the Sailor Theater.
353ef0802536f3077550a708b9fbf270ca143928	In March 1919, he moved to Moscow, began to actively cooperate in ROSTA (the Russian Telegraph Agency), designed (as a poet and as an artist) propaganda satirical posters for ROSTA ("Windows of GROWTH").
315f3562e8c0c4969403bc7390599d8dfbd9a105	In 1919, the first collection of the poet's works was published — " Everything composed by Vladimir Mayakovsky.
ffd20245611d2c46391e65f31a260437bc068d58	1909-1919".
9589cad8c5e67ea81026162a7dcb7d5e3e45c53b	At the end of the 10s, Mayakovsky linked his creative ideas with "left art", appeared in the "Newspaper of Futurists", in the newspaper "Art of the Commune".
0c2866dd1008a05664188b5907138780e48b6373	Mayakovsky's futurism from the very beginning to the end of the poet's days had a romantic character.
d74835357ee81d3789ccfcc04f1a9abec0bfb97b	Even in Soviet times, Mayakovsky remained a futurist, although with new properties: a "comfut", that is, a communist futurist, as well as the leader of the Left Front of the Arts (1922-1928).
a4e14216ec06f556480e978ce37b1e02aed55ea7	In 1922-1924, Mayakovsky made several trips abroad — Latvia, France, Germany; wrote essays and poems about European impressions: "How does a democratic republic work?
dccb2b0a438cad436a57b5d2becad546a4243b53	"(1922); "Paris (Conversations with the Eiffel Tower)" (1923) and a number of others.
7c7282c097cec0b0fedc8b59f7d21f66d5446e61	The poet will also be in Paris in 1925, 1927, 1928, 1929 (the lyrical cycle "Paris"); in 1925, Mayakovsky's trip to America will take place ("My Discovery of America").
cc880cf10227410ff8ee4ab0b20446e328132631	In 1925-1928, he traveled a lot around the Soviet Union, performing in a variety of audiences.
8b3638b3c5ab9ae8bc0bb87bb0431c020ad0fb9f	During these years, the poet publishes many of his works: "To Comrade Netta, the steamer and the Man" (1926);
15f581619015fc44f763724fb0ca1d5735e3b3f7	"Through the cities of the Union" (1927);
42954aa5c517596f511b293c02dd93379a298321	"The story of the caster Ivan Kozyrev..."
97f3cbd64d88ab52f1584708d650db58207198e0	(1928).
5ea6bd93198fc66ea8c88e376cb21fd84af0d966	Researchers of Mayakovsky's creative development liken his poetic life to a five act action with a prologue and an epilogue.
bc553b434f6028905aa33ec41127f1d2d25d75b7	The role of a kind of prologue in the poet's creative path was played by the tragedy "Vladimir Mayakovsky" (1913), the first act were the poems "Cloud in trousers" (1914-1915) and "Flute spine" (1915), the second act—the poems "War and Peace" (1915-1916) and "Man" (1916-1917), the third act— the play "Mystery Buff" (the first version—1918, the second 1920-1921) and the poem "150 000 000" (1919— 1920), the fourth act—the poems "I Love" (1922), "About it" (1923) and "Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" (1924), the fifth act the poem "Good!" (1927) and the plays " Bug "(1928-1929) and "Bath" (1929-1930), the epilogue—the first and second introductions to the poem "At the top of my voice" (1928-1930) and the poet's suicide letter "To Everyone" (April 12, 1930).
d2800365e067adbc9ccb49239b911d50d422a2e9	The artistic world of Mayakovsky is a synthetic drama, which includes the properties of various dramatic genres: tragedy, mystery, epic heroic drama, comedy, raik, cinema, extravaganza, etc., subordinate to the main one of Mayakovsky — the tragic character of his main character and the tragic structure of his entire work.
8fa63c0816e6ae5c17e7c9d91d0f4240144f10c1	Art for him from the very beginning was not just a reflection of life, but a means of remaking it, an instrument of life building.
5bda8f7608b41a85869322560893fcce4e1a0bc5	This hero, because of his unrequited love for a woman and for people in general, becomes a God fighter with the heart of Christ.
e32a51b79091a8d89d144cd7a345e444f503f938	In the" Cloud "Mayakovsky goes out to the people of the" language free " street in the role of the poet of the prophet, the "thirteenth apostle", "today's cry lipped Zarathustra" to deliver a new sermon on the Mount before them.
376a6ed731bd53237caec845182b407f6092c548	Calling himself "today's cry lipped Zarathustra", Mayakovsky wanted to say that he, like Zarathustra, is a prophet of the future — but not of superman, but of humanity freed from slavery.
86d9d45d7ee3abda3af7f8737b09811bd5165cc1	In the tragic poems "Cloud in Pants", "Flute spine", "War and Peace", "Man" and "About it", the hero of Mayakovsky, acting as a God fighter, "the thirteenth apostle", a Demon and a warrior, tragic doubles similar to Christ appear.
48da76f9fb7818b50b25dc1096db55d02a73405d	In depicting this tragic duality, Mayakovsky develops the traditions of Gogol, Lermontov, Dostoevsky and Blok, becomes a God fighter with the heart of Christ.
07d318f15f498f97f233bdd0165ebde4538cfa3d	His God fighting begins with the torments of unrequited love for a woman and only then acquires a social and existential meaning.
92f25678a3f0a3ca7bfa91b322fb6e20c9f951d6	This collapse is caused by the inertia of human nature, the tragic lack of love, the slavish submission of people to the Master of Everything — this all powerful vicar of God on earth, a symbol of the power of money, the power of the bourgeoisie, able to buy love and art, to subdue the will and mind of people.
1b159b29ee5acc3e517aac1707147d6b042e29b6	At the same time, unlike Blok's "Twelve", Mayakovsky one sidedly idealizes the social consciousness and creative possibilities of the revolutionary masses, who until recently were depicted by the poet as faceless crowds of people, submissive to the Master of Everything, and now, at the prompting of the author, confidently declaring: "We are our own Christ and Savior!"
26355a6168154d3d0bbe8283955c2e7da646d15e	In general, this tragic metamorphic process takes the form of a mystery poem about love, suffering, death and the coming resurrection of the All Man, a natural Man who seeks to take the place of God.
282e37a1bfb30ecd9e9f8545d981b94bf14cad52	In the poem " Good!" and in the satirical dilogy "Bedbug" and "Bathhouse" Mayakovsky depicts how Soviet Russia is born in the revolutionary struggle, praises the " fatherland... which is,/but three times which will be", closely follows the sprouts of a new life, striving as a poet of a romantic futuristic disposition to help their rapid development.
de86ef6732e91209ac26c97581c76ae2e26974e1	After the poem "Good!"
c971f9172f414f8559e40dd0b9da282d9748995b	Mayakovsky wanted to write the poem "Bad", but instead wrote satirical plays the Bedbug and the Bathhouse, which showed the most dangerous trends in the young Soviet society: the rebirth of workers and party members in townspeople — lovers beautiful "aristocratic" life at the expense of others (the festival in Cannes) and growing power of the ignorant and incompetent party and Soviet bureaucrats like Pobedonosikova.
7d04ba43e5b268d401b06a9e45ce67b1c57c8695	The satirical dilogy of the poet showed that the majority of people were not ready to take the place of God and begin to realize the high ideals and potential of man.
2deb6db4a31ee767c3742ca05cb5d5e1501faff0	In the poem "At the top of his voice", Mayakovsky calls the present "petrified shit", and transfers the realization of his ideal of a Person to an indeterminately distant "communist far away".
beded0cbff89762d79e417d93b15ea4d22309ee0	The poet's satire, especially "Banya", caused harassment from Rapp critics.
07ab6c7e4bf97d93487fef6734254d22a6de9dc1	In February 1930, the poet joined the RAPP (Russian Association of Proletarian Writers).
9f35ff333b0021f8e56102d10769af43ec403f6f	This act of Mayakovsky was condemned by his friends.
e163b280307f11ba127d1bde035cc8a3432704e7	Alienation and public harassment were aggravated by personal drama ("the love boat crashed on everyday life").
463212843c80f2bed6f0c59f75c6caebe9949413	Mayakovsky was stubbornly refused to go abroad, where he was supposed to have a meeting with a woman (the poem "Letter to Tatyana Yakovleva", 1928), with whom he intended to link his life.
fb3fb817e75d32a4ad6a62fc848e52be9238a15d	All this led Mayakovsky to suicide, predicted even in the tragedy "Vladimir Mayakovsky".
aad6d815a73a97d85959579b185fc36689641d46	Mayakovsky, Vladimir Vladimirovich
d7df90fafbc8e088b51896c6f0758ba889a06ac8	There are too many quotes or too long quotes in this article or section.
64ee6b5a6a3cc4c4b2423b7f4d09b16d71165e6a	Excessive and excessively large quotes should be summarized and rewritten in their own words.
34b411c214e5b7d55fcc749923aeaaa112e447de	Perhaps these quotes will be more appropriate in Wikicitatnik or in Wikitek.
7a3fc79e6fe80760c249819421c2e4d593160a1f	Vladimir Mayakovsky
fa06c377958a4c3084ef744cfca103b63adb1cca	Studio photo of 1920 Birth name: Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky
114983e2cb65eca19b81b722e746de0b31186a78	Date of birth: July 7 (19), 1893[1]
6bdfac77ce2ddf91ca38cc7d1ff167cbe26faa71	Place of birth: Bagdati,
ef9eadbad053f44691604e32165facbcd4299020	Kutaisi province,
95d104f015285152fb59d1fd29dac692161a184f	The Russian Empire[2]
84919845a2823ff81f0a54c8f6511f97fd993803	Date of death: April 14, 1930(1930-04-14) [3]
1bbc1264be26881ea69c86708a65bc5908a86126	(36 years old)
2392b3d135870b51329e89f4fb7965bf9f4f90bb	Place of death: Moscow, USSR
625d7149a5f9c29183d1bea9e07995146daa112d	Citizenship: Russian Empire Russian Empire→
8ea9f716041b1b0271c553b8d46ed0fc0f8e91f4	USSR USSR
64ae9a8a6d992197efb4c5d57446ee90f0794158	Occupation: poet, publicist, playwright, actor, director
2ae280128618fdf07c25b980b683432bc308b092	Years of creativity: 1912—1930
e13628ce59c07cf751c17ed1cc2f6eb42f50c14f	Direction: cubofuturism
10f069694fc4b07eb8dc75ce2edf78ca4929e918	russian futurism
9392038404a2e5c105f6f1f00a84beb2fa6e5a5e	Genre: poem, poem, agitprop, play
fdaf384ac6d4d3e98491dad6399da0956fe5d800	Language of works: Russian
ab9ad1c9606de6d680e31cb79c0c3bfc55592fb8	Awards:
671048db110a3469e52979ba873e1f31f52b0adc	Signature:
a7e87fca998d6b85b9aa1f195fb3f586194322c5	vmayakovsky.ru and v v mayakovsky.ru Works on the site Lib.ru Works in Wikitek Files on Wikimedia Commons Quotes in Wikicitatnik
68f6c57e2c15189a1f0038393e0bc67e5aea7a3e	The request "Mayakovsky" is redirected here; see also other values.
d3c61b933027ad116a0d5ceb3a6f8783bfa7cda8	Vladimir Mayakovsky reads an excerpt from his own poem "An extraordinary adventure that happened with Vladimir Mayakovsky in the summer at the dacha", 1920.
8233c0c141aa560a83830c8b3f9b99a82d1a9550	Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky (July 7 [19], 1893, Bagdati, Kutaisi province[2] - April 14, 1930, Moscow) was a Russian and Soviet poet.
fa98d00c42a3da0014c82d8b9313f6021b45ba16	One of the greatest poets of the XX century[4][5][6].
6c14eeeb9866a98c338b941ae4931b1287648b91	In addition to poetry, he clearly showed himself as a playwright, screenwriter, film director, film actor, artist, editor of the magazines "LEF" ("Left Front"),"New LEF".
ddd82fd8486a91f7d348be482aa4d9e904a48b11	1 Biography 2 Personal life 2.1 Children
1dbf2814bbb4886660137d26ae50455f955c512c	3 Suicide 4 Creativity 4.1 Main publications
5646a6c6e0030c78c8076185e7a087f64ab89c5c	5 Mayakovsky in the cinema 5.1 Film Incarnations 5.2 Documentaries 5.3 Educational films
d6a3da4996bd60f1557c01aec1d38f1ca52bfd49	6 Participation in an anti religious campaign 7 Perpetuation of memory 7.1 Museums 7.2 In philately 7.3 In Numismatics
d24a0c76c07280769e0353979eb4dacd495491c1	8 Facts 9 Notes 10 Literature 10.1 Books 10.2 Articles and fragments
a8b815f7a986656f013f251e1a32c36845d5f539	11 Links
fea3bcac3a98afb409f0eb09af658bf35c011d1a	Biography[edit / edit wiki text]
6947a45e907330a2c41ef0d9994f64cd6205fc72	Vladimir Mayakovsky was born in the village of Bagdati, Kutaisi province (in Soviet times the village was called Mayakovsky) in Georgia, in the family of Vladimir Konstantinovich Mayakovsky (1857-1906), who served as a third class forester in the Erivan province, since 1889 in the Bagdat forestry.
2aba5c7f724b745e2d84bb8abfa7a3ecf51e6f3d	In March 1908, he was expelled from the V class due to non payment of tuition fees.
2e667c5e40caf3a5a45ed9440ce63063dcf8244f	Mayakovsky published the first "half poem" in the illegal magazine "Rush", which was published by the Third Gymnasium.
5ec87f0019c77bcabb921d30c52e26399e20a520	In Moscow, Mayakovsky met revolutionary minded students, became interested in Marxist literature, and in 1908 joined the RSDLP.
4e3f1a0cdd654023788c470de7fcbb5c512e4a8f	In the first case, he was released under the supervision of his parents by a court verdict as a minor who acted "without understanding", in the second and third cases he was released for lack of evidence[9].
4df625bc3c9cfa3b93d216b788cd4977f01e41a9	In prison, Mayakovsky "scandalized", so he was often transferred from part to part: Basmannaya[10], Meshchanskaya[11][12], Myasnitskaya [13] and, finally, Butyrskaya prison, where he spent 11 months in solitary confinement No. 103.
f268b048eb0552902e48e05eb34e50fcc61d5588	Mayakovsky in 1910
bd68a9275990eb380489cdd814ec68951e5fe8a8	In his memoirs, he writes:
85b084c5f58ea8a4a09ddf91e1217ff8c5659fc0	It turned out stilted and revplaksivo.
1c76e57ca948b15a85ad1afe50a7c8a6c82163e3	Something like:
fecfe7214a0a4f61d30f5e7ec73fc3410157fa0d	In gold, in purple, the forests were dressed,
fcb6503d52f30fbc20b72a9e3107822a26510429	The sun was playing on the heads of the churches.
0d6949b2e124b00ff3e4adaad0a98223df241e51	I waited: but the days were lost in the months,
8ca65035c51170ddbd754e773dfbb53a62fec3ee	Hundreds of tedious days.
09c60d564cb08e0731bad535e069ec593852ad03	I filled an entire notebook with this.
e565b31b7df0647ed524345d8c41e0b22df89e76	And then I would have printed it again!
e8c1acfa6d87ba36850ac925c67965bb961f7feb	- "I Myself" (1922-1928)
462516645fafcb8e3e2e303a42c2d258be734624	The Mayakovsky family, Kutaisi, 1905
295b97c6f8ad0e0da8ac45057d9f75090d11c05c	After his third arrest, he was released from prison in January 1910.[9] After his release, he left the party.
4d46d4d091350404246b790bbd719094a06b8189	In 1911, the poet's friend, the bohemian artist Eugenia Lang, inspired the poet to take up painting.
b28718a768b38d746ebb455fa2e71ddddc0d75ab	Mayakovsky studied in the preparatory class of the Stroganov School, in the studios of artists S. Y. Zhukovsky and P. I. Kelin.
c80b92595a267f2e5f472f7c9f079932125503fd	In 1911, he entered the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture — the only place where he was accepted without a certificate of reliability.
1044377c1b5d5c1b97748a0105bac72be720b453	Having met David Burliuk, the founder of the futuristic group "Gilea", he entered the poetic circle and joined the cubo futurists.
67260e0305de9dbc8118ea358dd5210410678f95	The first published poem was called "Night" (1912), it was included in the futuristic collection "A Slap in the Face to Public Taste".
b96f033536e2185b60f3cbd883d846d1b9a674d7	On November 30, 1912, Mayakovsky's first public performance took place in the "Stray Dog"artistic basement[14].
930ca6c3b0e0b71525a57b2849519f3c49bac558	Collection of poems by Mayakovsky"I!"
e07e5f3719bda0a50891d0a79cda81911ed8408e	In 1913, the first collection of Mayakovsky's "I" (a cycle of four poems) was published.
4285e0a31e4c75bd9ca0ec9e3cb0ca6b82f60e60	It was written by hand, provided with drawings by Vasily Chekrygin and Lev Zhegin and reproduced by lithographic method in the amount of 300 copies.
7615a6319b53a7676ab62061f288ed2d07c05003	Also, his poems appeared on the pages of the futurist almanacs "Milk of Mares", "Dead Moon", "Roaring Parnassus", etc., began to be published in periodicals.
626cd0772f6cff1016b9df0d0626dec020e70b7e	In the same year, the poet turned to drama.
7c1c9b05ab2c92f1654598967fea1a371c41a5b7	The program tragedy "Vladimir Mayakovsky"was written and staged.
1d3cebdfc26f4e5c5a6a8d9e687a0e7315939a55	The scenery for it was written by artists from the" Union of Youth " P. N. Filonov and I. S. Shkolnik, and the author himself acted as a director and performer of the main role.
705a359c6df6f9a34c604ffbd71e3d05097d56ed	In February 1914, Mayakovsky and Burlyuk were expelled from the school for public performances.
eba5c6ed07b1d414a044d0c587ab2189ea38f159	In 1914-1915, Mayakovsky worked on the poem "A Cloud in his Pants".
dfa72989d80e1c8c3d9003cb3249502b246e3b51	After the outbreak of the First World War, the poem "War is declared"was published.
4d3e1640d4feaae468db6548c9160f9e49d5892b	In August, Mayakovsky decided to enlist as a volunteer, but he was not allowed, explaining this as political unreliability.
7440d98d0be40f323e0e79059e4d39456ab660fc	Soon, Mayakovsky expressed his attitude to serving in the tsarist army in the poem "To you!", which later became a song.
96b32f963a85b86862fe1a9ddf2daee3d3c54936	V. V. Mayakovsky in 1930
812c46197c90cdb29f233d078cfef2dfec816a55	Photo of 1918 and it is the same after retouching in the 1960s
f7a2b2d5fd7e80ee52be4a7b3c38e544fe904f8c	On March 29, 1914, Mayakovsky, along with Burlyuk and Kamensky, arrived on tour in Baku as part of the"famous Moscow futurists".
0730bf9dc9cfdaca2c6afe4b104647d86863e943	In the evening of the same day, at the Mailov Brothers Theater, Mayakovsky read a report on futurism, illustrating it with poems[15].
63662f53f263e4ec7e477d495230afeabddb4dd7	In July 1915, the poet met Lilya Yuryevna and Osip Maksimovich Briki.
4c6b92d75768d3073b6818c1927dde1e7264c02e	Anti war lyrics: "Mother and the evening killed by the Germans", "I and Napoleon", the poem "War and Peace" (1915).
275b5183279ed1a4dc578a5de87fece2bf697895	In 1918, Mayakovsky starred in three films based on his own scripts.
e7a3e31ee8f6c0ee4d03d179e2e21d51bfd0ac98	In August 1917, he decided to write the "Mystery Buff", which was completed on October 25, 1918 and staged for the anniversary of the revolution (dir. Vs. Meyerhold, hood. K. Malevich)
dcc46002f4cfe09a74a32f46caa6d842351e8258	Mayakovsky.
cc0bbb1f562a4acad18b9128f7c05d486c3d416f	Kazan, February 1914
ef86be646da3aa94968aba1f1c5a4adff842513f	On December 17, 1918, the poet for the first time read the poems "The Left March"from the stage of the Sailor's Theater.
b104b3b2fa041f497d92c95c73c84aed5b6c596a	In March 1919, he moved to Moscow, began to actively cooperate in ROSTA (1919-1921), designed (as a poet and as an artist) propaganda satirical posters for ROSTA ("Windows of GROWTH").
d4eec620cd36756b20f731bab1bdbde30515a663	In 1918-1919, he appeared in the newspaper "Art of the Commune".
a624fe7a85a50b1d6cfb2ecfdcabc9965d58a4de	Propaganda of the world revolution and the revolution of the spirit.
20da730c4c052f051b261b6e0034daa6ff504382	In 1920, he finished writing the poem "150,000,000", which reflects the theme of the world revolution.
56a904e0946b4ef3ca33489e4ebb6e5a3f603a37	In 1918, Mayakovsky organized the group "Komfut" (communist futurism), in 1922 — the publishing house MAF (Moscow Association of Futurists), which published several of his books.
13f70222a118105af80528fa0935e57eed8ce5b4	In 1923, he organized the LEF group( the Left Front of the Arts), a thick magazine " LEF " (seven issues were published in 1923-1925).
910aa2a6c2da53731b60d370fe591f2cec11e78f	Aseev, Pasternak, Osip Brik, B. Arvatov, N. Chuzhak, Tretyakov, Levidov, Shklovsky, etc. were actively published.
d3d6e9c9e17e113fb40aecd35307d60e4e214b26	He propagandized Lef's theories of industrial art, social order, and the literature of fact.
bbbdbfb98d10cff63803559f5796b434c96ee97e	At this time, the poems "About It" (1923), "Kursk Workers who mined the first ore, a temporary monument to the work of Vladimir Mayakovsky" (1923) and "Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" (1924) were published.
2e19743166f7e3af87ea30b7f21fda7b034d8eee	Stalin was present when the author read a poem about Lenin at the Bolshoi Theater, accompanied by a 20 minute ovation.
6606a8ea3e31e43d9d7e163b6c2201fcc28407ac	Mayakovsky mentioned the "leader of the peoples" himself only twice in his poems[16].
7152c3df7fa5538e85e52f026a9937ba8346491e	Mayakovsky considers the years of the Civil War to be the best time in his life, there are nostalgic chapters in the poem "Good!", written in the prosperous 1927.
9d2d1ff1d877e4f1aed8f9616e31665aba121bb0	In 1922-1923, in a number of works, he continued to insist on the need for a world revolution and a revolution of the spirit — "The IV International", "The Fifth International", "My speech at the Genoa Conference", etc.
598d56a364694442de57c3f9707e7e2764c79f31	In 1922-1924, Mayakovsky made several trips abroad — Latvia, France, Germany; he wrote essays and poems about European impressions: "How does a democratic republic work?" (1922);
08e17ad2908cf7340139ea360d1635caa3764f53	"Paris (Conversations with the Eiffel Tower)" (1923) and a number of others.
da1a10d2844c41cc217744b21ec5a43fab1df97c	In 1925, his longest journey took place: a trip to America.
5be7cb2c06bcb468e33a04685cf7cc8c7fa56fbd	Mayakovsky visited Havana, Mexico City and for three months performed in various cities of the United States with readings of poems and reports.
c8fab003433d5ffb12ea89423d061924c76bb711	Later, poems were written (the collection " Spain. - The ocean. - Havana. - Mexico. - America") and the essay "My discovery of America".
da91bf81ba5e16a8590e86e49551614a1c07f8f4	During these years, the poet published such works as "To Comrade Netta, to the Steamer and to the Man" (1926);
7da0027948ab86ee55ae96f215e9d71e917fb67f	"The Story of the foundry worker Ivan Kozyrev..."
6b8d3770b0efe9486076cad8acc4a4c4888034cc	From February 17 to 24, 1926, Mayakovsky visited Baku, performed in opera and drama theaters, in front of oil workers in Balakhany[15].
547e6370554e30ad6dc0d64a057c4944c410d9e5	In 1922-1926 he actively collaborated with Izvestia ,in 1926-1929 - with Komsomolskaya Pravda.
1a47cc5f2006d6835f67899ba7a7fdcfcc0c7244	He was published in the magazines: "New World", "Young Guard", "Ogonyok", "Crocodile", "Krasnaya Niva", etc. He worked in agitation and advertising, for which he was criticized by Pasternak, Kataev, and Svetlov.
d9231e8f866ad240410d9c7f0ce7c22ec216cf53	In 1926-1927, he wrote nine screenplays.
53be3c5556763676b5a80ff056cfb72f190de655	In 1927, he restored the LEF magazine under the name "New LEF".
5045b774900fdeba735217b31abdf1050b881296	A total of 24 issues were published.
d9b8b018a2955c3d03ed3fccb275e493737d53a6	In the summer of 1928, Mayakovsky became disillusioned with LEF and left the organization and the magazine.
c558823f11e805a7c2a943698e17eb3e7a79e0fb	In the same year, he began writing his personal biography "I am myself".
cb1e7bdc2be6d45439aa84cffe914fb741b7f04a	From October 8 to December 8 — a trip abroad, on the route Berlin Paris.
3002dd17f8c60baece818c110e34dbc8a9feaa3d	In November, the first and second volumes of the collected works were published.
ee573eebeca886c68ae1666071ee303b360e7b2f	The satirical plays "The Bug" (1928) and "The Bathhouse" (1929) were staged by Meyerhold.
2f368a255605459af776ad91af4cd9ae85f0237b	In 1929, the poet organized the group "REF", but in February 1930 he left it, joining the RAPP.
8e558e8834668f3cac697fe6232e494f89522440	V. Mayakovsky is engaged in agitation of the people.
40426143460f7c472f285b30cb5fc0d8b6892749	Many researchers
12c1ecd874f84a810ac35ec6fad1d1213dc6ea33	[who?
7f4a1420b58e01d81800388dd00eec0539d21021	The authors of Mayakovsky's creative development liken his poetic life to a five act action with a prologue and an epilogue.
4bb249c6c047819b968a7e7ad0738bc1de88b96b	The role of a kind of prologue in the poet's creative path was played by the tragedy "Vladimir Mayakovsky" (1913), the first act were the poems "Cloud in trousers" (1914-1915) and "Flute spine" (1915), the second act — the poems "War and Peace" (1915-1916) and "Man" (1916-1917), the third act — the play "Mystery Buff" (the first version — 1918, the second — 1920-1921) and the poem "150,000,000" (1919-1920), the fourth act — the poems "I Love" (1922), "About it" (1923) and "Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" (1924), the fifth act — the poem "Good!" (1927) and the plays "Bug" (1928-1929) and "Bath" (1929-1930), the epilogue — the first and second introductions to the poem "At the top of my voice" (1928-1930) and the poet's suicide letter "To Everyone" (April 12, 1930).
7ee27dd72a3e98fe22e9eaa012cdd24452f8a731	In his works, Mayakovsky was uncompromising, and therefore inconvenient.
3967b995c4aebb9dfa4c395d7df4e4fcf1ef1410	In the works written by him at the end of the 1920s, tragic motives began to arise.
6852d8c5e3794bea0e946fb30cf9a7f2ae42b5e2	Critics called him only a "fellow traveler", and not a "proletarian writer", as he wanted to see himself.
44c82cf3a9dfa77a5e9129141136070c59af1001	In 1930, he organized an exhibition dedicated to the 20th anniversary of his work, but he was hindered in every possible way, and none of the writers and state leaders visited the exhibition itself[17].
afb96c16851f76d23a730781665c06e6d51c9348	In the spring of 1930, a grandiose performance of "Moscow is Burning" based on Mayakovsky's play was being prepared at the Circus on Tsvetnoy Boulevard, the dress rehearsal was scheduled for April 21, but the poet did not live to see it[16].
b2ec16bb99a71f86cd4ff09e68cdc799cf7a272f	Mayakovsky was at the origins of Soviet advertising.
3d3f466f349bbeba77208f731f318447f3e36e05	For advertising and agitation activities, the poet was criticized by B. Pasternak, V. Kataev and M. Svetlov[18].
5c526064ab2769187b268404cad1d20901ed8eb8	Personal life[edit / edit wiki text]
329b2f4cade20ac43b5a2fe6cb5ffb6d3f3bf31e	For a long period of Mayakovsky's creative life, his muse was Lilya Brik.
60d6ab2b8eb8121c9c1281f130bc41428ff33cf2	Mayakovsky and Lilya Brik met in July 1915 at her parents ' dacha in Malakhovka near Moscow.
ea5165c6bfdad3a10647720afca5082be2444603	At the end of July, Lily's sister Elsa Triole, who had a superficial affair with the poet, brought Mayakovsky, who had recently arrived from Finland, to the Briks ' Petrograd apartment at 7 Zhukovsky Street.
e40abaf37a873b278d829b8c5017b348485dfccb	The Briks, people far from literature, were engaged in entrepreneurship, having inherited a small but profitable coral business from their parents[19].
b10b36f20e209aa715829a50d4b0a49cb99ddcf1	Mayakovsky read at their home an unpublished poem "A Cloud in your pants" and after an enthusiastic reception dedicated it to the hostess — "To you, Lilya".
cf4b483d6443904e3c550859a77640f9a141e437	The poet later called this day "the most joyful date".
4b83be39f45422dda2e30b612916b986b1b11ff9	Osip Brik, Lily's husband, published the poem in a small edition in September 1915.
f8e87c94204f8a366e979ad10a4ccc0c1ea73a77	Fascinated by Lily, the poet settled in the hotel" Palais Royal "on Pushkinskaya Street in Petrograd, never returning to Finland and leaving the"lady of the heart" there.
d7afb3d60323d6b4191203b24496e7d34ac79d19	In November, the futurist moved even closer to the Brics ' apartment — to 52 Nadezhdinskaya Street.
e80c7ef5bed4f74d8a46f0463637e953fec47ddd	Soon Mayakovsky introduced new friends to friends, futurist poets D. Burlyuk, V. Kamensky, B. Pasternak, V. Khlebnikov, etc.
59079e9d55f51865d1b170e38b51c91d11e832b9	The Brikov apartment on Zhukovsky Street becomes a bohemian salon, which was visited not only by futurists, but also by M. Kuzmin, M. Gorky, V. Shklovsky, R. Yakobson, as well as other writers, philologists and artists[19][20].
c53beb2c10245af8d42d369c6c4bc97c2eb48d04	Soon, a stormy romance broke out between Mayakovsky and Lilya Brik with the obvious connivance of Osip.
ff9d459d27e1c8e11ac0b70a35b9f7ef73417117	This novel was reflected in the poems "Flute spine" (1915) and " Man "(1916) and in the poems "To everything" (1916), "Lilichka!
f1487e111da0079dbe8bf9067d90d18179fbc8f1	Instead of a letter" (1916).
e2695d784c5d68be85378abc101738c512f37923	After that, Mayakovsky wrote all his works (except for the poem "Vladimir Ilyich Lenin") he began to dedicate a Brick to Lila.
15c4415685106f663f395f8ef268429126c2578e	In 1928, when publishing his first collection of works, Mayakovsky dedicated to her all the works created before their acquaintance.
a799e17ca4a0c7e07a5a9e3249dfa53f7b3e5d4c	In 1918, Lilya and Vladimir starred in the film "Chained by the film" based on the script of Mayakovsky.
cb76e50f760c08f3e4b5f86a1ab89e0fae418cfd	To date, the film has been preserved in fragments.
c9aea5b7bc46483c38e218dfb2f0b95f0d236696	There are also photos and a large poster where Lilya is drawn, entangled in film.
a8699e6489b3a2d9227f1ecc3d688c0e86103c85	Since the summer of 1918, Mayakovsky and Briki lived together, the three of them, which quite fit into the popular marriage and love concept after the revolution, known as the"Theory of a glass of water" [19].
3d662990a54fa7507b85c64d04938bb311ea8325	At this time, all three finally switched to Bolshevik positions.
c9aa8f1007e43d2636790e2d40de7c524c02638a	In early March 1919, they moved from Petrograd to Moscow to a communal apartment in Poluektov Lane, 5, and then, from September 1920, they settled in two rooms in a house on the corner of Myasnitskaya Street in Vodopyanoy Lane, 3.
71200e73a376af74d66e288180ae8f3b5cbf8f44	Then all three moved to an apartment in Gendrikov Lane on Taganka.
4456cebc0e15d158e990d5267139fe9f4dfe2bf2	Mayakovsky and Lilya worked in the "Windows of GROWTH" , and Osip served for some time in the Cheka and was a member of the Bolshevik Party.
ab4fdf4df1fac205633541f74d336705259733ec	A memorial plaque dedicated to Mayakovsky, at the address per.
5419a7d8b7e0d49986a9a169b9416ee62b17848e	Mayakovsky, 15 fraction 13
bc8bdf09675a4e48c7f20c8edb6c9254d5376fac	The house in which Mayakovsky lived, at the address per.
a554c105e489cf95eff0e9c1d0c2b9f23db0a7f0	The poet became closely acquainted with the mother of Gleb Nikita, the artist Lilya Lavinskaya, in 1920, working in the Windows of Satire.[19][21][22].
ccdfeadc55f476385ba10c467bf74597a00c823c	According to the memoirs of A.
27323bf89a4bd381680b724dd0d9769da2cc075e	A. Voznesensky[23][24]:
d84c7c5ad8626fb3f149cd0375d3b2bb2cdecd68	Already in old age, Lilya Brik shocked me with such a confession: "I loved z make love with Axes.
99c7982f3341e91ae0dd74d326b5a1cacb801598	We then locked Volodya in the kitchen.
951c7964d3ff737d264ae824c7bc8fabcda94de8	He was torn, wanted to come to us, scratched at the door and cried" ...
0ef34f18953557bad2e4a301b4241c1f6460db55	"She seemed to me a monster —" Voznesensky admitted.
3eb0adf0f6e669774fd3d4c5e50a2f0811b38665	- But Mayakovsky loved this one.
520207f3b173e57f8ad3fcccd1af54f57c753863	With a whip..."
98a13316c0a21bf877ad55e1a933fdd676c137eb	However, according to the evidence given in the Channel One documentary "The Third Extra" (2013), the situation was just the opposite: during the period of living together with Brikov and Mayakovsky in an apartment on Taganka, it was Osip who, for a number of reasons, including health, gave up his wife to Mayakovsky — as a stronger and younger partner, who, moreover, after the revolution and before his death, financially supported the whole family[19].
1b04c5241b131bc6358d682d16f64c9f314e6e0e	Since Mayakovsky began to be published a lot in Izvestia and other major publications since 1922, he could afford to live abroad often and for a long time together with the Brikov family.
e1c6de2b1be3536b9047d83e832587eac5cfb2e6	In a narrow circle, Lilya Yuryevna allowed herself such statements about Mayakovsky[23][24]:
6e74815c4b0d3800b1e2c400b80336f6194476f0	"Can you imagine, Volodya is so boring, he even arranges scenes of jealousy";
5bc3de3be714870af60421f6cbb06f6618a2d362	"What is the difference between Volodya and the cabman?
03b6c349ba57c14a1ee944509c3047a827af75c6	One controls the horse, the other controls the rhyme."
9a631e8901117f17bf8381f642466ff981b16207	As for his experiences, they apparently did not touch Lilya Yuryevna much, on the contrary she saw in them a kind of "benefit": "It is useful for Volodya to suffer, he will suffer and write good poems."
1d3711d0380db360a104b0dac7b52d6947f9e74a	In 1923, after writing the poem "About it", the passions gradually subsided, and their relationship entered a calm, stable period.
f747ca11e775f7d8587e3217b24cc08159b9301f	In the summer of 1923, Mayakovsky and Briki flew to Germany.
1314fe76837dd82aa9a7919c9215a58063dd07da	This was one of the first flights of Deruluft from the USSR.
781950ae1d7c7ac59e4d507b1d71d326587fb3ce	They spent the first three weeks near Göttingen, then went to the north of the country, to the island of Norderney, where they rested together with Viktor Shklovsky and Roman Jakobson.
6cfbd7dfb489d2c59ba2cf8716a67b560724e2bf	In 1924, in the poem "Jubilee" Mayakovsky wrote: "I am now free from love and from posters," and more: "..here's a kayak for love, dear Vladimir Vladimirovich."
44798efa7c57df6dffad4e695305f1e7249bca23	According to the literary critic K. Karchevsky, these works mark an "irreparable turning point" in the poet's relationship with Lilya Brik, after which they did not return to their former intimacy [20].
3de2ff882e3508301595c50ec2edeaeee18859c4	In 1926, Mayakovsky received an apartment in Gendrikov Lane, in which the three of them and the Briks lived until 1930 (now Mayakovsky Lane, 15/13).
bb4f7571b93682b6c8719e9c60e8f92cc86b31e2	Weekly meetings of LEF participants were held in this apartment.
0a2d87de8eec5a5d083c404c0c252c4293c81612	Lilya, not formally registered as an employee, took an active part in the creation of the magazine.
1a055a00331a90e63f3e29f72a473bccf014acc3	In 1927, the film "The Third Meshchanskaya" ("Love in threesomes"), directed by Abram Room, was released.
660c8a48d3808258c18e467bb28cee439704de22	The script was written by Viktor Shklovsky, taking as a basis the well known "love threesome" by Mayakovsky with Bricks.
654698498602c51c358f78c3182af22f550e77c4	At this time, Lilya Yuryevna is also engaged in writing, translating (translating from German Gross and Wittfogel) and publishing Mayakovsky.
9b1e2b102c8c68111c74924046be3931e9672ebe	In 1927, in chapters 13-14 of the poem " Good!", the theme of love for Lila Brik appears for the last time in Mayakovsky's work.
a23e211711f5f24035753c483457e416da2d39f8	Despite a long relationship with Lilya Brik, Mayakovsky had many other novels and hobbies, both at home and abroad — in the United States and France.
630e0e9a8a3a00b3351b71e331f15d8c8d0ba958	In 1926, his daughter Helen Patricia was born to a Russian emigrant Ellie Jones (Elizabeth Siebert) in New York, Mayakovsky saw her for the only time in 1928 in Nice.
1e22eb7eb7dcebdff9caf7f3493191a41839bc0b	Other lovers are Sofia Shamardina, Natalia Bryukhanenko.
ba0b447210db3bbbc716878185cf2743cc00f373	Lilya Brik will keep friendly relations with them until the end of her days.
664f443981a887148e309e906b2665208d59415d	In Paris, Mayakovsky meets a Russian emigrant Tatyana Yakovleva, with whom he falls in love and dedicates two poems to her: "A Letter from Paris about the essence of love" and "A Letter to Tatyana Yakovleva" (published 26 years later).
b739079272494b26a56bebfad34c168ed0e528b9	Together with Tatiana, Mayakovsky chose a gift for Lila in Paris — a Renault car.
f2f22d9beaebbd5807b4df3339575d3700aedbbe	Brik will become the second female Muscovite behind the wheel.
96b2d7a69b190775a20376a95cfc30e4242841f8	Upon arrival in Moscow, Mayakovsky tries to persuade Tatyana Yakovleva to return to Russia, but these attempts were unsuccessful.
1d700a2c99a33638c67efa7e9de78975acf0b65b	At the end of 1929, the poet was supposed to come for her, but could not do it because of visa problems[8].
8425932044cb4702f91ec916a897394cc67c556b	The last novel of Mayakovsky was a young and beautiful actress of the Moscow Art Theater Veronika Polonskaya (1908-1994).
a8c5f0a7fa2d69f1a1bf35aabfd67b06072181d8	At the time of their first meeting, she was 21, he was 36.
39eb155dde3fd0b50f619d279ef547651ccb7ae8	Polonskaya was married to actor Mikhail Yanshin, but she did not leave her husband, realizing that the romance with Mayakovsky, whose character Veronika assessed as complex, uneven, with mood swings, could be interrupted at any moment.
13b6a042c837d5586638d82b70bf5e9dd0a15143	And so it happened: a year later, Comrade Mauser put an end to their relationship and in the poet's life[25].
1602e2feae1fa912e9376ae527b011708c7f784a	In 1940, L. K. Chukovskaya recalled how she went to Moscow to visit the Brics about the publication of a one volume book by V. Mayakovsky[23]: "It was difficult for me to communicate with them, the whole style of the house was not to my liking.
77a622840f90f6987130bb5f948ab61dc60d3cbb	It also seemed to me that Lilya Yuryevna had no interest in Mayakovsky's poems.
f9b13f649f1d9539d3ad965505cb913828fbac1e	I didnot like the grouse on the table, and the jokes at the table..."
9e161e73833e75f1feb1b718254d0833bdf5716e	Children[edit / edit wiki text]
406c0346aa83757f143fd97873d0e268db1cb98c	Mayakovsky was not in any registered marriage.
fdc257a8b3f038703fbfe7896ee013e21ecfd0fb	It is known about two of his children:
558a06dcb7387ce5feac2c4f1e25c03d010ff4de	V. V. Mayakovsky at his exhibition "20 years of work", 1930
5bf3518d3393ce9c0e36c3991d295caf8e7be001	Son Gleb Nikita Antonovich Lavinsky (1921-1986)[19]
c477ad4294088482ab721bfe5954c755a5adacba	[26] Daughter Patricia Thompson (Elena Vladimirovna Mayakovskaya) (1926-2016)[27]
6a3a2a4aa0e16764cdb16a670eac14097c7551a8	Suicide[edit / edit wiki text]
ff957a66592a081d2ac66bbd00306d7489d27de4	The body of V. Mayakovsky.
6dad07e31366e57f3d7032ff772294448cf5e4d6	April 14, 1930
da2e07e0f7944c49faa3676a337bea51c4d60750	The body of V. Mayakovsky
40df421975eecfc87192808a94ac99a8edaeb0ee	Mayakovsky's grave at the Novodevichy Cemetery
b5e347b701d55bdf206ea9ba663b86efac8c76f2	There was an embarrassment with his long awaited exhibition "20 years of work", which was not visited by any of the prominent writers and state leaders, which the poet hoped for.
b10a4fbcb2cec7f05241b16bb4001e0097c57d8e	At the beginning of April 1930, the greeting "to the great proletarian poet on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of his work and social activity" was withdrawn from the peer reviewed magazine "Press and Revolution".
28574e9ea5415800113d02a170f702150bfb5dac	As 82 year old Polonskaya recalled in 1990 in an interview with the magazine "Soviet Screen" (No. 13-1990), on that fateful morning the poet called for her at eight o'clock, because at 10.30 she had a rehearsal with Nemirovich Danchenko scheduled at the theater.
c7691e9be86cf1db092ef144d24e7d58b425c26a	I couldnot be late, it angered Vladimir Vladimirovich.
515fb0c3d193cf3bf8bede057a73732fc323e966	He locked the doors, put the key in his pocket, began to demand that I did not go to the theater, and generally left there.
1b09162caee717959bc3e60bdd69f2776338345f	I cried… I asked if he would show me out.
5a38215caef5ddad6745805d71b33ce823bb4eb3	"No," he said, but he promised to call.
efdd93be5a1d959e909b421eaff958ef9af42527	And he also asked if I had money for a taxi.
1df74a2599988b06256ca443e3500153f4c12b68	I had no money, he gave me twenty rubles… I managed to get to the front door and heard a shot.
fc90ac81021d3d8b579121cb2b4caf25ec4cbf6f	I was rushing around, afraid to come back.
fa3b96998b443ea8e47aac2e434d3582dbfa4f3b	Then I entered and saw the smoke from the shot that had not yet dissipated.
7e10dc57b988ce0df7c35ccb9e82a6316c291703	There was a small bloodstain on Mayakovsky's chest.
834290169507a425f3adc3802bf0a39561c055e2	I rushed to him, I repeated: "What did you do...?"
2fa263e8db8a97726fa9b8bda23ce14a65da75ce	He tried to raise his head.
91567052394c606b905977d30b518514a30536e5	Then his head fell, and he began to turn terribly pale... people appeared, someone told me: "Run, meet the ambulance ... ran out, met.
d00d5133e480a19f4c5aa6e76158185a792c3faf	I came back, and on the stairs someone says to me: "It's too late.
6f4f0885a3f35bd3ee86e1ac889aa59bf0843f1f	He died..."
273bf8cbfc8b84c4050fb1a75c4d06388462a70e	- Veronika Polonskaya[29]
9c977cec793785693feac3f57b85246fbd77d4d0	The suicide letter, prepared two days earlier, is clear and detailed (which, according to the researchers, excludes the version about the spontaneity of the shot), begins with the words: "Donot blame anyone for the fact that I'm dying, and please donot gossip, the deceased didnot like it terribly...".
c9fb6b2070a3a09c04d544fa182583a3df478968	Briki managed to arrive at the funeral, having urgently interrupted the European tour;
8028d25f89dfe4e7306591cc26dccd6b86f729c8	Polonskaya, on the contrary, did not dare to attend, because Mayakovsky's mother and sisters considered her the culprit of the poet's death.
c6aac2bba9f1d00d78ebb458e4b42e5289d23d85	Ironically, the" futuristic " iron coffin of Mayakovsky was made by the avant garde sculptor Anton Lavinsky, the husband of the artist Lily Lavinskaya, who gave birth to a son from a relationship with Mayakovsky.
7cdd7513ba415f368db255531535df28220bbc1e	30][31].
70e36aa77ed2236c752807559200df550ee000a6	Creativity[edit / edit wiki text]
cfdf336015c4eb63a7ce80ff380ba4ea5964fa59	"I may be the last poet..."
dc835a39de5705be5c7590e49e6fbf6039c8c22b	Mayakovsky's autograph
40e58120629e93dd7bbacd88775060231a2c83e3	Mayakovsky's early work was expressive and metaphorical
81438d412e081807dd1d06380cac8d2dd690e1c2	("I'm going to cry that policemen were crucified at the crossroads", "Could you?"), combined the energy of the rally and demonstration with the most lyrical chamber ("The violin was pulled out begging"), Nietzschean God fighting and a religious feeling carefully disguised in the soul ("I, who sing of the car and England / Maybe just / In the most ordinary Gospel / The Thirteenth Apostle").
f71a25c5ea493638b570dcea8bb164c43bd4acda	According to the poet, it all started with the line by Andrei Bely "I launched a pineapple into the sky".
3e6b67bb0ab3d808904685305c84fac70d71b220	David Burliuk introduced the young poet to the poetry of Rimbaud, Baudelaire, Verlaine, Verhaarn, but Whitman's free verse had a decisive impact.
e0d704413a7ae68f90c0c509905c6114cc8d6d86	Mayakovsky did not recognize the traditional poetic dimensions, he invented a rhythm for his poems; polymetric compositions are united by style and a single syntactic intonation, which is set by the graphic presentation of the verse: first by dividing the verse into several lines, written in a column, and since 1923 by the famous "ladder", which became Mayakovsky's" business card".
528a19140b34a6be8a46786c96cb20367f2be105	The ladder helped Mayakovsky to make him read his poems with the correct intonation, since sometimes commas were not enough.
fdf9141833c5f9db7d9c16223b93335cf04beaa6	After 1917, Mayakovsky began to write a lot, for five pre revolutionary years he wrote one volume of poetry and prose, for twelve post — revolutionary years eleven volumes.
949424352913cf818364b5b3164837d9201eeb0f	For example, in 1928 he wrote 125 poems and a play.
1e5dd2b1e29460e85606d1f8f58050a43a0d14c9	He spent a lot of time traveling around the Union and abroad.
a344bd65dfd3e712d49c9eb03504b79cd7952670	Trips sometimes spent 2-3 gigs a day (not including participation in debates, meetings, conferences, etc.) But later in the works of Mayakovsky began to appear anxious and restless mind, he exposes the flaws and weaknesses of the new system (from the poem "members of the Parliament", 1922, to play "Bath", 1929).
baad9f4f9af66b493d1cdb9042beb96cc08373f8	It is believed that in the mid 1920's, he began to be disappointed in the socialist system, the so called his foreign travel perceive as attempts to escape from himself, in the poem "In a loud voice" there is a line "rummaging in today's petrified shit" (in correct censored version — "shit").
47f2b1de9fb70ea23465c210561eb34726b1c2a9	Although he continued to create poems imbued with official cheerfulness, including those dedicated to collectivization, until the last days.
4cd384aa4fbd5b0f603258fa5b3fac0ce2ecb362	Another feature of the poet is the combination of pathos and lyricism with the most poisonous Shchedrin satire.
e5485b5f1942d83a2927c08985470dd3f7995719	The lyrical side of Mayakovsky was revealed in "Unfinished" (1928-1930)…
b20743ca920ae3d8465e84009c20243e459e9de6	let the gray hair be detected by cutting and shaving
25821f04c287f8cb4a8d0863f56a4da38d05fef5	Let the silver of the years ring out
3502255fa6b90f46ef315db08c606737badd07ee	a lot of
9afd843fa52576e7975bb457199acf13b3719f86	I hope I believe it will never come
522f5e53273558be3b9ee6ac1be43fa048519acc	shameful prudence has come to me
e871d14dfd9799f5177e48732d181ff8df6cefec	- Unfinished.
e2ca765e80d02954e8a7cd08d33a3ce87df9d97e	I. " Loves? doesnot like it?
5a91670d67e512c0a2f802e09908304570b0c985	I'm wringing my hands..."
ffa5951a4ffc5dd822b7c951878659093f9a1cac	Look at how quiet the world is
d190740076119ee17b0c49dbd4cd3c13856e4c98	The night covered the sky with a starry tribute
aff9ee079c615155082cd1c47a347efebaea97a3	at such hours you get up and say
d973883a910f99d4070a03c694ce96e337344fd9	centuries of history and the universe
ad76cf282cee4848f05365975dee5e40ae127d06	IV. " It must be the second time you went to bed..."
a26bf0da58625ee88ee97feeeda4e956c19b42ed	Lyrical lines from the American cycle, written back in 1925:
21f4b5fa8e4580d6d8ebf443e47760aa65e781b9	I want to be understood by my native country,
a3ddbc075bea3565f9e9c7bac944567c6f205aa8	and I will not be understood —
42dc8f8424ebac5a742a89883299948750eba57c	well?!
e67ce02b2591c716e65e338e4a1716e1cb92af6d	By native country
aebf27b99217f85314522786db8ef43312b36d1e	I'll pass by,
0be853d75a65cb0d4df7f5fd08ede2c3aeb68e37	how's going
df31a444d4fcdeef3ba15ba056da8a41869eeb99	slanting rain.
942a6113afaca89a0f231ade9f24cb53091b20c8	the author then did not dare to include the poems in the text, but in 1928 he published them as part of a critical article, although with the explanation: "Despite all the romantic sensitivity (the audience grabs for handkerchiefs), I pulled out these beautiful, rain soaked feathers."
390360618453550ca8cb98d0e55f591b2c98eede	There is an opinion that even in the panegyric poem "Well" Mayakovsky mocks the ceremonial officialdom: "He rules with a rod so that he goes to the right.
232b2fa73cf7406b30c3dcecb107d0960629a68f	/ I'll go to the right.
ef7ef4ff741e03906a5a9bd3909490cd4c7ebc6b	/ Very good."
b91ddfb107b0fc5a06b542a8de46e809c9410090	Mayakovsky had a great influence on the poetry of the XX century.
a6ce2f8fd239fac4b704b6adb0ebe916af3feea6	Especially on Kirsanov, Voznesensky, Yevtushenko, Rozhdestvensky, Kedrov, and also made a considerable contribution to children's poetry.
8ca8e43c91ba0c1f09ff4bae8061eee9fde16a59	Mayakovsky fearlessly turned to his descendants, to the distant future, confident that he would be remembered in hundreds of years:
9f0a8c577d7f7611c793eb856174c45e64584409	My verse
d97d6da01766f47627c75a639858f4f85fd36a09	by labor
5ddcd6e105daebbf1913c04639a2bcff482297ba	the bulk of the years will break through
ae8d3a340af507fbca4d77695505aacfb4bae203	and it will appear
8b2fb80182526a1358a7b972e5cc50b3cfb241fd	weighty,
066c9f48cd3a19fc3e13106d4ce7ce9f839cc549	rude,
963899cf4d0294c8c5381e0c5630308c2d7ea02e	visibly,
36bbeca9be38d01d36a6b90f307b0bd993fa840f	as in our days
bdbefc938217656a6611cc186d9341733adc3a69	the water supply system has entered,
2b503eaed06a6a7574ca32336bb1e6deecba8170	worked out
5983d8915b24adeecc56f31bd31f474bd6c9236b	still slaves of Rome.
85f6b9e9bba6b9f7c6c9ba58511b86a6347959c9	- At the top of your voice
50871227b1029af3811c714f083c0706dc7fa901	Main publications[edit / edit wiki text]
9835fbac21699db8e8f31ea50e740159cac42189	Mayakovsky V. V. Complete works in 13 volumes — - M., GIHL, 1955-1961.
f1e061206743a7180090d6ba3dcb2936c83a5f62	Mayakovsky V. V. Collected works in 12 volumes.
cee6f51e46d810fac7b663bb205f237dbe971d37	- M.: Library "Ogonek", 1978 — - 600,000 copies.
879c619268299b8c447030b11235f9cc3bc8940f	Mayakovsky in the cinema[edit / edit wiki text]
7edc3d695f9aa1d45e1fbfc7c65ab3fdc18e7648	1914 - "Drama in the Futurist cabaret No.
1986e62982b89faf9a02fc9e0aa94558eaba9ca4	13".
c30af1536eaa604a654f2f6f8ac2a60ba02eef2f	Mayakovsky played a "demonic" role in the film.[32]
020f959541ca89fb074eb4544dfccad95e412e84	In 1918, Mayakovsky wrote the script for the film "Not born for money"[33] based on the novel by Jack London "Martin Eden".
c277b532acebcdf4ffd4d539c06843a1838a954e	The poet himself played the main role of Ivan Nova.
b9c2add8d91e1b0782a5f1a59fda22abf197930a	Not a single copy of this film has been preserved.
ea4c370ebcb9be4b5caf2c65e08a3d76b6e3f479	1918 - "Chained by a film".
92b66047872f9b1f09ba2cc3f7e8b7c63922b113	A fragment of the first part (with the participation of Mayakovsky) has been preserved. 1918 — "The Young Lady and the bully".
05d2f22e047029c618851e545c0c9843b4d0ab25	The film is directed by Vladimir Mayakovsky and Evgeny Slavinsky.
e2301cdb9097a39113aa6c5638c345888c0a50f9	The plot is based on the story of Edmond d'amichis "The Teacher of the workers".
65ea7ffb0bf467066d5c028adc095e2cf477e286	The script is written by Vladimir Mayakovsky, in the title roles — he and Alexandra Rebikova. 1928 — "Oktyabryukhov and Decembryukhov".
9afc98997367a21f12fab9231d8cc380a82595e2	The script of this eccentric comedy was written by Vladimir Mayakovsky for the tenth anniversary of the October Revolution. 1928 — "Three rooms with a kitchen".
1209f14eb2599b29b84d14806a7fadd5467a1d90	Based on the script by V. V. Mayakovsky "How are you?".[34] 1955 - "They Knew Mayakovsky", a historical and revolutionary film directed by Nikolai Petrov, Leningrad Newsreel Studio. 1958 — "Mayakovsky began like this".
269b3b27bc6093efc79e7ac4e499ec9bcbb18956	The film is a biography based on Mayakovsky's autobiographical novel "I myself".
0d9ec52d1da3f17b371d9c437ede283e96798c28	In the role of Mayakovsky — Rodam Chelidze.
aacfb8f52c9bc06c13a7d80ee1b5a46778356be7	Georgia movie. 1962 — "The Flying Proletarian", a cartoon based on the poem of the same name. 1962 - "Bathhouse", a cartoon based on the play of the same name. 1970 — "The Young Lady and the Bully", a TV movie ballet based on the 1918 script directed by Apollinarius Dudko. 1975 - "Mayakovsky laughs, or the Bug 75".
ab658a35967a62a9a8f688295964e22772e0925a	The film collage directed by Sergei Yutkevich was shot based on the play "The Bug" and the script "Forget about the fireplace" by Vladimir Mayakovsky. 1977 — " Forward, time!".
c376c33afc55fa3b206ef878b5c8893d07e46618	Cartoon based on the poems of Vladimir Mayakovsky.
91ee8acf3a5c2e812afb9cb5c7ed6d09359ea887	Film incarnations[edit / edit wiki text]
71cd3609d3d8e6b1761fcf0b6bec8221a7d4774b	Year Country Name Director Vladimir Mayakovsky Comments 1947 USSR USSR Light over Russia Sergey Yutkevich Boris Livanov the credits are not specified 1955 USSR USSR They knew Mayakovsky Nikolai Petrov Nikolai Cherkasov TV movie based on the play by V.Katanyan in the production of the Leningrad Theater named after A. S. Pushkin 1958 USSR USSR Mayakovsky began as Konstantin Pipinashvili Rodam Chelidze Production "Georgia film" 1975 USSR USSR Mayakovsky laughs, or the Bug 75 Sergey Yutkevich
6f8f3f9ad1c247312b98826b1ed2f9b40521ec8d	Anatoly Karanovich Anatoly Pereverzev 1988 "Testimony" (English Testimony) Tony Palmer Peter Faulkner / Peter Faulkner 1989 USSR USSR
9053ea97196994bfc62ea811db67df072af4e458	Poland Poland Deja vu Juliusz Mahulski Anatoly Kotenev 1994 Ukraine Monsieur Robina Alexander Burko Alexander Leaver 2002 Great Britain Great Britain
171ade18f6d0570f85a2db0d8b9ea940d392cc74	USA USA
2ad1c8a3cda62beaaa0074eea67463796a146e51	Germany Germany Doctor Zhivago Giacomo Campiotti Karel Dobry 2004 Russia Russia The Sins of the Fathers Roman Nesterenko, Vladimir Filimonov, Vera Kharybina, etc. Dmitry Ermilov Teleroman, 29 episodes 2004 Russia Russia Death of Tairov Boris Blank Roman Ageev 2005 Russia Russia Yesenin Igor Zaitsev Evgeny Dyatlov 2012 Russia Russia Mayakovsky.
c3be51b270a8bd7327d0fd35d2da7579246716cd	Two days Dmitry Tomashpolsky
cbacdb2ac1d4dd101f50303318459add160325bb	Alyona Demyanenko Andrey Chernyshov TV series, 8 episodes
d991a4146f160e15c3984b3c5b132e6a407111ec	Documentaries[edit / edit wiki text]
c57fe02d36853fd337c0340808fdf2602c76d509	1955 Mayakovsky 1972 The Living Mayakovsky 1976 — Mayakovsky with us 1984 — The Mayakovsky Museum in Moscow 1990 Vladimir Mayakovsky 2002 — The Deadly Game of Mayakovsky 2002 Mayakovsky.
0ac3d5070637752d2d9cadecf844f66f581a64fc	The Death of the Poet 2005 The Living Mayakovsky 2006 About this, about the poet and about Lilya Brik 2013 Vladimir Mayakovsky.
1d7b3c525a2daad536a7d5e8e6c9fc4001a796c7	The third extra 2013 — Mayakovsky.
b99aa9c628c572c471795e0deee55f323917e10a	The last love, the last shot 2015 Vladimir Mayakovsky.
440ecb5d3386c78b4edb368f3f10990480685752	Last April
d7d7dc65d17fc885bbf53e0e9c20db508d4145d1	Educational films[edit / edit wiki text]
a47480941a46861774742ac132fce935da61c4f9	1971 Mayakovsky.
6f2ded302fde95ff809fd5f70a96cf05910c4c93	To Comrade Netta 1980 A story about Kuznetsk Construction and the people of Kuznetsk
57ba4809bde4440ec83b73cc431e81953cb8485b	Participation in an anti religious campaign[edit / edit wiki text]
c3050294b01f89d3ac6397aebc8ee3a2fca307fb	In 1928-1929, serious changes took place in the internal policy of the USSR: the NEP was curtailed, the collectivization of agriculture began, materials of demonstrative trials of "pests"appeared in the newspapers.
8e7d0c55587c4317ffb9602da3d6517f03968956	In 1929, the Decree of the Central Executive Committee "On Religious Associations" was issued, which worsened the situation of believers.
80f1e75a59be26785045d73596a435a53439fc95	In the same year, Article 4 of the Constitution of the RSFSR was edited: instead of" freedom of religious and anti religious propaganda","freedom of religious confessions and anti religious propaganda" was recognized in the republic.
ccfe9671e821e44473ceba73e1832036c04070f0	As a result, the state has a need for anti religious works of art that meet ideological changes.
d82e795df25efbef353d9e132c245ad9a50512cb	A number of leading Soviet poets, writers, journalists and filmmakers responded to this need.
ef1bb23f17dfdb5ab0d277e97f6400b3021760f3	Among them was Mayakovsky.
abafc3df6c22f1a71b84f1eac96e2c7191a64702	In 1929, he wrote a poem "We must fight"[35], in which he branded the believers and called for God fighting.
daf1953a26ce8e692f221e322365c80aa97a097c	In the same 1929, he, together with Maxim Gorky and Demyan Bedny, took part in the Second Congress of the Union of Militant Atheists.
3af1d5d8950ca35f5704e9efd4e1acd18f7e6d0f	In his speech at the congress, Mayakovsky called on writers and poets to participate in the fight against religion.
324c3b23c909c1343642f88a0b333899f02e49b6	"We can already unmistakably distinguish the fascist's mauser behind the Catholic soutane.
0aa181111c14b2acf40733baa96ae2d0d73b975e	We can already distinguish the sawn off fist unmistakably behind the priest's cassock, but thousands of other intricacies through art entangle us with the same damned mysticism.
aa3efe2ece43e308dfdaaf1a75533a615831b18e	<...> If it is still possible to understand in one way or another the brainless from the flock, who have been driving a religious feeling into themselves for dozens of years, the so called believers, then a religious writer who works consciously and still works religiously, we must qualify to pose either as a charlatan or as a fool.
864c2bdfba1034392a8d7880aeeb8eacfaa9a199	Comrades, usually their pre revolutionary meetings and congresses ended with the call "with God" - today the congress will end with the words "for God".
b33842f28b3b7f245613503acb2fe979b405a8b3	This is the slogan of today's writer."[36]
36c5d5a3436f284f787712ba7cdf645fd0fd4052	Perpetuation of memory[edit / edit wiki text]
9afaf516a4e232ef5bc09fee043cc096deca9931	Commemorative plaques
78a66a940f2be0429234c5b06cb2aa5d02a4f56f	In Rostov on Don
3b14b9b59363ad12147fa8241e1188e332a2a255	In Rostov on Don, the RERZ plant
ac4de122b43c0481ac7c41736f732b9227f1c28d	Bas relief of Mayakovsky with a memorable text in Azerbaijani and Russian languages in Baku, on the side facade of the building of the current Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University
5ccaf3ad8875ba7c274a22e99bcf50febe807d73	Many streets in the cities of Russia and other countries are named after Mayakovsky: Berlin, Dzerzhinsk, Donetsk, Zaporozhye, Izhevsk, Kaliningrad, Kislovodsk, Kiev, Kutaisi, Minsk, Moscow, Odessa, Penza, Perm, Ruzaevka, Samara, St. Petersburg, Tbilisi, Tuapse, Grozny, Ufa, Khmelnitsky.
7646cf8b6624f523885da38783fc3f06b87bdd46	In many cities there are monuments to Mayakovsky Dzerzhinsk, Yekaterinburg, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tbilisi, Ufa, Novokuznetsk, Vologda.
0165735c81120dd0918f2e9d3c0ff974e298d2a2	In Moscow and St. Petersburg metro has a station named after Mayakovsky station Mayakovskaya in Moscow, the station Mayakovskaya metro station in Saint Petersburg in the Name of Mayakovsky called a lot of theatres, cinemas, etc.: the Moscow theater.
5da0e90388850044c79eac73a9110952758142ca	VL.
c5b22fc0ad86af95fe6b4d9c1f5f6294d90dc555	Mayakovsky, the Norilsk polar drama theater.
026ba19f617f96eb354149ebd7e2b3cc4629953b	Mayakovsky, Bryansk drama theatre.
c0b720c018bf9264dde201a141fe587df1923616	Mayakovsky State Russian drama theatre in Dushanbe, the Palace of culture named after Mayakovsky in Novokuznetsk, Russia, Gorky Park.
cd0a9bb03ffdd60d3e44e74c5b50208b27f62a2f	Mayakovsky in Yekaterinburg, "Park of culture and leisure.
a7f553003f714817bfdc50dfb68bee6f9f81d9d5	Mayakovsky" in Belaya Kalitva, cinema them.
992accb1efcb7685e530078b2889d01dba06dc27	Mayakovsky in Novosibirsk, theater im.
94a46d9fedcf612e6db8da085de6fbd7fb27142f	Mayakovsky in Omsk, library named after V. V. Mayakovsky in Kaliningrad, Central municipal public library named after V. V. Mayakovsky in St. Petersburg House of the writer name of V. V. Mayakovsky (Leningrad / St. Petersburg)
5fdbd96000833282129cac5e30e3b74568fa35cc	The minor planet (2931) Mayakovsky, discovered on October 16, 1969 by L. I. Chernykh[37], is named in honor of Vladimir Mayakovsky.
6c4e06e634071855690bc7ca9ac403b9a6b25dcf	In 1937, the V. V. Mayakovsky Museum Library was established in Moscow, in 1968 it was transformed into the V. V. Mayakovsky State Museum.
6380ee1f7341525a2bf4f301ce9b082a88ddf0b8	In 1997, the "All Russian Literary Prize named after V. V. Mayakovsky"was established.[38] Mayakovsky's creativity is reflected in music: on April 14, 2005, the company "Antrop" released the tribute album " Live Mayakovsky — - a disc with songs based on his poems, the music for which was composed by modern musicians.
793f7562d4b21a93acb74a0f69527ba5b5a99353	On July 19, 2008, the second disc was released.[39] In 1997, the band "Gang of Four" released a song about Mayakovsky - "Mayakovka" (the album "Ugly Time").
2a09b5c6db6290fe80f90b436baaaaf46f59a2c7	Yegor Letov has a song "Recusal", dedicated to Mayakovsky.
e900ebedc4c2fac17a2aa3659ca2510e920e1e7b	The Kharkiv musical art rock group "Orchestra Che" has a song and a video "Guten Morgen, Mayakovsky", archive footage is used in the video.
9e667d2bbe125e6b8aaf2c28efcc4e42cc088789	The punk band "The Last Tanks in Paris" has a song of the same name for Mayakovsky's poem "To you!"
01ddd4fab95d0299242267a191c84e72d6b8137b	The rock band "Splin" has a song "Mayak" for Mayakovsky's poem " Lilichka.
11f89fa3bcd94a61659739f8513bf71c5ab0643c	Instead of a letter."
83720e6374fea007cac4a7ed52e3cb2d8e13edcc	In 1986-1990, there was a rock band "Mystery Buff".
499638771052000a1ffb7557a7f9632bd8334cc4	Most of their repertoire consists of songs based on Mayakovsky's poems.
ffd3cfc41b5e6bf5cabc609c6ae68e91f423e5e1	The rock group "Pravy" wrote the song "Left March", the words of which are poems by Mayakovsky.
66dd340c2bfbc8a13f7a5d5232cf11e3696504ba	The punk band "Lomonosov's Plan" in 2016 released the album "Cloud in Pants", where one or another excerpt from the poem of the same name by V. Mayakovsky is taken as the text for the songs.
a7904c66959143f74d6f78dac469ec5fe78a1aec	In Soviet times, the poet's native village was called Mayakovsky.
c6e58dd4c080e9277e4777cc887293ffe7b64b17	A village in the Kaliningrad Region also bears his name.
53f0c38edaeb446cd71b7ae0fa3c048e80c58415	The aircraft A330 VQ BCU, owned by Aeroflot, is named in honor of V. V. Mayakovsky.
0d1b57c5d8cacbaa5215a6363ba7717187cd9e5d	Mayakovsky Museum in Moscow
a262f883eee69676baa6ff27ceb0d241e99ee985	Monument to Vladimir Mayakovsky in Zyryanovsk
d9bafc9cddf3545584c5e699b49b88afe960b221	Metro station in Saint Petersburg
af42a82955582be25c5b4aebde09fde003bc1a96	The ship that sank in Riga in 1950 was named after Mayakovsky.
2380ff97bd8919a3f1f88131cebed414e7606ac2	In Baku, on the wall, on the side facade of the ancient building of the current Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University, there is a memorial plaque with a bas relief of Mayakovsky and a memorable text in Azerbaijani and Russian: "Here, in the great hall of the Azerbaijan Pedagogical Institute, the great Soviet poet Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky repeatedly read his works"[15].
649849a528c981bb4fb512ba9393f094089901e8	The four deck cruise ship 301 of the project, built in Germany in 1978, is named in honor of the poet.
0855913164144b729e25605edf1d306f91f9b686	The N 1 school of the city of Jermuk (Armenia) is named in honor of the poet.
ed014ca1166f1a7b124e34b223f487161d2f7cb4	Museums[edit / edit wiki text]
1429563fdcdf028fc1fa74df5d266ee1a62fa0bb	In 1937, the Mayakovsky Library Museum was opened in Moscow (former Gendrikov Lane, now Mayakovsky Lane).
c540d8b6300270c34f0788260bd9b7fc15ca7f46	In January 1974, the Mayakovsky State Museum was opened in Moscow (on Bolshaya Lubyanka).
d0b53602d861e8efa3077ac1f49b9428f72dd222	In 2013, the main building of the museum was closed for reconstruction, but exhibitions are still held.
246471380221551d343afe8d4bda60e4a68a7a38	You can visit them at the address: Moscow, Malaya Dmitrovka 29, p.
f63529aeab77a50e7cb21d5a318280f980a10705	4 ("Chekhov's House"). In 1941, the Mayakovsky Museum was opened in the village of Baghdadi in Georgia[40].
f14484edbd723e86eaa36d740e9c34088c9e7e15	In philately[edit / edit wiki text]
b162c85d7b4da6280f3f82cbb916ab74f491595c	Postage stamp of the USSR,
d8d4952c25ad795df7c898c487db666cbfd515bb	one thousand nine hundred forty
b0ddb0e073c45371b9b0139e91b40c5c6752113d	one thousand nine hundred forty three
c04876951485e2da30f4897ca4c0603e819cb4d3	Postage stamp of the USSR, 1953:
4dde0326ad42afe4a3ef848d2186d109d8bb843b	60 years since the birth of Mayakovsky.
82d0db3019e11cb5f8cb3f78c9f40699bb632cb0	Artist Dubasov
a79ed6771543a43fd51da1c7161e8201f6bc1923	one thousand nine hundred fifty five
46f2305ea74c5e01c8cc4a19111d35a7c2da08d1	Postage stamp of the USSR, 1959: monument to Mayakovsky in Moscow
db1ab41c1e71460d17e218c0228f015c2a0740cf	Postage stamp of Hungary, 1959
d013f5cd56e9229bc172f519cd8a1d98de3a7dca	one thousand nine hundred sixty three
0479e303ff6018a80df206064a9cbf46c0d4e9fb	Postage stamp of Russia, 2000:
2a693f805092fa956227f5563788f402bfba4e5d	Vladimir Mayakovsky and the Windows of GROWTH.
0a07576b125228ff732af72af78b51cff14869b7	Mayakovsky is also depicted on a postage stamp of Bulgaria in 1955.
1fc0687fac07f5b53b02a0e1cfcd1142f1990b27	In numismatics[edit / edit wiki text]
7cad156410637c167f479ec157c03ee860dd0a4a	1 ruble.
613b8a1d615aeeb054209ee8ec5a3abec81e675e	100th anniversary of the birth of V. V. Mayakovsky.
aa3b0ae339340c47fdb1f3a0dce940b71fce4e54	(Release date 14.07.1993; materials copper, nickel; quality proof, uncirculated; series Outstanding personalities of Russia).[41] Artist A.
b69e73ee76810a2997a172fedeaf279d451d135a	A. Kolodkin[42].
131fcd1b878d4a9976d319de63c8b880363dcd54	Token of 2009 Vodka tokens.
9ac4260b56fc0fbbf7d641ad237a9a04921cc4c5	The series "Culture and Art".
9bf0821d82ef3ee6f1fd0e9928efc5d4ebaf11f8	[43][44]
936ab05f34bade14286fa60793ef07fa9b53240f	Facts[edit / edit wiki text]
8c0eaee84bb7b3b729afd8e72c802c1daa985cc0	Excerpt from the book "Mayakovsky rides through the Union":[45]
3d50df2248a3075d5b3d4084f25136ed2f6c54d3	Russian graves On Sunday, we went to see the grave of the last Russian tsar on the sledge.
a2f1ff7083b005aa027a9d890d77dfdfed63a443	But it is important for me to give a feeling that the last reptile of the last dynasty, who drank so much blood for centuries, has left us here.
e77265443fe68c7f004b28d90bc6feb256de47dc	Mayakovsky loved gambling and was fond of playing billiards.
4c4f1dc673b1b0b4b1c4d2739836ed733bdb3e6c	He played very well for an amateur level, he had an amazingly accurate and strong shot.
53eaf430654d0f9f39dd14fc717049ba6bd6e0f6	He rarely played with professional players, as he was disgusted with the tricks of the professional game.
1d38e332156dc0c99284d94db1fc2c677af50f24	But he also did not like playing "empty", that is, without any bet, either.
e2a9b0a44c0e4b62e0d0d128c49f8cc21cf9a91f	In his opinion, the players should have at least a small "interest" (that is, some kind of material interest).
aba9455773296b3b4b95f47df49085ca122f33df	He made exceptions only for partners who were obviously weak, so he played, for example, with Lunacharsky, who loved the game very much, used any free minute to "roll the balls", but played extremely poorly.[46]
90268b29231a9832b1760a0b63b1a9ec67391270	Based on poems and excerpts from the poem "Good!" by Vladimir Mayakovsky, Georgy Sviridov wrote a "Pathetic Oratorio" for bass, mezzo soprano, choir and symphony orchestra (1959)[47].
9ae02894eab9643afd5f46802386920675c12f9b	Dilma Rousseff was finally removed from the post of President of Brazil by the decision of the Brazilian Senate on August 31, 2016.
d34aa4e894f97aaa42e75ef115735917de6e52cf	61 senators supported the resignation of the president.
c41b0880126a24f494c633bbac529055e09d5da1	After the impeachment vote, she addressed her colleagues and ended her speech with lines from Vladimir Mayakovsky's poem "Well, well!"
8b0905a16b1d82b830e512ffa8865e9f773c0fd8	("Não estamos alegres, é certo, Mas também por que razão haveríamos de ficar tristes?
2cdbca869d47ec6c62b025535fcf7300a90c659a	O mar da história é agitado As ameaças e as guerras, haveremos de atravessá las, Rompê las ao meio, Cortando as como uma quilha corta.
3370dc256bd46cedd26931dd47e484f8d39bfe92	"[I opened my eyes with a soft rustle of pages… And there was a smell of gunpowder from all borders.
2b0563684364ad7f9963031278c7c0d1f1aa4dce	Not again, who are over twenty, grow up in a thunderstorm.]
af4bc38602ca5ca9ed0cf0b279067a8427feaefc	We have nothing to be happy about, but there is nothing to be sad about.
ed2a7590370acb603dc4ea5bad938950b28be12b	The water of history is stormy.
75f357086dd314db2bd64b2cb238a47267d4deff	We will cut threats and war in the open, as the keel cuts a wave.")[48][49].
98dac907c83f065fff9323627aa75d204979e3a8	Немец German National Library, Berlin State Library, Bavarian State Library, etc. Record #118640801 // General regulatory control — 2012-2016.
a2e905f8536ef4e4b4e363c948fd10f913b73223	<a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q27302"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q304037"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q256507"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q170109"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q36578"></a>
b4c2ed65089d50db68aa821afce41e51ecd32297	↑ 1 2 Now Imereti, Georgia.
79a3dafae4a2dba2a956a6f7e2584cca537d878e	↑ B. P. Goncharov Mayakovsky Vladimir Vladimirovich // Great Soviet encyclopedia: [in 30 m] / ed. ed.
9eec59dee186a6bfaa5bd3f4969adfde051d0d1f	A. M. Prokhorov — 3rd ed.
fda34c4847d97ec7bc0ecef3918ea4b7124e8e2e	— M.: Soviet encyclopedia, 1974.
0ae2fb2c2e54c420ce4b08a2395cd57c35958162	— T. 15 : Lombard — Musical.
6f66376f5c4131ee8befc9ae32e042c2528a2d89	— P. 542-543.
185ba0dfa4a4511250af30fb20e6962db90db51e	<a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q19614528"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q17378135"></a>
ef5844e9f64864781fd9436899ee57ed0bf744a6	[History of Russian literature of the XX century (20-90s).
4c2e6f25d77d0613ef4cd02cc3b13b20ea138bd6	Main names] ↑ July 19, 120 years since the birth of Vladimir Mayakovsky ↑ Poets and security officers ↑ Vladimir Mayakovsky.
777bc7d7b747c8c3b9dbbc6d33e8f22a3cf76b65	Complete works, vol . I, notes.
28c49cc28cf705d98c9d204b4ea5ad0dc4f915aa	State Publishing House of artists. lit., 1955 ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Newspaper "Gordon Boulevard" | The Thirteenth Apostle.
0735889046b978c4510233b8ae41d31d30d27fe3	Archived from the original source on July 25, 2013.
a7625199778a4d3124e74a974f9ac015d2ad1874	↑ 1 2 Mayakovsky's participation in the revolutionary movement.
d06233467567066cb401af0ba47b87bb2304d23e	(1906-1910) Publication by V. F. Zemskov ↑ Basmannaya police unit ↑ Photo of the Petty bourgeois police unit ↑ History of the Petty bourgeois police unit ↑ Myasnitskaya police unit ↑ Sherikh D. Yu.
d56cceeba505ec11a0827b2623aa6757acd3e457	City month. 1000 dates from the past of St. Petersburg, Petrograd, Leningrad / / To the 290th anniversary of St. Petersburg.
80d7ae0922add042b2a29c7c60dac7808b15c06f	- St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg XXI century.
11526016a28d2b60d1390f5edb93f97c1fdd0310	— 224 p.
56b631de26f7377f49614f23250faa3d178f9f87	- ISBN 5-85490-036 X ↑ 1 2 3 N. Agaev.
0983faf09e57ff7f78290d7245f04ad0274eb4cf	Vladimir Mayakovsky has been praising the "oil capital of the world" all his life / / Azerbaijani Izvestia: gazeta.
0e2163973e3eacdb7944f0606c7cfe127150a447	- July 24, 2013.
1d1ad220179cfbeb79720beb42b4121cac0cf3f1	- No. 131.
8d4295b1f10e6d4b5ba502b331893e325ae7f3a1	↑ 1 2 Deadly love duel k News of culture and art of Russia and the world MK.
431f129b3eb4f044266f0afa971b1de59e327480	↑ " Mayakovsky answered in detail.
b63e247d3d949d0fb915bb513ef4c2c53f3708ff	He was deeply convinced that the reviews of the " Bathhouse "were not an accident, but a link in the chain of a systematic campaign, which he persistently called"harassment".
eec6b1c70d425509bf63346a85841bb215e6da55	He claimed that this campaign against him became especially fierce in connection with the exhibition that he organized for the twentieth anniversary of his literary activity" // V. M. Mlechin.
ffd5b0fc2d991978eab75dc236d13077ede7581e	From the memories of meetings with V. V. Mayakovsky.
2cb650078a9b1cff51e36ebf0209f7d81f65d3e8	"How Mayakovsky was killed" Moskovsky Komsomolets No. 25729, August 26, 2011 ↑ 1 2 Vladimir Mayakovsky would have turned 120 years old today :: Company :: Top.rbc.ru. Archived from the original source on July 25, 2013.
bfdbd58d7c28a5590be3c1ee37cb769157f9eb82	↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Vladimir Mayakovsky.
d51e0bea0ad862b82ce6e89375a6341aa2a58d5e	The third extra — Soon on the air the First channel.
179a49ac865356091273a7a7bb2c91893f794ed9	↑ 1 2 Konstantin Karchevsky "...I will LOVE...".
9fd1b8a03f4c5508cf21a24ffb5ca72a1281ed40	Москов Moscow graves.
c92ca767a6c2bbcf58aa95b696f3ac6eb6eda6a2	Lavinsky N.
c39f9cde872a280514a8be3de0633d691ff973c8	A. Archived from the original source on July 25, 2013.
69f9f11a7c6bdef1a29e89e37398949ef52e5658	↑ 1 2 Evgeny Guskov about Alexander Kaidonovsky | Alexander Kaidanovsky.
10956d09c0d0358c9cb8670db7cce4e0fb3153e0	↑ 1 2 3 Lilya Brik and Vladimir Mayakovsky ↑ 1 2 Ivanova Natalia Sergeevna.
35dee79f686c9325c81ceaf1c850b82c99c4c574	Adultery.
3fa3890ccc9df389046db78f68e4e54ddc384481	- Moscow: VECHE, 2008 — - 540 p.
94703228eb751a0aa3a5010b8a621cdae7c04577	↑ 1 2 The same Veronika Polonskaya.
394d1a384e4fc2a09f18c9a4f59ce7761d927d19	Interview to the magazine "Soviet screen", No.
d85ca720a08b28aa11ffc8631f0ed9116307f823	13-1990 ↑ 1 2 "Mayakovsky never went out of fashion".
ce78193d015501674d741e3f6f8a8ee39c6b2637	/ / city fm.ru (04.09.2011).
0f2d139beedd45ef03817f0ad922b6103c66e3d0	Verified on July 22, 2013.
f243e8b6edc98b7bd4a336785b6d4e7433a31814	Ор Orlyanskaya A. Patricia Thompson: "In order for Mayakovsky not to go to America with my mother, Lilya arranged a meeting with Tatyana Yakovleva for him" // OpenSpace.ru, November 29, 2010 ↑ Website about the V. V. Mayakovsky Museum.
c0ae17dcf17c205ca5944b249de27b218f25c3c9	↑ The same Veronika Polonskaya.
0dabc069a1f7afa3ca54a26bb37dec05ececb3b4	Interview to the magazine "Soviet Screen", No.
d48d99fff10ac022c17a57c97c40c26c6e399550	13-1990 К To the 80th anniversary of the death of Mayakovsky ↑ Moscow directory of funeral services ↑ The film "Drama in the Futurist Cabaret No.
4a5c0e3e683e0cf3aa437afa85f594f39cffc8f7	13" was released ↑ Nye dlya deneg radivshisya (English) on the Internet Movie Database site ↑ Three rooms with a kitchen // Encyclopedia of cinema.
15b3470f597d7ec9b336608ee9a7d2aa839aab18	- 2010.
2625e7bb0862555f8709baff2cf86f86a0cdeaec	↑ V. Mayakovsky — "We must fight", a poem, 1929 ↑ V. V. Mayakovsky's speech at the II All Union Congress of Militant Atheists ↑ MPC database on small bodies of the Solar system (2931) (English)
d3eaa7e4e3c6ab78ee89f58e7203e0b545db9cc1	↑ All — Russian Literary Prize named after V. V. Mayakovsky RSE Ма Mayakovsky.
fc6ff7711eba854e0b753671d061e928f92a3a01	Tribute to Vladimir Mayakovsky: a biography.
adbfd441b010ac074031324a98f0efd999474c72	↑ 100th anniversary of the birth of V. V. Mayakovsky | Commemorative coins of Russia | Bank of Russia ↑ Kolodkin Alexander Anatolyevich.
22de87c0cd1d83fbeaa6bb24542b4c42ad6a6535	Artist.
f62f164b694d93cd00489629b86f20a2dd16244e	↑ http://tokenoman.ru/images/stories/tokens/vsjako/vodka/vodka2_16b.jpg ↑ Vodka "Standard".
8613ffe5cc46773210515182bef4600825748d4b	2 grams.
4ef074361a350a1874ec52537254c789a19ad6ee	Culture and Art - Collection of tokens tokenoman metro tokens, telephone, gaming, trading and advertising tokens, tokens and other ersatz money.
68187c7ed3f2da23121e1c6e3f95bc906eac8129	Павел Pavel Ilyich Lavut.
30c1f8274ae2c779882dce4c4cb6569d2c027338	Mayakovsky rides through the Union.
b4ab93561df8a279f7318ddd54141bcad783b618	Moscow: Soviet Russia, 1969. p. 138, 8P2 L13 ↑ V. M. Mlechin.
2cb9e1285b9829a5070da264827c0e83242c7806	"How Mayakovsky was killed" Moskovsky Komsomolets No. 25729, August 26, 2011 Поля Polyakova L. Georgy Vasilyevich Sviridov.
3cf88b4195b8ec574eb5adfbba0c0cbcbddf2ea5	Belcanto.ru: Classical music, opera and ballet.
3a1e4657e03f668a664a66e38b226c800574fef0	Verified on September 6, 2015.
214ae1787eb197200a9a8ab43b1fecb952e3bebb	Rousseff finished her speech after the impeachment with a quote from Mayakovsky Po Poema lido por Dilma Rousseff é de russo conhecido como Poeta da Revolução.
e71b60237e41f7952cb9077ffea21aec9ed4277c	Leia
f4028a64366f08b8ac195389a03b4457189a883d	Books[edit / edit wiki text]
3bca2f4120c7f8da1cb267fba00f9a977752b152	Alfonsov V. We need the word for life.
f575c7bee759b1f5303c4b14ae0a8e29ca131ae2	In the poetic world of Mayakovsky.
baeea52d33e8946e292f5ffb1b152668696e3783	- M.: Soviet writer, 1984 — - 248 p — - 20,000 copies.
45833ba8eb6f909c92e37070054b6c4012a37f66	"It's not my fault that I'm dying
5ca7394f8abc4302a6638b901ef235f6b1098c77	Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky biography
3952e0d7a9ff600b93da677a8332af523260b26b	Cinema and theater Sports Writers Art Music Science Business State Religion
c6461f1e3555d89ab74a277d62f2a3d1b4eca093	Zodiac Signs
125aaafda1886f85c6268dd2b330c3b5b19bb8ee	4.2 1 2 3 4 5
b0f945d0f3447a3226568c0513a14c33e3aa0020	Famous: Poet, Playwright, Screenwriter, Film Director, Actor, Artist, Editor
2b0bcd4d94a4274c533762615ef61f932b83fc58	Country: USSR, Russia
64fce03df42043a62c8c7133a8c994e0ce161728	Category: Cinema and Theater, Writers
41327deba1fa247ee3613c6b5186c56efde146f0	Zodiac Sign: Cancer
56ffded38e5f5ce738bdb0597cdbfeac0d217168	Date of birth: July 19, 1893.
4af402aa1504509cfc8e6062de7a360c7c9578a8	Date of death: April 14, 1930.
45d58cd963caa55328a52edb219a80ea60fc3d8c	Biography added: May 14, 2013.
4c7d94e63b52d43174d97f0b6b0b88ee8956fcd1	Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky 7 (19) July 1893, p.
b040cdf75473cdca6a517872cb75ff1316199caa	Baghdadi of the Kutaisi province — April 14, 1930, Moscow, Russian poet, one of the brightest representatives of the avant garde art of the 1910s and 1920s.
a143260b59eb08179c1a0ff2b27e8acc971fc7d6	In the pre revolutionary work of Vladimir Mayakovsky, the confession of a poet who perceives reality as an apocalypse is forced to a scream (the tragedy "Vladimir Mayakovsky", 1914; the poems "Cloud in pants", 1915; "Flute spine", 1916; " Man " 1916-1917).
fad8e4d169a28bf16a31e55ba5907e4c449de1ec	I loved it.
c9876d35dea2c4c4c90143a3f52cc4e40bfce863	It's not worth rummaging through the old one.
70e25f0f4beea127e66440a4be88c5018e2b50f7	Mayakovsky Vladimir Vladimirovich
3d2d0528d8e94480f685c442a6809b20726a535d	Family.
282adb82b1c982dcbfb681189b5c5de28b8478cf	Study.
a3bd7be2b644776a2a244359fea933cb35e4f206	Revolutionary activity
6b5cd22b76d08b0b700c6a4bb0bb879ba8ece282	Vladimir Mayakovsky was born into a noble family.
cc1d6f194d2deb3eaa8542d3157570d2dc45ddc7	Mayakovsky's father served as a forester in the Caucasus; after his death (1906), the family lived in Moscow.
c6e386de23a79797f3db88ac69274679cad01f62	Mayakovsky studied at the classical gymnasium in Kutaisi (1901-1906), then at the 5th Moscow Gymnasium (1906-1908), from where he was expelled for non payment.
01b3260985f42f3cd554400b85008cfedb90fc5b	Vladimir Mayakovsky's further education was artistic: he studied in the preparatory class of the Stroganov School (1908), in the studios of artists S. Y. Zhukovsky and P. I. Kelin, in the figure class of the School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture (1911-1914, expelled for participating in scandalous performances of futurists).
a97b509003d25f8176454b2789c4c8952db41e2a	Back in 1905 in Kutaisi, Vladimir Mayakovsky took part in gymnasium and student demonstrations, in 1908, having joined the RSDLP, he led propaganda among Moscow workers.
f0f24272f47b63658c9882568be046b0548d7f72	He was arrested several times, and in 1909 spent 11 months in Butyrskaya prison.
26631c5e873cc715fe713722e0e676a972b08f73	He called the time of his imprisonment the beginning of his poetic activity; the poems he had written were taken away from him before his release.
23aaae3e2f20cfa572865a399f2fd4802d9501db	Long live — again!
cdf9fc15cdd5385c8782b1184a6ee1e867f05858	- my madness!
65109104f53dbffd5954624bae181415fcac8f07	Vladimir Mayakovsky and Futurism
78ce85daa90c395b7279dfa6438d2b2eed2dc3b7	In 1911, Mayakovsky formed a friendship with the artist and poet D. D. Burlyuk, who in 1912 organized the literary and artistic group of futurists "Gilea".
798149bfbf6eff0b1961e88780ed0861d1a20271	Since 1912, Vladimir Mayakovsky has constantly participated in debates about new art, exhibitions and evenings held by the radical associations of avant garde artists "Jack of Diamonds" and "Union of Youth".
dc7d362d5ffe354d95b23230279d13938aec86a7	Mayakovsky's poetry has always maintained a connection with the visual arts, primarily in the very form of writing poems (a column, later a "ladder"), which assumed an additional, purely visual, impression produced by a poetic page.
486a4692e5f80ef4c210b11e18b8eb6de5c0002a	Mayakovsky's poems were first published in 1912 in the almanac of the Gilea group "Slap in the Face to Public Taste", where a manifesto was also placed, signed by Mayakovsky, Velemir Khlebnikov, A. E. Kruchenykh and Burlyuk, which in a deliberately shocking form declared a break with the traditions of Russian classics, the need to create a new language of literature corresponding to the era.
27c6e0011fd1a49022c1dfa3749b6200d9ed8c5a	The embodiment of the ideas of Mayakovsky and his like minded Futurists about the purpose and forms of new art was the production of his poetic tragedy "Vladimir Mayakovsky" at the St. Petersburg theater "Luna Park" in 1913 (published in 1914).
f24716f70b271d8d86b7cd22f2a2b85bb6b5564b	The scenery for it was painted by artists from the" Union of Youth " P. N. Filonov and I. S. Shkolnik, and Vladimir Mayakovsky himself acted as a director and performer of the main role — a poet suffering in a disgusting modern city that has disfigured and corrupted its inhabitants, who, although they elect the poet as their prince, but do not know how to recognize and appreciate the sacrifice he makes.
ff36f3b3e9d0a69bd4188011a8f7aa0892c60686	"The Creator in a burning hymn".
d4eb59c585ede236be8c3621f853e8ec235a24b0	Poetry of the 1910s
aa5476b020e93586cb1e672e04cabae223646a54	Fear screams from the heart,
eedd30a5580279bb3d0a78045bfd0fb674906688	Rushing around in the face, hopeless and boring.
e21cc2afd9519fbce1916a525c053f23cc6592e5	Comes in 1913 Mayakovsky's book of the four poems called "I", his poems appear in the pages of futurist almanacs (1913-1915) "Milk mares", "Dead moon", "Roaring Parnassus", begin to be published in periodicals, published the poem "a Cloud in trousers" (1915) and "backbone Flute" (1916), "War and peace" (1917), a collection of "Simple as Moo" (1916).
5a624fe7cdf389bc1a4f10eeaedf2193e3c9b2be	The poetry of Vladimir Mayakovsky are filled with rebellion against the entire world order — the social contrasts of modern urban civilization, the traditional view is beautiful and the poetry of ideas about the universe, heaven and God.
29ca65eec0c12c593f9ea171a5a99fee81fb8243	We must snatch joy from the coming days.
36d1e7c52e4b2dcbc63ca93249e4d053fcbd553a	Many of the poet's works are associated with the name Brik, the intimate intonation colors the letters of Mayakovsky addressed to her.
182081115313e5cd8b2d417dc9a5a27829ff7bab	Declaring in the 1920s that "now is not the time for love affairs", the poet nevertheless remains faithful to the theme (lyrical poems, the poem "About It", 1923), which reaches a tragically heart rending sound in the last lines of Mayakovsky — in the unfinished introduction to the poem "At the Top of his Voice" (1930).
f86aa99eb54b58f5c4177e40a92302e9a971858c	There are no perfect families, all families are bursting, there can only be perfect love.
655197f52e721bc45004931e32f41f8e7e7ecb6a	And you canot establish love by any "must", by any "canot" - only by free competition with the whole world.
7e79bf0fdf5c9a09359cb2691548dbff81e2e256	"I want to be understood by my country"
556a54b1a450a48b6e7188570ff36781bc9a962a	The revolution was accepted by Mayakovsky as the realization of retribution for all those offended in the former world, as a path to an earthly paradise.
f9d81d49d0b7eb3ee253c38b341ef6a8a7273952	Vladimir Mayakovsky asserts the position of Futurists in art as a direct analogy of the theory and practice of the Bolsheviks and the proletariat in history and politics.
4e172ebdc9499ac8c8b749c5211614b49953ef3c	Mayakovsky organized in 1918 a group of "Kompot" (Communist futurism), actively participates in the newspaper "Art commune" in 1923 creates a "Left front of the arts" (LEF), which included his like — minded writers and artists, publishes magazines "LEF" (1923-1925) and "New LEF" (1927-1928).
41447396a624b614d4134cc4071a61a0e18f7857	Trying to use all the artistic tools to support the new state, promotion of new values, Mayakovsky writes topical satire, poetry and limericks for campaign posters ("Windows of GROWTH", 1918-1921).
ef3e9291b763e93ddc6af04287e7bbc13d2382c2	Rudeness, clarity, directness, his poetic style, the ability to transform design elements of book and journal page in an efficient, expressive means of poetry all this has ensured the success of "ringing the power of the poet", dedicated wholly to the service of the interests of "attacking class."
393b6e7cbcaf10062d509e3d420cdc714dd5a697	The embodiment of Mayakovsky's position of these years were his poems "150 000 000" (1921), "Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" (1924), "Good!"
9f95d209126a962d292e947ce90341b322b93266	(1927).
678073bcc47d576ec960ca4998d2ecbdb98de3cb	The sun would have faded, having seen our souls golden placers.
ae6dad612d70a035a631d56b4b1ad0688f3083c6	The internal conflict with the surrounding reality of the coming "bronze" Soviet century undoubtedly turned out to be among the most important stimuli that pushed the poet to the last rebellion against the laws of the world order — suicide on April 14, 1930.
f1681a5cf2e7bf908e6bbbf5875cae01f0003f8e	You will also be interested in:
77690713b95823b298486f34becd28c9fe07177b	Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky you couldnot recognize Me right now: a wiry hulk is moaning, writhing.
e0a5d1477f13a1f3a33e450e05d17c5f78daf75e	What can such a block want?
5ace492271c680361145349527fda436bffb01d1	And the block wants a lot!
98006fa6995eb5605af648d58e1ea08a62ac8ed6	We live trapped by an iron oath.
76f166b7b9732a6409f8f9f812d26713dd0f752c	For her — on the cross, and scratch the bullet: this is to live in a world without Russians, without Latvians, as a single human hostel.
346f9592ea7f86721c5a631f0bbedfbdd9207048	Explanation of the quote: 1926.
3181d1ac7272d038304f3a8bd7a41c6e0ed0955d	Brooches shine... on you!
f50663350fd94517af3d76fe58eb267c417a41d6	- from a half naked dress.
8a76b8f1bc27008ebf18e9a57adddd2cea510b60	Oh, for such a dress, yes, even if ... a head.
833fcc8a04d698f873b5886db2ace77a80f241c4	Explanation of the quote: 1929.
ddb0f34749de6b2c2975bf4000daed6952882c9b	In undressed shamelessness, in fearful trembling, but give your lips an unfaded charm: I have never lived to May with my heart, and in my life there is only the hundredth April.
65f4197e5a159efe46f523536bc1f27dd4ca7442	It's already crazy.
68955c5877d946cb492b52ff53e992956d67ca8f	Nothing will happen.
d62f757bd4c527ca88f34c087e21e55fe9cd12c7	The night will come, eat and eat.
fee068703b9c4266a11abbf95f9011c2dfc39adf	All quotes by Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky Number of views: 4681
2665ac9c661b5c08a1ff905b79f461e03e8bd529	© 2012-2017 PersonBio.com -Biographies of famous and famous people.
6892ad237e4069b02ca2d6a8c384ddaf30a60528	Select a country:
c951ec00f123510a00d1e3d9539b11b4631d4096	Ukraine
19cc75d45656e813eafcf7e6276fd64c2875b79d	Mayakovsky Vladimir Vladimirovich biography | / Mayakovsky Vladimir Poems
55d0ade74760422f6b51348431600543a24ad5ce	To select the poet...
01b6400fdac53e5ddaafbbfba0c8c0fbeb0dcd09	Aliger Margarita Annensky, Innokenty Pavel Antokolsky Mikhail Ancharov Aleksey Apukhtin Eduard Asadov Aseev Nicholas Bella Akhmadulina Akhmatova Anna Bagritsky Vsevolod Eduard Bagritsky Baltrusaitis Jurgis Balmont, Konstantin Baratynsky Evgeny Barto Agniya Batyushkov Konstantin Poor Damian White, Andrey Vladimir Benediktov Bergholz, Olga Bestuzhev Alexander Blok Aleksandr Bokov Victor Brodsky, Joseph Bruce Valeri Bunin Ivan Burliuk David Vanshenkin Konstantin Vasilyev Pavel Alexander Vvedensky Venevitinov Dmitry Vinokurov Evgeny Voznesensky Andrey Voloshin Maximilian Vysotsky Vladimir Vyazemsky, Pyotr Gabriac Cherubina de Galina Galina Gamzatov Rasul Gerasimov Mikhail Gippius, Zinaida, Nikolai Glazkov Glinka Fedor Cherkasov Nikolay Goncharov Victor Gorodetsky, Sergey Maxim Gorky Griboyedov, Aleksandr Grigoryev, Apollon Gudzenko Simon Gumilyov Nikolay Davydov Denis Delvig Anton Dementiev Andrey Derzhavin, Gavrila Yevgeny Dolmatovsky Yulia Drunina Dudin Mikhail Yevgeny Yevtushenko Yesenin Sergei Zhemchuzhnikov Alexey Zhigulin Anatoly Zhukovsky Vasily Z Nikolay Zenkevich Mikhail Ivanov Vyacheslav Ivanov Georgi Ivnev Rurik Inber Faith Mikhail Isakovsky Rimma Kazakova Casinos Vasily Vasily Kapnist Karamzin Nikolay Kedrin Dmitriy Kirsanov Semen Klychkov Sergey Klyuev Nicholas Kogan Pavel Kozlov Ivan Koltsov, Alexey Kochetkov Naum Korzhavin Alexander Krapivin Vladislav Kryvyn Felix Twisted Alexey Krylov Ivan Kuzmin Mikhail Kulchitsky Mikhail Kurochkin Basil Kushner Alexander Wilhelm Kuchelbecker Lebedev Kumach Vasily Levitansky Yuri Lermontov Mikhail Lomonosov Mikhail Mirra Lokhvitskaya Lugovskoy, Vladimir Maikov Apollo Osip Mandelstam Martynov Leonid Marshak, Samuel Novella Matveeva Vladimir Mayakovsky, Alexander Mezhirov Mei Leo Merezhkovsky Dmitry Mikhalkov Sergey Yunna Moritz Myatlev Ivan Nabokov, Vladimir Semyon Nadson Narovchatov Sergey Nekrasov Nikolai Nikitin Ivan Obradovic Sergey Ogaryov Nicholas Alexander Odoevsky Odoevtseva Irina Lev Ozerov Bulat Okudzhava Oleinikov, Nikolai Orlov Sergey Nikolay Otrada Lev Oshanin Pavlova Carolina Sophia Parnok Pasternak Boris Petrov, Maria Alexei Pleshcheyev Podalkov Sergey Polezhaev, Alexander Yakov Polonsky Boris Poplavsky Prutkov Kozma Pushkin Alexander R. K. Radishchev Alexander Raevskiy Vladimir Rzhevsky Alexey Christmas Vsevolod Rozhdestvensky Robert Evdokiya Rostopchina Rubtsov Nikolai Kondraty Ryleev David Samoilov Mikhail Svetlov Northerner Igor Ilya Selvinsky Simonov Konstantin Slutsky Boris Sluchevsky, Konstantin Smelyakov Yaroslav Smolensk Boris Solovyov Vladimir Sologub Fedor Solouhin Sumarokov Alexander Surkov Alexey Sukharev Dmitry Tarkovsky Arseny Twardowski Alexander Tikhonov Nikolai Tolstoy Aleksey Vasily Trediakovsky Turgenev Ivan Tushnov Veronica Taffy Tyutchev Fedor Utkin Joseph Vasiliy Fedorov Afanasy FET Fofanov Konstantin Kharms Daniil Khlebnikov Velimir Khodasevich Vladislav Tsvetaeva Marina Black Alexander Boris Chichibabin Chukovsky Korney Shalamov Varlam Shershenevich Vadim Vadim Shefner Gennady Shpalikov Schipachev Stepan Ilya Ehrenburg Languages Nicholas Alexander Yashin
9f0c8f06d42e14db2c42091857f9366b6d454415	Choose another verse... but still, could you?
1576320fc0ba34c83794fd2f3ad44820c85ad5bf	American Russians Atlantic Ocean Broadway Brooklyn Bridge to you!
3920219a30d4682f597ba0c964c35949fcbdcefa	Verlaine and Cezanne Grafters At the top of their voices Naval love That's how I became a dog Signage Conclusion Heine like Anthem to health City (One Paris...) Cheap sale of Food.
362c43dea92ec5672c24afbd89fdd6462ef7cd85	From the cycle Paris From the "Bureaucratiada" Spain Kazan Clerical habits For everything Jacket veil Crimea Left march Lilichka!
bfdd2cae0b12c8f8236e26f887e2f354dccca836	Does he love you? doesnot like it?
20818d57ed0c5e28e631ed9d92edc7ee6477e9ea	I'm wringing my hands...
b7789ab1e554daa82f814b5d6e85d45c8d888d2f	I love Love (The world is overgrown with flowers again...) Mexico - New York Shallow philosophy in deep places Scum Tired of Nate!
7a105f9944871e0f2d98d8d4348f04867dde130e	An extraordinary adventure They donot understand anything About the Night About 'fiascas`,' apogees` and other unknown things About trash A cloud in your pants From fatigue Attitude to the young lady A letter to Tatyana Yakovleva A letter to Comrade Kostrov Suck Up Listen!
7d3ed02833e1d8af79ebce654d120aeea431f435	The order for the Army of art Prozasedavshie Farewell (Usually we say...) Parting Conversation at Odessa Harbor landing craft the conversation with the financial officer of the poetry of Russia Itself, the beloved Sergei Yesenin Tale of little red riding Hood the Violin and a little nervous Gossip Poems about the difference in flavors, the scammers Poem about a butcher, about a woman...
9f18c62b9038375e6a1cfa8f3e1aa8308928bbea	Pillar Tamara and the Demon Comrade Ivanov to Comrade Nette, a steamboat and a man Tropics Tuchkin things You Horrifying familiarity Universal answer Flute spine Good attitude towards horses Christopher Colombes four hack Hey!
f69343a99c89a3c04b1ad678ed8f7ec96515e46d	Jubilee I (bridge...) I know the power of words, I know the words of the alarm ...
c158b1cd4d30a8b9f7a2fbee6dd5cecbbb16db16	I and Napoleon I am happy!
debdc39e17b573f72dc4f4cd453fe7d1613f9259	Mayakovsky Vladimir Vladimirovich biography Choose another biography...
06a6b864c1ad52227414f0400c5c7c72988783bf	Autobiography in the work "I myself” - V. Mayakovsky BIBLIOGRAPHY of V. Mayakovsky Mayakovsky Vladimir Vladimirovich biography Perpetuation of memory
3ef9660a6f27535f707d3cddef478514f4d209d3	Mayakovsky Vladimir Vladimirovich biography
3714f23ab25f6f3bc17e420c574d589fa6ea7747	Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky (July 7 [19], 1893, Bagdati, Kutaisi province[1] - April 14, 1930, Moscow) was a Russian Soviet poet, one of the greatest poets of the XX century[3][4][5].
53c2de2d09cbdfd49e998fe7a94498fe7cf5beb0	Biography
911e372ecb61fc99ab9c217bbd13caf1b3fd54f0	He was fluent in Georgian.
dfa150aa451f5954052558dfc7f7030357004123	In July of the same year, Mayakovsky, along with his mother and sisters, moved to Moscow, where he entered the IV class of the 5th Classical Gymnasium (now Moscow School No. 91 on Povarskaya Street), where he studied in the same class with B. L. Pasternak's brother Shura.
824e25a49a9e45f7922852d353723ddbaf20e53a	The family lived in poverty.
6b2768fc86d9d218edf17f5308a1357eb1bf7bcc	And then I would have printed it!
9008e14988a685d87a3d6b1b6d52ebdf638635a8	" — "I myself" (1922-1928)
91d02f12870cc1393bf8754f1d0112a8df5de7c0	On November 30, 1912, Mayakovsky's first public performance took place in the "Stray Dog"artistic basement.
e169a844c4ca063d245d24dc3ba89e537cfd0e12	In the evening of the same day, at the Mailov Brothers Theater, Mayakovsky read a report on futurism, illustrating it with poems.
892c0d19aeadd813eda23ee37d9ae35b9fdf724d	In 1915-1917, Mayakovsky, under the patronage of M. Gorky, served in Petrograd in an automobile Training School.
1e69b9c68651fa3dd19600d2c3ddf63498489a03	An appeal to satire.
367603a73b2f413dfd291f327e665651c9fe8ee1	The cycle "Hymns" for the magazine "New Satyricon" (1915).
adea03f4f8b4f81bb6a52fc5b0820df9c3f0d459	In 1916, the first large collection "Simple as a lowing" was published. 1917 - " Revolution.
3697d5af26bf788daadfc88b4d8fcce785c0f3e4	Poetochronika".
c014bc6887fbb028638c1648d34fc41038947cc2	Mayakovsky mentioned the "leader of the peoples" himself only twice in his poems.
ac12a0fdeb3f3b076a296729915c56adbb08b30b	From February 17 to 24, 1926, Mayakovsky visited Baku, performed in opera and drama theaters, in front of oil workers in Balakhany.
f9953f499fac1d1e0f46430ec1dfb0963c11284a	Many researchers of Mayakovsky's creative development liken his poetic life to a five act action with a prologue and an epilogue.
2246ab822d61babfd6c68d7afb43b413da08c1b6	In 1930, he organized an exhibition dedicated to the 20th anniversary of his work, but he was hindered in every possible way, and none of the writers and state leaders visited the exhibition itself.
13bb801dab2ea9b41c2200dcc046403e8132c930	In the spring of 1930, a grandiose performance of "Moscow is Burning" based on Mayakovsky's play was being prepared at the Circus on Tsvetnoy Boulevard, the dress rehearsal was scheduled for April 21, but the poet did not live to see it.
fb8ae1a7015d7af9ba895fc5cb9e27345bb5deda	For advertising and agitation activities, the poet was criticized by B. Pasternak, V. Kataev and M. Svetlov.
62d8908ea12aebae05e3469b5c5e30660b74c85a	Autobiography in the work “I myself”
6cd9176551bc3f8e687611f48c917cbdd7eaf66e	Personal life
41d1cdc11a5cd0b4ce0d1c8af913d837303fc61a	At the end of July, Sister Lily Elsa, who had a superficial affair with the poet, brought Mayakovsky, who had recently arrived from Finland, to the Briks ' Petrograd apartment at 7 Zhukovsky Street.
393ac8390a254f4237afd0333397ddba97026644	The Briks, people far from literature, were engaged in entrepreneurship, having inherited a small but profitable coral business from their parents.
8b53fca8c2823c2f0bb4c2b057842753fd6db063	Osip, Lily's husband, published the poem in a small edition in September 1915.
0636512674ec3fc0f4235ef5f80ef846a7f5244d	The Brikov apartment on Zhukovsky Street becomes a bohemian salon, which was visited not only by futurists, but also by M. Kuzmin, M. Gorky, V. Shklovsky, R. Yakobson, as well as other writers, philologists and artists.
5dc0ce85f2910446016fc6a440090ea63324f265	Since the summer of 1918, Mayakovsky and Briki lived together, the three of them, which quite fit into the popular marriage and love concept after the revolution, known as the"Theory of a glass of water".
7f33074ee65afdb640f4fd004288e06913fb1a8f	In a narrow circle, Lilya Yuryevna allowed herself such statements about Mayakovsky: "Can you imagine, Volodya is so boring, he even arranges scenes of jealousy";
31da32c63a72d014b9f72ba5226b99ef5d7be55b	According to the literary critic K. Karchevsky, these works mark an "irreparable turning point" in the poet's relationship with Lilya Brik, after which they did not return to their former intimacy.
8e0abab16573d39e15b168e515aafa149fe849b1	At the end of 1929, the poet was supposed to come for her, but could not do it because of visa problems.
b51ff66b129a2b6104abcc7927cb7ae6e448bdc7	And so it happened: a year later, Comrade Mauser put an end to their relationship and in the poet's life.
dcf75191c585bfb6059ad203f7ce5630a589a405	Children
e3be3604365d8e68fd2634059d89cae9ee8ead27	* Son Gleb Nikita Antonovich Lavinsky (1921-1986)
a5a3577aa7f23ba60d12250b146e2e829a5e897f	* Daughter Patricia Thompson (Elena Vladimirovna Mayakovskaya) (born 1926)
1334c016190cb0b90508a101bb6a9f527a308db9	Suicide
6614197bc1e65a3aea7c25ca7cae803725451756	He was ill a lot.
4ed8c2a75389deb0a842a947d2ffdf2cc42fb39c	In this room, the tragedy occurred.
fabe8543e5c4895f4af52aca87885c1fea83a764	"I couldnot be late, it angered Vladimir Vladimirovich.
4083c5bbdbd9842d5e8758088836a88945d86f3e	Then his head fell, and he began to turn terribly pale...
598575d11ed10cd3c9fb7a8b9b11156671183b83	People appeared, someone said to me: "Run, meet the ambulance ...
bad5b381c9743d153d8793af90c603b93f6e00f8	I ran out, met him.
2ee6517d7f4fa73a94dddf68d42384c972edd9ec	He died...
12a16cec0e0776d81fb7d406a5c949dd4f930ecb	" - Veronika Polonskaya.
b0be98c513ea9f6bb9a15d3fa7f5e11a9b40ccf6	The poet calls Lilya Brik (as well as Veronika Polonskaya), his mother and sisters members of his family and asks them to transfer all the poems and archives to the Briks.
ef90f67dff9dd711f3dfcb6f13e35dd6b46115d5	The poet was cremated in the first Moscow crematorium opened three years earlier in the Donskoy Monastery.
42e3fd6f12d3cedd7cd6b7cccd58ce6f40bb4eac	Initially, the ashes were located in the columbarium of the New Don Cemetery, but as a result of the persistent actions of Lilia Brik and the elder sister of the poet Lyudmila, the urn with the ashes of Mayakovsky was moved on May 22, 1952 and buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery.
e13e0554f557ba882751e261b5a60777b337bea6	Creation
4a5e46f958dcb3ce1a50258444830b49240dba5a	The first poetic experiments related to the theory and practice of a group of cubo futurists, which attracted him by protesting against the foundations of bourgeois society, date back to 1912.
5ce3236d249ac222f8baaa0df72b5c9339f731da	But if the anti aestheticism of the Futurists was manifested mainly in the field of “pure” form, then Mayakovsky perceived it in his own way, as an approach to solving the problem of creating a new democratic poetic language.
7868be11ce4ab2c4d78ebf8da5ba55d07691386f	He will say this in the revolutionary poem "The Cloud in the Pants” (1915):" ...
873588f7a6b5517d13969147266ad900ead563fd	The street writhes without language – it has nothing to shout and talk with.”
1df6ca1db6e8de8502acaa879e5b2b27e4274bd2	Mayakovsky's work did not fit into the framework of futurism in its public sound, which was especially manifested in the tragedy “Vladimir Mayakovsky” (staged in 1913).
9282c82fb5fd567f779c05b087ef753e5e12fac1	The pathos of the tragedy is in protest against the institutions of bourgeois society, against the power of “soulless things”.
d79f8988ee2c195bcd8994f4d44de2357c4ef38e	The tragedy ultimately goes back to the moods of the masses, outraged by the injustice of the world, but not yet realizing their strength.
e6d2dbad2b5a611388ccb1f00e9ddbdfd7c306d3	The pathos of denying bourgeois reality is also felt in the poet's early poems ("The Hell of the City”," Here!").
5ff48e15c1270a2704cefabf29cc67ccc6a507ee	For participating in public literary performances of futurists, Mayakovsky was expelled from the school (1914).
e2b3fae6dffe8b5d768a35b11719ee266636ebd5	The beginning of the 1st World War of 1914-18 was reflected in his work ambiguously: in the article "Civilian shrapnel” (November 1914), he wrote that" today we need hymns...", but in the verses "War is declared” (July 1914) and" Mother and the evening killed by the Germans” (November 1914), his aversion to the war, to its bloody nonsense, was manifested.
4387618d2c6481e6f2f950eb10204de53c96593c	In the poems published in the magazine “New Satyricon " ("Gim n to the judge”, "Hymn to the Scientist”, "Hymn to the bribe"), Mayakovsky pays sarcastic " praise” to the abominations of life, in which honest work, a clear conscience and high art become the subject of blasphemy.
c9fca580c7bfd4ddd646ad7a7c3cba738032971a	A new stage was the poem "The Cloud in the pants".
f70346e912cb4ff6e90cddbd6dc5396e78741c95	""Down with your love”," down with your art”,” down with your system“,” down with your religion” – four cries of four parts, “ – this is how the poet himself characterized the main socio aesthetic orientation of”Clouds".
11abb9cf5a8cf83b32021a4e997909b7aec3ecd4	The poem reflected the growing strength of millions who spontaneously rise up against capitalism and realize their path in the struggle.
4b07c4cf9d11e6bb6abffb4ced41a7f1efe840f5	The main pathos of Mayakovsky's pre October poems - "The Flute Spine" (1916), "War and Peace “(a separate edition – 1917),”Man" (1916-17, published in 1918) – was a protest against bourgeois relations that crippled the true nature of Man.
2cc606a8e0aa7f76169d59f23b06548e16ab7bde	This brought the poet closer to M. Gorky, who, distinguishing him from the futurists, attracted him to participate in the magazine “Chronicle”.
aca8a1f9bb24861a9814d1cc1a1752fb6dc17a4a	Having joyfully met the October Revolution, Mayakovsky defined his position: "My revolution.
a9b730f002a065a6470560f0915d9b07a378dc04	I went to Smolny.
bbe7b3096004f86651d1dee1064dc2fd2a2b6852	Worked.
edab7a079eac4fba0710b3aa3e3568321a9e663e	Everything I had to do.”
8e8a7a3d1bf88a797f292d6b53f50f0c47a34838	The poet sought to aesthetically comprehend the "stunning facts" of the new socialist reality.
922f18fe7b33c1139dae01e144549fcc8b719147	Until October, Mayakovsky did not have a clear social perspective.
89c54c21d5745e791dfce6b2e692f9ce37e958a0	Some dogmas of the futurist group left an imprint on the peculiarities of the form of his poems and on the system of socio aesthetic views.
37d92fc697253146f95e653b3ddff3db58d79633	After October, Mayakovsky's work acquires a new socio aesthetic coloring, due to the struggle for the ideals of communism (both in a positive and satirical sense).
f475016f63dc5d169c474ab68c4880ce99437ea0	This was already reflected in the play “Mystery Buff "(1918, 2nd version, 1921) – " ... a heroic, epic and satirical depiction of our era”, the first Soviet play on a modern theme.
6a906be952923082053cc4387f266635cfe8b508	Asserting the greatness and heroism of ordinary people, Mayakovsky exposed the creative impotence of the bourgeoisie; only the “unclean” with their moral purity and class solidarity can build the “ark” of the new world.
b15e34c7e1248f64709fd8c3b9f2f811f57b3eb5	In "The Left March" (1918), a kind of anthem of proletarian power and purposefulness, the poet called for a fight against the enemies of the revolution.
82de6be617f9402eefaae02fbe7f78234b9c692f	But Mayakovsky's aesthetic palette was multicolored: in the poem "A Good attitude to Horses" (1918), he advocated the richness of emotions of a new person, who should be able to sympathize with all living things, all defenseless.
db4c2622bdb5eb4f6deb3c84193b357137699df2	The humanistic orientation of Mayakovsky's poetry acquired a new social quality.
6ba25900a41ca73f1d480ddbba14caeabab61d02	The poem "150,000,000" (1919-20, 1st edition without the author's name, 1921) asserted the leading role of the Russian people as a herald of the socialist revolution.
ad8e5d71920c9e822b02b7947be6a2c75f2833a9	During these years, Mayakovsky began to pave the way to a truly democratic art, consonant with the mood of the masses.
4939807c074d165fb51cb884c19f60c28553900b	After moving to Moscow in March 1919, he worked in the "Windows of GROWTH “ - he draws posters with poetic texts of an agitation nature (about 1100”windows" were created in 3 years).
617375828e0dea5fc8c355dca0256cef3691ceb5	In these posters, as well as in Mayakovsky's industrial and book graphics of the 20s, his talent and experience as an artist, his catchy laconic manner were especially clearly manifested (Mayakovsky turned to fine art since the 10s; his numerous portrait sketches, sketches of splints, theatrical works have been preserved).
03539f35595532818a34c505f3e853d0b534bd37	This activity of the " poet of the worker”, who gave his pen and brush to the needs of the revolution, was deeply organic for Mayakovsky, corresponded to his aesthetic concept of the invasion of art into reality.
bdfaac1d82cbbdbd176d81a49fae2327a1d54136	In Mayakovsky's poetry of the 20s, a lyrical hero of a new type appears: he does not separate his intimate world from the big world of social storms, does not think of the intimate outside of the social – “I Love” (1922), “About this” (1923), “A Letter to Tatyana Yakovleva” (1928) and others.
8ddc9ae7ddb0f0cf9c3324fd221ba829dc0b181e	As a result of Mayakovsky's trips to capitalist countries (USA, Germany, France, Cuba and others) the cycles of poems “Paris” (1924-25) and “Poems about America” (1925-26) appear.
ea5669ecb30cc4636addd4feb3f0b88c591de72e	Mayakovsky acted as a representative of the young socialist state, challenging the bourgeois system
659b1663a433d47583d8cb0caab5792c311aacd2	The pathos of namelessness (”I sing millions") in the poet's work gave way to a more harmonious concept of personality.
7a6155fe3f3f766a92ac3568841d482d5fcd9929	Like M. Gorky, Mayakovsky stands at the origins of the Soviet Leninianism.
b5023b69a2cef0bcb7b72ad97b9fc07853c05472	In the poem “Vladimir Ilyich Lenin” (1924), the activity of the leader of the proletarian revolution is artistically recreated against a broad historical background.
3e3b064799ad97ecb35d23d7807ccb967fc36ee5	Mayakovsky realized the great importance of Lenin's personality – "the most humane person”," the organizer of the victory” of the proletariat.
052831ab877d850ff1b338be16d2ef3266be14cf	The poem was a hymn to the "attacking class" – the proletariat and its party.
f788abe1ecb2908cf177437806c3b91d43ad0d3d	Feeling himself “ ... a soldier in the ranks of a billion " (ibid., volume 7, 1958, p. 166), Mayakovsky considered the aspiration to the communist future as a criterion for all creative activity, including poetic.
86289d9d5a367d5c8c10f3b9c151705c773de2fd	“ ... A great feeling named class " was the main driving force of Mayakovsky's creativity of the Soviet time.
df727c93bdf451387bbeda7559f16c359a204bb4	A.V. Lunacharsky called the poem “Good!”
cbae300e3cc7d92870b1ff82eb33a5a8e4573eaa	(1927) " The October Revolution cast in bronze”;
69e515ff0e91c0b5ed29ee39f2dc3cdc608b4cff	Mayakovsky sang here the " spring of humanity” – his socialist fatherland.
aacc08a51767663e2058ab8ea3e4b0e98fc04dad	Along with Gorky, Mayakovsky became the founder of socialist realism in Soviet literature.
dab7504034f8eea8169ea1a906a1ef55ce2e5eff	During these years, Mayakovsky created such lyrical masterpieces as” To Comrade Netta, to the Steamship and to the Man“,” To Sergei Yesenin “(both 1926),” Poems about the Soviet Passport " (1929) and others.
a9ad0b6112f6a2d61dc991085609c6859d09ce86	Mayakovsky's lyricism is comprehensive – it expressed the unprecedented spiritual growth of a person of the new society.
7b934a0df36d4a18c83e3b9dd9f31d8b49da6ba9	Mayakovsky is a lyricist, a tribune, a satirist a poet of a huge, "solid heart".
d0df64c20352b97e8e3a4c6bc2e8846ffc0d86ae	The belief in the triumph of communist ideals is combined in his poems with an irreconcilability to everything that prevents” rushing into tomorrow, forward”.
01b785e57623923d99c084fda9b624172a3365c8	Mayakovsky's speech against bureaucracy and parliamentary fuss in the poem “Prozasedavshiesya” (1922) caused a great " pleasure” Lenin.
cc5d3b4bb4e5b9e3a920c66d19ae4120cacefc9f	Inspired by the approval of the leader of the revolution, Mayakovsky, and later denounced all “the pompadours”, cling to the party and cover their membership card selfish bourgeois insides (“Pompadour”, 1928, “a Conversation with comrade Lenin”, 1929).
da9bda8af74f082ac10efc079ebd1b8cbab80733	In the verses at the end of 20 years, in the plays the Bedbug (1928 set out in 1929) and the Bathhouse (1929 set in 1930) appeared a gallery types, threat of its social mimicry and empty demagoguery.
8393d1b474ab31353ceebf279e2f6c548d74a21e	Mayakovsky's satirical plays, innovative both in content and in form, played a major role in the development of Soviet drama.
1a98f62087fe29d59839d728f3aaf064d2fc9d1e	Mayakovsky created an innovative poetic system that largely determined the development of both Soviet and world poetry; his influence was experienced by Nazim Hikmet, Louis Aragon, Pablo Neruda, I. Becher and others.
4ff373fac5ea77d00669a05b484dba30dfe111f9	Proceeding from his ideological and artistic task, Mayakovsky significantly reformed the Russian verse.
d0ea3256271933b493224f8ef8238a03600aff66	A new type of lyrical hero with his revolutionary attitude to reality contributed to the formation of a new poetics of maximum expressiveness: the whole system of artistic means of the poet is aimed at an extremely dramatized speech expression of the thoughts and feelings of the lyrical hero.
a6232ad1bf024e4498c556d203078caa01d0cb53	This affects the system of graphic designations: increased expressiveness is transmitted both by changes in the framework of traditional spelling and punctuation, and by the introduction of new methods of graphic fixation of the text – “column”, and since 1923 – “ladder”, reflecting pausing.
3c4fde74eb39a08760285383dc75188de74ae215	The desire for maximum expressiveness of the verse runs along different lines: vocabulary and phraseology, rhythmics, intonation, rhymes.
d17f1ac7546b5335c015f95be7cac6a3688bb6d0	Mayakovsky headed the literary group LEF (Left Front of Arts) and later REF (Revolutionary Front of Arts); edited the magazine "LEF “(1923-25) and” New LEF" (1927-28), but came to the conclusion that closed groups hinder the normal creative communication of Soviet writers, and in February 1930 joined the RAPP, which he considered as a mass literary organization.
0a32b03be07ace202ae59a0da89c4c8401e2db2a	The difficult situation of the last years of his personal life and literary struggle led Mayakovsky to depression and suicide.
8eb395145f1904daf1d5fffb5b6d1e4ae7e3ac50	The Poem “At the top of his voice” (1930) is perceived as a poetic testament of Mayakovsky, full of deep inner faith in the triumph of communism.
821da30b132d1e8905f69b93fad13386613c309e	However, later in the works of Mayakovsky began to appear anxious and restless mind, he exposes the flaws and weaknesses of the new system (from the poem "members of the Parliament", 1922, to play "Bath", 1929).
5d3148feb2ac1399392fd0498f78d0920f695c6b	In the poem "At the top of my voice" (1930) - a statement of the sincerity of my path and the hope of being understood in the "communist faraway".
f527467ab0083da71862e4e72316d66f93151244	However, the mysterious obra zom the poem "Bad" disappeared.
385ea257b62430449aa359c3c6eb09c67546f169	Mayakovsky kept all his notebooks.
bc7d0c4615e5ae81c7eb72cf03c09eca17c01b62	His sharply satirical plays "Bedbug" and "Bathhouse"were withdrawn from the repertoire.
38286fdd96353d4560c1665ac02b7a0cbf5140f6	His anniversary portraits were torn out of the already printed magazine by order of the top.
ee98ca0fcf4a66517d568d208584147cbeaa3671	In addition, a strange package with a revolver was received from Lubyanka.
451e2ce09b3fe29ccf151449aff7552730dcbbf7	Perpetuation of memory
f0416059d6d58794251d810b5db0b661f8a6e949	BIBLIOGRAPHY
55ba93b66f74d21f81cf3c8e7c512fe8a3f0eae9	Mayakovsky Vladimir Vladimirovich biography | / Mayakovsky Vladimir Biography
c03fb75de8c626161b3c57dabcf11b7e0213a9d8	Number of words: 5143
c84b8db585aa7a67c0f7196716354fb4d5a2d64b	To the list of poets
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d2a52548bd0852b99153ddd79a1f550f70674c7d	Authors
b4a78b75943b8266b2d3f2857beb8a7da159f1a9	Aliger Margarita
c4c3da9e37de06a34907499f5ee13390a808fe5f	Innokenty of Annensky
fde87b0c8386db71b2f4a33e9d74d2b3030eb91a	Pavel Antokolsky
90c6509689b96c18df5f4dbb9da56850624f9a21	Ancharov Mikhail
c85dbedab2f2c5a4b41c0408130d53efbf4ca454	Alexey Apukhtin
780169f2398b7d0b36546f66f35f91de38df3010	Eduard Asadov
5e855c93bb38482f9c54954ba1a64543101ce197	Aseev Nikolay
b0e73289e4c7d5443d176a05f9aa3cca04a38a6b	Akhmadulina Bella
43de35b6d2e8ee8ed10609cd3475b262e68985f5	Anna Akhmatova
c98ca8295e3ae679126392614beb22dff9735c7d	Vsevolod Bagritsky
70db5ff19c65b7e4ef680e6b3d70392f89e99935	Bagritsky Eduard
01399ab064d19558a7aecd47c778bf9af3196e9d	Baltrushaitis Jurgis
cfe7a98b263bb41ee04806065e82777885d644d8	Balmont Konstantin
ab68ed00d76891a31b630db878a00316546eb29a	Evgeny Baratynsky
eb9dac3333cd9ded7ded42180d26776274615553	Barto Agnia
e4b855b8c48f2475e4432a675590cf96da6980aa	Konstantin Batyushkov
345bf18dde3766a4f009c29cfd2086d6f997eac8	Poor Demyan
11f307854bac6d74a53042bf4331942f8cb72875	Bely Andrey
dc237c6f1e3a1ca07ea0d790233de70d6705324e	Vladimir Benediktov
9d7bde286c9a1fac36d5cf6a7a7a62c14f9c5a79	Bergholz Olga
fb0bb6063d0e71e3796f5ce3c4ff85a9e66fca99	Bestuzhev Alexander
7655087d736c40770ccfcd72bbff6b1e3bdef2e6	Alexander Block
ce7b2ec7e462105cea31d54ac6e292fd1438405b	Viktor Bokov
ff15ff8fb635510dd909b323235f8f124a55c9c4	Joseph Brodsky
e0ab217f64b44c0ab15948f141f88384238972d3	Bryusov Valery
eb001e7edd95cbcbadf3e9c15a4aecc9c9b00ec9	Bunin Ivan
a65fd241bb873e1d99e85a4914ca9c1a3941e3da	Burliuk David
a7d438feb3a97dd247ea4925bb469e194f67fb0c	Konstantin Vanshenkin
b390cb9ae11172caabd1c5e4ef750b4ed3b5ee80	Vasiliev Pavel
7a2d0d5b83e218eae0dd487fd8044a52e729287c	Alexander Vvedensky
fb1fa6af390c24a93a327a4133ac2fc646cae0b1	Venevitinov Dmitry
4b0aa4128a17a82f09df9d376fc6a9ca5cb68258	Vinokurov Evgeny
6e71db2426df7d4376a05e6ff0cb1dc48c57f691	Voznesensky Andrey
d4b60a69b8ebbe023c93110a059a7210dcd6b0c6	Maximilian Voloshin
46c7d718ddcaf419eee55d85986c9aaecdabd173	Vladimir Vysotsky
771c433438646b1d43f9b788d888fbe5ebdd1693	Vyazemsky Peter
59480673399c028240458d9223b8fb9aef991734	Gabriak Cherubina de
59d976d55978e924c9a0cba4bb569f92fb20f0d9	Galina Galina
e37e780871bb66692f5dbd91f9b29c027e4ed9e2	Rasul Gamzatov
f0c73dd50aacb2a24500d28d1729c5278711202a	Mikhail Gerasimov
d1e50e1345c25b410a99715f9942a46f029bab55	Hippius Zinaida
aca69b55ca2473fc0d91a8103a8d58de94e4c4ca	Glazkov Nikolay
cc863b170e20258694a1238d121c18e947087b64	Glinka Fyodor
1671192c2e976ef55c8c235a6bc8157f26c71fae	Gnedich Nikolai
a3fbfe135ae8f493a53031e584a477f895c3af10	Viktor Goncharov
e32ca163daf69c74bdef29989b84094b46bf9aea	Gorodetsky Sergey
f553f4a1074b94b62a026cfd877a97faf148c8f7	Maxim Gorky
11833b8aa7724719b9b79f8273d711c53ebce1db	Griboyedov Alexander
dd0535b7d9d9756fe30dbfa7409770d22c634d3e	Grigoriev Apollo
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608fdc5a3f8c8d63e087d4915dfd9b8c3f8503bd	Nikolai Gumilev
9e506c475583f156ef9c8158a60f9f373326b155	Denis Davydov
62b4447b6a3cb698505a2eff092ff7b3299f34f3	Delvig Anton
3d386dbbfd654ed113c02f6a6884b3b81e5e4692	Andrey Dementyev
aa40f62283f0ad92244a1c2b521f33f7cb91d4a7	Derzhavin Gavrila
6d9fc84ce81994842770c6f5b474bd5a4ef37062	Dolmatovsky Evgeny
08d6d71de9c1a84ae981d15b5ec63d1aa6df5760	Yulia Drunina
784691b5fb0f1540c7bd343c4cba50d3f74e3a0c	Mikhail Dudin
272e41a5f0736383b92ade92b1345dc3b1b67684	Yevgeny Yevtushenko
cdd669f2e7e9ccc689f58f68dd7e23b277eb91da	Yesenin Sergey
df48afbb0807ebe748c5afc08fb20d76e72deac7	Alexey Zhemchuzhnikov
c0d98a32f992e3f0a11da6f6d3f701db50777e9e	Anatoly Zhigulin
238435f685fe0c1ed4a7e2ce7133f90a35a0c490	Vasily Zhukovsky
26ebfcf16a603c44f809119e033c4063e969ea47	Nikolai Zabolotsky
4ba10543784816d29391c0230cb9c02ff8d3420b	Mikhail Zenkevich
c65e15bccb2cfcb5d0c500c19c24a4d13cb9a835	Vyacheslav Ivanov
ca89db7f5534c52c76bce0ca13003f76f606dde5	George Ivanov
983ba9682886ac5ebbc9521838d2312f858f309d	Ivnev Rurik
7778a03d05ec0004affffdae5f8a048025600f6b	Inber Vera
97d85fcaec26d4f0e7bbdc8899c692f2ad59e9da	Mikhail Isakovsky
67ec00f44ef4de6d1a9ab50d7b54a49473028582	Kazakova Rimma
19ca3be0b39a2be5cef4b140048cd4fd787b9eb3	Vasily Kazin
ada15e2e11d464872566168bd51d80ee259eadc1	Kapnist Vasily
b854d6d9a4ff7c1d15006a5590d7afcbadc42312	Nikolai Karamzin
3c405a2801121fbaa2969dc1302babb58533b6ac	Dmitry Kedrin
6a47d38431ef097df7b9014d2192350da3a76362	Kirsanov Semyon
857863c121e51f3f678d8199bf569484fee921b8	Sergey Klychkov
6a160597c321eebb1784777af9384bf10c35b361	Nikolay Klyuev
ce2ebff8da181801ae36a6923d42f72d63b7643c	Kogan Pavel
75de2a7c7384fd53b5f1396f8e93cf3d63001ebb	Ivan Kozlov
ec360e09bd6e6ce7061c3f4c721d665c975b8693	Alexey Koltsov
49ca19ad3ca30ec86f647f5d996717e31d0df328	Korzhavin Naum
e332ef479c2af4f5a55655fe0235d774d3c5ec41	Alexander Kochetkov
25f1ed783510268e364bebf9d5b20b0407f6340d	Vladislav Krapivin
149a9a9f84b66777436855ca636669246d31ad93	Krivin Felix
6f168270d2f98b6043f0ac004e32ca6c2b7d054d	Alexey Kruchenykh
d76f2145ff4ce66afa8cde731fa42c63cca8b45c	Ivan Krylov
b76626b5ec4619ade1a20cc68d014f86c3097975	Mikhail Kuzmin
4072fc309cf916d602a2a4b4514e4f448c3f16fd	Mikhail Kulchitsky
c9ca72dea22636018f2b53f2115ad6bd22945b61	Vasily Kurochkin
26503c40e62ddb874a1b17d5ad1ddc9757936a58	Alexander Kushner
635e59f354c495ebe896e3e673665c8dda596373	Kuchelbecker Wilhelm
e542b1e05922d029a1dc9c7813b8230106f766e1	Lebedev Kumach Vasily
75a84b362afd5036de9275e924edd9415dd659fc	Levitansky Yuri
31fd0c7f640afeac55d58c654df5cb308ee4a06f	Mikhail Lermontov
4dfbfc0f208a859f30303bf0fd9619d60955ffca	Mikhail Lomonosov
5fd7c3850d7892aad0cbab8a517b825f7e6dd373	Lokhvitskaya Myrrh
6fb3a133a8dd9d8b8c806c48428d22dcfc293df6	Lugovskoy Vladimir
0554a585d032cece19e296e7703aaa0be47e0579	Mike Apollo
fd62f944169f639516b81374157357845326586f	Mandelstam Osip
a42c9affe87a91a446945aae1c59fb0a874e5b7e	Leonid Martynov
1c6fdd25444743c2255c32049ed35af7b6a0a2ae	Marshak Samuel
4ad69cd3256bd9f5347731c0272a75e86c04b006	Matveeva Novella
2c3bb1c3174a322c42fa088324dd4c70db0fd52c	Mezhirov Alexander
b7f91f8bc54a02abb69a55f339e27b60b8cd48e8	Mei Lev
eced7fc7d29003b355a95a41188297d39085695a	Dmitry Merezhkovsky
0b4f3fd521413232b3970322692bc180618600cf	Mikhalkov Sergey
f87ebb02dd64d5b13ec3bdaa9b90cca8ccb10cea	Moritz Yunna
aa815b4efc8f877e3fd85c477fb9844af6037e18	Ivan Myatlev
d4da275439521da05e0c7e5b76462862f71c76d2	Vladimir Nabokov
135c3b053545dd2cbd8d8f8e88922d7f640a2c09	Nadson Semyon
a197350c4fe3e273caa3bdcb6f5200e24f88bbb6	Sergey Narovchatov
4a6ba2b6cdebdb5ffcaa3db892e85220160a2d3d	Nikolai Nekrasov
642ba7ef7b5950109f9891c05d8bf4bd9c046993	Nikitin Ivan
1cce7b716c2a7ce34e84506c020a928c0122b839	Obradovich Sergey
8e197760e8eb82242c8031852f07fc3fec0ad5b6	Ogarev Nikolay
150cd60c06e4beac2b2792b9e4adb8fd191a987b	Alexander Odoevsky
90b71c7573b5bb01074ea0dfdf442b80303030f5	Irina Odoevtseva
1de960dd8abf70b97ad0abf618c931ceb7c568f8	Ozerov Lev
4ac71b62d16ae83cd083ca67fb9d1d154140eb65	Okudzhava Bulat
e7dbf761ed734881e67239524a9bbcf0d985c334	Nikolay Oleynikov
4031ac6d25664534d319f086455f47a99686aa57	Sergey Orlov
32bf91234ae997197184a96bd66cfa2827a51117	Otrada Nikolai
be50eccf78484c1d4dbffb6e87edbf14708ae909	Oshanin Lev
0874ed5aee49db1bc7c19bc07165957621a0e643	Pavlova Karolina
57051ac86694fcdf90c1e799f1e7053547a02873	Parnok Sofia
8d9147b5add724310b6a13889cb9516af3f96a04	Boris Pasternak
d09c5b5c1b50875d264898638e9ba0cf8a0aa13b	Petrov Maria
711c3d1f277323ee6eb84bec7470acc531701627	Alexey Pleshcheev
b436593e3add8a37a0cb18663a22a58c34ea15d5	Sergey Podelkov
1a371764898a3aa32d50c3b0b649681ee6fd2251	Alexander Polezhaev
0405162aa49a5aedc364c673855e40f349396830	Polonsky Yakov
95e4e81934189d33252d72383b87ae896025eaff	Boris Poplavsky
a671e1c8ea99adb3c715dfd4f64d7c6a7e201503	Kozma Prutkov
614047efad0e6ecb6b49c042f5e9ee15e0c113fb	Alexander Pushkin
1a2eeeeae37a7b521988439f12011432c742c5ee	R. K.
6315cb56c676e407f6f5a5f1dbf1086a5272340b	Alexander Radishchev
5661f49384bde537b484d172493a1b0430a6a77f	Rayevsky Vladimir
d8d8153c7c1b51997a413a1716fd86bd399b8324	Alexey Rzhevsky
ee295a11ec38a6b36d0a6fae9e13c013247b671d	Rozhdestvensky Vsevolod
920ff3ce01ff054bd9747681425fd2f6761322ca	Christmas Robert
428dc087c4c41c4510bd53f2559cf2e7182889e7	Rostopchina Evdokia
a610251762da975675b0a63d98404caa682d9da8	Rubtsov Nikolay
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ca73c3cfd9de89004e9e2c785da0d1a8517624d7	David Samoilov
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99a3c5b6f42ba3ed4a5085bd200a8fffa381e615	/ Biographies / Mayakovsky V. V.
370f7c934e28604ab190908556feeba6c1162996	Mayakovsky V. V.
ad82c93b4ec1c0a9bbeade8c6a882d8eaab368ce	- Option 1
c60e0423f9e99298d00cb13c7b59ad7414885e30	- Option 2
b31efb756f54a3b398049d8f640cceee6865068d	- Option 3
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487d10661148257cb7da8d9ee1c69e652d4c05a9	Download the biography
5b798830496fc9354b42b2ee1c0d1fff480c9501	MAYAKOVSKY, VLADIMIR VLADIMIROVICH, Russian poet (1893-1930).
33442da36ebd725437bd7a8dd020a68d9583cfad	He was born on July 19 (7), 1893 in the village of Bagdadi, Kutaisi province, in the family of a forester.
12570e719ad94a89fc951dd2bed5fe7851317563	Both Mayakovsky's father and mother were hereditary noblemen (My pillar father / nobleman / / the skin on my hands is thin... - About this).
bbc9b8569162efafd991f2a5029fe71dfe5acb19	In 1906, after the sudden death of his father, the Mayakovsky family moved to Moscow.
1ea8932fd74d6e790a6c595ff2cf68bebe730114	In Moscow, Mayakovsky, carried away by the ideas of social democracy, joined the RSDLP in 1908 and took part in underground work.
d1a41a02baefd44fc72e1da4d00954b4f0faf827	This circumstance is also connected with the termination of systematic general education by Mayakovsky, after the 5th grade of the gymnasium.
0627ed2809be15b20c8fc89b19550587cb5862d0	Mayakovsky was arrested three times, but in the end he was released on bail by his mother, after which he left the ranks of the Communist Party and, contrary to popular belief, subsequently did not join it.
f79c418f410f7897d462af802f774ab55dbbc5b2	Through David Burlyuk, who studied there, one of the leaders of the group of futurists "Gilea", Mayakovsky gets acquainted with the world of the Moscow literary and artistic avant garde.
d84dd304c64e74c837124435a48f54803d33ba10	From the end of 1912 the beginning of 1923, Mayakovsky took part in art exhibitions of modern art, performed with the reading of his poems, participated in public performances together with Burlyuk and other members of the Gilea group.
1e627eaf6a0d7eaf7282a00c8350de6e634b25a1	They were typical of many left wing trends in the art of the early 20th century (cf. Italian Futurism, Dada, Surrealism).
6b31bf6114871846571efa34985dfa4e723ce7f7	Mayakovsky, together with Burlyuk, V. Kamensky and other members of the kubofuturist group, actively participates in" futuristic tours " in Russia – collective performances with lectures and poetry readings.
b3b7deaa34b27656119499e933dbbc5b6902c360	The performances had strong elements of theatricalization, shocking (defiant behavior, unusual clothes, makeup).
6f084c4077fc03c40e4cafc5bb2eb0e93b9a8780	In the criticism of the 1910s, associated with the traditionalist ("realistic") trends in literature, it was often said that Mayakovsky was alien to the literary current and the grouping to which he attributed himself, and this was declared one of his main advantages: "Mayakovsky is completely alien to them, he is among them by chance...
17cf67d59631314daea2a76fd67d9203c4033342	"(K.Chukovsky. Egofuturism and cubofuturism); Gorky called Mayakovsky the only poet among all futurists, etc.
b142ed562fa331c7d046e34be9d550b61658820a	In 1914, with the participation of the author, the Mayakovsky tragedy Vladimir Mayakovsky was staged at the St. Petersburg theater "Luna Park", in which the poet played the main role – the poet Vladimir Mayakovsky.
63348ca81939622d5340b28acebbe25b8ae15672	According to Chukovsky's memoirs, "the play should have had a different name, but the censor, to whom Mayakovsky handed over the play, had not yet come up with the title, took the author's name for him and subsequently did not allow him to change it, but the poet was only pleased."
f7f108ed5fbac0404d37eca5cdc60bc01d099130	The original names of the tragedy are the Railway, the Uprising of Things; the motive of the rebellion of things connects it with the poetics of other Russian futurists (Khlebnikov).
1f92647e02def0202f7d61c100e026db0f085fb0	The allegorical characters of the play (an old Man with black dry cats, a man without an eye and a leg, a Man without a head, etc.) are also comparable to the characters of Khlebnikov's plays.
336240214714445a7a80fc043bdd714073e8af26	The play in verse is not well adapted for stage production.
05930a9790da3509b42ea41900a0745af82c44e7	Its first edition develops the traditions of a futuristic book in the field of playing with fonts of various shapes and sizes.
380d94fca1608dfb47ec7c3bc081264efa26aacd	Mayakovsky's initial reaction to the outbreak of the First World War was a desire to join the active army as a volunteer, but he was refused because of political unreliability.
63af2f74eaad3fb2f94dc5b4fd86096e3cc2b174	The so – called "anti war" works of Mayakovsky Mother and the evening killed by the Germans, War is declared, I and Napoleon would be more accurate to call anti German.
d7e1418567f5b2221b6f0927413a1330ff6295be	And in a poem of the same time of Thought in the appeal, war is presented as a means of "hygiene of the world" in the spirit of the Italian Futurists.
7322e97f5deed91603041f2d8b28dfac4078b43a	Subsequently, Mayakovsky collaborated, as an artist and author of texts, with the publishing house "Today's Lubok", which published patriotic splints based on the traditions of Russian folk pictures.
f8899e6c0f2b08b2bca6c27478698f20a76e56a8	The poem The Cloud in the Pants ((1914-1915), the original title is the Thirteenth Apostle) is the largest work of Mayakovsky in the 1910s.
82658a2959d5b7c4941e1e1ce5afcbb964b306fc	In the preface to the 2nd edition in 1918 (the first without censorship exceptions), the author defined the content of the poem as follows: "down with your love, down with your art, down with your system, down with your religion..."
c440571d9c379a77ce59c52b08dae54d6e3ed3b7	Although various motives are not so rigidly distributed in parts of the poem, its hero really feels rejection from everyone and everything – starting with the beloved woman who rejects him for the sake of everyday life, and ending with the higher forces against which he tries to rebel, receiving complete silence in response: Hey, you!
ac16f70a5a44cb5269b6b43f7fdfeee7620a8801	/ Sky!
1e9278b7ca26e09e5eb6dd36c08a3f3143ebbd55	/ Take off your hat!
f4b37c2ccae1f8fde4c5938979dee94e674f779c	/ I'm coming!
b65e241e9b2bb6316ba3de9607b0611c9523459b	/ / Deafly.
0cb56657e9be465a7d7bee5c7a367f64b967fa0c	// The universe sleeps, / putting a huge ear on its paw / with the ticks of the stars.
6321d857d298eb9193684ecd10c143bc0bfdcbce	The poem is characterized by an unexpected, but quite simply organized imagery.
57e683a88db77dc4b34fc8052912718ed185c155	B. Pasternak's review is indicative in this regard: "...I really love Mayakovsky's early lyrics.
866e9c1d6e1a9dd49d4080f7ee89125dea4abf46	Against the background of the clowning of that time, her seriousness, heavy, threatening, complaining, was so unusual.
349e16eb78abf896b7ca6808656eeb5d724ac91c	It was poetry masterfully fashioned, proud, demonic, and at the same time immensely doomed, dying, almost calling for help..."
f6df5a22c476e4c11243297b3e92980066403a11	Mayakovsky pre revolutionary period was actively engaged in the creation of the myth around its own personality, combining the features of the "cursed poet" and Nietzsche's "Superman".
275c4a0535b10e9af033e640ef64febefcfac03d	"Nietzschean" line in the works of early Mayakovsky most clearly represented in the poem a Cloud in trousers (I'm over all that made / put nihil).
3e793cabf3983c995683cb0879677b3c77f83c61	An important role in the poem is played by the image of the lyrical hero identified with the author (Mayakovsky's sisters, comrades in the futurist group are mentioned under their own names in the poem), which, if possible, emphasizes his youth, beauty, physical and mental health: There is not a single gray hair in my soul, / / and there is no childish tenderness in it!
af1e39d30b8af803263b066dd197657deffa7051	//the whole world is huge with the power of the voice, / / I am beautiful, / twenty two year old.
ef54f83dc9fd057df9ed6a487f826d25dcd2f181	The image of the poet Vladimir Mayakovsky acquires a universal scale
fce178b60dffb85b1828c0671b97d3db0f450a0f	(I know- / the nail in my boot // is more terrible than Goethe's fantasy!).
2e32b4bc75ea9015b5fcbc3ba92e752b5d3a2042	But the hero of the poem is not reduced to the cry lipped Zarathustra, the golden mouthed one, " whose every word / gives birth to the soul; it is enough to mention a fragment describing an approaching nervous breakdown (I hear: / quietly, / like a patient from a bed, / a nerve jumped off. /And so, – / at first I walked / barely, / then I ran, / excited, / clear).
75d11facbb6881f9fc528d58b45f81c5b98902b9	Mayakovsky's poems were largely intended for oral recitation.
17a40df44c61067a6359b2df3e5e0d9c9b46032a	His "shocking" works (Nate!, (1913); Vam!, (1915)) were designed just for the author's reading in a traditionalist minded audience, outside of which they could not produce the shock effect implied by the author.
702c8ee474bb3f450300ebffc9ce5df9741be17b	In 1915, Mayakovsky collaborated in the magazine "New Satyricon", where he published a number of satirical and humorous poems
ba50ba394b2456c7bfd5a60951a98dcacf6e8316	(Hymn to the judge, Hymn to the scientist, Hymn to dinner, That's how I became a dog, etc.).
5a1e3fc00daeb4f5abb107aea346bef04a47621b	They are strongly influenced by the imagery and stylistics of the"Satiric poets" (Sasha Cherny, etc.), which was later manifested in the satirical poems of the Mayakovsky Soviet period.
1864e880ebb10619d85d868311977c1e36aa3084	In 1915, Mayakovsky met the family of L. and O. Brikov.
c3a4372f6ced3c11b9a1955038267ed71d30499e	O. Brik financed the publication of the poet's books and the futurist almanac "Took", and L. Brik became the addressee of many poems and poems by Mayakovsky.
76680ec3b1314e7c2ab8b0a4af24fc5f108008fe	In early September 1915, Mayakovsky was called up for military service, but, thanks to the patronage of M. Gorky, he was assigned to the rear Military Automobile School near Petrograd.
b27eb9b2944c845c452125cb1a774ea82e90de7e	During the service, Mayakovsky continued to publish, participate in public speeches.
ce00cd8b938d5d6c9e66a19ee108815fc9f79ebc	Mayakovsky's poems of the 1910s (The Flute Spine (1915), War and Peace (1915-1916), Man (1916-1917)), starting from the situation that was really present in the author's life, continue to work on the creation of the "Mayakovsky myth".
f1f5dcb2d41c467f53891a8b0bc327ac1941ea0b	A new aspect is added to it – a hopeless love for a woman endowed with a name and recognizable features of L. Brik's appearance and biography, who prefers a lyrical hero to a poet a person who can provide her with domestic well being.
5ac5123bd348509359552868b08ba5429cec110c	In the lyrical hero of the Spine Flute, there is no contradiction of the hero of the Cloud in his pants, he, loving, but rejected – is only the suffering side.
77980f12cb8f526c270100199b805e714c93e978	Although he calls God the "Supreme Inquisitor", he does not address him with threats, but only with a request to stop unbearable suffering.
67d0d1fac6dc99e9e6a0ac2257951d20509c258d	The poem War and Peace, in which there is a formal innovation – an introduction to the poetic text of musical notation describes the atrocities of war as a "redemptive drama", a pledge of future harmony, where even the hero of the poem Vladimir Mayakovsky will find happiness with his beloved.
2f526efce46cf1250d7fdb798018f8d1d884501d	The World War is only a projection of dramatic events in the author's inner world.
d8b820f1294a9661e8de53e3663cbe24e30862e3	The narrative in the poem Man is built on the model of the Gospel
1fe7e5eceef5f69a897915ccd55d80ceb8766101	(The Nativity of Mayakovsky, the Life of Mayakovsky, the Passion of Mayakovsky, the Ascension of Mayakovsky, etc.), but a lyrical hero is put in the place of Jesus.
65dba2efa7e872d84945afdd9ab038d161081d9c	Mayakovsky continues to build his myth: returning to earth after thousands of years, Vladimir Mayakovsky, the hero of the poem, discovers that the street where he once lived and "shot himself at the door of his beloved" bears his name.
e8eb3916b0cd069a55c067193029e4826fcad794	The February Revolution, and later the October Revolution, were initially perceived by Mayakovsky rather as an outburst of natural forces (Today a thousand – year old before... - Revolution is collapsing. Poetochronika, 1917).
138eddc5f3792ae8ac200f70919624f3cb6ce565	The poet welcomes not just a social revolution, but the renewal of the entire firmament, the universe as a whole, and therefore art. He hopes that the new government will grant the Futurists exclusive rights in the field of Raphael have you forgotten?
913a0b84e26953ad5de74bfbb0523690a1d56e12	/ / Have you forgotten Rastrelli?
ffa3585cf06e445357928bf1f6017232db93be4b	/ / Time / bullets / on the wall of museums to tinkle.
ce505fbbe02495ad1c54803292851c01e3954934	// Shoot a hundred inch mouthful of old stuff!
0756fb7b6840b9ea4b9de8349940500dcb45d111	(It's too early to rejoice, 1918).
1a1d7100d3d744c38cb87ce1bc83d37497daf01b	The play Mystery Buff was written in 1917-1918 (2nd edition 1921) and staged for the first anniversary of the October Revolution by the author himself (Mayakovsky also participated in the creation of costumes and scenery and performed several roles).
78f31cd6ce64c9f5296da546b7194d2dbae4839f	It again uses biblical stories and imagery, quite transparently correlated with modern events (the flood – the revolution, the promised Land – communism implemented).
b435f88eece3735ca5491645a64903f2d5f15f36	The second edition of the play was heavily revised, allusions to recent political events were introduced into it;
1c04998ab027e0bd2482c3fcd0cfe59ab5a3cda6	Mayakovsky recommended making changes to the text in future productions to make it topical.
b34cf8652ea1709009ada3934328f95d55566ebd	Mayakovsky's experiments in the field of cinema belong to 1918 (three films were shot in total, one was completely preserved – the Young Lady and the Bully; Mayakovsky acted as a screenwriter, director and actor).
d12f13564fb59e0d99a8c5150fa893866bb190df	Subsequently, Mayakovsky repeatedly wrote screenplays, some of which Three, October and December were realized.
5d5fa8561ee1b5ebbb58823ce64347df51c7ba0d	The claims of the futurists, organized around the newspaper "Art of the Commune", to a monopoly position in the art of post revolutionary Russia, despite the patronage of the People's Commissar of Education A. Lunacharsky, were not realized.
33503338a0506bf2388ec1043146d6534f5b03e4	Most of the leadership of the commissariat and other cultural management bodies adhered to more traditional views in the field of art.
64a3468d129e4a48283fc0a83dc024fbe7635116	In the post revolutionary period, Mayakovsky continued to actively participate in literary life – readings, debates, which became the main way of poetry's existence.
d29762e862c39b33f50c6d60c5636b87a8e95a34	The publication of the poem 150,000,000 (1919-1920) was originally conceived as anonymous.
1ebc44fda06bcb5b6f4f123ef50d286a867263ae	The events of the revolution and the war are expressed in the poem in the allegorical form of the confrontation between Ivan, who personifies the one hundred and fifty million people of revolutionary Russia, and US President Woodrow Wilson, the embodiment of the capitalist world.
22d03fc59a6841dd6a2c1cd7b96749604e5052a9	In Soviet critical and philological literature, the poem was often presented as proof of the" folk roots " of Mayakovsky's work; in fact, the origins of its imagery are not so much in folklore as in its official stylizations, in particular, during the First World War.
75fe08af5c7c3e257e3f76288c252eec03d82a5c	Since the beginning of the 1920s, Mayakovsky gradually began to move away from the traditions of futurism; in his later poems, almost only free metrics, compound rhymes and an abundance of occasional phrases remind of them.
af96a3d57273e49e4223d48de2781acd0d0e7636	The poem I love (1922) differs both from the poems of Mayakovsky of the 1910s and from the poem About this by a general optimistic mood.
e9c6f23850500f7395a29b1f73080d71ef61720c	All possible conflicts (including being in prison; for the first time, Mayakovsky tries to introduce communist views and revolutionary beliefs into the mythologized image of the poet Vladimir Mayakovsky as an extremely important detail) are attributed to the past.
7076dabc94168505f8a8847060a3647967fd05eb	Nothing prevents the hero from quenching his thirst for love anymore: My anatomy has gone crazy on me.
fa1599022af67d198b55d1b2989d4f5b9b72701e	// A solid heart - / hums everywhere.
4888730a335b57095c4e5c3f728de256c7d3cf64	Since 1923, almost all of Mayakovsky's works, without exception, have used the technique of graphic organization of verse, with which from that moment the poet's work is associated with most readers – the breakdown of lines into meaningful fragments by the so called "ladder".
0ab5747cbcc23207bcc287ccb4d600a0c5d7e6a0	Mayakovsky himself in the article How to make poems? explains the appearance of the "ladder" by the need to convey the features of intonation, the sound of the verse for the "average" reader, since traditional punctuation is too poor for this.
da0727480b3af489f44f43e2d3b52a0e31bfa3a5	In 1919-1922, Mayakovsky collaborated as an artist and author of texts, and then led a workshop for the production of the so – called "Windows of GROWTH" (Russian Telegraph Agency) - posters intended for hanging in the windows of empty shops and reflecting topical political and military events.
c8e46fb28ba74af34fef6225b6d0634d1d7f2edb	With the arrival of Mayakovsky, the "Windows of GROWTH" acquired a structure resembling a modern comic book: a series of drawings depicting consistently developing events, with short poetic captions.
e1d6d9fe21f1af001daacd175549eacceab78369	Attempts to make the texts more accessible to an illiterate and poorly educated reader led to an appeal to stylization for folklore.
02ee2a2d3facbe067931818ecc84783b34ecbeac	The drawings and texts for the posters were anonymous, and it is not always possible to accurately determine the authorship of Mayakovsky.
e881eb19737c1361065734481018a7c18a91ad9b	Since 1922, Mayakovsky was actively involved in the activities of the artistic group of Lef (Left Front [art]), grouped around the magazine (1st room – 1923).
ddaea0ea76ae6a7e050d6da40abb35875c38d9b6	The group included how writers (Mayakovsky, Boris Pasternak, N. Aseev, S. Tretyakov) and linguists (V. Shklovsky, O. Brik), and representatives of other fields of art (P.Eisestein, Dziga Vertov, A. Rodchenko, V. Stepanova).
c99394a19dde2631b63fa6fd12d2a3ee5ddcfca5	Briefly, Lef's artistic program can be defined as a direct representation of reality: instead of" fiction literature " – "fact literature", instead of feature films – documentary, instead of painting – photography, etc.Lef claimed an exceptional place in the art of the USSR, for the exceptional fidelity of the artistic methods and approaches to the role of art offered by him.
c143f681e33fbdcb6554451eceaefd2ba059a659	The poem About this (1923), published in the first issue of the magazine "Lef", which contained the group's declaration, was presented as a sample of "the literature of fact" (the first separate edition of the poem was illustrated by Rodchenko's photomontages using photographs of Mayakovsky and L. Brik).
c3be2cdcb8645cc599e8de0e530c583363314814	In fact, the poem was closely connected with the work of Mayakovsky's futuristic period not only in terms of plot (the poet loves a woman who belongs entirely to a world alien to him, which is defined as "philistine"), but also in its imagery.
fa831bff3cf1096ba95e85e5b6db05004a185413	It uses different stylistic layers (urban romance, colloquial speech), the motif of duality (the hero either identifies himself with a polar bear, or turns into it; correlates with a suicide Komsomol member and with the hero of the poem Man).
7c3c05c27e9514884452235db83cb812dcd35539	In the finale of the poem, Mayakovsky addresses the topic of the future resurrection of the dead that worried him.
bfb15d59d88918fa1683ed90bb802b5897bcdc76	The poet was keenly interested in the ideas of the Russian philosopher cosmist N. Fedorov about the future resurrection of all living people.
aea07af0b2d90a53684977bdd50a64f23e38b85c	However, the hero of the poem, who did not live out his earthly life, did not like his own on earth, is completely unsure of his future resurrection and hopes only for a big headed quiet chemist from the thirtieth century who is able to bring him and his beloved back to life.
ef97887ea0e855f0d59d8abfceb7f0f9997a3e52	In the poem Jubilee (1924), Mayakovsky refers to the image of Pushkin, whom he now declares to be a great poet – equal to Vladimir Mayakovsky: Maybe / I / am / alone / really regret / / that today / you are not alive.
240b646bf43da9a8ce3e1327a67d729be582844e	<...> After the death / us / standing almost next... 1920 x actively worked (in collaboration with A. Rodchenko) over advertising and packaging design (Trest "Mosselprom", "Resinates", GUM, etc.; a Silver medal and a diploma of the Exhibition of decorative arts in Paris, 1925).
7e16c36afd5f59a764ff7efff6e440c24f2f3157	It is difficult to determine the extent to which Mayakovsky regarded their campaign advertising and poems, in the field of design as a source of income; he, of course, was this activity as an application of the ideological attitudes of the Lef to the field of literature and the fine arts, as his sacrifice for the victory of the revolution (but I've been humbled, / becoming / on the throat of his own song In a loud voice, 1930).
3bee335d8eb2d6b5170d5b8ea51a6be4b3eeddf5	Being a full time or freelance correspondent for numerous Soviet Newspapers, Mayakovsky often wrote poems to certain events, dates, propaganda, propaganda content.
b11ee4323f3101c20521e051283163fe28b69945	As a journalist and as an advertising representative of the Mosselprom trust, he quite often visited abroad, the "bourgeois" reality also became the subject of propaganda poems.
9c5d702ed00d077484289e31f407fb2552060a9a	He also wrote a lot for children.
077f20cc694fd6049cc17c0af701a5dcbce8d568	Mayakovsky's poems of the 1920s become very uneven: often a bright line or a separate image is lost in an expressionless text.
588a5e928dd0dda3c634ccbe8aabc95308e03f03	The most significant poems of Mayakovsky in the mid second half of the 1920s, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (1924) and Well! (1927), also inferior to the earlier ones.
01dfe3faf5b3a55fbb9e0bc002a5cf28a0d8aaa7	In them, Mayakovsky tries to resort to the same technique as in his best examples of this form – to introduce the mythologized poet Vladimir Mayakovsky as a character in them.
91cd9aafd31896aebd3926575e6dc688270a5ed7	However, the hero is a poet and his feelings and experiences in both poems do not become central; they, like all the artistic means used, should only set off the ideological content; while in the early poems, I Love both the plot and the image system are built around the mythologized image of Vladimir Mayakovsky.
e7b60355e4550dc4ef467178585a7f871f61d72d	In the post revolutionary period, Mayakovsky wrote a lot of journalistic prose, stylized as colloquial speech, typical of the 1920s.
a852bb2a3de33ce08053335f298956bc1e855d8c	Mayakovsky actively performed in various cities of the USSR with the reading of his own poems.
ea312e59532afd1e2aceb5af3e520237d19b260b	An obligatory element of such evenings was the improvisation responses to notes from the audience, accompanied by jokes, often designed for the most unpretentious taste.
e2ca6dfd399d979cef066e38ccc49b04f1f1a582	Such performances were not only a form of presenting their works, but also a way of earning money.
917c82e72550edf1393a3cddff6025214183e4de	A contemporary recalled: "He read truly wonderful.
711c43e59a83b0624b3e219f22da7bbc174b18e4	And a wonderful voice, rich in intonations, strong, sonorous and flexible, and a variety of shades, a great ability to convey a detail – color or sound without any tricks..."
89667dffa1385a4013ff56fdac5dcaac4424ac7f	At the end of the 1920s, Mayakovsky again turns to drama.
6bdbf869a4084abce5b79802f04d89beb32c3f45	His plays The Bedbug (1928, 1st post. - 1929) and The Bath (1929, 1st post – - 1930) were written for the Meyerhold Theater.
3055c753a6623ef8b29fde06191e816cd807a847	They combine a satirical depiction of the reality of the 1920s with the development of Mayakovsky's favorite motif – resurrection and travel to the future.
d5b0c55c2525323e33d189f8f6e6af81caaeeaf8	In the Bug, the motif develops ironically: the "former worker" Prisypkin, discovered and mistakenly unfrozen by researchers of the future who took him for a proletarian, ends up in the zoo as the last specimen of the long extinct "philistine vulgaris" together with a representative of another extinct species – a bug.
2442771fc6d44ee4ad70779ae5d81afd242af504	In the Bathhouse, a Phosphoric woman who came from the future takes young enthusiasts with her on a time machine, leaving the bureaucrat Pobedonosikov in the present.
3367925a5d928cd848e6c3fe05d4a61c31ca0f42	Meyerhold highly appreciated the satirical talent of the Mayakovsky playwright, comparing him in the power of irony with Moliere.
43395222dfeab84911d838956bf8fc85b3da17fc	However, the critics of the play, especially the Bathhouse, were perceived extremely unkindly.
9cc2cde5e877a01fb0cdc81c1e5de50a05cb2516	And, if, as a rule, they saw artistic shortcomings and artificiality in the Bedbug, then they made claims of an ideological nature to the Bathhouse – they talked about exaggerating the danger of bureaucracy, the problem of which does not exist in the USSR, etc. Harsh articles against Mayakovsky appeared in the newspapers, even under the heading " Down with Mayakovism!"
d6b72c16f3b5fd1cd980d832c09d2561f4172e0a	In February 1930, after leaving the Refa (the Revolutionary Front [of Arts], a group formed from the remnants of the Lef), Mayakovsky joined the RAPP (the Russian Association of Proletarian Writers), where he was immediately attacked for "hitchhiking".
8155879d8f340441ec5ec62a0de2162b482e91a5	In March 1930, Mayakovsky organized a retrospective exhibition "20 years of work", which presented all areas of his activity.
6103c8dbcb31fb73da7ade0f3fe4c702ec1dd0df	(The term of 20 years was counted, apparently, from writing the first poems in prison.)
4a7208706375cc16a1a96d973ce58986e5f03f4d	The exhibition was ignored by both the party leadership and former colleagues in the Left/Ref.
0f630a15253125e4e8905fd737c13e60ec57ad4c	One of the many circumstances: the failure of the exhibition "20 years of work"; the failure of the performance based on the play Banya at the Meyerhold Theater, prepared by devastating articles in the press; friction with other members of the RAPP; the danger of losing his voice, which would make public performances impossible; failures in his personal life (a love boat crashed on life Unfinished, 1930), or their confluence, caused Mayakovsky to commit suicide on April 14, 1930.
394f7718ef70ef1791717d42b3fde2475d8f8a47	In many works (Flute spine, Man, About it) Mayakovsky deals with the topic of the suicide of a lyrical hero or his double; after his death, these topics were reinterpreted accordingly by readers.
fc38512deb3fea839f3b0b588876e32cdefeddea	Soon after Mayakovsky's death, with the active participation of members of the RAPP, his work was under an unspoken ban, his works were practically not published.
4614755057310d946dc71be8714b139eeb6982ae	The situation changed in 1936, when Stalin, in a resolution to a letter from L. Brik with a request for assistance in preserving the memory of Mayakovsky, publishing the poet's works, organizing his museum, called Mayakovsky "the best talented poet of our Soviet era."
77e3acdab43625e952dbe2f9c015911d40dfef50	Mayakovsky was practically one the only representative of the artistic avant garde of the early 20th century, whose works remained accessible to a wide audience throughout the Soviet period.
5c01cfe96e5be124d60e7df5f506a906fdd4bb55	For many completely different poets of the 1950s and 60s, the pre revolutionary Mayakovsky became a symbol of creative freedom and artistic experiment.
15cbceb25b91763f8fe71d88b39d3398fe33b833	"When we talk about Mayakovsky," Marina Tsvetaeva wrote – " we, and maybe our grandchildren, will have to turn not back, but forward.
6c094fcca7c427523c5728f77228fa27d168d4e5	Speaking of the poet, God grant us to remember the century."
efc007a393f66cdb14d57d385822a3d9e36ef873	Save
ad0191a9756f3b40c9ad6de5d34fdcaa42319b8c	See also on Mayakovsky:
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43dafd7f636843cdb331f15575d89e3d225e553f	Biography of Vladimir Mayakovsky
6cce1965a403db03253460b13b8bc58c133e5ebd	Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky was born on July 7(19), 1893 in the village of Baghdadi (now S. Mayakovsky) near the city of Kutaisi, Georgia.
a926c3090428b2d70d547047222c22275f90c885	His father was a forester, Vladimir Konstantinovich Mayakovsky (1857-1906), his mother was Alexandra Alekseevna, nee Pavlenko (1867-1954).
bd680a817684c500f84e0196375ff44ffff27359	In 1902-1906, Mayakovsky studied at the Kutaisi Gymnasium.
7574934ec69505faa7a5a9d6e678c96831c8902d	In 1905, he participated in demonstrations, in a gymnasium strike.
be44113c9ead7359cd14b4794477c2866aa3cc5e	In July 1906, after the sudden death of his father, the family moved to Moscow.
c0b7499104a98ca935d0d8a41dbef41eec03bfb9	Mayakovsky enters the 4th grade of the 5th classical gymnasium.
826b9a5aa56a03612ebf9c6bcbbd0a620c264147	He gets acquainted with Bolshevik students; is fond of Marxist literature; entrusts the first party assignments.
8e2c2d3ebc2d84f3def9bd6ae60673f4b0efe538	In 1908, he joined the Bolshevik Party.
8c01222808883fe26e2aa1cdd25fe73023a7ed46	He was arrested three times – in 1908 and twice in 1909; the last arrest was in connection with the escape of political prisoners from Novinsky prison.
b6c54354b92d3bc544f9e3c53ac235e97198b4fc	Incarceration in Butyrskaya prison.
e18d7a9dc0023457655b17490af285bcc972650e	Mayakovsky considered the notebook of poems written in prison (1909), selected by the guards and not yet found, to be the beginning of literary work.
fb40e76233537843b86c3a6077ccaa2735c1d04d	Released from prison for a minor (1910), he decides to devote himself to art and continue his studies.
a50618cf7f2382f387f2b6e601c95698689d8325	In 1911, Mayakovsky was admitted to the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture.
c0a6cbe2ef3fdea7cb7559131491356dc0c6079c	In the autumn of 1911, he met D. Burlyuk, the organizer of a group of Russian futurists, and became close to him in a general sense of dissatisfaction with the academic routine.
cfaf48139640301bc04af5e364e5397bc99d300a	At the end of December 1912, Mayakovsky made his poetic debut: the poems "Night" and " Morning "in the almanac" Slap in the Face to Public Taste " (where Mayakovsky signed the collective manifesto of the Kubo Futurists of the same name).
bf8556f9637248704d8a6025bc2fd673a23de655	Mayakovsky attacks the aesthetics and poetics of symbolism and acmeism, but in his search he critically masters the artistic world of such masters as A. Bely, "breaks out" from the "charming lines" of A. Blok, whose work for Mayakovsky is "a whole poetic epoch".
fca6939c1c3918c2f77df7b6f982383d06f3aa2c	On Wednesday, Mayakovsky entered the cubo futurists with a tragically protesting theme rapidly growing in him, in fact, going back to the humanistic tradition of Russian classics, despite the nihilistic declarations of the Futurists.
8012dae321e55ab0bc5f60b14fab8e334480eec3	From urban sketches to catastrophic insights, the poet's thought about the madness of the possessive world grows ("From Street to Street", 1912; "The Hell of the City", " Here!", 1913).
fdae37a50b63da09ab1dc67d6d2e8813558acaa0	" I! " - the title of Mayakovsky's first book (1913) – was synonymous with the poet's pain and indignation.
e2059c9d3239f56ca8a82dc6f4c4ea56963f0091	For participating in public speeches, Mayakovsky was expelled from the School in 1914.
5ba8a659acfb3b03da1ba5aa17a388b426b92c96	The First World War was met by Mayakovsky controversially.
2ac31d79822f403a9bf3bb894865a10fece60532	The poet cannot help but feel disgust for the war ("War is declared", "Mother and the evening killed by the Germans", 1914), but for some time he is characterized by the illusion of the renewal of humanity, art through war.
924cbe00a48a01bc674ae44f30e7063f1e646168	Soon Mayakovsky comes to the realization of war as an element of senseless destruction.
070d8c009be48c0b451e06b2208dfaa3358f1d51	In 1914, Mayakovsky met M. Gorky for the first time.
ce2f6b2d1e5a233607e582f91650d11786855633	In 1915-1919 he lived in Petrograd.
6d0e50e9c09bcec596083effbfdebaf511085bb8	In 1915, Mayakovsky met L. Yu. and O. M. Brik.
0f6064840a615037b7a432310b948a9138a8c26a	Many of Mayakovsky's works are dedicated to Lilia Brik.
d9ac7e55d09c7eb9084e79c7771692bce182b70b	With new strength he writes about love, which is bigger than nesovmestimost with horror of wars, violence and petty feelings (poem "Flute spine", 1915, etc.).
dd571fc9ec4d431a97a946c7d1547e5a9130a735	Bitter invites Mayakovsky to cooperate in the journal "Annals" and the newspaper "New life", helps the poet to publish a second collection of his poems, "a Simple as Moo", which was released by the publishing house "Parus" (1916).
26dc7b5c72fbc765ce91b446070ec4734b84dc83	The dream of a harmonious person in a world without wars and oppression found a peculiar expression in Mayakovsky's poem "War and Peace" (written in 1915-1916; a separate edition - 1917).
d04a39fa0b3ecb9a83cd3046411ecc2f82c11f29	The writer creates a giant anti war panorama; a utopian extravaganza of universal happiness unfolds in his imagination.
31f8b90b9c79892e002d989d54212533482466a9	In 1915-1917, Mayakovsky served his military service at the Petrograd Driving School.
19466df4c5d557d40874c288756340c8a4831825	He took part in the February Revolution of 1917.
e662e88cc9165f6a3f253b64bed64b7c67ec0918	In August, he leaves the "New Life".
b50e8788740f50861f70fdea1f620d9288fbae42	In 1922-1924, Mayakovsky made his first trips abroad (Riga, Berlin, Paris, etc.).
438a8966f133fbbe074ae80a531c27f95e05af06	The cycle of his essays about Paris is " Paris.
6575f6cb92975853bc8921960c9778929f307a21	(Notes of Ludogus)", "Seven day review of French painting", etc. (1922-1923), which captured Mayakovsky's artistic sympathies (in particular, he notes the world significance of P. Picasso), and poems ("How does the democratic republic work?", 1922; "Germany", 1922-1923; " Paris. (Conversations with the Eiffel Tower)", 1923) were Mayakovsky's approach to the foreign topic.
f390b68dc46088d7d90995c87fe89480c9d457ee	The poem was first published in the first issue of the magazine "LEF" (1923-1925), the editor in chief of which becomes Mayakovsky, who headed the literary group LEF (1922-1928) and decided to rally around the magazine "left forces "(articles "What is Lef fighting for?", " Who is Lef biting into?", " Whom is Lef warning?", 1923).
200a1804da203f2901b08409c048fa7287773521	In November 1924, Mayakovsky left for Paris (later he visited Paris in 1925, 1927, 1928 and 1929).
d537c3c3d3545e5738f5931b0233714fd2e814cd	He visited Latvia, Germany, France, Czechoslovakia, America, Poland.
514b8c83eb12c09f521b4c9ca7361f7bec855586	Discovering new countries, he enriched his own poetic "continent".
bfec6b7e8636b058e77e20c8ca2a8d37fe2aeb6e	In the lyrical cycle "Paris" (1924-1925), Mayakovsky's Lefist irony is defeated by the beauty of Paris.
8b95ba8e00090901d51ba97acd77a324a8cffe24	The contrast of beauty with emptiness, humiliation, ruthless exploitation is the naked nerve of poems about Paris ("Beauties", "Parisian", 1929, etc.).
9b75bcb212d7c042eae45f12b3627e2f3ecccb2e	The image of Paris bears a reflection of Mayakovsky's " hulk of love "("A letter to Comrade Kostrov from Paris about the essence of love"," A Letter to Tatyana Yakovleva", 1928).
63954dce4ccedbdc550c4c8eb5aee7bf87569f3f	Mayakovsky's foreign theme is centered on the American cycle of poems and essays (1925-1926), written during and shortly after a trip to America (Mexico, Cuba, USA, the 2nd half of 1925).
9cefefd40a6ea18e875229dde35cfe31438badc5	In poems of 1926-1927 and later (up to the poem "At the top of my voice") Mayakovsky's position in art was revealed at a new stage.
5e923ea29d46c61bd759dde24b11ede946db9076	Ridiculing Rapp's vulgarizers with their claim to a literary monopoly, Mayakovsky persuades proletarian writers to unite in poetic work for the sake of the future ("Message to Proletarian Poets", 1926; previously the article "Lef and MAPP", 1923).
4b7ebdce470c9b85bafd725345d244c7be2caa14	Yesenina (December 27, 1925) sharpens thoughts about the fate and vocation of true poetry, causes grief over the death of a" ringing"talent, anger against rotten decadence and cheerful dogmatism ("To Sergei Yesenin", 1926).
8b1acf151bae7e9df3f81e3831639a51ed3016c6	At the end of the 1920s, Mayakovsky again turned to drama.
4a3ac43e024d432d63f7e522113ee584ca4000e6	His plays "The Bedbug" (1928, 1st post. - 1929) and "The Bathhouse" (1929, 1st post – - 1930) were written for the Meyerhold Theater.
db9a74d693c71546cd2e850a302d0615834dceda	However, critics of the play, especially "The Bathhouse", were perceived extremely unkindly.
f5a196fee6675a3f320ef378a1250a3dd5f435eb	And, if in the " Bug "they saw, as a rule, artistic shortcomings, artificiality, then they made claims of an ideological nature to the" Bathhouse – - they talked about exaggerating the danger of bureaucracy, the problem of which does not exist in the USSR, etc. Harsh articles against Mayakovsky appeared in the newspapers, even under the heading " Down with Mayakovism!"
fc02da7336483529731d91856581eecffceb3160	One of the many circumstances: the failure of the exhibition "20 years of work"; the failure of the performance based on the play" Bath "at the Meyerhold Theater, prepared by devastating articles in the press; friction with other members of the RAPP; the danger of losing his voice, which would make public performances impossible; failures in his personal life (a love boat crashed on everyday life – "Unfinished", 1930), or their confluence, caused Mayakovsky to commit suicide on April 14, 1930.
823353dae2088d2d5811f07b88c972ad237f72de	In many works ("Flute spine", "Man", "About it") Mayakovsky deals with the theme of the suicide of a lyrical hero or his double; after his death, these themes were reinterpreted accordingly by readers.
3f4b4685eb7654fcd458cb4d6c53d0db3f966c5f	Mayakovsky was almost the only representative of the artistic avant garde of the early 20th century, whose works remained accessible to a wide audience throughout the Soviet period.
95d12f5d5257fb89fdf56448ab8658e4c50d8a10	Biography of The Work of Lilichka!
ab2cdc1bddde9aadb546f3c08f432a516130cee3	Listen up!
00cea351007532182251c27fb72bd7a33d0bdd6f	A violin and a little nervous
2f14424dc1816188495509d848794091358bf136	Criticism The formation of a lyrical hero in the work of early Mayakovsky The nature of irony in Mayakovsky's lyrics of the 20s "I am wounded forever by love...
40d6b7abb37ddf24f8c7dddc2e97cfeab8bc83c5	"(V. V. Mayakovsky's Poems about love)
f3473cbe9d1d5c041c69dff7a666da9156db0020	Russian Russian literature of the 20th century, Russian poets of the 20th century, the life and work of Vladimir Mayakovsky, Keywords: Vladimir Mayakovsky, kubo futurists, biography of Vladimir Mayakovsky, download a detailed biography, download for free, Russian literature of the 20th century, Russian poets of the 20th century, life and work of Vladimir Mayakovsky
cce07427a1115f261a1e56e74727c0cf583edfdd	04.06.2016 447
23391baff1effec5380692d958e368bf2547f92e	Vladimir Mayakovsky.
b9dc37093587543bd035bb3cf5312c5283d9f331	Lilichka!
a7664030c6896432f3f100398f09f173c4112eb9	03.06.2016 1122
538ca3863fa71984f3e97c5a7885165a6ad56b0b	"I am forever wounded by love...
d415252cb7297b63c3b0b6db83368b4b786e1759	"(V. V. Mayakovsky's poems about love)
4b61ea6cba79a55f2e13563c065355e9e3fbc188	03.06.2016 399
02b522468a08a509c2a67d0c1e4c4d64eab3af55	The nature of irony in Mayakovsky's lyrics of the 20s
c3aac4ccab442245ac7692a825c63c23c48991de	03.06.2016 874
b196a03de5292a31896497b8e382d01dc93745ce	The formation of a lyrical hero in the work of early Mayakovsky
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0b7f1f47cf7ec27329935397e76216302656c82b	Quentin Tarantino is a successful Hollywood film director, screenwriter, producer.
2a75a5bef93a61bb23e82980265fd10a80115c17	Winner of the Cannes Film Festival and winner of the Academy Awards, Golden Globe and BAFTA for the film "Pulp Fiction", winner of the David Lean Award for achievements in directing ("Pulp Fiction"), winner of the Honorary Cesar Award (2011), nominee of the Academy Awards, Golden Globe, BAFTA and Palme d'Or as the best director and screenwriter for the film "Inglourious Bastards".
12634f2710653f2f58f8c709e8cca7e5dca932e0	Nominee of the Cannes Film Festival for the films "Proof of Death", "Sin City".
5a858e2cb039216d46a32ec9fa2ef3ca3d56ecbf	Nominee of the European Film Academy for the film "Kill Bill", the Berlin Film Festival ("Golden Bear") for the picture "Jackie Brown".
231f1470a36aecd5742ec39dd4910747b577b8d4	Quentin Jerome Tarantino was born on March 27, 1963 in Knoxville, USA.
2cc54022ff48106f51dded781a9feac67ffc558b	His mother was a sixteen-year-old nurse Connie McHugh, and his father was actor and musician Tony Tarantino.
7b4aa32785bf55de306b705ba76bc7a2ccb2f800	Quentin's gifted young mother graduated from school early and got married only because she wanted independence.
3176052ee1037864219795071b0f75b5fb8a0c02	The marriage soon broke up, Connie, being in a position, did not inform the child's father about it.
4fbc44193e5c0db8113cd23bf4e957fec2f25e68	She named her first child after the heroine Quentina from the novel "Noise and Fury".
8d3bc694d918f163a5425d319d4ca0f3de209156	Together with his mother, two-year-old Quentin moved to Los Angeles.
dc1d0089659fcc9516ac94becd82d26994a112d5	My mother remarried a local musician Kurt Zastupil.
f3b9f44bdf369dc64af7b79afba7cdcbba47de45	Kurt adopted Quentin when he was two and a half years old, and gave him his last name.
5b7be56928f03845c8503d94d5e8036cbada8332	Quentin grew up a very smart boy, passionate about history, but he hated school.
2b4c3f0ebbe6bae955604e8af3539347bc2a396f	After regular scandals, he left her and went to work.
c6d034108b038c4f32b32019ed07744545a9f146	Quentin Tarantino has no higher education.
79c782475f4489f449a7164ca54d68a9715280ab	Moreover, he didn't even finish high school!
14a9804b44b2d32c84bfe772718e6f6561cfaea4	Tarantino did not like the fact that he studied at a private, paid Christian school, so he began to skip classes.
4b5f15be35a452eb5864951767914b88a0b64caf	At the age of 15, with the forced consent of his mother, he left school on the condition that he would find a job.
6186a5cdb78da97a87a3ab8d62c34dd38a4b540b	His mother wanted him to understand that life without education is not a continuous holiday.
66e1075a6dcc100245175cb5c5bf0fd830529cb4	Quentin Tarantino began his film career working as an usher at the porn cinema Pussycat Theatre.
a46ead5972df5eadc9af1b4551f3dbe64bb768bd	Tarantino found his first job as an usher in one of the cinemas in Torrance, where porn was played; his mother knew that he worked in a cinema, but did not even know that pornography was shown there[14].
7287109ea4dd5b00c5743d5ac323873d154cfa6b	In the evenings, he began attending James Best acting classes.
b2c1f83320ddf3f6349882043732d9097cd2623d	Quentin's stepfather loved movies very much and taught his stepson to it, who dreamed of becoming an actor.
1cb0819a90b089237fe62138098e76e3b2f29fcc	The family constantly went to the movies, it was their favorite vacation.
708e50e50b7da0cdbf2b9d9df6491a4a70aeb10e	At an early age, he watched such films as" The Knowledge of the Flesh "and" Deliverance", the viewing of which is not recommended even in our time for people under the age of 16[14].
774faddad2c7fe665f6c118459ecb00e2f37fb1e	In fact, only after graduating from high school and deciding to become an actor, Quentin returned to the more suitable name for the stage of his biological father — Tarantino.
1decb6a90e7a6a965a0d92ca53e3c000309d0e88	Soon the young man went to work in a video rental, where he watched classics and pictures of independent directors with a binge.
bea6220d5f7851b295dfa7f373248ddc4dabb7e1	This video rental became his film school.
64785ea2008e025b997788f71fafe13f789a4bc9	Quentin Tarantino is one of the most iconic and successful self - taught Hollywood directors.
b145210ce6f7782f457be03a0c016a7f4b0a783e	In his resume, Quentin Tarantino wrote that he played small acting roles in the popular American films "Dawn of the Dead" and "King Lear".
acd8284ed8ef3c7efbc57755339ce4d507bd18e2	But it was a little lie of a novice filmmaker.
c4c6dc106817b1f9fe5f730e4a9425686cb9f100	But despite this step, the roles did not fall on him from the cornucopia.
9569671936b7ce7bb0e672ba699751e3988ca76c	In January 1981, at the James Best Center, he met for the first time with screenwriter Craig Haymann, who became a friend and colleague of Quentin in those distant days.
79ae31600c48fd1208645187fadf644fae03a838	In 1984, Heymann introduced Tarantino to Catherine James, who later became Tarantino's manager during the filming of Pulp Fiction.
02fb7070fa0c8a69ba4a1d4732448902ec3cb432	At the age of 22, Tarantino got a job at the Video Archive, a video rental point on Manhattan Beach, which has since turned into the" Taxi Riviera " with an even more overgrown store that moved a couple of miles away.
ad85888df5c7309359c255a610de45d2e7fc3562	Its owner, as in those old days — is the friendly Lance Lawson[14].
1cad5ca13d9a36db4da0ed89248b655f93b1c388	Tarantino met Roger Avery at a video rental store.
1f5543bff26942a00d6db11cde30b05f6ff8fabc	They spent the whole day together, discussing films and recommending them to clients[16].
c51140897e84c558af42aee43ff5ecde824a9fc8	Quentin himself calls the work in the "Video Archive" the best job of all that he received until he became a director[14].
3640c6e22da180caa6cecf5ea740a9f690ebc8dd	He paid attention to what films people liked, and used this experience in his subsequent career.
6e8e8c1a5ea12bf29375788556d56c432992bc51	At some point, he wanted to become a novelist.
c86850953e02841949da105c6265c145d01f1097	I even tried to write two chapters about the time when he worked in a video rental.
d12bb1b0001496c832ba1a8d27e27974d0b79d9f	The real first role of Tarantino in the movie is the double of Elvis Presley in the third season of the TV show "Golden Girls".
f5671a324377f1ea7f52d39d67feab86f25d2d3a	Soon, at one of the parties, he was given an idea - and not to write a script for a movie by Tarantino?
70f73026be785918e62e32bb6ae5a1927ac18538	But the producers rejected Quentin's first screenwriting works.
77ed9be86c2766986bd775a402b9411a63c3d0b9	In 1987, together with his friend Roger Avari, Tarantino began working on the script "True Love" (1993), and later, on his own, he wrote the script for the film "Natural Born Killers" (1994).
ac69a556bcff2602f18c03e1d8699e0acbf277a4	Quentin kept the script of "Natural Born Killers" for himself.
2955675f1623f9a18caecf6b4c15b78ddcb0b539	But in view of the lack of the necessary budget, I had to give it up to Oliver Stone.
2de7fee35046d1fff1722bc445d9e77f05458f2d	The famous director remade the story so much that Tarantino demanded to remove his name from the film's credits.
3a102c8f4e3ca7e2a4f17717084b4ed06a0c74f7	With the proceeds from the sale of scripts, he makes "Mad Dogs" (1992).
8de2ef7e2f6c805ff1acded5c852aabb896fcfeb	The name of the picture was born due to Tarantino's passion for the films " Goodbye, Children "(1987) and" Straw Dogs " (1971).
4aebefdba5f590029a433ab529c550333a6ed6fd	Knowing little French, Tarantino called the first tape "that reservoir movie".
bbf919ae1eeedf58e18efc71cc1af110eddbf97e	As a result of a simple combination, the name "Reservoir Dogs" was formed — "Mad Dogs".
dec41a09538dfcb43a17b25480520bc5101e907f	Initially, Quentin Tarantino was going to shoot this film on black and white film, taking his friends actors in it.
1429a6b033bc33a6dc553ee2389f3b5b23c4a001	The script was passed from hand to hand and eventually got to Harvey Keitel, who liked it so much that the actor immediately agreed to star in the film and even helped in finding sources of funding.
84aebb60189ad321e00ab2b2e4f543e51079e000	Robert Kurztman agreed to do a special makeup for free on the condition that Tarantino, in turn, would agree to write the script for the film "From Dusk to Dawn" (1996), based on the plot of Kurtzman.
4fbccac029dcd93c0923665bfab43671018b495e	An ambulance paramedic was present on the set, whose duties included making sure that the amount of blood flowing out of Mr. Orange corresponded to reality.
fd560f4f7602cb7a525ce7f25114f0c55ada1b66	In order not to scare off the sponsors, producer Lawrence Bender decided to shoot primarily episodes without blood and violence, which were shown to investors as working material.
c817d4448131c447aca46e5cfc0d05d08e943408	All the main scenes were filmed later.
61bfd07aa9aa66bdfde7a770f782b9548c770fb6	Sometimes Tim Roth had to lie in a pool of artificial blood for so long that it dried up.
1d0aa8923e762a36854861be92d3eb2e45bf9ee9	As a result, the actor was torn off the floor for several minutes.
f830ee082980728d984fb55bac93c6f229e058b0	The budget of the tape was not enough for costumes, so many actors were filmed in their own clothes.
ffdc2574d5578434fc0fa561d49b28bbd230c06b	In addition, Michael Madsen had to drive his own Cadillac on the set.
5efce89357b45d40fb41d3115465578915ac2bc5	The warehouse featured in the film was previously used as a morgue.
46d2d62f5b3d4c4fc4eb7601143a460854f6cae0	In the movie "Four Rooms" in the episode "The Man from Hollywood", which lasts 21 minutes, the word "fuck" is pronounced 193 times!
338c0bb0d8ab5dbb53d045d0f99c3e534ed6589f	And if you count the total number for the entire film career of Tarantino, you will get about 1000 times.
3d276a14c2384155c21636bb876dd14ca0efd843	Tarantino, who in every possible way avoids advertising various brands (product placement) in his films, used "Red Apples" cigarettes in the picture, which he invented himself, as well as corn flakes with such names, which were abandoned back in the 70s.
92b82024be98430b68fffba68e1b24dab21c4be8	The total number of deaths in the film (shown and not shown) is 17.
3cd44cbce657dd0c09ae853b51bf1e3aae10c0b4	After the premiere, the picture was a success with the audience, and Quentin began shooting the film "Pulp Fiction" (1994).
502436158485e1d2b8defe6e03e20c167efb1af4	Nevertheless, in 1994, no film was even close to" Pulp Fiction " in terms of the number of swear words.
361d862ed70120bbf0621917e75131af1c34d549	Tarantino could not decide for a long time who he would play in the movie "Pulp Fiction"- Jimmy or drug dealer Lance.
0cc9cd644c3ac7b815346e55cd65825e6057c524	In the end, he chose Jimmy because he felt that the scene with Mia's revival was too complicated, and he should be behind the camera when shooting this scene.
121ccdc5250391e8bbbfe84c71d81d3c577fe5e6	In the famous scene "a shot of adrenaline in the heart of Mia Wallace", John Travolta actually pulls the needle out of Uma Thurman's chest.
fb0a3d4bb2dc0cc182f1b4be3cea1a1b54f9a85b	When editing the film, the scene was played in the opposite direction, and thus the necessary effect was achieved.
98766ba1d94caa73a4174ff3f730fb45c385a0b5	The film had a furious triumph and became a classic of American independent cinema.
0bfa280aa32d0292a3a2feb9d388e04797dbd618	Previously unknown to anyone, director Quentin Tarantino has become a world celebrity.
f6d3424d53fc02f4036fb58c0a48f4a1363f9272	The film was a turning point in the career of many actors.
59663cbbf3bea2256a49a82becfd79ffa728c51e	Uma Thurman, whom Tarantino compared to Marlene Dietrich and called "his Clint Eastwood"[23], and Samuel L. Jackson became one of the leading actors in Hollywood, and John Travolta returned there after the unsuccessful 80s for himself.
87cf1bbb8ad9631f6c30e3db7e0a08e57528d2b5	All three were nominated for an Oscar.
260667bf36c9e95f8a35191cabcdf714aa81849f	It took the film six months to collect $100 million.
ca7fc3435ec8c8ebbf3a754c634e20fe6d8086a7	Despite the fact that now "Pulp Fiction" is considered one of the most iconic pictures in the history of cinema, in the United States, the film collected $100 million in only 178 days of rental.
a83a28b591894036c285a6f7b35281bdee621155	For comparison — the final part of the Harry Potter saga took only two days to complete.
ce70fda92455fd4deb7bf86d72f5e0b5d2cccf9b	Tarantino loves vintage board games and he reflected this in the film.
456bdb041b79e9d3b168d8ad6f7d6f37cdfc63cc	When Vincent and Lance try to save Mia Wallace from an overdose by giving her an adrenaline shot, the games "Operation" and"The Game of Life" are visible on the shelf in the background.
10ab04bbe431f69386a86b637fed9f5964cd5bc1	A less well-known fact is that Quentin Tarantino managed to convince John Travolta to play the role of Vince, playing with him all evening in "Welcome Back Kotter"," Grease"and" Saturday Night Fever " — all these games Tarantino found at the actor's house, having come to him with an offer of the role.
53c3b135052e67dace80c3856d2ef39569f9b698	The first released posters depict Uma Thurman smoking a Lucky Strike cigarette, but the Miramax film company could not agree with the copyright holder of the brand, so the circulation was withdrawn and now these posters are considered very rare.
85d5ae9599d956fc22c0a6a605daffcc02ec208c	Those who have managed to get hold of the originals sell them for hundreds, if not thousands of dollars.
c73d08c05423680ff0b140fef3798957f5bc9acd	After that, Tarantino practically left the cinema for the next six years, doing only producing sequels to "From Dusk to Dawn" and playing small roles in minor films or on television.
8eb759417815b7b32904413f3f1807b6c3d04939	For example, the role of a crazy blind preacher of the apocalypse in the comedy "Nikki, the devil Jr." and the role of Mckenas Cole in the TV series " Spy " in 2002.
fef495f0d63ffc8952f2eb729a05782390727329	And earlier, in 1998, he drew attention to Broadway productions, where he played in Wait Until Dark.
239bd75fd3c88c628f9342914adc897667f118c3	Tarantino's return took place in 2003, when the first part of the film "Kill Bill" was released — a highly stylized bloody action film, shot according to a script developed by Tarantino together with Uma Thurman (she also played the main role) during the filming of "Pulp Fiction"[36].
3252b9d01c18ca2ad218b425b904edac465b2c0f	The shooting of "Kill Bill" was postponed due to her pregnancy[15].
4153a343ad3e0489655ac72defc596a9b2d42be2	The following works of Quentin are no less popular: "Jackie Brown" (1997), "Kill Bill", "Kill Bill 2" (written specifically for Uma Thurman), "Sin City", "Death Proof" (2007), "Inglourious Bastards" (2009).
629e75fe2c4b0aca5b60c0cc0864dba25a4af354	Tarantino was the writer and director of the last two episodes of the fifth season of the television series "C. S. I. Crime Scene".
51d48ba0e863581377305ccc77384d6998b44eb9	The director shot the series based on the second part of "Kill Bill" – a pile of guts, buried alive and the confusion of the narrative.
54888cb4f8baad6575f75f3e5920ae52ccde5f0c	On the set of the second part of "Kill Bill", in which, compared to the first, there were more dialogues and fewer combat scenes, Tarantino used the music of Rodriguez, paying him a symbolic fee of one dollar.
72d57bdd5a9e2905b44f55b7c5ca8da12b43d1a9	The debt was repaid a year later, when Tarantino shot a small episode in the Rodriguez film "Sin City"for the same amount[37].
52295dd2d79d8c122e51bb86bd20178da236b441	The next joint creation of Tarantino and Rodriguez was the film "Grindhouse", consisting of" Planet of Fear "by Rodriguez," Proof of Death " by Tarantino and trailers for several non-existent films.
7150fd137ca24896b0bfe4bb86d757be5b7cde52	Quentin Tarantino considers "Proof of Death" to be his worst film, but at the same time notes that although the film was shot clumsily, it is not so bad.
14f2b7cad8a1eac24d78ec48bdbdce5078838f9a	The films recreate the atmosphere of cheap cinemas of the 70s and are something like lovingly made parodies of low-grade horror films of those years.
cd89db67704f2f1c6f4746ad84154fd1934e6352	The next film of the director was "Inglourious bastards".
105fb530d33b3609fc5dd24d6e1339d52b0e2939	For the German distribution of "Inglourious Bastards", posters, trailers and the official website of the film were censored, since the use of Nazi symbols is prohibited in Germany.
83fea6bc8168a70ee0727dfd974d80a2a6a61135	The director spoke about his plans to make a film in 2001.
db60d9fda8ec9f583d9dfc678f814effe5a1b1ed	As a result, the release of "Inglourious Bastards" took place only in 2009.
bfc2ab28f89471349b32ed961afc524b22ab74a0	In the film, Tarantino offers the audience an alternative outcome of the Second World War and plays off many stereotypes: in particular, among the heroes of the film is a squad of American Jews who brutally kill Nazis and take their scalps.
f7e149f17ac4c3fdb505a285ae2a9e46a7916518	In 2011, Tarantino announced the beginning of the creation of the spaghetti western "Django Unchained", the plot of which tells about the slave Django, who is at large and is looking for his slave wife[45].
07193fbeeb0066a01f35729704e01ed2fa8539a3	The main roles in the film were played by Jamie Foxx (Django) and Christoph Waltz (Dr. King Schultz), with whom Tarantino previously worked in the film "Inglourious Basterds" [48].
cd398b8aeae758d552f32f9de6a04e4ebe996b8c	For writing the script for the film, Tarantino was awarded the second Golden Globe statuette, and the second Oscar statuette.
7465339d506dbe3f7945e67211e7b9d5e897b2d3	Tarantino's films are distinguished by the aestheticization of violence, the trademark dialogues of the characters, the irony and parody of the narrative, which make you laugh at things that are far from funny in everyday life.
6341fc5dccd3e1a0d84cd958f5f21b41063ed731	His cinematic taste developed under the influence of the original fusion of pop culture and arthouse cinema[19].
44ee6f751ecc49bb828138480e0ff61ccf92f115	All Tarantino's films have a special handwriting, thanks to which it is impossible to confuse his films with the works of other directors.
efd9f147331124da9531f4a8924d9835f3451439	First of all, his films are distinguished by a nonlinear structure (often uses unconventional narrative, for example, the return to past events in "reservoir dogs"[64][65], the nonlinearity of the narrative in "pulp fiction"[22][65] or a narration Chapter by Chapter, in the "Kill bill" and "Inglourious Basterds", "Disgusting eight"[66]), the aestheticization of violence and long dialogues[19].
f15abbefd29dc1d813e7abcc0e01e8abeb411a56	Almost all of his films (except for "Proof of Death", but including "True Love") contain "Mexican Dead End", a scene in which three or more characters point weapons at each other at the same time[68].
517296788f455185c12b0da560599f3cbe46ef1c	In Tarantino's films, there are always well-imitated scenes with cutting off parts of the characters ' hands in extremely close-ups.
408634dbd4097f9287cb9ac7061040f1ab5b775b	The very first Tarantino film "Mad Dogs" was remembered by the audience ... by cutting off the ear of a policeman in the frame.
a7cbcd8dfaa76d0a86c17eb801109f2ae7e397aa	Later it became clear that self-mutilation was Tarantino's calling card.
4e772ac33e39c6ba95e5e84d43ec23300d034564	In this regard, "Kill Bill", of course, holds the lead.
1beaf113e181815ecbb1393495b8b400e0ea62b0	Although "Pulp Fiction" and the rest are not far behind.
ba4988317786aed34525252f814b9e6d619ca37f	Although Tarantino uses these elements in his films, in real life he can not stand violence[1].
b9160074ecc77f391a697390c7c32fe461e83166	Tarantino sometimes resorts to using a long close-up of a person's face while someone else is talking off-screen.
b8996c785df4215db46ce402ee9601ceb46050e9	He uses pseudonyms and nicknames in almost all of his films.
a33666aea35ad144474b27e38767f7ed7e310fcb	He often creates fictional brands because of his dislike of advertising in movies.
b6d558748834235c835167f1d22b879cc6c95f46	For example, in most of his films there are cigarettes "Red Apple"[69].
4756bdef720a69fc5752416bd9edfd85083cef38	The main character of his films has committed at least one major crime (most often — murder, in some films — robbery) (with the exception of the episode in the film "Four Rooms").
7957fd40c1d47eb761f3e42ba5b23defb0e83dc6	The characters often have a conversation somewhere in a cafe or in a restaurant, while talking again about food[15].
36ef2606f5ca4c29efacc4cd6483a601dc72a3b0	Remember, in Pulp Fiction, John Travolta came from Europe and tells Samuel Jackson how everything is different there — they sell beer at McDonald's, and they call Big mac le big mac.
a8c3b1ff1f196f8b079ba3e63b2c9ae99cecdf52	The director himself says that all his films have one thing in common, with the help of which he has won many fans around the world — all his films have a special sense of humor that makes the audience laugh at things that are not a priori funny[70].
06f11dd4246a55daf773ac62cce4a8d788e1ab1a	If there is a lot of blood and it is funny to tears, it means that Tarantino was filming.
9a6c3d4659d6e80208b7c54a56fec62f9ada145a	At the same time, violence in Tarantino's films is not for the sake of violence.
4e6c9095b9804e04066878c5b1d313e5a54f2728	According to the director, it should be perceived as an artistic feature, like, for example, jokes in a comedy, or songs in a musical, but not a guide to action.
96bd86b75232a8c5bda44b954e223f07715d2973	Tarantino loves scripts "with pepper".
ada148887534ebe0a28c54cb30b35e5d213444a6	The most striking example of this is "Django Unchained".
fa7ab23bff7ed68455c1512606d372c7f155a920	Oh, how many unpleasant questions he raised in this film!
be40ccfddaab79282dba2d8d3583d6017ffe52f0	Even the topic of racism, which is incredibly slippery and dangerous to any public person in the United States, Tarantino passes with a bang: in the movie "Django Unchained", the word "nigga" competes with the traditional "fak".
89f3abc0fc3003f64dac9b5e3afbb48fe6b1142b	And the director himself at the same time declares: "I do not feel any "white guilt" and I am not afraid to get into racial contradictions.
dd56c4d8cac5a808b6b0f173e72d8f279d9c81d6	The blue suit that Django chose for himself when he played the role of Schultz's servant was inspired by Thomas Gainsborough's painting "The Boy in Blue", written in 1770.
0e718d7f92ca2e23ab9190a15ab824356017c46f	At the international annual convention of fans of film, television and comics Comic Con in San Diego, Tarantino said that he wants to make a prequel to "Kill Bill".
8626464619a1a7b2563fc2ecd52873705f9c8471	Since the original was released in "two volumes", two prequels are also planned.
e6b1695fa1c920572c07dbff030c157383e7fa37	The first part should tell about the past life of Bill (David Carradine) and his relationship with the swordsman Hattori Hanzo (Shinichi Chiba).
9beb6f7d06829d9bd6cf98f30eb0f5a69f997a74	The second part will highlight the activities of the Bride (Uma Thurman) as an assassin when she was in the "snake" team.
c5563f04289d95382636a2adf79e7da2fe83b7a6	Tarantino also hinted that, if everything works out, both prequels will be anime-like the episode with O Ren Ishii from the first "Kill Bill".
58072be7c3e611c1fad8b6ed91933b916aa947e0	However, Quentin did not specify any deadlines or producers[54].
57dbc5a29c466f1e6c7d3dbe05462f938e2ec14c	In addition to the prequel, Quentin is going to shoot a sequel - "Kill Bill 3".
a0a111c1b9f496f279e8143f362f35709010a88c	Even before the release of the second film, Tarantino said in a pre-premiere interview that he was going to shoot a continuation of the bloody story in 10-15 years.
72ea4bc69988bc7d4f4fd0efa74cfa5a1605bdad	The director said that the Bride, whose role in the first two parts is played by Uma Thurman, will not be the main character of the third part.
010e766d3ba446b5a549777b6e384a84dc7e7ead	The plot of the sequel will unfold around Nikki-the daughter of Vernita Green (Vivica Fox).
5d039b999adc9de178376b920b48c4408e628a43	The bride in the first part of the film kills her mother in front of Nikki and tells the girl that when she grows up, she will be able to take revenge on her.
edd09625c441a74f84de1efe10a09beec32302c5	All of Bill's money, according to Quentin, will go to Sophie Fatal (Julie Dreyfus).
0f7ed00d6bb07a6af28d2d8ac7fbf90b4b4fec19	She will raise Nikki, and the girl will begin to take revenge on the Bride for the murdered mother[55].
7e294db6655a71cb8bd02b7c79ec7fc3750e32e4	In June 2007, the executive producer of the first two films, Bennett Walsh, said that, it turns out, the first version of the scripts "Kill Bill 3" and "Kill Bill 4" has already been written, and at the first opportunity Quentin Tarantino will go to China to start shooting.
8009825af9c2c6237fdce9a48a71912de570ef59	The producer also said that in the third part, two of the "88 rabid" will take revenge on the Bride, who lost their eyes and hands in the first part due to her fault.
6b2de3670562392f7631143990b1698d9b8faefe	In the fourth part, the daughters of Beatrix Kiddo (Uma Thurman) and Vernita Green, who was killed by her, will enter into a fight with each other[56].
71f7b85f63a6eb4b39990d7b172b35cf4dd56137	And in October 2009, after "Inglourious Bastards" died out in cinemas, the project "Kill Bill 3" was finally announced.
057ea8b236a2ffe0209d46d9b83ac224dcfd20ce	On the eve of the release of Inglourious Basterds in the UK, Tarantino said that he would like to make a film based on the spy trilogy by writer Len Deighton, author of the Ipcress Dossier and other action-packed bestsellers.
0ce38204d827afbad01382782abcf39411bd986e	We are talking about the trilogy "Game in Berlin"[59][60][61] — "Set in Mexico City"[59][60][61] — "The Match in London" (Berlin Game, Mexico Set and London Match), united by one hero — an elderly intelligence officer named Bernard Samson, working in a fictional Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) in the last years of the Cold War[62].
a1cdc53c869433386324be3c5f077daac5db884e	Tarantino received 37 awards and participated in 47 more nominations.
b1282b0e31dfdc43c9baef581ea7ec3602f61a0c	In 2007, the magazine Total Film (English)Russian. I put his name on the 12th place in the list of the best directors of all time[101].
b659ae350eab6bbc70935ff16bf4de827c68673b	And in 2008, IMDB compiled a rating of modern directors who have shot at least 4 full-length films, based on the average rating of the film, where Tarantino took the first place with a rating of 8.12[102].
c420e9b3fccfa2a58f422367a4c553e737d47737	Six of his films are included in the list of the "100 best films of all time" according to the magazine "FHM": "Pulp Fiction" (No. 1), "Mad Dogs" (No. 11), " Kill Bill. Movie 1" (No. 25), " Kill Bill. Film 2" (No. 26), "From Dusk to Dawn" (No. 73), "True Love" (No. 75) [15].
771c7a10251151968457d7f2a2aa912575e00c72	He took the 81st place in 2004 in the list of the hundred most influential figures compiled by Premiere magazine[15], and the 8th place in 2005 in the rating "The Greatest Directors of All Time" compiled by the British magazine Empire[103].
e18416dca7bffb28cc11fedc41aec231217a866f	As of the end of 2007, he closed the list of "100 geniuses of our time" [104].
f798f3c8d6b10f80a4958d18cd73486204a771d2	Some world film analysts called Tarantino one of the most successful, recognized by film critics and not deprived of attention of young directors.
5424bac1e1f591dd01a29b11cf0d6956e7fcd3c6	In the 90s, he appeared in the cinema, brought his own aesthetics and a certain charm, created a number of bright and memorable images and made films that observers and journalists allocated a separate place in the cinema.
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cef673b7dd66c65867c32f1d2cafc4ea2b902ac2	Movies and TV series 27 most interesting facts about Quentin Tarantino
e4f2b82971a496418e74d687401e91434bb0043e	27 most interesting facts about Quentin Tarantino
7284fab5ed3ff3d80915074db617b537897abb8b	Tatiana Zvereva
5fda23d62015b99fb2a9f86b38bcdf2bdf7609c8	Author
74efd910930c3ea89a251203205257cefcebdf7a	Today, the director of the legendary films "Pulp Fiction", "Kill Bill" and the Oscar winning "Django Unchained" Quentin Tarantino celebrates his 50th anniversary.
337c542291be38aa36a44d1e9bad68968daee395	We remember all the most interesting things about the director and his films.
60c59e563507b7035d99b745bd9d75ffeb8074e4	0 0 10K
2dc4425844fe808dddf2c9a877fe9ff6af1c920d	Quentin Tarantino
261131b82ce07985218c98ab999b7d63d1b0bb91	1. Quentin Tarantino began his film career working as an usher at the porn cinema Pussycat Theatre.
707666b22e68f2dce3b23ce5737da3dde6ecdf6d	Moreover, he didnot even finish high school!
db8ef7f51ddca7f170a701c272c8a08f64021981	As a result, they agreed on "according to the plot of Quentin Tarantino".
049643e5752307829155912b424afe3cf85d54cb	6. For a long time there were rumors that Will Smith would play the main role in the film "Django Unchained", but he refused.
ac622fdedaaa9b60877f9654bb9878017cadc627	7. Tarantino was the writer and director of the last two episodes of the fifth season of the television series "C. S. I. Crime Scene".
2b850fb4205e60f2b8c424ce8914555a151c0a3b	8. The only time when Tarantino presided over the Cannes Film Festival, the main prize was taken by the scandalous film "Fahrenheit 9/11", directed against American President George Bush.
bfc33b2bf371357aa308f1c3fa54974ee9169401	Tarantino explained his decision not by the political content, but by the artistic merits of the film.
c099a78c4c081fe285ce06d466df03d3f22fa499	Photo 1 of 2
9cea354db72e281d3262afdb863a843dff6950f4	Full screen Back to the gallery
f1dec8bdde32b1e40b6177ec46abd6b0eef3dbb1	27 most interesting facts about Quentin Tarantino [5]
6c4948dd12355a51214dabcfc625ea19d943ffc3	Photo 2 of 2
a831a88dfc43b39856803ab4cf4a4e437fd05c2f	27 most interesting facts about Quentin Tarantino [6]
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f636600286f8ba0096ea55d4bd2bb03f68088e35	9. For the German distribution of "Inglourious Bastards", posters, trailers and the official website of the film were censored, since the use of Nazi symbols is prohibited in Germany.
bb8765cb0486e3e46c258fca00a87200752185e4	The swastika was removed from the logo, holes were left in its place... from bullets.
415c11d87aa0c497daf65ee9439c4027c2e7e157	The actor who most often played in Tarantino's films is Samuel L. Jackson.
cc73351199ca2692045f02f906a0ea86704fecab	He starred in as many as five of the director's eight films: "Pulp Fiction", "Jackie Brown", " Kill Bill.
d1d5b73e0700d07b64899f80440bea74a0aa8606	Movie 2", "Inglourious Basterds" and "Django Unchained".
f5c963c6ab8fc71e408eaa9f00f4c7f05e7c09ea	Quentin Tarantino has never been married and has no children.
96b535ac70422c8963456eda642e5835017cdf60	Immediately after the world premiere of "Inglourious Basterds", the script of the film was published as a separate book and translated into several languages, including Russian.
c45dbaec44e4bb87bbc36d253b8f905e3eeac860	On the set of the second part of "Kill Bill", Tarantino used the music of Rodriguez, paying him a symbolic fee of one dollar.
e87cc1391278bcb2e4d4925f542be9c66102974a	The debt was repaid a year later, when Tarantino shot a small episode in the Rodriguez film "Sin City"for the same amount.
0b3998982cb7204fa1fba235d41239fb2dd1cf74	Quentin Tarantino's favorite joke: A black guy walks into the Cadillac salon.
2bee9d9a94b5e6635f728794618e14f3dd6a17f8	A salesman approaches him and asks: "Hello, sir.
8fc8b9b3ad496bd430ed11acb25637efce5e7365	"I'm going to buy a Cadillac," he replies, " and I'm thinking about chicks."
7f22a3a7dad251cda2659e67ec13fafea8edd3aa	The film "Kill Bill" has a second alternative version for Japan.
e0f0ccacffd3d537a5dc82c0f5b8e0406430ae64	According to eyewitnesses – more violent.
aaf75edbd4d237306d6e4a5a44b3eb4e09a0ed88	Tarantino openly expressed his intention to make a film about James Bond "Casino Royale", but this initiative was not supported by the producers.
1488a39c538aa4561b855a5b7e7aeb978b342c4c	21.
af7fd41cae73a7678502310a1cd52f13602dab65	The first Russian film that Tarantino saw was "Moscow does not believe in Tears".
8856e32e9597b15715f41e17ee828d1e0e4b939f	According to the director, he even liked the picture: "I remember that guy on the train, his dirty shoes, how he flirts with a girl, and how in the end, he changed her life!"
0dced08ce13f3d630150378d20d9849d951420d0	22.
580252aa5238b3d7af8e8f2872ad718cc86aa8af	In addition to the fact that Tarantino does not hesitate to use the word "fuck" in his films, he does not yet adhere to universal Hollywood political correctness.
07bdcfa4a5a32fa033ac4321f7b784e5501b4628	So in the movie "Django Unchained" the word "niger" was said 110 times!
8276c6a5f7145d6dbdd362442f6e350f8467d356	27 most interesting facts about Quentin Tarantino [14]
a2d493646eef437a44dbc89893a4cf48fdd2cd04	27 most interesting facts about Quentin Tarantino [15]
0950c3e574c4bb1453d6bd56de85df1410895c32	24.
24d93fbe2b35fc9e942cd5e009c19776159d7a8b	Quentin Tarantino has zemmiphobia (fear of rats and moles).
60734294f0f705ea5d9d49deaa1d2b015dd1599e	25.
de11e58c65379895a0a97ecd6df988e382a4dc07	Quentin Tarantino does not like hidden advertising in the cinema.
ff4d888eb8bef021c9f5d0778d26bb5970070b94	In his films, the characters smoke only cigarettes of the brand "Red Apple" invented by himself.
3eb0629abd37d1649388c79c892b1857d609a12e	26.
2427e2ee521a6f476e5c932f8ade4d0d244fea05	"Django Unchained" will be the first Quentin Tarantino film released in China.
adc5c46fb9381d626116ad60f3e64e4ea6d9cd21	Rental in China will begin on April 11, 2013.
8b01fbddff4aba57265db13a40241a054f29dc6f	27.
de16ed8893f7d05ae12ff6a943b22c6dbd27f15b	Tarantino was twice nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director.
f8e242f5a3838dd6f16766f1aa8fba9e41e365ea	But I've never won.
e05405d9b5c3deb193d34a018446db51562b51ae	But it has two statuettes "Best original screenplay".
cc6c9f291c92feaa21200a24f4f6e23f7fff2103	Quentin himself comments on the situation as follows: "A cool film will never get the main Oscar.
2e433c8dddbfe0f28ec60bddaca8ad6089630306	Cool movies have always won a prize for the script.
e0606365cbcfb87ed9d936395191a901349e527b	This is such a consolation prize for coolness."
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8379576a24447238085217e70b75478bad70c581	Tarantino, Quentin
142cc361544c5a893e619cff895fc31e3678ca07	This is the stable version, tested on February 11, 2017.
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432150ae2a5b511eced98413df36d1864953ca1a	Quentin Tarantino Quentin Tarantino
4ffb5ba38433e11d5b31f9b90dadc22f9b79f54a	Quentin Tarantino at San Diego Comic Con International in 2015.
ab4363913344f0e5a35afc9a1a5c9da80d8db01b	Birth name: Quentin Jerome Tarantino
0c14ffd1862acd2cf94b3131f6013207ed83ba1f	Date of birth: March 27, 1963 (1963-03-27) (53 years old)
7b7202bf4c1e5d462cdcd271b3184aecf2b75692	Place of birth: Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
22d5b322ead8d8f47ec8be5161f53f45e5d7a672	Citizenship: USA USA
e791c6b3a77844fe9df7b81f5999ce25be5a4fa7	Profession: film director, screenwriter, actor, film producer
a099abdc171653d619300d8f83176bd09cf443d4	Career: 1983 present. time
70d77f40c6e2c4a54d0a9f470f54cd3fcb059ba7	Direction: Independent American cinema
43cd9ee036d73bcaf2f0e76213106f585f1111e0	"Oscar" (1995, 2013)
0a8f8d21af7d8c38a6433b88808fc3626370c075	"The Golden Palm Branch" (1994)
c000f3c1303ecd8c856584b035aa38e9a9033e78	Golden Globe Awards (1995, 2013)
9758ead472f0cbc6f58058deba7f129e3462a092	«BAFTA» (1995, 2013)
39850d5e3aced388ffe065310e9ee47659b33dfd	"Cesar" (2011)
139bcc46a67d3c75c9d09e6e20e3ffb976550b2a	IMDb: ID 0000233
fe413eaaafa962de9635e24865f2ce21224fd1b4	Quentin Tarantino on Wikimedia Commons
dae4d8c46918b373e3e569f07e2c6740a702dc14	Quentin Jerome Tarantino (English: Quentin Jerome Tarantino, MFA: [ttærənətinono]; b. March 27, 1963 (19630327), Knoxville, Tennessee, USA) is an American film director, screenwriter, actor, film producer and cinematographer.
9b436c3b6e6be1f2d6dc1e8be06d657e2330491e	One of the most prominent representatives of postmodernism in cinema.
e25b164c846765ee066437482e8a12b4fd88d832	Tarantino's films are distinguished by the nonlinear structure of the narrative, the reinterpretation of the cultural and historical process, the use of ready made forms and the aestheticization of violence[1][2].
2a14e9f11b8dbe46d134615aa18dfd47f6c24850	He became world famous after the film "Pulp Fiction" (1994), which brought him the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival[3], as well as the Academy Awards[4] and the Golden Globe for Best screenplay[5].
cf4d9c3a4fdb945bc1638cf381f88bc527a51930	His works also include "reservoir dogs" (1992), "Jackie brown" (1997), "Kill bill" (in two parts, 2003-2004), "death Proof" (2007), "Inglourious Basterds" (2009), "Django unchained" (2012) and "Disgusting eight" (2015).
81e360c2089be4265b070b7d2663a3ecc6cdce3c	For the screenplay for "Django unchained" was again awarded the "Oscar" and "Golden globe".
e89dd5cd91631e4eb1e876f9932b0ed37f156b8d	In 2004, he was the chairman of the jury of the main competition program at the Cannes Film Festival[6].
72693de86ecf1e567777f32c91041891abbb3d6c	In 2010, Tarantino was appointed chairman of the jury of the main competition of the 67th Venice Film Festival[7][8].
dff8069f248554677c7d5b2ceba37bb491d16e72	1 Life and career 1.1 Early years 1.2 The beginning of a career 1.3 "Pulp Fiction" 1.4 Meeting Robert Rodriguez 1.5 "Jackie Brown" and "Kill Bill" 1.6 Recent works
a19b7b05da0392a5c7b40b52c02571c75982a401	2 Chairmanship at film festivals 3 Unrealized projects and plans for the future 3.1 Unrealized projects 3.2 Prequels and sequels "Kill Bill" 3.3 Other ideas 3.4 Plans for the end of the director's career
abbce22206ceda0b5f9e9629f0d6faf3c98c9475	4 Director's handwriting 5 Criticism 6 Personal life, hobbies, hobbies, interests and tastes 7 Filmography 8 Awards and ratings 8.1 Ratings 8.2 Awards and nominations
ff16d220a504d956650764687c1ab5c56a6124a0	9 Notes 10 Bibliography 11 References
16ae5bed08144deb5ed66f32b8620272ee4a1f09	Life and career[edit / edit wiki text]
589ee29015de5966d9fd0534729e01b064a502c2	Early years[edit / edit wiki text]
a3c7fafe3b2588aa5f5c2f9f3ebd41ee72b4ef1e	He was born out of wedlock to a sixteen year old nurse Connie McHugh from actor and musician Tony Tarantino.
30badaad77a6d97ff284f2570e33d36b52ef908d	Connie was born in Knoxville and has Irish and Cherokee roots.
664b0f3149dff31aeddf368e60b918b6fddd475b	Tony is an American of Italian descent, born in Queens[9][10][11][12].
0866e0bebf8e1cecb61a766d343b1cb127547d5c	Quentin's mother was a gifted student, graduated from high school at 15 and married Tony only to become an independent woman.
125bcabbcd2da5401e12666e2d22b3210d0fa504	But the marriage failed, they broke up.
0c7db957b73c68d5afcf1b3be569a4ebfdf16513	Connie found out that she was pregnant after the divorce, but she never tried to contact her ex husband, and Quentin himself did not make any further attempts to find his biological father[13].
f1faa3eaa4d8b4e0563cf3997688bf8cb1cbda13	Connie first wanted to give the child the name Quint in honor of Quint Asper, the hero of the cowboy series "Smoke of Shooting" performed by Burt Reynolds, but later decided to name him Quentin in honor of the hero of the novel "Noise and Fury" by William Faulkner Quentin Compson[14].
99bc3a5cfe0932d3f6d6913ee325bfb2b1f3899a	When Quentin was two years old, he and his mother moved to south Los Angeles, to Torrance, and later to neighboring Harbor City.
f9fcd52bf59bfb1ee21d7d681e4bf03c49c0f93d	He spent his childhood in Los Angeles, went to Fleming Junior High School in Lomita and took drama lessons[13].
09dbad2a58431784fa6e91d4ed23875d8cdafb83	As Connie made a successful career in the field of pharmacology, the family built their own house.
3c232970ff93516ac13354a4e8dbebb1e0526c77	Connie worked all day and Kurt worked at night, so Quentin spent a lot of time with his stepfather and his friends.
69990a64a652c644083102e6ffc10ed26385a057	The only child among adults, Quentin spent many hours in front of the TV, endlessly watching various series and television shows.
2c9e4d93f3af7e2f49c1c2135023643e25668d76	And his favorite movie as a child was "Abbott and Costello meet Frankenstein" [15].
32805bcf4553df86ee023bfc6b7a4d259d9dfba2	I hated school.
b4610916b65c10465f86e9fda46b7329eb306682	School depressed me.
d08cfbbf470d66219d2b8b0b31dfd6ca5ecc7638	I wanted to be an actor.
d3a7a8ac767b741bdf9e1a6c43769e8f28356b38	Everything I'm not good at, I donot like.
c70728eae2ad0f44c4afcadfc15e33f71c043bf4	And I just couldnot concentrate on school.
687f17dab47b7ad4d51fbbcd33ee20ba68f930ef	I have always loved to read and was interested in history.
01bfd9d43f398af6a376b46b1c35384a8478fc39	The story was like a movie.
8b34571b50f47987f3fc35d8aefbb50a9d92be57	But many of the things that people learned easily, I was given with difficulty.
a27eafa7b0130802b121e2744753ca7fb48a35ee	I was never good at math and spelling, I didnot know how to ride a bike until the fifth grade, I didnot know how to swim even in high school, I didnot understand how to find out the time until the sixth grade.
773f62b555209e0035969664c358d8493df508c1	Quentin Tarantino[14]
b4156e29b4a5a0ac0beccbddc11ea79428bfdafd	When Quentin was eight years old, Kurt and Connie divorced.
b5266c33e20f0b90a576fe4548613e691b13f1a6	The boy's interest in cinema was only growing, and he played out a lot of scenarios with his toy characters.
8761d725c1e658521dfa4802387366a42f012e9a	Although Quentin was a talented child, he began to have problems with school.
c6f382361edbaddcff5d2d9852ee55cbcbc72212	He attended Narbonne High School in Harbor City.
35a100865d7a261e4a29cf37c1fceac9f7fb13e0	Later, Quentin said:
c57149efbb0796cf6a33a7553dca4f17736fd954	Most teenagers think: "Cool, I'm in a porn theater!— But I didnot like porn movies.
389ea21459b71f36218bf4fd1bde52ead6cd6f28	I liked real movies, not this one nasty and cheap[14].
9270f6d5f05bf12595fbdb4ae0dc003b457952ca	The claims that Quentin starred in the films "Dawn of the Dead" and "King Lear" are not true.
d916e0f86ba443ce56f2b474cb517f1ebcdc1c87	Quentin falsely wrote these statements in his resume many years ago, in order to compensate for the lack of experience[14][15]. But despite this step, the roles did not fall on him from the cornucopia.
f509768f15533bc9287b1c9b2bf0b5d015ddcd0f	Now we can see that the fictional methods of narration are also characteristic of his films[14][15].
b453d08f88061ab0bb295bcfc5d1a7d83945c62e	The beginning of a career[edit / edit wiki text]
189a98ecc5a44684b910538c3f19e7f236719509	Producer Lawrence Bender, whom Tarantino met at a Hollywood party, convinced him to start writing scripts.
a663b5ae82fec52ca691dbd18225b893ac8c7183	Tarantino's first script, written in 1985, was called "Captain Peach and the Anchovy Bandit", but was not implemented[14][15]. After that, Tarantino spent several difficult years offering studios his first creations (he intended to put them on his own) and receiving constant refusals[17].
f2924fb5643ac12fb0ffa67049423c0af8166ce7	Soon he, along with his friend Roger Avery, began shooting an amateur film "My Best Friend's Birthday".
ca134454f65dd9405870aa294359fc5b68797cb2	The last thirty minutes of the film were destroyed by a fire that broke out in the laboratory during editing, and it remained unfinished, but its script served as the basis for the script for the film "True Love"[14].
8b3089a2baa0acb1ee4be6bb3dfaabdc336c574f	After that, he also appeared on television in the first and third seasons of the show "Golden Girls", where he played the role of an Elvis Presley lookalike[18].
e01db713edbe40d82ca1e0e2dd309cd1145f569b	The script of Tarantino's first full fledged film - "Mad Dogs" - was written in three weeks.
a7d2f379976515f40945a711fbeb9ec13e6527f2	Quentin was ready to shoot this film with minimal funds, even with a 16 mm camera on black and white film, but after the famous actor Harvey Keitel became interested in the script, the budget of the film increased significantly, as the project received financial support from Live Entertainment[19].
4a619399447b59293db3af303b46ddbbdb971990	Violence is one of the cinematic techniques.
24b9cd2b2325d350ee8a1c17c7ca3dbfb878df8f	Quentin Tarantino[2].
00de062e35f8126de02f9be4e9cca758b41a2d06	At many screenings of "Mad Dogs", some viewers left the hall right in the middle of the session because of the scene with the cutting off of the ear of a captured policeman, but in general, the film collected a good box office and was highly appreciated by critics.
a233572ea699f60bacb4180233e1646ec49e6020	It was shown at the Sundance Film Festival and became an important milestone in the history of independent American cinema, although it was really noticed and appreciated after the success of Pulp Fiction[14].
a651f8cd3434ecfff45d6a13352174783fbf7cf7	One of the executive producers of this film was Monte Hellman, the director of Quentin Tarantino's favorite western "Escape to Nowhere" [15].
5c143a0c7637f66ace8c47df48049db809b4b2b5	Soon two films were released, shot according to Tarantino's scripts: "True Love" by Tony Scott and" Natural Born Killers " by Oliver Stone.
667c430f430707cbf9119f7a7de4305cf31097e1	Stone subjected Tarantino's original script to a significant revision, and Quentin demanded that his name be removed from the credits, but, in the end, agreed to the wording: "According to the plot of Quentin Tarantino"[20].
7ecb2d23989af2669a570a59756ac2bc575b08ac	By the way, Tarantino sold these two scripts even before "Mad Dogs" (for the filming of which he used the proceeds), since he could not find investors to make these films on his own[19].
e98d48548f574a4901eb21b706ed1993c7da38ca	"Pulp fiction"[edit / edit wiki text]
aad9cc0eeeb117e60745a29208877ab5387d53fd	Main article: Pulp Fiction
3b8a1fb59a7a3780ffe4681e635d25a188802c0b	My lyrical hero is very simple to describe: he appears, gives everyone a kick in the ass and leaves.
ae04f8b79fb7c9985d2a02048b9e9df30120112e	Quentin Tarantino[15]
919cc351720fab5583e5b56ad44d369f2869946a	Together with Lawrence Bender, Quentin's company "A Band Apart" [14] (he named it after the film "Outsiders" (fr. Bande à part) (1964) directed by Jean Luc Godard, to whose films there are many references in Tarantino's paintings[15]) began to produce music, focusing mainly on music from movies, but the main purpose of the company is film production.
19b565ebf9e8446eae891753674a5ec7178987f6	Tarantino became famous in 1994 after the release of "Pulp Fiction", in the production of which "A Band Apart" also participated.
f6babd4490d17c88438be6848e3c6f41f07c5c00	The film has won several prestigious awards and many fans.
45998728d9d0b9c0b3db2f6aac291f4755a75b4e	Already in" Pulp Fiction", Tarantino's style has developed, the signs of which are showing scenes not in chronological order, splitting the film into "chapters", branded "Tarantino" dialogues (the characters can talk for a very long time on completely abstract topics — like the true meaning of Madonna's song "Like a Virgin" and the names of French hamburgers), references to pop culture and borrowings from old, often little known and second rate films on which Tarantino grew up[21][22].
f3af9603d6a07223095cdd9a3f94a3f8a9b81e5a	Bruce Willis was already a superstar, but all his recent films were unsuccessful.
ea6c8f0ba74d8197b6e0ca8a4a066dd6e80c2f04	Agreeing to a supporting role in a film with a small budget, he went to reduce his usual fee and risked his star status, but this strategy was fully justified: Willis not only received millions of dollars as interest from fees, but also ceased to be perceived only as an action hero[24].
6946e4c10341fd02f42a0a4fbfd1a152a12625b8	In addition, Harvey Keitel, Tim Roth from "Mad Dogs"played in the film.
c241f58d4d4b8eee598c4e58bf20a28c6fe0a659	After "Pulp Fiction", Quentin works on television, where he plays the role of Desmond in "American Girl", and also stars in episodes of the 20th and 21st seasons of the show "Saturday Night Live".
ae6fa741b37dca4582d7ccac0e8fad1c2fb11c94	It was originally planned that Tarantino would shoot one of the episodes of the X Files, called "Never Again", but this was not allowed by the Directors Guild of America.
58fc68cfad36586d7150034f1f44fb00238dc23e	There was also a role of Johnny Destiny in the movie "Destiny turns on the radio".
293a172871f95c11539beecb9df5792a935c43ea	Introduction to Robert Rodriguez[edit / edit wiki text]
ed3c3d5c13a5915a3c2269d1d1ae2fe0cbdddc45	Tarantino met the aspiring director Robert Rodriguez at the Toronto Film Festival, where he presented "Mad Dogs", and Rodriguez — "The Musician".
96300c75ec01e7a1169dc6411c8ef2edfe7d3d8d	The directors quickly realized that they had a lot in common, and decided to cooperate.
957bde93f04af34b417f9d520609bee2a2cf9ccf	Subsequently, they became close friends[25].
280d097c0ae1282d19371ae1875656d20596a0c8	Their first joint project was the film "Four Rooms".
d629e069a3c34c852a1ac63863a3ba815e76b345	It consists of four parts, united by the place of action (the hotel) and the main character (the porter Ted, played by Tim Roth), shot by four directors — Allison Anders, Alexander Rockwell, Rodriguez and Tarantino.
1d7e643396b71a14307b0a5d7d77b97494777245	The basis of the Tarantino episode, filmed in just two days, was the story of Roald Dahl "A Man from the South"[26].
c50e9ff29378f45a1494d2f281a99d38059b798c	Critics and the audience met the film coolly, although reviewers with a plus sign distinguish from the four short stories exactly the one that Quentin shot[27][28]. In 1995, Tarantino played a cameo role in Rodriguez's film "Desperate" — the sequel to "The Musician".
7c8da73b6e8e06f8897ca3399472e366c8a391eb	After that, Quentin still managed to finalize the dialogues in the Tony Scott film "Crimson Tide"in 1995[14] and to shoot an episode of the TV series "Ambulance" called "Motherhood", which was shown on May 11, 1995.
b87e31e26a9596010594ba654dca052ae3c625ce	I write films about tramps, people who spit on the rules, and I donot like films about people who destroy tramps.
7f5a07bb7e06966389c6f662397d035597270aab	By this time, Tarantino had one unrealized scenario left — about criminal brothers who, fleeing from justice, take a family of three hostage and successfully cross the Mexican border, but stop for the night in a bar teeming with vampires.
14adea53e0cda29c6f3b94417acda19ea2842f18	Initially, Tarantino planned to direct this film independently and play one of the main roles in it, but later, focusing on finalizing the script and his role, he gave way to Rodriguez as director.
d5dc0438eb223494a19ce36cbb880a1c4e60c929	The film titled "From Dusk to Dawn" was released in 1996, Quentin played his most significant role in it — the psychopathic paranoid Richie Gekko[29].
93423d5afcd1160945bd373d34fab0057a0dacba	After that, Quentin appeared in an episode of Spike Lee's film "Girl # 6".
9cb32dee0668f3e8b8f2f644629d2030afa7adbb	"Jackie Brown" and "Kill Bill"[edit / edit wiki text]
1039c6c3bc6243d1a3cd650d5aa5ca8bd7f2a30e	Tarantino's third film was " Jackie Brown — - an adaptation of his favorite novel "Rum Punch" by Elmore Leonard with the movie star of the 70s Pam Grier in the title role.
57bfdad0dce39da2f5c359a2e51d9ac57507804d	The film was a little less successful with critics[30] than the previous two[31][32], and significantly less successful with the audience than "Pulp Fiction" [33].
751211cbd9ff5686a86e3b3bffe26db909149aa4	The film was first prepared for a quiet release on the screens, the director gave only one interview and appeared in several talk shows on television[34][35]. After that, Tarantino practically left the cinema for the next six years, doing only producing sequels to "From Dusk to Dawn" and playing small roles in minor films or on television.
786cd77de3ab4bf19d8e6bc8832ebf442cecf111	I am a fan of all genres from spaghetti westerns to samurai movies.
4ee07ccb09181c9a3be146149cc3d738ec8c3d77	The film reflects Tarantino's passion for wuxia (a genre of Chinese fantasy with an abundant demonstration of martial arts), spaghetti westerns and Italian thrillers in the genre of "giallo".
f926e2430953565412f9ff4554216bc1c0cd1c7c	Recent works[edit / edit wiki text]
3b8279dc2b958829dc046a5f7340b22bd1ea4f75	In April 2004, Tarantino filmed one of the episodes of the show "Jimmy Kimmel Live".
9a28aa058f818a0233dd811dc7c6c90a0edf771e	Before embarking on his next major project, Tarantino managed to visit the role of writer and director of the last two part episode of the fifth season of "C. S. I.: Crime Scene", which was called "Grave Danger" (Grave Danger) and was shown on May 19, 2005.
15b27d9be5c3011a887f9809cbb9f72b52d035a4	In this episode, Quentin described in detail the situation from the second part of "Kill Bill".
657947691eb206ebdad15ee410668c7d2093773f	Nick Stokes is captured and buried alive, while the webcam transmits it all to CSI headquarters (in "Kill Bill", the Bride (Uma Thurman) was also captured and buried alive).
47e66ee3efea1a8fc85e31163ec5985af749f51f	In the original TV show, two episodes of the episode were named "Volume 1" and "Volume 2", which also resembles"Kill Bill".
22f496653980d5f5514fae3fb7753e9b5c0112bc	Some elements: a pile of guts in the role of bait, the suicide of Walther Gordon and the black and white autopsy scene that Nick imagines, as well as the non — linearity of the narrative all this brings thoughts of "Kill Bill" and other Quentin films[38].
599e08d4fa7e668854687d016fe3487261709db3	This double episode was released on DVD, on October 10, 2005.
c9c4ed7c18106f61204a8ae0cd36ba768576f7e0	For this work, Tarantino was nominated for an Emmy Award as the best director of a dramatic television series.
24b7b49f2d3384a96336296bcc9367ea1c175c8e	Robert Rodriguez and Quentin Tarantino at the premiere of the film "Grindhouse"
3892712b60d6198c2718626cec4128789990b482	The next joint creation of Tarantino and Rodriguez was the film "Grindhouse", consisting of" Planet of Fear "by Rodriguez," Proof of Death " by Tarantino and trailers for several non existent films.
a9f21312ff2f89bfb80ce8df8d0aba4ddb1e416e	The films recreate the atmosphere of cheap cinemas of the 70s and are something like lovingly made parodies of low grade horror films of those years.
e28d0f0d8f40ee0c18daef144e30c1cff894b67b	A couple of years later, Robert Rodriguez expanded one of the trailers - "Machete" - to a full length film.
271b11f8bced461aef70b321f02cecd83be95fb8	Despite the fact that "Planet of Fear" and "Proof of Death" are different films, they are plot related they have several common characters, and the location of the action partially coincides.
e88a0b6d43241ce4dab6f53eafcb07cbe6982323	Chronologically, "Proof of Death "precedes" Planet of Fear".
85e65b14ced172b1bb38be90065b8e4a4af945be	The main role in "Proof of Death" was played by Kurt Russell[39].
3c1bb3bd1b49eded04d0f028818054033fc48105	In the American box office, which began on April 6, 2007, "Grindhouse" was a resounding failure.
6f750f60aa352797570ac3a7f56a940c98005782	The fees amounted to just over $ 25 million with a production budget of 67 million[40].
9f38026efb672c8b3c0e2c5a63c47a114e981a6d	Therefore, the company of Bob and Harvey Weinstein, which is engaged in the distribution of the film, decided to divide the picture and release each of its parts independently.
930e8921361b8802c303b6acfa5459b422a2a45e	Tarantino and Rodriguez rewired their tapes to a two hour format, and in this form they were released in European rental, in particular, in Russia[39].
67c13905d512cadc58b4cdf186fdb7e3a01d3419	In November 2012, in an interview with The Hollywood Reporter, Tarantino called "Proof of Death" his worst film, but at the same time noted that although the film was shot clumsily, it is not so bad[41].
14cfd2fa059f5a512637cb492a65a9885a7c106d	Financial failure did not prevent "Grindhouse" from winning high marks among film critics.
8c98e7f0974bdbb1d08a78edede071a87ee72db0	The recognition of the film among professionals can be, in particular, the fact that Quentin Tarantino's "Proof of Death" was included in the main competition of the prestigious Cannes Film Festival[42].
b1fac9961b082d5bcc4d445ff43c59f6546d4867	After that, he had a small role as Ringo in the film "Sukiyaki Western Django".
e723fdd1a280bb62d5271165141c8be37897630f	The media reported that the main role in the film will be played by Michael Madsen, who starred in Tarantino's "Mad Dogs", and the release will take place in 2004.
2d325d2339f28bda6421bbf76ede61e4e52cfbf8	However, by 2002, Tarantino found that the production of the film would take much longer than planned, and switched to shooting the film "Kill Bill"[43].
bd5f90709f1b6157c8d69004923d52031641170a	The film was received very ambiguously in different countries.
799fb5cd694ceaf5c229ffc52dba1e8c7326060d	Here's what the director himself told:
cb75452d999cf90ad1d94de904bb6461a5914c49	So, in Israel.
bd52c7296bfc9e4b0223f26cde129627996c00fc	The whole theater is literally drowning in applause, not at the moment when Hitler is killed, but when Shoshanna says: "This is the face of Jewish revenge" — I think two guys started it, but then everyone jumped up from their seats.
5bc8804eaed7ef06c897a7ce39bc5d4d129c9298	And, you know, it was cruel.
f1d8004abf24df38979f3a50310a97233686c629	It was scary.
07ffddfced0a28829abe34adf2ac174d7b587a96	There was some cruelty in that joy.
89c3212d7e98a406c909ec061e01f1080b8400b4	It didnot sound like a happy greeting from "Indiana Jones".
0a5db4a888fa0c1b0d1a6d1395b1d2e3b2072f96	There was something terrifying about it.
d7c430be2eabb65458b34346b472e977e1141afe	The original text (English)
4704b075a7d36c2be96b5ad7b6301a70b51c5e96	So now, in Israel, I’m watching the film, and we get into the theater sequence.
785f6472bda9914b09f5a9f095dea024f117a02e	And literally, not when Hitler gets killed, but when you hear Shoshanna’s voice say, ‘This is the face of Jewish vengeance,’ the whole theater just erupted in applause.
ddc9515a68308ecde9d098e069202c2de910aed2	I think there were two guys that started it, but everyone jumped in.
a2432bb11a221ed6e4af0410cb43df39fc8bd35d	And you know something?
52d2832f3297a98a169c29edd392202fff6f9275	It was violent.
3c59e5746d6ee7c063294e2657829b894946c559	There was violence in that cheer.
49b7e53c07b1c7b8f729b5711d0f46948498052c	It wasnot like cheering Indiana Jones.
af996b334b303eec646397fd6ad115f2b047b304	There was something bloodcurdling about it.
b89aa047a75d5f1c48aa98b29cb0c2909e81777c	- Quentin Tarantino in an interview with NY Magazine about the premiere of "Inglourious Basterds" in Israel
7c687c98c836b2c7d6b877170dd14b88dfef7980	In recent years, Tarantino has used his influence in Hollywood to give foreign films more attention than they would have received in the United States.
13d798c683f3fce3eb99784ef92942f70ae7ef67	Such films are usually labeled "Quentin Tarantino presents".
a8707b3784e617533642e25b9b13979290e7d47b	The first such film in 2001 was the Hong Kong martial arts film "Iron Monkey", which collected $ 14 million in the United States, which was 7 times the budget of the picture.
eeba7b15e0002ba4851a342780f515a26c7a9a9a	In 2004, Tarantino presented the Chinese film "Hero" in the United States, which became the first number at the box office with an amount of 53 and a half million dollars.
75de0d8218db2c543205be03d711ec9932638c8a	In 2006, Quentin produced the film "Hostel", which collected more than 20 million in the first weekend.
58c591a009201d099ad662ea394e23be52014dd0	In the same year, he exposed the Thai martial arts film "Honor of the Dragon" to the American public, which collected almost $ 12 million at the box office in the United States and another $ 20 and a half million in DVD sales.
811e2862a1fce7e61c6eef54c2bf1365d0fa4d01	In 2007, Tarantino produced "Hostel 2", in 2008 - "Hell Ride".
a10cd58e267e8a17db87b37b42e21585cabcdc6c	The 2005 Hong Kong film "Elections" is not included in the "Quentin Tarantino Presents" series, but Tarantino liked this film so much that it helped the DVD release: his quote "The Best Film of the Year" is on the cover of this film in the United States[44].
e5f2313921a6a2eaf5d6512b8ee6b189e21bb443	(In April 2007, Quentin said that he would like to explore something that has not yet been intelligently explored by anyone: "I want to make a film about the terrible pages of American history related to slavery, and I want to do it in the "spaghetti western"genre.
20d7f9179844ac07bb1c55349f2154b6e4030e0b	I'll try to deal with what America has never worked, because she is ashamed of this, and others do not talk about it, because I think that it is not entitled to it"[46].)
21d75201ac69a133ae24fdcacdd9a52bc37cdd00	As recognized actor Franco Nero, who played Django in the film by 1966, the working title of the film "the angel, the bad, the wise" — a kind of allusion and homage to the Sergio Leone film "the Good, the bad and the ugly"[45].
9a8bf42d638ad3515d7ca7a9db606b2367b769b9	Filming of the film started in January 2012 and ended in June of the same year in the state of California[47].
af4d823ffb8a6a7ea357b7988ebe9eb84ebc56a9	Chairmanship of film festivals[edit / edit wiki text]
dcf9dfaeceef8b02295ba9f757e7f116676a5326	That year, the festival's "Palme d'Or" was awarded to Michael Moore's controversial documentary "Fahrenheit 9/11", which contained harsh criticism of US President George Bush and pointed to the latter's long standing ties with Saudi millionaires, including" terrorist No.
3c27b6925c6b8870b150507c088d53ab585e6d8e	1 " Osama bin Laden[49].
39f9caaf754f6d66bbf4d8fcd6bf826f9ee123b4	Commenting on the jury's choice, Tarantino, however, specifically stated that it was not due to political considerations[50].
648f09b178660fd5ac105ca3d401d27452d64c5f	In 2010, Tarantino was appointed chairman of the jury of the main competition of the 67th Venice Film Festival[7].
b4a4be55d00a226bbf543cad61f8a8aff7436cc5	The Golden Lion was awarded to the daughter of Francis Ford Coppola for the film "Somewhere", which tells about the relationship between the actor's father and the teenage daughter against the background of Hollywood film production.
7b5690dd9707227c4ea04aa052f5bbc71ff8fc17	As the chairman of the jury of the festival, Quentin Tarantino, noted when announcing the winner, the victory was given to Sofia Coppola unanimously.
ef13d084ae25047e44dd985e48f2085a491eece7	Unrealized projects and plans for the future[edit / edit wiki text]
0f00166e6f67bd2612529321aa003ef1e7439e94	Unrealized projects[edit / edit wiki text]
ddb2a2a1e22290e41f2b0558184a26e8ea04dcbf	Tarantino planned to shoot a film called "The Weekend" in Serbia.
571ac788bb9d78843f9d85a0f9ab9f28d2940caf	Sharon Stone, Michael Madsen and Dennis Hopper were to star in the main roles[51].
95635724552d47daa8fa9f452e764c776692b975	Tarantino openly expressed his intention to shoot "Casino Royale "about James Bond, but this initiative was not supported by the producers.
37ce1956828faad68c85b71a2ed8d8d54efe593a	Moreover, the very idea of making a movie "Casino Royale "belongs to Quentin Tarantino.
539dbee6db844264337ac56b97291218ad58f6a7	He also wanted Pierce Brosnan to star in the main role[52].
2da45c2154ec5864a6dfd5501a01f30acbf563ad	In 2008, Tarantino decided to make a remake of Russ Meyer's black and white film "Piss, piss them, pussy!"
fb584f843be743570e2f91c216096e4db0e385f8	(English Faster, Pussycat!
f7af6777611bcffe641e0a0b7da1280d0fe0c080	Kill!
61f88fa2aa403ab314e0806a6100a2e9b1a5a73c	Kill!).
65617a04e315743f0da2db3769b626a438d12a84	The plot of this film was based on a car race in the desert of three strippers[53].
af960b5eb0adb28c8bd1d7bcbe7383c29fc02f85	But none of these projects was ever implemented.
99e93826f6b5b1bf39870fe71bfbc685e8e25278	Prequels and sequels of "Kill Bill" [edit / edit wiki text]
c65960866f2f7c3cb7994ed66dddebdf92c2ddb4	Tarantino also hinted that, if everything works out, both prequels will be anime like the episode with O Ren Ishii from the first "Kill Bill".
f43625eefa63ff3d5ca0179f0fa07d408c98c10d	Even before the release of the second film, Tarantino said in a pre premiere interview that he was going to shoot a continuation of the bloody story in 10-15 years.
11528ca99ed56ac458830715cabe9059c1cafd8a	The plot of the sequel will unfold around Nikki the daughter of Vernita Green (Vivica Fox).
8539ef3ba9ce27655dc261353eed52b82c319db8	The premiere was then scheduled for 2014.
e5e248b85d37d6a9b531d940f21f8a483aaf61ad	The director explained such a long time as follows: "First of all, Uma and I need to rest, because "Kill Bill" was very difficult to shoot.
eb6492ccc9720ff7a0231d3d3cac45ac40a3e04d	And secondly, I adore Beatrix Kiddo!
31b7acd9bee3e7b4574569d30de85e34c56f93df	I think she deserves to spend 10 years with her daughter!
be7281b7b83863581dc33e554ce2e3b801357c66	" [57].
dfe5f3c877da760d88b4aa8b2389175f91edbd62	In December 2012, at a press conference about the film "Django Unchained", Quentin Tarantino said that he had lost interest in the sequel: "I do not know if the film will have a third part.
6f09449b1a89f0d82d4a3a3b7edc99a6f91fd02c	We'll see.
2129238d8f3b5daff49e991fa566ac1ee81c2cd9	But most likely not"[58].
7e5e7822d6408cbc56ccca0ac884160321b91ebc	Other ideas[edit / edit wiki text]
80fe86bddd63f75dc203a7983e5733c4857314e4	On the eve of the release of Inglourious Basterds in the UK, Tarantino said that he would like to make a film based on the spy trilogy by writer Len Deighton, author of the Ipcress Dossier and other action packed bestsellers.
b0e1886399987a8efb6b63a30fa4b438e821da02	Plans for the completion of the director's career[edit / edit wiki text]
4ffc8033f7f43d1a55976b1c70a6bb8869853482	On July 12, 2016, the director said in an interview with Variety that he would shoot only two more films, after which he would retire.
a4514f9c0966ec6491955738e7b3d2084e5e472c	According to him, during his entire career, he planned to make 10 films, 8 of which are already ready, and therefore there are only two left.
80d3e8aa569027cd5c41e81d41ea9634226b256d	Although, he noted that perhaps at the age of 75 he will come up with the idea to make another film, but this will not affect the 10 existing ones.[63]
0a113324d6ca2a34ef2b040bf18542cc8220c360	Director's handwriting[edit / edit wiki text]
f9c1cd3f10ae5503601e945b04936a3d5c5b244e	Unlike previous generations of American directors, Tarantino studied his craft on his own, as a clerk in a video store.
e03d4b9804c51a308c3d777cf711a6575fdb10e2	First of all, his films are distinguished by a nonlinear structure
4ec2096ab05a6e5c1761e3d7f3ffae0db6cbd5de	(often uses unconventional narrative, for example, the return to past events in "reservoir dogs"[64][65], the nonlinearity of the narrative in "pulp fiction"[22][65] or a narration Chapter by Chapter, in the "Kill bill" and "Inglourious Basterds", "Disgusting eight"[66]), the aestheticization of violence and long dialogues[19].
5b9cdcce73bede29564d7ce0699403506c1a0628	They also contain a huge number of references to films that are iconic for Quentin himself[67].
7855bbe8dae6efd4fe8a4936fec978c3719d4a53	The films have well imitated scenes with cutting off parts of the characters ' hands in extremely close ups, there are also drugs, as well as cruelty and violence, most of which is behind the scenes.
b8f117c185977304487fad4f285faec46fe096a9	Tarantino sometimes resorts to using a long close up of a person's face while someone else is talking off screen.
800f993ce9f4520cb049acb121b83de860482c22	The heroines often wear a black and white pantsuit.
9468bf32ee2b667111f9968fa4b1932b661957ee	The main character of his films has committed at least one major crime (most often — murder, in some films — robbery) (with the exception of the episode in the film "Four Rooms"). The characters often have a conversation somewhere in a cafe or in a restaurant, while talking again about food[15].
e9f3344597653031c6ac90f99c589e74db304e89	In his stories, scenes of the murder of parents of young children regularly slip through.
e6ef1f725a7ebeaa83c143d4d5419e67d086c9cb	For example, in" Mad Dogs", a policeman asks: "Donot kill me, I have a small child!", and then he is shot in cold blood.
56c1addd4419cc57577171469181690ab3b0c600	In" Kill Bill", Beatrix kills Vernita Green in front of her young daughter Nikki, the parents of Oh Ren Ishii, when she was a child, were also killed in front of her.
aabaad9d227084cd749f7c2d6bab6deabe727ade	In" Inglourious Basterds", Brigitte von Hammersmark kills the newly made father of baby Max[15], and in" Django Unchained", Django, being a bounty hunter, kills a wanted criminal in front of his son.
a4f16f7cc94605bfe18f1e302607015fb1bf36c0	Most often, Tarantino works with such actors as Harvey Keitel, Tim Roth, Michael Madsen, Uma Thurman, Samuel L. Jackson.
e143b17a5377a3e4f06f6053da99034ef09e7ee1	Also, in each of his films, with the exception of "Proof of Death", someone from those actors who played in the Martin Scorsese film "Evil Streets"plays[15].
ff327689191ca86790e29215a97b5fea66d6d0f5	Almost all of Tarantino's films contain close up shots of women's feet ("Pulp Fiction", "Jackie Brown", "Kill Bill", "Death Proof", "Inglourious Bastards") or actions directly related to them (a conversation about foot massage in "Pulp Fiction", a scene with Salma Hayek dancing in "From Dusk to Dawn", the loss of Cherry Darling's leg and her subsequent "prosthetics" in "Planet of Fear")[71].
f8c4bb244ecc4bcb55620ac7e104460bfbfb2ead	Brad Pitt
c8fc820e157827fe8ccca36886c55072dd60fd20	Collaboration with actors Actors Mad Dogs
1572b18ab0cc5743139507b57cf6cc436b36f679	(1992) Pulp Fiction
099489c56bfb25a7109e00e24e172f6551d21f69	(1994) Four rooms
c2c092ed434ab6109c61e80fd91adff1d8f8af4c	(1995) Jackie Brown
c39929171793f7214f0cfac3e511663f3698ad54	(1997) Kill Bill.
ee23b009b20023adc416e8f6383c29541419c09a	Movie 1
8dc516e4cb69a0ddc2d8bed9d81c4400d87a92ce	(2003) Kill Bill.
8e511711298e845ac369b2d9e55e26e6803930dc	Movie 2
43f8076dc02ce22b1c03ac72fe1a7fdc867830ef	(2004) Proof of death
6911475a67a7ff8b7d3d424a7603afd76b1f169a	(2007) Inglourious Bastards
e27d6af9828c1be7166ab0df5cf03984da651377	(2009) Django Unchained
1b24c2d870ca7b20e62ab1ccd5017cfd951199f0	(2012) The Abominable Eight
76778dc99a96160a35bd6293d4d47c94e1078493	(2015) Samuel L. Jackson X X X X X X Lawrence Bender X X X X Michael Madsen X X X X Michael Parks X X X X Tim Roth X X X X Zoe Bell X X X Michael Bowen X X X Michael Bacall X X X Venessa Valentino X X X Julie Dreyfus X X X Harvey Keitel X X X James Parks X X X Uma Thurman X X X Steve Buscemi X X Christoph Waltz X X
6d3bc8f22358ca5aaea34aa7c17ec3dbd8484e3f	Walton Goggins
c31ec3002544f41ba01c97559a626ae47c53a58e	X X Kathy Griffin X X Dan Gourrier X X Bruce Dern X X Keith Jefferson X X Omar Doom X X Paul Calderon X X Helen Kim X X Linda Kaye X X David Carradine X X Jonathan Loughran X X Lucy Liu X X Belinda Ovino X X Stevo Pola X X Kurt Russell X X Christina Rodriguez X X Eli Roth X X Craig Stark X X Rich Turner X X Bruce Willis X X Daryl Hannah X X Lee Horsley X X Sid Haig X X
008a24544ba4888eca7fbb118c340884836b7845	Collaboration with producers Producers My best friend's Birthday
020370f254e6bb67963b3c20c5ee9a447aaadce5	(1987) Mad Dogs
0aed32e757840b1d06e8eaf51fdd5a42449d5c49	(2009) Harvey Weinstein X X X X X X Lawrence Bender X X X X X X Bob Weinstein X X X X X X Erica Steinberg X X X X
857ad185ebc2f896fa1bb380d168479c12b12d5d	Nevertheless, Tarantino's activities have been seriously criticized at various times and for various reasons.
cb7bf9cc3d8aa6e41dad072e3a70cbb5f5d0d2f0	Moreover, he has both an army of fans and a crowd of haters[72].
af9ca57c9c9c8e519452377fb73db1bc4cbad042	Tarantino was criticized for being too disrespectful to other cultures in his films.
99f2bf796a441ca0cacf43215467ce5e6cb9eba0	For example, many phrases that the heroes of his films say can be perceived as racist.
375f66079bfe48e2407b0e5d3d7420fdec74f639	Especially in this regard, such expressions as "nigger" and "nigger"stand out and are most often found in paintings.
8de15bb9d12216755b1fb4710efd984cc76ab241	As an example, we can cite a scene from "Pulp Fiction" in which the hero Jimmy Dimmick, played by Tarantino himself, entered into a conversation with the hero of Samuel L. Jackson, Jules Winfield, who took the corpse of a black man who had just been killed to his house.
0118386c2e0f3ac7c6c28b137bb706378541017f	Jimmy asked Jules if he had seen a sign on his house: "dead niggers warehouse".
b6aceb5d4253b86647b41ee6a4bbe4ef0ba91a88	In the future, the characters of the film used this word many times[73].
198ef018c8563f7bf33b74740b62ccb2a80c5657	In an interview with Variety, Spike Lee said: "I'm not against these words, and I use them, but Quentin, it seems, is just passionate about them and obsessed with them.
1c8d4ca5b306a5380eaf67a192b7c96d7b9ded12	What does he want?
1997ed8f567e624c7bbb57c40f51bdf297f4ad37	Does he want to be made an honorary black man?"[73] In his interview with Charlie Rose, Tarantino replied as follows:
58b2ad2e61b883cdaf404bc56180d05db0d2e06a	As an author, I have the right to write every character in my world the way I want.
dd95fe4ecd78d96001591e8240aadf093386a0fa	I have the right to be them, I have the right to think like them and I have the right to tell the truth about what they are, donot I?
fa8ec0f5d9e9fd55729930f8863d3c32f84549c6	And to say that I canot do it because I'm white, and the Hughes brothers can because they're black, that's racism.
c66cbc849d7a248d7d09d1b431502090ed6fe9b6	This is the very essence of racism, isnot it?
5649ad7bc1bdb1fd3bf7023fe3262d080f18a07e	And I donot accept it.
5baa9e463dfdcb77ecc1ac6a882811b42712b9aa	The part of black society that lives in Compton, lives in Inglewood, where the events of Jackie Brown unfold, who live in Carson, they really talk like that.
6b0bf9a055217965e83d8bd3b2a4fe03b2109b99	I'm telling the truth.
135a5cc4775312353942711c988b18f0ce37c239	This would not be questioned if I were black, and I provoke doubt because I am white.
fb774d4ae25bd1b8b54358574858878375b01212	I have the right to tell the truth.
e960b173044e952f91491fb791bca31e469314c2	I have no right to lie.[74]
b532b5f8762b65aab1badd10a7981c774c34625d	Later, on the Howard Stern show, Tarantino also stated that Lee would have to kiss his ass while standing on a chair[75].
d6d70e144ff2c63c799524c4ee13827b00d95bf1	Samuel L. Jackson, who starred in the films of both directors, sided with Tarantino.
1b9fa412e6842d04caa0ee9071e2e8441f9d9fda	At the Berlin Film Festival, where "Jackie Brown" was shown, Jackson responded to Lee's attacks by saying:
fba67a40643e2e00216553aa54acb57d3d560e2c	I donot think this word is offensive in the context of this film...
f9ede70933b55453b07cd0f45a1f9bdae999f669	Black artists believe that they are the only ones who are allowed to use this word.
65a0ea44928edd42e5e87fe6879e11c2a42d87f8	This is nonsense.
bee4ffd24f76e19ae257c8b5283c4be05adfbbdd	"Jackie Brown" is a good film and does not offend black people in any way [76].
02fabd2023ee3c161fa0dd41bd76ffa2a34911a6	According to an article in Premiere magazine, actor Denzel Washington also accused Tarantino of using racial slurs in his paintings, noting that Quentin is a master of his craft[77].
b3a43d90b3c50c563a4727758789414ef8aab42a	And the film "Django Unchained" was criticized for the fact that Tarantino made this film precisely under the black President of the United States[78].
387afc1ae530defb5447e2ab5aa9cd3eb0104f74	Tarantino is often criticized for excessive violence in films (for example, Lee Siegel of The Daily Beast called it "absurd")[79]. However, some critics say that if you observe more carefully, you can understand that films often only point to violence.
605343cc26a9bb747478f4f034052969db168c2c	They believe that violence is used by the director as a means of storytelling, and as a result, Quentin demonstrates the moral, which is that violence never solves anything, but only generates more new problems.
cdc55d0a441067175c1aa7e03fb1dfbcf455e93f	He uses cruelty to evoke strong feelings in the audience[80].
cf517dfe887b7fe19618f166451acbb874750056	There are often accusations that his films contain too much dialogue.
c3dcb15e50d35150a2db922f2310c3f7bec3a1c0	Tarantino answered this in an interview with Komsomolskaya Pravda:
86f0623065f8cc00f7752666481cfd04dc6c2d65	Fucking dialogues are my thing, donot you see?
c3fd1e138a449bccd4987a81065d10a33f2658c7	This is what I do!
3f0f263f5fef791e7ccc4a2afb36450f7fee0045	I respect people's opinions, but to come out of my film and say, "Too much dialogue" is as stupid as saying it after watching a play by Tennessee Williams or David Hare, mother of them.
7b23de1c91827ff94be112a903e8cc51f387433d	You canot be my fucking fan and not love my dialogues.
b3034ad91d47320d03efa023d9178a7e72ee518b	By the way, each of my films was criticized for having long boring dialogues in them.
38fa97e0a2a11963578b387043f4be67e222f363	Except perhaps the first part of "Kill Bill", where it's all mochilovo [81].
2aacef98ee1237af81ad094bce679c095b421632	Some critics call Tarantino's films "low" and "frivolous".
de8baf4162df3311e23fd432d031cf4eced3f993	The director himself says the following about this:
3f8f3d1d31df96e02d3973c9283c56e71b4377a4	I've been invited to the Cannes Fucking Festival for 16 years, because, in your opinion, I make frivolous films?
9d7e9f548a72890b930c9d58861bff47ba13368c	Someone calls them "low", but not me.
ddb604c6843827930f7631471d5502b6f03c31be	For me, making a film about blondes in prison is no less respectable than adapting the novels of Henry James.
2e71589b40faeeb4a65305525bed8e479eb0a720	With the only difference: I donot like the film adaptations of the novels of Henry James at all, but films about blondes in prison are wonderfully good!
38121d376102ed63dd956ce408843b35b9a9230a	And I want to shoot exactly such pictures.
34cf624de69c6bbeb6adf150805b6dc740f9e38a	I return the" low", half forgotten genres (such as spaghetti Western) the respect they deserve.
67656a7f61381962a4f6f4970b922162717ee8f6	And a modern sound, your mother!
dd88b7c960abcd98f7255ce63cd7301147c0686a	And I do it in the style of "crazy Quentin", which means that they are not like anyone or anything.
99b01f4eb94fed1a6f657e4cd848091deb9c7bb8	Except, of course, fucking Quentin, because it's me!"[81]
56157c6d7da47f4e0110ae92f44d0874e8c4a62c	Tarantino has been included in the lists of the best directors of recent times several times: for example, Paste magazine included him in the top ten living directors, and The Guardian newspaper placed Tarantino on the 17th place in the list of the 40 best directors in the world[82][83].
f46f27584dba0afdc873e66a1f7c3545755ba8c9	Quentin Tarantino took part in a protest march against police brutality and brutality in New York[84], for which the US police called on all their employees to boycott his films.[85]
adf4940257179957cb601fe608c3a37090d1de8d	Personal life, hobbies, hobbies, interests and tastes[edit / edit wiki text]
cde38dcd87a904935316f30be7a8940bfd079054	Tarantino's favorite movies
d05c9cdad4e3f4183cb2dfa0c1a2a93dbd2d1116	"Good, Bad, Evil" "Apocalypse Today" "Obnoxious Bears" "Carrie" "High and confused" "The Big Escape" "His Girlfriend Friday" "Jaws" "Pretty Girls, stand in a row" "Thunderclaps" "Sorcerer" "Taxi Driver"
5db6a18cf69deb1bbee3e06503eae8e876456b9d	Sight & Sound Survey (2012)[86]
4e0ed1a3763c0d09dc71990671df43951f6407c7	Quentin has had romantic relationships with many famous women, including actress Mira Sorvino[87], directors Allison Anders and Sofia Coppola[88], actresses Julie Dreyfus and Cher Jackson and comedians Kathy Griffin and Margaret Cho[89].
1ebfd01038d952617f8a29c2c527a35f47ec5a58	There were also rumors about his relationship with Uma Thurman.
8f4c1e74ae48b23cecde2f7a97e840e207225981	However, Tarantino denied these rumors, saying that they only have a platonic relationship.
75d8d10a3409b148e99dc9fa1746610bf87d0870	Quentin has never been married and has no children.
eb3584f35d0076d810c03ee41161d456be413854	The director stated:
5aa9b4833e3f2210104c51d5ddef7665c32e4bea	I am not saying that I will not get married and have children until I am 60 years old, but for now I have made exactly this choice and will go down the same road, because this is my time to make films[90].
78b741030f2bcc0dfb3bb1157e26ddbb6fa5ba03	A few years later, the director spoke more categorically[91]:
b464e8ea47614a6f1bb96f90fe7d4e18cf9c9a58	Understand, I gave up too much in life in order to make a movie.
f655a5558f9b19024dda03df301041c41ac7684f	I have no wife, no children.
91ad283c2d09124c24478e2fec2fa07351e4f9c9	I made these sacrifices with a clear goal in mind.
369bd3919578b5313d5feaad850332e760e5b642	And I'm happy.
d6169ad7ea6021fb75201122226b4aea57971fdd	- Oleg Sulkin's conversation with Quentin Tarantino.
f0f4008180b7bc476ae17e93866a3236c3000e23	According to the New York Post, Quentin once rode a bus filled with women and alcohol, and seemed to enjoy it.
3ac25944618a450364d886405962042fc22b3b03	Then he placed everyone in a mansion in the Hollywood Hills, where he sat on a sofa surrounded by women [92].
874b91db7de82f5aa4162bdce55f4fabf5a4f947	One of Tarantino's closest friends is director Robert Rodriguez.
57e7ffc5bf50a1b9f1f11dc2aff3ea78e7721e3c	They have collaborated on many projects.
f30d4da9bcebf914360b3480a2d3c48d4395d719	Of the most notable are "From dusk till dawn" (the script was written by Tarantino and directed the film rodríguez), Four rooms (they both wrote the script and directed every episode of the film), "Sin City" and "Grindhouse".
e423fe20e6fe9b5de3fa3d6ff2e178be8ac922a9	It Tarantino Rodriguez advised to call the final part of his trilogy "the Musician" — "Once in Mexico", as an homage to the name of "Once in the Wild West" and "Once in America".
2ad65734144d0f0011073abce6e466fda2da8c31	They are both members of the band A Band Apart, which also includes John Wu and Luc Besson.
beb9717014b857e8284461f0926a4739cc150562	In 2004, having arrived in Moscow for the XXVI Moscow Film Festival, Tarantino visited the grave of Boris Pasternak in Peredelkino.
0604013fe091cac0a5edf5bec9087d3170868747	Tarantino's translator said that Pasternak is the director's literary idol, who influenced his work[93][94].
6ccfbfca97a9d5c433b0c5ffca12d56be398d9e8	Tarantino also calls the singer Madonna and Uma Thurman close friends, whom he sometimes elevated to the status of his muses.
66f4ebaa9fff9c50150238873ff8a8a5a1395dc9	The director has been collaborating with Uma Thurman for almost his entire career[95].
48c1c6efbc8165bfef9241a36c927c1b87329352	He considers Paul Thomas Anderson, Jennifer Beals and Sofia Coppola to be among his best friends[15].
7ba2810c73b0a27ea625bc194b2935dfdb91a739	Quentin admitted that he is prone to foot fetish (sexual attraction to the feet)[96][97].
11e67ef4ed7fbf35d39eee8786f8fabef385c7fb	Quentin collects old board games related to such TV series as I Dream of Jeannie (1965)," Dukes of Hazzard "(1979), "The A Team" (1983).
a28fc5e30e18ad4da20d000c3307fe78dbb9014e	In addition, he is a big fan of the acting trio and The Three Stooges film series.
2c13fa1a73103f2f44aefcdea1e45499f3f2e93e	Tarantino also loves the computer game Half Life very much and is considering the possibility of a film adaptation of this shooter[15].
3bcff04d9bdc9ffb6b632eac57ca1de64a99e522	In 2009, he called the film "Battle Royale" by Japanese director Kinji Fukasaku his favorite film of those that were released in the period from 1992, that is, from the moment when he became a director[98].
46356faad3158dfb0d519449d62d47ed3af5926c	In August 2007, during the 9th International Film Festival in Manila, he named Filipino directors Cirio Santiago, Eddie Romero and Gerardo de Leon as his personal idols of the 1970s[99].
f6af0de57e756d744924ffea1ebcec3d3b9855fa	To rumors about his high IQ of 160, Tarantino replied that his mother mentioned it in an interview, and he does not know if it is true[100].
9b61fa44e843cd5a1b908b7056ad1cad3c4100fe	Filmography[edit / edit wiki text]
f36325ce769ea24404a8912138a59d033818de58	Year Film Director Screenwriter Producer Actor The role of K. himselfTarantino 1983 Love birds in captivity Y
23eb4d3f4155395a74e9d534f97ff4c1908f5aac	Y
2c769563082feaa55b69d193cd441d66c4b8b747	1985 Golden Girls Y Elvis Presley Impersonator 1987 My Best Friend's Birthday Y
91e4b5484ed1cc65e6c972f4ccefbddef95a4287	Y Clarence 1992 Mad Dogs Y
afafc292d3b10fa1e5d6b5b59f5ede2bf50ac18e	Y Mr. Brown 1991 After midnight Y
d77e8d09865816bbd62a3600a0d004828591f2fe	1992 Eddie Presley Y Madhouse worker 1993 N real love y
dbc95fa27f3489e4c143bb958eb4d652bb6f6bcd	1993 Iron Monkey Y
53c31d5e3a5494a44c9fccd8b9882cd5e314153c	1993 Kill Zoey Y
3df9022bd5b89ef7c3469fd63bd0c908f2a02cd6	1994 Pulp Fiction Y
0af93de27ab880cf575a2ee0bfbdf9914cd9a5f8	Y Jimmy Dimmick 1994 American Girl Y Desmond 1994 Natural Born Killers Y
2169244b4238d747c603e60d82bcb3891bc51d48	1994 Sleep With Me Y Sid 1994 The One Who's In Love Y Bartender 1995 Destiny Turns On The Radio Y Johnny Destiny / The Devil 1995 Desperate Y Joke Teller (cameo) 1995 Dance With Me While We Love Y
99ad6947d7edfb14960907017c562af83889cc76	Y The Groom 1995 Four rooms Y
3b252045a9041e2b522ef7d818539ba89ae87e52	Y Chester Rush 1995 From Dusk till Dawn Y
5dd4505ba26724fee92cd61fad4f17ab43b5d63c	Y Richard Geko 1996 Girl No.
cde4a1cbc06ebc5f1cba97400279d7c0a1b8a9af	6 Y Director No.
7bb60b3cb9c54c8ff785814f0de175f353e8870c	1 in New York 1996 Dried blood Y
e66fab1fa8c47252fa51a263d5a5bb2d71f478ed	1997 Jackie Brown Y
e8093bcce45c4d102bb4b6a7af085857dd643af8	Y voice on Jackie's answering machine (voice acting) 1998 The Lord said ha!
74cfe5da7ad1f24c6488eb1955ddcb2e806502ab	1999 From Dusk till Dawn 2: Texas Blood Money Y
5b19628ec8281456330f1e36616ef02e0d7011f6	2000 From Dusk till Dawn 3: The Executioner's Daughter Y
9bf0d77a52d739c292796f18b11c8935f68c3377	2000 Nikki, the Devil Jr.
32ce0801294932b23513f9fa4c2b783481d5830a	Y The Blind Priest 2001 Spy Y Mckenas Cole 2002 The Adventures of Modesty Blaze Y
6c9421dec5c2572579b107380897bcf212d89a56	2003 Kill Bill Y
7ee3776567a97d5b820012712d5197292d6246ca	2004 Kill Bill.
93fa56dcc09c21cf494cef249b7a155cc16bc119	Movie 2 Y
5f8601fefe6059d698323a6fa22338263c07ab76	2005 Daltrey Calhoun Y
94dc70be42f94b4b3c2d5124148309343b94f9dd	2005 Hostel Y
8426510e1854ebd01b62f4b4823d978dbd81cbdd	2005 "Danger from the Grave" Y
a48105f5919e3580845b804ee248ad28550cb30e	2006 The Fury of freedom Y
b5f77b0ff4ee285859e9ea44f4c93e71e592fa76	2007 Planet of Fear Y
b27ba6f797b4f899eac24de581416a219285a1ec	Y Rapist No.
f437e05612e86a69b56c44994647f413aa3e3295	1 2007 Proof of death Y
983fafa588ba2322f351903fb336ad7d2d57e54e	Y Bartender Warren 2007 Hostel 2 Y
fe536eeadf34e697795431fd38982f63cd68722d	2007 Sukiyaki Western Django Y Piringo 2008 Hell Ride Y
72c5ab2ae5cd48a02cef6e332a4647ce2acb5055	2009 Inglourious Bastards Y
96809916d410e6750d29ac6ae825864f223a3123	Y scalped German soldier / soldier on the tower in the film "Pride of the Nation" 2010 Come home Y
256cf9a365fae0f11895d440e279639039c53ac9	2012 Django Unchained Y
b999f2cb1bd925a0bffc5f0a6a5350c622be5438	Y employee of the company LeCointa Dickie / Robert, a member of the Big Daddy gang 2015 The Disgusting Eight Y
705cdbb35a3105b2e0442aa11c63c9cda416748c	Y Narrator (voice acting)
3344e28c9732a71663867baf4df86b51d1aa4eae	Awards and ratings[edit / edit wiki text]
1fdf48bd32a4d46e633434f72804ec801b5d29ba	Ratings[edit / edit wiki text]
16f35fd80f59a7ad0455d82fb6a4dcca3ab31e25	Tarantino in Paris at the presentation of the film award "Cesar" in 2011
abc736214d98cec4157582212729259132797a24	In 2007, the magazine Total Film (English)Russian.
407d53724ae7f369cc74fbd0df21a4a1ac269d61	I put his name on the 12th place in the list of the best directors of all time[101].
a8e44883e9c325b552d1664a9546def6e6e6f34e	And in 2008, IMDB compiled a rating of modern directors who have shot at least 4 full length films, based on the average rating of the film, where Tarantino took the first place with a rating of 8.12[102].
00e3794704de12710c857fc7f98129223c1e5e1d	Six of his films are included in the list of the "100 best films of all time" according to the magazine "FHM": "Pulp Fiction" (No. 1), "Mad Dogs" (No. 11), " Kill Bill.
a8991c8479297184d0dca567421394275f9aaa29	Movie 1" (No. 25), " Kill Bill.
64fe3cde68cb47216a3124e5ce4ca0a047bf166f	Film 2" (No. 26), "From Dusk to Dawn" (No. 73), "True Love" (No. 75) [15]. He took the 81st place in 2004 in the list of the hundred most influential figures compiled by Premiere magazine[15], and the 8th place in 2005 in the rating "The Greatest Directors of All Time" compiled by the British magazine Empire[103].
545c40d630be95249f91ab618d0df19457b1d7f7	2004 Officer of the French Order of Arts and Literature. 2013 Commander of the French Order of Arts and Literature[105].
07565051c2da5ca87e86f35cf63f384b119c2eb2	On December 21, 2015, Tarantino became the owner of a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame[106].
f220da24b4370dc41cedd846641e63f471a09c89	In addition to fans, many actors and colleagues came to congratulate the director, including Zoe Bell, Walton Goggins, Jennifer Jason Leigh, Tim Roth and his long time friend and colleague, Samuel L. Jackson[107].
a3b58da58e1f7bb1f932b841bd85acdf1dd05c5e	Awards and nominations[edit / edit wiki text]
f4d3f7c38dfaeb20000365bb23d91c44cb5c7310	Year Title Award Category Result 2015 "The Disgusting Eight" "Golden Globe" "Best Screenplay" BAFTA Nomination "Best Original Screenplay" Nomination 2012 "Django Unchained" Hollywood Film Award "Best Screenplay"[108] Victory "Critics ' Choice" "Best Original Screenplay" Victory "Golden Globe" "Best Director's Work" Nomination "Best Screenplay" BAFTA Victory "Best Director's Work" Nomination "Best Original Screenplay" Oscar Victory "Best Original Screenplay" Saturn Victory "Best Screenplay" Victory 2009 "Inglourious Basterds" "Oscar" "Best Original Screenplay"[109] Nomination "Best Director"[110] Nomination "BAFTA ""Best original screenplay" [111] Nomination " Award to them.
de7fbdf470b5caab55994422660fee107a17546c	David Lin for Best Director"[112] Golden Globe nomination "Best Screenplay" [113] Nomination "Best Director"[114] Nomination "Cannes Film Festival""Palme d'Or for Best Film" [115] Nomination "Saturn""Best Director" Nomination "Best Screenplay" Nomination 2007 "Proof of Death" "Cannes Film Festival" "Palme d'Or for Best Film" [116] Nomination 2006 "C. S. I.: Crime Scene"(episode "Serious Dangers") "Edgar Allan Poe Award" "Best Episode of a TV Series"[117] Emmy nomination "Best Director of a Dramatic Television Series "Nomination 2004" Kill Bill.
6b7b3c45602e3fd83c8fb40c358031489181bc1a	Film 2 ""Grammy ""Best Soundtrack" Nomination "Saturn" "Best Screenplay" Nomination Best Director "Nomination European Film Academy Award Screen International Award Nomination 2003" Kill Bill.
f79556f4c1eb38875199965f1da9ef7e0cb068f3	Film 1" "Saturn" "Best Director" Nomination "Best Screenplay" Nomination "Sputnik" "Best Original Screenplay" Nomination 1998 "Jackie Brown" "Berlin Film Festival" "Golden Bear for best Film"[118] Nomination 1996 "From Dusk to Dawn" "Saturn" "Best Screenplay" Nomination "Best Supporting Actor" Nomination "Golden Raspberry" (anti award) "Worst Supporting Actor" Nomination 1994 "Pulp Fiction" "Oscar" "Best Original Screenplay"[4] Winning "Best Director"[119] BAFTA nomination "Best Original Screenplay" [120] Win "Best Film" [121] Nomination " Award to them.
35e28e461cff65936d8f866a2ae5281a50620bdf	David Lean for Best Director"[122] Nomination "Cesar" "Best Foreign Language Film"[123] Nomination "Cannes Film Festival" "Palme d'Or for Best Film"[3] Victory "David di Donatello" "Best Foreign Film"[124] Victory "Edgar Allan Poe Award" "Best Film"[125] Victory "Golden Globe" "Best Screenplay"[5] Victory "Best Director"[5] Nomination "National Council of Film Critics USA" "Best Director"[126] Victory "Independent Spirit" "Best Director" Victory "Best Screenplay" Victory 1993 "True Love" "Saturn" "Best Screenplay" Nomination 1992 " Mad Dogs "Maria Award" International Film Festival in Catalonia ""Best Director"[127] Win "Best Screenplay" [127] Win "Toronto Film Festival ""FIPRESCI Prize (International Critics' Prize) " Win "Independent Spirit" "Best Director" Nomination "Best Debut Film "Nomination" Sundance Film Festival "Drama Film" Nomination
efa1c09cba96425dbd24a23af46f22ef75fe1d71	↑ 1 2 Victoria Karmanets.
351ff29351466bdb75426041c6700700543b510a	A fanatic of cinema art and an aesthete of violence (Rus.). kinopokaz.tv. Checked on November 7, 2010.
701f4eb26e86270faea3b121336de54259ad010b	Archived from the original source on August 23, 2011.
a1384ef933cedafec613de1490bd460236141581	↑ 1 2 Michaela Latham.
c620b487a5f3da19dacd2225d7470144ca7ba8ab	Interview Quentin Tarantino (English).
283288e4b764b0af11c119ac7c7b524adb307952	BBC.
564e029d9b13ae54583664386a2807c62458a7a8	Checked on November 9, 2009.
e6b6b99a3628c9b95d1fa21e50fd18db392a40ef	↑ 1 2 Award 1994 (English).
8ef60c9ea0427da6137387b971b5e48c160a9170	Cannes Film Festival (1994).
faaaebf1e73363a227ddcde983c5668827dc02be	Checked on October 2, 2012.
797a71da1b3cde74a61ee0f0571e23cd34dce9d2	Archived from the original source on October 15, 2012.
06fa34cd4f7dca12333c5ed1ff194b996f7e8a74	↑ 1 2 Writing (Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen) (English). Oscar (1995).
ca21f0fe7fe02342d87c08f79054b5caf2a1ac78	↑ 1 2 3 The 52nd Annual Golden Globe Awards (1995).
b846c2c4d2139d7550333ba39ca0cc7c5becfc58	Golden Globe (1995).
b29016066fd057ee5ee0cce14e0770c68a2da223	↑ 1 2 Quentin Tarantino President of the jury (English).
9448aef8961f7eb158b9706937db2767cbada7aa	Cannes Film Festival (2004).
77b067e66b78e4112e09b1fcb7cd1b9149c77fe2	Checked on October 24, 2010.
04a4d897689b8d47f44cddfb3604d2b89ab8a55d	↑ 1 2 Plakhov, Andrey.
cb15687c6800ca058d87c56ed5330a7331f47dae	Russia passed the competition in Venice (Russian).
69ca0145cae3e6d824a30e75511485df8b8ddfe6	Kommersant (July 30, 2010). Verified on August 30, 2010.
8cdbd73ab9750b6e4bc9c9455fad54b4ca3e4995	Ven Venezia 67 (English).
8560879f64bb99d6b65ce424f8476851c64f3eb0	Venice Film Festival (2010).
de9727f682106ed22b8feea019f59543325d033b	↑ Quentin Tarantino Biography
c24e2786535ba888bba7ce00fec51546ca19ecf9	(1963 -) (English). filmreference.com. Checked on October 24, 2010.
9b0b6e51036b6a0f8676fc1639d905faea2926d7	Fac Faces of the week (English).
32d082bc907f29dea47586a0dd8347971be37f27	BBC (May 14, 2004). Checked on October 24, 2010.
8188e211a06d867e07a850fe7d37f8301dcd1162	↑ 3 Quentin Tarantino (English).
5003dc6e54861041b048e677cba8915574bb44d8	Entertainment Weekly (December 30, 1994).
20a025f851306487e98070fcc3bb3f22196257df	Verified on October 24, 2010.
a61440ff4b964b58168eeaf97ecb456406eb8c7b	↑ The Man and His Movies, New York: Harper Perennial, p.
5813a558643b1a8c9c4f3dd9034ab4cd9e17b927	↑ 1 2 Quentin Tarantino Biography (English).
f7c39bc407cdf99a9363ddd37f2b6c0528f144b8	Yahoo!
ef8b0cb0fd2d07420a08ac989c95a60a07c28273	Movies.
96afa09fe00a13bd0e3eef30d57b3ab92a937bdd	Archived from the original source on August 23 2011.
2f488b78453d885f4d475ca96095724c3a484dc3	↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Jeff Dawson.
40e277b824a0782bdbac8f23f64d8458377a9451	Tarantino.
b0987357da099cbd5205fa04c439c8c9d72588ce	Biography.
7fb2457f8f5318766b99f1555d7a345d06d28738	Translated from the English by E. V. Vinogradova.
589492591d957a2d40efbb9dd49241e485552b5f	- Moscow: Vagrius.
e9744129ef66ffdb3c6841eb71813e5200355e5e	— ISBN 5-7027-0859-8.
d90b52ff7cc128a395e0f53bf0babc614ca15aba	↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Biography for Quentin Tarantino (English).
92d5af1eee86cb23274b056ac05a1d6fb0eb8408	IMDb.
32250f1ef5b6bdce3fe68408736b70e011b2b75a	Checked on November 11, 2009.
4e669d056d7409a873b151cd51e2c4874d7a05aa	K Ken P. An Interview with Danny Strong (English).
3be6f694584ac309ed9e9695fc32008f5f4fd6c7	May 19, 2003. movies.ign.com. Checked on October 24, 2010.
01dcb58e01f3ed3f0a08ab604ca52852c1352b7a	Би Biography of Quentin Tarantino (Russian).
96eefeb533e95c29a69f4cbe4823e4562fe048c7	Russian fan site of Quentin Tarantino.
2caf0c3e2119fbb3d219353deff28f1134e2647f	Checked on January 12, 2010.
bbc021efc77cc39ff3c102fc09702c611bef1990	↑ "The Golden Girls" The Complete Fourth Season DVD Review (English).
cef5a7797b2859b0079bf902c23024eb6cc39cde	Aaron Wallace (February 14, 2006).
ecfc6e821d6b98c3ecce7e36dc689dcf5d1c4460	Checked on November 10, 2009.
1d247486ef0db5abf3c650fe4689c50c8c6da59f	↑ 1 2 3 4 Quentin Tarantino (English).
20c7b9189bdd88b3f6d32d8f400c42afba35a268	MTV.
ad3c6c66172e7f8e39f4ff5e8afcc7cc90873a47	Verified on November 9, 2010.
f2b56b38b6b0794e02b3b8e5381f75b1c13e39ed	↑ Fuller Graham.
4332ec9f9314df61609a8cd0169e68c21546095a	Graham Fuller/1993 // Quentin Tarantino: Interviews / Peary, Gerald..
b69da2c94279033ea94690e69e3673cf7682a3f7	— University Press of Mississippi, 1998.
61f34ab14bb66eaeb1f29b50217dc5f46f3f26d7	— P. 57–59.
41d1a7961a88f6e743b0e8714b27cff109b15891	— ISBN 1578060516.
6ebb8633a937d35913f06859c692efc806d99017	Сергей Sergey Polotovsky.
0c75f526ed403a018f74fc932f0dad51c10c2c4c	"Pulp fiction" (Rus.).
5969d17f992d1f989315976a18f957ea4aa18864	Sovetnik.ru (April 1, 2005). Verified on January 29, 2010.
c571dcadd0cbe7a786e90c49b8ea847a6c87c383	↑ 1 2 Alex Exler.
08370bd8c43c42bb19746261126616aba3ea44f3	Pulp Fiction (Russian).
20f2a21bc1d1ed12554d90f088b53787bd375eba	Exler.ru (June 7, 2004). Checked on January 29, 2010.
c03e7f2d45c755449e792cbfe51ba5895c9a0b00	↑ Rocio Ayuso.
3c03c2500823b8c1bd88b2a588e4c478bcc81fcd	"Thurman is my Clint Eastwood", says Tarantino (rus.).
819e2f598c7bca00a2c658391a64245364f185cc	Tape.<url> (April 30, 2004).
e08b2a1cd89ffc64d186471431515f0541090923	Checked on November 7, 2010.
cc158088ed839f1870eec68dfbe1c245eb9d0f78	↑ Jeff Dawson.
7ec72e1ba587fe638ffeb03c2589897b1b069d80	Quentin Tarantino: The Cinema of Cool.
082495e089574f2b6b13595d9c68b921dd25646c	- Applause Theatre Book Pub, November 1995.
9d04546fddd0a4a7ddef5457257ec3ea7864a61a	- P. 148 — - ISBN 1-55783-227-7.
cc1b2087681ef1307a620084403319fa51bddb5b	Сергей Sergey Rakhlin.
2ade2547e4a663e1f0a599f3843ac266a857766f	Tarantino&Rodriguez: Ministers of Worship (rus.).
b4ebde23fd38256d9f476b42ee9aeabbabcde48d	Your leisure (June 14, 2007).
0a32b5a09603e284d39d207726cb2e2e5e9f4f27	Man Man From the South (English). roalddahlfans.com. Checked on October 2, 2012.
2bfa0bec508ca7d229da789f304c956313ef1da2	↑ Alex Exler.
1b0587c7efd9b33c7e91bd965004a1d40ffc13e3	Review of "Four rooms" (Rus.).
518a6c7aed754c56163b5a6207aa624472acba72	Exler.ru (July 22, 2004). Checked on November 7, 2010.
da3242f9d8df2dcaaaf7fd11429dcf910aa67c56	↑ John Silver.
6e42b04f281faf0cfc7ef9f5267f6ba5cdd553ca	Review of "Four rooms" (Rus.). kino.orc.ru. Checked on November 7, 2010.
2c64e0639e7dc303f0b27a8c17620bbaac4dcc1e	Вит Vitaly Shishikin.
19271019251b6ae1416f3385dfc431383a2a6b09	Retrospective "From dusk to dawn" (Rus.).
2fd680904aa0572157dae31f91b43e0b972d226a	Videodrome.
dae194bd5e5027c0ecf54edbc26e8aceedc52687	The World of Fiction (June 7, 2011).
81825550346c4f31ba7f8683a07ea7403146811a	Jack Jackie BrownJackie Brown (1997) (English). Rotten Tomatoes.
025d49b8f79d6ff83fae081d4d43dfbb9af219a5	Verified on October 4, 2012.
7e28babeb056025c60b28e5c18cf6bc88fb2da36	↑ Pulp Fiction (1994) (English). Rotten Tomatoes.
313676e22cce3d8c0f3b5b3ec194e542b228ea92	Reservoir Dogs (1992) (English). Rotten Tomatoes.
5e216d11d2024e54003b6849d0ec84ca3dd6f2ae	Jack Jackie Brown (English).
d0aeaffd76cd177cef1cd7c71d55be246e2be569	Box Office Mojo.
2dfe9ba8f27ea6d4ce2fde579f874b9ab6200cbb	↑ Gerald Pirie.
5edf1ea1357d37e18d054217b423928d06d1830f	Quentin Tarantino: An interview.
5b35b7251070bf015426f75fb1596da6d48f05e5	- St. Petersburg: Azbuka klastika, 2007 — - 336 p.
defd02d088b5749be9e16768cb68489a3eb0aaa9	↑ Lynn Hirschberg.
9b6514a37bb61acf2bd4bc9b4b4bf392918bc0cb	The Two Hollywoods;
ebfd5c722640398be22231cbe6a87eaf2e2c4297	The Man Who Changed Everything (English).
45efcbb675c5ef1f767e53d4bff9de4554f34012	The New York Times (November 16, 1997).
4f25f803f36547a8880dec3dacd26b28252d43ca	Accessed October 2, 2012.
b274b0de9a4059238f8d3bd80e6bb533f6e88b66	Tri Trivia for Kill Bill: Vol. 1 (English).
21d06e641ab0e56836061907942e56b8fd41c7c1	Checked on January 29, 2010.
88a5fb11201f7f611bd6ebf3a7cc2edfb0d924a1	Archived from the original source on August 23, 2011 .
059214401be780e6676e1d576527aa97d3ba8684	Tri Trivia for Kill Bill: Vol. 2 (English).
5019cc80860ff7fdf306c93018db6fdf93ffea85	↑ CSI Special: Tarantino's Grave Danger reviewed by Jack Foley.
60f0b837c6767f8d2c805814176487baf7c18ef7	↑ 1 2 Grindhouse (English).
f431b0b9f2868d667c14602fb9136a5c29c7d571	Checked on January 30, 2010.
eae7bcd9cedfb888b26c00b53a2ccabcc32c5655	↑ Grindhouse (2007).
ec045a24fc14243c78e4061f9f807a337bec7804	↑ Quentin Tarantino Says DEATH PROOF Is the «Worst» Film He’s Ever Made ↑ Valery Kichin.
813f6955cecff1c084af3c83f01c205cc0d85e41	The Cannes Film Festival showed glimpses of a criminal look (rus.).
4942b8aeec8407eb14186afc62762a4bfde22da7	Rossiyskaya Gazeta (May 24, 2007).
0a17452646f1c7f5643e3d571e2efde66fd06b99	Tri Trivia for Inglourious Basterds (English).
77be3a8dcfbe8cde7ec72d4cc274fccbcf422369	↑ Election DVD (English). bs (November 11, 2007).
9c81093f62dab686ecc0e7ad57bb83834e67f6a1	Archived from the original source on 23 Aug ста 2011.
7387f0d2441670171a31370d68522f16347f4098	↑ 1 2 Мэтт Голдберг.
65a82b998213dc75e75c78ed7270130da1ae41fa	Quentin Tarantino’s Next Film Is a Spaghetti Western Starring Christoph Waltz (англ.).
d585f97416ae56bdfbb84b813ffcf21978e21368	Collider (28 февраля 2011). Проверено 17 марта 2012.
59d6a2169d92f9cd83fb8bab8e588387d30bbfe3	↑ Quentin Tarantino: I'm proud of my flop (англ.).
3a1efad36a825a09f9a0b49faf00648f853a4dc7	The Daily Telegraph (27 апреля 2007).
9c5c3b26f28fe03c6a13451389f1e37ec163d227	Проверено 10 ноября 2009.
9de2ceb7e2b0ce57a40488374287c3e43322924d	Архивировано из первоисточника 23 августа 2011.
a728cadd2d18a574aa124814752998b96bee71d2	↑ Тим Сэндл.
1777ebeb394981a789084c4b0e9f0f096c59b371	Django Unchained: new Tarantino movie begins shooting (англ.).
4fe147fe760784714e70d4b4fdbe13183bf7e7fd	DigitalJournal (27 января 2012).
41d8cd02796bcae816b92ef7c5b3d0eca128dada	Проверено 17 марта 2012.
3829a5fd9cda56b4c6b0887e659a38cd10b7a6c1	↑ Майк Скотт.
de513bcff50534dd01ceddb542da2e92e2c52181	Quentin Tarantino's 'Django Unchained' will shoot in New Orleans, city confirms (англ.).
9fd8d25de83350e1d4f8f1efaa2865307c7915c9	Nola (23 августа 2011). Проверено 17 марта 2012.
c6f23bafb47f3d8757486d59e9c9dc83e89be15e	↑ Тарантино, Квентин (рус.).
22b19ce642860f13a05acb9b8d941435b57645aa	Лента.ру. Проверено 7 ноября 2010.
b37855c093bf02b088d4a3e0104495aeb15ec58b	↑ Moore film 'won Cannes on merit' (англ.).
a6fc5acd3cb9f352e105685c18e8a7f543214e25	BBC News (23 мая 2004).
580020643574107fbc09a10a712c2b85d11424a8	Проверено 7 ноября 2010.
5c2038c1e8ad9fa18b67e1adffa36d1506994e8c	↑ Stone to join Tarantino for "Weekend"?
3c5d49ba5695d4da9bf588c425e7b5c139c6e275	(англ.).
7751f031da60fbd1674c905aac3ab06b7dff839f	Liz Smith (18 мая 2009).
ebf436fb66770adc2db25bd32ba71c14abba7bad	Проверено 9 ноября 2009.
cb86662cf87af8459e598f63da28f1445c7a61f2	↑ Киностудия не доверила Квентину Тарантино съёмки «Джеймса Бонда» (рус.).
4c1f4f812191093de6129619f88802a372e2b840	Утро.
ae82f7736bc23b67d23c441405e5f66d5fb3e694	Ру (26 марта 2007). Проверено 9 ноября 2009.
5bc6446b3ea792186f0cd0fe9a58773dfef70c8a	↑ Тарантино переснимет лесбийский триллер (рус.).
f3223efe73449ea4a45259527c70839387d95c32	Лента.
b3661b8457781aadea7b4e18b0019ad839ea98b2	Ру (18 января 2008). Проверено 9 ноября 2009.
9035e8c7cc86a3d45c5728b3f2587bf388702cad	↑ Как ляжет фишка Тарантино (рус.).
c50d95d82e0bb115253c90104d6100ac066d6b49	Film.ru (18 августа 2006). Проверено 10 ноября 2009.
ba5f62ffe7dba4215154bd296f775631b8ff462e	↑ Тарантино собирается снимать третью часть «Убить Билла» (рус.).
59e3e4454d7ee1168d4bde06d703a3e4b05b5cc6	Lenta.ru (13 апреля 2004). Проверено 10 ноября 2009.
4a0c858658ab9e387d05c51a9b146e8ca67db3cf	↑ «Убить Билла 3»: месть — это блюдо, которое нужно подать ещё раз (рус.).
a6c666b531a2cd1c8792e5e2065372fc0291cb34	Film.ru (27 июня 2007). Проверено 10 ноября 2009.
f37ac3905ba5fb92b35e740893f4d8bb1a0647b2	↑ Tarantino Teases Kill Bill Volume 3 (англ.).
c5bccfc1107851f58da43d64ec7efda76a936678	MrDisgusting (4 октября 2009).
81a44fe4fa5523dba863c70cf48701f59fb14bba	↑ Квентин Тарантино утратил интерес к продолжению "Убить Билла" | Новости.
aeeeed0f15fee07d7e235cea00003c866949d0c6	Новости дня на сайте Подробности ↑ 1 2 М.Хоста, А.Верховский. Шпионский роман.
9c3a12858eca0fe4723ddd9633ffe019e7b48e41	Попытка краткого обзора ↑ 1 2 Квентин Тарантино: Интервью ↑ 1 2 Квентин Тарантино планирует экранизировать английские детективы ↑ Квентин Тарантино признался в любви к английским детективам (рус.).
623cfc1d277fe915135a729726d4596ca6bab060	Russian Fun Site (20 августа 2009).
21966d5b9621993157e41b9242166a4494396148	↑ Keslassy, Elsa.
6d310d32666a1ea81ab9e75831be95c9e59db66d	Quentin Tarantino Says to Expect Just Two More Films.
5a74d78cabf5f83cb39ca3da341c031681e0b94a	Variety (12 июля 2016). Проверено 13 июля 2016.
603d5adee3d38f533644c8efdab1efb7c1c47f86	↑ Алекс Экслер.
07e8ceaceb6e69afa0a4a817c74bc0fa0578da0c	Рецензия на «Бешеных псов» (рус.). exler.ru (12 марта 2004).
3960c3410596c9713cd76d5d724275754eddf0ae	Архивировано из первоисточника 11 августа 2011.
d1fe9bea000a3a57bd1d3652509512eb76a55129	↑ 1 2 Сергей Кудрявцев.
7da302847e9cf56f168b20f49636d8679c599421	Рецензия на «Бешеных псов» (рус.).
2422c28b5750f5f82d3ea037886fbb89de384d82	Мегаэнциклопедия Кирилла и Мефодия (2006).
54d6d44eccd6944eb656ba1c2dbb66c405581384	Рецензия на "Бесславных ублюдков" (рус.).
cb6603b34be68e3f9d9df3978a7afd8accdf1e6b	Exler.ru (14 декабря 2009). Проверено 7 ноября 2010.
2595de233e1f4d934928fd058c27ecf4e359e364	↑ Джефф Доусон.
70b923c21376ef56612b104cf155456f5650789a	Квентин Тарантино (рус.). qtarantino.h11.ru (1995).
6f99a0a532dccaec551e46c9c19c072b9d2b2ca7	↑ Mexican Standoff (англ.). tvtropes.org. Проверено 7 ноября 2010.
91ed5abcfd6bc4ccd69c18691212a6d83e942113	↑ Quentin Tarantino's trademarks (англ.). tarantino.info. Проверено 7 ноября 2010.
9c870b8b9d0a66fe38a61ea155b2d12065ed069b	↑ There is a sense of humour in all of my movies.
ded86b75de46e90be5b6d9e669758e9fa007515b	↑ Брэд Бревет.
3cf7092d283eb70180247494c5f5aebdf33caf1f	Tarantino: Brevet (англ.).
32c798bd70392be9b2ab25349431fd9a933507ec	RopeOfSilicon.
93cf93044bbe82121208a8ff92beb7645c0720a8	↑ The 50 Most Influential Directors of the Century (англ.).
18333c09be0f5e4576944de96cd590d6f3852ba6	Brainz.
e33dda56ebed97d36712cedcb24a3557eea04f3a	Проверено 18 марта 2012.
3325b20d46705193da6665db16db1a3a9facd803	↑ 1 2 Allen Taylor, J. Douglas New Word Order.
d23d7d3b2a5b30b0643ba64851b74c9f95733566	Metroactive.com (9 апреля 1998). Проверено 23 октября 2008.
ec83fd5a31c6d8a5c03169032528fcd552c3eb30	↑ Quentin Tarantino defends himself against Spike Lee for criticizing him in using the 'n word'..
7e3fd3ca5d136766f64aa856029d640701b36201	CharlieRose.com (December 26, 1997).
ee0df3b9543c6625857576ef2efc952b837e6b42	Проверено 30 января 2011.
0548cb52ea64f9dc7a5a4af81e4e183c9fdaa59f	↑ Schnakenberg, Robert Secret Lives of Great Filmmakers: Spike Lee.
3154901d510ea136ca06456d5cccaeebb1483e85	Архивировано из первоисточника 15 октября 2012.
2d5600ce63a75ced273154530f7d5c9d0effd0ec	↑ Samuel L. Jackson blasts Spike Lee for criticizing him for using 'n word' in 'Jackie Brown.'.
2ac404d8095d925cdf2de6b2effca5b69dd72ee1	Jet(недоступная ссылка — история). Findarticles.com (9 марта 1998).
d5785665615368f0efcce90937a69037d0f9c7ee	Проверено 23 октября 2008.
a86b5fd21d5595a4b35d91fa63ec64d379715c88	Архивировано из первоисточника 10 июля 2012.
e2a3a643b44483b0e550c03a84c488666b4c083d	↑ Denzel Washington.
aedb5452961e162bb72bd3d3c303a6cc09556c53	Celebrities Pictures.
d6f5e5533c6b2386a4d877aad385422408217f26	Com.
c53b4a20407a884b195cdf6a7441c62caaea608e	Проверено 5 сентября 2010.
d1f670cf6a873e1588e429ec6d817607a71268e4	↑ Елена Гагарина.
589cf693e53a57b5a9619f69b98d2e41171439cd	Мы — не рабы, рабы — не мы: «Джанго освобождённый» // Контрабанда — 06.03.2013 ↑ Ли Сигел.
8d51f913e383c809a6e727d1c477648c93023580	Tarantino's Hollow Violence (англ.).
9952321db53916c76cb793ca9bae53427dd0c380	TheDailyBeast (24 августа 2009).
7fffdd8c67eef08840590bb006c3b47535b985a4	↑ Quentin Tarantino — Film Maker.
9eb9844f15d7de2800d09f3b3a68efad7055ffa3	BBC (4 мая 2004). Проверено 8 ноября 2010.
b856a633f539c0e71fd61c0432f3f3e9c4e958e3	↑ 1 2 Стас Тыркин.
773af8df0c6c48c17d487b46d5a077da223e993b	Меня тошнит от съёмок кино!.
a4f413b5f48d2df032fd53ba1405af60ac360ee9	Комсомольская правда (5 июня 2007).
b51ec7c222f6d9eeb2836676d4bcf8bfa666e772	Проверено 10 ноября 2010.
04d0ec5501bcfe6085da3d6179f2ffbbdde10eb4	Архивировано из первоисточника 30 мая 2012.
1ba686432c3ee0df304a436f94a09b6ef82577bc	↑ The Fifty Best Living Directors (англ.).
eab3f1376678402fab6d8e4c0ab2944c807bf0f9	Paste Magazine.
6f40561b6998a29519f767df7255d6ad4d2136e1	↑ The world's 40 best directors (англ.).
74b6bc5c342d9c99e2987c9541e8e39f42980952	The Guardian.
50f54cc3c49e5aa84183b19c72d3bb4edbf8433c	↑ ВЕСТИ.RU: Квентин Тарантино принял участие в акции протеста в Нью Йорке ↑ Полиция США разозлилась на режиссёра и призывает бойкотировать все его фильмы.
f41dbe4e805f6b230dd4df184b693859299883dd	↑ Максим Лоран.
03b075b324ef845ec920878aca9a7201d1460925	"Vertigo" D’Hitchcock, Nouveau Sommet Du Septieme Art (фр.).
c59ec6b9732b2313008e97c3899cc50c8a61ec97	ParisMatch (3 августа 2012).
7f5a3c81ccbe830702d6025bbdea842bc009b356	Проверено 3 августа 2012.
4d7785cc91a093a3276de0811ace2e6d4c52ed41	↑ Quentin Tarantino and Mira Sorvino are history (англ.).
74464dedb0de24987ecaa2f58cfe5aaff3678407	South Coast Today.
97a4ab3cc340f157536ceb53d3157906b4cbff92	↑ Coppola and Tarantino Share Suite (англ.).
edc6c81856dfb3050e0da3f0ce1bc3236c5ee0a8	IMDb (17 мая 2004). Проверено 10 ноября 2009.
7499a7239c0f1bcb7af81998b5a52400f77b743e	↑ I'm the One That I Want (англ.).
5ac56dc28c1e79ee47a0d8e42ffebe05387158d1	Stephen Tropiano (2000).
cc2747bf099a7779f967b59fcc9bf12313a8b7eb	↑ Quentin Tarantino — Tarantino Sacrificed Love For His Career (англ.).
aa7b135612c7a7e6031bd1f079ef25174f3afae8	Artist Alphabetocally (28 июля 2009).
dc71ea9b40801bf1c439f2e6e4b1623318b78a40	↑ Беседа Олега Сулькина с Квентином Тарантино («Итоги») ↑ Quentin's 'Mexican' Halloween.
7543a61c8cf60fbc1d455b7a4f0eacc8c6fee3fe	New York Post (2 ноября 2010).
00be65e320b98509d479ed18f1f7fc50704f3f39	Проверено 9 ноября 2010.
0bb4adfff18192548a8858c140ba4e0d6e4d581b	↑ Ольга Рудакова.
e1e8eb81363a3b60756f33cfdbb909feb72a5d83	Тарантино плакал на могиле Пастернака.
41b9d321f014cd8d8a6cf23de88cbf6aaafdb0ef	Комсомольская правда (21 июня 2004).
178776aa91581cfd2a7774b67495b154d1f145ef	Проверено 6 июня 2013.
8bea11c41e3da666051cbd1bc16bbdd9bc23c6cb	Архивировано из первоисточника 7 июня 2013.
a178b50f6617e476548baf366af1ea05f4b1b637	↑ Тарантино и Пастернак.
8a300502cfa6cf5c0496ed0b2eb5b149a469b866	— Видео на портале youtube.
afb63bfe1a534e8b26e66d3fe99ac5df237d6dd6	↑ Готов стать козлом отпущения.
15ed554da547b08acfb862223635162e7821fa20	Известия (26 июня 2007). Проверено 10 ноября 2010.
9394f42afb05e767713dbfa15b53e24175ce7a5f	↑ Luis Calvo.
3301a44e468fe573917cd3264b04adb486c31ab2	Quentin Tarantino's Foot Fetish (англ.). hollywoodinvestigator.com (13 февраля 2004).
ddc0dc8a640144a7c6cb77f1e0d1ef03f7b5c173	Проверено 28 сентября 2012.
023e6d7f8372262af43d651f7775f19214b72d40	↑ Tyra Banks.
19297d5d75ed050559c0d6e5440d0bb6a76dd6a9	Tyra Banks Show (англ.).
c81d942b43a9fce715ef9013685dbae1820a3a39	You Tube.
ecc754bb8af35a3f0e83bfbde3805739bdbea163	↑ Quentin Tarantino's Top 20 Favorite Films.
781a30bfc76af2024c8d567dd5ae2b9f5b62aeea	Проверено 5 сентября 2009.
095b5e6f8b92fb4bfdb1295def5fdbc2c5ec4af3	↑ Constantino Tejero.
de5178c419378dec3c52f6b892f243fd55cee908	Tarantino raves over Pinoy B movies, Philippine Daily Inquirer (12 августа 2007).
680d96f96c3a33942fd032f6d72140a53e6a2b19	↑ Лиз Браун.
1e968096b3d41684db8ff088458743f8b73b61ba	Quentin Tarantino talks Inglourious Basterds on The Howard Stern Show (англ.).
badc29415eb3e0696f55a18b44e3b218556d0e01	Examiner (17 августа 2009). Проверено 17 марта 2012.
8d186fe844497062a4085d346a755baf6407eab7	↑ Greatest Directors Ever - Part 2 (англ.).
7f868a092d9d5b609492b8153e00b92cb77faf05	Total Film (20 августа 2007).
081c921875809af5ac5eb7ca6915e715e677f985	↑ Рейтинг современных режиссёров от imdb (рус.).
366e283118fb7cd5c993a8c7dd6cfcacdc1aee9b	Tarantino News (5 марта 2008).
d06fa99ec004c4f369e7b3b8605609524a6791e6	↑ Greatest Film Directors (англ.).
400498c685b244bec12e5c3bad09b5b9ab555af1	Empire. filmsite.org. Проверено 2 октября 2012.
3adae45d16cefd31ab02d43a82b2fe4988af098e	↑ Top 100 living geniuses (англ.).
0f68fb57d7f36a211e3dd29b7c7fc1889ffcbeb1	The Daily Telegraph.
3c8c80412a66663dd17f3c59d6c634905e1a122a	Проверено 2 октября 2012.
a4c984dd7e37557156c81ce6b8bf689b95aa6f2d	↑ Lien web: Quentin Tarantino reçoit le prix Lumière 2013 ↑ Hollywood Walk of Fame.
cb44d480f8c5bf0fa48831ebe7cb83e4549ed989	Hollywood Walk of Fame.
f039df93dc9951e3b77ce1979b58cbbe8ff22218	Проверено 3 октября 2015.
ca5b62794d7568cf969d1ea09e3ed66fe4242790	↑ Квентин Тарантино получил звезду на голливудской «Аллее Славы» ↑ Марк Джонсон.
dca102dd43ff1aee54c7ce14c7620f8d7f55f424	The Awards Season Kicks Off With The Hollywood Film Awards (англ.).
95010b38b4393636a00dc4c24701195727386b8f	Awards Circuit (23 октября 2012).
809b04ce95d6eb9512826e023def3167aad13fa0	Проверено 25 октября 2012.
7248b9e05912db8778b97752cc9012d7d80dda6d	↑ Writing (Original Screenplay) (англ.). The 82nd Academy Awards (2010) Nominees and Winners.
77a5ec7a520675aebd44f6e435a8a90fa9aec75f	Оскар (2009). Проверено 2 октября 2012.
0f9b2584f80243152ecdc8004c45eccbf70f350d	↑ Directing (англ.).
53e61e83738f46d93e9b3f10a58719bbf542bbc7	The 82nd Academy Awards (2010) Nominees and Winners.
2cbdd52568782a0cb748c5a18afde09e0c305aa0	↑ Original Screenplay 2009 (англ.).
297bd708e4856bacd0492cb4ecac44bcbb6984bc	Awards Database.
9086f0e0dd2068b6f8f25d2eb8d486cc20a9c8e4	BAFTA (2009). Проверено 2 октября 2012.
44b22777707026bd9af8b67d57160cb89299d5d3	↑ Director 2009 (англ.).
a8037c34cfc73488ea29206f2b3ace851a6de8cd	↑ Best Screenplay - Motion Picture (англ.).
a0672bc898903ee5a203a63a80200db2939374b1	The 67th Annual Golden Globe Awards (2010).
19a3e58325851c239194400014e44db8fab96bdf	Золотой глобус (2009).
3fe41fe005c90e769389ade39bb77fd9afd602b6	↑ Best Director - Motion Picture (англ.).
16a31301b27750fcc6101a098df70db92c9d08b6	↑ Official Selection 2009 (англ.).
1c78ef9df12dffd56319c378367a528dd890b7a1	Канский кинофестиваль (2009).
8126ca088848e269689500491020e806c1266f30	↑ Official Selection 2007 (англ.).
58fd29aa7a66b6e73525e95889000b3479fc9ed3	Канский кинофестиваль (2007).
d7b12321decdc5484fd442a6c95d4d32a5ee5c38	↑ Edgars Databa se (English).
f994446c14053676e1d70a887d6b725361b64225	Vinctori 2006.
8dfc112d01146775afb8cf59990576a0a22e43ca	Edgar Allan Poe Award (2006).
927c73b837084c4c5dd19e16330eabfc7909348e	↑ Competition (English).
4c7e0b9ef49b3d2e3e8405ff27ae6580632fab96	Berlin Film Festival (1998).
c991be1e86afd9e33dd73f4225a1c054b57398f3	Direc Directing (English).
f2edeb9701332e3184df3244340a4d010f835877	The 67th Academy Awards (1995) Nominees and Winners (1994).
a7f7fa48184d12de6bedd637785c01c01ff50923	↑ Original Screenplay 1994 (English).
9d0091df53951eba360ddba556acdc1c2bf81afc	BAFTA (1994). Checked on October 2, 2012.
b466ebd6c14ba0d939300527cf806b1945faf278	↑ Film 1994 (English).
9de26a711795ec6b89ba17d63193455de924917e	Dav David Lean Award for achievement in Direction, The 1994 Awards Database.
025ecb6d92c843b57a143bc562c8a9e48b1a3363	Pal Palmares 1995-20 eme Ceremonie Des Cesar (French).
7cf346a2ffef97b3e9b004c0936cea0cde6485a3	Cesar (1994). Checked on October 2, 2012.
a0d1312d53a6fb0cb837eafbc216d51da2a528f8	M Miglior Film Straniero (Italian).
c4600c2e91059c7e5d1c5e956f8c152dfd87799a	Vinctori 1995.
5d7df7b5fad5980c398df931150e714f5355334a	David di Donatello (1994).
1fcf14d9235c15b2a5501fed2a902acbcabfbbe9	Ed Edgars Database (English).
e52d32b610d82ce1db2aa866742a80afebf99d61	Edgar Allan Poe Award (1994).
605f565e7a673f68999ef797346c6919fa623e15	Best Best Director (English).
e7eaa88416e75d1de8818aac03f605f47da6f692	The National Council of Film Critics of the USA (1994).
5b8846ae5e97732e76bf551ec8f7f47047002488	↑ 1 2 Award " Maria honorífica” (English).
c69240f9eaa09581745521659e39edfab99e347e	25ed.
bc12d2a701916410354843697afaf1a281e5b1f5	Festival Internaciona de Cinema Fantàstic de Sitges (2/10-11/10).
0085b0e9f80d8c0aaeac216c0b3f56f7381eb667	International Film Festival in Catalonia (1992).
ce9a62ab3dfd8c8e6d258b30b1224524b0792e2a	Bibliography[edit / edit wiki text]
5f56e59836cfd415bb9c49657f744acfe9981f99	Quentin Tarantino: Interview / Comp.
b986c19b42e5a61203bc98e6b03cf3b568c84d49	J. Pirie;
d3ee1b76386779298c46f293ba3d30e3714c4f12	Translated from the English by Z. Abdullayeva, V. Klebleyeva, M. Terakopyan, N. Tsyrkun.
d796a2241d3e6852e5bb80caf00648ad483846ea	- St. Petersburg: "Abc classics", 2008 — - 336 p.
bab6001afe67af53b473c0bbfafbf260571698a7	Greene, Richard and K. Silem Mohammad, editors.
f9741b7582ff6a7e44c8f4de7dfe76233847490d	Quentin Tarantino and Philosophy.
96221cc8d7ed83a16377e0210993fa456379e9a2	Chicago: Open Court Books, 2007.
4430bd6fcd97740de8333726985c0c8f51a66797	ISBN 0-8126-9634-4 Jeff Dawson.
281f8c080b642fb99250e2b80c5faece156f3ed3	November 1995, Applause Theatre Book Pub, ISBN 1-55783-227-7 Wensley Clarkson.
9f48f5f0b4684d7064980a438d2f220e93972377	Quentin Tarantino: Shooting From the Hip. 1996.
eb45140ed8864b1660bffbe6e38eec99f5de2a34	Jerome Charyn.
7f0c59a2d928d301cf0d23dbc254f60724030939	Raised by Wolves: The Turbulent Art and Times of Quentin Tarantino.
7c2304a42fe5eb22ffc825e02b955865867cd16f	New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press, 2006.
e69408182edde0f4be09c66382a29b08aad51b28	ISBN 1-56025-858-6 Jim Smith.
daf1eb60716feee342231f51cc0490391342cd6a	London: Virgin Books Ltd., 2005.
a49b23a53f55d27bbdfa6fc6f0804a8ef75fb8bb	ISBN 0-7535-1071-5 Wensley Clarkson.
acd09656d94561742ff61221e049b2509ec68624	Quentin Tarantino: The Man, The Myths and His Movies.
82bba34174b6feed3c7cd758a446f507a186bc0b	London: John Blake, 2007.
48597082464494a6c17bd79bb164b7e1ba68faa7	ISBN 1-84454-366-8 Jami Bernard.
66214c4fd703cecc844fda6fb51d74191b2427d1	Quentin Tarantino: The Man and His Movies.
c5ba6584d464fbf811613f152e3c7eb1f161794f	New York: Harper Perennial / HarperCollins, 1995.
f90b1b4bf9572b3dd34a019b0c22d54733dcc5d5	ISBN 0-06-095161-3 Gerald Peary.
44a61da4a108ac77d65009829a2e5af3e5c9dead	Quentin Tarantino: Interviews.
0a2009d9b6e10772ff0724c06e4e25c52ab5c936	Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 1998.
f77892548c7dd99bcf33efcaeb2bdf9e69846539	Paul A. Woods.
d922da5767959d466f954403514a7ca13d0373c7	King Pulp: The Wild World of Quentin Tarantino.
eba92956d20d345509a4418ab9f0bc5bf2f70866	London: Plexus Publishing Limited, 1996.
f2e46eaf4a5b43a58127315987567582985f0a06	ISBN 0-85965-235-1
b96a681af18f78e8f05e6a9c8669a60161db7f07	Quentin Tarantino in Wikicitatnik Quentin Tarantino on Wikimedia Commons Quentin Tarantino in Wikinovosti
578fbabce190aed53e4f2fd6eb7b31a8546c5cb2	Wikinovosti on the topic of Quentin Tarantino:
dd4f66251c7c7a7a98f4866714ee13396015b848	Quentin Tarantino: "Raising the topic of slavery, I decided that I would become a scapegoat" (interview)
1a40ce87132a537ef0346bbe91f6e49a2de396e9	Russian fan site of Quentin Tarantino Quentin Tarantino (English) on the website of the Internet Movie Database Quentin Tarantino on allmovie (English) Tarantino, Quentin an article in Lentapedia. 2012.
621d4bf962aba480460c410acb1e99c87f478b9f	The Quentin Tarantino Archives (English) Everything Tarantino (English)
ea683ad616063b7347bdddeee7203a82e1a3805b	Press
d6931c7587c068073eb3ad3cfa75d6d1a4a358f9	The documentary " Quentin Tarantino.
139acbc89487caf0966f28d4b0929d0395ad948a	Professional movie hooligan " Documentary about Tarantino Izvestia: Interview with Quentin Tarantino
aef1ed0608cd5f0ded5003b0eeabd3a8949c45ef	Quentin Tarantino's films
3649f5fc5807b78cb315313032f13441c05bb8c6	Director and
aed27c7ee7e2c1f15a128c91ea3de37aeab7ac62	screenwriter
e110053cd74f4fdf47927aa66dc7b3b474b56048	Mad Dogs
c25b22cac86cbda3a816ec26320916cecfb395ef	(1992 • * Pulp Fiction (1994) • Je
c4f682c63446ff38dd10da9207ed475afe9575f0	ivi
f70cceb4c11cd9abeff0a202eb3f92e0bf47c065	New products
4659e147a633bfda7caf487ab112f74143a5a608	Soon in cinemas Movies New Cartoons new movies New trailers Now in the cinema Soon on ivi
9db12f3682f0fe8fabbc15f9d7e7b5a854efda8b	Films
f088ce9c48b564d11ff8d995bf557babbe512728	Arthouse Action Films Military Detectives For the Whole Family For Children Documentary Dramas Historical Comedies Crime Melodramas Mystical Adventures Thrillers Horror Science Fiction Fantasy
aba40564226e13bb34a590f7f0d6d13747c7e58a	Movies of 2016 Movies of 2015 Movies in HD Selections
a16f4050b893ba8e61f94c5253bcf3793b396a4b	Foreign Russian Soviet cinema
e88073e0a4a32ffe3d2d6445ca416b482d1e5214	Blockbuster Movies ivi+
87987b1bff387ef5cbc85494c79e0c556c4014f4	March 8 at ivi Movies in the original language
c5ec7179c7ca9bbaac24a40601321f0567e8b2bd	Serials
012d35e21def0a33f5d3d4d2adbb9c6ef0005d12	Action Movies Military Detectives Dramas Comedy Melodramas Adventures Romantic Thrillers
206c36391bb514e8f029d8dbde046e25fca0f2f7	TV series in HD Collections
afdddbf81ef208d38420a55a24c2582a75885017	Foreign Russian Indian
75f4f4cc076db1217c92fa123346306ac33378c2	TV series ivi+
3bec60bede09f40525581b3eea4523f416f9b7b0	Cartoons
f1b2351b68e2c1b1b40bad696ee5d8c67aa81496	For adults For children Full length Adventures Educational Series Soviet
4609429118d5544fb1254266d395603abc14518c	Cartoons of 2016 Cartoons of 2015 Cartoons in HD Collections
cf3b47b21121dbbe7d8ae982921086edbe3bd901	Foreign Russians
179e47b5743439aafd05f51dbecd05f3024b1014	Blockbusters Cartoons ivi+
5063cb839cef6d645f0c94572ff3e1015eb639fd	Disney Cartoons
20323e1196fc0adb4066496f485f1d4e40933d67	Trailers
b64c3a976f761fd02ece89a9022675e49303a6b3	New trailers Popular trailers Trailers of 2017 Trailers of 2016 Russian trailers
768e0c1c69573fb588f61f1308a015c11468e05f	Title
4bbb632f02fd69807705c0179999c17d35c93b0f	Collections
c5b557f07b0658d2611d13dc7784f7abc85599b2	ivi+
8192ad04d80b92fe436bb230a399795ac88b0195	Disable ads
9641a5c5da5982fe682a5d6409e84d2ae2916410	Home Quentin Tarantino
37843c529bc97591a39e31a3aaf16dfeb88eaf20	The main films directed by Quentin Tarantino
0c45254fe7cc8617cd89f5cabff5fa5a76864aef	Pulp fiction
6ee51f26282403baac57bd8affd19d9e67ab4252	Django Unchained
60dcae3745f52e8f9f51350e330d2211741a9c66	Inglourious bastards
e2913a4b44e68b9f99b296992e6253d9cffd6817	Kill Bill
456dc32793468dc445d870c2149a0894cf26a6a0	Kill Bill 2
979fe4ff64f194f865ad2d6e3a009c7a2fd2bd3b	Sin City
d01c33151d56efdf2609ecf451a081820c37cd83	The Disgusting Eight
6ed272289e5ab5f2571a80ecd7c9ab3c53aaab06	Ambulance
cdffd52d9c110d7d2a5df9a31349a5070e1a395a	Jackie Brown
7808f2f9744f605f6a739e1279968317d5def9db	Four rooms
59792844022f971e3251383362a90f44db56e2c8	Previous Next
01c1565136498b9ecc1b8395842e5a269285fe40	The main films of actor Quentin Tarantino
af4a77f24e6bc10ed19856fdac87cc39f2c0e596	Sukiyaki Western Django
1ee75418504080f9cc705c9021c55ece3becfeca	Miss Commotion
91d4b39e84f1f5c12dd9387ca223604fe86d0b67	His mother was a sixteen year old nurse Connie McHugh, and his father was actor and musician Tony Tarantino.
cb24830c20fc386e6602c42a7f709e929fd4b744	Together with his mother, two year old Quentin moved to Los Angeles.
cadfedfcadd6ebe81a052fc90921ee2596e8360f	As an actor, he first appeared on the screen in 1988 as a double of Elvis Presley in the show "Golden Girls".
d0f9a591448f778af174e71645e6faa9caf8f194	It was lucky that the famous actor Harvey Keitel gladly agreed to act, which convinced the producers to invest in the picture.
2239915b7ee84dcdaeea22e519f5d3d24656627a	"Pulp Fiction" has collected all the most prestigious film awards in the world - the Palme d'Or of the Cannes Film Festival, the Oscar, the Golden Globe and the BAFTA.
515f581077dc230cdd86156074f11d45556515a2	"I am returning to the "low", half forgotten genres (such as spaghetti Western) the respect they deserve.
727c809f09d0f027ae7e15c3387fb76dc99bc273	And I do it in the style of "crazy Quentin", which means that they are not like anyone or anything!
0ad6416bc5825e1ccfa682ac3732526e97361dfa	" the director says to himself.
a1e5b3d7ff68a315844a747968bee719d36c2c79	In 2012, a new film by the director "Django Unchained" will be released about a slave who is looking for his wife.
a29032ca7dc103c4900a7a42ee18cab8bd0c2868	And in 2013, Tarantino will once again please fans - a sequel to "Kill Bill 3"is expected.
4d0d824be1c51fed023c3579d556f51b5135532f	All filmography
12a447b6bda6611f1ca0ff50a33eb90bf89e3451	Director
6181ffc24ba42e38af7106f59bbfc47c6827baec	2015 The Disgusting Eight Watch Online Watch the trailer
993280681ca5079a16d10edfdf3fa6ce5b3215ba	2012 Django Unchained Watch Online Watch the trailer
4f66787e63c55f2279dbedbb79ebc6a37470e892	2009 Inglourious Basterds Watch online Watch the trailer
2ae0ac6620fb6efbf7b247cb58432e9c6fc35fe7	2007 Grindhouse Watch the trailer
02aa9ef47bce0740a3f6e0cf897598068064b052	2007 Proof of Death Watch the trailer
88118d0f139eedb721bc0fa388e9e6aa5b49f868	2005 Sin City Watch Online Watch the trailer
ec24af95e7b6c6e8b7b0abf21c235e6750c76d12	2004 Kill Bill 2 Watch Online Watch the Trailer
da37682ac8987589cb57b28ba0fc868eb5ce1efe	2003 Kill Bill Watch Online Watch the Trailer
396fef0f5c04b1bb79300a307abeb93f20670ef0	1997 Jackie Brown Watch Online Watch the trailer
63a6868b002ca9c1c2e79fe4c174596cfdc78d9e	1995 Four Rooms Watch Online Watch the trailer
b36ede925b47bd9b7886849ca7f86db794c972c9	1994 Ambulance Watch Online
e7b0af9d6d75e7bda072a8bede4dcf8039326f37	1994 Pulp Fiction Watch Online Watch the trailer
5f0f7c915153f71e6d8453e8368e2c741df7d9f7	1991 Mad Dogs Watch Online Watch the trailer
cbd19b5c397e027a0164811d83f5bde303ac9e4f	Actor
5cdeb65f1881ac53a2a40bc257343c3e3e7fa861	2014 Miss Commotion Watch Online Watch the trailer
1749f2816de27b01b81e57730241cc373deb5e8c	2007 Sukiyaki Western Django Watch Online Watch the Trailer
1efc3b1cb9e3f99ad38a3ad94a00fec295b3b056	2007 Planet of Fear Watch the trailer
18c20c0abd5be23d40c60ce3e2f59b6189783e3a	1995 Dance with me while we love
78fa19f73d98a1de9f6fc965fa163deabfc180f2	1995 Destiny turns on the radio
7b8f97fecbd0c7eaf070dc7109e4aac1f27dec99	1995 From Dusk to Dawn Watch the trailer
84d97edea2331e66e4852e5565ef966c83285099	1995 Desperate Watch trailer
7b7194967fd8d62aaf2d5f4d2364b080ecfdb949	Producer
833a9337fb9186f3a777b42b4ae10ddde8100432	1996 Dried blood
d0e687b079fb70f2208d1f8d2c75d64d74925496	Operator
7eda8ca2992870fb6ef277e6c7c9663c93f286f4	Screenwriter
0a46e361a826cbe63f65b0d295fdd5173af93add	1994 Natural Born Killers Watch the trailer
2bc5e433438987fbd033ba3d271f6a8d52fccb8e	1993 True Love Watch the trailer
c2e09ac5bbd9438097199a98f874ed9cb2279f1c	Kill Bill 3
b83c4cdafef5813f0872892b666e2b04466198c4	Reviews
ab3c563d9f80fe4797733634b90b266c299894b3	You need to add a minimum of 10 characters, you have 0
4e0822b4758f4cad7371d81ff5dda3dded866d25	vip.kavadeev
30000730d68fb26b38f3987bd5807071a5c5aca2	June 28, 2016
3b5cea9785c18cf5c503885a15bdb81b09af44e4	the genius of directing
39ab45236be761f322a0b8532057894591eb29e0	dwerdoddexped
530f9efa59f14e6ea8b9242e5b393fe208f5fb79	August 30, 2014
803af42feab371c1afbb600cfc49cc7b6cd1868c	Quentin Tarantino's films are interesting to me absolutely everything, because all his films are shot in the same style,and this style suits me.
b33304d4a8553105f7de17199fbe449932306774	I really like his peculiar sense of humor.
f2739d9063b78c638f2af4c8d79933b6affd4337	There are no more directors like him.
06fa556f0cc6c0268cdea73f02ae283a82a60e73	He's the best.
2a4071f023209c1b49aaf3575f42b29bd39db500	teellcratssat
c122e0f20617d453179b5e94633a4a1f8d3cba82	June 15, 2014
4d651374817ee9d9a7faa0f42d921f358d3e1c56	Quentin Tarantino's films as a director are hard to watch.
2a16090e204d123737d8c7289d56b1587b2d1424	He is even worse as an actor.
e46ac2304735ebf2e496dbffa81acaf8a32628f8	I canot watch either Pulp fiction or Four Rooms.
d55ef10212191b257d3e489861d1c8941edf3b8e	Maybe when I watch the movie Django Unchained online, I will change my mind.
dce10265976f8dd24715e607d4cc39c022b07e01	thuttytruct
649717120d2a76036f8bf39a9f4ddb07b9270df4	May 4, 2014
8a8c09c1e39fa0d9c1d9f0c27d222c5763250ffc	An excellent director and actor.
b90a6e56eabe275c1dddda9e61ebdd0cacd0d144	Of course, From Dusk to Dawn is one of his most iconic films, but under the same condition, somehow he disappointed by shooting the video Inglourious Bastards.
bc99fe802734780de4624dbacc5f2867523f9dbf	elonofrurl
6d154eae5eb5741250f90ca06ccbd8ce0b490def	March 20, 2014
6006bfb15851f6b99acb7b1800af1c0fa823dc52	How disgusting he is in the photo!
ef230030c4707209e3e57345259d64eb2cd69bfe	But the director is not bad!
d058db2effd4ef549a477f2fb401f8ae02165268	The filmography includes such bestsellers as From Dusk to Dawn, where Tarantino himself was filmed and Kill Bill several parts!
58a9319f3e89cf954b56e154c875246d6c0a872d	optinsapent
b6378dba15071fbd19f42c2b10b9a74c3194aa6d	March 14, 2014
19fc52639ba797cb28773f7052c0fcfbd1251f22	I donot like Quentin Tarantino movies.
bae0219c8740f9e35bb63fb173871ca62dda032e	So much pathos.
d930cde707dec36ff94ee6c17e879197f958427c	Take for example his most famous film "Kill Bill", where Uma Thurman cuts everyone in bundles.
4c2e01a75b7d497c6aabc89bc16956dae9dba3e3	Yes, it's beautifully shot, but it's so unreal, like in cheap Chinese action movies!
399badf799f989ceeb28533423bd4785f209cb57	Well, I didnot like it.
d8fe7d24feca6d9c17943e02575f0921cdfa2272	I'd rather watch Takeshi Kitano's movies online!
85c17f3608987e43923d1be2e779e8f08d1499b2	There is more style and meaning there!
b3f40402ffaf0f398a98e24d15db2975c9a06067	borei150
3c25c24736fe8e38ad29bee66d104ca2df3b9228	March 5, 2014
ec6c10a605b461f53f896795d43f424c4f548f12	Quentin is one of the best and my favorite director.it is not possible to compare him with someone else.he is like ronaldine in football) for what I love tarantino's films 1 these are the most interesting dialogues 2 the heroes of his films sometimes do bad, evil things but somehow in a kind way, I canot formulate it correctly but something like "nothing personal just business"))) I really liked all of his films except for two of them Kill Bill both parts.perhaps I just didnot understand these films,or I havenot grown up to them yet.it happens
b727bea4f6366b1076e0c86873e4ccfdc486860d	ovidiusilaghix
17e1544abe8ce9b1fde7fa18171e9ba37e0d9c5d	October 17, 2013
f5ee28c9549ce5ff61248bd83a137702a8d0cb66	What can I say: Quentin Tarantino is the best, period!
a72fbab50626069c6b79ea79ec1c174c52e262c0	I can watch his tape "Kill Bill 2" online for whole days and still find something new and interesting for myself.
1bb40cce3f7004514208a673034cfd4cf00467b5	And how does he manage it all?
ae8bf3530e687b93720bf20ca9dada9724eb474a	aloddegon
ee8ec8c94afafa2c1b92a6945eff4aee5104d22f	September 27, 2013
a58cf74480dc38f03f0f51108b59b8ac2dac801e	He is my favorite director by right, and I look forward to every new work with great impatience and trepidation, because I am afraid of being disappointed.
9608504639fa6581f30b2836f983a5e5b4be5a7b	But no, Quentin Tarantino is as always impeccable in terms of directing, and he adds reasons for joy to everyone who appreciates his talent.
d57659cb2dd772e6cf545110907e4a31fedb2d19	injyhgtrls
965772b8456b49d3dcd2a4986845b68b05e1ad81	August 16, 2013
5a4afaa8b545e20b340ce90344046fbb1d68d132	Quentin Tarantino is a master of making non standard films.
412c4eece577dfd353a30c7e1e81efad28d18afc	His manner of showing human vices and relationships is not like anyone else's.
0d07815610744485e476c088f2a900d4e08e48fe	His films, on the one hand, are cruel, on the other hand, full of black humor.
e5aa5a7f039d0d70ad59d1b92ad418c2d09aa631	I just want to see "Grindhouse", "Sin City".
cd9f3635a6b74581073e562064d64da90de63c32	A representative of postmodernism in cinema, he will still present his works to the audience.
2b3ef5d05841c68ed6cd22260cb36da4191115da	annatouth
d3a712dc123dfdd133636629e54f76ad91840cad	July 24, 2013
ee3808ea1f43b46288c0adfca5f6330f9cc0f48d	Quentin Tarantino is a very talented person.
e1b2af18ade68a3e50948aa7f11c71f58154ceaf	I think he is a brilliant director and screenwriter.
4436512ec7279961bee947257ae6409bbc483e7c	I always enjoy watching all his films.
f06c1eda2da4b81eee136ba7ed4d0d922d3285e1	This person knows how to make people talk about themselves as a person.
4e1f2b92913125119ff80e199b126f25f89639c9	I always look forward to the release of new films by the director with interest.
6d256873775f94daa63fab66758ad95f33916e3c	isondockask
3e81207bb3223a54994eb59cf7d3cb8d5ce85bdf	July 22, 2013
8c9ef1e84138d9d2de10039d42973ed8a2a006de	Although Quentin Tarantino is considered by some to be a brilliant director, I have no interest in his films.
7861e17ee6bf2e2d6c2ccc9806c7675fc2911828	I think that he is an ardent representative of bad American culture, unremarkable and even disgusting.
456bb8455320995f0dc83c8b62b0c4cc48591610	draper2009
ce4ea8f1e3eb3dee1056a6f92377912f0c5a8180	June 23, 2013
d6f6b13ca4030ac8d09f11bb31790ff0fb14b99d	It is better to be silent for several years, like Quentin Tarantino, and then give out such a worthwhile film as Django Unchained, than to rivet empty nonsense every year.
45b235983b2ea2e295373ec291e65a7c7892c9c0	He's a great guy, in his filmography, every point is a diamond, starting with"Pulp Fiction".
dd6c256accc350741ad17c272f56df3d97f1601d	I wonder what he will come up with next?
906679d7a9ee8db31b6d799ccd2de711d552670c	fefrisc
bf6a7e6de222e2fd132c1d48ab5fc6e82494d78a	June 19, 2013
a91d092f5786285eadf4059c7ba8259d5b0f1217	I am sure that Quentin Tarantino is one of the greatest personalities in the history of cinema.
866fa1b75eb627e6560299e63c7d13073a0d9ee9	He has his own bright style, which can not be confused with anything.
54eb1ec1f24f53b152e4eb78b53cbee6f578d034	An outstanding, in all respects, director.
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40e596cce07aba6483c164991b1a38e47bc5e8ff	Interesting Facts Quentin Tarantino's Films
0728d4d5c520ca880bb03925a1569736ccb28d04	[ Print version ]
a92c400034cff6f67fa12696a5c093d19d20dd32	Pages: (6) [1]
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00d0e46c1ac3859c9163e6118b6bb33dd1286018	Last " [ REPLY ] [ NEW TOPIC ]
faf5a96fe5e4f7dc2746ccf20d451a2ba0f225e1	Warsteiner89
4b45d71f9520babbef34d6ac067c898615b5f32b	18.06.2015 - 16:18
1c98e306630f664185862dbf733492f186a91304	[ show ]
2980c2cf8251ad275bece75482d7c36714637b71	Status: Offline
afe654602fbd35e84fb1de07cf37ddbf7bf63375	Prankster
59d3ed4a6e52349346a87642b50e21af7d809920	Registration: 22.05.13
138bf285730bd440a9cba58bf743af43d01cdec6	Posts: 315
97705a95fdc2a4886f9b24061803f0f5c60270cb	370
bc1e03802f4d030ada18f7a1bee33c2dc3e9a0fe	Films in question (part I): Mad Dogs (1992), Pulp Fiction (1994), Four Rooms (1995), Jackie Brown (1997).
a37a97c60bc178855cdf7850eb52bf81b0d99e52	[^]
b8be3d1264310c3b8c848d4b90d5206179a40cc4	Administration
3c345a8aed30f94cb97f496efca2e4209abad676	[x]
6f1f0d65f6fbb615c907079b97a680b0f411848d	I will sell an elephant
ce02682eb20191108472b1a2d14a4cbd3c23299d	Registration: 10.12.04
7e13736c3c2e917df333e90a08269ac9c3d052c9	Posts: 1488
bbed764b1595b4beccf7fa1499f051c0432921c9	18.06.2015 - 16:19
8174b932a0a8bdd7f352ff82604755612768b72c	Mad Dogs (1992)
8433e346c5c9767bba9d5a6198a5908b55bd72fb	From the movie: - Have you killed anyone?
02a960d812bc9b39124bbd828d493bf4bb548f2d	- A couple of cops.
cfe4024b8d2dd1974379fdc321a564e8ccdae261	- And the people?
53234ed4eba4d4b4a38bc1173025218a888a5d8e	"Just the cops.
7ac9dbc27efacdd5da8f62abf02c82c3ab8112a0	Tarantino decided to dress his heroes in black suits and white shirts with black ties, that is, the same way the characters of John Wu's Hong Kong film "The Right to Life 2"were dressed.
7eee5eaf9f17f499a2412ca833b4c8ac7f3ee4ca	Samuel L. Jackson auditioned for the role of Mr. Orange.
72bf233644433bc32c1020850a7175393ef6554e	Although he eventually did not star in the film, Tarantino was so delighted with him that he invited him to "Pulp Fiction".
a9e3e13edaadea8a50397675057782bc65721cdc	George Clooney, who auditioned for the role of Mr. Blonde, was refused.
dea4c5077ef5d2b2cc214404276f54e57cde9025	18.06.2015 - 16:20
82a4a18b9986472e96f04eeaa739e07669df2d77	The word "fuck" is pronounced 269 times in the picture.
0ff740eda86374476ada1aa3028cbeb290f4ad64	The film was awarded prizes at film festivals in Toronto, Stockholm and Catalonia, as well as the Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Actor (Steve Buscemi) and the London Film Critics Award for Best Directorial Debut.
85a20f7da7a51afdf339064af88c0c6d59a8dc5c	Initially, in the first scene of the film, the main characters were supposed to be nostalgic for the song "Money" by Pink Floyd.
b6470d84d79a5cfc7217a2fea38989cefbc305cd	However, Tarantino later changed the song to "Little Green Bag".
df843081cbe73bf5a0c2ef827fd63dd39f8884fc	In the warehouse where the main action of the picture takes place, you can notice several coffins.
1d96a23eb5d6ab039ae5bd3c06d3bb49fd651ea8	In addition, Mr. Blonde is sitting on an old hearse.
c5431a3988da4cc368b6b6e20dedef863b4f1d52	Christopher Walken was offered the role of Mr. Blonde, but he refused.
030f71a354318476391775c2955c69fe34ab6ecd	When the policeman begs Mr. Blonde not to burn him, he says that he has a small child.
34ab2ec030fd21a5fb074c38174a0e39a66af1de	This phrase was absent from the script and is an improvisation by Kirk Baltz.
7970b8502c20a4d83aa404d51411c22260d00a22	When he said it for the first time, Michael Madsen, who had a son shortly before the start of filming, was so amazed and shocked at the idea of leaving the child without a father that he could not finish the scene.
473643b37ef15908326f872980625a678e016c23	An attentive viewer may notice that Mr. Orange's apartment is located on the floor above the warehouse where the main action of the film takes place.
9aa198771bda938f6a6e4fbffc82bb203b4e5e9a	Due to budget constraints, the creators of the picture had to renovate the room, making it look like a residential apartment.
61600b2e43b114d048b08d0d43bfed2bef054916	Kirk Baltz asked Michael Madsen to take him in the trunk of a car.
55b190aad3085be53703b5bfd6e292fec07624d5	Madsen agreed, because he felt that for a better understanding of his character, it would also not hurt for him to take someone for a ride in the trunk of a car.
53f13c84ed827f69b98e420c6a9036a8049b5a07	Therefore, Michael specifically drove along the road with numerous potholes and holes.
af9eef34abdd9a1cdb8992762b3cbc741c50ac3a	Initially, the song "Ballroom Blitz" by the band "Sweet"was supposed to play in the torture scene.
565ca54aa73795103d176a35b96906f855171f64	Added at 16: 21 In the United States, the film was released without advertising, so it was very mediocre at the box office.
4b46cca160025b75bcb220d65aece44ec02fa1eb	However, when the film was released in England, many people already knew about Tarantino, and the film became a real hit of the British rental.
dc378d6ce12db8d5057b0293926db4a488f4d60d	There are no female characters in the film who have dialogues.
f9a55f1bc166b748006454bc9614393965039ed2	However, they are present in the deleted scenes on the DVD.
cfad8bc14344a9423dfd3695e18868f8799e6b45	All the actors who played the bandits, at one time or another, went to prison.
974a853d2bebeaf9360e542ea154063d83a99251	18.06.2015 - 16:21
4bd43816847a63b4bf8ac82fedb4d79aad7b9a46	Pulp Fiction (1994)
3e2fc86558f6df02f9babe6209dcb136a7b13a43	From the movie:
99b483a657f682752c148a4ef50f69f17ee0b376	The path of the righteous is difficult, because it is hindered by the selfish and tyrants of evil people.
ee9c8ea2ac3db6e71b725d6fdf0f35fd669fca3d	Blessed is the shepherd who, in the name of his zeal and good will, leads the weak through the valley of darkness, for it is he who cares for his brothers and returns the lost sons.
7bf6577301283ce82d7ff9493d112d781aa1358b	And I will take great vengeance on them with fierce punishments, on those who plotted to harm and poison my brothers.
76537621f506ea62e102cd4453a416838b5696de	And you will know that my name is the Lord when my vengeance falls on you.
e4317a540f59287cc598a08f8e0e855198e62b32	The classic picture of Quentin Tarantino was first shown in May 1994 at the Cannes Film Festival.
6f5635f89668d19d5360fe7c9f2472d2d68e78f5	Later, it was seen by guests of other international festivals around the world — from Munich to Locarno, and only on September 23 at the New York Film Festival, the first American viewers were able to see it.
399a75ab3b982762476b344e4711b66962d30141	Then the film was released in South Korea, Japan and Slovakia, and the first screening to the general American public took place on October 14, after which the film began its journey to cinemas in other countries.
882b2b819528d076367ec5556701e4298bd4808f	18.06.2015 - 16:22
d38a10c36a97e9070fe86caa28709f7d217cb569	The events of the plot can be arranged strictly in chronological order.
0bd5cb4f9daf14a405b290ac9ac647ac4b772a6b	At first glance, the nonlinear narrative in the film is quite chaotic and confusing, but the film can distinguish seven main parts — a prologue, an epilogue, two introductions and three main stories, they are easily arranged in chronological order.
55664b240e9f2e3012fc9791b3e7393fae7ed077	Hint: the first chronological part is the episode with Major Coolidge's golden watch.
f4325ebdb64ea0f2efcf9bae396bf0314c667b73	The word "fuck"occurs 265 times in the film.
13a41dfa797789d623832d15467b1179701b8c43	Moreover, this is not the limit for Tarantino, as we already know, in his film "Reservoir Dogs" various variations of profanity with this word sound 269 times.
e71e8c618bd148b2edbf2c24ae921c6b5299e761	Vincent Vega's car was stolen after the release of the film.
ee9a45ad6fd4c4dee859a691fabbbc853b3df093	The heroine of the film, whose role was brilliantly performed by Amanda Plummer, received her nickname in honor of the rabbit of Linda Chen, Quentin Tarantino's assistant, who reprinted the script of the film written by the director by hand.
3a71f1638e345dd9abea88cfabc06effa1b8ccf0	Instead of paying, she asked Quentin to follow her pet rabbit named Honey Bunny while she was busy working, but the director did not heed her requests and the rabbit died after a while.
72ffc9a38ded06d73772265c9298425a67eebc05	Tarantino took care of the pet in his own way — his name became the nickname of the girlfriend of the character played by Tim Roth.
1562893a42d80aca755bdd8ae17e371c24a178c9	The hero of John Travolta in the film drives a chic Chevrolet Chevelle Malibu convertible of 1964, which belonged to the director himself.
0a4547b425a314cd2ae431606c8421f25985a868	Shortly after the end of filming, the Chevy was stolen, and more recently, in 2013, during the investigation of the theft of another car, the California police stopped a cherry colored Chervon in the vicinity of Oakland, like two drops of water similar to a car from "Pulp Fiction".
ec3930c7ad7e1f11389690afefbc2ea2505db735	Later it turned out that this is the same car that was stolen from Tarantino 19 years ago.
b81af15d0a0d7f2efd2e55ac860313545142c74f	The role of Vincent Vega was originally written under Michael Madsen.
5d7b594a62fdc015f05457c2ba541b6b71e2e430	18.06.2015 - 16:23
46017d639d0cf7c29689051b554d5d8ecd46ad0c	Some of the film's characters are written by the director for specific actors — among them Samuel L. Jackson, Harvey Keitel, Tim Roth and Amanda Plummer.
053e32681ed79499070389860cc84f70a945ffcf	The director also intended to use in the film a character from his previous film "Mad Dogs" Vic Vega, whose role was played by Michael Madsen.
6dcc87419e8298eb8553cf379aa4d75a4c74339c	However, the actor could not take part in" Pulp Fiction "because of the filming of the western" Wyatt Earp "Vincent Vega — the brother of Mr. Blond from"Mad Dogs".
650384a3fbd65de1bfc64f8ce36e6ca2bc03df76	Due to the fact that Madsen could not play the role of Vic Vega in "Reading", Quentin Tarantino tweaked the script, renaming the character Vincent, according to legend Vic Vega's brother.
796f57238831422cf93d629da02b6501b103448f	As a result, his role was played by John Travolta, from which the picture, I think, only won — with all due respect to Michael Madsen, Travolta coped with the role of an assassin just brilliantly.
c25b9812af12ca7ca99c65b62410e2f2fdb21925	The budget of" Chtiva " was only $8.5 million.
f910332c8819c18ec0f35aed4d0741eb5662bc73	At the same time, $5 million went to pay for the star cast.
1b8a2bd372199c02ca5b81ac1acb528ff1b82fc2	The film paid off in the first week of rental in the United States — it collected $9.3 million over the weekend alone.
09e057860beae2695744793911ab52445b388705	Among the films of the "R" category released in 1994, "Pulp Fiction" became the third largest collection in the United States .
cc5483a7a72e992278797cf3dfb621c407e6bc16	In the United States, an "R" rating means that children under the age of 17 are allowed to watch the film only if accompanied by their parents or guardians.
1acb03e0566995f1bcc6e8866793fa05501a2e67	The creation of Quentin Tarantino lost to the action movie "True Lies" (fees in the United States amounted to $146.2 million) and the film "Speed" ($121.2 million), while "Reading" entered the top ten highest grossing films of 1994, the leader among them was "Forrest Gump", with a result of $329.6 million.
aa2cccfe0b588c3b29e0bc97700a4740d550cb24	Added at 16: 23 The book that Vincent Vega read is a real life edition.
821ce5166cc0fdce212023b5e73f1c71085269c7	The paperback book that Vince enjoys while sitting in the toilet is a novel by Peter O'Donnell "Modesty Blaze", based on his comic book series, which tells about the adventures of a female secret agent.
00d2f6bf585e91c78a182a4aa6cc937abf98761b	The director is known for his love for this comic book character — in 2003, he produced the film "The Adventures of Modesty Blaise" (in the original - "Quentin Tarantino presents My Name Is Modesty: A Modesty Blaise Adventure").
c100526419688a1594162519892b98fc83d71034	One of the characters of "Reading" became the prototype of the Stig from the program "Top Gear".
defa6e0b5c04c46cd6cfeaefdcaabbb704be9a49	The authors of the program claim that a gay man named Gimp, who tried to rape the hero Bruce Willis, hiding his face behind a leather mask, pushed them to the idea of introducing a mysterious racer into the program who does not disclose his incognito.
662ac0d0aa51d33909d8d2c64a17f00190397425	It was also supposed to be called Gimp, but later the name Stig was chosen.
d070510ef94c526bebbc591bab5d835e13e85e09	Boxer Butch was supposed to be much younger than the young boxer was supposed to be played by actor Matt Dillon Tarantino wrote the role, seeing him as Butch Coolidge, but Dillon refused to participate in the shooting due to lack of time.
d046c9ae1df81559b14e58bbb6c590b717236f6b	Harvey Keitel advised the director to take on the role of Bruce Willis, and the director, after thinking, corrected the script.
729987752920ae90ab0ea8af45c487e7118b9621	Willis definitely succeeded in the role of a boxer, although initially he wanted to play Vincent Vega.
d0e55a766e31a885262465c1c31e8a27719b3218	18.06.2015 - 16:24
5f765e9866114fa4b6541dd2f1e03056e9cc9bc5	A less well known fact is that Quentin Tarantino managed to convince John Travolta to play the role of Vince, playing with him all evening in "Welcome Back Kotter"," Grease"and" Saturday Night Fever " — all these games Tarantino found at the actor's house, having come to him with an offer of the role.
50f983a3d249594a8b508f4d8a338ff1fb3f7bd7	Uma Thurman was not the first contender for the role of Mia Wallace.
960c003c6cf95a3838c5f80c1d2f02132786f052	Tarantino chose between several actresses who could play Mia: Isabella Rossellini, Julia Louis Dreyfus , Meg Ryan, Alfre Woodard, Halle Berry, Daryl Hannah, Rosanna Arquette, Joan Cusack or Michelle Pfeiffer.
68a7e7d6b86a216941df19c0b9b6118edfc1a657	It was rumored that the latter was the director's favorite.
64b23199e66b1b9c00a60a6c77d39e1c42d3a651	The first posters of the film cost a lot of money.
8fe4238f002d7511c2d00db12cbac98ae195dccf	18.06.2015 - 16:25
2ecc9c1c0dc31ca80c07d2577d3e20163abb2dea	Some episodes of "Pulp Fiction" were directed by Robert Rodriguez.
76e84ff9aa6cfbc1dfeb4e52f47d53e2d6477987	Quentin Tarantino himself, as you know, played the role of the boy Jimmy in the film.
0ae4d1a9bf214b13febc621dfe64d4ccb9ea24db	Being in the image, the director, for obvious reasons, could not follow the shooting, so Robert Rodriguez had to shoot scenes with his participation.
f68fed757556a7d6edb1bf519fc92db80cbb7dd5	Later, they collaborated on a number of other projects, such as" From Dusk to Dawn "and"Grindhouse".
e75e83f6792c25fcc8bb3dae5d0e1c9d45aad2a4	The role of Jules was written specifically for Samuel L. Jackson, but he almost missed it.
dedef41fb782ad57ac8d80061c5f56b6f9a414a6	Tarantino wanted Jackson to play Jules, but when Paul Calderon came to the audition, the director was so impressed with his organicity in the image that he almost approved him for the role.
a2327a34e8701029f4b69ea20c1513fcd79125e2	Jackson had to urgently fly to Los Angeles to regain the role.
da54d4e77bec316c8ba69b001243eee32996ee0a	Added at 16: 25, Captain Kunz has a "relative" in another Tarantino picture.
735f609b4500477cc62e4995fa751d81104c3b9b	Among fans of the director's work, there is an opinion that Captain Koontz, who gave the young Butch his father's gold watch — is a descendant of the very Mad Craig Koontz mentioned in the film Django Unchained, according to the plot he is wanted for murder and robbery.
72fdd64d3931dc15877b9cbc68a0cecbf058d772	18.06.2015 - 16:26
312757becaa1de1a7d0192f1cb3a528f3bb463c8	Vince didnot have to aim to get a shot of adrenaline into his heart.
023b64e1bff767d2b2925716eafeccf4191188f7	Filming the scene in which Vincent Vega brings Mia Wallace back to life, the director had to go to a trick.
d3ad5526897ec1cc1c173f1e939aaec87ee3181a	Quentin wanted everything to look as authentic as possible, but it's quite difficult to get a needle in the right place with a swing, especially for a person without medical experience.
16d59660ac9c790d79edf8d9ffe547d2c38b8b2c	The episode with adrenaline was filmed as follows: first, a syringe was stuck in the chest of Uma Thurman, and then John Travolta pulled it out.
5daef15c5ef72fdd5ac97e558aeb9c63cf295103	The footage was played in reverse order, so that on the screen it looked as if Vince had actually plunged a syringe into the heart.
b92f15c53d4b28883fda005da1190117fac947b2	18.06.2015 - 16:27
7524a95d4710c4cf0d1d1ce25a60f8eb6e102f46	Four Rooms (1995)
12173569259dc7fd810c37eee73a4260fbdbef30	— And what if we leave the children alone today?
597daab331a7ee73e6e2dcdf91389abe11256212	- What, all alone?
8fb6b1edf204bc4cd3882dfdc58ed49896f1ad1b	- Well, not really, with the TV.
74c91506ea78cf23373dff275c2f9851e4ba99ad	Added at 16: 27 The film consists of four short stories, the action of which takes place in four rooms;
a29b1221a2f31db49cb1aa97cb51964b922c5829	Initially, the film was planned to be called "Five Rooms", but they decided to remove the fifth novel before the shooting began;
34330942575e05534e27f2994d856ce2856334b0	One of the directors, Allison Anders — is a woman;
59f3ec548c0d307c477754bbfb4265d6fa85dec6	Another director, Alexander Rockwell — is the grandson of the Russian French animator artist Alexander Alekseevich Alekseev, the inventor of the needle screen;
35647301b37ebe232db70b94193b3a1078ab994b	The third director Robert Rodriguez forced the children to watch his own movie Bedhead in his episode;
ea3b67d45710e95e92d3878242b29fd8ddb52b01	In the fourth episode, directed by Quentin Tarantino, the word "fuck" and its derivatives are pronounced exactly 193 times in 21 minutes of action;
f983841bfbd5bc0aedb06e0b36af4d98356c3bab	After working together with Quentin in "Pulp Fiction", Bruce Willis asked to star in the Tarantino part of "Four Rooms" called "Penthouse: the man from Hollywood" without a fee.
5799822866ee9922fdd87adc5c8db2b62c0839e5	That is why Willis is not even in the credits: according to the rules of the Screen Actors Guild, artists do not have the right to act for free;
df170c875901a3568aad0e13baf82c992b18b3b4	The American Directors Guild also did not allow us to work on the film in peace.
759f4da61a66f9e53adc8cd4381c0d22766410cf	One of the main postulates of the American Directors Guild is the following thesis: "One film — one director".
c6217805238863d6091392fb285562bc6b811baa	Therefore, all four directors had to leave the guild in order to produce a picture.
b25a808ad99c2864b2ad8c90313356ee92a119c1	18.06.2015 - 16:28
ed9605bcb54e9e7ecece0a0d42fa94006d6ae871	Added at 16: 28, Madonna was so dissatisfied with the way she looked in the film that she flatly refused to participate in the film's promotions, despite the fact that it was stipulated in her contract.
9493b5cf563ac227400032bdda1f52823fd52294	That is why on the posters and the cover of the cd, Madonna has red hair with them (unlike the platinum blonde in the film) she liked herself.
d1825238f047e14e5c3e9c43700b13e1537e19b4	In the title picture to the post, on the left, there is a frame with a Madonna from the movie, on the right — a photo of the poster.
edd57f2778808971abd652c436e533ca5ac9e551	The role of Ted was originally written for Steve Buscemi.
9b5640c99dbb9b15ff4ddd6a7377958eec550ebf	18.06.2015 - 16:29
51de18127f126054e6d1d1b4a16b866f417181c5	Jackie Brown (1997)
aec8459d571b896461f5716cc246ab798c94b6d7	From the movie: I may be stupid, but I'm not a moron.
cfb4b500ea8a1abc210a2c8448a123e1e7da5d9d	References to " Pulp Fiction "(1994): - Jackie eats food from "Teriyaki Donut".
a99f329d4aa82bc099a5af8272d40f74976e7a09	In the same place, Marcelas Wallace was buying food, shortly before he was hit by Butch.
46ba67e3f0c56666e06b3f397674dcb1d5859e9f	- The suit that Jackie is buying is the same suit that Mia Wallace was wearing.
39b6a53e4830d53d64cd6a64c32dbbf03df7bfed	"Jackie's white Honda is the same car that Butch used to hit Marcelas Wallace.
a0e5f48bbd2468b186e3b4b92153d684c680d6df	Max Cherry, leaving the cinema in the shopping center, was satisfied with the film.
2a69a6a70b6320c2b5a84d0d43713d50db6da60f	It is noteworthy that the music playing on the final credits of the picture that Max watched is identical to the composition playing on the final credits of "Jackie Brown".
691791e1be8c5c5428790364d2569ed9526ef79e	In one of the scenes of the film, Ordell tells Louis (Robert De Niro) that he is as serious as a heart attack.
27d4abbef5d94b062b82c7cf09967fcea98e74ec	In" The Fan " (1996), De Niro says exactly the same phrase.
e7495108e8dbec658a36cdcec5458b16592017cd	The last name of one of the tenants in the building where Melanie lives is S. Haig.
3e0da3996673f504404a002486ba97cb0b67f39c	This is a reference to Sid Haig, who played the judge.
8fae59237a9ba75fa58b4f722ed9e6d64e1ccc93	The electronic "voice" on Jackie's answering machine belongs to Quentin Tarantino.
5a8e21ff153e6862357cf32969c01cedb5493dd3	When Jackie Brown (Pam Grier) goes to prison, "Longtime Woman" plays.
720a6215a7a1e6ed20f104e70ac15742b9834776	Pam recorded this song for the movie "The Big Doll House" (1971), where it sounds when the main character of the picture is in prison.
50045c14724cfb288bf0383426321fb703281296	During the trial of Jackie, Mira Sorvino can be seen in the background.
1c61f9d6f3f5c7bb81109a6a49b71a95aaaa1abf	In the end credits, Bert D'Angelo's daughter is mentioned in the "Special Thanks" column.
c48a1aabdb421d5c58fc62ccbfa0d340b7dafd89	In the late 1970s, Paul Sorvino played in the detective series "Bert D'Angelo / Superstar" (1976).
c96950be19049107129930ff19e462a31cd9013d	Bert's daughter is Paul's daughter, Mira Sorvino, with whom Quentin Tarantino was dating at that time.
f7bf8a42af2d67bc6b79eefe9b7d7175ed83c2c8	Added at 16: 29 In one of the scenes of the film, Samuel L. Jackson says: "This is disgusting shit."
57c57affc5fcbd06912fad8516e59111c5c88765	He says exactly the same phrase in "Pulp Fiction" (1994) and "Shaft" (2000).
bc61dc9194adccf538746861dc6b096179fd5baf	Ordell tells Louis that the people he sells guns to donot want to buy one gun, they always take two, because "they all want to be a Killer."
337de543c8e6bf6c4cd9575e58e342b6971857ff	This is a reference to the" Killer " (1989) by John Woo, where the main characters preferred to shoot with both hands at the same time.
354699ae64eb2a4e9f1cbf5825a20a8515fc8d38	18.06.2015 - 16:30
d4081419a858c5f6440f62fb30bd2e2c0aeb33bf	Quentin Tarantino named the main character in honor of one of his favorite films "Foxy Brown" (1974), where Pam Grier also played.
fd0c3f808c38e305c17f220b5735f9bc33b8e427	Sid Haig, who played the role of a judge in this film, played a bad guy in "Foxy Brown" (1974).
34129380d0b7d39215238e5926ffeca0b8364d12	Carol Speed was supposed to play a small role in the film, but shortly before the start of filming, she dropped out of the project.
5b617f0a0512ed600548f0873ce01a84a7b81de7	Melanie is watching Sergio Greco's film "Belva col mitra, La" (1977) on TV.
c8f189f7568ba260e75968a80fc4da1fb86c6783	Sylvester Stallone planned to play Luis.
ed35039b0e39d5a2441760b3c584c9f407d033f1	John Travolta was the original choice for the role of Ray Nicolette.
7552e8fdd2cf482f69f926063275e7aa3be25a70	Samuel L. Jackson suggested that his character should have long hair and a goatee.
d2cd1e7af8cbfccfb0d785bc15221e226e78f02c	Paul Newman, Gene Hackman, John Saxon and Robert Forster were considered for the role of Max Cherry.
951fb3827d30a8102966f7d06b05f51a6cfe3629	Louis and Ordell first appeared in Elmore Leonard's novel "The Switch".
7196edaa23a5271fbe3e9bc8387461191f86b19a	At the age of 15, Quentin Tarantino was arrested for attempting to steal this book from a store.
1bb6e0883c132acb4540b9bcbe2e4d960be9ba7e	In" The Switch", Louis and Ordell kidnapped the wife of a millionaire for ransom, but the husband was not interested in her return.
5ddb12215954e36eb8f413c4bd9de16054e93fc4	This plot was used for the film "Ruthless People" (1986).
03eb271a8edbe664302ec3a497e0a7f79104ebc0	In the sequel to Leonard's book called "Rum Punch", Louis and Ordell complain that Hollywood producers stole the idea for the film from them, but they still do not pronounce the name of the picture.
670d31ac18bdf2241896eb13c4b04e563d92afae	Initially, Robert De Niro wanted to play Max Cherry.
720466f24f59d4736cfbbcf2d4a0acc5f8f68bd4	Tarantino wanted to work with De Niro, but he intended to give the role of Max to Robert Forster, but he managed to persuade Robert to play Louis.
f9f796ebd619bec2267260f9409cdcbab5312305	Louis and Melanie (Bridget Fonda) watch Dirty Mary Crazy Larry (1974) on TV, where one of the roles was played by Peter Fonda, Bridget's father.
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3e530e73ea2e0a734304c0dbfb7b448eec928ab0	"Infernal trash": what makes Quentin Tarantino's films memorable
460273fdace45ea39ea5f2fb6c65a45d6e87d021	Quentin Tarantino turns 51 on March 27.
16a92c5599eb52c0d3862531e5ed5160d8afbb9a	By this time, he had managed to create the style of "Tarantino film" and earned a reputation as an absolutely crazy movie genius.
82e7052baa3fcfca80e80b56a8b505e5d581524f	Why a genius?
39ff5dd5e65660419b32a267b148dce0b684649c	And you try to make such an attractive spectacle out of scenes of violence, streams of abuse and mockery of "all saints" … But he succeeds.
fc0aca9580f17fac6f7e722df3d6a73a49c45188	27.03.2014, 13: 58, Svetlana Morozova
99a1afd999cbe3a018102d119e2c6b8cbb8cd2e0	Uma Thurman and Quentin Tarantino on the set of the film "Kill Bill | / Photo East News
7aeada1979ec176f7539f859263de1a3e2f2a521	Shock and fumes
9dedf03dcc78105e4b1b7ae2cf48ff35d7696e6a	"Making films, not children is my motto.
cd41ce52ee4778cb0e00d971b5c7abdafe3702b6	To hell with the little snotty bastards, I want to have fun."
927590653995a2b8680e718a5e976aff62e25c2e	Quentin Tarantino, undoubtedly, the beloved enfant terrible of modern cinema, keeps on that.
29a7a6ed050f3fe5ca4ae54197e74eb4084adf9c	Look at the themes that he chooses for the scenarios: mafia showdowns, sadistic maniacs, racism, the Holocaust.
e810019293319be1a14f4715af6cfe724a61f3d2	Not being shy when choosing the theme of the film, Tarantino, moreover, does not hesitate in the forms of the embodiment of the idea.
609152f5d9c68a7dd7c6de44d218c779891ecdf1	The director himself has repeatedly said in interviews that he makes the audience laugh at such things that are not a priori funny.
301f17a5ae7538596f46aef4a673fa1bc51f1796	Facts and movies: films about human superpowers
1e03381c4329f2a918edd53a8970c7625c0e92fa	For example, in his films there are often scenes of the murder of parents of young children.
062c170d265560217f5f67447b22e6e254b29fbb	In "Mad Dogs", a policeman asks: "Donot kill me, I have a small child!", and then he is shot in cold blood.
245afeedda01f787675b449e49ab3e2b9f0cf56e	In" Inglourious Basterds", Brigitte von Hammersmark kills the newly made father of baby Max.
7deb14a3d6153cb5e418a7986214b36de9aa4178	"Your Feelings are my orchestra" – Tarantino is not shy, and you know what?
e07eb8d33202d274cfadb68b98d62632d0bfb339	The viewer does not resist!
ee079ac6f74b75702eed0cbdb18166eb83356696	I am above all this.
f1d749f5c13f10411169acd1e2ed998c9d533584	Normal people will always understand me.
cae40c4120b6da0ae1ddaa2f75a3bb82fe87b08d	And people who are full of hatred themselves and want to catch everyone, will let all the dogs loose on me.
40a02f2d94e21ba070fa1d60b9397973eb6d2ed8	In other words, if you have problems with my films, then you are a racist.
262f161f212eefb294aedfee99b8a7ad9caa84f0	Literally."
eb3b4e7af180ca7ac72e21b620b6849247cb033a	Another shocking feature of the "Tarantino films" is the abundant mat.
772a91071ef69f75b5a536f3ef99fc46a11225f2	Journalists have calculated that in "Pulp Fiction" the word "f***" is pronounced 271 times, in "Mad Dogs" - 252 times.
85e19a6a7feb71bd734d40e3993d61a584726bfc	"Mexican dead end"
5163008ebd07a8c89d97cb270db7dd4e0c6c027d	"America was founded by people with guns in their hands, who simply took what they liked.
a94d6b987bedb7772f56d42b92bb671cbb43596f	We are, in general, a nation of warriors.
77f54237ede07049f81311793db75a0e8fe849e7	We get turned on easily, and sometimes on business."
4cbbab88f03fc81876dbc45cf275b5db46e094f6	This expression refers to a situation when several people simultaneously hold each other at gunpoint.
3de0fb1abd319ea2c9fe3b94d98aeb8e70b9f7c9	In real life, it is rare, and in Tarantino's films – often.
7a5eeaec2a4bb7ffc77505e196c4a33686b6c813	And this is due to another personal "feint" of the director: an increase in tension to the highest point and an unexpected ending of the scene.
c09e4773353f0b014b893ca1b196869440d3ebdf	"Mexican dead End" is in almost all of Tarantino's films, except for "Proof of Death".
eaa85e6d88f95036876222b527b929911b6147a8	And, if we take the term "Mexican impasse" as a figurative designation of the highest point of tension, that it is, of course, present in Tarantino everywhere and more than once per film.
bcbffc8a17fb222eb3081cd199d2ce1549333a1a	Ear, legs, head extra
9668fc9e6be8338400da0121a187c1657a390bea	"It's very simple to characterize my lyrical hero: he appears, gives everyone a kick in the ass and leaves."
49f09855050541df25f2f4de282835a7231fc87b	In Tarantino's films, there are always well imitated scenes with cutting off parts of the characters ' hands in extremely close ups.
62e34b5afed18b03acab153e0e3a4e6b82f4b051	And what else is there?
ec7bc2edae7853f86c04f566b4328b24a21f5b90	But the audience didnot know that yet.
b35bbc2821eb7abc83ff0af5fba02843286a6cb0	Later it became clear that self mutilation was Tarantino's calling card.
7fd0abc69e0e2e6da736f04528e58b86c47e4a2b	Why does Tarantino need this?
f3129fa47bd9756d4a5b49f0a8b6179115db72ae	After all, in real life, a man named Quentin Tarantino does not tolerate violence.
e44ab3b873623130eed8ee95f4da943bb3e677cb	Probably because of the desire to mix incredible ingredients at the cinema and get an incredibly delicious result.
cba81b63a23339c6f337e6f81fa78f1d90a9f40b	This is already a style and handwriting.
4fd9cbc02d9e10d008973db0bf66648f3018f1bf	5 proofs that Chloe Moretz is the queen of the horror genre
e6008d40accef9f54c8e497cffa162e9887e2cec	"What if a student watches "Kill Bill", and then goes to shred classmates into small pieces?
fa39fd5c4a75317bce1f912f0a9c7f92ddbcaf30	You know, I'll still take a chance!
b67c5379bc238e314328d93183b429421e1c8a62	Films about violence do not turn children into violent people, at most – into sadistic directors," says Tarantino in an interview.
d7bfa7fed1464260fd9247e748d540d6847b7e99	Nothing sacred
902de807772245554f4f98041131fd4b856c949d	"There is no justice in America!"
33ce667e250a3ccf297a89df8d7ad9edfa6da1ba	I laughed at everything – it's worth saying that even the premiere of such a film was scheduled for Christmas.
f884c3c84aaa3197d75dc23c81bc3e2f61a03910	Yes, this is a Christmas fairy tale about white slavers and black Django from Tarantino.
c40cbf3119a6cf1cc171a463c31d1b305f82ec56	Before filming, Tarantino said: "I want to make a film about the terrible pages of American history related to slavery, and I want to do it in the "spaghetti Western"genre.
49884d163daebba466f41fda45fe5ff6b5ed4dab	I will try to deal with something that America has not dealt with yet, because it is ashamed of it, and others do not talk about it, because they believe that they do not have the right to do so."
0182a7b0a953aaddf7dde441be7219180c675aef	The funny thing is that the first and fierce opponent of the cheeky white Tarantino was the famous African American director Spike Lee, who did not see the film, but, despite this, said that "Django" by definition is offensive to the black population.
c482e814afbf2e9648ff47dd52c294d6eff944ad	"Slavery was a real Holocaust, it's not a topic for a spaghetti western," Lee said.
a3dfff902b980c9954b692c6e747eabce5c02019	Let's talk about food
ef6b59632f4aaaae263904004d35138a5e08eeaf	"There are two reasons why I love cereal for breakfast: firstly, they are really delicious, and secondly, they are really easy to cook.
5642401171e544fb6a9962f63a4ff8402a6d3cd2	Cereal is like pizza, you eat it until you feel bad."
e204c849fe3fdad10d5b30bfdc3b2142c95d7efd	The horror is terrible.
9162cad882494ec084ef10f9e4e7dfe330014994	Food is an important story in the "Tarantino Films".
73cdb8cc3cbe7f90df85c5d0696a6585346dec8d	The characters very often conduct their dialogues in cafes, restaurants, eateries and talk about food too often.
56193e6c7cdeda01f419f05c9e4ea44d8d234fce	And, if you noticed, we are not talking about haute cuisine.
039a4f88c347f7a14ee4843f44fc07744f10ff1e	But about the pop food of America almost always.
60d2fa77b99f850a6f2f699f255a85d54f23c8c1	Sexy feet
57476ce8e324d6e949f3b19cd074277e4ef6aae4	"Do you want to know my favorite dirty joke?
6f4b531a0c9859447340ed30343d953f48c8931c	A black guy walks into the Cadillac salon.
36f4bed627c7ee7546022e87be0e7745e8fc5395	He could have admired Uma Thurman's fingers forever.
2f59e3b4ff3aa2996413419335f9a17576ba412b	Quentin Tarantino is sure that Uma's size 43 feet are the most beautiful in the world.
f3dd32a58ddb65b748a558cdd3594f0c6e52bc44	And it does not let the viewer forget about it.
b6883fdcb6197294de0fa5522fcb1f52fca4a724	However, he mercilessly cuts off the other feet – probably they were size 36?
81f2355ba8974b987597eedf62b48b3711f9b2f8	Tags: Quentin tarantino, hero of the day, Birthday
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36600a6bd0708e7401742a271a522e2ac55cb435	Yves Henri Donat Mathieu Saint Laurent (fr. Yves Henri Donat Mathieu Saint Laurent; August 1, 1936, Oran, Algeria — June 1, 2008, Paris) was a French fashion designer who worked in the world of haute couture from the late 1950s to the late 1980s, the creator of a fashion house named after himself.
0115b152bd0a9965cdaba0488adffd01dea132b7	He introduced such elements of men's wardrobe as high boots and a tuxedo into women's fashion, and is considered the founder of the unisex style.
91877254c5b43ba5e46ee54221c61e3942322578	He was the first to invite black models to participate in the shows of his collections.
30491413487b41a80846c431b86b11b49aa6fa69	An anarchist and feminist from fashion, it was he who dressed women in tuxedos and transparent blouses, invented a trapeze dress and safari style, introduced turtlenecks with a high neck and camouflage into fashion.
2552b914c596ec3ce6eeab4a5fa1fc0fd5e47d25	Yves Saint Laurent believed that the best clothes for a woman are the arms of a man who loves her.
6d014c489c6b8ab2f03bb1a7ab43e5c6b481f9c4	"But for those who are deprived of such happiness, there is me," the maestro added.
a60a35f7db926d69f5a4d724b2131f5c5440e537	Having battled depression, suicidal tendencies and drug addiction all his life, Yves Saint Laurent became the last of a galaxy of great artists who turned Paris into the world's fashion capital.
1bd14250f3b4d05620bd6f1e0e1a15fd6bc40e69	Modern fashion designers only recycle his rich creative heritage.
79e34cd0e6fed10837b9ef543d052724f860ac73	On August 1, 1936, the future couturier Yves Saint Laurent was born as the third child in a prosperous family in the Algerian town of Oran.
8578cc321f6a69736aab5bd4777ffa32b776e38c	The shy and secretive teenager was embarrassed by his non-traditional sexual orientation and was afraid of his peers who offended him.
fbf9d4aab922a43a0d8c3760fd169be2b8a83304	He loved his sisters and drew a lot.
d2745693116d47e015d9707e9c7e0c759e774b7c	The mother saw in the fragile and sickly boy a penchant for the design profession and made every effort to ensure that the son became what he became.
bde178eac8df70f5d3943ab3ed861c88151baffb	In Oran, the future fashion designer studied first at college, then at the lyceum.
2eed9d8c53066c6b51f0c04b33b483ebe6c68df6	He started drawing at the age of 8, at the age of 11 he became interested in theater, at the age of 14 he began to make home puppet productions: he drew and built scenery, made small dolls, dressed them in costumes from old rags that he painted himself.
1708c5659d31712d0379279e080ef982788b92ed	Saint Laurent did not know how to sew at that time, and his costumes for dolls were glued.
606ab2cf6de21551f58283f3e683cf4efad9b2b1	He staged the performances" The School of Wives " by Moliere," The Double-headed Eagle " by Cocteau," For Lucretia "by Girodu, " Joan of Arc" ("Saint Joan") Shows that he showed to his sisters and cousins[1].
7a32cdf905a2a5b3f5c8b69b77be54174bc3ad49	The costumes and scenery of Christian Berard, the paintings of Henri Matisse, Diego Velasquez, Edouard Manet played a significant role in the artistic formation of Yves Saint Laurent.
55e6a58f400f166e54bfff920b8fc399e083031a	Later, the family moved to France, and Yves Henri Don Mathieu Saint Laurent settled in Paris from the age of 17.
1c7450c7b4873f6dfd949eda0bc48d0ae32dfbf6	He studied at the courses of fashion designers, and in 1955 he was able to get a job with Christian Dior himself, as an assistant.
7a22b595e76d212ed57ac33dcb558e12b293646d	At the same time, the first creative victory was won, which determined the fate of 17 — year-old Yves Saint Laurent-his little black cocktail dress received the first prize at a competition organized by the International Wool Secretariat[2].
30fd3f21646848263e16120a738f148a18388ba2	He turned out to be a very capable young man, and when the master suddenly died in 1957, it was Saint Laurent who was offered the post of artistic director.
3aa36abd4b579e0739795bb590a516842992c833	A year later, he presented his first personal collection of women's clothing to the spoiled metropolitan public.
84226d7f38a10dbbe66f4a3225a5c26e67103fc0	Soon the young man was drafted into the army.
de0fe39b605dd2c62022d8a81ecc0fced910873f	He was sent to Africa, but the military biography of Yves Saint Laurent did not work out.
3c6cc7e1675c15a99c54db94924ac5e3932b9d01	Less than three weeks later, an impressionable recruit who experienced a nervous breakdown was sent home, and then treated in a psychiatric hospital.
88a6c93e93663f6a775ef7473a9ae11a2aef6c16	Having secured the investments of the famous American tycoon Mark Robinson, the aspiring couturier opened his own fashion house.
93cfb61095e891ba58d018c6a9972eb82f322158	He was assisted by his partner, Pierre Berger.
2e5c74ea7c3f8e1e2567e061928ba1f939ea553e	They came up with the "YSL" logo and, starting work in 1961, a year later they entered the world market with the first collection.
a99bb410f3e439f4932ec8636a1ae467fbed1b12	After working for Dior for several years, he became famous in Paris.
71a4226589d0ad55b36db5dd9f94b22c77ba6729	From the fly, he could draw a sketch of a dress, form the style of a blouse, skirt and trousers, make the image unique.
bf9e4fecdf7ae59de837e0b05d717096e36ba72b	In his early years, he met Karl Lagerfeld at one of the parties.
0a013295c04473f7a871e63f58b295b765994b0b	As everyone knows, the designer is gay, he has never hidden his unconventional sexual orientation.
b664a6fa446233cdd3ce3d76b3211a62ac77b011	The film was shot based on the memoirs of close people of the fashion designer, such as Pierre Berger, Karl Lagerfeld, Laurence Geroyle.
95e350fa887be577adc3de8bd63f8afa6c377274	Further on in the film, after the death of Christian Dior , our hero took the post of creative director of the Fashion House.
8270dfd951404b852ace9197a2ff7b87e372bc39	He worked on sketches for days and nights, feeling proud and, at the same time, afraid whether he would be able to maintain the former popularity of the Christian Dior fashion house.
17fbfc797fb297c72d45efd0dae11b35a1bcc474	The editors-in-chief of fashionable American and French glossy magazines called the couturier a "naughty child"in their circles.
d5baa8c1100fd6a25c5bdbb7090f419bbf229660	In the Christian Dior fashion house, all the models loved him, went to clubs and restaurants with Yves, accompanied him to social evenings.
488c1186e8eba799b8bb49f38029d0087c3c44b4	But there were also difficult moments in the life of the trendsetter.
dad4f9e1fbc7a5d1df5bf315ff753b4106e987f2	The horrors of the war, the delicate mental organization of Laurent, who dealt with refined beauty, could not stand it.
4b54c0aeab39999c3acaf2951f8f8a889430af08	The doctors of the mental department of the military hospital treated the strongest mental disorder with tranquilizers and shock therapy.
d4678d82a0fa5ed06a02a511d525ba8dcf1843a4	At the same time, another person is illegally appointed to the post of director of the "House of Dior".
f4158c956d3675b21b3d8b526a591b4f0a32774f	Laurent starts and wins the lawsuit.
51bbad27dba0551fe83a733b157f0c57109e7999	He is paid a penalty of 700,000 francs.
6d8f87d4749e87c3e1cd04d622d85828b38d9133	The victory over the offenders did not bring the couturier out of a deep mental depression.
06d2c552660cb3988828d8622e57dcb4bef553c1	Having started on such a high note, Saint Laurent's long career was doomed to ups and downs, similar to the changes in the length of skirts of the last fifty years.
894138d2ddd15c9d1eec82346ff54ef7c429e18f	Just two years after his triumphant debut, Saint Laurent presents a collection of the spring–summer 1960 season called Beatnik.
4a95e9c1249fd106437a2083d1c8b50b0a1d3221	She was wearing short motorcycle jackets made of alligator leather, mink coats with narrow knitted sleeves and suits worn with turtlenecks.
da5e5dc1caec36e02aa783af66afdb80a7fa7ced	The investors of that time did not yet have the craving for defiant luxury characteristic of the current bonzes — the owners of the Dior House were very frightened by such a bold look at fashion.
29428409539cb6344a236cf1ea340acfbef0e35c	By that time, Yves had already met Pierre Berger, next to whom he would be destined to spend his whole life.
684609c6e1b0abab12284e2bca75ce248a3bb230	Berger liked to say that Saint Laurent was " born with a nervous breakdown."
d24e9be12a6c9ca9e385b82cf539985a280d5009	It was Pierre who morally supported Yves when the patrons, frightened by the "Beatniks", put another fashion designer, Mark Boan, in the place of the chief designer of Dior.
cb06fe25fb90638c81cd331274c8f0ba954693ce	Berger helped Yves not only to cope with another blow, but also to sue the former owners for an impressive sum for illegal termination of the contract.
f6bed6ac1c6da6f634dd1ccc9855866b60f47291	With this money, as well as investments found by Berger in the United States, the couple founded their own fashion house Yves Saint Laurent.
b87380c089c6cbf2ff3af274ac6e4194cbf1f41b	Thus began the story known by the three golden letters YSL.
96de98fb026956d2ed5bdaa8e46dd937418495cc	It was at the end of 1961, and already in 1962 the first fashion show took place in a mansion on Spontini Street, previously owned by the artist Foran.
120f4fb3fe2512bb475522c3c7efe40b178b0b8d	In parallel with his work as a fashion designer, Saint Laurent also actively works as a theater artist, creating costumes and scenery for ballets, dramatic performances, variety shows.
24c448648cd44e6a7fa86233e4e2f2a99bfc65ab	In 1968, exhibitions of Saint Laurent's theatrical drawings were held in New York and London.
bc629dce5445cdc2b96a0e8088c22f334402920d	In 1964, he released his first perfume called Y.
f8f6d3536fe40563e6dce3ced3ad24d0d9d77b0c	In the early 1970s, the designer began to expand his sphere of influence and began producing perfumes under his own brand.
7652d2d7a94409716134bdbe7fcbcf582fad4633	At first, the spirits were born, the names for which were suggested by the district of the French capital-the refuge of the bohemians, "Rive Gauche".
d8bdd48c6a526ccfaa8d6cfaaf01992890e07b0b	And for the sake of advertising a men's fragrance, the fashion designer organized his own nude photo shoot.
2ca08a28e01d24b8068d84c278f0af2b5f8d6fff	The cult perfume "Opium" appeared in 1977 and made a real sensation.
246a5c6a15b778814917e0997e4ede07d23e93e4	This oriental fragrance is still popular with ladies who know their worth.
3800cb59bc41ce0db272868460caa7b6546848e1	The collection of 1965 was created based on the painting of Piet Mondrian and brought the fashion designer success.
7af068aea64936ed8e10f962b708d29e10e16bf7	The 1966 collection was the first in the fashion world to offer a tuxedo for women, which for many years became the designer's signature technique.
cdc04aa0ce1169f84011c7bb2f767b4fcca481be	In 1971, Yves released the perfume "Rive Gauche", after the name of the bohemian part of Paris, in the same year he posed naked for an advertising photo of a new fragrance for men.
27bc08f42b3ca6b7058d9c89921cf89510987cb4	In 1977, he released the perfume " Opium [en]", which became the most famous fragrance released under his name.
94f092809baffa80bce92d980b582e92b8af8c0e	He collaborated with the choreographer Roland Petit, created costumes for his ballet "Notre Dame de Paris" (1965) and the duet "The Death of the Rose" (1973, staged for Maya Plisetskaya), also repeatedly created costumes for Petit's wife, ballerina Zizi Janmer and her various revues.
99125958f0703761f268dc4bdfd8793e4b603419	In 1981, he received the International Award of the American Council of Fashion Designers.
bd81713daf6475d75b69a5409d412d33083d81b7	In 1983, he became the first fashion designer to whom a lifetime retrospective exhibition was dedicated at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York- " Yves Saint Laurent. 25 years of creativity"[4].
9bc5aa5d34ca50253cf9fa58250daa9a646e77cd	Since about the end of the 1980s, he began to get more and more ill, was treated for alcohol and drug addiction.
8b6f97aa12f7cc08cd76e1c0be83e87679f7666f	In 1992, his partner, Pierre Berger, announced the "end of haute couture", throughout the 1990s, their fashion house was plagued by financial difficulties.
7b84b1b8526a8c40d9cc32229a0d47275045b46a	In 1998, Berger commissioned the young fashion designer Albert Elbaz to produce women's collections[fr].
d623d6ef18ee472c9756758da1e54ed01b68a8ed	At the same time, in 1998-1999, the American Council of Fashion Designers recognized his work with the Jofrey Bean Award for lifetime achievement.
c99b70af95781a2f45b0224c1278973da042aa73	In January 2002, Yves Saint Laurent finally retired from business.
2b4476685cf306fd7f829d97796a6a6df1b87c44	He died after a long illness on June 1, 2008 at the age of 71 in his Paris home.
2c9decf9ac87d30f73fd9b4712238f30abd7a10c	The funeral, scheduled for June 6, was postponed a day earlier at the request of French President Nicolas Sarkozy.
a336b2d15fa682918e83cfda17bb85926c8ffb29	The farewell to the fashion designer took place on June 5, 2008 in Paris, on the Rue Saint Honore [fr] in the area of the Church of St. Roja[fr], where traffic was blocked for half a day[5].
6e9e2e05ac008ef9f8a3a84d1273bcfc737bcf99	Shortly before his death, he entered into a same-sex union with Pierre Berger, his long-time partner in life and business.
59a5a3008eb027b00757771af2a939cbd65b80ee	In 2010, a large-scale retrospective exhibition dedicated to his work was held at the Petit Palais in Paris[6].
d1779f887b0560b57b2d04a262495fbc460dc49b	There really is a lot of bold and beautiful after Saint Laurent — perhaps no fashion designer of the XX century left such a rich creative legacy.
c429cc569a9cc607221fc5353f6f9cec547f88fb	This is especially felt now, when fashion has obviously run out of steam and the processing of what past generations have created has become a normal practice.
aac58ca8637737782916019d99cedf1b21710541	The fruits of Saint Laurent's exuberant imagination in the new world of second — handedness are among the most popular.
11b815eff8c61eacd15a872554dee06afea256ff	"We are very sorry that we did not know him personally, because we learned so much from him, he was our source of inspiration a million times," Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana sighed at the funeral.
856cc13d61ea5395277b85378c3b258f700b80fa	"We studied his work so closely that we knew literally everything about him."
af26af2644d70526eefc31c0a1de738092b3538e	Everything he did was absolutely relevant, especially the game of male-female: Yves Saint Laurent was the first to create a sexy male costume for a woman."
40fdb6f5a1e8bffecf3288863129bd1b7d925099	By the way, even this appeal to the fashion of the past years was invented by Saint Laurent.
417caf17fce421a67159d507a387758eb9f81a19	Another of his famous friends, Paloma Picasso, recalled how at one of the parties she found a suit from the 40s at a flea market made such a strong impression on Saint Laurent that it inspired him to the famous collection of 1971 in the style of the 40s and Marlene Dietrich.
7edcad8207917dd5158e590d503fceb66160f9b4	Remembering Dietrich, Saint Laurent created his famous smoking suits, and after them developed the theme of pantsuits like no one before him.
b59f521fc00ef8ccf4cefb6f072cbef8cee2dc3b	It became a real boom of the late 60s-early 70s.
f83d07932553d0ade0a9a528b6e9da4e5c78fa20	Today it is hard to believe that the first wearers of YSL trousers could not be allowed in a decent restaurant.
903f7fb19b48d2b5f0d134129c690e9e96616c2f	One such bold fashionista, when she was pointed out to the wrong dress code, simply took off her trousers, remaining in a jacket — the maitre d ' had nothing to object to this.
36dad96530955a251508673c7a7e4600ce39acb5	In general, many designers like to attribute the invention of women's trousers to a lot of designers, and, most likely, Chanel should be the first to answer for them.
abe740e7716b179a3c8d6be4309fe08eb64ab716	But Saint Laurent did not try to take credit for someone else's merits — God forbid, he always worshipped the authority of Chanel.
a5e4aaa07ab35046265f1538cbcd4882c35abf63	Talented in developing the theme of "masculine for women", he was never a "feminist", if I may say so, and always understood that the strength of a woman is precisely in her femininity.
57516880d4b0259fa89c01ac7c72a274d608dbe7	No wonder a few years later, his next and repeatedly reproduced subsequently hit was a transparent blouse.
10c7442bf65a8e38f9298225f8febc9a7538cd89	And women also accepted this sexual freedom from Saint Laurent with gratitude.
dc61e4f5381abecaf3b26c985f98be6fe36c09f5	Vogue editor-in-chief Diana Vreeland said that Saint Laurent "has a special magic pipe for women.
f07e67718d44a30a33636e657e14b6eeec75bc1d	No matter what he does, women of any age in any part of the world will listen and go where he tells them."
70bb620a963056a679eea3e0f9987cfcf6a636d0	Saint Laurent may not have campaigned for gender equality,but he proved the opposite by his own example.
575d63a6a3d6de330a0615d1a92b6574d3fce268	Many people recalled the turbulent 70s and the active participation of Yves in the hedonistic escapades of the decade in connection with the sad occasion.
47f5a70f87ceeb138e0439917b0f903a4d7c44f7	Actress and model Marisa Berenson, the granddaughter of another fashion prankster, Elsa Schiaparelli, fondly told reporters about the endless celebration of life, about " the time when we were young and everything was saturated with freedom."
259e791e919201d71dab8ccfb03525a05607fb32	And this wonderful era for her, as for many, was embodied by Yves Saint Laurent.
e8b7658c429efc8d225428ee417d215ed7565231	Subsequently, the couturier openly admitted his long-term addiction to drugs and other opiums.
408861216462bca946b05edd238746321b2aca04	This is not surprising, knowing his wounded, neurotic nature and the amazing creative form in which he stayed all his life.
68473791aa59e5032cbdaf57bfcbaf19cebbabf9	It is possible to work like this for 40 years with only one main doping-boundless love for the beautiful.
c2941918eccde3c4db89c65de8f08a2c5c2fdb5a	Saint Laurent never limited himself to anything, and he boldly transferred his love, for example, to modern art, to his collections.
0537f337d2baff6a926955e85deac14d19e53e00	Art responded to him in return: remember the famous series of portraits of Saint Laurent by Andy Warhol.
31b8a1ade688dbf009cd7df958db7bd3fbe3b3fb	The most famous art work of Saint Laurent is his Mondrian dresses.
8fdc8b2d1381e622280bbe0c87b4b0c5ca03dc61	Saint Laurent and Berger were themselves passionate collectors.
6f2b1dbeab601f0e53267cba462a8b4ecced273a	Their huge collection is kept in a Parisian house, in the picturesque Gabriel Castle in Brittany, dedicated to Saint Laurent's favorite writer-Marcel Proust, as well as in their unique ultramarine villa Majorelle in Marrakech.
2e45ccc0aa983101abf08a461162ed631309b51b	Today, the villa is open to the public — and there is something to see there.
2bace3e5f11070ebfbbc17994a1ed93d2e7a8553	For example, to the magical Garden of Eden, where Saint Laurent and his bulldog, named Muzhik III, found solitude during the last years of his life and where his ashes are scattered.
0a959c7a2b3ec30987cd0e00f77fdcc417aa4208	In 1983, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York opened a retrospective of his work, dedicated to the 25th anniversary.
8bc7b655b00baecd953c02538c9fe1650a8547f8	This was the first ever exhibition of a still living fashion designer in the museum walls.
f91f8536747058cbbf61ca7ca6b785155ada5347	Pierre Berger once said: "I do not know if fashion can be called art, but I know for sure that fashion needs an artist."
5b71cb5d20e62c7450ee7be8163dee8c6148c084	Many people tend to exaggerate the role of Pierre Berger, of course, a huge one, in the life and career of Saint Laurent.
b2ff3ce521ace0e97b56e6724dbb59daca12b297	They say that with such a patron and not such heights can be achieved.
2d08761909a4959f122e43b71441ee3ef88c66b2	To which Berger himself perfectly retorted: "First of all, you need to be Saint Laurent for this."
3f983ab6d5af8ff61a386f3a7397a46f8fee47f5	And he also had three bulldogs, whose names were Muzhik I, Muzhik II and Muzhik III.
f6152f03e652386d6243f059b52a67f35f7f0d8c	In 2002, Yves Saint Laurent retired, ending his career with a farewell show.
bcc775c588cddd3906fc17281b12c552b29bb26f	In the final of the fashion show, the couturier's long-time muse and best friend Catherine Deneuve came to the podium and performed a song for him.
0dbe5413b3463acfa6a5e2c64fb9c0d65257f46f	Saying goodbye to the podium before plunging into seclusion, Saint Laurent said: "I feel that I created the wardrobe of a modern woman and participated in the transformation of my era.
6166f6889584464342700c39470e24025bc335c7	I did it with the help of clothes and I am very proud that women all over the world today wear pantsuits, tuxedos, double-breasted jackets, trench coats."
a753efa050980f9d1127003c22aa0c84165aecec	Six months later, Yves Saint Laurent sold his fashion house.
f1de1384ca51e4a2678d5e38147ae7555b015945	"I have known fear and terrible loneliness, tranquilizers and drugs, "fake" friends, prison, depression and clinics.
15ace5448cec7e47578f5cafd8e5daae1a94f6e7	I emerged from all this, blinded, but sobered up, " Yves Saint Laurent said at the time.
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e1856b86f0e9b7d525f8f2e647c65950ed6c97ff	The life and death of Yves Saint Laurent
9b6330d1b950cef8ed9039f477dfc2bbf4fb6926	Yves Saint Laurent was an exhibitionist, a patient of a military psychiatric hospital and a lover of cocaine.
f2d598f7c5a2f953d545ff50b8013ef1534f7fb0	But first of all the last great fashion artist.
c56ed6871516f98ee6c5c4366d88b9560ee8d81f	Today, the fashion designer would have turned 78 years old.
bf56dabeb864d1340d2d2af0ee2d56579872f2dc	Limousines, Saint Honore, strict black suits, the clatter of high heels, fashion, art and politics stars, a crowd of people held back by security behind a barrier — all this could be the beginning of the next Yves Saint Laurent collection show.
4458ade64ceee2c144d81e1d993b2068f9010dae	But no, on June 5, these people gathered in the Saint Roque church in Paris to say goodbye to Yves Saint Laurent himself, who left this world at the age of 72 in the late evening of June 1, 2008.
74ec474ec7c47c22a435684375ae87e4d0b446de	THE SUN KING
507d81b6ad78e5584899a2514647e616e20e7cbb	The church, dedicated to people of art since its first stone was laid by Louis XIV, gathered both the faithful muses of Saint Laurent from the tearful Catherine Deneuve to Carla Bruni Sarkozy (with her husband) — and the monsters of the fashion world - from Hubert de Givenchy and Valentino to Jean Paul Gaultier and Marc Jacobs.
e23a5ec1d65da24eea044a99db35f3449c799c59	"Saint Laurent had the vitality to constantly surprise," recalled a frustrated Christian Lacroix.
b4e9c584bcfa8111c91e9df7603a086c63f11c85	For him, Yves 'talent was a " shock of modernity", first experienced at the sight of the " cover of Paris Match, as a child, in 1958.
1086bab4858b07dad5070156dfdbf1a1a3166cf1	On this cover there was a photo of Yves Saint Laurent between models in a mini dress of the bride and a bright red short coat from his first collection for the House of Dior.
712b13cbee771c5d03556e3662d4b018648998ae	Even then, he outlined everything that happened with the style of the 60s, and it was neither too early nor too late.
a15c649129288dc5f63df2f38b4f898bf69fbddb	Such precision is the politeness of kings."
6b82df17426cf51aa92e7e31bdb226e27898cc61	The fashion designer's friend and partner Pierre Berger was more categorical: "He was a freedom fighter, an anarchist, he threw bombs at the feet of society.
4ba6d661400f31ae57bca98ce7dce0687e457a4a	This is how he changed our world and made a woman stronger."
cd33436d9954ca16d85466c743fd2196f8915ea5	And here's how the king of the sun of fashion himself spoke about his role in 2002, when he said goodbye to the catwalk to immerse himself in a hermit: "I feel that I created the wardrobe of a modern woman, and participated in the transformation of my era.
f1761362f347feffdb62364e71c57da07c9bf869	I did it with the help of clothes and I am very proud that women all over the world today wear pantsuits, tuxedos, double breasted jackets, trench coats."
fa1b1471c2bb1c58dd2eebca00ea6221fa27244c	On the same topic, they are very fond of quoting other words of the generous monarch: "The best outfit for a woman is the embrace of a beloved man, but when she is a little less lucky, I come to the rescue."
88f00a0349e7aa9383389209192e5e3ac128cbac	18 year old Saint Laurent and his first model receive a medal of the fashion competition
3e20e51a5ce748eb773b28dd1318671df9146035	As is often the case with kings, Yves Saint Laurent started surprisingly early.
af042d55b0e724cc451bf9d893a6ebb1877e7925	He was born in 1936 in the Algerian town of Oran, in the family of a military man and a beauty.
5a7832b399b6f94042fcce2710a0b556f310429f	He loved his mother and sisters, was afraid of evil classmates, at the age of 18 he moved with his family to Paris.
ddec9b13f48517d192b7dded1a04b4c4a6fa2a88	I always drew.
35bc165e51e15eec89b8c08c676e57b7d07b4c8d	In 1954, he won a fashion competition (by the way, in another category of the same competition, a certain Karl Lagerfeld was the best), and his sketches were shown by the publisher of Vogue Michel de Brunof to Christian Dior, whose fame was at its zenith at that time.
10e3534de4a194c345d8eaac9cf30e74df1b45d5	The creator of New Onion immediately took young Yves to work as an assistant.
a6d3b5b4c0d4b9c9b14a170c966469227cc5fcba	1 of 2
d6824acf984dc0e54bba97479b96d5a82d276ced	21 year old Saint Laurent on the balcony of the Dior House on the day of the triumph of the first collection
ea8c89c9241549a159ec6b92c6fb648259aa7569	Couturier and his team, first collection, 1958
d47d6ed0424bd5f0ada60eb557548ec0f1b5640f	On October 24, 1957, Christian Dior suddenly dies.
8cc7bc7bf6e1e4670e3c2b0d29a575f2e4b15875	The owners of the House, knowing how much the master trusted his young assistant, make a bold decision — and 21 year old Saint Laurent becomes the art director of Christian Dior.
a5f08334fcc4c31ab63029935d78b4cd1b7aac6e	One of the most famous photos of young Yves is from January 1958, and he stands on a small balcony in the collection presentation hall and calmly looks through the thick lenses of his glasses at the crowd of photographers.
7d56ed98798d3d989bcf9afbe5937b7e77873124	The show of his first independent collection for Dior has just ended.
55fd641538938cbdb27b9974aea09199caadb5e5	It was called "Trapeze" and caused some particularly sensitive tears of delight.
0d9e3f0c59ff21d52939f83a5d13c9e5fd6b122d	Saint Laurent was expected to fail in the worst case, and at best — to continue the famous fitted magnificent silhouette of the new bow, which Dior thundered after the war.
22819a0a49a09cf478a36f24afa50143a813521f	But he showed a completely different, absolutely fresh collection, with simple short A shaped dresses, without a hint of a waist, made of light flowing fabrics that give the female body complete freedom.
44b333b22e006bdc33436e40df57597e91b916c8	The next day, the newspapers came out with the headlines "Yves saved France".
1ff3efb698b64223f3c327b926282655a4f2e94a	THREE LETTERS
0476f8d78fb6226353f2d5e331949d945c87c493	And again a triumph.
0f88a88ef983987626ad295685ea945453b84ce1	In 1966, YSL opened the first boutique in the port Yves Saint Laurent Rive Gauche, named after the left bank of the Seine, which in those years had a reputation for free thinking, student and — a couple of years later revolutionary.
922b52eade772e60925ad376bc6267b2838b8d38	But in fashion, Yves Saint Laurent made his revolution even then, being one of the first to declare his desire to develop couture ideas in a more real and vital format of pret a port.
8dcb111c7a295201a5ddb43ab58e3fc4fb93fcde	In the same year, Saint Laurent dressed Catherine Deneuve, who played in another manifesto of the era — Bunuel's "Daytime Beauty".
e4d33e77a20addbf77bd52686f255194747dd80d	Deneuve has been a fan of Saint Laurent since his debut in 1958, she sang to him in 2002 at the solemn and farewell show in honor of the 40th anniversary of the House, held at the Stade de France before the World Cup final, she read Walt Whitman's poems to him on June 5, 2008 in the church of Saint Roque.
65525b119eef61c2ef5e6e15c1474100fedc2cef	The actress was not only an adept, but also a loyal friend of the couturier, who felt the most subtle nature of his genius like no one else.
902ba3cda1883801594b6e1b452790cc53948fda	7
2094528762e2f49e3be6a6e6ee74ac859a11af55	MAIN BOWS OF YSL
7d278fd7115ea5705e2a31c9bdd0565aa8c59784	1. Mondrian dress
d90db2b5b3732b99677cdd8253ae3586ee1b7e3a	2. Safari Style
6cbf1466ab7bb4325a7244c02b911f92da6eb42b	3. Tuxedo Suite
9a1cb361ee19ccc2fbf553c5ea8b441f3c31faa3	4. Pantsuit
91bedd4dd4bd71097bcc26139fc3a7a9037e32f3	5. Transparent blouse
5d0a04e8e25c1ff19e9dd5b338a3c13965c5c063	6. Kaftan and skirt from the collection "Russian seasons"
23f006ea73dda32d5baaf37f6fa54b48afba51d8	7. Ethnic "African" onion
9c6be2ab5d64d33b26d47727d82051d240f340b9	"Yves was incredible," Deneuve said in one of the many interviews in early June.
2f5d7c58042514e7a04169845f8fd6cb71f84200	— He was constantly doing fantastically audacious things, which only a very timid person is capable of."
aa10a9c2cb5c8b9826ab2c373a022ddb6e1dc680	Everything he did was absolutely relevant, especially the game of male female: Yves Saint Laurent was the first to create a sexy male costume for a woman."
afd45fc9977418970c11aee4d22f204ba5a4db4a	It became a real boom of the late 60s early 70s.
e603f938b0b80ac691afd136e909a3178577a364	Vogue editor in chief Diana Vreeland said that Saint Laurent "has a special magic pipe for women.
13cd62b73881fae3b4cd6d9ab76c9dc27e60cc77	In 1971, an advertisement for the men's perfume Yves Saint Laurent Pour Homme was published, which is a photo portrait of a sitting Yves, completely naked — everything was as good with Saint Laurent's sense of humor as with his sense of beauty.
0288097b18493ec7a31bf941872db0bc1c6ccc04	Advertising and perfume were in great demand.
a936c61bf8a33864b8ffcdf4d91ba7eeca109ebc	The next fabulously successful perfume from YSL appeared in 1977 under the chic name Opium.
5f2d92336367c806fce4caf820a12465992fd199	And his advertising campaigns also never go unnoticed: they starred Linda Evangelista, Rupert Everett, a naked Sophie Dahl (this session was banned in many countries), and David Lynch managed to stand behind the camera.
92d37453f2649bb252d67a7f3fb6acd4ce583d99	Like all great aesthetes, Saint Laurent worshipped luxury
ae59437bac4a3120015f5af2fd86d580061d92dc	Subsequently, the couturier openly admitted his long term addiction to drugs and other opiums.
b10686b09395e7dde584458bba6feecae47f5556	"How many sketches do you make for one collection?" a TV announcer in a suit asks Saint Laurent in a white doctor's coat.
65fe737aa485769efeaac58b0287754ffd8545df	It's 1968 in the yard.
17ecd77934951c10a3997d1acc5164c07e8ca64e	"About a thousand."
41ca16d48206ef7565d1d7e58967e002c48af1f7	- "And how many models are left in the end?"
51fad22da676b16176d236ecaaa4a28c0e4f08fe	— "Two hundred".
5867b0a0645a5462f51fa56576197909cae27805	- "What an amazing selection!"
5ae2ecfc027ad5bbd7ee3b47312fddb3c64e7e33	- "Yes".
34db4e0613ea7b6fb06627164796017cacc2701f	— "And how much time does it take to create these sketches and models?"
d70d1860e8b983243d199b3981348bbee2c8f002	- " I draw all the sketches in two weeks.
616668e23100fe0d7d4acbb1fbee294611aba43a	Our studio makes models for a month and a half."
3a7df71e7f0d2c45fdea0b2272c89c709b021a66	It is possible to work like this for 40 years with only one main doping boundless love for the beautiful.
eed78d87ebc4e0e3ebcdcd35e57b40fc3e3ea86b	Then there were dedications to Picasso's harlequins and Braque's pigeons, jackets embroidered with luxurious Van Gogh sunflowers, and a collection of 1976 dedicated to Diaghilev's "Russian Seasons".
6017d7ceca1095aa34aaf680322f4bb27223069a	Their huge collection is kept in a Parisian house, in the picturesque Gabriel Castle in Brittany, dedicated to Saint Laurent's favorite writer Marcel Proust, as well as in their unique ultramarine villa Majorelle in Marrakech.
8f787f45102d363e1b7d6ef37fc7b5dfdf956d72	1960
47e01a96ef827aa80a34d56bf38f7207af47505b	Saint Laurent is unexpectedly called up to the army.
5a57d5c0e32a43c229f143678f5f537c9c103716	For him, it was almost like death - after a couple of months with an acute nervous breakdown, Eve gets from the barracks directly to the psychiatric hospital.
031ccd9a393c8c670f6697d1d9482606b155cb81	There they do not stand on ceremony with him: electric shock, harsh drug and psychotherapy.
82c5ea93764f0f778178407bd5f0bcf76f0d799f	A few weeks later, he weighed 35 kilograms.
58000b8f5d8c8a9b2b84e54e46ac9ded05558f84	1966
d97106aecd1b4f0c03d7a472dd4afbc786146d48	Saint Laurent presents to the public one of his masterpieces — the first women's tuxedo — and opens the first boutique pret a porte Yves Saint Laurent Rive Gauche.
221cbaa3bc289ecde7588ca186e5f180d04a0330	In the same year, he makes costumes for Louis Bunuel's film "The Day Beauty", thereby laying the foundation for a strong friendship between French cinema and Haute Couture.
8336e40ea16b97a960be85fc496a66921cd296cc	1971
1742372b9cd92d4c7852cd7e9a71e41d30e0aa6e	Yves Saint Laurent poses nude for an advertisement for a men's fragrance, thus becoming the first couturier who, following the example of Andy Warhol, made himself the center of his aesthetics.
f0c12eddcdc25fc671925113a997dd49969c49b4	In 30 years, his example will be followed by modern daffodils from fashion John Galliano, Tom Ford and Dolce and Gabbana.
667e624fb37408ba37177b3807fafa63c5a8332a	2004
7e5dfe2e933d8779cc42ff8fc5f0852b665d9242	The Pierre Bergé Yves Saint Laurent Foundation, which owns more than 15,000 artifacts — paintings, furniture and art objects - and 5,000 couturier models, opens the exhibition "Yves Saint Laurent: a dialogue with art".
b4d815baa221dce4107c0bd44fc49f3685da3d58	Yves was not only a genius bubbling with ideas, but also a meticulous self cataloguer who understood the artistic and historical value of everything that came out from under his pencil.
527dc687fa586a676045bc4cf16cb04ba5ff58eb	2008
90243223a01e6c263deea91c1ce53ef6810a0800	A few weeks before the couturier's death, Saint Laurent and Berger entered into a civil marriage.
29891582d8c1f4f5673c1a6ef1bc867755ef9d4d	Their romantic relationship ended in 1976, but Berger remained a friend and business partner of Saint Laurent.
98c140bbd7e9172b00523215cc3ffa66fcf51c63	At the funeral, Berger said: "One day I will join you under the Moroccan palm trees."
7bc54049286e54824468857dde46f4dc63bb1c81	Author: Evgenia Fedorovskaya, August 1, 2014
302aea9ba47eab288f2048d201d8245c48acd77f	Photo source: jeanloup sieff, RDA/vostock photo
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d4a54b653e13b6e8443dc3f1e1f9e5734c2a0d14	Saint Laurent, Yves
96deb669034a438315641500f9152f4f73904f7b	There are articles on Wikipedia about other people with the surname Saint Laurent.
5648285a0be5d73df1a8383921b90d85aa721f00	For the company he created, see Yves Saint Laurent.
81685b353e5c0e59182b1f6b19edc89afeb488be	Yves Saint Laurent
ac783335c9d5bee3e73d77375f96adc4b4740d39	Birth name: Yves Henri Donat Mathieu Saint Laurent (French: Yves Henri Donat Mathieu Saint Laurent)
2b4197011b53d096a6a0288893f2ee71d718e136	Occupation: fashion designer, costume designer
3856d0c184e861e60a07da27149d4f92533164e9	Label: Yves Saint Laurent
3ceba245ddc266e0c9e81dcdb22145db1ada7127	Date of birth: August 1, 1936(1936-08-01)
4dd58900afcf351ab9b3c2766ec4c1c4fc1fa686	Place of birth: Oran, French Algeria
3b2aafef493cf2739fda1d3f9c67ae31cbf45042	Citizenship: France France
ff076551b6803e13ca0af7eff02d10a69fa47fd5	Date of death: June 1, 2008 (2008-06-01) (71 years old)
6ebbd8221461f5b1f639ecc1ad2a86c8265e8a33	Place of death: Paris, France
143217d2ae9fac8032f5f6f842a572fb5925e495	Awards and prizes:
aad6feff689cdf762ab8c074c7cc636002ce0f8d	1 Biography 2 Statements [7] 3 Awards and recognition 4 Filmography 5 Notes 6 Literature 7 References
b4989d1899806084867792465acad4921adebcb5	He was born on August 1, 1936 in the city of Oran in Algeria in the family of an insurance agent.
a89a38ca717c5950c6adea7ba2483660f49ad244	Saint Laurent spent his childhood and youth with his family, in an atmosphere of "friendship and happiness" [1].
a8ef5226d8b2d4ada52397028a259fa2976fbee0	He staged the performances" The School of Wives " by Moliere," The Double headed Eagle " by Cocteau," For Lucretia "by Girodu, " Joan of Arc" ("Saint Joan") Shows that he showed to his sisters and cousins[1].
7fcdcd7ee19bd445bb29904fb965bbb728b02a21	"... In my work as a fashion designer, I always strive for the purity of Matisse's lines, and in clothes it is very difficult.
26ea10d7d0b57c67b07cc946ab9bdf18bc68ee8e	I discovered painting back in Oran.
b93e4a8a2e9c39f0245b67f24ebce4f1bf999ef4	I've never learned to draw and I know that I donot draw well, I'm just expressive.
0223050eb5950122aea83401893a54add263ec9f	Although I would like to be an artist as well.
5b43fe80e74ac59685993a228b2852dfe362690c	I love Matisse very much, I love his bright colors, a clear line.
c5dc54c50732c442f3542e8d30f9f136d1db7619	His series "Moroccan Women" is great.
83b29d3b090b2a2024e1a9effcdb3e09e3e9b95d	But I also love other artists: Velasquez's dresses are huge as the ocean, the solemnity of whiteness in Manet, like the whiteness of the dress in his paintings "Balcony" and "Portrait of Berthe Morizot"......"[2]
97f3358a17c37081792b956a57dcdc0e1873e99b	— (Yves Saint Laurent, "About myself")
2ca10db9228f0f4e75c559f51253ea3e8c85d63f	In 1953, he came to Paris, studied at the drawing courses "haute couture".
d1d71ba443a8fbe56459109b73fb39af2098f1bc	At the same time, the first creative victory was won, which determined the fate of 17 — year old Yves Saint Laurent his little black cocktail dress received the first prize at a competition organized by the International Wool Secretariat[2].
0c156451e3ab81be4109dcd4f8bc179e46733c7f	In 1955-1957, he worked in the fashion house of Christian Dior, was one of his assistants.
21a4e104606d23f9a16b6f1cccf32ea1740bb0a7	After the unexpected death of the fashion designer on October 24, 1957, 21 year old Saint Laurent, whose name began to be written as St. Laurent (from the French — "St. Lawrence)", was appointed artistic director of the house "Dior".
c7e0c9003cb1f87131b08556c95d6948b05c94f4	In January 1958, he released his first women's collection for this house — "Trapeze" beat the forms of a traditional Russian sundress.
03721dc726addb8a78ecd8c036593510b213413f	In June 1959, together with twelve models, he flew to Moscow with a collection of women's outerwear, becoming the first to present French fashion in the USSR[3].
cdb3ad040d2988a4a998a714db7d2a87a85fcb7f	In 1960, he was called up for military service and sent to the front in Africa;
8b9d06a9bca319b5d7accb418b68db9bb00cb5d0	20 days later, he had a nervous breakdown and Saint Laurent was demobilized; he was treated in a psychiatric clinic, where he was treated with electroconvulsive therapy.
09b6f542aa9299b0fae5b377ce43214791b33256	In 1961, Yves Saint Laurent left the firm "Christian Dior".
c172fd40c26886e3d77f33f643a8b767fa3d91b9	Together with his life partner Pierre Berger, who persuaded the American billionaire Mark Robison to make an investment of several million francs, he founded a fashion house under his own name, the logo became the first letters of his name — YSL.
7a7fa6c38df4459925d22a2306baff537f4901ab	The first collection of the fashion house Yves Saint Laurent was presented to the public on January 29, 1962.
1f13a032e2560ff5eb1f312df64c8e61472bfd4e	In 1983, he became the first fashion designer to whom a lifetime retrospective exhibition was dedicated at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York- " Yves Saint Laurent.
aef950e67109c7ba82282444fba06cabcd7cfa3d	25 years of creativity"[4].
2df54b9dcf454fbe5f8f08319264a4c8a89d2d2a	Wikinovosti on the topic:
b57015b91b987ac9fc2f995432b84661b5005408	Yves Saint Laurent has died
c06e6f02bc6e77c1ba4d0eb0a1ca82b40cc72a72	Shortly before his death, he entered into a same sex union with Pierre Berger, his long time partner in life and business.
5cbc24648c04d91782b09fde7f3090cd729df304	In 2010, a large scale retrospective exhibition dedicated to his work was held at the Petit Palais in Paris[6].
a3c196aa9c5de19831b40beca479918cb32b097a	Statements [7][edit / edit wiki text]
70a82530fd224ddbaf5abb9b63d12d39d33ed263	Over the years, I realized that the most important thing in a dress is the woman who puts it on.
173fad90b509740eb8b7a2c3e5ed7afb679757c1	In this life, I regret only one thing — that I did not invent jeans.
a50e388890bf00f3d95e9dd73a9abb8e1e4fbe45	Clothing should be subordinated to the personality of a woman, and not vice versa.
b64c2c1af6b25624ebecc2d5f490568125373a60	Love is the best cosmetics.
a56dcfd79ee64477e8e6a4fdf277f1f4ad625edb	But it's easier to buy cosmetics.
685a0eb34a253eb4662dbaa54d2936b1b1274ba3	My dresses are designed for women who can afford to travel with forty suitcases.
55857f99a8e77e59eb47d2aa9b51963455c804ed	One "beautiful" day, it was announced on the radio that I had died.
b69449ba7038cef8e127a18c318a64fdcdae664a	Crowds of journalists rushed to me.
9e3150bda7368ce98fe6d9491d28a3dc2fad150e	— I had to say that it was all a lie: here I am, alive and almost healthy.
780b29a986036aee4705ed38b9a8230f533a26ec	But for some reason they absolutely did not want to believe me, although they saw me with their own eyes.
c1f49e759c3021afadbf89ab2ba9a845dbd99ef9	The best clothes for a woman are the hugs of a man who loves her.
64a79847eb5e775dfc180526fa1ff7f667fa7dce	But for those who are deprived of such happiness, there is me.
9dedabd7c8a2fa27502c3ed27187a3bcf47da663	Fashion passes, style is eternal.
e6f96fc098755b9a56cdaec43fd7d150b49ff60d	Awards and recognition[edit / edit wiki text]
1d68dc7af6db871ede8017afc8da236e874df60a	1966 - "Oscar" of Harper's Bazaar magazine 1981 International Fashion Award of the American Council of Fashion Designers (in honor of the 20th anniversary of the founding of the Yves Saint Laurent house) 1985 Knight of the Legion of Honor 1998/99 — Jofrey Bean Award for lifetime Achievement from the American Council of Fashion Designers 2001 Commander of the Legion of Honor 2007 Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor
3e7d044cfa69b7834bcb68fe93da9f2c50d49122	"Yves Saint Laurent — is a film directed by Jalil Lesper, starring Pierre Ninet; it was released in France on January 8, 2014.
d3bec792173e83dde6ec28798bbddd1e4139f1b6	"Saint Laurent.
f782f9da6a095ec6e0d1e094a96df97a77d8863d	Style is me" is a film directed by Bertrand Bonello, starring Gaspard Ulliel[8], 2014.
35770ed777a319a23392dd61ecec87948491d02a	↑ 1 2 Yves Saint Laurent, 1989, p .
26e0097191090c2da246e075a7cf6e08e5b733be	6. ↑ 1 2 3 Yves Saint Laurent, 1989, p .
5aafc8a17f7fbe1e38dfac584f0db369d66cc2ec	7. ↑ Dior in the USSR a visit in 1959.
7973c14955448a1201b555471f09f9cad456a59c	И Yves Saint Laurent, 1989, p .
b5f007de4c5e6a62576de66ffd032583f6eb5d6d	8. ↑ Yves Saint Laurent: farewell to a legend.
37c7cdd86610fa191b35cfefcf3e20b6d80ca3b6	Checked on February 9, 2010.
f10b82225f798e5c089cb39d2ddb0ce65706e41c	Archived from the original source on March 1, 2012.
4a839e44ab6a80c7ffd555482da1348d70f6ba10	Рет Retrospective exhibition of Yves Saint Laurent (rus.).
dd7f6c74c2b867e6de4aa65d66163bef4fee5ba2	DekoZap.
58d3d8272dfe89b88081ed31404c215016cbf69f	Фокус Focus Magazine, June 6, 2008 ↑ Gaspard Houllier will play Yves Saint Laurent
4138e34617e2a1352153f5877f6f7de83e70262c	Yves Saint Laurent.
aab61a0d934764ac06fd194707b6217b2fc998c4	About me / / Yves Saint Laurent and the theater.
363f22248ac909b6359d7e4c7851ea43386aea57	Exhibition catalog.
ccb0283bf174c6d7382e21fbe63544953cf9fdac	- L.-M., 1989 — - 6-10 S. K. Pertsova.
a7fd7bd3d3b070163616119b9b933ee1418d45c4	My Yves Saint Laurent.
e3a9fbbfa97836866cea45d7cf1539dba085fe18	M.: Slovo, 2011. 240 p., ill., 3000 copies, ISBN 978-5-387-00301-1; reprint. 2012.
df15cb97d343f380764565bcdc7695e5d228d570	ISBN 978-5-387-00440-7
7f1371567e90978d7be75ae955d387fd88dd2945	Biography of Yves Saint Laurent in GQ magazine Saint Laurent and the theater: costume sketches, statements of the fashion designer, his photos
993021fc79462d8db5ce2c0a606d6b8dbddd6bf2	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint Laurent, _Iv&oldid=83094595"
a9428bd93914b1670c4f9945dcd12fca4cef8e87	Categories: Personalities alphabetically Fashion Designers alphabetically Fashion Designers of France of the XX century Costume designers of France Costume Designers of the XX century Born on August 1 Born in 1936 Born in Oran Died on June 1 Died in 2008 Died in Paris Grand officers of the Legion of Honor Commanders of the Legion of Honor Cavaliers of the Legion of Honor Founders of haute couture houses Who died of a brain tumor People whose ashes were scattered Christian Dior
59dc97e44c8344a49418dbe757ca90217a5602a9	Hidden categories: Wikipedia:Articles with redefinition of the value from Wikidata Pages using magic ISBN links
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0d48cfc7c4edce0cfcd47bcce8e1e39b8abd9d87	ALmode.ru " Lifestyle "Film" Yves Saint Laurent " (2014)
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4ef933dd32f95fecb39cfef46b264a057fbfca9a	Section: Lifestyle
ed8136f61e2e3157d3afbb48a6ec86269ed2bfc0	The film " Yves Saint Laurent "(2014)
a01ea2f838e0e4fc21f32240aa220902e167e331	Today I finally managed to watch the film "Yves Saint Laurent" (2014) .
423c523c159fd3ef731a771010a3d790be305ff4	As an amateur and professional, as well as a person who is fond of fashion, I could not help but be hooked by this film.
fadf23144ba8a114bb2801ca3b650b7027288f7a	And I wanted to share my impressions about him with you.
6c1111a926bf8f2cf919fffec2f6aa70030bb002	I think you will also be interested in my opinion about this miracle created by the French born director Jalil Lesper .
a9d6796030f4abf5e884045e25d146cf1311ca39	The beginning of the history of Yves Saint Laurent
94930842703e136d4c4d637d7795899d14a38202	Yves Saint Laurent was born in Algeria, but the political and economic situation there did not give the future fashion designer peace and creative development.
9a326d893deaeb308dd5da121b973b3b46ace6b3	So he moved to Paris, closer to beauty and fashion.
3a2b3e342e3bc5c34db00c6ab97d97dd190e709e	There he got a job as an assistant to Christian Dior himself .
38ebea14629bcd5dea5cbd6f644cfd5bab71a069	He drew inspiration from his mother, such a gentle and always charming woman.
43e041ed17d48a34eb00a6d9053244e7e58115d3	Yves Saint Laurent in
4c91780cd72352952562514100e3d096b659bd58	The editors in chief of fashionable American and French glossy magazines called the couturier a "naughty child"in their circles.
4106573d806b293fd70feca89361ac0cfa839575	The image of Yves Saint Laurent
8ca8f74f70ec5fbed266e145f49be810c2eb7851	The designer always went out to bow to the public after the shows in a strict black suit, this was his business card.
75c701355026018e1a02f6c439c620034d33c33d	The film clearly depicts the image of Yves Saint Laurent, right down to his unique gait.
947cef970362528f2dadbdf81d324abd33d2c01c	The Life of Yves Saint Laurent
6c20fc0cf7e57c661572e80932f748b8f549d922	The fashion designer devoted his whole life to art and fashion, he constantly drew sketches of clothes.
9d2db14584a6e5fc159843e7d0b39e22adbca825	In his spare time, he liked to pose for a friend of the artist who painted him.
dc2f74e6bf772e32b931d84372825a4ab1438a15	The fashion designer rested in clubs, and over time, "got hooked" on them.
cb1bf67c93a1cd91de5aac7084a480fb4f1ee5a2	Every successful show in the evening was accompanied by fun, incendiary parties at his home or in a secular institution.
9e39387a3797ce124f9730c9ac1f4bb1541029a4	At the same time, he was accompanied by models who, at the age of 70, almost all smoked weed and used light drugs.
59097f78eb881258bc6a907431bde72ba330fe01	The couturier also began to use them, which subsequently greatly affected his health.
0cc55d90cb6ad8929010749fda8632ecd092c515	The designer's favorite model for many years was Victoria, then they had a fight and at one of the parties he met another model girl named Betty.
ba24f7bdd16b786358de281c2779d95cf665fe0b	With popularity, problems began to appear in the life of a couturier.
b29c2a6cc4e082ceab6c02c0cdd2dfac93d1cd16	One was the army.
55a60b25014913141bf0ecd8eb3052d3bd987135	Since the fashion designer was born in Algeria, he was called up to serve in the national army, although at that time he had been living and working in Paris for a long time.
4023daeb3435478ac6f700ef8d41b8c267168c43	Arriving in Algeria, the local reacted negatively to the couturier, as they knew about his non traditional sexual orientation.
b2d093a0c2759c98d972815fbcac470f039684d0	Against the background of experiences and suffering, he began manic depression , the fashion designer was put in a psychiatric clinic.
fe62ae6dc5b70aefb9ebf966017a05727116cc7e	After a little treatment there, he came out with a calm soul, ready to work and create, draw and make beautiful clothes.
5ea5e12f61b8e104bacc193fd46d1e176906f869	But there was another blow – he was kicked out of Christian Dior .
88433a2e2c9ee1e94ac6329749761acb81a50de3	His boyfriend sued Roger (the owner of the Dior house) and the fashion house itself.
c06106051714f93290d1b6878f29a86509e11f3a	Personal life of Yves Saint Laurent
01b98909126b08cc6a22264434637d4fc37f669c	The personal life of Yves Saint Laurent is the main theme of the film.
16704e2c756ccee8b8f83d528b845e6e1978587a	His love was permeated with life.
4cbc63b438c20784dc51916e850905d15fccfb18	His main love was Pierre Berger, a businessman and public figure, with whom he later opened his fashion house.
9285da3192ebf17d1550961a3d38ce2825e14af6	But more on that later.
69c3065e6ab922f60f59e1e45a1b78e4b70c6eb4	He and Berger lived together, worked together and rested together.
9987aba697b6c267247cb50c05323687394a643e	But he was much freer than Pierre Berger.
4ae01a6af836ff64b054446a6e5100b8ffa2b599	He loved parties, beautiful men and fun.
67cee3fb2f05eeb5055473513c9d7db76d3357f7	Soon after the opening of Yves Saint Laurent, the lovers began scandals, quarrels.
af0054852b72e72f66988cfa43b5372ac3348422	Pierre Berger cheated on his beloved with his model Victoria.
3137d267fc29b8349da7eb31226c5dc0408aca65	After learning about this, the fashion designer kicked her out of the Fashion House and out of his life.
4595ff7a97ff42a89a8e3fb21322ebc2d1ce17b8	In one of the parties, he met Jacques De Basher , the boyfriend and love of Karl Lagerfeld's life.
f90b536f3229a1f06052f1277b705ac5110eb182	They began to meet secretly, and later everyone found out about their affair.
26b99fd09dee657d958e80bdb570ea61b0c79027	This was Laurent's outlet, he understood him, was just as vulnerable and tender.
9dc201914d9f8e54c8838305ee0dc8c30677de3e	He confessed to Berger about his infidelities.
0a5e038d2c35d3eda09d0c1d1a5a3de6e2b76faa	They broke up, but throughout their lives and until the end of the designer's days, they were together, helped each other, empathized, worked and worked on the Yves Saint Laurent brand .
b5fc7bdf6aa73e4f4073c1a93c6b7ac6d1c36319	Yves Saint Laurent and Pierre Berger open their own brand "Yves Saint Laurent"
d28731aaecb7ce1e26a6cd349f6319c90bdf17d3	The lovers of Pierre Berger and Yves Saint Laurent have the opportunity to open their own brand "Yves Saint Laurent".
40b10fbd9a2533c0771db8b4d9d558fc299d8130	They prepared a team, there were a lot of ideas, sketches drawn by the fashion designer, their own logo "YSL" appeared (in June 2012 it was renamed " SLP "- Saint Laurent Paris).
f61c942f3e0fcf58f92ab767702f621f8bf5aecd	"Perfection as a way of competing with Chanel," the journalists wrote about the first show of Yves Saint Laurent.
32d22b4db9efa331c2a80f1072838b45ecd4734d	But he did not despair and continued to create fashion.
33b935e2f6644ed2bcb5a81351d9662eb1a49dad	Yves often said about himself that his youth was passing him by.
003857483fb6e06e2034b834416fd67a932fa16c	The last years of Yves Saint Laurent's life
57fe10b41031941e43c8a8335aff8c90a168d9fc	In the last years of his life, the fashion designer was very ill, his numerous affairs with men, an unconventional lifestyle, drugs made themselves felt.
3514ec608092b081af4768e7ec832b2223d09e41	Yves Saint Laurent died in 2008 .
e5ec75538bdbc2dea891b03b9dc87baee7dba881	Here is such a film, "amazing minds of mankind".
97c34e53e27ba9060efbdb176d8d106d634c158b	In my opinion, there is too little fashion in this whole story.
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b77a8da6b1a19725273d1a069c9e329e3b3c7a96	Home News and society Culture Yves Saint Laurent: biography of the great couturier
98937d9dad600df5497d5c17ab7712340f0a3ed0	Yves Saint Laurent: biography of the great couturier
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d2da628cd7f7780f28910a8a4948bb671398f0c3	The world famous fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent, whose biography represents the path from success to success, was, as they say, the darling of fate.
12639ececd7fe9547a774638d503dc548b39dc0c	In the field of design, he reached the top.
c7d74df9b211657c7de3efd675c3012789b8f017	A brilliant provincial, almost everything is known about the king and the trendsetter.
1e55d71f264ad4f82d46059ba651eaa2150f1ea7	The "singer of femininity", the founder of the unisex style whatever titles were awarded for his brilliant century, Yves Saint Laurent, whose biography began in 1936 and ended in 2008.
c1955ae36e22dfde5ae3943a6282ed00430606f0	The future fashion designer was born in the city of Oran (Algeria, then a colony of France), in an aristocratic family.
f729763df37a26cf78ef115666f3dfac6dd05fdc	But, most importantly, it was dominated by respectful, friendly relations.
342a7de41c5553c5d5d6a82404d3488db7bb46c3	Yves Saint Laurent was surrounded by love and friendliness from the earliest years.
9c958fff410453acfab08e852830c63982d6d7d3	The biography of the great master shows that even further in life he had immeasurably more friends than enemies.
b0f406c3c24105f867d38af0f3e05f8b815fdec8	The violator of family traditions From generation to generation in the family of Laurent, men held legal positions, and, of course, the same path was expected for little Yves, who loved to draw in general more than anything else in the world, and in particular to invent and embody in colors outfits for dolls of two younger sisters.
e918d58775435c718e1fc39358d8624c38dc7844	The mother managed to see something in her son's drawings, supported this hobby in every possible way, and after graduating from school in Oran, they left together in 1953 for Paris.
c32c3df0a9866d0330e83c1f15d92b988c06751c	Without giving himself time to get acquainted with the delights of metropolitan life, the future couturier enters a school created by a High Fashion Syndicate.
1eec802a141993e9351a93a4d3f76eb223d54adf	He attends the haute couture courses more than willingly, here he also learns and gets the opportunity to participate in a competition organized by the International Wool Syndicate.
4350516e219635b0c48917d9a7f684dbc818a914	Favorite of the muses Isnot it amazing luck when a 17 year old boy in the world fashion capital takes first place in a responsible competition?
1b1a558797a541bd47c5c0680a04fab78044e61e	The little black afternoon dress or cocktail dress, which has become one of the business cards of the fashion genius, was created by him exactly then, in 1953.
c36506d7648092eeb98d905a4ad70e46494482fb	Yves Saint Laurent, whose biography is full of wonderful coincidences, from this fateful moment becomes famous in the fashion world.
a6d2d1b3c377c19718f333f90c490b7f1f1bcbe2	A laudatory article about him appears in the magazine "Vok", which is accompanied by sketches of a young provincial.
a076f59c14115974e0f187346609f5d4a928921c	The aspiring fashion designer sent three sketches to the competition, which won the jury.
a20475d6266baf01611ee00a7f9a4bd809d2c585	Two years later, Laurent takes part in another competition - "Woolmark".
bfcc8eb6ecdf30a7bf130e9b1341c26621e23f15	And here his works are awarded the first prize, but he shares it with another young genius - Karl Lagerfeld.
5d853286b1f507c60c501d6100d5877b21a0c9a3	Some researchers of Laurent's life and work believe that it was from this moment that the friendship and rivalry between the two great trendsetters of the world fashion began.
5d5adf477dbc758d9cddffcda9fb42ebc03732a2	Perhaps, thanks to this competition, both of them have reached Olympic heights in their field.
47707622b426484f631efbb65877f6aa109b02a7	The beginning of a brilliant career After this event, Christian Dior himself invites Laurent to his famous "House of Dior", where Yves Saint Laurent worked during 1955-1957.
97ada87cbc34fbb933ae5eba0eaab21e82867022	The biography, personal life, and creativity of a young person become interesting to the general public.
bd2fed925d81ac2bca24695d98c091a599affbdc	Fans and connoisseurs of high fashion are beginning to closely follow his success.
1e05a4bf1cc3b2fa34ed4379e19cfedd1eb102fa	Dior makes him his assistant.
6eea153aebcfa6794209839d0e3c32c34afa472a	Their cooperation was very fruitful, despite the fact that the owner of the "House of Dior" was more focused on middle - aged women, and Laurent on young people.
efb25451b2bdabc2d2655b900bd6aa03f608dfc1	In 1957, Dior suddenly dies, and Laurent at the age of 21 becomes the director of the famous brand.
8aec7635a5647864984717bd4d29b347f2c40a59	In 1958, his first collection "Trapeze" was released, which made a splash in the fashion world.
9df51cbc8bf66bff1d6d9881f17251d1fe228177	Short A line dresses have received many approvals.
db14f44e7467bf11d476b9ee78ea7d0267dd8746	"Sensual elegance" - this is how the press dubbed the new style, the author of which was Yves Saint Laurent.
371fc2c9ab8cc333197bb14b7c5ac868c4e3ad0a	Biography, photos, details of intimate life do not leave the pages of newspapers.
0c9804bdd75c48828a7b4a5c967beca4cab4c54d	Black stripe But there were also difficult moments in the life of the trendsetter.
a45e1e980d55a97c9482337d8638727275c8bc1c	Once again, Pierre Berger came to the rescue, with the help of which in 1961, with the money of the American billionaire Mark Robins, "Yves Saint Laurent" opens, the full owner of which becomes Yves Saint Laurent.
647191995c89642d6cc7543fedd8d8bd25067c72	The biography of the great couturier did not end with suicide, attempts of which were made repeatedly.
5be73bf2abb9571c5292ce300abf180568f0d3e0	From this moment, Yves Saint Laurent begins a new life full of creative success – he tirelessly comes up with new styles that go against the prevailing trends.
073b29fef6d6ebb620bf8ce8a19c6f188332432e	The press calls him a fashion anarchist.
acf9840ffde2567b5274f8f320d3471644178cc0	He undertakes bold experiments – girls with dark skin appear among the models, Laurent introduces women's pantsuits, safari jackets and transparent dresses into fashion.
1ff9c30b49259b36e669b5f2969f4ded1b57f336	New heights and well deserved recognition of the brand " YSL "became arch popular, and in 1964 he released a perfume called "Y".
a7387252442d99ac67274fbdd654deda7a3c6376	Women's tuxedos, which he introduced into fashion in 1966, become another of his business cards.
0099cf17049f94d731d605ca219bd8353fb1c527	Then the awards fell one after another, and the empire of Yves Saint Laurent becomes huge, captures all new industries.
535c6c2970ed8af91082f68a97b2b3cd127b0d76	The collection in camouflage style, released by him at the height of the Vietnam War, brought the author of the first "Oscar" and international recognition.
814e797e6639385170fc03d981db112b540d0d63	The dandy style introduced by him and the women's perfume "Opium" raise Laurent to an unattainable height – he is the only one of all fashion designers whose works were devoted to a lifetime exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum, which was followed in 1985 by another Oscar, this time for successful and long term work in the fashion world.
cff243ab18fb7f1be3b69a7cf08f40c98ae933bb	His muses were Catherine Deneuve and Maya Plisetskaya.
93ad6769ac51f1c5acf8ede894ce82824dee1c6e	The great designer said goodbye to the fashion world in 2002.
4f6e16122f67550db51c3a63a6f650fe5f53da2e	His latest collection was shown on the stage of the Pompidou Center.
6c6e71fa6b5868aa387526777215a33787332c58	Before he reached his 72nd birthday, the great Yves Saint Laurent died in 2008, his biography, personal life, photos of which, like his famous collections, are widely available.
416bde6be1320dc5f0c9a04dd7552b90e6733421	In the photo below, the designer is captured with two of his muses.
a32d4b45167c93e13d147c1f217f941ef7abd410	Summing up the results of a rich and successful career of the designer can serve as his famous phrase that in this life he only regrets that he did not invent jeans.
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c131352f982ea02e5230ac8eb29ae7ff6646b68e	"In this life, I regret only one thing — that I did not invent jeans" Yves Saint Laurent
f37a92a50e976ad47700bcd6c2a386c7360380c8	Today, the brilliant couturier would have turned 77 years old.
4a95f5cd0d87988ca203dafc33f2b404f5ca471c	On his birthday AdMe.ru I have collected the most striking photos and iconic stories from the life of the fashion king Yves Saint Laurent.
84b138e55f40ee597b59dbfd92307305a8b87206	"Over the years, I realized that the most important thing in a dress is the woman who puts it on"
dbcc1cfb96afb37f9e0c3350b4f0ac7d5fecd985	The shy and secretive teenager was embarrassed by his non traditional sexual orientation and was afraid of his peers who offended him.
9f5d22e1a7dd3694bd74f1ad6a99a31dfd7fc229	Yves Saint Laurent with his mother
939bb67e1d1cc8b63e303c88061183784918077d	After graduating from school, she moves with a young talent to Paris, supports his participation in a competition for young designers and organizes useful meetings with the editor of Vogue and the great couturier Christian Dior.
5d3344a6c66cb6a2daae8d1da8b999e11384d4c7	At the age of 21, after the sudden death of Dior, Yves Saint Laurent becomes the head of the Christian Dior fashion empire.
6dfc883957a0751a11578e727010b0a8f9e3b615	The first show makes a splash and causes tears of delight.
d65a4b268fbb2803bda8d180a3b2ed54a1f817ed	Yves Saint Laurent at the blackboard
ea854a805b8b146f30758362f945c7a66c216843	Then in his life there was service in the army, the war in Algeria and the subsequent nervous breakdown, which was treated with electric shock and tons of tranquilizers in a psychiatric clinic.
6a5dc1d1ef81d16afe1a11769e3f6babd8052e36	A meeting with a business partner and the love of his life, Pierre Berger, a trial with Dior for illegal termination of the contract and the opening of his own Yves Saint Laurent House in 1962.
f2204d0d47fa3f2f60fb8d2844b7deb7b823e337	Yves Saint Laurent at the door of his boutique
6faee1a3f87705e7cd6cbf19d4275a091be9781c	The entire 50 year career of Saint Laurent was bright and controversial, like the maestro himself.
e74f02a5adea4923de81d9f1e388a2755dc86f3f	He was praised and condemned, and he himself hid from outsiders behind the thick lenses of his horn rimmed glasses and was filmed completely naked in an advertisement for his own perfume.
11aa52d95856f801152f1292d6bb6a5b3914d0b5	The beauty of the dresses interested him much more than the recognition of the public.
28def05e564fcee7dc7e147b7a87be0295b08ba2	He valued privacy and his dogs more than noisy parties and annoying fans.
716e5901a26b3c4a1b43f4c241c79799cb2f4182	For him, there were no authorities and trends, but he subtly felt the fresh wind of the hooligan 60s.
d3c5416d8069aa9b144dc8afcebcb591168ba353	Yves Saint Laurent to advertise the perfume Yves Saint Laurent Pour Homme
a1d86b90d339f227a722a4ec8c436762bba8811d	Yves Saint Laurent became a legend during his lifetime after he finally dressed a woman in a tuxedo and a pantsuit.
b89c6c95343a191ea3d5676e194223c5a1a150e7	In the late 60s, it was a real shock.
09783a872b8cd45d60c8ab64b08ea9f73e7ea20a	When a fashionista in trousers and a YSL tuxedo first came to the restaurant of the Plaza Hotel, she was pointed out to the door for the wrong dress code.
1f2c8ce3322328b70c2ae07edb35c7fdc463f1d9	Then the lady simply took off her trousers, to which the maitre d ' had nothing to object.
823ad58cc657cae509e516d5336ce93dbdaeb2c1	The tuxedo.
d96c82675a645961e1d7ac6f7562a933dd14cca6	Photographer Helmut Newton
be3e3f8ed7c01111873699f132287cc9ecca1e57	At the same time, the couturier has always believed that the strength of a woman is precisely in her femininity.
cfe5d18321e15e473ee25f6a0c13a535086a2c29	Yves Saint Laurent has repeatedly stressed that in order to be beautiful, it is enough for a woman to have a black sweater, a black skirt and go arm in arm with the man she loves.
cb36cdeb9786f022af0b2c14b186c9b823ac62d7	His next hit was a transparent blouse.
d39a1c0f26e4fdafbb415af50769a3c745b6c432	Yves Saint Laurent was the first to bring black models to the podium and created a collection made in a camouflage style at the height of the Vietnam War.
c45b231b52747658a9ca0a1d7aa91c2e375ded81	"Love is the best cosmetics.
308e585273cdde86d7ef03b2e115cf47b54b85a7	But it's easier to buy cosmetics"
69bff00e323ea66312840592050ccde16baa8800	It was said about Saint Laurent that he was "born with a nervous breakdown".
156f0b002fdd3ce736eedbf166d0312479da5674	The fashion designer himself has repeatedly admitted to being addicted to drugs.
c2ccf965583a733ca54a49db558829997796f622	But his main dope was his boundless love for the beautiful.
9df09268d02be906318174e17b36c1e85bf28b1f	Saint Laurent made 1000 sketches for one collection in two weeks.
7ac53910d408ab6d319ea6098892dd37502c4fd5	Then 200 of the best were sewn off for a month and a half.
4d3a26dcdf5d5cdf6afa98fc744869395004be87	Yves Saint Laurent at work
6310ee8ec7b5f2d022cd36604f5dfd56c38b138d	Russian Russian Saint Laurent was a great admirer of Russian culture and everything Russian.
5ca75d0c180e47b01ec4518887b61b326a804f24	He collected Bakst, created outfits for Maya Plisetskaya and Rudolf Nureyev.
1bd5aa7105bf852699cb297c0d2d6e8a720edbc5	Yves Saint Laurent with his friend and muse Catherine Deneuve and ballerina Maya Plisetskaya
1e866800bc086cc88b94662af51fb7511970a4dd	In the final of the fashion show, the couturier's long time muse and best friend Catherine Deneuve came to the podium and performed a song for him.
65dad5a1ed67d042fc18b0ff8a75999346681a8c	Yves Saint Laurent with models and Catherine Deneuve during her farewell show
1e01650b516dd7f49d4e1fc5e4a1decf2cf6690f	"Clothing should be subordinated to the personality of a woman, and not vice versa"
c14910fb54569ccc5ad265cbf5e00eafa6c5b8a5	For the last six months of his life, the couturier was seriously ill, could not move and speak independently.
d4daa8bd3002d8491d333d545c8ba7c29832e7c7	Yves Saint Laurent died on June 1, 2008 at his Paris home from a malignant brain tumor at the age of 71.
2e6f0d241331fcd9c4004c9508880573b761ca5f	His ashes, according to his will, were scattered over the garden of the Villa Majorelle in Morocco, which he loved very much.
bd8ef05f352602c002c089a31fa1c63237eed4ca	The Yves Saint Laurent brand lives to this day.
046f14e8d08473ac335a5aee0a2e252feb500238	"I would be happy in paradise only if the angels are dressed with taste and wear their halos with an elegant tilt"
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aa9561f85548e50a44363a1de58bc717317f2382	Yves Saint Laurent biography and personal life
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08649007f112fb23fb1d64f2e8c7b3974e4ae1f0	Contents Biography of Yves Saint Laurent Born in a French colony, the legendary" YSL "Revolutionary" haute couture " Cult spirits Drew inspiration from the ballet Nothing lasts forever Personal life of Yves Saint Laurent Love to the grave When inspiration beat over the edge
dcdf5e20dfda82c223190e3827e6db695b521d4d	Claiming: "Style is me," the French magician regretted that he did not invent jeans.
01d79367e73e16d14e9818da1fb97925c50d7081	Even a person who does not follow fashion trends knows that it was he, Yves Saint Laurent, who "invented" the legendary perfume "Opium".
4e7fc5fd79128bfd7a58c268bae4ff55366f2270	The biography of the couturier, like any of us, has known light and dark stripes, a rapid rise and a long painful sunset.
0f1dd1fc25e1c2d0afe8935687d866f11e506d97	And it all started with the fact that 21 one year old newcomer was invited to lead the fashion house "Dior".
85636103912fd21eb39ef29db3b2c5c20219822c	Biography of Yves Saint Laurent
de3808aea94532e85eb7c024fe5b4196bae1dd2f	Born in a French colony
8028a5e36d317acbb2ef29f7e474d28d55e98262	He was born far from the European fashion centers – in Algeria on August 1, 1936.
196fd7e22cae86a890d02c721bf8f602b397604f	The revolutionary "haute couture"
14c98bca84eaceb06f0541d57fac589665421384	The French genius turned out to be a true revolutionary "haute couture".
311856de5faffed969f086f04f231c89570f8157	Being a homosexual, he adored androgynous images, attracted very thin, boy like models to work.
f85a7f276c8fe83e4ccc7c79303908e8e49d2eaf	He "gave" women boots and a tuxedo, working in the "unisex" style.
347747fc562e4fc790f19a90da266082c09b1bdc	And yet it was this fashion designer who decided to release dark skinned beauties on the catwalk.
11444fdcbb82877dd29966649dc4764c7d1f1e00	A huge success was waiting for the couturier in 1965 - this year's collection was inspired by the work of the Dutchman Piet Mondrian.
6759c692ace0d30be7aa4bba0cb1709098da9a71	The Dutchman professed the same techniques as Kandinsky and Malevich, so abstractionism reigned on the models of Yves Saint Laurent.
cd67ed66c6084a739053fec7696cee496e3edad3	Cult spirits
b020aecb1c3358329ec58f267c839774df0c1514	At first, the spirits were born, the names for which were suggested by the district of the French capital the refuge of the bohemians, "Rive Gauche".
f30b503241415449895fc8bb146e576821a86ce3	I drew inspiration from ballet
fa9724cbec1b8b8cc36fefcc3b8fae500030987f	Another bright page in the biography of Yves Saint Laurent is the costumes he invented for ballet productions.
eaa78a5918d6f673823d00adc27a0528baee4c57	He was a big fan of the choreography of the magnificent Roland Petit, collaborated with him on the play "Notre Dame de Paris".
25d2be1d1b4e7f8682d6ddf589ba851037b67b29	Maya Plisetskaya dressed in the "miracle from Saint Laurent", performing "The Death of the Rose" , and Petit's wife, the dancer Zizi Janmer, was delighted with the costumes that the master came up with for her numbers.
a1fda877e235b65261f49d0caba4a8ba482b507d	But the French movie star Catherine Deneuve was proud of her friendship with the master, the charming blonde inspired Saint Laurent to new finds, and he was happy to "pack" her beauty into his outfits.
1a5ec42996c77f34594c5211d3b59be11dafb0d1	Nothing lasts forever
71bf856e0a31b144a286605ddf41be5cccc692a9	At the peak of his fame, Yves Saint Laurent became a laureate of the International Award of the Council of Fashion Designers of the United States, an exhibition was dedicated to him at the legendary Metropolitan Museum, and then, already at home, he was awarded the Legion of Honor.
f6916eacc8c561a2272290007287467d22ce4695	But the turbulent youth, the bohemian life were not in vain, already in his early fifties, Yves ' health was very much undermined.
9c79295530ad7be6e7ef1dd851d4045e1842c88c	He tried to be treated for addiction to alcohol and drugs, which also did not affect the business very well.
09f78bc84488c508e9c26945cd7172af7b3ae8e3	In the 1990s, the fashion house of Yves Saint Laurent was experiencing a crisis, the master himself almost retired, entrusting the collections to his successor (it was the novice couturier Alber Elbaz).
5f4ebeafe11508a617ad0371da06a1d8b0d55e81	In 2002, he almost did not show himself in public – he felt very bad, and died in 2008, in the first summer.
6d63ec43e6676cb530b15aaee03fc040e0ced7da	On June 5, half of Paris came to say goodbye to the legendary fashion designer, traffic in the area of the rue Saint Honore was blocked.
e3bfa1ee2d47a2d3870f31e3f720dcae343c177f	Love to the grave
1695e43128fd2abcee4a06ccb6d3a192bc3e21da	At the age of 22, Yves Saint Laurent met Pierre Berger.
1b2e146b23454cb63323351a15093b8de4f55cd9	They became both business partners and lovers.
11782ea7bb49093b4e828bee842567639e58d0ad	It was Berger who got the billionaire Robinson to make huge investments in his and Saint Laurent's future brainchild a fashion House.
a37be1edf2d0b47dd7f73175171ca3c9c8cd9e5c	This romantic relationship ended in 1976.
8181dd2ad54c337d7f0bafd710603827a7ae23f9	One of the reasons is called Berge's jealousy.
69bda438c9955b648b1da78e540d0a351e36bcd7	Allegedly, Yves Saint Laurent destroyed his personal life himself, being carried away by Lagerfeld's boyfriend Jacques De Basher.
5c35662c19ad84a4f3bbdf3a3c98ca651554774e	Pierre did not forgive the betrayal, but he kept the creative union with the fashion designer.
0adcfb6cf1c22a7dfb8c9630e27d7c144e4cc039	And almost before the death of his friend, he even agreed to marry Yves.
1682cefcbce7e65010ac30c7cb6d9344a045454c	When inspiration was beating over the edge
da375e2fb0b5a87d62c7bda12cef1c39cfcf1b97	The twists and turns of Yves Saint Laurent's personal life and his inspired work are shown in two biopics, almost simultaneously released (in 2014).
aad9873e026d341752108896a495ed81d1dd6010	Both of them are of French production.
ddb9007a30c6155c939fdd28e8daa3e78eea3a91	In the film "Yves Saint Laurent", shown at the Cannes Film Festival, the couturier is played by Pierre Ninet.
9ad8b0c57a4876a42bd6787d61c482c68ecb3052	And in the painting "Saint Laurent.
254bdbf84f0bb289e1a06b4295c6a9d6ac4d47da	Style is me" the role of a famous compatriot is played by the talented Gaspard Ulliel.
dda2797bc050e99d3b9d89437a988ee978fff1e1	The most influential style icons
366a87e10f8a483b390459876c74dbb14687ba00	The history of Yves Saint Laurent
b97e8a173ec8637739ac3adada97ac1e7c111ca5	8226
b61667a0b070a22d5e9b26befa78494b4801d85a	Published: 06.05.2015 12: 12
0205ca91a65d1fbd42ca7b5158e9ecfd80b1f222	Tags:Man of the Week Stars Yves Saint Laurent
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6d1fc053b0bbe47e613ce42f362eb130853fe74c	Silicon Valley (etymologically correct translation[1][2][3] — Silicon Valley (ангsɪləkənəvæli]) is the southwestern part of the consolidated metropolitan Statistical Area (conurbation agglomerations) San Francisco in the state of California (USA), characterized by a large density of high-tech companies associated with the development and production of computers and their components, especially microprocessors, as well as software, mobile communication devices, biotechnology, etc.
0165de82e40fde68f0192ce0dfdaabede2b5a1ff	The phrase Silicon Valley has long become a household name, it designates a high technology zone (High Technology) – a certain territory where objects of the electronic and computer industry, research and educational centers, high-class IT specialists and venture firms that are not afraid to invest in the field of high technologies are concentrated.
53ca00e59954f6d0e5b1f43f033be47b5916fc0c	The Yandex Dictionary of Modern Geographical Names gives the following definition: "SILICON Valley (Silicon [should be – Silicon – VS] Valley), a journalistic cliche for the Santa Clara Valley in the state of California (USA), to SE. from San Francisco.
6548a2d70d2abfee267d929dd3f68c4713d9aaad	The emergence and development of this technological center is associated with the concentration of leading universities, large cities less than an hour away, sources of financing for new companies, as well as a Mediterranean-type climate.
5b7aafaf19853b6dcd58d9d33b8f674f3673abd8	Despite the creation of a number of other innovation clusters in the United States and other countries, Silicon Valley remains the leading center of this kind — in particular, receiving a third of all venture capital investments made in the United States[4].
2ffb6d07f2e3cf3f84d16171ae22b362afd623b0	The original English name of the valley Silicon Valley comes from the use of silicon as a semiconductor in the production of semiconductor devices (diodes, transistors, microcircuits).
c926bb7334bc877b52e7060c44fa7030a12581a9	It was with this industry that the history of the valley as a technological center began.
059992bba2dc6eff07154756839435c0b863a489	The name " Silicon Valley (Silicon Valley)" was introduced by the journalist Don Hofler in the 70s of the last century.
9642b9323d06bb2efbd2706dcda0f236bb5ffd15	Russian version of the name "Silicon valley" has arisen from the similarity of writing English terms silicon[ˈsɪlɪkən] (silicon) and silicone [sɪlɪˈkəʊn] (silicone, polyorganosiloxane) (see false friends).
a4b9bf05e7a7330226364eb5349e9e8e0e02756b	Since silicone has become known as a material for breast augmentation, in English-language sources[6] " Silicon Valley "(that is, the English Silicon Valley [ssɪlɪkəʊn ˈvæli]) is sometimes called another place — the San Fernando Valley (also known as"pornodolina").
b7a65b1e5ed9a50ee036e91e74c3828749a1496e	Occasionally, in the English-language popular literature, [7] there is an incorrect spelling of Silicon Valley as Silicon.
e45a0d4255f42c58486a233e91ddb97a093b6b7e	Criticizing such a mistake, back in 1984, Steve Gibson, president of Gibson Laboratories, in an article about the production of microcircuits published in the magazine Infoworld, noted[3]: "... integrated circuits are created from thin, round, flat plates of ultra-pure silicon.
4aa21aed8b187c762e998a35a5abb34a5967b5c2	This is by no means the same as silicone.
d59634245c454fd4064730cb7e5cfefd74e28e6f	Silicon Valley is what some Hollywood actresses see when they look at their feet.
48e1dbb41b45fae520d42d86e5520e569179cd71	Silicon Valley is a place in Northern California where microchips are made."
7dbb9a6636824c8c2ca9973543294bb60f26c7f9	Modern Russian dictionaries fix it as a variant of "Silicon Valley"[8][9][10][11][12][13][14], so is the option "Silicon Valley"[15][16][17][18][19][20][21], and in some of them both variants of use are allowed[22][23][24][25][2][26].
dca8725217f388b2472eb93a959034e93d732d09	The word silicon is translated from English into Russian as silicon, silicon; its translation as silicone, silicone is an error[27], but in some dictionaries such an erroneous [27] translation is also present[28].
049697285acaf9f94eed8d6dc867ab86f504dc5b	In the USSR, the expression "Silicon Valley" became known to specialists, mainly through the magazine " Electronics "(translation of the American magazine Electronics), published by the publishing house"Mir".
36ea4924f896ddb3294bc7806c5f815d152bf985	For example, in the special anniversary issue of the magazine on page 88 we read: "...this enterprise ... turned out to be the seed from which the entire semiconductor industry in the Santa Clara area (the so-called Silicon Valley) grew"[29].
68a842e798bb65e28bbc0bb27c704f1f9cdf3c14	Grigory Rafailovich Gromov, a well-known researcher of trends in the development of the IT industry who lives directly in California[30] - the author of a number of books, articles and lecture cycles on information technologies [31] — has been using only the name "Silicon Valley" since the 1980s: This is the name given in the United States to the territory of the state of California, where about half of the country's entire scientific and technical potential in the field of electronics and computer technology is concentrated
f9069f554e3629369cce4a5fbac47840162aa1ea	In Russian-language publications (original and translated), either one or another designation is used, for example: Silicon Valley in the books of Werner Ruegemer[33], Elton B. Sherwin[34], Dean Lane[35]; Silicon Valley in the book by Michael Lewis[36].
63c27ca55c2fa186b92339e2de121639663124a6	In 2009, the expression "Silicon Valley" was used by Dmitry Medvedev in the annual Address of the President of Russia to the Federal Assembly[37].
eebcc408b07f96977023ae9462698d8278dfe91a	And although Medvedev himself sometimes calls the valley Silicon Valley, at the end of his trip to the United States in 2010, he said: I, however, noticed yesterday that we are all being called to call Silicon Valley in Russia after all Silicon Valley.
a0f9cc9d4d1a87640071596e346c5731e1c20636	Let's do this, there is no difference for Americans,but we have nuances.
117e7eee282fb026e8d66e3de1c367e81a638bbc	So, everything was very interesting in Silicon Valley, it's true.
222cdef2dc1ba11a7d2f92474a1f800803985875	The same name is used in the dictionary entry "Silicon Valley" on the official website of the President of Russia[38].
6c0131440d8ad40d4d49c966fb1d765505e46e04	In many countries, the concept of "Silicon Valley" has become a household name[39].
bf343a07c8659f5f8464926f2e1ecc6811b7b406	It is often used when describing other high-tech technoparks.
2c5a70d44f876328cbae40cc59137509623a1b8c	Silicon Valley is a conditional concept and, for example, is not cartographically designated.
4fd386914c5a6045cd282f8387f2c399620dada2	Initially, Silicon Valley was designated as the territory located in the south of the San Francisco Peninsula in California, extending from Stanford University to the San Francisco Bay in the northeast, the northern ranges of the Santa Cruz Mountains in the west and the coast range in the southeast.
fcf517415e6c862ba3a888eb30c72a89223db5a2	Before urbanization, this territory was dominated by orchards (due to the mild climate of the Mediterranean type), and it was called the Valley of Heart's Delight.
f604bcab0331e0c2a53c34d954347f7eb0700c3b	Currently, Silicon Valley geographically includes the urbanized northern part of the Santa Clara Valley and the areas of the San Francisco Peninsula adjacent to it from the northwest and the eastern shore of the San Francisco Bay from the northeast.
81949862c2d12d672b60a8021f5d0ff7705569f2	It extends from San Mateo and Palo Alto on the peninsula to Fremont on the eastern shore of the Bay, through San Jose, centered approximately in Sunnyvale.
74963e0d13189d7dd01efb5268c17d5ed32b1c40	That is, it implies the area between the Russian Ridge, Monte Bello Ridge and the Coastal Ridge, combining the northern part of the Santa Clara Valley, bounded by the Coyote Peak Mountains, the West Valley, Almaden, Evergreen, Palm and Mission[source not specified 2094 days].
20115a7abe9401d49a67275428348d858150f357	However, due to the understanding of Silicon Valley as an area of concentration of high-tech companies, there are geographical exceptions.
ae1677e23979fd56a13cf4e6770ed0eb2d37bcc9	For example, the corridor through the Santa Cruz Mountains, along which the CA 17 highway passes through the city of Scots Valley to the city of Santa Cruz, located much to the south, is also considered part of Silicon Valley, due to the location of some enterprises there and the department of the University of California, which trains specialists, including for the NASA Joseph Ames Research Center for the study of the Moon and Mars, located in Mountain View.
1f84bad67108acd6b010a972a50436fa03255163	Along with this, the cities of Livermore and Pleasanton, located much to the northeast, in the Livermore Valley, can also sometimes be attributed to Silicon Valley, mainly due to the location in the first of some divisions of a number of companies specializing in software (for example, Symantec,Oracle Corporation, AT&T, Sage Software, BMC Software); and in the second, the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory of NASA and the California department of the Sandia National Laboratory, institutions for the research and development of nuclear technologies, lasers, supercomputers (for example, BlueGene/L), alternative energy sources, etc.
466c6b2b46b5801c92eeb1ab9ecd594cd7d455a7	However, these cities are primarily attributed to another region — the "Three Valleys" (Eng. Tri Valley), allocated on the east coast of the San Francisco Bay as a traditional environmentally friendly and wine-growing region.
c9e3d1c2278c7bdf3886f84c6444237a565ef5a1	As a rule, environmental organizations insist on this[40].
3cbbdeaac7fac7a8e1e6b11f92856bc4bdbbb9e4	The capital of the valley is sometimes informally called the city of San Jose.
7422e04f6ecaf83389a6ed71f00dbc37870e924c	The San Francisco Bay Area has long been the main place for the development and research of US Navy structures.
179f12f33568470fb4dc82b9127b861983c5bc92	In 1909, Charles Herold founded the first radio station in the United States, developed in San Jose.
c478fa48214d942bd8c4b974250275d197158865	A year later, Stanford graduate Cyril Elville acquired a patent for radio transmission technology and founded the Federal Telegraph Corporation in Palo Alto.
255e2e67f232e29b415cf9e7313e9827798cad41	Over the next decade, his company (FTC) created the world's first global radio network, and signed a contract with the US Navy in 1912.
7b97a57bd0290b21513697030a0d0d4ea5e4a921	In 1933, a Navy station was opened at Sunnyvale Air Base by the US government.
f3beb0eadc3345c5e74c5435936a05128d90233c	A hangar (later called Hangar No. 1) was built at this station for the airship USS Macon.
791afeaccbd322f0d4197f673d1a90e3de1d6d68	Then this station was renamed Moffett Field and in the period 1933-1947 was the home of military airships.
a7018d592e86963c540fe576cb5a603d7b3468f1	The number of technology companies created around the airbase to serve its needs grew.
0d2c5c3ea76013a9ce70bba252ac7b9269f5c78f	After the US Navy curtailed its airship development programs and the Navy station moved to San Diego, their place was taken by the National Advisory Council of Aeronautics (the predecessor of NASA), which was engaged in advanced research in the field of aviation.
27a6e2d0790e0a7bcdff5efef18e2b320c4af38d	One of the key moments of the valley's development was the creation of the Stanford Industrial Park.
e8c5cb05fd775dd7bee39cad9c79e1c0b72cfe2a	After World War II, the number of students at Stanford University increased dramatically and there was a need for additional finances.
3dd79c239d3d1b21a178d7d120205180a8c16896	The university owned a large plot of land (about 32 km2), which it had no right to sell (in accordance with the will of the founder of the university, Leland Stanford).
cda207794dcd2185ea8db2ce68cc23064cc786d4	In this situation, the dean of the Faculty of Engineering, Professor Frederick Terman, proposed to lease the land for a long-term lease for use as an office park.
991b7c70dba2b56a630bcab94f3a8f99e765a2e3	Thus, the educational institution began to receive income from land rent, and companies could use leasing instruments.
aee71b86f8eb495a7222f2f4b4b4a6c99a7f9607	The introduction of restrictions on such rent for high-tech companies allowed us to solve the second main problem of the university — Stanford graduates were able to find a job in the immediate vicinity of their Alma Mater; the problems of companies related to the search for highly qualified specialists were also solved.
acd91947bec203d26c9fe092d438c3fe6f532b4e	There were special financial assistance programs, incredible efforts were made to leave young, talented researchers in California, to create conditions for the development of their scientific research and business in this area.
291e550fbeff86a1bfacfd042b62c49131e780bf	Terman had previously advised his students to start companies near the university, he was, in particular, a mentor to Hewlett and Packard, who founded Hewlett Packard (HP) in 1939.
efc96d6f2f6e458b00041a3446372e8b55e81f85	HP is symbolically considered the first company in Silicon Valley, although it did not produce semiconductors until the early 1960s.
cc51f9f20651c1453fc9068ba205f7b163d56b8a	In 1951, the company signed a lease agreement, and in 1953 it moved to the first built building of the complex.
42765067c626d5517ad73cb65f194a02744762ea	Soon the offices of Eastman Kodak, General Electric, Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory, Lockheed, Hewlett Packard and other companies were opened there.
1b8fac19dfd0cfddd4ab8a50dcd30af01bfcdbe9	Gradually, the number of companies that developed their business in this territory increased.
2c3faf4d030d15a2f39c1db7f6ce83ee07e1462e	And by the beginning of the 70s, there were quite a lot of companies engaged in semiconductor research, computer technologies and programming.
226cdca84a5537cd2cac0e88204cafa0b5005896	The" key " person in this case was a professor at Stanford-Frederick Terman.
3c54073c02ee542fbc0f5472364ac708c17d736e	According to data for 2006, Silicon Valley is the third largest technology center in the United States (by the number of people employed in the high — tech sector-225,300 jobs) after New York and Washington.
0432199723da5f13d96c9f1a27f881bd6bcd9e58	According to other data, more than 386,000 IT specialists work in the San Francisco Bay Area, which gives the right to Silicon Valley to be considered the largest technology center in the United States.
834aeb1873aaf66094640c71b6b5413f3e8205f3	For every 1000 employees, there are 286 IT workers.
88e2bba192b16ea9998d0d82f0923e4e9a4dcae9	Incomes in Silicon Valley are significantly higher than the US average.
ed6c73deee01339683acf04a41de9a140e1bc2d2	Global computerization has brought and is bringing unthinkable incomes to the inhabitants of Silicon Valley.
25a5fdcc60f674e89b8d5643b97f0ee5742065cd	Thus, the average family income in 2006-2008 was estimated at 76.5 thousand dollars per year[46].
8db74bb3e1efa7e79942ef55a6f2a3ae0d03353d	For about half of the families, this income consisted of the earnings of two (or more) family members[47][48].
8351b7a7b5ae12e4cf742abfd2ae88833c741bc8	According to The Verge resource, currently difficulties with obtaining visas for foreigners complicate the situation of immigrants in Silicon Valley.
9757cd025aa2350a60c4ef4b679b0d3e9caa60a9	Silicon Valley is home to the headquarters of many technology companies that were included in the Fortune 1000 list at various times
75e78b34e85294c4c008e574f7b42e63722bf65a	On the territory of the "silicon" high-tech zone there are more than 20 largest enterprises with a world name, as well as thousands of firms and companies that produce Software and Hardware, as well as mobile phones and components, biotechnologies are being developed.
f0580fc3757730ee7033709296a3a38dc7317efb	In Silicon Valley, almost for the first time, the practice of venture capital was used on such a massive scale, i.e. investing money in the latest scientific and technical developments, which was always characterized by an increased degree of risk, but if successful, all the costs paid off a thousandfold!
4f984004cb065f8a0d1a867789adfbc69e8c6bbb	In the 70s and 80s of the XX century, numerous corporations and factories of the semiconductor industry were firmly established here.
854b1bb30eca1768ce0907a84e42b719af072042	By the beginning of the 90s, the priority of SD corporations began to shift towards research and development of the latest computer technologies, as well as marketing of digital equipment and software.
d483d3b7c4d7c10f467794bdc0aec4f3c0297930	In 1985-86. Silicon Valley was called the Valley of Death: computer paranoia began in the United States, when the widespread introduction of personal computers led to job cuts.
8b2b9ffa45e82a2378ccda9aef07ff0c3565996d	In recent years, the information Revolution (High Tech Revolution) has been the driving force of the economy not only in the United States, but also around the world.
c472019ead0f42a86c63251cdc67ab2a388c0d18	In the 80s and 90s, the first millionaires began to appear in the valley.
7cf4e1c498f1eefb263e5caf8cd47cca6a3e6364	Today, it is home to the largest number of rich people in the United States.
2ab63553e0dca0c55c00a8c5e0a22fcb1bbdb280	1. Weather. 260 sunny days a year.
cf88e4327fc3564aead6c9dad148f9fed577a44d	The temperature ranges from 4 degrees (heat) in winter, to 28 degrees in summer.
b70ada2fb548de3874ab6ac256c8b7769afe7cbd	In a word, it is very comfortable.
9b4811e30687832a53c8e3f96b31a56aa95a7988	Although nature is not so diverse in the valley itself, there are very, very many places around that take your breath away!
e65d2be8b05cb570ca903b4da3e14344acf0f98e	And they are so different that everyone will find a place to their liking.
bc104f87249db48c557feae9aa11a911e7cee2af	And to get there – just a couple of hours by car.
31a659169169ea0521c81bdd4823d7ecae68f94d	3. People. There are a lot of rich and non-poor people living in Silicon Valley.
e7965afac6aeb948b64cae189ebd435362bbf011	Many of them have grown their companies and earned a couple of million (or even billions) on this.
9872d7ea05f1cb41984f7c1f0491b2a1aaac5d09	Therefore, people here are basically happy with their lives – they do not have to fight for existence, think about food or huge debts, that tomorrow they may not have a job.
e06c252198d55e42b9016bb2a1d2c104c40c8c6e	They do not live in anger or tension (which often accompanies those who do not have their basic needs or need for security met), and begin to think about how they can contribute to society, help others achieve something more.
7385587a9a4e928b15ed6a2e538805f5327185e5	4. Google Shopping Express. Google Shopping Express is a delivery service for goods from stores.
1b4a14a013eba33ddafdd8b37d0226aef7e87fe8	On the same day, free of charge (the first six months).
619c606a2bbee728c220f1e57879ca4c7ff6e8e2	5. Culture. The key word in the culture of the valley is diversity.
6f0dfb730c7270b08552f8bf88b41641497f3e1b	People come here from different parts of the world.
87ae372ee41668038acd58c3e89a2fd6505984d5	So-Silicon Valley is at the forefront of social trends.
04cec7883e2b926ca1082e3004560477a9346ee5	And here you can find accomplices in mind on almost any topic.
00876c42e45754dfd134be270ef36452cc04baa9	6. Connections Do you know about the theory of six handshakes?
b2c53e78e3545cf2d61e98aea7c3b6623f800d2d	According to this theory, any two people on earth are separated by 6 handshakes.
94361fb1fd6760babde58eef7579aa54c4e8e6ea	So, I think that in the valley this number is much lower.
6ab7909c30927b835f8885c833ca1f4506466de5	I know people who know the Google manual.
f24f994a40d8f9755aeb99833b1d92e36070b54e	And Google's management knows everyone-from Hollywood stars to presidents.
2c6baae061056157c335b8562b98891b34e3ae53	And for sure, they know someone who knows them.
341d68ccdbd608e73b32c87f31312e610a00faf6	Perhaps someday you will create your own company, and you will need to look for investors or employees.
6fd3ab90524acbbf843a21a5a498e89ab60b2f05	Or you will need to reach out with your very important idea to the powerful of this world.
fbda306dbfdda245715c0d6cd6aa00112cfd0906	And then the knowledge of people who know a lot of other people will be very useful.
e00d6256be88ce5758594ec3e86c68cd4b1f08c5	7. Work This item is most interesting for programmers, of course.
6c93c1b11d813682fe2d6c2f22d42d60813532ca	The valley companies-Apple, eBay, Google, Intel, Oracle, Yahoo, NVidia, Cisco and many others – are an incredibly large cluster of large, influential companies in one place.
7e62c568fbd643bee0327824015cee2c2cb849d6	Moreover, many companies have their main office here, that is, all the most important and interesting things happen here.
6eb5f92a3a50599d7049ead1dc0a2ca930fdfc6b	In general, this is the heart of the IT industry in a certain sense.
bcf0ad877ab18e9f040dce81b2528bd9c9c2a526	Moreover, due to the fact that companies are fighting among themselves for good employees, this means a good salary for employees, and a lot of delicious buns like a free massage.
825b40efab046acd2ec48ced1ca7b99bd533b984	It is difficult for me to imagine the best place to work – in the world – for a programmer in terms of diversity and prospects.
269f56aaae99f6d15b7f9489991c169537e52e4e	8. Prestige It seems to me that as much as having a good company on your resume raises the chances of finding a job anywhere in the world, so working in the valley has the same effect.
798ad24eb6420d1cdf53e26a4303c889d1f11f21	Such a candidate is likely to be interested in one important reason – connections and contacts.
b0b9e06b9b8b40d750bb9a9bdd29ae2c1e8b0a25	Silicon Valley is experiencing another boom.
039ade6d6bd6485dcc41eac3866ec47139bb1570	Everything points to this: there are many vacancies for programmers again; the most talented of them get very good money; parties organized by computer industry enterprises have regained their former scope; and real estate prices in Palo Alto and San Francisco are breaking all records.
395c8574f36cd1573c2d72a8225a3346cf58f241	The reason for the next boom was the influx of venture capital, intended primarily for software manufacturers, Internet industry enterprises, as well as firms engaged in biotechnology.
d7c21551fd1a106e2fc7618c60ad66f3892f6d83	Recently, the willingness of investors to take larger risks has become increasingly noticeable.
d82c694c31f682e58f8d4bc36e402d78f1976c06	Thus, in 2013, the initial financing of startups amounted to about $ 5 billion, which exceeded the figures of the previous year by 14%.
1ecdb3420fdeca717e04fd74269f0c0bab32bc7a	First of all, this money went to software developers and media enterprises, with which it quickly becomes clear whether they managed to gain a foothold in the market or not.
cc6c667dd30296b10d707d6b20c2283c12fd4fe3	The new boom is reminiscent of the late 1990s.
c08c9fdbdddf69b6bd57e71670e0e854184a67ce	It is promoted by the success of many enterprises of the high-tech industry that have been placed on the stock exchange and thereby received additional capital for development.
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b2996b8fb2c90420a380cfd35d6f289626fca231	Silicon Valley
434d6527116c25f8f6861feefbb6f0235cbad266	"Silicon Valley "( also Silicon Valley, from the English Silicon Valley) is a huge area, on the territory of which there are a huge number of companies producing the latest computer technologies.
bfb08f0fda8aa54721406c0f558fe926e8ed8fb2	But there is another one the real Silicon Valley which is located in Northern California.
3c975cee1610d7503fc7774b22e4f9313b0b4ed7	On the territory of the "silicon" high tech zone there are more than 20 largest enterprises with a world name, as well as thousands of firms and companies that produce Software and Hardware, as well as mobile phones and components, biotechnologies are being developed.
81a66dc4e6f50ee659e58d83ddb920ec1620b7ce	The zone was created thanks to the idea of scientists at Stanford University.
409f3f0c910b54b64b0022f21dbdf20520840347	In the post war years, the university did not have enough funding, so the university management decided to lease the empty territories to successful companies that were engaged in technical developments.
a4fadaf8f6f8853693cdcdcad39c4e6241ca484d	Thus, the university has solved the problem with the employment of its graduates.
f02311b4629b860708cd9b926f016f621513e159	Some time later, such well known companies as Hewlett Packard, Intel, Apple Computer, Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) settled here.
8b10736a6e5c150e44bbac013eb5584d221ef6b3	Back in the 40s of the XX century Stanford faced the problem of the outflow of graduates to other states.
280de510d7cc67458ba9ee4d3252cbaf1e1dba42	In order to keep young researchers in California, special financial support programs were created for young people, and attempts were also made to create favorable conditions for conducting scientific research and doing business in the region.
d781d21ba3779bcba2e0a455257b2bc7eced25bb	The" key " person in this case was a professor at Stanford Frederick Terman.
585d76ad306c6667be4f5c67a3a40bd199078e8c	He encouraged two of his strong students to try to start their own business without leaving Stanford.
67adf7eb37d7b1bd0450cbdde1f515184f344286	The students were named William Hewitt and David Packard.
00fdc82e9493f8793853b6af317a948dab3c0264	Today, their company Hewlett Packard Co. belongs to the giants of computer production.
75bc79f658659fecd15d1f3f1bdb5f2faac5ecca	It was Frederick Terman who first proposed to lease the university's land.
29242a6710bcecd92377553052fcc44e8d0d1735	Stanford residents accepted the professor's idea with a bang, and soon after, the Stanford Research Center was formed on their territory.
cfcd1e35ab5dd2ac2edcf99030e01bf3ca6550ca	Gradually, serious business structures began to take root and grow on the territory of this high tech incubator.
b16d338d7e61d6458a7074342697e3d0b9772961	By the early 70s, there were already a large number of companies that researched semiconductors, computer technologies and programming.
19ded338fc745a774b7a510063807692eeea5db4	The correct use of venture capital only contributed to the growth of production.
12b123169c138556c5214876d7d033c125b10c6d	Along with the number of firms, the valley itself grew.
e78095dc45b453a6abfbd880f4322ba32ec96a77	Now she owned the territories that are located on both sides of San Francisco.
197ea5e1726aa564f19cd23cf29c1c2201d6cf17	The heart of the valley is the city of San Jose
f2a6cce50d3ece1122101667dc40945d7b3d7d94	But Silicon Valley also has its own social problems.
7defe5f459a9b80abb849cd4637a1dd8eb743fd1	In the foreground, of course, is the housing issue and the significant contrast between the income levels of the population.
28557c506c9d97861e19ada2cc4b342daee2bdec	There are many disputes and misconceptions about the names "Silicon Valley" and "Silicon Valley", the etymologically more correct translation of the English name Silicon Valley is "Silicon Valley", but "Silicon Valley" is more common.
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6d9a0672aa5d3206be5786ceeb53d9fd69fbc2ec	The query "Silicon Valley" is redirected here; see also other values.
6686d0cc9e6014109ffc9d4e3739b523e0bb0793	English: Silicon Valley
68b1c3baaaa2261d7b7dc016cee9638be9f94488	The center of the city of San Jose, called the capital of Silicon Valley 37°22' s. w.
1ed52a5d252ecb88fdcc59179454fb2c295a2486	122°02 ' s. d.
ab5bee2c9dbe8116faa2f0cb59465a8ae8247378	/ 37.37° s. w.
a81841ed05843254b04204e0c9a274ab470290ef	122.04° s. d.
b8bc61928d53f63f7cc03eb7181da2a4922e9d5a	/ 37.37; -122.04 (G) (O)
9b828e32ad6c9f038dd25a5e706470ddc768fba0	(I)Coordinates: 37°22 's. w.
e84c851e24b2866a1870cb5641f58fe5e8280848	122°02' s. d.
424cc98eaaf970068c25902184bdce2bc41f425c	(I) Country USA USA Region California
4d58fecc22bbf5425cc19264b03099b1f69b3216	Silicon Valley on Wikimedia Commons
91a6f9497b165ad4e5a94606204f5b75508a87f5	Silicon Valley (etymologically correct translation[1][2][3] — Silicon Valley (ангsɪləkənəvæli]) is the southwestern part of the consolidated metropolitan Statistical Area (conurbation agglomerations) San Francisco in the state of California (USA), characterized by a large density of high tech companies associated with the development and production of computers and their components, especially microprocessors, as well as software, mobile communication devices, biotechnology, etc.
d4a04bcfb7d3ea77c9f7e822719d7b31d0211705	The emergence and development of this technological center is associated with the concentration of leading universities, large cities less than an hour away, sources of financing for new companies, as well as a Mediterranean type climate.
39e410e7cc1eb54301131e766707a6f7b605b324	1 Origin and use of the name 2 Geography 3 History of the valley as a technological center 3.1 Stanford Industrial Park 3.2 The emergence of the semiconductor industry
f52681116732992118391c9c01125b8a2d9ea5ff	4 Economic status 4.1 Attitude to immigration 4.2 Companies
fb3256a9f29c89a80296718110e86885ddd2175b	5 Universities 6 Cities in the Valley 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References
2d4e284e2ae795d4161c66b37be0e53778e644e7	The origin and use of the name[edit / edit wiki text]
0d6eb51e186455bdb0cd1a241f327662380e611a	This name was first used on January 11, 1971 by journalist Don Hoefler, when he began publishing a series of articles called "Silicon Valley USA" [5].
a70c3bcf1d8794fa79801a8ec882925f3746b028	San Francisco
96d0aa70fa027391bb6efd9700aa808c0d35ab73	Los Angeles
f2e2215e4b3e79a1a80dd6214853506c93ee57df	San Fernando Valley
8720ca32eb34f40cb6d87ad1732a95697cef6bcf	Location of Silicon Valley and the San Fernando Valley
e235c5adc45bea8093be288537fc47e044246f4d	Russian version of the name "Silicon valley" has arisen from the similarity of writing English terms silicon[ˈsɪlɪkən] (silicon) and silicone [sɪlɪˈkəʊn] (silicone, polyorganosiloxane)
1d79e9af46520de2675c16896098f1bcc2e81205	(see false friends).
82f96b05fef4aa346c0daf5a239afa81583fce65	Since silicone has become known as a material for breast augmentation, in English language sources[6] " Silicon Valley "(that is, the English Silicon Valley [ssɪlɪkəʊn ˈvæli]) is sometimes called another place — the San Fernando Valley (also known as"pornodolina").
6f5208dc834d31481fffe887b3821849231b3277	Occasionally, in the English language popular literature, [7] there is an incorrect spelling of Silicon Valley as Silicon.
33c1d1ebbed36ed72b3c7652a49dfb108d54ae22	Criticizing such a mistake, back in 1984, Steve Gibson, president of Gibson Laboratories, in an article about the production of microcircuits published in the magazine Infoworld, noted[3]: "... integrated circuits are created from thin, round, flat plates of ultra pure silicon.
e761ad27a0553df34f4af806f3af3ed90e8bbf78	…integrated circuits (ICs) begin as thin, round, and flat sheets… of ultrapure silicon (sil'-i con).
16ac3932e3b61fa45b0787d7e8ff082a759216aa	This is not the same as silicone.
ce775c3c30002e9b6bf101ab306024002794ee82	Silicone Valley is what some Hollywood actresses see when they look toward their toes.
0ab00d3431656c46453a84eed2a57366b9ba6fac	Silicon Valley is the part of Northern California where chips are made.
5cf94106a893b73d4351f4a85ce4bf9150bf1ca3	For example, in the special anniversary issue of the magazine on page 88 we read: "...this enterprise ... turned out to be the seed from which the entire semiconductor industry in the Santa Clara area (the so called Silicon Valley) grew"[29].
0945d114018bed398857348574321c522a1e08ad	Grigory Rafailovich Gromov, a well known researcher of trends in the development of the IT industry who lives directly in California[30] - the author of a number of books, articles and lecture cycles on information technologies [31] — has been using only the name "Silicon Valley" since the 1980s: This is the name given in the United States to the territory of the state of California, where about half of the country's entire scientific and technical potential in the field of electronics and computer technology is concentrated
babaa1586147bb1a925136ea23035996a55a619f	- Productivity of programmers: facts and legends[32]
217d277d5715333cdd63e77c0ddef963a675df46	In Russian language publications (original and translated), either one or another designation is used, for example: Silicon Valley in the books of Werner Ruegemer[33], Elton B. Sherwin[34], Dean Lane[35];
82b4631947ce1c55848a7a7626ce10d813f587c3	Silicon Valley in the book by Michael Lewis[36].
4b14915b7fbc9236c1257cbf20381a772ecced52	- Presidential Commission for Modernization and Technological Development of the Russian Economy
0038748ddffba58fe54c07c828a744b4841947b3	It is often used when describing other high tech technoparks.
255ac8a43da3391689dc1f8df09951602ce1e8db	Geography[edit / edit wiki text]
d283d04a09a9b43f28c4b2941118a381065b3283	However, due to the understanding of Silicon Valley as an area of concentration of high tech companies, there are geographical exceptions.
6548e5c01f25d8ee37790fc504576a35b378c5d4	However, these cities are primarily attributed to another region — the "Three Valleys" (Eng. Tri Valley), allocated on the east coast of the San Francisco Bay as a traditional environmentally friendly and wine growing region.
63a05b88b68884ca6bed0081a9c0dd36df64b485	View from the west of the northern zone of the city of San Jose (city center on the left in the distance) and other parts of the valley
76be27355d13a153c324285a2fa0cf963c1c11f3	The history of the valley as a technological center[edit / edit wiki text]
b913e1bb20867ffd26d2625e08213f1d4b07fa99	Stanford Industrial Park[edit / edit wiki text]
2cf88331888ee4ff3a1fc37dadfd06fa612cbfc3	The garage in Palo Alto where HP started working
97b123e2494f403be8f5e564946c44f9c9012fb6	In this situation, the dean of the Faculty of Engineering, Professor Frederick Terman, proposed to lease the land for a long term lease for use as an office park.
c59ad32e839806d8370e2e6e4984a68d65ed7616	The introduction of restrictions on such rent for high tech companies allowed us to solve the second main problem of the university — Stanford graduates were able to find a job in the immediate vicinity of their Alma Mater; the problems of companies related to the search for highly qualified specialists were also solved.
d1b7367bdadccf1f054c8c9b556999365f37fa69	The first company that moved to the Stanford Industrial Park was Varian Associates (an inventor and manufacturer of klystrons).
643289ca49b9be88893394d101d6ce8cea4d9dc2	Frederick Terman is now called one of the " fathers of Silicon Valley "(eng. The Father of Silicon Valley)[41][42].
87707bc8448af0d2a08c6f5b9268300e07ff2490	The emergence of the semiconductor industry[edit / edit wiki text]
6b652da743d021b4b730dda4ae303fce1f8b99ff	The building in Palo Alto, where the "Treacherous Eight" created the first practical integrated circuit
104fc171dd10deaa7794aabd738580f2e50fa45f	Another" father " of the valley is the physicist William Shockley.
76bfe521dc2efc4611dc127ea3600675a0241ba8	While working at Bell Labs, Shockley, together with two other researchers, discovered the transistor effect and created the first germanium bipolar transistor.
ab976846c8ac17ce3ae99f75adcbe8b64431ab24	The researchers received the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery.
e3ec267248b400984aed0b55f8ba288a82e66cf0	For a number of reasons (personal, career and scientific), Shockley left the company and moved to California.
40666e3678385b2065736f8fc274026ae985580b	There, in 1955-56, with the financial assistance of Arnold Beckman, he founded the Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory in Mountain View.
e222577b1a7624ed66b6f19b116e69055b97515a	One of the main tasks of the new company was to develop a technology for using silicon in the production of transistors (instead of a more expensive and less resistant to high temperature semiconductor material — germany).
e88f732ed96b3818468440c311b4d390c1e42e71	Shockley managed to gather young talented researchers, but his authoritarian management style and passion for a 4 layer diode (resembling a modern thyristor) led to the fact that 8 employees (the"Treacherous Eight") left the company and created Fairchild Semiconductor.
b2410d89287bae89f07dce2083ac4c87d10e4981	Shockley's company continued to be unprofitable and was eventually sold.
a8f26ae06a0971101a4f1980fd1d019351d7a35d	Shockley himself went to work as a teacher at Stanford.
ab4737144ded0e6e15295f73d36578f6a3f48456	The discoverer of the transistor effect and the author of the most important works on the theory of semiconductors at the end of his life, he considered his contribution to genetics (in fact, to eugenics) to be his main achievement[43].
1ca5bd39c149b39c1c251d6b84babc7fdd16e9c6	Fairchild Semiconductor began producing silicon transistors shortly after its foundation.
f9f2a4a22e25ba40433fd096a4bde1ccab069e38	The company turned out to be a successful commercial project and one of the leaders of electronics in the field of research and development of semiconductor elements and semiconductor devices.
e138f28c3d723da59f8e52cad15dd3463d71bd72	The process of formation of the California technopark of Silicon Valley developed further in this way by" dividing the cores " of startups avalanche like … Among the most famous startups — at one of the first stages of the development of the "chain reaction" of their growth discussed here — was Intel, which was founded by two of the Traitorous Eight team that had previously escaped from Shockley — Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce, after leaving Fairchild Semiconductor for this purpose.
6b079036b354c623ada508d8d1b6faf5b871a207	It is in this way — for the first 20 years after leaving Shockley — only the above mentioned eight of his "traitors" created 65 enterprises, which in turn ... etc. [44]
90d74ed0bfb7255fd1d5ec557a766adb8a43e1a8	In 1959, Robert Noyce invented the silicon integrated circuit almost simultaneously with the germanium integrated circuit of Texas Instruments.
84bb31b08bfca29c3dcf0cc972c4843609f0d2e5	For several years, the main customer of integrated circuits was the state.
889e7b55752e108fe86a579dbd3212a7310d1ad8	In particular, the onboard computers of the Apollo series spacecraft were assembled on the basis of integrated circuits of the Fairchild Semiconductor company (Texas Instruments developed and manufactured microchips for intercontinental ballistic missiles — Minuteman 2).
6abad6ef10cccd139fa3da39e0133ba97e9eda50	In the mid 60s, the cost of semiconductor integrated circuits fell sharply[45].
b63202396061ffd0fa62d75b4e2a15a35935dd06	This decline has led to significant demand from computer manufacturers and industry.
9645c31310a84c4493b1677cd8b6bbaf9c7a798f	As a result, venture capital began to show interest in the industry.
d0d29b2d3be5f6462fdb90e078eee6a99d03ddb3	Economic status[edit / edit wiki text]
7bc25d25f16dddba5f6c14f842f30e2248873bc9	Adobe
889d07512bb442fa5f618d179ca0c0af07e15e35	Agilent
dc1b9b4bb07d1464277843f034100c63208665b6	AMD
ac0a18006d8c9cb92bc6eaf8b01ba89ecb737ff7	eBay
5cb70e4c165b861dee8d7db21f58c2d61f187be7	Intel
8a1681e612a2025087b703fdf1f8f617e506b053	Oracle
dac4822de29d7a4ee2fb3c5dcf564adf0b2c38b8	The information in this article or some of its sections is outdated.
9ac735f4529e2bee2aa05875e58a9d5bb73068e2	You can help the project by updating it and then removing this template.
144e8c3639d53090e247d54412353603e9628805	According to data for 2006, Silicon Valley is the third largest technology center in the United States (by the number of people employed in the high — tech sector 225,300 jobs) after New York and Washington.
e2d33dfcaeb6da6fba0d1ab91e5126f6f30eea7f	Attitude to immigration[edit / edit wiki text]
947147b5e6f73af4c75f5719b3e68b23d7e56a26	If from 1995 to 2005 the share of Silicon Valley companies with at least one founder or co founder of an immigrant was 52 %, then in October 2012 it was approaching 44 %, which gives reason to talk about a" brain drain " from Silicon Valley[49].
d61c701a8f153c5dfb9b0d92dfc4012f4b3583ed	Companies[edit / edit wiki text]
7bb43558fe0dd798bc27d78d98e0a5d72a917ec1	This section is an unordered list of various facts about the subject of the article.
428e4b3c06728494dfadd39397bc16e243a47820	Please put the information in an encyclopedic form and put it in the appropriate sections of the article.
60048308a18221f37f4fef87817fc730bb642686	According to the decision of the Arbitration Committee of Wikipedia, it is preferable to base the lists on secondary generalizing authoritative sources containing the criteria for including elements in the list.
c3d98210df2f58536ba56d1e00899f4e94d93495	Silicon Valley is home to the headquarters of many technology companies that were included in the Fortune 1000 list at various times including:
ccddb875478adad6c0940cae7e92fd9d3523eeaa	Adobe AMD Agilent Apple Altera Applied Materials BEA Systems (absorbed by Oracle) Cisco eBay Electronic Arts Facebook Google Hewlett Packard Intel Intuit Inc. ( absorbed by Seagate Technology) NetApp National Semiconductor Nvidia Oracle Sun Microsystems (absorbed by Oracle) SanDisk Symantec Yahoo!
e677158c11661acbfb9e665da8699db94a645f39	Xerox
780b8a38443684ac38a63e2c2208ff47d46220a9	In addition, representative offices, development centers, and separate divisions of many well known technology companies are located in Silicon Valley.
fec2e393ecf682edf262b0c017018f946bc5fb7a	Universities[edit / edit wiki text]
cced86005a3625468cbf536b0ee5e4a0298fe32a	San Jose State University Santa Clara University Stanford University University of California Santa Cruz
055cfaa33c5cff251e9fe898d38391259aed929d	Cities in the valley[edit / edit wiki text]
68a078bf07eb4699f94056ed2e552704c5e00282	Campbell (English)
b73e48b7a336072e2459ff82356eddd9af2736f0	Russian.
54847409b593ccd552327f37d5259cffe4da0bd5	(Campbell) Belmont (English)Russian.
b8198323fbbf00b3a417f09ca7be79e90f6e4afc	(Belmont) Cupertino (Cupertino) Fremont (Fremont) Los Altos (Los Altos) Los Gatos (English)Russian.
9feb623c2978198ec702923771e4c828ba77267e	(Los Gatos) Menlo Park (Menlo Park) Mountain View (Mountain View) Milpitas (Milpitas) Morgan Hill (Morgan Hill) Palo Alto (Palo Alto) Redwood City (Redwood City) San Jose (San Jose) Santa Clara (Santa Clara) Saratoga (Saratoga) Sunnyvale
a8a53404af21e34e495f82bb133bd9d16b858a49	Cities that are sometimes associated with Silicon Valley
f154e8aafc887c9313f92675dd0cb3ede62e1e63	Livermore Newark (Newark) Scotts Valley (Scotts Valley) Santa Cruz (Santa Cruz) Union City (Union City)
97ab65b47a64a743ea4e62e08c50179f9201b09c	Silicon Forest Computer History Museum San Francisco Bay Area Pirates of Silicon Valley
3c38100ab8ff3cca81ad58c2549a19246ff740f2	↑ The name of the valley: English.
ab213e18ba9e9d7baf44292aa30e5ae0de6af815	Silicon Valley [ˈsɪlɪkən ˈvæli]; silicon: English. silicon [ˈsɪlɪkən]; silicone (polyorganosiloxane): English: silicone [ssɪlɪkəən].
d9facd1b73cbc2ab1fe8fe7c0846120680eb0c25	↑ 1 2 Popova L. P., Mokina N. R., Zakharova G. V. English Russian dictionary Abbyy Lingvo.
7087f7bfde8da3ff37a9b5dc552d8dc23bd73b64	- Moscow: ABBYY Press, 2009 — - 884 p.
37f951386b9acbd8f6d7fa3ee450870e08533e3d	- ISBN 9785391000228. silicon n chemical. silicon Valley, Silicon (or rather Silicon) Valley (an area in California known for its high concentration of high tech electronics industry enterprises) ↑ 1 2 Steve Gibson.
653b6c05758f6e7692fb3cf810aa610a84492997	Stencils and spray paint.
a427a9c9d7d7957a5a19cd6ccae0ef249273bdba	InfoWorld Jul 23, 1984. p.
80fa55cf73fb66334d6b94b6f53ae0f562b13694	43.
f52612e7a4cb0d24b9598fd88c320bd434d2dc60	↑ Q1 2010 US results.
8ca00d8b3489102f379153aa589ee1b3c3dc537c	MoneyTree™ Report..
85813651f5686f582f280ae6fd88f738529da823	PricewaterhouseCoopers.
2ac57cf966f52d979988a82db57777f732857d2a	National Venture Capital Association.
5c6d1888aa0090f96cbdfdd0bab717541d430bd1	(April 16, 2010).
ae371774411f6a2e255a524d170a009fc96e545a	Checked on May 2, 2011.
05de082b323d8311c85cf11723700f7497405c4a	↑ The history of the origin of the name "Silicon Valley".
63de8ca73b1ba2a940153d598620cba60c937841	Source: Digital Equipment Corporation,
6e38240a6829f283efcb24e9532e6f6010f5bc00	1996.Fr Frank Rich.
cb1aab5decf11baa7d6c863bffff68cde33a62d6	Naked Capitalists.
967a29b0aa4611cd66c5061f82334acf89538444	// Gender, race, and class in media.
ed496119c8a13228c7baaacc1869fa5fdb57c576	SAGE, 2003. p.
89e1c6d51779adef8dcbfb31edfcfa1ee9dde5f6	49.
835a57c8696214976ebff815e1ad3d10e91ea560	↑ Robert D. Oberst. 2020 Web Vision: How the Internet Will Revolutionize Future Homes, Business & Society.
c631e21562644f846ca222560e4b44d504f55b79	Universal Publishers, 2001. p. 141.
6d2946faf4362e078459134a73842628c4f7c632	↑ " SILICON Valley (Silicon Valley), a locality in the U.S., pcs.
d14d2fe90608912546b4abd76a779a14ab2c138e	California.
e8b4a82e2a94bcb986c2b23b3125a24c3c215c0a	Center for the production of microelectronics products, computers, informats. systems".
5a0839dd9169db6155f233f50e4b1570d338ad58	/ / Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov, V.
8b2879ccc1596d141eb0cf91fe604d5d679b12da	And Borodulin.
b8430b7fd8399a8b40353e76704abab15e98bbf8	Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary.
f14b138c84c2ad92d6ff14e5919683f21f5c8836	- The Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2000.
f96160a21dc68dcba4937128f540c7fb9a7acc70	- Vol. 1 — - 1024 p.
ab3fd17695a8acaca125cd0502266080730e8fab	- 250,000 copies.
87ee50d01ce191b0e486a1d18e86947bcb50f26c	— ISBN 5-85270-324-9.
b48e7e70ce7ab9c79edc1e231ad2f6c80d2f6a1a	СИЛИКО " SILICON Valley( Silicon Valley), a journalistic cliche for the Santa Clara Valley in the state of California (USA), to SE. from San Francisco.
7f7788b50410372234b13da964c3e990082a0335	// Dictionary of modern geographical names/ Under the general ed. academician V. M. Kotlyakov.
4c90301dc84464181b2989f4c14c051d829649d7	- Electronic edition.
e56800e3a61e002eb2d71e1aa72482af9d29f238	- Yekaterinburg: U Faktoriya, 2006.
313a5aa628e7bb02050e5b54a53c42e7d112e40b	↑ Russian Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Academy of Sciences / Ed.
f4977b14c977e6fdb94faf367407610659d5f9a6	Lopatin V. V. - Electronic version, " DIPLOMA.<url>" — - 2001-2007.
992bfa67a3c15183946d07e574a8c5b062191d03	Such an article exists according to the data of the Diploma.
0ab262c04e00ae094bca2624abb6bd61c06d23b7	Ru ↑ " PARK: [scientific and] industrial, technological. p .
7959743c98fb4b169222c0c75e37d4811643caf7	(technopark) - scientific and industrial (production) conglomerate, development. and implementing scientific and technical. innovations( naukograd), an effective form of combining science and production; one of the first and most famous is the Silicon Valley in California in the USA" / / N. T. Bunimovich, Vladimir Afanasyevich Makarenko.
3ee387156bc4b05cc07b100face701adb66c682c	Dictionary of modern concepts and terms / Vladimir Afanasyevich Makarenko.
382bb433e25805d47e1ff1413585d29514ecde25	- Republic, 2002.
387265c56dd06a3a74aa853ca86494b18d3e74bf	- 526 p — - 5000 copies.
a4884f98d1e91b51166090ef6e8650743931d138	— ISBN 5-250-01819 X. ТЕХ "TECHNOPOLIS ..." Research Triangle "(North Carolina) and " Silicon Valley "(California).
d8a7341a6b036536caa3434d1615e1115ef59326	"//Market economy: a dictionary / Grigory Yakovlevich Kiperman.
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45986221a74ee2a6a0d77277f4511e9512ec3897	Новей The latest dictionary of foreign words and expressions / V. V. Adamchik.
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c3193063428e77927fd6cdc0ff7fe9b8c538156c	— ISBN 5-7218-0727 X. ↑ Either "Silicon Valley Silicon Valley is the nickname of the area around Palo Alto and Sunnyvale in the Santa Clara Valley in Northern California", or "Silicon Valley is the nickname of the area around Palo Alto and Sunnyvale in the Santa Clara Valley in Northern California".
2fcf81577f4c2497b5d7ce99fb360f3ab254f74e	/ / English Russian explanatory Dictionary of terms and abbreviations on VT, the Internet and programming.
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3d4b75f90f1388866d0e6873274a9c8d50e26866	A. Teplitsky.
f189a17e9c001d5e1d00beb5f35947fb152e0db2	13.8 thousand articles.
11e514df1741bd850761e79f849e489a5c8afcec	↑ The first intelligent BES.
1e15894403a1d11c0c605497062fdc5148c5bfa4	Large encyclopedic dictionary.
63032c57db0f64253a2f6fdfdc7dc262df14ace5	- M.: Norint, Ripoll Classic, 2004 — - 2144 p — - 4000 copies.
d181ffe6491d6113d43dcfac8af057bdc71064e1	— ISBN 5771102075.
e2c0bb0e7ef2953cf290aff00d8c5919b0c45a7a	Silicon Valley is the name of an industrial conurbation located in the United States, on a Z piece.
b91d8fc02621d8260bae48516ecc12810a3d0ecc	California ...
8d01f01ae34025b0d9c3955368908869e3874810	↑ The latest BES.
8e09950da41168280d1b5dbda7bcf7ac6838fe0f	Encyclopedic dictionary.
4472932920ea6bc8924d911dc6ed0e631173e47d	- Moscow: Ripoll Classic, 2010 — - ISBN 9785386022976.
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8a0e466c13e134f06179723c7bf5515be17676c5	Computers, Internet, communication, audio, video, television and radio engineering.
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e3da531deccaa183c2bb9bbe41cd3c64c2e81b26	— ISBN 9785941201990.
ec59466c4ec7ef15fe67fcada4f815706f282e3f	↑ "Silicon Valley Silicon Valley (in the USA)" / / Russian English Physical Dictionary.
0b69662bd30be62b3fdbcc80e56177887ddba8aa	"RUSSO", 2003, Novikov V. D. et al.
04461687cd8adc39fa697ed77c285935cc0684d7	Russian Russian index to the Russian English Physical Dictionary*.
a63263fa7e7017aaa9e9b104a3a3043b9a1daaaf	76 thousand articles ↑ English Russian index to the Russian English physical Dictionary*.
a670f37b212d20c91de331e986da6fc784c56fbe	81 thousand articles.
9cacf4d9b8cb145b5f9e06d9a227903dcafaee6d	↑ New English Russian Dictionary of Radio electronics.
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64f0dbeab2c5201ba45322a600b0f0422eb7f3ef	↑ "SILICON Valley — (Silicon Valley) (Silicon Valley), the area on 3.
41eb4e9c60eee88c1af300a62a883d10603cb059	USA, pcs.
97926a5da05d1e9ebaff27b91b1210dd884283ae	/ / Natural Science: An encyclopedic dictionary.
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e5121cfe881c2cc37e60eb5e95ac5fc4c8687e9f	— ISBN 5-7107-7315-8.
a6472b93479ea5347c86ec51404e65f920c57fc1	↑ "Silicon Glenn — "Silicon Valley", part of central Scotland..., where in the 70-80 years The twentieth century. the microelectronic industry developed rapidly...
93f8a5d4873af68cbc5d13e5eab6b3217f1a4be1	(cf. Silicon Valley)."
691d918bf961573043099e3c7d8e3461d1d60542	"Silicon Prairie — "Silicon prairie", the vicinity of Dallas..., related to the production of computers."
8d259c3c5fe0d34f36ccffc206ba4dde1cd771cd	"Silicon Valley —" Silicon / Silicon Valley", an area south of San Francisco..., where high tech production, including computers, is concentrated.
59a137b47b16a46d9ce503d7c6e13e58c74f9513	" / / Leonovich O.
c7ed7ef4b813f9f32a87197f3458138b52931b22	A. A short dictionary of English nicknames.
324a6947e32da6e6ea445a4b0eaf851e0ed8dc46	- Moscow: Higher School, 2007 ↑ Silicon Valley "Silicon Valley" ("Silicon Valley") The name of the area in the west of the state of California, south of San Francisco, where high tech production is concentrated, including using semiconductor silicon boards… The world owes "Silicon Valley" such inventions as a personal computer, a microprocessor, a silicon wafer, contact lenses, a musical synthesizer, a Hubble telescope, etc . / / English Russian linguistic and cultural dictionary "Americana II".
e82441cbd4b1f74ac5c7a37a9a7a362e9c050966	Edited by Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor G. V. Chernov.
781fbd6eddefefc0a57025e939879ae4e428f8f4	© M. V. Vasyanin, O. N. Grishina, I. V. Zubanova, A. N. Natarov, E. B. Sannikova, O.
a0e177d944e3f0e9d587551f41f14db02fe6fa9c	A. Tarkhanova, G. V. Chernov, S. G. Chernov; 2005.
0fb695ab5782b0b619562db1f2fad454b13f8335	More than 21 thousand articles.
6d903811fba75818716cee01ad0d1c5dd48bca86	Большой Big English Russian Abbyy Lingvo / call of authors under the general direction of V. P. Selegey.
60b9f096ce26c8bb8cce70583a4f0a226b5bde9e	- Moscow: ABBYY Press, 2010 — - 1426 p.
08d4462a7ed7fc83e70c997908482a9aaecf74d4	— ISBN 9785391000273.
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66fcc0abd5861c940e9024f063809aa56d885651	Чер Chernov G. V. English Russian and Russian English dictionary.
2a8422034d3f992862fc1268ec45db8280b80c24	The American version.
e50b5744f4f3a5f381a81c316a79fe219fa4c4f4	- Moscow: ABBYY Press, 2009 — - 1088 p.
a7ee26307227ceb4c56e63a957a2e6a4be73da0d	- ISBN 9785391000235.
f67fa466ea8f07d880e705b4a08ddde48feb87b9	S. Valley Silicone Valley, Silicon/Silicon Valley (the area of production of trace elements for electronics in California) ↑ 1 2 See for example.
a63f1ddbf5828c5ce040d92d461c39072b884995	ABBYY Lingvo — silicon, Pocket Oxford Russian Dictionary © 2006 Oxford University Press: silicon.
57354825f970da662d1e2ca47cfd1b0d8fe7c52a	See also the definitions of words in Oxford dictionaries online: silicon — "the chemical element of atomic number 14...", silicon — "any of a class of synthetic materials which are polymers with a chemical structure based on chains of alternate silicon and oxygen atoms, with organic groups attached to the silicon atoms..." sil silicon ['silikən] n chemical. silicon; silicone.
4c73c66927daa540a593f8e23e3c3775526e5022	/ Adamchik N. V. Big English Russian dictionary.
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84700ace07500eb542658a1df7511cd2909a26f2	Электроника Electronics: the past, the present, the future.
704b9bc0c536c7f1c80a2fd3af88871d2431af79	Trans. from English / Ed. chl.
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0cb04eaf4ded50bdde1fb1d5f0a6e2e84786bfa4	V. I. Siforov, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow: Mir, 1980.
459c56780fc7f5cab1a1e398e1997bf1302920ec	Блог Grigory Gromov's blog in LiveJournal.
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01d9ba9ef8505dfbba2265cf7902c10b37f8d0f0	Рю Ryugemer V. New technology — old society: Silicon valley (Pref. I. T. Frolova, G. L. The Belkin).
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554a2cac338e9145903cec336e85d2e970423730	— 252 with ISBN 5-250-00615-9 ↑ Sherwin E. B. put Silicon valley: a set of basic rules for achieving success in the sphere of high technologies ("The Silicon valley way", translated from English. M. Panova).
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cb2b6dafb097fd78aa32553fca19f4b454a74f56	Transitkniga, 2004 — - 204 with ISBN 5-17-024998-5 Лей Lane d.
55b2d58f2025b60817f02695018ac6865217df2d	Enlightened CIO: the best examples of Silicon valley ("Best Practices from Silicon Valley''s Leading IT Experts", TRANS. from English. O. Zalivnoe).
e3f40bac655a9fa31f02ada43788eaa0372950dd	— M.: Al'pina Biznes Buks, 2005.
bfe533750b2840a8715a10b0946a14f972646faf	— 498 with ISBN 5-9614-0233-9 ↑ Lewis M. the Latest novelty: a History of Silicon valley ("The New New Thing: A Silicon Valley Story", transl. from eng. B. Pinsker).
5e7fce92e88b5e4024a1839f6b0209ef3409e100	— M.: Olimp business, 2004.
4a87c12cf08f9b68e51272db7c1926aab7b6cf42	— 383 with ISBN 5-901028-70-8 ↑ presidential address to the Federal Assembly (12 November 2009).
6299f431293365ae59c7e637e58e650801323524	Archived from the original on 25 August 2011.
b6f83f97bd191a526251b25d1c2508f1ced520a9	↑ Glossary of terms // the Russian President's Website (Accessed 7 October 2010) ↑ "Technologies and products of Silicon valley in a short time changed the world, and she became a household concept and role model in many countries."Silicone (silicon) valleys in the countries of the world.
5e9ba2e00fafa6cf03ef5cad2ef5f1312eacc83e	Reference.
16626a45b4ebfdcfe5674a33acd6b229aea1a0be	RIAN (22/03/2010). Verified on August 29, 2010.
3b7f2e3d3948e86137f5dd6f648906050fa67258	Archived from the original source on August 25, 2011.
c7c0bc4f4ce8180d23e122eb0c358bd5d4b7ed65	Tr Tri Valley Communities Against a Radioactive Environment — The official website of the local society for the fight against Nuclear Technologies.
215bddfa2c3a46de1f87ed602fa90b9edc4a4c0e	(English) ↑ TaJnai C. E.
a8ac04aa7cfb0128f2590061f07bfe17e38321a1	The Father of Silicon Valley // Article by the head of the Stanford Computer Forum in 1988-1997, Carolyn E. Tajnai 1985, on the website "Network Valley" (English) Гром Gromov G. R.
41cd496e5fa900adb6ebe9c559ced8da82f6c2ac	The history of Silicon Valley briefly about the main thing / / Chapter from the book: "From hyperbook to hyperbrain: information technologies of the Internet era.
ef55984754799dd982eaa57da02afa67f30f9d6c	Essays, dialogues, essays".
739440b7747525d3645ad6530cbd8e989f98af45	- 204 with ISBN 5-256-01731-4 Горд Gordon Moore.
c0a026b2b3e05cc0635834569828cd2a50cb9e74	"William Shockley".
9609a3d87e715ce3c8f163efef9313f8c846794f	The website of the magazine "Time" (29.03.1999).
b26b90a55c6ab175f88e27f26c08a8ca89929dcb	Checked on January 22, 2009.
91eb16b94f61fa31f950db3fb0f86f50d19dcb2d	Правовой A 100 year long legal bridge: from the El Dorado gold mines to the" golden " startups of Silicon Valley.
1e0c5b6881253b98dcb6131151bc5da6c3940dd8	Grigory Gromov.
4f36ddd84c4b913064f8f73d56d38ab3e3aa9b43	Netvalley.com, 2010 ↑ Max Blank.
c9d1cbe61a8ab687ace61ecca868ff04c9e397d7	The birth of the US computer industry.
d4005f85365f0c5f5cf445d71128c42277708522	Part 3..
5b59254fda4bf2df4851c4cfb61e9b19ad29c11f	3DNews website (21.05.2004).
4b30f5c87e9ef16312577fbdd1c64efae0a333d7	Checked on January 21, 2009.
00abb3d1026ee513544ae32fef15d121ae25e463	↑ San Francisco Bay Area Census ↑ U.S. Census Bureau, 2005—2009 American Community Survey ↑ U.S. Employment Characteristics of Families Summary.
d05f8455a67202509a08bcd680b4c0e46a1507a6	U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics ↑ Amar Toor.
927639c54bee81a5cc1a812663e92296365455be	Can Obama's immigration reform stop Silicon Valley's brain drain?
dd8a827fd93d76409258ca6b9ac8322d61b8b520	The Verge.
050dfda26e34816893607e0f56de83eabcf39116	— (translation of the Pole of the World). Verified on February 11, 2013.
980d041828c7bf001a68a5d6bc857f691640d9f4	Archived from the original source on February 15, 2013..
d0f11cb9c4bd0163d06274d592150904a6011c58	Oleg Delendyk (Oleg Delendyk).
efbcbac24115bd2a905b3f755e8c666202142c7d	Silicon Valley — Silicon or Silicon Valley?
aadf1e8904719d06d96cf75aafee657354622433	Is a new Silicon Valley possible?
91d4bd5922ef506a496d70e28e6d0ce6047cef6e	Lecture by Pierre Desrocher on the international experience of creating economic innovation clusters "Silicon Valley History" by Gregory R. Gromov (English)
58be46c025dc5efa9cdbc5087b0ef2df88049b4b	The largest metropolitan statistical areas (agglomerations)by population USA and Puerto Rico
007cbc01711d803467be9c7f0bb30a584f7f8725	New York Los Angeles Chicago Dallas Fort Worth Houston Philadelphia Washington Miami Atlanta Boston San Francisco Oakland Phoenix Riverside San Bernardino Detroit Seattle Minneapolis St. Paul San Diego Tampa St. Petersburg St. Louis Baltimore
c9a0ef304fff8b1acd8b6fa38e6447375f452a56	Denver Charlotte Pittsburgh Portland San Antonio Orlando Sacramento San Juan Cincinnati Kansas City Las Vegas Cleveland Columbus Indianapolis San Jose Austin Nashville Norfolk Virginia Beach Providence Milwaukee
c6d65262c8885a7172d5e2d0da33fe9f0fa53600	Jacksonville Memphis Oklahoma City Louisville Richmond New Orleans Raleigh Durham Hartford Salt Lake City Birmingham Buffalo Rochester Grand Rapids Tucson Honolulu Tulsa Fresno Bridgeport Worcester Albuquerque
de65048181e2c71d9576999db0be59982e254659	Omaha Council Bluffs Albany Bakersfield Greenville New Haven Knoxville Oxnard El Paso McAllen Allentown Baton Rouge Dayton Columbia North Port Sarasota Greensboro Little Rock Charleston Stockton Akron Colorado Springs
fcea1ef2f2488aaa8f6158c63d69b9c18ff3f66d	Cape Coral Boise Syracuse Winston Salem Wichita Lakeland Madison Ogden Clearfield Springfield Des Moines Deltona Toledo Augusta Jackson Provo Orem Harrisburg Carlisle Scranton Palm Bay Youngstown Chattanooga
6bed3858b4bfc298049e72084064f5d8377c82e3	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silicon Valley&oldid=77938468"
076baf472d8853acda7a66f6a08acd204f2a922e	Categories: Valleys alphabetically Silicon Valley Agglomeration of California
b450477df731faccf4b6a3d79b62b128cbc180ea	Hidden categories: Wikipedia:No sources since August 2010 Wikipedia:Articles with statements without sources for more than 14 days Wikipedia:Articles for updating Wikipedia:Articles with unordered lists of various facts
0e9cc48543b541ed5873c8623c3c0715b5300d2a	The Belarusian (tarashkevitsa) বাংলা Bosanski Brezhoneg Bulgarian Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Suomi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge ગુજરાતી 客家語/Hak kâ ngî עברית हिन्दी Hrvatski Magyar Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano 日本語 ქართული 한국어 Latina Gĩkũyũ Kazakh Latviešu Lietuvių Macedonian မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Norsk bokmål Polski Português ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Română Sakha Scots Srpskohrvatski / srpskohrvatski Simple English Slovenčina Srpski / Svenska தமிழ் ไทย srpski Türkçe Ukrainian Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Bân lâm gú 粵語
4d6aeb0f067181574da687699f89cb3ebfa0b890	Last modified on this page: 19: 30, April 22, 2016.
95f29a512754965cd8915eaf7a8722f62a99bc9e	Every day matters
e3ba4ef34d2947832917f86d7a9bdac5d5b2bfa5	About me
1b93fb6460d4772f3a233ad41fbf310868b39f23	8 Things to Live for in Silicon Valley
5f8907ee859fd5a035b04ca8873d60b24a28fb23	Larrr | June 22, 2014 | USA, Silicon Valley, articles | 12 Comments
7915d8a843fdc4112a4caa766cb086fd997028d6	Today, a little positive about how great we are!
cb97e26ba881e29ec385238284b8644bb3a587a9	Why is it cool to live in Silicon Valley?
db1c09107a75b6aff9c6b81198bbfcb05cc7be0e	It rains only 14 days a year (yes, life in the valley is not for those who love rain).
fff8ebad7f9562d34e050e604dbc833d8f768343	Sunny, not too hot, not too cold.
141a3286aa5476c054f0e5c91303a73917bfc7f3	2. Nature.
f0a8f47991ef3da3d12894d6bdaf03d36866617a	Do you want mountains and skiing?
3b1c4b5be1163bda412e0b0f4a6539ff949c2f94	No question – 4 hours by car and you are in Tahoe.
407050dd7795d071437e0fb15c58a5ea27550efb	Do you want rocks and views?
dc53519ac92d585e76e458475785922a96e29e20	4 hours by car, and you are in Yosemite.
207fc441d56e2bc91255cad789c68ea0aea63713	Do you want a desert?
f8cba7344dd60d5ccb330a413c2b04355302a965	4 hours by car, and you are in the valley of death.
233c71dc14d6dc1f9fe2846eb6568957b7c762a8	Do you want to swim in the sea?
aa68ade6f8af852970cfa6cb50fa76011a9dcb39	4 hours by car to the south, and you can swim.
56595e6e2321220689ec80c45a480409b64dddb3	Do you want extreme, action and shootout?
0a14e570490dfa60cc3b4ba4531709e71b4a12a7	An hour by car, and you are in Auckland: D.
f593d3705b338358b81cfb586ba3cfe449913fcd	3. People.
1b3eacf66ebca38e8abbe730cc6d682525c4d75a	There are a lot of rich and non poor people living in Silicon Valley.
3d6bc4a18c3bbf00976dee95078d3f6dd6743a29	Even more simply work for the giants of the valley Google, Twitter, Facebook, Oracle, Yahoo!
888141e7bc58c0fc34aa0225a2e857606c4519d7	– and they earn not millions, but quite a decent salary.
62e6e306ec4d8e89e40f3a5d840e40b7b8b287ca	They move to another level of the Maslow pyramid.
ee8c6bba1b892afb5c094f51bbb01fd209e58613	The compass needle from the “take” spectrum shifts to the “give " spectrum.
d34037d88a918cf327e8d5ea2bb4f961d1cb2a62	Needless to say, it is much easier and more pleasant to live in such a society?
b86c4a6edf53ef8d766a79fb5a45f229cdaf2ba8	4. Google Shopping Express.
0e3615a14a418730af2bb81b0bdbb537a2997f5c	Google Shopping Express is a delivery service for goods from stores.
32c79acb5bf9c42a769a1f7524a03cf965545441	I havenot bought baby food, diapers and everything else for a very long time, I myself – a couple of mouse clicks, 5-10 minutes of time from home, and everything will be delivered to the house.
203e1d87c9310360276d74cd9c2ad2da592dc8da	The choice of products is huge.
564e511f0bcbc2bede0ff51cd964b6ad9783e160	Here is a list of stores from which I can order:
5b10d608d41f77b75df962851f69c03989e5c8f7	So far, this service is only available in Silicon Valley and New York.
189b550b7e34b4ee2393f485c966aeda3ff7dfef	5. Culture.
777dfdcbb746aa9c91f9726f9eb14244a524023b	The key word in the culture of the valley is diversity.
5908576c6edf05b0ce8b850e5060019c5654b559	Of course, there are a lot of Indians and Chinese – personally, I communicate with both almost every day.
58909e6b35ee78938484f4952198ad59e4a16630	And, I must say, this greatly expands the horizons.
dd79fc932c2026d1db5b40514dfb222bcc4444be	Not to mention the fact that people here are very tolerant of the whims of others, and are quite progressive in their views.
e85f9835019fb18be6a50b5559b5cd45e9ad46f0	Whether we agree with this or not, a lot is changing in society from a very quick departure from the idea that a woman's job is in the kitchen, to same sex marriage.
7e77409aaae53fb30fa6e7eb2dcfd835d3c88340	I think in 50 years they will look at us as we look at those who believed that women and the right to vote are incompatible things.
e4c2d562abf7e96a2732fa6eb625906ef3d55cdd	Now it is so natural that almost no one even thinks about what could be different.
f5992b99edf1eeab390faa261cb56feac50f7d17	So Silicon Valley is at the forefront of social trends.
0df368605c87714ba0d1b22964d2196cd0b85406	And Google's management knows everyone from Hollywood stars to presidents.
71c749ad1e344a6897c980221fa71656286217d0	And I'm not talking about the fact that I'm just all in relationships.
dff88bdc1d025b8fce5e6cff958345d9d9861fa6	This is not a typical situation for those who live in the valley.
080cd4ade8dffbf13dc6d40218c46925905d8fc6	Why are such connections needed?
647d2928613066c880780d0143eb750bb8b7de4b	The valley companies Apple, eBay, Google, Intel, Oracle, Yahoo, NVidia, Cisco and many others – are an incredibly large cluster of large, influential companies in one place.
c241d34de16f59d8be809949f2182bc6415ade5c	So if you are a programmer (and I am a programmer), then there is plenty of space and a huge choice for you.
3bbeec7986e183429b3f5d2e44ab553cb0e3ae2e	And, of course, if someone has lived in the valley and decided to move to another place for one reason or another, then this is an invaluable professional experience in any case.
87cb77603d05bc4a19f564b877df6c4a2ac3ce2e	Related Posts 8 Things that are not worth living in Silicon Valley Hospitals in the USA What will my net salary be in California Garazhans of the Valley: Rodonochalniki
0706025b2bbcec1ed8d64822f4eccd96314938d0	max
5b95bfde9cd4d4d8dbf472f19b417c39db62ac9b	I had no doubt that it was bad in the valley :))
f64ad3471d16dedf9b429c5b7c6904f32b12ba2e	Well, is everything really so rosy?!
523d84f53851741c93e3d7636678daff112f1767	Tell us something bad about the valley, so you came there and bam, you learned something that you could not even think about
b0f8c08656781213c793b69f4ec6ee77445bbae6	Allagentis
643fef64e63565b80e85212c0c2f12b1f2f1bc06	Of course, I will tell you :). Fucking real estate prices, for example, are bad.
59d08b94c5e56c677b0d3a6f849ff12007bde43c	For 1 million, for example, you canot buy anything decent in a good part of the valley.
f50e8b650bccee73a6ffd8fd98a85f114c576186	Well, just like in Moscow :). Our prices in Kiev are simpler.
5c57556357f73c0b6b6921b7502b4520388df830	Dmitry
18a2ad0ca4c60cf673bcac8a5b21fe44ad4cb0ed	They meant for $1 million
e626b9b948655640b9048393ba8c11ab54de1bee	Well, not rubles:))
f346bb9e177ccb734a715fd2c2995a614eb12530	Monty
0f82b732b85016655fc59f85a86693975e82d426	Is everything really so bad in Oakland in criminal terms?
658fabd563b55d6f5b33aef0187673a0ba306f8c	It would seem that there is a SF bridge over there, and Berkeley is next to it — how can a criminal district exist there at all?
6d3790836be64e1765e3768410d4e7c9fa6f2ef0	Yes, there are poor criminal areas there.
61c5ca181943cc2860fe286d67369f42f5c88a19	And, they say, it's better not to go there.
3cf73d2ea69af2c6cf4c671ff18863b5dc85f42f	Kiri11
b8d0a9a64984b9fbdcdc00a98df6992217f5cd77	I walked around Oakland even in the evening.
7362f099d57877318eacaa32a017ad88650a3d9f	Nothing seems to have happened yet ) Although they say that the truth is that crime there is higher than usual…
66f87fd6722b6a48586be5edf13be22497ea2dd7	I think it depends very much on the district, too.
b49d72253b234a0c97509cee41ac2f643222e6b3	But even in bad areas, the situation is not such that a person got out of the car, and then a bunch of bandits and pistols immediately ran up to him.
1a0bf0db069d744bb159264b34eeb0bf081be764	It's just that the chance of running into someone is much higher.
de2f849045d5386ff8c342fde55eb53fb66d058a	AntonBredykhin
62d156d04f8b838b77fc2f2d0b77a3d1d7ce85f7	There are two areas in the SF Bay View and Hunter's Point, where it is better not to go even during the day.
f0cb47530256260bdc3157a1a396d78ed2305e8a	There is also Tenderloin if you suddenly need drugs right in the city center.
15a1b8d27480353576352c27192b6bb7e0e89229	Compared to those areas, Auckland is a safe place
6aa7c88aac2438903503ebe4851821991e315947	Pingback: 8 things that are not worth living in Silicon Valley | Every day matters
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a3e3a9c5977d2ef1e4ea85d59a83a9fff4ed0395	I would clarify that the weather in SF is radically different.
9e96d5081bb190a275a98399f28513d7d06bf2b6	19 degrees and fog – it's summer in the city
cb91b3467828f70ab24576be9726bf633b1ca995	Pingback: Another entry | SubBroker.su
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89eaca315d5909b9d1f3d17460cd616073575a89	http://2ch.hk The Red Lord
2201cca4cbef6e6bc38691e35fe4296dad8b2d95	And what about the vans were not mentioned, in which most of the local programmers live, because there is not enough money for a rented apartment?
7c422841b7e3951946583038790545c4ed38481b	Articles
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697cb59eae9239b40d37fd4e86a3caf217257ab6	Google Internship: The Story of Diana
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b141bfab77f4daaf242b34324e102d3d16d22171	Hospitals in the United States
fef8ee9f5f4b534206e2201a1821b2ae241ffd6d	Garazhans of the Valley: Rodonochalniki
a40abf94ead7a37d7a2cf0e276f7bb542a741c29	What will my net salary be in California
8b115c1dfbbfc08ee1efa95ef5bde19023b14b35	Training materials from Google
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24fa49e1c38c9f6a80c421b0b6c0f022d7e52c3f	Memo on the complexity of algorithms
1a4144b94ebb17527ad328493af262a8369f3862	Organizational
ca3e751107fecfc7d1ded0b904418d28dec16f02	Referral and Reference: Who are they and Why are they needed?
336d1b3d72e061b98b59d6c793f6a8da217a727a	foo.bar
6b40662d7309d008b3240d5ccb7fb75ae98e339b	Decrees in the Valley
206a24fade0e4cfc6daf46181d05dcf019f3ec92	Google and Schoolchildren
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a4544c154cfda7547eef49a870064e5084acd0ce	Do your homework
fd6a5d97b2678b1ef9373314ed100913e413b8ef	Categories Google Uncategorized USA Silicon Valley Czech Republic blog interview interesting stories career motivation project test interviews travel articles movies I want to work at Google
1b2a29297db0d95357776db09925c6a268a99e65	Archives March 2016 February 2016 January 2016 December 2015 November 2015 September 2015 August 2015 March 2015 November 2014 September 2014 August 2014 July 2014 June 2014 May 2014 May 2013 February 2013 January 2013 December 2012 October 2012 August 2012 July 2012 October 2011
cc7f0b1ce5cf1401b886b20f9d4755669d85731a	Top Posts & Pages What will my net salary be in California I want to work at Google: What will my salary be?
48261f1840d7f99d1cc6f4db5cfc07cd798470e4	Training materials from Google 8 things worth living for in Silicon Valley About me I want to work at Google: Internships (part 1) Pilot project: Test interviews Ekaterina's story: Non technical internship I want to work at Google: How much to reduce my chances of becoming an intern An example of a good resume
f8400c5e6814932bd1047488446fd71c64bc2f35	about.me
0638f31542c7922f1007abf6397f0d0e05c1a732	Copyright © 2016 Every day matters.
be9c5212987735ac2a171c5074ae60d46c08f5f0	Site Guide
5250987dc5b377584ddf7e5d235fcf0f8b5906d7	Silicon Valley, or What is Silicon Valley?
a23fb86aa8f2ceff7b799c56371b1ac9136abf66	English version
5b221e9c2a451799d8f37e2b9874409d5e03ab05	Print
3c999a35040abdb691686244021f03a937f3524e	What is Silicon Valley?
c45b3cca8ff940cffcd26d454ecaa34a825ab3a7	The phrase Silicon Valley has long become a household name, it designates a high technology zone (High Technology) – a certain territory where objects of the electronic and computer industry, research and educational centers, high class IT specialists and venture firms that are not afraid to invest in the field of high technologies are concentrated.
a1b1a65f860bd149f782589816f4fe02134a74b5	The name is due to the production of semiconductors and electronic equipment.
69fb119cc94876fa3dde83a4a72c39be29e2e4d2	I had no time to sit down.
8a39f7015396a8bfd8720712ecde40ceeb21d523	- household. the area, the valley is now built up with cities that stretched in a chain from the hall.
58a93b5a7851e1ede28cec1800ae589e88493e90	San Francisco to San Jose.
00ea9999012f2b8f43cc44b872fc940ef9803586	The core of the growth was Stanford University in Palo Alto, where research in the field of electronics was conducted since the 1940s.
6e1f1f3796acbad5a25c3d9e21838de149f5b95d	The first large computer factory was opened in 1956 by IBM in San Jose.
2911b6657b5e27923a9f59db8b24b26e7e737f24	S. D. – the personification of high tech. industry (especially radioel. and rocket science) and a high standard of living.
d3503cb81dfc3cd0f538d0cc40ace6ff6396b932	Until the 1950s, the Santa Clara Valley was famous for its plum orchards ("the prune capital of the world")."
b09b8958871ba3eae350f00ee741a7cdb97f2b73	A little etymology
264c3c28d2c38b65373fb3b736f940641469ec86	The term Silicon Valley was coined by the Californian entrepreneur Ralph Vaerst (Ralph Vaerst).
24c648a6c9b98f08d1dcf3df2c4a0de1e181baa5	His friend, the journalist Don Hoefler, first published this term on January 11, 1971: he used it as the name of a series of his articles Silicon Valley USA - in the weekly Electronic News.
77d46fb25b2cc311c58ecbe6011fad1a51bfb914	In these articles, Hofler wrote about the town of Santa Clara, south of San Francisco, where the headquarters of the largest IT companies were concentrated.
8c8dc9e3059367ef25e4de08bbcf4f9e77d247af	Why silicone?
93c240a00c7436a928e3e9ba0fe802fbc7933c83	Because enterprises of the semiconductor industry are located in the Valley, and silicon (silicon – silicon) is used as the main material in the production of semiconductor elements for integrated circuits.
04831bdc7184d050bcd83838f120815f9bcaeeba	Silicon Valley or Silicon Valley?
ddc5a4deff82594efd87382b4ce32cebcda0b449	Some Russian interpreters of foreign "digital" terms suggest the name Silicon Valley, believing that the name Silicon Valley is erroneous: "In Russian language sources, the variant "Silicon Valley" is often mistakenly used
e92c4a39109cf37799c244b51acd7ca2b9d78982	(the error is based on the consonance of the English terms silicon
adcc57e21f333fadfbdd6acdfada96675eb23d3f	- silicon and silicone – silicone, a material used in plastic surgery)".
2a4eec232d94f9c9e6af7fc16f3f5d9710584697	It is obvious that many people have absolutely non digital associations with the word silicone.
f414571eca25ab456fc2b79101a70ac7ce37193c	Formally, these interpreters are right, but the name Silicon Valley has long taken root in Russia, it is more familiar.
cff5e948dbbcc8fc3241a96ffd173be4e5b5c26a	But if someone likes to say Silicon Valley – well, they do not argue about tastes, because we are talking about the same thing!..
d6c2b1e4d38fa93beca5d4f2bbba6ec41d5d30b3	Where is Silicon Valley located
7b57c3c78d0a4fe38f760a654a42762a0c90c434	Silicon Valley (SD) is located in the United States, in the state of California
7d3949529240274c113ac2e3326668f373e57765	- in the northern part of the Santa Clara Valley on both sides of the San Francisco Bay.
fb7313117c739052cb40d232784c1db16f02b7d2	The SD stretches for 40 km from the city of San Jose (which is sometimes called the capital of the SD) in the southwest to Palo Alto in the northwest.
97f5c2ea940be5e00be7f3662fb7ed4dfa536c54	How it started
35a0b03762b32ceb8b399242fba1946088670a29	Until the mid thirties of the XX century, the territory of the Valley was occupied by enterprises serving the US Navy.
eddb9a9bc5d509c3fb702cc43240244503b49f71	Later, a significant part of the territory was used by NASA for research in the field of aeronautics.
314ecc56ec475e0599b64810dd2c3c06a1622e8e	The creation of Silicon Valley was due to the following interrelated!
7ad9f06689e6d0c22a4dae054a95596f94a1156c	- prerequisites.
15e8206786a1866a9ae3e75dc0b4b62a5b44d19f	• The idea of creating a zone for research of the latest technologies belongs to Stanford University (Stanford University).
41be167a5703b94c5659337dd0460bdd75111065	This idea is as always in America!
5022ccc9f16e8341afa72893e9e61fc846d7eca8	– it was due to financial considerations: after the Second World War, the university faced a shortage of money.
e47936690114423ad0283fde089c689a72cc345b	The university management decided to receive funds for the further development of Stanford from the free land that belonged to it (3,240 hectares), and since it was impossible to sell this land, the idea was born – to lease this land for a long term lease (for a period of 51 years) for a moderate fee to companies engaged in new technological developments.
d068a13da0c9c0c304debcff5b58a8433f6903a5	* Since these companies created many new jobs, another problem was solved – the "brain drain" - to stop the outflow of students who graduated from Stanford to other parts of the country for employment.
36b57bb056c78ec0814919d4c0a37ca935465121	A special contribution in this case belonged to Frederick Terman, a professor at Stanford University (Terman is called the father of Silicon Valley – Father of Silicon Valley).
57e5c4dc653dea8dfe44298080a15834d7cfd2df	In 1939, Terman convinced his students William Hewlett and David Packard to stay and start their own company, which led to the birth of such a giant as Hewlett Packard Co. Hewlett Packard became the first civilian IT company in the Valley.
8b96dad3717d75189ebfad1689383804aedb4d35	By the way, it was Frederick Terman who proposed the idea of putting the university land on a long term lease, thereby initiating the formation of the Stanford Research Center (Stanford Research Institute) in 1946, and in 1951 The Stanford Industrial Park was created – these were, so to speak, high tech "incubators".
9479a0dd18e346b5211c81d25979fb8d91c747ad	• In 1951, Stanford graduate student William Bradford Shockley created the first three layer germanium transistor that performed the same functions as an electron lamp, but had much smaller dimensions, moreover, it was more reliable and more economical, but, alas, the price was too high (for the invention of the transistor in 1956, Shockley, together with colleagues J. Bardin and W. Brattain, was awarded the Nobel Prize).
b249d6e749ff1c894cbf99cae34d00ba86096ebb	In 1954, physicist Gordon Teal, who moved from Bell Telephone Laboratories to Texas Instruments, managed to make transistors from cheap silicon, which reduced their cost and initiated the process of miniaturization in electronics.
2bf5b005eb501773af415f1665c332eabe0fa71c	In 1957, eight young people – their average age did not exceed 30 years!
8bb3960a286675073ae63d2342f82f45c6ef8464	- engineers (Gordon Moore, Robert Noyce, C. Sheldon Roberts, Eugene Kleiner, Victor Grinich, Julius Blank, Jean Hoerni, Jay Last) who worked at Bell Telephone Laboratories under the leadership of Shockley, argued with him about which semiconductor should be used in the production of transistors – germanium or silicon.
0c7578b22c4b202a723a2a0a8b506a43601cf6e1	They believed that silicon was the future, but Shockley adamantly believed that Germany was the future.
61e9a6ec6e92889e842a040bc07360ec266b8e20	Exasperated, they left Shockley and Bell Telephone Laboratories – for this they would later be called the "Treacherous Eight" - and founded Fairchild Semiconductor Corp., which pioneered the production of silicon chips.
99aaee2f5caf3c46ffc7e3e56f978f013ae24ef7	But most importantly, the" Treacherous Eight " laid down new traditions, on the basis of which Silicon Valley grew.
2aa73b6388597a97e353d8fdc4064c3cb38d9f31	Over the past forty odd years, the SD has become the focus of the global electronic and computer industry.
b15eb2d00d32fbdfd8d6b3a7f5f0692d412ff040	2.43 million people live in the SD, 25% of them work in the field of high technologies.
a16ea48a138174361ea409d747bfaf879ab9033f	SD is often called a Wonderland.
86dbf944fdd759b4f0ee0c3b7d2510a4183a5e8c	Silicon Valley is formed by about 30 cities: East Palo Alto, Cupertino, Campbell, Livermore, Los Altos, Los Altos Hills, Los Gatos, Mountain View, Milpitas, Manlo Park, Newark, Palo Alto, Pleasanton, Redwood City, San Jose, Sunnyvale, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Saratoga, Scots Valley, Tracy, Fremont, Union City.
bea9aab8fb4277e114b0e531cd89662138a320f8	SD Universities:
051d2a3097fbca2c0ec629237ee518f8f6c55f7c	• Northwestern Polytechnic University (Fremont);
3ee4ee836f15e4d17171e30d6ad924b940aee5a6	• Carnegie Mellon University;
e2bf485e4e1f4b3cb06680299f38becb3cbb81d1	• San Jose State University;
d65d9f0f9b47f9d61395970589f9f812f2bab32e	• Santa Clara University;
bd79d116829fb0e369e346c1fc33d67d2851ccbb	• Stanford University.
8913dd246df08c60184d28329221a24176bcd999	The SD consists of about 7 thousand people.
a4916fc4d1c9dff9999441d3818cbda724bcb2e6	(!) software and hardware companies.
e17da8530436c0f4d13a87f1aeb91ca98b027282	Among them are world famous:
a1ead1cbf25458854ca95cc0a122b13976d78796	• Adobe Systems;
64ab486a4aa8859b4bce6275fbdcbb6f192b5b5c	• Advanced Micro Devices (AMD);
37095ee501a8fd83d9c70340c81c63f7c69bff2e	• Apple Inc.;
3c98e54a3beeae67cf260db0ec31de5310c7c10b	• Cisco Systems;
e6fad3f90bf76f22bd9c28758e7927db85231b41	• Dolby Laboratories Inc.;
0d87f8bc2b5a8f3c726430f8a37b75dc988ad1e8	• eBay;
7925bce85b54b748b7f40b81da8933ad5455e31e	• Google;
2d2408c95061d1377aafd873f9024bfa630b625e	• Hewlett Packard;
ca04efbc91b84bb24961bd3775faf40b5921cfc4	• Intel;
af1df9dfd93df6f98c6f7b66e237c99455ce8e50	• Intuit;
49eedb4ecf4d86de6146603236d5e4353e54a45b	• Juniper Networks;
b6897243bfa460a787bfdb3677beebe433d4b504	• Maxtor;
59631a1dc3f88ee588ab36b7e236eae80cc12b10	• National Semiconductor;
bb90a06ca43670e1aa067cf86d4e408fe2a45266	• Nintendo;
6bfe8d193d3b768191f6ac0f332d860fc218e38c	• NVIDIA Corporation;
9f661f1456847bd968a12ea1374b1bde3cba3963	• Oracle Corporation;
306b3f665e2d7f8351ba860f41c35c48d39c2491	• SanDisk;
fe51f3df879c13f4116b999f259df2f7015b9204	• Sun Microsystems;
61d2ded385675ec59892f60f6a48388b84f6fe17	• Symantec;
7b5e05018581afd0a6174757f3c8a322e2329cf4	• Yahoo!
7468d1bb5d8b81c02bf4cbd9a883bafb8aed9f86	Those IT corporations whose head offices are located in other places (as it has historically happened!) consider it their duty – and an honor for themselves!
ce71fa320059fe19806a0f85d0a2da9330530fbd	- have their own representative offices in the SD, for example:
61b3c05a739e43e66cf5495fd66c9907ed6c31c3	• 3Com;
3799f6b0eeda3ffc4cc35d2ddac6228c8354498e	• Adaptec;
3d83f0258d8da13f72a670237bd6ce2f960c5de0	• Foundry Networks;
42980dedab07d2044e5c80d21c553a4bcb5317ca	• Fujitsu;
12018100ff89c89e504b5a7c9b7901db9ae95eb9	• Hitachi Global Storage Technologies;
e296fc9549da9c0b0f89970bf10892094029514b	• McAfee;
0d389df55d2bfd89d28bb7ddce716cedbf62f511	• Microsoft;
ab4a45a90fa22816e4cdf6a5c5c6c99bbfd83d3b	• Netscape;
f980cf07552b58f203543d27d6d61452bb081927	• NeXT Computer, Inc.;
5a8c000d316f3eb6553e8aa2e45a2b5b2e94dc31	• Palm, Inc.;
b4f7a7990dee53155a86fd3047b0273a70818e1c	• PayPal;
e9ee73b0481b1c6456547abf0deff2d69ee0bed2	• Rambus;
07a0ba197c083edf1794c1e284802286c42089af	• Silicon Graphics;
10089ca906ac138b12bd19a224a241375d599383	• VeriSign;
7ff0977941a05c7c8f75839b02f783c50962b7ab	• Veritas Software;
cbb499b8bfa1cf4d31827b7fc29b36fa038d5929	• VMware.
c8ce0986d3ffd465ebce4cc6a601ed5e137a9323	By the way, the SD is home to the largest number of millionaires in the United States, so it can be called the Valley of Millionaires!
3fc4870d69e9113012a29ece6d6068eba94367c6	In 1985-86.
69c7ac851c362a54c8d31cd4971e625e004ff0fc	Silicon Valley was called the Valley of Death: computer paranoia began in the United States, when the widespread introduction of personal computers led to job cuts.
56d2ca6f2f2d4af0da1c14d431a75dc8577f5121	Industrial growth in the United States by 45% is provided by the production of personal computers and semiconductors.
f95afcfc2e1c86cf7c5491b5671460fd8795e0c7	And this is mainly due to Silicon Valley, where the offices of 20 of the world's largest companies engaged in the production of electronics and software are located.
4c19b205eb17d9cd6ba82e455891f1c3496ec84a	Silicon Valley has had and continues to have a huge impact on the development of high technologies around the world.
7cf38c32f704dbc91e36601e9e562c9e85084597	What is the secret of the unprecedented success of Silicon Valley?
ca891af3bbbbb165cf07beb736766dcecf6e646d	How did Silicon Valley become so popular?
012014fabb749000fdb90736f4047bb33191001f	What turned an ordinary American land into a global epicenter of high technologies?
ffb00d166a073fbc38be8055ac8f9251a035d5cb	It is difficult to say what is primary and what is secondary: an abundance of brains or money?
304f972b6ea0f95f92d9383b9c1e678a9cfa4db3	Apparently, everything is interconnected, one organically complements the other!
e88a686f6f219526ce95dbcde0b820032e0193f9	- There is a competition of intelligence with intelligence, capital with capital!
0cc41db83fa6e00be6c96832693cac7314ace7eb	– Here they are not afraid to seem stupid with their "crazy" ideas!
6c3d8ce66561cb2f2733499e85f1f2636a99eaa4	- Here they are not afraid to take risks, inventing new things and investing money in this new one!
5b092678de7507815269c9485054e48498c591da	– Here there is a struggle of the high spirit with stagnant matter!
2d4aa6d7acbd83bedd697a98b3470115d5ca5dcc	– It doesnot matter what nationality and religion you are here.
96b8dcd26767053be38bdea87182f71402340291	It is important what kind of specialist you are, and whether you believe in yourself and your strength!
8898814e97b37d45a3c8356b5656e10941479fb2	– They work here 365 days a year, 7 days a week, 24 hours a day!
71710071e7a358ba356aea1731b8c3be0c5c1c4c	– Here they are optimistic about everything that can (or cannot!) happen, and they firmly believe that High Technologies and ideas about the Bright Digital Future of Humanity are absolutely correct!
94161b4609fb569fe8bfe2905512c1c5e2146454	…One thing is certain: if a large number of highly qualified specialists – scientists, engineers, businessmen are concentrated on a relatively small territory ("a critical mass of brains and money"!), the results will be stunning!..
191adfa151d37d4e82984ce8bce3ba8b2848948a	Valery Sidorov
31f11b862eba232b59c7602d63d82c57dfcf5a23	* Revealing the secrets of Windows…
ecf727ea048d0b4ba81d0cdc94bdc4802f1eb166	•
b5ffd7bedf87a4509db275c6e25ceda430a2dedb	The case of…
161048460fec1aaae1fc390a00be904c472157a5	* Articles about PC and PC
cf3bfa0cbae64498f3829f20e3696421d1b5e9f1	* Viruses
b9f4ccc2652b32ff610fef99c33f9a24c457b0f9	vs. antiviruses
436c4a7d567774c6d0d50b6e8fec7198c5314409	Apple = iOS + iPod + iPhone + iPad + iTunes + iMac + …
f8226bfac5de1f9076fa557f93ee97eafed61e83	• Apps for iPad, iPhone, iPod touch…
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918d67f66bd9dbecb0dd94f709f9302dab8ad34d	Sidorov V. V. 2016.
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27a25af6f4f3107e92934879f7d3bc38a2a2dded	MirRSS WirtschaftsWoche Heute, Germany Silicon Valley: as in the times of the "new economy"
8a0056be97c634a41d6275bca3a25a601b7b8342	30.01.20140130
cc0888ebb156a48333b8f4b86513ec694939ef6d	Matthias Hohensee
427cad8faba9e90f2efaec485c1b29a07c2cf200	At the same time, traffic jams have become commonplace there, and contradictions between the elite of the high tech industry and citizens with "ordinary" salaries are growing.
e0479cc94ff9fe6cf9778b055cb3be4d674e0cd8	This is also evidenced by the results of a joint study by PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) and the American Union of Venture Investors.
c928ef95a31e8ef2940768e0ef9e9c9ded059f30	The total amount of invested risk capital is still far from the indicators of 2000, when the "dotcom" bubble inflated – at that time, investors invested a total of about $ 100 billion in everything that could be called a startup.
86cb45c58e7457e929a1c769d6015e774eb70a98	But in 2013, the volume of risky investments in the United States reached no less than $ 30 billion, which is 7% higher than the previous year.
82648d7845a1ca7a81f34750f60c7906acdc4c8d	Half of these funds settled in California, and 12 billion directly in Silicon Valley.
43b8993fed1923ae510f4a7d668fcc45515f67d5	And here is what is especially interesting: enterprises engaged exclusively in the Internet business received about 25% of these 30 billion, which was the absolute maximum since 2001.
19c98f4318ca92667fbdc920a3bdb434b67b48dd	Software developers are also dearly loved by investors, who have received 37% of all money – about $ 11 billion, which is also a record since 2000.
8ce6ea71309c0d02d18b0945f3b418dfd9c20396	Biotechnology researchers are significantly behind them with $ 4.5 billion.
992a450785a311d0b134ed61cb5722cf7fcb7275	Developers of eco technologies have become much less attractive: their investment revenues have halved since last year and amounted to "only" $ 1.5 billion.
9e4a3d551fbbf0c0be95d29b6ebd3e9587737cfe	Startups still receive the most money in Silicon Valley.
969da02a840854c280c884c5c26794cdec98026b	The record of 2013 belongs to the social network Pinterest from Palo Alto.
b22d9ee8c5ceff49f92a0897e04e21946683c748	This online bulletin board received $ 425 million.
be1dd26db474d01d9e3de4a4393ee3d77d28c2a1	One of the reasons for the generosity of investors is the expectation that either Pinterest will decide to go on the stock exchange, or some giant like Google, Yahoo or Facebook will buy it.
9bf6772601eb6986b6a3e0da372d48419c7f05a0	In second place, with funds raised in the amount of $ 374 million, is the software manufacturer Palantir, co founded by the well known entrepreneur and hedge fund manager Peter Thiel.
bc04f5c130f1639e3692a1cde3c72ce3c4f96c7d	His new brainchild is engaged in checking and analyzing databases on the Internet in the interests of the government, the Ministry of Defense and large concerns.
11ff397da215e6194d38ecfaa5b32ea44e057b2a	However, a significant part of these funds were also received by more risky industries, in particular, biotechnology researchers.
7deef65036da8fff32c991a0ed7852a8dc48bd12	Investors are counting on the growth of the turnover of these enterprises thanks to the healthcare reform initiated by US President Barack Obama.
03e9daefe32ae34ffb28035f2aa6aecaf9a2436b	It is promoted by the success of many enterprises of the high tech industry that have been placed on the stock exchange and thereby received additional capital for development.
c7f4ff081d962377e96cbf586720963794da3f46	And this applies not only to the most famous types of Facebook and Twitter.
d564c59fa3060991819ce6707657ebc39f73b7a2	The same can be said, for example, about the highly specialized company FireEye from the California city of Milpitas, working in the field of security technologies.
fb4a342bad27640093f673fc4b52a9d398173481	This company literally just bought competitors from Mandiant for a billion dollars.
837931d41376e2a9ac21c8f79db7e6015233c2e8	So far, everything is going well, and this is very important for hedge fund managers.
4e394b73716842271541c8bfb1c6bed33ee9f63b	Because after the unsuccessful placement of Facebook in May 2012, they had great difficulties with attracting new capital.
d01ca0c57aaee7b7bfc87c6e33eb2e5f5cc61a14	Now that the social network has once again managed to win the favor of Wall Street, they have to make up for lost time.
dfb176f5ddbe59685ed9ae066f6eac385f56ff41	Whether they will continue to be successful depends not only on Facebook's quarterly report, which will be published this Wednesday.
4904fa07de4a39e4ca2e94b535df1e310618e252	To a much greater extent, this depends on the first figures that will be announced by the head of Twitter, Dick Costolo, after the release on the stock exchange, scheduled for February 5.
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1a11391a12090fab920f450f20add5b2fe45007c	Original publication: Valley Talk: Alles wieder wie zur New Economy?
86a1e6ec60d1d04dfc31dc77b4ab556756d4db16	Posted on 30/01/2014 16:28 0130
9a2d4d42b33eade43a64276cc6955ce5676ffecd	Silicon Valley: how to Share a Tweet during the "new economy" 17:00 30/01/2014
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8eb73258d3cad24977b7a8b42088d127f9d9451c	Fast food, fast food dish, fast food, fast food (English fast "fast" and food "food") — food with a reduced time of eating and cooking, with simplified or abolished cutlery or off the table.
9b690c3fef47e1f805b50aa00a9f92233771fec2	Therefore, it is correct to call any dish that is prepared at lightning speed, served and eaten just as quickly.
e6ea4cbcc96738b66d30481702dc35f50f273431	Fast food restaurants and various eateries are intended for public catering.
bcf792dba666d55cd714bcdbe9999a3af3359e4b	This is transparency, it is very important that the client sees the cooking process.
77bdb5c6a43ae08c14855b37accc371c4f1e1d23	And this is simplicity and convenience.
9096e0819a5bc4370c678a5e20766f78bbadc949	Manual food – food without forks and knives.
ffbc9fa018c5436525e829a40b361b4f709deca6	The history of fast food, that is, the preparation of inexpensive and quickly prepared food goes back to antiquity.
bfbfe661dc6cb8075994eea9cec487d683f5c2e7	Fast food has become an integral part of the diet in the modern world, but even in ancient times it has gained huge popularity.
5a3ef600dc63467afd1909c4d851f79fd45a7c69	If the ancient Greeks preferred to cook their own food, the inhabitants of ancient Rome often completely abandoned this process.
578018107bc4b76f7870ca3975cc507b6d031dbf	There were houses in which there were even no kitchens, and these are not only the houses of the patricians, but also the homes of ordinary citizens.
f64b7aa2afdc2d13e68b68dc59513e8bd3216f49	In each town there were many bazaars and eateries where all kinds of ready-made food were sold.
c4f79bf945fa48d69bccf6762878060f016958b5	Yeast cakes were very popular, which were smeared with olive oil, and used them as edible plates.
90825cc2d018adfc052b27291a8ea495a0f01f7d	After many centuries, the same tortillas, but already covered with baked vegetables, meat and cheese, began to be called Italian pizza.
210f6049d5e433680d07deab0cad3b52040cc2b2	The Romans also had hamburgers-fried beef tortillas, eaten with bread.
b6d05d233d96cf01b0d230a186a362a32b5b9c5b	In the book “The History of Food”, Professor Fernandez Armesto says that an ordinary ancient Roman consumed more fast food than a resident of New York today.
70bc6bba5462a395f443d36d446f2c0a0a9bfd6c	Only this food was more natural and healthy than modern analogues.
a395b405700feab978d350b2b9d1f97483521ed4	In other ancient states, fast food was no less popular.
a9f0864d8458967d413a7b9c384f21d1f66cdfae	American fast food originated in 1912 with the opening of the first fast food diner called “Automatic”by Horn & Hardart.
717dc301fdc8e30547b57eb43a9522363288ba03	Fast food as an industry originated in the 1920s in America.
8c4a0eeac04d5c7fa0e89f0300ebecf1db3e23ad	The pioneer in this field was the company "White Castle" ("White Castle"), which opened in 1921 in Kansas.
c336858b4871f6aa907cb809ad29e2d301976eee	The signature dish of the "White Castle" was hamburgers, which at that time were a rarity for Americans.
6ce403945e94b49a8986a4af8f9a3d09d6dd041c	Potential buyers were also pleased with the stable price of food: despite the Great Depression, World War II and inflation, the company sold its hamburgers for five cents until 1946.
3a8d2b1ecc3e23392b0aae86362370e096272969	When some visitors began to think about whether such food is not harmful, the owner of the network Billy Ingram came up with a clever move.
4608b160bbfde5684959ef6b3ada653fd57d2db6	He hired several young people who, for a small fee, came to the White Castle daily in white coats and ordered hamburgers there.
f534c3c86490dc2e0b43d65bd7065b2541786d00	Visitors took them for doctors and calmed down.
aa64f584bf913225b985792a4cb5878e3859d5f7	If even doctors eat hamburgers, it means that they are really safe for health.
6f08e27b3704ce7755f725646896ae9f4e02e2ea	In the late 1940s, the "White Castle" began to have competitors.
38d32464236e517485b771a135689955fd97cd1d	The most serious of them was the young company "McDonald's".
c9debd6903841c5e6f1c015a47e5087f59e9e4d8	The newly formed McDonald's company, which began with a small restaurant selling barbecue to motorists, began to produce hamburgers in 1948.
b8e28d8fde2c9b222a6178a12e33264a8a61c32b	But the one who invented the hamburger was not the one who first opened the restaurant, as is often the case.
7b98379955e35f31f82eee24293628bb5c8435ca	The question of who was the inventor of the hamburger is still open – there are about ten different theories.
2fb0bb4dfa0eaa10060794b218ac46da1bbf217c	One of the largest, and perhaps the most famous fast food chains in the world is, of course, McDonald's.
5bebdf764540bb1711821697e128c77562533aeb	Everything finally changed in 1955 with the arrival of Ray Kroc: Ray met McDonald's three years earlier, and, interested in the idea of maskimally fast customer service, began selling franchises for the opening of fast food restaurants under the McDonald's brand throughout the states.
895ae5982574410daeb3708faec113932851e2b1	Later, in 1961, Kroc bought all the rights to own the brand.
02585f8b772c3d935a180962c8bcbef0f329e5e7	The Burger King chain was inspired by the McDonalds chain-it was after visiting the McDonald's restaurants.
b83f6a07f41bcc69fb9ba3fb7bb345eb1a25ec38	In 1953, Keith Kramer and his wife's uncle Matthew Burns opened their first restaurant.
3dfb65dd22733af27a3f4ca25b2af901763607a9	Now it is one of the largest fast food chains in the world.
b09bb292d7c7dc888be1cdf369b9d03c535409e6	After a while, despite the success of the company, things did not go very well, so Kramer and Burns sold their business to two other owners-James McLamore and David Edgerton.
82f4873a0eff8f5fc5a06802fe0ee58ab1417a92	Originally, KFC is an abbreviation of Kentucky Fried Chicken.
ed5c76aa9b5a8d7e0d4a85cfb34c8f34c421ea07	The company was founded in 1950 by Colonel Sanders.
80278aa0b1b61c218e96d80bdf2c1df8253575da	Interestingly, Garland Sanders was never an officer, although he served in the army – the status of colonel was awarded to him "for his contribution to the development of roadside catering".
b42c44ffc65bb7e2a1a0cf490a45300f70bcad37	The prehistory of KFC began in 1930 with the purchase of a roadside cafe by Garland Sanders in Corbin, Kentucky.
4da1cf85042e356d96a0a47aec12db4ada2bd83b	And it is at the same time that Sanders begins to work on his famous recipe.
e721237910f2b004c37e5b54c09c34c29fa51643	Contrary to expectations, the etymology of the name Subway has nothing to do with the subway.
6e8014cd590e00feb27dceececcd9ed4f3cf7f6d	The prefix " sub " appeared because of the shape of the product sold under the Subway trademark – these are elongated sandwiches similar to a submarine – submarine in English.
a209a761fed7eb452e3ce38fea4753771dde23c5	The history of this chain began in 1965, when 17-year-old Fred DeLuca, with the sponsorship of Peter Buck, opened the first restaurant of the future Subway chain in Connecticut.
c2d1c0c469f9bc56542f1503790ad4e6851901cc	Today, Subway has taken the first place in the world among fast food chains in terms of the number of restaurants in the network.
1d48e31b73b36318581826d348832e07236c80e7	There are several varieties of fast food.
85b65dab4db91f5297b2775515c1b6bd4223bc9a	First, these are the dishes that are prepared in restaurants or mobile fast food kiosks.
0ce61865a80d9576b80b9134201fa1e511c240b7	This includes French fries, potatoes with fillers, burgers hot dogs, heated pizza, shawarma and other similar dishes.
7ea60689859b4d3677fcb6d3beb6cf712b77f35a	Secondly, fast food should include all fast food products that can be simply diluted with water: noodles, mashed potatoes, soups and porridges.
3b758ed8dfa5bda0416720750877343f5f29af8f	Third, fast food is all kinds of small snacks sold in kiosks and stores: chips, crackers, nuts, cookies, popcorn.
1402882c3295a4c30531355439f5aba15c292af4	We have to admit that most of the current fast food causes serious damage to human health.
864faea6b5c2e54a0f0f8106aae690d76059a236	Fast food is the cheapest food in all countries of the world.
48c5158ecc464453801576a4df9d25f65cb87194	They buy fast food not only because of its low cost, but also because of its taste.
dba37b590ad5a746b67577abf21ccd247cfbf893	The usual buns and sausages with the help of mysterious manipulations, acquire a particularly delicate taste.
c38445383b520ee5143a46fd544469f179d5c84a	Hamburgers, cheeseburgers and big macs I want to eat more and more.
c535280ffca6539b90b16cef14335d6a224d9690	Fast food is addictive, and most people have seen this from their own experience.
dda018e4728e4e0fc1da431f168e3d63b032d2bd	Nevertheless, fast food is harmful to health and its excessive consumption will necessarily affect the weight and condition of the body.
3c8d0ccf2b4f4c5d1f67d3a9922bd552e501e0ca	The composition of fast food includes a large number of food additives, which are responsible for the taste of the product.
277ae159c8512cf6d61acce0b5d14f1888ec3279	Most of them have a negative effect on the state of the body.
3312531d4051ae18a265b99a4628622daaa00a6d	If a person eats fast food several times a month, no serious complications will occur after taking such food.
251798543ef1ab17f751bf54062f0b3319386cc2	But if you eat it every day, then perhaps after a while there may be a malfunction in the body.
72ae379dbbdd79a7c6a9e663d1e82af91f1aa6f0	Trans fats are unsaturated fats, which include trans isomeric acids.
2bd8dcbca21917e5ee4e0bf9fa9a91f96fa7c962	Such acids can be natural.
5c5e5cf74ecf652116da10ac83e1ee0794bf2c18	Natural trans fats are found in milk and meat.
c07d840a8a5c23410f5f9aeb24f31e7a216616cd	Subsequent studies have revealed a direct effect of these substances on the development of coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, cirrhosis of the liver.
ad65ae1646ffcec74df27934e544609beb44d625	The safe proportion of these substances is no more than 1 percent of the energy value of the entire diet per day.
984ec3ff280d7037e94e22bdc5576a1bf7d31be0	In French fries alone, trans fats contain from 30 to 40 percent, and in breaded chicken breast slices, which are loved by many, up to 60 percent.
7e46b5fa5ace0a9ca16d0df39dfdcde1fad7a48a	Any fast food product, starting from pancakes with jam and ending with hamburgers, contains dozens of various flavors, dyes, flavor enhancers.
a6a7a6b945ce7dc6ccd85e45b4e62b2fcc1cf519	All the components from which dishes are prepared in fast food restaurants are delivered to the warehouse in a dry form.
4553f8117633c157f6027e06343bdaf75a69a871	Both meat and vegetables are artificially deprived of moisture, that is, they are dehydrated.
f7953f96a231871883e2e8682371d6421e05b139	In this form, they can be stored for months.
7bc194ff65bbe2bcef1369c43525e83dd9981ee5	Therefore, manufacturers saturate the product with liquid shortly before cooking, and to restore the taste, aroma and presentable appearance, add dyes and flavorings.
675ce3d6a02ee60a2fa81cf33f2e94e0bbb4589f	Monosodium glutamate and other flavor enhancers are substances without which no fast food dish is prepared
8dca11591a7dbc507b3f0de4cce099a0707c91bd	A solid study has not yet been published in which it would be argued that taste enhancers when used in a reasonable amount have a detrimental effect on the human body.
6409ec4ca10d279ae2ed6764f2649c37a567cc2a	However, these substances are addictive.
20894ca7273b085b243140234110931e6a5353fb	This theory is also supported by the fact that it is very difficult, and sometimes simply unrealistic, for fast food lovers to return to normal food and go on a strict diet.
c6ff0af3c5f194a0995565474220baf3eec3584d	They experience real "breakdowns", similar to those from which drug addicts who want to be cured suffer.
5d010dce2fc4334dc5c7b743c0251325a86bf77c	To prepare the famous nuggets, a special breed of chickens was bred.
83e54717ae039f91dcd8e9d4355debbfdb57fb2c	Another breed of chicken was bred to get legs, the third-for wings.
2e19ce4175e85b067beb0dbb93a55429e69a2f43	Genetic and breeding experiments led to a revolution in the field of trade.
f858e1ad4f4454172a59130531d5567501432902	To get the maximum meat from one animal, calves are fed from birth not with grass at all, but with grain and various anabolics.
4e40f6748c5d4ce55cde8c9454964a124fff0de6	A few months before the killing of cows intended for fast food, they are placed in special pens where the activity of animals is artificially limited.
47521a06ac160f20404a2599002f964d9add87ad	Once upon a time, the taste of potatoes mainly depended on the oil in which they were fried
91ee11b9e3f6d0ba6ec293df90c80db6780b7d3a	However, in order to reduce spending, French fries manufacturers have switched from a mixture of cottonseed oil and beef fat to one hundred percent vegetable oil.
815570d9d82a4e1f9f5932395a2dfc678e27585b	However, customers demanded to return "the same taste".
15710b1a30dc0fa6c65b73049c502d66aa16739f	That is why the owners of restaurants urgently had to get out of the situation and add another "natural" flavor to the recipe.
2005e78f96768d62413f823e65e85597ce268403	French fries also have a negative effect on the body due to the large amount of salt.
52f8ecf788677b1b5031a633beebd4fa0b3a8cbc	Salt delays the removal of fluid from the body, disrupts the normal functioning of the kidneys, can cause the development of hypertension and heart disorders.
4474577939456faddf2640e37d88307049d944d5	Constant consumption of fast food leads to obesity.
6fee3eaab00351e13d89f5eba468e6982c67153c	The fact is that a light snack in a fast food restaurant contains about 1000 kilocalories, a full lunch – from 2500 to 3500 kilocalories.
43f18f0c7b310656d26ca10482565f3692862b4c	And this is despite the fact that to maintain physical fitness (so as not to lose weight and not get fat), an ordinary person needs a maximum of 2000-2500 kcal per day.
a11f6584251ee2ba47f76c3236013703a55dd893	Secondly, such a diet disrupts the balance of hormones that are responsible for our feeling of satiety.
0941acbb0df59421433d6855259fbbd51385c420	Therefore, we can order, for example, a huge hamburger, a portion of potatoes, a milkshake, a pie, ice cream, a coke and... at the same time we will continue to feel hungry.
426fc33f920da91d656454c5419aae444a3ea8b0	At the same time, the physical activity of a modern person is small.
944abfa6b6f378a60465884f964c1981219584b1	Usually, people order a sweet carbonated drink for any set of products in a fast food restaurant.
a5f66a164568c47a4e187fbc1af929958fdd1548	Any nutritionist will say that it is not recommended to drink at all during meals.
a8563ec63cbe6604c73c5de26350d2643048ea2f	Useful substances from food do not have time to be absorbed into the blood, but are washed out of the stomach and intestines.
0e6b3ff9d51a80e1cf39335ff4bc0617ade4403b	Carbonated drinks destroy tooth enamel, adversely affect the stomach, provoking the appearance of gastritis.
c51a15456234f6929ae43db1d463642f54f2b5dd	When you make an order, at the checkout you will definitely be offered an additional sauce for chicken legs or another novelty-some kind of pie with jam.
0daa9312cddc25b0f03512e137706834127b74d0	As a result, you give money for something that you did not plan to take at all, because it is so difficult to refuse!
69b6ffd9ff70d7e680999d054d20fe405a8a2788	Of course, the whole day to experience hunger for the body is sometimes even worse than eating fast food
5fcd9eac6c376b2d76d2b85184a91588133bf9a4	The hardest thing is for those people who are not tied to one place and have to be on the road all day.
dfd642d0f9184e9b2991a90d6c1353680e6ec6dc	The frenzied rhythm of life and the lack of time makes you cherish every minute.
4e26f814b8c72787b0c463bdaa4d74739ac0bf1e	In order to have a snack, it is not necessary to engage in cooking – it is enough to visit one of the fast food chains.
583bda447c135ade3e39b935b363ba72ac0692a4	Many families are already used to visiting McDonald's and spoiling their children with junk food.
2fd2aef21294d2a8e841bbaf150950fb31fdfd1f	Adults themselves quite often do not see any special value in fast food and prefer to refuse it.
83a11ccfd78d531737363acd028d9a18ffe37046	Although it is children and teenagers who are the main fans of hot dog + Coca Cola food. However, doctors are convinced that such food is almost deadly for the younger generation, since the body is still being formed, and what it will be like depends very much on the contents of the plate.
8bb6355cdc404db58687ad5c5fc07c718154f057	The benefits of fast food are an advertising move that forces millions of people to spend their finances on food that only brings harm.
f8531f1333d5bcbd8a4e3e084033e926ee8c62c2	If you eat fast food more than twice a week – you can add 5 kg every month.
bcce2f2a9b51915c9260809e9ed1e81c9921c54d	The longer a person eats fast food, the worse his general condition.
43d75a2fa86c8f0f7aedf1a6b34b602e54bcd3f1	Even if there are no problems with weight yet, this does not mean that they will not be in the future.
3cd7b408f1b1a338c84b1907e7f288f22ea5187e	With each new dish, the load on the digestive tract and liver increases – at any time, a metabolic failure can occur.
0231b913a5a43cd3038d19c6824bd35fded0aad6	There is nothing more useful than homemade food.
427dfb20b2b429c14d79b88680a1da4786a01dfd	Eat more vegetables and fruits, trying to give up high-calorie and fatty foods.
eeb8b51c4380067372d138e06b6e4f3c55b9b3d4	Do not exceed the daily calorie content of the diet, and this is the only way you can keep your figure and health.
1d2135511355a2194cfe2cc69e044d45e55f8bc0	Fast food is really fast, inexpensive, tasty, satisfying.
2a528ef1dbc3d64f1dab787a87a310244dda7ca0	But, alas, if you look away from advertising slogans and understand, then an unsightly truth opens up.
6d71737d4e65de31198a1eef1b0665fee12bfa76	Quickly? Yes, because the food was prepared several months ago.
2e4c745803c3612899126690cdcb957d5b7a4c05	It remains to warm up and serve.
e6f151e69b4bf4d87877c6f0d139208050f40f8d	Is it satisfying? Sure. Satiety comes quickly due to large portions, but just as quickly it is replaced by a feeling of hunger.
24c757da3006ff8ba211a158926d3d7e5fe27768	Few people will spend so much time under the close attention of other visitors who want to take your table as soon as possible.
0b150da5fb03ac6fc76d9c949ccff137cfd7b451	The brain understands that the stomach is full after 20-25 minutes
2c42602336e71cfa624c90964cc6b56c512e3437	The very principle of fast food does not make it possible to realize that a full meal was eaten.
8119b070dab53e3c538a07dd33ccea0c01c54ade	A person is so arranged that he perceives any sandwiches, sandwiches, hamburgers as snacks.
44c9361526329aafa037485f3032872e088a9656	What is more important to you: health or a momentary pleasure from food of questionable quality?
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d54c84a0300add023bbffc9f51fd4d5986ce4b44	Fast food
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3b659108f59b64ca6f7dfec6d609d9fd86a45167	The harm of fast food for children
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14dad3b414165df69875be1ba1beb796ac32ed48	Fast food and the human body
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45be228d238c0af8fba873c4ad8d280aef1f81d2	Why is fast food harmful to the body?
5f12f188ce1e1973a4cd0adfbc028b79086184a9	Fast food has rapidly gained popularity among different age groups.
d6b220ceb61111becd5b974020a938cba5a96648	Some people eat fast food without even knowing what danger it is fraught with.
77aa027bda41dcfdbccfb0718e8e4420d643d0c0	Parents buy hamburgers and French fries for young children, after which they face a number of problems, the main of which is obesity.
650d1f2046c3d1d25b6219f17fd46932578a6e02	What is the harmfulness of fast food?
280d788d35046a5b4754515a2712bc9569589a1a	Is it really better to give up any fast food?
68e2d85c851ead0bd2ae9c2cd88328567ee15f68	Fast food junk food Fast food is the cheapest food in all countries of the world.
d1a6f6e93fbd18458fb92c357fed5f3335d6561e	It is often prepared right in front of customers.
07baf115018272244f94e9e9ad866d1b9c12aae2	When preparing fast food, oil is almost always used.
f6f857c6c3ad0d4c4dea6ebb4c1b7218b4e99db8	After heat treatment, it releases a large number of carcinogenic elements, and this already answers the question of what is harmful to fast food.
2a51fe9b0e33be336733da5bdf247d5183500bf8	Fast food and its harm affects the condition of both children and adults.
eff8221d34b6f94e4d35345bf6e38a174bb451ec	Saturated fat products have a high caloric content and lead to a number of diseases.
973adc03cfafc2d3e40c86bcaa2a0d0404a23552	Fast food: benefit or harm?
4be75ebc959f0ebab842f7f95cce9f8b55a16771	Fast food has no benefit for the body.
c7eb06b278e433693dac3feecd4768f53025ed7e	In some cases, it is better to refrain from eating food than to eat dangerous dishes.
2c0104b89476ff7498dbbf2a1ee9b6177bc03b4d	The advantage of fast food is fast cooking.
fc54cd93f4fc877908c505092350a8844a46d2ee	A person can save time on cooking healthy dishes, but then you will have to make a lot of effort to restore the body after such food.
bd2d6a8f49b06c880454417c63b6913c02f3bb59	Many people believe that fast food is very tasty.
a0f60f01552fa66bb3b887eec41a4bac5cdc5415	In this case, you should understand why fast food is so delicious, and reconsider your attitude to it.
03511913fd9998c29b3d51ade45cb3f5239a2306	The composition of fast food includes a large number of food additives that are harmful to health.
4f423acd6ee1c93a4ed53e252f33f49cca119e2a	Due to chemicals, any dish can acquire an exquisite taste, but this will not make it useful.
2e3bc93dd1dec4e86bbb215ccc2c690f6466c6cb	The harm of fast food on the human body Overweight and obesity;
04d49019918073d3b7a73d9d290c5c53298f99de	Gallstones in the gallbladder;
2ac35c6d37672475f3a949e5004f43121b4193e2	Kidney problems;
f524378a160e2f9be69bea28e7b1fd0fcf07551b	Atherosclerosis;
eec15422c71a54faed28214260a3033a090b3219	Increased cholesterol;
86fd9154e2cef7de2c29a26d40623ce756bd287d	Increased blood sugar levels;
a16f9d9229de7fcb2d324360a47c6ef31521d0f9	Hypertension;
e9c0accb3a44b557d99e6e6a4b9b95aec7216c32	Diseases of the liver and pancreas;
8080269d8130d8ef980fd96d7f99c87aa2a924a3	Caries;
74ba15014685dba3bd9ec23a0b738fdc0785903f	Ulcers and gastritis.
692368755c83530d9f771bc031be30dc15a5152e	Children begin to suffer from a variety of diseases much more often than their parents.
8a7b01d35fce9908fc9f6a43c317346305ef59e1	And this can be explained not only by the unfavorable environment, but also by nutrition, which harms the body.
aa4f0dc5f11597b8e9eb708cd003b34f4fefdca1	Young children and students prefer high calorie fast food.
5eb60280d89191cdbfd2103e47109dc249fff741	Many students eat fast food to save time on cooking and financial resources.
ea4c3ea65769638ce4c15d7106c6d75c71f75218	Such savings lead to stomach ulcers and liver problems.
a69199d1b0b31f050f0ecc9d75de6aca3fba65c5	Why it is harmful to eat fast food – overweight and obesity, no matter how sad it may be first of all, fast food affects weight.
cb391f9d36b3f605da920fc3cac47a10b9e40fc3	Small snacks do not give a feeling of satiety, but in a short time they become the cause of extra pounds.
f2b5eea9db6e3f29181ea0982221e0590bf9396c	If you eat fast food every day, you can gain at least five kilograms of excess weight in a month.
427b1d74ca972534f31d0eda1e36ff4efd1f3d1f	Fast food is harmful to health and this is confirmed by thousands of Americans who are overweight.
2d391631eac31425382fec7ea3540ed15b7993f8	Some people are frivolous about fast food, believing that it can not cause excess weight.
2ff329a4f71da694bc8bf3f3fc0b4685bc840bb7	Why fast food is harmful to the body – high calorie content
cfd3cfacd48b493dc587bb710489e59fa3343e47	All fast food dishes are very high in calories and contain a large amount of fat and sugar.
546eac8365d9cf0d7e454aa771060f8f6e9eb093	They do not contain vitamins and minerals, and they do not bring any benefit to the body.
2a21c79df154fe40a9157c31ff291812abb188c8	If we consider a standard lunch, which includes a sandwich, potatoes and salad, then its total calorie content will exceed 1500 calories.
06ac7d0064da9074eac7d239a391ac93ad1e4f17	Such a small snack is almost a daily calorie allowance for people who do not lead an active lifestyle, and this shows why fast food is harmful.
21965569fd3b0952acebb398cf1e399019989409	The most harmful fast food sinnabon has about 1000 calories in a hundred grams of the product.
00006223eca8f4bcf0064fc911d792135d741e11	At the same time, a person could eat vegetable salad, soup, lean meat, and he would definitely have a feeling of satiety for a long time.
6f2351b21ae500fa6734f63cb896cb4b79719792	The total caloric content of these dishes is much less than 1500 calories.
0a826cb5c1b4de7f4476c54727ba83ad599adcbb	An excellent substitute for fast food can be nuts and dried fruits, which, despite their high calorie content, accelerate the metabolism, nourish the body with vitamins and minerals, and also give a feeling of satiety.
844f3c2e666faf1dde56e862ee8afe8a27ecdf5f	Why you canot eat fast food – heart and vascular diseases There are a lot of animal fats in fast food, which lead not only to excess weight, but also negatively affect the heart.
4dcd760e1c190ddc76a45f2a1e2f3648d08858ca	Fast food increases cholesterol and can cause atherosclerosis.
011913da21fe27aa9a1b00259abe2738225d435e	Animal fats have a huge load on the liver.
c938b20f66fe0bbb2017383cd0a43be48545459b	Fast food contains the cheapest and most dangerous fats – margarine.
c801af73b608e47e7b8df8fe43ceba723d3047c2	Their excess can cause cancer.
adcad0a3351aabe5fedb80fb573a3f3761770f6e	Eating fast food, a person causes great harm to the cardiovascular system.
7f7dd74ae3011dc46d0a61cb400ec12ccbb819c7	At first, this does not affect your health in any way.
df865d2e2614c61f33989eba82c580c7f0a560fe	An exception may be rapid fatigue and dizziness.
9828b55c6ca1203d0c0fdec7977814d20d2617e1	But if you eat fast food very often – this is a direct threat of atherosclerosis or blockage of blood vessels.
6f164132211583090b93f75ddd0dcd3bb988f1ef	Why fast food is harmful lack of fiber In fast food there is practically no fiber, which is responsible for the feeling of satiety.
5eddccf1f67731224687cafde7b057be157b4d7b	But the products are rich in carbohydrates and fats.
433183f510ff32030e2aebcfd3b3a5a7c636807a	After a very short time, the person again feels hungry and wants to eat, which leads to overeating.
8236e5722fb35f3fbcd3f5a4ca2ce24420e3260d	There are no proteins in fast food, which are the basis of the body's cells.
8c54f920f6da4fcd258c42069a821574e4567dff	In order for the body to be able to process fast food, a lot of effort is required.
3eb633d37be752867999f756b8ab39427e91a51d	However, nothing but extra calories comes with fast food.
21eb5a77d29b0af76307888cf1f8816a502e42a8	A person can not even fully satisfy the feeling of hunger, despite sufficiently large portions.
0afeae7e017767eb40e3431fcc3ee43ec5ee60c3	Is fast food harmful because of the high sugar content?
6ea71a85aef5845e82678c29bdbaf1b249a93e6e	Carbonated drinks and cocktails contain a lot of sugar.
7e2c8a9418d0b866a5300adfe4619af7863a0043	There are about five tablespoons of sugar in one can of soda.
04e79d5cf52b60ba7ca20e7875a0df27b536527d	Excess sugar is most often the cause of diabetes and obesity.
e73282144f728ed10a7ef13d6f793d051ee8466b	Most carbonated drinks have a diuretic effect, which also negatively affects health.
e2eb3b017376a3ca158c83dc5189e0f6d4dd32b3	If a person feels thirsty – it is better to drink ordinary water than soda.
63c9e14c2f7f1666441824760347930106cbef34	It should be understood that excess sugar will never benefit the body.
318a504f8998660b7336c474db2936705d2b3c7c	Moreover, it can cause many diseases.
99c4af4f17df25f151770f4ac1dcd37f84cc2df3	Insufficient water consumption also has a negative impact on health.
d9f13fbff02ffbf12bff7843fcd1face3ea84e89	You need to drink at least 2 liters of water a day.
5fafcaf9b8da026b2630603182b9b5dbdd8848d6	Fast food as the cause of beriberi There is no vitamin in fast food, and if a person eats it daily, beriberi may develop.
f0e0767d9e98c80181b3010c630ff95fd53076f3	The metabolism is disturbed and a considerable number of diseases of the endocrine system may appear.
68892196b68a3a95b3514065ac19593fab0ed2f2	He begins to get sick more often and feel a decline in strength.
942c9c0f8f56b1b6fa7a66c744afcdfdf22d54b9	Despite this, his weight will grow.
6eb95ffb2e1b1899a1b1064ca5bfc40f45a90532	It is much better to replace fast food with fruits or vegetables that are rich in fiber and vitamins.
444890c8497e58877f0a37117dbcfd26a8b3b0b8	One apple will serve as an excellent snack that will make up for the lack of vitamins C and E, which are the best antioxidants.
7061ae0754bde85876f40464d5aa0de9da9ac221	Eat more vegetables and fruits, trying to give up high calorie and fatty foods.
209a5b8b409262739091ab26dab489e469d45c0b	Previous article Useful products for eyes and vision Next article Pros and cons of fast food
35a0bcd6c0bf795e192f8e4a6566abf93fa8c4f5	The rating of the most harmful food products Human health depends on many factors
a0080f9085dbdd99dcec37b89b25c19c069d3489	The harm of fast food for children Fast food is a favorite snack �
c9c76f8cac3c6f241d1163841af2334fa735255f	The impact of fast food on human health Fast food is the main cause of obesity and
74abbf36678957ba239f707cf81d27390027f9c9	Fast food and the human body Human health directly depends on pi
d76368e0c6d5908cfe3497bc051534f9942edcb3	Pros and cons of fast food The history of fast food begins back in 1921
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397f0a5e34e5cfbd14f07ce0f7bf7e6a6640210b	Categories Battle of products Diets Food and the World Calorizer Healthy foods Family Raw food Fast food
094f76ff2baf5dd16063987b612199955f8f8508	Recent records How many calories are in egg white How many calories are in a sausage and cheese sandwich How many calories are in a sausage sandwich How many calories are in a butter and cheese sandwich How many calories are in an eclair
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0bc56a1db3bcbea836fb7b83eee559698fef2c67	Home Myths Health Fast food Fast food.
5bb78b7e175f4d1a32435d1715006ffc0ad5ee59	Fast food (from the English fast food - fast food) has long been an integral part of the modern world.
bf570ffcea4417679dad0e43c48df794eedd1ac6	Fast food existed in ancient times.
858ff25feafd617916feaef184c33ee611963eb5	Already in the days of antiquity, fast food was very popular.
d83fcb6e86d67e99c84a8e39dc6a2fbeb78effbb	If in ancient Greece they still preferred to cook food in their household, then the ancient Romans often refused to cook at all, in some houses there were not even kitchens.
f75f8403ffb8edcb168b18397ef399ee824c8112	But in every city there were a lot of eateries and bazaars, where they sold all kinds of dishes.
a8bf5d3fbf2e7b720540a805cf1e12786e282e1e	Cakes made of yeast dough, greased with olive oil, were very popular, they were very convenient to use as edible plates.
d1f98555b344de953bb631b5aa817aae5660cbdd	Many centuries later, these tortillas, covered with baked cheese, sausages and vegetables, began to be called Italian pizza.
064db5ac9faabc9b2ec7fbaeb10fc535256cfb23	The Romans also had their own hamburgers.
923f074eb7474070d1faf44023c9529a88327e9a	They were frying beef tortillas, which were supposed to be eaten with bread.
33a0916b11b5d5b679651ddac4b96b44b9ffe11e	Professor Philip Fernandez Armesto in his book "The History of Food" claims that the average ancient Roman ate more fast food than, say, a modern resident of New York.
3db730d7b487bfa6f72496e2ade995d15499ec3e	The difference is that the fast food of the ancient Romans was fresher and healthier than modern hot dogs and hamburgers.
8fa0256a5dee1e4930313f712f92f957c546c453	Fast food was also respected in other countries.
91af9ee62626f72f025bf278906c4c07a61f154e	In China, hot instant noodles were sold in bazaars, in India, chapati tortillas with hot sauce and rice with chicken pieces with curry sauce were popular.
8fad4c88a587c917e63de8c021fd05e7ef597c47	In Europe, too, various kinds of cakes were very respected, and in some countries (for example, in Russia) they did not disdain pies.
30230e584eb267d3be9272e8d431b0a2770c769f	It all started very modestly: two brothers, Dick and Mac McDonald, who sold in a small barbecue restaurant for California motorists, decided to switch to the production of hamburgers.
2dd5868c4e33688a80cd9dfc5770edf5e37f087d	In 1948, they succeeded, and the income increased dramatically.
8074184cb91ae7df34d46d1ea8d9c920c6564953	In 1954, a traveling salesman Ray Kroc met them, who suggested opening establishments all over the country under the same brand.
d36e9b2703790ae8182d6677c28d581225f1144d	The brothers agreed, and the matter went on.
f387d28897cc5dbc0dd9b65a9943deb626950a8b	In 1956, there were 14 McDonald's restaurants in the United States, in 1960 - 228, in 1968 - 1000, in 1975 - 3076, in 1980 - 6263, in 1984 - 8300, in 1990 - 11800.
9a8286f05690c733a88afcb4c5995b97e921954d	Now the McDonald's Corporation has more than 30,000 restaurants in 119 countries, while the White Castle has only about 380 restaurants in the United States.
30f965c0a9785507f8d34e2250247e5fcb0e3c38	However, in recent years, the mighty McDonald's has begun to experience problems.
4d85fc288a023f67be2ff029419a029a1c1ff7cf	After the campaign of healthy food activists calling for a boycott of fast food, sales in the United States and other developed countries began to decline, some restaurants even had to be closed.
a081e1aa681025b296011a4f0a99d3f863ac9fdd	Alas, all doctors and nutritionists agree that fast food can be of two types: harmful and very harmful.
617ea5e5a45b184044267765bc12fe019f24e384	It is impossible to eat them regularly in any way.
d730184fb534ff38b6966d09f5368ec922fbcb53	The main problem is that most of these foods are very high in calories, contain a lot of fat and few vitamins.
aa188ac62c463fcb1bb8d42f01ce29811e0f3a63	First of all, this applies to hamburgers.
f09c681951ea145924b1f3caed13f9a741788eb4	So all lovers of French fries, big macs and other shawarma should remember three simple rules that nutritionists offer: 1.
0b6bb6fe3232b848b28daf5224c4dbf2c0183620	Do not eat fast food more than once a week.
4708da75d601ab5e6e00cd1022817a51ad6a2498	And it is desirable to do this even less often.
306a8d4da8a765bf0352dfc3a97dd0df587122d6	2. The most dangerous for health are fatty and high calorie dishes (French fries, hamburgers, sweet soda).
01a77cb3941c1bea23c701cbe5a3aaabb9205bae	3. If you ate fast food during the day, you should definitely eat normally in the evening.
e91a48b144d83c10d82790914d8bb865f7bd5d7d	You should not go to a fast food restaurant on an empty stomach.
ce952f40e4a0e1b2f6b8f3746590fe54b775d266	Fast food is only "McDonald's"?
fa0a45dfcbc577422d0b5450b6369cbe9c730ac3	Speaking about the dangers of fast food, usually first of all they mean establishments like "McDonald's" and the like.
2d0fb7a0aad5d3431561a1cf74a57f43f83b1bc6	Not far away from them, shawarma, hot dogs, pancakes with fillings and similar food sold on the streets.
fef187557b9b8d0880a1bc3087006b1ef1efcb10	This can also include chips, all kinds of crackers, any carbonated drinks and other "little things" that we usually snack on the run.
0bcf895f8af1011d325beda09fe89ae78c20a044	This is at least.
13341fdd1871f566b091ff5fa58f533caa608a9d	In reality, the list is much larger.
e75cecafb75e5aa43f2d644f1bf4e420903bbdd8	Food in fast food establishments is prepared on some particularly harmful fat.
91b23b9f83c8c5b56fc9c0961d15b892b647b09b	In most cases, this is the case.
88c291333a16d974f08579e070265f2c73a3975a	The fact is that for the preparation of many dishes, solid types of margarine with a high level of trans isomers of fatty acids are usually used here.
7df5bec8208fd748d96f0f96c609a8fded5cc10b	However, this type of spatial organization of fatty acid molecules is also characteristic of all kinds of creams in store cakes and pastries.
1f76608182da359c3030a29aa21cabd761188070	So, there is no big difference whether you ate at McDonald's or drank tea with a purchased cake.
eb94f0596bb28cd1479b3b16a44fa17367793601	They are also found in some other ready made products with a high content of animal fats.
56c0a30bfd8e28606dada6a6914c7036e29364de	The danger of these same trans isomers is due to the fact that, for example, their doubling in our diet increases the risk of developing heart disease by at least half.
3417534137a45ac66cec38ce3fe1eeb364021fbd	Of course, it is almost hopeless to explain to a teenager who is obsessed with hamburgers and French fries what he is risking.
3a41853db76302e020bac303751cb6aa1df77510	But at the age of 30-35, it's already worth thinking about the possibility of heart problems due to this very potato!
183d314ae64db374cb1e6c766a55b8ebe2efe0b4	By the way, the current young generation, who grew up on fast food, at the age of 30 has a chance not only to think about heart problems, but also to start "reaping the fruits" of their passion for such food.
a6986990aa1dfca145488e45eee3129a1eb1594b	The reason for the obesity of Americans is associated with their love of"fast food".
fb88204f53ef7c94bfd99a1c8d98e8765809306c	The fashion for fast food has long led to a rapid increase in the number of fat French, British and even Japanese.
c84d8ca1e7abe708635bfc122021437d204de3fb	There are two reasons for this situation.
63db8ced7f723f3726f451c712ff93c5fcdd22f9	First, the average lunch at some McDonald's, at least, covers, or even exceeds the daily need for calories (for an adult, this is 1500-2500 kCal).
f55b6815c76dda97f6838be5b3bf7d3fc8031a69	But, as a rule, during the day we eat something else.
7e81c22249d1cc63d02875cc729499636cd51ed2	Fast food food contains some narcotic substances that make us go back there again and again.
858a2fb08121eaff4521c104740c44d99f2ca7f4	Well, about some special narcotic substances this is unlikely!
f8cd853fe6e24a923ce0055320b71e99dd97f62e	However, do not rush to rejoice!
48c9ff53d28c1219eb6769fc2313f3d6a7c98fa2	According to scientists studying the effect of this food on the human body, excessive consumption of fats and sugar contained in it leads to a real chemical dependence, like a narcotic.
05c492a723a3e2e5d87ec0ee310289185e0aee27	That is, a constant visit to such eateries causes the same painful dependence as smoking or drug use.
a471cabf0a1fac14cef2513ea1522fd0c487bfe8	The passion for hamburgers, cola and fried potatoes quickly leads to a change in the chemical processes in the human brain, which most often occurs with cocaine or heroin addiction.
ef2233fcfdc497a8172f4b98fd9427f1af648a01	Hamburger + cola is much more harmful than they are, but separately.
f0ace4d277bf8ea16bf1c7a62b201602659dd2b2	The thing is that washing down a greasy hamburger, hot dog and French fries with an iced cola or any other cold carbonated drink, we make a huge mistake.
14612125bb1cdf2e2d50a692d6e1783c3cbb0640	Gastric juice, diluted with effervescent liquid, ceases to cope with the digestion of already heavy food.
7245de33a57f581b6d5bbd92f2c51bb173a7089b	And because of the low temperature of the drink consumed together with the burger, it is contained in its filling (cutlet or sausage) fat instantly freezes and becomes a dead weight, eventually increasing the volume of our waist even more.
24d9beb675414de4b1622fa0fe11ce2bccf278e2	Everyone knows that" fast food " can lead to obesity, but sometimes you have to read that it also negatively affects the condition of the skin, hair and in general how a person looks.
1572ee892a3d5f15170ead5959f726b23f477f5b	Isnot this just another horror story?
bec35aa52c09e726c01bd8274d6551f0c139d583	Alas, no.
c3ddc4a76c44a25b35d9c9af5cb1ca7efb89115c	The fact is that a constant diet of hamburgers, hot dogs, potatoes and pies causes a fairly rapid metabolic disorder.
34d39e4824a3e42f8ae115fc514e1091547f4d87	In addition, there is a lot of cholesterol in this food, the content of vitamins and dietary fiber is reduced to a minimum, and the balance between proteins, fats and carbohydrates has nothing to do with a normal diet.
f74c74eed333181d08045488c88f9b14230669fa	The result of all of the above is sad not only for the figure, but also for the appearance: such a fast food "diet" has a very negative effect on the condition of the hair, depriving them of shine and elasticity, as well as skin.
4a857a86a74045cfbaa99cd083eb0836681de592	Fast food is especially dangerous for children.
5d432d1435aa9b4e5fad8e87a7fbaef366ff9654	Although it is children and teenagers who are the main fans of hot dog + Coca Cola food.
e2c449511c541981c601851aee9c4de1d20162ce	However, doctors are convinced that such food is almost deadly for the younger generation, since the body is still being formed, and what it will be like depends very much on the contents of the plate.
fa614910f7b4d703529cddd9bfc5b4f3f5f9ccc9	An unbalanced fast food menu leads to obesity, disorders in the endocrine and immune systems, and this in turn affects physical and mental development in the future.
2bd3e517eab24943efc7885999f77afae541eb37	Hot sauce "Taco Bell" can clean a coin to shine.
c949281606c6a1ca5104301c61579080a0a96110	This is a fact.
1233e72657dffdd7ec13bd2572908f75bbadd8f6	This is because the vinegar and salt included in the composition cause such a reaction.
a6c798a4a914bb4ab7f3056453750536bb7e551e	The fact is that this statement can be attributed to any sauce from the cuisine of southern peoples, these components are contained there in excess.
6f5b04c50a310613f133593542cef666a11bf079	If this fact scares you, then do not eat a lot of salt and try to avoid vinegar.
53d6a220b32ad0914eb45ad45b12fb923828ad4c	French fries are the most commonly consumed vegetable in America.
265d6b26c37a0003ed077a724c50f087151b5116	Unfortunately, this is an indisputable fact.
55cc1d0a122a8591648531070cec8d06555834b8	Kentucky Fried Chicken, aka "Kentucky Fried Chicken" was renamed KFC due to the fact that this product does not consist of chicken, but of meat from genetically modified animals.
545a8ac4830909907a34c1b060c0f5a6774f8e61	Fiction.
436662789de2065a150791f073d1b6dd494447d4	This was done in order to remove the word "fried" from the name - "fried".
e58dff979da9ac51fba3ad6696ed2a3e91431337	The Mcflarry dessert from the McDonald's restaurant menu does not contain a drop of milk.
6510cbb40d4d688db94a647078b4fe6fef0ea151	The milk is contained there.
cb23ab0c7344a021371c7ce07efc1466a9e3750b	Just whether there is something useful in this milk, that's another question.
77c19b0e23b1ed14969a1bec985fd08dee4b05f6	The Mcflary dessert is a cocktail base, flavored syrup and milk.
0be433f84a65a0426f10f9e9808ba5f24fbfc971	All this is stored in the refrigeration unit and enters your cup through the dispenser at the touch of a button.
fb105323538972fddc07b5e9ae003214e1d54155	A milkshake from the Burger King restaurant contains algae.
dccf563f82f9116657115bc317b366e37096f201	This is fiction.
d93a88ab9ec4268c50d954c6bafe9e76c439025f	Although such rumors have a basis.
905945ee549ea2f6013b48aed685276254f965a8	The milkshake contains the thickener carrageenan, a substance obtained from the red algae carrageenan.
35af1652c2131c570b7a227589598ad17398b1bf	Carrageenan is found in milkshakes of other food chains, as well as in some other drinks.
efa493e68df43cddb604f5a11a9061052b70399d	Fast food causes gastritis, ulcers and other stomach diseases.
b4a51ca39751a68988f2192675483f167c38ed5d	The first reason for the very possible occurrence of gastritis, stomach and duodenal ulcer, pancreatitis, constipation and other similar diseases, up to cancer, from fast food food, is the rush in which it is usually eaten.
3665424e93045b974270f90b5d5d78cdab9a339f	In general, that's why it is a "fast food", so that you can absorb it on the run, without really chewing and without pausing.
2352dff9d4ef9db7fdfb35d1d35980ebab2fa9cf	That's just in the end, the pieces that are not crushed and not moistened with saliva fall into the stomach.
82c1ef44a7fb4620316c0feb6b05325da8874de5	The result is the same problems with the work of the gastrointestinal tract.
c8b1aa56f4922556214fac850fa41fc44623e5a0	There is also a second reason for the appearance of gastritis and ulcers in regular fast food visitors.
141598c3f337227f05747ab1b43aa77e9112f3e3	And it's all about ... noise and loud music.
bbd91f79ad46d83b0f04779608fae61335700749	As scientists have found out, people who have a snack in crowded eateries under the noise and din of visitors, the risk of such stomach diseases increases several times.
d3ba62e1bbcf62e1dda361c888cc7dc368e67d58	Those who turn off the noise with the player while eating, including it at the maximum volume, also very quickly earn an ulcer or gastritis.
ad201b7487df9a95ebb1aa41171962b171a5067b	Especially this "musical noise accompaniment" is dangerous for children and adolescents, whose bodies are especially susceptible to it.
5edc48b4df797e7593552feaf7c990b460bc28c5	You can die from fast food.
64b75b9f6ef9ad31b00f80fb1d4177f13f0cd68c	If we are talking about spoiled or contaminated food, then you can die from anything.
1a5c11f3d4832a05d681410de7d535d943e2c1a9	If we talk about, so to speak, normal fast food, then of course you will not die, but you will undermine your health at the root.
38d9310dc278dda299b29154bbef031460419f1e	As an illustration, it is worth giving an example of a 33 year old American journalist named Morgan Sparlock, who decided to check how all these fast food "horror movies" correspond to reality.
986c1390a3de105d74d80859fc24eb2482575286	Before the experiment, he underwent a full medical examination, which confirmed that he did not have any health problems.
4fb83684e40fee895851f3cf5908d918ba7d4b2e	Then, for a month, he ate at McDonald's every day, three times a day.
e0e4b2cef324389d31b22bf8151a8a1dea28244e	The result of the experiment was sad: 12 kg of excess weight, an increase in cholesterol levels several times, a doubled risk of heart attack and an almost "planted" liver, resembling the liver of a hardened alcoholic.
21dbbc283dbfbf306c2641798de8e7edc7669ee9	And this is with a complete rejection of alcohol for the entire duration of the experiment!
64a0a25e3f97d5a995a28efdd14e16e45d711084	Another side effect was, by the way, a sharp decrease in the sexual desires and abilities of a desperate journalist.
66ae6859f8e312cdf7ea5cdd0df07cf5e8338324	This is interesting!
57f91cd7241f70d064155adcfb4dfe9f82e1147e	After seeing this picture, Mirab Morgan (a resident of North Carolina) decided to conduct her own experiment.
855b7ef3cd0bcf2d28adcc343ad48d9359100bc6	She also began to eat only at McDonald's, and she did it not for one month, but for three whole months.
5ea14b6ed12b570844a3ea39c92b0d075d102ef9	As a result of the experiment, a lady...
3b378d45c0a66132cfe7e71cd2ca899b81aa8537	I lost 15 kilograms.
25ee6b62e744c6e18d40baca3cc366d812b980c5	The secret is that she made sure to consume no more than 1,400 calories a day.
3bf5d78695c5c6334a6e9ec1ab9b5bee36a061c6	Nutritionists spoke with restraint about this success, noting that French fries and cheeseburgers still lack the vitamins and minerals necessary for the human body.
45982b13201f5ae35137f74a2877066c907bb1a8	Nutritionists agree that eating food from a classic fast food restaurant once a month can be considered relatively painless for health.
a0892e578f0235375a9243afe39f856e1a169b3f	However, some believe that this is too often.
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6ffda08fe1578d67cf4afce61418ad56f37c6cda	Home / Food / Fast food (fast food) is harmful
608f9e58df634e9c262cf1315ea59871bbf6e3aa	What is fast food?
5cea441198d052ae1fc76b02ca528ab79868c462	Insidious fast food
eb7deb256badae31190312d729cbda086db0dc62	Recently, there has been a lot of talk about the dangers of fast food for health.
4236c21986a3ef0b1f69bd9c4e55c8a2946e7490	Is this fair?
374a48ee7a96cd073b1b1755ca5f066643d63a52	How, in this case, to reduce the damage caused to the body by such a diet?
b371cdbbe357e0d9e978da6606c8683397e723e2	The word "fast food" (fast food) in English means "fast food".
e6477b8ec1e1007b1d7bc6b20ced6194059233ca	This list can be continued.
f8e38cf73236ade1b1d060a8b178292dd06f4d0c	But in general, fast food is something that you can eat on the go, almost without looking up from business.
d752c104d52d979735e0425f587e160f6bdcd087	Fast food is a synonym for junk food
3c4fd1b19f94e14e4ca364b508fa2fc1a107b013	First of all, this is due to the high calorie content, which is distinguished by fast food products.
8bd798dd250eea16161e9b5d7c189a5cef2459c1	Historically, it so happened that the low calorie content could not be.
ed7881f091fcb0a93b339b828e2e7224ffb43368	After all, a person goes to a fast food restaurant to eat quickly.
b72f56f07bc872bd828113c036814d1761964882	This means that he must satisfy his hunger with the least number of dishes.
c629f447a6728cfdb29613470a22d326aef9b185	Therefore, it is necessary to increase their energy value.
f769d1f808125963ec7fe70022d21480f97f0e65	Hence the sandwiches, which are approximately equal in calories to lunch.
b4359988db1bbfe735281ebf868962046fedcc4a	There is another reason that adds calories to fast food.
50c312198291f47a1beb80532d0f28c5538c6f6e	In order for the customer to come back to the institution or buy something at a particular fast food kiosk, it is necessary that he likes what he ate.
0e56525ec2a5a45f29081f92e46045d88c9ecda9	And it is not so difficult to enhance the taste sensations: you just need to add more fat and sugar to the dish.
33210c77ffc4e2987c9fd697a0db942ac63a3a5a	This approach is applied not only to sandwiches, hot dogs, ice cream, but also to healthy, at first glance, food salads from cucumbers, tomatoes, beans.
a407f90531e2a4b13bc35d864ed0105ceba7ef62	In many establishments, sugar is added there.
8c93e95806540dd5340fe2f10efcca5751852b0c	And they are not watered with lemon juice at all - mayonnaise or sauces based on it are used as a dressing.
1d9e55fa7d816718781f693d81ea716ffda425d4	The principle of increasing fat content works not only in fast food restaurants, but also in a snack bar, packaged fast food.
d9f871c1686b9e2bce779adf71227390d300b636	Press the "chip" to a piece of ordinary paper - and you will see that an impressive greasy spot will remain on it.
00f9353c269cc3cc1f5237b333d651c4e1cadaa4	Nuts are also fatty and high calorie.
242af023f821eae8e826840145f43c8f36592264	Of course, they contain a lot of useful substances, but two or three packs a day for a person who is prone to fatness is just a disaster.
3e759d23deb5a3c74efb26dfa331030f810aad1b	Excessive caloric content does not make food healthier.
a538144b8229511fe5658ec68ec2f752e205b795	Fat, for example, feeds only muscles, it almost does not give energy for intellectual activity in our time, when people spend most of their working time in the office and move little, such nutrition can lead to excess weight, if not to obesity, in almost a month.
08beb7ef63706acade7ffc04559effd00e3a2c33	Fatty and sweet foods have a very bad effect on the endocrine and cardiovascular systems.
387bb109c4ef76543e307a750f0144c290455260	As practice shows, atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease are much more often a problem of people who eat fast food than those who prefer homemade food.
4c77feaddb1026c4684d736614ad47e11b0fb471	The passion for fast food is the cause of many diseases
103131ef3a07f29417781e9a6e15d796819c796f	Despite its caloric content, fast food is not very nutritious.
14e83d5cdb06b9d720126290f87c7933b134343b	For example, instant noodles are very, very poor in B vitamins and dietary fiber compared to the usual one.
cf57d7addbf04a348664c8ceb052d2e78abb9872	And if so, then only carbohydrates and all sorts of chemicals remain in it.
a097f3da86d5f299c244edb02cc0391d4812f953	The body does not receive the necessary substances with the "fast food" approach to nutrition.
e65554215c62888b6056fb8edd6a21b89cf13271	And he continues to demand them - we are forced to go for a snack again.
e80012c68c1e427f63cd1239beda486d611d7ee5	As a result, this vicious circle leads to obesity and concomitant diseases.
05314f5094e55ffbc40d5819d890ff2314b460f4	One of the steps to gaining extra pounds is also non compliance with the basic food culture.
0f91fc289b1ac0b3f3e0addd5dd867b5b7b7a74c	A person eats sandwiches, chips and hot dogs on the go, chewing badly, dry boiled.
eb6a403d2c6ff67c8b9c6f07ee2daa81edcd79d3	And even if there is an opportunity to sit down, he still swallows his lunch in 10 minutes, sometimes without even washing his hands.
e099916a3e3ddc638451667b5f7249457a967167	This definitely leads to overeating.
d067770dc60a447bd186bd0a7b6c40cc2a266b23	A person is simply unable to understand in 10 minutes whether he is full or not: a signal about satiety comes to the brain about 20 minutes after the start of a meal.
002e46512215abc7e1d5b981394e72633c004779	For a business lunch in a cafe or restaurant, where the dishes are brought gradually and you have to wait a little, a person would probably eat less - both in volume and in calories.
879d5e768f351f70526ed37155790ccd2995b814	No time for lunch?
de2970d6a9c0a11439965b3a58cf6bf759ab4830	But there is a way out of this situation, and not just one.
bfdb84542971a610759f7a0a13dc944d457ed203	It is best for them to satisfy their beginning hunger with grain loaves or home made crackers.
a0be3b3166210b1421390086b1f880a9a960b3b8	From drinks, mineral water or juice from a pack is best suited.
98b517f2bdd58cc297af82037382ca8eb122f136	If you want to reduce weight, then you need to dilute the juice by half with water: unfortunately, the same principle of flavor enhancement works here, and manufacturers often put extra sugar in the juice.
9673dfb679fc105b77375f836901a94e3f03e7a1	Fermented milk products are also perfect for a snack.
90c7b5e6118484abe4a285b585a9b7cfb447fc7a	How often can I eat fast food?
a0adb6115f66744a195d360d01099a8b4c08d061	It depends on the state of health, any fast food products are strictly prohibited for those who have problems with the gastrointestinal tract.
05e8072cfbec96cbbaa29fbac64507abaa46af55	An abundance of flour, spicy and fatty foods, dry boiled food and a healthy person can lead to gastritis.
386625c62f657325458a5113b44d6880725233b7	What to say about those who already have gastritis.
6a82610e4d2147267916c13f8b28be4e577fb959	In no case should people with atherosclerosis or hypertension go to fast food restaurants.
1a85aa28b38f340ccb3a09b2196df007967171bd	Firstly, such food has a very high cholesterol content.
c62ea9f8659fa906789c1c51bcc0b8daa48c4eb5	And secondly, burgers and chips are often prepared on special, transgenic fats that our body is not able to process or remove.
9698b5ef6ae057dafd670a4d88e74e2fbd527c0d	The molecules of such fat are deposited on the walls of blood vessels, thereby further aggravating the situation.
01aaacf0af73413a828f16b7ede99b1e9007dcff	Of course, high calorie, sweet fast food for people with diabetes is banned.
7294d4ed6e755d3c73830abe2cd4b66fd5697124	If you are relatively healthy, you can have lunch at a fast food restaurant on occasion.
70748ff0e34a1b37ad9cb15d74c71a876bc7406e	But not more than once a week.
c6246f9fe16debe5f16b9492a412cd9e5b3b0f4d	Custom search
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c9dd1e1f757fd273db4c361fb340f005d2a4ca73	© Copyright 2007 MissFit online magazine for women info@missfit.ru
b6bc69175a1fff73153c574b47c5852d9c05fd0b	reprinting of materials from the site is allowed with the mandatory indication of an active hyperlink to the site www.missfit.ru
7fe082c7a179d94f8583893c7e157cdf433e8c11	The history of fast food begins back in 1921 in America.
e1f4fdf129921a287354834185b6757b07a225c6	The first dish related to the fast food section is a hamburger.
c6c283ac30cf0992563ba16a1fbe65bdfdbb9353	At that time, it could be bought for 5 cents.
5e89632e4bb55b0d21ba2fc36fd61cfbb1199fc5	Delicious and inexpensive food attracted many people, but even since then, consumers have begun to think about the benefits and harms of such dishes.
16b8f09c0a03927e2dff8e9cb5428629535f19a7	In order to remove all doubts, the founder of the company invited several doctors who had lunch at the institution.
70b2b8814d408a9b3fa3c0e8267c5fb06356204d	As a result, people stopped doubting that fast food can be dangerous for a person.
607f879e55a663385c685447061ade16a153d3ee	What does the word fast food mean?
870deeaf588775bbe1bbc10e185c206c302acf31	The meaning of the word fast food in English means fast food.
3dd5b9d488b9e1a4b92be307d4dfaa0e33a7f9d5	Fast food can be called any dish that does not require a long time to prepare.
80baf95c672e33e917a2302f7258b8ca06a615bf	Fast food is a high calorie and useless food that is characterized by a low cost.
b1fc952c92c4bd5362798ac6d7f8bf4d1033ed02	Despite this, many students and young children use it in very large quantities.
5fa13e57d8d385de7766cb7e0ba1b9434e02b1d0	For many decades, fast food has been in demand among various segments of the population.
1832c79a7e7cb9cd02cfec13b46aba021dd47ab2	The speed of cooking makes it an ideal option for snacking.
eb22b0bf19bb7e6fc17a8fd7fdcdfb29b5b41f45	Few people pay attention to the calorie content of the dishes that they order.
f333649d77a68f16d1af29c3d71d78592f898f29	Varieties of fast food Dishes that we can buy in fast food cafes.
0565c9778b6cc3311d1dfb1044363fec6a11774b	This is a familiar French fries, hamburgers, cheeseburgers and pizza.
109b29ec1520ce82885733021ec961a8b815a74e	Fast food is also called dishes that are diluted with water for cooking.
e664a956a55b2c0af4e664f3b284d68e4d31b6ce	Instant noodles or mashed potatoes are fast food that does not contain any nutritional elements.
955b167921a272072be2d3c74edb4a1ff899afe6	Fast food can include various crackers and chips, which are sold in any stores and kiosks.
f5e219b302449cd99292640533de16d433bad32d	In order for fast food to gain popularity, it had to become not only a cheap food option, but also have a good taste.
550dad2748cb45417d5bb03a034927706743b625	Various additives were added to it, which harm the body, but make the dish delicious.
3aac9c6c1837bea8ebded16f28a28e1afe22c031	There are especially a lot of fats and sugar in fast food, which can become addictive.
2868fe6e5ca3cdea342bbb30b7899fbd347c3f6c	Even the composition of ordinary vegetable salads includes a large amount of fat, due to their dressing with mayonnaise and sauces.
18430d7ff3eaacd043b2f83a7ae5a415076d92ad	The history of fast food in Russia In Russia, fast food appeared in 1990 in Moscow.
b5b95ca0eaf9fb09ed62de66aa1aa6722c36bd27	A huge queue, which stretched for several kilometers, wanted to try the American novelty.
a2a18e66d69a1e4b984cdea17409af26ea57e875	Although before that, in small markets and street vendors, you could buy various pies and buns, which can also be attributed to fast food.
fd5f4329aa5218d5ea7af8fbcb030274f2f38c41	Now in Russia there are almost all food chains that relate to fast food.
2a9f3b61fb237d89fdeda59a9974b896b9d97615	The cost of fast food in Russia, as in other countries, is low.
842f0ccec24ecd5ec9f645bc93f7d41336fe21cd	It is much cheaper to buy fast food than to prepare a nutritious dish yourself.
3b26dd2e41e3fb1a6fb4b35fb25629623632b726	The history of the emergence of fast food shows that people chose it exclusively for its low cost, speed of preparation and taste, which is created with the help of food additives.
6233d66d76c1b8fc9869ab46130d7cf0ee98afd6	Fast food: pros and cons
a5bf4b720bc1f693af10a61129b79d05aad766d5	Despite its harmfulness, fast food has advantages.
9d43cce3a9c08e0a2781dc8c902e351cc1847c12	The main one is the speed of cooking.
e786cf8bb41dcc5aa9631725c67a8d3cd36ee44c	A large selection of dishes will allow you to satisfy your hunger and get pleasure from eating.
c71bc8185650d5b03c9157b859e2394a912d868a	If we consider the pros and cons of fast food, then there are much more of the latter.
1104b9e67b037f24b1c7656aa64fe9a9bca8a491	This food can cause many diseases and lead to the formation of extra pounds.
4b8001348d7b67f03657641ba96ce1a0864e2121	People who consume fast food daily are more likely to suffer from diseases of the digestive system and are overweight.
98163753d6909f5e4319c449c092d5b4f4d1ad1e	Carbonated drinks, hamburgers, pancakes and cheeseburgers are oversaturated with calories and do not contain any useful elements.
8e5db83ffc9efbd3dc38b3d6f86f40a34be5c96b	A person absorbs high calorie foods, not bringing any benefit to his health, but only the opposite.
bbc039e67298150c4d8e5e2232ab7fe7eb19572e	In most cases, fast food contains trans fats, which are dangerous for humans.
27c5c22157a2a9441116a18ec54602ce661ff7fa	The average calorie content of a fast food lunch is 1500 kcal.
d16161fe5ed05c36f0c9d30eabfdf1e179dc0cb7	Fast food can be addictive due to its high fat and sugar content.
90bb71b9f96e4f462263d1cccd65cc8c868c8a80	Fast food can affect the appearance.
8389ef1f09b376c5d1cbef7379f51440caada9af	The most common fast food is French fries.
fd15c8f2f61d9850fe90f236531faafdfcab9a60	Advantages of fast food Fast cooking;
5601b716318731b2c05218a5bdb30400d30bb417	Low cost;
94428679d62607fba974a8d6fab3ad0bab329165	Hearty dishes;
59b968c945892ca270559e7370c5fca26fdb593d	Delicious;
ceed937b9d4939a5c4cb5c911dc2d13802b26d22	Availability;
6ff6e8617a615526f9beec9160b00b725c7b655c	Save time.
8ccfe1738f9db1983d689db361138f2f6bde5b27	For the low cost of products and their taste, people have to pay with their health.
656b1b8dbac8725ec109fc1fd337f4210623beb7	On average, every third person who eats fast food more than twice a week has some kind of health problems.
efdea84baa93142d9fc079679ed78d452f8115cf	First of all, the digestive system suffers, then the metabolism is disturbed, diabetes or atherosclerosis may occur.
20f2531735be265ab93e960d6af34891fc7fa55a	Fatty high calorie food is an enemy of health, which can destroy the strongest body in a short time.
27c745c0ac63055357401a364499afcf53e0a84c	Fast food facts The owners of fast food restaurants receive the greatest profit from the sale of drinks, and not from high calorie products.
48e175f8fcdb7d59d5fdbd354ae92c45d21b85af	In Las Vegas, you can buy a hamburger that costs $ 120, and the most expensive food has a cost of about $ 1000.
15d600ddf5a295249f73b8d9754cfcc99d156c52	In European countries, McDonald's is an ordinary eatery, while in the territory of the former Soviet Union it is a restaurant.
3b61d6b3900b3d457e677e2da94b9a9ece626b3c	Food additives that are contained in fast food can be deposited in the body.
152686bf9ef67a744f8b7555cf1585f7c92946ad	Fast food is the cause of diseases of the heart, liver, pancreas and stomach.
06d954a323b7fd183a8458af79c14a668a385b3b	Until the 1990s, hamburgers were exclusively food for poor people and they were sold on the street.
ca0503255567835a7b3d3770f83e717a4337beb4	The largest hamburger weighs 84 kilograms.
b2beab31762870068466b2c9fcca6cc26e725187	About 75% of Russians consume fast food.
330d3e94761463115387e7151ce742100affefe3	A standard serving of French fries contains more than 600 calories.
e6eb9defbb623c9d104ba7d6d1c7a8f559f052c0	Interesting facts about fast food show how widespread fast food is in all countries of the world.
6ea518dac0271763526b44e767fe29d8ebdf4c8e	About 90% of American children eat fast food and are obese.
3c12f29b2aa1a1466c37aa3940ec5876b6643ca9	Americans are most fond of eating French fries, which does not contain any nutritional elements, and even vice versa.
3b8142ab1367f638832f71c2dd46a46a292ae9b5	Interesting facts about fast food are the reality of our time, which surprises people who try to follow the principles of proper nutrition.
27d763253f525972817adc1d9cda3fa31f752f25	Many people are wondering whether fast food is profitable?
3000a797b3a3787be39e4ed26686aa6d537c1e2b	The cost of lunch in fast food restaurants and eateries is very low.
e6e099e876670f42c944eb5d5d8f041274d508d5	But people forget what harm these products cause and how much financial resources will be required for the treatment of certain diseases.
79befba5ffb6c9fe13748e0cbf5f65fb3da0eb49	Fast food is contraindicated in any diseases of the digestive system and liver.
1b085417a1cec0d62195a19647162384e1bc0427	A person's health is completely in his hands.
b63099d8481437a1a6a7f16293730cb0807baa14	In order to preserve it, pay great attention to the products that you consume.
480cd458f4bfb27c33d7e962c2c8b66dd7b9a5b3	Fast food does not carry any benefits.
27ef7bed62f318b6e8af53ff2f6a22b3a6ce09d0	Even instant porridge, which has been advertised to us recently – is a useless product that does not contain vitamins and minerals.
a92ad4e5e5765d1e555e33e9d000e4c7c4bf8313	Choose dishes prepared by yourself, from high quality products.
b9be2361d3f7144f25dafdf872c0f027c65475a1	Previous article Why is fast food harmful to the body?
c8afd5783318fda4e28f1b5d8fb14b16384b7ce6	Next article Grocery Bazaar Petrovsky
6202fde6000825ad133fb2d6c952e88483ca9d45	Fast food has rapidly gained popularity
4d4cececfd9fdbb183157686118a2e1b899358df	Home Home and Garden Tips for the hostess
789fe31f9d5e1b545515dd2c16969c0b37828ed8	The harm of fast food: 10 facts
636327d54b020cfc9cdfa5e07cccce74c889f352	Ozma
aae9c792da4fd67942f332796dc23aa46c47c378	1 0 3 4
1289b9610923b644361f0dafd7394eb83bd8810f	Fast food is a whole industry, where successful businessmen quickly made multibillion dollar fortunes.
147e6b8bf0f24e9bcd3edade934a2eb7bae0d73e	"McDonald's", "SubWay", "Rostiks", " Kentucky Fried Chicken "("KFC"), "Burger King" and dozens of other famous fast food restaurant chains sometimes make life much easier, but most often they lead to a hospital ward.
31301939b32340256fcfc2148d3f680737632357	Why is this happening?
d3d835105d01ab77e85c06d31937eec524a3c05e	Why fast food is harmful
cc8eb925e3e60606de4b44b6a04f77189aa75031	Photo: Shutterstock
0562ee95d999053316453dd99d139864bec4f4e3	Fact #1.
5993ef1dfa9104cc17d328a6aaa47cf39825c6d5	Trans fats are used in fast food Trans fats are unsaturated fats, which include trans isomeric acids.
87033e0cc1b3bdeaa12b7a80a28d7d85a89227f8	They are formed by bacteria in the stomach of ruminants.
3a05abeec2ada9358d048a4147e24b2449cf4f27	Artificial trans isomeric acids are produced by hydrogenation of liquid oils.
4a250ab529581b5b2ba07ca8ed6f6ccae2be41a8	The method of obtaining these substances was discovered at the beginning of the XX century, but their harm began to be talked about only in the 1990s.
4f097b14dcc8f14c17a074bb52b734353f79ed5f	At that time, data were published on a significant increase in the risk of cardiovascular diseases due to the consumption of trans isomers of fatty acids.
1b427f41ab6ebc576fa8945de1afbc019e63a5d4	Journalists have dubbed trans fats "killer fats".
d8a742a616b727ea6ea0862525b484ec39023052	Fact #2.
7a2424e149326e89c2d5df9f513dc1dc2578e1ea	Any fast food dish includes food additives Any fast food product, starting from pancakes with jam and ending with hamburgers, contains dozens of various flavors, dyes, flavor enhancers.
574afc262524d650d47401c5f23cf1fa56fc0567	An ordinary cucumber contains up to 90 percent water.
14471c1b7226e727867344121b0537d0953902a6	Now imagine what will happen if you deprive him of this water.
e5541721417c444d5e0466a5956f9518f8342bf2	In such an unappetizing form, even a very hungry person will not be able to eat this vegetable.
504ade6fcb3a4dcb586fa61642074c68161710e0	Between the buns in the hamburger is not a cucumber, but a substance with the taste and smell of cucumber.
ab720461b9c85efaabd5367d47289c5cfe3b64fb	Monosodium glutamate and other flavor enhancers are substances without which no fast food dish is prepared A solid study has not yet been published in which it would be argued that taste enhancers when used in a reasonable amount have a detrimental effect on the human body.
fbef1249008ffdce63dc47b03fdc00f2a49d0a86	This is the main reason that people come to a fast food restaurant again and again.
d55e8e53b4b0074610c4f723fc3129aa1e923bfb	It is because of monosodium glutamate that chips, crackers, broth cubes and seasonings, semi finished products, mayonnaise and ketchup and hundreds of other products are super popular.
2c9d5a4b86a44634604c5e32bea8e1b1d9d16288	Fact #3.
e50fbd898caf8a3ae1a361bfd4c32deecc3a4bbc	Fast food restaurants use super meat To prepare the famous nuggets, a special breed of chickens was bred.
a43b6efe8c5f657cedef0ed9f183462c2e807d49	For several years, individuals with a wide chest were selected.
ad5a10962abea57fde2c804c45869084dcfaef81	From an early age, the activity of chickens was limited.
6b870449dbda3e97a89a6025611bf97b8fb93fdc	Another breed of chicken was bred to get legs, the third for wings.
4c54b9076fe8319005d8aab2f7f59740671cd069	Since the advent of fast food restaurants in the world, it has become more common to sell individual parts of carcasses than whole chicken.
52bd3155b2ee5ad3fc01d46529e54f2e5821fd60	With cows, too, everything is not so simple.
eac37614282aee3cdf5cf0123a64ee984156a937	Cows grow several times faster and weigh much more than their counterparts in farm fields.
1c886687db9e0fdb069246ffe483dab71c149194	Fact #4.
885143d1c7078b77638ec920f2397b4d45e7f360	There are special potatoes in fast food chains Once upon a time, the taste of potatoes mainly depended on the oil in which they were fried However, in order to reduce spending, French fries manufacturers have switched from a mixture of cottonseed oil and beef fat to one hundred percent vegetable oil.
e59f491aeb08a462c754449a84887e2939af7bd6	Moreover, this oil is not olive or sunflower, but most often rapeseed or palm.
f38fbb513ca64ea6e1cbb98e9f712531679fe4e9	Rapeseed, coconut, palm and other similar oils contain a large amount of trans fats, erucic acid, which accumulates in the body However, customers demanded to return "the same taste".
003b562af049f322b3b2df2cc61cd81b9e205f12	As a rule, 1-1.
ecc40b1c6697e282a499624981f9cd473b577fd6	5 grams of sodium chloride are added to 100 grams of the product.
7907b507058bf9126d6507a1c48fc369d30ed131	But people, as a rule, do not refuse breakfast, dinner, tea with cookies or buns.
1afc834eeddb0741642f2ba82be82c36bcfb08b0	Hence the problems with excess weight, the genitourinary system, the formation of cholesterol plaques, hypertension and other diseases.
6f2846e5d76441d951f7135e068672bdf026afd9	In the United States, overweight is declared a national problem, hundreds of people are working to solve it, led by the President's wife Michelle Obama, Fact No.
71ce6bb7c48fd4c97df331307e0325941b8d7194	6. Sugary drinks are mandatory Usually, people order a sweet carbonated drink for any set of products in a fast food restaurant.
1626cd3aaa1a26763cd949fcf51ffc6bfdaf4911	Carbonated drinks contain a huge amount of sugar.
0779e8c5e4dff2bcbb4ffe76bf285fcada948494	After drinking half a liter of Coca Cola, a person consumes about 40-50 grams of sugar.
558bceec60f7124607c4becde841e5c3561d2812	Even the most notorious sweet tooth does not add so much "white death" to tea and coffee.
00d6f6100d97b4c3396436de34c656e7a91485ae	Fact #7.
ae0054c65127ce421a3dcf8e2a6ecfdcf932ed2f	Fast food - the industry for luring money When you make an order, at the checkout you will definitely be offered an additional sauce for chicken legs or another novelty some kind of pie with jam.
0191b7ce63b507d40f78f66edf389c17c7064986	The harm of hamburgers
e4b0c852649bb2c7b7968a8ca660b76e58ead45f	Fact #8.
7f7baecc70ba900664732bb86cecd451ea804dbd	Unskilled staff There may be no equal in the business of pouring cola and collecting hamburgers for employees of fast food restaurants, but they are considered low skilled staff.
929273fcdb6b834a80e748d7ecbd7ec822a2b6c7	Their work is paid accordingly.
27cdadf690ad58b7e3845ddadc8488cedc038f60	In order for employees not to feel inferior, senior managers fill their heads with phrases like "You are the best team I have ever worked with!" and other compliments.
9e4e238a63cf1638143a851eae109a07c0e3003f	But the students themselves, who earn extra money by frying potatoes and squeezing ice cream into waffle cones, are also not blindly sewn.
42d6eb44485fa017cddc2cc2dfc032a7f353e783	There are a lot of videos on the Internet where people in the branded clothes of famous fast food chain restaurants sneeze on hamburgers, spit on potatoes, and so on.
7172929e99722407a4f80cb8fb8136838a915aaf	Fact #9.
da23b26f04e13b716ca2417cd9e9933fe74772ea	Any fast food restaurant uses psychological tricks Fast food is really fast, inexpensive, tasty, satisfying.
388b38c8fcb52f076550c33e42e1c1a66b83ab73	Quickly?
b21decd1f305039f95ea8e0242fa5ced81dcb1a4	Yes, because the food was prepared several months ago.
ac588fd1b879d460edf903b55ea6a71d0653f446	Is it satisfying?
37a98c87209ecc22d47e3e55f33b66a095d3c7be	Sure.
e7f3317fb72cbc503b440455cdf1fd572e301ad1	Satiety comes quickly due to large portions, but just as quickly it is replaced by a feeling of hunger.
de8ef3669b39b24c039c065c4773cb860e61c577	The brain understands that the stomach is full after 20-25 minutes Few people will spend so much time under the close attention of other visitors who want to take your table as soon as possible.
855c22449fa429e7ddc34c60a985ddab8a97001b	Fact #10.
1ea5de3a55d11240d3fbdee38e9209b5c0957499	Fast food is dangerous Fast food often causes such diseases as: - obesity;
2c7ede8555c9ef3c2a8ba35eebb117890d9747bc	- hypertension;
d15d2fef47efd238a0d19758d33c849915f95c21	- coronary heart disease;
b6aa97c4485337e494bd99dc8b05bddc770e42d2	- strokes and heart attacks;
671d5d69bc1d88ee4bca2cfa5ec4a1015f939e2d	- caries;
5698514ba087006604fba6d4f28b2490a025ce74	- gastritis;
596b103ffc83ca1a2f43f7ed83e6fc1a8d33a0df	- ulcer;
816b99cdff224eb7fe56f875e26330d0f5be9871	- diabetes mellitus;
39ea52b8bc2d1c40d503645a4ce9fd3ea88ca21a	- and several dozen others.
915c95d329d53d556a225cac010d101548301e51	Read about the decor and decoration of wedding glasses in the next article.
723322e4d58ea2188c0d7678d06bf8f07f15120c	Tags: why is fast food harmful, the harm of hamburgers, the harm of French fries, how much sugar is in Coca Cola
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58c6df4ae58fb892a5c86709eb7809dfa7491c1c	sara ibragimova11
0ea851f2a356c2d472ef10b2f89ea93f7a390ac0	these nabobs, in order to enrich themselves faster, fool people by attracting them with ostentatious advertising. and people, in turn, are as malleable as robots repeat others. well, yes, all people are zombified, because they have a sense of false consumption embedded in them. everyone is in a hurry to make money and this is the basic law of capitalists. this law has ruined and is destroying a crowd of zombies all over the globe, taking away health and life,so that later on the same mass of fools on medicines to make money again, A VICIOUS CIRCLE - MOREOVER, SUCH ADVERTISING IS SPECIALLY CARRIED OUT WITH FAST FOOD. people should realize and look around, think critically and not succumb to all sorts of provocative ads. especially children are put on fast food.
a822084dffbb7aaa6e88e733b0fa717851edefda	PARENTS!
b3db0eb1a501fddbe7ed60d7c318d7c3593efe2e	DO NOT ALLOW CHILDREN TO ABUSE FAST FOOD!!!
6d0aff42229a1c72fc4db0ba573644fef2504965	AND IT IS BETTER TO GIVE UP ALL QUESTIONABLE STREET FOOD.
d253aa39528dd80010319c31b792ce2e5bad1182	February 8, 2016 at 22: 29
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b8de06ebf8c0a8874269f580833004745a1f53ac	A brief history of fast food
7858ac3ff63354f37161bd349efe11edd13b89cb	Post
c7f40ea329576bf164580ec7327fa229744bc9d2	6.9K
3895894ce130e6cef2648a25854f5f77eeb6d036	Surf
3fc676852c15a9544a1d10d7b09ebe2669f8e742	25/12/2013
17c91353916c4cf469457495d827ee1df6817fae	Such things as a hamburger, cheeseburger, hot dog, shawarma or shawarma (to whom it is more familiar), sub, and so on, are probably familiar to everyone today.
d8af731a2788c61baf09778964eee096be023c70	Street food has long become something familiar and everyday: no one says that it is damn useful, but from time to time many people visit fast food.
85f703abef80120521ec3aff0d6c166f5d63ae29	It is difficult to avoid this fate when there are more than eighteen thousand seven hundred McDonald's restaurants around the world alone.
7a624cae79172c3075e512df4c200f14dfc481cf	KFC has less, but definitely a lot: more than 11,700.
8402ff83eab3a67a527127ccade2727c205fbf74	Subway is in third place with 10,109 food outlets (according to data for 2012).
5295a7c18332d8c23262b260dd7c52d914823498	Opening of the first McDonald's in Russia
22921fb13f0ff550dbaae628dd734429297dacab	For as long as there is a street food culture, the list of companies that have become international has exceeded a dozen names: in almost any major city in the world, you can find the same type of cuisine such as McDonalds, KFC, Subway, Carl's Junior, Pizza Hut, and so on.
d25aae1ee2d051bf17a7de4c70ee3aaa7c21c032	As a rule, all of them started in America.
ea448b3fe52f9c1b9f566ddadc861c03463267a4	Also, a fairly large part of the market is made up of small eateries – here, most likely, we are talking about shawarma, hot dog tents on the streets, small cafes and restaurants where the staff brings to life well known things under their new brands, adding original recipes and expanding the range.
0dd084331bf37c1f9550962c84a5defb19f15c7e	It is difficult to say how things are with fast food in the province – most likely, each individual city has its own situation here, which depends on the location of the city, on its population, and just on chance.
800fa3ba765dcdd62643546a0ba477af12efa3a8	It seems that fast food is most popular among young people, but in fast food and snack bars you can see absolutely any customer: both in terms of age, gender, and income.
3a121373a2c8f3fa389ffe1b525b339499619028	One of the main reasons why people choose fast food is accessibility, speed and convenience.
f97c7c844a321312263e4e4685f760f9cc538a65	Plus, a small average check.
a9741bab8250dc8757ed5e1626756237793d29f3	Today, CR3AM decided to find out what is known about the history of the emergence of fast food culture, about street cuisine: how fast food appeared, who was the first to open a fast food restaurant, and so on.
5ef1f1a4d6de4412dc833cb924e3ae20aa779957	So, today fast food is perceived as a part of American society that has come to us.
23375bf31bb15778ab30160e4549035d38f93fb7	This is only partially supported by the truth: the fast food culture was known long before the colonization of America, but it is thanks to the United States that this very culture has acquired the familiar look we have today.
ddc78e1e945511d26a19710d2a9033da6f5e94c6	One of the first societies to use the practice of street cooking was the society of the Roman Empire: at that time there were a large number of poor people in the cities who did not have their own full fledged homes, which means that there was no kitchen or fuel to cook food.
20494983c973078466d9dddcff79ec408bbdfd5e	By the way, such a well known dish of Italian national cuisine as pizza was originally a dish for the poor.
d1bfbab7842136c686b68fcebc06c3c167e0226c	Ancient Roman baker, mosaic
69dcfe6a9199f69eba603d6c7f76e2c1ab171dcf	A later mention of fast food at that time refers to England: at the beginning of the XII century in London, on the banks of the River Thames, there was a so called "fast food area": of course, this is what we can call it now.
1fdae8a4cb8ead3b5b43b97bff85a4fe0d7cdda5	These were small eateries that worked around the clock – it was a great place for travelers to fill their bellies and buy food for the further road.
85c98d00e109cd37febbb2963c25cb02889c92a5	Of course, it was not fast food in the modern sense of the word, but fast food elements were already there then.
3e4ae13ed48faca07fe534cfa9a17f4443d4a77b	In addition, the variety of establishments formed a flexible price system, where everyone could find something closer to their wallet.
c5a8f32696e90311fde95204768bab8b543a2bd4	But this is all a distant story, and the reader, most likely, wants to get to the very essence: when and where was the first modern fast food opened?
c8c9959d980486e6071f1b1c82e557ea429a4f62	One of the main fast food products today is considered a hamburger.
d19e05f09a7bcd4ccf0a86f90435e341abde2419	And, it may turn out that this is not an American type of cuisine at all.
f991befb1ba8880fabeee06655c2a8d75a876b9c	The history of the hamburger is very prosaic and seems to be closely connected with German culture: the inhabitants of the city of Hamburg in the English transcription were called hamburgers (Hamburg – Hamburger by analogy with London – Londoner).
254720bbe8aad1b9e578ffaf48c2db610c90e451	Many residents of Hamburg immigrated to the United States and that's how the type of food that they brought to the society of the New World began to bear the name of the hamburger.
8fcd3d6997905e18756d5fee1f4f352c86c95ad5	Slideshow: from
cb71da2db2c61569efb89487e26ab264d25f94e7	We can say that the first company that implemented the very mechanism of fast food, when you get everything quickly and without unnecessary hassle, was the firm Horn & Hardart.
88556916092ff9dd6d352419655a9a31226a186c	Joseph Horn, an immigrant from Germany, and his American friend Frank Hardart opened a small restaurant in Philadelphia in June 1902, which served food using vending machines.
84b1ddd0c900382758194a56418dfc850ad20121	The company popularized the idea of "takeaway" food as opposed to home cooking.
760587b90492f38fc2943f98bd2e2b1f952b7597	However, their idea was not new – they borrowed it from the German company Berlin's Quisisana Automat.
e283eb8bc7ae6c4ca3d9050fe06bf5e008bdff71	Horn & Hardart were especially popular during the Great Depression, when macaroni and cheese, baked beans and spinach with cream were already boring everyone.
4ee1e7c93586e132930431cae45a5c11edde4f48	But soon automatic establishments were ousted from the market by competitors with a "human face" – service and waiters became fashionable.
4affcd2ec0eca573ef30432c0d333a4f619d9684	Hamburg automata are the predecessors of the American system
6a8bdabdde10a8c8661f32ce12c5b524e04cbedb	When was the first staff filled restaurant that produced hamburgers opened?
14a925e949d036b75761a97f8174f2cdb259175f	It happened in the city of Wichita in Kansas.
22b0984453767b5d0bcb5d5c5d96a58adf685380	In 1921, Billy Ingram opened the first restaurant where you could try a hamburger.
f9e58105469a2617545e7ed701d51902c8b927d9	The restaurant was called White Castle.
7cb2a401dd1018273f49fad11dbcd11d2cc068ae	It should be noted that the company exists to this day.
1fec61e37da19fab6120a3fcbb17033e2efa9758	In 1921, Bally was selling his hamburgers for 5 cents apiece.
309cacedb3b098daa5b56e1a482f9761e78ff7dc	It is worth noting that it was quite early – the first McDonald's was opened much later – in 1940 in California, in the city of San Bernardino.
4917a8fac1464e6ca1e7451d9638e7282650fe02	The first KFC in Kentucky in 1952, and the first Subway in 1960 in Connecticut.
7770f2b6d57058b174d689a150f49d0b1b9da802	Of course, today the White Castle company is far from a competitor to such market whales as McDonald's, KFC or Subway.
381066037e7e1eb495ab2a4d4b8daa92bc8d5d5d	But, we can say that it produces some of the most original hamburgers, since it is a hamburger production company with almost a century of history.
3aa5b73eaf569802aa305f83ae18638170100aae	According to White Castle, the inventor of the hamburger was a German Otto Kuase (Otto Kuase).
6fa96f05b6140d19f4afc0fcf10c7ec5002bc49e	In 1891, he allegedly prepared sandwiches with a cutlet fried in butter and flavored with fried egg for the first time.
0fdc6b272fe35bfe31bcde52236f207c58fdc0e1	German sailors later stopped adding egg to this dish.
c52f269bec3f1c32acf03e86ab71486200e19d76	Another version of the hamburger's origin is officially certified by the Library of Congress: according to their information, the creator of the hamburger in 1900 was Louis Lassen, the owner of Louis' Lunch – a small trailer that cooked food in the city of New Haven, Connecticut.
81acec54707211ec5731813d817b1a25ec565437	New York magazine: "This dish had no name for a long time, until some noisy sailors from Hamburg gave their name to this bun with a cutlet."
cf5a456b9eed9b3253af042ef0ca2d25c987e033	The story of Louis Lassen says: a customer came to Louis and ordered a hot lunch.
c869323ee878f682207f75d2632b358a4d725d2e	Since Louis had run out of steaks, he fried ground beef and put it between two toasts.
9a502e2f47508edab189b29bf3cf153c017ebe20	So there was a hamburger.
ab77b70037475007e0bf5fb4a3bbb53e817f64dd	McDonald's
2f795a9fe873775d59694b2b29aaf6fb69198ec9	The company was founded by brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald in 1940.
3ed8f40b75ef55df8dced9dc2c91cd5d31e63154	At first it was a barbecue restaurant, but already in 1948 the restaurant was converted into a fast food outlet specializing in hamburgers.
102b75b4822af997376f835f1c2179a54f1e14e3	The Burger King chain was inspired by the McDonalds chain it was after visiting the McDonald's restaurants.
1b0fece33081cef39f83d65caae21eac8db83bbc	After a while, despite the success of the company, things did not go very well, so Kramer and Burns sold their business to two other owners James McLamore and David Edgerton.
e4c9862fb6f4ef4b643953edc3a80d4775158b0b	Already in 1959, the new owners had five restaurants.
538eea349a103eaf4515708c61c147c2bb5e0a1b	And a year later, in 1960, the Burger King brand began to spread thanks to the franchise system.
be70d21b5d8c8a097e754ca0f611070fe8632918	Later, in 1952, Sanders, after a long trip around the country, enters into an agreement with Pete Harman from Salt Lake City – this is how the sale of Sanders ' branded products in general food restaurants begins.
eacc3fc8d502d7f4e62f04f1325b9f5f463cc387	Subway
0146b2db8ffb941596718b3eb7b70fda852897ad	The history of this chain began in 1965, when 17 year old Fred DeLuca, with the sponsorship of Peter Buck, opened the first restaurant of the future Subway chain in Connecticut.
066e86d6ae0f606c69ba78cdbf2fdf789d9035f8	Carl's Jr.
dfbaf3d64e4f8d2e0240bd8fc6fc0ee871bb31cf	Despite the fact that Carl's Jr. they are not the most popular brand of fast food, however, they stood almost at the very foundation of the industry, if we talk about the time of the formation of the main companies of the fast food restaurant market – the history of Carl's Jr. began in 1941, when Karl Karcher opened several shops selling hot dogs on the streets of Los Angeles.
05af95ae61fe9e1de72d7d8fb43cf9ecb283d15f	Later, the chain grew, the product range changed – the hamburger also became the main dish.
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3b3774aa16c6c6713ca56218586f347df39f7210	Tags: fastfood, mcdonalds, kfc, subway, burgerking, carlsjr
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7f72471abe92ea9a0b1f78e55e01bc15c0387d4f	→ Products → FASTFOOD PACKAGES → Fast food History
8503dc6ec4edbcef219a36f66909bd69dc690ca7	The name "fast food" comes from the English phrase fast food, i.e. fast food.
7d6f6bcebc178a9a9e224549eb2406105dbf25a2	Many people today associate the concept with the process of "eating on the go".
aeb0f40d82887a059ece46e3f198831f0d4981a0	In each town there were many bazaars and eateries where all kinds of ready made food were sold.
4658f2127d18960e00c6fe47d9929cc6e473ca48	The Romans also had hamburgers fried beef tortillas, eaten with bread.
1f406450b55b7b35b322609fd8d684cf6ab206e5	In the bazaars in China, they sold hot noodles, and in India – chapati tortillas seasoned with hot sauce, and pieces of chicken with rice and curry sauce.
01e8c88e51685c6a9ccc12089a869ae3597df2fa	In Europe, various tortillas were also popular, and in some countries, pies.
bc8278fd84c029ac28c43648998fecb8bc6ea8e5	The first fast food cafe appeared in Philadelphia a decade earlier, but only in New York this phenomenon became a revolution in the field of food and gained such popularity that this restaurant became one of the attractions.
32e5cf75753c1341074aa3b0d987f8408c950958	Fast food became an industrial industry in the 1920s, and also in America.
a30793556f3b0061d2565328dee6433f81c59946	The White Castle company was opened in Kansas in 1921 and became a pioneer of this industry.
cb1ac11d2e3cba8c16e534bef3da84cca52306fe	The "White Castle" offered a signature dish hamburgers, which were a curiosity for Americans at that time.
10d3c20a54c160aa4b89e1acba69636732ba91f7	The stable price of food also pleased customers, because, despite any historical and economic changes in the world, hamburgers before 1946 cost only 5 cents.
16a9c6257afe9677b2a318d3f9d651799bc7912c	Some customers of the institution began to think about the dangers of such food, and then the owners of the institution hired people who came in white coats for hamburgers.
b7d5228e2e15d355259b5819a4d95c25296309c7	It seemed that even doctors eat fast food, which caused an additional influx of customers.
3694987773c0f06feac789d2bb1001cfc303342e	One of the unique effective marketing moves of that time!
804a545c60b3bfa3d7b331af613f07543a0ed1f3	Competitors at the "White Castle" appeared in the late 40s.
4b1b7521346acf8ced4016bd6d435876e4bbff37	In 1954, establishments with the same trademark began to open all over the country.
51d6009a13e3412bacbca5399682ac24842250aa	Like any product, fast food products require special packaging.
4576155d2d6637b536be5a500f4848297b397c23	As soon as paper became not a luxury item, but a means used for household purposes, food was wrapped in it.
404efa04ecd0bafab673dda77d3d90d86d179077	This was the period of early industrialization in the late XVIII early XIX centuries.
195151ca618d52f9183b7fa7a2598082db0b484f	The usual paper bags appeared only in the middle of the twentieth century, but then they looked different, and they were made of different paper.
0fd51372c999a8df93efecd86b63d53fab6908cb	The first paper package looked like simple bags or bundles.
30f1cf867d2c52bea30869f40076cf68beb0748f	Paper is still the most hygienic packaging for products, which today is given a variety of functional shapes and sizes.
00ad68d6606b33a496c41512870405929c785adf	Today, paper bags for fast food not only protect products from the external environment, and a person from the possibility of getting dirty when transferring food or during a meal.
cae7a25d0728bed0f24e3a27f1f1fd58fa78223d	There are, of course, advertising functions of such packaging – even those who do not eat fast food will recognize these products at first glance by their logos.
9d148e4f7cdf3d83a93474ff8254d568fa484d7c	Large chains also use paper packaging, which is their contribution to the global concern for the environment.
d264cd65e3426104cd46a4a8c98d1bbd81b58249	Other articles Eco packages made of kraft paper Eco packages made of kraft paper: expansion in the global packaging market Kraft paper bags: not polymers!
44ac16ff1296eff035a8cf232d0c703f83fc4bc3	Eco packages from craft are not polymer products at all, but naturalness and ecology!
260958cd8172d0967562ddcfd32f3a3b6a762850	Food Paper Bags Fast Food Basic Product Information Take out food in bags!
e7aabf7c0171ccb26777073be6abdfb4e51642bd	Fast Food packages in the service of everyday life and advertising The main and applied functions of FastFood paper bags in the light of modern trends A guide for a marketer "Fast Food" Packages Series "Technical characteristics" Fast food packages: demand dictates a variety of Types and purpose "Fast food" in a beautiful package Functions of Fast Food packages Article 8571
8933ee9793ae9df39a92e2d96bb1fdc31f4cc14b	← Back ↑ Up WE PRODUCE
7a28d27e9090c46f31b495ac06deab0a24e57c2e	BUTIUPAKOVKA SHOW BOX BASKETS SHOPPING BAGS FASTFOOD PACKAGES
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ad6663ebfc981ed7e98b8da07e818ebed5d61ebc	Fast Food
fcd4ed8542a966ff21946486038b0feffecd8a10	Hesburger fast food restaurant in Jurmala, Latvia
effff3187d9e8ac26b615ddecbac61d9758bf644	1 The history of fast food 2 The reasons for popularity 3 The impact on health 4 Fast food 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References
17986dfc65d3bdf2f926abec6985ce010b1ccc58	The history of fast food[edit / edit wiki text]
0e22d45aed65cbc0ec2bbef158d658bf84965f12	Subway restaurant in St. Petersburg.
cdb3921f4c0a6b81ed412523ba2ee0178a243753	Subway is the world's largest chain of fast food restaurants
e7d30299508794cbc77041a9f6b2e5fa18e1bebf	McDonald's used to be the world's largest fast food chain
f90e6eaa296f08c4219d7d98d82f98117af33c2d	Fast food dishes exist in the national cuisine of various countries of the world (for example, Italian pizza).
93ec03a66a3f5d38ffbb5a81f95e7f37e10841b1	In 1921, the White Castle company opened in Kansas, whose specialty was then outlandish hamburgers.
ced87acf93d0851cbeee477ea19d70bc9545910e	The stable price (5 cents up to 1946) and the strangeness attracted buyers, and doubts about the safety of the product were dispelled as a result of a cunning move by the owner of the company, Billy Ingram (when specially hired people in white coats gave the impression that even doctors were buying hamburgers).
621eefd8bf3ddfa4a1de607b032c2f57e91614f8	In the late 1940s, the White Castle company began to have competitors, of which McDonald's became the most serious.
c3f39b835de3f075377f33654bc1286702c86f28	Hong Kong chhachanth is an Asian variety of fast food restaurants that originated in the 1950s.
8b317fbae9af340d9f88203d3b8dc55e63a355f6	These establishments serve dishes that combine Chinese and European features, in particular, a mixture of tea with coffee and condensed milk, soup with instant noodles and ham, as well as a variety of sandwich options[1].
91d44a4c2889dd914711dd8daa6884c82818aa04	The development of the McDonald's chain also shows the spread of fast food: in 1956 there were 14 McDonald's restaurants in the United States, in 1960 — 228, in 1968 — 1000, in 1975 — 3076, in 1980 — 6263, in 1984 — 8300, in 1990 — 11800.
465101e0a703b900940c163a708c5b7668382b0b	Now the McDonald's corporation has more than 30 thousand establishments in 119 countries of the world.
32612db04e2cab78129c005aa76e6f21faa8d9d0	Reasons for popularity[edit / edit wiki text]
1df458adc624c474e79e6af6bc0bd895448aab4e	The advantage of these dishes is the speed of preparation and consumption, cheapness (relative to ordinary restaurants with waiters).
9aa77aba466bf373cf7dd69194027c1c60a22ef2	On the one hand, this resonates with the consumer (especially in large cities with a busy rhythm of life).
214d1782454e7816dba8113fe425c2d370dba719	On the other hand, such food is very technological, which allows fast food chains to develop quickly.
2633e111af8211773ff3efa0b976dddf7068d9c0	Aggressive advertising in various media plays an important role[2].
e836724f7384d37fa596374d48d3561d919c9d77	Health impact[edit / edit wiki text]
6d2a7e714fba5ea5f7dddf8daadcc47164b2f815	Russian dumplings in the center of Hurghada
b04df244c31f02ecd98ed411cdbff1a8800a4047	Semi finished products widely used in fast food chains, like other food of" factory " production, may contain various food additives.
861313c0c83519b791dcc9a369db1199e5f05f8d	In most cases, the content of these additives is strictly regulated and they do not pose any harm to health.
14a9310a491c39461d6a238027e41550908afaaa	The danger of fast food may lie in its excessive use, which can lead to the accumulation of excess weight.
04c7fdab4a33668937110ae36e303fd47070ecab	Fast food contains transisomers of fatty acids.
9a26c33bbf2c59fa9466f2f082926f5dffc0d3b3	Their content varies greatly depending on the product.
6e46bc2138ff45988e9c11fdeeecfb6aff3b3462	According to the USDA, there is only 0.7% trans fat in a standard cheeseburger[3].
acbff1fe35846a3c4f153bab7bff30552a1e8ae0	However, in pies, "ice cream" their share can reach 35 %. This is due to the fact that many of them are prepared using hydrogenated fats (margarine).
5b2e36e1992d527e2da7e2ef864956361909b24c	They violate the human immune system, increase the risk of developing diabetes, cancer, reduce the amount of testosterone, disrupt the exchange of prostaglandins (which regulate many processes in the body and are located in almost all tissues and organs), disrupt the work of cytochrome c oxidase — the main enzyme that neutralizes carcinogenic and some medicinal toxins.
dc2ae40fbdf10198d5d23285e49e8a18673db735	According to the results of 14 years of observations by English scientists published in the British Medical Journal (No. 11, 1998), the mortality from coronary heart disease and the number of myocardial infarctions among fans of products containing transisomers of fatty acids is much higher, and breast cancer is 40% more common[4].
fa7b944e749b48b2af8671f3c6d2a14f79d8fa4f	Fast food dishes[edit / edit wiki text]
94c92dceffd55b3ed538a942cce80806cce37fe1	Hamburger
f2a9af10108e275891f017d8c28867d987cd344c	Sandwich
0823a3d25acf0c840943d88ca2b3a1394298a0ea	Hot dog
931686180afd7b395a87cb6558186cbe399251eb	Corn dog
01eb73e0be9e600793f4692703f85a26c0cd8d6a	Pizza
1d6ff2fe463ad6e4803145a95c57529144d8d9f5	Samsa
9318d4f63aeffddc47d4520c722ad70f0ec6c63a	Pie
b4948f78602a669351b60f73052e21e7ad3e1c72	Shawarma
c2fc8e0c245a90dd1e5ad7659a37cffdf1ae09c7	Dener kebab
2737f8cd6cdb773f62d60b1431eb2448fa031737	(also "shawarma" or "shawarma")
a8bdcf7f9a5fba4e20b451d42431d3d4e8b81fbb	Burritos
c8d0d6946b762f44db3ee3be57659bf9b2977bfd	Pancakes
6aea2c9e1d55c6ac6da35ac732a19c0de6ad75b7	French fries
19e400d3630010306779c5a00fefeb21f41c476d	Fish and chips
745ddaaf7b1e8b4759fdde74168243f21f488a03	Falafel
a95ee2ee5a26d4bab95a51504a88fb91d0e42090	Bistro Minutka Slow Food Empty calories " Double portion — - a film about the impact of fast food on health
fa42da805529163a2debc2638ced3338aae75dd7	↑ Beerman, Jason.
16f13cf65912c9b6d2be6759ce2c257441ae41a9	Cha chaan teng cheat sheet: What to order at the most popular eateries in Hong Kong .
3a4cfd69297b0f2f00871e63e1f738350c822b94	CNN Go (20 February 2012).
a40f7dbcbfa53c810d9520c8f0d119ef8fed4d37	Verified on July 28, 2014.
31a1d10d1d8c687e9b7ccc5c7257ab071b0b64b0	↑ Fast food and health ↑ Show Foods ↑ Zhvitashvili Yu.
e49dc7dc9bec40fbaddb298df527f5cc928910ad	B. How digestion occurs / / Cancer and nutrition.
ed14d73852d50fa6bcbb7bb8e70b905d75dc9ebf	- ALBI SPb, 2010.
06d9ab8c35e2fec5008eeacf388d079e1a80d5be	124-125 — - 368 p.
def1acb095570e523fd9598f9ea42887a202d2b6	— ISBN 978-5-93979-245-5.
8d57ce38e4613f77bddbb71b5595c0cb245ca799	There are media files on the topic of Fast food on Wikimedia Commons
f9fd95bfccfc3b95b6922d8fc673a7c2f4be3561	There is an article "fast food"in Wiktionary
3e287d7b2df74a3574b1a686a42ffa8409149768	Psychiatrists have found that fast food is dangerous for the human nervous system / / RBC Andrew F. Smith.
a2c0c68ea26b586410d38351a200d427fb0eb8b9	Encyclopedia of junk food and fast food (English) 10 interesting facts about McDonald's
47e8367e7a7288df3b1792d18948c3b00095dc20	Special cuisine and food systems Vegetarian Cuisine • Molecular Vegetarian and
09866c7856f5a70c9447ff695200236082627d48	semi vegetarian food Veganism • Macrobiotics • Pescetarianism • Pollotarianism • Flexitarianism • Fructorianism Other food systems Fast Food / Slow Food • Separate meals • Sports nutrition • Raw food diet • Soylent Diet Gluten free Diet • Atkins • Buckwheat • Diet Therapy for diabetes mellitus • Kremlin • Protasov • Mediterranean Religious Food Aital (Rastafarianism) • Food in Taoism • Forbidden food • Shojin ryori (Buddhism) • Halal food (Islam) * Kosher food (Judaism)
b306a6a84f2989500283760efeb25e1083e4beca	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fast Food&oldid=77725948"
81c574ff27a8587b84a9385d57e7c037969e6393	Categories: Public catering Fast food
2e201ca6630c5abb32c6da8c4aacaac09da7afd3	Hidden category: Articles with links to Wiktionary
e734b3aa647e73111d072979107f7a8daa48ffc1	Wikimedia Commons Wikiuchebnik
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f118b35b18e2c7ab24cdfc7d4056b200d1ae4380	Last modified on this page: 23: 25, April 11, 2016.
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94c26c6435efacba14cef4985e5619cc5b1dfd39	History of origin / Society 2
34ec693881b47a0df1dc741933bda94ae87eb67c	The history of fast food.
e0bd1dbfb4665fb26c9b5796015ca8722a8b2aab	from admin · October 27, 2014
54a2c1ce36a58f6191d06177c9eafb20adebe59b	What American doesnot like fast food?
b07bbf069dfbd867930c1216d6887e0e3d0b494d	Fast food can be loved or disliked, but it is impossible not to admit that it embodies all the features of American civilization.
b54c830a261c6418de0f4a08c1379a05cd80bb9b	Fast food is democratic.
d9057842b664c6fa4db8733906fb25b1f576b7bf	It is available to everyone from a beggar to a millionaire.
0aa2d6f0a6c9842438ded88c2ae41ce6365adbee	This is speed and mobility.
c4a842744e7f6478de9be491360f00c857cbe0a5	The first networks appeared along highways and railways.
1272e42caef697080a1c05b68dd6f3cfe494c172	This is standardization, because the main thing in a hamburger is not taste, but predictability.
501ae979a4d0ef8f1cec0d7fdb112efa474f59df	The cities of Ancient Greece, Rome, and China were full of snack bazaars.
275efa2bf8571d93190a892b78bcf1ee2bc039a8	In ancient Rome, the fast food culture was called thermopolis.
4e1ad432ce03f773f72278333eb8a3db4c43bc5c	The Romans even had a peculiar kind of hamburger.
abe981ee4842406e97c135aedf8429389b67db04	This is a flatbread made of chopped beef mixed with crushed nuts, which was served with bread.
5172a683b2b9a0bdd386f206d536a5e99b48b43b	And the old Russian hot cakes that were carried through the streets and often served together with sbiten?
9283278ec6163c5bdb021652211259f91ba064a2	After all, this is nothing more than the Old Russian national version of fast food.
d49975db140bbc08eb36d696fa30d258e18ba911	A hot dog is a symbol of fast food.
27e13a8798725abe0ba44c7d5cfc2502d69c8f86	Without hot dogs, as well as without hamburgers, cheeseburgers, it has been impossible for many years to imagine not only modern America, but also other industrialized countries.
5c8400139c1c2c8725ca03639a63639418cb4c28	According to one legend, a hot dog or just a sausage in a dough was invented by the cook of the Roman emperor Nero in the I century AD, and according to another by the ancient Greeks.
f24946d9649c677120a1f07610cbb89b07120d1c	Some believe that the prototype of the sausage is mentioned in Homer's Iliad.
4d43dd987ef86f4e3f61fcb04e99ce63c68268ba	Residents of the Austrian capital are firmly convinced that their sausage liner is the forerunner of the hot dog.
03c7e14596edad7d4b22f3b5e0cd7ee13584f4da	The German city of Frankfurt also claims the name of the homeland of the hot dog.
d5b00cce0116dea5e883fe445e99f7bf466a0e9e	In 1987, the 500th anniversary of its invention was celebrated there on a large scale.
3c7499a88e4ff665c6b691faed984988021c9577	The Bavarians living in the town of Hassendorf even erected a monument to their countryman Johann Georg Laner.
6610f1fe5ab8e9cac87084f98700389af657b82f	Grateful descendants believe that it was he who invented the modern type of sausage at the beginning of the XIX century.
a361937937e105fe14ac51adea299fb03092bc23	In 1804, Laner moved from Frankfurt to Vienna, where he opened the first butcher shop.
e51d3475d74ec952d8b33ea9a07a76c19fba29cd	And there he presented to the amazed customers his invention, a sausage, which the Viennese called "Frankfurt" or "Vienna".
f663dd636a5a426632d87cd179d7b41d95d575e7	When the sausages "sailed" across the Atlantic Ocean, no one will say for sure.
0f6fc5c1e6256f5fb4587f7d7937222aa134b758	But already in the 60s of the XIX century, emigrants from Germany began to open the first restaurants in the United States where sausages were served.
786fc9e399c18bb6e7e6cf06fe7e35de879c290b	According to legend, the owner of a grocery store, a German emigrant Charles Feldman, for the first time dropped a sausage into a fresh bun.
fdf7f1dd86e61ae7a7d26981685c05c0477d8eed	The popularity of the innovation exceeded all expectations.
cbbfd4861a54567e666c09623771789cca22f7b0	It is believed that the name "hot dog", that is, "hot dog", appeared in the student folklore of the mid XIX century.
87f31413abd5fd1668e8e81d9fd159ecfad00f66	Students called the vans in which sausages were sold dog vans, since dogs were constantly circling around them.
6633b528e8f8e12c0b5016c925f4f459487d128a	Sports competitions have always been popular in America, and manufacturers and sellers of hot dogs have taken advantage of this.
d22ca996145c776d3dca1b30fea210ab18da832e	At all such competitions, hot dog sellers were sure to appear, who offered their goods to the fans.
9e783f1884c7e656f9900779cbd6dd6397781961	In the 20s of the XX century, hot dogs became the most popular food in the United States.
2c1461d74fcdd0fda9d686152ba8a7cdf2d1388b	And this is not surprising, because it was during these years that America turned into an industrialized country.
85625e33a92ae3738cc92a9121dfe775c8f9ca4b	At the Ford automobile plant, conveyors began to work with might and main.
90914ef931789f91efca5509e6333f74c7066a0f	The pace of life has rapidly accelerated, and this has increased the demand for fast food.
91301250715184a42046348ede36d2978683ae02	In the thirties of the XX century, hot dogs won the love of Americans so much that President Roosevelt did not lie to his soul, treating the English king with a hot dog.
b17956aa4a408d3a756438f18539f2626bdc848c	On June 11, 1939, Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt had a picnic in the American Hyde Park for the British royal couple.
a4730e5480208e9d338a35c389d948484f20bb90	Hot dogs were offered to the distinguished guests as a national dish.
f20dd24fb3c37521f4c86e83d0a9c7780114b8aa	George VI and Elizabeth liked the treats.
423a53f9bbf4e40c7706c93c164b2ecc1551c30e	That's the story of fast food.
03bbbfa8e2cf3cc47bc891ed1b1efb1b7d027247	And how do you feel about fast food?
726e9e188dc6d5dea950bf1a902ccd30525c8742	Share it in the comments!
9385869ea58d4f26e7ab87a2cc25f562f7966725	I will be grateful if you share this article
aab1cd802fd459b5c7118cf77870b15ca35f90f9	I like
17b407f00a4b0809c4890e102bb742f455eca300	The next entry is the previous entry of Cafes, restaurants and canteens in the history.
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19d66f82f390f81372cae90d5c7243c1143b50cd	2 Comments 0 Trackbacks & Pingbacks
602346af9049d131875fa6f6b0377714a63414b0	tatyana borisovna:
a2492173ba1b43cb89156ae7dd73b9e051fab3c0	27.10.2014 at 18: 24
ce32c8bf8f24e0f222268ef06455b1aac431c092	it is very curious, it turns out that the hot dog also has its own little story
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f81a8a6d0ec2d5ed93e5b4dad3557af299db63a6	No one knows the truth about Shakespeare, there are only legends, opinions, some documents and his great works.
5b5c8f1ef754e10e60243dc1ca0f42a4df305eb1	No one has surpassed Shakespeare as a playwright.
69b82639541b174409fdfb96718fbfbed8b6b171	The role of Hamlet, created in the XVI century — all actors dream about it, like athletes about a gold medal at the Olympics.
e27915a82eaac6c32651b832517119e4e2345100	Shakespeare's plays are still being staged, film studios are making films based on his works, and regardless of whether the characters are dressed in historical costumes or modern clothes (as in the Hollywood film "Shakespeare", for example) — all the dialogues and thoughts sound very relevant.
e3b4c2dea2d2e5a0a2f29d76ed5529ce26f6b216	What explains the phenomenon of Shakespeare as a poet and playwright?
24679330478f96537588b54ef8b5a1128c6c103d	First of all, by the fact that even then, in the Renaissance, he touched on universal values.
7188b9b3ec0ca1db2c45d6aacbdb5bc29ce09fc6	He literally "blew up" the drama of that time when he showed the inner world of a person on the stage, turning edifying and farcical plots into immortal works.
9ac2b42fcb42c604791c8c810d00f5184aa76bbd	William Shakespeare was a humanist.
5a4ce43b2e3704a95d9b093707755e55456ea83f	The ideals of the Renaissance, where Man was the main thing, his ability to love and the power of personality, he transferred to the stage.
8846a57ae331057dbde9766af5acdf993ae41e99	There are various information about his biography.
625711cc69c5bf34871fd850316d68909256342d	At various times, "anti-Shakespeare" campaigns were started, where his authorship was disputed.
75bf9944261e7825814648e021ef94326868a28c	But this only underlines the importance of his work.
346d1aea678eaf7375175a46ca5e167787d4441d	William Shakespeare[2]; April 26, 1564 (epiphany)[ ⇨ ], Stratford upon Avon, England-April 23(May 3) 1616} [⇨], ibid.) was an English poet and playwright, often considered the greatest English-language writer and one of the best playwrights in the world[3].
443351a4e028d12006e1d460a5a5ba78cec03ded	He is often called the national poet of England[4].
dbc1e19ea2395917c5f4d8c6550db91b5d8dd5b3	The extant works, including some written jointly with other authors, consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, 4 poems and 3 epitaphs.
bae4d9ba2d59f92e1afef79c90579d5f09003516	Shakespeare's plays have been translated into all major languages and are staged more often than the works of other playwrights[5].
3cc1337293460cc84ff45b7d23c3aac848b33c9c	Shakespeare was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon.
d029f2052ba8b84a644a2ef8a678bc4812c91a11	At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children: a daughter, Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith.
a051aef16bbb5585ea61db9daf486c38ec8f7b84	Shakespeare's career began between 1585 and 1592, when he moved to London.
591b500cb9dfce6e1ab2a81e1e155b1903ac2e79	Soon he became a successful actor, playwright, and also co-owner of a theater company called "Servants of the Lord Chamberlain", later known as"Servants of the King".
aae463429bfc784a7f1e3b459d4098f1690acc1b	Around 1613, at the age of 48, he returned to Stratford, where he died three years later.
d7b5722f6429be921235fb1142a8180f3fc382c7	There is little historical evidence about Shakespeare's life, and theories about his life are created on the basis of official documents and testimonies of contemporaries, so questions about his appearance and religious views are still being discussed in the scientific community, and there is also a point of view that the works attributed to him were created by someone else[6][7]; it is popular in culture, although it is rejected by the overwhelming majority of Shakespeare scholars.
e297435c7fe63c40f91f630e86f46d27bc4c01f3	It is known that Shakespeare's ancestors were small landowners, and his father, John Shakespeare, was considered one of the most significant local landowners and the most respectable city residents.
3d203ead6b5f19220fbdb6292338b15b6a7dae9e	The famous poet was the third of eight children.
28b26b2a06143c7131b732f2d285f4460dff0d52	Whether he studied at Stratford Grammar school or not is not known for certain, A friend of Shakespeare, Ben Johnson said that Shakespeare knew little Latin and even less Greek.
c3c23e1e648c50b09a778b553a2678d869d33942	In 1582, an extremely hasty marriage took place between the 18-year-old William Shakespeare and a poor girl Anne Hathaway, who was 8 years older than him.
b170ac24287004f8f607f09ffd3cc231b252880c	Probably, this was the result of a careless infatuation on the part of an ardent young man, which he later had to repent of all his life.
271fc208289538ccc1b70ccf592eac936c9f6ba4	Where and what the young people lived for the first time is also unknown; but when his father's affairs began to decline almost to complete disorder, the young Shakespeare, around 1586, left his family in Stratford (he already had several children), went to London, where he met fellow countrymen who served in the Lord Chamberlain's troupe.
3f30a2d05c7f1a086098bb2066df4c55d93772c3	Shakespeare was attached to this troupe, first as an actor, and then as a supplier of plays.
1f945edfb2ee85c6e352ab7f7801a4a370dec82c	Soon he acquired a great name in theatrical circles, found friends and patrons among the aristocratic London society, took a privileged position in the Lord Chamberlain's company, and when the company's business went brilliantly, he increased his funds so much that in 1597 he could buy a house with a garden in Stratford.
ff220b32847bd42842f03421a5e4e09ffc508683	In 1602 and 1605. Shakespeare bought several more plots of land in Stratford for considerable sums, and finally (around 1608) left London to take a break from the excitement of metropolitan and theatrical life in the free environment of a well-to-do squire.
03d061604ac62140baa5e2e939c893b7369c86c7	However, he did not completely break off his ties with the theater, went to London on business, hosted friends and comrades on the stage and sent his new plays to them in London.
4a4ac658255393c5abada8d136b312fb3582ddfc	Around 1587, William moved to London, around 1593 he joined the theater company of R. Burbage, working both as an actor, as a director, and as a playwright.
eeff5ec1ba65308386dcefc87155175597b164ad	From 1590 to 1594, Shakespeare created the so – called "early chronicles" - historical plays "Richard III", "Henry IV", the tragedy "Titus Andronicus", the comedies "The Taming of the Shrew", "The Comedy of Errors".
eeb72d89a02bae184ebc95a54c964c30098d306f	He writes poems - "Venus and Adonis" (1593) and "Lucretia" (1594), sonnets, plays.
4117c47b46afec332a81a32d594804a57788846c	Only sonnets in the period from 1592 to 1600, he wrote more than one and a half hundred.
81bb253ba9834253a512fad3eb99088a8daf5d67	In 1595-1600, William Shakespeare wrote "King John", "Richard II", "The Two Men of Verona"," A Midsummer Night's Dream"," Romeo and Juliet","The Merchant of Venice".
e0562275e84da4da48a17a0ad2269d7cfb0e2bb5	This period in Shakespeare's work ended with truly outstanding comedies "Twelfth Night", "Much Ado about Nothing", "The Windsor Pranksters".
c70111fbe1155050120bec11cd7a997ed18fd236	In the early 1600s, a turning point came in Shakespeare's work – tragedy becomes the main genre for him.
1f2913ddc511902ac0ad9c32c5a96151553dfab6	In the period 1608-1614, Shakespeare created some of his best works: "Hamlet", "Othello", "King Lear", "Macbeth".
7977f61af07e572f5b6cdf933a8fae578bf70706	During his creative life, the great playwright wrote 17 comedies, 11 tragedies, 5 poems, more than 150 sonnets and about 10 chronicles.
07d36e4bd907ce1ccf5f8e058cc2faf278d9cd29	There is still a debate about whether Shakespeare was the author of all these and other works.
5537d503be8df91acbfc8b4b885102ba428bbc7f	The first mention of a London theatrical career dates back to 1592, and the period between 1585 and 1592 is called by researchers the "lost years" of Shakespeare.
e3b61b08c5914d47a99ee2daaeacab9ea9f75e7c	Attempts by biographers to learn about Shakespeare's actions during this period led to the appearance of many apocryphal stories.
382f3aa1802f93c520bd7c3eb008f92dfd9f803f	Nicholas Rowe, the first biographer of Shakespeare, believed that he left Stratford to avoid prosecution for poaching on the estate of the local squire Thomas Lucy.
bc118c338c24dd28c5e62de1ae12b22238b8a07c	It is also assumed that Shakespeare took revenge on Lucy by writing several obscene ballads to him.
cd372c98468a8d099d1b398ad8868c921b3542b6	According to another version of the XVIII century, Shakespeare began his theatrical career looking after the horses of London theatrical patrons.
ffdfd862c408d2876cb8ab7d0e1ff90653a2da70	John Aubrey wrote that Shakespeare was a school teacher.
a0fc3fc8ee329e9c8a9c414b6f5b220eea3afa9a	Some scientists of the XX century believed that Shakespeare was the teacher of Alexander Nogton from Lancashire, since this Catholic landowner had a certain "William Shakeshaft".
541677d9f2289a8dce5867b7939dfedd06687e3a	There is little basis for this theory, except for the rumors that spread after Shakespeare's death, and, besides, "Shakeshaft" is a fairly common surname in Lancashire.
51847585e25c6b5101aab88d7ea5662a0285948a	It is not known exactly when Shakespeare began writing theatrical works, and also moved to London, but the first extant sources that speak about this date back to 1592.
3779f12b366a789d0e2f981eaf6c0a867adfbd2b	This year in the diary of entrepreneur Philip Henslow (English)Russian. the historical chronicle of Shakespeare "Henry VI", which was held in the Rose Theater owned by Henslow, is mentioned..
4bc14e9bc39ba027f6a3aad3ef119a236bc57067	In the same year, a pamphlet by the playwright and novelist Robert Green was posthumously published, where the latter angrily attacked Shakespeare, without naming his last name, but ironically playing it - "the shaker of the scene" (shake scene), paraphrasing a line from the third part of "Henry VI" " Oh, the heart of a tiger in this woman's skin!" like "the heart of a tiger in the skin of a performer".
473357779d76c6fdcbaa04b4518f9e5e177c9456	Scholars disagree on the exact meaning of these words, but it is generally believed that Green accused Shakespeare of trying to match highly educated writers ("university minds"), such as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nash and Green himself.
ad82c134f16eace4697d254377a0c5e9ee5095b3	Biographers believe that Shakespeare's career could have begun at any time, starting from the mid-1580s.
29a1d659f5317b58403a3f0bcf9d0bc985735c9c	Since 1594, Shakespeare's plays have been staged only by the company "Servants of the Lord Chamberlain" (English)Russian..
74c0eae5a0b4bf1850daca7c84d878584f99e001	This troupe also included Shakespeare, who at the end of the same year 1594 became its co-owner.
38d5752ef9ec3f006ed2ace417d148540f071bc1	The troupe soon became one of the leading theater groups in London.
4253eb568991029f7239273c0482935d11804c76	After the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, the troupe received a royal patent from the new ruler, James I, and became known as the"Servants of the King".
79b879cac516beae9b840e72cd70c9e3ebd3d240	In 1599, a partnership of members of the group built a new theater on the south bank of the Thames, called the Globe.
ebf14b86f98e396131ecb8864e97534e443b2875	In 1608, they also purchased the closed Blackfriars Theater..
4ea1a0c45a7434924e4f4ffc4f48b37ffec035f2	Reports on Shakespeare's purchases of real estate and his investments show that the troupe made him a rich man.
ff0b4106c760f28bff0dd1f5d0e9286e597fe67f	In 1597, he bought the second largest house in Stratford-New Place (English)Russian..
5862d4809be8649b4e70428226cbc61963d2d7a3	Some of Shakespeare's plays were published In quarto in 1594.
52355684ae5a90f64a24be939ff2c89fc408b289	In 1598, his name began to appear on the title pages of publications.
2d7841707ee71f73b5cd0e06a73de1a7d54552f0	But even after Shakespeare became famous as a playwright, he continued to play in theaters.
732b2b58c2fbecb79a6bb5201305ff32e4c314d2	In the 1616 edition of Ben Jonson's works, Shakespeare's name is included in the list of actors who performed the plays "Everyone Has His Own Whims" (1598) and "The Fall of Sejanus" (1603).
47a2f7963c7e8dd2964f67288e28d2a8000fb450	However, his name was absent from the lists of actors in Johnson's play "Volpone" in 1605, which is perceived by some scholars as a sign of the end of Shakespeare's London career.
1dbbab5b08a9dda0c7abfd46db6dd18247dc2a75	Nevertheless, in the First Folio of 1623, Shakespeare is called "the main actor in all these plays", and some of them were first staged after Volpone, although it is not known for sure what roles Shakespeare played in them.
ca945616e7a4e82915f4c6eb88299a89ea675bb9	In 1610, John Davies wrote that "good Will" played "royal" roles.
c48df224edce5ecf0e0ed2e89ad1251dd9f8ebe6	In 1709, in his work, Rowe recorded the opinion already formed by that time that Shakespeare played the shadow of Hamlet's father.
2ec1d87d19152421a2ff67c8cb2b8f952d55f5f6	Later it was also claimed that he played the roles of Adam in "As you Like it" and the Choir in "Henry V", although scientists doubt the reliability of this information.
1845d10e158c5c2e17dcca834cca50f416cf802c	During the period of his acting and dramatic activity, Shakespeare lived in London, but he also spent some of his time in Stratford.
8a338f41b37a757346dc4a3a6cebc8a610a4b30c	In 1596, a year after the purchase of New Place, he lived in the parish of St. Helena in Bishopgate, on the north side of the Thames.
75a2ebd8d3fc08f57ff3d5fcd9252b2acf7ed162	After the construction of the Globe Theater in 1599, Shakespeare moved to the other side of the river — to Southwark, where the theater was located.
342cdc2fdcea52d5edfbe1c7c22288fb2dbbaced	In 1604, he moved across the river again, this time to the area north of St. Paul's Cathedral, where there were a large number of good houses.
4d74bd4a82ccd2ff835dad91434b866c90a106d2	He rented rooms from a French Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, a manufacturer of women's wigs and hats.
2f3659165f1d3c7b9a741e4f56b4e6d6643dfb6d	There is a traditional opinion that a few years before his death, Shakespeare moved to Stratford.
234a1306ba53e9e2a59cafda0f41367763ca8dc6	The first biographer of Shakespeare to convey this opinion was Rowe.
5757a189c02af8a0a503bd24e4a40b8a7a3c789e	One of the reasons for this may be that the London public theaters have repeatedly stopped their work due to outbreaks of the plague, and the actors did not have enough work.
239ba7f1ba3e2d2f9fdfae1a55155954e928eb86	Complete retirement was rare in those days, and Shakespeare continued to visit London.
824b0148a406cb5610fa39a3a106518ab2e389b2	In 1612, Shakespeare acted as a witness in the case of Bellot v. Mountjoy, the trial of the wedding dowry of Mountjoy's daughter Mary.
36784aaf63e8ed0db1ec515c7eb2c87da727c185	In March 1613, he bought a house in the former parish of Blackfriars; in November 1614, he spent a few weeks with his son-in-law, John Hall.
588875d991199d51fdf54e2899544d10a594817b	After 1606-1607, Shakespeare wrote only a few plays, and after 1613 he stopped creating them altogether.
2740522d99849c4be3be3c913c67cf6ed150121b	He wrote his last three plays together with another playwright, perhaps with John Fletcher, who replaced Shakespeare as the main playwright of the company "Servants of the King".
9cad3ca6163deb071d220b18ffb45255b6f5fd6e	All the surviving signatures of Shakespeare on documents (1612-1613) differ in very poor handwriting, on the basis of which some researchers believe that he was seriously ill at that time.
6ff747654eee12006daa8a2f906dd55cb41608f4	On April 23, 1616, Shakespeare died.
5f5f09342a578c92efbbdca0400b959a77e92f9a	Traditionally, it is considered that he died on his birthday, but there is no certainty that Shakespeare was born on April 23.
2e980b741351a5e8d4177548375f69e9186ea158	Shakespeare was survived by his widow, Anne (d. 1623), and two daughters.
fbc0b5eec8500109a09a11a74677e9b2935814b2	Susan Shakespeare was married to John Hall from 1607, and Judith Shakespeare married two months after Shakespeare's death to the winemaker Thomas Queenie.
e7abefc566d33ead91b338e7ac149b53859054cf	In his will, Shakespeare left the majority of his real estate to his eldest daughter, Susan.
2ce0f8d91e640beb98aa86c3d261f75b5b21757e	After her, it should have been inherited by her direct descendants.
79a7bfa3c406ede81cd6605c2a8cdb17d37bbcd7	Judith had three children, and they all died without marrying.
ca0b5d8f724c5781318c4d762231f0aa57eee089	Susan had one daughter, Elizabeth, who married twice, but died childless in 1670.
c05dd262838c1b4c78169dc19ab59b35da3f9b4f	She was the last direct descendant of Shakespeare.
585287bef7e546c93c97eeabba896dc0a4dc0350	Shakespeare's will mentions his wife only briefly, but she was already supposed to receive a third of her husband's entire estate.
1be42e8f449e25926ce0796cedf63c4498a38526	However, it indicated that he was leaving her "my second-best bed", and this fact led to many different assumptions.
4a3072334b27f30a94a2151d0c8d32d813eccec8	Some scientists consider this an insult to Ann, while others argue that the second — best bed is the marital bed, and therefore there is nothing offensive about it.
b11d9289e2ac67646dcab7de52974446760f3bca	Three days later, Shakespeare's body was buried in the Stratford Church of St. Trinity.
f06194d17e49010b4d8884745da65d0da086677f	Shortly before 1623, a painted bust of Shakespeare was erected in the church, showing him in the process of writing.
acfaafd920e8c8264a4b0f5053bec74daea38625	The epitaphs in English and Latin compare Shakespeare with the wise king of Pylos, Nestor, Socrates and Virgil.
3be5693846f799d3ba4376924293e91e591cc1ca	There are many statues of Shakespeare all over the world, including funerary monuments in Southwark Cathedral and the Poets ' Corner of Westminster Abbey.
57b2529e9be9e87e1313c38b51a048d07b834f1f	Shakespeare's literary heritage is divided into two unequal parts: poetic (poems and sonnets) and dramatic.
dcd276a204c4282d86b9efde217aa55ff71ffac1	V. G. Belinsky wrote that "it would be too bold and strange to give Shakespeare a decisive advantage over all the poets of mankind, as a poet himself, but as a playwright he still remains without a rival whose name could be put next to his name"[66].
1a2a6378f242c043d105f8e2f1e40b1d74163189	Researchers of Shakespeare's work (Danish literary critic G. Brandes, publisher of the Russian complete works of Shakespeare S. A. Vengerov) in the late XIX — early XX centuries, based on the chronology of works, presented his spiritual evolution from "cheerful mood", faith in the triumph of justice, humanistic ideals at the beginning of the path to disappointment and the destruction of all illusions at the end.
633745a7d82ef4ed5c28011ef68ca54b322d8e11	However, in recent years, there has been an opinion that the conclusion about the identity of the author according to his works is an error[67].
198012a3de98a5ebbf280db836dfb7c0474b5ee7	In 1930, Shakespeare scholar E. K. Chambers (English)Russian. he proposed a chronology of Shakespeare's work according to genre characteristics, later it was corrected by J. By Mcmanway.
d2d6fe3fed19a6a0d884f18cab91854fbf64fc59	Four periods were distinguished: the first (1590-1594) — early: chronicles, Renaissance comedies, "tragedy of horror" ("Titus Andronicus"), two poems; the second (1594-1600) — Renaissance comedies, the first mature tragedy ("Romeo and Juliet"), chronicles with elements of tragedy, ancient tragedy ("Julius Caesar"), sonnets; the third (1601-1608) — great tragedies, ancient tragedies, "gloomy comedies"; the fourth (1609-1613) — fairy tale dramas with a tragic beginning and a happy ending.
e33e57c5605fb9a6eb5e0d7adcec286c81ffda81	Some of the Shakespearean scholars, including A. A. Smirnov, combined the first and second periods into one early one[68].
515e0f45d37ef2e53b3ac095f911bb591e34c6ae	Most playwrights of that period created their works together with other authors, and critics believe that Shakespeare also wrote some of his plays together with other authors; this mainly applies to early and late works [69].
c9a159d6836d9d6b0df0acf2df2081123e9cc823	For some works, such as "Titus Andronicus" and early historical plays, it is not established that they were exactly co-written, whereas for "Two Noble Relatives" and the lost play "Cardenio" this is documented.
c82b073842943287f25c5772c46b49102ab8a533	The data obtained from the texts also suggest that some works were reworked by other writers relative to the original text.
68a2af37dbd64bacd83664c543d00efa508fdcf9	One of the earliest works of Shakespeare is "Richard III" and three parts of "Henry VI", written in the early 1590s, a period when historical drama was in vogue.
e71837d7e50e1c2b77378a84b19d916787e1c441	Shakespeare's plays are difficult to date[70] [71], but text researchers suggest that "Titus Andronicus", "The Comedy of Errors", "The Taming of the Shrew" and "The Two Veronese" also refer to the beginning of Shakespeare's creative path[72][70].
079bac6a9290f87cc0b1a0b055a6516d1394919d	His first chronicles, most likely based on the 1587 edition of The Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland by Raphael Holinshed[73], represented the destructive results of the rule of weak and corrupt rulers and to some extent served as a justification for the emergence of the Tudor dynasty[74].
abfd7765efed2be8234294d70d3bc2f17fafcaca	Shakespeare's early plays were influenced by the works of other Elizabethan playwrights, especially Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, the traditions of medieval drama and the plays of Seneca[75][76][77].
5184ab4c3c2a79bb8fbd4e631c3eecf25b0b403c	The Comedy of Errors is also based on the classical model, no sources have been found for The Taming of the Shrew, although it is related to another play with a similar name that was played in London theaters in the 1590s[78] and may have folklore roots[79][80].
2793cbb784d98cdfd5e08448ae09590f3a4dd177	In the mid-1590s, Shakespeare made a transition from mocking and farcical comedies in his style to romantic works[81].
a290e98a5cdf5ab29db1fac7d5103974f1b03255	"A Midsummer Night's Dream" is a witty mixture of romance, fairy-tale magic and the life of lower society [82].
dcb44900082a0f587a59369b9a7af83ad5fc5437	The next, also romantic, Shakespeare's comedy" The Merchant of Venice " contains a portrait of the vengeful Jewish moneylender Shylock, which reflected the racial prejudices of the English of the Elizabethan era[83][84].
d9e9d380e19d4e6db1c709d4167e62a9b4f2a524	The witty play "Much ado about Nothing"[85], perfectly depicting life in the province "As you like it" and lively with fun "Twelfth Night" complement a number of Shakespeare's comedies[86].
2cf6cccf76f434983c9bbac73d348ec1abd39581	After the lyrical "Richard II", almost entirely written in verse, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy in his chronicles "Henry IV, parts 1" and 2, and "Henry V".
4e1366f051641ae7dd4f04970877952dd8d3f7e7	His characters become more complex and tender, he very deftly switches between comic and serious scenes, prose and poetry, so that his mature works achieve a narrative variety[87][88][89].
4399e419df71febb64c428e28f2b292586b7f96f	This period was started and ended by tragedies: "Romeo and Juliet", the famous story of love and death of a girl and a boy[90][91], and" Julius Caesar", based on the" Comparative Biographies " of Plutarch[92][93].
9146301d695adcf234baec03167c50501125df13	At the beginning of the XVII century, Shakespeare wrote several so-called "problem plays": "Measure for Measure", "Troilus and Cressida" and "All is Well that Ends Well", as well as a number of the most famous tragedies[94][95].
e665a685065b29c6ebb70875dec2f6a9d62dfbae	Many critics believe that the tragedies of this period represent the peak of Shakespeare's work.
1d8cc416d5aa2f05a0e6f852bb882de77ac80280	Hamlet, the title character of one of Shakespeare's most famous tragedies, is perhaps the most researched character of this playwright; this is especially true of the famous soliloquy, which begins "To be or not to be, that's the question"[96].
cfe499bbe05d032a811a21739e0c822fa0acf83b	Unlike the introverted Hamlet, the hesitant hero, the heroes of the subsequent tragedies, King Lear and Othello, suffer from too hasty decisions [97].
95f0b69fde5ae8b049db00d43f7ada5b7750d511	Shakespeare's tragedy is often based on the shortcomings or fatal actions of the heroes who destroy him and his loved ones[98].
a210f650c6497b352e4462f290b727dce545d633	In Othello, the villain Iago brings the jealousy of the title character to a point, and he kills his innocent wife[99][100].
653ddd5c96390cae577b126512d2456e6c144d32	In King Lear, the old king makes the fatal mistake of renouncing his rights to power, which leads to horrific events, such as the murder of Lear's youngest daughter Cordelia.
ab98b18472201448cc2cd7fffe088f1dc25166fd	In Macbeth, Shakespeare's shortest and most concise tragedy [101], uncontrolled ambitions drive Macbeth and his wife, Lady Macbeth, to kill the rightful king and usurp the throne, and ultimately they are destroyed by the realization of their guilt[102].
5dabdca38c285ad845422c4e95da7661cda6d133	In this play, Shakespeare adds an element of the supernatural to the tragic structure.
fc0ef8748a4b7188371c25e5e84adc79ae02a03e	His last major tragedies, "Antony and Cleopatra" and "Coriolanus", according to some critics, contain some of his most beautiful poems[103][104].
06fa77cbe7f9d615fc842946ac49d0545044d793	In the final period of his work, Shakespeare turned to the genre of romance or tragicomedy and completed three major plays: "Cymbeline", "The Winter's Tale" and "The Tempest", as well as, together with another playwright, the play "Pericles".
b6d737d66b64dcfb3450f0f51e7ff8f269e45231	The works of this period are less gloomy than the tragedies that preceded them, but more serious than the comedies of the 1590s, but they end with reconciliation and deliverance from troubles [105].
71602018f9dde59d903e503d7b9ff4ef857312e1	Some researchers believe that these changes occurred from a change in views on Shakespeare's life, which became more calm, but perhaps the plays simply reflected the theatrical fashion of that time[106][107][108].
42b96eb35bc586792b8a634e44d96b8b5aba5475	Two other surviving plays of Shakespeare were written by him in collaboration, possibly with John Fletcher: "Henry VIII" and "Two noble Relatives".
82a48ba75a44ef073d1520ae3f9bc5a92151e825	An interesting fact is the evaluation of the works of William Shakespeare by critics.
c6354b77ef43a76c5c0e801b7887ffb19692c5a1	So Bernard Shaw considered Shakespeare an outdated writer compared to Ibsen.
3c7f7ad0ea904182d6cea1996b1cd7decd9235ce	Leo Tolstoy has repeatedly expressed doubts about Shakespeare's dramatic talent.
b70d92b45593dd8d551fc5128d4e1ed3bee5c03d	And yet the talent and genius of the great classic is an indisputable fact.
00d64ed36ef8257d26c11d2ae3e5240a8f5a55c5	As the famous poet T. S. Eliot said: "Shakespeare's plays will always be modern."
4e7c745bf0cf5afe6351c3ef7d713c3962571373	Within the framework of a brief biography of Shakespeare, it is impossible to tell in detail about the writer's life and analyze his works.
847a6dabb091f1d9ad1ab3111890c1366bbfa3c7	In order to evaluate the personality and creative heritage, it is necessary to read the works and get acquainted with the works of literary critics about the life and work of William Shakespeare.
f1872f91c4de7c0e06cecb91f5cf91774cdb9548	Russian Historical Library
7c780cb32369ab0ac2e52e653f2c3f089f5302b1	William Shakespeare a brief biography
b7eceddc0f6626ccd7251a3ede283346dc6ae5b6	William Shakespeare briefly
25d3abef402bc06f0da2bee752feefa065de5781	brief contents of Shakespeare's dramas on our website: Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Othello, Macbeth, King Lear
20915a2053d13632e1aeb462df03f3991d1a2142	read also articles William Shakespeare a brief biography, Shakespeare's Dramas, English theater of the Shakespeare era
55905b40d2533ea87b06804a279be9af9f7b1ed1	The Life of William Shakespeare (briefly)
2d97716afba28e4e2f08588b22d049de425595b0	William Shakespeare (Shakespeare, Shakspere, Shaksper and many other variants) is a famous English poet and the greatest of playwrights.
a85ab7f2c5acd1f13ca705562e9d685e1da7faa4	Shakespeare was born in April 1564 in Stratford upon Avon, a small town in the county of Warwick.
522cbb2517786ff9490e28bf20be34f54e163ab4	Information about his life is very scarce.
91ad63e554a82d8f31af38aa49cceec109e0727a	(See the article Shakespeare's Childhood and Youth.)
0a249238dedc81c688575e70107a0e48d60a4a57	William Shakespeare
0ac040d55c3d6c996a1785f0e1a29f31c0081f7e	In 1582, an extremely hasty marriage took place between the 18 year old William Shakespeare and a poor girl Anne Hathaway, who was 8 years older than him.
a0204b39675156a1dbb25491c0e9e9f17727e284	In 1602 and 1605.
26196540b80c62d11ac39ad1185d2e32066dee51	Shakespeare bought several more plots of land in Stratford for considerable sums, and finally (around 1608) left London to take a break from the excitement of metropolitan and theatrical life in the free environment of a well to do squire.
b455497047e75bf621f6dd3759eac890dd6e758d	William Shakespeare died at the age of 52, on April 23, 1616.
ef78785f1a7bed16682b3077b97cbc93ad9e41ad	The first period of Shakespeare's work (briefly)
3b6d5c98d915e94db9ae0de098ccd0f1b33385c8	Based on the study of the works of William Shakespeare, it can be reliably stated that during his London life he worked hard on his education.
911364f9c85ddc5ec8e695fbdb36e5e00a181267	He undoubtedly achieved a thorough knowledge of French and Italian, and in translations was well acquainted with the best works of classical and modern European literature, the strong influence of which was already reflected in the youthful works of Shakespeare.
848550bc62b1ac61b3fd5f27d58b6b760344dfd6	The poem " Venus and Adonis "(1593), written on a plot borrowed from Ovid, and the poem" Lucretia", in which the famous story from the first book of Titus Livy is processed, although they show the independence of the young poet in terms of understanding and developing psychological types, however, in the style decorated with rhetoric, they entirely belong to the then fashionable Italian school.
60804b87bdbbb6e65397f0fbedcb6899c3e1277c	It also includes those "sweet sonnets" - as their contemporaries called them (published for the first time in 1609), which are so interesting and mysterious in autobiographical terms, and in which Shakespeare sometimes praises some friend, then depicts his feelings for some beautiful coquette, then indulges in sad reflections on the impermanence of all earthly things.
54ecd427bc3250919c143f79c0f98aaf620f7b56	In the dramatic works of the early period of the development of his talent (1587-1594), Shakespeare also did not yet come out of the modern literary current.
945fe3c5e06c1edeb7cd29b064e539dad0e2d884	Such plays as "Pericles", "Henry VI" and especially "Titus Andronicus" (however, their belonging to Shakespeare is disputed), with all the striking touches that give a premonition of the great master, strongly sin with the shortcomings of the pompously bloody tragedies of Kid and Marlowe.
859032d3e8e323a0e3d373645b21eea81d414c99	And the youthful comedies of William Shakespeare ("The Two Men of Verona", "The Comedy of Errors", "The Taming of the Shrew") can, like the Plautus and Italian comedies that were then fashionable on the English stage, deserve a reproach for the intricacy of intrigue, the appearance of comedy, the naivety of action, although excellent scenes, situations and vividly outlined characters are abundantly scattered here.
2e8ff59694a7dc421329d585632cf5316e79e6b5	In the comedy "The Fruitless Efforts of Love", which can be viewed as a transition to a more mature period of creativity, Shakespeare already ridicules the fashionable, flowery style to which he himself previously paid tribute.
8431c8c1f69379810c7d07da21418f59f3d618e0	The second period of Shakespeare's work (briefly)
417e3e45d5a41aa68ce2b73d1cf56cc073fe181a	In the next, relatively short period (1595-1601), the genius of William Shakespeare develops more and more widely and freely.
635a32d7ffe637b6288357c6349bbe0d894c4124	In the tragedy "Romeo and Juliet", he combined an enthusiastic hymn of love with the funeral song of a young feeling, depicted love in all its depth and tragedy as a powerful and fatal force, and in the almost simultaneously written comedy "A Midsummer Night's Dream", this very love, inserted into the frame of a fragrant night, in the darkness of which playful elves frolic and wilfully connect human hearts, is interpreted as a radiant dream and is clothed in a graceful haze of fantastic so, in The Merchant of Venice, Shakespeare already proceeds to the analysis of difficult moral problems and shows himself a deep connoisseur of the human soul in all the complexity of its intersecting motives, drawing in Shylock both a cruel usurer, and a tenderly loving son, and an implacable avenger for a humiliated people.
7d6c93e8a45571b23cf1643dd56426de17d70966	In the comedy "Twelfth Night", he speaks out against the unsympathetic Puritan intolerance; in the play "All's Well that Ends Well", he strikes at pedigree prejudices, and then bursts into carefree laughter in the comedy "Much ado about Nothing".
ff023b2241d713e0dcf024a3ed94d726fe135750	Stills from the feature film "Romeo and Juliet" with the immortal music of Nino Rota
d4ce88215b8e675b781a92d45b777ef97ae3baf0	Historical dramas or dramatic chronicles from English history belonging to this transitional period for Shakespeare ("King John"," Richard II"," Richard III"," Henry IV "in 2 parts," Henry V") represent an important step in the development of William Shakespeare's work.
d3fe2532d9c7913e11141f6e7857c99f79697e7c	From fantastic plots with universal types, he now turned to reality, plunged into history with its persistent struggle of various interests.
879f1bb7e5a2986431fbe6cc6722c99633a83157	But as if tired of prolonged contemplation of the gloomy and often outrageous pictures of English history, in which he met with the demonic image of Richard III, this personified evil, as if wanting to have fun and refresh himself a little, Shakespeare writes a sweet, elegant pastoral "As you like it" and a domestic comedy "The Windsor Mockers" with satirical arrows at obsolete and decaying chivalry.
92c695a170b08da7ea769740d87c1bea36ba86ee	The third period of Shakespeare's work (briefly)
42b6289dcf4a2d659012aab3dc273ec40fbcb1cc	In the third, the most mature period of creativity, William Shakespeare produced works as great in breadth of conception, clarity of art, images and psychological depth as they were perfect in terms of composition, conciseness and strength of language, flexibility of verse.
2fb865cbc51249294d99c5540142b2785fef8fd3	The human heart has already revealed all its secrets to Shakespeare, and with some spontaneous, unsurpassed, divinely inspired power, he creates one immortal creation after another and embodies in the grandiose personalities of his heroes all the diversity of human characters, the fullness of world life in its eternal and unshakable manifestations.
d202de8750e03c1aecf91d4808e25c54093eac26	The rapture of love and the torments of jealousy, ambition and ingratitude, hatred and treachery, pride and contempt, the torments of an oppressed conscience, the beauty and tenderness of a maiden's soul, the inextinguishable ardor of a mistress, the strength of a mother's feeling, the loyalty of a wife offended by suspicion – all this passes before us in a long string of Shakespearean images, all this lives, worries, trembles and suffers, all this is revealed to us in amazing pictures, sometimes full of blood and horror, then imbued with fragrance and a little love, then imprinted with emotion and quiet sorrow.
e11d7ba8969ac7ca61c38a43a9be072365ee2eb9	Shakespeare's Hamlet is the cry of a soul that made high demands on life and was disappointed in its expectations, it is a brilliant foresight of that typical man of our time who inherited from the Danish prince his upset inner world, his suffering for humanity, his disturbing thought and introspection.
fe863a37cf6e22cec25ed55a6a20de1c6c63c554	In" Othello "and" Macbeth", the passions overturn with their destructive hurricane that over which the seal of prosperity and contentment previously lay.
e2cd2f017160a990d83f77fe2b37756e5aef6497	In Shakespeare's King Lear, great injustice and arrogance are redeemed by great suffering, and on that terrible night when the old king wanders through the rain and the whirlwind, having no roof for his gray head, a mysterious renewal of the human soul is performed on this night, which learns to love and compassion.
e69f3bd16a438088e1d3b095d088dd4385e8f40e	An illustration of Shakespeare's Macbeth.
57ca5569951e8be041a6f7a4367313575d903bdc	Artist I. G. Fussli
b379da4a7c25bbba068645ab4e85788dbd2b0883	The three dramas of this period from ancient life, which were written by William Shakespeare mainly on the basis of Plutarch, are not inferior in artistic beauty and power to the named plays: "Julius Caesar", "Coriolanus", "Antony and Cleopatra".
50773f375194f088a11fedd070c693c3888b2a08	The drama "Measure for Measure" is characterized by a gloomy character, in which the poet dealt another blow to Puritanical exclusivity and intolerance.
44d9fe2f41a059d1c338f124473039379cdf492c	Pessimistic notes are also heard in the works of the last period of Shakespeare's work, in such plays as" Troilus and Cressida "and" Timon of Athens", but the harmonically developed nature of the great poet did not stop at disappointment, but reached reconciliation with life and reassurance in the idea of forgiveness.
ff773054964ac8ac4c2ada2ac3fcec94b45bc7fc	"Cymbeline", "Winter's Tale" and, finally, "Storm" sound like permissive major chords after many minor and disharmonic consonances.
51c6e70502f639738106959937051cf1671e308f	Characteristics of Shakespeare
f4584372a112084826bbcd1caabfa8d5570fa94b	Trying to give a general description of William Shakespeare as a historical phenomenon in the development of English and pan European drama, we see that he assimilated all the features of the English stage of his time – the mixing of the tragic with the comic, clowns, fantastic scenes, complex intrigue, the lack of unity of time and place, etc. But under his brilliant pen, all the rough features have softened, and all the good ones have reached a high degree of perfection, and he stands before us in the history of mankind incomparable, great and mysterious.
d55718f7912a1c4aedad75b0975e51f9651ae466	Thanks to Shakespeare, the English theater entered into a competition on the European stage with the French theater and won a complete victory over the latter.
9ccad191af842033a3e0704805c058bd3a8d8fda	The richness of content characteristic of Shakespeare's works, the abundance and variety of ideas, with complete objectivity representing their essential feature, provided and still provide abundant material for various, often mutually exclusive opinions about the poet's worldview.
7d9f4631c6034df8bfa4cb23307b9926db2d6e45	What is certain is that the worldview of William Shakespeare was distinguished by a deeply humane character, although it was pessimistic in its basis.
c56f1a4d0ade8fc589886605e799a9ce10ad8e9a	Shakespeare loved people, he sympathized with their suffering, but he did not blame anyone in the world, did not justify anyone in the world, and he put into the mouth of Lear the words full of great meaning: "There are no guilty people in the world"("All is right").
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aeb2522da6d2d28d8d0d5dc9df3bb228eee2434b	William Shakespeare humanist, playwright and Renaissance man
e6dae3cdf7941e5f536a6ace664d036f26e0b1d9	At various times, "anti Shakespeare" campaigns were started, where his authorship was disputed.
2a4b211227a4755ea8b351f4617d7cd61c678cc9	From the biography
dfbe8ead216bbe52a6575c91c88dfbeb4b4d00a8	William Shakespeare was born in Stratford, a small town on the banks of the river, on April 23, 1564.
85845478f0626cb947c7bae526a2ef3e705a183d	His mother, Marie Ardin, came from a noble family, his father was a wealthy citizen and at one time played serious roles in local politics — he was the mayor of the town and an alderman.
49dbd68c37180114ede24cbbf26fcaa4102647ae	His father owned several houses in Stratford, he sold grain, wool and meat, so little William had the opportunity to study at the local "grammar" school.
eb606630bd08a87f8886839a3cf87b8dc373826d	The school taught the basics of rhetoric and grammar, but the main subject was Latin: students read in the originals of the great thinkers and poets of antiquity Seneca, Ovid, Virgil, Horace, Cicero.
624c55f7074a406cb5b204be6aafddb7b6f7afd4	Acquaintance with the works of the best minds of his time was reflected in the future on his work.
63e7fa5bc04eb7658518d4789f242af396c8f8c8	At the same time, living in a small provincial town, where everyone knew each other and communicated regardless of class, Shakespeare was well acquainted with the life of ordinary citizens.
45f3123714d062e49a794a031381d6e5695efb53	He became a connoisseur of folklore, and many features of future heroes were copied from local residents.
3af968f894034cc2ba5c87c2e843f12c1535cdd6	Savvy servants, prim nobles, suffering people who were cramped within the conventions — all these characters appeared later in his comedies and tragedies.
a57f3b0f4928d87731e0f42549e0f030591fa844	Taurus according to the horoscope, William was distinguished by hard work, especially since he had to start working very early — from the age of 16, because his father got confused in business and could not support the whole family.
bc51844380e9ddcdb8dc45e5ef76c00665b83eb4	Biographical information about this time varies.
67baaae3753b2f427fc03004c569001d97af0e73	According to one source, William worked as a village teacher.
c70bd318977e5b5f9ee73ba086ee491d80cab0b3	According to another legend, he was an apprentice in a butcher's shop, and, according to legend, he was already a humanist — before slaughtering animals, "he made a solemn speech over them."
7c2fa82d99b34257354609fb94ac396caabdb7ca	At the age of eighteen, William married Anna Hathaway, who was 26 years old at the time.
591822a1757ac0578fa879285d6006b8ad67dc99	Three years after his marriage, he moved to London.
041eabe2723797eae4650e0a65bdeaa30cd062a4	According to legend, Shakespeare fled from a local landowner who pursued him because William killed deer in the nobleman's domain (it was considered valor to kill a rich man's deer).
b1e617034d146020a2e5cabd1a6deb487f335d24	In London, Shakespeare got a job in the theater.
d6000a8ff4980738d11bf7d21d80b2238ac4278f	He looked after the horses of visitors, and was at first a" playpatcher "("playpatcher"), or, in modern language, a rewriter — he processed old plays for new productions.
cfbb78f4b5cb360579c66b80ba76ea323c4f86a1	He probably tried himself as an actor, but did not become famous.
7dfd930116a246d5643e3593e657c0492e486092	Soon Shakespeare became a playwright of the theater.
66d9ff1d692626bf2b0101648f5e3d3c488c3e27	His work was appreciated by his contemporaries during his lifetime in 1599, when the Globe Theater was formed, Shakespeare became one of the shareholders.
09fd5abae82f5e2af894e971022db8331b29a150	Apparently, in material terms, his life turned out well.
85b1965a725d21dab9614d17812b02bfd2385b68	About creativity
67dc6a23473c5d16ffe4b79b03ac9348e232c057	Shakespeare is as important for England as Pushkin is for Russia.
44b5d675a69b504f72052bdb83d7c890246b7cb5	In tragedies, and especially comedies, Shakespeare widely used the turns of folk speech, which later organically entered the literary language.
171d6da30a7505182805644f946fda7cb312ef45	But the value of his work was not only in this.
df0be4f182cb94845df9e90e4f86de4de92fee04	For 20 years of his creative life, he created something that has remained relevant for five centuries.
66dfef78f0a7bc0c7a7de8837de964e0b1d72dcc	His sonnets, tragedies and comedies have become classics.
8060a6bf46b45f69f08ade612672c5b65c93cfbd	Thanks to Shakespeare, new ideas and a new outlook on life appeared in literature.
9891fadce8ed87043a78b5baecffffe161637685	In the theater, real people became the heroes on the stage, and not carriers of strictly defined ideas, as was typical of the dramaturgy of that time.
dfdb08e63500b8b119fcc91131dd4e1d3dbbe1e5	William took as a basis common plots, and brought to them the advanced ideas of that time the Renaissance.
21950ac00a8863a8f932c8dfd4d236eb23ec6fac	The well known and beloved comedy "The Taming of the Shrew" is one of the examples.
e9fc85a09544e33c9ac62ac27ab041c0ce8e982c	The comedy is based on the plot of a Domostroevsky farce, when a man, in general, rude and narrow — minded Fernando, tames the "obstinate" and quarrelsome Katarina.
2ce806d42cecba3b47dac51fc3e09b11bc97e2e9	At the end, Katarina gives a monologue in which she glorifies the patriarchy, and the essence of which is how wonderful it is to be a married submissive wife.
417885f540895a6a3302a6f65df722ec6cd375fb	Shakespeare in his comedy "The Taming of the Shrew" went beyond the farce, showing the humanistic ideals of that time.
4c660b86617cf4bfba09cb28bfd43503ee4466d5	Katarina is no longer a grumpy aunt, but a girl who suffers from the conventions of that time and from the behavior of her father, who simply needs to marry his daughters faster to increase capital.
ce12cb8056ef9c46a6cbfb831dffc88f086f3341	The beautiful sister Bianca is popular with men and really wants to get married, and Katarina, because of her character — from birth strong and active (the ideal of the Renaissance), is fighting for her happiness.
fefb6d0fa29b319ef5077d42d9c7368cbba6ebb9	She does not want to get married just like that, just to please her father — she wants to love and be loved.
f895fbbaba422c0f4b8f355b35d4d572ecc39073	At the same time, the image of the father is comical — he himself suffers from the inappropriate behavior of his daughter, who enjoys a bad reputation among the local male population, and therefore sleeps and sees when there is a brave and necessarily very rich!
09e11e2ebd2bf5ebb22fa600572c0098f1e521c7	- a man, in order to get rid of the manifestations of the character of the eldest daughter as soon as possible.
b89b6724fcf9554187fa8245b816322888f03542	In this comedy, in addition to an interesting plot and funny dialogues, Shakespeare managed to show several ideas that are still modern, and in some countries they can even be called advanced.
dc8102a9ea8f03406b4ed1bab756179cac7719f7	In general, the essence of the play is not to glorify the resourcefulness of men, and not even the equality of men and women.
f3a9b0418c49cbd6ec2f5edbc91ecf112b66bd53	Shakespeare here showed the "equivalence" of a man and a woman who harmoniously complement each other, and the last monologue of the "submissive" wife Katarina is just about this.
5bd0d8155cf8243701e60be90da0b7c4448c4d10	In her words, there is a respectful attitude towards her husband:
3da6c9b1dea84d41db7d91b57c9e73b00deab3e1	"... Taking care of you
4a3c7958f835249335c55f2c40a6b5c0e449e93c	He works on land and at sea,
3235a629a6abd4e8df15a0aa1c0230dbcda641fd	Does not sleep at night in a storm, tolerates the cold,
3316174f9f0baec61c26109940ad348da888dafb	While you're at home basking in the warmth,
2ccd9880715cb4aedc009fc344a113b50147fb0b	Not knowing the dangers and hardships.
e6279f8897117604b6fa03db992e284b2fd87d04	And all he wants from you is love,
3cf2ab7c5b975d1b4ab138ff1130d257f8925a54	A friendly look, obedience —
73654ecd9537a520b74f46bec392531163df1ea3	A paltry payment for his labors."
7933e341eb35ecdbfb2007a8d07de1633379620a	Katarina did not just make a scandal, but proved her value as a person who needs a worthy partner.
6a58f8eec415d2d7ba5acb49123354f70d4ac5ba	Petruchio turned out to be so brave and resourceful, who was sincerely interested in the girl (although money played a primary role).
832df8ed4df5d3e2852a2ba1d31c4b100ec52b59	The second idea, which is quite veiled, but reflects the Russian proverb "Not all that glitters is gold", was the behavior of the charmer Bianca, who also revealed her character: "So you behave even more stupid, since you bet money on my submission."
d36ac83b5dd60658a06e09d10ca80594956bf296	On the other hand, why not see in this phrase that Bianca just learned something from her sister in the course of the play?
5e40ad9441c7b59eb02603f36f1fac258f621664	The first period of creativity is characterized by a special brightness and cheerfulness.
3eb611aee05bd705d8a112082811c015c844f650	Shakespeare created a brilliant series of comedies during these years: in addition to" The Taming of the Shrew", the plays" Twelfth Night", "A Midsummer Night's Dream", "As You Like It", "Much Ado about Nothing" are widely known.
d3a08a6f55e71811ff38b3239f0b983c1271129d	Shakespeare's sonnets belong to the first period of his work.
b8c75d0c97440bc0f11b62372992dae79b45cf86	They are widely known, but it is interesting that, unlike their predecessors, the poet sings friendship in sonnets.
7554530bd575c2ed62435c1cdb0be740f3727751	According to Shakespeare, it is richer than the passion of love.
4aada9695bbc8aa7ac8818749ced43a5e7ac8ae1	Various thoughts and feelings of the poet found expression in the sonnets.
971201fd63807988608f2f296403b43343011232	He talks about friendship, love, and fr... the state.
b13e68bb3e406595ae50446ee955b4941a5fe044	Even the cycle of historical chronicles bloody dramas ("Henry IV"," Henry V"), written at this time, is not so gloomy: everything ends with the triumph of the main character, there is also a comedic character — Sir Falstaff.
1be60164e840aae448f77c7d9c0579f6ac4b4dfe	Perhaps here Shakespeare whether he wanted to or not tried to show life as it is — with joy and tragedy.
967759e3913d4d6ff95245edf7ac8e5a5b4c191e	Later, he will not be so cheerful.
ac4317e636877f4bdb615b4ed9a2737bccaddf64	The tragedy "Hamlet" opens the second stage of the poet and playwright's work.
67477edd7cb35f42e23902d5332c45f31dd22670	There is no more wild fun here, and the heroes of the winners are increasingly turning into victims, but they still fight and live.
c0b15ebf0f4bb1dd5d28253c48d20901450fdfb7	Almost all actors dream of playing Hamlet, because the inner world of Hamlet unfolds on the stage, his tossing, suffering, the torment of choice.
1da477a2d80f3569dcc838bffbd638bdd070344d	At the same time, Hamlet is trying to comprehend his actions, he thinks hard about life and does not see a way out even in death.
2129e3a14c8e9f845d01c81837752d50c6415f82	When would it not be the fear of something after death,
d6097384bd1de37a9646958723cac01039e72c51	An unknown country, from where no one
aa4a0ce7d9440553ab8d878c6f5203daab607f98	The traveler has not yet returned.
2ecbd9e8597c095275ad0bdeb3348bd1e3ccf678	This is what shakes and confuses the will,
4007d31a8dc49189697515c0685193ce9de11467	What makes us endure suffering more quickly,
7f4d3901eb926307b99a46b5ab730d5f149f44ce	Than to run away to other, unknown troubles,
d491cc7170d585c4087fdb2a49d621e986a57a63	Yes, doubt makes us cowardly...
4ac39d5ab5384b0ee75c795cb4a30b687b6f5b2e	After meeting with the ghost of his father, Hamlet's life turns upside down.
1e98bec729e01259a671cd2e46aa845bb1e9d45c	And if he used to be a gentle dreamer and an enlightened person, now the world has turned upside down and appeared to be its other side: "How boring, dull and unnecessary, it seems to me, everything in the world is!
80cc78303e3e1adf5082ccec75c4aed428dfe5f3	Oh, abomination!".
de6d682ed1b4bba4ed73e8f4047a4b19d7cae45f	Vowing to take revenge on his father, Hamlet makes a difficult choice and decides to destroy the murderer of his father — Claudius.
bd9a7938a5b1bb722b6979d32dc67e133d3bdd5b	But hatred and murder entail serious consequences: Hamlet kills the innocent Polonius, becoming the cause of madness and the death of his beloved woman Ophelia.
825c3e97fe74765226268d7c48c0c41f3d4c00ff	His mother, the queen and the current wife of Claudius, also becomes a victim, although the goals of both Hamlet and Claudius coincide — the former wants to remove the queen from the "dense clot of meat", as he calls Claudius, and Claudius wants to keep the throne and his wife.
36587c70b941e5a1b2f0311f1670d2edae8b604a	But the queen drinks the poison intended for Hamlet, and dies.
1176abdb7c8634f0872bbb6344df50d4ac3bcd29	In the tragedy of one murder, a whole series of deaths unfolds.
6a54c95c473ddf122c1647811f8e5dff6c2f2b1f	Along the way, Shakespeare in" Hamlet " shows other aspects of the life of society, which Hamlet (following the author) considers unfair.
a55d4de60a08bc461325138da8b87c6a54cee193	We are talking about a scene where 20 thousand soldiers — ordinary people are sent by the nobleman to death for the sake of a piece of land in Poland, for the rent of which it is a pity to give "five ducats".
fd713ff83d5b87db8f4b758e7e48d6eb7404ebfe	And although Hamlet makes his own conclusion — about his own indecision, but the topic of the non value of human life has already been identified.
3039c27ace12aaf92963a22962bbd8691419a9c3	Thousands of volumes of interpretations of "Hamlet" have been written — every researcher finds something of his own in it.
26ca6ca2f9b3b2b175a1c57d7d27cb6ef6da4447	Every actor and director puts on a tragedy in order to also show his own, to highlight some of his accents, and they all turn out to be fair.
8ddb77f232e1263819db4ee6bdc0eefad3ecf20c	And this once again underlines the grandiosity of Shakespeare as a playwright.
93da198903e6fbc07220f5eede1f07029843d8b8	Dying, Hamlet still saved one life — his friend Horatio, finding the right words for him: "Breathe in a harsh world to tell my story."
695d497be9656db6a7cca7475144996a7cc8876c	In the same, the second period of creativity, other famous tragedies were written ai — "Othello", "King Lear", "Macbeth".
581d81ea465d5694010fdb72d0e4c888094aa565	The works of the third creative cycle are not so well known: "Cymbeline", "Winter Fairy Tale", "Storm".
c2bff09402ae091c64e60c3e89f74a3186e1abbc	They are written in the genre of allegorical fiction, since the customer of the theater for which Shakespeare wrote is already becoming a noble audience who wanted fun and entertainment.
56fd3687f2fe8c5736a585f8da149d3ea9521fe7	But here, too, humanistic ideals find their expression — this is the faith of a talented poet and playwright in the bright future of humanity, the promise of serene tranquility.
6bcc45637b81b225a9d2edfa6318029fc2b6567a	Copyright © William Shakespeare materials about life and work 2005-2017.
0788ffdf567f2f8a26eba2641ac46f1cad27d15d	Shakespeare, William
999f98d6e8cd39b08372f32bbd2d5767d1ee7e72	This is the stable version, released on November 23, 2016.
74d49abf7d231930d2427b3277c6a24abe63e1f0	The only known reliable image of Shakespeare is an engraving from the posthumous "First Folio" (1623) by Martin Drushout Date of birth: April 1564[1]
e39d5f4434e0a08bb4bd185167b28a7167799ff5	Place of birth: Stratford upon Avon, Warwickshire, England
9fb9f8f0cf6f493d8c5a4ff410b91fa156a32e48	Date of death: April 23 (May 3) 1616 (1616-05-03)
d374f71023ed66b3fe6cb589915a2b53debdc797	Place of death: Stratford upon Avon, Warwickshire, England
b14da88cc9518a78c6119fba276826953dace4b9	Citizenship (citizenship): Kingdom of England
125fdee6b6283fc8d8745b6e405fec251ec2ae6a	Occupation: playwright, poet, actor
fb8bb9ad275e3964d5218c9d1f23dac5be2da10b	Genre: Elizabethan drama
792a0c987b5e42386d08fda98b5233e662af6b26	Language of works: English
c83eb5953ce0f4298a386f648f91b456268d5b57	Works in Wikitek Files on Wikimedia Commons
59454f784aeb8d4b38f719cc39559c9886678f9f	The query "Shakespeare" is redirected here; see also other values.
295e3d5886351e73c91b7d64d053e2e1c9705191	William Shakespeare[2];
17e155d3972a69347931fe33cba7b9d4de4307cb	April 26, 1564 (epiphany)[ ⇨ ], Stratford upon Avon, England April 23(May 3) 1616}
e5ce1e42292d33d7e4a69d197efea2c23150b809	[⇨], ibid.) was an English poet and playwright, often considered the greatest English language writer and one of the best playwrights in the world[3].
f808738b41fb916dc7413287bd367d8784622a56	Shakespeare was born and raised in Stratford upon Avon.
c43bde2d0ed552f5284f6201d667ae0bb0d551a2	Soon he became a successful actor, playwright, and also co owner of a theater company called "Servants of the Lord Chamberlain", later known as"Servants of the King".
aee0f813608f43da10aceb94d9e5c006ea909561	Most of Shakespeare's works were written between 1589 and 1613.
36b51204ab9b44464a258f040ceac56a746c4149	[8] His early plays are mainly related to comedies and chronicles, in which Shakespeare greatly excelled.
a88036cfaf65a24793e6d22e08cd4b4b96f55011	Then came the period of tragedies in his work, including the works "Hamlet", "King Lear", "Othello" and "Macbeth", which are considered among the best in the English language.
3714b71061d9609723fc5f7d7b6add4e2cc17742	At the end of his career, Shakespeare wrote several tragicomedies, and also collaborated with other writers.
a409ff2f70e610da58dbe6b497e0977717edb420	Many of Shakespeare's plays were published during his lifetime.
f011aff0ffc0cd6ead55a572810176376b380bfb	In 1623, two of Shakespeare's friends, John Heming and Henry Condell, published the First Folio, a collection of all but two of Shakespeare's plays currently included in the canon.
dff9d7a553e8b316f2015d970ac9eec64161c3c1	Later, several more plays (or fragments of them) were attributed to Shakespeare by various researchers with varying degrees of evidence.
e26502a734ed0592935e4a8894cd2f956fed6297	Even during his lifetime, Shakespeare received commendable reviews about his works, but he really became popular only in the XIX century.
1743c39334004f5b30bea7af1224b424c1f9a6a6	In particular, representatives of Romanticism and Victorians worshipped Shakespeare so much that Bernard Shaw called it "bardolatry", which means "bardolatry"in English.
5679f556cc68590769bc59ac60ca719eccaa4aba	Shakespeare's works remain popular today, they are constantly being studied and reinterpreted in accordance with political and cultural conditions.
dd1bf1cc785aedeb7fbd6f4a61e8a2162c5fdfa7	1 Biography 1.1 Early years 1.2 London and theatrical career 1.3 Recent years and death
6bde21572e86e8001eef4b62c446360bd462f5ec	2 Creativity 2.1 The question of periodization 2.2 Drama 2.2.1 Lifetime productions 2.2.2 First publications
23486a4e88c6ab625fa5ee97f98e2a98fe5436bf	2.3 Poems 2.4 Sonnets
a3c19e65537a0c35f99293830f9da379c4b4dfe1	3 Style 4 Reputation and Criticism 5 Influence 6 Doubts about Shakespeare's Personality 6.1 "Shakespeare's Question" 6.2 Religion 6.3 Sexual Orientation 6.4 Appearance
2aecbbc44a690916760b67dbd35d6747ed3340a0	7 List of compositions 7.1 Classification of plays 7.2 Compositions
5163168a37981fde213e14d1fa1a8ee710d75afc	8 See also 9 Notes 10 Bibliography 11 References
df902173f6cb4f1604c8e6f5b6f96f59c9b82d72	Main article: Biography of William Shakespeare
d3d3e9917c345d78d36222e79ff13e18c11f700b	Coat of arms with the motto of the Shakespeare family Non Sanz Droict fr. "Not without a right"
ff974c922cf17c23358aee585b1479333a1f0449	Early years
ee7611122546b7096f966e95b0f5d333844471f2	William Shakespeare was born in Stratford upon Avon (Warwickshire) in 1564, baptized on April 26, the exact date of birth is unknown.
b5f1fdce33e7da2232d3f26c61479fbdb0247ab1	Legend relates his birth to April 23[9]: this date coincides with the precisely known day of his death.
ab5c9521f7267feb48219c97b31a4a3d7ccad83e	In addition, on April 23, the day of St. George, the patron saint of England, is celebrated, and tradition could specially coincide with the birth of the greatest national poet on this day.
21e3505be76606b246c8495dd0312f5a36a74bab	From English, the surname "Shakespeare" is translated as "stunning with a spear".
34aa0f55eba646419220fb478705782bd65d68cf	His father, John Shakespeare (1530-1601), was a wealthy craftsman (glover), often elected to various significant public positions.
ea5aad4c28288254cc3fad866e51c19e06f624ee	In 1565, John Shakespeare was an alderman, and in 1568 — the bailiff (head of the city council).
f6e0c3194ceb8b1ad3df8eb0f1f4d309dfcd81ba	He did not attend church services, for which he paid large monetary fines (it is possible that he was a secret Catholic)[10].
5d5484790fc3c090fbed49ea0a6cf6e5b116ce7b	Shakespeare's mother, nee Mary Arden (1537-1608), belonged to one of the oldest Saxon families[11].
38eb22621e0470a6dc153bc8fd676000ba26f7be	In total, the couple had 8 children, William was born the third.
0af14cbfdd3a90474b24b619f584f3a472ab2391	It is believed that Shakespeare studied at the Stratford "grammar school", where he was supposed to get a good knowledge of Latin: the Stratford teacher of Latin and literature wrote poems in Latin.
276199ec2cbf10cb343313e60bc53c4bac39f7ae	Some scholars claim that Shakespeare attended the school of King Edward VI (English)Russian. in Stratford upon Avon, where he studied the works of poets such as Ovid and Plautus[12], but the school journals have not been preserved[13], and now nothing can be said for sure.
cf67a25cb85b3999411f5acfcbcfec1adb11aaf5	In 1582, at the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, the daughter of a local landowner, who was 8 years older than him.
822c0545012a9e590d67388757cee9116f7253d1	At the time of the marriage, Ann was pregnant.
d4f89835771f76524db7683f5b4a67ea1d87035d	In 1583, the couple had a daughter, Susan (baptized on May 23), in 1585 — twins: a son, Hamnet, who died at the age of 11 in August 1596, and a daughter, Judith (baptized on February 2).
4bb7fd126642424a23a8763211ea113f13de5351	About further (within seven years) there are only assumptions about the events of Shakespeare's life.
e801974c627c1d20f02b2e3742542cee9b56c3c7	The first mention of a London theatrical career dates back to 1592, and the period between 1585 and 1592 is called by researchers the "lost years" of Shakespeare[14].
3039fdc623d4e9e0819ed3b78de70367f7754852	It is also assumed that Shakespeare took revenge on Lucy by writing several obscene ballads to him[15].
9ff87bfdb0e6d7cfce50ae4fd24a7a5d15de3c1c	According to another version of the XVIII century, Shakespeare began his theatrical career looking after the horses of London theatrical patrons[16].
3d283bf52239d8899552ebdefae249454d0b4b41	John Aubrey wrote that Shakespeare was a school teacher[17].
d9187c93516cb07290e8bffd4e176b6635b6a1ee	Some scientists of the XX century believed that Shakespeare was the teacher of Alexander Nogton from Lancashire, since this Catholic landowner had a certain "William Shakeshaft" [18].
4b2487a5f35e886eb4740d3b6d189ada3e8707fc	There is little basis for this theory, except for rumors that spread after Shakespeare's death, and, besides, "Shakeshaft" is a fairly common surname in Lancashire[19].
108cc93bf3104cdca5f10ba260016514c2e8672a	The recreated Globe Theater, where Shakespeare's troupe worked
eee78116c525b8cf6e1eb3ebab261f0491c21d43	London and theater career
c296553f4b20e0d723dcc341a0c8844bd63a1165	This year in the diary of entrepreneur Philip Henslow (English)Russian. the historical chronicle of Shakespeare "Henry VI", which was held in the Rose Theater owned by Henslow, is mentioned[20].
8e4757e6387616067ebb0e7fecc3cb6ec48ff67d	In the same year, a pamphlet by the playwright and novelist Robert Green was posthumously published, where the latter angrily attacked Shakespeare, without naming his last name, but ironically playing it — "the shaker of the scene" (shake scene), paraphrasing a line from the third part of "Henry VI" " Oh, the heart of a tiger in this woman's skin!" like "the heart of a tiger in the skin of a performer"[11].
70145e74bd848ae46eb2eb8104cf133415f79285	Scholars disagree about the exact meaning of these words[21], but it is generally believed that Green accused Shakespeare of trying to match highly educated writers ("university minds"), such as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nash and Green himself[22].
b9ebd8f8e864890deb2e686b104f38cce34cdfe4	Biographers believe that Shakespeare's career could have begun at any time, starting from the mid 1580s[23].
f2e8cf0b91b6024dff301d39329843bee226f074	Since 1594, Shakespeare's plays have been staged only by the company of the Lord Chamberlain's Servants.
7ea4935909fb043b986d4282d673f433c783ba7c	This troupe also included Shakespeare, who at the end of the same year 1594 became its co owner.
be702e0299ae18aae7f5706b9d3086ffd30d2c6e	The troupe soon became one of the leading theater groups in London[24].
2a88a2b1dc4592fe38a957793c78cb9d2482e6cb	After the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, the troupe received a royal patent from the new ruler, James I, and became known as"Servants of the King" [25].
7c9541c8a3b8f8cf83cc2b5d3916a3ed2c899395	In 1608, they also purchased the closed Blackfriars Theater.
e84f7d8d23635c4d663e398aa07eb51f3b584085	In 1597, he bought the second largest house in Stratford New Place (English)Russian..
9886990806129fbee20fd7385ad3571db2e2f2a5	In 1598, his name began to appear on the title pages of publications[26][27][28].
f409c0cc85f36e585239d5fa65e7a40e2db47a5c	In the 1616 edition of Ben Jonson's works, Shakespeare's name is included in the list of actors who performed the plays "Everyone Has Their Own Quirks" (1598) and "The Fall of Sejanus" (1603)[29]. However, his name was absent from the lists of actors in Johnson's play "Volpone" in 1605, which is perceived by some scholars as a sign of the end of Shakespeare's London career[30].
5bdd63929565caee83c8a6a3bce256f7d61ea412	Nevertheless, in the First Folio of 1623, Shakespeare is called "the main actor in all these plays", and some of them were first staged after Volpone, although it is not known for sure what roles Shakespeare played in them[31].
90f1c958bf3056e6e70ad61a84348982a361341a	In 1610, John Davis wrote that "good Will" played "royal" roles[32].
a7d4911addf844007cf7feacd90a9e5c3b831e48	In 1709, in his work, Rowe recorded the opinion already formed by that time that Shakespeare played the shadow of Hamlet's father[33].
87957c18b35730141defcbb589ca1f702483bd5f	Later it was also claimed that he played the roles of Adam in "As you Like It" and the Choir in "Henry V" [34], although scientists doubt the reliability of this information[35].
73fb2c33dd3b005477c3e72a2307376a4acff231	In 1596, a year after the purchase of New Place, he lived in the parish of St. Helena in Bishopgate, on the north side of the Thames[36].
017e0a8008167f1be1a9db738f1afe7b4ab9d4c4	After the construction of the Globe Theater in 1599, Shakespeare moved to the other side of the river — to Southwark[37], where the theater was located.
9b025522d6cfd03fde53c0eab6e5be92b31540b7	He rented rooms from a French Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, a manufacturer of women's wigs and hats[38][39].
895b4df5a724c522eda165ed457093fa37214e34	Last years and death
6d4538903fd330f5c432fa16ed4d27d83775f6a3	The first biographer of Shakespeare to convey this opinion was Rowe[40].
45db533225457c116cb6059ab2295b5410bc114d	One of the reasons for this may be that the London public theaters repeatedly stopped their work due to outbreaks of the plague[41], and the actors did not have enough work.
239af7d850ad49d0dba0d54e71cb69d4dc3018dd	Complete retirement was rare in those days [42], and Shakespeare continued to visit London[40].
075e4b228a60c79a4ece628d88f73af00ee56480	In 1612, Shakespeare acted as a witness in the case of Bellot v.
454538479a5196a7ce12bb3abe00e036e5f406de	Mountjoy, the trial of the wedding dowry of Mountjoy's daughter Mary [43][44]. In March 1613, he bought a house in the former parish of Blackfriar [45]; in November 1614, he spent several weeks with his m son in law, John Hall[46].
2c57580d9699ef1cd007ff667bc8903d099d08cf	A bust of Shakespeare in the Church of St. Trinity in Stratford
6b7602ac93bf8d78fa9829b68cefb7b122259fbc	After 1606-1607, Shakespeare wrote only a few plays, and after 1613 he stopped creating them altogether[47].
3a312c0cff9d7c1b0e693c13a01eefe69e612adc	He wrote his last three plays together with another playwright, possibly with John Fletcher[48], who replaced Shakespeare as the chief playwright of the company "Servants of the King" [49].
f2e099bfecf82556e4d52f0c9d24339d6fbf6974	Shakespeare's autograph on his will
e73bf0945df4d14eb4139222bab22ec182f62ba6	All the surviving signatures of Shakespeare on documents (1612-1613) differ in very poor handwriting, on the basis of which some researchers believe that he was seriously ill at that time[50].
e1fd0ed6935b8367c147debd75df6c6d9235065d	On April 23 (May 3), 1616, Shakespeare died[51].
5f384eec7f3ddb387287fe8ce5f6bf087064c9b8	Susan Shakespeare was married to John Hall from 1607[52], and Judith Shakespeare married two months after Shakespeare's death to the winemaker Thomas Queenie[53].
d631bf939b2ca2ae5b973f6de5015a55b2a3c416	In his will, Shakespeare left most of his real estate to his eldest daughter, Susan [54].
6d6bb3c21fa6e92b3cbc1d4223254d612c4f4b59	After her, it was to be inherited by her direct descendants[55].
ffd0abe1cd02cce6243201d89dd2366d73ba2340	Judith had three children, and all of them died without marrying [56].
fef4e389beee0d72ee8676975671e8e192f03d8c	She was the last direct descendant of Shakespeare [57].
7622a1ce8f2e81db35dd4367c070455cb39e2347	In Shakespeare's will, his wife is mentioned only briefly, but she was already supposed to receive a third of her husband's entire estate[58].
4caffe46d542a6691bb0a7daaf4248c991ae7d2d	However, it indicated that he was leaving her "my second best bed", and this fact led to many different assumptions[59][60][61].
9d008f4fda0a76984b950de621d38593282088ae	Some scientists consider this an insult to Ann, while others argue that the second — best bed is the marital bed, and therefore there is nothing offensive about it[62].
635399c2f99557942383330edd548614b798a039	Three days later, Shakespeare's body was buried in the Stratford Church of St. Trinity [63].
c1b0ae58c24239b0d8f15be97ca5b6e4903c88e3	An epitaph is written on his tombstone[64]:
abe3bd3d9c785347e22a5bc2e5a2e172bb8554a5	Good frend for Iesvs sake forbeare,
536dd71f2b304bf2ead19adb9136ea9320505cb3	To digg the dvst encloased heare.
406074d0bda0a2510685fcbe9db75fc455f9539b	Bleste be ye man yt spares thes stones,
d245933aaf40cb5fb8e810841fe2e759f1f833da	And cvrst be he yt moves my bones.
dba7858af110610a7417e187d4948eaa44b7042b	Friend, for God's sake, donot swarm
da5095c719d55385d74acb9b8373951c83c99df6	Remains taken from this land;
2dd9843d16a333a815b1e1017f999ee0317ae595	The untouched one is blessed in the ages,
65491af6bf98dd60aca2a961de57d57ec6b91305	And cursed is he who touched my ashes.
2aa2d4a59d87cbc27ffdbb2f7ea80742cc35da9c	(Translated by A. Velichansky)[11]
fd2ab65698fc79ea170154b1af0ecaa6d88b275c	Epitaphs in English and Latin compare Shakespeare with the wise king of Pylos, Nestor, Socrates and Virgil[65].
4c97dce286617a33093737434ae95b50c5066708	To commemorate the four hundredth anniversary of the playwright's death, the Royal Mint issued three two pound coins (dated 2016), symbolizing three groups of his works: comedies, chronicles and tragedies.
607da99a7a5119760313aa2f841c05c73cb4986b	Main article: List of works by William Shakespeare
de74b2ba80d8c90a8b0f6e05085d78eb6d73149f	Some of the Shakespearean scholars, including A.
80210c027ad9f365be48ec3d0a15a5441651b54c	A. Smirnov, combined the first and second periods into one early one[68].
553745b0f036a223e007b33e4874413cd6650e1f	Drama
faa425940039ccdd7af05610ae9cfdbe6d04c209	Main article: The Plays of William Shakespeare
f72da730488c2ea9fa1bcdb80bddd11e13165831	For some works, such as "Titus Andronicus" and early historical plays, it is not established that they were exactly co written, whereas for "Two Noble Relatives" and the lost play "Cardenio" this is documented.
81e3e5d02c0780665638ae49fefe3cb22252194d	Shakespeare's plays are difficult to date[70] [71], but text researchers suggest that "Titus Andronicus", "The Comedy of Errors", "The Taming of the Shrew" and "The Two Veronese" also refer to the beginning of Shakespeare's creative path[72][70]. His first chronicles, most likely based on the 1587 edition of The Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland by Raphael Holinshed[73], represented the destructive results of the rule of weak and corrupt rulers and to some extent served as a justification for the emergence of the Tudor dynasty[74].
9216368ce83fd4529126b24a7a780cc53d115a4a	Oberon, Titania and Puck dance with the fairies.
d63e90c885fece74952e68ff10757c42689b6cf9	William Blake, 1786.
9232a890449cbbc33d4d73db09c9d178e7c4734d	Tate Britain.
66587b616cfcac5851790c0626744fd3922147e7	In the mid 1590s, Shakespeare made a transition from mocking and farcical comedies in his style to romantic works[81].
89f2ed954befb60587eefc1dbf44a4ae82b3f54d	"A Midsummer Night's Dream" is a witty mixture of romance, fairy tale magic and the life of lower society [82].
e83c75e2626dcada0d3027ab475d7830c18a05c3	The next, also romantic, Shakespeare's comedy" The Merchant of Venice " contains a portrait of the vengeful Jewish moneylender Shylock, which reflected the racial prejudices of the English of the Elizabethan era[83][84]. The witty play "Much ado about Nothing"[85], perfectly depicting life in the province "As you like it" and lively with fun "Twelfth Night" complement a number of Shakespeare's comedies[86].
b66812127294572e53a4f206d2c293f32d749986	Hamlet, Horatio, Marcellus and the ghost of Hamlet's father.
c6decb87cf6df46354266f291878dd1e081040d3	Henry Fuseli, 1780-85.
4c6d408e7656bf54b65805a745296f6c5af48c1f	Kunsthaus (Zurich)
09c0d858057ec698d6b1868ae38d579819b45f16	At the beginning of the XVII century, Shakespeare wrote several so called "problem plays": "Measure for Measure", "Troilus and Cressida" and "All is Well that Ends Well", as well as a number of the most famous tragedies[94][95]. Many critics believe that the tragedies of this period represent the peak of Shakespeare's work.
2041c84eddd1a7da7fa8ab9ac456200325db5825	In Othello, the villain Iago brings the jealousy of the title character to a point, and he kills his innocent wife[99][100]. In King Lear, the old king makes the fatal mistake of renouncing his rights to power, which leads to horrific events, such as the murder of Lear's youngest daughter Cordelia.
8c9b1a6faaa272de1ae54adf8d55ca2af4b53936	His last major tragedies, "Antony and Cleopatra" and "Coriolanus", according to some critics, contain some of his most beautiful poems[103][104]. In the final period of his work, Shakespeare turned to the genre of romance or tragicomedy and completed three major plays: "Cymbeline", "The Winter's Tale" and "The Tempest", as well as, together with another playwright, the play "Pericles".
78a96ff0eb7eba1e6c4480b1f23f9d0e9ee20745	Lifetime productions
c7f440f65a53043fe391c9f3adfda7fe27374a88	Main article: Productions of plays by William Shakespeare
c19a50805222298fb3beea57de44663abc32ab8a	It is not yet known exactly for which theater companies Shakespeare wrote his early plays.
0c1ed39ee31934fe9834e35bf679a1b31e8990c8	Thus, on the title page of the 1594 edition of Titus Andronicus, it is indicated that the play was staged by three different groups[109].
e20d45ae2419a5dd4f665c93e3636b5e2eed6491	After the plague of 1592-1593, Shakespeare's plays were already staged by his own company at the "Theater (English)Russian" and "Curtin (English) Russian" in Shoreditch, north of the Thames[110].
cb2d7addfc993b29abf0f177bd22c5435e866917	The first part of "Henry IV" was staged there.
f82d12e7952eda7eea8d407bba99017611201ed0	After a quarrel with its owner, the company left the "Theater" and built the Globe Theater on the south side of the Thames, in Southwark, the first theater built by actors for actors[111][112]. The Globe opened in the autumn of 1599, and one of the first plays staged there was "Julius Caesar".
4b4fac7ac47e37fa8e0e88becd0d85e3f3f8ef1d	Most of Shakespeare's most famous plays written after 1599 were created for the Globe, including Hamlet, Othello and King Lear"[111][113][114].
546331c37d390f473be85ce9d361447aa2f7b50c	Reconstruction of the Globe Theater, London.
cd2059334f2f4aa6c402f417b8464f2da634335c	Shakespeare's company, The Servants of the Lord Chamberlain, had a special relationship with King James I, especially after its renaming in 1603 as the Servants of the King.
9f366432372f9f3b7195fb5a6a4ad93ab1ca7201	Although the records of the productions are scattered, we can talk about 7 productions of Shakespeare's plays at the court between November 1, 1604 and October 31, 1605, including two productions of The Merchant of Venice[115].
f317f22347e150a88d700a111115cc2b35d21cd3	After 1608, they began performing in the winter at the Blackfriars Indoor Theater, and working at the Globe in the summer[116].
f195cb240b553486cd2102897980fe7dcbd9cab1	A good room, combined with royal patronage, allowed Shakespeare to introduce more complex devices into the props of his plays.
b593b8e7301ca9af89dc3b5c75ff6e0665c4ce97	For example, in" Cymbeline " Jupiter descends "with thunder and lightning, sitting on an eagle: He throws lightning.
09b938b3b4837de62d4f8d2638b0bb395a8fa89a	Ghosts fall to their knees"[117].
43af12e3cf4921ab7caaed4f0b4c54637bb4129d	The Shakespeare company consisted of such famous actors as Richard Burbage, William Kemp, Neri Condell and John Heminges.
9c43930d809ce321e91a84f877a52ad63af507bb	Burbage was the first performer of the main roles of many Shakespeare's plays, including "Richard III", "Hamlet", "Othello" and "King Lear" [118].
198fefab81cc7d98229af2237dde801449531bb2	Popular comic actor William Kemp, among other characters, played Pietro in "Romeo and Juliet" and Dogwood in "Much Ado about Nothing"[119].
8adc06c081dd23817fdcb1e49873e9419620c60b	At the turn of the XVI and XVII centuries, he was replaced by Robert Armin, who performed such roles as the Touchstone from "As You Like It" and the Jester from "King Lear"[120].
187c468dfd47e57dd1f0ab5d1c4e432e806db1fb	In 1613, Henry Wotton reported on the production of the play "Henry VIII" [121].
86a2c11a5d24600d24fb8f567f419ff938bec471	On June 29, during the production of this performance, a cannon misfired and set fire to the thatched roof of the building, so that the entire theater burned down.
04a04344a3989d5a741fda0de658efc18f38c78f	This fact allows us to determine with good accuracy the time of writing the play[121].
e843a18e2a68c906b4433ab50f8f2c86018fb235	First publications
5f1a8199a2a277c78f5b2aef94e2ee43af7683d5	It is believed that half (18) of Shakespeare's plays were published in one way or another during the playwright's lifetime.
aefdeceedd673ecb0d7acaafe12b6fdeb090dda0	The most important publication of Shakespeare's legacy is considered to be the folio of 1623 (the so called "First Folio"), published by Edward Blount and William Jaggard as part of the so called "Chester Collection"; printers Worral and Col.
c293d6bd89e7c1da95a1e12c0f4d12acc0b582bc	This edition includes 36 plays by Shakespeare all except "Pericles" and "Two noble Relatives".
7ecabd6bbb277d29b5fe1c50ec2389d5e00dab68	It is this publication that underlies all research in the field of Shakespeare studies.
1407c7332a3c45e0c362880f305aaf8f9e3eedb1	This project was made possible thanks to the efforts of John Heminge and Henry Condell, friends and colleagues of Shakespeare.
3f1f6ff03ae7e7408716d4a3702dd44a8fdc5766	The book is preceded by a message to readers on behalf of Heminge and Condell, as well as a poetic dedication to Shakespeare by the playwright Ben Johnson, who also contributed to the publication of the First Folio.
372a0aea712ff7ed4999df4f515a38aaea6e5d27	Poems
c093e87c807d621df2348b45453cef9396fc34e2	In 1593 and 1594, when the theaters were closed due to the plague, Shakespeare created two erotic poems, "Venus and Adonis" and "The Dishonored Lucretia".
c85e628417a754af163f0c7aed05a0aebd597de4	These poems were dedicated to Henry Risley, Earl of Southampton.
9c3366b48eaaa16b1df2e178d3b52cca084f4217	In Venus and Adonis, the innocent Adonis rejects the sexual advances of Venus; whereas in The Dishonored Lucretia, the virtuous wife of Lucretius is raped by Tarquinius [122].
5fc4d41bf224ddd5c6a5bbc5762bc82ca91da623	Under the influence of Ovid's Metamorphoses [123], the poems show a sense of guilt and the terrible consequences of uncontrolled love[124].
9d42e850cd74c931d6f2dd72f2da20ea8e09d449	Both poems were popular and were reprinted several times during Shakespeare's lifetime.
7862b26fa55b9a760987d4c69824cd4afa0137b9	The third poem, "The Complaint of a Lover", in which a girl complains about a seductive deceiver, was printed in the first edition of the Sonnets in 1609.
66fde9cebeaad5f97cda64a168902c62da867e67	Currently, most scientists recognize that Shakespeare wrote the" Complaint of a Lover".
1cb184c21fcb6d3de3e516fcb032a7eb5dbe262d	The poem "The Phoenix and the Dove", published in 1601 in Robert Chester's collection "Love's Martyr", tells about the sad death of the mythological phoenix and his beloved, faithful dove.
9643378672c196e343a5967c1eae47f19f7fbbe2	In 1599, two sonnets by Shakespeare in the name of Shakespeare, but without his consent in the "Passionate Pilgrim"[125][126][127].
73db48462c94b727bf9b5a9af7efb42a810d62cf	Sonnets
a0188fa552d219808f9d3e898fe0338bcf1cdf53	Main article: Sonnets by William Shakespeare
da40a78a77ea9df7aa283fcbe56d0751b94d56af	The title page of the 1609 edition of Shakespeare's sonnets.
0e0a8ca33da21eda949e5a7fa8230de4f5e8b39a	A sonnet is a poem of 14 lines.
fc6a83ed1e8d8d37a025aede64907f220e379cef	In Shakespeare's sonnets, the following rhyme is adopted: abab cdcd efef gg, that is, three quatrains for cross rhymes, and one couplet (the type introduced by the poet the Earl of Surrey, who was executed under Henry VIII).
3a7e0903d3060c3db8c7eb9b61e8d1eca422ce58	In total, Shakespeare wrote 154 sonnets, and most of them were created in 1592-1599.
368930a3402596ea2543ed64d68be5a5820d6c3c	They were first printed without the author's knowledge in 1609.
86a06fddb41f042c5d3f77c84cb3ef34cdf734e9	Two of them were printed back in 1599 in the collection "The Passionate Pilgrim".
bff9754950ef191c31482d40f0e071d9894a6f76	These are sonnets 138 and 144.
0a38dfe54aa85014aac5edcc6ede6fb5065030d6	The entire cycle of sonnets is divided into separate thematic groups[128]:
92d1720c4bee9704398fcccaedda7800c66fb45d	Sonnets dedicated to a friend: 1-126 Praising a friend: 1-26 Trials of friendship: 27-99 Bitterness of separation: 27-32 The first disappointment in a friend: 33-42 Longing and fears: 43-55 Growing alienation and melancholy: 56-75 Rivalry and jealousy of other poets: 76-96 "Winter" of separation: 97-99 The triumph of renewed friendship: 100-126 Sonnets dedicated to a dark skinned lover: 127-152 Conclusion the joy and beauty of love: 153-154
9ca31be89f23797b70b1371bc0bb19fecb3d3f7b	Sonnet 126 violates the canon — it has only 12 lines and a different rhyme pattern.
c1c40f84ba1479b210271ed50cbceee5c809d611	Sometimes it is considered a section between two conventional parts of the cycle sonnets dedicated to friendship (1-126) and addressed to the "dark lady" (127-154)[129]. Sonnet 145 is written in iambic tetrameter instead of pentameter and differs in style from the rest; sometimes it is attributed to the early period and its heroine is identified with Shakespeare's wife Anna Hathaway (whose last name, perhaps in the form of a pun "hate away" is presented in the sonnet).
99a0efc6cfd85d8ff2732a6718140f822cb90472	Style
c27f741afe41c5a4886c885d6748cf7a27288443	Main article: The Style of William Shakespeare
9dd420db8a5ea714219df12fb683fd5758ce609c	The language of Shakespeare's first plays is the language common for plays of this period.
3089ebbcf6216641a56a4185af0a3072e9e1f1bb	This stylized language does not always allow the playwright to reveal his characters[130].
3a3a4708e2cfdaa25cf16e2c2bd9a664afbb4db6	Poetry is often overloaded with complex metaphors and sentences, and language is more conducive to the recitation of the text than to a live game.
aae8d5cdaf4d338e0c134de04a19660a466ce57d	For example, the solemn speeches of "Titus Andronicus", according to some critics, often slow down the action; the language of the characters of" The Two Veronese " seems unnatural[75][131].
bbc47fd23cccdc13fe8314771d04400d2711be89	Soon, however, Shakespeare begins to adapt the traditional style for his own purposes.
f4b72899a3e191e72387edb43cb2ba1665c9933f	The initial soliloquy from "Richard III" goes back to the conversations with himself of Vice, a traditional character in a medieval drama.
615686ff96614a29ed0283badaaa3f0dea0e983e	At the same time, Richard's vivid monologues would later develop into monologues of Shakespeare's later plays[132][133]. All the plays mark the transition from the traditional style to the new one.
552c4b2ae6ba601163957adabfde73621d59cdae	Throughout the rest of his career, Shakespeare combines them, and one of the most successful examples of mixing styles is "Romeo and Juliet"[134].
981f0dc9042ab65f33a2b6283db31464f152b362	By the mid 1590s, the time of the creation of "Romeo and Juliet", "Richard II" and "A Midsummer Night's Dream", Shakespeare's style became more natural.
0d9a696a633526783102b7bba57add564f4b7d79	Metaphors and figurative expressions are increasingly consistent with the needs of the drama.
16937957fc3212d11ff1eaade6fe21d406aeaf6f	The standard poetic form used by Shakespeare is white verse written in iambic pentameter.
893859d29a8a37ef0b7e28a800d7874a0d99dbc8	The white verse of the early and late plays differ significantly.
43f330d17d5b96e36e8b7b0b5310440b2af08474	The early one is often beautiful, but, as a rule, either the entire sentence or its semantic part ends at the end of the line, which generates monotony[135].
7ba5f136e9ed6e43939e05db3c835b2f4dee34fd	After Shakespeare mastered the traditional white verse, he began to change it, interrupting the sentence at the end of the line.
cebd53c4d8320cb2e3a0a62bde109a3802489b49	The use of this technique gives poetry power and flexibility in such plays as" Julius Caesar "and"Hamlet".
b412b36321f3cd4383121a169d428343b9bc57a4	For example, Shakespeare uses it to convey the feelings of a shocked Hamlet[136]:
8bf93564cf55e7471e6618ca1ac9aa850bb54831	Sir, in my heart there was a kind of fighting That would not let me sleep.
0a4fde6430ac9285851a961ec6c14d0797ab8c73	Methought I lay Worse than the mutines in the bilboes.
5f20f976e1f4207881eba754d1bf72eca68892e4	Rashly— And prais’d be rashness for it—let us know Our indiscretion sometimes serves us well…
8f09a4b634df52a8beca1dc077494543284e2463	It was as if there was a struggle going on in my soul That prevented me from sleeping; it was harder for me to lie down than for Kolodnik.
a16a360ff4610863ae702aa8eb2c442030ab6637	Suddenly, - The praise of surprise: our recklessness Sometimes helps us out where a Deep Plan perishes…
72602ae2d86b699f954cbc35b1ad6e6452eb9a6e	"Hamlet", act 5, scene 2, 4-8.
ffe17acc172da6e0063cd753805b01fc7d956ccc	Translated by T. Shchepkina Kupernik.
40b2e7ec1f4c92ed07f4a459c9afedc226bcb7ba	In the plays that followed Hamlet, the poetic style continued to vary, especially in the emotional passages of his later tragedies.
34587fbbe33574ccef59b661cf8ddd94f80fc328	Literary critic Bradley (English)Russian. he described this style as "more concentrated, faster, diverse, with fewer repetitions"[137].
2295bac73b6c9f9c7776ad600069cdbff0200831	Towards the end of his career, Shakespeare used many methods to achieve similar effects.
dcf48030592e69d8535a02f1c0da157163de5019	He used such methods as anjambeman, unstructured pauses and stops, and various unusual variations in the construction and length of sentences[138].
6a2a8581890486661a18235fa0dac6ce02be194e	In many cases, the listener himself must think out the meaning of the sentence[138].
82cac00b123d59c0647578e4cccc4480bf9a8ebe	In late romantic plays, long and short sentences are opposed to each other, the subject and object of the action are reversed, the words are omitted, which creates a sense of spontaneity[139].
28d99cf0f7420b5c6e73f129bbd8248cd4c7b0e9	Shakespeare combined poetic art with an understanding of the practical details of a theatrical production[140].
691a3cdfcdcee3dba0d2640740d9adb3c30e7514	Like all playwrights of that time, he dramatized stories from such sources kov, like Plutarch and Holinshed[141].
1c8c61dd9d887634beded8d5c05d5cd875837568	But the original source did not remain unchanged;
76848bdb569526bc75b6d19d28dceb71e2779bce	Shakespeare introduced new and changed old storylines so that the whole versatility of the narrative was revealed to the audience.
99283450c9dd825860b598c6f4f400875b48c2cf	With the growth of Shakespeare's skill, his characters began to emerge more clearly and acquire distinctive features of speech.
edf23a78c1b615abe3a40207320e1d4eed7911f1	However, his later plays are more reminiscent of his earlier creations.
ca0b3e158c33408e5912d8e58447c85663bcaeb0	In his later romantic works, he deliberately returned to an artificial style in order to emphasize the illusory nature of the theater[142].
6bbe5450f3cfafd38c633e436b575bcca93e5a6b	Reputation and criticism
33179a963a8309310a3bd70a1db063c4a8edf26e	Main article: The Reputation of William Shakespeare
01c60bb716feed7979d2c42c5a1d4d9b71fc0d43	"He was not a man of the epoch, but of all times"[143].
8adfb54edb6ca0b214627ad4b1befca6d063965b	- Ben Johnson[144]
6b7405cca86d183dc9b92bf09e1f2f6ca7842c2f	Although Shakespeare was not considered a great playwright during his lifetime, he received commendable reviews of his works[145][146]. In 1598, the writer clergyman Francis Meris singled him out from English writers as "the most excellent" in both comedy and tragedy[147][148]. And the authors of the collection of plays "Parnassus" compared Shakespeare with Chaucer, Gower and Spencer[149].
c5e315e0d248663802afa0580f4f2e2c7017ed86	In the First Folio, Ben Jonson called Shakespeare: "The soul of the century, worthy of applause, delight, the miracle of our stage [150]".
01f8968eb2290c62debb0b268b93536e20759c01	Statue of William Shakespeare, Lincoln Park (Chicago), typical of the XIX and early XX centuries.
66b820e23c9c3083ac6fb33cbd63f6568ef8a9e8	In the period between the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 and the end of the XVII century, the ideas of classicism prevailed.
520b9c618f89fe70b379f69b463c5e43d51797ed	Therefore, the critics of that time mainly ranked Shakespeare lower than John Fletcher and Ben Jonson[151].
58a974d0fa144454a5d9d3b83e1eba6054e33ce0	Thomas Riemer, for example, condemned Shakespeare for mixing the comic and the tragic.
f8d850a98bd5cdf4dcefa47d316e37f7f8ef4d2c	Nevertheless, the poet and critic John Dryden praised Shakespeare, saying of Johnson: "I admire him, but I love Shakespeare"[152].
4377bce601a82da8b3f5fcd35d5f244eb6e6a207	Nevertheless, Riemer's views dominated for several decades, but in the XVIII century critics began to admire him and call him a genius.
f5d5b6636171e9a6a3b70c4edb144daaee2f8678	Such a reputation was only strengthened by a number of published scientific works devoted to the work of Shakespeare, for example, the works of Samuel Johnson in 1765 and Edmond Malone in 1790[153][154]. By 1800, he was firmly established as the national poet of England[153].
f15543fe91fd0e48d111c9609a3e97dccd1d2431	In the XVIII and XIX centuries, Shakespeare also received a name outside the British Isles.
3c3598a5fe420f423fd0046a4b36ea23ac691819	He was supported by such writers as Voltaire, Goethe, Stendhal and Victor Hugo[155].
9d1a99225a4ffa822db7ceeb0b5c268efedf407a	In the era of Romanticism, Shakespeare was highly appreciated by the poet and literary philosopher Samuel Taylor Coleridge; the critic August Wilhelm Schlegel translated his plays into German in the spirit of German Romanticism[156].
731cc76e30d123b285319a000ab3494fdd4f2bb2	In the nineteenth century, admiration for Shakespeare often bordered on worship and flattery[157].
25ac5637555a9b879f11db8c8842590889edd69e	"This King Shakespeare," wrote the essayist Thomas Carlyle in 1840 — " is above us all, the noblest, the tenderest, but strong; indestructible [158]"[159].
44eb453b72031a0af4570d936563851a195e6108	Bernard Shaw, however, criticized the romantic cult of Shakespeare, using the word "bardolatry".
6be1ee4c67fb484c0d7278c9f1fc586f5147b56b	He argued that Ibsen's naturalistic drama makes Shakespeare obsolete [160].
f8d7fcfa3eadc255eea7c9b65b632dbb27084cb4	The Russian writer Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy in his critical essay "On Shakespeare and the Drama"[161] based on a detailed analysis of some of the most popular works of Shakespeare, in particular: "King Lear", "Othello", "Falstaff", "Hamlet", etc. — he sharply criticized Shakespeare's abilities as a playwright.
357d4fd41f38e1cda4dcc13c175f722168612e36	After the modernist art revolution of the early XX century, Shakespeare was enrolled in the ranks of the avant gardists.
c9b33d77202b5c5828e4f7bb625713411c06442d	German Expressionists and Moscow Futurists staged his plays.
f82e59ee58aaf34c4b2b3e261989d8deebd27e49	The Marxist playwright and director Bertolt Brecht developed the epic theater under the influence of Shakespeare.
d4df428c16732d110116566aeb31574b8a0e1ad4	The poet and critic T. S. Eliot opposed Shaw, saying that Shakespeare's" primitivism " makes his works modern[162].
6b4c94430997a5d63a4600a378b7bd86346e708f	Eliot led the movement of researchers to examine Shakespeare's images in more detail.
104e56b01ce9f91706497aab72bce20a3ef1924d	In the 1950s, a wave of new campaigns replaced modernism and marked the beginning of" postmodern " studies of Shakespeare[163].
f16b6db504d3de9e2d88a5a13299c4e6ad5d6e97	In the 1980s, Shakespeare's work began to be studied by representatives of such trends as structuralism, feminism, new historicism, the study of African Americans and queer studies[164][165].
03ecfa6479fa3a2e7a65a8600de304ee43c7dd32	Influence
18a0466af1eb6c4d2a1a17016fe350337fa0ff0f	Main article: The Influence of William Shakespeare
b5197564c6b4a949f47f91737c62565a0613b22c	"Macbeth", by Henry Fuseli (1793-1794), Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington
e1827a952d2c737a0573a886d00feb0825f9167c	Shakespeare's works seriously influenced the theater and literature of the following years.
9372b4a4cd0b1765447eb1cb639923bb723531f8	In particular, he expanded the scope of the playwright's work with characterization of characters, plot, language and genre[166].
9fbf0db1c28049a6450e449f8557679982e469c9	For example, before "Romeo and Juliet", romance was never considered as a worthy topic for a tragedy[167].
53deaa2b46791b60260e755150130cb3f2ebcba9	Soliloquies were mainly used to inform the audience about the events that had occurred;
3ddbfee03b94d4952f4488f3cc5f98aa64a2fdea	Shakespeare began to use them to reveal the character's character and his thoughts[168].
39ddaa33594c9daf02cdd7c73d7d6eab7579f844	His works greatly influenced subsequent poets.
0e2b4ac1c4f80c496d1f168a126c17bcac3585f6	Poets of the Romantic era tried to revive Shakespeare's poetic drama, but did not have much success.
5ee2347034e010da5f6b6efcee320953adf62655	The critic George Steiner called the entire English drama from Coleridge to Tennyson "weak variations on Shakespearean themes"[169].
8edf4bcd08840d31072d5e67f5b9218238ffd306	Shakespeare influenced such writers as Thomas Hardy, William Faulkner and Charles Dickens.
29f2e2db8e44fa18e7e159a2a1af2ade1c8fa8ea	His influence also extended to Herman Melville; his captain Ahab from the novel "Moby Dick" is a classic tragic hero inspired by King Lear[170].
6f8f3d4e25aea1791397aeca0bedd1349d041343	Scientists have estimated that 20,000 pieces of music are associated with the works of Shakespeare.
dbc01424a7e3fdbb997b9b35a03f0d2615acb1c0	Among them are 2 operas by Giuseppe Verdi, "Othello" and "Falstaff", which are based on the plays of the same name[171].
fb997a22a0c7967d7b45293192443998231a11b9	Shakespeare also inspired many artists, including Romantics and Pre Raphaelites.
ad076da56c779a4b1f6abd14abc9cf766f78dafa	The Swiss artist Henry Fuseli, a friend of William Blake, even translated the play "Macbeth"into German[172].
918bd7329a00b627e2e6c07ef2bcc57a50c882b7	The developer of the theory of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, relied on Shakespearean psychology, in particular on the image of Hamlet, in his theories about human nature[173].
e2b6f0d72beb1287bfd07c72922874fc9b9a126b	In Shakespeare's time, English grammar, spelling and pronunciation were less standardized than they are today[174], and his language contributed to the formation of modern English[175].
edada69699008aef52ba2e04116177a2a3b3465f	He is the most quoted author by Samuel Johnson in "A Dictionary of the English Language", the first essay of its kind[176].
bff18f5b92c70eed4b1607225a0850dff1e49b06	Expressions such as "with bated breath" (lit. with bated breath = with a sinking heart) ("The merchant of Venice") and "a foregone conclusion"(lit. the predetermined outcome) ("Othello") have entered the modern everyday English speech[177][178].
dceb570bd0bdaf9ceb93a81b354972ae14bd675e	Doubts about Shakespeare's personality
18e89ff1b4b83beb138e604c87c86880a85f5852	"The Shakespearean question"
66b35f50f4f74a1e7c655ab842c9bb2146b8dc7a	Main article: The Shakespearean Question
facc31fafb55325bce7ca17ef8ba60105020bf1e	Recently discovered in the family collection is a portrait of an Elizabethan (1610).
3c0de95449e3e6902c2bc285901fba4243c9b421	Some art historians claim that this is the only lifetime portrait of William Shakespeare[179][180].
79d8acea1bcff4e81ec816e026637ebced386e4d	About 230 years after Shakespeare's death, doubts began to be expressed about the authorship of the works attributed to him[181].
d0b1ee31cb099a7988ea18fb8b0d66eee1d258c1	Alternative candidates were proposed, mostly well born and well educated, such as Roger Manners, 5th Earl of Rutland, Francis Bacon, Christopher Marlowe and Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford[182].
1ef0d44e6f3e2adfd4d944782060ebbb0c612eca	Theories have also been proposed according to which a group of writers was hiding behind the pseudonym "Shakespeare" [183].
6abb7f45f2f50aaa152465125f1c87e2de993f3e	However, the traditional theory is generally accepted in the academic community[184], interest in the non Strafordianist trend, especially in the Oxfordianist theory, persists in the XXI century[185][186][187].
f27cd781ac6cf494bcd60a291f37529ff1420973	One of the proofs of their theory, the non Fordians consider that there is no evidence of Shakespeare's education, while the vocabulary of his works, according to various estimates, ranges from 17,500 to 29,000 words[188], and they also show a deep knowledge of history and literature.
2e156ae94b6d9988f7d0ab0637d4f71b7c1d0077	Since not a single manuscript written by Shakespeare's hand has been preserved, the opponents of the traditional version conclude that his literary career was falsified.
b04d58c69dc5b8bc7ddd5259768dfe506efa3d4e	Religion
2920b9814e409334249ba6db62c8b9d468a7a928	Main article: The Religion of William Shakespeare
6590808694dfd581b10e5289d7fccf042c351af6	Some scholars believe that Shakespeare's family members were Catholics, although at that time the Catholic religion was banned[189].
4715b482df243123ebdcd48b94b99ea480eb5ca5	Shakespeare's mother, Mary Arden, came from a Catholic family.
0d5f9d1fdc0efd5d12c3d576971c92b69987f42b	The main proof of Shakespeare's belonging to a Catholic family is considered to be the will of John Shakespeare, found in 1757 in the attic of his house.
8b9f7c91f5aba03442154f9389d004c58f3b81b6	The original document was lost, and scientists disagree on its authenticity[190][191]. In 1591, the authorities reported that he did not appear in the church[192][193][194].
fd1757758a15f71ee29555f554a3cfcd15b40c93	In 1606, the name of Shakespeare's daughter Susanna was included in the list of those who did not appear at the Easter communion in Stratford[192][193][194].
72228ce6c290be2a2eeccb44393b3c0b2bd12bff	Scientists have found evidence in Shakespeare's plays for and against his Catholicism, but the truth is not absolutely established [195][196].
3be607e31e74ca3eb4c2a4e35de3400ffc6702d1	Sexual orientation
985f2d7ad9233d80b33b058cf01f356f58fa074b	Despite the fact of Shakespeare's marriage and the presence of children, there are different opinions in the scientific community about his sexual orientation.
04bbe4a6cc5bacafce13000e825bb4a7ee9191bc	Researchers often believe that Shakespeare's sonnets are autobiographical[197], and some draw a conclusion from them about Shakespeare's love for a young man[198].
90761553d8f08c5a6b1a2584c0edc6bd4eaf82de	Others, however, consider these sonnets only an expression of friendship, and not sexual attraction[199][200][201].
fe8c75bae448f843d7220ce729df8cea7bf7d207	26 so called sonnets to the "Dark Lady", addressed to a married woman, are often cited as proof of his heterosexual orientation[202].
41def7a0febe741da87c5b79ce78ce27b83f3ae7	Appearance
688b416faaba17260055a03714f33586e72bfb2c	There are no written descriptions of Shakespeare's appearance made during his lifetime, and there are disputes about his true appearance.
7aa73db395ebfdaca055b0e4934499a1aa362803	Often the true portrait of Shakespeare is called the Droushout portrait, which Ben Johnson described as well representing Shakespeare's appearance[203], especially since the bust on Shakespeare's grave is quite similar to this portrait.
75210034079bc876a6d0f02b3a77795871ff45a1	The painting of the beginning of the XVII century "Ben Jonson and William Shakespeare" contains an image of a man playing chess, similar in appearance to the portraits of the great drama aturga, made shortly after his death (it contains on the back the inscription "Ben Jonson and William Shakespeare by Isaac Oliver, 1603").
4f5e24a238361af7126ad1d6cd90219efdb27428	The painting is currently attributed to the Dutch artist Karel van Mander.
ebd5f8a6f333ac4d0113ccd9473522cecc50f460	In the XVIII century, many attempts were made to establish the true appearance of Shakespeare, which led to numerous falsifications and various versions[204].
bf1820cf2b12d9115458db23171ff7d9d4759e0b	List of essays
138a3760dffa30c3cb89525d3936feb84cf14123	Detailed consideration of the topic: List of works by William Shakespeare and Dating of Shakespeare's plays
392945ada27b349fd8d203ff831f60450d7ac37d	Classification of plays
8d61a6012f761aa106ac91f3ab7a74be796d7dc4	"The Plays of William Shakespeare".
840adfb9d83aa65c5f9e13e013b629fc6b90f731	John Gilbert, 1849.
b327f795926468bd0ef342676d28d08ae963394e	Shakespeare's works include 36 plays published in 1623 in the First Folio, the division of which here into comedies, chronicles and tragedies is given in accordance with this edition[205].
d3e60bab21ffe561bd5e83ef157f15bc6a5d62ef	The First folio did not include two plays, Two noble Relatives and Pericles, which are now considered part of the canon, and scholars agree that Shakespeare made a great contribution to their writing[206][207]. Shakespeare's poems were not published in the First Folio.
9ad4d5553f4ee71bae6231555aeecf7c44e2dc41	At the end of the XIX century, Edward Dowden classified 4 of Shakespeare's late plays as romantic, and although most researchers call them tragicomedies, this variant is widely used[208][209]. These plays, as well as the related "Two Noble Relatives", are marked with a sign
9fb6e24a1f2c3bf7203e664af0ae344f3d36eb42	( * ). In 1896, Frederick Boas introduced the term "problem plays", describing Shakespeare's plays that are difficult to classify by genre: "All is Well that Ends Well", "Measure for Measure", "Troilus and Cressida" and "Hamlet"[210].
92632996d0310d5d0098d4bbb894c4426a429c3b	This term has been discussed a lot and was sometimes used in relation to other plays, it is still used today, although "Hamlet" is often considered simply tragedies[211][212][213].
1b25b0a03e08105071b398cdb7c1689c54a2a842	Problem plays are marked with a sign (‡).
4f3560b18ef401d332a9fa5a5101fa416601db67	If it is believed that the play was written only partially by Shakespeare, then it is marked with a sign
820b52eeca75dd2d6b8a82cac37f1419912c0832	( + ). Works sometimes attributed to Shakespeare are classified as apocrypha.
6459c2ae48b88642c91b6c0acff291203ea47bf0	Comedies
ee93b1a34438372c7cd0714a3b33db925f867ed1	Main article: The Comedies of William Shakespeare
8d0105979fe3ac2d68734226c0e046d8424e8306	All's well that ends well ‡ How do you like it A comedy of mistakes Fruitless efforts of love Measure for measure ‡ The Merchant of Venice The Windsor Mockers A Midsummer Night's Dream Much Ado about Nothing Pericles * † The Taming of the Shrew The Storm * Twelfth Night Two Veronese Two Noble Relatives * † Winter's Tale *
b8b5d8c01dcaf4a80ca8d1344796f576a20ecb03	Chronicles
bb2d8c967a18fee058762ad6f4198d97a77c5b4a	Main article: The Chronicles of William Shakespeare
3f3f800eddc2fb1875b67bb31fe6fb5265cf5319	King John Richard II Henry IV, part 1 Henry IV, part 2 Henry V Henry VI, part 1 † Henry VI, part 2 Henry VI, part 3 Richard III Henry VIII †
5523512075b43130e7f544f811591f536471a58e	Tragedies
cdd7daa8f8fb848a14462f6cb8bfa39d0111fcde	Main article: The Tragedies of William Shakespeare
78a5fed4b98290ed24f7126a1416c1582909e527	Romeo and Juliet Coriolanus Titus Andronicus † Timon of Athens † Julius Caesar Macbeth † Hamlet Troilus and Cressida ‡ King Lear Othello Antony and Cleopatra Cymbeline *
a2f3a099dada43daec66329cadec63d643723602	William Shakespeare's Sonnets Venus and Adonis The Dishonored Lucretia[en] The Passionate pilgrim [en] The Phoenix and the dove [en] The complaint of a lover
8a7d93eb92975e980304274754e721046321591a	Lost works
ad43555b1b40f4b46af3870779d8a2e1c6d9edad	Rewarded efforts of love[en] The history of Cardenio †
eea5493229efa2e2748da604f483c8e2d9945c95	Apocrypha
d162c6548a2726f4e8ba1b1722fae7ff66538982	Main article: Apocrypha of William Shakespeare
a28cbab9fa4f29b468fff6498d6908e37db2a74c	The Court of Paris Arden Feversham [en] George Green Locrin[en] Edward III Musedor [en] Sir John Oldcastle[en] Thomas, Lord Cromwell The Merry Edmontian Devil[en] The Prodigal Son of London[en] The Puritan [en] Yorkshire Tragedy[en] The Beautiful Emma The Birth of Merlin [en] Sir Thomas More [en] The Tragedy of the Second Maid[en] The Passionate Pilgrim[en]
44c285e6d3e4e2591dfd1faefcd99fe21718afd1	► William Shakespeare
6ffb4f23738dc192ad1870f5b56e00869e422880	The Shakespeare Question The history of the Shakespeare Question[en] Shakespeare's handwriting [en] Shakespeare's reputation[en] List of Russian language film adaptations of Shakespeare
70440046a3dc2e079f23ee1c57dfa76669b732aa	Notes
b24ecd63242e41a6727c99858ae9dadcfddb0140	↑ http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119246079
816da8f78ced89ed41cb77e624af21ae90485fa9	↑ Biography: or, Third division of...
6858c9e9acb1e63061c0a9742144ed3730345869	- Google Books ↑ Greenblatt, 2005, p.
98afeede938f1a4f7f2096add148bb10acbe36b0	↑ Dobson, 1992, pp.
cec86d6f3ce5d4914c4c23c7c72aa34f9250293c	185-186.
bc22c030024fa9c2b9b73527f24e24f1eeb41f6a	↑ Craig, 2003, p.
9f94ca64a14acb8d77aa6c13b5724a2615ddd4d4	3. ↑ Shapiro, 2005, p
0bfdfdfd4ff31d0f801d7c361dab076943030845	Home Biographies Art Writers
d71cf3c4569c05db71dd15613ba2344e705b9a83	Biography of Shakespeare
d2778b0c8df099e014e2bcff7661e3e02edacc6c	Summary of contents Summary of "Hamlet" Summary of "Romeo and Juliet"
fb7fcad1fc55e37984a918713f0283be64b5aa5f	Everyone knows the name of the great classic of English literature, William Shakespeare, whose biography contains many secrets and riddles.
f4bc1e769358711c5d4804e12351fc146f6ed004	He is a world famous playwright, poet and writer.
b61fcb27525f1f20f5c6130b903361975ec001b5	Many of Shakespeare's works have been translated into Russian.
602a66e78871de2884174570c3977bae818d0a06	Childhood years
aec02b0483280104822021227049e51c0ef452b1	The exact date of the birth of the future talented writer has not been preserved.
36712da0eb7cc839a7064c09f5968146566789da	It is believed that he was born in Stratford upon Avon in April 1564.
d79cdbef9ba3549874197a4ad61c216934d63ac3	It is known for certain that on April 26, he was baptized in a local church.
98e2d7d4a7e4c87784505f9d6cfd63e1a35d8284	His childhood was spent in a wealthy family with many children, he was the third child among seven brothers and sisters.
2c382048aa87419641e3d8b21184af0b6d9ffb2e	Youth time
4edef04e29a18cd8a968056e7f6a4cafe0be358f	Researchers of Shakespeare's life and work suggest that he received his education first at the Stratford Grammar School, and then continued his studies at the school of King Edward the Sixth.
422621da33ae7f0c1e520a9aca6cee0d41adcff0	At the age of eighteen, he starts a family.
4655dc1e1531a7a271c95cfac862b3dfb9f91542	His chosen one becomes a pregnant girl named Ann.
2f1a46065d1c8920ed1d5072d93d812b8f8593e4	The writer's family had three children.
ce02f7fe35e3620163a7d0736c569dcb0c97f481	Life in London
9976b77c1ce4b84273d36e2a0747acd990cbdfca	At the age of 20, Shakespeare leaves his hometown, moves to London.
a0cab005014adaa2a9329b94702e8d3bda7063e9	There, his life is not easy: in order to earn money, he is forced to accept any job in the theater.
817f35800b0196aaf3876ae490f8336409c64d67	Then he is trusted to play small roles.
fb7cbae1ab89185d019f2a3da9b00e64909d602d	In 1603, his plays appeared on the stage of the theater and Shakespeare became a co owner of a troupe called "The King's Servants".
e2671351aa7d619055c953c9cde573a5210facef	Later, the theater gets the name "Globe", moves to a new building.
149d7dcaf5b0077c60c40538e87efd7e115c4422	William Shakespeare's financial condition is getting much better.
f5fcc364fbb4a02c3a33edcb45be620e98f30e55	Literary activity
b1fb9c2c0237d3a2dc1a2e019dd0f81d9c7b9a35	The first book of the writer was published in 1594.
ec8310199e1fbf0b5ecd6e6abd599c2a2e748730	She brought him success, money and recognition.
fcf0abeb15c7245838d6f9845aec53cb3ec64cb8	Despite this, the writer continues to work in the theater.
ee7402424765bbb36142020dabbdc6f8bcb82d52	Shakespeare's literary work can be divided into four periods.
ef0942a8da0cf98237018990bb68968f4e43fd22	At an early stage, he creates comedies and poems.
00ac812dfb7930f6d9975e1039ffad1f9fab498a	At this time, he wrote such works as" The Two Veronese"," The Taming of the Shrew","The Comedy of Errors".
0ff3ab6f7217bcf06f739dd951f7e861367516f2	Later, romantic works appear: "A Midsummer Night's Dream", "The Merchant of Venice".
e6b13aabc19345af3f301722957071277b6f88a2	The most profound philosophical books appear in the third period of his work.
f8c27b7ae8edc5ee119531b61b0e4ffa3aea9b15	It was during these years that Shakespeare created the plays "Hamlet", "Othello", "King Lear".
065070d859413ba961a6bac3ee021a001ff45be8	The last works of the master are characterized by a refined syllable and elegant poetic skill.
1b03a67ee1bdd72d00000e06c8d6090071607a68	"Antony and Cleopatra", "Coriolanus" are the pinnacle of poetic art.
01b8d9e5539f9af4f79bd84d3e3bc4985059c3fc	Critical evaluation
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29a502501bf2505a2f5953de5c0c0d21b1dead0e	Childhood years Youth time Life in London Literary activity Critics ' assessment Biography test
d12a76d24cb74f26e9ac7ee8e7410264e2016716	Activity Writer
179b74262a2ec1c70dc0db23cfbc83b7a738fc11	Date of birth April 23, 1564
d9e9609f7da87576c9d8bdd6bd28c6c1b05030fd	Zodiac sign Taurus
963aa81d6444a4750c3e6a21adb20f4e2da07d44	Date of death 23 April 1616
67ce285a20be8bbf30de8cfca405b21a6368eed7	Place of birth England, Stratford upon Avon
913166725cd900f2ce69d3d2a0212906cb0e6ce7	Full name (rus) William Shakespeare
2df4e14a4a1a5c3fdde1b82d64f9d9eccc17da34	Full name (English) William Shakespeare
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831dde043e456ee29df851f731673846622b74e7	13 name days, 24 memorable dates
80729cc5d8e09e321deab69ef9728bbe53c7cbbd	Holidays
ccea6a80d152fa20cc14eb72abbece28e9313ad1	Day of the Engineering Troops of Russia
288e8153e95aa236aaf8a1a4295e159a2473be8d	Day of the Engineering Troops of Belarus
c7fcfffcad9d7701ac9e864b6e5981e5fe6a62a8	Grandma's Day in Poland
0ee63a9578d7d1e7d91ce4f6547ccbf3f7ddd222	Prosinets
282a0abe27eeb8a1c0aa3343b6831d6549b26c61	In the national calendar, Emelyan is the day, Emelyan is the winter day
ddb8862ee7fc035794e3f319f64ab2df5e4c123d	Name days
de010f08cf40df5a33bdd8204a1cfcb4b6155724	Vasily, Viktor, Vladimir, George, Grigory, Dmitry, Evgeny, Emelyan, Ivan, Ilya, Mikhail, Julian, Vasilisa
125ce904dfdf37ceca1f3471de1c1e5584f89a50	Significant events 4 Birthdays 12 Days of death 8
24b9e37e7332d55bab23ab441d22f2f93d99eea5	Tomorrow, January 22, Sunday
c63857ef7058e68f121595813cde5aa6dd65d1ea	Tomorrow, until 03: 25, the twenty third day of the lunar cycle, after the twenty fourth.
8503f66ce18f202c7269ce8ec036c876c7ec634d	Day of Conciliarity of Ukraine
ea629b1f6dca1f78caf967816c89225380ba53fe	holidays, 5 name days, 26 memorable dates
0543571779fac06c6488a5e023d2674691c0a37b	Grandfather's Day in Poland
1ffba0f5aa8b7047cdd4af5cb4fcd21b32f1dbd8	Defenders of the Doctrine Day (Baldan Lhamo)
8a87d9f452f2e361de63ee913fde698cc87716f1	In the national calendar, Filippov day
7490a9decdb122bd7899423ac84e0efd834b4ab4	Zakhar, Pavel, Peter, Antonina, Philip
0f32992d5a4476ca8ebff46d46da0174c1291c78	Significant events 6 Birthdays 14 Days of death 6
2bfdd433c67a18465cd12c7393e16aa1c4f5b102	January 23→
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8d2d3e5b8cf45f55d0b82e219ab22647ee8d52da	Home page → Memorable Dates → William Shakespeare
430a3c7de1e3fe9168af1180425b746cf880e0c5	english playwright and poet
2a8897e16ffb2d2e44a0ad7096a56c28802647f6	April 23, 1564
1b93795b9768a163eed85c20387244b0ce76679a	—
f8ec4e2de43a8b567877d3f76c73acb2dd6eec97	April 23, 1616
fd880657350530893865db12b6751252650f24ac	453 years ago
8d445499c8c5e84e37d49609650105692193ab13	401 years ago
a796a440be9256fddc616cf292e44f8b28df9c40	Playwright and poet, humanist and Renaissance man William Shakespeare is considered a great English language writer, the national poet of England and one of the best playwrights in the world.
a09d2ecebe17aadb8918be78a9d5cb1af182a5ba	His plays have been translated into all major languages and are staged more often than the works of other authors.
999fbfd8bad9ad4fcc36ea408306cbb4cc3832ff	And film studios shoot pictures based on the works of Shakespeare, which are relevant today no less than in the author's time.
2e0334b9f300c6d439366443d81c3c33e9f73a0e	William Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564 in Stratford upon Avon (England), in the family of a craftsman.
b13451768cceb4e677e11226ae547dfe8ddff5f8	His father was a glover who was respected in the city.
110b8792c5e55d92108d41ab5d8a17ec6747eacf	My father was even elected mayor once.
493e94905bb2c8708d81280b37272436ec840328	William studied at a grammar school, which was considered one of the best; the main subjects in it were English, Latin and ancient Greek.
faaf9df158af91a14876e8aaa271945a115edc12	At the age of 18, Shakespeare married the daughter of a neighboring landowner.
0a93028193425faaf46503e104f006e4b81f13f9	His wife was 8 years older, there were three children in the family.
92b17ef898b17e07be36fbd64abcefb27c0252bf	Soon, for unknown reasons, Shakespeare resigns and returns home from London, where he spends his last years of his life with his family.
55b7ab2d7dd5585f983f0d503e510f1807522a4c	There are suggestions that he was ill during this period: his will, dated March 15, 1616, is written very illegibly.
68f5f64530f81379168ddd8672fc0a33447bdb20	The great playwright William Shakespeare died on April 23, 1616 in his native Stratford upon Avon.
abce6a4ad6bd06868f47c9670bb2b227f2a53a48	According to the will, his body is buried under the altar of the church in Stratford.
69a1fefa04ab678843ae84ec867a5a3e257373e0	My world
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7d19f320526aabc47fc5d0ba8811021f273883b7	Today, January 21 in history:
8dcb583b3ba5aa22850f93db0eec4c2a076d2cce	1921
d247e3045d43c1371bc34e2258690f1d3ac27c23	Lenin first used the phrase "The leading role of the Party"in the newspaper Pravda
0ea83cf4dfb1f798bbd621d94b60e0e3feacf852	On January 21, 1921, the great leader of the world proletariat, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, used the phrase "The leading role of the party" for the first time in the newspaper Pravda.
c846db6c1e6f6b5c7b0ba2ac63038c34855c4689	By this time, the newspaper Pravda was the main mouthpiece of the Bolshevik Party and its daily central...
f2779feb3682526b35eb6a642e38b67d68c654e4	1945
08882163256144ddf864e30dd01604f06274bcbd	In Moscow, the decision of the SNK on the foundation of the main Botanical Garden was made
c3c388f9d4fa88cbde7f2abec02dcb7992b1c215	The war was still going on, but against the background of the victorious advance of the Red Army, the decision of the Council of People's Commissars of January 21, 1945 on the organization of a Botanical Garden in Moscow, dedicated to the 220th anniversary of the USSR Academy of Sciences, marked the beginning of a new one...
268d2b8c52c20143354c7ab5403ae56c81faa11b	1954
69af9cd4258fd574f9be1df7bd37f8de5c6ef377	The world's first nuclear submarine has been launched
1f0ed08ddaf402a804b076bb9f71010129478d27	The idea of the combat use of an underwater vessel, expressed for the first time by Leonardo da Vinci, was popularized in the novel "20 thousand leagues under the sea" by Jules Verne, written in 1870.
0f9aae175c895c2924f24ec5b1815908a3111ff3	The novel describes the submarine "Nautilus", which rams and...
ab8c67e1a8127be1f25215e446085acbdd622297	1885
ef53d5f74b288edae0192ce85ab9b198a15aa65c	Umberto Nobile was born
00cc2d538ce89752af02de14f557820f3bc6ecc4	Umberto Nobile (ital. Umberto Nobile) was born on January 21, 1885 in the Italian city of Lauro, in a large family of an employee.
234c6dded4ae7da865cf82253079ce85ff22d309	He received his initial education in public and private schools, and then at the University of Naples, where he studied...
259e58e1899790724f5bde68f6c687293fce64d1	1900
65f9c579d3b504af2932db82d57c99b11087e88a	Oleg Volkov was born
8964ec8049abe441db4297979ed0dc26b04962d5	Oleg Vasilyevich Volkov, one of the founders of the Soviet ecological movement, was born (9) on January 21, 1900 in St. Petersburg, in a noble family.
0fcbed3b12f698270e5152ee44300e77fe94e5dc	His father was the director of the board of the Russian Baltic factories, his mother was the granddaughter of Admiral Mikhail...
f272a53b0ef1c576ff83d5cbdb2278970c863fb8	1775
e68ea6c2e9303fef8507ac2a430c2e145abbf733	Yemelyan Pugachev died
fedd3d152123794b706e7d350438406b68752348	Yemelyan Ivanovich Pugachev was presumably born around 1740 or 1742 in the village of Zimoveyskaya, Don region (currently the village of Pugachevskaya, Volgograd Region).
7abc4dd48878cfb1e8a546c74f5cada2cc84135f	Stepan Razin was born here earlier.
4f0fa8390a1b5e17b17007eab490b63e0347ddc1	The exact date of birth is unknown.
e5b05cfb06a75101cdc5d53c7bb46f960742d193	Was...
8102ceb46f25c5ae762a7a7d6dbe15ddbf870d90	1869
a1af3eb0dd0ff18ec6b47bfc27188658002dd4cf	Ivan Gorbachevsky died
2d4e22aee16821554476d745ae232bd678d1bb2b	Ivan Ivanovich Gorbachevsky was born (September 22) on October 4, 1800 in the city of Nizhyn in Ukraine, in a family of poor nobles.
4e2e17960900f52f5a41865d28c755222f2b2458	Gorbachevsky's father served on the staff of Barclay de Tolly and Kutuzov in 1812, and the future Decembrist at the age of 12...
c83d6c374fa77050b35c9b23d9f38a226f08e2a7	All events on January 21 →
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4592b8d2320ed4da2bbd4e79cee08685295d7e8e	Significant events
80fc8ad609029e74d5f248f1668874c95f82f7d7	People Birthdays Days of death
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da545db480d22f3e0edf0bb34f3fb6c6bd7647f5	9 10 11 12 13 14 15
fe61b18f87997d9ceed6319c340027d943c78c69	16 17 18 19 20 21 22
5bacc9f9a2e0c5aaff0153551ea1f6bd58cc7de8	23 24 25 26 27 28 29
2b15404c6cbf05e483e768c9b9a475593353bd2f	30 31
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7b7ed0765cd50eebb0e086a0631dc0c5deab6066	23.04.1564 — 23.04.1616
869514e4a60b9e0da820f42e239b1a8b0cc2fdc0	Memory Wall Photos Biography
7e73a653cac4483ad2ebdae537e2f4befda613d3	William Shakespeare Biography
ba0b86953575b595b61e5965071cc694c3cb7c2c	William Shakespeare (April 26, 1564 (epiphany), Stratford upon Avon, England April 23, 1616, there) was an English poet and playwright, often considered the greatest English language writer and one of the best playwrights in the world.
e6268c51cd5bc52516bf33a562bc4a821c1cdb71	He is often called the national poet of England.
160392e87131c477894990a4d09e75e59c5b24bd	Shakespeare's plays have been translated into all major languages and are staged more often than the works of other playwrights.
8f1df121be0c8d0af5b6cab9c4433d597f796c08	At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children: a daughter, Susanna, and twins, Hamnet and Judith.
26d9af84e9d73ae55c0f6c796033351baeab887d	Around 1613, at the age of 49, he returned to Stratford, where he died three years later.
07d07b9b9773d253c237a369efcd59a862f939d1	There is little historical evidence about Shakespeare's life, and theories about his life are created on the basis of official documents and testimonies of contemporaries, so questions about his appearance and religious views are still being discussed in the scientific community, and there is also a point of view that the works attributed to him were created by someone else; it is popular in culture, although it is rejected by the overwhelming majority of Shakespeare scholars.
b6716a19151754ed529528da2e56b2c3f6a43169	His early plays are mainly related to comedies and chronicles, in which Shakespeare greatly excelled.
0d0770443261d308864fcf874703c95010d1e66d	In particular, representatives of Romanticism and Victorians worshipped Shakespeare so much that Bernard Shaw called it "bardolatry" (English)Russian, which means "bardolatry"in English.
5cd5e6a75b0472b747f4cd52b7c8e62e35521408	Legend relates his birth to April 23: this date coincides with the precisely known day of his death.
af72c6d7a365aadffc5794c2874784ab76428bf4	He did not attend church services, for which he paid large monetary fines (it is possible that he was a secret Catholic).
bc157f3bd4a81e56edea7e8cd768771d9914b851	Shakespeare's mother, nee Mary Arden (1537-1608), belonged to one of the oldest Saxon families.
0f3c89a7bf35c9b63cd2cef4559145de853a747d	Some scholars claim that Shakespeare attended the school of King Edward VI (English)Russian. in Stratford upon Avon, where he studied the works of poets such as Ovid and Plautus, but the school journals have not been preserved, and now nothing can be said for sure.
9f312692306f2f88091265dcd7cad0f9e5ff7673	Biographers believe that Shakespeare's career could have begun at any time, starting from the mid 1580s.
54af42d59c499c8afc599c1765e767522e124ed9	Mountjoy, the trial of the wedding dowry of Mountjoy's daughter Mary.
f76ae21b122a8569cc67122b739f43f78a72ac8d	In March 1613, he bought a house in the former parish of Blackfriars; in November 1614, he spent a few weeks with his son in law, John Hall.
4b06d585c282aaf1e5e2a7010ccf54f0d511a31f	However, it indicated that he was leaving her "my second best bed", and this fact led to many different assumptions.
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749a86f86450ede5a666de8a60637ae098ace82e	Michael Jackson became a star at an age when most children are still mastering the art of tying shoelaces.
dc8b6ea2c0ab225ace1ae88f812dcae7230e9b7f	After thirty years, he reached amazing commercial and creative heights – the most successful album in the history of sales, music videos on all TV channels and universal recognition of his musical genius.
145740d450067472b2cb02d0ccedf188aae1b3f4	In many ways, however, the king of pop has become a victim of his own success.
bdfb548a04f8340d4c9c9c9ffec1432fc0751180	Professionally speaking, the multimillion-dollar sales of Jackson's latest albums compared to the impressive achievements at the beginning of his career looked unconvincing.
de53022589e9beb80ef75a77452cf4b063f43b84	In everyday life, it seems that Jackson was haunted by his childhood, which did not really exist, and an insatiable thirst for entertainment.
e7b2f7896dc2e540122e8fadf4daf46c3dd23a57	Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958, Gary — June 25, 2009, Los Angeles) was an American singer, songwriter, dancer, choreographer, actor, philanthropist, entrepreneur.
2c4bc25622784db07561912d652d0be7e73547d2	The most successful artist in the history of pop music, known as the "King of Pop Music", winner of 15 Grammy Awards[5][6][7] and hundreds of other awards.
872e0d6735a8d3c7295bbb2e303fb04cfac41d31	25 times listed in the Guinness Book of Records[8].
879c6471169dbfdc4513722795915aef65851558	The number of Jackson's recordings sold in the world (albums, singles, compilations, etc.) is 1 billion copies[9][10][11][12].
d60dc87318e2b949bac84d8d46a8deed3b01c78d	On August 29, 1958, a boy was born in a poor and unremarkable African-American family of Joseph and Catherine Jackson, in the town of Gary, lost in the state of Indiana.
a22725ddee4c8c8b437d84c6ed91e8e975ba1e4c	He was the seventh child in a family that lived in a small house-so small that it looked like a garage.
2f824c16b3e9b947be2c3e065e05bba9ada0d7f1	The boy was named Michael.
a39b84d484bfbca5684dc19638859fd5be92e6fe	So the greatest and most unsolved artist of the late twentieth century was born — Michael Jackson.
aedee051d89d86cf1218bf4393f91a5258b344c9	Hundreds of biographies, books, and studies have been written about the phenomenon of Michael Jackson, and none has yet been able to cover his entire image.
2de6e906346053a1fe70f9917739239be896c4ac	His father, who tried to appear like an exemplary family man and a caring parent in public, was a real tyrant at home.
18f6b3f5e19daf6a696467332aa5e399d4ff7432	He repeatedly abused his children, causing them both physical and emotional pain.
37cdf1039859ce61d2adcd91a4d7299b29434ead	Jackson entered show business at the age of five, when his father Joseph organized the family ensemble "Jackson 5", which, in addition to Michael, included four of his older brothers.
e0d190cab747764b4df53e0b7588dbacaa6d9a82	At first, Joseph included Michael in the group as an exotic element, but it soon became clear that the baby had outstanding musical abilities.
27e37b5d0afc57b17c6f26fc346f418f6d530bc6	The young musicians won the city talent contest with the song " I Got You (I Feel Good)", after which they went on a tour of the Midwest, which lasted until 1968.
7f79ff49d06849bed13650916c1468739c9fe695	The young talent led the group from the category of local celebrities to the first serious contract.
f13dfbbe03de9eb0f09a8450787695c9a01bee5b	In 1968, the Jackson Five signed a contract with Motown Records and recorded such hits as I Want You Back, ABC, The Love You Save and I'll Be There.
ca0f25d1870a9e1d1c4f518ca8bab56f06f740da	Between 1969 and 1971, the band released six hit singles, among them the famous compositions "I Want You Back "and"ABC".
40cb45951fd70302e071c82c0f842967aadff106	Growing up, Jackson was no longer satisfied with the popularity in the group and soon he made his first independent recordings with the help of Motown Studio.
981d0bd53ddc2ebd89f505a714d5b02766c118d6	When in 1971 his first separate composition I " ll Be There came out in the charts at the 4th place, it became clear that a new superstar was appearing in the musical sky.
9c79eefa672f7822b40f0aece7db7752b96cdb81	In 1976, he and the Jackson 5 band signed a contract with Epic Studio.
052f135a660fed5447661bdfd6c4429075e83629	In the late 70s, Jackson made a brief foray into cinema, starring with Diana Ross in the African-American version of the old movie "The Wizard of Oz" (The Wizard of Oz).
be7065174163bf24b705292e717ebf2e0319c8bf	The film did not work out, but the fact of Jackson's acquaintance with the legendary producer Quincy Jones took place.
a2b5bf921129bd454b7f8cb734a894da2b7be925	Jones and Jackson worked together on the singer's next album Off the Wall (1979), an album that took the singer from the category of child stars to the category of adult superstars.
99bc8aff52beca4c033ee52afe2093a57461ad3e	In a short time, 10 million copies were sold.
08886d8c468eaddae452bd9719d0a99b288b7f7c	In 1982, the singer released his second album Thriller.
9ed9244fb1740d277282a5f8fc4c2612f85fd6cc	The album became one of the most commercially successful in the history of pop music — its circulation was 70 million copies worldwide.
bac461e4bcaccd17cc240406e52757fd8c99c371	The Thriller CD brought Michael seven Grammy Awards.
21eac07732d0503b53a24ac52b46199312c4b668	It was with this album that the triumphant march through the world of Michael Jackson's video clips began.
a181e9e7f852f307c84555c0f8090b2430e41479	Michael decided to invite film directors to work on his musical films.
d6c52f6293545f7ed32f6b7bdb311a3adb6f0ceb	He himself did not call his videos "video clips" — he called them "short films".
2431f482f4dea30abb0665bc1a9f7e73c742ab6b	Jackson and his producers used the actively developing music television: his revolutionary videos became the first clips of a black artist in the constant rotation of the MTV channel, who was only a year old at the time of the album's release.
fdc908c116373c8961655b98312df02be46cb4f5	In addition, Michael completely reinvented his own image.
a1be81ad5ab9c63f56d5d6493a7792004c4d7e34	Moonwalk. A shiny glove. The famous Black Fedora hat…
e4c17c7230644283489acb80d800aac87384b15b	In 1983, on the 25th anniversary of Motown Records, Michael Jackson first presented his famous "moonwalk" during the performance of "Billie Jean", and also showed a 14-minute clip for the song "Thriller", which set new standards for music videos.
5f5fe2e0996c4745a0cd96372d8e55e7cb37224e	In the same 1983, Jackson signed a grandiose contract with Pepsi Cola, the next year, tickets for concerts of his tour cost absolutely unheard-of sums, and the demand for them was indicated by astronomical figures.
835a83d73bba3d20538515eaa6d5ab77b2333819	They talked about him only in the superlative degree, everything he touched turned into gold: this was the heyday of the king of pop music's reign.
0fcccaa29e32769fa586a3335655e6657b3bfea8	Jackson reached his professional zenith in the summer of 1984, when he reunited with his brothers for a joint tour called the "Victory Tour".
d78f5a00ac5b1a2c1f885bdb92209a962e17a8a1	January 27, 1984 — the day that changed a lot in the life of Michael Jackson.
e4a049c3af961908ece332a30ec3364b1d4cc696	Michael and his brothers starred in a Pepsi commercial.
5ffdde0aca61f3af937db87845686b8c093fec99	At the request of the director, he stayed dangerously close to pyrotechnic devices.
e8a86d11fc3af392f7e7965a8b100b1e9aaafab9	His hair caught fire and Michael received 3rd degree scalp burns[24][25].
387f55ce75470d05091f72f86f281f9c3fe742a2	While in the hospital, Michael visited the children's burn department, and after that, instead of receiving a multimillion-dollar compensation from Pepsi, he decided to open a children's burn center in his name with the help of Pepsi.
90fc911a2996a803f340471042348303c24e4eeb	This was the beginning of Michael's charity work, which he did not stop until the end of his days.
5ce0b32c651a10dd8d16a74d4fb6ecf7a61637d9	Another consequence of the burn was that the stress suffered by the body provoked the development of vitiligo, a disease transmitted to Michael on the maternal side, and disrupting skin pigmentation.
750a9ee06b9a01fe98df060e045d58b784036e80	This led to the need to apply enhanced makeup, and avoid sunlight.
30265fb018285676c825dfa9e097fa54a256e235	Another consequence: Jackson never recovered from this injury, and the pain did not leave Michael for the rest of his life, and he was forced to start taking painkillers regularly.
6ab3643ad07cdd056fc60f524018aacbf08ed061	In the mid-80s, Michael Jackson began to surprise the audience more and more.
df13f53cd24dc5e61b940efbbe51af1b1af6cf43	However, this time not with amazing music, but with its appearance.
eb5ee728c14dcf0bc8f6fba1cb8bdecaa66b94aa	Born dark-skinned, Michael began to gradually lighten.
1c4171a14c9e7725fcff8713460bef7a508deab8	Many journalists were sure that Michael's bleaching skin was the result of numerous operations that he had done intentionally.
1c37790e9f5ee35aef980c8170c17461a08bee44	The artist himself claimed that he suffers from a rare genetic disease, which manifests itself in a violation of skin pigmentation.
d0b1d59849c7c2d1aa31326ce0d48d380919ef59	Over time, not only the singer's skin color has changed, but also his face – his lips and nose have become thinner, his cheekbones are sharper, and his forehead is higher.
bcef938d70f8adb4aa4be5327a2f8a2cbe7a96f2	Jackson himself said that he went under the surgeon's knife only a couple of times in order to fix his nose a little, to make it more attractive.
18d694a9cb655c9b574102baf985e0eacd171bb9	The rest of the changes are the result of a vegetarian lifestyle, Jackson assured.
e4bdc1ccc3b4ef78be2598128895eacc9a763b53	Within a few years after that, Michael began to be "handed over" by his own doctors – one by one they publicly told about which part of Michael's body they had to operate on.
4e5affecdfe55bd59bfcd51c5e37880333e60b97	On March 7, 1985, the single "We Are the World" (Rus. "We are the world").
6b42b6c623ffe38f203701104786aa6008276c59	Funds raised from sales of $61,800,000 were used to help the hungry in Ethiopia.
47874c8cc5dc21a35243de8cbeb05d68f9c69e3f	In 1987, the singer released the album Bad.
0e7ce203f990d902c3e3e5b5fa621e497f7d6b72	All the singles from this record reached the first lines of the charts.
26e9e238f6063da3c8d4e114e1449b029c6f80ed	The album sold 29 million copies.
74f680826e3ce3c69022983e42efc60cd3ea4ce1	Immediately after the release of the album, Michael Jackson went on his first international solo tour "Bad Tour", visiting 15 countries with 123 concerts over the next three years.
1d9a44811dbdefd9144c54a5655fadee049058ca	Jackson turned every performance into a brilliant show: he demonstrated crazy dance steps, communicated with the audience.
68784a41b93b992e67bd594caf86102dcc75b8a5	During one of the London concerts, he got into the Guinness Book of Records – a record half a million spectators came to the performance.
339120f87c4e3a4e09cfd9114179479445935bd4	In 1989, Elizabeth Taylor called Michael Jackson "the real king of pop, rock and soul music"during the Soul Train Music Awards ceremony.
79cc6a1a07ed2e120861b8ea339c8873553a1b07	Fans shortened her phrase – "The King of Pop music", and this nickname was fixed for Michael forever.
f9ca8cda92a0f97d5db441faf118e138d6801997	In 1991, Michael Jackson signed a major contract with Sony Music and released his solo album Dangerous.
c73f0280dd5cd8b49645d880556bc3cc928b0843	The singer finally secured the status of the first star in the world of show business — his composition Black Or White became a number one hit on both sides of the ocean.
ef627956c36b7b2bf77fecc70a12674e37a16360	He won the title of the most famous person in the world-even in perestroika Russia.
acdf47da4cf01ff64bf3e112578eb5159b9c4d61	His arrival in Moscow with the Dangerous concert in September 1993 became one of the landmark events of the era of change for Russians.
3bc61493cca8a4488f2bbd0bf369ace6aa3f04a0	But such fame, like a snowball, "wound" more and more rumors on the artist's reputation.
37c6775e37b839e8fb323ff39b109a9ea12b7cbd	People seemed to be restless with curiosity, burning with a desire to find out what he eats, what he sleeps in, who he dines with, what color his socks are, why he is wearing a hat, why he is white, why he has makeup on his face, why a bandage on his sleeve, who his girlfriend is, why children are around him.
7528bcaa8cd3b083c88ce814d2d985fd17745a36	In February 1993, for the first time in ten years, Michael decided to give a big interview to TV host Oprah Winfrey.
558b0f680a45b4167e4887e5af030ae9a3c8ce3e	The interview was intended to dispel rumors around the star and to lift the veil of mystery that hid his true life.
939de27576cb191dd627395b78c82ef1a7798b44	The world saw a light-skinned man with a high voice, long black hair and makeup on his face, who was sitting in the living room of his luxurious mansion on the territory of a huge ranch with the magical name "Neverland" and answered questions that excited the public for almost an hour.
3adf884e74fa3cc6b7dd13db0a84cf5b200d0ce7	Much of this interview was a revelation to the public.
459127ca5c7c4a20f80c56d579b00650c3880619	The interview won a record high rating: according to the TV channel, 85 million Americans watched it live.
3b4289b50edd4dbd9a4c7e2c808030c1079c3a03	It caused a new wave of interest in the artist's work and had a positive effect on Michael's image in the eyes of ordinary people.
5da264001168cf702a569a9bebf0f02f48c211fd	Unfortunately, the effect of the interview was short-lived.
b87a61de952c9cbb1e37755abe62fdf93c451839	In the same 1993, the madness around the name of Michael Jackson reached a "boiling point".
2c3193ee69ed886efb8afc5210486448d8208a17	All the misunderstanding that had accumulated around his image, all that attracted attention to Michael, all his resounding success and mega popularity turned out to be a breeding ground for the most terrible accusation that he himself could only think of.
1cbdc2413bacdb6ee3b99c070ebf6d5596c4e4f3	In August, Evan Chandler, the father of the family with whom Michael became friends, filed a civil lawsuit, accusing the artist of "inappropriate behavior" towards his underage son.
f50cc578c61b3ff5784d7d586965436f2135cf42	This accusation, categorically rejected by the singer, struck Jackson, who was always proud of his attitude to children.
8a55aa7ad2bd2120a695901f6c92631e8c9c1993	The singer interrupted his tour, lost an advertising contract with Pepsi and caused irreparable damage to his reputation.
5ee18cfee714ad28f633975e5fcde791ba829601	Michael Jackson has always fiercely defended his innocence.
2a01490fb56a162cd221ad5e1f5e6dc7292e0180	At first, he intended to fight for his honor to the end and did not agree to make concessions.
d2b09d94ccb9e1dc202a3397e3fe4734cd2e8607	However, the scandal undermined his health and jeopardized his career.
45b1b04120cfe39716a8b806f3fa10422ea3a3f3	The trial threatened to drag on for several years, which would have a disastrous effect on the sales of music and the public image of the artist.
c73b54e71cc7536e79cfe256b860a64255fd8b4a	Jackson agreed with the boy's family for $ 20 ml.
b1984c297dfcec715a39b4dbd50444cfde126512	In 1994, the case was closed.
6b9f2a86fbc33449fb7d97952360df87130373c9	Michael Jackson's personal life took a dramatic turn in May 1994, when he married Lisa Maria Presley, the daughter of Elvis Presley, in a secret ceremony in the Dominican Republic.
08ccf795094c0ddfedc446c787eccc2d5a2b2d3a	Some saw this step as an attempt to patch up their reputation, others found this association of two outstanding musical families touching.
e89ed40eb3dfb6816adc88a17d576604867d38eb	The press campaign included an interview with Diane Sawyer on ABC News, where Jackson and Presley insisted that they have a real marriage and they actively love each other.
cec8798820af2e12e2d0159d45d6dd8a6ac711e1	Ardent love passed by, the union barely lasted 18 months.
a2dbdfb86871e6ef1b4036fb1fc36edf2229b9ae	In November 1996, Jackson announced that his girlfriend Deborah Rowe (his assistant dermatologist) was expecting a child from him.
980f9f1d421a25a9d3cb97841013c6e50048596e	The couple denied numerous accusations that Jackson was simply using Deborah to carry his child.
505845e2bf695dda65776acde8f7bb78f98b612f	As a proof of their love, they got married shortly after the fact of pregnancy was made public.
ec4f1d2c99ee52853aa05d8c98ed43cb820cabec	The wedding took place in Australia.
9126cedcf3dce3db42895662fe3122c6df0ccf6d	In 1999 (just three years after the wedding), Deborah and Michael divorced.
2c3ce0cf241637cf197cfc6e08cd7dd3d2aa437b	In February 2002, Michael had another son, Prince Michael Jackson II.
2c443beb3da326d7f8dad872bdc90982cae4fc54	He was carried out in his womb by a surrogate mother, whose name was never made public.
9cc82823e5d70bde1bb404e2eb06c60cd9c00285	The album, in the light of all the above, is called quite defiantly – Invincible, that is, "Invincible", was released in October 2001.
dc5998214aee5f3df05537059951f04cd225529e	The difficulty of it was that thanks to her, if Jackson could win, then only a part of the past, while everything can lose.
39638c6ed79dd5bab7e45aa58962719d5e25bc79	An exceptional amount of money and labor was invested in it, not the cheapest stars were invited to play on it – from Santana to Missy Eliot.
e4399daa126f3d33c596aadcba400bedaacd61ea	If we were not talking about Jackson, this very record could paradoxically be predicted a one-hundred-percent success-primarily because the king, no matter how he was treated, had a style.
a97e88ea7cfc9e1e79afb244b5ca49bc4d73d527	The album ultimately failed to meet commercial expectations, and although Michael worked with Sony on several more releases after that, he never forgave the label for this betrayal.
19a820a3d162719cf2e1ca8370c9d3dc741a5ba0	In March 2009, Michael announced that he was going to give the last series of concerts in London called "This Is It Tour".
2dcb6597eabad477b070f5835dc50787748dcdd3	The concerts were supposed to start on July 13, 2009 and end on March 6, 2010.
8982468858e1e01421d766603c06a5c533872869	The concert tour never took place due to the singer's death.
30c257c20c1f5d61687bc96e504fa22d107a8da1	On June 25, 2009, Michael Jackson was in his home.
69ff3549ed1d802fd76ff9a26c59491cf0e40efb	About two o'clock in the afternoon, his personal doctor, Conrad Murray, came to see him.
1e7fa9bcaec88e5de21d8197520ac4a61e7b3af8	The doctor gave the patient an injection of propofol (a sleeping pill) and left.
9657a8fa834fb9a025a03c303b2918f60ab1c542	Two hours later, Conrad returned to find Michael lying completely still.
b04d0133d26b2916e07c71e167f82597d4c4388c	At first, the doctor tried to bring the patient back to life on his own, but after a couple of minutes he realized that his attempts were clearly not enough.
6b477d43f31fa44be68ef5468d867241f584751a	They picked up Jackson's lifeless body and took him to the University of California Medical Center.
af6dc037b85ca0a556df195fda421958b38036ee	For a whole hour, experienced doctors tried their best to revive the king of pop music, but they failed.
630c98133abb49272ddb27e09c634532b6302f71	Death has won.
9b453d437eeef4ef7253ff1fd2a1c9b0ca90acb6	After the singer's death in 2009, Jordan Chandler admitted that all the words about molestation were lies from beginning to end, and said that his father forced him to tell the truth.
10ca8c77340158e0545dd753adbe3b8086031779	Michael's body was buried on September 3, 2009 at Forest Lawn Cemetery (Los Angeles).
7e8297278cfc780e1a91b9fe71d4c47e1b6a1de0	But, perhaps, the key event that marked the beginning of a new, eternal life for Michael Jackson was the words of his daughter Paris, pronounced by her at the farewell ceremony, which was watched live by about a billion people.
f590a66928c04c762e94ea4d152b655498afa0a2	When Michael's family took the stage, his 11-year-old daughter suddenly asked for a microphone in a fit of emotion and, barely holding back tears, uttered the very words that Michael once dreamed of hearing to the audience and to the TV cameras: "From the moment I was born, my dad was the best father you could imagine. I love him so much..."
f925af0d76cb9bd75c01ec85aa514c8e4eca84d1	This simple short eulogy did what Michael had not been able to achieve for many years — it was as if in an instant he allowed millions of people to throw off the blinders from their eyes and finally see a man in the hero of a scandalous gossip column.
47bca1ebde786251acd87527c39da7ddaac563c0	Death, alas, took this man away, but it also freed his personality and genius from the burden of social prejudices.
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87a5067d895b2379f247ed5b918e8dd96336db2a	Biography of Michael Jackson
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3671525c2f59274b4edf4910a76af4feaf0ddc47	Biography, life story of Michael Jackson
f74d5576b778f08e42391098fb7ac60c374a7e97	Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 June 25, 2009) was an American singer, pop music legend.
707ddefda8b9d501a1d63dad3fcb74d0cb28b51a	Preface
f2b86db2fe4056d71ca03fa6419cdb00a0b36130	Professionally speaking, the multimillion dollar sales of Jackson's latest albums compared to the impressive achievements at the beginning of his career looked unconvincing.
023f994efb55cc758515b42eb4fdb163a3b93f0e	Jackson was born in Gary (Indiana) on August 29, 1958.
72175a60356cb298ed274a05cc3f021fa3b860fd	He became the seventh child in a family of ten children.
fce96e6a8bf5ba9e4f4f70d7fc5cfe124247cf66	Michael's childhood was not cloudless.
57439c60d5ad1b5864d9c955ccf559e7579f5b9d	Moreover, Michael's mother Catherine did not interfere with the actions of her abusive husband in any way.
cfeea2b634493a1c9c35038078f4f44a01639d95	Very much Michael remembered one terrible incident that happened when he was still very young.
bc60c3e356731f20a3bab0532a44e8298b8104c7	One night, Joseph, hiding his face under a terrible mask, climbed through the window into his son's room and abruptly began to scream with all his might.
8922c2ae0bbd166afef3d29634caa7d2ac7cba09	After this nightmare, Michael could not sleep properly for many years.
da68d32aa68c603cbdb1def6971baf7555f0cc48	There were a lot of similar situations – Joseph Jackson was a real monster.
1ce74ee32d0d93855d2be68d7c0c975b8a0c6ff9	During the 70s, the group remained a serviceable machine for creating hits.
253ee9f3d495690bcb82b7c37a10dae8e9114bef	CONTINUE BELOW
97c900eced6802e90747812e83efc935c46c1fdb	The history of cooperation between the record company Motown and Jackson 5 begins in 1968, when the group, already known for its victories in several competitions of homegrown talents, was invited to audition by one of the artists of the company.
436b627713171290e1b5d8ff190cff29c2665e81	Berry Gordy was not at the audition, but he was shown a recording of this event and he immediately ordered to sign a contract with the band.
911692db006052d3820914e5dfaf582efc7a542c	It so happened that Jaxop 5 became the last grand event in the history of the label – new times are coming soon.
a9c23b9a8d842a773301f1661a045722d3ab1579	But in 1969, when the first Jackson 5 record was released, which, just in case, was preceded by the name of Diana Ross, simple sweet songs that quickly acquired the name "bubblegum soul" enjoyed stunning popularity.
d94413ac85c1e6867b0ab73fa2dded6703881958	The band on the very next day after the release became the object of real hysteria.
b45719ae737c774968119a3850b9f8cb5a13d945	In 1970, the rival firm MGM launched a response project — five white Osmond brothers, but most importantly at the same time began to promote the youngest of them, 13 year old Donny Osmond, as a solo artist.
cfeb2ea18525926aa3918c0c58a7c6c14a925185	Motown rightly believed that not responding to this challenge meant losing a huge market, and the choice predictably fell on Michael.
b48094cc4ce1a4be1569acd918bdf0c9fc02d6db	So a double burden fell on him: from now on, he was written almost in parallel both as a member of the group and alone.
fca35245e0c6ad1c26665eebb48320ae55345f70	In the mid 70s, however, the popularity of the Jackson 5 fell, and the brothers left the company "Motown", moving to a more peaceful in terms of the requirements of"Eris".
a861ebe5bfbe9887c4904fc2de1cabb5994dc814	The name of the group, however, remained for "Motown", Germain Jackson, who married the daughter of Gordy himself, remained there, and his grown up brother Randy replaced him.
7aecbdc9bdecb93e873af32dd041f0377026fdf3	The band became known simply as The Jaxops and began to sing disco.
b9584385dd84abbb06755b21d8c33286b32234b4	It should be noted that Michael was somewhat glad to get rid of the constant presence of older brothers, because the team had a completely different family atmosphere that was portrayed in public.
b47c6d9b0fe1c819ac910eeaff4cc5460e9b3cc2	Envious brothers called Michael "nosy" (isnot that why he later dealt with his nose the most?), his father simply addressed him as "ugly"" He was a young man of an extremely modest and shy disposition, most of all, according to his own words, he did not like "showing off", and therefore such treatment could not but cause him mental trauma.
12fdeb48adc50f52028f62ebfa9029bdd353d972	By the way, Joseph Jackson had the decisive right to vote on all issues.
0f61a0f08a347c9e11ba48ffb203967103566863	Simply put, he was a tyrannical nature, although honest in his own way: he subsequently did not take a single cent of the money that was owed to his children during their entire long musical career.
b2370d58ad8583864bee7877ddafbd3995d8415b	Youth
58c732fdd8ff97f78d3ff92607b7a0f0dc7d85ee	While continuing to work with the brothers, Jackson made several more recordings that became hits Rockin 'Robin and Ben", and released his first album.
ced3ad6b9fa419f46c14859d1d14ea303017f809	In the late 70s, Jackson made a brief foray into cinema, starring with Diana Ross in the African American version of the old movie "The Wizard of Oz" (The Wizard of Oz).
79da18d67db5833d66a9dc0b2c59a8b01662c672	Critics greeted the album enthusiastically, noting, first of all, the harmonious combination of soul and rock styles, the critic David Marsh, known for his skepticism, even declared Off the Wall a masterpiece of modern sound recording).
b614549f44b1a103ef14389287def21929710c44	It seemed incredible that an artist could surpass himself, but he did just that, in 1982, releasing a small album Thriller, which became the most successful in his career and set new standards in terms of sales.
5d3054164c47e6138a3fe41335385ef69452083d	It sold over 40 million copies immediately after its release and received seven Grammy Awards.
45113288f22efc40a7e5df7e9e60af0a103b4a58	Seven of the nine tracks from it hit the top ten of different charts.
c0cd01a3609d77f659e2573a9ba2e3128a2ada73	An exceptional number of people worked on the record and related products, Eddie Van Heylen recorded guitar parts on it, among others, Paul McCartney sang a duet with Michael, and John Landis shot the video for the title song after almost 20 years, this clip was recognized as the best video in the history of pop music.
b0557e35178dc40cd077242a8fe3cc9bd16d24c6	And the video telling about the creation of the Thriller clip has become another bestseller.
ac88443b3c259971fd2c7c12700ad0b7092b5c1a	As already mentioned, more than 40 million copies of this album have been sold, this record has not been surpassed.
068e3a28227a35dafeb52c1a28cf5910d472458f	The collaboration with Jones brought Jackson 8 Grammy Awards and unanimous critical acclaim.
ed52605c4efa27a4e09fdd2a540d4aef0cd26c60	The hot ten included a record number of songs for one album (6), starting from the duet with Paul McCartney The Girl Is Mine in November 1982 and ending with the single Thriller in February 1984.
fb5d3d80c3e544bb87e43e90f66fc0c6f4814d7a	Jackson supported the popularity of this album with the help of video clips.
763d271d83551d830fe9859912e28926b4126955	In 1983, at a ceremony dedicated to the 25th anniversary of Motown, Jackson performed the song Billie Jean and for the first time showed his "moonwalk" in public – a dance movement that has never been equaled in popularity in the entire history of dance.
2a7b3796fd9f010e5828bd311079a0823648cde2	Then it was just a landslide: competitions were held all over the world on the subject of who would best portray Jackson, that is, go "moonwalk", in films jokes about "moonwalk" were equal in frequency to jokes about Ray Charles driving a car.
3361a57fff52008015798edb2f30cfad4950983c	In the same 1983, Jackson signed a grandiose contract with Pepsi Cola, the next year, tickets for concerts of his tour cost absolutely unheard of sums, and the demand for them was indicated by astronomical figures.
699b628313bc08f92fbd7d99da79b814ede6a74f	The newly created MTV network provided a constant display of Michael's clips.
9d95655d32d9a7763094d94ccda1386078462923	The dance and musical compositions of Billie Jean, Beat It and Thriller " not only won the audience, but won the praise of even such notorious detractors as Fred Esteira and Gene Kelly.
f22c3f19d158050b8340e0c9b45a694ca8f8d12d	In the mid 80s, Michael Jackson began to surprise the audience more and more.
c799e4d9da37c44fa6482687a5cd2545f82808c0	Born dark skinned, Michael began to gradually lighten.
5faf54713a41796d45699cfb05c8ce76e7e28c41	Decline in popularity
f436ac36a40609128c1f1362ed0596c373bf2c0e	Although Jackson's next albums Bad (1987) and Dangerous (1991) sold millions of copies and topped the charts, the excitement had already begun to subside.
c2270afa278566ffe46361385ca9fde317c0deb7	They expected only the incredible from him, so when he recorded Bad five years after Thriller, many were disappointed: the music seemed dry and forced to them.
26a2a5e044e7e60f709f25cadd945b58db27d63a	He didnot deserve such an attitude: his music was the same, maybe a little less ballad oriented and more rigidly structured.
4edcf9c6903ff9157c1e3239d821bccb4f2b9bc4	However, it is impossible to be a king for a long time in a democratic society: any attempts at undivided domination will meet with unconscious resistance in it.
fef6c4e66716ddf454b33411899fce3b8f96cdb2	This applies not only to power, but also to ideology and tastes.
4e22978fb8da4382ba8d4ec92ca0837b4b7185de	Jackson fell victim to this sad pattern: after some time, the trend took shape in concrete actions.
73c3fb8a046979bf42365c89e1e9e827bb69a469	It all started with the fact that against the background of the growing political correctness, voices were heard that, they say, Michael despises his race and strives to be like a white man.
0b3dbbe70f26ddea888e34948b77c4946f0617c8	The wave of audience interest returned after Jackson announced his intention to release a video for the song Black and White from the album Dangerous.
e3785ff4d7fafed948ef287f2dcb2f2aed8c705b	The press wrote a lot about it, the public was waiting for it with impatience.
4827e1a97b43ba9c180e059cef55d96786747fac	But as a result, the last shots, where Jackson breaks the car with a hammer in a rage, the audience was again turned away from the singer.
deb3e6602278f977304870b8e542dca3a2ce8557	The lyrical composition It Doesnot Matter If You're Black or White caused some irony, since after plastic surgery and cosmetic procedures, he began to look like a Caucasian.
02c7ab56f3582c19ba1df62e41f594e76dc250d4	The enthusiasm of the audience subsided not only because of the frequently changing appearance of the singer.
480223b1b7ab702f808197a757adeb6451b321d2	If the audience also accepted the excusable eccentricity of the artist's appearance and behavior, then his quirks (keeping a coffin in the house or erecting an altar in honor of Elizabeth Taylor) and addictions (he could be seen exclusively surrounded by children) began to cause unpleasant conversations.
11207e25238327be66a44834dc65cff28c8bdae4	In 1993, Jackson gave an extensive interview to Oprah Winfrey.
3d1b7dc51adad4b3497d6c08ec91e5b967531d84	The singer told a huge audience about changing his appearance (he referred to skin pigmentation defects and only two plastic surgeries), about his personal life (he called his girlfriend Brooke Shields) and his fabulous life (he compared it to the life of Peter Pan) at the Neverland Ranch in an amusement park near Los Angeles.
b8174f051277093ed847c11a16252d8ceec8cb66	The interview revealed Jackson's life, but only partially.
3a8ddbd18d4c50f1856609567dfaa09fbdd3691f	The first big scandal
5a3230afb93ebaff061de2ce45a956e16c91e284	At the end of 1993, Michael again attracted the attention of the public.
cc21aad5334abfd884049bac27e9a8b2eac830d3	A thirteen year old boy accused Jackson of sexual harassment during his sleepover in Neverland.
07d7e9299a4d1c00a90d6bfc46e733234d2e767f	Soon Jackson released a double album HIStory (1995), where he included old compositions along with new ones.
29e5c67a028b683332e86a4a15505303d506717e	The album aroused different opinions – enthusiastic recognition of old songs and very restrained assessments about new ones.
92e00189e77aa14166cd7282cc5e12d8ce5551b7	By Jackson's standards, the album was selling poorly, despite reaching the top ten.
ac0b65d01fe79379f5a603d466b43659bf7ff615	However, another marriage was on the cards.
91b99d1721d188e87f2a49b0461181d496538b43	Three months later, Rowe gave birth to Prince Michael Jackson I.
333fb25f0929c3f584e443811579cf092253ea53	A year later, the couple had another child, this time a girl.
825b95d3aee84b1e6a423f344eb8958349682dea	The baby was named Paris Michael Katherine Jackson.
09e3709829dfc30a285cf40d2ad10861b78942f3	In February 2002, Michael had another son, Prince Michael Jackson II. He was carried out in his womb by a surrogate mother, whose name was never made public.
f9845c55ccffcacd0750c4fe8104cafe15556e96	And it is difficult to describe in words what was happening at the anniversary concerts that preceded its release.
9254baac1eb162ffd9fc27b0dc8e71a576169757	Choirs, orchestras, tickets of cosmic value – a feast during the plague, and that's all.
343f24224fac05d7704ce653d8565bb05bcd9f03	Again, it was not without a sea of vulgarity and tastelessness: a lot of money was invested in the project, and nothing good ever comes out of such a quantity of them.
686e66317776223f41ed3374df8a5d1de123b6a3	If we were not talking about Jackson, this very record could paradoxically be predicted a one hundred percent success primarily because the king, no matter how he was treated, had a style.
945ca5f387bd974861ceb1dd10adee5244ab0414	And this style is its own, and not replicated nonsense, which is used by boy bands, teen pop queens and other dance entertainment audience.
e98c0c1dc9146c4702c01b283cb428a57163cff4	In addition, at that time, the market was much more favorable to such music than five years earlier: old forms came back into fashion, people listened to disco again, modified electropop was played again.
d373ce60a5df75cdfded1f15c864dfc2602c45a1	And such a clear example of these genres, which this record demonstrated, could not but attract attention.
181bcd5760fd32163554c899301a30b2cd381cf4	Sunset
55fc17adbd7e501a1afdac8dd82b7e9917aa166e	The last six years of Michael Jackson's life were filled with endless lawsuits (the singer was accused of child molestation, non compliance with the terms of contracts, and so on) and attempts to give this world at least a little more music from the king himself.
d8c7d877ba6139c4872450e3847613a50c79f4e2	Death
eb4de285feb415353a0ec99ecbfdc043dcfd96db	He called an ambulance.
0b2e4ed12eb81f97905ff70563e708bddcaf23ed	The doctors who came to the rescue immediately began cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
7ee02ad14760f8b50a35db072a35c997d7103c9b	Investigation
0c48d4f3203fdaad893cad10510313c5a28c40dd	After the sudden death of Michael Jackson, the Los Angeles authorities began a thorough investigation into the details of his death.
9808fe2a813e2a28e8f53cbdb63f408ee456fc5b	Many have come to the opinion that Conrad Murray unintentionally killed the singer by giving him too much medicine.
9f6cabb8f1d7fc8f67330d5833cf2f9ead792f18	In the fall of 2011, Conrad was found guilty and sentenced to four years in prison.
6972cd4297cb714e92fe60c0c0226dfa914bf064	Awards and prizes
2b983dd5c8e92c2fa22975a2636e2f654bfa3d35	Throughout his dizzying career, Michael Jackson has been awarded almost four hundred prestigious awards in the field of music.
2dd754e0fd13cad2ef7b33ba2f06a3806dc341ca	Random photos of Michael Jackson
ef05c8502a3d7d07cc14326db35a408c574a73c0	all photos of michael jackson
b6f44918de94eb049ab8348ac0a725b593ea3bd7	Your opinion about the star
10a92460b5a3aa3527fc7aa6c83755eba2829b9d	* Name:
c8573ddbdf88900413a10172d1d90e3735ab34ae	City:
d9f2b2f9a1309c8e977d364700c0489d6dd17d68	* Message:
d22275e0443c381c29189df37dd448070c9e194a	* Code from the image:
9864af49640c5839b0846717bb41204b92b02fd4	Arina (Karaganda)
8f1552666fb649d91a4854b9d0966c8f5913f1fc	I got to know Michael a little more than six months ago. Until that time, I was not interested in his work, I did not listen to his songs, and I saw only one of the clips – for "Song of the Earth".
5fafa7ca4551a18dd3d60bf01a8313420496934a	I knew very little about him – mostly it was rumors from the yellow press, and I didnot try to find out anything more than that.
54cfa972f4bc36ebfb9021ffe72a3d4debd79d37	Everything changed when I watched a CD with Michael's clips on vacation (there is a small film library in every room of the hotel where we rested).
442fce4cb201d3172b5d4e94a78528a9f70fa1d4	I met the offer to watch the disc without any enthusiasm: "Well, let's see..."
bebf400731194d25dc74b04142a58a9119bda52f	Then the miracle began.
e46d8364b4b7cb7bd5ffa29ca754988a44d68ed1	I just couldnot tear myself away from these clips!
d00c2cc3744c0fa10ae91f692d6da37033bc53e5	I donot remember how many times I watched the disc from beginning to end – maybe three times, maybe more.
ea02131fdfb7493d6ff8a4637ffedb86559285e6	Then I decided to learn more not only about Michael's work, but also about him.
f930b43a4a0dde2b53d3650ee653931e6ffea562	And then a completely different person began to open up to me – not at all the one who had been represented in the press for many years.
cb566f4c2e83bea5484726870f32af21ec27580e	I have never had such a surprise.
a61ced1ebf87aa8d7037546c1f2948a942e3d39a	The thought began to spin in my head: "An angel, he is an angel, an angel!"
d1762c8482af189e23b4b92ffa9cba92e1d131d8	Then I found out that many people call him that in the comments.
7bd1c4ef0baf4d171aa16ae771d2c41ea43af16f	And now... now it's hard for me to find words to express my admiration for this artist and person.
8afef842439773d532987e1bc24529fe5c992fcf	I write and cry.
cfa04ce86ce79b03b08c2a06ec64c632d26e5fd3	I never thought that I would love him so much.
a45ace86dfc45079a227ba284785deea5f1678f1	And I feel very sorry for him after what I learned about his very difficult, but such a wonderful life.
99c21da69af23c9889b5155d9cb25438ea96ab38	Such people are born once in 1000 years.
e42071a89e29ce34f2227549e126a55dd0a52c14	It hurts that people didnot really appreciate him.
edb3a8e1511a96c9f909872e80dd468cb37bedf8	2016-03-14 22:22:50
e487be0691f251daa1a397e49130dfe8601cb0b1	Ksenia (Krasnoufimsk)
2ff4499abd048c446bef8dddf4cfe7433eb4dc70	An excellent singer, dancer!
6c68586f83e09e3846f2eefcd5cb62af884fad63	He is alive and lives in our hearts!
bb40b11759c8b7a35ca575f9f611255f4fed53f8	Michael has a huge number of fans, and this number of fans will not be beaten by any person on Earth!
47c2220a089e269af01569bd069ac29e390edc0d	He is a sincere, kind person!
dd3a63b65c43f060abe53e6f298846ee1cb50a09	Everything the media says is a lie!
746399066bc5756da4a7c5bb047090d0da1a1f04	Michael, we love you!
7becd668150efe64d2e77bc03af40fe11ef28591	You will not be forgotten!
f241a08352ae740c3b90dd95ad3afd8926869bf1	2015-10-23 08:59:25
4b223bffde0f828245ff3c6637a88f3fa68a76c2	Olga (Moscow)
a3273df2113b2fd6d0c70ec79ed382f289bf35c3	This is the best singer, dancer and a person from all whose works I listened to, in this style, this is the most talented SINGER OF ALL TIMES AND PEOPLES!!!
2be84b1e70b4ace6da0a5584676f7f202bfbad73	And for some reason I am sure that the ONLY one, this will not happen anymore, and it will definitely not be better, IT's A PITY THAT HE LEFT SO EARLY!!!
531bfd249adc7b194c19faf74fd17c833efc6e70	2012-07-20 21:48:16
5e99bf601ffc48a5f34190ef3d38d7c4dad5dea2	Masha (Nizhny Novgorod)
9399dcddfc7960160afaf7f592099ec67444fecd	A great singer, an excellent dancer.
08165e09b15ec23f9e9f19c4b5c19fede53dc2f5	2012-05-19 21:52:07
1a30d7f61f2826f1cc7c9862b4168699229373ec	Tatyana
31c2371f8d2e81831a1cd218e775095d739bafa6	Michael, thank you for all the joys that you have given us.
0f027a8ffae4d21268ec822d4d9f751c36b0aed7	I am proud and glad that I breathed the same air with you.
f1a52bb9d857354daa01b99df99c7da623c92fc7	Who would have known how hard it is for me!
21851a75f67faa818c49a1481028b990599e19bf	Come back!
baf62eeab677442e200ddc48a82d04d36f78ea0d	2010-07-14 20:19:51
8956754a1c1b0426e97376a7604c26453da5f642	I would give anything to have him alive!
90bcfee04e468faf38f718560aec4b7f71d4fdfc	I love him!
799b4ce2a8077f2fe4c045e5073c3751dc063254	Holy genius!
c02a51186b7f86eca676588ab3218dd21575e035	2010-07-14 20:13:22
16a6222fa1cad03ab223fed5cca7f2959c527d44	Tatiana (Antwerp)
f6606551f5ea6867d4b4b848e4f9ef093311063b	I admire this man, his life, his songs, his pure, devoted soul to God - they shook my world, turned my idea of life and FAITH, prompted me to strive to be better...
e68bcb621e144dba145094301c36eec263ef016a	Michael is the only real PERSON on our poor planet and the greatest and most talented musician.
c7e6aed0e2b4d9935cd49727b5f3ea89877fb515	2009-12-21 21:43:33
03ca7a22acb8cb6dabb2a4022c03e48ef6d24c44	Lady Katia (Satka)
d11b28b3d72868920a1d982878c5d9f85fe91b65	Michael is an angel!
26bf2d9c9d3b7b1bdf14ea66e6fb1b86e77c2b5f	His smile is mesmerizing!
1b3d2b18b55ac94332879b928901f5e82e9a7b40	Michael is the king!
75a675d8106499ee6e1a04d5942e80ef888e5115	A beautiful, gorgeous man!
5c93aa2a5733c181560a7062833ef2358f2f8b4d	Michael paid dearly for his angelic kindness, generosity and love for the beautiful, his love for children!!!
8beb2b2bf568e1360574b08c81081aa825775822	Michael wanted to make this gray world more beautiful, kinder, and what did he get?!
46ff149ec975d22427432d20c9d21ab8fd5adc43	I think that God took the angel Michael from this world, because he deserved paradise, but he did not get it in this world!
f7294864113e0a81144e9823fc22beae868b1b02	2009-12-21 20:00:50
1122459ed8d2de670658db76cc6fd96a6f5152aa	Anastasia
c30e96ebb3430fc6cc079da512a1b0003edc7c40	Michael has devoted his whole life to music.
66782e1b219d013fa9e1404bec30b4f873285983	No one, except those close to him, can know what he really was like.
a68b82b244c7d89de3d2c9825c5785ec24e1cdb6	But in order to recognize and appreciate all that he has done, we do not need to know this.
6ee8ef09af14fbb9fe5ec981a8e3241449d83ac4	A whole generation grew up on his music, which carries so much goodness and positivity!
832316d404b6f3668cfefe5b4620e0cc177bb4d3	He left, but his creativity remained.
75839691e5857ea99eff8b1f1de75670fb89219f	And I think many people will agree with me that we should be grateful to him for this alone and respect his memory.
a08b7982201ca8ff875596defbdf93aa1f181fa1	2009-07-20 00:43:35
94d62751161e97436f2c7e394d558de95b2b2332	Taya (Moscow)
55a4912d5f6ab1aee9f5bd2cf04006f1849bfc85	I'm not a fan of Jackson, but I'm sincerely sorry that they still canot leave him alone.
5c9b6f56d551943cc520d90b664de36b1c67520e	After all, he is a true POP KING and you can not argue with this.
23b409355d541fd0a41340dc9b24952d8918aee5	And when such STARS leave, it feels like you're losing a part of yourself.
584ea98a8b49b87d8bb4c618a0cc322cd66f09b0	He deserved such fame!!!
8159d39cdf803b6923a6b00cae5f1468e78529ac	Let him rest in peace!
78b92093b4485f23292094e8e786d4b4119620d6	2009-07-12 20:23:34
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61926d3b0257242c6072acde92ca8bf83c023807	Biography of Michael Jackson 10: 0029.08.2013 (updated: 10:07 29.08.2013) 06384182
5e04cc5e7dc27f91e6e1befd5aa53723d62c5f6a	On August 29, Michael Jackson would have turned 55 years old.
c488e5e8c72e74b07d75fe58dfc37690ea1fd6d8	The legendary American singer Michael Joseph Jackson was born on August 29, 1958 in Gary, Indiana (USA).
f008f2a9c7eb1521d444a7f1d492caaf7915b1d1	He was the seventh of nine children of the Jackson family.
19c20d347cf1041d5cac629058907daae1c005e1	At the age of five, Michael became a member of the family band Jackson Five and soon took the place of the lead vocalist.
dbb4a761403d50b61afcfe0484b974eb317a1cea	In the mid 1970s, the popularity of the Jackson Five group began to decline, and Michael's solo career began to gain momentum.
a1336b225c44262a3265d2bb0aefcb1ce7794200	In 1977, Michael Jackson made his film debut in the musical The Wiz, which began his long term collaboration with the famous producer and composer Quincy Jones.
8429c77bda6efad53c7a52ef9c022a5cf46f1e51	Together with him, Michael released the solo album Off the Wall in 1979.
b4222e08a791baa7e86b166261554833d6ef4f6d	The CD reached the top of the US and UK charts, and for the song Donot Stop 'Til You Get Enough, Jackson received his first Grammy statuette.
60d99391bbcca7467aa15dbed2996cf441be83ac	A video clip was shot for the main song of the same name on the album, which is believed to have marked the beginning of the active development of the music video.
ba9164e237f59772303187827c7590c76f8e69c6	In 1983, at the Motown 25 years show, Michael Jackson walked his famous "moonwalk" for the first time.
37c96436ea9146c380d124dc6f8049056efada15	In the same year, Jackson's autobiography Moonwalker ("Walking on the Moon") was published.
5569186a8ad7e5df6234221106cff60c4c1366b2	In September 1993, a concert by Michael Jackson took place in Moscow, at the Large Sports Arena of the Luzhniki Stadium.
379754e31f1c4c7980af3983d6c68714acec6bd7	In 1995, Jackson released the double album HIStory, which combined a disc of 15 new songs with a disc of the biggest hits.
86f5bacb8182046f6098a9747b0387c3c88a2ada	The album has sold 7 million copies in the United States (15 million worldwide).
0befac5d6b540a9f270e2ad09dac801b8c3997d6	© RIA Novosti.
98d8594f36a92ac7c69cb22a13f6f04828503fc4	Dmitry Korobeynikov Go to Photobank
4366c4fbd1dfd51143077c2f6db4d0405a999809	Michael Jackson at a concert in Moscow
0ced94d0e1b836b1d0c0b5a9b533484039f8e81d	In 1996, Jackson's second performance in Russia took place at the Dynamo Stadium in Moscow.
54814c537e7b5c298da42770a1b23527f662854b	In 1997, an album of dance remixes for tracks from HIStory — Blood on the Dancefloor appeared in stores.
4b15743d7897029e3b37c6721ae5b6216b7b54a7	The album Invincible, released in October 2001, contained 16 tracks, including the single You rock my world, in the video for which the legendary actor Marlon Brando starred.
5b6e1b28896f7e64e7ad5465cc4e440958a09f76	In the same year, Michael recorded the song What more can I give, the proceeds from which went to charity.
c93ef2ab58de05597b8d69266183a9ec24ca283b	In 2003, the album of Michael Jackson's greatest hits — Number Ones was released.
81509eb6d58fe841cbb65df0d7f1238f2d75cb0b	The only original song on this disc — One More Chance occupied the top line of the Billboard magazine chart for three weeks.
b70d6a90e9b4185f203313b27ee05550353de713	In 2004, Jackson released the anniversary edition of Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection — a five disc collection that included his most famous hits, demo recordings and an additional DVD with live recordings from the Dangerous tour.
17e4460dc7585bfe01129defbc70cad66cbafb6d	In August 2008, Michael Jackson released an original studio album called King of Pop.
e8c141d0aa9eb5206bd0e4c33202d038691be3fd	The collection consisted of compositions based on the poems of the great Scottish poet of the XVIII century, Robert Burns.
7433a0744851c58eb195c915c9a0e1e76a56f4d6	Jackson's album Thriller 25 was a great success, released in February 2008 to mark the 25th anniversary of the release of the legendary album Thriller.
e9c747f091ef6a1d711c5f312bc0e032e92f6555	The new collection includes nine original songs from the old album, as well as remixes and a new song For All Time.
5f4e29c526af90e067d986469d2b4c03ddaf8103	The CD reached the first place in the charts of eight European countries, reached the second position in the US and the third — in the British charts.
eb86f13c797f86e91b4ec30d44a0e4b6e4371582	In the USA, 166 thousand copies of this disc were sold.
c99d793474e8e616ccb045e672b38117055c6b29	Michael Jackson died suddenly on June 25, 2009 at the age of 50.
047434138c8768d1de4d73c1ec8e9e8264d80b00	As the forensic medical examination established, the cause of death of the king of pop music was an overdose of the powerful anesthetic propofol.
e55e65a7ff16b4fdbb0e938c9a879befb769bef8	On July 7, 2009, a memorial ceremony was held at the Staples Sports and Entertainment Complex in Los Angeles to say goodbye to Michael Jackson.
8ffeb978d019623b64339ddcd1a83415f7ea55c0	On September 3, 2009, he was buried at the Glendale Forest Lawn Cemetery near Los Angeles.
05ce9b67016510978ec87b56614edb164845a799	At the end of November 2011, an American court sentenced Michael Jackson's former personal doctor Conrad Murray to four years in prison for manslaughter.
e3d9524e2e90b65406be1ae8490e7abed97f75cf	According to investigators, Murray gave the musician an excessive dose of the drug propofol, which, in interaction with other drugs, including sedatives, caused the singer's death.
a5ab074cb946c946faadb18748d622ca34c46c15	During the creative career of Michael Jackson, the total circulation of his albums amounted to 750 million copies worldwide.
75e2abb03a75ada33105090dcb36cb34dcfc4466	Jackson's album Thriller remains the best selling album of all time, four more albums (Off the Wall, Bad, Dangerous and HIStory) are among the best selling in the world.
4443504d1dea6fef8832b3bea025c3c51e1a692c	Michael Jackson was the winner of more than 350 music awards, including 15 Grammy Awards (14 awards for his solo career and one award - as part of the Jackson Five).
3aca6e02c2c51513d38f23b1d6ea07fa745b96a2	Jackson is one of the few musicians twice inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (as part of the Jackson Five collective and as a solo artist).
2ea3c102fdd17d80c18cf157d1dbfbef01e818c7	Michael Jackson was included in the Guinness Book of Records as the most successful artist of all time.
a3df0c1ce2490ce78ea833bc374114cc75b4070f	Jackson's album Thriller was also included in the Guinness Book of Records as the best selling album of all time.
8cd25d2a63f9f516bddf0f3e85e873f516338217	During his life, Michael Jackson went through many plastic surgeries, some of which he had to do because of a rare genetic skin disease vitiligo (characterized by the development of white spots).
112da6c5b960529a32ba4f2a27494562592ab7f9	Jackson's skin began to lighten since the 1980s.
bcab03380f2b38e12e5f8709f1dfd5e24f476cc1	The singer denied that he deliberately wants to change the color of his skin.
966ef3e0cd0d35dd83a1d3ba5283060128d46570	Jackson's health was undermined not only by frequent illnesses and operations.
d09249435435789b97e9d27143c42967476d0e2b	Michael Jackson appeared in court twice on charges of molesting young boys — in 1993 and 2003.
76d6af209af9abec8106d6e475e6ed5e0ac04271	The first case was closed due to insufficient evidence.
e9bcfb391ca93870f3464341202e7a63c2010a9d	According to the assumptions of the "yellow" press, Jackson simply bought off his parents.
443fe29fdd092e261ac5183f1084ef59f94bca70	As a result of the second trial, Jackson was completely acquitted.
91259d0ebf20d875585826022f9eca929da94b7b	Michael Jackson was repeatedly sued by his business partners.
3e3f015508f90f80f5073d087465711878f3c9a1	Michael Jackson was married twice.
24bced7d0c825d81bab21ea81f47a88b71f566ba	The first time was on Elvis Presley's daughter, Lisa Maria Presley.
4f3cc11ef4e913556496223b0b3ef3465c2bf347	The marriage did not last long, from 1994 to 1996, but the stars remained friends.
4f9d4da6fb79dbf95ec716aa74cd17bfc08c2423	In 1996, Michael Jackson married former nurse Debbie Rowe.
9c7b1032b95a19c203cec7e0a9b1fe8c2a752ce1	During the three years of marriage, they had two children: son Prince Michael Joseph Jackson Sr. (1997) and daughter Paris Michael Catherine Jackson (1998).
37c236e7dc164e28b859a3e0cb114903431c0df6	Jackson's third child, Prince Michael Jackson II (2002), was born from a surrogate mother.
985cd3c2ccb51ff64ae7ed798650e366662e0fd1	The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources
e50b699d3efeae48f1f006e6fa96bdd512b26246	Biography of Michael Jackson 10: 00 29/08/2013 On August 29, Michael Jackson would have turned 55 years old.
603d98e860715da11100fe22c03296ce07569804	Learn more "
110e916b818815eff14fa582c4af724540b8914c	References #Michael Jackson #USA
67d2bba95d41a17c27bbf1eb79bd10e6cfcdcf29	This article was published more than 72 hours ago, which means that it is not available for commenting.
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4defabad8d468445584719088007ef623532f3b6	Jackson, Michael
3f8650355e9df4213eabe445eb6b04794abe8d74	This is the stable version, released on May 30, 2016.
461e1ea626b087fdad744c27e0f21a73e6218731	Michael Jackson
6ee243b477de49bc249419dbf5777cb4958c8166	Jackson during a performance as part of the Bad World Tour.
7b07ff97bd540ec61127cf8a0eb79ca5317676c3	Vienna. 1988 Basic information Full name Michael Joseph Jackson
8fc5da2aba4ec198ab880ef5edaa8d6774b6deb9	Date of birth August 29, 1958(1958-08-29) [1]
0ed9906df674b24cab91cc4886d74148472cd025	Gary's place of birth, Indiana, USA
dd734a6051cfa2db5d697752cb2e2d3832d26c5d	Date of death June 25 2009(2009-06-25)[2][1][3] (50 years)
6de3bdf57b367f0534d828d859495c867a35dcb4	Place of death Los Angeles, California, USA
6a95a9122f2709e70b2f3ac00cdb697db7d33b8e	Years of activity 1964-2009
c160c1da3323fd71bacd796a5b4f4a9d07cdc1e0	Country USA USA
72e39a72a7eb9f9845536dab609ee0342ef51822	Professions musician, singer, composer, arranger, dancer, choreographer, music producer, actor, businessman, philanthropist
566682e2b409875456a266882ed3da7f7df3efee	Singing voice tenor[4]
c0373844e273f8e234059653507b4584854b5f72	Instruments vocals, percussion
a7db526e0448ccbcdcd50ae5104432542092f73a	Genres pop, rock, soul, rhythm and blues, funk, disco, new jack swing
cee9fdf3928a4b607d8e730fcc20d3ddd659b01b	The Jackson 5 collectives
9a056b4de47631c512286035cb5ee901d9b29c1c	Labels Steeltown, Motown, Universal, Sony, Epic, Legacy, MJJ Productions
3d9839658e2c825ae3bb7369d6a9cab0a28d4712	Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, Grammy Legend Award and International Artist Award of Excellence[d]
d6c0e3d57a131f17d9fa03fe09115e4839144c40	Autograph
3369334df43a14bc90f82424edcf171ec505e741	michaeljackson.com Audio, photo, video on Wikimedia Commons
5c7d4d86d1f02e5a57df7d11ffac8fa09bfb9d21	There are articles on Wikipedia about other people with the surname Jackson.
424406e7abf53bdc41df3cf9cf5a206538001967	For the British general, see Jackson, Michael David.
83f561e7f30a67398e13d07e489d34366814726f	In 2009, he was officially recognized as a Legend of America and an Icon of Music.
88223f9916224defcd14f4b8c81d134c87b58e1f	Michael Jackson made a significant contribution to the development of popular music, video clips, dance and fashion.
51ec2c88f132a0a946e908c7790fdbad44546638	Michael Jackson died on June 25, 2009 as a result of an overdose of medications, in particular propofol[13].
3c4ab9a80d4fce0a7979c411ad3f28dd969c2c87	1 Life and Career 1.1 1958-1975: Childhood and The Jackson 5 1.2 1975-1981: Contract with Epic and Off the Wall 1.3 1982-1983: Thriller and "Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever" 1.4 1984-1985: Pepsi, "We Are the World" and Business career 1.5 1986-1990: Bad, Movies, Autobiography and Neverland 1.6 1991-1997: Dangerous, HIStory I & II 1.6.1 Performances in Russia
e5067005cd90b64c6f1e5a13938fa0f7679973b4	1.7 2001-2003: Invincible 1.8 2003-2009: Recent Years and "This Is It Tour"
a37e0ff250f08000dcb4d10821a0ccb3a9abf35a	2 Death, farewell ceremony and Funeral 2.1 Posthumous albums 2.2 After death
64ac18645d55a6e0b836aef71abbe20df627f810	3 Creativity 3.1 Clips and choreography
5bd81c4d576380bfe6bd8b9bf409d1fb3cafb594	4 Personal life 4.1 Family 4.2 Health 4.3 Allegations of child molestation 4.4 Religious views
1513c5d2d1b32af54e2d519ac60c03f448bedb88	5 Awards and achievements 6 Discography 6.1 Studio albums
528587af95d6bd452468b9fc655691c829afcfd3	7 Songs that ranked high on the Billboard Hot 100 chart 8 Filmography 8.1 Feature films 8.2 Short films
41eebbcecbc2f0a4209e0e203e2b0696ebfb6046	9 Tours 10 Books 11 Michael Jackson in Philately 12 See also 13 Notes 14 Literature 15 References
dbd899aab21269cd06ec06a823ce16b62acff754	1958-1975: Childhood and The Jackson 5[edit / edit wiki text]
d1239bfdb50abba0ae6e9c1ab8805f3db9b4a3f0	Main article: The Jackson 5
e936f1c321a80520cbd3ef77c42d6adb69da7f05	Michael Jackson was born to Joseph and Catherine in Gary, Indiana.
8093e46e36e4b138624f74254c95a8ae794cd7ba	He was the eighth of ten children.
891c1b63591e9cc2ec88378f26444e6aae03e1b7	Jackson claimed that his father repeatedly humiliated him mentally and physically.
237b77bf0a59166f803d0694e24435cc63241949	However, he respected his father's strict discipline, which played a big role in Jackson's success.
3137e4d6d179a255ccb4f10241fcb4f143c58333	[14] [15] In one of the confrontations with his father, described by Michael's older brother Marlon, his father, holding him upside down, struck him on the back and buttocks [16].
9613fbe9a41514d37c42d6060166c4dae6ef8467	One night, while Michael was sleeping, his father sneaked into his room through the window.
10b2ef5a7cd697a144b41260843f92114ae3184d	He was wearing a frightening mask, screamed and roared shrilly.
f2baf7242a767b52e0028a527ff962d60f6ab939	Joseph explained his action by saying that he wanted to teach his children to close the window before going to bed.
8dc9fbd05164d252c49d1fb7d78888351f02a587	Four years later, Michael admitted that he suffered from nightmares in which he was abducted from his bedroom[16].
d5ea1a691740d01675ed16171fdff1a2c33fca78	In 2003, Joseph admitted to the BBC that he beat Michael when he was a child[17].
b25694af936eaa85f9df8bab95cd43844d8b0236	For the first time, Jackson openly spoke about the humiliations he had to endure as a child, in an interview with Oprah Winfrey in 1993.
bbb24c8ba0b83f7c379161be584688eb8e166449	He said that as a child, he often cried from a feeling of loneliness and vomited after communicating with his father[16][18][19][20].
5d677f9a0ef08e96c851c62aedb3fd9283a9fa45	In another high profile interview, "Living with Michael Jackson" (2003), during a story about violence in childhood, the singer covered his face with his hand and began to cry[16].
1ddc5df2c0db0f5eb8300924c7d440270b553ad3	Jackson recalled that Joseph sat on a chair with a belt in his hand when he was rehearsing with his brothers, and that "if you did something wrong, he will make you cry, he will really get you" [16].
b76bd834e042004cd064d774918e9fccdb9dca48	Jackson performed in front of classmates at Christmas concerts from the age of five[20].
90a63e547498a8c42aefcb76a4cee025bdd6a290	In 1964, Michael and Marlon joined The Jacksons a band formed by their brothers Jackie, Tito and Jermaine — as backup musicians, playing the congo and tambourine, respectively.
a29266f44966e672ab0c7a425aadcc7b5b1a6ff0	Jackson later began performing as a backing vocalist and dancer; at the age of eight, he and Jermaine became the main vocalists, and the band was renamed The Jackson 5[20].
5dddba8b738b97327154e55ac9cedb9ea2cb9b36	The band toured extensively in the Midwest from 1966 to 1968.
98cf769d796c015d2a8d9cd7babc1f1ba8c0a785	They often performed in a number of "black" clubs and places known as the "Chitlin ' circuit", often warming up the audience before striptease.
59738dcd8bfc95c52c78baa3d6dd69df2d56314e	In 1966, they won a local talent contest, performing with hits from Motown Records and" I Got You (I Feel Good) " by James Brown with Michael as the main vocalist[21].
f8b249d63f6a8b12facef2ecf081a7569ee117e3	Soon the Jacksons rose to the national level, and in 1970 their first four singles visited the first line of the US Billboard Hot 100 chart.
9a1099a01975ca1299f9e9e3c2efb2988cbf0b2f	Gradually, Michael stood out as the frontman of the children's quintet, in fact, it was he who got the main solo parts.
a46857dc45f1562a9e6ecb642e3851ae20d077af	He drew attention to himself with his unusual manner of dancing and behavior on stage, which he copied from his idols James Brown, Jackie Wilson, etc.
12c9355077c9940210678a090ddfa2abecdd331a	1975-1981: Contract with Epic and Off the Wall[edit / edit wiki text]
6d9435d81fd148ca7e27f8df1796d2f23f6eb1b1	In 1973, the success of the family project began to decline, the record company limited their financial capabilities, and in 1976 they signed a contract with another company, as a result of which they had to change their name again to The Jacksons, as Motown took the name "Jackson 5" for itself.
b225e1905a6d52c71bc7072739efb6385fe98a95	From 1976 to 1984, they released 6 more albums, traveling around the country on tour.
53fb2a15b3aa7bc232b2b489041b5c13301030a7	Meanwhile, Jackson released four solo albums and a number of successful solo singles, including "Got to Be There", "Rockin' Robin "and reached the first place in the charts in 1972," Ben " (a ballad dedicated to his pet rat).
001e5144eb837e13ca8fe6e04a3905f680eb242f	In 1978, Michael starred with Diana Ross in the film adaptation of the Broadway musical " Viz " based on the fairy tale "The Amazing Wizard of Oz".
a80f9ef3e02799afd50a211e2c3920aabd6515b6	On the set, he met the music director Quincy Jones, who would become the producer of his most famous albums.
ce745b807fe244ca5b7dbbc98db316d1f5026eef	The first of them, Off the Wall, was released on August 10, 1979.
c02ef593d39eadb41c8a9d4fe8017a710a31d26c	The disco hit "Donot Stop 'til You Get Enough" and the slower song "Rock With You" reached the top of the charts, and the album itself sold more than 20 million copies.
48f2b5018da4f26d61dd0a1f42979211ddf23c0b	Many music reviewers[who?] consider Off the Wall to be the last peak of the disco music era.
9389c64cc4e551e40294c6b985ad9151af424537	1982-1983: Thriller and "Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever"[edit / edit wiki text]
3e2de10afbff378bd13168256cbacb3b55967ebf	Main Article: Thriller
f85366d8f04fe58157a5f833475b91e54bf1a49c	Jackson in 1988
dbbc6807b50bb55e50294a760f34eb2c2c21084f	The Thriller album went down in history as the best selling album in the world.
9ad7b2bd44234fe6407c5f76b59f867f41a0f86f	Regarding this album, producer Quincy Jones said in an interview with Time magazine:
32680895debc52b4253ca7d9113f13dcc9759fc8	"Black music has had to play second fiddle for a long time, but its spirit is the whole driving force in pop music, which Michael has connected with every soul in the world."
e1fce5660a03b82936a39397b2cd4b7c0037bfe2	Released in November 1982, Thriller gave America nine singles: "The Girl Is Mine" (No. 2, a duet with Paul McCartney), "Billie Jean" (No. 1, Grammy Award, the biggest hit in Jackson's entire career and one of the most sampled tracks of funk music), "Beat It" (No. 1, another Grammy), "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" (No. 5), "Human Nature" (No. 7), "P. Y. T. (Pretty Young Thing)" (No. 10), "Thriller" (No. 4), "Baby Be Mine", "The Lady in My Life".
21396a4001dc4b97ce782ba4d6627f0d58f0cb71	Thriller headed the Billboard 200 for nine months (37 weeks) and not leave the limits of this chart more than two years (122 weeks).
9ed0a800beb0a561ab3b8efede3dd44e2a71409c	For this album, Jackson received seven Grammy awards (including the nomination "the best album of the year", while the eighth Grammy was for the audio recording of the story of "Alien" on the same film) and seven American Music Awards (American music award).
8807a94d8aa1c5a2d2fb298056c604e89e98770c	In 1985, the album was declared by the Guinness Book of Records "the best selling album of all time".
9bf2eb581419cfb5da2deeff59fcba605a04581d	As of July 2001, the album has sold 26 million copies in the United States[22], which made it the second best selling album in American history after The Eagles ' Greatest Hits (27 million).
d5aa5088c3146aa397ac1ca9517ebeef0b0a13bf	Thriller has sold a record 109 million copies worldwide.
8bc45b5cc8e45fa2e1409a9e29464c618806f172	Michael Jackson's meeting with Ronald Reagan and his wife Nancy
ae9c9e6f9bb4e101d10686e7898f1a45d5c64d66	The eighties of the 20th century can be described as the" golden " era of Michael Jackson.
6ceec9040141b7e278d7b17fa760c4889aa8c42b	On November 30, 1982, Thriller was released, which still remains the best selling album in the world.
2c8da75c6490df4d27f124de4b42d19fea55725c	On March 25, 1983, at the anniversary show "Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever", which was broadcast throughout North America, during the performance of the song "Billie Jean", Michael Jackson demonstrated his famous "moonwalk"for the first time.
1618f5ee47108dbfe6aec28efa0e9f53a5e0336b	This performance was included in the list of the most significant moments on American television.
d3b895727ffc4e658f2954d776fde420650adaa4	1984-1985: Pepsi, "We Are the World" and business career[edit]
b2494cfdc35ece72b6f895491ad8cfabc2e88ea7	In February 1984, the 14 minute film "Thriller", created by Michael Jackson and directed by John Landis, was released, which sets new standards for music video and which, together with other Jackson clips, contributes to the formation of the video music industry in the face of the newly appeared MTV channel.
4991c46cc4d3e5168dc873619be4812d50f62b6e	On May 14, 1984, at the White House, Michael receives an award from President Ronald Reagan for supporting charitable organizations that help people overcome alcohol and drug abuse.
b0d0b712f01eeb2bad6c8c49e1b6d6edf9cc514e	From July 6 to December 9, 1984 in America and Canada, the Jackson brothers hold the largest "Victory Tour" for bands of that time: 55 concerts, more than 2 million viewers, more than 75 million dollars in profit.
e73ae71f994899b27a4bd61c29427068063fe36c	At that time, these were record breaking world achievements.
80ac9eed87db0be7c53cd811e67f011b2d1c4853	Michael donated his entire income from this tour to charity — $ 5 million.
dce2cfdc0d156b85063a76d1fc8e49237575716e	Also in 1984, Jackson again leads the American charts, this time with the song "Say Say Say" recorded in a duet with Paul McCartney.
0f3be2845b92e5d4caff92de555270606aba877e	The following year, Michael bought up most of the shares of ATV Music Publishing, which owned the rights to most of The Beatles ' songs, which caused a quarrel with McCartney, who himself wanted to buy out these shares.
b9249343692c25df51f76e290bc0064cc3c5acca	Michael Jackson also worked together with Freddie Mercury, making several trial recordings with him, said Queen guitarist Brian May[23], but the collaboration never took place due to the employment of both musicians.
3c774cb4121df70113e7c5ebf64cec8c326707ba	The song was written by Michael Jackson and Lionel Richie and performed by the most famous musicians of the USA.
ee94a358d540edb0e0c6e557b0286dd78386901b	However, the 80s were marked not only by achievements and records.
3a2b93eb69a34e40a4f8a195b0a064db09d497ba	His hair caught fire and Michael received 3rd degree scalp burns[24][25]. While in the hospital, Michael visited the children's burn department, and after that, instead of receiving a multimillion dollar compensation from Pepsi, he decided to open a children's burn center in his name with the help of Pepsi.
2e4e3feba60a922c429f9da77a068c487c2067e9	While in the hospital, Michael visited the children's burn department, and after that, instead of receiving a multimillion dollar compensation from Pepsi, he decided to open a children's burn center in his name with the help of Pepsi.
cbb5e4234850f58c7873d4f94bc393ec97e93501	At the opening of the same burn center, Michael was asked to pose in an oxygen pressure chamber for patients with extensive body burns.
de08ae44837303adbd0c9c19d411522ad9e04f73	Michael posed lying on his back, and then turned on his side and pretended to be asleep.
032f8888377b420fc5709c493034df5f686c3be0	This is how the most famous myth in show business was born, that Michael Jackson allegedly wants to live for 150 years and for this he sleeps in a pressure chamber every night.
97cb2ec9a3534a33f0e99e68a367665eafafd1b2	In fact, this was the only time when Michael Jackson "slept" in the pressure chamber.
53adbdb33af41f96010fa5751786517a58a2ebc0	In addition, after the burn, Michael first got acquainted with plastic surgery, when he was restoring damaged skin and hair on his head.
4e1775c3ef3b8f784e5325cc4c2ecbdeb5a4a848	After that, he decided to have a nose and chin operation.
aa2186d62bd248eb0a2a36d2a63ec3bda427204c	All this, combined with the transition to a vegetarian diet, and weight loss led to significant changes in the singer's appearance, which was constantly food for discussion in the press[26][27].
6feadd25b31b1a7844e57a6fad7e22be07998b13	1986-1990: Bad, movies, autobiography and Neverland[edit / edit wiki text]
ab33c555502b0f381a2f37603ec4a697444dafa5	In September 1986, Michael Jackson again appeared in a movie for the first time in 8 years (since the film "Viz").
28eab208399c665742756b573cd02ab6799f7b1d	It was a 17 minute 3D film "Captain Io", shot by George Lucas and Francis Ford Coppola specifically for demonstration in Disneyland parks.
eeefa2e067632ce736d020d4d000064d9ed043a3	On August 31, 1987, the album Bad was released.
7066948a835d6de2d8512ed3322fbef0456d7d57	The circulation is more than 45 million.
8810c1a5eadef61e89548722b7b3e5fdd491b1a8	This is the first ever album containing five singles that were at the top of the Billboard.
fbbe5af67d3414e0a90a2bbea67972308aa35c43	From September 12, 1987 to January 14, 1989, the grandiose "Bad Tour" lasted. 123 concerts in 15 countries, which were visited by 4.4 million viewers.
37c4421286c230871c4711c164fdf7250e565241	The tour grossed more than $ 125 million and became the largest in the world.
78d6d7c3f6870b7f79ad8fad2a6fd13346e65603	A new record was set in London — 504 thousand viewers[28][29].
44984eda559a532d6e10fbf1f070413bfb6ef7dd	On October 29, 1988, the musical film "Moonwalk" was released, which was a success at the box office and earned $ 67 million, and then released on video in the amount of 800 thousand copies (for 1989).
a0b9b182823eb407762785023ad963d981c2e27c	In 1989, at the Soul Train Music Award ceremony, actress Elizabeth Taylor in her speech called Michael Jackson "the true king of pop, rock and soul" (Rus. "the real king of pop, rock and soul music"), and the unofficial title "the king of pop" was fixed for Michael Jackson forever.
dddf6237ed4d368725dfc8486cb8019bbb4e7fcf	1991-1997: Dangerous, HIStory I & II[edit / edit wiki text]
aaa191f286b8e8bdf761cb8fd75db818e1283a2b	Due to the increased attention to his person, Jackson spent most of his time in seclusion at his Neverland ranch, which was strictly guarded from outsiders.
29f482698a93bdd81c742be94f100f0fe553dbea	Few friends visited him there, including Elizabeth Taylor.
49557d2a2500589056e28c16a000aa77392d0b9e	According to the bodyguards, Michael did not let his own brothers and father go there without a special pass, but Jackson's mother Catherine was allowed to enter the ranch without permission.
efb4f168e15318f1b356b5234cadde31ac894467	There were also children on the ranch, to whom the singer was always not indifferent.
3026918a91be3f189a5f4e5681f884d9986c8634	In 1991, he wrote two singles for the animated series "The Simpsons", of which he was a fan.
6075d607bf9b67750b4aa4c98a636f7bf4fe3283	However, due to the restrictions imposed by the contract, his name was not mentioned in the credits[30].
6418be18c94194365ad803eced6fda1a693c3d86	On November 26, 1991, the album Dangerous was released, the release of which was preceded by the premiere of a large scale video clip for the single "Black or White" (Rus. "Black or White").
8ce86cefc71b0a7ca7c4fb8c20381ac20c4afc38	For five weeks, "Black or White" occupied the top line of the charts and became Jackson's biggest hit after "Billie Jean".
c84d820ac94f220ed02f1f749ec6f29c01af97d9	As with the previous ones, seven singles were released from this album.
934ea1960de045e95265ff5cbbc0ddd4a841f9a8	In addition to "Black or White" (No. 1), they included " Remember the Time "(No. 3)," In the Closet "(No. 6) and" Will You Be There " (No. 7).
d737572f7981952ec372e4dbe226e6b2f124e622	For" Remember the Time", a video was shot with a multimillion dollar budget and computer special effects, in which the pharaoh of Egypt and his wife were portrayed by Eddie Murphy and top model Iman.
6b5f90e9d74284a232f6f483413d015470160e00	During the 1990s, Jackson's face changed a lot, and his skin became completely white
28a539b8b316efd09cfce46d14c0f7688bcffe36	On June 16, 1995, the double album HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I was released: on the first disc — a collection of greatest hits, on the second — 15 new songs.
0594da18516d960a3bf906d62af94a2e5949247c	It was supposed to be the first part of the trilogy.
985c865c3f622dfa04711b1782342a255aaff74b	The first single was released "Scream" - a duet of the singer with his sister, Janet Jackson.
58e58a258bfd85fae54109e70b8628e5d93d136b	The song was accompanied by a futuristic video clip, for the shooting of which over seven million dollars were spent.
93cebecff2e93be1ab5af168d3a53fd1ee3189c2	The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and has sold over 20 million copies (7 million copies in the US).
802c5a3cf89a9553113720bc9a09e2439cb69d21	Many new songs from it were released as singles, among them the ballad about Moscow ("Stranger in Moscow"; Jackson promised to record a song about the Russian capital when he first visited there in 1993), the composition on the environmental theme " Earth Song "(five weeks at number one in the UK) and the composition in the style of modern rhythm and blues" You Are Not Alone "(his thirteenth" number one " in the Billboard Hot 100), written and produced for him by Ar Kelly.
221452daa27e2aef1accd5454b2c816cfea1cd94	In the video for "You Are Not Alone", Michael appeared semi naked together with his first wife — Lisa Maria Presley, the daughter of Elvis Presley.
64386da467c8c6ed00bde00e7019f64aefa48fba	In 1997, the album Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix was released: the soundtrack to the film "Ghosts" and a collection of dance remixes of tracks from HIStory.
7ca335e5b1dd2e6013d8a1875e5495c3c3193c6d	Reviews for this CD were mostly positive, and the title track topped the sales charts in many countries, including the UK.
4545548136a2713c49b9df41aa4f83d5473137ab	In the US, the album went almost unnoticed and did not reach the first line in the charts.
e8c786683796ca33f860c7462030f8b53a6024b7	Performances in Russia[edit / edit wiki text]
64c30094ccd390a95a700a76e70ff7b474843a97	Michael Jackson first came to Moscow in September 1993.
06a2a41459ba51639a686bc5b4f86950bde02ca6	His concert was organized by the company "Dessa", the organizer of the tour was Samvel Gasparov[31].
3bca98fe22ea9c67680d3f05261661afad647ca1	The concert was held on September 15 in an open area — the Large sports arena of the Luzhniki Stadium in heavy rain.
3d739abf68d5440576454047dde6a165bdc85490	Shortly after the concert, the company ceased to exist due to financial problems, and the stadium was closed for repairs.
7f92e9edf8282476ce318b4524afe7fa8a13565d	During the concert, it was pouring rain, the puddles of which were cleaned by the service staff right during the performance of Michael Jackson.
c332c584bb4ac4f0324a7a75f4331d456f40a720	In his Moscow hotel room, Jackson wrote a ballad about loneliness — Stranger in Moscow, which was included in the 1995 album History and was released as a single.
f2aebc8277526274cb448f5caf4b1a0e1c753b83	Jackson's second performance in Russia took place on September 17, 1996 at the Dynamo Stadium in Moscow[32].
a769dcaf5e6090974b91743f212f5c4ace1817d4	During the visit, Michael Jackson met with the then mayor of Moscow Yuri Luzhkov, the head of the security service of the President of the Russian Federation Korzhakov, the composer Igor Krutoy.
08618ac95603032aa03b167746e2ed111ba1dde1	2001-2003: Invincible[edit / edit wiki text]
011c3efef62c5557caaa89c41d62f1710af6e3d8	Jackson's next studio album was recorded only six years later, its release was repeatedly postponed.
0b2ed84afabe64e049e6a4c234c97f1c49b010c2	The Sony label reluctantly agreed to invest millions of dollars in the protracted process of recording and subsequent promotion of the album, which ultimately led to a quarrel between the singer and the recording giant.
6548980b37d6c891c63331382604f304d66be85a	Invincible, released in October 2001, contained 16 tracks, including the single "You Rock My World", in the video for which famous actors Marlon Brando and Chris Tucker starred.
1a2fced320adbe50d1cdb37575de6d25b9a0245c	The album was met with mixed reviews by critics, and its sales figures were twice as modest as those of HIStory.
3d3aa381c13b4cda631c9dab7de72daaee839a29	The song "Invincible" is dedicated to a 15 year old Afronorvegian boy named Benjamin Hermansen, who was killed by a group of neo Nazis in the city of Oslo (Norway, January 26, 2001).
fedfb2e2a3d8bb6808b2f836260c86d393a15ded	Omer Bhatti, a close friend of Jackson, was a good friend of Benjamin Hermansen.
896ff9c86d2cea2c800cacf1fcb03abb6b2dba32	Michael Jackson writes in the message:
6ec8e7880c4a968899195ce674e003c8d76a66a3	"This album is dedicated to Benjamin "Benny" Hermansen.
fef4300ae9faaa4f47261cd5e7d199daedd957d0	We must remember that it is necessary to judge a person not by the color of his skin, but by his personal qualities.
35e7353c53167b034dd7e1a686d28e2357c1a1c7	Benjamin… We love you… Rest in peace."
8f403b5272f080801eff3c9c312b1c344046c42e	In order to promote the album, a benefit was organized in honor of the 30th anniversary of Michael Jackson's solo career at Madison Square Garden, held in September 2001.
0badab60a4e6cc8c1ecf87fcd3da10e55890dc0f	Michael Jackson appeared on stage next to his brothers, for the first time since 1984.
c2790b3940c0f3d8028f3fa395463537f1f5ce73	The benefit also included performances by Britney Spears, Mýa, Usher, Whitney Houston, Tamia, 'N Sync, Slash, Aaron Carter.
a5d960ef45fbb37d98693dc6a6218e476e0f4d8a	A world tour was also planned in support of the album, but due to the September 11 terrorist attacks, the tour was canceled.
0b0a7cb8d6922f14f10e09818b31d116e47eb7d1	The album spawned three singles, "You Rock My World", " Cry " and "Butterflies", the latter of which had no music video.
386be6e8fc4ffb443bbe54737ff13f0fba890cb2	"Unbreakable" was supposed to be released as a single, but due to a number of financial issues, Sony refused to release it.
006ff88fd2cb5cf7aaae8565a8fb5c453664b7a4	In November 2003, Jackson released a collection of hits "Number Ones".
7cfd46b210f15a7f641eb56a9eb9f65b112017df	The 18 tracks included in the collection included 16 previously released hits, a live performance of the song "Ben" and the new single "One More Chance".
75bb1bc3a44194390226d5cfbe38181836110951	By the end of 2004, sales of "Number Ones" worldwide exceeded 6 million copies.
2825f653b2ede32bf169567fe0a651037a21b85c	2003-2009: Recent Years and "This Is It Tour"[edit / edit wiki text]
4d4186209658a1742a959051ed4baf1c96a5bb30	In 2003, Jackson had to appear in court on charges of molesting minors[source not specified 1584 days].
a5b987e9ea6f68caab3df734662b15eab50741e1	After a long trial, the musician was acquitted.
6e8890f70aa50c6fa56368b9873d6d03f33e25be	After the trial, Michael Jackson withdrew from journalists in Bahrain and began preparing the recording of a charity single in memory of the victims of Hurricane Katrina.
ab574ad659edc31bec94613828dd08d834e63a2e	It soon became clear that not all the invited musicians wanted to participate in the project headed by Jackson.
f94b32496ae8105022bfa8fc9181f452093a1fb7	Although the song "I Have This Dream" was recorded, it was never released as a single, due to unclear circumstances.
4e15b713452e45d3f207338f8f9ec24f630bc48e	On November 16, 2004, Michael Jackson released "Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection" — a 5 disc set containing 57 tracks and 13 previously unreleased recordings, covering the period from 1969 to 2004, plus a previously unreleased live concert from 1992 on DVD.
dd2768e8d81dd272f542ecfbf2bf4427c8712fbf	In the summer of 2008, Sony BMG launched a global campaign, in which residents of more than 20 countries of the world voted for their favorite songs of Michael Jackson, and thus took part in compiling a collection of hits of the "king of pop music" in their country. 122 tracks were presented to the fans.
53b8d0c81c090bdae64db9a30ae1271042246162	The album, which has become unique in each country, included about 17-18 tracks on each disc (there were 1 or 2 of them in total, depending on the country).
3d420b6c4a9b1c16700fa6b7a82fe91a4062e161	In addition, Michael Jackson recorded his new solo album, the release of which was planned for 2009.
4651dc01042737f46c2cdec0908fa35b91cb3d65	Rappers participated in the recording of the album Will.I.Am, Kanye West and R&B singer Akon.
5783076e16871c08e8f85753194af89b68722be7	In November 2008, the son of the King of Bahrain, Sheikh Abdullah bin Hamad Al Khalifa, at whose invitation the singer was in this country, sued Michael Jackson for n non fulfillment of contractual obligations.
b4ff41554a5cd0c7c8739110f79c23eac690bc53	The sheikh demanded payment of seven million dollars.[33]
4609ec325dcba32a68d615be80fe3a5589132644	When Jackson announced his return to the stage at a special press conference on March 5, 2009, it was about 10 concerts at The O2 arena, which seats 20,000 people.
5c0af353e8fd74a3859d3e4cc0fa126e6e1d4a73	However, the demand for tickets was so high that 40 more performances had to be scheduled.
350349d3a5dd0a264189bb81074fddd962d32f23	Death, farewell ceremony and funeral[edit / edit wiki text]
05f2618f32d2c9eb8f67b8a35a783c8e55057ed9	Main article: The Death of Michael Jackson
0c3a39cab035a2fb90604cf3b2b6bfb9a21efcaa	Michael Jackson statue at Craven Cottage Stadium in London
0786a866bb1bf33bed689eb8f7c594d96c20cc93	On the morning of June 25, 2009, Conrad Murray gave Michael Jackson an injection of propofol and left the singer alone.
d36c2b5cf515442e415fdd58ef58f2dd4233a19b	About 2 hours later, Murray returned and saw his patient lying on the bed with his eyes and mouth wide open.
88ce49998cbb7fd3568271513c6cd319db983261	The doctor tried to resuscitate the singer, but the attempts were unsuccessful.
00c0ced5cca179325bd78dd47e54144b1ba1066b	At 12:21 local Pacific time, a call was registered to the 911 number[34].
6ee7aaabc9f86abe8009cf55bb60bc56535a7a8d	The doctors who arrived after 3 minutes and 17 seconds found Jackson no longer breathing with a stopped heart[35] and immediately began to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation[35].
7bbfc38003da6da5cc1094da72648887f8eed097	Attempts to bring Jackson back to life continued on the road and within an hour after arriving at the University of California Medical Center at 13:14[36].
c14e8577c34e281e13513c7476d6671134f6c0ee	These attempts were unsuccessful[37].
e2bbf13d4606f471a47ebd9f33cece821cbae6b2	The death was pronounced at 14: 26 local time[38].
3ddfc92ed62dd2e787a6b23d512c7688d0e80856	The news of his death was made public in the very first minutes after the incident.
37a0e7104c5c764e035039ea1c7daffa592595ba	Rumors and news about the death of Michael Jackson broke network records, provoking a kind of Internet "traffic jams" [39] and a sharp increase in traffic on sites such as Google[40], Facebook[40], Yahoo![41], Twitter[42] and Wikipedia[43].
7f4ea38d8d31949c2efe065140f10ca9a324d268	On June 25-26, 2009, artists: The Game, Chris Brown, Diddy, DJ Khalil, Polow da Don, Mario Winens, Usher and Boyz II Men recorded the single "Better on the Other Side", dedicated to the passing of Michael Jackson.
638c696eb8da3326b907a5e024e47a141196e772	The lyrics were written by Jason Taylor (The Game).
1b3763612bd64bbdbb2c32b336c5da2092a460c4	On June 30, 2009, a music video was released for the song[44].
a63220b538760066c299a6e694b7e0049708dcf8	July 7, 2009 in Los Angeles held a farewell ceremony, which consisted of family services at the Hall of Liberty in memorial Park forest Lawn in the Hollywood hills, which was followed by a public farewell at "staples Center".
65a021628592d597eafe6a7d92ba24362ebcec4f	Coffin Jackson stood in front of the stage during the ceremony, broadcast live around the world, which was watched by nearly a billion people, but no information about the whereabouts of the body was not published[45].
c35c9e8b5ede06edabc65924496e1322a18edb1e	Stevie Wonder, Lionel Richie, Mariah Carey, Jennifer Hudson, Usher, Jermaine Jackson and Shaheen Jafargoli performed Jackson's songs.
4034a598f276d0d6acf7f405ab1ab0b76e14e730	Berry Gordy and Smokey Robinson delivered eulogies, and Queen Latifah read "We had him" — a poem written on the occasion by Maya Angelou[46].
a20cc8dbc17291b54a6b878c7cda331f92f866b0	The Reverend El Sharpton broke the applause of the audience when he said, addressing the Jackson children: "There was nothing strange about your father.
18bdbe6401b42eae7b4737524bd1d3d6b925cf1c	What was strange was what your father was facing"[47].
b32cfb4289af4a6fbbcd161f094d240f35236bce	Jackson's 11 year old daughter, Paris Catherine, said with tears: "From the moment I was born, Daddy was the best father you can imagine… I just wanted to say that I love him so much!
41bb0024d8ed4286a87e8bcf1eed819c805f9ee6	" [48].
10dd0a6646f6ad81d84f37f3db421436d74c847d	There were reports that Michael Jackson was secretly buried on August 8 or 9, 2009 at the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Los Angeles, but later there were reports that he would be buried only in September.
86da376205e30c5baf3787bb723ed1dc67a56c4f	Jackson's final funeral was held on Thursday, September 3 at Forest Lawn Cemetery in the suburbs of Los Angeles.
d68928562328f0d3f7859277c127bea0e5770a4f	The court found the doctor guilty,
4c8ce70a605bcced85fd9c63e1031ce2ac5f564e	who treated Michael Jackson, in his death
cf4b5e07c4da370aae531e4eaf377fb1c48bfa84	Meanwhile, the Los Angeles authorities are investigating the death of Michael Jackson.
3ad684a8e517c04470051719c394eec7691f8887	The Los Angeles coroner qualified the actions of the doctors as murder and did not rule out a trial over them[49].
48bd5c6988856fff585729f0e30d2ab23cc0ef04	In November 2011, Conrad Murray was found guilty of manslaughter and was sentenced to 4 years in prison.
bb099e4fc987b14fbdb86eee605daf5747c6a0f4	He also lost his license to practice medicine.
1f47436574a4c02be62f419eb6c03b432643d459	Posthumous albums[edit / edit wiki text]
d98101a60ef55d1cf3fec62a0ef251283b7b57d5	Sony has signed a contract with Michael's family to release ten new Jackson albums.
2f2f50ee2ba49e025c44fb6baaad8c41568b25e8	They will include reissues of some old albums and collections of never released songs.
25661ac9bd71a1c24c0ca14109d9e4672ef0620c	The first of these albums was Michael, released in 2010.
411649d28b466fed6b980af93ce0c8bf8fe5c04c	It received mixed reviews from critics, but, by universal recognition, it came out much better than expected.
ccaec578fa597a2dc55f3f67af56e127d96cf63c	Four singles were released from the album, and music videos were shot for each.
729bbf1ed44dffa0e06c648c51c86195e3e40b26	Michael himself is involved in them on the frames of inserts from lifetime clips.
5180b1e21b35c5605e9b1ce6f812ebfe0b22ed77	A year later, the remix album Immortal was released, consisting of remixes of Michael's greatest hits.
bf6027d3e881ba1fceb113d6fd0f7b4e715e66f2	This album served as the soundtrack for the Cirque du Soleil show "Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour", which included numbers based on Jackson's songs and his dances.
d253352c5cb8dc9ae4212a84ad88485c924fdf39	Choreographers who had previously worked with Michael during his lifetime took part in the creation of the numbers.
cab84f709c368568f9649a6a7d8e5668ec389728	In May 2014, Michael's second posthumous studio album, Xscape, was released.
19f2f4e1c2d64b6a801b51ad504def1a30c6ad72	This album consisted of 8 songs, and one of them, the single Love Never Felt So Good, was made in two versions: a solo and a duet with Justin Timberlake (a video was shot for the second version).
b53fd4a6dbc540337c1af52afb4e405ba41cada8	On May 18, 2014, at the Billboard ceremony, an illusory image of Jackson, created using the "Pepper's Ghost" technology (although most prefer to call it a hologram for convenience[50]), "performed" the song from the album "Slave To The Rhythm".
ea54a9d8612f3fef03f6d7ef80455e70b947ce81	The reaction of fans was mixed, many believe that a double was actually used[51].
78c9a8683dbb73c96aa4c818530d8046b2e0cf76	After death[edit / edit wiki text]
5d359b2a4027855ab830b0b3672671eaebed0d3b	This mark was set on December 8, 2013.
f62e74bda2399e7046ed2f9b49e85d97e96e9b23	After Michael's death, flash mobs in his honor became a frequent occurrence.
930a37583e025bd1437b09a27d2f461b479b40cf	Flash mobs of Jackson's memory, with their scale and frequency of conduction, went beyond the usual fan mobs and began a completely new, unique movement.
3e2230800de91d19c5039586370a9bd51a895340	These flash mobs are different from the usual ones, they do not comply with the rules of the classic mob, as well as the fan mob participants of this mob are dressed in attributes and clothes of Jackson, thereby copying his style.
ea0a049ec66b94fef92336f0b7e552f9b6b16d85	All the choreography and movements copy the movements of Michael Jackson.
b27be031ccde57e357c99ef3393d598124a7a5df	The music of this flash mob must be selected from Michael's repertoire.
182020f045e7a74418df413f850aae327a5cb97c	Basically, the choreography of this mob is taken from the original choreography of Jackson, but sometimes it is facilitated or simply changed, since it is very difficult for non professionals to repeat it.[source not specified 906 days]
1a90d811f786aa2bacb1cefe9019ba3cdceecc78	On July 8 of the same year — in Stockholm, first on Sergel Square, and a few hours later on the roadway near the Stureplan Hotel 300 dancers performed a production to Michael's hits (and the choreography was learned 1.5 hours before the performance).
e525f1ed43c14b1655cce41f519f2e8615e63968	The Stockholm flash mob, organized by Bounce Streetdance Company, was picked up by fans from Amsterdam.
b5d5b53a35dd42a9ec4b1432694bfceece7be551	And on July 19, 1000 Amsterdam fans of the man of legend walked through the largest squares of this city with Jackson's "Thriller".
42b61c3ca78547f254d813b8570d27bd7b2845a4	On July 27, at 12 o'clock in the afternoon, the children's collective "opened" the Montreal flash mob.
6b4db1cb8dd3e7027eed1ce75e00ffd776ca03ac	Also in the list of cities that supported the idea of Swedish enthusiasts are: Moscow, New York, Toronto, Chicago, Taichung, Paris, Baku, Houston, London, Helsingborg, Tubingen, Tallinn, San Francisco, Hong Kong, Hollywood, Bishkek, Almaty, Astana — and this is not a complete list.
9c81a6e2ab478301da1b6e99602ca205f112cd2b	The world dance community decided to express its gratitude to a great man — Michael Jackson — for his work, which made an immeasurable contribution to this field of art.
60a2666052ee5d257939d8b5eec0173058c9872a	The dance movement dedicated to the memory of the artist is gaining momentum all over the world.
fc9953bc19d4db035667254c315de908ed5717e1	Video clips of mobs began to gain popularity on well known Internet portals, in particular YouTube, Twitter, VKontakte, etc.[source not specified 906 days]
40fe9c89f042ffad544cd5b5b8d6b89326556d9f	In Mexico City, 12937 people took part in the dance to the song "Thriller".
adfa78caaf841f2d1c1f8a2e546469c97d11428e	As it was covered in the press — it was an attempt to organize the most massive dance of Michael Jackson, for which he got on the pages of Guinness World Records.[source not specified 906 days]
59457df9d1f36742d6508958efe2e3e15108d7a8	Clips and choreography[edit / edit wiki text]
d2036b90b7053443a5da0934cac92999cc3995b4	Jackson is also called the King of the music video[52].
2fd5aeafccbb3192756e73e5d53b16804dd3ce86	Steve Hay of Allmusic watched as Jackson turned the video into a work of art through complex storylines, dancing, special effects and the appearance of celebrities in cameo roles, while breaking down racial barriers.
615601cde2c30fec0a58f7d39ab83f8b7795d903	Before the Thriller, Jackson tried in vain to get on MTV, allegedly because he is African American.
83d3d6d939b738197682aaa179fe37f161885ccb	Pressure from CBS Records convinced MTV to start showing " Billie Jean "and then" Beat It", which leads to a long partnership with Jackson, as well as helping other black musicians gain recognition.
d172840570714e209b49bb2f83d53ef50d2b9497	MTV employees deny racism in their shows or pressure to change their position.
852ea0b0fb749b75c7c6974d195e253026b1ba53	MTV claims that they played rock music regardless of race.
c9d3cf3f559f4295721bd997686bd4bc4955539e	The popularity of his videos on MTV helped put a relatively young channel "on the map"; attention on MTV shifted towards pop and R&B[53][54]. His performance on "Motown: Yesterday, Today, Forever" changed the framework of a live show on stage;
84c1458c132560dcbe3c13cec1c47982602d9e68	"The fact that Jackson performed" Billie Jean " synchronously is not extraordinary in itself, but the fact that it did not change the impression of the performance is extraordinary, whether it was a live performance or synchronous, it does not affect the audience," thereby creating an era in which artists recreate the images of a music video on stage.
5eef422405c225c1b1c22913510d249a899bec6f	Short films such as Thriller mostly remained unique to Jackson, while the dance of the dance group in "Beat It" was repeatedly imitated.
f45d205a255b9ff968189c2aa53d2d9c0c796d98	The Thriller's choreography has become part of global pop culture, being copied everywhere, from Indian films to a prison in the Philippines.
b6546a5c09beeaad79f5e5cc42841745e1b95822	The short Thriller video was marked by an increase in the level of music videos and was named the most successful music video ever to enter the Gi Book of Records nnesa[55].
ce117b3330a5052dfcc19a7f7f96e4e2be63300c	In the 19 — minute video for the song "Bad" — directed by Martin Scorsese Jackson began to use sexual images and choreography not seen before in his work.
e122200fa6426a9e1c648988512d3fa2de0e6a78	From time to time, he grabbed or touched the chest, torso and perineum.
f50a36095f0c636d974a5a109ee52ea55c018d3a	When asked by Oprah in an interview in 1993 about why he grabs his crotch, he replied: "I think it happens subconsciously," and he described it as something that was not planned, but rather as something that was forced by the music.
6502bca9488ba21a7af1e05b3cb2cd46fcf044e8	"Bad" received a mixed reception from fans and critics, Time magazine called it "shameful".
25ac1949970ccdcb78aee9bea00dcbd579154016	The film also features Wesley Snipes, and celebrities will often get cameo roles in Jackson's future music videos[56][57]. For" Smooth Criminal", Jackson experimented with an innovative "anti gravity tilt" in his performances.
a58089803b1370a199ecd34f5488dec9767d4144	This maneuver requires special shoes, for which he received US Patent No. 5255452.
cdaf542994ed8f8d0093a2259337b8e68c9189e3	Although the video for the song "Leave Me Alone "was not officially released in the United States, in 1989 he was nominated for three Billboard Music Video Awards; in the same year he received the Golden Lion Award for the quality of special effects used in his productions.
6a733649677c44e5216d38c24d2ef3517ffaeb45	In 1990, "Leave Me Alone" won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form[58].
31c2a3a76e8c37ddbc1d754e3195a9c4ae97e964	He received the MTV Video Vanguard Award in 1988 and the MTV Video Vanguard Award Artist of the Decade Award in 1990 to commemorate the achievements in his art in the 1980s, and in 1991 the first award was renamed in his honor[59].
497e035f82258bb8bf3e58fa80744ff178394048	"Black or White" was accompanied by a controversial music video, which premiered on November 14, 1991 simultaneously in 27 countries, with an estimated audience of 500 million people, the largest ever to watch a music video.
bdcd6ecc75200145c293a25f6b1dd92c4056615a	The scenes shown were interpreted as having a sexual nature, as well as as an image of violence.
d3efc2323a0d905358a6801ab80a381fe241d15e	The offending scenes in the final part of the 14 minute version were edited to prevent a ban on the video, and Jackson apologized.
44da3d46ff1b34270f2fd7ba95897808a54775bb	Along with Jackson, Macaulay Culkin, Peggy Lipton and George Wendt participated in the video.
dc9576b87fc94634036395fafbba8364a300dd6a	This work helped to introduce morphing as an important technology in music videos[60].
01746a980562feac14a37f3aa159b97c061dfac2	Family[edit / edit wiki text]
a0b956100cf188dcee55183ecdcab2da7ee565a4	Michael (under an umbrella) and his two children in masks
e2fd90011003b756f45a68e8ec94127048163563	From 1994 to 1996, he was married to Lisa Marie Presley, the daughter of Elvis Presley.
0194b75a74104aad2ecadbbe9f4e73d02dff2c22	They first met in 1975 during one of the celebrations at the MGM Grand Hotel, in the casino.
f49c3b8aca7366b1558f7533589c2cdda18a194f	Through a mutual friend in early 1993, they met again, and their relationship reached a serious one.
0a35c35bb2351e61b58916840c5b1c71bca9527e	They called each other every day.
24a260e09427fe6f642334f4b214b9d79cf5b86f	When Jackson was accused of child molestation and it became public, Jackson became dependent on Presley: he needed emotional support, and Presley explained:
8a9c94f53f00e3e3d908f2dd7a8fb4d139b02bda	"I believed that he had done nothing wrong, and that he was innocent, I became closer to him.
7190202f97b13f14ec8203b4659f5a78b4923ddc	I wanted to save him.
2f0dc7d35ca7e20d3915b42e9a8877903d407a4d	I felt that I could do it"
bcfc8f795d1bd97967b296a7229355f487973489	Soon she persuaded him to settle the charges out of court, as well as the need for rehabilitation to restore his health.
2f9221c7282aa3e8dec47b8ec70ba6494fbf0b75	In October 1993, Jackson proposed to Presley over the phone: "If I asked you to marry me, would you do it?"
660132921dab933427bf3e87cc7c48b7b8d216c2	They were married on May 26, 1994 in the Dominican Republic in secret, denying it for almost two months.
18e3043e587c22a3bb6309415fab81a5d4355bf4	The wedding took place at the house of local judge Hugo Alvarez Perez in the city of Santo Domingo[61].
9fbdf9922919003120f02958d8ada7c756d9e1c7	The wedding took place in the Church of St. Stanislava in the town of Altos de Chavon.
ed6e8b49285f7843da77e5ea9a9afffeaf87d7c5	The marriage was called "semi fictitious" [61], since according to the laws of the Dominican Republic, no woman can remarry if three months have not passed after the divorce.
7fb3cb1bc073b843e3f4bc46b81fb79804d53246	And Lisa Maria had just divorced her ex husband in those days[61].
a7d7dbde0523a2d5aa3a772e4dab0d30f77ae6ca	Jackson and Presley divorced less than two years later, but remained friends.
f808691a4c998e7833603ec36b0def2f2a381275	In 1997, Presley accompanied Michael, married to Debbie Rowe, during the HIStory tour.
705b2019f79c818073beaf780d4e95c68c01b36f	In November 1996, after his divorce from her, Jackson married Debbie Rowe (a former nurse), with whom he has two children: son Prince Michael Jackson I[en] (born February 13, 1997) and daughter Paris Michael Catherine Jackson[en] (born April 3, 1998). In 1999, Debbie Rowe and Michael Jackson divorced.
385b34d5c4e9db9a8712a252da3b3ef7e15c3958	The second son is Prince Michael Jackson II[en] (Blanket eng. Blanket) (born February 21, 2002) was born from a surrogate mother, whose identity is unknown[62].
4f99ea4edb43e8fc97d2041706022f133b3bda71	A scandalous story is connected with this child, when Michael, showing his fans on Prince Street, staggered a little and it seemed to many that Michael almost dropped him[63].
b9c653a9044a6b524c10d586cc37a9f1f0630552	Jackson always tried to hide his family from the press and fans: when appearing in public with his father, the children wore masks[64].
10b788bb25502cb9109b2fb492c6ec6cd8323d3a	After Jackson's death, his mother, Katherine Jackson, took custody of the children.
3e5303e324f92c2cb2000bbe937f4678b4d67c2a	In life, Michael Jackson's good friends were:Whitney Houston, Diana Ross, Brooke Shields, Elizabeth Taylor, Marlon Brando, Eddie Murphy, Mark Lester, Chris Tucker, Macaulay Culkin, Elton John, Lionel Richie, Stevie Wonder, Omer Bhatti.
aa4de96f1b4cf19921595880f40409f054335ca8	In addition, Michael Jackson admired the talent of Freddie Mercury and attended concerts of the band Queen.
98e871e6d48e8f5e8d933708989a60bdbec710f1	I was on good friendly terms with Princess Diana.
3bcb242c25b96eb351c338502eba81c42d534ae7	Health[edit / edit wiki text]
5728a5f700a17ba2f9b4ac647c79bac6d01b749b	Jackson often appeared with an umbrella and dark glasses, shielding his skin from the sunlight
683aa37a7b0ffedea5c088f5c7b999c959de31a8	Main article: Michael Jackson's health and appearance
d433651a5f56776166919766588ee34fbd02448d	Since the mid 1980s, Michael Jackson's appearance has changed markedly[65].
ca670812cc25ca16d815ff8e1bd1656aad35ccd5	His skin was getting lighter and lighter.
d0d2002ad41ffa69080e86d5cd281b2144ce48cf	As Jackson himself said, the reason for his "whiteness" is a rare genetic disease vitiligo, and there are many confirmations of this in photos where white milky spots are visible on Michael's body[66].
2e36c2df91aaff2ee4170b8832ee58fdb6cb5c6a	These changes were hidden with the help of makeup.
d09f926ebdde7262d7fa54f84736441cb9456faa	Jackson categorically denied rumors that he deliberately tried to turn into a white man [67].
12d66702b005e5c0f0b32dd18d645fb6290f4ed9	The disease forced the singer to constantly close himself from the sun with the help of umbrellas, masks, dark multi layered clothing.
8485aade8f408e477d09f09a37720d886e760071	According to the stories of some doctors, he underwent several nose operations, as well as lifting his forehead, thinning his lips, operations on his cheeks, on his eyelids[68] and creating a dimple on his chin[69].
e888fac910c139654ddb13dbc5c8cad7c9269a37	Surgeon Arnold Klein confirmed that he operated on the singer's nose[70][71]. The singer himself stated that he changed the shape of his nose only 2 times, and also made a dimple on his chin.
50050572e5d9d53462a769d274cbd6c156bb7c33	He categorically denied everything else, explaining the changes in appearance as growing up, a strict vegetarian diet[72].
cfced5ff0558beb43939b698523e9e6c896221d9	In the future, Jackson experienced problems related to the consequences of operations.
d77a815185754ac1efe0d04bf5f4e0fb049fea5c	In the early 2000s, Michael appeared in public for some time in a medical mask.
2a9e258ab52bb5e870df7fccd3db6ba0aff819aa	Rumors began to circulate that Jackson's nose was collapsing, and that he had to undergo plastic surgery to restore his nose.
6dd4800d854337bb8f88d587fb734144d7fdf7f8	Later, Jackson appeared in public with a Band Aid on his nose.
b82b4999dfe4cee4ed9403e8e21ba27ae0f56f9d	The performer himself said that it was an analgesic patch that he put on because of allergies.
14b4f3ca305243ca50333dbb182180723ebe8401	Surgeon Arnold Klein later confirmed that he operated on the singer's nose to restore Michael's ability to breathe[70][71].
420f462416e98bfc3a9fa51cd6952ccdd2c8b8c1	Allegations of child molestation[edit / edit wiki text]
168c7e1f3a8449806065539c441565bd3e6e5ede	Michael's fans held demonstrations in support of him during the accusations.
d416d4101a9c525888ae6e4c8c1a32e2e6f8390b	The inscription on the poster — "Michael is innocent"
0011aa28f1ae90fada2f29446daa00d0af2ef069	Michael Jackson appeared in court twice on charges of molesting minors, both times boys.
b83c7294788ff68c609b4104902ade1b707323bc	In 1993, he was accused of molesting 13 year old Jordan Chandler.
77e934b3ba321b007b7588dce1e454c93260dcb1	Jordan was a fan of Jackson and often visited him at the Neverland Ranch.
a7999a5af6772a7b88785948a9691039983f50ba	According to the boy's father, the son confessed to him that the singer forced him to touch his genitals.
745d5d27cff1e4fad3c146c45c30d1b0523310df	The police conducted an investigation into these allegations, during which Michael had to show his genitals for comparison with what the boy described.
590738d8a1afdfaa0bbe93aa4d2c3f44a3072a4e	As a result, the parties concluded a settlement: Jackson paid the Chandler family $ 22 million, and Jordan refused to testify against Michael.
071ce0664610e6d936d4d70f3b25b1f565bf8e16	Ten years later, in 2003, Michael was again charged with a similar charge.
9fe963fb8a0565f1173cd9833a6324f6a110d1e1	This time, the singer was accused of molesting 13 year old Gavin Arvizo, also a regular guest at the Neverland Ranch.
23a733735fcaf9f11892a8a32d423d7e8bf84866	During their stay at the ranch, the children often slept in the same room with Jackson and even on his bed.
e7dbdc73254e6e341aff92bac2910f63aacfc99d	According to the prosecution, Jackson allegedly got Gavin drunk, which is already a crime under US law, and then engaged in masturbation with him.
49153419c829e607fce07d451870568862fffafe	In addition, he allegedly often groped Gavin and other children.
23dcf14d6400cff00ee0390d2dbe2c514ef9deb6	On December 18, the police raided the Jackson estate "Neverland", and on the 20th the singer was arrested, and released on bail a day later.
f91fdb0d853572528248a7a321084390ad8f9668	As on the previous occasion, Jackson categorically denied the accusation, stating that the Arvizo family was simply trying to engage in extortion.
a60e2b24fdebb1c299447465cde78f6b99406eb8	Michael's trial lasted from February to May 2005.
54a97987b39a9b6aa2d0c6c255857a6a76afd768	More than 2,200 media outlets from around the world have accredited their journalists to cover the scandalous trial.
3ec7964f65ce59dcb7c675ee6600951f76ecc647	The jury decided that there was insufficient evidence and Jackson was innocent.
88fc80c554eaa15a124a22e7d29eb87a491cd3f5	Constant litigation led to a deterioration in Jackson's health, he even began to use painkillers to cope with stress.
f95082d5baa685e9ee50734e9bc9eeea7f17e7c3	In addition, the court led to the complete emptying of bank accounts: the services of the best lawyers in the United States cost more than $100,000,000.
c39d8bad6821dc3d74b91383191b8f97543d7ac5	[source not specified 906 days]
a62541fc02cd48b8ef52461d20cf05a3f794576f	After the singer's death in 2009, Jordan Chandler admitted that he had slandered Michael Jackson.
02d8a2a08e00022b2e5d6519f467d523432f3096	His father Evan Chandler (who later committed suicide) forced him to do this for the sake of money.
a4d171ed623798c6f1f3c7e6e681c4f54124e464	[73][74][75]
5e2196f9207dff6212a969d64e8abb3580ebdc86	Religious views[edit / edit wiki text]
4ceaa16859ea7c08cd8099a0fc8435df7c2c7e99	Michael Jackson was not an open follower of any church, but he showed interest in the religion of various denominations.
6f9a118dc951cb1f5dfa8c501e87cae2f444729f	Katherine Jackson (Michael's mother) was baptized in 1963, when Michael was five years old.
6a056ef61e2422ad40a4d73e174eed5f8ddd0059	His mother tried to raise Michael as a Jehovah's Witness and encouraged him to study the Bible, attend Christian meetings in the Halls of the Kingdom and preach.
041bce4c4f7ff4fc5fb9b12a71927590398c2906	However, his relationship with the organization of Jehovah's Witnesses did not develop.
e54d815333f7ef16db6b5c0b03946ea9aa347cb4	By 1984, despite his enormous fame, Michael Jackson continued to preach as a Jehovah's Witness, twice a week, maybe for an hour or two.
5a6bb8cf677ecc576786b26638b9c925dc9c35e2	He also attended Christian meetings in the Kingdom Hall with his mother four times a week when he was in the city.
362588ae90f1bd0ead8d7a84c01f2f6019879917	He refused to eat blood, celebrate Easter and Christmas, which he regarded as "pagan holidays", and celebrate his own birthday [76].
493cb92747edd3ea3b6fb58b7349f795faae3aaa	However, in 1987, Jackson left the organization of Jehovah's Witnesses in response to disapproving reviews of the video "Thriller"[77].
35cc55929f12c0b25948a31bdc7f33702daa24f3	This, in particular, was facilitated by the fact that Michael's sister La Toya Jackson was expelled from the organization around the same time.
52bab1de40a67ff77cefe63810f41b41d1b3c1cf	Michael, like all other members of the organization, was forbidden to communicate with her on spiritual topics (you can communicate on everyday topics in a forced situation), which was a blow for him.
885f29bef3b600aec2d04f5114eb527fe4975378	Michael violated this principle and as a result, he himself stopped attending meetings of Jehovah's Witnesses[78].
6eca5e3a7f3846b602981d46310b9185f470e827	In 1987, it was announced that Michael Jackson was no longer a Jehovah's Witness[79].
143a6410342b65c6df08f278c1bbb19013254a26	Michael's brother, Jermaine Jackson, openly professes Islam, and often gave his brother books about this religion.
cf6553f957e7c7abbb4e1ad6859d0f2081353934	Jermaine hoped that his passion for religion would protect Michael from nervous disorders and bad habits[80].
e112d9818e7ea85ee425f3e7523d7b30811304ca	On November 21, 2008, The Sun tabloid reported that Jackson at the shahada ceremony, "a testimony that there is no God but Allah and Muhammad is his messenger," allegedly changed his name to Mikael as a sign of his acceptance of Islam when he was in Los Angeles with composer Steve Porcaro[81].
a63132f0b30b53acdb6ad13ba9b34d58d728ea1c	This information was never confirmed by Jackson himself.
20a0073c35c2d7a9b7b7c7a34321c1ef0f892976	Jackson's lawyer, Londell McMillan, denied this report, saying about him that " this is nonsense.
5a80030b3b9b2c65fd139aac172f0f7505f8480a	This is completely untrue"[82][83].
7e8a89422476761bc1e77fd452028967333ee5fb	Jackson was also closely acquainted with Andre Crouch, a Christian musician and gospel singer.
6402e6e7b3d47efaa3bde82846921da18f98e8bc	Shortly before his death, the singer visited a Christian church with Crouch and performed several Christian songs.
5894c3dd3914339f1d8d887da98fbd9921d77ffd	According to Crouch and his sister, Jackson asked about their customs, but did not say anything about wanting to join their denomination[84][85].
487d69d7a57391406114dfecbca05cae282b18e3	Awards and achievements[edit / edit wiki text]
5f9d42e25f00f5866e10d62f15d14765c955c370	Michael Jackson's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame
6d208e99259f3bcae6f277c36940a4ed6e3e7eaa	Jackson's achievements — one of the few musicians twice inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (as part of the Jackson 5 collective and as a solo artist) - include a number of records in the Guinness Book of Records, the title of "The Most Successful Artist of All Time", 15 Grammy Awards"[5][6][7], 14 hits in the US and sales of 800 million records[source not specified 1953 days].
0cbc45f2b746e9c831e399327864a6eccfd828ef	Even during the life of Michael Jackson, people, at the instigation of Elizabeth Taylor, unofficially called him "The King of Pop Music", but this title stuck to Jackson so much that the music society recognized him as such officially.
c168069e2a5d243cd8995200ad959eb36a92e161	The album is Jackson's 1982 Thriller remains the best selling album of all time and four other solo Studio albums are among the most sold in the world: Off the Wall (1979), Bad (1987), Dangerous (1991) and HIStory (1995).
82c1f31d5dd3463f72baa7e1cdad2faa2ad97f7b	Jackson popularized complicated to perform dance techniques such as "robot" and "moonwalk".
59d8ba5b80a704fa30e108008b9bf746d4cf61de	Jackson B
518fc199a5da1ec889f3e97edf87e529b05eb0e5	Find out everything
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576e9d23e45849925ace3d82b82152a0173e88a3	Michael Jackson biography, photos find out everything!
15fee62b1afd2d7ca7b47fe8f97c217dbc398f9b	Name: Michael Jackson
f76095c7a8c9e4c8360942b99ebe3cd458c80da6	Date of birth: August 29, 1958
3b86e00a77ed2fcb2de1750049bd177a5641feb0	zodiac sign: Maid
3a59ceed9379670a76577a1445fdcb616e8daccf	Eastern horoscope: A Dog
1f415d87d56e4ded4f92c4f314384a231ada788b	Place of birth: Gary, Indiana, USA
d37a46424b09d52d20559cc28e87316a85e0ac91	Date of death: June 25, 2009 (50 years old)
168386699ff6bcd826ed3be7f5f5dd071b738712	Activity: Singer, dancer and pop king
4b7b9a838aa8beac258695023fce42c8bac9eb1f	Do you like Michael Jackson?
e937cc1e2620895ca8123ad9dfcb16f73dca5d97	Photo: Michael Jackson
bd75d7488f639a47b572761c9b9f97cf488c6623	Michael Joseph Jackson is an American singer and dancer who began his career with performances in the family group "The Jacksons".
f608208015d760a7e753439a48adcc160f51ef7e	Since 1972, he has devoted himself to a solo career, quickly achieving unsurpassed success.
7d7751174031af2e8e0fcb61b27eab2e4c5c1b1d	His fifth studio album "Thriller" has maintained the status of the best selling album in history for more than 40 years, and the name of Michael Jackson has become a pop music legend.
260617556e48a3a8988fbcdf782530829706baa8	Michael Jackson is the King of Pop music
281817e2d7cd656bc367e356cd477c649adc80e1	The childhood of Michael Jackson.
ce41e9ade1d2d318686080f9c1408b3a03b6e5d9	Humiliations and first glory
bff8210dd286e4fe3c53d9ea038b60d75243cc8a	The boy, later recognized as the king of pop music, was born in the town of Gary, Indiana.
5ac1ca399e5d52f86708b522e267668a989cb8cf	The boy's parents, Joseph Jackson and Catherine Vinty, were married in November 1949.
164a090077dcca133f24ec702e9fa3a521532586	They were brought together by their love of music: the future father of the family was a bluesman, played guitar, and his mother, half Indian, half Mulatto, a native of the rural hinterland, was obsessed with country music.
5c58c7cd4e9c857bd8381c689aa3037bb0708410	Michael Jackson with his parents
fe91d59fbeb0ac29f056151688b4867b5b76d409	19 year old Catherine quickly realized that family life was not as rosy as in her fantasies.
918d84011e3a5f8b2c46997f70de5da191b5935b	Joseph proved to be a real person, turning out to be an unsociable and even cruel person.
70fbc4a446d8c6061787402b17fbf919e5d64462	Michael Jackson's family in full force
2999a3a3964db516b41f8d2503c7995c5c2c4fff	When Michael was born in 1958, there were already seven children in the Jackson family.
96090db27c56148c43136842f1a9216fa4b1c9f8	Joseph's approach to raising children, an adherent of the strictest discipline, was harsh: he humiliated his children both mentally and physically.
7ca7404cb09d72dbb52389a8872d176698087efe	The singer's brother Marlon said that his father dismissed his hands for the slightest offense.
a632ffcb56a1c63f0fe0d6e84676c8f4b5416932	In an effort to teach children to order, at night he put on a terrible mask, crept under the windows of the nursery and roared in different ways (Michael later admitted that he was constantly tormented by nightmares as a child).
34915c3a8f8e00ff5e2fcd0e8ac1238ef2fe84a5	My mother forced her sons to study the Bible and took them to meetings of "Jehovah's Witnesses".
bae993866b01a2ef7d3b5be0a400ecddd7ccd445	Michael Jackson as a child
7658b15b52ac9e42ac2aec7f24264d799570bd35	Only in 1993, Michael Jackson told Oprah Winfrey's studio that in those years he constantly cried and felt lonely, he was literally sick of communicating with his father.
0c8f581d8365c2ad33844f781a9e3921c6a4c502	Little Michael Jackson already loved eccentric dancing
728f0370427f7cfd2a953dc5e6a5d068819d63f5	In 1964, the brothers formed the band "The Jacksons".
b0de5141ccccaca9c1de906b59f876d19ed8e890	Initially, the line up consisted of the older Tito, Jeremy and Jackie, and Michael and Marlon were backup musicians, playing tambourine and congo.
ae11a031a66138181bc05bd3e825b411bf72e532	Later, Michael took the place of the backing vocalist, and also accompanied each performance with dances.
64d9aef75d4a8210545a3cabdf10a77fab13968f	The strict father watched the band's rehearsals with a belt in his hands and used a leather weapon if he didnot like something.
5a905d40a801ffbfc0502aa1342c9b1c803578e3	The Jackson brothers rehearsed hard, fearing a strict father
d097dba719d8bce84acf8f518533dc1d3080e967	In 1966, it was decided to rename the group "Jackson 5" ("Jackson's Five"), and Michael became the lead singer.
614665a3ff233618172d70fcb7c54587e99f05fa	Michael and his brothers performed in strip clubs for "blacks", warming up the audience before the show.
2364dccc833c1f299c848e671f5cb0462bd45557	"The Jacksons": the beginning
e591e39e39bb50ca9aa559d0211ff7d5cf44cbeb	In 1970, the band of the Jackson brothers reached the national level – their first singles rose to the leading positions of the American Billboard chart.
3b09ff39dee0db7bea396143560e16c96b933404	Even then, Michael attracted the attention of the audience with eccentric dances, which he copied from Jackie Wilson and James Brown.
b79db5b98a6ae6062cdaa0f3768004a345ffa150	"Jackson 5" on the show "American Bandstand", 1970
4acd1ef87e6b9f6ddb3692f6c083da85fb9b097d	The beginning of Michael Jackson's solo career
626a4c91bcf7f2239970be24e42c91cf6a2848e0	In 1973, the Jackson 5 were involved in a conflict with their recording studio Motown Records.
9f8c627b8bfc63495d5382ca5f62ade7dd8ad74f	This did not prevent Michael from releasing 4 solo albums in collaboration with the label: the debut "Got to Be There" (1972), which sold more than five million copies, "Ben" (1972), "Music&Me" (1973), and, finally, "Forever, Michael" (1975).
3d0f28725f084325edb6cc405ee3143d5dbe8509	In 1972, Michael Jackson began a solo career
e8ffd29fbefe3f2252c9e131928becc570abb35c	In 1976, the Jacksons signed a contract with CBS Records, after which they had to return the name "The Jacksons – - Motown left the rights to the" Jackson Five " to itself.
d34e81098aefbdf232f97e19b97bdea807a14eef	Michael Jackson as the Scarecrow, The Wizard of Oz musical
1a9cc922fb44bdc8b6ea765f8582e3c01dac0fdc	In 1978, Michael Jackson took part in the film adaptation of the Broadway musical "The Amazing Wizard of Oz" together with Diana Ross.
cfbd685b8f117427c076d199cc704d278cbb246a	The film set brought him together with music director Quincy Jones, who took the talented singer, who played the role of the Scarecrow, under his wing.
34e44537e418a0893527e3560dbbf6645ebfaf46	Producer Quincy Jones has robbed the talent of Michael Jackson
a85d766c708f4135f0f7368cdb529c01cd1ba674	The first fruits of cooperation made themselves felt in 1979, when Michael Jackson presented to the public his fifth solo album " Off the Wall "(translated into Russian – "Alien to conventions").
fd65a6a1f166c1352c349c75f139f74bcd4ca8ae	Paul McCartney and Stevie Wonder helped the musician with the recording of the album.
f955802efd24cad3bcfa81292ccf0d98b8384c5e	Four singles from the album reached the top of the Billboard Hot chart: "Donot Stop 'Til You Get Enough", "Rock with You", "She's Out of My Life" and "Off the Wall".
4c0297fda851f962b7decfaf80b11a36b5e6563b	The album has sold 20 million copies worldwide.
c5ccf132fdd444ad91585c714b101d40c4a665c0	The unconventional Michael Jackson, 1979
4cd077bf8acb4ad6d0a33ebf2dfd049de6945618	The heyday of Michael Jackson's career.
fab042c072dfb45943332fd02dd6cdd6ec8b9b7f	The King of Pop Music
8dd8be4291a4f75ea9513f2229958bdd2e9176dc	By the early 80's, Michael Jackson had already achieved phenomenal success, and a new album, "Thriller", was waiting for fans ahead.
d32bc7505695abe4d93a54badbd25e77b2e3f86f	The work on it was carried out for 8 months; the album included 9 tracks, 4 of which Michael wrote independently.
4349f8c5b5b2d3a7ad322e7983b6d1e5a22bd15a	Released in 1982, "Thriller" became a phenomenon
48ca6697e26edd286027e9acc00e58878a51f440	The album was released in November 1982, and in just a year it received the status of the best selling album in history, preserving it for several decades.
bcb7a593d78acd9be5d89fd90bf35af2ff6440ae	In the United States alone, fans of the black singer sold 26 million copies, and in the world this figure exceeded 109 million.
ac1b76eb204e895c2fd23719f8558435b177d72c	The album topped the Billboard 200 chart for 37 weeks and was on this list for two years.
1250cb7264f83313117881d21bfa61f4c241ff2a	Michael Jackson's" Thriller " remains the best selling album in history
095a81a17cb23ff2066a34c17b254850803dc898	The album was a breakthrough in music and, in addition, broke the latest racial stereotypes in the pop industry: three clips of Michael Jackson ("Thriller"," Billie Jean"," Beat It") were in the rotation of MTV, and the musician was invited to the White House to meet with Ronald Reagan.
20415e1ac0ba959fd5c5cd1f792abb1b91c63144	Michael Jackson demonstrates the "moonwalk"for the first time
b8e8dc2d66734f232a115eded06e9fb40cef92a6	In 1983, on the 25th anniversary of Motown Records, Michael Jackson first presented his famous "moonwalk" during the performance of "Billie Jean", and also showed a 14 minute clip for the song "Thriller", which set new standards for music videos.
c5c870f0e3660a484f89ce97b1a1a484b2489f2f	Michael Jackson – "Thriller", full clip
6e48f57f27eb2070523b2f235b87ea7ad783e527	In 1984, Michael's work was again at the top of the charts.
c9da045009d3ad2abb4431845a85fb2a6e3c86e3	This time there was a single "Say Say Say", recorded together with Paul McCartney.
f4dec2f242ce92fd1928eb2e1a8c1adbe7b411d8	The following year, Jackson bought out a controlling stake in ATV Music Publishing, which owns the rights to most of The Beatles ' songs, which caused a quarrel with McCartney, who also claimed securities.
a512ca7b91afb3468fcd7aabe26836cc2b57dfd7	Michael Jackson and Paul McCartney are working on "Say say say"
3a85ea138aded41798672c9e4b79a794e4412574	In March 1985, Michael Jackson and Lionel Richie recorded the song "We Are the World".
fe611dacd046b1c94a67bb6bd446618aec097544	All commercial fees, which exceeded the amount of $ 61 million, were given to help the starving children of Africa.
f84f4465bb9978f6e38409e04d3c1c2951e57727	Michael Jackson and Lionel Richie
7d5f82e07ac19d59217f0b6bdf025600472d52cb	Michael Jackson's seventh studio album ("Bad", 1987) did not repeat the phenomenal success of the previous record, but it still lasted 6 weeks on the first line of the Billboard 200, sold 29 million copies and gave the world several hits, including the compositions "I Just Canot Stop Loving You", "Bad", "The Way You Make Me Feel", "Dirty Diana", "Smooth Criminal" and "Man in the Mirror".
c0ef28f1ac1098f85e32259860e5bceff7922316	A frame from a live performance of "Smooth Criminal"
70a5023e3b8311ae974288f94a1187853c09ceb9	Every performance of Michael Jackson became an extravaganza
97c44edc5e6a4516e6a74f38f72daee3999a9dc0	Michael Jackson and Elizabeth Taylor
0d45c2d38e36b4a511ab9c83f6e64e2d1074632a	In 1991, Michael pleased the fans with new material, releasing the eighth solo album "Dangerous".
857f1a090af5f4cfda99fb6919edefbe2adc1b87	The release was preceded by the premiere of the video for the song "Black or White", which topped the charts for 5 weeks.
235e5604d7209f45dcbe31645800d4d07f42f74b	Michael Jackson – "Black or White", 1991
fe1f69300363fe23617680ad7cd66edb17bf726e	Michael Jackson in Russia
eb0fa4a04cdf9cd7b81c22dfb712aa32358ed0c0	In September 1993, Jackson visited Russia for the first time.
105596222aec022b70ddd073c8711173cb042162	The concert was held at the Moscow Luzhniki Stadium in the pouring rain.
50e9b490835848e8cd98b6c41b160438d3321c9f	After that, the company "Dessa", which spent a million dollars on organizing the event, went bankrupt, and the stadium was closed for repairs.
66389b025eddab777672b006ea1326fe18c6f5e6	Michael Jackson in Moscow, 1993
89e3e4e30b8af4b862a7a6e610f514c835323ef6	In 1995, the double album "HIStory: Past, Present and Future — Book I", a collection of the musician's best hits, including 15 new compositions, went on sale.
a2946c631cda8a8fa7df89ecb729d53be5b04b75	Among them was the sad ballad "Strangler in Moscow".
7765a1f42fb558a24267c4d8c955bc8e002fe45b	When fans asked why the song turned out to be so sad, did he really not like it in Moscow, Michael replied that the audience at the Moscow concert was almost the most welcoming in his memory, but at that moment he was shackled by a feeling of"overwhelming loneliness and cold".
a31a40f07fb9d1dff4f198fee3ce96f166c17777	Photos from the first concert of Michael Jackson in Russia
6f3e64b88bfc9decb2ea44404835b6e8b142fc58	The pop king visited Moscow for the second time in September 1996 – he gave a concert at the Dynamo stadium, met with Yuri Luzhkov and Igor Krutoy.
9b83849fa2e83a51a3304d836f42498e39b722e6	Michael Jackson in Moscow, 1996
1fe91d098f338114f8692a67376033f33de916bf	The further career of Michael Jackson
9d8734c502ef58027f6344ca4d379d615c684de2	Next studio album ("Invisible") Michael Jackson released it only in 2001.
32476f7207b68f99e743d7c9320dea0491cd46fe	It consists of 16 tracks, on which Notorius Biaiji ("Unbreakable"), Chris Tucker ("You Rock My World") and Carlos Santana ("Whatever Happens") worked together with Michael.
3400546e7d5474712bb57e78b940ce2651505330	Recording of the album "Invisible"
f0226c56b94d986a715284af15a8e50f95f7bc85	The musician dedicated the album to the tragic events in Oslo – on January 26, 2001, 16 year old African Norwegian Benjamin Hermansen was killed by neo Nazis.
a2dc6d9ca81d535a75382d794c0e5871e9843639	A close friend of the deceased, Omer Bhatti, was also a good friend of Michael Jackson, so the musician took the death of the teenager especially hard.
8851969c70500edba57f0d691bb0274e48ad6abb	Omer Bhatti, an old friend and fan of Michael Jackson
e46ca16c98f41479847b6306eec4b3abdd130413	After the release of the album, Michael Jackson organized a performance at Madison Square Garden dedicated to the 30th anniversary of his solo career.
e19454305dc58542683a20c0ee35e18feb5a40cb	For the first time since 1984, he appeared on stage with the former "Jackson Five", and also sang together with Britney Spears, Whitney Houston, N'Sync and Usher.
53106587eef53aefdf593ddb80a78ef6bb6b7359	Michael Jackson and "The Jacksons", 2001
ba2294ec627b86d573f8e0e2dae35c0605d82e95	In 2003, Michael released a collection of hits "Number Ones", which included several previously unreleased songs, including a brand new track"One More Chance".
c12c19a3575afa71f17ac6a01d6f217318a3d706	Michael Jackson's Anniversary Concert
077fbc0c7ce7738cd43a8194430acfd707dbf28c	At this time, Michael was accused of child molestation, and although the musician was acquitted, due to the hype in the press, many celebrities refused to cooperate with Jackson to record a charity song in memory of the victims of Hurricane Katrina.
9f03171a338f5f29f2dff80e36055dc598f0588d	The song "I Have This Dream" was eventually recorded, but never appeared on sale.
0857cd9536632fe2109a96826ece9892a8d4206e	Michael Jackson and Diana Ross
ae76868baaa35b7b41067ddb4ad765b1bd2a9226	In 2004, a five disc set "Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection' Box Set " was released with 13 previously unreleased songs, and in August 2008 – a collection of hits "King of Pop", dedicated to the 50th anniversary of Michael Jackson.
ab177c0f2e343e6b890dcdef1ed0e9cc19a5b815	All the stage images of Michael Jackson in one picture
9fab6c1e32a7371a032c26ce4933f09333d9a1f3	Michael Jackson planned to release his eleventh studio album in 2009.
dab8d1fbedea74b1cefa6a08af5b937a9dd124d3	Personal life of Michael Jackson
fd1d47535657916c2713b130ba7cccad94ee0761	The first wife of the musician was the daughter of the King of Rock and Roll Elvis Presley.
68f39d66802e75d18e62f8b77411034dc12d1734	With Lisa Maria Presley, Jackson first met in 1975 at the MGM Grand Hotel event in Las Vegas, but at that time she was only 8 years old.
6cb5d8680afc027cc3e5765b26f496b910f8e981	Michael Jackson with his first wife, daughter of Elvis Presley
6a366fd8ecb12a959b9d0e37864df740d7135673	The next meeting was held in 1993.
a8ad82c115810658274818405a8e8fc1e18f7950	After that, they began to communicate and quickly became best friends;
bd997ba3074eaec2847a1448a96bb5fd7c478d2e	Lisa supported him during the period when it seemed that everyone turned away from Jackson.
61772b493864637f17d021b27900637005fbcf3c	Once he asked a girl on the phone: "If I asked you to marry me, would you do it?".
0a9299d08d4e38f6080193f4c3d033b3cc9501ed	Six months later, they were secretly married in the Dominican Republic.
feaa07b1488adcfb9ac61ed8282209463ff07725	In 1996, their marriage broke up, but the former spouses remained friends.
d081d9f3bbfaa64bcbb502f8263cfcc259be6ac3	Michael Jackson and Lisa Maria Presley remained friends
eecb815ad6e5114abb90a49600c0990054c707f5	Michael was going through a very difficult divorce, which made his illness [vitiligo] worse.
f89f3d8c97675082a60c437d5a1f64724abe3e72	During a visit to Arnold Klein's personal dermatologist, he met his assistant, Debbie Rowe.
11a810ec46bddfb12358dad6f0d2947a9f6320e4	They got into a conversation, and Debbie asked Michael what saddened him the most in this situation.
a75354ba539f7bb01f39e2ec9f004ddbb1399e13	The musician replied that he deeply regrets that he never got children together with Lisa.
7a42b180c716811a33e760675a0e600eea1072ce	Then the woman suggested that Jackson carry his child so that he could experience the happiness of fatherhood.
133c8701f010ec8778792a4320b6049c4ea38c76	Michael Jackson and Debbie Rowe entered into a marriage of "convenience"
30ddd5d218a9ad723bd0e1fa46fa6edace2f7eee	Michael gladly agreed.
e0fce8156b080cef119b554b2c0a83d93d6fdbaf	The woman gave birth to two children a son, Prince Michael Joseph Jackson and a daughter, Paris Michael Katherine Jackson.
7531713346743b769a260b1227c1e89acae4e171	In 1999, Debbie considered her mission accomplished and filed for divorce, giving up all parental rights.
c19229785418f5a5d5436fe9b24891a12ab51ef6	Children of Michael Jackson and Debbie Rowe
38f5a2a48c4466bae1e02acf03694d793526ab58	In 2002, Michael Jackson's second son, Prince Michael Joseph Jackson II, was born.
1d848968a7efe03d083cdf82538ca415a830d0f0	The musician kept the name of the surrogate mother who carried the child a secret.
442ee68838ea17d4541f5279f548334ae6ecce46	Michael Jackson with his son on the balcony of a hotel in Berlin
374ac7a604ba07d184c4ce72b064ebca1432b63d	During the artist's tour in Berlin, one journalist managed to shoot a video of Michael Jackson standing on the hotel balcony and holding his younger son in his hand.
d60b9acf96e79c389a67dbc3dfe830bb5599e2b8	The press inflated a real scandal from the video, accusing the singer of careless treatment of a child.
8ac68f428b05aae9dfbd9d24576aa1a95eebd29a	After this incident, the artist became wary of the press and hid all the details from his personal life, and if the Jacksons appeared in public together, the children's faces were hidden by masks.
0fed1b21bb586a38781853cd1417ec418140dc42	Michael Jackson with his youngest son
1b8ff0ac372b726c4dae57f3603cbe42eff5b837	Michael Jackson and the accusations of pedophilia
c53cf46c9a7bb87760a9e7db1f49fde5a5928dad	In 1988, Michael purchased 112 hectares of land in California, near the town of Santa Barbara.
bea8de127175a549a30bb94fdfd08dd5c3f1e608	In this place, the musician, who had withdrawn from the general attention, could finally be himself.
c91f6ab9d576b130dabd41edf78e0603927aafb7	He rebuilt the ranch, turning it into a dream of every child: a mansion resembling a fairy tale palace, a miniature railway, carousels, a zoo, a huge variety of colorful sculptures… He named the created amusement park "Neverland", in honor of the book about Peter Pan, a boy who will never become an adult.
a04e99a5ba2a6136e76ae84f38060c59f61606f4	Neverland, Michael Jackson's ranch
dec349c9bb5728ebffcd176aca71892af6920e66	In 1993, the singer was accused of molesting thirteen year old Jordan Chandler, who was a fan of the artist and a frequent guest at the Neverland Ranch.
1e13c33277543771a1a9b42e681efaa460c34ca1	The son confessed to his father, Evan Chandler, that during the visits, Jackson forced the boy to touch his genitals.
ed7fbff559c0fbc1259716dc78a4423c1ed52166	During the investigation, Michael even had to demonstrate his "dignity" so that the jury could compare the descriptions of the boy with reality.
6319f40f2cc2a4d5d54577fedc828f857a0fef33	Michael Jackson and Jordan Chandler
a082e26f086a167c27dc0e5d628863389fef69fd	As a result, a settlement was concluded: the Chandlers withdrew the lawsuit, and Michael paid the family compensation in the amount of $22 million.
6e6976bcbb58192c47ed3fdc45ea291b6f28ea41	In 2003, Michael Jackson again appeared in court on charges of a similar crime.
b65a5d80b5a35f023b13b6b23bb50738cfa3b428	The new "victim" was thirteen year old Gavin Arvizo, who told the press that Michael got him drunk and engaged in joint masturbation with him.
140542e4d82fab33ab572eb861f6f3f80de37605	Pictured: Gavin Arvizo
d0a4ad61006c90afc78660ee73376c7b60c05be3	Authorities raided Jackson's estate and arrested the singer, but released him on bail a day later.
f9e8a5b78965d345df0d4a53514c9abaddd0ad06	During the investigation, the artist claimed that the Arvizo family decided to repeat the example of the Chandlers and is engaged in vile extortion.
38de221e5653aa42a91dadf9e161956421ed5e22	The lawsuits lasted for two years, and in the end Michael Jackson was completely acquitted.
f1088008d43b8e75eaa196a7d0d1c0e3b7bc377f	Unfortunately, the very fact of being accused of pedophilia had a very negative impact on the singer's reputation and career.
bcc1c178b39f41a295045f118e0f5078b424afad	Michael Jackson fans decorate the idol's ranch as a sign of support
02114052618cf4f14fe64cff757f6350bab4fead	In 2005, Michael Jackson left the Neverland Ranch forever, moving to a mansion in Holmby Hills.
84a950251e3e8c9b6a980212334abd3e148abdca	Michael Jackson's rented mansion in Holmby Hills
f8649ede4387a92aa3dbdeb81390b11a6b74e10c	In November of the same year, the elder Chandler shot himself.
072e779a882c570499cf74e4b582afc75754f915	After the death of Michael Jackson, Evan Chandler committed suicide
4a14e1e7ee88ff97235375c97042478a4693c4ed	Plastic surgery and Michael Jackson's disease
13aefb74aa76d3e4bcfc982b9aed49915dd123c9	In 1987, after the release of the video for the title song of the album "Bad", fans noticed changes in the face of the idol, and with each subsequent performance, the singer became even paler and thinner.
1930e095725684d27acf0fafb34e9e42ce0593b6	How Michael Jackson's appearance changed
711ea00ef66207cf4ec10f7fe36c0e5c8e879896	The media paid too much attention to the emaciated appearance of the artist: journalists built the most unexpected hypotheses about why Michael Jackson bleached his skin and changed the contours of his face, going as far as accusations of dysmorphophobia – hatred of his own body.
610c5cbdaae7b90da120963d01a603ddc19ae88c	Michael Jackson was accused of hating his body
4562603a6e44e3d6fad6140480cd22dba163ed0e	In the early 90s, Michael put an end to gossip, admitting that in 1986 he was diagnosed with two rare diseases vitiligo and lupus.
6bc4fc3f56f7f86831776d53d0e603d88d1cdfef	And if vitiligo affected only the pigmentation of the skin, which was covered with light spots due to the disease (hence the dead white complexion of Michael's face – this is a thick layer of cosmetics that hid the difference between healthy and affected areas of the skin), then lupus, a dangerous autoimmune disease that damages connective tissue, led to a failure of the cheekbones and a general deformity of the face.
b1b0c8e2935c0991412247a2c192536c8925a277	In addition, the powerful medications prescribed to Michael by the doctor during the period of lupus relapse led to the musician's addiction to painkillers.
5fbf6ccb29607c780de609bb3061ae629afdf33a	Vitiligo appeared in Michael Jackson in his youth
9e749c8fe19ee9262d162efe33a9eb420f7e279c	As for the number of plastic surgeries of Michael Jackson, experts who closely followed the gradual transformation of the artist, made conclusions about the presence of multiple surgical interventions.
2c0cdec33e0a714595a2f2145346a03b25926271	According to them, he operated on his nose several times, changed the shape of his lips, reshaped his cheeks and eyelids, and also made a dimple on his chin.
3b6a4ed593cf4f64e5e779e0a4e035492457c774	Michael's mother confirmed that her son, in her opinion, was addicted to plastic surgery.
39a1549a5aa7ee0f88296ea9ddbf34c61714707d	The artist himself stated that he had only done rhinoplasty twice.
07c4ded3bb0d90183d1736dcb13f24fbcc87ce28	Michael Jackson: "I've only had rhinoplasty twice"
7fb65834b741183fa4cc6112dcff2ce1130a290f	The Death of Michael Jackson
7505d36be63d776f73003ae33d2fece35877848a	On June 25, 2009, at 12: 21 local time, the California Rescue service received a call.
bece8671b7e568e03e78c60b58b14e9689afe0a4	A confused voice called an ambulance to the Holmby Hills estate the property of Michael Jackson.
255a202c6f8dc8365c2ed578a5081cfcef07595b	Medics arrived at the scene after 3 minutes and 17 seconds, found the motionless body of the pop king with a barely palpable pulse.
d4f2b46cd7e9cfc7b85265fdbf5cda564bef6aac	Doctors failed to resuscitate Michael Jackson
8c2208d29d1a508e545224d8934fd388616127e9	Cardiopulmonary resuscitation on the way to the medical center of the University of California and in the center itself did not help – Michael Jackson's death was pronounced at 14:26.
33c6c90e3f1501d3285aa2bcab83728e3fc55ac0	The news of the death of Michael Jackson spread around the world in a few minutes.
1b15fceda92f54c4d3c63711b3e5d016bf3f1930	The death of Michael Jackson shocked the world
e94b2a175a6a340ae324904d4685850bc91f5366	The police immediately began to investigate the incident.
bbb9597493014f93350a058801359f2db638a95b	The singer's personal doctor, Conrad Murray, was the first to be interviewed.
414a98b487a8bf863c301a4ed248085cbc174e12	He said that he found a lifeless Jackson in bed, but managed to distinguish a pulse and tried to give him cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and when he realized that all attempts to resurrect the singer were unsuccessful, he called an ambulance.
3b9b09477164936c1aa3d8d64db02e7469bb9859	The following fact played an important role here – Michael rented a mansion, so Conrad did not know the exact address.
765294c419cdb905901e461365d5810530d48a0f	While he was figuring out the coordinates, a whole half hour passed, which turned out to be fatal for Jackson.
5b639271d53ac6cf13eb82863feeca62c56a5e16	"Breaking news: Michael Jackson has died"
9ab9e31faf2405aebe6c7bc0f6e3b4e342260e23	This was Conrad Murray's version, but the coroners continued their investigation.
32a121ae97d6fd9a6f5f14cb8953be3b58375317	It turned out that one of the producers of the Emmy Award, Ken Ehrlich, saw the singer the day before his death – and he seemed to him very energetic and perky.
cd63503d68f7a43e8e9285c161fe098ce5dde74c	A minute of silence at the star of Michael Jackson on the Walk of Fame
b059d1f86d5e753dd2df7a948df1c56b03518aa5	An autopsy of the body showed that the singer was in an extreme stage of exhaustion – with a height of 178 centimeters, his weight was only 51 kilograms.
5aca7965ad3783dca1f5823ae4b92c43504c395c	They didnot find a single hint of food in the stomach, but they found a decent amount of painkillers.
00318cea3a9391e492e9a5de95ba4ce63c5e8189	On August 24, the medical examiner's office established the true cause of Michael's death – an overdose of the anesthetic propofol administered intravenously.
5ef20c289db5752832485de4ecbf12cc7e5264d8	In the death certificate of Michael Jackson, the reason was indicated as "murder".
960aa326a1a9777e2efcf44332733bd633a18502	Michael Jackson was exhausted to the limit before his death
0e3d43786707564a8c982ee972f721147c0d01c2	On July 29, 2009, Conrad Murray admitted that he himself injected Michael Jackson with propofol shortly before his death, after giving him several pills with a sedative effect recently, the singer suffered from insomnia and pain due to the consequences of plastic surgery and spinal problems, so he needed anesthesia and sleeping pills.
240d783af93cae9674568ea24b870014043e56e3	Propofol found in Michael Jackson's bedroom
3aba69a87fdf908df09cf4848770f3d91d05b31e	In November 2011, Murray was found guilty of manslaughter and sentenced to 4 years in prison.
db5eb74d93424266125ca8194edf1c4b366a7369	Conrad Murray was in solidarity with the court's decision
155a833875f1226b34167a6a784808a3b5afc505	Michael Jackson's Funeral
545a2381576327f22068aefe4385aa7fc4e32f1e	On July 7, 2009, a private farewell ceremony was held with the idol of millions.
138275ed8df972d08a7fece5ec758d4fd85790c7	Jackson's closest friends came to the memorial park of the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Los Angeles.
09fff48290efbfe5f73836062a0f6f989f7708dc	The addresses of Diana Ross, Nelson Mandela, Queen Latifah, Stevie Wonder, the children of Martin Luther King were read.
6d496f2e996581b1ba8b45437560b7f01a21513b	The farewell ended with a speech by Paris Jackson.
b99ec5664d0ef179daf39c09f209578f16fd6b7c	Without holding back tears, the girl said: "He was the best father who could only be...".
fb97c27f98948687ef6dd42d8ed25a9f32a58e3f	Michael Jackson's daughter Paris could not hold back her tears
f2ed4c4648451fb3efed54f79ff860ab9c0fb4cc	On September 3, 2009, 70 days after his death, Michael Jackson was buried at Forest Lawn Cemetery.
b1388eab55abd11b053d1db99be90d7b4ad855c8	Michael Jackson's Posthumous Albums
cb3fd55b315ecdd738e0b1e2ec7d64967455d811	As it turned out after the opening of Michael Jackson's will, the singer's children inherited the rights to two hundred of his archival compositions.
a7e166f0a69d1c9cb3641402168a556346d4af16	The real estate and financial assets were transferred to the Jackson Family Trust Fund under the leadership of Katherine Jackson.
1aabf609c7e6a3c9393fa0ad37f4a2866d1cdcb4	It is noteworthy that Joseph Jackson was not mentioned in the last will of the artist, as well as the mother of Michael's older children.
c848cf1d9c0cc4a9e8c6a7adb03eb01d26512903	Michael Jackson's children have grown up and chosen their own path
2a07e245c593bf91fed6f5777b675af50c439fdb	In December 2010, the world heard the first posthumous album by Michael Jackson.
fc1b1cee62c50a8580a1c1acbdddf5098e04be5d	The album, called "Michael", consisted of 10 tracks recorded with the participation of Lenny Kravitz, 50 Cent and Terill Jackson.
21b158c9b2663fdd7561c20f20ff76a45d671ae3	The release of the album divided the singer's fans into two camps: some believed that publishing songs deliberately hidden by the author "in the table" was blasphemy, having a strictly commercial purpose.
dfe9259029fb93806777374ae64f2b17934c1b07	Others, on the contrary, were glad that even after the death of the idol continues to please fans with new creations.
90ea1c8ce28e60072f7b756bc1c0d65583916470	Many celebrities, including Michael's brother, Randy Jackson, described the album as "raw" and "unfinished".
65b102afb1c68c362f3581d825dde7394090d90a	Michael Jackson's first posthumous album - "Michael"
4b5dd5eb7e74a1d8d05d53b965cf24c89442894f	The album "Xscape", released in 2014, received warmer reviews, which included only 8 tracks.
bd0095f6a76819390f442fdec0d7efa17c1086dc	The song " Love Never Felt So Good "was especially liked by listeners, who noted that the track is comparable to the best hits with" Thriller "or"Off the Wall".
c1c52b038c0d5776515f4f11d27dc1dcb796947b	Michael Jackson continues to live in the hearts of millions
79d54ba514d311f87d385c5d794d0511a76f847c	The first "
56e08ab33b733a7358811ff119a8186a397f6916	Celebrities "
dc176aa403d3ef1d57b401343f97d17f716a62fd	Foreign performers
d735352617829f8d767f67f00dc7dc49353dfed3	If you find an error in the text, select it and press Ctrl+Enter
bb06dc29ad4df9e9135f9070d179594b431752ae	Michael Jackson the latest news and articles of 2016
d4c4befe7f60fca7c676a66cd95d200c630806fe	Janet Jackson scared the fans
1fd119b66edf30e0a9a9683f6120f41daf1e45aa	The most unusual hats
6179424b03b0eed3a598cb16cb47b35984400714	Michael Jackson tried to get a role in "Star Wars"
0bfe1cdb71ce6b3077b414569ac98b9898b7372e	Rio de Janeiro Michael Jackson's glasses are missing and found
49ddad82394d480adda469aaf31bad2a8409ca1c	Ringo Starr was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
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ead7219fdd18fd3d5da5e7b5d2497257d53de16c	The Truth about Michael Jackson
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d7cc83fa19cbabe28421efb5f11c619acd6b0f75	Home Biography Michael's profile Biography of the Chandlers v.
a69888f8d82d93a6f8325b0b565364c621e7914a	Jackson 1993: chronology of events
08eff09f63cc1eed1aa4b8035bc14a24b35c4b6c	Records and achievements
86dcaf0dd0b5188a20b6d3f54f8a0502ad0f38b4	Creativity Discography Video clips Concerts and tours Dance Lyrics with translation Off the Wall (1979) Thriller (1982) Bad (1987) Dangerous (1991) HIStory (1995) Blood On the Dance Floor (’97) Invincible (2001)
930c3f3e6d13dc7fc360bb917037e9c31f582636	Charity Word to Michael Statements, speeches and articles Interviews Michael's statements "A message from Michael", October 1987 "Year after year" Michael's messages "How I make music"
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5170fc67876b575795af24e0d2de9d8083fd8afa	Michael Joseph Jackson On August 29, 1958, a boy was born in a poor and unremarkable African American family of Joseph and Catherine Jackson, in the town of Gary, lost in the state of Indiana.
a766a33c05228b46ef0a7c2176c837373d479183	He was the seventh child in a family that lived in a small house so small that it looked like a garage.
6aab96007ad178cbbfb1af0a74abbed7735cda6f	In this brief biography, we will certainly not be able to do this.
cb597be66e685e12888f9cf8a8e3132a750163e8	But still, let's try, for those who are just entering the magical world of the artist, to write a small biographical article.
68001bcbca31a8994ab9505fb4ed7d7fff62aa3d	Based on it, it will be easier to understand Michael Jackson's autobiography "Moonwalk", and other books, interviews, stories of people who were friends and worked with him for many years.
1553ef9fd379cc2e289d455c6af4ed5e02cb9ae7	Growing up in Gary, Indiana
fb8b1f7537adb44ef72c6bab97493414c38b0399	The town of Gary, where Michael was born — is a small settlement in Indiana, in the East Chicago area.
30e160ccd17f722c5eec112184bf9d06f1d55650	80% of the town's residents are African Americans ordinary workers living in poor houses and working at the local steel mill.
515bfa7b05f98f13751c177e8808f1bcf3187c82	And Michael's father, Joseph Jackson, worked at that time in the foundry at this factory.
b023351d35a974e4e5d179a807e9cd6b2e577bc6	After Michael, two more children were born in the family, and six boys had to sleep in a tiny bedroom on three story beds.
2aff7cf153127053cd8910ca0517b586d05672ee	The family barely made ends meet, but thanks to Michael's mother Catherine – a zealous follower of Jehovah's Witnesses the children grew up in an environment of strict rules, and the house was kept as tidy as possible.
796f21a13fb9292038fe96adb08546d88d21c3bb	Children from infancy were taught to clean themselves and take care of themselves.
4ffea26426dd48ced88f689f7087d9c90dab64ca	Michael's house in Gary In addition, music was constantly playing in the house.
02f1481f5e377d749781b8d63a25a9a34fd3d3b2	"We had a lot of singing at home, mostly popular blues songs at that time, such as"Mustang Sally".
2cdc80aaa4babd93b48af4bdf333dd90b5de454d	Catherine and I loved to sing with the children, she also played the piano and sometimes the clarinet.
c924fca584ac1633b9f173ec23c0093f32ec380c	I could also play some songs on my guitar, and every free minute we played R&B records, such singers as Little Richard, Chi lites, Chuck Berry, The Temptations, Aretha Franklin, Fats Domino, Joe Tex, Big Maybell, The Impressions and Major Lance," the father of the family, Joseph, wrote later in his book.
920075e4917b2f2785c8dfb9f6e50c160c6d148d	It was he, according to Michael himself, who played a decisive role in his formation as an artist – despite the fact that the relationship between father and son could hardly be called harmonious.
35fc534d2f8d5965a81723d3aa9651d9582d5335	Joseph Jackson Joseph was a man of no timid ten, a cool temper and great ambitions.
895a3dabb6f301a6e485ae59e7a8e1797b62d295	In his youth, he had to change a lot of activities – he visited, including, a boxing ring, worked as a sleeper stacker, picked cotton on the plantations of the South.
9af89ac4217e1aecc3672a6ef1db797620148eb3	"One day I will also be at the very top, I promised myself," Joe later wrote in his autobiography.
46cccd36b15083ca0e2fac0a9496994fc833e5ca	But it is unlikely that in his youth he could imagine who would lead him to this peak, although show business was clearly very busy with his thoughts: the Falcons (Falcons) group created by him and his friends played all over the city, and also performed in clubs and colleges in northern Indiana and Chicago.
ff2528ef9595cd0f83b1e58753ffac67dc98f812	The first memories of Michael's childhood do not describe in too much detail his temper in infancy.
1503897e5f2b4e3c84e6fc6953810abade1bde14	Everyone agrees only that the baby has always been full of unquenchable energy.
f38bef7748324f5ddf78822c5b8eef3c7039df57	His mother recalls how at the age of two he famously danced to the sound of a washing machine; his older brother Jermaine about how agile he was, even without learning to walk – so that it was impossible to change his diapers; his father said that you couldnot take your eyes off him for a second, otherwise he disappeared, and then they found him under the table or under the bed.
475b2f10ae6470163074308d63e08c3a62a911d8	The film "The Jacksons — The American Dream", based on the story of the creation of the Jackson 5 group, describes the legend of its origin.
551fa4716ba1c41aee1595c39eac0e90c67661ed	According to her, it all started with the fact that one of the eldest sons, Tito, quietly took his father's guitar to learn how to play.
5b05067f01a3ee416a02fba538a9a547a35c560b	One day, the father discovered that his son was taking his instrument without asking.
c7447a6829e84feefd934dcf0a3a1028bd214b24	Tito was punished, and punished cruelly: Joseph was not distinguished by humanity in raising children.
848bef08e28c77dbc5a7c370f9e8d83596b15a32	However, he was surprised to see that Tito had learned to play very well.
94908355ff116908bfab7e71ef7bc313e2a95945	According to his own version, Tito tore a string on the guitar.
bd19aee5e29af09bc5d788d9980caf0cf81a8106	""What did you do?I asked him calmly.
22c17b6409afbcb548194b9dc6cb85dc6788def4	Tito looked at me incredulously.
fe4aaa9382111f75596bad7452c77c718e69a57a	He thought I was going to get angry.
234e293e02517b4e4e9f11de8a875be6535a982d	"Well, show me what you can do”" I said.
a9ba8a2b7fe4f899acf3ee333931810b436f8185	I could hardly hide my joy.
6b18db8f3b5095ce275a7c0c71b357855812f2ea	And he actually knew how to play.
b328e03a6b5377f972bfd3909ea58c73877509f9	He taught himself the blues songs that I always played on the guitar.
e425134e4360bf80dd80769231404e82c837b62c	Like me, he played by ear.
bfdad43add99c2dbf46aa4add1d52195745e92e7	I didnot show Tito right away how proud I was of him, but a couple of days later I came home and brought him a gift: a new red guitar!" recalls Joe.
6aa0e108c388a31c2f2c458add1ed6e4aeb79946	From that moment on, the fate of the children was decided.
71d81d8988fd2d48609e065d86bcb976a7553739	The group "Falcons" gradually disappeared from the field of view of its creator.
0c7abd24618c79b85dd4068298f606bcc7f645ac	Joseph created a musical group from the older boys, with whom he rehearsed day after day — for three hours or more.
0cbb2cc9366557463f8c47b9e75fc925aecc97c1	Michael was one of the younger brothers, at the time of the creation of the group, he was about 5 years old.
a794e3b5f297112516b49a3525bb473f33c24ec6	They didnot want to notice this little tomboy for a while: at first he just played the bongo, which, according to his father and brothers, he really liked.
bf3b922415b5a73d5525944c64886d04e4d0b503	It is curious that even as an adult, Michael remained an excellent percussionist, and also performed beatbox perfectly.
c5a64bfc261b79bf3b79ba5f3bdd254fba13aa43	But one day during a rehearsal, according to legend, Catherine's mother heard Michael singing.
75e55167ef951cd3f5d796668153409012f0cd1f	"Listen to how he sings," she told her husband.
94bfb03fc20efedae4f2fd6f42b2191fdea6eb99	And Joe heard it.
87338187107e3869692c5fa31dcdeffe0474eae8	The frontman of the "Jackson Five"
ca59d4c801dc843479d1e6c5f6ff77ef6e828e7b	Everyone who remembers little Michael says with one voice that his talent was immediately visible.
c01050eef7cf7240708bb3c02ce09f27014c0040	In his book "Moonwalk", he told about his first performance at a school concert: he sang the song " Climb every mountain "from the musical"The Sound of Music".
43d1bfcba84552daeac3a49c12a93d91f3e5d7fb	"The reaction of the audience when I finished singing shocked me.
51e8955afce05a1b29dbb819d3badefd32961d26	The audience burst into applause, people smiled, some stood up.
f565694def1b5acff1052d534ce05ba20bb0f733	The teachers were crying.
254270e08df120b102f94a15760e06431efae6fe	I just couldnot believe my eyes.
c7520ac3680a4458579c89a636e027b47db31692	I gave them all happiness.
69dbd483b56afa52876c0cb7e5d511763d38212f	It was such a wonderful feeling.
a34d01d75a50afbd4f447c2f2eec55f1fd22a590	But at the same time I was a little confused: I didnot do anything special.
832707bdd7f54e0283cb4e5721b11d82d27df4a4	I just sang like I used to sing at home every night, " Michael recalled.
1c7a3c6d4a49335c7c6daad4d1c922f0968e17ee	Life has confirmed: "I will climb any mountain" - this is really his motto.
4f693835254099e7505ad02d2251589bece5a14c	Joseph was astute: once convinced of how great his young son's gift was, he made Michael the frontman of the band.
bbf3dd7ec500c41930ca35bf0280404be743e14a	Thus, the beginning of Michael Jackson's artistic career was laid.
74bc41a9a3d63ab8f3dc2b84b4215bd5314727f6	At the age of five, he became one of the most gifted children of artists of the twentieth century.
b0aa54606dfd1c84484b021af5a96c2354d4a47b	But the same talent that made Michael the most famous artist on Earth, already from childhood began to limit his freedom.
1456e299c1c0b69f5c86927bab8492fd94d78e91	From the age of five, the boy's life was subordinated to the most severe schedule of rehearsals and concerts.
52c31616f85a90282bae9f5bf89d50462504f18f	Over time, he, like his brothers, had to leave school: a teacher, Rose Fine, was specially hired to teach the boys, who traveled around the world with the Jackson 5 group.
f8ab1f1590592b689fbaab87420eba4efb1b0e17	And there was simply no time for such things as communication and playing with peers.
b4d2710b38d27281d49ecf9c47de310a62d5b4eb	So the theme of "lost childhood" became one of the main "red lines" in the artist's work, and in the whole life of the artist.
01b7445a2de1e9d16474e61d2a7f1973633da123	A Motown artist In "Moonwalk" he wrote: "I used to come home from school and, barely dropping my textbooks, rush to the studio.
740fe4efdaa78e48d5dfaa2c0996f939d62042f7	There I sang until late at night, actually, when it was long past my bedtime.
908757842bf009e64d82ce7719223c4858ca8589	There was a park across the street from the studio, and I remember watching the guys playing there.
cc992c322ee1194049ef76c5438474765414e7e9	I looked at them and marveled — I simply could not imagine such freedom, such a carefree life — and more than anything in the world I wanted to be so free that I could go out and behave like them.
f68f201083ff1eced3e7f07b05d7e91d997f3565	So I had some sad moments as a child.
c347a0b25665ec25ea00eb4dbbb173d82ffada6d	But this happens with all children who have become "stars".
93a7cacf00d8b12d47df4a0eadb4e4d031269bae	Elizabeth Taylor told me she felt the same way.
aad68ee4c48c3ac5acf86aebe759f14117de11e0	When you work very young, the world can seem terribly unfair.
b262cffacacde961422e3ad4c4b51092b8511646	No one forced me to be a little Michael soloist — I chose it myself, and I loved it — but the work was hard.
7dff4702693c3359bc7aa54138786cd058c2d023	When we were recording for an album, for example, we would go to the studio right after school, and sometimes I would get a snack, and sometimes not.
9044120d1a6bde27a0aeda32fbfd9f90a7d63fb1	There just wasnot time.
d807bdb7ccae482f5c413d3948e8fe3d88dec399	I would come home exhausted, at eleven, or even at twelve at night, when it was long past bedtime."
0576433f628e3ace9f1e418be349839d41796556	All this was complicated by the tough and cruel temper of the main mentor, and then the producer of the Jackson brothers Joseph.
b03d398f32063e576e5e73be81b620d0958cc911	The rudeness and rigidity of the father, his tendency to solve problems with a belt and shouting had different effects on the boys, but Michael, a gifted child with a fine mental organization, was especially difficult to bear it.
10c26eea8a89e817f2786afd2fc11aa618c88e15	The father trained his children perfectly, he instilled in Michael the concept of the importance of discipline and hard work for the rest of his life, without which no talent can be realized; however, a vulnerable child with a stormy imagination needed not only a strict coach, but also a loving person.
5f9b028afb3490b14f7265cd263b1df14fe217ff	"He trained me as a showman, and under his guidance I could not make a single wrong step.
18f7ccb625950908d7593f00e52f62dc549b6da7	But what I really wanted was for him to be a dad.
785a1cdc94d94b95af359453238b3e89636095b7	I wanted a father who would show me his love, " Michael said later.
a081bad4f2d67647688d3aa4631dd5992cc8194f	In adulthood, he managed to overcome childhood and adolescent resentments, and Joe himself eventually became softer, but nevertheless, the traumas experienced in childhood were never completely forgotten, and the relationship with his father remained tense until Michael's death.
b15236141c8fd9c0819ced77493a509224908fc6	In many ways, this child tragedy of the child prodigy artist repeated the fate of such geniuses as Paganini or Mozart, who were the same "child stars", led by strict fathers.
d6b7d9d5d91ae3cd46dc11494223a5f6e2125a4b	As an adult, Michael quickly found a common language with people with a similar fate – this is how, for example, his friendship with Elizabeth Taylor and a tender attachment to the "girl star" of old Hollywood Shirley Temple began.
35de3d8c2ec6eadaa8bc0a0def467ad6196d864e	Jackson 5 Meanwhile ,the "Five Jacksons" have won recognition in their city and surrounding areas for three to four years.
055cff350bbf2b2e0a90e2abcfddbae8736a6154	The children performed wherever they could - in schools, at various talent competitions, which they invariably won, in nightclubs and strip bars, where little Michael got acquainted with the whole "underside" of show business at the age of seven or eight.
e5d987ee15145791a48b4fa82b196d47e2dfb617	Often the group performed "as an opening act" at the page and then she would stay in the hall or come home late at night – and the next day she would rehearse and perform again.
d93acac180ebedc12346474a91f012f36e272303	The next stage was the conquest of Chicago.
c5086311367efa8cbe4de47cc65229be1dadebec	Everywhere the boys were waiting for success first of all thanks to the amazing baby soloist, who masterfully performed covers of songs by Motown artists — the first "black" music label in the United States, which brought out a whole galaxy of brilliant soloists and groups in the style of R&B.
51a078e903b542fb0f610e33608f4dd89cfea77e	After a while, the band was invited to the oldest "black" musical theater in the United States – the famous New York Apollo Theater in the heart of Harlem, the cradle of such world famous talents as Ella Fitzgerald, Nat King Cole, Jackie Wilson, Nina Simone, James Brown.
62a40087194a2839b10cde0b333ed8982c4016c6	The demanding and wayward New York audience was literally conquered: the triumph of the Jackson five was deafening.
f7674f0324b951dc990e48015e436b0a1cc8143e	After that, the brothers were invited to television, to the David Frost show – but suddenly, at the very last moment, Joseph refused the invitation.
3fd1ba597c3ea698f603e15ec9c1f4e853d7d3b4	The boys, hearing about this, could not believe their ears, but their father explained: "Motown called."
49790531584d5fc00a2fc59e3b28d08e105e374b	Growing up.
d168130801036bc2072209701c89d5b4367c5d8d	Motown and Epic
b6434d60cb576641e901e19aac7756cf2d5d5588	Jackson 5 on the cover of Life magazine, the "Five Jacksons" were invited to audition for the famous label, and for many years this audition determined their fate.
66c97fae801a05997f60b85eb27a314e97f0990d	They joined the team of stars of the studio as equals at the very zenith of its history, when such artists as The Supremes (with Diana Ross), The Temptations, The Four Tops, singers Marvin Gaye, Martha Reeves, Gladys Knight, Smokey Robinson and young prodigy Stevie Wonder shone on the stage.
7c1da27b38ebc83b7558f2e16b27590e2ffb14ae	James Brown The main idols of young Michael were the famous black stars James Brown and Jackie Wilson.
6146f8ee2181e3ccb739dead09750539e57d4c1f	Sitting for hours behind the scenes, Michael watched and watched them while his brothers rested carelessly, and learned from these masters the art of keeping the audience's attention, absorbed their expression, mastered dance techniques.
014216d50b644664047fe005076c670e1d095ac0	Michael was a master at imitating his idols, and this touched the audience, but Michael's vocal talent was not just an object of emotion.
8ec3c7e6a0c4e5cc902e93941db4476a911b45bf	The boy, who had never studied music or vocals, sang his parts in the purest voice, easily memorizing any melody, it was only necessary to hum it to him.
1c4e56b2c8b942530c3fb7dcdd7ed45ac5f7ca87	Throughout his career, Michael Jackson remained "musically illiterate", that is, self taught in everything.
4afebecd670bebc3156fd907d9b251815f80a73e	However, ignorance of the notes did not prevent him from composing music, and ignorance of vocal techniques did not prevent him from recording songs from the first take.
dd953043db658217294c6bfe9069efed0e0d79b0	In the United States, there are fans of Michael Jackson who are older than him in age.
62b7f17b9163ffaacd5ef96d384a5812ca2b2166	These are the ones who caught the resounding success of the"Jackson Five".
fea98622f446601e303bc9e454db7c719081de83	All of America fell in love with these boys.
2d4627ab57c36ba4889262168edfe19821dcf785	According to the attendance of concerts ,the "Five Jacksons" broke the records of The Beatles.
66b21081c1344c82de5ab80dbf7c745f4df7e65c	They were the idols of the young audience, and the paparazzi began to hunt for them.
6635dac59967c0c5d8408ff156627792943a0b53	Michael, 12 years old, Michael's life has changed greatly and forever.
ee92126a5437254ce57fb6a149682da64bcd5508	He became a superstar at the age of 11 and at the same time grew into the only artist in the history of music who, having grown up, not only did not lose the audience's love, but also multiplied the success of his childhood years many times.
e8842023ef80becf4ab95d7ba0698101526afdae	In the early 1970s, thanks to the talent of the Jackson brothers and Joe's perseverance, the whole family moved to live in California, where the Motown label also moved.
2553a37ed2a10efe689657bec940c7169056424a	The Jacksons collaborated with Motown for several more years, but then their paths parted, mainly because the brothers wanted to compose songs themselves, which they were not allowed to do in Motown.
7aea18b2536e51e8ecb35e09fa8381d42ed49efb	Michael, at the age of 16, discussed the termination of the contract with the label's management.
b172035eb8b75ebc10414f79fa1ee192900d83d6	It should be noted that even at such a young age, when it came to business, Michael behaved decisively and uncompromisingly.
469fe9e9edf450c204ef4510ab3717092baf6993	As a result, the band moved to another label – Epic - and changed its name to The Jacksons.
fa6227a41d03c6642d8cb8b8f92f83e45173dfa6	And little Michael has grown up a lot unnoticed by everyone.
828b4513abf07c936e2b3bdde5c7b526df17d3c6	17 chronicling his growing up in his autobiography, Michael recalls that it became a great stress for him.
6e7048833b1d0decb0cc8cb8784cd61b28066fec	When you grow up in front of the whole country and do not leave the covers of magazines, people want to see you the way they initially liked you, he said.
5a805177ac343ee35e8e4ef14a82d36ad6ec503d	A cute little boy with an afro hairstyle, bright perky eyes and dimples on his cheeks was a favorite of millions.
ab0c71da3b94574f79f684f098658da54826d33c	And as it turned out, no one recognized the thin teenager with youthful pimples on his face.
2615c130c3e73364bb3028a3230eba598c3be1e7	Sometimes, in search of "little Michael", people passed by him, and when they realized that Michael was standing next to them, they did not hide their annoyance.
e7812edba1a102d63de8e01b55209a72920891a4	"Fuel to the fire" was also added by Joseph, who pointed out to his son his huge wide nose, insisting that this trait of appearance was inherited from his mother.
b757a73612a30ecd06a8be22d064c3ab745d4a8f	Both brothers and cousins teased Michael — no one missed the opportunity to humiliate the public favorite.
31a6c26ce595875abaee2327d7addd583110ad35	Perhaps the stress experienced in adolescence and youth was not the last factor that influenced the subsequent artificial changes in Michael's appearance.
6a4e7bcfe511f0972ec543815d2c00da1caeecf0	However, these changes are explained by many other things – both the state of his health, and his understanding of art as, among other things, the art of sculpting himself and his life to his liking.
f011c0d7af1a8b790a32e17081c0b65b8c206f25	Off The Wall.
078cc3e89e7c9dec35ec454c3b2e8cb98f11bedb	Thriller.
007cdb04b3b0eb1159c13bbde42b0b7a436f9171	Conquering the top
d24777b7fb258b98304534b7c54e75fb9112ad4f	Michael, 21, Michael started his official solo career when he turned 21.
d0d4085c99aab9eb4e9ed59bde4d32600d195a9f	He refused his father's services as a manager, broke his contract with him and took control of his creative destiny into his own hands.
71aae86eb220abb9e10e03d9ab4e554681ab5aef	His first solo album Off The Wall, consisting of songs in the then popular disco style, was released in 1979 and was a phenomenal success much more than the works of Michael and his brothers, released shortly before that.
84dd6ecfd7b9a06b457920342e267efcbf9d3d21	This CD was recognized at that time as the most successful album by a black artist in history.
f870010764f6701015dd84377e0a27cb66e1bf54	Many music critics, especially in America, still consider it the pinnacle of Michael Jackson's work.
f3509b60f6bcaf858a41399481d1c0ba57018dfb	However, Michael himself was dissatisfied.
9997dee3f0213bef001383c7f79c5800e637ac3e	The album was awarded a series of awards, but did not receive the most influential award of the music industry — the Grammy Award "Album of the Year".
7ad1b9ace231330ee554956b6cb193d8b223ac68	"I felt that my colleagues ignored me, and it hurt," Michael later recalled.
d48ef3e82131d0d0a07abfb7916907c4a9989b8c	"This experience lit a fire in my soul," he wrote in his autobiography.
f80bbb3f15ab4087880550439e933c11b02ac34b	– I was only thinking about the next album and how I would create it.
198f9b60b74b63eec26c6cc228c0278f9d5df530	I wanted him to become really great."
2da6d75eba5e45116acf33ecb4e8551e31e502d4	And he fully realized his idea.
1dc12646f4fd3865d6365e97841453bee230fbd2	It is customary to talk about Michael's next album as the greatest achievement in the history of modern sound recording.
e671e1c2cec6ede7f04c0e9a888f4516ef39616e	The Thriller album has received such a success that it is virtually impossible to repeat.
a511c2bc082904931c05cd7a293cb6a9e6cb1583	The best selling album, the Guinness Book record holder, the peak that only one person has climbed and only once.
f01a5c30ae7cd8f80efc27a4a4e496e6824640d6	The album won seven Grammy Awards at the 1984 ceremony, including the Album of the Year award — Michael's revenge was deafening.
e04cb9f62b21a3a9c2e598ceb25ac6706b3688cb	In his cult film "Thriller" It was with this album that the triumphant march through the world of Michael Jackson's video clips began.
8950d4586619c3f989ddc863f1fb3991196d8dec	And in general, he was right, because the genre of the video clip neither before Michael nor after him reached such perfection and sophistication.
e2fe32d988757d20dc8f5907a3eb921050e21f5f	Moonwalk.
0e2001aa917b9a950828b0d7a96bc657a50fef07	A shiny glove.
282c1315c85c2457497c6cc76d59c876b36361b7	The famous Black Fedora hat… All these most recognizable features of Michael Jackson's appearance entered the world of popular music precisely in the era of Thriller.
b7a7c48aeaac8459333fe7f71814ed4f6c2e3ffa	Michael invested his profit from the record sales of the album in a strategically important acquisition.
4cc3b70365ea6c2a7a004359523232ec76d3992d	On the advice of his colleague Paul McCartney, he bought the ATV music catalog, which contained the rights to songs by many famous artists (including, ironically, songs by The Beatles themselves).
1e3f4eb265929e45d6064740688a23506c49dc80	Buying the catalog turned out to be a wise investment: Michael had the right to dispose of where and how the songs from the catalog were used and throughout his later life he received royalties every time these songs brought commercial income.
6573ce39d9c764409a357bc5f5b7c2f765fac8be	Michael is taken to the hospital with a burn in his chest, which, however, was overshadowed by an accident.
5f08ef57b6a8678022eee8d9e0223713d35e5f0e	In 1984, on the set of a commercial for the PepsiCo company, as a result of a pyrotechnic explosion, sparks hit Michael's head, and his hair caught fire.
4f4f64087ac948633dc3ec9378dfa3327b31c5c6	Michael's security guard, Miko Brando, put out the flames with his hands, and Michael was immediately taken to the hospital.
b4fc1dcba985aec4d5f02a6ef3495941b9e688b8	He had severe burns on his skin.
d1ff163e68e9c5fdb9c7909546dd91dc331af946	It took several operations to restore the skin of the head.
7b6301530e51d96ab130f2dc8b0f2d86634988bc	The procedures were lengthy and painful.
ea496da139ec2813591af6abd335ea89da609ce8	The recovery was delayed for several years and was complicated by the appearance of keloid scars, which grew and prevented normal hair growth.
57228316a6366418a0e6d6fe638858970348ff7a	As Michael's nurse and future wife, Debbie Rowe, told later, he had to struggle with this problem for decades.
231bf305dd89c347d7831420607be692be0615d1	It was from that time that Michael began to wear a black hat so often – at first it performed a cosmetic function, and then it became an integral part of the image.
030dadc6bdbe8b25f3a200235f9ac787140701f4	Bad.
56ff4ce2524412db181e027094e1302ea1b9c103	"Crazy Jacko".
4d35b5c30a2aadf5f5d018989742317f104faa2c	Neverland
8d7c9c9523c1a448e918ac9f87c53e6afa2c4e29	25 years after the resounding success of Thriller, Michael plunged back into work: he rarely gave interviews, told little about his hobbies outside of music, and even more so about his private life.
77033216696f5ee8c60487aa3808ce6c9c88f738	He carefully guarded his personal space.
428e513392758f6f88ce42cd2d1ed883169c047f	In addition, this was his PR strategy: he believed that in order to succeed, you need to intrigue the audience and let them have time to miss the "star", and not bother them by blinding their eyes on TV screens and social gatherings.
7bcd840a9019c02a06ee5ca81047732384d357a0	He carefully created a persona that made people get lost in guesses and discuss him.
51fabd5e1de782f153e77256bc73e640bea87743	Thus, he soon became known as a strange "hermit", leading a reclusive lifestyle in the company of his animals (Michael had a small zoo at home).
0ab8da8963ccf561d237ef9d097d337f11ab337d	Rumors began to spread.
9f1e28271c93f3c3ffea7cdd6f0b2bf923ba5c9f	Michael sometimes appeared in public in the company of singer and actress Diana Ross, then accompanied by film actress Brooke Shields, then with Elizabeth Taylor.
ac4f707618dd5d97d779fea48ee370b01bac5dfe	But they could not see romance in these appearances, and Michael was accused of hiding his true sexual orientation.
0e8a03b8835e7cb52f5c99d84f3867276e4367ac	Some said he was gay.
2ecf277334f540ac7469ec3a08a6a7ed79cfa5fd	And when people noticed that Michael changed the shape of his nose and began to use makeup off stage, the conviction that "something is wrong" with him only grew.
b1c1ed0eecc43ae0b81cf4799dc89525a459b554	Michael with Diana Ross, American Music Awards, 1980 However, many rumors were fueled by Michael and his manager Frank Dileo intentionally.
33d44093cb02d0f0a0d3bac92f537c5f75f48cba	They seemed to be playing with the press and public opinion believing that they were keeping the situation under control.
89a232bbc1f539319fa5a5d5d2e70c005f531110	So, the rumors that Michael "sleeps in a pressure chamber" and that he bathes only in Evian water were deliberately dismissed.
6e47f81806950eab3438bef40f3ab34d13a673d4	"It all depends on the rhythm and the right timing," Michael once explained his tactics of working with the audience, as if talking about a real stage performance.
1e98e4af2107450b95c331883e9b33b1feb17558	— You need to know exactly what you are doing… It's like a fever: people are waiting, waiting.
71f894d7843fab65de2baf7d3238689bb1994af4	It is very important to wait.
f70ef10937676fbda566899bda4ef4fc6be1fa5c	Preserve, cherish this feeling… If you remain mysterious, people's interest will grow."
0193f654335184b7efb92dd792201ccdca493466	However, the game has gone too far.
3f4e75108a7f7c1334fbf52b08946fed13eab81f	"Suddenly, at one point, all of Jackson's eccentricity, which just a few months ago was considered intriguing or even insignificant, began to be called strange, strange and amazing," writes Joseph Vogel in his book "A Man in Music".
67e74e94a5da5efb4c6d4f72cc4eeb548029c172	— It became difficult for the artist to withstand relentless attacks, interference in his life, annoying questions and attention.
de055458c992bb37008a97fbc648ec922740f047	<...> He was isolated from the world more than ever.
527e65ead1caa65a6d92dc961c6c757aa5421a84	As soon as he left the house, a crowd of fans and paparazzi immediately attacked him.
f163f0bbb23c9d44326aa759c016951a6199d572	< ... > Every aspect of the artist's life was examined under a microscope.
6367b3758f0464e76350cf808a420da6e50e4965	People wanted to know everything about him.
3bdbeaaf9b9658d2c68be9b34d8ce95e211eb1b3	Why does he have such a high pitched voice?
92bcec6f2b1b851a960a7ea20714b9fa920dd240	Did he take hormones?
ea85ed977042d54506e1adc0148c404545fd4dab	Did he have sex reassignment surgery ?
2656dce5ee17b26999baaf0129e9b49d3a971ad5	Is he a homosexual?
3aeeda1cf71ebd1b66e13eef2f413876ca9b1809	Is he asexual?
d71e793c1921efcbef8f0a63b58c9e0cd85cce4a	Why does he live in a secluded and fabulous environment?
2bc4deb37eae4a49ff4ced40685954b0691806a4	Why is he obsessed with animals and children?
38be4f0682143bb9d44e39ad8d29a5c26a2ab224	Why does he wear masks and costumes?
8f776657ad4e8c36868d41f2041abc5ceaf6aa7c	Is he not out of touch with reality?
553931002e63a9a65a871c9c8df1a1184f5b3f73	Is he even a human being?"
1c3be37c7d230a243aa03963f4b5b91cdb23c531	The already shy and isolated Michael almost completely stopped appearing in public.
e4779e4d54d4b7f8160fb9f705428746f1831dba	In the vacuum caused by the absence of the artist, gossip spread and multiplied.
ad7072908bbff9a010c18b45090fd6c6ec8f3341	Soon the label "Crazy Jacko" firmly stuck to him, and streams of fabrications poured out of the floodgates of human slander.
0599669acdc1719a82c714c1a877e502bf3ff07e	Some of the stories seemed harmless, though strange: rumors about a supposed "sanctuary" that he built in honor of Elizabeth Taylor, about the chimpanzee Bubbles, and even that he bought the bones of an elephant Man.
320c044ec02de247d385ffc44ca397c42881b34d	Bad period "By 1987, for the public, the Jackson man seemed to have ceased to exist," Vogel writes.
076fb8366c12fe123f632dd2d9583d3021f635b3	— He was transformed into the creature that they tried to mold out of him.
4073113816adede28810766abcd97897a00b1e6b	Even those to whom he seemed completely normal noticed the consequences.
1ac1912cfc0fffd68847dde72aca9daeff32d36a	"One day in the studio, I saw Michael sitting on a bedside table in the bathroom, behind the equipment room," recalls assistant sound engineer Russ Ragsdale.
3c151fe9421701748f13c17f02f5fa22f7c3060f	— He was sitting with his feet on the countertop, leaning his shoulder against the mirror and was almost in a trance, like an animal in a cage."
03094f7dd11f3d474144adc3bf919866d614cd9b	The public's opinion about the artist has changed so much that his new album Bad, despite very strong material, a number of hits and strong global sales, was recognized by readers of Rolling Stone magazine as the "worst album".
1b6c94207439267284deb2d46b6adeecb7a43be4	Later that year, during the Bad World Tour, Jackson wrote a despairing letter to the press from his hotel room.
861b537f5c662c5d1c656fa52867827e0f2a008c	It said: "As the old Indian saying goes, do not judge a person until you have passed two moons in his moccasins.
fa23ae3b0990cf857e17d89fa731756aca6a1616	Many people donot know me, so they write such things, most of which are not true.
19bb5e3345392b9ff1bdbca294ce8d3dda222e20	I often cry because it hurts me... animals attack not out of anger, but because they want to live.
cad9fac1e3be3e8c05fe967ef4957bb6f5fda37b	And the same goes for those who criticize: they need our blood, not our pain… But show mercy, because I have been bleeding for a very long time."
71685098445f99828316b17f60a4a39ba8ed52c1	Michael in the "Chaplin" image, in fact, Michael spent most of his time working hard.
a8306559035415367965aab238c3bfb716f7a6b6	The unprecedented success of the Thriller album set an unattainable bar for him, which the artist, nevertheless, tried to surpass with each subsequent album.
8e65f47eb40d7ada376f5e96ab1997b2bf9f8143	He carefully studied the weekly charts, tracked the novelties and trends of modern music to know what finds the greatest response from the audience.
fe945fdcfd6bba16a9ff72c9795fecc771b97c83	He attracted the most talented producers and musicians to cooperate.
bf775ddb56db3163738fd68d5124d9f321a10fef	When preparing the albums, Michael worked on dozens of songs, the best of which were then selected for the final tracklist.
568b633fa7205176502bdbd9cfdf26fc50aa77ff	And he was constantly studying.
1fcd73f8688baac98731e30ca80fb209dcffda7c	Michael Jackson was an avid reader and collected his library, which eventually grew to 20 thousand volumes.
022cb8ce7c41d2b5323ed75d35ce81409b281ee4	His collection included books on world art, history, biology and psychology.
8a0943920de5f6e3590a25f54c48a1eee36292c0	He was deeply interested in the biographies of great people of the past and drew life lessons from their destinies.
5f33c1669d7cba16d81654ac5f731b287c3c1fd8	He was fond of auto training techniques and developed programs for himself to mentally target results.
4df411cf36f9af74f476eca4589d55bbda06948a	In addition, he not only, like any American, loved movies and cartoons, but seriously studied film art, admired Walt Disney and Charlie Chaplin.
e74997362610f941cfc41660f21bff9a02d16be4	Rich gateway to Neverland During this period, Michael also bought a new home — a picturesque ranch of 2,800 acres in a two and a half hour drive from Los Angeles.
9250ab90337d65beea130e58529117703154f0ef	He named the ranch "Neverland" - in honor of the fairyland from his favorite story about Peter Pan.
a9c586aa4fcb5002dc86b9997fde2909e7b987f9	After moving from his parents ' house to Neverland, Michael converted the ranch to his liking and turned it into a truly magical, fabulous place for guests especially for children.
d3e22201ab03f03301668c5dfc3f5df61192f697	"I wanted to create a place where there would be everything that I missed in my childhood," Michael said of Neverland.
c4c68a1deb62cef6ea22c51cba156ba0967f0c75	There was a zoo with exotic animals, an amusement park, a cinema, an arcade with video games and a railway with a real steam locomotive.
4f5c0c0ba3c4a730fb20a4f9129e2d7aa190c93e	Having arranged the ranch, Michael opened it to visitors.
b98dcebfbebf1414ab67be6171613f9238402a0c	He invited friends, fans and children from the surrounding schools to visit.
8af064ea381071b79b7d06490bb44bb02020d585	Every few weeks, sick and needy children were brought to the ranch by buses so that they could spend a day in "fairyland".
8564b94a4450bd65a297a45f338feb33f826ea83	The rural idyll of Neverland also gave Michael solitude and a sense of harmony with nature — the necessary components of creative inspiration.
867a05bf6f50613bcaac5c707d86bf43c29f9180	Dangerous.
a6287f4a500263a4193348146c8e77f042c489b1	Accusations of an international scandal
7ea3b890d544272c6ae75560ecab433cd538e26e	Although Michael (like no one else to this day) failed to surpass the commercial success of the Thriller album, all his subsequent albums invariably turned out to be at the top of the charts.
aab7f5efd27d0829e4c20a69b2ab9e06d60ab7e8	With the release of the album Dangerous and the world tour of the same name in 1992-93, Jackson expanded the geography of his performances to include countries of Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America.
c14cf7aeb4316fbc37e40572dde32dd52bd60d60	This raised his already great global popularity to a hitherto unprecedented level.
fa6f4a796db74b99ac24759098e1c6c96008ddbb	In the "third world" countries, the hysteria about Michael Jackson was not inferior to the American and British.
1e9c71cd2f3691dade26cdded34f6df46d5d73b9	He won the title of the most famous person in the world even in perestroika Russia.
a3c0545f4ac39424ee9a725f9a71e928dd4d0726	The world saw a light skinned man with a high voice, long black hair and makeup on his face, who was sitting in the living room of his luxurious mansion on the territory of a huge ranch with the magical name "Neverland" and answered questions that excited the public for almost an hour.
9dfc05ec48829ab142c4e3142ca86846c0db3398	In particular, it was then that Michael first told that he suffers from a skin disease (vitiligo), as a result of which his skin loses its natural pigment and becomes light.
2af68eccf73359cea2124e5a1d9351b0f24b9fd7	Unfortunately, the effect of the interview was short lived.
2fb7847fa06fbd37ba52fa3e86ed59a17301f610	The news that the King of Pop Music is a pedophile spread around the world in a matter of days.
20e813ea462ee18137fc342d6ed27502c29f94b0	Michael Jackson and Jordan Chandler It's hard to imagine what Michael himself was going through at that time.
7af10b7fd134866ed386c101a88aa35a22acc191	According to his family and friends, the accusation was a terrible blow for him.
bc1e7402f7a197d1e2251716d3abce68e72cf4a4	After all, exactly what Michael considered his mission, the meaning of his life – helping children — was distorted and turned against him.
058c01d528158103294d257ccc42ce7b2fc981eb	His best aspirations and the most important principles of life were misinterpreted.
1627422a147595938080ad0aec48ddda28b97bf7	When the global scandal broke out, Michael was on tour.
d982b0e9856d3b905aa3218df2ebbf00c3fca037	Every evening he had to go on stage in different countries and cities, not knowing how he would be greeted by a new audience and what thousands of people who had gathered for the concert really thought about him.
1eafb9a1412252f16639536d898e53a04a5f8493	During a short visit to Russia, he wrote a poignant song about loneliness "Stranger In Moscow": "I wandered in the rain, hiding behind a mask of life, feeling that I was going crazy..."
c688d1dfd69b97fff1d2404983fcf524e5ebd366	Strong stress, coupled with an exhausting schedule of performances, changing time zones and pain from the operation suffered before the start of the tour, made themselves felt — Michael's insomnia worsened, and he had to turn to painkillers and sleeping pills to keep working.
ffc96875a01ae9059e7be4b924a1efe021f51ac9	By November, his condition became critical: the remaining concerts of the Dangerous tour had to be canceled, and Michael's girlfriend, Elizabeth Taylor, took him to a rehabilitation clinic in London.
69d91be2553f9c8ac7540f19fc63f0c4998b5d72	Michael spent about a month there, restoring his health and strength.
e82ea242c08a5854527a058ee84e7e20f31ce845	Michael in the children's hospital, 1993 Was there anything rational in the accusations made against Michael?
451da6ffe429515f0d052bfb65e7f50200927d0f	Both fans of the singer and his detractors argued a lot about this, but it is worth looking first of all at the facts.
25d99a0e4fbd32f6b50da02556fc5a89b16bdf1a	Evan Chandler, a dentist who was divorced from his wife and took a very modest part in his son's life, was a man of great ambitions and dreamed of making a career in Hollywood.
468d568f9af914bd9cb714e4e4ed5be1ec7ca6aa	When his son Jordan met the superstar, Michael Jackson, Evan initially reacted favorably to this friendship and even tried to start a friendly relationship with Michael.
c3c6b8c3271ac97e3f576e673590192f694a5c2b	However, Jordan began to spend more and more time with Michael, clearly seeing him as a father figure, and Evan, by his own admission, became jealous and felt that he was losing his son.
5a5bdc312ffcf19c081307239efb3bd00d4157f5	And the boy's mother, June, liked Michael more than her ex husband.
e2e4d593a9ebcd7de1ec46c5e4c84d94bcb1f5b4	In the summer of 1993, Evan, allegedly having received a confession from Geordie, first turned to Michael with a demand for money and threats to start a public scandal.
0976a09293968fc180b385ef6028d7db1dbccb69	In a published private telephone conversation, Evan admits that he conceived a plan and his goal is to get his own or ruin Michael's career.
922866f5f564765f7445b25580b2ae503af99a11	He also says that his son's interests in this case "do not matter".
ac2b157fffa7a4c1d70052f2dc4e35525e0230fb	This probably explains why Evan did not file a police report, as a truly angry parent would have done in his place, but instead tried to extort financial compensation from Jackson.
6c05a1149209e933ae5fc28b09d9328f22e9f542	When Jackson refused to meet his conditions, Chandler put his threats into action and filed a civil lawsuit.
4b72a824551acbd414987748966ffbb005b26eb2	Michael declares his innocence on TV Michael Jackson has always fiercely defended his innocence.
d0af6db625e7c123fd9c2de0cae584fcde845ed8	In addition — despite the fact that the Chandlers never contacted the police, the Santa Barbara County prosecutor opened an investigation on his own initiative with the intention of bringing criminal charges against Michael.
2a2cf25c254322102e8717d66aab4d0123901577	If he had succeeded, Jackson would have had to defend himself on "two fronts" at once.
03ae49752bdc064f68c35255348b7dc852e35716	The situation was extremely stressful for Michael.
2515d8e22f9ce3f194158d1cdf3e07e7df395980	The last straw was the humiliating personal search that Michael was subjected to: he, a shy man and extremely sensitive about his public image, was forced to strip naked in the presence of investigators and doctors and photographed his genitals to compare with the description given by the boy.
0e6028af8861a72d78016467219a52cd3d29d8af	Shortly after this traumatic event, Michael, yielding to the persuasions of his advisers, went to a peace agreement with the Chandlers.
f2eaa60226980eb5bce7a87c29f69caeaa6a965e	"We wanted to put this horror behind us," he later explained in a TV interview.
0712bd2ba90578c3d8eee8b67f19af7936c77a01	The amount that his insurer paid to Evan Chandler was $ 15 million.
790faee1e771e7aa4f939690006928c9c2ddf628	Prime Time interview, 1995the peace agreement with the Chandlers on a civil lawsuit did not affect the investigation led by the prosecutor's office — and the investigation continued for several more months.
6fc5c37c923be3585eeec95608771f32340d1828	However, the police did not find any evidence or reliable evidence that would indicate Michael's criminal behavior.
9f6cb18498dea1c9321ae1a4d92acdd57f3ce6de	The description given earlier by Jordan was not confirmed by photos, and Jordan himself did not want to testify against Michael.
78af9b1932e54c1438d22b4a6d3cc9e7db11f449	Two grand juries assembled on this issue eventually refused to charge Jackson for lack of grounds.
ae5be4bbc59791d7ca5807d77b39cde56c1c0f79	Michael was left alone, but this scandal and the monetary payment had an extremely negative impact on his reputation.
658c25007d67a4a06353e61f45034d0c8f1aa9fb	PepsiCo, the company that sponsored his world tour, decided not to renew his contract with him.
f1a5d05a5064e1e00f306fb4b146e28bba30a005	Many former friends suddenly disappeared from his life.
d17a0f5fbf344973c340fd37de335d1a2dbcddad	And the question has always remained in the minds of the public: "If he was innocent, why did he pay?"
26fe0899112fd460f42af7fd7977f2b0cc368746	HIStory.
c17cdd16d70ad0604d084ec27f37017a89be5d0b	The king of pop music and the princess of rock.
2495c260fc436053b47f1be1cde5df5951cd6ee3	Second marriage and children
86db55be3d47b9a6c3d78ed31571818e8ad5277e	Michael himself publicly commented on these events only twice – in a statement of his innocence on TV and later in an interview with the Prime Time TV program.
d725d539c918361f21aa1c5789b9990e292866a9	However, personal experiences have abundantly resulted in his work: most of the new album History, released in 1995, was his response to the accusations.
4e632f7b110991b422002be51d18e7d429c142db	For example, in the song "This Time Around", Michael throws to unnamed offenders: "This time I will not let myself be stung, although you really want to get to me!"
5119f962c371226ea7c860c2023c7850d7026b17	In the song "Money", he accuses the opponent of greed: "You will do anything for money...", and in the song "D. S." openly incriminates the district attorney who started hunting him: "Tom Sneddon is a heartless man."
47e7c6d94333146ed004b02e1890ad6f04460233	Michael and Lisa Marispust just a few months after the scandal subsided, the world was shocked by another unexpected news: Michael Jackson got married.
bd4d8a2efb48e46852b702e0d3d1a8b38a054de0	Lisa Marie Presley, the daughter and heiress of the Elvis empire, told the world that she is the legitimate wife of the King of Pop music.
f90f0fb17d6ed0bc4f84ac6749df48effbd5f056	"I am truly in love with Michael and I want to dedicate my life to him," she said in a statement to the press.
2382859e54d4ef177187e5fbec0501ce6b800194	At that moment, the general public did not know anything about the history of the relationship between Michael and Lisa Marie, so this news was received with skepticism by many.
65124144c957676dc17899a93367640176fae913	The young people were hastened to accuse that the marriage is fictitious, that its purpose is to help Michael restore his reputation after the accusations and demonstrate his heterosexuality.
190a733e62cdcc37f8c0206af38f20c64f2d1bd3	Over time, however, it became increasingly obvious that this was not the case.
240fc4c08830ae7b1950257221eccaf55eddce42	Michael Jackson and Lisa Marie Presley The first joint photo Shootmichael and Lisa met in 1992 through a mutual friend: Lisa wanted to offer Michael to produce her debut album.
4e3acfd837245fca01a291485f362751ba8a4df6	Later, she admitted that at the first meeting she was fascinated by Michael: he denied the rumors about himself and turned out to be completely different from what the press portrayed him.
d95d3574170a7ee6c2971282fce9aba32d43acc7	"I forgot that he was a superstar after 20 minutes — he was so open and simple with me," she said.
46e2ca6ff9bf9af3ce8217f6def0b433d4be6a77	Michael and Lisa began to communicate often, and an affair began between them.
60e93915eec7a7e6740331ed1bcdc2182ecd8dda	At that time, Lisa was still married to her previous husband, Danny Keu, but this did not prevent Michael from continuing courtship, and Lisa from accepting them.
8799175c491e5e7d36d9551327a6d61ac89700ce	During the accusations, Lisa supported Michael, and soon after the crisis passed, the couple decided to get married.
4c05e31f8317f06f56c3690c04f81992613ce0ab	The secret marriage ceremony took place on May 26, 1994 in the Dominican Republic.
64ddb4b580e2ebea38640fe671cb747fbcc636a7	Both Michael and Lisa Marie were people who jealously guarded their privacy, so they never advertised the details of their relationship.
b7ad57683ebf3953ee6f31adadb835f50196d86c	In many ways, this is what provoked disbelief and criticism from the public.
fce7124e129b1d8c7792c7f6a278961473e5fe35	Only after Michael's death, Lisa Marie told about how their romance developed — how Michael, kneeling down, offered her his hand and heart, how their life together proceeded and how much she loved him.
60a0e4310a053ff9e7a3ddc9000392bd22246574	"God, I've never felt so uplifted in my life [as with him].
a72e101944b0fc0eb8496ab55ae53fae5f44850b	I've never felt so high in my life — " she recalled in an interview with Oprah in 2010.
7c8a7abd80ae3307544e84627c2fb5f0c16991d4	— And I'm not kidding.
9205d4eac5fc737e6946390cdeddbb56be559f06	There was something so intoxicating about him… When he was ready to share it with you, to be himself, to let you in — I donot know if anything else has ever intoxicated me so much."
8eb8a3fc8876c85cb944422d0d95d9a5e1105fb0	Michael and Lisa Marie, February 1998The first time the couple seemed really happy, but the marriage lasted only a year and a half — in early 1996, Lisa Marie filed for divorce.
f54ef64378ad5e234e9b7f3d504926ec59184660	According to her, she could not live "in an ivory tower" built around Michael.
5853acc5f58187fa67c83737b5bd53ce56755e5a	She, like any woman, wanted attention and marital understanding — Michael was used to existing in the mode of a public performance, played out by himself.
a8b2fd116852cafa99b0e045eaaf33f80891f93a	The dissolution of the marriage was an impulsive decision ("a stupid step", as Lisa Marie later called it).
47b8cc672ede8a91000d97bf41091709d24eac85	The couple's relationship continued for several years after the divorce.
a6e2304b737622c245dfcb00247893b9c4eb9054	Lisa did not hide that she loved Michael for many years, and although the separation left her with bitterness and doubts about the reciprocity of these feelings, after Michael's death, she admitted: "And he loved me as much as he could."
396e6e8f283ddc7a98161f27ba0fceb65812e18f	For Michael, a serious disappointment in his marriage was that Lisa Marie did not give birth to his child.
78d6f0b6ab95ee622291569c03be94a18d35fb93	Growing up in a large family and seeing children as a source of inspiration, Michael really wanted to become a father, but Lisa, who already had two small children from her first marriage, was in no hurry to conceive, and the marriage was childless as a result.
620e54df7f1c67643f27131f6233732b165872e7	A year and a half after the divorce of Michael Jackson and Lisa Marie Presley, a message appeared that Debbie Rowe, a nurse and a long time acquaintance of Michael, is expecting a child from him.
3b8f18f96a2d42c4e06e948a6fe65f93295dff90	Soon — in Australia during the HIStory world tour Michael and Debbie signed.
320cd52ad6ffcf3deceb90379fe4e4580ba4145f	This news was met with even more criticism than Jackson's first marriage.
1883177b70aec30703e417730996e98f6c59d1df	Most people heard the name Debbie Rowe for the first time and did not know anything about her friendship with Jackson.
a0093a50c9e1b22b7e9f7edfc876f6edf3b44dd9	"An unknown nurse of ordinary appearance is not a match for a world famous superstar," the public reasoned.
9b2cb0d92e093c36b0d74d602448967e8e085cd8	The marriage was again called a sham, and this time it seemed that even Michael himself did not try to deny it.
4fbcd9e85e4b2c2949df0424f3839bba13928d84	Perhaps this relationship was really not built on romance, but Debbie Rowe was far from a random person in Michael's life.
dd044147da17014de9bd0bbd6b21f6a88ec494f8	Michael met Debbie back in the early 80s at a dermatologist's appointment, where he underwent therapeutic and cosmetic procedures to improve the condition of the skin.
5e5cfc5a4ffbed2234dabb0ecf08fedce1554512	For more than a decade, Debbie helped Michael cope with vitiligo — a disease that caused his skin to lose its natural pigment — as well as the consequences of a burn received on the set of an advertisement.
495836ffedb26f37b4dc1161d8421fcb680de084	In the early 90s, when Michael underwent a painful operation on the scalp, Debbie lived with him for several weeks, helping him during the postoperative period.
b782bc6c4ff8ce52ab0a1508d403c7fc3e80c210	Michael and his first born son, Prince Michael, Michael saw in Debbie a devoted friend, she really loved him and did not hide it.
f33b9dbfe235981c0c90c56ea510d95ead9ce44b	Noticing how Michael was worried about his failed marriage to Lisa Marie, Debbie offered her help in fulfilling his most cherished dream — to become a father.
5e35d50857f74dcabb2ae6c51779d7559e276069	And Michael gratefully accepted her offer.
15a09da95c8b52abc1739d6719a6909e0ee5c72b	On February 13, 1997, Debbie gave Michael probably the most precious gift in his life — she gave birth to his son Prince, and a year later daughter Paris.
9e0dd6e8d68926d3535a40fd43b00257779e2f48	Soon after, the couple filed for divorce.
673b720a64e6b3ff1b6734d0ddd4d3fa17a24602	The children stayed with Michael, and Debbie saw them only from time to time.
8c7fd8c5ee96ec93660b6269ae2105e14aedea82	Many condemned the couple for this decision and accused Debbie of abandoning her children.
ba6a35752b9df0e406458429e525c99401660f69	But according to her, this was the plan from the very beginning: she didnot want to become a mother, but only wanted to give children to Michael, to make him happy.
6bba64776c9629dd7ad1e4c68b397b741b615c73	She gave birth to children for him.
a9a0cd3a7cd3c406a3de9df85d9612bdadb81c98	Michael with his three children, according to Michael himself, the appearance of children has radically changed his life.
0820383b7e040635b47c96ee1c50542e8c68a12c	The children gave it a new meaning, became an inspiration and support for him.
1cacad06aa742028616d973c8a454ddf1e0c51bd	From now on, they were more important to him than anything in the world, and even music faded into the background.
77eb2954e4f53f3db02c0eb472f5d201f51aed77	According to all of Michael's acquaintances, friends and colleagues, without exception, he was an exemplary parent.
aa927071363ac7156914bbe5b428d1a88a168ab1	He himself took care of his children from infancy: I changed their diapers, washed them, cleaned up after them, cooked for them, taught them good manners and engaged in their versatile development.
3674e94ed64d4f105d0165dc769b2ed0f2dc5c5b	He studied books on parenting and aspired to become the best father in the world.
c4c046139b49ae30bbec7d07303592a703e10dd0	"My biggest dream is that one day Prince and Paris will say about me: “He was the best dad!""- Michael confessed to his friend in a private conversation published later.
445f59c0d1c4bc6ac32c8a495297965c9a86e715	No matter where he traveled, no matter what projects he worked on, he always took care of the needs of his kids and always found time for them.
d09038bc5df8931ae8b746646551172330d9cb0b	In February 2002, Michael had a third child a son, Prince Michael Jackson II.
b984517390893fc92ec8939561c0cfcd460e57dc	The baby received from his father the affectionate nickname "Blanket", which was fixed for him as the main name.
0f17fb84fcb9387d44a1eb94e7b4b4219fda7d00	Nothing about the boy's mother it was not publicly reported (as Michael's personal assistant later told in his memoirs, Blanket was born from a surrogate mother).
68b3e38d1c223339d14805cd4a2089229e49c860	Invincible.
96b8f9c681e744dcffbf01f34fc603d080bf6715	Bashir's film.
fd0622653c5edb8eb286c60a80f6a1b420e4021d	New charges and trial
446dfd2839bba64025809d320582305ed0c76b01	Action against the Sun in 2001, Michael Jackson's long awaited new album Invincible was released.
951fd7611ef1d57b42d3894219c7b8898c66561b	The release was accompanied by two concerts in New York; there were rumors that Michael would go on tour again.
395d56799ac90cbd44098c9b4e6591b05248a0af	However, the advertising campaign in support of the album was abruptly interrupted: the Sony Music label stopped releasing video clips and promoting the album in the media.
ffb6adfd595cf360a9bf2c9c5d4a2febdfcba48c	Sony executives explained this by the fact that huge funds had already been invested in the album (it took $ 30 million just to record and mix the songs), and sales did not pay for further costs.
f69d398451f4bbb6ef81303212e1cb7fc9fb425b	Michael, who had devoted several years of hard work to this project, was hurt and angry.
62931970620467e55e2620eb2297e288917e5a0f	He believed that Sony had sabotaged the promotion of the album, and began to suspect the label's management of a conspiracy to leave him in debt and force him to sell his share of shares in the Sony/ATV catalog, a joint venture that Michael by this time owned in half with Sony.
f24cb199f7ea661d5d926e1e2c39a6701ec63356	Michael broke off relations with the head of the label, Tommy Mottola, and began to openly oppose Sony.
8df335964f74758e454eda14a085bbce5cc2f1b9	Many fans of the singer supported him with protest actions.
7021f2674933669507b3cdb51483926a673f97a5	Unfortunately, this betrayal was not the last and not the most difficult in the life of Michael Jackson.
908b2d70eb395964008d3f99636cd73469636a0b	In 2003, Michael made another attempt to overcome the image imposed on him by the yellow press, and to find understanding from the general public.
2230a923aacafc78945688a575536cc2c0aef1ef	He invited the British journalist Martin Bashir to make a documentary about his private life off stage.
bd804a9fed007fdd4571622c1a38c7ad61a9c9d0	Relying on the recommendations of friends, Michael trusted Bashir and agreed to give him unlimited access to his home and his life for eight months.
65c107da8d1fd82a0e4630ea682211b47e96fd48	Michael in the film Bashirabashir spent almost a year with Michael.
fca913094145390d8adf5fddfe0797c363e0fc62	He communicated with his children, lived in Neverland, accompanied him on his travels.
14b692a8ffff777091705b75d32727a7bed14694	However, the film, which was eventually released on the screens, turned out to be quite different from what Michael expected.
13d7d39f927213b5423b6774b4890a8cd4c774fe	From eight months of filming, Bashir carefully selected moments illustrating the most scandalous topics.
fc73080ecc42e7d198e7b46a238b842b9cd05c16	Michael's lines were skillfully edited to add sensationalism to the film, the most innocent scenes were provided with ambiguous voiceover comments.
cbd0f816979152cb2461efb5e89af53990547369	Michael was portrayed as an antisocial, abnormal person who had tendencies to megalomania and paranoia and posed a threat to his own and other people's children.
c5ba1ebb401a393e46b9305983230b88a62c8e67	Relatives and friends did not recognize him in this film.
dfb02938992f2a3c3d49c4d73aceec91d5c66ef5	Many viewers and even celebrities criticized Bashir's film.
46e6dc9b1f9fd9b7f3f17d0e51eb4572defe817f	Michael released a rebuttal program that exposed the duplicity of the journalist.
1f2d7f1856b7ff1286e6c75889b6a5e67a770d4a	However, the damage has already been done.
baf11100f777ca136c458e3882aee9e748015450	The most terrible consequence of the film was a new attempt to accuse the artist of an inappropriate relationship with a child.
402f38d366c8075666affacea2b3cd9b8f99df81	The film featured a teenager from a poor Latin American family, whom Michael helped to cope with a serious cancer.
9d4c9572d2cb92acf32866f9a12df512f7c213b1	The negative presentation of this story and Bashir's insinuations led to the fact that Michael's relationship with the boy's family deteriorated, and the boy's mother helped initiate criminal proceedings against Michael.
72c6480f49848222c6deff2b37b05e0e47baf61e	On the days of the trial. 2005, Santa Marijana this time District Attorney Tom Sneddon (who failed to charge Jackson in 1993) achieved the nomination of formal charges.
d92ad76bd2aa867ffb1823395d299b059c866314	Michael was arrested and escorted in handcuffs to the police station in front of the cameras.
f96196252e479fb3622929d052a3f0ffdf7fe03a	His Neverland ranch was unceremoniously searched with the participation of 70 police officers.
a4b9025e7d3d972f21ace8762e5a742baea00443	All his plans for the implementation of new projects (including the creation of a designer clothing brand and the production of films) were crossed out.
866b14f378e011fc48f8338bbeeef57072e26bdf	The investigation of the case lasted for two years, after which the trial took place, which turned into a world media spectacle.
c2534ef350c5f22c44b3bd9ffca14897666007ae	Reporters were not allowed into the courtroom, and they surrounded the courthouse like a flock of vultures, filming Michael's daily arrival at the hearing and his exit from the hearing.
02f30d441adee43f07548489f0f27aebe17013c8	There were fans outside the courthouse who supported the artist, and haters who shouted threats at him.
074daa1357d04121dd4d62363aeb76c79afb2e6f	Michael Jackson went through this three month public ordeal with quiet dignity.
8e3e71bca11802846d5a42e83803cd021ed8da31	According to the stories of his confidants, these were the hardest months of his life for him, a period of despair, during which he drew strength only from his children, the support of fans and faith in God.
7f568dab46a785bec3351d42b95efbd525bce05b	On June 13, 2005, Michael was unanimously acquitted by a jury of fourteen charges.
f3e51d967c169b1f8f03e1c4f78d1880a61dfb92	Recent years.
0caea2aa3f758c1c4a7e82380eda78493600ef76	This Is It
f4518fab2eeb0af7c741d57bf0edd2fb62942f23	Although the jury found the artist not guilty, this trial itself had a strong impact on his state of mind.
052dc24e5e198f27bf9ddd11557cc4a83a746eab	According to relatives, Michael became more withdrawn, stopped trusting people, preferred to avoid appearing in public.
728acc74f890bcd75cb5698a2a1f40a3addea659	Immediately after the trial, he left Neverland, saying that he would never be able to live there again, and left the country.
913a01290352d862c757778e0047962fc5b9eaba	For the next year and a half, he and his children wandered around the world: for a while he stayed with the Prince of Bahrain, then moved to a quiet estate in Ireland.
cfbcf06f4dc5b764b75d7bb5db0ae18a2a3871cf	It was only in December 2006 that he finally found the strength to return to his homeland.
d8317c5c2400621157d1a78e23d61ac04074161c	By this time, his financial situation had become critical.
f9cd42eb53d69b614c233fb66120d8e86c277f84	Jackson had not released new music or performed for seven years and his career seemed to have been consigned to oblivion.
3004c84abb91afeaaf1bea58d9a9742567d0492e	Having no new sources of income, he was increasingly living in debt.
10e942dc01d75618defdbfe064860cbe4c38534c	By 2008, the size of his loans reached the value of the mortgaged property: Michael almost lost the Neverland Ranch and was on the verge of bankruptcy.
e72b07d454504540afcbef54553c5382539504c8	The only way out of the situation was to return to the stage.
a162c5c8620a70f00a2f42abaa08a45b887df77a	Announcement of This Is It concerts and in January 2009, a contract was signed with one of the largest concert promoters AEG Live for 10 concerts at the O2 Arena in London.
d2c7a165b8b3850852dbadde204f1a899f939d51	The concerts were called This Is It — "That's all".
b40af1a470dc1ef4cd2ea175bddc72b48040fcf5	Michael announced them as his "last bow".
b03b20b467201f10d4b4ac3f49711c34aa0cf714	According to eyewitnesses, he was forced to accept this contract.
4d9c7de3a5ef00ccf917b31351f58570bbf4d30d	It was psychologically difficult for him to return to the stage — Bashir's film, the accusations and the trial had an extremely negative impact on his image: many people at that time considered Michael Jackson a madman, or even a criminal.
b9ef898361a37fd0570756f2e31b1cd687fb1e99	He didnot know how the audience would accept him.
5ce1927472b33e3417946a604c60eed56b94eb91	However, contrary to fears, the demand for tickets turned out to be unheard of: within a day after the announcement, applications were received from almost a million people.
d9a73164de0915191796ad58e8630a625e35aa3d	The number of concerts hastened to increase to fifty.
db27d11178b615b5759930e7cb6afe7b8ff4cfc9	The upcoming "marathon" of fifty performances and intensive preparation for it turned out to be extremely stressful for Michael.
216d049b51425f681b655a74ee051c6fcf4e3dc8	He was afraid that in his 50 years he would not be able to withstand such a load, he was worried that he would disappoint the fans, that the show would fail.
471da2c4c8b89ce85c11ea619dcdc46680397919	There was too much at stake.
adafcad70ab766fd8797d20230c7c4a152ba315d	His insomnia, which usually accompanied him on tours, worsened.
363e281149dbd47ecb2993e8d6b9105c76d09f94	Michael had to resort to strong drugs to get enough sleep before rehearsals.
9adc8da6026f69f4c6b817a1716c0d4536ccd143	His health deteriorated sharply, he lost weight — the team members who worked on the preparation of the show, and even the fans sounded the alarm.
7fb0927fd3851b30547b43e27a1d8ed67998bc21	But it was not possible to prevent the tragedy.
5be6b05dca3739ab2cd7f7ee8fd890f9cf5dff3d	On the morning of June 25, 2009, a week before his flight to London and three weeks before the start of the concerts, Michael Jackson died from an overdose of an anesthetic administered to him by his attending doctor.
986d2b117cef84eb46b926dc9f6a3f58dee9c46b	Dr. Conrad Murray was subsequently found guilty of the manslaughter of the artist and sentenced to four years in prison.
4b5cdef1dd9f5057bd96829c4b65253a2f9bd5ec	Fans are seeing Michael off at the Apollo Theater, New York Michael Jackson's passing from life was an event that caused even more public outcry than his failed grandiose return to the stage.
2e3949827842413e97e218203d4055e1435566a5	On June 25, 2009, the news of his death brought down the servers of Twitter and a number of news sites that could not cope with the explosion of traffic as a result of this news.
68adf1cd4abcbf06a395b97c48cf7f6957d97b89	Google reacted to millions of search queries about Michael Jackson as a cyber attack.
1a8559334ae130f991da229f07222988cb7017b5	Wikipedia has registered a record number of visitors to a single article for the entire existence of the service.
47121b6649c4fdda7431fce9b279bfde0fcb936e	The artist's Facebook page gained 10 million subscribers in a matter of hours.
ed864deb794c739ba2f6789923cccb1fc80bb64e	The leaders of the Internet corporation America Online called the death of Michael Jackson "a significant milestone in the history of the Internet."
30eb0c20948566ba1710025d125a3734290c1c13	Many people, who were not even ardent fans of the artist, cried when they heard about his death.
9587114786c095e14b7d57f5974fb2c6a37e87bc	Others admitted that it was difficult for them to realize the news: Michael Jackson became such a bright and integral part of modernity for his generation that it was difficult for people to imagine the world without him.
3ca5e5d1a5eac85649ed5f544e4eadc0e5990382	A wave of tributes swept across the globe: from Stockholm to Taipei, from Mexico City to Hong Kong, young people took to the streets and danced to Michael's songs.
690e10ddcc3b2f6a3b0dd0d265138a1bfd5ea3e0	Hundreds of obituaries, memoirs and articles have appeared in the press and blogs, rethinking the personality and creativity of the"King of Pop Music".
97896ac8d3e6987c3c494b5bf78970283cc5424c	His songs, which were rarely heard on the radio in the last years of his life, returned to active rotation.
65cda0d3b2a42519071032fcf0d8f991e917805b	The documentary "This Is It", edited on the basis of recordings of rehearsals for failed concerts, broke the box office record and earned unanimous praise from critics.
43f150f2f540d3b34c003b3ea4705d66d9b8ce90	The album Invincible was named the best album of the decade by the results of a vote of readers of the Billboard website.
950cd69a637f8e310f7d0e84002afe8299fc9955	A reassessment of Jackson's work began: people began to discover his less well known and commercially successful works.
759202d70f30bc0d42adfcc6f2c0ae45fb9f0cfd	Paris Jackson at the memorial service But, perhaps, the key event that marked the beginning of a new, eternal life for Michael Jackson was the words of his daughter Paris, pronounced by her at the farewell ceremony, which was watched live by about a billion people.
5bde5132116560a725844e9c00266c18e0a8c1f2	When Michael's family took the stage, his 11 year old daughter suddenly asked for a microphone in a fit of emotion and, barely holding back tears, uttered the very words that Michael once dreamed of hearing to the audience and to the TV cameras: "From the moment I was born, my dad was the best father you could imagine.
193ff17ce143da77307de7766ba9eb9c99b25168	I love him so much..."
fa87a9df1ed6c25d96f92cf683a570507d62da8e	Authors: Karina Kotsinyan, Elena Zelikova, Vera Serova
6625292a28263503a467769aa9bc5012d7c11e4f	9 thoughts about " Biography”
c7f4072337438db3f8c04657e975de564313e5ed	Valentina 17.12.2014 at 18: 06 Permalink
6099fe716243d239f9d6081bf25d806adf5a41ab	Thanks.
06b233d00bddf0f68eb576e7ccf8fe6a26da1792	A brilliant article.
0814cbfb2f31f17da1dfa3812144071431e571c7	It is written easily, clearly, without too much pathos.
117925842559f551276ffdf1bebb0a8c522cb1e0	I wish there were more such articles.
8b7b9cda7d33e48ee1c26c96c1a636b138c804b6	vova kryazhov 22.01.2015 at 17: 38 Permalink
13cf34e1771ceb3d74d296b49d43c068f768be1b	Cool
1456e83149683304ed6bd58dc271983fe0cc76d0	Edward 01.01.2015 at 06: 15 Permalink
70ebc5399ba952432e7921074ad5426f777fcb7c	It was very difficult for me to read it to the end… The article is actually very truthful and accurate.
1d73e55c4d1ae9eb5ff440998e9a36a7ee4e8b8b	Michael was a genius and will always be one.
fa506caec6274c991983b58b5c0aa4539bf6da36	It's a pity that so many bad things were done to him in his life.
d28b5892c776603c8abaf42b1ec93b9914bc60b6	Alexey 08.01.2015 at 00: 01 Permalink
1841d46aab4b34dbe068ce87eb0ca20fb90c026c	The article is excellent and Michael Jackson is a genius for all time, he is the coolest of all, only God is cooler than him.
d528e1ab9df50f00ff8ba01130aa40a052b7750c	vova kryazhov 22.01.2015 at 17: 36 Permalink
5c725395a2cdd8fc6cfc3b1d62791fc60f3b411c	Thank you for the article I'm a fan of Michael Jackson myself
d64c6a403433a26f75d52e647e3f35e56ad66c1a	Love 06.06.2015 at 12: 16 Permalink
69342c5c39e5ae5f0077aecc32c0f81811fb8193	Hello!
102867d8f96deb4e41b5a691249b178ca68b39cb	Thank you very much for an interesting article about my favorite singer since childhood!
9bfca20218a58ed47748b8e0168d435f24c5cadd	Michael Jackson is truly the best and no one will ever be better than Him!
f787d63b29d6ed316fa56a32716dffec26a19a0a	I admire and will continue to admire his talent .
64aacf0c30bbd14392bd525438d30f99137bcfaf	Thank you for His songs , that they were, are and will always be with us.
3d996bc2135a0c2e3dd23321e696367e51028a88	Michael — you are The Best!!!
4a3dd8b0fc4cbaf70c083707507e06c0f7812f78	Olga Maslova 05.12.2015 at 21: 35 Permalink
197a0c0dec02d4538b18de26e648758ffa7bb50a	Thank you for the article !
9d2ae9dd753c19b6c4b3d772cb1d6a44b6f7625d	Thank you to Michael for my childhood and youth!
a3943d5ef4d940c9028a5ffc711b216548de24d7	You are the best!.
75e9b46129220c7c72a40efe24c5081a7e1856db	Natasha 28.12.2015 at 14: 58 Permalink
df421ba7705b89b135eedf54fdabec0c3ff1c7b8	Good article.I clarified a lot.
36c0a9723e983f16957a1a7c36dad1b68ca7b9db	It is very interesting to read.thanks.
57951e74415cf80b616e9cf7cedfa4d3da1f10f7	Masha 03.04.2016 at 01: 38 Permalink
c67b13a5f5f43644564769429db2f573099a2f63	Michael Jackson is the best of the best !!! He loved his fans very much !!! His songs are the best !!!
d0965a5f779e4d4fb8a33be747ffc3b63bab0bed	Leave a comment Cancel the response
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7512064ceede7b1b12eac2fa6dd419753f34a78e	© 2015.
f25e7ca82f91e0c2aaf5e2c2689cb41253f729fd	Michael Jackson.roo
52a9459cdefdb846f9a2c249cbcee08a2dffea7c	Amazing and inexplicable coincidences sometimes accompany the birth of immortal works of art.
97eedb6dce6a7dc81928d8726d740e6a57243f05	The novel, published in 1969, elevated Mario Puzo to the top of the American literary Olympus.
2354acb80a7f7e0adc67456f6e90f9d605cd2e3a	It was an amazing triumph, and, as time has shown, the saga of the Don Vito Corleone clan still remains the best work about the mafia.
ccb6a8e6f3364e3c23c9705ed20b04daca72a3e5	Sicily is strongly associated with the mafia in our minds.
2c4589e5af042a95472723486cbc057e3a11484b	Michael was going to become a professor, but due to circumstances, he accepted the family inheritance from his deceased father.
e41e02721c46d80c483ffb6230b9150cea8bdbf9	Educated, who bravely fought in the battles of the Second World War, he becomes a powerful don, ruling his criminal community with an iron hand…
f9ec2118ca79802e3a9a668a095521de8b1816f7	Michael Corleone was the youngest of the don's sons and the only one who dared to go against the will of this great man.
57bf4fe63169a7b88050002978080c8de167a41b	He didn't have the face of his brothers, and his jet-black hair was straight rather than curly.
670e54d983b3488b29803c68648fe3f473532b9c	His dark, olive-colored skin was surprisingly beautiful and suited the girl more.
de20597f8c41b2e855892c16ba318ad9c226b308	He had a kind and gentle look.
1cc3a2a6fa8865232456ce8515dd7ff4d0efe096	At one time, my father was even worried about the excessive femininity of the youngest of his sons.
8bd5fd7be249cdd358d1eae8809937a5cf4026cd	At the age of seventeen, Michael Corleone successfully passed, however, the test of masculinity.
7404076264dbed192dce23ddb7c189ac05de85d9	In a depressed mood, Michael Corleone went out into the city that night.
a9bc04a17402e29840a4a406248fb5facc66354a	He felt that, against his will, he was getting more and more involved in the affairs of the family and thought with irritation that Sonny was using him as a secretary.
577d178b19e56be0ba3619e2377e4606e2b1a5b3	He participated in secret meetings of the family and everyone pretended that they could rely on him even in matters such as murder.
7e6e8bf65beacb0037b470265aff0887add26782	At the age of twelve, Don was a real man.
248e3f8e6da51e0eb3e2d1e6ec3e83638bbccf93	Short, black-haired, thin, he lived in the village of Corleone, which in a strange way resembled an Arab village in Sicily.
5cddeaebc4472cc58c6f504ef9144139d6335343	At birth, he was named Vito Andolini.
6f7f840226a58e1b53983db1351983b8f2052c13	At the end of the last century, the mafia in Sicily was the second government, perhaps even stronger than the official government in Rome.
b1626295769ca8a44fb49ee4684f0e4edf131b5b	Vito Corleone's father quarreled with one of his fellow villagers, and he turned to the mafia for help.
74a71877e2d32cb2e7de4933303be531e9f04daa	The father refused to obey and killed the mafia leader in a fight.
a385d7f6e296052ee3ab07dfa367efb900c0140b	A week later, he was found dead: he was blown to pieces by a shot from a lupara.
289cbc187a098b60c637c419045105177fe85220	A month after the funeral, the mafia people came for Vito.
111bfc556ed64a2358396bedc344f11769c07ea0	They decided that he was too close to adulthood, and in a few years he would be able to avenge his father's death.
401580b755a267553d045971117c65ebc5f2c37c	Relatives hid a twelve-year-old boy, and then sent him on a ship to America.
819ff24520c2567dd5669ea0bc66addbfeccae0d	It took Michael Corleone five months in Sicily to understand people like Luca Brasi, the cruel caporegime Clemenza, to understand the unquestioning submission of his mother to his father.
c092e63a8f00529c9855ea14bf4b41dd4574de86	In Sicily, he saw what would have become of them if they had given up the fight.
298092f7fc0010fd867520e163e4f310021b54f1	He understood Don's words, " a man has one destiny."
3b012590b8dd8baf3709f5e914b646d8caca44f5	He understood their contempt for the authorities and hatred for people who violated the law of silence – omertu.
c97eb6ffc6feb7ae4e4d9b1df8b3427c2f3a9809	He was told that the word "mafia "meant at first "shelter", and then turned into the name of an underground organization whose goal was to fight the authorities who oppressed the population of the country.
ffabb8369eafcf793256c2b7c3d3c9ca33ea4f56	Sicily was exploited especially cruelly.
b092742275831b6113b9ced2ef5ee5799bea9859	The inquisitors tortured both the poor and the rich, and the rich landowners and the leaders of the Catholic Church imposed their power on the country in every possible way.
4ce6f146f4ff7a39bfc8ea389fff3694ab83959a	The police were completely on their side and so solidified with the authorities that the nickname "policeman" turned into the heaviest insult for a Sicilian.
5f2d4cb67bff329cf0cbb1b41f4e2d659c7d5a45	For the first time, Michael understood why people like his father chose to become thieves and murderers rather than respected citizens of society.
54be1339ea6c525599055573e40ff23c2d2a4fdb	These people were too freedom-loving to submit to poverty and humiliation.
73167113a696f0f0b6eea68cd71f67a781689b58	In the afternoon, Michael was walking in the garden, accompanied by two shepherds attached to the estate of Dr. Tatz.
4ca3e64bd4a4d54942aaa4ccaf1c75cd480a4374	They often earned their living by being hired to work for the mafia.
8a895bdcf2a5a811a0fb8157f995cab4de6bb467	Michael thought that, by continuing to flourish, the mafia could completely destroy society.
f04f8b4d6cb82fa3e363c90fa649700a1316d2c2	The inhabitants of Sicily now fled to all countries of the world in search of bread and shelter.
8fb7b3216c1a363526990a931fd5f292c037211b	The beauty of the local nature amazed Michael.
c9c6fcf921c2fdb90ad5446a1c68971fb651d472	He walked through citrus plantations located in mountain crevices, jumped over ancient irrigation channels into which water flowed through the mouths of carved stone snakes.
107285467ecbefb2298fa5cbfef3925367391b75	The houses, built in the Roman style with huge marble gates and rooms with vaulted ceilings, were gradually destroyed and served at best as a shelter for lost goats.
b59d50e4c2f034d66ec4acb9a9bfef0cc56f3b4e	On the horizon, the hills gleam like piles of gnawed bones.
09d97cadc3f4928cd844cb4a29a3724281af41c5	Green gardens border the desert landscape with a light emerald.
cbeb7dddd02c451a371fc0359b8a2dec5f449993	Sometimes he reached the city of Corleone, whose eighteen thousand inhabitants inhabited huts scattered along the mountainside, surrounded by black stone crypts.
1fea959de2405b3ba3008e5afe4befadf9d607e8	In Sicily, the peasants do not live on the land they cultivate.
86ee0db447fefc9a6d56362585d0225ba01e63c5	It's too dangerous, and besides, living on expensive arable land is a great luxury.
ab4b6d975d37fc82ab47c5962ed7574d36bd4564	A peasant lives in a village and goes to his gardens at dawn.
b274481705a9a3d03969e6f16ad99293893a3b76	Finding his pagliato empty, he feels insulted.
9f2626572e95645e94bb5b6cf44aa9ba3331991c	The law turned out to be helpless, and the mafia, having taken up this problem, solved it in its own way.
22edc0986bc863c4a3dd952aa3f39e527248b6ea	She pursued and killed the Pagliato robbers.
a9941bde811eb9e7254169acdf24ff9404900b2d	At the same time, innocent people often suffered.
d1231173a9f4afd33a4cdbb6abc927c2c76a9d05	If Michael happens to be near the newly robbed pagliato, he will be mistaken for a thief.
8588dd81c7fbbb539d1608fdaed69fe1ead7a8fd	Michael thought to see a bare desert here, but he met a fertile land covered with flowers that emit the scent of lemon.
24753272069dd14bd0345cd7269e76de530a443b	Orange trees, almonds and olives were blooming all around, the whole earth was covered with pink flowers.
36326f13d3a4393e47dbab3c42922340ce7635a8	Again Michael felt that he was suffocating, and for the first time he understood the meaning of the classic jealousy of the Italians.
c0908aac366a806f150aac907537fc9d79fbf1de	At that moment, he was ready to kill anyone who dared to touch this girl, who would try to woo her, take her away from him.
21cf5b147ab795082b888a0afb4e82d3aba3f5cf	He wanted to be her husband, as a miser wants to be the owner of gold coins.
8ece639b9203574c1cdbb559a165f40248bb68d4	Nothing will prevent him from becoming the husband of this girl, turning her into his property, locking her up and keeping her only for himself.
7783dd36475531cc0dd079057d1a713e72c7fcb4	Palermo is located at the bottom of a bowl formed by a once active volcano, surrounded by mountains on three sides, and on the fourth it broke out to the dazzling blue of the Mediterranean Sea.
2eed0959c073208c549f4fe60abd4dfb1afdaf9d	The city shimmered in the golden rays of the Sicilian midday sun.
8d63d945ea86805dad927219830238d10fe46f7f	A red light seemed to snake along the ground — it seemed that these were traces of blood spilled on the Sicilian soil for many centuries.
e8e5b424530cd98db4771471ff0ca9a73d6e58da	The golden rays of the sun caressed the majestic marble columns of Greek temples, the slender Muslim minarets, the bizarre ligature on the facades of Spanish cathedrals; on the slope of a distant hill, the gloomy battlements of an ancient Norman castle could be seen.
ed114856a68427b6e21f55b6dfe759ca19980460	The legacy of the most diverse and brutal military rulers in Sicily can also be found from earlier, pre-Christmas times.
2bd1bda1ef0e9c9d855fc53d3fce5735bc043562	"Sicily is a tragic island," he said.
baea3939e2fb541f10ff578d6616ca56be95a1f2	- There is no trust here.
e63930f166032247f71e5271de756cce62ae5ac5	There is no order.
b7673dc4033ea74dc2450b2431dd01343db22873	Michael peered into the darkness of the night: the town of Montelepre was nestled in the heart of the high mountains, only a dot of light shone in the central square.
9835cf0b2553563b049bdb9d94663b13f02b50e7	From time to time, the clang of rifles and the hoarse voices of patrolling carabinieri could be heard in the streets below.
15b2a41f01cb321705c70f778b88d31b17c60457	The town seemed to be full of ghosts.
02ed06bc900a4550d7895e75ca918d8e2145fc4e	They were floating in the soft summer night air, filled with the smell of lemon trees, the light buzzing of countless insects, the sudden cries of police patrols walking through the streets.
0ca02994f2362df7a1eeae4f8b5e5529cf91ecef	Since the war, a rigid card system has still been preserved, the peasants were obliged to hand over everything grown to the warehouses of the central government at limited prices, for paper money, which cost almost nothing.
01535e42bfbc29adc23bc5b5c059d0b8e8375aa9	It was assumed that the government, in turn, would sell and distribute these products at low prices among residents.
cad19be7ef82223f65629d587865c67bad23df36	Under such a system, everyone had to get enough to survive.
446f0f7f1e29e5b91498cba5e987366ca961e8b8	In fact, the peasants hid what they could, because everything handed over to government warehouses fell into the hands of Don Croce Malo and his henchmen and then ended up on the black market.
589b05b07689e6486f6a63d0c57eb0618480b2ac	As a result, people had to buy products on the black market and violate the laws on smuggling in order to somehow survive.
0f0645b48c5ed1ec8597e541b656062c3204df91	What has changed from the fact that there was now a democratic government in Rome?
3a1da12075c618325477069ef089516d28ae2e7e	People got the opportunity to vote, but at the same time they were starving.
9d5f0d283ad4389dbd69e42abf661a1f9bfaaccc	In 1972, the work was adapted by Francis Ford Coppola.
890523a0867b49a3f39b6073f516ca3ebd926373	Michael Carleone's first wife lived in Savoca, and their wedding took place there (according to the script).
5a032651ca625456946bfceb8b37c14a58a08888	This village received a decent amount of money from the creators of the film The Godfather, which the city fathers spent on recreating the city and creating a museum.
a93fe66081f46a67941ad1f6a990a75b1c1c2fee	The city museum of Savoka tells about the life of these places.
e1e3d3640b68656a0676b7cf6b9ad3ca286118aa	There is in particular a family tree of the Corleone family.
8f89f1c3ab01cf54465d8c6d14f06fdb1c9957ef	The creators of the film took a real story as a basis.
0cba43fbd201da89dca8b4f59e1a73ae50bf71bc	The town of Corleone is located in the vicinity of Palermo and was indeed a hotbed of crime, but the town is not so picturesque, so the "Godfather" was filmed in Savoca.
2fa519daf8eac13f01219304b7de255b902a1a18	There are a lot of abandoned houses in the city of Forza d'aggro.
6a18fcc44b2f866116d8c02809a20c5edb55992d	However, this is not the result of the work of the mafia (as they say in the movie "The Godfather").
74e78d4df2c7ac5ac11647230f312c441637f925	At the beginning of the century, typhus raged on the island, killing a large number of people.
34584379d7efb31b95f2d164623c5cba6dfb3856	And it was from him, as well as from poverty, that the inhabitants of Sicily fled to America.
8e38f82610761d8d428954d02885511afc6aca1f	The film "The Godfather" is based on the novel of the same name by Mario Puzo, and it is set quite close to the text.
8696a11e5bd1d2c669775535e5ad33c030935f0b	Both Puzo and Coppola were repeatedly reproached for the fact that the film, they say, "romanticizes gangsters," but they indignantly dismissed such claims.
eadcaf8fecbe3cf776d276f0d6910daf6e8ffd08	The film tells about a certain period of the life of the Corleone family - Americans of Italian origin.
8bd170b596eb4eec491f16056bcc25dbf037f15c	Moreover, the term " family "in this case means not only the usual family ties, but also" family " as a mafia clan under the leadership of the head, who, according to Italian tradition, was called the godfather.
07610e518a6d091f69181a7210f83d70cef6f603	The Corleone family was dominated by Don Vito (Marlon Brando).
c50424e8d414d22b9dd41d23007de8ea75cd7f35	He was also the "godfather" and the head of one of the" families " of New York - mafia clans that ran a large number of different criminal businesses from the east to the west coast of America.
d7fb5ef255afc912d68cdaf9e26811a079430670	During the described period of life, the Corleone family began to have serious problems.
6e7e6cadcba63d4ce71fb9a307cef3a166491772	Some people from the leading echelons of the "families" came to the conclusion that along with the era of racketeering, prostitution and gambling - the traditional types of business of mafia clans - a new era is beginning - drugs.
b40649328af1e20d3f99534c645b169da0c1dddd	However, Don Vito did not agree to support such ideas.
f5a9ad27c264822b7aac0c6a373480fd304c06ea	He categorically refused to engage in drugs and said that he would not use his own extensive connections to pave the way for this new business.
da7dc1df5ebdc7e1a4c5c8b5de44e7041027ffc8	Don Corleone believed that it was unethical to engage in drug trafficking.
fc2a5544d8634a034ff80e06e89d0c07a09eaede	Racketeering, prostitution, gambling - this is quite a normal and even traditional business, Don Vito believed.
ad6cc59e0ea745b22cc39a004f9c0e383cae6a68	All sorts of small shopkeepers still have to pay for the "roof" that the mafia provides them, and prostitution and gambling are traditional human sins, on which it is not a sin to earn money.
b0560a1f11b8da65b9a68604b9677c117ac4c86c	But to get involved with drugs-no, this is not for Don Vito.
5af0790f1d9920f4f3fe968262d5e76a59f2c66e	And here his own favorite phrase worked against Don Corleone - about an offer that cannot be refused.
bdec5c271a1ce499a57eb3744ae329d093ca2d35	Because with his refusal, a great war began between mafia "families", because of which many people died from different sides.
6444a427771421653616b5806bbaeb16bb89d59f	And then the don's youngest son, Michael (Al Pacino), entered the arena...
3ced0921a638e8a672a69bb9d2d3a853ec3c00ab	Michael always kept to himself in the family.
ce2d215586eee0f0dead22f7c65972c97c49fc2a	And since Michael, by his nature, could not limit himself to the role of a passive participant in hostilities, he took on the burden of solving the most difficult issues…
6c17057100f8ae32fb1049b430970346dd3daf03	As a result, Michael was not only forced to leave America for Italy for a long time, but later, when he was able to return back, after his father's death, he had to prove to the rest of the "family" that he could be don instead of Vito Corleone.
5d3341b1e75d98f9f0615fb1bb518bd4b6c3c8ec	In fact, the book and the film "The Godfather" are also very interesting in historical terms.
1fa547b67f828c9e8fb3943269c5509275266b46	It clearly shows why it was the Italians who became so influential in the criminal business of America, why their mafia scheme of creating organizations and subordination in them for a long time was actually the standard.
fbf289590ed58af068d327edf818517400e30ebc	And just in "The Godfather" it is quite clearly demonstrated how omerta - the Sicilian code of silence - and other methods that were a means of fighting for survival in Sicily, gradually began to serve completely different goals and objectives in America.
47018ca8104d5e747fa96ed2753e40ba43bfcf8c	But at what cost it was all done - the film and the book also show in sufficient detail.
6c8b558cd5233054817d40d02cda380e85813897	Marlon Brando, despite certain hooliganism that he allowed during the filming, took the role of Don Vito very seriously.
acd613c8f5c78c20cc29150aed196b47a130c9a4	It was Brando who decided that Don Corleone's face should look like a bulldog, so he played the whole role with cotton swabs placed behind his cheeks - they created "square" jaws, and besides, made Brando's voice look like the voice of a real mafia boss Frank Costello...
ce6e2643215ae226489e7cae8303dfc0acd02633	Brando played his role just amazing.
f17bbddec31b1b03bdfcfaa408d3f2a2e2076015	A wise strategist, a loving but strict father and a mafia boss - a very bright, ambiguous and extraordinary personality.
eded83dc1647d2d4fa196b3c740622bc500662a1	Scenes of dialogues with the participation of Don Vito can be reviewed endlessly.
a5ce2c1ea2e6d4b6d04935062b475a9364342def	Many of the lessons that he gives to his sons and subordinates are very, very useful for many.
01b14ea67d74baa66d2bc7cf32fa4b697345c1e2	For the first time, Marlon Brando got to the cinema after the transfer of the Tram "Desire "to the screen in 1951 by E. Kazan.
60ad9b620fe2a979f5dac098d180b3bfd2d0542a	But he reached the peak of his creativity when he starred with Francis Ford Coppola in The Godfather.
559c34530ed441468170ec9661f315249b405bbf	Having played the head of the Corleone gangster clan (following the Stanislavsky system, as it was understood in the school of E. Kazan), he reflected in his hero the power and superiority of the mafia at the beginning of the picture, and after the attack, which almost cost him his life, he turned overnight into an old man whose suffering is "bottomless".
8bb76eda30fbf6b1c74aa7f4ed4938833a7f3464	Twenty years later, Brando recalled: "When I first watched The Godfather, I saw how many mistakes I made during filming, and years later, after watching it on television, I decided that it was a good film."
763e33f90342a5d05ca16be2a88ad981ba1108e9	However, the actor refused the Oscar awarded to him for the role of Vito Corleone, thus protesting against discrimination against American Indians.
7d3303f37371f6af7dafdcb84ccfd4354f9d57ae	He always amazed others with his unpredictability.
466f78dfce25678225f2c879da3322a9bc56fffa	But the most interesting character in the picture, in my opinion, is still Michael Corleone.
39c308cb37beda767c993755aad8b0acf7177315	Because if Don Vito appears in the film as a completely formed person with his clear views, then Michael undergoes a whole chain of successive transformations before the eyes of the audience: a young war hero and all that, a family member, a Punishing Hammer of the "family", an exile, a candidate for the "dons", Don Michael.
e7b0bcdb5004df5bd3f023ff7e0fee4a28944914	Vito Corleone's son, who became the new "Godfather" after his death, was played by the theater actor Al Pacino, unknown to the general public.
1ce7d1375f91d244cfca47402f27f3116434fee7	"The producers didn't like my choice of actors, they didn't like a lot of things," recalls Francis Ford Coppola.
d8027da1106bc93bded64e7ad5e8ef6704849e42	"Ugly and unpresentable," they said.
9e5527b3391ded5f74d03f7a7a8421a457908d09	But the director was persistent, thanks to which it was possible to reveal the main line of Puzo's novel.
2b5219fe38c9d16103babdc08f29d832b10df2cf	The example of Michael Corleone clearly demonstrated the ability of the criminal business to destroy all the good that is in a person.
129969d18be71b6609b3621bef7db466ad91e090	Al Pacino managed to uncover a terrible metamorphosis that occurred with an educated, kind and honest young man who became a cruel and cold-blooded killer, who, according to his own understanding, manages the destinies of others.
c58780f60bf6eb42bafce978d3188086bf5b9695	Michael's motives were quite pure and even highly moral, and this led to the fact that he turned into a real mafia boss without really noticing it himself.
cd305619c88850f4986346f90bb3b1c2f0870017	He was just protecting his family, he was fulfilling a filial duty.
3f14f0638d7904b53ff5e5582e19903a38c1107a	Al Pacino brilliantly showed all this transformation, all the strength and power of Michael's character, without resorting to any special external effects.
b906dddfdfe4367cd3edf487b8f3d0363ab7d7ce	Only the look and the way of pronouncing the words...
fa8b6788f5d8278da519631701faad38c573d376	At the age of ten, he fell ill with polio, and was paralyzed for a year.
cd59def9c3ec7aef72799f8279586001101818b4	He watched TV, listened to the radio and thus created for himself a kind of pseudo-real world, in which a significant role was assigned to technology.
c9e888493c24e49a550e609d15e00e6dfe5858b2	And today Coppola is convinced: "My disposition to the profession of a director – to the profession of a person who remotely manages production, is rooted in something that gave me inner satisfaction in those childhood years."
ce884b53d930d8a3fb51dcbbd9eecfcb70d28dcd	Extremely selective in creativity, unassuming in everyday life, he prefers to lead a reclusive lifestyle, not letting anyone in there, with rare exceptions.
79901b58c73fa1aaa2484d69bce994aaec75aca2	The Sicilian Vito Andolini, who left his native places in his teenage years and took a new name in America — Corleone (after the village in which he lived), for many years formed his empire, eliminating opponents and taking under the protection of those who needed support
5286304868eaf6c371b7c0bd3b46cbd0b97dd9ad	His legal business is the supply of olive oil, he also has underground structures - gambling and bookmakers, but the general control of the Corleone clan extends to many areas, including power and power structures; this power irritates representatives of the" five families " of New York.
f8df02448e3e1e58089390665c1d3df3c3d89f41	Returning to New York, Michael for three years takes over the experience of his father, who is gradually retiring from business, delves into the specifics of business, acquires connections.
62cb6381a43c581033287eaef2975ffb829fc80e	Don Corleone does not hide that the truce with representatives of hostile syndicates is a forced and temporary measure: "Revenge is a dish that should be served cold."
fff3d7c0da93bfe1aec5dd93f73a0f4338d49f6c	However, the Godfather does not have time to wait for their common plans to be realized: he suddenly dies of a heart attack.
c5ec69c77679f6bb7868f4557e0afdc5dfb8a957	Works that tell about the activities of mafia structures and their influence on society were published long before the appearance of the book by Mario Puzo; many of them were written on the basis of police archives and could be used by the author of The Godfather as working materials that help saturate the novel with the necessary details.
41e27f225f14881af92db63b130f7e2243a8152a	However, unlike other writers, Puzo refused both a documentary chronicle created on the basis of criminal essays, and a "canonical image" of the life of gangsters with shooting and chases.
fd1350f595a2dd977f47df4b64f0a88341d78ccb	He was one of the first among writers to show how the hierarchy is formed in family clans, what is the management mechanism when making decisions and implementing them, introduced readers to the way of life of criminal syndicates.
ee48533686ba34144460918b065d9c5c2320cd89	Researchers suggest that the" artistic persuasiveness " of the novel is associated with a good knowledge of the topic: Puzo spent his childhood in the Italian quarters of New York[2].
885e208bd6553ad7c9a8ed9559d9c5fb891435f1	One of the principles of the Sicilian family: "There are few of our own, all of others are strangers."
dd69505b2786757c91397a0cd196e124d73c48c0	There are exceptionally cordial relations within the clan; evidence of this is the gentle treatment of relatives (Sonny, Freddie, Connie), preserved rituals, the willingness to accept those who come to the Corleone house "for the sake of getting rid of the risk of personal responsibility, in search of peace and warmth".
d59fadd53477c6edb2ac3240e70d03f32d12ff1a	In the hour of trials, even those who previously defiantly withdrew from the activities of the Godfather stand up to protect the interests of the family.
ecfd64b6ab603f8a8c40b9f9d5d47aac7f0636d8	Therefore, the novel, which on the first pages resembles ethnographic sketches or a "physiological essay" in style, acquires the features of a "tragedy of high style" closer to the final [3].
fc28ebea3ba2fd700961afc0230f9861f0ec9305	The Godfather (novel)
1a3c2a4d8b452aad137e12086e2188a4c092a4dc	The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on October 7, 2016; checks require 3 edits.
ed18c6756abb713e9769bffbc91aaddb6ec5ffc9	This term has other meanings, see Godfather.
f82d8d391c8576d23280d322d8eb2abb060741ea	The Godfather The Godfather
a5bec1577074ed8560fb68a5062607a125643f92	Signet Publishing house version Genre: drama
c708c10c7d508cd445fbb61a85cabbf2b1bb29c3	By Mario Puzo
0dd241bff16bcbdb17e011d18bccee841f1b47b0	Original language: English
3eda301dff8ee5bd94fbd2b7a0a2822883c07fd6	Date of first publication: March 10, 1969
85ee3854e7bdb4bf3f003f51137136b6024b5720	Publisher: G. P. Putnam's Sons[d]
0a9029c4f1138955ca3b636e91ecb183a9f48690	Cycle: The Godfather[d]
0f24ec48db34f7472cdd7f7e48629ca42bf797f5	Previous: Corleone family[d]
6e49ac3c351575a95d6a153fc45feada96c959f4	Next: Sicilian
dfb28b3ba086ead725df9a145713106640fdec1f	"The Godfather"
0b1389ace8dbfd63d76a6d8189ea0f023a48fa88	(eng.
e6d51acd50d0df6022a0b26d6a6fe0459272af3e	The Godfather is a novel by Mario Puzo, published in 1969 and tells about the life of one of the most powerful mafia clans in America — the family of Don Corleone.
011a32457d099bdf8c028a1862de0e9ce04673fe	In Russian, it was first published in the magazine "Znamya" (1987, № 10, 11, 12; translated by Maria Kahn and Alexandra Ilf)[1]. In 1972, the work was adapted by Francis Ford Coppola.
3a10647abcdb65b6e346ae76a0fcafad50a546df	1 Plot 2 Artistic features 3 Heroes 4 Film adaptation 5 Notes 6 Literature
d36e4d4ce631763fa1819db63f2b45ca8c5e099b	Plot[edit / edit wiki text]
6703d1645920f0d568bcb76fdf9aab52206be2bf	The novel begins in August 1945.
7a208f58683ab92463cbf00cda9bd94f8f1cc5cd	Don Vito Corleone's mansion is full of guests: the leader of the most influential mafia clan in New York marries his daughter Constance.
d3cf9edc545e0c2a82bb9db440155dabfd385530	In addition to her, the head of the family has sons Santino (Sonny), who is considered a likely successor to the Godfather;
5740db648789c977a6f0d780053b545cf39cd98c	Frederico (Fred), devoted to the common cause, but does not have the courage of an older brother;
e083c4c96fe46f3e7fff0ee3df6d5819e9123ff7	Michael, who chose a different path for himself — he served as a volunteer in the Marine Corps, received awards, and after demobilization entered Dartmouth University.
d8b8c4737b67f7c6aa14cdaa4cbbae7c5d53c4a8	The Sicilian Vito Andolini, who left his native places in his teenage years and took a new name in America — Corleone (after the village in which he lived), for many years formed his empire, eliminating opponents and taking under the protection of those who needed support His legal business is the supply of olive oil, he also has underground structures - gambling and bookmakers, but the general control of the Corleone clan extends to many areas, including power and power structures; this power irritates representatives of the" five families " of New York.
1f8db08e6ddbd83766d3fc720e1bfc9e93303b16	Shortly after the wedding celebrations, the Godfather agrees to accept the businessman Virgil Sollozo, but he refuses his request to help with money and legal protection in a project related to drug trafficking.
dc50cd72854c5d5fef48fd91f0eb9bfb2396b0a6	The Tattaglia clan behind Sollozo expects that after the death of the unyielding don, the power in the Corleone family will pass to the more compliant and less experienced Sonny .
dd7c9b00f76ec81c5941cd898ce91ad8e193ffdd	An attempt is made on the Godfather, he ends up in the hospital.
db615affa9a62864e20a053838ece2e698b2e666	Michael, who previously did not want to participate in the family business, is also involved in the inter clan war that has begun.
d3bfa707c12355fc8a80547d614c083517055120	The challenge forces him to meet with Sollozo and the police captain McCloskey, who is covering for him; after killing both of them in a restaurant, Michael leaves America and takes refuge in Sicily.
01bd73fa2719c464e6cfc885769f195a4c72cf08	There he is overtaken by the news that Sunny's brother has been shot.
3705bdcb0c5f9752555991703a3ccb1cc2124033	Contrary to expectations, Don Corleone, after the death of Santino, does not respond with a blow to a blow: having gathered the heads of the largest American "families", he calls on them to stop internecine strife.
78020ab7b2cfe0cb3f97937f92fe9ed41bc00362	At the same time, he takes action to legally return Michael to America.
dd17a1bf9a97eca32f48fe292583998d4ff7e79e	The funeral brings together the heads of all New York mafia associations; the leader of one of them — don Barzini offers Michael to discuss further conditions for peaceful coexistence.
3df331c5cf70ac78273250f25b2958236801dbb6	He learns that behind this proposal is the betrayal of Tessio — one of the caporegime of the Corleone family, who dreams of taking power into his own hands.
a872e2903faa7c258202e0e53b54c0369e51382f	Tessio is being killed.
b1c3a82a356d25773735a585292248b2db80f04f	Barzini, Tattaglia and a former Sicilian guard named Fabrizio, who turned out to be a traitor, are killed by bullets.
fb09da4e3e7c4a74f4b8abe7791ca386b48cefe8	With the help of the garrote, Corleone's men take the life of Carlo Rizzi, Constance's husband, who was involved in Sunny's death.
c145d99a619397737962d4012e1465aeedc09dc3	Having dealt with all those who encroach on the Godfather's empire, and ensuring the development of the family business in the West, the youngest son of Don Corleone gains a reputation as the head of the most powerful clan in the United States and receives the title "Don Michael".
77041dc7f8826289a969fa31ed86cc2b3452ab9f	Artistic features[edit / edit wiki text]
e816f2e8db8e5beb661e46b84ec76c2cd5554188	According to the journalist and writer Peter Weil, "The Godfather" is based not on "gangster flavor", but on "the sound thoroughness of a family epic", which brings Puzo's novel closer to John Galsworthy's " The Forsyte Saga "and Roger Martin du Gard's" The Thibault Family".
e5f673818599b7b9f940135025b1ed2e981773bd	In the life of Don Corleone and the members of his clan, the main thing is the family.
a2056e2e49979b946ed146ce76523f17af807343	In it, everyone has their own role and their own responsibilities; the rules have been formed for decades[3]:
870b8a47c36b7596a74e78c29b4a65b4b5567d0d	The firstborn is appointed as a successor, the youngest goes into the people, the daughter asks for consent to affection.
e751296b4ef1e803a5c9686987b1828ff5eb388f	At the head is the father, the boss, the judge, the arbiter.
ad8cac152a65ef46376013060babbd6bbec467c1	Specifically, the classic American self — made man, a "self made" emigrant who has gone from a ragged hard worker to an all powerful ruler, Vito Corleone.
7fd508e9c226c68f3d91dc3b5b67139834ca8a28	Heroes[edit / edit wiki text]
ce3c87f336d0438c39d81a85eb7ffbea3d9e6acb	Frank Costello is one of the alleged prototypes of Don Corleone
e3b411e473e4241388d121be545baba7134f4725	There is no consensus among researchers regarding a possible prototype of Don Vito Corleone.
e4a0b4359118b040ba7eabc01e2bd69027c3696c	According to the historian and international journalist Igor Geevsky, the image of the main character is collective, but there are noticeable features of some real representatives of the criminal world — in particular, we are talking about the "prime minister of the mafia" Frank Costello (they are united by the desire to expand influence by introducing "their" people into political structures), as well as Vito Genovese, who, like a romantic Godfather, after the assassination attempt decided to hand over the reins to his son[4].
8df56bf494164b7f6253bbc218314d411483f915	At the same time, Peter Weil discovers the similarity of Don Corleone with a literary character — King Lear[3].
30f17edb5edf505c01d2df07834bc57c61954e2e	Frank Sinatra
12c0c56b0b613d196077cc6478c41ff968ac6ea5	The biography of the Godfather embodies the "history of the American mafia": Vito Corleone, like the real leaders of organized crime Costello, Genovese, Lucky Luciano, began building his clan with participation in street groups; then he founded a legal business, under the cover of which large scale criminal activities were carried out; later he tried to form civilized relations between competing "families": "The time of shooting and stabbing has passed.
a88003077fa481163128b826c70351e068c72f0c	It's time to take smart, resourceful, since we are business people " [5].
1fc1f87b9134058c507c5db6182061e7255527b5	Each of Don Corleone's sons has his own qualities.
232cc26520376ad5506595cc9057f575ac30a959	The elder Santino has a hot temper, is prone to risk and does not know how to calculate the consequences of his actions.
573dd3f25a01cbaebffb079bf17410f696c69f15	The younger Michael is a model of tough determination and self control; he joins family affairs much later than Sunny and Fred, but understands better than his brothers what goals the family faces: "Sunny is the mafia's yesterday, Michael is a new type of leader"[5].
09a88af51fa3b22ce98d82ba25332d123043bd22	Don Corleone's godchildren include the popular singer and actor Johnny Fontane, who receives lucrative contracts and prestigious professional awards with the support of his family.
a5033f31ce340b3ba2f7d0bcdbe4f2dff18435db	According to some researchers, this character resembles Frank Sinatra, who was associated with a good relationship with the Chicago gangster Sam Giancana.
d7179a937f8605c5783e9ec3a474263588832314	There is a legend that when meeting Mario Puzo, Sinatra expressed dissatisfaction with the fact that some elements of his biography were reflected in the novel: the singer, who sought to maintain the image of a respectable performer, "was harmed by talk about his connections with many mafia leaders"[6].
fb0fade9e95db777d031994d0e311d16015117b9	Film adaptation[edit / edit wiki text]
6abf72fe674ecaac5d0ac193a816fafe4888bc3a	Main article: The Godfather (film)
5edaa8eeb7ab3921b1f8b427ea6f024413e1fe1a	The gangster drama "The Godfather", filmed by Coppola in 1972 based on the novel by Mario Puzo, presents, according to the critic and philosopher Pavel Kuznetsov, "the largest image of the patriarch's father"; the hero, embodied on the screen by Marlon Brando, "has sacred power and almost inhuman charisma".
84df8ff18099072f1c461591f5fd59334a196344	Don Corleone replaces American justice, protests against the development of the drug business, supports the desperate, gives wise lessons to his successors[7].
7b3aa129bf2655f6a7f7e2240921a3c07a59b481	Mario Puzo and Coppola were repeatedly accused of idealizing the mafia, but if they did it, it was probably quite intentionally: the gangster epic became an ironic paraphrase of traditional family sagas and a sarcastic commentary on the evolution of the human race in the twentieth century[7].
13d1f3114db3818c87dbe752fc38249f9999a7f6	For film critic Alexey Gusev, the evolution of the hero is important in Coppola's film: the director traced the path from a "reckless, dexterous kid" who arrived in a foreign distant country to "God the almighty", who is able to subdue the most influential officials and politicians[8].
02ff6cf79ea685e0a122c00801abe80d59abde39	The publicist of the" Independent Philological Journal " Lorenzo Chiesa writes that Coppola's message, representing the family "as a unifying and authoritarian patriarchal structure", raised certain questions from critics who believe that "the protection of these collective and at the same time limited values is conservative in itself"[9].
8593f7ed3827259b4572b989e44446f524f77f77	Содержание The content of the magazine "Znamya" for 1987.
bfa4c780841080b16fa05316a215579c04b7bca7	Ге Geevsky I.
7aea734ed16fad8bf80b9dcab9905559f15f5fa2	A. Characters and prototypes of M. Puzo's novels / / Puzo, Mario.
06dd46f5047e9457fad67dce226b7e6c66d44766	The Godfather;
24282cbb1e877d27bcb0b1ccf737ae9a28f9ae54	Sicilian.
6739b04c4af1a12ac6a469b4ed1a5e0fd4bd6ada	- M.: Politizdat, 1990.
aeb53dfeceb0b152656f08b8969d2186f8c1bb94	- p. 565 — - ISBN 5-250-01278-7.
a8a731552d04100e854d9137ea9b5520020bf5e0	↑ 1 2 3 Vail Peter Family business (Florence Machiavelli, Palermo Puzo) / / Foreign literature.
c971846dcb87d51da8bef57f05c05688017f8376	— 1997.
5536cf497c53ea2c93e9908defefd2bca5a4cc87	— № 6.
37775d18330b0957cfc9c10ac8d0542c1b44eb95	- p. 564 — - ISBN 5-250-01278-7.
9bfd0416c399a637557a57a5a58cebbd76c884c4	↑ 1 2 Geevsky I.
d328e448f7dd7675f0de3f76664c21c1fb2634aa	- P. 567 — - ISBN 5-250-01278-7.
76cead9fc896ee98b0d5be12c297307af8676c09	- p. 563 — - ISBN 5-250-01278-7.
7ff29c93966de35515ea6bb872c270d51030b40b	↑ 1 2 Kuznetsov Pavel Fathers and Sons.
dbb9f036a49e65995382ba7cf4310844dca5cb86	Background of the issue // Session.
e6f7920682b867651690cf888023f52e385f9434	— № 21/22.
41adc93fb659729c7c0a2935186910bb47d0afcc	Alexey Gusev is a guest worker.
bebb3c04e70554b9fbcac824e547127382aa4000	- No.
16a46f454a0604398e07c1d1a00129b69c99ad93	43/44.
34c45e8ed8a03ab8e40743557b0f8bcf4333d6fe	↑ Lorenzo Chiesa "Are you from NATO?": demystification of the Italian heritage in the "Soprano Clan" / / Independent Philological Journal.
1ece3aa91b1b15a8f3101e5d4edef0c5d92165b9	— 2014.
0708251f79d60ad92584691e897d93853ba78879	— № 3(127).
f864f80ec153170eb552c79fff5d6c8bf1c50cbf	Geevsky I.
39417f38d6538218822e95a8c1b8295a427ce7b5	- Moscow: Politizdat, 1990.
c6101b280a8af58a863ba8978a9a01288e5deeda	- pp.
61b68a6955b15493b91427b8c41bdc556bad6392	563-574 — - ISBN 5-250-01278-7.
3aed44611bdcf6c78c036e99b2dc0fff69c9b72a	Zasursky Ya.
6ab972879c0ee1718ccaa65ea9ac6d8a5b888c5e	N. Social diagnoses of Mario Puzo / / Znamya.
c031cc46a14e0752e8254350a87c35b4816f5aaa	- 1987.
8f0fa41097cd3b5bb56b29f946d3d965095e1007	- Vol.
b8b9f1367ad6269845f5ec54d66262066092883f	No.
ab0718022acc8b2e2e28e9b4560542d70f04c2ae	170-172.
1def47a3a6de32898c03b5f5e8dc8989a66f44b6	Works by Mario Puzo
4ae488fd3c69f6cef8381046851a1c3c3e0496b5	Novels
e1de2aa5c18cf69e62bcfa3e0aa6f4d52275ce0f	Arena of Darkness
1c541aa2633e155d225c49e755e9c34813aa9745	(1955 • * The Happy Wanderer (1965) • Davy Shaw's Summer Escape (1966) • Six Graves on the Way to Munich (1967) • The Godfather (1969) • Fools Die (1978) • The Sicilian (1984) • The Fourth Kennedy (1991) • The Last Don
59252bcc63ddd2aaff629c2a36aa1b42886d57ba	(1996 • * Omerta (2000) • Family (2002)
ef3a79a53d605c58a1bf3c1183d9901995b01ab7	Other works
d137e02d8b0835ab8dc2438ffc7c9c3ce7ef8673	The Last Christmas (1950) • Work on The Godfather and Other Confessions (1972) • Inside Las Vegas (1977)
6976d00f2b49d35b42929e9e39ce203a6ecfa247	Screenplays
63de5856276f318771ba1ec43de44bbbd29e7009	The Godfather (1972) • The Godfather 2
692dd684a8e289f3fa84e5dc6e1a556344cb2125	(1974 • * Earthquake (1974) • Superman (1978) • Superman 2 (1980) • The Godfather 3 (1990) • Christopher Columbus: The Conquest of America (1992)
e560d39415b5e698237645ab02fb687bd3d88225	The Godfather Series
b2e13c0c8b7721b4c890ed66b3b74af8827059f2	Novels The Godfather • The Sicilian • The Return of the Godfather • The Godfather's Revenge
32e8e0aa3ba1534539c3ac1ea3d6a45685129fc6	Movie trilogy The Godfather • The Godfather 2 • The Godfather 3 • The Godfather.
1a319113bc65c0fed402854ed466ef7015ba75f9	The trilogy.
fc6148cdc449b7625f5fd37fc0e5e7bb8a68a3f1	1901—1980
593dbffb1efc7e50c02cedc99995ed2dc997c40a	Video Games The Godfather (1991) • The Godfather: The Game (2006) • The Godfather II (2009)
27ec72dacab6c79aed82459714fcc5ff81baed69	The Corleone Family Vito Corleone · Michael Corleone · Santino Corleone · Fredo Corleone · Tom Hagen · Constance Corleone Rizzi · Carmela Corleone · Apollonia Vitelli Corleone · Kay Adams Corleone · Anthony Corleone · Mary Corleone · Vincenzo Mancini Corleone · Sandra Corleone
d8fba1cf92b9192c3dea59b0e9a5bb821e584816	The creators of Paramount Pictures · Mario Puzo · Francis Ford Coppola · Nino Rota
9c112ae08b177fed34a557f526f58a08e8e8e0eb	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The Godfather (novel)&oldid=82849219»
943bf4b267e6c03f0a5de5934b7d653c6ec3a20f	Categories: Literary works alphabetically by Mario Puzo Novels of 1969 Novels of the USA
f99213803185881502f42281dc6d5ef295e109c5	Hidden Categories: Pages using magic Links ISBN Wikipedia:Articles with redefinition of the value from Wikidata
2a5fe3c01bfd4dce980c7f856a3d1ca653891385	Wikicitatnik
d16fb33e0b974f024937a57c90811cdcd134b06a	العربية Azərbaycanca Belarusskaya (tarashkevitsa) Bulgarian বাংলা Čeština Deutsch English Español فارسی Suomi Français हिन्दी Magyar Հայերեն Italiano 日本語 한국어 Makedonski मराठी Nederlands Polski Português Slovenčina Srpski Slovenscina / srpski Svenska ไทย Türkçe Ukrainian O'zbekcha/Becca Tiếng Việt 中文
09d1d14ae6911ce02888e067d89f9a6a97843796	Last modified on this page: 13: 48, January 4, 2017.
a7b0ee2cc7569a9b8234f0fbed450db9dc28c60d	Home Blog Movie Reviews Bannisms Reviews Stories Weight Loss Educational Program Archive Forum
7688f15fb1e95b4e4b8fcdac065bd91c166e0c69	Subjective notes about films
8d410d4a4d046c75128e16a2cd048173869f75c8	Movies: A B C G D E W Z I Y K L M N O P R S T U F X C H W W E Y I 1-10
9e683207f65041258c32e514190fa0c08c9cdadc	Persons: A B C G D E F Z I Y K L M N O P R S T U F X C H W S E Y I
7113b1c461c55c7ee9d576c97dd20bb3f35f81f4	Crime drama "The Godfather" (The Godfather)
3620623fd110c8bd39e21b9cf70612dc5ae297f2	Directed by Francis Ford Coppola.
903c834c1c3bcef927a1ae123191a07e719c0a08	Starring Marlon Brando, Al Pacino, James Caan, Robert Duvall, Diane Keaton.
ae6000477d04a8f96e890f7fa3f736eef564034c	USA. 1972. 175 min.
40ff2bbfae095bb71da206c6a82b1a10713ab2d5	"Listen, this traffic police - he does not respect himself at all!"
7b86d103ad4cbab1758a11dbbcbd242b1853e04f	Mimino
9e86d011b0c9fd214e703006acd8f6884723d1e3	"Damn it, the FBI doesnot respect anyone!"
17deb56fa08fa7d6206c81e80e7e36327879ddba	Sonny
b53a2d273281fd6baffe6ddd9350d60a116f43f3	"It's nothing personal, Sonny.
ad7047fb04854100f3ad19ca7a00a0ae6eb72498	It's just business."
f8c38b2167c0ab6d7c720e47c2139428d77d8b6a	Michael
b7c0665abf6a019eba31d824f8b60416d916fa46	"I will make him an offer that he cannot refuse."
5ae095a6bdf5264d9d03b01d052b06cba2ff935c	The catchphrase of Don Vito Corleone
96dc35bcf9ad9d420cb1e891fbe6696aab2bd18e	"Don Corleone!
d5c567cfe6c37d03292c193b17ca60273f24507e	I am flattered by the honor you have given me and I am happy that you have invited me to your daughter's wedding... on your daughter's wedding day.
2fd71dacc159d4e036e7bb9ea4d38f7ee4ee652a	And I hope that their first child will be male.
2a40a2483a697c532254f47f4a41927a5e0bfc4a	I assure you of my deep respect."
b4391b6fc859c78ec9b11aac765192dc2d7e2c54	Luca Brasi's oratorical masterpiece
b382af2dcc6eb3ee5cec030127e61827ccdcbc08	Probably everyone knows the phrase about "your daughter's wedding".
c8061c380f4547e95962adcd69f334e44fd3e9f4	It is impossible to count how many times during the wedding ceremonies, one of the guests got up and pronounced it, addressing the father of the bride, while the guests were having a lot of fun, because it's really funny.
599a239327c30e4550e6d7f9a10401d0e12e4117	It is also impossible to count how many times Michael's catchphrase was pronounced in completely different languages in different parts of the world: "Nothing personal, Sonny.
4aca612b3381e243ec0131ecb52c2a0e60b7664c	It's just business"...
94194e6b15d6aabdbae1f63abae8549909d773f8	And this is not surprising.
bf2f24b1019dbb5b8328926dfabfd88c88736007	"The Godfather" is one of the best, if not the best, films of the twentieth century.
587eac41c15f78f8a5d6e08052680e5564103838	On the international Internet movie database (IMDB), "The Godfather" is in the first place in the list of the best films of all time.
75f1a928dc6a3c9db57495976de507ddf65c3bb0	Almost one hundred thousand people voted for him...
759b283bca1483bb57b76a69e00b0ee1aa1eee70	Nevertheless, this question is still open, and in this article we will try to figure out what is there and how.
c154800febb63cfc8a675f5410ac9edfa79a259e	But first according to tradition just a little bit about the plot...
b4f1da5d1949d383c3e82f61aea39d51fd8e908f	"This type of business can bring a lot of money, so they need to be engaged: invest money, bribe the police and judges to eventually lead the drug trade," these people said.
0ac3bb658ed423119e39d31412f95d59877df1d2	But to get involved with drugs no, this is not for Don Vito.
ab311056230e1a22e70fdce6158c88b3495c8d80	Don Vito should not have refused to support the drug trade.
6929115293b729d313fb6053081272bcc8b5e971	Moreover, the war began with the fact that Don Corleone himself was shot.
ba301d883768ce211f72e5919049f08b431f4974	He was seriously injured and spent a long time in the hospital.
a69786fc0070247418a0629485e643462ac97ee7	All the power in the" family " during the absence of Don Vito passed to his eldest son Sonny (James Caan).
b44981c104ddf0125ada0505f8e4f6085b8dd2a4	However, Sonny - with his explosive Italian temperament, genuine fearlessness and the assertiveness of a young bull was an excellent warrior, but a poor strategist.
52a738c57d596cbcf8eb577878aea52cc6508b58	Where it was necessary to act with cunning, Sonny preferred to go ahead.
91f2e5f55383f03873b78617bbc3b278eab00ceb	Therefore, the situation of the Corleone family was getting worse and worse.
15c3f10ad8fd13e0430f5ad32d4349f2ea0d577b	His father tried not to tell him much about the family's affairs, and Michael first studied, and then, against his father's will, went to war, to fight for America.
b8e32dbf978f2597891597a661b77a276ecfeaae	After returning, Michael began to live separately from his family and was going to marry an American Kay (Diane Keaton), when suddenly his father's injury radically changed his whole life.
3e998bc7cd462020393f9742467a1a98ca0ce1dc	Michael realized that at this difficult time for the family, he could not stay away.
2534d91bddbc392b4ccd14380ec1cd3e29e020d3	And since Michael, by his nature, could not limit himself to the role of a passive participant in hostilities, he took on the burden of solving the most difficult issues… As a result, Michael was not only forced to leave America for Italy for a long time, but later, when he was able to return back, after his father's death, he had to prove to the rest of the "family" that he could be don instead of Vito Corleone.
5fb316442508010be4a7663eb847337ec4f9cf8f	That he, a very young man, has both wisdom, foresight, and an iron will.
4378551350078720549ae533dbd0edaccf217d4f	But it was very, very difficult to prove it.
5c1067cb2d1dfcc942f2b2e20c73947d9725c639	For this, Michael had to go to war on several very influential members of the so called "five "families of" New York"...
4bf61aba09840193724eeae54c0374e2b9145066	We immediately answer the main reproach that the opponents presented to Mario Puzo and Francis Ford Coppola: does the film serve to "romanticize" gangster "families"?
4cb591b1126e81d666dac923ebe9fbe255ea6866	No, it does not.
cf0d6ec044fc4045e021453cf1948b96f6cd0f5e	There is no romanticization there at all.
7932f427fa325dba466370f8a2093cda7e32a364	Puzo and Coppola do not admire Don Vito, Michael and people of this kind at all.
7913f78e786fda3194e4a5c7210c8d7cac1a0383	They are investigating them.
9bde7679fee01cd4e80c2bd265ae5f3700890519	They are trying to understand and show how and why Vito Corleone became the godfather.
5943b8f6432f051cf198d77df4cdafebd9061d46	They demonstrate how Michael a clever Michael, a man who has always had a certain dislike for his father's business under the influence of quite positive human qualities, stands up for his father and family and how he later turns into a real monster a criminal and a murderer.
3ac5355e1bdc0c48720b01c2d0836038570d6d95	And these methods for solving such problems were so effective that the Italians (more precisely, the Sicilians) actually became the head of almost the entire criminal business.
8cc821c7b635553cdd4a7b29bfa3f5cea0733be4	"The Godfather", in my opinion, is most good for the characters: very bright, vital and ambiguous.
1c155189beeb45b4e92d1c58b33e2e57e0a52371	In the first place, of course, Don Vito and Michael - the brilliant works of Marlon Brando and Al Pacino.
794d58a40647e3f0d4a0292c6aed515643b6eca1	Don Vito is not a killer monster at all.
e3ed09a0159edffe87ba1db324eee4bc2a11e6ac	This is a person with a powerful mind, excellent strategic talents and clear principles.
e91e6cdf9bf873a90085e9cb8437401488f79822	Well, yes, exactly the principles.
a16810a81bfe00cf33652fa85446f9d66989203c	One part of these principles is deeply respected, but the other is only a sardonic smile.
630618f2c8b0966f968df8827683c13803379ebd	For example, the constant hypocritical desire of Don Corleone to make (exactly make) everyone consider him their "friend".
cfe3e1f616519bc35b0850807079fa9995f9c95d	They say that Don Corleone helps everyone completely selflessly, without demanding anything in return - well, except for respect.
2ee4e60d310c25e0bb54bd169dc2a394f565b184	Nevertheless, when the time comes and Don Vito needs the services of this "friend", he will not be able to refuse.
0f1cba2f09877520e09e11fbfff4e00e429c2fd7	Don Corleone's numerous personal connections were largely based on this system of" friendship "- connections thanks to which he became one of the most powerful mafia"dons".
c38b1b932571369e5caa92ff38018d2f98f5410e	If a person refused to become a" friend " of Don Vito, he became his enemy.
1a46d5a0de50cab6f88afc32ec7dd365cc19983a	"Whoever is not with us is against us" - this principle worked completely ironically...
37bf0dbca629e8dddbcfc0a714f62320c889c786	Interestingly, despite the fact that Coppola saw Marlon Brando in the role of Don Vito, the producers and the management of Paramount actively objected to this candidacy.
ab379d20c36c358b78f7e8df2554884824bc858b	Negotiations for the role of Don Vito were conducted with Laurence Olivier, Edward Robinson, Orson Welles and George Scott.
eb35f1bdf0830b02e3466034f12875e29ed5d655	But Coppola was so actively insisting on Marlon that he himself was almost removed from the directors of the picture.
6e0a746027d4ae72b24154efafeccdc18b8557d3	However, Francis still managed to persuade the head of Paramount, Stanley Jaffe, as a result of which we got exactly the Don Corleone we know today.
26e93af2bf73ef192cf71d99a17c581e1f49451d	But this family was quite peculiar, and yet the family defeated Michael, although he initially tried to do everything to prevent this from happening.
634fc84ae1c3e35fcc09716f37edb8f1d092691b	"Today I solve all my family affairs"... this phrase still gives me goosebumps, although I hear it once in the twentieth time.
bf73b89ecb92f97990ad2e3a24b07893799001f2	I also very often review the scene when Michael is introduced to Apollonia's father for the first time in Sicily.
f5d0759b6f036c68e9d82402d370fc6dd4f646c1	With what dignity he does it and how majestic he looks at the same time in his rather young years...
9e1123ab672350e5aba7c87660ade2b556ecfe0b	By the way, Michael could not have been played by Al Pacino at all.
e63fdcb0841c4e36bd484ad4d4e132dd35aec08c	The role of Michael was invited by Warren Batey (this sugary handsome would kill the whole movie), Jack Nicholson, Robert Redford and Dustin Hoffman.
686d67b5a23cf4ef9529455dbdfd1fc810464a69	They all refused.
6e6dd6f4bb12eee54db20b623535ffc16dbb4174	Martin Sheen was offered the role of Michael, and he even auditioned for it.
2a6a868c197659bb811ef701ebfe44f499fa7d64	At one time, James Caan was also tried on for this role, but he eventually got the role of Sonny.
b409a2e8ce7db25440a2c5568bd03d994ee5885a	But Al Pacino during the filming of "The Godfather" was supposed to play the main role in another film - "Beat the drum Slowly", but Coppola pressed some buttons, and Pacino was released from this picture, giving the main role to Robert De Niro, who, by the way, also tried on the roles of Sonny and Michael.
a82e38275f00574c327757d5af94c65cd149b751	But Coppola decided that De Niro was not suitable for the role of Sonny, and Al Pacino would play Michael.
bf191aac940743bb82af7e6f50b50719be33ba54	But De Niro got the role of a young Don Vito in the second "Godfather", and he won an Oscar for it.
cb9c19c99eda3d5a71f54cc8d683060a1dcc5f78	At the" Godfathers "many actors received "Oscars".
4375a1e055087a3ea9d4ecb254b7bb3aafd92f2f	Almost all.
fcb01c2eb72743531bccebe054a728bedaa7498a	Except for Al Pacino.
d8dfce8d4a0a3f323491be946756205fdcf93898	Incredibly, this is a fact...
344aa4e0e8a09ba3a5ff63fb1a8a57c11deaabdb	The same Francis Ford Coppola insisted on the indispensable participation of Al Pacino.
f8c5fc6a5d3148cdf3096cc5983af427880efd39	However, unlike, for example, the names of Robert De Niro, Robert Redford and Jack Nicholson, the name of Al Pacino was not known at all at that time ("The Godfather" just lifted this magnificent actor to the top of the Hollywood Olympus), so the studio management and producers strongly objected to his participation.
61becfa1043bebdbdf6bd072723a0eab7be7c3be	But Coppola insisted - and managed to insist on his own, just as in the case of Marlon Brando.
8222e32d15935405fb8d1c9d553912a48e723c97	Practice has shown that Coppola is not mistaken...
0d29c40eb07634abc8240f099aec7f49f6b0314b	We can also talk about the other roles for a very long time, because they are almost all very bright and memorable (especially Sonny played by James Caan and Tom Hagan played by Robert Duvall).
1c9237fc130afa81ed9f80a4e0cea349db24f0d7	But I think that this does not make much sense, because in such cases, the saying always clearly works that it is better to see once than to read long and tedious verbal descriptions.
918a6babc119a1c8240b993f4011515ec45679c3	Also, I will not talk about the great music of Nino Rota, a composer who wrote music for Fellini films, which has long become a classic.
e3faed086e35e1ef5af3a579d9c768c4a38c8187	I havenot said much about directing, but "The Godfather" is a Coppola film!
e0c25ee55ff7f6c585149f4860efea519f2f96d1	He is the creator of this masterpiece, he insisted on the candidates of actors, largely thanks to him, the acting works turned out so great...
b6633bbf5b1a02d838bb7fa84da799fbd3ced630	By the way, few people know, but he could have become the director of the Godfather...
81894bffa63f5db9f4f4014c1bd7a34664f65cbc	Sergio Leone.
08cd54a4ff2432b80905699fae6b05f2ca100af8	The management of Paramount offered him to take up this project, but Leone refused, because he was hatching plans to shoot another film about the mafia (of course, we are talking about "Once upon a Time in America").
1cca70e7e0043d6ecff9f5478a3fd2ed9b26a885	The audience only benefited from this, having received two great films, but Leone, they say, later regretted his refusal for a long time...
99a343195702b3cf94466a10d443265fd2ebe2bd	Finally, let's talk a little about the prototypes of the characters of the novel and the film...
1e618eaf090cee3eb4225e6c69ae826c2625ae8a	In some articles I had to meet the idea that the prototype of Vito Corleone was the most famous mafia boss Vito Genovese.
1694ef1a12a0b60210355d207444fe6006607372	However, apart from the name, the literary hero has nothing in common with this character.
c880c7c5392d5d8e53b9338f9d9570e3c0c3d4bd	But with Joe Bonanno - the head of one of the five "families" of New York - the book Vito Corleone has quite a lot in common, and it seems that Bonanno was one of the prototypes.
6fbc197dadde33a5708896ce7a2bee4b57cab515	Just like Joe Bonanno's son Bill Bonanno has quite a lot in common with the character of Michael Corleone.
ca57efc669d069c5f7540c9813810c65574b2aa7	However, in reality, of course, everything was very different from in the book , judging by the nonfiction literature about those times and the book by the same Bill Bonanno...
48b825238bc731fb9285f5e479ff20a910e1f583	I will summarize.
81ff5b016eb77b362c9af2a2ac482ef2c8466fe5	This is really one of the best films of the twentieth century.
39491325f3a9d7a8a72caea6c0c43c55fd9816cc	It is simply necessary to watch it, because it is already a classic from the classics and, unlike many other old films, it still looks just great.
ab07fd3acffc48fa6a73b8ecbbfca53e3b3404f8	You can know it by heart, but you will still want to put a CD and watch a few favorite episodes or just re watch the movie from the beginning to the end.
bc29db79c90bb5111b8d8a9518f6f03da81bfb8c	He is quite worthy of it.
42682c0cef7e29104cf2fb7a57155baed6c873a6	P.S.
debda806662718f7e93817e19920a07d07b1782f	And the last "by the way" ...
cccd94b7ed0571edc77448ccdf28d5f163b91e47	Actor Lenny Montana, who plays Luca Brasi, was so embarrassed when rehearsing the scene of the meeting with Marlon Brando that the words stuck in his throat, and all these stutters and stutters of Luca were happening for real, and were not at all planned.
a5c1b5a2b914200a700882bbce0ef65eaff48758	But Coppola liked how this scene looked, so he included it in the film and only finished the scene of Luca's rehearsal of his "speech" in front of Don Corleone...
9c2b1dfa21b7986b8633a088a09e11e9dcd95dd4	Ratings on a five point scale
8c520bb472ebeb78af69e21e75630100145102d4	Entertainment
6cee031dd00f92c9e9331d066f7a21d317c6c94e	Acting game
736f5c74d6f73e663509f993e1cf03581048290c	Director's work
aa62d5e49cd5f2603c969883cb0aab4162c83ece	The script
621d94176ecb473d8ac3fa48336574801f106725	Briefly about the film
54c9d2165146f9bad6d18ce2a97344af52fc0903	Do I need to watch
ed2912274fb019ea17c7c748a54b199790efed82	5+
32c2ea892d8838c79bb0f1fddb6499aec9ce43bd	a masterpiece for all time
d8e5f74e88a87777ecb2bfc883cc575aef96825e	necessarily
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a9fc97b226591bdee49446fe718ef2fe56e1ca02	[ comments (7) ] Publication date: 15.04.2004
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0d00482b35d45ed0e039e919d57c25ef1f6440e2	In the footsteps of the "Godfather" - the Sicilian mafia in film and in life
01be07a5c932900f2688c80aeae85ad512c2864d	Published on 25.08.2013 by mariam —
f28da968e5fb18f267bf22b35bc18e2f0d7e6059	3 comments ↓
79b8336e47dcc77cc8282161b63c709b89eb89fe	Naturally, being in Sicily, we wanted to visit the places where the episodes from the film "The Godfather"were filmed.
8f65cecad6108d983f4b27643ee23f1b179aefe1	Bar "Vitelli" - here Michael meets the father of his future wife Episodes of the film The Godfather were filmed in two neighboring villages: Forza d'Agrò (Forza d'Agrò) and Savoca.
1ca6b2264a42ad5798a2f8058d6f6566b86a3936	These are very picturesque and pretty Sicilian villages.
910b3c6bc788bfd632b8352cb43edd9561e01c62	Church of Forza d'Agro Michael Carleone's first wife lived in Savoca, and their wedding took place there (according to the script).
08f46d3143cdcdb9ce2c2705938ccbcd4a976144	It is curious that the ancestors of Al Pacino were originally from the city of Corleone.
57c67dd17ab5cc2e661c70ddc6145d0cb5804c31	Our route to Sicily on the map
11e84e88d2c14d136ab2e31701476cf446c4084f	A little bit from the true history of the Sicilian mafia.
625ee7985e9b370a52108e4c712c7ec3696b0bc6	The Mafia, contrary to popular belief, was born not so long ago. After the unification of Italy, the new Italian government did not reach its southern part and the mafia appeared there in a power vacuum.
f94e676904f7fc53dc9a236802f1ae48d4215c6e	Initially, the mafia protected the production of citrus fruits.
1e86f4b9532ce31ebd6244bcef4784a9f5284052	She was so firmly entrenched on the island that she was invincible for a century, despite the fact that there were brave people who resisted her.
b3108d9d9317c58da5332144607304a0606691f6	Another common myth that Italians are cowardly does not correspond to reality.
ef24fafb1fb19600664c997af96af4395df592ae	The events described in the TV series "Octopus" are quite real.
a02b9a9ec8b80b124eed9171a6d5998d3d2cb325	After all, the mafia was eventually defeated by two lawyers.
5c07771a37d089edd51e85b364f66ea1ccf14f87	Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borcelino — two of the most famous fighters against the mafia It is interesting, but the case helped to defeat the mafia (something similar happens in part 4 of the film "Octopus").
cb3bcff273215f0cc2bf186424316f8e20e2d102	At the end of the XX century, two mafia clans were at war with each other.
4f07753892049498deb7fdc1cc5b6087e11f424f	The Corleone clan was quite successful in eliminating their opponents.
c522068f05605b9d7528c96408635967d3021323	Among the victims of this massacre were two sons, a brother, a nephew, a brother in law and a son in law of a fairly influential "man of honor" Tommaso Buscetta.
eadfc60896ae63e15beaad9a3dffee91349fab13	Bouchette was arrested in Brazil.
e9727f25e32f56e7ba6f2da0a3b68a5d5be98068	After an unsuccessful suicide, Buscetta decided to repent and began cooperating with the authorities.
49d9ee766e1d2f37e8331c7a1b8c470248d7aa4f	He only agreed to confess to Giovanni Falcone (this is an Italian judge who fought against the mafia for many years) .
54700f09be51d726492e3764b65faa2a7c695a9d	Buscetta provided Falcone with inside information about the mafia.
db7f7e463dc05d4c4e95c8f10b8c9f8ed17e16f2	"For us," Falcone said, " he was like a professor of linguistics, sending his students to Turkey and forbidding the use of sign language."
e3948caec1189d0ca75bc38f1503a66c1fe3f239	Together with his colleague Paolo Borsellino, Falcone methodically checked the confessions of the mafia and collected 8,607 pages of documents – the basis of the legendary "maxi trial", which took place in a specially built armored courtroom in Palermo.
c5c8cd44be4793b2a4e23381d18a811dcce42836	The explosion on July 19, 1992, in which Paolo Borselino died on December 16, 1987, after twenty two months of court hearings, the judge announced the convictions of 342 mafiosi and sentenced them to a total of 2665 years in prison.
99a44490fc24032b6efdec1cdd33c35c40b8afa2	Contrary to the hopes and hopes of Cosa Nostra, the Court of Cassation – the Supreme Court of Italy upheld the original sentences.
0b98a3bc733ed22d45f90398df0e05d913a5c373	It was the most crushing defeat that the Sicilian mafia has ever suffered.
cc9b54ca15066bc01f9173762837d0dec86655f9	In response, the Corleonians sent "death squads" to hunt for investigators.
6661838ea5bf869b01f737172d2391a8dba0dbbd	Falcone died a few months after the verdict was announced.
12f799975b3a312d22523f44fec9947856770440	Less than two months later, Italy again experienced a shock – Paolo Borsellino and five colleagues accompanying him were killed in a car explosion at the house of the investigator's mother.
c04071c624411b30e68de8ab19bea0687e3668a6	The TV series "Octopus" was filmed just during these events: the trial of the mafia took place in the period from 1987 to 1992.
1366957aec7a5fce5547d85443328fb2bc721147	The first episode of the film "Octopus" was released in 1984, the fourth film, where Cattani dies, in 1989.
d23ddc83549ff41c9c37991aa1ccee68e57e4450	The tragic deaths of Falcone and Borsellino had consequences that are still felt today.
8f604db3ec271f09afcf6e06ed5028c43ddebb09	First of all, their death was a confirmation of the defeat suffered by the mafia.
53cc5d2b1275ec91bc6767af31db8b0704059465	when writing the article, materials from the book were used: John Dickey.
0cfb43399556b894e2ba5d5b33f4f60e2a53f21a	Cosa Nostra the history of the Sicilian Mafia
50b734e6c5fd39d0cdd450163315090dd2e9cc15	Michael Corleone's wedding procession took place here
597b694840158634978cba1f47ff65d88a400be0	Further in Sicily: Caltagirone the ceramic center of Sicily
956a5794809d293461b2feeb1340f102c72ee527	Reichenbach Falls the place where Sherlock Holmes was supposed to die A brief history of Sicily Lake Garda area The Taming of the Shrew was filmed here Alcantara river and gorge in Sicily nature reserve in volcanic shores Travel by rented car Taormina Sicily
c8c27532367223cb86144027a9a4e71c4bd4546c	This entry was posted in Sicily and marked as where movies, customs and everyday life were filmed by mariam (permanent link).
e4ed7f96515dbdbe5f5d0ecace105efe68e6c3ec	Comments:
5e5948b479d3826b8c81c0a73a3a8a6dfcf5966c	VKontakte (X)
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8dd5a967a4d5de894133c3944417a74328f73386	3 thoughts on "In the Footsteps of the Godfather — the Sicilian Mafia in Film and in Life"
245d1cd939d98b5809e69ebd30d1ebd9b5a2f35a	Gartner in 05.03.2015 to 9:29 dp said :
9b56d519ccd9e1e5b2a725e186184cdc68de0731	Hello.
83e37f8793d44a3ba25925415fad7f91684e5da7	And this lake is by chance not the same as in the movie Octopus, where the house of Filippo Razi and his daughter Esther stood.
3d2702e6b76ce3cc270a9428827b776558087408	Can you tell me where this place is located?
97cba4858411c435e526dd651157aac20178222c	Thanks
0c50a55daedd2a180221c124601c0889ffa145fc	Reply ↓
b9afee604e40c6e7279734b7be9e2f488e4c29d2	mariam in 06.03.2015 by 8:28 pm said :
25cac237ed0818bdc93cc219e16203a57fed6f94	If my memory does not change, then the action of octopus 4 begins in Milan.
0e038c452c5aa971ba8c7264719c273dcfe9fb72	Apparently that lake is also in the north.
bbdbbb4862bf47cdb2941b1ffd67a719d77be167	And here only the views of Sicily, the view of the sea from the village of Forza
b045177cbd86193bda57eff729ca09174fa4ea79	d'agro
ca5148cef8605c4baf1cb0863cb0770fda7e1c57	Amadina on 08.05.2015 by 12:08 pm said :
908b529238b89f000dbd4be33c99df90dcffc23a	I canot guarantee for sure, but in my opinion, this is not a lake, but the Strait of Messina, separating Sicily and Calabria, which is located on the tip of an Italian boot.
654c9ba10999db84c1115a4530fbfdb2c07511d2	Such ferries open from the very villages of Savoca and Forza D'Agro, where many scenes from the film were filmed.
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acf73a6d3964ecc78eb0c119c5f5262a54bfa090	"The Godfather": Amazing and incredible coincidences when creating a cult tape
32b35887402400ac8439d5e4b354bf0c3d5be6ed	07.04.2015 19:54:00
544a9342bb3fa9644187d9eca13aaf1a54d734c6	Today, April 7, 2015 marks the 76th anniversary of director and screenwriter Francis Ford Coppola.
5909e4e37277d64a7f5643e1e04e1e5627c2b025	This is a great opportunity to remember what amazing coincidences preceded the creation of the legendary film saga "The Godfather", what the shooting in the film gave to the performers of the main roles and how they influenced their future careers (many of the actors were not stars at that time) and what followed the release of the tape.
7612fc86e3a03c204d9cf4d6114435602cb654f4	One Sunday afternoon, resting at home in San Francisco, director and screenwriter Francis Ford Coppola was reading the New York Times.
0ec8701c1a2bd5327fb3e43089cb9c42b79c0043	An advertisement for a book by Mario Puzo caught my eye.
67c9ad91f77c58158bc7f78ec33504ca734c55f5	Deciding that this was the intellectual work of a new Italian author, he cut out the note to make inquiries later.
d1d65fab8ff0a79d95d353701b8820e5d6c27d9c	Suddenly, his friend Peter Bart looked in on him along with producer Al Ruddy, a stranger before.
b7c12dcb547da4bf8b3b9c419a7b399813fe19c7	In the conversation, Peter shared his impression of Mario Puzo's book "The Godfather".
23958f5a7dd126e7e835b5a781589db6af366867	"Wow," Coppola exclaimed, " I just saw her advertisement."
001cdc4d12cea64da8c9aae1f13ab5e7c3468fed	At that moment, the phone rang.
b5f4c1c9a313285c2f4e2499418ff6057515c76e	The caller was Marlon Brando, who had to give his opinion about the script of "The Conversation", written with him in mind (and subsequently received the main prize at the Cannes Film Festival in 1974).
146f754b6ef3845499dc734fde974c4aa032a54e	All the events happened almost simultaneously!
176bd76f656d79b985eb377dbe244f9dfd167809	And just a few months later, the Paramount studio, having paid two million dollars for the film adaptation right, entrusted the shooting of the Godfather to 32 year old director Francis Ford Coppola.
0e9f256a9b611c3f3bc8869e0b738b1e715f02a3	Al Rudy was appointed producer, and Marlon Brando got the main role in the film.
33972d51bc341396ba38e53a0f7b9dd168a54668	"It still seems strange to me how it all came together that day at my house," Coppola recalls.
202a3ec695191e22574f9e868032f00b3169e5c8	Francis Ford Coppola was born on April 7, 1939 in Detroit (Michigan) in a family of Italian Americans.
533333c4cb7e809a2dcaedb9a1416fb0070bd6aa	His father was a musician, and therefore they often moved from city to city.
ff1c7849f1ae5824cbac2b31665878c4c82c5a0f	Before entering college, Francis changed 25 schools, each of which he later remembered as a short film.
ed18067f5470d508c9dfda162e47bd8d729612c1	"There were five of us in the family.
208e640fc2aa6716e8a258a14a2028cb2314a544	My mother was extremely pretty, and my father was a very handsome man with a brilliant profession;
38fe2a93efd27e8182b97e41e699553da3f5fc94	I remember he wore a tuxedo.
12c6759d176c926d88a74fe650c059dfe9197298	We were brought up in the belief that Italians are carriers of great culture," says Coppola.
b54c7375a95f514676f01d2f84af8868e91bff09	At the age of nine, he wrote a note to his mother: "Dear Mom, I want to be rich and famous.
fecf220f4ee0be859e9ded00ed5a03d8d63256a9	I'm so unhappy.
23238f0103ce5ae372e11310f7bc23b3b660d5be	I donot believe that this will happen."
21b6137b68747ea4657c07e8b0558f0180740eb5	He watched TV, listened to the radio and thus created for himself a kind of pseudo real world, in which a significant role was assigned to technology.
57b5e0482ac77b2d38405eeafbe350e0ba9b2900	At the age of 16, Coppola became interested in theater.
cb11c5e8d47bd832854a7b4d7018b2ba21ddfc1c	At the same time, he watched the Soviet film "October", and under the impression of what he saw, he began to study Eisenstein.
96cce021071524811919a84ec5599526854c7720	"And, you know, for several years he was my godfather.
431bb2e0a7ee035116bbe77bc153e63dd8d3b010	I got the necessary knowledge for a director from Sergei Eisenstein, and my directing career was built on this."
113d981bcfd1d1de7d6ef823edef227c0352eb6d	After graduating from Hofstra College, and then from the film school of the University of California at Los Angeles, he first appeared in the film credits as a sound engineer for Roger Corman, who in 1962 became the producer of Coppola's first feature film with a budget of 40 thousand dollars.
c961464d71e1448a537e7a9003d75641fe1c7838	It was called "Madness 13".
1a508df6a71fcc6fae48443466632fd4d0527258	During the next seven years Coppola wrote the script, and then revisits the directing, taking off the musical Comedy "You're a big boy" (1966), "Rainbow Finian" (1968), and won the audience success of the film "the rain People" (1969).
a858afa3d76ed45f679eb95ca23d982f84022b18	"It was a very difficult time for me, - says the Director, - no one in that period did not offer me a job.
019bc7754882d123bbf600963543c9a1aa0a6aeb	It was then that I made the "Godfather" - solely in order to earn a living."
d033c872998ccc67ce6fac17aeeef23c51318fa2	The Paramount company, which offered Coppola the production of the film, relied, firstly, on his Italian origin, secondly, on the ability to use inexpensive methods of film production, and of course, on literary abilities, given his experience as a screenwriter.
54f7dbbe502cc6e618e8b6a1dc7402ec0bf80ab5	Mario Puzo once admitted that he constructed his novel based on an analysis of the fundamental properties of a bestseller, and the success of the book was caused by calculation rather than inspiration.
2f431e6fdb0174b6f2c58e37fbfd409d7823a742	The talented screenwriter Coppola, having seriously reworked the original source and removed many potentially spectacular moments from it, introduced the key theme of family for Americans into the usual genre of a gangster film.
1bd84429a7e87e6fb4bd11395c29322bfe465825	The result stunned everyone, including the author of the book and the producers (even despite the fact that the budget of the picture increased during the filming from one to five million dollars).
5ea03715c6b43f11decb6f842c4f76852f05bbb9	Significantly surpassing " Gone with the Wind "and" The Sound of Music " - the commercial leaders of the rental," The Godfather " collected $ 86 million, thereby opening a new era in American cinema – the era of films with a large investment of capital, bringing unthinkable profits – blockbusters.
88e0821d7c5b6e2ed81b75b0694828bcc68b71cc	The success of the film exceeded all expectations.
31251640957839432a02d9e4167241d46858ef9c	Immediately after its release on the screen ,in1972, "The Godfather" won the Academy Award for best film of the year, for best screenplay and for best Actor (Marlon Brando).
a6a214646a21c54ca1397c71d45d32dbf8adef9e	Marlon Brando was born on April 3, 1924 in Omaha (Nebraska).
90b5bca3b95ccf6eb6da3671adede2cd7380d09c	His father was a traveling salesman, his mother was a theater actress who left the stage because of her addiction to alcohol.
1ecb6b122913da4daf2bb43bb09a0aefcd4ec562	At the age of 16, his parents sent his son to a Military academy in Minnesota, which he called a "military madhouse".
dd77fb1de1cad68fd5647b3947fa60e9b8587a54	In the spring of 1943, Brando moved to his sister in New York, where he worked as a waiter in a cafe, an elevator operator in a department store, until he entered the Acting Studio, which was directed by director Erwin Piscator.
015f5e56f0fcec8a7aea4e4322e4c591e1efa2f7	But he didnot last long there.
014d2198a1fc901d85ae30582cf164b89a759cf2	Piscator, calling Brando "completely wild and out of control," pointed him to the door.
4f883a9c3c80ea1bd3cf21153c90d52f27d534d1	Marlon tried himself on Broadway.
5a1c639e0ce52cb3098d23651f04d1019c8dabdf	He made his debut in the play "I love my mother", and was noted by the audience, and after the successful performance of the role in the play "Tram" Desire", critics broke out with enthusiastic reviews, predicting a great future for the young actor.
05aad79041c075eedbdc5f1ab8e4ad3b0f5b19f3	"He created not only a role model, but also a completely new style of acting," director Bobby Lewis said at the time , " Since then everyone has wanted to play like Brando."
683435c1a106995dabb54291a30f7be98a9a37e1	Many immediately began to identify him with the role of a rude and insensitive boor - so organically the actor merged with the role.
8b54c6b8cffd6b7ead85ca97f1d8554d7a37bdb4	In fact, Brando hated his hero, like the author – Tennessee Williams.
2f7a08121e679be409d3737a8fd5b9fa1d9c0d92	He was shy and sensitive in those years, and he was disgusted by the false image of him imposed by criticism.
6212d62be2d782f1b1aa29580b6a6bee373d2387	A year later, the same director invited Brando to play the main role in the film "Long live Zapata!", after which offers to shoot literally fell one after another.
e9f81df2e51493ab53515e19df7c00e375623b54	Marlon starred in the film L. Benedek "The Savage" (1953), D. Mankievich "Julius Caesar" (1953), E. Kazan "In the port" (1954), for which he received his first Oscar, becoming the youngest winner...
472b51261ce97f379b7c5eb52b612b12160a8d1c	And in my personal life, too.
8e88135247009e0b123ece570c6020a240fd0353	Marlon Brando was attracted to women with exotic looks.
1b7809d0a6c41c0a964f76ce756b48025999cf6f	His first wife was an Iranian, his second was a Tahitian, and his third was a Guatemalan.
75444fc322d2450cdefe653bbe621d714235de78	He has nine legitimate children, and, they say, six more, whom he does not want to recognize.
22dcaad7dfd3f4c8b013871992426873b8206f93	"I have loved a lot in my life.
b2d447da96f28489e0af669a6fc7592f8fca5a10	It doesnot matter that the relationship always ended in nothing.
cc22f17c1a93a52f55c8d83dbb35dd635a463289	I always considered love to be an inevitable good or an inevitable evil"…
2cc23d1dfedc41bb3489287e583d1f17ac0b511f	After "The Godfather", Brando brilliantly played with Bernardo Bertolucci in the film "Last Tango in Paris "(1972), with A. Penn in" The Bends of the Missouri "(1976), and again with Coppola in" Apocalypse Now "(1979), a picture that received the Palme d'Or at Cannes.
7c9319af598f0b38d5520e26aa255473be3ab43c	By the way, "Apocalypse Now" was filmed with the funds received from the rental of "The Godfather".
9cf66c4a1ba82a926e28831b8ee95eb04d6902d0	"The producers didnot like my choice of actors, they didnot like a lot of things," recalls Francis Ford Coppola.
ccd34a0230973224bf3ef8dc93450d2cd1269777	Al Pacino managed to uncover a terrible metamorphosis that occurred with an educated, kind and honest young man who became a cruel and cold blooded killer, who, according to his own understanding, manages the destinies of others.
896cc8be1f29b87c600a0fef9d74490977ad8ca1	Al (Alfred)
3438f2f54dad1f5dab0eb2a3fe896a43e439b3fc	Pacino was born on April 25, 1940 in New York.
da426460f163aa15d36a8fe6a4260b9bd2896e1c	His father, a bricklayer by profession, left the family when the boy was barely two years old.
f081827359c2a7abe8234cc8f72b85c13c911fcb	He was brought up by his grandmother, as his mother was afraid of losing her job.
4e05f7c848e4ef3097ec77048029f4158fcf7351	At the age of six, Pacino already dreamed of becoming an actor.
a30dc6208b0ce86638fc4022713076fce40ec89a	He was not allowed to walk alone on the street, and in order not to be bored, he acted out scenes that he had seen in the movies in front of the mirror.
b2590205e0fd339a900668c36e3a23ad6a8302a1	In the early 60s, he played with a group of friends in a cafe in Greenwich Village, and then walked around the audience with a hat.
d47658601023b47441ff9682a6701196a6a75303	His mother did not approve of this choice, and died when Al Pacino was 22 years old, without blessing him.
041c7f05f98a95f3247ce8851b9777cea9ff2b2c	He entered the Acting Studio of Lee Strasberg, but did not study for long, because he had nothing to live on.
2e6d785eb8406ba85eb0eb2141ff17e513463a06	He worked on the stage of small Broadway theaters, and was even awarded several theater awards, which, however, did not allow him to gain either wealth or fame.
989659d56a684307c5ec3d943823fbd85a1144ac	And, only after the release of the film "The Godfather", he immediately received both.
dbe19b00d3c151fab37c0bc17dd3eba7e2839328	Lee Strasberg once remarked that Al Pacino is not an actor of representation, but of experience, who does not so much play his characters as become them.
6079d1199976910414617b830c040530dc111d55	Perhaps that is why he rejected so many offers in his life, as most actors never dreamed of.
3d912b32499aab82bfe0476a6f57f9580095489f	In the 70s, he met with actress Jill Kleiberg, in the 80s with his partner in the "Godfather" Diane Keaton, and in recent years, he was next to actress Linda Hobbs, whom he never made happy with marriage, despite all the efforts on her part.
ece0bebd10b4ec49da3424f9ccbd8245709dea26	Al Pacino was nominated for an Oscar seven times, and only in 1992 he received a golden statuette for the role of a blind colonel in the film"The Smell of a Woman".
ac98b69e565db3889469ab0bfd47b95189fd01af	Diane Keaton (Hall) was born on January 5, 1946 in Los Angeles.
cd8107caf4d0f619f911d7420409f145e714088b	She entered the theater school "Neiborhood Playhouse" (New York).
48f0151e3cdda5ae4834695a34c91d769c306e01	Thanks to her good vocal skills, she received a role in the first production of the most popular musical "Hair" (1968).
b925cc140eae26740b3cdf38450f93b3c99882d8	The world of cinema was opened for her by Coppola, inviting Kay Adams to play the role of Michael Corleone's wife.
4993b31030b35292c716b5c788f5fe65370a60cc	Keaton ironically calls her place in The Godfather "musical accompaniment", but her role is extremely important for the film.
2e4ad4242f14dd4c78167c351479802f382ee755	Kay is the first American woman to join the Italian Corleone clan.
3763e561941ff69fcb0fe25707709a8ad303d66d	She married an educated, intelligent and decent man for love, not assuming that after some time her gentle Michael would turn into a cold, soulless monster, cynically cracking down on unwanted, even related people.
09ab0c49a45ac9dd8d3a4d861b763dc3f5ed7acf	Kay leaves her husband when she realizes that his life position is unacceptable for her.
81be2129be6e6c2b28fab7b65456000f0eec5508	A separate character in the film is music.
9204c92ec913c3e6c543cef479603daf171efb39	Sentimental hits that sound on the record and on the radio are intertwined in the picture with various Catholic rites, the paradoxical reflection of which is a certain mafia ritual.
e0d0d780d0fc1a6f4b3c16cd8ec42bd7c2baa6a2	The composer of all Fellini films, Nino Rota (1911-1979), felt and reflected the task set by the director in an amazing way.
d90230db3eb0b2f4b4b4dcd8091655d57fb1cb10	From lightness to drama, from an unobtrusive background to an amazing filling of the entire screen space.
53058f6ea0cd25be0b8a205a679780947854715c	Our compatriots who managed to watch "The Godfather" only 20 years after its release on the screen, all these years hummed the melody of Nino Rota (remember, "Talk to me in the midnight silence"), which miraculously leaked even through the "iron curtain".
4f2a8a320fb103d4244da63f0b1f1bfa36f2a7ec	Mireille Amiel in the magazine" Cinema "wrote:" The direction of the film is on top, all the nails are in place, and all the guns hanging on them shoot at the right moment...", and the critic of the same "Cinema" Dominique Rabourdain noted: "The success of" The Godfather " gave Coppola complete freedom…The result from the point of view of cinema technique (the work of the cameraman and artists) is simply incredible.
2f78f6b3e8c2d473699f6d18d534d5afbc16f2de	This is a real movie for everyone, which can satisfy both the mass audience and the critics."
bb1bdec5b848c4bd4481a21b64e58ee0977142ab	In 1974, Coppola shot the continuation of his epic – "The Godfather 2", which received six Oscars in the same year: for the best film of the year, director, best supporting actor (Robert De Niro), best music, best film adaptation, the work of artists.
88c764a493e47413ee5af981ed17a0578dfe0dd4	The British Academy Award for Best Actor was presented to Al Pacino.
875947546236ca8a3580c673af19f8585c849b2c	"In the second part of The Godfather, I wanted to implement ideas that were not fully embodied in the first film," says Francis Ford Coppola in an interview, " I was worried that many saw the first part as a romanticization of the mafia.
ed1b2556a3fb6f79a065b3266917165c966d6ab8	In fact, I wanted to present Michael Corleone as a monster – this is how he looks at the end of the first part (...) In the second part, each scene echoes what was shown in the first.
0e0bbcbc8353a9a66afcd95132d37637b6b340b0	And at the same time, it is different from the first one.
8be702240bb42c0c79b406d2b454a57187089d1c	I did the first part as a hired director.
a65f69238d90fabf09defeb210f3f547ef662ec1	I didnot write the book on which the film was made, and at first I didnot like it.
360c46d692da27ba5dafe95ebd6849e4019a32fe	I'm not interested in the history of the Mafia itself.
929e7b719346e66cf56ce2a269543a6118604dec	I donot like violence in movies"…
b01081bd0780d8ee1d34146404f52e4e2aa88e77	In 1990 ,The Godfather 3 was released, filmed with the same film crew and dedicated to the life of Michael Corleone in Sicily and revenge on the murderers of his wife.
0fbcaba6b09ee1e99b13a0510ecf59cf1b1b1ed9	This film completes the one of a kind gangster saga, narrated by the outstanding master Francis Ford Coppola .
82bde7f9c13c9d0bb7f5d0909c0f83e884bb5924	Author: Elena Smekhova (The Godfather of the gangster saga afterword to the book "The Godfather"by Mario Puzo)
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242da9d699f4dd1ca2e5008f0268f872f977f2e6	Certificate of registration of mass media E mail No.
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7a4c1cb8972308ba210a03b8db1bddda79a8061d	The Aldebaran Library: http://lib.aldebaran.ru
e37bf3ecea8551294bd5de0e1c045d2f90082acb	Mario Puzo The Godfather www.lib.ru
e1d6fb29a0b1884a45ba990f73401cc8867f5dc7	Annotation The novel, published in 1969, elevated Mario Puzo to the top of the American literary Olympus.
d48f9a597e4edae70d71e3ae3b87f11eed50a40b	Educated, who bravely fought in the battles of the Second World War, he becomes a powerful don, ruling his criminal community with an iron hand… ..
f2ed0a3bafb97772e7b31f567f53c88b97af6138	Mario Puzo The Godfather "Behind every wealth lies a crime..."
f48de5ccabffc952a2223521f58fd701d4e3579d	O. Balzac
aeaaac67569d5ee0a807669203340d7a7ca3344a	PART ONE 1 In the building of the 3rd New York Criminal Court, Amerigo Bonasera was sitting waiting for the trial; he was eager to take revenge on the people who had brutally abused his daughter, trying to dishonor her.
3dd3f519850085eca62c98ed71cbf86262ac7bfa	The judge, a rough featured man, rolled up the sleeves of his black robe, as if he was going to personally punish the two young men sitting in the dock.
2951d662f7f9c9b4ccfdb8bdabf097c8c263d1ba	His face showed coldness and even anger.
abefcac2a7bfba603c14e741cdf50a7035a68034	But this was a falsehood that Amerigo felt, but at the same time could not fully comprehend.
9d2aed03dddb45bdbd8e0b67461c1a7755f50727	"You acted like the last degenerates," the judge said in a hard voice.
d277b34fa027e764b20df652f58d485d7b753c70	Yes, yes, thought Amerigo Bonasera.
9f6cfe99ececbdd42ed21832aca4ac64db55ad2a	- Animals.
a5a6c15a2fca250f4cc9d6d0647d305b6f9709ff	Two young men with short cropped shiny hair and clean shaven cheeks modestly lowered their eyes and respectfully bowed their heads.
c0dc766b8897ba3083fc18a5603e4741208f13c1	The judge continued: – You acted like wild animals, and you are lucky that you did not rape the unfortunate girl, otherwise I would have put you behind bars for twenty years.
24db5023e8bc9771710eb885aae0016dbe438e09	The judge paused, his eyes beneath his shaggy brows flickered slyly toward the sallow faced Amerigo Bonasera, then lowered to a stack of reports before him.
65f7dc1432e8e05c02573d4a158f612ec616915a	He made a face and shrugged, indicating that he was acting against his will.
364df1733303b3ee620def7ec39f27985ddfd199	– But given your youth, your impeccable past, and the unblemished reputation of your families, I sentence you to three years of probation.
0b8acb50dd845fbe3b784063c6b3f70c7a983ffa	Only forty years of practicing his craft did not allow a grimace of hatred to distort the face of Amerigo Bonasera.
7e3710e240c50ef84cdcdbdb664b429e00dd7987	His daughter was still in the hospital with a broken jaw, and these animals were already going free?
d2505a9edfc006990e3494a32747b811012734b2	It all looked like a real comedy.
492117021f9b57321312f493d5d41d524f52d1a0	He looked at the happy parents and relatives who were huddled around their dear children.
2d89fdd9730228bd99d0b4a7ba7435565c46b2ae	Oh, now they're all happy, now they're all smiling.
d8f3c5e0238e9b3c67dab5f69dbfc8c2132afa6c	The black bile, sourly bitter, rose in Bonasera's throat, overflowed through tightly clenched teeth.
6e3f2f14fc63620104fdd055f65aaae730d7b8e0	He took out a white handkerchief and held it to his lips.
b959c59ae765c6079f389ff88e8b510d253a294e	He stood and looked at the two brats, who confidently strode in the direction of the exit, without even deigning to him
f9d2099d3c5b7842aae9ba5ba4b613c7cbe21e75	Mario Puzo: "The Godfather"
03b63fde0ede092635c59f7a4bc3fccd94e613f3	with a glance.
a7aa3d1cdcb0f8359b4250d40a3218b62a1ed0f1	He let them pass without uttering a sound, and only pressed a clean, soap scented handkerchief more tightly to his lips.
dca164350564f7159b5bf36ac0ac24246ede688c	Now the parents of these animals were passing by him two men and two women of his age, but judging by their clothes, Americans with a lot of experience.
1de3a01785cf712dde6e67aeebd6e9107e274952	They looked at Amerigo, and in their looks embarrassment was mixed with a strange contempt for the winners.
40e8f59b2951ff23869230110db13c340dd2b9f1	Losing his composure, Bonasera shouted rudely: – You will cry with me as I am crying now!
ea42bd9ba918138c9a29187fab8aae656de5c35d	I will make you cry, as your children made me cry.
963641aa9099d18399ca058eb4d0b22e6acbac28	The lawyers pushed their clients to the exit and kept an eye on the young people who had turned back, trying to stand up for their parents.
a75489afd8eed595f87d33e8f106c95ae9f859f5	The clerk of the court, a huge man, rushed to the row where Bonasera was standing, but this was no longer necessary.
e672e8df9437adc38d6e4916293610d9e9d4e876	All the years spent in America, Amerigo Bonasera believed in law and justice.
6d3483cc87b50c4499f0a23f5cc30bac9798d815	Now his brain was clouded with a fog of revenge, he already saw himself buying a gun and killing two scoundrels.
48a59146bf6e0bde3217979d68279672b8c86287	However, he had enough self control to turn to his wife, who still did not understand anything, and explain to her: "They have made fools of us."
87c2431a15aef9f5add23e35b3ccaadff3a9a931	After a pause, he added: "In the name of a fair trial, we will have to bow to Don Corleone."
5accdc68bcc296ff5556b1d79e3e09667c725bcf	Johnny Fontana was sprawled on a red couch, sipping Scotch straight from the bottle, occasionally washing his throat with ice water from a crystal glass.
5be3bc0bfceba6bfb4e2d357c61d1bc78601a5a6	It was four o'clock in the morning, and his imagination was feverishly drawing pictures, one more terrible than the other, of him killing his prodigal wife.
c96696c6a6dcda834880b1496bf755c016847c13	Just let him come home.
b93d7d8e7f0a0318232ae6530ffaa9244e57ae1d	It was too late to call my first wife to ask her about the children, and it was just ridiculous to call any of my friends at a time of continuous failures.
477bc20a44ba5db2b7e23611416d7c842fdd7da8	At one time, they would have jumped with joy and pride if he had called them at four in the morning, but now they donot even hide how bored they are with him.
70209b9b0b613c7c7c918f3f554872eb30860916	As he sipped his whiskey, he heard the clink of keys, but he continued to drink until his wife entered the room and was next to him.
cbb13c13c4f5bbe389bea8fc93854c330517a974	She had the face of an angel, lively blue eyes, a delicate and fragile, but perfect in shape body.
854b8537fab858bcf55c1e0062daa4206eaf70e4	A hundred million men were in love with Margot Ashton's face and paid to see it on the screen.
af8da922538156472a5693b857ec6e85e17c3913	– Where the hell have you been?"
57489282411be898696d2a49b7c7057573727cff	Johnny asked.
ac841c385d2cc6077b74c7fee7ab3cda4d77e66e	"I came straight from an orgy," she replied.
57d2394e77ccf4daac396aae11cfc95d1e1da9d4	She had clearly underestimated his capabilities.
ead9f784a1a4c14eec1e6bbae137ff3657e1c844	He rushed to the table and grabbed her by the throat, but the proximity of the beautiful face and blue eyes erased the remnants of anger and made him helpless again.
4d6e6557656c46443b1ec954da4aecbcd4430d8e	She made the mistake of smiling mockingly again.
f1e81b70be0f83860e5a48be6e676acb469ec6f4	At the sight of a huge fist raised above his head, she shouted: "Not in the face, Johnny!
4c270e6c796f5387410679439d0c1d1f632d5da3	I'm doing a movie.
c413d484d6524bb327612c4598f4c7ad70b53cb2	She laughed.
5f39a6979bff1f28c0ca7ee597855f48ffaf08c1	He punched her in the stomach, and she fell.
d356c4f62b2fea4910840bd4166312cd40a590c5	Now he can already feel her breath and the intoxicating smell of perfume.
aa9eaaac7c826188053f9c6086eaa94ea82a5fa1	He slams his fists against her arms and her dark satin thighs.
80f85fd8835da5f14cdbad75b75b73d87c875aab	He beat her just as he used to beat his peers when he was a teenager in one of the poor neighborhoods of New York.
d06f0e13d9e1532ed0ccc40e3f0ffba48e978796	The blows are painful, but they do not leave any traces in the form of a knocked out tooth or a broken nose.
383c95cf01c04942918b9d1bcd647ec9a938a473	He didnot hit her hard enough.
2516e8cc4e527aa7272ea1ff3b4e099c60519923	He couldnot hit harder, and she mocked him.
396957fb99f5171745e38dc0528a6688bbe04c1c	She was lying with her arms and legs outstretched, her silk skirt was pulled up above her knees, and in between bouts of laughter, she tried to make him want: - Well, come here, stick it in.
3addf6b1cc9eab4a407fcf6c1e2f175f7455cd25	Stick it in, Johnny, because that's what you want.
adb1ab9ad7ef60687df37bfa8c9c37308744818c	Johnny Fontana stood up.
650458f0cf52c239066512c4ee410d14b67da46c	He hated the woman lying on the floor, but her beauty was her protection.
f540ed132e17a6f96f500f550e3c345ce5787d66	Margot turned on her side and got to her feet with the grace of a ballerina.
5f388e5dda72a741b56bce2305a83ac4cb6eb562	She began to dance around Johnny, singing like a child: "Johnny, it doesnot hurt, Johnny, it doesnot hurt."
c44c39892f48dffa970f972fa96de5c2bbd4832a	Then, with sadness in her voice, she said – " A pathetic and unhappy freak.
f83b44686ab1fbfd6e2b99db2ef62e0200b747a2	Oh, Johnny, you have always been and will always remain a stupid and romantic Italian.
0cb856f2300fee4f2e12b8bb31b0cc2c390c0502	Even you make love like a child.
f4237cf9591b34ff6f981bc73921850d0b1d4d51	You still think that you are sleeping with a woman, like in the songs that you used to sing.
6b63a0b0b48c4aaa36436d5cfc251caa17371a27	She shook her head and added: "Poor Johnny, be well.
d64bc818ac66db08bd37dfed9ce4ba0964ed0541	She slipped into the bedroom and locked the door behind her.
7a87049c6bb6a9cfa5dff5b9b074aee2fa222202	Johnny remained sitting on the floor, his face buried in his hands.
0bac8e257fe6603ad9dd275a997a3c24e32f7784	Hopeless despair overcame him, but the iron stubbornness that had helped him to resist more than once in the Hollywood jungle forced him to pick up the phone and order a taxi that was supposed to take him to the airport.
9bde5aa62d132f5285cf106455e04226c36759f0	Only one person can save him.
6de14f13053d71908de14803ad85de8c4d7bdfb9	He's going back to New York.
e02e94fd3a95f41d8c9f5d6000f1ba71570c9c56	He will go to the only person who has enough strength, intelligence and love to help him.
a2afe4f776c8c1d3c3e414ca1c273c30c17c7fab	He would go to Godfather Corleone.
c6385168eaccaab7423b9a1735b9bcac014359ee	The baker Nazorine, as plump and rude as his huge Italian rolls, scolded his wife, daughter Katerina and assistant Enzo.
d0195a306bc740ae849af968df20047e2d590268	Enzo was wearing a prisoner of war uniform with a green ribbon on the sleeve, and he was not without reason afraid that the quarrel that broke out would delay him and not allow him to get to Gouvernor Island in time.
b91f933db7897e8ab06446593e6b6b3d3d7c8d94	Like thousands of other Italian prisoners of war who were granted a work permit, he lived in constant fear that this permit would be taken away.
cf1e6273e60c226109e64b56572d24bc818008c9	And therefore, the little comedy that is being played out here can turn into a serious matter for him.
189aa52ceacd195b3397650cd2115f5515891024	An angry Nazorine asks: - Have you dishonored my family?
33ddf83d61c353c8755d5cfd7399ac0e9a4235cb	Did you leave my daughter a gift to remember you by?
805571ea2817a0b14500cdfdf347c2c66f1ac3fa	After all, you know very well that the war is over, and America will kick you out in the ass to your stinking village in Sicily!
4f13c9c2e6fc9564bb5892770ff725d4fa98e280	Enzo, a short, but very strong guy, put his hand to his heart and almost cried: "Padrone, I swear to the mother of God, I have never abused your generosity.
a368e749f8bde923e50fc6b18cf77009d6493a37	I love your daughter with all my heart and ask for her hand in marriage.
910bd82c20e995b544489ef4a74c10d2cb7155c5	I know that I have no rights and that if I am sent to Italy, I will never be able to return to America.
9ca7882087a2103afd68e31b9fae1e2633150b67	And then I wonot be able to marry Katerina.
f1bd6de9f2c70d0f4df5b0135a7c22c670bfd1c9	Nazorine's wife, Philomena, entered into the argument without any frills: "Stop this nonsense," she said to her obese husband.
dbd192b0dc8c699bfd54ea1515be9ad5e43e02eb	– You know very well what you have to do.
38296c7170437904522ee76d410119ded40423ac	Leave Enzo here, send him to our relative in Long Island.
6d9272a368f0bbc4d80b189c1ed94f2826590b49	Katerina was crying.
df85d6cf40df95f9d335ca7ddc6543471e7afcb7	The swollen belly and the real mustache above the upper lip greatly disfigured her.
2f6bc37b9e0734a5c2cf4af5e2be1826381c5f0f	She would never find such a beautiful husband as Enzo, never meet a man who would caress the most intimate parts of her body with such love and reverence.
9ba231ec1e23e073fe1074c11d07b425800e3cc3	– I'm going to Italy – " she screamed.
efca2aeddea2f899131b5b0521aa88d7a722818c	– If you donot leave Enzo here, I'll run away with him."
4a8c4ed61600342cfad5f3bd1fb10c16a54f6c93	Nazorine gave her a sly look.
a2f385e5c81b17dc8738e9357ed1f0974f9584bf	His daughter is a "hot pie".
2993fd38855a4adffa43883cca895aecc0444390	He had once seen her rub her plump buttocks against the swollen fly of Enzo, who was standing behind her to fill the baskets with hot bread.
a8aa66d8236dc58890a1a3f9810b34477de7ac04	If he didnot take the proper steps, the bastard's hot bread would be in her oven.
5ecc7054cd0085c75afeceb7aa9c1e6b618f612e	We should leave Enzo in America and make him an American citizen.
492de7e3bb6773f1d511e3c6b07971b1dda26228	Only one person is able to settle this matter.
def2d8e032cd1b94630f05985a70a0b45291fc52	Don Corleone.
1b42af8bd1f867ec0cbdda9a987c5ec1f6e34f78	These and many other people received printed invitations to the wedding of Miss Constance Corleone, which was to take place on the last Saturday of August 1945.
dc1995f28837388bcaca7131023f5b9a8d9884a5	Despite the fact that the father of the bride, Don Vito Corleone, now lives in a huge magnificent house in Long Island, he never forgets his friends and neighbors.
25857d307dfa954dde09a470bb00d4e6b244ecb6	The guests will be received at the Corleone house, and the feast will continue all day and all night.
aaf96d9ed69965d3b139ed9819c00e574d2be8d6	The moment for the wedding is the most suitable.
59464e04e4c71704aacc786646fb3fd89bc2e4d0	The war with Japan has just ended, and the thoughts of parents about children fighting at the front will not be able to overshadow the fun.
1fd6d9d40cc845511ab1b783b517595a4add1149	A wedding is exactly what is missing at the moment for people who are eager to splash out their joy.
fd2f27be098e108856a3d5890641ca1b47bb806d	On Saturday morning, guests from New York City began to flock to the Corleone house.
a371aaa6e46edfc478deb098838baaf97d660a13	As a gift they carried yellow envelopes filled with cash to the bride.
f0277c2befde5bfcb9df3680e693fd3cf57f8bd9	Each envelope was enclosed with a card with the name of the guest and with an expression of respect for the godfather.
a16d82f8b7cc34f74f2c86713ef3c582c6fef1b4	The respect he deserved.
ffc08ec3e17d44bf3bed21e464a418b99f2d0a36	Don Vito Corleone was a man whom everyone came to ask for help and from whom no one left disappointed.
60b5af375643ec1b3321fede73117925220adc6b	He never made empty promises, and never refused under the cowardly pretext that he could not fight with the powerful of this world.
c77f8c2c56e2b6ab05728c4031eb44f78edd2d34	It didnot matter if you were able to properly thank him for the service.
f04d57c726dad600c49f34f343043d61b3f73590	All that was needed was for you to personally declare that you were his friend.
3453b08b63b6ad3e4f375a341836ffb0eb14fbcd	And then it does not matter whether the petitioner is poor or rich: Don Corleone unconditionally stands up for his interests.
6e69254d452632e42815e2350fb4a791555060fd	A reward?
d2aad41d2567ddbbb44541d5ffa6736efb23da3a	Friendship, an honorary prefix to the name - "don".
9fbb69f63bbad8a5caf047ce5b6c163a37921187	Gifts?
4c5722a2b495e7a9afc578ee03310fda820d8180	Symbolic, to express a sense of respect: a gallon of homemade wine or a basket of peppered pizzas baked especially for Christmas.
67a7ecc6b233bd846af136a403e11e8441de4454	Such gifts show that you are the don's debtor and that he has the right to come to you at any moment and demand repayment of the debt by rendering any service.
badd9472996954976f23a5217459e793b5bbba99	On this great day – the day of his daughter's wedding, Don Corleone stood on the threshold of his house in Long Beach and met guests, each of whom he knew and each of whom was devoted to him.
3d5748a28f51c2118cd0e6cd562721e9b3c40b16	Many of them owed their success in life to Don Corleone and allowed themselves to call him "godfather"; even the servants at the wedding were his friends.
80cd2fb0f7c3fe14b6b67f1ce7fcb9596ea5a3e6	His old friend was also a bartender, who provided drinks for the feast as a gift.
efefa3d7fc476feab8ae472175372bd12da0f923	The food served on folding tables was prepared by Don Corleone's wife and her friends, and the garden paths and flower beds were decorated by the friends of her daughter – in law.
42238430df3e7a60d5857e03a1ea2ea51ef11129	Don Corleone receives everyone – rich and poor, strong and weak – with equal honor.
7d05ee4c6ec94a2ddb15907f6421845d16704ec0	He doesnot offend anyone.
6b59b5641b6822d0150c550b02241987f1f46e3e	Such is his character.
32eca9d5b169269a011b4c08267687037b968d1a	The guests express their delight at the sight of Don Corleone so loudly that an outsider might think that the happy groom is Don Corleone himself.
9911f11ea51b418de8931e6400156447e96338be	His three sons were standing at the door with him.
0a826d2d9cdbd8d0bee9353a412ccf9c08bad9a9	The older one, Santino, whom everyone except his father calls Sonny, is looked at askance by the old Italians; the young ones look at him with adoration.
f1c1898f557f2582776440ada1bcce4beae400cc	Sonny was too tall for the first generation of Italian immigrants, and his huge hair made him even taller.
3891502864ab2f5c2af42fcb5f89b863072b274f	He had the face of a cupid with rather beautiful features, but thick and sensual arched lips and a dimple on his chin gave the impression of something obscene.
73846bd56746033e93248e335658a0436c384713	He was as strong as a bull, and besides, he was so generously endowed by nature that his wife (everyone knew this) was afraid of the wedding night, like the heretics of the Inquisition.
99821ad8e52793b0062417b5f47d984a9439346f	It was whispered that when he visited evil places in his youth, even the most sophisticated prostitutes in their business demanded double payment after a thorough study of his nature.
ed7602116b621bc28d292372aae34c1509a6066b	Here at the wedding, several young broad assed ladies with eyes full of lust were watching Sonny, but they were wasting their time.
b82a29e0442c2b473871e259dd7f3fdf4d166d40	Sonny Corleone, despite the presence of his wife and three children, had plans for his sister's girlfriend, Lucy Mancini, today.
b21b4bf34b6a1f6e7e591257e3df4868a85c1948	A young girl was sitting at a table in the garden in her pink dress and a wreath on her shiny black hair.
592ddbfdd17eb384125813a0a846f8e8ab73fca6	All week during the wedding rehearsals, she flirted with Sonny, and in the morning even shook his hand during prayer.
8cf2009e7ca3257b426189a765e88da5f69f2bbe	For a girl, this is a lot.
476bc75f28c8c835cd40a3bfbc52151a38676663	She didnot care that he would never become as great a man as his father.
cec93965bc2d441ead60e55a1ec48e87d012c770	Sonny Corleone is a strong and brave man, and his heart is as big and generous as his penis.
6d1f8a2f122dc7e036d61df6fcef8cf44a967c58	He has a violent temperament, and this has made him make mistakes more than once.
aae02d99ff3a87ff65356a501abf1e268937e0ba	He often helped his father in business, but many doubted whether Sonny would be able to become a worthy heir to him.
b70c35782edb5b6f8c619f166a75f9ac9bfedf91	The second son, Frederico, who was usually called Fred or Fredo, was the kind of guy every Italian would dream of having as a son.
3284d6b9716363eaf06e88df76eae9bd88344441	Executive, devoted, always ready to serve his father, he lived with his parents at the age of thirty.
fe4a54555b4d37beaf33f769d77de94b188fba70	He was a short, powerfully built man, with the cupid's head characteristic of his family, with an ugly shock of curly hair over a round face.
bb03201cccd1a48dea5eea71774057a51d84a4e3	Fred's lips were not as sensual as his brother's, but they seemed carved out of granite.
52d8e6614b3795aa3696c918210856091a836a92	He often fell into depression, and at the same time was always the support of his father; he never contradicted him and never upset his father with scandalous stories with women.
52e979dae3af151b89ad27df67936f37287ce3e7	Despite all the advantages, Fredo did not have the charm and the animal strength that no manager can do without, and he also did not intend to inherit the family business.
332a66874538b40c0db74019b847e9c9f93c813e	The third son, Michael, was not standing with his father and brothers, but was sitting at a table in the most deserted corner of the garden.
03f0470939ae0113806f84af74ae102db407bfb9	He didnot have the face of his brothers, and his jet black hair was straight rather than curly.
dbf06d86f175de7d43d40fda77e7c2b4f3127831	His dark, olive colored skin was surprisingly beautiful and suited the girl more.
4d9e5b2fd32e6bacc59dac2500956b2d0049044a	At the age of seventeen, Michael Corleone successfully passed, however, the test of masculinity. a night club.
1e8a4991650b8575f1c1905cfecb596aadc2155c	Bruno was the youngest son of Tatiaglius and did not seem to be connected with the network of brothels owned by the family.
ec0394817dabcfaa10a300dec9703d83b7152ed1	But his nightclub was famous for long legged dancers and was the first school for many drunks in the city.
36a6c3d64ec26c9a70d634d59a90925c08327e17	During the first meeting, Tataglia directly suggested that Brasi become the" boxing glove " of the family.
3a8c649671e67929139c58edeca287795a460da9	The flirtation lasted almost a month.
45d98fc6984ae21dac601742afa0aac531a33f37	Luka played the role of a man in love with a beautiful and young girl, Bruno Tataglia played the role of a businessman trying to beat off a capable employee from a competitor.
9d81b036863f3e38a0b3d747b987f281e87f1725	During one of the meetings, Luka pretended that he was persuaded and said – " One thing should be clear.
beed168634e1e96958c96e41348124d3adc7512e	I will never go against the Godfather.
dd8df15a6f34a666778e6dbb2dbd3ef300093465	I respect Don Corleone, and I understand that he is forced to give preference to his sons in business, and not to me.
f19c6e54f589d204fbe23d958c31fd303a09b3cc	Bruno Tattaglia was a representative of the new generation and had an aversion to such proud people as Luca Brasi, Don Corleone and his own father.
572d12c5667b9b4f48fabb699d34b8381528b45e	He replied – " My father didnot expect you to go against Corleone.
0a946b50ef7254d07cbe41ac5fa921654fcfd745	Why on earth?
100cc9acf8c092f8825168002d55614648ce4ff6	Everyone gets along with everyone.
284d0cfa190756633ba958ab9e69515558ac5953	Not like in the old days.
cb0913cb5bae3e4c2b804dbed5bf314f401a92e0	It's just that if you're looking for a place, I'm ready to give it to my father.
ce1e5cc717147b3bac6ba3c26be6f1926d3a1b4a	We always need someone like you in our business.
94a0079ece44c10cb600fa07c168306e12d6d798	This is a difficult case, and only with people like you, everything goes smoothly.
4f1bcd8c966d00dfab0d09a2fff942592a32ba73	Let me know if you make a decision.
2ade6b34a3ceb289606e1ab95e7307d87bf228a4	Luca shrugged his shoulders.
ebc82e1b10134ac866cdc8642288e117634f5dfd	– I'm not in such a bad place right now.
21908bb1946982f1e3d6e9dea3772c3aaf50eb00	Luca had to show that he knew about the drug operation and the expected profits and wanted to get a piece of this pie out of connection with the Corleone family.
46ee7e9db9975e873064f2176af409815ebb355c	Then he will be able to find out the Turk's plans, if he has any plans at all.
7f9b854018b48f3107681870cde82f62c906d929	For example, is he going to step on Corleone's calluses?
9f7737edc7c4a5cef8525de9e2e9aee579d0c412	After waiting in vain for two months, Luca informed Don that Sollozzo, apparently, was not going to take revenge.
5aab30aaaac0a13429f0d0295c36f7b1e57bfa46	Don ordered him to continue monitoring, but did not try to exert pressure.
51c9837667a10db3be767e23e2f402e70c4c5584	Shortly before the assassination attempt on Don Corleone, Luca Brasi went to a nightclub.
fa1cab75a342e5f359d390e5585254e389d0b625	Bruno Tattaglia sat down at his table: "One of my friends wants to talk to you," he said.
973be7d0f01839a78b19985b7e9fd1ec9be97c33	"Bring him here," Luka said.
208885e864030d2826a6cd7166bdacb38abbd646	– I'm ready to talk to any of your friends.
e36f10ab1c0b77607f9858fb0d3f8b0ed069de9e	"No," said Bruno.
7619aefad8f0abd0bdfb4ef874c90e176c842580	– He wants to talk to you face to face.
44aff9320be13d0cdf0115f371882ed0451cece7	– Who is this?
70b78ebb011cc63f7ad727393b5a4eb045cf3a02	Luka asked.
ec4a651452085f9037b9064427270933e1cd6faf	"Just a friend of mine," Bruno Tattaglia said.
293d99eda17c49a27cc747dc164f3b9387a8cf59	– He wants to offer you something."
e3db1e65f7da696da1ec39c5d33d9517074d60fc	Can you meet him tonight?"
ad796eb7fa2c882a764226e2db46696c52e77811	"Of course," said Luka.
9772ffec3578369b42b4b341c7515b708343ee24	– When and where?
9a0587521351076ed36b68c75194b3e398f7f6d4	"The club closes at four in the morning," Tattaglia said in a soft voice.
3b6915bf50ce1f61f2a4b4ac9bcb58297b6f4570	– Why donot you meet here at the same time when the waiters are clearing the tables?
a457501b6d8c16bbeedd900ce7ff703ebcb98a80	Yes, they know his habits, Luka thought.
44597e5b29a88da45d77736d907ac933da4b01fe	They checked it out.
47b9d1931252603a8670a8bc604766bc01c986ec	He usually woke up at three or four in the afternoon, had lunch, then played cards with friends from the family or went to his girls.
023d54c97774d30db75518990d18a223f6522034	Sometimes I watched a movie at midnight, and then went to have a drink in one of the nightclubs.
6a4c311cafc41d8c94a28612d16efe0af0107950	He never went to bed before dawn.
2f4c2e53b72aa8f072ccdf23d217516977bbb31a	Therefore, the offer to meet at four o'clock in the morning was not as unusual as it might seem at first glance.
197626aa69b20b857fbaf573679c680ead2bf67e	"Of course, of course," he said.
544ac11e06a97677a5c56ba7b34a944c54747708	– I'll be back here by four in the morning.
b6f555b0dad0bb4e7e9e1540f2ce86b36f7cdf37	He left the club and hailed a taxi, which took him to a furnished room on Tenth Avenue.
1b2b98ae0253d205814aced39aca73d879020566	He lived with his distant relatives.
170e83b999e23c7fa6bfd51cd1d2558b9469640f	Two of his rooms were separated from the other rooms of the apartment by a special door.
7e0c080c62074f62c5ce70024ba6ad6b2744c46d	This arrangement pleased him, since, on the one hand, the illusion of family life was created, and on the other hand, he was protected from an unexpected attack.
8cea44e2bba7ea08a1efc90c67633751b9740b1d	The sly fox Sollozzo is going to bare his hairy tail today, Luca thought.
8dfd37cfd6e606e57867f68eda8650b5e9c53c96	– If things go too far, it can turn into a great Christmas gift for Don."
67759db627f514dc1faf269035eec6e2d6df9597	In the room, Luka took a bulletproof vest out of his suitcase, then undressed, pulled the vest over a wool T shirt and put on his shirt and jacket again.
5e0d54f0f12158028a575a39ff5d1c6514d56c95	He thought that maybe he should call Don in Long Beach and tell him about the latest events, but he knew that Don never talks to anyone on the phone, and besides, no one knew about the assignment that Luca had received – not even Hagen and Sonny.
3b81fa02941d42eb982813a6265fb1d115896b0b	Luka always carried a gun with him.
37fbf6644370c862ecb8d1cb56c280690ad167ba	He had a special permit to carry a weapon – the most expensive, ever and anywhere
2e01e17467891f7c933dbaa00e1459d23db3fe4f	49
d28db3c0a694275341f207e5327a3d5e33814edd	issued by the police.
657e3472931bdadc6623cdd589a8c984d6077f00	It cost him ten thousand dollars, but it saved him from being arrested during a search.
bde8a7fc2da7ee658ed31a8ccf75087e3dd82eef	As one of the heads of the operational part of the family business, Luka appreciated the gun very much.
2fa2374a077c0d23e81741386d823d146b7884c0	But tonight he needed a "reliable" gun.
af7a5bf416fe36e645e92f6d2541757041ef0960	So that they canot find out who it belongs to.
048671de38a8360c0955610325d6d081360b71be	He walked towards the club, wandered along Forty eighth Street, had dinner at his favorite Italian restaurant in Patsia, when the clock struck four, entered the club.
48429af6d7618b4e710c5b9a1dffe6024fa8d8cf	Neither the doorman nor the cloakroom attendant was there anymore.
679a90438cc7d43bb982fcc7649406a6226e691b	Bruno Tattaglia took him by the arm and led him to a bar in the corner of the hall.
d3a1b31805e3872ad1c486d712758d1982d35ef5	Luca could make out a dance floor in the dark and a raised platform for the orchestra with a metal microphone stem on it.
5ffcf250ac2b44810ab40b11dfefbea3e7a15c81	Luca sat down at the bar, refused the whiskey offered by Bruno, lit a cigarette.
1b9ce483c96595ddd25d23b09ca61fa4b086de94	Perhaps we are not talking about a Turk, but about someone else.
c8283bf944e1cb7e24daa47557a5cda491396894	But Sollozzo still appeared from the shadows of the far corner of the room.
02172691e3f8bda38ef5ad079a94ede143141ff0	Sollozzo shook Luca's hand and sat down at the counter next to him.
263915fee91e47193223b274d63cf5465c01c6e0	Tattaglia put a glass in front of the Turk, who thanked him with a nod of his head.
fc16b1a70ad359a74320684ac8d99e7a984e69ac	– Do you know who I am?"
68f22d97f08cf416e385b4cfeb7f717a8f9f3856	Sollozzo asked.
ac29aa44f4e5f3439739b2a64f30b387e1908796	Luka nodded his head in the affirmative and smiled sadly.
f1a4c3ab3aec6ba74e205ad047f5fb8135701ce5	Mice run out of their holes.
6aba1821f2546d8a8b76fe8cada66b1144a4ea1e	He will be happy to deal with this traitor.
d3f146ea85f6f534bb095e21b1975740b757a40d	– Do you know what I'm going to ask you?"
915cacc9395acc50da949be5cf888714e4252772	Luca shook his head.
c28822162179f3a83928b295147e8c791b6f970b	"We're opening a big business," Sollozzo said.
ea60a85c48539ab9aad8acf78b4dfe988d493470	- I mean millions for those who are at the top.
eca7e9b2fca550639c4ec1ae23ed0af2b4609490	After the first batch, I can guarantee you fifty thousand.
eac7001f992d1dd0f5b918cef0274fcca0122cd3	We are talking about drugs.
1179c35f581fef920402e42e64d04fc4d6555705	They are the future.
0bacf607c816f26fb7f9e2d47edc92337d2611b1	"Why are you addressing me?
a70d370a2ec81ec7c8515a46cdc065953085ef95	" asked Luka.
fed348bf952fdae571b6e7e91b9627d0450f79c0	- Do you want me to talk to my don?
cef76737502bb3595c88c7e1193afc2662007bc1	Sollozzo made a grimace smile.
c656c467ae9d3b4cc336b166aad797ae8f19fdb7	– I've already talked to Don.
4adaa5a0b9fc16c13d98f0bc81d416a87ed574f3	He doesnot want to participate in this.
9f9a05fcf9568f440c43bd7db9f093bea615cf55	I can do without it.
4d689ea58925e54e52e6c07313801da8aab8e18d	But I need a strong person for the operation.
0b8b3df0649f4e46d1e76a172b5eb3331c77c47b	They say that you are not too sweet in your family, and you are ready to join us.
915b2d2d4eb5907c5dba626321b3b733795924db	"It depends on the conditions," Luka shrugged.
d7ef880f25fb37f5b66b6f7e600773a168156b89	Sollozzo looked at him carefully and seemed to have made a decision.
b455d67686dc59f3145772064656f2af855e5bfd	"Think about my offer for a few days, and then we'll talk again –" he said.
c8c2061244f69939a6f0d905ce8da8d9c6d4b7ea	He held out his hand, but Luca pretended not to notice it and put a cigarette to his mouth.
85ee789da56996b5c0915ceab2e467ce1d15f544	Bruno Tattaglia pulled out a lighter and held it up to Luca.
f5983cf865231696a1f8df539658bfefe39ff149	At the same time, he behaved strangely: he threw the lighter on the counter and firmly grabbed Luka's right hand.
b9347a596d0d04f8ae24707641f619f4e6a3f462	Luca reacted immediately, trying to free himself, but Sollozzo grabbed his left elbow.
87b6ae0e8e5066f09848aec9d11d978e4caf8a41	Still, Luka was stronger than both of them and would have freed himself if another man hadnot been behind them and thrown a thin silk noose around Luka's neck.
f90ebe397f466c7ea4677a7e98442f50e23eb3c4	The noose tightened with force, and Luka suffocated.
fd0b6a5617e84a2a7f620d0beea65a04a5ffef72	His face was blue, his hands were weak.
544b5bc285bce93d810766e27464408c341ce7c3	Tattaglia and Sollozzo now had no difficulty holding him back.
6180790515b23c6e8611ea950343f69d8e362883	They were standing in a very strange position, and the man behind pulled the noose tighter and tighter.
12f5ff82ebaece948f98ec05865866941fe33a38	The last remnants of strength disappeared, and Luka collapsed to the floor.
f5b6ff3b6cf6ba8403ee5cb175182d7d5374a4eb	The strangler pulled the noose with such force that it cut through the skin and disappeared into the meat.
8fe36c8f9a196de179cbe8d891f50ace334d0b3c	Luka's eyes came out of their sockets and their surprised look was the only human thing left in it.
423ba1b18fb244fa62d0cf2f338ee86b592b3099	Luca Brasi is dead.
b8d110e6784c75cc057ed97df3aa50b601621d0b	"I donot want him to be found," Sollozzo said.
51be461568238c4ec8b571e42d0c69ab2487974f	– It is important that he is not found now.
cfc811bb9af0bd074c93b5dfbac435a55ada63b2	He turned and disappeared back into the shadows.
b62755beebdda8d379850b6cc7577ba4d3e98842	8 The day following the assassination attempt was eventful.
bf975d69d595625fe539acf033dd51601491e20e	Michael stayed by the phone and passed messages to Sonny.
5e0882ce96c373d2eda0e72e29274b241c0a5aca	Tom Hagen was busy looking for an intermediary who would satisfy both sides and allow him to arrange a meeting with Sollozzo.
0ecf88df7eb56d4ab7dcf1ad0a19647f2d392276	The Turk suddenly became cautious: he probably knew that the" harpoons " of Clemenza and Tessio were looking for him by
e1822db470e60d090affd0956d743cb0e7cdf113	50
79bd139706ef819abd591eaafe112e01de3e1f83	the whole city.
3993be9bd1f426e60a6011d860687c5ad7481c05	But Sollozzo, like the rest of the leaders of the Tattaglia family, remained in a safe hiding place all the time.
4624443ebac585846f921be3ff1380d92b0b0e9b	The precautions taken by Sollozzo were not unexpected for Sonny.
f813fdb59ccb99953fc1d835190301a03c99cf89	Clemenza was busy with the Paulo Gatto case.
7b7910677f1f77c58f5e1be7363fd31a5eab538e	Tessio was given the task of finding Luca Brasi.
0d419645bbebf0ad26171d9305c0f20edd5a79ef	Luka disappeared on the eve of the assassination attempt and has not yet shown any signs of life.
d27f4e98c1f07b883ce8fb5816b715dcd929e630	It was a bad sign.
0ec4ffc1a0556763a59befa448a2a9571400b96b	But Sonny couldnot believe that Brasi could become a traitor or could allow himself to be caught off guard.
8b361c4805a7634532975b870a60b104f1e170dd	Corleone's wife lived in the city with family friends in order to be as close to the hospital as possible.
195d6d374c94660f55875b5dc152b52b553faf42	Carlo Ricci offered his services, but was ordered to continue working on the business given to him by Don Corleone: the most profitable gambling house in the Italian district of Manhattan.
856d6f7da24689c09d4f1a569ba7b9a6a75658ea	Connie was with her mother all the time and often visited the hospital.
94d92b27a61c97f159dc2349fbbfa5816e79f6c1	Fredo, still stuffed with sleeping pills, was lying in his room in his father's house.
6f22e716138b6fe6b6e477f6d8e597eff5c90024	"Jesus," Sonny said to Michael as he left Fredo's room, " you'd think he got more than the old man.
bb4ca6fb01b977b0257e09d22896f2f9cad77ce8	Michael shrugged his shoulders.
63ad493426dc2e076041afcd116b3cfcf9728663	He had seen soldiers on the battlefield in the same condition.
7bd1a7b06f50802da28ae3ddafa6d9c27142965b	But he never expected that this could happen to Fredo.
7fb46150ebeada947dea2f94da4dcb739f9efaab	When they were all children, the middle brother stood out for his remarkable physical strength.
ded3588020bfd6166075d75ae3bdc24c777aa45c	But he was also the most obedient son.
20753c532843c599e2b3b5005063d51cb4825f3d	At the same time, everyone knew that Don Corleone was disappointed in him and did not hope that the middle son would ever take an important place in the family business.
4f32b77a81f9954ee8bc958395aef5221c6cea04	He wasnot smart enough and he wasnot cruel enough.
0faf31fa20334786257247800c06281a1e718bef	He lacked courage and was a very reserved person.
242a7268f5b64ca071b6a80fa95c25c870f3490e	Late in the afternoon, Johnny Fontana called.
2137ffe0bc5206888c943a6bee515785887df581	Michael handed the phone to Sonny.
9e8737069248087b7f0c57d256c598a331902671	"No, Johnny, you shouldnot come to see the old man.
231075ff520926292861be0260575abb1e2022d6	He's too sick, and it will make you bad publicity, which the old man wouldnot want.
9c0a1c31f4e6705d7f1b57be601755949b7dfecd	Wait until he gets better, we'll move him home, and then you'll come to see him.
6151b1903b2380464347b9db6afbbd80328cf43a	Okay, I'll give him my regards.
713f120c6b2c95cb6b73dcd72dc9d5a9820f24ad	Sonny hung up the phone, then turned to Michael and said – " Dad will be happy.
ba7ac4dc4c9524673aa51231dcf6512c71fa73bf	Johnny wanted to fly I came from California to visit him in the hospital.
03c07f556cb37b5b0470647935b1c8dbc75c2ae6	Late that night, one of Clemenz's men called Michael to the phone in the kitchen.
4addce171350fdc4f4920500fe25fb8261a86e81	It was Kay.
2f966eae07bd0be56117bddc17a65791e73bc7c0	– Is your father okay?"
490b41aead010c3e46f6958f1260f2701687a287	– What is it?
3b793bb92f32de4b212437df736f2c7bf8939b4f	" she asked.
f181be9118c8142f2ff2ab7f75e4284040e779fe	She spoke with a certain tension, not quite a natural voice.
af7c5e0d30a6cbbe2a70c612ad42f65a83ff2565	Michael knew that she was unable to fully believe what had happened, that his father was really a "gangster", as they say in the newspapers.
d20b87ad868a2b3d9dd6a34582bcdd802dfa4e6c	"Can I come with you when you visit him at the hospital?
67bae3f28d97c2a3e666d9908d9fb6db932dde98	" asked Kay.
759f946d81946e67c5c6d02450b6df0ef3e885b8	"It's worth thinking about," he said.
312e817dd13adea4f38469ec1d9ff8923c461bb8	– If the newspaper guys get wind of you, you'll be on page three of the Daily News."
1f56b5175211f729951fc38d1011ab78ad628000	A girl from a respected Yankee family is connected with the son of one of the mafia leaders.
7819193e8bd67e225bc4f2c86d0f3da576ce70eb	How will your parents like it?
96f987fc575942ff0ee76244ea8289dfb6a36991	"My parents donot read the Daily News," Kay said dryly.
77c72fdee24d1a554b9d99a345bb849329fff204	There was a pause, then she asked – " Are you okay, Mike, are you in any danger?"
fa380afa01b66995dfe98bc40175890e58b04416	Mike laughed again.
db65370197d43c60d97467b65bc0e6dba2e0b000	– I am known as the most cowardly in the Corleone family.
ba04b93cb9c3c57117f76c9f0b4f9c3f804882be	There is no danger.
5767b2724dac5700140b4175b13e074ae08e8354	They wonot bother chasing a nobody like me.
6f33b2134662accb0c06cdf78c96b8558c23c00a	No, it's all over now.
eca608860158e6b266452a55a8a2513fea152536	There will be no more troubles.
32344c9d91664de55df403e410e106ce30e5460e	I'll explain it to you when we meet.
113aa5bf35abb250df244bb35b4410ab576f00d3	– And when will this meeting take place?
410422f1cb1b016eceeca4135643d71cd921d90c	Kay asked.
5d3c70325577df77fb8f0080bea9d8d082d9f529	Michael thought about it.
0d2d35a5c3b921af5484799d91035ee10bc59f04	– What about tonight?"
c9f8e8c2350eb8d747f11ceec10ca6f5b40c2707	We'll have a drink and a snack at your hotel.
78512ed6c73fc557b844f84b8b5909efd8c008b5	And then I'll go to the hospital to see the old man.
ad4b7fde8659c2780436b0beea7875de1afc13bc	I'm tired of hanging around here and answering the phone.
49d02669f9e09bc09ece1012a3cb9bcb79330963	Okay , but donot tell anyone about our meeting.
22690fe219b0a2b7d7c920acbd1e2fac7559ffc8	I donot want the reporters to catch us together.
9dc6e6c3f0999dda601d567a872d0003ae1bcec0	No kidding, Kay, it wonot be very pleasant, especially for your parents.
7e42a9e36e9c4b049b2829161887837a7141b04c	"Okay," Kay said.
5f4dd9337a9ec55e4f065647b417163c59cb484c	– I'll be waiting."
63950072071e34d47c429bd53311f77fa22b7524	Do you want me to do some shopping for you for Christmas?
129a8f530a9ecaeabbe5186bb3871612d264c148	"No," Michael said , " just be ready.
28a03272093f002bcc6ebb2c7f11d303719a8a54	She laughed a little excitedly.
f860da52ee8bd4afd14380a4a9c075663d7a80d0	– I'm always ready, " she said.
1f5cf6a9f2c24f314974b9655718bf21c61f85af	– Isnot that right?"
b1636230a042ca19c3b931c88b3c6708f2574a2d	"Yes, you're always ready –" he said.
8bc591084941417cfb47c25a00dcb146a5246550	– And that's why you're the most beautiful girl in the world.
f1342d1a5fc7389871f22c4a18f926da66a49c40	"I love you," Kay said.
ca095f9376c704931f23eac484c0d47ff45b3135	– Can you tell me the same thing?"
e59881fae71d0b203813380e8bec82af819f9db9	"No, – he said.
1272ace8429202ab7d5fe5aece2abde3099a0380	"Tonight, okay?"
7fb100069b164a348290d331f7837ccd21253a16	"Okay," she said.
8005ce44338058a8b1961e206f157874816b0928	Michael hung up.
5179b3444109bebf87f8e4426cf9dc01ed17d562	Clemenza had finally returned after a busy day of work and was now rushing around the kitchen, cooking tomato sauce in a huge saucepan.
dbb3f01bfeb1c723773ca59d5a1ba28587092897	Michael greeted Clemenz with a nod of his head and went into the office, where Sonny and Hagen were already waiting for him.
9efb0f2aa75e4da9cb53baf26abbf5b99c6a5c4c	"Where's Clemenza?"
9bdc8ebdae560813632c3c23815f292caf8d87ca	"He makes spaghetti for the soldiers," Michael smiled.
c2aebcff7362f2b6b1bcd8988814c2b7463650c3	Sonny was annoyed.
12811865300f696eaf8c0f29d13e7712bcabe520	- Let him leave this nonsense and come here.
1096b48533ba90d0edd0492010cf02b06d8f9abe	There are more important things to do.
2c7342726c3566d9bb22aceb5feba8e933cd99c7	Bring Tessio, too.
56eb45e841c890a041620de1b071334e65249db5	A few minutes later, everyone was already in the office.
29c55ead9b55d0a29299171befe7741c8feb88f2	Sonny asked Clemenza, " Did you talk to him?"
a10641b24e5fe17e2fca93be17a9fabe599e40be	Clemenza nodded his head in the affirmative.
4eda38c80cb5c1c3682f68d2aca8330608b2a9c4	– You wonot see him again.
05a231516c76d45e8c6694aa1bf04e7f23914c85	An electric current seemed to pass through Michael's body.
c171bb1b05acbf1190e9da047bc40fa169e45952	He suddenly realized that it was about Paulo Gatto and that little Paulo had died, killed by a cheerful dancer.
f995b95c77ca95923253889c2b1340c42a925575	Sonny asked Hagen, "Have you contacted Sollozzo?
94acf179e664cf3f977301dddfcf63d1c887da7f	" Hagen shook his head.
65c23834cfc0d2185951c35cd5d45fc4001b947a	– It seems that he is not happy with our idea of negotiations.
d3e09dfd3530bc3afe57299b31e9a59c816835e6	In any case, he does not express much interest.
0fcf8ff7688c637b65767911b5902bc7925133a5	Or maybe he's just afraid of a trap.
47f91b48c2fb274478f9d00823cd4a588de57fda	In any case, I could not find an intermediary whom he would believe.
6e3d707cac2cac5b4942a921bddd3f18cb89a8ab	But he probably knows that now he will have to negotiate.
c34d496e8af4d1dc2a31098ea91a5d89b1ce6eec	He missed his chance, giving the old man the opportunity to leave alive.
718dd0820235ce62df64183d82c90d03d3bd5436	"He's a smart guy," Sonny said – " the smartest guy our family has ever had to deal with.
ea92d52ce5251e2dbca231d336a74a24f807218e	Maybe he realized that we are stalling and waiting for the moment when we can put a rope around his neck or when the old man will recover and take up the case himself.
cfa9821a5fe1baa9593d9363a32b2b33123b039e	Hagen shrugged his shoulders.
e31d4878b0fe25a3ef51f4d95a4b24135284cc4a	"Of course he understood that.
c631e37b619d5645ac5a0c0a5faa241d536aa84c	And yet he will have to negotiate.
5d44697cc4cf01fe79614bfcaf8e02e632e0ef9e	There is no way out for him.
56ed907259d49b9ef34ce8257b944d6dad75be0c	It will be settled tomorrow.
aeb30e8de01d5edc4d5d163e2d9279e84f37d76c	There was a knock on the door.
46a1945e1dc1a2493126d70094cf77447e53572a	It was one of Clemenz's men.
1f825840e66713097dfdcdc8be9807449d97c7eb	"They just reported on the radio," he told Clemenza, " that the police have found the body of Paulo Gatto.
7fb6cbbedb5a0420180117e6fa71b2e6ee9a9463	He died in his car.
92b702d059a82832ff87260289b9d3114586e0b9	Clemenza nodded his head and said – " Donot let it bother you.
2adcba39d90b64cfd1811a27cfa71b1f101d79f8	The soldier looked at his caporegime with a look that gradually turned from surprised to understanding.
90129990a62891bc08c50186ca04483bad3785c0	The meeting continued.
0c4400cecc1cfcfea2b077b81512524913edad8d	Sonny asked Hagen, – Has Don's condition changed?"
8bb0b28318bd28eeef00c5fce102e852fc8f1c43	Hagen shook his head.
f6815d30fe335a3547cead1a559c231c2bbbca20	"Don's fine, but he wonot be able to talk for a few days.
c4a2d6b1bda9c6c8092b186364808a75687882b1	He has not yet fully recovered from the operation.
724732c6575e6f7a8a8a5e4658471cd6013fa0e1	Your mother and Connie sit next to him all day long.
6eaef2c0c2ea956fa1d7c09423877e5417a5defb	The hospital is full of policemen and Tessio's people are hanging around just in case.
226af584c38404f7bfeade7bd9293d84d58e0d34	We will find out his opinion in a few days.
007cf2ba1048f99d481a543b2815ae4b80ee4dea	In the meantime, we must take care that Sollozzo does not make hasty steps.
116f42e86c8628ec44ef1821b199cd3b4167f9bd	That's why I want you to start negotiating a deal with him.
39510f8ee486dc042de83b2b6dbb391c515b871b	"So far, I've ordered Clemenza and Tessio to find him," Sonny grumbled.
c6c336cee80ee3a8293aafbcf93bab5eb772787c	– Maybe we will be lucky and we will solve the whole problem.
87374deb1d1373ab063ec2c77a9d70c4cc8340c7	"No luck," Hagen said.
72d7866240a83b833ba968dd6f3595043dcbaf4c	"Sollozzo is too smart.
b83a9753b2ecdfb864a7bfaf3ddcb7821904e8f2	He knows that at the negotiating table he will have to agree with us in most cases.
a3ec08d09f1ff65f9ba0e3dfb4a8719c48ce9a11	That's why he's stalling.
f6905a1ff63986323b24ccabc47b0834e60f1f1f	I believe that he wants to enlist the support of the rest of the families of the city, so we will not be able to pursue him even after the old man's order.
d932757d4ebe9fa4d49b79811e0d050150f8ca41	– Why the hell would they do that?"
1ff2f6608288b9665e2c0c8292a6d26bd77ef56e	Sonny's mouth twisted.
50caa6c530c613837b794140b93ba77fe90f5aee	"They will want to avoid a war that will affect everyone and force the press and the government to act," Hagen explained patiently.
e89f68a2e6d7b42fb235a0098dd1a35fb8340a03	- In addition, Sollozzo promises them a part of the proceeds from his operation.
b0d77b8c5fa2dc444418b8ff5d8e1424c9b52afd	And you know how much money is hidden in drugs.
7bf3aacd92f80b0077b9b30c54c0f4c06c59e5df	The Corleone family doesnot need it, we have gambling.
cb26163da3a57a48687a8a03dfd8e265e3544813	But the rest of the families are hungry.
f475ce1319f930109f7a5703135f8db3942dbd0d	Sollozzo has managed to prove himself, they know that he is capable of acting on a large scale.
1ce4202ae257d2ccddf36f088b89f7aec95d30fe	As long as he is alive, they will not stop having money in their pockets, when he dies, there will be trouble instead of money.
dfb0567fc86aff1302aa84c9a005356182d848b8	Michael had never seen Sonny like this before.
106afc93a4943ee000e0809d9e12378b35ff5c2b	Cupid's mouth and tanned skin seem to have turned gray.
1b6ab422f315c7c690a5e131942fd888e278cacb	– I didnot give a damn about their wishes.
033ab71c4ba3061e052ba876d5c34f9577857c9d	It is better not to interfere.
4c2d3dfbfd03c25400873ea02748cd5629328080	Clemenza and Tessio shifted in their chairs.
2516cd1d5304d4ed46da44adf885cb516532b833	They resembled generals who were ordered to take an impregnable height at any cost.
f52a81ecbd1069a1300e68196bdef3f3413fe7a0	Hagen spoke again in a somewhat irritated tone: "Leave it, Sonny, Don wouldnot agree with you.
5c7c5d37058a07b219dfbef51822e069e3f1cd54	You know what he says in such cases: "This is a waste of time."
8e57961e3fef4e429ace36a8e4e1df0a87662fba	After all, this is a business, not settling personal accounts.
f6b86fadec19d1a5f4f97dc9bda72c4afe82d656	If we finish the Turk, and the families interfere, we will conduct business negotiations.
56b5d7312529bca8ff210b0cc7df4ecd1c213cab	Don will make concessions on other issues and we will be left alone.
cb8db8d6aadb6e7e370f408633c9983cf73c53a6	But donot chase the blood just like that.
fc687cebdd84d9d349d84041858a75c259f67ef7	This is a business.
86e8c91da718de568696d4ac4f242e3f76a2a9b5	Even shooting your father was a business.
058a23c0e3b4448c21f5b5da7d55ce3a1d8d9dca	You should know that by now.
4246f0b20e76a6bd260350a3c27ab1cf736a6545	Sonny's eyes were still fierce.
93f8ecb1341d0ff40a2e73d2a4049df003b309b9	- Okay, I understand all this.
288fae0e39506a692f937de03bb7a2b162d9ba08	Sonny turned to Tessio.
31df14c8bd7ec1b9a9e717aabbd78019d7554ae7	- Did you find out anything about Luke?
2108ae8c13420d01d578e2f13851f2a9a536c5bf	Tessio shook his head.
5256db67df982d06d71a3e9e2050fea9a44685c0	- Nothing.
acbbf4b8427902bf7215d28e94b34df3661fcead	Sollozzo must have grabbed him.
038f4e41956d0bb3a11ec5fb6ecbb5aa37ef479c	"Sollozzo wasnot bothered when it came to Luke," Hagen said quietly, " it seemed strange to me.
c4e1c66e45713e4fc6da254c61c691e7dfa6956c	He's too smart not to worry about a guy like Luca.
5d86408f28b91037c63fa48fa53aa956a89c97df	Apparently, he somehow took him out of the game.
34d3be8f8114c9957dc2644e31eb6dcf6bea5111	"Jesus, I hope Luke didnot go against us," Sonny said.
b4f968b9f68d5651ba1a355115734ad6c56987db	– That's the only thing I'm scared to death of.
8014127adbc551c16d2e1a0309bb547d883466cb	Clemenza, Tessio, what do you think about this?
c905a052a8bbadb255166cc288657d919a31723a	Clemenza spoke slowly, with deliberation.
7449269292d594235c9fc5353707e2d8e4138671	- Everyone can make a mistake.
6659ba8321f72d4df717952cda5eed4155e6e455	Take Paulo, for example.
6906e5dc89bbcb3531a9275f3afbdea3c19860f2	But there was only one way Luka could go.
0c52d57aa66114e7230381018cf530cb633af0ea	The Godfather was the only one he believed in and feared.
5c486d77e5270b9f7153b4605d72c0cdab575016	But not only that, Sonny.
7b9ff708fcc8bbd39f70641429fd3587028a3a97	He respected your father like no one else, and everyone who knows him respects the godfather.
c19a37459601cdc603acd2f937c2395f6dce2fc9	No, Luka will never betray us.
0f5e78006187d09a61c454925d26fa57fa0d0c68	On the other hand, I donot believe that even such a cunning person as Sollozzo is able to take him by surprise.
a24b121f00b72471133ee13f86c9d13b307460de	Luka didnot trust anyone or anything.
39b78d6f3e8c1828ac1c2252e8ed10e3850823a0	He was always prepared for the worst.
f25fbadb1b784cb980dfb6c8ff2951cc1d2df332	I think he's just gone somewhere for a few days and now he can show up at any minute.
3a7d86831dc9c234556f122a99eef04aeec4ca81	Caporegime from Brooklyn shrugged his shoulders.
e69108cf7e54cb08b54c6105c4646e1ffa28f638	- Anyone can become a traitor.
cd7e80a18540784c52f716347b85ad2beddfd7b5	Luca was very sensitive.
437cc169c0f4e90271176a2ae15afa49f08d0284	Maybe Don had offended him in some way.
21c27a5f1dfecce4d0ac0dd5d7dafdfdf4e352e9	It could have happened.
a72cc6de6d6eedcc83ddc9f545deb2a85ac33227	And yet, I think Sollozzo managed to catch him off guard.
11844b0174d56063b6dbbf9a3ddbeb5ff33ef168	This corresponds to what the consigliori says.
6f22488624f4ab842a58f1ea2c48b585871cbdaf	We must prepare for the worst.
cc3d7d6dd5e316d0721d3ba34888651af920f781	"The news about Paulo Gatto will reach Sollozzo soon," Sonny told everyone present.
6e3478aba450619bc8ea9341bae1c73eafbf5c0b	– How will he react?
5744aca85a774100db78d70d4b0217e5cb39f0e8	"It will make him think," Clemenza said in a sad voice.
6f8fd1125f22de766f40e61fb16250d519958f5f	– He'll understand that there are more than a few fools in the Corleone family.
a2f1e50c7013e9a5f482c2a8d07b2d37397a6587	He will understand that he was lucky yesterday.
292dcf14fd0dfb572e4ec0b348d9d9d971edc3f7	"He was unlucky," Sonny said sharply.
0da4354a9dc0a236ed68722a1e5bd6b03d1efbf8	- Sollozzo has been planning this operation for several weeks.
7c350c4263f27b522714cb8ba54cbd673114670f	They probably followed the old man and studied all his habits.
7e45235048b3499f34d7411a1a225d786506cef0	Then they bought Paulo and maybe Luca.
f45033538aaa4f95b8d9c0934a24b5464b0a9a76	At the very last moment, they kidnapped Tom.
aa42657f67f57b9fab05a8654bbe46db4936ff1b	They did everything they were going to do.
e165819280f4cc1a14a69d569b1795a49c48eede	But they were unlucky.
1f76cff2201fdddc5ae605282f54de734658f591	The harpoons were faulty, and the old man was moving too fast.
db52b852a28345302c3d00bf8586dcd7c3bad2e1	If they had killed him, I would have had to make a deal, and Sollozzo would have won.
190618cd406c6b26e8cdd821a6ce8ac3df63bb33	I would not have been able to pay him off earlier than in five or ten years.
42ed4d48b63c77349f5bd7a6a672bab6f8056805	So, Pete, donot say that he was lucky.
d77ff4311177d66316408febcd4488bea7217d48	One of the "soldiers" brought a bowl of spaghetti, several plates, forks and wine.
401ad8bf08af58027e205abdb68fddeb3362f88c	Michael and Tom
b9655181860dd26e4e89eff26686a5a6e6a31ebe	they didnot eat, but Sonny, Clemenza and Tessio devoured pasta with incredible speed, and even dipped bread in tomato sauce at the same time.
dd6685399c84c66dedbdf06e3a61e5f0d0ad3f6d	It was almost funny.
a4b1fa62e97b5c29d18d2808b30805706f4f1d63	Tessio did not think that the loss of Paulo Gatto would anger Sollozzo;
ca0d67bd314071817f9a1e37390d54f3c184f087	The Turk probably foresaw this in advance and may even be pleased with the news he received.
cca81e4a6cfd044e63255d6dd46e944d1818c93f	One useless mouth less in the list of salary recipients.
097ab0949a388ff5e47666885e9369feb89bdb5a	Killing Paulo wouldnot scare him: would they be scared themselves in a similar situation?
7fb08286a8d05cf8715e7429ae64b72e8693b5a4	"I'm not good at this," Michael said uncertainly, " but everything you guys said about Sollozzo, in addition in addition to the fact that he cut off contact with Tom, makes me assume that he has prepared a surprise for us.
2379602eb21e17bc0e70386d16f58d591f1518b1	He is able to perform a complex operation now, after which he will again be the master of the situation.
5cf17d53c268162bc8954fc166dd9a0f99a46533	If we can figure out his plans, the initiative will remain in our hands.
29c1f201faa11771d69fce2602c0adee163c3edf	"Yes, I've been thinking about it, too," Sonny said in a dissatisfied voice, " and the only thing I can imagine is Luca Brasi.
47704e74d9c8cdba893ae83d640fbfec8f8c0b00	I have already given the order to bring him here before he has time to exercise his former rights.
ca7e08507ad4eab6cf7bb869b02eb11d1288d338	It may also be that Sollozzo has made an agreement with the rest of the families in New York, and tomorrow we will receive a message that in the event of war they will turn against us.
900b0c7b635bfe496dc4ea0047b3d89907e969b2	And then we will have to agree with the proposals of the Turk.
2bf65cedfba6c751a7d5d9ac2fc8f68b69a04c7f	Right, Tom?
d5549d0637edabb8972b6b622f1640dcfe47170b	Tom nodded his head in agreement.
78122977209b19d1f1365cadb6b193252403bd71	– I think so too.
299106741c3e08e33ecefe16a1d950279bfd13d9	Without a father, we will not be able to lift a finger against such opposition.
c23ddb2c93f11aa6ccf67884ba24819e0dfdee08	Only he can stand up against all the families.
7db209f2c1907ed3a0186ee5b7ebccf778d1bac6	They need his political connections, which will be a good trump card in any bargaining.
6e41208d2a13223dbb4bf969103191c26b805311	If, of course, he really wants it.
bf50e88fc76865ac4189aacde551d7f285e62690	"Sollozzo will never come near this house.
b3e2d575590c7d396897ac50e98aacf5b545dff2	The boss should not worry about this, "Clemenza said, and these words sounded rather brazen for a man whose main "harpoon" had just turned out to be a traitor.
8d11e7ee6cdae0a26d6a4e399bab1077c735eed1	Sonny looked at him thoughtfully, and then said to Tessio: "What about the hospital, are your people guarding it?"
702ad4ed686e3906472ab5d02e09542c931b0390	For the first time since the meeting began, Tessio seemed confident.
8a500dedfc1a57e27b3289a3837a5306417cb60a	"Inside and out," he said.
022db576ccfa2cc3f9a0c2646b2b16917eba2cb0	"Twenty four hours a day.
0dfcaf0dbed53d0b423c856f90d29b945231de3b	The police are also guarding it quite reliably.
e5e6262201d0a82feee85cea74f8cd7773e1b678	Several detectives are constantly on duty near the ward, waiting for the first opportunity to interrogate the old man.
909cd72a1898900af054f5aec565cab8871aa604	It's funny, Don still gets this substance from the tube instead of eating, and we donot have to take care of the kitchen.
162fc211c37aefa2a38bc6886838a200c5c57410	After all, the Turks really believe in poisons.
eb2b01477d105391ffe518ce585d669f6abf4121	There's no way they can get to the Don.
92b1c9b6fa8b7d7971b22030fdc1952a6308a3b3	Sonny leaned back in his chair.
68d614880fc9e82c21aeeef2ec9862667a39a3f8	– They wonot touch me, they need me for a deal.
cda35f557c022a43faa587cd39d48153db2be667	He smiled at Michael.
ce68eca60d489d45ececcc5ebb36ca8295b3ad3c	– I would be very surprised if they chase you.
b7d262ce14ecf4cd992d6b702ce76d3d019facf6	Unless Sollozzo decides to take you as a hostage and hold you until the negotiations are over.
8cc405a098e523a8c2fa2576884353e181be90fb	Michael thought with regret that his plans for meeting Kay were falling apart.
159aa6888623f2caa27f1b688e1758b3386b5742	But Hagen suddenly came to his aid.
b5b6c0deea78296e322290dc15fe23b76f56d45f	- No, he could have captured Mike long ago. But everyone knows that Mike is not involved in the family business.
364d02456155ed38d7b8d36ea5e1c1f4140d5c2d	He is a "citizen", and if Sollozzo captures him, he will lose the support of the rest of the families of New York.
c7efd69b7e2d6140342a0e32f2fce106486495c5	Even the family of Tatiaglius will be forced to support us in his capture.
1964b5f1482a01b04cf6cce6cbe2fc35e6809eba	No, it's pretty simple.
5c4c6d430c8710c4af45b2c3942374008442ec2a	Tomorrow, representatives of all the families will come and say that we are obliged to make a deal with the Turk.
f1352cdf5d66b52b257cdae0d001896553099b88	That's what he's waiting for.
c030a4c5f6bfc10c7380ed3790a84ea9bfcd3b99	This is his surprise.
265ec033c64743864eb002e565c51b4fb442c353	Michael breathed a sigh of relief.
74033f299fe4077a0de44dce9b49e223e4e3db49	"All right –" he said – " I have to go out into the city tonight.
5aeb2eee3a3c7a22563eec2322461c750d669f40	He smiled.
7f25eb7774fbfe012f4d1427e8dbae862232d780	– I'm thinking of visiting my father, seeing my mother and Connie.
e878896a01e36f16afe5aa85c9d8a35b5b223a5a	Besides, I have some other things to settle.
9bacb052794f1268a78814e3b0e68fbc7c6f0794	Like Don, Michael never went into details, and this time he didnot want to tell Sonny that he had to meet Kay Adams.
bf4929c96274c61255f0b190845491aed74cccb2	There was no reason to hide it, it was just a habit.
f2093b72234d065f2b5439375ec0ba9e0d9a9231	Loud voices were heard from the kitchen.
125f7317ec181dfa46a0147e5be8e99d99ae5d7d	Clemenza went out to see what had happened.
4f9d502cd22549bcb93e343e7620b276bfa44177	He returned with a bulletproof vest of Luca Brasi, in which a huge dead fish was enclosed.
4580f6a5697cfd7530557888bd4d9484537a83d6	"The Turk has heard about his spy, Paulo Gatto," Clemenza said dryly.
c79ae7f56766d251b1b43425a38302906c9b2305	"And now we know where Luca Brasi is, too," Tessio replied.
5e689e986aaeb1992354538a6b427906e3423cf3	Sonny lit a cigarette and took a sip of whiskey.
0ca20c9e5fb2e3d036c9f278180d8bb6eea7616d	Michael was surprised: - What the hell does this fish mean?
fda045ed378303e5cfaf138ed023a98f5c5810c4	" he asked.
ad15d4eb7bf43e52e6c78886871223a0fe81b0c2	He was answered by the consigliori, the Irishman Hagen: - The fish means that Luca Brasi sleeps at the bottom of the sea.
90b8dd3233f635fdbbdbcc5807363395bd3003e6	This is an old Sicilian custom.
2c818b8c870409c1a2faef8dc7c9f343e0e56cf6	9 In a depressed mood, Michael Corleone went out into the city that night.
93c2fcc84ce7cee7962fd541f4ce0514346bee85	He participated in secret meetings of the family and everyone pretended that they could rely on him even in matters such as murder. he took a chair and walked over to the piano.
eaff29e4d9de3000de92c3d1096400c6d5776392	"Hey, friend –" he said to Nino.
fed6070a5b80dbd5d4566f39ec0014bfadaaea68	Nino looked up and tried to smile.
ea6dbd45b83cc2160e334edae0c322ff25b92571	Johnny leaned over and patted him on the shoulder.
f327f992a62bb0df8831d07eab1727f9f2ebbe91	"Relax, boy.
85d2fb34feb780cb94391603c670a434a54214ea	If you do a good job, I'll arrange a meeting with the nicest and most famous piece of Hollywood's ass.
46bf63b3e968854d5657019928351fd46cea267e	Nino drained his glass of whiskey in one gulp.
f05579776e6f1e421452416d8bf16fa65ccfc1b2	- With whom, with the Lassie?
e17ae7ae4bf8a7db4787c3b062fa4fa96636a032	"No, with Dinah Dan," Johnny laughed.
058827ebbfe736aa28f8bed6cf9c92decffbec40	– I guarantee the quality of the goods.
b7e0758b61c736cee8d5c2dd4619ee5ef1d29bfa	Nino was impressed by this, but he could not restrain himself and asked: – Canot you arrange a Lassie for me?"
33b6d3ce195f8eba77070f5a313484595eea73ea	The orchestra played the opening melody.
da1982cf2adae433205b224e2e83457cb46d1d77	Johnny Fontana was listening very carefully.
dd7d65f640d68ea42364af78a68d36c536200ec7	First, Eddie Nils will play all the songs with an orchestra, and then the first recording will be made.
6ef76c7e944fde4352c9bfa2c33f7f96336ac0f9	As he listened, Johnny jotted down a few notes in a notebook.
9646f8fe4b78dd432c790eeb2542a14d4f9f46ef	He knew that his voice would not last long, but today Nino would do the main work, and he himself would sing along.
564f5540a692bfba6f7e3451b4c4689e861aa1f2	Except, of course, the duet of the duel, where you will have to sing in full force.
e22f4397c8379c80c4ab9ba09ba31c0609e15d42	He made Nino stand up and they both went to their microphones.
118f68eb8c409bab7ee585a72b9a8b3872a74470	Nino was late with the introduction twice in a row.
9c681e07d75628487a9e50e6cfaccce6971bbe9e	He was confused and blushed.
5a5024139e740ee9d53c49ffc4258492013fefdb	- Hey, do you want to work overtime?
8124ea130eca6fd0b2049a60d4b15619779932a7	Johnny urged him on.
b8936186c0ccdd36daaaa7f3d095e4f4444a6992	"I miss my mandolin," Nino replied.
98647576daa5c2cc83bb6c72715c70b7040da6fd	Johnny thought about it.
006beaa59b5722e3cc7bfdef62878706e8ee19fb	"Hold a glass of whiskey in your hands," he advised.
aa9af5bd57ec5105dc447f13348099132db93315	It seems to have helped.
427c48a97f622ebe7ac9e1144aefeb62b49aefcc	Nino took a sip or two from time to time, but he sang well.
3edcf10316aacaa007ad08d99f5eca16e2034674	Johnny sang easily, without effort.
d641baa577ff8857a5ea4d0ea233fc9860b72d23	And although such singing could not satisfy him, he was himself amazed by the technique of his own performance.
ed10ba120392f6aada3a074434d81599d287a14b	Yes, ten years of singing had taught him something.
d039749ad24f3bd47a337914de66280092fb686e	During the recording of the duet of the duel that completed the record, Johnny allowed his voice to break through, and by the end he felt pain in his vocal cords.
08d9bd8f6cc66043087ca5cfe47368c83e94bf21	An unheard of thing: the harsh and experienced musicians were simply fascinated by the last song.
c9219bd8be8cfc1a66ce0f0b269f3d3ee4e980c2	At the end of the recording, instead of applauding, they blew hard into their instruments and struck the strings.
e81b1fb7ac82678c524df0efa0b0fa1cf0066a31	The drummer burst into a magnificent impromptu.
5fa7a43f9affd0b7de3dea672cd6d6e3194eb620	Together with meetings and breaks, the recording lasted four hours.
89b14b1c42afc8acb3cc7eaa18e60e90b31cdd96	Eddie Nils came up to Johnny and said quietly:
3c26dffc8a2e8804dfe2c8a1195cfaa5ef6d0014	86
c1e54127e4c99030ae5e7b7e3c76a151e05ffbf9	– You werenot bad, boy.
3b75f6ceb76908b3e266439ef0c65f2ac470cfd8	If you want, we'll make a record.
384491de7cfc211145a0e6a3d9359bcd2bf1dfff	I have a song that will suit you.
d8ba2340befb4e9f94938020f8a6690e28edb2f1	Johnny shook his head.
9614f7435f36e7691d7e26d8415a386ddb392f32	"Come on, Eddie, donot kid me.
368772dc14db58289de850cf5d38b87e1804154b	In addition, after a few hours I will start to wheeze and will not even be able to talk.
2cba1329a583d674f195ea449722f5d9bac343b3	Do you think there will be a lot of redoing in today's recording?
6b2115c402c723a67fc00a2bb7e5245dc726b6bd	"Nino will have to come to the studio tomorrow," Eddie said after some thought.
64c590bfd35b15f557a2e45e9d4bc3dec3cee399	– He made some mistakes.
38ebb579b0361600f2861b83c2e0946d730fc449	But he is much better than I expected.
45bd8acac5132030c9d299218bd254837b6f2662	As for your material, I will talk to the technicians and ask them to correct everything.
176ce91550c8e71ebedb02676a598962c58e934c	Okay?
1a2263d7486e2e59b5a6814502f4ba559398a136	"Okay," Johnny said.
07807b96b8ea55e6434a6bfeb882dd0ab5d038b2	– When will it be possible to listen to the finished record?
ca234015c66577713ca44388d54a6c6664de96fa	"Tomorrow night.
4c7dc73e7828b2bd29daf3b7290eee54c6b6e196	At your place?
9b0a2865ddb11604b09f8f61635c395a5980160d	- yes.
da26b05d47c754ee4197c1766108194fb9263116	Johnny took Nino's arm and they left the studio.
dae2b70055855b07e2eb6b7a91e47f4cb758fc99	Evening was approaching.
49fcc0a11651163f12aa6ecc6abfdd541e3f1ba9	Nino was still half drunk.
48a05683b52cbb083f49431a998e4c4853240605	Johnny advised him to take a shower and then take a nap.
7ee467a8813f0d0da742927062a7af1ccc07b703	A big party was scheduled for eleven o'clock in the evening.
f65fcc0df965364620cf86beefd4f5ca21f5e84e	When Nino woke up, Johnny began to instruct him: "This is a party of the lonely Heart movie star club.
9f01a71838835b0a24296ad89a88a31403044284	You've seen the beauties who will be at the party on the screen and millions of guys would give their right hand to fuck one of them.
cdcd0ce6ccacd4eadf20f9b65b983ee816c379e1	They will come to the party with one goal: to find a guy who could put them down.
d8564ac9ea36d7b96a2992d28bc731ba3c1f9576	And do you know why?
7131d65652aff389329d8bcf9e45e56c72714669	They've missed it, they're just a little old.
988f75cf5f3bff6bbe897e96a88f5ca46ebc3b76	And, like all women, they want it to be done with talent.
37fd0dd877b1d39715675fb173711dcf1c4ec8a2	"What's wrong with your voice?
d8ae1e9c2653764b630b2b9ed76bb0f1995579a8	" asked Nino.
ca15e3ab2fdc6ad03b09c79ecd0a9355dd60061e	Johnny answered almost in a whisper: "It happens every time I sing.
0bfe53a8d2f2f1da998dd0aff22279d27ac1f752	Now I wonot be able to sing for a month.
5c9d4d2c19362b45659331c732f15998a0bd7d29	But the wheezing itself will disappear in a few days.
b78391244605007fcc2322a084ed3e8254c948b6	"Not too nice, huh?
e17cff109590b628c477db49984cbc285e7e6c62	" asked Nino thoughtfully.
89ebcc4b7da4291fbdbfcce6daa0e038a9c98ef2	Johnny shrugged, " Listen, Nino, donot get too drunk tonight.
a4c965d8c201ef5050b458ffaee902d0d10402af	You have to show these beauties that my Italian friend does not have a weak penis.
b7c9c9bec5ebb29db277ae631fc4132851eb596d	You have to succeed.
5c6a5318953c1b0d36cf54bb6b1d78e6baec31a5	Remember, these ladies can get you a job in the cinema.
552019f061733a4dd11cffdaef22d31b234633b3	Try not to lose your charm after you fuck a beauty.
a8eb9de3984a0752c26e3b311266934944325202	Nino downed another glass of whiskey.
94d82ebfab2d6e0a602359fb84985df9ae7c6c28	– I'm always charming, " he said.
e9d2f745ed3311d9dab117ef719ec934649aef59	Then he asked, smiling.
e6ab9536e8dcd3678ca437545d1e8cc0cf51d6cc	"Seriously, can you really get me closer to Dina Dan?"
73a0876815c4a0dcc8229e5a7c209a8780bcd4cc	"Donot be so keen on it," Johnny said.
8915b6130797a37bb73348ee366c2a734c11812c	– It wonot be exactly what you think.
c43953c123d297adf82573965eaf269c5dcf0455	The members of the Lonely Heart Club (so named by the young men whose presence was mandatory) gathered every Saturday at the house of Roy McElroy, the press commissioner of the Voltz International Film Company.
e3ea2dfd1b8ebcc4a4c4ef628c7c391365d88288	Despite the fact that the parties were held at the McElroy house, they were initiated by Jack Woltz himself.
25c85cf987623e3dd99492c6bc04044b5b524629	Several of his best and most profitable movie stars have been aging rapidly lately.
633b0d198051c89955dbbfff3e63d4b9202673da	Without special lighting tricks and the efforts of makeup artists, they would look even older than their age.
26032a8f7343cc129512c0ee485a4637375e75e5	They had a lot of problems.
1651a0ae8106dc24eacc6a314ae8c7780eabec68	They have lost the sensuality that made them actresses, they have lost the ability to "fall in love".
a9de6f0938415e5baa731f5f2e60fd26e3daabd8	They could no longer play women whom they passionately desire and for whom men compete.
8a7cc4b8e50eecc3790d7ec51af452fc514b6b24	Money, fame and former beauty made them powerful.
831ea2716a5825bb91308701791272de7e04ccda	Voltz arranged parties in order to make it easier for them to find new lovers, who, in turn, having shown certain abilities, could become permanent partners of aging actresses and make their way to the very "top" of society.
236246ed229af79bf73b970fb129a7a36e17c83f	Since it often came to fights and orgies, leading to trouble with the police.
83ce3e140285747cb5c55a11997dde164d3d2c9d	Voltz decided to hold parties at the house of the Commissioner for Press Affairs, who will monitor the silence and give, if necessary, bribes to journalists and police officers.
bd701d3302b59f8286b536db9b7ebd4eb14c71ac	For actors who have power and attractiveness, but have not yet achieved fame and fame, being present at these Saturday parties was not a very pleasant duty.
eb391cf8d61452f4efe80686f502bf584255f1d2	Parties were held under the pretext that a new film that had not yet been released would be shown at them.
e62d7f1eb43d87c202d2f164ba61297e71be80f4	87
5a8c5776c6550372c4622d721b088cc9e14cd941	Young actresses were not recommended to attend parties.
a22b3bd718d73b8b3fa1793db64badcae809bb9b	The screening of the film began at exactly midnight, and by eleven o'clock Johnny and Nino were already here.
7b7a6c43a863eac1b4510f3c17b5a920dbd6d4db	Roy McElroy seemed to be an amiable and well mannered man.
fcc3daf3536507da2f41d5ef711640901bd142df	He greeted Johnny Fontane with a shout of joy.
076140190ba16461025d9772935ed3cd2561cbda	– What the hell are you doing here?"
a4a62931cd13feb2d9821e08f4863db6cd8a2b8c	" he asked with genuine amazement.
5eb811af80867d8bb1c7fec2e48378e920b2ec21	Johnny shook his hand.
66790246b993722ad7a97f68d26cef7c0fc6cda6	– I'm showing my relative from the village the sights of Hollywood.
ecc289b418398e3f62d00147091d6b5458a6cca4	This is Nino.
4342217a236d98fc574a58a5ef68273ea8818020	McElroy shook Nino's hand and looked at him appraisingly.
d46dfcc3858fea1816db6ca6e49a43fc16969d55	"They'll eat him alive," he told Johnny.
cba4456a43e4d7b21ebcf9d53c418236dcac820b	He took them to the veranda, which consisted of several rooms with glass walls and doors opening onto the garden and the pool.
2dca49ce101c9cfeb80523fa8f29df6fae18518c	There were already about a hundred people in the garden, and they were all wandering around with glasses in their hands.
dcc3a26688f8b15ed8302352e45be03558f0cfc4	The masterfully selected lighting of the veranda made the women present here look beautiful and younger.
2863fdf5d3915bc600826e198408c57c5446546c	Oh, about ten or fifteen years ago, Nino saw all of them on the screen!
1dc0c5426e29ca69c4f148b40134dad4080ad978	It was unusual to see them alive.
68939e372cf7d5095e2d1ae80bfcf4f8f05bce08	Nothing could hide the fatigue of their souls and bodies.
cb18599fa80ec6445fa2e67046e144ebe795de55	Their movements and posture were magnificent, but they resembled wax figures.
cee6346c9ff33051304add61077105de875dc8dc	Nino drank two glasses and approached the table, on which there were rows of bottles.
a3036cf025d42c219d2a7b9d1993269ffa09c694	Johnny came up with him.
d1530f827ba32a66f3839c8845d693cec0365636	So they stood and drank until they heard the charming voice of Dina Dan from behind.
78319cf73e230177dc299ff36b285b6c0ca1912e	Nino's brain (as, in fact, millions of other men) reliably stored this voice in itself.
8eed0712b4c4b4ae5e297b01c1f97d75ad0cec16	Dina Dan won two Academy awards and starred with the most famous team in Hollywood.
9c65f824f6dbf317e585643352bd7b80c81c2132	But the words that she now uttered, Nino had never heard in the cinema hall.
6ed88ab2a9c2b0c25f8dd0b1f2a43c9dc6d2eb43	– Johnny, you bastard, I had to go to a psychiatrist because of the night I spent with you.
db8dc3ce71c323e3bdb804fd6d07caadb5364574	Why didnot you come to me a second time?
7fd73ed0db7785cc17279e71e479d163529a4eac	Johnny kissed her on the cheek.
1adc4f8f1426579d8aa122e9e493dc6943c9a7d2	– I barely moved for a month after you, " he said.
3db2bd523130ba55bd2f8b606d6104c9334aaa0d	- Meet my relative, Nino.
224648b9f5f1fdb7ae006cd9fe55c700516da906	A strong and good guy.
2dd55ec0b65432aecc80f1be7dadb4ed384ab335	Maybe he will be stronger than me.
65855a58f6fc8972b499bde36712d35d2f9005ab	Dina Dan gave Nino a cold, appraising look.
8febef20371f9f2b5c7932b5e9b98a3d1353ee1b	– Does he like early sessions?
4ed19e252d3e10f2593624afa13b9969381ba2d5	– I donot think he had the opportunity to go to them, " he laughed.
b75799711b20fc6b8fcf34ceb01975334029d252	– Why donot you take him with you?"
da3830d0073e416435176defa5e17113863b0fe0	Left alone with Dina Dan, Nino drained a large glass of whiskey.
f9b11834fea4bcad4b99df391d54c1d6a05f7163	He tried to keep his cool, but it turned out to be a difficult task.
f5a3433471935c6b30794eef770da086aced08bb	Dina Dun had a classic Anglo Saxon face with a straight Greek nose.
7e3713e4f36d8126b8c375ece85841d637050a5c	He knew her so well!
07120ae226c5c7ee5a63f960a420e229b2709b01	He remembers how she lay and cried about her dead husband, a pilot, who left her with young children.
6632a4c75e4c4e97afdffe4671f3c8274bf34bbf	He saw her angry, insulted, humiliated, but full of her own dignity.
7d1123939d6e4b4a2803a1f3fac060057d16fb5a	He had dreamed about her, he had seen and heard her many times, but he was not ready for what she said when they were alone.
753f34ba0b72b443aeae557bd45dbdfdb579b5c2	"Johnny's one of the few men in this town with balls," she said.
02d981f2bc4a8f2dca4cba3c1be19dd0692c93de	– The rest are sick idiots who put a truck with ants under their scrotum, they canot handle a beauty.
7cf5f4b5501c3a0f35df9c3bcdcd58bf911b92e0	She took Nino by the arm, led him to a corner of the room and asked him to tell her about himself.
5967320c439ff066f8dc1afe3fd142ffbb77019f	He understood her.
bf37d30f542e62b270a9731748b7acdc357f5922	She played the role of a rich woman showing mercy to a groom or a chauffeur.
e92dc8852245cc452dbd8bac199206d84bd16f23	In the films, she either discouraged her partner from hunting (if her partner in the film was Spencer Tracy), or gave up everything for the sake of wild passion (if the partner was Clark Gable).
2e6109c31230a2c34a4b08d667636a8a44f30b7d	But it didnot matter to Nino.
db4caefadd192adc97b9fa196c0976a0a5ae0a41	He told her how he and Johnny grew up together in New York, how they sang in small clubs.
dc4c0e15c7a7ea71ae56c92d993981b8dc066558	Dina Dan was a surprisingly attentive listener.
faf7bf4da50eb088e6122188c43bb6e958cefaa9	Once she asked casually: – Do you know how Johnny managed to convince Voltz to give him the role?
6082d9f7364825389f849db1570e7f379e7f6d1a	Nino froze and shook his head negatively.
aba85a24dc96b7ee292fccaaae74a6092cf63473	She didnot ask any more questions.
3196181d6b0c16e08b8d9c268dfd779a2dc9c668	The hour of the demonstration of the new Voltz film has come.
b9727cd55cc87e12a970193e0bd3302e3f587015	Dina Dan led Nino, holding his hand in her hot palm, into a windowless room where there were no chairs instead of chairs sofas for two are arranged in person.
439ccc3e06643cbfec7f7cd0971520353179b97f	Next to each sofa, Nino saw a table with a plate of ice on it,
b37f6ddcefad7e8657837d3177f9ef2462f98acf	88
7fa4b4cae04a26abaf8b3ce63ba3ef3d524e7f92	glasses, bottles with all kinds of drinks and a special tray with cigarettes.
5e6964693f68fad86cda155a081f7fb5b9cb87ff	He handed Dina Dan a cigarette, lit it, and then made a cocktail.
e5efe7197872f49490df9b7ce3fb768a556b2bf5	They werenot talking to each other anymore.
04b847c441427a1a6d3e805d94dd53c9e2fe1cfa	After a few minutes, the lights went out.
841aa0a7ff4b984b8b8fa251f94638db6d3a0438	He was sitting in anticipation of something vile and disgusting.
c0b743a615ac8285b15667a7bba12eb1a0bf98ac	There were legends about debauchery in Hollywood.
ea4c38981340c70281789fe5b1f8d3ab0b32a047	But he was not prepared for the fact that Dina Dan, without uttering a word, would pounce on his penis with the passion of a predator.
1e6fb30a77aae35f4bae9a0709d9bb92fb21ff3d	He continued to sip a cocktail and watch a movie, but his tongue felt nothing, and his eyes saw nothing.
380194806a05b7bf77dbbf9c7807bfedf088fc7f	The woman of his youthful dreams was lying at his feet.
30b7e407be10db5cf78eab283f1c793109b0a9de	At the same time, his manhood was insulted.
c4c4149d8e0a27fa1b24d5eb24a0872ed4a4bf57	Therefore, when the famous Dina Dan was completely satisfied and straightened her clothes, he poured her a glass of cocktail, brought her a cigarette and said in an unimaginably calm voice: – And the film seems to be decent.
438ea9c528b771283c27492452d8e478b96ab8aa	Nino felt her face darken.
5cc6300879b872ad2ca8f0d21a190d5a67f309f0	Did she really expect a compliment from him?
a9e8f3bacd9bcd2e194341a41221ff70340aa0cb	Nino reached for the nearest bottle and poured himself a full glass.
7af5f6a35b4e1bd716ee128c54e3777a18496e27	Ah, to hell with it!
1cf8ac1d7bb0276b9132840aa361b45c56f7ff01	She treated him like a male whore.
cea7477510d5ab48e60e090868ff5c1907e22769	For some reason, he felt a cold indignation against all these women.
29bc70849e0154e0f3de1b40a9ab33899f43f6f2	She whispered roughly: - Donot be a saint, you enjoyed it.
3c8b4200fd69923d1b127230666a198ad1ea12ed	You were as big as a house.
870492e89b18af39616f1d4674d012deb1a83be2	Nino took a sip from his glass and said, as if by the way, in the most natural voice: "He's always like this.
b55957baca3ba0765fd149a58d518e3785f0549d	You should see it when I'm excited.
0b9ef5eefa14735aa857cbc3949e815440368dc6	She laughed softly and was silent until the end of the film.
ffc8983e769bfa295abdc4a0e33c957056a7b558	Finally, the movie ended and the lights were turned on.
75d3d0fe32b74e6fac94b2fdbf86dca393814c12	Nino looked around.
363603ffc2cf75f26a5eabe95f79cdace2ef1bbf	He realized that a quiet orgy had just taken place here.
aa6d90c838d41f1e98e808064fcfee820101813e	Some of the ladies ' faces were heavy, and their eyes still burned with a greedy fire.
094ff4ac09382834762c8eb51a9667f89fb49cdf	Everyone jumped up and left the "showroom".
5f84aa799148ccd8953158c891af44bc05973f72	Dina Dan approached the old man, whom Nino recognized as a famous actor.
7152250a46c74fc9b93dcc901a4418ab02e7e7e6	Now, seeing him so close, Nino realized that this guy is a pederast.
f008d988b2d24eecd11205e7762299867d481a29	Johnny came up to Nino.
7ed38e2cab3260181def9f9d676010dbe55bafef	"Hey, old man, are we making a life?
3d6077c428c69cdf3ab94f5ec95fc07e0e5ff018	Nino grinned.
3871372c4cdab4b5f5dc74c36855ee41451dc1d0	– I donot know.
b2f8d770dbefb1085c6cb24e9ae6f4a565cd2895	This is strange.
cd7d1354cf7cdca8abb1ab0431be0050e4265ad1	When I get home, I can say that Dina Dan raped me.
ff90e16089a9bf067cec9dbb36eceab72b6e3638	Johnny laughed.
47f7185065779192ca525f9e8bf3de0ce99e1c6e	– She's capable of more if she invites you to her place.
fa6ed81e90907fca4313f9e280fb74c85f92560f	Havenot you invited me yet?
9054dd687fe8199c6a70c0e6f152b1a99fb81ce7	Nino shook his head.
a74984e80e2ac658c196094939dba20bc1a457f4	– I was too caught up in the movie, " he said.
0b2d24bc9ae27fa972f8d66f157107fb5a4c7871	"Be serious, boy," Johnny said.
f2090ae90229c2bef4965cc5419762eba1c3abd1	– This lady can do a lot of good.
e43b23eef8e0f7292ca94b92864794c35bb57fcc	You usually fucked everything that came to hand.
1041f863ffde221e38d0d2daf8a17fa364dad9ec	I have nightmares when I remember the ugly people you fucked.
f320fe0eb412ea4eb785ae7e8c3919591cd2d2b3	Nino swayed drunkenly, raised his glass and said unexpectedly loudly: "Yes, they were ugly, but they were women.
322d32aeeec19e135c13488ecaec55c8f1ee62d4	Dina Dan turned to them.
f7c4256f3d76f0dc3c3e473bca265347798049ce	Nino raised his glass even higher, greeting her.
1036b625af6c40d7b07e4b35081d3d011690f9b8	Johnny Fontana sighed, " Okay, you'll always be an Italian peasant.
b1cd15af2e661edb7a2f11ee20d28d313fa85e4a	"I'm not going to change," Nino replied with a charming drunken smile on his face.
a5d532e16b514d7723322c106dc77129cd2f01ae	Johnny understood him perfectly.
6540c5f7fd7ae682b2a74fbe58c265852645a6da	Nino wasnot that drunk.
fc0af3ea2a68fc22a911230be665eaa7104ff37b	He was pretending, giving himself the opportunity to say something to his Hollywood patron that he could not say in a sober form.
d4a6ab3265b16775b1d2723e70082e18defdc2d3	Johnny hugged Nino: - You clever slacker, you know that you have an iron contract for a year and now you can say and do what you want, and I canot even fire you.
9ba8556b3b80dd88f7e4901bbba305cee9b3b8f2	– Canot you fire me?
a71abdb390dc6d87b460372dd25b312fee4f087c	Nino asked in a sly, drunken voice.
2bb93bb14c2894d77915513ce2f4d393c1de65af	"No," Johnny said.
6f06adac3ec303e0bf669b8174cabc431efac3c6	"Then fuck you," Nino said.
455f8da76341d5cb4ca1549e9e7e15c94b82f6e6	Johnny was surprised and angry for a moment.
1d5d12ca2a29ca6c4e06c81f12b01ebcc11833d3	He could see the carefree smile on Nino's face.
fbbfbee7df1fb9a546b42f2c797a6278be1b0fe4	Either he has become smarter in recent years, or the fall from heaven has made him more sensitive, but at the same moment he understood Nino, understood why his former partner did not
efe8c96c87fad6dcf848939101273edf59623412	he has succeeded and is now trying to destroy the last chance for him.
41a9c3cb4c0c056bb5b7538018baaf6dbabd3395	Nino did not like the price that had to be paid for success, he was offended by everything that was being done for him.
00e8214a42b5000b4d8a5d9ae0ff2c447d4d5947	Johnny took Nino by the arm and led him out of the manor.
b0a004ce5d584df9b8de654d78c7a550bb61a889	Nino could barely move his legs.
09373a94dc2d28559cd346fcfbeb17366050e9be	Johnny spoke to him in a conciliatory tone: - Okay, boy, you will only sing for me, I want to make money on you.
cf304f09da9ab705806decdabbd076210a86208e	I wonot interfere in your life.
a043ec955c63cebfccb04e574243c62664c01f1f	Do whatever you want.
a601a949546c9ab5120e6dc626736aa392a5ed8f	All right, friend?
3efd093f4954509c7773ac8b7d9ca84dafacdc0c	All you have to do is sing for me and make money.
ca62b340b4cde06d12a9665e27b0ea01d8f49e1a	This is important right now, when I canot sing myself.
36840bb38d21166b70bb755d4d7be483129fb645	Have you figured it out, old man?
4480a58fa908dfa8f1618ff496e7967b95bb4ad5	Nino straightened up.
a5c7f00c7093728d5b607d78fd31a419010893b0	"I'll sing for you, Johnny," he said.
41f0570171bfbc0d2934755168be6290c3225d34	Nino barely moved his tongue, and it was difficult to understand him.
e37f30e53cf3d59b813145a71f2d69b05ce4fbff	– I sing better than you now.
f1666f7afb6b8cd3f36336bb76ab121d0c6d8101	I've always sung better than you, and you know it.
19611c99d6ddcb14396e85de49b730a08a06b082	Here's the thing.
94284f98831345f0e70bbd5b51e64a2a293f2989	He could see Nino waiting for an answer, staggering drunkenly in the California moonlight.
96e5b74999ea185e6e18ed4a47838222be4be41c	"Fuck you," Johnny said in a friendly tone, and they both laughed, just like in the good old days when they were young.
bef9a6188de3d06fdf7645810d2f280f78c8e85b	When Johnny Fontana learned that Don Corleone had been shot, he began to worry not only for the health of his godfather, but also for the fate of the promised loan.
ea40b8bfdf32fa3fe7f5063dd27523c4bb8a7cb5	He wanted to fly to New York, but he was told that this could negatively affect his career.
0adde07666560ee00af8f02b8e0f0cc98c40b33b	He waited.
c176c4b336a1fb5524718cce5039d08a608a34e0	A week later, a man arrived from Tom Hagen.
68617d80b125990fb74afd9dae8c3238c9f40e7e	A loan could be obtained, but so far only for one film.
88bfa190d0e4ede5c3718bac0fa9576e00aecbe6	Meanwhile, Johnny gave up custody of Nino, and he coped well with young movie stars.
3b6746f2063939f0333fccb2e720fffc3713cc4f	Sometimes Johnny invited him to spend an evening together.
157804f0a398417e336f86a38e5fab61b31b6bf6	When it came to the fact that Don had been shot, Nino said to Johnny: "You know, I once asked Don to give me a job in his organization, but he didnot want to.
e81ab56f0f63b403466329f6c720efb4ce7a4b58	I was tired of driving a truck and wanted to make a lot of money.
397cdbefe2540b5e70684ece2d70f5482c04207f	Do you know what he told me?
d0f90fe69c51a245f465d21190678bc149281894	He said that every person has his own purpose in life, and my purpose is to be a man of art. He meant that I was incapable of becoming a blackmailer or a murderer.
f26f5a4c6440e73757cadcc234aecbdd30db8995	Johnny thought about his words for a long time.
13e9a6c41dda19ff7551fe68e1da8fc82e3fe6e7	The Godfather is undoubtedly one of the most intelligent people in the world.
929d30045defd17bfe7361a291ce7156f5f0e917	Yes, he realized that Nino was not capable of becoming a blackmailer or a murderer.
9cb8cf2ced9ada5c9071bfbaec1d4636914d3aa9	But how was Don to know that he would become a man of art? "Yes, he just calculated that the day would come when I would volunteer to help Nino myself.
6102c64d8b69d384237b28d5a8952d0378454109	And how did he calculate it?
213ea2293258fd37a6b82cf42509a1dd02ccd8a3	He knew that I would have to express my gratitude to him.
d26b1817e6f518c13be8340643daa9c2d562a3c0	Of course, he would never have asked to do it himself.
06189c60e43f133e465ef94ce0e14b4655f1ae23	He made it clear to me that I could please him with this.
28b1f486ad2d706ad8335cf895054e6bf06f5283	" Johnny sighed.
de7e575aaf3dcc7de70f2ce5772fba7fd8817c64	Don is injured, in trouble.
c66a9ee46f7426d440b549f1729e9a3e63bd5b0f	Only Don was able to use his connections and put pressure on the jury, but the Corleone family is clearly not up to it now.
4591ab257b3ca46c341b0efd5e0828cf6871ba6f	Johnny offered to help, but Hagen's answer was laconic: "No."
96169a779de6f30ee1795a6e524aab1fe660f069	Johnny was busy organizing the production of his first film.
b317745a0a2cb80a39fdc7d487c27c640cf638e8	The author of the book on which the script of the film that Voltz had just shot was written, came at Johnny's invitation to talk with him face to face, without the intervention and mediation of agents and studios.
55defea04c6af34e332a94cbf0aee34399319930	The second book was surprisingly suitable for Johnny.
f6e088859796b60c0c7a2c166c7527a0f29212d5	He will not have to sing, there is a lot of heroism, women and sex, and most importantly one of the characters is written for Nino as if by order.
c78885cf5f541fcc5ed5e00e9cdbd0ecca80540f	This guy spoke, behaved and even looked like Nino.
6620f27727d4e9369513312454ab9ddd2b4dc96a	It's not even clear how this happened.
2b9919ae804709b2db4c059093a0f8ee51fc637f	Johnny acted very quickly.
c5674949859ab26cb81cc18d68b450b303277c1c	He became convinced that he knew much more about film production than he thought, but still hired a good director who could not find a job after being blacklisted by supporters of communism.
14faefef6ddbdf8c9675afc8e3fd072ebe359c7f	Johnny did not take advantage of this and signed a contract with the director on the usual terms.
c1abe69a89748d8e73af0dececcfec8b4c320e46	– I hope to save more in this way, - he frankly confessed to the director.
ee0bcaee5a05bffff544f32f522c729e3d86d5be	He was very surprised when the assistant director came and said that a representative of the trade unions was demanding $ 50,000.
3c61c6cf779476a0c3ae9072009428ab318dd641	Johnny wondered if the assistant director was going to cheat him, and then said, " Send this guy from the unions to me.
76201958ee956d0a1bf86eeeadba78210c7eaee8	The" union guy " turned out to be Billy Goff.
e3b9abc3b1836cfff08f21241392b9420e1e532c	– I thought that relations with the unions were finally settled by my friend, –
2d0c8af807ef45ac17cafb2973d866ba8f38caa9	90
029479c0f042fb5a8f61fff7480514c9b32894f9	he told Goff.
505bb91e3091384d322967105f96cf2321ac3d79	– Who told you that?"
24892130aab279a22cc782b1991916068764c380	Goff asked.
b97a83a0954017451593dba11346c9a832cd2357	"You know very well," Johnny said.
4aaca1988e1ac01e54c0317e19a88c0228441d17	– I wonot mention his name, but if he says something, it means that it is so.
cb6da0721dc1a9681bf3ff33d93eddbb37ed3e9f	"Times have changed," Goff said, " your friend is in trouble, and his order is no longer valid.
622b40032277126b5837a1bad799227c7bd07522	Johnny shrugged his shoulders.
a290a77eb887088ffed80b98ce684ff62c0fff03	- Come back in a couple of days.
562298153ce16877524bb9368f3f6234d4c605ad	Goff smiled: "Of course, Johnny," he said.
1835b7d5598833c137f97d7a4caf55867d7a7608	– But it wonot help you.
75d74cafe4114943615b64aa314222d7b06232aa	The call to New York, however, helped.
e864d882992609a3958f685892dbefbf2a10d959	Johnny talked to Hagen, and Hagen told him not to pay.
a0c5a29d1641b1c4ef4e2f7b47d98066acda24d6	"Your godfather will be angry if he finds out that you paid even a penny to that bastard," he said to Johnny.
6fbdc79c50652123f51fde394f7de75682d88b29	- Don's prestige will fall, and he canot afford it today.
73dedc65739e37eb60357791f4ed36f14f6d4019	"Can I talk to Don?
c96e48b3ea22170f98ffb2437c2ce7eec604946a	" asked Johnny.
5c62739f45093467b3bdabad69e2d68118ec3f58	– Maybe you could talk to him."
e6ba3f328d87c8f95d1054a918973af48995b60c	I need to start working on the film.
86fd1b068542a29758262e445e965489eefe6a26	"No one can talk to Don yet," Hagen said.
a179bff7cccb6decfa2eb806d2dc1709353a087a	– He's very ill.
351be75a405ba2b4f6d4b1297127c7dfcbc3bd07	I'll talk to Sonny.
1fdcb308d741658ccfc6e0efb7ad83f6398f1676	But keep in mind, I decide in such cases.
427e083ecd1acd19f3cf836c4aa9e660bd9537db	Donot pay this geek a penny.
46c783d21623e026dfc984183f07fd5e7e91fdc0	If something changes, I'll let you know.
e72f0267fa846f1c1102721c816d7b30b17bf35b	Johnny got very angry and hung up.
4bc43d21f1d010228f86bf7ee1ca6522d6f60f55	Trouble with the unions can significantly increase costs and generally put the shooting at risk.
7c083321a7ed8a14edb4d992c6ef46b074adfcf3	Johnny had a fleeting thought about paying Goff secretly.
5e99a0425c1d2392a58a01e1e5e42aba46749be9	After all, if Don says something – it's one thing, and if Hagen says and orders – it's quite another thing.
cc3d3d4c8b20865dc075d86e076bb675e03c6b41	But he decided to wait a few more days.
4afda3228b37c0b89ce04e8ef30ddb025d02256e	By waiting, he saved $ 50,000.
83779aa8d6d15247449a80cf1797a0661ea9fb8f	Two days later, Goff was found shot to death at his home in Glendale.
9c9697596f78eda405938b3ad8f04b1ac3000a50	There was no more talk about labor conflicts.
7cc6f86969a9063ade0c0aa02e225cfb3edd4273	Johnny was shocked by this murder.
322a7c52bc36964fb757b190556a133f089b0740	It was the first time Don's punishing hand was so close to him.
4850ca596854168a8d82b6c83b039d861486165e	In the weeks that followed, he spent more and more time working on the script, trial filming and production details.
92d4087f3f4b680b4265d8f979b868f4143d78b5	Johnny Fontana completely forgot about his vote, and when he found himself on the lists of candidates at the Academy prize, he became depressed at the thought that during the prize giving ceremony, which will be shown on TV, he might be asked to sing a few songs.
d9fe5c0717444183049d13f0394ce931cd95f115	But he quickly got rid of this unpleasant thought and continued to work.
6b5622f9a42dc064b5649105de2535cbfb7564b5	Now that the godfather has lost all his influence, he has no chance of winning the prize.
4cf93df66514a17dfcba78c2f82452d39567402b	But the fact that he was at least a candidate for this prize was comforting.
cb6192391ab71afb8439f0af861d1534dd3c5cc3	A record with Italian songs sung by him and Nino was released and enjoyed even more success than Johnny had expected.
066edbe5eed4afdde3a470f91444f68d5b5e04b7	However, he had to accept that it was more Nino's merit than his.
b269678767c4d3cdd46a5dd52e2a758b69879195	He had dinner with Ginny and the kids once a week.
aea5f1275258c33626d1750b1aece63321774612	Meanwhile, his second wife arranged a "Mexican divorce", and he became free again.
90572db060e630cee7aef2bf465c52a861f7d7f5	To the surprise of many, he did not chase easily accessible stars.
e3dc2dfbdb0a0a50455f8a7d366262238098ec12	Johnny was stung by the fact that none of the young actresses who starred in his film offered to sleep with her.
e8b7b5d5ce9e91a22707cdbc6a285b4358e74d33	But he worked hard and he was not up to such trifles.
5d959086240abe22dbbb50c27ce9fa2989d11832	Most often, he returned home alone, put his old records on the turntable, drank a glass or two and sang along to himself.
2dc2fcad7bd44fc8a42cc4c9fa7e0342940aa31f	Once he was a really big singer, damn it!
a646053ebbcfc86f672b325fb75e86ebe8618ec5	He didnot even know how good he was.
b271c4c15c9055d11cf6931cf6ec91f7361feab9	He ruined his voice with tobacco, alcohol and women.
1741072439a80849a642ca27b2610b9a7c3502cc	Sometimes Nino would come, they would listen to records together and Johnny would say contemptuously: "Listen, geek, you've never sung like that.
a2570b1163f6b4b9564b01680713a2b197384713	Nino smiled his strange smile, nodded his head and said: "No, and I never will.
49d87b320bede74738b37c0ca1aba068022cd32d	A week before the start of filming of the new film, the Academy awards were presented.
735dbab800d1913c13602b8c3cbb7a13ebd4d1bf	Johnny asked Nino to go with him, but Nino refused.
ecddb2ea8070b7852ac3112c9203a4fb52afaf9a	- Listen, friend, I've never asked you for a favor in my life, right?
f89995161fdb3601803f6c046bd7d7fcdae56e05	Johnny said.
84b6c57bdabe42b5d202ea25b4aa96f03e56bfd4	– So do me a favor today, come with me.
4bcfca8067a2a892aa4d2be2a085c147212777a2	You're the only one who will
4cd66dfabbd964f8c6c4414b07cdb45dae692e19	91
193351b0edf8f0dfe951ac50ef6cf9341669ecb4	regret it if I donot get a prize.
e0f585802dd9412decbf2c154c185edfca4b95e1	Nino was amazed.
f5ff1c0ced79c4b8805e270a9822f7997175fe07	"If you donot get the prize," he said.
962b199fe58e9ff670d7586c6f7980e33c57f90e	"Forget it.
3ae9722f47a0c4d8e8729382e18afa91d3382cfd	Just get really drunk, I'll take care of it.
d0b806a43d310ff2e1e143e329a3e27cba6609ff	Damn it, I'm not even touching alcohol today.
858e046e261cf3fea1e7bc07b8d72413fc56143a	Well, what do you say about such a friendship?
fc6f656b39deef1ff717d8377c88d5c6e7e4f5df	Evening came, and Nino kept his promise.
2ff7020845bb64ea6d63319c99076bd3f3188f0b	He came to Johnny completely sober, and they went to the hall where the ceremony was held.
7142d66b6f36995c246dc33b6757b6799b9b95d2	Nino was surprised to learn that Johnny really did not invite any of his friends, any of his ex wives to the ceremony.
c9134ecf99f1daccb735e3324eda7798f8eb124e	He could have invited Ginny.
f1226b48f77fcf55544cdaf44f6726c8f33be30d	Did he doubt Ginny's loyalty?
a3d58401bdc554a36dc8afb2c1582ecc47bb2db6	Nino prayed to God to give him the opportunity to drink at least one glass.
df04a6d5699643a82334c43ef03ffd007ba969fc	The evening promised to be long and boring.
fdfd8dce57ab9610f7f0144c2d223b5a571af0dc	The award ceremony really seemed boring to Nino Valenti, until it was time to name the best actor.
7c72c0988b0e2b8a7fa2cc3747eb55f25983ca67	When he heard the words "Johnny Fontane", he jumped up and applauded furiously.
a9b5f200ca12898a40d59e0898a0997ddbcc9fd7	Everything that followed was a real nightmare.
5d57195c8e66d47a2065667e0f763be43642888f	Jack Voltz's film won all the major prizes, and crowds of reporters and crooks of both sexes poured into his studio.
851371c8b633ac950b309150801257003fbc2e31	Nino kept his promise: he did not drink and did not take his eyes off Johnny.
7a5d539c38338e412aea160c9aedbb3961f65532	But the women vied with each other to invite Johnny into the bedroom "for a couple of words", and each time he returned more and more drunk.
67a77963ded1b92353662277062564ea67997f56	The fate of the winner of the prize for the best actress was the same.
9d9c91529518f6cc27f900d235018e9187bd724a	Nino was the only man at the party who disgustedly pushed her away from him.
093a0e6266ba45c77c3f9377bd0749942e49cc46	Finally, someone came up with a brilliant idea: it is necessary to organize a public copulation of the winners of the prize.
52eb650c54564943c7ca1186814710d777d9e352	The actress undressed, the other women attacked Johnny, tearing off his clothes.
0c395fa0a702e13322494c43c13c9e88ffc07430	Nino, the only sober person present, hoisted the half naked Johnny on his shoulders, fought his way to the exit and got into the car.
2e7e2d2d7f5b1890716fad6484bd767ef9eba795	On the way home, Nino thought that if this is success, then he does not need it.
c7c6167872316bbe0885f2d9a6640f28e9851bf2	PART THREE 14 At the age of twelve, Don was a real man.
adbe8e7deb8ba7781f2a6c4c82d9130116882dde	Short, black haired, thin, he lived in the village of Corleone, which in a strange way resembled an Arab village in Sicily.
7163849753f926e1ec71dddc19a2f67bab68d34b	Relatives hid a twelve year old boy, and then sent him on a ship to America. he took off her bathing suit, at the same time stroking her heavy breasts, and kissing her round stomach and thighs.
26dbb970b7f9673706f7afcf80d2a939c8ec3c93	Naked, in each other's arms, they lay down on the bed.
d4821ff6b2bee89a56a30a0825aa3a06232bfb24	She felt the shame familiar to her from the times before meeting Sonny, when her first lover walked around about how she was "too wide, down there".
0eb8846b7901b0ea2db2687eea9634a81792871c	When Jewel finally rolled off her, Lucy huddled in the corner of the bed and began to cry.
19146c91a6e43b9001bfab5576f2209ddcc3abfa	And all the more unexpectedly, Jewel's loud laughter and words startled her.
b1de321d3b7c0554aab2fcaa2f70580967c334b1	- Passionate and unhappy Italian, is that why you refused me all this time?
f77bb6114b0dab4332ee99b08889bde6f20ca2a4	Silly, " he said.
0a0c871fcb81e8bd7f04517d4785741549b25a8b	- Silly.
53694e5445357d54e4b54d31d0f7e7105b886085	This was said with such love that she turned to him, and he pressed her naked body to him and said – " You are a daughter of the Middle Ages, you are a real daughter of the Middle Ages.
a4d0bf38145dfe0b8de29102835cb155467e3871	His voice was soft and comforting, and she continued to cry.
0f3dc8304a106809fddb79839b83928a4ce138f0	"Now listen to me," he said.
b64338024e35f300703e7b1f3fcb37934d26158b	– If you were born in a decent family with modern views, your problem would not have existed for many years.
d8df95bb489e4f51b2a91b82f9b96231f70a8c77	Now let me name your problem: this is not a pimply skin, squinting eyes or an ugly face that can not be corrected even by plastic surgery.
650e97a1ce36e3c638d0fe181ce46fee4e0ff718	It rather resembles a wart, a mole or an irregularly shaped ear.
05e2ae21a24aebb2a25d1482d45765f58b09df16	Stop thinking about it sexually.
ae9ac16e7d019f00dc937ded5e789eb89cb6268c	Stop thinking that you have a big box that will not give enough pleasure to any member, and therefore no one can love you.
49bc74f5e295fcd8ea7a030486170b5405cd46ee	You just have a pelvic defect, which we surgeons call a pelvic floor weakness.
083e896d97e9cbb4161c094ba03cb35a31c888b2	Usually the defect appears after birth, but it can also be the cause of congenital deformity of bones and bone joints.
40a2ef9657ed9f9ca99ead0ebfdb739368f36df7	This is a fairly common disease, and many women suffer all their lives, while a simple operation can fix everything.
788ca2c69ff09befb5052a1377ced5a9b0878965	Some women commit suicide because of this.
339aa527d6204b09b78e3d1f5238508e05d8dc13	You have a very beautiful body, and I did not assume that this is your defect.
bb0be682a000cde10bad3d96e2567c22076d6933	Knowing about your relationship with Sonny, I thought it was something psychological.
769c206c4c8656f92590858f3ff793bd4de09596	But let me test you more thoroughly, and I'll tell you how much work it will take to fix the defect.
7a1dfc522ab9da2b7c9e21e1e35ec5a3f4096a5c	Go to the bathroom and take a shower.
fd85effaaaa7c4298341374dbc29ab008d93065e	When Lucy took a shower, Jewel patiently and despite her protests, forced her to lie down on the bed and spread her legs wide.
0794f14394e31a48d9ca3a6d4bf9dd086fba3525	He opened his tool bag and plunged into his work.
8a873d4d54577f96daca0049c0a8e0d89c34de13	She felt humiliated when he kissed her on the navel and absently said: "This is the first time I feel pleasure from such work.
9e26f0b8276de2298371f5462f6573d9e4ae96b3	After these words, he turned her on her stomach and inserted a finger into the anus, lovingly stroking her back with his other hand.
7d1f32c0cd97c45c28990133bb650d7f1a256756	When he finished, he turned her back again, kissed her gently on the lips and said: "Baby, I will build you a completely new thing for the bed and personally try it out.
259721eae9fcff958d196c0488bbaf5bf881f15e	This will be a first class medical experiment, and I will be able to put a message about it even in official journals.
81fe9ac14f6749ace7d26cd57acc1167816b302e	Jewel did everything with such love and humor that Lucy coped with her shame and confusion.
466d55f2cee478696f88eb9606281dc265f5d11b	He even took down a medical book from the shelf and showed Lucy a similar case and
50336bc687eb161ee9fb0ddb8cf2b7e65bad865f	145
ea95bc807617ec0591451390092c5ba8855692c0	stages of the operation.
fc3cc1e322eb3ee97b064e673c92530d71e9ab8a	All this interested her very much.
792ccd8dc21a9c3c53b817d2b0210aa0f5933948	"It's a health issue –" he said.
55a9fbf68beef1744fec730e82f00d7881a3e54f	– If this is not corrected in time, you will have a lot of problems with the entire genitourinary apparatus.
7ccf740e01f1082c19936d5a725c6486be9925b1	Without surgery, the muscles and ligaments of the pelvic area will weaken.
4e2edae59c03d981a527ecc34c773ea6576b6639	We should be ashamed of the fact that excessive modesty prevents doctors from making a diagnosis in such cases, and the mass of women from complaining about their vice.
b9fe329ba4fd7e5f51b4a534428ba8d3b6650013	"Donot talk about it.
1c6f3994f18294341c36a282f598e43a5b4b5189	Donot talk about it, please, " Lucy said.
bda44490f9db599bc491b016ffc5a85f78795a9f	She was still ashamed of her lack and was confused.
72e9aee61879dfcf6f69aae16a2a7b57c6dbf457	Jewel sympathized with her, although, as a doctor, he considered her experiences stupid.
8486d4706f5edcfbfe605e677d9507fef1f9c9df	He had found the right way to comfort her.
0c7ae2dfc72c19c89cfdbdf32c73e5725a45257e	"Okay," he said.
775c0091ee186278667847f24ebcf605f0c1f424	– I know your secret now.
c9484a08363ca0d689c2e889139658eb7fea1082	You often ask, what am I, one of the youngest and most capable surgeons in the States, doing in this city?
35fc796c8ef7b699b8c7df073951d511dd493e8d	So, I do abortions.
0d02223b08c2c860167a5360d88fbbca96339c39	There is nothing wrong with this, a good half of doctors do abortions.
94103a8a2fff5b721f7fee50cb887516c4639c07	The trouble is, I got caught.
73a33530304bab225aab73ba4d0bd2c518ae6d48	My friend, Dr. Kennedy, with whom I once worked, promised to help me.
c3816ebaaaf42eafd051050834dca20fac6f59f7	As far as I understand, Tom Hagen told him at the time that he could always turn to the family for help.
6ac62ddf0990470006e138bb371f179cfb2e67d3	He talked to Hagen.
0809d118eae7953644b6693ed248d03a34a80555	After a while, the charge was dropped, but the doctors ' union blacklisted me.
0944b3b00d0d1ca33263a76575fd7a268eb9382f	That's when the Corleone family got me a job here.
26a7de1b86395c831e8ea37392c050d0e77413ee	I earn good money here.
eac9e0273e42a6194ad7755bcfe284babb505110	There is also a lot of work.
7da23c39107c439f283bd486bd79003b2fd4a359	The girls from the variety show do not stop dating men, and if they immediately turn to me, then the abortion turns out to be very simple.
d2de886f967646f9cd9d9fc8b66431ee086eb62f	I'm scrubbing them like you're scrubbing your frying pan.
75cc5f74adfc4c4db5ccd82f168a9a1733477109	Fredo Corleone is a real savage.
d9a9653eb05c09d6edac93a8aa9df852864ab75a	By my count, he fucked at least fifteen girls here.
64a46b80a0d03ddbea8732e78f6793066aad50c0	I'm going to talk to him all the time, man to man.
2f14325befa60fe99f4608206798802b7eb2bfe5	I had to treat him three times for clap and once for syphilis.
40c02b86f440d5e860f98cdb26ffeb508c66e385	He's a real nit.
62918ffe3a0863fac6ce97757fdb8c6c5964a207	Jewel stopped.
4ba9d5cf9d408fb8e64cea05ffe9eac79a49a373	Deliberately showing carelessness, he went against his principles.
56af78403db15ada2e46d884922b660408073665	Let Lucy know that people whom she respects and is a little afraid of – like Fredo Corleone, for example – have their own shameful secrets.
0f7f69b9a022d1f2c7b611c0cf88c8d4ca041e41	"Consider that there is a piece of plastic in your body that has lost its flexibility," Jewel said.
8644cbdc80066572001812f24331eb0ac1ea2802	– We need to make it more tense and more elastic.
40c6fb8957296598f7f6b087a29891be64247cda	"I'll think about it," Lucy said, but she already knew that she would go for surgery.
68d529afaed0a15331358a730915174beab51b56	Then she thought of something else.
20a10ea372a935bc9c890b08a8bb7618d590a55f	– And how much will it cost?
69a346b0f416c1be617a88fdc30fdb5c4b8003a5	Jewel's brow furrowed.
1b0a10ed3337bf92f3eb52deb985328e044e6bec	– I have no conditions here for such an operation, and I am not an expert in this field.
8a251d6ad1a5a582740b6ecf727de97d55937760	But my friend from Los Angeles does such operations best of all and he works in a well equipped clinic.
c58851357c98bd0e11812a1d8b5d557cc41b1fb1	He, in fact, operates on all movie stars, when these ladies are convinced that one pretty face will not make a man fall in love with himself.
8ac1f08f1ef932d33326a5ad42a9696599a5a53f	I did him a few favors at the time, and therefore the operation will cost nothing.
29281712f66958cb1a75bf4697fcfa74f05aa83e	I sometimes perform abortions at his request.
474af90280d4cc2a9836ab21151c302044704a71	Listen, if it wasnot unethical, I would tell you the names of several sex bombs who performed similar operations on him.
9927928c0b30c271a25cd1b2ca050a7be6764a1a	Lucy was curious.
f0a47a18835c71b9e0587eb8251db332bfe3488f	"Oh, tell me," she said.
3dd9073da0cdcfbb4fa6c55bc913ecd9bc8e2271	"Tell me."
acd4138c75a64a3c16c5ce63aa31e0630e9f62e9	"All right, I'll tell you," Jewel promised.
08e64af5c38cea424d09295fa3290c80f388b685	– But you must have dinner with me, and we will spend the night together."
102c3a0d6655659c493bca2f3fb012887dba73aa	We have to make up for the time lost because of your stupidity.
175192e4a649015d32c90368cfc5640d32915b03	Lucy felt a surge of tenderness for Jule and said – " You donot have to sleep with me, because you wonot get pleasure from it.
e1c251a3ab9ea505a106feade84ab12de595728a	Jewel laughed.
bb0b113c29e06c74884d75bb6f668fa4f28f4870	- Stupid, how stupid you are.
d0e751f2acb15835b618157d6883d81c27be154f	Havenot you heard about other methods, more ancient, more cultured?
7af41c2bb09e4890e0c4a6ecbe35fe1e066f48c2	Are you really so naive?
7d4a61bc96f9695e7af3f94e6a10303703affebe	– Oh, this...
dc3abf47c4f775b790526b24d670f6bd5942d42b	– she drawled.
48987a883bff5e08575cc5cfb87ed0c4f82f90d9	"Oh, that's –" Jewel mimicked her.
d543cc64c843856cca63999b7918c8cfcceefc50	- Decent girls donot do it, real men donot do it either.
6aa63f3629be03ddad0c42ded04324a695974844	Even in 1948.
988b91c9089e70e0947e0186217e84c49b7eb0db	Baby, I can take you to an old lady who lives in Las Vegas and who in 1880, I think, was the youngest "madam" in the most popular brothel in the Wild West.
425867926aaf653813df97dd4211c57d922c6c49	She likes to remember those times.
ad376d230e33355b81ec73863c560909cd13b3ba	And do you know what she told me?
edaea67858339fa7ba597cac5f580722bca0725c	Those same cowboys, men of men, always demanded "French love" or what we doctors call oral sex, and you – "oh, this".
5fb630d0fab7115797b340bdfe90f317e1a285c6	Did it ever occur to you to do "oh, this" with your Sonny?
3fcfb99ec010d4a8ba364f43169465d91ca39ada	146
70d0326b964879afc7c73f909071cbef0b3752c1	For the first time, she really surprised him.
74cf77bf1aa03626651e035286e6210d6589c22e	She turned to him with a smile that resembled the smile of Monna Lisa, and said softly: - Sonny and I did everything.
11620c25b18b24b88de8826e91f4f3f5ad04228e	This was the first time she had made such a confession.
d7742a59c2054fc15618394a90d1ec2ffd328a10	Two weeks later, Jule Segal stood in the operating room of the Los Angeles clinic and watched the movements of the hands of his friend, Dr. Frederick Kelner, who performed his work with extraordinary grace.
ca6e14cd2f2f4397e97a94de797311cc95316d38	When Lucy lay down on the operating table, Jewel bent down to her and whispered: – I told him that you are a special girl, and he is going to build really strong walls there.
bac203e0332b8e8b070311e0b1cc41559cbf3799	The anesthesia was already beginning to take effect, and she could not laugh or smile, but his remark somehow removed the fear of the operation.
fd43a04e2ca043b6bedd4756cafae0a3f1592a0e	Dr. Kelner cut with the confidence of a professional cardsharper.
969add322ac3b684f64ed2f5650faee15c5d51d6	Strengthening the pelvic floor had two goals.
aee9b47c3e8c85045276c507af493e1fa7226f2f	The contraction of the ligaments was supposed to eliminate the lethargy of the muscles and organs of the pelvic cavity.
8f19143dc1c4c25cd7785f296568c521bb383831	And, of course, it was necessary to lift the pelvic floor and the entrance to the vagina.
9aff850eac42cfbfb5430603508198c74fc9e383	The correction of ligaments is called perincorrapy, and the stitching of the vaginal walls is called colporrapy.
f2a253974c8449b1774aa458b9874712119acbe0	Jewel noticed that Dr. Kelner was working carefully now: too deep a cut could hurt the sphincter.
f1054334b4d4312049e70eea06a1b6fb610d9bb3	Judging by the X rays and the results of the tests, Lucy's case is not too complicated.
83f389188b3e9af4db148bf00699ceaccc6f5a49	There should be no complications, but an operation is an operation, and unforeseen difficulties are always possible.
06cdcb24c776df7803178ed578d23f936136f1ff	Kelner was working on the diaphragmatic ligaments.
be84664d1a7ff1c8444e34d4d2a48b338a65edd4	T - shaped forceps exposed the fascia and sphincter muscles.
1d8844bcbc59c212eec70577823a2be8d5d8a84b	Kelner's gauze covered fingers pushed the connective tissue aside.
12b4ee82d2b7879f293ed6052e81693ac8ce9848	Jewel looked at the walls of the vagina, trying to see the veins, the appearance of which would mean damage to the sphincter.
e0cfe2d5016a38bdb999260bac2208fe29029f14	But old Kelner knew his business well.
61b59d854129b00e772b1976bca371c4a6066df6	He built a new vagina with the same ease with which a carpenter knocks down planks.
d45d1e74eb22f16b2b999fc1fb83d056f9a0c96e	Soon he was measuring the width of the entrance, raising his blue eyes to Jewel and as if asking if it was narrow enough.
a9ee6e229ac458b7aa24d1cf28bdc9f942ca46a6	They took Lucy to the recovery room, and Jewel stayed to talk to Kelner.
b0a22cb6dee656ee954869edd93d67f612ffd411	Kelner was cheerful, so the operation was successful.
d4f0b378764afd8d5bd4f9be1826ba7fbd69a921	– There are no complications with my holes, – he told Jule.
88a5090328f45b2e515ec4d839f8d1dbefcdca7c	– Nothing has grown there, the case is very simple.
10bbaa975d29e68edf22e315027300852306b80c	She has a surprisingly flexible body for these diseases, and now she can give herself up to pleasures and games.
de311d4063a808a2d01a0b2479381785f9094d3f	I envy you, young man.
4e6f6e3885033db4a3c2554119ab9316d950ac0c	Of course, you will have to wait, but then, I guarantee, you will be satisfied with my work.
079f03ccef41f342c9892b5efb265a62aa0a254c	"You're a real Pygmalion, Doctor," he said.
e0def2c2f92161965f053aa237b5fb96bc7adcc5	– No, really, the work is amazing.
00eeacd5c02db8b17e7721c45eb2d6c194c340a8	– It's all childish "games," Dr. Kelner grumbled.
1fe1694c63691eb849fda5ed69b39966d8ca43d0	"Like your abortions."
f2d6fd92f7899e7be93f65ff7bcc66ac7f206d44	If society were a little more realistic, and people were like you and me, we could do more important work, and leave this one to the artisans.
bf1f92212682c296395126b80415f7f5b7a033cc	By the way, I'll send a girl to you next week.
61bcadaaf955f16dc154511947fd7396477f22e6	A very nice girl, such, in my opinion, most often get into trouble.
1c44359ceb5ba709fe1fbb4bdc3aee88149959ba	Jewel shook his hand.
9ff1c36d560f6d58d105be4c4c2616954ef9561b	"Thank you, Doctor," he said.
1a93a61bb6a7517d587fb5b1a081316bccbded78	– Come to me, and I will make sure that you taste all the pleasures of our hotel.
af7111b04c9555b53ceda39ed9e456b391a53a30	Kelner smiled dryly.
bc624cdbaecec6cd5f5ba46e238509b0f1722ad2	– I take risks every day and I donot need roulette and dice.
6456e83ca60694a8a0cf2f7518f36a89f128241b	I'm already facing fate too often.
83c27c572a73e42246c4933137d1415d0efc3be7	You're wasting yourself out there, Jewel.
485456aaa6c50745c051a01e46b92cb0b4ba6e6b	A few more years, and you will be able to forget about serious operations.
0ae7dbc8d0d117f47be5446cd44cab332658ff19	He turned and left.
8cf2584dd476d4a9a606f9aea15154ca76c3e9ea	Jewel knew that these words were not a reproach, but a friendly warning, but they had a great effect on him.
08d4968a6feb4afe4588be0ccc20aba10563bfa6	Knowing that Lucy would be in the ward for at least twelve hours, he went out into the city and got drunk.
f04c503692e493d73313a93f9c3d4336c53dc2c6	When he came to the hospital the next day, he was surprised to find two men in the ward and flowers scattered all over the room.
09b3ef2e4c03a84344fe02a74cbae9a50ed61eeb	Lucy was leaning on the pillows and beaming all over.
6bf4f779801d4444947f8f63f4172527c560882c	He was surprised, because Lucy, according to her, had long since broken off relations with her family and asked to inform them about the operation
b3c0730cf3f50613e40561e67c871fdb92820cf9	147
cc4222cbed80e34347a23a87e7d19687fc02dfa2	only in case of complications.
12cb60b6204e6a42b5158833b471976b828ceca0	Fredo Corleone, of course, knew that she had gone to the hospital for a light operation;
c8a8c41eae09a176faef3636fc762df857233f99	Jewel told him about it and asked for a vacation for Lucy and for himself.
f49bae2aee7212b87b78decfbbd239ccbfb2a619	Fredo immediately agreed to give them a vacation and added that the hotel would pay all her bills.
cde37019f937b1d4436ac64db68eb2aa51dddac7	Lucy introduced the visitors, and Jewel immediately recognized one of them.
64fd112b6ea7f4e3e1420c57712e340b847e82bd	It was the famous Johnny Fontana.
2986738a43f426a1a9b38bd96eb8d77ac6a62a32	The other was a tall, muscular Italian named Nino Valenti.
5c319ac749550bc8ad3a3ede65829bd1e77769f3	They both shook Jule's hand and paid no more attention to him.
2708a928d0d867e7f183b834be4ba61debca8790	They joked, recalled their childhood spent together in one of the neighborhoods of New York.
94cdad91f365fce3f8eb7487082bb0529e839005	All these were conversations in which Jewel could not take part.
eb9360b3216426f5a21096584959a1cccbd1b420	So he said to Lucy – " I'm going to see Dr. Kelner, and then I'll be back."
863e55837a605012e4b0b60cb66b4cc4067dba89	"Hey, buddy," Johnny said, " we have to go, too.
15521eecb2d2cdb3072e611a76812262945568c3	You should stay with Lucy.
44ae743a0d4ae88ca325f163dcf9536574283294	Keep a good eye on her, Doc.
c8c73594b1946070ebf36e7fea8db3bd190915dc	Jewel noticed a special hoarseness in Johnny Fontane's voice and suddenly remembered that the famous actor who won the Oscar has not performed in front of the public for more than a year.
a524c5dcda068017f54b6b5cdbb83e589f1ec6ee	How could it happen that the singer's voice changed at such a late age, and the press is silent about it?
9247b936c4d957c40d0c8ef6909cb1ff510f7df7	Jewel loved behind the scenes secrets and continued to listen intently to Fontaine's voice, trying to determine the cause of the hoarseness.
c565c73bc983ef121642852eae9c7b416f952fd5	Perhaps it was just overworked.
c2f06839a542e98a8c46726182bff0a2e9d6a8db	Maybe it's alcohol, cigarettes, or even women.
f9f204f9c7a2444827562a2c9bc72a10f4b699cc	The voice sounded ugly, and it was impossible to think that it belonged to one of the best performers of beautiful Neapolitan songs.
75999580020f112a85b8229b8514618fb1746848	"You seem to have a cold," Jewel said to Johnny Fontana.
6b803b2211a76df4de07a092250b041ea2164da7	"It's just fatigue, I tried to sing yesterday," Johnny replied.
cb748f51298b7007df851f67889b950a99cafd9a	- I donot think I can work anymore.
a3f215be2f342c5b84db9b442aa453721d506be9	We're getting older, my friend, and the voice is changing.
f97a995e6e3a98beb665cba6083c1fd62560648b	He smiled at Jule, as if to say, "What's it to you?"
2df9350e6b64e1648a9d3fa25d44412c99d9fac2	- And you havenot been checked by a doctor?
d28654902469496345e58f4ffc82d742f0e32ac7	Maybe this is fixable?
537d63a05f74f03bbb7a82c90cdf4113ea497f2f	Jewel asked.
9c8062aa428e4c278b9e731fbd2a2676a839442f	Now Johnny Fontana was not so kind.
a7b4b31c3589443e1cd0bce253058d7e9e10e7f9	He gave Jewel a long, cold look.
d9e86468035bd6f5821e764678c9670bccd6cc21	– This was the first thing I did, two years ago. My personal doctor is considered the best in California.
b983cc8aeb9162cdacf83a21f5c9c342f04dadd5	I was advised to rest a lot.
cb0799aaede9f4d39f983de17959b8cd567a5719	Everything is fine there, it's just that I'm getting old, and my voice changes when I get old.
512fbf3fc92894836c6ba4cf6baf8bdd2ba89d37	Having said that, Johnny Fontana turned away from Jewel and began to entertain Lucy again.
abd1197bbe04fdc543cc583b61fd08b9f8a81a54	Jewel continued to listen to his voice.
14b321dcab4548276666c66b6f2e4fe51984ea24	There must certainly be a tumor on the vocal cords.
126a53db3dbcff5a2e94ded7543e00c3cf3dcbf5	But why the hell couldnot the experts determine this?
da313e89ba1c5c639bff3b28f220e1da217c0d90	Is it really a malignant tumor that cannot be operated on?
7eed25ddfe0d72eea50344d5225b177700635c35	But then there are other ways.
d0eafd909c9a5d0ec39bc0d7252c7459f25b2475	He interrupted Fontaine and asked him: - When was the last time you were with a specialist?
cea4e11f29ec5ec2145f8573c48956e849b06bf0	It was obvious that Fontaine was really angry, but he tried to be polite in front of Lucy.
1059157b341db473f558c58cdc31404193ea03d7	"About eighteen months ago –" he said.
1fd089b95da7bca997014d10817757e8834ff4cc	– Does your doctor examine you from time to time?
f573443e9dbf90e85a539b43f699d597709243b3	"Of course," Johnny Fontana said angrily.
b27a661cb1bac398df4a2a405e5d5ad3fd1775ea	– He examines me and prescribes an aerosol of codeine.
9cfe64caf38bc0f2926f2b02948885d843d76852	He says it's because of aging, because of alcohol, smoking and everything else.
9bfc2b47a946e4db60f968b7a4567e16a6cc38a2	Maybe you know more than him?
d5cdf68b6c20b6afaad979c40fd57c85552ae9ce	– What's his name?"
75af22dbbc68bdb5a453605958348f300d1d9d3a	- Tucker.
119c25701e27fd73ba6066f3c233a302d0c7d9e2	Dr. James Tucker, " Fontana replied with a hint of pride in his voice.
b489fb00013365f3996881fe1365a02c073d3bda	– What is your opinion about him?
46fdfc817c812ea899558f9c1405502aa08e18fe	The name was familiar, it was associated in memory with famous movie stars and the best resorts.
0ac769f34a2a307cd2f329d844962b98a988fecc	"He dresses well," Jewel said, smiling.
4bafa53fb55eeceaabfbe2e99d53706aca3c26e6	Fontana was furious now.
665d6b423471204a7a0a651867a7cab72b014442	– Do you consider yourself better than him?
456973b673539b595900a1cbb6b71297a6ebfad6	– Do you sing better than Carmen Lombardo?
104f43a6e22a94e9935de78a24d7fd9bd1d6193a	– he asked a counter question.
e6712045c8ea7261ba5b6166dd07707184984d9d	He was surprised by the reaction of Nino Valenti, who laughed and started banging his head on the chair.
536fb6934062440c464ca2eef82b0be8e6b36cc8	148
9db8fbf2fbdf70e49883724466370037602208a3	The joke wasnot worth it.
a926a31498eabf6f6b7607b560f3836416b7a363	Then the heavy smell of alcohol came to Jewel: this Valenti, whoever the hell he was, was just drunk.
849b9ce1b01588163f57b74a00f8dfd1b052c310	"Hey, you shouldnot be laughing at his jokes, you should be laughing at mine," Fontana growled.
9bc8597615d0e2ed16986597be0eaa031503b57c	Meanwhile, Lucy moved closer to him and whispered – " He seems like a kid, but in fact he is a brilliant surgeon.
c1879609108f9c1eb93a4d3a71e1b46d897aea17	If he says he's better than Dr. Tucker, then he's better than Dr. Tucker.
88e5f66918b6f4c6fc1cadd0d9b710e96cc667a9	Listen to him, Johnny.
8fd97356f4d914c0179f3db5a47426a0a1dd7dff	A nurse came in and said it was time for them to leave.
e4d9334f50ca78a0c591d339cf4ef8b0c26d2371	Jewel was amused that Lucy offered Johnny and Nino her cheek for a kiss instead of lips, but they seemed to be waiting for this.
67fd5a20bcefdc3e47911d20a22d83aa28b658b5	She let Jule kiss her on the lips, and then whispered: - Please come back after lunch.
fd3d69f217911c7c93e81c965a1662d3d56f9798	He nodded his head.
65bfb0241bb31c7e4600a8e17d878fc0832d46f9	In the corridor, Valenti asked him: "What kind of operation did she have?"
7403c4cc3ac420f4c939c1a2c73a048b9d1d07d4	Jewel shook his head negatively.
2a808fecd18c99b2a26370d8869f8ddb18ae57df	– No, just a small correction of the female sewer system.
51c7cbc8e87c75cc184b56d0c6c888bd6733ad20	The most common thing, believe me.
6d71acb9232a5b596949df7cf87200feed454aa1	I'm more worried than you are, because I hope to marry this girl.
a68c081a5ade36451815b8d5fcd9d700d3aa4e35	They looked at him appraisingly, and he asked: – And how did you know that she was in the hospital?
ad0cd98aed612971ff1af0b335baaafb043b2b1a	– Fredo called us and asked us to visit her, - Fontena replied.
6781a5b4f54bea4bd107eda93ffd169a627c99df	– We grew up in the same block.
903943b664880dd751acec6f8a9227d85c59d078	Lucy was a bridesmaid at his sister's wedding.
2aeb475e8c22915ef3eaa12c003b89e76b08d8ac	"Ah," said Jewel.
37ccba5461dc1353c461e9a2cf16838d5fe2511d	He didnot tell them that he knew the whole story, and they didnot tell him anything about Sonny.
d7d488ecfe5546f235f0129dd58b5aab759f5b98	Walking down the corridor, Jewel casually said Fontana: – I'm using the rights of a visiting doctor here, why donot you let me take a look at your throat?"
6c68d0a55bde47601c4ea09c333a19571b681b8f	"I'm in a hurry," Johnny waved him off.
18859854c9b4f46f9e04268e5cb43359b2e5e315	"This throat is worth a million dollars," Nino Valenti said.
fc9736c2d750abbb2d2b26c822740fdbe10870ec	– He canot let every cheap doctor look into it.
7724fccc4f4c3d9bdc52292b968da0526e092eda	Jewel noticed a smile on Valenti's face, he was clearly on his side.
4712d4331a979ff20e793746d8d656f903785fbb	Jewel said cheerfully: – I'm not a cheap doctor.
d60f68dee2dd56edbbe82a1f0cb1258d52c11d3d	Before I was caught having an abortion, I was the best of the surgeons and diagnosticians of the East coast.
2441103ea322817861b8f91435330ecfc48d5f14	As he had expected, these words changed their attitude towards him.
4f4ac6b1eb8fec0ad80bed2b62f5960cb91268ac	By confessing to the crime, he made them believe in his qualities as a doctor.
3c052552f2216cc172eb7a1199fedb52f0e17661	Valenti was the first to wake up.
ffe51d1b1c3be641362dda01a73cebdf14bcd446	– If Johnny doesnot want to use your services, then I'll send my friend to you.
e9c705dc3b94cdbf16d2727ccb37f2c557beaf36	Not with a throat, of course.
68b01e86c6f7ab6f2cae2fe798b310fc09647e9d	– How much time will it take?
59d3b116cc340b8ec549a522da387c1f547b0718	Johnny asked irritably.
965abd68b0913f26bbcb25613eae37d5617e1a46	"Ten minutes," Jewel said.
6e97603f91823101b5e5480519443d6330d57fd0	It was a lie, but such a lie he considered holy.
7de795179a85e5245fcb4f65f2add07fe3ec3df6	"Okay," Fontana said.
bf9745f9e57cbf778dcc641d5136ae8679de8946	His voice seemed even more hoarse now.
8fd9ee1061baf3a690d31fe71062a88f9e4581e5	Jewel immediately asked to clear a room for him and invite his sister.
1ecb755bbdb48f8ed2356e5b49493e6c51587022	The hospital didnot have all the necessary tools, but it was enough for the first examination.
b324fcc50fb3288d8366bf5e80e67562f7415647	In less than ten minutes, Jewel knew that there was indeed a tumor on the vocal cords.
871de344025c08d6208a69d2cbd435b4522d62ef	Even Tucker, that cobbler and incompetent son of a bitch, should have been able to make a diagnosis.
dab5d246dc5875e1af46d00bb0c3d4c83b301334	"Jesus, this guy probably even has a work permit.
b626514a458ba0d3559b52d7713770dd5c72ccde	We should take it away immediately," Jewel thought.
4a0d223ab4368851c0aa9bd3f7049f45277f5903	Jewel paid no more attention to the two men.
58992995853e904a937ff5209f30bfd6eddd2094	He picked up the phone and asked the hospital otolaryngologist to come into the office.
d8e609914f12a2a939458bc9ad8ddd4ff9c43fe7	Then he turned to Nino Valenti and said – " I think you'll have to wait a long time.
1d58f0db6ac40dfefe0cee9a39ad64d22e3a0c77	You'd better go home.
9e1379fde0d949320f7e940cc2238869e79a5951	Fontaine looked at him incredulously.
e8e137b4684dff8c4ba391b677257ef8951685df	– Son of a bitch, are you going to keep me here?"
797c7444a7b58e77576d2260bc29098fc273c56f	Jewel answered him with pleasure: "You can do whatever you want," he said.
e63c4df377d7c7d8cabe867d35d5814be18b0998	– There's a tumor in your throat.
f55e759212972ed12c21a9ad90a59b186f83a095	If you stay here for a few more hours, we will be able to determine whether this is a malignant tumor.
de734b754023b9eec90da83345d70af5203184eb	We will also be able to determine whether surgery is required or treatment can be dispensed with.
9dfb084a927136cb8d31ee260dcdbaa8494bd931	I'll tell you the best specialist in this field in the States, and we can bring
39dfc9ffd3253c48c9af5dd55c4b3e4b4b5e6229	149
d7094f83ecfe74dc40c016561ab4ba372a09bf93	he's here tonight, for your money, of course.
b2989e4c490860e77708f074844f405ba11358e4	But you can go to your idol or sweat in search of another doctor.
b1752f1113834dcc7e152f634fc5f58429b48010	If the tumor is malignant, they will cut out your entire throat and you will die.
61f8c82aa26fba32e59c920d4af17c6cfe95d55a	Stay here, and everything will be settled in a few hours.
3c3ea974a985f3f65bb41ae92fab868016a11b1d	"Let's stay, Johnny," Valenti said.
cb2632eb091c0929fe27693a1c85405299d19cc6	– I'll call the studio.
fe45ece8db04c3587ef2d443bc83b25c4a5682c7	I will only say that we are delayed.
fdb646b4d0448ac882a4a3509e97e89725d4f16d	Then I'll come back here and be with you.
6f48e20f9aa4033b109566a808ebfac12e6f47f1	The X ray and the picture of the smear under the microscope convinced Jewel of the correctness of the diagnosis.
33c5952678a9e252ddbacff7f46fc011e8f731dc	When Johnny's throat was smeared with iodine, he vomited on a gauze swab and wanted to leave.
df7626c98ba852648b3589b44f23ba7c92380830	Nino Valenti grabbed him by the shoulder and sat him down in a chair.
0bb7b579a624471a93168db9e983e99915b731f8	When it was all over, Jewel smiled and said – " A wart."
61b5997b22953c8cd57e4a1ffa1ee0929dae9634	Fontaine did not understand.
3ed371e4a07ada86876ae2e1fdaa160b0ea11297	Jewel repeated it.
66051850a94758fddecd923fc0e4fb1af6cb7c25	"Just a few warts.
4331a1ea6c1be7e79a4ffc694011995372bd456e	We will scrape them off, as they remove the skin from the sausage.
cd7b16dc9efc6198ded1e5714f2e7d1154ce4ce5	Everything will be fine in a few months.
955f24383b2dfac9dc55eb08f78b2ddd44e1c473	Valenti screamed, but Fontana was still angry.
295812605339e11ee8b9ba3ecd16fab2de3a02bb	- And how will it affect my voice, will I be able to sing?
f02f49a30e85ee3e4e7abb1244b425e04c6929f5	- There is no guarantee.
1b8fc361e35141e3b50818afbf207ca045344f3c	But what does it matter, because you canot sing now anyway?
2c4aff5d58e1bc8e80acfe8d60b620d5f8a0a0cf	Fontaine looked at him with disgust.
6f91f6731f16d7429c209027532f933de161780f	"Boy, you donot know what you're saying.
977543940a74f1cf47cfab36c50d880772ba58ca	It seems to you that you are giving me good news b, but what you're really saying is that I may never be able to sing again.
ea6d69ddf849982335d7f1b1624e0103719dcaaf	Is it true I'll never sing again?
f9e7fd69f570c33363d861d8a4e5751b6e5ccb4b	In the end, Jule got tired of all this.
7d0209d033dd9901427e0189a8f00ca1125e702c	He acted like a real doctor, and it gave him pleasure.
be04ba530b0397263d44e5ddecea3f20b933b3d2	He did this scoundrel a favor, and he behaves as if he was mortally insulted.
3c4c450ba8cdda11626a21a80d509183464ebff9	"Listen, Mr. Fontana," Jewel said coldly.
53b3ab864ae64b9f55f39f0c8dc3e98bc931fb68	– I'm a doctor, and you can call me "doctor".
8f9413b433a6a1e6318f9070dec4db5dfd276bcd	Not a "boy".
f26f3239f1caf36bdb1a5bbe061c21f08d417756	And I told you the good news.
186ee3008dd0508fa32ab74aa2a19c1da6e0138a	When I came here with you, I was sure that there was a malignant tumor in your throat and you would soon die.
ca4955c556366a2ee1dc392731b27a41d57a6213	I would really hate to say that the case is hopeless, and I was glad to be able to say "wart".
2605065b3dc28f771999f782c9afde69d464e050	Your singing has always given me pleasure, and I learned to seduce girls from your films.
0a19ce0416d4bc24427e58e2ae50947108e659d9	You're a real actor.
baf0b96f9b419be5e1faf6577eef5ef9bb8dc449	But you're also a very spoiled guy.
64a12798fa850daab647f0344f503af153f425e1	Do you think that because you're Johnny Fontane, you canot have cancer?
fc9713e393d4e1a52b6c5ff78adb692312fb52fc	Or that an inoperable tumor canot grow in your brain?
3322ed2a3463f6642b9c820edcb69f73101d2f68	Or that you canot have a heart defect?
487685560b8b91aaf38fa8afd18e60e57df8395a	Maybe you think you'll never die?
0964d58e21267cfb14f019f2d67d6111a14e27f8	All this is not so pleasant, and I advise you to walk around the hospital and sing a eulogy for warts.
f86d921915ee828f463ab7cc30f63c9fb9d901db	Stop being stupid, and do what you have to do.
ac61a9e1ca2a04aa4d60e85a0f1e0e44dc8ac599	Your idol can find you a suitable surgeon, but if he enters the operating room himself, I advise you to arrest him and charge him with attempted murder.
2a8ff24fb420acd45511b62bdcd6e19d8806fce6	Jewel was just leaving the room when Valenti stopped him and said – " You're a good guy, Doc, you told him everything right.
ec41f92b0a23d8e25ddd1882742b9db41681685a	Jewel turned around and said – " Do you always load up before lunch?"
646e49a82dce5fc1c575de6948ba79a24a9763f1	"Of course," Valenti said, and smiled.
227143da4203b883058d82c3109c27075826f4ef	"If you keep this up, you'll be dead in five years," Jewel said.
681f382dde040552b7dc50166e1861ac16a9a538	Valenti danced over to him.
2e14e5ab52b546ac3638a472f5ec398d0d35681a	He hugged Jewel, breathed right in his face and laughed hard.
2200986ea11f985d592dca1eda502689ae57691a	"Five years?"
1ca2ab7cca57706fe0b0ab04eccfd8ced8d10a59	"That much?"
b21ce61d1518d0a1d9bfdba138e69b6a6187556e	A month after the operation, Lucy Mancini was sitting by the hotel pool, holding a glass in one hand, and with the other stroking Jewel, who was lying with his head on her stomach.
db9298d3e5a6cb2f5340702152fb912264fee934	"You donot have to drink for courage," Jewel said.
943da6e5334adc7ccc6026fa8191d00afc441031	– I made champagne.
f65501c5931f9370c5cf6d13eb75d44a78333089	– Are you sure enough time has passed?"
8305f5a9e7ec21952ba78a5db398254088c28078	Lucy asked.
44b2470c0c905d2e2a71c14e58a0501ba2ee8dfc	"I'm a doctor," Jewel said.
fcf6c1184ac78e74ec4e45cac80780635c95d0c3	"Tonight is a great night.
17be2c1b375336af35e037e8db69aacb1752741e	Understand, I am the first surgeon in history to test the results of an operation performed by him.
b1da505bb4e5a7337b744f7b9df02929768d5c8a	You see, I test you "before" and "after".
b35ac9f646436a1fd7811ea8be2eeb8573b8a95c	I will be happy to write a report on this research in a scientific journal.
6a06c80ccb45b34e6677fe8c368481350f308a14	Listen: "If before the operation, pleasure was achieved only through psychological
13682ac418603aa0966369d46bbf282f562acf47	150
1c348adb6ac0c92132051436b40e5e93efaabd75	due to the reasons and tenderness of the surgeon, then after the operation, the congruence of the genitals of the researcher and the patient led to a rapid orgasm."
c31da610665c500d5e78418f4278f5c43ebbeb04	Lucy pulled his hair hard, and he had to stop.
65d2cda9ea1bacea64a2cc8a9103845db22a7f80	She smiled.
128601e658ed0ee2fb934144b623c945d8b75c58	– If you're not happy tonight, I can say with a clear conscience that it's your fault, " she said.
7ff2c4fa7c5cd15593e145b965c68008139064a9	– I can vouch for my work.
108f4284766b4453806b7c0f49b5e84c7693fb4f	I planned everything myself, and left the menial work to Kelner to do, " Jewel said.
3a78e7f73d0f7df823baa8ba67312c35714b2bad	– Now let's go rest, we have a difficult night of research ahead of us.
3d6b9d20150caa2059860972f1311206b701eded	When they went up to his apartment – they now lived together – Lucy was waiting for a surprise: a magnificent dinner and next to a glass of champagne – a box with an engagement ring on which a huge diamond glittered.
82557e41b6ffb2a81ce3868b305209e8029be874	"This is another proof of my confidence in the results of my work," Jewel said.
38a05bd5ccb1f056fbd2a306b641190ff1e338a4	– Now let's go see if you're worthy of it."
3a644b1d1fdafaf1ad700d181eff80e6473a89c8	He was very gentle with her.
e91c4cbdf4d4ab17e76b0b85d1337ed50e9892ab	At first she was afraid, but when she calmed down, her body was filled with such a sweet languor that she had never known.
215899c9532b30d12e133c217838f4b7c5603535	"I did a good job," he said , "oh, yes," she whispered.
23b9087a3f276b054cf5b3cfd336bfff5a2b4f6c	They laughed and now without words rushed into the abyss of love.
144a95c45f87b37e8d03aeab347308b65c259097	PART SIX 23 It took Michael Corleone five months in Sicily to understand people like Luca Brasi, the cruel caporegime Clemenza, to understand the unquestioning submission of his mother to his father.
9f18bef59532ddf389f23f3cf07afac6a4820410	Michael, dressed in old shabby clothes, was transported from a ship that anchored in Palermo, to the interior of the island of Sicily, in the heart of the mafia controlled area.
112f22cf9af6554aa39d554cf84e3b0c972f6216	The local don was indebted to his father.
97c772bb04356b3c1faa961eaf35e2603722e018	In this area there was also the town of Corleone, whose name Michael's father used when he emigrated to America.
ddcf2b67b4dd1b1ceabf42232ef44045893215e8	None of the relatives and friends were left here.
65b49f495a4e244b5853cb4950f13d9b07783a73	The women died of old age.
2f383183866d4d459dd01e55429bc578de985a65	The men either died or emigrated some to America, some to Brazil.
7a80f88155f8e24d831157e452c74d7c60db6f6c	And who and just to other parts of Italy.
02a5b2182a666052ebf328d8b9956355052ca29b	The number of murders in this town was the largest in the world.
907e61a6a43deb26f6ef8b2ad90c004226762261	Michael was placed in the house of the uncle of the mafia leader.
428a7535a08a874d14ba381c25b32174e78f69c1	My uncle, a seventy year old bachelor, was the only doctor in the area.
62cab5993a97cd8782cd2a661050f5926961af5f	The head of the mafia (capo Mafioso), Don Tomasino, was a man of about sixty and worked as a manager of the estate (gabelotto) of one of the most aristocratic families in Sicily.
4eef268397fa5c080b53ecbab3127512daaa5acb	In addition to the main duties, the manager was responsible for ensuring that the poor did not demand uncultivated land, did not cross the border of the estate, – during hunting or in an attempt to cultivate the ownerless land unnoticed.
794d9aab0c6d59f21f8ffb3fbce07e54d6851136	In short, Don Tomasino, for a certain bribe, protected the rich from encroachments both legal and illegal.
e7ef9b93686f9cbe61ce0f46a658bf2e7e03479d	When one of the poor tried to take advantage of the law giving him the right to buy uncultivated land, gabelotto forced him to abandon such a thought under threat of death.
f5e4b58504b946c48c947de64f2ec7949cba3ad9	It was very simple.
c63bcb12c20ddf7a93b01647c2402d1669d664eb	Don Tomasino also owned water rights and did not allow the construction of new dams.
a25a8fa9632df6a1c79b143005ac89a7324eb80e	Such dams could also destroy the lucrative business of selling water from artesian wells, made water too cheap and generally destroyed the hardly built water economy.
03afbcae72b3af8b2f45b3ce8563d274fb7f93c1	Don Tomasino was an old school mafia capo and didnot want to hear about drugs or prostitution.
3885688ede61d6b1b4bc4b53e16626d9522ea3bf	On this basis, he had frequent disputes with the new generation of mafia leaders, who were strongly influenced by immigrants from America, and were freed from the complexes inherent in the old generation.
b16a457a3302d7c1f4563df2ffc96dccf3779af7	151
331b77b24829e673d588a47d9b20e3e6d66a85f7	The capo mafioso was a "man with a belly", that is, he was able to inspire fear in people.
c6a1fe99628c65c2363e8bccd91d1852ab23c66a	Being under his protection, Michael had nothing to fear, but at the same time it was decided to keep his identity a secret.
735a20ed698eef4a89441b82c72959d825af9095	Michael was forbidden to go outside the estate of Dr. Tatz, Don Tomasino's uncle.
657a9daf17caa7931ec23669dbf413caf290d992	Dr. Tatsa, very tall for a Sicilian (almost six feet), was a ruddy old man with snow white hair.
39c491be865ae3798787e0b1c1601bbdec86f04a	Despite his seventy years, he visited the young prostitutes of Palermo once a week.
026cb3a4b2ce72f9b35afd39dfcc44b9139491f2	Dr. Tatz's other passion was reading.
42106d9f22e1eb76557b12bc90d03a5aa7d05bb9	He read everything in a row, and then ranted about what he read in the circle of his patients, who were mostly illiterate peasants and considered him a little crazy.
0c61fade4e315b5b0a755263573433d3093de640	In the evenings, Dr. Tatsa, Don Tomasino and Michael sat in the garden, surrounded by marble statues that seemed to grow in the gardens of this island.
6f955fa3566927283e53b6cf8546fb87e45af6f5	Dr. Tatsa liked to talk about the history of the mafia, and he found an attentive listener in Michael.
cd003ee789006d411a7c05210d65c5695e39b7ba	Sometimes Don Tomasino, intoxicated by the peace, the clean air of the garden and the strong wine, told stories from his own life.
33dd92e8c62dd92c092dd9d87220f9a97e720296	In this ancient garden, Michael felt the roots from which his father grew.
2c06e6ef83ffb93e331037ed843cff7118d17c54	The merciless cruelty of the authorities has taught people not to betray their hatred and fear.
ef755e8ef9fa2d1cf74c9e53d542354375d38ddc	They have learned not to utter threats that can cause retaliatory actions.
116df71c6e23b2e53f8b3cdb833090454ac12aac	They realized that society was their enemy and turned to the rebellious underground, the mafia, for help.
76684c7a941e038e0bfdb7b297168d8197e93292	And the mafia was strengthened by creating its own law of silence – omerta.
73ad515a3321ef361e8ef6c8403a69988e2b479c	A traveler who asked how to get to the nearest city did not receive an answer.
45c813efe5979f6e171d2040f42350fa56a3c53d	A member of the mafia, showing the police who had just shot at him, committed the most serious crime.
99fb964b90b810fe40a08b6ffaa869b567927c86	Omerta has become the religion of the people.
70f0f478e7b54a66f09c994dce17e5e297bb39bd	The woman refused to tell the police the names of the people who killed her husband and children or raped her daughter.
141b311e8a5e3acc7383cc7f8fb484d707bee1e8	The authorities were not distinguished by justice, and people had to turn to the mafia.
42416bef05394258d13c4e9fe46dda5bfd74ba22	And the mafia to a certain extent fulfilled this role.
232bed35b4f2a0013970534b5da7f38cf00d4d79	The local capo mafioso was always ready to provide the poor with food, work and protection.
522794468105ed630e171c3a0f8cffa48c3c18cf	Dr. Tatsa did not say anything about the fact that the Sicilian mafia turned, after all, into a puppet of the rich, into an additional police force.
9fc28bd5eb1db81a49f0213c522863aad5213ea2	It has become an organization that taxes every enterprise, no matter how small it is.
45978f68fd5f34d0e2ad1e40457c2979a458be19	These people were too freedom loving to submit to poverty and humiliation.
b2b47136d57cd5a9863c969b75ae597945e562b8	Sicilian emigrants in America rightly believed that the local authorities would treat them no less cruelly than the authorities of Sicily.
5d0a2d7ec7db14ec5d737185a999bfc7e85dac99	Dr. Tatsa offered Michael to accompany him during another visit to a brothel, but Michael refused.
12909265fa73014734f00fffc07c6195f54fe28c	His escape to Sicily deprived him of the opportunity to heal in time, and his left cheek became a constant reminder of Captain McCluskey for him.
0989e1dc26c695460348fab26e898bfdebdb23f3	The bones were not properly fused, and this gave his face, especially in profile, a villainous expression.
3301921de034a7e8e1a03a4cafaf16274672c4b5	Michael had always prided himself on his beauty, and the twisted face upset him more than he could have imagined.
078f091415ebc887edb42c6b63c1c34045bdef54	Michael relieved the pain that appeared from time to time with pills.
6a8a3a2d7405dd9cabb96f2ca4275e945f13542c	They were given to him by Dr. Tatsa, and he suggested that Michael take care of his face.
443ce936f32d1719df0c7f25badcaa160229f693	Michael had been in Sicily long enough to realize that there was no worse doctor here than Dr. Tatsa, and he flatly refused the operation.
7bbf6e8187ab135d17e9cc09ced4a3269e904610	This doctor read everything except medical literature, in which, by his own admission, he did not understand anything.
34db3e143abb70a99d76fd2f8263115fb08a806b	He passed the exams at the medical faculty thanks to the intervention of the capo mafioso, who specially went to Palermo to talk with the faculty professors about the assessments of his ward.
34e65fd80ca3fd94053598daca2ee0bf440273f2	There had been sixty murders in the town in the past year, and death had cast a shadow over Corleone.
461cf2c1183600b8a03846455c1e976a80339324	Accompanying Michael, the bodyguards took lupars with them.
4b8b7c0df1e9ad7ef8864d413358af686b2b15a2	The mafia has turned this hunting rifle into its main weapon.
b56f8e5e1f55981e6b00f60032e0e702a3dda077	The chief of police, sent to Sicily by order of Mussolini, ordered the destruction of all fences more than a meter high,so that the assassins with lupara were not able to ambush.
b412867aee6c6857f882e8a5f4e68b02e476909b	This did not help, and the Minister of Police solved the problem with mass arrests and exile to the islands.
ddd1443331b9740d68d3294563ffb18a1a364e36	The Allied troops who liberated Sicily assumed that all the people arrested by the fascist regime were democrats, and many mafiosi were appointed village elders and translators.
431278a4e462d7f2544c97964f617a9dd3768c78	Thanks to this, the mafia has regained its strength.
4a5c9598c16e9535e8ab3dd28970c1185ff58a61	Dr. Tatz's library had exclusively Italian books, and Michael, despite the Italian lessons he had received in college and a good knowledge of colloquial speech, had to put a lot of effort into reading.
0295b0b39e9c8ad5bf99364935eb839911a43a3a	His accent had completely disappeared from his speech and, despite the fact that he could not be considered a local resident, he was mistaken for one of those strange Italians who live on the border with Germany and Switzerland.
f623d3d8c46a35a976369161ed2de377092c8f87	The curved left half of his face increased his chances of being mistaken for a native of Sicily.
33b41b4978789d830f96be72b2e6852e733e25ec	The almost complete lack of medical care made such a deformity very common in Sicily – many men and even children went with scars.
2db49aa6acafdbe5fe4d54bfebdcc4a137c48756	Michael often thought of Kay, her smile, her body, and always felt remorse for not saying goodbye to her.
3295514e06c57d607a000c3da88b7af4514bfb2a	To his own surprise, he did not repent of the murder he had committed: Sollozzo tried to kill his father, and Captain McCluskey left him a gift for life.
5bd7e182e243ac2bec07e57bf2d42c811aa36453	The pain in his broken jaw was getting worse by the day, and Dr. Tatsa was more and more insistent that Michael should have surgery.
012febeaeab4e84cc5e90a5d7d9dbdf99ebfc911	Tatsa explained that there is a nerve under the eye that branches into many small nerves, and it is this nerve that was touched by a bone fragment in Michael.
dc1eeff084585949a28291e76199fdc460ae014a	A simple operation in the Palermo hospital will save him from pain forever.
a21c06ca82459adc7853ea7bc643a41b4d9a0ba9	Michael refused.
a8ae6f844c2336a8a7fa1ea7b9f5d15026ec16d0	When the doctor asked him why, Michael smiled and replied – " It's a souvenir from home.
35ec95e5eee52fdae51f9ac53275ff81bd0157a7	The pain really didnot bother him much: it was more like a light tapping on the skull and resembled the operation of an apparatus pumping and purifying water.
bb26ff9af4c363bf7672a82fb1102707aeaacc85	It was only after seven months in the village that Michael felt really bored.
e0cb1bf40ee2bdac22aaaa17a54d66b6f3139f07	By that time, Don Tomasino had a lot of work to do, and he rarely showed up in the village.
bb0cfd487b51749366fcdf584b54167455da36b3	He had trouble with the" new mafia " from Palermo, young people who profited from the post war construction.
442e22966466980b0fc15798b15609e11ffb5174	They tried to curtail as much as possible the power of the village capo mafiosi, who were called old arrogants.
ffe758c417a6013f4c8c39cb08e8b90ecee7c8f3	Don Tomasino was busy defending his possessions.
e357e54120aa3c1087b1020883868566da15f4cd	Deprived of his company, Michael had to be content with the stories of Dr. Tatz, which by that time began to be repeated.
8fd6672e569025bf85c11f77ed06de2be54272fb	One morning, Michael decided to walk to the mountains located on the other side of Corleone.
5ff5dd198470580219f0efb0280e730f32b1582c	He was, of course, accompanied by both herdsmen of the bodyguard.
4b965851e08b00fbad86475b4cc3f7855eb2edfb	It wasnot just about protecting him from the enemies of the Corleone family – it was just dangerous to wander alone in this area.
4bce870f665f4132620df3fc4d0fde6dd93e104c	The area was teeming with robbers and warring mafia groups.
31dc1b94fe39595a6dd0c352ae365dc8c7c43d72	He could also be suspected of stealing from pagliato.
de11ca7691a1e8803b84b68a72f503ad44b9aba3	Pagliato are thatched huts in which peasants hide tools and food.
44fcaded61aed4a9f72e8851013079c3f46990c2	On this day, he cannot work, and his wife and children are left without bread.
bc84b28ac881e5736e2d348e7ab5b39f250cac5d	So, one sunny morning, Michael went out for a walk, accompanied by two devoted shepherds.
a0f4cc593fde152011343fca5a31e07d024d28a1	One of the shepherds was a simple and ugly guy, almost an idiot.
20787b4c9e9c832667d3b6b263aa6552851ec19c	He was silent all the time, as if he were dead, and his face was impassive, like an Indian's.
35ecc7352c600113cbce555a8c394270ac62715d	He had a thin, strong body typical of a young Sicilian, which usually gets fatter and fatter in old age.
f0fb21fd628aefe0f9f0218f75888344b07bd315	His name was Kalo.
52e039ea1d62e5c5f83a3b89d3e0c598ae801f76	The second shepherd was younger than him, more active and had seen something in his lifetime.
9b5a8e1000148f490119227a1f68923f059606a3	During the Second World War, he served in the Italian Navy and before being captured by the British, he managed to get a tattoo.
78ee9e9dd7225eaddcb76074750dff163b894254	The tattoo turned him into a local celebrity.
e536deb73c8191ca635af22a7674c6fc405bb54a	Sicilians do not often allow themselves to be tattooed – they have neither the time nor the desire for this.
deea12f6809ffd16b25a09b380cea0fc2214e6af	Back in the village, Fabrizio did not particularly brag about his tattoo, although it reflected a theme dear to the heart of every Sicilian: a naked man and a woman were embracing on Fabrizio's hairy chest and stomach.
6bab069f2002662f332f0892cce8a7060ef51458	Fabrizio joked with Michael, asked him questions about America (it was impossible to hide Michael's true origin from them, but they did not know exactly who he was, and they understood that it was not worth gossiping about this topic) and sometimes brought Michael fresh cheese that smelled pleasantly of fresh milk.
496d7a26e12c818e8a44473d1c3f9a914d5a942a	This morning they were walking along the dusty village roads, past donkeys harnessed to carts decorated with cheerful colors.
9a8c1954979b93636ab7597f23ea89579592a849	The land was so beautiful that he no longer understood the people who left it.
b56ffaf401193255e02b83547e2520f0fddec318	Apparently, people treated each other too badly, since they had to leave this paradise.
47f2e8df4c47f442acca9868b265e3ff309335be	Michael was going to walk to the coastal village of Mazara, and in the evening return by bus to Corleone.
09f36246ce63a7c4f91ada7524df1f421baffed4	Tired, he will fall asleep easier.
f6b7d3d7522437be694fda2678b0f6382431481d	The shepherds had bags full of cheese and bread; they did not even try to hide their lupars.
d78aa74d8a10d17c64957542e04f298ad31f9339	Michael felt the same way he used to feel when he was a child, when he went out on a summer day to play baseball.
fde4cca13b3bbb4642b3dcd7198d57f85bd87a48	Sicily was covered with flowers, and the scent of lemon and orange flowers was so strong that it affected Michael's immune sense of smell after being injured.
f7b8e3f6fb11c63142d966d92020abc4c5abc6b7	The wound had healed long ago, but the bones had fused incorrectly and were pressing on the left eye.
3dd7d688c6f4011ce8a0f1c7978891bc7285b18d	For the same reason, snot constantly flowed from his nose, he often filled his handkerchiefs with mucus, but even more often he blew his nose directly on the ground, according to the peasant Sicilian custom, which in childhood caused him deep disgust.
3e2b3b4ba54f54609e50cbdfa447920a615498f7	On this day, they did not reach the seashore.
6638a59f9ba66cf1e5d89c1d3828bd9532587993	After walking twenty five kilometers, Michael and the shepherds sat down in the shade of green orange trees to relax, eat their lunch and drink wine.
165623a86895312428fe9ee5f1ce7da768e30c10	Fabrizio was talking about going to America one day.
d9e88c20a7760106608cadc088c8db2f1f71ffb5	When they had eaten and drunk wine, all three of them stretched out on the grass, Fabrizio took off his shirt and strained his abdominal muscles to "breathe life" into the tattoo.
eb29d3a6c15d2b585763788358e3658a6e2ebc12	And then Michael was struck by what the Sicilians call "hail".
0425776484a42dc673b2eee09b3ddd2cb8b9b72b	Behind the citrus plantation stretched the green gardens of the landowners ' estates, and not far away was a villa, as if extracted from the rubble of Pompeii.
a6aee94a6217a84955ad99cb28e033b006da83dc	It was a real little palace with marble columns, among which a flock of village girls suddenly appeared, accompanied by two fat black clad matrons.
c845306785797958be5ab379658665aba64cbca4	Following an old custom, the girls apparently fulfilled their duty to the local landowner: they cleaned the estate and prepared it for the approaching winter.
4877e25e373ca2f4f2acc6da9b0209fc21392464	Now they went out for flowers to fill the rooms of the manor with them.
5e5eeec06b88896f78c71866b754add0a25a329a	They collected bouquets of pink sulla and blue wisteria, mixing them with orange and lemon flowers.
a352654ea652cf46ce429e7c4e65b5508eae4d4d	The girls did not notice the men who were located in the shade of the trees, and went straight to them.
46c1a3fba61cb835c3e565e924072bf1dc140090	They were wearing cheap flowery dresses that clung tightly to their bodies.
1e151da718ba04d7c3ac7dd0bd8d0d817ec9a06d	They were not even twenty years old, but the scorching sun, which accelerates any flowering, made them mature early and
06349be70bd2d5dd98d36b9b8dba0a057500fdac	154
077f7f978d02a104fac4df8ce0f79e0d8eb0cd1d	it breathed femininity into them.
e359a9f2a8d82185911976b599ccab27802655ff	Three or four of them started in pursuit of the girl, who ran in the direction of the citrus plantation.
1f7f978e839ada00fdbccf3b0aa0234f06fcb09b	She held a large bunch of grapes in her hand and, tearing off a grape, fired at her pursuers.
b0b22a3323695a0780cb9993d712d2607fdf9560	She had jet black hair, and her body seemed to be tearing out of a tight fitting dress.
c209e279f6b138198d906f6b1765e54aa40f267e	Suddenly the girl noticed men she didnot know and stopped.
24d341d8ab7330497e55ed221e0703b17bd06457	She had risen on tiptoe and now looked like a deer, ready to break away and run away in a moment of danger.
59b0eec8585657b93f92de7560691c5ec78c773c	Everything about her was oval – her eyes, her forehead, her face.
30e18b390c6d8a67ee6f588493d813ddd2bec145	She had milky white skin, large dark blue eyes with long lashes that cast a shadow on her lovely face.
5232f14d3176a959511874a013bbfc76696613e3	Her mouth was juicy, but not vulgar, and her lips were smeared with dark blue grape juice.
b353f9a729b2424eaf390ff6401dbde83273823c	She was so good that Fabrizio jokingly mumbled: "Jesus Christ, take my soul, I'm dying," but there was a suspicious excitement in his voice.
2d36c5c98b7165f80af35774535bd4941c10c1c3	As if hearing him, the girl turned and ran to her friends.
271ccfe18f6d39fa856214a0e00ef80e6c2130c1	Running up to them, she turned, and her face with its beauty overshadowed the meadows covered with flowers.
dbe94a1a4b08b03064ee66ea56e1b11b1b33cbc4	The girls laughed and ran.
cb53fc4effd24e702939bcc9c23cab6f4306a45d	Driven by black clad matrons.
2e0ee76fc375c29a8418c3f825c6f8b4227091e1	Michael Corleone stood motionless, his heart pounding in his chest; he felt a little dizzy.
2b52026b2b280be86cc7886ab7203c1477e0bacd	The blood boiled in his body and beat against the tips of his fingers and toes.
61e06097a9dea082a56b90ae7104a6a780e37996	All the scents of the garden – the smell of orange, lemon, grapes and flowers mixed and flooded him.
096c7c8f58889f97ef4a3b61480b6520c9f891e2	It was as if the body had separated from the soul.
b5ec7fda26dfb9ca0102a1ffb0b93698477a7239	Then he heard the shepherds laughing.
c9c4762035a136efe3212d27613cc33690914fd6	Fabrizio asked , patting Michael on the shoulder.
7445d30e91f011508f04de0bc08fb10d3bd6af93	Even Kalo became friendlier.
033320eb9c13f65adc6fe2080ed09d325f947656	He touched Michael's hand and said, " Calm down, man, calm down.
598647d0e3052a0ff6a9897c633a5886247129a9	Fabrizio handed him a bottle of wine, and Michael took several large sips.
7df241e2f4f3eb4dab8e555b75b46dcbd9bbc19f	The wine dispelled the fog in his head.
8e288e08d8b95141bfc15d63b3e33afebb5e09c4	– What are you goat lovers talking about?
bac888684ed5e31e91991dce89f46d7f8f0128d0	The shepherds laughed.
a941cd84a754be01f3dd5ad8890249b16fea6314	"You canot hide the hail," Kalo said.
aeb98c1323001619e30188bc17b75af9812caf36	– When you get hit, everyone sees it.
8778df3425df837d758af40ee10976fbf9e6ebdb	Oh, Jesus, donot be ashamed of this, many people pray to God to send them hail.
55f753d2ab420a3de97fd5f25901d38e19d9a601	You're lucky, kid.
d71d66bdea724dd7d8eb55f488f1bc80e38f22bb	Michael wasnot thrilled that his thoughts and feelings could be read so easily.
842933c7f07a72df0ce0aa7a49d0af2bd3ea0a31	But this happened to him for the first time in his life.
a44e27ca4c74a45aae1b059e18479cbeda040702	It wasnot like falling in love at the time of puberty, it wasnot like his love for Kay.
15673501cad97177b46ff77172b1d5def2aff76a	He longed for this girl and understood that she would haunt him forever if he did not get her.
8670151d078c38903316e81cec1ba313ddb168f4	His whole life was instantly simplified, concentrated in one point, everything else was forgotten.
bdc8d52af5b5807463b49eba4efaa51884a1cdc7	During his self imposed exile, he thought about Kay all the time, even though he understood that they could never be together.
c1fa2e585248578a432807e3fb830c4116dc9d30	After all, he is a murderer, a mafia boss who "made bones".
fc68648f50dbeff0eba82e84e1481b0d3e4928b6	But now Kay had disappeared from his mind, too.
02f9bbe479cb40a942136a94d36fdbb443790247	"I'll go to the village and find out who she is," Fabrizio said hurriedly.
ffbc516ea6d423ec65233946cb229daeaa3a088f	- Who knows, maybe she's freer than we think.
d4408d5a6cd6e90a982e4ce9bb314b2382c20963	There is only one cure for hail, and you know what I mean.
f46d45a317ef93f59e9995c47ed635e46a8004ba	The second shepherd lowered his head.
80b98a6377891a87c39c98843ee401e787f9094c	Michael didnot say anything.
29a8037bf61ddd17851da05be1dcc48bffd3dd73	He followed the shepherds, who headed for the nearest village.
8f8fdd90bc0c00447b15fec7b9551177906186e2	The village was located around the usual square with a fountain for this area.
5811120375de710a139e56a23ba7e7121ee8a82d	There were several shops in this square, a wine shop and a small tavern with three chairs on a tiny veranda.
182fe8e084e9778bb75adfec62805b151c0d2aed	The village seemed to have died out, and there was no one on the road except a few children and a stray donkey.
a5dd4b25e90d05488b1f2e1c317c5354d9bb0ab8	The innkeeper came out a short and fat man, almost a dwarf, who happily put a plate of peas in front of the visitors.
54ce5366fea1d7898444c721b245a434c4756230	"You're not from around here –" he said.
d7fb33f7923c1e39958664643ff11310aeb479e2	– Therefore, I dare to advise you something.
f9d0a3f9f5bae1c51e94e7bd5750e0c591379059	Try my wine.
98c113f37edbbfab4ea890f0e9253c3f37b4a29d	It was made by my sons from grapes grown by me.
85435752c0ec23e14164cc27b340c61c40530ba3	They mix it with oranges and lemons.
42446a58ce1edf5c6683009da94d7c0e5055b938	This is the best wine in all of Italy.
0daa689dc78899ae1523da265ca5a279b531a95c	They allowed him to bring a jug of wine, which in reality turned out to be even better than in words: dark blue and strong as vodka.
0e057334ce5c31c0e795fcd4dd2d16388df018ed	"I'll bet you know all the local girls," Fabrizio said to the innkeeper.
0258fc272e97f961976522f6c2ff9fd424f41c1f	– On the way, we met several beauties, and one of them hit our friend with a hail, – and he pointed to Michael.
9d8974baddfc0e53300829f37e5fc88b0f5ce61b	155
b97031695c29f90195ed8b16b25f0f29ca6d6c10	The innkeeper looked at Michael with interest.
5c1f5c8432f4a08a63eb82074367c93952d88191	The scarred face was a common occurrence and did not deserve much attention.
8355e349dd5d7696b18be8045f7c0204dcfe4a16	But a person affected by hail is another matter.
022c2f821564087ac3210b5b24d816691d88dbb2	"I suggest you take a few bottles with you, my friend," he said.
25a2a32f42831ea5b1f9784ca700a630bbf2d9b7	"They'll help you sleep."
107bf67f93c3dcd64183506ceb1ba1218444a50f	"Do you happen to know a girl who has all her hair in curls?
b2109ba5ba6f43d380e091c3a58ba3ae4a1bd051	" asked Michael – " She has very light skin, very large and very dark eyes.
f010afed5511bb254aec8efb732d2bfb31fd4b54	Is there such a girl in your village?
0c7d4a18ca077c613c40eec61210e7598266ae13	– No, I donot know such a girl, " the innkeeper replied shortly and left the veranda.
37aee014a5933dadece3c68c298d419379bec457	The three men were slowly drinking wine and, having drained the jug, wanted to order more, but the innkeeper did not appear.
a6023a86ba7bd7d7ef4fa4dd077f7d6d6f687557	Fabrizio went on a search.
81271ba58eda5509f6b7ab939dbebbef09dd23e3	When he returned, he twisted his face and said to Michael: "This is, as I thought, his daughter, and now he is boiling his blood to do us harm.
3dcd81bffe01da444aad3caba1b86217b6647660	In my opinion, it is best to go immediately in the direction of Corleone.
a90e4be84584aed550dbfbf2106674f61db14514	The months Michael spent on the island could not make him get used to the special sensitivity of Sicilians in matters of gender.
1a36664db802936d1ac9fecace9bba98d52a8293	But the situation seemed completely natural to both shepherds.
9cb585b0f3bb10ab60d98b6f53bb1157ffeb8b1b	"The old bastard said he had two sons, big and healthy guys," Fabrizio said.
8705ba7510b4af25cf4555b43277af050eb23b27	- Let's go quickly.
7d08963458e9057b292fb40bd1aa5e2f141dd5a6	Michael gave him a cold look.
b17ca34f4ed3c5d13e28d1dcf7e618892200734f	Before that, he was a typical young American for these shepherds, quiet and calm.
9a3db6c1d5f4bf37a5b4b4faba379956d09ce2fa	However, he was hiding in Sicily so he did something worthwhile.
d0ab008d459f0428e5505ca5d001c8975805ed6d	Now, for the first time, they saw Corleone's gaze.
93f4f143e5277b10c2c8aa9fa5c48461a4a5928c	Don Tomasino, who knew more about Michael, was careful in his relations with him.
c8df0a3ac105f67a58d1e44c8a7860001700ee83	But the shepherds have their own opinion about Michael, which is not very flattering for him… The cold look, the stern face, and the anger that came out of it like steam from ice put an end to their laughter and brusqueness.
16b795eae40b149c7de4fef7bb6fb2935bcdbb73	Seeing that the attitude towards him had changed, Michael said: - Bring this person to me.
2acbe3c71d043f6cec72968a140356957cbc0896	They didnot hesitate.
8a3510334c11fa9f8ab2faa76d5f98d202245092	They took their lupars off their shoulders and entered the dark coolness of the tavern.
346eac38a676f439e40ea3ac75c7e40e493f0740	A few seconds later, they appeared with the innkeeper.
ef21dd8ca94c4a63e9b15ab58b0a7d7a0858386d	The dwarf didnot seem scared, but there was already a hint of caution in his anger.
d58c09cb06905101d66510a66823747054189938	Michael leaned back in his chair and stared at the man for a minute.
272cf0ca6eb18cbec844ef59affd7530adf87cbb	Then he said softly: – I understand that speaking about your daughter, I insulted you.
5143a341018e7061cb1e536983f48e6c1a9341ce	I'm sorry, I'm not from around here and I donot know the local customs very well.
5a65929bc883b9643ed7c3ca91da11040bac3cf1	I didnot mean to insult you or your daughter.
c5f294a7236247b68081dc38e561a195860cd111	These words made an impression on the shepherds of the bodyguards.
208f6fa8ded0f25ea3b9aace877ff65937cd3cde	Michael's voice had never sounded like that in conversations with them.
597e8fe83d0c42085ca029f0a7546e427eca8fc2	He apologized, but there was aggressiveness and self respect in his voice.
046aaae6e5cc52dcc7d6f37d1fbeac6edbe751b1	The innkeeper shrugged his shoulders and, seeing that he was not dealing with some farmhand, asked: "Who are you and what do you want from my daughter?"
b8cacb71c3a21928a4786cdb3848d66783f7e670	Michael answered without hesitation.
270b5af86b917af039e25e52b89cc8274cb73b94	– I am an American and in Sicily I am hiding from the police of my country.
ef33dc7cc0131c4aa1c99cec081b28db5b28f95f	My name is Michael.
8b56d8feb8854b6fc9b63756ed87b904e9b60f16	You can, of course, report me to the police, but then your daughter will lose her father instead of gaining a husband.
09d8a5ba04378ca8b7279d87a7251d9d9acfa435	I want to meet your daughter.
d7d4937508f55498d96e91065f969decae0e5fdd	With your consent and in the presence of your family.
469458c27ce0e5987c31ee08140fcfb2315b2cac	With respect for all decency.
39b538c0aad78e9712a77663c3f2e6ce7d046e23	I am a respected person and I am not going to dishonor your daughter.
8bbdec32e477071d8b9da00e1821b0e120c7d89c	I want to meet her, talk to her, and if we like each other, marry her.
4c5e846fcf6d5c7e5c295ef44e5468413cc5083a	If you donot like me, you wonot see me again.
c73a10af075faa5fe3c000bddcad6508661da036	She can count I'm unsympathetic, and there's nothing you can do about it.
62d744ede2bc064c41a1be23ade31c25d40ddd62	Over time, you will learn everything about me that a father in law should know about a son in law.
a43055341fa26eefb833b1cb1da748bd2effeb04	The three men looked at Michael in surprise.
c4db88db95adab0eb3d520ab26d05fe314ea786d	Fabrizio whispered with fear in his voice: "This is a real hail.
97a550def84c56972228ec2323e0a233cca0ab8a	- Are you a friend of friends? the owner asked, recovering from a slight shock.
b8621a16caaf10f40bc3fa24d5db81c6ae7ae79f	A simple Sicilian has no right to loudly pronounce the word "mafia", and only in this way
6052521b7625e31d4ee9cc706732484fcf850877	156
207b2d1f3ac3efa758d424ff9d740d9e60b7b9bc	how could the owner ask if Michael is a mafia.
fee7a3530461e8acf3d21b334cf335fe364dfca1	"No," Michael said , – I'm a stranger in this country.
968ea2ecd249b864228fbbac68f59f0466a8f324	The innkeeper looked once more at Michael's disfigured face, at his long legs, rare in Sicily.
f5419cf5f3372f2c211e2fc7358aa6fd2a1035d2	He looked at the shepherds, who did not hide their lupars, and remembered how they entered the tavern and said that the owner wanted to talk to him.
6bdd19000fe272870653fe220c5fdb981d24d677	He grumbled at this that "the son of a bitch better get out of here," to which one of the shepherds remarked: "Believe me, you should go out and talk to him.
8a0c951569a15b95087a120ae46d6a30260f29df	And for some reason he came out.
3c2b56429fa8abc609d3941660cc61739fcad32f	Now he knew for sure that this stranger should be treated politely.
0401d9569e13de8df413457e8759ebd78f604e68	Reluctantly, he replied, " Come back on Sunday afternoon.
8db9756c1845384d8ea2afb2f8e4285796d44df4	My name is Vitelli, and my house is on that hill over there, above the village.
9d160c0449d8774f032a8bc3d06f6d258338b8fd	But you come here, and I'll take you to my place myself.
ac822960221c3f1cefcbab58a77c7b8f5e44a0d3	Fabrizio tried to object, but Michael looked at him so hard that he stopped.
341d158dd648169d1d9d110e603d8c0ae9e64f31	This did not escape Vitelli's wary gaze.
c5ab347ef07f00084f556c8cc7d786443685cbdf	When Michael stood up and held out his hand, the innkeeper shook it with a smile on his face.
ac51287a026b18439d13295808f6627a99ae2a77	He will ask people, and if the results of the survey are unsatisfactory, Michael will be met by his sons with lupars.
ce432af508f705f568bfacb5c9a088e7572d7210	The owner himself had connections with "friends of friends", but something told him that this was a rare case that ordinary Sicilians believe in: the beauty of a daughter will bring happiness to her and the whole family.
b4151f1ad01227360f5aeca475998b1ad0c68606	Let it be so.
4fb8038077d70e23b6e12cab1a8541747a0e545a	Several local young guys have already started fluttering around their daughter, and this stranger with a disfigured face will have a lot of work to do.
fc56bbaac6b5b056deba1e42db776c3320fb9887	At parting, Vitelli gave Michael and the shepherds several bottles of cold wine.
ad38310c9338efa53a2b5b89ebc8cdf4b09f2001	One of the shepherds paid him off, and this again made an impression on Vitelli.
5122805fa02676dcce499d3daf8c58f4c2f7c710	His attitude towards the guy has changed.
9cfd68f9f96d0cc1203d7d7538da5d57fde358bb	Michael was no longer interested in the walk.
1fc1817532310f4b6758a6d4be3fee7cdf865122	They found a chauffeur with a car, and by dinner they were at home, where the shepherds probably immediately reported what had happened to Dr. Tatsa.
6edfe92a693a8f4457a136fdec84eb6d0eb6411c	In the evening, during their usual conversation in the garden, Dr. Tatsa said to Don Tomasino: "Our friend was hit by hail.
b70f0fab8ccdb2af78a54732dc4e81683303b03e	Don Tomasino was not surprised.
73782fa7e986158d5dd461c926ab2289491b3938	"God grant that a few guys from Palermo were hit by hail," he grumbled, " then maybe I could get some rest.
e97dd1913336760b69ccec15cc2d11f100a6ddc7	He was referring to the young mafia leaders who surfaced in cities like Palermo and declared a merciless war on the fans of the old regime.
941e14b36252d51a77e94444e804260a6e96e1f6	"Tell these shepherds to leave me alone next Sunday," Michael asked don Tomasino.
206edeaef541de66ac2a656f19d670311e45c1dc	– I'm going to visit the girl's family, and I donot want them hanging around there.
51bf43cd4ab69c7b0042f588a9132b7303d4092a	Don Tomasino shook his head.
e47d7bf5e3a887e6d4288a12f0ebea965a851446	– Donot ask me to do this, I'm responsible for you to your father.
6bcd91941996b04ae3741a3aa5f0e7fdd8e36ac2	And more.
6ac91442310007e3220eee85629e5aaa8cbd1179	I heard what you said about the wedding.
8d8bbb60ae788ec585762fe0787eaa33844681f7	I canot let you do that until I get an answer from my father.
abb83720b29dd8285b3c6807bd15f901892e2fcd	Michael Corleone was very careful, because he was dealing with a "man of honor".
6156175926293254edd2cf50267f7fc56acbff2c	"Don Tomasino –" he said, " you know my father.
53b754d68cf9d8c0208381e7c7aa823a3e898807	He goes deaf when he is told "no".
4b22be559c90313e5296157ee24f30e586ec9ee7	And his hearing does not return to him until he is told "yes".
9ed055711d4366f7baae664ea2a12080c2af4ddd	So, he has heard "no"from me many times.
e871992af98ddef2e166fbf0272fc8a687671267	As for the shepherds, I understand everything, and they can go on Sunday with me.
ca1c0ca94e6bc121afaf3be859a6b3ba02006149	But if I want to get married, I will get married.
268dee82842e753e743fad456b2bd0f30e71046a	I will not allow my father to interfere in my personal affairs, and it will be an insult to him if I allow you to do this.
d7439f6608f679ad3d105937e6c1b756305a825b	The capo mafioso sighed.
e128de1280d13bf89950baf1ee6a6266697fff71	Your hail is familiar to me.
f7cc02f5be6d1fbadeda0363bafc3bdf4545e9c2	She's a nice girl from a respectable family.
3535da226747976ab32ea65c43e31217ae0beca0	If you try to dishonor her, blood will be shed.
8f8bffade3bc64c9454da480005cf36e0a41dea7	I know this family well.
0609f4a4a554831f25f4a38cedc547c1ec5e500f	" Besides, she's very young, and she might take me for an old man."
47a6a9d310f38f447d940c8f7470fa81b1d45231	He noticed the smile on the men's lips.
d1c5b3536db2adda4a022844a9cbe470eb7d285e	– I will need a car and money for gifts.
7e740ce1c4f235974f01422a518f8efaed65e8e2	Don nodded his head.
5053c09280990c16c03396038b766ff0f9e902d9	"Fabrizio will take care of that.
654d8aebb7bf86b8fbeb28342303790af9eda735	He is a smart guy and even learned to be a mechanic during his service.
4d317590265b73fff0c6851ae7518c17da84b795	I'll give you some money in the morning and let my father know what's going on.
ed58935b45c807ba9ca80e29413ceca2bbef7fe8	I have to do this.
570d8c25d86cb84733fbdbcb98eab4c013eb7fb4	– Do you have any remedy for this damned slime?"
3da4cb9b04da89e0d2d214781fe41777ef1c2015	Michael asked Dr. Tatz.
abdf7326773b5cd2ee7bffb393b7d66b8364737e	– I donot want to blow my nose in front of a girl.
097ccd4f03d962011101c1221009e53461a0993f	157
d705691eb5c2a854d22e2d239eede87c2749d144	"Before you go to the meeting, I will smear my nose with a special medicine," Dr. Tatsa replied.
a9104fa23839589cad575c47a4a2d3df9caf8a98	– But it's not worth kissing yet.
fd6ff08c5ffab9dc8a4dd8e03b3bd8f7dae873ec	Don Tomasino smiled.
2cbff357c21221447be5fa3897abaac60a23e23c	On Sunday, Michael received a badly battered, but quite decent Alfa Romeo on the move.
5f07773d740158692b3888a3f165388b3ea6f4de	Before that, he managed to visit Palermo and bought gifts for the girl and her parents.
548356c1e9ca8ad0e0ffdd48f48d8410128b6ab7	He found out that the girl's name was Apollonia, and all evening he thought about her beautiful face and beautiful name.
e3288a70e41b261b105345be046fe3e54f87d656	He managed to fall asleep only with the help of a fair amount of wine.
4f8d3886e13481b8527fb4689f530202bbe82c9f	The old maids were ordered to put a bottle of cold wine by his bed at night.
54d70b676ef43975f2322e06f0b600bf74de5ba6	During the night, he emptied it too.
36fa89b35fe8529805d2c68d7d2f9503cc77012f	On Sunday morning, with the first strokes of the bells, he drove to the village and stopped the car near the tavern.
825d40e0ed2cc18e3548bc136b8ef3df5e85cdb3	Kalo and Fabrizio and the lupars sat in the back seat – Michael did not allow them to go with him to the girl's house.
0f6fedc47ddd4241eacd28bca7a99948585c243c	The inn was closed, but Vitelli was already waiting, leaning on the railing of the empty veranda.
0353715888016c06e3f5c6a1a1d95e3118502417	They shook hands, and Michael, taking three packages with him, began to follow Vitelli up the hill.
c0072f93fcac4be8eabdbfa73360017bb1f3c082	The innkeeper's house turned out to be quite large: the Vitellis were not the last beggars.
48179c09981681ca8dbec2111333343128727ea9	In the apartment itself, under glass hoods, there were statuettes of the Madonna and copper candlesticks glittered.
8e6c2f4ce1c810a045e23f22e2a9b15eddf1fa1e	Vitelli's two sons were also there, dressed in black suits for the occasion of Sunday.
f8c0e0d0d28564b26c794cdf6fdf8f4d0ee6b030	They were two strong young men in their twenties, but they looked like they could be given more – the hard daily work affected them.
fd2355edd454910b399577fa114c37d00913d05d	The mother turned out to be a strong woman and as plump as her husband.
07df4cabff0ca6248a174921f2ee72299ebea452	There was no sign of her daughter.
32c7d5070a6b1dfe1674ae2fb8ffd2b76478d8e1	Vitelli introduced the members of his family (Michael didnot even try to remember their names), and then they sat down in a room that could have been mistaken for a living room and a bedroom with equal success.
705d6dac27bc614388514da6fd840d4e49c97d95	There was a great variety of furniture here, quite luxurious for Sicily.
3ccb1000fef527e729ec0357fcc45bcbf0e16b59	Michael gave Signor and Signora Vitelli the gifts he had bought for them.
2c68f868523e24ecb2e2bbe2acdc81fafdfdc0e0	He gave his father a gold cigarette case, and his mother a piece of very beautiful cloth.
21c856f404f7c52b9aea871854f773325728f7e5	He continued to hold in his hand a package with a gift for the girl.
19ac0734e1ffe292754d95edbb94691f42b7964d	The gifts were received with cautious gratitude – they were somewhat premature – according to tradition, Michael was not supposed to give anything before his second visit.
75ac95e88a27bbb4095a3e9b87b44d8acd2eb923	Signor Vitelli said to him, addressing him like a man to a man: "Do not think that we are worthless and let the first person we meet into the house.
d44618d661a354a05d0bc097ee2a0229f2fbdef2	Don Tomasino personally vouched for you, and no one here doubts this man.
c3f6421ca76911d217b822a70b83e86bbcfc7c3c	Therefore, you are welcome.
548f10526556deecba63da3e24802207d20a20d5	But I must say that if your intentions are really serious, we will need to know a little more about you and your family.
85cce4278acfe9bcf1ecefeff78eb5c7677bb819	You have to understand this.
5e2e247b811134e21f91f6b5d274f1c77860e2c6	After all, your family has its roots in this land.
3c200e89dd97540bb230d06c195ad0004b445bb8	Michael nodded his head and politely replied: – I am ready to answer all your questions at any time.
9017aac290401ed0de855d5d03796e4238b85e5f	Signor Vitelli raised his hand.
a69c68c1483242a130e26f0643550b9304980915	– I'm not a curious person.
5dba424ea97a73558094fdf77965fba7618f0e6b	Let's see first if this is necessary.
dc180ba82e3dddb8bd1ded1fc8d51c897c4eb0f5	In the meantime, welcome to my house as a friend of Don Tomasino.
220642467f4e16934cd3f9c1761eda05fd4cb823	The medicine filled nose did not prevent Michael from smelling the presence of a girl in the room.
7ecae94ab53de43435f754136ec1e27f5273cfe6	He turned and saw her standing at the battered door leading to the back of the house.
08731df75b77dcb574e2adce7e3f4d29d7143027	She gave off a fresh fragrance of flowers and lemon buds, but there were no ornaments in her jet black hair.
01646e91336ac34c15cb1840ca2281cccfabe52d	There was nothing on the festive dress either.
6d30de2c2b3b6eb1942531369f03dd994c7d385b	She gave Michael a quick glance, smiled at the corners of her mouth, then modestly lowered her eyes and sat down next to her mother.
97f5363ef6895649bad81266e59303634c9df956	He desired it with the same greed with which a tenant wants to become the owner of the land he cultivates.
9706d7a887943df35b7cc9de7f6126dee1788a0c	He will not allow others to see it.
25498c7c43fd78f14ca1992bd0fca9cf073baae8	When she smiled at her brother, Michael,
a3d12597f93e80f7f6a229cebb1c3e10d4f34ec3	158
c96836353af5d21e991bbd13b96318a12ad859d1	without noticing it, he threw a murderous look at the young man.
46835554465eff9d6f54b40e4bb0827fce3d2eee	The family was clearly convinced that this is a classic case of "hail", and everyone calmed down.
ff2327415ca5667cf9b11d59482179352054a42d	Until the wedding, this young man will be a blind tool in the hands of their daughter.
ad9d339eb6549ea34e373e73bd7542bcc36e4f75	Then, of course, everything will change, but it doesnot matter anymore.
77d54ed9638bdfbd4df64b1212c4b9d24cf62cc5	In Palermo, Michael had dressed up and now did not look like a poor peasant.
71fddbf20ac35065c8acdef4040772c992555e11	The Vitellis realized that he was a kind of don.
91e6c7db6a37d01dbd99e67f8f277188a3e156b4	The twisted face did not disfigure him at all, as he believed; the untouched part of the face was very beautiful, and the traces of the wound could even arouse a certain interest.
e9aac0a83f587f875508f43bf811ba1ac3c5a3d9	Michael looked at the girl, at her round and charming face.
671e13b4d95c6cb697b4dd80c6464bf92ab68c3e	Her lips – he could see it clearly now – were almost blue, so dark was the blood flowing in them.
98cf89e879364fec1e1e5404d73bca951776aeb1	Not daring to address her by name, he said: – I saw you a few days ago near a citrus plantation.
09ebe16c790064b9ea18f8a110b87ef49c6d67b3	When you were running.
a48a4a157454734c02e84a1f8f5c80242374b338	I hope I didnot scare you.
5ca70ac75ff9f70c167672f6f2884eb1e782c60b	The girl looked up for a second.
7579483ca9a44d77a684a9dcdb476b11592fecb1	She shook her head.
5bf2a0ce059e5baff7b34b99914a2dbd74e9effe	The beauty of her eyes made Michael turn away.
2079bf63f565cb9d873434bd5b5e34a80a411b95	The mother mockingly said to the girl: "Apollonia, talk to the young man, he has walked many kilometers to see you.
d8c97243a385520bc07e274163a0565fd180f0a6	But the girl's jet black eyelashes continued to cover her eyes.
3bed8c5350221b22f63bdefa0d85a7a56020cbf1	Michael gave her a gift wrapped in gilded paper, and she put it on her lap.
dd2dac27f700841835c2aee9b2dafdfa7334999b	"Unwrap the gift," her father told her, but she didnot move.
f7825b0c2474b8dafc7d0f1b47826c32ae301919	The mother stretched out her hand, and impatiently, but at the same time carefully – so as not to damage the expensive paper – unwrapped the package.
b3a4fa3e8fc0b348d9813966d0d352ae7869b142	Inside was a box covered with red velvet, and the mother stopped: she had never held such a thing in her hands and she did not immediately understand how to open it.
1dc52c11e862f62fd45276593b6f3802fbf8b3a7	Finally opening the box, she took out a gift.
340c65452c7b37633c9de52e0028aadc6c52a80d	It was a heavy gold chain, and it frightened them not so much by its undoubted value, but by the fact that in this society gifts made of gold meant the most serious intentions.
2d0ee771ea7fe687f5109ee89a7ba9422fadd0e4	With his gift, Michael was making an offer to the girl.
03502c6cced44ef03c55bd0beb5fb3534efdc6d2	There could be no doubt about the seriousness of this stranger.
0df85b44efd590f9aca50009dfbaf5af4bc5b93f	In his wealth, too.
05c226aabae4195939e748af24efd3c3497a2d70	Apollonia still hadnot touched the gift.
8e90862e9dc4d7ec1acae49ca2c0e133fb76f58c	Her mother held the chain right up to her eyes, and then she raised her eyelashes for a moment, looked directly at Michael and said: "Grace.
a0d2c6328507c36f0a045f9e30e36b6092c8aa20	It was the first time he had heard her voice.
0b6bb70b56344df0926a85d6b3f179d9d981eba2	It was a mixture of youth and modesty, and it rang in Michael's ears for a long time.
48cf57388626613cfe796411abb10b9c1882aab2	He kept turning his head to the girl's father and mother, so as not to look at Apollonia, at the sight of which he lost his head.
979278da7e5cfb055b3eaea1dec981c4966d102e	At last Michael rose, and so did all the members of the Vitelli family.
328ac3a5b903fd174dfb245bbf2da35acfb03e66	They politely said goodbye to him, and the girl held out her hand to him, and he felt the rough skin of a peasant woman in his hand.
9cdb9a0cd1acbef9dad5b717a36b3841395edbb5	Signor Vitelli escorted him to the bottom of the hill, where the car was parked, and suggested that Michael come to lunch the following Sunday.
28428dbc1b4c89a50d2a51e3d1f3e3ca6600ffe2	Michael nodded, but he knew perfectly well that he couldnot wait for a whole week.
5264cd188c85f9d799c819ce1f988bbbbb1d29db	The next day he went to the village without an escort, and on the veranda of the tavern he talked with the father of Appolonia.
81de69fd819c71a510e0aa42286ab0580f5fb600	Signor Vitelli took pity on him and sent for his wife and daughter.
c02f46f181820140598d1a3d532f1da66418ff8b	This meeting was less formal.
9bc05ade7ff1663a60731e671621d8adcc8dcc89	Apollonia seemed less shy now and talked a lot.
537605e37af6e926835430fd963dd4e50540f2f9	She was wearing a flowery everyday dress.
365a2a784400814013a1fb5f65525455937c8f83	The next day, everything was repeated.
980dbb3a06c8745478165b569025fe7bf0caf8d6	But this time Apollonia put on the chain she received as a gift.
080da51b6c1f5914bec74ba7cc9ab90d1345c9b8	This was a good sign, and Michael smiled.
f34b61242ba7c9d43d52828d7292cb4f886cc5e0	They went up the hill together, the mother walking a little apart.
1f01b36a8e20f050112ae42f308c6f26b90c933a	But suddenly, at one point, Apollonia stumbled, and Michael caught her.
98b972a2fc9dd13afc4703dba1c3901710d9db06	Her body was so alive and hot that the blood boiled in it again and began to play in waves.
0a1695f4424dd5758fd6fe3fc5f0fe10439f2f00	The mother smiled: her daughter is a real mountaineer, and she has not stumbled on this path since she was a baby.
c227ae2497d79b97ff53de095d4c20198c0b49b4	This went on for two weeks.
3ba769c0e1896cc44a71a1a940e971e9e691ce8e	Michael brought gifts every time and little by little Apollonia stopped being shy of him.
95435534f0351286a8874450016dbc83f5a2758c	But they could not meet without witnesses.
a50caca3f177ff9298542aac375ffd681d6b3638	She was an ordinary village girl, almost could not read and write, had no idea about what was around her, but there was some special freshness and thirst for life in her that made her
6b6277afcb65d33525545904e95c2fa240632660	159
3c01f44844db9140cbe6bf95406be061982442a6	interesting.
07110540ca90878f89e3cb508489e52c13f3559d	At Michael's request, everything was moving very quickly.
6eab9a0e40588b0c73f28cfd138b1976e8652a38	The wedding was scheduled for Sunday in two weeks.
cc3d0d029653bbe7b4cbc5e96b06fff95470a4ba	Now Don Tomasino intervened.
99e67e6bb42ac2ef2280d60a4f5c730f78f666ec	He was informed from America that Michael should not be ordered, but all precautions should be taken.
21d23b503e658cbff70df8ec1098fb8b8cd57623	Therefore, Don Tomasino appointed himself the planted father of the groom and ensured the presence of his bodyguards at the wedding.
94da40725c9003e3dde204432872c6fd08d91b39	On the Corleone side, Kahlo, Fabrizio and Dr. Tatsa were invited to the wedding.
dab6ec357712bca2d2bdf4ddaa4a94425a2ef452	The newlyweds will live in the villa of Dr. Tatz, surrounded by a stone fence.
67f90442b22e2e8b38ee70e1b31e349e4fd98e23	The wedding was an ordinary peasant wedding.
d322416e4ff54d38a2fc3ca16c537730d5d5504b	The peasants stood by the road and showered the guests and the bride and groom with flowers.
6a595f3f97db10fbf1e1963cbaf88cf797fa6117	Traditional almond sweets rained down on the wedding procession, and the remaining sweets were strewn on the bride's bed – this time symbolically, since the newlyweds were supposed to spend their wedding night outside of Corleone.
62c7ea36311b85c6c1d813f965c68d673d7f8d85	The feast lasted until midnight, but the bride and groom hurried to leave the guests and left in their Alfa Romeo .
979210e92115d6e723e9e1a3a57b0093331ba63d	Michael was surprised to learn that at the request of the bride, their mother was accompanying them to the villa.
d3c011ed269b68b060633f544fbfbebbf7e6415c	His father explained to him: the girl is young, inexperienced, a little scared, and after the wedding night she will want to talk to someone.
74e8bbbe0b4f7e192ac3433fce51f337bc73f5ef	Maybe she will have to suggest something if everything does not go well.
7efb1c8e4f4db4a6d06eff584e3ebb03509dd691	Such cases can sometimes be very difficult.
1ec0c3a4c6af80dd79d1522ebcdab2bc1c0d0227	Michael noticed that Apollonia's large gazelle eyes were looking at him doubtfully.
16b336215b1f442d88fc34435ea61c117923a840	He smiled and nodded his head.
ad2d2bb55cc54e3fddeed319e709df1f750be0ff	So, I had to go to the villa accompanied by my mother in law.
0e0f336ff3462aa40545994d291e6071e3aed60c	But the old woman immediately found a common language with the servants of Dr. Tatz, hugged her daughter, kissed her and disappeared.
4b09d51de611486c198a372842d81ec22b64b31c	Michael and his fiancee went up to their huge bedroom alone.
9e65295713f620311ab441a649b5906dd5e7ee3a	Apollonia was still wearing her wedding dress and coat.
8c06c5b1b6f4ce25928c5a13982b9a7f7a5de666	Suitcases were brought into the room from the car.
7a16fbb4b193db22055211f216661d7ebd042c60	There was a bottle of wine and a plate of cookies on a small table.
a3ae381c5510047c18e35d005f9d00ec253ad52d	They kept looking at the big four poster bed.
52a2e76764c91f46887ff3deea960e4438dcfd3f	Now that they were alone, when he was her legal husband, when he could freely enjoy her face and body, which he dreamed of every night, Michael could not bring himself to move.
1286c21e1a7923c58f232a8618ecc7a8a70bf72a	He watched as she took off her veil and put it on a chair, as she put a wedding wreath on a small dressing table.
d247dcea9926daebe5326566818562ea0ef4d513	There were a lot of perfume bottles and jars of cream on the table that Michael had sent here from Palermo.
22f8921fe03e86af51db74983b6d19279fae0f01	The girl glanced at all this wealth with her eyes.
a1fb0e2a675a94e95c6b9eda2ddadfc0fc8614f5	Believing that Apollonia was ashamed of his presence, Michael turned off the light.
20a2705d58e65afb61d47e3eaf3b4ec2b46c94b5	Now the room was lit by a full Sicilian moon, and Michael closed the curtains, leaving only silk for air.
ee65cde6a7a3e61edc04b09437d308685efa9db7	The girl continued to stand by the table, and Michael left the room and went to the bathroom.
78353ba4741ff919605d1f6a677477760ff8cd3e	Then he and Dr. Tatsa and Don Tomasino had a glass of wine in the garden.
2f77b62b998ae91e28d321355d23711b1cff6744	He expected to find Apollonia in her nightgown when he returned.
789d92758cdfcce281908258fa12696e37c90c9c	He was surprised that his mother hadnot taken care of it.
d25d7d2695ba025b97b068e473e1c0e73c7860b5	Perhaps Apollonia wanted him to help her undress, but she is too shy and naive for such a bold behavior.
1ec7e42b37d3f0c3f797481090aa02be2195f214	When Michael returned, he saw that the room was completely dark: the curtains were tightly closed.
a07fa447cc01e256d80aa92c681efc8709df461a	He groped his way to the bed and saw the outline of Apollonia's body under the blanket.
406f575085d41c55139217391e3bd92517b7a2b4	He undressed and slipped under the sheet.
31a3337563c91478268c6ece0c04f51b25668b7d	Then his hand touched the silky skin.
026c12f14d4653dcf36c2c218c594ec50e6f91e3	Slowly and carefully, he put his hand on her shoulder, she turned to him, and when she was in his arms, their bodies, as if electrified, joined in one line, and he kissed her hard on soft, hot lips.
aa56b470a204d71e50dcfc62c5040c8fc94c4875	She brought light to the gloomy masculine atmosphere of the estate.
399f440f1c0cd966650a3560e54052ac75839844	Immediately after the wedding night, Apollonia sent her mother home and now sat at the head of the table, lighting up everything around with youth and beauty.
5f8743cb89c1b49472d6796865a990a19bb3aac2	Don Tomasino dined with them every evening, and Dr. Tatsa, sitting in the garden with statues covered with flowers as red as blood, told old stories.
17bbdf33197c46296d42ce7fba75436ef37cbc07	In the bedroom, the newlyweds spent feverish nights of love.
78bee14c7d782fcfabd8d8dd908b95441267824c	Michael couldnot get enough of Apollonia's marble like body, her honey colored skin, her huge eyes burning with passion.
981ffcb79bd1b1d57d2d5724af7a073ba7d5dc05	She gave off a surprisingly fresh fragrance that constantly aroused desire in Michael.
a00a55c687d3778fe81c557c562c44b6ca2bbc52	Sometimes they fell asleep just before dawn.
e0d076a8a9dc13bc14f798ebbf7a8160d199f7eb	Exhausted, Michael often sat on the windowsill and looked at the naked body of the sleeping Appolonia.
83b0c801e2e394e1648209054b8ba9a827253ed4	He had seen such faces only in paintings depicting Italian madonnas.
be057d4ca44c10a0fc1dfcffd99cce1490291dc7	160
f98a17d0ff7b18e1ffc9ae82155799fd7193b1c6	In the first week after the wedding, they went out on their Alfa Romeo for short walks.
614a4e61df021627bb4d8e7fabb95d55531bb299	But Don Tomasino called Michael aside one day and explained to him that the wedding had spread the news about him throughout Sicily, and that special precautions must now be taken against the enemies of the Corleone family.
3588023353991a446b9f5363cba8af1e1515db3d	Don Tomasino placed an armed guard at the entrance to the estate, while Calo and Fabrizio guarded the newlyweds inside the estate.
c950d3f5b52d6885359969146f89b9005dee223e	Now Michael and his young wife almost never left the villa.
47fe0c951a45c3d93e2293c171281dbf9d1db9e9	He was engaged in teaching Apollonia English and teaching her to drive a car, without leaving, of course, behind a stone fence.
a06430f083d4f6ae1d0f55f26a8f58ce527dfe06	Don Tomasino was very busy these days.
d43a1f606e09d3fa57fd953b22ad83848c8b78b8	"He has a lot of problems with the new Palermo mafia," Dr. Tatsa was saying.
56d8bd81ee422b222c90600cff514366886f2729	One evening, as they were sitting in the garden, an old maid came up to them.
3ce93d54d24d11353b583a7f542b504a2bc2e2b1	She put a plate of olives on the table and turned to Michael.
7aab6a9662a32bab03a2366d49a6b637d65f46c1	"Is it true that you are the son of Don Corleone of New York City, the son of the godfather?
0634d635f7cdf3895257fe01b96615817a3a9cd5	" Don Tomasino shook his head in frustration, as if telling Michael that his secret was no longer a secret.
0a199ea52530299c3cf88bcacd0d5c5840419ab3	But the old woman looked at him with such interest that he nodded his head.
185c7b48ac8dfa5ee34897eab35508512814c127	"Do you know my father?
29901ca72f11fbadd9e27a63eda2bb568f0eac95	A woman her name was Philomena, and she had a face as wrinkled as a walnut shell and protruding brown lips.
25979fe1e7072ea86fe3b1bbc8f5a53567197284	She smiled at Michael.
b6d116d95ce5611b6c9d2ddf42b7b638c066582c	"The Godfather saved my life," she said.
db20cb31257db365a4da2727871cd024aed7c178	- And the mind, too.
0e1e7eecd2e1fbf47e239eec35c3841f7e7d417f	She pointed to her head.
4ca7e6f9d48a1ac79ff36e636fa0f7ce9f461672	It was obvious that she wanted to add something, and Michael smiled, encouraging her.
605d5000562955bd6ee1851d17fce3593ba8b808	She asked with a tremor in her voice: "Is it true that Luca Brasi is dead?"
c5d3e310dee7e31d546f7a8f02bef9213261bb1e	Michael nodded his head and, to his amazement, saw the joy of relief on the woman's face.
675582b48fc85b9f6240f65dfe962fe40c52b7d9	Philomena crossed herself and said: "May the Lord forgive me, but I wish his soul to burn in hell forever.
cc7c339bb4b7938e92187897843c374676d79278	Michael remembered how curious he had been about Brasi, and suddenly felt that this woman knew the story that Tom Hagen stubbornly refused to tell him.
91831b1285516e0c00c8801f99a762f11835270b	He poured the woman a glass of wine and made her sit down.
ae8c840282fdaaa95d38e91fd5f26e6b325d8735	"Tell me about my father and Luca Brasi," he said.
6a67adfc50e3728360144dbd7adf04d18f641b1f	– I know some things, but how did they become friends and why was Luca Brasi so devoted to his father?
0bd9886b466f590577e6b72965b43d563d0e5df2	Donot be afraid, tell me.
c1827475b5734f0cd2feb8ee1b215ade56e01641	Philomena's wrinkled face and eyes turned to Don Tomasino, who signaled her to speak.
4e37a7a7dcfef9a49391017a68a4e9432cadc8d6	Thirty years ago, Philomena lived in a rich quarter of New York City and worked as a midwife.
c19fd7a767af0420d683d5b32b47145339221d32	Women never stopped giving birth, and there was a lot of work.
e0b70a79dd20fa5c70a468b7577075139816d0d9	She was a good midwife and often gave advice to doctors during difficult childbirth.
d72695cb5dd251b4a352e7bc85559a66860caa4e	The husband, who is now no longer alive, had a profitable shop.
2ee0d8f7274e048551c12e28926b015c9117cfff	She idolized him, even though he played cards and ran after women.
b1fd6506262dc8c5a93497f2ec53f7a15a755c8d	One long night thirty years ago, when all honest people were already in their beds for a long time, there was a knock on the door of Philomena's apartment.
9f926cbb482d9f2118d7e64c404ae67c41301d9e	She wasnot scared.
64f9b890cfbd119758c105fb07302b696077fbc9	It was exactly that quiet hour when cautious babies prefer to appear in the sinful light.
d2860b6b22ace5a91070d7648ac47eaee886b148	So she calmly dressed and opened the door.
614847b106fb43dfd44e34ee6f82239e7fadbc68	Luca Brasi, whose name was already frightening, was standing outside the door.
d77d3242459a9100421ca22472c8b472fbbbc882	It was known that he was a bachelor.
553f7650cb561a33feae7ae6e0e9c79e0b0cbc01	Now Philomena was afraid.
17861a264eeb251b347eb9c918c5ef10c9526053	She thought that Luka had come for her husband, that her husband, out of his stupidity, had refused Luka some small service.
571e7202d8b0eb0d251e2a8dae433d9a723817e5	But Luka had come for her usual business.
402a341c01b189d2a07d66494d7598b22eb4d496	He said that he wanted to take her to a woman who was about to give birth.
a13a0881df82da230e19140e70782d0866ee997b	Philomena felt that something was wrong here.
b40caefae91bcd5c744ce595a19f1c1052c10ffa	Brasi's face was burning with the fire of madness, it was felt that the devil had possessed him.
b13e1e601f71a0bcf8c255c27c4bb49960816d94	She tried to protest, said that she only delivers babies from women who consulted with her during pregnancy, but he shoved a handful of green dollars in her face and rudely ordered her to follow him.
d3c4a19c7f9b67bb61c55e2fc590afbc3fa9d5a6	She was too scared to refuse him.
3461765bc27d537d1190780a237c1bb118ad72cc	A Ford was waiting for them on the street, driven by a guy of the same type as Luca Brasi.
ae0aa6603ecef0b5388f7d1d97cd6cb0665a073d	Thirty minutes later, they arrived at a small brick house on Long Island.
7d0dcc4b564bdd411b7293f8e853a0ede6a0ea78	It was a house designed for two families, but now it was inhabited by Brasi and his gang.
020bfa12b5b959717e6f49d4940ef403bc6b1ffe	In the kitchen, several guys were drinking and playing cards.
77ed38756b578f78e731074f23f5a41f67a526f6	Brasi led Filomena upstairs to the bedroom.
26fc827bc8f8457c5f60dda2199ef3234bec4ca5	Lying on the bed was a beautiful young woman, Irish in appearance, with a painted face, red hair and a swollen stomach.
126068815b1dce38724da439cdb175f621bfe810	The young woman was very scared.
c838e46d2e5b6cc49c9a4ea82ecb8f14bd6dd615	Skewed
0159a99ed28b0581890608d24ada9decc4874197	161
479e41193760946c7d61ef925ea08fd72d015194	with hatred, Brasi's face was the ugliest that Philomena had ever seen in her long life (here Philomena crossed herself again).
8034424172340a78dd655ba5d1b8fe45ad36448c	Anyway, Brasi left the room.
5379d1ee1984cd0fac8811592f90a2292ed5d4c4	Two of his people helped the midwife, and the baby was safely born.
5d363abdde804ff1c89cf8fa0a0457e1171cb900	The mother, exhausted, fell into a timid sleep.
4c6ed15c1c2efdf18f287980d7b06c34e7f99778	Brasi was called, and Philomena handed him the baby wrapped in sheets.
0017797c2b3a0471d80e808863670ba90cd5ca1a	"Take it if you're the father."
7e95797fa68230ca1225cfd019fdc30b2eab6ec9	The job is done.
3e961cf339eafd9a2a300b5b9354ffcd140c3d69	Brasi's eyes flashed, and the look of madness returned to his face.
66b20c89b0c46ef6c7a24df5be695a2d5ac91172	"Yes, I'm his father," he said.
5039c1cd0c39df10d3aa5e459f2850ff14782d02	– But I want this whole tribe to die.
3ed804325f175e33c5bd1190b4914552559ed722	Take it down to the basement and burn it in the oven.
f379d7758183d4e4de3a49348cdc22edebfe37d9	It seemed to Philomena that she had misunderstood.
4472b3fc5263138614dd35e9649c6d25ef0b443b	She was surprised by the word "tribe"he uttered.
f09ed7dddfc8e0b6362dc2325b546481fc29b8b0	What did he mean by that?
3338ef363655aa0291f454726fa4c8074371fbba	That the child's mother is not Italian?
210cd5da3dfd157030482ec1f6aed1804f279522	That she's a prostitute?
37a894eea3193f4123d79c34e362f84d19c2fe79	Or does he forbid everything that comes from him to live?
bc1b70d39b6eccc8c51d61de3a69f1c437df013d	She thought that he was just joking cruelly, and answered briefly: - This is your child, do with it what you want.
93cd589e6b0e7d45575e20333704866bfd85cf17	She tried to hand him the package again.
aed49dd806b5a0bbca325c41b2707b31740284df	At this time, the child's mother woke up and turned to them.
b47ab0af122d1430ef319ede5fd08edf46d11c8f	She caught a glimpse of Brasi slamming his fist into the bundle, killing the newly born baby on Philomena's chest.
3b41575016c5072e246a9f6caea96deaa11b29d8	The woman shouted: - Luk, Luk, I repent!
d55a09e0052b21e90d9afa8e8cac7259b2b4adb3	Brasi turned to her.
da97c2a7b600b999a70ecf615bf6d46d91f25109	This, according to Philomena, was a terrible sight.
6593f38c350b818f2b4ce5414f6c2ce5832ed27c	They looked like distraught animals.
a772c2e99f20d11b580aedeea30d5716e3cea8c7	There was nothing human about them.
d6f6bfbb8f709c7d92a16148a57195b913d9c22d	The room was suffocating from the hatred that emanated from them.
635b5abd5cb37629e46119c164fd935d93d62990	At that moment, there was nothing else, not even a newly born child.
040e527533c7f957fed16d9cdcdc4cce1006fe4b	And at the same time, there was some kind of incomprehensible passion hovering there.
24f640ebfea1207ca4b96b0fae090ed9efb95247	Brasi turned to Filomena: "Do what I told you," he said.
26c571fcefbcf822e8d3e1eae132f39c16bb8f9f	– I'll reward you."
59c800670429b64a9a5f64aac4fad30fab51ed5c	Philomena couldnot speak out of fear.
f85ee5bceb3bb9734c482cccf9619d4a16383308	Then she managed to whisper: "Do it yourself, you're a father, do what you want.
2e486bc8dac140a67abf659da6a57c8a3f9f1d92	But Brasi didnot answer.
a979c5a29f58bdcbdca716720a9c66da7b59a3c0	He pulled a knife from his belt.
e05fc53e9edd05b5c008448b4ab80061f43135a2	– I'll stab you, " he said.
6ba5f21574366bb1b8c81931510e8a295b8a1baf	Philomena did not remember how she found herself in the basement, next to a square iron stove.
592ec5146e62e9b6d842fec5922426ab096fb6d2	She still held in her hand the bundle with the baby, which did not make a squeak (perhaps he was still alive and if Philomena pinched him, he would cry; this might have softened the monster's heart).
7b66db115e47441eb6d4d269a02a01737b300d33	One of Brasi's men opened the oven door, and flames appeared.
28ad27565ee061a022dcc31858477b3a97b441a6	Then they all went out, and they were left alone in the mouse smelling basement with Brasi.
69f31aae98238054a7b8f8ad8e4fcf349fd52d19	He pulled out the knife again.
8771301570fb2fa38ba19e816701c11c5190997d	There was no doubt that he was going to kill her.
03ba03e89839d3057281ef1de2652db131fedd35	His face looked like the face of the devil.
6a444a46ea6db0736da9ed26dab4857bd1920b6e	He pushed her toward the open stove.
0725335ee8ea9fe1be140179e316ec41c3144b9b	Here Philomena fell silent.
55975c9dee5f5c992a45410def6d9c173e617315	She crossed her bony arms over her chest and looked directly at Michael.
f301c44f6361728fea76b0b69d356cb2722751f8	He knew what she wanted.
36c1f15354c96047764dc1a65315a3274db2f26b	He knew that she wanted to tell him without words.
c414ef9ad971c45ac800c785373d5cceaa13b16f	He asked cautiously: – Did you do that?"
8c4f177315b7af40494f961312a6765eb7cf131c	She nodded her head.
fd217b7b827b925268a17ef7a23db0f625fd6b5d	Only after drinking another glass of wine, crossing herself and muttering a prayer, did she manage to continue her story.
711d622022239dc945df535a95165baad927a49c	She received a wad of money and was taken home.
7057b24271ceacd085d328728441192ae6277656	She realized that she had only to mention the incident of the night, and her song was sung.
8eac8cf122ee7891ec8a1a5336d5ed3dcc179122	But two days later, Brasi killed an Irish woman, the child's mother, and he was arrested.
4689c7ea99af6fcf987271b6f26143aa116ec56b	Philomena was going crazy with fear: she decided to go to her godfather and tell him everything.
1d1e3929c6b9014be0f6e651e6d06ac3e9ba647e	Don Corleone ordered her to be silent and promised to settle everything.
91f697e30e051b7c64925a9d7eca576bfcb93eaf	At that time, Brasi had not yet worked for Don Corleone.
db4afce08c5c458fae6921c6cfc7d624e30b7820	Even before Don Corleone was going to settle the case, Luca Brasi tried to commit suicide by cutting his veins with a piece of glass.
dd3a6ec947b451e4874adca843769472ed2f4068	He was transferred to the prison hospital, and no sooner had he recovered than Don Corleone actually settled everything with the police.
ffc7d3efd9696c5726ff5724203d8cf0cb38bfee	There was no evidence of Luka's guilt and he was released.
49c585e39752bf6b361c45c5abea95a5e799c830	Despite the fact that Don Corleone calmed Philomena, from that time on she did not know peace.
c67b657dcb928caaca364470b5197c38aacb2eee	She fell ill with a nervous breakdown and could no longer work as a midwife.
874bd3a6389b0b6dc9874ec6427038658284015e	She succeeded
ae1e7198bc3074ff1b2e9ff520c30bc1898d038e	162
d4d7b17a3f418ca0f2f859d6179a4babaf6ade1f	to persuade her husband to sell the shop, and they returned to Italy.
5f99da673f8275e2c85f1467c417b2c047c56d5e	Her husband was a kind man; she told him everything, and he understood.
d892ff1eb0393ab49c5e64332f29adcced721311	But he was at the same time a weak man, and soon they had nothing left of their hard earned fortune.
fd47506427c86c0ee54133a8398b8266dbdaa5bf	After his death, she became a servant.
a0d7284af565bfcd3dd5f8046c0b3c20d9da6255	After finishing her story, Philomena drank another glass of wine and said to Michael: "Your father is a great man.
db728c247b00e8f0968067c25adc798cb9bd4d35	He always sent me money, he saved me from Brasi.
2964053d201a100840c60f5862a49d99f5f38b31	Tell him that I pray for him every day, and he should not be afraid of death.
49f2c51ec3531bbe471fecb2d2eba98baea5723a	When she was gone, Michael asked Don Tomasino, " Is this true?"
f7b023df853a89c2cc3e2e6b706cb5668ef9c1a8	The capo mafioso nodded his head.
fefebe5b0805b403653afd1936c847432cb89b57	No wonder no one wanted to tell me this, Michael thought.
ffb6b6a54659f39ba5c8b802b3796a43629f03e5	24 The sun of Sicily, resembling a huge lemon in the morning, filled the bedroom.
55995f0806dfec0221b8ff2bb1f73ce54b97e24f	Michael woke up and, feeling Apollonia's silken body pressed against him, gently woke her up.
d4cda10968d566f19a3ebe0b489c1d5596a3a4c9	He had already studied her all over, but he did not cease to be surprised at the perfection of her body.
299734ca727c31d1e890d8800e115937af43e940	Apollonia left the bedroom and went to the bathroom at the end of the corridor to take a shower and get dressed.
2f4d5f9fa8bdac362084ea0a07887818a7707231	Michael, still naked, lit a cigarette and, warmed by the gentle morning sun, continued to lie down.
36b3e4046a815e14b0eda44e7456ff752ea8cab5	It was their last day at Dr. Tatz's estate.
ce9cdea9edb5248a0fa7e9b6a4e1118411a2ddc3	Don Tomasino found them shelter in another city, on the southern tip of Sicily.
93454d6b387e892faf3d2d9b93e234cd6581ff4a	Apollonia, who was in the first month of pregnancy, wanted to stay for a few weeks at her parents ' house, and then join Michael.
e8a6b183f16912ec54bc187bf8bba550a8ff8328	The night before, when Apollonia went to bed, Don Tomasino asked Michael to stay for a conversation.
0a0a753ed3bdcb83555a4624941c9d509632ee6c	Don was worried, tired, and admitted that he was worried about Michael's safety.
369ee9ca8176482d0e5a7b10f7a924659d45042a	"The wedding has revealed your whereabouts," he told Michael.
81a1063aa90c31baf7e9e8b57f6eabf66dbca51a	– I'm surprised your father didnot do anything to get you to another place.
a127db44fb1dbf6f7c53ea608d4af0f38e8a1533	I have a lot of problems with young Turks in Palermo.
af1b140384407b7cf456b0f3ad3b203fba31789f	I made them a few offers and they could wet their beaks more than they deserve, but this shit wants to get everything.
515668a7809384045bdda0fd29961c210bcb6a1a	I canot understand them.
9ef3d342ab87b7658e18682d4c49fd073facd0b7	They tried to set some traps for me, but I'm not so easy to kill.
6ac662bb45188e4675b584cb5cc67257caa05fca	They need to understand that I'm too tough for them, but that's the whole trouble with young people, no matter what abilities they have.
e8249d02c66a8061797253815849f33717f1ab46	They do not think about their actions and want all the water from the well.
4bb571d51af8d9be47b2a8edb08c31fb52401f7a	And then Don Tomasino told Michael that two shepherds, Fabrizio and Kahlo, would go with him as bodyguards.
c2f6c73558c8c217a047feae1afc90f794b72d0a	Don Tomasino himself must say goodbye to him now, as he leaves early in the morning on business in Palermo.
c5d82f50ff59a26b58662557c4b898e86cc687dd	But in any case, do not tell Dr. Tatsa about this, since the old man is going to spend the evening in Palermo and may blab.
4438c5f7b80d86bbdb7960b339b1678eb0db80a6	Michael knew that Don Tomasino was in a lot of trouble.
c9abc6ff6aa857a9db205b5d3d4b750d78021f67	The wall around the house was surrounded by armed guards at night, and several of the most loyal shepherds with lupars were always in the house itself.
a98637c0813bac33279ab45720e27ea3c9d5e8d1	Don Tomasino went around all the time with a gun and accompanied by a personal bodyguard.
aa3921acf2955fc6609ad622cfe6a80f47323ef7	Morning so the lnce began to burn unbearably strongly.
f13f656fef204a6d114337d81154ff154e70f54c	Michael stubbed out his cigarette, put on work trousers and a beret, such as most men in Sicily wear.
5c963018dbbfef480004b0e30eba1c5b1a29628e	Still barefoot, he leaned over the windowsill of the bedroom and saw Fabrizio in one of the chairs in the garden.
f680d770c942eeee29e2d1ebca3d4e520d49cbc8	Fabrizio was idly combing his thick black hair, and his lupara was carelessly thrown on the table.
bdb1b309f5a4a3975dbf46a68796c1b44b8fe688	Michael whistled, and Fabrizio looked at the window.
addff8cb3bb0bef83cb6fef12365bb3febc7016a	"Bring the car," Michael shouted to him.
1e6fed35cb8e0744262d2b34c39c1a45997a85d4	Where is Kalo?
db3c638a34a6a1d4a4c4111741408fd2c8c53d4b	Fabrizio got up.
0395fee961bf0ab76d79657d64b2ea0aeeb64737	His shirt was unbuttoned, revealing the blue and red lines of his tattoo.
0e3b0a64870f2903ea6f71514412067e67529bfe	"Kalo is drinking coffee –" he said.
33f83f4d55a81d6a7a707c163615ef48953d4c2a	"Is your wife coming too?
0bf8763305949818366a7ada501a3eb618130d14	" He remembered that Fabrizio had watched Apollonia go too often in the last few weeks.
cdefed144c0293ac8849a455e114444843340b17	He, of course, will never make a careless step on
fd93751649ac3ea8f8772ba49c8c1fe068002835	163
c7e80259236aec1a8eaed65ad9f7344020e6767e	in relation to the wife of Don's friend.
71c8163ecbbd3e703077e78fddc956959915ba84	In Sicily, this is the most reliable step to death.
31926e376593d8ec5f4aac7b6addf911c155c1eb	– No, she will go to her parents first, and she will join us in a few days.
c08792176d208c55eb26a50babd36c8f37f56877	He saw Fabrizio run to the stone shed that served as a garage for the Alfa Romeo.
294113bb7ea01262e87b3751707bdb50f2c324aa	Michael went out into the hallway and headed for the bathroom.
dc758a4f1aca938df14432474a9897db1c485534	Apollonia was gone.
f1cbc9e51221283aa19b0692f96bf24be78d9552	She was probably in the kitchen now, preparing breakfast with her own hands, trying to make amends with something: it seemed to her that Michael was dissatisfied with her desire to see her parents and brothers before the trip.
30ff710a521b16787f8577b0de595a290c43c04d	Don Tomasino will then take her to Michael's new hideout.
575e46a88065f2e75a37bf51089321031b80c1e6	Old Philomena handed Michael coffee and shyly blessed him at parting.
3be3ae75512fbe810dffe6ae03c4ea07564b422d	"I'll remind my father about you," Michael promised, and Philomena nodded her head gratefully.
cb83cc7865c4a19f6ce96e2f95ea643b7d76d37f	Kalo came into the kitchen and immediately went to Michael.
e1efe234cdbfd287846b9fabb4b1630f2ad422e9	"The car's in the yard –" he said.
2cfe25100862e251555a179b6d9ace558a3c1800	"Go get the suitcases?"
5413312dd6fd6648f88f473eaa6d744eef4a8525	"No, I'll get them myself," Michael said.
7edb55d679a6596202a6365a816ed84fe2762ad7	A funny smile appeared on Kalo's face.
88b6b8bfd5c84412d27c16d0812e74fc299716c1	"She's sitting behind the wheel, eager to step on the gas.
c94c2f611b24d038a185391782644396f4217319	She will be a real American even before she comes to America.
2e80b6591ed6343adb482d2572004cbfaf1fdf0a	A peasant woman driving a car is unheard of in Sicily.
aeea14dd99848ca25fb9b0fb8188151dbbb874ef	Michael allowed Apollonia to ride sometimes in the courtyard of the estate, but he always sat next to her, since she often pressed the gas instead of the brake.
67212b9757f20e0a0baaffb4693bbbf0e3ab72ba	"Bring Fabrizio and wait for me in the car," Michael said.
889cb6408dcfff3ed6804db965083fb9f9ea4a55	He left the kitchen and ran upstairs to the bedroom.
ffa74a471eac0fbc0b59ce4edd8a86bdd3ec4e34	The suitcase was already packed.
68416447748ab9fb1568be18b273d435820089b9	Before taking it, Michael looked out the window and saw a car near the steps of the house, opposite the entrance to the kitchen.
d7eaad3dd36c4df199734c7d337238a821164c4e	Apollonia sat in the car with her hands on the steering wheel.
dfa0b6c75e83b82bc43776afe639f231c67b81b1	Kalo was loading the trunk with baskets of food.
1de9644235151d8b56f7d444f584331c02797414	Michael was angry when he saw that Fabrizio was going out of the gate on some business.
49fb32e52f862b8810846be560964978465b2e5d	What the hell is he doing?
c31812dfe54398ead83d40d6fc482e1228f66d61	I'll have to teach this damned shepherd a lesson.
84423428f5a97c63b53355d60bfad1de93968ec3	Michael went down the stairs and decided to stop by the kitchen again and say goodbye to Philomena for good.
39ce940c2098046b07adc8811d98cec7b49d7ea2	"Is Dr. Tatsa still asleep?"
a0e0a4b1a1ad11e787ed0828b9b59d9bdd64886f	"What is it?" he asked the old woman.
a9fb34bdaaa07bfb94e8cd157bbd92ee0236d61a	A look of cunning appeared on Philomena's wrinkled face.
d48abbc395f153bae3c6ca794317689253f296c4	"Old roosters canot face the sun, – she said.
50eb0fc13355168c96d4b6fda5592eac15cbe104	– The doctor left for Palermo yesterday.
375bdbd8afdcd784f56d2e5e79d0f4ad47383fd9	Michael laughed.
602819fa7b4957a8e30f0406342c2edb335e42f8	He came out of the kitchen and the strong smell of lemon buds hit him in the nose.
b6764e6162be36ec57a3bcd7eaa8e5a3b7c13020	He noticed that Apollonia was waving at him and realized that she was making a sign to him to stay where he was.
91c9cdcd3239e824d543cb503f2d7d5a6d77ab7e	She will drive up to him by car.
5a260c173cb732d14f99eb1b5164fd8b982487e9	Kahlo was standing next to the car, smiling.
eef0ee9ab3e7154101e2a1e83313769832833b15	Lupara was casually thrown over his shoulder.
8b3c6b697ac5233d0774d9cf3afbcc7196a8165f	There was no sign of Fabrizio.
785d56927cc23f2f450ed0d0865c186b54d9a549	At that moment, a powerful explosion shook everything.
10e73e82746d5ba220ebfd44852e209334d36dc8	The kitchen door shattered into pieces, and Michael was thrown three meters to the side, against the brick wall of the manor.
e76a132db8a95341e0126055461080aaed79709f	Tiles fell from the roof of the house, and one of them hit Michael painfully on the shoulder.
fa6d328c6095a0ae249bcb07d4f82c1c16fd8e5c	He had time to notice that nothing remained of the Alfa Romeo except four wheels and a steel skeleton.
d35852beb292dd5e9ad329acaa615a2e18f1c514	He woke up in a dark room and the voices he heard were so low that he did not understand the meaning of the words
388479d2551326457aef23d8b8d0ec603db4d759	Mario Puzo The Sicilian
327c4c094151ed8ca1dd7ae54bc11cddc9a5ead2	Dedicated to Carol
d2976ff204b5929bd12587836e47b5ca6949cbd9	Book I Michael Corleone 1950
e4850ba447705de5b7f3a4347152a1ccf3791911	Chapter 1
2776e1194c3933bc668f4b5a50b9138ff6073233	Michael Corleone stood on a long wooden pier in Palermo and watched as a large ocean liner was leaving for America.
ca8d454bb912e14487cca597905c8638e71903bc	He was supposed to sail on this ship, but new instructions came from his father.
9e3b4dd1084691ee882604abde769cc462f0cf2e	He waved goodbye to the people in the small fishing boat who had brought him to this pier — the people who had guarded him all these years.
0e68407c3ca178b8e5ef5cb9e19c81133c20ea57	The fishing boat was following the whitish trail behind the stern of the ocean liner, like a brave little duck following its mother.
3c9a91a4795fca287bf3a7b5ca628e2c32d41861	The people on board waved back — he would never see them again.
7889068520517a4b27dfaf89769dcd258e50e4f7	Workers in caps and baggy trousers were scurrying around the pier, unloading ships, loading trucks that were parked on a long pier.
f71f0ed13de672f01d78a06b9fff489ead7f95ee	These wiry, small people in flattened caps that covered their faces looked more like Arabs than Italians.
ccbbe8aadf344729c977d7db01dacd7ba469e5e7	Among them were his new bodyguards, who would ensure his safety before he met Don Croce Malo, Saro di Capi, the head of the mafia.
577595d80b08a60191e95188faa96b0554a03524	Here in Sicily, they are called "Friends of Friends".
22e2da2c0ce90c91281ad04f39fd1008ac404ef5	For newspapers all over the world, they are the mafia, but in Sicily the word "mafia" never leaves the lips of ordinary citizens.
51a4595c3cd83b5f53b86095c576387f8774c181	Just as they will never say about Don Croce a little "Saro di Capi", but only"A kind soul".
c82fc861c27c417bd0ae7c203d5c450d3b9606c9	During his two year exile in Sicily, Michael had heard many stories about the house of Croce, sometimes so fantastic that it was hard to believe in the existence of such a person.
9378a377d4e1296923a35cc3d54792b360f02206	However, the instructions received from his father were unequivocal: he was ordered to have dinner with Don Croce today.
e7e41915fb178728471fb05bae78c29247beec0e	They must agree on the escape from Sicily of the famous robber Salvatore Guiliano.
81962145bf8861150269d434120d09dcdf6ad632	Michael Corleone couldnot leave Sicily without him.
b16998c1c398ba0974beac2ec92825695d3d1a83	Not more than fifty meters from the pier, a large black car was parked on a narrow street.
939064de87e28a92b7c782f95edc9c74382d4d98	Three men loomed in front of him, dark rectangles against the dazzling canvas of sunlight.
cd9279339bc9565ee6fa9aba48c7f36d3a865102	Michael started toward them.
9464d0a352dcf412d23b084ec589ab519db8acd4	He stopped for a minute to light a cigarette and look at the city.
e4b520fe3833d1e2653361b2ae2a06466f959b04	The legacy of the most diverse and brutal military rulers in Sicily can also be found from earlier, pre Christmas times.
064189ddb9c6dd77f896e8ee542931e09188168e	There, beyond the castle walls, the pointed mountains held the slightly pampered Palermo in a deadly embrace, as if they were kneeling together in prayer, pulling a rope tightly wrapped around the neck of the city.
2159f2c097486fe6ecdb498f8c3ffd3d01598b6c	Above, countless reddish hawks darted across the crystal blue sky.
38c3be621cfb9665703996486a5a46cf6a936c20	Michael walked over to the three men waiting for him at the end of the dock.
28d0432fd51fcec84b46ad8cba7209d5b4f04589	Faces and figures began to stand out on the black rectangles.
56307982e040cbbca222348021f5ecae8d5de318	With each step he could distinguish them more clearly, and they seemed to part, disperse, as if they wanted to surround him from all sides when they met.
a3450b6caf33a5ab7d3552b51900ee955ca362eb	All three of them knew Michael's story.
cfd75064949a38487cf8a898821d6259db209b2d	They knew that he was the youngest son of the great American Don Corleone, the Godfather, whose power extended even to Sicily.
ecea6d5ec6ff2f8020553ee443f2414d02b34125	They knew that Michael had killed a police officer in New York, cracking down on an opponent of the Corleone empire.
15d4a19ff8d89784a0d78735c4a081d82dbbb77b	They knew that because of the murder he had had to flee and hide in Sicily and that now, finally, when the matter was "settled", he intended to return home and take the place of the prince heir in the Corleone family.
62b97ef514ee48dc68c1d7d4cc311024ed5f034d	They looked at Michael, at how quickly and easily he moves, how carefully he looks at everything, how exhausted he looks like a man who has known both suffering and danger.
fbf0101608a160ba9896d62c5601868739f5d5c2	He was certainly worthy of "respect".
5ec99488cb04829dd29f9111bd1a62d16126cae1	When Michael stepped off the dock, the first person to greet him was a priest in a cassock that hugged his plump bodies and in a dirty felt hat.
9b716074fadaff3066962e97bbf67d64ff3eb5fd	The priest's white collar was dusted with red Sicilian dust, but the face above him looked worldly plump.
a9c9ab3182990664958c64d82fbbf00ee2609201	Father Beniamino Malo, the brother of the great Don Croce, was shy and pious, he was devoted to his illustrious relative, never once embarrassed that he carried the devil at his heart.
e187ed88005570f8a99ab55789d04d9ee42cb765	Detractors hinted that he was even passing on the secrets of confessions to Don Croce.
f9fb27d64e26abe9d75a19598d24c96f148cc542	Father Beniamino smiled nervously as he shook Michael's hand, and seemed pleasantly surprised, breathing a sigh of relief at the sight of Michael's friendly smile, which did not look at all like a killer's smile.
e1ca370dde625e95d0794e05e2df7de3080b2ba9	The second one greeted him not so cordially, although quite politely.
5d6740adc9e0df80cbad5aa41a0570d88d3cd74e	It was Inspector Frederico Velardi, the head of the secret police of all Sicily.
78b2031c130c9bf7cba0c1a22ef107e542dbcc02	The only one of the three didnot have a welcoming smile on his face.
84498d3b0ec247d635be5e32dfac6de1e1a5ad03	He seemed thin and too well dressed for a man on a government salary.
364f49d750055274a5745ca4440bbb24be83521f	His cold blue eyes betrayed his kinship with the Norman conquerors.
03e3d754583b680acbfa88e318c81184e792d8ed	Inspector Velardi had no love for an American who had killed a high ranking policeman.
1bd06da4073dcf1f1b70f780bb4c34fa69a1f240	From this, and in Sicily, you can expect something in the same spirit.
ea5dc472ef34c5edae742a83a39115aa12dbb68b	Velardi shook Michael's hand as if crossing swords.
7d0b6a51af6ab6a7072fa751a31601e7b63bc3fe	The third was taller and larger — next to the other two, he seemed huge.
079a69931ff65ff34c982497498b25701f7615d5	Gripping Michael's arm tightly, he pulled him to him and wrapped him in a hug.
114a48873294c6fc471abacc48eafdb7f13f1472	"Brother Michael," he said, " welcome to Palermo.
f9a7c4f6456f4af0b2c72191f490110c68b98727	He looked at Michael with a friendly but wary look.
ef01eaffc4b9bcede6fb97869be14a04498e5d86	— I'm Stefan Andolini, your father and I grew up together in Corleone.
4eb06bd7266ddd2fcb54724a02a50e8e26da2861	I saw you in America as a child.
06716884880fe454166b2b598e01544d1aefd999	Remember me?
328dc96df0d504c5cbd3d1a8a7fb26f5413f40a9	Oddly enough, Michael remembered.
b07c0d053699abb7f6c35b8ee8eea674f74c05b4	For Stefan Andolini — the rarest case for a Sicilian is red.
53d13f092cc5299f2b62de6972561d98e0c55ded	This was his curse, since the Sicilians consider Judas red.
1bd7797e0697661d2f235ad564ca089e3d53ca04	And it was impossible to forget his face.
bfbda77c54d5b6210c57e1074f54cf8ca35ff95e	The mouth is huge, irregular in shape, with thick lips that look like pieces of meat with blood, above it are hairy nostrils and deep — set eyes.
17ad6f0ae8606c98d87b7c61edf88288e3413dd2	Although he was smiling, his face suggested murder.
a5375e1f9f0ef4e4472358a0c1efe6bb8d2cb3fb	When Michael looked at the priest, he immediately understood what was going on.
4a9d8f32a234ddcd1fb239dbc7b1c9a72daaa54d	But the presence of Inspector Velardi surprised him.
f2bc0214edd4202dfca15c654754dfd689200ca9	Andolini, performing family duties, diligently explained to Michael the official status of the inspector.
39bd6f1dd822c6f9f39418676a7c54a33c2ffb55	Michael was wary.
d247fe63f7f08cc6337fa21f8822815f370e9129	What is he doing here?
ccf4cd5f4a7ec537dbdd26034adb57f0c6711ee1	Velardi was considered one of the most ruthless hunters on Salvatore Guiliano.
7aa46484b9b01fc71103fcebebd00b348524765b	The Inspector and Stefan Andolini clearly did not like each other; they behaved with exaggerated politeness, like people preparing for a deadly duel.
1fd0a00e5c065ac9b52ed156770840974c666650	The driver opened the car door.
f5be2b0d1151456fa429395de5ab953c0965726a	Father Beniamino and Stefan Andolini patted Michael lightly on the shoulder and forced him to sit in the back.
72509b747fd7ce94c2c9e7f76d3a2de7fd1f3123	Father Beniamino, with Christian humility, insisted that Michael sit by the window, and he in the middle, because then Michael would be able to see the beauty of Palermo.
4b73922d32f0965a58a3aa5f9acb1a37ed0fd9e8	Andolini was the third in the back seat.
165e716a8f8f58319fa532c923e30766aab462da	The inspector had already managed to jump into the car next to the driver.
602976237c7e85dc9d942807634cdd5b9081193a	Michael noticed that he was holding the door handle so that he could open it instantly.
d711f0d6665a62530acd0ec671eb03b4d7ba92d3	A thought flashed through Michael's mind: perhaps Father Beniamino had climbed into the middle so as not to become a target.
7a2dccc4905fd1e0a91cba990b97eae923a6803e	The car, like a big black dragon, slowly made its way through the streets of Palermo.
d27a85aa4b7cf1e735d596f89c55f0ac85e1ffab	Along the avenue there were elegant houses in the Moorish style, massive public buildings with Greek columns, Spanish cathedrals.
bd4169734810e90542834b3549fd6a58495cb597	Private houses, painted blue, white, and yellow, had balconies on their facades, and flowers hanging from them formed another road over their heads.
0d981ff3ce41b5a14359a6d52e13f73ea416c54a	It would have been a charming sight, if not for the detachments of the Carabinieri the Italian state police who stood at every corner with rifles at the ready.
8fd92ef47678dd680124c1f2f46d15d943bb1de4	The Carabinieri were also on the balconies above.
9293681d52f6c055723bb9623d233d34e0a981e1	Their car was clearly distinguished among the carts, especially rural ones, drawn by mules, mostly carrying fresh food from the villages.
86f358623d7efbb24c7437a834a9693d407380a5	These wagons — every detail of them, down to the spokes and shafts — were painted in cheerful, bright colors.
12ae1de4554d8fec7a7302b8525152178c5f595b	On the side walls of many of them are images of knights in helmets and kings in crowns: scenes from the legends of Charlemagne and Roland, these ancient heroes of Sicilian folklore.
861df513413df47d6700c7429facb535fcc64925	But on some of the carts, under the image of a handsome young man in moleskin trousers and a white tank top, with pistols in his belt and a rifle over his shoulder, Michael saw an inscription in two lines, which always ended in large red letters GUILIANO.
742cab87456805875155382c95cd6916a0924a8d	During his exile in Sicily, Michael had heard a lot about Salvatore Guiliano.
66b199aa868e2a5e8fd7fb66de309676926faa91	His name was in the papers all the time.
1d6e8959a054d9e6722ec892182553323f7abe49	People were talking about him everywhere.
b85f796c98b28c8278e86b2c8b5329bd8e9b5f39	Michael's wife Apollonia once admitted that she prays for Guiliano every night, almost all the children and youth of Sicily prayed for him.
d4d8ec565cef54faa977387956de56907a632af6	They adored him — after all, he was one of them, such they all dreamed of becoming.
9bb5ebb42e66b46d9dfade7ba9f9a080ea3bee15	Although he was not even thirty, he was considered a great military commander, as he managed to overcome the detachments of the Carabinieri sent against him.
58c7b3cffc25b2f0eabefb91379516e153068e7b	Guiliano was handsome and kind, for he distributed most of his criminal earnings to the poor.
951d55c034bd2e30f97ae3a8c334b823c11bf6c6	He was noble and never allowed the members of his squad to molest women or priests.
e180fe25223d632b24e92be22bce4c0237f0c5b2	If an informer or traitor was executed, he always gave the victim to pray and purify his soul in order to come to an agreement with the rulers of the other world.
ec6eb7befb4e6e56513e01ec32874690fbd1d05c	Michael already knew all this.
824f277fb749af3c3242ee8910a1423aaadd313e	They turned off the avenue, and Michael's eyes were attracted by a huge inscription written in black letters on one of the houses.
964ce5c98b449e7e9ea0d6f471467017c69d3955	He had time to notice the word "Guiliano"in the top line.
6a8942e47f318e10abafd050e6b130bfbf8214d5	Father Beniamino leaned over to the window and said — " This is one of Guiliano's proclamations.
62e289146280996f559793a7695a32d0cbc9dce0	Despite everything, he still rules at night in Palermo.
358ee66154a3173a28bbd7f3e2f2db12b8c44455	— What's it about?"
a7768e17f64ab5aedbfda6dbc94f77e5874686ba	Michael asked.
5c73c64994662a5061beb6dab40606736dc7b733	"He allows the people of Palermo to ride the trams again," Father Beniamino replied.
530990e7431dca72432a6178753288e63bdce5a2	— Does he allow it?
2d861421c63b26488ba591fcde203fe3de5ba513	Michael smiled.
ea938958270ba52b7e539411b357365841482c1d	— Does the robber allow it?
0c59983406c6a1748ef1ee0f4f791e0bc7875f9d	Stefan Andolini, on the opposite side of the car, laughed.
334e708c0ab9de8c1e8d9947cbd11ef1dabb5c93	— The fact is that the Carabinieri ride on the trams, and Guiliano blows them up.
c7dcddd927baf1d2bd371eedc4d5fa97d44cb6a4	At first, he warned residents not to use trams.
cfd4a092b837114a30c18fb6bef2c841199fb899	And now he promises not to blow it up again.
d51fd6e96a61c8a083ebfc597b7d7c7489459b39	Michael asked dryly, " Why does Guiliano blow up trams that are used by policemen?"
9540f8c9ac04e9dd722f4ff813e22f0e1d067eaa	Inspector Velardi turned his head.
c58f140940a2194c90d891e77c951bddfefa6fa2	— Because Rome foolishly arrested his father and mother for collaborating with a known criminal, their own son.
9e98f7eefe31cacb0589efe6728092d6acbd2fa7	The Republic has not abolished the fascist laws.
5d05cbf35b8fbe96167bded1f7970002cc8d69a8	"My brother Don Croce has arranged for their release," Father Beniamino said, not without pride.
57032e94b0f574948a37639a42901c99219f0621	"Oh, my brother was very angry with Rome.
1c70ef1837c69585c0b8b209c31e8065807f53d2	My God, Michael thought, was Don Croce angry with Rome?
2c0f7035f8369286e27f2f7d3dfcf646ebf18340	What the hell did this Don Croce mean, except that he was a pezzonovante, the leader of the mafia.
bfec4d8db2394620cc39f75070326bd465a9ae75	The car stopped in front of a pink building a whole block long.
05bddb2fe940db32420a39fabc8f4431ab34fc12	Each of its corners was decorated with blue turrets.
b48f2ea3edfdf91b7e33af1fb2864f7a35b1d646	In front of the entrance, with a wide green striped awning stretched over it, which read "Hotel Umberto", two doormen in dazzling uniforms with gold buttons stood.
7cf28a928896b5b8e6c783142b6ce3c96ed4d1cb	But this splendor did not attract Michael's gaze.
8d12e5c8d0f41a453ff91048b79f084cc79ff7ae	With a practiced eye, he scanned the street in front of the hotel.
301cb42bf75a7539ead907d316b6634740653fcf	I noticed at least a dozen guards walking in pairs or leaning on the metal railing.
9a307010a7d3fa1d23499ad0e779949f9705d6b3	These people did not hide what they were here for.
b07d5d8043f09889d9019265d17cf962d5666a38	Revolvers were visible under the unbuttoned jackets.
3b5dea0fb3b1ac0348907779ca2f84751a71e61b	When Michael got out of the car, two of them, with thin cigars in their teeth, blocked the passage for a moment, looking at it carefully, as if calculating what kind of grave they would need.
1a4b452fbdd5087b0dfa61ac97a719dbbb51c5cc	They ignored Inspector Velardi and the others.
73520563efe26d55e1b51f299fbd0903b33640b3	When their group entered the hotel, the guards blocked the entrance behind them.
d03308e4eada36611f582a9aa485f013c43ff179	Four more people, who were in the lobby, led them down a long corridor.
0968349c7a54486ec45e050d77b6c85b8e8c7c8c	They carried themselves as proudly as if they had served in the emperor's palace.
d79006f51fafdcb2a4aad4e47385645f271307c3	The end of the corridor was blocked by a double massive oak door.
55ef1438a9bef32d6e652beaa2574ed3b3b2c01a	The man sitting in the high, throne like chair got up and unlocked the door with a bronze key.
2331f03d386438f2335893703041fd867d2793ef	He bowed, giving Father Beniamino a conspiratorial smile as he did so.
bbe5fef3f4ad3a8b9a1b584ca114cf11798b952c	A suite of magnificent rooms opened before them; behind the open windows stretched a magnificent garden, from which the fragrance of lemon trees wafted.
3a6e5405dbd19c32218dc961b52d3cc5dfd012c2	As they entered, Michael noticed that there were two men on duty at the door on the inside.
509ae44f4ba234103788c12d5ca84912d47d7d0f	Michael wondered why Don Croce was being so guarded.
215e70dd5f17c26e1713f5720480199eef22a7fc	He is a friend of Guiliano, but he is also a confidant of the Minister of Justice in Rome, so he has nothing to fear from the Carabinieri who filled Palermo.
9e98ffe95fc4774b4fbd2be88c54d923614bb807	Then who and what is the great don afraid of?
b20de0095f6a4de0b704b901356c99ac48d353ba	Who is his enemy?
1ef4449776a8c1b7fb8a3014b0203ce8cb5d697e	The living room furniture was once intended for an Italian palace CU there were giant sized sofas, long and wide like ships, massive marble tables, as if stolen from museums.
5721553371f56c9a8a38c1ba3b11a90ea174ed98	They served as a good background for the person who came out of the garden to meet them.
74a882247a434048e5fc555554eddb55a6338554	He opened his arms to Michael Corleone.
3488b4e2de36104e3b5b8f0b59ff6c3dc7249a3f	Standing up, Don Croce was almost the same in width and height.
97518417cab41bf80aafa3788f9409c0386be03a	The massive lion's head was crowned by carefully trimmed thick, gray haired, curly, like a Negro's, hair.
7327a0b56623967b76b5d52f8f6913b83cf6b970	His eyes are dark, like a lizard's, like two raisins inserted above his fleshy cheeks.
22cb09b7a262cb8661c343cd7d54a01883ecdcb6	These cheeks are two large pieces of mahogany; the left one is smooth, the other is swollen, with a fold.
46b9fc7a539803d50209ee4509f82dd2d9d72021	The mouth was surprisingly neat, with a thin mustache above it.
0fdc4559edc2c99e8117098f118983ea1000b039	The main thing in the face was a large, humped nose, like an emperor's.
dc3bc9ef37214f64e3ef49280f9a2d7340874b14	However, everything below this imperial head belonged to a peasant.
0406e099a03f0ecc71f950715442bbc4f98738fa	His powerful waist was encircled by huge, ill fitting trousers with wide light suspenders.
506c9d606de1e8d58d51155aa07154aa93a0f818	He was wearing an enormous, freshly laundered, but not ironed shirt.
f4bb79fd7bac085ace47ded8cd9d8a900439dc21	There was no tie or jacket, and he was walking on the marble floor with bare feet.
587594b48f4671ff315004f9c7b2b1d0bb841f47	He did not look at all like a man who "pecked" from every business enterprise in Palermo, right down to the last market stand in the square.
5fb252655c5e94a0b7d21614a4ebbdf7f248093c	It was hard to believe that he was responsible for a thousand deaths.
87425f88101222adafdd94003e7357a2d19ed956	That Western Sicily is ruled more by him than by the Roman government.
f855139f958a555e4ab2e356afa951227ca2903a	And that he was richer than the dukes and barons who owned huge estates in Sicily.
e1ef14336dcd7979702b918178faaf95884ff60d	Impulsively hugging Michael, he said — " I knew your father when we were still children.
28678d3bab85215cc0343bb6d6a897579d784a1c	I am glad that he has such a good son.
46463541a8cfab73ad5f6cfe675463ddfb8bb7b8	Then he asked how the guest got to him and if he needed anything.
73eb5a03888bf4f880932e3c05219575f59e7c2e	Michael smiled and said that a piece of bread and a drop of wine would suit him.
4598452ab1cba4040ee413e017be7116303aeb55	Don Croce immediately took him to the garden, because, like all Sicilians, he ate as much as possible in the open air.
32584157d07cd14506c30336cb5dd84a217f1e25	The table was set by the lemon tree.
f1cd2a7b0fbadc2ff586652f28f6be78fb9760d6	It shone with exquisite glass and snow white tablecloths.
9acc5efded52a8c9c96147ba05fb664a41e6fcf9	The servants pushed back the wide bamboo chairs.
09d3b63797e822a22d9ff0f734a5c4fcd6b6cd46	Don Croce was briskly and courteously seating the guests at the table; he looked younger than he really was, and he was already in his seventh decade.
67e08eb92f81b3fc690fb2057c2cb93d879cfbf0	He placed Michael on his right hand, and his brother, the priest, on his left.
23a3461902f05267cbe96b72b32633b727c3114b	Inspector Velardi and Stefan Andolini were placed opposite and generally treated them with some coldness.
2447253a2c34b703e7590c57ef0d937551eb134b	All Sicilians are lovers of food, and one of the few jokes that people allowed themselves about Don Croce was that he would fill his stomach first, and then go to beat the enemy.
e346f5d7c516b0285ed801bf1aa85ca43a542fea	And now he was sitting with a blissful, contented smile, holding a knife and fork at the ready while the servants brought food.
d155ed3197468ec9f88e4b7b813d5ab3c2610e84	Michael looked around the garden.
952ef1ac552038e2e4b99eeefb3f593c791d382b	It was surrounded by a high stone wall, and at least a dozen guards sat at small tables, but no more than two at each, and far enough away so as not to bother Don Croce and his interlocutors.
0b8d5171b197e3fa5e1186db16d752cb3032c1ac	The garden smelled of lemon trees and olive oil.
746984379125729baf3e1f70e16bfb3f4d5cd0fb	Don Croce personally treated Michael: he put fried chicken and potatoes on his plate, watched as the spaghetti was sprinkled with grated cheese on another smaller plate, filled his glass with a cloudy white wine of local production.
3ce80d2c29f9b47a76ce357b6d47313d571380a1	There was a sincere concern in his actions, an interest in making sure that his new friend ate and drank well.
6ee3279c579e1eceaf59c5d5c30faaf03b5051d3	Michael was hungry, he hadnot touched food since the morning, so Don kept giving him treats.
a23c28be203d5e508f04c2cc9c0f51bd6e0dcdb5	At the same time, he carefully watched the meal of the other guests, and at a sign from him, the servant kept refilling a glass or filling an empty plate.
b7e21a0da6b91faa00dc29417fffacecb7169fbc	Finally, they finished their meal, and while sipping coffee, Don prepared to get down to business.
83512b53b1959a04c1842f8aaeb65095ff73a201	"So you're going to help our friend Guiliano escape to America," he said to Michael.
8c05740eec57ae97bfd77b3a12963d95f3235d43	"Those are my instructions," Michael said.
08ca61a01102b2615e1687399beb6b9adcac57cf	— I must ensure that he comes to America without any misadventures.
15f83421005e63dc83d4d55b8578e752948c5a02	Don Croce nodded, his large mahogany face wearing the sleepy, satisfied expression of a glutton.
c982a4eb831b1a565441453bc14afbacf7118967	His vibrating high pitched voice clearly did not match his face and body.
bc39e3e3fffbb72855ee45fa71940fba9482c5f8	— Your father and I have agreed on everything, I had to give you Salvatore Guiliano.
bbe0b5cd607ca44f2bc75010bf7283be017161d1	However, nothing in life goes smoothly, something always happens.
4420b55a6c6e21fd95dbb3ffda094f870be26c46	Now it's hard for me to keep my promise.
b08e9c98525e1aaea9e24bb217d6d5bd587e8289	He held up his hand, not letting Michael interrupt him.
7d14b37b4691842b4fb61f521a180d8674b063f2	— And it's not my fault.
657d7fa2c698a1086f08b7c09c9d71505a5b690d	I have not changed my position.
2ff28fde24850feea5246396385ea579813639b0	But Guiliano doesnot trust anyone anymore, not even me.
f414b64114517de480f72e70dc0f0714c68e3fcf	For many years, from the very first day when he was outlawed, I helped him survive; we acted together.
249a1131e2b1aea541261ed523e952a7dbeca052	With my help, he has become the most famous person in Sicily, even though he is only twenty seven years old now.
10696a048385b46d242849525de1876156337d20	But his time has passed.
507c66488ed7e9c22a8de0f03bcb3761e21f9f73	Five thousand Italian soldiers and policemen are scouring the mountains.
4aad655b90bc1155ffdfff694e58818405788bbd	And he still refuses to rely on me.
e634f623ae7c8a56b2cd2189ac1e44801ea6c423	"Then there's nothing I can do for him," Michael said.
63bed8be595ddf8f755dbf883fe829ff27937571	— I have been ordered to wait no more than seven days, after which I must go to America.
b5e00a85e595bd9f20119611677a5c4c68de17c7	But even as he said this, he could not understand why Guiliano's escape was so important to his father.
de14e1b35a34fa4349dbcd41c2a2b405bbebd495	After so many years of exile, Michael wanted to go home terribly, he was worried about his father's health.
c93edd51b9eb9681d765cb9d0b8fa4171e3054a3	When he escaped from America, his father was lying seriously injured in the hospital.
eafbe40a9050b5e325901ae8009207f4d65a2255	After his escape, Sonny's older brother was killed.
f8bbf39fbcd16ec6a905da6a7570d54359eb16bf	The Corleone family was fighting a desperate struggle for existence with the Five families of New York.
a5c1d9c1cb4322d7963a76a3956de09601f36f40	The struggle that spread from America to the very center of Sicily, where Michael's young wife was killed.
784322ed1bf523784c09d018c7f59938ebe4c35c	However, messengers from his father brought news that the old don had recovered from his wounds, that he had reconciled with Five families and arranged for Michael to be cleared of all charges.
94de54862758ecb38ab953535d01f5c03a4f840e	Michael knew that his father was waiting for his arrival and wanted to make him his deputy.
304c8b9a0085befe42b340242af3ddbd42259233	That the whole family is burning with impatience to see him his sister Connie, brother Freddie, half brother Tom Hagen and the poor mother, who is probably still mourning Sonny's death.
26c0d160db0f0a486eaf2c91ce4d5c5bc4010e25	One thing remained unclear: why was his father delaying his return?
8139c1a93d441afdab2c53e50deede11069b8d7a	The reason could only be something extremely important related to Guiliano.
6403b20bcfe010414e634ef09f7d7216b2fe50ed	Suddenly Michael noticed how intently Inspector Velardi's cold blue eyes were studying him.
936a9207e9cb932c84eeb42835bb5b0dd9fc3b1c	There was a look of contempt on his thin, aristocratic face, as if Michael had shown cowardice.
d9851056a35cac16cd219c2568fc0bcd93739824	"Be patient," Don Croce said.
54af30c1c2969918fa52d88eb3aa4ee66b620eda	— Our friend Andolini serves as a liaison between me, Guiliano and his family.
477e47f33e022eff95859a052f58eef61de63fab	Let's think it over together.
9f9daa9d3b6017d3175e8e988992b2dbdb93f4aa	On the way from here, you will visit Guiliano's father and mother in Montelepre this is on the way to Trapani.
f468ee31e99f2e42d4f045f72e9652b6ee549668	He paused for a moment and smiled — the smile didnot even reach his fat cheeks.
0ba38b1bca1dba6e40a2a85308462ee443ecf243	— I was told about your plans.
5fdb801628c198beea6bfb64ea19149b49a2ff8c	Everyone.
79bb1400881d141100a8493f03ca61b22ac31d48	He said it emphatically, but, Michael thought, it is unlikely that he is privy to all the plans.
20be137b4dba588153b771d263d99cf4a2026632	The Godfather never told anyone everything.
9ea1e21ee05fc8bb48017989b7bb2c5e89aef89f	And Don Croce continued in an even voice: "All of us who love Guiliano agree on two points.
54fbafc0c1ec20cc2549489f1866a2f37e1b2549	He can no longer stay in Sicily and must emigrate to America.
a128d0a8be7bb8b036c4b691cc1afe4323aa2539	Inspector Velardi thinks the same.
a3fea63dafe445c919e2c7cab658f6668a83d10f	"Even for Sicily, it's strange," Michael said with a smile.
82f1a2797748bc75025f1e32e132f8ead7f7f94c	- The inspector is the head of the secret police and is obliged to capture Guiliano.
10f2530db66572d71754237da9b4cb4ae83d0a55	Don Croce laughed a short, mechanical laugh: "Who can understand Sicily?
1f0d4de7e5c3e281517e3c2a5bf2841b57f5973a	But in this case, everything is simple.
127f99ab37e840ec6eb1940865fe86d9b600827c	Rome prefers Guiliano to live quietly in America, rather than shouting accusations from the dock in a Palermo court.
4610442789c9515abc11f55c24e2d738559a6dde	It's all politics.
96474c4c9c31b38fbe17aad7b82ec13ea0c1857b	Michael was stumped.
b1f7250053ef2d63e6a4059513640bce7148e993	He was very uncomfortable.
bd68cbfed282fd33ed24ef7c5db23c2704aac4bb	The situation did not develop according to plan.
03bf17d77076957f7889297a926398bc6e893844	— Why would Inspector Velardi want him to disappear?"
e5128f178ef09742a6e24b34b1345fea41906b5d	A dead Guiliano poses no danger.
8f9acc36346fdd03376f90fefe79ea1170a2805f	"That's my business," Inspector Velardi said contemptuously.
a802de8131f3c16529d4100b5deeb1434e7898ef	"But Don Croce loves him as if he were his own son.
973ad40ffceaff1fb5b691b34d07231a49d90afd	Stefan Andolini glared at the inspector.
ab9bab64105d92cf6a0bf72c57f31afb8ee246e1	Father Beniamino lowered his head and took a sip from his glass.
4023f9e910cb3ca27e78b5c62f17f0419952803a	But Don Croce looked sternly at the inspector: "We are all friends here, we must tell Michael the truth.
87f759804574eda755e81d1a372d38f676363ae6	Guiliano holds a marked card.
aa2a83c2546dffe639af3eac0c1f9f48ae3d03ae	He has a diary, which he calls his Will.
975d719fe2345a3eae577f0fb46bebb988ea848b	It contains evidence that the government in Rome — some officials helped him when he was robbing, in the name of his own goals, political goals.
10f8f6394a940cb013c7e6686748d602976145b3	If this document becomes known, the government of the Christian Democrats will fall and Italy will be ruled by socialists and communists.
f642bd606d40be3bb0c5f7d365ccde27adf5b4ea	Inspector Velardi agrees with me that everything possible should be done to prevent this.
36fcfc78aff9efcd96a8be2904574a911f6b5d4d	So he is ready to help Guiliano escape with the Will, provided that it is not published.
078ea3f210161872f014eb77fa15bacd4861b267	"Have you seen this will?
6de7973fd7c735323a7a0c7b97457dd5816a20f5	" asked Michael.
4b752711f459b884e431125e4ee1154e8befbb5a	I wonder if my father knew about this.
fb701f5f8af920d5d90bfcb64b4b60b5ed768378	Such a document was never mentioned in the instructions.
d5294dd0f5b3c769b0e511c0555401dc25a3cfed	"I know its contents," Don Croce said.
c3eab91bb0f7f1093e4de32dcbf90b4eca1b8f04	"If it were up to me, I'd have Guiliano killed, and I donot care about the Will," Inspector Velardi said sharply.
c06737c15a0ec10328bc527145b4746f387a5ba7	Stefan Andolini looked at the inspector with such frank and violent hatred that Michael realized that this man was as dangerous as Don Croce himself.
342964e536d6d800c914dd714fd7424374774fcb	Andolini said — " Guiliano will never give up, and you are not the person who will put him in the grave.
134326642e0470e50311772ae37c1e0a8c0268ab	Better take care of yourself.
b4296f4619f34661fcbac4b3bd05cec467eece82	Don Croce raised his hand, and there was silence at the table.
34c5b0703548a7067caa165cbac47e365e31f87e	He spoke slowly, addressing Michael and ignoring the others, " I may not be able to keep my promise to your father and I will not give Guiliano to you.
c2eecb6ac361b5981ddd7dc91b9162c896c26ba4	Why Don Corleone is involved in this case, I can not say.
099247c5473edd135c92c2ecb8590e4355e68668	There is no doubt that he has his own reasons, and good reasons.
242e67dbe133382a09fd94a821d58a6c02ed7f8e	But what can I do?
5cd31cc1336834c1847566a436bcc288610abe0a	This afternoon, go to Guiliano's parents, convince them that their son should trust me, and remind these nice people that it was I who released them from prison.
832ccad0133fd4271ac17a97bbfd16ba05929d21	He paused.
21d1923de847a850a926198b6078c6ab1697fbad	"Maybe then we can help their son."
c3222e3daf9f81aa8e0c60b365a653f67d4e6100	During his exile and wanderings, Michael developed an animal instinct — a sense of impending danger.
5c08d0b24820a1e5a81ea067a36a2c4f0d4e3e3c	He did not like Inspector Velardi, he was afraid of the cruel Stefan Andolini, Father Beniamino made him shudder.
a6ab1467156343075c79557321e238d3a8432c24	But the most disturbing signals to his brain came from Don Croce.
54600d63440ae16735949411dc7e654ce5505743	Everyone sitting at the table, even Sobs don Croce's brother in law, Father Beniamino, lowered his voice when talking to him.
a8ed7668e1f3d385bed18cd3ea79d34131671dd6	They crouched down to him, waiting for his words, even stopped chewing.
f3f423d406520156e0008d22ddc8bf5cc8e16538	The servants hovered around him as if around the sun, the guards scattered around the garden did not let him out of sight, ready to jump up on command and tear anyone to pieces.
f2dedce2b307426648d30b6300466ca98016ae24	"Don Croce, I'm here to follow your wishes," Michael said carefully.
7faeb1b760f8c24f850ce241b4ea3de114c3efe9	The don nodded his large head with satisfaction, folded his hands on his stomach in a dignified manner and said in a loud tenor: "We must be absolutely frank with each other.
32c05f1d2be47badc08c252a9435796f82d03be7	Tell me, how do you plan to get Guiliano out?
415f07c5f75cb2f8bc3fd94427ff1da27ffb2673	Talk to me like a son to his father.
3e63bcd2e70621c1d016b3be277d3e676e0a4452	Michael glanced at Inspector Velardi.
578abcfdab4474942d4fb54dab2eb19a4f58eb1c	He will never be frank in the presence of the head of the secret police of Sicily.
7d1abe5b3e3a89c30ff5665a2431566fd3e73a2c	Don Croce immediately understood everything.
90377c54740f438240a1e7a66f8f74c3cf71a670	"Inspector Velardi follows my advice in everything," he said.
03749af5fa823ae71cc654ba1cdb57d0097720ba	— You can trust him as much as you can trust me.
732337671bc589daf9988336927e157776191509	Michael raised his glass of wine to his lips.
ed601c2b4390865f9168438e7f45bb94f613a849	Over its edge, he could see the guards watching them the audience at the performance.
7cd6f4a4dbe82108a6a61064c8cd68527f5176aa	He noticed the contorted face of Inspector Velardi, who did not like the don's words, for all their diplomacy; it was clear from them that Don Croce commanded both him and his service.
82195466af2a1b13c792b077f49b3f999e6c7043	Michael saw the disapproving expression on Stefan Andolini's cruel, big lipped face.
276c30119888f69ee448e9bf7f69e8ec14113d58	Only Father Beniamino, not wanting to open up under his gaze, sat with his head bowed.
3888bd3ab71029afd4989a891655d5b94e455dcb	Michael drank a glass of cloudy white wine, and the servant immediately refilled it.
cb3ec94065d0ccff576dc1cba0e5f560f375904e	Suddenly, the garden seemed like a dangerous place to Michael.
f04ec01e512386793d3c779112e7493f6fa7cfad	He felt in his gut that what Don Croce had said could not be true.
28f87af5030179f18d6035e0e70d003927853e93	Why should all of them at this table trust the head of the secret police of Sicily?
5712d08e70648973e08bdb45ff72b352e5f05216	And will Guiliano trust him?
f307de1603b6162cdbf331a1a939c15c431d3e44	" The history of Sicily is full of betrayal, " Michael thought grimly.
960f93ecadbdd982b8a09e46370d91f1b4065b09	He remembered his murdered wife.
5b587b51cd1542373e5105b34bc60d19830fabf9	So why is Don Croce so trusting?
3f7a65fab29e5f028be636a798e8cb7776f8c031	And why are there such security measures around it?
152ca5466ee9f8c98b19dad306fdc0cd03ffe3e9	Don Croce is the head of the mafia.
549343956dd14820fdc7be6a224e101e140943fd	He has the most influential connections in Rome, and, in fact, he is the unofficial representative of the government in Sicily.
b33a4cfc69f427807111745837128dbb4b40f70b	Then what is Don Croce afraid of?
7c369f1a0abe80100094d2b1c88964682204213c	He could only be afraid of Guiliano.
e1503db12652f08fbf8aa5e62efc033e53c19d5f	But Don was watching him closely.
4eb6b8e0447523cec8806a9903f503e5a2c2fca7	And Michael tried to speak as sincerely as possible: - My plan is very simple.
cf8e491dfd8fca50d975b30e1562d1a6b6069d9d	I'll be waiting in Trapani for Salvatore Guiliano to be brought to me.
f2cb103f40b2280b8380629af9b57356e8a3da93	You and your people.
42edb8bb1207596ad5f9f46d267f02f89b81a343	A speedboat will take us to Africa.
2c0359b3e324a7957c5c236a00353a33518c3573	Of course, we will have the relevant documents.
17ce1653f244c080388b49de8a62b58928922cda	From Africa, we will fly to America, where everything is organized so that we pass border control without the usual formalities.
37ba7368c5f4ccd3cd693e9df883a20ef9590ace	I hope it will be simple.
c59550516b15e7e05708cd639911cc04b4416a3a	- If you have no other idea.
36a9880b5d782bf1c28e3e42584f398dc59fd970	Don sighed and took a sip from his glass of wine.
e50c97efdba9f2799645c2f040e149f0cea96e09	Then he fixed his gaze on Michael.
7155ec0de6cf423b7316e75fd5d0ffba1c791d89	And he spoke slowly, with emphasis.
5aed9bccaddefc1f7a277183e1046f38cbe590f5	There is no order. a nice person.
809905c6d4680f350fdc766ed2b14b06ba2dad43	And with such a sympathetic heart that he won the love of all Sicilians.
b7c72ac2492b8f87bc70ebea72c9ae5f34f99fc9	Don Croce paused and finished his glass.
636d9e9f187eec88ddde86acece870d3c11992cf	- But fate turned its back on him.
63095b76ffb8a4230951afb0168cceecec4786ed	With a handful of men in the mountains, he confronts the army that Italy has sent against him.
95fbe22ba1fa6987409056c689d6365a6a5d3f91	And at every corner he is betrayed.
63c28c03b843b3effff609fbae30d70e99962b42	So he doesnot trust anyone, not even himself.
6ab181b604ccb0443b086696f77bc6179c812819	For a moment, Don looked at Michael with an icy stare.
262f6f096255ce429869c19fcc477014a8bf7775	"I'll be completely frank, — he said.
dbeb110001164bc550c3578b4ceb4a3f17c0a227	— If I didnot love Guiliano so much, I would probably give advice that should not be given.
2ad9b2249bbec8138cef9b47ff822e0311916ce3	Perhaps I should have said with all bluntness: go to America without him.
b0d32cfae38d8c90d9a510144a1dfdcc2657a17e	We are coming to the end of a tragedy that does not concern you in any way.
a82648e23823806ccd6afc96df0df6a7ad34e73b	Don paused and sighed again.
6e8c028ceebe745f0da77c8ffa9e8a3059b42dcf	— But, of course, you are our only hope, and I must ask you to stay and help our cause.
2b9e30df92cf8dc0dc3fa0d305e6e83e27e81155	I will support Guiliano in every possible way and will never leave him.
66b8034d2e906f31ff7a1c5ad79633733ee8d7bc	Don Croce raised his glass.
88b559526ab14fda839c6ac8bf8e925d24564a57	- Yes, he lives a thousand years.
bf0e7c46e82e8d6f095d81bc79992d7a8b53035a	They all drank, and Michael had to wonder: does Don want him to stay or to leave Guiliano?
1bba879acefc7c1084d725b85355b571b2b30640	Stefan Andolini spoke up — " Remember, we promised Guiliano's parents that Michael would visit them in Montelepre.
a97a4a980ffb290ae444125e8c7ea26c19e7e260	"I will," Don Croce said softly.
ae1ca7455bbba3a7e3454a62598d25d481b97baf	— We have to somehow reassure his parents.
16042bac2614b67c755df3e9c6a8f60cc33c6047	Father Beniamino said with an emphasis that did not fit in with his humility: "Maybe they know something about the Will.
b4c97291e7362aa5b1abb0df5eda63589c704097	Don Croce sighed.
b8f6945434ed5e4a778d00c04a3741e3c29cc31d	- Yes, Guiliano's will.
b78ab25a49a26ccbc5a7414df4f64a71c1e00dd4	He thinks it will save his life, or at least avenge his death.
8f3694fb43295b7ec5516c95431832d09b553a2c	And he said, speaking directly to Michael: "Remember this.
0c4ae36cee75a0e145a6bbf0fd2f6eb3aa2c33cf	Rome is afraid of the Will, but I am not.
e168af9049b72c0c486d2b088e873debedf54a8e	The journey from Palermo to Montelepre took no more than an hour by car.
af509c069b002a92e311cc64f7d3618b1b09cd2c	But during this hour, Michael and Andolini from urban civilization fell into the primitive conditions of the Sicilian province.
814bae2933e869d4b1647bc4889b63b297d82be3	The tiny Fiat was driven by Stefan Andolini, and in the afternoon sun, his smooth shaven cheeks and chin shone with countless reddish hair roots.
3912b611bdae4da5b04f1ef4e7c45bd227ea7895	He drove the car carefully and slowly, like a person who has learned to drive a car at an elderly age.
fde0ce26638e01a183acdbcb1d30f12baf0c34fa	The Fiat was panting as it climbed over the high passes, as if it didnot have enough breath.
cacbb69527faa3a81f731eae25b4cf76e1084521	On the road, they were stopped by ambushes of the national police detachments of at least twelve people with armored cars bristling with machine guns.
6bfa7e5d170f2ba04eda155d91a8a2ed07228439	The documents that Andolini had were working flawlessly.
98a0fd0f248095be13f5d43146afe4e47be38510	It seemed strange to Michael that at such a small distance from a big city, the area looked so wild and pristine.
2b57038afc191706e5519dd41348fed11249d674	They passed small villages where houses built of stone balanced precariously on steep slopes.
86afbf2831f6767a1679c5c0b6468f1bb8055c87	These slopes were carefully cultivated and turned into narrow fields on terraces, where green pointed plants grew in neat rows.
10acb9660d2c6b75e0412edbea35fef78f581e6b	The small hills were strewn with countless huge white boulders, half buried among moss and bamboo; from a distance, they looked like huge cemeteries without tombstone sculptures.
b278bbd4ad982c17a2679449f3e277827ceb5a51	Along the road, at some distance from each other, there were chapels — wooden boxes locked with a padlock, and inside there were statues of the Virgin Mary or some saint.
c18de2943b44b4601f27b2cbc72cf8d1ccb7de9e	At one of these chapels, Michael saw a woman on her knees she was praying, and her husband was sitting in a cart pulled by a donkey, and was pulling wine from a bottle.
237ebf6f3461a613e1c0a041e4e4ba458055c6e9	Stefan Andolini put his hand on Michael's shoulder and said — " It's nice to see you, my dear brother.
db79c8a2e5eee5ed50aec4283ef8aa2b04987cae	Do you know that the Guiliano family is related to us?
54a6285b87654d16b59534d23db2ee3d3544e8e0	Michael was sure it was a lie — there was something in the red haired man's fox like grin that said it.
7e522eed15a011c5c28a197ab26e1317e420973b	"No, — he said.
08a424e37d306249002282729783952d64246d4c	— All I know is that Guiliano's parents worked for my father in America.
3eae42136d0468359b9b85ecfd5324a22bd3e68f	"So am I —" Andolini said.
28c19d8ac4ce7f580a3f88a015372b8e8a83c923	— We helped build your father a house on Long Island.
4b4c23b401460b04b7014fe1cefe507426348bfb	Old Guiliano was a wonderful bricklayer, and although your father offered him to participate in the olive oil business, he remained in his profession.
7d5742bc04423a7d276591b8896fe0012c9e8648	He worked like a Negro for eighteen years and saved like a Jew.
c64c31499128b9fc4b284e8f3fe8418cacbb22c2	Then he returned to Sicily to live as an Englishman.
e7cd3a1be3fa065b9cc4494cdec30af8858b509e	However, the war and Mussolini turned his lira into nothing, and now he has only a house and a small piece of land.
fb87f3bb199d5adc89f456bb155a247b5d2713d9	He curses the day he left America.
76d0d12a7f353bdf21ba2d58759e4c29ba1f95d1	They thought that their boy would grow up and become a prince, and he became a robber.
ded9f93b64091dc50294399f98200a10dfe71397	The Fiat was raising a cloud of dust; the thickets of wild pears and bamboo along the road looked like ghosts, clusters of pears looked like lowered hands.
668887f59eb456e64167abec9b9e9e4d170332be	Olive groves and vineyards could be seen in the valleys.
dbe067fef38db6fdd60f8f5d97d71865dd8d8a6a	Suddenly Andolini asked — " Do you really think you're going to help him escape?
785816161ee8f9c8c092eebdd096c2c539759b69	" — After lunch with the inspector and Don Croce, I do not know what is what.
bb9ebeaa231e6ed569a0ec36e8c9a202b1135a22	Do they want me to help?
dcda2f20cb8319abdd6993c4a41d3fc660bf2296	My father said that Don Croce would do everything.
a1f0a1b77e47d9b29c8b27e0140fa9ca720087b8	He never once mentioned the inspector.
1cfb02664023ad924c8a1e7b93d5403d76ed550c	Andolini pushed back his thinning hair.
3e2b549d3bc9eb714dcc23ce452a499c17a8025e	Unconsciously, he pressed the gas pedal, and the Fiat rushed forward.
b0d139600bc02fc29995122128edab0b473fceb2	"Guiliano and Don Croce are enemies now," he said.
11e4159e67339485c3a4835e0517eb49a9437c6d	— But we developed a plan without Don Croce's participation.
77796a3ff441a1503b75e6078524f73c59f58d6f	Turi and his parents are counting on you.
3d6adf703b580f433617ff6cfc38bfccb0b1bc01	They know that your father never cheated on a friend.
11447ea45f2dbffedd9756aee3ffb401532a7483	"Whose side are you on?
ba56d073b63195676c751ec47b98dc44ea8e3d44	Andolini sighed.
6111e9eebf28878205525cbf38a87225bedf6fac	"I fought for Guiliano," he said.
ca21690eaa8cb9265c8756cc9b59875854fb8c04	— We have been comrades for the last five years, and before that he saved my life.
b09fd157000febd73b5c5337a5e2bc67e88dedb5	But I live in Sicily and I canot ignore Don Croce.
a0a37b6c831e2dbe42122c1a69908739fdb48e1e	I walk a tightrope between them, but I will never betray Guiliano.
4d8fcabba774d21610a2910ab1915e3892c76ffd	What the hell was he talking about, Michael thought.
c46392cf2c0572a80f1fdd549c3cbe05d20cf806	Why is it impossible to get a direct answer from anyone here?
56b7be67db6be4215d6f2cf213385189a1b6db81	Because this is Sicily, he reasoned.
9aae8f2ecea393cee325a9318c13b529a4c14fc6	Sicilians are terribly afraid of the truth.
7cd7261245ff90c84451db71b67bb86a2ab73b10	For thousands of years, tyrants and inquisitors have tortured them to get the truth.
0026cbdeb07e6e00895853cdeb0647c92b7d57ee	The government in Rome, with its legal apparatus, demanded the truth.
48e03810b3dc2687edefd54ca13ea63a863eb4a4	The priest in the confessional squeezed out the truth under the threat of eternal damnation.
813630933637549a2b638f792f4ca8cb8f2bc150	The truth was a source of power, a lever of control — so why should a person blurt it out?
31bd6ca0c73aa6f671f494f6d27d2fb99a01de4e	"I should find some way out myself," Michael thought, " or give up this mission and hurry home."
d1db9b8bfccb5b4250552779988bf9d0bed50a95	Here he was in dangerous territory.
5b4d9e91f8470b15d275bb6d7f2967779b726768	There was clearly some kind of vendetta between Guiliano and Don Croce, and getting caught up in the whirlwind of a Sicilian vendetta was suicidal.
e64c57b7154f1ea8baf1043544133f1e3ccc2204	For the Sicilian believes that revenge is the only true form of justice, and that it should always be ruthless.
6198466d48ef3f2de75be2b7b1bb93adecb8d2fb	On this Catholic island, where figurines of a weeping Christ are in every house, Christian forgiveness is the despicable refuge of a coward.
208e3ebf8f35a8cf3c7ca2e87a82f0b684abf6e7	— Why did Guiliano and Don Croce become enemies?
612f9f48d777a235fd989129ff61a7aaa640f5ca	"Because of the tragedy at Portella della Ginestra," Andolini said.
e73c0896b0ef8c86b5d1f5ff621147fe8735bede	- Two years ago. After that, everything changed.
1eb926e068f4290eda3abb80cd65a5eb0e6aab72	Guiliano accused Don Croce.
c3c362419c02f217d71fb99e4ba5e9f0daa03708	Suddenly, the car seemed to fall almost vertically: the road from the mountains descended into the valley.
5b6e5bbbc7dee265fb0f6d6e234f2c8a5210ca1d	They passed the ruins of a Norman castle, built nine hundred years ago to terrorize the province; now harmless lizards crawled on it and stray goats wandered.
c24eb79f9c507db595696ec44c9c28a912bddcb9	Below, Michael saw Montelepre.
e1f9481f34a74aa6af327f432524b5aa268dd3dc	The town lay deep among the surrounding mountains, like a bucket at the bottom of a well.
4ffd4fa8a8dbef271a64f9dd59f77bb820100fb1	It formed a smooth circle; none of the houses protruded beyond its edge, in the rays of the late afternoon sun, their walls blazed with a dark red fire.
1c1bf6d8ea5197924dc03b1dd227a34d985f23a1	And now the Fiat is already making its way through a narrow, winding street, and Andolini stops it in front of a roadblock guarded by a platoon of Carabinieri.
cf6bf6d169cf7ae0daac89aa783a7c2c9bde9715	One of them waved his rifle at them to get out of the car.
83dd8f543d242207eb582f699b641f9f016e3f5d	Michael watched as Andolini showed the documents to the police.
1cd615c2a12209e73557fbea7f20e40c86799ef2	He saw a special pass with a red border, which, as he knew, could only be issued by the Minister of Justice in Rome.
a0ddfcaef1fbf7caa25bcd0d6b66b9f8f0542385	Michael himself had the same one, but he could only show it, according to the instructions he received, as a last resort.
96f031d984ce46acdd0a0bca9620de865e94bd61	How could a man like Andolini have obtained such an all powerful document?
ce36cce8ffa7bf0713f5f9597fc40679d2fc28bd	They got back into the car and drove on through the narrow streets of Montelepre, so narrow that if an oncoming car had appeared, they would not have separated.
8acf6297950867018d039599a6a9dd51b239c39b	The houses with elegant balconies were painted in different colors.
5f2e3ee76f69c0dfde01ba8f7266355a206cf440	Many - in blue, less often in white and pink.
e100041b7850d93361fe9cce3402b6677eab8b9f	And very few - in yellow.
162443ddf8e165427c8540e68dadac2d77e50f93	At this time, the women were inside, preparing dinner for their husbands.
94fc3cb5efacb52442b70043ef060dd4fe8e3bea	But there were no children on the streets either.
e7560e53ef206ec862d46f6269a339f9c792a943	Instead, there were carabinieri on duty in pairs at every corner.
fd85404387769ee2a8300f930e5a34afd711c400	Montelepre looked like an occupied city under siege.
d5efa56190eea91b4b4a18edb6155930ed983426	Only a few stone faced old men looked out from the balconies.
41e95573f01c70c8e4fb48a8b62a46428109cfdd	The Fiat stopped in front of a row of houses, one of which was a bright blue color, with the letter "G" forged on the gate.
3f1c4234616660ea165a829ecd25a8304f5c7a4e	The gate was opened by a short, wiry man of about sixty in an American dark striped suit, white shirt and black tie.
c7f5badb4cdd0db1f02c549026d37d1fc98a3e7a	It was Guiliano's father.
8e7cd80527c76fff82376e60acbee3cf5208a4d1	With a quick movement, he hugged Andolini tightly.
35a7d7f195d9b8363bc43c67d45f6ec23f4e0311	He patted Michael on the shoulder almost gratefully as he led them into the house.
9b2a4cd639824c3abd8236b957b05bf325a14bb4	They entered a large living room, too chic for a Sicilian house in such a small town.
622f8dfaaa79a7edd91b58834dbb8ad5ed10fd15	In the room, a large photograph in an oval cream colored wooden frame, too blurry to make out the image immediately, attracted attention.
d8851f4c3adbdb5d1faab2ff1d3706c62556851d	Michael immediately realized that it must be Salvatore Guiliano.
70341a544dabbf0e71dfdbeb8a4cfaa96064cf7c	A lamp burned on a small round black table under it.
0f90fb28c67bdfb513e36e9b4f6de3d84e14c766	On the other table, a framed photograph was visible in a clearer frame.
023a58f2b96bb36f3bad64bfd9b68346a5c6d879	Father, mother and son stood against the background of a red curtain, the son protectively put his arm around his mother.
9f9da331138e309efa26b1d3dfac21c4f228e333	Salvatore Guiliano looked straight at the camera with a challenge.
8bc64b0a15b99299bebaf2da5027e2b958802232	The face was surprisingly beautiful, like a Greek statue, the features were slightly heavy, as if carved from marble, the lips were full and sensual, oval eyes with half closed lids were set far apart.
962a082965b441a51c44d242dc8fb22c98b2c03f	The face of a man who is confident in himself, who has decided to make the world take account of himself.
fee5f91a66ad5d582f7f4ca3fe4f6da8a539c0aa	But Michael did not expect that this beautiful face would be so soft.
12ec3a73b26d29438aa603918317b339a9ed26aa	Father Guiliano led them into the kitchen.
0018fd76b3bbd0aad15e7f7d071dd4320c9dacfe	Guiliano's mother, standing at the stove, I looked back to greet them.
f65bf0a3c094ac26abb66155232fbc59421dac21	Maria Lombarde Guiliano looked much older than in the photo in the room — rather, she seemed to be a completely different woman.
687bfe945367c62fb05a71cc4e8dbf88b32c24f4	A polite smile was like a grimace on her thin, haggard face with wrinkled, weathered skin.
2bf2927dea0d69c3338fc86d50c36a3ca7318e5a	Long hair with wide gray strands lay on his shoulders.
8b2e260ad2cb32593605264eebdc65b12e9eaa58	What was striking was her eyes, almost black with hatred for the whole world, ready to destroy her and her son.
a25f961f8845b3a1041cabe8ef9ed6516df4f289	Ignoring her husband and Stefan Andolini, she turned directly to Michael: "Will you help my son or not?"
8ff10058dcf398fdb600e563c17dc6448e6e8edb	Michael smiled at her.
da93e5372f35542dd3e92f95c45b57c2823debd9	- Yes, I'm with you.
18e6816e38aa89dcfdc60b8adb9557aead4c4999	"Father Beniamino asked me to take it, but I said you didnot want it," Andolini said to her.
b0ba206fb635a367e95998bf61d714f404f3c673	Maria Lombardi looked up, and Michael was amazed at the range of emotions that were reflected on her face.
a7a8f5f63d4459ed83a454566d256b7ca797838d	"Oh, Father Benjamin has a good heart, that's for sure —" she said.
91de58ad1a9c2ab4419ea63c1b1592a79cca5a40	— And with this heart of his, he, like a plague, brings death to the whole village.
003aafe6f08884074a1c5a3d4821888da285a6cb	He passes on the secrets of confession to his brother, he betrays souls by associating with the devil.
590f0bab8447e8ac757cf3d4ae9544362a8af0d9	Father Guiliano said with calm reasonableness, as if trying to calm a madwoman: "Don Croce is our friend.
af4a070e97495ac48a6f9ea71f54bb44e3096276	He got us out of prison.
124e44022a2028cd78f373dee7609519ab0369c9	Guiliano's mother exploded: "Ah, Don Croce, the 'Good Soul', he is always, of course, so kind!
73c9999f10f4d5a34c3513a430cacc10d2e70f5f	But I'll tell you: Don Croce is a snake.
2c54fe2ae2a07518b57e4f67765232be5ebb8b09	He and our son were going to rule Sicily together, but now Turi is hiding alone in the mountains, and the "Good Soul" is walking around Palermo with his whores.
d3c460ec5a61698a257b838630df928fe943a3dc	Don Croce has only to whistle, and Rome will lick his heels.
0ab08978c45cbaeeb18b77e0ad568c1bfc5ec34a	And he had committed far more crimes than Turi.
a6324207368ea777e12308445ef44d0c3d0b6bce	He is evil itself, and our son is good.
7df3805964b3e9ab03915e95c6312980853d50c8	Father Guiliano said, losing patience, — I understand that our guest has to leave in a few hours, and he should eat before we talk.
35316178f1ee0d44832ebad03b1396622e950f4f	Guiliano's mother immediately changed: "Poor thing, you've been driving all day to meet us, and you have to listen to Don Croce's fables and my chatter.
88f354040cd07211f508db2fd0227c6ff81e5296	Where are you going?"
f6f5c684a9584c85ac50ffffa913178221f61adf	"I have to get to Trapani by morning," Michael said.
fe67bdf65db0af6eceaeeb3ede987c71f1c33e47	— I will stay with my father's friends until your son comes to me.
61cd0e4b1eecee1d6ee9e10c0e5989ec4b5bb25b	"Have a glass of wine," Guiliano's mother said.
1656247ea554be0f1b1c37bcd8511f5d03e301c0	- Then take a walk around the city.
b3d4c195e425ba870c3920e961e3fa0acc575282	The table will be set in an hour.
bd746c017c07524d2988ffad51e05ee3ab4533f6	And by then, Turi's friends will arrive, and we will be able to discuss everything intelligently.
6e116f7bb423b39e6198a576627a170d81c71021	Andolini stood on one side of Michael, Father Guiliano on the other, and they walked through the narrow cobbled streets of Montelepre; now that the sun had rolled down from the sky, the stones looked black.
d0d3ca31befa91ef71ca2ca26a0d8ab8d1be48cd	In the dim light of twilight, only the figures of the Carabinieri moved around them.
524561809dbae3e3085bd7639e7fbc10a22e746a	"It used to be a busy town," Father Guiliano said.
166d84db505311c3ebaa2514f9950ce284197d9d	- Always, always very poor, like the whole of Sicily, full of grief, but alive.
de088ce14125d9aa51e19993996d2bdc462f2701	Now more than seven hundred of our residents are in prison arrested for aiding my son.
ef17838f88b2753a674809ec47128870ae3207f3	They are innocent, most of them, anyway, but the government arrested them to frighten others, to force them to inform on my Turi.
cfbbbb4abd5f50f83cf154cbb3148bd9d0466345	There are about two thousand Carabinieri in the city and more than one thousand catch Turi in the mountains.
24f44e3a67fa3bd2990251da78e09ca7582737bd	That's why people no longer dine outdoors, their children no longer play outside.
e2778d6ad3fca7c766e23e6f0aecd59259d2d7b2	The Carabinieri are such cowards that they open fire if even a hare runs across the road.
353079370c475ded3cd0bce1964060953df0a2bc	After dark, there is a curfew, and if any woman in the city goes to visit a neighbor, she is detained, insulted and humiliated.
e70a154864a5d06945cd538ed3a4275ce75270c4	They drag the men to their dungeons in Palermo for torture.
c431c76cf005f88a73b753470b23faae4357bdbf	Stefan Andolini decided to light a cigar, and they had to stop.
d0ccfea1693f3a84e09ac5108afa5eb5afef0971	Taking a drag on his cigarette, he said with a smile — " Yes, we Sicilians love our native places, but Sicily does not love us.
71e5bf50e4d68c41e54f282b7db3027125c5c9f4	Father Guiliano shrugged his shoulders.
32576f8c5692002f03cf029e2d58882fd7a5f56a	— I was a fool to come back — " and he shook his head, puzzled.
96537e95634feca85bd6473c003e560c7839729c	— Why does my son always meddle in the affairs of strangers, even when they are not relatives at all?
c7844ade2e66de24b49e7dc23431cb4acd31c00f	He always had all sorts of great ideas, he always talked about justice.
b3d9cf9415ec11c560a5551e15e494f44a82c3f4	And a real Sicilian talks about his daily bread.
5bfd2d17c944f41d914e7b4f4b6503a77703a40b	As they walked along Via Bella, Michael noted that the city was ideally built for ambushes and guerrilla warfare.
ec702a943ca70c4a6c1e042a2d3b4783ab6d5e84	The streets were so narrow that only one car could pass, and many were suitable only for small carts and donkeys, on which the Sicilians still transport goods.
836169f67df62fa4046f99a088fd4dfd53190b21	Literally a few people could repel any attack, and then hide in the white chalk mountains surrounding the city.
cb0efa323e8ecb83637ef37ee2288082fdd713f5	They went down to the central square.
3dae64c509ddfb5f60881dafbdab27990f055eb5	Andolini pointed to a small church that stood on top of it and said — " Here, in this church, Turi was hiding when the police tried to capture him for the first time.
f759995f145a4138264db876345645c3e4b2b99b	Since then, he has become something of a ghost.
d5c0f13874097e4dd01cfcbcd11680cff1310ac2	All three of them stared at the church door, as if Salvatore Guiliano might appear in front of them right now.
e051aee20959ad4ccee0cc0391767741f9eb7ff3	The sun had set behind the mountains, and they returned to the house just before curfew.
42f17cb7417a41ccaf9ac0d0eb83dee801055458	Two strangers were waiting for them there.
fb37a31fc662ee6d810c0d88ef562f5094cbe98a	One of them is a thin young man with sickly pale skin and large, black, feverish eyes.
0ddd481b447ebe56e4fb7047e0524ecd5b3c3964	He had a dapper moustache and an almost feminine good looks, although he did not look at all effeminate.
8005e6955d6298647a425f2417577859347aa0ad	He gave off the feeling of proud cruelty that comes from a person who wants to command at all costs.
83776e6985aa4b0397bae5f3aeaab0d6d11781e2	Michael was shocked when it turned out that it was Gaspare Pisciotta.
6f15d15b97563b09f648233ce4d0ebdf77a183c4	Pisciotta more often called Aspanu — was the second man in Turi Guiliano's squad, his cousin and closest friend.
501124e54b69ec859035f63c980093d2793984ce	With the exception of Guiliano, he was the most wanted of all, there was a reward of five million lire on his head.
87ab9a81c3318aa7f7e4b25c2b1373819ea85dd8	The second stranger also caused surprise, although for a different reason.
dbfd155aa2dae20a86ad4e5c66b1ab03293b7675	Michael shuddered at the first sight of him.
5db9e87d92e06ffe55f7f283184a9f7f0bdfa691	The man was so small that he looked like a dwarf, but he carried himself with great dignity, and Michael immediately felt that if he showed his emotions, he would be mortally offended.
fa5f566562692adddc5da2930b41d0e536f4b960	The little man was wearing a perfectly tailored gray striped suit, a wide, obviously expensive silver tie decorated his cream shirt.
8d3fb5d2d4f0fdbb1ca94b01a4a44cc15be443b9	The dwarf's thick hair was almost completely gray, although he was probably no more than fifty.
292cf23eb8d99ce848c0ff4b6adab49e20163956	He was elegant.
abb811d79563f5841e83e04981b9f1dcddcf0341	To the extent that a very small person can look elegant.
72d09dd2796eec57db817c36f51dcdeee2f4735a	His face, with its large, sensual mouth, was beautiful in its own way.
49eac57f58e5119b80247a3cc01d16468c350810	He was introduced as Professor Hector Adonis.
fba17507d76b1731c14a5af839958802c3c62f87	Maria Lombarde Guiliano set the table in the kitchen.
96296d6c61b261fed0a241d74fe3764892c5e113	They ate by the window that looked out onto the balcony, where they could see the red strip of sky; the night darkness hid the surrounding mountains.
767e8392219275deca8c77140a5101ba3632523c	Michael ate slowly, realizing that they were all watching him, evaluating him.
e46b5cbdeb97a5e6fd5a4e242b51dc00537470da	The food was simple, but good quality spaghetti with ink colored sauce and stewed hare with a hot sauce of tomato and red pepper.
4531e542d5c2aeea650220a71f6e5192f539c4a3	Finally, Gaspare Pisciotta spoke in the local Sicilian dialect: "So you are the son of Vito Corleone, who, they say, is even higher than our Don Croce.
45f7b44d78f7257459e12e8433c6b3a669041b03	And it is you who will save our Turi.
a6707f979cf3d45a3162d2ec100d9c16bbf0de7e	There was a cold mockery in his voice, it made you want to fight back if you only dared.
d7d5e871c2ab74f57175a99ae2197a5e14c293e7	With his smile, he seemed to question the motive of any action, as if saying: "Yes, it's true, you're doing a good thing, but what good does it do you?"
770361086c028d96214121759bb16e8b6d04aae6	— I have to wait for Guiliano in Trapani.
190294243b448da3b70566f520a7905d198690f4	Then I'll take him to America.
d6e3709a340b7ffb3824650214a4c06799c59629	Pisciotta said more seriously, — And when Turi is in your hands, will you guarantee his safety?"
3e61b726b8dd0bc72cb5194e8b9f75b191e6d952	Can you protect him from Rome?
9131ab6137a5fd32ea1b2a88df8f15cbe5fcfdab	Michael knew that Guiliano's mother was watching him closely.
ec61bce7181a4788deccc7d856642590ee2a7da2	He said cautiously: - As far as a person can guarantee anything from fate.
1b679397fb94758041d2ab444640758c5186125e	Yes, I'm sure.
c94f0c62a4c04418a7f8bd54069cbecb986bdaab	"I'm not," Pisciotta said sharply.
889712d46a6a7e1c627e52bf18aed84c5b86c39d	— You confided in Don Croce this afternoon.
3187e330e3234117c42d24311b0d3d5315b83d4b	I told him about my escape plan.
5886291e5479ececbd21700534ead3d406323289	"Why shouldnot I have done it?
750bee03a45d644a26e66aa80ea5ef88e05b6f01	" retorted Michael.
94452d199d558185f200b448327e310e7f297029	How the hell did Pisciotta find out the details of his dinner with Don Croce so quickly?
d817c81b1569d8a2c2b765644fc7989e7e353e14	"According to my father's instructions, Don Croce will arrange for Guiliano to be delivered to me.
8a77a3be998e9a459a3fc4642b948e2480c3590f	In any case, I told him only one of the possible escape plans.
7fca561f1cd628c9e3aa2c8a1a042421143bcb31	— And what are the others?
f868f639246332020297b936259026a7d003c80a	Pisciotta asked.
c0db47d1d0d7796f9b06a351634622b8c0bbe19a	He saw Michael hesitate.
58b90086f4b7b26939cd44fd5da46de0b4af8658	- Tell me, donot be afraid.
f4eb6a9166bf872851800a0bba973e2a69801776	If you canot trust the people in this room, then there's no hope for Turi.
f483cd00ded7fb930ea0fae6ea88c6782bf716e2	Shorty Hector Adonis spoke for the first time.
1692b60960a5e9bd326d0e42e6a959919371b8c2	He had an extremely deep voice, the voice of a natural speaker: "My dear Michael, you must understand that Don Croce is an enemy of Turi Guiliano.
ad12e580aea2991bf4e2edf3f2ac5fb4926c8c9a	Your father's information is outdated.
8df3f3832b9d7db7105601ddd15cba710271374c	Naturally, we cannot hand you the Turi without taking precautions.
8d6bcbcce3bb321f50b209dbb99b57fd6c12081e	I insist that we need to know your plans.
f443416f8f722e19a12602a24957d48742fc6802	"I can only tell you what I told Don Croce," Michael replied.
666e02b9a74716081ae3a3f09c4c79153d4766f6	— And why should I tell anyone about all my plans?
f1a3ef8bf004eb497f09fe1b320ac19e6facdb3b	If I ask where Turi Guiliano is hiding now, will you tell me?
f186666b9fdd97883d86f5fa321d7fe0c562fdca	Michael could see from Pisciotta's smile that he generally approved of his answer.
081f9af4fa1deee176a9cc09e22258521a5475f4	But Hector Adonis said — " It's not the same thing.
4adeee113260e54dd160080d93ca0e4e852c7612	You donot need to know where Turi is hiding right now.
e2c8902d1a607c156a5135a0fcf840f33c5124bb	And we need to know how you are going to help.
849410a0fc55bc6fb79b0e5aec540d84c6a3f267	"I donot know anything about you," Michael said quietly.
d0b2648e77e4986309c8aef6c3e32393a63956aa	"I'm sorry," the little man said quite sincerely.
259b0d9c23bea67246a6f8d3be8d22ad5c4ccdb0	— I taught Turi as a child, and his parents did me the honor of making me his godfather.
235b090f2bcedd92776cedb669effadd9ad8dcaa	Now I am a professor of history and literature at the University of Palermo.
940a129bcd35aacaa9e2dcf0d2b1a19b9c406f01	However, I also have a more reliable mandate, which can be certified by everyone at this table.
89596782adb0ab9e7276663119a15f9c2fdf5ae0	I am and have always been a member of the Guiliano squad.
c05636ababca7203fcdf9bf39acaba3fd2cc48b0	Stefan Andolini said quietly: — I'm also part of his squad.
c64e298de655522b1ba80b5c781cd71c24a4e2f4	You know my name and that I am your cousin.
dae477589382844bf885e8c43efb3b4070926bf6	And they call me Fra Diavolo.
44e56243dd7be68b79ba21c4bab5cf0b96b1aeaf	[Devil's Brother] This name was also legendary in Sicily, and Michael had heard it many times.
60c513b647bdf20dbe890dd5cfc71cfebc5ef04f	He was also hiding, a large sum was assigned for his head.
e5f6ce2c11a338874095a7d7132b3188f5e0911a	However, he had just dined next to Inspector Velardi.
e819e9a8b2bae8f9f6983a83ae4ce820190696df	Everyone was waiting for his answer.
fc2fb463644347400359bdad546d14b8b72b6fbf	Michael wasnot going to share all his plans at all, but he realized that he had to tell at least something.
ea6bdd565db8c2ad7c97be0c3d183983b3c354c8	Mother Guiliano carefully see I looked at him.
cdc8032b75cb308662d4add459e9980edbf5e661	"It's very simple," Michael said.
41d907887bc4e593e9ade658fa45d3f5cd8b5138	— First of all, I must warn you that I canot wait more than seven days.
9705269c45b651cb25ebc7db6423b209deb05e58	I havenot been home for too long, and my father needs my help to solve his own problems.
75a6e2c96f63d0a7fe0ba81ea08bbf03c4804805	Of course, you can understand how I canot wait to get back to my family.
69485d9768f2e40d4eaa2e112bea9f6704dfdcd0	But the father wants me to help your son.
d474b1d6399a955067af5275237d675408a51843	According to the latest instructions, I am instructed to visit Don Croce here, then go to Trapani.
642b601fe7572974bc9f7f84ef0ac2508e252b9c	There I will settle in the villa of a local don.
f620e315b75d26b481f8b68f55dc80cece11ab19	There will also be people from America waiting for me there, whom I can completely trust.
06254b8f6a69b0639338335b16fbc0a27639f377	Professionals.
8d8e9f0610c997792c3f3b4b4f5ec1f6b544f071	— The word "professional" had a special meaning in Sicily, it usually referred to high ranking executioners in the mafia.
5a7f5ac677305c3b1c9ca59f8f6d4dd1a848813c	Then he continued, " As soon as Turi gets to me, he will be safe.
439f5f4f504365fccbb71272b700c2120cbc306d	That villa is a fortress.
01022552745c383658593f918690b7ef1cebe6de	In a few hours we will board a fast ship that will take us to one of the African cities.
c4425e508c340f271f906f456aee255a47d35f63	There is a special plane waiting there to immediately transfer us to America, where Turi will be under the protection of my father, and you will no longer be afraid for him.
29a736b1a88a8d61f459a892823aaf22db0f6388	"When will you be ready to receive Turi Guiliano?
c0f89812a59af01eb0cafc366ad0f9788d71a7e9	" asked Hector Adonis.
bf827d3f8f067f355c7f7f61c772d4ceac0f40cb	"If I arrive in Trapani early in the morning," Michael replied, " then give me another twenty four hours.
33288befc44552919af44b5947a0fb29262c42c4	Suddenly, Guiliano's mother burst into tears.
b43ab850119b4aae473cb2e082f3692406460f5f	— My poor Turi doesnot trust anyone anymore.
fe1feeccfe399967ca91f10ecafb91f3f1216a7c	He will not go to Trapani.
8067ad7a71bbc717047c0030bbcc08171dd5f376	"Then I canot help him," Michael said coldly.
523992a9162ab6d384eb9a6d5637affdc7448aa2	Guiliano's mother drooped in despair.
67b916a9ed49ed9df02f87937ceb1d939c1020e8	To Michael's surprise, it was Pisciotta who began to comfort her.
4cf6fcb769035b831b4ecc9f9a58d734f3d319bb	He kissed her and hugged her.
f636d572902fe0342d83c7bf2f651bb0ec023679	"Maria Lombarde, donot worry," he said.
94722ee0a7336f1f7573a212552c81615dbf4b12	- Turi is still listening to me.
b4bedc76337c983fe544b458d50e52f086d9f435	I'll tell him that we all trust this man from America, right?
c33518a597b4674370ba63c78f77065d1bf8372b	He looked questioningly at the others, and they nodded.
54f947f837ff9c62d8156630220cf57c97d13194	— I will bring Turi to Trapani myself.
1a135a39429a4f6ac826eafbc31a38192bf86566	Everyone seemed satisfied.
4696da42f466fc498b10688e86c62b19d78d7caf	Michael realized that it was his cold answer that convinced them to trust him… They led him into a small living room, where his mother served coffee with aniseed vodka.
0b44005a2e494fc5fb9087d86fbe359818f24981	Maria Lombarde pointed to a large portrait on the wall.
69ebfe1f63f3c03437b6a41a4cbe85e3254c8306	— Isnot he handsome?"
3f7c77bf1a051d76856b8024a1494d413d24f26e	"No," she said.
4a975c48e109614aae5fab1142107537b979838f	— And as kind as he is beautiful.
ae4d2b7ec8185ac8bc62e1bf73ce8fe42a2234c4	It broke my heart when he was outlawed… He will be lucky if he stays alive… We wanted to grow him into a real Sicilian.
d042684a22b6913492357057f56373e284059f0d	That's what he is.
01cc7ff84418567d21d26705ed6cc77a2381d72f	He lives under the threat of death, a huge sum is promised for his head.
b920583bda1016ec19f7a619731da61e2ead8dc7	She paused and said with conviction — " My son is a saint.
0ac4efc71dfe44880f533dcb53897502b10c31b3	Michael noticed that Pisciotta smiled a little, the way one smiles when listening to overly sentimental stories of loving parents about the virtues of their children.
71e19ae7ec2b7f3094e6aa779486d413c4616506	Even Father Guiliano waved his hand impatiently.
884b49c649f00b9b4e1940ee9ec3404f6bc97abf	And Pisciotta said softly, but with a chill: "Dear Maria Lombardi, do not portray your son as helpless.
7c570f7d8d97693dd3b0753d1805beb14b8a4263	He knows how to fight back, and his enemies are still afraid of him.
9882258e690ffff44d5881dd4409c8927885f435	Guiliano's mother said more calmly, — I know he has killed many times, but he has never committed an injustice.
84b46a6e58aa8e7e8a6ab322d897a7b7633e7506	Suddenly, she took Michael by the hand and led him to the kitchen, and from there to the balcony.
d1c5a39dc4bd7fd1ec799e8c1b914b27d68a99de	"None of them really knows my son," she told Michael.
ba1735c1d3ffd02930b3c9aac765c510a5bf0512	— They donot know how kind and affectionate he is.
17a7a298e215480e07dd4654c698f63858e5854a	Maybe he has to behave differently with other people, but he is always sincere with me.
a67a77fed0ec467bcead7298ee2f2a63809f757e	He listened to my every word, never said anything rude to me.
46cfdeb6c1d5acda059209253d9d4d03cdadcb58	He was a loving, obedient son.
3fd685cea7ee08ad2bdfaba3b4a5084b6ccd0248	In the first days, when he was outlawed, he looked down from the mountains, but saw nothing.
a0f9a9573ddcec148c51b0cbda03b1cb9ec5da1c	And I looked up and didnot see anything either.
fdc906d6d06696a0e05d48fd4924d533a71d2008	But we felt each other's presence, each other's love.
95b2ad01593edf559674186086bf9853e60a2c30	And I feel him next to me today.
3662ecdcfbdbb84125237f1199ece222fe9f7ab9	I keep thinking about how he is there alone in the mountains, when thousands of soldiers are chasing him,and my heart breaks.
e01bd9cc848397690d4f0da209667edc24fcef07	And you're probably the only one who can save him.
113fa4fa8e0503bffceef74797c09fb8ef329a1f	Promise me you'll wait for him.
e75c62c4353ef32f2cbd2e73b058c6fe4efac161	She squeezed his hands tightly, and tears rolled down her cheeks.
56a1a3a311537353c828037425d47a70ee9bbe32	They were floating in the soft summer night air, filled with the smell of lemon trees, the light buzzing of countless insects, the sudden cries of police patrols walking through the streets. teffel under the arm.
95f1dbb99e9118a28d7b0a26d7f64daffdb35a0d	Can such a short man really be a friend of "Friends"?
64395fec573231609d673766ebc82f2bb6793f8a	He shot them a cold look, and they immediately got scared.
3ce374d5fbea194175cc171876af4761933ce51c	The rector's office looked more like a library than a business room; its owner was more a scientist than an administrator.
af672916098c36ffab5af753163291dcbbb51161	There were books all along the walls, and the furniture was massive but comfortable.
89259cc3644ad846231824f420938d10ec574a28	Don Croce was sitting in a huge armchair, sipping coffee.
934dd10bfe6c70e2aba65df5007b117b18d13ece	His face reminded Hector Adonis of the prow of a ship in the Iliad, scarred by years of battles and rough seas.
60fbddf21f244a0fa80462bc107d9f0469e2e275	Don pretended that they had never met, and Adonis allowed the rector to introduce himself.
2a364d94192b674b283130d0d607c84f45d42898	It was a farce, but Dr. Nattore took it at face value.
ad99cc7354072715268ecf31235767344cd610e0	— We have a little disagreement here...
fbb6c6e98385b7fbd7d36d31ac1a2bae74b351de	- said the rector.
25d010e9b55cfff9b2fd1c1b78dd06e49b3f4fe8	- Don Croce has a nephew who dreams of becoming a doctor.
ebf670b94f01d4c6cfa71cf2a0dc18700ca3451d	And Professor Nattore says that he does not have the necessary grades to get a diploma.
469a9eafd620a5067c5ab777aa30d4a9e4d33f51	A tragedy.
7fe303fc62f0b4c8ceed26d11cee931544651c52	Don Croce was so kind that he came to take care of his nephew, and since Don Croce has done so much for our university, I thought that we should try to respect him somehow.
bd0345887d76bcf9faaeddac78c8f00e8308e8eb	Don Croce spoke amiably, without a hint of sarcasm: "I am illiterate myself, but no one can say that I have not succeeded in the business world.
6f23041423735a311c1e3f93d7f0da769e1fcb78	Of course, Hector Adonis thought, a person who can bribe ministers, organize murders, terrorize shopkeepers and factory owners does not need to be able to read and write at all.
6f17974114e0bc46340c70ff2ec040ed798ab6f9	"I made my own way in life," Don Croce continued.
e39f34dfa1986a41aaf1e85237b25938bacb6906	— Why canot my nephew do the same?"
143060a3a5ed5a5dba1f55920b7ac4339b169dca	My poor sister will be heartbroken if her son does not have a "doctor" before his last name.
1a26c826fca1456f63808a1e03127523054965c6	She sincerely believes in Christ, she wants to help the whole world.
58c79aef067048525423a6b94e1267515ab09fc3	Dr. Nattore, with the complete lack of flair characteristic of people who always consider themselves right, said: "I canot change my position.
1feae15aaeee57828bdaf72097ca9df12e875772	And he said conciliatingly: "What harm can my nephew do?
b3055e5563149f57fee06e214181443cea1708ac	I'll get him a post in the army or in a Catholic hospital for the elderly.
c54106b98f48bfea788d9bb507f644f5af284b7e	He will hold their hands and listen to their complaints.
5b88a0f27fe172f713d77d76106acf5f99008aac	He is very soft, he will charm all these old peppercorns.
d3bce03bfed81cf996c1134dfe77123caf561d94	What am I asking for?
787b3b6d5e7f706ded2fe0189afc71ac3de1c9b4	To correct some of the paper that you are flipping through here.
0fcd15eb8a74174f95aaa15d48f6422d06bf5907	He looked contemptuously at the books along the walls.
cef1e0a30c2e8e7f0b74ccbeee18f1826ceafc16	Hector Adonis was extremely alarmed by Don Croce's gentleness — it was an alarm signal...
33616015a58ce2fb54d30c5038714406338f207b	Adonis understood that he had to find a way out of the impasse.
5052c2f69b42581cf8472f5f9d03de59c39ec52d	"My dear Dr. Nattore —" he said, " of course we can do something.
464d2bc7811ee9e02bad1e1969e687e77569e6a9	To train a little privately, to give additional practice at a local charity hospital… Although Dr. Nattore was born in Palermo, he did not look Sicilian.
48065a6fe64fed161c7527fd70c260164e74e389	Fair haired, balding, he was seething with indignation, which no true Sicilian would ever allow himself in such a delicate situation.
af704a33b49e5dab4d0c447b00301caa2fa5f90b	Of course, there were defective genes in him, inherited from some ancient Norman conqueror.
c8cb3df587c2f81651054eeb8c7cc7d5473a070c	— You donot understand, my dear Professor Adonis.
111a2b9529a3ae236d4437c2c6b1382c58a45991	This young fool wants to become a surgeon.
1ede57bb9f77105d60187274ec641ce261782003	"Jesus, Joseph, the Virgin Mary with all the saints," thought Hector Adonis.
30d1b12d717cd45e3150465aa82fc0a97f86bd11	"It's bad here."
fb95d23467c7c6add5a9a4cdde012c8ad2e92def	Taking advantage of the stunned silence of his colleague, Dr. Nattore continued, turning to Don Croce: "Your nephew does not understand anything about anatomy.
73b7d3660126da1badced05106a7c034a0f3f13c	He dissects a corpse as if he were butchering a sheep for roasting on a spit.
b71e4b62146d4da785eae764dfbcfcedbd626f37	He skips almost all classes, does not prepare term papers, enters the operating room as if he is going to dance.
fe0ab61bb420ef2049093da7cd84c9e7f0924636	I agree that he is nice, you can hardly find a nicer guy.
884cf7868e346701553dbf7414a25d3a6d16aaca	But, after all, we are talking about a person who one day will have to touch living human flesh with a sharp knife.
093d770703f8f24373c5e4eb3bd402fe83a8a37b	Hector Adonis knew exactly what Don Croce was thinking.
9cc38d99f9be0af2853b042edc3e83595c0c9694	Who cares if a guy turns out to be a bad surgeon?
cd1a7cfedd18aae08e536440dbe9bbfdd514b718	It's about the honor of the family, its loss of respect, if the guy fails...
7bb0a255a9c9669ed60ad22bada1a982780e4c15	- Dear Don Croce, - said Hector Adonis — - I'm sure that Dr. Nattore will accept your wishes, we will try to convince him.
a478ea84497f9d18f67ce6c089501c9f120edf03	But where did your nephew get this romantic idea of becoming a surgeon?
10e28effdefc24ef01348eb77eb86e406ce28a2e	As you said yourself, he is too soft, and surgeons are born sadists.
e8de021d7b0517ca2b7587ffed2b281d8f13205a	And who in Sicily will voluntarily go under the knife?
6fc9909f2ffc045ca247c5de812f41ebc832ea03	He said nothing.
36ca4cbda9562265be76a206548b933a3c05ce90	Then he continued: "Besides, we will have to send him to practice in Rome if we miss him here, and the Romans are flunking the Sicilians under any pretext.
3c344b8aa32f347fd2409eaf7573ad3bbf382344	By insisting, you are doing your nephew a disservice.
2bee63aa98c8638a6deb96f06dcc189aa1e5a5bd	Let me suggest a compromise.
1259d55fe460b583a907793325325c8c964490bb	Dr. Nattore muttered that no compromise was possible.
67609524611cdcb5b2ff5b0aa3299e9d07be7017	And then Don Croce's lizard like eyes flashed with fire for the first time.
0599bb8f8ca41c00751c0ad3125a6d9952768d54	As Dr. Nattore fell silent, Hector Adonis hurriedly continued, " Your nephew will get passing marks to become a doctor, but not a surgeon.
dc6142060bd9a2bb106b2ea6250dccbaafaa3d3d	He has too kind a heart to operate.
4cff84453bbeaaf9cfafdffa13fef9e16362637b	Don Croce spread his arms, his lips parted in a wide smile.
1d6def7fd8480673f09ac1ccbc101bf131912a2c	— You have defeated me with your common sense and prudence, " he said to Adonis.
a79caacbbe41da879a7e3f9b94f0b43fb67848fd	- So be it.
c26d0eebb7f64ec0e7341c45996cdfec9c66fcd1	My nephew will be a doctor, not a surgeon.
85afdbcd3053cda01024fabb047d7346b74bc6e4	The sister should be happy.
c1839cf38b43102bf4f2eae218fe02ce5c0403ba	And he hurried to say goodbye to them: his goal was achieved, and he did not expect more.
8ecbfbcfbb9b75c4b35cab348e31712758ebf528	The rector accompanied him to his car.
49090d8c12bc4efcea5bbeaa4d05aef38edb595f	But everyone in the room noticed Don Croce's last glance at Dr. Nattore before he left.
e5328ab97538a5fdee9c1394a3de02ff5cd81818	An attentive, studying look.
11dd4d5aba5f53e5d8378c8a71bcf1dfd9adf139	Don seemed to remember the doctor's face, so as not to forget the features of the person who tried to resist his will.
a75380ad9757a75a23666aa5a447560a86ae080c	After they left, Hector Adonis turned to Dr. Nattore and said — " You, my dear colleague, will have to leave the university and go about your business in Rome.
a71f6bfaa3372aeefb2e3c910fa3dc88199a8a84	— Are you crazy?"
5d56519e189c7fbadc10ef34a35d9f019472fb8f	Dr. Nattore asked angrily.
bf2b53f856db5c780afcc0a734d451b6d3b27c99	— Not as crazy as you are.
c83a8854bb8bf78d347885871fb6aa9590f85c3c	I want to have lunch with you today and try to explain why our Sicily is not a garden of eden.
3c729c06ce07b63b107a9e3baf6a8e059c758e37	— But why should I leave?"
23625dd5b5f2a50623b5b7f22c186f98e42c3d1a	Dr. Nattore protested.
1500e890f93a4d453aeda757deac96b0273fee8d	— You said "no" to Don Croce a little.
f56bba8bb44ac5ff4c6620c2f0533601f227a70b	Sicily isnot big enough for both of you.
fde55a2f889f67d0096654eaf0d8a6561ed6f6cd	— But he got his own!
5d9794eecc7a83689befface0dec7c45bbd11f08	Dr. Nattore exclaimed in despair.
b1fbc5b8b553584e52533623d5ca92793d3769d6	- His nephew will become a doctor.
05eebae3163c4b367918455b7c32cdb196f7bc67	You and the rector have confirmed this.
e5960c29e7c420819c10c9caf1e17e2e160d6120	"You donot," said Hector Adonis.
42efd7c60ad5c300ace3580d51feccba20558a2f	— We confirmed it to save your life.
26933f8d4461df85ec58b108af86ff1793287e06	However, you are now a marked person.
7489c1d0abd115ab02bd9a9abdb2f90d0a1848b9	That evening, Hector Adonis hosted a dinner for six professors, including Dr. Nattore, in one of the best restaurants in Palermo.
ff3ba578fa30f12b197261277f8bc8f8609518db	Each of them had a "guest of honor" that day, and each agreed to change the grades of a failing student.
c96bff3224fb880dd9f1da745dce9528210864a3	Dr. Nattore listened to their stories with horror… At the end of the dinner, he agreed to leave the University of Palermo and emigrate to Brazil, where, as his colleagues assured him, a good surgeon can make a fortune on gallbladder operations.
402066f6b8ef2e81dae264705edecd0541381ae8	That night, Hector Adonis slept the sleep of the righteous.
ac9257e153d5e5988c179a624323f194b6c8de4d	But in the morning, a phone call came from Montelepre.
f8d9bba095294d15a7cfa936ce419b6a4ff81344	His godson Turi Guiliano, whose intelligence he developed, whose kindness he appreciated, whose future he planned, killed a policeman.
3a4b44ff1581826aa19840b7b88e89b76225f21d	Chapter 3
6b21561835a39bd3fbcae31d35da6233471fd0d0	Montelepre is a town of seven thousand people, lost in the mountains of Cammarata and mired in poverty.
adb993bfa638837c38cd330fed6578728d93c2b6	On September 2, 1943, its residents were preparing for their holiday — fest, which began the next day and was supposed to last for three more days.
25d5c72cc308dd20079b5b0fa1040ecdba92ff3a	Festa is the biggest event of the year in any city, more than Easter, or Christmas, or New Year, more than the day of the end of the world war or the birthday of a great national hero.
f6a2b0530ec29bd696d24ef34ef57e5fcc245263	The festa is dedicated to the patron saint of the city.
73590d6a5f8184afbc268ec1868904f94c3c5f9f	This was one of the few customs that Mussolini's fascist government did not dare to interfere with and did not try to prohibit.
197f48649f8374833b3ce5d044de2e7049a12fe8	Every year, a committee of three people is created to celebrate the festa.
0dde7b9aaaffd73ea0666f81abae628d0f602777	It consists of the most respected citizens.
8c0457d944f7478d0f640e13953f8f9f2759a53e	The three then choose alternates to raise funds and make offerings.
63c7298b009aa4286c7929dc3cf25aafd8555baf	Each family gives according to its capabilities.
49a6a1daa246a6725051d0460c99bd0a85ee1646	In addition, deputies are sent to the streets for alms.
7aabd19c2410c9ad8fa646872a4ac11a235eb22f	As the holiday approaches ,the "committee of three" begins to spend a special fund, which is collected throughout the year.
ab7840539f3e09123f1b8e46884afb2cd1bb93d7	They hire an orchestra and a clown.
94f56695bab3e77d791e27d3d33191bdba5a6a54	They set quite impressive cash prizes at horse races, which are held during all three days.
d394721b70e9a5001e13f9a5c7c741bc9c866177	Specialists are hired to decorate the church and streets, so that the unsightly poor town of Montelepre suddenly looks like a medieval citadel.
f49c256fd93796d6613736d34ffdaf25936d3722	They invite the puppet theater.
1fbf43642120553f5353a69138e5691844e6244c	Merchants set up trays.
55f54ea814bbbaea68666fb1ecec6659254c1ce9	Montelepre families use the festa to show their marriageable daughters; they buy new clothes, allocate elderly women to escort the girls.
2c117ffbfc4cd56dc2222f97489c72fef27fd088	A pack of prostitutes from Palermo sets up a large tent just outside the city, their licenses and medical certificates decorate the sides of the tent in red, white and green stripes.
b4fd8c84ac5f2a0b4b3fc441b13b4030e3ec2694	A famous monk is hired to serve the solemn service, who had stigmas many years ago.
4348ce724257edea6d03b4e58c8a0c52d091da39	And finally, on the third day, the saint's coffin is carried through the streets, followed by all the inhabitants with their mules, horses, pigs and donkeys.
875b671264df81f552c9d9e9e99080e5eb1a6023	On the lid of the coffin floats a statue of the saint, showered with money, flowers, colorful sweets, with large bottles of wine in a bamboo braid.
b826f38d31829713c34596d2b79f13243f823a2b	These are the days of rejoicing.
5945bb9184788bd85380b1866bb573141fc31a1c	It does not matter that the inhabitants starve for the rest of the year and that in the very village square where the saint is honored, they sell their labor to the landowners for a hundred lire a day.
01a9cf1f6ced8a8db13af5868dcddc2691e1765e	On the first day of the festa, Turi Guiliano had to take part in the opening ritual — the mating of the "wonderful mulitsa Montelepre" with the largest and strongest donkey in the town.
2b21eedf273bc01c9d6c93fb68cea7441fe6a3af	Mulits can rarely conceive; they are considered infertile animals, a cross between a mare and a donkey.
1c46e1ed9576ee56a5748241c16c8e22de289890	But there was a mulitsa in Montelepre who gave birth to a colt two years ago, and her owner agreed to provide her to the city as his contribution to the festa.
6f96b3319e09fd78a58ead902b127b2cf7cdead2	And if a miracle happens, then provide a scion to participate in the celebrations for the next year.
575fb68fbef427d82459c00e344f921f4e8d3035	Catholic rel religious festivals originated from ancient pagan festivals, when miracles were begged from the gods.
5599f7695e3808d10fbb5e3849bf3f50d61df276	On this fateful September day in 1943, during the festival in Montelepre, something really happened that changed the fate of its seven thousand inhabitants.
a0c07442675d0d13e7c7b350de13aa17890fcd8e	Turi Guiliano, at the age of twenty, was considered the bravest, most respected, strongest guy in the city.
04984677452fdb624238155db939eb3c17a300e4	He was a man of honor.
2de5198787e6cc055d8f57e6e9c1c5a4172d339c	That is, a person who treated another with scrupulous honesty and who cannot be insulted with impunity.
c57c88275739241e4b4cc586d59f0b758a8f18c5	At the last harvest, he distinguished himself by refusing to work for an insultingly low salary offered by the manager of a local estate.
91eac93f6144e3da7baff3aa1bfd64799f0613fe	Then he made a speech to the others, urging them to follow his example let the crop rot.
a6722c52775f344fd37f781ba667c3dd3a28dd3e	On the charges brought by the baron, the Carabinieri arrested him, the rest went to work.
b06e9bd6b3b017db6369ab33a671e3ed1cc3edc3	Guiliano was not angry with these people, or even with the Carabinieri.
8c237bb7c480c759d9a91e51826153acef51292d	When he was released from prison after the intervention of Hector Adonis, he did not hold a grudge against them.
626ce0661782c922f5fdc0c7687cde99addf8a16	He did not deviate from his principles — and that was the main thing.
409b4ef39695ab242641b54bf39bc5fb3652c3a1	Another time, he stopped a knife fight between Aspanu Pisciotta and another guy by simply standing between them, and with good natured admonitions calmed their anger.
24cbc8d9d793c00de73efaaa987ccb79d1849eea	The unusual thing about all this was that if any other person had done this, it would have been considered cowardice, but something about Guiliano prevented them from thinking about him like that.
b5af37a5c4755ab59204c0a9b11801fe7a84f25d	On this second day of September, Salvatore Guiliano, whose friends and relatives called Turi, was thinking about what he considered a crushing blow to his male ego.
ec6569b7bbd5abb10a1cfacd1d44a8b34fa9f947	And it was a trifling matter.
13e0b9184338802d8d976a596e26bf91f4abe47b	In the town of Montelepre there is no cinema, no club, but only one small cafe with a billiard table.
d99ca67b4fdac2a8ece552954dfaa4d68d529214	The night before, Turi Guiliano, his cousin Gaspare — Aspanu Pisciotta and two or three other young guys were playing billiards.
26fef53b8b814839525ee49dc2b67c6fae9b8af3	Several residents of the town, older people, were drinking wine, watching the game.
72d8072b2a0e54430b8672c2e5c9908235577208	One of them, named Guido Quintana, was slightly drunk.
2db495c19d2a30a025ae470fc3c6b75ca8e7a7c1	He was a famous man.
43845e9558b574ed6e900dd71f414a1cb0ecb7cd	Under Mussolini, he was in prison on suspicion of belonging to the mafia.
6884da54e2324e884744a1e925a1fcc2b52a6091	After the capture of the island by the Americans, he was released as a victim of fascism and it was rumored that he could become the mayor of Montelepre.
a72dd3baea88eeb7d9ed133fb32a0449b9ea7d2c	Like every Sicilian, Turi Guiliano knew about the legendary power of the mafia.
f31a5115389103eeb356464639cfcaa2a78865ae	In these first months after her release, her snake head appeared again over the island… It was already whispered in the town that shopkeepers paid "insurance" to certain "respected people".
4fcfb06d90c17daebaa780e87ee0831e69c8f02f	And of course Turi knew the history, he knew about the endless murders of peasants who tried to get money for their work from powerful aristocrats and landowners, he knew how tightly the mafia held the island in its hands until Mussolini pinned it down, correcting the law itself — as if a more deadly snake had sunk its venomous teeth into a less powerful reptile.
3e8759f4606d2a6ccd194b5c758f018068e53be0	So Turi Guiliano understood what times were coming.
ff2330ae9cb2b676dbba38208f6f7b75c50f394f	Quintana looked at Guiliano and his friends with a slight contempt.
88975e97d2fe1e3cc22429a8441043a89ee8567c	Probably, their cheerful mood irritated him.
7c27502789282f8908a229b8d6aae6ab72e0584a	Nothing, in the coming months, he will make the residents of the town respect him.
21d7378d2745084a18bccedf23d9a4aa691db80b	Suddenly, he got up and pushed Guiliano violently as he was walking around the pool table.
29ad900067a18e90986b42a24ddf5a0bae853062	Turi, who naturally treated his elders with respect, politely and sincerely apologized.
770286ce3794ac6dbd2c5b4df6a79016560c0362	Guido Quintana looked him up and down with a contemptuous look.
43e5137677489aaab44e0351847c29bbf1e6c98e	— And why arenot you at home, not sleeping, not resting before the working day?
084fe5eb369810a66e8f4db96b99ae2ea2cefa36	— he asked.
0c87a749e314b44de78d308225b2c0412c83e038	— My friends have been waiting for an hour to play billiards.
cf71ba091101a7a8bd64f6fe9b55888d941747d1	He reached out and snatched the cue from Guiliano's fingers, waving him away from the table with a grin.
b0913f85147fc0e520197b178ffe4e572c2fc01d	Everyone saw it.
fe6108572573cf277a008d260776a3b564ce9c78	The insult was not fatal.
c439619a4e48a7f00a1ce698e372907297d1d71f	If Quintana had been younger or the insult had been stronger, Guiliano would have had to fight for his manhood.
c12042485369a7660bb15ff3cde2c86ca5bd5e0c	Aspanu Pisciotta always carried a knife with him and now stood so as to intercept Quintana's friends if they decided to interfere.
de3a1458f7164a1bd9e0586ea4ef8cef2a0a69e3	But at that moment, Guiliano felt uneasy for some reason.
abfdd08b497a1e82d8a5069cb41c9da9a03fd38e	Quintana was scary and seemed ready for anything.
05d71aef0600a6f1ee8639343c48d6a44549a5af	His friends, who were standing behind him, also middle aged people, were clearly amused, watching with a smile, not doubting the outcome.
b6310e528f822136420a47db5341a3b32feeb265	One of them was wearing a hunting jacket, and he was holding a rifle in his hands.
b6b621097e54ea528d13acdb470c46904a6da678	Guiliano himself had no weapons.
9d8a5b9ce1ae7761b3b4d46f46e505c74ef9d643	And for a shameful moment, he felt fear.
de4ab97fc226c1071ada79400317c079cc824d86	He was not afraid that he would be hit, hurt, that this person would be stronger.
40cdafdc82aed694b258f543f9400aff8d337fab	Guiliano was afraid that the situation was in their hands.
59ab1b58268c5de08267651d843f63a45fe160ad	That they might shoot him in the dark streets of Montelepre when he went home.
f85a43df67c34e880b06a55d60f65184520c8980	That the next day, like a fool, he would be dead.
fcb6129e72d86bf5d0c6d5f61084bd30156dd09f	Some inner feeling of a person who was born a partisan forced him to retreat.
693479ab0e31eab19b36cfd952e51c2955f06116	Turi Guiliano took Pisciotta by the hand and led him out of the cafe.
3d2460ba90ddbaea84123cc5b364193a44c46f4c	The latter went without resistance, surprised that his friend gave in so easily, but not at all assuming fear in him.
f2543a5e26f6b23e54081f262a172dced3ea5f9b	He took off Turi's soft heartedness and thought that he did not want to start a quarrel, or else he could hurt a person for a trifle.
135f004a59fbdea664d9346aaa3310cc87deb6ff	Turi Guiliano couldnot sleep all night.
4e17c0ccc4c2346e85731c2f2712c480bd378ed7	Was he really afraid of this man with an evil face and an intimidating appearance?
9e2394f4306a6c0e530dd9f7ed8c30b5e2457f86	Did he tremble like a girl?
672d0eb7f340c941458f770ab5f54936fe70b4e9	And they were all laughing at him?
86fa7c48083529dc5c1b0354bc574640a5beac5d	What does his best friend, his cousin Aspanu, think of him now?
808314225fc70f30b6dfc0ff09a487656ae95b64	That he's a coward?
4d90bc09f0929903cc14f24adf2d2cc12e44b9d1	What he.
20a3942f64e0c9bf85a8b8bfec7ecc0975b125b3	Turi Guiliano, the leader of the youth in Montelepre, the one who was considered the strongest and most fearless, freaked out at the first threat of a real man?
e0b7395f077a6f4593e24c0ae897b8dc634ea65b	And yet, he told himself, why start a vendetta that could lead to murder, because of such a trifle as a billiard game, because of the irritated rudeness of an older person?
2ff934842ddb4771a564afadec90cd6946f20163	This is not at all like a run in with another youngster.
50f1ab6cfbf048fbb3da8f6aa7619b2f611f3154	Turi understood that this fight could have serious consequences.
d5c71d9ca8bb00891846adcd2b0318aa889a444f	He knew that these people were connected with" Friends of Friends", and that's what scared him.
3fb40508c1f2ccb3eb29fd97c04181d62739bc7c	Guiliano slept badly and woke up in that depressed state that is so dangerous in adolescence.
f0842d374e8b1e6adaba6456dba81564f70bd10f	He seemed ridiculous to himself.
86c009a3a67fe57f0c342eb375a3825a8908582a	He always wanted to be a hero, like most young people.
0fc39c73731a25912b59c43cf605687ab1921585	If he had lived in any other part of Italy, he would have become a soldier long ago, but, like a true Sicilian, he did not volunteer, and his godfather Hector Adonis somehow arranged that he would not be called up.
1269b585434ad2bc53bb8d7c66a3beb5068f2adf	After all, even though Italy ruled Sicily, no true Sicilian felt like an Italian.
8f82e2c4f2d38b535b84884cbe22f550e19a2199	And then, to tell the truth, the Italian government itself was not very eager to mobilize the Sicilians, especially in the last year of the war.
87de4f47beeb584a6ed7dbe015fb4ed02d2a78cc	The Sicilians have too many relatives in America, the Sicilians are born murderers and traitors, they are too stupid to teach them modern military art, and everywhere they went, there was nothing but trouble.
8f4609bf6c9b5d5c0ff7dff5b38a56012902fc95	On Turi Street, Guiliano felt his bad mood evaporate from the extraordinary beauty that surrounded him.
311127aad044b5c7f69bf9d2568404f76feaf6ee	A wonderful sun was shining.
ab0ddecdf610669e80471074ea7cf50778b2cebf	The smell of lemon and olive trees filled the air.
d300ca9f4e97829c809a77577869ddc3145240c0	He loved the town of Montelepre, its crooked streets, stone houses and balconies with garish bright flowers that grow in Sicily without any care.
c28e5d856222f84a63a95f714baecf55e3ab77cd	He loved the red tiled roofs that stretched to the border of a small town buried in a remote valley, on which the sun poured molten gold.
305472aae830b493d75046e68a0fb616486f2096	The elaborate decorations of the festa streets with rows of saints hanging over them from painted papier mache covered the inescapable poverty of a typical Sicilian town.
c6446d0a73914839ecaace5f2989de118c44140d	Having climbed high and at the same time shyly hidden in the crevices of the surrounding mountains, the garlands of houses were almost all full of men, women, children and animals.
17ac6d386b920d47f2c412336259bdc55514e7d6	Many houses had no running water or sewerage, and even thousands of flowers together with the cold mountain air could not overcome the smell of garbage that rose with the sunrise.
d9d1cc3c50236d4964f0fd2d6989db981ccab6ca	In good weather, people lived on the street.
c56d0142ab73c606b89d0325b725f46dfb8c2bfd	Women were sitting on wooden chairs on the cobblestone terraces, preparing food.
6f1756822dd482e22bf22c0d8583cc42b85b74c3	The dining tables were also displayed outside the door.
61ce86eac919c2b1a23f5ea72fb5d92942795c7d	The streets were swarming with children, chasing chickens, turkeys, goats; older children were weaving bamboo baskets.
03a4419563a6abba4189ae92a0f6477c19a950c6	At the end of the Via Bella, where it merged with the square, there was a huge fountain, built two thousand years ago, with the image of a demon; water flowed out of his mouth through granite teeth.
f04b7d8c73bf14dd2bfa1dea049e8e0ccd1f56a2	Gardens grew precariously on terraces along the slopes.
095887b1d3a381c9a6066cacb50cc3c85d3e0413	The cities of Partinico and Castellammare were visible on the plain below; the bloody stone city of Corleone, like a killer, was hiding behind the horizon.
a50febc1c8f89a98f37edbbead45eea4c01db781	At the other end of the Via Bella, the one that opens onto the road that crosses the Castellammare plain, Turi saw Aspana Pisciotta leading a donkey.
f76821bdece9da7e7df031b248487bd3bb6143e8	For a moment, he was worried about how Aspanu would treat him after the humiliation he had suffered the day before.
4e495fc6a417594ec7360cff3010f60c3c420389	His friend had a sharp tongue.
57cae318a13a39b972c43ee1620b2a904f47634f	Will he say something contemptuous?
ca79f2e999e1d6565b977890c119206fdd475644	The blood rushed to Guiliano's head again, and he swore that he would never be caught by surprise again.
ecb2cc10755ab669fab5b6ed4d64e40c9fff79ed	Regardless of the consequences, he will show them that he is not a coward.
4ca198073240fec2a8b3d4413be18f1458b6a792	Guiliano's mother was going to feed her son and his friend an early lunch.
399441296a2563f4b72d2f65a4369afa7a3f963a	And Turi's two sisters, Marianna and Giusepina, helped their mother prepare the dough for the evening meal.
8f969eb19c652e59d6d534a3d5c4dd0eba47a598	There was a whole mountain of flour dough with eggs on a polished square wooden board.
465b26f732fc7ebcc527d1097c28abd61070ee4b	When the dough became steep enough, a cross was applied to it with a knife — for consecration.
2bbed660e4fdf6002bc5c13e8b861ac55011b84d	Next, Marianna and Giusepina cut strips that they wrapped on a bamboo stalk, and then the stalk was pulled out, and a tube of dough was obtained.
fc8e177f5bd57c57cd0970ca2c5671e0cb3a7a3d	The room was decorated with large vases with olives and grapes.
309a663c4fee504c2833592355b3b74837ea5501	Turi's father worked in the field, but part time, so that he could join the festa in the afternoon.
5b6a682784f87dde820f4d235c1e7e427ace9e28	Marianne's engagement was to take place the next day, and there was to be a celebration at Guiliano's house.
1f1f326789d190b1129dfbb4e8f98e4134f58f9d	Turi has always been the most beloved child of Maria Lombardi.
b69bd481f0b92c1ce09cdb51bd19a9879d298e06	The sisters remembered how his mother bathed him every day, when he was little.
8967c4f3a5bcbfea45bf20e028437b45f1f8d86c	The galvanized basin was carefully heated on the stove, mother I tried the water temperature with my elbow.
8709111d22bfddbf09e463bc3b64f6ac20208b0b	A special soap was brought from Palermo.
441ba62f52bfa6338f9d3e3e763ba73404fc1b8b	At first, the sisters were jealous, and then they watched in fascination as the mother bathed the baby.
e2425e55aa13c75b3e6f70648427e227d1adde93	He never cried.
342f822d8b745bedbcc0e2015675fe9de1924466	He was the youngest in the family and grew up the strongest.
d8b86e5c51ac8cbcebd2547dcc9d019846952877	But he was always a little strange.
d3a1af2e0ff2f9d515ec7ca95af732409b0cbe1c	I read books, talked about politics.
e90a389af51a383243044c652cc856e17e9c667e	Everyone loved him for his gentleness of character and unselfishness.
70b406b969953805a927904e6a81421ae6c78ac5	Guiliano's mother and sisters were worried that morning.
df78030699a02008c6dea83624a9b40207ef38c7	Immediately after lunch, Turi and Aspanu will go to Corleone on a donkey and secretly bring a large circle of cheese, some ham and sausage.
4f1221a0c2f51ea61d798aeb992a4d6f759fa0b8	Turi will miss one day of the festa, but he will please his mother, and they will properly celebrate their sister's engagement.
a2c7035ea70ce2ccb3373b484f62896a1422ad4f	They will sell some of the products on the black market to replenish the family budget.
0e2e1f4dea70f3d3fb876aca6080279a5ba4f3bf	The three women loved it when Turi and Aspanu were together.
94e5d83e252a26078ba97e905f0709b9cba89572	They had been friends since childhood — although they were different in nature, they were closer than brothers.
bc0cdf1006d508031ceffba1886fcd3d19f3136d	Aspanu Pisciotta, dark skinned, with a thin mustache of a movie hero, an extremely lively face, shiny black eyes and jet black hair on a small head, was witty and always charmed women.
99a10873920ef0448c8f2b9d4db635edd653620e	However, this bright man was still overshadowed by the calm Greek beauty of Turi Guiliano.
4c6974979d3dfdf7ad622bfb8369482adfc00164	His body was well developed just like the ancient Greek statues scattered all over Sicily.
e825530d122ac1a48f5ad442e3449d627880a809	He was always very calm, but he moved extremely quickly.
fd59aaec5c071235dab8256c4e9a51e5d7408bff	But the most remarkable thing was his eyes.
951fe852cd36008db906083164d8d894a04b5d17	Dreamy, golden brown, they seemed quite ordinary when he looked away.
caf2c9bd4f84b49b9123ae816e4d3bd695a2ca75	When he looked directly at you, his eyelids would half fall, like a statue, and his whole face would become serene, calm, like a mask.
8bcb5fcad06fab79d68d66ac3b2e4e312ddd6724	While Pisciotta was entertaining Maria Lombardi, Turi Guiliano went up to his room to prepare for the upcoming trip.
5cc24cd5a2b5de474b65b8c3a940ee6f357ca51e	And mostly to take the gun hidden there.
8a2a7781aae137b013c2cb80bdc1cf2213388b64	Remembering the humiliation that he had to endure last night, he decided to go to work armed.
8fd3e3bbbafc6872d06346c55a611fe4f556f894	He could shoot, because his father often took him hunting.
98dd6e2099b25084abcd1f1c3620736be43f3b4b	His mother was waiting for him in the kitchen to say goodbye.
c0562d998d584de6fbec8a02bbfc2f2a19ac6d6d	As she hugged her son, she felt the gun in his belt.
0ef39c9951ae7cbf37d85dc2889adcdf199835f5	"Turi, be careful," she said anxiously.
51ed9049574118e6423ea984ded05e3cfe5b3e55	- Donot quarrel with the Carabinieri.
8a6233ce7477e02e22deee788de6239a9e6fb875	If they stop you, give everything.
5079b60f71b5c6aac5979803b41b125f525eabe1	Guiliano reassured her: - Let them take the food.
6942792b3d73a1ad0a2b3f952a42f4401d255be7	But I wonot let them beat me or take me to prison.
a27b55cbf25b1070a44914af639eb50898943539	She understood that.
3d48e06518ad92e451d7999f5432349b90ecf226	And in her own way, she was proud of him.
6cbd8f29cf8e0dd17fd9e7d39f111869197e38b3	She was glad when Turi showed fearlessness, as she herself was different.
f3a2f05fc25d8d2d0456a280edbda7f75cd31c51	But at the same time, she dreaded the day when he would come into conflict with the realities of life in Sicily.
0031d027549e4c131a4e1c5a1df220250cd11818	She watched as he walked out onto the pavement of Via Bella and joined Aspan Pisciotta.
6d8214afc3ed8b7fcf109dc9c4acc95f797521d6	Her son Turi moved like a big cat; his chest was so wide, his arms and legs were so muscular that Aspanu next to him looked like a stalk of sisal.
e9f8920f90ec500471cacedde06f12602dadfead	But Aspanu was subtly cunning, which her son lacked, he was brave and cruel.
cf3699024ba60909eeba167090e92aad257bb133	Aspanu will be protected by Turi in this treacherous world in which they are all forced to live… She watched them walk down the Via Bella, where the street led out of the city onto the Castellammare plain.
5118a9f076b514fb655162f96387303a2f7b4b1b	Her son is Turi Guiliano and her sister's son is Gaspare Pisciotta.
3d99003773835358e973098f2364149afe3755b1	Two young men, barely twenty years old, they seemed even younger.
e2f4301d84af6f967ce3301d7dc4e42eaea046bb	Maria Lombarde loved both of them and was afraid for both of them.
fdc602f3009174944d3e25f44245fea37acf76a0	At last they disappeared with the donkey behind the rise of the street, but she continued to look until she saw them again already far away and above the town of Montelepre, on the slope of one of the mountains.
e40c92e865cd308de3e89dbd0bc0a4c1b00ec53d	Maria Lombarde Guiliano continued to stare, as if she would never see them again, until they disappeared into the early morning mist surrounding the peak.
7dced92624cdb514a3373fbd2c2f3a262656f0ed	They went to where their legend began.
a3fb36bdb552c3bbd36d666d34038056d0102169	Chapter 4
c795778435f27c3e924ab9d9b05c390a8498625f	In Sicily, in that September of 1943, people could only exist by trading on the black market.
067f199f16c8b67ec09ebf3e04513927794b6481	If they were caught red handed, they were tried and sent to prison.
d2eb99c949d33611199a185aa482c2d75db04796	Turi Guiliano and Aspanu Pisciotta went to the violation of these laws with a light heart.
fb251c3e8d628d7072a2372e40441a54effae8d8	It was Pisciotta who had connections with the black market, and he arranged this expedition.
9b6f5c3da80884b31cda91a31560a56883fc07eb	He arranged with a peasant that he would forward a large circle of cheese to a reseller from the black market in Montelepre.
4589445a0fedd39cee60f5ea27acf47027159f20	This will earn them four smoked hams and a basket of sausages, thanks to which the engagement of Turi's sister will turn into a big celebration.
73dfee0f4eba89aa9eb59b111d9f8710992af112	Turi and Aspanu violated two laws at once: one prohibiting transactions on the black market, the other the transportation of contraband from one Italian province to another.
1a789aa6abe0c2260ddb5a9b042a7f5363e418b0	The authorities could do almost nothing to force the residents to comply with the laws on the black market — they would then have to transfer everyone in Sicily to prisons.
9eb5787de7fac3759869b2d31583bf909086791f	Smuggling is another matter.
aeb135ecaa091d13053d0301b758d8486d379d44	Detachments of Carabinieri scoured the province, set up ambushes on the roads, kept informers.
d95c961dca93106bd23a9cfc57698e25d65d32e0	Of course, they could not detain the caravans of Don Croce Malo, who transported goods on American military trucks and had special government passes.
621d1a3afe9a5453590a1150260757c8d857e4d7	But they caught a lot of small peasants and starving villagers.
d70e46532b2f68e5c6da4e584c901cc5ce14a2d7	It took Guiliano and Pisciotta four hours to reach the farm.
2431d377642021813081245d104d5e5a0de69a21	They took a large circle of grainy, white cheese and other products and strapped them to the donkey.
98e9f73b576970eacb96c7f7aa1224fa347bfeac	They disguised all this with sisal and bamboo, as if they were carrying livestock feed, which was kept by many residents in the village.
f3452a948881ef029e6b6141526a69166f957c3d	They acted with the carelessness and confidence of children who hide their treasures from their parents, as if it was enough to plan a deception and it would succeed.
1c18b366c61c31d3f65674c098c57a760f426800	Their confidence was also based on the fact that they knew secret paths in the mountains.
0c639fd35a18a0a9d3585c482889b38d172f3dd2	After setting off on the long journey home, Guiliano sent Pisciotta ahead to look for the Carabinieri.
74b8c532f894c82559fad2e488609bbdae0ac647	They agreed to signal with a whistle in case of danger.
a1bfa2266cb22e9f1a5fe921ca6f5d59e811030b	The donkey carried the luggage easily and behaved calmly… They had been slowly climbing the mountain for two hours when there were signs of danger.
5d83f21e0443db244c89e2d9830f239073159902	Guiliano saw from behind, at a distance of about three kilometers, a caravan of six mules and a rider on a horse who followed them.
0f3ec33ecdf5fa6a5a84fc907188bfad1b651761	If this path is known to others who sell on the black market, it could be noticed by the field gendarmerie and set up an ambush.
f76cf75d2dc10b6cb3651a57c345d4bf3ac0641b	As a precaution, he sent Pisciotta ahead to investigate.
60d3e968fb7c08dca04c9382d9f6c4265fa84077	An hour later, he caught up with Aspana — he was sitting on a large rock, smoking a cigarette and coughing.
3247f516c3110f13b8cf7c3ed8179208d9ace691	Aspanu was terribly pale — he should not have smoked.
094be6ffb2667a9601c1a6d9b2d95d8f37cf695b	Turi Guiliano sat down to rest next to him.
d0e668ae0f005565adef9c6aff984bfe567a8a9c	Since childhood, they were connected by the fact that they never sought to command each other, and therefore Turi did not say anything.
e2dfe4d44ad068db9a4e15b3b7bd2739200de982	Finally Aspanu stubbed out his cigarette and put the blackened butt in his pocket.
7cec3d77afcb2e21e97b794ee8f7152fe75b807d	They moved on, Guiliano holding the donkey's bridle, Aspanu walking behind.
42bed967ab1314e7392e9fdac8c426faf9739735	They walked along a mountain path that bypassed major roads and small villages, but sometimes they saw an ancient Greek tank into which water was poured through the mouth of a cracked statue, or the ruins of a Norman castle that stood in the way of the conquerors hundreds of years ago.
d7a588e756a17afde991ad9364e75cd401bafea9	And Turi Guiliano fell into thought, thinking about the past and the future of Sicily.
fcae697d0fe3c91d6635b2625c7c83495679743a	He was thinking about his godfather, Hector Adonis, who had promised to come to them after the festa to help him write an application to the University of Palermo.
c298e73e110aba587d66b648f0e46a90402967b9	And as soon as he thought about his godfather, he was immediately overcome with sadness.
d59766d53ec980f5a53dac4622df2c879e07178e	Hector Adonis never participated in fests: tipsy men would laugh at his miniature figure, and children, sometimes taller than him, could offend.
55089ebb82ce6af1c9473b149f29d41acfcf830f	Turi was thinking about God, who stops the growth of a person, but saturates his brain with knowledge.
5dcdb5a6a46c90420afb235ce2e8e27a870575d3	For Turi considered Hector Adonis the most intelligent man on earth and loved him for the kindness that he showed to him and his parents.
b3a1d781199e24c1ac548050f165846ae22a1000	He thought about his father, who worked on a small piece of land, and about his sisters, who went around in worn out dresses.
b72d971dd9018d00833923b5cb7b905806a29f3c	Fortunately, Marianne is so beautiful, and therefore managed to find a husband, despite her poverty and troubled times.
4c8f311b50455ee9ab2caa2b2c60b9b1c4f6f69a	But most of all he lamented about his mother — Maria Lombardi.
c0b4f1a2f5a7ba35b9e0f74e2654558f6e2d4c49	Even when he was very young, he realized what a difficult, unhappy fate she had.
375089f2263921758cef073d2b4d99b68ebbed44	She had tasted the juicy fruits of America and could no longer be happy in the poverty stricken cities of Sicily.
533e29c06ff55e74ba8d66c16a2ac54e1cb850d1	But, Guiliano thought, he will change the fate of the family.
462fcaf1aa9192aebfc2829840f0326a5b7012fa	He will work hard and study hard and will become as big a person as his godfather.
434458415b0483c569ce284b8f5fab024341dc97	Suddenly they found themselves in a grove, a small forest, one of the few preserved in this part of Sicily, where now there are only huge white stones and marble quarries.
96bb12b93c5502995818b2fd04eb62f052fe06bb	Once over the top, they will begin the descent to Montelepre, and then they will have to beware of wandering patrols of the national police.
e31e3e6fb2933bb29ffcd89b22678cf9f6bf8caf	Now they were approaching Cuatro Molina, the intersection of four roads, and it was all the more worth being careful here.
58d4e3388ddb8808a536c26e901616df0b497f74	Guiliano pulled on the donkey's bridle and waved Aspan to stop.
cc6341a0e95e73d613c8ae1e97d34a13f54236af	They stood motionless.
5f5e2d6365d7f37380e09ad7872b59a470db6232	There were no extraneous sounds, only the irrepressible hum of insects above the ground.
223e56295522ce29f33515194aaee8de164d53b7	The friends crossed the intersection and disappeared into the woods.
7059fde853c1a67c8c0d94b868303a2feeb3018c	Turi Guiliano was lost in dreams again.
92bb0513c352c018123ef5a582dd003f26c011cb	The trees, as if thrown back, parted, and they came out into a small, pebble strewn clearing with bamboo growth and thinning grass.
042ef0fb8c22a0fc91507592b5ca4a007f39b462	In the distance, the late afternoon sun was sinking and seemed pale and cold over the granite rocks.
d351639ecd02a11d8b77c2dff4833ed5585dfa5b	Beyond this clearing, the path will go down in a long winding spiral to the town of Montelepre.
fdd2c50a4134f5fb1889603e205d9cc48535b18c	Guiliano suddenly came out of his thoughts.
a0e1b2e19f31d7323c122045da0c65a0ff66f834	A beam of light, like a match struck, cut across his left eye.
74e67f7c96933311bb85a459e5869b0272849328	He pulled on the reins, stopping the donkey, and gave Aspan a sign with his hand.
87bc676236e63b561f57885f7451c4f7449b8308	Some thirty meters away, strangers came out of the thicket.
360dd84feb9641318237d63f7e28749febb791e4	There were three of them, and Turi Guiliano saw their stiff black military helmets, black uniforms with white braid.
58948e19fa55b37d6c8279084042d63ce1f5ed9c	He was overcome by a stupid, sickening feeling of despair, shame that he had been caught.
6e9bdfb4404f4823e7ecc178495fec6d8477520c	Approaching them, the three strangers fanned out, holding their weapons at the ready.
450dc3f62c01a6a49d2a4a0e4a6e7775c749cd54	Two of them were quite young, with rosy, glossy cheeks, military helmets with a cockade were ridiculously pushed on the back of their heads.
7a5c406781c6ce8b18d59c893733d711aafb2c9e	The carabinieri in the center was older and held a rifle in his hands.
0ba0a86628dfd36c4ec5f8249bbcefa8ae54d309	His face was pockmarked and scarred, and his helmet was pulled low over his eyes.
21441a4dbe17269f5041a72f08eb356a0a0803ae	There were sergeant's stripes on his sleeve.
a8cc1e90f9310dcdce49ced9e9706d66a63ca2c6	The beam of light that hit Guiliano's eyes was a sunbeam reflected from the steel barrel of a rifle.
1a3adc9b63cce86783042c4116051a9d3dbfdf35	The man, smiling ominously, was aiming directly at Guiliano's chest.
b0d7f07befb03890f6a731cb52f7d49a31d00766	Guiliano's smile made him furious.
98980d25f60381b72226049c427955aef2401df1	The sergeant with the rifle came very close, two soldiers were approaching from the sides.
40826cf714cec283e0d019113c2435b8dceec817	Turi Guiliano was wary.
667fd350d2b29621c5da6a4b6072cf1559750173	Two young Carabinieri with automatic pistols could not be too afraid: they approached the donkey carelessly, not taking their prisoners seriously.
50f74d088919319eb99dbe842d64db850d0cd34a	They ordered Guiliano and Pisciotta to move away from the donkey, and one of them, throwing a machine gun behind his back, pulled the bamboo cover from the donkey's spine.
03802bc3acf08df6f42bf8ae5312e495eb9efd62	At the sight of the products, he even whistled with greedy delight.
0f4bbd9657a20193547fcc8cccd142cbd28019ad	And he didnot notice that Aspanu moved closer to him, but the sergeant with the rifle noticed it.
13aefca12cded39503548c944bda72721be2a434	"Hey, you with the mustache, step back —" he shouted.
ec2e0f87cc22d2e28f82cff45846d1988ecc3797	And Aspanu retreated to Turi Guiliano.
1a5dac2e29f4da5d992cb1de7f85a8170331fe30	The sergeant came a little closer.
e349bb7d2e61640648c64fb2367d0bf3dfcd3446	Guiliano watched him closely.
199e4882caf844388f4042f6ca0ef3763c022e32	His pockmarked face looked tired; but his eyes glittered, and he said, " Hey, guys, a nice piece of cheese.
751e48c64346bcd0773bf82fdf61c6af232b4092	In our barracks, it will go well with pasta.
0576247e2dc617f671a263585f7891a122026cd9	So tell us the name of the peasant from whom you got it, and you can move home with your donkey.
4fcbc3702b60f9ff17c05bc09de084986788cf24	The friends were silent.
40837f899d911bb93c6781628c9b65133f7723d0	And they continued to be silent.
0ee18cf32e4c37cc1a2d06f5df598528b1d59ed2	Finally, Guiliano said calmly, — I will give you a thousand lire if you let us go."
23570ef0c348adda3bc09eff2df4ece24e6b53ac	"Wipe yourself with your lyres —" the sergeant replied.
7592e8eab316d6886597fa66d50673182ae83361	"Give me your ID cards."
6132fb3f515958915740e7c39bf7864d08f1a07b	If they are not in order, I will make you do it and wipe yourself with them too.
fbeeac48ece9b90887320a7285441af2fa6d53f3	The defiant tone, the defiant insolence of these black and white uniforms made Guiliano coldly furious.
75b6dce22e458bfa2c1d2965acfcc48e51f262bc	At that moment, he realized that he would never allow himself to be arrested, would never allow these people to take away the food that he was carrying for his family.
a442f6de75510392349633a955e7c2fae1f64bf5	Turi Guiliano took out his ID card and stepped up to the sergeant.
eb24b3efbd862ec36f634c3fba8eb84a285040a8	He was hoping to get out of the scope of his rifle.
c8bfaf4ab37154b71d48a12288146b85b7a0bb48	He knew that he had a faster reaction than most people, and he hoped to play on this.
9d8049e7e07ef3f5fc4c55adb87096b5df1fae2b	However, a wave of the rifle forced him to retreat.
088fc48d0987c19331af73a603fd3c410afa6412	"Throw it on the ground," the sergeant said.
b0d6c71addc00872d4bdcd7a206db0e70dbc3715	Guiliano quit.
ba113e6a33d95d721a2f114ba6094a943615fbc5	Pisciotta, who was standing five steps to the left of Guiliano, understood his friend's plan and, knowing that he had a gun under his shirt, tried to distract the sergeant's attention.
29799d3ba61a130ff29b86ae9eb4674f249908e7	Leaning forward and touching the knife on his hip, which he wore in a sheath on a ribbon tied behind his back, Pisciotta said with exaggerated contempt: "Sergeant, if we tell the name of a peasant, then why do you need our certificates?
359a7c937f37d7600eb767a0253197d03d586b8a	And, after a pause, he said, not without sarcasm: "We know that the Carabinieri always keep their word.
ba23c74827c6d02c8fe9c92bfd20d2673a76ee91	— This word "Carabinieri" was so hateful to him that he did not utter it, but spat it out.
03a2305170c890dd79bbfd1aff82d323ce59fc00	The sergeant took two or three steps towards Pisciotta.
8855606b89f9aa2208497f644c0464538cef881a	He stopped.
3d206360276de729da00e40b7331c3dedf765948	He smiled and raised his rifle.
5315c7b530517ec2f21442a4491fa7f79ebf5757	"And you, pretty boy, your ID, — he said.
b6db2b02486a77a245b9e545c9c9f0ed188368c9	— Or maybe you donot have any documents, like your donkey, he has a better mustache than you!
0bd2728b478ee12eab152acb27c705c82def0803	The two young policemen laughed.
b0473671a67599508b96270782abd9b51d12663b	Pisciotta's eyes glittered.
7c4edb1a40f5a879eb0af6906e9353ba8a10db6b	He took a step toward the sergeant.
f1979636df45d446225a4f7108982a474f25f4bc	— I donot have any documents.
fa625ecf4f7827500915c6f14c6b776dccec8bdb	And I donot know any peasant.
cb019f7d55ba98d10bbd8556002201a0066b8c6b	We found food on the road.
4965201ea8fb94d4e4f09a0b6565c9c9659c6dc9	His boldness was too great, his challenge was too impudent, and it had the exact opposite effect.
faa6b88f2c02f3c882ef36bed5dd2ee318c5788a	Pisciotta wanted the sergeant to take a step closer to him, and he retreated a few steps and smiled again.
6f11e3c3457830098981d879fde2bb7d897e1c1b	- The Bastinado will knock your Sicilian arrogance off you a little.
3ea3d136003f5f8d8446c9bc9ae92b22b1929e60	He paused and added, " Both of you, get down on the ground."
36e66d4c7672ffe2034b2e0302386673860bf416	Bastinado meant beating with whips and sticks.
3fb5c5e7c9f0a304e2f822c40c5d904fe21aea5e	Guiliano knew some residents of Montelepre who were beaten in the Bellampo barracks.
f42f69653d60724e40d151da11540e580f41ea5c	They returned home with broken legs, swollen to the r azmerov melons with his head, so chipped with entrails that they could no longer think about work.
6b7f651694bd4ffdb2defb4aa3a7d7bf1577e613	This will never happen to him.
5a936ec533e51762aed6baf638f382f9c2febc66	Guiliano dropped to one knee, as if he was going to lie down, put his hand on the ground, and brought the other to his belt to pull the gun from under his shirt.
81b09c8e148e9e7061084a7998a2e7b19dcad328	The soft, smoky light of the beginning twilight reigned in the clearing, the sun was far away there, behind the trees, had set behind the mountain.
e10e22038f17b2f491e7f19f1e5110224bf616f1	He saw Pisciotta standing proudly, refusing to obey.
4ddd49ac80a73b2fbbbffd40dea06428a678aefd	Of course, they wouldnot kill him for a piece of smuggled cheese.
ba52ac7b29d1d39ac9d2f196ec65203d6429673b	He saw the pistols trembling in the hands of the young soldiers.
0f967208ee746316dc85dedee0fc25fb03fe043d	At that moment, there was a cry of donkeys and the clatter of hooves from behind, and a caravan of mules that Guiliano had noticed on the road in the middle of the day jumped out into the clearing.
19b5855ada1fa783fa43fbff92abb6a078bbe596	The man riding at the head of the horse had a lupara slung over his shoulder, he was wearing a thick leather jacket and seemed huge.
5c53bfa653d89076b8b53ae53808d095ba3f250a	He jumped down from his horse and, pulling a large wad of paper lira out of his pocket, said to the carabinieri with a rifle: "So, this time you have scooped up some sardines.
65f6d71ca336b646909b17f6c3a155648286d697	They undoubtedly knew each other.
8f33966b37416560a7e603b8955acec3aeee91f2	For the first time, the sergeant relaxed his vigilance to accept the money offered.
f2357bc81eb409181715e2946245c292b1564ba9	They both grinned at each other.
d9f1fb2e0fc881da84cc74506f6fa9b62734862a	Everyone seemed to have forgotten about the prisoners.
87b6432f9495c55ffe5715dd47d631beab179231	Turi Guiliano slowly moved closer to the nearest policeman.
f4826fa8644adbb0e09aa02fa8319af15957c9ba	And Pisciotta slid to a nearby thicket of bamboo.
0b461fe87d5099d49d4935ba95a217a2963aa540	The soldiers did not notice this.
f383f113f978631d1135f7831754023c2734f7b6	Guiliano elbowed the nearest policeman, who fell.
a5eae498cdff607360e75e2f44124750c5bfab3e	Guiliano shouted to Pisciotta: "Run!
24a2ba533bb3e4c669b1f5264f6196cc9482d128	Pisciotta dived into a bamboo thicket, and Guiliano rushed to the forest.
58e0835068cdfddd2f0163166272b14148a9302a	The other policeman was so stunned or slow that he could not quickly pull the machine gun off his shoulder.
b071e2fe449655a6558e29ea6c3ffd013fcf106a	Guiliano, about to dive into the protection of the forest, felt a surge of delight.
0531b292d6f3573a124b8e669ddb4be84ae2bdca	He jumped up, hoping to land between two spreading trees that would hide him.
f240ae6d784eba8f9a9b48dc08135e77f3bfcb6e	In the process, he pulled out a gun from under his shirt.
a6a2f81bc5047f5c05274f6ee87c91debc6ef357	But he was right, considering a man with a rifle the most dangerous.
4a4ddd7a7c89600eba151f45fa6031626b6514c2	The sergeant threw the wad of money on the ground, raised his rifle and fired in cold blood.
d55bad99425c18007df4fd7590e6883e26a842c7	There was no mistake — Guiliano fell like a shot bird.
10dcf870f32b85641278863f24286d94a5383170	Guiliano heard the shot and at the same time felt a pain that pierced him, as if from a blow from a huge club.
a88b886c7f2183d4dc013017349d967c9e5fa797	He fell to the ground between two trees and tried to get up, but could not.
82cf8395cea9efeb1bef9c302daa6a0b7d9bd4cf	His legs were numb, he could not move them.
965759fb204c9bd5d355799b0232b5ffb0b118aa	Still holding the pistol in his hand, he turned over and saw the sergeant shaking the rifle in a sign of victory.
386e13897bb2c878f81537fd12df04b0cdf5dec9	And then Guiliano felt his pants fill with blood, warm and sticky.
e59b7c5d5ed3b07da27d47c75f2b90dfc641c566	For a split second, before Guiliano pulled the trigger, he was overcome by surprise.
2ae0c5e39c658efafd45adbcbab21d3530c091c3	Had he been shot for a piece of cheese?
0d29232dbf2b175f380b010776ae5707954682ad	And now he is bleeding profusely — he who has never harmed anyone.
fa242e34bccde19436c37ac1ab1ad6f9e096bd11	He pulled the trigger and saw the rifle fall, saw the sergeant's black and white edged cap seem to fly into the air, and he himself, mortally wounded, cowered and collapsed on the rocky ground.
6529e48b819b274893ebebe133842a9a1cda53f5	It was almost pointless to fire a pistol at this distance, but it seemed to Guiliano that his hand reached out after the bullet and, like a dagger, pierced the sergeant's eye.
9b19057d2586aafb41320d50477a66b5bf5c4bbf	The automatic pistol rattled, but the bullets, chirping like birds, flew over the top in a safe curve.
5c58f3967d3acef18691688acd497fa369f68ded	Then there was a dead silence.
81c84bd3e8989863c7d1ba04949e8b792a0899fa	Even the insects had stopped their incessant chirping.
44d702a498af052486b8cf00d499d345a3dc7dd1	Turi Guiliano rolled into the bushes.
1809c8434591b3962601102905e41bedd78f2b0d	He saw the enemy's face turn into a bloody mask, and this was encouraging.
e76181aa7ad218841fcc2055351c48399ff985db	He is not powerless.
81e08a5e1e5d5be581d8b2aef6e39c2532945887	He tried to stand up, and this time his legs obeyed.
eaffd8c08f037ce2ae020f83809a379ffa2635f9	He tried to run, but only one leg stepped forward, the other dragged on the ground.
e56197151353e2952100f739884800f9a92b2a96	My groin was warm and sticky, my pants were swollen, my eyes were covered with fog.
b7588bc533eb603553ea8ab0bfacf1d49b21b00b	When he suddenly found himself in the light, he was afraid that he had jumped out into the clearing again, and tried to turn back.
879cc6aef8109ab2ea60d3e7125c19ed169d7750	Then his body began to fall — not to the ground, but into an endless, black with a red tint of emptiness, and he realized that he was falling there forever.
a29d189c27f15d0bf61a672f5a1675c8edbbb501	And in the clearing, a young soldier took his finger off the trigger of a submachine gun, and the crackling stopped.
f5ed54c8e105b471fe9d8888d4c899cc7ca0c4cf	The smuggler got up from the ground with a wad of money in his hand and handed it to another soldier.
cb204508ab26e7916eab6fa50c248555af494db3	The soldier pointed a submachine gun at him and said — " You are under arrest.
7cc768e4100433b526bed4fc32436a30ddf146d1	— Now you only have to split it between two people.
055ff3b5abde4e7c6a28c2f172e16dd4d16146ba	Let me go — " the smuggler said.
bc9c10d30be33497803281bed15eb5602342807e	The soldiers looked at the fallen sergeant.
5aee36ac9df0587bb837cfdf4e71511ec4ac2923	He was undoubtedly dead.
38e49886d828ca9ca200c360bbd78b5238ff298d	— I'll go get the guy in the bushes — he's injured, after all.
664d7e13d68178c4a0d0159a2bcc996c311337c3	I'll bring the body, and you'll both become heroes.
d14b3a749c381d46f28ec14184e8d2e17eccb6b8	Just let me go — " the smuggler said.
2573e6e0f3df0ba11b8779922be2578b1e2a5511	Another soldier picked up the ID card that Turi Guiliano had thrown to the ground at the sergeant's orders.
c6bcc4982b9246623cf7985651b6ec1ff792ced1	And he read aloud: - Salvatore Guiliano, the city of Montelepre.
ac647e2b8a5dbe4d2e67072484b86d70ca04fcd7	"We donot have to look for him now," said another.
877d23a2e87997075d3b6493393f8afa6f84ae5f	— We will report to the headquarters — this is more important.
bfc9d995dee948e46346c6efcd923a92677bf1ff	"Cowards," said the smuggler.
8d65cf7391f14dce778337a37dc461c70be42760	This was already an insult.
e92f0607c8ea4ea58a6dcc9ef0c90fa0c1e88d2c	For this, they forced him to put the sergeant's body on his horse and walk to their barracks.
29f927d1d6316720d40c4b729b97bfe13aeb3934	Before that, they took away his weapon.
7b9e1305a53a5bd61845c90f9cba5e2a9d916eb6	They were very twitchy, and I could only hope that he would not be killed by mistake or out of nervousness.
1f3ce257fd59be6b716259db17d54e0a671bf12e	Otherwise, he didnot care too much about it.
022aeddc6c1fc31b3df58a5914d179a45c17fb56	He knew Sergeant Roccofino from Montelepre very well.
88e1db3687e7ee0f187313346d080ab814f35976	They have scrolled things before, they will scroll further.
fa8810ee99be84211849f3b39c8609f03edbb645	None of them even thought about Pisciotta.
ad3ea55b54ceb4506e92aff7452c02198033fb66	And he heard everything they said.
632873cf68e3ff904635d4af414a72a13be955da	He was lying in a deep hollow overgrown with grass, with a knife in his hand.
a5e134f846e24fb07c79213cd3a74a7741ad9a98	He was waiting for them to start looking for Turi Guiliano, and he was going to attack one of them, cut his throat and grab a machine gun.
1d576b46cddb76636fc925d31c5916ade94c3041	He was so bitter that he did not even feel fear of death, and when he heard the smuggler's offer to bring Turi's corpse, he always remembered the face of this man.
f749c67a57e1da34624e363beae7d1cb7662f6f0	He knew that Turi was seriously injured and needed help.
54cd4fa8527d686d1800fb0ae30c575afeed4261	Moving along the edge of the forest, he skirted the clearing to get to the side where his friend had disappeared.
d52a404dba9424c024eeab6b9d2b7e3ad5c3a636	There was no sign of him in the bushes, and Pisciotta ran along the path they had come here.
54ed49a23e718d87402472c652068400682881a0	Still nothing, until Pisciotta climbed up on a huge boulder with a notch on the top.
cfa7096d0eca121d6754f32777cbb1e32e09b34d	A pool of almost black blood had gathered in this stone recess, and on the other side of the boulder there was a long ribbon of sticky bright red drops.
0c9a98e0c97069f7d5fb3d7f48e05fe7c69f12e9	He ran on and stopped, startled, when he saw Guiliano lying across the path, still clutching the deadly weapon in his hand.
5dabb4c1fc9d673bb1396d881c6081b84f3eb4f9	Pisciotta knelt down, took the pistol and put it in his belt.
49fde79c4db990cbdd49d7810f963881c21ca455	At that moment, Turi Guiliano opened his eyes.
2aa9689ce73399e1f40d29eab4c21d7c3f0f0a49	They were burning with terrible hatred, but they looked somewhere past Aspanu Pisciotta.
1efd3bc94419e8bb4a0f4943c3b04d1fce261340	Pisciotta almost cried with joy and tried to lift him to his feet, but he did not have enough strength.
584a5a9241328f90d92bb61e45f5bf9d5ec3fbe8	"Turi, try to get up, I'll help you —" Pisciotta said.
d7b1354b99c2818e854b26825a1ea5ea90885b2b	Guiliano put his hands on the ground and raised himself up.
0bd7e9abd97bfa2b2101d69c13ef371b35e36dd5	Pisciotta put his arm around his waist — the palm became warm and wet.
8c5fef8e309523dd3566b260002131f765e613f4	He jerked his hand away, turned Guiliano's shirt away, and with horror saw a huge gaping wound in his side.
d1e25d98259d55fd0d5426ed0e757c00698755bc	He leaned Guiliano against a tree, tore his shirt and, plugging the wound to stop the blood, tied the sleeves around his waist.
3c1ecd8fbe7e6de36c3db06810d4de293e43ef91	He wrapped his arm around his friend, and with the other raised Guiliano's left arm in the air.
94716d86f27dd5ccd064745b35050ff5d35b8f46	So, balancing, he led Guiliano with careful small steps down the path.
d34fc38c7492bd51c32b9aceb07c6b7c116712d5	From a distance, it seemed that they were coming down the mountain, dancing.
508d935b94f7e9491d58352298c285e6fc111fe1	So Turi Guiliano missed the festa in honor of Saint Rosalia, which, as the residents of Montelepre hoped, would bring a miracle to their town.
1d0bc59ff80f74ad981a1f73ea438939783ce4d9	He missed the shooting competition, which he would have won for sure.
c86772c457d7dc263ad74548e533aa5f00f9704d	I missed horse races, during which riders bring down clubs and whips on the heads of oncoming rivals.
97a88f1794862162d2b7fdeb86798dd68e5b3ea0	He missed the purple, yellow and green rockets that exploded and scattered dots across the star studded sky.
4638c44d61fcd4871b8bb7c456b2827211949363	He never tasted the wonderful sweets made of nut dough in the form of carrots, bamboo sticks and red tomatoes, sweet to the point of stupefaction, or the figures of fairy tale knights Roland, Oliver or Charlemagne - made of fibrous sugar with sugar swords, ruby lollipops and emerald pieces of fruit inserted in them; the children brought them all home, dragged them to bed to nibble before going to bed.
6d24c0f0bac371fcdaf3646152ba2ffbb2360145	My sister's engagement also went without Turi.
61f79bbdab8050a5f0bbf5fa25056fa8a5029269	The residents of Montelepre were disappointed.
0e49152c42a14ae0f573a0f7ec46f6f6b221a464	It was only years later that they learned that Festa had performed a miracle in the form of a young man leading a donkey by the bridle.
e23fd01020c022c27fbbb73b765eba4e9959bbbb	Chapter 5
43c297ab000857626b1ec8e687a9618354e401ae	The abbot of the Franciscan monastery made his evening rounds, encouraging the lazy monks to earn their daily bread.
502e3c0ba69c3167648753035b53a25a47182ad8	He checked the bins of workshops for the production of holy relics and visited a bakery that supplied large loaves of bread with a crisp crust to nearby towns.
d06f01318fee65d2c9c80ce624150033b4a0a916	He carefully examined the vegetable garden and bamboo baskets filled to the brim with olives, tomatoes and grapes, looking for damage on their silky skins.
9306edbcdd546287a67eb8ebf82e780671defab6	His monks worked like fairy tale elves, but not so cheerfully.
83dcb9cd97189eefcec8b31f87c8e533e9ebc4e1	In truth, it was a rather gloomy team.
f4f40c90b20e4b436aaa4d08fffd849ae2d28f9d	The abbot pulled a long black cigar from under his cassock and went on, bypassing the monastery courtyard to work up an appetite before the evening meal.
76f57f547ea9ed93465c9c565bf6a5b56d5c22c9	It was then that he saw Aspana Pisciotta, who was dragging Turi Guiliano into the monastery gate.
ffe5933a9d8559179f5e98fb10afd548aa0b3bf2	The doorman tried to detain them, but Pisciotta put a gun to his shaved head, and he fell to his knees, offering a last prayer.
7ab9da976298e3fd28e528409cb48b357b72be83	Pisciotta laid the bloody, almost lifeless body at the abbot's feet.
e13b351e647328a397b93210dfae4eda65e29ec0	The abbot is tall, thin, with a thin, monkey like face, narrow boned, with a knobby nose and attentive little button eyes.
24bfc3b2c03eaf1cb22965a64f131eff46a725af	He was already seventy years old, but he was cheerful, and his mind was as sharp and cunning as in the days before Mussolini, when he wrote exquisite notes for the mafia to its victims demanding ransom.
3e95320ac27c9ba31f023aca361fdf241770b1ed	Although everyone knew, both the peasants and the authorities, that black market dealers and smugglers flocked to his monastery, no one had interfered with his nele until now normal activity.
7b3f33e8acab1f61ae0cbcfd33db375e24d047b8	This was done out of respect for his sacred title and as a reward for the spiritual leadership of the local community.
7322b900e8bc887819527876fe5c8c3388223593	So Abbot Manfredi was not at all afraid when he saw two village scoundrels in blood breaking into the sacred monastery of St. Francis.
b3dd1c05d5c782031d6f3dfa692fb4174edea0dd	In fact, he knew Pisciotta well.
d63f9bcf81b99eaf05db83b945fd57c79a84bdb6	He used the guy's services in some black market operations and in smuggling.
85d4f13ad9271050211c466c8892af3d14632cac	Both of them possessed cunning and cunning, which brought them closer together: one was surprised to find these qualities in a man so old and holy, the other — in such a young and unbeliever.
1182c8d043c64599fcd3a90695e114099bdbf590	The abbot calmed the monk of the gatekeeper, then turned to Pisciotta: "Well, my dear Aspanu, what kind of trouble have you got into now?
1c72486179ab9be1270faf8de7be96493b9ca71c	Pisciotta was just tightening his shirt around Guiliano's waist.
2c84c7e3a10bd563e7689befdc219b943fb5b906	The abbot was surprised at the sight of his saddened face: he did not think that the guy was capable of such feelings.
65e4b1591eedb3c83d4d151a45509e264c0f0800	And Pisciotta, seeing the terrible wound again, was convinced that his friend was dying.
d82dd15668622fe4664b663e08789221778fbec4	How would he tell Turi's mother and father about this?
e69eb7a22456f9baad3731a975d234b1cd8159b6	In the meantime, there was something more important: it was necessary to persuade the abbot to give Guiliano refuge in the monastery.
66f1e77fc576efc10d5a0830b1bb29793123c3de	He looked the Abbot straight in the eye.
4933bfe7cbd3f4cebe69c83e0ca4ba93d40401e2	He did not want to directly threaten, but at the same time it was necessary to make it clear to the holy father that if he refused, he could acquire a mortal enemy.
86c66b49c8753f910a8a5fc84b5c9910ac084fb0	"This is my cousin and best friend, Salvatore Guiliano," Pisciotta said.
c0a1b87eee1e703c92942d94af3eb3351d076b16	— As you can see, he was unlucky, and soon the national police will be climbing the mountains looking for him.
eea22a2a5132199be370c2aa36f62dc2ccd660c2	And me, too.
78d2836f3c75663242954be05875ff9c2592d935	You are our only hope.
aa343641854fdb7d718f734b0ed9a733062a7964	I beg you, hide us and send for a doctor.
9d40783fc26805d83f9ae1b9477d10defdf35b11	Do this for me, and you will find a friend forever.
f0bd6c6db0e34f5344cf1255e5f5b7ab5d827170	He underlined the word "friend".
6760aa279a2722d50781c9475aa7572b8cb678cf	Nothing escaped the Abbot.
1993a3342f338fff121ee0a29b6e8691e70df8df	He understood everything perfectly.
4dc0f38206690d966febf92ff1d30e0e08849deb	He had heard earlier about this young Guiliano, a brave boy who was respected in Montelepre, an excellent shooter and hunter, who was older than his years.
5ed32b301f0624ca2ca6c95b0e6336b4e4205629	Even the "Friends of Friends" looked at him as a possible member of their organization.
28926a791c3a0f5a136c203c8cf0117916f69971	The great Don Croce himself, during a friendly and business visit to the abbot in the monastery, mentioned him as a person worth paying attention to.
b38c585d43d20affeef849e419e1eec92742a244	But, looking closely at the unconscious Guiliano, the abbot was almost sure that he needed a grave rather than a shelter, more a priest for the last communion than a doctor.
122c34f08bdc2aa2020a35c9f0ccf9d98f9ad9ff	It is possible to satisfy Pisciotta's request without much risk: giving shelter to a corpse is not a crime even in Sicily.
81432c0798830cd7f1e2ccfcf4752760f87f8dac	However, the abbot did not want Pisciotta to know that the service he rendered was almost worthless.
0dd7854a1a7a468834e8c5df906369f0a519a2b1	— Why are they looking for you?"
f8f995e9b2034ddc9043e644f29061f8b032ce37	— What is it?
01355438377ae2bc79faa68ce66e0c08ee282a1e	Pisciotta hesitated.
a914e008c0872a19d594807da146583c76bc8695	If the abbot finds out that a policeman has been killed, he can refuse them shelter.
30e9cc3bfa9b1b6f7827fde22fbac0a2e56c769e	But if he is not prepared for a possible search, then he may give them away from surprise.
cb1726ecfedacb3548023a8bb03bfe46165a4316	Pisciotta decided to tell the truth.
6dc50ab884ac53c8abd6d48654eca53cd8b16f5b	The abbot lowered his eyes, grieving for another soul lost to hell, and also to take a closer look at the lifeless Guiliano.
90554e52e47c00d13df3bc6e4b0d2cec449ad60b	Blood was showing through the shirt tied around the body.
5e783cbc9ffdbd296c097cb3c491c9f1762639ea	It is possible that the poor guy will die while they are talking, and this will solve the whole problem.
5a302590744c8bddac782cc2d3c88f79324dc5fb	As a Franciscan monk, the abbot was filled with Christian compassion, but in these terrible times he had to weigh the mercantile consequences of his merciful deeds.
85232edd69fc0671cc2401c26859e7a285b7fad5	If he provides shelter and the boy dies, he will only benefit from it.
1f0d9b50b752d28f170acc3077b95875b83f4820	The authorities will be satisfied with the corpse, the family will be forever in his debt.
58dbf9c38eabecdaed9aa61fea25675a90057461	If Guiliano recovers, his gratitude will be even greater.
06e1f570801ac29447468d67768b9d9781fda5f3	In their debtors, it is worth having a person who, being seriously injured, is able to shoot and kill a policeman.
c1143938b7ae118232fc9c00e3ee8c67751d93a5	He can, of course, give these bastards to the Carabinieri, who will quickly deal with them.
393e8af749226f958a4d201f861e438ac2c55225	But what will be the benefit from this?
b712b32b62c202f6c41bb34c15df465b46d6aee2	Nothing more
43215c1102553c4b7faaa78c9cb275a31bdc47c8	"Doctor Who" (English Doctor Who, MFA: [ddɒk. tə(ɹ) huː]?) - iconic[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] a British science fiction television series by the BBC about an alien time traveler known as the Doctor[1].
562f8bfc26a369e4058aff9fc1208afc71b8b6f6	Together with his companions, he travels through time and space both for the salvation of entire civilizations or individual people, and for his own pleasure.
7867ca255946f5b1120173458dcc52cc9071ad4f	"Doctor Who" is the longest-running science fiction series in the world, an important part of the popular culture of Great Britain[12] and many other countries[13][14], the elements of the series are known and recognizable not only by its fans[1], which are in many countries of the world[15], they are called "whovians" (derived from the original name of the series "Doctor Who")[7].
b38003268f7df4a3c630aca51c03431b359c2942	He received public and critical acclaim for the imagery of stories, creative low-budget special effects, innovative use of electronic music (created by the BBC Radiophonic Workshop) , etc., which was awarded many awards [⇨].
a5688ede3043cd40b543a107a63f35beb0b89272	Several generations of British television screenwriters have been his long-time viewers.
3e32a8efce6210a71fff1ac77e9e1232c39d4945	The main character of the show is a humanoid alien traveling through time and space, an eccentric scientist from a distant planet.
fa2c3f7ef589c79d9a7aca9656134bc9c8aac1f5	The TARDIS[1] (English TARDIS — Time And Relative Dimension (s) In Space[2]) is a time machine and a spaceship from the British television series Doctor Who, which, as a living being, grew up[3] on the home planet of the Time Lords, Gallifrey, before it was moved to a parallel universe in the Time War.
9782439c0b69289b94a17eec5c5b47eb5098fdae	The TARDIS can deliver its passengers to any point in time and space.
fab6a9417f1b588208a5a0446194f3b3c926e546	It could take any form for mimicry, but once this mechanism was broken, and now the Doctor's TARDIS always looks like a police box from 1963, but inside it is much larger than outside[4].
50c70a7eb6c6c9ca89e772478e58a07d4477f57a	According to the Doctor, she was frozen in time.
dccfd40e921ce7f0bfc5565249d6f5318fc106df	They take energy from several sources, but primarily from the core of an artificial black hole[13], the Eye of Harmony, created by the legendary Time Lord Omega.
82fdf70ac6bd40817fb09dea874902a287a44f9e	The source of the TARDIS power (the "heart of the TARDIS") is located under the console, under the central column, the lifting and lowering of which shows that the machine is functioning.
f2635ab2ee689eb6dae2f9173e10b1166a669f54	The appearance of the police box has not changed much, except for some cosmetic changes.
a1b76afdd603d89f8a8d8d50a3d4ebb456ddc357	For example, the sign hiding the phone on the door changed — instead of black letters on a white background, white on black and white on blue appeared.
757e68b6fca0ff95f6dd49e76b1638d8486d6c79	The spelling of the words on the panel also changed: from "Urgent calls" to "All calls".
a85dfd7e206f5b1dd12a9ebe28db97dbb0dbd501	In most series, the exterior doors of the booth act separately from the serious interior doors, although sometimes both sets can be opened in the same way, allowing passengers to look out and vice versa.
340561ec7dddf82f79b7029c2c81283cc49d42ed	The entrance to the TARDIS is opened and locked from the outside with a key that the Doctor keeps with him, occasionally giving copies to his companions.
c831276d55e5230a82650fe1a4309178036f30a0	The capacity was not specified numerically (however, the doctor mentioned that it is infinite), but the ship accommodates, in addition to residential parts, an art gallery, a library, a swimming pool, a medical bay, a cricket court (before the Doctor's Wife series), several warehouses with brick walls, a multi-level dressing room with a spiral staircase, etc.
d6bd02d9f94af9aa06aedaf7d31e0e4669758f50	Other rooms include living quarters for the Doctor's companions, while the Doctor's bedroom was not mentioned or shown.
77419ccb9d34598abe1d08e1cafbd0d90e0ee66b	From the premises of the ship, the console room is most often shown, where the control panel is located.
2d6f755323173ba387778aae5845af72ec760d98	The actress who played the living embodiment of the TARDIS is Suranne Jones, known in the UK for her roles on television and in the theater.
2b526478f47e4695b87c0358a31723b5156ee6fb	The doctor explores the universe, traveling to various places and times and often getting into trouble.
68d23c0f35fb165c3e7ccba86a5e9e9107f15205	Knowledge of science, technology and history helps him to save himself.
5a1433dedd348de522f4ba64b5d71cff709b21d6	When a character has an accident or gets injured, the Doctor does not die, but regenerates.
f05ff46dbe5583dcb93a8923a3f031ab21a3497f	According to the plot, the Doctor has the ability to regenerate, while he gets a new body and to some extent a different character, but all reincarnations are variations of one personality.
66f40302e3da2113b470a24314a075fce2b39f2b	Such an original legend allows the creators of the series to easily and painlessly change the actors for the main role: in December, the Twelfth Doctor will appear on the screens (he will be played by Peter Capaldi).
c8fd77f5b1435fd406660ddd8a3ff69527dcfc3b	An alien who has seen a lot from a distant planet, who asks to call himself a Doctor.
01c0469168a34241c97b0e97e9e3b41c9dbdc15b	In the old seasons, he was quite arrogant, but over time he became softer.
bc4e8ad233ec601af47262b2450350cb528fa5a3	People who get acquainted with him ask in surprise: "Doctor Who?" – that's why the series got such a name.
d70f2c3582b76c4f45351f79c048139a893c8f17	The main occupation is the constant rescue of residents of different planets who are in trouble (of course, among the earthlings, the inhabitants of the UK are his priority).
0de0d25bd61a7002bfbe118aa368298c67b0a0b8	It helps those who get into trouble, unless it happens at an "unchangeable point" in space-time[5].
f8c8049bd8949974d1060c693fea41b420acf899	The Doctor almost always shares his travels with companions, which are usually no more than three; at the moment, a companion named Bill Potts is played by Pearl Maki.
df421aafb8dcbd4ccc7ca71e5274e42745b5407b	The only episode of the classic series in which the Doctor travels alone is "The Merciless Killer".
ffb948323b7fd4bb642a898c737181841bfa1e61	The lucky ones who got on board (most of them are brave girls) help the Doctor to fight the collapse of the Universe and try not to die at the same time.
a827d238a6c612a21f4ad5543f6ea53389121ef6	Images of satellites are certain persons with whom the audience can identify themselves, and also serve to develop the plot, asking the Doctor for descriptions of the places where they are, as well as unwittingly creating dangers that require the Doctor to solve the problem.
cdd6308abca9be0bff26c67650707f5caf0c732b	The doctor regularly meets new companions and loses the previous ones, sometimes they return home, sometimes they find new interesting places, or even love, in the worlds they visit.
e1049f17dae6c531f6625eb1cae8055554eb3231	Some satellites even died during the course of the series.
07c1406d138d738148a10fc80030338e19617697	Former companions also occasionally reappeared in the series.
4bca0c1ca7aa86045b7c78b787c852f5793e17b8	When Sidney Newman created the series, he specifically did not want to repeat the cliche of the "bug-eyed monster" of science fiction[46][47] (BEM — Bug eyed Monster).
7f6da0cf3617e4a35c0907fa96a7efc44c8f2d09	Nevertheless, monsters were popular among viewers and became an integral part of Doctor Who almost from the very beginning.
7f211c1eae5a40d32901bd7d16d3d42e3b643cd4	Everyone who wants to make the world bad.
e3cfdb991b56fe883ab41b247d731ad2cd25a7e4	Usually these are aggressive aliens who want to harm people and their like.
3cd0fe28d9199543834a880e76d9654844c6f1cd	Some opponents have become iconic, such as the Daleks and Cybermen, as well as another time lord — the Master.
b1311083aaa03501bfbe8468b8e4b00b1ea9f346	The Doctor's most sworn enemies are one-eyed Daleks, like huge armored salt shakers on wheels; emotionless creatures who like to talk to the enemy.
8b13e6de17119383ffd8367de2f82d352f28b7b0	The Master comes from the planet Gallifrey and is the antagonist and former best friend of the Doctor, with whom they studied together at the Time Lords Academy.
f28deb94b531a3bcb0b8057fb290652d4393eb33	The constant goal of the Master is to manage everything and everything, which is why he chose the name " Master "for himself (English Master — "master").
4735d06e2cf55c34e39deba7a216959fabb1bc94	His main character traits are genius, sociopathy, a cynical attitude to human life and a fantastic conceit along with megalomania.
fd59701a2c1d511cc1cf435ab17279bd64f35993	He possesses hypnosis, caused by a gaze and the phrase "I am a Master, and you will obey me", telepathy and the possibility of regeneration inherent in all Time Lords.
5b7e68b021d41ebea5b2fbe97d271c68d14d2705	In many ways, the Master shows himself as a" reflection " of the Doctor.
51c82b3d2039a767b1b7244bcbd048e9695ed31d	The Master and the Doctor were in the same class on Gallifrey.
3d56cd592446aa47070eb74d36024262c986a180	The Master's original favorite weapon is the fabric shredder compressor, which reduces the target to the size of a doll, killing it.
49adb57192e3cbc112ae4069027c595a011297b6	Externally, the compressor resembles a Doctor's favorite device — a sonic screwdriver.
0bff1881cd6a8d033091bee34b4deedeac9123df	Its main function is to influence various mechanisms (from the simplest to cybernetic) by means of sound waves.
d4d5be2997da810cb4afa0e173eee05926fd7a10	The abilities of the screwdriver did not change much from series to series, and exactly how it works was never explained.
56b4795962221de7406239b9f2e0cb59a788a1da	Be that as it may, the name itself implies that the screwdriver functions by using sound waves, remotely affecting the physical properties of objects, for example, mechanisms in locks.
5551304c519f049fd5386b569a245851bbff230c	In its very first appearances in the series, it had a fairly modest set of functions, but somewhat exceeding the capabilities of a conventional screwdriver.
d24884b2a93985086a35599023cc8a2d5e46bb44	Over time, the screwdriver was improved and received many new features.
b4a7e6805befad4339155ef0a42634124249c364	A brand new sonic screwdriver, with a blue flashlight on the end and the addition of a traditional sound effect, appeared in the renewed 2005 series.
b6f7392ad60430520988c4f5032ba171032988f5	In honor of the screwdriver, Sonic released the universal control panel Sonic Screwdriver[2].
d9fb94d009adcf8a2575c301b18a244b7152ec5c	Probably, the new screwdriver is made using the same technology as the new TARDIS console.
1ba74e889ea1484c5bfe9c3bc5da2d0aa25bb2da	The sonic screwdriver disappeared from the series in 1982, when it was destroyed by the terileptiles in "Kara", although the Sixth Doctor used something very similar in the series "Attack of the Cybermen".
6b595b87c5e231524a007becab263e3382d02021	The screwdriver was not mentioned until the very end of the series, although it later appeared in the film about the Eighth Doctor, where the Seventh used it to close the casket with the Master's spirit.
2275498644ab03f01b2d7bd832e645fb3c57a5d8	There is not much information about the Doctor's childhood.
df5844d2296432477687a5ebc249ddd9ef64b40e	References to the Doctor's family are extremely rare in the series.
a24416a4a6d07abe7afa390a558626f81d4a8497	The Eighth Doctor in the feature film was the first who remembered his childhood.
7d7c76ff9c42fa339d2dc23b0e666edeec474038	He told Grace Holloway that he liked to watch the meteor shower with his father.
f7113d27fe8d24ddceef51fb329e8b60e9d824ac	In the episode "The Girl in the Fireplace", the Marquise de Pompadour observed the Doctor's childhood during a telepathic session and said that it was very lonely.
548beec540ad1431d1e2f3c2c4c1c471683fa425	In the episode "Time Monster", the Doctor reports that he grew up in a house on the mountainside.
ec9473d64a7b95e64e07103aba1ba3880dba8770	The second Doctor said that his family is in his memory when he wants them to be, and at other times they are asleep ("The Tomb of the Cybermen").
239b8ecc22f4e72c801db799e76594d73c5d8f1f	In the episode "The Curse of Fenrik", the Seventh Doctor, when asked if he has a family, answers that he does not know.
c45004a94cd15d2fc110d9f4bdb1f9c55a0d08b9	Probably, it means that their current fate is unknown to him.
bed55fd8b6f06c9d1d3eb168e196765b1bbf5ae1	The exact age of the Doctor is unknown.
b23491fdbaa6c745d2e8abd5d9fa5ccd7e7d1193	Taking into account the events of the Doctor's Time series (the Doctor stayed on Trenzalore for about 900 years), the approximate age of the Doctor is 2100 years, which he himself confirms in the Deep Breath series: "I am a Doctor, I have lived for more than two thousand years."
577e130f5cf17b4d9b300009abc844a372350a2f	Although outwardly the Time Lords look like people, their physiology is very different from human.
697bc9d7143736d71271ed686912c92bc3f8a00d	For example, they have two hearts[2] (a double cardiovascular system), a "bypass respiratory system" that allows them to go longer without air.
5396c2c214dd23da78ade877d1671fd226594f93	Such a system once saved the Fourth Doctor from death in the series "Pyramids of Mars"
b3dbfa52d0b343cccb044a817d70bffd67215653	The Doctor often demonstrates superhuman endurance.
7acaeb618a294c6593e5561d60b0e1e9a6dea707	In some episodes, it also turns out that the Doctor can easily withstand very low temperatures.
b20f3a3efda76d4e94f03f2c8e9766f88847d8a2	However, Time Lords also have weaknesses that are not inherent in humans.
cfe6c00f70be30d12fc2859a72b40b51ce59cca5	Sometimes it happened that different incarnations of the Doctor met with each other.
148b90ed97dcdcb16af89461c194ff5dda7cfa8e	The original series started on the BBC in 1963.
e401e5f2f264c8e5f40a032c109b2b536c6ee7f2	In connection with this event, the first episode was shown again the following week along with the second.
f94c7f16f4a22bf65850f9ed617813a3d65bd8fb	At the first glance, the show becomes scary: it has been running since 1963 and includes almost 800 episodes, inside of which there is a complex world with incredible creatures and strange terminology.
8f93a13d8b60f26a11e6ff2da43e95cfe2a44edd	The original series ran from 1963 to 1989.
ed2e403e4ca15417e711e1d31ba696c5a2cd725b	The most high-profile case of intrusion into the television broadcast is connected with" Doctor Who".
75c6b8be1da0764e043e41ef054b14c96f4352e7	On November 22, 1987, during the broadcast of Doctor Who in Chicago, a strange man in the mask of Max Headrum (the hero of another popular TV series) appeared on the screen.
48ad0b3123d7f3937ef9f9cab80274d3145e8296	For a minute and a half, the stranger was talking some nonsense, and then he pulled down his trousers and an unknown woman whipped him with a fly swatter.
0873fbbecd6255ee3636e21cfbf8e8633dad7a25	The extraneous TV signal was silenced, after which the interrupted show was resumed.
f750e9ed7c3cfc78040816cbf99270007df3bd50	It is assumed that "Doctor Who" was chosen for the TV attack — precisely because of the high rating of the series.
2ca7bb2ba6b971b309d9a12259c18a6a55421783	In 1985, a break was made in the filming, which lasted a year and a half.
aa825bb0e4a0999719bdf42bce70e1e564d7812a	In September 1986, the show returned to the air, but in 1989 the show stopped, despite the protests of fans.
1c3c3533e6f51ac75b0331fff90d0bb0f0e29756	Several attempts were made to make a full-length film based on the series.
c779dbc43400ee848b0813314678a6c697f26c1e	In 1996, the British, together with the Americans, made a TV movie that was supposed to give an impetus to the resumption of the series.
49339d489394c3afb1dde94abcaab2e6ee7711f8	But the film turned out to be quite average, so the idea of shooting new episodes was abandoned.
177f27c36baec3239b521821b6febea8a1ed1310	A distinctive feature of the series is special effects made at home.
0fef25c4da9f914b1171e4f122aebfb7d3758bcc	Only in 2005, the management of the BBC gave the TV show the green light again.
600acf3e69e67ac0e45da45b7012e52a143fa850	The numbering of the seasons began anew — everything shot before 1989 is considered to be a classic "Doctor Who".
3baec0b834e08c58f957a32bbaaaf9fa94143b76	The continuation of the series was successfully launched in 2005.
363f1a49307984e053c2ca380ec13bf5d7b0e991	Since that time, nine seasons have been shown in 2005-2008 and 2010-2015, as well as special Christmas editions every year since 2005.
a440faf9cd41b7aa8f57a5fa41ee601d0368e639	The new version of the Doctor Who series is a direct continuation of the 1963-1989 seasons, as well as the 1996 film
59cc887c9b5ec33b299b2a8df150f7a94e5ce2bc	The first season of the revived series had significant ratings for the UK, and although they decreased somewhat by the end of the third season and there might not have been a continuation, but the BBC management decided to take a risk and continue[22].
33ac440150f8b8bc41a0e161656b1484572f593f	Season 10 will be released in 2017, and a Christmas special will be shown in 2016[21].
1b59acfc23d8dce906fea40040d959d503793d68	In Russia, the first season of the revived series was broadcast on the STS TV channel from March 27 to April 10, 2006.
46017021b650137dee325789bcf965fbdbc7cd05	From June 30 to August 22, 2008, the first three seasons of the revived series were broadcast on the same channel.
42f46dcbad35b3310dfb0b0af473bb852cf8360c	In the translation broadcast on STS, the Doctor was voiced by Alexander Kotov.
645cc2e806667c82a62e2ac20262191ddb6c7f4f	"Doctor Who" became a record holder among the soap "centenarians": it survived 33 television seasons and one full-length tape.
5168bcb0f2df27aa9b2f5cfb52a0f0444b97c5d3	"Doctor Who" was twice included in the Guinness Book of Records: as the longest and as the most successful science fiction project (ratings of TV shows, the number of downloads from iTunes, world sales of the book and the film on DVD were taken into account).
78bf468eadb69124b29cdd641b075dfd0d47254b	But the audience did not like the stories about science, space and history as much as the adventures of the Doctor and meetings with aliens.
22a1558db178cf50cb8bc30db0b222977396065a	Therefore, the plans were overplayed: the series became science fiction.
347a184b1604caaca3276dc01df8e66a5c55eeb2	Although the main character is a model of high morality and nobility, constantly saving everyone, there are also "sins" behind him: he is wanted in all worlds for 14,000 cases of traffic violations, non-payment of 250 library fines, the destruction of 18 planets and a number of other offenses.
6f560b1713ea72ad0900ed14852b369d29754987	In total, the Doctor faces two billion years in prison.
89fedd8b5a71134e4c63f49678552392fbf0fea7	Some of the early episodes of Doctor Who were lost in the 1960s and 1970s.
fa65be7100f4a8fc0f541f5cd91bc7ff7a80294e	The fact is that it was too expensive to store the old series: they could still be broadcast on TV only a limited number of times (this rule was introduced by the British actors ' union), so the films that had served their limit were thrown out.
3b8813db4135207dc33c8b811b7c2e0b1ca85fe8	Now 106 episodes are considered lost.
9eeb2349cd51a3567b0f963d59c214507b5e04fc	Some of them left separate frames, some of them sound tracks, but many are known exclusively from descriptions and cannot be restored.
6649da20468da4236e76b5f827e9aabb5152a26f	Doctor Who has become such a significant part of British pop culture that not only has the shape of a blue police box become associated with the TARDIS, but the word "TARDIS" itself is used to describe something that is bigger from the inside than from the outside.[5]
73898e75675f49fc4fe76f2e2d4dcb2590cfd7b3	A small asteroid number 3325, discovered in 1984, was named TARDIS in honor of the machine in which the Doctor travels through time and space.
1f55ec0a75f4b4569a2f0bf41852f084ed042457	The TARDIS is a registered trademark of the BBC. [6]
17ded04eb545b0fd2b7a5cca7a2e3126f2657cb0	In honor of the 50th anniversary of the series, a two-dollar coin with the image of the TARDIS was released in New Zealand[7][8][9][10].
7120425a6b7e1c64d878e5415f938a0b0b50317a	In July 2013, a TARDIS appeared at London Heathrow Airport, as well as a cyberman[11].
8f58a2b259ed0667851ceda0e370184c671a2aab	In season 8, the Master is reborn in a female form, played by Michelle Gomez.
297c7ddff4e84d361b41f8b57ccc4763c5a43483	In the web cartoon "The Scream of the Shalka" (2003), the Master, voiced by Derek Jacobi, traveled to the TARDIS as a companion.
5be567eed2c43f85b8802d867f7131658365d6e3	The series also has its own Doctor Who Magazine, which has been published since 1979.
4f6e4bda225b3402f456c576890de55a48bcf61a	If the endless information flow about the series or communication with its fans does not seem enough to you, then you can surround yourself with objects that create a complete illusion of eternal stay in the world of the Doctor.
33cfd0d42ed11042bee41578cc33b745caff29df	For example, look at the ThinkGeek online store and buy a copy of the Doctor's sonic screwdriver, a small TARDIS floating in the air, and even a plush Dalek.
37dedbccb79f3d2b16da7d437d5c27abe9200dc1	Even more products with detailed descriptions are collected by fans on The Doctor Who Site.
49e2042776321d5fbb33620e5f771ec72b42cbe2	The award was first received in 1975 by screenwriters Malcolm Hulk, Terry Nation, Brian Hyles and Robert Sloman for the script for season 11, it was called the Writers Guild of Great Britain Award for the best script for a children's series.
1c2c41b17ae56461be4638ea68b74bce3848d9a0	In 2000, Doctor Who was included in the list of the 3rd place "100 greatest TV programs of British television" of the XX century, compiled by the British Film Institute[81].
42bf9a23d57c21631b8c19cd031df20378db937f	In 2005, the TV series became the first in the list of" The Greatest British television series of the Science Fiction and Fantasy genres of all time " compiled by SFX magazine.
383002e19e491e34588e092a4e00e8c71f135b25	The series was awarded the BAFTA Award for Best Drama Series in 2006, and also won the British National Television Award for five years in a row, from 2005 to 2010.
ac2e4fabcf1fccbcd5547bde7968768014fc5449	In honor of the 50th anniversary of the series, the Royal Mail of Great Britain released in 2013 a series of stamps dedicated to "Doctor Who"[3].
26962a0595b5f3da7aa2775708d98ff9140d2b77	Actor David Tennant, who played the role of the Tenth Doctor (more precisely, his "tenth regeneration"), has been a fan of the TV series since childhood and dreamed of playing there someday.
026d7a591fd17fc920e9f8f8f71e1c048d17cbcd	The actor auditioned for the role of the Ninth Doctor, but he was not approved, but with the next "reincarnation" Tennant was really lucky.
147769ada54d0e26489ccbeb9e445c71f547a6dd	Not only that, after the star role, the actor became really famous, on the set he also met his future wife – Georgia Moffett (her heroine in the script was the daughter of a Doctor).
a52d4860d00c532cf1f269a9b8d2aa700c9cdb97	Moreover, his father – in-law was Peter Davison-the performer of the role of the Fifth Doctor, whose fan was Tennant once.
fc281a11e024a3d858596a3d723da20ba96b8c92	In the episode "Split in Time", the writers played this moment and "pushed" the father – in-law with the son-in-law: Davison's character in the plot decided that Dr. Tennant was his fan.
47de1147fb5244bf7c900b565c34ef670bd8be6c	Well, for example, music: they approach it thoroughly here.
700ff2abb6af3736721ce54346d2a81bedffbea3	In the classic "Doctor Who", music by specially invited composers was played, something was taken from the archive, and fragments of popular songs were also used.
e5b30e628a8ab59d36577169bdd51fa073a864db	For the renewed series, Murray Gold created a new version, which had samples from the original 1963 theme with new elements.
7c0f08eac1bbc8f609548d58c1a7fc1038a645b3	Eleven soundtracks have been released since 2005.
b078c024846d8482b07b8284c423a5a2c95e60c0	After the relaunch in 2005, the music for the series was performed by the BBC Welsh National Orchestra, so the fiction in Doctor Who sounds great.
81b07cc2e246051a950d0f13c185ce34ac0c7d8e	A concert with the orchestra performing music from the first and second seasons was held on November 19, 2006 in order to raise money for the Children in Need charity program.
e28a1ca73bfea3213b665f92027013432574d515	In addition, the music from the series is often played live by British orchestras, and you will not believe it, both adults and children come to these concerts.
c243cd77afcc298f87153c8528d47bde45b37a29	The cult TV series "Doctor Who" has become a whole era not only for the British, but also for the entire world television.
19b13f1e399a4cb9a10a76364fcbea13312e1345	Sonic Screwdriver
2b345dc2d955878c34840ecc9e80821e0b6e0106	The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on July 1, 2015; checks require 9 edits.
34ae78117d6277000fd99793ac0af9f003b913f4	The Eleventh Doctor's Sonic Screwdriver
02348117dd4f12716aac43547e9479d2d699f654	Sonic Screwdriver is a universal tool [1] used by the main character in the TV series "Doctor Who".
364a7cc97f342c71fad67305ccd815bddee97b15	The main function used throughout the series is the opening and closing of doors and other similar mechanisms.
1a442cf3d75449213a02873ec0fde688ff599e90	Like the TARDIS, it has become one of the symbols of the TV series and is closely associated with the Doctor.
136d8019cd2860a06608b05e45c14323b561b4f0	1 History 1.1 Classic series 1.2 Revived series
ebf0369c98b85286547fe58801c9c7be7ad20abe	2 Other sound screwdrivers 3 Sound screwdriver outside the TV series 4 Notes 5 References
2428ff36c37c9bc81eabb0539bc194ae20df7a2e	Classic series[edit / edit wiki text]
a424beb882c7783b73c52930c1e7483bb187564b	The sonic screwdriver first appeared in the episode "Rage from the Depths", where the Doctor used it as a multifunctional tool, with rare appearances during the series.
c964699ecb10d77e6d76e82b7481e7165e1ef415	The Third Doctor's companion, Liz Shaw, also used a sonic screwdriver in "Hell".
3a2d97f6a825cff1e1ca5cf66a3ebe4618c93596	In the episode "Sea Devils", the Doctor used a screwdriver to defuse mines from a distance.
183d63599128e56479906ec10a7fceef705d384f	This particular model had a movable section that moved up and down when used.
16ea3494375889ce3ca99472a48d7a7e01447873	Revived TV series[edit / edit wiki text]
55942ff8071be5375cf241d9444247a6065aff20	In addition to opening locks (both mechanical and electronic) and restoring objects, the new screwdriver has the following new functions:
67c6fc3755a993c8f7f00dce9c7a08780428f3be	Detection and blocking of telepathic signals of Consciousness Nestin ("Rose") As a computer tool ("The End of the World", "Noisy City") Interception of teleporting signals ("The End of the World", "Noisy City") Receiving cash from an ATM ("The End of the World", "The Long Game", "The Runaway Bride") Charging the battery ("Father's Day") As a medical scanner ("Empty Child", "New Earth") Causing resonance in concrete, restoring barbed wire ("The Doctor Dances") Destroying mechanical devices ("The Long Game", "The Evil Wolf") Remote activation of the "emergency program" in the TARDIS ("Paths diverge") Lighting candles ("The Girl in the fireplace", "The Pandorica opens") Deactivation of electronics ("The Age of Steel") Cutting ropes ("Age of Steel") and cutting steel cable ("Accomplices") Partial reconstruction of the people absorbed by Abzorbaloff ("Love and Monsters") Interrupting the strength of the ionic structure ("Be afraid of it") Interrupting a signal controlled by a cyberman transmitted via bluetooth via headphones ("Army of Ghosts") Opening the doors with an explosion ("Judgment Day").
063ed1962c0c8d8050aa3ef31f41177a14d6ad4a	In the series "Drum Roll", constructing perception filters for himself, Martha and Jack, the Doctor used a screwdriver as a soldering iron.
c14ef9d9d5f50bdcc238983bc676756f04c768ab	In the series "Planet of the Dead", the Doctor darkens his glasses, and they become sunglasses.
7b592707022356afa0ad2a39db96b897592eddcb	The Doctor also appears in darkened glasses in the series "The Girl in the Fireplace" and the special issue "The End of Time".
0cd73e3020f9bae22bd08766b45c58d259a054e2	Pushing objects such as blocks ("Pompeii Lights"), another sonic screwdriver ("Accomplices"), a key ("Let's kill Hitler").
58fd337d43d4f2a21f47a314109b148af3f556e0	Mobile Phone modification: the ability to make and receive calls from any time and place in the galaxy.
d7d49e10e06d3d57a7020b31c1f3379ed00947d6	Disclosure and deactivation of camouflage (shimmer) ("End of time"). The destruction of the Weeping Angel (special issue "Worth its weight in Gold").
0bf9d61a3d16568ca411cee4d90579e7b312660f	The "2428 D" setting for restoring barbed wire in the "Doctor Dances" series shows that the screwdriver has at least that many functions.
11bca6128aa4b4b0013a104aba9394ac4dfb512f	In one of the episodes of season 4 ("Silence in the library") The Tenth Doctor says that the screwdriver does not work with wood.
aaf5fc5d7175631dc1a35e53e910f45a7e8102bd	In the Christmas Invasion series, the Tenth Doctor uses a screwdriver more as a weapon and still has a penchant for a somewhat threatening style of using a screwdriver.
1711b97fb4c7766f0f21e46dd11e3f43c8b3782b	However, the Doctor claims that " a sonic screwdriver cannot kill, injure or maim."
c5fa2dbeeb19064e6e4099fe545ed6be8fbd476a	In the series "Evil Wolf" and "Meeting at School", she is unable to open objects blocked by the "Unbreakable Seal".
04868d34baf4958e70ed52dc2fc7a02541b08c5a	In the episode "Smith and Jones", the Doctor's screwdriver burns out.
faf8587e24518cfce96dd4588ebc0c4710f5f098	At first, he looks at it with regret, saying: "I love my screwdriver...", and then simply throws it over his shoulder.
831cdca16e96c427acc71800c938f79d0d97f14d	At the end of the series, he shows an identical new screwdriver.
a0679171cf9ccb4b000e844f1cc14849a5b385fb	In the episode "The Eleventh Hour", the Eleventh Doctor tries to attract the attention of Atraxi with a sonic screwdriver.
3b35b5542661eb2c22cff4190da08a35ccef2217	The screwdriver burns out and explodes.
46cdde9ab062aeedb96a75ddf0e6e6fa8ca9b2c6	At the end of the series, the TARDIS gives the Doctor a new screwdriver with a golden body and a green flashlight.
97881a0913b13254050dd19261a24ba9fc128637	In the series "Day of the Moon" and "Time is running out", you can see the green rays emitted by the screwdriver hitting the enemy; thus, the new screwdriver can be used as a weapon.
fdc7f0fd23e9742d2ee7866dbcb38aa73a76ca3b	In the same series, the screwdriver was able to expand the crack in space time.
0c018f8da172c22dc672833db84895ab5bab1e60	In the series "The Beast Below", a screwdriver made the sounds made by a star whale audible to people.
8ffd5133e5e43d87682f535aa2436c8b422aed45	In the episode "Cold Blood", the Doctor uses it to deactivate the Silurians ' laser weapons.
116c0cf2c2d0ab582d41657bd0d61f8c0022e44c	In the episode "A Christmas Carol", the Eleventh Doctor hangs a screwdriver on a rope to track the signal.
580594dc1cb5f7f0403edf41dbb9eee241b35c18	The shark swallows the screwdriver and, after chewing, spits out only part, and the second remains in the predator's stomach.
299114218cfa233ff8d7c699afee98e903ab1d9d	It also mentions that the screwdriver is trying to repair itself and attracts the second part to itself.
5b16e7af3e0de29e2d91d0b836adab00b7de07d6	In season 6, the Doctor uses a new identical screwdriver.
f2ed9c361f3bdcdbf19d7ec364c01af23d92bcdf	In the episode "Day of the Moon", the Doctor uses a sonic screwdriver as a weapon against Silence, helping River Song, who uses a blaster.
a62b9240924c13a01573c5cacbf2db45255a2e91	However, River considered this "help" insignificant, and advised the Doctor to "make something useful".
e12539c6c11b4f641522a24b1166cf96367ff06a	In the episode "The Dalek Insulator", the Doctor uses a screwdriver to activate the teleport.
3cbc1f63989f126fdb0febfafa10be58fb40a55d	A screwdriver can destabilize the programmed matter and transfer it to the liquid phase ("Rebellious flesh" / "Almost people").
9f6f7ae36b211069abfd25d5836603f96f0c6d0e	According to the "Day of the Doctor" series, at least screwdrivers, starting with the Military Doctor and ending with the Eleventh Doctor, despite hardware changes and repeated destructions, use the same software, so the calculation of the molecular structure of the door to the dungeon of the Tower of London, necessary for its opening, started with the Military Doctor's screwdriver, was continued by the screwdrivers of the following Doctors and finished 400 years later with the Eleventh screwdriver.
ae2076e9092506eb66655b168d30950bc807a01a	In the series "Let's Kill Hitler" and "Death in Heaven", it is explained that the sonic screwdriver has a psychic interface: it is enough to "direct and think".
49506ff81c8bf453fd26004c1291d87ff6f584eb	In the episode "The Wizard's Apprentice", the Doctor changes the sonic screwdriver for sonic glasses.
379dd2f770cc48a462871f22600a97c784f809d6	In the series "With diabolical Persistence", the Doctor has a new sonic screwdriver.
460390fb49c919c873e7b563b81203de1c9d87a7	Other sound screwdrivers[edit / edit wiki text]
17f524385032316924c53e440d8f064be03044e8	The Doctor's companion, the Time Lady of the Novel, designed her own sonic screwdriver, first shown in "The City of Death" (1979).
c53e86c8c27c7bd3ae72cd26aec425b45561eb7d	It was smaller and more elegant than the Doctor's, and he was so impressed with its design that he even tried (unsuccessfully) to change the screwdrivers — his own and the Novels.
be6b8772ba4316abacb655cc45e6a3151fbf154d	In the TV series "The Adventures of Sarah Jane", Sarah Jane has a sonic lipstick (a screwdriver) that was given to her by a Doctor.
6873049efaa741d59c4a711c14216f0a08d9e4f8	It has a golden body and a red flashlight in the shape of lipstick, when used it sounds like a Doctor's screwdriver.
25419f70ab27db05fb4d5c0e026615dc46922135	In the episode" Silence in the Library " (2008), River Song showed him her improved screwdriver.
39c54d4591d94bf9000244d1b3ee234807b0b715	She had a red mode that the Doctor from the Future created, but the Doctor from the Present did not know.
975820e7e2075f27c5aac36314127a8ca9e962a6	Outwardly, it is very similar to the screwdriver of the Tenth Doctor, but it has a pistol grip, which makes it more convenient.
afa1fe3d913b0cbd5d6de3e24a8d7b466b7675b4	In the episode "Fragments" of the TV series "Torchwood", the future employee of the Torchwood Institute Toshiko Sato stole drawings and diagrams of a sound modulator from the archives of the UNIT, which resembled a sonic screwdriver.
f1e244e99dc613a780059f0d71419fb52e7b8fa2	The drawings were partially incorrect and erroneous, but Toshiko automatically corrected them during the assembly process, which attracted Torchwood's attention.
f8f8a0687fc03af0366169c935cb2ba3870ea376	When completed, the device resembled an enlarged version of the Doctor's screwdriver, but much more crude and inelegant.
1d671dc0d211b5c298e078249ff907d96ce1c68d	The functions, apparently, were limited, in fact, only one was shown: partially paralyzing sound radiation, accompanied by the sound of a Doctor's screwdriver and a blue glow.
215f4298bbf722f6935ed484b3d7a8699a319d3c	In the episode "Let's Kill Hitler", the Doctor gave his screwdriver to Amy and Rory, and kept the "sonic cane" for himself — a black and silver cane with a screwdriver in the head.
f9c1393e3bb983465937e758324dcd1b9e828729	In the "Accomplices" series, adipose grower Mrs. Foster had a sound pen.
a7a712582196174de2026607f6a1fbb2dd76092f	Outwardly, it looks like an ordinary fountain pen, but it glows blue from the blunt end.
aaab3cfa9ec90a6b465038e11111805e3f96a797	It is weaker than the Doctor's screwdriver, although with its help the Doctor suspends the birth of adipose.
f96eadb8bff9a5653ab8297b5aa86baf062fcb53	In the episode "The Girl who Waited", Amy, who remained in the isolation ward of the planet Apalapuchiya, assembled a sonic screwdriver, but preferred to call it a sonic probe, because she considered the name "sonic screwdriver" to be a dude.
1900781135f867735edad88ec7a3fe500e2df081	In the episode" The Witch's Familiar", the Doctor uses sound glasses: "I'm tired of screwdrivers.
b042e19cd382fc75c808f2fd91885f46fe9b929b	They pull down the pockets of the jacket.
7eeb14fe1037674bdb91f03d9b83b68f36fc4356	Now I have switched to wearable technologies."
68fde436135c8661af2a556cc57c59f9a124d8f3	In the episode "With diabolical persistence" at the end of the episode, the TARDIS gives the Doctor a new sonic screwdriver in a blue gold case, at the end of which there is a blue flashlight.
15699e3dba236ca185fc0dc75a6c1808fc5d02e6	Sonic screwdriver outside the TV series[edit / edit wiki text]
79f81462ccc45c460bb8074f66c0deb97ff9ddc4	Световой Lightsaber, pokebol and 8 more gadgets from science fiction.
cfca3ae0adcc419aef666a21888d28f5b690743f	Sonic Screwdriver ↑ Time Machine (No. 109, September 2012) - THE WORLD OF SCIENCE FICTION AND FANTASY
344231817600ad25aab9707bfa33b35ee1c6b99f	Sound Screwdriver Created New 'Doctor Who': It's Peter Capaldi
edc32ac735d076ef4e9e938d885939ae760eeac6	"Doctor Who"
aa2c96dacf00c451ef465f6115a45a20bccf1256	Basic
cb91ece6352af88dd00254d4686dd841e479e4f8	Doctor * Daleks • Cybermen • Master • TARDIS • Sonic Screwdriver • Time Lords • Time War • Torchwood Institute • UNIT
57c9502a7d7d48fd4a86b45fefb2b163491c3ae1	Lists
0fcf27652a25770b0bbca71b66b6feea268174ad	Series • Special Issues • Satellites • Creatures and Aliens • Planets • Awards and nominations
27bed03ca319f26fbfddcdb2693655d3ec672d9f	Spin offs
d7dec0ddaa59b9582efc8032acd66ca6de19ed5f	K 9 and company • Tardisodes • Torchwood * The Adventures of Sarah Jane • K 9 • Grade
ab14d0a7db8a3f7096a9e83f624f84232485a23c	Programs
202ce3266c9211722086918f4441110ab4b0b321	Doctor Who: Confidential • The whole "Doctor Who" • Doctor Who: Comments • Doctor Who: Return to History • Adventure in Space and Time • Science in Doctor Who • Doctor Who: Additional
9b589112197f648b0ccb3823a0d5ee95c9a6181c	Shows and concerts
5aec6f56289e1869e4e7ccc8f8b85877e3dfc3a3	Doctor Who: Celebrating * "Doctor Who" at the BBC Promenade Concerts
ebb2a399aace916bfad1e62bad7b14f58a3fad72	Full length films
48676aede35ed3d47a69003ffaf9d469edebcd07	Doctor Who and the Daleks • Invasion of the Daleks on Earth • Doctor Who
1919ae4a3037388d4311403b9f0f6d13d8c09569	Printed publications
7a71baf7bbeb3b291780a3091dcd25d7a8b418ac	Doctor Who Magazine • Doctor Who Adventures • Doctor Who – Battles in Time • Doctor Who DVD Files
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375d1c5ff6b60431a5185756be03a255038e41b5	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Звуковая screwdriver&oldid=82545858"
6eab788434ec895079e59ee4f2425ce09188baf9	Categories: The universe of the TV series "Doctor Who" Fictional technical means
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0349c0eb54829974942012cd9ce2d5b37df9ff93	A guide to the Doctor Who series and a recap of the last six seasons in screenshots Anton Tretyak30 August 2012
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61cf624b907acaaab145d23398daf8377e0a1647	On September 1, a new season of the cult science fiction series "Doctor Who"will start in the UK and the States.
f9cc521bd4977437aeba3abab1a5367443c48757	It seems that there is no point in taking it up in 2012, but this is not the case.
dcc833d946c7a1b729a8c97fb83adfb0a10a37cc	For those who are only cautiously looking at" Doctor Who " or do not know anything yet, Look At Me in a question and answer form explains why this series should be watched today and from which side to approach it.
02b96088f9ec0f4d519c3db4ae57bb1b98516a67	What's it?
3c11c7f7197af61f9530d247e304fc7cbf0757b8	Doctor Who is a BBC TV show about exciting adventures in time and space; the longest science fiction series in the history of television, celebrating its fiftieth anniversary next year.
3594aad59755a60bf7ee1d554a9ccfb1e325a080	The first seasons of the series were black and white and looked like not very interesting theatrical productions.
d2f8f22bfa6284eb657b589bd49f476a710b7bb7	Over time, color and drive appeared, the stories became more and more twisted.
110a3f995a5c8de9c342bc91edf7993e03068bac	However, every year the viewers were less interested in the series, and in 1989 (at that time 26 seasons were released), new series stopped being released.
858a6b595da2922380f6b87a96745fe4fd2d99ad	What kind of Doctor is this anyway?
3dd770ea5bab452d5fb64ce59a9a3e959a1c8d81	Is this a series about doctors?
0e09a57e94f8cfee7ee76e8cb67c3b7bf4a901bb	The doctor is incredibly active, at the same time funny and tragic, a little shifted on himself and comes to the rescue of everyone who believes in him.
2e22e00e6d9433d72846c5ef114ce2f6e984a369	He fights evil in the world without a gun, preferring to act with words, charm and other non violent methods.
b8751309bb0b59b863a5facd0f1bcc62f92c7243	During the entire time that the series was on the screen, the Doctors managed to replay eleven different actors — to the relief of the writers, when the hero gets too old or even dies, he can regenerate himself anew.
032484bce6febfe7dd324f7427525fc3fbbfc43a	Since 2005, the Doctor was a smiling David Tennant, who wore suits and walked in sneakers.
1a1529cf9eb65ff2ff0af11dde8501d34e95aa90	His hero fell into the hearts of girls on both sides of the screen, charmed with mumbling and fit well into any society.
34f42534bade128baddef2c143798d5354b2138f	In 2010, the series was rebooted — the project team changed, the filming technique changed and Matt Smith became the eleventh Doctor.
84d918cdc3cc22ccd0fd04ed9a714e7d47e302bc	His angular hero is a dandy in a tweed jacket and a bow tie ("Butterflies are cool!"), even more crazy and fixated on himself.
0bfa4bcb0cb9ae6608541b7d6c344a37f44a3ecb	1 / 11
247348b5f93aab5dacaed173d9ce07401b40cb95	FBVKPNTHE First Doctor: William Hartnell.
43822a31f79f68f5786541b3bb2be4d8252dc2da	1963-1966fbvkpnthe Second Doctor: Patrick Troughton.
5f69b18f0646de7b4299994fe95344930ce4b662	1966-1969FBVKPNTHE Third Doctor: John Pertwee.
c1a23c5302976e149c2cd1e462f503a5eed8527e	1970-1974FBVKPN Fourth Doctor: Tom Baker.
82bb110fa76ccbecdc779f0fc32d096a04961eb4	1974-1981fbvkpn Fifth Doctor: Peter Davison.
3bd4a3cec03907e19d7ede2b93a35a8a1ef6f231	1981-1984FBVKPNTHE sixth Doctor: Colin Baker.
9ad3230be47fca66666ae68621d1b72dcaae311f	1984-1986FBVKPNTHE Sixth Doctor: Sylvester McCoy.
843745c5044e82b0722d86c76015e1e79fba4d84	1987-1989, 1996FBVKPNTHE Sixth Doctor: Paul McGann.
4de8ddc48287635e048c53ae5fda46e71dd4e486	1996FBVKPNTHE ninth Doctor: Christopher Eccleston.
cf11a9122dad6fcbb75095e1888704b4715857fa	2005FBVKPN The tenth Doctor: David Tennant.
dcf2a51446dc02781ed8d9181f9e4c83583eb8d9	2005-2010FBVKPNTHE Eleventh Doctor: Matt Smith. 2010 present
4d4ed7eb9dc18a7b3495354f8198ee0f52382bcd	How does the Doctor travel?
8a3ff7b477ee3ecf74dfd2317a8777ded0874573	The Doctor moves through time and space on his TARDIS spaceship — from the outside, however, it looks like an ordinary blue police box from the 60s, which is "bigger inside than outside".
73f4e8966203451fa01ca811da3c353a11210f79	The TARDIS was released a very long time ago, so it tends to mess up at the wrong time and show character.
c40c5a111b95d694ace29835e0a93b1ad00883bb	It is true that there are a lot of rooms inside it, but usually the action takes place at a circular control panel consisting of randomly scattered tubes, levers, buttons of various shapes and sizes and other mechanical devices.
e15383b57521e65e39ffaa80407da98cf4f2f1b7	There are no portholes in the TARDIS, so you can see what is going on overboard either on a small monitor (but it's hard to see there), or simply by pulling on the entrance wooden door and stepping into the unknown. fbvkpn
071c15014d9396248a360de316835b2b64ac067b	And all this alone?
4e2c8fcfc4c4a35d7b4a148b9f9ef5a5fc8995cf	Isnot he bored?
30b9fc92abc84de5bbb12dfffcffe66ac1b67c5d	Usually not, because the Doctor likes to delight people and practice wit on others.
f2f5385013c050186d91db905868df95ec3788e2	Every passenger of the TARDIS understands that the journey will not be eternal, and once you have to say goodbye to the amazing Doctor forever.
5e6409c73c76ec1fb97a179aeb20e0cedb097318	Over the half century history of the series, the company of the main character was made up of more than 35 people.
3470631b1652a6728f68fa3c3b0e661e861b7076	The Doctor's constant companions today are a determined girl Amy and a timid young man Rory. fbvkpn
1e59908f31fad98f21aa49c4d8ed6a11e0c7ee54	Okay, who are the bad guys here?
b355331e217b023097c5e2a982bd0ba8b32cd9f2	The Doctor's most sworn enemies are one eyed Daleks, like huge armored salt shakers on wheels; emotionless creatures who like to talk to the enemy.
daf6626544538f752754245faffa6168173f4fa1	Permanent exiles, usually loudly shouting orders in a metallic voice, their trademark remark is a heart rending "Exterminate!".
b9f0347bdad7fe74afa08fc568cbc193a410f91e	There are also enough other characteristic branded monsters in the series.
761553a64cb9ae7698bab19b2d7ae5c1396dfae1	At the same time, recently in Doctor Who, which works with all possible genres, there are more and more visualized human fears.
1882666ced50cd1b83e5b3f5a4220e7241b445e6	So, the main screenwriter of the series Steven Moffat today likes to use monsters not caricatured scary, but frightening with their simplicity.
16b0fbf6b81a7aaed7bbeda9d11e55ca649d0c29	For example, it was he who invented crying angels, blinking in the presence of which is deadly dangerous.
2c37639014ce8395c0c2aa9c69f890dd74ce8880	1 / 6
286092d5feae4688f628c3074fab45aa308e3858	FBVKPN Crying ANGELFBVKPN Crying ANGELFBVKPN Crying ANGELFBVKPN Crying ANGELFBVKPN Far AWAYFBVKPN Far away
9f570fcace39f00023eb6e01fcb487ebe106b646	I understand nothing.
58106182d776edc99889f710f29b960542d423e0	Where should I start watching the series?
a73182edb97fb0661b48d8cfe845c61c1965c095	There are two options.
8eeca127e8502745850bf320e2a74150c72bea5d	The first is from the relaunch of Doctor Who in 2005, but it will be much more difficult to get involved.
7e13ad4adbcf7065fd99072f76589601dfa84929	Therefore, we advise you to choose another option — to start watching the series from the fifth season (2010).
7e6665cda4852216d26d878715227a3c9a3bef5f	In the first episode of this season, the last regenerated Doctor, played by Matt Smith, falls into the orphan's garden.
82468537ad369efb5dad383fd9a5a909e3a1c214	Since, as noted above, it was then that a new team came to work on the series, then for this episode the authors of the series gave their best to meet the expectations of loyal viewers who were alarmed by the fate of the project.
80a814a63171897a9343ed810bafccd8e875a3a9	Along the way, important plot details will be repeated, so it will not be difficult to understand what's what.
7d8a229e39784d35861db2bb411a4caf2dc38aaa	In addition, it is in the fifth and sixth seasons that through lines, big riddles and a growing sense of anxiety appear from series to series.
cb18cfd66e29f34a90d8d76026fdedde1f64cdc1	After watching the fifth, sixth and beginning seventh seasons, you can move on to the first (2005), then get acquainted with the 1996 film.
0cb32081e12e6eda15f507c09385cf5137b59804	If you want more after that, then you should watch the classic Doctor Who (1963-1989).
641f9614e46339b856359f8f660d5279a4cfa691	FBVKPN Full length film "Doctor Who"FBVKPN Full length film "Doctor Who"FBVKPN Full length film "Doctor Who"FBVKPN Full length film "Doctor Who"FBVKPN Full length film "Doctor Who"FBVKPN Full length film "Doctor Who"FBVKPN Full length film "Doctor Who"FBVKPN Full length film "Doctor Who"FBVKPN Full length film "Doctor Who"FBVKPN Full length film "Doctor Who"FBVKPN Full length film "Doctor Who"
06933c2f1e12c93017b115b148f699baa1d364a3	All this does not strike my imagination.
012e102133ad46ff9aa4fd942ce6d59b4f2f210a	Do the authors have some other trump card in their pocket?
ec6b835ea04b8e3971227c52956fc6bdb8044e80	A total of six albums have been released since the relaunch.
ed6b060033f221d71b9feeacc7d3a4c4f6f09984	I listened to you and watched all 784 episodes.
e2e313755d7ae3f8c3bfb0e510fce6d5cc9b6898	Now I'm a fan, but how can I continue to live?
5d9f51368344c7460897a8904bd9e77c321bb69b	I want more!
ac41a61a657fceb72ba58c8cf3040a41efd39197	Now you can start the spin offs.
82a1d14deaac07d79ab3ef2be0debeda2991650b	The most notable of them are the TV series "Torchwood" and "The Adventures of Sarah Jane".
ca512567e331c8765eff186405a91976a89c7117	If you can watch" Doctor Who "at any age, then the related" Torchwood " (Torchwood is the rearranged letters from Doctor Who) is made exclusively for adults.
6ec7a466b18968e3c194a5d256eabffa8764e681	Here they tell about the work of the secret Torchwood Institute, which was founded by Queen Victoria after meeting with the Doctor and the werewolf.
3464e3ca1b3a3552b4c10b28927f76ab3025abd9	Well, extraterrestrial life forms are treated much more aggressively here than in the main series.
42b5a31e992a8abd6a9e56b184cb457ab4a0288f	But "The Adventures of Sarah Jane" was filmed for teenagers, starring one of the Doctor's long time companions.
b5a2bb3ab0f6bfd7293b0307961b76be05d32095	1 / 13
7a7d56aacc4107b1d863030f51e64dd1030dc1b6	fbvkpn"Торчвуд"fbvkpn"Торчвуд"fbvkpn"Торчвуд"fbvkpn"Торчвуд"fbvkpn"Торчвуд"fbvkpn"Торчвуд"fbvkpn"Торчвуд"fbvkpn"The Adventures of Sarah Jane "fbvkpn" The Adventures of Sarah Jane "fbvkpn"The Adventures of Sarah Jane "fbvkpn"The Adventures of Sarah Jane "fbvkpn"The Adventures of Sarah Jane "fbvkpn" The Adventures of Sarah Jane"
4d3a158e7baff85da6153fd129dc98eb9f76c30e	I am a long time fan of the series, and I am reading this post because I canot pass by the name of my favorite show.
c472c048b717189d98904cf0ddd51d0318869cd1	Tell me, am I the only one?
3e2ea19fbaad60001ed5fa2f504e2d0a7677fefd	And what should I do?
7de645733088713384b78f0b62d236c1d467cd7f	First of all, you should subscribe to the daily updated page of the series on Facebook, and you will see a couple of million like minded people (we are not exaggerating).
a171b95daccda4a7eea2e5d4d5c91ba4587d2cfc	For all of you, there is a section of the series on the website of Radiotimes, the largest British magazine about radio and television.
021989286946bb9efc3689eaf3af5411449dd19f	The Twitter of the showrunner of the series Steven Moffat will always help to cheer up.
bdab68635c0ecac673a7b328791c10009b632117	Plus, the documentary program "Doctor Who: Confidential" is mandatory for viewing, where they tell in detail about the process of filming the series.
6210bed8aa4974357d90fb8b7c74090ccd457334	Finally, we advise you to go to the largest Russian fan site "Doctor Who" Tardisheart.
9ee4a9e4aca5dba2bed45dc23005f32d3c26808e	I've read it all.
3ab5317eac9afa5668b9bdcf76589d2a12cdbcf0	But I still donot want to watch the series.
64d11fb1a4654f583620bd83c658a962f69e945e	Do you have other ways of persuading?
619390ddeb791f12346419b128dca3a8862e157c	An overview of the last six seasons in screenshots with expressive subtitles will help you understand the manner of communication of the characters of the series.
ec53f83ea9d3e5be2a2f6b1b24db6b8e0dc8f5d4	The selection contains one frame from each main series (in other words, special issues were not taken into account). season 1
3d1be4c777797a3997f2a69c08add196f410e2f7	fbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpn
fc55f24d37ffa87d2ec430dd70702424f9e2a551	season 2
2ed7a6a2885a7e23bd7239e85d6e09856a753da2	season 3
10992adb531c734a231527824128fa8c8ff9a370	1 / 12
5a64b224f81c66d0fb82e3abf87cebc47f1e953b	fbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpn
cd8f6caff2bd676326d6e6d01abb5d8efcb20532	season 4
1b401969623c920f5e7d7c5de8d571aa934ca609	1 / 15
8c5b957e6d48457123c5c12869379a510c917ac0	fbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpn
ef15842153b66a9cdcaddcbf264a339718a4f4c5	season 5
c02e1902ff05db88fa4383340a9057e08b70c29a	season 6
17933441614f4c6ed71f84a8bcf0385a44b9a0a1	1 / 14
9661b3eb509cd567602216c34e0b9694094267a2	fbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpnfbvkpn
2ce61a4b5c212a52ea0289f2407ab9e99364a8a3	Finally, we should recommend a powerful video that one of the fans made for the upcoming anniversary of the series.
4ee66da0bf606025aedb706fa4f4b068c962e160	If you still donot want to watch Doctor Who after this video, then you are hopeless.
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c5487c9cd553e7957a5ca8dae5df0ee77a61d25b	Other articles on the topics Other English Humor Series Travel in TimeDoctor ktoSteven moffatTardisMatt smith
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f47aea8bdcbd1179a1f3d91e6afeeb259488f2d1	143
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a6b21a4281226e8a97c2e05517fbe546775efc6a	735
437d95ce9b5033ed595458bd54e3cd45814f608b	The holiday continues
f5b68d74621aa3616444d8ac07c9052a6030cf31	515
456fbc3686b90562187fa43d2e4482b75f685039	Each of us is a hacker
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33eb6b0c76d7b0f51981c29d6a70df0dc3c0bd86	Carols
2569e630a7bf8b1de85e1a8b22f3bbb6b770a0eb	Show business
8c41ae88467fe5bbad09fcd488662b25c3ec5333	Person
1baa06b4c8bc2d63f9db4d4cc86a2e2b12a7e893	Problem
bb1c69693ff2dbe60878f205b974e0e67fe71e0e	Where to go
f26c677d206dd813d63591beb22113eee3715527	Galleries
9e11fe9830ac0994736ba1c711d1bf9e93dfb8f4	Current classics
692944f6d1afd4b87b9a566b9a6638daa8d0b522	Elena Menshenina
7ca31cf2b44a8c93b9ff5230f1334b466f2a3324	0 16593
73a7c217a12f06b3daed53b7cbdfe24cf3d9411e	Half a century on the screen: interesting facts about the legendary series "Doctor Who"
924d946b7a6a28498a5aae02f37c6949aeec9c3f	"Doctor Who", a frame from the TV series.
5469874bedbe1a2beb259bb979e275c572a815ca	© /
56e5427663274939e8a483371c1dd29e35cea749	Commons.wikimedia.org
add0327f5d157b4b18cc6909734de39a29721845	On November 23, 1963, the first episode of the legendary Doctor Who series, a BBC telenovela about a mysterious time traveler, was shown in Britain.
193447e5cc9bf24b064a95338c6c1dfe104d2452	"Doctor Who" became a record holder among the soap "centenarians": it survived 33 television seasons and one full length tape.
5c5f4fbe345f9bcfa5d51ed3f7d9e32c8a3b0951	Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org
29429b6d9eea5cae0965ae00cdfda20e777a95d5	The main character of the series (an alien, but a human looking fighter for justice) has been saving the Earth from all misfortunes, including relatives, for five decades.
7c4403829821ba81609293e3a21434e992f01c60	The shooting of the film is still in full swing.
0396b4fd9b67853ef1fc6d2ab526333902600999	АиФ.ги I collected interesting facts about the series, on which two generations of Britons have already grown up.
5a2ca6a6f0983f077ce1e752b549cd01ccd816f0	1. "Doctor Who" was twice included in the Guinness Book of Records: as the longest and as the most successful science fiction project (ratings of TV shows, the number of downloads from iTunes, world sales of the book and the film on DVD were taken into account).
57f82682a2a838e86630fbce430a53693a171ccc	As of May 18 of this year, 798 episodes were filmed.
58e624a98f07d51dabf6f474c61f94a8cc5bc971	2. The most high profile case of intrusion into the television broadcast is connected with" Doctor Who".
0bdc2dedf7e210db53e27ca33ec27e52e9653216	3. The name of the main character is kept in the strictest secrecy.
b8e924cfdca6b52ba298ba8aaced0392736be2cb	He calls himself just a Doctor.
c9b8487676ed08731eda31da8498ee60b7f1c09b	People who get acquainted with him ask in surprise: "Doctor Who?"
0b62a668c7a9bfb804ed0f5154461a4a7b13cd39	– that's why the series got such a name.
f3cfe35c7f9e48d81c394f39c2adf47b8899b64f	Nevertheless, viewers throughout all seasons are hinted that the name of the hero should still be revealed.
af8d6c670d2064544c667337f3a179bc029d4339	4. According to the plot, Doctor Who belongs to the race of Time Lords and has 13 lives.
5690a05a4e54fab9b9c638a15740f600c8a3fa78	Moreover, in each of his "reincarnation" he gets a new appearance and even new character traits.
419baa0e49e124519c30b62f3a5f800f78390d40	The series "Doctor Who".
6b57c0ac8496fcf169f762ebf3a257cf2ada958d	11 performers of the main role.
3f3fb01657fb1d6ea9d231239d863543fea4b9c6	5. The series was threatened with closure several times (each time due to falling ratings), but still returned to the screen.
cd3dbdabe64ef80409386fd8dd2d41b2310a62c5	At the same time, the authors of "Doctor Who" initially treated the project with skepticism: they believed that it was too expensive to produce and would not be popular for a long time.
3b33958f7d3f0fcc53a3181c04052042ab5b3d47	6. According to the original plan of the BBC, the film was supposed to be educational and intended for family viewing – even the Doctor's companions were then school teachers of history and natural science.
3a958594c48bb319a908b515a15253da5ce80a99	Although the main character is a model of high morality and nobility, constantly saving everyone, there are also "sins" behind him: he is wanted in all worlds for 14,000 cases of traffic violations, non payment of 250 library fines, the destruction of 18 planets and a number of other offenses.
33060fb7d46858c5a88f275b56efb10086196249	8. The TARDIS, the interplanetary ship on which the hero travels, looks like an old blue telephone booth for communicating with the police (such were often placed on the streets of British cities) – the authors of the film bought it from the London police.
72852f6ffce9588b56632cc91656f81fd3c9c87f	For the 50th anniversary of the series, a two dollar coin with the image of the Doctor's ship was released in New Zealand, a rare booth was installed at London Heathrow Airport, and the inventor of aircraft from San Diego (USA) built his own version of the TARDIS.
64b76234b30ae902cd7060b0fb933387a430fc81	She can even fly, although only through the air, and not through space and time.
d4aed891188c2b9fb7eefb0a67ba6be72c441324	THE TARDIS.
b76dc5dbd94cd95cc5d31914d0aecc167b7bc697	9. Some of the early episodes of Doctor Who were lost in the 1960s and 1970s.
69115a2722007da79578a23e9b065b30630e2606	Or they were erased – the film itself was very expensive.
79d0d9cd0ee39cd9bee03a6c62abc090fdf8d853	Moreover, his father – in law was Peter Davison the performer of the role of the Fifth Doctor, whose fan was Tennant once.
e9b1255bc839ffc044a9799be7e17617976ef40e	In the episode "Split in Time", the writers played this moment and "pushed" the father – in law with the son in law: Davison's character in the plot decided that Dr. Tennant was his fan.
8a6ebd57ae460b862fa9156d990ab7c1a9947259	TV Seriesbi bi siDoctor Who
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7617d055af7592ababfe67dbf5dc33d9901d72fe	Doctor (Doctor Who)
b94b04e2b01412c6330db4782e3323597a94e575	The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on July 27, 2016; checks require 12 edits.
8e6f378e798a333c7339f231c98b43a4bf12db06	This term has other meanings, see Doctor.
76d8913146c9d67a585aa9a051ad188b19abdd31	A Doctor Who character
94a7ab9ac7dba17de5491aeac472399ce4ce4a87	[[File:
40dac5da820849bc958c115297f74338bff41129	|267x400px]]
72bfe14625c252fa9d8d18082b8586c4cf724b56	Twelve faces of the Doctor in chronological order Doctor Race Time Lords Home Planet Gallifrey Home Era Rassilon Era Age Over 2000 (The Twelfth Doctor) Appears in The Unearthly Child by Whom played by William Hartnell
27d67ada3ca70f6d84ba28babdb748479bc6065f	Richard Harndall
cabb811ce3d0554b509a66da600bbfbf229ce2fe	Patrick Troton
74af358fce28f53a83949e5172eb11d7024d9f6e	Jon Pertwee
093aacb4ac46438973908f6d978dc68a62364f9f	Tom Baker
9abb2992d7c0c8aba5fbc0ce59cd68a253a0ac00	Peter Davison
96aebf1f00e66523739418e0a124b975e6840049	Colin Baker
1eb4b0b98a72874ec4ce974efd6fafa2f8872440	Sylvester McCoy
637f518b94e87a4fe299af71c1857903664c5608	Paul McGann
f8fac508c7b247ab2677d26e52ea40f28a602fbc	John Hurt
95c49fd0d17eb4d0b99225bd967d2d1c31463b5f	Christopher Eccleston
a53184cfff258d5fba4891aa95e2703884108993	David Tennant
e13f5ec2ca16788599696954566dade52e12151a	Matt Smith
481141b6283b039650b601a0aec6cc09bce3a0f6	Peter Capaldi
37fd48f4af83d3922af1eac49be32d2232ff5d9d	The Doctor
4e7b7c2b22b905724964c64ae2db05c94274613c	The Doctor is the main character in the BBC science fiction television series Doctor Who.
77b48840d731624c48394fda1fccc8772097b48e	At the moment, thirteen[1] [specify] actors played his role.
33a2a91a8f275d5c41dd836af75e43100b1f75a1	The changes in appearance are explained by the ability of representatives of his race the Time Lords to regenerate with the approach of death.
51223313c09c1b8eddd94e5a384acc96432b2a77	The British newspaper The Daily Telegraph called the Doctor the most popular alien in Britain.[2]
59413f18098f0c0a1624b98c702a9b76e8a12569	1 General overview 1.1 Childhood 1.2 Family 1.3 Age 1.4 Enemies 1.5 At the beginning of the series
96065751897a0f33fbdd955e7f3be6eb2a08b875	2 Physiology 3 Doctor Who?
5301de0cdb3608d58fa6565dcf4923991a125d5e	4 Changing actors 4.1 Numbering order 4.2 Regeneration 4.3 Meetings of different incarnations
f2e22282d27fdcffe40b7bb9444356d3b2fad2bf	5 Notes 6 References
56e40d6c7edaed275bb77858c2b191df4603cfaa	General overview[edit / edit wiki text]
3dcf7d41df31309c1dee6e58acc6793b565f4dc7	The Doctor is an alien from the planet Gallifrey, traveling through time and space in his time machine the TARDIS[3].
94db003bc62205348dac8b4fa1124acd2d49aff2	Its name is an abbreviation of Time And Relative Dimension In Space (time and relative dimension in space).
bdf34eaea392eafd48de3489f8c74c6900172f26	In the 1996 film, it is said that the Doctor's mother was a human.[4] The doctor explores the universe, traveling to various places and times and often getting into trouble.
08b6dc88639c387ab8890aecedfbd0b3a4607062	It helps those who get into trouble, unless it happens at an "unchangeable point" in space time[5].
87063aa81120b3c7325a0ea86fc9eb14e2d7abd7	In the series "War Games" it is claimed that the Doctor stole his TARDIS, and in the episode "The Name of the Doctor" the moment is shown where the First Doctor and his granddaughter steal a faulty time machine and in the episode "The Time of the Doctor" he confirms this information, being under the influence of the truth field from Gallifrey.
1005aab2786162a6291341c0ecd3e072d1401f51	One or more companions usually travel with the Doctor, which, as a rule, are ordinary people.
8a6687ced2b9166e02354ff4350025d62a50190c	Most of them have consciously made the decision to wander with him, but some are casual passengers; this is especially true of the classic series.
0a2721b31cc698c0fde569bd5e3fbb90daf3faa9	Childhood[edit / edit wiki text]
b502cfeb13c7db8fc84deb382003566682de470f	In the classic series, it is often recalled that he studied at the Gallifrey Academy and at that time his name was Theta Sigma.
d4391ae97f1ec23fa49c86e947918ac8cace63c3	One of his teachers was Borusa, and among his other students are the Master and Rani, who eventually become his enemies.
cccac15c67e076fb2c0079c91de3103b625a2b16	In the first episode of the third season ("Smith and Jones"), when Martha asks if he has at least one brother, the Doctor answers: "No more" (English not anymore), in the series Слушай Listen》it turns out that he had several brothers.
508f7316de723f600c007e279963c0e5d04ea12f	Also in childhood, the Doctor and the Master were best friends.
5df40fe780d9fd4d8977722784b76c6d987173d3	However, they remain them, although at the same time they are enemies.
2798b7e7b9ca41845709a6f8b5bdb19c24bedcb6	He also says that a hermit lived under a tree near his house, who comforted him when he was depressed.
52363b611c587fa9941fd5d198cbc8cab569790b	The Doctor met this hermit, also a Time Lord, in the series "Planet of Spiders".
94d3f125933711fd63fe1d6ae3d6a11bd395546a	At the same time, the hermit regenerated.
d305e44df35e9925714628b4b5fa0edc560bf1c3	In the episode" Drum Roll", the Doctor reveals that at the age of eight, the Time Lords undergo an initiation during which the children of Gallifrey must look into the time vortex.
91d4bb71122e900987bf46e593bd78be4ff2ff4a	According to him, this sight inspires some, scares others, and drives someone crazy (like, for example, Masters).
2ba2fc34872d67f70b164abf2dad726e36bb8f5f	About himself, he said that he was among those who escaped and is still running.
9f9a6fdda9a81bc44497a66d682ed01562d5e584	During the first two seasons, the Doctor wandered with his granddaughter Susan Foreman.
9a75b85668482e57d54722aeb02ca929bb1f8d17	As noted above, he may have had a brother.
236a0965cd7d1f3731809c48d255c14cc3d2921c	In the 1996 film, it is said that the Doctor's mother was a human, however, the Tenth Doctor tells Donna Noble that the combination "human Time Lord" is impossible.
70d7aec7a1df2767245a146d74cd3e3a0f55bb02	In the episode "Be Afraid of her", the Doctor tells Rose that he was once a father, but immediately changes the subject.
c9b0b45cb52cecef3e274c48bf213aeec6c68bf3	He repeats the same thing to Donna in the episode "The Doctor's Daughter", when she believes that the Doctor has a classic "daddy shock".
2bf2932b8efa4290d9282c4ffd56c5723beff044	He also claims that he lost his family during the Time War.
720af8dffd30d2f659b10df7a967abb8502b6a06	In this episode, Jenny was created from the stolen genetic material of the Doctor, technically the Doctor's daughter (her role was played by Georgia Moffett, who is the daughter of Peter Davison (the Fifth Doctor) and the wife of the performer of the role of the Tenth Doctor David Tennant).
03d3e1d8114260f8b462afd66032c0f721c06919	In the episode" The Empty Child", the doctor Konstantin tells the Doctor: "By the beginning of the war, I was both a father and a grandfather.
7d2b03f99bdd132485b8d95a5fb0af43c8d2e9bb	But not now.
6236684800c550c8cae6de3377ee9aa97d1d7007	I'm just a doctor."
a46e344cd09dd642cb1d1a88a0782e52cb63bdac	To this, the Ninth Doctor replies: "Yes.
106029aea8667332592ed9efa2a81df07bc9a158	I know that feeling."
3677c5800d04c2dadf0add48ed49102d5f85be18	In the episode "Donot Blink", he says that "I've never felt good at weddings, even at my own."
eca31bcb2eaea1391d396980ad538c9505f5d44d	In the special episode "The End of Time", a woman was shown, presumably the Doctor's mother, the role was played by Claire Bloom[6].
127ca2c89dcec11fc29affa7a1bc77409859260f	In the episode "Vincent and the Doctor", the Doctor says that he had a "two headed boring godmother with a terrible smell from two mouths".
73013cd0b42d36834a7e9c4f14135f89eebb9883	In the episode "River Song's Wedding", the Doctor marries River Song.
0eb05f670e06c3011abbf878338f5d16d8ac530c	In the episode" Death in Heaven", Clara, pretending to be a Doctor, says "I was born on Gallifrey, the constellation of Casterborus.
9439803757431bcc4317b0e06a333a184c33c259	I am a Time Lord, but after I stole a time capsule and escaped, my privileges were revoked.
1eda93c95403a1ad088e7929ea19e6ea0b5d35fb	Now I'm piloting a type 40 TARDIS.
74e93fe9598831a6a8478da443e4378b95cef7df	Four marriages (we only know about three, with River Song in the series "The Wedding of River Song", with Elizabeth I in the series "The Day of the Doctor", with Marilyn Monroe in the series A Christmas Carol) children, grandchildren have disappeared and, I believe, died, I have a daughter created by passing the gene ("The Doctor's Daughter")."
8215d1bece35ddb93360c9f58033b9c07d18d34b	Age[edit / edit wiki text]
6f1ae93d54f7c56d81b5b61ae5b86a0bd5370776	The Doctor himself at various times claimed that he was 450 years old (The Tomb of the Cybermen, 1st episode of season 5), 800 years old ("Doctor's Day", the anniversary issue for the fiftieth anniversary of the series), 900 years old ("Rose", 1st episode of season 1), 903 years old ("Paths diverge", 13th episode of season 1), 906 years old ("The End of time. Part two", the 18th episode of the 4th season), 907 years ("Flesh and Stone", the 5th episode of the 5th season), 909 years ("The Impossible Astronaut", the 1st episode of the 6th season), 953 years ("Time and the Rani", the 7th Doctor, season 24, episode 1), 1200 years ("A city called "Mercy", the 3rd episode of the 7th season), 1200 years plus, motivated by the fact that I lost count ("Doctor's Day", the anniversary issue for the fiftieth anniversary of the series).
21f8f23c48e83d9840ebfa0b6ef75a7010596dfa	In the penultimate episode of season 9 ("With diabolical persistence") The Doctor has been in the confessional disk for 4.5 billion years.
a00875cd2044f2ab7cd2cb697c67b29968a09319	Enemies[edit / edit wiki text]
27dbf5eb6010e2a24816bddbd80c43b728b8ae4d	Main Article - List of Doctor Who creatures and aliens
3dcfe4e1d0bda4043ed7a0b730c59b301287f0be	Title Image of the appearance of the home planet Doctor Daleks Daleks (The Daleks) The Dalek Invasion of Earth (The Dalek Invasion of Earth)
2315fa6dbaeff5a769877fbf30e98aaa665200b8	The Chase
0c8b06d1f6e70dbf11fd9d3765a270f4b29eac67	Mission to the Unknown
6305783fe7e4efcf95c0d6856a73d89d554e1c27	The Daleks ' Master Plan
554f0776229951ea74f8c16979efa95642e2b04b	The Power of the Daleks
e48e8daff5cd8c70f01f3354f2e665e1f846aaaf	The Evil of the Daleks
0c2dd41ec38aa0b393bbf76074a8b005b015290c	Day of the Daleks
01c7d71711b4c9dbe89a6d4f166304f23668e14b	Planet of the Daleks
fb43c8b3a4a298804915a7b54b1b573233cd04d1	Death to the Daleks
01d3dacb9d5548c9cd8b0e58421d22d40f9a3110	The Origin of the Daleks (Genesis of the Daleks)
fbcd6bcc0ed177693d8a1dc4f605a32d6b0a3b00	Destiny of the Daleks
15f187d79e6457e3d73e27c8db5d65d1f2b579f9	The Five Doctors
92ea53a07e6610f03fe3aaf9c7582f6d1c47a6e5	Resurrection of the Daleks
00475d4cdaf53ecf8d1ce4625041fa4723f9804e	Revelation of the Daleks
1581b77f96beb3b9522d211c0aadd0dcf9452dce	Remembrance of the Daleks
5a18051b6cf46119fc62dfe2bf03bea32c51a8d5	Doctor Who (Doctor Who) (mention)
3fdb4ab2702d41425df1dc148ab1b5a94d7fdb73	Doctor Who and the Curse of Mortal Death (Doctor Who: The Curse of Fatal Death)
957c92473e810d648170973ebaaf752dfea4b3d2	Dalek (Dalek)
73988edf45a6c5e498bf35ee058ef10681bc28c3	Bad Wolf
3fbb8297051f51a190273dc2efd78c7dcf84b672	The paths diverge (The Parting of the Ways)
323f99a3afec2f0ce01b07d157090c73bb3217ad	Army of Ghosts
3af8ceabe8b588f66898383e6ed4786dbed62744	Doomsday (Doomsday)
fdadf7205dceed81a84366c6592fc2171e86d798	Daleks in Manhattan
f725fdcd2a57d184bd7907542b425d8c9d11a72d	Evolution of the Daleks
429307c067e35680476891f78177934337cff806	The Stolen Earth
6d1785c1945ca5fe9dbf0adac3c066e6e488bec0	The end of the journey (Journey's End)
03a97c2ca3b9ab8e3f65336e3f1e88956d26b5b9	Victory of the Daleks (Victory of the Daleks)
a339d820bb6fcfce2e7091fbfd2ac5345f886406	Pandorica opens (The Pandorica Opens)
d4fcedc150b666511e7234ec8d85de4fcf234d84	The Big Bang
0a998da426cbf669855c561c685342956e45636f	The Wedding of River Song
6c92964c496e3417060d69cb1fc8a42c13d7eb2b	The Dalek Insulator (Asylum of the Daleks)
4d5564300a20120dde81e4b164a445bec5b3a206	The Day of the Doctor
d31f83767089160ec275da884e302b62aeddbe04	The Time of the Doctor (The Time of the Doctor)
ee59aa19277fdecd9cac555e2b170cd0b3a344a0	Into the Dalek
eb355e7bbe2e6c7984668ecd1dccb14fe2e57838	The Magician's Apprentice
857551402c99187a263506db754899d8ee905968	The Witch's Familiar
6b105f936598ca6b1a65bf0503867330a112666a	Skaro all incarnations of Cybermen The Tenth planet (The Tenth Planet) Moonbase (The Moonbase)
3fff763efdfcde048cd95ead57c4705c847be966	The Tomb of the Cybermen (The Tomb of the Cyberman)
5b15c6214bae6ce247be80b11e3aa01432358a4a	The Wheel in Space
6fad015f2339f4e1f9356421c89efe148d8065d3	The Invasion
a88215d70832f4aab9627d163fe0b7ed4062f655	Revenge of the Cybermen
6b850887eacd3b06529e84c40fbc6aca53150fcb	Earthquake
507cd50174b7ff1072f2947e1ce7f4b3f674288b	Cybermen Attack
16fb301a7a96ef8292e34020600c9349d43205a6	Silver Nemesis
9f77ea790528a85649c5654ca9d430164e27d5c8	Rise of the Cybermen
b8a730a4bb6049f791f4706c4c498c90ccf0de22	The Age of Steel
175b6d1cb318b7975edfc6c18e944cbeedc645b9	Judgment Day
30d9dc41a353e94e3f30e079e83b4cb103e56141	A good man goes to war
f5901754acdc29d6b4b3519438f95c5501cf1221	Time is running out
e02247af608b5de7f33425f1ea67a2eb51d200f2	Silver Nightmare
d9b3a3123f778b37488eb42b883110470c922e47	Doctor's Time
395ebe193fb73507a887bac526590d57345b2468	Dark Waters
9d61a7ab5b20cb01fa900152958bfd0ffe689b3c	Death in Heaven
b81e92c911eff97318c0f274e8dff75699220277	Mondas Telos
db5a811fa98a468cf272ce34bd22a84b8b1c2cd7	Marinus
d30221bc2a2cba921a12b2ce0c9fc6121ddb0925	Parallel Earth
fdcd42ccf3303afa291973ed0ae1fa8d8719ae21	Cyberiad
ceca8e8c6b04543f081b94edb8968b861117f2c7	all incarnations
e7e53092db24afeabe5ac90dc7bc69a419bfadc0	(except,
c963f587d07f5e63684224f8cf12666fba1c3b8a	maybe the Eighth,
ae7506987b45a5a5485396e0b3c1f0bebe28d94b	Military and Ninth) Master Terror of the Autons The Mind of Evil
ca95048beb7244de6aecd71bf77690e5c0f8eec4	Axon Claws
7fcc3d510c7c3990b2b9f135b1425ead27bc6e98	A colony in space
cc6744aae23cea36d805f5f55ff4e16191cd67d6	Demons
511ba401ef11463eb92aed4b1d080b369e5ce09a	Devils of the Sea
dc66abd22eab3055118454e397900760a8b87d59	A temporary monster
f82dfa515becbf4926175e0269141db446eadcdd	The Cosmic Border
be8721fe279e2f896b8fc1ae35e1fe12e9b67158	A merciless killer
a025607d1bed10aaf553f2580117b37181d0162d	The Guardian of Thrackan
b337f47c9d29b38478f20f76f5aff41ea4efd483	Logopolis
e673029c72b6cd3c01f3891ce28a7d75ade2ca7f	Castrovalva
9225a05f8ea36418955e2e90f37ef7f1cdd33a81	The King's Demons
8daca4289d7052c14d2b904903db40e08755a887	Five Doctors
df998c6b74309b471b2b0e326781da7b418e3c0a	Planet of Fire
25f8832809288351abce4c6fae41198490221ffc	The Trial of the Time Lord: The Last Enemy
fe88ea8d5fa6d26d297a81804f43b0ad130a1b05	Survival
e6058039d21e65ec2eeed2da7dabade891e95f7d	Doctor Who
f80523a9601523287a96e23cc51046dd6c32be14	Utopia
b0fab6e8524d1366261afff7fd6a68a64cd57b04	Drumming
c643de1b5682b2da5f782159a51aee0b3d334226	The Last Time Lord
dccca2ea3e58fc4964197c99eccb9490dea31484	End of time
fe097f6f61493bad35e782a576ddfd6c6735b153	Deep Breath (cameo)
c486432766820a08e3b373ea6997af553fdb4b81	Inside the Dalek (cameo)
7def3e7440511ad2d31b8cec63354dbb2b902388	The Caretaker (cameo)
3e3bf42905aa688a86ee0ba91847cd56af772a92	The Plane (cameo)
8985a473ea6716aa2fbfa968bd5d3fe8d855eb1c	In the Forest that Grew Up Overnight (cameo)
8933a6cd87a0a32b645255b2795d15d8c739688c	Dark water
658b4c93ab520b617735ae8f3d6cd81e9cae29e3	Wizard's Apprentice
ab7bfc1b900bd587b3424482e76faf6ddbee81d9	Gallifrey Third, Fourth, Fifth,
e8e9541a033f9b4ae68be7ef1a9aeec986e57ab1	Sixth, Seventh, Eighth,
b484b191273ac6377998199fe0ecfb2531177909	The Tenth and Twelfth Sontarans 200px Time Warrior Sontaran Experiment
e545e001e898373ae0a54abfe2a2aa6cb4c0a57f	Temporary intrusion
f37d696da3bfd650976883084a6c23d115eab017	The Sontaran Plan
56d0111efe228bc265ea3c9a76a46b1e0938e8c7	Poisoned sky
8bd2bdc27bfc05682ef2fe91f4e3ecf41db89a6b	The pandorica opens
43a0a75681ec1ca294c186fcfd99cb1a1db4c668	Crimson Horror
fbbb087c55be9e081b6712c0a53d8809de69c0f3	Doctor's name
2d002728e24d62ee1d9008486efa2b5e98a3b6cc	Take a deep breath
34d0688b4f960634709575ad12f1c1ded6e16d79	Sontar The Third, Fourth, Sixth,
541f2b93362545d933d161ed4f55c5aa8f500659	The tenth,
36e02820f5d7d05d39616834cfb440a0e584e84c	The Eleventh, The Twelfth Weeping Angels Donot blink The time of the angels
a221d86b5d2537b5e771bf69d0ff418acda2a529	Flesh and Stone
05be1fabea686e9e27aac74e4193df2c476b61dc	Angels take over Manhattan
33e04b5dfdfd1d24e8d0455cf4ae0e959dffc6be	The Time of the Doctor (cameo)
d8a5f7471adaa71452a3274e7cd20adeb07d8fa0	With Diabolical Persistence (cameo)
d2b7ec0b22e77c2220ec00513ffcfee4699af601	missing; appeared on Earth, Alphava Metraxis, Trenzalore and Gallifrey Tenth, Eleventh, Twelfth Silurians 200px Doctor Who and Silurians Hungry Earth
38b10adde1819f51de2f391a2e957cdd4587f174	Cold blood
61f3d9010429610560ade84ad26ff9bd0fec9124	Snowmen
521c76d1aef44f96a82643a3efe2d028e30eb19d	Earth Third, Fifth, Eleventh, Twelfth Autons / Nestina Spearhead from outer space Terror of the autons
51ad0eae3f66ecd3c72bfac9373650513d6f6603	Rose
4cd2f03ca08f3ce47f78bc7adc34bf005c9316dd	Polymos The Third, Ninth, Eleventh Ice Warriors Ice Warriors Monster of Peladon
99ff739749f4604dc52fe3d68dc22439a7dedd5b	The Cold War
77ece51c9757b6c1e2796f1e9d65c81f39458946	Mars The Second, The Third, The Eleventh Great Mind Terrible snow people The web of fear
c5be751c4a9422a14b1174286da5623201175448	The Bells of St. John
2117d00227f553ca9a288a14fe695ae7a2d26e1f	Second, Eleventh Rani Mark Rani Time and Rani
f967eddeccb0ce93ff836b4ec4d50aabc6ab57c8	Measurements in time
fda9e6153400252d53cea07afa2ec7180fa021f4	Gallifrey Sixth, Seventh; at
01567cb1f35f5d820ce18fb5e63f1e7fbee08029	informal participation
cf75c9ec3753e556936a00183215e7678a6b7af8	The First, Second, Third,
4af1cfcf194ea4fa29885eab4a3c266ddcfbee62	The Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Raksakorikofallapatorians Aliens in London The Third World War
cdd20b087b9b7d84d3dcb10cba4532c7dbc24dbd	A bustling city
4d986150e4f9a039413980c01ac78eca41cd7a60	Raxacoricofallapatorius The Ninth Zygons 200px Terror of the Zygons The Day of the Doctor
d3661e1ffa4ad81d81a0998a0ec2f7ea7d6ee427	The Zygon Invasion
12c6f48f59c98c5ee9c0ce1134ce301e41e9c49c	The Transformation of Zygons
fdff3f3a30af9312ebd79758ac0d6fa8d6423ebd	Fourth, Tenth (in the film "The Day of the Doctor"),
53b3cff62d9e662a35d0fd65990f96cd463f41f4	The eleventh,
095cca35df1f6e9416fe432859ec5eff8c491326	Twelfth
2d5022a3852ca1dcc2d9234efec7230eec9bfe24	Judy Smith and Jones Stolen Land
c80d069309b8246829d83a0272899efda6602a28	The Wizard's Apprentice (cameo)
45d5b69265c8c6d0e2b05bba60d7460fd6752bcb	The Tenth, the Eleventh
89a2cd0fcc001c3015e4895ccb12aee09071d5f8	At the beginning of the series[edit / edit wiki text]
264382c9e5bbcf42a8066870f9e21a5eb3a6ade7	The image of the Doctor was invented by director Sidney Newman[7].
43edea4456ee324e2ef2edead558e8a029d7d25f	The first script, which was later destined to grow into the script of the Doctor Who series, was called The Troubleshooters.
7efa4cb102d2319b2606b5467da0f7ef85876bff	In March 1963, the idea was developed by S. E. Webber, who was invited to help the project.
52b0244aed99bce27b8774c201d57a65cc6a1c1d	In Webber's version, the main character was described as "a mature man of 35-40 years with some eccentricities in behavior."
29dde248f180ffd5ed77eac7e57c0949b7a323bc	However, Newman created an alternative image of an old man who wanders in a stolen time machine, which he called "Doctor Who".
3fc4389bc4c0a3f1b431b228b393db58b7e7f5a4	Thus, Doctor Who has existed since May 1963.
9232acfd5efd680a695379f03c3a97d41d6a9dad	The first actor to play the Doctor was William Hartnell.
b6432077669a2107ffb57ec3a15118138ca8b85b	[3] But three years later, he was forced to leave the series due to health problems, and the role went to Patrick Troton.
714c2a814499b6c985838b53dcef20fedec08f88	To this day, it is believed that thirteen actors played the Doctor (although in 1983, when Hartnell had already died, Richard Harndall played the role of the First Doctor in the special "Five Doctors", and thus there were fourteen actors who played this role).
dc2363f14845a1b59090cbab897a86a351916462	At the beginning of the series, nothing is known about the Doctor — not even his name.
8d06216217ae3846ef38fe788312891630ab4bc0	In the very first episode ("Unearthly Child"), the attention of two teachers (Barbara Wright and Ian Chesterton) is attracted by one student, Susan Foreman, who demonstrates outstanding knowledge in all subjects.
9b570f8f36e7f5d9505e89d7fb8dbe55a16b922e	They follow her to a dump of old cars, where they hear her voice and the voice of a man coming from a place that looks like a police box.
81ea0d747aeff773f299c8948fbda3604328f386	When they enter it, they find that the booth is much more spacious inside than it seems from the outside.
19b1a41ab7523da39fc122bd6bb62e268e275593	An old man, whom Susan calls grandfather, kidnaps teachers so that they will not give their location to anyone, and goes to the prehistoric era.
021ae59324dcf6f0d0248d8fd01789e760ae5fc1	Subsequently, they begin to travel together.
9cc47801808e617a4bd2a9d5cf5349d5836de8e1	Physiology[edit / edit wiki text]
7bc14656b085a313e9df668ede9b0daf4b19e6d9	Such a system once saved the Fourth Doctor from death in the series "Pyramids of Mars" The internal body temperature is 15-16 degrees Celsius.
f0d18260d6992f10ab84c9ae845d99f548ef9dd0	In addition, it can absorb and release some types of radiation.
e7d217895cd09beb68d7b4618638d20303a04d5a	He has telepathy.
df38dc9d702e66c3cc41a4b502e44340648701de	In the episode "The Mind of Evil", the Doctor claims that an aspirin pill can kill him.
2a5ba2e39b1d3b22824ee12f8e9f04838b00e035	In the series "Cold Blood", the Doctor says that if you remove all the terrestrial microorganisms from him, he will die — perhaps that is why antibiotics are so dangerous for the Time Lords.
7adc5317b83676f93770d0dd076f90d78399e97d	In the sixth season, the Second Doctor claims that the Time Lords could have lived forever if not for accidents.
257ddbfd35a2841a68accc5985e3d6ed639ae8dd	When they happen, they regenerate.
299f669c1ed64975c7f572dc87a5282c9aec0496	In the series "Merciless Killer", the Doctor says that regeneration is possible twelve times.
9885ab7057e239d9d89960ecab7563f4cfd67f73	In the opening part of the 1996 film, the Doctor confirms that the Time Lords have thirteen lives, and the Master used them all.
d86197ab4400ee22863339c59b6f23e273947f43	In addition, regeneration is not mandatory — in the episode "The Last Time Lord", the Master refuses to regenerate and dies in the Doctor's arms.
176199f4f81505d7f888c51a2708842de1ca4f0d	But also the cause of regeneration may not be an accident: in the series" The Fate of the Daleks", Roman regenerates for no apparent reason.
6daa58cda4fe06ce1d883a0e15c2981a86c38ea4	In the "Death of the Doctor" series of the spin off "The Adventures of Sarah Jane", the Eleventh Doctor says that the Time Lords have 507 regenerations, but most likely this statement is a joke.
bbbf070239f05102a247607bfb20f8979620c689	Doctor Who?[edit / edit wiki text]
8ccfe29257a3294a3d761a013e7559b94ccafb50	In the first episode of the series, Barbara calls the Doctor Dr. Foreman, using the surname that his granddaughter took for herself.
3c29561aa659326427790880efcf6fe06242727f	However, when he says that Foreman is not his last name, Jan asks Barbara: "Then who is he?
309e1f3ec584521ed04e57b78b2e2f1a6bc76d1a	Doctor Who?".
9272a92f967a9c4f9c754f2992c2e6cf7c2371ab	In the fifth episode of the episode "The Armageddon Factor" of the 16th season, the Time Lord Drax, who studied with the Doctor, calls him Theta Sigma, but this is just a school nickname.
08b2be56a2d6af74f823c2680d72c79ce89f0765	In the first episode of the updated series, Rose Tyler finds information about the Doctor on a website called " Doctor Who?".
fa078fb470e4b2289343ea27b6abe018321576e7	In the episode "Let's kill Hitler", the Eleventh appears in a suit with the remark "You said the Doctor was your victim.
258126ee41903610147908edd91b5750ad10c6ef	Doctor?
414bda8019a2abf04407f109f515cf4fea7e6863	In the episode" The Wedding of River Song", Dorium says that the oldest question in the universe that cannot be answered is "Doctor Who?".
e3cf5ccaf734cefa70d27a933f0bdd2b9484f3d4	In the series "Dalek Isolation Ward", after deleting all information about the Doctor, making him incognito, all the Daleks ask the question "Doctor Who?".
fce48e895967ff9dba0aaaa057e2258da31d3ceb	In the episode" The Bells of St. John", Clara asks the same question, and the Doctor says that he never noticed that this is his favorite phrase.
ea72b287e5fa5d94f7a638d07ddf58782401b650	The doctor periodically uses the human name John Smith (the most typical English first and last name).
7c21aaffcd2769b35a59e8d1b711c7c98a065b25	For the first time, Jamie McCrimmon uses it, naming the name he saw on a medical container during the interrogation (the series "Wheel in Space").
23bf682cfad5728a6b3d240549f3aa93650d328b	As it turned out in the series "The Time of the Doctor", this question was at all times sent to every point in space by someone from Gallifrey who was trying to return the planet to its home universe.
63fc9819f8eee4bb5462012766e15326ee61a861	Changing actors[edit / edit wiki text]
1bc1b3fcf7f52cbec8ca505eb6f09bc1ab62882d	Doctor Actor First appearance Last appearance Date Age Series Date Age Series First Doctor William Hartnell November 23, 1963 55 "Unearthly Child" October 29, 1966 58 "The Tenth Planet" Second Doctor Patrick Troughton October 29, 1966 46 "The Tenth Planet" June 21, 1969 49 "War Games" Third Doctor John Pertwee January 3, 1970 50 "Edge from Outer Space" June 8, 1974 54 "Spider Planet" Fourth Doctor Tom Baker June 8, 1974 40 "Spider Planet" March 21, 1981 47 "Logopolis" Fifth Doctor Peter Davison March 21, 1981 29 "Logopolis" March 16, 1984 32 "Androzani Caves" Sixth Doctor Colin Baker March 16, 1984 40 "Androzani Caves" December 6, 1986 43 "The Perfect Enemy" Seventh Doctor Sylvester McCoy September 7, 1987 44 "Time and the Rani" May 27, 1996 52 TV Movie Eighth Doctor Paul McGann May 27, 1996 36 TV Movie November 14, 2013 53 "Night of the Doctor" Ninth Doctor Christopher Eccleston March 26, 2005 41 "Rose" June 18, 2005 41 "Paths Diverge" Tenth Doctor David Tennant June 18, 2005 34 "Paths diverge" January 1, 2010 38 "The End of Time" The Eleventh Doctor Matt Smith January 1, 2010 27 "The End of Time" December 25, 2013 31 "The Time of the Doctor" The Twelfth Doctor Peter Capaldi December 25, 2013 55 "The Time of the Doctor" — — —
60a4a171f8944633849acbd88774b3506ec38661	In the special edition of "Five Doctors", the role of the First Doctor was played by Richard Harndall.
be1c5d5f696f229d5ac65561dcd3f5f542ad24d5	The role of a Military Doctor in the series "The Name of the Doctor" and "The Day of the Doctor" was played by John Hurt.
170dcc3355137ec96c7bdb577130f031b364687c	Numbering order[edit / edit wiki text]
052ea4e68e7780d9b8609353340f50b1d002b136	Steven Moffat insists that he does not change the numbering order of Doctors, and John Hurt's Military Doctor from the mini episode "The Night of the Doctor" does not affect anything.
e9c11072361e5edcdabd136f372a4f6c6b2e8119	He explains this in an issue of Doctor Who Magazine: "I was really very careful with the numbering of Doctors.
62b44dc8d8ee0385f4c839ad65d5c9d780fdb97f	John Hurt's Doctor is very special: he doesnot take the Doctor's name.
a15c7feb41f08b892c09c78ac7bdc2816d2eaf66	He doesnot call himself that.
8bfddbc370e69904e9c78f86374ffe64188d39d5	He is the same Time Lord, the same being as the Doctors before him, but he is the only one who says, " I am not a Doctor."
035ecc805dce806300be5b9d3d6043048713a2c9	So the Eleventh Doctor is still the Eleventh, the Tenth is still the same Tenth...
f6ecc5899394a288a1825dca2da19a8b47ab1d79	" He adds: "Technically, if you really considered regeneration, David Tennant's Doctor is two Doctors, taking into account the meta of the crisis Doctor ("The End of the Journey").
83d41cd3bfc0134b449b11d0d4cff2ccba55207d	But the point is not to count the regenerations, but to count the faces of the Time Lord who called himself the Doctor.
e53ed3589d7d5868efad2e855a368fb69c118248	And, thus, we have only a Doctor Anomaly who has crawled into a hole somewhere.
6c8d271f28471d143bf062fef30bc6e99a6ebf15	In the "Day of the Doctor" scenario, Matt's Doctor was the Eleventh, and David's Doctor was called the Tenth.
3ee83a582f8803f7561b382edc5007dbfc3dfdc6	So the Doctor numbers remain exactly the same — we all call Peter Capaldi the Twelfth Doctor."
b22adeae238f9f2813cef2938319b0b8f673eef3	Regeneration[edit / edit wiki text]
a12b742991b2ff542b57b0f6b2c7c5f651dede40	The change in the Doctor's faces is explained by the Time Lords ' ability to regenerate.
635c4794bcb11681c548f96968b7c35e52a947ce	Regeneration was invented in the series so that the actors could be replaced (as a rule, they leave themselves).
ebdef0e6cf89a1935b1bf1def456bbad03592a53	The main purpose of regeneration within the series is the biological rejuvenation of the body.
bd93ba39f89114ac73869be55b30ff08965d46ee	In the episode "The Time of the Doctor", the Doctor received a new cycle from someone from Gallifrey from an unknown number of regenerations.
6c6c268ec9b03217c2cc9ba74b3a745218b819f8	Meetings of different incarnations[edit / edit wiki text]
a4792b7e9cb79ac74a5d367b2831436c1c624dad	Below is a list of such meetings.
a78fedb38a2032a6333c17d3561a04ed10019b9a	Doctors Series Explanation The first, Second, Third "Three Doctors" At first it was planned that the role of Hartnell would be greater, however, due to his health condition, he was unable to actively participate.
8b0d41c1c5f4847fb18e9ad62f3315713b09f99e	The First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth [8] "Five Doctors" The first Doctor was played by Richard Harndall.
eebf62769d43089110a31fc83c99042e9f31fe81	Tom Baker refused to take part in the episode, explaining that too little time has passed since he left the series.
e1e67f79c216f7a3383d80e0e187e41e26d64854	To portray the Fourth Doctor, we used cuts from the unproven episode "Shada" The second, Sixth "Two Doctors" The first, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh "Dimensions in Time" Special issue for the 30th anniversary of the series.
ce31979182ff58ea6ad1c61666f322c6b157e758	Clips were used to depict the First and Second Doctors.
8a6f346f7f7fbe2c058b91bde9d05e864d71e7dc	The fifth, Tenth "Split in time" Special issue for the program "Children in need".
0919a1de4a4761f8d93ba4fee3252186e4dd9821	The eleventh, Military Doctor "The Name of the Doctor" is the final episode of the seventh season of the revived series.
ab266e1aa20f9687c665426008977e478435631d	Military Doctor, the Tenth Doctor, the Eleventh Doctor[9] "Doctor's Day" Special issue for the 50th anniversary of the series.
baf2dc65305d85d9b99fa97aab602064acf6cbce	↑ The Doctor himself in the series "The Doctor's Time indicates such a number of main incarnations" ↑ 1 2 Dr Who profile: Britain's favorite alien (English), Daily Telegraph (4 July 2008).
6c08a3c3153dffe0c2857544281b654c19c80b56	Checked on July 29, 2012.
3667fc41e1ad5ac457e1406e9ae5f9efb885795b	↑ 1 2 Peter Tyulenev, Ekaterina Sark.
ff7b86180b0fc8bccf3e2721f0b531dfa36955a3	Enemy of the Worlds: portrait of a hero. doctor who.
d3907f483fc38ba8309ba9e1627229dc7054a72d	Publishing house "Technomir" (May 2004).
619d9502145d887405519ed6f05c197a1603e033	Archived from the original source on August 17, 2013.
f38c6df873df5bddf3c8d473a4d118e6e9775aad	↑ BBC - Doctor Who Classic Episode Guide - Doctor Who: The TV Movie - Details.
bca0c36820cb6637bfff401567ec47fb4eb6a62d	BBC.com. ↑ Time Lords Feel Whether the "Unchangeable Point" Is ↑ 20 Things We Learned from The Writer's Tale: The Final Chapter (January 10, 2010).
15ba2d752869751c3b2f6b35b05a781ae7757c39	Archived from the original source on June 17, 2012.
3d93a1951dfb8246de8193f72a060321b6f3ecf5	↑ Howe David J.
1bff85865c807c6f317e86aa3ef651aeb6ca01d9	The Handbook: The First Doctor – The William Hartnell Years 1963–1966.
1071595e2cded812c2640d15395500c8a4fae1f9	— London: Virgin Publishing, 1994.
9029882280af30a36232b3d5f8a0f62a893b3e7e	— ISBN 0-426-20430-1.
b14f4845e61d7e161fdf4e9dec08141bcf6eeba0	The Fourth Doctor is only mentioned as a participant in the events, however, he does not take direct part.
0a951b7d00422affe7e3d068443a8d63b6cf1897	↑ In the scene in the orbit of Gallifrey, all 13 incarnations participate, playing a key role
b4d04017ca832649c17a79d4e0ef3e456143b224	whoisdoctorwho.co.uk (English)
a10dadc7721dd99e40ae4d02efdc2928d4d60265	On the IMDB website (English) The chronology of the Doctor (English) Adam Troepolsky Who are you, Doctor? review article in the magazine "World of Fiction" Polina Khanova Doctor Who: Genocide for dummies Logos magazine No.
c48f6a5dae22be977a1c78313f0384ccbfa00d57	6 (102) 2014
af8979918ec09a61436c541eecb0ec7ec2aea4d4	"Doctor Who": incarnations of the Doctor
1355593ede3af7486aa29691f5eedc0d390296d6	Television First • Second • Third • Fourth • Fifth • Sixth • Seventh • Eighth • Ninth • Tenth • Eleventh • Twelfth
381f692ff1285a2a28215b55f90e5e5c4b2a199e	Other Valeyard • Military Doctor
57f3ad9e430809062353abc18314ef21ea3828a2	Unofficial Doctor from "Doctor Who and the Daleks" • Shalka Doctor
64e7ada1714f1d3c93d8f1cf1f38ef63a091e518	Actors William Hartnell • Patrick Troughton • Jon Pertwee • Tom Baker • Peter Davison • Colin Baker • Sylvester McCoy • Paul McGann • John Hurt • Christopher Eccleston • David Tennant • Matt Smith • Peter Capaldi
651dee0ffd284154e9b7e5a4a062cc1d6aef3926	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doctor_ (Doctor Who)&oldid=82687549"
78bf40528ea03c9cbc93e23ce0e8e49288296e61	Categories: Alphabetical characters Time lords Fictional time travelers Characters aliens Resurrected characters Characters of the TV series "Doctor Who"
a75041feb51222a4d1b5a2605fa7c74bb2a8c554	Hidden Categories: Pages using magic Links ISBN Wikipedia:Articles with redefinition of the value from Wikidata Articles that require clarification of sources
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613d63ba9c03af70852494562b24abdf36e14150	Doctor Who TV series
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2feae2ecd37fec67c1b415dd452296c3785d2437	Year of creation: 1963
3ab3989cb0decd65ad12626f4b34bae1b7b12fe2	Country: United Kingdom
579b38b54cac07435352f567971ba7fe520e6f88	Studio: BBC Duration: 45 min.
4abd20553610edcfe9c4f555df238bba427909bc	Doctor Who: Cast and Crew (74)
9a8944f2c5e66e98cd1a81072860a914ae267672	Timothy Dalton
0c70fc013eb99d196e706af431406083bb4cb9b0	Elton John
e212d8641fec9de50c5fa8e33036370dac92f431	Lily Cole
90fd23c273bbfd3ff339b425bd9e581c33a86ad9	Andrew Garfield
259dc06bcb52179fbf6530937a2ff329de5b6856	Photo Doctor Who (27)
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f5f2f11fae493f0e9a38262299c2c760091e3a61	More photos:
55f8ebc805e65b5b71ddafdae390e3be2bcd69af	Description
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1450ce5947f1235a5b422355f2207748ab6a89f9	A source
b6fea67096e31cb5b1f3b6e92fdf71d81609bdda	Doctor Who Video (5)
e45969356b07eb2765b7ea57f9f7f36795565797	The first trailer for the eighth season of Doctor Who
8c2db236351c43407e2c99b5986b14f8c0cecd9f	"Doctor Who": a new series
948ef5c8084096120bea7172de8ed1f99adcd89e	The cult British science fiction series, which got into the Guinness Book of Records as the longest and most successful science fiction show in the history of television.
c953354b4c2bdcd2a101b7dbe78a6c9335838583	The series has been broadcast by the BBC since 1963.
832be72a068197d6ca479cadd1ed0269a1d83e1e	Doctor Who Season 1, Doctor Who Season 2, Doctor Who Season 3, Doctor Who Season 4, Doctor Who Season 5, Doctor Who Season 6, Doctor Who Season 7, Doctor Who Season 8, Doctor Who Season 9, Doctor Who Season 10, Doctor Who Season 11, Doctor Who Season 12, Doctor Who Season 13, Doctor Who Season 14, Doctor Who Season 15, Doctor Who Season 16, Doctor Who Season 17, Doctor Who Season 18, Doctor Who Season 19, Doctor Who Season 20, Doctor Who Season 21, Doctor Who Season 22, Doctor Who Season 23, Doctor Who Season 24, Doctor Who Season 25, Doctor Who Season 26, Doctor Who Season 27, Doctor Who Season 28, Doctor Who Season 29, Doctor Who Season 30, Doctor Who Season 31, Doctor Who Season 32 Doctor Who Season 33 Doctor Who Season 34
a64a90f339938a26dc4e0ded3014e683b863d276	The plot of the Doctor Who series The main character of the show is a humanoid alien traveling through time and space, an eccentric scientist from a distant planet.
f40f69ac63103eb167caa518f746a6b0fb744419	His name remains unknown, but his friends call him the Doctor and the Time Lord.
7a0de0a48a55ba85cd0cc6a1164d1ffb83d711b3	The Doctor's vehicle in time looks like a British police box of the 50s and is called the TARDIS (an abbreviation of the English "measurement of time and relativity in space").
469563cf21a31820dafe255c9b5490e4841073bc	During the entire history of the show, the role of the Doctor was played by eleven actors: William Hartnell / William Hartnell (1963-1966), Patrick Troughton / Patrick Troughton (1966-1969), Jon Pertwee / Jon Pertwee (1970-1974), Tom Baker / Tom Baker (1974-1981), Peter Davison / Peter Davison (1981-1984), Colin Baker / Colin Baker (1984-1986), Sylvester McCoy / Sylvester McCoy (1987-1989, 1996), Paul McGann / Paul McGann (1996), Christopher Ecclestone / Christopher Eccleston (2005), David Tennant / David Tennant (2005-2010), Matt Smith / Matt Smith (since 2010).
0ef2809cf91afcb2bbe6ecc2088fef12930dc551	The Doctor often arrives on Earth, to the inhabitants of which he has warm feelings.
4078fa60d50cfd69c9a03bb1697ba2fbc039386b	Together with his friends, the Doctor explores the universe, saves humanity from evil aliens or helps residents of other Galaxies to fight the forces of evil.
abd01f8aa862e54a61a8ce19d4ec3131a584c37a	The Doctor has a lot of opponents, with whom he constantly fights.
7ea4ffe2410818b0ccce78d64adec62c20fdbb16	First of all, this is a race of Daleks (in the series since 1963) - mutants from the planet Skaro, led by a brilliant scientist Davros, suffering from megalomania.
b4d55397c25c7b7d37774909355df45b6645ff39	Another mad scientist, John Lumik, created Cybermen in a parallel universe, connecting the human mind with powerful metal bodies.
569d49d6d82f97a0e4d2ff7541c5de237c830972	He completely controls the emotions of his creatures, and they follow all his orders.
e3a98438df4920112ba7d3a2ef6e05d83308e37f	Another fundamental enemy of the Doctor is the Master (in the series since 1971), who is also a Time Lord capable of regeneration.
a1484a24b8509716d2f874bb855a266b29d70237	Usually the Doctor travels with three companions.
9ed7e5ef5fa111d6404a64c7ddca06c334a708bd	The first Doctor was accompanied by his great granddaughter Susan and school teachers Barbara and Ian.
67b6cb5b1168fa1a0ae93a632ccfa103b60e4ab3	Since 1963, more than 35 actors have played the Doctor's Friends in the series.
46b74e85676918c861eb8f3d65f29d84b17ca006	After traveling together, the Doctor's companions either return home, or stay on other planets, where they find new love or are engaged in other projects.
1285de554e967e34a0cd199d213ca7ca2b7d3c32	The romantic relationship between the Doctor and his companions remained taboo for a long time, but in the 1996 TV movie the eighth Doctor kissed his girlfriend Grace.
7fff0d44443dd46014e262e50683fea6cf16d4c4	The company of the last at the moment, the eleventh, Doctor, is made up of Amy Pond (Karen Gillan) and her husband Rory Williams (Arthur Darvill).
c278b93945f39ea06193e5b3ef6756c6df31eef7	The history of the Doctor Who series The original series started on the BBC in 1963.
ed4115f2372870e6a72acf2a79e3cf0d602aa801	Several attempts were made to make a full length film based on the series.
70d287ada5952728cc4e129ac1e12e8787f2afbc	In 1996, the film was released, but the series was not restarted.
1ffda11965963839c0825ffb20ccd296f8e02c55	Interesting facts about the Doctor Who series The first episode of Doctor Who was released the day after the assassination of John F. Kennedy.
5850d58cb0fd0479d522e3fbab72cdc00c6f550d	In the period from 1972 to 1978, many archival films of old programs were destroyed at the BBC studio, including the first seasons of Doctor Who were also under the knife.
97df9c5e57fb1667f2896a274353c4d4ccbf0c5e	Fortunately, the pilot episode was accidentally saved.
87afda8087c2ef3391b4a20b0b2adcb7fed618a0	The film with it was found in 1978 in an unsigned case.
7277d5db7b304ed1b6bdabcd98658e15dd50d385	In the 26 years of the series ' existence, only a few episodes were filmed outside the UK: in Paris, Amsterdam, the Canary Islands and mainland Spain.
4205afba13cbe59c1cd6acba5bd86b826b30b48f	The creators of the series plan to shoot episodes in the United States and Singapore.
d07b214fb008f860bceec80bb6c42fae054d568c	In 2000, the British Film Institute ranked Doctor Who third in the ranking of the "100 greatest British television programs".
09573ddc2374ba1c353634bb88232721c31000a5	Watch it now
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7095bacefb7ba70ec93f6b19b2bf46192b26e387	On the air Back to the Future 2.
a0328bfd46fbbfd661b5544986d39bdceb07f045	14:45
0a5ce31d9e03be792c11930fc4c23d4d1b9de091	Back to the Future 3.
800e727a43ef61856347e0d4923e3833ccee6921	13:35
62aa19faa787d576e4d1cc6017a974a86f4d4813	On the air, Return to Eden.
1cb3b9077ce112025595d85025983568a45c354b	19:00
8bc639e2ed78b9f8de8e6a9c791534b1d3052abe	2017: predictions
95f897e385ca5bb5112264ff9bd2299db6ccc2f1	10:05
93df7d6487c98fef425d131eb598be977f1c5b10	On the air, Take it alive...16+
c8e4aebbeabf3e345cf65cf68b381b4a3cf201b5	Fugitives.
6c98b3dfe9d759fe18221a045b874b5b3069ef97	10:30
965604255137d16d14ce68caf87f66fa0a07a5dd	Dad's daughters are on the air.
9f82f6d52b66ce3d31afd8e1d46b91f7a2862707	22:00
a0f924a1688f3f144271d773c446e72767b206d7	Christmas Tree Concert 16+
3cccf973386cd4c7c7983d29c719077d9db2208a	Partners 'news It turned out what the last phrase of the Tu 154 pilot about flaps means, Obama turned to Trump:" Vladimir Putin is not on our team"
1b4efc337a88e4587b4c762c3b4c58e4d95346ee	Full description of the series:
697bbe723dd76621e932cf6e7403e2c5c97bc29b	Season 1 (42 episodes)
116f478cdc9f2cdb24c95c28eb640b04e5a2b502	Episodes: 42
16bb3c93e3a8df6415cf09bb25e725878c34663c	Season 2 (39 episodes)
8101a90ed9e04c30949b2fb8b48050a9ad41aec9	Episodes: 39
a7c969f0b797da56aca6abe22ba2df95f6df2515	Season 3 (45 episodes)
e52a32bd33dffb4e4a03b051412e620c54852d3e	Episodes: 45
0ab72b22e18bce741f52162ca85da0aed1d3238e	Season 4 (9 episodes)
6054f56540d01d4d5b32d2fb683275906dbf6ab2	Episodes: 9
c7f070141f3af711721d03842e2f587e45df40f3	Season 5 (7 episodes)
a51e1f85270bcf16ba0d7493a406436a6a9c5974	Episodes: 7
b87ba18cc4ede60eeee6bdb1b0dc0fa45f5fd269	Season 6 (7 episodes)
f34cfb4a16dddb63016e870f45aa2076d14ac85e	Season 7 (4 episodes)
6194fde45f35c1708496dfdd97ac5de8e1feaceb	Episodes: 4
320ac9b8abcb0210edf5e691b37708b740e68aad	Season 8 (5 episodes)
5cc472c849a44930ea282ed08f04510d8e3e50f7	Episodes: 5
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91d61b6135240d01f03fd2d5224a7bc012f6c17b	Season 10 (5 episodes)
30b176d8d8295d31ebf39477e74d403dd5471677	Season 11 (5 episodes)
a781439fb995bf4d472fa073a60c6c9d2a34eaf8	Season 12 (5 episodes)
aaa18b6f845948881261f0194a645d8ce98e3d76	Season 13 (6 episodes)
c44739431d36f83b73b4c94edb14b4901c0d9c0a	Episodes: 6
ddc222744dfc34433f90bb7c6bc501ceaa94d3d1	Season 14 (6 episodes)
cba548e14357b509783f170ceb4d703a6dc0b17e	Season 15 (6 episodes)
fef044b93fcc199cc178ebae593ee88bb116cccd	Season 16 (6 episodes)
80bf6f11fe971fd09558bbdd33ab10f5ace9781b	Season 17 (6 episodes)
29d932385559fc070a89cc6946974048bd132099	Season 18 (7 episodes)
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3ab8da5eff47eba77ba1b6f2e53c6cdbaf7d8f75	New Year's special episodes of TV series: the best Christmas episodes of all time
40f4adda619f01935c1fa909764a0080431f939a	03.01.2017
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94e691edb9698d1055ac5c81246e0ce6637114de	Author: observer19
42e3b6ffbbda06d64f0e9823002068b8b2402307	Movies of the week: the intricate horror "New Era Z", a comedy with the star of "Molodezhki " and" Franz " Francois Ozon
6b014da38957053fd78de14edb368c825769cb2c	13.10.2016
3c37d47c571843f2597f6c411ade288fe3a6e2d3	Read more about the films that can be viewed at the Russian box office from October 13, in our review.
537f264615ccd9ba6fe94caa3e4266f58b5dcaca	Captain America Chris Evans will play a man addicted to psychotropic drugs
f00c8e93085940451eb7e9dc1f8325177bc491cb	29.07.2016
35661cf85347a69592d988b92e6449d8a179a9a0	The actor received the main role in the full length version of the series "Jekyll" from the author of "Doctor Who" and "Sherlock" Steven Moffat.
7072166b488db5f9e960cd251d807d75d6858f9e	Author: Alekstar
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56d5eb9be90f82f58ffe44fbab669b7f45c8f52c	On the First Channel, new episodes of the detective are being released.
a210676c9f44a8200e0ba05d609dfce3f53eb614	Author: lenasmi
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8fa194e96af4e72806e984eb15e4a098f08f8c54	List of people from the movie
9bc9bfea9c1da82781816fb4600312de43c9ff30	The Master (Doctor Who)
1f1c1f7c5ec151ab082f9436a83e04b94b3726af	The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on February 17, 2016; checks require 8 edits.
9e8a8487d160ac8af5e1ad901cd70032055a418c	This term has other meanings, see Master (values).
1ae10345aad2d32ca5742a806ddade20e6afe2ad	This term has other meanings, see Missy.
9ed47c475b479a804eab811e39beeb383ae9f6a8	From left to right, from top to bottom: Roger Delgado, Peter Pratt (also Jeffrey Beevers), Anthony Ainley, Eric Roberts, Derek Jacobi, John Simm, Michelle Gomez Master Race Time Lord Home Planet Gallifrey Home Era Rassilon First appearance "Terror of the Autons" Last appearance "Familiar of the Witch" Who played Roger Delgado (1971-1973)
0ebcd0e0184456451b1ad3e31eb9e35f89db9ae1	Peter Pratt (1976)
59135314064119b6475afef11f0d61e8d6c2dd3f	Jeffrey Beevers (1981)
6c624dbe096c462fb437b5bcf46a75e34b14e830	Anthony Ainley (1981-1989)
6245be7d32d8fa550dd37a00cd8c4f6570335620	Gordon Tipple (1996)
8e2c3935492b943ced84418ce307b12ff46a2508	Eric Roberts (1996)
b674b5033e6f1ee010a0cca700f0d0d6112df045	Derek Jacobi (2007)
0e06d13831308841c21ebc5df0652beaace3d43b	John Simm (2007-2010)
32c3d352c727fd2747904e374baaee7ab5101b57	William Hughes (Eight Year Master)
3728aae67ecc526d322179b23e892d234619ab07	Michelle Gomez (2014)
2ca4dba0db3a3205442c5c4b1b379415b0bb99e9	The Master
d513b341f5e4a5b29d896c0ceee8411a543fd092	The Master is a character in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who.
51191a54274025560913664a2004c79edaffd07b	The first actor to play the Master was Roger Delgado, who played this role from 1971 until his death in 1973.
57ae67fc332b3cd4843a43babac89d6b4973115e	After that, Peter Pratt and Jeffrey Beevers took over the role as a physically decomposed version of the Time Lord, until Anthony Ainley took over the role in 1981.
3dc412bb8f49788bf9c3d200203e33de32da0fa2	He remained the Master until the TV series was canceled in 1989.
e6115bfa62fee225b9d17fe6a5c6c004dd7f17b3	In 1996, in the movie "Doctor Who", the Masters were played by Gordon Tipple (in one scene) and Eric Roberts.
9b7eb55c8aaa24620ece51c8c5b65c928de0b756	In the revived TV series, the character's return was introduced by actor Derek Jacobi, before passing the baton to John Simm, who played the character in the 2007 episodes, as well as in the Christmas special episode "The End of Time".
686d8d6722afa80df777306a0f290b0c562f5319	1]
ef52227bc3dd61a876cfb3db218626be26eb622d	1 Creation 2 The story of the character in the series 2.1 Early life 2.2 The first appearances of the Master 2.3 In Search of a New Life 2.4 Life after death 2.5 Shalka The Master 2.6 Return 2.7 Mr. Saxon 2.8 Missy
bda467821417ea9cb014898a410e3b4ad71ded0a	3 Character and abilities 4 Equipment 5 Notes
7b6d2e2367de31134fc0b36464b6fb6ca9ffd1bb	Creating[edit / edit wiki text]
327e09d2df843c72b26159ecbd3341882313488c	The creators of the series came up with the Master as a returning villain, so that he would be for the Doctor what Professor Moriarty was for Sherlock Holmes.
dcb9fbd19c920e91b3424304ec3f8382f046c685	This character first appeared in the series "Terror of the Autons" (1971).
7156d79bded6909707de2d84d5c70caf5b72908e	The title of the Master was specially chosen by producer Barry Letts and script editor Terrence Dix as a memorable name for the supervillain.
2365069b808a0b1ba791e26945d4d6f64f1feb7e	But this title, like "Doctor", is also associated with an academic degree master (English master).
cd1d6fcca0a89d31296a0766dfb813cd2419b506	The story of a character in the series[edit / edit wiki text]
fdf1cac5d21b57f027f8b984e20b6d9d22d77b8f	Early life[edit / edit wiki text]
abc2be3e91fee948342be169d3be4fa094a55cd0	In the series "Drum Roll", an eight year old Master is shown during the ceremony of joining the ranks of the Time Lords.
3f53c56974094ab4a1f846ccc8fbd4cfe96089f3	He appears before a split in space time called the Indomitable Gap, in which the entire Vortex can be seen.
1f6f5b5e4d3a9693ebf0b64f6ee005e0ce67686f	The doctor claims that looking into the vortex of time inspires some, scares others away and drives others crazy.
c105922ff4bdad02343cc3ab92c7f2d0d55e8c3a	He assumes that it was the latter that happened to the Master[2].
ca10a40abf173d30f0bfc544c5b9786d7fac26ee	It was predicted to the president of the Time Lords that Gallifrey would fall.
9d147b1c61b22fccdd1b474e92db547dc6a31303	The only way to get out of the Time Trap was to move to the Lord who was not locked in it.
badddf7d2b79274690fdd6bf1fccab99d5bf881b	There were two of them: Doctor and Master, Rassilon chose the Master.
98ee2f7010b033b584224561f47e6c2611b06bc2	He placed a signal from Gallifrey in his head 4 beats, the heartbeat of a Time Lord — and launched a diamond from his scepter to the Earth, so that the connection with the present and the past was physical.
e28df9ff3f4e17bc98de32de759d5dfdb7d919f6	The Master, as planned, returned the time lords, but after learning about the reason for his madness, he helped the Doctor send them back and killed the president himself.
eade3351d49deaa9423f7b6421299fee975e3188	The first appearances of the Wizard[edit / edit wiki text]
ae08ed59b1c3f3f21ced5b9749d20e22abe05016	In season 8, starting with the series "Terror of the Autons", the Master (played by Delgado) appeared in eight of the fifteen episodes.
32b198d51ed2a830959d56cab9a36b3bddf059d5	He preferred to disguise himself in society and control others, making insidious plans.
e121e434e9e8d2eb397e4999304cf50b818d7329	He also repeatedly tried to use other races to capture planets, including Autons and Daemons.
c368392b9ee8631d2fb670222e6c84285c333c42	Delgado's last on screen appearance as a Master was in the series "Space Frontier", where he worked with the Daleks and Ogrons, trying to provoke a war between the empires of humans and Draconians.
ff1e3ba6317e40894a9e5bc913addbddb46b51e2	His final scene ended with a shot at the Doctor and the disappearance of the Master.
bd4ec3f65642792e2add8151adc2f7692a05f041	Delgado was going to play the Master one more time in the series "The Final Game", in which his character had to die (and then regenerate), saving the Doctor, and where the fact that the Master and the Doctor are brothers would be revealed, which would explain in turn why the Master, with his capabilities, did not kill the Doctor.
15102920a416a69b9aafa61c1ee72449dcdef6e9	But Delgado died in a car accident in Turkey on June 18, 1973, on his way to the shooting of the French comedy "The Tibetan Bell".
e326eb28bcdea98d14fd25a157f99176a2c3ab7f	This series was replaced by the series "Planet of the Spiders" (1974), and the idea was rejected.
23979e54ab762f87d4d4f72059593bf987160ea9	In search of a new life[edit / edit wiki text]
9923a6bc0e7124a633770c23ac68976659df3110	With the death of Delgado, the Master disappeared from the screen for several years.
5cf8d5571ad78a75ee35778fea60aaa3fa0055b9	His next appearance was in the series "The Merciless Killer" (1976), where actor Peter Pratt appears in a thick layer of makeup as a decaying creature at the end of his thirteenth and last life.
d45b6dea1e6eb8e0210e6aa0efc642a19bff5669	Since the situation is much more serious, the Master is much darker than his version performed by Delgado.
063f93aa237e0c8c6bb1410a5dd46732d3fc0713	Here, the evil Time Lord almost managed to restore his full life with the symbols in the office of the President of the Council of Time Lords, the artifacts of Rassilon.
7e3e6f6509bba4a24e3ac5f7e19083f3bf0841e4	The Doctor stops him, as it would destroy Gallifrey.
2d9e6e62d961706d18430577b1adb1124bd7df03	After this story, the Master disappears from the screen again, returning only to 1981.
f7dada1d8aabb19ad16bbf020fddf672a7051469	In the series "The Guardian of Thrackan", he (Jeffrey Beevers, also heavily disguised) manages to renew himself by capturing the body of a Thrackan named Tremas (an anagram of the word "Master"), destroying the original identity.
55d3d41de493320b61b7d28434901ffc9f848bad	In the body of Tremas, he was played by Anthony Ainley, and he appeared in the series only occasionally, still in search of eternal life.
143bb39ddcecbdabff64e6d3700330df8fbf0f1a	In his first appearance in the Logopolis series, his plan to kill the Doctor and capture Logopolis inadvertently causes advanced entropy to destroy most of the known universe (including Thrackan).
18c34cacb3be893b42ec4d9b51f9c9b4221e0ef7	In many of his appearances with the Fifth Doctor, the Master again prefers disguise, sometimes even for no apparent reason.
284787f4d553beb036b419ca51dea5243ea092aa	When the creators of the series wanted to hide the influence of the Master in the story, his character was called in the credits with an anagrammatic pseudonym like " Neil Toinay "(Tony Ainley) or" James Stoker " (Eng. James Stoker - Master's joke, the joke of the Master).
df4fb65359e29a3cba221baafeb9c8f867d0e1b6	In the series "Five Doctors", the Time Lords offered the Master a new life in return for his help.
2079d65c1c574043b1b556d542faaf3e5d4b0e67	Also in this series, the Third Doctor under Sarah Jane addresses the Master by the name of Jahopashat, which puts him in a stupor.
bc23ca8481516bdc4976e63220d105a29a859079	Ainley's final appearance as the Master was in the series "Survival".
d6bdd4b7e06c6179e3f62999e9c2f4c388439ed4	Life after death[edit / edit wiki text]
b17c51ce840bbf9cb049b2ed2d20ce203858806b	The Master appeared again in the film "Doctor Who" (1996).
0f6a04c0b72c6dc983dff450154258912e7453c8	In the preface, the Master (played by Gordon Tipple) was executed by the Daleks for his "evil crimes".
137021c5eea4985ecd91663d0cc3d14aa0bb0cb1	The master survives the execution, turning into a small snake like creature.
90936b09e1dee7b4ad408eca54075dcd76fc6d4e	This creature escapes from the container and climbs into the console of the Doctor's TARDIS, after which the ship has to land in San Francisco at the end of 1999.
1403ce29184bb6ba6696fb9a2ee4ffb89163b534	This form is unstable and requires a human body.
a039b79d18515a095233a01ef17a34e0833a037d	The master takes over the paramedic Bruce (Eric Roberts).
dd6a3d81bc63841be7561f0e4b4620af84267aa2	But the body of Bruce also can not last long with the consciousness of the Master, however, in the human body, the Master can spit acidic liquid at the target.
3ea2b6a103037ed32749f71a85bf98fa4f17cc5e	In an attempt to gain access to the Eye of Harmony to steal the Doctor's regeneration, his new body is dragged into the Eye.
8b2e67f918fe9d46b49bc4604c690013358d528e	After receiving the body of a paramedic, the Master first puts on a leather raincoat and sunglasses, but then changes into the ceremonial outfit of a Time Lord.
d5d1a748a8bb7703ae736fd631cda931e5636c82	Shalka Master[edit / edit wiki text]
a9ebe2689bae5e47ddc1c08b42aac0d5878a9954	More precisely, it was an android with the appearance and character of a Master, which the Doctor designed.
30d96e2fd7ffa5d83a6b0f77c64d65cb742fbb5f	Return[edit / edit wiki text]
ab13bea19e16fd0cfff59298a4f339aac236861f	When the TV series returned in 2005, in the episode "Dalek" it is reported that all the Time Lords, except the Doctor, died in the Time War.
01a9b7e6920ba48df70d37fd270bd660a61dfd36	The doctor said that if anyone else had survived, he would have felt it telepathically.
26a40a80253f1d39ef4526f115dc8218ebce3952	But the return of the Master is foreshadowed in the series "Traffic Jam", when Bo's Face informs the Tenth Doctor before his death: "You are not alone "("You are not alone").
7a346806ba4f7bd13162bbd2f1fb4a93760db1e9	In the series "Drum Roll" it is revealed that the Time Lords revived the Master to serve at the front during the Time War.
fc37903e018949668abc9d6f9afd08f10889709e	But when he saw the Dalek emperor taking control of the Cruciform, he ran away from the battlefield, never knowing the truth about the fate of his people.
307d204860d0c09289bf1a32641c11fb6456c081	He took the form of a human in the same way as the Doctor in the series "Human Nature", and hid at the end of the universe in the guise of Professor Yana (English Professor Yana; Derek Jacobi).
611ffddd5b75d54f63998c33003d6b662cdf6475	The letters of the name Yana are an abbreviation of the deathbed revelation of the Face of Bo to the Doctor "You are not alone "("You are not alone").
3afe2b1db9ff80a509675c83df98a2d6f9406c90	The wizard regenerates
9dd417db5258501d00f2420827c6feaf55c545db	The doctor meets the professor in the episode "Utopia" , and Martha Jones inadvertently forces the professor to focus on the"onion" clock containing the Master's identity, after which he becomes a Master.
44298a30b4747d66a86cce88ee6de8a8bc91bec1	At the same time, the Doctor understands what the name of the professor means — Yana - "Hope will appear to the archiodinokom" (English YANA — "You are not alone").
bf0d52e76a19a7088915ad43fb0e1764d8456223	In a battle with his assistant, the Master is mortally wounded by a shot from a laser pistol, but regenerates into a young version, played by John Simm.
38b83faf0acbcb55742057a16e2a333c6a017d5d	The Master then steals the Doctor's TARDIS and tries to escape, but at the last moment the Doctor blocks the TARDIS with his sonic screwdriver so that the Master can only travel to 100,000,000,000,000 a year and to 2007.
b948c57195e3d1ba90ef251ceba47d48745a933e	Mr. Saxon[edit / edit wiki text]
5a5e46490852b8b247bb5ae77b7602fa3493f027	Having escaped from the end of the universe, the Master arrives in the UK 18 months before the 2008 election, before the" fall " of Harriet Jones.
bfea675f5f1aeb6adf146335c3e87031becaebe5	The master assumes the guise of Harold Saxon — a high ranking minister in the Ministry of Defense.
f392e5ad9125d44341423e477a47c6187949c123	During this time, he establishes a network of communication satellites "Archangel", which allows him to influence people with a telepathic field.
1790e394728fae5574425dc7b587fc75b97412ec	With the help of the "Archangel", he inspires confidence in the country and becomes prime minister.
f1dcd29e029c08303b5424cbcc86d068840c04e4	In all this, he is helped by his earthly wife Lucy.
697f4f18d1364ee245151b207876654c10a25bc5	The Master enters into an alliance with the invading Toclafans (actually people from the end of the universe), becoming the ruler of the Earth and turning nations into factories and spaceports for an armada of warships.
34e16b910f244e7fef25a450a94fe6765b167931	With the help of his new weapon (a laser screwdriver), he ages the Doctor to the point that he becomes a tiny old man who fits in a bird cage.
ffb3924d355cb588e6ac50c3dc3ce7f701d5080f	While the Master is preparing to fight the universe, the Doctor returns the force with the help of Martha Jones and the "Archangel".
0acdf8b4bd4e4c98d00f604ac162dad5863595a3	He wants to keep the Master in his TARDIS, but Lucy kills him with a pistol shot.
f21d62e30854b73d9c947485fbb92f0aa242a09d	However, the Master returns in the Christmas special "The End of Time".
c421930f7fd07bd722ab4d21fae7013c69cdc4fd	A certain cult is trying to revive it, but the process is disrupted by Lucy Saxon.
5d561237f3f1efa6451f94955f95ebedc30f5339	Because of this, the Master loses his mind even more, his hair becomes light, non canonical abilities appear, such as lightning from his hands and jumping over huge distances.
8135e65f51bba5a5afd9d3f1e241ae325627c318	He uses the Gates of Immortality to turn all the people on Earth into his own clones.
80fd014acc93d0b3abe78510f59f11578d6a2d3d	Then the Master discovers the source of the "drumming" in his head, which has been bothering him since childhood and has driven him crazy.
17d0368dc5d8bae5fb0639fcf60481ee42a8e483	This source turned out to be the Time Lords, or rather, the ancient Lord Rassilon (Timothy Dalton), who learned from the prophet about the death of the race at the hands of the Doctor.
4ab4183f1828871dd035d0338473ef6a0b6f777d	He sent a signal to the young Master's head so that in the future he could open a portal to Earth.
cf40b685e6a587df928f7b4a335951ff7091f1d4	But along with the Lords, the entire planet Gallifrey appeared, and all the other participants in the Time War also threatened to get out of the trap.
dc45edc70ddd7c6fd2bf59e2d3d8bc8d12a9f167	After learning that the Lords were going to destroy time and become disembodied beings, the Master asked Rassilon to take him with him.
69bd5075bd319ee119986edd7733692626d451dd	But the Doctor managed to send Gallifrey and the Time Lords back to the war.
3222ff535be34912f183953abaab54b2139491a8	The Master helped the Doctor at the last moment, but he himself was dragged into a trap with the Time Lords.
58ef41c10e3a2a8ae1356ca13be9956f9b10ad75	Missy[edit / edit wiki text]
9f4e735d63343d6ab7a302f47464c461690f73a3	In the series "Dark Water" it becomes clear that the main antagonist of the 8th season, Missy (abbreviated from "Mistress") is a new incarnation of the Master, who has already appeared in the series "Deep Breath", "Inside the Dalek", "Caretaker", "Plane", "In the forest at night".
277e8df0c7b5a69efe64a5189d1199b20de1f403	The plot does not explain how the Master escaped from Gallifrey and why he regenerated.
445893661d0b8a82587eb1fb844c4957c9de0540	Missy planned to revive the dead people, making them cybermen, and use them to attack the Earth.
1812b7ac2d8112ed52c49495454d8ab5a3847439	In the episode "Death in Heaven", it becomes clear that Missy is the same woman who gave the Doctor's phone number to Clara and she also placed an ad in the newspaper for a meeting between the Doctor and Clara at a restaurant in the episode "Deep Breath".
ce19e538d9d879d1adce68d92d52e4be495fd674	With the help of explosions of cybermen over the earth, she was going to kill all life on Earth with the help of a certain cataclysm, which she failed to provoke.
8dab7d176d619c9da179d7ba6887d72378dbe93a	At the end of the series, the cybermen, controlled by Danny Pink, destroy the storm clouds by blowing themselves up in them, thereby destroying Missy's plans.
fd5dad4a5ab79be05cde3d0cb55217a8c8b5f853	Clara wants to personally kill the Master, but the Doctor does not let her do it.
fbe696dcc9a9a5546153836e3b2521f483708eb2	A second before the cyberman, who later turns out to be Brigadier Lethbridge Stewart, shoots, Missy manages to teleport.
5caeb5473da6f1de9fed7eb54300765e63d4301e	Character and abilities[edit / edit wiki text]
9cbea8f822199234472ebe740833c8cf0905da82	The Master is the classic archetype of a supervillain.
6f647d620b2fe7c97b4a662dbf028696ad31ae2a	In the series "Utopia", the Doctor calls the masked Master a genius and highly evaluates his intelligence before finding out who he really is.
bd82158ce21be6adf4cf7327d733f23b01a9feae	Having exhausted all my regenerations, I tried to restore them many times.
c17f2babb75696f1d35a2b5af4b036912ed2ce4c	Usually Time Lords can regenerate 12 times, but there are mentions that the Master has a large number of regenerations.
4a6cffd7d85d2d2aeeb22c5110a1ef45a9fe4680	In the series "The End of Time", he managed to be reborn with an unknown number of new regenerations.
82993e1618e6ce9da323f8ca44ddf02e6cfdc9bf	After their first meeting on the screen, the Doctor admits that he "very much hopes" to meet the Master again.
d2b0b30678b5bcc12ad1b691ecc23a078a5e1be9	In the series "Five Doctors", the Master says that " you should not even think about space without a Doctor."
91c2e93b3c45ad5db057978ef850e42648b8e831	The Third Doctor called the Master his best enemy.
b3921b6db90bc7cb2324fb27c65074c1c951188e	When the Master dies in the hands of the Tenth Doctor, the Doctor was broken.
37187d5fe3c189ceba301f0a07b80d0556d031ae	In the special issue "The Last Time Lord", the Doctor says to the Master: "I donot know who I would be without you."
6fc21ce4861d8e4efbd2fcb8bc62e8a8afa6f66b	In the series "Logopolis", the Doctor says about the Master: "He is a Time Lord.
ec6535e928b2f12d5cb387ecd15b8a92b0de067f	In many ways, we have the same thoughts."
7b6d6369e0802cf0ebe2df6bcd882a47794e5511	In the series "Merciless Killer", the Master manages to send a false telepathic prediction to the Doctor, but it is unknown whether he did it himself or with the help of some technology.
fc1d83116ee40d279eec9449fb8aef7be59480ad	In the series "The End of Time", during a telepathic communication with the Master, the Doctor learned that there is actually a knock in the Master's head.
ea2a0aa3e0e394eccf6feb987f2b8e3d66bc042e	Equipment[edit / edit wiki text]
3ddc775418fe96f0747ba9131d9acf9c741a56aa	In the classic series, the Master possessed a TARDIS with fully functional chameleon chains, which helped her to take the form of many things, including a horse carriage, a fir tree, a computer, a grandfather clock, an architectural column, an iron maiden and a fireplace.
a8e31b7e5a053b29a0ad04b0ec2ffe6536e41444	In the new series, it is unknown whether the Master's TARDIS still exists.
c08a47300fc83b54ef3975683deaa93336abe596	In the episode "Rise of the Cybermen", the Doctor claims that his TARDIS is the last, although at the time he also believed that he was the last Time Lord.
08f7fad4207642145b1d0c6559837863d69646bc	In the series "Utopia", the Master has to steal the Doctor's TARDIS, although it is not known exactly how he got to the end of the universe in the first place.
9298b9e7f2c94e09573b551bbd73726c83b7781a	In the later images, the compressor shot a red beam.
515b7f566d053f80d405bfa02ab52a07ffe7c70b	In the series "Drum Roll", the Master shows the Doctor his new weapon — a laser screwdriver that kills with one shot.
f87459ab091a6f8924dc9692b0ec92a86192d78d	It can also cause the target to age quickly, using a technology developed by Professor Lazarus ("The Lazarus Experiment").
15744a12ff7ac27fba0d26bdf0bbd3b06e4ff169	The screwdriver itself is equipped with a biometric system that allows only the Master to use it.
6d01bf7ae6c7589afb2e34a906899d9f021e27d1	Missy uses a device the size of a smartphone, with which she can receive information, as well as kill.
6323ff72909631e1ff69e02707c8b2c3ecc28871	She uses a special bracelet to control the cybermen.
106feecd9cc6652124a7d4bc13d586fc9ff68aeb	The Master (English) on the Internet Movie Database website
e9d8170d602400634605232cd5bc2db4379abc1e	Doc Doctor Who: Missy's identity revealed ↑ Episode "Drum Roll", written by Russell T. Davies, directed by Graham Harper, Colin Tiga, 23.06.07
c54004a5b8b42fdbcd27cf222a07d22247745b6f	There is a page on the topic in Wikicitatnik
dd2d29fa5fc63db9aecf469e517976e6c9da2b7d	"Doctor Who": Episodes and special issues with the Master
10c3f943a44b7b3d1bd3c456392e8f66c7dbc2ed	Roger Delgado
1c8a2cfc20d3f7a8e469c7f2bbe0971034bac7b8	Terror of the Autons • The Mind of Evil • Axon Claws • Colony in space • Demons • Sea devils • A temporary monster • The Cosmic Border
1f2f9f2f488b0c096cd670dfd1e7beaf1e361dab	Peter Pratt is a Merciless Killer
8d26c5b899465cf881f6b22d58e94833c27625ab	Geoffrey Beevers Keeper of Thrackan
d142ffe02a1544f1f01789ba5696d7b71ab93054	Anthony Ainley
78af98ffb730c4e561e2458c22ec8923ea84076e	Logopolis • Castrovalva • Time Flight • Demons of the King • Five Doctors • Planet of Fire • Mark of Rani • The last enemy • Survival
bb684e266cb43556383a8dad6cc7201e05823014	Eric Roberts Doctor Who
0f6f347ef0b649732d3f339b07b24e5461320cf5	Derek Jacobi "Utopia"
4a6188aaae55d31b627069a39081445a4cf7fc24	John Simm
6ea54646206574dca118f1424dd8fa49e131dc94	"Drum Roll" / "The Last Time Lord" • "The End of Time"
3346af17bd98578ad698d9bd29d452f9c40aa495	Michelle Gomez
e85b570e244e269c0cce69df3f5e0d9fb5fa7979	"Dark Water" / "Death in Heaven" • "Wizard's Apprentice" / "Witch's Familiar"
496ce5fb33c2a0b08d5621dfee4d960efe01768d	Minor appearances
e812fa6b1bc06ce077a3473532dc862a485b0a11	Androzani Caves • "Deep Breath" • "Inside the Distance" • "Caretaker" • "Plane" • "In the Night Forest"
9e131e1f788ee6fe267958757127ddbee2e4e17a	Doctor Who and the Curse of Mortal Death • Shalka's Cry
c2b7649cd3e27b3d99841f1b5ed452b8485ef12e	The villains of "Doctor Who"
b04afe26f2f24ee2d0d9dd807fd411a3570bf8b5	Villains
e51bbdc868abde4d47f055228fe7cc8f59f448ee	Borusa * Valeyard • The Great Mind • Davros • Daleks • Juduns • Zygons • Cassandra • Cybermen • Skaro Cult • Mara • Master • Monk • Heavenly Toymaker • Omega • Weeping Angels • Rani • Rassilon • Rutans • Sil • Slivins • Sontarans • Silence • Black Guardian
02b80efd5d5be209b64149b5b50a8d21a55fd824	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Master_ (Doctor Who)&oldid=82545611"
54d1de58b052286921097d801877cc8726cfa16f	Categories: Characters alphabetically Episodes of Doctor Who with the Master Villains of Doctor Who Time Lords Fictional Mass Murderers Fictional Dictators Fictional Emperors and Empresses Fictional hypnotists Fictional female murderers Master (Doctor Who)
64fab18599616b9d54adec4a4e04c35c7ca9779f	Hidden categories: Wikipedia:Articles with redefinition of the value from Wikidata Articles with links to Wikicitatnik
0cc939c7fdd5a296b0f72e8aa25b6a823260c9e3	Català Čeština English Español ─ارسی Suomi Français עברית 한국어 Portuês Simple English Türkçe Ukrainka Volapük
e4acca5536b442992e703ba1dd9b4e8cce6880ba	Last modified on this page: 08: 28, December 18, 2016.
763f9d465baf0683117e3f20c7dad26e6d16675a	This is the stable version, tested on December 25, 2016.
6873190f500837d646e88f82e1f0c111320fc88b	2 edits are waiting to be checked.
499f79fc3f2c420c94ebe19522d225f7d274cf20	Doctor Who Doctor Who
7a4e29edb00614f98683d3994877d751d2cf6e48	The logo of the series from 2014 Genre Science Fiction
a0ca89749c0cdb207dac164f0f4631fb70fc978d	Chronofantastic
7af7d6f9a29d033a06399fba97acb747b480231e	Author (s)
80f78d4d77db5111ab6f54920c76b20594eaed87	Sidney Newman
1b6bcb24fd39386b3c73a06e965583e9e4dcc32e	C. E. Webber
c42f880b33e866fcca992fabe1f108fd0944b1e4	Donald Wilson
7c2d00238b2cbcc277c0aaa72423e9a40ba8cc26	BBC production
99a0b72c4c0c2166bb0e38ba367d4693b1915223	Starring Various actors as the Doctor (currently Peter Capaldi)
9eef23fe2d13c2a374245a5ea352b4c6ed1bad90	Various actors in the role of companions (currently Pearl Mackie and Matt Lucas)
cf323b38350c8096ed14bd548ba535259795fac0	Composer Various (currently Murray Gold)
dc1c429c78821ba6194d76cd9660d1e43d7e0980	Country of manufacture United Kingdom United Kingdom
ab0a5267e82262ad89843cfbf1fd3dd194c9b742	Language English
6e65af1c0f1937e24a5cb7bab59a04399f07cfe4	Number of seasons 26 (1963-1989) + 1 TV movie
480f1b6a8041cae42257be6d368c5dcf950ed47a	9 (since 2005)
f15d814d9c65abc63634fb1633818c8600094ef8	Number of issues 827 episodes (list of episodes)
ea852c987e34c3a53bd8c0a5d53fdc88caf8992f	Production Executive Producer (s) Various (currently Steven Moffat and Brian Minchin)
935f4365b9cd9de48a287765cb46e815e000c02f	Camera Single -, multi camera shooting
ae1dd68ce707c1304ab2557327b56b0819659e52	Duration 25 minutes (1963-1984, 1986-1989)
6db0e57c413e3b8b2e9787eda8c02c73a022c40b	45 minutes (1985, since 2005)
f5cc29edb48c802f0573b528ee8cc616a85d7c3c	50-77 minutes (special editions)
09ab06a1bb2826078040573e2dd1fb74f7a1db66	The status is being removed
0eba160f66ce7e63f43943f3fd4eeb98c414cb98	Broadcasting Channel (s) BBC One (since 1963)
ceb790ce1fa9d947bfb73f9f18072609486ad9d6	BBC One HD (since 2010)
ff85500f0e379cb75b82d66c82b5ee8e9ce66a7d	BBC HD (2007—2010)
3341e391ee11f04e840a257b0d99ef8acf4727d8	Image format 405 line black and white (1963-1967)
cca766d1107dc1a20c3572096e5a74143441ebbd	576i black and white (1968-1969)
f7ec327f41842533ea8475133159e5ff09cdf81b	576i color (1970-1989)
24570a63130f2f81fbc421ffbbea6ea343104b7f	525 line NTSC (1996)
f3a3d77a4bb8dbd7113ebc808fb1cfe0b7225c96	576i 16:9 (2005—2008)
1d96699a5cdc2590628ab5b9f5cc83247f3ee53a	1080i (since 2009)
108274cb2083f5465652a2bfdefc46b6de61d599	Monophony sound format (1963-1987)
3cbdd578209b6680b35e9195fa43177bdc4438a5	Stereo (1983, 1988-1989, 1996, 2005-2008)
0b0d21180bd0a56159979e2500d4051abf4ed5ab	5.1 surround sound (since 2009)
110732169f4cb7f614e3b41a38c59ca6753e1ff1	Broadcast period from November 23, 1963 to December 6, 1989
ff974c7dc51891423f14f72e09aa6cb01db12fa6	Revived TV series:
195e3481f7f69df59b4254918d25f92ddeefd143	from March 26, 2005 to the present
b8f153385473f7082eb806b237241dc95b1d274d	Chronology Similar programs K 9 and company
183654a24b5533f661822f48419effb50df04590	Torchwood[⇨]
2da8250d1edbe61ebcdfb6a63ecea4cec0ceeac0	The Adventures of Sarah Jane[⇨]
680c067e6761e487a42f402ebc4794d08fed425f	K 9
48dbb7c5cf7bed02b0562b191120699b09933097	Doctor Who: Confidential
82f1b2616a49588c4ae6b4f859ca82c2da66ab8e	Doctor Who: Additional
41ff354b2b330bd1f8a0587675e43cb32a731f33	Class
0929bee362968212c43a74954cec4762518461dc	References bbc.co.uk/doctorwho IMDb ID 0056751;
59085d83cbda820150dddfdb0791968fb4816238	ID 0436992
d18e8a098d052670e25a518d2fdb6c34113fa0f4	"Doctor Who" is the longest running science fiction series in the world, an important part of the popular culture of Great Britain[12] and many other countries[13][14], the elements of the series are known and recognizable not only by its fans[1], which are in many countries of the world[15], they are called "whovians" (derived from the original name of the series "Doctor Who")[7]. He received public and critical acclaim for the imagery of stories, creative low budget special effects, innovative use of electronic music (created by the BBC Radiophonic Workshop) , etc., which was awarded many awards [⇨]. Several generations of British television screenwriters have been his long time viewers.
eab06a54d8daed5db930ace8a5b3b8de5860299c	In 1996, the TV movie "Doctor Who" was released, which was supposed to be the pilot episode of the continuation series, but the poor ratings of the tape in America thwarted this plan.
299c3d6968bff69da912993ff39b5f9dc0cdcf7b	The series was successfully renewed in 2005, with the numbering of the seasons starting from the beginning.
161d950eaa455ad0927a09396fdf752618a21ee4	In addition, there are five offshoot series: "Torchwood" [16], "The Adventures of Sarah Jane"[16], " K 9 and company "(pilot series only), the Australian "K 9"[1] and "Class".
3d527551e8414dc62711bb661fc28562b3fed947	The series was entered into the Guinness Book of Records as the longest running and most successful science fiction series[17].
e632a2706676ffa5e6287fb828db1dc3eb51f198	At the moment, the series was headed by 12 actors in the role of the Doctor.
763aac7877c79672d57714bcbf981754983e6ffe	On December 25, 2013, the last episode with Matt Smith in the role of the Eleventh Doctor was released, he was replaced by Scottish actor Peter Capaldi.
c32c2044249914738c5ca7dc1516cbe682680415	1 The history of the series 2 Characters 2.1 The Doctor 2.2 Satellites 2.3 Aliens and other creatures
9b704c0f8b4409f8a52b0c2bf678b5cb9cf124fb	3 Episodes 3.1 Lost episodes
1850a1af71f12c3c80d9d5641ece6bdf4ee7caab	4 Music 4.1 Main theme 4.2 Music in the series
21a92495ad328cbd7460931525284efe5fb1e70c	5 Impression and Popularity 6 Awards 7 Notes 8 Links 8.1 Official Sites 8.2 Other Sites
d08dec3ca80e83d380829d2df09c37394bc78e78	The history of the series[edit / edit wiki text]
5aab40287514b80f0a2f0117e4d97653b50bc5c2	"Doctor Who" first appeared on the BBC TV channel on November 23, 1963[⇨].
2eef388f72c338179f0d8e304a5f3a175ccd66a1	Initially, the series was aimed at a family audience[18].
0bb9265e85243eaae64ad158c57d47e57688ef4d	The series division of the BBC Drama department created 26 seasons that were broadcast on BBC One.
b3ebfb8ae08ee71f657f856224315a0678e44a38	However, a decrease in the number of viewers, a decrease in interest in the series, as well as an inconvenient broadcast time led to the suspension of filming of the series in 1989.
060f34913a335445e8096ec2ba711968846d7182	In fact, albeit informally, the series was closed by the decision not to shoot the already planned 27th season for broadcast in 1990, nevertheless, the BBC regularly confirmed that the series would be returned to the screens[19].
4b1f4f5eb44d21bedd5eaf75909176234a44e8f0	Despite the cessation of filming, the BBC hoped to find an independent company that would express a desire to re launch the show.
ee2f5955091453a652f73c388d3c43e079f85e3a	Philip Segal, an expatriate Briton who worked in the television division of Columbia Pictures in the United States, contacted the BBC about the possibility of such an agreement in July 1989, when the 26th season was still being filmed[19].
752c8e15241dd90a68667ef046dc2679932394b5	These negotiations eventually led to the creation of the television film Doctor Who, which was shown by Fox in 1996 and was created jointly by Fox, Universal Pictures, the BBC and BBC Worldwide.
0b45f68bac7be0d32096b9858596b12fd0ac3bae	Although the film was very successful in the UK (the film was watched by 9.1 million people), it was not so successful in the US and did not lead to the creation of the series.
931dfa026e918b7f1b6bbaf44ece9b23cd18169e	Licensed media products, such as novels and radio dramas, created new stories in the Doctor Who universe, but the situation with the television series remained uncertain until 2003.
d1298d7c769e2f1f1829ede37720168690f882d7	In September of this year, BBC Television announced the start of filming new seasons on its own after many years of attempts by BBC Worldwide to find support for the production of a full length film.
2fcaafd98caca8e70076ce40b9a4667a73022cee	The executive producer of the new incarnation of the series was the writer Russell T. Davies and the head of the drama department at BBC Cymru Wales (BBC Wales branch) Julie Gardner.
45b3d5990a3702daf64ab3c15a558e33bc1c45ee	The new version of the series was sold to many countries around the world.
6dfff92a5f170299005de00055622b25878012f9	Doctor Who finally returned to screens with the episode "Rose" on BBC One on 26 March 2005.
0a3eeda797bb9e9ecd8292426f35f085e448d488	In 2009, the full season was not filmed, although four special episodes were released with David Tennant in the title role.
3c4e4bcec494e92184f4024f244a8d951b4ee425	In 2010, Steven Moffat replaced Russell T. Davis as the lead writer and executive producer of the series.
5c9e38214e02f45d9894cebc51e7e27afe1d07af	In January 2016, he announced that he was stepping down as showrunner after the release of season 10 and in 2018, Chris Chibnell will take his place[20].
067265c5bd25010d124fbaf76fc79272a75cac8f	This distinguishes the series from the return of other well known series, which usually represent side lines of the old series or shooting the series anew, such as "Battlestar Galactica", or take place in the original universe, but at a different time and have other characters, such as" Star Trek: The Next Generation" and spin offs.
6f06c6e5b620c230a31fc52eada3e98fbba52c80	The 50th anniversary of the series in 2013 is widely celebrated in the UK[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][33][34][35][36][37].
00779c484bae4b270c91f55695f6bf2fcd177530	A mass wedding is scheduled for November 23, 2013 in London[1][38]. In November 2013, American actor Tom Hanks admitted that he loves the British television series Doctor Who since childhood:
625ac3598e49948492a3f9a141dfeafc832ec4a5	I have been familiar with Doctor Who since early childhood — " the actor noted.
5838c9e5c98a1a979f75f2ea98c7db2c16435cd6	— The first color TV in our family appeared in 1968.
7e5f22b6e9e62d9dacababd28ed7b1c594836956	We lived in California, and we had a lot of such channels that no one watches.
d9139e8d3a577e1c99fa666a8ef108f75656fee7	They showed Japanese cartoons and "Doctor Who".
7a0101cfcfdbb6ee67938cde946511f903ef1bf0	We watched this series all the time, because it was very strange.
7b8f47f59b6089fc43896fd6a2c3a49c7940a98f	Everyone spoke with a British accent, and there were also these huge robots in the form of a salt shaker… But he was very interesting.
e20085580c07b809c7071fb4acdc0aba4bddb42e	That's how I became a fan of the show.
156b5f826b6f1464019949629e81f920239bc1e2	Original text (English) [show]
00028273a659a84fbd03a32e80a08314ef5dd554	We got our first colour TV in 1968, and in California that meant all these extra channels nobody watched, filled with trippy Japanese cartoons – and Doctor Who!
18cfb7b9bbe4aae93979e0095c69d37f40d24672	And we always watched because the English video just looked so weird, and you had the guy with the big red hair and the bow tie.
3341e8b7bf77f0b4072a04d488d9dd2c9cc01490	“And everyone talked in English accents and there were these big salt and pepper shaker robots and we’d look at each other and say ‘Can you make any sense out of this?’
e8077bc40c79be8320b8278f4aa74707fb69c9f4	But it was… intriguing.
0f7f9e0b940553c05a803a0c1cb27b64219645a7	And that’s the root of my affection.
fef73dde050a45fd40b1b76cbb071244e49b60a2	— [39]
bf2d50e9c0bc1300a771e9502e5fe54a070010a9	In early 2014, the series was acquired for screening by North Korean television[40].
dd917bcddaadd5496a87d955c4ec5e3f8b48e118	In the plot of the computer game, which is the fifth part of the Broken Sword quest series, the series is on tour in Paris[41].
9118faf2c1f93cfd7e601d6ec164f7d7751c5f3b	Characters[edit / edit wiki text]
306a6fae9351aeaac8e99450d7f371ad08783ad2	Doctor[edit / edit wiki text]
f3b258cc759c495c4423a643d434ac27c79dd34f	Main article: Doctor (Doctor Who)
a8926987935088adf0445ce72b9d87d5f966e617	The Doctor is an eccentric alien traveler of great intelligence who fights injustice by traveling through time and space in his old time machine called the TARDIS, often accompanied by Earthlings ' satellites[12].
bd8660ee550142dfb7b290e8b30a81120036cadd	The TARDIS looks like a British police box[12] of the 1960s, but inside it is much larger, its name is an abbreviation of Time And Relative Dimension In Space (TARDIS).
622ed915bfa737f1d485b694bf7bd0c901339476	The Doctor belongs to a race of Time Lords from the planet Gallifrey.
8b527dcd2b3eda53bd0ea05f279df7f1a0be1bff	During the series, the Doctor "regenerated" several times, while his appearance and demeanor changed — this allowed the producers of the series to replace the performer of the main role, while emphasizing that the character, despite the change of face, remains the same, identical to all previous incarnations of the Doctor.
ff70df2b0645360a8c00bb4a3dcdd56e0a10b7d2	As of 2015, the main character of the series is already the Twelfth Doctor.
977d93912d94786c25a9f6fb9fb16b3a15015a96	Doctor Actor Years Photo The First Doctor William Hartnell 1963-1966[42]
c61f3dcfc9857990211655985979c97338d40b60	Second Doctor Patrick Troughton 1966-1969[42] Third Doctor John Pertwee 1970-1974[42] Fourth Doctor Tom Baker 1974-1981[42] Fifth Doctor Peter Davison 1981-1984[42] Sixth Doctor Colin Baker 1984-1986 Seventh Doctor Sylvester McCoy 1987-1989, 1996 Eighth Doctor Paul McGann 1996[42] Ninth Doctor Christopher Eccleston 2005 Tenth Doctor David Tennant 2005-2010, 2013 Eleventh Doctor Matt Smith 2010-2013[42] Twelfth Doctor Peter Capaldi 2013—Present
ba6092ab2c13cadc83eeadc32be7828d3021ff2f	In addition to the above actors, there are others who have played the role of the Doctor.
a036cc615fca92498f0ad3b3c8a5b3dad3d11c23	So, in 2013, John Hurt played a previously unknown incarnation, a Military Doctor.
ba8783377af871f4d8193ab1f2d465c15ad650cd	Chronologically, it was inserted between the incarnations of McGann and Eccleston, but in such a way as not to violate the established numbering of Doctors.
a6f1be6b12dcd9357aa3062b69628c92e9e7cc3b	Another such example is the actor Michael Jayston, who played Valeyard in the 1986 season called "The Trial of the Time Lord".
acbd36d07fd6e67c8fe96aba7adff3c43ec91522	He appeared as the embodiment of the dark features of the Doctor between his twelfth and last incarnations.
3cdec7533a3700c1976a6b0fce0e81af8b806513	The theme of time travel allowed the screenwriters to push different incarnations of the Doctor against each other.
133672ce390b2b9b7a4d4a869c09e3679219e0dd	So, the First and Second Doctors appeared in the series with the Third "Three Doctors" in 1973.
ed95eb5216a44637d0d2b75c01ed7d353059f03a	The first, Second, Third and Fourth appeared in the series of the Fifth "Five Doctors" in 1983.
4f131d4e10d4e342ccc6c8d91f4ad57cf10ba9b1	The second Doctor appeared with the Sixth in the series "Two Doctors" in 1985.
c53519fb61e440bb2254f830aa9bf50d401e57a6	The fifth appeared with the Tenth in the mini episode "Split in Time" in 2007.
f411f3c94be9480c541d6e09ba453f68d6e171dc	The eighth appeared in the mini episode "The Night of the Doctor" in 2013.
9467708efa2efecb9ca67a3dfd13d3556dcc3266	The Tenth appeared with the Eleventh in the 2013 episode "The Day of the Doctor", where all the previous Doctors also appeared briefly, as well as the Twelfth.
0a664537d21819b9544e3319a2af07c5184f3e0f	Throughout the existence of the series, there have been many disputes about the Doctor.
0c9e3f96f6551468e9dd22761322c091a523e03e	For example, in the episode "The Brain of Morbius", it was hinted that the First Doctor was not the first incarnation of the Doctor at all; during the period of the Seventh Doctor, there were hints that the Doctor was more than just a time lord.
6b0aa0862e0472ebf3344613f21e60212b78856b	By the 2005 series, the Ninth Doctor becomes the last known surviving time lord, although this fact is later refuted at the end of the 2007 season.
aeee59e9f09530ef2b8815e8caea15b762728f65	Satellites[edit / edit wiki text]
e03d1fc703b2b0b056b5caf24a008f06b055cd56	Main article: List of Doctor Who satellites
bf47b9d0e64666e95ba5f5f119cf1c49dedea1cb	Since 1963, more than 35 actors have been in this role.
8810725395a7697f54348f8da43a7b70c6200e46	The First Doctor's original companions were his granddaughter Susan Foreman (Carol Ann Ford) and schoolteachers Barbara Wright (Jacqueline Hill) and Ian Chesterton (William Russell).
d512c611e5506d79e554f16c245586e034b37bd5	Despite the fact that the Doctor's companions were mostly young attractive girls, the film crew of the series in 1963-1989 maintained a taboo on open romantic relationships in the TARDIS.
350ce41eb96a64cd05436bce20541d5648e31dab	This taboo was controversially broken in the 1996 TV movie, where the Eighth Doctor was shown kissing Grace Holloway.
9f1a5355777a96c98772eecb9fc821da789b8958	In the revived series, the theme of love relationships is also present, especially with the first companion of the Ninth Doctor, Rose Tyler, but almost all of the Doctor's constant companions had a kiss, although usually the background of such actions was not openly connected with love relationships, but rather with the events of individual series.
fc5ba60cd606c7bde6d4b98ba00eab8a3e9ae6d6	One of the former companions, Sarah Jane Smith (played by Elizabeth Sladen), along with the robot dog K 9 appeared in the episode "School Reunion" in the 2006 season about 13 years after the last appearance in the 30th anniversary episode of the series "Dimensions in Time" (1993) and 33 years after her first appearance in the series "Time Warrior", the first episode of which was released in 1973.
711ea9b19dca57e82056b3c60e2c1c9e3efad0e0	Sladen also became the main character of a separate independent spin off film "Forced Inaction" in 1995.
9deba956d15aeb01a4265bd7e9dc487926c60567	Later, her image became the main one in the spin off series "The Adventures of Sarah Jane".
307cec0d045681b86885848cb0b840cc8ec6dc57	Sladen appeared once again as Sarah Jane in the last two episodes of the fourth season of the new Doctor Who, as well as briefly in the 2009 Christmas special episode "The End of Time".
0eca05b876bcc76831de2bae89874ed7aa6e1a03	The list of companions of the Tenth Doctor is quite large, and many of them appeared again in the series "The End of the Journey" and/or the special Christmas series "The End of Time".
1d611e4ba60c9bb6c89d041678f9e3727007a3a3	Karen Gillan played the companion of the Eleventh Doctor [43] Amy Pond [44] along with Arthur Darvill, who played Amy's lover, and later husband, Rory Williams in seasons 5-7 of the new series.
cf84146c9ea3cd33af56495cc72a131ef7e1efc1	In the series "God Complex", the Doctor leaves them in his time with a donated house and car.
789f573b8e2c7d8de0bd91ab9f2981f187e2d75a	However, in the Christmas episode, the Doctor returns to them.
0e35679739860d62b2cd7660507ca56cbad320f4	Finally, the Doctor leaves the Ponds in the series "Angels take over Manhattan".
f70adb7155b0ff702b2e0cead7544d55b1a662cd	Jenna Coleman played the role of Clara Oswald, traveling with the Eleventh Doctor in season 7 and with the Twelfth Doctor for seasons 8 and 9.
0121378b889cb91eafeca4cca49f70dd10d28d29	Although not always considered a companion, Brigadier Lethbridge Stewart was a regular character in the classic series, appearing for the first time with the Second Doctor and for the last time with the Seventh Doctor.[45] Actor Nicholas Courtney, who played the Brigadier, had previously also starred in the 12 part series" The Plan of the Dalek Lord".
e67df5fae3f4fc2b60b6a7d569ee96a64ee7ac60	He appeared on the screen with all the incarnations of the Doctor in the classic series, except for the Sixth Doctor Colin Baker, however, he also appeared simultaneously on the screen with him in the charity special series "Dimensions in Time", as well as in audio plays produced by Big Finish Productions.
c6b7da6875d4c6bf7cf8f6f7000d6cfb53838800	Lethbridge Stewart (played by the same Kourtney) appeared in the two part series "The Enemy of the Bains" in the spin off "The Adventures of Sarah Jane" in 2008, more than 40 years after the first appearance of his character, which made him the longest running hero of the series besides the Doctor himself.
4de67c154136ee5139646693e77d12b7a6067095	He and UNIT appeared regularly during the time of the Third Doctor, and UNIT appeared or was mentioned in the revived series and its spin offs.
c674c5f3ff9d282517c33508bde7309a99739c7e	In the episode of the revived TV series "River Song Wedding", it is mentioned that the Foreman died in his sleep, but later he is resurrected as a cyberman.
60681b389777867e9c2f703cc87721f78a73102f	Similarly, River Song (Alex Kingston) became a regular character in the revived series.
d7484f26611b6139eaf3e7b1e47a973e5f9e0b63	She is an ambiguous character with knowledge of the future Doctor.
b155a73840bac5b631bb5371d633ab1477fa5ba2	In the series "A Good Man Goes to War" it becomes known that she is the daughter of Amy and Rory, who were then the Doctor's companions.
e9924dbba93c327037786be7abef147ac0368e89	She first appeared in the series" Silence in the Library "together with the Tenth Doctor, and from the episode" Time of Angels " began to play a more significant role.
d86e957372a79da4db55137e52913b5484a106f1	Aliens and other creatures[edit / edit wiki text]
c9f6d81bc5d69fdf94fdc38562b4e09462e78f14	Main Article: Doctor Who's List of Creatures and Aliens
e5651017626b358018e236670d86205534d5255c	When Sidney Newman created the series, he specifically did not want to repeat the cliche of the "bug eyed monster" of science fiction[46][47]
3ef38aed8038d4f7657c3f95cff476069e16cc3d	(BEM — Bug eyed Monster).
7498b9147a2bc4eae82ac46c1de24ed759fa26c1	After the revival of the series in 2005, producer Russell T. Davis announced his intention to gradually return the classic images of "Doctor Who": the Autons and Daleks appeared in the first season, the Cybermen in the second season, the Master in the third season, the Sontarans and Davros in the fourth season and the Time Lords (Rassilon) in the 2009-2010 special episodes.
4afa921a6f1a764aef5880101b9d4200b638a431	His successor, Steven Moffat, continued this trend by bringing back the Silurians in the fifth season, and in the seventh season, one of the main villains was the Great Mind (Yogi Sothoth), who appeared back in the era of the Second Doctor.
63ce2237571aae5449d7e9ba55ce0e872bc53cc2	Since the revival of the series, new alien races have also appeared: raksakorikofallapatorians, Uds[3], juduns, weeping angels[3], whisperers, as well as the religious association Silence.
a20eb1d1ab09593cbfbbbf0a206ebf810245e103	The Doctor also meets his other incarnations.
8bc3af94dc78c111a20f67a8d68e9e9103289951	Series[edit / edit wiki text]
cf01b379683a5932ddbbec9910f0dfba9c120783	Main article: List of episodes of the TV series "Doctor Who"
4ac5c611aa1d03ef506b088dc3f70f14998de2e4	Fiberglass TARDIS used on the set in 1980-1989
ce5919495283e7e3b159ad8d5ab15a5f98a20e87	Doctor Who was originally broadcast for 26 seasons on BBC One from 23 November 1963 to 6 December 1989.
3475d584e137ac71449d7c47bac051b1afb1087f	During this period, each weekly episode was part of a single story (series), which consisted of 4-6 episodes in the first years and 3-4 in the following.
623c81dcb78ab99baa077aad3979354154b128d4	Among the exceptions, we can note "The Plan of the Dalek Lord", which ran for 12 episodes (plus the previously shown backstory "Mission to the Unknown", in which none of the usual cast members participated)[48], season 7, consisting almost entirely of 7 episodes, a 10 episode series "War Games" [49], an 8 episode series "Invasion" and "The Trial of the Time Lord", which ran for 14 episodes (although it was divided into three production codes and four plot segments) during season 23[50].
a025d06513b22fde2d18eb5d606ca3dc02ac852f	Sometimes the series were connected by a storyline, such as the season 8 story arc dedicated to the Doctor's fight with the Master, and the story arcs in seasons 16, 18 and 20.
08f6fcd15d16ee5795360571595bc6c12b88b6a9	The program was supposed to be both educational[16] and family, which will be watched early on Saturday evening.
4ce5bfe1ce41234f40204d86e526d316a13c7264	Initially, the series alternated stories from the past, which told a young audience about history, with stories in the future or space, telling about science[16].
07fde9e54c1df95a977d2d68ebef6d9d05877409	This was also reflected in the Doctor's first companions, one of whom was a science teacher and the other a history teacher.
f593cdb7baf583b0317e73f8b4de50bf422783e3	Gradually, however, science fiction stories came to dominate the "historical"[16], which were unpopular among the creators of the program and had completely disappeared after a series of "Highlanders" (1967).
8a5405dc8b8261a700d8fde85610066ac053f81d	Although the subjects continued to use historical settings, all the same it was only a setting for science fiction stories, with the exception of the series "Black Orchid", which takes place in England in 1920[51].
5897c41b338dcf34238d1ff8d1f39d8df008b225	Early stories had a "serial" character, where the story flowed into another, and each episode had a separate title, although each story was independent and had a separate code.
d78ed709d36283efe0759cb2b3426f922ba2bcf3	After the series "Sharpshooters" (1966), individual titles began to give the whole story, while the constituent episodes had just a number within the framework of this story.
1b848b62ddb382ec89c7774843dbefa7e24afb51	There are often disputes among fans of the series about the names of the early stories.
6985930af464639b57579420927a0fd1db2a61cd	Among the writers of the series, we can note Robert Holmes (as the most productive), Douglas Adams (as the most famous outside of Doctor Who due to the popularity of his "Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy"), as well as Steven Moffat (as the most famous of modern screenwriters due to his "Sherlock", as well as the longest playing).
94c4187e5573332548bf3674610bdbafc0b8cf51	The format of the series was changed when the series returned in 2005, now each season consists of 13 45 minute independent episodes (60 minutes with advertising on commercial TV channels), as well as a longer episode broadcast on Christmas Day.
1da3c2aa05ace9f9448333250b2abd4012199cb2	Each season includes several separate stories consisting of several parts.
39364697847018e74c1ca29da0e23887fda7902d	All stories are usually connected in one way or another with the story arc, which is resolved at the end of the season.
65e95281189bb62b6a7ba86a0f61377a0171f0e1	As in the early era of the "classic" series, each episode, regardless of whether it is a separate story or part of a big story, has its own name.
95a83ab17679a7ae5b9cdcaea47501c73b451062	Sometimes episodes of the season exceed 45 minutes, such as" The End of the Journey "(2008)," The Eleventh Hour "(2010), and" Deep Breath " (2014), the duration of these three episodes is more than an hour.
fbbc816dd3b5155bbdb874ecd057f5b759948d01	As of December 25, 2016, the series has 264 independent episodes, including 827 episodes shown since 1963, including:
5b655d57d328af9cd15975c6851041a3f20f3f9a	25 minute episodes (the most common format);
f3d5af3e2add0f264f2b7da257aec51fb53df5aa	45 — minute episodes ("Resurrection of the Daleks" in the 1984 season, the entire 1985 season, as well as the revived series); one special edition of the "classic" series lasting 90 minutes: Five Doctors (1983) one full length film: a television film (1996); twelve 60 minute Christmas episodes; four special episodes lasting from 60 to 75 minutes (2007 and 2009); mini episodes lasting approximately 8 minutes each for the charity telethon "Children in Need" (2005 and 2007), for a thematic Promenade concert dedicated to Doctor Who (2008), for "Detente with Laughter" (2011, in two parts).
183c89ba28021f69bbd92fc4702623f16b2fa47d	The revived series was filmed in a wide format PAL 576i DigiBeta.
ebbbad815dca9f0a9372b9293412478660a8d2ff	Starting with a special series in 2009, "Planet of the Dead", the series is filmed in 1080i format for HDTV[52] and is broadcast simultaneously on BBC One and BBC HD.
bf3671e30973b0340bc7934513eddf8a7d283f22	The sixth season of the revived series was divided into two parts: in the spring (from April 23 to June 4, 2011) and in the fall (from August 27 to October 1, 2011).
445f8158f9531c2e936436b8351aa1ca362cfbef	The show of the final season of the series called "The Wedding of River Song" took place.
ca3927020b8b1b264aaa99abeb2d53855b1bfefa	On December 25, 2011, the Christmas special "The Doctor, the Widow and the Wardrobe" was released.
7c9f559c03f816ff51d7c8833072fb50a9185315	The seventh season of the series was also divided into two parts: one part was broadcast in the fall (from September 1, 2012), the second — in the spring (from March 30, 2013).
cb989139a855a8c626a06946ff93ee31c8819db6	Lost episodes[edit / edit wiki text]
0ec7faa8329f525f2afab0f3f5bd39c2359b1bd6	Main article: Lost episodes of the TV series "Doctor Who"
9bbf50ac6392a9228c686ddcbdfdf281d3618f21	Reconstruction of one of the episodes of the series "The Plan of the Dalek Lord", at the bottom of the subtitles indicate events that are not obvious from the audio track and the photos shown.
aa2ddd39ffe4d86db854c86eabb48e7bf30a529f	From 1964 to 1973, a huge amount of materials stored in various video and film libraries of the BBC were destroyed [53], erased or suffered from poor storage conditions, which led to severe damage and deterioration of quality, which made them impossible to show.
c5575977b9fd995da0b8d7af6d357c10bbfc994a	Among them were many old episodes of Doctor Who, mostly stories with the first two incarnations of the Doctor: William Hartnell and Patrick Troton.
4c03625ca0e0ff3fa42a211213ab00e24174a845	After all the restorations and finds, the archives contain a complete collection of episodes, starting with the color era of the series (since the time of Jon Pertwee as the Doctor).
df482ff2d484dbc0f78c4fe1725800c8006530a8	Several episodes with Pertvi's participation required deep restoration, and some were restored only in black and white, and some were preserved in color only in NTSC format, thanks to restored copies from North America (some of which are low — quality home cassette recordings on Betamax).
2ef68cb6ee83c324329e0bcf30476fd829bee128	A total of 97 of the 253 episodes filmed in the first six years (mainly the third, fourth and fifth seasons, of which 79 episodes are missing) are missing from the BBC archives.
87cdd1e5b2128c52978981bfe0bff5a55374c49d	It was reported that in 1972, all the series created by that time were with the BBC[54], while the practice of erasing and destroying "extra" copies ended by 1978[55].
62dc87e0ca52769c9067ee80f363e8a9852f32ae	None of the episodes from the 1960s survived on the original videotape (all surviving copies were recorded on film), but some were transferred to film for editing even before the broadcast, so they are in fact originally broadcast.
489b1ef33d2c389107851216377be143c7377efe	Some episodes were returned to the BBC from the archives of other countries that bought copies of the series for screening, or by individuals who purchased them in various ways.
67244305ce7da5d3fcf10b0c96b477cc06084fa4	The archive also includes early color videotapes made by fans during the show of the series, as well as excerpts captured from the television screen on the camera and clips shown as part of other programs.
e1baa1ff650d0d2f8cb3875400ca72f9bc4e8b92	Audio versions of all the lost episodes exist thanks to the recordings of ordinary viewers.
7a4c1bc0b86dd292119be922fcfeace066132e5b	In addition to the above, there are also voiceover photos taken by photographer John Kura, who was hired by various film crew members to document their programs in the 1950s and 1960s, including Doctor Who.
d884e7813ca957acbaa3f300746734f8d463d291	These photos were actively used to reconstruct the missing series.
f1952ad5be2f88280c5bd2e86710f8703e146bc0	These amateur reconstructions were authorized by the BBC, they are sold without the purpose of making a profit and are distributed as low quality VHS copies.
f35d88ae29e20481c6c534bf26e7b0b40a55798c	One of the most wanted lost episodes is the fourth part of the last story of William Hartnell, "The Tenth Planet" (1966), which ends with the regeneration of the First Doctor into the Second.
3701164fd99ddef148fbcec9cac7fe7a8f860aab	All that has survived from this episode, apart from a few 8 mm clips of poor quality and without sound — is a few seconds of the regeneration scene, since it was shown in the children's program "Blue Peter" [56].
0b6cef64b97e90b18c3ae59ff52cf55a2f060f94	With the approval of the BBC, efforts are now being made to restore the maximum number of episodes from the preserved material.
d312be1196746c2ac49774cb35dc160e3190189b	Beginning in the early 1990s, the BBC began to release audio recordings of the missing episodes on cassettes and CDs with a connecting story by former actors of the series.
77db92035eb6b01151ac8b0a19331d240ea7d7ec	The" official " reconstructions were also released by the BBC in VHS format, on MP3 CD ROMs and as special additions on DVD.
480337933b4c0ea250bcf7c9e07a31a49fe8be88	The BBC, in collaboration with the animation studio Cosgrove Hall Films, reconstructed the missing episodes 1 and 4 from the Invasion series (1968), using updated audio recordings and full stage recordings of the original shooting for the release of the series on DVD in November 2006.
e2ecec4391bf2fe6b72db5c2c8597f32a68fc970	Cosgrove Hall has expressed interest in animating other lost episodes as well.
5ec1780fc47ed46dbfad601ad5dda71525baed64	In June 2011, it was announced that the missing episodes of the Reign of Terror series will be animated by the animation company Theta Sigma in collaboration with Big Finish Productions[57][58].
73a6d3144b211e3ec03087d17e12095db4fb006c	In April 2006, Blue Peter launched a competition to find missing episodes, promising a full size model of a Dalek as a reward[59].
716f377d1601aa270f642918e4a8dd5e4e6a3943	On December 11, 2011, it was announced that two lost episodes were found: "Airlock" (episode 3 of the series " Galaxy 4 "season 3) and episode 2 of the series "Underwater Threat" (season 4)[60].
3b70e3ea4fadf258bb0bc1a9033287c7a912089e	On 10 October 2013, the BBC announced that eleven episodes, including nine episodes previously thought to be missing, had been found at a television relay station in Jos, Nigeria.
ce0351af9eb08d4d3a6cf59fbd2d27fdf6202646	Episodes 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6 of the "Enemy of the World" series were discovered, so now all episodes of the series have ceased to be lost, and episodes 2, 4, 5 and 6 of the "Web of Fear"series.
a04a44e15b7e62bfdcae0fee7d33815285ada114	The third episode of this series is still considered lost[61].
12c49b0c598848ea9bc991c5ac1476b6ffc9c549	Music[edit / edit wiki text]
e812169d29bc5a487bc72eb3ec584cbaaa48a242	Main topic[edit / edit wiki text]
3f41d9c9956393d95c181f643094cd60e02bcde4	The composition of the original theme was written by Ron Greiner and created by Delia Derbyshire at the BBC Radiophonic Workshop with the assistance of Dick Millis.
a8b4ac0afbae6de6695c850ac68e53d4cfa6e0a0	The Derbyshire arrangement, with minor changes, served as the main theme until the end of season 17 (1979-80).
1efade9d1333461f4b0150458ce37b0b7437a8bb	Another arrangement was recorded by Peter Howell for season 18 (1980), then a new one was created by Dominic Glynn for season 23 (1986).
bfe25ab7a6522a617d72baadb7ccd2e3b98d8935	Keff McCulloch remade the composition that was used from season 24 to season 26 (1987-1989).
ab95b9134e7042f85122f189789a0111d45dea57	In the episode" Christmas Invasion " (2005), Gold used an improved arrangement for the closing theme, which was used until the end of the 2007 season.
b700f87dfbfae50d53673fc070817915be38bcaa	His next arrangement was used in the series "Journey of the Damned" (2007) [62]. Then he created a new version in 2010, which received negative reviews from some viewers[63].
cde8dd5ed2c8310e823f4f4a908504df0a2890c1	In 2011, the main theme took the 228th place in the Classic FM's Hall Of Fame radio station chart.
fc030faf58a72d40cf98ebfe2823ccf8af28c374	A new musical theme was introduced in the Christmas special of 2012[64].
054d8dd7c1b4307eb318d4bf12bf6a3a897b1f08	Remixes of the "Doctor Who" theme have been released by many artists.
433bc466ff1bf151953476738ba5171bbf05efa4	In the early 1970s, John Pertwee, who played the role of the Third Doctor, recorded a version of the theme with verses called "Who Is the Doctor" [65].
198aca592fa9b4babfb36a1b04a34d93bd9ca18b	In 1978, a disco style version by the band Mankind was released in the UK, Denmark and Australia, which reached number 24 in the UK charts.
91325240af7fcb1514891dd6fca76b7abcfb3ff1	In 1988, The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu (later known as The KLF) released the single "Doctorin' the Tardis" under the pseudonym The Timelords, which reached number 1 in the UK and number 2 in Australia[66].
31cd16b009bfe4fbdca41c1ea6071c7a60afc2b5	Also, versions of the theme were created by Orbital [66], Pink Floyd[66], the Australian string ensemble Fourplay, the New Zealand punk band Blam Blam Blam, The Pogues, Thin Lizzy, Dub Syndicate and comedians Bill Bailey and Mitch Benn in the TV show The Chaser's War on Everything.
619fc2d971300a950884401c946a0d6303ea9f53	The theme has also appeared on various compilations and is available as a ringtone.
d8bea3a37423cb0abd48e52e90be8b1e05728e76	Fans also released their own remixes on the theme.
07ffecc420422f1dea63aa43cf125f73ff1bad4c	In January 2011, the band Mankind released a version on the album Gallifrey And Beyond.
e0eff20390e7f12e9af0d5969d1bf05397ce2cd4	Music in the series[edit / edit wiki text]
01147892f1227482b7bf3d2ca7fd8c0d14b97994	Most of the innovative music for Doctor Who was written by independent composers, and in the early years music from the music library was also used, along with excerpts from original recordings or cover versions of popular artists such as The Beatles and The Beach Boys.
359088a4dcf220721455fe630c51b754ac2657b0	The music for the first series, Unearthly Child, was written by Norman Kaye.
8ad4ca8d9d4682fe621c13da38c9e64802dbe45b	The soundtracks for many episodes of the William Hartnell era were written by electronic music pioneer Tristram Carey, who was listed in the credits for the series Daleks, Marco Polo, the Dalek Master Plan, Sharpshooters and Mutants.
3ff464fcbf99f96d777d554e17690345ba258aa4	The music was also created by Richard Rodney Bennett, Carey Blyton and Jeffrey Bergon.
6d07dc533e7e7e47726f68b1730755ce83200f7a	The greatest number of compositions were written in the first 15 years by Dudley Simpson, who created the music for the TV series Blake's Seven.
6e2b08a34f56a97bc1d93ddb874a2e4c2fa02b6c	For the first time, Simpson wrote music for the series Planet of the Giants (1964), including most of the stories with the Third and Fourth Doctor, ending with the series Horns of Nimon (1979).
aaac7a64efe2e1f5a5f06d8ae80787611c98437a	The composer starred in the series Claws of Weng Chang (as a conductor).
ea3ec15eb10722f7f6e1999451ce74d2b02bff17	Starting with the Free Swarm series (1980), Radiophonic Workshop was engaged in creating music.
7be05b12008cf4e2d8c9a87c34499bf3e17044a8	Paddy Kingsland and Peter Howell wrote most of the songs, as well as Roger Limb, Malcolm Clark and Jonathan Gibbs.
95cbeb738822e575d28d088c3bd279c198cc6705	The BBC Radiophonic Workshop ceased to be used from 1986, with the Trial of the Time Lord season, and Keff McCulloch became the main composer until 1989, also writing music was handled by Dominic Glynn and Mark Ayres.
f53db37880098c013100bd094ab1907c29b5ebf2	The music for the revived series is written by Murray Gold and Ben Foster and performed by the BBC National Orchestra of Wales, starting with the episode "The Christmas Invasion" (2005).
6bf789a0bbe64463d5fd4358c08037da58c200e0	David Tennant was the host, Murray Gold and Russell T Davies answered questions during breaks, Daleks and Cybermen also participated.
9f79fa588524bbfea5cddbd6bf798b964b49e417	The Doctor Who Promenade concert took place on July 27, 2008 at the Albert Hall.
9258142775c5fec9ea76bfad43511fb23a846dcc	The BBC Philharmonic Orchestra and the London Philharmonic Choir performed Gold's compositions for the series, conducted by Ben Foster.
befc50f54b2b27eb75d401f14aa981225e97e983	The host was Frima Agyeman, the actors of the series and various monsters participated.
e48a17046c16b927cb5e0d410333fc6f8826daf7	The special issue "Music of the Spheres"was also shown[67].
90d6964f42a11d5bdb720924cdb1d9e4dd8962fe	The first contained music from the first and second seasons, [68] the second and third contained music from the third and fourth seasons, respectively.
d28b6afe130573e9184f5e4e8cb3be7798579fc7	The fourth was released on October 4, 2010 on two discs and contained music from the special releases of 2008-2010.
51a27263e44bcccc1287f10c9782d025fca9d0c7	The soundtrack for the fifth season was released on November 8, 2010.
ef9d004121903e2ed3c1f30f5385f263c46baf2f	In February 2011, the soundtrack for the special release "A Christmas Carol" was released, and in December 2011, the soundtrack for the sixth season, both on the Silva Screen Records label.
93bd74ca11aad73fcf60c3fda4cb0ece01318a91	In September 2013, the soundtrack for the seventh season was released[69], and a month later - for the special issues "Snowmen" and "The Doctor, the Widow and the Wardrobe"[70].
051463aa59419e522338692b105df6c4369df331	On November 24, 2014, a CD containing music from the special issues "Doctor's Day" and "Doctor's Time"was released[71].
eaf86d631f0b419febea34c4c8babb68f8105100	On May 18, 2015, the soundtrack for the eighth season was released[72].
21b009e2001bf4cedbb5ba4cae19a58064c0e43c	Display and popularity[edit / edit wiki text]
f55d1d2858c25c2e831ad22c0ab2a4f561df9327	This article or section describes the situation in relation to only one region, possibly violating the rule of balanced presentation.
dc79f290a141e2ae5d8740458f7d21f36ef862d1	You can help Wikipedia by adding information for other countries and regions.
ff47095bf01615a34391966f95dd60069b03d87d	"Doctor Who" first appeared on the BBC TV channel at 17: 16: 20 GMT on November 23, 1963[73][74], a day after the assassination of US President John F. Kennedy[75][1]. In connection with this event, the first episode was shown again the following week along with the second.
cf6b57bb3964f43d8e3359832795e831853cb47d	"Doctor Who" has gained popularity since its inception.
cc0d9fc113500fdf32837fd1d7756f3439f06cdc	Already in 1969, Monty Python was laughing at the series[75].
fdd6c88da62183b34f9eb032d090dcb177401c85	Later, the rights to show five seasons of the revived Doctor Who were acquired by the Sci Fi Channel (later renamed Syfy Universal), then Universal Channel[76][77]. After the termination of Syfy Universal broadcasting in Russia (in February 2013), which showed seasons 1-5, the Universal Channel continued to show the Doctor Who series until February 11, 2013.
a6b81fedc4acd13386e84f8e4c297f58f8526b36	In 2012, VGTRK acquired the rights to show and voice the revived Doctor Who series into Russian (from season 5), and in the fall of 2012, the fifth and sixth seasons were shown on the Karusel TV channel[78].
69d85bbdf19a6bdcb8ce70661777c3f29673e269	In the fall of 2013, the show of season 7 began.
f22a5715df0a3da15a4cc2d0681a5a3d7b79f7c0	In January 2015, the show of season 8 began.
45c5db4274175b1f65015d1b853a885c9a026bcd	On November 11, 2013, the show of 2-4 seasons of the revived series began on the Disney channel [1].
d7b8b2dc3660715a0cf5d37b9f18fcfa5b06f9e5	On November 23, 2013, a special issue dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the series, "The Day of the Doctor", was shown on the Karusel and NST TV channels.
dc5ae696bd8c69c3561dc53d41536640a80f5feb	The special issue was announced in Russian by order of VGTRK.
8504fca6fa25a9d15e84cfd65b3e386a9f8ce751	The episode was also shown in 3D in cinemas in certain countries of the world, including in 76 cities of Russia.
ad97582af13f6bff763a792b0e0f9dc970d5ffa9	The organizer of the screening of the anniversary series in cinemas was the art association "CoolConnections" [79].
60805183a2e88c9ccc636fa0256a788ee354053a	TV Channel Date of the first broadcast Date of the last broadcast Seasons of STS[1] March 27, 2006 April 10, 2006 1 June 30, 2008 August 22, 2008 1-3 Sci Fi Channel / Syfy Universal[1] 2008 December 4, 2012 1-5 Real Scary TV 2010 2015 1-7 Universal Channel December 10, 2012 February 11, 2013 3-5 Carousel [1] August 25, 2012 September 30, 2014 5-8 Disney [1] November 11, 2013 2015 2-4
f121818706db507e44b880c263665fe423823dc7	Awards[edit / edit wiki text]
bda018e0fb9ca5f1b6c85b7c78832815f470fc36	Main article: List of awards and nominations of the TV series "Doctor Who"
8470e095586208ae656b11416fee2360e5acb12b	In 1996, BBC television celebrated the 60th anniversary of broadcasting, where Doctor Who received the title of "Most Popular Drama", en:EastEnders and Casualty also participated in the rating[80].
ad88b7635990d626e28cf130481e79d378a36fe8	The series also took 9th place in the list of "100 greatest children's TV shows" of Channel 4 in 2001[82].
4c12e593d98ce8bfe383894e7d48c1c25fc13f77	The revived series received more awards than the classic series, critical and public recognition.
487e1ea17865c6d8d55eb316cbab8a0111344bdb	He has received 5 BAFTA TV Award awards, including the award for Best TV Series[1] (2006), the famous and most prestigious British award for television series for which Doctor Who has ever been nominated[83].
48b7991f0b51dfb1fae2490110677d18b8b3aea9	The TV series is very popular at the BAFTA Cymru Awards, where it has won 25 times, including the categories Best Drama Series (2), Best Screenplay/Screenwriter (3) and Best Actor[84].
d85c7ee09961c563625f8870a1d0d9a6bbf4ace9	He was nominated 7 times for the Saturn Award, winning 1 time (the award for "Best International TV Series").
886b75c4abcbb952c62c96ba76ab30e294c63226	In 2009, Doctor Who became the 3rd greatest show of the 2000s on Channel 4, losing to Top Gear and The Apprentice[85].
ca64ecaffe51a189cb6e17bbc357dcaab8785971	The series "Vincent and the Doctor" was on the list for the 2010 Mind Mental Health Media Awards for the" touching " presentation of Vincent van Gogh[86].
a71f6e33f81718fe47346ae6c2fb3532c32a24c5	Since 2006, the series have received the Hugo Award for Best Production.
280b66981a1a85600a70b367d6b94aa054a60844	The following series received the award: "The Empty Child" / "The Doctor is dancing" (2006), "The Girl in the Fireplace" (2007), "Donot Blink" (2008), "The Waters of Mars" (2010), "The Pandorica opens" / "The Big Bang" (2011)[87][88][89][90] and "The Doctor's Wife"[91].
1d2d534f359924ac9e1d9162a5052e356e31294d	Matt Smith won the Best Actor Award, and Karen Gillan won the Best Actress award at the National Television Awards in 2012[92].
2f80fb8bd5126a0805187efeaa86c2736587e937	Doctor Who has been nominated for awards 103 times and won 85 of them.
d4367530f2261c24f2b6f50efa3111ddb8cc8ca0	In most cases, the series was nominated for British awards, for example BAFTA[1], but also for American ones, for example, the People's Choice Award (the category "Favorite Sci Fi Show" in 2008) and the Scream Awards "Best Science Fiction Actor", which Matt Smith received in 2011[93].
2a9cba4e3f6907485b56e84062f4f287619a5648	↑ Go to: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 The series "Doctor Who" celebrates its 50th anniversary ↑ "Doctor Who" set a new record (September 28, 2009).
495a4f1d4b6248552de86c027e93178ccdbfdc67	Verified on September 17, 2013.
ac028ce22ef1127bb8251a431c34b9a7cb296c83	↑ Go to: 1 2 3 4 For the 50th anniversary of Doctor Who, it will be immortalized on Royal Mail stamps.
b03a5515243329f0c8189c0189ad2dc3d304c14e	Verified on September 21, 2013.
bd52ab7359c3b8eb28c72e57ea6bb3ae26bed7cd	↑ BESTIARY: BESTIARY.
8c702289c1afef7c4a15ab240a28c0dce744fbee	CYBORGS.
aaf27c39c9f33bb39656e954e8b1aa7341205245	THE COSMOS WILL BE THEIRS!.
d485ca79a0e9f87485659fc6eeea1d29bf60596f	↑ MF NEWS Doctor Who: and here's a dozen!.
ef99868339adef5b9797121b426c972ecb1aaf73	Бори Boris Nevsky.
34acf1da870c9996235a33aa003acfdae2d38864	INTERVIEW: STEVE PERRY, WRITER OF REBORN FANTASTIC NOVELIZATIONS.
d4db1647d8e47b5282960a593fc9ea42e5c1c1ef	STEPPED OFF THE SCREEN (February 2008).
8d3c931569a9a9b917cd6518a798a6f04b8f1660	Checked on September 17, 2013.
6fd48166d48bb9b706427f0912748eb2da66d7bf	↑ Go to: 1 2 Mikhail Popov.
bb8451350bb034d5caf14a7684136f4971a81259	REVIEWS: DOCTOR WHO (July 2007).
6221f87a24c65fcd6570df1927073ecaa3349a88	Another "Torchwood"?
8137c81376e07daac1521cc4b34a2ccd7fc032b2	(November 13, 2009).
cf87c7cd1519c384ad08d49b9f453e8b4dd930fb	↑ On Sunday, the name of the new "Doctor Who" will be announced (August 2, 2013).
bcf669f483ac8369a828891c08e182265554de43	↑ Early episodes of the cult series "Doctor Who"have been found.
472ecec604c23c6c7f6f215572f8b33eceef9285	Cult TV series (December 12, 2012).
8ff5546336106c9dc60e2e4159ec476111b7077b	Куль The cult TV series "Doctor Who" celebrates its 50th anniversary.
160c4fd6d427dfce3b081e94654e35e7093827fb	NTV (September 24, 2013). Verified on September 26, 2013.
864d020ed6e772fcfa8adea9ceddb8650a341189	Archived from the original source on September 26, 2013.
d38673c835a421096ddd40ccc4534daa98bfdfa4	↑ Go to: 1 2 3 Waiting for the Doctor By the beginning of the new TV season "Doctor Who" (Doctor Who), popular science, 2005, 4 seasons, is being filmed ↑ (14 September 2006) "The end of Olde Englande: A lament for Blighty".
9308a080bb8f345fb5ab0b3f72311d3b3192ad30	The Economist.
8da65cf956679fbb05daefe5d7d229d0ac8e63ad	Checked on September 18, 2006.
c60d51e4fd2f326c2df064c476f495150fa6ec2b	ICONS.
1b11933a44a5677cfbe0ac352a05861078013d71	A Portrait of England.
fc5bc49286afa52841a200b9571dbc675134da87	Checked on November 10, 2007.
d42d46bdd58f0826e95b8e9c48c4f2fe08744d24	↑ Moran, Caitlin.
5b8186f205724e65261039414417e5bdd1d030db	Doctor Who is simply masterful, The Times, London: News Corporation (30 June 2007).
492c7af6cae3e4c1a22b3a0d147062f7b61737ce	Accessed 1 July 2007.
c89c326f9733123230de8b847ad9e41ee0a987d9	"[Doctor Who] is as thrilling and as loved as Jolene, or bread and cheese, or honeysuckle, or Friday.
52c85f980575cec23ee3a37ff4185e32c33ca99f	It's quintessential to being British.».
640bd9c873d8526bb7ebaa4eec9049646279edfe	↑ "WB": A club has been created in Barnaul for fans of comic book heroes ↑ Go to: 1 2 3 4 5 Enemies of the worlds: portrait of a hero. doctor who.
1191968935d28d249bdc975f24badc138bfb868a	Publishing house "Technomir".
2bd6e2505a605f20aa3f72701572566563ca88cf	↑ Arseny Krymov.
5a1dbeab5bc779ca4b5bcc1b9ba7b65e1b8df7f9	TREASURES OF CINEMA 25 MAJOR SCIENCE FICTION SERIES.
b72959c34b4c13f2e6dd1a32d870d49d7fad9417	DOCTOR WHO (1963-2008) (September 1, 2008). Verified on September 9, 2013.
a030e152f8d8bdaa54589c57cd2395a8fc3d0520	↑ Howe, David J.; Mark Stammers, Stephen James Walker.
4b161c110d86a6c10b85a9609240d9526764d74c	= Doctor Who: The Sixties.
6ec7e3b31d3eb0466a696b4a206c840be5e63f3f	- London: Virgin Books, 1992.
1e52c98fc9cbbe141dfb37d1a011973690bba5b0	3 — - ISBN 0-86369-707-0.
ae56421f315e420d3bad77913290d148043ceff5	(English) ↑ Go to: 1 2 Doctor Who Magazine Eighth Doctor Special, Paninni Comics, 2003 (English) ↑ Dowell, Ben.
d7e9c8081e64b1d701a96f45aca3c857aed5cbc8	Doctor Who showrunner Steven Moffat quits to be replaced by Broadchurch creator Chris Chibnall.
a398de44b3fc0fe1453d5f2e528b350337350548	Radio Times (January 22, 2016).
c6c07407bb03df39e2e94a656c5a0832cc91dfa2	Checked on January 23, 2016.
bf3e4b2f9b0c7227ce98b2976e0ddf501dee6edf	Archived from the original source on January 23, 2016.
b6d1c64bbdceacf86b896a19019a30c10b8a14b5	↑ Steven Moffat stands down and Chris Chibnall to take over.
71ac42d345ec316e558f7a54c1c281995d8f7c61	The official website of the series (January 23, 2016).
f51ed7026d034533013f9bda9486f8a67bf73155	↑ Doctor — for the 4th time ↑ Doctor Who Anniversary ↑ Doctor Who: The Doctors Revisited Episodes — Doctor Who: The Doctors Revisited Season 1 2013 Episode Guides — Watch Doctor Who: The Doctors Revisited Episodes from BBC America… ↑ Weekend Playlist: Showtime's Ray Donovan and Dexter — Today's News: Our Take | TVGuide.com ↑ The Weekend Playlist: Spurt acus Returns, a Pivotal Downton, the SAG Awards — Today's News: Our Take TVGuide.com ↑ [1] (unavailable link history, copy)
b0a70d92354d70d5bd8fb5f682ab3fef15e53d87	↑ Who Should Be the Next Doctor Who?
795ccaeef53fee6a97eb596b2340e5b102b383c0	— TVGuide.com Asks TVGuide.com ↑ Search results for: Twelfth Doctor ↑ [2] (link unavailable from 16-06-2015 [571 days])
e6e13f26701c2a7e88c5c11c9fd51bd97cb07a74	↑ Doctor Who News: Doctor Who Magazine 462 ↑ Doctor Who News: Odds On Who: Weekend Update ↑ Go to: 1 2 'Doctor Who' 50th anniversary to be simulcast worldwide to avoid leaks — Doctor Who News — Cult Digital Spy ↑ http://www.digitalspy.com/british tv/s7/doctor who/news/a431169/doctor who shoots in london new series pictures.html http://www.webcitation.org/6GGRlhY12 ↑ 'Doctor Who' Matt Smith: 'Decision to leave could be a huge mistake' - Doctor Who News Cult Digital Spy ↑ Richelle Mead: 'The Doctor can go pretty much anywhere you can imagine, no matter how crazy it might seem' | Children’s books | theguardian.com ↑ 'Doctor Who' top 10 best stories: 10 — 'The Aztecs' — Doctor Who News — Cult — Digital Spy ↑ Ben Lee.
f689bd2427c868932bd9fbaa5cea9202fa43f922	'Doctor Who' mass wedding ceremony planned for 50th anniversary (September 18, 2013).
27e804d850ed458e9d7f07d4af3f19fff7c7a913	Verified September 18, 2013.
2c767923e7721b1952e1d1f3bc9fce0f23935e5a	To Tom Hanks: I love Doctor Who - and I helped make Benedict Cumberbatch a star. radiotimes.com (November 25, 2013).
61d038d4dd86e3e5a83f67a41985a17e38d5e414	Checked on December 2, 2013.
e2975dd332e4026429512ba24b055e3ab81d79d2	Archived from the original source on December 2, 2013.
e9d56eb0af18232261f15e82e1b98d81a40b5dd6	Ben Miller vs Doctor Who.
806616aa5eabc922a3f1baa3f07bd6057b452b1f	The World of Fiction (April 11, 2014).
3de1cf96f526c97aff7dee98b13f06fb8d98d7a9	Verified on April 12, 2014.
f0d9fddcba218268b10d2c7b6fcc104d9eb549b4	Archived from the original source on April 12, 2014.
3e5b83f44d5d2c5df493fe5dcde84daafb5ba1c6	Да Da Vinci's Mole ↑ Go to: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Earlier incarnations of the Doctor later appeared at a time when the current Doctor was already a later one.
098014f8c29451cea76bbb65ad969c39e313591d	The first and Second Doctors appeared in the series with the Third "Three Doctors" in 1973.
86a8da6b7d7f09f3171b49fbf8e37f7ea0ba9b13	The eleventh Doctor appeared in the 2014 episode" Deep Breath".
de3a25a9a2ab846990a29e58bab04ee4bfd7acd9	↑ It became known about the new Doctor Who satellite, BBC News (May 29, 2009).
c9699a989020e613598bd8c878de8e2c3c829c00	Checked on November 23, 2009.
7d5ceb9187f0479c60fd01022f36a960db74c2ee	(English) Сай Sayn, Anita.
cb85e3647d6f85dc66c6a46f1827d0d82ea74adf	Doctor Who: A First Look at Matt Smith and the New Companion, The Guardian (July 20, 2009).
20b51f1bac7a4f8e23fedabc82110e3ec1df794c	Checked on July 20, 2009.
9db49ab4e0bccf02380888dc0ada1d8168fc7e77	(English) Мак McManus, Mikael.
0f6f8d74985f4fab4ab70253fc8609559d358301	Nicholas Courtney: Actor, known for his long running role as a Foreman in Doctor Who, The Independent (February 26, 2011).
ca007099a2d3a3a86e5c5c315ad4906bb6e40bcd	Verified on May 15, 2011.
e91fba167dcce072dcdecca28a02151423172719	↑ By that time, the image of an alien was already very hackneyed, associated with low quality science fiction.
0580b83ae2c912004f24997de9e747d28caa18a2	Доктор Doctor Who (Before The Tardis), BBC Magazine (November 19, 2008).
1933e9cc770b0a15fd26399c6a4b1165efd0a095	Accessed January 3, 2009.
3b96fb0dcf701f9c61de5a78ac2c85d65931940f	↑ "The plan of the Dalek Lord".
e0327d83e14e7027cb352bd778a8261f1e07da29	Screenwriters Terry Nation and Dennis Spooner, Director Douglas Camfield, Producer John Wiles.
d42767ac8d52b97674b1160305783329c5053a4e	"Doctor Who".
bf3309f5594233f4282a0ac3e7ea5362fb75a237	BBC One, London.
1fcf0ccbf0ff9502d20663a8ecb0c17a12b1ecd8	November 13, 1965 — January 29, 1966.
d0dae3443fad70b0388bc83d71be2b6a410896ad	"Mission to the unknown".
4addd9b4424bc7504493c8def477f963dbbb0a8f	Written By Terry Nation, Directed By Derek Martinus, Produced By Verity Lambert.
d63db26973e9ae611902cb5c86761a4289494204	Doctor Who.
0edef48af91eea9112b1e6a8cde570887c64b556	October 9, 1965.
da0a766e2bbfaa68609cbf47374ecf35896c55ab	↑ "War Games".
f93dcf4168945d6edac342daad2cbd7a31e7ad6c	Screenwriters Malcolm Hulk and Terrance Dix, Director David Maloney, Producer Derrick Sherwin.
5d06f21a7bd5cb18a08810df7c9feda57d0e62fa	April 19, 1969 June 21, 1969.
3f8c475ed073bd63562991e218fdd1b6ac7ca903	↑ "The Trial of the Time Lord".
6c659843bef19c95521e407e30bde19635161959	The screenwriters are Robert Holmes, Philip Martin and Pip and Jane Baker, the Directors are Nicholas Mallet, Ron Jones and Chris Kloof, the Producer is John Nathan Turner.
67cd869d20fc1462cddb33c648e1b8da4d2b041c	September 6, 1986-6 December 1986.
0cfcc3b1be5a75fbbad580761b0b56c3da48dd6a	↑ "Black orchid".
81c24e9da74ef7182e023c65427b61a8518f3e37	Written By Terence Dudley, Directed By Ron Jones, Produced By John Nathan Turner.
f150128068235184150490f8f4b13864f7777af7	March 1, 1982 — March 2, 1982.
d14fa51a9c3927568e507fcf83745a014185a064	Доктора Doctor Who will be filmed in HD.
dc61336afdaeec545a26fe481622c93d8d07dbf2	Doctor Who Online (February 4, 2009).
ba2a30597c7bde2b8860e62db7f1ea1872da027a	Checked on February 5, 2009.
897b30bf4e1cc512526fbb9698fd3963c36f341a	Archived from the original source on February 13, 2012 .
5bc13f0fe7a845836317a8afb02179e83cd243dd	Виде Videotapes that worked on the 405 linear television broadcasting format (which operated at that time as the main one for broadcasting in the UK) were considered unnecessary and outdated when British television switched to the 625 linear signal in preparation for the transition to color broadcasting.
9648bb48a0a091bba02dd5a1dfee91490d28b5f1	Мол Molesworth, Richard BBC Archive Holdings.
3bfc114085051feb7a31c8d1d5aad17b8171c205	The Doctor Who restoration team.
3ffa8f073957d449f1335fc6c665967d4631ad81	— "The complete collection was kept at least until the beginning of 1972 in the form of black and white film negatives (except, of course, "The Plan of the Dalek Lord").
7c8a524ca11d38667d659f48a28554499d90dd2e	" Checked on April 30, 2007.
cb17477352427a40f1cfaca641741cd139a71de3	Archived from the original source on February 13, 2012.
ba28e250c7b633411742893b372d985472497d85	(English) ↑ Molesworth, Richard BBC Archive Holdings.
49faf13f657066b5966ab129a933cc7bfc933011	- "Cassettes were erased and reused until the creation of the BBC Film and Videotape Library in 1978 put an end to this practice."
646e4cfdc42434ec0bf3bbfd745ac8c70aeca54c	Checked on April 30, 2007.
a8305c14cab5b705eb6552ca57b6a341ba3b8360	(English) ↑ The BBC children's program, regularly aired from 1958 to the present day.
3886d9bab488a601b788882de69e396a5c086736	The company is known for its books and audio plays based on iconic characters, and the most famous and popular is the Doctor Who line.
7179ac0bfa954963d704fb0d72795ab3a49e13a0	Ф Foster, Chuck Reign of Terror update about animation.
4fdef948f7093d68850e3713e0a0ad6239298c18	Doctor Who News Page (June 21, 2011).
a81c2880695445a5d662c4dba41835d526afbc95	↑ Blue Peter The Missing Doctor Who series.
b5a7531859563ddaaed2ac1174bfd8fc556d323b	BBC (April 2006). Verified on April 24, 2006.
ef2a818a745970be0f9607c78a86e35b9f18f2e8	Archived from the original source on April 24, 2006.
d3a15829ca598bedc40081571b199af29664219d	↑ Missing Episodes Recovered!
398be4d2d41627874210db4717f8099b18710724	BBC (11 December 2011). Checked on December 20, 2011.
7f7b00b02d9ec0f2fcc5d36f449c008abb67bdd8	Ал Allen, Christopher.
c04a8ea3b5cff06cbe2d65a9eff8990f86302f00	'The Web of Fear' and 'The Enemy of the World' recovered (English).
794a947ea723d40a95569463c8a34462e9cbc6fd	The official website of the 50th anniversary of the series (October 11, 2013).
b38bb10a2eb34631305dd855ecc6e21ad3ba5c66	Checked on October 12, 2011.
851f724e1523abcf0738c07a6ecd51a2ce6e5899	↑ Murray Gold Returns.
222d1a0d29e7455c8d8e60c0aa7e4c5f1240b49f	Doctor Who News Page (3 January 2010).
8fe143462972c2ed1c103f44b547135bc85e2969	Archived from the original source on August 17, 2012.
daf7a0180dee59d062b95348c9704afb2f25586d	↑ «Doctor Who: 'nasty' new theme tune angers fans» Daily Telegraph 18 April 2010 ↑ New Opening Title Sequence ↑ Released as a 7" single on vinyl in December 1972 on the Purple PUR III label ↑ Go to: 1 2 3 Peel, Ian.
007cd290e48fd8f50e9eb9123f13cc34e56af2ec	Doctor Who: a musical force?, The Guardian, London: blog (July 7, 2008).
2ddeea77f27e79a0e9a92e6acc5352b1c9aa42d8	Accessed July 7, 2008.
c1820ed2f63db2599523bbe5247fcdf0c8f4712c	↑ BBC Prom 27 July 2008.
ddfa0e8df175017faa66c17507790ab8a7e6582f	BBC (27 July 2008). Checked on September 29, 2008.
9982f1cb612ea2498f7093ede5c25166666f5f5c	↑ Who soundtrack soon.
443419f86debab696d0b72564490db3a7f8d37e9	BBC(unavailable link history)
2af4af5248fdfd0367336e5f0d7652b5efff1d4e	(17 July 2006).
393fd559819ac1285bca8a5c0684616c5ea58972	Checked on 4 August 2006.
da3364469cbc2f8377183ec26c96b35f2d978fe6	Archived from the original source on August 17, 2 012.
c4be76432e5551edcb0f91e3b3d5d182294f811e	Silva Screen announces Doctor Who CD release date. silvascreen.co.uk (1 November 2006).
c610ada841897b5c6b154b3ae8d79a369126591d	Проверено 4 декабря 2006.
f20d122b7a2366543c242e73f4b5a9cd61a142b3	Архивировано из первоисточника 12 декабря 2006.
c3a633023f1fd7334f56921715fb137166f0e2bb	↑ Doctor Who: Series 7.
aa8589e28d1880f47dc9d4738a9fb154360716f7	Silva Screen Records.
a3ec93b98b91e0dc2ee3e639c45c93d1ed77fe3e	Проверено 30 июля 2013.
e7801977620ba337db789aa77bbe99fd50852ea3	↑ Jeremy Holland Smith, Ben Foster - Doctor Who: The Snowmen / The Doctor, The Widow and The Wardrobe :: Silva Screen Music.
23906e14beba772ad86fb1085831ccaaecf6416a	Проверено 13 сентября 2013.
d233afcb818a1d0c51c02f781a1970b9eb11c244	↑ Doctor Who: The Day of the Doctor/The Time of the Doctor.
9ee7e1e0a06c2f2846e181154ab276af2dea7453	Проверено 30 октября 2014.
5246fd35ceffd64fd25805e54352433584a5afde	↑ Doctor Who: Series 8.
1270b28d2d5c8c62d56150e12aaf37ca237452ca	Проверено 15 октября 2015.
9c6abeb48776b15228d81aaad4376497f97c61d8	= The Handbook: The First Doctor - The William Hartnell Years 1963–1966.
3ba584830c0091dbaae9b24bdbac1a6ab5462ed0	— Лондон: Virgin Books, 1994.
45f46eebae56211324397934aa3029d40153f94f	— С. 54.
b0fafee06072d3228c1c2910f1d047d7ae9f2f29	(англ.)
892758ac6c53a40ba31eda06314c84d3ce0c04be	↑ Неземное дитя.
a7f50a586885e87afbb8e62176901b706d49e5bf	Архивировано из первоисточника 13 февраля 2012.
673b1915cfdad75c8b3d9bc74d056170806f182a	↑ Перейти к: 1 2 Спаситель из ящика ↑ 3 и 4 сезоны популярного сериала «Доктор Кто» теперь и на Universal Channel.
fc4339c147d1b3a755008310594a7c5b8805cbf5	ТелеВести.
4f62f4c4b379a1ee3d236800c8b6ffa6166eb75a	Ру ↑ Канал Universal Channel представит 4 и 5 сезоны популярного сериала «Доктор Кто».
e0d61d4fbe0147fec883e258c063fd45b113198f	ВсёТВ ↑ Форум — Приключения Сары Джейн.
574a11f547503176c7fee215872c26596245dcee	Карусель ↑ CoolConnections: День Доктора ↑ Culf, Andrew.
ed5ffe3f353a66f8d745bf877f80922a39fbe8c6	Viewers spurn TV's golden age in poll of small screen classics as the BBC fetes its 60th birthday, The Guardian (4 November 1996), стр.
772f59ca7823e56efeac38e0477f9babd21361be	4. ↑ Fawlty Towers tops TV hits, BBC News (5 September 2000).
814ae245c13699ab340cbaebd6a308822fd4bebb	Проверено 18 марта 2007.
b736b31b22298bd9660a029b3b9e868000cb43ff	↑ The 100 Greatest Kids' TV Shows (англ.).
37a3ff197557f7b598b739bf4b837f6a2d09273c	Channel 4.
dfe8e82a2a16b1a14e910168f6778cb4e3c459d5	Проверено 4 августа 2012.
b585c782a67c47450647c9bff81794f06b595208	Архивировано из первоисточника 17 августа 2012.
6b69c68910771337a89a6bbd6763e4ff5f5e2900	↑ Doctor leads Bafta Cymru winners, BBC News (22 April 2006).
fb0a6ea1ec3cd307cbc490dba43cbd4026e0a49f	Проверено 24 апреля 2006.
77cb13b3aadfd5090a8ace0b899e355cce475e24	↑ Bafta glory for Channel 4's Boy A, BBC News (12 May 2008).
47dd887ef4fd00f10c16904d005b9b6a20db1318	Проверено 13 мая 2008.
cfefcf0edbe5ee98077825fb2780ae4d4d4d759e	↑ Top Gear Named Best Show In Britain (англ.). gaeatimes.com (29 декабря 2009).
c6990b3afa41e848ef05e857b5c699f5166f6bad	↑ Winners 2010.
86c4d97a7d8463783f910e011ea86d00cfc19547	Mind.
f7d667f043ffa02dabec6799797a6f2a811067fa	— «Dr Who – "Vincent and the Doctor" (BBC One/BBC Wales).
ae336542b043437dc3f340156739b36aaaa8e161	Richard Curtis writes this touching episode of Dr Who about the mental health experiences of the great artist Vincent Van Gogh.» Проверено 3 августа 2012.
acd7d0028b7f5b5a561d03152ccff0381621571f	↑ Hugo and Campbell Awards Winners.
4f5f8d487d8969467ad44d3dd26191a672fb901b	Locus Online (26 August 2006).
b5f5b2dd07145e3dd8a4556e7fd38df6148a772e	Проверено 27 августа 2006.
850ed816a1a3dd77f382666ef36b2ec99d435d45	↑ 2007 Hugo Awards.
86e561a53129c0f57df6aaeee69c99ba944b6caa	World Science Fiction Society (1 September 2007).
a91768e907ccaa5e5b5799993296ed916b5292c7	Проверено 1 сентября 2007.
e1871a89d2a432f654591141a910534af1c73453	↑ 2008 Hugo Awards Announced.
4a7017e77e2038501c4bf8a80939e07edf11a35e	World Science Fiction Society (9 August 2008).
1fafc17ab2135196a5aa9b1cf274837e377d765a	Проверено 15 августа 2007.
48f516f5e3a586b467a73beea5009a3fcef688bd	↑ 2011 Hugo and Campbell Awards Nominees.
07ba2e1e33b6c8874e4d3b6f683bc650a2fa83d9	Locus Magazine (24 April 2011).
4398113d34b34a2515d24928ed6121c7a899f423	Проверено 24 апреля 2011.
265dcf79f73e8567e17ed94aae252638fe2048af	↑ 2012 Hugo Awards.
8f4ad2f0ac40199fdba9a2ea92a9c9a5c3742b90	World Science Fiction Society.
a5cae4a798b718bbd9298fdf5a1c5f4cc4d3e643	Проверено 9 апреля 2012.
6121ce40ecdd0160b269769f9903873f8abe1962	Архивировано из первоисточника 9 апреля 2012.
b3898c5f95897a24070029248c383a2f857a08c4	↑ National Television Awards: full list of winners. guardian.co.uk (26 January 2012).
90b1bbf38561d8e5c6772755ada84b907675ea85	↑ Best Science Fiction Actor. spike.com. Проверено 3 августа 2012.
691dfb43c332c8925272c3ecb36ca5545ddf9363	Ссылки[править | править вики текст]
7c8359e96ed5d1e49b77ad7689ba54e8ea532006	Портал «Доктор Кто» Доктор Кто в Викицитатнике?
3e265495fd71be37ce9ba7531d1d441a20d942a6	Доктор Кто на Викискладе?
416228d96d44ffdd12300bc6f4bd32a7f6416fc5	Доктор Кто в Викиновостях?
3e033c0f19eb9827d37a0091745d31c54122b079	Официальные сайты[править | править вики текст]
b772d5c9ac12fd66629a1e13d77ccb4f5465f9a9	Doctor Who (англ.) на сайте BBC Doctor Who 50th Anniverary (англ.) — официальный сайт BBC Worldwide Doctor Who (англ.) на сайте BBC America Doctor Who (англ.) на сайте CBC
0b2e18543bdc2c7305ed31ac7a45e156eb6c41b3	Другие сайты[править | править вики текст]
a79e0e14b55bac2d369c876c1cbb0d6cd9213cf4	Doctor Who: A Brief History Of Time (Travel) (англ.)
26badb5118c414465394b3b5dd4a21a8ced09518	— история продукции Доктора Кто THE ORIGIN OF DOCTOR WHO (англ.). teletronic.co.uk. — создание Доктора Кто.
77b1ce3362e418027a6d4ed5c57bffbfa9d8a34d	Проверено 23 сентября 2013.
5681d276b50fb5c6fb2f36646d72fd2f6d4ca3a1	Архивировано из первоисточника 21 января 2012.
5fabb4d0f4afd72c3fb412c983dad7d80c079269	В социальных сетях
d9915c929a6df35a420b1174a9ea12add1e1fc65	Facebook · Twitter
bc0a932c67f14eabe8532507e63ac50cde741ca6	Фото, видео и аудио Викисклад · Instagram · YouTube
35357037adc38f3bf41c445df7637c6430b53c0d	Тематические сайты AllMovie · AlloCiné · Internet Movie Database · Internet Movie Database
9dc02d1a222962bc4d99228840dd6e412f0e9ae0	[скрыть] «Доктор Кто»
127492c294325b6b107ee07889808c5980ad77de	Основное
6602cc52c19aa26dbeb55b129397fe1a5f56d5b6	Доктор • Далеки • Киберлюди • Мастер • ТАРДИС • Звуковая отвёртка • Повелители времени • Война Времени • Институт Торчвуд • ЮНИТ
cc7bf879b63ce49c6fceb2fa8af4c6a38a06f72c	Списки
9c2f22a092114b238e1030153ad24e9d1e398f01	Серии • Спецвыпуски • Спутники • Существа и инопланетяне • Планеты • Награды и номинации
eb85652edb8f3e8bd96457f55a486a8407e246ba	Спин оффы
ee73a687b06bcb81ae54a8ca52f24bff9b1dfbc7	К 9 и компания • Тардисоды • Торчвуд • Приключения Сары Джейн • К 9 • Класс
a9fef9c65f0b46be8d31fbac33d4ee2b4063c26a	Программы
b0ab61ecdb9500e788c68e316eb44b0467bb696a	Доктор Кто: Конфиденциально • Весь «Доктор Кто» • Доктор Кто: Комментарии • Доктор Кто: Возвращение к истории • Приключение в пространстве и времени • Наука в Докторе Кто • Доктор Кто: Дополнительно
7a34b0782590a44c359a173ef42599bf36541933	Шоу и концерты
88449cd96e06742ade69a4bfee33fa366eea1c2f	Доктор Кто: Празднование • «Доктор Кто» на Променадных концертах BBC
3c90c651e69470bc2654ebd2aac854725105fbd4	Полнометражные фильмы
c8898e18f0461b14da21208783cf4646edda0ee9	Доктор Кто и Далеки • Вторжение Далеков на Землю • Доктор Кто
ddcf8c0c7ba2a10f83579193a74faf8ffc688587	Печатные издания
8f96cac0d466b1a936e6d97997cce8adb7266cd1	Другое
f2dec4d87f863a1c8825289fb4c4025d54666bb5	Утраченные эпизоды • Сезон 6B • The Adventure Games
7434571c49e0a8ba7ea2b518e2b89a24bf3c12f1	Портал:Доктор Кто • Категория:Доктор Кто
1b4cdbbb3b8b8bc53b0d3dc83e98caff961b8fc6	[показать] «Приключения Сары Джейн»
6389ab92ede0cf0fcf02221c98e556f4a51aa38d	Основные статьи «Приключения Сары Джейн» • «Доктор Кто» • Институт Торчвуд
e831c03377903d431306500f7b5a49c2c3478512	Персонажи Сара Джейн Смит (Элизабет Слейден) • Люк Смит (Томми Найт) • Мария Джексон (Ясмин Пейдж) • Клайд Лэнгер (Дэниэл Энтони) • Рани Чандра (Анджли Мохиндра) • Мистер Смит
dd2286599abd32a8922653668c10ff0e3d9dec59	Списки Серии • Книги • Чудовища и инопланетяне
b3a8bc73903a81861e131f2f0a7b4742a3befe16	[скрыть] «Торчвуд»
edd4fd7d39ed5d30d7cc701725c4b1a9c3a43206	Основные статьи Институт Торчвуд • «Доктор Кто» • «Приключения Сары Джейн»
3682b6eb9a78de8e9c1db160938ef52435ed431f	Персонажи Джек Харкнесс (Джон Барроуман) • Гвен Купер (Ив Майлс) • Оуэн Харпер (Бёрн Горман) • Тошико Сато (Наоко Мори[en]) • Янто Джонс (Гарет Дэвид Ллойд)
8cecf10093a6ac31c5be02459de2c1c8da1ba580	Списки Серии • Книги
1e8623329285afc756e8150ab1fe1eb125432db3	Источник — «https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Доктор Кто&oldid=82686466»
59f4fac334ebaaebed07e765d99908d093f78f7b	Категории: Телепередачи по алфавиту Телесериалы по алфавиту Доктор Кто Фантастические телесериалы Великобритании Телесериалы Великобритании, запущенные в 1963 году Телесериалы Великобритании, запущенные в 2005 году Программы телеканала BBC Телесериалы о путешествиях во времени Телесериалы о космических путешествиях Возобновлённые после закрытия телесериалы Телесериалы на английском языке Объекты Книги рекордов Гиннесса Космоопера Телесериалы Великобритании 1960 х годов Телесериалы Великобритании 1970 х годов Телесериалы Великобритании 1980 х годов Телесериалы Великобритании, завершённые в 1989 году Телесериалы Великобритании 2000 х годов Телесериалы Великобритании 2010 х годов
4efe6ae2b8cc7606399195d36256d7ee7c01edae	Скрытые категории: Википедия:Статьи с нерабочими ссылками Википедия:Статьи с нерабочими ссылками с июня 2015 Страницы, использующие волшебные ссылки ISBN Википедия:Статьи с переопределением значения из Викиданных Википедия:Глобализировать Статьи со ссылками на Викицитатник Статьи со ссылками на Викиновости Википедия:Статьи со ссылками на Викисклад
e37824987d64ee7d9c32af618da9f4421debb7cd	Навигация
ab2cc97c864cb3392d922d9b1ed355eedbc4d531	Персональные инструменты
85637751bfdb809dd1aa8652394578766244c5f3	Вы не представились системе Обсуждение Вклад Создать учётную запись Войти
706438faa991a3f5905b807b62b7d99873f768f1	Пространства имён
3a92d1be677f24a4d15d10ff703861f7d07e29c7	Статья Обсуждение
393b99dec4427ca2297311a6d7f867831633ed2f	Варианты
9ef22ff4171b4d1a1cef6d9c7b63d746af53d1ed	Просмотры
9c4cee7eeabeda9f18f7844d8d932c692ee632c9	Читать Текущая версия Править Править вики текст История
19f25d5784022f8a626f07fcb768b5f72c28ae32	Ещё
6433b522a1d7ceaa800d6029c43fc9b95d091b63	Поиск
5c273a0f453a8ced7049961cf45ae39bd8a47a6a	Заглавная страница Рубрикация Указатель А — Я Избранные статьи Случайная статья Текущие события
abf11de9e31d01409f6cf14d103dd2057d6b0857	Участие
e15a9dabe01d61464f284b860f574ae534901315	Сообщить об ошибке Портал сообщества Форум Свежие правки Новые страницы Справка Пожертвовать
c0eca9e22988f417cbff846331801c7f63eecb96	Инструменты
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40ce08ee5b0a1aa942a5937768b384650ec96042	THE TARDIS
0f9012c49b3e7464d903d6ad3b7d9da266cd0824	The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on December 27, 2016; verification requires 1 edit.
d4f9ec9b8e013c91567f6149d38cdf3a7841364f	The Doctor's TARDIS
aaee9db29e69581320fc138141ceeb9b32e9601e	During takeoff and landing, it emits a characteristic, unlike anything else sound (Wroomp Wroomp), but in the series it was shown that this sound was made by an inertial damper, which the Doctor did not turn off.
58da2887b4726a9594a9234de5650670e081769b	The TARDIS in the classic series was also called simply "ship", " capsule "or even" police box","blue box".
268e6e08485667fb936be0fc9e4b581f709d7932	Doctor Who has become such a significant part of British pop culture that not only has the shape of a blue police box become associated with the TARDIS, but the word "TARDIS" itself is used to describe something that is bigger from the inside than from the outside.[5] The TARDIS is a registered trademark of the BBC.
3ef6c8767e6ef05fbb2775dd0df9db64976deb11	[6] In honor of the 50th anniversary of the series, a two dollar coin with the image of the TARDIS was released in New Zealand[7][8][9][10].
6db74e98fdebbdf3936042078bd2471d1f361988	There is an Easter egg in Google Maps, which consists of the opportunity to see the inside of a copy of the TARDIS standing in London[12].
32443f41614961274bbc9f4985bd00f7988643b9	The Tardis Canyon on Charon was named in her honor in 2015.
508bc94d85684c55346206e18b1f680195caa827	1 Appearance History 2 TARDIS Device 3 Exterior 4 Interior 5 Functions 6 Live TARDIS 7 Notes 8 References
6a1fcf5f63a9b1470a6543e1dc1eed1ea285b5af	The history of the appearance[edit / edit wiki text]
516f2f06d2ea13025ea4cdf683aa7535c8171323	The TARDIS model from 2005 to 2010
d36df997ab11a8e34a1426ff7d9ba1a731e1fee3	The TARDIS appears in the first episode of the Doctor Who series - "Unearthly Child", released in 1963.
7d62140b1d8e06602442e90677b22c78f1e0a20b	The doctor claims that he borrowed an outdated car when he left his home planet.
f30115fbfe50b5dd5c15e8928a2e8998d6da5040	As it turned out in the series "The Name of the Doctor", the First Doctor was going to take another TARDIS, but under the influence of one of the versions of Clara, Oswald changed his decision.
801a120d189f767d8c342cafd6642b97e105ac89	The fourth Doctor did not agree to replace his car with a newer one, motivating the refusal with the "lack of soul" of the new model.
86b7dbd92f4a9ca49d8fd0522c692cbec867ead4	A serviceable TARDIS is able to disguise itself as a variety of objects (for example, the Master's car looked like a grandfather clock, a horse van, an iron maiden, a column, a part of a computer, etc.), but the Doctor has it stuck in the guise of a public police phone booth, since it has a faulty disguise system — literally a "chameleon device" (although in the very first series, Susan Foreman mentions that she took the form of a Christmas tree and a sedan seat).
b8f9c5ad97e79b4bdb52ab8dcae84d99a9cef504	The Sixth Doctor tried to fix the disguise system once, and as a result, the TARDIS turned first into a painted column, and then into an organ, and both times completely out of place.
2afacaaed33a41df617766ac57c3849b5670128b	What exactly is the malfunction, it was never specified.
aa422184bc1c952e851ae8856ccaf5eadda29cf1	The TARDIS was already old when the Doctor took it, but exactly how ancient it is is unclear.
67b8783b110eab9c1e13a766a7a651282ca137d7	The Ninth Doctor claims that he has "900 years of traveling in a phone booth" behind him, meaning that his TARDIS is at least that old (and apparently even older).
600cbecce5490f123c210d6845ab1c5478b4121f	The TARDIS device[edit / edit wiki text]
5b91b2fb948ddde4dc5f559413f455dc578c519d	The TARDIS is grown, not produced.
d0c7ce18926d456cd2b03e4dbc1955ff4be39fca	Other elements necessary for the operation of the TARDIS are the rare ore "Zeiton 7" and "artron energy".
d7df8b4161c2b22d4d249dca9fc8e67a9a06566a	The latter is a form of temporal energy, the discovery of the Overlords.
9454515298d51a25fa6ecf7eba35503e93300b89	Before the TARDIS begins to fully function, it is necessary to connect it with the biology of the Time Lord with the help of the Rassilon device, which gives a symbiotic connection with the TARDIS and the ability to withstand the physical stress of time travel.
37bb33e729a4e68c518c41aa7708dcb74c17b330	Without this adaptation, molecular disintegration will follow.
615a980c5c540a02e1bec8157be8462894b660a4	This serves as a guarantee that there will be no abuse during time travel, even if the TARDIS technology is copied.
06ceed07581a30d0a3207aafcd09d4208dd423ef	In the series "The End of the Journey", the Doctor tells: the controls are designed for six pilots, and he has to cope alone.
38181797f7c0f2eb83de981708e5291b5e9aef8a	The Doctor's TARDIS shakes violently when moving, but in the series" Time of Angels "River Song controls it smoothly, using stabilizers (the Doctor calls them "boringers").
4f057f81e03fbfa144376d3966cf5d247ebb1017	In addition, River makes a completely silent landing, explaining that the Doctor forgets to press the parking brake.
088ec0fdde32efd7591183a9b566ca0d8cee623c	In response, the Doctor declares that he just likes the sound.
2d455445f3cb1c82e13dcdcacef3bc281d544a4c	This does not explain the fact that the Master's TARDIS makes exactly the same sounds, although he controls it much more skillfully than the Doctor.
ff278bae4a0854df45b4f9f527694895a5bfe496	River also reports that she was taught by the best teacher.
968b79c3196b2f52f663050a543fc6a3bca32b8f	We see in the series "Let's Kill Hitler" how she is trained by the TARDIS interface, which, also, previously communicated with the dying Doctor.
e33e2e8155ec2c299548dc2fb821c10d9680f809	Exterior[edit / edit wiki text]
e8af9968711ce8534f416fe115953f8e62000a08	A TARDIS model from 2010
3a720b79a1954298b37f9106bd9d24e7baa8d73b	The "Police Box" sign has not changed since season 18.
d3caba73b9b84db7d69393c440715186d0bde51f	At some point, a first aid kit appeared on the door, but it did not last long.
9be4437d06df217b55c70efe78a216f362ea8e3e	In the 2005 series, the key is also connected to the TARDIS — it is able to signal (by heating and glowing) the presence of a ship or a delay in its arrival.
b101e6d1c3eba9c365c3c954ba21f420939dbda6	The Tenth, Eleventh and Twelfth Doctors are able to open the doors with a snap of their fingers.
6f408b58faaf2b903abd85a6c0abaf14a52de708	Interior[edit / edit wiki text]
ed6e96ece21e0dd2993e4522f187970ddf97ba33	Even through the booth doors, you can see that the TARDIS is huge.
e2de2ade81794410b7a2144e27951403e192269f	The capacity was not specified numerically (however, the doctor mentioned that it is infinite), but the ship accommodates, in addition to residential parts, an art gallery, a library, a swimming pool, a medical bay, a cricket court (before the Doctor's Wife series), several warehouses with brick walls, a multi level dressing room with a spiral staircase, etc.
7c1b61cb69b12c25eb588ff4c133d42aa0d3c768	There is also a Zero Room, which is protected from the rest of the universe and provides a calm environment.
edcf288411b374e65457a7d2ffc8c06e4500aa7b	The parts of the TARDIS can be isolated from each other or changed.
0ff95190a61431a82455420593f61eac9e4faae7	Some round objects hide the devices and mechanisms of the TARDIS, their design varies from the basics carved on a black background to photographic images printed on the walls and transparent luminous disks in later series.
742e5928c5d84fa74917e81612c506d5028f6810	In the series "Journey to the Center of the TARDIS", the Eleventh Doctor says that the ship is infinite.
599588f99c4f29d238eecc6e09b41f14ced4a61e	In "The Name of the Doctor", the Doctor, having discovered a huge TARDIS on the planet Trenzalore, explains this by saying that if the TARDIS is broken, "The Ship takes its true dimensions".
8a1b4251127733d68e93e3738d8af608de2402e2	In the original series, the TARDIS has at least two control rooms — the main one, with white walls, of a futuristic look, very often used throughout the history of the series, and the second one, used during season 14, looks more ancient, with wooden panels.
67a7c97078bd593b8819379fa55d986ad2e52ea1	Functions[edit / edit wiki text]
c7efe753fc25aeb507227effed418ddfe70244a1	Movement in space and time.
2c72ced76e5d3e8b7a735f5dd4c9213714b66268	Telepathic functions.
8ff9be5627678562c4af866298ad01a097f12266	Computer functions.
3a299346057fc670d2228637ad631c4c719b0a87	The ability to translate all existing languages, except ancient Gallifreyan
2637a88d0d59cf762db94debd06beb72f5c94650	(Passengers of the TARDIS can not only understand all languages, but also speak them; this ability can remain for life: in the series" Angels capture Manhattan "Rory Williams managed to read the hieroglyphic inscription on a vase, being very far from the TARDIS); but there are exceptions: in the series "Impossible Planet" the TARDIS failed to translate the inscription on the fragments of the vase.
9f5a10f8b46fe36f66b1615a2de01db3c05ff410	Also in the series "Time of Angels", the inscription on the" native box " remains unencrypted until the Doctor himself translates it, since it was written in ancient Gallifreyan — "the forgotten language of the Time Lords".
fcee3ae61fd377ecd9f7d230ed07f73f80e68354	Protection from external enemies when closing doors.
b381f408f3075b36ca5c72d2f2e0d56111296606	The state of temporary non — aggression (English State of temporary grace) - the TARDIS automatically makes it impossible to use all types of weapons (an interesting example is given in the story "The Spear of Fate", where the Third Doctor, being inside the TARDIS, catches a spear thrown at him).
627b2a6dff45ceeecc28150371ebac4b67392821	This state is unstable, and periodically turns off (for example, in the series "Let's Kill Hitler", Mels damages the TARDIS control panel with a pistol shot).
b8063afa91d71882dbf58c95f129b08aef167399	When materializing in a vacuum, the TARDIS creates a field around itself that holds the atmosphere.
32dd9c6693596316ddf2822e808f26af43470b27	This function is not automatic — in some series, when opening doors in a vacuum, air was blown out of the TARDIS.
edc58d970cfcbb07770b7fe455de53bfd372ac26	Live TARDIS[edit / edit wiki text]
ce2cc64e77fe6715d4eae45fe25161839eeccef1	In the episode "The Doctor's Wife" (The Doctor's Wife), the Eleventh Doctor meets his TARDIS in the form of a woman.
f40d5010b49c714b44db0f9bda4b89fb3ac87f83	The Doctor receives a message from a planet called "Home".
106ddc75d6b19402afa11157d5a5544ec6da1e1a	Such a message could only be sent by the Time Lords, and the Doctor goes in search of them, but finds only two strange creatures, uda and a crazy woman named Idris, who calls the Doctor her abductor.
54f981c55e9e94be8f76e01f2175dab233e31872	The Doctor realizes that the TARDIS matrix has moved to Idris.
e0d93202e01add457cc84b80a499bb67d4e4e98a	He likes that he can talk to his favorite car, but the woman's body is not able to withstand the flow of energy inherent in the TARDIS for a long time, and the matrix returns to the body of the car.
6ac6a966183b563bd2ceec4e0018239f9b54160e	The doctor calls the TARDIS "old lady" and "sexy", she will always remain his faithful friend, but those days when they could talk, apparently, will not happen again[14][15][16].
c1a8f082f0dc90afdc6334b41537f03274f1f292	Subsequently, the Doctor tried in vain to establish voice contact with the TARDIS, and they always had telepathic contact.
31665d484c219996a019aab526754c40a05195f1	In some episodes, the TARDIS voice interface was shown, which is based on the Doctor's memories and appears in the form of people who played a special role in his life.
e1c9a118232cd965ce1bc77d16aac2485291015a	According to the established tradition, the TARDIS is written in capital letters, but in the series "World War III" the word was written as a name, only the first letter was capitalized (Tardis).
818c3e702f6718b4802e3146b088b71e7fae6834	Временные Time and relative dimensions in space ↑ Episode Impossible Planet ↑ Waiting for the Doctor To start the new TV season of Doctor Who, popular science, 2005, season 4, is being filmed ↑ In October 2006, British Prime Minister Tony Blair compared his office at 10 Downing Street to the TARDIS, saying that it is bigger than it looks from the street: "Yes.
f09a34ec0c519f7ee43bbd8506a2e4c4c38c5b12	I mean a lot bigger, we call it like the TARDIS.» ↑ Case details for Trade Mark 1068700.
c11750eefba6e8e07197c08f72778d2f91373ae4	UK Patent Office.
4e5130ede00f963372a68bb026de8de37b03e50b	Checked on January 28, 2007.
d78fe7ff0e2e086b30e1e416af92fcaacff20546	Archived from the original source on February 18, 2012.
1a752e558d16f0af7238ab3b35b5780fc2ebfdb0	↑ Paul Jones.
0e1460b9eaa39c20a28fc0148ae3f3abaed27e83	Doctor Who: New Zealand Mint aims to cash in on 50th anniversary with commemorative Tardis coin.
e62d4867d655a167506b3ae3b9364d7dceeb6a85	RadioTimes (January 24, 2013).
75c9085c1d11fd6c4e224264b1f2288d71cb8c36	Checked on February 1, 2013.
bf23eda33a1a921dd80100ebe610b1e14a01dbea	Archived from the original source on February 11, 2013.
a790058ac618aee838fba50e3814149bcadb001a	↑ Fraser McAlpine.
027c2a2975ee2e18f94888bb0f2d659de3da1b26	You've Seen The Stamps, Now Spend The Money!.
d81cfc0aaab83e05cfc8e75c9acb9ae03eaae475	Anglophenia.
1940f21be120015ccbfd0e82674704a4794aebc8	BBC America (January 25, 2013).
2795f1e11594e121109f4d1c0cad92226d571aa8	Accessed February 3, 2013.
b905a170c4af527267967547a7add8dfa26d8675	↑ Dan Satherley.
bd086c9954a39fbd3399b26b0ddb4db6fa342f5c	Tardis coin to mark Doctor Who's 50th anniversary.
d6d1ef7564253df33af2a6963b6e86c7957fc468	3 News (MediaWorks) (January 30, 2013). Verified on February 1, 2013.
a39e4ed87497e9ddedd22a1e9f9637b68818fc49	↑ Dave Golder.
5e3242d4240ea05b7a0bb8d1a8154866b6d0b567	New Zealand Issues Official Doctor Who 50th Anniversary Coins.
b2bfa8974bfaa76c4558f6add6204b500b647c0d	SFX.
80dffd93bab52434ec5757cb5a83fce252982163	Future Publishing Limited (January 24, 2013).
eef3508fc7258c5870f85212abf490b8d9e941ac	↑ A time machine from Doctor Who was installed at Heathrow. mail.ru (July 18, 2013).
b441df70dc917e278d733abdf05258609d72db6a	Checked on September 23, 2013.
3a45ca88ae45e2fe0a91889074a64efa755d930a	↑ Google Maps ↑ Episode "Journey to the Center of the TARDIS" ↑ Jeffery, Morgan Suranne Jones cast in 'Doctor Who' (eng.).
6e7558d839db0a8ed51edbb9c1c8fa22131da3f7	Digital Spy (23 September 2010).
d0722c989989ca8be9df07ce6860227e19d340c3	Verified on October 19, 2013.
473427e18aa89980f1e7b93e6ffc4c3d068e7004	Archived from the original source on January 12, 2013.
b289abebf1aed494c230dde240de9944dc8fd0ee	Martin Martin, Will Suranne Jones ('Doctor Who') interview (English).
8537f2252cf956d7ad34ccd6e27bfd6148cbd736	Cult Box (14 May 2011).
ae3fc26ba8d3f2f760b16b852acbf2cc9be19e27	Je Jeffery, Morgan Doctor Who Review: The Doctor's Wife (English).
3a1a937fae155e08eb3c1e7ce739abd4edc7a3ea	Digital Spy (14 May 2011).
fa0d5b48755e3e3a975978579bf08b20200c3583	TARDIS on the official website of Doctor Who (English) TARDIS review 360° - a virtual tour of the TARDIS (2005-2009) TARDIS on the TARDIS Index File (English) Nathan Turner John.
86f453046ce9b4b5623e5956fbcc9a8fd692e6ca	«The TARDIS Inside Out».
c6bd47a86a9b6580b26399971de588d9b57ce936	— UK: Picadilly Press, Ltd, 1985.
7422efae1d6aaf74a0e0b8d25c98bf038a0c6594	— ISBN 0-394-87415-3.
b1057dbee3fde5ec92b3e33f44d3050da7cf6a63	(English) Harris Mark.
c6bf516719f3b72c6f52c6d2700f23b073ca9948	«The Doctor Who Technical Manual».
c37fdb6224715c4743589affc445a2d548948f72	— UK: Random House, 1983.
e543a369a5d5b739187785969b8ba32c20a64f8c	- ISBN 0-394-86214-7.
c568c58945c6629ef6e385b5cb9e7103f0b61284	(English) Howe David J. "The First Doctor Handbook".
3bcaf46f391bf719535e3211cc1edd74d6a9d0cd	- Virgin Publishing, 1994 — - ISBN 0426204301.
a37c147647864995d7bd4a7353a640013d2a1ce0	(English) Howe David J. " The Television Companion: The Unofficial and Unauthorised Guide to Doctor Who».
ba45a1631334f2cd654f843345e4a5373d6aa4ce	— UK: Telos Publishing Ltd., 2003.
7006157817cb0d421293b3fe6faea2ad0fb42d35	— ISBN 1903889510.
ced259b06c13573960a5da8725dcecb04b21eb6c	Howe David J. " Howe's Transcendental Toybox: The Unauthorised Guide to Doctor Who Collectibles».
c5819b1cd8778a26410fe0dd59bd66cf2d913cbd	- UK: Telos Publishing Ltd., 2003 — - ISBN 1-903889-56-1.
6fc872c52491c8a33a950a222dead6749311a352	(English) A short introductory guide to the TARDIS (English) Creator of" Grace's Anatomy " Shonda Rhimes: I would like to live in the Tardis (eng.) Drama to explore the birth of the Tardis (a note in The Sun newspaper about the creation of a 2 episode film about the appearance of the Tardis) (eng.) http://metro.co.uk/2013/06/17/tardis to be sent into space by father and daughter to celebrate doctor who anniversary 3844266/
6b51398e996dbe25b7bf4cb7d10098b1361d20d3	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ТАРДИС&oldid=83040575"
1ee103f530edd98a0a0fe5817028cfae1e48cea6	Categories: The universe of the TV series "Doctor Who" Fictional spaceships Fictional time travelers Characters telepaths Characters aliens Time machine Fictional centenarians Acronyms Characters who control time and space
87709c06e879fa9dcf103424c003deeaa54c25cf	Hidden Category: Pages using magic ISBN links
f47bb3764c2de3ac9bdd019b5e296555c4c149c6	Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch English Español فارسی Suomi Français עברית Hrvatski Magyar Italiano 日本本ააიი Lat Latina Nederlands Norsk bokmål Occitan Polski Portugês Română Scots Svenska Türkçe Ukrainka 中文
51ee16dcba95c8b5fada2566eb201ef9801ad2cd	Last modified on this page: 23: 53, January 13, 2017.
a7476198fd591df98ae7c22c2c8eabf0e69a5244	Angelina Jolie Pitt (eng. Angelina Jolie Pitt[3], at birth Voight (eng. Voight); b. June 4, 1975, Los Angeles) is an American actress, film director and screenwriter, fashion model, UN Goodwill ambassador.
749cfa8300be59ca274278923fdd853ad92dfd17	The winner of the Academy Award, three Golden Globes (the first actress in history to win the award three years in a row) and two awards of the Screen Actors Guild of the United States.
3d08ec9a539d36b036372a4216e5d8cefd1b505c	Angelina Jolie was born in Los Angeles on June 4, 1975.
cc1c136139817ba7f527be480e77fd895d018e2a	Father-actor Jon Voight, mother-actress of French origin Marceline Bertrand.
044d2a1c37cfa1db82d85bddf9edf2557e5dc577	Angelina has an older brother-James Haven.
b00b975ad708830e2bc54602e01ccec4a0c5994d	Her godparents were the famous actors Maximilian Schell and Jacqueline Bisset.
6deae71b68b3b22f018f644730f413b240e8be13	On her father's side, she is the niece of Chip Taylor.
ca6b915a9bbff7b7308987953732845fea2754d6	Angelina Jolie's father often cheated on her mother.
3f7db5d18b557eb4c4eff4ffe6a8996e2fd45629	Therefore, her parents separated a year after her birth.
1ed61e6ca82046a1f020c2fae6b01eb3109f81ec	However, the divorce was officially registered only in 1978.
3edd8649a35a79d29e62d642eac5fac59a3af19e	Marceline Bertrand took Angelina and her brother James Haven to New York.
3f1082b1b397199895d65882feb299b9c297faa2	A year later, Voight won an Oscar for his role in Homecoming, and Bertrand was forced to abandon her dreams of a successful acting career and devoted her time to raising children.
3c05127c901036eb351e68f5d0e1da59bc732017	She often took them to the movies, which aroused Jolie's interest in acting.
99150baedf2a88d99ca3ce5edcc06f0e7d7ba819	At least, this is what she explained later in the press her choice in favor of cinema (and not her father's successful career).
6a42cb5b293a002bb5063fbbd388e285773e4b95	At the age of six, Jolie already starred in her father's film "In search of a way out".
2ff0719d7c972ce7d1578368f5b51202ee08d37e	The whole family took part in the shooting: both father Jon Voight and mother Marceline Bertrand.
12d54929b9626315bd6778721f5b0705b62c0c60	As a child, Angelina was distinguished by an eccentric character, at the age of nine she decided to open her own funeral home.
fc5f0243ee2120c4f99b2d24e9f4f499774a8e65	At school, she attended a psychotherapist.
2f3c3f583d109e7687a3ed0026d824b322586786	Her teachers thought she was a sociopath.
abd331c2a96b0db7baf929d03a68fd9b050cd826	When Angelina was 11 years old, the family moved again to Los Angeles, where Jolie studied for two years at the Lee Strasberg Theater Institute, as well as at the Beverly Hills High School.
1751673400faaab357f36afcbdb3fc8ad4d65511	She studied at New York University
dd6006a1f313847811eb880643c307e8918a7e01	Angelina was far from the only student with acting ambitions, but she always felt like an outsider because of her unusual appearance, the habit of dressing in second-hand clothes and thinness.
dbb18806c5cd01b6d950779695a3e686ca60f879	Because of her thinness, the aspiring actress felt quite insecure, and after an unsuccessful attempt to start a career as a model, her self-esteem completely fell to zero
1583737d9c7775372b61ea90cbbee13925a5cdca	The girl started wearing black and, as she admitted later, hated herself.
19158cb4d8cf4adcfaa1504c8ab2ca2e7815f2ba	Later, Jolie admitted that she felt very depressed and unhappy at that time, believed that she was useless, and, as a result, began to inflict cuts and wounds on her body.
438361aef999a57a3559642567104c0c3a19599d	Jolie does not hide that she used drugs, in an interview with The Daily Mirror in 1996, she said that by the age of 20 she had tried almost everything that was possible.
6d3ca4f684173f14c794fe0518ae90e62666f5d4	During the TV show "60 Minutes "in 2011, she noted that she had experienced a" difficult time", and she was very lucky that she did not die young.
eb4c849db309f863c2c67e363f21c9b492947dc9	Nevertheless, by the age of 14, Angelina Jolie was able to pull herself together and began working as a model, taking part in fashion shows and starring in music videos of such famous artists as Lenny Kravitz and the Rolling Stones.
1fee59899c074762c179ee82ca68cbd13f7aedf6	Around the same time, her brother, James Haven, began attending film school (USC School of Cinematic Arts), and Angelina played in five of his experimental films.
6d231514c83e21094177094c6ad478d80ee04a09	In 1989, she had her first young man who lived with her for two years in the house of the girl's father.
e3b38335898ff5918a4d89f046869480a17a0c2c	The reason for the quarrel was her passion for knives — her body was covered with many scars.
410435be13273d4557e27cae8a2b17a8b8d85461	At the same age, she developed a dislike for her father, which for many years did not prevent them from communicating.
31ac09475596c21356dd03bf05d8da1399ae3133	At the age of 18, she begins acting in films and her childhood attachments fade into the background, although Jolie will continue to shock the audience in the future.
8622ef32e5788f5bdef2016a0e63615f73eb6f72	Angelina Jolie began her career as a film actress with experimental films, which, however, were not included in her filmography.
935ac15ed0e2d9ff2296ce6a8237ecd7fa6f3e8a	She made her film debut in 1982, playing a role in the comedy film "In search of a Way out" (where her father and mother also starred)[4], however, she gained fame after playing the heroine of video games Lara Croft in the films "Lara Croft: Tomb Raider" and "Lara Croft: Tomb Raider. The cradle of life".
85a61a9259aae2e227174d53037de1ed1f8ae380	In 1993, the film "Cyborg 2" was released, in which the actress received a prominent role of a cyborg in love.
189535e48d606fbc2b28819a23bdbffe5a948bb5	After the release of the film on the screens, Angelina Jolie ordered a killer to kill herself - so she did not like what happened in the end.
16c79d2a188665a00c46507c7ee1c25f518b1c7c	New offers were not long in coming,and in the following years Jolie played in many films that contributed to the growth of her film career.
8cff1f3038c86b1618e7dafb288f9632adba6b4b	And in 1995, she starred in her first major project, the film "Hackers", which was partnered with Johnny Lee Miller, who later became her husband.
601b24427ab7322910641c26b2497a48b82ab52a	In 1997, the film "Portraying God" was released, where her partners were Timothy Hutton and David Duchovny.
ebbae910a57a151ec488f51ccd36ebe3de1d64d0	Jolie chooses the most diverse roles for herself – the wife of the governor of Alabama chained to the bed by the disease in the movie "George Wallace" and the drug-addicted model who died of AIDS in the film "Gia", a police woman in the film "The Power of Fear" and a grumpy wife in the comedy "Controlling Flights", a crazy hijacker in the movie "Hijack in 60 seconds" and a violent patient of a psychiatric clinic in the movie drama "Interrupted Life"…
78883a0ac65522349ca695ce76eec72f8ab3c3c0	Just with the last film, Angelina Jolie received recognition.
5f09826cb1254c0f34fa312ce9a44edda23e44d6	For her work in it, she received an Oscar as the best supporting actress and a Golden Globe in the same category (it will be the third in her career).
e0746034b39bda736c720dfd1cd7edaa692bda02	For the role of Cornelia in the TV movie "George Wallace" (George Wallace, 1997), Angelina Jolie received a Golden Globe Award.
c05446bd10e3d36ca2e0f6227e31caab364714e6	After the great success with "Interrupted Life", Jolie allowed herself to star in an action movie called "Hijack in 60 Seconds", where she had no special opportunities to show off her dramatic talent, but the film at least became very successful financially, collecting more than $ 230 million at the box office.
b215f175a08dac451b4361b71808f876b872ea49	One of the interesting roles of Angelina Jolie is considered to be the role in the biographical film "Gia", where she played the popular top model Ji Karanji, who died of AIDS.
2282a5b55d4a1cc4669dac40f66c4e1fcfb9958e	For the game, she won the Golden Globe for the second year in a row.
713547df77b7e69094783da61fb215b1ffae6739	Jolie stubbornly rejected this role several times, explaining her refusals by the fact that Gia is too similar to her.
147dfc59f060a35f33fca25d02f1ec0518b28b78	Critics said about Angelina's performance of this role that if the film was made for film distribution, and not for television, then her "Gia" would be a serious application for the Academy Award.
7ebdb06cf4d1fe61a0316d03505ac9ab0e0cd870	After that, Jolie becomes one of the brightest stars in Hollywood.
0b93559768899a77195346e5764c05724d7b936d	After this difficult, by her own admission, role, the actress needed some time to take a break from filming
69067303a18a9efb8c70c4efb9474ee2f889d561	Jolie moved to New York, where she attended a screenwriting course at New York University.
f6e00886d42626fe822cf927527e7c2d3ee878e7	Then Angelina starred in several films that were successful at the box office (first of all, these are "The Vicissitudes of Love" and "The Power of Fear" with Denzel Washington, which collected 151 million dollars at the global box office).
e80db0733548cb9f28fecabc270cb8bacc9059b7	Among the roles rejected by Angelina was the role of a cyborg in the film "Alien: Resurrection" (1997, played by Winona Ryder), as well as a role in the film "Charlie's Angels".
befcf5b4e0344eb3aeb87744b47d6bfba0f04171	During the Academy Award ceremony, she confessed her love for her brother.
a893e9610c3a8c4ed0f26479fc4876570191c71a	Immediately there was talk about their incestuous relationship.
76b468033ed276bc60b3eb0823618105aee481ba	But they will publicly refute this, however, only a year after the ceremony.
68c2328e4750c3ab1443c726e254e2f4ade5e224	In the early 2000s, the actress participated in two film adaptations of the game Tomb Raider.
cba4cd286ab33dea00b17442fb0045f92dff42e6	Now the actress has been showered with a whole series of invitations to shoot very successful films.
f3ba339947bda98f14a511e3a07c5d2d514b5388	In 2001, Jolie was chosen for the main role for the filming of the first film "Lara Croft-Tomb Raider".
244c6ed6f02aa676a021d1c205e73d1722a44b80	This picture collected 270 million dollars at the global box office.
42104be76ad867d9e788160b30af395534e2ab90	Unfortunately, the subsequent pictures about the brave tomb raider did not have the same success.
427657f243deb6da0d5810ca5193cd8f13c8c437	Jolie's dislike of her father, Jon Voight, is known.
a426dbc73efbfbffc92d51711096c2aaea9fe74a	She always blamed her father for her mother's infidelities and leaving the family, however, despite this, she tried to restore relations by inviting Voight to shoot in the film "Lara Croft-the Tomb Raider" (2001), in which she played the main role.
469dbe0ab32e17ed1ba67e2d5c27da8817650318	However, during the filming process, several quarrels occurred between them, after which Jolie basically refuses to mention him as a father.
9d0c70e45bf99369bbdf5edc098847cebdb42ea2	In mid-2002, Jolie submitted an application to the official authorities with a request for the final registration of her name as "Angelina Jolie", without "Voight".
0fb5e2452525e75fbc16d93005bb461b07c788b9	In the same year, Jon Voight made a statement in the press that his daughter had "serious mental problems".
27c49a87ae52163e5d9eb7a09e638fe40d09758f	In 2004, Jolie said in an interview with Premiere magazine that she was not interested in continuing a relationship with her father, but the reasons for her decision are still not known.
8af82d40fab1643552559d9983a6a9d2cac645f7	Jon Voight has never met with Angelina's children before, because she does not allow him to do so; he was not invited to the family celebrations on the occasion of the birth of Angelina and Brad Pitt's daughter, Shiloh Nouvel.
330a494cd75bf13bdcaf53b80e4cef4dc00f6e1c	Released after him in 2003, the sequel "Lara Croft-Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life", in addition to negative criticism, was also financially unsuccessful.
71769367e369f644ff996400a13634148c9e31af	The Lara Croft franchise was "frozen" by the producers, although Jolie has repeatedly stated her readiness to return to the image of a superheroine for the third time.
d766b8d442bf44631b6bf5fd7cbd27d09f697294	It is noteworthy that for the second series, the actress received a fee of $ 12 million, thereby becoming one of the highest-paid actresses in the world.
3920f1c708f9cb0c0b5192159ff6253e7aad1398	In between the two series about the adventures of Lara Croft and many long trips to a number of Third World countries as part of the UN humanitarian mission, Angelina starred with a number of famous Hollywood actors in several commercial films, among which "Temptation", "Life or something like that", "Taking lives", "Beyond" did not gain success either among the public or critics.
0af2a67c75f6c27a3d11efd4539a5c9c6761236b	The actress was nominated for the "Golden Raspberry" as the "Worst Actress" for four years in a row (from 2002 to 2005), but each time she was bypassed by another nominee.
003fa0f49a215508e4f02159faec446530126ebc	In 2006, after a year and a half absence from the cinema, Angelina Jolie appeared in Robert De Niro's film "False Temptation", where she played the wife of a CIA spy played by Matt Damon.
b5e1060406bf45f8ac4ae9237f06db0f80e372b2	The first project for Angelina Jolie after the birth of her daughter was the biographical drama "Her Heart" by Michael Winterbottom, in which she played Marian Pearl, the wife of the infamous journalist Daniel Pearl, who was killed in Pakistan in 2002.
5e5235fd558e36e90e4cb252bb209e3883d1f39d	Filming began in August 2006 in Pakistan and India, the film premiered as part of the non-competitive program of the 2007 Cannes Film Festival.
e0f684fd81672eaf81a05a5fefca28e867921de4	Angelina Jolie's mother Marcheline died on January 27, 2007 in a Los Angeles clinic at the age of 56 after 7 and a half years of fighting ovarian cancer[20].
95c6d58f384f5d2b253ee6707875227550efc580	In 2008, three projects with Jolie's participation were released: the action adaptation of Mark Miller's comics "Especially Dangerous", the cartoon " Kung Fu Panda "(where Jolie voiced a Tigress) and the Clint Eastwood thriller "Substitution".
5c61e8f3abd0664e2a5b68de68cae7525ecaf8de	The action in the latter developed in Los Angeles at the time of the Vineville murders.
4c0b3f2cf21981cf81ae268e08a8ca7610eb486e	Jolie played the role of the mother of the kidnapped son of Christine Collins.
29a50ab411f1c7d852ce62ba98b4e384bd0d7bf1	Collins claimed that the returned son was not hers, but instead of helping her, she was prescribed to a clinic for the insane.
1fe117ce41f2c19eb15dbb019b5763662fa6282f	The actress not only received favorable reviews from film critics, but was also nominated for various film awards, among which were "Oscar", "Golden Globe" and BAFTA.
a109c5950e373fd9d1e6b3b0e7119057adeedb95	Successfully acting in a variety of commercial films, she firmly took first place in all beauty ratings, literally turning into a household name.
2c305af3503ba71ff8a8cd3b1c04275f2fe7391f	Besides, Angelina is now not just rich, but very rich.
1ad2bd84b72ffba9f60b8ac14910afee5cf13aaa	For several years in a row, Forbes magazine put her on the first place in the ranking of the highest-paid celebrities.
79405c071ea534e46b45d2b542b3352cbb614fa2	As a director, Jolie made her debut with the documentary "A Place in Time" (A Place In Time) in 2007.
f5c6fcaa6da6fd5162f05eb7f82c789fc3f0c8b2	In 2011, Angelina made her directorial debut.
ed6de4b3b83c8ea0a21b622a356d6f1d3b22416e	She made the film "In the land of blood and Honey", which tells about the romance of a Serb and a Bosnian Muslim woman shortly before the start of the war in Bosnia.
c7e9e2ab864dd469e9f39bf635f29a9a509277ef	The film was nominated for a Golden Globe in the category" Best Foreign Film".
7873bf49cad5ba8c15fe0606b6b76a48dbdf6f7a	Jolie's second directorial experience is the film "Unbroken", dedicated to the amazing fate of the Olympian and soldier Louis Zamperini.
22669f565dd240c864dcd1f7f2825588a750bcd8	The last works of Angelina Jolie in the cinema were roles in the films "Maleficent "(2014) and" Cote d'Azur " (2015).
576903d5a16d2f8b927b56507b34ad599d100d6c	Angelina Jolie is a goodwill ambassador of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
259fca1692fb569ec427ae3eab1e5ee0129cd0a1	As part of this mission, Jolie visited dozens of countries where humanitarian disasters occurred.
8d7d5f141ec66a9fbe3c73b5508f40cdde6a0b0a	The actress has established several charitable foundations and participates in major political meetings in the United States and Europe.
23e0de3354097bd28c8b1e3c590bf8172c2cce94	In April 2013, Jolie, through her foundation Education Partnerhsip for Children of Conflict, financed the construction of a school for girls in one of the suburbs of Kabul in Afghanistan.
ddc72c887a43ce34d2e2221146fe2b54b1e0c114	In 2010, the actress has already funded the creation of a similar school in eastern Afghanistan.
c836819e948737c1471d12c413e31004bb84e142	In 2005, the actress was awarded the UN Humanitarian Award.
66e464696f5d82fb6c1981aa8d375c2e5fa32be9	On November 16, 2013, Angelina was awarded an honorary "Oscar" (the Gene Hersholt Award) for active volunteer humanitarian activities.
36cd037dcac1d9d5aaadfee12c896e56616745e7	In October 2014, Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain awarded Angelina Jolie the title of Dame for her humanitarian work, presenting her with the Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael and St. George.
62cb1c4f6f65bc7b8b7a2829b0be80bfc726dc72	The Order and insignia were presented to Angelina Jolie during a personal audience at Buckingham Palace.
3c900c2a0525b555e1a5401b5bbb43c74525a632	A temple in the famous Cambodian complex Angkor Wat, dedicated to the god Vishnu, was named in honor of Angelina Jolie.
07e1190fd7eeb9450585a755e5623c221aa3aaa3	In July 2010, the film "Salt" was released, where Jolie played the role of CIA agent Evelyn Salt, suspected of working for Russian intelligence.
6bb6854beb780cf35808093305a0629f68e8187e	Curiously, the main role was intended for Tom Cruise, who would play exactly the same character, only under the name Edwin Salt.
86b84f37da71350db053e46e12ea31fa75db3cd3	In January 2011, the film with the participation of Jolie and Johnny Depp "The Tourist", directed by Oscar-winning director Florian Henkel von Donnersmark, was released.
ae22dab76b1b94ca7d9151772c90f643d5b3be88	For this role, the actress received the Teen Choice Awards, and was also nominated for the Golden Globe and People's Choice Awards, which, together with the significant commercial success of the film (the picture collected more than 278 million US dollars at the global box office), confirmed Jolie's status as one of the most successful actresses on the planet.
2e4fefb474e9699b31fb8325cfc26611f970fcac	In May 2011, Jolie again spoke with the voice of a Tigress in the computer cartoon "Kung Fu Panda 2".
bb6f861cfbd72db96fc20711a99914953727739e	Angelina Jolie's personal life has always been in the center of public attention.
f54889eff09bf3f61ea20416f9356328b05c4502	The first marriage of the actress was registered in 1996 with her partner in the film" Hackers " Johnny Miller.
bc223706907400d5a3306f4fa2acddd5a260c742	However, a divorce took place in 1998.
774c16ae37dbebf732218f9aa5cdfcbbe1351d8a	In 2000, the romance of Angelina and Billy Torton, her partner in the film"Controlling Flights", begins.
59db2f7857f7576788617e00c19984ad5a98ab5a	The couple was more than strange.
538e08efe692fb9b5621956a83c6d51ad64a3b18	The wedding, which the lovers played in Las Vegas, cost them only $ 189.
f8f5bb4f8b619ff090585f4e0414ead8b6c956c9	At the wedding ceremony, the newlyweds were wearing jeans and T-shirts.
b18a8bcbadb501d177a6e8750fd9b9fefec53ac5	The proof of eternal love was the tattoos on the bodies of the stars with each other's names.
b16f1fa4ab5bc7fcf6457ac86e9244e86e406962	But after three years, the idyll was still destroyed,and in 2003 Angelina and Billy divorced.
da4961c7c013c5ba7b46abc91ccbf116e4c3a502	On August 23, 2014, after seven years of marriage, Jolie married one of the most popular and attractive actors in Hollywood, Brad Pitt, whom she met on the set of the film "Mr. and Mrs. Smith".
ac575eac48820cd534a63ef73f1fe4018a35940e	Angelina and Brad have six children, three of whom are adopted: daughter Zahara from Ethiopia (born in 2005) and boys Maddox from Cambodia (born in 2001) and Pax from Vietnam (born in 2003).
50693b31889035f874353f92d6e63d4eb901dc5c	On May 27, 2006, the couple had a girl, Shiloh, and on July 12, 2008, Jolie gave birth to twins-a boy, Knox Leon, and a girl, Vivienne Marcheline.
fe678c898bed9d0b9f44f2d6c2251c0736068c28	Angelina and Brad were considered one of the most beautiful couples of our time, but their union came to an end.
b21de60e01f5e3bce87492a19671908fc1a3e348	In 2016, Jolie filed for divorce.
b9fae8f75a6a5770d549ab469025ee0def1d281b	Despite the fact that the stars themselves do not comment on the reason for the separation, journalists managed to find out from the couple's friends that Jolie was extremely dissatisfied with Pitt's parenting methods.
0031e6f54c48a4269059c3f9fc44b601000e1e46	As a result, the actors concluded a temporary agreement, according to which Angelina received sole custody of the children.
c3582dcd537e6fce9c14e3d4d6955e1437c912af	Pitt himself will only be able to visit the heirs.
c2fe07dadf5f65094f32dcbf1b840c32b3fc8037	At various times, Angelina could boast of 13 tattoos on her body.
c9d47deca930f1e54baf4252e752eeaa56b90639	Since breast cancer was the cause of the death of several close relatives of Jolie, she decided to sequence her genes (BRCA 1/2), which are responsible for the risk of developing breast cancer.
fd73cecb86d5a11e77bdc1e655efc564a0ca20b6	It turned out that Angelina Jolie has a mutation of the BRCA1 gene and the risk of developing breast cancer is 87 %, and ovarian cancer is 50 %.
08156675e57ae71847337c12ed3678eb1a5abc75	The actress decided to undergo a bilateral mastectomy with subsequent reconstruction.
fed82fa838a4d57edca2045f8ef82093a6eee096	The successful operation was performed at the end of April 2013[97].
e1d8e341f95df3285f8d9b3a48bbe8114f514dda	Jolie also decided to inform the general public about this: on May 14, 2013, on the pages of The New York Times, she spoke about her choice and about the operation she underwent[98].
81114c40f712a9860a89fc43502e978a067fc033	After breast surgery, she announced her intention to remove her ovaries in order to reduce the risk of getting cancer[99].
7a05cb9301177469c8f822858c4d7eed367d2c72	On March 24, 2015, Angelina Jolie told the New York Times that she had removed her ovaries due to the risk of developing cancer and now will no longer be able to give birth to a child[3][100].
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0ad6a93d02f3ad22cde1bbf934aadbb8c4d43129	The actors
2aebf97498ad74ede3b3421a3392c6100970c5f6	Angelina Jolie
71ec5fde57b1fa7200505db3febee120e8f93f4e	Name:Angelina Jolie (Angelina Jolie Voight )
a7c0b23e9b9c790e979e15916356f6bf5c67f3a0	Date of birth: June 4, 1975
a6b984d5e871f6131f900cbe654c46f2c61e69f8	Age: 41 years
9c71e836de40e8f3018aa34ee961fe182a3c06c8	Place of birth: Los Angeles, USA
d66692c68fe9903d51a1ffa36de58af2b9b967af	Height: 173
524cb27496fc0a9313ee7f8fbed14928162d4b45	Activity: actress, director, screenwriter, model, UN Goodwill Ambassador
1ee0ecb483a760bfd94150747f8e2f00f3125f97	Marital status: married to
664add438097fbd4307f814de8e62a10f8905588	Wikipedia
5721bbef40b22bbdb2e6a062b096d9b48735c2ff	Instagram
e0684ff0598950a844663a0a7ebe5fe5155430cd	Angelina Jolie: a biography
3ae91418087c1e00f8b1b8eb6a5f26526dcd3a54	Angelina Jolie (full name - Angelina Jolie Voight) is not only an outstanding actress, but also a director, screenwriter and a UN goodwill ambassador.
33a5feb547e6d4684988b1ae0e01a611537a1f00	She was born on June 4, 1975 in Los Angeles in the family of actor Jon Voight and actress Marcheline Bertrand.
9caabf495e428abf6ff3fc0678d75589a48fccc5	A year later, her parents divorced, and Angelina stayed with her mother, who often took her daughter to the movies.
94f089a11000a40c101008ab4731f17d07c506cd	It was then that her interest in cinema awoke in her.
2917ac8decfb4d86b0ecebe021de2d6a5009d979	Angelina Jolie's path to worldwide popularity was difficult and thorny.
195e0b992aab701705d9341bf2c8409c66119c2b	At the age of 11, she began studying at the Lee Strasberg Film School, then entered the Beverly Hills High School.
aa66d51b28f3cd043aaf26c1d2e59d6a59b5b1e2	Because of her thinness, the aspiring actress felt quite insecure, and after an unsuccessful attempt to start a career as a model, her self esteem completely fell to zero The girl started wearing black and, as she admitted later, hated herself.
fcfc1d07e195afb2679cbfae826ecc12954cc64e	She played her first official role in 1993 in the film "Cyborg 2: Glass Shadow", but she became widely known after filming the action movie "Hackers", which, although it suffered a financial failure, became a cult.
c4f20b7f4a07bd7ca7980c5cde0d4f24516414f7	The actress received her first award, the Golden Globe Award, for her role in the television film "George Wallace", which was highly appreciated by film critics.
44297c7077626aa97c95551896507b3e0fe99657	Speaking about Jolie's filmography, it is worth mentioning the role of Lara Croft in the film adaptation of the Tomb Rider computer game.
f3923d9572a4d4649d760c0dcbff4bd236b98ae8	Shot in 2001, the picture, although it received harsh reviews, but Angelina Jolie herself became the standard of sexuality.
7a7a1e7663eefea9eebc0cbdf04d3ad47eb8c77f	Interestingly, she performed all the tricks in the film on her own.
31668ce7bb426932f6079e58aabacbf621aaf9fe	The actress also appeared in the films "Temptation", "Taking Lives", "Alexander", "The Heavenly Captain and the World of the Future".
58d232be5d85b311fd0d5b318224e90982e34788	Despite the cold reception of these pictures, Angelina Jolie made an impression with her appearance and her acting.
2cd32d044476b644853a8dc890bb1d0839443823	After a series of commercial failures, one of the main successful works of the Hollywood star followed — the film "Mr. and Mrs. Smith", which was released in 2005.
f9b978ff5f8f1d07fc992fa83da925a8a7e12070	The tape collected $ 480 million at the global box office.
57519e90fa0613c48563033d32c5d83e2769e5b1	&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;span id="selection marker 1" class="redactor selection marker" data verified="redactor"&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;/span&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;span id="selection marker 1" class="redactor selection marker" data verified="redactor"&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;/span&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;
ac63c9cf88929293d5028e40e27fdbca91f3be1c	Then there were filming in the films "False Temptation "(2006), "Her Heart" (2007), "Substitution" (2008), "Salt" (2010).
d9cc680e63a4125415a8ae6e92f3bff8167350da	In 2011, Jolie starred in "Tourist", playing the role of a fatal, sexy and sophisticated woman.
1ff487cce1ec13bcde229421c548222efb7545bd	For her performance in the film, she was nominated for People's Choice Awards and a Golden Globe.
16768dbcfd7f9d6a1d385d346b54b20ac0d6af9c	Humanitarian work Shooting in the film "Lara Croft.
30c3458fd28ddd70813262803b68f24ac00b1ce6	Tomb Raider", held in Cambodia, marked the beginning of Angelina Jolie's humanitarian work.
69c4acbf5d5c511e131fbc9d3f3dffab872e682f	Having seen with her own eyes all the horrors happening in the third world countries, she contacted the UN, becoming a goodwill ambassador of this organization.
6a320dd8c428fd3d05eec1dcb9406bd5f54f4360	During her life, she made dozens of humanitarian trips, and also adopted three children.
c60b68c6c41e31e122c74fa01719ae3f68a74baa	In 2004, for humanitarian work in Cambodia, the Prime Minister of the country awarded Jolie the title of Honorary citizen of Cambodia.
3bd2fe20c3d6302eab75e6c1e62ee3a8fe2c7e31	In 2005, she received the UN Humanitarian Award.
89afaf196a09ba535600ffd1a044f254d0d4b204	The actress has created several charitable organizations: Maddox Jolie Pitt Foundation, dedicated to the preservation of the environment and community development in Battambang province, Maddox Chivan Children's Center for children in Phnom Penh who are affected by HIV, Education Partnership for Children of Conflict, designed for children affected by natural or man made disasters.
b30b92a5e6198207004927e076fb320b7acb3056	On November 16, 2013, Angelina Jolie was awarded the "Oscar" for volunteer humanitarian activities (the Award named after Gene Hersholt).
0fd18ba3c9b753618883ea9fff9a715910855c6f	In 2014, Queen Elizabeth II awarded Jolie the title of a Knight's lady, awarding the Order of St. George and St. Michael for her participation in the campaign against sexual violence in the zone of military conflicts and serving the interests of British foreign policy.
d8f232913df4e1c1999bb6fcfab7e405eccca49d	Personal life Angelina Jolie's first marriage, registered with actor Johnny Lee Miller in 1996, broke up a year later.
bb94fc9577845c5df308df4e327b37894d7ca07f	In 2000 she married Billy Bob Thornton, but they divorced 3 years later.
0c6e662224a368e43cc1e29ea5f7523d94799050	The last and most productive relationship of the actress was formed with the main handsome Hollywood Brad Pitt.
9fc7135b0048cd8b3bbdf0538c74ac9696859ae5	For a long time, the couple denied rumors of an affair that arose during the filming of the hit film "Mr. and Mrs. Smith".
53f23584050c1ffd205db5132facc345ebf8e3ad	There was a reason for this - Pitt was married to actress Jennifer Aniston.
f54fe1d88cd6754e64df8300b3d96419befc185a	In 2006, after learning about the pregnancy, Angelina Jolie still announced an affair with Brad Pitt.
a6528a5a8d124f6fe9386119c5fb3f1d6a45bdfa	The star couple are the parents of 6 children - three biological and three adopted.
f9fa40c7f22d1d3fc2cb7edfefedb17c2cd5b765	And in 2016, according to media reports, Jolie and Pitt adopted their seventh child.
bba89811d8b06fb00d0d9fb10895f1f871f51bb0	It turned out to be a two year old boy Moussa, whom Angelina met during a trip to a refugee camp from Syria.
9224598c4eea62ec3adfdb357918447544bb0305	After 7 years of civil marriage, Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt still announced their long awaited engagement.
fb71547da39e0df99155d4fac4186d33e9d42379	On August 23, 2014, they legalized their relationship.
9c9d3761602517d5d22166cb35cba6e57b25ed39	Of particular interest to fans are Angelina Jolie's tattoos.
87046f28b36dc549ab76dc298e3d7dc73d528184	In total, she has about twenty different tattoos on her body, including a huge Asian tiger on her lower back and an inscription below the navel in Latin "Quod me nutrit me destroy", which translates as"What nourishes me, kills me".
b232dc2584a8900c0a67eddc8c56c6b15f8c668b	In April 2013, Angelina Jolie, fearing the development of breast cancer, underwent a bilateral mastectomy.
e5299dbc6ec634904e9ee3cb307d2d157ab36798	Later, she also removed her ovaries because of the risk of developing a deadly disease - now the popular actress will no longer be able to have children.
7628ef146dc7ba07bc6b941b9ad1449ec3afffd7	Filmography "Hackers" "Real women" "The power of fear" "Djiat" " Lara Croft.
576911a31e5f8a6c14468fe01e72204bfc28de10	Tomb Raider" "Mr. and Mrs. Smith" "Strong Heart" "Especially dangerous" "Tourist" "Maleficent"
aea3a12d5af11b4f7b402922609bcddadf0f5e83	15 photos: Angelina Jolie →
19b66f10638b3f75e7cac9eb74d585c842b07c6d	Angelina Jolie: the latest news
67839933f8653dab2928acf1a821ed7fcdc2222d	Angelina Jolie has revealed the details of her divorce from Brad Pitt for the first time
2c0bbaf3374c61eaa7c44b338699fd032696726a	February 20, 2017
0cb69549a13cb3313698ff64858d94100056dbcf	During the first appearance, Angelina Jolie commented on her loud breakup with Brad Pitt and revealed ...
e1c940fb3b0ebd0f8b37ac091495062099f1e117	Angelina Jolie came out for the first time after her divorce from Brad Pitt
f7795cf9e09bfad538e981adee017601ba280b76	February 18, 2017
5333734022480c238692e1716e5977aedeef084a	Angelina Jolie made her first appearance at an official event after her divorce from Brad Pitt.
68587d0c4f49e59fcf51cda23a441d8d61212b91	The actress became the main state...
a4797c9ec982b7846742cdee1e2c2aab03144b23	Media: Jolie and Ronaldo will star in a new series about Syrian refugees
fabae4b34fcbf6299c2c2ea371975a5e94739fc1	February 17, 2017
4afe4ed542c151230ff6c265430e9e4ddb4c34f7	Actress Angelina Jolie and footballer Cristiano Ronaldo will become the heroes of a new Turkish TV series about the life of Syrian refugees...
9c1fc2fe8437fb0d096a5e726eaddd1478fb229c	The biological mother of the daughter of Jolie and Pitt declared the right to a child
709c1ea637bd435a0d3e4c4a451388eed2b7dfe8	January 18, 2017
7ac746989f21afc852f964f4048cb0e3ffe6304d	The biological mother of the adopted daughter of Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt announced her desire to reunite with the child.
8215ecb0f82682c861a962261fe0a2031515669c	Speech id...
2a62c8a24f4017ceb0a98a8e2407ba1e6b44d0fc	Media: Jolie gave Pitt a "special" gift for Christmas
bb6d9161332a5e3aaafea046c7664de3967e90cc	December 29, 2016
87a0b113c98255d0c05cf98b079f8b35fb48e2b6	American actor Brad Pitt met with children during the Christmas holidays.
ee59060a782d23dfbe7265b5a1091b8f5af3442f	Such a gift to the actors was made by his ex wife...
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c81565f53876c98e67cce1f09e5f2956373ae8be	Biography of Angelina Jolie 10:1304.06.2015 (updated: 17:04 04.06.2015) 29056104
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e7de3b040943bbe393c768a7f272c9eb5e06c15b	The fourth of June 2015 marks the 40th anniversary of the famous American film actress Angelina Jolie.
6e3655a993b12f1208461e697859447396f6de53	Angelina Jolie, full name Angelina Jolie Voight, was born on June 4, 1975 in Los Angeles, California, USA in the family of American actor Jon Voight and French Canadian actress Marcheline Bertrand (1950-2007).
858b9abfae5b576398d973b196483d9233cedd03	Jolie's parents separated in 1976 and Bertrand moved to New York with Angelina and her brother.
59f016333d62342093688ed9a8c8afbc9ef1abb3	At the age of 14, Jolie began working as a model at fashion shows in New York, Los Angeles and London.
4d25edeb2747033f0259e82b288c95290a299db4	She also starred in several music videos, including Lenny Kravitz.
1e67969fc28ed6643a8a353493adf9bfaee03b6b	Angelina Jolie made her film debut in 1993 in the role of a humanoid robot named Casella "Cash" Rees in the low budget sci fi thriller "Cyborg 2" (Cyborg 2).
955eceb142dc20277fc7f99542b5abb79d103270	Her next role in the film "Hackers" (Hackers, 1995) was noted by critics, the picture became a cult after being released on video.
bff8a3e18354e983e1de37ba3f82938b3651a43c	She received the same award in 1999 for her role in the drama "Gia" (Gia, 1998).
0179dae86c9a9bf161ee62dc719b095a448c6d64	The actress gained star status in 1999 with the release of James Mangold's film "Interrupted Life" (Girl, Interrupted), which brought her the third Golden Globe and the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.
09a14b171fb0ee39b62eea2373f5439c0b3af17f	In 2001, Jolie starred in the first series about Lara Croft — "Lara Croft — the Tomb Raider".
889e295d5ecabb6aa8560a4f37a9856db37c8e34	The film collected more than $ 270 million at the global box office, but, despite its success with the audience, it was scolded by critics.
79d159aec1149bd423af08e5f22f12cd3d73b831	Released after him in 2003, the sequel "Lara Croft Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life", in addition to negative criticism, was also financially unsuccessful.
9fc4d56ae3ed8c7a671c676ce5f9a032316c4645	After a series of commercial failures, the main rental success of the actress followed – the film "Mr. and Mrs. Smith" (Mr. & Mrs. Smith), which was released in the summer of 2005 and collected an unexpected 480 million dollars at the world box office.
7e2b91e495cefb89e37bfdbe4286b823e012baef	In recent years, Angelina Jolie has starred in the main roles in the films " False Temptation "(Good Shepherd, 2006)," Strong Heart "(Mighty Heart, 2007)," Substitution "(Changeling, 2008)," Salt "(Salt, 2010)," Tourist " (Tourist, 2010).
2421ebfe8bf1d269fce85edb2dd2b33aa7829876	In one of the last films with Jolie's participation – fantasy "Maleficent" (Maleficent, 2014), the actress acted simultaneously as a producer.
a06bc8f45e7ba0d59861319b525ba46701fe888a	In 2011, the actress acted as a director, screenwriter and producer in the film "In the Land of Blood and Honey" (In the Land of Blood and Honey), dedicated to love, which is being tested by the war in the Balkans in the 1990s of the XX century.
02a5372e431d31fef546ae07735505eacc7b368a	The Association of Bosnian women victims of war filed a complaint to the UN against a Hollywood diva who decided to present the relationship between victims and rapists in a romantic way, the association of former Serbian prisoners of Bosnian concentration camps demanded to ban a film that represents only Serbs as rapists as false and biased.
ca56db5be5ace0c60280cba3dd042bdeb456ca78	In December 2014, the premiere of Jolie's second feature film "Unbroken" about the fate of an American pilot who crashed in the Pacific Ocean during World War II and survived Japanese captivity took place.
ba233b49ba32b39672c029b4ff5487e9217617a8	Angelina Jolie has been awarded many cinematic awards.
f0066bf921edfaafc0c6399a3df3cdf7daa5cbf9	She is the winner of the Academy Award (2000), as well as the Gene Hersholt Award presented by the American Film Academy (2014), she was awarded the Golden Globe Award three times (1998, 1999, 2000).
f19299c819e7d8001e65b960cd88d61ab9abf11e	Also in her arsenal is the MTV Movie Awards (2006), the Berlin International Film Festival Award (2007), the Saturn Award (2009) , etc.
feec2b7d6c992a20e6d1a1f9e1ed3b7a570b3fcb	In August 2014, Angelina Jolie officially married the famous Hollywood actor Brad Pitt.
898ab9112122155f0149f09f89b048c251a459aa	They met on the set of the movie "Mr. and Mrs. Smith" in 2004 and have lived together since then.
f3345aa41b21b6e7cb5d3ce281671b0e5603d631	In 2012, the engagement was announced.
3f8f7a691e15a52065b99db69c4a4ac72d9196af	In total, the actor's couple has six children – three relatives and three adopted ones.
11cf1478959c3ac85e5743f9191f1afbf91b7be8	© AP Photo/ Amy Sancetta
846d0a6201389639e26dcb7c6b37f5ba99e10f96	Tattooed and titled Angelina Jolie
78a8efcbaaa1a9a30f9f327aa89d0b6acaaffb03	104
31ba747bac9801461c37e4533e8953b47878c5f1	Biography of Angelina Jolie 10: 13 04/06/2015 The fourth of June 2015 marks the 40th anniversary of the famous American film actress Angelina Jolie.
889d8ca73bbad0c9610aa544c845af5a3f08d435	References #Angelina Jolie (Voight) #USA
35a75bef2226e94868dea06f382c442364afa906	Discussion 2 users left 2 comments
06b89129ff1913bcffb333f9a2179b7afe78b9ad	hamma. burg Usually write this in glamorous magazines.
01f03a65d38a981f6cc99a2d080e099a563912da	Well, or when there is nothing more to write about.
e31a59c4b1b9c71f3d092a4c50af75399a90ca4e	12:48 04.06.2015 0 Show comments Open comments
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8f00032f38c89c93e313ae27955d4313ec737ac3	nuikoctill congratulations to brad pitt 12: 17 04.06.2015 0 Show comments Open comments
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7c11dc4c4c2ecd34c9040c2c8f76a47748e25150	Jolie, Angelina
ae541b222ca58eeb84dfa9b4ecd3e4cce027d6bb	This is the stable version, released on March 3, 2017.
51f3bb48cb09f537d94ee4dd229ccb6d7a1f89e1	There are articles on Wikipedia about other people with the surname Jolie.
f31a50f519175f9de8b53a9a4a6b54e767cf6e5d	Angelina Jolie Angelina Jolie
32543744301971ce3ba2feb96f48f987fa34467c	Angelina Jolie June 12, 2014 Birth name: Angelina Jolie Voight Angelina Jolie Voight
2b05c4a5e389c88ed17dc8b691ec5d635c57bf9a	Date of birth: June 4, 1975 (1975-06-04) [1]
fd5bc6f58529efc1f748b2d19a07c8d971bd7238	(41 years old)
b91aaa7d438a12595afe25bc5f84b124be052756	Place of birth: Los Angeles, California, United States of America[1]
1fa131112f5d46cbd66e389f61c261d2598eddf8	Cambodia Cambodia [2]
400b7bf52ef2c0deb848337416040ff4b0d782dc	Profession: actress
101456bdd9c4c795662feaf29e9fd75f507a20ef	producer
235acfdf1375f5efd80203aca782a2f5e0f135ab	director
99c403fcc762ee9ab7497a94d3b7c92a22141f52	fashion model
676b30a9771820ee7cadc478c94db1901b4bb3aa	Career: 1982; 1993 present. time
0175acfb1ccb1a82cd5cc9dcd9254390176225ee	"Oscar" (2000)
6540fd0599dd90235b5c55eabb00a847488efe6a	"Gene Hersholt Award" (2014)
77de4f202725036a74782db5823f6837841d8f22	Golden Globe Awards (1998, 1999, 2000)
a0c996a6cb4fb3dbaeb6c69da88314e6bd8d0c76	IMDb: ID 0001401
b4ea5f807ea2955518d55ce0ed011d2d9500bb95	Angelina Jolie on Wikimedia Commons
8694f644fa1c9a42790e481e937239f7fe451c01	She made her film debut in 1982, playing a role in the comedy film "In search of a Way out" (where her father and mother also starred)[4], however, she gained fame after playing the heroine of video games Lara Croft in the films "Lara Croft: Tomb Raider" and "Lara Croft: Tomb Raider.
98cc936a7f0efe910df806c013880dbc818eb6d2	The cradle of life".
de9cc61be20b07abef33a3e827c0b8f8418803a5	In 2009, 2011 and 2013, according to Forbes magazine, Jolie was named the highest paid actress in Hollywood[5][6].
51ab29d258932dbf0d2cb7f5d4a73f859ec2920b	Her most successful films from the commercial side were "Maleficent" (worldwide box office receipts — 758 million US dollars), "Mr. and Mrs. Smith" (worldwide box office receipts — 478 million US dollars), "Especially dangerous" (341 million US dollars), "Salt" (293 million US dollars), as well as "Tourist" (278 million US dollars), "Lara Croft: Tomb Raider" (274 million US dollars) and a picture with Nicolas Cage "Hijack in 60 seconds" (237 million US dollars)[7].
89db95c623feb2ee2537604bcc6eabfa652c6a1f	1 Biography 1.1 Childhood, youth, family
aab23e457d0a5e3ddf533ebc819dc0a9cb828889	2 Career 2.1 The first years 2.2 Breakthrough and recognition 2.3 2000s 2.4 Modern projects
184d939b65bc1c23422ebdfd1c92e01969a3a41b	3 Humanitarian work 4 Recognition 5 Personal Life 5.1 Relationships 5.2 Children 5.3 Tattoos 5.4 Health
23b056b38a40105beb3d9f60708f09223647ca8c	6 Media ratings 7 Filmography 8 Director 9 Awards and nominations 10 Notes 11 References
3139147b0905762779cad6b0f09a37afa2e42e67	Childhood, youth, family
6cc516e4673bf188f8e8ff38709c81d031801474	Angelina Jolie Voight was born in Los Angeles (USA, California), in the family of the famous American actor Jon Voight and the French Canadian actress Marcheline Bertrand[8].
da26491ac1292ffde013e91ddced3a6e121834d0	Due to her origin, Jolie inherited the blood of several peoples: on her father's side — Slovak and German (on her father's side)[9][10], on the mother's side — French Canadian, as well as Dutch and German[9].
0105e9e98f90cb60b33ef8bd85a9d50fb727dafe	Jolie herself claims that on her mother's side she also has Iroquois roots[11][12], although her father denies this fact[11]; the only Indian ancestors who could be traced in the ancestry of Marcheline Bertrand were the Hurons of the XVII century[9][13].
238a1fad48fdf3b6751848f373b648dc2db9c66c	Angelina has an older brother James Haven.
50d7a7ed2084fe2cc520468f36edaa2bb485a00d	Her godparents were the famous actors Maximilian Schell and Jacqueline Bisset[14].
58b56db15fc1ff9366f53b93a83811e06eaee4e8	Jolie's parents separated in 1976 (the divorce was finalized only two years later), and her mother, one year old Angelina and her brother moved to New York[8].
9ebea23d09a23ce2db6c35b4359bfe26b68eade4	When Angelina was 11 years old, the family returned to Los Angeles, where Jolie studied for two years at the Lee Strasberg Film School, as well as at the Beverly Hills High School.
f24d97cc876597b8bcb938953ccea846a20817c2	Angelina was far from the only student with acting ambitions, but she always felt like an outsider because of her unusual appearance, the habit of dressing in second hand clothes and thinness.
a8d155e5f37a9853bc8790de09787010799e3f54	Her self confidence suffered even more after all her attempts to become a model ended in failure.
2bd602778973406261b9dd24e9fa1eb6d89c3e60	Later, Jolie admitted that she felt very depressed and unhappy at that time, believed that she was useless and, as a result, began to inflict cuts and wounds on her body.
243e807132d044ba23d6f8269bb0314715e2d85e	Once in an interview with CNN, she said the following: "I collected knives and always had similar things around me.
d67cfd754dee19b3d67a829f9eba893ebb9da2d8	For some reason, the ritual of injuring myself and the feeling of pain from this, perhaps the feeling of myself as a living being, the feeling of some kind of liberation, was therapy for me"[15].
caba98ef9c32f58b9a283c5f147ed52646c6507a	At this age, Angelina wore exclusively black clothes, dyed her hair red and, according to her own confessions, hated herself[16].
cc95e110ef50b1df2a633738fb2ba30999358c71	Jolie does not hide that she used drugs, in an interview with The Daily Mirror in 1996, she said that by the age of 20 she had tried almost everything that was possible[17].
5c242cdc810c5f31a17ccd3a75457e635c4b87a1	During the TV show "60 Minutes "in 2011, she noted that she had gone through a" difficult time", and she was very lucky that she did not die young[17].
5f10f050994ef66f6ced14925c78c13e6b967da6	She always blamed her father for her mother's infidelities and leaving the family, however, despite this, she tried to restore relations by inviting Voight to shoot in the film "Lara Croft the Tomb Raider" (2001), in which she played the main role.
8e4ccda18e79dfa84c7f5e8f9e5295cac9f5a9c7	However, during the filming process, several quarrels occurred between them, after which Jolie basically refuses to mention him as a father[8].
a34289a455c30b2055d6e8a32015cee2663779df	In mid 2002, Jolie submitted an application to the official authorities with a request for the final registration of her name as "Angelina Jolie", without "Voight" [18].
abcfff2a5ed876cf5f3656adaa1ce386f708ff49	In the same year, Jon Voight made a statement in the press that his daughter had "serious mental problems" [19].
4aaa8ab6584c511c73608724254a4503f3725aa1	In 2004, Jolie said in an interview with Premiere magazine that she was not interested in continuing a relationship with her father, but the reasons for her decision are still not known[19].
6a32aca053769dfc75743b67d6e00625662913dc	Angelina's father starred with her godmother (Jacqueline Bisset) in the film "The Judge and his Executioner" (1975), directed by the godfather of the actress Maximilian Schell[significance?].
b6e529415098b4fa20fbbf828a67e096683c793f	With many long trips to a number of third world countries as part of the UN humanitarian mission, Angelina starred with a number of famous Hollywood actors in several commercial films, among which "Temptation", "Life or something like that", "Taking Lives", "Beyond" did not gain success either among the public or critics.
64b6d5f9e193646a2495d8250e915293dc1d762f	Despite the cold reception of these films, Angelina invariably made an impression with her acting or, if the role did not allow her to show her dramatic talents, with an equally impressive appearance.
fa51b0ba147b9190fb20d3a45f877b61ba06b948	Before shooting in the film "Taking Lives" (2004), the actress consulted with the real FBI sergeant Robert K. Ressler.
c144b157c845441e69caf654a0f9aee359bfde31	The year 2004 turned out to be the most fruitful for Angelina Jolie's screen presence: 4 films with her participation appeared at the box office at once.
407804b81435bf5a76a7b279da8f5c2676783103	Rich in the voices of Hollywood stars (Robert De Niro, Renee Zellweger, Will Smith), the animated film "Underwater Bratva", in which Angelina voiced a fish that looks very similar to her, Lola, became an absolute rolling hit (box office receipts over $ 363 million).
9d797e3b859bd867e32a51d330a6d281b0179bc2	The rest of the films were less successful commercially: Oliver Stone's "Alexander", in which Jolie played the queen of the Olympics, generally turned into one of the biggest financial disasters of 2004; the commercially unsuccessful "Sky Captain and the world of the future", where Angelina appeared in a small but memorable role of the former lover of the hero Jude Law — the one eyed commander of the aircraft squadron Frankie Cook, became a cult among fans of fiction thanks to bright characters and a unique retro design of special effects.
56734d60a9a1055686678d47edaaf33d368a56bf	She became the third actress (after Julia Roberts and Cameron Diaz), who "joined" the club of actresses who receive more than $ 20 million for one film, after signing a contract to shoot in the film "Mr. and Mrs. Smith" (2005).
944c37a48950d7eca1af5d07d1e493adb03d500e	However, after a series of commercial failures, the main rental success of the actress followed — the film "Mr. and Mrs. Smith", which was released in the summer of 2005 and collected an unexpected 480 million dollars at the world box office[26].
7156388363e6ab7a62f1553a11802ef2160da7e7	In this comedy, Jolie played Jane Smith, a professional hitman who in every possible way covers her occupation with a boring marriage with John Smith, played by Brad Pitt.
5480cbf157801aa6f3b24478a4990620a120f3a0	During the filming of the film, both actors, who were repeatedly recognized as the most beautiful and sexy people of their sex, attracted increased attention of the press and the public.
34d1a9887302d213f6c0533a529d7e0a1e89a8d7	It was then that rumors began to circulate about a secret affair between Jolie and Pitt, confirmed later by Pitt's divorce from actress Jennifer Aniston and Pitt's adoption of Angelina's children.
a3225f4bc51fe7e9c7abba4203368d8583fdf88e	Modern projects
85719f4d6a4cfe72b5873e75521418bbbc229164	In 2006, after a year and a half absence from the cinema, Angelina Jolie appeared in Robert De Niro's film "False Temptation", where she played the wife of a CIA spy played by Matt Damon[27].
eef87c5a7bef9a39391a1f5374e6f085db7a6b07	The first project for Angelina Jolie after the birth of her daughter was the biographical drama "Her Heart" by Michael Winterbottom, in which she played Marian Pearl, the wife of the infamous journalist Daniel Pearl, who was killed in Pakistan in 2002[28].
256c9eaf8227482efd0fc75627bbea71a3c3345d	Filming began in August 2006 in Pakistan and India, the film premiered as part of the non competitive program of the 2007 Cannes Film Festival.
1b649addb9a1526673bf544e6225adc5781d14e5	In 2007, Jolie made her debut as a film director, shooting the documentary "A Place in Time" (A Place in Time).
8862dbb2307c77ee0ab62483db5ece10a7342bec	This was followed by other directorial works: "In the Land of Blood and Honey" (In the Land of Blood and Honey, 2011) and "Unbroken" (Unbroken, 2014)[4].
47ba13e050d89997f091b22f01c89dd73a3766dd	In 2008, three projects with Jolie's participation were released: the action adaptation of Mark Miller's comics "Especially Dangerous", the cartoon " Kung Fu Panda "(where Jolie voiced a Tigress) and the Clint Eastwood thriller "Substitution" [29].
02bfa7d82f1413d56b79092fa907cfad598fef7e	Collins claimed that the returned son was not hers, but instead of helping her, she was sent to a clinic for the insane.
9c8ecd1df74870eba822d773c144115fe9c3aac2	Angelina Jolie at the Berlin premiere of the film "Salt"
cf2280aee8741ae94f342bc671d28d09850c1baf	Curiously, the main role was intended for Tom Cruise, who would play exactly the same character, only under the name Edwin Salt[30].
f31202d90d39c61a18ac171f3726650184e11082	In January 2011, the film with the participation of Jolie and Johnny Depp "The Tourist", directed by Oscar winning director Florian Henkel von Donnersmark, was released.
ede6a0f402bfd1398f6bf8bc2c3af589c387b0b2	Film critic Roger Ebert wrote that Jolie "plays a femme fatale with a refined, confusing sexuality" [31], and the Daily Mail newspaper called the picture "glossy, complex, incredible and magnificent noisy game — fun, distracting from problems"[32].
f6b23f122c6c6e4b51866e21d18a818f892c0ae7	In May 2011, Jolie again spoke with the voice of a Tigress in the computer cartoon "Kung Fu Panda 2"[33][34][35], and in 2015, she voiced the same heroine in the film "Kung Fu Panda 3" [36].
5c225f49b4c164e36472efc1b8f06f944a081525	At the end of 2011, Angelina's second directorial work was released — the film "In the Land of Blood and Honey".
24d67a5fba91694f3be468f127b270e9b7e3047b	It tells about the relationship between a Serb and a Bosnian Muslim woman a few days before the start of the war in Bosnia and the subsequent rape of a girl by fellow Serb soldiers during the fighting[37].
78e655846b0ffb477a34715638447c5ce695e5b5	The film premiered in the United States on December 23[38].
a1a1e03aff31d24360ed64bcd849baf1a44002ce	The film was perceived by the Serbs as anti Serbian, which did not prevent it from being nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Foreign film[39].
777de3578f134a220198f4b7bf4c82e6b83e809a	The premiere of the film in Russia was also overshadowed by a scandal[40].
b5f395b0c9a4846c7657d4804839ab7833cb5986	Jolie's next directorial and production work was the military drama "Unbroken".
02afbc67408967f40cb22c70b8dc5e1bdf1ed4e1	The film is based on the real events that happened to the athlete Louis Zamperini during the Second World War and described in the book by Laura Hillebrand.
97094e18fdd9ee17fca7563833ed0346410d8bec	The project was popular with viewers[41] and became commercially successful[42].
f38921e55958f72528a19624884f14cbe49cd836	In Japan, "Unbroken" was released late and in a limited release due to the protests of the nationalist "Society for the Dissemination of Historical Facts" (the film shows the mockery of Japanese soldiers over American prisoners of war)[43].
f04d159d23ba80a7414f8e6b6d49d65fafb224b9	The 2014 film "Maleficent" — a kind of remake of the famous fairy tale about "Sleeping Beauty", in which Jolie played the main role — an evil but charming sorceress became the biggest box office success of the actress to date[44].
566d5d2f309b8d3743b54005db09c6c3d9834f31	Critics, generally cautiously evaluating the film, noted at the same time Jolie's "magnetic game" [45].
d260267a7046a414993cb47fa15d20d0e17b63c0	In 2015, he released the third large scale project directing Jolie — drama "by the sea" (in the Russian box office in 2016, under the name of "Cote d'azur").
1e65375db072846fcc60cfa0d0e0565658734919	Jolie also acted as a screenwriter and (with brad pitt) the producer of the film; the main cast also become Angelina Jolie and brad pitt[46].
a17706b149647e99525c66ec09d8cfc6b45c77b5	Anticipating the premiere of "By the Sea" at AFI FEST 2015 (the picture opened this festival of the American Film Institute[47]), Jolie noted that the film does not pretend to be commercial[48].
a8ba9897e8b11562ad1e79d2a7e09175b3f06cd9	He, indeed, did not gain much success with cinema audiences[49] and was generally rather coolly received by critics, who mainly noted his "narrative inertia" [50]; however, in the controversy about whether "By the Sea" can be called a "vanity project"[51][52], a number of voices were also heard in defense of Jolie[53][54][55].
3b89dabf39fd67011381c66cb5d5e48b38547577	Humanitarian work
f20792bafb70b97e29c80e12f55cb57038d91806	According to Angelina, Cambodia opened her eyes to the humanitarian catastrophe taking place in the Third world countries.
d3841e50241e157bff84acf20fbacd0852b626d7	The actress was there on the location shooting of the film "Lara Croft Tomb Raider"[56].
06dcb2f8095fcd69fce6ec84f8f26af1f3fa4881	She turned to the UN Refugee Commission for information, and in February 2001, her first trip to Sierra Leone and Tanzania took place, where she was deeply shocked by what she saw[57].
f6bbbda214220f88145fef6eb83bd806b96d9bce	In the following months, Angelina visited Cambodia again, and then the Afghan refugee camp in Pakistan [58], where she donated an amount of $ 1 million to help the victims to the funds of the Refugee Commission.
1f608c2f3227c2cbf0bf8f6498936d842772eb76	Jolie reimbursed all the expenses that arose in connection with her trips from her own funds; in all the camps that she visited, Angelina lived in the same conditions and performed the same work as the commission staff on the ground.
fafa391f5be9b799fd52d609b16b65e320b115cb	Angelina Jolie and US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice (2005)
272d720ebda9513fb5317c465135b3254aebfdb6	Impressed by Jolie's interest and work in humanitarian missions, the leadership of the commission proclaimed the actress on August 27, 2001 at its headquarters in Geneva as a goodwill ambassador of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees[59].
cc207e7d140d9b9a3980c2151e6c924b087bc486	Initially, Jolie was hesitant to accept such an honorary title, fearing that her scandalous image in the media could damage the reputation of the commission, but then it was decided to join the commission.
310ecf08368ee72b98656b169995aea3dff2a05a	In the next 4 years, Angelina Jolie visited a number of countries with a humanitarian mission, including Kenya, Thailand, Ecuador, Sudan, Kosovo, Angola, Sri Lanka, Iraqi refugee camps in Jordan, and also visited Russia for a four day visit In the North Caucasus, where I got acquainted with the activities of the commission on the spot.
dac34c252be71636d9f1a538bc5c6c2b64f07e5f	As a result of her humanitarian work and active citizenship, the actress gained considerable weight in the field of politics and was invited to report at the World Economic Forum in Davos (2005), and also held a number of speeches and negotiations at major political meetings in the United States and Europe.
9b7177966c9bb23f1a6eb140b2027bb09c568b77	Being pregnant, Angelina Jolie continued to travel around the world almost until the very last day (often accompanied by Brad Pitt) and even chose Namibia as the country where she wanted to give birth to her daughter, where she once visited with a humanitarian mission.
dd96c92ae602f4a8c6d76226438057cad3a64424	Jolie and US Secretary of State John Kerry (2016)
ffdb61139da6c6890c71817315f513ee4c049d82	In 2005, the diaries of the actress, which she kept during her numerous trips around the world, were published in Russian under the title "My Travel Notes" [60].
636d082cbf33fcea14dc2cd463a8172faf9f0eb0	Jolie has created several charitable organizations.
1de9ad91d5bc52c4f0c00bb9f53e874ce7e04fe0	In 2003, she founded the Maddox Jolie Pitt Foundation, which is dedicated to community development and environmental conservation in the northwestern province of Cambodia, Battambang [61].
87a58fc81a786eb5737bc3d6289ec30ceac51373	In 2006, she collaborated with the Global Health Committee to create the Maddox Chivan Children's Center, a children's center for children affected by HIV in the Cambodian capital Phnom Penh [62].
8cd37b4f686963dfdb79bc422c63dc36069cdef0	In the same year, Jolie, together with Pitt, made a statement about the establishment of the Jolie/Pitt Foundation charitable foundation, whose funds will be used to finance the Doctors Without Borders programs[63].
4d6792c0bacd249e4590d6a167af01b91c21a6ef	In 2007, Jolie and economist Gene Sperling founded the Education Partnership for Children of Conflict for children affected by man made or natural disasters[64].
368165b2655f8e88cab393fd277347c28fc6d9e4	The result of Jolie's collaboration with Chloe Dalton and Arminka Helic was the creation of the Jolie Pitt Dalton Helic partnership in 2015, dedicated, among other things, to women's rights and international justice[65].
b3c42c0dd87246fc225f1646f33444ee5ae82ac2	In May 2016, it was announced that Jolie would become a visiting lecturer at the London School of Economics in 2017.
0d495303ad4cabe5f4f74bb38ced94d7c748c201	She will conduct master classes on women, security and peace, as well as share her experience working with the UN [66].
2e44e0cba3609e8211a0616468ab2ce5300eff0b	Confession
5e6801f007cdf8d216707d7a7396956e01744623	Angelina Jolie and U.S. Senator Richard Lugar (2005)
ddb76938722adc6555a470f149f6a5e29e7d3f9a	In 2004, for the humanitarian work carried out in Cambodia, the Prime Minister of the country awarded the actress the title of honorary citizen of Cambodia.
0effacde6168c76730512e0344a30d87bc557e22	In August 2005, the actress received official citizenship of Cambodia from the king of that country for her services aimed at helping the residents and the environment of the country.
8eb207c235902f6263ea1610ec31f16884bfa4b6	In Cambodia, a temple was named in honor of Angelina.
e3cc808f86ff7f706ae1fb64ec8e958f9d12652b	Scenes of Lara Croft were filmed in the sanctuary[2].
9fff9c7c9776593a1d74c22e70bdf2e9d294a8a3	In 2005, Angelina Jolie was awarded the UN Humanitarian Prize[67].
79d845743c6eae0386e905997442c5409663fe00	In 2008, the spider Aptostichus angelinajolieae was named after Angelina Jolie in recognition of her work as a goodwill ambassador for the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees[68].
a87c427ec0876835276dbadb0137f58aac333c7a	On November 16, 2013, Angelina was awarded an honorary Oscar (the Gene Hersholt Award) for active volunteer humanitarian work[69][70].
93d7d40fde94435782f727b1a2d59aae5185c383	In 2014, Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain awarded Angelina Jolie the honorary title of a Lady of Honor in connection with the award of the Order of St. Michael and St. George for her service to the interests of British foreign policy and participation in the global campaign against sexual violence in the zone of military conflicts.[71].
442911d4e7da0ecab3f4d526581d8d5748748fec	The order and insignia were awarded to Angelina Jolie during a personal audience at Buckingham Palace[72].
8cbc32b96763cc852387fe7ac8752af3c1c0ceb3	Angelina married three times.
1b567ab311fb1da887fc4d24eee37c5295ef2265	During the filming of the film "Hackers", Jolie had an affair with the British actor Johnny Lee Miller[73].
0468c69630f3bb25e5e2ccac90888b9386808e8c	In 1996, Jolie and Miller got married, but a year later a divorce followed[4] (officially formalized only in February 1999). Both remained good friends, but the breakup, according to Jolie, was due to the fact that both of them were too young and the marriage was a rash step [74].
265bf251dbbce5b2202b6c25b30530b29eede680	In May 2000, the actress again began a relationship with a partner on the set: on the set of the film "Controlling Flights", she met and began a stormy romance with actor Billy Bob Thornton[75], who immediately became the object of public attention due to very expressive expressions of his love on both sides (among others, the couple exchanged their blood stored in special vessels of jewelry)[76]. On May 5, 2000, they were married in Las Vegas, but three years later (May 2003) Jolie and Thornton divorced, after which both had to remove tattoos with each other's names from their bodies.
8f7270ad5249a77df02298e0642f161f91c9d3b9	The scandalous atmosphere around Angelina's personal life was fueled by her frank statements on the topic of her own bisexuality.
b6e092f4d37ef6e0360ea06cb167e0fdf2695bb7	The actress's romance with her partner in the film "False Fire", Jenny Shimitsu, of American Japanese origin, became well known.
ffec701835a0ec5a2cc049cbb20dec5317ca5c84	Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt
d5f5535c64321d8aef1198302852607337ea8f19	Angelina's latest romance became the main target of Hollywood paparazzi lenses: not only because one of the highest paid Hollywood actors Brad Pitt became her partner, but also because he was married to the star of the TV series "Friends" Jennifer Aniston at that time.
9f03ecdb176326020cb9a1ae3b0d7a1c04f52d6a	Despite the fact that both dismissed all suggestions that their romance started on the set of their joint box office hit "Mr. and Mrs. Smith"[77], the press declared Angelina the reason for the divorce, and the actress received a huge number of negative reviews in her address.
993478b30914511ab12e7b0e9a44ea3f90c4c2a8	Brad and Angelina stubbornly refused to comment on the nature of their relationship in public, although all the world's tabloids and Internet sites about celebrities were filled with their joint photos.
3a65212a63b8822527e50a379adadfe646c46aa6	Only on January 11, 2006, Angelina Jolie announced in an interview that she was pregnant with Brad Pitt, thereby confirming their romance[78].
3f7a01a932e01edf5e3cdbba8c4bbdce5fec5326	In April 2012, Jolie and Pitt announced their engagement after seven years of marriage[79].
d509ec824ffd253029a7295a17f521bfc15ff0ea	Pitt and Jolie were married on August 23, 2014 in France[80].
ab16e7f2f26ae8d9ef0bd492e7b423c13dbf6fb8	It became known that the couple signed a strict prenuptial agreement.
8480365e280ef3f8eeffa427e071be98865a91cc	In the event of Pitt's infidelity to his wife, he will lose the right of joint custody of their children[81].
7dc1cc281c02da141bda09374c3cb2d015df9e97	Speaking about Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie, the American media and especially the yellow press often call the couple" Brangelina " (Brangelina).
1c50572dfa9552f69b2f9f7183cebf764988b088	On September 19, 2016, Jolie filed for divorce [82][83].
9e38e4ff7dd781b21401b528017b50dbb3d667bd	Jolie's children
1ca8b547df0baa86c1b92d85e66bc9f93b3fe064	Maddox Siobhan Jolie Pitt
87edee3c927511a54a84fcb13ba47d385453a9ad	born on August 5, 2001 in Cambodia, adopted by Jolie on March 10, 2002. adopted by Pitt in early 2006.
c419baa895670f599d9fc7cb39231085fb90331b	Pax Tien Jolie Pitt
48615597eb42660aca15324b4b5e9990eda3bdbd	born on November 29, 2003 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam adopted by Jolie on March 15, 2007 adopted by Pitt on February 21, 2008
a369d8f0ff50f186ffabc09b4b80914b2b729d88	Zahara Marley Jolie Pitt
675821982b7f5ab6f9751c100e5788597e00e823	born on January 8, 2005 in Auas, Ethiopia, adopted by Jolie on July 6, 2005. adopted by Pitt in early 2006.
5e824fe47be82cd6a24424e91fd9a78ccad8ecd3	Shiloh Nouvel Jolie Pitt
e984f8bd80ecca4e6cee8415608e6003eaf94e6e	born on May 27, 2006 in Swakopmund, Namibia
63a494b40b66b25ab5c6a5cab3e707ad0099467d	Knox Leon Jolie Pitt
1fc0883ffc6b02a6ac0f0b7cafa49cd679d827c5	born on July 12, 2008 in Nice, France
650728ed6960d180c0810d37bc1a383e6a3d65cd	Vivienne Marcheline Jolie Pitt
35af34a2485b10fde12b696eb52d411eb29d9f8b	Angelina Jolie has six children: sons Maddox Shivan (eng. Maddox Chivan), Pax Thien (eng. Pax Thien) and Knox Leon (eng. Knox Leon); daughters of Zahara Marley (eng. Zahara Marley), Shiloh Nouvel (eng. Shiloh Nouvel) and Vivienne Marcheline (eng. Vivienne Marcheline).
60edac1d5c34fbb268e8cbbc3af65da37ee1681e	All bear the surname Jolie Pitt, although only three Shiloh, Knox and Vivienne are the biological children of Angelina and Brad Pitt.
0885cb83adf41905158665a5a8aa0a4b20a12e33	In December 2005, despite the fact that neither Angelina nor Brad had an official statement that they were a couple, Brad Pitt filed documents for the adoption of Maddox and Zahara, and on January 19, 2006, a California court granted his request.
86438144b4226d8a206c7e975bc720957530371a	Angelina Jolie in New York at the premiere of the film "Her heart"
3fc62c2c845782f1de29d08899398143bfbabeeb	Maddox (born August 5, 2001) was adopted by Angelina in March 2002 in Cambodia[84], where Jolie starred in the film "Beyond" about third world countries.
3cd244578ecfea2b0d0c73e9ec587b05da9a8c6e	The boy, born under the name Rat Vibol, was in an orphanage for refugees[85].
7b725ebd3172aca76e362f8358d2a24c06d41527	After her divorce from Billy Bob Thornton, Jolie received sole custody of the child.
4458fb9e7ec97359993ea4f2708f1fd1ee5ddb47	Zakhara (b. January 8, 2005) was allegedly left an orphan as a result of the death of her biological mother from AIDS (Zakhara does not have HIV)[86] and was adopted by Angelina and Brad in July 2005 in Ethiopia, where Jolie was on a UN humanitarian mission.
144f89603c27f56428ba169586a9c909fa98f262	The girl suffered from malnutrition and dehydration, which caused her to spend some time in an American hospital[86].
a4b967d68b285765d30296544906d9f4429bb9cf	In 2007, it turned out that Zahara's biological mother was alive and well, she accused Angelina and officials of forgery.
66529b4c1422154b4c50fa13851ab410f4583547	The scandal was settled, but at the age of ten, Zakhara expressed a desire to meet her own mother, and possibly reunite with her family[source not specified 570 days].
f52c63d74ab68991dd5933ca1f6fec30f23c1bca	The name "Zahara" means "flower" in Swahili; the second name — Marley — Angelina chose in honor of Bob Marley.
e18e4968ada46e480cd7a36ed5a755405f13b828	Shiloh (born May 27, 2006) became the first biological child of Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt.
de2a37e632fdcd07601dea17519bfb4b3c306705	Her birth was preceded by a real war between the married couple Jolie Pitt and the media, who tried to track them down for the sake of photos; as a result, the victory remained for the couple.
19b2a9a8560fb0bf9583a32ed327a8d05c073051	Shiloh Nouvel, whose name in the Bible means "peaceful", was born in Namibia, where the official authorities took unprecedented security measures for the entire time of Angelina and Pitt's stay there.
34720813b42fece4b0c8c59cb5af70874bf55f91	A little later, Angelina and Brad sold pictures of their daughter for a record $ 10 million to the magazines " People "and" Hello!", which made the photos of Shiloh Nouvel Jolie Pitt the most expensive photos of a celebrity in world history.
5ac6e6cc4f48a39aeba00e047e37a2b9eb6da605	In December 2014, it became known that the child considers himself a transgender boy named John (an John Jolie Pitt), and parents accept his gender identity[87].
332861c450002b9748b5c1676a898b3d35bc949c	On March 5, 2007, Angelina and Pitt adopted a three year old boy Pax Tien (b. November 29, 2003)in the south of Vietnam[88][89]. The real name given at birth is Pham Quan.
648a9b3808d0be439223bb1f21c399c1574da3fa	The name "Pax" in Latin means "peace", it was allegedly chosen by Angelina's mother before her death.
9bca845cdb6959b44564254b4099216b496a1b18	In February 2008, Angelina Jolie came to the Film Independent's Spirit Awards in a tight black dress, which showed not the first month of the actress ' second pregnancy.
13df369ee83507bfc18362201dcb38505bd4c3c5	She later confirmed that she was expecting twins.
bf29fb02c21dd0fc69ac510da1fbbd542a4dca3d	On July 12, 2008, Angelina Jolie gave birth to twins a boy, Knox Leon, and a girl, Vivienne Marcheline[90].
43c7fe36bb2ad18309bdf559261926f81a337574	The birth took place in France, in the clinic of the resort city of Nice[91].
696b5a4ae8707393253dc5eb1b413a4efa062052	Brad Pitt was next to his wife during the birth.
8f7da2958dd03e4649eb81c9ff95b8bf44228b89	Doctors, as in the case of the birth of Jolie's first biological child, had to perform a caesarean section (initially it was expected that the birth would take place in August).
f2a89486a0a3c93ae0eee1617f3e97d16f2947f2	The right to publish the first photos of newborns were sold to an American magazine for $ 14 million, which Pitt and Jolie were going to donate to charity.
ac0f8906df31aa754e8aa1568df9ac819c3466fd	Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt have transferred $ 8 million 400 thousand to The Jolie Pitt Foundation for the restoration of New Orleans, affected by Hurricane Katrina, to help orphans.
b4ed9d389fa0c4e2d59ccb798c146cd8d4c3b77b	Also in the summer of 2008, Angelina and Brad gave $ 1 million to fund the organization for Human Rights Monitoring (Human Rights Watch) in Burma and Zimbabwe.
6eb29d0fb90dd65e808e0c780cf97244bb0bc5cc	In February 2015, a number of media outlets reported that Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie adopted a two year old boy from Syria named Moussa[92], however, in April of the same year, the official representative of the couple denied it[93].
b73b53d58ebf6f4226d54c188e8cfdbc87342253	Tattoos
cae921b231a3107203063a3d3a31de1d6a618f19	Tattoos on the back of Angelina Jolie
6477873b5b058d4fab3b2b8ac7d8a2557b89c297	Angelina Jolie had about twenty tattoos on her body at various times[94].
9de3762f9a276b1b4ebba3eff3305b880f2de4f6	A large black cross over the left thigh.
a9d82a735d782b8599da0746150d5310936734e4	Below the navel is the Latin saying "Quod me nutrit me destroy", there are different versions of the translation, 1) literally — "What feeds me, kills me"[95] (in English "That which nourishes me also destroys me"), 2) "What gives me strength also destroys me".
d73696a6e3061b4ef5aa3b26257f3604cb1ec7d3	The letter " H " on the left wrist.
06d44759a39472401832ff8e28da320acc505752	According to the actress, this is in honor of her brother James Haven.
53dceac3c0a9cf0f8f438aaf4b03eb408fad8ccb	Asian tiger at the bottom of the back, as well as patterns and a dragon.
9d9b55c3a011cd19b816250e17bf5114235e47cf	A Buddhist amulet for protection.
59d2983d901e551e16bad6be5c62d15b018e6441	The translation of this tattoo sounds like a spell:
3e5290d72ae1c9e2b4ed7c6381e340f74477a34a	"Let your enemies leave you,
9c31ec5feb0b2d179fa1b7bf64f43ff28ef74ebb	If you achieve riches, let them stay with you forever,
9edc668681f373d34e642e3d2c0972da43a5fdf1	Let your beauty be like the beauty of Apsara
7aa10cefa0f0233fab48f5632f0b37a6b6f55aef	Wherever you go, may many follow you, serving and protecting you."
83288d4ebcc813b71033740d2f5aed9088f7c2a7	- Apsara, the divine dancer (Buddhism)[96]
21d9a239789c184930cfad0539c55904dd57ba0e	(There is a history of the translation creation on the original source)
ee13e1446876bc2e24f0e2785571a51923a06c56	The words "Know Your Rights" (Know your rights) at the neck.
6120577555a716de55e4542e5ae09461a1c7ecd0	The Arabic word, translated as "purpose", is "will" on the inside of her right hand.
97f5b644d6faf279c4859e8e60f715609cc38a9d	This tattoo was made to overlap the other one that Jolie wore while with her ex husband Billy Bob.
475fb953d1282caecd04aaad84bf437791da4adf	The dragon (erased) on the left shoulder, above which was the inscription Billy Bob (erased after the divorce).
4c77465201293ea24daf6bc70f960d0e13111a67	A quote from Tennessee Williams on his left hand: "A prayer for the wild at heart, kept in cages" (eng. "Prayer for the wild hearted, languishing in captivity").
73cc21f8421bf82a301797a087fdf47be36acb18	The Roman number "13" .
24ba4da7300b8cfc46291f814cfcf9d56f646943	On the left shoulder are the geographical coordinates of the places where each of her children was born.
b59ae6e16fd915e323142de95af08eb11cc5062e	On the inside of the right leg of Whiskey Bravo.
a01804c29023118b1b12a5569b366608f7115242	This is the name of Brad Pitt encrypted in the alphabet of the international Civil Aviation Organization — more precisely, his initials) - William Bradley (William Bradley).
da50ef4a411dc46e97249ee6c4761bb93e31a424	Wikinovosti on the topic of Angelina Jolie:
a1776d0df40447704b30ec21d800ed4244e7d41a	Angelina Jolie had both breasts removed
1863c731649b395458d00a5bd3d879ddb38f0f26	It turned out that Angelina Jolie has a mutation of the BRCA1 gene and the risk of developing breast cancer is 87 %, and ovarian cancer is 50 %. The actress decided to undergo a bilateral mastectomy with subsequent reconstruction.
a72f2f028621be9264fefaaa98460a0ee74f1a82	"I am writing about this now, because I hope that my experience can help other women.
71f66c2e083fcbb66d5c64e8eaa3d84318a60332	Cancer is still a word that causes fear and a sharp sense of helplessness in people."
531c84239c7f81e2eb8a6c53fd6ce8da020cc213	And further: "I decided not to keep my story a secret, because there are many women who do not know that they live under the shadow of cancer.
331465ed6f398cbc6f17d492aecaa71557f482ab	I hope that they will also be able to get their genes tested, and if it turns out that they have a high risk of developing the disease, then they will know that they have a choice"
0b3fc95dcca7fc192dde3cc8cb0c024c293cefc1	On March 24, 2015, Angelina Jolie told the New York Times that she had removed her ovaries due to the risk of developing cancer and now will no longer be able to give birth to a child[3][100]. There are conspiracy versions of this act of Jolie[101].
50251acf0428484c039473bb372b5ff631d6b18b	Media ratings
be90049801cf4b7beadba0351dcfaa6857ae3110	According to surveys conducted by Blockbuster Inc. on the eve of Christmas 2003, Angelina Jolie was named the most desirable woman with whom American men would like to go on a date on New Year's Eve.
0d8163e887efeb296544627a6b8cb0fbd9f1201a	35 % of respondents said that Jolie would be their "first choice", with whom they would not refuse to spend a New Year's dinner by candlelight.
769e365e618b5e4e1543f87a592df9fcfef0539f	The second place went to the actress Catherine Zeta Jones.
c0c77327ea6172d971b48d4603106ccaf8db0d26	Angelina Jolie has been repeatedly named the most beautiful/sexy woman in the world by leading publications, including Esquire magazines (2004)[102], People (2006), FHM (2006)[103]. In 2006 and 2008, she was included in the hundred most influential people in the world according to Time magazine[104][105]. According to Maxim magazine, the actress took the 12th place in the hundred sexiest (2007).
ff42755d6d7ea6047c39893726ae0bbdd4a77b7e	In February 2007, in the British television show "The 100 Greatest Sex Symbols", Jolie was chosen the most outstanding sex symbol of all time.
ef003c8e59689c2f650f4ba495453ea8f9268e5a	In the ranking of the most respected people, according to the YouGov project (about 30 thousand respondents in 30 countries of the world), Jolie took the first place among women in 2015 and held it in 2016[106].
ce6cd272aa9bfa665befd155a74a0260232c92c7	Filmography
205c83be2e5fa1f5736a354a491b6626de803cc3	Year Russian title Original title Role 1982 f In search of a way out Lookin' to Get Out Tosh 1993 f Cyborg 2: Glass Shadow Cyborg 2: Glass Shadow Casella (Kash) Reese 1995 f Hackers Hackers Kate Libby 1995 f Without Evidence Without Evidence Jodi Swearingen 1996 f Desert Moon Mojave Moon Eleanor (Eli) Rigby 1996 f Italian Lovers Love Is All There Is Gina Malacici 1996 f False Fire Foxfire Margret Sadowski (Legs) 1997 f Portraying God Playing God Claire 1997 f Real Women True Women Georgia Virginia Lawshee Woods 1997 tf George Wallace George Wallace Cornelia Wallace 1998 f Hell's Cauldron Hell's Kitchen Gloria mcneary 1998 tf Gia Gia Gia Karangi 1998 f The Vicissitudes of Love Playing by Heart Joan 1999 f Controlling Flights Pushing Tin Mary Bell 1999 f The Power of Fear The Bone Collector Amelia Donahue 1999 f Interrupted life Girl, Interrupted Lisa Rove 2000 f Hijack in 60 Seconds Gone in Sixty Seconds Sarah (Sway) Weyland 2001 f Lara Croft: Tomb Raider Lara Croft: Tomb Raider Lara Croft 2001 f Seduction Original Sin Julia Russell / Bonnie Castle 2002 f Life or Something Like That Life or Something Like It Lenny Kerrigan 2003 f Lara Croft: Tomb Raider.
94116aa8c1b5be89a022d96a4e0f97aee8792695	The Cradle of Life Lara Croft Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life Lara Croft 2003 f Beyond Beyond Borders Sarah Jordan Beauford 2004 f Fever The Fever Revolutionary 2004 f Taking Lives Taking Lives Illeana Scott 2004 mf Underwater Bratva Shark Tale Lola 2004 f Sky Captain and the World of the Future Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow Captain Frankie Cook 2004 f Alexander Alexander Olympics 2005 f Mr. and Mrs. Smith Mr. & Mrs. Smith Jane Smith 2006 f False Temptation The Good Shepherd Clover Wilson 2007 f Beowulf Beowulf Grendel's Mother 2007 f Her Heart A Mighty Heart Marian Pearl 2008 mf Kung Fu Panda Kung Fu Panda Tigress 2008 f Especially Dangerous Wanted Fox 2008 f Changeling Substitution Christine Collins 2010 f Salt Salt Evelyn Salt 2010 mf Kung Fu Panda Kung Fu Panda Holiday Special Tigress 2010 f Tourist The Tourist Elise Clifton Ward 2011 mf Kung Fu Panda 2 Kung Fu Panda 2 Tigress 2014 f Maleficent Maleficent Maleficent 2015 f Cote d'Azur By the Sea Vanessa 2016 mf Kung Fu Panda 3 Kung Fu Panda 3 Tigress
2c09456ea2536282b71408a721b57fb7489903b8	2007 A Place in Time / A Place in Time 2011 — In the Land of Blood and Honey / In the Land of Blood and Honey 2014 Unbroken / Unbroken 2015 — Cote d'Azur / By the Sea
3b097c76ae7e0ad79f4be7a99dc255f15f77bd0b	Awards and nominations
8aa3f3f9b41ae7c8eaed255b2d5eb22277fe6423	Jolie is one of the first actresses to win three consecutive Golden Globe Awards in three different categories: "Supporting Actress in a mini series": "George Wallace" (TV) (1997); "Best Actress in a TV Movie or Mini series": "Gia" (TV) (1998); "Best Actress in a Feature Film": "Interrupted Life" (1999).
663727982a24e66803f3e804a0dff6b6c93faffb	Awards and nominations Year Award Category Film Result, the Oscar 2000 for Best supporting actress Interrupted the 2009 Award Best actress Substitution Nominated Saturn 2002 Best actress tomb raider Nominated 2005 Best supporting actress sky Captain and the world of tomorrow Nominated 2009 Best actress Substitution Award 2015 Best actress Nomination Maleficent[107] the Best action or adventure film Unbroken Award[107] 2009 BAFTA Best actress Substitution Nomination 2000 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards Favorite actress — Suspense the Power of fear Nominated for Favorite actress — drama girl, Interrupted 2001 Award Favorite actress — Action Gone in 60 seconds Award Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards 2000 Best supporting actress Interrupted Award 2008 Best actress, Her heart Nomination 2009 Substitution Nomination 1997 CableACE Award Best supporting actress in films and mini series George Wallace Nominated film critics Association Chicago 2000 Best supporting actress Interrupted Nominated 2007 Best actress of Her heart Nomination In 2008 Substitution Nominated for Emmy awards 1998 Best supporting actress in a mini series or movie George Wallace award for Best actress in a mini series or movie Gia Nomination Empire Awards 2001 Best actress Interrupted Nomination 2008 Her heart Nomination 2009 Substitution Nomination Golden globe awards 1998 Best supporting actress series, mini series or TV movie George Wallace Award 1999 Best actress mini series or movie for TV Gia Award 2000 Best supporting actress Interrupted Award 2008 Best actress (drama) Her Heart Nomination 2009 Substitution Nomination 2011 Best Actress (Comedy or Musical) Tourist Nomination 2012 Best Foreign Language Film In the Land of Blood and Honey Nomination[108] Hollywood Film Festival 2000 Actress of the Year Award Image Awards 2008 Best Actress in a Film Her Heart Nomination Independent Spirit 2008 Best Actress Her Heart Nomination Irish Film and Television Awards 2009 Best International Actress Substitution NAACP Image Award Nomination 2008 Outstanding Actress in a Film Her Heart Nomination[109] 2012 Outstanding Foreign Film In the Land of Blood and Honey Award[110] Outstanding Directing in a Film a movie (theatrical or television) In the Land of Blood and Honey Nomination[111] Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards 2002 Best Movie Heroine Tomb Raider Nomination 2015 Best Actress Maleficent Nomination[112] Best Villain Maleficent Award[112] L.
ca12d7899d7b5f39f71f137de0928437b7f7dbbd	A. Outfest 1998 Best Actress in a Feature Film Gia Award London Film Critics Circle Award 2008 Actress of the Year Her Heart Nomination 2009 Substitution Nomination MTV Movie Awards 2002 Best Actress Tomb Raider Nomination Best Fight Nomination 2006 Best fight Mr. and Mrs. Smith Award Best Kiss Nomination[113] 2008 Best Villain Beowulf Nomination 2009 Best Actress Especially Dangerous Nomination Best Kiss Nomination[114] Best "what for nah?!" moment Nomination 2010 The Star Who Beat Everyone Salt Nomination[115] NRJ Ciné Awards 2006 Best Kiss Mr. and Mrs. Smith Award[113] National Council of Film Critics USA 1998 Breakthrough of the Year: actress Vicissitudes of Love Award National Movie Awards 2008 Best Actress Especially Dangerous Nomination Online Film Critics Society Awards 2008 Best Actress Her Heart Nomination People's Choice 2005 Favorite Action Actress Award 2006 Favorite Screen Couple Mr. and Mrs. Smith Award[113] Favorite Movie Actress Mr. and Mrs. Smith Nomination Favorite Actress in the action Genre Mr. and Mrs. Smith Nomination 2009 Favorite Movie Actress Especially Dangerous Nomination Favorite Actress in the Action Genre Especially Dangerous Award 2011 Favorite Movie Actress Salt Nomination[116] Favorite Star in the genre of action Salt Nomination[116] 2015 Favorite Movie Actress Maleficent Nomination[117] Favorite Actress in the genre of action Maleficent Nomination[117] Golden Raspberry 2002 Worst Female Role Tomb Raider
f617c85263677d0272d914f1d2b2f14b22e33342	Temptation Nomination 2003 Life or Something Like That Nomination 2004 Beyond the Edge
37f4e7dbb9504695f313ee8a1c741e847d5f47a8	Lara Croft: Tomb Raider.
9742e883b9ae941b6525103ce3f722cf83b36845	Cradle of Life Nomination 2005 Alexander
1b2016c78ad0cfa6af7383d480af051dfa12e386	Taking Lives Nomination The Worst Loser of the Golden Raspberry for the first 25 Years of its Existence Awards Nomination Santa Barbara International Film Festival 2008 Her Heart Award Satellite Award 1999 Best Actress in a mini series or a movie on TV Gia Award 2007 Best Actress (drama) Her Heart Nomination 2008 Substitution Award Screen Actors Guild Award 1999 Best Actress in a TV Movie or Mini series Gia Award 2000 Best Supporting Actress Interrupted Life Award 2008 Best Actress Her Heart Nomination 2009 Substitution Nomination ShoWest Convention 2000 Best Supporting Actress of the Year Award Teen Choice Awards 2000 Film Choice: Flash of Anger Interrupted Life Nomination Film Choice: Actress Nomination 2001 Film Choice: Actress Tomb Raider Nomination 2005 Film Choice: Horror Scene Taking Lives Nomination movie: The kiss of Mr. and Mrs. Smith Nomination[113] Choice of Film: Dance Nomination[113] Choice of Film: Mutual Sympathy Nomination[113] Choice of Film: Quarrel Award[113] Choice of Film: Liar Award Choice of Film Actress: Adventure / Thriller Award 2007 Choice of Film Actress: Drama Her Heart Nomination 2009 Substitution Nomination 2010 Choice of Film Star of Summer: Actress Salt Nomination 2011 Choice of Film Actress: Action Tourist Award[118] 2014 Choice of Film Actress: Action Maleficent Nomination[119]
6ecacdfe171683d50adffdfdb948f2ece14816d6	↑ 1 2 3 German National Library, Berlin State University government library, Bavarian State Library, etc. Record #123089190 // General regulatory control — 2012-2016.
7c27e0f5c60d38b70a28738ed58aec8f9d193f64	↑ 1 2 Angelina Jolie became a Cambodian.
5ee1bc8294625885a3cdfed6df6cd425be409e5e	BBC (12.08.2005). Checked on April 10, 2011.
3e725e258f297bd34b2e89acb3cd716d9e5eb852	Archived from the original source on February 8, 2012.
6e7f03194aa9c4d29d83da3bcd84cb63bf32e457	↑ 1 2 Angelina Jolie: I had my ovaries removed, cautiously( English), CBS News (March 24, 2015).
4b30a6c670b204b0c97164f676a50ed955481069	Archived from the original source on March 26, 2015.
0cea6cbd24fc7db496fe69b64b10b7b9c3eb37cf	Verified on March 30, 2015.
2d9a8e702fdec07838426cb5c7f93ed93bb5e567	↑ 1 2 3 Melnikova, Victoria.
8d21406027c17955f0c4778620eb43a0b55c9b59	How Jolie spent the first 40 years / / Metro Moscow.
43800bf00f8439e9e7c2adf0976f3a58887b3358	- 2015.
e6c146534f8e9516c2063f49336e09b9e9561bd3	31 for June 3.
9f8af504a9247b1072fada9ca617457409cc3bad	21 .
4f4d0b779f183504b32bc39a0762026c2c474d9f	P Pomerantz, Dorothy.
6584e96688f81578a24aa4f177412d6818f86b8a	Hollywood's Top Earning Actresses.
f9d75cf453b149f393971285764177da82bb9936	// Forbes.
2d24ad14d2cf5824137720655ad632c93f4a05b4	July 1, 2009.
2c8c53817a6f596a90d8c0f9c37605510d5162d9	Checked on July 7, 2011.
98713098e88d88ba1616ccfc1d6543330ad4f814	Archived from the original source on September 15, 2012.
9d9d169ae26b74c3456769c3a629e118f2f971bf	↑ Pomerantz, Dorothy.
15f21777e090b599ac803d76de3e3940e629dcfb	Hollywood's Highest Paid Actresses.
3c37255a98d1c3bffc2326741febe2aa32dba735	July 5, 2011.
161cab1db139186b0003a206303ca12ce57f9eb2	↑ Angelina Jolie Movie Box Office Results.
586e3adb8dc31e09f7d6d200782bbe27618cb6a1	// Box Office Mojo.
12dbd3115ec33b80a015afd2b0605d448694caef	Verified on June 7, 2015.
aee76c02cdef2c20459856030282df15bc3973ed	↑ 1 2 3 Van Meter, Jonathan Angelina Jolie: Body Beautiful.
00235bc9c7b4074f4fc701621cf90531edf65916	/ / Vogue.
669dcd22e63f99c8ceaf1fc181c4369080bc83f9	April, 2002.
8a5dacef7cc7f753ad40df871a6b40532201e213	Verified on October 24, 2011.
a9d5eeb5077c865837ccfcf542247cdf3fabe44a	↑ 1 2 3 Reitwiesner, William Addams.
9f6c37b158090220ee95e5e7d2aa75926ed3d8ba	Ancestry of Angelina Jolie.
e1e36c1f7d8c8e66860f9bf8aec9b0255417715c	// William Addams Reitwiesner Genealogical Services.
11be8cb77ee8a05ed0f4efb6172a13fa6d41bb83	↑ Is Jon Voight Slovak?.
ac40c1c9cc007b921b9cbe7f58b281119e36bdd4	// University of Pittsburgh.
d2f95805321201acbfa1a4a82463fecc1de50166	Slovak Studies Program.
62b511b3a22f88c328ac9396c77539d2790ec70f	Checked on October 24, 2011.
2ca571c482c2347b137a3abb9cc135009c656bed	↑ 1 2 Shelden, Michael.
ecba68e0cb5db86663c9aadc340ada6e0938e53c	Angie overdoes the bad girl act.
6cdc5e0093ce3086c870eb4bce7068e9a329d0f0	// The Daily Telegraph.
2f8e443d49a7f3fc7d61f350142b2660e0da6011	October 2, 2001.
599385433b34415da18a3a1fc31e575939d977af	Archived from the original source on October 11, 2007.
de7ebed4e8c20e877a5ee214e76ffa8264f18b4d	↑ Sessums, Kevin.
400463fe2c5e147aed5871940e7639679985a019	AWild at heart.
c2426c9347a96a6f7f8861719707ef79ac9018cf	// Allure magazine.
6c1b7bc376680f8c2f8cb4695efab3192d92a795	Novembre, 2004.
85161d6bc6d09e10780a3056f6db29f86d599613	Archived from the original source on August 29, 2009.
65e0363eefbeb7959e45c7ed64a808e4d51eb6a2	↑ Beauregard, Denis.
d939bad351bf0ea7a32032461e45e4bca71fab04	Ascendance d'Angelina Jolie.
c319f9e0c5b13b1c4e27292ee1aac540aa12d1b5	// Le Portail FrancoGene.com. Verified on June 7, 2015.
99dd15f4c0db64f9619b4501b7fd424517188602	↑ McGowan, Eve.
2ad9dd79534c52ce7859cf75b09c025b60f6aa49	Jacqueline Bisset gets her way at last with planning permission for another house.
960067751be16ec1052378b7a1dccf6f0e1c8835	// Daily Mail.
9a921905ae368c26dd54e0c494c6ad5e60f4c722	August 18, 2009.
8c665aca07c6a04e36725150f684cb642caf6471	↑ "Transcripts: Paula Zahn Now".
7219809e151b1a7f7c33b522e08b46160496d1c8	Archived from the original source on May 24, 2012..
e156d9aacf96e44dfc1682be0bc090bd3f156dc7	CNN.com. June 9, 2005.
e03915478564961058fe639e01a5753cfe58e26a	↑ Wills, Dominic.
dcdbb9dc8633b843683af3957af9d92216b571b1	"Angelina Jolie Biography".
48d69f6ba307d62c30d59a93975d8364a277908b	Archived from the original source on May 30, 2012..
0192a1f5deffc135814ad7918f7945fa29d666a6	Tiscali.co.uk. Verified on July 7, 2011.
f5b8e34f8c8e79db87e4cafaa75e59ec5f074e02	↑ 1 2 Angelina Jolie sued the Daily Mail for a "narcotic" video Interfax ↑ Grossberg, Josh.
5100291f2b93210497a86cef22b4b9498b483b00	«Angelina Jolie’s Name Interrupted».
6b2b5795cb3599ea4574b07bbfcc7717e8056c03	E! Online.
a492c3fd89013253daa5692489e4d7746d70edc1	September 17, 2002.
eef4a87b45f7670d6f31c1e94e218e251e415579	Verified on July 7, 2011.
7c2886961192f2b12421e9b077fa550fef242869	↑ 1 2 Poole, Oliver.
0d6ff754022d910363e7d47e713bf1c45ec7f7b8	"Father tells of Jolie's 'mental problems'".
01de67e99493d1258222c7e6c87f300588878b2b	Archived from the original source on September 15, 2012..
b260e70a3f8b4503bfccda03836197e9a303fd0d	August 3, 2002.
5c3459b9d56c600e7ac17f7b8c3e6266562d2b31	↑ Green, Mary.
84316e861220b1592738d3458c559ace1f236bd1	"Angelina's Heartbreak".
2513b10c859cd5bdb5028c71860b3db22e211b4c	Archived from the original source on September 9, 2012..
3f6a3484094019685a8b8ca63c4e0c5ef2ff1c34	People.
44e884b373a988602d3055575ef8f2cad7fc7a8e	February 12, 2007.
7c5d3b95cf7254fcedacc653d8be91e55a15cb41	Verified on December 31, 2011.
e9971262ebf2b99532bca6ae4d534f6d81439a59	↑ Brandt, Andrew.
d50f6b9ab9055580546050c5a83e8dcf8883e2b9	"How Hollywood portrays hackers".
88b25f0f40d0cf39387eaafaa9c912d7d009d145	PC World.
0ce06c457b4e15d7b751af3ab70954d465835993	May 4, 2001.
9a6122198b592d1db254367fa40ce9d586760af4	↑ Maslin, Janet.
dcc63f1dd49c8f829163d90067e6fd1c4269cfa9	"Those Wacky Teenagers and Their Crazy Fads".
b673fe378849f2ef8676724d024ba66b3c841d76	The New York Times.
21cc6694535c57a9f3bcd98c6340a403bc82851c	September 15, 1995.
a5cfe125bffc8ae89c2ff8b712a5119c7e9dd083	Retrieved July 7, 2011.
e1af97cbf170a4fd502ecd79482882990038148f	↑ "IMDb Movie of the Day".
f418acc181b081c76a50977b0ee58b694dbb9c2b	IMDb.com. March 7, 2003.
3b918729811cdff84b73da18c3bb6800403d5b0c	↑ "Angelina Jolie Movie Box Office Results".
ec054f27b6d5b1e105ed16c6afb3885856db0920	Archived from the original source on July 24, 2012..
a19a07540059f2cce10a403526fd83012e970765	↑ "Nicole Kidman Tops The Hollywood Reporter's Annual Actress Salary List".
46b1096340fb61c0ed9bd9f08fb6c17a7145a670	PR Newswire.
156ed2a476f50946d475a4fef7e25642ca29efbe	November 30, 2006.
2b3187cc25407524070ba5947b839fed5704a437	↑ "2005 Yearly Box Office Results".
e9353cad5b8d014840de121c2c8dc24f36b3d725	Archived from the original source on July 8, 2012..
fd07bd20e152da98b6752b5f2414ad58d83ff411	Checked on January 2, 2012.
1a6d69c90c1f06ae9509f08023c7e2943a3d1c27	↑ Movie review: 'The Good Shepherd'. chicago.metromix.com. Verified on October 26, 2011.
eb4d5491fe3775716cc1f6ae928ea1ca16ee65d5	↑ Angelina Jolie's 'Mighty Heart'. ew.com. Verified on October 26, 2011.
7b73ef21d6ecd15f9f0f122c9e66964ff72245b0	↑ Foundas, Scott.
af029cb76286fd469456b346b8cbd21d19bc657f	"Clint Eastwood: The Set Whisperer".
7569b669287bd291e9f4853338ce5d7f3df4ba67	LA Weekly (December 19, 2007).
38d5204215d2ddf4d7e094cfa15f2bf4f03d6a6b	Accessed July 7, 2011.
f485b0aca107991d889ccde9591505e29807c5ee	Archived from the original source on January 20, 2013.
fd945c654f84c81118b4eb62d5b9a169dce7f967	↑ Salt: Other Tom Cruise Roles Angelina Jolie Should Have Played.
0cc9f5395e2a5d4606fadc6fb32ee9bc62373700	Archived from the original source on September 15, 2012. televisionwithoutpity.com. Verified on August 11, 2012.
abfb17aa565224f4898dfce0037ec03033b76833	↑ Roger Ebert.
dc7af988af63766a9ec5a10deee14a5e98489298	The Tourist. rogerebert.com (December 8, 2010).
4237c3b573dd87be3e397d29f558714311a33f91	Verified on March 15, 2013.
bcb96b33f33d926fc73dfe9ce7eb4c66380a29ac	Archived from the original source on September 14, 2013.
aae99b069aba529c826da5804dfcd07b5655edbd	↑ The Tourist: A very Jolie adventure for Johnny.
25c1e1ab6f563099c8ec3497c62a69eae1fc2c1d	Dailymail.co.uk. Daily Mail (December 14, 2010).
88bebe55f6995334e9bc84e9c898adcd8c826a74	Verified on August 15, 2013.
ce7f0e66c7f8315d8604b178b10cca4840867940	Murdoch barely sold the villa that Pitt and Jolie rented from him. realty.newsru.com. Verified on October 26, 2011.
98c5c8bffbc73471d86ad79a63249e598b7cfa7d	^ A b Rome & Venice a man and a woman.
d2db480ff39e635331477c25c9a3a999302deeaf	/ / express k.kz. Verified on October 26, 2011.
75d83eaa081de1c3177ab089ae3aa67e16502a89	↑ "Kung Fu Panda 2": Kein Flop, aber auch kein Muss. woodz.schwarzwaelder bote.de. Verified on October 26, 2011.
5461db4a97190b0aa4c80c261ac1ba8b42f2b71c	↑ Kung Fu Panda 3 | Movie | Video & Images. www.dreamworks.com. Verified on May 11, 2016.
340d6b2384510b5df2bbfad4971a472095c74aa1	Only 12 people came to the Belgrade premiere of Jolie's first film.
2e0abb06c02758e0e1caf81311c8a2c453c4e056	Checked on December 29, 2012.
af2990c7a0e9e020c277f45c188fa6ebbedf1256	Archived from the original source on September 9, 2012. пост A poster for the directorial debut of Angelina Jolie has been published.
cae3ebe5d4dc32a59f7112dd34d84c48bc0233af	Archived from the original source on August 3, 2012.
0c0dae99809a6213db05b045ea52740faf97a1cf	↑ Angelina Jolie Reacts to Golden Globe Nomination for 'Blood and Honey': 'I Never Expected This'.
da88032ae8747d41ed85d4b16a81500f61af9877	The premiere of Angelina Jolie's film "The Land of Blood and Honey" was not without a scandal in Moscow.
9365e8f2b6d329e2181cc5d7a278d648f8b5b70d	Archived from the original source on July 11, 2012.
b44ea46de2c06bfe4deff6ab0fdda80751ae2400	↑ Unbroken.
2d6937b382a12aebac4dcb698697489327c2fb30	Rotten Tomatoes.
6f350b3d1043a823fb182940d43fcfda34291426	↑ Unbroken. www.boxofficemojo.com. ↑ Angelina Jolie's Unbroken Will Finally Screen In Japan.
a51ee97a499cde08b861d5223c1a948f107578c8	↑ Angelina Jolie Movie Box Office Results. www.boxofficemojo.com. Verified on May 11, 2016.
ab0af1595fb554ed7a8600ab9077d4cd9ec1bb79	↑ Maleficent (2014).
af64fdc1eff37338082bcc8f24443e2189dd15b3	Лаз Cote d'Azur (2015) By the Sea (original title).
6d73e7c0a0936a1b8d08453bdde51d8c47921ed0	↑ World Premiere of BY THE SEA To Open AFI FEST 2015 (en us).
d6cb3dcefefbbab04e12b3fc02b54cb3b2925e8c	American Film.
0fe97a50c2a95274869165348db306cc4f6954de	Verified on May 11, 2016.
67210be4099f34672bb03f0c1177490ca7040dd9	↑ Jana J. Monji.
14b16a902edb2dd679f213c6dd307b8d8f3c2499	In defense of ‘By the Sea’ (07 Nov 2015).
10e68c79f6173d64833e7bd4b91238d1912d2527	↑ By the Sea (2015) - Box Office Mojo. www.boxofficemojo.com. Verified on May 11, 2016.
d36df04ad4ee3d528104e45ee23c15fc5cd1b74a	↑ By The Sea. www.rottentomatoes.com (November 13, 2015).
261dda2d4f614aea15846b16a83b4ee4f9bb97c8	↑ Peter Sobczynski.
ec36b839681f282bd81799929284816d396f5888	By the Sea (November 13, 2015).
8f712aebcccf9b3911e1dd07b29f1f08ce8129fa	↑ "It left me puzzled at what does all this artifice mean."
ab5b65f0ef2ea7cc9a17b5baa477e98ff0f5db2f	Reviewed by Dennis Schwartz (12/9/2015).
b86f955e18b4180782f315b9cb4ccf841bd76eaf	↑ The Artful Critic: Marriage Can Be the Pitts: "By the Sea" flawed but intoxicating look at marital ennui. kibsreviews.blogspot.ru. Verified on May 11, 2016.
cb3e8453b50da1e2d684704bc8c7b959a6934408	↑ 'By the Sea' and the Death of the Celebrity Vanity Project.
5a854253c1e9c2f5ae56f395f3413e73266d217b	Rolling Stone (November 16, 2015).
717eea12832f6edf6d13949409d8ce92d5f87d25	↑ By the Sea. 365 Movie Guy.
399c54bf60d2630923e6ea050fb283c081e77483	↑ Miller, Prairie.
c525c79843e527c59f8ce80e2c64725066b0803c	"Angelina Jolie On Filling Lara Croft's Shoes and D size Cups".
a9f396129b6b35a967889c27ad4daa81bd0a49d1	Archived from the original source on September 7, 2012..
16abf778db6a50515d87297a70f43c7cc35fe07f	NY Rock.
9cd90d4cf64b8e9652b3136fbb3cc4e7feb2fc97	June 2001.
d87f29aec6c23f504c159608127c9fa811876a06	Verified on March 24, 2012.
1b3edcf1e094bf2fd5aa01c7ddcc8b3cdb7e9123	↑ "Angelina Jolie named UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador for refugees".
3a26b544181df8f3011c7a2297608c70c3ae0a25	UNHCR.org. August 23, 2001.
ec3dbf7eb057e77599138e999bebc5705c527140	↑ "Angelina Jolie responds to UNHCR emergency appeal".
6e8ac23db89731c32be9e06ea59e37453897db48	UNHCR.org. September 27, 2001.
c5d47f74ba8f5a015e2329d1ad6266fe75fb1813	Checked on July 7, 2011. доброй Angelina Jolie is a Goodwill ambassador of the Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees.
19ea526e6e360cf159dcc422544cf6595187a8ff	↑ My travel records.
22461c2d00ef49a10f5e59ac091ac20b63ea37ed	Ozon.ru. Verified on May 11, 2016.
1f8fc5e5a4bd90c2d6cebef063bc6e60c92d3214	↑ "Maddox Jolie Pitt Foundation Background".
1d9ef1e110aead36f00cf8c15210e04730c8288d	MJPAsia.org. Checked on July 7, 2011.
a052e86924df2836eb04ea9da44664e06d0be466	↑ Harris, Dan.
fa14db64eac4ca4fedb9627d9dc39b1995f55bbf	"Angelina Jolie Joins Fight for Cambodian AIDS Victims".
07be9f479fa0918e36d4acd6308db81a0a2e4dc9	ABC News.
9b765df0efdca0cba2fb601900fee9ae7b652260	December 18, 2010.
0ff26e97a68f6aaee87357b075202e85d1c622b0	"Brad & Angelina Start Charitable Group".
9ff3224ad4070009f73a95e064b3d547a161da08	September 20, 2006.
f4e44ee6d1a3a975e188e7b044d7eeaec93d6160	↑ "About the Partnership".
bb29a842820f8d91f02a3277aa86bfd95f93f12f	EducationPartnership.org. Verified on July 7, 2011.
6a77b56177f226da60778798d423d0f70fb2f4a9	↑ All About Angelina Jolie Pitt's New Partnership.
a3c343901e5070e4331777fcd21ba66aa0af2998	People (05/06/2016). Angelina Jolie became a professor.
4d3ee2d22d8a012cf606678b29092b1a73da9b6f	IZVESTIA.
494d98ef240399279824f90d7d652c3d7adaa109	Verified on May 23, 2016.
ee77c94d05c5ce9bdc51b58aaa1b1bc2ffe66bb8	↑ UN News Center: Angelina Jolie has been awarded the UN Humanitarian Prize.
9eb474e02c3b0e3d31303e076cfda46b1e25ced3	↑ Top ten animals named after famous people.
d768e6661552d2ad26a6a979ecbe9847d491dd22	TheVine.com. January 23, 2012.
84c2b8019f1e37bfabaa0895f2f1ca02779cf572	Verified on August 11, 2012.
46fd29a81a5771c16083315d07e8bcd225d066c3	Watch Angelina Jolie, Steve Martin and Angela Lansbury accept their Oscars. www.hitfix.com. Verified on November 19, 2013.
9502487057b21e11e9e6e28b736dc0b37ae1b966	Angel Angelina Jolie and Steve Martin receive honorary Oscars (English).
c5e08b4d879de4ecd7a27fef82a659596e4d49a7	BBC (17 November 2013). Verified on November 19, 2013.
2e96c9c6b656646014d1a7505e18782889499185	Анджел Angelina Jolie was awarded the honorary title of a cavalier lady ↑ Queen Elizabeth II awarded Angelina Jolie a knighthood.
47fb0f976d885832e4d1a76caf136da12f165494	Verified on October 10, 2014.
9857d1c66492f1cac7d278371efd327b9630fde6	↑ Heath, Chris.
f14a24e8d92984c704343e9f7cb870fac2c7d505	"Blood, Sugar, Sex, Magic".
b281549c12be9868a8bf99a1adbff2cfea97689d	Archived from the original source on July 11, 2012..
864afff39c2c00afa9a2d4cc189adae311d2e4ab	Rolling Stone.
4098fc86d5fe837304afc40c9f55dccc783c4dcd	July 5, 2001.
bee0faac54269548c2c4ad02e2d1e8ec124773e1	↑ "Interview with Angelina Jolie".
b8034736776f4101f5dc5870394cd3d4006b0731	JonnyLeeMiller.co.uk. Checked on July 7, 2011.
d54488ddd0526fafa8ae6b3fa3c39bd534d8868d	↑ Dam, Julie K.L. "Early to Wed".
a3256949fd1a192623dd21747e34cdf9e81b085e	May 22, 2000.
1439da8bc29bf286d1716bbc29a5665786de69f1	↑ "Thornton Still Has Angelina Blood Locket".
35ccf6ca647ee51ea55a3181b9b9bd42b99a6b77	WENN.
2ab50d8e20307f7f096d0fdfaaf61d30f8be84f5	April 21, 2004.
740f5badf635e75bc4ac62dc5069413285613900	↑ Harris, Mark.
28205401e9378106963298713aba66c12e297a06	"The Mommy Track".
7ca8fa83c0a85d6148bca39aa855375a148cf9f3	October 15, 2008.
d6ce3f70c627cb722a4eb3e15bc35782fc0e4d47	↑ "Angelina Jolie Pregnant".
38a7e018f01a819cfc755ea186575b1bc0f542dc	January 11, 2006.
a59482eec4bf94e0cfd07f92e7c5691c2cf45039	↑ "Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt engaged: official".
b90b2a606891014ea2ece9ce505734862f5f8e1d	Archived from the original source on September 10, 2012..
f49b17ed2cad2e3ea4804e27b72aeab5c86e5902	Reuters.
ceef02bfc7ab67d7e596e82e07c46969ffa168c3	April 13, 2012.
44de84d075c8f8af69c228a75f03b7fc7d1c7ffe	Verified on April 13, 2012.
aaa02d772512656faa5dc545ed34665f500fa774	↑ Lisa Respers.
999f874cf6c23172119e94265e6c64897d2a61d9	Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie marry in France .
2b95af17f8084a7f8fc3920097ac7af6f2af45e6	CNN (August 28, 2014). Verified on August 28, 2014.
726b019e4ddabd5bf56563afe96c48d5ccb157c4	Дж Jolie and Pitt signed a strict prenuptial agreement.
52ffda2ca045cbfbe808a7ee82fca2694ce12c91	The magazine "7 Days" (24.09.2014).
9438b2a57d451d139ee0997d044a470890a77709	↑ Jolie files for divorce from Pitt 'for health of the family' (September 20, 2016).
57d6d13417ba367fb81b927d3c99c7b36b36776d	The divorce of Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt: a chronicle of events (September 25, 2016).
57c3c24fcc3cdde733394e1043d83068bfbc4355	Verified on September 28, 2016.
444998a0b1a732ee720b5c1b54a6baebd7a95aa2	↑ "Angelina shows off her new geo tattoos".
7afc6107af507d51430bfda39eb001537c3ff8e5	Archived from the original source on June 4, 2012..
0f7c1ef61a1f11968952047d685c0c0a418d81f0	The Sydney Morning Herald.
0f78b79e2c7081ea7306311cc6be11c819f37aa8	October 7, 2008.
79fa2189d6e75ed28c37a0c650eb80109841f9a4	↑ Tauber, Michelle.
683ccb9b4851982d8901e53d3512d2d0a70c2d3b	"And Baby Makes Two".
7305031be27229ba4277856969799375bd5a9400	Archived from the original source on September 8, 2012..
5d2ac2b5a680de6bf324ca7f654f622c8d4cb63c	August 4, 2003.
bdf3b7a1a87c6b914d39cb56b3ddecd2b7789679	↑ 1 2 "The Situation Room – Angelina Jolie discusses Africa".
e539356922629126a12e2e3d177ab57beefd1708	CNN.com. September 28, 2005.
0ce220dad05873aed138c8d830a60672d12be7dd	Бр Brad and Angelina supported the choice of their 8 year old child to be a boy (rus.). gay.ru (December 24, 2014).
a9acdc867d884ff62d39b798c119955bf065deff	Verified on December 25, 2014.
3df73577f3f95952e892f989138cf94c9420c9fe	↑ Johnson, Kay.
57731d8d0d138248a865c70c643f0a02c664779d	"The Tale of Angelina's New Son".
db29c167feb412f096a1e85a24618e70ae4a679f	Time.
ebc91882d2bac2dece7b3216d1f40e1e8bfd21aa	March 22, 2007.
0eef4376c0993fd08a58831e71e7e5fa0f205727	"Meet Angelina's Boy: Pax Thien Jolie".
9b378d1940ad6f98db1f2b464940a1eec9a12db1	Archived from the original source on September 13, 2012..
31b4de05788abf47c1df1f7dee988f5571cc3aa7	March 15, 2007.
e3bee68d4acde562244a5221691b93608486bec4	↑ Booth, Jenny.
0aad811279a373a336163e552d20fd406525075d	"Brangelina twins: first pictures published".
0d62cb041fb2c7efdcc8d43c1e5ca8b980a822d0	The Sunday Times.
597b5a8e0910dca359cadfb750b007568f8a4d4c	August 4, 2008.
2cb9f7341dba0991fab4293348d11044968b5643	↑ Gruber, Ben.
4fbc676cb61bc16c68b6b7153c467db4fcc410d8	"Jolie twins doctor admits to pre birth pressure".
78ee8689ed3de33c10155dda9c467e1927c1f82c	July 15, 2008.
624e94ea6077d4c584235ccb84e4a1f36af03b77	СМИ Media: Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt have adopted a child.
c5111769958a19e0d4db15681146dd43bbcdf855	7days.ru (09.02.2015). A representative of Jolie and Pitt said that they did not adopt a seventh child.
19fa1b3249548b5ea53d5160206332c4c203521a	7days.ru (10.04.2015). ↑ All Angelina Jolie tattoos!
d458dcdebfb4363658205a6865f2ffc4b0b98707	- KinoOboz.
5ef18bb4edd9742f92d3398f690663fa54ec7ca5	Archived from the original source on July 10, 2012.
4ce97d486b0f6129dacc561fa8166d57092107fa	↑ Angelina Jolie / Angelina Jolie: Angelina's tattoos.
6bc66f05d20b822562743738d91853cd5917d60b	Archived from the original source on September 8, 2012.
d4e3f35e427d37991dea7ddb547a9c3f16921db9	Анджел Angelina Jolie's tattoos.
b52353a8fbbafd1377f2920d44f20b9a52e4a039	Archived from the original source on July 23, 2012.
7dc0f5c37550a060413a55ab7228be2f4f6d4ece	Э Eric Topol.
674552cc643f0b7b0629c5aa0255ad2346404099	The future of medicine: Your health is in your hands.
b16f4c45de2ca0f29ed948623903ce0125bf6172	- Moscow: Alpina non fiction, 2016.
733a9d30c452954716ac3fffdd3a9f65207ac3fd	- 491 p.
e7bb4460f7bad0698a8f4bc4b50439b1d8dc5108	— ISBN 978-5-91671-592-7.
e00dddeb38ef99ec16720179ae849a173051e12d	Анджел Angelina Jolie.
45f092d2910854ed98c75b803f12c2bba048c4c9	My Medical Choice (English).
1bba56b25f9f4cc8a44022bdf5d39a80936bab42	The New York Times (May 14, 2013).
27c5c9c2515928c81a0044a8eaa6d5685413d1b9	Checked on May 14, 2013.
88670a1f8fc07af13dafc4fb4338bd1ee556db16	Archived from the original source on May 15, 2013.
e7ec34c0945779cf25dc364cceb7583b40146592	Angelina Jolie will remove her ovaries.
fa2887e59e474c8f3b70584290b99862a0004acf	Газета.ги (May 15, 2013). Verified on June 10, 2013.
6a2def884a13bc051395833e1691c1599d45738d	Archived from the original source on June 10, 2013.
a6f4a723dadb563d5aabf7bb21a5ef447d8a7d7b	Angelina Jolie had her ovaries removed, fearing the development of cancer.
bd8cdd76476b52c9a78f346006523c0d5a5c3448	BBC Russian Service (March 24, 2015).
36edf7aff087b785ca0f85d90307564a3a5f00d2	Verified on March 26, 2015. корпораций A corporate conspiracy or a personal decision?
1c558e155d8a81389acdc93bccdb43d2572b6527	Expert on Mastectomy, Jolie and cancer ↑ "Sexiest Woman Alive".
1ed1a6452dc0136a49527738d1a781e6bd554c6b	Esquire.
a6330d2976c5a5f75d6515d2ffbebe9805b2c7ad	November 2004.
123aac4611f4c1d3ae22988a988614ce7b375b6c	↑ Campbell Johnston, Rachel.
3b3211405afaadda0f9b0c5a1c548c1d00aab721	"The most beautiful women?".
8c229200c156d379c03f54ed686ae714b372d193	Archived from the original source
71745a8ef147a1e284196c8f4d52f55264124de1	Let the Seeker find:
b28b7af69320201d1cf206ebf28373980add1451	main
bed961e63aba61d6223a5a18a856f28bcfc21c22	site map
9db49a59249eefb6f65231c5b6e215d362e8c358	contacts
b8bd20d4a2701dc3aba0efbbf325f1359392d93e	*********
77a7bc11790c523cdca274da786ed8ff9828820f	Persons A B C
0f61cce528b73711e16467a2ba03f73437bf97c3	Persons G D E F Z
d67dd58cb1dcb41a954324c4b8da007ae06f5b68	Persons And Th To L
0ad55be85f67efca0ad3d3b806610e289b28a887	Persons M N O P
6c54b3344e944a9c3ca2d34f80de32f7dcdd7e77	Persons R S T U
02c4e0216e3e7949aee6fa316c9f469d346382c7	Persons F - ...
8348bbe007b384291bfe290751422d8da6181419	- I
d2a4c35bb9e0e1a9b1ae30fe91423c9ea8f1d804	Angelina Jolie biography, information, personal life
f911e7dba78f6152814878b32eb10b225e4b8f0d	Angelina Jolie Pitt (Angelina Jolie Pitt, Voight at birth).
0258d4a70ce1903e758b0ba546835839ce7c3276	Born on June 4, 1975 in Los Angeles.
6b0cdd627694357d2d60e05037042b2e2711bb4e	American actress, director and screenwriter, fashion model, UN Goodwill Ambassador.
a27086bbd79b3c5b0df8830d5d7244316fc8eeb9	The winner of the Academy Award, three Golden Globes (the first of the actresses to win the award three years in a row) and two awards of the Screen Actors Guild of the United States.
eec45c7bd78b6b278308395be0b8a02767d5bf68	She made her film debut in 1982, playing a role in the film "In search of a Way out".
44b64e0ad558ffcbaae146ac7928115af7e5ab0d	However, she gained fame after playing the heroine of the video games Lara Croft in the films "Lara Croft: Tomb Raider" and " Lara Croft: Tomb Raider.
3bbdf5bd231f654c86ab447c0a75283625a781dd	In 2009, 2011 and 2013, according to Forbes magazine, Jolie was named the highest paid actress in Hollywood.
efd775c0fce6ff6791a585286b3ba648097da7d4	Her most successful films from the commercial side were "Maleficent" (worldwide box office receipts - 758 million US dollars), "Mr. and Mrs. Smith" (worldwide box office receipts - 478 million US dollars), "Especially dangerous" (341 million US dollars), "Salt" (293 million US dollars), as well as "Tourist" (278 million US dollars), "Lara Croft: Tomb Raider" (274 million US dollars) and the picture with Nicolas Cage "Hijack in 60 seconds" (237 million US dollars).
b4f1b80c6d99eadb7ebfb682652d2840ceb98af0	Angelina Jolie Voight was born in Los Angeles (USA, California), in the family of the famous American actor Jon Voight and the French Canadian actress Marcheline Bertrand.
d75ef03bb46734decacf50111a767d8371ab085e	Angelina Jolie as a child
2d65b43a8a402a4ea5b405680102f445509bfec8	By origin, Jolie, thus, acquired the blood of several peoples - Slovak, German (on the father), and French Canadian, Dutch (on the mother) and also, possibly, Iroquois.
93b124fb4c3f8cbafbfc1f1c9c46e773eeebdec1	Jolie's parents separated in 1976 (the divorce was finalized only two years later), and her mother, one year old Angelina and her brother moved to New York.
ce127d9a58e43bad4cbabbd34dca8ff6d5a6e956	For some reason, the ritual of injuring myself and the feeling of pain from this, perhaps the feeling of myself as a living being, the feeling of some kind of liberation, was therapy for me."
db6cd56fd6d72f607fdf13f03c0176a98ec508d6	At this age, Angelina wore exclusively black clothes, dyed her hair red and, according to her own confessions, hated herself.
a2de5bfa7353aba4b07dc26cec2b5fc84c231f48	In mid 2002, Jolie submitted an application to the official authorities with a request for the final registration of her name as "Angelina Jolie", without "Voight".
1f3605644279f1ccaf4cd407828d08c8adca3f95	Angelina's father starred with her godmother (Jacqueline Bisset) in the film "The Judge and his Executioner" (1975), directed by the godfather of the actress Maximilian Schell (later, when Jolie became a star, Jacqueline Bisset admitted that she was afraid of her famous goddaughter).
742f27094cd27840b6619cd28f810675a56d6d7d	Angelina Jolie's mother Marcheline died on January 27, 2007 in a Los Angeles clinic at the age of 56 after 7 and a half years of fighting ovarian cancer.
5e2df0e048f246aa13e5a9ee6eee091e1c4e7ff3	Angelina is very close to her brother James Haven.
434badec70d22a96fb362883cf3b0deb8c80cb06	He often accompanies her to various solemn ceremonies.
dbac9affd2f8351878591fd2acc3ae90e3049283	In one of the episodes of "Interrupted Life" (1999), Jolie asks "Where is Jamie?", thereby mentioning the name of her brother.
844640ac7ef5f04456f28339c3baba7ae15d14e1	In 2000, Jolie and her brother publicly denied false rumors that they were in an incestuous love affair.
538e8811d12e3bbe17e4486679e77c081880b2d2	Jolie began working as a model at fashion shows at the age of 14, mainly in New York, Los Angeles and London.
894571bc5d668c681385388b8237ed988eb040c1	In addition, she appeared in several music videos, including Lenny Kravitz (Stand By My Woman video), Rolling Stones (Anybody Saw My Baby) and Meat Loaf (Rock'n'roll Dreams Come Through video), after which she returned to the theater at the age of 16.
680b41099efb473ad0c9cbead2dab8ca8c8b9e0c	Anyway, these tapes were not included in her filmography.
e47f1853d68781516b6a7d44de5a346e38942758	Officially, the first role of Angelina Jolie is considered to be played by her in 1993, the role of a humanoid robot named Casella "Cash" Reese in the low budget sci fi thriller "Cyborg 2: Glass Shadow".
685ab70b6a4f36d7579a6b703f7f98ed6535343d	This film did not bring much fame to Angelina.
8bbd9589d71a11342fb8945ba838a6a502928662	But her next role in the film "Hackers" was noted by critics, and, despite the financial failure, the picture became a cult after it was released on video.
0ea97663853ed617d7f0863cecca90431bc9a953	The New York Times wrote about Jolie that, " despite the sullenness of the role, Miss Jolie is as sweet as a cherub."
6d62e117bcc9e317478e010ca46b4930513530a5	On the set of the film, Jolie met the British actor Johnny Lee Miller, her future first husband.
c604a303ce57c79ebfd4500b2e99b421e0380bd7	New roles were not long in coming, and in the next few years Jolie plays in a number of films that did not become an event in the world of cinema, but to some extent contributed to the growth of Angelina Jolie as an actress.
ac4d486ba0abaf0320fd16de5293731e2a522d99	For her participation in the television film "George Wallace" (1997), Angelina Jolie is nominated for a television Emmy Award, and also receives a Golden Globe Award.
cacf9950f1257e84a746aa2bc25b25192a77c77a	The film was very warmly received by television critics and, among other things, received a Golden Globe Award in the category "Best TV series/Film made for Television".
fe17ff00746265f8eb7613d5081e1bb04f1073b8	Jolie played in it the second wife of the governor of Alabama George Wallace - Cornelia.
c2f83e0870604466acca6cb51d4266009e8d448b	The next year, another biographical film made for television is released - "Gia".
7feaf5ab2da54511188b7e73871cd4368f5d2067	In it, Angelina played Gia Karanji, a top model who was very popular in the 1970s.
ed264cf328a04fec791d78b98a8f4351c5efaac1	Gia was infamous for her addiction to drugs, bisexuality and sudden death from AIDS.
2a697984d189fd89b60ff37821e926687ae4a459	Jolie won the Golden Globe for the second year in a row.
fa358183ee6857a37099b0b36d941ec8e74ced0f	After this difficult, by her own admission, role, the actress needed some time to take a break from filming Jolie moved to New York, where she attended a screenwriting course at New York University.
f4377e72c5ad32ebff940131cd6381dee3d18db0	And finally, in 1999, James Mangold's film "Interrupted Life" was released on the US screens, which, according to all forecasts, was supposed to be a film return of Winona Ryder, but everything turned out to be a real triumph for Angelina Jolie, who for the role of the unbridled rebel Lisa Rove (again a biographical role) received her third Golden Globe, the Screen Actors Guild Award and, finally, the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress.
10bbf19dfd5179dc071769b6c49bd1f760f16b8e	All the leading critics applauded Angelina Jolie, who instantly gained star status in Hollywood.
29ca6a6c09c4f991dd04c678fd1fe4428ac60ecd	Angelina Jolie gets an Oscar
1cb25761ad82bfe9614c64900cd71a92754e2182	The 2000s were marked for the actress by participation in two with varying degrees of successful film adaptations of the Tomb Raider game.
016fda1f84ad6e7994e667e8ad3fdc1105f645dd	In 2001, Jolie starred in the first series about Lara Croft - "Lara Croft - the Tomb Raider": the film collected more than $ 270 million at the global box office, but despite everyone's admiration for Jolie's beautiful physical form in the role of the superheroine Lara Croft (the actress herself performed tricks), it was scolded by critics.
b3d235f2abfe405294ceb836e6bf9f7fc59b1f09	Angelina Jolie and Antonio Banderas in the movie "Temptation"
ec1f625e558749d56accff1c305d95fbbaff99ac	It was followed in 2003 by the sequel "Lara Croft: Tomb Raider.
2dc0fa30b534184eea5f81a1d7b585a344c853fa	The Cradle of Life " showed good box office receipts, but was coolly received by critics.
c0492b7df6700f3293358badaaf41c35f73168ea	It is noteworthy that for the second series, the actress received a fee of $ 12 million, thereby becoming one of the highest paid actresses in the world.
b2e5d7fd924de004d646ea1136927f2ec48631e1	The rest of the films were less successful in commercial terms: Oliver Stone's "Alexander", in which Jolie played the queen of the Olympics, generally turned into one of the biggest financial disasters of 2004.
a4f738dd5665323b97393add92818c42f0f7cab0	The commercially unsuccessful "Sky Captain and the World of the Future", where Angelina appeared in a small but very memorable role as the former lover of Jude Law's hero, one eyed aircraft squadron commander Frankie Cook, became a cult among science fiction fans thanks to bright characters and a unique retro design of special effects.
75c8283a18f83e82f18c1396c7e45f68d05906f9	Jolie became the third actress (after Julia Roberts and Cameron Diaz), who "joined" the club of actresses who receive more than $ 20 million for one film, after signing a contract to shoot in the film "Mr. and Mrs. Smith" (2005).
33d96b1e162199ff2ad802b646dc542ee52a6cba	However, after a series of commercial failures, the main rental success of the actress followed - the film "Mr. and Mrs. Smith", which was released in the summer of 2005 and collected an unexpected 480 million dollars at the world box office.
c8528846caf5a9edbe1fb6aac30114c0f7937e9b	Film critic Roger Ebert wrote that Jolie "plays a femme fatale with a refined, confusing sexuality," and the Daily Mail called the picture " glossy, complex, incredible and magnificent noisy game fun, distracting from problems."
c8926a35b24974d222a9258d6a18b8a0b97dbd91	At the end of 2011, Angelina made her directorial debut with the film "In the Land of Blood and Honey": the film tells about the relationship between a Serb and a Bosnian Muslim woman a few days before the start of the war in Bosnia and the subsequent rape of a girl by Serbian colleagues during the fighting.
c84bfb4cc198112e677acabad2d942a86d221395	The film premiered in the United States on December 23.
7f9bf96a0972401d1b58242306e8a7140edf880c	The film was perceived by the Serbs as anti Serbian, which did not prevent it from being nominated for a Golden Globe for best foreign film.
db48612d6c4e0ea2ad1b5b04cdac07fff7524cab	The premiere of the film in Russia was also overshadowed by the scandal.
831e1484ae66600095d27dd7f6c9a866dbc5edf0	On January 16, 2016, the premiere of the cartoon "Kung Fu Panda 3" (Kung Fu Panda 3) took place in Los Angeles.
f63dfd573358170408a0a5612595db0a9831190b	Angelina Jolie's Humanitarian work:
00fd075082387d6eb7deb39433ebc63eb20d36cc	The actress was there on the location shooting of the film "Lara Croft Tomb Raider".
194eefecb72f2d593f9088abb1c6b0de937bb9e9	She contacted the UN Refugee Commission for information, and already in February 2001, her first trip to Sierra Leone and Tanzania took place, where she was deeply shocked by what she saw.
bc60b2bc60513693f068871b200ba109be168e05	In the following months, Angelina visited Cambodia again, and then the Afghan refugee camp in Pakistan, where she donated $ 1 million to help the victims to the funds of the Refugee Commission.
19fed17af7c39ee56da6107c00288686964cd66a	Impressed by Jolie's interest and work in humanitarian missions, the leadership of the commission proclaimed the actress on August 27, 2001 at its headquarters in Geneva as a goodwill ambassador of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
c62832dadb1a5900a0413cd9c441be540a2f123b	Over the next 4 years, Angelina Jolie visited a number of countries with a humanitarian mission, including Kenya, Thailand, Ecuador, Sudan, Kosovo, Angola, Sri Lanka, Iraqi refugee camps in Jordan, and also made a four day visit to Russia in the North Caucasus, where she got acquainted with the activities of the commission on the spot.
5f710b0e79cfe3c3e9bbc6362580bb6a6994b5f8	Being pregnant, Angelina Jolie continued to travel around the world almost until the very last day (often accompanied by Brad Pitt), and even chose Namibia as the country where she wanted to give birth to her daughter, where she once visited with a humanitarian mission.
d31098bc2dcf7ae0e932f15764f6b5e323d4488a	In 2005, Angelina Jolie was awarded the UN Humanitarian Prize.
f7d87b908ac5d4c988e9829fc58247cd1500a98b	In 2003, she founded the Maddox Jolie Pitt Foundation, which is dedicated to community development and environmental conservation in Cambodia's northwestern province of Battambang.
928453b9890975e7c84cbc823e77b7332c22fe03	In 2006, she collaborated with the Global Health Committee to create the Maddox Chivan Children's Center, a children's center for children affected by HIV in the Cambodian capital Phnom Penh.
970fccfcf8256756f38aaf30c490b591e694f93d	In the same year, Jolie, together with Pitt, made a statement about the establishment of the Jolie/Pitt Foundation, whose funds will be used to finance the Doctors Without Borders programs.
9cf39acb826d759dc194430eb20e9dd9a301cde4	In 2007, Jolie and economist Gene Sperling founded the Education Partnership for Children of Conflict for children affected by man made or natural disasters.
d0cf48bd5a380ada71a8cff9c5f7d01d51ed51ee	In addition, in the summer of 2006, the diaries of the actress, which she kept during her numerous trips around the world, were published in Russian under the title "My Travel Notes".
7e4d97b2111b93e0ba7c844754889f547977eb93	Scenes of Lara Croft were filmed in the sanctuary.
780dc875cf8157bc392ee30429d7622817d01f2a	In 2008, the spider Aptostichus angelinajolieae was named after Angelina Jolie in recognition of her work as a goodwill ambassador for the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
c60c552f97aedd64f5bbc3821e8d70f60d8777e5	In 2014, Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain awarded Angelina Jolie the honorary title of a Lady of Honor in connection with the award of the Order of St. Michael and St. George for her service to the interests of British foreign policy and participation in the global campaign against sexual violence in the zone of military conflicts.
38fe9a05273e681d205c7b9c01a2347885f2dcb7	Angelina Jolie in Moscow
49ca144eb8337b3df138e08892b8868e71630cb9	Personal life of Angelina Jolie:
015c75bd17882218cce4a8818c94e7d615b3f13c	During the filming of the movie "Hackers", Jolie had an affair with British actor Johnny Lee Miller.
4ebbb32303903345eb865bc6384203ff45704d92	In 1996, Jolie and Miller got married, but a year later a divorce followed (officially formalized only in February 1999).
445b964e53bc4bffc3e7391413da8d3ef2ff1402	Both remained good friends, the breakup, according to Jolie, was due to the fact that both of them were too young and the marriage was a rash step.
24be3e403d4d8702e13a55cb1e11dfb50044c3d9	Angelina Jolie and Johnny Lee Miller
576105b7901eeee063ca99786f91acd5af575d95	In May 2000, the actress again began a relationship with a partner on the set: on the set of the film "Controlling Flights", she met and began a stormy romance with actor Billy Bob Thornton, who instantly became the object of public attention thanks to very expressive expressions of his love on both sides (among others, the couple exchanged their blood stored in special vessels of jewelry).
0c5100b81e4f6b6b43a9a69aa5619b6fa27904ea	On May 5, 2000, they were married in Las Vegas, but three years later (May 2003) Jolie and Thornton divorced, after which both had to remove tattoos with each other's names from their bodies.
4e960f6e2e77433f2f6df0415f950fed6ae7643f	Angelina Jolie and Billy Bob Thornton
7b7f493120973cfd7bdff0698ece9e8dc7d2bd33	Scandals around Angelina's personal life added to her frank statements on the topic of her own bisexuality.
c0e036abfb94186ae533b42ea20c2c3fc3319053	The actress's romance with her partner in the film "False Fire", Jenny Shimitsu, who is of American Japanese origin, became well known.
b343fbce9db00c01b48dabdc0a211a74020e5e63	Angelina Jolie and Jenny Shimizu
6ac61ea313674b7ab02407ddd80105359dd5c330	Despite the fact that both dismissed all suggestions that their romance started on the set of their joint box office hit "Mr. and Mrs. Smith", the press announced Angelina as the reason for the divorce, and the actress received a huge number of negative reviews in her address.
3f00c0c322ca5f64fa335a4a7a913845169f73e9	Only on January 11, 2006, Angelina Jolie announced in an interview that she was pregnant with Brad Pitt, thereby confirming their romance.
f8c862d928c3916277449e673b6e3b701801fcb9	In April 2012, Jolie and Pitt announced their engagement after seven years of marriage.
07663eaa32bff40e694f0988b1c5945f11a602ff	Pitt and Jolie got married on August 23, 2014 in France.
d6cf2dcb26b9b20915d359490404fe9d62464b64	It became known that the couple signed a tough marriage contract.
11b5093a978bbae7d5bbebb0fd8529b78562f4b4	In the event of Pitt's infidelity to his wife, he will lose the right of joint custody of their children.
a168493e24f469eaa4378cae822157f4424b3efd	Angelina Jolie has seven children: the sons of Maddox Shivan (eng. Maddox Chivan), Pax Thien (Eng. Pax Thien), Knox Leon (eng. Knox Leon) and Moussa (Eng. Moussa); daughters of Zahara Marley (eng. Zahara Marley), Shiloh Nouvel (eng. Shiloh Nouvel) and Vivienne Marcheline (eng. Vivienne Marcheline).
61e8c4ea93ed8020a79dfa903e6af0063481f3b0	Maddox (born August 5, 2001) was adopted by Angelina in March 2002 in Cambodia, where Jolie starred in the film "Beyond" about third world countries.
a9ef605c772c9b3a599625d22fcdd2f12ca9eb02	The boy, born under the name Rat Vibol, was in an orphanage for refugees.
c640961ea9e2e87112bc5f81e6108041ca4c42b5	Zahara (born January 8, 2005) was orphaned as a result of the death of her biological mother from AIDS (Zahara does not have HIV) and was adopted by Angelina and Brad in July 2005 in Ethiopia, where Jolie was on a UN humanitarian mission.
4e95012d1925b4d30d741a9211e36acc02c375f1	The girl suffered from malnutrition and dehydration, because of which she had to spend some time in an American hospital.
457685420a75d7ebf53a09d2993812bfa92f7654	The name "Zahara" means "flower" in Swahili; the second name - Marley - Angelina chose in honor of Bob Marley.
3a89280f03c528736c1433ff5cb3ea0e0851f3f8	Her birth was preceded by a real war between the married couple Jolie Pitt and the media, who tried to track them down for the sake of photos.
695e6e0d94cb66b847e051f46d999622c27e6645	As a result, the victory remained for the couple.
ca7eb72b819a88b7e0610519c7d85daf6152ce3b	A little later, Angelina and Brad sold pictures of their daughter for a record $ 10 million to the magazines " People "and" Hello!", which made the photos of Shiloh Nouvel Jolie Pitt the most expensive celebrity photos in world history.
affe45dcd8fcaefc9eeff1c5f26f5f7adef5dedd	In December 2014, it became known that the child considers himself a transgender boy named John (English: John Jolie Pitt), and his parents accept his gender identity.
31e6b04abcce132c05a9c3b489fd7dfb9ccfd23d	On March 5, 2007, Angelina and Pitt adopted a three year old boy Pax Tien (b.November 29, 2003) in the south of Vietnam.
f563f689f1eb9793c0f626e1e1f7c1f6f5914dae	The real name given at birth is Pham Quan.
732891dc2e4a6ed7c0b64703c723d66f419c204e	On July 12, 2008, Angelina Jolie gave birth to twins a boy, Knox Leon, and a girl, Vivienne Marcheline.
114b364f118a908669485c42c183259a0978254a	The birth took place in France, in the clinic of the resort city of Nice.
dbed257fe819de3ff9edb243d2e909d22d144ef4	Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt have transferred $ 8 million 400 thousand to The Jolie Pitt Foundation for the restoration of New Orleans, affected by Hurricane Katrina, and assistance to orphans.
0f2d87ccd2f26241e3bfc82375e2132a41520518	In early February 2015, Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie adopted a two year old boy from Syria named Moussa.
93ab86cd148b010320c93280fb0c0b32bfc1437f	In September 2016, it became known that Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie filed for divorce.
3b6d988bea5579fc3d2dd6bf9d5497b2800421e5	The initiator was Jolie, indicating "irreconcilable differences with her husband"as the reason for the divorce.
cbd095ca9add3d3fc28c69b5801497eb28d56df6	Angelina Jolie's Tattoos:
04113252888005f258f86274beaa32d8cff95ae0	Angelina Jolie is one of the most tattooed celebrities: there were about twenty tattoos on her body at different times.
81bc296ed8f368299976236c77a96ef0dd632450	- A large black cross over the left thigh.
1eba175e3164104b0be90e94e4435aa4cd5ed4bc	- Below the navel is the Latin saying "Quod me nutrit me destroy", there are different versions of the translation, 1) literally — "What nourishes me, kills me" (in English "That which nourishes me also destroys me"), 2) "What gives me strength also destroys me".
286198c2ee027f61f5e885601d32a51d7d01b33b	- The letter " H " on the left wrist.
6e7b7e64cfcf00e6d5ffa840644f7167fbc7750a	- Asian tiger at the bottom of the back, as well as patterns and a dragon.
b5f6fbaf98234051602da6007e3a748e3d02b2a7	- A Buddhist amulet for protection.
9d93d7719a820cc3492b8fd46672c17d3ccb15eb	The translation of this tattoo sounds like a spell: "Let your enemies leave you, If you achieve riches, let them stay with you forever, Let your beauty be like the beauty of Apsara Wherever you go, let many follow you, serving and protecting you."
82c4e72e129efd736a267b0c848c94ed932cf19e	- Apsara, the divine dancer (Buddhism)
600210415b8783ec756d319127f4edb5b794d83d	- The words "Know Your Rights" (Know your rights) at the neck.
21f6c2052148c0c122d264fe28f3e2865c4438ca	- The Arabic word, translated as "purpose", "will" on the inside of her right hand.
f9e3ac82d4f46271c87da73da4be9b79792a66a0	- A dragon (erased) on the left shoulder, above which was the inscription Billy Bob (erased after the divorce).
c0975e64b54c979b30c41ac236160213dc29233e	- A quote from Tennessee Williams on his left hand: "A prayer for the wild at heart, kept in cages" (eng. "Prayer for the wild hearted, languishing in captivity").
dabf3a1202980f8ae3af9c1017a0bf9126324133	- The Roman number "13".
93e5137c75754fd9856d6852b12a7e41c142f4c4	- On the left shoulder are the geographical coordinates of the places where each of her children was born.
2883cf891830987a26f440334e6ac1df338ca5e0	- On the right inner side of the Whiskey Bravo leg.
ee54800c0f6b39015e22bf11e2047b67f26a3e0f	This is the name of Brad Pitt encrypted in the alphabet of the international Civil Aviation Organization ( more precisely, his initials) - William Bradley (William Bradley).
950b9b20b4f06baae43ae3fee222384da0077b8b	In February 2016, Jolie lit up three new tattoos made in Cambodia.
248d82a03766ba19e16f230898357b65cc920fcd	On May 14, 2013, on the pages of The New York Times, Angelina Jolie admitted that at the end of April 2013, she underwent surgery - a bilateral preventive mastectomy.
de351608c26269c7d330d004bdebd9211f124919	After breast surgery, she announced her intention to remove her ovaries in order to reduce the risk of getting cancer.
f371426b9b3f69b9aaeb0d7d69e5f54be9942b2b	On March 24, 2015, Angelina Jolie told the New York Times that she had removed her ovaries because of the risk of developing cancer and now she will no longer be able to give birth to a child.
fb36291119d3f2b849444237edc6ece7ed35cc80	Angelina Jolie Star Life
9122a398733be41f4f694c790608c373b8e8f39b	Filmography of Angelina Jolie:
ba7978c3f675e22a7eada79c901902593a60f482	1982 Looking For a Way Out Lookin ' to Get Out Tosh
98e5095a8cb06217ca4d71e31eae79ca84a350d4	1993 Cyborg 2: Glass Shadow Cyborg 2: Glass Shadow Casella "Kash" Reese
229da49f6b5532c2632cc5aabe2598ec5b339275	1995 Hackers Hackers Kate Libby
f1893077468176cc485652c7f6eaaacd19c50708	1995 Without Evidence Without Evidence Jodi Swearingen
ca253edafe1c60eb963d1edec4c3b594336b18dc	1996 Mojave Moon Desert Moon Eleanor" Eli " Rigby
26788b96c97a7c7171b52c2a7cfab3555de2b69a	1996 Italian Lovers Love Is All There Is - Gina Malacici
11e5b2ffd95e0924256c045f716d7a1d296517e4	1996 False Fire Foxfire Margret Sadowski ("Legs")
599348344c998ab5adba247ab6536391df88c2ae	1997 Portraying God Playing God Claire
938abe6c53017398a3cefa17ded3db83187e3681	1997 Real Women True Women Georgia Virginia Lawshi Woods
cf7feecbdf84102c17c3538bab9482ae7755c193	1997 George Wallace George Wallace - Cornelia Wallace
e2a6adf89c983dd0ced484048abbc14772a76b39	1998 - Hell's Cauldron Hell's Kitchen Gloria Mcneary
185cc8b4bd78bd182d6845c16f2aefcff03fa94e	1998 Gia Gia - Gia Karanji
288912220ded875d2746d467ca22490d8ecc4f26	1998 The Vicissitudes of Love Playing by Heart Joan
fec36fd1270bc5f8323d3ead0d69147e1c5bd58a	1999 Driving the Pushing Tin Flights - Mary Bell
bf063da5fc597b95071193b034790869753d9d93	1999 The Power of Fear The Bone Collector Amelia Donahue
d9205d6c98ef38ef11b22a045f78dc6927254feb	1999 Interrupted Life Girl, Interrupted Lisa Rove
763ff289d40f67cee22f05e5b004c6d62f8f813b	2000 Hijack in 60 Seconds Gone in Sixty Seconds Sarah "Sway" Weyland
c82fb42ee2dc1681f398673dc5a928c6e8bb95d0	2001 Lara Croft: Tomb Raider Lara Croft: Tomb Raider Lara Croft
6208d9db938464ddf3e39301c8df9572f73d9dca	2001 The Temptation of Original Sin Julia Russell / Bonnie Castle
18252b904a1bf40380404007ee106127c1cbaaf9	2002 Life or Something Like That Life or Something Like It Lenny Kerrigan
6f74f168fa60a40994576cada66cc8727cc2fc66	2003 Lara Croft: Tomb Raider.
e118cb621294d392438d0f59da166aa7f92045f9	The Cradle of Life Lara Croft Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life Lara Croft
9c01ebb9bd2f81f60fe7d81ee1a2c0f5b6e46779	2003 Beyond Beyond Borders Sarah Jordan Beauford
b78696e4ecbead5da4b79ee1c5347809a5eb76ce	2004 Fever The Fever Revolutionary
732450dbb5c248c73dd57062e584863a378ab57f	2004 Taking Lives Taking Lives Illeana Scott
a7b43432cca342cd740d399401a0ef82cccc9cd0	2004 Underwater Bratva Shark Tale Lola
3e4b655d9fe6105ef875f338fe305596a4410a12	2004 Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow - Captain Frankie Cook
aff526f307ce773a8bf31708d123f4417b24641a	2004 Alexander Alexander Olympiad
d786e70a3f4546610f60b41ee65515907872519b	2005 Mr. and Mrs. Smith Mr. & Mrs. Smith Jane Smith
feb9f9643a1973928252e9b0c78977ddd6358b22	2006 The False Temptation of The Good Shepherd Clover Wilson
269a8b65404c2b3c86e0913fecfbf8a6449df48c	2007 Beowulf Beowulf Grendel's mother
f79bb1fd2f500a3e25461d36738fa1dcf7c830c4	2007 Strong Heart A Mighty Heart - Marian Pearl
c4f80384fe251c1f39126c543a23a85bf3a464f9	2008 Kung Fu Panda Kung Fu Panda Tigress
3a3d5998c0e6bd381ca2ab3eb710c8befaf7d1f7	2008 Especially Dangerous Wanted Fox
83d68b74b49e7711721c0218c845c12fe22fc43a	2008 Changeling Substitution - Kristin Collins
2686462c954c4e6aad3431afa23371cb3fe223db	2010 Salt Salt - Evelyn Salt
c70913b11d40ebe26688af1bf34152261c1b6224	2010 Kung Fu Panda Holiday Kung Fu Panda Holiday Special Tigress
0dfd7bed8058f56187640b81fa133301fc666e9f	2010 The Tourist Elise Clifton Ward
d5aa73135ef8a9e8fe4531f5ea1c01c351985049	2011 Kung Fu Panda 2 Kung Fu Panda 2 Tigress
1f131c59a0088b327cf1e7738db969d5cc058686	2014 Maleficent Maleficent Maleficent
f7d8e9948147367a959032c151b6bf7b52b1bf87	2016 Kung Fu Panda 3 Kung Fu Panda 3 Tigress.
6844704f46912686f2209210ef574eb663907656	tags: angelina jolie
010a6fdc0e0811f79c2077565355d885b30e3b4e	Angelina Jolie aphorisms, quotes, sayings >>>
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f3af62dc56725cd1c96b921de8074d078e425e04	Full name Angelina Jolie (Angelina Jolie)
124b228bed0a458cdfbe5168a1ebd87b10fd51a4	Date of birth: June 4, 1975 (41 years old)
6ca3811b95b535661d788b417e0e0c1863e7bf8d	Place of birth Los Angeles, USA
4c6d9aba8627b5a2033e5f7fcc2ddc28f3337d1f	Zodiac sign Gemini
201368ecf81f4e2609cce1fdb42128f21e756b1f	Height 173 cm
bbe0de0ff408e829c4fa81b3595532b0c6973b1c	Weight 56 kg
bc759c6cd96117fb85b6ad3b9c775528d4e098c1	likes 0
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b1a13fadf51ef7eece7dea40c4b6e6e8042822d2	COMMENT
dc42e4e5af8f400cf7bbd11e54d96b4aa5a02c51	Biography of Angelina Jolie
b628a132b74b3b3b788a12a77c982658cffd10cb	Angelina Jolie was born on June 4, 1975 in Los Angeles in the family of the famous actor Jon Voight and actress Michelle Bertrand, half French.
609c00cdd2ec4e15bfb3a1e05ad16158c61acd27	By origin, Slovak, German, French Canadian and Dutch blood flows in the veins of the sultry American beauty.
f1d8c393af1cff641551d234eba182839d3a0bd2	Little Angelina was not even a year old when her parents divorced.
97c051adc34dc74f26569c3c990938bd2468fa13	In 1976, Michelle Bertrand, along with her daughter and son, moved to New York.
f21cc5399301dfb2222d4a531af54cb29f61a471	However, when Angelina turned 11, the family returned back to Los Angeles.
bb2eb435e6ecfcfa630f8a36bbee808f33adf10f	During her school years, Jolie could hardly be called an exemplary child.
d4c42639c6ff348098c2a96cdc04cf3b85f678f1	In adolescence, the girl was very complex about her appearance.
3a96af42fda36822d5bdaeb4de7e7ff1af5c47e1	She cut her hands, wore only black, dyed her hair bright red, and collected edged weapons.
d7537064eb4036f94da30fbacc5ca078683fe32b	Star Trek Actress
44a9f2f12760ad83954eb6b248d7c23408d2500d	Jolie's career began quite early.
985d248484612e2ba516f4ba46d9cdddfb996cfe	Since the age of 14, she has worked as a model at shows in London, Los Angeles and New York, and has also starred in several music videos.
0c2f8ef8e02498a718d2046ab0fc266ca2aa1472	At 16, Angelina was already playing in the theater.
65fc951ee0f6d0d6295a726105b1fde102690893	At the same time, her brother entered film school, and the first roles of the actress were roles in his five experimental films.
67a947d35d26c0b514d06357e820eab184ae16d6	The real film debut took place in 1993 in the film "Cyborg 2.
585234ec7ace9abe604fa9474a680b519d853966	Glass shadow".
8c5aa384381aabd6ff15e57239ab3da44684b076	The film did not bring much fame to Angelina, but the second role in the film" Hackers " has already given her worldwide popularity.
9dfb3d3282503d5cace1caa0888a05fc12e8c9c4	Angelina received her first Golden Globe award in 1997 for the television film "George Wallace".
7656fe3afae49a5485a0a78af8ea0879c0832663	The second Golden Globe was in the hands of the actress a year later for the biographical picture "Gia".
51c66e1c33a0b79aa8765b90f66ba879bfe8361c	In 1999, "Interrupted Life" was released on the screens and brought Angelina the long awaited Oscar for best Supporting Actress.
6c6ea3fe44116192a990d55421d89eaf64b4170b	In the future, Angelina's creative piggy bank was replenished with a variety of roles: a hijacker in "Hijack in 60 seconds", a policeman in the film "The Power of Fear", a tomb raider Lara Croft and, of course, a charming professional "killer in a skirt" in the film "Mr. and Mrs. Smith".
3b821fd61da1e96e870245624d9634500919ea8d	Of Jolie's recent works, the most striking were roles in the films "Especially Dangerous", "Salt" and "Tourist", in which the actress starred together with Johnny Depp.
000ac7123127a0d2fc6cb1c260fd6f8ec966cc7a	Angelina is also actively engaged in charity work.
d7ac6e13c37942e777283ab6d3edf41588b7b42f	With a humanitarian mission, she visited such countries as Kosovo, Kenya, Thailand, Ecuador, Sudan and many others.
ca82b2bb4079e5a766f9c21d9dba14f43a409b64	The actress and her lover Brad Pitt are the founders of the Jolie/Pitt Foundation, a charity that raises funds to support medical projects.
110d809f758b15869ed4e5d51f55618fe0077d3e	Personal life of Angelina Jolie
4b2e659737b54018f743cad75624f8260230a3ff	At the wedding ceremony, the newlyweds were wearing jeans and T shirts.
65f549145d33739a59cf87a85180707146176a3b	On May 27, 2006, the couple had a girl, Shiloh, and on July 12, 2008, Jolie gave birth to twins a boy, Knox Leon, and a girl, Vivienne Marcheline.
708ccec8bd27692bc4999bf53f0c8331f5c38e31	Photo by Angelina Jolie: Olga Krasinskaya
36447211a40aa8aaef29e18026567e2cd9335abe	Angelina Jolie on Cosmo.ru
8f4fed9046b352f56d6b12137f3558406db8447c	Tenderness without words: Angelina Jolie in the new Guerlain perfume video
4b0cca7a1201f58b09e91a447df7b283b7d1db26	Fergie, Alsou, Britney, Pamela, Jolie do you recognize them on the retro covers of Cosmopolitan?
aa9be06a24c044fd58b808ecdc7cf3f695e9c109	Angelina Jolie and her children tried tarantulas and scorpions in Cambodia
c2c746a4abad36b1f110bf0297f498aa0f4027d7	Angelina Jolie has publicly commented on her divorce from Brad Pitt for the first time
f6ae5de746c2ad67086baf614819f6306f57a22b	Down with the black one!
b37a0841875949cc1e941ce74bd01671c6d734e9	Angelina Jolie went out in a bright pink dress
e0f23c54298877f7742f68d83bff22473f3cc165	Angelina Jolie and Cristiano Ronaldo will play in the Turkish TV series
2ca44542145d6a0d9846d3a8f495756aa787d46d	Elena Borshcheva, Angelina Jolie, Jennifer Lopez and 7 more star IVF moms
25b9646ab531edaf5b043ffab4960d04f9449a5e	Angelina Jolie criticized the migration policy of Donald Trump
0821580a7eeef2563a6b0f0c4715d7484ff8aeb6	Brad Pitt throws out furniture and things bought with Angelina Jolie
e4bb4ae943faaf9c581d2828c4976e526adea18b	All articles ...
1fe8e7c5371eb8aa4fcb2299269575d8adfde86b	Emaciated Angelina Jolie continues to wear warm clothes in the heat
67eab60150017bd4e6021c6a8c86188438cb0558	Divorce suits her: Angelina Jolie looks prettier on a shopping trip in Malibu
03a83dc62f008ae8dc90dc54a692315d2fad9812	A documentary will be made about the divorce of Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt
fd1c573851f2755b0d5e6a02b326aa9516a6ffc3	41 year old Angelina Jolie has become the face of the new fragrance Guerlain
7bae65927ca8628617f794379d39a3d0e9ffaad1	The biological mother of Angelina Jolie's daughter is alive and dreams of meeting a girl
d39f2594fa96f5ed17b1ae60b7cf03f63c5dd3f4	Emaciated Angelina Jolie wraps herself in a coat on the streets of warm Los Angeles
f81c1f94683d29462a0c2ab99b4481a2cd89c01b	Changed her anger to mercy: Angelina Jolie allowed Pitt to meet with the children
95d94df68f7bd5ecc4a5f83a26bc6a84f5145208	Kate Moss, Winona Ryder, Natalie Portman and other style icons of the 90s
bccdd1ea5a82fe888610abaa2b42dd2f93c6cd6a	Canot you see that?
f4330b6611c8ead977fa207e5c1a07f09e2914c3	I am Angelina Jolie: Stars who copy Angie
943a089bcaea7eed329a96290722e63e130ce005	Angelina Jolie fed naked children ice cream in the cold
411a33a19c7522285bf72e16b8416af99023bf66	Brad Pitt met with the children at Christmas and gave them gifts
33ea5ec86eb22d463c5db1a179d0a32a9bbf2742	The eldest son of Angelina Jolie and Pitt is going to show a video of their parents ' quarrel
be7b9e2d52089ac0eba049b6ade978e111629b03	Angelina Jolie will give her ten year old daughter a rare camera for Christmas
282a60da0818953a679b6b56f7a7d51accb588fc	The Network got a "black list" of women with whom Jolie forbade Pitt to communicate
29f2c46139cb27ce74fced4dd3abc8f871aeda39	3 months after the divorce, Angelina Jolie is ready to go on dates
73d949a6bc526fc2781db14ebee1948dedcceaf7	Angelina Jolie insists that Pitt take a drug test every week
7ab5c83f2ff09fbc394d5b30b0c4709d289bcf49	Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt were able to agree on custody of the children
95ab324704ec24a18b161070452bd0407a0e925e	Kim Kardashian, Angelina Jolie, Madonna and others: rating of star bitches
8cc181049540e8d4df4977bd41c31fcec6691308	Angelina Jolie takes out her anger on her older brother, turning his life into hell
6acfb65fc53ec1746a79cc69bbdba36c789479b0	Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie may lose two adopted sons after their divorce
61454c8ef72f078e4c52a76b9d2d24ce527f485c	Brad Pitt is sure that his film "Allies" failed because of Angelina Jolie
9f6fdccd4c64ff723bcd74214112011bbd7d7560	Morally crushed Angelina Jolie weighs less than 40 kilograms
ece3e375393377b098c373b4fe55974f98cecd95	Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt's children call Johnny Depp Dad
f9074f68b2ca6438fb2e0ebe321c865a1fa0b224	Young and funny: what did the stars look like during the first release
bc9b541309f41cca347fd3239c736a696583a0f1	Brad Pitt believes that he is a wise father and has the right to be near his children
3d97ee6ceabc581b9d1af9c854aac355bf117be2	Due to the stress of divorce, Angelina Jolie smokes two packs a day
ee0dd34a2fbb998651f5793d52d363c9c7db76b7	The FBI has finally stopped the investigation against Brad Pitt
37b2dcde78bb4c8ce248990a6510b3e370cf94dc	Angelina Jolie turns children against Pitt: they stopped calling him father
0bd801221691e734e3df4b695c6baee91f7b09b5	Angelina Jolie spoke for the first time after the news of her divorce from Brad Pitt
6e485c89338bba401b56c6c42a297cc7aad1e3f5	Perverted sex and nervous breakdowns: it became known about Pitt's compromising on Jolie
e636cfa743513108c9593bd1fe65153e721f4a76	After the divorce, Angelina Jolie wants to end relationships with men
a2929cf738ec118536c1a58d6600f8da4604015c	An unknown source claims that Brad Pitt has an affair with a popular actress
17839177f16290e52414d8e55da12e10a376ad68	Angelina Jolie loses the battle for children because of " shocking compromising material"
e7a15c0f5175b7b4f400c64323e57503018c2352	Angelina Jolie's children want to get rid of the Pitt surname
2e333c8cf17b0c0d02a7628f9924b23445c3e5ce	Brad Pitt made his first public appearance after the news of his divorce from Angelina Jolie
c8c194f631707307831ef40ca4849ac0cd8b55f4	Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie finally agreed on custody of their children
38aa9d9044d19fee56387f60e349f4109814652e	"Oscar" is not to be seen: Brad Pitt is predicted to collapse his career due to his divorce from Jolie
14f69b0d5a23bee0701551b9e456ecf24e544c96	Brad Pitt refused to participate in the advertising of the film with Marion Cotillard because of the divorce
18588c25e5da3d447a42b007267bab24e288f0d2	Brad Pitt will still fight in court for joint custody of the children
e9e9f9a75560bdcef8f559e69019e4806b3bd772	Children refuse to live with Angelina Jolie
0ce8cc8347c091c26e793abb027e21e1decc5921	Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie share a multimillion dollar property
3edcf8198173c7a42f92a9bbcfe215d8c1c7efe4	The ice has broken: Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt have solved one of the thorny issues of divorce
6fffb8d48a041f7f54c5c626bc04275daa91918e	Details of the four hour interrogation of Angelina Jolie in the FBI have become known
852297ecbe78b278031be5c01f253fc047041d76	Angelina Jolie's security guard told how he prevented an attempt on the actress
ccb9597c91a30e3f6e577e59bd21445c959c3787	The guardianship authorities are interested in the methods of education of Angelina Jolie
546b22c2c5a3614b8a72bb1cdc62f762ce62ebd5	This is the end: Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt sell the estate where they got married
fcdba3a71a55b62d343f53f6f84df7533148bf1b	Brad Pitt refused to go to court and granted Angelina Jolie custody of the children
7198240f922a8ab0b358b3c0d8944fa67da3755d	Angelina Jolie is angry at her father for meeting with Brad Pitt
375a14879c4dc1c2b894d98793ac0c4daee1afeb	Angelina Jolie's eldest adopted son refused to meet with Brad Pitt
ee37a2343502bac28a1a74cd69ab9d6db1b305e4	The former nanny of Angelina Jolie is sure that the actress repeats the mistakes of her mother
06b93244714cbd2dad6223f40517372603d58283	The security guard of Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt spoke about the main fear of the star couple
c726efbdf54042b31f3b5bf7d26d59533253a106	Brad Pitt couldnot hold back tears at a meeting with children
e276d672145713f9469b6384880acf530ddfda70	Henpecked man!
306ffea55d8f1ff26e2d4ea26546a039583104bb	Angelina Jolie forbade Brad Pitt to see his friends
cc29c702bc91a9d87d0f3b5f2db5b179c28d88cc	Angelina Jolie, Lindsay Lohan, Kristen Stewart and 7 more bisexual stars
79fbc6a25bcce84c734a6b4c69edfb64c036612b	The Network got photos of the villa where Angelina Jolie and her children are hiding from Brad Pitt
b93a3f414c5bf1506248c5fceef6c2c91fb09187	We tried not in vain: 10 stars who made a successful plastic surgery
bda0310bd303d3388f87408eceb2800da2c9ad7a	According to rumors, Angelina Jolie cheated on Brad Pitt for six months with an Arab millionaire
a58a4b7eb0789c0cc24215333c05bae6d6e23534	Brad Pitt saw the children for the first time after announcing his divorce from Angelina Jolie
c20f9a381566b0ca5ad903058bdc867cae2f6c2e	Angelina Jolie will ask Jennifer Aniston to testify against Pitt
878036f85c7bf238be52b3395a9bc2f672476de4	The children of Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt are traumatized and do not understand what is happening
91890100aa557e397a60dd1a6719c716955004c5	Angelina Jolie intends to reduce all the tattoos associated with Brad Pitt
8d2a22343bde283a4c5034706efb8f94436bccb8	Jennifer Garner's joke about an affair with Pitt made journalists nervous
a4b684c119ff9c23efb1259ac99ecb088472513b	Angelina Jolie's nanny asks her not to take her father away from her children
94628b78441a91c082398ec6c24d576c40607aa1	Brad Pitt canot survive the divorce from Angelina Jolie
e57474a1efc4a0ea67bb1c21f338287ffee03e29	She'll tear up Brad Pitt: Angelina Jolie hired several lawyers at once
20962a23e16989d89fb33ec396184d875170626c	Angelina Jolie received sole custody of the children
be9d9ba343c2ac3a2dfa4bf56092eb01b5481fa5	Sleep on time and order: it turned out why Angelina Jolie filed for divorce
22c6e48635bdaafcf6c23a8ef47e30d33407f8ed	Angelina Jolie hired the best crisis manager in the US for a quick divorce
47b2f987952bfebc704eb2219c166575406d49df	From a rebel to a lady: how Pink, Jolie, Sobchak, Kelly Osbourne and others were transformed
6f68994c50af76debeeeb5b9ab096869c5c8d0d0	Details of the marriage contract of Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt have become known
be9b0aa9b220fd37723056f51482645ce108af48	After the announcement of the divorce, Angelina Jolie got closer to Johnny Depp
370490d542160288d5de347cd3329bf936321bf5	Angelina Jolie and her children ran away from Brad Pitt in Malibu
4ac99da674c4fe99ee2b0aca4452d532649c332b	Jennifer Aniston came out with her husband after the news of Pitt and Jolie's divorce
5d7ef65614bcfed4c7ba9dc5fc0539c1e07f9910	"Sad": The Dalai Lama commented on the divorce of Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie
00c0f777ea1f2d93a550e0ba16f67bee7e64bdd9	Brad Pitt on the verge of a nervous breakdown hired a star divorce lawyer
976d918d40bc98e7fa292b1dfdbae37d2ce53daa	The nannies of the Jolipitt children told about the chaos, knives and booze in the house of the star couple
4f885e1103332f573c6483de0c3992c880a3f84f	The network signs a petition against the divorce of Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt
8ee6b8bc63636bc8fe009c7f443a5ff2c639a9f9	Brad Pitt on Angelina Jolie: "She's crazy, but I still love her"
fecf0b5426bec2f550dcb81c41f30e23c48f4510	38 year old Ekaterina Klimova compared herself to Angelina Jolie
89167d66358af43c9387c80b0bcd9365d190bfaf	A "case" was opened against Brad Pitt: the police accuse him of child abuse
09e953363f0f5228f156b066c7cc3aaed89754d7	A shaman, a criminologist, a fortune teller, a magician and a psychologist told about the divorce of Jolie and Pitt
22c4886957b7e33797320d4b9128c3ca12d2cf62	Remember the best: the most stylish exits of Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt
d1ac6c7ec608e5bdf3d9ed295d165464749a40c3	At the Madame Tussauds Museum in London, Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt were separated
03983e3c05875fa7029f63bb884983400c605723	The love story of Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt: from comedy to protracted drama
5175eb428590760876ee3f8240be1793490d4b66	Pregnant Marion Cotillard responds to accusations of cheating with Brad Pitt
8cc52a3e11ace65b674b519b3f81ea41b95a99a5	"He's furious": Brad Pitt knew nothing about Jolie's plans and was not ready for a divorce
a0def38f6e6444dcaa605d22460b8a2dc7c09c6d	Russian stars cried and laughed at the divorce of Jolie and Pitt
2d8cb3ad7c0d6a01641bd456391b6a5d3f062ebc	Family friend George Clooney and "mistress" Marion Cotillard - about the divorce of Jolie and Pitt
0bd0f3e5991f3a3b282cf89ddcb1d399bbf67994	"Let's pray": Angelina Jolie's father is concerned about his daughter's decision to divorce
a90eb5af8a388c3370718ef42952f4b09be4577c	"This is the end of an era": Adele dedicated her concert to the divorce of Pitt and Angelina Jolie
384add24b97adb3ef59ae9e9693578c726f329c2	Not infidelity, but children: a new version of the divorce of Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie
6ff41b5e50f0e588c803864bdd85955646b13d84	Jennifer Aniston fans rejoice over the divorce of Angelina Jolie and Pitt
12fc56d22e235b405c266351ab4a99c6990ad5ff	Jennifer Aniston called the divorce of Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie "karma"
b80640a70d7a14f04bdc867ec2eb7e564ee8dfe9	Tabloids are building theories about the fate of Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt's six children
7a225c994f8f6597eb852806bbbecf7fe3eb659e	Anorexia and infidelity: the loudest rumors about Pitt and Jolie on the eve of divorce
3f18374a1f8052b2b4a961f731f60dddcf254808	"I'm very upset, but it's true": Brad Pitt on his divorce from Angelina Jolie
20673e345c9a86101501b34c55d5b28d8b0173cb	Jolie and Pitt's divorce: who is to blame?
26b3cb8145f65dde2499641381aacb546d506115	Jolie's lawyer confirmed that Angelina has filed for divorce
8c9e33675a3f6e11e724d02caa6aa5d54f1cb23e	Angelina Jolie was convicted for the lack of underwear at a meeting with refugees
4918e7395226d66c8bde55701ad61cc7218f9e35	Angelina Jolie looks healthy and joyful in a strict image at the UN summit
2979f5a24a31349080d257814832d298fe997e09	Angelina Jolie bought a giant bear at a garage sale from children
83d1e6b76f05281b65c1bbc003d26e093a2168a8	Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt arranged a date in honor of their wedding anniversary
9142137052f675aa2db8b572bded6421abf10f6a	Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt are "hooked" on injections due to fear of aging
4de0c070468de66cd5101b08e7bb3afd70ca8b50	Angelina Jolie, Fergie, Eminem stars who have overcome serious drug addiction
7dab109339d4eae1757037762e35ccdee887c957	Brad Pitt admitted that the relationship with Angelina Jolie was saved by a stamp in the passport
9960a770e4f6f09166e78aadddab4d62507431cc	Paparazzi filmed the tender embrace of Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt
944dd861dcfeb6e7a7a3fd57af5f77c15dde5599	Angelina Jolie began to gain weight
9d6bdf25e1cacc976fe3762bf5ee341e155a5eb9	The network is discussing the next Angelina Jolie double with a magnificent bust
a6299a64fc63a0f22b369a30643b89ed3fe8884b	The hands of 41 year old Angelina Jolie look much older than her
8a0e9c626c78a729f75d663857f6b25e4826eab5	Angelina Jolie warned Johnny Depp against marriage without a contract
e7dc4b5ed3e6e50f724b397a034ea219a34d6ba7	Hit the science: Angelina Jolie will become a professor at a British university
9a3ef14d6f931bae661b09a9e4cf30b827e66b60	Fans and journalists are concerned about the emaciated appearance of Angelina Jolie
09827e76c94c7f6ab6aad89da6de648ff936d6c9	Royal choice: Kate Middleton dreams of friendship with Angelina Jolie
5a37b17fd5e0a1aea8ebc04e35d68000057ca1e3	Bikinis for the goddess: 15 most famous outings of stars in swimsuits
86bd87eb4fb398e017009b81735af6552ffcc69c	Angelina Jolie is not going to put up with her father
625a71b0b2ef70a768b6b5cbee4d17da4a768032	Angelina Jolie is actively going out, trying to dispel rumors about hospitalization
45460c5a8daca426a8ce7794ee31dd579bb71a57	All right: Angelina Jolie dispelled rumors about hospitalization
f657d7837fb279801954b5948ac750481524970e	Angelina Jolie's father asks her to go to the hospital, but the actress ignores him
cca666336c053df50467e94ba3fa26493236c83d	The Instagram of Angelina Jolie's double is gaining popularity on the Web
59ffd1456ada0ee46afd9e5bf96a323df1c1fd68	The problem is bigger: Angelina Jolie thinks that Brad Pitt has illegitimate children
047eb2a35ec8ee4a6de64c5e3eb6d862621c1401	Brad Pitt is rumored to be Threatening Angelina Jo whether the divorce is due to her thinness
ca468891325ed50f88f5457152776215005970e4	Western media reported that Angelina Jolie was hospitalized due to exhaustion
978db5da1aeaa83b88e847a1c79f6ea26daf0c66	Melts before our eyes: Angelina Jolie weighs less than 40 kilograms
e9294fc599b98e745b0106e72c9a2fec80145af4	The ex - champion of Kazakhstan in boxing is called a double of a young Angelina Jolie
711d3fa7d47f5b8d768a386fdb60e9c514aef85c	"She's in a terrible state": a friend of Angelina Jolie told about the reasons for her thinness
54744e0c33d5da72dc63ff881b73bafddc474a64	Jolie, move over!
aea134c16ad8df3bcec6773fd069550ba2eb5b05	The role of the new Lara Croft will be played by a young actress from " Star Wars"
0d72865e0ad8bbba9185cff6bfb865584f0ca39b	Angelina Jolie again frightened by painful thinness
3ff4fcff0284ee8b9aa26ec4ab3fd61f50a239f4	Angelina Jolie fired her nanny with a scandal for flirting with Brad Pitt
bad4ad38e2c2e80052fff47a535dd8edab7df3fb	Angelina Jolie hides her thinness under shapeless clothes
bf005f5ca779a2660a76f780961af1785a3ae452	The nine year old daughter of Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt showed a civil position
f9590067b06c0c7a3103e496eea78b3755278e91	Updated housing: the new London home of Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt flooded
80115f5c24337ac91e60c9b0cf40ca79212c3d3f	Angelina Jolie is recognized as the most beautifully aging celebrity
e08d5f62ddcde5ce43736bde3736d485a2081aee	Angelina Jolie admitted that she never wanted to be a mother
4d4e847debb885e625701440a6e9133c6c4050b5	Back to the old way: Angelina Jolie threw Brad Pitt a scandal because of his friends
1985f3ca226b3404da6e51ea229434df111f46ed	Angelina Jolie will make a film about the love of Celine Dion and her only man
f4af93c2755e5f0835081f449e20fed4ba0bd3f9	Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt got identical tattoos to save their marriage
8e30efd6ed0e50f8cab31dafcf704f967e7d6819	Distinguished: The 20 worst star outfits in the history of the Academy Awards
8495a1c810b21477845e12cce80fe81bd27889ff	Fashion evolution: how Angelina jolie's style has changed
f288db248c632d622d943fe6117ea09c9bbe7f94	Brad Pitt demands a divorce: details of the most high profile breakup of the year
a8f711a278b8f36f65b0c5d3ccf0d45ade7acebe	Brad Pitt admitted that Angelina Jolie pisses him off in small things
2f76d8226ba5230838d5c993ee8c4aa08ac5d6d5	Pair exit: 10 most unforgettable exits of star couples
5fdd5de214ce29eecd6c6ac20151516fa7b04eba	One step away from divorce: Brad Pitt ordered Angelina to move to save the marriage
0e876be2ddf533af3b8add6789fc79ccbed1acdf	Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt will announce their divorce on the eve of Valentine's Day
a63aa02c63b2fb1910202ba5a1baa8d26cc35fd0	Five children of Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt came out of the shadow of their parents
929c33e27aa6a33dee78d15629dcd01358180c6a	George Clooney's wife spoke out about Angelina Jolie
841e1513a8abe22944a9f2e1b35e28f49b1d0d2c	At the premiere of the cartoon Angelina Jolie showed her figure and shocked her thinness
ae36f9f150efb26aad65b68b6e78cd7022c65104	It's not a joke anymore: Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt are on the verge of divorce
4c2c8e9f32c32d1a6ebfb78bf22e1495c552e18b	For a passport: bloggers collected photos of stars from identity cards
ba9bdcd36835626b710933d5c6da1a6873662423	The Cambodian authorities have denied that Angelina Jolie adopted a child
7c4eb9e8d804e60a83058940b7116ece3d087d7e	The name of the new adopted child of Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt has become known
2e8a19e2590fd16c5831872c3aa3346e5bdd4e5d	From thrash to style icon: 8 incredible transformations of stars
2897c9819f97b811040961f09b843efa28fc6669	The children of Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt voiced the characters in " Kung Fu Panda 3"
108c523f03a9e8ad0707dce7e0a7f8e2fdaa0476	Fresh rumors: Angelina Jolie took the children and left Brad Pitt
0aa4f81903e9e8b66e69d5ba8ffe5d83e112ac24	Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt spend Christmas in Vietnam
11e68f134c7615b068a10fa91e1836e00e7b2edf	Bargain is appropriate: Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt took a walk at the flea market
6af97b088cd6e1a090ece4260f554b61232cf314	Perfect star couples: true love stories
cf4770905e6206e0dd8ca7c4b4905d4383aab3ba	Angelina Jolie got a tattoo in honor of the dead Cambodians
d97893373cf0a19c14c58ea7ef544fc92c6fa88e	Kim Kardashian, Timothy, Angelina Jolie — the most lax star parents
5b4f4b3a54d1f2c4e65129a55f7e44640e4aefb0	Angelina Jolie told about the ridiculous wedding ceremony with Brad Pitt
afcf6c870b2ba89b2e41e552aaced2689869d78e	Angelina Jolie's revelations: "Even the wedding didnot make me happy"
12ef8f054131438ed1fe6d3ad99fcb1314da592f	Kardashian, Jolie, Madonna, Miley Cyrus: stars against domestic violence
9f78dcfb5cfe4b5aefe2fc473f103364f7a27019	Angelina Jolie is afraid that children will repeat the follies of her youth
5fc1ab245ef1de7af308b83b95135e229fc05685	Jennifer Aniston is sure that Jolie made a film about her divorce from Brad Pitt
4cb44a846ff534e175bdd3252929546c68dba34f	Angelina Jolie's middle son got his first job
fcf1033c0c3813aefb883e614b6c3e9bc00bbf8d	Angelina Jolie likes early menopause
2c6c5ed901d1fbfb91b914f3c9a1e166f6de4b0c	Angelina Jolie was denied breast surgery due to thinness
6ff76ceb39e78e8d75a5aa2263dfe34799f76f02	Star nannies told about the strange methods of education of Angelina Jolie
8f6c72f704d83f76e52a2b6732616534d18ebb84	Angelina Jolie's film "Cote d'Azur" failed at the box office
f75e6fbdde3a542fb7b7746fba0dafb419b3b39a	Critics ridiculed Angelina Jolie's film " Cote d'Azur"
80d91059cb144fc3780e7b5eb1312867187e6437	Angelina Jolie shocks fans with an emaciated figure
a145041852df5c634034768255ddae157a891166	Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt did not hide their feelings at the premiere of their film
40aef2d6c238831aaea09647614dad0174eec5f9	Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt gave a rare joint interview
ee9e76ab62874acf6dace10ca8a88baafb794bf7	With a very short haircut, Angelina Jolie's daughter can not be distinguished from a boy
b48aed2bcbcdb2199c4b3827889a0aab8419db7a	Brad Pitt admitted that he trusts Angelina Jolie with his life
20c4338dd2fc0aba04b20deafa8e31219cb66459	Jennifer Lawrence, Angelina Jolie, Scarlett Johansson and other victims of hackers
7ad4fcbaa593031e5b983d61dc6d9c83d4858272	Angelina Jolie does not deny the problems in her marriage with Brad Pitt
e7986e124c0bc94178922cb82e209cf4a9c55213	Let us go up: the More Women project requires more women among managers
4d6fc3d69f10654bd5315c416ce1676c75f78019	Brad Pitt asks Angelina Jolie to go to the clinic: the actress ' weight is less than 40 kg
1f055c8af87378a15eea2e1a89e74664bf336ce3	I donot believe it!
438376a449f73cae7bc70fc2c70b9f47c5aa653e	Angelina Jolie, Keira Knightley, Julianne Moore and other star atheists
20c92ed272e6d6a60782e81c014f049eb636077a	Angelina Jolie's godmother refuses to communicate with the actress
8c818dce088fbfd41c9e8f08d368e28583d82d4c	Rumors: Brad Pitt hired a trainer to help Angelina Jolie gain weight
5144086fa376a842de788b872e42b4e6617a8d5d	The Jolie effect: women around the world have become more interested in the topic of cancer
5d702b956686f5beb18f0f7c97190bb22e87270b	Psychologists told about the main problem of Angelina Jolie
d39cc7f4c43ded2bb3a118da86bc620175d38233	Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt will adopt their seventh child a boy from Syria
80f5fec1d22ccb325bf05608a8cd9dcea10e0eeb	Angelina Jolie's eldest son dreams of becoming an actor
20bb59d36f030ae2b16427acf872828bac39bf6c	Angelina Jolie discussed her new film with the Prime Minister of Cambodia
ee7eebb57dedd43d8c0d9305c8569e665d7b9cf7	Caitlyn Jenner inspired Angelina Jolie's daughter to change her gender in the future
6f1fcc5eadc10c476676cd06aa2684de101394aa	Angelina Jolie is furious over Brad Pitt's correspondence with Jennifer Aniston
51d04f1cf1f87377644e2d4ce6a24f41d8013576	Angelina Jolie made a speech against ISIS in the British Parliament
057c3777b3c4038ef1ed6a2768fbc1b078b1f86a	Tears and hysteria: a recording of the first film tests of a young Angelina Jolie has appeared
7e13bf5d73d4c8abcd46246687bc10dcf8cc7fec	Who of the stars does not communicate with relatives: Madonna, Angelina Jolie and others
4ec4b1326a0ef09b535089a9efb14c4103d4c846	London gallery sells rare nude photos of Angelina Jolie
70445e550ea7977135a5cc2f9d42e9de7519a1f8	An exact copy of Angelina Jolie from Scotland became a star of the Network
2dcb7fafbbe25afe39f44eedde0547c08105cbfe	Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt celebrated their first wedding anniversary
d26ee73419b22e4aba0df9c15852dd95d4beb25e	Fans believe that Angelina Jolie is seriously ill
f93f086cdf75a9cffd154801763e04700b461440	The Russian trailer for the new Jolie and Pitt movie has been released
5c3239f16e1e16cfa0da40cfb37419479af6c618	Tears, quarrels and fights of Jolie and Pitt in the first trailer of their film
2f746da13212221ca4bf1e75a156558aa8106f4e	Angelina Jolie told about fights with Brad Pitt
073695f636f41af2586a419809011f8772d869b4	Angelina Jolie attracted her eldest son to work on the film
14fd752bedbbb4bed758e1164c1472c499c3ad43	A copy of Angelina Jolie's passport got into the network
748bff9e67f183cedde0622ed86ff553d6a1c159	Madonna, Angelina Jolie, Tom Cruise and other stars who adopted children
b828bf42ed74d26bb128ac05412b42d9d55632de	Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt's twins asked for "smart" gifts
aa79f7e58d35260e1a7e629e711bd7963d78a4f9	Brad Pitt got a tattoo in honor of his wife and children
f94a3e5ba1cadcf1fe70741bdc4fc26ace067805	Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt celebrated the birthday of the twins at the ice rink
66b10b8cfafd8d2dffb2cb888eec13e874c8cc29	Angelina Jolie's video with her daughter in a refugee camp touched the Internet
24015b998570963b03a6c6f1af41c5b5fdc38951	Wife forbids Hugh Jackman to star with Angelina Jolie
105842fd917e3e3943ff3526093b121b736edd0e	Angelina Jolie will play Catherine II in her own film
07461cf3cd88d1b7a5c49ed1fd0a5a8e0675bb29	Volunteers anonymously accused the stars of pretending charity
0d4b97c7397a4930ace8f25e7f3c84b081c554d6	15 most beautiful wedding dresses of stars
84f9ec95ffcb2dd23a7e15aeb4dd7f304f6cafad	Heart eaters: Jolie, Boyarskaya, Campbell and 8 more fatal beauties
9d6bda98f72677b0e057cd284588c7570f7a8ce4	Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt spent the evening with Kate Middleton and Prince William
24b11f7920eb4aa48fb664aba0d7144fa35ac8d8	Gossips are waiting for the divorce of Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt
0c66ae4ee3002d6e34f3af757fc489603ba93a76	Angelina Jolie showed her daughter a Syrian refugee camp in Turkey
a6cf42a45ab0d1c4f805340ca7d72813d5369eb0	Angelina Jolie came to South Africa to protect women's rights
caccb40d506a633ad07ebb99152e89ff5420c42e	Unknown pictures of a young Angelina Jolie appeared on the Network
74178ad3775e35198b45b1ac4abaab56b80d48a2	Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt fly economy class
2f049f6ae1de930ef04fc199b4a8c4a31c632eba	Secrets of seduction of Angelina Jolie
e46ffa243de4e61eda9b13a3e8d03c1757c79312	10 movies with Angelina Jolie that you need to see
fe00e3f56cc8fcc9956831df80a18065ab7ce179	Brad Pitt had a fight with George Clooney
37c16b45fbbc344234c150472f9d5b0290e32024	Brad Pitt was suspected of bisexuality
e00b9b3ffcf322d630844be01b3bb9bb5b9dc1f9	Learning English with the stars: Angelina Jolie's speech
49260204bc0d12ce2fad7398c884e3ae69f5194c	Angelina Jolie criticized the UN
b3d4c15eb9f1ea3575aa9e355513ab7004505564	Angelina Jolie was invited to "Captain Marvel"
981d189672ec57c7c653f53a472eece453197855	Angelina Jolie again made a statement
739cfe6357fd04e225ef5ac67b2eaf7139828a46	Angelina Jolie topped the rating of famous feminists
fa2fccce5b32480bd07bf1542fe71827500d5c78	The story of Angelina Jolie's courage, who is not afraid to be different from others
c446d79c7d67a42c5adca67372e40f46d3fe6397	Kelly Osbourne is ready to follow the example of Angelina Jolie
bb67c89fc9ae0bea0865f3ab6e52f95a86ca4674	Angelina Jolie told that she removed her ovaries
1a6826b590e020bc99de175c24fd5a589a575152	New photos of 16 year old Angelina Jolie have appeared on the web
59f98f35e24a92289b09eaac4c2abffd2dc6869c	Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie adopted a boy from Turkey
3514d1d468a63cd917f71cccae9751e33f8a3889	Brad Pitt will play his wife in the new film
cb31ac7649e19f534533f53e74e540f35f7a4452	Beauty results of the week: beauty in the film Awards season
15750119eb987224137ae28bbe113896b470bf40	Angelina Jolie's "Unbroken": 7 things to know about the film
06dc1ae65e62b5deecf926bcce783a2b96dd79a6	Angelina Jolie on the film "Unbroken" and working with her husband
c43d1277da8d0941bde78ffd3390ccda90227cd7	Angelina Jolie hired cybersecurity specialists for children
accb71ea4137788242f7fda673bfacc70bbee46e	Angelina Jolie will not participate in the premiere of "Unbroken"
e5fcde07324db1d6d783643eb89322e3a341e9c2	iTunes Store named the most popular purchases of the year in Russia
b95216a21feec91d57358a3d77c51b82cc6ab6d6	The personal data of Cameron Diaz and Angelina Jolie got into the Internet
ccbcb8ecc50417acbf41793e28e1564ee2ce04ae	Angelina Jolie was scared by British taxes
421fa56582f003df98eeba2175163f430ff7cb17	Andezhina Jolie is preparing to end her acting career
45dd1fb2a43b170e8e37826b8f8d0730f91514fc	Angelina Jolie at the premiere of the drama " Unbroken"
6841febe3d289117b8e47468e6266f2260e0e278	Angelina Jolie is ready for a political career
fbc94b9843872ab4a178b634aa751f9b3f15a858	Angelina Jolie became a blonde for a new movie with Pitt
b27213bc2834465bf6cd9fc114add36c7b615932	Angelina Jolie is making a serious movie again
60a58180f489546488924ef93e0b357a4aafbdcc	Sweet!
4ada5c341b44c27771e7c604dab7622c9643c30f	New details from the Jolipitts ' wedding
16a8b2d20df8ff440fc2c091444414a9f5a283ef	$2 million for wedding photos of Jolipitts
e6f044959134f871f4dfa82cc18d110e4656ec5e	Donatella Versace became the author of Angelina Jolie's wedding dress
6e4aaf6fc3e151e9b4e91ff3621709ccabff5e09	Wedding photos of Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt have been published
37fc90fd26864026d0740e35e3937950cf7d65d1	Jolie and Pitt's children helped write wedding vows to their parents
fdc2dfc567353798e930a74f25992299bf7555af	Jon Voight was not invited to his daughter's wedding
7b19892c6c42a3d61f4a4fa3787f45378d3f70ee	The wedding of Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie took place
7fe226f88c12b6a1fa573b23e56a626c9791b37e	Angelina Jolie will create a collection of shoes
b31f523582e98a07879a14d2fb4ca2f47fc15bc9	Beyonce and Jay Z will sing at the wedding of Angelina and Brad
e0d2d1906473bc57626b21b28dfd0dde1b69109d	Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie will star in the same movie
a728b5cdf1a1d1972adf43e15782d559fe58bad2	Angelina Jolie will be sued over a drug video
fe296c752116b4e7ba265bc32bff8750bfa06548	Farewell, unbroken one!
62ee5ba021dc203e43a878745d29c0fe681fd562	The hero of the film Angelina Jolie has died
92a30c2b47fe53962517d9a49bd51275b7b8a163	Virgin Knight: Angelina Jolie received the title
f6726a650848351a604f83ffab2e3fa413140298	Angelina Jolie leaves the cinema
d1f28a86e88665b4efb97522c2b8b0bff928d44a	The Evolution of Angelina Jolie
2e895f65dae9e8290651f94dea1f4c78da28e34c	The queen was seduced: Angelina Jolie will become Cleopatra
f2c62f1bb5ec987e92ca292394253ffcd50145b5	Results of the week: health and children
6bd9ff12cdf78ad4b2e6666cbf4bd185565660d8	Angelina Jolie's son has a girlfriend
355ac6b7ac8bb36047c970f7c43f9108f10458d1	The world premiere of the fairy tale " Maleficent"
83e89248af57339a13765dcfd85e41be62455e25	4 new excerpts from the movie "Maleficent"
60362a3ac065025a33a08fc246c0a7fd76151946	Angelina Jolie is preparing for the wedding
2f99d20e5cc50959707bd8bbc914e088a1cef9ec	Stars launched a campaign to save schoolgirls from Nigeria
541f3f9f9095fef18c989ddaa780c0919394d279	Angelina Jolie never thought of having children
f99ade02e4766411b018aef060742ea6818ec99b	Image of the day: Elle Fanning in Valentino and Angelina Jolie in Ralph Lauren
169c011d817c32b1b00aaa329a8fc044f5857f7f	"Maleficent": the story of the creation of the film
327f749114305d31ca9f7b85354b8ccf43f859e0	the 10 sexiest movie villains
cf6a370fc1b3cdf64887bd8a7a0b4e7bb1c20d0c	"Maleficent" will fail at the box office?
391c256422ef74ea52cf2e307694b8c252931a33	"Maleficent" - new Russian trailer
05a2769f737ac8429d67cfdc5f55d482f058ddbe	"Maleficent" - new footage
c76e17aee018683a344ccabd4adce24bec52800f	Angelina Jolie is waiting for another operation
047daf2a0e88245af63b538fc5535c0b1d7c9434	Angelina Jolie came to the Syrian refugees
291a31b8c86e7a5096986b8bffb99a6c5710ac2f	"Unbroken" - a film by Angelina Jolie
e3e0caf25720bb867dd337cc177a441571f2da85	Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt can come to Sochi
a94c409aa8b7d3fcc3fef197c68a6fbeeac675a0	Jolie and Pitt will adopt another child ka
589d0f885a73d90e71568fae0b9dce0e8d1a4a97	The new "Brangelina" at Madame Tussauds
23fd0a655110b065b54e1a99fe00eae97ebfdc78	Angelina Jolie was banned from flights
a1320113b6867dcf45a65296e220d43c9558e6a2	Brad Pitt bought a military fighter jet
9f285a79147675069590cb74064efadd03943601	Results of the week: family first of all
8b8e43934f3ff51a1b198275091885d5452e0073	Angelina Jolie will create a cancer foundation
a55ab056f3a57c7a2e153bfdd5471c72235bfd3b	Jolie and Pitt's wine has become the best in the world
f03befc90601969c996c36022e0814fae2c7a682	M. A. C will dedicate the collection to the film "Maleficent"
bdd9cc8ccd533e4eb536b01e5d7f7d68a7dee356	Angelina Jolie received an honorary " Oscar"
fee1dba23fcca619001eb6a28a50e803a17bca63	Trailer of the day: "Maleficent" with Angelina Jolie
a6c06097f9920f011cd418a3460b8e08375e0bdc	"Maleficent": the first poster with Angelina Jolie
cbf94a87de8cd9f3c11528d52c9e51f1fa8bc64c	Jolipitts are ready for marriage
5113de818cdb9144d238156565302556a8a6d2e4	14 figures of stars from eggs
b535a06b852c9eb9a924fdcd073f81cf679b89f2	Stand ins of Hollywood stars: photos of heroes
c265eab177e761c45cba4af5a5a0e2745bd44ef0	Jennifer Aniston almost disrupted the shooting because of Angie
f363b111b12fc369afd6816a066202d1905317b2	Another luxury gift from Brad Pitt
946876fe422edf4004f1b416f4a61b5ff6e74426	Jolie chose the actors for her film
d4f7e3f2dbb8b6c033a6ad29201812b461988e3a	Angelina Jolie's new tattoo
a52bd9e2ad95eec29a81ba8b01590e0ab53a5650	"Oscar" for Angelina Jolie
ddaea9342c5c920d0ef65110f6a97d709b5a900d	Why Amber Heard is silent about Johnny Depp
eb88d799a33d3dcc6e23bb3a1697c55942538a6c	Video biography of Angelina Jolie
fec8b36ad63582e3af801efae2a47ad1cdc1c053	The most expensive actress Angelina Jolie
0765c8f0b46de76ca7cee6c4aec378a15058346f	Brad Pitt gave Angelina Jolie a plane
9439abc3a1cf4bd64591fe390cf6fafe9ef86c63	The richest and most influential stars: forbes list
29567bdeb34b08ebaeade7e61414181fc70f9257	Celebrity Dolls
d2604a422cf0dc903704b38f7a094d4e8041062b	Angelina Jolie in Hawaii
7d6d1ebc246d26ceec19e83fc9956045fc5d415b	The best kisses in the movies
bdeea50503fbaf301cc37b1aa899904736bc2732	Even more children in the Jolipitt family
16a6724076e73719dcb95a6bf4db7def55e8edea	Jolie's speech at the UN
552fa57bdb2edf1a9cf28f96e841a5c858167427	Angelina Jolie in Jordan
fd365081c4f2fdacdd8301a24ac6e241ae08e930	Angelina Jolie is making a movie
3e967b2ff4ae0ebf39c7a2d23ee20b7184d735f6	Angelina Jolie came out after surgery
63cb66cf9f23479f6192a4461c396c970cc2f38c	The most influential couples
104743fd65f1fa807796b42bdbb999334d4420dc	Angelina Jolie's aunt died of cancer
1d845a8bcc2fe043561dd70923d5531b8faa00a7	Angelina Jolie had her mammary glands removed
a7ae5a163d9b83dfe1fd3e1f8463b9f1a5b61b7c	Children of stars: famous " seven year olds"
e976c1aa62177db1c25214fcfa4b15f4f213eb03	Naked Jolie for sale
e1b07c2d9bbd8ade9f7ed16e17424ce75efc1b69	Jolie is against war and violence
841d3bd370105439c98d903c3b5a7daea05d9c11	Angelina Jolie sees her ex husband
6d8fb607d01ddb942cafcc3c65b62930542f18fb	Angelina Jolie is not a plagiarist
d3782671cb0c8f9a81092b5e1f4d6330ef57634f	Jolie speaks only French to the children
b545085d5531c0d6b3cd2ee85c2fc145d0809b43	Fact of the day: Shocking Jolie
df1f06e0ebf30dbf7beab92ec93ae6d0321aa4ae	Brad Pitt is losing his shape
08dfde33fa9455487f94d92a6fc31ff739817b96	Jolie and Pitt sold a batch of their own wine
65f7f08b93dfe8a2d4d6cf4ca4af28dfa0de2a29	Prom dresses: trends of 2013
ef499abf7a2139170ac2da348d5d5b1c57a6be8b	Pitt and Jolie became winemakers
e9b1822a8ce83319a50d8323a54fe2007b9e220d	The daughter of Pitt and Jolie is learning to earn money
b374b969fecbf688e0a8e1131f0af9fea4679ecf	Fact of the Day: Megan Fox's Fear
4c2a5ed36d2bfed32de5e0ffc79ba7751d042eb3	Snake Stars
712cdecc3cf9e098de61f2dc50eb1bdb1a3d1547	Jolie and Pitt's children accidentally called the police
8f09c5e952982a2ad68d7500df39acd86035cca0	Pitt and Jolie got married
e4fc216067c6ef1d09665f97bab274e4126e42f5	Pitt will buy a candid video with Jolie
6264ca5cf8a8c549914de694c845ad19a33fd2d2	Who will save us at the end of the world?
51859ce35daca2b13320bc5225faf7e4193edd84	Collections of stars
227fa58154b4ef114776a964f525e3095d956ea9	Jolie is going to break up with the movie
6e4913a1884f03f4b338094ac906a88cb5a2b3ec	Pitt promised to marry Jolie
4d9c034452bd8e8223409bd701509fb6aab92313	Aniston invited Pitt to her wedding
63e9752cd6c801fa478de8e11a0db14e6b67eb58	Stars in red
a72a2f92ca771153e70832d6909b2d57b0849a95	Jolie and Depp will play together again
eb2b177ac8604aa0eb203a7fe0ad8d1653f6d349	Pitt and Jolie's children will play in the cinema
272ac0366bc86b9068e7db1dca5031500648be56	Stars in dressing gowns
96b6455d69f1d862dcc4794a6a563de253daf1fc	Results of the week: rumors and facts
15749cdd34cfbd76ab9aa5af3c14dd6169855446	Angelina Jolie does not need a liver transplant
b9ce9a7a35204ffe1f125268068e9cc32e647480	Angelina Jolie has hepatitis?
697bb0794890682721d02b363ab62f17307e5153	Angelina Jolie in Lebanon
3fa5f861246f68d7dd5d57b01b27872b746aad61	Stars- " gemini"
074c34f7415b092ca93bb523c30257921a74b7e3	Brad Pitt Denies Wedding Rumors
ac6655cd8a3ff791b252f70c11c6c3a5ca8a73a5	Brad Pitt's Wedding Gift
de1a3770c71b1095b3223e97d40bd9a87f1070bd	Top 10 models of autumn trench coats
a162dcba7f8bb3c5862486c0890bbe7476d7aa1e	Pitt and Jolie: a large family
9c0b2012631ff0f5b170aa329243883f731280f1	The most influential women in the world
b0925dedcd1efa6b6509c5d18a0a819266b89361	The daughter of Jolie and Pitt will play in the movie
04daef8553c13481524718dafd5eeebeab0a232b	Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie: is the wedding coming soon?
9bb8e65d9f70420c2f2876dd92290477b4ca4f0f	Jay Z and Beyonce are the richest
da6e8aa1596743428ba0ec8108bc79065804965d	Penelope Cruz immortalized in wax
73f34b2ad1b2b07249b0868982601c83f902afef	Fact of the day: Jolie can fly
0149b60f47d16570f38947fa5cdd24a36fac510f	Fashion in a grandmother's chest, or vintage style
1a15a9975de4119bb39b61761312833647476505	Kristen Stewart and Robert Pattinson dream of a family
14fd073db4d0b3d19fdb3545ab8e977848344455	Angelina Jolie did not get into the Bekmambetov film
b1a8255fb5d1461ec9472812f0f74f4d32ab7299	Snow White Stars
6c2b04881e04519d8cbc46dba7300bde54490346	Results of the week: Ronaldo gets married, and Depp breaks up
a993510c09746edb9f7bd43dcd06e64009661efb	The fabulous role of Angelina Jolie
aecb1c86e923e118150d620d141580699cb4d454	Kristen Stewart is the most "expensive" actress
1e3628f6037bb7478ba60d6cf526eaf5950091b6	Unmarried Hollywood couples
bc9c420fecbf8422468661e3365bc66e14d68cc5	Muhammad Ali in a fashion ad
28e61ea4b03882157ccfcd6ed8352a27d2e4bd92	Angelina Jolie celebrated her 37th birthday
be024293b1f3e960dd99b0e50cfce95234f680d1	Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt love karaoke
65cfde02b5382cbbf8ee1f8a34eb8ad749e05641	Opening of the 65th Cannes Film Festival
162b68e4729bcad73c46171f44dec259bb45c81d	Angelina Jolie wants to get fat?
d4929b352275f7cd8516dba33797dd2009d90775	Jessica Simpson sells photos of her daughter
619793b696965c6ecd2b2aefce59dacd117ae57a	Angelina Jolie is gaining weight
7a02287cfa82a763e0712651f2d71d3ff8a94cdb	Brad Pitt in the wedding troubles
be67d4bedbec59e24575d5d85ee0e8bef3e13bcb	Does Angelina Jolie love Versace?
5fb40db6aec4805d9519887f6dacb646ba2b3d5c	Stars in rubber boots
bc22887d9e22b56389e36c281a32ba0dbd0fa172	Is Jennifer Aniston coming to her ex husband's wedding?
1aa5b05d5a501802ce4507d6ba8781b74879ce2f	Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt got engaged
4d8b7ddc5261b2c0a6e4f8a6fa7852bba56b9f6a	Angelina Jolie surrounded by children
e92d94ae006eee0fb5deb2078c7007552c45c6e5	Angelina does not pay attention to the ridicule
880dae1ba4817fcc5ee73637ca8e3f2845db168e	Kate Hudson for Ann Taylor
36f31839483c5cb0f251e22db25092678eef040d	Angelina Jolie on her directorial debut
245c9f81435e892c2fcaeff3c7c75d81dc1e39da	How does Brad Pitt wake up his kids in the morning?
8b2596266c67a8f2225f84c5a4a0f2f8e17e2209	Angelina Jolie with her children
4b02b2cc972e4affb2212cfc958e6978a4448a14	Angelina Jolie's new role
9f98f0e61b31ec16c77f30a2dae356748d1a834c	Jenn
f30eb7e7419cabc6ca1eb4e33c8f690b2ca05cac	Biographies of stars
afefc5e6af6c0585bb5a97e9cfa1765da576514c	Find a Star:
04d160f8652a2246417573b4ea7b70d171907371	Angelina Jolie biography
ea9b75c70d2887beb40373c50b5405e3aff0ef80	Biography Facts Awards Films Albums Photos
b60d89cf1e63ac56cc8e00fbe2da4f8b410d7b9a	04.03.2017, News Angelina Jolie was furious because of Brad Pitt's friendship with Jennifer Aniston
42becf20332663a44061f524446b1daa37a35698	02.03.2017, News Brad Pitt remembered about his ex wife
45e4011f562a6a3ee1f27031a8250926157308d6	28.02.2017, News Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt canot share a mansion in France
43a695f80ff4dc30845a49d41c7501b3d4e139ac	05.01.2017, Stars The brightest events of 2016
65d6ef9021314da20a6bd60c0eee4d63a8568dca	02.09.2015, Cinema of the mother's daughter: in the cinema and in life
3c272ce912d1cf252ba80d0c630856dab1359ae1	Angelina Jolie Photos
d9438e1b979f4746180943736cbd12dcaed7b228	Angelina Jolie Biography
9b434f85638622dd0dae7081ba7f4352c2601c36	Read completely
66a9d762456e858c1ec50091102795891f2cfe34	Full name: Angelina Jolie Voight
4e850a075b014ae68e90a4fc4a9bd81a7e47b34b	Date of birth: 04.06.1975
4717653a72ba086c87280d8a089f47515707ebc3	Profession: Actress, film director, producer, fashion model, screenwriter
c9922a8c1b95380e1c9a8586b408f7f818251a44	Height: 173 cm Weight: 56 kg
1b527b5e85df51190ffe135fffd3d60ce4cabdfd	Zodiac Sign: Gemini
d59601b5acc690085b09ed17bb5a023f2a67dabd	What does any ordinary girl dream of?
b3045a74121e76b5103cf60e3ff2932415cc287b	Get married, have a child, well, and maybe then adopt someone.
728f5a90abd1be434ff9ba3d2ccf472f73884333	Angelina Jolie first adopted three children, then gave birth to three more, now she is going to get married.
cccbfce3afa4d7eb96df30b99922205e7f7d2320	She's just not an ordinary girl at all!
47d63e23319f57e92f75e5ec51e4512e811f86ec	Since the birth of Angelina Jolie, it would seem that fate gave a high start, but life and character, nevertheless, turned out to be very difficult.
d42a3c917830cee4790371a532c5a89b5742f58a	She was born in Los Angeles, in a family where both mom and dad were popular actors, and dad Jon Voight (the same "Midnight Cowboy") - even aimed at cult ones.
af4645f7fd818f1ed36b9afce0a4c0b7e36624c0	In addition to Angelina, an older brother grew up in the family.
cb9eeed6508da9873e0a3247feac4375a2c803b4	However, the family life of Angie and James ' parents did not go well: when Angelina was only two years old, her parents divorced.
300ba73aab310e16ac479c564d40d7740eb251ab	To say that this divorce was a trauma for Angelina is not to say anything.
f335b7222ecdfbd41466ca4b8c0d82a8e1f74071	The departure of her father gave rise to a lot of severe complexes in Angie, as a result of which, already in her youth, she turned her life into a series of grandiose experiments on herself.
5c8dcee5a363efa88d7a67a292b95ef96a1bd0b1	On the other hand, it is probably from this "clay" of talents, complexes, suffering, torment and self search that such an extraordinary person as Angelina was eventually molded.
5093193fae9652ede9cc3099a21d1f23aedfe183	In Jolie's life, everything is to the maximum, not to mention the fact that she is the most generous benefactor of Hollywood and the most mother of many children.
84e86101a23705aeac769ec71e2ba3b7703ae66f	However, as a teenager, this angular, tall and very thin girl could hardly imagine all this.
6e39331ee80d8253c2cce4ff5b1d8850ca0985f8	Then, at the age of 14, she did not understand at all where to put her strength, and all her desperate attempts to find herself turned into a cruel beating at closed doors.
1e442d21197d9a8392f0ffd83ae538065bc57221	It's funny to say, but it's true.
cc4b85fd9dc897dfe2a0dd161f3dfc010cc44119	Today's sexiest and most desirable woman on the planet hated herself with all the strength of her soul and considered herself ugly, and all because she came to the modeling school several times, where she was never accepted, considering... ugly!
46032312328d31c1d55cc3a0a289bd5e6d06330b	Out of desperation, Angelina dyed her hair red, dressed all in black, slept with a girl, got a tattoo and tried drugs.
498649c19a262c8957baff00ad71b3c98db6f9dc	But even this did not satisfy the pain.
614635cfe5cd844b93fd974c236dc10287e0d9b5	Then she began to cut her wrists almost weekly.
9cfbbc156bdc5d847d18ff547d2222a4a272957f	Here's how she once told about it in an interview with CNN: "I collected knives and always had similar things around me.
1621853724f8a33d20439fece0e729dc75ba2b21	In addition, apparently, Angelina's physical wounds were not enough.
46c130604b87830489cca424edb71230c516c457	Periodically, she inflicted mental injuries on herself, looking for meetings with her father and quarreling with him again and again.
83ffc36d40867fbad58c16174ef7c92da46a74be	It's scary to think how all this self torture could have ended if the curve still did not bring the girl to the cinema.
86d414ae3b3d6064b1dfb4c6644ff0236e8afa55	Here a significant role in her life was played by her beloved brother.
889a59f29f30328b52afba61cae1f3ae96e7709c	He just at this time began to try his hand at directing, and shot Angelina in as many as five of his films.
fbd499d92ff8d65ccfc3e2411f947ae79836df21	James ' films were not a success, but Angelina was noticed in film circles, and things went well.
a2789d20197f88831d4ec66851a6358d47f01423	The first film of Angelina, which found a response from both the audience and critics, was "Hackers".
a370c04da830ac799af5d0d7be2fb931880b62ab	The film itself, both of them, which rarely happens, were unanimously considered unsuccessful.
63c6fbe478c036e6f4680630916dc09567da16f4	Nevertheless, people rushed to the cinemas.
36dbfb96c9f2ac5ddca2b95eefb6020efb22dd8c	Yes, of course, to look at Angelina, at first sight striking with her beauty.
07e01dc2adebc11d2764eaa22a5bce53b6f40def	Well, critics praised her acting.
8561afda8b592cf9d4be20d960b95e1c5b7be557	Jolie herself, apparently, at this moment made the right conclusions about her role, since she later repeated herself in it in several inconspicuous films.
1e34d5123bdf29863e85b47e283aa9829cf31273	It was as if she was gaining speed and professional skills for a real tiger powerful jump.
7693ab6516dc12adf921373067f885ca79a2314a	And jumped!
698dac57aa83d2d6dac5fdc0da00f8884a4a4170	The film "Interrupted Life", where she appeared in all her glory in the role of a violent rebel, a drug addict Fox, became a breakthrough.
61fbf7f0c6d1d98e1badc81188953cc2f70da159	For this role, Angelina immediately snatched three prestigious awards and topped the ratings of the most beautiful actresses in Hollywood.
98f74a3d2526e53acf519afad807d3373a911cee	There was no time to cut Angie's veins anymore.
11fcc663c084652558eba8251e4b864271331594	In the 2000s, it was already in great demand.
a3cde30d6f0f0b8ff96cb467baea1a8ff5d34748	Moreover, another film based on the computer game "Lara Croft Tomb Raider" not only raised her to the first echelon of Hollywood celebrities, but also opened up new talents in her: Angelina performed all the numerous tricks in the film herself!
e25eb6a6590e5faf00f748133a29568e026ba056	Finally, the irrepressible energy was directed in the right direction.
1c2aad11b441bca56d5fb101d0f7d991e8759ef5	And ... immediately, fate threw up another opportunity to occupy yourself with a worthy cause.
c798ce04865bcc1ef1b91d3fd6946018f586fc7b	While on the location shooting of the film in Cambodia, Angelina contacted the UN Commission on Refugees and ... soon went to their camps.
313f39112af81d77159aba284cd92e859d35ca92	The shock that the actress experienced in Cambodia, Pakistan and Tanzania, unexpectedly resulted in a grandiose good deed.
73be0305ddd4fb8ebadd52a0fcf74353ead5eec3	Jolie soon became a UN goodwill ambassador.
49c0defd4f4cee67c804ef9f67c403196a9862df	The actress has already opened several charitable foundations, through which she has transferred more than ten million dollars to sick, unhappy and hungry people!
3df89ef6af43a71ae6c47cf29434b1709a4345cb	At the same time, in the process of adopting three children in third World countries.
95d0bd869a51ed5d7284ddaeefec9d4866dff3bc	I made so many happy, but I couldnot establish communication with my own dad.
94e57b7e856da76b54f2220dfe7a83729739fd64	During the same period, on the set of "Lara Croft", Angelina made a very decisive act – she invited Jon Voight to come to the shooting.
cd5ad2f8a2e4d277ce7ecd977ef70a0a54ebbfce	The negligent father appeared.
47e2450053c0babcccacfd200e3a326ba93eb3c5	However, it all ended in a terrible scandal, after which he accused his daughter in the press that she was crazy, and she simply cut him out of her life and never made any attempts to meet and call her father again.
cebf7fe650f32f7ed4f53eeaa9c2df66c9b35b8a	Only recently, the old Hollywood playboy Voight, no longer needed by anyone, finally remembered about his daughter and is now actively trying to restore relations.
1c03643409810cf3cde0728914bda660b32fad0c	Meanwhile, Dad is getting worse and worse, Angelina is getting better and better.
8d53d97e505cdee691f19673ed98a7e82e1edad0	For several years in a row, Forbes magazine put her on the first place in the ranking of the highest paid celebrities.
8778750ca8cf413f19cd905189747a4bc1715ef1	Beautiful, rich… What is missing?
7f50c2271e4eea6ffd80e77decda448b128b52fc	Well, of course… A loved one.
c3e717b514858e10fe2ea992ac8f1b71bec77739	Angie was married twice.
4d4e9b2f4504cf53b2a72140195117dc01dea021	The first is for Johnny Lee Miller, the second is for Billy Bob Thornton.
1a9ed374f48c80887a986821237e454b0aa63fbb	But the sexy beauty found her happiness only with Brad Pitt, with whom they have already given birth to three children, but have not yet legalized their relationship.
037c13757608e955112b5f9362a06f1eebc80ca9	They say that they will get married only when their children ask them.
9a8d327672e135f894fb8f890c2744340c7a4c61	So far, apparently, Maddox, Pax, Zahara, Shiloh, Vivien and Knox are not really asking.
18b4973f7c2eee9f2a9e91259c6192f8b5d90c8e	Although, they say that the wedding is just around the corner.
c24d8d0aa82e380cd16c691e1be1021d4144c979	Angelina Jolie Facts
3e4cbe0bbbe449e6819ce59d48eea96c99d65a2e	Angelina Jolie is a United Nations goodwill ambassador.
f7e8fc8e02b7b6d305dfe17d6503e277d0128f55	She often visits third world countries together with the refugee Commission, donates very large sums to charity, reimburses all expenses that arise in connection with her trips from her own funds.
c065c36d089604f8afff4673bd1759ea5044eb8d	But the main thing that strikes everyone is that in all the camps that Angelina visits, she lives in the same conditions and performs the same work as the commission's employees on the ground.
21e8b11ea13f084c761de54394552a99e210907c	Angelina has several bloodlines in her veins: slovak, German, French, Canadian, Dutch and Iroquois.
7aee9a8247229c19aa3fea481b7d0accb3c9df8b	It is interesting that at the auditions she beat not competitors, but ... a competitor Tom Cruise, who, if he had defeated Angelina, would have played exactly the same hero, only under the name Edwin Salt
0102331f3abe91b37c04acd8646b43e131f3aa5e	In the summer of 2006, the diaries of the actress, which she kept during her numerous trips around the world, were published in Russian under the title "My Travel Notes".
c9eda0d06f64caa511b8fa8e85512ff161028789	Angelina Jolie is an honorary citizen of Cambodia.
21ab3ce81a73a9c545ed368c626d9895b2d1175a	Also in Cambodia, a temple was named in honor of Angelina.
edbb306929f76cbbdcb3e4245fc95febe3988625	Also, in honor of the recognition of the actress ' work as a goodwill ambassador in the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, a spider is named.
c3fdab4f16a3725f838050705fa96bc29ae743b3	Its full name sounds like Aptostichus angelinajolieae.
b159587502cffe2d0e544c6ad4cb923a963c0000	Angelina Jolie Awards
269d302864ce89c79e632e8ecc8e999ee738fafc	1997 Golden Globe in the category "Supporting Actress in a mini series" for the film "George Wallace"
a09be9947c5e59ea2d0401bf643563e888e5c4c0	1998 Golden Globe in the nomination "Best Actress in a TV movie or mini series" for the film "Gia"
1b8ecb8befeb0d377c69b1eceeaef584e243275a	1999 Golden Globe in the nomination "Best Actress in a feature film" for the film "Interrupted Life"
5837e56a3bbd6170cd2b297f0b9b7470312f2972	1999 - "Oscar" in the nomination "Best supporting actress" for the film "Interrupted life"
e397745dd9cdbafeee31d49e613eef9061856a18	1999 Screen Actors Guild Award for the film "Interrupted Life"
0fceeb3ec4b0f490e519a28d6b254dbf04bcc325	2005 UN Humanitarian Award
fc198da0fbaf743024051718236d5496fd005f4e	Angelina Jolie Movies
5c5c2acbf89d8d7d579e19cca149fa2897bc0044	1982 In search of a way out
6d4a1f9dae95b48f6dcc413e25cca5424b57301a	1993 Cyborg 2: The Glass Shadow
3cf22bcd03303bb393fb1a299324c4b7b345e2bb	1995 Hackers
042cfdf2d130e69ff68d00e6af013a7fd2f50376	1995 Without evidence
003c027231684f65184a8844771532cd8ad04bfa	1996 Desert Moon
8b91569d96a2caa04a213ab5c3e392a102839d0d	1996 Italian lovers
bc317fb131e13d3b42b25e09a59579ec7bf20327	1996 False fire
27b510066e0e8fb4a4f1488ff598dbfb300dfcec	1997 Portraying God
2cf395cb818a7855233ca856af351959b09b2aba	1997 Real Women
45151cea109b850ddd663d391b2431add0457220	1997 George Wallace
01fd8a9dcedfee82d06cc84a03d3e13a9741d259	1998 The Infernal Cauldron
122b53b9883e016913ca354b9d08f9ab981da473	1998 Gia Gia
a10baa5a4cdf60daf1b861d5938684872fb872c6	1998 The Vicissitudes of love
b4b22a0c3ec33c7530b0974567ea06b3ee179c8c	1999 Managing flights
8bb7c32f7ca71cf9c24706522860ea63492afea8	1999 The power of fear
dba8bc9577445fe079f6db88cd7f44b6921f2ec3	1999 Interrupted life
3c7c700646851a42efb36b670163d5bdb71e9559	2000 Hijack in 60 seconds
e999dbd5909627df2b644ff5a56fb77a43d583a4	2001 Lara Croft: Tomb Raider
49bf4ba8b1d79a97852adcb7d481b69128b02e43	2001 Temptation
75be7c344a7a463ee60cded43b50ad795a477e19	2002 Life or something like that
8dd4b415eb56300232294e4c61ff16868a5c5d6d	The Cradle of life
96c105f686a3a47818b472e291685ecdd2736eea	2003 Beyond the edge
81a730e4d9e40e2d1302351297359933421334bf	2004 Fever
ed7b9abb3e591e7e8b816c9d9015049eb79e7886	2004 Taking lives
9d1f42494c7b0f743ba1cc04f892e3d163454d25	2004 Underwater bratva
8c2a27a1e73c2990c2d0963d0b5f4fd10c68c7fb	2004 Sky Captain and the World of the Future
0376c5e649dad7fbcb3be8fdd9f1ce7244580be0	2004 Alexander
fa969a78f826840cb807fdba2d17ade1a874070b	2005 Mr. and Mrs. Smith
139bdc10ce092548f7ae18dc88477d74a4544593	2006 False Temptation
cbb5e934f36b0ede50a29cb7d06b235809730f6d	2007 Beowulf
bfde2e9e15e9d3c6678a278eacc944f261aae706	2007 Strong Heart
8c342981ac3de145c1f360d21b62b98b7c9262e2	2008 kung fu panda
d7eb174627cf85362489f974d471d6c799aa3e2e	2008 is particularly dangerous
bc7fcd9dacb065cbaac742fdc1b0784f3f1ca67e	2008 Substitution
718e866bc963696b45754535e23eae1e2b4deeea	2010 Salt Salt
a87947c538b730828d8c42306b64c0dc4dab28f3	2010 Kung Fu Panda Festival
7c391d1aba15db6cf7ea3db9da440922ed6b39b1	2010 Tourist
51dbb8724d2baa148c3a982474fa7442edbb3107	2011 kung fu panda 2
5fba3f70c87a73550f6078aa5458552d275ab3b9	2013 Cleopatra
f9c0eac48a7df33b2a823dd819ac13eb03401a5f	2014 maleficent
383e8e4cea9a623013b9116dbbf5e9705dfb39ac	Roll up
c5085b072a6156455df662281fe4699e1d535216	Alley of Stars
04d3cb0b591b963e3322a38b15cbb8403861de4a	Ekaterina Volkova
1508bd3979e175a0a1fb7431eb20978ce8c3894d	Dina Garipova
07824e2b58b42b09e469f39c71c1d6978246263b	Victoria Beckham
22c15c4d7f9977fe89158e0ed1ec75d4a980e557	Stepan Mikhalkov
33c6ba3ac50b8626a789cf3f7d97065a0c0ff71e	Lyubava Greshnova
5724dc0490b83711073a03a41a2c594af7e9d0d0	Ksenia Rappoport
2c3878abb6a6aa45bb795a9d7ebbc682a7a39686	Maxim Matveev
ea9ba2c9999ec4cf91613fa0e3d19869dd7f6e7a	Ingrid Olerinskaya
d03f829ab91ca4f340b4fa4d905687474b18dad1	Valentina Mazunina
6d760d2b62810c44bbe06897d8b03fba6881f1c4	Tatiana Arntholz
ad4be84c121109e850090fb9ea86ad64da93b493	Doutzen Kroes
b58a0b2ab94c80dd71ac15c9f359643a53dca82c	Gennady Maslennikov
279d702f2e194f7acfab8b75e816dfb7befdbaf6	Bruce Willis
74135926e51b15436dea54179e556c70f4d0302f	Mila Kunis
46d36cd9b757054429a00cce6e804e45d2fdd52e	Ivan Stebunov
b219f4e79f9fc93fcdd9ac10e4dd44fa24e22993	Garik Kharlamov
eb9ad14c50d9e2e0f9962d5235d7b1962479de42	Natalia Podolskaya
baecc980f9a05a847392260adaf5cf0f7810119a	Intars Busulis
db73cde345a6d2dd0a9afe9efd51f421b28107a7	Steven Spielberg
6e582ddeb55459c4d8a6b474fc4b597760f92ec8	Dmitry Nagiyev
8b6778470e5eea9c4866ce8c6fdf196f04a07280	Enter the code from the image:
65793d479407107204398ff58dc7aa5c2138864e	TV program for today, March 06 at 13.11
c07231cbcf2ce773718d90a04214db6d29d00c15	13: 20 The First Time will tell
8eb4098c98acefd63691f6133678e6efaaa31b24	13: 25 NTV Review.
a351b10f5da81155aaca5badc9f24a717c38328b	Emergency incident
a64a873653b6dc35e49e937cb0cf89c989ac1e62	14: 00 Carousel Shuffle
212eda7a8be792408c255d5255c2d8b4ba29ab25	13: 35 Channel 5 Flint
0faaf6f0a1852e66d538a6c8f3b4c1f74ae83830	14:00 First News
a5d813619659a60b55a4fef0eea47f44ba9f5a24	14: 00 NTV Meeting place
c61e0ea3c8436c65e16c6f44f55c349b86bc676a	14: 15 Carousel Masha and the Bear
d3733243566312c26d230b56f1a56d142c90c0f8	14: 20 Channel 5 Flint.
d41f56cea1ac933d25c57aebc6522e2b6c58eb87	Release
abc77cf6e8a78be76a6b522ba98d48f66486beeb	21: 30, The First
59df4257fc6f52458de5f99106104ec29aa0ef8b	Premiere.
376dcb866a17921fc7763b23594922198bd9aaa7	"Penalty box", 9th and 10th series
902d0be5260f527bbcabede86d18089bc7dd6264	Natalie: "I started looking for a meeting with a psychic, I wanted to find out what my visions mean " Irina Nelson: "My husband put me before the fact: we will live here!"
4e1f9400132b58006e9aec4a38323c38aa5910de	What is the secret of Nastasya Samburskaya's popularity Ilya Noskov: "My brother and I are very friendly in life, and our families are not separated"
e9f501e621bcacb79876c7e7ba5c85694cb5d1ec	Win tickets to the concert of Alexey Romanov
cee71977df7cfb083373ee7fdc635dfd0dd585cd	Yudu: iPod touch glass replacement, watch here.
51403626b1f291f620ec338f0fdc6d096161feac	See here - replacement of the heating element in the washing machine price, options on the link.
b9cff9043a0734089f2c197fa0bee3b89a310990	Phone repair shop: covers for iPhone 3, cheap.
64a2e8ba11cdb95e146c3277f854eb93b8d28f36	In Russia In the World Incidents Show Business Facts Tests Questions Biographies Videos
4479fa309aaffa46620a191c1c2cdd444385c506	Angelina Jolie, biography, news, photos find out everything!
c593dec49cab248656b9428f5abb57c04ded68fe	Name: Angelina Jolie
0b21ee7a0ef5790456c2049ecb1f665fd8370dc4	Birthday: June 4, 1975 (41 years old)
e27a80b7508390193082239f0da0a07478f16cb7	Weight: 56 kg
c1723c5ff9ddc3828ae070c3877558b485b3b01b	Height: 173 cm
77123f03a0d655a53dc85071ad0e663342ae9e82	Eastern Horoscope: Rabbit
69ac271d02316fc0fd7b3f94c9b2dd73e3d0683f	Activity: actress, director
c468a366665f9133c8dc5e6d8a341080b0631baa	Do you like Angelina Jolie?
56a88531eabfcc2f05b79e989253b31bca1161fc	Rating: [146]
5228bf3189bdc240a2d1e4ce6f7c62a7254a11f9	Photo: Angelina Jolie
58113aead6f8b544153cfd6b1384785de7fc8df9	View all photos
7dd0c6c3bf9f444b961284fcf442715ed25788bc	Angelina Jolie is a Hollywood actress who has repeatedly topped the ratings of the most beautiful celebrities.
c1647bdc926fcf637ed558f0c1265b581cee0d55	Her filmography includes several dozen roles, and the film "Lara Croft: Tomb Raider"brought fame to the girl.
4fe2ec6efac4ae746bcc849be1b1b2d0e2e41aa5	He is a multiple winner of the Academy Awards and the Golden Globe.
6a64cd7a2fb9b0fb7301a39dbcde9938d5823afa	The highest paid actress of 2013 according to Forbes magazine.
f4c853f1c9fa2da3dbf69d9ce14b1d5d5ca84d67	Angelina Jolie Voight
53f006a8cb9be46c42b4ff64cf9db8fcea6f6fb6	Angelina Jolie's Childhood
6e18e10f0543901dfa62e72a24319a06a6b6c4ef	Father actor Jon Voight, mother actress of French origin Marceline Bertrand.
4b7c555c44a4121814e4518d6ff72186e438d740	She gave up her dream of becoming a great actress and started raising children.
7a63c9125cfb205446fd680bf097b9d0c964e60d	At the age of 11, she returned to her father's house in Hollywood.
38dd25998079caef826b7bf4b527347f6fa7e195	There she studied at the Lee Strasberg Film School and the Beverly Hills High School.
c21b47a15baa6ae1578a1d35528d0d851907db42	Angelina Jolie in childhood and youth
efa77e553362e84c866edfd47b6cbb2362deffce	At the age of 14, Angelina Jolie began working as a model in American cities, as well as in England.
effc9882ab1b8e4f1520352cc9895e94faa15b01	At the same time, she took part in the filming of several music videos.
3530542eb9df10983e26e392f28207d25f013d95	At the age of 16, she was admitted to the hospital, having cut her carotid artery.
46d033fc43739020adc50034d794c70915bfb2b7	During these years, Angelina Jolie gets acquainted with many famous drugs and leads a free lifestyle.
fb50f826d55f93fcca23fd381f4e12a37dac0794	There are both men and women in her bed.
c12cbb1acb402db5ec1d46e26062e8906a781e59	Jolie chooses the most diverse roles for herself – the wife of the governor of Alabama chained to the bed by the disease in the movie "George Wallace" and the drug addicted model who died of AIDS in the film "Gia", a police woman in the film "The Power of Fear" and a grumpy wife in the comedy "Controlling Flights", a crazy hijacker in the movie "Hijack in 60 seconds" and a violent patient of a psychiatric clinic in the movie drama "Interrupted Life"…
8ce67e294c6959b2ee2341c9fe53dbd0f0dfc8a2	Angelina Jolie in the movie "Hijack in 60 seconds": trailer
78a2adcbc254895b0d5faf7d0a1f9db6f327034e	In 2001, Jolie was chosen for the main role for the filming of the first film "Lara Croft Tomb Raider".
d78303ca8af7c8b4e5d2df8993e38a8dc6d83392	Interview with Angelina Jolie - the film "Salt"
c3dd749441fd17083b131d3afe683388cc0d46f0	Angelina Jolie gained the greatest popularity after filming the film "Mr. and Mrs. Smith", which was released in 2005.
4daf306cb4100db694a0c9f054815a896fba7a57	This film has collected more than $ 480 million at the global box office.
703505921b69c9d812738d46b0bcb094497714b0	In 2006, the actress starred in three films, however, did not get to the top of the film ratings: "False Temptation", "Her Heart"and " Beowulf".
862d4e58b2030266dd3b51f3327a461f94858a1c	"Beowulf": Angelina Jolie played Grendel's mother
349209b8593513002c678194ee2584503b212140	In 2008, the voice of Angelina Jolie was spoken by a character from the cartoon "Kung Fu Panda" - a Tigress.
983e0cf62e2a81e3571698f1b93ebc9878abbe40	However, Russian speaking viewers heard only the voice of Alice Grebenshchikova.
4ed4eb0b127c2721ffb5b2e6e50b6c197660b274	Angelina Jolie voiced the Tigress from "Kung Fu Panda"
c78fd4ff17a0b7890d5697854b79e617e344a3e4	The role of Christine Collins in Clint Eastwood's psychological thriller "Substitution", released in the same year, received the highest critical acclaim.
5d2ec3be205ee79915c27b5343663a869687b14f	The actress was nominated for an Oscar in the category "Best Actress", but lost to Kate Winslet and her Hannah from the movie "The Reader".
f06ed374bbaa848bd81a2c043c540e8ac9cdae76	In the film "Substitution", the heroine of Angelina Jolie was separated from her son
28e170a84e508b3d2ea7f61329622825a971fcd8	Next, two action films with Angelina Jolie in the title role appeared on the screens – "Especially Dangerous", which introduced the actress to the Briton James McAvoy, and "Salt", which, according to the woman's own words, became a landmark in her career.
3574b67295c85f33a3823a26f047d0c385396194	Angelina Jolie as Salt
438891f7577c61c1a5773723b5e3513fa3946564	In 2010, the actress moved away from the images of special agents and professional killers that had become familiar to her and, together with Johnny Depp and Paul Bettany, starred in the melodrama "Tourist".
4e26197a741813d9634d0a1785b2bb9c701f73ce	Angelina Jolie – the fatal Venetian Eliza
6e474fe9635823bde5b5319a16d37e248e56f657	In May 2013, Angelina Jolie made a sensational confession - because of the high risk of getting cancer, she decided to remove both her breasts.
321a8b614dacb8566e65a4a9160488a963b7d252	In 2007, the actress's mother died of ovarian cancer – this was the reason for the examination of Jolie herself.
d364907d1b3482953e1df16c539f2a385a4c27dc	Angelina underwent her first breast removal operation back in February, but she kept this event a secret for four months.
0d5f3db8346bfaedaef65c35fc51e9537a6dda07	Angelina Jolie had her breasts removed: photos after surgery
237f87d5723660f264957a91c96bb3cc128f5ee4	In the same year, Angelina Jolie topped the Forbes rating of "The highest paid actresses in Hollywood".
bca9251146d6a2f56e4ce3073cbb46eae5b4239a	The magazine estimated that from June 2012 to June 2013, the actress earned $33 million.
3a0c2420327a77d5e2fceb84b43c71c3219b2e3a	Angelina Jolie is the highest paid actress of 2013
58a6c58159c70be5a899ebe1e5360d9040420985	In 2014, Angelina Jolie played the sorceress Maleficent in the fantasy film of the same name.
bb7e693cfe8cdb17ad5a9962591a0d772f2a280b	"Maleficent": Angelina Jolie seemed to be born for this role!
45bc7dfd068b6dfe2b637fbddffd1e59fb34f12a	In 2015, Jolie herself found herself in the director's chair, releasing the melodrama "Cote d'Azur".
9384cba11945a832455299a09efedc9ad3a1ebf3	The film told the story of two lovers, a famous dancer and an equally famous writer, played by Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt.
004b3d200db7eb88ccee16bc1b5cdfcf2584bd98	A shot from the film "Cote d'Azur"
eebd2dbffd0932190c0e15c19e5bf0c9527a7a5f	At the age of 20, the actress married her partner in the film "Hackers" - an actor from Britain, Johnny Lee Miller.
820476d33881f46cc179b871ef6e93d2aca8ac8d	They got married in 1996, but quickly separated: he began to live in England, and Jolie in the United States.
cba7dd505776b5c936315bc94e8976c08bd3ea4c	The divorce was issued only in 1999.
75b752de23a215efb67ca10894998a70a0610168	So far, Angelina Jolie and Miller continue to communicate well.
311b16ba8d578ab4ac8d18d6000d79c283f19661	They call their marriage a mistake of youth.
9c7556c054fcc1434be49708f84ff7d4b1525991	Angelina Jolie with her first husband Johnny Lee Miller
8917e0d43a44b8fc8abbf8e4a6961c6e7775bb99	However, at the time when Angelina Jolie was still with her husband, information appeared in the press about her relationship with another actor, a partner in the 1996 film "Portraying God" – Timothy Hutton.
403b1a200266a27fe4763ad4327758fdba84c52d	Her sexual relationship with the actress Jenny Shimizu, her former partner in the movie "False Fire", belongs to the same period.
fd477689d7432da14adbc0e8669ca53ba3a3d065	The second husband of Angelina Jolie was the actor Billy Bob Thornton.
40a38ecdefd67668901041294da506684d55dcbb	They got married in 2000, but the marriage, like the first one, did not turn out to be happy.
030d81f91dfa49bb439d76020716a427deff113c	They lived together for about three years, and then divorced.
a3615e2ad66a36512f35e7f16222a5bb9c0bdf02	After that, both of them had to reduce the tattoos with the partner's name that they had done before the wedding.
9351dc323bd8a80ad3316d561fe2c7f66a2459b1	The second husband of Angelina Jolie is Billy Bob Thornton
3e6000205724d8a5f17c6563979ff2355a79ca4f	And in 2004, Angelina Jolie starred in the film "Mr. and Mrs. Smith".
ea4d0b6b11dfab74d3e8ec2874ef69114971ce7c	On the set, an affair broke out between her and her partner in the film Brad Pitt, despite the fact that the actor was still married to actress Jennifer Aniston at that time.
0b1150965d70273c957bad6d0ac905ae0b45d97f	The love story of Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt
12ed23f0b3163381fc3418846194448d3d4a409a	The beginning of the relationship can be considered the film "Mr. and Mrs. Smith".
5574b988bfe9085879f80c67343ba82327449933	Although the couple has long denied any rumors about their closeness, but all the tabloids were full of their shared photos.
5fb38611a83661c1545567c1cae4f8ca11887a39	But, as Jolie herself later said: "Not all children have the opportunity to watch a movie in which mom and dad fall in love with each other."
fc25a98de0fa739e1b4064331f450aea08959a04	Angelie Jolie and Brad Pitt in "Mr. and Mrs. Smith"
eed7008253c03e4f06b0aaf1f49bdeecd58709ea	In 2005, Brad Pitt divorced Jennifer Aniston, they cited "insoluble contradictions"as the reason for the divorce.
e7c962e1ea83a9c0bd3be6ed22464e26c5e7f46a	After that, the pair of Jolie and Pitt began to be watched more and more often together, the public even came up with one name for them – "Brangelina".
a6f3c43aa4f8f3bc137a76e8490521be510c8d28	The couple did not comment on their relationship in any way, but it did not look like a friendship.
c0b46bdecf93a691557103d21065a17305e8b0b3	Jolie and Aniston are Brad Pitt's lovers
81f7dee4d9263804d1e4c7dc8767d3af540c7892	In January 2006, Angelina Jolie said in an interview with People magazine that she was expecting a child from Brad Pitt.
9a15a84d1c71aeb396a9019bfa69175ef998873d	In the spring, the actor adopted Angelina's children, Maddox and Zachary, and they received the double surname Jolie Pitt.
7294e4a76a0ceb3e0a7b89b584cdd174292884c7	On May 27, 2006, the actors had a daughter, Shiloh, their first child together.
4d1e7b3113067f7bf0c80f52d4c6f1c2c482af0d	The first photos of the girl were sold for $ 10 million to the same magazine "People".
4f3613721177161c12a0bc5e25d17fed0b32aadc	Angelina Jolie with Brad Pitt and daughter Shiloh
e33db4e04d9bf564558538fae8ab744d305adaee	In 2007, the star couple adopted a Vietnamese boy named Pax Tien.
5065d67bb500dd833b9ec6f9e8be3fb00d0cf303	And in early 2008, the actress made a sensational message – she is pregnant and expecting a child from Brad.
1943950596191d4a4bddde01096c62a9aba01fbf	On July 12, in Nice, they had a "royal couple": a boy Knox and a girl Vivienne.
4a218f2b50d7fbe7e0f0aeb3dc7d042ed696d3d3	Photos of the star children were sold for $ 14 million, breaking the world record.
293380a853e7f11d6f532abbb566f535245223a4	All the money was transferred to the account of the charity fund created by the star couple.
e56d3dec0b42214cf60be5de16e2f09b9d4735b3	Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt with their children
a25eca2ce0a935e4092a92e9a5c4cad366774b39	In January 2012, Brad Pitt said that he and Angelina Jolie "would like to get married".
f7bb49a5f575ff7944a93091cdd2e747b9d6c817	He noted that their children want this wedding more than their parents, and they constantly ask about when they will have a beautiful wedding like on TV.
66c7ac710dd108258e324502873c298a7a65a47f	Angelina Jolie's Wedding Dress
29abf3b588d8c2264dc3546427e989b97cb1d853	The long awaited ceremony still took place on August 23, 2014, ten years after the couple met on the set of "Mr. and Mrs. Smith".
7917cf562f8c7a2bb9bf920837bddba7be1c6955	The celebration took place at the Chateau Miraval – the French estate of the star couple.
729269a26ef6ac18a8e5e08bea5339f37b935099	Jolie's wedding dress was created by Luigi Massi (Versace fashion designer), who decorated the hem of the dress with drawings of Angelina and Brad's children.
190e6e03877504e5fda12f89ab56d979aeede0bc	Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt a Hollywood wedding!
112332b3e514025dd3d1a4c336d380aa1d0c8d22	All this time, rumors were constantly circulating around the actors about an imminent marriage and the same fleeting divorce.
f775821148db1729eba9f986532d28fa270b4da9	And, alas, in September 2016, the terrible rumors were still confirmed.
7c72190508ff1ddcea2b1d514d71e84d0c0fc9b4	Angelina Jolie filed for divorce with the standard wording "irreconcilable contradictions".
b8fb5fd18cb06b7d60f7d48a3fda683aac74ab71	The tabloids immediately offered their own versions: Brad Pitt cheated on Jolie with Marion Cotillard?
5450d03537c828e0635efd33ccc7a96c1ad1234e	Is Brad Pitt addicted to alcohol?
c6e555a5238f31becbaa595152e27c6628dee6e6	Jolie fell into a depression, and the husband was tired of the emaciated, exhausted wife?
5f8b2fb492d2b4e7cbb45e2b162f8e41ea60dca1	Anyway, that year the divorce of Pitt and Jolie became one of the main sensations of show business.
9bf43497333b2b716013031f28bf2f175f2f64c0	The actress insisted on custody of all six children.
75dd79800e776be172a142076f77a765a540f25d	Angelina Jolie now
7770328f37a6b45e337ba0d151e7c074c7b953dd	Jolie continues to be one of the most desirable women in Hollywood, despite the fact that recently she devotes more time to her family than to new projects.
c8c5ebbe5392b307ca3c58043a4fdef5dc507a8d	It is known that she signed a contract to shoot the second part of "Maleficent", but the premiere date of the film remains unknown.
ad61b56e86e092d2bd12646c3298dbf8e154cf48	In 2016, Angelina Jolie shocked fans with her thinness
e501764698d990f7694079966d89604744615d65	Interesting facts about Angelina Jolie
fc375ab9c7eca8285d7f381c703e63e99794688c	During her career, Angelina Jolie has starred in more than 40 films, if you take into account those that her brother shot as a child.
bd58dd5a9ba2058d73ee18c074564ed6678b63d5	Jolie is one of the hundred most influential people in the world according to Time magazine.
452b371818d46303b08f5ba28ececb95d6336fe1	The publication added it to this list in 2006.
caaf70edbb8919e9bab7c0a64ba0484e837622ef	The actress is one of the most tattooed women.
53252c07d0ad04cba172b204376db00c350c03b1	More and more new tattoos appear on her body, and Jolie removes the old ones that have lost their meaning or "rubs" them with new ones.
bb2653dcac42688f161241ba414af200a46f2202	Angelina Jolie: photos of tattoos
a08461f98fc155ec0679c52a30009e2b1c35be04	All Angelina Jolie's tattoos make sense, and all are different.
b3eeebbe8979c75168b7b01f1f1f637ee57ea566	So, on her left shoulder she has the geographical coordinates of the birth of all her children, including adopted ones, on the palm of the letter " m " in memory of the deceased mother.
5c114a39d69c247aa0aba08f5f471c631752d6ae	There are quotes of sages on the skin and even the date of Churchill's birth.
8f106415b14ea8ea4600ac66aac1f43b911676a5	However, the exact number of tattoos is not known - it changes.
1378c7e10afd048956841f7bfd38dfbfa89d0f14	[146]
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1fc52ca7a11b119a201c4594c3566e89cef4a097	Vasilisa Reshetnikova *Koynova*
050f65a503930882fc3399cd33eb20eba71fa42d	A very beautiful woman is smart and talented!
ce82145b7f7cb2552d93fb8a4e92ad313fcdaf83	Madiyar Rataev
99b61a10c67eb5a9c8bcc5bbd709eb364c5acb74	I want to help Angelina Jolie
4e42d42037e7ef226c88a21b27c71b17cc0b9ee8	i want to poioch jolie over io disease
f14626ec9898db8f7ee5f8cfb9a5a9854dc64714	Kira Ivanova
afa38071b84c5ccd01a19d42f6bc2e01426f0954	A beautiful, kind girl.
00c3b4cd9ab2b127252fdd5c7b04ab6e6aad8d8c	It looks not at 40,but at 20
b1401874ac2822cd9b22490c7fb70042420c9360	Rogachev Andrey
8678e70b07537adb0b1dda4fe8c2534451924b04	Madiyarchig you chock
544d947dc64f0102dd35446b6612323813f56150	Batima Yyyyk
049e062a2c0ca0f42d50b5bb2e87eb3650a1e984	Andreychyg you are not a literate schmuck
e46c3165dd22e3d9185fac26b21d3c95aff56fd4	Angelina Jolie latest news and articles 2017
66c3fbef690e37674f19afe4c1c0f73af685c2bf	Jolie spoke for the first time about her divorce
7e86a551d4d5ff3cb7e89b2257df90623be2cfa5	Shia LaBeouf was arrested during an anti Trump rally
343fa7b61951b5064670212cc8c5d573a7e638f2	The migrant who pushed the girl down the stairs was detained
eba4dfe21c55b7eb3469c802cd1cf1e1568c1456	The head of the CIA urged Trump not to trust Russia
c7ae373342418d5ab59c8b3db1bf20cee5c656a2	Jolie and Pitt will reunite
1e5ff59464bf8ef5ad30d197e4d6749a16acb17d	Jolie wants to become a lesbian
955a36c3eedb2660083188efc40457b4e7ea38eb	More news
bddae0a1cad103362a8752142bddde462607872f	Natalia Lesnikovskaya
583e89f1dc2cd7a07c3dfe3b6edf5142a07fb456	Anatoly Vasiliev
876a26b02df054199744a9a1fe8c7896d4266177	Olga Tumaykina
75c3b95f8d4b87337f73abf63efbda3527ed9342	Anastasia Mikulchina
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cefe440ffdc1405204da39043b3a63de5bb7e571	In Russia In The World Of Incidents Economy Press Releases
730e494d13ba202dcc7b0e0a8a9afb308338f0cf	Stars Tests Biographies Video Library Interesting Facts
c489f1e1f8dd8b9f27b07d60b9e604d5c94d9451	Editors Add a biography
3ca29c637912e80eefff2cd7f8cd1fc733df4fa5	If you are a novice musician, you play your own songs with your friends somewhere in the garage, and dream of world recognition.…
9a2d798599fb195ba6db64ee1c20568111fa779c	Be careful!
4a40c5db736dc7ed26c2bb88f11b4af905c82cbe	After all, dreams tend to come true.
066eafe2b529a7707398b10c06afc04d99cc28a8	Matthew Bellamy, Chris Wolstenholme and Dominic Howard, the musicians of the legendary band Muse, were convinced of this at the time.
473edd0215609356337385ac2bd39339e36444d4	In the early nineties, Matthew, Dominic and Chris played in different bands at Teignmouth School.
80c246cbc879772e6f9f1ca6b6cb4d03cf7abbc5	A little later, they decided to start their own band, getting together, they called it "Gothic Plague".
da1d709221cfc8aae6da58ff9186bfb6581547c1	Over time, they changed many names and by 1994 they settled on"RocketBab Dolls".
5fbcf32a00118135b081502e3cc4d9371e4b4bc8	Soon they recorded their first sing "Small Minded".
cc4b95969a56ce35a2f5601332541c783e1faa50	At that time, they already had their own fans among the locals.
3233c1c049bda5cfdebab8f213011f5ad7992acf	After several years of forming a metropolitan fan base, Muse played their first concerts in London and Manchester.
c4a6587c7da46482fc52e570c4fd197bb565a822	At first they were renamed "Fixed Penalty”, then" Rocket Baby Dolls “and finally, by 1997, they decided to stop at the name”Muse".
ecb9ff2bad373a5ccdd0d3fe68932105248bafc6	Matthew James Bellamy — vocals, guitar, keyboards, keyboard.
17967f00665009f05526c544e06324dd6a7cc2b4	Christopher Tony Wolstenholme — bass guitar, Misa Kitara (midi controller created in 2011), harmonica, synthesizer, double bass, backing vocals, vocals.
b14755250728d6bd4ff8d6b9a9c8b9be36337ccd	Dominic James Howard — drums, percussion, beats, synthesizer.
c0e7b9ae8ad19c7e2ff585e49ed2a57008f440d5	Today, Muse is called one of the greatest legacies of rock music of the new millennium.
5882b71faa054decb521aff3a88574b7ff9bb5ae	Music that seems to have come to us from another Galaxy, passionate performance, the strongest theatrical vocals, virtuoso guitar parts, live performances of hurricane power-all this is Muse!
1cc8e42291e6e471dee90e8cff18d4df20829012	In 1999, the popular presenter of BBC Radio 1, Steve Lamak, put the song Muse on the radio for the first time.
f28c53e5cf9a2f08a459984141ebd5cff8ade56c	Lamak, also a DJ at Radio One, who was the first to put Muse on national radio, recalls: "It was one of those records that does not fit into the framework of what sounds everywhere.
debad518e5c277750e573083a904150e50bef2cd	It immediately received excellent feedback from listeners."
3693ad113f2bb8ce85e7232e755ca801c8bd780c	This one was "Muscle Museum", which charmed the listeners and reached the third position in the indie chart of the United Kingdom.
7fff55c2c1ff1a1cdf388bfd256ce87293c83953	In the same year, the band's debut album "Showbiz" was released, several laudatory reviews of their concert performances appeared, and the famous NME journalist Mark Beaumont interviewed ordinary Devon guys, in which he persistently compared them to Radiohead.
916fd426663636d2645aa6ed59a388c9908a55da	Thus began the public life of Muse and their difficult ascent to fame.
0c16b6417c6c6d0fbc92beb2c70ffceda7777601	On March 22, 1999, Muse played several songs at the" Viper Club "(one of the owners of which at that time was Johnny Depp), located in West Hollywood, in front of an audience consisting of 20 people, among whom were Steve Jones, guitarist of the legendary punk rock band Sex Pistols, and Guy Osiri, at that time Madonna's manager and CEO of Maverick Records.
633ac3d929303bc2bfaf481778dade583c08f823	Mr. Osiri immediately offered the band to sign a contract.
e8eae9c1edf2c408baaebbbd854165a8b13b7ac6	The album "Showbiz" was released in the United States on September 28, 1999, but did not have much success in America.
39b4af545083459926688ca8e22f336bc0320ae0	None of the songs from the album received radio rotation.
071b0d4c3ef356cb81c89d67ca87f73c47d50992	During the production of this album, the musicians experimented with various instruments, such as the church organ and the mellotron.
7ae59eb659c91b9e00c855b9c7ca94592a387096	The sound had more of Bellamy's famous falsetto, aggressive guitar lines and keyboards.
3f08efc315beac722b7905b0fe0d739a9fa1840d	The album clearly shows a transition from the storm of emotions that filled the previous Muse album to more balanced and subtle lyrically depressive moods.
746c00618f763256b7bb0c8bc77d9afabd9fd453	Following the release of the second disc, Muse released a live DVD, "Hullabaloo", with recordings of two consecutive concerts at Le Zenith in Paris in 2001.
5a32bda0ba7ee6785410b20982336640073a48b4	The album was originally planned to be recorded uplifting, with a powerful orchestral accompaniment.
901e5891d03ed38435be6bb66cc3ddddd28f8f1b	Formally, according to the website MuseAndaMuse, the reason was the US and British attack on Iraq, which led to the band's decision to make a more apocalyptic and tragic sound.
e854d7f0de3ca0eedbdbb26e4ab479875ef27280	For this purpose, some orchestral parts were remixed in order to dim them and add drama.
3375ebff793eea1e6b2b48bc23f90c7535f4d80b	More real is just Matt's changing moods and incessant depressions.
ee47d747d5cb16076a5071ff7eb352ee26a41741	The album was received very warmly, and its appearance was accompanied by the first stadium tour.
15296ca1c5bd2f3ad84617eecd515b85389c01f9	In 2004, the band won two awards – "Best Alternative Act" and "Best Live Act", and at the end of the year was awarded a tribute album, which was released by Vitamin Records.
49cc51143db4cd3b3534820f0003a53523eedc4f	After taking a break from a long tour, in August 2005, “Muse " started regular sessions.
8fa55e5321953610c5ad694ceaafb07231a7635d	The work was carried out, and just like the previous time, under the supervision of producer Rich Bones (“Rage Against The Machine”).
80f5750502b0f50f84e19f4ec8a8751b4a36b673	On July 2, 2006, Muse released the 4th studio album Black Holes and Revelations[11].
c80eeb88b20a1a99de6d72fd218ce54fe166ee23	The album has been sold more than a million times in Europe, receiving platinum status.
eacdfae70ab959ed90e2913801598cf7e56d8829	The album was released in Japan on June 28, 2006, in Europe on July 3, 2006 and in North America on July 11, 2006, and reached the top of the UK and many other European charts.
4e80bc358f426316f4785dbba39c10f8bd33a77a	In the US, the album debuted at number nine on the Billboard 200 chart.
813249b166d8d688fde66c4620bb0cae844ff4de	Going on tour to support the album, the band took Morgan Nicholls.
a5a1a112b9bc996d5d31a3515e07d24b6caf1c76	Alessandro Cortini-keyboards, samples, backing vocals, percussion (2009).
c3a65521bfacbcf5a67d76c884b91945401cf717	Paul Reeve — backing vocals on "Showbiz" and "Absolution".
53b780286a22a69775a6e11b71e34f3a619d9c9e	Jackline Norrie-violin on "Origin of Symmetry".
cd90efea95fdb51bf6a56911087df3dbbc100339	Sarah Herbert-violin on "Origin of Symmetry".
6964e69346fff333581f38150cbae8951c184300	Claire Finnemore-viola on "Origin of Symmetry".
b59b1e12830fde688a42e3627e461188900df485	Caroline Lavell — cello on "Origin of Symmetry".
9bdcf491bdf7de734c3539aa7ec8559ba974c1ac	He was responsible for backing vocals, samples, bass guitar.
6f778831abba8e10a833d0a64014d1da6ebb67c1	Officially, he will never be a member of Musa, but he will always perform with them at live concerts.
1a17d7542a6c786da822b5b1be45b312ce3befc4	In this world tour, the band played in the USA, Europe, Australia, even gives 2 concerts in Russia.
fb0a6ed766deb5ee8e4f2389a5b84c25702449df	The final of the tour was a beautiful stadium rock concert at Wembley, which was released later on DVD under the title "HAARP".
b5568a0e68d154c4ea382dd692e623ee57134721	The work on the new album was carried out very scrupulously, Matt really wanted to add something new.
0ec62349e558782f755297fef4230b071a5c2eb5	The album "The Resistance" is released in September 2009.
4a9ab570df7523c2c3450c82f97b7d74575bb51e	Already in the first week after the release, about 450 thousand copies of the album were sold, which became a new record for the band.
55bf612dfd8bd3ba18e8130e38961ad2b9667285	During the recording of the album "The Resistance", the band members often sat in the living room and talked about the end of the world.
a538f89ce017db03fcd2ca3f9f1869c93f28cbd6	One day, Matt went to the supermarket and bought about 500 pounds worth of canned food.
a9a0735b5c30b48eee83f596edf41e1e0585276c	Chris: "I thought it was a joke at first, until he actually did it.
1f67732e746ac2fb03466e4d5e02b1289cf5a767	I think that if you really stock up on canned food, this amount is still not enough."
737899700a57eb3371a3589e68d963a620f76408	Some of the songs sound in an electronic or dance key, some are more symphonic or classical.
3d2b1c0b077ddd2b968676c8872977e44929460c	The musicians even invited an orchestra to record them.
f0665c54ee380573b87682edfa76fea4263941fa	Matthew also stated that in order to achieve greater freedom in the sound, they will produce the album independently.
405bc66d073e2455fca0812c4419d6d9ef109032	"The Resistance" was released on September 11 in Italy, Germany and Australia and the Benelux, on September 14 in the UK, and on September 15 in the US and Canada.
0f92cfe866c53017187f2df5c3711b5b465d5e27	In the first week, 451 thousand copies of the album were sold, which became a record for the band and for the UK in general this year.
db5262fb6fdc4ec12315e5ce00319b98c42d9907	"The Resistance" debuted at number one on the charts of 19 countries and reached #3 on the US chart.
10ba5ee95342b04d0351b48add25c20cd03b48ee	In February and April, Muse went on a tour in America.
d3a91e038812626a9827e23ea09fdc86a4855173	320 people participate in the maintenance of the tour.
95528d7fe8d59d17ebef4abce71a3d1317c43dca	It is also known that the performances will be held on a pyramid stage measuring about 60 m wide and 45 m deep.
7113ae15f208680911af2d4f4ee39c798fa60ea3	In May 2011, the band announced their intentions to release a new album in 2012, noting that Bellamy had already demonstrated the first song ideas to Howard and Wolstenholme.[13]
b41b6b4bcaff3a93d02d0291b5af2087ccf1fb99	In an interview for BBC Radio 1, the bass guitarist announced that the band is going to start recording a new album in September 2011. [14]
44fbfac73533490572a368b6c8165dc6475cccd9	They also claim that the new album will not be like the previous five, "it will be something new".
d0c53b1c0ed6927ebada83b149e12271fe4094e5	At the end of February, on their official Twitter page, the band posted a photo from the recording of the new album and confirmed that the recording of a new studio record is going according to plan and its release is expected in the fall.[15][16]
728e1d3ac533cb468f3bc4e19427126d5638c10a	The 2nd Law was officially released on October 1, 2012.
6a45d7e67de63d4f406588f27143be247242fb49	The album will be recorded with producer Matt Lang, [24] and, according to Bellamy, will return to the sound of earlier albums, in particular the songs Citizen Erased from their second album, getting rid of the experiments of the last two albums.[25]
175f45c40a536199be580b449aac8d7f181cf7c8	After their last two records, British stadium rockers Muse found that their countless fans were polarized and divided into two camps: those who were captivated by the early sound of the band and those who liked the non-trivial interpretations of fashion trends by the authorship of the British trio.
2c13fb61f9931fb22b9e336bc6ea1de4e5a0ac11	Matthew Bellamy recalls this time with nostalgia: "That performance was magical and it gave me the strength to move forward for many years, just by remembering what I experienced then.
943219f163f0de377924645d77f4cf1a27593f8a	It will take us a very long time to even get close to something like this…
3e6133a4833e9be6865b78503c82880e28be0dff	At one of the performances on Italian television, the musicians were forced to perform under a phonogram.
cd0f014462170b48b7366cfe54349fdbaaeb9104	While on tour in support of the album "Origin of Symmetry", the band members endlessly reviewed recordings of The Who concerts.
c15e5557d2caa42761da41acc6a59e481076466b	Matt: "On stage, I'm spinning like crazy.
abcda10a15ee2cd3f46340713800578281ba418e	I definitely borrowed this from them.
418ad48cee3fc45e1af723c839f4b98277890d34	We wanted to make our performances more impressive.
a2701fa402ce60204f33eba2f95c184035d5c0f9	The Who inspired us to improve as performers."
d975db8fc66680530cebec2cd09eb8a21a1fc2ac	It all started at the dawn of the 90s.
3fe4b5d6954cb961687c3756b0c5cb3954035d02	In the provincial English town of Teignmouth (Devon County), life flowed so steadily and boring that from the entertainment of the local youth, there were, perhaps, only hanging around the streets and smoking in the doorways.
31aff06ff41868b2513e3d2e7786f62a9763184e	In order not to go crazy from such a "fun", three teenagers-Matt, Dom and Chris worked heartily in different amateur groups of the Teignmouth School
7f40f75a3762f1beed06f434c370ceef88816144	Inspired by the triumphant victory, Matt, Dom and Chris decided to devote their lives to music in the future, preferring concert activities to university.
5855d32e5a0636d1bad6029b56a9762994f4d6e1	It was this song that became the soundtrack to the next film of the "Twilight Saga” - "Eclipse".
c2b763d63183235863273748d6cc649e22d2ee16	In addition, the new James Mangold film “Knight of the Day”, starring Tom Cruise and Cameron Diaz, also features a song from the band's latest album - "Uprising".
a29c213e3fbc8571fc40b98c76045ef136b01e19	Matt Bellamy jokingly calls his group "global ambassadors of fear and paranoia".
db4cf826e3b642c65bf5f028d7dce8ed0ee42508	According to Dorian Lynskey, who joined Muse on the road and on stage during their stay in Canada, they are also preachers of extravagance and excess.
5b878b707ca52919068371e5952ec69274c33218	Brian May calls them "one of the greatest live bands of our time", Dave Grohl is sure that" these guys know how to put on a real show, not to mention record an album", and Tom Morello describes them as "an exceptional band whose grip is equal to its ambitions".
45e7dc3b466bbe55e7b2d01322f45d7ace4336b4	Muse's music is eclectic, in addition to the basics of alternative rock, it absorbs elements of a variety of directions.
6b792489347d7e4c9da1ffe6a8300325ab4bad5a	In recent years, the band's sound has become less heavy, and the use of orchestral and piano arrangements, on the contrary, has become more frequent.
cd6f055449b32dd863cda43b3a5c03831dadd57c	As you know, the holy trio Muse, led by Matthew Bellamy, may I burn in hell for taking his name in vain, has released a new musical canvas Drones, which can only be compared with the works of masters of the Renaissance.
e76bc440e178e39febef8534700debf0eae0bf38	I'm joking of course.
0e4db2be8b20890653e02ed382ced9d9743d2f80	Italian incompetents are lazy sleepers compared to Muse.
e07220a78285ca6bb957d15482e536b63ee2ddc6	But we will not focus on this.
0dc57586ba5788b2efb35a38c3c7922d1bb3edbc	But not everything is so sad, although it was already possible to start crying with waterfalls. The Drones album has a couple of passable songs in its richness, one of which is just not bad - "The Handler" - and is similar to rock music without pathos shit in the form of whistles and farts, with which Matthew likes to" decorate "his works, and the second - "Aftermath" - is the apogee of the beauty of this compilation of different sounds in frequency.
5affe29384b7459a83f5cf803c4fa267d87ffbec	However, in the case of the beautiful "Aftermath", where the huipka violins and a slightly loaded guitar co-exist nicely, playing a pleasant accompaniment for again again sane vocals, it seems that you are listening to some other album, and there was simply no misunderstanding that sounded earlier.
22b5d3e3d66fae01a0bde35dd09cf1a748b5dbeb	But it was there.
21ef4354dcbb41d24ce0e37961169555ab2aa839	And it was frankly weak and mediocre.
56149d7542d2922add0232f8343de5b15bb72638	"In this song, you can hear a Rachmaninoff motif – a piece of melody taken from his Second Piano Concerto and played on a synthesizer.
a7da127a1db56dcb0f3511b4e4a51641744f5609	This is such a conscious wink to Rachmaninoff.
c40348417765184d38abb87f0c0a3151dbf50ac3	Of course, I will never reach his level of skill, but, nevertheless, I decided to use this fragment and I think that people understand where the inspiration came from.
f21a64bf5eab172800d00a8fef34fa12329e64f8	At that time, I was interested in the music of the romantic period and tried to cross the piano with rock in this song"
185eb78783d15cf9dc132cf2a52cf2ccfa0c9642	In September 2001, Muse came to Russia for the first time to participate in the presentation of the Russian version of the British edition of "New Musical Express".
bb62c4cd5add247642060aad73268892c11a5dc8	The concert was held at the Luzhniki Sports Palace.
fcfaee9419598cdba0e9297c49592b76c55a10b8	The band played 15 songs from the first two albums, and they opened with Nike Borzov, Semantic Hallucinations, Night Snipers and Total.
107e9a0826b4289a9ceefddcc1d792b68cff4fb6	The tour continued with a visit to Russia, where two concerts were given in Moscow and St. Petersburg.
1a6b14f545f63f97c13ad0355bb1ad4d743ba075	In the winter and spring of 2011, Muse toured Latin America, Russia and Ukraine.
c320443e9ac89b8e26b6f2604e1fe74c7ff93f93	On May 20, 2011, the band played in the St. Petersburg SKK, on May 22 — in Moscow, in the Olympic Sports complex, on May 24 - in the Kiev Sports Palace.
6837ba174bfd6087fe3c49190b07f0a3850592fd	As part of the tour in support of the latest Drones album, on June 21, 2016, Muse performed a single concert in Moscow at the Olympic Sports Complex"
e9a12c48ddcd1904be2ffaa6f89595b992223ca7	Music magazine
341424fc3004f987b11bc9916323bc331f045a98	APELZIN.RU NEWS REVIEWS CONCERTS INTERVIEWS BIOGRAPHIES VIDEOS BLOG
0b1575948e82299f8b079ab3a6e34a128448b0eb	Biography: Muse
8eb95a1b864a5a97377236036571b090052b38be	Maria Sysoeva
7c04f41a094b7fb5793aa8de4f0b1b7ee97ff4a4	If you are a novice musician, you play your own songs with your friends somewhere in the garage, and dream of world recognition.… Be careful!
60dfb4a7b6809726ebf898a882e10b8b5865465e	In order not to go crazy from such a "fun", three teenagers Matt, Dom and Chris worked heartily in different amateur groups of the Teignmouth School
001af47d40e7e1502099f9f6702ce06539f62bb8	One day, Matthew Bellamy and Dom Howard decided to team up and create their own team.
66ab389e6ebfbbea23cbf9cc0adca556b6230252	The collective was coined the name Gothic Plague.
0eb8bdad9c6df5e2483e61cbbd5810e33d125d63	To complete the set, the young musicians only needed a bass player, then Matthew and Dominic had a plan to lure their good friend Chris Wolstenholme from another school band.
cbbdeecbfec925236cc2d7f19630d5bd49dcc51b	To the joy of the guys, he immediately agreed, and even in a short time he mastered the bass guitar, leaving the experience of playing drums in the past.
9b4a79d87715eb394c2c7618c486764e1d606dd7	In this line up, Gothic Plague broke into rehearsals.
6e440e79a84fb0bcb9fe8ce846cdcf9b6f934c83	However, for a long period their music remained unclaimed, because at that time the minds and hearts of English youth were captured by Brit pop.
c81c833548477f772c812864a609c6a96c234eaf	The polished sound of sweet voiced boys did not attract the Tinmouth teenagers at all.
135661122805ba5487639c511cec378b711b94cb	Fans of Radiohead, Nirvana and Smashing Pumpkins, they continued to bend their line further.
45fbf3b7aa9e60858741df97478c6a09b0294f2a	"We basically didnot listen to anything English, "Matt said,"American music — that's what really mattered."
fc7cae2291cc77a11a2f0b2178533bff10244973	Nevertheless, the moment came when the efforts of the young musicians were appreciated.
d4f1fc6f631ea0c4565688821c0febd40fe6a5e0	In 1994, they became the winners of the local "Battle of the Bands" (by that time the name of Gothic Plague was changed to Rocket Baby Dolls).
0f77dcebe17ca839324f8b3174fd0bf664e003dc	Later, Matthew Bellamy admitted in an interview with a magazine that they looked, to put it mildly, unusual at that performance: "We were wearing a ton of makeup, we were playing punk and forced the crowd to rush on stage and smash all our equipment.
d744409928cceb94eaef3ff8ebf46e28d54008a1	And we won!
dc4d1913a7a8c2a664f741c9bf540c9954f159a8	It's very strange, because we surpassed all these bands that were technically professional, bands that sounded like Jamiroquai."
fbea68d535150166d6253dab1968ecc48595d9d6	Over time, the trio abandoned the ridiculous name Rocket Baby Dolls and chose a more euphonious – Muse.
5ba47667e77e602f2547730da654548d32ebd9a4	Since then, Muse has started performing in local clubs and bars.
14b7a0bc01f90ccf714c9021d6ba8ce005838cd4	The lead singer of the band, with a bitter smile, recalls that period: "We played in a thousand places, in pubs filled with old people, or something like that, and all they wanted was hits from the sixties, so we were never really well received.
4b5948951598894df3046285aacd40524ebadf2e	I think that this has helped us in a certain sense."
043663a4f051a470897c9f4fd9fb795616f57487	So in the creative biography of Muse, the times of searching, numerous rehearsals and performances at various birthday parties and half empty venues have come.
34ca21034f544a6f2d0e198a5bd4ceb6676a7dd0	Sometimes the musicians gave up because their music does not arouse wide interest among the public, and record companies still do not show any attention to them.
7d5f32a27f5862d081ad81010cec8d58f0099a4d	But, despite everything, the group continued to exist, and its members did not get tired of honing their performance skills, developing their own style.
15c93de95f3fea58856284b3e3fddf14b665b3b3	Once, in 1997, at one of the ordinary concerts, the group was noticed by a representative of the label "Dangerous Records", and invited the musicians to sign up at the studio.
b385221262b3d6d0b56c0d757ab5922e00bd1417	Already in September of the same year, Muse recorded their self titled debut EP (from the English Extended Play, the so called mini album) at Sawmills Studio.
5f25b388b89b6ef4954a413ae7e9d78f2f717113	The album was released in early 1998, and consisted of only four tracks: "Overdue"," Cave"," Coma "and"Escape".
4e56232c649eddcfefedf35926e097ed589e7cf4	Unfortunately, the first album did not receive flattering reviews from critics, and the expected breakthrough did not happen.
b635fc0313d7d69dc9acad24dc2ad0f226da7260	However, this fact did not completely knock out the band members.
f5ae71388e3c91277b963364bb2c33d28c7c0d39	On the contrary, they diligently, day after day, continued to develop their sound, and gradually their fame began to gain momentum.
63eb4e7ce48bb43f75c43c59f6a50fe0cf6c64e9	With each performance, Muse gained an increasing number of caring listeners: people definitely liked what the Tinmouth musicians played.
0bc3697c47df668e420cec4797435dcd802a3a33	And the allegedly unsuccessful EP, released in an edition of 999 copies, sold out at concerts with great success.
35855c3611a8f4565a5a009c38fc7e87191ae085	In September 1998, the band performed in Manchester at the "In The City" congress of representatives of the music industry of the United Kingdom.
d8f198d4d42208d1d09259f8822907fad02460bc	Thanks to this concert, Muse attracted the attention of several American labels at once, and in November of the same year, the musicians were invited to play at the Mercury Lounge (New York).
459307da457b5b61e815f6c18d12ea7c99e5c85e	Two weeks after that successful performance, they gave another concert, this time in Los Angeles at Santa Monica Pier.
563a67166797d3d4b68ccca645eec2bc342edf7d	A representative of the label "Maverick" noticed a promising group, and offered mutual cooperation.
cdc6c1b4a0a1fef7e3b9dcde2673978abbe34354	In December 1998, Muse signed a contract with a recording studio.
819f50a5bd752e9a0b8ffcc020aa10bfd7f49a15	And already in January 1999, their second EP was released — "Muscle Museum", which included two versions of the song of the same name, as well as the songs" Sober"," Uno"," Unintended "and"Instant Messenger".
ea696d1ee6b19bcbbf6c56f7e2e4bf859557e65d	The release of this album aroused genuine interest among critics and ordinary listeners.
7bf41f452d256ffda414777499178e6c5b6ca9f6	A high profile release, actively discussed in the media, forced the influential music journalist Steve Lamak to turn his attention to talented musicians.
48d1ca91a55146c94556abb08b4b7b61c36bc123	As a Radio One DJ, Lamak was the first to put Muse on national radio.
b88cfac3f42142c16fee76d6a9e73a06f6decd3a	"It was one of those records that doesnot fit into the framework of what sounds everywhere.
2acefe3e56669bd7d0640d05b0c9da61033dedeb	She immediately received great feedback from listeners, " Steve later recalled.
07c179554f5a96769041b3f34b695deebfa27265	Later, Muse was invited to the Evening Tower Session (the Steve Lamak show), where they played together with such famous bands as Three Colors Red and The Donnas.
25bc898cb6022d21a2d27c80a879d28c9f891245	Then the band took part in the Woodstock, Glastonbury, T In The Park and Reading festivals, where the musicians were very well received by the audience who had time to love them.
6796a6a39c3e1941e3a9c26943303023f592016f	In September 1999, two versions of the single "Cave" were released, which reached the 49th position in the charts.
74898ad13711676a9f94596093eacc4c1d898f41	Muse's rapidly spreading creativity interested the famous producer John Leckie, who previously worked with such bands as The Stone Roses, Radiohead and The Verve.
55b594b4909f6165a3f54a26f0c1c7b8a77f0f5d	Muse - Showbiz
59a54ecaf17a39c0bbbe8a652fb079a290c223c7	Thanks to the participation of the venerable bigwigs of the music industry, on September 7, 1999, the first Muse album "Showbiz" was released exclusively in France, and a month later a world release took place.
7bd99f48efccab5897210047630aae2cab7d35b7	The CD was recorded in about five weeks: two and a half weeks at Rak Studio in London and three weeks at Sawmills Studio.
68b6c532ce0c2afe4e50e20962640f2f985ce6d7	All the musical material for the record was completely composed by Matthew Bellamy.
d74c4e43b720b0cbbe4d6a0e329d02cd5eaba2ae	"It sounds strange, but I donot know where the ideas for some songs came from, "Matt said," obviously they come from somewhere deep in my soul, but sometimes even I donot understand where they come from, and to be honest, I donot want to find out.
b3d20b589e26b80f795dcd405f6c86fba61d84be	I'm afraid that if I find the answer, ideas will stop appearing."
e67c6dee9a2d5d8634a8e7e942a3b5dea84564a3	After the release of the album, the band went on a big tour of the United States.
abf013f66e9736bcdd6795e4647b231d3ee79c3e	Muse performed as the opening act for Foo Fighters, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Skunk Anansie, Flaming Lips and Pavement.
9bc68b0203afb0058c9ddba34abec989152afe15	In May 2000, the first private tour of the Tinmouth trio started.
8017241ee654e1b8c30ad4a28df473852b048329	This event was a great success in their creative career.
ee0e1449ff20b24b6e17bb4693419c595bba17e8	Since the beginning of 2001, Muse has plunged into working on a new album.
43b0f35b20449418d976378c3a922fb7643930a4	For the band's frontman, that period was remembered as follows: "We recorded the album in two stages.
643605d9fce6ac36ee351682b80a800abb888dc3	At the beginning, in September 2000, together with Dave Bottrill, we recorded songs between concerts, literally on the road, and immediately performed them – such compositions include Plug In Baby.
e78c9ffd65bd3bd07abfe3dd04292337afe9a745	At that moment, our condition was such that we were resting for the first time in more than a year, we "disbanded", drank a lot, did not have a clear goal.
1bfbcec8750953d1b712471bc5bab950b6576265	The second stage was already in February, and then we focused more on the music."
233755ccb780adb1c4019ddecd2fc8b104bb0201	"Origin of Symmetry" was released in June 2001.
55294f83a1ea25fbb62b3f034277e23c884b5ce8	The sound of the second album was clearly different from the previous one.
0663832432ab81646b9ce81217878ea6978f0af8	Experiments with various musical instruments were noticeable on the disc: the church organ and the mellotron.
fd3985c9f33e13e0e4bbc12d4abef6771e6ec89f	There were more aggressive guitar parts and keyboards in the sound.
dc6bd065209d6558f6a2e455086e5db42e77b776	As before, the" calling card " of the group was the famous falsetto of Matthew Bellamy.
7a46375d2b02e90e74cd6374c54d3af068343396	In a word, the success of the album was tremendous!
cccf7e061a7554df213f3ce0f18a61b54fea4266	"We began to master the instruments better than in the days of Showbiz, and since its release, we have been influenced by a lot of things, we have watched a lot of movies, heard a lot of different music, got carried away by many bands.
860256266a8c712529ae4894716781762e72bada	The only reason I can say that this album is better is that it relates more to the situation and to the time I am in now, " Matt said frankly in an interview.
0729ffdf6388ee63fb75dce24ed25a1a6b827104	Muse - Origin of Symmetry
103a47a93b6e1d1178fb9a5a51ee54927e2ad70c	"Origin of Symmetry" still does not give up its positions.
8ad7cbfb35bf42073d68a3f307e2dab48736be9b	And in February 2006, the magazine "Q" placed it on the 74th place in the list of the 100 greatest albums of the planet!
8adc7b37c0874f792914d3adf91a8a4dece5a7ad	Released at the same time on two CDs, the album of the same name contained B sides and an audio recording of a concert at Le Zenith.
b453d7e5860e89c9df6e146ed2b34355ffaa3418	In the summer of 2002, the band performed at several music festivals, and then went on a well deserved vacation.
fd2cb2346bab36a8d768c7b02ff5a230c4d06857	After returning from a long vacation, the musicians began recording the third disc.
ae6fb97d0bf2a880889fd7a893c4c383d16f2568	On September 22, 2003, Muse's third studio creation, "Absolution", was released.
c2300e2c0348213ff7207110ea26f975d2cbe1ce	Many songs from this album — "Time Is Running Out", "Hysteria", "Sing for Absolution", "Butterflies and Hurricanes" - became hits overnight.
a94b28d7272f3878483804af08d5f7b9722fe1e8	As for the disc itself, it debuted at the first line of the UK chart, and for a long period held the lead.
0e1e1c27588c501e657255f8a225c14e9e608e36	The musicians, meanwhile, had a grand tour in support of the new album, lasting one year!
59aa3585fd9a439086b3acc816a46136d05bf0ef	During this long term stage, Muse visited Australia, New Zealand, the USA, Canada and France.
1ac828d9954e47738a5bbe02014632090671873b	Five singles were released ("Time Is Running Out", "Hysteria", "Sing for Absolution", "Stockholm Syndrome" and "Butterflies and Hurricanes").
d7652e03fd5b1bb4ccf3798a13c07fb48a20004b	In June 2004, Muse headlined the Glastonbury Festival.
a79061a50cb9d13f17422c9cc164ef67c1324018	Matthew Bellamy called this concert "the best gig of our lives".
f97bb5e49f53b317aceb96c2960d86504c767816	However, the luck was overshadowed by the fact that Dominic's father, Bill Howard, who was present at the festival, died of a heart attack immediately after the concert ended.
b7e74223e0f7e6de51919806759bca00ada7a97b	"It was almost surreal that his father died an hour later.
a5df438f486bd0cfc1f6b9d167541655b7f08511	It seemed implausible.
d08112fdd52d27e3d73fb0920a573663d591bf1c	We spent a lot of time trying to support At Home.
cfbbdecdb6e48919b2d02be5b59d159384cc318e	I think he was comforted by the fact that at least his father saw one of the best moments of our creativity."
65d94d9a035850dd05e3c74c78cce1f67aa18a6c	As a result, the band's tour ended in January 2005.
48c777ee12edb14e079f71a841ba8deaf488dcff	But the musicians did not think to take a break at all.
37dc8d6f437a7c24bc0974b569eee9cce137dd4c	There was a feeling that their creative potential knows no boundaries.
a76430913b5b41d88c908f9b6e66028be02b2680	Soon, to the delight of the fans, the band began recording their fourth album.
0a7c76c64aa3f4dde9d293cf0b549582f686c4ab	Muse - Black Holes and Revelations
aea2fd4a30900e62f90c33912d98eb6d3fe49f16	Muse fans managed to evaluate the next work on July 2, 2006.
89fd7b2adee8ec23dc663532aada226833a8d3ad	In the United States, the album debuted at the ninth line of the Billboard 200 chart.
cbcb9dc1a0822a73104e43d6084878e58c3ed4ae	"Black Holes and Revelations" became the most successful disc in the history of the group: in the first week of sales, it sold more than one hundred thousand copies.
7f40a79b3105bfddd15bc5cfa2c32e6ae577cd2d	Three years later, on September 14, 2009, the band's fifth studio album, "The Resistance", appeared on the music shelves of the UK.
c6efd67da452f6cd9dda664a32b57cef53ffca98	A little earlier (September 11), it was released in Italy, Germany, Australia and the Benelux.
ea085ca148a1c6e674a8b421c752ef1422a3d57e	The USA and Canada were able to get the disk later than the others only on September 15.
f64786221b3bb1e008861309ac288cea3f5b6e5e	In the first weeks, the album topped the top of the UK chart.
df3232c68c8a738ca51ab2e914b63956d16c07cb	And guitarist Brian May praised the Queen sound that Muse inserted into their new CD.
8b6f96dcf3e48ccfe47edffdb5152a60246b48f9	In the first week, 451 thousand copies were sold, which was a record for the band and for the UK as a whole this year.
0f537d5e58ef3d227b3d030e1853a3deeb98f47b	Muse - The Resistance
c4cdd194b0ea13ffee383f372d4034ea06c029d9	It should be noted that "The Resistance" is the first album that was produced by the band itself.
f622e067da0be9d27ccc8fec6558605f0f96af80	To date, four singles have been released from this album — "Uprising", "Undisclosed Desires", "Resistance" and "Exogenesis: Symphony".
49f605c70f2be3502b6d48f33008c402c9eedb15	On May 17, 2010, a new single was released called " Neutron Star Collision (Love Is Forever)".
80d2ae6fd6caf81e6ad8d81be1d5f47853bc033c	This song became the soundtrack to the next film of the "Twilight Saga ""Eclipse".
e75f1c4921a28ab555fb4e36c69fde2a75b6c8cd	In addition, the new James Mangold film "Knight of the Day", starring Tom Cruise and Cameron Diaz, also features a song from the band's latest album - "Uprising".
4d2f108c714d42d8f7e7af7cc4a6945e54b7ca5d	Widely known, almost in all corners of the globe, the band Muse, for its creative biography, played more than one concert at the most prestigious music venues, received many awards and the love of fans around the world.
32c965fe670e35426b5654157c82b8cab0c52518	But the musicians themselves, to everyone's surprise, consider that fatal (in every sense) performance at the school "Battle of the Bands"to be their main victory.
cf0dee2b9fc6f41b43a090a644d263625dd84d1e	Muse
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3242532e44eab2e4f7c739c0bacfc6c0a4a0f4ef	Main / Articles / Muse / 20 interesting facts about the Muse group that you might not know 20 interesting facts about the Muse group that you might not know | Articles | British Wave
dac5357123d7bc515d0537cd4624a55f06819ecc	News Articles Reviews Reports Videos
19a4b0a062c835bc6101cfdbf29f1a6995472048	Discography
6ce9d0f9bcd3640f3ee6129202065e5d0e97f2a8	1999 - Showbiz 2001 - Origin of Symmetry 2003 - Absolution 2006 - Black Holes And Revelations 2009 - The Resistance 2012 - The 2nd Law 2015 - Drones
053f80ce29fab219bc4b30bd64423c8d76f99c41	The greatest Show on Earth: On tour with the band Muse, Matt Bellamy jokingly calls his band "global ambassadors of fear and paranoia".
b3726b1d1ed3a79969925a5bd6455a9b66263590	According to Dorian Lynskey, who joined Muse on the road and on stage during their stay in Canada, they are also preachers of extravagance and excess The end of the blockbuster: an interview with Muse Muse - "Drones".
2b5ecbe304f8f50983b432b4a1f730c122584661	Two months later.
08b4ecb339fed28c096e221e1ee39b4d57e38ec6	Aftertaste Chaotic symmetry Muse: The history of the creation of "Origin Of Symmetry" New era Muse: 11 facts about the album " Drones"
f450ff6a623f6252be38907a7525b0f397c6540b	Muse Drones (2015) After their last two records, British stadium rockers Muse found that their countless fans were polarized and divided into two camps: those who were captivated by the early sound of the band and those who liked the non trivial interpretations of fashion trends by the British trio Muse Live at Rome Olympic Stadium (2013) Muse - The 2nd Law (2012)
40d118ade016d02335da6bbdacc4190809f7d991	Concert Muse @ Wiener Stadthalle Brian May calls them "one of the greatest "live" bands of our time", Dave Grohl is sure that "these guys know how to put on a real show, not to mention record an album", and Tom Morello speaks of them as "an exceptional band whose grip is equal to its ambitions" Rockestra Concert: Muse @ Red Club
8670cb1f9e9406f8b7b5dbf6764000d0e9536e75	Lyrics
127b6462421910a19fc523bde1db071600ee902a	Canot Take My Eyes Off You Screenager Host Bliss
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8bd5276bf242bfa3d1a9ff6809c76e1d4942d565	Facebook Instagram Last.FM MySpace Tumblr Twitter YouTube In Contact!
5886876a13a57d9a6cbeaf111936aba6e01cfab6	20 interesting facts about the Muse Group that you might not have known 01-12-2012
d8da4b218ee2496ea2ec061c4c8a6524754ed182	While the British band Muse continues its world concert tour in support of the sixth studio album "The 2nd Law", and the band's frontman Matt Bellamy is healing a recent leg injury, our portal tried to recall the most interesting facts about the band, some of which you might not know.
04a5c2677d94d07404085bf72762b53c4343e3d6	1. Until the age of 13, Matthew Bellamy was thinking about a career as a classical or jazz pianist.
777439a40c349be4450a55f6014d24d792ef5751	At the age of 12, he won a talent contest with the song "What'd I Say"by Ray Charles.
9e6741ef9812dca2c8a1913ff120a7609a5de15d	"This was my first performance, and the first time I was applauded.
a20478264c84abeb240b17a74a478eda1f2baf6a	There were about 30 children in the hall, and I thought: this is a thrill!
a2d98c406efdbaabd18a0e2a8e971868453ec850	I think that's when I realized what I wanted to do."
e04e7c27609a4c82f71f806b1701972a64048723	2. When Dominic Howard met Matthew Bellamy, his future bandmate knew nothing about the music that was fashionable at that time.
56a408bb2efa8c887e1313767a829f96ea807669	Bellamy was from a sports crowd, and Dom belonged to the indie kids – long hair, Dr. Martens shoes, baggy trousers of a bright color, that is, the classic style of the 90s.
cde778cc688ca4fb1a309bdfb37ff177ed5221e1	The next meeting of the two teenagers took place at Matt's house.
30b81ad23f1cb1c35bd43f4c77e30902e418f164	Howard played him various albums, and then asked him to play something on the guitar.
c974807691aaf76645af47f545fdbb591756693a	An eccentric guy in a ridiculous Umbro tracksuit turned out to be a talented musician, and Dom invited him to join his band Gothic Plague.
971d6c7e4249fa59cb6503f5e2ab79bb1842703c	3. When the band started recording their debut album "Showbiz", they had a list of about 80 songs written since 1994.
86218f1d2aaf57532ef1e2bd1049a0d4fc9da972	Chris remembers: "I remember how we discussed which songs we should include in the album.
46eba2c3b119c97c0e1af7be3bcb8073f3973f47	We had to analyze all the material and choose the best of everything that we had created by that time."
fb6353a4e08b42d3c40fc940faa47b7f2894ec15	4. On March 22, 1999, Muse played several songs at the" Viper Club "(one of the owners of which at that time was Johnny Depp), located in West Hollywood, in front of an audience consisting of 20 people, among whom were Steve Jones, guitarist of the legendary punk rock band Sex Pistols, and Guy Osiri, at that time Madonna's manager and CEO of Maverick Records.
8c695e2ce39edc6ccac98ee00f7d336153007190	5. When recording the song "Screener", animal bones and llama claws were used as percussion.
5acce053d1fcf3959c39a1a36c8c4b2c023e11ea	Producer John Leckie was looking for suitable sounds, and the guys went through the packaging film and newspapers.
64fa2d92c38e355865c27e23aa95fbc6942365f0	Chris remembers: "We spent more time on this than on the music itself."
5e9c67577a1873f4d79213e3c79de8b297f76be5	As for the appropriate percussion for the ending of the song "Space Dementia", the band members tried shakers, salt and pepper shakers, rubbed their palms together, but as a result they decided to use the zipper on Matt's pants, passing the sound through the microphone.
07299b33c9d4a327c4172dd02f4c4e59114ecf9a	6. During Muse's second visit to Russia in 2002, the guys asked the promoter to take them to an underground club (it was in St. Petersburg).
6483a9eef34eed8ed7f7272da0402fcb1bb0c403	The organizers took the request literally and took them to a nightclub located in a former bomb shelter.
8231e879ffeff62d751c2bfd06e85924d49a0ebf	A huge bouncer locked the door behind them as soon as they entered.
3f37366874fa2b2b684b2b65755e7f7c0604f869	"The club was full of people who injected themselves with drugs.
6a6092ae24a17e346d11d39ea6c072b33de19ff8	There were used syringes on the floor.
8ea493729aab1d3c80cad043b24d06173dc7d130	We stayed there just long enough so that our departure would not seem like an escape.
e99b92b78a2064be591ac54c1ba96c6eb02fa645	Then we were taken to a strip club.
2a1ee1f33c410a409027de227ee8d5799678706f	It seems that this was the only place opened late on Wednesday night that did not look like a disgusting set for the movie "On the Needle".
95ae9045eec6cf3060ba3ab2708ca11344b6cabe	7. Matt has repeatedly confessed his love for hallucinogenic mushrooms.
a3dcafc49196e49c684898bfc1de29c325c0d0d7	"While we were living in Devon, no one told us which music to write was "cool" and which was not.
984f3a9b3e7dfe2614584de7abf6a52439b47a5c	And it was good for us.
449328962385943a0a2f7057f5c596cb779b275b	We were left to ourselves, ate mushrooms and created our own world.
e252e95fa1108f10c07db3f06df438b8654afa4b	We had the freedom to do whatever we wanted.
6927dadb84cb42d2f5f54d58827bfffc42b70717	It was only when we got out of this world that we realized how strange it all looks from the outside."
486cf142969ac44e344af353139132d673677b1b	"Actually, I donot advocate drugs.
bab10a1df7017673695228fee1687a60f5c41ca6	But the use of psychedelics once a year really opens the doors of perception."
4557e023ddfd41797a16e1e8b3efd05bb1c2cac9	8. Matt is a big fan of Tom Waits and has attended his concerts in New York and London.
2d167f2d7de252e0d183c77006a071ffa5063447	"In terms of the methods of manipulating sound and sound patterns to create an atmosphere, Waits had a decisive influence on Muse, although this similarity is not so easy to notice.
fe144409d4f479ac91d52753435748b6126aec2e	His music is the complete opposite of ours, but I love him because he puts so much feeling into his songs, tries on different images when he sings."
96bf51fa1f6a8cc9e6cfaf64de338a4a62cb1259	"I think such wisdom is an extremely rare phenomenon.
737b0645049df8d078dae919c83619aa04323e68	His lyrics are amazing, they reflect all the diversity of the world."
e7ff4063f6679ca6ddc82e25b84cd37ee060a65b	9. While on tour in support of the album "Origin of Symmetry", the band members endlessly reviewed recordings of The Who concerts.
e6285ca53739c7ecf36122a550c680272add06aa	The presentation of the album "Absolution" took place at the London Planetarium a month before the release of the album.
ebccd57cb1b08ca74faea08ec019bbb244f801b9	Hundreds of journalists and other interested persons gathered to go on a virtual flight through the endless expanses of the universe to the majestic accompaniment of the new album.
3e2625eaef861e40edf9c525bc1c34f62873e447	It is noteworthy that in 1973, Pink Floyd presented the album "Dark Side Of The Moon"here.
02339bd0256eadd0b7038ee9d9f253129cb444b6	The song "Thoughts Of A Dying Atheist" (2:04) uses the sound recorded at the moment when Chris jumped into the pool, which was in the studio.
e25c3c34515335dd3b60dcff46fe6772c269f152	The song "The Small Print" (2:51) uses a recording of a cat's meow.
65263adbc407dbc3a87cf7f8e5bdacb4db0218be	Matt does not allow anyone to be present in the studio when he records vocals.
b6c2637bbe6638c0d25ac7ae8b9af0c3c3573fae	"When I'm alone, I can work at the speed I want.
5d2ba0802d6db17b85283c1fddf804c8721a9f76	Sometimes my manic desire for perfection makes me do an infinite number of takes until I am satisfied with the result.
75f3b7879c48c3e1f88737cf9d26aff746a1c3f9	I try different microphones, different singing style, different levels - from quiet to loud.
4bdd63a8c3b6376625fcde3f4429584fbe758c56	During the recording, I like to sing with bare feet.
2d0a46396a716429b0b50ca06d8ac15ccd206126	Such is the oddity.
4964a99d6433157b9257bb9d47590c04ede46cf3	It helps me to achieve more drama."
0dac8e8151518cd6e799bc7df33e082d52b377f8	Matt claims that technically he is most proud of the three part composition "Exogenesis Symphony": "Mainly because of the arrangement, it is quite complicated...
5305327d341f32ae1c42527fd40b9d68d41bb9be	It is one of those things that I am afraid to play live."
193cb55f25ccdc72bc95ac4096ef93cdd8096d08	On June 13, 2010, there were 6 albums on the US Billboard 200 chart at once, which included songs written by Matt Bellamy: "The Resistance";
ebd45123d792f319c8026050e9a9d501ca16a20f	Renee Fleming, «Dark Hope» («Endlessly» cover);
8dfb75d37f1d2542b9d7069c34e9972011e78064	Adam Lambert, «For Your Entertainment» («Soaked» cover);
9bc7cbaf8eeb2bc8304ecb5a5faf5b78c6b59e06	Twilight Saga: Eclipse Soundtrack, «Neutron Star Collision»;
5d03ae2d76710222f12a7820db7a3c0bf81a4095	Twilight Soundtrack, «Supermassive Black Hole»;
74a37289b4e1e137d67af55f425d356de355c74b	Twilight Saga: New Moon Soundtrack, «I Belong to You» Remix.
03138a65c995139d35937e0ba424bd6bc82c49d3	Matt is interested in theories related to alien life.
7a89a6a6f73c1fdf84099f4bd01ad09a4a076b0a	"There are many different conspiracy theories exploring whether aliens exist, whether they have actually visited Earth before, or whether all this is fiction.
83baac2ce7c6edbba9a26369b818366ca4be1597	I find all this extremely interesting.
efdc4f18c12c1620a1a424f38df170965c84e78e	I've always been interested in something like this.
301cab04c9b46e3d0fb660c58eb679b795986f80	I'm the kind of person who can read a book by David Icke without almost wincing once."
824ecff610625642305524cb686286cec6e50c3a	In June 2010, during the "Rock Am Ring" festival in Germany, a huge inflatable flying saucer made of Muse props disrupted the TV broadcast and interrupted the broadcast of the Slayer concert.
26e2db69ecf80258f463d76f325abe634951a698	Matt: "I've always been attracted to flying objects.
121808e2231ee3216ff826c8187105f9e8a4f144	I wanted something to fly over the heads of the audience.
21a9a241e1dd2fd22ef1e7e2edd25c1500cd7071	I dream that at our concerts there will be an entire solar system above the audience, and that the audience will have the feeling that they are in space.
82cd93bc61480b727fbb00612336fe0e1ce7c9f0	True, there are problems with the wind, but we are working on it."
b001cdf04857054d37d53eadcb908b7c0354ca2b	Chris often supports beginner groups.
c705261af47765d828dbb8d7acf74cbf291399c7	So, in 2008, he performed several times as a drummer with the indie band from Teignmouth Hey Molly, and also helped them with the release of their first EP "Backstreet Boozer Loser".
bd990b6204f13773ee8c1b3ca05de6220fb8a39a	In March 2011, Chris performed at a secret concert in Dublin with the local band Bipolar Empire, and in 2012 he participated in the recording of a charity single by The Foundry from Rotherham.
e96ba46e1fa7ce4277480d59d8b2a92dbe8207b8	For the first time, future Muse members saw Morgan Nicholls at the Reading Festival in 1993 or 1994.
1742924ad0fdf3f4ba76cb761c69168f46efe793	Nicholls played bass guitar in the band The Senseless Things.
5468d868d24a61af57cfe14d77a27f42a6d29eac	In August 2004, he replaced the broken arm of Chris at the V Festival.
152410aad81746f1cece56b125afed5ea8cf6349	Even then, Muse thought about offering him the role of their concert keyboard player.
29dfd08d84249d52b13f58f1e056d98b38d34ff1	In May 2006, Morgan performed for the first time as a full – time and permanent concert member of the band during BBC Radio 1's Big Weekend.
88fced0856d65f5a6ef2875906c84a72c88b6c46	Before the concerts at Wembley Stadium in 2007, Muse reviewed the video of the legendary Queen concert in 1986, trying to see every detail.
bcec23de17fc2f3e0619c67516742bb684ee939d	Dom turned to drummer Roger Taylor for advice.
9795eadfb79a02856e8f2749b06a263ceb56830a	He advised the House not to worry – anyway, the stage is so far away that you canot see a damn thing from there.
29f56f7c4db6ca0feed896ee5b8da02501817ca7	In May, Chris visited the FA Cup final to see what the stadium looks like, packed to capacity.
de2605b35fe31fc14b84a6d3b23293bfb0cc0654	At 9 o'clock in the morning on December 9, ticket sales for the concert on June 16, 2007 began.
f3313ec2d02d1c4352242f3b5bb0cf060fc460ac	By 9.45 all tickets were sold out.
e6b74b24f749935c15c1a6d63656bd2de1db378e	It took seven trucks to transport the equipment, 16 kilometers of cables were used, and the entire installation took exactly three hours.
afe6f07c6dd8830381aeb289210a3828f531c61b	Tori Amos BritishWave.ru
b96ec5887dfcd57fff37dcc71ff1f45ffaef351f	Did you find an error?
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8d41f0d947cc1e41435feb0cf14b6e74c664166d	Views: 18826
a13f812f2ac7dfebba5871bd58faf12d03fe386a	ALL ABOUT MODERN MUSIC
430661b1894100becc0e3af23f281fa19e5e8aad	While the British band Muse continues its world concert tour in support of the sixth studio album "The 2nd Law" , and the band's frontman Matt Bellamy is healing a recent leg injury, our portal tried to recall the most interesting facts about the band, some of which you might not know the details→
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10ab7cd4acfe5d5aa31326c295203e70a2ff4923	©2003-2017 "British Wave" - all about modern music
5a78b4decf9adbddb2783296d10e177140fc83c0	Main / Articles / Muse / Chaotic Symmetry Muse: The history of the creation of "Origin Of Symmetry" Chaotic Symmetry Muse: The history of the creation of "Origin Of Symmetry" | Articles | British Wave
89a28bd0751b7e67abb82725a0dbe9655a1daa85	The Greatest show on Earth: on tour with the band Muse Matt Bellamy jokingly calls his group "global ambassadors of fear and paranoia".
d3b3d5c9a9ebd156b667c18b81786b70cd68bd2a	The end of the blockbuster: an interview with Muse Muse - "Drones".
ba87f5dca63d396da4bb19e76a9e760dab53e533	Muse - Drones (2015) After their last two records, British stadium rockers Muse found that their countless fans were polarized and divided into two camps: those who were captivated by the early sound of the band and those who liked the non trivial interpretations of fashion trends by the authorship of the British trio.
479e07f17b5547cfdd06a15d93ed9ff9e12cc407	Muse - Live at Rome Olympic Stadium (2013) Muse - The 2nd Law (2012)
aa9d5d3e35bdcefef608488fec6e398e6a158f74	Muse Concert @ Wiener Stadthalle Brian May calls them "one of the greatest live bands of our time", Dave Grohl is sure that" these guys know how to put on a real show, not to mention record an album", and Tom Morello describes them as "an exceptional band whose grip is equal to its ambitions".
494d188b668a71be2496d28d4dd4d94f2de7e721	Rockestra Concert: Muse @ Red Club
56ae2fc4be6de112e64afe80b18e5a7080655b91	Coma Resistance Forced In Hyper Chondriac Music
0f3aab01778fe4337062ea92b7db6ad7446dfd37	Chaotic symmetry Muse: The history of the creation of "Origin Of Symmetry" 17-07-2015
2d773693962f22b875f9888f64af0e7ed95d5123	It was 2001, and humanity was entering the new millennium with hope and fears.
1988cec03db5aafacd450af5c0a7ad467c6d7e70	Behind us is a century of scientific and technological progress, bloody world wars, space exploration, postmodernism and the formation of popular music.
cae90c76c6663c9f5c9e9f2f63207f679b66075e	Hundreds of musical genres and trends were born, strengthened, evolved, captured the world, crawled to the sidelines, went into oblivion and resurrected in just a few decades.
d7cd73b1696ae7fd7df26383343846919c104a0c	In the late 90s, rock bands increasingly began to turn their eyes to the past.
3c7de6f8a92357d26b8c1a936d81a7de9d442b35	Americans The Strokes and The White Stripes and Australians The Vines, inspired by the aesthetics and sound of the 60s and 80s, breathed life into garage rock and paved the way for countless indie bands of the 2000s.
5c6687ba036e9af3c1d0f0b62593e06c0302e28e	In Britain, the popularity of britpop was gradually declining, and Thom Yorke and his colleagues hit electronic experiments, upsetting part of the army of their fans.
84dfb546f3aa5b33aeda9b7a992f0953576fbda3	A virus called "nu metal" was rapidly spreading in the world...
0bf619420b1198dd5cbebda6937808ce2115c8ba	"Origin of Symmetry" did not fit into everything that was happening.
5efbacadf4fe96d857541151f28df33ea6e4a4b5	It sounded bold and strange, breaking boundaries and rushing into the future.
b91742989090fa6937a2cf0237d2f11391755289	Welcome to the beautiful nightmarish world of one of the most surreal, to the caricature of ridiculous baroque and roll bands ever born by Albion.
03de3aed29c7d339d1126471105ffb48e0427062	(Roger Morton, NME)
2c456b6282fa8a440c5505aac1b0e3bbe9effdf4	From the very beginning, the band divided music lovers and critics into two camps: those who admired its crazy energy, amazing concert performances and eccentric antics of the frontman, and those who considered Muse another pale copy of Radiohead, a pretentious dummy with a Freddie Mercury complex, shamelessly trampling on the classical heritage.
a0103d5b47b3a3ec8b820b6e6dd978f224c077b3	The stumbling block for many was the unusual, nervous vocals of Matthew Bellamy.
c39dceffd9024436f770902c4aa44483f9f2b4dd	Some described the sounds he made as "the screams of a harpy being burned at the stake" and "the hum of a vacuum cleaner pumped up with drugs."
dbe0b25b0bf7f91a48abddf9852046cbc13859e7	Others admired the "vocal pirouettes of the British Gelsomino" and the "ear splitting falsetto of the opera diva on cocaine", which did not fit into the charts.
9218530839921cf5a7fe75ce975d9b905d0818a8	There were also those who, refraining from any epithets, simply pressed the "stop"button.
a992979f23a6b5a4dd50b5f28c45d1dcfd8aa252	For two years since the release of the debut record, the band has been touring continuously.
488e7c2e5931d9960e614e25c4546eecf894d88f	In the States, they warmed up the rock giants Foo Fighters and Red Hot Chili Peppers, gaining experience for their future grand stadium shows.
4a84b8d4eae1bb605d570801ddd6f3ba13931527	Matt selflessly destroyed equipment at concerts and increasingly confided in journalists about government conspiracies, seances, alien invasions, magic mushrooms, psychological wars and Berlioz, gradually turning into a real, incredibly strange and very charming rock star.
07f53b4672536cf928a33b99a4e15dd83edbe904	In 2000, the band won in the category "Best New Band" at the NME Awards ceremony.
527f471cd498f87183af9472386f2c060e532121	All this paved the way for the second album, which strengthened the positions of both fans and opponents of the band.
1f406a2360d215124c9956562f31375e1ded5143	With the release of this record, the following geniuses turned over in their coffins at the same time: Johann Sebastian Bach, Sergei Vasilyevich Rachmaninov, Richard Wagner and some others.
9e4fa1396597e063b0352100896e5de26d432f5c	(Fuzz № 11, 2001)
20ebedcb856b0fad6c57796024ad2ef743a7efdb	Despite half a million copies of the debut record sold and a growing army of fans, Muse still remained in the shadows.
de288e1210571c1773babb676772d436d23ff1ed	Released in March 2001, the single "Plug In Baby", a radio hit with a recognizable neoclassical riff, quickly broke into the 11th line of the chart and changed the situation.
ff5963cf40a8b4eeefeeb26f316b9d9339e198e6	The subsequent "New Born" reached the 12th place in June and set up fans of the Devon trio for an album full of well tailored rock fighters.
15eb1b1727b25f6f50c2c37479934fb645df345f	But the group is not used to meeting anyone's expectations.
2991617f80b35b12cdffcdb669fa3b1667a133ed	"Origin of Symmetry" was recorded much faster than the rest of the albums – in a few short studio sessions, squeezed into a busy tour schedule.
36ac3ec24e509d78110df71ac01ba7eeb995d8b1	The record label "Taste Media" planned to re entrust the production to John Leckie, who worked on the first longplay, but since he was in Africa, it was decided to record several songs with Dave Bottrill, known for his collaborations with Tool, King Crimson, Dream Theater and Peter Gabriel.
9c5b8f175a66c5d3265c5e78de1a57a208dc231f	The songs "New Born", "Plug In Baby", "Bliss" and " Darkshines "were recorded at Rich Farm Studios (Surrey) at the end of 2000 – in between performances in Scandinavia and Australia.
798947a605322d8620c5cbaf1b2d48cb8a493074	The band created an atmosphere in the studio that was close to a live performance, trying to sound like the three of them were playing on stage when recording.
886c1bdeb7a2ee3cc03b56e88e95a3a2bd9f4d64	"It was a great time, we were fooling around, eating mushrooms and all that, being cut off from the world in the Surrey wilderness," Dominic said.
63e7e1ee1e0e3f1623dc692b311f69e9fceb4cfc	"There were a lot of hallucinogenic mushrooms growing not far from the studio where we worked, so we ate everything we could find, and then everything was like in a fog.
dcd0f2dd464f1ddfc1894ef9402301afabf6065e	Everything we did seemed brilliant to me.
704b8cfcf7d0936451d07f4c7a18912db306438a	I thought: "Oh, this bass drum sound is the most beautiful thing I've heard in my life."
673f220d317cad73078c83696c40d621d84db07b	In the first couple of days, we managed to record quite a lot, and then mushrooms and other things started to come into play, and we stopped understanding what was happening – " Matt recalled.
58178bc1813363026b68c189a6ff1549e53e32a5	– I remember how I tried to use my voice in the introduction to "New Born" instead of the piano, and it sounded idiotic.
b6fcf9d7073dcccc3295730ed46e020e37a5268f	It was only when we were at home a month later that we realized that everything we had recorded was complete garbage.
54bb7fea28e20f2a46f53a9e4456f1cce09b664a	No, it's definitely not Dave's fault, the recordings of the main parts were excellent, but the mixed versions of the songs were far from ideal.
56d85c4cfd47ee108d30a64bb834887aebafd2e0	So, although the use of hallucinogens really expands consciousness and all that, you need to give everything a final form on a sober head."
a4baa7cb3cef02875c2f83e4db0827582e5e2d67	The band had to turn to John Kornfield, a recording engineer from the Sawmills studio, and together with him they had to redo the recorded tracks for several days.
7f742a1fb612c28209b00ffc5f4680bdacce178f	The songs recorded with Botrill best reflected the spirit of concert performances.
7d5242ceeee244ea2b35d0402f645825773b4398	(Interestingly, "Plug In Baby" and "New Born" are still among the three most frequently played things).
db9f972f488a50aae1a9b2e61f91f7a81490d6b3	They were considered by the band as the backbone of the new album, around which it was possible to experiment.
30e4dbc40daa5a4a48e8a47a67f1a5cb11af53ef	John Leckie, like no one else, was suitable for working on more strange, sometimes invading the territory of art rock compositions that reveal various facets of Matthew Bellamy's unbridled imagination.
4541e8cc9367e3ecc3715c0957e6efc863a65779	"Origin of Symmetry" is a minor, heavy and infinitely inventive album, an unimaginable synthesis of human thought and developing technologies.
848d03ace9d802c22126fe7c9df4de912d6cedce	(Henry Yates, Total Guitar)
185037dab36a5051255f3ad5d4cba96b15297a59	"From the very beginning, the idea was that Dave Botrill would work with the band on potential hits, and I would do more unusual songs.
86457a9f65332f7dba8853873fb3a17613a121a6	We went to the Real World Studios in Wiltshire and recorded in the Great Hall, then spent some time at the Astoria, a floating studio on the Thames owned by David Gilmour.
e9f15d8afdfa31db33dedce18ec0cc64ae2bcb1a	Then there was a week of work at Abbey Road, after which the band went to the Sawmills studio to finish tracks with John Cornfield, " John Leckie recalled.
32a174a961e9b776df6ae997e60d7d9a13bb62a5	Matt: "When recording the album, we tried to reflect those aspects of our creativity that have not yet been fully manifested.
8d4bf7353b5589b1e4591d667ea20acb8a26430c	These are progressive, hard rock elements and our eccentricity.
1a8d822aa824d7922ec923f4740907c6e3046df8	When we were working on the album "Showbiz", we selected songs for it that have a more or less traditional structure.
701823abe63afa4a8d69968b6dbb11936945ec8a	When we started working on the second album, we did the opposite, focusing on material that goes beyond the usual framework."
2427cca2472cce3b95864d420100ae6bdaf9b31d	Inspired by the performances of Tom Waits in New York, Matt decided to use the strangest instruments imaginable in the recording process to achieve an organic sound and a dark psychedelic atmosphere.
364d12c607e6b543c7b3a24808af440416ccff51	He suggested that Lecky use a human skull as percussion, but had to settle for animal ribs bought at a nearby butcher shop.
2d6325ee46dc8f9cd62aab507f62f5ac70ee89c7	In search of original sounds, Lecky forced the guys to hang llama claws around their necks before recording each song, walk on packaging film and rustle newspapers.
c6601b9226deba3addc4ca76e310d7ce6a7c9e1c	When recording the ending of the song "Space Dementia", the band members tried shakers, salt and pepper shakers, but as a result they decided to use the zipper on Matt's pants, passing the sound through the microphone.
16ae79b82270acb9fc4e7d529ce0706e9457f148	Chris: "This is the first time we started recording an album from scratch.
d9f1e625b15dfe55cd730fe37762943c2e710b15	I think that for most bands, the first record is a collection of songs written since the formation of the band.
55b2f93cb585ee180f048ffde83febf779d48b9a	The second studio album was recorded in a completely different atmosphere.
c756acba2ddb0eeebaa52b85ebb6a9df07a68b87	We needed to write an album united by a certain idea.
3ec99522a823a56bd6e65867bc7c69e4e91beb84	I think it gives you complete freedom of action, because there is a blank canvas in front of you, and you can draw anything you want on it, and experiment as you like."
7bb0fe775a2a0a27d682f1e2a1500ec494fd9e45	When Darwin titled his book "The Origin of Species", he went beyond a simple classification, providing a logical explanation for the diversity of living beings that we observe in nature.
e93196a27903e100ffd4d03069c9ea10596d4de5	In physics, we need our own equivalent of this work, which could be called "The Origin of Symmetry".
aae019900cf787a46cdec8b2a0b425fcb7eff132	This book would explain the reason for the existence of symmetrical forms in nature.
92d9d5600345c175962fe3237ac21fa16af7f100	(Michio Kaku, "Hyperspace")
23efa55c419a0b5cb03af9b4e1a104c208c39491	Matt has repeatedly confessed his love for science.
25b21442b9053fe691e962c681507cb1c89b54ee	In the period following the release of the debut book, he was fond of popular literature about the structure of the universe and its laws.
742a514c62ae29f5d40008ef5ba5226e3624338a	"At that time, I was reading Hyperspace, one of those books that talks about superstring theory, which combines quantum mechanics with Einstein's general theory of relativity and claims to be a comprehensive universal theory that explains everything.
6584cb96f85eb438ffad22ed4202e40ebce2f2ef	This is a kind of Holy Grail of physicists.
e2c56e31ae940dd204f9bedb10f59beca4b662b6	These ideas fascinated me, as well as a number of other things.
84c546662594be24eafd6e9fb4815bbd6086eee6	The book raises questions about why everything in the universe is in such an amazing balance, which is the source of symmetry.
f66bf6e7b777dc28fee164c606964d7f8fe376c1	This is a more scientific statement of the question of the meaning of our existence.
815679100745f6f39e431aeaef1ce1faeeec4fde	I thought that in the process of creating crappy riffs, experimenting with the synthesizer and mocking the piano, I would be able to get closer to the answer."
3034649cc996e9bc9acc2434615eeb98a6bf588c	Dom: "The title is taken from a book that Matt was reading at the time.
231e4cec1b63b29b09c31fa25ab817e76df6325e	This is some kind of abstruse thing about physics, and he pretended that he liked it.
cd1c4e50c5e4fe8371f49be1a35eaaca7d82f0f0	The meaning of the name is whether it is possible, by studying the universe, to determine what we all exist for."
eb27922044637db7bac633e4b71fa3cb62b9ac70	"Origin of Symmetry" is not the case when you can make an impression about the album already by the first chords.
37633d55b2bfe1f0dd38443ad97fc4008d161250	The tight, strong, metallic sound of the first songs roaring from the speakers, and the ultra modern intuitive production of Bottrill and Lecky created the impression that the authors of "Showbiz" broke straight into the 25th century.
ecd6eb9af5750a01278dd1fc79310c792c215794	(Mark Beaumont)
0b61c715562d4cfd5e1fc8819a80b5fd8e4be1d2	Thinking over the visual component of the release, the group asked 12 artists to fantasize on the topic "The Origin (beginning, source, root cause) of symmetry".
fd09a69a88b77658732f48b517a2d5e3f5052783	As a result, the album cover was the work of William Iger, depicting a flat white surface on which giant tuning forks or antennas are arranged in a certain order, resembling a rugby goal.
b208553af29d499e6baaa87bf4d627d58fb15c17	In an interview, Matt said that the antennas symbolize a civilization destroyed by technology.
a4c510f36fc2cdfb65453a8f157a4e77cac67d15	During headlining performances at festivals in Reading and Leeds in 2011, dedicated to the tenth anniversary of the album, a video was shown on the screen to the sounds of "New Born", in which mysterious forks and tuning forks transmitted messages to aliens.
901d44df8d1ac2497aa7ea60a2f4c1cf85ded2b6	Some of the works included in the booklet were also used for singles.
6241fde6b575ab08063e451e24b67085660e6d58	Adam Cruickshank's drawing became the cover of the single "New Born".
fe474e9b97565586962e2198364ca9edd440b51f	Leo Marcantonio's abstraction seemed to be the best solution for the artistic design of "Bliss" , and Tim Berry's picture decorated CD 2 in the double single "Hyper Music/Feeling Good".
1eaa7d7188f143c4103699914a83fdbac25efd18	We finished mixing "Origin", and the next day we went on tour again.
515048e26e37bbe4eb7716fe559a277533fdfa9f	Everything happened in a hurry.
47c3cc54aada0714cb1aa89974f34a9778dfab02	It seems to me that for this reason the album turned out exactly like this…There is something inconsistent, chaotic about it.
eb1bb54af2beac712a6d44731bda0e576210308b	It seems that the general idea is present, but it is not fully disclosed.
59ce803e21c822c1268f119212dfb2c8539cf05f	But maybe that's the attraction of it.
c3a943921febb4124ae4285dd971b593ff862b2c	(Chris Wolstenholme)
ce4b1a5d56520b49b2f3aea4bddcd3f80d4a1c6f	Some facts 1.
e4ad97b38cb9854f70fc98e752e867a9eac5fea6	In the UK chart, "Origin of Symmetry" reached the third place.
1f6cd7dc1e582aca14809f6f1e4c3027e7899143	The album went platinum in the UK and Australia.
a0905994e63b79148e8e531aca6c613a935d05f8	2. The label "Maverick", on which Muse was signed, refused to release the album in the United States due to fears that Matt's extraordinary vocals would hinder the rotation of songs on the radio and successful sales.
d0e5d8d25fc6c3816c8d51344b0c9a5e149f1d48	The group refused to change anything and preferred to say goodbye to the company.
71e658f9b312c4a9da32f1920557fd86f390d8f0	Serj Tankian from System Of Down offered to license the album on his label "Serjical Strike", but the attempt failed.
1fc69fa0c776f7d2b42c438047790bc0b8bdd043	In the United States, the album debuted on the chart only in 2005.
463b2a7a2130b5b2aee2482225460505d13f5c0c	3. The inspiration for the guitar riff in " Plug In Baby "was" Toccata and Fugue in D Minor "by Johann Sebastian Bach and the track" Organ Donor " by DJ Shadow.
ee4960b7af40fde684d33643e5621e60c1386689	The riff from "Plug In Baby" appeared during the jams during the tour with the Red Hot Chili Peppers.
e5613d781f953937efe3272305739d5fbc8548ca	It was named the best riff of the noughties by the results of a survey of readers of the magazine "Total Guitar" in 2010.
eea6afcb8fde39a6bacb68b0051953c0ec22b11f	4. During the first performance, the ending of the song "Citizen Erased" was played on the guitar.
cad7308b90605aff4a7231e27847b210e9d6521c	The piano version has been used since April 2001.
cb3f4a21afaef363b186cf8aa38b6ca553a053ee	"Citizen Erased" was the only song that Matt played on the seven string "Manson".
544b31998960148a7e5333b3a646471075b8ce54	In a 2010 interview, Matt said that this was the first guitar he bought from Hugh Manson's store.
e95ad179d354f02645fb58a105790231f28277a5	5. For the song "Megalomania" Muse had to record the part on the organ.
72bdd1d1c15d9fbfc09dae344f6ef9fc28f73a2f	After being rejected by the Welsh Cathedral, they looked into the Church of St. Mary in the town of Bathwick, Somerset.
9fa30f8a1577194f774c5d7a456a7f41567b0598	The priest, before giving consent, wanted to see the lyrics of the song and make sure that there was nothing vicious or anti Christian in it.
3a8eb24d1b1ad7b22026f695e146faca4b991e62	Matt sketched out a text that had nothing to do with the album version, and the band got permission.
08b871964d47c273d9a0ff0dc7fe7d16e0304b91	In an interview, Matt says that he had to pay the priest 350 pounds.
f73809976ec7d9cabef4d1364afe78347928d90e	Chris once asked Matt what the song was about.
3808d677ea7c39e9a5c0309064befd1c63e69ce6	Matt gave an unintelligible answer, and Chris never asked about it again.
3b074f6e30c3835cbb6a30d3de56b182b7ed69ce	6. The cover version of the song "Feeling Good", written by Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley for the musical "The Roar Of The Greasepaint – The Smell of the Crowd", reached such a level of popularity that the company "Nescafé" decided to use it for its TV advertising without the band's knowledge.
b7859d1f99bdc6d284a8c7b7d91e709892b852f9	However, lawyers hired by the group claimed copyright to the Muse version and forced the company to remove it from the video.
c5222019d168fe117f58aa184daf1b9b27d2b6a4	Nescafé attracted session musicians who performed the song, imitating the manner of Muse, and the band received compensation from the company for the unauthorized use of their cover and gave the money to the charity organization Oxfam.
e81cdf3267ebf56461a2dc8769575417d02c3e66	"Feeling Good" in the interpretation of Muse took the fifth place in the list of the best covers according to the magazine "Total Guitar" in 2008.
0af8ea580b5ce89f7d28f11f748e55a7e194159a	This version is heard in the movie "Seven Lives", as well as in an advertisement for Virgin Atlantic.
fb10759ebbb59cb635c1db1aae210920f0b35017	7. Matt said that one of his favorite songs is "Bliss", as it reminds him of a children's music program that he watched at the age of five.
a88f0422fb8ecd37b92bd0ce7adf69a6a5d8fbb6	"I took the loss from there.
c56bf9ca836caabf2a25469aa34159fc48f73d71	This song takes me to a time when I looked at the world easier and it was more pleasant to live."
deffefc2462ebb711bb1772a4cc413e7c4d49154	In fact, Matt is referring to the first "Top Gear" game for Super Nintendo.
b184495e9bcbc961e46197d7527c813d54543915	8. Matt about " Space Dementia": "In this song, you can hear a Rachmaninoff motif – a piece of melody taken from his Second Piano Concerto and played on a synthesizer.
47d9031c2ceafb337aa058fb56471907ad2e859e	At that time, I was interested in the music of the romantic period and tried to cross the piano with rock in this song" In September 2001, Muse came to Russia for the first time to participate in the presentation of the Russian version of the British edition of "New Musical Express".
bb191d4e5664bf0498fca1139d66d12883f29cd3	In the Russian animated series "Masyanya", a rock band consisting of Masyanya, Shaggy and Hryundel performs a cover of the song " New Born "(episode"Russian Punk Rock").
79c14d4a7c1ca61a75cd116327a41130bcd771c2	To be continued…
3e761b8012d14ff7888b9e887de1cdfa67b9e717	Tori Emmett BritishWave.ru
b71e93ce46e9f455994fc47f206c867a7f8fb1a7	Views: 2578
50ee79fab5b6c5bc3ead37e3336db4d67cdd8afe	Behind us is a century of scientific and technological progress, bloody world wars, space exploration, postmodernism and the formation of popular music details→
e110791b43a90e1da6164894b50b36d479609bfc	Muse's performance at Big Day Out 2010 in Melbourne.
4bc658ea007291c320feb56bffd5f0bda537a252	From left to right: Dominic Howard, Matthew Bellamy, Morgan Nicholls (session musician) and Chris Wolstenholme
002f5c11240973b6795384eb208917cb7672c996	Basic information Genre alternative rock, [1] [2] space rock, [3] progressive rock, [4] symphonic rock[5]
d107c5971c2e6ed5892920be4f0daf2e6812f08c	Years 1994 present
51cddc958200230ff9eb5930a25676fca3498bf4	Country United Kingdom United Kingdom
dab9206fd3e3a39b63dad08874ce98f9e4141672	Teignmouth, Devon
f511a3d92550f28a21ae14ad03b436315c7ce44a	Labels Mushroom Records, A&E Records, Warner Bros.
2b705460d19473d4ccad132d6358389814cd2982	Records, East West Records, Taste Media, Helium 3
7dd83c4cf85519621c1922e4c3bcba211c50f270	Line up Matthew Bellamy
9e56a44305c058b40f9f18fd449186ceddc13ef6	Chris Wolstenholme
7946504d82f3be2d82c444ea99323c550f85d5e7	Dominic Howard
95c1d1a1ce3bf5845e20f74f4611d60ae44e8c7f	www.muse.mu
b8e493a2e67f0b094593c7a4a0104383702732ef	Muse on Wikimedia Commons
77356b28a07bed09de42a261e745d7e1a1d30cb8	Muse (MFA: [mjuːz], translated from English — Muse) is a British rock band formed in 1994 in the city of Teignmouth (Devon).
fdc34d7949ee430d66040bb7cd927e4b393751f5	The band consists of three members: Matthew Bellamy (vocals, guitar, keys), Chris Wolstenholme (bass guitar, backing vocals, vocals) and Dominic Howard (drums).
791ade8d94c375c4e179df223db67130950bf52c	In total, Muse released seven studio albums and four live albums, sales of which exceeded 15 million[6], and also won awards at the MTV Europe Music Awards, Q Awards, NME Awards, Brit Awards, Kerrang!
1bae1be0ddedacea3ce8b65b4017a0f0681b6cad	Awards, Grammy Awards and other awards, mainly received for concert performances.
8ef14084ec21c5233274b28f8053868deae59ca8	1 Band line up 1.1 Official line up 1.2 Session musicians
722351f755c913edaa0caede91b9fc55c4699ac5	2 History 2.1 Formation and Early Years (1992-1997) 2.2 The First EP and Showbiz (1998-2000) 2.3 Origin of Symmetry (2001-2002) 2.4 Absolution (2003-2005) 2.5 Black Holes and Revelations (2006-2008) 2.6 The Resistance (2009-2011) 2.7 The 2nd Law (2012-2013) 2.8 Drones (since 2014)
9e84bfceae6d8b2a72363896aabfc2fdbcd743db	3 Musical style 4 Discography 5 Video Clips 6 Awards 7 Notes 8 Literature 9 References
a3b081b3e8cf692f8b7ea8a2fbde7dab831fb21b	The composition of the group[edit / edit wiki text]
60e049a9f599d40d1751e09cfa5931dd7ff87e7e	Official composition[edit / edit wiki text]
4161496849aaf31ccb5b18a6dea14131352f1495	Session musicians[edit / edit wiki text]
57eb00382fc6dc16d8c484ca77875cc01b8f30d5	Morgan Nicholls keyboard, samples, backing vocals, percussion, guitar, bass (2004, 2006-2009, 2009 present).
1aaebaae9fd6b3e05be3e9b14550814c6dfd82d7	Alessandro Cortini keyboards, samples, backing vocals, percussion (2009).
4e38f9c23ff5dbc43e8aa200988a60e73003fa07	Paul Reeve — backing vocals on Showbiz and Absolution.
54b70da7aa8a5500d42661c30ab516322c0bf049	Jackline Norrie violin on Origin of Symmetry.
c359abde61963a8ff8eca5fdea5f5faba7b920a3	Sarah Herbert violin on Origin of Symmetry.
5d870c924095c630ffb34a325df39c7a2d595b9f	Claire Finnemore viola on Origin of Symmetry.
fdf7a3b7a63ba5870c758240ed701fc3b9bb2353	Caroline Lavell — cello on Origin of Symmetry.
76b03d9df279dbafbd0484aae7749a6787cd683d	Matthew Bellamy
40c3a9af41d217fdee20850a65f0020a705162b3	Formation and early years (1992-1997)[edit / edit wiki text]
8ea92efa6715121a8029a91e90001cff2c9874c8	The formation of Muse began after Matthew Bellamy became the guitarist in Dominic Howard's band.
df33890dfbe463c196d8c57c0b09381f25187915	They got into a difficult situation when their second guitarist Phys Vandit decided to leave.
77d6e69746a83be6af458336d9b1bf3a8e2b52cb	Then they asked their close friend Chris Wolstenholme to learn how to play bass guitar.
7ba691dcc7a7b2a764cf0134222d5217273e61eb	Since then, the band has changed a large number of names, such as: Gothic Plague, Carnage Mayhem, Fixed Penalty and Rocket Baby Dolls, before becoming Muse (the enumeration is abstract, the information in different interviews differ from each other).
aa35b53c4169e16b55a4e2202bc1c1a155724b06	In 1994, under the name Rocket Baby Dolls, Muse won a local "Battle of the Bands", destroying their equipment in the process of performing.
5a62d29fbd58e625d8c1ef48b18c6b9f3d97fae2	(They were "the only real rock band.")[7][8]
1c76b68a5b2844ab15bbfc21de10a3cec2c6180c	Soon after, they decided not to go to university, but to immerse themselves in the musical environment.
b3c535c4808fafde1b52de8cf8dfbea322d808ef	They changed their name to Muse and started playing in local clubs like The Cavern in Exeter.
8fdffc761a7f6a3746fbf096d8c15afe9ea320af	The first EP and Showbiz (1998-2000)[edit / edit wiki text]
cf60d089bd140ccafc9e2056ac75b3d43ec7db25	Main article: Showbiz
b6d5ceba61951f4c63b274a87560b4693eac0db1	The Muse logo, which came into use mainly after the release of the mini album Muse in 1998
2dab1736b4d18f5990e60faaf86eb55ab52579a0	The band met with Dennis Smith, the owner of Sawmills (a recording studio in a converted mill in Cornwall, in Southwest England), and signed a contract with him.
d41c8f7b675b1c0f27cc80786325c470e75e89b6	This meeting led Muse to their first real recordings and the release of the eponymous EP with the face of the House on the cover by the Soomill label Dangerous.
518db791a6bcb66276792b3c55a92c7ff554df62	Their second EP Muscle Museum, released in January 1999, included two versions of the title track and the song "Sober", "Uno", "Unintended" and "Instant Messenger".
e114bbf60f9440969e402abd9f468c4b360b9c9e	The release attracted the attention of influential British music journalist Steve Lamak.
97b1592f8bec1b6e6e2da2c46a58052f405961f5	Muse themselves, although they do not deny the influence, are struggling to assert their independence.
f4d366c4bb6d2c453b5db85342424a97cb58da39	Bellamy says, " I've been traveling around Europe a lot since I graduated from college.
6d9742373c8da2d42a9ef7bd7f95af9b4830c85e	It's good to be exposed to a lot of influences, in addition to a few narrow trends, which the vast majority of people are content with."
6b3928682a1ae5dfb95d4e3941616d6ba2b50b9c	Later, Dennis Smith founded the music company Taste Media specifically for Muse (the band stayed with her for the first three albums).
945d6ca080c925a2b6f40d6ed46a4945fca16468	This was a great success for the band, as it allowed them to preserve their individuality of the sound of the early period of their career.
72cac0f5b843c4ab29a6de722ecf44018ed62dcb	Despite the success of the first EP, British record companies refused to support Muse, being concerned that the sound of Muse resembled Radiohead (from the time of The Bends).
c57dddd7661deba369200b6e51e20c34b78c3563	Nevertheless, the American label Maverick Records organized the band several performances in the United States before signing them at the end of 1998.
14d6fa4cb2076839de5b3b1aa0dafe1187277641	Upon the band's return to the UK, Taste Media signed deals with various labels in Europe and Australia.
3bf692b22915e044819e49a0ab5264052c041f12	John Leckie, who produced the aforementioned The Bends, The Stone Roses and The Verve, was brought in to work on Muse's first album, Showbiz.
134bad99e0b0bd2beadaacc3c55f9dbd819d488f	The album reflected the band's aggressively lyrical style, and its lyrics contained many references to the difficulties they had to overcome to establish themselves in Teignmouth.
b4f783a9afdc5ad47decd633878193d2f3921b15	After the release of the album, the band went on tour to support the bands Foo Fighters and Red Hot Chili Peppers.
04130af455e1d557a96d6ecede173fdc683e86d6	Origin of Symmetry (2001—2002)[edit / edit wiki text]
7f86c5a9d946c59683f05eabb1946dee9cb8e4bb	Main article: Origin of Symmetry
3bbe7af2b1295f31e4cce60d371fa51593f7e029	In November 2000, Muse started visiting the studio again, along with producers John Kornfield and Paul Reeve.
53ee161dbf3ed82991f5aeb25bdbf8e3d40e4434	At first, three or four songs were recorded, but then the band changed the producer, and the American Rich Bones helped finish the album.
c7bc5db53779dfbdcb7d9bc29c8320c038249916	It seems most likely that Matt had problems with self identification as a result of his sharply increased popularity.
a84a563e2854b39a14a4ad87c97ee9a668887d55	It is only known that Matt was aware of the change in the sound of the album that eventually came out, and was very worried about how the listeners would perceive it[9].
704450a54224cbf68f59398d432d2306be3b2199	Maverick felt that Bellamy's falsetto was unfavorable for the release of the album on the radio, and demanded that some songs be changed for the release of the album in the United States.
2a2b6e100d27ff93b85e00ad0ad075ce7880b098	The band refused and left the label, which is why the album was finally released in the United States only on September 20, 2005, after Muse signed a contract with Warner.
76d907d77b1edaa9d9d3bbe19f30540b999c3336	Muse released a live DVD, Hullabaloo, with recordings of two consecutive concerts at Le Zenith in Paris in 2001.
1daa0fbf7567d2c602876afbc0bb12dd8fa39bf8	In February 2006, Q magazine placed Origin of Symmetry on the 74th place in the list of the 100 greatest albums on the planet[10].
93effa1194438bf12b97fad560d54df1b9ab8733	Absolution (2003—2005)[edit / edit wiki text]
3145a8d67b2192034f6517ac4012ccd2679cb0e6	Main Article: Absolution
834096663ab0c328c8b2b08e30cde9cf00c985a8	Chris Wolstenholme performs at the Mod Club Theatre (Toronto) in 2004.
3d83074e3462f6550cbdc5552f922fe870f66fc6	Absolution's international tour included performances in North America for the first time since 1999.
335b80050c2aa22c102febc5187967300a21f1d9	Absolution (produced by Rich Bones) was released in 2003 and debuted at the top of the UK chart.
de2eb6c92d369dcf436438a5ac82ad9b4b50e717	Many songs from this album — "Time Is Running Out", "Hysteria", "Sing for Absolution", "Butterflies and Hurricanes" - became hits.
1b9601aaded737702ff9f016751353b0b922899b	However, several events occurred, as a result of which everything changed a lot.
69674de7aa2e834d5bbb497b7b3b6f462ed487fe	By the way, during the same period, some professional music publications called Muse "the best rock concert band on the planet", forgetting for a while the U2 championship in this category.
1e1243d886ddf31dfd42996734ba0d6ba33957d4	Muse went on their first tour of the stadiums of the planet for about a year, during which the musicians visited Australia, New Zealand, the USA, Canada and France.
d213c9513d60e50c52e64921fa30f774eab8927a	The American part of the tour began somewhat unsuccessfully, as Bellamy injured his face during a concert in Atlanta.
e60c22090bbd7840188c0e6fa471b78c0ffccfc8	Muse headlined the Glastonbury Festival in June 2004.
b69df706b81c5067fe7e6de2cf3a9eeab751b143	Bellamy called this concert "the best live performance of our lives".
30c7b901da1d3bf986bfb3ca3f1612e4ee110780	However, the luck was overshadowed by the fact that Dom's father, Bill Howard, who was present at the festival, died of a heart attack immediately after the concert ended.
5702d329250537e6fb8b7a8cd3a4003dafcfa7ae	"It was almost unreal that his father died an hour later.
5a0791b2d062772c6359fd980515e567a25618e8	Muse soon resumed their tour.
edd735c67a68ecc5765a092c34570673a06360a0	They won two MTV Europe awards, including the nomination "best alternative band" and the Q Award in the category "best concert".
2b73d83fae3d6d9cbb8f913c2dd0f2fc76e40bed	The band completed the tour in January 2005.
d9376317a0228d0e5d2d8e12e6bb2c1da1f2c7f4	On December 12, 2005, the Absolution Tour DVD was released, containing footage of the best concerts from Glastonbury 2004 to concerts at London Earls Court, Wembley Stadium and at the Wiltern Theatre in Los Angeles.
3d74175f501eb3c09cd2471383c8cdbc2321a964	Two songs, "Endlessly" and "Thoughts Of A Dying Atheist", were filmed at Wembley Stadium.
580043359ff2b39c9740d991ebcc7e2423f9d4ce	The only song from the album that is not on this disc is "Falling Away With You", since it has never been performed at concerts until now.
a77d98be36c1d6076f2635c5966c6ce67cfa4a75	Black Holes and Revelations (2006—2008)[edit / edit wiki text]
f503d0b974be6e4ff9aad1812e3c6be85fcad6f9	Main Article: Black Holes and Revelations
714e11450038f787a771690e6804fef8608095be	Performance of the song "Starlight" at the Reading and Leeds festivals on August 28, 2006
6fe10dfaf722bc9718ea4e1f052cb9d7ce52921f	This CD became one of the most successful in the entire history of the band: in the first week of sales, it sold more than a hundred thousand copies.
d2a0b3e37be4a0075b2e20cb6cb62cbd4c9b506e	Black Holes and Revelations went platinum, having sold more than a million copies in Europe.
70217cf75e4371e8d344592a6191e3257d699220	The first single from the album, "Supermassive Black Hole", was released as an audio download on May 9, 2006 and was accompanied by a music video shot by Floria Sigismondi.
a05fbce9f6ce3ee4e808bb8941b2e069c58531b0	On September 4, 2006, the second single, "Starlight", was released.
f4109fb0f0b47af42c186694b7bcb84aab82566c	"Knights of Cydonia" was released as a radio single in the US on June 13 and in the UK on November 27, 2006.
5947a19c6a707adaf5efcf728c5aa12e97f1d3c2	Muse at the "Rock Am Ring" festival (Germany) in 2007
07059280b711f71b0ec1dcb5d09edc2d71a6a6dd	The band's tour began in North America.
fc5913e8568a68fe3501a8ec58f6f452083c3321	After the last of the summer festivals, a tour of Europe began, which included a large number of performances in the UK arenas.
628e9146577d8f52edda33f29637e6d970eb21ea	The tour continued with concerts in Australia, New Zealand and Southeast Asia in early 2007 and returned to England with grand concerts, the first at the restored Wembley Stadium on June 16 and 17.
b5f370af162f0a85d7734578a7f2b4feff42c42d	Both concerts were recorded and released on the album HAARP, released on March 17, 2008 in the UK and on April 1 in the US.
10e35c809aaf9ab0efca4fb1738ac59f47938ba1	The name is taken from the American research program HAARP, which studies the possibility of controlling the ionosphere.
92e72bc7bf8a599e83745402100e13bea7677647	In August, the band returned to the United States, where they played at Madison Square Garden in New York.
0a66bf9e2174b51fe2e2da8df4ef566a0fc6bb65	In October, they performed in Las Vegas with Rage Against the Machine, Daft Punk, and Queens of the Stone Age.
791d382ea9dd63c452e33d6538f4906a2416ad7f	In 2008, many concerts were also given.
3cbe776c5411e6e36e36d6ec9ae40893f42f7ec2	In March, the band performed in Africa Johannesburg and Cape Town, as well as in Dubai.
bfb96ab9c2458defc3d0103fb63a84c4aad24588	Muse played at the Rio Lisboa Festival on June 6 together with Kaiser Chiefs, The Offspring and Linkin Park.
7195c33a86b22515633da5bf2c9b43673cf955aa	The Resistance (2009—2011)[edit / edit wiki text]
cec3a36af0fadaa7f5185e84da04519c30d962c4	Main article: The Resistance
2cb315bb52ba9eba859f822255593b06743397c3	Performance of "The Resistance" at the National Indoor Arena in Birmingham on November 10, 2009.
3745e25ea285db34b109f77f34ebeb090add9d81	In an interview given to the magazine "Rock Mag" in May 2008 and published in the July issue, Bellamy confirmed the information about the beginning of work on a new album.
7408357507ea9898a85bcc7bd4073a1c9f3a0e4b	Some of the songs were supposed to sound in an electronic or dance key, some were more likely to be symphonic or classical.
927fbeb4fd248e4ac6dabccb05a0601fbcfede46	The musicians even invited an orchestra to record.
30b58ca655dae4e931dc65c34929b8fbf3d65b86	The Resistance was released on September 11 in Italy, Germany, Australia and the Benelux, on September 14 in the UK and on September 15 in the US and Canada.
fac36774c76f4dc3158550d8d88c6d4887996a8f	This is the first album that was produced by the band itself.
cad9955f5ac751d1d2d30207ae20712dcd93df82	The mixing was handled by Mark Stent.
da9b97505fe99d686b5f76784ecfd893a248c149	The Resistance debuted at number one on the charts of 19 countries and reached number three on the US chart.
43aa8958d64cbc8ae0e1ac363475f8761436e5b1	It was a better result than the previous album.
018ad7d2d02456f6f20ed9a9da1997104aad87c3	The first single, "Uprising", was released a week earlier.
98a7f4b9f89f228485b06db5d4b2aed9d285accd	Bellamy's performance at the Oracle Arena in Oakland (California) on December 12, 2009
169984d210ed279648c8a011e1ae44530796ffca	The band's resistance tour began with a concert on October 22, 2009 at the Hartwall Arena in Finland.
3f1f4646d6ffd78875c14fbb3af6e9f96dda19ba	Having traveled all over Europe during the autumn months, the musicians took part in the Australian Big Day Out festival after the New Year holidays.
7607e4e8137bdbd497121e15f91acf7ffda16a43	After a short rest, which will end on May 25 with a small concert in Paris, the band will begin a large scale festival and stadium summer tour, within which they will participate in many festivals, including Rock in Rio, Coachella, Glastonbury 2010, Coke Live Festival.
d8ac5a77bdf93296d6c982c585f78c39adecd438	On May 17, a new single called "Neutron Star Collision (Love Is Forever)"was released.
d56093f0687fe01064fd00ed4835117700eb4295	This song became the soundtrack to the new film "Twilight Saga "" Twilight.
01dcf0c705affa55b30c157fbc3664399bf7fe8a	The saga.
7708f9a7bf58bcd04b3a278209458f79a2d0cdce	The eclipse".
708bfe362edabd60d008e63da66c962b043183f8	The song "Uprising" sounds in the trailer of the new film[12] by James Mangold "Knight of the Day", starring Tom Cruise and Cameron Diaz.
33cbe703025c021afd80ed7f9e55c8d975165027	And the song "Exogenesis: Symphony Part I" sounds in the promotional trailer for a new fragrance from Dior, Dior Homme, the trailer of which was shot by Guy Ritchie.
f03b723752af5eeeef7d7289cdb7217a200d662c	The 2nd Law (2012—2013)[edit / edit wiki text]
dc08c7acf753bdb855293e48a23f0e519456aca3	Main article: The 2nd Law
1ffc0fab3c463ac2e4a01e9ffa6f508c0cdc578b	In May 2011, the band announced their intentions to release a new album in 2012, noting that Bellamy had already demonstrated the first song ideas to Howard and Wolstenholme.[13] In an interview for BBC Radio 1, the bass guitarist announced that the band is going to start recording a new album in September 2011.
eaa17b4956f673cc8bc2d75cef3e52825a50ffd7	[14] They also claim that the new album will not be like the previous five, "it will be something new".
7adba77b791a1cf9bcc3af99d493782f376f3201	On June 6, 2012, the trailer for the sixth album appeared on the official YouTube channel, [17] and at the end of June it became known that the official anthem of the Summer Olympic Games in London will be the song "Survival", which will be included in the new album.[18][19]
8559188f2a4c10e38fecd4ec6fc39a78799e8024	On July 13, the band presented the album's tracklist.[20] In an interview with New Musical Express magazine, the band announced the release of the next single "Madness".[21] On August 1, the album cover was posted on the official website.[22] The 2nd Law was officially released on October 1, 2012.
143e719e6690d603ea97dc310028489ce0ae6c0d	Drones (since 2014)[edit / edit wiki text]
d7fa5e9cc0a3b4e83f55300e914e621bf454d78d	Main article: Drones
cfb4b3ec0a7aaab237fa3697eb77669c45511ec2	In April 2014, the band announced the imminent start of work on the seventh studio album.[23] The album will be recorded with producer Matt Lang, [24] and, according to Bellamy, will return to the sound of earlier albums, in particular the songs Citizen Erased from their second album, getting rid of the experiments of the last two albums.[25] The themes of the album will be deep ecology, emotional rupture and the Third World War.[25] In October of the same year, the first recording session of the new album was completed.[26] In early 2015, the name of the new album — Drones was announced on the official Instagram account of the band.
3b268c9d1d52a1a459798ade518f02e51de5393c	[24] The album is scheduled for release on June 8, 2015, and the first single, Dead Inside — on March 23, while on March 12, the first track of the album called Psycho was published on the band's YouTube channel.[27]
c93876b01a16521c19d82e74711ebcd5d8beb9c6	Musical style[edit / edit wiki text]
77a3918546550fe697c06581404ebdab8e47ec7e	Among the most recognizable features of the band is an extremely high vocal (falsetto) Matt Bellamy, guitar riffs, frequent use of piano, and on later albums — orchestral arrangements.
34dd2a70b4b93f1297a66421f4c6d0835c2776da	Among the most influential bands on Muse are Radiohead[5] and Queen[5].
66241159a7c1da280073555f6dbb4b5d6d4888ea	The band's first album, Showbiz, even received negative reviews in the press for "copying" Radiohead.
45c5b0904b79520d8fb9f5d1f84bb9bc2fdcd39a	In addition, Bellamy is a fan of the music of the Russian composer Sergei Rachmaninoff, whose works he sometimes quotes in songs.
bf88549dc1f2c2187df7dbc7ca138f67b6c35082	Discography[edit / edit wiki text]
4a477ba99938c83c3c36caeb3c51781c6f93215c	Main articles: Muse discography, List of Muse songs
cef21b2b05a2f87f842595ed6e1069bdf005755e	1999 — Showbiz 2001 — Origin of Symmetry 2003 — Absolution 2006 — Black Holes and Revelations 2009 — The Resistance 2012 — The 2nd Law 2015 — Drones[24]
21c0a31cc9098e614de9c28701a4aa29bf53c787	Video clips[edit / edit wiki text]
269d763142c6e5f47dadc5450fc4c6b2cce01e65	Main article: Muse Video Clips
965d4981c5aeccfbdbd613baee03dd52fb9c88d0	Main article: List of nominations and awards awarded by Muse
231372c8f7b8f3747b3f478623b07e4c3aa061ad	Muse have been nominated eight times in the Brit Awards, becoming a two time winner; both times in the category "Best Live Act" in 2005 and again in 2007.
0260ec27d26c1a2b9dc21b9a0cf1a4a2edb2fa4b	The group also four times won the MTV Europe Music Awards, in the categories "Best Alternative Act" in 2004 and 2006 and "Best UK & Irish Act" in 2004 and 2007.
e51cc05d3f71d31411a545fa9d3bf5af07371580	Album Black Holes And Revelations won the award for "Best British Album" at the Brit Awards and was voted best album of the MTV Europe Music Awards and NME Awards.
fa42804089eddd1147e79422cde8037eb794f820	The NME Awards awarded the band in the "Best Live Band" categories in 2005, 2008 and 2009;
cd01968915589f347161855a6a9ad534bab001f2	"Best British Band" in 2007, 2010, 2011 and in "Best New Band" in 2000.
00dd9d14d782f332460232a6ddd3f4dd549477e8	The Q Awards also awarded musicians as outstanding live performers; the band won in the category "Best Live Act "in 2003, 2004, and 2006, and in 2009 triumphantly won in the category"Best Act in the World Today".
7757973dd60357929f4ce9cd44254fd07c9d40a0	In general, Muse has received 37 awards from more than 100 nominations in its history.
73ec115a57a75efb22c8a3aa528b4df9e85fb23a	Also on September 25, 2008, Matthew Bellamy, Dominic Howard and Chris Wolstenholme were awarded the degree of honorary Doctors of Arts by the University of Plymouth[28].
8ed0695705bf57a01600ffabe4bdeddb1d1977f9	In October 2010, readers of Total Guitar magazine voted Muse the authors of the best guitar riff of the first decade of the XXI century.
9bf12b994bab9b994dfd46f946917df1e197dea3	The rating of the best riffs of the noughties was headed by the song "Plug In Baby" from the 2001 album Origin of Symmetry.
d53f071e6c8c3ac265af84d7727d378862f5a1fb	Muse also reached the fifth place of this list with the song "Knights of Cydonia" [29][30].
d9c53d8197266d7efbb188651e6c40af2ff3d9c4	On February 13, 2011, Muse received one of the most prestigious Grammy music awards in the category best rock album The Resistance.
a28fe15b72d07da18198c77e194ca8af807baa19	On February 10, 2013, " Madness "was nominated for a Grammy Award in the categories" Best Rock Album "by The 2nd Law and"Best Rock Song".
258308ae100fcf0e0faf6544411a83dbc4885dd7	On February 15, 2016, the band received a Grammy Award for winning the nomination" Best Rock Album " (Drones)[31].
ea0f6e2e87451e86487d6bd222caf039e85e6dd2	Ph Phares, Heather Muse > Biography (English).
1ce648d267f7bcc3196afb7f5daeb7af5d7902c8	Allmusic.
1a02b8a6dd00cfe8b32103716ee2ca64efca7592	Rovi Corporation.
7172c2e13beed81f65eeb11c7101b4c545248d90	Checked on October 11, 2011.
37ab1661cbc716185e3f90c9034acf5ca2a95185	Wil Wild, Lindsey Album Review: Muse "The Resistance" (English).
8c4b17d305ea809a1e8f95b57ba66f5ae0fe224d	Black Squirrel Radio.
d62df89e589288a90247fb2146395352597b21e2	Kent State University.
6303aeeb80e12ea56348e6db76b92c33737c9ab6	— "The English alternative rock band Muse has released their fifth studio album, The Resistance, in September, which is their first album since the highly successful Black Holes and Revelations in 2006."
33d9b7559d1ec0b2ffeb8d2643248cebdd1b312a	Accessed October 11, 2011.
b0056fc2e8bbdd0df1ec39ad035ff1067a7f7904	Sim Simpson, Dave Muse, Black Holes and Revelations (English).
83dcf55c0e12b5b31de5cec231fab87fb5ab704b	Guardian Media Group (30 June 2006).
4a7c9932d4d5feada07e48d6b0191f22faa5626b	— "Black Holes and Revelations has the usual industrial dollop of space metal lunacy but Bellamy's musical vision has disappeared a big bang."
c09bdc2711b9ee1835e47ad9789ed60f486ba83a	Verified October 11, 2011.
8897cb2082af3284310a48fb3cdfe7cd54ec2f03	Pet Petridis, Alexis My journey into sound (English).
0ab344cce6538a700e5eca1da1d3925806f0b674	Guardian Media Group (September 7, 2001).
786ce0c5c13904aaf37a1926dd5f38491a8e8c44	— " However much Radiohead and Muse may revile their "new prog" tag, their music is as aloof, intellectual and didactic as anything Pink Floyd or King Crimson produced.
d99991a2a23967ee828f02471c47e85818a17072	" Verified October 11, 2011.
6a7d2a1fb82231dc06a6bc94643c8a23a630f014	↑ 1 2 3 Rosen, Jody The Resistance (English).
3012f09f13e7829937d27f52e15f29f8e3c19f49	Jann Wenner (15 September 2009).
e9e652dc2f0bd8618f3f19c42c40b52c87e6c416	↑ «Muse song Survival unveiled as the official London 2012 Olympic theme tune».
66efcc27f32f824ec3eca7954ababfcfa5324266	The Telegraph.
d161d99f1ae506f3c2a777eaf1910486cb6364df	Retrieved 28 June 2012 ↑ Biography at Microcuts.net ↑ Article from Kerrang! (1999) archived at Rocketbabydolls.com ↑ Review in FUZZ magazine # 11, 2001 ↑ 2006 Q Magazine Reader's 100 Greatest Albums Ever (English).
a29972f1ff7c74d0dbfeebbfb22b3269a47b5b82	Checked on May 26, 2010.
e7443ef54c16a5cc8e009690cbc6741c1b62b0b2	↑ Review in FUZZ magazine # 7, 2006 ↑ The Resistance media use. musewiki.org. Verified on August 6, 2010.
34637bf292b00f5867ce69c9ac37f1fc5fb39603	M Muse has promised to release a new album in 2012, "Lenta.ru" (May 20, 2011).
d4c3c7b7c0d421e5729662b634fb1db98b9d901a	"Muse members have announced that the band will release a new studio album in 2012.
4e894bd5bd8b46d7ba744e7090fea1a52c9384bc	The words of the musicians are quoted by NME.
ae351f48418f139e8674e607a45580c2daaf1deb	Drummer Dominic Howard and bass guitarist Chris Wolstenholme shared the band's plans.
632f0865ad28a3ec163d7e17200eb49a378111c0	They reported that the leader of Muse, Matthew Bellamy, has already shown them the blanks for some songs.".
6ff34871098120a4ebb51777dbfd9841e5734b4e	↑ In September, Muse will start recording a new album, "Lenta.ru" (August 10, 2011).
920609d9f2f1551d66450d64e3a33c3e13b6ebe9	Verified on October 11, 2011.
fd19233b7faee744bb59b8fd24dc1052958fe0db	" In September 2011, the band Muse will start recording material for a new studio album.".
7316c0510034cd98d89fb044bc330fd558b8e3f9	M Muse published the latest photos from the studio (Rus.), Rolling Stone, SPN Publishing (February 27, 2012).
64a3444f8f0b738c939cba94cf92144e607c195e	Verified on February 29, 2012.
a74e733fa54501a075c4ee4a144a8f9ff9e0cbcb	" The band Muse posted on Twitter photos from the Los Angeles studio, where the musicians are recording wind and string instruments for their new, sixth record, which is scheduled for release in October 2012.".
cc015ee988308456bd5adef3c7651697fd9b95e7	Запись The recording of the new Muse album is going "well" (Russian), MuzObzor.
2074e52881af64eea5d7ba8e3b25227f4808eab9	Ru, Digital Property (February 27, 2012).
30124c0591371c8f0c87036e005aa49969cc34f1	" Muse talked about how the work on their next studio album is progressing.
a04a82f9adcb731d1a4fbeea24275acf8563543e	The musicians posted several photos from their studio in Los Angeles on the band's official Twitter account, and also assured fans that everything is going " well."
58e9c77aeae591aa6e83fafdcc2372fe6388c502	↑ Muse - The 2nd Law - Album Trailer.
8d81b44829a40fb11867867432b1cc42bdf0fe5b	↑ The new single Muse will become the anthem of the London Olympics (Rus.), "Lenta.ru" (June 27, 2012).
8213a5ef7cb19b7ed109ed96b645f55e778f906a	Verified on June 28, 2012.
931d96a41ad715e2a00accaa90fabf9e03c6389a	"According to New Musical Express, the composition called "Survival" was chosen as the main theme music of the 2012 Games by the Olympic Committee.
64aeb2956b677d3e92183fdaf9d3b72a31ac8ed5	The premiere of the song will take place on Wednesday, June 27.".
4aa7d2d6ad0ce4729e342f043f852cd42edeb491	↑ Gayane Aghababyan.
8fedc9545bb0f82dda12dd773521ad0e6247ecca	NEW MUSE SONG SURVIVAL IS THE MAIN OLYMPICS SONG, TO PREMIERE TODAY ↑ Gayane Aghababyan: MUSE REVEAL THE 2ND LAW TRACKLISTING ↑ NME Magazine Interview, July 2012 " ↑ MUSE: NEWS — The 2nd Law Album Cover Revealed ↑ Ilyin, Yuri.
70285f68b7d0269214652ef31d2dbb1e06f098da	Spring of the Muses, <url> (April 15, 2014).
e1a46ef32a866512d3aec89a9242346c27f96a68	Verified on February 6, 2015.
b223b96ac43fe66e838e181e36fc6695bb37ef4c	" Muse announced that they will start working on a new album "this spring".
16044f25dca0549ebe2f07785b88f5285a366a2f	" ↑ 1 2 3 Shchukin, Alexey.
7f7168d18448b45736ff7419ba9a06288dda5f79	Muse confirmed the title of their new album "Drones" in the latest studio video, ESSE Magazine (February 2, 2015).
4a2427d44b321aada2e4eeba75b151ae42d193ab	"The musicians uploaded a 10 second video to Instagram, in which it is written on a blue black screen:" Artist: Muse.
4a7fdca50931f49c889e1ef4b66f855f8954b8ec	Album: Drones".".
bc151bf4a5e0aad590e473ecd5c288b3075efae9	↑ 1 2 Renshaw, David.
274fcb7db2b40cc7c084961a5e80d1d8aca2ed7e	Matt Bellamy hints at World War 3 theme and guitar solos for new Muse album, NME (20 September 2014).
c2f3801272597b9c4dcc2065c264b58bafbb0b08	Retrieved 6 February 2015.
139397af51a59b92e1b2a7386e5edd307e8f8906	"Speaking about their plans for the new album, Matt Bellamy added: "I have this strong feeling that the next album should be something that really does strip away the additional things that we've experimented with on the last two albums, which is electronics, symphonics and orchestral work and all that kind of stuff."".
ed83ed6c47b04526e0cb94c5d98f2fbbfcea8ff9	Иль Ilyin, Yuri.
493565e70681cb08acc5aa3e9696172b10f826d1	The session was closed, Sounds.<url> (October 21, 2014).
ff6f80ad72b0ac40def04b6a3afca307ff5d62d3	" Muse announced the completion of the first recording session of their new album.".
458a33088fa8dfc9737105b352120f559e4e3e3b	M Muse presented the first song from the new album, "Lenta.ru" (March 13, 2015).
db6a52d0807dd03aa9c64edc0364e05d8625570a	Verified on March 16, 2015.
126810a0ed2c0e7c6e60599cce2a65e1c5ac9343	" The British rock band Muse presented the song Psycho from the upcoming seventh studio album called Drones.
64fb101f1f1789d40c9beb1aa7b9803543cbdfa5	The clip for the song is published on the official channel of the band on YouTube.
6d46aeb46f8630ac291ad222296c2842964e3d3d	NME magazine clarifies that the first single of the album will be the song Dead Inside, which will be released on March 23.
1755a57acf147dd778aabb91ba7d183064bfc06d	The record itself, which will include 12 tracks, will go on sale on June 8.".
8c62178650204626a7d018f4d46080c2e217c763	↑ The Herald 27-09-08 " Muse the website of the band's fans ↑ Named the best guitar riff of the noughties ↑ Muse have 'greatest riff of the century' ↑ Bruce Britt.
6a952fa82ff496ebe27602e56d40f5e80beb9ea7	Rock Focus: Alabama Shakes Erupt At 58th GRAMMYs (February 15, 2016 -- 9:49 pm).
925fa779e4a223672a9573cf4746f92baa0da71d	Ben Myers.
1f26e4142c7d26959dd4f2455ed1a415a193e6b4	Inside the Muscle Museum.
54d3111ceaa0af7f071e55d3ba03e3027a0a6658	— Independent Music Press, 2004.
261b2d65d5e92976df4727018475b62fc6c6bca1	— 208 p.
244bed5e4997c301b5792d86d8aadc6018a9aa81	— ISBN 978-0953994267.
cf38d87514bf19405bfd7d8022a3f45c8d27b3b5	Mark Beaumont.
4a033bd99adf8af6f52a288b80096abdce9dc5d8	Out of This World: The Story of "Muse".
298c4e2decd6ec0889179274e6159e40e9178d05	— Omnibus Press, 2008.
8674fb51b75d5ed69cf1e57c0cef517a1650caf2	— 316 p.
19290c2d6664448737bfb7d620dd7b4ac071f7fe	— ISBN 978-1849383684.
635f2c7871414ba7561df0ec2871defa82884306	Muse on Wikimedia Commons?
9385f516dfafb83dfae217414465c3e8f8b127c1	muse.mu — the official site of Muse The official page of Muse (English) on the Myspace site The official group of Muse on the VKontakte site The official Russian fan site (link from Muse Fan Sites (English). Muse. Verified on January 19, 2016.) The official website of Muse fans (link from Muse Fan Sites (eng.). Muse. Checked on January 19, 2016.)
cdd589a41f6b65ecaad0511084c7d5d4cb409345	In social networks
dee8bcd6a19d334079dbaeb0b10f37f6be1356bc	Facebook · Go ogle+ · Twitter
149446772d3a7f6476c5ded70be2e12d2750d53c	Фото, видео и аудио Викисклад · Instagram · Last.fm · SoundCloud · YouTube
7914350ff5aeea9105342bb3f3f19426894d3664	Тематические сайты AllMusic · Discogs · Internet Movie Database · MusicBrainz
012cefb0768a6df5c3544a3337c47461a94064a8	Нормативный контроль BNF: 140286628 · GND: 10112234-2 · LCCN: no99089194 · VIAF: 133917358
38479033aa99e6a92b84ce9192c421a442964679	Мэттью Беллами Крис Уолстенхолм Доминик Ховард
fdddfc8e066a45d353a76b97272fcdad3aad5911	Студийные альбомы
b47bb7eb3d477c331f6c2b0d91a0987be05b6600	Showbiz Origin of Symmetry Absolution Black Holes and Revelations The Resistance The 2nd Law Drones
49f794c3846d567ecd96bcce2cbd1f6aee7649b2	Концертные видеоальбомы
ae6ce72a353724dab1c18f0666641cfda58b988c	Hullabaloo: Live at Le Zenith, Paris Absolution Tour HAARP Live at Rome Olympic Stadium
2dd121fd8747e8afe66ee004909a83c0a3f8f535	Сборники
7c51f09823a1973f232c50c48556aaa58583b28b	Hullabaloo Soundtrack
b6c5be4740eace5e1358e3cb6da8ecf0c5afa553	Синглы
c78bfb6a52152e9a36f331b7e4656015880a6d6d	«Uno» «Cave» «Muscle Museum» «Sunburn» «Unintended» «Plug In Baby» «New Born» «Bliss» «Hyper Music» / «Feeling Good» «Dead Star» / «In Your World» «Stockholm Syndrome» «Time Is Running Out» «Hysteria» «Sing for Absolution» «Apocalypse Please» «Butterflies and Hurricanes» «Supermassive Black Hole» «Starlight» «Knights of Cydonia» «Invincible» «Map of the Problematique» «Uprising» «Undisclosed Desires» «Resistance» «Exogenesis: Symphony» «Neutron Star Collision (Love Is Forever)» «Survival» «Madness» «Follow Me» «Supremacy» «Panic Station» «Psycho»
e402c157863cb472be8cb2db063d94afcd15d6a1	Другие песни
d381413f19eb964ca4a2c3dc066b05a2b78a066b	«Citizen Erased» «I Belong to You» «United States of Eurasia»
64c57a6c5ee93cd49afbe7af7fdbe3e2eddaf842	Лейблы
4ea98e41758c6ad5d641bbc76f8d4a4b0fbaf9ce	Taste Media Mushroom Records A&E Records East West Records Helium 3 Warner Bros.
e51c55255be9007d473b3c04b4553c2a27d6f03b	Records
dd00d18d19de30c145831c7ff6dbe221de665b4c	Дискография Награды и номинации Песни
12e522284c866f46f82549d29b40e88a3c5c6e77	Источник — «https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muse&oldid=82391952»
accf0f082f08602107ce9ef584cfe166fbf1482e	Категории: Музыкальные коллективы по алфавиту Muse Группы спейс рока Музыкальные коллективы, появившиеся в 1994 году Музыкальные коллективы 1990 х годов Музыкальные коллективы 2000 х годов Музыкальные коллективы 2010 х годов Лауреаты премии BRIT Awards Трио Группы альтернативного рока Великобритании Группы прогрессивного рока из Великобритании Лауреаты премии «Грэмми» Исполнители Warner Bros.
6409de157d21f62d2f73ed430dafeb1c64c80248	Records Группы арт рока Лауреаты премии Kerrang!
61a0e85719c3e264d7c66f4966fc5b90f2204640	Awards Лауреаты премии NME Awards Рок группы Англии
075c8ad5b4057cb04f24a23dba8ab634715c5427	Скрытые категории: Википедия:Статьи с переопределением значения из Викиданных Википедия:Статьи со ссылками на Викисклад Страницы, использующие волшебные ссылки ISBN
54f017eea8bd3d01cee014e3621ecbc977f742cf	Читать Править Править вики текст История
9bef0a120ce79878eb1423dda1f25e6e7b082853	Викисклад
c7ef31f80825f8a45ef64df919799e9950669f7a	Afrikaans العربية Azərbaycanca Boarisch Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Suomi Français Gaeilge Galego עברית Hrvatski Magyar Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano 日本語 ქართული Қазақша 한국어 Кыргызча Latina Lëtzebuergesch Limburgs Lietuvių Latviešu Монгол Bahasa Melayu Nāhuatl Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Ирон Polski Português Română Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Basa Sunda Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча Tiếng Việt 中文
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579e0915191957715e13287a01070b0f287a9431	Последнее изменение этой страницы: 20:41, 9 декабря 2016.
91557d7d21f827cab5f31e781c78daab9361a1df	Rock Review
0d595c3df62fbeedc4a1f6b8b7416942ab9bbcb2	Home News Reviews School of Rock Reports Poster About us
5a66ee4186dcbf1d46956d777431441d7c189a1c	New reviews
d13398618064e089d48c45322cf17f1b4bb848b1	Latest news
13066e61d0fd4ac158ecea97c248fb4576e0821a	Zakk Wilde's new video clip - 'Lost Prayer'
9d2b3441a77579f6b9dacb34dcc905c8dde91ba2	Listening to Gotthard's new album - 'Silver'
70cf6971e4783ee427e80d288eb8acb82f69cac5	New song by Sister Sin vocalist Liv Jagrell - 'Let Me Out'
37769067fffbc6d89906c8b27907bbbedae9c827	New video clip of Battle Beast - 'Familiar Hell'
0ff6ce8f24b72e295349e6ee0614de6c5373c462	New in the School of Rock
a7bff0bb6b4e96b32be179ad6b0ba67360b6cbd7	Top 5 Worst Albums of 2007
e3715d0a6e3f628c63d00d48da6b520948538da1	ROCK Clip #9 Review of clips by Michael Jackson, Queen, Avenged Sevenfold...
f5ed9865869e9e6b4ec811b8f5e8093e8e1668aa	David Bowie - A Year Later
e7f141e6bcef29942676573e9d188d3864122d28	ROCK Answer #69 Review of songs by Placebo, Naiv, Slash...
ee8dc8fc63db1934a36ad9c3886c073072ff9745	New reports
8f6a5f9bb6c058ed4e0a77306121825299a86bce	Report from the Tarja Turunen concert in Moscow - December 22, 2016
ce296791739010e78b8bb64c6e09b6fb1e392054	Report from the concert Semantic hallucinations in Moscow -...
3ff82771d5b44a26efa318982b8d6d2ab3fec747	Report from the nobody concert.one in Moscow - November 20, 2016
99b5147c27578134bdb1de40150673cabb2b9604	Report from the Garbage concert in Moscow - November 17, 2016
c3497ce095aae1a8ca519d9b7c42c531be1019f9	Upcoming concerts
00cc9fa24819fda783aac2e2d1cdd833ca31e671	Delain Concert in Moscow - January 21, 2017
dec16063902aa4a0a8160d6391ea38b3016556db	Architects concert in Moscow - February 3, 2017
28680eb15fd273db1967886021bbb8e182df61a8	Backyard Babies concert in Moscow - February 12, 2017
1daa804192cf2b0fbb366a3a290cfd3fcd89e5fe	The Pretty Reckless concert in Moscow - February 13, 2017
887bfd01875a0f453c1f82a3ea6e26dccbbdf06b	Recent comments
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5fdb6c144a7f90ff9975d6316841ab36f2e4f602	RR News Reviews School of Rock Reports Poster About us
6f54255056492b86ecbdc930d43e7db8a0babc0e	Best Albums Worst Albums Marathon Cage Vee PaoloGilberto Order a review
ee919151b25e5b118f237debb34ca45b7d77a75b	Muse Drones Album Review
2954684a5ae02744f7c0ed7cdd318e639451cb75	Cage
52e5648ea735251485387206a40505c43454a3b1	04.06.2015 —
584f6533e0894dc9a75b034aa136e9720fb50130	12627 view.
d45a3049732fb17cd302906be8d8302d375c0986	Cage Muse Worst Albums
4db953d629ae3fb68443d282ea8518d58a7787af	And rivers of violent secretions flowed to the feet of the sacred cow, whose deeds cannot be evaluated by human representations.
d0199d6ae3d214cd057e546517ce3219f9bd8e94	And it was good (The Gospel of Bellamy: chapter 3, verse 15).
82c63f3151acbb431adaa1e0b0dc21e14c13edd7	The Drones record begins with the work "Dead Inside", which filigreously embodies the ideas of turning inside out through staccato singing against the background of a lone bass, which later flows with streams of guitar sound like reeking diarrhea.
1c169fe79cce598c40d2c5658ae1014217e82b8e	Few people can guess why and what he is doing in the central channel of the work, because the party sounds very unpleasant, and its physical properties are subjected to such anal distortions that it seems that there was no toilet cleaner and part time gardener of Linkin Park.
891dee7003a885c944b09ef8c8938d9d6c6671bc	As for the accompaniment, it is so poor that I did not arbitrarily throw a hundred on Matthew's account.
9bdaadbca29580369ef2923e666cd09e773f269f	And it seems that it worked, because at the end Bellamy began to fuck the quints from the shoulder, so that the composition already acquired at least some colors.
5a372110fd27519bfa0424f1f6a7f11f1a604035	And everything would be fine, but the first impression of the holy Trinity disc leaves a lousy one.
6ceaa906ffcb19451c4281bd8e3858f37f49413e	But the second is very impressive.
b8da06dac1dfd9d4991cbfd5f2a710197524ddab	I love tracks like" Drill Sergeant "and" [JFK]", they are absolute fillers.
1fa1ff3a45a2e2f46bf5d341d5fd1ddd7988fab8	They are listened to 1 time for the sake of interest, and then they are simply removed from the playlist.
db25ccb5de0580c7d10a37f631fa8b6c9e933efa	But at least they spend only 1 minute of your time, and not 10, like "The Globalist", which begins like a spaghetti western, that you are already waiting for Clint Eastwood to jump out and finally disperse this whole sabbath, bringing the viewer closer to the coveted credits.
8d7f5df4f9fc4bfdbadbabdbb1fe8d54b3af6887	Regarding "[JFK]", I will say this, whoever is in the topic will understand.
bec5d77dac7a46876c23580cb6ed5088266fecfc	It would be better if Muse left the musical version from PaoloGilberto, and did not compose their own fucking apotheosis, strikingly inferior in compositional thought.
fb50523b5231838f8d65e5c7aee22d90ecdb8906	It's certainly cool that the concept and all the shit, but honestly, this is a stupid grinding of the same ideas.
ed1f64ab96f732b16a632ed3581c01dfa86845e0	Therefore, I am silent about the lyrics, because I deeply donot give a shit what thoughts Matthew can generate, with all due respect, but the alphabet teaches more.
f5efa52c7307d59b3401f01a5cb3e73f959121cd	As Stephen King said, addressing his readers, " If you want to learn something, go to school."
cda022cbb1584945e433d0a58e414ac603dba61c	And this is a damn good advice that should be used when faced with the erotic fantasies of musicians, whose value is very, very doubtful.
312c798f79c69b5901c4cb11f04720d38bf64b88	If it comes to that, then let's say in the guitar riff in "Psycho", played on one string in a small minor pentatonic with elegant deviations, I see more sacred meaning than in the semantic load of the record.
fac674583e43a655528a9757922f145599c6e762	Still, there was no all this grinding, scratching and other coprophilia.
d3bed75341aacd067a371ef50ed8c67d9fc3efab	Nevertheless, but here Bellamy sings sane, and not like a choked girl.
a8c61eac241811830d5d7f95433e53758bba6e4b	And there is a catch in this.
b1ad53991445c96dbf8d64aba9f8335601065260	If Matthew is not choking, then clearly some kind of shit is coming.
deb17dd82513f6eb231df1ea8ba4fc5fea378b1c	And so it turned out, the guitar solo in the composition is apotheotic shit, well, or if you want a classic one for Matthew, when he plays something indistinct in the ecstasy of convulsions, trying to make sounds faster than he can with his yard equipment.
72a6810ad9b4df1f6c661f9ce13073c89a7227b5	On the stairwell, this would be appreciated in full, but when you try to perceive it as music, it is difficult to realize that the author wanted to convey this flow, either hello to extraterrestrials, or he just had convulsions.
3ff6a64fb30c8a408a979a9c6b7987f6c0b5f158	You'll never understand them, these geniuses.
44d426726a8badb00cdaeace629bdaa41d09ac5f	And on the other hand, there are also understandable songs in which Matthew directly and without intermediaries sends greetings to the Quintolom sect, playing his beloved 5th interval from the heart, for example ,in "Revolt" and "Mercy", whose pop rock orientation made Paramore, Avril Lavigne and Papa Roach themselves tense up.
eb1df9f56174df95493ef1470fba53ee966994a8	But Eddie Van Halen himself got fucked up from the composition "Reapers", having heard a two handed tapping performed by the holy cow, whose brilliant sound production technique cannot be criticized.
d2ffdf04a5637fb386f23c28f80634623b358d6d	They say Eddie took such a shit that he left Van Halen and begged Matthew on his knees to replace him.
a347ac0c9bf948e3aa404df855c2a6a9f1796f61	And in general, this song reminds me of the work of Alexander Pushny, so Matthew needs to urgently go to conduct the program "Galileo" and not fuck up riffs from there, which at least are played this time with a pleasant sound color, and not like from the ass of a tyrannosaurus, just to put dust in his eyes.
00c559ad2de1c1bbc63e1ae2653a926dbc78a6ac	But not everything is so sad, although it was already possible to start crying with waterfalls.
14434e4fc1ae94d8508f29eb2c26e6c4f6b4754a	The Drones album has a couple of passable songs in its richness, one of which is just not bad - "The Handler" - and is similar to rock music without pathos shit in the form of whistles and farts, with which Matthew likes to" decorate "his works, and the second - "Aftermath" - is the apogee of the beauty of this compilation of different sounds in frequency.
ed6a3047c02fad17364de67de194ddb1df2d2bf0	However, in the case of the beautiful "Aftermath", where the huipka violins and a slightly loaded guitar co exist nicely, playing a pleasant accompaniment for again again sane vocals, it seems that you are listening to some other album, and there was simply no misunderstanding that sounded earlier.
27360c5246b48c4fc81e115225f1181cf17063a9	Well, according to tradition, a video clip is for those who want to find me and break my legs.
4710038616cefbf1fdb35ad64c640fc96c5efcbe	Read also...
fdbcd0b362f02edfa2fcd08ae31947d143fb25a4	Dr. Vorkosigan
35475e24144533b1feaba86a25e548b2e0fcea9c	I thought Vee would write a review to finally finish his epic review of Muse's creativity)
1faf7265238e23a816ab65a7a3bde57c671fde27	She will write:)
5dac074a667a2e2178424dca135e409908968485	I also wanted to say something else, why didnot you say anything about the texts?
ce96e280fb09b2eff52af342a46ff6351849ddef	There is also a SENSE, RELEVANCE, CONCEPT, and of course a MESSAGE from BELAMI himself :D Just yesterday I had a conversation with one person who tried to reveal to me the secret meanings of this work))
5d7ea2f22e661ad3fafa55e6c0eda538f0e9a267	When Bellamy starts churning out scientific publications that will be signed by outstanding minds of mankind, then I will pay attention to his lyrics:)
92454adf96e9316b46fe203a07a43a9ccc20116d	Vee
2e72e98b8d010c7e26272e98225db90b5787c71e	My review will be published tomorrow morning, so keep a diary of the first day of srach here ^_^
9c5197de46cd4bd7df0e821b921ce88a6b7be55a	Kuprijan Razdrobilin
44cec132bf6fc601bdeaeabc5fe1179d8c329a2c	I donot understand what Kage wrote the review for, since the Drones havenot been released yet.
e3411b3cd59839e4c97c3db33343e8bebb299497	I probably listened to a fake))).
564401f6bf4d5eb25c626a0db6c734572752186e	Where is the review of Paradise Lost?
ddb7f40302a2767c28dcd4a1156aa430de48828a	Ruslan Ruslanovich
34557922b6e8a688638b232256891241a124c1dd	The Gospel of Bellamy xD is five Kage xD Minutes three ugaral.
ec8475d9147893efb545e81f268f2f52be7e261d	The album is weak,it was necessary to throw out Globalist,and Mercy,and Drones,and also JFK and Drill Sergeant.
e30aae0af7e5c06602fbd8f1e421976565cb2e2b	Anyway, it would have been better if the EP had been released.
1b223a1fc4a82237afc66f3a2132d527e490c3ef	I liked Aftermath, the introduction reminded me of Vangelis ' soundtrack to Blade Runner(who didnot watch it,I recommend this movie,an atmospheric thing,a soundtrack of the same level),well,then U2 went,I donot know how, it reminded me of their song One.
cd992479eb651fa5dd35141f7e9053ccd7f47075	Something hooked Revolt, probably associations with Queen.
2d4916079f942bc0be1554800488ca1096991148	The Handler is generally not bad, especially the middle and ending.
b0d3fa642c844ff6d091db05d358fa365a9a2824	Maybe I mentioned it before,the album lacks madness,vocals and instrumentals are somehow squeezed into a certain framework.
b1849cd310d87417303971efe3cf74b24eb971b8	Generally 2.5/5, this is the first impression.
5d0a76f1aa67d685cd0791dfd789eaecfa135b7d	Izya Schniperson
799f660f08af6ac180bfca34cbfcfeccc0b8ccdf	As it is already even customary that a large number of albums are merged even before the official release :)
2ab4013f691245a0848961cce3e6e5000d18b3f0	Well known music magazines (which of course is Rock review) are sent introductory versions in advance =)
1ab4247ce2465fdc7f677fd8cd9f396171c84f6a	Well, it's clear...
e7cc22458fc6df85f1ec8034ff6f79af9fea54d2	Samples in 64 kbps)))
7b76a9a0ccf59664caaeb9a14a40782d9fd4e2dc	I didnot ask where they got the Drones.
35aa6ace44d5f51bfea8808717fb5fdbd5d0a8ea	I asked, where did they put Paradise Lost?
368331e92739c99726debebb243b1cd8a8bb4672	Where where?
3ef7b7a827db66067d0f2f703af565208d044624	The samples were not sent :)
b898bbe6b64b5c77358641b81234a48493b22558	Anton Snagovsky
2a1fbf5328e3f6e3687831e5f7ce135efae5ac26	What a predictable review :) Vee will write better (despite the fact that it will also be negative, most likely).
aff1c60b0cac42457f3d2b36fdbb273ad7649103	The situation with The Handler is amazing.
43dc3bc595baa00a9311446397819e07ce081600	When the song was just released, literally everyone unanimously and in advance considered it the best on the album (as it turned out), and now it is popular with all the other singles and songs by a large margin, and here even Cage noted it.
a2d9c574c4ee4604090cbebe76154b81237d684a	An obvious favorite, what to say :) And one of the few songs related to the "return to the origins", about which Matvey hung up on everyone's ears in numerous interviews.
6ae2dd94776ae2e97e11c0c094a216bd87434c32	Of course, the driving incendiary Reapers, the beautiful atmospheric Aftermath, the catchy infection of the Defector with its bouncing riff are also good (it's strange that Cage didnot even mention it) and Dead Inside, in which I like the lyrics and vocals.
35889dfc1f9970a9abd8e7ed5772be45e9bb5207	There is nothing special to highlight anymore.
a6a81423705fb779e1dc1562f2936505673786c0	"Khlopalizd" is generally nae..alovo of the year, the same Citizen Erased does not even smell (but the beginning itself is spectacular), except in a piece from about 05: 40 to 06: 30.
10773f37d1524feb5595619c37f5fa0c262ee7ef	After 5 seconds, all this suddenly stops and a piano with vocals enters, very similar to the United States of Eurasia, and at this time my jaw drops and thoughts arise: "Choble..you? Is that all?
03b1f9a142e4ba8b3782407f6e3566a8c7155fe2	Yes, they are oh..ate!", and then a search of obscene words in my head until the end of the song.
740d22e7049ff95d97511f285e44375e73a65f8e	Everything is clear with Revolt and Mercy: the first song is Disney's mud (by the way, the case with it is completely opposite to The Handler's, Madness is aiming for laurels (although I love Madness): D), and the second is accelerated Starlight.
3e53feda8a087465c748d3f0323a743fc6b29047	Psycho is too banal and has already become boring.
4f032cb07b1b2219559247bacdfacf647e442ebf	Drones is a hack of the year, but thanks to it there were a lot of jokes like: "now musepoklonostvo can officially be considered a religion" and [see the picture below]:) The texts also disappointed, everything is straightforward, the ending is banal, they say, "the main character went against the system, did not achieve anything, destroyed everything in vain and did everything himself..al" - we have passed this 100 times.
851b2524c01564067a993cba2ece040485868459	And the fans in general received the album coolly (see the picture below [2]).
f46c72fe4aff563410a35692eba3a9626f141c75	P.S.: I liked the guitar sound in [JFK], I got stuck, and the atmosphere is like "now there will be something heavy and epic":) P. P. S.: A good joke from the VK from one visitor RR (see the picture below [3]):)
38174a28d2889c5e540fe656dbd3b99f3f877369	Yes, 64 kbps, mono, taken with a voice recorder =)
35147fe83fab312e2aa1312976ddca7aa04a6888	What a predictable answer, Vee will answer better :) Well, since we are such fucking predictors, then we went to Las Vegas?
fb17882585bbfe9c55733a6e46a265ddaea6957a	:)
6018a400b754995ff00cbdfd5504892e7d7969cb	Probably, everything is simpler.
30e6a31717561cfb04e0726c493cbe8ad9827f89	If someone is a conjuncturist, or he likes Muse more than he wants to show it ))) It's like at school.
4171a6814521a5eaf0a0b4945f50facd87e2f8a7	Pulling pigtails means he loves )))
39c33dd7f4bb416de411199bf825c42dfc016b4a	"Donot be angry :)" ©
fe9ffd77359b82489263a83bc97c83b360454841	as you want, then I'll go with Vee :)
582be758d41e86391c8de0b8dfa332d3be013b94	Hmm... you wrote it so specifically that I would write a predictable answer again >_>
eebb2db213eabc6eaf430d3eedbc891a58571aa5	Timofey Prokofiev
c6adc3b44fd5c5102915d027fbfecacbb5d5dad7	"....it seems that you are listening to some other album" I'll even tell you which one) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FOt3oQ k008
3acf823f32f7908a329360b1047449be6f66785b	Clint heard the "Globalist") http://s3 ak.buzzfed.com/static/2014-02/enhanced/webdr08/18/14/anigif enhanced 3191-1392750534-16.gif
2150167fcb5600cbc7ffe8641d80a84107d839d9	Xs, in general, the Drones are not as scary as they paint it) Things for three to twelve, and there will be norms, although this will already be an epic).
57707cb4d84a1107378053816f04b0bd3b19c7c8	With the notorious "origins", the stump is clear, a divorce, but to demand from them now Origin is like demanding from Pearl In Rock.
878942b00e53375b4998e15c339f2e318ca759f8	The group, as sobsno, sooner or later all groups, comes to its logical end.
3ffff13f0134675850b5dccb184317e520b50670	They can record at least twenty more albums, but, over time, it will be interesting only to the most loyal fans.
5f05ced61fde9c73b9f31baa9fe0b7f70be2f1d3	I'm afraid that, as such, the "musicality" of the collective is rapidly shrinking, like a shagreen skin, giving way to an impersonal vinaigrette of quotes, cliches and references.
eb12ca864432a957d9e48a34a0a64c3bf0f7f38f	Rostislav Zamorsky
12dfa44e50f98dfb5628316e4682af6fe58ce12a	Globalist is a very strong thing.
3a28c4006bf5942dd10643e224fb78918ce339c6	The review was written by a person who didnot even listen to the album.
47a007e79dda0d26252286bf7055cfc19b1ca54b	As for me, it is better than the previous two.
8baa50f41c8f491ca8d89ddcd0cef4f9db465ca7	Singing: "VEEva Las Vegas!")
03e826542c29af60a72fbe7a221188c7453d8140	exactly :D
ec77378f5369b87cb92e8530dd284c29de9ebfce	For me, "musicality" is something at the same time nervous, depressive, thrash, carbon monoxide, dirty, complex, beautiful and epic.
2704b488c4f7397ee7c14d8918aa71b714de8711	In different periods of their work, the priorities changed: that was more nerves and depression, then beauty and epicness.
c2513fc92b1b72d20d00d2dc919a0d4a7b2372ed	But judging by the last album... well, everything is somehow "under-".
90710ab8b525cbdf24116d1814ebd2c38e47383d	Well, an adult Matthew, who is dating a model and whose life is beautiful in general, will not be able to return to the very times when he dyed his hair, grunted in Agitated and turned all the equipment on the stage into scrap metal.
2df9191c82f32dd90fd1f883f3f03de70ff66e97	They need to take a break for 3-4 years, break up with their girls/wives and go bankrupt - then, yes, we will get a second Symmetry or an Absolute :D In the meantime, it's better to continue experimenting with a sublimely epic sound, preferably like on The Resistance :)
74ed18e47a45dfa488b56abfa926ddd00a6119f8	Is The 2nd Law better?
25207d84725584b98b20c010ae4e867354803e86	Maybe.
79d3d93dcdfc13284139d030580493fa84232d18	Better than The Resistance?
7085780e86b39c6d32c832247a28dcc4c21f197c	Pfft... and in general, what is the album better?
09a0acef0f92e1fbcc190ec6b59ce9e70b783f05	The fact that guitarists do more "jj"?
00119d2cdc7cb612d21e807ea49afaa7b0f138b1	Arthur Sarnavskyi
34354973699f45a849e66b621fc594e822862288	well, let's just say she's not that strong.
37c7656aff3958a67443d7903604992ab5a99b6d	For me, the track lasts 5 minutes right up to the notorious jjj riff from which the hungry fans flowed so much.
695d9b8227b703d00af6d0644eb8144ef08db172	By the way, this riff is also a concert one.
47568f1cf65e5aeaff0b9f1c94183e12c85decc8	I wonot say anything about the solo.
c23e48e299f2c8b88d26bf7e4d4339dce99eb286	Someone else will blow it up;)
1a1772513e357a7a2467d6611716f35602007b25	Well, the USOE retrospective is neither for the village nor for the city.
e8713653734a695506c681062705a49796603b0b	Yes, no one has flowed through it, Globalizd if someone likes it, it's only because of the atmosphere.
601cfad77111f03dce15a127a9feeef9f3f9b354	this is only one side of the coin.
7b22c30c049ac8a3cb75baf0b7748f0bbf5a72e9	Others rated only rubilovo after the slide.
1dc33b6108e97e5740ebde3f495f8f908673eb44	And I have met enough such opinions.
292cbd65038582c682c8d5e0550da61d13a56b8e	Damn it =) This comment contains almost everything you wanted to know from my review tomorrow =)
c284928f328c7d79f0f7a6c2a6bc132ed52d6dab	Sorry, I didnot mean to)
f6443e9cced6bbe715eee75fca29736252dbc184	Oops!
ce56b4eb54267dd022c924039107d0cc2b356b85	And there is a jjj?!
587bc202b729e0a5c0e234ecec74d5bf2a7b3b0b	And I didnot wait, I need to check it out separately)
031add04cf5b130c81a9e9ace17d94d01cd43ef6	At 05:40, rewind immediately :)
f53a1f01f9a746b4825151b4b966998ec7ad6fdd	Thank you), and then I already started putting matches in my eyes)
ef0cd9beadfc7f88582a2844c3a2b48f302719f9	At the moment when you become interested and want to continue, everything will suddenly end:)
a3cef8c67d133f455e62dfef703b27faf3fc48f2	It's just that probably musical experience always leads to a certain position, and a lot of experience leads to the ability to express it briefly, because I got twice as long as a marathon on The 2nd Law :D
509e4fbd65596a5ec861475027fc91523c4c102e	Yes, I already understood)
b2475da2b90cdd9735fb980f5a059c3dd44bcdf1	Well analytics is your forte) And in terms of knowledge of the material, the object under discussion, I will not undertake to compete with you) You are, as it were, from the inside of the Muse, and I am from the outside), and if our points of view on this issue practically coincide, then a crisis is most likely inevitable)
d63d761cf34d95ac9a750e49befe2956d79597b4	Shit, this globalist is shit.
011b8c70ada95a0fb3e5e25be16fa09411cf2ac8	Sad, stamped, meaningless and merciless shit.
4259baa4b1a51c6a8839dcc49157a6af8844a35e	Muse probably wonot play it live,because it's SHIT.Well, you canot remember the fucking melody,for example, I donot remember,and they probably donot remember the music.
d5342540dcc062b111171fe3bc9faccd12e017f8	Oh, yes, there are no synthesizers, but it's a pity,there would be a variety at least.
d39a178b61d9d05b4924f859f708deb1fde7de1a	Because there are fewer ELECTRONICS, the better,well, there are more guitars.
e7cd50e6f1f5964aeb542103d9db16021f6789fa	Leonid Timofeev
f9e28a44553e042ac06720c39b10bbcda8f2dac8	In my opinion, Kage scolds Mews purely out of inertia.
21d4941db2c790994e1df9263803d3ee814d8b57	Quite a decent album, in any case better than the previous nonsense.
3b2f17dfc331b90f06841935932601ac75062034	You overreacted with the shit, there are a couple of good moments in the ass hole.
f582c45adc5eea6547823c03ca5ec463d76d29ba	And here...
35191fa0ad9bf62a3bb3ec7f26389aec22302212	Is this from a fan party screen?
c53c562dab4b33b3e42f3bc4d8e5719439a9c155	Yes.
e644b32e2415e7158e3300a6f4776bbc261cb061	How many times have I said that Muse has normal fans? :D
2bc49418e49c1ecc282bd071e9688039b9b09e82	The introduction is in the style of Morricone, yes, it's not bad.
19a8cdd61e02576d0f620330d2297a9b5ca5b29c	But it's one thing to have a complete 7 minute Citizen Erased, that's the topic, and Globalist consists of 3-4 or how many poorly connected parts there are,there is no integrity.
2c8a7465fada2354f7b9d1f1dbd7493f959ff97d	And this is sad.
75f602e7c88efe6feb2cb39206ca9bef48980d79	By the way, I forgot what Revolt is there, I even praised it.
1a9e1ff5e17bc42d3f40fb7d7b07b54bf1ed0021	Yeah, well, it was about the same for me after the previous album.
203ebcc02ecbf3aa4cdd301d2ed53da6a8ad755d	The introduction and the piece about which I wrote below.
ccb093c0fc41cb4ce35b1ba9ea3c42ffdfa0a9cc	But still, the "heavy" part does not pull on what was in the Erased from memory.
0749cc5485ef09650dd0357d877127cc54937600	Here is the reaction to Chlopolezd :D
3939e9c1e865a8bd5701d261a113476a4b7bbe4f	By the way, there is a fragment there, from 6: 16 to 6: 33, I've already heard it in some movie,but there was an orchestra, now you'll find a horseradish,and it's not the first time:)
9093237c440e1a16daa4939a986a2b2aba7276e1	D@shkevich
c462775d6ec6f5059460cddef03837d5d5d2979b	Cage writes all reviews from the point of view of a hater, and not a sane person.
0a19fde9c22f45bb8d0a759225059a4d45b00fb6	And he's good at grunting;)
a493044dcd50e286cb73abe0363eb14b936b01b2	Matthew Bellamy writes songs purely out of inertia.
c50d96dc34f2258ce1b5b801b217da35fd7e3e0a	He is an accomplished musician, it's high time to quit this and release a video tutorial of playing the guitar...
90a9c270c80eeae5abcb1e9fe26b3e3342ba98c6	Or a sentimental solo album with a ukulele)
f7f1ff317175b37f3b6b9b9fccb7e3e3479f6184	Vadim Klimentyev
99ac9faa8cba0d2128a99db9d832d5a49083f61c	Is Absolution considered better than oos? come on?! there are also so many cool and most famous songs on it, which are recognized by Muse
f990ef25a67410c9f4febb698c47c70f5625479c	Well, it's a matter of taste;)I like Absolute more, it turned out to be in the right place,at the right time,I have pleasant memories associated with it,as well as Resistance.
f6b938db41ae37667752d3081a0b7bdb6e547d98	Well, as it is, the symmetry is brighter and more driving, etc., etc.:)
2668231084319419430cfa77e07d6df1b9849752	Legion remembers everything =) Here you promised to write a separate review for the cover http://rock review.ru/news/17977 muse gotovyat novyj albom.html
dd175eb128b36f880700946c01a311ee9064699e	PaoloGilberto
e77b2455d9da4eef2a63b48472cacd2578204f67	oh, you have a "kamentorezka take two" planned for tomorrow))
cc39e7f23c49f785901d7ece5ea9affc2c5e6cab	I'll hold off on the next Millennium Music for at least a day))
e373918f4f4d8d6fefe5e11e8c84a8b26652e107	I didnot say when :) So wait :)
c67af7e0405991572b136b81f272ce933a4df5c4	Why?;)
fbadb149fd37b7270be9d4f325f082074efc73ba	It can be even simpler
b6dafec8e7f775b35b86f9739f0f5b391f6c824b	Dedicated to all fans of the fakov technique of playing the guitar
de02c93b8e4deb92581653c1af30a13f7c26a460	"Hope and wait for the whole life ahead..."
8ca118029319df790061bbc975cc2a8a27d64b53	© Robert Rozhdestvensky
f9baadb60a7556359313fc3b558d0dcea8612489	My rather specific opinion: Cave, Space Dementia, The Groove, Assassin, MK Ultra
6fdf5c4ae5b89a2402c50e0a324c2542459eaefd	(one song from all the good albums ^_^) But if we make a sample according to the criterion of popularity, i.e. what they will be able to remember in 20 years, then: Plug in Baby, Feeling Good (not them, but they breathed a second life), Time is Running Out, Hysteria, Supermassive Black Hole, Uprising
8a975cc11bb869a62cb249e3f22f6478064cfee1	Rock Man Over 9000
eeff64fc4690fb3993dc6cfc7e05a7f5076b576f	What is just not found on the Web today)
76a269d224738c00a22e69ac078e0cda078904a3	Ahahahah, Cage, this is a success! :D
54bf1a72b4bad4a9cf068d0414a6c7d30d6ce28f	Checkmate Vee! :3
68becc7bf1445cce3fa30c0a154c1ceb6b31fb76	No :D
9d343b08d141cc5d4281fe0b67db33dd372df010	Konstantin Dmitriev
54c60b414360708cddc7585a660d13aa41c00ea2	I'm wondering, who is this dude ?
e3db3a13fa6ff6b2b33f8beab503abfffe47f7f7	)) He looks like a room nerd who lives with his mother, has learned a couple of musical terms and has now signed up for the "great" music critics)))) It looks funny.
e765313dc4db9928dab01fbecaea74f83c3de241	Better go work in the mac)) And the new album is a masterpiece.
d50211a8f861d4a006711f7089425fde78e65b5d	Music, message, novelty and professionalism of musicians - 10 out of 10.
9d5480e7b3dcff28666ec9d3591fb78e98cafc6c	Bravo, Bellamy.
eacff35028d0a66655f01111adf05dd991e1f5c7	The best musician of our time.
6ff41cef4bd09093ac886dc9817613d1a9f2fc5f	"...is a masterpiece" You canot say more precisely)
5668cecd145219c987752f7cacf2fe0e6487acde	I was not hired at the Mac to work :) So I canot follow your advice :(
03d1d8cff08d75cd9e002db8f74cd154e607031b	Oh God...well, what are you talking about, huh?
a16c72982a6ffb1d4dd0b492ec552acb82598797	That's how I donot like music fans, they always spoil the opinion of the band with their poor sayings.
c3eb3c6fb4f22f0c8bca73c6b62fa45ee4107931	So, pnyatnenko) One comment from you, and who is Mark Wilhelm?)
f88794a0f0d52bcde0c9913716340aed814996b4	Either one of our own, or Kage himself)
d58ba5d32d530a165b0a15184834a7170c7cd9c3	I donot have a VK account :)
c551394d52e3852e78b673d0e4701b4b7276e2f0	Well then some kind of latent fan) By the way, I also do not have an account in the VK) So we are already excluding three of them from the circle of suspects)
2094065e2f604e3837ae35e9737d991746ac5133	Yes, no, many people approved the review there :) It's just that one butt loving fonnat came to us here :)
ce00f8b1e55b54be7dad8506d3d8262ef2c120c8	And what's new there?
5b151cdd9d72c120cccaa0efaeaaaec916fb0a0d	Once we looked here, let's get proof.
ef10688dcbead54464d936e77faa9e93ad6c3406	Maxim Voronin
18b4e8127703ab8400e2a97a159503ad35084968	Ahaha, is this a review?
fe5a128202d26f0920b37ae3719be3e5c58c95f1	Well, it's clear, you just call all the tracks in a row shit(the author clearly does not like the "holy cow"), and this becomes a kind of authoritative opinion.
70ef724fe1559cbdc5b5d0b83c703ee8a75e1fee	I thought that the critics were objective and not biased.
8a5f698fbe85ae13e67e79cdba422e63134feaee	I was wrong.
441c8d04a23c835f02f2e7e8ad9441a421295780	All right.
1a7acecc55c00d498512c1eca6ce7cba59681d6a	You just went into the wrong office.
897fa989e6b4d6fbb77f2039e960d74d8a813f83	I am flattered that you prefer to talk not about music, but about me, because apparently there is nothing to say about music, it is so good that there are no words:)
ae24221839bd0253502dfe8645b15129720c905f	what a review, such comments.
c042e4e08ff3eb2536ddc3c391a55167a17af458	I myself see some disadvantages of the album, but it makes no sense to talk about music under an article aimed only at challenging aggression from fans, instead of really appreciating the music.
7c2948711add0f4c03b737e0a20b3c6576c29fd9	What was required to prove :)
9e168dddf8c2dae3c6a6f13a429039976576e214	- and it is similar to rock music without the pretentious shit in the form of whistles and farts, with which Matthew likes to "decorate" his works, so Muse does not only play rock... it smells like shit. what's wrong with "whistles and farts"?
d15349b36eeb9a4d4589069f4fbc33c9e097a591	It turns out that the music is shit, because it's not rock?
082d979f1d707110ef633994f482c764853e7f94	This is moronism.
7b15db64890f65fea4904da2cd4121509da7ddab	I am glad that you agree that the article (the language does not dare to call it a review) is aimed at challenging aggression and is devoid of objectivity.
3d77debe127623ee88352f38b0616dcd365fbe50	And I love whistling farts.
6748e0e469edf5b467635b6d813f437aa086ce6d	The synthesizer at the beginning of the aftermath is awesome^^
94f1fd425ea4fba806c9f2995bb8feebb9e69b4d	I did not agree, your conclusion is wrong :) You just confirmed that you want to talk about me and my review, and not about the music.
891747b9263e9243b29e8b0d4ee0798c812bae7e	That was the original thesis.
9ede1f6115b6f01b51f24519f7574ed3e6929008	I'm sorry that I had to deprive you of the joy of mutual understanding:)
e416fd263552457aa53fd85c7bb0955efb4766df	You may succeed, but I didnot say that :)
eaa6497b07f56b5f308e6b9143f622d1476db417	But my thesis was also not challenged, so I'm right.
8032082313f69075efb5f6affab285c8a884c15c	When the article is about the "holy cow", and not about music, then the commentaries do not have to be about music.
54a7976785c511dcec4b35b079e84042df88d24f	how so? do you retract your words, my dear? it's you who hate "whistles and farts" that spoil ROCK MUSIC!!!!
2067d0a82a9aa8d9393d18bae94236fbd9223581	You are engaged in substitution of the thesis and attribute your fantasies to me :) You wrote "It turns out that the music is shit, because it's not rock?
27caefeb0a2d995ac3e8314b4fe368249de9aa60	This is moronism."
c3fbb2c6e8fa5d90a56de291994bf7b8753a84a3	I objected.
9dde51147dcce9b0b2c013bb306c83ea5d4ae044	I did not refuse my words, I refused to interpret my words :)
dee9cbde71d33bf1360f281895b81dd96a45c003	You will first prove your thesis :)
93c1a601a0a0b1b04c5bc1f2706783552893f87d	The article is about the album, it talks about most of the songs, sometimes a technical analysis is carried out, hyperboles and allegories are used:) Try reading it again.
dfe13a172b4bda78f2a8d1f291a880027fecda74	By the way, a review by definition is a critical review of a work of art. To claim that my text is not a review would be extremely ridiculous.
378040a6991dafe79b7dfe399a35ffd8b393fa39	I was commenting on what I read.
67747d01e769e79ffc34deb0d6cd5ad0f4e9fc6d	And it is written clearly "whistles and farts "decorate" rock music".
d14c221a870e4486c2936e7ce3aeef2628f18039	So there is no need to go back on your words.
5ec94731526a8b5098ec1fb9cf06e245e9aebc6a	You are another rocker, saddened by the presence of electronics, which SPOILS ROCK MUSIC.
f25127e696645652a3b093d11a6d6006289acd39	- The article is about the album Aha, having already read the introduction about the "sacred cow", well, it is impossible to guess that a waterfall of mud will flow further.
a139cd27c48415f2a90f55a4861a7d589f78902d	Like: "Well, now I'll shit on you!
ae9ab07e21b6331d2e80161cf635bab9c283bdbc	And then they are completely tired of undeservedly praising the "untouchables"!"
31d2e031b57e6f4724749cb459d5c49cb17d7520	- it talks about most of the songs, sometimes technical analysis is carried out, hyperbole and allegories are used, Aha, technical analysis, followed by the words "shit", "fuck", "farts and whistles".
b556b991673017aff09e5257165905f0fb42db39	This is not criticism - this is already cretinism.
8939ce60d175dba052517dbbc5cfa2e116a802f0	- By the way, a review by definition is a critical review of a work of art.
6f21f8e4d39a0de19142211c6fac209ba04674b3	A critical review should be objective, and your text is filled with sarcastic poison.
2f73408a04b28e8fa0ba454fda81b5eb8eabddbf	And yet I said: "and it's like rock music without the pretentious shit in the form of whistles and farts that Matthew likes to "decorate" his works with, " analyzing a specific song.
73990c4530d69972b6a0f795819f13b206030510	And you have read: ""whistles and farts "decorate" rock music"".
f5779790219527c44cd6199f2e9e76fced6edfc9	How did you manage to do this?
5c5b13e1fe7221c8751f6da9a17076f353da0c5c	:) From the point of view of logic, you have generalized by taking words out of context, swapping them, reducing a particular statement to a general one, which is incorrect, to put it mildly.
b6c03dcceb30bf64d1cb937f720ec961d2fb7879	And then they all made a conclusion based on an incorrect statement.
a5dd136b272ff84def86ee7d7df3f0a9fab11574	I didnot say that electronics spoil rock music.
6991aa0e5212e1293029bacd31f949d9ba6ce6eb	That's what you said.
4f02d22e0ea9ea2253cf4584a0cfe2a7e368b2a4	You are appealing not with general definitions of words (they can be found in the dictionaries of Ozhegov and Dal), but with your own private ones, which mean nothing in the discussion.
23ec54c4dc641a79f50e66cc097e7dfb98b9f211	The argument is not accepted.
9874d8d161fb5a935c50b1e6c3348ce6c9436a01	- with which he likes to "decorate" his works OF ART. here's how it turned out.
25ea9ec8de2580e1a50a4608f17c0dc8faef174c	I speak directly and concretely, so you donot need to look into explanatory dictionaries to understand my words.
c570d05ca3f8040f88f81d6857699dcb03c455ab	If my comments are too difficult for your perception, it's not my problem.
1e14b62da07ee8a87a6ba88f432be9d4160077e7	The works of Muse, a specific band that plays not only rock music.
69b4d2147090660962c80cbb13f902300a6545a4	Moreover, a specific album was considered.
952b2d6c95249340e5950f7c82c50b4bc6399480	And you attributed what to me?
3146963a743ba80abc5f50791fd1471aab9ed935	"You are another rocker, saddened by the presence of electronics that SPOIL ROCK MUSIC."
e9a639581a53fe9a53c10e318501fe6088919545	You might as well attribute to me the thesis: "Electronics spoil the weather on Mars!"
72b1ce559648fbe7d63625f8a0ac5330801aac81	In order to conduct a discussion, opponents must agree on definitions, so you need to refer to dictionaries.
b42335594fbea1cf6c36f4ebe94a34a59812dbca	This is one of the main rules for conducting disputes.
c72d2ceb85e0bbf1ac31b7297cf2948e32e967a7	Should your proposal be understood as a rejection of the discussion?
4b3e4c9b104b3e6ed1369db7e6d23dd8717a58d6	- and it is similar to rock music without pretentious shit in the form of whistles and farts, stop moving away from the essence.
1c74f05ed74ba2a65c5f5c6654c1d3294644a0f4	According to the sub, here you are clearly dissatisfied that the muses do not play pure rock music, but add sound effects.
ac3b5f505d0ce6e0da68763de025453b7d17a40b	- with which he likes to "decorate" his works and immediately hint at creativity in general, and not about a specific song.
c8a23cd0b72318f7e146d4627bf276d7c47244f4	So your excuses are ridiculous.
9120afc963234fa3ff251eb60f3154b1e351abfe	Which words from my comments are not clear to you so much that you need to turn to dictionaries? and I am not the one who refuses to conduct a discussion, coming up with funny excuses about the ambiguity of the opponent's words.
1c795f57cb693074402960a85d526b37d72bd7c7	This is your speculation :) However, go on, I'm intrigued.
4d673ad08c8727eca95c6404f632ff47be0eb994	What else am I clearly dissatisfied with?
e00875fb7d5634393064b846f2dc8204026b275e	Your definitions of the words "criticism" and "review" differ from the generally accepted ones.
52af9ffae449c480d86a0e314d62e87e59fedac0	- speculation That is, I misunderstood?
7a9b2d7eee2b95d1c7c75e6627f0170935893c62	Adding the words "anal distortion", "lousy", "fuck", "fuck you will understand" to the evaluation of the songs, did you express not dissatisfaction, but on the contrary praise?
3aa81a1f0e9d4afafd3fbb6fb7fe422257087db1	For some songs, this was really a compliment :)
0899e7eb7c5df3ee67fc758c186a0b8a2cd316e8	So that's all you could find fault with? well, I'm completely left in fools
5750cce735be88f6737caf860bea406912289f14	(((The independence of critics is generally recognized, as much as I know.
08e1639524d127b1bf7a1f8c75bf7eb9ea474a46	And if they did not have to write objectively, then their reviews would not be referenced, because IMHO few people are interested in.
a1585ffa3f2b89330e33a8f4e7bd8b0c56b3a3a6	well, you see, I canot catch this( and all because " You are appealing not with general definitions of words (You can look them up in the dictionaries of Ozhegov and Dal), but with your own private ones..."
62c81c96128650f389d3417c0440b21bd785b717	Kirill Shibanov
165e4f604ccf9d18b8969351ebba5296e6a2f7f7	Good time of day.
5139df066da5f90e41d49ffb27c56071ed4ebed5	Take a couple of minutes wandering in the space of music - tell me the best muse songs, in your opinion, 3-5 will be enough.
941cc79a6822a4f8a6384d545bb4574d7bc3c489	I'm trying to collect the top 100, help music experts.
717cb2d8e3dac4c69d7350eed4cf7ee2375c0572	Thank you in advance.
0c0a2727fcd8fc9d5206f7cef56ead8eb5d92e3d	sergey konoplev
7fd90723429b6c4970318b219bc109b57f70cdad	"Aftermath" is the apogee of the beauty of this compilation of sounds of different frequencies." and it seemed to me that the loss was ripped off from U2
58a19fa0ebd16374f591f29416c868ad5e8e74e2	Niqart Alee
9d919c60844b8deed6d3292156b5a912ef5480fa	When I started reading, I realized that another attempt at cheap popularity due to the boiling of shit to a very successful musician/singer.
69f19e46b579dba49d02cf1da06f3dc43ea45839	The reception is easy and effective - there are already 105 comments.
a971278905bfdacfe975c6c10d8d05a954e8ed5c	I didnot even finish reading the first paragraph....
7efe807574ceaa8c50a802f300786157e49d5d34	The conveyor "king of trolling" and a nerd.
857da551406a69c661834486cfd726abe5caaf59	And the album in principle is not so bad as the old Muse fans are trying to convince everyone of this/ But we must admit that Muse has 4 albums that are twice as cool as this record.
58db7daf41a8734e5338fbeb5e94259faad646fd	More conspiracy theories :) I created the site 6 years ago to provoke you with this review:) I have been following your every step for a long time!
2d16d84d2cd8da1575221f232eb38d60e56e04fe	Are you enjoying cheap popularity?)
c26ace0261b5e65e159be04371f604ccd994d613	Conveyor "king of trolling") I imagine you in the form of a kind of Willy Wonka) You are standing on the balcony, in your top hat, and below for many kilometers, there is a huge factory of boiling shit that exists at the expense of successful musicians)
d1d4cada1155b4b51a0b6fb5ba973e2da91d73aa	I have already sent out the golden tickets :) Waiting for guests :D
c6f1b4af80d7a8080939a05e4acd1ebf4321d205	Here's the ticket!
e588e35310a5eeee157a8299845d934bd49dc1c1	Just donot refuse :3
6f94d8437be72a7e9638e250e3061f7a14ada2ee	"the factory of boiling shit" I've been laughing for 2 minutes, I'll be torn apart: DDD
6198e415f0ce37ed4ba86e5e489c5733ab086c2b	Here you go :)
37bb13c3f3737e5bcac91d8c884c422ee87b910d	Thank you :D
00186143c360ab3771c3eb8c5e46b663af255329	Tanya Ushakova
4af45d534bb37795e8f5f7dc394e7a8aa70630f2	And me?
f814277ef9c357968e80db82c2025fc78f793391	Only I'm afraid to even ask where these tickets come across, because your factory is far from chocolate: D
ca15a3d698fa1fbcf027e78c393309fb17df8481	Thanks)
6d3cf5b2519fd9ba5fcdaf57a3640e8b54d502f2	Take care of it :)
8761c4b905673c8564feb9110132e9b686ba147f	Thank you, Your Majesty))
dcb5665d32e7574549e18438419df356b0d3bfd4	I presented this picture, I just tore up :D
c6e1e0a31eb6c7e7d2c64282250d7aad102fcddc	Not the correct blit :
0803f630704432e34300aaba04f3b7db679a7a3a	(Instead of Wonka, there should be a Cage, the seal should be with large letters RR, and instead of a Golden Ticket - Shit Ticket :D
9ba819812fe8dc77825731da4df422a34e0890bf	Alexey Kasyanov
4a5e7f16067355e024759dce978d787b22ac4da0	Children's website.
a12a9f0a987d6f548964c7825acfd3491bfef76f	And the reviews are cheap.
a73b8a1e50fa1a655d20a3129b8351630676acbb	Well, then, it's not children who come here?
016d4269e44c5e8bba774f23a843eaf3720b0d81	:) we have an adult audience, a citizen analyst.
765458fd8b67adef74a65e8cde41e76c76d46c04	And where are the ruble ones?
5d72b1a3e616976ae52964ed80e7c50a38cc1b86	You can link)
f23e9366bef83dbc2042d45e11ff51023dbbd6cb	On rockinside :D
795d8f040f877eae73859666c45ac959aaf84682	Not otherwise) I thought "citizen analyst" would give a link to something like RS, where critics are so "prosharennye" that they write that the Broom performed in Luzhniki with Ozzy and Scorpions)
527c1d192362f3214b202f41d4c7f4cd496abc13	Donot forget about rockcult)
143598254991caa983cfe91ae8da0f4670c30f30	I never forget about the Cult) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0Z9C4XO8fA
a1327774f1d656f3726148ea9df3e408b8f26b15	Llc) I also like them, but I've never watched their clips)
14b3987d11ad2788a7d78723ac427804e7a84bd3	Well, this clip also fell on the period when I was on duty at night in the office where the state MTV was.
35ac4c9f5a905f8f984408114e42b880b7baa6bf	Probably that's why it comes to my mind first of all)
b758cd61a69dde142f3d7ee07674ae178fd4c44c	Well, down, but the album is still shit.
2014c7e8e391c1699ea7c49735fa53f051fe0b0a	Kirill Vikhrov
da4a7338edd110c1995b3db00b34f42e8d596bd8	the author is down.
7bdb8c9f193750fb896fe2a8069e755daa9736e6	Dmitry Kukharenko
b2db38ab9e77eea919a35a1d5d2ed014154846ab	I read about a dozen reviews of Cage - the only idea of all and the leitmotif - " Before the grass was greener, but now everything is "any variations of the phrase "anal" " It's time to create a resource with criticism of reviewers "Now the music is the same type and vomit. like people trying to criticize it, scribbling the same type of reviews."
ca0c8ae4dc538c9a226dd3d6dbbe911bd5e6c3fd	Seriously, I'm sure he has a file in the word with the ones placed through the trial
9ec1c1239cd4c020f96d07e2dd744870c8760780	Home News Poster Blog Articles Bio Discographies Photos Videos Reports Contacts
539def846700086d070e30132e5b0579fcd4a30d	Online Music Portal BESTCLUB.com.ua
35f29a8602929425e9abc19c59dc4b467ab8aa8b	January 14, 2017 Saturday
31dd6a287be66c36bba5907b69478a6d75f08460	BIOGRAPHIES
9cd7458759ed26fec51e8c8422dcefc11bf4c568	Muse - Biography of the band
1f1b88ab1ae6f0a2aa736786a0004e156dec19d8	Tags: Muse (Muse), Biography
9b7a2f72f497fe238415c8562d3ae785e51c1a66	Muse (read "Muse", English muse) is a British alternative rock band formed in 1994 in Teignmouth (Devon), United Kingdom.
48134a2c21241a736592cf2fe3717a6f86a9c02f	Music that seems to have come to us from another Galaxy, passionate performance, the strongest theatrical vocals, virtuoso guitar parts, live performances of hurricane power all this is Muse!
3c1687e93221ed3e20ea05b0158f72be7facd027	The band consists of three members: Matthew Bellamy (vocalist, guitarist and keyboardist), Chris Wolstenholme (bass guitarist, backing vocals) and Dominic Howard (drummer and percussionist).
7debccbb7a8389891ed5963f01686cfe181bde2b	In total, the band has released five studio albums.
a99f36a7770ee5c2fe83b03ed36801181b8ef0c9	During their career, Muse became five time winners of the MTV Europe Music Awards, received five Q Awards, eight NME Awards, two BRIT awards and four Kerrang Awards!
c4c4658c58d8cd61f80f24ea880875607a1f4a99	Awards.
cc9b8cd5750f8da8946deaed5e17e5a7cb055442	Most of these awards were received by them for their concert performances.
39f6a438ebe23a0517e76d1e72165831953a063f	Official line up
11e4f87e0703eafdbf48ddb23f951f29484cc590	- Matthew Bellamy vocals, guitar, keyboards, keyboard, synthesizers.
111394339236de9b023dfedd805050205bb2861f	- Chris Wolstenholme — backing vocals, bass guitar, harmonica, clarinet.
4554d875e1f19da4bd047cb5c8504dfcd6d6be88	- Dominic Howard drums, percussion, synthesizers.
8ce5d3fc4867dda9182dcc6e97a9f9292091d1b6	Session musicians
a38d0cb8af30fbeeebed7c619d862a4127181634	- Morgan Nicholls keyboard, samples, backing vocals, percussion, bass (2004, 2006-2009, 2009 present).
cd03ddbce6a07b8f7e0d62a2ac52b08e44319fdc	- Alessandro Cortini keyboards, samples, backing vocals, percussion (2009).
64b8384693d2ac65cb01139bd56ab60e11444c14	- Paul Reeve — backing vocals on "Showbiz" and "Absolution".
37e3e93254bd914167f49de379b56612a91db61a	- Jackline Norrie violin on "Origin of Symmetry".
578cb91f06c42576c53707772fe07bd4c47f5f77	- Sarah Herbert violin on "Origin of Symmetry".
a192df50d63a0c1b9b8c53eb3494fff862b0f395	- Claire Finnemore viola on "Origin of Symmetry".
60fe24c677d08d4bb8ac356c868deb2ff3e1fced	- Caroline Lavell — cello on "Origin of Symmetry".
079d7511fe3fbacc5dd8d7f5ee47c46b379a4f03	Band History
66dc5447bd8bfeb9013007bb51d485a78377cab4	Formation and early years (1992-1997)
1612792c0129a9dde2e1e289ef23bf48f3b749b6	In the early nineties, Matt, Dom and Chris played in different bands at Teignmouth School.
aacd26e770af78ca1db9f690359c3defe0acbd0d	The formation of Muse began after Matthew Bellamy became the guitarist in the Howard House band.
b9dd596f243768e8c49f0393942b33cdcccbed69	Then they asked their close friend Chris Wolstenholme to learn how to play the bass.
27d6a78fbd5d6ecbaefb6ef2ac9c10e3ee446a40	Since then, the band has changed a lot of names, being called Gothic Plague, Carnage Mayhem, Fixed Penalty and Rocket Baby Dolls, before becoming Muse (the enumeration is abstract, the information in different interviews differ from each other).
3e33949cd872b704391989dbcb3aa51342c3a6b3	In 1994, under the name Rocket Baby Dolls Muse won a local "Battle of the Bands", destroying their equipment in the process of performing.
8ee68abd9a264b4887551971c0db725206948f9c	(They were "the only real rock band").Soon after, they decided not to go to university, but to immerse themselves in the musical environment.
9e0ab8600b252a83687cae2b96f1be5f4bb47346	They changed their name to Muse and started performing in local clubs like" The Cavern " in Exeter.
22850b862f9739748c6befcbd30349b88be6dd78	The first EP and Showbiz (1998-2000)
2a366e9bd58da4d5f7534536e1733262b4cba0ed	After several years of forming a metropolitan fan base, Muse played their first concerts in London and in Manchester.
2f1cf04300e2dc554a1bcba7668f44cc9fcb2387	The band met with Dennis Smith, the owner of Sawmills, a recording studio in a converted mill in Cornwall, in Southwest England, and signed a contract with him.
46923037d835ea85c46fbb30eb1d7b79e4c47b55	This meeting led them to their first real recordings and the release of the eponymous EP with the face of the House used in the design by the Soomill label Dangerous.
07382c7de5f380aa0c66cbbcf6012c88d87746e0	Their second EP, " Muscle Museum "(January 1999) included two versions of the title track and the songs" Sober"," Uno"," Unintended "and"Instant Messenger".
8c5e42ba85e00e530a645a6295c7aea5f42819e9	The release attracted the attention of the influential British music journalist Steve Lamacq.
7aec02d0dab43665bf7045d8d8215c41b46ce096	Lamak, also a DJ at Radio One, who was the first to put Muse on national radio, recalls: "It was one of those interesting records that donot fit into what sounds everywhere.
3e37c63f5b9c2c9508db77c4d763ccdcd40a6b29	This was a great success for the band, as it allowed them to preserve the individuality of their sound from the early period of their career.
2b5f1ac3665004a972f2fb867e4b1e88efccef85	Despite the success of their first EP, British record companies refused to support Muse, being concerned that the sound of Muse resembled Radiohead (from the time of "The Bends)".
b4834a7888bed5684dc2e3a2a2af24d8b160d0b1	Nevertheless, American Maverick Records arranged for the band to perform several shows in the United States before signing them at the end of 1998.
99da714e21f014e5b0628dda13fc298492c44878	John Leckie, who produced the aforementioned "The Bends", The Stone Roses, and The Verve, was brought in to work on Muse's first album, "Showbiz".
e628f32508b9f938857b721865c45ea2f0ca8d6d	Origin of Symmetry (2001—2002)
7d4a89eea2655a162d7e15c843757ab58d7336fe	In November 2002, Muse started visiting the studio again, together with producers John Cornfield and Paul Reeve.
b713e8c1e9783a094b1eb5bd34ba2980e77edda6	At first, three or four songs were recorded, but then the band changed the producer, and the American Rich Costey helped finish the album.
57d605d35bb8fc48d1d8873fb3351e1eba936d70	We only know that Matt was aware of the change in the sound of the album, which eventually came out, and was very worried about how the listeners would perceive it.
4b2785b7f86b21846e1a6b25eaef92ef92c561d7	Maverick felt that Bellamy's falsetto was not favorable for the release of the album on the radio, and demanded that some songs be changed for the release of the album in the United States.
27474db070dc18faa9a30e47ba542f86588835a8	Muse released a live DVD, "Hullabaloo", with recordings of two consecutive concerts at Le Zenith in Paris in 2001.
fb819be6043c9523639e854e3c114aa699422a0e	In February 2006, Q magazine placed "Origin of Symmetry" on the 74th place in the list of the 100 greatest albums on the planet.
f3ae4635c34c5c3dcf3bb9dd007cd5e3182908e8	Absolution (2003—2005)
ebdc980fc970d5f57e04ed574c1adefede0cb848	"Absolution" (produced by Rich Bones) was released in 2003 and debuted at the top of the UK chart.
6e64563bc199912bb312075b9b06c4ed31f34d17	Muse went on their first tour of the stadiums of the planet, which lasted about a year, during which the musicians visited Australia, New Zealand, the USA, Canada and France.
a5b70feacfe8614c5390a17e2723d307c25fe749	Bellamy called this concert "the best gig of our lives".
ddd0c3b48021f82ef0f98713d68563aaeaa3fbe5	It didnot seem plausible.
53978db02bb9ab983e3ec70a3aac8a900ec822eb	I think he was comforted by the fact that, at least, his father saw one of the best moments of our creativity."
7380d333c01b76a1aa1b04d9d14cb58f820e98e7	On December 12, 2005, the DVD "Absolution Tour" was released, containing footage of the best concerts from Glastonbury 2004 to concerts at London Earls Court, Wembley Stadium and at the Wiltern Theatre in Los Angeles.
bf1dc38b7e17c0aa9872c0f67d1c96ba4ba49356	Two songs, "Endlessly" and "Thoughts of a Dying Atheist", were filmed at Wembley Stadium.
808c7e536716716ac8c93b4e067676a2962f9cf7	Black Holes and Revelations (2006)
74692b508e05e205952ce699580f61b2c5c769eb	On July 2, 2006, Muse released the 4th studio album "Black Holes and Revelations".
48d28361a216b37f87b340b116a85fe4be2ca5de	The album was released in Japan on June 28, 2006, in Europe on July 3, 2006 and in North America on July 11, 2006, and reached the top of the UK and many European charts.
664eae8e78a19da268daa993bc670e0e5d18de89	"Black Holes and Revelations" went platinum, having been sold more than a million times in Europe.
71543f15501624cc4d062e17d7fbb42516ac5535	"Knights Of Cydonia" was released as a radio single in the US on June 13 and in the UK on November 27, 2006.
00201fd089816afdfad352698f9b2dcffc7dc3dd	After the last of the summer festivals, a tour of Europe began, including a large number of performances in the UK arenas.
8261de7daa91e1bcdad556d4b48f63598e4cce09	The tour continued with concerts in Australia, New Zealand and Southeast Asia in early 2007, and returned to England with grand concerts, the first at the restored Wembley Stadium on June 16 and 17.
2c56250e5b0b61aa3fe5cd1cf79d05346e8babaf	In March, the band performed in Africa — in Dubai, Johannesburg and Cape Town.
d39e617cef0792b57d70c720e3a753888daddf4f	Muse played at the Rio Lisboa Festival on June 6, along with Kaiser Chiefs, The Offspring and Linkin Park.
7479b797c0b5b1693bb0bd9a5bf7f370743bfbab	The Resistance (2009)
52c2d939769591075588bb0029b7b31ca3c55ce0	In an interview given to the magazine "Rock Mag" in May 2008, and published in the July issue, Bellamy confirmed the information about the beginning of work on a new album.
e6869a7c3c02e8bcf10c47c4af3d7a49a760cf3f	To date, two singles have been released from this album — "Uprising", "Undisclosed Desires" The third single - "Resistance" - was released on February 22, 2010.
9171dd8a02571d602b6acab973c8f2d5434a60f4	February March Muse will play concerts in America.
3345c3a9eb7dee1c1932c4abb9ceee3ff34fd39a	In the summer, they will also participate in many festivals, including Rock in Rio, Coachella, Glastonbury 2010.
4a4ec72ae12decb17826743bc1c6adfb77718e46	The last announced date of the tour at the moment are concerts at Wembley Stadium on September 10 and 11, 2010, but there is evidence that in the fall of 2010 the tour will cross the ocean and return to Australia, as Bellamy said in an interview on Big Day Out 2010.
bd703dc0b11593277a5a82dd893f2880b8d0f32a	[7]
1f13c4390683de6f8a69462890d47bb1199c5896	In addition, a remix of the song Resistance was made by disc jockey Tiësto.
9ad854bffabb8c78afd1104b080561e3db49af5b	Musical style
111c4105a8567d3f7a148ab8a9a23f61d143142f	Among the most influential bands on Muse are Radiohead and Queen.
75226d73db5b6dee213a72b35c48e69757473009	Awards
2dbff7199a233ef9e84e0481bb133c0f8070e6f1	Muse have been nominated seven times at the Brit Awards, becoming a two time winner; both times in the category "Best Live Act" in 2005 and again in 2007.
c15173e4a2f4d62544aed183e394f7dcca5d9f9f	The album "Black Holes & Revelations" won the award for "Best British Album" at the Brit Awards and was voted best album of the MTV Europe Music Awards and NME Awards.
8a6390a6a206bd06cd480c684a3defe5b7e4b069	The Q Awards also awarded musicians as outstanding live performers; the band won in the category "Best Live Act "in 2003, 2004, and 2006, and in 2009 triumphantly took up the nomination"Best Act in the World Today".
58230b0dfac29bb310d743d32f7d1e88fcd60332	In 2011, the band received a Grammy for " The Best Rock Album of the Year - "The Resistance".
ad309551b2f6c1a3b7c5cae23e79e1d70f121ddf	In total, Muse has received 24 awards from 60 nominations in its history.
1cc64761efa55cd06cadebbdd437c06cfe115a09	Also on September 25, 2008, Matthew Bellamy, Dominic Howard and Chris Wolstenholme were awarded honorary Doctorates of Arts by the University of Plymouth.
b3ed356117769493fb33e0484fd58cb6728f674a	Interesting facts
c4403cb0c91d964e3dfa7511866e2fc234cec658	- In December 2009, the Vatican published a list of" God pleasing " musical compositions.
d2818455228a44f368045d3b5e991a1699e85823	In this hit parade, along with Mozart and the disc of Pope Benedict XVI himself, Muse with the song "Uprising"were included.
4f46fbda86fa5c3980dec18519634114c4ad5bb7	- At one of the performances on Italian television, the musicians were forced to perform under a phonogram.
afcbdb6ff5f60b129b441a7035b7525ff02c657a	The musicians decided to express their protest by changing instruments before the performance: lead singer and guitarist Matthew Bellamy sat down at the drums, drummer Dominic Howard stood up with a bass guitar at the microphone, and bass guitarist Chris Wolstenholme took the guitar and stood at the keyboards.
56748d2f6c91917dc6212e66790d66b452b90d0e	After the performance, the drummer gave an interview as a frontman.
c8178ac6cde0827c943e2391a0009fbd913c481b	During the filming, no one suspected anything was wrong, and in this form the program went on the air.
2dea7341f26783526eacf25989882113769dd9da	- Not so long ago, Bellamy took the 29th place in the list of the 100 best guitarists in the world according to the magazine "Total Guitar", and his riff from "Plug In Baby", according to polls, was on the 14th position in the"Top 100 Riffs".
43f4623d53b9954aea8ddeed6190be678153c2dd	The same riff was marked by the almanac " Rock and Pop "of the magazine" Q magazine " among the best riffs ever played.
2f3d730899d415394bda650a8f6d95e41df3fa19	In addition, according to the results of the voting " Top 100 Riffs of all time "by the Australian radio station" Triple J", the riff from" Stockholm Syndrome "was recognized as the greatest riff of all time, overtaking" Smells Like Teen Spirit " by Nirvana and other equally legendary things.
ec718c59c62354da4e25fe27c4b9c11a46a94001	"Plug In Baby" also entered the Top 20.
e43f27525cd98f5a90f20c58c0866fb143d5587f	- One of the few weaknesses that Bellamy allows himself during the tour is playing poker.
749abbc9744d91cb1e0b64734bc8054f26922e91	He has a dream to get into the program " Late Night Poker "on Channel 4:"But there is an initial bet of 1,500 pounds, and I am not yet such a master to take risks."
73847ba3b7e5b806b44685a258418cd5da48d2a6	Muse Undisclosed Desires from Winnylcbl
960cd10efed479fcc759999762e81fb5995f1211	Muse - Undisclosed Desires (Clip Officiel)
80c494898ac90610a67c95502d2a56b4af4963f1	Uploaded
c3e1b7f979e62f5a4d7dcd50c1eaf4d42c576ce5	Muse discography
73552337dfbb9810f506b5e04d84b1b47b047478	Discographies
6459b1ec20bcd58de5a667993caceca754992d2c	MUSE
682f43049a8b40d83a543cf0647bac50ca307ba2	MUSE photo gallery 2
a45086561208b5e7d602f83fa51d86d5d747a559	Comments Comment
5e3a069846369f68ef31a4499a608aeb746001fa	More on the topic of the video
c321cc9c5cc0aa54922f8c55f988f63ad182f63a	Patrick Wolf clips
d4e115cf4499eb391c7ba2f45ab0103d4c9c0a51	Muse - Supremacy, 20.09.2012
30dd40d934ca562b657a26f03234db94ec5eaff1	The closing ceremony of the Olympic Games 1012
0498e473720c68e80834f7b167128a38ca999ad4	band from Iceland Múm
6817c9bb0de813ec9c36e7a1fedeb5a0a0fb6c9b	New music video for Muse Madness
ce02650758df56bd8dc109d789dcce49b3725b72	More on the topic news
e1fecd7b4b191f3480334b784d69461b45b7a97f	Line up Orange Warsaw Festival 2015
5375f9302fe8ca52dae40df2209851f8697bcebe	Getting to know the participants of the Orange Warsaw Festival 2015
e14e0adda8b66a212b71dbdaf5f36c1118b901d1	Line up Orange Warsaw Festival announced
82000112bf0767c61a9c66469b01913b0efafbd1	Muse will head the Park Live festival in Moscow
0cee072f6dfb2ca14a8e148fd9c28d5914ae8f04	Muse will perform with a symphony orchestra for the first time
05e4840b85e68920ff906688d05afe2320b5f0dd	More on the topic of the article
a0a4b63489efee3cc3839af71fc5f4729e50db9e	MUSE performance in Kiev on May 24, 2011
373bc5b26bfb0eafc68a8028e1e57ab40d4d21d4	Maxi single "The Last Day of Summer"
fd4e19d705a30784c435047af8e4aa4553e4d065	More on the topic of discography
ffbdc521acf1ed32b6f68325f1a637e6ba677d3d	More on the subject of photos
7a278889f7ef66075c7750364e1c33a582fcc1de	JUDAS PRIEST
fc1c3624912868d2db0028eae2c0c91fa046b2bb	NIGHTWISH
5a4cf2e7a24904ea714ef1708e932ae178209c84	The best logos of musical groups
81ed91b1ac33861fb3366797fc874d59c535f892	MUSE photo gallery
9b73471ef222b04d329f361f2d6e20f35155c1ad	More on the topic of biography
c9d5bb5f61ee4ca8786720669ec0ab1c270ab3f7	In Flames
5ca5bbc00dd4175b5cd3a27d9652cbdf1026035e	Nina Hagen (Nina Hagen) Biography
f25112b8f146e82262fde6bbd9f410d3e5e900e7	an experimental group from Iceland – Múm
2cf6d377ad7a322543170423111124e1ca7c9e2d	Gapochka
13e2ba9c821c77cb78b83a7732950d52e3cd0afb	Home News Playbill Add Announcement Concert halls Public offer Electronic ticket Theater ticket offices If the concert is canceled
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37bb42fc4ca0cf90fc50f2a59b22bbaba34c8b93	Sevastopol Minsk Anapa Lugansk Zaporozhye Poltava Moscow Rostov on Don Yaroslavl Mir Khmelnitsky Vinnytsia Ivano Frankivsk Sumy Uman Cherkasy Mariupol Kirovograd
a406bc9c2d6419ce9b8bf68486237d4fc8588c35	Chernihiv Kramatorsk Severodonetsk Melitopol Chernivtsi Rivne Akhtyrka Uzhgorod Kremenchuk Berdichev Korosten Novograd Volyn Starokonstantinov Ternopil Energodar Yuzhnoukrainsk
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847a5189d2bafabdb4c1c5d73dbef1555a97d82b	Muse Band History
9942b2daded8d3e63df6ea0b9f340a755e27319e	The history of the world famous band Muse begins in England, or rather in the small town of Teignmouth.
ddd8067fb65eff10bb4233d98f454777935ea918	In the early 90's, all three of them: Matt Bellamy, Dominic James Howard and Chris Tony Wolstenholme attended the same school, at that time they were 13 years old.
76788cd6642cac7e32ce171af1e8a6e0c8521a1f	There they met, and realized that they all share a common passion for music.
ea5cf9602a96dc76bcaf3cd2b9be827a57ba99cc	At first, they all played in different groups, accumulated experience, and just mastered the instruments.
2bd4378e0ac2a09af2ca6f3bd3b641193b4f4ce8	A competition among young musicians and singers was held in their city, mostly rappers and pop singers performed there.
cd179e92d8586de7a0de9469e6325ff9e8aeb366	But our valiant trio decided to break up everyone there, and also took part.
2780d3ce352ac0f4cd59094a3a8b14bb1da59bfa	After the first song, the audience began to applaud wildly.
e4c327ebbfc3f738840fb46ad775f34ba039da0e	People liked it and of course they won this competition.
c394147cb4535a40cc9a279f06bcd926086ea8aa	Muse becoming
e7c83b3841defb2081d69cb426cdd2fc20c87a65	After this event, it was decided to change the name to "Muse"again.
93645171d7547e67dcd109488641ce5a3fec9aca	For quite a long time, the band wandered around the nearby cities, performing in various bars and clubs.
c70ee099c49db8a1eec7b8ed5be0cb7cdba25f8a	But people didnot care about their music.
312adc722fc2d629df6a76f046c8c49fb0fd0a2f	It was a difficult time for the guys.
1913d19eb94ed7c5f4a7b0407d89abb2e369f5ae	By 1997, John Leckie was present at one of the Musa performances, having met young talents, he offered them his services as a producer.
b61a6de678fc44efceb7967fe52c4629c4d9e150	At that time, the guys had almost already lost hope for the future of their group, and immediately accepted such an offer from John.
c9ee0e41347abb1a9ec8c9a6f42f65f9fd00a41a	The first thing Lecky did was find the band a label "Dandy Records", which agreed to release their first mini album.
b5d6b2905ca86df7deaeaa5be19fcd9c5b498196	The album is released in a circulation of only 1000 copies, and it consisted of 4 songs.
dd436b8aec5eb2d0fe8852e2da089b588100bc75	People sold out the entire edition at concerts.
c13487652f87c5d2b3229e148ec14f7401e36312	The producer did a good job and promoted the team at all kinds of festivals, where they were always greeted with ovations.
c3fb2a737da4ec7261f3330c4b668e04d8857b08	Popularity grew before our eyes.
9c38abaef9b30be996c43fadf04d24714ff1e966	Speaking at the "In The City" festival, they are noticed by several representatives from American labels at once, I offer them cooperation.
43b728c4d969447680779a16c2d23cbd98ba4f66	In 1999, they went to the United States, and signed a contract with the label" Maverick", along the way, they signed contracts with several other labels around the world.
d8b266ad86cf3d7917510abaaa5127362f7e14b3	In January, they release their second mini album "Muscle Museum".
6c1392a17498c129f5efa0b0d3dd6d1498751c44	After that, they appear in the charts of England and occupy not the last places there.
e12303409adc1c9ae72abec696f7e2c50f1f63e5	They are also starting to be played on Radio One.
10219bae42195a9b08180519bf57efac4a3a9a2f	Muse world fame
3f6cf5eb78a68852312f4187f0975cc82be461ea	In November 1999, the full fledged debut album "Showbiz"was finally released to the delight of the fans.
230417f4c1997ab52cb71f464c5c9e1262f7591c	At that time, Muse was constantly compared to the band Radiohead because of the similarity in style, but this album put the dots over the "And", and ended these comparisons.
e4fe355ce45dde2f8a819c87b8df9379c86c3cbf	The album was a dizzying success, it was released with a circulation of more than 700,000 copies.
460e5732c82ca29d40e8b48d93f3e8b21b6917d2	In 2000, the band toured around Europe.
cb5109a815a7b3739c4511f23af807795e3204a8	He performs at rock festivals, as well as opening for Red Hot Chili Peppers and Foo Fingers.
faf3db2aeeadd1f4b950ba60fe357fbb4da46574	In 2001, the second album "Origin Of Symmetry" was released, with a circulation of 500 thousand copies.
4db90908dafac6818b50da0a8fd01a9fd2ab8ae8	The musicians added some classical music to the new album, which transformed their musical style very well.
706cf7e6fd45d9015a3db444166deee4d0abe77f	Critics were pleased, and the album quickly hit the top of the charts.
db49bd258b8816f247faa59f11da47d3aeee5a02	In early 2002, Muse went on a tour, in which they recorded their first DVD concert "Hullabaloo".
2743f792269077005105d9fbe5fd0129cbd8ce38	In August, they return to England and start working on a new album.
f1aeae81288cb85179399084ab44f8da1f52b4d3	At that time, the war in Iraq began, which influenced the musicians and their new compositions.
d7657ab36b810c42464ed5bc2bd8036289fb0723	In September 2003, the guys released their third album "Absolution", which again broke all records for sales.
812cfc8f76a7c3f0fabf4a7b11f7dfb5dd1f23f0	It was produced by John Kornfield and Paul Reeve.
b356b640b4012f887e6e48bd6bb2d7b8696451e8	The success of the group grew very rapidly.
2402eed239d7893557c59900e385a9c8b65e56f7	Matt began to feel depressed about the absence of a lover, due to the fact that they were very popular, all the girls saw them only as stars.
aa67d80dfbf57210436edb40f97c5ced66dcdb44	This was reflected in the lyrics of the songs.
13eb6d468264d40f76ee832f027f2b3e98711870	A little later, the album receives the status of a "golden disc" from the RiAA.
e0600df88807317f9a11485185e34ec62e4c66b7	In 2004, they went on a tour in support of the album.
c553d38b4a2e83128d96e93f5d5c990b93e439ce	Muse are headlining at the Glastonbury Festival.
4cc2ce8e896b826aea32f13dd43b1afee61fb9a0	This concert was one of the most memorable in their career.
af14fd42b42a871a6339ecb0a703c20d73f78a71	Part of this concert was included on the DVD compilation "Absolution Tour".
f098d5e4753055f20430fda0f1f7af5d0cff8775	In early July 2006, the fourth studio album "Black Holes and Revelations"was released.
2943341d65faeea1c38fd7d91dd799e30bfcc20b	It was the best selling album of the band, about 100 thousand copies were sold.
e75f1779ebb8b48da0a7fcb1f5229ea967ee88bc	In the first week after its release, the album stayed at the top of the UK chart.
83b4e4dfd7126a24768f68bdae4bcd27b2c91543	Muse and Morgan Nicholls
8d3905c7151e31191f65026515b2ef9a4d9e96d1	In 2011, Muse received a Grammy Award in the category "best rock Album", "The Resistance".
47dddf1ebda35b78368ff34220c6f00607f97ab9	Category: New generation / Added: Drobysh (10.03.2012)
1d9b9164ab66ac600a1936f0f23377cf28f03cf6	Views: 3442 / Tags: CONCERTS, rock, Muse | Rating: 4.8/5
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03800688cbf2d5ee6c71aba700a2ec519a69f214	Site Mail bestrockers@inbox.ru
fa785efb4900e5aad26942c93f344f233c947033	Fan site of the group " Muse"
b96c1b24b1bdacd7478f727596217da726c18f6f	Main Story Muse Muse Musicians Muse Discography
36c3adbec84a2f488af2becd852c8e3fc3c27612	Inna Mikhailova: For Stas Mikhailov, I became a muse, not a burden
aa203ab9ce5ade29070a200a22fc10fc97ec89cb	Hello, my dear ones!
2b80f8cf755f5a08594f778a2c98bec8450d7d6d	Everyone has already noticed that I have lost a lot of weight, and I was just bombarded with questions about how I managed it...
4116b848164ad07ef9469e7fb048570755b5e7eb	Read more >>>
fa92316c653540f2647634275f8c5022a6b9b916	History of Muse
22f336b1dd2570e54b5c5ef4c114d6aebfc413ed	Muse (read as " Muse”, translated from English – muse) is a British alternative rock band that was formed in 1994 in the city of Teignmouth, in the county of Devon, in the United Kingdom.
b58c3d81554763304262defc20af0b5aeb8fcd82	Music that seems to have come to us from another Galaxy, passionate performance, the strongest theatrical vocals, virtuoso guitar parts, live performances of hurricane power all this distinguishes Muse from many other rock bands!
76a09ad651e182d68d42d1f86712e408646a06cb	The band consists of three members Matthew Bellamy (in English Matthew Bellamy – vocalist, guitarist and keyboardist), Chris Wolstenholme (in English Chris Wolstenholme – bass guitarist, backing vocals) and Dominic Howard (in English Dominic Howard – drummer and percussionist).
784ef6a6e6c1731dd31e2b252e50fbd7fe4e148f	Also in 2011, the band was awarded a Grammy Award in the category “Best Rock Album "for the record "Resistance".
7cde4f2333500e822a02bf66de67561dc0eea0d3	Muse.
0de0f56aab57c120b0f9c5ad6bab0aaa07b58972	Matthew Bellamy, Dominic Howard and Chris Wolstenholme first met in the small English town of Teignmouth in 1990.
83298a26e3c9dd38bdcc8f5e69ba8d0af4aedfb7	When the boys turned 13 years old, they decided to organize their own group “Gothic Plague”.
1ddfb5a5635451959a6b2a0c971aacf67e220000	The team performed mostly covers classic indie covers of the early 90s Of course, the guys did not have much success, and they began to have fun by changing the name of the group.
d0e9e0ba3f549ec80cefcc6528d233f117c2c004	At the same time, they began to take their work more seriously, began to write their own material and intensified their concert activities.
0c263f9f4d5deab665f750c5fd1d0464a4610608	In early 1998, the debut EP titled “Muse” was released on “Dangerous Records”.
31e66e9341a60210a25364de9ae764b81cd245b1	The reviews for this release were not important, but the turn of events could not wait long.
109ac824eac35276765ef3f61cb94a90d338fabd	In September, the band gave a concert at "In The City" - an English meeting of representatives of the music industry, held in Manchester.
a7b1f9481bcddedaf7994bca1153142492e3f53e	It was then that her path to fame began.
26fa0d43df72163890a7ca3797a776ed9ab1f0df	A couple of American labels showed interest in the team, and the trio received an invitation to the Mercury Lounge show, which was held in New York.
94b975e9fdec4e4238b32550e7ea638ad128078c	Two weeks later, the guys performed at the "Santa Monica Pier" in Los Angeles.
184dc1e3fe1eca2975cf204d4806a52ba1434e7e	Then I received an offer to sign a contract with the American label “Maverick”.
1d43b7797e4b5c1ff7ca6eab352e5d89cb8addaa	Muse posing in the city.
7e52858ced65134ac5c08820d28dbac03fcab271	After that, engagements from the French “Naive”, the German “Motor” and the English “Mushroom Records”poured in.
1e6e11e281975fb93af05f730fd1515f0db992a9	In January 1999, the second mini – album “Muscle Museum” was released on “Dangerous Records”.
a650449d7435f3fc2983e58a833e60be7e8a3170	The style of this record was very similar to” Radiohead", but nevertheless the release received very good responses from listeners.
e8489196db7186fe21614377bfda1f8eef4e6513	In June of the same year, the single “Uno " appeared, which took 75th place in the British charts.
17303e13065262691518519add6af55bd4ce6a6e	In the summer, "Muse “was lit up at festivals in Glastonbury and Reading, and in the fall the band finally gave birth to a full – fledged album - ”Showbiz".
060441d89c45da4d25fd0a19b50f59347509a8bd	The CD received a gold status and sold more than half a million copies worldwide.
a352b013da7dec7c05b95a1054268285f7b01ba3	Subsequent tours included the territories of England, continental Europe, America, Australia and Japan, and the band's partners were such collectives as:” Skunk Anansie“,” Foo Fighters“,” Red Hot Chili Peppers“, ” Pavement “and”Flaming Lips".
c022da91c74ff96e84f9edf138ad53753754190e	In 2001, the album “Origin Of Symmetry " was released, which, like “Showbiz”, was produced by John Leckie (he also worked on “Venom”, “Radiohead”, “Stone Roses”).
f2454da764c3cc38caef4c6484ff3a9dcbba0d8e	The work had a heavier and darker sound, and in some places the influence of Russian composers Rachmaninoff and Tchaikovsky was very much visible.
fa81f3ceeb3299e967b82a4482747e0e5ac24208	The set of instruments was significantly expanded due to the use of a church organ, mellotrons and an improved drum kit.
9a76e0c09e3d68d69d083fec63ae94e287ca7697	Muse at the European Festival Awards.
e9baed25cdfa87ca0b188abe8777876abef552c1	According to the plan, “Origin Of Symmetry " was supposed to be released in America.
d4dc5bb7e182b27d41a428dc1583be760462d74b	But when the company “Maverick " began to insist on fitting the sound to the radio format, the musicians did not follow the label's lead, and the contract was immediately terminated.
c8d224808ea8e1d41c3e6b654dd61573d2f10ce9	In 2002, Muse released the album "Hullabaloo", which was composed of B sides and concert numbers.
fb976df4ae42d064ec96f2a6d3ab694a50c58d5b	The new material appeared in 2003.
57ec3a48e1eed547d3fe1238607fc715388ef058	"Absolution" continued the line of its predecessor, only now there is something Wagnerian in the band's music.
ef115fccd2da8ac3abf1b16aab4f11d610ed3af3	In the United States, the album debuted at number nine on the Billboard 200 chart.
73b565996cb9aa0f9b81e9911d27282b085b7128	"Black Holes and Revelations" became the most successful disc in the band's history.
fa2f8ec32c59851aa07ee995a598b1374967b2c2	In the first week of sales, it sold more than a hundred thousand copies.
ee03aa2b2288bb7f1e7fb7bee7d666467ba2c88b	The album has been sold more than a million times in Europe, while receiving platinum status.
935b6e3c5096cec744c29384f67d3005f0b6a38c	Three years later, on September 14, 2009, the band's fifth studio album, “The Resistance”, appeared on the music shelves of the UK.
9594e1d3c020de35c6f817ebfc680164b937a09a	A little earlier – on September 11, it was released in Italy, Germany, Australia and Benelux.
7d64691d5d7ce23b6c93838a884c7c5c29ce8c3f	The Muse concert.
176751ca28eada2c89aa292ad42f57cc0873a890	It should be noted that “The Resistance " is the first album that was produced by the band itself.
ae39e4ed98809014c8ed6dbfc959357641623be6	To date, four singles have been released from this album — "Uprising”, "Undisclosed Desires", "Resistance" and "Exogenesis: Symphony".
22c82731a806423b685f0a09269100d227e3d96b	On May 17, 2010, a new single was released called " Neutron Star Collision
1cf16da0bd4dc20df87ddb92c153d8dd2f74cb74	(Love Is Forever”".
77827690f1e22deb5d7cf9172b8e3c8e3d5e8ff9	However, the musicians themselves, to everyone's surprise, consider their main victory to be a fatal (in every sense) performance at the school "Battle of the Bands".
776860487848b8b639bbbc46a33d0da5d36dc2a9	It will take us a very long time to even get close to something like this...”
a3803f5dc1ec312c3a3df3728b4b74bf6796012b	A colorful performance by Muse.
87f28f3668c42eb1df21a56fff80322d35c4c115	The official composition of Muse:
a84b1f42af423c3943e48e99084dab542009b131	Muse Session Musicians:
7e4c0b2333db367ca1c12a1042f11c111bf71e7d	Jackline Norrie violin on "Origin of Symmetry".
85b92540c4446cc28a4bcceedfe8474d8f02c01a	Sarah Herbert violin on "Origin of Symmetry".
d8561814f0e8f64588d705989e1fd0cd5da9114c	Claire Finnemore viola on "Origin of Symmetry".
74a91c3f0299ebc2c9c1fb7526fd9f9a6752b0fa	Muse News
f50b1a6c1471bf403e9542104104789bddb5976b	Interviews and articles about Muse
0ff276841b44ef814b240f7aafdf7015701e8a36	Muse Clips
a22c75c685beb406b5584527ccafdc723483ac62	Photo by Muse
dfb5ca830c79060fee4deeb0ce4d4b5e50005afb	Humor about the Music group
63cecca67b70751fc04062673106be15df88ce5f	Management
53bfffc729f6c5556cb33e87595fbe5518d9726a	Cat: Amazing words, I was hooked..
6cebc35bcfa5b588d99116d11570edb4f76d9ff0	This is just mine!...
36cb9210e5385932c9488715f71429eb782c2752	Sergey: A very controversial rating..
2d588505ea8a67b2b476fce8b2131671d99d0afb	Uno and Madnes are clearly not in their category..... nat@li: Margot, but if it's pop, what do you do here at all, at the foundation of the gru... katerina: What a handsome man!!!!...
8674097172dcb5282fe97160e40569cb55a5b13f	Vladlen: WHAT THE FUCK IS THIS SHIT?
8f5ec7c4ba392fe9cd3836d925e6021a5531662a	IDIOTS !!! ...
6ea8ef1f28952fc2b94ff3cd6640f1aeccfac0d8	Man.: "we are not going to turn old men wandering around stadiums with guitars... against stupid correspondents: From the first two questions, the interviewer gave out all his stupidity ...
7d2436cd34dcb0672ce160456b30e47aa7e5c59c	Nazareth - ...
96786afa9b1211058275125f7a87b4b32d19e7f4	Katya: 20 minutes ago I watched this concert,it's awesome!
1c6e36ba11d6aa16d1f05c8c1cea9d00926a63f8	As much as 61 thousand, et ...
e94e71f8c41a1201f3e2c390fef544baac8ed568	Snap: Inimitable: z ...
047ae248beda184b550be4c8db5c0ff7a0d3f620	Veta: guys, since Pussy was nominated for Person of the Year, it's immediately clear what...
17c314adbfad0db80af866e02fee79e03bcde365	Wayne Rooney was born in 1985 in Liverpool.
5a74520e3c407cbd291f40a2be06e69adb0eac99	Since childhood, he supported the local football team, and from the age of 10 he began to play for it.
d8f30bd3c4bc67f6c4f9b526e4938de5ec755414	In 2002, he got the right to play in the main team and showed a very good level of play.
fecd6ecb892443060b1da3cbd68f324759cf794d	For two seasons, Wayne played quite successfully for Everton, constantly getting into the main squad of the team.
67435825c941d59699a3bdd25ab2d1f7ae00c73e	The turning point in Rooney's career came after Euro 2004, where he proved himself as a high-class and talented player.
2a7929e9b703f265afb2b88ce388023f39cf4d60	After that, a number of top English clubs became interested in him.
9f20bb69b3a72bdf941609692c4b2c3db6a5f6a6	The 19-year-old was offered to stay at Everton, increasing his salary to 50 thousand pounds a week, but Rooney refused, because the team was very weak for his potential.
fdb3565928e039d6e1a7e0022b5bd75e0caaab5f	As a result, for 20 million pounds, he moved to the camp of Manchester United.
7bfa7134794936b7cae222ef43cf1c2afaf81b0d	In his first match, which fell on the group stage of the Champions League, Rooney scored three goals and became the youngest author of a hat trick in the entire history of the tournament.
732ff26086b4524760bc59b12974fa3a6674095b	After that, coach Alex Ferguson fell in love with him and the player began to constantly get into the main squad.
9c78a75e9621869b27c46428e401a3a1cbf08bb8	For a very peculiar appearance, the fans nicknamed Rooney "Shrek".
a3b356743579a2b5fe40d1719ff693bfb909ef75	This nickname stuck with him.
ddeb0ccb58fa28d2f2ace61e76a61988b3391cbb	Throughout his career, he has shown a high level of play, excellent speed and a scorer's flair.
f4158a4cd4a20618a783faa7ef0153a69d33a5b9	Wayne has won both personal and team trophies more than once.
b1f0aeee8b3998809c596da7896c8ce69fb1214d	There were times when, because of his sharp temper, he found himself in the disfavor of the coach and spent time on the bench, but a player of this level can not sit idle for a long time, and Wayne again triumphantly returned to the base.
9b874e4df728dead19c9dc098c7229004efda7a2	In the England national team, Rooney is a central striker and is constantly in the base.
447e0d7afa10cce529a6da96958bcdfef7c623c1	Despite the high level of the football player's game, the English national team can not yet achieve special results, but there is no fault of the player in this.
8c51626f9af5390af05e255eac14e580a62dcc49	In addition to football, Rooney is actively engaged in commercial activities.
17e3d8388fd55904ae879ea679328dc23490f2d4	He is the central face of a number of sports companies, often appears in commercials.
02a8e045917921a3ddacba37fd2318e05fe1d8f4	Four times his image was placed on the cover of the best-selling football simulator FIFA.
38a718a063b41b63b7cbae02657e279448429da0	One of the most famous English publishing houses has ordered its authors a whole series of 5 books, which will tell about the fate and life of Wayne Rooney.
e90f73eec08eba726b769dd67888fd3bf2e8e1be	For this, he received a five million pound advance and a percentage of the sale of the planned books.
94a5e5c2c8d6454932b388e8a4b4244f942ab54f	Rooney was born on October 24, 1985 in the family of Thomas Wayne Rooney, a handyman, and Janette Mary Rooney, a housewife.
34107d2c6dbf6406d179e793812ab43f8d72e0cf	Wayne played football in the yards from an early age, and at the age of seven he played for the first time for the Western Pub team, scoring the winning goal in this game.
f0fe889ac415c16ca696fd368c0d99a13ad609e1	Subsequently, he played for the Liverpool school team, scoring 72 goals during the season.
414c721a8a4c58219b9f3a4c3114df70802d6c4f	At the age of nine, when Rooney was playing for Copplehouse Boys in the Walton and Kirkdale League (scoring 99 goals in a season), he was noticed by Everton scout Bob Pendleton, and invited Wayne to watch.
ae3cd447d717d50620209948595181f64c6d2400	Liverpool scouts also invited Wayne to watch at Melwood, but Rooney chose Everton, signing a school contract with the Toffees.
7cfec76003f435db9c5c1240c2d0f9e22d0ff14c	Rooney made rapid progress, and at the age of 15 he was already playing for the Everton under-19 team.
dd3889c070ee3d3456b189d687e18e83847f163e	In the summer of 2002, he went with the main squad of Everton to a training camp in Austria for pre-season training, and on July 15, he scored his first goal for the main team of the Toffees in a friendly match against the club Weitz.
38614fced154b1ed7f63c5a3ba81d054e883e046	On August 17, 2002, he made his debut for the Toffees in an official match, coming into the starting line-up against Tottenham.
d3bbe9286d0df98cbab35ae78354a57206e03db4	In December, Rooney received the award for the best young athlete of 2002 according to the BBC.
b55ccbd82045e5ef8f4ced09cb46671a79ffbfab	On February 12, 2003, Rooney became the youngest player of the England national team, entering the field in a friendly match against Australia at the age of 17 years and 111 days.
648214e35843c7b4baf904f07a8d109f8a86640a	Wayne is also the youngest England player to score a goal (at the age of 17 years and 317 days).
db781dd593a853dc0a8d6f83bddead48df8f43d8	Rooney became one of the most promising young players after his performance at Euro 2004 in Portugal.
833491f67f03e4c252af6e5f83602b811da94fed	On August 31, 2004, the transfer of Wayne Rooney to Manchester United was officially announced.
0631fa25cdea64cf27ab55ef29a0467ae720294e	The transaction amount was about 20 million pounds (27 million including bonuses).
b6385aa2231819d4c0d06db1096acbf04c161f71	The transfer was completed just a few hours before the transfer window closed.
7a50421507e69954a3e32da754249a33095b975a	At Manchester United, Rooney received a T-shirt with the number "8".
f2f39bd3e42b7c49b052438552b844c02896d6dc	For Manchester United, the 2004/2005 season was generally unsuccessful: in the Premier League, the team took only 3rd place, in the Football League Cup it lost in the semi-finals to Chelsea, in the Champions League it was eliminated in the first round of the playoffs by Milan, and in the FA Cup final it lost to Arsenal on penalties.
28a133627fa4ef236c93cc59b12ce349f5282b1d	This season, Rooney has scored 11 goals in the Premier League and 17 in all competitions for Manchester United and received the PFA Young Player of the Year award.
ad163d1184872141a498f3f1017effb7a91e8522	During his ten seasons at Manchester United, Wayne Rooney has become a real hero of this club.
8460733c4facdeeb8028595227b23b5200f4717f	He was loved by the audience, coaches, and therefore, probably, the football player himself hardly ever had time to regret the choice he made once.
11190f6c2cff1233177590df8ab9c309c907d650	In ten years, our hero today has managed to win the English Championship five times, as well as raise the Football League Cup and the English Super Cup three times over his head.
9fe5707344b04038e0715fdbd18cba8669dd1045	In addition, in 2008, playing in a Manchester United shirt, our today's hero managed to win the Champions League.
b3a6d271a752c0d3e0d9664698d2cedb89b1549a	So, we can already say that the career of this outstanding player was not in vain.
75262f8776856098e7a10fc5476e53d3848386ce	Currently, Wayne Rooney is still playing for Manchester United, remaining one of the highest paid players in the world.
98f8e7c401a5f09bd0d0a748bfa6504d7e8e9534	In June 2008, our today's hero was married to his school friend Colleen McLaughlin (now Rooney).
57682d2fd1b5e913b342d2eb4fafd9c29ff8fa28	Before their marriage, they dated for six years.
482f2eaf9c095c6145d96f9b95816df9335ddee1	Today, the couple has two children-sons Kai (born in 2009) and Clay (born in 2013).
2ba383b976043616b7588970afdf6543862e2e19	However, the family life of the Rooney couple was not always cloudless.
c58e3ead14bb9e090e674a705e11650d0be6cdd5	In 2009, news began to appear in the English press that Wayne often uses the services of prostitutes.
da0bd1acff55bd0aca6dcc6be0d179502759609b	Subsequently, these messages received their official confirmation.
8f81d840ecf958ef3d5b070cd6c254729a92caeb	A serious scandal broke out around the personality of the striker, but in the end the excitement was calmed down.
72eb9140c9d44976ba39f0e7a73cc789f03a7724	Wayne publicly apologized for his actions, noting that he was simply "young and stupid" before.
45fc53228297b50adec53f5637231e32ca749d09	Currently, he still lives with his wife Colin.
60e18be2fb98aee8037617cb81cd99d91ef73837	Thomas Rooney-Wayne's father, was a simple port handyman in Liverpool.
7830d4ea9f91608ac6b964004d5cdf915c56f9d0	Janet Mary Morrie-Wayne's mother, sat at home with little Wayne and his brothers, doing the housework.
906eb66d36b14810dde4cd668cf4b50f735df290	In addition to the fact that Wayne Rooney was born and built a football career in England, his roots go deep and he also has Irish blood.
d5bd2369f4bb03484ba363819c1f4e99cb5611ad	Wayne himself is incredibly proud of his Irish roots, but since he has spent his entire life in England, he can no longer imagine another homeland.
e2f766a6bf73704b47ebcaa8a81126cf1d6fd4d9	Wayne was the first child in his family, and later he had two younger brothers.
f529c8d1934feac1fd8124be5592e4ddd4204b97	Together with them, the future star of British football Rooney went to a Catholic school, and in the evenings they amicably attended the game of the favorite football team "Everton", which played at the famous stadium"Goodison Park".
f0fc6837206ec21d082b5a7651c2977eff295221	Wayne liked to play football with his brothers.
b92041a461c8faabb2f2c7fd489f5f2e444458f6	Rooney was always slightly overweight, but this did not prevent him from demonstrating a highly technical game and standing out during the game on the field.
ad4cc12e4736017676bf0c9747f71c2bebb55318	His distinctive feature was overweight, so he was always noticeable on the field, but this did not affect the accuracy of passes, dexterity and professional play.
20bab14b0022dc629cb052d0f7bf32c4f15b2340	He scored phenomenal goals.
2150ed0025c180a3f8bfb1b7bb09fde5e71900a1	Playing for the Everton academy, Rooney often served balls at the matches of the main squad, and in 1996, 11-year-old Wayne appeared on the Goodison Park field before the Merseyside derby as the mascot of Everton.
b8c23de64b3245da508e894bbd4d95dad080e46b	In the 1995/96 season (his first season at the Everton academy) Wayne has scored 114 goals in 29 matches.
7dd7b4b20cd3b550d99a67e3dabeec36d8f4a3ea	In 2002, he scored eight goals in eight matches of the FA Youth Cup, including a goal in the lost final against Aston Villa.
742a54fe6d96de2f1d015fc03d39856173eb4185	On April 20, 2002, the 16-year-old Rooney was first included in Everton's bid for a Premier League match against Southampton, but spent the entire meeting on the bench.
0844de1e4ce0f4b0978451fcc1a09be66b0d724e	On October 19, five days before his seventeenth birthday, Rooney scored the winning goal against Arsenal with a long-range shot, breaking the Gunners ' 30-match unbeaten streak in the Premier League.
cae5deffac3dc5b4ef1a73583fec507e0d5416cd	In addition, Rooney became the youngest goalscorer in the history of the Premier League (he scored a goal at the age of 16 years and 360 days; this record was later broken first by James Milner, and then by James Vaughn).
a531ee576003954f4508c819c1c8ba29c412eff0	On November 3, Rooney scored the only goal in the match against Leeds, in which Everton won 1-0.
1fcaf9a18312b3a6a01fda40e3bf2cbacbd2a55f	On December 14, he scored the winning goal against Blackburn.
8b535bd5faec3b56ff43c733542244eff5eae5b4	On Boxing Day, December 26, 2002, Wayne received the first red card of his career in a match against Birmingham City.
fd55d3f0549d41a508678cc7b2eca31e7d471caf	In January 2003, Rooney signed the first professional contract in his career with Everton, which made him one of the highest-paid teenagers in world football.
6f1272d85eecefbfe5beda13f4ff5c8af0a29ca5	On March 23, Wayne scored the only goal for the Toffees in a match lost to Arsenal.
d858739cdcd5ad547c39f75cc948bd05a15e68ac	On April 6, he scored a goal against Newcastle, in which Everton won 2-1, and on April 26, he scored the winning goal in the last minutes of the match against Aston Villa.
c1e06ea9912bc82f8efb2068a33a77dcb70fd173	In total, in his first season at Everton, Rooney played 37 matches and scored 8 goals.
e3043be824839074cdafb25cebaf9f2a7e484851	In the 2003-04 season, Rooney scored his first goal on August 26 in a match against Charlton, after which he could not score for almost four months.
766020f9ce6490f0b8057047c7b3d6561aa494ca	On December 13, he scored in an away match against Portsmouth ,and on December 20-against Leicester City.
90d3046fe68a3d81fe5773eb4c9a9180bf458317	On December 28, 2003, he played his 50th league match in a match against Birmingham, scoring the winning goal in it.
8182978a65dedfe1add339bc694737df26bea49d	On February 21, 2004, Rooney made his first "double" in the Premier League in a match against Southampton .
03a113e649bedde53723804854b00feab6d15c19	On March 13, he scored the only goal in the match against Portsmouth, and a week later he scored in the game against Leicester City.
0e2ea42ebe97e2112c17bdc5712c8cd8538e089a	On 13 April, Wayne scored his last goal of the season against Leeds United.
d7c1582bb6ea565bdb864d740a34861902a4c404	Due to the huge hype caused by Wayne's bright performance at the 2004 European Championship, Everton issued a special statement stating that Rooney would not be sold for less than 50 million pounds.
97756fa3cfaeed363bcdd1113ce8a0b624594489	Newcastle made an offer of 20 million pounds to Everton, but the management of the Merseyside club rejected it.
0042412a63356085c636faeb9a712d4757ce6e71	After that, Rooney demanded to put him on a transfer.
255f994b7a6a5001040c4272ca4169875b240ac5	Rooney's transfer remains the third most expensive transfer of a player from the UK in history (only the transfer of Rooney's Manchester United teammate Rio Ferdinand and the transfer of striker Andy Carroll from Newcastle to Liverpool cost more).
2c155e97b0355d610651f2a6d5cc6ec0df237593	However, the amount paid for the transfer of Rooney still remains a record for a player under the age of 20.
b9f7560efd6d4cda678c85846feb5275a69021a0	He made his debut for United on September 28, 2004 in a Champions League group stage match against Turkish club Fenerbahce, scoring a hat trick and giving another assist (the match ended in a 6-2 victory for United).
14cfd9365e66b72952ad7b40f71bd387a6e021d8	Rooney became the youngest author of a hat trick in the Champions League (he was 18 years and 335 days old).
4f9678cbbb605354d3a12cf9bf9974b230acf9e8	In addition, Rooney became only the second player in the history of Manchester United to score three goals in his debut match for the club (after Charlie Sagar, who scored a hat trick against Bristol City in 1905).
fb0edd78aa014ed64394b0ae5e6f4cfa4f5d0762	On October 24, in a memorable match against Arsenal, Rooney earned a penalty, which was realized by Rood van Nistelrooy, and then he scored from the game.
c4ef8d208bb784459e82ab836137078154072917	Manchester United won this meeting with a score of 2: 0 and broke Arsenal's 49-match unbeaten streak in the Premier League.
847a11597fa29518cf6cfb094ba7e34ddab659fa	On November 14, Wayne made a "double" in an away match with Newcastle.
e1c29b39adf4146a67eb790a8d9f427b8fd00df1	On January 15, 2005, Rooney brought the "red devils" victory in the derby with Liverpool, scoring against Jerzy Dudek with a long-range shot.
6967c119dd799ae6b49e5bfa93b91d732f4c3ca5	On February 26, Wayne made a "double" in the match with Portsmouth, which ended in a 2-1 victory for United.
649d3082c01f5ae2b9da97f4f8765c9c7f914aaf	On April 24, in a match against Newcastle at Old Trafford, Rooney scored a goal from a long distance, hitting the outside of his foot with a fly; commentators described this goal as"amazing".
bfe378e2ebb38155c67620e47fa7c108d64b9989	Rooney scored his first goal in the 2005-06 season in the first round of the Premier League, in a match against Everton at Goodison Park.
2267fd04fec845e750ea21bc912ecb80784135dd	On September 14, 2005, in the first match of the Champions League group stage against Spanish Villarreal (which ended with a score of 0:0) Rooney was sent off for sarcastically applauding the referee who showed him a yellow card.
39712e14346f5bca4a5ad361c767dadb7d4d7f0f	Manchester United successfully performed in the Football League Cup, and on February 26, 2006, they reached the final, where they met Wigan.
521414420129abf14397273aba64b9e2e0b49de6	In this match, Rooney made a "double" and was recognized as the best player of the match.
1cd76ff4b93907878788ad0d85400959fccc1b06	United won 4-0, and Rooney received the first professional medal of his career.
056a5a61edd818cbf65d4cda78fb54752471d717	Winning the League Cup was United's only trophy of the season.
fcd0e2b443d654b9a6f17adb389ff6733d68adec	In the Premier League, Chelsea won the league title again, and Manchester United took second place.
e2fa9fa050f9a15d48964952f02ba58d850350c1	In the FA Cup, United were eliminated by Liverpool in the fifth round, and in the Champions League for the first time in 11 years, they could not get out of the group.
41bc08f2e830eecda263d45bb330dd53765079f0	Rooney has scored 16 league goals for Manchester United this season and 19 in all competitions.
5f8e051528a664305d545cfc20dcd3034adee945	On August 4, 2006, in the match of the pre-season tour of Manchester United against Porto, Rooney was removed for elbowing the Portuguese defender Pepe.
54e78c8b3aecc889192d99c0e05ac6d01ff0a0b6	Despite the friendly nature of that match, the Football Association of England disqualified Rooney for three official games, based on a 23-page report sent by the referee of the match, Rood Bossen.
3b61b147e33df7cb2383af99620b5f65e870ac2d	Rooney wrote a letter of official protest to the Football Association, referring to the lack of sanctions against other players who were also removed in friendly matches, but the FA rejected Rooney's protest.
53f8f1da53c7fd9f19f2ba470b17604fcf340d77	In the first round of the Premier League, Rooney made a "double" against Fulham, who were defeated at Old Trafford with a score of 5: 1.
7a95aca3cc1433ca7af4836e46fae6a36a7922d2	However, after that, he could not score in ten consecutive games (including matches of the club and the England national team), and only on October 28 he managed to distinguish himself in a match against Bolton, in which he scored a hat trick.
37fefabc71c6a51b56750554afd67f394b585a4e	On November 18, in an away match against Sheffield United, the Red Devils lost 1-0, but thanks to two goals from Wayne Rooney, they won a strong-willed victory with a score of 2: 1[101].
62c4d0d02fc6636fb44610d215355f9ebd8a8a80	In the FA Cup match against Portsmouth, Rooney, coming on as a substitute, scored two goals against David James, one of them from a distance of 23 meters[102].
e7b39746db0571f94b74cdf8e83a234d497acb72	On March 17, 2007, Wayne scored again in the match against Bolton, making a "double", and United won 4-0[103].
c77ea800f8d4483053dd5087fe6fb9f79e61a7ca	On April 4, 2007, Rooney scored an important goal in the away match of the 1/4 final of the Champions League against Roma (United lost this meeting with a score of 2:1); he also scored in the second leg against Roma at Old Trafford, when Manchester United won 7: 1[104].
3aff52d68a2b1705275f17cd38a0b94c2d74eb81	In the first semi-final match of the Champions League against Milan at Old Trafford, Rooney scored two goals, and United won 3-2[105].
bfeeefd62a8fb8faabe47fff39ca7c40162a9034	However, in the second leg at the San Siro, Milan won 3-0, knocking Manchester United out of the Champions League.
1bc4e8e158518c20afd45a49562ad055fb0255c2	In the FA Cup final, United lost to Chelsea with a score of 0: 1, but took first place in the championship, ahead of Chelsea by 6 points[106].
c04965db085fd5332dfd3c8083296be78972eba5	In total, at the end of the 2006/07 season, Rooney scored 23 goals in all competitions — exactly the same as his teammate Cristiano Ronaldo.
dd7e28f28b9d20fde13d0d83bcb8abcc04dac92c	On June 30, 2007, it became known that Rooney would play under the number "10", which was released after the departure of the Dutch striker Rood van Nistelrooy to Real Madrid a year earlier.
53634db098c266f041a46373fa387b890f67cdab	Wayne officially received the tenth number from the former striker of "United" and the national team of Scotland Denis Law, the legendary " ten " of "Manchester United"[107].
fb0f833b42ab27ee2010579d01454d03c55a9d61	On August 12, 2007, in the first match of the 2007/08 season against Reading, Rooney suffered a fracture of the metatarsal of the foot [108] (the match ended without scoring goals with the score 0: 0[109]).
86b2856f16557c76e53fc91d6e63100324bceb99	Wayne was expected to miss about two months.
97d048a6dd30e2966779c96b2ef1f5a9f038a7cf	But on August 26, Alex Ferguson announced that Rooney could return to the field in three weeks[110].
7f779833c7b529b0ed38a101a08c63c22b1d15cf	On October 2, Wayne Rooney returned to the field after an injury and scored a goal in the Champions League group stage match against Roma.
783053171da34296d0b1930fd88a03f2c0f84a71	United won this meeting with a score of 1: 0[111].
0babbc903d99d5879f7bdcf89d748066972ae970	Four days later, Wayne scored his first Premier League goal of the 2007-08 season, completing the defeat of Wigan at Old Trafford with a precise header against Chris Kirkland after a Danny Simpson feed.
43dcc46af94a934c6588e60fd896f33582cd3a5a	It was United's fourth goal in this meeting, which ended with a score of 4: 0[112].
1f19ef03cb33b489ea1daf939d5af70be05c2a86	On November 9, during training, Rooney injured his ankle, which caused him to miss games against Croatia, Blackburn ,Bolton and Sporting.
3435df0cfe6b9f885b9ceb16337586c3dbe8f7f9	It was expected that Rooney would miss at least four weeks, but the recovery went faster and Wayne returned to training after two weeks[114].
65c9e59111fd3de8ad3e8ad891d03b8204ce776d	He entered the field on December 3 in a match with Fulham, having spent 70 minutes on the field[115].
e02e726aa2c94e905d95c4051126c7eefea15151	Rooney played in most of the remaining matches of the season, scoring a total of 18 goals (12 of them in the Premier League), including "doubles" against Newcastle on February 23[116] and Aston Villa on March 29, 2008[117].
d8c95b285625b398826eaa2ff7337e223a0f3fab	On May 11, Wayne won the second English Premier League title of his career when United defeated Wigan away in the last round of the championship[118].
8f17d1abafb33a6e9c1a57f95b7fa3104505f4e6	On May 21, 2008, Rooney played in the final of the UEFA Champions League, in which Manchester United beat Chelsea in a penalty shootout, and won the first UEFA Champions League winner's medal in his career[119].
7559bfd1ebb1b324edf3423d67e3703ba3117df4	Rooney scored his first goal of the 2008/09 season on September 27, 2008 in a match of the fifth round of the Premier League against Bolton Wanderers[120].
3ae6de2043522485cd29e75776738b1bd72e9d67	On October 4, in an away match against Blackburn at Ewood Park, Rooney became the youngest player in the history of the Premier League to play 200 matches in this tournament[121].
51bedcf9e094cb259850b5cbcf5131d8ac2c229b	In total, in the 2008/09 season, Rooney scored 20 goals in all competitions, including 12 goals in the Premier League, and Manchester United won the Premier League with 90 points [126].
329213d647f3fc255bae1c4cc522c6ffe58fd4d7	Rooney scored his first goal of the 2009/2010 season in the 90th minute of the match for the English Super Cup.
806950a9bd6fabdda5e2b124f41c203c85536188	The main time ended with the score 2:2; Chelsea won the penalty shootout [127].
aebeee43e07b24d1e3aa6c4c827a0dbe70d1671f	On April 25, 2010, Rooney was named the footballers ' player of the Year, and then was recognized as the footballer of the year by journalists and fans, and also entered the symbolic team of the Premier League of the 2009/2010 season.
9b030219c81ec382180671824986fd91e832b16f	Rooney scored his first goal of the season on August 28 in a match against West Ham United, converting a penalty.
cf516130543d0c5265f903e284e46085976d0e32	According to the official statistics website of Manchester United, this goal was the 9000th in the history of the club.
84b55607440cce02e102a4e7ad148113ce97ac89	On May 4, 2011, Rooney scored a penalty in a match with Blackburn Rovers, which ended in a 1-1 draw, which was enough to win the league title, which became Manchester United's 19th in the top English division, and for Wayne-the fourth[172].
72374e18f2475449dcab4852a2f1e918cedc38bb	In the first round of the 2011/12 Premier League season, Rooney scored a goal against West Brom at the Hawthorns after a pass from Ashley Young[173].
a73337ce1f0bc5f413e9b18d7d135915467118ad	On August 28, in the match of the third round of the Premier League against Arsenal, he scored a hat trick, breaking the mark of 150 goals scored for United in all competitions and becoming the club's top scorer in the Premier League in history[174].
d353e5f389992432c16744e91dcbf48b8beb51ac	At the end of the season, Manchester United finished in the championship in 2nd place (losing the championship title to fellow countrymen from Manchester City only in the last round), and Rooney took second place in the list of the best scorers of the season in the Premier League (27 goals).
e48cb64593518dc864b3b3e2529cf2669b317b33	In total, he scored 34 goals in the season[187].
07b60f5b124662cd45ee44902e439c5db19acb48	He ranks first in the list of the best scorers of Manchester United in history, scoring 250 goals for the team.
13ea6a9671dec40b2bc302edfdf62e6c41aa29e3	He also ranks second in the list of the best scorers in the Premier League in history (192 goals), and holds the record for the highest number of goals scored in the Premier League for one club (180 goals for Manchester United).
151840bc703c53540eb9ba3c8ddb8b61bc2b24d9	Rooney, Wayne
e48b9423bf2298c34ef88ab0b26dccd2a46c30d1	This is the stable version, released on January 22, 2017.
80a373eeb073030dbb8ddf1bcbfa40a4e2167df7	There are articles on Wikipedia about other people with the surname Rooney.
bb7a93a3faad68311c8c6f35334e387ee96731a4	Wayne Rooney
5313ebbf0fdc705dab0dc3f096d8ae46eb100d49	General Information Full name Wayne Mark Rooney Nicknames Wazza (Wazza)[1][2][3]
7700719708bc6de39c80bc70a424238afd6cb6ff	Shrek[4][5][6]
931866125186771d9461e0f163c782c7c82f3ee3	Born on October 24, 1985 (1985-10-24) (31 years old)
bfbbbacbd3febd37281e9e45d3f99e908727ebd5	Liverpool, England Citizenship England Height 176 [7] cm Weight 83 [7] kg Position striker
2fc676ea65ec1ad77f72efe21fc5f6b202278f5a	Midfielder Club Information Club Manchester United Number 10 Career Youth Clubs 1993-1994 Copplehouse Boys 1994-1995 Liverpool Schoolboys 1995-2002 Everton Club Career* 2002-2004 Everton 67 (15) 2004 Manchester United 384 (180) National team* * 2000-2001 England (Under 15) 4 (2) 2001-2002 England (Under 17) 12 (7) 2002 England (Under 19) 1 (0) 2003 England 119 (53)
a81e6e05e9b7f456119908b5e2ba375d4c38dae3	* The number of games and goals for a professional club is considered only for various leagues of national championships, adjusted as of January 21, 2017.
2f6cd410c078901ab305df4b4fa0cd57de69424e	** The number of games and goals for the national team in official matches, adjusted as of
347d1f1b58dd5f83dcff8c6a219ae0df6f773553	as of November 11, 2016.
f010f5479e261034975ca25da18dc87c413572d1	Wayne Rooney on Wikimedia Commons
3e238e6cc5ea490da94bb3cbc1533a5945d6465e	Wayne Mark Rooney (born 24 October 1985 in Liverpool, England) is an English footballer of Irish descent, captain of the Manchester United football club and the England national team.
b71c3e3731e174bcc88774e9ddbb9c8b5cd9607f	He plays in the positions of a pulled forward and a central midfielder.
0bec74b0028712adbdb33784c569ba25e630e2f0	He is recognized by many as the best English footballer of his generation[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16].
3652066098b88dba43f5591acf0eb14888426ae3	From the age of 10, he played for the Everton youth academy, and in 2002 he made his debut in the main squad of the Toffees.
a3be9ab0b266a1a65b17aad6917b63823b63c5c0	After spending two years at the heart of the Merseyside club, in the summer of 2004 he moved to Manchester United for 25.6 million pounds.
10f836fa07bd7ba63339cb75fa7e1a49782ba7ec	In the same year, he received the nickname " Uazza "(by analogy with" Gazza", the nickname of Paul Gascoigne)[1]. Since then, he has won five Premier League titles, the UEFA Champions League, the FA Cup and two Football League Cups.
dd622d8b79d77bf4bc910012abd02ed5e7322ec6	He also won the awards "Player of the season of the English Premier League"," PFA Footballers ' Player of the Year "and" Footballer of the Year according to the Association of Football Journalists " in 2010.
31a01c4eaca25aa05d8faeff86da28c52f4c0918	In 2003, he made his debut for the England national team.
014bff8444ce81d8fc2fd952d1565e3beeaf5630	He is the youngest player to score a goal for the England national team.
64a597628bd975c573b532c9cebad0b745665c71	He played at three European Championships (2004, 2012 and 2016) and three World Championships (2006, 2010 and 2014).
f54b13a6cb6a04262cd46d92f31ac74a860a944f	He is the best scorer in the history of the England national team (53 goals).
55aa9b7564fd2a1f5d002248e9bfb1c99f64bd59	He was twice removed in matches for the national team, which is a record that he shares with David Beckham[17].
65fed617700efb3224855ddacf88362f05758f8e	In October 2010, he topped the list of the highest paid football players in the world with a salary of 250 thousand pounds per week[18][19]. Currently, he is one of the five highest paid football players in the world with an annual income of more than 17 million pounds, including income from sponsorship contracts[20].
0200294340ba34dd21718168fe44f0a988d94bc9	In 2013, Rooney was recognized as the richest footballer in England, having 45 million pounds in his assets[21].
6137cbdb4d28278eafbbd5af11d241d7d1b45e1f	In 2016, Rooney's financial assets amounted to 82 million pounds, and he was recognized as the richest athlete in the UK, ahead of Andy Murray and Rory McIlroy[22].
c6f9313add139c9921d95c645e251d1a72331de3	1 Early years 2 Club career 2.1 Early career 2.2 Everton main Squad 2.3 Transfer 2.4 Manchester United" 2.4.1 2004/05 2.4.2 2005/06 2.4.3 2006/07 2.4.4 2007/08 2.4.5 2008/09 2.4.6 2009/10 2.4.7 2010/11 2.4.8 2011/12 2.4.9 2012/13 2.4.10 2013/14 2.4.11 2014/15 2.4.12 2015/16 2.4.13 2016/17
c0721416ac86d5439418d535948a96ea7d83d06d	3 Career in the national team 3.1 Wayne Rooney's matches for the England national team
3e956b304f9383338985cdef66a776f9d4e1ca9e	4 Style of play 5 Achievements 5.1 Team achievements 5.2 Personal Achievements
5c45fbbfda28b3cbf4c4e67b4f1cdd4d0f164983	6 Performance statistics 6.1 Career overview 6.2 Club career 6.3 Appearances for the national team
28ac45296cbcaa51ad4942c0cdcb8a422bfc11db	7 Personal life 7.1 Family 7.2 Social Networks 7.3 Conflict with David Moyes 7.4 Accusations of adultery
1c0b9495ca7f0fa10b28593af7bbc70c5c675166	8 Commercial activity 9 Notes 10 References
c88e6063d303c159de422bc8146b2969a930ec19	Rooney was born and raised in the Croxteth area of Liverpool, the son of Thomas Wayne Rooney, a handyman, and Janette Mary Rooney (nee — Morrie), a housewife[23][24]. The Rooney family had Irish roots[25][26] and lived in a Catholic environment[27][28]. Wayne became the first child in the family, later he had two younger brothers: Graham and John[29][30]; all three studied at the Catholic Delasal College in Croxteth, Liverpool[31].
805cf8b7686ac6d71527a56cf4f21e90ee5e4b2a	All of Rooney's relatives were passionate fans of Everton ,and Wayne himself was a fan of this club since childhood[32], and the hero of his youth was the Scottish striker Duncan Ferguson[33].
82fcfb33fdc88191f288df78e1ca15d3676ca294	Club career
469e04b7e707157da9eb122456761c20c8aed870	Early career
b1f1ae28eb6d6ee27fcc6e0d70a0366df3fba39b	Once our under 9 team played with the boys from Everton, and they completely defeated us.
65f4b428f6db6b1b48f1984e4cc39834ca8ace72	Rooney scored a few goals [actually, six], but there was one goal that stood out from all of them.
182ee493cf7355a5efc5609e714baf8e9ff08323	It was, in fact, a classic blow with scissors, a perfect blow in falling through yourself, which was really something special in the performance of a guy eight or nine years old.
163cd4421480d6191504491c465190e631b6a3e2	Our Under 9 side played Everton's boys one day and they absolutely hammered us.
d2475ea0d67b5a9aeeea4ef7ec39287725d77941	Rooney scored a few [six, actually], but there was one that stood out.
373ef071aee409cace4376ec08318a8ded01ed4d	It was basically the classic overhead kick, the perfect bicycle kick, which for a kid of eight or nine years old was really something special.
79a96e3704102066d280400dd76ae75a8dd3b96b	- Paul McGuinness, coach of the Manchester United Youth Academy[34]
17e2addc8c3277cb2c35431a22524f92c7c8798e	Wayne played football in the yards from an early age, and at the age of seven he played for the first time for the team of the Western pub, scoring the winning goal in this game[35].
d487e2420cf0c7d96fe5ec2b752c346a6a0ecbde	Subsequently, he played for the Liverpool school team, scoring 72 goals during the season[36].
3eec46e5a257fa34bfc7aa1ecb7434d6fb60970e	At the age of nine, when Rooney was playing for Copplehouse Boys in the Walton and Kirkdale League (scoring 99 goals in a season), he was noticed by Everton scout Bob Pendleton, and invited Wayne to watch [37].
9d867a17ae20366b54f8cd47576cdff0a442ef24	The scouts of Liverpool also invited Wayne to watch at Melwood[35], but Rooney chose Everton, signing a school contract with the Toffees[38].
0b94ae9c957ec97cf49c55ef8850cb6d51ed6b5b	Playing for the Everton academy, Rooney often served balls at the matches of the main squad, and in 1996, 11 year old Wayne appeared on the Goodison Park field before the Merseyside derby as the mascot of Everton[35][39]. In the 1995/96 season (his first season at the Everton academy) Wayne scored 114 goals in 29 matches[40].
ad96890059f9b096a92511010963f35edb91e080	Rooney progressed quickly, and at the age of 15 he already played for the Everton under 19 team[41].
d2419bd1b46e361626ed5607673806c7124e5378	In 2002, he scored eight goals in eight matches of the FA Youth Cup[42], including a goal in the lost final against Aston Villa[38].
4de489614fbfcabe8bc6622324967cd1b8d6d78f	Everton's main squad
b2e2b01687a25127b9579088923dca1621a18320	Rooney is the biggest English talent I have seen since my arrival in England.
789e57968dfc1fffaf44c0df92625b756e6c07e5	Since I've been working as a head coach here, there have definitely not been more players under the age of 20 as good as him.
c3b4982ce8602b390b3754171d3457e4a7431169	Rooney is the biggest England talent I've seen since I arrived in England.
06389c491a0454c073bdd2cd7b1462f316a2cb15	There has certainly not been a player under 20 as good as him since I became a manager here.
428ea639ad6986de4099266eb752db56fca5a15e	- Arsene Wenger on Wayne Rooney in October 2002 [43]
89c4406a2da764fb45e8280e5f981c6ebe079fd3	On April 20, 2002, the 16 year old Rooney was first included in Everton's bid for a Premier League match against Southampton, but spent the entire meeting on the bench[44].
9c5c124acf785c62a25c15239d91e36e9e02e249	In the summer of 2002, he went with the main squad of Everton to a training camp in Austria for pre season training.
6c78402a7cee259b1e4b035489987bad5efd2b88	On July 15, Rooney scored his first goal for the main team of the " toffees "in a friendly match against the club"Brook "[45], and in the next game against the team" Weitz " he scored a hat trick[46].
6642bd41d2abd1ace220dfb1b1507a9af6322295	In total, he scored eight goals in the pre season tour[47].
65a5d759c6c4bcb97255571ac4612e4a59a4b01f	On August 17, 2002, he made his debut for the Toffees in an official match, appearing in the starting line up against Tottenham[48].
b76f01d60d0eaf9e4ea973cfd8a886405f96fd69	On October 2, he scored for Everton for the first time in official tournaments, making a "double" in a Football League Cup match against Wrexham[49].
debce5a2332bf2f5c261bd143e1df9e4d233b83c	Thus, Rooney became the youngest Everton goalscorer in the club's history, breaking the record of Tommy Lawton[50].
cd041ba56bd68a33149c6c756530a7e59b4b5289	On October 19, five days before his seventeenth birthday, Rooney scored the winning goal against Arsenal with a long range shot[51], breaking the Gunners ' 30 match winless streak in the Premier League[52].
6a9d2e26872ac6cb37fc1cefcb3d8d30911209d8	In addition, Rooney became the youngest goalscorer in the history of the Premier League (he scored a goal at the age of 16 years and 360 days; this record was later broken first by James Milner, and then by James Vaughn)[53]. On November 3, Rooney scored the only goal in the match against Leeds, in which Everton won 1-0[54].
e443126b07b29c09c9d16b8a3238f7f4e76d489f	In December, Rooney received the award for the best young athlete of 2002 according to the BBC [55].
d652430c372f30da331bb738b3e44b65c5b5d5be	On December 14, he scored the winning goal against Blackburn[56].
ce72d98e55688fcd7bd805651802b19ae87fa589	On Boxing Day, December 26, 2002, Wayne received the first red card of his career in a match against Birmingham City[57].
9f5bb04b74e74388ef258388d8071832c11e6899	In January 2003, Rooney signed the first professional contract in his career with Everton, which made him one of the highest paid young players in world football with a salary of about 13 thousand pounds per week[58].
4a187a0925ea25966ca30b1da0ffc6c284dca916	On March 23, Wayne scored the only goal for the Toffees in a match lost to Arsenal[59].
52df757cf11e3913cbd93387612ab16a5d3c0193	On April 6, he scored a goal against Newcastle, in which Everton won 2-1[60], and on April 26, he scored the winning goal in the last minutes of the match against Aston Villa[61].
f1e92134b2c387e71514e8af679b216a9b77a8e8	In total, in his first season at Everton, Rooney played 37 matches and scored 8 goals[62].
b93d186b7418b24eae68f24e029661dd2d4e1bc5	In the 2003-04 season, Rooney scored his first goal on August 26 in a match against Charlton[63], after which he could not score for almost four months.
cb4d57ab19ce12b117c961ce42cd1eb2ac9ebf27	On December 13, in the match of the 16th round of the Premier League against Portsmouth, Everton lost 1-0, but after Rooney came on as a substitute, first Lee Carsley equalized the score, and then Wayne himself put the Toffees ahead.
f40d8715b002841cd25634bfde05d05cd0f2dcb0	The game ended with the score 2: 1 in favor of Everton.
69d2bac3bf7173bf0f07fc0a53583f19d899242a	In the second half of this match, there was a small incident: Rooney pushed Steve Stone, then left the field, deciding that the referee had removed him.
8d31721724f507a1c6bd13534b85db65533cc884	However, there was no removal: the referee limited himself to a yellow card.
c85362cdb8c944181ecec16ff96fdcc804943496	After that, Wayne returned to the game[64].
81de9c83d24b7be4bbe4902a587eb055367bcac4	On December 20, in a match against Leicester City, Rooney scored again, coming on the field from the bench [65].
9100cedb82ae931646882608b664bd4f5d69be8e	On December 28, 2003, Wayne played his 50th league game in a match against Birmingham, scoring the winning goal[66].
001c2ba32028515b65b77db29b9c05547ed036e0	On February 21, 2004, Rooney made his first "double" in the Premier League in a match against Southampton[67].
d8b3c98720c5b208a0dbf81b43ba70321efd417b	On March 13, he scored the winning goal in the match with Portsmouth in the 78th minute of the meeting, closing the pass of Tomasz Radzinski[68], and a week later he scored in the game with Leicester City, again with a pass from the Canadian[69].
1d80aba3b8851b9ec11f8fd82e7f5e5451eda9be	On April 13, Wayne scored his last goal of the season with a long range shot from 18 meters in a match against Leeds United[70].
9613341dbed693624e8b965b7328ca54df4227b9	In total, in the 2003-04 season, Rooney scored 9 goals for the club in 40 matches, and Everton finished the season in 17th place[71].
cbb4cc49824bf79827cde838e005848027ca0a38	Transfer
74a1d82d4b633addf152cc3e0da1d5385577aba1	Due to the huge hype caused by Wayne's bright performance at the 2004 European Championship, Everton issued a special statement stating that Rooney would not be sold for less than 50 million pounds[72].
333d09b143b9d5c1ac5837ea13acfe475a3944ee	The club offered Wayne to extend his current contract, increasing his salary to 50,000 pounds a week, but Rooney rejected this offer[73].
e514cf3a98fe5f4f54591c4e5bf9210b14869685	Newcastle and Manchester United joined the fight for the signing of a promising football player.
f6ac95d232897909c58dda2d7f5d5d2743430f55	Newcastle made an offer of 20 million pounds to Everton[74], but the management of the Merseyside club rejected it[75].
a21b06401c803c132a779f5e2858a0d8cfdba7ea	After that, Rooney demanded to put him on a transfer[76].
904fde70008047e44a55dcef493f8fea9a10ad41	The transfer was completed just a few hours before the transfer window closed [77].
d272f7cede4349cdd756beb2647ddb997b86e1ed	However, with the umma paid for the transfer of Rooney still remains a record for a player under the age of 20[78].
14c38c1439cdcd72121bc3455be84f8f61ebe64c	Manchester United
e28b0448788c962edeba996b8a84a23508350081	Wayne Rooney in 2006
19f11a00edede725f73bf61c0cbaf73784de24fd	2004/05
b3ce174a6de3372afa4e33691621d746d3fd1dec	At Manchester United, Rooney received a T shirt with the number " 8 " [79].
f219f283b0d0de123e6de62c9877d0d86a804107	He made his debut for United on September 28, 2004 in a Champions League group stage match against Turkish club Fenerbahce, scoring a hat trick and giving another assist (the match ended with a 6 victory for United:2)[80]. Rooney became the youngest author of a hat trick in the Champions League (he was 18 years and 335 days old)[81]. In addition, Rooney became only the second player in the history of Manchester United to score three goals in his debut match for the club (after Charlie Sagar, who scored a hat trick against Bristol City in 1905)[82]. On October 24, in a memorable match against Arsenal, Rooney earned a penalty, which was realized by Rood van Nistelrooy, and then he scored from the game.
0bd7fe3bb4af73bbff2696e6f9d7b287daee2b9f	Manchester United won this meeting with a score of 2: 0 and broke Arsenal's 49 match unbeaten streak in the Premier League[83].
9349c729ca5afde6593677a94d7afcb3ff974f51	On November 14, Wayne made a "double" in an away match with Newcastle[84].
30a6cbb3d623df02f4a3652f47d117b39eb4799e	On January 15, 2005, Rooney brought the "red devils" victory in the derby with Liverpool, scoring against Jerzy Dudek with a long range shot[85].
a9e61b91217e9b03adfa1b22546a73f70e3497c6	On February 26, Wayne made a "double" in the match with Portsmouth, which ended in a 2-1 victory for United[86].
501cd09a0cfdacfa392b71ad6a177fe35855c395	On April 24, in a match against Newcastle at Old Trafford, Rooney scored a goal from a long distance, hitting the outside of his foot with a fly; commentators called this goal "amazing"[87][88][89].
7c45a1602ae6963e9a09fec78d28a6475b293aaf	For Manchester United, the 2004/2005 season was generally unsuccessful: in the Premier League, the team took only 3rd place, in the Football League Cup it lost in the semi finals to Chelsea, in the Champions League it was eliminated in the first round of the playoffs by Milan, and in the FA Cup final it lost to Arsenal on penalties[90].
4f2f4e36c95a841cf16f162217a4c297dfb8db2f	This season, Rooney became the team's top scorer, scoring 11 goals in the Premier League and 17 in all competitions for Manchester United, and also received the award for the best young player according to the PFA.
a054c4072650edf3368a0d19a257d457fad9de44	2005/06
17593756f72bbdadb99a7c9b929a21a738e828e7	Rooney scored his first goal in the 2005-06 season in the first round of the Premier League, in a match against Everton at Goodison Park[91].
201c9e076f19df2525e0f8f046185649bf80905b	On September 14, 2005, in the first match of the Champions League group stage against Spanish Villarreal (which ended with a score of 0:0) Rooney was sent off for sarcastically applauding the referee, who showed him a yellow card[92].
44a32e30ebee07d76ab40db7fbae53824776402a	In this game, Rooney made a "double" and was recognized as the best player of the match.
0a83a7caa9a828de776811d7fffd56b61f44a735	United won 4-0, and Rooney received the first professional medal in his career[93].
67d214d7b004dac33bcf5fa459d2d1967b5eaed0	The victory in the Football League Cup was United's only trophy of the season.
d2cb90fd7d08ec85d42c4b1c51815c8a21aab699	In the Premier League, Chelsea won the league title again, and Manchester United took 2nd place.
5703f13aa1a636c4b3ad8efe74f6f207e7c7dbc4	In the FA Cup, United were eliminated by Liverpool in the fifth round, and in the Champions League for the first time in 11 years, they could not get out of the group[94][95]. Rooney has scored 16 league goals for Manchester United this season and 19 in all competitions.
3057f351498317d7436ff264e98bebf2be7ac868	2006/07
7e8afa6c3e5dd13a9fbebbe2dfa281e7c948b1a9	On August 4, 2006, in the match of the pre season tour of Manchester United against Porto, Rooney was removed for elbowing the Portuguese defender Pepe.
7c8b0ec5e600527509393152df2b07623a39e469	Despite the friendly nature of that match, the Football Association of England disqualified Rooney for three official games, based on a 23 page report sent by the referee of the match, Rood Bossen.
fbcf9de19c708cda71adce39b204888e2298acf7	On November 18, in an away match against Sheffield United, the Red Devils lost 1-0, but thanks to two goals from Wayne Rooney, they won a strong willed victory with a score of 2: 1[101].
090d7e92ef0075aa4c3f2ceab1c8b04fa990670a	In the first semi final match of the Champions League against Milan at Old Trafford, Rooney scored two goals, and United won 3-2[105].
a38bfae2a486fcd39040592d43f6a129eae4579a	2007/08
1c2877cda5d036e62506c470086c806f476be23e	A doctor helps Wayne Rooney, who suffered a fracture in the match against Reading
4af06dceaa95675c8a559b791ff42fc042e1b4b2	On August 12, 2007, in the first match of the 2007/08 season against Reading, Rooney suffered a fracture of the metatarsal of the foot [108] (the match ended without scoring goals with the score 0: 0[109]). Wayne was expected to miss about two months.
d945afe7c9b74119053d33710b676775226a330b	On October 20, Rooney made a "double" in the match against Aston Villa at Villa Park, which ended in a 4-1 victory for the Red Devils[113].
f9e4c40625c460320dc23defb70967f0bfa20c96	2008/09
b2f5ebe1efa53b66719d8d3df6364c43998a7139	Wayne Rooney before the Champions League match in 2009
08271defdedd188bfa5cb59c8b4e46c9305df5fc	On November 30, in the Manchester derby, Rooney brought victory to his team, scoring the only goal against Joe Hart.
d77666306b70beeff32bf5653e43edbb31065f70	It was Wayne's hundredth goal in his professional career at club level[122].
f6732e1769755bdd241464fb2c4e91bfa2707d71	On January 14, 2009, he scored a goal against Wigan in the 54th second (this goal turned out to be the winning goal in the match), but left the field in the eighth minute due to a hamstring injury[123].
5b285e6238ca4b67e2756bad0714ab190cb3cc3d	Rooney missed three weeks due to injury, having not played in two cup matches and four matches in the Premier League.
8b02e7f75462e62d458eb945a71e26008f901b85	He returned to the field on February 18, replacing Dimitar Berbatov in the second half of the match against Fulham.
c226b36c9422cf7df204618d0c07e3066888d913	Two minutes after entering the field, he scored a goal against Mark Schwarzer, setting the final score in the match — 3:0 in favor of United[124].
645121ef44f64bd5eeaf32f71cc04966032183b9	On April 25, 2009, Manchester United, losing 2-0 to Tottenham during the match, managed to score five goals against the opponent, two of them were scored by Wayne Rooney.
d40b5b41e43e9a04747157783a9d091157c43d26	The match ended with a victory for Manchester United with a score of 5: 2[125].
472e940c0f3503768b088e603652960b1257ad79	The main time ended with the score 2:2;
351ed0da4ab9a98d3173ee4512467a413f2fa90f	Chelsea won the penalty shootout [127].
a8b050637835d829f6389580922ab17b95a7eae8	Rooney scored the only goal in the first match of the 2009/10 Premier League season against Birmingham City[128].
fe34ffe12aeecf7cec56157acb603862bf82a68f	In the next match of the championship, United could not score a single goal and lost to the debutant of the Premier League, Burnley club at Turf Moor with a score of 1: 0[129].
2b9d8e4a9c8ff1df9ac7b8fb4cf5885f815afcb2	Three days later, on August 22, 2009, Rooney scored his 100th and 101st goals for Manchester United in the match of the third round of the Premier League against Wigan, which ended with a score of 5: 0[130].
2a9b70b0b03358da08d1ee62395166699dbf3851	Wayne Rooney against Everton in November 2009
a5ddba41ab25c72c8013b0a1568f417b9b392ab8	On August 29, in the match against Arsenal at Old Trafford, Rooney equalized the score in the game, scoring the most important goal from the penalty spot.
8a2db62c4daa422a7e2e11ee80a6c523fba4c052	The match ended with a 2-1 victory for United[131].
bcae2d085a405736285b488f60a0abb7f0bd438c	Five days after this match, Rooney commented on the penalty he scored against Arsenal: "Everyone who follows my game knows that I am an honest footballer.
605721c80bd74ec19ac4e629e3aff193a8421e23	I play as honestly as possible.
e8e6f2c0aec1948edb817b981bfac42f92bc05bc	If the referee gives a penalty, there is nothing you can do about it"[132].
2885f0a9671bd0c8a01154d02d8dc2fa1c30b3de	On September 20, Rooney scored one goal in a dramatic Manchester derby at Old Trafford, which ended in a 4-3 victory for United thanks to a goal scored by Michael Owen in the 95th minute[133].
fb0f939298b72add5c9d5afa34cc139258fb3900	On November 28, Rooney scored a hat trick in an away league match against Portsmouth, which ended in a 4 point victory for Manchester United:1.
8e679cbc3a3aa4bb099e2b983f6b4b9f94667e4e	Rooney scored two of his three goals from the penalty spot[134].
0d37195b297082a27bfad4958b57b5999d1fe2e8	27 Dec Wayne was voted "player of the match" in the meeting with hull city, which ended with the victory of the "United" with the score 3:1.
ee82981b34912977e59b581a418d2b9954728e4c	Rooney took part in all four goals scored in that match when he scored himself, opening the scoring late in the first half, then gave a bad pass that led to a penalty against "Manchester United".
483f9483affa330a78d80e8a5c76d847101f2e3f	Then he forced Andy Dawson to make a mistake, who scored an autogall, and finally gave an assist to Dimitar Berbatov[135].
32ed3249364e999e645d1daff60d17f328c03b0e	Three days later, on January 30, 2009, Rooney scored another goal in a match against Wigan, which ended in a 5-0 defeat of the Latics[136].
973a89173007c04c86814c203598a0f5f1367b76	On January 23, 2010, Rooney scored 4 goals in a match against Hull City, making the first "poker" in his career[137].
23c2344edbf057962047ef0f769a4600cca623e6	On January 27, Wayne scored the winning goal against Manchester City in the second semi final match of the League Cup.
777c6a731b81ae13d5437a96e5346aa664bca4b2	United beat City 4-3 on aggregate and reached the final of the League Cup[138].
91f41592baac891fc084fe90ec2b753f25a73588	On January 31, 2010, in a match against Arsenal, Rooney scored his 100th goal in the Premier League (it is noteworthy that Rooney also scored his first goal in the Premier League for Arsenal)[139]. On February 16, Rooney opened the scoring for his goals in the Champions League draw of the 2009/10 season, scoring two goals against Milan with his head.
7950c9916fe74ff279d680b0d336906cb261cc53	The match ended with a 3-2 victory for Manchester United, marking the first victory of the Red Devils over the Rossoneri at the San Siro [140].
a083f30d14c0d04bd10f0d37d0cfa6014233730c	February 23, Wayne scored a "double" in the gate "West ham"[141].
2b037aedf53ff896a6464f5cf1e111a3701eb28f	28 February, Rooney scored the winning goal in gate of "Aston Villa" in the League Cup final, which ended with the score of 2:1[142].
f8d30751e2d5dba366fdd668b5f1e764c31dd38d	On March 10, in a return match 1/8 finals of the Champions League against AC Milan at old Trafford, Rooney made a "double" and "Manchester United" won a landslide victory over Italian club with the score of 4:0 (7:2 on aggregate)[143]. Thus, by March 10, Rooney had already scored 30 goals in all competitions[144].
9e2cbb9de94ce3ebb2a0693f3904cfcadd4303af	On March 14, Wayne made another "double" in the championship, this time in a match against Fulham, in which the Red devils won 3-0[145].
4f52e494bbbc92068e3ee56e92c870cccb178a74	On March 21, in a crucial Premier League match with Liverpool, Rooney scored the most important goal, finishing off the ball into the net of Pepe Reina's goal, reflected after Wayne's strike from the eleven meter mark.
2bc427888765f259528bcd81e8683619e4ae069b	United won this match with a score of 2: 1[146].
c298c61aca896e9a0f08497a6001a0160efc54e5	On March 30, Rooney opened the scoring in the match of the 1/4 final of the Champions League against Bayern Munich, in which Manchester United lost with a score of 2: 1[147].
d07879c6ce2a5d9b8cf4a3b81defb5e44bed88f1	At the end of this match, Wayne suffered an ankle injury, which was expected to cause him to miss from two to three weeks, including the most important match of the championship against Chelsea[148].
3f1d065e973e88b7ac793449d63ac5a93cc4ab2f	Despite the predictions, Rooney returned to the ranks after eight days, appearing in the starting line up of United in the second leg of the Champions League against Bayern Munich at Old Trafford[149].
ce2bcd1cdeab7009b796f3328043b3e40d1c2564	By the 41st minute, Manchester United led the match with the score 3: 0, but subsequently conceded two goals from Bayern and was eliminated from the Champions League draw according to the away goal rule.
367d96db44de72197606e3224d53df2feca8eb4c	Rooney was substituted during the match, as he injured his ankle again[149].
a13454804bb7034fad237b9d1fd460b6f31024de	After that, he played three more matches in the Premier League, but could not score a single goal, losing the title of the best scorer of the championship to Didier Drogba in the last round.
e1be480fbd7249d0e87e97d4295f6826353cd514	To score so many goals now is fantastic, but it's still not my best season.
4ebdd4cb0fabf41cf09b22c17db1e9deafa3d79b	I scored 76 goals in a season when I was 11 years old.
286af22cf2f99b53fd4897b3041f7cc7decbe613	But this is the best result of my professional career, and I know that next season I will be expected to repeat.
3a1b7b01b7f8983aa680afc7ee0750d2d517e115	To score so many this time was fantastic - but it’s still not my best season.
e7bb3cdb2246dd4e8bc795e95a0ea9cb9d922f47	I once scored 76 in a season when I was 11.
1a7bfc1628ef23695f8c59024eaab56e1ea20e47	But it’s my best as a professional and I know the expectation will be there for me to do it again next season.
e3d14f38575673c3ec0b7b75bc8f32b9f5042fa3	- Wayne Rooney about himself on May 9, 2010[150]
8526ccdc45f7963b21c01856aa351fe7c20d2b3c	On October 19, at a press conference on the eve of the Champions League match against Turkish Bursaspor, Manchester United head coach Alex Ferguson announced that Rooney was not going to renew his contract with United and wanted to leave the club[151].
4c34f1c1ada9037cfad558ffeb30cca507236699	The next day, Rooney issued an official statement in which he confirmed his desire to leave United[152].
e922bc44b0c93a6032cb43255b3f6f0ba6f7d0fa	However, he changed his mind, and on October 22, he extended his contract with Manchester United until 2015[153].
04a955de1c0b7d1af0254491d6aaec41923d6e81	Rooney missed almost a month due to an ankle injury and returned to the field only on November 20, coming on as a substitute in the match against Wigan[154].
aab456d5e90afaef8727a5d9ed45b22227bbdf5c	On November 24, Rooney was included in the starting line up for the Champions League match against Scottish Rangers.
f99f5802ce2c638d8b1a7a6acd4cd93521068d7e	In this game, he brought his club a victory by implementing an eleven meter shot at the end of the meeting, which ended with a score of 1:0[155].
46a9af14fd9ec3b2662c8b174ff940e945fec2b4	On 1 January 2011, in a match against West Brom, Rooney scored his first goal from a game in the Premier League of the 2010/2011 season; the game ended in a 2-1 victory for Manchester United[156].
299cd184a958bde4cb93605439e578307c5b268a	After the match, Ferguson said that Rooney demonstrated a "world class game" [157].
1f307c7973ccf61a83914a0f6ab897c16427c7da	On February 1, in the match of the 25th round of the Premier League against Aston Villa, Rooney scored a "double", scoring goals in the first and forty fifth minutes, and Manchester United won the meeting with a score of 3: 1[158].
66f53a48f8fd5e5364dab1864e94f07b590a6547	Thus, Rooney scored for the first time since March 2010 from a game at Old Trafford[159].
1b491d21ae2b9b635a72620e6de72ae34509e7e3	On February 12, in the match of the 27th round of the Premier League against Manchester City, in the 78th minute, Rooney scored a goal with a shot through himself in a fall after passing Nani.
5e813ef8927fe966a57e043ed2d7d5a29d5ffd87	This goal, which the commentators described as "fantastic", "magical" and "amazing"[160][161][162], it was victorious for the "red devils", who won the match with a score of 2:1[163].
43bba888c4423b5d39d38a06bc2e5d435c553340	Wayne himself admitted that this goal was the best in his professional career[164].
9fc3af1123356e680aac6d15b8147712495b4b0d	A year later, according to the results of a fan vote conducted by the English Premier League, this goal was recognized as the best in the first 20 years of its existence[165].
da885942de8abf38a9ce61a25998c91c6a05745c	On April 2, in a dramatic match against West Ham, in which Manchester United lost after the first half with a score of 0:2, Rooney scored a hat trick in the second half, scoring a free kick goal, a goal from the game and a goal from the penalty spot, and his team won the final victory with a score of 4: 2[166].
46884625ed184d48653cb77e6db5806654d5778b	After scoring his third goal, Rooney swore at the TV camera, and a few hours after the end of the match, he made an official apology for this, admitting that his behavior was caused by strong emotions, and that he did not address insults to anyone in particular.
32edece02aff001c30d87c156560ead2a2209741	However, the Football Association of England charged Wayne with using "offensive and abusive expressions" [167].
786a118cce743fe80060f5f99164ed3e0dad0af9	Rooney admitted his guilt, but appealed against an automatic two match suspension[168].
aa7a0b201dcd3e9af2a26a3ae86363f69b57b8ce	The Football Association rejected the appeal, confirming that Wayne will be suspended for two matches: the Premier League game against Fulham and the FA Cup semi final against Manchester City[169].
0f787d2760632851aaef1cd081117ea553f3f57d	On April 6, Rooney scored the only goal in the match of the 1/4 final of the Champions League against Chelsea at Stamford Bridge, closing the pass of Ryan Giggs;
0fc6ed3d1eaff650255f78b1ed9c2f11011ed507	United won this meeting with a score of 1: 0[170].
971760fb5764ca47efc32c4071384d88fb6d4f03	On April 26, Wayne scored in the semi final meeting of the Champions League against Schalke 04[171].
5dd369e4d7ab1cd768b4d9ec504aa32602acec7e	1 On May 4, 2011, Rooney scored a penalty in a match with Blackburn Rovers, which ended in a 1-1 draw, which was enough to win the league title, which became Manchester United's 19th in the top English division, and for Wayne the fourth[172].
b333f34b8aaaceeb470abb899511eb4c4d16f277	2011/12
81008826ecb0087ab5276778907f105e68b8ab61	Rooney prepares to execute a free kick in the match with Sunderland
1bbb776542016c3e23343a9cf3f053cb65849a78	In the next round of the Premier League, Rooney again scored a hat trick, this time against Bolton Wanderers at the Reebok Stadium, the match ended with a 5-0 defeat of the Trotters[175].
d95167a5a493e0c6610875f8da0f588e821c0d91	On September 18, Wayne scored United's third goal against Chelsea, and also failed to score a penalty against Petr Cech; the Red Devils won this meeting with a score of 3: 1[176].
d57d98f483bb9dbb72fd2f2bcfad0910926abdd8	On October 18, Rooney converted two penalties against the Romanian "Ocelul" in a Champions League match[177], becoming the best English scorer in the history of this tournament with 26 goals[178].
e852704c83966eabeb3547a6a31a4ccec767f9e7	After that, the striker did not score for more than a month and was able to break his "goal drought" only on December 10 in a Premier League match against Wolverhampton, making a "double" after passes from Nani and Antonio Valencia[179].
9dcf56c7b1c49a22d6438b35791cafccf0b5f18d	On December 21, in a match against Fulham, Wayne played his 300th match in the Premier League, scoring his 130th goal in this tournament[180].
2ee4e3591d0eb8cebb493f8110d0136206fccb5f	8 January 2012, Rooney scored two goals against Manchester city in a match of 3 rounds of the FA Cup, which was won by "United" with the score 3:2[181].
cf832a5dcdd2a45660bc167b066447247d16af78	February 5, Wayne converted two penalty kicks in a match against Chelsea which ended with the score of 3:3[182].
cbb4a877ae8c8f8129a00c0c03c19b5e89d6676c	11 February in a match of the 25th round of the Premier League with Liverpool scored twice, while United have won with the score 2:1[183].
a45173b4e539ce3da6f2a45fc25fdb109b08179b	11 Mar Rooney brought the "red devils" of winning the match against "West Bromwich Albion", scoring two goals against Ben foster.
7f4c5afc651446b8a9bf1e9f082d1f0aa4d172a6	This victory brought United to the first place in the Premier League standings[184].
e51a2fa318979795afa2f22b7162c0fe050fd530	On the eve of the Premier League match with Wolverhampton, an unpleasant incident occurred during the pre match warm up on the field of the Molineux stadium: after an unsuccessful shot by Rooney on goal, the ball flew into the crowd of fans and hit the wrist of a nine year old boy who tried to protect himself with his hand.
55713f3268b74e4f861d26e980895c4f13f3e4bd	The force of the blow was such that the child received a broken wrist.
0c29013e802931861ecc91947cf813879d08b0e2	Wayne apologized to the victim, who turned out to be a young Manchester United fan Jamie Thomas, and gave him a T shirt with his autograph[185][186].
c993175469f59de30d12a29e1b6acda2f42c5561	2012/13
e570f72b3b09fd6ca5d36959882b134b32f3f060	On August 25, 2012, in a match with Fulham, Wayne received a deep dissection of his thigh after being hit by Hugo Rodallega's spikes, which caused him to be out of action for a month[188].
d4d66592bed934eb383ea9aa43bff765d372aee3	On October 20, he opened the scoring for his goals of the season: in the match of the 8th round of the Premier League with Stoke City, he first scored in his own goal, and then made a "double" against Asmir Begovic and gave an assist to Danny Welbeck.
ee7a5f11e8d7461fa0bc3ea5cfffad8f5775adda	The match ended with a 4-2 victory for United[189].
9ca87de350fbdda44a5854f17e04a8f0dd814e7e	On December 1, he made a "double" in the match of the 15th round of the Premier League with Reading ,which ended with a score of 4: 3 in favor of the Red devils[190].
3e4c95423d586763aacc7e715beaf539c5b0edec	In the next round, he again made a "double", this time - against Joe Hart in the Manchester derby on December 9.
738f523b5db8581e8bd504027bedcc76acc00c4b	United celebrated a 3-2 victory over City[191].
77c765f4e270132765a4f8c1a9ea6c62b1eec154	On April 22, 2013, in the game of the 34th round of the Premier League against Aston Villa, Wayne played his 400th match for Manchester United.
41928c7fd1f5bf53b4b83c004977551a59e6eb16	After this match, United won the league title, and Rooney became a five time champion of England[192].
7da591edd32070e2238e28aa5891c6ea81cf2c82	In May 2013, Alex Ferguson told the press that Rooney demanded to put himself up for a transfer, but was refused[193].
d301449cff58dd2d945e55f14903ef51d1d96fe0	2013/14
41fdaa56977c3c3e8cc7f28c64c80994cb1c74c0	At the end of the 2012-13 season, Sir Alex Ferguson left Manchester United, and David Moyes, who previously coached Rooney at Everton, became the new head coach of the team.
4dd150615a4be6688092f46f32e250e3775fe41e	Despite numerous rumors in the media about the possible departure of Wayne from Manchester United, Rooney remained at the club[194][195]. He scored his first goal of the season on September 14 in a match against Crystal Palace with a direct free kick[196].
458e36cb7156abe76f801a8ac02810bcab0d16ce	On September 17, in the match of the first round of the Champions League group stage against Bayer Leverkusen, Rooney made a "double", bringing the total number of goals scored for Manchester United in official matches to 200[197].
a5b6806af9e9dac82a7cd02bbd70eb8fbd9327c6	On Boxing Day, December 26, 2013, he scored his 150th goal for Manchester United in the Premier League in an away match against Hull City[198].
7cdcece933f4e4b33fadbd141313e7ca328dc30e	In February 2014, he extended his contract with Manchester United for four years until June 2019[199].
53d9cefcd5c012a75c48d801df325563f7bcf886	On March 22, in the game against West Ham United, he made a "double", and scored the first goal with a long range shot almost from the central circle.
2fb2fb21f2a75789098f67392276ea0b2d375442	After this match, Wayne took the third place in the list of the best scorers in the history of Manchester United with 212 goals (ahead of Jack Rowley, who scored 211 goals for the club)[200].
9ac4c149685fe62fa92a427cb1fa5be2ed9d5afb	At the end of the 2013/14 season, Wayne became the team's top scorer, scoring 17 goals in the Premier League and 2 more in the Champions League[201].
bda2ceb3389d91220f0aadd52da51c35a9d5b946	2014/15
bd55ddaa4efd22023c864d9d3803dde22ee04d4d	Before the start of the season, by the decision of the new head coach of Manchester United, Louis van Gaal, Rooney was appointed captain of the team, replacing Nemanja Vidic who left for Inter[202].
28379b2af96dbde02a6147d9a6ff34dd6b996d73	On September 14, Wayne scored a goal against Queens Park Rangers, which became his 175th in the English Premier League[203].
3ba0cd5f0160ec23111f6e171dca0218f99eeafe	According to this indicator, he equaled Thierry Henry and came in third place in the list of Premier League scorers in history[204].
00dd392e118f44b4ba3118a48639df6c1ddded07	On September 27, 2014, in a game against West Ham United, Rooney attacked the Hammers midfielder Stewart Downing from behind, for which he received a straight red card and was suspended for three matches[205].
1f9be46c6a82905c99ed9722a156294027b6784f	After serving a suspension, Wayne returned to the field in a crucial match with Manchester City.
9a53c6be5699ccab3d0ac27ffdec9cc0ab7bbfd9	On November 22, the striker scored the winning goal against Arsenal, using the transfer of Angel Di Maria[206].
247415ca65c109434be55114f4b90bfd67e0479b	On December 14, Rooney opened the scoring in the match with Liverpool, which ended in a 3-0 victory for United[207].
f7ed71656b84f4c01c3876981e4fb2901b34b38e	Wayne Rooney in 2015
9a07c18a011163b7a9678908ada8719a21e6c905	On December 26, Wayne scored two goals and an assist for Robin van Persie in a match against Newcastle United, bringing Manchester United a 3-1 victory[208].
48da08b96e5871ed3fcbd36b0f64afa2d27b4537	At the end of December, Rooney was named the best player of the month according to Manchester United fans[209].
017cc0411693b9254aacbeab4e1ca334454c7917	During the season, Louis van Gaal used Rooney both as a striker and as a central midfielder[210].
acd15a9cd77c499549ab2d8075f0fe60908f3154	At the end of the 2014/15 season, Rooney became the top scorer of Manchester United, scoring 12 goals in the Premier League and 2 more in the FA Cup[211].
1e5242f230a0e52024626c15305396d13df05f2f	2015/16
f1cd2cd895eecc5524c21f50d261f4920da8c022	Rooney started the 2015/16 season as the only striker, but could not score during the opening four games of the season.
18d7e97a4f8555d061f64d86647744a468bfa350	On August 26, 2015, Wayne broke his goal drought, which lasted 878 minutes, by scoring three goals against Brugge in a match of the Champions League qualification round[212].
adf5ac1446cbd88d887b64e3d45bbb25b548007a	It was his second hat trick in the UEFA Champions League after his debut match for Manchester United against Fenerbahce in 2004[213].
b8b351bf37b41d939443fda1ecaa0a62881a278a	The captain of the Red Devils scored his first goal in the championship against Sunderland with a pass from Anthony Martial[214], breaking his eleven match goalless streak in the Premier League[215].
616882b13010b834d2ae6f5ffc176841d4a7bc08	On December 19, Wayne played his 500th game for Manchester United, playing in a match against Norwich City[216].
428884047d7055e8bfffefd27247b06670e4c1cf	The beginning of 2016 turned out to be productive for Rooney: he managed to distinguish himself in the first three matches of the year, twice recording winning goals (in the Premier League match against Swansea City on January 2 and in the FA Cup match against Sheffield United on January 9).
9462f893ebfff46ae6de3adfb58011bb39cf1a36	On January 12, in a match with Newcastle United, Wayne scored a "double", and also gave an assist to Jesse Lingard; the game ended with the score 3: 3[217].
42fc6714b617ca16b8164d3a065a169e8b2f6f3d	On January 17, 2016, Wayne scored the winning goal against Liverpool (this goal was the only one in the match that ended with the score 1: 0), thereby breaking Thierry Henry's record for goals scored for one team in the Premier League (Rooney had 176 goals, while Henri's previous record was 175 goals)[218].
552ae12010546ff989eecffbe5e7bcbca9df5f05	In mid February, Rooney was injured and out of action for two months.
b40e61d163ab005bbf4a48d869106ba1391f2159	He managed to return to the field only on April 13 in the cup match against West Ham United, coming on as a substitute for the last minutes of the match.
d68759597b1596453b806e8c0889f123124ca169	In the remaining matches of the season, Wayne was transferred to the position of central midfielder.
8e678a009dae837baa6a2743b25d490744eabbd6	According to the captain of Manchester United, he would like to become "the new Paul Scholes" for the team, taking on the role of a transmission manager, providing the width of the attack[219].
8a92cf0be4cce04a3b20dabaa906246d5b9153f6	In a new role, Rooney was able to prove himself at the end of the season.
04977580332b1fb7e19deca4dafefe1a3a94bd94	In the last match of the English championship against Bournemouth, he was recognized as the player of the match, scoring a goal, as well as giving an assist and a pre goal[220].
32e0cb3fedfcf3fe673233d6acb22d77ed348b5e	In the final of the Football Association Cup, the captain of the "red Devils" was also recognized as the player of the match, having managed to turn an unsuccessful match for the team by personal example soon after a missed ball from Jason Puncheon, Rooney made a solo pass from deep in the field, beating several Crystal Palace players and giving an overhead pass to Marouane Fellaini, who dropped the ball under Juan Mate's kick, which became a goal[221].
28b60483d39223d628e56bb6c774a862d8daa80a	Thanks to this goal, the match was transferred to extra time, in which Manchester United was able to score another goal through the efforts of Jesse Lingard, despite the removal of Chris Smalling, and win the trophy[221].
2b40f942e1d9950b7d2f30234b7c5045df3e0843	During the award ceremony, Rooney, as the team captain, accepted the cup from the hands of Prince William and, together with vice captain Michael Carrick, showed the trophy to the fans[222].
8822e40be33b8f06243fa6b76bcd54041a002b4b	2016/17
db6ca1dd9b6a022b15c74d38fcd341f8f8ecad7d	In the 2016/17 season, Manchester United played under the leadership of a new head coach: Louis van Gaal was replaced by Portuguese Jose Mourinho.
4e74973e694d1f770cdafac9807df8410d035646	At the beginning of the season, Rooney retained the captain's armband and a place in the starting line up.
5af4e640da226869c3a1b3a6e52c1780a055fede	On August 7, Wayne won his 14th trophy with United, beating Leicester City in the FA Super Cup[223].
4a4cf6c690d3e653c582d1b9d1fd72b2ed78b723	In the first round of the Premier League, Wayne scored against Bournemouth, which helped his team to win 3-1[224].
39cebc9751d8a859ca0eb1c0e56a53e7b598d095	On August 19, in the match of the second round of the Premier League against Southampton, Rooney gave an assist to Zlatan Ibrahimovic; the meeting ended with a score of 2: 0 in favor of the Red devils.
c45493b6be8fd18c0fd66a0b16feffe7c1e0914f	This game was Rooney's 600th at club level (Wayne played 523rd match for Manchester United and 77 more matches for Everton)[225].
2366d959387f9aed9655c1df0119d3213979626c	3 Nov 2016 in the group stage match of the Europa League against Fenerbahce Rooney scored his 38 th goal in European competition, up to the level with a club record Ruud van Nistelrooy[226] and, after three weeks, Wayne scored against Feyenoord, setting a new record.
edcaf820b358f42d48780dbaf5a56d587e7b6a0d	6 November 2016 in a match of Premier League against Swansea city Rooney has made two assists, thereby became the third player in the history of the Premier League, who gave 100 assists, after Ryan Giggs (162) and Frank Lampard (102)[227]. On January 7, 2017, Rooney scored the 249th goal for Manchester United (against Reading in the FA Cup), equaling the legendary Bobby Charlton in this indicator.
1bf040b0d21bafaf037124e39c1d1474d5b89dd3	On January 21, 2017, in an away Premier League match against Stoke City, in which United lost to the opponent 0:1, Rooney equalized with a free kick in the last minute of added time, scoring his record 250th goal for Manchester United[228].
f525953b6c111dc60294d5aff3ef18d0788b2166	National team career
58b6e2c062817a04168eb2e6d064dd9db61f5251	Rooney in a match for the England national team in 2006
816c0c9f35b682c3005efa12e1427e1345b582ea	Before being called up to the first team, Rooney played for the England under 15, under 17 and under 19 national teams.
7fa6c3cc8a4c5d01ac8f116f1d03d95190466992	In 2002, he took part in the European Championship for under 17 players.
a00126f14292d7c7c16735029718839683c98c80	In the match for the third place against the Spaniards, Rooney scored a hat trick, which helped the British to win with a score of 4: 1 and win bronze medals[229].
3ce609cd3aa7c60fa43531b4d1039eb78e889ff3	In total, he scored 5 goals at the tournament[230].
0cf0549e344285af76e99b7e5cd54b3a80bf9e9e	At the beginning of 2003, Rooney was called up to the main England team.
b9af9a9fa769eb20b56a653963d025fa08e4fc9e	His debut for the national team took place on February 12, 2003.
91957db80d0e99e3f92e4c7391b9a1b4ad29d480	He became the youngest player of the England national team, entering the field in a friendly match against Australia at the age of 17 years and 111 days[231] (three years later, the record was broken by Theo Walcott, who came on as a substitute in a friendly match of the England national team against Hungary at the age of 17 years and 75 days[232]). On September 6, 2003, Wayne became the youngest goalscorer in the history of the national team, he scored in a match against Macedonia at the age of 17 years and 317 days[233].
271611cde16596b19661c554728c53a0a54f03b9	In 2004, Rooney took part in the European Championship in Portugal as part of the England national team[234][235]. On June 17, 2004, Wayne became the youngest goalscorer in the history of the final tournaments of the European Championship, making a "double" in a match against the Swiss national team[236].
62b6f1b5ee0688297d74ff965041eae851505a1e	However, four days later, the Swiss Johan Fonlanten broke this record by scoring a goal against the French national team[237].
6a95a2622b8ec8dfe6fd472405fd054352362c80	In the first half of the quarterfinal match against Portugal, Rooney was injured and had to leave the field, and England lost this meeting on penalties[238].
0e44c04d87d968b803407c9e3fcd2a4be50652c8	On April 29, 2006, Rooney was injured at the end of the English championship match against Chelsea.
927539c4b0444f246473b4a4bc93353c4425de88	After a medical examination, it turned out that the striker suffered a fracture of the metatarsal bone of the foot in a collision with Paulo Ferreira and his participation in the 2006 World Cup is in doubt[239].
d86404776895532d87b852e2abaf5316fc863453	Rooney's cult status and his key role in the national team made his recovery from injury a whole epic, actively covered by the English press[240][241]. After missing the first group match of the World Cup against Paraguay, Rooney was able to come on as a substitute in the second group match of the national team against Trinidad and Tobago[242], and Wayne started the third group game against Sweden in the starting line up along with attacking partner Michael Owen[243].
111ec5e7ae9035926b1aebafe56ff56a687fe752	The World Cup was unsuccessful for Rooney and for his national team: in the quarterfinal match against Portugal, Wayne was removed for a rough game against Ricardo Carvalho, and England left the tournament, losing to the Portuguese in a penalty shootout [244].
dd45f4ac60332223a9e8232e3290ddfee7583b5a	Rooney in the match against Italy at Euro 2012
6275ec7163dabb88a08e5d335447852d407c7dd9	Under the leadership of Steve McLaren, England failed to qualify for Euro 2008[245].
7f0004ab783a7e8962b6c7e4e280121f64af5478	In the next qualifying round, already for the 2010 World Cup, England under the leadership of Fabio Capello easily took first place in the group, receiving a direct ticket to the final part of the championship in South Africa.
d5d021a6cbe629e94875ef1be51edd5aa5f586a7	In total, Rooney scored 9 goals in the qualifying round for the World Cup[246].
5caea96f1e06d0fbb65a53b5eaf9bd3072700f7c	At the World Cup itself, Rooney failed to score a single goal, and England crashed out of the tournament in the 1/8 finals, losing to Germany[247].
309a822a8bee3c62e1e01c6f8dad4c5f19d23f0c	England qualified for Euro 2012 by finishing first in their qualifying group.
71ed14d3843feea12291018c9b1f3053019596c3	In the final match of the qualifying stage against Montenegro on October 7, Rooney was removed for a gross foul against Miodrag Djudovic[248], after which the UEFA disciplinary committee decided to disqualify Wayne for 3 matches of the Euro 2012 group stage[249].
16f791312f1aaa9a5e7daca1847ced62993d4c65	The Football Association has filed an appeal to UEFA with a request to reduce the period of disqualification.
6629770d0621787f53f8c8e7028524c1a8de986f	On December 8, UEFA granted the appeal, reducing Rooney's suspension to two matches[250].
c13cedc7c6b2080d677b2130733f306aa5ad2871	After serving his suspension, on June 19, Wayne took the field in the final match of the group stage against the national team of Ukraine, scoring the only goal in this meeting, which allowed England to reach the quarterfinals[251].
49d5031327990d154e8f5c894a5b72fe2707c35a	In the quarterfinal match against the Italian national team, no goals were scored in regular and extra time, followed by a series of penalty shootouts.
ab1478a690103166769e7d3bf2f69f48505a9c1a	Rooney converted his shot from the eleven meter mark, but due to the misses of Ashley Young and Ashley Cole, the English lost with a score of 2:4[252].
12cb8857495ef8dece89e56a6c2b6b21610cfb3b	On September 12, 2012, in the match of the qualifying tournament for the World Cup against the national team of San Marino, he scored his 30th and 31st goals for the national team, after which he entered the top five scorers of the national team, beating Tom Finney, Nat Lofthouse and Alan Shearer.
8d097632893b987d3ca9fd45e57cf1e492f52594	Also in this meeting, he brought the England national team to the field with the captain's armband for the first time in a match of tournament significance[253].
b1f5a7de0dd12fa90d19972b53495861debea73b	The World Cup itself was extremely unsuccessful for the British: they took the last place in the group, scoring only one point in the match with Costa Rica, and Wayne himself scored one assist in the match with the Italians, as well as scored a goal against the national team of Uruguay.
49b31bf563b695f7e0f0e5ce7161c746bdbc2054	On August 28, 2014, England head coach Roy Hodgson appointed Wayne Rooney as the new captain of the national team[254].
399c33a2ddac7d1319ccc2896c3b1ad03b506654	The match against the Slovenian national team, played on November 15, 2014, was Rooney's hundredth for the national team.
7cd36a5f055ad72196043127f2f40757a794323f	In this match, the striker scored a goal, and the British won with a score of 3: 1.
fffda740ba97013709a44b938727ef92860c828a	On September 8, 2015, in a match with the Swiss national team, Rooney scored his 50th goal for the national team and became the top scorer in the history of the national team, breaking Bobby Charlton's record (49 goals), which lasted 45 years[255].
87996230270cfd19b5090159a5621475f800b377	In May 2016, Rooney was included by Roy Hodgson in the extended list of the England national team's bid to play at the European Championship in France as a striker[256].
2ec93328a69df83ea07482faf861fc34d5a4722b	However, the inclusion of Wayne in the list of forwards was met by football experts in different ways: Alan Shearer in an interview with the BBC said that Rooney should give way to Harry Kane and Jamie Vardy in the attack[257], while Sky Sports expert Paul Scholes indicated that Wayne should be in the starting line up as an attacking midfielder or a drawn forward[258].
9edcc05e6c3a6d85b0bdff6e8871f94f7fdf954c	The public also perceived the inclusion of Rooney in the national team ambiguously because of Wayne's ineffective season at Manchester United[259], but Sky Sports expert Thierry Henry said that Rooney's presence in the team is necessary because of his authority and experience, which will help young players cope with pressure at a crucial moment[260].
ad8e7212cb21dc4e043e156fdaf898a31e347b0b	The captain of the national team himself said that he was proud to play for his country and he would like to win trophies with England[261], and regarding his position on the field, according to journalists, he asked head coach Roy Hodgson to use him as a central or defensive midfielder[262].
b3853beca58881011fe818cc6f63458c283fd9dc	At the championship itself, Rooney was the captain of the national team and was considered one of its leaders, but he failed to demonstrate his best game, distinguishing himself only once in the match of the 1/8 finals, hitting the goal of Iceland from the penalty spot.
33c8df0a8e413fe56c07c4c09a3af01e6c20ebec	The British lost the match with a score of 1: 2 and left the tournament.
1939b150857f32aa839e2cbf08bf1130bcc3057d	Wayne Rooney's matches for the England national team
40105a0c881f4c423b1714dece3a246cb81bfc37	Matches and goals from Wayne Rooney for England # date Venue Opponent Score goals Rooney Competition 1 12 Feb 2003 Boleyn ground, London, Australia 1:3 - 2 Friendly match on 29 March 2003 Rheinpark Stadion, Vaduz, Liechtenstein 2:0 - Qualifying matches TH 2004 3 2 April 2003 the stadium of light, Sunderland Turkey 2:0 - Qualifying matches TH 2004 4 3 Jun 2003 walkers, Leicester, Serbia and Montenegro 2:1 - Friendly match 5 11 Jun 2003 riverside, Middlesbrough Slovakia 2:1 - Qualifiers TH 2004 6 on 6 September 2003 City stadium, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia 2:1 1 Qualifiers TH 2004 7 September 10 2003 at old Trafford, Manchester Liechtenstein 2:0 1 Qualifying matches TH 2004 8 11 Oct 2003 Sukru Saracoglu stadium, Istanbul Turkey 0:0 - Qualifying matches TH 9 2004 November 16, 2003 at old Trafford, Manchester Denmark 2:3 1 Friendly match 10 18 February 2004 of the Algarve, Faro Portugal 1:1 in a Friendly match 11 of 31 March 2004 Ullevi, Gothenburg, Sweden 0:1 - Friendly match 12 1 June 2004 city of Manchester stadium, Manchester Japan 1:1 - the Summer tournament England 13 5 June 2004 city of Manchester stadium, Manchester Iceland 6:1 2 Summer tournament England 14 June 13, 2004 Estadio Da Luz, Lisbon France 1:2 - the Final EURO 2004 15 17 June 2004 Ciudad de Coimbra, Coimbra Switzerland 3:0 2 Final matches TH 16 2004 21 June 2004 Estadio Da Luz, Lisbon Croatia 4:2 2 Final EURO 2004 17 24 Jun 2004 Estadio Da Luz, Lisbon Portugal 2:2 - the Final EURO 2004 18 October 2004 9 old Trafford, Manchester Wales 2:0 - Qualifying matches of the world Cup 2006 19 13 Oct 2004 Tofik Bakhramov Stadium, Baku Azerbaijan 1:0 - Qualifying matches for the 2006 FIFA world Cup 20 17 Nov 2004 Santiago Bernabeu, Madrid, Spain 0:1 - 21 Friendly match on 9 February 2005, Villa Park, Birmingham, the Netherlands, a 0-0 Friendly match 22 26 March 2005 at old Trafford, Manchester Northern Ireland 4:0 - Qualifying matches for the 2006 FIFA world Cup on 23 March 30, 2005 St. James's Park, Newcastle Azerbaijan 2:0 - Qualifying matches for the 2006 FIFA world Cup 24 17 Aug 2005 Parken, Copenhagen, Denmark 1:4 1 Friendly match 25 on 3 September 2005 Millennium, Cardiff Wales 1:0 - Qualifying matches for the 2006 FIFA world Cup 26 September 7, 2005 Windsor Park, Belfast, Northern Ireland 0:1 - Qualifying matches for the 2006 FIFA world Cup 27 12 Oct 2005 old Trafford, Manchester Poland 2:1 - Qualifying matches for the 2006 FIFA world Cup 28 12 Nov 2005 Stade de genève, Geneva Argentina 3:2 1 Friendly match 29 March 1, 2006 Anfield, Liverpool Uruguay 2:1 - Friendly match 30 15 Jun 2006 Frankenstadion, Nuremberg Trinidad and Tobago 2:0 - Final matches of the world Cup 2006 31 20 June 2006 RheinEnergie stadium, Cologne Sweden 2:2 - the Final matches of the 2006 FIFA world Cup 32 25 Jun 2006 Mercedes Benz arena, Stuttgart Ecuador 1:0 - Final matches of the world Cup 2006 33 July 1, 2006 arena AufSchalke, Gelsenkirchen Portugal 0:0 - Final matches of the world Cup 2006 34 7 October 2006, old Trafford, Manchester Republic of Macedonia 0:0 - Qualifying matches TH 2008 35 11 Oct 2006 Maksimir, Zagreb, Croatia 0:2 - Qualifiers TH 2008 36 15 November 2006 Amsterdam arena, Amsterdam, the Netherlands 1:1 1 37 a Friendly match on 24 March 2007, Ramat Gan, tel Aviv Israel 0:0 - Qualifying matches TH 38 28 Mar 2008 2007 Olympic stadium, Barcelona Andorra 3:0 - Qualifying matches TH 2008 39 13 October 2007 at Wembley, London Estonia 3:0 1 Qualifying matches TH 2008 40 17 Oct 2007 Luzhniki, Moscow Russia 1:2 1 Qualifying matches TH 2008 41 6 Feb 2008 Wembley arena, London Switzerland 2:1 - Friendly match 42 26 Mar 2008 Stade de France, Paris, France 0:1 - Friendly match 43, 28 may 2008 Wembley arena, London USA 2:0 - 44 a Friendly match on 20 August 2008 Wembley arena, London, Czech Republic 2:2 - 45 Friendly match on 6 September 2008 Olympic stadium, Barcelona, Andorra 2:0 - Qualifying world Cup 2010 46 10 September 2008 Maksimir, Zagreb, Croatia 4:1 1 Qualifying matches for the 2010 world Cup 47 October 11, 2008 Wembley arena, London, Kazakhstan 5:1 2 Qualifying matches for the 2010 world Cup 48 October 15, 2008 Dinamo, Minsk, Belarus 3:1 2 Qualifying matches for the 2010 world Cup 49, 28 March 2009 Wembley, London Slovakia 4:0 2 Friendly match 50 1 April 2009 Wembley, London Ukraine 2:1 - Qualifying matches for the 2010 world Cup 51 6 June 2009 Central stadium, Almaty, Kazakhstan 4:0 1 Qualifying matches for the 2010 world Cup 52 10 June 2009 Wembley, London Andorra 6:0 2 Qualifying matches for the 2010 world Cup 53 12 August 2009 Amsterdam arena, Amsterdam, the Netherlands 2:2 - the Friendly match 54, 5 September 2009 Wembley, London Slovenia 2:1 - Friendly match 55 9 September 2009 Wembley, London Croatia 5:1 1 Qualifying matches for the 2010 world Cup 56 October 10, 2009 Dnipro arena, Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine 0:1 - Qualifying matches for the 2010 world Cup 57 14 Nov 2009 Khalifa, Doha Brazil 0:1 - Friendly match 58 3 March 2010 Wembley, London Egypt 3:1 - Friendly match 59 on 24 may 2010 at Wembley, London, Mexico 3:1 - Friendly match 60 30 may 2010 UPC arena, Graz Japan 2:1 - Friendly match 61 on 12 June 2010 Royal Bafokeng, Rustenburg USA 1:1 - Final matches of the 2010 world Cup 62 18 Jun 2010 green point, Cape town Algeria 0:0 - Final matches of the 2010 world Cup 63 on 23 June 2010, Nelson Mandela Bay, Port Elizabeth Slovenia 1:0 - Finals of the world Cup 2010 64 27 Jun 2010 Free state, Bloemfontein Germany 1:4 - Final matches of the 2010 world Cup 65 on 11 August 2010 Wembley, London Hungary 2:1 - Friendly match 66 3 September 2010 Wembley, London Bulgaria 4:0 - Qualifying matches for EURO 2012 67 7 September 2010 St. Jakob Park, Basel, Switzerland 3:1 1 Qualifying matches for EURO 2012 68 12 October 2010 Wembley, London Montenegro 0:0 - Qualifying matches for EURO 2012 69 9 February 2011 Parken, Copenhagen, Denmark 2:1 - Friendly match 70 26 March 2011 Millennium, Cardiff Wales 2:0 - Qualifying matches for EURO 2012 71 2 September 2011 Vasil Levski, Sofia, Bulgaria 3:0 2 Qualifying matches for EURO 2012 72 6 September 2011 Wembley, London Wales 1:0 - Qualifying matches for EURO 2012 73 7 October, 2011 Under Horizon, Podgorica, Montenegro 2:2 - Qualifying matches for EURO 2012 74 June 2, 2012 Wembley, London Belgium 1:0 - 75 a Friendly match on June 19, 2012 at the Donbass arena, Donetsk, Ukraine 1:0 1 Finals EURO 2012 76 24 Jun 2012 Olympic stadium, Kiev Italy 0:0 - Finals of EURO 2012 77 12 Oct 2012 London San Marino 5:0 2 Qualifying matches for the 2014 FIFA world Cup 78 17 Oct 2012 national stadium, Warsaw, Poland 1:1 1 Qualifying matches for the 2014 FIFA world Cup 79 6 Feb 2013 Wembley, London Brazil 2:1 1 80 a Friendly match on March 23, 2013 Olympic stadium, Serravalle, San Marino 8:0 1 Qualifying matches for the 2014 FIFA world Cup 81 March 26, 2013 Under Horizon, Podgorica Montenegro 1:1 1 Qualifying matches for the 2014 FIFA world Cup 82 29 may 2013 Wembley, London, Ireland 1:1 in a Friendly match 83 on June 2, 2013 in Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 2:2 1 Friendly match 84 14 Aug 2013 Wembley;
53f7bd3f137dbef8abf146889ec703bf0e1a0d02	Scotland 3:2 - the Friendly match 85 11 Oct 2013 Wembley, London Montenegro 4:1 1 Qualifying matches for the 2014 FIFA world Cup 86 15 October 2013 Wembley, London Poland 2:0 1 Qualifying matches for the 2014 FIFA world Cup 87 15 November 2013 Wembley, London Chile 0:2 - a Friendly match 88 19 November 2013 Wembley, London, Germany 0:1 - Friendly match 89 5 March 2014 Wembley, London Denmark 1:0 - 90 a Friendly match on 30 may 2014 Wembley, London, Peru 3:0 - a Friendly match 91 on 4 June 2014 sun life stadium, Miami Ecuador 2:2 1 Friendly match 92 7 June 2014 sun life stadium, Miami, Honduras 0:0 - a Friendly match 93 14 Jun 2014 Amazonia, Manaus Italy 1:2 - the Final matches of the 2014 FIFA world Cup 94 19 June 2014 arena Corinthians, Sao Paulo Uruguay 1:2 1 Final matches of the 2014 FIFA world Cup 95
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a073c29e95906a0646e6e7c3b0359e581b1684d3	Biography of a football player Wayne Rooney — the idol of the era!
dde98ae2038c4bc45c3a8d47677d9f0002439707	December 13, 2015
879d6fb41b823548513bf93f1a996e37493b6752	Footballer Wayne Rooney is a star of British football and an excellent striker who has long pleased fans and fans with a great, clear and tactful game.
fac81ef68b7f74aa609efedaee6f4eee65230d9e	Speed, cold calculation and technical skills always help him to be anywhere on the football field at the most unpredictable moment, which invariably leads the team to victory.
5dd77b8094692565cb04d5dd7f912b043e27a397	On the way to his dream, Wayne has repeatedly overcome obstacles and managed to stir up the football stands.
40bd44401d0f3f2c2ac7400a6ed8ec706fb542a5	It is all these qualities that allowed the footballer Uyan Rooney to become a bright football star.
9cbf437c63d90c977d8defb5a3a62a79394639ff	Wayne Rooney is a true legend of British football today.
381ff95161f86b942de5fcdd1c23ee3e609d3589	He plays for the Manchester United football club.
00985a47d0110a99a5d94e82f0dba065e74a2f20	Rooney is a first class player of the English national football team.
3500cf9fdfdeafae6660a0f8b823d1c9e1c1cd3f	And what allowed such a talented guy to become a star of English football and a world class professional, we will try to find out from the detailed biography of the football player Rooney.
62d6145710c9f497fd92039115cfa977afda0bef	Perhaps the answer to this question lies in the distant childhood or youth.
e63895c887734e970e48d97546d458ee97c957d9	Wayne Rooney's Childhood and Family Tree
270e01918a8486449b0827db2d7701a9cd44489b	Wayne Rooney, a native of Liverpool, was born on October 24, 1985.
0729c17d33e7fb50ba9c443282da876b96c7ca9b	Thomas Rooney Wayne's father, was a simple port handyman in Liverpool.
e9e4ab5fc7f14bc2edac80a66a1d58169c90a215	Janet Mary Morrie Wayne's mother, sat at home with little Wayne and his brothers, doing the housework.
674981b8b3efcfecbca447a6be4625822d1b1ed3	In some sources of Rooney's biography, you can read that already, as a 7 year old teenager, he became a player of the football team of a local bar and was very popular in those circles.
523e3e071322d66ba5147c7d0842ed189dbcadb5	This went on for some time.
f7da27f9bf1e1821bebfe0060266f86961784346	At school, Wayne was the most capable scorer of the school football team.
7e893f843b21040649846999e2d7995ec2203880	In addition, he was a striker for the children's football club "Copplehouse Boys", this club participated in games of non professional leagues in Liverpool.
d00143e05d598bbb4d80c397a873b67518964b4b	During one such amateur children's match, Wayne Rooney was noticed by the Everton scouts, who immediately decided to invite such a capable and bright young man to their school.
932053f806d7e2a09d30637367b4693c91f2048d	After a short period of time, Rooney received an offer to join the famous Liverpool team.
3e28774ea5a607831a1bd70f1bab344bb213d388	But the future hero and professional striker of world football decided to stay in his beloved Everton since childhood.
7b2054ade09444dc41e755aabe1b3dc2986a5883	His further training continued in "Toffee".
a9647bdc8c933e6116640af5b07a4881a1852081	He immediately became one of the favorites.
c6a2f36dc26a56afa94c7ee0e9523ae1143391b1	His game was bright, and the force of the blow corresponded to the strong willed character of a real Irishman.
4b55bfdc580bf89332392807beb646922aff9e14	Wayne grew rapidly in his professionalism, and goals and assists became clearer and more refined.
90df9e42f665d08c1dd8bcc8a5b345f932ebd785	By the age of 11, the footballer Wayne achieved universal recognition by the coaches and players of the club, he began to be released as the mascot of the Liverpool squad on the field.
7d66f78f69f5e4f730b5669e4cdd54c510faa1ef	It was rumored that this scoring red haired boy brings good luck with him, and after his release, the team will definitely defeat the enemy completely!
75640a95c502d9c5a269ad1478a6732eabb6569a	Wayne Rooney worked hard at football and, of course, everyone noticed that he was progressing quickly.
bc850203f18506a6bcac143f9235194cca7589bb	They promised him the future of a famous striker.
d52855cf443012eb0fce3acc783404e3df3ed8c0	Thanks to his aspiration and ambition, by the age of 15, Wayne became the scorer of the Everton youth squad, although more experienced older players were supposed to join it.
a2a6a4da81de0cf8d0707baa129e0e2650e21aeb	Rooney scored more than a hundred goals during the season and therefore rapidly changed teams, everyone wanted such a player in their team.
09923da4da85630c6d4e020bca22967c3c47abf2	Rooney also continued to play in the England national team, winning victories at various international football competitions.
a2db26b3bf9540f2d95b52bea5522b7f224c39e2	See the photo of the football player Rooney in Everton.
c47cdd16a1d3862cc11914dccbc73736cfa79ed9	Also see the biography of football player Pele and football player Artem Dzyuba.
2e9a291332df406cadd1299735df08092c9c6eca	Wayne Rooney's career in football
21a1d91c228332ddf5258f9c4926bcdc5bb63653	The debut of Wen Rooney when he was 16 years old.
511a1fc1e1e405f22ba0ecb16b0ea2f26fc30d35	Rooney was submitted to the application, as part of the Everton football club.
497af342776dac6ed24c6b0636bee37e3fc32645	The match between Everton and Southampton took place, but Wayne was still sitting on the bench as a substitute player.
abce671dc390b49e5a1861151a28d67b4fc7695d	The real triumph of Wayne took place later, in the summer of the same year.
6b654af56de31d5d73e82c391cb77ad9e2c3307f	The game was between Everton and the Austrian team Weitz, one of the goals scored belonged to Rooney.
5c41727a78ea440a21237615e58fd1658d6f9634	In 2002, on August 17, the current legend of English football played against Tottenham of the English Premier League.
584b71c77c1c6e86992cebfeeaa63a25b9e928d7	The match was a success, which allowed Wayne to enter the main team and become, after a while, the star of the club.
c46b4fb2934c42905358b66b349c3cd442b68caa	No obstacles could stand in the way of a young, ambitious and talented player anymore.
511fd0aa8a9ff4aefc430f682be87c7199582261	The path to the top of glory was already marked out!
828286e473600e8a4c79371a9eef413f8615d59e	Since 2003, Rooney has become a regular member of the English national team of England.
5e157683778e8722ddaae51d7f2edad650b1d678	After Wayne proved to be a promising and reliable forward during the qualifying matches, Wayne became a leading member of the team and was sent to Portugal for the European Championship as part of the English national team.
935611af9a769d9ba7f8e0420f83203ff7cb976e	There, the footballer Rooney showed the fans a talented game, thanks to which he was included in the list of the national team of the tournament.
b926ea720afa622510206d2affa3746177c0c777	From that moment, newspapers and magazines began to actively write about the talent and professionalism of the young striker, who already went beyond the boundaries of the modest Toffee football club.
56b868d22014ee589864363d4da58691049dfa74	Rooney began to receive offers from many popular European clubs, but only representatives of Manchester United managed to really lure him away.
2fcb343d1230c9e6494be50e03fbb108fe113bfe	Wayne signed a contract with the Merseysiders for 27 million pounds, having previously terminated his contract with Everton.
5787731365ac4ef1f2d6ce38a19bd19288173cf3	Goodson Park fans were upset by Rooney's departure, which led to public dissatisfaction.
62e1591fe4c0ff827819a819100b631d96d95f7f	But the spectators of Old Trafoord, on the contrary, were glad to see such a young and energetic striker.
8734f579b9fdfa882fc848d673ce59dda5f56c33	Wayne Rooney received great recognition and became a real football hero of Manchester United.
54174d22bb79022464b729d3d0d2a14712c4afb5	During these 5 seasons, he fell in love with all the coaches and viewers.
2b7156028fd411e4bd56e3f4584798d22c225262	During his 10 year career at Manchester United, Rooney won the English Football Championship 5 times, three times he brought his team trophies in the form of the Football League Cup and once the FA Super Cup.
1e1cc8a1ed33b0df591a88e8884ea3fe44c1272a	In 2008, the hero of British football won the Champions League, playing for "MU".
c430964122ab41648d16c1f39d63090c23da61b4	Today, Wayne Rooney is one of the best players in the British league, and one of the most expensive players in Europe.
2a236cf34945e3c2f285ec58ad51983f57d2ad7f	Personal life and scandals of football player Wayne Rooney
416325bdbe60876d9391c3373afc156ea8d3c08c	In 2008, Wayne Rooney married Colleen McLaughlin, a girl who he liked since high school.
86151ba625c2cf615ae6f32101786c71ebf19c1b	She gave him 2 sons in 2009, Kai and in 2013, Clay.
115cd50795ba894b785316781ac45b0b4f28c29c	In 2009, the yellow press began to be full of articles about Rooney's infidelity to his wife and that he often uses the services of prostitutes.
8a3348df3931e2537fc050c27a92c3c74ea1e371	This caused a lot of noise around the person of Wayne, fans condemned their favorite.
b9f43c76270b7798b3353ec0ed05d90a67f4c3a8	Such a serious scandal could have a bad impact on his career, so after a while the conflict was hushed up, and Rooney, in front of a lively audience, asked for forgiveness from his wife and fans, writing everything off as youthful stupidity.
1d1ef378cadb2cf870fb793bf27900259037c3c1	Since then, no such scandals on the basis of personal life have been noticed for Rooney.
a135f09eeb202dc42d9ff2dca29e521049a41d65	And for 7 years now, Wayne and Colleen have been happily married, raising 2 beautiful sons who are undoubtedly proud of their outstanding father!
ff70a67c28df4223b7fa61003cbf36c41260a47b	Video with football player Rooney
580e937deff769bca3fb2fb5f24a0e463c44abe2	Top 10 goals
21a0271110bc83be1aeb238ee2ee8fd1fc32a310	Rooney visited a wrestling show and sent one of the fighters to a knockdown
52d4678627255601f8d22660e83451149bccea4d	Tags: #biography, #Manchester United, #Wayne Rooney
88ec1daf2fd9196146f7ee2a4bbde7c32502c3d1	Please enable JavaScript to view the comments powered by Disqus.
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39e537eb73f354bf341e1e678ed5a1d4195edc2e	Wayne Rooney, biography, news, photos find out everything!
065a8f2e8fbad406d47ffa8d9387dcfce858d335	Name: Wayne Rooney
106d6de4a669c34b94b37a266738a1d1249861a5	Birthday: October 24, 1985 (31 years old)
df6ad59c5d3c7b54e19f87cd807b41c448958f0d	Place of birth: Liverpool, England
13b2790eb4978e899879805397771529de6ca02f	Weight: 79 kg
dd174b821b67ada97b1ca7541b05d7b8654130c8	Height: 176 cm
a6e6ddf524c10bfb0781cc7fd3c72319cb848da5	Zodiac Sign: Scorpio
2cd0da0d18f62cf6987a38349f2e39249afafb6b	Eastern horoscope: Bull
470742b206260bd2a6184940fc1888e4c5c24afe	Activity: Football player
5b2f7f64552a87d989e0b3a7bc7a181e50a1ad1d	Do you like Wayne Rooney?
0adba9ac59d16715bb6c93570edaf5c33e1ee320	Rating: [1]
547cd5c50c29d186a85b6660a0b086277ed23b2f	Photo: Wayne Rooney
a57ad430547a0f64a6832a02ed493875bb43ba2d	Biography of Wayne Rooney
ab4679cff767960bdb007ae9093d21b0c38949c1	Wayne Rooney is a player who has long been one of the brightest stars of British football.
dac2c191a8b9cf36eb91d1afd599ecbadf0cd00b	He is fast, technical and very smart, which allows him to always be in exactly the places on the field where he is really needed.
f84ba9889cadef63bdb704eb03d0ad64c6076968	Breaking all the conventions, he literally broke into the world of English football, in order to one day become its brightest star.
15bf399645bc5e8c44563f69858ef0e7335515e3	Currently, Shrek is a true legend of Manchester United and the England national team.
224b395858e397976a3e18e6a56435f5409a097f	But what allowed this talented British player to achieve all this?
5da646d336eefb2373391138dddbad60c393e56b	We will try to find out the answer to this question by digging into the past of the great master.
eb75bdecd5d7d9649ac3486189ad7c8b2aab6933	Early years, childhood and family of Wayne Rooney
658b1cb7ff2d39709f1abf51fc73d1f6bca374bc	Wayne Rooney was born in the large English city of Liverpool on October 24, 1985.
f4e6f04420737836b6b66ce41fe46e9c64966130	His father, Thomas Rooney, worked as an ordinary handyman in one of the Liverpool ports, and his mother, Janet Mary Morrie, was a housewife.
f3e6313c96619544c022fcb6b97d8e4480547e87	Despite the fact that Wayne Rooney spent his entire life and football career in England, he belongs to the Irish nation by origin.
340d208a3d35810fb6b72df7995b2897d0a9a0db	He never hid this fact, noting, however, that he could not imagine himself anywhere but in England.
af7b09090a2e6308920bb2065cca3d03a6270b83	However, we will not get ahead of ourselves…
2adb95c4fc3a26b8456a28b88254ce34c5d97db8	Wayne Rooney played in Manchester and Chelsea
b93d82b6146536c43b106a3d7bdb826fa474de9b	In early childhood, the future footballer and his two younger brothers attended a Catholic school, and in the evenings they ran to the legendary Goodison Park stadium, where their favorite team, Everton, played.
8bc0a62c369b7c23b455ea8a2544fd3f4709703b	The guys themselves also liked to play football.
4ecfc9624edaaf9a5b1a34af51ba726ffa0c68f6	Despite the fact that he was overweight, which always distinguished Wayne, he was always a very noticeable figure on the football field.
8cfd26b2fbc1977a5dcde1d2998fbf0386b77d79	As noted in some biographical sources, already at the age of seven, our today's hero began to play for the football team of one of the local pubs, instantly becoming its main star.
0408aab40204db3957052a9ed291d67ec6ce0407	This state of affairs continued in the future.
38c579c66602f69f271e74e6c8ebdc4546ecdc2e	Wayne was the main scorer of his school squad, as well as the children's club "Copplehouse Boys", which played in one of the amateur leagues of Liverpool.
b1272a6628516ef04fe4eb58b288ad677a3bc539	It was here that during one of the matches of the children's team, Wayne Rooney was noticed by the scouts of Everton, who immediately invited him to their school.
a3c2df5659ae0a70723ea3a1e553f37f3077fa0d	Some time later, representatives of the main team of the city – Liverpool also got in touch with the young striker.
ed240472b6a379ed6d859bbba0e70c35942d0959	However, choosing one of the two, our today's hero still preferred his favorite Everton.
fda81c8431bd4efca63245b4184d97b736ee2337	At the Toffee Academy, our hero today immediately became one of the brightest players.
843b5613f6e328bf722e029822b07dde4a01620b	He scored a lot, often gave assists and stood out on the field with a native Irish strong willed manner of playing.
844dc11017659ba113dbb30da539f1737777d88b	At some point, Wayne was so loved by all the players and coaches of the club that at the age of eleven he was released on the field as the mascot of the Liverpool squad.
264fc85baf9197e10b22ad23507ce32e1f59a8e1	It was believed that the scoring red haired guy brings good luck to the players and contributes to the scoring success of the team.
d3a49ffb4dc36ee301d8a2295ad95de9702dcf21	Wayne Rooney's Best Goals
584228f0e472fa5712732deaa4161c270bf2491d	The rapid progress of the young striker continued in the future.
0c6a93c2d272c0104b2787479ea7407492c2d5c7	In the games of the junior teams of Everton, Rooney scored a hundred goals per season, and therefore quickly moved from one team to another.
d3e0b8a991069281e96c101ff8abbb930926b23b	So at the age of fifteen, Wayne found himself in the youth squad of Everton (U 19), which usually featured players of a more mature age.
f1d2d5f7dcbc51e9455cc5d822b9515ca039037b	The footballer also played a lot for the" junior " national teams of England.
e57626c36b0a3377f265660429f2bd6c68be0169	As a member of these teams, he repeatedly became the winner of various international competitions.
e84982c2480dd8d216add85dd05dd99f9b41ba01	Wayne Rooney's Football Career
f42e2c1c29c3f1dda42545a7cbfbbaeea6e374d8	At the age of sixteen, Wayne Rooney was first included in the" application "for an official match of the first team of Everton.
18150ba782c96eb9ec170f581c046657c3b462bf	At that time, in the game against Southampton, he did not appear on the field.
9ee2904a26e9debf03884ad8093b901ff3d160f9	However, a full fledged debut did not take long to wait.
c54193c0709ebb5b1354ff3ffad0200edf3cb40d	Already in the summer of the same year, he entered the field and scored one of the goals against the Austrian club "Weitz".
9d56457eef12e9c3959218ddd45b859af28960af	On August 17, 2002, our today's hero first appeared on the field in the English Premier League match against Tottenham.
86c585abeb02a3cd92b8bd0fab5ff6c4b8aa416f	Since then, Wayne has become an important part of the team, and some time later – its main star.
1dada8684e2ef08233df2471caff3fb8d905987e	For a long time, he was the main favorite of the local public.
506a354e2b438178960d09af8f206fadc92268ab	Rooney scored a lot and was always noticeable on the field.
d5de404333183913fa337f84da5ea92422d2378e	Despite being overweight, which has always been a distinctive feature of a football player, already in 2003, Wayne was often called up to the England national team.
89d6a4f6c1575d66f4adb286de6c973e9e710e89	Having clearly shown himself in the qualifying matches, the talented forward became one of the leading players of the team and together with the national team of his country went to the European Championship in Portugal (2004).
5f37215a844a82bae89e5d30f7a546ab097b8619	On the European fields, Wayne showed himself very clearly and was even included in the symbolic team of the entire tournament.
b09c8104f86b4201b7c18f6433c79bebbf75c727	Wayne Rooney plays FIFA10 with Russian voice acting
2aa7ccc6d03d17a09279cd22133e41d460e7a831	It was at this moment that rumors began to spread in the press that the modest "toffees" would not be able to keep the talented young striker.
2cb4b4834975ad8a9347bd0f9c09bb886ca14793	Many European clubs joined the fight for him, but, in the end, the Manchester United negotiators achieved success.
c34a369d51c50da68ce61b445c5dffd548ca9d47	Having refused to renew his contract with Everton, Wayne moved to the Merseysiders for 27 million pounds.
8da5c4210840a5800f168d32527e6017b4884481	Since then, Rooney has always been booed at Goodison Park, and at Old Trafford he was literally carried in his arms.
fe3086e9db78860011e0fe7d7cbd4ff9b5f378ec	The personal life of Wayne Rooney and the scandals accompanying it
225a865e1355b98a57a15b6cdf33e95484dbc2a7	Footballer Wayne Rooney with his wife Colin
489481709eaa0f50fa1ee05cfb45ec8f10031080	Today, the couple has two children sons Kai (born in 2009) and Clay (born in 2013).
f629ae44b7b3dcfed444d363e626edf411ec69a8	[1]
9ab0a6863ddfb645111d6a3cc36df042d00f1e43	Alla Dolgaya
f36aa0cd689804c8a82eb3465b59f27397ce3460	Thank you for the details...
2367fff8f509dc4469a1b3e46b34f7fc9b1f23f6	It would be nice to have more information about this player on the air.
eba79ce61da1269a0c201e26ccb787d754e5c04f	Wayne Rooney latest news and articles 2017
a48d855bd8d374275bf511a59431ad747c8cf4dc	CSKA lost to Manchester United in the Champions League
56d880959753eb66fd9d7d0b8aedac5bdb0d730f	Wayne Rooney has been appointed captain of the England national team
5d62b6fbaa1d8f15e642e421d599d009a87cde6a	The most expensive football players in the world
ce8729ba5c098cca7b5d15f68a0a4062c4c8585b	Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie are on the verge of divorce
c7feb2410efeb28e5ed6723552f5be106cbcd394	Igor Jurgens
17f68a993c7b147b8db9290f16930795154a974f	Danis Zaripov
41e7e4cbf06ba08452e7b666c9f1fc4f18ca3145	Zhomart Yertaev
783b5aca5cdc07e5130527a7c58be3d84aae39eb	Anatoly Serdyukov
09e4835a32fad53b9956f52312c4fc189b1a3194	Pavel Mogilevets
348e185a3d0ba78bf6aca3b091d5d5a251c7cadc	Andrey Fursov
32899c449037dc872a39b644550799c0bcdf241c	Website dedicated to the Manchester United and England striker
4f10614ace7a3d75dabbdb9c5f14a5f6f5aae336	* The Main Biography Of Wayne Rooney Achievements of Wayne Rooney
87e1e48059f15ba8fc66d368edcf93b7ab170d75	uncle Ilyuminat: Well done, Rooney!
94d5ed2ace810cad10c7f717a729355dcab8d63e	That's right, doston: I'm a Rooney fan he's a top ropo player: Rooney's class: I'm a fan of him Kostyan: it's a pity Ruslan: Manchester City bullshit Artem: rooney will never pass Manchez Alexey: ... talent!
7092b78602333cea1364707d5c799aee851995e4	16,44: you are simple krasav4ik runiiiiiiii Firuz: Rooney ludshi is a player all over the world and
aee36e66910c8dc68fab01da46ce30016f930e37	Login, play casino poker Start login, play casino poker for money, any methods of depositing funds. casino evrogrand.ru
c5de5de0536c60ec7e526115d2a6b4492e852449	Wayne Rooney Video (6)
b145bca143639868a2f2d23acc3a2230fe76a972	Wayne Rooney News (14)
9db2170342cadeb681d2fa2ca8f772e93c55c5c8	Articles and interviews by Wayne Rooney (1)
ef82332ffca729077a2d0ebc523406e8b934d8c9	Photo by Wayne Rooney (3)
d1c69a859a9638b242f2dabf8acf1c0b1450ce6b	Last
645aba7470dfe3661afc4d98389a64756ea78f59	Rooney should get better for the match with Sunderland Rooney's 150th goal in the Premier League Goal against Ukraine at Euro 2012 Rooney's goal against Manchester City is recognized by fans as the best in the last 20 seasons of the Premier League Rooney bought another racehorse Rooney broke the arm of a nine year old child.
efeeb2e7e22072d74528bb128a6a8e184f12202c	Super goal against Manchester City Rooney may miss the match against Liverpool.
7ba55af28807d25412355515bb7e5be99ad3ba77	Wayne Rooney: "I like the early Mike Tyson”" The latest rumors about Rooney.
aa8dcf01bdf11e09af581e98b3e5f6237f7533e6	Rooney made rapid progress, and at the age of 15 he was already playing for the Everton under 19 team.
2193303da7a570b0342d5f420b928455f8530779	In the summer of 2002, he went with the main squad of Everton to a training camp in Austria for pre season training, and on July 15, he scored his first goal for the main team of the Toffees in a friendly match against the club Weitz.
d4a76335cfda3ec2249f1dc3c4341548df93410b	On August 17, 2002, he made his debut for the Toffees in an official match, coming into the starting line up against Tottenham.
8fa375b31c52b148ca5991b562c0d97cf3ea551e	At Manchester United, Rooney received a T shirt with the number "8".
91f31b146c9628ba556c809fe9e6d7e80b71bc82	For Manchester United, the 2004/2005 season was generally unsuccessful: in the Premier League, the team took only 3rd place, in the Football League Cup it lost in the semi finals to Chelsea, in the Champions League it was eliminated in the first round of the playoffs by Milan, and in the FA Cup final it lost to Arsenal on penalties.
eb8b73534847e87396da4386080a544abbc305f6	On 29 April 2006, Rooney was injured in the 82nd minute of a match against Chelsea at Stamford Bridge.
f07a4e223d0be6cbe32bed0d9d1c0da1316b063f	After a medical examination, it turned out that Wayne had suffered a fracture of the metatarsal bone of his foot in a collision with Paulo Ferreira and Rooney's participation in the 2006 World Cup is in doubt.
392a94f24fd63e751d223f2801c7819d3ac969d4	Rooney's iconic status and his key role in the national team game made his recovery from injury a whole epic, actively covered by the English press.
003d2c81a31e136a2f84de067842967bd17c8440	Rooney came on as a substitute in the team's second group game against Trinidad and Tobago, and Wayne started the third group game against Sweden in the starting line up along with attacking partner Michael Owen.
fa1c385e18c58ac4d38f1b65a5b69525729369d3	Wayne Rooney England player
8f0d1c42c487a8eb155f6e5150b864f5e876990c	However, the World Cup was unsuccessful for Rooney: in the quarterfinal match against Portugal, Wayne received a red card for stepping on Ricardo Carvalho, and England left the tournament, losing to the Portuguese in a penalty shootout.
b4da211a46d83a90b0b3a310590cff5399929c59	Wayne has officially received the number ten from the former United and Scotland striker Denis Law, the legendary " ten " of Manchester United.
42edf4e1713797a53557c512642234a96deebe3c	On August 12, 2007, in the first match of the 2007-08 season against Reading, Rooney suffered a broken foot bone.
4882d5e5b6c880f36c7507a5d96af0fba7d18a3f	On October 2, Wayne Rooney scored his first goal after recovering from injury in the Champions League group stage match against Roma.
9d39fbb693e3dcd6b88fa81ad05131bd98f2f0a7	United won this meeting with a score of 1-0.
8e55a33bbc2c7854f14dcec5d06a86ab93be23a1	On October 4, 2008, in an away match against Blackburn, Rooney became the youngest player in the history of the Premier League to play two hundred matches in this tournament.
1048326472b2a09c51d448e3af9056d9b5b58617	Rooney finished the 2008/09 season with twenty goals scored in all competitions, including twelve goals in the Premier League.
7344e447c382ed1e029bd41fcc2027af9cb8e7a0	On October 19, 2011, at a press conference on the eve of the Champions League match against Turkish Bursaspor, Manchester United head coach Alex Ferguson announced that Rooney was not going to renew his contract with United and wanted to leave the club.
3448096b8a88ed34e8403e354e977cca7662d353	The next day, Rooney issued an official statement in which he confirmed his desire to leave United.
fee1de4a0708a8f4242a20cbd7b9e1a19ebfd94d	However, on October 22, he extended his contract with Manchester United until 2015.
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97d36ce2b37ae74f8a80a434cc96a8d7ea834d68	Home → All ratings → players → strikers → Wayne Rooney
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376ac85f90de85a759b877e9763ade08b6f55728	The entire period Week Month 2014 2013 2012
e2d823cc0fd1397d15701a235770b8a5cf9dedb9	42nd place
37c2643f7beeb458d6772853287997cf93852b06	Vote 3201 votes
36a13126761ef38116f3782414042ed66b1cdef1	Place in the overall rating
0ebb57399b0321be743e5575de9b024c1326b814	42 of 13913
dda3cddc163213f849cdd303fab17be237311348	A place in the Manchester United club
5735f425b8d24038a3207343a1ec42156d895702	3 of 31
cbd997bc4c56dccbcf56b0ad6eb3c898143bf3fb	Place in the England national team
4e3432ab1c643f068be03c01d358660af2807904	2 of 679
2efc6618d1b1c0d11fa3cb1d01557fdf9f4439cd	Place among all the attackers
319f688c6f03df40c8c3331ab39db07ef9878dc4	10 of 2984
b32cd5ff03c0c1d7f445752a8dcdfdc08935efc5	A place among the strikers of the Manchester United club
fbfd3ba7872f27ebc5b25181819e2cb956a79a7a	1 of 7
1d38c78da61d512f2db2c939b6aede12ec793f7e	Place among the strikers of the England national team
ebed9b1e71d6d8853574283bbdf989bd84ce2c8a	1 of 169
b1b9e593871dd68a27ee0a5e7fd9a298368c9631	Personal information
9588c47b7a92420281979bcc72693c92df276c1d	Nickname: Wazza.
75e664deb05daad1f6f6652638c43f3303087e08	Shrek
0e1876a45fd57b107c4cc576ecc91201ccdfad2c	Age: 31 years (October 24, 1985)
828d795bb8a106693aa920109de53258ee7d583b	Height: 178 cm
4719ca8c5fdc4d084b726113fbef7bc80e519af0	Weight: 78 kg
89dd211e794395a793d88176f4ca7a0756b604b5	Citizenship: England
bae7d5be70820ed56467bd9a63744e23b47bd711	Status
388d313a22ade6da81ba0d89b15f7abe1c82c193	Position: Forward / ed.
ab05268374048c12532296c8646d37f5f32903c8	Club: Manchester United / ed.
92425684181f74612426310189c451f40f659f43	Wayne Rooney.
c6a92c6e1bd6a086723f3133d148add8dc837122	The turning point in Rooney's career came after Euro 2004, where he proved himself as a high class and talented player.
1736ac9491eeb253b18a22b37ecb6fba96d20b82	The 19 year old was offered to stay at Everton, increasing his salary to 50 thousand pounds a week, but Rooney refused, because the team was very weak for his potential.
231a6d6f8ba290db34f687699ce766bea40f8cee	Four times his image was placed on the cover of the best selling football simulator FIFA.
4dab4546dcf0d1f780f1f484020c16358a256cd5	Have you noticed an error in the text?
218690be59fe81019b0d70e2c97259f5503121c7	Select it with the mouse and press CTRL + Enter.
8b65e36bced81464c9ba0fa458819abe82dc3952	Recent events
523ef75ac92f30d21ee51f2561db960118ec8a5f	Latest video
820aaa820833275944adabcf63d61ec82b4de35c	Wayne Rooney's superball from midfield
3cb5c35a562bf90d0b3235162e8fdab27c88a00c	1 of 5 next "
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f665c25fbb5845a5fa3533b965f2f348de347afa	Wayne Rooney - Football Monster by...
21f2abc6a1c375039d6b272d692e37a1c5a9c484	The best goal of Rooney to...
e1461641c9208457c0c16df9166394d76718aa88	Wayne Rooney ● Best Goals for...
e827dae06672496d47f8f76f1f7d2c1bf0926ef3	November 11
b65c88ae925d9a6c611ba406e4d1e5112f5f245c	Top 11 football players suspected of having ties with prostitutes
85e0cf7719f2b0ab755a737d3e707ad5f4943627	The suspicion of blackmailing Mathieu Valbuena is not the only problem with the law of Real Madrid forward Karim Benzema.
939e3b3515ae9d2945126b13683ae2d0f10233cf	7 21,902
47d5c9ad0354764347c6c95244d8e7c41afc7156	Rooney was not included in Manchester United's bid for the match with PSV
1c6c1c3f3db8253691111e2a8964d93bda9bc79a	Manchester United striker Wayne Rooney was not included in the application...
8c7991397f6b6685ec81bd083cb15da96bb43da6	the 10 biggest salaries in football
045960026d506c942924580765cc1f369e5c9626	A fierce race of top clubs for the best players in the world...
948fe7c2e09450bb06848abf1b0bf51141e35c1e	Comments from fans
5c021b9ff93495699b1f1487e9d0e9487f57e4f1	England captain Wayne
cce3d6f1a501e20c8d266802152c010aaf34bab2	17.11.16 09:42:15
b5d4929de38810ce4efc167b61ff4b269a47c116	Everton Head Coach"
c8842016d915a5d3550b50c85ab9d5eca9beb6b2	30.10.16 21:27:45
782eddaba3254e60c12a47d5bb1e547123022119	The head coach of the " Reds
da5e0bb9aff996c60e45ec45b7dc8f9d91751a52	29.10.16 13:56:31
f0af663b68f70142698dbb09b737832cbe6ae4cf	According to The Sun,
9d71dd02c45a0432979b903d6123d4ff06638d9d	26.10.16 14:37:48
41309802561eaa265c2d68949ee1b9e0c4d5bef5	In an interview with Mirror, the mentor
8f09dfb9713597c379a1f3c052a08ff47dd0d2f7	16.10.16 19:25:59
d1b0c34c298d5773cbb94709f75cdbd090a5d51b	10.10.16 20:03:36
29880f6a58f739156130a9cb9ac4677195264990	Opened the score in the match 1/8
2bf07a0f5f15dbc37a9d8e5119ef1103049fbc42	28.06.16 04:39:10
30ffc1333d435058e19218ca327a6f5df1b3463f	Wayne Rooney has expressed his
198c2aecbf6b63ecdc79939e486295e0978cfffa	12.06.16 14:47:32
c73c046e3634ac6afeae7f0a6bda3fe7d9911b70	He's the best
4b30f55acf19560ca0300fe9c7220c9011791e26	18.05.16 11:06:02
002261ec8426d4f2086b05c0a3b97f8d41cdbb66	Rooney scored the 100th goal in the Premier League on
343fd6eb335870c37ff76787d323e148ab519603	18.05.16 10:27:32
ee68d3496bb455d50d1b8a9987c710dd56818065	Agree
6de9f837071d7ad50ee337361b357e8f3fc95a33	13.05.16 21:34:59
20665fec61c1c28c749c2563926ab90066cdb98e	Jessy wrote
167d06abef20051f8da5a781aa4f90d8cf4343e6	13.05.16 21:20:30
90bf402c67ce08f4cc5cd263f98818e022ff2375	Wayne is better than Messi
78959383b0b7c8e1ba4e5818c98259f9596f88a4	13.05.16 21:20:15
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8249c56a73ca51158bf56c73e20e1a0070243202	Player Rating
6abe0a448276be2dad873d99f75d08b32d3d2ff2	January 12 - January 26, 2017
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6a74e6321f52131a94feb1d7ad614e0e4467cf98	January 12 - January 26
6045d5e85e48937454592c2e6cfc151d115a1f4b	December 29 - January 12
d24fc3a5dfc14e8d397eca4677476b8151df6520	December 15 - December 29
5e18407cab511a4cfb0567bcc060c8a6e5c83f3a	December 1 - December 15
44d1257a693a12a9e857826b91f7462289fe3d0a	November 17 - December 1
ab87112b779c8f0bdac26a0127f2c7ed26c5138a	November 3 - November 17
8b188f25d95f8be9a7aff90cbe681ee10940bf25	October 20 - November 3
4d439dbd22d9df15d3f5982568239824324bdf6a	The best fans
011c3a9be0a3e8d006d97f204e97912307df656b	losyara95
f324a13e95d13c1d846904158b0268fe98747dbc	323 votes were cast
5c9a3c090da259661788611c423acb8399f09752	Stanis
2f7b70421e6d5a25a457585034bbf082322b585c	142 votes were cast
556f94f74fbffa2812f4879022ce71dab10b69cb	GIGGZY11
643222b323da8bbe6707e9b9113a999770ecec6a	70 votes were cast
6d627936b63f320ae6f179c393869c03edb858cd	All fans of Wayne Rooney
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f8c5664a6f225b654f73d41f21e3e12f5f0257ba	Joy or disappointment ?
3b0ca47ab288a270609bb4da8c2b5769dae736fc	Wayne Rooney has broken Sir Bobby Charlton's record of more than 40 years
76e2a341d078b430d849360d055316b58aed4cd8	Author: Streltsov
436d7d50236ec8ec8e16edc151bf17ec1289ff47	Blog Armeets1973 new
57ab0235f6e6142c41e56e652dba73aa7f425569	The best scorers in the history of the European Championships
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75e68ce3c583e9759a7c8ec14f57c14a2841dfc4	Author: Armeets1973
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1966ed23fc2f26dbc71faa6f97940e29da15f429	Fulham Manchester United/FORECAST!
ca14e7cb040ddf6e3e7f3ec524b20deedef29b4e	1 388
06206ccdca25ed7be31524a7ca5a16ae47565f8a	Author: Walter
48f7bbc7f4858ae76046618fba5f79ffeb583d85	Blog comments
21a08d69e1513b04108afa3bcb6ea18b028de965	gento
f2f8ba4a3be4f38cdfc846b9234d1271a1569b13	26.01.17 22:22
e48c8047f2f7e0022c26fd6594089d6e28cdda24	The record now stands at the 250th goal in all tournaments of the 31 year old Rooney, in... read more
c7902b20611b31aebf313e2c12d84eeb377da067	Armeets1973
863305804bcf5dc42122377fb478d2592e9ddd4e	10.07.16 22:36
c99535361890c92e89aa29bfe1a5af2eb15eedb1	The best scorers in the history of the Championships...
fa243600833502293e8bb93fbf4c32bd03bca2d1	At Euro 2016, Cristiano will no longer overtake Platini. read more
7c859934922e9568da0db99f4e4298356728f7c4	jessy
1b187dde349058c02a7b4048b3f7520f8446fc4d	20.05.16 16:54
77fb7417d3e65214841d2443f3a0eaba4eba32f6	Wayne Rooney is better than Messi.
14c2a2dba267b7f7fcf18f84c49b886d7cb5e264	Super.
60a9a9deea6e056d3c09140086dfbb93efd25c8c	Pretty boy! read more
dfdef111748d503b47cf1f5d21f1cd114374882f	20.05.16 16:51
d99f24733a51a74cf04c0748d225afe9d1220b5e	Super football player wrote 2:1 Manchester will win
59a5c610074c286a10825ef707f885904486b0d0	read more
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89b883e43e794aa1e9a099ba2e444eba72d1647c	Wayne Mark Rooney (born 24 October 1985 in Liverpool, England) is an English footballer of Irish descent, a striker for Manchester United football club and the England national team.
9115faed54c2ffdd1b4e5e4b1140de5e9586bbd8	Since then, he has won four Premier League titles, the Champions League and two Football League Cups.
4b3134c7f106f7d6adfba4fea963408206bf48fa	He also won the PFA Footballers 'Player of the Year and the Association of Football Journalists' Footballer of the Year awards in 2010.
d42e2b83316c20d7c50bb34b7bbb60f4410c2408	He scored more than 150 goals for Manchester United.
a70c03e8459c5d85a94889ed2cb4e4f5ba15e4ae	He played at the 2004 European Championship, the 2006 and 2010 World Championships.
bfc95a1c89dc4e7140a313aedcd249bdb28f65c6	Currently, he is the main striker of the England national team, for which he played more than 70 matches.
f21b5f352b2fafb447c3c44430b29aeaf8fe44fe	Rooney was born and raised in the Croxteth area of Liverpool, the son of Thomas Wayne Rooney, a handyman, and Janette Mary Rooney (nee — Morrie), a housewife.
334f665e6dac2a13082ada89fa3896a2ad4901d3	The Rooney family had Irish roots and lived in a Catholic environment.
44879ed0592827f4c7598a4d790f336d1005fac8	Wayne was the first child in the family, later he had two younger brothers, Graham and John; all three studied at the Catholic Delasal College in Croxteth, Liverpool.
34d510896afb97244137f16f1f24b1cd0c36e255	All of Rooney's relatives were passionate fans of Everton ,and Wayne himself was a fan of this club since childhood, and the hero of his youth was the Scottish striker Duncan Ferguson.
766ad25e973ef527d8be42fc8cc04797519cc99d	Playing for the Everton academy, Rooney often served balls at the matches of the main squad, and in 1996, 11 year old Wayne appeared on the Goodison Park field before the Merseyside derby as the mascot of Everton.
09c1540a327124a12f9ccde0e57a68eb7dd8d108	On April 20, 2002, the 16 year old Rooney was first included in Everton's bid for a Premier League match against Southampton, but spent the entire meeting on the bench.
afbbf5413c59266fdbb768fa0bc6bd1350ae4768	In total, he scored nine goals in the pre season tour.
818829c7fdb32e01d13a2c7a172552ed6da122d3	On 2 October, he scored for Everton for the first time in official competitions, making a "double" in a Football League Cup match against Wrexham.
fed901a2eb1a52d26b905a6d86b71e0651b1824e	Thus, Rooney became the youngest Everton goalscorer in the club's history, breaking the record of Tommy Lawton.
a67a370ba42eb86c75511e31e537479d5826a230	On October 19, five days before his seventeenth birthday, Rooney scored the winning goal against Arsenal with a long range shot, breaking the Gunners ' 30 match unbeaten streak in the Premier League.
cd44b67c15f66c9c80aa89d3645fe0aa24ffbf96	In January 2003, Rooney signed the first professional contract in his career with Everton, which made him one of the highest paid teenagers in world football.
c852bb753f6f738e395637f723e8a8feaf975860	On December 13, he scored in an away match against Portsmouth ,and on December 20 against Leicester City.
63a5d10fd34995dc3c92a80143aea3677744dec1	The club offered Wayne to extend his current contract, increasing his salary to 50,000 pounds a week, but Rooney rejected this offer.
8fdf4982c0d4b65f11dd6eaec9b9b19db214f686	Newcastle and Manchester United have joined the fight for the signing of a promising football player.
f9afebc77aca4bfde6074588379b4f4928ce2390	Manchester United won this meeting with a score of 2: 0 and broke Arsenal's 49 match unbeaten streak in the Premier League.
4af6f06aa56dffb54a2d6959e18e457362bfd38b	On January 15, 2005, Rooney brought the "red devils" victory in the derby with Liverpool, scoring against Jerzy Dudek with a long range shot.
be1569be63e4957e09a86613cb519d640f52fa1b	On November 18, in an away match against Sheffield United, the Red Devils lost 1-0, but thanks to two goals from Wayne Rooney, they won a strong willed victory with a score of 2:1.
74608e8d3d0dcd2e4f1e6cf8e3178fadbfc7ee95	In the FA Cup match against Portsmouth, Rooney, coming on as a substitute, scored two goals against David James, one of them from a distance of 23 meters.
c54b03c51ff9a5977c07e14df470faa5b1776136	Shortly, on 17 March 2007 Wayne scored again in a match against "Bolton", making a "double" and "United" won with the score 4:0.
596fc3e101b90e46ed292e41aa454bbe6b28d07c	On 4 April 2007, Rooney scored an important goal in the away match of the 1/4 finals of the Champions League against Roma (United lost this match with the score 2:1); he also scored in the second leg against Roma at Old Trafford, when Manchester United won with a score of 7:1.
96475ad30c3d52eab003164e980f88dc0a449bcb	In the first semi final match of the Champions League against Milan at Old Trafford, Rooney scored two goals, and United won 3-2.
617e8413a2bf5aade7933b281194f65a6a31bab2	In the FA Cup final, United lost to Chelsea with a score of 0: 1, but took first place in the championship, ahead of Chelsea by 6 points.
643248b674f96971daa0f81dab7d3b6f574e5356	On August 12, 2007, in the first match of the 2007/08 season against Reading, Rooney suffered a fracture of the metatarsal of the foot (the match ended without scoring goals with the score 0: 0).
d8f0320f3620a4718b9ffd300fdb577218e6ae62	But on August 26, Alex Ferguson said that Rooney could return to the field in three weeks.
ea8dd04c2766e38c3506e66fdc21be6a8a2138fd	It was the fourth goal for Manchester United in this match, which ended with the score of 4:0.
6e2b7343d6d879977935842c24829d2e74c2038c	20 Oct Rooney did a "double" in the match against "Aston Villa" at Villa Park, which ended with the victory of the "red devils" with the score 4:1.
0333cf70cc4b890d473845439989c5e8fa3e6af9	On 9 November, during the training, Rooney injured his ankle, from which missed the game against Croatia, "Blackburn", "Bolton" and "sporting".
4b68a339ee3152989fd690227925d34946392c4c	Rooney was expected to miss at least four weeks, but the recovery went faster than expected, and Wayne returned to training after two weeks.
1645f21574009f93496b62082d67e3956f43cb4d	He took the field on December 3 in the match against Fulham, having spent 70 minutes on the field.
2b495ac016d4f62855466d744f64a5c8d459b7a0	Rooney played in most of the remaining matches of the season, scoring a total of 18 goals (12 of them in the Premier League), including "doubles" against Newcastle on February 23 and Aston Villa on March 29, 2008.
b6dabc847ea31ec33f11169ec6505fe067a81b1c	On May 11, Wayne won the second English Premier League title of his career when United defeated Wigan away in the last round of the championship.
9de96ad8a9292dc5a2cfd028afb00e69c653b208	On 21 May 2008, Rooney played in the UEFA Champions League final, in which Manchester United beat Chelsea in a penalty shootout, and won the first UEFA Champions League winner's medal in his career.
8a16cff5562bd084f2da691a1ea3a98aeeab4bc3	On October 4, 2008, in an away match against Blackburn, Rooney became the youngest player in the history of the Premier League to play 200 matches in this tournament.
f433712a93bd0a4726bd45818617bcb4feca0011	On January 14, 2009, Wayne scored a goal against Wigan in the 54th second, and left the field in the eighth minute due to a hamstring injury.
38b049ffd313e7f80c20ec9788c2f31c41940c65	The match ended with a victory for Manchester United with a score of 5:2.
17e3f9d68e55f25e10a2ee3341f2765450c971a2	In total, in the 2008/09 season, Rooney scored 20 goals in all competitions, including 12 goals in the Premier League.
af4793c7184e575338340f0c9f0849b4a64dfacb	2009/10
1b07c6a9c1e72c36e9b736ecf8d1b3052c42514f	The main time ended with the score 2: 2;
a16195872528ef0660340fdc8375bb147fd2df10	Chelsea won the penalty shootout.
6be404e4393c64f818332c58928f01e24967a78c	Rooney scored the only goal in the first match of the 2009/10 Premier League season against Birmingham City.
7927e6a3b4b3e9118f23cad73e0951db7fbc48f0	In the next match of the championship, United could not score a single goal and lost to the debutant of the Premier League, Burnley club at Turf Moor with a score of 1: 0.
8945a33bd307dd7d783cab3633af1a2b60d5e0fc	Three days later, on 22 August 2009, Rooney scored his 100th and 101st goals for Manchester United in the third round of the Premier League match against Wigan, which ended with a score of 5: 0.
41e193a6342aa04d292bcfbf3f270f1914514b59	On August 29, in the match against Arsenal at Old Trafford, Rooney scored the most important goal from the penalty spot.
17ffe3eccdcefba2c3107308b16502bc33491336	The match ended with a 2-1 victory for United.
5d498e0cdb600ea2f08971971c5dd35b96219a6a	If the referee gives a penalty, you canot do anything about it."
3fcd55403667e3a4d153bcd8578a114616197ee6	On September 20, Rooney scored one goal in a dramatic Manchester derby at Old Trafford, which ended in a 4-3 victory for United thanks to a goal scored by Michael Owen in the 95th minute.
83d9cdaa6db72630afc8e7e7d01b09e7cf428b86	Rooney scored two of his three goals from the penalty spot.
b0f7bcac4eeb53771d0097284412a3e0e2d4017c	Then he forced Andy Dawson to make a mistake, who scored an autogall, and finally gave an assist to Dimitar Berbatov.
a03bfed7adbdfce9572c990df7b6ef9e32f648a4	Three days later, on 30 January 2009, Rooney scored another goal in a 5-0 defeat of the Latics against Wigan.
a331df65c6a746b1904d6187355975f89955b20c	On January 23, 2010, Rooney scored 4 goals in a match against Hull City, making the first "poker" in his career.
64e5e1e4b04626a35d9581ab788384076c3103ed	United beat City 4-3 on aggregate and reached the final of the League Cup.
7ba88f0f6408c5ab96e648c3f3f2c8464a4a0b44	January 31, 2010 in the match against Arsenal, Rooney scored his 100 goal in the Premier League (it is noteworthy that his first goal in the Premier League Rooney also scored Arsenal).
059deda0f64867040f78771e62decf8faf614a53	16 Feb Rooney opened the scoring in his debut in the Champions League 2009/10 head scoring two goals against AC Milan.
b00d16c7dfbbdd0eee3cc488a69ea7c40251bebd	The match ended with a 3-2 victory for Manchester United, marking the first victory of the Red Devils over the Rossoneri at the San Siro .
96aa651e2107af3fe67c005e7e7becf853195196	On February 23, Wayne scored a "double" against West Ham.
8a1ec2cee956b93ce19d89c9b704d5c920977f88	28 February, Rooney scored the winning goal in gate of "Aston Villa" in the League Cup final, which ended with the score of 2:1.
05c5c2389320d0bc35ab431cf342104c10d98f4c	On March 10, in a return match 1/8 finals of the Champions League against AC Milan at old Trafford, Rooney made a "double" and "Manchester United" won a landslide victory over Italian club with the score of 4:0 (7:2 on aggregate).
fcb2946c86269a9bcfc9a17423aac6d6c851e1f1	Thus, by March 10, Rooney had already scored 30 goals in all competitions.
37ecb5ea7ecc7a0cd922680d8d2042b467a5f0c7	14 Mar Wayne made another "double" in the championship, this time in a match against Fulham in which the red devils won with the score 3:0.
35e83c1ea23454a3b1fb1148b8c072b501acc0a1	On March 21, in the Central match of the Premier League with Liverpool Rooney scored the only goal of performing the rebound after reflection shot from the penalty spot Pepe Reina.
3d99216b36c9c10f201111849da2774c0151bd29	United won this match with a score of 2: 1.
8c5b15ac932765c081893d0f1ea4282f314829cb	On March 30, Rooney opened the scoring in the match of the 1/4 final of the Champions League against Bayern Munich, in which Manchester United lost with a score of 2:1.
d806e00e7be5dbc6f20612f56e89918fafb018c4	At the end of this match, Wayne suffered an ankle injury, due to which, as expected, he would miss from two to three weeks, including the most important match of the championship against Chelsea.
eb0039e1e7141e2d33f9ef54cc7b0a6e256e88ad	Despite the predictions, Rooney returned to the ranks after eight days, appearing in the starting line up of United in the second leg of the Champions League against Bayern Munich at Old Trafford.
374716854f0105bf7326de7ae23a1d1f163eb780	Rooney was substituted during the match, as he injured his ankle again.
1e51688c48adfb9ae2679b3b9cad639a49c2613f	After that, he played three more matches in the Premier League, but could not score a single goal, losing the title the top scorer of the championship Didier Drogba in the last round.
01d66bf9df521570c188f44227dd6e13cbb50128	2010/11
7783c6b783a8b0b5c616e32e78237ddcc95039cc	On October 19, at a press conference on the eve of the Champions League match against Turkish Bursaspor, Manchester United head coach Alex Ferguson announced that Rooney is not going to renew his contract with United and wants to leave the club.
57ccfc50f1418018a70a2ef0a4a11257fbd3cb24	Rooney missed almost a month due to an ankle injury and returned to the field only on November 20, coming on as a substitute in the match against Wigan.
f8036d073c1285cb2c9d9628559cb2c1e59e13bc	In this game, he brought victory to his club by implementing an eleven yard strike at the end of the match, which ended with a score of 1:0.
f3aa3d073ed7027926d82451b50e5c903a621327	On January 1, 2011, in a match against West Brom, Rooney scored his first goal from a game in the Premier League of the 2010/2011 season; the game ended with a victory for Manchester United with a score of 2:1.
6640648309ea8fcf54be7aa00ae1b1ef08b14411	After the match, Ferguson said that Rooney demonstrated a "world class" game.
70770b3db66191a8c40e91d77df0537c6e319645	On February 1, in the match of the 25th round of the Premier League against Aston Villa, Rooney scored a "double", scoring goals in the first and forty fifth minutes, and Manchester United won the meeting with a score of 3: 1.
98321b5f861555e383b0cbbec0fb4d2d03747e11	Thus, Rooney scored for the first time since March 2010 from a game at Old Trafford.
510fea4d45adacf3d18d74fd1cc289446700dc2c	On February 12, in the match of the 27th round of the Premier League against Manchester City, Rooney scored a goal in the 78th minute with a shot through himself in a fall after passing Nani.
0262c107f90f9f02c51ad88f0fb2eb13ce5d9dea	This goal, which the commentators described as "fantastic", "magical" and "amazing", was the winning goal for the Red Devils, who won the match 2-1.
ae2d1c257de905a9147e554b5f269bda3062388a	Wayne himself admitted that this goal was the best in his professional career.
5f4a0fb815b8e6a6352b8bda14e92eea98947aef	On April 2, in a dramatic match against West Ham, in which Manchester United lost after the first half with a score of 0:2, Rooney scored a hat trick in the second half, scoring a free kick goal, a goal from the game and a goal from the penalty spot, and his team won the final victory with a score of 4: 2.
f9139fc69feeb8fbf9679475d1011b0c4f821545	However, the Football Association of England charged Wayne with using "offensive and abusive expressions".
9bbc1fd623817f9bdcdd16c29c7cebfe7f9bd2a0	Rooney admitted his guilt, but appealed against an automatic two match suspension.
ff55b591f076a8c444c5dcab040af34ed0b50b32	The Football Association rejected the appeal, confirming that Wayne will be suspended for two matches: the Premier League game against Fulham and the FA Cup semi final against Manchester City.
d8811ed11b178754efd1e31dabb772fafe582946	United won the match 1-0.
ef0e7bc72d6b22c57bffda69487a35e7687b02d5	On April 26, Wayne scored in the semi final meeting of the Champions League against Schalke 04.
e0e22e8f4e05d5ce902bde3aa433e47f6dda1962	On May 14, 2011, Rooney scored a penalty in a match with Blackburn Rovers, which ended in a 1-1 draw, which was enough to win the league title, which became Manchester United's 19th in the top English division, and for Wayne the fourth.
6375463b119bb9083c22bf8422b5d89a4e9db852	In the first round of the 2011-12 Premier League season, Rooney scored a goal against West Brom at the Hawthorns after a pass from Ashley Young.
52df0671c7261211784f8f346606ea303a78ee8b	On August 28, in the match of the third round of the Premier League against Arsenal, he scored a hat trick, breaking the mark of 150 goals scored for United in all competitions and becoming the club's top scorer in the Premier League in history.
117ca3e3e4c3f8177d64b6ad4ff9355011b1add5	In the next round of the Premier League, Rooney again scored a hat trick, this time against Bolton Wanderers at the Reebok Stadium, the match ended with a 5-0 defeat of the Trotters.
96b14adc3f4e6c8e90179179d96bdf1317f6394d	On September 18, Wayne scored United's third goal against Chelsea, and also failed to score a penalty against Petr Cech;
2b93453dbd0a5c700e5a2f179811ac0a24312a97	The Red Devils won this match with a score of 3: 1.
2fdae9065e0c1872732678b57a81b5c641ea0d38	On October 18, Rooney converted two penalties against the Romanian Ocelul in a Champions League match.
dba95f49cbdd2a253fe2617c79961d6b0dc990b1	After that, the striker did not score for more than a month and was able to break his "goal drought" only on December 10 in the Premier League match against Wolverhampton, making a "double" after the passes of Nani and Antonio Valencia.
8184cfc3f1039bb5797497bd8fd6eb3130b58e5c	In the match for the third place against the Spaniards, Rooney scored a hat trick, which helped the British to win with a score of 4: 1 and win bronze medals.
49125a0abf03b2c79bc6f2d0de225ee6341ed5c7	In total, he scored 5 goals at the tournament.
d3789f9df22a90b09d2fad3fd5ea94f25c648a52	He became the youngest player of the England national team, entering the field in a friendly match against Australia at the age of 17 years and 111 days (three years later, the record was broken by Theo Walcott, who came on as a substitute in a friendly match of the England national team against Hungary at the age of 17 years and 75 days).
5aa422045e274ab0c9f32b248ebbda0020c3e40a	On September 6, 2003, Wayne became the youngest goalscorer in the history of the national team, having scored in a match against Macedonia at the age of 17 years and 317 days.
34a5067c809b77623c716e43a229cf652c84a2e5	In 2004, Rooney took part in the European Championship in Portugal as part of the England national team.
e357404fa046502956ee1401f88d382418b5e3cf	On June 17, 2004, Wayne became the youngest goalscorer in the history of the final tournaments of the European Championship, making a "double" in a match against the Swiss national team.
fac8de8ebfebe0f48b2ffa26a224ec91b911efc5	However, four days later, the Swiss Johan Fonlanten broke this record by scoring a goal against the French national team.
4bb2e04ce02efda3cda0b8a82a527ce444a4e599	In the first half of the quarterfinal match against Portugal, Rooney was injured and had to leave the field, and England lost this meeting on penalties.
f7765f16d4a4c55b33837bccdd5aa57d1ea710ef	After a medical examination, it turned out that the striker suffered a fracture of the metatarsal bone of the foot in a collision with Paulo Ferreira and his participation in the 2006 World Cup is in doubt.
addfb17e6f2db1d8136217e425c2e4d200172f7f	Rooney's iconic status and his key role in the national team made his recovery from injury an epic, actively covered by the English press.
7954087891968a3982be64a8e7d07bdf2ff1fc86	After missing the first group match of the World Cup against Paraguay, Rooney was able to come on as a substitute in the second group match of the national team against Trinidad and Tobago, and Wayne started the third group game against Sweden in the starting line up along with attacking partner Michael Owen.
905d66cdfc9335920afba0254578af958725b256	The World Cup was unsuccessful for Rooney and for his national team: in the quarterfinal match against Portugal, Wayne was removed for a rough game against Ricardo Carvalho, and England left the tournament, losing to the Portuguese in a penalty shootout.
962db43504b2124162042b1f309bfdc158142b83	Under the leadership of Steve McClaren, England failed to qualify for Euro 2008.
00e2d63c3bcb8ff059209422bde6b4f680f3c479	In total, Rooney scored 9 goals in the qualifying round for the World Cup.
338379a940a48ccd4b0a7be626b3eafc8e591379	At the World Cup itself, Rooney failed to score a single goal, and England crashed out of the tournament in the quarterfinals, losing to Germany.
8588a0d5774495d4e33e7820b901820933b66d78	In the final match of the qualifying stage against Montenegro on October 7, Rooney was removed for a gross foul against Miodrag Djudovic, after which the UEFA disciplinary committee decided to disqualify Wayne for 3 matches of the Euro 2012 group stage.
d0dd0c5a414a04ff60e4b1d3acdaf66d6534f5be	On December 8, UEFA granted the appeal, reducing Rooney's suspension to two matches.
ca871fd3f40952584cc2300210b73cca413b9ea8	Wayne Rooney's matches and goals for the England national team
b4db73c2f09caa29b0680efb88950d23cdb65e31	Total: 73 matches / 28 goals;
3d8f62b5f2542e96cf55d1f387206247c56f1474	44 wins, 16 draws, 13 losses
1b90271d66cf2d3ac755d49a550fe5f31b9eca5f	Progress
7f6e40063ca3e710760af47e83490f90c58bc348	Team achievements
3d5575ad65279b2477a2459e110847424ddd356d	Flag of England Manchester United
9cc800c819fea796f8351dc26cbd81d74c650d33	Premier League Champion(4): 2006/07, 2007/08, 2008/09, 2010/11
229abdbf70fdbbc14c85c6d6c67d6c67277a58a7	Football League Cup Winner (3): 2006, 2009, 2010
f99a61d21605c3b1f7817a336fcca795d448e023	UEFA Champions League Winner: 2008
91ade8e9c8af452fe9c3c262c6572d8d9eac1208	FA Super Cup Winner (3): 2007, 2010, 2011
fe5fd3df6526ba503a49d3e149c2ec2f4a78dbfc	Winner of the Club World Championship: 2008
f06292ff9e7a8afd4561134cea29ae98532ea62b	Total: 12 trophies
6158e4102527f8893ec9a0161d775a1213fbcc89	Personal achievements
eca282f0427a14f24db3e5fa97c9a3cd0e285363	English Premier League Player of the Month (5): February 2005, December 2005, March 2006, November 2007, January 2010
1088387ab0e136b8bcf3df6326c64341c4526008	Best Player of the Club World Cup: 2008
3d08457dd3b8ff995a88d206fadc9e1a6bbd4fb1	Top scorer of the Club World Cup: 2008
b8cc1d6a5abbc7a14dcd123c294c47cf2e151cd1	BBC Best Young Athlete of the Year: 2002
0f4dc38ef9dce51c544ce7024c86f123583a6de9	Bravo Trophy Winner: 2003
efebd76602d77b7757607aa7a001201f55c7ca79	Member of the symbolic "UEFA national team" following the results of Euro 2004: 2004
d6755e7dd7eae8ac7391fc1086d36912fe5d1882	Member of the" Team of the Year " in the PFA Premier League (2): 2005/06, 2009/10
0591c2caacd933f43a44686dc7efb9d6072b70e9	Sir Matt Busby Prize Winner (2): 2005/06, 2009/10
a8781ebfccb3756032deb0978610b056771f0c1a	Best young player in the world according to FIFPro: 2005
6ea27300e9a3ec9cb29cb5e97384a8ef43c1e280	PFA Young Player of the Year in England (2): 2005, 2006
4d327d4502d6f8dd75fcde5c048477184f57b806	The best player of the year in England according to the fans (2): 2006, 2010
a7ef19490420bddd36d2df5a64ebff07a01a802d	PFA Footballers ' Best Player of the Year in England: 2010
68f1746cca6d8c95a178f0af10ac4aefdc9a3a65	Football Player of the Year according to the Association of Football Journalists: 2010
0dbab56fc5429b7461f6bcd9c7f18b3449138bc2	Manchester United's top scorer in the English Premier League: 110 goals
87eaf567b07d552a469ea28b5867d965ae1a843a	Manchester United's top scorer in the season (3): 2004/05, 2006/07 (together with Cristiano Ronaldo), 2009/10
1388c0263c144e60af9946c5e9b4cbee14e73c4c	The author of the best goal of the season (according to Match of the Day) (2): 2005, 2007
964e86237e73ada60f14154f8ed6c64ee48363da	England National Football Association Player of the Year (2): 2008, 2009
36333a920722681a58b6d0acfa8279affb94a0da	Performance statistics
4a75aa9e6d289b532110497324d3e5ede96b5b1c	Career Overview
d2e4fa899fb595234e4e3a2fbabb7bab1e2d1916	Team Period Official
7e0c198cb8e4931555df53968208ed9844f2b631	matches Unofficial matches Total Games Goals Games Goals Games Goals Everton 2002-2004 77 17 12 8 89 25 Manchester United 2004— 341 160 36 23 377 183 England 2003— 73 28 1 1 74 29 England (under 15) 2000-2001 4 2 0 0 4 2 England (under 17) 2001-2002 12 7 0 0 12 7 England (under 19) 2002 1 0 0 0 1 0 Other 2011 0 0 1 0 1 0 Total career 508 214 50 32 558 246
48191949028d8f4a2397497f0b997b388a5870a0	Club Season League National Cups European Cups Other Total Fa Cup League Cup Games Goals Games Goals Games Goals Games Goals Games Goals Games Goals Everton 2002/03 33 6 1 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 37 8 2003/04 34 9 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 40 9 Total 67 15 4 0 6 2 0 0 0 0 77 17 Manchester United 2004/05 29 11 6 3 2 0 6 3 0 0 43 17 2005/06 36 16 3 0 4 2 5 1 0 0 48 19 2006/07 35 14 7 5 1 0 12 4 0 0 55 23 2007/08 27 12 4 2 0 0 11 4 1 0 43 18 2008/09 30 12 2 1 1 0 13 4 3 3 49 20 2009/10 32 26 1 0 3 2 7 5 1 1 44 34 2010/11 28 11 2 1 0 0 9 4 1 0 40 16 2011/12 14 11 0 0 0 0 4 2 1 0 19 13 Total 231 113 25
816e7122296d0466f41ebefbc1735a0cf4f5b8fb	Wayne Rooney news
76c9a6962d6c6c0c97e57cf0b618e5fec28e8e80	Wayne Rooney will become a father for the third time
67d3534b70005b8402d86f09b4f30089b61870ae	10 July 2015
eb06cf7539dfb4f896772ca3f57053ef0c893963	The forward of the British football club "Manchester United" Wayne Rooney will become a father for the third time.
62ceaa5b46f4fed2de3b25154008428bf17dea38	The future happy daddy announced the happy news on his Twitter microblog.
b0181f85167209c2bf2d2de90d43289cee381125	Wayne Rooney created a motorcycle
ddd83c73673bb6ebef0f5af60dece2efd653c87b	25 January 2013
bb78b1434dd7dce911b52b3c179cd749b72351bc	Wayne Rooney turned out to be not only a first class football player, but also a talented designer.
23636ee39ab9cded59c30df798554852a9812b9c	The star designed a motorcycle that is encrusted with diamonds.
3627b7353f3d34420e36e98372fe61b8119e98fc	The maximum speed is 250 km / h.
e6c3dd630428fd54834172b8fd2735fed9416da4	60
44ef3f997add24da8c42582ea6d5c891ffa6d051	Photo Gallery
edeba490c94308fb69d80598d9d968263bce526c	Wayne Rooney: photo gallery
22e4e525e14aad6d56f671fc28c0f747d8993c8b	number of photos: 60
20ef8439442d10881937e4a871a7dd6f9ce05b5b	Wayne Rooney photo "
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e6f83afc81dc0dbd1778b6e024d8513da2a435e9	creating a website:
928dfcedeec5897eededd33ede8c4663f22b15c0	this is design
1346bf5d0e6a8c40c9b3158d01f99b5b432b3ee2	www.theplace.ru
013d4b48ef07695b4add5e1c81604324b22a8b17	Cross-country motorcycles have two types of engines: 2-stroke and 4-stroke.
95a07b0dc0e01b1b1871ca8af81e245c584764b9	In a 2-stroke engine, the cycle consists of two cycles.
dda729980d3810f43502872ec79321d900651ccd	The first cycle is the passage and compression of the fuel - air mixture, the second is the ignition of fuel, the performance of work and cleaning of the cylinder.
5e4bce2dcf2a7fd0957418e61028ae5afabc10fe	In a 4-stroke engine, the cycle consists of 4 cycles.
62978d58ed1d73b37c5c69b6acee97f43aedfce9	The first cycle is the suction of the fuel - air mixture, the second is its compression, the third is ignition and work, the fourth is cleaning the cylinder.
4897e12fe136e1acad7d27b8635806bd5cdc58b9	Unlike 2-stroke engines, 4-stroke engines have two tanks: one for gasoline, the other for oil.
f4cb69f3c4bdaf172e4ac54d686c8dd66b7244ba	Before you start driving, find out where the clutch, gas, gear shift, rear brake, front brake and throttle are located.
0a491587fc79e998eda7087c6cfc30faf24cca67	You should sit on the motorcycle closer to the front.
6e21a16164cea8409a5067143dc8864f25064a8f	Before starting, make sure that the neutral gear is turned on.
e1be6a36e50a0a7ac6789169ebe4e77004de2a80	The neutral is below two and slightly above one.
8f0735bc2f6558c1dbfe2b99070f23c8ac2fded0	Hold down the gear shift and gently shift it to neutral.
05437928f88d3540f34010c3271e26f9fce80d32	When the bike is in neutral, you can start it with a foot starter.
977dbc90bf642daea5b8ef212781ea152df522a5	Using a foot starter may seem difficult to a beginner, but, in fact, it is very simple.
b4ee2eb5c394c02afb8b9986b7505170bbc685fa	After you have started the engine, clamp the clutch and shift the gear to the first.
373e5e905a024c7bac9b07ac8ea7c66dec985dc8	You will realize that you have changed gear, because the motorcycle will jerk forward
42d274f449673199320166aca6858f0d6434518c	It is very likely that while riding, you will encounter different types of terrain
3b51b423a31fbc15c7f78bde990ca66433c7b747	You will drive on sand, clay, stones, mud, grass, water, reinforced concrete and soft ground, through fords, on tree roots and so on, plus all this at different angles at different speeds under all kinds of weather conditions.
ea6ba677e72875275049ddc55358f91b657330da	Add to all of the above temperature, humidity, snow, rain, wind - everything that nature can bring down on you, and you will get an infinite number of obstacles.
4c00dd0f1b0ab7ea83e3d3393bb42edc73635704	Motocross and supercross offer harsh man-made obstacles, and nature is replete with natural traps that you will fall into if you drive faster than you really can.
2635ab82fdb7cbba6302e09d62a276d6834389c1	Be especially careful when riding in a new place.
1ba60964e26914fa79ebca4deaaf87aff4d54c52	First, study it at a moderate speed, feel confident before you gas up.
49bdadf2baa0acd066bf9487cf137d5818694bf0	Always make sure that there is no barbed wire nearby.
5ca3ae70fbf116881115287b1d930707554ce620	It is almost invisible, even at low speed, and farmers and other owners of private property love to use it to mark borders
c68ff653075a423f1f408cf630c89879a7d3cb9f	Beware of rain ruts, they are always fraught with risk.
48f501c84a0331e27db9b00c80554e046d0522b1	If the wheel gets into such a rut, it may be difficult to get it out of there.
84687e009f65d3951dd72fcf305340d9d883e56e	If it is necessary to cross the rain track, try to do it at a right angle, and, if conditions allow, on the rear wheel.
e9405ac002a6b727d334dc20fa7a08c7b6e33904	Many leading racers use highly porous foam rubber to cover everything where dirt can clog.
6eb02c81cd8cd1839bb5fb6e854b1dec4c63414a	The idea is to prevent dirt from increasing the weight of the motorcycle.
7febd92dde2f7727f35d557c1642265bb960f5fb	Your skill will grow due to many components, but there is nothing more important than understanding the basic position of the body.
634aceaede72e6aa6fabbd4b4cd6d0790f8b8023	This will lay the foundation for the formation of riding techniques, will lead to the further appearance of habits, both good and bad.
8be3962991b4e849bd499cbab39d3ccc22e95152	Having learned how to properly manage your body, you will easily be able to overcome obstacles and use energy more efficiently.
e32354f4885b5e20e2d0662cf789f6e4e81a27b9	Beginners are usually amazed at how long more experienced riders can stay in the saddle.
f7c5e15377a696dc180d161bc0a19a47ba6c04d4	This is partly due to physical fitness, but the correct body position and effective energy consumption are the main reason that the best riders after a harsh twenty-minute cross-country or a grueling six-hour enduro look fresher than beginners after a five-minute or an hour race, respectively.
46d5819d62d5b0c9889293b9c9340a762b632297	The main position of the body is to concentrate the weight over the seat, the head is located above the traverse so that you can see the plate with the number. The elbows are raised and spread apart.
bb7b11a9f00c0244a10b4777cbc0e32c33b26d3f	Gary Semix calls this the middle position.
5304f78699ffff0309be3e4b3b5f78404de858c8	In this position, you are exactly in the center of the motorcycle and ready for anything.
b277887481979754a0162e4759e490e722af279f	With your elbows raised high, your hands get more mobility and can serve as a necessary lever in turning.
4ea4143c11acf7655148bbcb9220e0e2407fc6f0	Modern off-road motorcycles have an explosive character and are capable of incredible accelerations.
357175d2b04ade533f32a24ece82c7e089cc370f	The middle position allows you to move easily on the motorcycle.
42c63be62bd90fb955679bbfc3431e7b3e8aa24c	Shifting forward or backward, you can load the front or rear of the motorcycle.
53a17ab646a525d88bc24d49e407a46574e3434a	The middle position is also preferred because it allows the body to respond quickly enough to the shock (as quickly as reflexes allow), using the knees, elbows, back, ankles and wrists to soften part of the impact.
28d1f7eb40b9f3244904cffa74aa21cbb248f32f	To improve the position of the body, put the motorcycle on a stand and carefully work out all the techniques of Gary Semix described in this chapter.
41a00405113ddf59ad415814417065d1aef705d6	He takes a very thorough approach to this issue, describing exactly how you should be positioned on a motorcycle.
117f6a86b9b6cf5dc4b3144eb3d430c23ddf296e	When you are sure that you have mastered the correct stance, try to adjust the steering wheel and control levers for yourself.
7145d5d297c122c096a2123205c69be7eb08fdb9	Body position is one of the most important factors in motocross.
82526969ce9c1bb5cfa73bf3cbbe8ea91c8b5da4	If you are in the right position, then you become one with the motorcycle and slide along the track.
2d5cf8e1230f5a7443c15c9cab61284fdc95cb0d	Otherwise, everything will go awry
b3f6386d2c349ca62091cb21acbfd4bdf12b000a	Many novice riders do not squeeze the motorcycle with their knees, this worsens control, they are not one with the motorcycle.
8a5dfed19f3739d41884ee740f4cd1c76b16d6ae	There are many variables that determine the speed of passing a turn: speed, hook, type of terrain, angle of rotation, body position, gas control.
876734d79b09c6fda384996f8cc392a852fb419d	Of all these components, only the last two are usually subject to you; however, together they give hundreds of combinations, which makes the passage of turns very, very ambiguous.
38135a30a808fac3e8032a8ae0c38d18cb731641	Although passing turns does not bring the joy of jumping, climbing on rocks, some aerial joys of sports, this will probably be the most frequent obstacle for you.
13a21115701969762e7827d5254038090134fc56	In addition, it is the best place on the track for overtaking.
bc4d70b7ce7d4dcd9f2cef2c23d1366e2180d649	For this simple reason, you should devote a significant part of your time to working on passing turns, especially if riding occupies an important place in your life.
d7f175dbd76e43b6adb0c1cedeba1a8f7f39f247	A good technique starts with the body position, which, ideally, should lower the center of gravity and maintain grip on the surface for both wheels.
146777abf7ea5ba43467123f2de7ea5041c747f8	In most cases, it is necessary to sit, shifting the weight as far forward as possible, exposing the inner leg, loading the outer footrest.
e75e95aca72d587d14c1631d70ec1abf02b2577e	And although you sit almost all the time, it is important to maintain some ability to absorb potholes with the help of your knees and elbows.
f04568692bfc667dc8d45e17e9fa4220e8896c90	In most cases, when passing turns, you should be relaxed, this will help the suspension to absorb any changes in the terrain.
f3148691d1c6fed3f023e382d170b9fd492a4671	Since you can feel uncomfortable when bending in a turn, most riders find it natural to put their foot out in case they need a little support.
008381a1e448056b2abe897b553cee56c293cd49	As in all techniques, there are possible options here.
4464af38dbc330c181d632a2e94013d7bd5aa84a	On high-speed sections, you may find it necessary to stand, especially if the surface is too uneven, and with your sitting position, the suspension cannot cope with it.
281f50f60a598b188fc9d635e17e09189d641d87	When you pass a turn standing up, try to load the front part of the motorcycle so that the front wheel has traction with the surface; both feet are on the running boards.
d33eec7a61172c6efcf83cdc4b127f4befd98597	At the same time, you can better keep your balance and soften the bumps with both knees.
187d964e0cedde228cae5767aaf5c613c78ed9d6	It does not matter whether sitting or standing, most riders agree that it is almost always optimal to pass a turn in one, pre-selected gear.
a81df078a7a5c1e058ca626809603784e18c6055	Another important aspect is the choice of the trajectory.
fd03e98c73c0a13bb2bda6b39096b55fefc3adfd	"Try to turn smoothly," says Jeremy McGraw, " Any sudden movements can lead to the loss of the hook.
069a71d5e066c841a858a19259eaf15e9e481b3b	For this reason, you should also turn on the gas without using the clutch for as long as possible.
b7d8d4dde9b7f273ebcb985bac497960798b9470	Turns with an embankment can be extremely convenient, as they provide much more grip for the tires and usually reduce the likelihood of a wheel failure.
f94b1791037cbd232555635bd99e846fcad0edc3	Unfortunately, most of the embankments are located on the outer edge, and this makes such a trajectory longer, so that its use may eventually be slower than using a more risky internal trajectory.
48990dad803f733f4666aa44d16442b906cd190a	In contrast, ruts are usually formed first on the internal trajectory.
aaabcca9742b32772b525286532ddf8c0995fcf7	When used correctly, the tracks make it possible to pass turns very quickly, but they can also be dangerous.
b13770e46cff93098c8cd36b5f1afa1405525af3	The most common problem occurs when the rider is too aggressive, enters a turn with a track at too high a speed and cannot clearly get into it with both wheels.
fa62129deb24144b032b7c8943379319ae1facc2	The idea of making turns on the track is to approach the track in such a way that both wheels naturally fall into the hollow.
fac43b324e2fdc65a8a17892aba7f02f029ef707	If one wheel does not hit the track, your chances of falling increase.
b49568635026c4189d59f3dcc9989367b7276f09	When both wheels are in a rut, it is important to maintain speed.
1837ed1cdfedcab81967b8b56b34734bf061251a	In most cases, this requires moderate use of gas.
19d557dadde68aae6fd7149ac9512332041014d0	Do not accelerate too much, the motorcycle can make a wheelie, the front wheel will jump out of the rut, and this can bring you trouble.
e95721fd01278cafa9f7155d525d7f1fd76ea3f0	You should also monitor the depth of the selected track.
3c9302180b60313d2d917ae79a7ec1ff9455ef1e	If it becomes too deep, you, in general, can get stuck, as the edges of the track will begin to catch the rear sprocket, axles, fork.
14faf7a526cc0f9be142b9be0f05f13e249a173a	Regardless of whether you are turning on a flat surface, using embankments or ruts in search of the best hook, it always makes sense to experiment with as many trajectories as possible to understand which one is faster.
2bc5dc9b6f565010654185d708a0e0573e853fa8	” When passing a turn, look for the smoothest trajectory with the best grip, "insists Steve Lamson," Avoid potholes if possible, be careful on dirt and other slippery surfaces.
60d131d138327c06cbbbccfaf27861bba2233941	Even if you don't fall, you will lose time and energy. You should also avoid stones and any other objects that can lead to loss of control over at least one wheel.
ba1f156888b4894f76b0ea2326cac4e9e01dc1dc	If you hit something by tilting the bike, it will be difficult to maintain control."
a24abd0b254aa0a5362f034787d52c94326b2021	It is also very important not to use hard braking in the turn, if you do not have to avoid a collision with another rider or something dangerous.
15e9cc9cd9bb13edc35b8a9bc7892931c294740e	Locking the brakes will cause the wheels to slip, especially if you are leaning, and if you are leaning, then the natural tendency is to assume an upright position and forward direction.
8d97c79b819e07cfeefa4dfb4820e3622075e858	Few people will argue with the fact that jumping on a motorcycle is one of the most exciting things in our life.
81e6e4caf85d5091dfc2327d7c48306fb840d3c7	Indescribable sensations, as a rule, are the reason why racers prefer cross-country and enduro to other types of motorsport and road riding.
fae3a2414cf96601efde93a7532570d26058fce6	As you will see, there are a lot of elements that can send you flying: from bumps on low-speed sections to cliffs and jumps at maximum speed.
c6abfe5c624aa5c37a00e9b6022800fdba3c3192	In addition, there are often combined elements - double and triple jumps, tables.
5b4d07a560a64077ff04063cbfdee9ac516d4650	Jumping, however, requires a serious attitude, since it can severely punish the rider even for a minor mistake.
9e0e9ac1909f631ab649bfc426bf13b66d8db454	And that is why it is so important to always stay within your capabilities and suppress the desire to portray Superman.
d181eb5b29ff9a9dbdce11d2f7f6cc53db4d3aa5	When mastering jumps, it makes sense to experiment with different approaches.
ee5742f5bb6c686052ac243309a783eb627b86f3	Try landing on the front and rear wheels at low speeds; move on to serious jumps after you have a good idea of how the motorcycle will behave on a jump, when landing, depending on the type of terrain, in mud.
3c723b84ab8b6f76bcb165e5baf7d53889971672	The most important single point is the following: learn to jump on small jumps and move on to more serious ones only when you feel really confident.
8e74217a7abd8fdcb8c273a4cc9bcb2df6761b4b	Do not try to perform tables, double, triple, or any other combined jumps until you master the single jump.
9e02e41f930b5aaef7453a32c3046e20d3a90fbd	Success in mastering jumps depends on several key factors, such as body position, coordination, gas and clutch control, motorcycle settings, realistic choice of a springboard.
ece59392f3d8de4b7646ccd15dab586d94ddcf7f	Each jump should begin with a careful study of the springboard.
3e728781f569a4ec869b988ef4ee43a7966c6749	Inspect the track in front of the springboard for potholes, stones, dirt, ruts - anything that can interfere with you, your motorcycle, suspension.
781bef3376cd1bc7d7bb9ef3d264b45b1bd28c34	Pay attention to the surface of the springboard: bulges that can knock you off balance, depressions that can make confusion in the suspension work.
dc5ed08c9f8be57f2f0b69a222325e6d213d7e46	Evaluate the area where you are going to land.
3d181b3200e859c30c4d3e7cc9142d78bf0be76e	Finally, make a few circles around the springboard before the jump to think about everything again.
5b49f1d3fa2d465e6c4a944ad05f5d36e7780d5d	After you analyze the springboard and make several circles around it, you should have an understanding of how and at what angle it will send you into the air.
903828a6f1c7a0b057f6f02eda77ce5e35e33a6c	With experience, such assessments will be given to you more and more easily.
9dd006a8fe0fe9b9d68a118e6a8746a5de91e465	Most jumps require repeated changes in body position to maintain balance.
7bc4053c5440799c6a631df07d5b25e3d17dd739	That is why, as a rule, a standing position is preferred, the weight is concentrated in the center, the knees and elbows are bent, the gaze is directed forward.
b51866a55a5db419a72f61b3cd83465ccdeec246	Ideally, all movements aimed at changing the position of the body should be smooth.
c2886413056310925156b9b8f3be5d3cf621aadb	And although speed is sometimes necessary, sudden movements can only aggravate the state of disequilibrium.
311bab897c43a8159e4eab40651521c3843483f7	In normal jumps, when you land on a flat surface, you should touch the ground with both wheels at the same time.
42b536417282d58cc5b85aaee293bcdeecc9d674	But at high speeds, most riders prefer to land by holding the front wheel about 6 inches higher than the rear.
322b6793674692bed56fee6b65c5760ef4e5d9e9	At the same time, the rear wheel will take most of the impact, while the front wheel will retain better handling.
bbf959c92a4a14a54fd5e2e01fb3f110b03fa5eb	If a turn immediately follows the springboard, then this is the basis for touching the ground with the front wheel at a low (safe) speed.
1c3af97107263d6de0912552e7554f89140b2a60	When landing on the front wheel, the rear wheel should be held about 6 inches higher than the front one.
9f41c363db57e31a450d433f6fb5ebe81c5c08fc	Landing on an incline usually requires a flat landing, when both wheels touch the surface at the same time.
bef3da1bb34798e76bc7e54f1667cafc1fd1983b	When you feel confident on single jumps, you can move on to practicing tables.
c345f9d20d3d3c01fc81332d9c3d9952288c0055	This element is similar to a double jump, but it is usually safer, since the sequence of jumps is less rigid.
ba8d60d6315c44c4bcef2da1caea623ff7568df3	After carefully studying the springboard and several laps around it, try to land on top of the table and get an idea of how the motorcycle behaves after the jump, and also estimate at what speed you need to jump to fly over the table and land on the descent.
2c2f4c118df0f348ff303d44ee4c6b63a2eca311	Continue to land on the top of the table, each time jumping a little further (a step that you are sure of) until you get closer to the end of it.
f7ccb93046b994230df6b5a04fa1ca2b32d16da1	You will notice this moment, because the suspension will throw you off the edge of the table and you will not have time to brake.
70ddc50f79ad04e6d86fd8f53860f243fd46f9a2	In most cases, you should land with the front wheel raised (about 6 inches higher than the rear).
dc96313704994504a36d8168d90c65dcc56eefe8	This will provide you with maximum control over the motorcycle if you jump over (not jump over) an obstacle.
d6bc4826549f4262a95637be4b51401d009833ca	Ideally, if you have calculated the jump and see that you will land on the descent, push the steering wheel away from you to lower the front wheel (when you push the steering wheel, your weight shifts slightly forward, which also affects the position of the motorcycle).
3766eb7699f8334b5c08a1bb5e115c6fc43eafcb	Most riders prefer to keep the bike parallel to the surface during the flight and slowly lower the front wheel as the landing approaches.
3866892a03b89c77a51f4ca505e039c6a54442c7	In most cases, you should choose the angle of inclination of the motorcycle in accordance with the slope of the surface, which can provide you with a soft landing.
aced11e60fb98d14bc9ef42d96f1e2064b624a10	There is a principle that allows skiers to make jumps of more than a hundred meters.
93285487f7e70f015d0e77b5a78eaf2d9ee4cddc	And if a skier jumps from a height of 50 feet vertically down to a flat surface, the consequences can be very tragic.
c86a7b9336a85b9465d82c764b47787ba74d66e6	However, when landing on an inclined surface, the energy absorption parameters are much better.
a1dcfab41083ce987d7ec707504e4b4c40c8fa9d	One of the joys (and pains) of the road is obstacles.
34d6eebbdc84ef2ebccbbc5182647059b7e1d1d7	In motocross and some types of off-road competitions, riders face the same, pre-worked elements.
61e86f7329825af6a5e9426d84a898adbbfb9be1	In enduro, natural obstacles are unexpected and unique, riders have to think quickly and learn to adapt to rapidly changing conditions and obstacles looming around every turn.
13a1d2805ae879927b9d5d9a1c82c670d11ecb5e	Because of this, of road is a great way to improve skills.
cd79132e191182d0ead9962df68a84a3402cc2f8	It stimulates the creative process, promotes a quick and effective search for solutions.
257ebbc0b0b143a3c1ae648d7d8974a93b5f181c	To overcome each type of obstacles-trees, rocks, water and other obstacles, there are techniques that will help you cope with them quickly and without problems.
fd8fa7cc7570d1ce470d4fd3b3632a6b25e25da6	Trees more often than any other elements do not forgive mistakes.
de65777a93270ce37605d24e6bb171dd5eecbb78	In fact, they are like tall, bark-covered stones with branches that can cause great pain with one whipping blow.
c4e6918d71eb876170bf2fac6419ec25c449004d	And since trees grow almost everywhere, their presence can turn the simplest obstacles into very insidious ones.
0eb7a7effb790b649f1323596cc0540513c3a82d	Therefore, trees should be avoided.
7efa8560a3e194ba2f8ef0925a90cc44be124126	The shortest distance between two points is a straight line.
ce5fc5ed62814c2eb474cd8e19233f08e37f9f81	When trees surround the trail, riders often try to drive as close as possible from them, only to discover how severe the punishment can be for this
25d39cbf85401d00a845595c90307a6fda4bc936	Sometimes a slow ride through the trees can end up being the fastest.
0be7e5fc159b2404489ae8eda38d560cd8c1e86d	You will lose some time, but it is better to go slowly than quickly, but not for long - to fall, and drive again to the next tree.
ddc9c9d1a9d8f246293027201b8a2db0c33cb065	Mistakes can take an extremely long time and effort.
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a5ce28827e5650fe2aceea05f1d7be130b2421e4	driving techniques motor vehicles articles
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9e2e8ce69e135a0d8f21fed1532f572a3a11e1df	"driving techniques" lessons of Gary Semix " Chapter 4.
f2ba2ef7b3006ead6e9bf07bd55e4407e092793f	Body position [Starting point]
f74797bdc0792d6df95eee748c20876b76f4a8e9	Chapter 4.
c8613b6d9e10c44bf45a10bcb602d838f5bd4ae2	Body position [Point of departure]
54500de96a593f51b335e3b1089e428fe3ff9595	Jeremy McGraw in the attacking position.
ca3f3f7cd6e25543325cf76bc7cc04918a1a80fe	Most driving techniques are based on it.
2c12b055920b7cc34a1e2dc8610798168fab1396	The weight is concentrated in the center, the back is slightly tilted forward, the legs are bent at the knees, the feet are on the running boards, the elbows are raised, the look is forward
041ef0c8b16fddf09f2ec095809f92324ffb1912	For beginners, it is necessary to develop the correct position of the body so that it becomes natural.
0ba25d8f030d47a7ea3b96cc591c4589cd746912	With practice, your body will take this position on its own.
d812df4e99f562514ebefdbe1189d8542bda6bfc	The more the correct body position becomes familiar to you, the better you will be able to ride.
0b58b781e6d361994c8959ef0b22e33caff04cd4	The position of the body constantly changes depending on the terrain, weather conditions, speed.
5b3298e6cd5172c73cb5e0492d8e3e687db0df5e	This is partly due to physical fitness, but the correct body position and effective energy consumption are the main reason that the best riders after a harsh twenty minute cross country or a grueling six hour enduro look fresher than beginners after a five minute or an hour race, respectively.
52bcf013d912c87c352a6cd75fae0abb2248bf8e	Note that the winners have more energy left than the losers.
99822e3faeda277c61ffc254f6e3fdc983aaf37a	Jeremy McGraw is a classic example of this, feeling natural and relaxed on a motorcycle like no other athlete.
2aa4f66483aaaafe81fd905f62e299ae43c690da	When you are in the right place, everything else is much easier.
31ef7b6c3c81f302feaf86cbf0e1713b5f114cfe	The main position of the body is to concentrate the weight over the seat, the head is located above the traverse so that you can see the plate with the number.
ad9f3eeecbdfc524bbb49a1150d243f6f8cb8e5f	The elbows are raised and spread apart.
7671df6a93b5b7971ccea0a82c427f2a7b94037b	Endurists have the same basic body position.
b94f943934097c813b8193d77ffb69676158fad3	The knees are exactly above the running boards, the weight is kept on the running boards, the torso is relaxed.
9ae4c84e1cbd4b3ae573d666527cfa493fb00c17	Ty Davis looks natural and free
9c1610d28697414e96a59a92923be823bdcfac89	Modern off road motorcycles have an explosive character and are capable of incredible accelerations.
f6ff87ce9689e58066d74091c6374202589e6c0b	The raised elbows and front position allow you to handle the motorcycle when you open the gas.
fa59e8090e10d686b1f5a052dc3d6e45a5da4eda	As a rule, you will stand in the middle position.
61b9cf991a6a001896ceb1c2549c4258a179c1c2	The knees should be slightly bent; they are additional shock absorbers.
88ecb956359cc284ad43132b0224f82aac360f93	Most of your weight should be supported by your legs; your knees are squeezing the motorcycle.
453810cdab6692343b7077322433b197a4395af1	The shoulders should be turned to where you want to go, the torso should be relaxed.
5c2a142cece11776476e34fecadab18e9b70b874	The shock absorption capabilities are extremely limited if the rider is sitting.
9077f4bfcf2a697dba647f250d22ff9cbc76071a	The more you change the position of your body, the more you will have to think about ergonomics to make everything comfortable.
287a97da4f5f01e6564217ed903661e206868821	In flight, the main position of the body does not change.
d384280795edb1147e673c4a201279b887749ffd	In this photo, Steve Lamson is in an excellent position – elbows raised, head above the steering wheel.
8ff06ebb1e6d33b82a372861955dd78ed9c031c7	Notice that he has one finger on the clutch, and his right hand is wrapped around the throttle handle.
ccdb6e1b7c16ece123e9067f8abf844d63d65e0c	The skill of off road driving requires mastering the smooth use of all the control levers, sometimes several at the same time
5abf30e9ce351266a494ae0c7e5ccc03b28a8439	Ride under the supervision of a friend, concentrating exclusively on the correct position of the body.
42967f33c7dddf9d6ed66ecdfe1306b9b70b393f	Let him tell you what you need to pay attention to.
d19369deb8f2f6018053e72c8a210192b6289ea9	It will be even better if someone takes you on videotape.
db92eb18fa4a19f8a351530faa03dac7a8a58e2a	You will immediately see what you need to work on (and until you reach the level of Jeremy McGraw, you have a lot to strive for).
967bdc8d96808b1c6e289d9762ad98b8632bf3be	The correct body position is the most critical for endurists.
9231372085d9144c4c61d8d2e7b6ef65e03d2b6a	All the techniques are quite simple, but it takes years of training to master and hone them.
0303b7e19f1ff7d6ff764704e99e485c5de2b771	Practice improving the body position, and you will increase your level.
c0802891000a36a6e2b4ab074445673f35b66641	Techniques of Gary Semix
e4f2db88c07f31a78b1f98f138c8c8d1e6d046b4	The basic position is the middle position, which means that you are in the center of the motorcycle.
3a77a90d1a2972564386e484679d47c5ea3af450	It should be taken automatically and be natural.
0230e0e7f6ee34e7c33979b7535608d868710385	In the middle position, you are in balance, the body easily responds to changes in the terrain.
7a64e87efa5064850c768042e3aa48ad172371dc	Maintaining balance is associated with body positions and movements.
fee07d64406251ac43eea0ea48c52303b0b515c9	This means that your body position and movements always correspond to the place and time.
6f7352853dcad98f8432caab93cc4c5e321d4212	Mastering the control implies proper control over five elements: clutch, gas, front and rear brakes, gearbox.
75591d4b946514cc294815a12713f68e7504cffc	Having learned to feel them clearly, you will gain amazing control over the device.
1949a176159d8b43f08d57f38e5dcfc6e3f3f66f	Hold your head properly #1
af3a7ddedc979dd5290586d17081d72e015abce8	While in the middle position, sitting or standing, keep your head exactly above the steering wheel.
4cd4a91044b96533110a76ce24f50216d401696f	This will position your body exactly at the equilibrium point in the center of the motorcycle.
f56fd9c035c5cb833c8283cfc701ccd8230313ea	If you move forward, you will find yourself in the front position, back - respectively.
8dc77a456c86683463a32e8cb58206aa5fd850bf	All your movements, the entire range of movements should come from this position.
9ab1cea67dd1aff62f31077bc0f79840a84288bf	Many novice racers sit or stand, strongly shifted back.
af8628399e8820f42ab7621f5eeaa33a3cae5290	Their weight is beyond the equilibrium point, and this leads to worse handling.
d16ecc5c188fc5ff7fb97cd5a282967b6ac11f35	In addition, because of this, the hands are clogged, since a large load falls on them during acceleration.
c10a7aff7695a1a9aee56b1b57a77f5d302dd3c2	To form the right habits, make sure that you perform this technique well and work from an equilibrium point.
057b57ee87d59eeac08c0566c7058b77bb810ea3	Knee position #2
d106894269a0eb0d7dd52dc476c0b502333e69de	When you stand in the middle position, the knee joints should be clearly above the ankles.
b0545bae82f714339e93a1b047644a1dded27a39	Squeeze the seat with your knees.
86626852150a9ab9d39a47fb47232e3e71264af1	When you change the position, start the movement with your knees.
ac8660aa0c9ea3d6cc06f5ebbf84cd08654ec080	When you need to move forward or backward while standing, move so that your knees slide along the sides of the motorcycle.
9fce298134ba7a926c3d3ca59e1b4d54bfffaa17	The footrests serve as a support when moving.
cac62a36e6cc1e4bae6ea1e23727f181fb46cc0b	When moving your knees, help yourself slightly with your feet.
412e5013bbd55c452eee50dec6da930e96728cd4	This technique will save you from overexerting your legs.
f6a34bcbfbbaceb397fa9103bdbb51349ff2b027	Make sure that the footrests are sharp enough and your feet do not slip.
d57fa00344e7e062b0f383ed90cd6bfe68c93792	When you need to change the position on the motorcycle, allow your knees to slide along its sides, but continue to hold it at the same time.
f8f7a4ede6b9e360763657e3718f2d025fc64739	When you master this technique, you will notice an improvement in the control of the motorcycle, it will seem to you that you have become more resilient, you will feel your iron horse more subtly.
f65d16aeb6a13a6f6b55826670896df791e45415	Weight redistribution in the sitting position #3
510fcb1381c9cd21480bcaba0c64339e9fa57bd7	When you are sitting, redistribute your weight by bending your torso, rather than sliding on the seat.
cd77bf7d0644d615f117d797669a2fd50fe82826	Inexperienced riders usually move the weight by sliding on their ass on the seat.
26e76a0b7897a5a4d66fb24cf9d6839979182ce3	This is wrong, except in cases where significant impact is required.
faa1b668540c44e40222ccb737867280f688fcd5	It is correct to sit on the front of the seat, tilting the torso forward or backward.
86f7f737bd690e1479f53c5546263e4e64d53394	This simple technique will allow you to transfer weight to the front or rear wheel, while remaining seated in the center of the motorcycle.
935885cb9d699847151418c17756a7de01d2694e	This will not only provide better control, but it will also be easier physically.
53c770b2c0e8484c2acde3d9deba2e20ff875ab7	Merge with Motorcycle #4
6fd40033090a11dd8513e168f97748662b9bc476	Relax your torso enough to merge with the motorcycle.
da7b8980edba4a498bc87dcf3b77f3d64c2c4e5f	The most inexperienced and even slightly more experienced riders understand this technique incorrectly, especially when they are nervous.
66345a1be63241072f86942c8c9662ba1715e9e6	The mistake is the tension of the trunk, especially the hands and shoulders.
c2f4bf61c8c1231ac08ea211954dc6d3866115ab	You and the motorcycle become extremely heavy, as you transfer some of the weight to the steering wheel.
6fd0bb4a1904c90ec7b3fc3ddd9962466b95552c	The position of the body in this case will also be incorrect, since you can not merge with the motorcycle when you cling to the steering wheel.
60e238ff427f95951785afef3186c703764ed94f	The correct thing is to hold yourself with your feet (working from the footrests), while the torso remains relaxed.
0827353db868e5f0c0f422cc481932faf32df156	If necessary, you can easily change the position of your body and be in the right place at the right time.
6a02b0e90a6b488f16387a6061033b10f8db7e35	In addition, using only the footrests as a support, you lower the center of gravity, and the motorcycle is controlled better.
f51fc28994c3a3b7253b4e11e9642ae852987a61	The key things in motocross are balance, consistency of actions, the ability to anticipate the situation.
e02224a0787f435290837bd7758faa4e1a6bc30b	Remember, the first thing that needs to be relaxed is consciousness.
5f37d6afb8ba446fdb355bcaa759bbd0e985b86c	Be relaxed, pure (in terms of consciousness) and ready for anything.
497ae867bfa0eeb7ec7aa533ab5eff25a0cb74a8	Merge with the motorcycle.
93cc25f4383e9c7242814cd80c71bf86f4820c48	Lower the center of gravity #5
82aafd953d06e7d996bbaa5ec052aec8f9a82baf	Hold yourself on the running boards to lower the center of gravity.
fe51ffe77315266518b53a09f997f96dca9faf71	Distribute your weight first on the running boards, then on the seat, and last of all on the steering wheel.
6e7e1d8fdbcd805d74dd47bffc5575907c4dcc24	This will allow you to maintain a low center of gravity in the center of the motorcycle.
46a4a3886f4d021cb8fae4ff78cd2e2d7d6165b9	This technique is similar to #4, but here the attention is focused on the motorcycle, not on the body.
4c66c95c92fb371664356c34db80330386ca5b82	When you are driving with a tense torso, you are most likely transferring some of your weight to the steering wheel.
1639a1600345406d422df4665fdbe8657ab35cb4	This is the highest point of gravity on a motorcycle, and it is not equilibrium.
23e609043a081f988533f4c3cccccebcfb8be4f3	When the torso is relaxed, most of the weight is on the running boards.
bbfdcb95d5f182489aa4abc1b2bc630357b16bbe	This lowers the center of gravity.
b514b677050d78e4dfa99de6d3755ad7bc82f759	When you can not distribute the weight on the footrests (with your foot exposed in the turn), load the seat and the external footrest.
5f73b07930be19d0b8852661f6f95cb51fd1e7cb	These points will be equilibrium in this situation.
af227cb4c464412b56adbb83fbb8f779ae045fab	Ride with a low center of gravity and keep yourself on your feet.
527a6937dc247f7d16e47b8481f6eff280a99adc	With the correct body position, you keep yourself in the legs, while the trunk is relaxed
9c9582c0c898ae990477ffff16e7ce7644175b3c	Raised elbows #6
d1b38a825836f0dc3f49da287889baaff063efcd	Keep your elbows raised and spread apart, grasp the throttle handle.
f040dd8d2706ab0fefc7ac4505f5f33847361d49	Handling will suffer greatly if you keep your wrists and forearms parallel to the ground.
1b4451ca0c8082f50e3dcbbd57c9607041b0bbcf	In this position, they are not sufficient levers.
e028dc682f9c2965c1cfdfa1e540c53af3e1b63e	It is also more difficult to open the gas.
5f6e411d656487b664613afdf089930ea505a9d1	With your elbows raised, grasping the right handle, you will be able to work the gas in full range at any position of the body.
b86ff536e469667d0c0b21daaa7382a6d3458075	For the entire range of movements, this technique creates proper levers for controlling the motorcycle.
4f2711d42591c0023702f71b8fefc49ae78282d2	Gradually master this technique on a safe platform.
7750966610676dcba38f8206dd67d7d8c5ab65bb	When the wrist is raised, you will feel the gas differently, but there may be problems with closing it if you open this sucker really hard.
b734c2d465e6dae1fbaeecead1791fbff02bd8aa	You donot want to leave a chill in your pants, or anything else, but donot be a slob.
5e1323d08280804799a50e7e8015dc2f5adfc426	Raise your elbows.
80ed81fca8078cce8332907f98b2944f450bd41f	Straighten your shoulders #7
87235f84f38cb478e2dea3f8b034c7a4648c0ad1	To maintain balance, use compensating movements to the sides.
eedf984588d5825820abb1f2002aed76b0c1fa55	Your shoulders should move from side to side parallel to the steering wheel.
088e10b398ef6900c747c320989d177a52da68ef	Keep your shoulders pointed where you want to go.
d05c6d6504aefc6f6587d73dbd07121acd99c4d3	You will most likely have a tendency to move away from the motorcycle if you ride with your elbows lowered.
c1c98fdc8e12181dbe077fb441645121e2f78dd8	This bad habit takes your body out of balance.
7d3a4e8d556911f54d91283c5e164e196159d011	It is correct to turn the torso to where you are going to keep the path.
2f11de287bf647183d9871023eb4fa6e08cab0f3	Move your body from side to side (parallel to the steering wheel) to maintain balance and direct the front wheel to where you want.
f4eab40e1b3f7b8789cbeab6759ebff64f4ec697	If your elbows are raised, then you have better leverage, and it will be easier for you.
39264f053bc9feea71e3fea94f33402e47b319ac	Remember that the fundamental concepts of motocross are balance, consistency of actions and control.
9c3667f226f3683da1e450c67af8cd55a3ea851f	To develop control, you must start from the right foundations.
9467caa4ea3d8df1a523f66f3b97f77e2f9e32df	Through training, it is necessary to ensure that the correct position of the body enters your nervous system, becomes a reflex.
8462a3254569042c9834668bf3ac432267c11c4d	Move #8
b8dbd3b8a48467e9b3928810513747ac06b9f206	Lean forward when accelerating and backward when braking.
fa828d2359605cd1a352f322477e0b0871ee5090	If you do not use this technique, then your body weight is in the wrong place at the wrong time.
ea014e1ecd954e840bca70c73d4af2ae2c217026	This can deprive you of control, and exhaust you much more than necessary.
e9aa2e2f5bc2147077d12295e154b76ba65a43f0	In most cases, when accelerating, it is necessary to lean forward, towards acceleration, and when braking back, as opposed to the braking force.
435ffd24fd17ed0ea0c5321031561c6df3dbe6b9	By changing the position, you maintain balance.
29c0e5cb3c6c193f17f533dd03f05272752761c4	You interact organically with the motorcycle and have better control over it.
bb6c96e6ee3527ff3566ab2ef6c341e89f89a18b	Donot be a statue.
295ca64e9e343956bc79a3d5160bef1a1e9e3ae5	Get used to moving on a motorcycle.
720d26920c25e8ecd5273d7ca4833df4f1f35e66	Back position #9
a2fb1a47c1510ef84903faa2c4cf74999f229ffb	Keep your back straight when leaning forward and bent when leaning back.
65404abccef2adc7c125e459be2d8c90f11f49a8	Riders usually keep their back in any one position (always either straight or bent).
5092074cf60634a40ff92b1e0515f59683d4c580	This is a bad habit because it requires a lot of physical effort.
f0547a9a5994de1b927a03ed681ff41cef826012	The position of the back should change depending on the position of the body.
93362d95be172b70031aa8a6c7d957313e962853	When you are in the front position, you should keep your back straight.
19359004740e1754f39a803ac323d683e5f527d9	You will find yourself directly above the front of the motorcycle.
24ccb19918803a79a2fb1e8ce56df2161934bff1	When you are in the back position, your back should be bent.
04adb49571238956fa84f7e9bab98e833175213e	This will lower the center of gravity and improve handling.
70ebaaf8bcdfb04927ba377d3a99d34b915f72b0	This is definitely a good technique for practicing in calm conditions before using on the track.
84be68361897daa0a2049693edce3deb8252f05b	Not only the fork and the shock absorber are affected by impacts.
e9dd62805492b72fd31cc4ad70eadd6165b73aa5	Work with your whole body, including your back.
437f0066440fd003ce27c90eed8c29e37c07fa5c	Bend your back to load the front wheel.
27be5dd61b17829051a314c0d15954182255e5ff	Also, slightly expose your leg in turns to catch the motorcycle if one of the wheels leads.
f579a8563939cee3669ebfdce772f4f2e9a3a8e1	Shows Steve Lamson on a factory Honda
3e5f74455265a1fb6ad2704de1cba65807aceeb2	Stop position #10
3946f6e23610ab8da1a38854f551c7e7c4748a91	Stand on the running boards on your fingers.
620026fd4f94fcc183114c64b890222f31caff0e	Some racers never ride standing on their fingers.
ea267392dd9f01e639ad35d737eac27b41786e9a	In order to determine which category you belong to, look at the soles of motorboats.
51a59678efec02027bae5e5191ecbd65aca5c1b9	If you belong to the designated group, then you lose additional control over the device that you could have using this technique.
857916134df9e09225b50e68f277035a5e1f5ad7	In general, this rule sounds like this: if you do not use the gearbox or brake, you should stand on your fingers.
79ec075833bd9d9756d320cf69d5ca397323ba48	When you need them, just move your foot forward, when you finish braking or switching speeds, return to the starting position.
db6f14fdd90cb25618b5225206571760ef8b9652	When driving, you will have to do this often, whether you are sitting or standing.
f1c6bea111ad2fec7518db535266c27cfd132b76	Using this technique gives you a number of advantages: you use an additional joint (ankle), this allows you to move better and feel the motorcycle better; if the motorcycle gets into a rut, the foot will not tear off the footrest; you will not press the brake or the gearbox foot by mistake.
96ffac81a1a43f1507f06a5d74f9f1dafb24a3dd	This is one of those techniques that require special attention.
f10f7dd93a39f4cdd6b3c9a957993475b59859bd	Check yourself by the soles of the motorboats.
5a8ccd16b84b9b55d149c17a6d78aa6bad90e9f6	Stop position during braking #11
57406620c2ed72e3082e0cdf081cdca516815baf	When you use the gearbox or brake, there should be stop centers on the footrests.
98d605bf013ff8d9c6ad54cc92f34cfc402b48ca	In this position, you will be able to correctly affect the gearbox foot or the brake pedal.
8eb2c33c691b66278afec6a8b2ab3ff6fa77d8c8	Sometimes riders use this technique incorrectly and accidentally touch the control levers.
4ce327613f15ea4984954967ee0301de334a8c54	This can happen if the centers of your feet are on the running boards, and you are not using a foot or pedal.
17e9d90a6a5fc7c4ca8f634bbeccbcbcf1fce192	You can get into trouble if you press the foot by mistake – a false neutral (between speeds) may be caught, or you will fly forward if you unexpectedly press the brake.
6217375eb3286caf954bd33de0d7c3a03e440ab8	Depending on the circumstances, this can lead to a minor failure or serious injury.
18de884efda574723ef1efb0f41931ed741838d9	To avoid this, when you want to stand on the center of the foot, but do not want to use a foot or pedal, take your socks away.
3619466f585d74f82624d00c3a615eefc013200b	This is especially true when you have little time to move your feet to your fingers and back.
a7265e982c439bb84d5f1be933fb6a29f9a0e7f4	With practice and experience, you will feel how far it is necessary to remove the socks, and if you touch the foot or pedal, you will notice it.
d63e0acbcd8b543284cfa720b599f27ca0e48606	John Dod demonstrates a good flight.
418ea7ebde1f8bfbea1ebddc46457609c78cde4c	He went back a little from the attacking position, elbows raised, back straight, but tilted forward in order to load the front of the motorcycle.
497577e9bdc445f3c303b99e4d1a01c39199ab31	Note that his foot is above the brake pedal, and Dod is ready to use it when needed
41f96d7058a0a12726fb77e208c1d92cabd4ea46	Stop position when switching speeds #12
128772d76c2566b7b83128cae05619fe193bfb55	When you accelerate, your body is in the forward position, in order to switch the speed, lift your foot off the footrest.
0ade0def8f518a90df9caf69cfd97354c276ed83	The most inexperienced riders usually make the following mistake: they move back to switch the speed.
d04cc879147ff7fa9f32d87858db98fff8197e3b	Thus, their foot remains on the footrest, which serves as a support when lifting the sock and turning on the increased gear.
6a1e686aa977f707efa3c747265f94fa4993ac15	When you put on a higher gear, you are usually in the front position, as you are accelerating.
1351f61973b693b0950dc225af1e660777a78329	This means that to switch the speed, you need to take your foot off the footrest.
77fdeb72c7901de843e76e48f59991e6b0aecc67	That is, you use the whole leg.
d7b66d2afdb81c9ca0fe63ba4831dfc583738438	Remember that the foot should be at the level of the upper part of the footrest.
c58d0a6507414dc8c112a66f92ca11a4f7418fd5	If if you set it too low, it will be very difficult for you to reach it when switching to a lower gear or to put a sock under it when switching to an increased gear.
3615c1142ba00276183339267e85b3abee374a69	In addition, there is a danger that the transmission will jump out if you get into a rut.
a1df5a1f10aa3e4cecff9882fb4c187f3a6606a7	It is good to train gear shifting during the start practice
65c0e9a32281c90f0cd6db9db070b5c63068a0b4	One or two fingers on the clutch #13
1adaccc4d3bda61f4ef5e2817792ad4c00fe4319	Keep one or two fingers on the clutch at all times.
df4ddea3cd8b18cf02cf524806bfaa86fd0ab5ba	This is an important technique, it takes a lot of practice to master it.
7202e5c2762cc4af59352371388ae2f0efb42867	A common mistake is to hold either the handle or the clutch with all four fingers.
5ec9a766f86bd82d0f8eae8fe55b7a0e3a1eae72	Because of this, it becomes inconvenient to use the clutch, and as a result, riders do not use it often enough.
3691da52e41c5b83185ce35b6d20c7f74d18277b	A professional racer keeps one or two fingers on the clutch 99% of the time.
a286bd90f4346052c7ae22b313e5fca7cb98e944	He uses it when passing turns, overcoming the comb and jumping to supply the rear wheel with the power that he considers necessary.
d95124f0b822f7a33f7593fbdd8c4ce8f3050e7f	The clutch should be used virtually every time you open the gas; so if you want to have a well controlled power, learn how to use this technique and the clutch lever.
10f560214c2925291ba525abf6e28f551997717d	Hand mobility #14
6410b009de8319210a527bddf38aea67cc9795ad	Learn to use handles and levers independently.
50cf90cc4b4ed5ba4f8c0a2ccf6ea4bff91f1281	A very common mistake is to hold the handles with all four fingers, and therefore use the levers only when there is a serious need for it.
dcfb578b437aefd677267946f7b09e19b1502265	This is so inconvenient that riders do not use the clutch and front brake often enough, and when they do, they canot hold the handles properly.
e78f96ec23527ee7cb6ea174338baa7b5b741ebe	Most riders always keep at least one finger on the clutch.
46f644816ebe8318cf89688bece9e8b0f8072a83	Starting from the rigidity of the lever and the style of control, you can use two fingers, but if you learn to use one, you will be able to hold the handle more confidently.
e98999ac4039f10f2cc835bc5895809ddeda47fe	The same applies to the front brake
b3381da70d9796cbe2a2ced2e230d16807ed4626	Developing the ability to simultaneously hold handles and work levers requires time and practice.
65fb9c945885327fa70c3d15df3a4920587dd637	Some riders have one finger on the clutch, some have two.
45cada955a408a1804567c2e82a98232b589c6f8	It is better to keep one finger on the brake lever.
5c660bec2d3761ebfadfb4ed97114433a5841d49	Get used to this technique, let it become a habit.
7d0ee1d372175c4e34db904a71acded46e819697	Use your fingers to hold the handles and use the levers at the same time.
e34dbd4c87ba614d3f22ece57d370b04cc81cd54	Body position
dcf4ef6622d9d61b22b299f3014af8f9ec6e2425	1.
5b86a62a19a48abda29b6af31e4d9f506c086178	Your head should be above the steering wheel (almost always)
e97031e5b02712739e29d1d815c7253fa3f2748a	2.
5b87f98b98cc048ce649163bddca05a598a1733e	Keep yourself in the legs, knees slightly bent
9902d381a017c5c8ce22b819deee8efbe1e24f01	3.
52a7f345068c7a75588ad1bd7cc5200b434e968d	Elbows raised
0c8ed7a5ae6950167d174ac77505a4827161932f	4.
f93a0133f985d22d027d4aeab56d0869f4435757	Grab the throttle handle
d2835fcfb3bce92c9b822f1932f63e4e027da70d	5.
8b4c8e39ecbe801ffad9fa23d4065dfdae7443d9	One or two fingers on the clutch and brake levers
17bad1aaf84a0a24b88add852d09969d89193fa9	6.
d2cb24508b7ecd0eb8735b2dd3801e736f413996	Keep your head up, look ahead
6e20c9c41d5e1693c41c7332d3d175e7fa8e5761	27 Dec 2002 02:07
e4ad4329439212280044b4467d6e283d4db354e8	MX magazines
c139b58d89929878e71328f0001d15545103d595	Powered by DynacontCMS
cd394b8e9192d1b0cca9c69c58b3145bfb550665	© 2001-2006, MX+ info@mxplus.ru Live Fast Die Funny
a64fce4ca0769e5b2f62a559f270058dc63b24dc	"driving techniques" lessons of Gary Semix " Chapter 7.
85a8b3dd59abe36894a3ecbc7c72923cbb4453f0	Passing turns [A look at the world of turns]
78059e242107032f61168e2c67fce4b2a2c29bc5	Chapter 7.
29f7a480778805ae99defb7d073ffe53226abdeb	Jeremy McGraw is known for his "textbook" driving style; the picture illustrates this well.
eebb2ddd00d44b1e607b9a1a0973344ea6ab6fa6	Notice that his elbows are raised, his body weight is concentrated in front, the inner leg is exposed, the sock is raised up.
12118b431ee48b506f9a6028124f5447b1b402f3	That's why he is one of the best riders in the history of motocross
2b7da415630c66050d0bbdbb9d3da8f6253240a9	In combination with the careful use of gas, which eliminates the front wheel stall and the rear wheel slip, this forms the basis for the development of good cornering techniques.
8dd05e611813d6ddad4eb655af2d39f2e5b33e5e	” When you put your foot out, make sure that you keep it in front of you, "says Jeremy McGraw," it will not be of any use if it slips back due to the lack of a lever to support the weight.”
ac744f238c4d315c7e0ca06caa0865856c4d54db	” When you put your foot out, make sure that the toe is raised up, "says Roy Lichin," So if your shoe bumps into something, it will not catch your foot and drag it back."
f931101dcedb01ff9b2b1d5eb2fa3ba8d7e7a547	On high speed sections, you may find it necessary to stand, especially if the surface is too uneven, and with your sitting position, the suspension cannot cope with it.
b29c0f075e9582bf3d778b46ea15e1bcd3e18c80	It does not matter whether sitting or standing, most riders agree that it is almost always optimal to pass a turn in one, pre selected gear.
325c2e8872ca40a99111731f7f1ac8be2480560b	” I usually try not to change gears in a turn, "says Danny Carlson," Before entering a turn, I make sure that the right gear is turned on; this is faster and much smoother.
6c9d782e3fd0d0df0dafd763328541eb59f9201f	The only exception is switching at the exit of a long turn, when the motorcycle is prone to overgassing.
509fb7d7a142b96e547107456b7fe7b8a60b1708	And when overgassing, the power drops quite sharply, the speed decreases”"
6304fef1a672ff3f433188b2c6bf73f74e8c4ed1	But it is always difficult to calculate how actively you can open gas”"
5c51952029babd7e28cf62755ec61308764b11d6	” If there is an embankment on the outer edge, you can use it, as it will provide a better grip than a flat surface, "adds Lichin," Also, look for good tracks that can serve you like tram rails.
1630e211b919b5828b53925be1f6386469bbc88f	If you meet one, you will be able to use the gas more actively and pass the turn faster”"
725aae8bc977afe559cd13370a9192a79d5cbcdf	Ultimately, it's up to you to decide which approach is best.
3dd1a4d18fea091aa61f44a3a1a67304a7357af4	Tracks
c09fcd7d8a92eeda2fae1dfb11d692b0632f7704	If you feel that the track is getting dangerously deep, look for an alternative option; for sure, there will be one just a couple of feet away.
a495e82cc813b5de431ca8cecfe778e5d8500005	Choosing a trajectory
afd8edf365df9eda377e42431a045d89b53e20a9	Also, if you see that you will have to overcome ruts in a turn, try to do this at a right angle so that they do not catch the side parts of the tires and do not lead to a loss of control.
28828200632475fa3c29199802c73ba18820f304	Even if you donot fall, you will lose time and energy.
0c7b8f83b1e99463b36fc0e52aac5ed94b1d7244	You should also avoid stones and any other objects that can lead to loss of control over at least one wheel.
ab43fb87d2fa34f4511e7228d4f364bfab5d1cd9	"Brake before turning," says Mike Craig, " Most motorcycles turn better on gas.
d5848b37f937cf5ac006cb248b2ac72fccbae41f	If you brake in a turn, the motorcycle may straighten up at the same time."
e387573d5036e2fab31d55edf8130fe90c950ab4	External trajectory
6b1bb55f6cada6b85ecdba92388664147f7ffdee	This turn offers a set of trajectories.
d768d90423e5c51d0a59044d5cc172a20a5794f2	On the inside there is a track, the middle is flat, on the outside there is a stop.
8bdc59fa842c0ee493fa5fe4faccb2451c7647b6	Steve Lamson decided that in this case, the external trajectory is the fastest.
0713b65bdde35cbbd7b60c29617fe5cf23bc068e	There was a springboard before the turn, so Lamson is standing and still finishing braking, trying to move straight
d65fd1d75ae000f08359a472ac36efd3b57391aa	In a split second, Lamson changes the position of the body and begins the actual turn, using the stop for a better hook.
73dcb7a6e03fd1b85a1956235bec448f7591dfe4	In addition, Lamson released both brakes and leaned into the turn
4380c7aaaafe80e76764d3c66054efa9a7258353	After reaching the peak of the turn, Lamson opens the gas again, as evidenced by the abundance of dust.
47f5253c55f141f42e84b4eaf2f0a398a8719a7f	Pay attention to how he holds the inner leg in case the wheel breaks off until he finally straightens the motorcycle.
355d4fc58dcdb9d905e0a1b3d2815e3b0e52bbbf	Also, during the entire turn, it loads the external footrest to provide a better grip for both wheels
5ecdd801c3d97338a4a299c9095f8b7b4e2f41d6	Note that when tilting the bike, Lamson holds his torso almost perfectly straight.
efdd094ee7b988a5de97a33dbadf1f885f33efe3	This helps it maintain its grip on the surface
4b3bbc25f7d5af9cc641cac5ef0c2ffa8b0574ed	As a result, the exit from the turn is insured against an error and acceleration to the next obstacle
fc00de5165606a48901f525e7798bb732270bd94	Internal trajectory
df5702cd54b0908c2683af1b05714bec403793b1	This is the same turn, but this time Lamson chooses an internal trajectory.
8c500e5c87a1e1c5a210b4f97128d0da907933ee	It is extremely difficult to get on it, because just before the turn, a small double jump is performed.
f495cd7bf4ce0121d0d798676c9ddcd71388b9b4	To slow down faster, Lamson makes the first jump small and uses a second springboard to help braking
66577d2fca22f3d2c16d4e87a6bdee286afc3b86	At this stage, Lamson finishes braking and aligns the bike to get into a rut.
de827985f700b98c18d436d553896344283ec967	The idea is to drive into the track as smoothly as possible, so that both wheels fit perfectly into it
36c742c0d796f28157fe13d81f15816c1663fc1f	Lamson moves into sitting positions in one quick movement and puts his inner leg out for balance.
da8ef75122d45917be6d775ac308a33af2b6402f	Note that its weight is located as much as possible in front of the seat, which allows you to load the fork and get the best grip for the front wheel
da08a380b4c4f12ed892d344fa4163e6c28ad625	As soon as the rear wheel hits the track, Lamson prepares to use the gas.
210e2b7ac593d1a6285f58b2c0ca114ecfb7be6d	This should not be done too aggressively, otherwise the rear wheel may jump out of the rut
2cfb6da09a69d612854006e673aac068e8e87d72	Lamson opens the gas.
3ded7283ed3f14b66972afb31b120e795693ef87	Note that his weight is still concentrated in the front of the motorcycle, the inner leg is exposed, the toe is facing up, both elbows are raised
b9e0434aa04a24ecac2947c22f615fa97c50b221	Coming out of the turn, Lamson begins to accelerate harder, keeping the body position unchanged.
99a51b25bb78332eddba4f38a2385604fdab25e5	If there were potholes in this area, he probably would have tried to avoid them by lifting the motorcycle on the rear wheel, pushing back on the seat.
9180df9f4bb30d82eb90c7ecf1c0f8b4a97c747f	Generally speaking, this would not be a real wheelie, but it is quite sufficient for the front wheel to barely slide over the tops of potholes, without making it difficult to control
0d6ab2b6e8b8afcfea6aea1dbab4cecc2fe0c31c	At the last stage, Lamson begins to return his foot to the running board
926da4e3801aa44ecb3c49662e91b875987b501f	Try it out and be sure of several trajectories.
b681825d3c838e830491f9f0a690f51b1912e73e	Even if some trajectory is the fastest, you may have to choose another one to overtake or avoid the rider in front of you.
1aa5c995f1f26a228078d58c7188812494113a79	An excellent trajectory can also become optimal as the track breaks up.
563f87bb5ea7d238b665e7075119c6b3973c4785	Brake to turn
0db51bc90efccfe9a438b058166d010182bd8034	This series of photos shows from a different angle Lamson's passage of a turn along an internal trajectory with the rear wheel locked and how the use of both brakes helps to turn.
a33550a951a2fae4bce9442c72cb4fcdf30230d2	In this picture, Lamson uses both brakes hard.
c774e372cd9a1f708f4d7fbfe37e79e29b71e492	Although his body is in the front position, he keeps his torso straight, keeping some of the weight on the rear wheel.
236869bf129ef49659037f703dbc049bb75d3599	Note that Lamson took his right foot off the running board so that the brake could be used effectively
d1f935c1048ab6cf11684f4d7fad81fc1f0ea9ff	Lamson locks the rear wheel and starts skidding.
2f34eedee2d6c1828a1ef9672d59a508a51364ca	Notice that the outer elbow is raised, the shoulders are turned straight.
9417d233b835dd8f0924f5a7dd09184d62292665	The front wheel is slightly turned to the left, anticipating a skid.
b3084d3b8a7522ccb67d7be64cd3f4b225f78b61	It seems that Lamson slows down a little with the front wheel, which keeps it more tightly on the trajectory
7148afab8664902f920f5315301d33795a86411b	Braking with a skid brought the motorcycle to the main trajectory.
667c30be841960008646000e0a0cf2fee6f05b30	Releasing the brakes, Lamson immediately opens the gas, as indicated by a small plume of dust; the inner leg is exposed, the rider is ready to catch the motorcycle.
97d6ac5bb5c66b23219c80e11830cde74d97baa0	The torso is tilted forward, loading the front wheel and helping it to stay in the rut
4b436cdf5d0ae2c8b16071f7ad6f98abaeca4634	Lamson is in a good position to pass the turn well.
6df5c605ae5feac535d06026022dfede3ab69ee2	Although, note that the wheels are not yet on the exit line from the turn.
00f3901161b6c3b8079309384a7080c459c04ed6	So for now, he needs to keep turning.
c659b59dab12725cc4b4c859c43303217c25c477	In this regard, he uses the power of the motorcycle moderately and smoothly, working with the clutch and gas.
a686c7c3da8024f13fb06f5c796c76f80ba39a2c	As soon as the bike aims for the exit of the turn, Lamson will start a hard acceleration to the next obstacle
1d3b0cb55fd4074adc9755ef2b227bd6bee07b03	At the exit, Lamson is on gas.
fc315d4e09f5bac1b90aee59e495f85f0db3f776	The front wheel is turned slightly to the left, indicating that Lamson is counting on a slight slip of the rear wheel, which will put the motorcycle directly on the exit line from the turn
9149b241458c639b102de017ddde9b69b8f8971f	All handling characteristics vary depending on the terrain and the quality of the hook.
9e5057b2ea82a183a3c0e8121cf23b91cbebb124	On slippery surfaces, such as dirt, you should be less aggressive in terms of body position and gas application.
d5d2c07a9b985e5cd4c765d6c59490dc7a9001e5	As a contrast, you can usually behave more aggressively on sand and good land.
37b95c67beff1d3b863b7a608f9e57af62023fdb	The basis for cornering is the position of the body and the coordination of the brakes and gas.
42dd8a8c20a09bc78bd3d6498b064e15f1c3e966	You should slow down until the moment when you start to accelerate again, doing both during the transition.
9009f92c5f25310c726cd078a6f76d70d02113bd	Using the brakes will also help you keep the trajectory.
fa56329ac4a128e1449608a4b61c976de91cdba6	Remember, you should never allow a constant speed.
be76c0a00d64b7f898d4cb0edfb477aca075adb1	Either slow down or accelerate, sometimes do both.
43d8ee8f5b0111e66ae70bfb65dc5987b2eef724	External elbow raised #23
b880a8cf2516fa4b60f0406056b429da40fb1efa	When passing turns, lift the outer one.
4ce6934c147ad13fa334cde86e64786b0c5f6fa1	The inner elbow should be slightly lower.
1bb045d1f6fad4e6bba1f71851d709755c1fc18a	If the outer elbow is lowered when passing a turn, the rider is inclined to tilt the torso in the direction opposite to the turn.
5ca305f3c2d78bb2702bbc5c6e6da3718f1064cb	This does not allow you to have a proper lever and shifts the rider's body from the equilibrium point.
7cc041a48b472c97684cf749acc85999da8d6b8b	To use this technique correctly, grasp the external handle so that you can raise your elbow above the steering wheel.
40dc8992dac764f2b58331061c2c94fcc5c90e8d	Allow the inner elbow to be in a neutral position that will be convenient for you.
6e60aef4c509cd965376806678cf49998762231e	Keep your shoulders turned in the direction of movement and, starting from this foundation, work with your torso to maintain balance and control over the motorcycle.
96c923e73e2d1be3b3dcc5b31b8ca8a6152970b1	Keep your balance, move around on the motorcycle and make it do what you want.
4e4f282da75090141fcad0cef69fb5fd8dec9217	Do not try to tilt your torso in the direction opposite to the turn.
bb80cd1234edba2eec223c1cbb933a8ffc72fbd1	Expose the inner leg #24
23642579e854adb5b7131b7650625e6ec302592a	When passing a turn, put your inner leg in front of you, even if it barely touches the surface; be ready to support the motorcycle if the wheel drives.
dd048117f860310e0f875ceb3a1a4f3b5141c7b5	At the same time, load the external footrest.
fa0fc5f99446430a41205ecf457e40f75fa34480	The position of the inner leg when passing a turn is very important.
df08adab9d577fb5bd86d71808eb19a676e52364	Typical mistakes are the use of the inner leg to maintain balance and the inability to lift the motorcycle if it bends too much or slips.
a9b723e099b0bd2e9e55259b4b46bdc8c41f52da	A typical mistake regarding the external leg is the location of the center of the foot on the footrest, not the toe, and its relaxed state instead of pressure on the footrest.
19d713b46db60fe924e32c3d4b7ec14b20d2faca	Your inner foot should slide along the ground, barely touching it.
f65d55838eca7a32bb72d47e1b42002158c8a8fb	It must be in a position that provides a good jerk to lift the motorcycle in the event of a slip of the front wheel.
7b94cb3aeb6766683125ecb38641b9d05d26522c	You should not fix the hip, knee and ankle, but it is desirable to hold them firmly enough to maintain the correct position.
e156547357fa3bcfd2c0c541cd7a09b0d724bc33	When the need to put your foot out disappears, return it to the running board as quickly as possible.
de8bdde561c9ccbf2a9ed7cc25305ec240986d8f	When doing this, keep pressing on the external footrest to maintain a low center of gravity, especially in turns without stopping.
3f98df682dcd422fe242629309bef133d4c72a89	Practice this technique separately, like any other, to develop your skills.
e9870f4bd2a8d52451dc47eed2debc9a2a936eb1	Put your foot out on time #25
56a7803f8ef5f04bf7a77b886a982810b00576fe	Place the inner foot on the part of the turn where the transition from braking to acceleration occurs and return it back to the running board as quickly as possible.
b861c49f4b459f6711054cf48fd432573b6f568c	Here, a typical mistake is putting your foot out too early.
919af0358c871e2e923ef16e31ab03ef99c5a87d	Many racers do this so that it is easier to keep their balance.
55c4ad07b8ebd764fd23738b3d5fcf9baa1f035e	They make the mistake of using their foot as a counterweight.
9f45ac9c108fbe2c4362bca426a5cc51b581fa61	If you keep your shoulders straight and your body in balance, there will be no need to use your leg in this way.
016440b2036a1094509876caad2e51ba5a0db0e7	After passing the turn, beginners do not return their foot to the running board for too long.
eb38e518719aeb4f50b0d1058aae4cfc388ca7be	This forces them to sit, and when accelerating over potholes, all the blows are taken by the ass.
402adf36013954a0159def26a7230a6ae6c1336e	To perform the reception correctly means to put the foot out for as little time as possible.
b833d6adc861654f6baff82436b52dcea4b70c08	The stop should be set at the moment when the transition from braking to acceleration occurs.
c4b8404d4c4cdadb0056aff77305b32082785921	Your foot is placed on this part of the turn, and then returns to the running board as quickly as possible.
9914555788816f9b63a09bee3045481e6fa58c94	Keep your center of gravity low when loading the footrests, and use the levers and torso for control and balance.
0fca88c3a4dc45ffa84077f1175c0860c2e341fd	Pay special attention to this technique, and you will notice how quickly the acquired skill will start working for you.
e6cf92d2332087c4cfbeeb87faf1809aad11226d	Coordination, balance, and foresight give you control.
e70d1531ef11544b0f52ef2b9c39eece8b3faa3a	Brake or accelerate #26
968fcf7c893cc5b8af00962383abfb03e77b1e34	On the motocross track, you should either brake or accelerate.
94c4c380fbd3cbff344fc5732d3840b7f1f73698	Sometimes you need to carefully combine one with the other.
46a8f16acf1a6f4b7fd54b9deef23f2d180ae246	Now we are moving on to more advanced techniques that require a lot of time and practice.
30ceed1df8eafbdabc4c66aee1bae5298a661129	But they allow you to drive fast and constantly maintain control.
a43e0f23dc2861baf34520ee5c7ea7469af0dbc0	Novice racers slow down, accelerate, or do neither.
6988f26a2a43e4cee473e68924fb380d965ed31c	Usually these things are done independently.
f0762e577a2c3829462313d97494f4bef84544ac	They miss the benefits of not only controlling speed and inertia, but also the feeling of how the motorcycle obeys the controls and keeps the track.
54779e5fb57b1bf1f76fb0ef8b7bfbb517d7aea7	Professional racers feel so well all the elements are controlled they know that they can use them simultaneously, while maintaining control over each.
651f62bbf87958452c7b10dc9e79cafe65a928be	Often, when a professional racer goes from braking to acceleration and vice versa, he uses the clutch, gas and both brakes at the same time.
e0fa0a7d41b407ecc4d17815d4c97223bbc937b7	This is done at the time of the transition.
c3fdac40635b05989379022a5cfd324f2532fa81	And even when the rider does not use everything at once, he is either in one state or in another.
e9cea0fdc678b32110a1dbe15ab45f41b6fb1d56	No intermediate is given.
9858799d2f08229ad4974b199a7df88ea673eda1	Start of braking #27
86f2daf8087a8c9d061f6846400a5d4833538949	This is the moment when you go from acceleration to braking.
5a05a80534015301887d71ad08dcb3abf63f4675	There should be no pause between these actions.
6d3bb333340e05b4edc036c2dfb66d3f3e3d21f3	You will encounter this technique every time you encounter obstacles that force you to make the transition from acceleration to braking.
2ce78d71de63d6c688fea8ef59359c95ec2dc70b	This can happen before entering a turn, a certain type of springboard, a wave, on a slope, etc.
4eb114eed8fce0bf20c2b447841d23d03eb1a14a	Novice racers here, as a rule, have an extensive field for improvement.
28f9cecb4df43ceee5ff863d6c9d5fabadcbcf54	Beginners tend to pause between acceleration and braking, then pause again and continue braking.
3f539517f4f9daa2a10e93d2544a90033be31e77	The right thing is to directly switch from one action to another.
3e23ad7d63c2ca3ca7f3eb4aea0cc2df2b97124a	Often, acceleration and braking will overlap.
7401591a6ce99bd6378c68a279e561fef092cc47	This improves manageability and gives you more control over the situation.
7bef84c6c598b604f2339da0e53a855f1c4bb19a	Do not resort to panic braking, train smooth controlled braking.
1562d79e9597a9de941ebb6101251e86ef6e11d2	Braking Completion #28
a2991e3e6445bbc22e68757ca8c42f3cfae0852e	This is the moment when you go from braking to accelerating.
ef5f2674e87e9de050be458bfb2c78453fec8e21	As you understand, there should be no pause.
cec19acdad79f3cc24150a851bda41886287255a	This is similar to reception #27, but here we are talking about a different kind of transition.
a88b8893c58b4a4031e9626cc9dca272fcd8b195	This situation is most often found in turns.
e271cae1760d9a28245f674683f8c22bc2d74aac	A typical delay error is when switching from braking to acceleration.
562035ce86bc4ba8100cb37db96cc602b5f8ce19	This increases the probability of a front wheel failure.
d0605c995fd8f1530fbab1d56bf94fa5e04be1ab	In some turns, you should switch from hard braking to hard acceleration, but more often you will switch from hard braking (when entering a turn) to braking more and more gently until you start a light, hard acceleration.
561551d2241a72a23c10521e21a370237377f61a	This means that the transition from braking to acceleration should always be controlled, whether it is hard or soft.
4f69c611149a576e680d85ada17a4ab243b472fa	In most cases, braking and acceleration will overlap.
e3a054c160887aec9983c36f93fc32b8a7b59572	Motocross is not so much willpower and courage, as accuracy and control.
6abf5b04c062d1673ef270099f44a1239834eac1	Link Transitions #29
3f6c393c55ae099a79bb000d9fafc5cc0aaec48e	At the beginning and end of braking, you make the transition from acceleration to braking or from braking to acceleration.
5bc725ac8f281abe7e43895b28538217d7368e39	You need to link the braking and/or acceleration forces with how and where you want to direct them using the control levers.
90d2eb4b65cc372df32eb6fda782a64a7396ae22	This requires proficiency in using all five controls.
208f99e55058bde3e932e743e0c5f8f92d1ab78e	Yes, we are still talking about the beginning and end of braking.
c48e8e814bb6d2a33de08b0d92ffbf42584af88a	This is because these elements are so important in motocross.
2a6d749aef72ee007c7919516ecd3d1bf961aa00	One of the reasons for this is the duration of the transition from acceleration to braking and from braking to acceleration.
7b3ddc991d96be15eead9a3cbfcb10b5ea47c118	Because of this duration, the transition must be carried out correctly, constantly maintaining full control.
ca6d4403fedc4a12e4ba4c3377edcf956fbe20e8	Having subdued the front and rear brakes, gearbox, clutch and gas, you will gain control.
16944c8622ad46359f9227dea5fdc51574461709	This is because the correct use of these elements leads to a certain behavior of the motorcycle, depending on how you use these elements.
67290a3d6e379950243ebeb5bfd43965d32a60b4	For example, when you tilt the motorcycle when entering a turn and lock the rear wheel at the same time, the front wheel moves back and inside the turn.
223cc4a79db10971663b1c6ae436ac1fc62559ac	This will prevent the front wheel from sliding.
6782bda9f56b91517a7d5bb19dfb83718c616ad9	And when you release the rear brake, it is better to be on the gas to maintain control, because a pause will lead to a breakdown of the front wheel.
8b9a7f9373a19f11320d74a978674e92625416bb	This is just one example, there are several more.
5fb269558385759b32784ac849b00bf7226acff7	Just remember: acceleration or deceleration, no pause.
2bbcbe219a0ebea32eea5bad0712854f2ad9099f	Lightly engage the front brake #30
423409e7948c6d7f635285ab9e69c4c5b60a4ac6	A slightly pressed front brake when passing a turn with a stop will hold the front wheel in it and allow you to turn sharper.
ce32e9b47d82432cf4fb56f189a092d93eabf7eb	A typical mistake when entering a turn with a stop is releasing the front brake too early.
59c8207f8a3234469a189dc960fbbc837e261e26	The rider releases the front brake, considering that he has slowed down enough.
faccc8699dbb040320055455389c91f6b2cae644	When the brake is released, the front wheel tends to go over the embankment.
a647228e1f8c4c7c02e0a96f91b496d8fcd23ca6	The professional will keep his finger on the front brake until he opens the gas.
9e5dc9bb2fdf1d5ebb29422609f8b093a35d7cf0	Then it will automatically release the front brake.
6fbe2fe9122b755c8686e7c0edf8bfb5eafd9505	That is, he slightly presses the front brake until the moment when he is ready for a hard acceleration to exit such a turn.
cce1ac01bbc5927a2b007e61ea86fec00720d9f0	When you tilt the motorcycle while passing a turn with an embankment and use the front brake, this reduces the angle of rotation, slows down the motorcycle, makes the turn sharper.
307950ad170ab11f57c4be00b92c594d108dbd32	The advantage is that you can enter the turn with an emphasis at a higher speed and at the same time not fly out of it.
d807b017eff6b3b9d90ea7d7662f234242fecb10	This is especially true when turning to the right, when you need to release the rear brake to put your foot out.
abaefbedcd967f075e09c7905ad796420f05cedd	Learn how to use the front brake and gas in turns with emphasis at the moment of transition from braking to acceleration, and you will never fly out of it again.
9d9d6368a4a2a3eaefae482aaccf9e78ae4073cf	Brake coordination/gas #31
bbe4a8e431a47b21a948a6eae850c397cc14512a	You can use the front brake and gas at the same time.
efc90026447743bea9f034de25bf1b3c00aae2c4	Press the brake lever with one finger.
ae43fd3d9848d56f1b38679b26f6d831b46c003a	This technique is similar to the previous one.
dd8c7d9d9d9841e9e84f71698abaffc015ac7378	Many motocross techniques are used together, providing comprehensive control.
99d97e8df29205edef9129de30486e90547aa88f	In this case, we are talking about the control that you will gain by learning how to use the front brake and gas at the same time.
91b97fd0c6a6f55960d27fe788825424ae4bcec2	This is most often done in turns with a focus.
969998d7943c6c09b7e9499092d0210d24e9e268	Many racers use only one control at a time.
93883aa36b17bb8116cc1c5372e348ae81097f73	For example, they can release the brake lever before they open the gas.
af71618f71a374e8ffb912ddef799bc8d89b777a	You will not achieve absolute control over the situation with rough use of the controls.
03c483201689258fb17e3f4c75480e694c01405e	In addition, some novice riders put two, three or even four fingers on the brake lever.
6f07f36d7e43093001594faa6e444725d1ddea4a	This is not good, while it is impossible to properly hold the throttle handle.
d08553322b7d620415ed8685f254bf93faa006ba	With disc brakes, one finger is quite enough.
19a58819e10870b5357641f07bfe230628cbc60e	As noted earlier, you need to maintain control over speed and torque constantly, especially when switching from acceleration to braking and vice versa.
ad270c5da7ed6fc8088747e266e90cdd34070301	One way to achieve this is the ability to control both the front brake and the gas at the same time.
d113e676d4cef27900fa85112746b6d776af9a88	Of course, you will not use both elements rigidly.
1f874033baec4b23a470461b67c2e74d8d9d08d2	By simply pressing the brake lever and opening the gas, you achieve absolute control over speed and torque during the transition from braking to acceleration.
dfc28a1ae292cff3deb1e6c517e6b73887dde86e	This control also allows you to turn sharper and better.
b5740f123d7acad10b18e6b115ef23e1b8cebb79	If you want to increase your level, you must clearly master these techniques.
e5ad7146a0ff55c5ec703f00d9359abe1a7af7d6	The only way to do this is to practice.
3d5bfb3ac5027b916095f0ac159db38e209ecd60	Using the front brake when braking with skidding #32
a3408b844d6042b88159cdf6959f9a8b748d2dd7	When braking with a skid, use the front brake to guide the skid.
9b36e7faf91061271b5465cab82acfba690e36d8	In this situation, you can use the front brake as hard as necessary because when braking with a skid, the front wheel will move straight and without sliding.
eb14b8730b55e0470f1b10aced85eac3d232117b	The front brake has a greater braking force than the rear.
ecab706757350ecd40f942b7d48de4b99af45178	Many riders lock the rear wheel in a turn to do braking with a skid, but release the front brake too early.
70321c4de0bd43d6d99543bf4827c456b9564820	When this happens, they have very little control over where the skid is directed, because the motorcycle just slides.
ee246e7d5ecd1c3b4011ca82fa5048af3a204f2a	Without any braking force.
acca6ab638e044b83f29fb26973ac7cbe23cb8bb	When the bike is still in a skid, you can use the front brake.
3f7ef9b954bc35335d302dc47a7ac92f490a9267	The front wheel will move straight and will not slip.
4d80b8c77e795d903c1450a3ab5a4d3f1b0bad47	This way, you will be able to enter the turn deeper and at a higher speed and at the same time direct the drift exactly where you want.
0c29fd0fed8a54727aa4382d1a0b1ada137df3dd	Learn how to use all the controls at the same time.
fec211505ff6bc3bb6867b2474b9ecf1240484af	From Skidding Braking to Acceleration #33
2aead72ecac2f04f029081207ae887d358cb77c7	Finish skidding braking where you want to turn and use the clutch, gas and brakes to switch from skidding braking to controlled skidding in one motion.
bd64b6f685d84895fe5fcdbce9810e68f671bd54	When you want to enter a turn by braking with a skid, and exit it with a controlled skid, keep in mind that braking with a skid is the easy part.
3ff7cced28951232d50a5b1a823e50928dd2914c	Even small children can do it on their bicycles.
b2fb48ad91f0c7c82263f736b3f87f3c50fd6049	The trick is to switch to a controlled skid just before the braking stops with a skid.
cbfde73f1d4809474ccf917d96a9107fbda2cbcc	If the time is chosen incorrectly, the motorcycle will do absolutely everything except what you want it to do.
d2bfb4236640216a621f17ceffd402139afa8fcb	Make sure that you are skidding deep enough into the turn.
5618575b8cd33c093aba49dfb43f9b735a47c5dc	By the end of braking with a skid, you must overcome at least half of the turn.
6afe99ae48f789576d14c87952268e349eb67737	In this case, you will have the right basis for starting a controlled skid.
4c48c24e3ddc011c2c789cbe173920b33f2cdae5	Make sure that you clearly coordinate and control the release of the brakes and the start of a controlled skid with the help of the clutch and gas.
190e30e3663488ac8756f6f2cd203bee92d088a2	Do it at the right time and in the right amount.
395a2894c0f5943b802c5660f5b2b1e9105d1484	Practice this transition on various surfaces, from tenacious to slippery.
03b7a1232b66d9bcc0898df916c2189d3b2e88d1	Brake to maintain control #34
a47a23736d5ab812a4387740c3156ce3a088b76e	Use the rear brake when entering a turn to shift the front wheel back and inwards, preventing it from sliding.
b92d1673b9815f60fdec21c0150ea04bc9b9687d	As we showed above, releasing the front brake too early takes away your control.
4c626a10864d02d5ec0b670138279793fbce241c	This is also true for the rear brake.
8dfbf447511fc67e253fe0a1b030ebd6ef1e7308	A typical mistake made by racers is releasing the rear brake when entering a turn.
afcb85ba376fad42c6af756e3e77717e9dee6d1a	This deprives the rider of the ability to slow down even before the motorcycle is at the exit of their turn.
0342d47f0f1755a1eaca765a1dff221c8353fc1b	This means that they are forced to slow down earlier and at the same time lose some control when switching from braking to acceleration.
cda3698569d4484be73c28a961967528b218cbc0	Your toughest braking should be done when you close the gas before turning.
5769253780b8ee9ea98601d8b5a6b43d0089e94d	At this time, you should quickly reset the maximum speed.
cda4d318cce55db59b10a4fe5510ef4a19a1b99f	Then, as you pass the turn, you brake more and more easily until the moment of transition from braking to acceleration, when you finally release the brakes and use the clutch and gas to switch to hard acceleration.
e8b3311aeceab93a544e19aa0ffe4cfc2d7482c9	You will feel control when you learn to hold the back brake up to this point.
60029f4495f8f5ded6ec92bc9aa9a5d5d96bef5a	If there is no accuracy , there is no control.
a042f602c1e23995d1376760c34b909cacf2813e	Passing turns
c0ab3eff008549238914962f358cc004c6f2db0c	Most of the turns are done sitting, as this allows you to lower the center of gravity
2919a20aad3b788775b283f4e396de8c2dd3a714	Load the front of the motorcycle, this will help the front wheel to keep the hook
43d96f5118969d6b5401892f174c89b786b11cd9	Train yourself to open the gas at the exit of the turn, this will make its passage smoother and allow you to start accelerating earlier
fdbb565b52a837d9ee0688fe269b52298e02a438	Perform most of the braking before entering the turn
0c96e8372e0c62df14a7176bd23b017135e57619	When possible, try to write smooth trajectories to keep the pace
7a6a60412c0c28b38a21e6a9eca4f083da18d1d5	Look for stops and ruts, they can help you pass the turn faster, especially if it is located on a slope
e38b75b45a3e635d1dee3dabf5370b8302b21da4	7.
a89c4973bec4f6aaf5c408c5c4e2450fef674ef2	Try different trajectories
460ceafe2196e11a3a04ecefcb01a4c09168b840	24 Dec 2002 02: 37
553b096aba2a8583a58b782bb7c8858584bea637	"driving techniques" lessons of Gary Semix " Chapter 8.
98950aa876c7f138c5ca57c1dac77338e33d61c5	Jumping [A look at simple, double and triple jumps, tables and sprints]
4b3db85c337dcddca99262c87d00dcc829a44e17	Chapter 8.
c8c6ac75572e5d92d930bc6f014cce92a102832b	Indescribable sensations, as a rule, are the reason why racers prefer cross country and enduro to other types of motorsport and road riding.
0f9a982e81226840cf5fedccc92d222623be5718	As you will see, there are a lot of elements that can send you flying: from bumps on low speed sections to cliffs and jumps at maximum speed.
15ebacb5cfc851c7dcc1eb68cdc11789821dda29	There are hundreds of thousands of components in motocross and enduro, and jumping is the most difficult element
7419cc0ff110d53ebd300649d6bb167a843c1bc1	” Before jumping, it always makes sense to familiarize yourself with the existing conditions, "advises Jeremy McGraw," You should always imagine where you are going to land; otherwise, your chances of injury increase.”
12ad7b056b50b70b66ea36055d40e11b1002c48f	This will allow you to make fast movements and cope more effectively with the arrival on the springboard.
bcb60d54e40ce38ebe7910b52abc68f3e425ada7	Throwing jumps
8f37377d608f04faf888694e94084528c5523e70	Be careful with such jumps, because of their nature they tend to send riders over the steering wheel.
dad5947c4071c3791c0f2398e2ff76379cd9b31f	In essence, these are low steep jumps and potholes that throw the rear wheel harder than the front one.
dd64eca705a224cee8e01a7638d4ae760ab06cde	It is most preferable to approach such jumps standing, transferring weight to the rear wheel, at low or medium speed.
1abf6a325d9fde35b07d5801425fbe1c5886a807	The harder you drive into such a springboard, the greater the tossing effect will be.
b1700af900754eaf3f4c2be3a25e15a989a13f75	As soon as you come into contact with the springboard, accelerate along its entire length to keep the front wheel raised.
d61fe6f69ce743786f29f4a3f7704ee2f1ac3d4b	On the springboard, you should resist the rear suspension, not allowing your knees to relax.
b0d63edd59425526a87c21717131e1a4130223a3	If you try to take part of the shock with your knees, then the rebound will increase, your chances of flying through the steering wheel will increase.
a10ec8e09da4850d64584bb2e5262c4c6488a040	But it is also important not to fix the position of the knees, they should be ready to move in case of a need to change the position of the body
3d053fa4831c3d5c060d46fde35d0cf553b13c63	Different approaches to landing
9321757c714d3952593fabe17bf2191e462cd45f	When landing on the front wheel, which is used quite rarely, it is better to concentrate the weight on the back of the seat, and keep your hands away from the front brake.
0edfed5a010bfa72c27ae1a109b2cd22f9eaab79	This, combined with the correct position allowing the knees and elbows to take part of the impact, will reduce the likelihood of falling.
e74d8ee8d5f8179482552a7594ab0ca69a7df83a	When it comes to landing for a single jump, it is usually best to land on the rear wheel.
190c7aba6e88209a99ccd86ae4719d8870930720	At all stages of the jump, the standing position allows the rider to control the position of the motorcycle by pushing or pulling the steering wheel; using the footrests as a support, move the weight forward or backward.
e0fbfbaf6e8cdb591ceab4fa77edc72e7b4a0f71	The photos will illustrate this.
725056b23f0754fac86782d6da72d9b933eb579c	Jump Basics
59423077e3f7e63669f1189d089406f0f28d31e9	Low jumps are a good testing ground for studying the behavior of a motorcycle.
259d97f1bf0c07db6d5470aa89b350ff517fe948	In this series of photos, Danny Carlson demonstrates the basics of jumping, bending his knees, keeping his foot on the brake pedal, raising his hands, bending his elbows, looking forward
49cb86528938e1635afd4847a108968604aa6464	After getting off the ground, Carlson uses his weight to maintain balance.
b1c836f9d98543c75ff9864b8e250713b5879eea	It pushes the steering wheel slightly away to prevent the front wheel from lifting up, and moves the weight back to avoid the tossing effect
d5c6c605997dfbc1e73e673a7771b305af7cb566	Carlson will maintain this position until it needs to be corrected.
b66d0e997cbf81f3beb238d3741be1c0f16c70d1	If the front wheel had lifted, he would have transferred his weight to the steering wheel.
3dfb51881af0936026210cada1f718f1d5aa6e5a	Accordingly, if the front wheel suddenly dropped, Danny would pull the steering wheel towards himself.
82e54a0a4703639672ff9b35366eed9037e91acb	And if a more drastic action was required, he would lock the rear brake to lower the front wheel, or open the gas to raise it
b6c5b910ef5ec4d9ba75c8d4f397ef16297a6f3f	Landing, Carlson goes forward, absorbing part of the impact with his knees and elbows.
3dd50a4faf10a05ff4daeb2155d433b2f68d905f	Landing on the gas reduces the shock and allows you to continue driving faster
017ac1d2e17ee11d12ce617cdda9400095db8dc5	Carlson keeps the throttle open to allow the engine to help the suspension absorb the shock, directing forward movement.
0a8ed454403dcf11e0e4db057cb864dd66d7b780	If he wanted to brake immediately, the suspension would go to the depths of the earth
40903a96f140a6e251c18aa17ebb65102fdf3bd3	“If you accidentally jumped out with the front wheel lowered, the position can be slightly corrected with the help of gas, "says Danny Carlson," The gyroscopic effect of the rear wheel can have a significant impact on the motorcycle.
fc88121c6297fc635281d3545cfc0794b9498f7b	Because of this, in order to lower the front wheel in the jump, some riders use the rear brake.
457bfc4a754b2396a852d071c2260d5d6fcff1ac	At the same time, you should squeeze out the clutch and throttle a couple of times, so as not to lose speed later.”
4d1a831d420513458a4a5a2b087099138ad82ead	” When I land, I usually try to correlate the angle of inclination of the motorcycle with the angle of inclination of the surface; the exception is uneven areas where I land with the front wheel slightly higher than the rear to avoid twisting the front fork, "says Ron Lichin," If you land on an uneven surface with both wheels at the same time, the front wheel may bounce under the impact, you will lose pace.
fd9e06eb83713a76fe569d1eb11395590a4f991d	But if you land on the rear wheel on the gas, the impact of the shock will be less."
7bba03fd285ab79451b8a75caefde968deb5216b	” Except when you land on an ascent or unexpectedly encounter a double jump, do not keep the front wheel raised too high, “advises John Dod,”The higher it is raised, the harder it will fall when landing."
0c2cf093c1a66ce881442764ce135ae1dbbc1836	It is also very important to load both footrests equally, so as not to upset the balance.
fb7a6ff7e929f6c086b7807d40d2815ffe71e3c7	Until you move on to advanced jumping techniques, you should keep the bike straight and not tilt it to the sides.
5a02d5848eaf6c0e0ebfaeb35216a189998db62a	With an inclined position, the probability of wheels sliding when jumping out or landing increases, which can lead to a lot of unpleasant events.
0bb39c2a4b61ee8a353ee85cef5a314138f3adc5	If this happens in the air, then the situation can be corrected by loading the footrest, which is located above; this technique should be used only if necessary.
193daf137ed8b89de36d47c3df5fd8f66c0e1d14	Tables
7f9d911a71984c058aea6a701831e6c94bb5b479	We repeat that, while training, it is necessary to move from simple to complex.
c7b7f0cd7bc6921bfe19e5929231d1492adb9e10	If you feel that you will land before the receiving part, you should touch the edge of the table with both wheels at the same time to maintain control of the motorcycle.
75c675f4f373c4f5a3c6b8a7f6281b8c1f194954	If you land on the front wheel, you will not be able to maintain good handling.
3eb387ee9750e7193bbda8d0c9af777f459e2836	If you jump over the table, it is better to land in the same way, parallel to the surface and on the gas.
da7a37d5482ba5f14b2a2034bbd02cf1eef37494	Jump lower
a628bf4b2ee7713226f204a2e8fa57e7e374b6a2	After you get used to the table, you can try to diversify your arsenal.
23f029de7f7cce361631dbe5288263de2b8dd30d	” On the tables, I always try to jump as low as possible, "says Danny Carlson," When I realize that I have gained enough speed, I close the gas on the last two or three feet of the springboard and push the steering wheel away as soon as the front wheel leaves the ground.
bc4dc7350e3bfe23b1ae8579428a321c671e9657	I do this with a single movement, changing the position of the whole body.
26d0e2e2e170064c42ecf66dbfbeae7b7246a405	The idea is to steer the bike forward, not up."
270334b54004ee2b1789cd3d82e359826e819623	Double jumps
c9a5e451dc1e8d337e1aad35b79221238dfa14f6	If there ever comes a time in your life when you feel the strength to perform this element, you should start the same way as on the table.
7ed269ef70319aac45fb4a64e1fc11aa5e4f207b	But keep in mind that here the consequences of not jumping can be much more serious.
f27f68ceec57e0ed4d29b3778de5b2e3e1a15f84	If possible, practice a single jump, landing at the base of the second springboard (where this is even possible - it's up to you).
6c9016877eddf64f167d7819d33defa4125ae320	A single jump will again give you an idea of the required speed and possible trajectory.
3f7af194e53bd3a45ba749f6c940fd2eed2feb6b	Only when you are absolutely confident in yourself, you should try yourself on a double springboard.
4d76e70ada03ab4de946fa9b3d0a9bcb4d309045	"Double jumps require full concentration”" says Steve Lamson, " You need to give your best.
5c41ff1c0c5cf2043e6b8577cc53481ef07ba6ff	When you are in the air, there is no turning back."
ac2300d48d51641e7cda0baa428f0103fd96a32d	If the calculation is correct, you should land on the descent behind the second springboard.
52ba95aef07422beb99053795c7c660902802879	If you have doubts, it is usually safer to jump over than not to jump.
1c76cf77042cce014c6c2fa2f4203c3a2364ebf3	But in the end, all the envy depends on the landing site and the availability of space behind the springboard.
1b7fc2c49cea701beb8d578dd9545687663dcaf7	The case of jumping involves the same technique as the table, and not jumping is noticeably different.
4d097adeff07636016cd17ca52e0a1ca683a2b5c	If you land before the second springboard is placed on the lifting part, it is better to keep the front wheel raised.
724b1b2c49056f99ed9844799eac20fb86a4ca47	The impact will be very strong, and this technique will allow the fork and the shock absorber to take it together.
19dcac8fb539f00fcd4f246a5a40e9ed00997e5f	If you fly over the springboard with one wheel, then it is better to keep the motorcycle parallel to the ground.
55b432811d37f06728e240fce5ebdd5b4f72728c	If in such a situation the front wheel is lower than the rear, there is a high probability that you will roll over.
dba30097d0ed919ea5689e99059bf3a1919c3c65	And if the front wheel is raised, a powerful blow to the rear wheel may follow, which will lead to a lot of interesting consequences that you will not like.
dc3bde896ef9da42af88fb6f39d693b1ebe73a36	“When you master double jumps, start with a simple one,” says Danny Carlson, “It is desirable to find such a springboard, the consequences of not jumping on which will not be fatal."
35a1939a540b611f47005dcb938ec44e23501b6e	Double jumps are a frequently used element of modern trails.
5cff6ff6b83980c93232c166c397200b9ad4c434	The idea is to jump over the second springboard and land on its receiver.
45593c98dafa8227e604c1af5aafd07745c5c635	Small jumps like this are the best place to develop your skills.
7bc2dd3912d0bd3d0f636f19f347fbc7346b7bb0	In this photo, Steve Lamson is approaching the jump at a speed just enough to cover the distance between the two jumps
aa19e7273937e8d8d613148b0c8df7df225616b8	In the previous photo, Lamson was in the center of the motorcycle, but note how he shifted back.
717ad95c8c005d9c1ba63f94122feabaa154e358	This is the result of pushing off the steering wheel, which was intended to lower the front wheel.
4306f75db0ef55a688aad8687d167877c6e20508	When the landing zone is on a slope, it is usually necessary to correlate the slope of the motorcycle with the angle of inclination of the surface
c04176bd502c50e4c9baaa85adf99f18c9480b89	Before landing, Lamson once again changes the position of the body, returning the weight to the center.
1578c47d8f53e43adcccae45dad92dc7384841fd	Notice that he is standing in an attacking position
fb6f374eb6815365b3b87e3d771dc340547163a2	When both wheels touch the surface, Lamson absorbs some of the shock with his knees and elbows, but remains standing.
b7f40d0936aa24c0b84ec6706e4fc8885f4d8cb8	In this particular jump, the shock was not very large and did not significantly affect the suspension
88a87f5d5c28588c7c6c836aa48bed0f886429ce	Landing accuracy
a1b36c4597f8d91820e19365c400110b58231b6f	Some double jumps require a jump height to a greater extent than others.
ba6d4a23cf33d328c02dee0a76d4d04fbd74f750	Usually jumps of this type have a short landing zone, which requires considerable accuracy, allowing you to avoid a powerful shock for the motorcycle and the rider.
0651b960e6daec9e9df657f588528ff6b63e8ebf	The flight path from a high springboard is sometimes easier to assess, plus there is less chance of a strong impact of the front wheel when entering the springboard.
4d0f08e19c67d8b3b57288748e92fa359ff69093	Taking off, John Dod allows the front wheel to rise higher than usual, moving back and slightly opening the gas
6ec9901d5bf2ee3030c88d0388ab344e9530256b	At this stage, the Dod feels that it is jumping far enough, and begins to lower the front wheel, shifting forward
0a0afa42bdf8b3dab27d49a9a24a274217e5546c	In a split second, the Dod moves from the rear position forward.
e1ae5887e852c7b2e4edf7ff728971fa683d2c8f	Note that his knees are bent to absorb some of the shock when landing, and the wheels are approximately at the same level
db17ee27cd306ea7c4e5c102f8b43757e4f6b8cd	If Dod had felt that he was landing before the receiver, then, probably, in order to prevent a fall, he would not have landed on the front wheel.
f6c49455a73b0cd8194808c59761ccc607c09a0c	This double springboard is not high speed, however, if you do not jump to the receiving part, in most cases it will be better to land in accordance with the angle of inclination of the second springboard than to stick the front wheel into it.
353af5fcc820882a474754c9dca0fc2fb4483965	Fortunately, Dod demonstrates a great jump and "comes in for a landing".
340fe73dc7e1924c5c9732144c0b5f8fd31b075c	As you can see, the front wheel is lowered in accordance with the landing conditions on the descent
b625389302e4c511699d6de32c70674033bb1d73	Triple jumps
1fc804fb467a0ae06d68c66d067489677a8e91dd	Triple jumps require the same approach as double jumps.
a23b8d609fb62df652a5a632b9ef503cb7dc9a4c	Start by studying the springboard, then practice landing between the first two, double jump, jump over the first two jumps (if possible) until you feel that you are ready for a triple jump.
52cca3fda74c2c8f7674bbc07f2dad03a7b4864a	When you take it up, imagine that there is no middle springboard and there is a long double springboard in front of you.
ae3bb1a35c3eade17aa05fed1420200405d957df	Such triple jumps are very impressive and very difficult.
97228e8d0cbb1b7179a9c7dfcecb2d853475625a	Due to the height and speed of the jump, they are at the same time the most dangerous, requiring great skill and confidence.
4b76fef19d39b76576129b4e1d2295e48abf71bf	In most cases, it is best to start the path to a triple springboard with the development of a single and double.
e41403576e0e834c9bbd21185493da21a6104bad	Only when you clearly master the double jumps and are sure that you can perform this element entirely, you should start thinking about it
80e9a63d90501b71d70a1d181a09c534c99e0d9d	For a successful jump of any type, a good approach to it is most important.
f9505f06ffcb7bf5f0964c327b83f44ea5a4e667	To perform this element, you need sufficient acceleration, which usually requires a straight section without potholes in front of the springboard
70ae7b9b42784823083b5941b6a81662001cad38	When entering the springboard, the suspension takes part of the impact, which can be seen when looking at the back of the motorcycle.
932137237b65925113c74adedea058eb12f11930	On takeoff, it is important to keep the speed, concentrate the weight in the center, keep the knees bent so that they can absorb some of the shock
72f7f0dcc361e761aebe5b4eeaa9a115ba8477cf	To get the best result, Lamson accelerates throughout the entire lifting part of the springboard.
e7cb26d67ce4375ebe15382c3cc0d6d861f023fd	This will cause the front wheel to rise faster than the rear wheel.
095ac1f1e078a4336fd5a266a03ccdc451b1b848	To balance the position, Lamson pushes the steering wheel slightly; at the same time, his weight shifts backwards.
973a912dd36526a5b24117fed2dcc0f83cf80673	This allows you to maintain balance by taking the footrest as a support
ddb65728d7999423605e1f3723c0df9de429dd8f	In the air, it is best to stay a little relaxed, so that you can adjust the position of the motorcycle if necessary.
503256701353f2f7c08ed9cbf72561230ee40826	In most cases, it is not force that is required for control, but accuracy
937653203ee83234244e2014aae8fc8efd3b0b7a	Preparing for landing, Lamson begins to adjust the bike to the slope.
abf6c77d9b50c7b0f76ed51cdbf3d0b85bb5a8cf	He pushes the steering wheel away again, shifting even further back
3735ec69db1be43dd94b5ac91dfbc0e42f365ffa	The front wheel drops steeply, and Lamson's ass is already touching the back of the seat.
e4644d20fa57358273fa0cd1760f7f5f79aeb0c7	It seems that Lamson is sitting, but in fact he continues to stand
911bbd7f52e6d59f7e111f4e206ef56bf5a3d02c	A moment before landing, Lamson returns the body to the center position, allowing the bent knees and elbows to take part of the shock.
13d4f0d597d6e866a4a25001eb92c2bbea77cddd	This springboard is followed by a turn, so Lamson is forced to brake
acd06670d0466f4fc0ab3c7f59659650d7fed563	Double jumps on the rise
7271209e9839cf980227dc90c7f8e26c4a780e2d	This is another type of double or triple jumps, where you need to adjust to a different angle of inclination.
f3f75b54b3357ad1e2fd46129ac8deefc614e565	In this situation, you should approach the second springboard step by step, and when you decide to double jump, correlate the angle of inclination of the motorcycle with the slope of the surface, which in most cases will be flat.
213c45d5ff817fc7a2408e782e10fdc29c78ed78	The general considerations for choosing the landing method are the same as for landing after a double or triple jump on the descent, but the penalty for not jumping will be more serious, since the pace is lost to a lesser extent on the descent.
ba85f28ad6548cb7e8f6d50ff2e1134481680bd7	If you hit the last springboard with one of the wheels, it will be extremely difficult to control the motorcycle after that.
cddb0426ebd91dc1c15cf9588c976064e4834a52	Combined jumps
e94d3641fae5034b1c2fcc409dea7379772a1d53	Some tracks offer combined jumps, such as this one.
1e377053e8d5ddf42cfff7c3c8dc923e2547e35b	Such jumps come in all kinds of shapes and sizes, and this particular one is an ascending series of waves before a double springboard
3ae30d1c9479f654862c3e3234a7ab9a70ae7a2e	With such jumps, self confidence and coordination in time decide everything.
4d1feb6591d6b5f5a696c0a3e90aef05663db2ef	If Mike Craig had not landed in the right place, he could have received an unsuccessful suspension release and / or lost the pace necessary for a successful execution of a small double jump
ffaf0bc6d0bb4f1092e4c3c3bd342c855c9b28d6	Craig performed this series perfectly.
ef4c069f3271f552c05545295b956fc76c070796	Note that the front wheel is about 6 inches higher than the rear one.
54a03255e6678e05ca5c5b31bd0f1314cc3ce19d	If he does not fly over the second springboard, he will be able to cope with the blow more effectively in this way.
5a7f648e83bcb2470556d7aa7b156db7dcf2238f	In fact, Craig had sufficient speed and a little later changed the position of the motorcycle, bringing it in line with landing on the slope
2f359e8d753d79d79b387c10adb948f60edccf22	Sprygi
b6142b4f5a858736084c427c2ba2642b3f7e8c4b	Another jumping element is sprints.
b0240731c34c980e7f02cb7904e05ff1bb6dec76	In a standard situation, try to land with the front wheel 6-12 inches higher than the rear, which will allow the suspension to work in the best way.
b7b673546772950bb6359e9338f317522f16ba65	As a rule, the surface in the landing zone is full of random potholes formed by riders landing on the gas.
54446d11049bdd12471fe9ffd6ad5c145988dbb7	Acceleration helps the suspension to take the push more effectively.
3d9a63e39e2676904f271ce135ecdf2fd1ad3afc	” Landing on the front wheel is good only in cases when the surface is flat, “says Lamson, " In most cases, landing on the front wheel is good. oleso is used when it is necessary to switch to braking immediately after a jump, or when a turn follows immediately after landing on a slope after a double, triple springboard or table."
b23d3c6dc48bbf79c2eb5d6f8f6ba49b8593ce76	In the case when I have to jump blindly, Mike Healy expresses his thoughts: "When approaching the springboard, I canot see the landing zone, I try to navigate by indirect signs to be sure that I will land where it is necessary.
a69572dd53e9458a1a544df530963155688efc99	In most cases, you can trust the clearest tracks on the highway, but sometimes you have to keep in mind trees, rocks and other indirect landmarks.
43240049cb75eb25cfdb22fdce395336fc304041	Jumping off cliffs can be quite tricky, since the end result is usually associated with a hard landing.
ac73515a8bbb356079977534833584d87176fa7a	Usually, before jumping, you should stand bent over, shifting back.
585f56188e93ef67a29cc58167081228bfd72174	When the motorcycle is in the air, maintain control with your feet.
aec5eabfc2889a63b6c2baf62dba3a4600bfdcbc	It is more reasonable to land with the front wheel raised, as this will provide better handling
9a6e9c1be8842dbd27cc03b56a3d884f974f4651	John Dod allows his knees to cope with the effect of an unexpected failure.
83d6bed1747b6379c198f784315b1ec60fe62c87	Note that the front wheel is about 6 inches higher than the rear, and the body position is close to the attacker
3505673c943f0f96de105d51a926215f6e25925c	A hard landing is softened with the help of knees and elbows.
248d2fe8e3175b56d6e56567cd9a1d8bd54a7e3b	As evidenced by the dust, the Dod is rigidly accelerated, which also softens the blow, directing the movement forward
9736c3f316ce766dbecb96084c77b1fa27ccd7aa	Immediately after landing, the Dod accelerates to the next element of the track, standing in an attacking position
a4c6087aa2f39237c9ac66b3da5e3535933fc257	Sitting position
21a801f3d25853d00857affdbf753ad1d637e7b3	Although the standing position is the most commonly used when jumping, in some situations, the sitting position can be preferred.
c61d940c7eb1627164b43ff06643e2772385f75f	It can provide additional lift during takeoff, but only if there are excellent conditions: a flat surface, no potholes when approaching the springboard, a smooth entrance to the springboard.
6cab943d2ae6f0ade02a3e78b185a681cbc41876	In this case, the jump will be higher and further, since your knees will not take part of the impact when entering the springboard, the suspension will work harder, followed by a faster recoil during takeoff.
f67fc12f821c104a241b4d812940d875a89e4889	Faster recoil is a key factor that significantly affects the height and range of the jump.
451f8af1393d80b3e4892e69eb87369517f637ea	Regardless of the type of jump, it is important for you to know the characteristics of the engine well, so that the motorcycle does not throw out something unexpected.
2cb084659cb5363bf06d48f66232e5ef645a4054	If you are approaching a double or triple springboard on the rise, and the motorcycle can not develop the necessary speed, then it is worth knowing such things in advance.
700d58a262ec7e5581622fcd4a3df88d36c04b93	” Keep your finger on the clutch all the time in case the engine loses momentum, "advises Lichin," If you land on a climb, or just lost momentum in a jump, it may make sense to switch the speed before landing."
682d6975366b3d1e06a08d23aeeaa70d8739c939	Ultimately, the quality of jumps depends on the skill of the rider and on his ability to analyze the terrain, so your success is in your hands.
b4f2eb53a707f741dbf7dfd80826477ab0e71625	The role of jumping in motocross cannot be overestimated.
47324103cffb4fa64834db8d4caeb985f113abc9	Supercross is all built on jumping and coordination, and the motocross tracks have changed, I borrowed some elements from there.
e5ff5399c5de6a642480642f4dcef9bdc19b3267	Today, to win, you need the ability to control a motorcycle both on the ground and in the air.
85fd587a50585191b53c34332e06c84dd2b62357	The key to controlling the jump lies on the take off.
f7caea0a1f8b95d197f7541b75974c2577023ef5	Using the right techniques and practicing jumps until they become natural and without tension, you will be able to achieve complete control over your flying machine.
e83c85ae5c484638acc39e5d271f11a61ec84988	High Jumps #35
16ecd1d2b6ac37a8dc10b8c547ed8e402bd4b129	To jump higher and further, load the suspension right before the jump and help it unload during takeoff.
07486ad1bb9a713100471413f99a72a5dbf9da6d	Be careful when practicing this technique.
2c0819e11be24ca079c03535e7e312ccfec27342	Start with simple jumps and gradually move on to more complex ones when you are confident in yourself.
c4ed115d4d363507a6c56a4bfc4f9f7eb28796cf	The most common mistake here is that the rider strains or freezes in the most crucial part of the jump, when the suspension is unloaded and the motorcycle lifts off the ground.
1a1ab390b02b5d931be18e4a08ae4c88c92615ef	When the rider freezes, he gives himself up to inertia.
e5438d98201cdce488d63663cb83378ac564beb9	The correct way is to use your weight to increase the compression of the suspension a moment before it starts to unload.
94949500c4879a666ef581f079bf419e02309a49	Then you should help her in this, as if lifting your weight.
105887416928d454d54df8acb5f095cf87bce955	At the same time, choose the angle of the torso to control the motorcycle in the air.
c17f6e23fc0f32e002a93689aa7e4cd12bdd4f9d	Remember that the most important part of the jump is when the motorcycle leaves the ground.
a13deb086472692fd2a36a6d4dd4670471d566a8	What is happening at this moment?
5269170ba2dd8332e70cf900c6b32c58dee16c7c	Compression and unloading.
e1143845127d9a22b2e488da135b8775ad26636d	So rather than strain yourself, it's better to help the motorcycle with your movements.
c4887454d9ed4d9163795298fc78a494d5cebd5e	This will add to your pleasant sensations and eliminate the need to change your pants too often.
da7f95382676134e0aec49f4b4452e0fb41d72d0	Low Jumps #36
5346f8dd1fd3076aaddd4fd6c705d1035f08a6dd	When you want to jump low and close, soften some of the compression and rebound with your body.
9d86233aacbbef062764e9ca0897f6f9784c79fa	Allow the motorcycle to unload under you, slightly relaxing your elbows and knees.
7c2b4fb8b39e5cb06fd78123f504462ef88a3251	Most novice racers do not know the difference between high distant and low close jumps, used if they want to quickly return to the ground and gain time.
c65bde3a2ce3ad83fbf649888e55b878ef3c11cd	They just jump the same way every time.
f84b289834c044832a8d1d6347b18a084f841742	But there is a big difference between the techniques under consideration.
535c8b3d95775d35a64bb22472f3f0d45fa61e36	In this case, you should help the motorcycle absorb some of the compression and rebound with the help of body movements.
2eb3bb1638cc7f12bf64bfeb05bf610eb3617321	When jumping, you should take the motorcycle under you.
12f69c6049c07d5582f70e4f4ec7f1874de94932	This way, you will be able to overcome the jumps and land faster and smoother.
ccfff80f9f86d50fafac2f801ad9c54e4c73e57c	Practice both techniques and you will notice a big difference.
0dae9c4e2319d250313663f2f146e56991ee08e3	Of course, do this on a safe springboard.
589c3ffc982908e2ee65c818263f2732a1f7e436	Control of a motorcycle in flight #37
7886df0c5538791bb3bbcca672635469c403c5f1	In the jump, the squeezed clutch and the locked rear wheel will slightly lower the front wheel.
cda01d2cc7c19a553d842a5ebe0873e515ca651c	The open gas will raise it a little.
a55448c7c600cc35fa98ed39916e15b74a28f1fc	Although the most important part of the jump is taking off, you keep control of the motorcycle in flight.
c63718961ebbd01c225df77545f8041533709e13	As with takeoff, you should be relaxed in the air.
a8f3dcd2be18791ae11c80cb6653b5ea6f6e9fc4	Donot be alarmist.
5dee38f0ea38f17162a4cab17101e9f6e3c95a6e	When the bike is in the air, you can clearly control its tilt with your body.
7c349a2c8fdf8287d08a2e461c31b2b3738781f6	In addition, the clutch and gas allow you to use the gyroscopic effect.
8474fb335786cce6bfbb1f9adeb3f72c866d354f	You can lower the front of the motorcycle a little by squeezing the clutch and locking the rear wheel.
8bbcf4c9e96d204373d11ce36262b99638be88e9	A sharp stop of the rotation of the rear wheel will lower the front part of the motorcycle.
7a7cbc983b325f57778013b885698291e15a646b	The stronger the rotation, the more noticeable the result.
0f6e22b3c5b95d7745cc274b61d81b11429ef751	Opening the gas and sharply increasing the rotation of the rear wheel, you will raise the front one.
17221465a2f8d545aba58c515a26de80e55798b5	This is called panic unscrewing, because sticking the front wheel into the ground, you donot care how much noise you make, if you can save the situation.
8de1a5f1e388bdc32d6b739cda3cb534807472c6	Locking the front wheel is a bad idea.
145be8c996f4475c27eeb821ebfbe9c2dcd2fbe2	Yes, your front will go down, but when you land, a stationary front wheel will cause trouble.
0d18f7d8daae1c5d9dce20615b9e37612bb3e937	So, as you can see, the controls do not lose their meaning, even when the motorcycle is in the air.
9c7432e908fe2e3861c9579cbc8a693b99878cbd	The motorcycle is completely controlled in the air, and the key to controlled flight is a good jump
43978053caeedff38c41bca27fa3444e2a8c4175	Jump Turn #38
3264919639bbcbef1b867d282e3efb456351d367	When you are about to make a turn in the jump, tilt the motorcycle, turn and turn the rear end, taking off.
11a21f10f224e63203d81903aeb324d3f79f4f7c	In flight, maintain your balance and align the motorcycle when landing.
f962ef23d02b6b9d9b67efe18ac912715f41411b	You may have seen novice racers who tried to perform this element by simply turning the steering wheel.
a5dd4be66f21825b3b986d74ca0aae901606fc89	When you want to jump out of the way, tune in to it at the entrance to the springboard.
fef41bfae4cb995fd36be1f15376bcae0afcc3f5	The most important point is the take - off.
19eda440852863bf34b1273394347ae3dea4e13e	It is necessary to bend down, turn and continue the turn when taking off.
2be16bab68710d2b797edaf8e3f905abe58ed589	Then maintain balance by changing the position of the body, adjusting to the chosen trajectory.
5e6960e21e092e874a97267212ba1c08d9ded7e1	If you have problems with the alignment of the motorcycle before landing, it is most likely that you do not maintain balance.
c0fa1e58cba9b629cef31191aae3a2dbca06c2ef	It is necessary to adjust in advance to a certain slope and turn.
8f88375dbd0227552886a0c7bd327f7646a228a4	This technique can be quite dangerous, so be careful.
e9474ac21b6d35716343666903848e52dd9ecaa4	Practice it step by step in conditions of a good safe takeoff and landing.
049705d3e3c5503faa9828e2c4964db2696608ae	Although this element is more designed for the public, there is also a practical benefit from it.
c634c2a981dec0b46cc900fc9655c927a92e8d48	You can prepare for a turn in the jump and land, having already started turning.
bec8f71ec771292ae5e54372f3f27c35f563cd40	In addition, the element can prepare you for jumps of non standard shape.
b556032002ee72940fb5ce49de2b684bb815c0d2	It's not enough to drive on the ground right now.
0c15cf89c001134206494f20f55da2d76b4f0b95	You should still be able to fly.
bb9246b17bfdff9790f8c3e72422d7b7db8ccff0	Jumping
0d61bdb82c37c4adcfb08dc3e633cde413465b8c	Start with small jumps at a low speed
42447ba03fc5fa92d2299fe8ea77b7940283e677	Try to maintain an average position on the motorcycle
da473313729f54ba320eead8dcb5d61443c9403a	Usually you should stand on the jump, in flight and on landing
ac759f2f55b706d56b5ea3fda07168b989e3aec8	Change the body position in flight to control the motorcycle
6420568b06ee1664d2e1ab5c431f58502004f6a9	Help the suspension to take a blow with your knees and elbows
d9675d0269245b5f73660c5f8bfbca55e5153bdb	On landing, open the gas to help the suspension
87fd431673e91016f180f0c03608c4d930c94881	Landing on the descent is usually easier for both the motorcycle and the rider
2eba6e4f12ffb5adbcb5f3755acdcc08a6bd9047	8.
cb42841688e651fddd2268a3a20ad308c0855ff3	Whenever possible, avoid landing with the brakes pressed out
5c72da08f13e3df6d60f53d6513dd6552e66c36a	9.
6b4efd42fcac92c889cec036335a5fa622a7b5f3	If you stay in the air for a long time, spin the engine so as to maintain the speed
7ceba226311fed18656d92e51a55df3bbca8fc30	Jumping double, triple jumps or tables, aim to land in the receiving part
8bf7da88a8a6af04768316895fd2b4111eba96bf	23 Dec 2002 02: 44
374ce380de4a36b4cf612d60e413eaeb80396bd3	"Driving techniques" lessons of Gary Semix " Chapter 11.
c8b7ce7a7c869ea486dda5ad5b3108691fa62a20	Off road [What nature offers us]
334e034819958bb9a2a7c0bd21819b4cbbb8ecc8	Chapter 11.
94aa5307662663473bf498819270c1267aa3543a	Off road [What Nature offers us]
da33e73b3e45e0a3408471422bede1a042e359b1	In motocross and some types of off road competitions, riders face the same, pre worked elements.
42efa347beafa4438f170ed9a657140656ea5be5	To overcome each type of obstacles trees, rocks, water and other obstacles, there are techniques that will help you cope with them quickly and without problems.
1f84b41fe61191fac0b86019281e9584ab1bd481	In fact, they are like tall, bark covered stones with branches that can cause great pain with one whipping blow.
dce5afee2812691a018ce48d6e792ba5c4688fd9	They are like passive Aikido fighters; if you do not attack yourself, they will not cause harm.
2a0fc28dff31a08104e5b2c8a9be99165533400e	Many racers, like Ty Davis, shorten the steering wheel so that they can drive through the trees with less effort.
07978d373bc89c4b62f803302c22169c0eac48cc	As you can see in the photo, the distance between them can be quite small.
d1063768f5831504959dffff9a39db7dc4bae1c1	The photo also makes it clear why you should not spread your elbows
9ffb8c9e72841ef70b14d25155934bfdf5a7745d	Strong aluminum or plastic protection on the steering wheel is used by almost all forest riders to prevent injuries.
7def5e189a9d6556440ca0407f43ade0e95ba402	A collision, even at low speed, can break fingers, forearms, wrists, elbows and other bones.
765dec039ad0aeeb2a63c7c46814595ade9b7c7a	Good protection will also protect the levers
d6968bd3d6fad918dcdc0d1d2d55cae1f313f571	”Near the trees, to avoid injury, I press my knees as close as possible to the motorcycle, "says Guy Cooper," I try to direct my socks inside so as not to get caught on anything."
5a612b0e15dced3f302278ad490b0011f42d16c2	"When you are going to drive through the trees, pay attention to the distance between them," adds Cooper, " If you are not sure that you are passing, it is better to stop.
90a369551bd7941bf64db73a0d6f61b813748db0	And if it is impossible to pass, then for sure you can break through and continue the way, taking turns moving the handles”"
ac0ef018ceab12e19dcc7d0438ac8afd8a29c767	Scott Summers develops the topic: "If you are going to drive under a fallen tree, make sure that there is enough space above your head.
798e45c02265831c15e356593caecf750d997d99	If in doubt, it is better to stop and make sure.
a0eb81f8ef3e6083d7b10ebfe49d1bd0139951f4	You may encounter broken branches and other objects that can lead to injury.”
ed229f50c3f909bf68eb4cc91da32768f13616de	When driving in a forest area, it is advisable to constantly monitor what is ahead.
061276f2911c8296a56a7da19d511759d0fede2e	Notice that Guy Cooper's eyes are fixed on the trail.
92d3c2f80b7e88aa783a71a5ea25b56fe9563a5e	That is why he was able to choose an internal trajectory that is much shorter and less broken
d4950707a5737c5b307b5c8fbc92315148dd598f	Usually, on rocky areas, it is preferable to stand in the middle position.
39252ea7e35ce07bf047aa92c961d92af42d50c3	The selected trajectory should be as smooth as possible.
3acd35c3f7c904631128294e62a65420fac52c06	It is also necessary to avoid slipping the rear wheel, which can lead to its thorough scattering.
33bef9c1f1d54bbe207930eec6b5da7c510ee865	If this happens, it will be extremely difficult to regain control of the device
e92b0436e03025b44f899fce7ebcad888a477f4c	Quite often, when driving under trees, riders overestimate their height.
e28e4badafb2cf7b1b278c2b2d26a67f60088c56	It is easy to forget that the helmet is almost five extra centimeters; some riders do not realize that even if the chin is on the tank or seat, when hitting a tree, the head will have nowhere to go.
0f15d2c41916c12deb501b8cd52910dca5dd2d95	As a result, you can injure your head, neck, back, or all of it at once.
821413885341849bd95a896a0b832b7c4aa189f7	Riders also often forget that when tilted, the drinking system adds a couple of inches.
756d6cfdec3485f08b9293b6843c5b21b92baa39	Therefore, a rider stuck between a motorcycle and a tree is not unusual.
b47dceb9eececd589579c3bd984433a18869beec	In addition, it is extremely important to keep an eye on fallen trees (there will be a section below about overcoming trees lying on the ground).
0405ce392939627ac55b35f0ca398503b74e9b9e	Nothing will send you over the steering wheel faster than hitting a stationary object.
5a95a2cb0ff9967b23a38560f5631121b0bc9963	But it is not only the trunks themselves that should be avoided.
f86ffc3b61b0e8075a14c99ee60f74ddfdf71fb7	"Watch out for branches that can throw you off a motorcycle or hit you like a spear," advises Cooper, " They can be no less dangerous than the trees themselves, but they are less noticeable”"
5f317fac4e5f2f279716874f49f4ab7d8581a2a8	Professionals advise
89f2ec5d4108ffeecf0559710eff4b4c778c4fee	Guy Cooper "When I know that I'm going to meet with trees, I always put a narrow steering wheel, less than 30 inches; however, this is the area in which you need to experiment to find your size."
b0b2a9fbccf6e358e95ddae0b882e20fe40745c6	Scott Summers "I wear protection on my forearms and elbows to protect myself from any collisions."
54729ea4b8b825f5f3bc4ec8482f6cded98fba17	Guy Cooper "If your motorcycle has water cooling, make sure that the radiators, including their edges, are well protected.
7f1b8b604bc9a8cd705b7d856507aafcea2d588b	This is the best way to avoid damage in case of a collision with a tree."
1b26ce4451e57d9497d1d794542b3b55d0939725	Ty Davis "In order not to damage the brake pedal in the forest, I will fix a piece of wire between it and the frame."
b6a1ca6ae59dd560f2bd39ef272895ca608ba60a	Larry Roeseler "I always use thick cameras when riding on roots, which lead to punctures as easily as stones."
1e7d6353d4e1716c55fb1070de134a443bd600fa	Since branches are usually found in shaded, sometimes very dark places, it is extremely important to constantly look carefully around.
18d0fe2767f1b7d90bfdb42de4d3b762cc66fef4	Where there are trees, there will definitely be their roots.
2984fc35d1e301fda484ad7edb620472f558018b	Remember that the closer you are to the tree, the larger they are.
9121e3e8b3b78a7e13d568e3e8f8a64f6f1a7a0a	Unfortunately, the roots may be invisible due to foliage or lack of light.
02b2bb9ec07c365914379ad54181f9102f34d6c9	Small twigs and leaves can create a false sense of security, but one meeting with the roots is usually enough to remember what this is fraught with.
1e7081d736f43ad30574ac906d26acdd03c38ed9	Trees
03e848a5996be1ca7efd97fbaa3689374c064906	Beware of roots that can hide under the leaves
8c4b84916bf0c8782194db73736b3bb59bd28760	Pay attention to low branches that can knock you out of the saddle
de058f3a3021cf3fad10a923d217120b4de0b0d1	When driving through the trees, be sure that there is enough space
d19166e015ae28810ecb3d7c136bb31ae26abed1	Driving under a fallen tree, remember that when you bend over, the helmet and the drinking system will add a few centimeters to you
09c28ae8f83b831ed2019c51b37f173b6fb72e13	Stones
c806eb77f25df067053078a57f6d81a45dd1b0d7	It's hard to believe, but a hundred meter section with stones can bring problems for both a rider and a motorcycle no less than a hundred kilometer section of a normal track.
25e757a9eeb35b2add7400a5c0e22cfdb15ad00a	Stones are heavier and harder than other elements of the environment, therefore, they bear more damage even at low speeds.
50675e29397e596d223555f449dce62d02373bf2	The stones are notorious for their ability to break machinery and bones; the picture in this photo is all too familiar.
73f3ec0e7c93882e94a5f2d7b22a71e12494e27b	Even small stones at low speed can break the feet, break the mufflers, bend the footrests and brake pedal, deform the crankcase
f50e102ef9d26880df402c39ccf767ea07b03388	The stones are complicated by the fact that, unlike most surfaces, they are absolutely motionless.
b22bcaeb86da863e21d8e147620746101749e648	Depreciation by and large does not know how to react to contact with something that does not want to give in, even if only a little bit.
4750161fd9bdbce51b2f36be7be6ef2e525ba9c5	Let's consider an example.
4876cd035f0a47f1ea0f400f53b4edfadbd21731	Sand by its nature is able to absorb a lot of energy.
95413352b8c210f0c78a1bcb57e980e0fb2d8917	Therefore, you can jump higher, knowing that when you land, the surface will soften part of the impact.
08a62c8bd1c851c0947394141bd5383403698d0f	The stones, at the same time, are more likely to deflect the fork than allow it to soften the blow.
1a66e43fe3778f53575499ffa4d7a0bac30962ae	Therefore, most professional racers agree that stones are a delicate matter.
aa14aacb4b43f4decdc87948f0c074bba6531057	Using brute force alone is a direct path to injury.
f545a6fe53ec0b96da25e634c1ac6e23a2150b71	In most cases, it is preferable to stand slightly shifted back.
e533b4d564447e1de484210c7f118c25fb80cc55	This will slightly relieve the front end and allow the fork to work more efficiently.
63a85946cf40989e887ab3ba3b2c52ad78f9879a	In addition, the front wheel and fork will not bounce off obstacles as much as when the front is loaded.
2c4581301cf028b01193a4faa9f7b705ecdb68d3	It is necessary to be careful in case of hiding stones.
ec7b3303a44d720599d94f1fee4707f8e72d01e5	This 100 kilogram block was covered with moss and covered with a branch.
ab17a79b8b142746a5bb3a10e14ef4f19d4a1df9	It will destroy everything that touches it
24362d7cc1524cd0e7de2ff3aaa5a2a4efddbeb2	If there is a fairly smooth trajectory that allows you to ride sitting, still be careful.
d79a39ac2845cdfc54a20706bc7f315bd4ce1bda	In this turn, Ty Davis decided that it was better to pass it sitting, since it would be quite difficult to move his foot over a stone while standing.
d16f0a621ad9f37681828e42e6c6a1b78a3894b6	Note that when lifting his leg high, Davis does not use the steering wheel as a support
26bc74e294d4b0ed241cecdb2abf74ff2416e7e7	"Try not to strain yourself when riding on rocks," recommends Ty Davis, " this is probably a typical problem, because almost everyone is extremely afraid of falling and therefore they hold themselves very rigidly.
8feb5d2e16ad5e54ffdbcd4dc7da1b235d52d2f8	It may seem difficult at first, but let the motorcycle work independently under you.
233add218ae2f5523916ba69567948f8d5330fb3	Most motorcycles, if given their freedom, will cope decently with riding on rocks”"
80db7d54c4a0af4cf705ec9aaf600471f2482130	Another basis is the choice of the trajectory.
85f33c33ff54f838922d66ffa1ffce1f33655d2b	In general, the straight path is much easier than the winding one.
872a63bdebc1071df54a985e0cc07cdc46993d46	Turns will only worsen the work of the suspension and tires, which ultimately complicates the task.
2df61cc032cb774e9f8b5a77d61e397cc0e57dbd	Usually the shortest path is the best, but it all depends on the size of the stones.
874446ba202a1e2cc77b0eb2a75b8893d59d59f2	As a rule, large stones should be avoided.
3dfb46d43149fb30155d18dd643e64d4a8face4b	They can cause injury to you or damage the motorcycle.
d3f50c7fff61214eb4e5e89e13de394684d10426	If you have to drive past rocks with a height at or above the footrests, Davis advises " pointing your socks up.
4cfe4d1c8f5caffb80824243613f5352ee08b6b5	You canot imagine how many people have broken the bones of their feet on objects that they didnot notice.”
6231863c61e3f397dbf761f223c3a6ba61774462	In this sequence of photos, Ty Davis decided that the best trajectory is next to a rock, providing a little space to avoid meeting several large stones.
3bbf16331985eefb0ef059f1698e9c8d3a92079c	Please note that when approaching a turn, he brakes with the rear brake, and when approaching a stone, he tries to direct his foot up to the right to reduce the risk of injury.
02d23c1315b954f698327d0ce1800a03733a97b3	The idea is that if the foot hits a stone in this position, it will bounce off it.
00bcacbce5961196c6cdf8b99d271309eb9ed485	If you point your foot down, it will most likely be squeezed between the footrest and the stone
82fe3478dd1b2abff90eec5db10a85a19cc29b29	The shape of the stones also plays an important role.
a84c8c5c083cef87bb53ea5d4d7df8d17de7e0c6	Sharp ragged edges are usually combined with a flat surface, round stones, respectively, are more slippery - you can judge how a motorcycle behaves on them.
d578b7d68d72a26eeaab7c33be412c8822f53577	Wet stones are the worst thing you can encounter, because there is no hook in principle.
6ac871a58f6d92f919573184d66b15200b57cfcc	Since this is a significant problem, most riders tend to avoid the rear wheel slip by keeping their hands away from the clutch lever.
8b8f25e2adfdb916bbd57bd7bc1cd9a433eb5e43	On the contrary, they allow the torque to work its way through the stones.
ed5e31d87b2872682338658359e51c26b13e096f	While the standing position is more preferable, the sitting position can be effective with relatively flat stones and low speed.
41ee01c5ecfc20e696d83138eb527b8b9a9b9447	It can provide the rear wheel with better grip on inclined surfaces and allows you to lift your feet from the footrests in order to avoid contact with potentially dangerous stones.
0e2e034c4907fdada911674325249631b78fb3ca	However, be careful in deciding where to put your feet.
210ba5022e27954b3f03742f91e96dbf6441ba6d	Both feet should always be kept on the running boards, unless you are forced to push off from the stone or avoid contact with it.
b9d2ca07b1c29b8bc84e818af81ad265abb3fb6c	Every time you take your foot off the running board, you partially lose the opportunity to help the suspension work, since the knees are practically useless alone in this regard.
e4a2f3a122055212def3b423e22da2d6ba4ba5db	Guy Cooper " Use the maximum amount of protection to prevent damage to the motorcycle.
f0260fa7df54a8755b95031e4519d67b3997b61a	The last thing you want is for a stone to tear the frame or bend the rear brake disc."
e901eb97def00d07f7091f0bab2d6974cc7fceb2	Ty Davis "When I know that I'm going to ride on rocks, I put a cable on the brake pedal.
a33e3e806eb3e863a7b9edbd0c985f55169c8e75	This piece of wire, stretched from the edge of the pedal to the frame, will prevent serious damage if I hit a stone."
dfe3d53ea5b528097a986bc18da9b51847c3a4df	Guy Cooper "I always use a damper in rocky terrain, it can be no less useful at high speeds."
4ed901aa873c57d6ab8bcfff2c1457e2a33919ad	Ty Davis "On most trips, I recommend using thick cameras, even if you do not plan to meet with stones.
1e88671284478e2ca94582a82c981e901f3c8248	A puncture on the trail can cost a lot of time."
5053ae226a114b3e1d663990ca311881bfd3470c	Guy Cooper "If the terrain is really rocky, I will use a sealer instead of a camera, which will protect me from a puncture one hundred percent.
0199ebef3855301d7ae9f6385978d5648f127254	The confidence will allow me to drive as aggressively as I want."
c06e3d0e915b541cb5404fed6eb0ccba75199dfc	Larry Roeseler "I use a shark fin to protect the rear brake disc.
6912654987569196019ffbef8750a57e65955cc9	The shark fin replaces the standard plastic protection, and it is almost impossible to bend it."
4d37eb180592f6f0c7a4270f4df61b64bfcf2b0b	Guy Cooper "When driving in a rocky mes however, I use protection on the steering wheel, which covers the levers in case of a fall.
62a15430b529e8a0761a31e8d8b86deac8b99d7a	I donot want to waste time on the trail, changing levers."
031b0bb73c7c3cf7ee2141c967646549c396c82f	Starting from a stone is an extremely dangerous occupation, because you are forced to do this exclusively in areas with large stones.
15b19ed0e01acf0fad835e759426fb70000e5b61	It is more difficult to lower the leg in such situations, at a speed when touching it, it can be sent somewhere wrong.
202c0256ac9d1f8cb2dadb7fa2c76eda0b454df5	And the results can be very painful and traumatic.
943805d459df96424186846bd0228f3e2c2d20ca	However, if you are careful, you will be able to survive.
f1598efbf919c111dfca0415b68a421ddd33db92	Look for the best way
5a47884ef7196a1cbd6a90978473edcabd803b26	Pay attention to stones the size of a ball, which can hit the footboard and damage the foot
4cc153078fc7b7fec31b9b97d88154e6214e9c96	Mark the hidden stones
ab0a2ca6fc99969958702f2a49dfab73600a5c43	Be extremely collected and avoid aggressive style
a04a9b4fcb3bc4450272d20379cfbc26e4da121d	Do not allow buks
95aed99f0f50a47fa96de214ad573c6a1d8090a2	Install protection on the motorcycle
6a273ca5b137e0e493a19e71cc09528a0cf61a7a	Avoid sharp stones that can finish off the tire
f812c7cc03003585307e88481cb0a0fd26ed8130	If possible, keep your feet on the running boards
3d67b074f91ad78d02654fd24de82c3c99d63170	Overcoming water barriers
23e7734ef384b63dbae5a21479659f84e9c297a4	Overcoming water obstacles is the most mysterious element of the road because of the surprises lurking under the water.
a38a2386f7d6af4102fd0b72b6023511b1827765	Rocks, roots, dirt, sand, and even the depth itself make this task very difficult.
9ba2a2de75d10aa90bb14f89afc4e6038ecdf83b	The most important thing is to assess the situation.
c754d2378275d5e00f77d6386f1e4d25f8910b0b	First of all, you should make sure that the water section can be crossed in principle, which is not always easy.
0d1ccf4528919b497aa8e8a68cf75f4b9b964909	But here you are the judge.
c6cd3b8377205665a13e33f5f93f799310f160c4	If you are in doubt about something, try to walk along the ford on foot, look for an alternative or turn around.
a46dd34d415adfcc812caaa4b4d7a5b35dd6a0f5	The next key factor is the current.
0ee238a4765f1811199dca4b417e2029a0c0090b	If it is strong, it can easily throw you off the motorcycle, putting you in serious danger.
f4cabe2e4848c0f44f2aae93e22a792241c05802	Many racers underestimate the strength of the current, so if you are not sure, it is better not to try.
9c21e733d3e8d31ee169feb383ec4277c77f016a	Do not go into the water without knowing the ford.
b5881fb895cb74aef7b59c30d48e54494e2f3bb8	Although it can be difficult to estimate the depth, try to determine the shallowest area.
2ce2c102782e67394a218ff78be69fe99ffeaddc	A wheelie is a good way to stay dry, but remember that water resistance will tend to lower the front wheel.
e50278bea72dc4257a260d5767c7c5a029422328	In addition, you should be sure that the bottom is relatively flat (a hidden stone or log can quickly arrange water procedures for you)
f0062799fac3eecf41eb6ca9a27d1fd9d9b178a2	But if you decide that it is safe to cross a water barrier, plan the most direct route through the shallowest water and go forward at a low speed so as not to fill the air intake.
e06d6fd190cdc65a5062c9035b6d7beb361ad52c	It is best to stand in the middle stance to be ready for getting into a hole, meeting with a stone or other invisible obstacle.
45e0277ff531851a98dc9b5aec342c35cdbd2ac3	"If the bottom is too rocky, it may make sense to cross on foot next to a motorcycle," suggests Tommy Norton, " This will reduce the risk of tire damage.
7823fcce31255f90848c9c23f74def6961cfb110	In addition, watch out for underwater ruts in places where many riders have already visited”"
c42879dfaf5c37be47bfb1dff9682a814d9b0961	Ty Davis " Make sure that your electrical equipment is completely insulated, otherwise the engine may suddenly stall.
400a1aaa9a9adfe0e0af11742a29e415def8b94a	If this happens, it will take forever to start it up again."
1e81e3f01a5bc8b69220cf197d49c8ec2d32237a	Guy Cooper "Use a good crankcase protection to protect the engine from pitfalls."
c2a72d0de4bfd94a06c892ca6efdc9588b06f416	Ty Davis " Seal the air filter compartment tightly so that water does not have a chance to get into the engine.
f8e8de999e12d3bea3a4c5e812fac8bcb1cb899d	I usually treat all the joints with silicone; the holes, if there are any, can be closed with duct tape."
153bdc64af037cf1217a30054b4737a47ac51378	Guy Cooper has some advice in case of a not too deep crossing: “When I know that the water is shallow and there are no stones at the bottom, I prefer to sit with my legs raised as high as possible so as not to get wet.
e2336caf081d14bacf3e11f2777a4635d032f6f9	Dampness is the main cause of blisters, besides, it is not too pleasant to ride in wet motorboats”"
b393d73f89ac810118f8f31a7ca05b24f9aa19de	Cooper also has a recommendation for really advanced riders: "If the crossing is narrow, the best option may be a raised front wheel.
a524d14ea02317cf85f2ae8d05c1b3b1e25b3dbd	This will reduce the splashes that can fill the glasses, and you do not have to worry about encountering pitfalls that can lead to twisting the fork.”
29842c73f4c8ebbeb67c7c09a4692d6e2cc5a678	Look for the shortest and shallowest route
60a78cf0ec50fbe0824ec08abaef97479ef53d23	Stand so that with the help of your knees you can react to sudden changes in the bottom
ff113231fcfba59dcecbc19c0d99661be6170060	Be afraid of pitfalls, the meeting with which can affect the controllability
d2eef3c02912278ddb46b90c7d3fc29f26298ce8	Make sure that your electrical equipment is insulated
1d72e018debb83696df0fd813d329ce92ba9de5d	Be sure that the raised splashes will not get into the air filter
f5b6d1b128d5916ad731e5329f6a3c415b19bf26	Through the logs
88bd6165b11b99f0cec137053092f2aa2dfebdb9	Fallen trees, especially large ones, can look very frightening.
ccdf54603100685a28596ad71848b430fff04322	Things like ground clearance, traction and gravity sometimes give the impression that it is impossible to overcome such obstacles.
f54da48df4fcead6ce40b045ff30c38786e528ac	But in case there is no other way, and you do not want to turn back, there are several techniques.
eccc9fbd2290b3285f6a6da6adacc764dcbfac49	This log, or to be precise, two fallen trees on top of each other, is about a foot high.
d054412ddf4162269664362565276ad25021ea3f	It is very difficult to overcome such an obstacle in the usual way, a blow to a log with the front wheel is equivalent to a collision with a low brick wall.
581687b632f76027909f989f539334f6b7b1f73a	The wheelie approach, although complex, has the preference of the best riders on its side.
2c8b177c28c1399700fedce8c832558885dc3509	It requires an excellent calculation of actions, a good assessment and considerable skills.
679600ce3cb2abd7b9638c2c4568e655fc90d51d	The idea is to drive up to the log at a very low speed and move the front wheel over it.
eca61918bee3425d945d546e7c950cf674de601c	At high speed, the rear wheel can send you flying when the shock absorber is released
52d913ad7299eb51898b6f567241c527604996c9	Lift the front wheel just enough so that you can move it over the top of the log.
a46d35fb82d8a8b88f88f72c3397eea827733e5a	Notice that Cooper has shifted back.
6bf5058f15c87417475622a8f075d353327dcad0	This allows you to keep the front unloaded and will help absorb some of the shock when the rear wheel hits
4e1858e6436dab689ad9c17a113956f80dfafa02	Lowering the front wheel
cdf805096c540b86c2b61ce6e0c4f1688aed7d7b	This is the same log, but Cooper comes in from the other side to illustrate how to lower the front wheel.
3afd44c6e4c908ed736e08c4d8967da606133235	This should be done very quickly, but there is a trick here, because you will need power to get over the log.
bf69244453f051c6983bcf130d53a450da78a3aa	Careful gas control can be effective here, but most riders prefer to slightly squeeze the clutch to lower the wheel, after which the clutch must be released instantly in order to maintain the pace.
ba0c09c2ca5aebdcb8aea01916ae1fbca4cc10ef	At this point, you should avoid scrolling the rear wheel, which can make maintaining control of the device extremely difficult
3fc2c94aa17e629b5a9c487caa4c2d4ffb2f6722	When the front wheel touches the surface, the rear wheel should already be on top of the log.
928ec6123e8ddbcb3d2e872e9a4ef1af8882231d	Note that Cooper shifted his weight to the level of the rear wing.
52dccbb43f93a5d560efa8e6fe6b26a0dc5e617a	This provides a better grip and allows you to avoid falling
3f5c6b9261d16070352a94631169cb8e395b1a16	The most popular approach is using a fork at extremely low speed.
6c947fc2925f24e5738306f0a2830ade45823711	Carefully working with the gas and clutch, the riders lift and carry the front wheel over the log, making sure that the rear wheel does not get stuck.
56c70690874069f37b53ac6866b927aa3fd0ff15	In addition, it is necessary to avoid slipping of the rear wheel, for the best hook, keeping the front wheel raised when the rear wheel touches the surface of the log.
0f339f78a8849425b3952ea00e4b9bdb54524f40	Wili should be used at low speed, otherwise you will not be able to raise the front wheel high enough, and if you do, then the rebound of the rear shock absorber will send you through the steering wheel.
7e9ec189c1c7fdfd2330b9c8d473edfe69cf10a8	Wili also requires a perpendicular approach to the obstacle, because an attempt to move a fallen tree at an angle will only lead to a slip of the rear wheel (The exception is logs with knots from broken branches. They help to keep the bike on the line and simplify the conquest of such obstacles).
5024a5fcf85291cd8770e3be1c6ec461733250d3	After you have selected the intersection point, make a small fork.
521975cb66f5553e95a0e723d1fc5d5dab847f3c	Stand up, shift back, and, working with the gas and clutch, lift the front wheel just enough to carry it over the log.
6184a6e3276f23c655d823b32ef8a2f727efca1b	If you lift it too high, you will lose the pace when the rear wheel hits.
116a6bdacec16e8aa10b83d7402661d72385922b	If the front wheel is ideally positioned, it will slide along the top of the log.
f1c5ffb650080282f9c975546369836bce468de1	Remember that if you raise the wheel not high enough, you can be on the other side of the log before the motorcycle.
53283f74c92bd48050c27f9dd3aeeb650e6ab459	Having successfully dealt with the front wheel, get ready to soften part of the impact with your knees and elbows.
b5d3eedeb03f24d2253fc291eca1c786e5eedba3	Push the steering wheel to direct the movement forward, and take the impact.
9a6900fe13d090d010b2cff4f136015c5eaa0940	You may be forced to close the gas, and if this happens, do not rush to open it again too abruptly.
98bf2dfd0de5f7c1a74be9ee6ae67634dba67656	Wheel slippage, especially on a log covered with moss, will noticeably worsen handling.
1cc0dad238a1beedc1605489194153f12c010fa1	When the rear wheel is on top of the log, this is not the end: stay in the standing position until both wheels touch the ground.
17af5aa42f632049548656a7a3e65292ab8a6a09	Crossing a log at an acute angle
92cd058a6938f5b8e5ca9f7eed7f2190945b4783	This log is much smaller, about eight inches in diameter, but, nevertheless, it is able to cause trouble with the suspension.
f1f04504c902514319a4ccb45a8cc5dc0de71c15	The approach with a fork is often used in such cases, but sometimes you have to drive on such logs at an angle.
76bf7722c9b29803bfdce5dadadc5be5ae5550de	This usually leads to an instant slip of the rear wheel and a fall.
bd27a04c82794ffb1e5c2cad3e5a1cf5f8b35451	But the problem can be solved with the help of V shaped knots, which are a good support
3574e113eb2562a29b90d36edbaf1dc27e53d2f6	As you can see, Cooper's motorcycle overcame the log at an angle thanks to this very bitch
8321291d509689a008564feb08fbd311a3bd6c97	Note that at this moment, Cooper's motorcycle is almost parallel to the branch, but when the rear wheel hits the log, the tire immediately begins to slide along the trunk
635297d3314cb22c8df3bd8b9ce7f96d38234c2f	Cooper does not turn off the gas and the wheel slips a couple of feet along the trunk.
3451d902101ccf07a898f79a2aa5addb292bb5fe	For a rider of a lower class, this would have ended in a fall.
410c130830f5af6a602592d3517936a95aaed140	Please note that the wheel was on top of the log only due to the meeting with the V shaped knot shown in the previous sequence of photos
77d2714af0bf4b6a7755b0ce940b94e8c0a2646c	The second approach is the use of force.
0a6a3c1208a66668a5b84a2882206e231c38c311	When it is impossible to move an obstacle, you have to use muscle strength to move the motorcycle.
4822861fb374438f52737b20f144341e76ea2e2b	But to lift the front wheel on a log, the easiest way is to use the power of the engine.
eab51baa549ab6422f098b238b8839b7815c0e41	This can be done sitting, standing, or being next to a motorcycle.
70dc97c71859056e52da2157ba6d1a282fe18ce8	The idea is to carefully work with the gas and clutch, place the front wheel on a log, if possible fixing the motorcycle on the crankcase.
525d67700e733f2203eaa557ce8c5d5ef07ebcf6	After that, it remains only to move the back of the motorcycle.
959d694cd1ba943dbef6991cedf6f8e5b5049f25	This is not the most p it's a tall occupation, but it's obviously easier than lifting a motorcycle entirely.
c74dc2d0410afc7ad4d7d3437148d685843129e1	If it's really difficult, ask for help from your friends.
cbe026ef86a16742addc1f810622c2066400cfdd	Getting over a fallen tree is a difficult task, but not impossible.
0f462189dbc7a05e9bafcebd54aeef0e2de3cc86	When all your attempts have failed, try to get off the bike and just drag it.
c3cf93845cb7794ddae761b3d8773c00e97a58e4	The easiest way is to move the front wheel first, then move the motorcycle forward on the frame guides, and finally lift and move the rear wheel
2da4feedd3efe808ef4a32eda373e6e0c787b3cc	Regardless of the chosen method, watch out for such things as sharp knots and branches hiding under the leaves, they can lead to injury.
a001f677f01decdd79651ee20b0b51aa6d3403d0	In general, it is desirable that there are no other obstacles near your log.
aa80491c1dab36a1fbff50cd5c6fd9da87bfe89a	"Start with small logs, then move on to large ones," advises Ty Davis, " Remember, the larger the log, the lower the speed.
5f615e9f262dc04f4f2df445c65cb0822d64f35c	This requirement is determined by the operation of the suspension."
3514315c957c0c491e4f203ea97f38233fadbc2b	"Try to avoid logs on slopes, it is much more difficult to lift the front wheel there, and handling is worse," adds Guy Cooper, " As a rule, you will fly into a log at too high speed and it will try to send you over the steering wheel."
c8b4ce8e74ced1398950be169dd8513127d85114	Although it is easier to make a fork on the rise, it is more difficult to get over a fallen tree.
7472c4a379b6899458b1ef2aa50f94ebe10927ed	The obvious solution is to have more speed, but this will only lead to a faster rebound of the rear shock absorber, which even under normal conditions cannot be rated as safe.
2aa479faf588014c92dd3ca0e36e922480c55bc4	Perhaps the only thing that can be done is to move the front wheel and fight for a hook, trying to load the rear wheel.
a11ce84989dba6a97a518f71d4ba1215c55119b8	After you try these techniques several times, you should have a good idea of the behavior of the motorcycle.
3e868254af79ed732bdc0a02540551b245f79629	Cross the log at the lowest point
6836652c4450af635cc04c5794ccc2a9d3b4cdca	Move the front wheel first, then the rear wheel at a low speed
38ed8cf36c011c00f8c3e140da9cab7d96478146	Avoid the bux
e5a7f9aa60b68103db075268c1aed08f1cc3ff74	Pay attention to the knots
eb94e9ef940c241d29aaab76afebf4dd9503dea0	Look for alternative ways
7e1a39b8690bc881e30f360cf71b1bbdb07a2cfa	If moving over a log is problematic, ask your friends to help you drag the motorcycle
b9a2b160df4134fb0a3c030f92cb2b68b457366a	More about Wili
9975ac494c744491e0df6ea4a680c58927a5c837	Although this approach is quite complex, the best riders prefer it.
461bfe80e448473f72447e04a722680628f69a10	It requires excellent timing, good evaluation and full control over the motorcycle.
26f8a7e7e09a25d43aaa41a78f4eaf3ab1c20bfc	You should drive up to the log at a very low speed, usually up to five miles per hour.
7bb5447c2930b8b6b37a4884ead2c03f18532fc7	And although it is possible to lift the front wheel at a higher speed, the question is not this, but how the rear shock absorber will behave.
2aa2d6827ba096c849fe14a8cf6db03548404eb3	A too strong impact will stop the motorcycle, lead to a too fast rebound, or send the rider over the steering wheel; various combinations are possible.
dc101aa1c94644b80354a11dfc7542331d7b1cdc	Thus, the best way to control the rear part is to move the log at a low speed.
01a123c6d5e557fe25e5e10b343f7ecebb35c6b2	You should stay in the middle rear position, this will help to make the wili.
bfbef09178e5854d5edca8e93262b14ce92b9937	One of the most important points to remember is to choose the safest piece of log, usually the lowest one.
242a9c680fb8c67e83e0addfc4509d3c1b043e8e	Also, the ground surface should provide sufficient traction: trying to make a wheelie, you can not afford a significant slip of the rear wheel.
706bfb72e612a50b407bf1bc9986010e51f5b0b1	The pitchfork should not be too high, you need to raise the wheel just enough to overcome the top of the log.
bf7b3e959fb852917356a89f882c39c1d453d27e	You should stand slightly shifted back.
0b104ca8c5d315cdbae2d6fbdf79be09acd8e583	This will relieve the front part of the motorcycle and allow you to absorb some of the shock on impact.
7189c6228af045f3ea89c56ac40d040c5c69adb4	Speed selection
a2c680ff4e0ac40afddd4ee81d22c61ad02b4fe3	What do you mean, fast?
7fb14741c1219a125a914b147783ad4603cd2290	For someone it's 40 miles per hour on a broken straight cross country track, for someone it's full throttle and 100 miles per hour in the Mexican desert.
322b640e47d5b633999e86f0338bb056d3584e42	Let's ignore the miles and hours; in case the speed is higher than the average, the leading racers have prepared some tips.
2c1d612900bf74a355b603567512f1d640615f41	High speed can bring great joy, but it must be treated with respect.
a4ff22d73fa43bc2658d70c0fe4de1c575685d8d	A few simple changes, such as installing a damper, can add mo
345d3ffccabf706892275b13a521847bc3877a7c	"driving techniques" lessons of Gary Semix " Chapter 3.
2482970693cc8b330042d38bfb8d60b4f1954c9c	Terrain and conditions [Examples of what Mother Nature offers]
30d669a1ea53641e06b3e4c96f5cafa06664b9d0	Chapter 3.
dc3eafebc55b81eb26def40dfab45af2dea68474	It is very likely that while riding, you will encounter different types of terrain You will drive on sand, clay, stones, mud, grass, water, reinforced concrete and soft ground, through fords, on tree roots and so on, plus all this at different angles at different speeds under all kinds of weather conditions.
f0c4edfba39ac6ed29154558ffa88536560d7809	The variety of terrain is exactly what makes riding so exciting; one of the most interesting activities is finding and conquering new obstacles
d56a2f2f769a5c3266fddcfd732b7d768ebb184e	The general rule is: never drive beyond your capabilities, especially in unfamiliar terrain.
16a10319b79f6f43d6e0440cd570df200a25908d	Motocross and supercross offer harsh man made obstacles, and nature is replete with natural traps that you will fall into if you drive faster than you really can.
e18986140c289b25047ffeb09e67b8635173922a	Therefore, it is extremely important that you have enough space to stop if you see something ahead that can lead to injury.
ffb7550aae0b59a2b3213721d2f3ddf41ab583ce	Below are examples of what you may encounter.
438324319ff1368b161afeda6a8cef6010116d52	Caked dirt
780b4bedb1bee02e9c2d60e9199f9ca187e40113	When a certain type of dirt dries up in the sun, a cracked crust forms on top.
31a723b4f1cc460ce9dc01473f91347a4e8d651a	And although it usually easily breaks into pieces and provides a normal grip, sometimes it can be quite slippery, especially when braking or turning.
94006a98ac646717e6668176adaae97cf0ca07f8	It all depends on its thickness.
9211993377f9a1d53c94b442a000e8ea8a53f66f	If it is large, then the caked pieces can slide on the ground under them.
f348ae4f16e71a0a5b0c89f69adf187231d9a061	Treat them with caution.
6273bb44e14b21509f37ee80778a24a68151b3ac	Caked dirt creates a good design, but it can be extremely dangerous.
dd6b560a5f5f3ef14daf8d4deb50a185aa10887e	From moderate pressure, it usually breaks, but sometimes it still withstands the weight of the motorcycle and begins to slide on the ground
f27380f8e5ed5099833ba1d2ef32c10847a34d0f	Barbed wire
c90fdc5b4d1db370f1fea18154f6424c8ffd2867	Where there is barbed wire, there is a danger of riding a motorcycle.
d4ebf4fff9506b5efe4ae29a10953b1bd8449397	It can puncture a tire, get tangled in motorcycle parts, or knock you out of the saddle.
ac5996c1aa841ceb80b1845ac07880fb2c38670a	It is extremely difficult to notice it, so rely on your own feelings and pay attention to everything that can suggest that the barbed wire is nearby.
9ff904c4b1518cb7d1748f25fe18c95d9a77926c	Pay attention to its fragments lying on the ground, be careful when riding near farms or other objects of private property.
442ff5379b4c30a0c997ad8198da8728a5a7c037	A strip of fence posts is usually accompanied by barbed wire.
78c8b5f0657156df23f596dfdde61fffdaeb799b	Bushes
cb69af9f12cd9dc2837397a979ae4b3c1810a849	Most bushes are harmless, but be careful.
8a2ef1106f79afae68444d5624e774a1450e1742	They can hide a stone the size of a football or a pit.
653826cab2e66e6e23f247e32d0451069c839ef4	Some bushes are strong enough to knock you out of the saddle when you try to drive through them.
f0705015c39b8ea3c705403239d8e7fd3edd54dd	Cacti
abf7e7a58f6ef217aefa2b99e8c92996f7b1b23f	If your hands look like they've been in a cheese grater, then you've encountered a cactus.
317ce199cc43e504be0ba19e62cb78d86265147f	In contrast to what is usually shown in the movies, cacti do not always look threatening.
785114a0f54c4568ab1bed579a894802668734f2	In fact, at the time of flowering, most cacti look completely harmless.
86e889b2f71b84cce52618c40d956abc65a7e05c	But if you are planning to ride in a desert area, find out how these plants look and what they are before they make holes in you.
58e4ea66ce326478ae407b671dbabf460e0d7bb3	Lianas are notable for the fact that they can tear a rider off a motorcycle.
e4f12da11858ce696430f55f93aae0b4cd612bd4	As a rule, they are difficult to notice, because they grow mainly in shaded places.
4fe7bf23169831828aaf7815510062de4d7f8645	Beware of those that hang from the trees, and those that creep on the ground
7300bdadb8a37dd9a67dfd47b10abcf1ae73e825	Descents
5cfa6c7596ec328922307d7425c7bf83e8450f77	Even when you are ready to descend, it is extremely difficult to control a motorcycle on it.
6029803dd04f072c0f47ca7e4786737e19eec4ff	Braking is not so easy, and in the face of a twenty meter cliff, you can also get lost.
7e4ee7d15b31026f554ea61d9a74257ed93adce6	Everything will get worse if the descent becomes a surprise for you.
86998be866c8e96eaf03a9a1a4bad12f2b20fb34	So, when riding in places with a height difference, be extremely careful.
10005ccc022be732eae7340093f08baeeae48a1d	Cliffs
d93a1724d7730b09357da87d8da45df1f8b5155e	This obstacle usually takes riders by surprise, because they do not follow the terrain closely enough.
7ab0773b391a1f6bc047049e2fc1df76d364b746	If you donot see land in the distance, donot expect that it is necessarily there.
ce1e05b119945281a4a6c71afd670710436d3a79	On the contrary, slow down to a safe speed and carefully approach the suspicious place.
f596e6062c4884027d2dd388f640157878ec3008	Dust
28272bf4cca79ea2b242247aa527cf1c01166887	If it's dusty, donot drive blindly.
d6be6d8e4933a669d6099811452b7f02509e999c	Slow down or stop completely somewhere away from the track (staying in the middle of a dusty track is a great way to commit suicide).
65ee9a488625d97d063477cf64f079359af1665e	If you are participating in a race, it may be wise to move off the main road (if it is safe), since dust often rises from under the wheels of another rider in a narrow corridor.
bae15ef895e95a980033324cd32edc83a2ef54c1	Fog
81afaaa3d021e5a2c2334bfeca5aa0372e2e02ac	Treat fog the same way as you treat dust.
03033499dad527e691ab2d8afdbe56b653f20f63	Slow down to a safe speed or, if necessary, stop completely.
848cce8bedbefe96e1ea32a650d30bde3322980d	Fog can reduce visibility to zero, creating some of the most dangerous conditions for skiing.
da13c60d054c0dba2a7706de4935940f4982865b	Grass
9df39b236b929a7587dc2d9b0c59dbc7ee4b7094	Being dry, the grass provides a good grip, but when wet, it becomes incredibly slippery.
e6282dfc29231637d5b8f37939147cedb8fee306	Treat the wet grass like ice: stay relaxed, smoothly write turns, be ready for the breakdown of any of the wheels.
9dd7ddfb8313fed958138298812f82a298097e99	Larks, be careful: the morning dew significantly moisturizes the grass.
df2bfa225e8d68727905002214b97e878dba0ff1	Gravel
463344a5ef10dfc10e7e63a9f11cbf855d953a83	Mark the gravel for yourself, riding on it is similar to riding on marble.
b9ecd4d799ab5ba86280e52de45e892d4b63ece6	He may look harmless, but do not underestimate his ability to ferry you from a motorcycle to the ground.
0307c5dc4e6e2067e46b0e377050cffc0b4b3570	Again, stay relaxed and enter the turn a little more carefully.
31903328ad9212cd00be9c7789f7652bbd503ce4	Note that aggressive gas in the gravel is a good way to tear the edges of the checkers on your fresh rear tires.
08b1fa6b745259979f2d561aaf4a338f0a91c292	Reinforced concrete ground
4087cce3bcfa38e04906e09fbb2729977a508b23	This type of terrain is usually characterized by a very poor grip, which makes acceleration, braking and cornering a little more difficult than usual.
5f63378c3c8790707e14bd411488173cdde69f2c	It seems that there is nothing special that you should pay attention to, but always remember that you can always get injured, regardless of what you are doing and how safe the conditions seem.
67b98bc45161d446b4285c33a0798cd59d9cefd7	On such a surface, tires can create a huge difference.
e70c9cd0688cefe7eda89463a7fa18f01a504ccb	Special models for hard ground have larger side checkers, and their composition improves the grip and allows you to ride with more confidence.
0a2af398fe476e7bf791ae096a749f33bd8cd91b	Ice
dbd4365c4776497f14a0cb1db970c5384ffcc02d	Pay close attention to places where there is ice, because if you meet it, you will most likely find yourself on the ground.
cc75e705001edfc2735d7b4b93a6906ae31b6549	Avoid not only ice on standing water, but also frozen ground, there is also a bad hook on it.
095ea2390d7eb2b152939e530cf46beda724a986	At a cold temperature, the earth freezes and turns into a rock hard surface, with almost no hook.
02dad0f8c7a9149dce192886fad6cbebedd805e2	Trelleborg ice tires or our own tires with metal spikes give a surprisingly good grip on the ice, although they will also slip a little on the frozen ground.
cac4666adb8708c806451dbe8e35f7922ca776d3	The flight may be unexpected, but always be sure that you know in advance what the landing zone is like.
a5f68e68052c58891b489914f9c6a42103c349b0	Jumping in enduro can be especially treacherous, you can fly off a cliff or land in a giant pile of boulders.
3fa87cbe15fc77cbe8c68ce484f96eabf6d63589	Always be careful when riding near animals.
bd74e3d61339e23c7f425e75e3fb126c22d2748f	They are completely unpredictable and are a potential threat.
e744578a01f386450fb831b5b5543c4e90671e9b	Loam
0ea0b7f00e586d96f473a04c63c54ec50b7f8c74	The soft, slightly moist earth, called loam, is one of the best surfaces known to off road racers.
40d62d0c59e9a56f5d8dc0ae2cbc6ef940340a69	The hook is good, the motorcycle will perfectly write trajectories and shoot out of turns.
e7f0ba08f142f590aef6fbfd1ffef0f44ee8b2fd	These near ideal conditions can lead to overconfidence, so be careful (but have fun).
126dd3b70a5ca7818e0e26ad1e008d23b0f14a53	Logs
8a3c8fa4b13f1335d92208100eb4ea310ab5784a	Logs on the trail are an obstacle that has passed through the centuries, appeared long before your parents were first visited about the birth of a child.
09a498e4b3e95a5dc0bfeaa22691355a421c2732	Techniques for passing logs are described in the chapter on enduro.
df27d7978e39d41993191f324885b457720b4e55	If the size of the log exceeds your skill, just stop and drag the motorcycle through it.
3e825d752c8e8fe4eaeb9b269ec44ded5edc6ba2	Mines
38978f7e10a3ebd6bfcebe3fddc94b15767a6633	In some parts of the country, the mines brought considerable profit, today, however, many of them are abandoned.
bdd2b27acde895fa6d15f717efc933be73be17e5	If you are riding in places known for rich deposits of gold or other minerals, be prepared for an encounter with open pit mines.
90820dcadf6307bf1f572b91ee007dc9723a9110	A characteristic sign of their presence is a large mountain of land on an even place.
eaff7cfcc0b1b4f836a74ec72be2fc82d1e61c46	Mud
fb43e639ff3d93a13d00045774ea9c1598d68776	There is nothing more disgusting than dirt, its ability to cause trouble to riders is incredible.
76e590da06f1e7883f0f6dda871cc1637a27554d	Mud slows down the pace and spoils the equipment.
09a9b0f7560e2617c8f2d725ada3bf0cdf694c5f	Dirt sticks to your motorcycle in a thick layer and increases its weight.
edeab4f12d1b2d5ce55a663b853e1a953feafb82	Dirt kills the stars, chain and brakes.
c827e97e341ecf1911c066f7323d0ef400bc1704	To ride on mud, make the suspension a little harder, reduce the gear ratio by one or two teeth.
7b5bcc8049e9be2689862423a0a5e2f19116b8dc	And be a little more conservative in driving.
a29b7354082aa26c771c0e4def604ad50dfafa9d	Dirt is the most unpleasant surface of all that you will encounter, and therefore requires special attention.
10198535c61a45bffdf233b670ed6e201aa79c4f	In addition to the preparation of glasses, which you learned from the first chapter, there are a number of other things that should be done to make the motorcycle survive
0a858c95bc97fa8feecf12aa0abf3b4aa804953d	Rain
f29c57cfea89854f3205fa7575377ccea86b7b68	Rain creates a lot of all kinds of problems, but most of all off road racers are upset by the difficulties associated with the deterioration of the view.
529be732277ace3fb397f1188940ee11a8f19e49	Keep in mind that the rain quickly turns the ground into extremely slippery mud.
5efd6a17825872443ddc478f30e6208c7b5920de	Rain ruts
24aeb3df05fb5fc084e11425106cc2b593d06169	This will allow you not to worry that the front wheel will get stuck somewhere in the depths of the track or that the track will knock you off the original direction.
0d2af8ac884b16b73ac0d122b96d4328ea300288	In the mud, the brake pads are erased simply with amazing speed.
f6aa57074dfafaa2c9d8437240d2aeec79772d4e	The most common way to deal with this is to use solid brake discs
bf42cb0514cba24b95b78e671b110ee64089abf8	Victims of the road
1ab66445bea5afabbdc5be9a46814db8187d5ad0	Pay attention to the dead animals lying like giant boulders on the road.
4f8442803e4274006ff48f270863be35c56edbe6	If you crash into such an animal, you can lose control of the controls or go through the steering wheel.
e7367b67d94b97e2eaf04af93db4d3398e92e5e2	If a collision is unavoidable, pull back a little and give the gas to unload the front wheel.
7eda67468ebb8904a40c76b17b47449a08503962	The absolute density of the stones determines the need to try to avoid meeting with them.
2879884861064fd15605d6e1bae36c1bc5880aee	It should be fairly obvious that if you hit a rock, it will cause huge damage to both you and your motorcycle.
a0008dc30861f70d9f1f3b0226b5aa2808b6c832	If you need to cross a scattering of stones, make sure not to run over a sharp edge that can pierce your wheel.
b36fbc6e8df68fb14280742f8b5bf0c0460a6fe0	Sand
99188fb25e230cf7e22b6b888e8124c413a1afa9	The nature of the sand makes it difficult to set and maintain the pace, so you should treat sand trails with respect.
04d0601fd60a9c8a4fdf1f164d7c557756cab78a	When possible, try to stay away from deep sand, as it can get stuck in it, besides, in such conditions, many engines overheat.
70a6a7d69e0703ffb32f56598c27bceb64c0abc9	The sandy terrain is very interesting for many reasons.
04177a4618bddac3647404464e4b01f4303b0209	When the sand is dry, it is difficult to find a hook on traditional tires, but when it is wet, it is easy
9c8238f65551f40b9c1ced41d742c2a127eec378	Snow
4e8efba33ae02d0cb6ba5abb637a9bbf865dd529	And although a snow blanket may look harmless, many dangerous obstacles can hide under it, such as rocks, roots, logs, branches.
b916712a38ec4ea3e9719773037c9b83d8bf5330	Be careful, as it is very difficult to turn, accelerate and brake in the snow, especially when it is more than half a foot deep.
968e072cca928b3998005e490ccce938e2d98074	Keep in mind that there may be ice under the snow.
36463ab5a75bb03d4581630d76d3104f7e8c16a5	Guy Cooper " Put burdocks on the steering wheel to keep the handles clean.
918f7e8f5a42b06761e01237df605b230e8e8592	You may be surprised how much dirt flies out from under the wheels of other racers"
79cbd2854e6362a2c9ae113cac29cf374212d1c1	Tommy Norton "In the mud, I usually wear tires for driving on sand, it seems that they work best"
3859f93929435e290cfadf1b58c5487379e4595e	Ty Davis " Dirt easily wears out the chain and the stars, so make sure that the chain is properly configured.
7ef1f46a2061176f3f44829030c028482e5cb061	For this very reason, I recommend using a chain with an O ring"
d5e648a48c5b82e66beaa80fc734ca4a7c51bf26	Rick Souma "Keep an eye on the chain lock.
cd9ae24cb4210510c5d9fab61c8389611c3132fd	They donot live in the mud for a long time"
647a2432db182b274293d1bb9db976557a12d0bc	Guy Cooper "Occasionally take a look so that there is not too much dirt on the radiators, otherwise the motorcycle will overheat"
02d331ff607bceb03a63de88d6bb17d27f780ed1	Rick Souma " Treat all electronic contacts with a water repellent spray, and the ignition with silicone to avoid water getting inside.
df9ee9851919fe39cd133435fd02cebbe7ef25e7	It is a good idea to insulate the base of the candle cap"
db97f392d0a97c4c6d260ebf2b38749a8cd0e553	Ty Davis "When it's really wet, and you're driving on rocks, then beware of flat wheels.
80e9ae1c669dbfb36fc867c4b0b295dadb5446df	Too much of a wet rear wheel axle can easily lead to a problem, so I usually use thickened cameras"
5ddead41adb4d0b8a8863246a6130bcbebcd0b51	Rick Souma "I treat the lower part of the wings with silicone so that dirt does not stick there"
47e16b6932e286a6235a20ab472f1e040190663a	When driving near trees, for obvious reasons, meetings with them should be avoided.
c3fb617eb409c7dbd5d50eb7105d179bd07b2d90	Remember that most of the trees will not budge.
a0e74285b49a99e5fc8cf890ac3edf3ddbebf299	Tree roots
ef188352d7159767072b8256efa8f56191a48bbc	The rigid nature of tree roots makes them a very difficult obstacle, especially if they are hidden.
779e61ad605721ec9eb6b5d26973b626ef377ee6	When riding near trees, keep track of the roots sticking out of the ground, as they can cause confusion in the management and deprive you of control of the motorcycle.
aa1141877cb085361ee0243b82a05d12a8a1f560	According to Fred Bramblett, a mechanic at Scott Summers, if you do not take the right actions, dirt can add more than 20 kg to the weight of a motorcycle
fbf06c859fa47ffcd96522527aa05d0f2e0640d8	Ascents
b703a95add6bbd5b2717fbb6553f5ece92ce13b3	Most climbs are not dangerous, but difficulties may arise due to changing the surface, especially when driving on soft ground.
89487ebd2815cbd418dfac873f98c2ea861a5326	Take, for example, sand.
bbbb09c41aa6d9ceabfc6d3667fddb8db607eab9	If you have the gas open to the end, the rear wheel is fairly skidding, and you suddenly go out on a rocky area, then you can have serious trouble as soon as the wheel finds a hook.
d83b33eafbd150e9662010dd3b06018151159bb6	Lianas
faaabd0768b079862bb4aebde79266efed1d5f82	Maybe you will happen to meet lianas, and maybe not – it all depends on where you drive.
bd1c2f9d2c888198286215fe80a5c28c66ffb295	Regardless of this, keep in mind that they tend to tear the rider off the motorcycle by the legs, by the arms, by the neck depending on what they can catch on to.
7ae723ec2364140e1b67ff32bc69d7536ccc2632	Some vines can be easily torn, others will be strong (like a steel cable) and will punish you if you do not take them seriously.
a76a3191eba48aeac79ceeea7fc1ed67d5636002	Water barriers
dbb25cff638a566c9ecd20dee29a0b47bf94c2ca	When it is necessary to overcome a water barrier, look for the smallest and narrowest place for this.
001978e009f1fdf2157a9001fa094dc419f1a2c9	As a basic rule: it is not recommended to cross any section of water if you do not see the bottom, or someone who would cross it, or if there is no absolute certainty that the attempt will be successful.
cf1e1808283c33143a81f8e50d042a18331b695f	Remember that water can be extremely harmful to your motorcycle, especially if it gets sucked into the engine.
3b6525a6f60405ccb3921aa60453d15b921ba2c5	For more information, see chapter 11 of this book.
e78e8ceba571677cef6b3e9ba9d15ea932b83736	Perhaps one of the most significant actions when setting up a motorcycle is to make sure that the air filter chamber is sufficiently isolated.
01b5e63c96a9b85687e00b5b0561611c48d8c1a7	If water gets into your engine, it will create a big bunch of problems there
142b5758f344daa48acd47413d29488e6319d7bb	Wind
e9023ee74cee632e43606ba0054a5eaa05b8d5ac	The dust never raised brought joy to either motocross athletes or endurists.
4fe635962a309506a7b3afd98894f3a4b4365144	The wind makes it extremely difficult to control the motorcycle, you will notice that you will constantly make too strong compensating movements, especially with powerful gusts of wind.
63b280dc70adb422e0fd48c53ccfb8ad792e16d0	You will not be able to avoid the wind, and in most cases you will have to slow down or risk being knocked out of the saddle by something invisible.
269fc9875d551f72764ee8d241582afb6d6d7c6e	Terrain and conditions
bf7d64fdadb3e53b9dd8be3edaf72f1799d20188	Never drive beyond your capabilities
4415421e14328380f373afa5eb81ef0a8ce4baaa	Always look ahead for impending obstacles and signs that portend danger
38e442b5e10e0c077ba215ae0e733eceda06ca1a	Always be sure that the speed is safe enough so that you can safely slow down if there is an error in the assessment of the terrain
2aa1367d7a97350ea6853875537655dd747df3e2	Obstacles are not only rocks, trampolines, trees, cacti, water, and so on.
39650fe5956950c7c28e0137a57ae89fcb4a783c	There are also other racers, cars, animals (alive and dead), barbed wire, evil landowners – everything that can harm you
daa629527e9e829f83252073b558af81b4084da3	09 Jan 2006 23: 15
85cda815c6fdfb377d42e374ca25e498d1d39a7b	MESSAGES
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90d138140ece9775816b899a53bdfbfd990b8f3b	Home "Categories" Transport " Motorcycles
6d0aba7633dcecd92513abfedc4031727801c898	Article Edit Discussions
8f125ddc6b1c80046e8db6e722d0b70b20b6d42a	How to learn to ride a cross country motorcycle
8f576087616b94d6665407645ce96ba217c9f8ab	Do you like to drive at high speed, towards the wind, feeling the vibrations of the motorcycle under you and breaking out of the grip of fear?
347bf67c7f1d2e736f8b98a32567576f09aea0a7	Before you start riding a cross country motorcycle, you need to learn some fundamental concepts.
cdde4f20ba31a24db2cc7ae71135c8353631907b	Steps
cfb218e2c3afb2f9fb1cc7cc217fa740f468dda6	Cross country motorcycles have two types of engines: 2 stroke and 4 stroke.
86a90aeca4df67548b3832253811d389e5630d3d	In a 2 stroke engine, the cycle consists of two cycles.
7a501e9541a0a3890f508323e66017149bc952eb	Cleaning refers to the removal of exhaust gases from the cylinder.
4d80cf4691be64fd518f5208caec46d09daf0d97	2 stroke engines require a mixture of oil and gasoline and they are noisier and more powerful.
f7eee0d731aae24b7949c20fbc15aa411ebf1dac	In a 4 stroke engine, the cycle consists of 4 cycles.
01cc1f4b24b1c07190521618be5423669c3fe0b2	Unlike 2 stroke engines, 4 stroke engines have two tanks: one for gasoline, the other for oil.
9849a07dc3001497e2470d63c17d4cb02e02372f	4 stroke engines are quieter and less powerful.
3c41a6d6d96b5c92c50378b5105c1c2469314728	For beginners, we recommend a motorcycle with a 4 stroke engine of 125 cc or with a 2 stroke engine of 50 cc.
020572d076dd68aa1154ae7d2d74399cdea9e1f4	How to start a motorcycle.
53f0f8c7f8f006c0f6717bbefaec1aebe8bf19b5	Rock the bike back and forth.
5329e946473b1f244b6e80c704c86c0fc8b63aaf	If it moves smoothly in both directions, then you are in neutral gear.
198e3f1eaaff194f971bdc54208d5ceb199a1558	Just put your foot on the starter, jump up slightly and push it with force.
977f945957391e35ff221bf3fc8165ee9723dbab	Do not release the clutch if you are not moving, otherwise the motorcycle will stall.
16365e1a23b47854918c941be54c7c81ac1aa56e	Be careful when starting the movement.
154abfaf2975da266b7e37953298bdac345670e4	After switching to first gear, gradually release the clutches, adding gas in parallel.
821c40ecfff579273171eda376c8941d7d6c337b	When you start driving, release the clutch completely.
739be581e1dffa99cdd152a18d3b2202f214fa52	Donot worry if you stall several times.
bd77096155f80286e1f46eb1d6afc7a7fa3d7914	Sooner or later, you will understand how much gas you need and how quickly to release the clutch.
119448dbbd4e3a1e82a8c474d4cddf414420b6d4	Switch from the first gear to the second.
884b4eff6b59c7bdc3a735fb1f4160221633c79c	When the bike is not moving any faster and you can hear the engine revving at its highest, let off on the gas a bit, pull in the clutch, and kick the shifter up into second.
61bb444bd1eb9caee848f102f07153d6a6dd75ae	After switching gears, release the clutch and add gas (you do not need to do this as slowly as when starting).
fa437c6b3c291091218179766e2c11c2c1882a0f	Also switch to higher gears.
d3aeb4fda009a6d6a7fd8dfdf41765c54490425b	When lowering the gear, act in the same way as when increasing it.
82ffa0fc86f8e877e9a329ad3a213f453451df6a	Step on the gas, squeeze the clutch and shift the gear.
8246acf793a895a14a1b11880b4415f8e4e213ec	Never rev up while shifting gears: this may damage the transmission.
ef56c4beb4a97b07f89b660a5a14f8bd3c8044d8	Sometimes the motorcycle can switch to neutral instead of the first one.
3d3be2fda72376a91164633c0fd62e497807b287	You will understand this when the motorcycle starts to slow down, roll by inertia, and will not react to the increase in gas.
58f30ed6cee6d7625f883869ef27d70726261e03	If this happens, just switch to first gear.
b66f571d0c8006cc770ab8283d19e2af5bc7c64b	Learn to slow down and stop.
f9a706e3ca0605804e58b0e79d63001aba31c3ff	If you want to slow down a cross country motorcycle, reduce the gear, release the gas, and brake using the front, rear or both brakes.
1c1476d32dc4e68d6dad458bc9bfe4dca9b576f6	When you slow down almost to a complete stop, switch to the first one, squeeze the clutch and stop the motorcycle.
e755157d0bc1f944ec7624c12a903cb187196ddd	This way, it will not stall.
b46d28be877f45f5e138b15c68d12f6252d23916	When you are ready to move off, slowly release the clutch, adding gas.
16faf21ecaaacffa4874045fdf2a7985cdde22a0	How to avoid corners.
2e1434ef0efbd028269a2b4e309ac2b156dbef7d	When turning, bend over, choose a trajectory, transfer your entire body by the external pin.
b527263774635e72d0f4dfacc74a6fccd52a9102	In order not to lose control, follow the planned trajectory.
6754d7249cf93e2d1226ec9c7eb118e8f6f82872	Push on the external pin: this will give you more traction.
2c7751e064f5d5dfdc5a5c7d8915d30c819570de	When going around a turn, your outer elbow should deviate upwards, and your inner leg should deviate to the side.
b07c7f10252c32a1e225d6b32fe7a4599c1a02b8	Press the inner leg against the wing.
3acc863697d087f01cbc20015cad184a4027af7f	If you lose control, you will be able to stabilize your position by substituting your foot.
667590dd24228f447076096afc1c459a416448b5	Practice on uneven terrain.
51b74dae12fac97d5d4925a7dc171a9eb4f6ffe1	Cross country motorcycles are designed for rough terrain.
27bf398945e78289a34e75cc436bff43d21a1abb	Depending on where you drive, you should stand 95% of the time.
476c6f67ac735bee4836a16f6519407e3bfa07d1	When you move over bumps and bumps, your legs and arms work as additional shock absorbers.
b8c68264ca2741abdc8f8d9fbb65ed6f3018741b	Do you want to learn how to make jumps?
54dd3c4e0e06b159d0f83be965a0b1310e5515f0	On Wikihow.com there is an excellent guide.
9ca8ee704d84fa7f412be8e9fa4884db79cce23a	Before you buy or ride a cross country motorcycle, read about how it works and how to fix it.
4d2082269c186bde742341b30e81c44127858928	Never get on a cross country motorcycle without protective clothing.
c105612bfaf4e09333f0ca5a0ea6694eb1982599	Wear a suitable helmet, glasses, gloves, breastplate, etc.
1430f976c596795274458abcfbc4f280cbfcebac	Warnings
060773cd71af90272a8bace51fa90fc03075deb9	Riding a motorcycle is fraught with dangers and risks.
fb906d93133e6a12138ea0b6c0bcc5aae33d8887	Take them into account before buying a motorcycle.
da35780ffa44cc0528f622685fd031a2dee57e5e	What you will need
ae2aa42415cec5f37ae53386d4b62968bc2dddd1	Cross country motorcycle Protective clothing Audacity
d3d8c99c29160d47879cf792c0ca468186462b04	Additional articles
35a6eff6db6493e2c6c094bf77f6bf6039e3b42b	How to switch speeds on a motorcycle
b496a55f937dd123df10bf843d63517fc21703aa	How to transport a motorcycle on a trailer
8aa67184d17e5e70cbec80aeb86f17e8d6a8882f	How to ride a motorcycle (for beginners)
4b1b612906838d100ebd83023e6c366f92d18e2d	How to install LED lights on a motorcycle
b1d31ff9daeb553165a4e901197ad8081a4f9e4c	How to ride an Enduro motorcycle
420a29dd092b4e06413a4888d62d528a41c8383f	How to ride a motorcycle
7d379a4c26270dc50245a6ac25811f62195aba41	How to ride a motorcycle from behind
960b38241bcfad89ddadd85ed4167570d2bbe357	How to paint a motorcycle
520871ded8b2e4e5cbd939c500fb7bd3f4d5dbb0	How to stick decorative stripes or reflective tape on the body of a car or motorcycle
f5c843bee3f9b333d7c7ef68e4c13db8da9c5187	How to install LED lighting on a motorcycle
4fa7824cc6119e14645fe88bd33c37bd2b8ff1a5	Information about the article
454c919504895d9548591574f22f766818c21d22	Categories: Motorcycles
7cceec1c9876ea02b0f32ef7685cfb096e74d452	In other languages:
dfaaafe27f60179a02cd243f6d91ea54d13562b6	English: Ride a Dirt Bike (the Basics), Italiano: Guidare una Moto da Cross (le Basi), Español: dar un paseo en una motocicleta todo terreno (lo básico)
9103560e8cbb93df49b8af12213788aea4b705ad	Discuss Printing Send by mail Edit Write a thank you letter to the authors
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0ca9277f91e40054767f69afeb0426711ca0fddd	125
ab2c894ed195fd24bdb05efc8dbba04b975a3d28	Perhaps the most important thing that Steve Jobs managed to do was to create a company that focuses on human priorities and is able to integrate its innovations into everyday life.
6464bc68a5bb38c6674d67e694edbdcd54bf6930	Today, the "apple empire" does not create something new so much as it skillfully sells what it already has.
45741841ad1c9135736de083dec1dacc2ddb7c95	Steve Jobs was born in February 1956 in Mountain View, California, in an area that was destined to become the heart of Silicon Valley and the microcomputer industry.
a13c6b1a883a40e1994c34b1b30789eb9ca4ee14	Jobs later attended high school and Homestead High School in Cupertino.
a50ce5d95749664b96461232120ae536101e0197	After the family moved, my father got a job as a mechanic in the neighboring town of Santa Clara in the heart of the future Silicon Valley, in the company Spectra Physics, which produced lasers[21].
72004eb9e1ce31a1fc788e6318d4464cd24be184	While still at school, Steve became interested in electronics, attended the Hewlett Packard Research Club (Hewlett Packard Explorers Club).
6c57050da1033c92ec8838a749cb585bfad45606	Steve was talking to engineer Larry Lang, who lived next door to the old Jobs house.
73219552474ec3baf5dbad2dfbe6bea80f55974f	Lang brought Steve to the Hewlett Packard Research Club.
ffb33251f7b69d26a3a3ef2ec6bd34f1e4d6608c	Here, Steve first saw a personal computer (programmable calculator) 9100A[en], which made a huge impression on him.
d82583f63afc106a3b635db46ed7ff4f17be998c	The young man attracted the attention of the president of Hewlett Packard and was invited to work during the summer holidays, at the same time there was a meeting with his future colleague at Apple namesake Steve Wozniak (Stephen Wozniak).
1f5ff7469d583c2b57e99ea7ad7b007012dc1717	The participants of the circle were working on their own scientific projects, and Steve decided to build a digital frequency meter[22].
8e54f221f0054a87064400303716a9ab7d0f9077	Jobs carried out his first real business project while still studying at school.
359d761402666ff1257f21ddc22fbc81e30230d5	In September 1971, Wozniak, who by that time had been studying at the university for a long time, learned from the magazine "Esquire" about some "phone freaks" who had learned to crack phone codes and make free calls around the world[29].
2cfe0bd99772aa7017b4b84c22b65cf4268ffa1d	Wozniak and Jobs, who were still engaged in the maintenance of air conditioners, caught fire with the idea of making such a " box " [30].
3a10f5162816eb198debc281e71106d0f6344dff	The first analog prototype made by Wozniak turned out to be imperfect and did not produce reliable tone signals[27].
92b418cb6190054eecafea90da9ce442bdacf5a1	Then Wozniak made a fully digital device that reproduced frequencies with the necessary accuracy, and the device worked[31].
068f2d1cde4bc546112dc2e33032786b2c685ac9	They organized handicraft production and successful sales of "blue boxes" among students and local residents, although this business was illegal and quite risky.
fab7a83143d974ad10444147949df86c59da51a4	In 1972, after graduating from high school, Steve Jobs entered Reed College in Portland, Oregon, but quickly lost interest in studying.
a61c1032754e8c3f2aaf6a9384365ac1d0956fa1	Then he got into a calligraphy course, which later prompted him to equip the Mac OS system with scalable fonts.
90add6f6d51ab9c2a7bdb38b41192b76dfbad667	In 1974, Jobs returned to California and got a job as a technician and developer at Atari, which produced computer games.
88327a448cd7c46ae07aff8fb5f46e59e8952e54	The company was engaged in the production of video games and already had one absolute hit to its credit — an arcade Pong simulator for two players.
63bacf82259d56832bdfb3655e34be0a482a133d	At Atari, Jobs was mainly engaged in fine-tuning games "to the mind", putting forward interesting and original design proposals.
50169444643598282f34f31c9acc251e4d4b91f6	After working for several months, Steve left his job and went to India in search of spiritual enlightenment.
ac8d4ecbd973e700ce665c91f8fbd51c28600f05	In 1975, he returned to the United States and was again hired by Atari.
9a76b48d548b970d195ef1de2430ef69882ec08c	On March 5, 1975, [67] the first meeting of a group of enthusiasts who called themselves the "Homebrew Computer Club"was held.
f604c437963e5395fac18a015fad8e48b7560aec	After the first meeting, he took up the design of the machine, which later became known as the Apple I, with great zeal.
dfc66e97f981e559ed3c4394ebda38d2d7f2c1e4	Who immediately demonstrated his invention to Steve Jobs, who was greatly impressed by it[69].
d30a232cbabc31caeab6ba6fa68352a7f8f242db	After that, Jobs also began to attend the "Home-made Computer Club", in any case, in 1975 he was at several meetings: Woz showed his computer to other members of the club at the end of meetings, and Jobs helped him carry a TV that served as a display, as well as with the settings[70].
fa6fadd2d006833c7849eafb0f5f4c60f9edca5f	In addition, Jobs was able to get the best, expensive and very scarce at that time chips of "dynamic" RAM (DRAM) produced by Intel for free for Wozniak's computer[71].
60a99e9903fa1c92be2795602525205b2ecbff86	As in the case of the" blue boxes", Jobs soon started talking about the commercial potential of Wozniak's invention.
f02e24c6ce537c8bd2684a020df4868b826289e7	Together with Steve Wozniak, who worked at Hewlett Packard, Jobs began to attend the" Home Computer Club " (The Homebrew Computer Club), where four years later he arranged a presentation and sales of a computer board assembled by Wozniak, a prototype of the first Apple I computer.
be528152870e751f761dd2f78707f6565ee931b3	Then Steve suggested that Woz sell ready-made printed circuit boards in the club, that is, take the most difficult part of the work on himself, and the buyer would have to solder the chips to the board according to the ready-made drawings.
a78b1748bc732547a64c3fb95ce87dfedfd096c1	Jobs needed a third voice in case of disagreements with Wozniak, and Steve took another engineer from Atari, his friend Ron Wayne, who had an unsuccessful experience in running his own business producing slot machines for casinos, and therefore was well versed in legislation and drafting documents.
46eb706f27011dcd4b4db9160460fadd83660a01	It remained to register a company, and it was possible to start selling the goods.
45ee3d8e44ab0d70440b73a82419d0d83e6456ed	But first it was necessary to decide on the name of the future company.
e2492fffa32abc2f9d1ee80e75c77a8ebe1ab2dc	Jobs had just returned from Oregon, from Friedland's "All One Farm".
f5fd9eb0fc122c30b1c3bce6183249ce7af88ae9	On the way, they picked up the name for the future company, since the next morning it was already necessary to submit documents for its registration. Jobs proposed "Apple Computer":
6cfd1d40c7e9594fc896929b7956da6d48a42e21	The name sounded funny, energetic and not scary.
d6ffbfefc8a2804f9401ad9dd30acce60e747169	The word "apple" softened the serious "computer".
076ea159ba554566dd167909378aa6f79cf998bd	The date of Apple's foundation is considered to be April 1, 1976 (April Fool's Day), and the first office workshop was the garage of Jobs ' parents.
c0efaabb467933100b766a0385b76e138f799c79	The author of most of the developments of the new computer was Stephen Wozniak, Jobs acted as a marketer, looked for customers, selected employees and materials necessary for work.
cc1b01781b051773aaf5af6c534ec674617d82af	The first (debut) product of the new company was the Apple I computer.
23022c44591a7b4e6983421f53feb0ad5449d104	There were no keyboards, monitors, or power supplies attached to the Apple I, there were not even cases — only fully equipped system boards.
755b0b43fe0879fd9d6b91c53437429b001c4e28	Despite this, the Apple I is recognized by many as the first computer in history that was supplied by the manufacturer in a ready-made form — after all, other computers of that time, including the Altair, came to the market in the form of kits that had to be assembled by the retailer or the end buyer.
225b34be90d233e2e2cfd24b3717a0802b5b9de3	According to Stephen Wozniak, the Apple I was just a revision of the terminal he had previously invented for the ARPANET and did not contain electronic innovations, except for the use of "dynamic" memory.
63d9a8c22411bfe01c317d71ae438bb709e92495	In total, the partners sold 600 such cars (the price of each then was 666 dollars 66 cents).
f8e5f2445a48a03c23271c974547d42cdc22ce57	Neither Jobs nor Wozniak had any business or management experience at the time of the founding of Apple Computer (1976).
367d4b23deef90a50969c186663b9e3ed6385a5a	The lack of experience, funds and the general atmosphere of rejection made the first years of the company's work a daily struggle for existence.
a6034a865e3329f4ce9f2196b2be2c6196399a0b	The company did not have the human and financial resources that Ibm, HP, Intel, DEC and many other companies had, which had every reason to become leaders in the production of personal computers.
dc93ac22fcd7440387536ffa78a4931d7cdb0568	They came very close to defeat in 1976, when "Commodore", "Atari" and "HP"almost absorbed " Apple Computer".
3b9be57e91855278ec67a839325d23d3b15a4936	Just four years later, Jobs ' equity income alone was $ 256 million.
d6304281257122fc54610eb81454484091d0684b	Work on the Apple II board was completed by August 1976.
582e37e64535a1f5656ec459422e5d5b62917112	The new Apple product had many revolutionary features: working with color, sound, connecting game controllers, and more[83].
d5c533c99930ef4e6b8a98779daa343ea8473f28	Introduced in 1977, the Apple II offered users an integrated keyboard, color graphics, sound, a plastic case, eight expansion slots and two disk drives
be51769ed4d6cbbbdde6f2b16f76f877ab383e4f	The Apple II computer was the first mass-produced product of Apple, created on the initiative of Steve Jobs.
ca22efcd5f5582c46a0e72fc21c98d272d0795af	The appearance of the Apple II computer has made Apple a key player in the personal computer market.
86f4a6f26b16f22dbd518662cdbcdb6ef38926cd	In April 1977, the first West Coast Computer Fair was held.
e006fcbfd9d7c0fb59a273371d625952d30f2b24	Jobs, on the advice of Markkula, decided to impress everyone with the scope of the Apple exposition: he contributed $ 5,000 and booked an exhibition space in the center of the hall.
066a6775aa01ee4297cc47801cc461aaee55d869	Jobs had only three fully equipped computers at his disposal — that's how many samples of plastic cases the contractor from Palo Alto managed to deliver to them[99].
5ec6c66ff349ba9c2cb3eb99bb775e38a6040f60	Jobs ' efforts paid off with a vengeance: Apple received an order for 300 computers already at the fair, the company also had its first foreign dealer-textile magnate Satoshi Mitsushima from Japan[100].
f5391b6509dca789c743042b1efd22dac59e9a38	The company entered a phase of rapid sales growth and prosperity that lasted for several years.
ebf5fb1b187cf8fbd58c20d210cd9ac33c4624dd	The company began to grow and in 1980 became a joint-stock company.
29020bfbedd95551e612f98b91bf2b5808760918	Steve Jobs became chairman of the board of directors of the company.
690af7eee2747ae247b55d30564742e612d172d1	The price of the distribution of shares was initially equal to $ 22, and then, in terms of the return on equity, Apple became comparable only to the Ford enterprise that flourished in 1950.
1830b6842c9adf87d05b945969feb89d63445dc1	Apple has taken a place in the Fortune 500 rating faster than any other company in the world.
f5cf2a1fdccb1912f70f0084494d33108b0e927f	It has gained a reputation as a company that cares about user convenience and has dedicated its activities to facilitating the execution of operations and creating application programs.
aa289e36b3d739243afe099ee72ff757efd16b04	Even with such a dizzying growth, Apple took only 10% of the global personal computer market, which gives some idea of the attractiveness of the market opened by Stephen Jobs.
37ad41138a80ad04d1edec469523c686e5ccd2d6	As mentioned earlier, Steve Jobs did not create any of the components of microprocessor-based personal computers.
2d9583cc9877b212528c17e7d0f547bd9d7e15e9	Steve Jobs acted as a catalyst that gave an impetus to the creation of a new market, he organized this risky business and achieved success.
7c711a8b059527bbb3a5fae995607abe835d137e	The release of an improved modification of the Apple III+ in December 1983 could not save the project from failure
bc56ec5269d993c628e371509a357afb0930f35f	However, it quickly became clear that in Apple III mode, computers work unstable: they constantly fail due to overheating, excessive density of components on the circuit board and bad connectors[103].
1490f8857f5340f87337078de9f69dad0dfe4389	The Macintosh is the first personal computer, the first Mac was released on January 24, 1984.
11b8f15179780b4ac841678beb21e98c86e2f19c	By the way, the first McIntosh computer was named after the favorite apple variety of its creator Jeff Ruskin.
470d3b8e1d25a0aff0f3b8439f5705e3a4dd0686	After the successful launch of the Macintosh on the market, Steve Jobs ' position at Apple temporarily strengthened.
19923b490b820d8f5ac4e10e82d1c7d69c912160	In 1985, internal problems led to the reorganization of the company and the resignation of Jobs.
e7df1f2540eb5bd83611a72a32ac8ea929821a26	Steve Jobs did not take his resignation from Apple to heart.
3c8f1f738053654a72e642f5a71d36d8e3cee5f8	After losing a power struggle with the board of directors in 1985, Jobs left Apple and founded NeXT, a company that developed a computer platform for universities and businesses.
f027251665ede0c44ed76c51ff8b06481c19ed23	First, together with five former employees of the company, he founded a new company NeXT, engaged in the development of hardware and software.
159dcd0a3f94d63deb00aa233745f9b7440378b5	He immediately plunged into the development of a new concept, which was to introduce the latest microprocessor technologies into the education system.
7b76eead6c098d228fea9a19920b806aecdcf911	Stephen Jobs created a new workstation that operated with models of economic processes and was used in training.
064b4be601a04a33f7cc5c49331ea75c25daebea	This market was too narrow, so it was not possible to achieve any significant sales.
cc0891b087f4eadd139d534aa105adb0f1d96bc3	In 1985, President Ronald Reagan awarded Jobs and Steve Wozniak the National Medal of Technology, and they were among the first to receive this award[341].
91c31170c6194bcb6162c1ebe4af59f2eba269c9	In 1986, he acquired the computer graphics division of the Lucasfilm film company, turning it into the Pixar studio.
1becc19331e07364a4cd4cefdd1745f423a05d70	During the first decade of his management of the Pixar studio, he was focused on NeXT, considering Pixar as his hobby.
2bbd3ea6b7e802347369f90b07af89837f368b8c	This continued until the great success of the cartoon "Toy Story" came.
14f766d026bed5125aec7a75b788f1b93fe6c9b4	The company went public and Jobs began to devote more and more time to managing it.
1aac408af855df10d41c2689c1bac9d2b1bd1024	In the personal computer industry, he was considered a genius and a great visionary, but for Pixar employees, he was just the owner of the company, well, the leadership unconditionally belonged to Catmul and Lasseter.
62a237833085863c86c90ea8b15fb658e75d4aab	Steve was not engaged in film production, he was developing a business strategy for Pixar.
9a325f5dd5abda99bdffca6e43d96fe52cc21b6c	He brought the company to the stock exchange, signed most of the contracts with Hollywood, and also organized the construction of the company's campus in Emerville.
c105d4e3f9876624baac797b5ef09f3f6bd82849	He remained CEO of Pixar and a major shareholder until the studio was acquired by The Walt Disney Company in 2006, making Jobs the largest private shareholder and a member of the Disney board of directors.
b019d5b58f11f41255be8b24218ba14c0995e9cf	In 1987, Steve Jobs was awarded the Jefferson Award for Public Service in the category "the best public service of a person 35 years old or younger".
c4bd59fab074678b04e30e2832d0429a46166cde	In 1988, the Inventor and Innovator magazine recognized Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak as winners of the "Technology — the Chariot of Progress" competition.
c4e0334171ba7372a60abf358fbec402b75b5d54	At the end of 1996, Apple, which was going through difficult times and needed a new strategy, acquired NeXT.
8104dab517d77da953cf92ef855704cbbddb75c0	Jobs became an adviser to the chairman of the board of directors of Apple.
ee3f28f0c5ebaa893fcd63fecab8c4ad8f138125	By 1997, Jobs had regained control of Apple, heading the corporation.
cd7856a1504d5b3c227d89c17d50b172fe986e69	Under his leadership, the company was saved from bankruptcy and a year later began to make a profit.
b3378c6ab42caa6c05650f1c74ca63cac42744b1	In 1998, work was successfully completed on a new personal computer iMac, with the advent of which the sales growth of Apple computers began to increase.
657417586a74246ee3fea4346d13669ef3ed8aa5	For Jobs, the appearance of the product was of great importance.
3f3802b048debdffbb90fb3e6ce7a834ba96dd59	While PC manufacturers were chasing high-speed processors, Steve followed a "smart" minimalist design.
96d81dcf866147303c5009dee715397aa43f1f31	Most computer manufacturers at that time used plastic, but Jobs knew that to become smaller, you need a different quality material.
4d69e9b0f5821680030c70ac670d896995f7e2a3	In 2000, S. Jobs became a full-fledged manager of Apple, the CEO of the company.
d0e07dc3025aea3f6373ae40529bf89d30da7f61	Over the next decade, Jobs led the development of the iMac, iTunes, iPod, iPhone and iPad, as well as the development of the Apple Store, iTunes Store, App Store and iBookstore.
513d7b1dadc33885510fff6fa3f8eb67425c80f2	In 2001, Apple, in the USA and Canada, launched a program for the disposal of electronic waste, however, this program was quite limited, and in this aspect the company lagged behind other major players in the IT industry.
de28a181b9d1fa4faaa748d42b2689290e940936	In the future, the program was expanded to electronic waste from other manufacturers, and after the death of Jobs, it was extended to Europe.
cbb298c5343806e5e2cc79f1649c98f177231954	The new millennium was characterized by a rapid transition to digital content delivery.
6f700afe87620a8e560f6b815e1007c461f8f2fc	Publishers had to think about protecting music from illegal downloads.
52ff07db81886eb15082ad0194615c583c5def1f	Apple launched iTunes in 2003.
0b62055a50fbd7a8ba52771b4012635f35614c53	Now iTunes is the largest music retail network in the world, with more than 200 million registered users who have downloaded 15 billion songs.
12302cf109bec88649c53cb926e5752a77f4d5fc	He managed to organize loud technological revolutions over and over again.
7f3d4cfe153cb67ac040cd12a3cc521365175fa3	The iPhone was introduced in January 2007 at the traditional Macworld Expo.
7dba9e631316601ed66b9a98cb609135b517d4ee	It was the best presentation in the career of Steve Jobs.
13e49f0285b8d1ebd81540fae1052a80f1b119b4	In 2007, Apple introduced the iPhone, a device that led the smartphone revolution, thanks to a minimalist design, a large touch screen and a solid OS.
b317caec8d8cace0e95524ebd085b12c8f0d894f	Apple's OS has always tried to be simpler than its competitors-MS DOS, Windows or Linux.
ea3dc34aad2cd111bd149f4dd2026bec361300cf	By making the operating system simple and easy to use, macOS maintains a strong reputation for accessibility and stability - something that has not always been possible to say about Windows for many years.
1ecfd6c14cde538271ce6b3235ba0db5b8184d48	Jobs was diagnosed with cancer in 2003.
101ccfaf4deb5bad9b7477218dd3201fa2bbbcb8	After learning about the diagnosis, he refused the operation, taking up self-medication.
7ae2d19b4a29a2b13ff628ac98ca76b298e13aec	The following years, Steve Jobs was ill a lot, but still took part in the development of the iPad Internet tablet.
c60a3fb77738951d7424abdf951148756e19b8b5	On January 27, 2010, he held a presentation of the iPad.
08994927c3b21c83ecd0f56ea4136ebf35657f3f	In January 2011, he went on indefinite leave.
c2f1ab8e36c433826c65f4a79f5dea14717f3064	In August 2011, he left the post of head of Apple, but continued to work as chairman of the board of directors.
b89ab59e1bc535fb7059da5a7d7dab5ef17c985a	On August 24, 2011, after the resignation (due to a long illness) of Steve Jobs, Tim Cook (full name: Donald Cook; born November 1, 1960 in Robertsdale, Alabama) was appointed CEO of Apple.
706941f9b009d8afc60e492b3bae3788360a3c40	Steve Jobs died on October 5, 2011.
dbeb5963fb0bb365b59762af08a5e16d1ebc1366	He died in California at his parents ' home, a day after Tim Cook introduced the new Apple product line he created.
8a35a1f18e82b8cd28ffa2f83f44fa9f74d7c062	On October 14, "Steve Jobs Day" is celebrated.
4da802428689b40ddee9b1a8070bbb7ccd2f22d4	The date was chosen by Jobs ' fans in 2011 and coincided with the start of sales of the new smartphone from Apple iPhone 4S.
8fa5c64d7885d13fb2608fef123236f4fe12b587	The success of the iMac, iPad, iPhone and iPod, which provided several years of stable financial profits, allowed Apple to become the most expensive public company in the world in 2011.
5781abcdbc713846054570f620c4b35f92e7b0b8	These are the hit products: the portable iPod player (2001), the iPhone smartphone mobile phone (2007), and the iPad tablet computer, which went on sale in 2010.
d277bf3acc25e53baf10c38a09117b2bf36d09ea	In December 2011, Graphisoft presented the world's first bronze statue of Steve Jobs in Budapest, calling him one of the greatest figures of our time[338].
6517bc173d702a4536fee582eebbe2d976e31290	The Independent claims that, being "a model for all managers," Jobs has revolutionized no less than six industries: personal computers, mobile phones, music distribution, production of animated films, e-books, Internet tablets[356].
314c98ffead942e84104504d1a0e4259ae8ab015	"My job is to reflect, meet and work with people, and also read e-mail," he said.
5784b9e6fdc48f59395827c544292db8b4f5534c	He said that all his data is stored on the server and he does not carry anything with him.
812f53c2fbc32ea9aea742a12fad46f0d703a2b7	He can easily access them directly from his home computer, so home is also an office for him.
8e1ed95af39b170286f52eb0eb2153f005815516	“At the very beginning, I was engaged in everything: documentation, sales, deliveries, sweeping floors, buying chips... the list goes on. I built computers with my own hands. The industry grew and developed, and I continued to do all this”"
c63eb612579ab4460a04d9fdaa647d76e9a718c1	As the" supreme ruler " of Apple, Steve determined the direction of the company's development.
dbb50485bb75e67fc88754afcca062b497b31bb2	Steve Wozniak once said about this: "Steve managed to combine marketing, technology and finance.
065d97d35317bcf284c1ed27910fec7183600f73	He understood what was good in the field of technology, and what people would like.
050d14ebab79000df0e85be9007ddb845eb3f53e	He could not design a computer — he was neither a designer nor a programmer — however, he understood enough in these areas to say what is good and what is bad."
cd45b6230a37fe4ae169f3b22370fa92451b9d38	Obviously, Steve did most of the work with his team of executive managers.
f6516de7b409ba34e7667b7bc6a4a124ce5d8a19	However, he always knew his employees well.
98eab6890d2c69539e742e5e06fd18d165cc07b8	He was familiar with most of the programmers and designers, and knew what they were doing in the company.
0de640356fc05a9b835ba53e23e0b1a28bc0fa2e	Steve always considered the members of his senior management team to be exceptionally competent in all matters, and therefore he could undoubtedly entrust them with part of his work.
a31ec3652e2e1316d7be13332c905d2814c32811	Steve has always been famous for his staff selection criteria – he hired those who were the best in their field.
0349e752eddcea43dc8ac259c01ae1233f196362	Of course, Apple is a big company that employs many first-class specialists.
d107d454e4bb2b226765ce141983f73a6a6882e1	But the heart and soul of this company, an inexhaustible source of its inspiration and creative impulse has always been Steve Jobs.
0791616724d2ae99a16152b38ee8b473651b52a9	Ultimately, Jobs ' biggest contribution is not just a smartphone, tablet or operating system, but Apple itself - an organization with 12,000 employees, an organization that used to be on the verge of uselessness...
88feae07bc8832f0ae8ca3b27a8523e14316572a	Apple violated the will of Steve Jobs by releasing a product with a stylus.
c08316b7e74e74ac95f74c9757335546415fdedd	There is no doubt that after the stylus for the iPad, the company will violate many more unspoken rules of Jobs, which made Apple unique, but will allow it to earn more than one billion dollars.
d9cc6b278b167ee3f7be30d23e042ea41fc12fd0	As a result, all this led to an unprecedented event in the world of high technologies – Google overtook Apple in capitalization and became the most expensive company on planet Earth.
cce68fbefc06aee296a17381577197d5cb59abe8	While Google is once again regaining the title of the most innovative company in the world, Apple is experiencing not stagnation, but rather a crisis of thought.
dc3401005ff233758b15e6cca9939862d5f243fd	It's no secret that Apple Empire receives more than 60% of its revenue from the sale of smartphones.
0321991257300f0380a8309c19dc986ed23eb39d	However, the iPhone 6s and 6s Plus did not introduce anything new to users compared to the previous version, which led to a significant slowdown in the growth of iPhone sales.
ea22569483218d13fd082d5be19bb84008808348	As a result, since the beginning of 2016, Apple shares have fallen by 9%, over the past 12 months-by 19%.
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07214e62b6fc02ff1e85269e5e5c29ff6f2ff4ca	Home FAMOUS ENTREPRENEURS, BUSINESSMEN, MANAGERS STEPHEN PAUL JOBS (Steve Jobs) is a famous American entrepreneur, engineer, co founder and CEO of Apple.
b5a8d5d59609a67279f67037185c1b349cc228db	STEPHEN PAUL JOBS (Steve Jobs) is a well known American entrepreneur, engineer, co founder and CEO of Apple.
affdaa9bc1ef5e6b1ce7dc537c165554b4b845b7	Steve Jobs
0b6a654230c3bd7d09a9dc7b78c639afc53bbbd2	Stephen Paul Jobs.
0f83265b2c65aa6aea84e258ddd4ac7c6c1e3284	Mountain View was the headquarters of Fairchild, where Robert Noyce created the first integrated circuit a couple of years after Jobs ' birthday.
32809934357357e422e85fc8615d13ddb6d399cf	Steve Jobs was an orphan who was adopted by foster parents Paul and Clara Jobs.
ce8fe5019dd2b48417e00f8e25d2764111f4a710	He was a child of the 1960s.
5e8502d01976b402f77bb8d343751bd09d8b28a8	And in accordance with the time and place of birth, he became a rebel and a nonconformist.
f950102be2d7f63e2e3dadaf50f3a4c5fceee8ae	His behavior and personality reflected his early environment, and it is quite possible that if he had come from Omaha, he would not have become the Stephen Jobs who made Apple Computer's famous.
d16ac67a6bc4bf9f4da1a1399a3cc74eee0a1822	The rebellious spirit of Haight Ashbury, Isaiah, Santa Cruz and Berkeley was part of the mystique of Silicon Valley.
be78518c8fe708e6aa7b93bfae0d0ff1add0accc	Long hair, marijuana and sandals were part of the business and social life of Silicon Valley during the formation of Steve's personality.
aad5424785367ba4e3abe41fa1651c32059ffe93	Steve Jobs was a child of this era, which was best reflected during his stay at Homestead High, where he was unequivocally recognized as a rebel.
5480733d3a390912e0a1d238ac3f8a4ab9f98f1c	The author of the biography of Jobs (1990), Boucher wrote that during his studies at school, Steve Jobs was a loner and an iconoclast.
9272298d784ff1aac948e6a4447a6e4aaebfccf5	Steve Jobs symbolized a local subculture and an unconventional lifestyle peculiar to his homeland and time.
e0ea81d0a62d117ea91d0e0c47924aa09bbe6af6	He rejected the generally accepted opinion, which became the key to his future innovative success.
8e997ca5808417db24bbf60ca201ed4cbf1928b7	Steve Jobs was a loner - sometimes even too eccentric avoided communicating with other children.
a8b8e18bd3f0e335f1f4ea3a19c5d76e640a34c6	Steve Jobs was different from them and wanted to go his own way, this trait led him to create Apple Computer's.
e908bd7b58c6a509fba80e2e1aca7225bffd6e46	Boucher spoke of Steve Jobs as a versatile person.
d88639bb8731cf532b78bc4413a4e9371cd23efb	At school, Steve Jobs preferred to communicate with older children.
fd48067f9ade48167c2657da4ea83041d5e3ecf3	One of them was Steve Wozniak, who was four years older than him.
7eddea7cbec58c010ff14acdff6c0f7a42df92c4	Steve Jobs was fond of electronics and was delighted when, together with Wozniak, he made a "blue box" that acts so that the telephone company could not register long distance calls.
ed56675285122e323195f1f1a4bd8fa77f438afd	Wozniak made these devices during his studies at Berkeley, and Jobs was engaged in selling them as a high school student.
ffa1d2bfd3d86f7cf429a1da9cde9351d14ef796	This arrangement of roles was a harbinger of their future cooperation, because three years later, Jobs (20 years old) and Wozniak (24 years old) played out the same scenario at Apple.
8909f40fccaf1e0bde5ff77e84990a642017a995	Steve Jobs listened to a parting speech when he graduated from high school in 1972 and entered Reed College in Oregon.
026e83845aa0c0ac010fd4cbe745b9283fd6a69a	He dropped out after finishing the first semester and went to work at Atari, waiting for an epiphany.
b4d8caec50808f1d3a5c41a200e91fe73cc48450	Business and personal survival.
fbefecda1391c45fb712719226f9eefd0e7c9ab4	The Apple computer manufacturing company was formed on April 1, 1976 and registered in early 1977.
4a2088f247246b72525e3bcc3486a0689d4aade4	In 1978, Apple obtained sufficient initial capital to continue working until official recognition in December 1980.
1d88c2c93d0cabe8830f66094af4e64f4f70d4cb	By 1980, more than 130,000 copies of the Apple 2 had been sold.
193c077e7e868b0048f2217592eca33c1fa545eb	By 1982, 14,000 programs had been written for Apple 2.
2f9ff9bb10e5f6cae0676be36679aadf8358b74e	And Apple has become a legislator in the PC market.
a703382a2a328b1a5cbf359b523ad13eef234801	In fact, most experts believed that IBM would have to produce its model in an Apple compatible standard, if Apple did not make a number of serious strategic mistakes both in the hardware market and in the software market.
57c4844f7ba043c67dc5cf1f0f5375342e25bb0c	The selfishness of Steve Jobs and his autocratic management style greatly suppressed the current structure of Apple and prevented the creation of compatible computers.
53d5a67a3d3731002aab3022e1fb73a935e89ecc	Computers "Apple", "Lisa", "Macintosh" and "Apple 3" were incompatible even with each other because their operating systems were not standardized.
c5363c192540545058f9ec94d1d3fda75fbec263	Eventually, in the mid 1980s, they realized what a big mistake they had made, but it was already too late.
187566aa948f1976d2efddf6ff5631ccb0c68623	If Apple had not been so short sighted, it would certainly have become the owner of the PC market.
a42cacbc99862092f5521d2e7381f4c97fcb39e9	Apple received recognition in December 1980, just four and a half years after the start of its activities.
8995742f14b407766daec6da4c41022e1261b4b0	From the very beginning, Apple's user friendly products began to dominate the markets of graphic and text editors.
dbbf5f33b3c6b195bf93a563e53afae8776cee18	By 1992, the annual revenue reached $ 7 billion.
cf10fc7fa4e602f3031f969618f41e81ec2b0f58	The personal computer has entered into all spheres of life from business to household.
682f65909378bb5efce762202fb5c6d1148cc668	This is evidenced by the figures - by 1993, more than 100 million units were installed worldwide.
5cd6b2f1de96ce31ea89ecad698fe25e0e42caf4	As mentioned earlier, Steve Jobs did not create any of the components of microprocessor based personal computers.
d82b0af3ecc72a106256dc64de45684713f6d050	He was not involved in either system design or software equipment.
668e6d64c0041e0341dfde832520727f4cf064a3	In fact, Steve Jobs did not touch on the technical part of the Apple 1 and Apple 2 projects.
ba419e491d81dc591cc1712d270c0e33ddc374be	The author of all the technologies was Steve Wozniak.
f4872c452436275aaafc76efd2f59c38c33506f5	Wozniak wanted to sell his invention, but instead Steve Jobs convinced him to sell the Hewlett Packard calculator and embark on a risky path of innovation.
5b53db07904aefa8e6990460b99e6b8134d5544a	Steve Wozniak studied at the faculty of engineering at Berkeley, but in the early 70s he dropped out of university, got a family and got a job at Hewlett Packard.
044367d3855c5325f4cdf8850cd0b8146c228bb7	His father was also an engineer, and the boy was fascinated by this specialty from childhood.
c3b1e97b03608f213217548e2c6cbbd443199566	In 1975, he joined Hewlett Packard and humbly engaged in the design of hardware and software parts.
411c2e681fcb6fb511e33c5cb96639663ff30bfa	Steve Jobs, in turn, had only one semester of formal education at Oregon's Reed College and, in parallel with running a car repair business, was fond of electronics.
c5eebf7b98c1c08f2ddc0fa71629f6ad35c9aca1	Thus, in 1975, Steve Jobs could not be called a technical expert, moreover, his entire experience was limited to 6 months of work as a video game designer at Atari.
708c7ad62036aabcae4807c8b0869eb944371f28	Bankruptcy was a constant threat until the company received official recognition in 1980.
fdb8da12bc025611a6899cf0c2e6b9503115ff82	In 1977, two managers, symbolizing different management styles, engaged in this risky enterprise and raised its solvency.
b284985cf2022952ebc2357fde253b3d98ca83d3	Mike Markkula became chairman of the Management Board, and Mike Scott became president.
ac7e16a352c0a1e23b4021a786f30f32386d7222	Their task was to accumulate funds for the needs of production.
880f846f7c09023b6dd093af079578ba7b4a8f06	They created the first semblance of professional management.
48d54430edb11d7d410216aaa9910e411e39fcb2	They made business plans, conducted marketing research and attracted initial capital.
05554b620aa60f72a8e2334f68d100a29f926421	But even after that, the company was close to bankruptcy in 1977, 1978 and 1979.
22c118b074f38252878a6684ff40ffa511dffdb3	In the early 80s, Mike Scott divided the company and at the same time did not give Steve Jobs any leadership powers.
689ee298d0191c629ddf1c9f399650019e5bb08e	Jobs was furious and wanted to know why.
c023717d2459d01625f230327884234211936ca6	In response, he was told that he did not have enough experience and was too fickle to lead effectively.
9046c95ec74565a2a8dc93e534ef9858db3c88a9	This move caused internal divisions and confusion and, ultimately, led to the resignation of Mike Scott.
d0800c2d2dba9745667aa5d88dd75d0a0768d6d1	Steve Jobs became chairman of the board.
e4410aa2af650a6060920b4917b5d6b474cff3e1	Steve Jobs overcame the path from lack of authority to omnipotence, making one good move and all thanks to an autocratic iron will.
27dd12ec29e8ef4ab6d50eeffed4c3e6d7ec269d	The board of directors thought to give Steve Jobs a title, but not the opportunity to lead.
9e19d776dba6122eabe16444a72b51307bfb2ff8	Autocrat Steve Jobs quickly proved that the board of directors was wrong.
bc669abcccb113c48d5d47df1784269bb6f72137	Characteristics of personal behavior
7b775caba8c54c72036e256921c4a56ebffff0f2	Steve Jobs aspired to self knowledge.
67bf7b13860b0b3ac80371081f576420764e8b12	He spent most of his youth in search of enlightenment, first in a commune in Oregon, and then doing Maharishi yoga while traveling in India.
a2d53460188118a094e4889e0211520f6fd1389e	He was a true child of the 1960s with an alternative lifestyle and hallucinogenic drugs.
6a13faa3442292db19a6de69e2856c221b4046ac	Steve Jobs spent his life searching for its meaning (the sublimation of the desire to find out who his real parents are).
938016c442a428ca25be348892bfaa67bad049bd	He tried crack therapy, marijuana, LSD, various fasts, vegetarianism.
57df8c013954f7ffa8c13381151fc41feddf8471	Steve Jobs was looking for his identity within the framework of traditional culture.
cc0eae8f3d771cb9bd9cbdcfa34f75cf80a51d40	Once Regis McKenna sent the capitalist Don Valentine to meet with the long haired, sandaled Steve Jobs.
436fb295ea2ee567cae45408f617565e8b8fed63	After the meeting, Valentine told McKenna: "Why did you send me to this renegade of the human race?"
2f75107d65d0f5227e82f0c62b754b8305ac8997	Steve Jobs was a rebel by nature and was constantly in search of self - expression through mysticism, an unconventional lifestyle or an innovative business.
46f511821f899eb43e312372ddbaa5500e3ad9f0	And I found myself in business.
5a2c7b0ea98068183ba90eaf9a557c348927d907	Steve Jobs was impetuously eager for power.
c22b83a41c6de8b6f12c4bbae92cd6112fa54f28	He was a perfectionist and aspired to perfection in everything.
cd8086b1b88aa5c18e986c3935544540a02e7293	Steve Jobs tirelessly pursued his goal and spurred others on.
6758e9115bec21cddafa9cf0b8e1c9875fb6402f	For Jobs, there was only one way of life - his way.
b905806640410da260048da109759c4b1b264575	During a long period of work at Apple, he did not have an official managerial position or authority.
fc5780063e8f84aa3436f11a4a4de2fe9a4bd68f	However, he took on all imaginable power.
2b6c4c4866170504394420137f0af96a897c544f	Jobs carried out management, changed plans, created new products, dictated policy, and all this without official authority.
c59f63a82371ba190f2a9ce05882964f9ba8c724	As Bucher wrote about him, he created and broke the rules, and while doing this, he did not think about the feelings of others.
dd8c5aeed2f9c0ff25bd93114fff393133f8fc24	He put the goal at the forefront and was ready to sacrifice both people and the company for it.
c2069e19993937bb9a2dfd42a64d45e88a623a89	He acted in this way and did not tolerate any other attitude to the matter from both the management and the employees.
e42452ed85570a71e3886bd473925caf9593a7b8	Without the passionate, forward looking nature of Stephen Jobs, the Apple Computer phenomenon might never have happened.
8110be50c34807befd08d2d6f3ad8a6d69b8dd3a	George Gilder in his work "The Spirit of Entrepreneurship" (1984) spoke about Jobs:
6e39c877b2fce65af18602fe5ed3769374e7cb9b	As is typical of great entrepreneurs, the anxiety of his early years becomes the energy of moving forward.
155ce862dfc2738878cc952c3a0be422c40a3e15	All the emotional turmoil and restless energy of his youth - rebellion, failures, regrets, betrayal, self - search suddenly merge into an invincible creative force.
5f8f2df7b3a954229c95636f990eef5561b8a583	Steve Jobs noted that his role in creating a personal computer was something like a coincidence of circumstances, a coincidence of fate and time, and said about this: "I'm just a guy who could become a not very talented poet.
595b2cfd207be087a361b5a587de1670294e8b9e	But I went this way."
a3170441c1c2afee150db388ecc9dc6a31bc6700	The crisis is often the "father of innovation".
bf8b9c12c79479695840a6e515590a3375eb513b	There is no more vivid example of this than the creation of the Apple computer by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak.
53766949ad26112d2a375b98d28d00b050cd3dc1	Wozniak was an electronics genius (Steve Jobs didnot even know how to use his oscilloscope), but Wozniak had a job, a career and a family.
673d671e46604699eb46a37a3045bfcd16aa6d3a	Woz had a strong social position, he knew exactly what he wanted, and did not dream of anything other than creating new engineering structures.
e7b3ca51f1a0f568938c25984c43c9e9f7e96bbb	Steve Jobs didnot have integrity.
772e78bd1f79ce95bb9ccc51d369d6b88f5baf82	He was an orphan and this could not leave a trace in his psyche.
77fb00e942f4d610f86790ef9834a6670168b6b1	He did not have a permanent job, family, career, friends.
f5671c898d01226296ac08b84a00b25bf55b9df4	He was constantly searching for his nirvana.
89b1dff5df0af1e990c5eb9cd47accd4f2660d5d	Steve Jobs was looking for himself, Wozniak was not.
bd7f89801e9851006946d3bf645d75882059b9a5	Steve Jobs needed to find something significant to live for, and he found his passion - "Apple Computer".
250d388c4058cd47135392695322ed12f2b71549	Inexhaustible energy, willpower, striving forward and foresight were his guides to himself.
09ec7675743e6da57c0e486359c065aa69b0df53	He had nothing else.
c0188f7d70c2bf158c3bb1fa67f432eaeb389b3f	Apple was everything to him: family, work, love.
85573912b103567cb9db20b28ebea51e3c384a1b	In it, he embodied his individuality.
b931a63936a4af5002effcb9d63808ceb554eda5	Steve Jobs is an introvert, which means that he is a person who exudes great inner energy.
672abc4e560adf267f4714245a9398f6c98834af	This trait appears through the desire to seize personal space in interaction with others and gives an impetus to the manifestation of autocratic behavior.
664e5a0ae15d063f52000c3c1087140b5bdfa366	He also had intuitive thinking, and therefore saw various opportunities opening up in life.
b0c2668478ec884a4bd5009da72caec7fcdc0a8c	Steve Jobs always saw the forest, not the trees, and was intolerant of those who looked at the world differently.
84b704583a7fb6d50624c38b2d85e2cf5c5bb8df	His decisions were rational, meaningful and radically different from the decisions that were made by emotional people.
eb99084f2ae77515f48a9ad08c67cc408b1c96eb	Steve Jobs is constructive in his orientation to the outside world.
94368fb622cb99f25ac5d7035145eee049e3669f	He liked to finish the job and not leave it halfway.
5b09ee3b07b8c0f54158f7c3c624da5b3175b6c1	In the above description, Steve Jobs appears as the owner of the Prometheus temperament, which was discussed in chapter 2.
bae77e1ecb30b7251e5b00a7ee915986401a2e07	He is a perfectionist who strives to achieve perfection in everything.
f8c02f6f9c97fcd74cfd6230fa60cb5cc287b2cf	He was looking for knowledge for the sake of knowledge itself and was open to new opportunities.
893f981302456a743986d8bb8e8f1249dc7cf987	Foresight and the ability to take risks are the key features of the Prometheus temperament and they are certainly inherent in Jobs.
0da93ee4c44b84448111923df195b837e8792193	It was his temperament that was the reason for his autocracy, both in management and in interpersonal relations.
c4867206620ab8b658cfbe6e1bf518b90a748ba3	Steve Jobs concentrated absolute power in his hands and could be an ideal example of the Adler model of "striving for excellence" and "moving towards perfection".
379c4f63ee5ec4eef84a772e6b309a0a9c5448a5	Adler predicted that the insecurity and contradictions that accompany the early stages of life are transformed into a strong desire for achievement.
87d6a04b41bc6c7e31f6dc7bea9391b0fc6c3068	Steve Jobs is undoubtedly a confirmation of these theories.
4234c31baf763d065d9657fd0dfde716143eed09	In" The Accidental Millionaire " by Lee Boucher, there is a biographical essay about Jobs, in which he appears as an arrogant, energetic tyrant and a militant perfectionist.
f060490dadef312bc2c2b4d9d21363240d188bb4	His dictatorial management style created many enemies, although it was thanks to him that Steve Jobs achieved success.
abc1047812f871b780abc4ab85228ba9005b6df9	This autocratic dictatorial style does not fit into pyramidal and hierarchical organizational structures.
ca219541854ce382bc0a7100c9b990e9edab39a7	Steve Jobs could not be accepted by bureaucratic organizations.
c0fc8956e27a3dda37044c18fb14e8fc845ffab6	This behavior led to the fact that Steve Jobs as an executive became inadequate to the interests of Apple and, ultimately, it cost him his job at Apple.
6555e67268acb990950eaa3e9707bbcefd9d9adf	Whether you love him or hate him is not important, but we must admit that his behavior is destructive for any organization, except for a beginner.
2a775538eba880c58866feb1a2fe5238b22fdcac	The propensity to take risks.
5847ac99c01bed5eab0f6bccbfa337b74f2244b4	Before organizing Apple, Steve Jobs had to look for sources of funding for this far from popular concept.
134d59bc3d872d0d294ce9a804205e0572d20904	Steve Jobs sold the first twenty five units of Apple 1 to the Byte store in Mountain View and did not even know if they would work.
49ca752feaee76e5d2e258333c455e8549a91476	In the first year of work, Steve Jobs turned his house (two rooms and a garage) into a production complex.
b27bb51c4075874c99b8f09783b8f71416fad7a8	His sister helped assemble the chips.
ec6a08efa2f3265a4be6202188ab83eb6c8dad47	He turned to merchants with a request to sell parts on credit.
4f3c929a4b65a167d403673961eb7aa27632b83a	These are examples of the sacrifices that any entrepreneur should be ready to make.
b16a9581691e71852f32fca42d229393e6315368	That's why the history of Apple is a success story, but who did not do it, there is no place for him in our book.
8bf34edead82d88ae9722ce1cad2e1b890eead34	Apple has spawned more millionaires than IBM, HP, and Digital Equipment PKK combined.
50aea0b5b87b0b12dd78f7b169580e524284ff30	Our innovators took an extraordinary risk, without which no innovative achievement can take place.
5e6ae360a6ac18d4ed9a4f968b08950072c8ff10	It is he who is the foundation of the idea and production.
aaadeeb4358acc1343c0c0796508591f572c3b47	Large scale innovations are never created by those who want to save their own peace.
31e0a3766886b0b1a0c8d1e8a38ac1c04bdd684a	Their authors are people who are in search of their place in life.
1d9d988bfe5f3dc50cc49213d4916666a07433e8	Steve Jobs absolutely exactly corresponds to this characteristic.
0ba1055455b94c5ee70e43600c792d1845c2da8c	The Hollywood script usually depicts a kind of a windbag who sails through life in his boat, selling, for example, movie tickets, but this does not reflect reality.
c0b7d649ceff77cb69a4cd58844cb16289169a98	This does not convey the constant state of struggle that innovators are waging in real life.
168d73c23734b643de1fdf9fe89a85c8819e0d62	Steve Jobs managed to do something only by throwing all his perseverance and determination at it.
690765e87a4cb5055d28c826dad8430241b2f588	Apple has already worked in 1975, 1976 and 1977.
1a2bfeecc5a68d3b46a45cf24ca8c4131f2db55f	The two Steves had only a dream, and despite this, they never gave up and did not lose faith in success, and therefore, they always achieved their goal.
2d313a70a859876bbd2479ccb1d02c1c09c1e036	However, it seemed to these three firms that the price was $ 100,000. plus, payments in the amount of $ 36,000 to three rights holders are unjustified.
c0b7720af8f86a7972a5e271b7a2f74cb78b4195	What luck for the founders of Apple.
1a684460ff8dd4686d95890cc85236808ecefb6c	Steve Jobs became the director of Apple in 1981, but his career as a manager was ambiguous and unstable.
190f979cdfad1d03e41cb756f53c8dbaf1c6b019	The arrival of John Scully in 1983 marked the beginning of the end of the career of the hot tempered and arrogant Jobs, who was eventually removed from the leadership in 1985.
3728addf40691002a871fc00d6e401cb403717c6	The culmination of the victorious entry of the personal computer into the world was in 1982, when the Times, changing the wording of the annual Man of the Year award, named the personal computer as the winner.
f33b8e286db291c5397bacd77a3ec0d1beb505de	Jobs ' income then amounted to $ 486 million.
ac363d14ad304d895b330bd30115d1e9888f245c	A new invention and individuality.
8ad37e787b188e1ab02e28d1536e08c66e1e8d82	His charismatic personality and enthusiasm attracted many followers from Apple.
6e3fe724f257e7a34872f3edd89bb326b1f875d1	However, his greatest achievement in the course of this work was a huge flow of funds from investors.
2e00beef74266a6c8ae7c8437406f184ea418753	He attracted investors by his personal example, having invested $ 15 million in a new company "Next".
4eb9330399c98a9eae889c67868b8e4caad5ce76	Stephen Jobs (Stephen Paul Jobs) amazed the business world with a series of successful moves that began with the conclusion of a $ 20 million deal with Ross Perot.
5af4f482c57f1162d84ee3aaa08db2a3b1057769	This was followed by investments from the Japanese concern "Canon" in the amount of $ 100 million.
ea2defa3f5de1daef5b1e9370f514d3de4c3dc0c	The partnership with IBM was a gift of fate, which brought tens of millions of sales income and other investments.
7c32df7847055ac72fec631ed3af6d47dc27858e	His irreconcilable competitor at Apple was now on his team.
d6b54b71a9826e9d7d283bdfe01d460790a2b7fe	Steve Jobs has earned the recognition of financial and academic circles, having enlisted the support of two prestigious universities: Stanford and Carnegie Mellon.
a2a5e25814cfc411ba85feb251ff5eb49ff641fc	After that, he conducted a monumental deal with the Businessland Komshuyuter stores, the subject of which was the sale of future NEXT products in the amount of $ 100 million.
1c20a2c73c7abe430caf9aa0f184463c047b63b5	Steve Jobs did this tremendous work between 1985 and 1988.
eb97b7e338351d22b43da9984642d435f12c6be4	The apogee was held in October 1988, the presentation of a new computer a super show at the Davis Symphony Hall in San Francisco.
7afa758424e2a9244127cb9375eed968807b6f32	The computer station "Next" was received critically.
6e14fa52bb41bf414e0dff828994c0f70a23564b	Its sales levels did not meet the expectations of Jobs, and the media predicted the workstation, "next" the final failure in 1990.
441557c3ad84837bc277f19a2d9cf71cd9584e28	But in the middle of 1991, the time came for workstations, and Jobs sold the products of the second generation of computers that were faster and more competitive.
ef315015cfd65ca9e1cac3b0e963eab894699bb5	Steve Jobs predicted that by the end of 1991, sales would be 200 million.
a69377cacd4ce587487e2473777644d6e955e546	In February 1993, Steve Jobs sold hardware technologies to Canon.
a686442141db6f8b4eb5812c71ad0927a287db6e	He concentrated on software development and thus became a competitor to Bill Gates.
db40dce0aa06c7c75fd34a1bba1e2ec7fa6c12c4	Meanwhile, experts said that "Next" is doomed to failure.
e93bf2325f11f1d8f3f0603e5c17066e209b9bcd	In October 1988, Steve Jobs became the hero of editorials in Newsweek and Businessweek.
090fe8cbace4a19460c54216eabe588d1431d766	Newsweek named him "Mr. Chip" ( Mr. Chip) In 1989, Inc magazine awarded him the honorary title "Entrepreneur of the Decade" in its anniversary issue (10th anniversary).
ef0a6474cbeceb38eeadd8fbab35513c82f6479e	Steve Jobs became a true innovator and found himself in this life.
24dcc07f004a0b58cc8188a69a612d7ce9b564fe	He was only thirty four when he stood alone again on the threshold of a second innovative success.
eba052cbccba534325ea8710fd2b89c1b2d03061	On March 20, 1991, the wedding of Stephen Jobs and a Stanford student Laura Powell took place in Yosemite Park.
2e675ca614905dee3d1bea91237442690dd8d0ac	Autocratic success.
e616bbf40b32422753e0ee1a9d068015ccb8066e	Steve Jobs was successful because he believed in what he was doing; he believed that the path he chose was the right path.
538281dbff7490e994b5ca8588a461fc8b4294a5	The philosophy of Steve Jobs is: "My way is the best way."
a2e925847cd6ea2620529b99b116db7a56b36485	This philosophy is available only to those who have a huge faith in themselves, which most often grows out of uncertainty.
51012b322c937e1d8dd836e821745ce06c30d1aa	This faith, or "willpower", allowed him to feel the right and timely path.
39941205386c3b77bad8c735f63e583a8b1a2888	If the question arose whether to follow his intuition or rely on the opinion of specialists, he always chose intuition and relied on his willpower.
aa9c7d267418716e913901d960de388432ff4fef	This is the classic way of creative personalities, and, probably, this is what they oppose themselves to specialists with a pessimistic way of thinking.
a23aa3cd0cc40b1f04e41e95aaf9ffec38ad0e2a	The way of thinking of specialists is the opposite of the way of thinking of innovators.
b2ee64cc70bfc5b4deedc3c6ce2562143ffe4fcc	They are defending the "status quo".
7c103b595831ea5a6cf7dc58dba47f75ae5d5c9b	Therefore, the innovator considers any opinion of specialists hackneyed.
8e54fd43840f7ec1ef2a93d78a90a5a80e671288	Steve Jobs was extremely radical in relation to the opinion of experts and acted only according to his own rules, in an autocratic, and sometimes even hostile manner, challenging the establishment.
2bb578d1ea924c0efa38af4c64f8492d59b11bdf	Steve Jobs constantly increased his autocratic power and therefore achieved extraordinary success.
4e78dafeb45e4463c8e899bfb9f8c73975068746	His persuasive ability was legendary.
3725eb0bcc7c55aa94a8ef4f52650f890bd9041b	One of the reporters after talking with Steve Jobs said that he "can influence reality with an effort of will."
a9987bbc5de98fc43982ef1ec1d64061784e16e0	Steve Jobs became an instrument of the revolution produced by personal computers.
3e39fad83bee60f47de51bcb8db0290e1ebcbef8	The key positions that personal computers occupy in the information age are the merit of Steve Jobs.
4381a656b10012a8273164ba6a580a7b6bbe7446	The PC can rightly be called one of the greatest innovative technologies of the second half of the XX century.
ff7608b444850f8b4113d0f527b4f49887a99ec5	Steve Jobs will go down in history as one of the innovators responsible for its development.
ba4785801ebf91e1126adaad363f0216e161ae7a	This was made possible thanks to his militant will.
8feae0e70749a197d17f793da68800d132388385	His desire to know himself and become the "master of the situation" was the decisive factor of success.
3bb872b0c1584e989b225c30a9abee7c3337d5f8	Steve Jobs was a pioneer.
05b05635898b30870df6d61c3d60c1f616ea8641	He was undoubtedly " in the right place, at the right time, offering a timely product and having the right temperament."
fa6b214ced4fa72a2120754f7d5367845121f50b	He was initially willing to pay the price that should be paid, and undoubtedly paid it in full.
4f6ebe87f1090c86d53364a3ac62c9f5b18bc1ee	His autocracy and dictatorship may not have been the best methods of winning friends and influence, but undoubtedly, without them, this great innovation would not have been realized.
f3f0a6e1a38dfc6e1dd1dfa395d2a0e6b6369c4e	Steve Jobs used his "will to power" to an extent that is not often found in the annals of business.
f46d570923af3e59dbdc5fe5fc8f90ed417ec408	The will of Steve Jobs was an iron will that helped him to withstand all adversities.
5a4b177d4f8519bd516c31036caaacba74e2e1d7	Here are the components of success.
e3800b99d69a91f25ca58d61ca7ddcbdc98989da	Steve Jobs was considered lucky.
cdee3a842e61a0dc8ce36531593681d479ced408	But, remember, he didnot just get four aces.
82f575b17207ea6702b5d3c7a6b5e1c2ace545cc	In fact, he was not so lucky, even in comparison with some of his contemporaries.
d7e09f83beb7d060187f8b85bcb3bd5b1b2f4631	Steve Jobs played the cards thrown to him by fate, brightly and smartly.
7f914fb71c23d4751f1e318f8efe1a1e11ad8d7d	Over time, history has shown that he made his game.
2d97f5c9ff6f30682d1b66aa5b1528f7520b63a9	There is nothing to add to this.
7c5d2461baea824f611b9197c45cc30127f495f3	Based on the book by Gene Landram " 13 men who changed the world"
07439ac88c037a69b1a3104da38c3e93e465d724	Read about other outstanding entrepreneurs in the section " History of Business and Entrepreneurship"
f51ed7284fa3f16ddedb5c28e7314b4c4b0a98aa	← go to the page of Services of the company "Progressive Management"
b5102acf33bff411f6feab026c3dee1852afd30f	← go to the main page of Progressive Management | Investor search, business planning, change management
51ad0bbf31da4443b4f39b60ad5fc5e7b92dff9e	Category: History of business and entrepreneurship / Famous entrepreneurs, businessmen, managers.
99ab97d0082454111f54ebe8a586ec7953680239	SEARCH FOR INVESTORS, ATTRACTING INVESTMENTS, BUSINESS PLANNING, DEVELOPMENT OF BUSINESS PLANS
65d5dfaddb70c2543ab70b501210efab08b8d2ab	Akio Morita is a well known entrepreneur and innovator, the founder of Sony Corporation.\ Paristotel Onassis is a well known entrepreneur, shipowner, billionaire.\ pBill Gates is a well known entrepreneur and innovator, the founder of Microsoft Corporation.
e646a7df5323e347c99245fda9b40b9d905c9a7e	\ pGenry Deterding is a well known businessman, oil industrialist, founder of the Royal Dutch Petroleum company.
47eeed81ec6ed89a8d7aaeb1529437ffc924514f	Henry Ford is a well known entrepreneur and innovator, engineer, industrialist, inventor, founder of the Ford company.
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50e6f110f4773816c375650fe94e8215b9286c97	\ Pritchard Branson is a well known entrepreneur, billionaire, founder of the company "Virgin".
b1580e72a277bf084e94d1647b3f145692d24750	\ Pross Perot is a well known entrepreneur and innovator, businessman, billionaire.\ pRae Kroc is a well known entrepreneur and innovator, the founder of the global fast food empire "McDonald's".\ Psoichiro Honda is a well known Japanese entrepreneur and innovator, engineer, founder of the Honda Motor company.
623984bd92fd6b233660f837a1b8343502bf1c68	Steve Jobs is a well known entrepreneur and innovator, co founder and CEO of Apple.\ pSam Walton is a well known entrepreneur and innovator, businessman, founder of the Wal Mart and Sam's Club store chains.
f16d0cabc3319a3ed13cc36926d04f2aee74b316	Ted Turner is a well known entrepreneur and innovator, billionaire, media mogul, founder of the channels "TBS", "CNN", "TNT", "TV 6", the network "CNN radio".\ Ptom Monagen is a well known entrepreneur and innovator, businessman, billionaire, founder of the world famous Domino's Pizza chain.
74861dac42deaabc144f4344438bdac724763d4e	Thomas John Watson Sr. is a well known entrepreneur and executive, founder and president of IBM.Thomas Edison is a world famous inventor, entrepreneur and innovator.
4ad0962e37864654bdfcd5f55914b750e3b406a1	\ Pfred Smith is a well known entrepreneur and innovator, the founder and head of the company"FedEx".
ee0eaa33a280ea93f6b1177fff964594a4db3557	\ Paris Lejeune is a well known entrepreneur, a multi millionaire.
a17568346004d0f0fb2ab253d3b2d9b63c38734d	\ Pbiron Marcel Beach is a well known entrepreneur and innovator, the founder of the trademarks "Bic", "Cricket".
36c3bd58120839b0dc88576769a56b8e9964b881	\ pSolomon Price is an American well known entrepreneur, a visionary innovator, the founder of the retail chains "Fed Mart" and "Price Club".\n\n
10a81db18a6331df045d2ca74be621bf72cb523f	the history of successful business and entrepreneurship great and visionary innovators outstanding entrepreneurs legendary businessmen founders of successful business talented managers inventors of innovative products heads of innovative companies
afb2b399a237ac17f6128ed8e43fec3895b0a036	Jobs, Steve
9adc2ae2769f55738a1e8e3fc7a615cad4046cc4	This is the stable version, released on December 22, 2016.
1b36059ff95b2aad47520edfd3341a22022d68b0	Steve Jobs Steve Jobs
bf7a6ed17e9ea2f7ddbf5f5f3dded4417260342f	Jobs demonstrates the iPhone 4 smartphone at the Worldwide Developers Conference in 2010 Birth name: Steven Paul Jobs
1a6626ebd9190991660cb033975d716a83a96817	Occupation: entrepreneur, co founder and CEO of Apple, NeXT and Pixar
6f3210c8ebdd971e8aabda1a35dcee53b4950c6c	Date of birth: February 24 1955(1955-02-24)[1][2][3]
5b4c32dc1cf99344be9536a7a72d37382f2b22df	Place of birth: San Francisco, California, USA
5f9215296d00b534d3affaa4f117ba7685f9e282	Date of death: October 5 2011(2011-10-05)[4][1][5][3]
68749b6b71f7c60dd82624772cf998fcbebd9289	(56 years old)
abe6341f87e084ebe3bc7116f5ab142df3d8e6b9	Place of death: Palo Alto, Santa Clara, California, USA
822e0bc93ca4ca11441c424d5117f125492dba4d	Father: biological:
3a81f4b36b8a3c83e69c25b5e78eaa3aafc50391	Abdulfatta "John" Jandali (born 1931)
aa5566d130bf6b1b507a4f286914751b5d9d36e2	reception:
f8e93a1b4d6afe1a2250ab7de2984ae5fc539181	Paul Reinhold Jobs (1922-1993)
92bb4aa1350666b1c4da6608ae6e8d93f4cef581	Mother: Biological:
2f416c7890a9c00273b7bc679e2538cf49985cda	Joan Carol Schieble (born 1932)
8a531a6a21a1e4584b0fc25bd5dba2427ba2da6b	Clara Jobs (Hagopian) (1924-1986)
5bdb086aa07e4439bbef7f3f02466b7152606b88	Spouse: Lauren Powell (since 1991)
4de2404e2dfacbffb0f44c11a02c29982de571b9	Children: by Chris Ann Brennan:
fdd798bfa180acb303218b321cef7f4bc2cb06c9	Lisa Brennan Jobs (born 1978),
d6e6d78f9b8a77ef29b321d6d6188ac08825592a	from Lauren Powell:
1ea73b47c9d35856f20d75fc8f0c6c5d26377509	Reed Jobs (born 1991), Erin Jobs (born 1995), Eve Jobs (born 1998)
5753ee5d54bd09cdb69a06550c93b80a90cad78f	(1985) Jefferson Award (1987), Grammy Board of Trustees Award (2012, posthumously)
e46dd0f66a87032dfba9662d7bf6c9411f6af7f1	Autograph:
fba49e5b9969f2f9262f61e7e9b5d5c2c5216463	Steve Jobs on Wikimedia Commons
bfa6afd732bf53c707769bcf6c350abba831f69d	Steven Paul "Steve" Jobs (February 24, 1955 (19550224), San Francisco, California — October 5, 2011, Palo Alto, Santa Clara, California) was an American entrepreneur who was widely recognized as a pioneer of the era of IT technologies[6][7]. One of the founders, chairman of the Board of Directors and CEO of Apple Corporation.
d5466ff80d093647492066838f614b9470375145	One of the founders and CEO of the Pixar film studio.
d9b4b7a4560a3e6551d108b24d0043be6f7303ab	In the late 1970s, Steve and his friend Steve Wozniak developed one of the first personal computers that had great commercial potential.
d2186a57dd33a4867626d396f6bf9a81c94e3ad4	The Apple II computer was the first mass produced product of Apple, created on the initiative of Steve Jobs.
c68553cfc2191bf6b609c4c7fb07cf6997a76190	Later, Jobs saw the commercial potential of a mouse controlled graphical interface, which led to the introduction of the Apple Lisa computers and, a year later, the Macintosh (Mac).
2cd7f60eb5551daedd013edfa07d0aa2ad63ee0a	Difficulties with the development of a new operating system for Mac led to the purchase of NeXT by Apple in 1996, to use NeXTSTEP OS as the basis for Mac OS X.
5f67b0372d631f42aa45c163ee0701dd168bdf7a	As part of the deal, Jobs received a position as an adviser to Apple.
74d43ef90946dcbf89b87e8eb45379e1cbb3e248	The success of these products and services, which provided several years of stable financial profits, allowed Apple to become the most expensive public company in the world in 2011.
19a4dffbf52381a29551b73008c3f58ec17cfce9	Many commentators call the revival of Apple one of the greatest achievements in the history of business.
8ef3d1d6a86bb208346316c10e2d59d5c86e6812	At the same time, Jobs was criticized for his authoritarian management style, aggressive actions towards competitors, and the desire for total control over products even after they are sold to the buyer.
4a896828f4c86cb70667797ac55723e1d0c3d966	Jobs has received public recognition and a number of awards for his influence on the technology and music industry.
bbc4e7048621e500bc7eaff0d6208a888bb31043	He is often called a "visionary" and even the "father of the digital revolution".
b0e3a52e0fa869e5f31215912b3970d2d857dc27	Jobs was a brilliant speaker and took the presentation of innovative products to a new level, turning them into exciting shows.
7ad9c808db9ab9a87322809684b166ac23229851	His easily recognizable figure in a black turtleneck, worn jeans and sneakers is surrounded by a kind of cult.
7cd6b8a12288e327cd77f17fe82479920938b5e5	After eight years of fighting the disease, Steve Jobs died of pancreatic cancer in 2011[8].
1b577995df31f49dd229c18e953bfd5b85647bfc	1 Childhood 2 School 2.1 "Blue box"
e2d5378202d5be84100d92d64104c90b8b7afc36	3 Reed College 4 Work at Atari 5 "Home Computer Club" 6 Apple Computer 6.1 Apple I 6.2 Apple II 6.3 Apple III 6.4 Apple Lisa 6.5 Macintosh 6.5.1 1984
2940c06b0f094e4f4f66b743a3d3d482239c4361	6.6 Crisis and dismissal
6c84e482cceb9739ac6f66918e44ad2b462fe7f9	7 NeXT Computer 8 Pixar and Disney 9 Return to Apple 9.1 Think Different 9.2 iMac 9.3 Apple Store 9.4 iTunes 9.5 iPod 9.6 iTunes Store 9.7 iPhone 9.8 iPad 9.9 Retirement
847d2baec770042a8e725d0802daa93d063b36a2	10 Business 10.1 Status 10.2 Management Style 10.3 Inventions and Projects
721c398c8c6c7095abf518d14e3e1da19f7921b2	11 Relations with IT industry figures 12 Public Activities 13 Scandals 13.1 Retroactive Stock options 13.2 Unauthorized biographies 13.3 Harassment of bloggers 13.4 Censorship on iPhone and iPad 13.5 Disposal of electronic waste
9dc20cb2f33ba0bf117fb76e3f86eaf207231f08	14 Personal life 14.1 Search for biological relatives 14.1.1 Acquaintance with the biological mother 14.1.2 Acquaintance with the biological sister
de3dbef319be3724ba13ce1eccd5142155376679	14.2 Relationships with the biological family 14.3 Relationships with Women 14.3.1 Chris Ann Brennan 14.3.2 Barbara Jasinski 14.3.3 Joan Baez 14.3.4 Jennifer Egan 14.3.5 Tina Redse
1c19d104bff1bb8e916a546ded6c2ceaaec316fe	14.4 Marriage to Lauren Powell 14.5 Housing 14.6 Health problems
63bd28820c533d7bbd01fa31a140401ca9037e25	15 Death 15.1 Media coverage
cd9bf0907600a840441c51f099224ff96381413d	16 Awards and public recognition 17 Criticism 18 In Culture 18.1 Books 18.2 Documentaries 18.3 Feature Films 18.4 Theater
edb8283b7a58105f1542d13b2b59d7e0b4e6d0c3	19 Notes 20 References 21 References
9a9f029bbee91aaca1d216c0fae9b15c233bd81d	Childhood
6c5ce78d1eafd41bb8f0e9763a92168ecc4a1fa7	Stephen Paul Jobs was born on February 24, 1955.
78af4e4b765a23936e92a9fee1a46bcd21e20089	His parents were unregistered students: Syrian born Abdulfattah (John) Jandali and Joan Schible from a Catholic family of German immigrants.
8328a1a912274b6bf7dc17296bfafb8fb4bcb887	Joan was studying for a master's degree at the University of Wisconsin, and Jandali also worked there as a teaching assistant.
605649ddbe87a40c5376f29cd807c77b02bc1c28	Since Joan's relatives objected to their relationship, and her father, who was dying, threatened to disinherit her altogether, she had to go to a private doctor in San Francisco to give birth and then give the child up for adoption[9].
062be17bd65c85d496a0079d8551d4df13a8230d	The boy was adopted by Paul Jobs and an American of Armenian descent[10] Clara Jobs, nee Hagopian[11].
2f08a6ba88b2ce777225405ac029a3c8a493af84	The Jobs could not have their own children[12].
a1b450f012ae3ad3c905defa38a1c6dfabbdf8c3	They named their adopted son Stephen Paul.
596e08dd6aea4e9f806327507294b1a736491737	Joan wanted Stephen's adoptive parents to have a higher education, and when she learned that Clara had not graduated from college, and Paul was only in high school, she signed the adoption papers only after they gave a written commitment to pay for Stephen's college education[13].
ba657c887bf07a5efb9686660ca4ab49e3ac0d5c	Jobs always considered Paul and Clara to be father and mother, he was very annoyed if someone called them foster parents: "They are my real parents 100 %." According to the rules of official adoption, the biological parents did not know anything about the whereabouts of their son, and Steve met his own mother and younger sister only after 31 years[13].
55c350cc89be1c43be11180d3caa34703cfbf187	When Steve was two years old, the Jobs adopted a girl, Patty, and three years later the family moved from San Francisco to Mountain View[14].
9e1c13b76187834ba266bede197d4ca4dfa5fc4c	Paul was an auto mechanic and worked for the financial company CIT.
59b4e935e01dc624f89467bab889007d264b3b05	In the family garage, he repaired old cars for sale to earn money for Steve's education and fulfill obligations to his biological parents.
82ce685d6e6b6439024a1a1b168671da0b907e8e	Paul also tried to instill in his son a love for the profession of an auto mechanic[14].
71f930dbbd7e390904276a09756932acf8d4edf2	This activity did not appeal to Steve, but through cars, his father introduced him to the basics of electronics[15].
24ed43316c9393d6247f6cf708e9c9c767bd14d1	Together they disassembled and assembled radios and televisions, as a result, Steve became interested and carried away with such a technique[16].
0c464daa4317d9ac8dc7fe9ef8c6e2f090ab7fb4	Clara Jobs worked as an accountant at Varian Associates[17] — one of the first high tech companies that later became part of Silicon Valley[18].
0e0bf6deb3a2f663abfc9ec4ea7aad598ce80734	She taught Steve to read before he went to school[19].
f2f3d66a7978c2077c56d962072c4cdd6cd95d44	School
dd88423d215b7430a4dc2cf323e3975dab8cb8b4	Paul and Clara Jobs ' house on Crist Drive in Los Altos.
40b0c18173feb6d95c4854cc42fd64d1eb549790	This is where Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne founded Apple Computer in 1976
062617c6057afad16008af4c3153ba41ff4fd314	School classes disappointed Steve with their formalism.
9dfff54ee5aa96eba0bb19145c3badde4e1a370e	Teachers at Mona Loma Elementary School described him as a prankster, and only one teacher, Mrs. Hill, was able to see in her student extraordinary abilities and find an approach to him.
086c2c0aec20a54d78b6c73ac6951b03778e2667	When Steve was in the fourth grade, Mrs. Hill gave him "bribes" for good studies, in the form of sweets, money and DIY kits, thereby stimulating his learning.
01ee28984abdfdcdca1c11d8e0554500696858c2	This quickly bore fruit: soon Steve began to study diligently without any reinforcement, and at the end of the school year he passed the exams so brilliantly that the director offered to transfer him from the fourth grade immediately to the seventh.
caaa5fc6561bb290722043cb730c27a5e1782a6d	As a result, by the decision of his parents, Steve was enrolled in the sixth grade, that is, in high school.
707820341309daf57ae13dee1e59e7820a03bdbf	It was a school in Crittenden, a few blocks from Mona Loma, but in a completely different, criminal area.
47dd707367504a8ca069511852b760b819b1f820	Both on the street and in the school itself, bullies did not give Jobs a pass.
934e41edbb15dbdca0a23312a221acb0ed2b9588	A year later, Steve gave his parents an ultimatum about transferring to another school.
5b2dde95aa2692eb39ed7a2206769d42002332fe	The family had to use their last savings to buy a house in a more decent area, in south Los Altos[20].
b4918da43ea398ac6976edb29eafe8c7fb0b3e78	"An engineer from some laboratory was invited to the class, he came and told what he was working on now," Jobs later recalled.
be12aefacef3cbf8309a536a66890b7393a35cf7	When he needed parts manufactured by Hewlett Packard to implement the plan, thirteen year old Jobs, without thinking twice, called the head of the company, Bill Hewlett, at home.
5e270ec554c9965655f4029ec587c0bbcbe346e2	As a result, he received not only the necessary parts, but also a job on the assembly line at HP at the end of his first year at Homestead, thanks to a personal invitation from Hullet.
9f548ca9081de59a2195e4cfe53a44121c7bc1df	In addition to this job, which aroused the envy of his peers, Steve delivered newspapers, and the next year he worked in a warehouse at the Haltek electronics store[23].
35d703c62b8370806de18ded7fd17d4f3fd9ae17	By the age of fifteen, Jobs already had his first car of his own — a two color Nash Metropolitan, bought with the financial participation of his father.
d347d81c072648599ef8c5ece85c9869d65b1e47	Paul Jobs also installed an engine from MG on the car.
11f5b639854d01f06c318a2f29c29965f6028471	A year later, Steve, having saved up more money, was able to exchange this car for a red Fiat 850 Coupe.
ad78303e1623a750f5a72ee3466c6037f56f855e	At the same time, Steve Jobs began to communicate with hippies, listen to Bob Dylan and The Beatles, smoke marijuana and use LSD, because of which he clashed with his father for some time[24].
15d75cf282ddcf9ea1d6a2947d3107e91eaefa13	Jobs became friends with his classmate Bill Fernandez, who was also interested in electronics.
cb5a522c553877a8e9680d6a3bdc26af31798dd2	Fernandez introduced Jobs to a graduate who was fond of computers, a real "legend" of the school, Stephen Wozniak (also known as "Woz"), who was five years older than him[25].
135265ae1d79cacb0a5294012236901bae0e661b	In 1969, Woz and Fernandez began assembling a small computer, which they called "cream soda" and showed Jobs[26][27]. So Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak became best friends:
0525e28e5903f48a3edeb7f5578932514238a549	We sat with him for a long time on the sidewalk in front of Bill's house and shared stories — we told each other about our practical jokes and about the devices we had developed.
9a1b4322891749241fb4b25740e534be02031be4	I felt that we had a lot in common.
dfd3a8ee4a0c2ba75d7f8b7541c4f01884acec08	It's usually hard for me to explain to people all the subtleties of electrical devices that I collected, but Steve grabbed everything on the fly.
c54a972ceee68483ccb4bb8e9deb8ebe26e729c0	I liked him immediately[27].
b0867709fabb18899b5b383aef998cd3b86be4a4	Steve and I just sat on the sidewalk in front of Bill’s house for the longest time, just sharing stories—mostly about pranks we’d pulled, and also what kind of electronic designs we’d done.
ba65528199d4f305c783481f06acdde82fab239e	We had so much in common.
2affa52ad39e79e6ffbe20653dac533ea518a25b	Typically, it was really hard for me to explain to people what kind of design stuff I worked on, but Steve got it right away.
f4ef23c3ba8bbf0228049991384f94d1381f9a0a	And I liked him.
5049fa37bde3344480a8bd3e5e1572dae8543eb6	- Steve Wozniak
9aeb19054d30382016f6b1b1d763676628f7ce33	Jobs and Wozniak collected recordings of Bob Dylan, arranged music and light shows at the school and various practical jokes[28].
428be7da266ba129ccc432ace3cae5379375fb15	"The Blue box"
36784fdbf6ee1d98c00ee96729b5e030c9aa8858	Steve Wozniak's BlueBox at the Computer History Museum, California
398377c46f1ada8c51e44ef6cd66c569de2005ea	Main article: Blue box
2d528d8c1c1dddc05a3eb23c6731b7a200363c90	The telephone line was captured using an audio imitation of a tone signal of a certain frequency.
d86b85ddbff304edf15e4f909178ede303848fac	Then it was necessary to dial the number, also through a simulated call in tone mode.
f4276b6dc6b9b6e6f6699627aa0f1c35082405cd	As it turned out, there was a whole subculture of phreakers engaged in hacking telephone networks.
75abf7439f391b23a5619d66d5c59054e255bc18	One of them, hiding under the pseudonym Captain Crunch, discovered that the whistle, which manufacturers put in packages with the same name oat flakes ("Cap'n Crunch"), can produce a sound of the right key, suitable for capturing the line.
70b3ab16e04fd209f9aa41f3bb8c95f958030918	For the subsequent dialing, Crunch used a homemade device called "Blue box"("blue box").
95e415390b882c967a77b1e7324b6dc1501924d9	At first, friends had fun, calling in different parts of the world and arranging practical jokes.
b4cc8f3bab1533b00f18d60517831da909a98e2c	However, Jobs soon realized the commercial potential of their invention[32].
ab95cb11326c24eb65c3f2a70c2a4f68e0e41366	At first, the production of one " box "cost about $ 80, but then Wozniak made a printed circuit board that allowed to produce 10-20 "boxes" at once, and the cost of one piece fell to $ 40.
5a4f059f40325b2794d64db650ab6e438e3bc975	Ready made "boxes" were sold by friends for $ 150 apiece, the income was divided equally[33].
043c25c98a627d451373cc95d373b264e1be17f1	In total, they made and managed to sell about a hundred "boxes" and made a good profit.
5603ad53c0a3da939c700c100739acc2bd95234e	It was decided to stop the business after a couple of unpleasant incidents with potential buyers and the police[34].
7c22363c985695733f7a1672433c71ef4ffacf67	Probably, the story of the "blue boxes" convinced Jobs that electronics can not only bring joy, but also bring a good income[35].
e07e72068a80f02b36a63c9ccaf93ad46e98b9ef	The same story laid the principles of their future cooperation: For the sake of humanity, Wozniak invents another brilliant thing, and Jobs comes up with how to design it and present it on the market in order to make good money[36].
095dd8288a1744bbdb3fa4cc8289ee8a963e8abe	Reed College
e48bfafc60cb4853d93b59edff4d322f09f38359	Main article: Reed College
ee38a606d9862bc9d8ed0cf536c5f66fd5e286ca	Reed College Campus
f2de0ea3d2d5bdeb54531f51b75297674395938a	In the summer of 1972, after graduating from high school, Steve Jobs left his parents ' house and, together with his girlfriend Chris Ann Brennan, settled in a hut in the mountains above Los Altes, despite the objections of his parents[37].
03979c3b7c1af1e078b6d5918c97345a3e3a0aff	In the same year, he entered Reed College in Portland (Oregon).
ee5ade1fb12c8082840b2a15bcb9375b74fe5fea	It was a private liberal arts university, one of the most expensive in America, and it was difficult for parents who had saved every cent for their son's education for many years to pay for his education.
fc37b392a8fb96040df5606495224db6ac42eb46	But Steve did not want to study anywhere else, and most of his parents ' savings were spent on his studies at Reed[26][38]. Reed was famous for his free morals and hippie atmosphere, despite the fact that the standards of training were very high, and the curriculum was rich[38].
51a851a8ac68c28616e06a8d92d5a6cca50a6fa4	At Reed, Jobs first became seriously interested in Eastern spiritual practices, especially Zen Buddhism[39].
e9d7d5a75cbd8837166cf6f3af87e77f50857d9f	At the same time, he became a convinced vegetarian and began experiments with fasting[40].
85faef09df85bcbd9417e6486ee8064cc54026d8	At Reed College, Jobs met Daniel Kottke, who became his best friend along with Wozniak, as well as the born leader Robert Friedland,the president of the student council, the manager of an apple farm and a follower of Eastern philosophy, who had a great influence on Jobs:
8f6c2f2a679d6201caf6fade1f65fb6af3c6edb7	Robert was a sociable, charismatic guy, a real salesman.
220b76880a70cf60b4f8e52a88ff372450b7a8cd	And Steve, when I met him, was shy, secretive, kept in the shadows.
77c2c89c48780e7c02c44dc8fa41889f9f3363f3	I think it was Robert who taught him how to sell, how to get out of his shell, open up and master the situation [41].
d7c0c6e6ff32ffca618f5387fb6e376d798a10e8	Robert was very much an outgoing, charismatic guy, a real salesman.
530e5badf222621102f8c4dbecb16d7be4d740f8	When I first met Steve he was shy and self effacing, a very private guy.
011a612a2bf818fae6c779017ea98bef3b4ac0a1	I think Robert taught him a lot about selling, about coming out of his shell, of opening up and taking charge of a situation.
c11ee9ca21354d7904217b6fc908a96b2d91bcca	- Daniel Kottke
8ebc937553ed19dbf50f4ff34e70c86cd89ab646	Friedland, interested in Hinduism, got together with local Hare Krishnas and took Jobs and Kottke with him.
4d22df9517260012416890acd2a8583230351a41	In the summer of 1973, Friedland took a trip to India, to the guru of Ram Dass, Neem Karoli Baba, also known as Maharaj ji, in search of enlightenment.
2451564459db2d4907f4b537c847b7674bb6b22a	After returning back, Friedland took a spiritual name for himself, dressed in Indian clothes, sandals and walked around the campus in this form [42].
7169fb49f3c85501065a79f2302f2a1ea032aec2	Jobs at all costs wanted to repeat the path of Friedland and "find himself"[43].
066934052a3fe3fc4377d92041ab83cebb3f78dd	After six months of training, Jobs dropped out of college.
339739377c2a26105a581545d6456d65c68dbcd0	Since he was not interested in the tedious mandatory program, he saw no point in studying it.
94119989104c8ced88210f9632698a331437ba98	He was expelled, but for another year, with the permission of the dean's office, Jobs attended free creative classes that were really interesting to him, including calligraphy courses[44][45]. Later, Jobs said:
1f3a291a8e11f48a3ebf6f12877aa5be154500c5	If I hadnot been interested in calligraphy in college, Mac wouldnot have had a lot of fonts, proportional kerning and interlining.
885a7fc1f67614599b9e9200a25ca49670acf7b5	And since Windows is copied from a Mac, no personal computer would have all this at all[46].
7190a727f6e396ec436bbc9cc75406b1c10124d1	If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts.
d80c76f831c04600205a9c513753e4730e326e39	And since Windows just copied the Mac, it’s likely that no personal computer would have them.
efcd1f050e2acba874e31a057779e7424a1cd759	- Steve Jobs
ca8917a0227d0d5824f59ce5e2eadd077a36d3a2	While in college "on bird rights", Jobs continued to lead a bohemian lifestyle, although he had to sleep on the floor of a dorm with friends, and to feed himself, he collected coke bottles and once a week went to the Hare Krishna temple for free lunches[47][46].
46a0d9e019749b2e2bd74f9f23d4166db6731650	Working at Atari
404ef931023ebfbe6f71c7b64976c219265f1b9a	In February 1974, Jobs got a job as a technician at a young Atari company in Los Gatos (California).
c8008001fad426b5a53cd28a516adba98bb1891b	Jobs, receiving $ 5 an hour, became one of the first fifty of her employees[48][36]. At Atari, Jobs was mainly engaged in fine tuning games "to the mind", putting forward interesting and original design proposals.
4570e7929d52e9b4a6c235b91fc5322ec0f7c3ac	However, there he was immediately disliked for his arrogance and untidy appearance.
e29998d438d5a6a5656f925b249f1d1e679f3c46	But the founder and head of Atari, Nolan Bushnell, liked Steve, and he transferred Jobs to work the night shift, retaining a promising employee[49]:
d2227e89f48d325e1c59899ac566074eb04c9520	He was a philosopher, unlike many with whom I had to work.
080cb253a3df3bf978b60ca9f25c07f51585ab30	We often talked about free will and predestination.
f58e7cc035366b2df470ff55ca1918c4af32cf02	I argued that everything is predetermined, that we are all programmed.
c99059409b2131d2d10d63a2d909b74862e9a8b3	And if you have reliable initial data, you can predict the actions of other people.
af85a2876fe36842bbc1792d932ea2706a9f4bee	Steve thought otherwise[50].
a380a22f95eda4dbe156e7d02be2063590265d5d	He was more philosophical than the other people I worked with.
7a2379a3c3201f4d68cbaaeae3fbc44006808ef4	We used to discuss free will versus determinism.
bf07e9fb9b0f086948964720294cd541878f0b0c	I tended to believe that things were much more determined, that we were programmed.
dd2bc2e16aef3f4a0d01cd5294fef31bd9468402	If we had perfect information, we could predict people’s actions.
c0c9585509b02b055ee2f98aa318e6d9d82166f9	Steve felt the opposite.
b09f22a7cca901a8885608152849541bc4609820	— Nolan Bushnell
3822486cdf3c4b5d94b29a220185bc7b65064cba	In mid 1974, [51] Jobs went to India in search of spiritual enlightenment.
b0ac45e9fbe0f06820221d513febc26cf18610a7	Moreover, Jobs managed to convince the management of Atari to pay for his journey to Munich, where he fulfilled an assignment related to the company's business[43].
610129f805c51aef4b627d46d7a33ac981b4f185	In India, Jobs, on the advice of Friedland, was going to visit guru Nim Karoli Baba, but it turned out that he died in September 1973[48].
b4155dbd3576fece2ec5b0577168954b9b67636f	In addition, on the way, Jobs had dysentery and lost 15 kilograms.
54ab4c3eb63760deb9ba7d295b8ab9e76ed3e064	I had to stay in the village for recuperation.
ac32b34f90c22825481a1a44fdf3ffc30b65ade8	Kottke soon joined Jobs.
032f5e0ba1af891323f002321c694dda4db17376	Together they made a long journey to the ashram of Hariahan Baba (English)Russian..
7bf8d1f45394896eb68822407490d4022a6359db	They spent a lot of time on bus trips from Delhi to Uttar Pradesh and back, and then to Himachal Pradesh and back[48].
6d1e2ab3d1d2b0a5a2a7d32a6aabc5c9efd08b89	Jobs did not look for another guru, but tried to achieve enlightenment on his own, with the help of asceticism, fasting and simplicity.
aaa38ba7345a1501a8492acd12e48d93b142253a	According to Kottke's memoirs, Jobs failed to achieve" inner silence " in India[52], and Steve admitted to close friends that he started this trip and generally plunged into the trials of various spiritual and mystical practices in order to numb the pain of realizing that he was abandoned immediately after birth.
81fa02055bd5ab5122dd1423d256ddac4347df88	After getting to know his real parents, Steve hoped to understand something very important about himself and his place in life[53].
9a3bd58c4a5457d2860349296c42fa9defeacaf0	After a seven month stay in India, Jobs returned to the United States[54] emaciated, red brown from sunburn, with a shaved head and in traditional Indian clothing[52] [55].
1bbbb7345f2c26023a39551be59a4c98dfff7bfa	After returning, Jobs was still able to find a spiritual mentor right in Los Altos.
814e5cad3f16953ee36037a56f95b59bb458533b	It was Kobun Tino Otagawa, a student of the founder of the Zen Buddhist center in San Francisco, Shunryu Suzuki, author of the book "Zen Consciousness, Beginner's Consciousness".
753aad1b575a9a663d8f67795bf76b28930b2ad8	Otagawa gave evening lectures in Los Altos on Wednesdays and conducted meditations with students.
0b66704e60d270f5fec3e836a727280dc194413e	Jobs became a serious practitioner of Zen Buddhism, participated in long meditations at the Tassahara Zen center[56] and even considered becoming a student at the Eiheiji Temple in Japan, but his mentor persuaded him to stay in America[57][58].
580294356381f5b5b007371965f1f33ed9b7f188	At this time, Jobs was experimenting with psychedelics.
093d140b50b447c330d636e2506feb9b77c085e8	Later, he called his experience of using LSD "one of the two or three most important things he did in his life"[59][60] and added that people who have not tried "acid" will never be able to fully understand it[60].
8f02f8e80bcc043b94a3c1aa2fe8f45d8d35f649	In early 1975, Jobs returned to Atari.
e49cd7d73e97f8ecfde3a667df651fe84e5df03d	Then the Breakout game was being finalized and a bonus for optimizing the game scheme was announced in the amount of $ 100 for each chip excluded from the scheme.
af8cf2a9f1b4462b82ce0d96c0eed19d829a54f1	Jobs volunteered to take this job, but, since he was poorly versed in the development of electronic circuits, he was forced to turn to Wozniak, who then worked at Hewlett Packard.[61] An additional difficulty was the timing — Jobs said that the work had to be completed in 4 days.
4c4010a6ce38a52e2be25f5b65d339c0f474fbc3	It usually takes several months to develop such a scheme, but Jobs was able to convince Wozniak that he would cope in 4 days.
a001964f41aecac23979d2ad131d8f9e8a4ea2b1	He distorts reality by imagining things that canot be — for example, he tells me that I can come up with a design for Breakout in a few days.
17762a1b8beaf6dbfe356de2009ae00d90904a12	And you realize that this is impossible, but in the end it turns out that Steve is right [62]
cd98ec10446cc183b371c8083cb9643a921afa30	Wozniak practically did not sleep for four days, working during the day at his main job, but he completed the task by developing a game scheme in the allotted time.
27c101a43f2124086cf68f2d2aea44dd696288be	At the same time, to the great surprise of Atari engineers, he used only 45 chips[63][64]
1e6b35fa1d94312b02c8b09c48f55e1a437fa7cb	(such schemes then contained 130-170 chips, and the most successfully developed 70-100 chips).
174d2ae14ae809e483f40c74de699ab370e7bd8d	For this work, Jobs gave Wozniak a check for $ 350.
fb0fd43fe31f0d90d1a750274c02fd3e9da6573f	However, it later turned out that Jobs had deceived his partner by saying that Atari had paid him only $ 700.
55cd01e2e31e2dc875af74abf604a417b319f0bc	Jobs did not mention the announced bonus of $ 100 for each chip saved, and which amounted to $ 5,000.
10b7ccebd114c2803006d5265f625da468a32687	It turned out that Jobs completely appropriated this award to himself[65][64]. In addition, Jobs also invented a four day deadline, because he wanted to catch the apple harvest at Friedland's farm and was in a hurry to catch a plane[66].
5e7ff4966186bfa64c2733f8fb6aa6a0d812f92a	After receiving the money, he quit his job at Atari.
c6bea33b15ac6e79f628a620abf8571ba9068781	Later, after learning about the real bonus, Wozniak was upset and noted that if Jobs had then admitted to him that he needed money, he would have given him his share himself[31].
162f32d71b778f97269522db5eb43df7916abd68	As for Jobs, he continued to claim that he gave Woz half of the money he received, even after the story leaked to the press ten years later [66].
92ceb4badf46101eef68ab88b0ce4abc56dd2125	"Club of homemade computers"
0cd240b22e020b844a3d2498db0976fbccc7f9e2	Bulletin of the "Club of homemade computers", September 1976
67c7314e57cd26ac5ab996a9e979a865573f8108	The members of the club gathered in Menlo Park, in the garage of Gordon French, an unemployed engineer.
83fdba2011d9d092940dd4d2cb6f0f3d54b4eed7	All of them were also engineers and" fans " of computer technology, united by their desire to change the prevailing idea of computers as very expensive and cumbersome devices that require special skills to use.
04f198758e68feb2b551b75ae3dfe169b1857df5	The introduction of new technologies into the lives of ordinary people was supposed to be through the promotion of independent design and handicraft manufacturing of computers.
a8c7ad05fdb6b7aa7961dafd4eeb2b377e2bec58	Steve Wozniak was present at the meeting.
26a6d9f6dccefde925245c5f3f74b18890c12628	The club became a second home for Wozniak, especially since the ideas that were voiced at the meetings became more and more daring and grandiose, it was already about a whole "computer revolution" in the interests of all mankind[68].
eab62a56fdebe4e0801e688dca4ff42edeea4e45	This formulation of the problem fully met Wozniak's views, and by the end of June he received the first unique result for that time: the display of characters typed on the keyboard.
dd2b84b07d926c419e03026b18dcc62c5e60f39c	After that, Jobs also began to attend the "Home made Computer Club", in any case, in 1975 he was at several meetings: Woz showed his computer to other members of the club at the end of meetings, and Jobs helped him carry a TV that served as a display, as well as with the settings[70].
5368c5405781e65b4b46efc2bdba3a77981c92b5	The meetings of the club were already attended by more than 100 people, and the meetings began to be held in one of the classrooms of the Stanford Center for Linear Accelerators, under the chairmanship of the pacifist engineer Lee Felsenstein (English)Russian [69].
b944d6cd43e522c4ab477ce0b845fc5ccbd80462	First of all, he convinced Woz to stop distributing computer drawings right and left to everyone, although this did not meet the principles of the" Home Computer Club", created for the free exchange of ideas and selfless mutual assistance.
92ce6d8a30279f2ca8407c2ff733d0026c652728	Jobs also drew attention to the fact that the club members are actively working on drawings, but projects are usually not brought to working models due to lack of time and skills.
477b91c6902e29b3e3c609f5df619d1d50474b59	Then Steve suggested that Woz sell ready made printed circuit boards in the club, that is, take the most difficult part of the work on himself, and the buyer would have to solder the chips to the board according to the ready made drawings.
bae109c493e6fab491be467ce56824cf5b42ac8e	According to Jobs ' calculations, the production of one board would cost $ 20, and he was going to sell them twice as much.
f6f3211026849189d049c1c63aabde1cb2ed1f84	At first, Wozniak was skeptical about this idea: the business required at least $ 1,000 of initial investment, which could pay off after the sale of 50 units of goods.
6d7b353306111962dfa6093a92d4c7cb64be862c	Although the club already had about 500 members, many of them were supporters of fashionable ready made solutions, like the Altair 8800, and Who did not see a sufficient number of customers[72][73]. But Jobs knew his friend too well.
6199fa1c73166d5d3b47c580c4d64c84f6a37be7	He did not convince Wozniak that the company would certainly bring income, but painted their enterprise as an exciting adventure.
2e81484b303fb89fce6287d912ca439540291ca2	And it worked:
057d08dd04618194c43f2511e24e819b05e6b39e	I thought it would be great.
1de03660537e9488001c86d8ef889a50d39e6bf6	Two best friends organize their own company.
148765cd0a8ec53a68779faddebe28688462d9a3	Class.
9d5fd622c0d3c45cb86d11d47be93e3a8e3cc6e2	I realized that I really want this.
24634e2757ce9f67ce4f8b7dca111baee08ec12d	How could I refuse?[74]
f3d344e8fc01e9fbfae5d1e66bada28dc4e7d84b	I was excited to think about us like that.
a1e93c66f00981075a446e7a6da46a7c4d00231a	To be two best friends starting a company.
8f61a8b38b1f63d39b2dfceaa12b929c1a18d535	Wow.
75f3ff4fab9b61e6ebef066fd3d88e6ff7e3b536	I knew right then that I’d do it.
246c0d5b3bb3e324309f6bb05e83aafba2276aaa	How could I not?
b45923836563f437a6394be8f4fd035bf7145f8d	Apple Computer
49512edaaa74d4c80bf99c5f43c87c07f7a68e30	The Apple logo, invented by Wayne: Newton under the apple tree
966f91edbb8a514c91bdb6903baa86e49fcead42	Main article: Apple
392f518ff9b6447108d40cdc14c1e59e3d98d952	To raise the necessary amount, Jobs had to sell his" hippy " Volkswagen T1 minibus and switch to a bicycle, and Wozniak sold one of his main values — a programmable HP 65 calculator[en][74]. From the proceeds, Jobs paid about $ 600 to a familiar Atari employee for creating a schematic diagram of a printed circuit board[to clarify], which could then be put into mass production.
71a9e74934b9599fe4cfc4c67085e891f4a7fe12	In January 1976, the first batch of boards was placed at the disposal of the partners.
0c386b17578122e3ae65fb2bff749027ef6f75cd	Jobs also hoped, with the help of Wayne, to convince Wozniak to quit designing calculators for Hewlett Packard and focus entirely on their business[75].
38a4bc601e40fc5fb23bfd1ca2b2d26be643c062	This farm was actually a real hippie commune.
b0cb6b4840511fa7255c6be5a7098723f3f79e75	Steve pruned apple trees there and even went on an apple diet, becoming a Fruitarian and deciding that now he was cleansed, and it was enough for him to wash no more than once a week.
cccea065bc9981a6f64ed82ae117e0e8bb9cf664	He returned to Los Altos absolutely happy.
7b3ecc0eb467539f46281b27a57f0039f46dda57	Who met him at the airport and took him by car to the city[74].
f249f90616b0126362bc58c6a3b67b3c26ebf458	On the way, they picked up the name for the future company, since the next morning it was already necessary to submit documents for its registration.
cf66bfc45925b1cd34babc9e22f568bea460b5a5	Jobs proposed "Apple Computer": The name sounded funny, energetic and not scary.
132c8dc1ffced14d69a186204d02a80c890a4961	In addition, we would have been in front of Atari in the phone book.
2895ec6fde9eddca2fa067b590a1a2acd77e2aa2	[74]
da8fb92443031f5e06a56716d6c0a7fbfd8d6e13	It sounded fun, spirited, and not intimidating.
178cf325fe3a2401a3fc6664749c2a6698b7497b	Apple took the edge off the word ‘computer.’
fc3cbb24f27e38ac57b43353b90845fcde6f562c	Plus, it would get us ahead of Atari in the phone book.
47c7e019ff95fe6106435d8a9798e173c171c833	Jobs said that if nothing better is offered by the morning, the Apple name will remain.
9e39579faeb710f41efa1d77ddac34b96c9ed4cd	And so it happened.
a0a591a538a9d5cc4f48234fa8d3ccf7c3cc90bd	Therefore, the computer developed by Wozniak was named Apple I [74].
6e16e6e7a942d57eaeb2b7fe6049f715235e3c1b	The company was incorporated on April 1, 1976.
d0323cc36388321b92cbbec3adf18eb70b06b44c	Trilateral Partnership Agreement (English)Russian. it was compiled by Wayne, who also wrote the first manual for the Apple I and created the first Apple logo.
4aa75c3fbae86f3d8dd656cf7c8d264e25b40cc8	However, after 12 days, Wayne, according to his own words, realized that he "would not pull" the pace set by the partners, and left the company, taking his share — $ 800, and then receiving another$ 1,500 for a written waiver of any claims[76].
ed4e3a0f47caf76fe5f522eec8a405130d989f88	Apple I
6de97045936f74cd414a7a0296677dbc2b55c5d7	Main article: Apple I
e4f051760f1d6e09597516d5b868204e07dcd877	Apple I with a keyboard and in a wooden case.
fb3cff671f52646aac39b7ebd5a1fd105b84c43c	Paul Terrell had to add both at his own expense
3e832bf4455f41a8ba1323221d36ca46846e6169	At the next meeting of the "Club of Homemade Computers", Jobs and Wozniak for the first time arranged a presentation of their computer.
1efed6c17050058f5d4f9c949f4f6232c3e3ba24	Steve Jobs, who turned out to be a natural speaker, spoke with passion and conviction, addressing rhetorical questions to the audience.
ed12ac20100dbe8d76577e52eff47e71a52478bc	However, only one person showed interest in acquiring the Apple I: Paul Terrell, the owner of the Byte computer store, which recently opened on Camino Real in Menlo Park.
7451d06a7fdf10ee4a264ced4e96a381b5bdc97c	The next day, Jobs showed up at his store barefoot — and made a deal that he and Wozniak later called the main one in their lives.
82e76ea8d6b031a02e84331a68edc2f74141f058	Terrell ordered 50 pieces at once, but he was not interested in printed circuit boards, he needed computers in full configuration, and he paid $ 500 for each.
c7a2793139c8feb97606f91f3c41b9ec4cd08ae3	Jobs immediately agreed, although they did not have the funds to fulfill such an order[77].
985365a990b8ab55c8d64c8a7f8ea386bdd8ad70	It took 15 thousand dollars, but Jobs found a way out of the situation here: he was able to borrow 5 thousand from friends, and he received the components from the distributor Cramer Electronics on credit for 30 days, and Terrell made the guarantor, who actually financed the entire project[78].
4bcbf3b2fcccb74aadbf7cf244b0f5f1ace3744b	The partners occupied the Jobs ' house and garage[79].
1489557d5cde6135bb409bfd2695b5400ddea3fe	Work began to boil, Steve attracted everyone he could.
c0d3a9283594dc975ed619e780236f7f30599667	His friend Daniel Kottke and his pregnant sister Patti inserted the chips, receiving a dollar for a fee[80].
98b77d068363585d45710d0fbd2731b519848984	Elizabeth Holmes, Daniel's ex girlfriend, who had experience in jewelry, was initially engaged in soldering chips.
b0e8ec5b5a13d4be72e4f8f182e3a3d9218914a9	But when she accidentally dripped solder on the board, Jobs announced that they had no spare components and transferred her to accounting and paperwork.
a5f0be6fd582f988173b58ad2649e40f550ef4f9	He took over the ration.
fd3db33f27cb17416e28b4e6526381da4d7130af	Quality control and, if necessary, troubleshooting was carried out by Wozniak[78].
b89e66e300106bc05a28dfd63c80694d8e90db47	During this joint work, Jobs first showed himself as a rather tough, authoritarian leader.
39ca1552b21a1937bfdfbedd9881a816d65d9b55	He made an exception only for Woz, on whom he never raised his voice during all the time of their friendship and cooperation.
f8d8a8a92aa7fdbf116b5c41caa1c7eb8c726772	A month later, the order was ready: the partners delivered 50 computers to Terrell and paid off the loan for the components.
1b158017164467a7a19b93695d7abff9518597a7	Despite this, the Apple I is recognized by many as the first computer in history that was supplied by the manufacturer in a ready made form — after all, other computers of that time, including the Altair, came to the market in the form of kits that had to be assembled by the retailer or the end buyer.
c518a3ba7bc14d75f0d5b0e99f11ddeaf5436d14	The appearance of the Apple I clearly did not coincide with Terrell's expectations, but thanks to the diplomatic abilities of Jobs, he met halfway this time, agreeing to pay for the order.
38223567cd7ecb050635908b9f6e40c14f7aa8bd	The production of the boards was much cheaper than expected, as Jobs managed to negotiate a significant discount on components with the supplier.
1dbdcc4176b1a2eb873dbebf829c8140a4c9b6e8	With the money saved, they managed to collect another 50 devices, which Jobs and Wozniak sold to friends from the "Club of Homemade Computers", making a profit[81].
6e0e1f227acd64297dc9179726e3d72903625fa3	In the future, the partners managed to sell more than a hundred Apple I computers at other stores and among friends.
0a74e2dbb1af453299a0d8e61b9fde4090804493	Elizabeth was registered as an accountant of the company with a salary of $ 4 an hour, and Clara, Jobs ' mother, answered calls under the guise of a secretary.
97361151bd4cd8273d660110294adad099500d7a	Clients and business partners who had never been to the Jobs house had the impression that a solid company with a large staff was really located at this address.
e69d6556bfd0d9aad3da639ad8a6f49f2f9aa7f3	Apple II
8e70353bf589328124d6fef211cbc4b48726e103	Main article: Apple II
18e42e426e6728451397cd761f8eb131d742b479	While working on the Apple I, Wozniak came up with extraordinary ideas, but he wanted to complete this project as soon as possible, and Woz decided to implement them later, in a separate model designed "from scratch"[82].
358512a49b5d4f66591bd9f8638cf130b5cee72e	Jobs drew conclusions from the Apple I sales experience and realized that Paul Terrell was right:
c38a8f88bceec9375425acc4e3e158744afab001	We wanted our customers to become not only a limited group of amateurs who know where to buy a keyboard, a transformer, and assemble computers themselves.
f620eb90fc5f2ecbc925bd372dc565e3ce589b3a	For one such expert, there are a thousand people who will prefer to buy a device ready for use[84].
b6ee8fadee33c37cd20fdc7776f6d638603dd088	We were no longer aiming for the handful of hobbyists who liked to assemble their own computers, who knew how to buy transformers and keyboards.
afaaaea9e0fdcb8a750c4a93cc88e746a020fff0	For every one of them there were a thousand people who would want the machine to be ready to run.
347441a1a9c3916e4d238802e418aa83f3368fc8	Due to the reorientation of the business to the mass inexperienced consumer, the first serious disagreements arose between Jobs and Wozniak.
f606fcb4fcd8784cc137961d01dadddee39a87e2	Jobs suggested leaving only two slots: for the printer and the modem.
7a7548dcc89967a83d54f4fdb17edbc3289fbd66	Wozniak insisted that there should be eight slots: "People like me will definitely come up with something else to add to their computer."
5a1a26b76ec9f41eca7292529e3b362eec5d6b9f	But Jobs preferred to decide for himself what people needed.
2989db6554ac128ce8e59c04b26aac06acf4779c	As a result, Steve had to give in, since the always accommodating Woz this time gave an ultimatum, suggesting that the partner look for another computer for sale[85].
44df2ccd2ee3a28de37149404ee912e3d122b456	Another important conclusion, soon made by Jobs, is that the design of the device is of great importance.
1ed200efb3771482a0127fc319b82885fde9ebd8	In August, Jobs and Wozniak attended the first Personal Computer Festival PC ' 76 in Atlantic City, where they demonstrated Apple I. Jobs noted that for all the undeniable functional advantages of their project, it was losing out in presentability to the Sol 20 computer from Processor Technology (developed by members of the" Home Computer Club " Gordon French, Lee Felsenstein and Bob Marsh) [86].
679e64c4a806a75af7fbc0587ef4b3dc0553616c	Realizing this fact, Steve began to approach each component of the computer from the point of view of design perfection.
7d3b4a293401031ed53dfbf37561a41b015ad2aa	In the store, he saw a food processor Cuisinart (English)Russian. and I decided that the Apple II needed a case made of light molded plastic[87].
44872fc4b9797f036d0cad0d933c02d619c8a386	Then Jobs decided to get rid of the fan in the power supply, because, according to him, the fan inside the computer contradicts the principles of Zen and distracts from work.
37131b70532aec0e85623738bdb11735947bc6f4	He even approached the topology of the motherboard with the same principles, rejecting the first scheme, since the "tracks" seemed to him insufficiently harmonious[88].
197d9d3154549b97a079592c18d475f908fd1693	Jobs assigned the design of the case to a consultant, Jerry Manock, an acquaintance from the "Home made Computer Club" [87], for$1,500.
25e378475f8eebc777db3f33217ea0042c2e5f8f	Atari designer Al Alcorn brought Jobs together with Rod Holt, who was well versed in electrical engineering.
2368a5a745dac167912870ea55aec4762e5fd3d8	Holt asked for a high price, but he developed a switching power supply and eventually was enlisted in the Apple staff[88].
a161ca12a0bf8492978714a45ff272df8fcec100	After calculating the costs, Jobs realized that they could not afford to establish a serial production of fully equipped computers with a plastic case and an original design.
45f4bb44428044e99c04176413b1958ff5a3f387	It was about a hundred thousand dollars for the production of cases, and at least two hundred thousand dollars for the launch of the computers themselves[89].
6f47c7f7b443db2535cd43adc303690dc52064a0	Jobs decided to try to sell the rights to the entire development of Atari and again contacted Al Alcorn.
3ca21472139872171133eb720e05518eb2728ab5	Like Bushnell, Al was a man of informal views, he arranged for Jobs to meet with Atari director Joe Keenan.
a89f7b09564029161a8e1df1b0e410343e2e38d4	Nothing came of it:
a48a54c28e507d358bc5be2444e1021386de92c2	Jobs came to advertise a new product to him, but Keenan barely listened to him.
a8b8924fdafe3bb0edf775537af7d8b4c00e7f9d	Steve smelled so bad that the old man was sick [90].
f678f44c9aa85a1d93b24a151622612b38f53d0f	Steve goes in to pitch him, but Joe couldnot stand him.
28d3acb691b03ed3dcdb40e4132a761e33850a0c	He didnot appreciate Steve’s hygiene.
f2a22d2882525ecfdc60a208d2120eb4cec963dc	- Al Alcorn
f3fed3cee9aa22071f0fa38098cfad9c75d02e78	And when Jobs threw his bare feet right on Keenan's desk, Keenan shouted him out of the door[90].
89b3b8e65ca2abf1bcf977d657da95a207c62d0c	Then Jobs held a presentation of the Apple II at the Commodore headquarters.
a185baf0b6a92be0f17784a8dc0b524800dab47c	During the speech, Jobs behaved so brazenly and self confident that Wozniak was ready to sink through the ground with shame.
e7996fcb0efdeae2ae6b00e7af9fcffccbd5eb8d	The Commodore management refused them.
bc86fc6a36786e1bdf3a9c7ad0ffffc0af47066f	But Jobs did not give up, he went back to Atari and offered Bushnell to invest $ 50,000 in the project in exchange for a third of Apple's shares.
53e17d47176e7427e64b89b90e3e0bf5496c71fd	Again, the refusal, which Bushnell later regretted very much.
7803938a7520e02c9e9c9d62af4976ab770a5e76	Out of sympathy, Bushnell advised Jobs to turn to the founder of one of the first venture capital companies, Sequoia Capital, Don Valentine, who used to be engaged in semiconductors, as a marketing director at National Semiconductor[89].
3283aea92f6cef36dc88f0bb0d167963285d5ba7	Respectable and businesslike Don Valentine himself showed up in the Jobs garage.
d07199565af439427aec92ee11cca02d5aeed4f3	The atmosphere and appearance of the inhabitants of the garage made an impression on him:
2994ef6a7761992a4961d1130d1c7193492ade3f	Steve carefully mowed under the informal.
e369a956628879bec9e29403e71936debaa3fb33	Skinny, with a sparse beard, similar to Ho Chi Minh [89].
2c176f439f039dc2cd401de064cf17cfd6328f97	Steve was trying to be the embodiment of the counterculture.
d02fdb871e653a0f34207489a459da266200a356	He had a wispy beard, was very thin, and looked like Ho Chi Minh.
e3bea88c3bacb0f191e6a6f2c3806da4c6a8f4d2	- Don Valentine
95c9ceac2c0e305a1707a181cfff22dadc5abcea	But in business, Valentine was used to not paying attention to such things.
d64a786d7e8728d31dfcd2dca01e8b426c26532f	He told Jobs that he was ready to finance them, provided that Jobs would hire an employee who was competent in marketing, distribution and able to draw up a business plan.
9535f258147fb9f479cb66d80d91e266e7b464fe	Such a person turned out to be Mike Markkula, chosen by Jobs from three candidates sent by Valentine[91].
963a9d6bbda5441e48a30ce9bba4ad7d70ce84d9	A former engineer and product marketing manager at Intel, Markkula earned millions on stock options by the age of 33.
329c0fdfcc312d5689ea5a5d5f06893ce227c6f6	He offered Jobs and Wozniak funding of up to $ 250,000 in exchange for a third of Apple's shares.
69e7bf3ecbd30e872210382adc2a30415682bf7e	On January 3, 1977, the Apple Computer Partnership was transformed into Apple Corporation.
e71ef989094e175f7a3148fd0e850346e4d7403c	Jobs, Wozniak and Markkula each received 26 % of the shares, and it was decided to leave the rest for other investors.
3dd98bb38ce93a91b990d38f12ec2c3463a1a4fe	Wozniak reluctantly had to leave Hewlett Packard[92].
6d52f3003d5bd7e8bf331ae788f0e9fee7034550	Markkula had a huge influence on Jobs, his authority for Steve was comparable to that of his father:
c4749045244b491e72e9c4c121a63233d5123088	Mike took me under his wing.
04c7396c7e5b95656af1e90caeed199373782d09	Our views on the world largely coincided.
dc49aaca8cac945e6639fc7785f43ef86fdad38f	Markkula argued that when creating a company, you should not strive to get rich, but simply do what you believe in.
da8d47fab0f5df032b566f9a68597638a6e827fd	This is the only way to achieve success[92].
5889554ee3d2387bc78a3939f8e9c366d7d1d914	Mike really took me under his wing.
dc80fe039447e87c9a73b8ee416934b27be2b401	His values were much aligned with mine.
cf74bd78c2702fe8f16d07941afb1623e0b42765	He emphasized that you should never start a company with the goal of getting rich.
c6c2119678c969eb5222dcf345a553d1129d5db3	Your goal should be making something you believe in and making a company that will last.
8ca5a0ddebaa493c7ea26534046738205b982d2b	After the founding of the corporation, Apple finally got its own office on Stevens Creek Boulevard in Cupertino, and the Jobs family was able to breathe a sigh of relief.
79d5bd0d6847e5ecc5e1dc34340e2a7877a59790	The company already employed about a dozen employees[93].
e589c051146195f8539fab9929886b9838fa8f41	The question arose about its president.
8dfce97035c3a8046997061c16b612c02f4584e5	22 year old flighty, shaggy, always dirty and ragged Jobs, despite his obvious talents, ambition and inflamed ego, was not suitable for this job in any way, and after much persuasion he was forced to admit it [94].
a3b9305cf1aa937647d5f75b8eece0c8be70b98a	In February 1977, Markkula invited Mike Scott from National Semiconductor to become CEO.
0f26e1b2ad44a2cb2a35c22faeb3926b797ca3ca	Scotty, as he was called at Apple to distinguish him from Markkula, was reputed to be an experienced leader, and his main task was to subdue Jobs.
0c0197aef02edb0a665c03cb2204658d8eb5f76a	And it was really necessary: Steve, feeling uncomfortable in the company because of the loss of sole leadership, became more and more rude, hot tempered and despotic day by day, and if he did not dare to break down on Wozniak or Markkul, then simple programmers, Woz's wards, had a hard time:
d77cb00b082eee71408a9ee90ea9890ecfbd0592	Steve would come into the office, look at what I was doing, and declare that it was shit.
dcec728eae9b3744e8ccd94d22910378d358fdbb	At the same time, he had no idea what it was and for what[93].
f4e172b4258f5fb973c8146ac9264ee86a506fa0	Steve would come in, take a quick look at what I had done, and tell me it was shit without having any idea what it was or why I had done it.
af9623277e3af3cace64c7717e2a6be416c77d32	- Randy Wigginton
b13d2b58053efc325b3b6838e966e1789933a400	The new president was not very good at coping with Jobs, but still better than anyone else.
ce2e83f35c1fb5495a91d5478978d17ff918718b	Jobs quickly realized why Markkula hired Scott, and began to rebel, arranging scandals for insignificant reasons.
e3060ae94c0e85b6df8ecc1d6a50dc1e552d1605	In particular, Jobs was driven to despair that everyone considered only Wozniak the author of the Apple II. Jobs always and everywhere wanted to be the first, and when Scott, quite consciously, assigned him the employee card No.
3516d58a537181f3f3e8e12bb720f674dc43df4c	2, and for Woz No.
2eb952a81d06d0bd933eeb2e8cdec387c1411006	1, Jobs once again threw a tantrum with tears.
fb679786a1ca1735b3362b3140f91d5f1b40a5c8	As a result, he demanded a card with a dubious number "zero", just to be ahead of Wozniak.
a5c6a8b95f82a9f9f858d60fb922486420170b53	He received the card, but Jobs remained the second in the Bank of America payroll, since it was supposed to be numbered from one, and no one was going to rearrange employees in places because of their whims.
1e6dff01318de6920a94b358a8fdaab51997fc8e	Scotty served as a lightning rod, since his appearance in the company, Jobs has not had as many conflicts with anyone as with him [95]:
16996700f6435e368c38d7e75b7ff8f4e5044a00	Steve and I had a question like this: who will overcomplicate whom.
a948d6626b3e486ff5f696e86fbc85ca0518efed	And I had a lot of stubbornness.
287f9a6691d932bee663ac52916fb62fb4ad0cc5	Steve had to be kept in a tight grip, and, of course, he did not like it[95].
8c76513052e8f65225b95db0ac6341080d649a57	The question between Steve and me was who could be most stubborn, and I was pretty good at that.
353c41ebcc2e184946d658d2278751e59dee7ae6	He needed to be sat on, and he sure didnot like that.
4ece065e1bb48f0a931e5e0e499f1f68e73bc7e6	- Mike Scott
85b0dcf69d5bed390466dce9455b5516ab2dd991	Both of them periodically had to give in to these disputes: either the president of the company, or its charismatic leader.
340291ca7b152e57ef87f42b7393f507f5674cda	One day, Jobs caught fire with the idea of providing customers with an unprecedented, at that time, one year warranty, whereas the typical warranty period was only 90 days.
520edd70798ea7038cb4d3b8f82b25b6e55e5c08	And Scotty had to give in [96].
11af2f0c23ca496fe0952021ccfdc282b8d0791b	The Apple logo, chosen by Steve Jobs, authored by Rob Yanof.
eafb9ad22d60b608a96f2891cd81cb6225606150	It was used from 1977 to 1998.
1b68cc053527879b5e0573b407bc467c48010301	Without the help of the chief advertiser of Silicon Valley, Regis McKenna (English)Russian. it was impossible to dream of real success[97].
17818b05b9b371c3f7b44205eaa051075de840b2	McKenna quickly agreed to cooperate with Apple.
d6a9f9684b491973153829d04946d0744e651f5b	First of all, he instructed his team to develop the company's logo and product a logo in the style of Victorian engraving, invented at the time by Wayne, clearly did not correspond to the concept of simplicity as the cornerstone of high quality design and was the complete opposite of the appearance of the Apple II. Art director Rob Yanof offered two versions of the logo in the form of an apple, whole and bitten, and several coloring options.
f31f628500987dca0f4cf26f401abacecbdba48c	Jobs said that a whole apple can easily be confused with a cherry, and chose a half bitten one.
48f2bfe84f65462589730717531ce446355dcdd6	In addition, he decided on a variant with six colored horizontal stripes, firstly, as symbolizing the main" trump card " of the Apple II, working in color, and secondly, because of its psychedelicity[98].
6a3cdcb5259e4d0216042d2aea7f922241c3bfdc	This logo has been approved and has not been changed I am until 1998.
298f0a2bcd65dd7ce8e0c49e740b832e38c763fd	It was organized by Jim Warren, another regular of the "Homemade Computer Club".
675983a495796fddd51ba866281b84f6b1610153	The Apple stand was covered with black velvet, a lighted plexiglass backdrop with the new company logo was installed.
7d898ea1e6872ce450d946dbe4b9ff73ba44ced4	I had to arrange empty boxes around the stand as if they also contained computers.
42c7f19bf16b5ea320be14da807ad4af48cff178	Jobs drilled employees, forcing them to polish three beige computer cases to a shine.
ab4fa5e57a22121e66de545d8eb03bc310d33b6a	For such an occasion, he and Wozniak even ordered three piece suits from the San Francisco atelier, which looked rather ridiculous on them.
d1c2b57437f1c3b3b3b036834102bc4362b69533	Jobs ' efforts paid off with a vengeance: Apple received an order for 300 computers already at the fair, the company also had its first foreign dealer textile magnate Satoshi Mitsushima from Japan[100].
762705ee0d8ecb5d5591509eae2734802c6a77a6	Against this background, it was possible to turn a blind eye to internal scandals and conflicts between its founders.
e718396db3ff5ba88561d7cd8769a5d6400bce2e	As for the Apple II, this computer was a phenomenal success and brought income for 16 years.
d489bf93238bcc2d7cd2f9dffec30b334add2f07	During this time, the company sold up to 6 million Apple II computers, taking into account several modifications, and numerous clones of it were produced around the world.
063202cfd1a838e7c1251a57fcfc796941f2923f	Apple II remains one of the most profitable projects in the history of the industry, and this is the result of the joint work of engineer Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs, manager and designer:
8ec5c212245adfaadffd7845cc2277cc7ea275f4	Who created the greatest computer, but if it werenot for Steve Jobs, his invention would still be gathering dust on the shelves of stores for technology lovers[101].
dc04332f35264f9ef61a8500d44d322b24819136	Woz designed a great machine, but it would be sitting in hobby shops today were it not for Steve Jobs.
5394ebaa46e441640b5f41484310a00d6d629df2	- Regis McKenna
775a58d1932c6cd0fa428257388c481627eff7b5	However, this recognition was not enough for Jobs.
fd547e2473d57f57d6e71c1d922d5f1452ca7e2b	He was sure that he was able to achieve success that he would not have to share with anyone[101].
9ee1bbc3b87e3b629a644e2951081c4f1f99e5f1	Apple III
89c7d0f89aae569908290f039439e18ac3e79fa4	Main article: Apple III
9dc152d12d540eb723717de63b7181be417a1595	The first attempt to design and release a computer, in the development of which marketing tasks were put at the forefront from the very beginning, was the Apple III. Work on this model began at the end of 1978 under the direct supervision of Dr. Wendell Sander, since Wozniak supervised the Apple II direction, developing various modifications of it, and did not consider it necessary to design something else, since the ideal computer, in his opinion, had already been created[102].
cd33d2dd40408d53291abf5b4b28b5b83df8dcb0	The Apple III project was actually left to the marketing department and personally to Steve Jobs.
57134d115a83555857e76a79f7a56fcd28a4fda0	The Apple III was a radical redesign of Wozniak's business oriented computer, and the Apple II was supposed to be repositioned as a junior model, an amateur computer for the home.
2d1b920c77a04dcc876843f61ced9f55c70bf58c	Marketers found out that businessmen, when purchasing an Apple II for work, usually bought two additional extension boards to the computer, allowing them to work with scale tables.
a42ea0efe8f9bd7d3f6d95b2c48c7edecf36f3f7	It was decided to deliver everything together, in one case.
cec68f02e7c974d32b8757ba7e02aa0162e79111	At the same time, the dimensions and shape of the case were rigidly set by Jobs, and he did not allow them to be changed, as well as to install fans — the problem of heat dissipation was solved due to the heavy aluminum case.
d0db662ea7b19e630661bfe66d23ab0e9e4362b2	Jobs at that time held the position of vice president of the company for research and development, and his requirements were met, regardless of their validity.
249ce548193dabcfdd3ca176e7b6a4e464624e6a	In order not to lose Apple II fans, it was decided to leave the download option in the old mode as well.
585b0857e68bcb91a62452448751b0935880362d	In fact, they were two different computers in one case: the OS for Apple III was developed anew, and the programs for Apple II were not suitable for it[103].
4e940627fd99fd1bddbc81138c4478c405ee4d26	The car was announced and released on May 19, 1980, the release was accompanied by a grandiose advertising campaign.
c5fa14f377b70fd38d245bde01dec6a77bbd4215	With the entry of Apple III into the market, all work on Apple II was curtailed, the company's resources were transferred to a new project.
f76f8a4b5aaf13b90d5ae35b3b4f76ea26ff85cc	However, it quickly became clear that in Apple III mode, computers work unstable: they constantly fail due to overheating, excessive density of components on the circuit board and bad connectors[103]. or a task by designing a high quality and more powerful, compared to the Apple II, but completely ordinary computer, in which there was essentially nothing new.
7388ebf3f417af7e8d0cad381070f170bbca5efd	The only bright spot was the applications written by engineer Bill Atkinson, in particular, the version of the high level programming language Pascal for the Apple II[106].
42e8b6a69d3f19bf5565d00611dbcb9dc85d88ce	The situation with Lisa categorically did not suit Jobs: he needed a breakthrough, a move forward, and not a repetition of what he had passed[102].
63be942a4bf4240b2dd5d0ddf1777b8d40c1258e	Jeff Raskin, Apple's computer interface specialist and Bill Atkinson's lecturer at the University of California, San Diego, came to the rescue.
df2bfb13306b032ff44dd0903d1f57202f22d897	Raskin and Atkinson persuaded Jobs to start a collaboration with the Xerox PARC research center located in Palo Alto.
907c2f8670c594620bbf72b896b6dbb51cf08efd	Xerox, which specialized in copying technology, had at its disposal many advanced IT developments, which were mainly limited in distribution.
3f71865ff86a8784a29df7541bc22e23dafdaccf	For example, the Xerox Alto computer, developed back in 1973, supported a graphical user interface, but the production of this machine was never put on stream, and several thousand Altos were used at Xerox PARC itself and at various universities.
94014a4f735162c1040436c85128c90427be53b1	A year earlier, a Xerox employee, William English (English)Russian. he invented a ball shaped computer mouse.
4d1d44463c97e481280da2816cfe177d36d225a9	The company was also preparing for the release of the first publicly available object oriented programming language Smalltalk, Larry Tesler worked on its development.
3559c04ccf93004fab7dd0ce6110638f3c0dd12d	Apple Lisa, with two 5.25" disk drives
0c1ba478943a1c3065d76eeb2d80d158374fff32	Xerox was also involved in venture capital investments, and in the summer of 1979, the company's management expressed interest in acquiring Apple shares.
ef6903361d15b0bfee49afa7533c23684d19c58d	Jobs immediately put forward a condition: 100 thousand shares at $ 10 apiece, and in return Apple employees get access to the latest Xerox developments.
0c3e754b7fbaf8b67bd9fe20f82ffbf49e062abd	An agreement was reached: Steve received an invitation to inspect the Xerox PARC for himself and several other Apple employees.
43333e530a27acf2d2888bf373017da8cb5fd912	The management of Xerox considered that the" upstarts " from Apple would still not understand anything about their developments, and if they could understand them, the cooperation would be mutually beneficial.
40ffec77d3abb99147d2638356ce2fbdaef93950	Tesler was flattered by such attention from Jobs, because his own superiors did not welcome him too much.
fcda5c12cbebfcff35f7464f8bdb8354c67f5b92	Another Smalltalk developer, Adele Goldberg, on the contrary, was outraged by the actions of the management, who suddenly decided to hand over all the secrets to competitors, and made every effort to make Jobs and his colleagues learn as little as possible[107].
75978acf95f0cc8841607c2e64b320d8810a1fb6	They were shown several text applications on Alto, nothing special.
13ebf06c0c1c0687a75e92c031a1198173daaaf3	Jobs realized that they were trying to fool him, called Xerox headquarters and demanded to organize a second tour.
971d23fc0b0edafc21a0020f11277f6d732ac97c	This time he took with him Bill Atkinson and programmer Bruce Horn,who used to work at Xerox PARC.
7e8678669a2f70388bc02aedf21d6f9b82a27bed	Xerox employees again tried to get off with "little blood", showing the guests text editors, and then tried to pass off an open demo version of Smalltalk as a full featured one.
f4873a7e9a8e791cb2ff3fab299184f379e059d9	It didnot work again: Atkinson and his colleagues quickly "figured them out".
847c3bb3082d62f788ae86169c246455770577b8	Jobs lost his temper and complained to the head of the Xerox venture investment department on the phone.
108d532af8fed632c9dc982a769ded2b1e930835	The company's management immediately contacted the research center and demanded to immediately show Jobs the full development capabilities.
f2e7294a2023a57db7b58623cc668d279c0184dd	Goldberg had to give up [108].
91e3ae6d4690b83c8ca8611b683fa9a74ba7e016	Apple's raid on Xerox PARC is called the most audacious robbery in the history of the IT industry.
8a80b786130f72d8c6ddaed917a63e16eab614de	Jobs learned the most important secrets of Xerox: Ethernet, object oriented programming capabilities, a graphical raster interface, the WYSIWYG principle, a mouse manipulator.
c781047a06a42a793ef4432520f853192bc2736c	It was not about handing over any codes, programs or drawings to Apple employees, but this was not required.
f154a60bf6dbe47b0426266a3f6050df6793aad5	The main thing was ideas, and their implementation by Apple became a matter of time, according to Atkinson, about six months[109]:
f130a4083166656bc7914749b72bc8410e6a5efd	Picasso said: "Good artists copy, great ones steal."
f2355dde5d22a38e4cf77d4ec2b77f07bacc02a1	And we have never been shy about stealing great ideas[109].
2b766d80fb0988b16401c0be603dd331ba8f5e3a	Picasso had a saying — ‘good artists copy, great artists steal’ — and we have always been shameless about stealing great ideas.
a887f5ee8dd4744919a885eac858a1d6d7a45230	If Jobs ever felt uncomfortable about this "theft" with the consent of the "robbed", it should have passed in 1981, when the Xerox Star computer arrived in stores.
49ebc93675e23374977481243846557aecf3d876	The new product from Xerox contained all the innovations "stolen" by Jobs a few years earlier than Apple managed to use them, and at the same time failed miserably in the sale.
724d594e18245c30b26c0c284cbb8bdfa37f287c	Xerox had an excellent chance to capture the computer market, but missed this opportunity.
4afb8e337ae9868c062b20b7979d79e146ee0cda	The next move was for Apple.
de1d3aae5fb23dfa00773c77a9c6a1a45ed84d9a	After returning from Xerox PARC, Jobs lured Larry Tesler and Xerox engineer Bobby Bellville to Apple.
d57f163d11a08a0d996dbc1f41de81d1b0f00301	He himself began to interfere with the work of the Lisa group with even greater enthusiasm, demanding that, on the one hand, the ideas of Xerox were implemented in the project, and all at a higher level of execution, and on the other hand, that the computer remained accessible to the mass buyer.
e430ce5ce2f640387159c9138438aaa4ab3a5fd4	Jobs could easily call some engineer in the middle of the night and dictate his instructions to him, bypassing the direct leadership of the group.
54320b76c3d2b824b28067649f504a59447e6be3	In addition, day by day he became more aggressive.
46f8da6d4465096cbed693e4b8a8f7ad2162975c	In the end, Jobs so terrorized the employees that Markkula and Scott, without looking at the status of the founder and the main shareholder of the company, reorganized Apple behind his back.
e34fdeebd57b9b28e308e5048fce646df410bed0	25 year old Jobs was removed from the post of vice president for research and development, transplanted to the honorary chair of the chairman of the board of directors, without real powers.
238b0bbf7818853b5ea4004f60d8e489e350a0fb	The position of the head of the Lisa project development department was invented for the Coach, and now his decisions were not subject to discussion[110].
f550613ca86558e5c4c303937bcaf4862f7dbe5f	Thus, by the end of 1980, Steve Jobs was excommunicated from the project that he himself initiated:
e98fd4eceb22678e250efbcd28c3fbd3a6e2a917	I was upset.
14ee38ac1f1ab534485ac500bcb7dfb4987e528f	Markkula left me.
59d75ff63f56b09244171b22f66ad9cea43e1751	He and Scotty decided that I was not capable of leading the development of Lisa.
88d578eedfbe5029f061d8d0827ff8ab427b7589	I have thought about it a lot [110].
2935d2df6621b5a4ca186234431e47570907a834	I was upset and felt abandoned by Markkula.
eb0890bdfc8a60a039ee5fd679da3064cadaddc2	He and Scotty felt I wasnot up to running the Lisa division.
05802a319996f9eb8006fa6ba13f04a43bdc1516	I brooded about it a lot.
c0fd8053739db52e4d7f47348c57c75e3099c202	Macintosh
0d19047dff3dc42a1f1875d4d1c231159d9ca3eb	Main article: Macintosh
074f14e5ad5f22001839ae87fcc0a8054be62510	This is what a Macintosh might look like.
71c644fe2c96a2c5c8017c76de9810f84e7064e9	Geoff Ruskin with a smaller Canon Cat model
da376d64989b48a33cfb6d9ccb886685825a20a0	Jeff Raskin, who so timely drew Jobs ' attention to the development of Xerox, has been leading another project with a "female" name at Apple since 1979 — Annie.
02e1030c937b14505341f03b6f3626135324941f	Ruskin wanted to create an inexpensive, portable car for just a thousand dollars.
cb8358ff7226d59256b01627439ea9d7e477c8ee	It was supposed to be folded like a briefcase and more like a household appliance than a computer[106].
69a535132c7cc810b1dffb668a72b78581e0180b	Shortly after starting work on the project, Ruskin changed its name to Macintosh, in honor of his favorite apple variety[111].
6eb2b178afd698a0d5f3774184c30c47d0ca5b79	The corporation by this time already occupied a separate building on Bandley Drive 3, and a few blocks away, in the old Apple office on Stevens Creek, a small group of the Macintosh project was working at a distance from the authorities.
bce816147412b94166243cd1f1ad27fd0aa6a477	The work progressed slowly, but in the group, in addition to Ruskin, there was also a second "motor" - Burrell Smith,a young self taught engineer, a fan of Steve Wozniak.
be29e8e0540dd9388ac273fa129f00e015f23b72	Smith managed the almost impossible: to make a graphical interface on a single board using only standard components.
c1a9c38dcb15609f7ee65be9a219524d99bafda2	The classified Lisa prototype by this time was built on the basis of five printed circuit boards and a huge number of components made to order.
7cf4cbcf36cf92aeff334f4bc85187e24ebda19f	The Macintosh prototype was three times cheaper and at the same time worked twice as fast.
60dc09c427e97a6b15e38d1f3fa12367d4ab1e00	It is not surprising that Ruskin managed to save the project from closure several times.
2197ae986adb5fd16f74c5b5a33f9d64154dfa20	Jobs immediately switched from the Lisa project to the Macintosh.
afacba1851bbe0ff810f86921b94de04a7548f9f	The differences between Jobs and Raskin were fundamental, and therefore insurmountable.
04e2b393ce3551a1d24920c70c856991324b1d3b	Ruskin designed the computer based on its final price.
91aa51a4780ba7ce9910af253617c8ac311ea944	He set the bar at $ 1,000 and began to see what could be done for this money.
3244170fde63f5f434ea924bbdb2841bb6ef138f	The result was not impressive, Ruskin tried to squeeze everything possible out of a limited budget, but there was practically no progress in quality and attractiveness.
61df3d11286ba264c1621373a3c6d09583a6bc7d	Jobs professed a different approach: first setting a task, then solving it, and finally searching for optimization and reducing the cost of this solution, but in no case at the expense of losing quality or abandoning the intended goals.
b7c2e0a22a916a957687e4de1dabbb5bcb68bf5c	In addition, Jobs dreamed of taking revenge for the failure with Lisa and implementing, now in the Macintosh, all the technologies he had seen at the Xerox research center.
cc037dd063cd2f4a2ff5d2311bf5709250e23b86	Raskin, although he personally led Jobs to these technologies, approved of only some of them: namely, the window interface and raster graphics, but he did not like the icons and mouse type manipulators at all.
7b2ed25307e83def8b79e03fd6a1636d4036e7d6	A former student of Ruskin, Bill Atkinson, supported Jobs, and Steve decided to completely re equip the Macintosh team, leaving loyal people and inviting several more specialists[112].
57f8438cf3de18086a9e5eb9f1f8103b1d54b6eb	Jobs was going to escalate: Ruskin gave orders or scheduled meetings — Jobs canceled them.
fff7f31d106e1e5eb558302944b01eb8f0f508e2	In addition, Steve challenged the Lisa team to a competition, making a bet with John Couch for $ 5,000 that the Macintosh group would be the first to release an innovative product and that it would be better and cheaper than the Lisa machine.
ea8d60024054e6e35dbe0460b6e4f2bf96c958df	Raskin asked for help from the company's management, sending Mike Scott a letter entitled "Working with and for Steve Jobs":
6257c3efb1786083e59c27c100b37653a63a82b8	He's a disgusting manager... it's impossible to work with him… He regularly skips meetings.
c200c0576b54a9d9bf90254db6793dcb8734c5e9	He acts without thinking and without really understanding the situation… He doesnot trust anyone… When they tell him new ideas, he first criticizes everything, says that it is complete nonsense and a waste of time.
f123932136fc48e746969a47ff54c2b7dfe856b8	But if the idea is good, then soon he begins to tell everyone about it as if he came up with it...[112].
43a7492312705d3a18efc42b7676317f140dc134	He is a dreadful manager… I have found it impossible to work fo r him… Jobs regularly misses appointments.
a649b9feffbd2e916d5a7c8c6273da0804b0410b	He acts without thinking and with bad judgment… He does not give credit where due… When told of a new idea, he will immediately attack it and say that it is worthless or even stupid, and tell you that it was a waste of time to work on it.
64e6df23297e6e687d96391e700a611b1bb10253	In general, if the idea is a good one he will soon be telling people about it as though it was his own.
9a07b6d1e7980d355b161d1f3025a7d8338120c6	- from a letter from Jeff Ruskin to the president of Apple
563eb5ecb493a737598c04ebc800c178ff935a59	Scotty left the difficult decision to Markkula.
5bea516e214651fb426bdb95b0260a3aec43d65d	He called Jobs and Ruskin to him.
73893c35ce7ebcbbf81fa7d0a959ecec7898255f	Steve, as often happened to him at critical moments, burst into tears, but he did not change his position.
636003767adf2d802bc3be2877dfa237d337af4d	It was unthinkable to remove Jobs from work for the second time in a row, there were no special reasons for this either — the project under Ruskin's leadership was clearly stalling.
69c7ed056e26dafe66cb38c5022d6c3ebd1ba0f2	To take advantage of the situation in their own interests, sending the conflicted founder of the company away from the center of the corporation, to solve a secondary and obviously unpromising task seemed a much more tempting idea.
9e84aa110339f4f67240fc9b442537d30d81577a	Jobs looked at all this differently and was even glad of the new appointment[113]:
76d81c98cfd66b93c9308f4c6c03c2673eccdd84	They decided to make concessions and find me some business.
632ae5d2d286f15acc6f121723ffc77bfce30f38	I was satisfied with this.
90a50e164260ed94bc758495f6d77adc8300e78a	It was as if I had returned to my garage and was again leading my own small team [113].
0fa15c0fb1e7ace7f1b6be2c890896203ded7f45	They wanted to humor me and give me something to do, which was fine.
9b2ff87e1ce6b86152c5aaa9f20523198b77f9d0	It was like going back to the garage for me.
50cf46a4ba3180cf2aba3be7827f55c25ba705da	I had my own ragtag team and I was in control.
a3156ba52b975deee5f670ba5a881adbd999ed2d	In early 1981, Jobs took over the Macintosh project.
11d1bfd081c235857ff367619f3b08c24b6617c7	Jeff Raskin was sent on a forced leave, and he quit Apple.
63e925fa50bced3407915c5d8e183475d0bc6463	Soon Raskin got the opportunity to complete his development at Canon.
82e66af8b1718aec6675526de280cc355abaa998	The specialized Canon Cat desktop computer, released in 1987 according to his project, contained many unique ideas, but did not have commercial success.
a341c85ef31eae7401a1fe8875d87324155281fc	Jobs immediately started updating the Mac team, soon there were about 20 people in it, but Jobs continued to recruit new employees.
04708567f3e96007a13b1ccdcfb18671c906045c	He solemnly demonstrated a prototype computer to each candidate, observing the reaction.
781a61c28716c87f5640818824efee2d08ceadd9	If the candidate became animated, started asking about everything and tried to try everything out right there, Jobs enrolled him in the group.
047eb5dd3ca8a97bc3e50fa15e97aacada4ded36	The Apple Macintosh was implemented as a monoblock with a removable keyboard
c7b003f3ae841dd753e65848bf0e76ff2088d6df	Jobs decided to sacrifice the portability of the computer, while strictly limiting its dimensions.
0a664099ca98694146cc3aff17d54dbffd0c361a	Jerry Manock and Terry Oyama made plaster models of the case, but Jobs made new comments every time.
c035f2d738f9f24c823e2e15e080c9aa3c61c6e8	He wanted the computer to look as friendly as possible, and gradually the appearance of the Mac began to remotely resemble a human face.
d33f8b267c70418780cb2d91546b400baa136472	Jobs sought to perfect the appearance of each element, starting with the windows and icons, and ending with the packaging, which the buyer would immediately throw away.
0165f72209e70b6ea4bea98833e28ba25b1befd9	Even the internal parts of the computer had to look harmonious, despite the fact that only developers and service employees would see them.
eb3063759fc08379474e0aa4539df20c777740be	The reverse side of Jobs ' perfectionism was also immediately apparent: he was convinced that only Apple employees should have access to the contents of the system unit, and the user has nothing to do there, since he should perceive the Apple product as a whole, and not as a set of components.
1a4fedf066e32f0567ec75e2b23e0831274a847a	To ensure this perception, Jobs went to very unpopular measures, up to the use of non standard screws, for which it was extremely difficult for the user to pick up screwdrivers.
f94ce3f9345884664f62b7a4de02bea780d2d347	Jobs did not hesitate to sacrifice compatibility and, as a result, an essential part of the market for the sake of image: the buyer should feel that he is acquiring a unique and complete work of art.
68a3a6c5f7a64a7ef02dd916db065f23c1004bdf	For the same reason, as well as because of the personal ambitions of Jobs, who was stung by the suspension from the development of Lisa, two computers that were developed in parallel at Apple and addressed to the same audience were not compatible with each other either in terms of components or in the field of software.
ee4305759c8a40551c99ea3031024ce4c17b9249	This, in turn, meant fierce competition between Lisa and Macintosh for a buyer, and even a feud between two groups of Apple engineers and programmers.
cf5087d6925d251ee585a62853bd5f51998bb3f2	Jobs ' actions led to a split in the company's team, but Steve did nothing to overcome it — on the contrary, he did not miss the opportunity to release a barb or some other trick to the Lisa designers, declaring the Macintosh the "killer" of this project.
ae2189260fa1e607fb7165711994ea1720490a71	Jobs did not dare to develop a universal style for all subsequent Apple products on his own, but decided to trust the professionals.
5409b30a8f851d6c55f57fe4f09111b840191b28	In 1982, he organized a competition in which the Bavarian Hartmut Esslinger, who developed the design of Sony Trinitron TVs, won.
a45d3d80fa0fb23e33fd79e61c372aacd3cc2288	At the invitation of Jobs, Esslinger moved to California with his company, where he registered it under the name Frog Design,signing a contract with Apple for $ 1.2 million.
073a7ea2ff9d2daf2c54ce2a633c39af63aa0446	By 1984, Apple had introduced the"Snow White" style[en], invented by Esslinger.
4d1784d8a483443aa566f1cd3e1a97cf05bff3d5	This style has become a global trend in the market of computers and office equipment[114].
ee471ded43f7b6c0758c4b9251986673853276c1	While working on the Macintosh, Jobs visited Japan, visiting some high tech production facilities there.
9a5d68c1c13d9bc83bc323aeba0e4cbc692b7a5c	Far from everything in the Japanese factories he liked, but he was amazed by the exemplary discipline and impeccable cleanliness in the workshops.
69fbdc162fa6f11192fa7c0948b8b40bfc972772	After returning to California, Jobs decided to build a Macintosh manufacturing plant in Fremont.
0ab0cd8eb0a94b1190b6b33ba9df1575406425a3	He ordered to whitewash the factory walls, and paint the machines in bright colors, which shocked the employees and workers[115].
730c8cd3ebc2cf51c564ccab66573847e3ffe023	The Lisa computer was presented to the public in January 1983, and Jobs bet the Coach 5 thousand dollars.
954d6ed6010d3a01d18e77708cfdcba9a5ad4cb2	Lisa differed favorably from competitors ' products with high quality and advanced capabilities.
9f7d524717a05e3336d7f01af46da7783a771a46	But the unaffordable price, about $ 10,000, did not allow it to become a mass home computer, Lisa did not show high sales.
1e4e9c8f428953b1fb0ccf4f7817f225fd92f3fb	At the same time, there was a period when at least one such computer worked in many American offices, on which employees could alternately prepare documents that looked very decent for their time.
dcfacc075784f87e973eecad100a629cc7d36912	Thus, Jobs, having lost the battle, confidently advanced to the final victory in the war.
3f339198906d360c4e45ee1317be9d75648f9820	The opponent's product was assigned an unenviable role: warming up the market in anticipation of the coming of the Mac.
9cd69bfd2a587706e1f960e8c2367778476834c9	Gradually, Jobs came to the idea of his group as a gang of pirates, in which he acts as the leader.
692d8db3bdfc70160001690ecb03ddaa4fb73bbb	"It's better to be a pirate than to serve in the Navy!" he said.
723ff58a161efb7e99c457d8aab006906b7c0874	Jobs lured to himself the best specialists of the company who worked on other projects, from the Lisa project he stole everything valuable that had been accumulated there for 3 years.
b7d346f0ee2dae6bb4802c73331ea87d1f1d55ca	Finally, in the middle of 1983, the" gang " of Jobs got out of a cramped office on the back of the corporation, "boarded" the Apple headquarters on Bandley Drive and, finally settling in it, planted the "Jolly Roger" on the roof .
b6554b41e7f8fec1eb50b6152fa3d8f548109a9a	Steve's subordinates liked such games and the very atmosphere of rebellion, which could not be said about other employees and the company's management.
343139fecae32ccaed711f67be444b1c8878544c	But Jobs managed to insist on his own, and the black flag flew over the main Apple building until the completion of work on the Mac[116].
21a59b9a6a9f12ccb3ef6407f7807b9be0d0f30d	Jobs was well aware that the spirit of adventurism and rebellion is, first of all, a team spirit.
b7ddca749db9dca60a2a49f6b06355749b13b7ca	Debi Coleman ordered hooded sweatshirts that read: "I work 90 hours a week, and I like it!".
e368471d2e953a72204c511e56b3ddcfed0542d6	In response, the Lisa group came to work in T shirts with the inscription "We work 70 hours a week and produce a product".
b0d23c7400eadb3d03821a890081595248f08ba7	The Apple II group, which firmly knew its value and had long been tired of the showdowns within the company, "wiped its nose" with both, choosing as its motto "We work 60 hours a week and earn money to pay for Lisa and Mac" [117].
24cdbcc541f1604a4d11cda98bc0c71cfdcb0bd9	Despite the fact that Jobs was increasingly taking over the threads of the company's leadership, by 1983 he had almost regained his influence and authority, he understood that much would depend on who would take the Apple president's chair.
ae1329f107897ce50cfff9170f3f19df8bf2937a	Markkula temporarily served as president after Scott's dismissal.
834d4aa0574ec491fb2bf8482e0e48fb814356dc	This has been going on for more than two years, and all this time Markkula was looking for a replacement.
4d9ee0f927bc6cb31cc8838b1a1d1d94db13ef88	Jobs was the obvious candidate, but both of them understood that Steve was not yet ripe for the leadership of the corporation.
27381b02cb54540c5a1b58c244f455a1015545d3	I had to look for a candidate on the side.
14f13a588705d73f9b3720416e5e6690b14e287e	Jerry Roche, the head of human resources, proposed the candidacy of John Scully, an overachieving marketer, president of the Pepsi Cola division of PepsiCo Corporation[118].
5dc66de3400d115c9674d731d56cba8e573b3b31	Jobs immediately took Scully into processing, which lasted several months and which Isaacson describes as a love affair.
f2282e603410e2670e6f9c9ab67e221a680266a1	They called ten times a day and spent a lot of time together.
a985a8d071e01840ca217475085ae590cc737944	In conversations, Jobs skillfully and subtly flattered, fully opening up to Scully, and achieved the same trust on his part.
fb8c0e35ea337f3f52c276a1c7b407bf0cdc9f42	However, Scully did not dare to leave the measured and very successful business at Pepsi.
540e9eab55fc321e4a4145766022fef24f298bee	Then, without warning, Jobs went on the attack, asking Scully a killer question: "Do you want to sell sweetened water for the rest of your days, or do you still decide to try to change the world?"
93375d58edb7168ef7f9a5106ce796051deb25d9	According to Scully, he felt as if he had been punched in the gut[119]:
e4875f98aaa7395a8c008e329fdeab9dba5a9777	Steve was always able to get his own way, he read people like an open book, and knew exactly what to say to everyone.
83a577a12d80fa4f58f970eb4335b03b9b319d5c	For the first time in four months, I felt that I could not refuse [119].
28c57a7fef64c69d6b4c439823ad5d8331f92f91	He had an uncanny ability to always get what he wanted, to size up a person and know exactly what to say to reach a person.
2d086455de82307ccb80c84158ca0cc0d88c952f	I realized for the first time in four months that I couldnot say no.
d76bef4fd37e4d7add50632101c15a97ac62ba31	- John Scully
97535f2388d3d42cde92303d1b5c1e50006b79d4	Scully was completely fascinated by Jobs and accepted the offer to lead Apple.
97b3e299b1cc3380c7e44b10695ae031eb005a8d	However, soon enough, Steve had to regret his choice.
21f5cfdf59083b96677e7fa750152efbe7fd54fb	Jobs projected on Scully the qualities that he himself possessed, and even more than that, he convinced Scully that he also had them e possesses.
7a6254bc5348f0a5b3148001020acbf73d588443	In fact, Scully turned out to be only an effective manager, aimed at obtaining maximum profit.
8cf01d34a410e8af1d0c0b89bdb86525c482ebff	He imagined himself to be a romantic and an idealist, whereas Jobs was actually one.
3d119ea5dc59f1a460434943ab16d61d48020e29	The first serious conflict between them occurred shortly before the presentation of the Macintosh, when Scully insisted on including the cost of an advertising campaign in the price of the product, which led to a $ 500 increase in the price of the computer.
8499fe993b08d0550a87759c967b90d8c0a4d21f	Jobs was beside himself, but he couldnot do anything.
d0ee345e31f83883d76b54edd9964410adbd191b	1984
159d59739ece03c2af9380198a9913d6e4f3ffdd	Main Article: 1984 (commercial)
425d9d68c6083e4e4f175bba8b98837e14c36f22	On January 22, 1984, during the broadcast on the CBS channel of the final American football match between the Los Angeles Raiders and the Washington Redskins, an advertising video was shown, invented by the advertising agency Chiat \ Day (English)Russian. and shot by director Ridley Scott, the author of the acclaimed film "Blade Runner" (1982), which set the fashion for the aesthetics of cyberpunk.
df9ed26d07edad672cc1b439bc547a72932e7aca	The plot of the minute long video was uncomplicated: in a huge hall, a gray crowd is listening to Big Brother from a giant screen.
dd5f55e5103de113864b5cac5eb3669d6f4cc798	An athletic looking girl runs into the hall, wearing a Macintosh T shirt and holding a hammer in her hands.
df5038deea6acd7b13cc93c4f69d83a1914cf428	She is being chased by the thought police, but the girl breaks away from her pursuers, spins the hammer and launches it into the face on the screen.
a5b5f0fe0db4cff3c230cd0f7922be03cea3be94	There is a blinding explosion and a voiceover announces that thanks to Apple, "1984 will not become '1984'".
e3482f4c81b0e15831dd33b623c796ce89ebc314	The video produced the effect of an exploding bomb, was shown in the news by the largest TV channels, and, according to a number of experts, became the first example of"viral advertising".
1133f87c09557f460cd79a8cda6cba10849f8b50	The paradox of the situation was that the key metaphor chosen by Jobs for this advertising campaign was much less suitable for Apple devices than for IBM computers with an open architecture.
5d157b738e0071f87dcc7d3b496281d62ab7d89d	According to Isaacson, it was the Macintosh in its sealed case, which could not be opened without special tools, that looked like a product of the Big Brother mind.
de7bcab87153e5b6fa5a9aa59fdfd06a39376f99	But skillful and aggressive marketing allowed us to turn everything upside down so that the substitution would not catch the eye[120].
2874516eb0d447854fa58a463a391426467f7591	The presentation of the Macintosh, which Jobs held on January 24, 1984 at the De Anza University at the annual shareholders ' meeting, also went down in marketing history.
c93dc2cea0742c25e24c50628f8e8872ac0000a7	Andy Herzfeld described the scene as "pandemonium" [121].
04d44e86cc19955f37c1e78689941805974e7d1d	Jobs turned a simple presentation into an unforgettable show.
09c0dbc6f06c9c79b92b2d162db4559450aa974a	He began his speech with Bob Dylan's verses that "times are changing".
648c4837b8e6486f19c6cf2b7df5a704b064067a	Then Scully took the floor, admitting that his friendship with Steve Jobs has become a major event for him since he joined the Apple team.
5e1021ba67966019a60d86a7cf581778d4f54737	The climax of the evening rightfully belonged to Jobs.
27ee76b93cf15c88d95dfed2d8576ed59316be7b	To begin with, Steve made fun of competitors from IBM, exposing them as losers and short sighted retrogrades who planned to seize the PC market with the help of totalitarian methods.
3234de14b9ac10d7aa992c8e6315e6b19bcdbb53	Jobs compared IBM to the Party from Orwell's dystopian novel "1984", and Apple to a lone rebel challenging the total control system.
2cdcf61b577c4469e9d442919fc7aae43806fcd7	Then a well known commercial was shown.
7a6fe26cfb235da6d46241691be9ef8bccf6adea	De Anza's audience went wild.
484a4467ff42c1cbe189a88cf4b2871e64d6a5da	The further program of the presentation was no less impressive: Jobs demonstrated the capabilities of the Macintosh in the field of interface, graphics and sound.
eb02629584d1843be1169506afed50b60b177b8d	The computer was telling about itself, using a software speech generator, and its low metallic voice was drowned in the applause and jubilation of the listeners.
2cf240e3ee67f3453c65954848bbc4ec01e00c66	However, the euphoria of Apple shareholders could not change the disappointing state of affairs.
a8c22c660d30de8d029b3ff2729210bc5c556850	The Macintosh was a success, but sold worse than expected.
a6a075a12f38e073364c76e3065567b7cbef5160	Jobs was convinced that the reason for this was an inflated price, and blamed Scully that IBM eventually captured the PC market.
281763a8d1c332adba2f56e15ac6c1ee62beffc9	Crisis and dismissal
01c9b6049334a7dfceebf227394b8e17c1c4005b	Apple Lisa 2 computer, with one 3.5" disk drive, rebranded in Macintosh XL
e48eab0f57a8a042de08c64f169641d7fc4f7fed	After the successful launch of the Macintosh on the market, Steve Jobs ' position at Apple temporarily strengthened. bosses of America according to Fortune.
09883a25252e71b5216e08247172b9f9c53a9144	Inventions and projects
bae53731ba7af9450e9977ed8b5299efab0c2be5	The aesthetic sense of Steve Jobs was greatly influenced by Zen Buddhism: as a designer, Jobs always tended to simplicity and even minimalism, and he assigned a large role to intuition in decision making[216].
56e1ac477b100ebea4309e697bdfa531ae10252e	As of October 6, 2011, Jobs is a co author in 312 US patents for design projects and inventions related to computers and portable devices themselves, as well as to user interfaces (including touch), sound speakers, keyboards, power adapters, ladders, buckles, sleeves, belts and packages.
3ca59abfb7e59dd3c8072713a848a05c5bb533bf	Most patents are issued not for technological innovations, but for design solutions[217][218]. 43 patents have been issued for inventions in the United States[219].
ecfd2dc0f9988e4a502f7e5e29cd3d30a6709e0b	The patent for the Dock user interface in Mac OS X with the "zoom" function was issued the day before his death[220].
de688a65a7a566af87a9ea0ed214fceea464863a	Relations with IT industry figures
61d7fd5b73ee47003d3a4d02cb1b015e5e838aae	Steve Jobs and Microsoft CEO Bill Gates, the same age, are at the origins of the computer revolution.
d7137f2eeb4ca114ecd55c676384614a941596e2	They both have the honor to see the future before others, where there is a computer in every house.
e80f2587578086622192ba91416e2f400f48be63	They also happened to play crucial roles in this process.
8ebbbbbf4f40e03c364a579d20f0f79bff0d0ab5	The first of them, endowed with remarkable intuition, developed the talent of a designer and the eloquence of a salesman.
f6604acc38dca81547d224e3a0e4e82fdc41dbab	The second, an experienced and cautious businessman, knew a lot about programming, which he never tired of emphasizing.
5de97fbecf7f986006a10a241af90dc2f700004d	In January 1976, before the founding of Apple, Gates wrote an open letter to the "Club of homemade computers", which included Jobs and Wozniak.
061c241e6f4fa976ef1bb31e1a352b1571e1d5be	In the letter, Gates reproached the club for the policy of free software distribution, since one of the products turned out to be Altair BASIC developed by him.
99bee596783118f270a1a057561c3791884e2f3d	This has become a serious precedent in the history of software licensing.
98d50239b44e5bbf77b2df5cbc618e0476bfad92	Apple was already firmly on its feet, while Microsoft was taking its first steps.
edc372164e279d86d4bb05dd9e5b17cb4eabcac2	In 1984, Gates and his colleagues developed the first spreadsheet module (Excel) and the first text editor (Word) for the newly released Macintosh.
db095cc508826e93c01f0b6cd5a3c342cb6ff5ab	Microsoft has developed its own Windows operating system based on the same principles that were laid down in the Mac: a mouse and a window based graphical interface.
cd3ea2049f9c3b9bad44bad64d5cbb763b33e254	Jobs raged and accused Gates of betrayal and theft, to which Bill calmly replied:
ea2d21b183089cddba3b185b52ea4b19ccdc9ba7	You know, Steve, I think there's another point of view.
33d74d6fcdc06c3e57f73913f3c5655f8d37f252	Let's put it this way: we both have a rich neighbor named Xerox, I broke into his house to steal a TV, and found out that you beat me to it[221].
6c524f4582a967ecb447eb19ee5750a699bb9971	Well, Steve, I think there’s more than one way of looking at it.
061d78e4374d8602546554e500aa4a7ff25f090a	I think it’s more like we both had this rich neighbor named Xerox and I broke into his house to steal the TV set and found out that you had already stolen it.
78f28289f397bbedea60c4ba58ce874c7f8e06fd	- Bill Gates
b764777ee080fdc05f97fda05f403608c94ae7dd	In January 1982, it was agreed that Microsoft would not take any steps in this direction for a year.
e0776952217c49669cd36fdb6efa11fee4d34153	But the release of the Macintosh was delayed, and in November 1983, Bill Gates considered himself free from obligations to Jobs and announced the development of Windows for more popular IBM compatible machines[222].
bd5a4fc8353d946d91f3478a16805b35c50683a0	However, the relationship between them soured: Gates looked down on Jobs because he did not know how to program[223], and Jobs called Gates a man without taste and imagination, a hack who always "shamelessly stole other people's ideas"[224]:
9773b2935fbfa5630350cd8f55c709cd192b9f21	This story of "Windows copied from Mac" has become a real stumbling block between the two giants.
1f14a17f73a83ad71f4b5be457be1eab45628c35	Already at the end of his life, Jobs kept saying "We were just stripped!
f5dc437c8c327cf20e8829c5ecbe76a12596c6e2	Bill has no brakes in terms of conscience!"
dfde9862e0ccee24aa24f5e54650159a2a467e56	To which the second replied: "If he really believes this, the poor guy has completely lost his sense of reality."
7b557c8485d85ae9ffecfe45a732b099144a37b7	In the 1990s, Windows was ahead of its competitors by a large margin in the "war of operating systems", almost achieving a monopoly.
2f5822928f22c08b41ceb6b3b1b054982cb96919	But this did not stop Jobs, who continued to repeat even then:
22ef5ca9fb1d82d0c3dca5b61bc1a90059513079	The only trouble with Microsoft is that they have absolutely no taste.
7cb5d07ddd5efc7068ac7e7978f2d7935281e90d	And not in a particular, but in a general sense: they do not strive for originality, they do not have a culture of working with the product.
1b7663cca7549b906a1a4be20cacfb95f02cd1d1	I'm not worried about their success, they deserved it... in general.
c8a07284c12f2d354ce327c979e6acc95dc2c9bf	But it upsets me that they produce a third rate product[221].
4cd0479daac8f845b23929b819e832a10991ad03	The only problem with Microsoft is they have absolutely no taste.
eba13ed4bcce7b48ac78afa4e7ea6030f3e5bffc	I donot mean that in a small way.
ce88e90616e607552249f0f585ec36709dc9f6b4	I mean that in a big way, in the sense that they donot think of original ideas and they donot bring much culture into their product...
e28e5befaebe3f400f8e3b12567d10c8c0187d37	I have no problem with their success.
47302185fdc42d08de1e11938abebd3a07408604	They've earned their success... for the most part.
b6914507e79a3d73562c5ab5cd3d12f022bd5c89	I have a problem with the fact that they just really make third rate products.
0a5bf85607ef8c89780f0fac2709a0905defcb6e	Steve Jobs and Bill Gates at the fifth D: All Things Digital (D5) Conference in 2007
59a63358b52cb0d4b792c2f205bd9a5753824b82	The differences between Jobs and Gates were in fundamentally different approaches to work.
417e97cfad8a24823437c10cf407ad864c52497b	Just as Jobs was an ardent supporter of full control and a closed vertical system of production and trade, Gates also supported a horizontal system based on licensing of products and technologies, which was the credo of Microsoft and allowed this corporation to dominate the software market.
5706b674b238b279fd631d39a6d57a0377312a32	Sometimes their relationship escalated more than usual, for example, when Gates, being a virtual monopolist, refused to create programs for NeXT computers, almost making fun of the new project of Jobs who left Apple[225].
b3ef7e246e3782f47472b386078f1992fd16cf0e	In 1997, after returning to Apple, Steve Jobs decided to put an end to this war, which had already resulted in a dozen open lawsuits.
d8a5e0c0e9df2f02cf178406e8bad7d048824725	Jobs suggested that Gates invest $ 150 million in Apple and develop Mac compatible programs[226].
e616b20a5966969e261766b3e1d98b8856a2c5e6	He explained the situation to Gates as follows: if the processes continue, Microsoft will be forced to pay Apple a fortune, but even earlier, the Macintosh trademark may simply disappear.
ce987722ccfe9b833be50f4bc1ff8b5291bb1f56	The deal was announced at the MacWord Expo conference in Boston, July 9, 1997.
e2d16f4b0ad47c208436a7713a4ed13deb7a504e	The head of Microsoft appeared on a huge screen.
e4ba25fd76f4ee3b1d8f0044d437a5b7319e8d17	It was an amazing sight — huge Bill loomed over tiny Steve and the stunned audience.
7a42fa7f000e485f29249ae1057c172ae0eddfc0	Jobs later admitted that this was one of his most serious mistakes[227].
a4a7ddaca62c6a653514bb231b6f7c63d0d8769a	The journalists did not miss the opportunity to draw a nerve tickling parallel between Gates and Big Brother from the 1984 Apple ad.
94498cf015f0ba9fc95c508aaf6a03c2d06dc644	In the 2000s, when both companies occupied dominant positions in the IT market, relations between entrepreneurs improved.
7eebb437de9dd5f137eccd75ed2caa758a6805e6	So during the telephorum "All Things Digital" (English)Russian. in 2007, both, being guests of Wall Mossberg (English)Russian. and Kara Swisher (English)Russian, showered each other with praise.
06b1d9e8c3e76be5e034298dd2f2067c40604b89	In the eyes of those who once watched their rivalry, Gates exclaimed:
896273ffc0e78c35ab886608c112a0216474ec01	I've seen how Steve makes decisions based on a flair for people and products, which, you know, is even difficult for me to explain.
32e1ee526a5bd0102dd261a66f2c3056f9b71cc7	He just has a completely different approach to business, akin to magic, in my opinion.
93664ad06f4333d7ba768bb3a08a97e6c376fbf6	And then I said to myself: wow!
54525564a65cbf9e753a1c73f357330a9569e142	I’d see Steve make the decision based on a sense of people and product that, you know, is hard for me to explain.
0e5494ea498d69e646f757104aed9b23fd1a3402	The way he does things is just different and I think it’s magical.
2548aadb83465abbaa731d9d58d4a5626b078272	And in that case, wow.
4d2e14a46cd9c0db1cdd94b6db4b684ccac6b42f	Jobs ended his speech by raising a toast "To both of us" and breaking down in tears.
0daaf8f6655f908cc8ff14e194cf53ba82d9123f	In the summer of 2011, Bill Gates paid a last visit to Steve Jobs, whose illness had already reached a critical stage.
3e73102d470fc0c1956a2420ddfcc869e04fb274	They spent about three hours together, sitting in the living room of a house in Palo Alto and discussing with great animation.
57cdf9f69a743bd9a9590abbf84abd1cf98bc8e9	Gates ended the conversation with the words: "I always thought that the open horizontal model would win.
7948d327aead79935c32e6f938a39581dc7960c2	But you managed to prove that a closed vertical model can also be successful.
929798cf3138bd717dfcc02733918d3b86c40a4d	""Your model also works," Jobs replied.
b8f21b34c075f8aba0bc955dd50915a3b3035145	Steve Jobs was also not too ceremonious with other industry players.
fa1e71d5fb25b13332253f313a0f211ecf5c1114	For example, he had a public spat with the CEO of Dell Computer, Michael Dell, which began in 1987, when Jobs criticized Dell for producing "non innovative beige boxes" [228].
9c83e1633699c3c4c5e128134c46209909597086	When Michael Dell was asked at the Gartner Symposium in October 1997 what he would do if he owned the troubled Apple Computer company, he replied: "I would close it and return the money to the shareholders"[229].
b3a56b4f6f00d65f3bcc361b6a42f57fb362d94e	In 2006, Jobs wrote an email to all employees when Apple's market capitalization exceeded Dell.
55f261a571e75efd0af84d9372d69f81e60bb445	It said [230]:
92738527bde64c222c1d5d5287c41b9448cf9c3e	To all team members.
db151776858666617849182c7838edb2988d7957	Michael Dell was not a very good predictor.
f9ef6b484db16effd512973d8b806fe5cfe56d8b	Today, at the close of trading, Apple is more expensive than Dell.
c8e8477f42e3676aee23d5b2d672cc87022f35ab	Stocks are getting more expensive and cheaper, and everything may change tomorrow, but today it is a good reason for reflection.
a001051301a02cf5eedea609e61c41463e2ca758	Steve.
3bc17df21936ddf3006b8ee8ce4c99d14ccfb1ae	Team, it turned out that Michael Dell wasnot perfect at predicting the future.
41bb8ca22dcd587cd99bc6acf26e55c073a7a0b9	Based on today's stock market close, Apple is worth more than Dell.
526d95792329e00c4b8138618cba7599830c77be	Stocks go up and down, and things may be different tomorrow, but I thought it was worth a moment of reflection today.
690fd34305beb09c0d543e3b1da0d6a367bb9a11	Jobs showed his vindictive nature again in 2010, when it came to accessing Adobe Flash technology on the iOS platform.
0421790188127751463266b9ba2dc1ca5c116ea6	Jobs was closely acquainted with the company's founder, John Warnock, and helped him develop Adobe Illustrator for Mac in the early 80s.
796fdc6c78d83bc15529e8cd2af37b4be7c59381	But in 1999, Warnock retired, and the new managers refused to adapt Adobe products, in particular Photoshop, to the iMac.
8842ce70f1890f97c98e0a53f4e68d37b155700c	Jobs retaliated after 10 years, saying:
232b206e59c102eb5454b79da25682ee1e36b555	Flash from a technological point of view is a node of meaningless pasta and with very serious security problems.
1e3606ea49bcdef13b660611634c9e28a8f675ef	<...> With the departure of Warnock, the soul left Adobe.
b86148526e13d2b995a645165e5ea03171038ec2	He was a real inventor, we were close to him.
7652428de0bd26d9b16836f47187aea0dd58947d	He was succeeded by a bunch of jackets, and the company turned into a der bmo. [231]
45b4aaa21a761b9453bf16f112f2e1350853c59a	Flash is a spaghetti ball piece of technology that has lousy performance and really bad security problems.
fb7a3dbb3ddc048c53242efb1cfe6a6b4154d914	<...>The soul of Adobe disappeared when Warnock left.
0a21bd01c8e65842cd445fb8ca703f5d4a9139f5	He was the inventor, the person I related to.
2ba4bff9c1c0501a270f18fac3cd8e39f1c4a2c1	It’s been a bunch of suits since then, and the company has turned out crap.
ca65175aac2c0abab71ec484f93bbfc317256a81	One of Jobs ' best friends in the IT field was Larry Ellison, the founder of Oracle.
781b3f68998c9c5ccdcf177a8bc165cd14069525	In 1995, Elisson tried to persuade Jobs to jointly arrange a coup at Apple by buying up shares of the company, and offered Jobs 25 %, which would allow him to lead Apple again.
f38cfc15a3a91438f640a29454bcf53dcd63565b	Jobs chose to return through the front door and invited Ellison to the board of directors.
e76fad2715d3bf8eff36be5530033635e0638482	Ellison often invited Jobs and his family to take a cruise on one of his luxury yachts, and Reed, Jobs ' son, called Ellison "our rich friend" — Jobs himself was modest and never showed his wealth.
b0db7d92be4d428a02b04821f0a2f790570a0308	Another close friend of Jobs was Millard Drexler, CEO of Gap, a clothing company.
4df912589be1865f36195594817b877f10bd9e26	Like Allison, Jobs offered him a seat on the Apple board of directors.
eb3e0d05ee26b260cddf788334926ffb0a585935	Jobs often consulted with Drexler, and Millard said in 2011: "The most incredible thing I've seen during my career is what Steve turned Apple into."
611249b55d33e5abc89cf1e6b597ab3ede2ba422	Jobs was surrounded not only by friends, but also by enemies.
c19d68ba7338a9716c8b8dd5a943206451bcf19c	He was constantly at war with someone.
d684702c5236e29da463b22d1fde488a6c6074a6	At the beginning of his career, the main enemy was named IBM.
1993b8f132ab6f35edb49f8bb3be8020101968a0	Then this place was occupied for many years by Microsoft and personally by Bill Gates.
b0aade516fcd0f476ffb914bd3333c35ebe5a009	By the end of his life, Steve Jobs grappled with Google, and history repeated itself — the Android operating system for mobile devices appeared.
30eaca30b372ccebd98656623f9f2ad0d69d8ee3	According to Jobs, this OS was just a boorish plagiarism of iOS.
4461dfa740b8a8e2f8162ade58d8258b6bdbedb2	Nevertheless, Jobs helped to get one of the Google executives, Eric Schmidt, to join the Apple board of directors.
f75ca90b9cf6e1b1b07dada8ed7f7369a5c3e244	However, this did not prevent Jobs from announcing to Schmidt in 2010 that his company was acting with unscrupulous methods, and he would prefer that Google stop stealing ideas from Apple for five billion rubles of compensation.
423645c81e42379a40171745a08197cdf155a21e	Jobs said that he was ready to start a "thermonuclear war" against Android and Google mobile devices in order to end their existence once and for all[232].
0538ab1ac809b9bcb3a3ae009fcb60ad6b0cb4bb	Attempts to get their way through the courts are being made by Apple to this day, already without Steve Jobs.
a1a350b8b09784f597a243ae32abf507e6143469	And yet, during his last sick leave in 2011, Jobs agreed to host Larry Page, the founder and new head of Google, in Palo Alto.
df880be6e110b1473108f542ae55fb375fdf539f	Page needed Jobs ' advice.
6a262d98622aaa1e9bcaa9aeaa6c5f6ce0b21b75	"My first impulse was to tell him to go to hell.
9f9c2df33f9045e941b36776bfb5e34ddde0d0c4	But then I thought about it and said to myself that when I was young, everyone around me helped me, starting with Bill Hewlett, and ending with an engineer who lived on my street and was some kind of big shot at HP.
db45fada2d8905dace235481ce1d9f2bc9462627	And then I offered him a meeting, " Jobs said.
a70444e6d8e04ce350ef141c12905d6bb2636055	He told Page about the importance of proper recruitment and that no more than five main product names should be released, since the rest "will drag you down, and you will not notice how you will turn into Microsoft".
b04bf27d3bf8a89768ced39ebc7e2f358e3089f8	I tried to help him and I will try to help people like Mark Zuckerberg.
db86d70c3be228c2cb735eee4149b2bc06074cb8	This is how I want to spend the rest of my life.
2b3c3ab1905190a40cd719ea3e23c1471ff92743	I can help the next generation remember the achievements of great companies and continue the tradition.
8889adfb7bfda532e961b025f96e717af0d4bb9d	The valley helped me a lot once.
150acec7689a7f88374e5469a416c559f9610770	And now I must try to repay this debt.
17fe32b181217c9fe8e4e006f7891b22ae12b78c	[233]
98845aa579d71106afdf1e2ab6def004c61c4291	I tried to be as helpful as I could.
e5503d6697277d5f289a4e3780eb4756daa7b724	I will continue to do that with people like Mark Zuckerberg too.
61c8fc3a42e67e3d5b4cd4b8024982c1971147bf	That’s how I’m going to spend part of the time I have left.
0a1c9350aed67c356e8eea7cf6f4bbe651eb03ba	I can help the next generation remember the lineage of great companies here and how to continue the tradition.
70e3c8190109504dfb448bcba91ddadc5500f888	The Valley has been very supportive of me.
cb4bd666dc726fd25c69ceef8fb231f768a5d0df	I should do my best to repay.
5f2634017b6ccc5d514e00342ffeb53c37c3945c	Public activities
7a9b898e7770168a4a11a0072f76c920a2f40c3d	Steve Jobs shows off the iPhone 4
2d94f002f4fa3430b2199b3ed95dd4898068ba1e	to the President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev,
607b6f46158dc3ea094b31f1b8cb3e839e6b5f73	Silicon Valley, June 23, 2010
4da98cf5ec196849b052ff4352d83f0228b18384	Arik Hesseldahl of Businessweek magazine noted that "Jobs is not widely known for charity," compared to the efforts of Bill Gates[234].
4ad2674f792f66dcf19482a8ced413b2b21f9807	Unlike Gates, Jobs did not sign the Warren Buffett Donation Oath, which obligated the world's richest billionaires to give at least half of their wealth to charity[235].
bebf48e6ac097ef20defbf4e3968fc64139b0676	In an interview with Playboy in 1985, Jobs spoke about his attitude to money: "The problem is to determine how to invest these funds in the world: just give them away or make these investments an expression of their values"[236].
ed254b072cd24bff421f48da46f6ac8c3318fb5a	Jobs also then added that when he has time, he will open a public fund, but now he is doing this privately[237].
d40738a56e203f777685d6c606a569e7e2c89b91	After regaining control of Apple in 1997, Jobs closed all corporate charity programs[238].
0665cdb9e14d0db4e6d48d02fd28aea78e12ac1d	Friends of Jobs told The New York Times that he felt that Apple's growth would bring more benefits than charity[239].
31d6f3419a8753ba10f6d0936c700ccaffd6cc4f	Later, under Jobs, Apple signed up to participate in the Product Red program, releasing red versions of devices, the profit from the sales of which went to charity.
23542e7cca68805e7c22c011efe52b3e04271496	Apple began to spend more on charity, and the head of the Product Red project, singer Bono, quoted Jobs: there is "nothing better than the opportunity to save lives"[240].
990ce509b352a6cccc945a52bf00feb7b65f14e8	According to Bono, Apple has become the largest donor to the Global Fund to Fight AIDS.[241].
b8df34647e1b960df3ec282a290bec64c0ef4586	The Jobs family supported the US Democratic Party and became friends with the Clinton family.
cfdb4d30e4fc46aead39cda7dde2de6e83040074	Jobs even happened to sleep in the bedroom of Lincoln (English)Russian. in the White House[242].
17453dda1254500c7b6dc3898bde39f7a8f2db4b	Bill Clinton sometimes consulted with him in difficult moments, in particular, at the height of the Monica Lewinsky scandal[243].
ede6c38af472f7c9725ec6520fbefe54474deddd	In October 2010, US President Barack Obama visited Silicon Valley, where he met with Steve Jobs.
e3484c6c966acc99c89d0ba38af8e5ffb4cb4383	The meeting lasted 45 minutes, Jobs was extremely independent: he criticized the US educational system as hopelessly outdated, and told Obama that he "will not last longer than one term."
c3fdbba09c26095276520ec2c7db674ccf0aed91	According to Jobs, training should be conducted in the process of close interaction between students based on digital educational materials, and educational reform is hindered by teachers ' unions[244].
618c4e7a005063b605cbb83723136b77e6371f49	In February 2011, Obama again visited Silicon Valley, where he met with representatives of the IT industry.
573af939bd2275f90414b2c661e74b0ed8698067	At the dinner, Jobs sat next to the president and took an active part in the conversation.
210c772b23b204a5eeaf1626f43eb700d6f492d1	He suggested that all foreign students who have received a master's degree in engineering in the United States should be given a work visa.
14d742c31830b7cb1e325846159baa181ee260da	Obama replied that this could be done within the framework of the" Dream Law", blocked by the Republicans.
d7db47bdb7fdf5ff7adeb478f86b6808b624e646	After the meeting, Jobs said: "The president is a smart person, but he kept explaining to us why it is impossible to do this or that.
fc254ca656127ffc95d9fe26be084c9f9961beb1	It infuriated me"[245].
4f756a96b4d1bf04d6cf4ec09640c9bc6b6cc602	Scandals
87b14d9e33eabc7d85ef5f7691c8964064c88e1a	Retroactive stock options
9594e4584edd1a3c381b96325bda41f0a41a0782	Steve Jobs was ready to work almost for free, but at the same time he willingly accepted generous grants from the Apple board of directors in the form of large options to buy shares of the company and even demanded such gifts for himself, explaining that it was not about money as such, but about fair recognition of merits[246].
5498c639f558e5cd6a0805a65439b284d6a397c8	In 2001, Jobs received stock options in the amount of 7.5 million Apple shares with an exercise price of $ 18.30.
4bb418dee0ba65cd35c5c2b3881ffca30bf1309b	However, in 2006, it turned out that the options were issued retroactively, and the strike price was supposed to be $ 21.10.
2878743fb83440e1df834ffb899469e542ab707b	This meant that if the options were exercised, Jobs would have received an undeclared income of $ 20 million due to Apple's revaluation of its income by the same amount.
d26c6f6e8e918eab921d59847624e8b89935fcfe	The case was the subject of active criminal and civil investigations, Jobs could face a number of criminal charges and civil sanctions.
36380a19ac4ec5c706e29661f0a19981e87aa892	An independent internal investigation by Apple, completed on December 29, 2006, showed that Jobs, although he was warned about possible problems, did not fully realize them, and that the options granted to him were returned without execution in 2003[247].
3ecc910cfb4b8a41c96db94bc33d2cc0b74e5547	The blame for the incident was laid on the lawyer of Apple, as well as on the former CFO of the company, who acted on the direct instructions of Jobs[248].
7f6f1030dd585357a6565416e363179f642c774d	The scandal led to a significant drop in Apple shares and the dismissal of several top managers of the company.
9e7319298a6e4fa66529f966395ff14f93ce4bac	The decline in the value of shares as a result of fraud and the scandal that followed, in turn, led to the filing of a number of lawsuits from shareholders to the company's management.
9fbeab67edf009777a1c162643312692ec5b7b79	On July 1, 2008, a $ 7 billion class action was filed against several members of the Apple board of directors, including Jobs[249].
e3963577e2bd845b36c5457cbbedb512c4543fee	Apple's management managed to come to an agreement with shareholders, paying a number of compensations[250].
ca6084a13dfb31d4d481f607a4e5f1aa2b523252	Unauthorized biographies
88f634919887ae5371beffd265451388ccbff4a6	In 2005, the publishing house John Wiley & Sons, specializing in the production of academic, educational and technical literature, sent an introductory copy of the unauthorized biography "iKona.
51049aa8cf7c521dac360ad1607f708534cea571	In response, the headquarters received an order to withdraw from the Apple Store all the books of this publisher, including the popular series "... for dummies".
15a1b4e070360cad78d2d2f05df6692638ed58fb	There were no official comments on this decision from Apple representatives.
f219155a6928d7eace1c1b372142e589af107b3a	The author of the book, Jeffrey Young, said: "The company had no complaints about the facts given in the book, but for some reason they did not want to publish it."
c8c06eb69251f7ef230bd70bd53fb4b81a5900ec	According to some reports, the order came personally from Steve Jobs.
f075ddd8733e07fd07e660c8d4894ff7b28aad66	The publisher expressed regret about this decision by Apple, at the same time noting that Apple stores are not the most significant part of the publisher's income[251][252]. In July 2010, the publisher announced the imminent appearance of its books on the iPad[253].
b2f21913fcd08a669537ddb599e515db266f6e0e	Harassment of bloggers
b50e6e0391440eea23f29cfce1aaab16627cf927	Jobs was very sensitive to his performances. and the presentation of goods and demanded the strictest secrecy until the very last moment[254].
066b8535ca30326d2783e4b5ad1c5c2a52ac1d3c	In 1998, Nicholas Charelli, who called himself a "fan of Apple products," founded the website ThinkSecret.com ( English)Russian, where he published exclusive information about Apple's new products before its official announcement.
584e8d3acec7da457b272437d54c80b68ab716eb	Some of these materials turned out to be just rumors that were not confirmed, but there was also really insider information that leaked from the depths of the corporation, thanks to which the resource became very popular among Apple fans.
15186b31630e3a2c151e299361f86a934e739539	So, in December 2004, the website published details about the new Mac mini computer, the official presentation of which took place only two weeks later.
f3e10a1b5a7aab2f262204c56f81825ca600ccd0	A lawsuit was filed against the owner of the site.
3ec0f1c3f4a5531196fdc4c6237145d751b15ddf	The trial lasted about three years and ended with the closure of the resource with the reconciliation of the parties, the terms of which were not disclosed[255][254].
173c47941163c4175342559999dce1ee08f48381	On March 25, 2010, a certain Brian Hogan found a prototype of a new iPhone model in a bar in a suburb of San Francisco, accidentally left there by an Apple developer.
ee659356470fbf23e62a4c15bc905871b699a71a	Hogan handed over the found device to the editorial office of the technoblog Gizmodo (English)Russian. for a reward of $ 5,000.
600abbcb9c4a807a22f57d07528e0a83ac0b95d8	An article about the phone device appeared in the blog.
fb8035ff16779e8a08238a74c06303c3d0f25ff8	Apple filed a complaint with the prosecutor's office, searches were conducted at the apartments of journalists.
bc0e149852516c83cd33fbed085cba5a77d5f65f	As a result, the bloggers, having agreed to return the sample to the corporation, were able to avoid accusations of buying stolen goods.
f573751b295c4b657b0e5ae19bb70714a37fc901	If Hogan's actions were classified as theft, he could face up to a year in prison.
b22e22b70ae3c81c1a0f08add56999fa7b078e2b	However, the court found it possible to consider them as an administrative offense, and Hogan got off with a suspended sentence, correctional labor and a fine.
a5a061c83829a65124c2fc1cd55082663d7d460e	As in the Think Secret incident, Isaacson points to the direct involvement of Steve Jobs in the development of this conflict[254].
2d54d6101ef596e72a5afb22a8d5ab299038f249	Censorship on iPhone and iPad
b70d186c637c87871ba2b3743d439113f4e75e76	In 2010, the artist Mark Fiore (English)Russian. he won the Pulitzer Prize for a series of cartoons ridiculing the policies of George W. Bush.
0a14fba9b15a281b92890773c3dc6fd252a5603e	The fact that the application with these cartoons was previously rejected by Apple as potentially violating the libel law attracted public attention.
2b8dc61fd65004eccc46413d7c8db6e3a912802e	The company was in a stupid position, and Jobs had to make a public apology to users[256].
7e450dacc05abdd45add598f6e6df5141f660c0f	This incident gave rise to a discussion about the prohibitions and restrictions imposed by Apple on customers.
9643b4622878f8cdb4f229fa6934fd3d056caaa8	Jobs tried to maintain control over the actions of users and at the same time not look like a censor.
f5263af72fa1c4bc0428132ce04cc531bb14f488	In particular, it was about banning pornography on Apple devices.
bec379be27a396659d70d75ac959ac4943bb551b	"People who need porn, let them buy Android," Jobs told one of the critics.
360336ba88aeb0ef05bcbd6b7f83816a77973b8e	To the question of the editor of the website Valleywag (English)Russian. (who, by the way, controlled the Gizmodo blog), Ryan Tate, what to do with the ideals of freedom, Jobs replied that in his understanding freedom includes "freedom from porn" and other undesirable and potentially dangerous content[257].
54b26127848f1ceda86f1c6a97cdc0f914fa82cb	Jobs insisted on his point of view, personally discussing with bloggers who criticized his policy.
70c7519418fbd57796371e826619643c3caa4179	Humorous website eSarcasm.com launched a campaign under the slogan "Yes, Steve, I want porn":
28e41ac487ab9accb74115b24040c4714f6efc7d	Anyway, we just like the idea of an open society without censorship, in which there is no technodictator who decides what we can watch and what we canot[258].
1f3a40b01b8f9a69dd6413d691cb16ee9e88f327	Either that, or we just enjoy the idea of an uncensored, open society where a techno dictator doesnot decide what we can and cannot see.
ba5530d826e0faa524dfa20ef801aa176aa8e9d8	The scandal was discussed in the Apple board of directors.
bf2d5e05eecd721bb778d88a27c7fd4737e34c9c	Jobs was told that arrogance, suitable for an ambitious outsider, is not suitable for an industry leader.
e55fe8fa38ad144b6e6809cd2efa805cb631b9c9	But Jobs said that there was no arrogance in his position, and remained of his opinion[259].
c47a13314b9cc84657f6d2da5a0457e1fe58f605	Disposal of electronic waste
d8b560f0f95a2ffba821a4838fd943c1e2ca6ba1	In 2005, Jobs responded to criticism of the program by lashing out at environmentalists at Apple's annual shareholder meeting in Cupertino in April.
d0a964aaad998b688ab34ff5a6a87ca9a1fd9ab8	However, a few weeks later, it was announced that Apple would accept iPods for free in its retail stores.
a97f65c6d38d98e478e6b42be14573a62f09cb70	Computer TakeBack responded by flying a banner over Stanford University during the graduation ceremony, when Jobs was giving a speech[47].
f5afe78723562d48695fbf5fadb531649b13e95d	The banner read: "Steve! donot be a mini player, dispose of all electronic waste" (eng. Steve, donot be a mini player—recycle all e waste).
8e9df91378277ee984c6770772e49828755238d1	In 2006, Jobs expanded Apple's recycling program to all American customers buying a new Mac.
bc196368367fa7c73cdeed689f70b7021d100c11	[260]
c1318ba1124acdb968dae6c4e2ca0b7db24c5324	In the future, the program was expanded to electronic waste from other manufacturers, and after the death of Jobs, it was extended to Europe. he left his parents ' house and together with Chris settled in a hut in the mountains above Los Altes, despite the objections of his parents[37].
81d0aa03759edee5015abeaaff89c7c255dfa2f9	Chris drew well, and Steve played the guitar and tried to write poetry.
b21c290f2a4356ca14e465275198f36706861eec	Their relationship, which lasted for many years, can not be called simple.
40f9c5343ff0c5d3ff6f63651156cb43b88dcbd2	They studied Zen together, took LSD, worked part time, hitchhiked.
79f2f2f61722c7a7f93b777de7119c893010e398	Steve and Chris were constantly splitting up, and then Chris met with others, then they got back together, and then they lived together on Friedland's farm: "The case when it's tight together and boring apart," Brennan later recalled.
8302cb3c9e91321099a4e4ac0faf39af918f1290	In 1976, Chris, impressed by the change that had happened to Steve after his return from India, also went there, along with their mutual friend Greg Calhoun, but they returned separately, and Chris settled in the house that Steve and Daniel Kotke rented together.
71584f43dc540be0211e79a82075c46a3bacc0ca	A few months later, Chris became pregnant.
68ac3c92effe879cda0379978d1de3386cfb66bf	Jobs behaved as if it didnot concern him, and nothing special happened at all.
86e48917c1009d0f27f9a339a41f12ec8a788697	He even persuaded Kottke not to move away from them[277].
6933fd30f6af269738faf5d0e695c7c005e6c324	In May 1978, Chris gave birth to a daughter, Lisa Brennan.
42e502fd28933f7a7e19d48b762b54a0ca768289	Jobs continued to deny his paternity, claiming that Brennan was not only dating him.
855db94154d587ff998f2186fb566a994262a33e	Hired lawyers persuaded Kottke to testify that he had never seen Brennan in bed with Jobs, and carefully collected evidence about her other affairs.
8d703fc9973b9bc6b053b69f27f322f4f506b1d5	Chris shouted that Steve was going to make her look like a walking girl, so as not to take responsibility, and threw scandals with breaking dishes and breaking furniture.
13401815380ce80d6e95fe2360f3630886e51878	At the same time, Jobs took part in the fate of his daughter: he persuaded Chris not to give the child to strangers (as he himself was once given), helped choose a name for the girl and called the new Apple Lisa computer by this name, although he did not admit it[278].
870fb21cc0dd9eaf09cb534c87966c80d91c9612	A year later, Jobs passed a paternity test, which showed that he was the father of a child with a probability of 94.41 %, and he was ordered by the court to pay alimony.
99262bbf8a707c7fef4805724cf8cf1c92e282da	But even after that, Jobs refused to publicly recognize his daughter for a long time, claiming that he was sterile, and that, according to the test results, the girl's father could be 28% of the male population of the United States.
cbf85296ad01f8fd2fef3c39bea6e160bf10d28d	This did not correspond to reality and sounded extremely ambiguous.
204a8d0c42dd98d4c75138ef2ed8d694163e4fff	Later, Jobs recognized Lisa as his daughter, claiming that he did it immediately after the test.
bbab2752e5808773f38d1a1f33d74fa3f57a1086	Jobs rented a house for Chris and Lisa in Palo Alto, paid for the girl's studies.
1ffcaceb358bdd04fdf02cd501d37d91ca4da54c	When Lisa grew up, she and her father got along well.
af51ef1e2c39fd7015a7bf76342f70c3766273f3	Lisa even lived with the Jobs family for four years while she was in high school in Palo Alto.
2ddac7467b11433abbbd8c5df9640c6814b8d823	As a result, Jobs admitted that he was wrong: "I shouldnot have behaved like this.
301bbb837a037768bee23b401ed29d6a41988ddd	Then I did not imagine myself as a father, I was not ready for this.
a50d1bcb55448bd69a4ff6c0f920423ed1d8e3fd	<...> If everything could be changed now, I would certainly behave better"[278].
d2eb7049381595feaa9b1ec767763446e16efdad	Barbara Jasinski
603b33aaaa66f5eed4c284bd5eeaf8117d4a4040	By distancing himself from Brennan, Jobs also partially distanced himself from his former lifestyle.
1a8b4ce3b6ba7b50390230a430b4996ef6645d75	He stopped being a hippie, got a stylish haircut, bought an expensive suit, softened his diet.
df5234c2960ee96bbe7bbb676b507b3690fc6855	To complete the formation of the image of a successful businessman, Jobs began an affair with an employee of the advertising agency of Regis McKenna, Barbara Jasinski, half Polish, half Polynesian, a rare beauty[279].
cdf3996b3095055044f9a6b1eb0d99ea59fa1db5	Jobs and Jasinski settled in a Tudor style mansion[280].
a21383eb9a56211d8828ea6a4ae416ba50ce4eaa	Their relationship lasted until 1982, gradually exhausting itself[281].
4a6033f3e332656a331489cfc4f155890c704691	Joan Baez
cbc960e89c3bbd41c833413bd8ee435ff4863189	In 1982, Jobs got together with the famous folk singer Joan Baez.
49400f1e11c52406122ead8be3261d6c9fc41dc5	She was much older than Jobs, she had a 14 year old son.
9f5be76381ec572da954bf856d3fb25f528cd05f	According to Jobs, he was attracted to Baez because she turned out to be " smart and fun."
f951d9230331cb26563cc10cd09ce822fc886dc9	They dated for three years.
97475f143e1c2f82b301421ab45b8ce79f74608c	Elizabeth Holmes, a friend of Jobs at Reed College, said that "Steve became the lover of Joan Baez in large part because Baez was the mistress of Bob Dylan, "Jobs' favorite musician[281].
14b4d94c364c6f692a7f53ec7663f4f8b9af1616	In the unauthorized biography of " iKON.
4c56f57595af5bb974a4ed49977ae3f1f6d7359a	It was suggested that Jobs could have married Baez, but her age at the time of their acquaintance (41 years) meant that the couple could hardly have children.
30892fa9cc86c28035a764850f749779b50fc387	They remained friends, and later in her memoirs, Baez placed a thank you: "To Steve Jobs — for making me learn the word "processor" by putting one in my kitchen"[282].
6fefb3f0171f5f7be9558b33a6ee0ffb6d367d7a	Jennifer Egan
a85d1b4369a7ab0a3f98868a413586337cbab7fc	When the relationship between Jobs and Baez was already declining, Steve met a student at the University of Pennsylvania, Jennifer Egan.
f41ab64f3b858a433eb3d68e27975c66db22b7fc	This romance turned out to be short lived: a year later, Egan made it clear to Jobs that she was not going to get married yet, and they broke up[283].
e7cbadb7dab3372f8410e7fce93fbe06ae769e9d	Tina Redse
c0911eefa7b81eb84f311c837f01d7315648c185	In early 1985, Jobs met, according to him, the most beautiful woman in his life and his first true love.
f4d2de6e28851fda71da7d8a793d515c7471326b	Her name was Tina Redse, she was a hippie type and also worked in IT as a computer consultant.
aa463cf5fc8c895a0407eebb3506e91d93086330	When Scully was beating Jobs out of Apple, Steve fled to Europe with Tina to distract himself[284].
73be0c8dd2cc13bb735c8a5d7ffe762330640e64	They were united by a difficult childhood, fraught with psychological trauma (in particular, Redse's father suffered from a mental disorder), both of them were in search of beauty and harmony, both put the spiritual above the mundane.
f7e14e9e2cbd792e015f80165b7a5324c7395b58	They were also similar in character: like Steve, Tina was neurotic, sensitive, and could give vent to tears.
b4212c587a9be887e4d3bfb65d10fb22bbc0b42a	At the same time, she was strong — willed, easily neglected her unusual beauty, often without making up and, according to eyewitnesses, she became even more beautiful then.
e239a0f95dd7e059efaf3e038c0d0640edc75274	Their romance was very stormy, they were passionately in love.
ff8ef1173b5d53483648cddb3791fe80715bfe20	Redse was on an equal footing with Jobs: she left his house and returned to him when she saw fit.
07c92b9011e5ded9c6a9ec749401b0bc875a9153	But despite all the similarities, the differences were insurmountable.
5018d738398d4f8107a5c694e36b67e9369c4e7e	Redse was the kindest person: as a volunteer, she helped the sick and the poor, tried to establish relations with Lisa and even with Chris Ann.
89700d37cd6368799c0091b3a81057002e8bc3b4	In this, she was the complete opposite of Jobs.
24446d14d93382796278a665d4cf35a0bde99aea	Redse was fascinated by him, but she could not stand his selfishness, disdain for people, cruelty, his empty unfurnished home.
ab065d918cbc6413aefec8f945621b2c16d3f57e	The philosophical differences were also very deep: Steve spoke about the universal aesthetics that should be given to people, Tina did not perceive the Bauhaus, being convinced that aesthetics can only be individual, that people are born with a sense of beauty and there is no need to teach them this feeling.
cbcd56c34f05c377a65d01a42949a0261c97fb39	Their union was doomed.
296529aaa168efcd6bea26d6ecd31f27719ca3c1	In 1989, Steve took the desperate step of proposing to Tina.
1dd8d508f776dd27492976cbbf25251f8471fee2	This was followed by a refusal and a final break[285].
4a3e38bddd709fe82b247818bc6706cf0d219835	I couldnot be a good wife for a legend named Steve Jobs.
9a88b4118f95089b34c1a730a66470a70d687feb	It would be terrible in all aspects.
4be2163b4c2485003961e312350828391d92ce53	<...> I didnot want to offend him, but I also couldnot calmly watch him offend others.
acc4d896f12844b4690c0fa6266554a7309f9d8c	It was too painful for me.
16ada9f738b4494635936aed81a8b3068281a67f	[286]
9f54a58b9a53d049cbe1f5b25281eac634c84579	I could not have been a good wife to ‘Steve Jobs,’ the icon.
47ae2611ad3c3d36e3067e1525e95a4d6c1561ae	I would have sucked at it on many levels.
c04d366ca090e9078d9a6fc2f3727cf4912654ca	<...> I didnot want to hurt him, yet I didnot want to stand by and watch him hurt other people either.
e6067f3d8a92424a272c0036c7439353373b5444	It was painful and exhausting.
da8784176c4212e5970fd2b6f3bd7539cf923b2f	Marriage to Lauren Powell
030479eb0fdb24218c2f21f68bcae9ead35bafb9	Lauren Powell became the only wife of Steve Jobs and, by his admission, the second woman he "really loved".
a02281c40c35253f4ff1f6327e69ee07d0c25bd4	Lauren was eight years younger than Steve, worked in a bank and also came from a difficult family with four children.
e8e352ebab6ee8895ad645a39cad464dd7f2d2cd	Her father was a pilot and died heroically, leading a falling plane away from residential areas.
3e2a6d32b84ba689c4adceeb123f7236e8095bcd	The further life of the family with the stepfather turned out to be terrible.
b5b4303fa7b58b4d6b1100431787aea50e298f1b	Lauren's acquaintance with Jobs took place in October 1989, according to her, by chance — friends invited her to a lecture at the Stanford Business School, where Steve was making a report.
7035d4d35427a41744c792732f55f4f3f93f9ede	Jobs noticed a beautiful young woman in the audience, and she jokingly said that she had come to the lecture to win a prize — a dinner with Steve Jobs himself[287].
065f38f0c29a64626ec5de5e3c82c1f70b99cd28	The novel developed rapidly, Lauren just turned Jobs ' head:
1c1e1167e5ee457d57454a5db3667cca80f450fb	He was completely charmed.
198fa2742dc00210c9f62625aa87d9800288561e	He called me to ask, "Do you think she likes me?"
1d1a754441af39ec6111be8536a0353e57258cf1	It was very strange to receive such calls from a famous person.
f432265d10b6b998a054d3666150a5524ad22b40	[288]
a670e9cdbeb9a913fda86c8bd77c520b2ceed253	He would call me on the phone and ask, ‘What do you think, does she like me?’
d9fa3fb5bea00adbddba0f2a05f8367572ac4eb7	Here I am in this bizarre position of having this iconic person call me.
6dbb1d8235fee9733aba40dd4d7187b8effdc240	- Karen Smith, a friend of Lauren Powell
01e7ba7e4e3102cb2df4baae39e6288a673f4eb7	On January 1, 1990, Jobs proposed to Powell, and then he threw himself into work and forgot about her for several months.
ee8b80134983566226fe0d967e16945f9b1f8732	In September, Lauren, offended by Jobs ' inattention, left him, but in October he presented her with an engagement ring, and two months later they went on a trip to Hawaii.
feec2df0e13b81490cac4cfece097d01d251fa7d	Upon returning, it turned out that Lauren was pregnant[289].
f9acaa9fe01e707c846ab99136900812fd3f719b	On March 18, 1991, the wedding took place.
27535329f557616cc0a5136cd8e5a2062427b253	The ceremony was conducted by Jobs ' mentor in Soto Zen, the monk Kobun Chino Otogawa at the Ahwahnee Hotel. in Yosemite National Park[290].
f60bd27dd2efe27a28637854ef27fb714824beeb	Jobs was happily married, although he sometimes missed Tina:
fac74884762700577c1c2848de72a3d5389f322c	Lauren seems to look like Tina, but at the same time completely different — strong, armored.
ae0979b5601da8ae091071a592044fa1f2e19dd0	Therefore, the marriage was successful.[291]
5cf8b165e040632fe2e398e9ceee76c7cf0476b9	Laurene looks a lot like Tina, but she is totally different because she is tougher and armor plated.
38205067c083ef61de3d63519dfbf5de28abf79a	That’s why the marriage works.
e708938b6c76f28de337ab10596f602f667e8fb5	- Andy Herzfeld
33eb97a932a2bfe528c879bf424442f0ae98edd1	The couple had a son, Reed, in September 1991, then daughters Erin in August 1995 and Eve in 1998.
853f00f0215768cfed6529dc49f166f29ef65c45	Jobs didnot devote much time to his children, especially his daughters.
23cd1b0b0b9323ec13b922ab469609da308da7e0	He liked to communicate with his son, but he said that it was the younger Eve, a fearless, strong willed and very active girl, who would someday lead Apple if she did not become president of the United States.
bdfa78731186ab4fba08385be0d3553ca503922d	Reed outwardly became very similar to his father, but at the same time differs from him in good manners and a gentle character[292].
0ebae7e975e36ff67f3d36ecbb1580131234b6f0	Housing
a933f910401e339098bf64b5482a5ec188cc5809	In 1982, Jobs bought an apartment in The San Remo (English)Russian.
6b81762a41674105409675bd0288be8fe1f971f6	— a house in New York with a politically progressive reputation, where Demi Moore, Steven Spielberg and Steve Martin also had apartments.
ccbdb7f14942a9de848607fe07d9e90876bec7bd	But because of his obsession with perfection, Jobs never got to live there.
a4fa80177ef7f6f20cdb4d3e69c4e97566e9ffdf	With the help of James Freed from c he renovated the apartment for a long time, only to sell it almost two decades later to Bono, the lead singer of U2[293][294].
f2b40e34acf55a071c5625b43dcb1615f41e4d22	In 1984, Jobs bought the Jackling House.
9e2e1f5687cb4078c7640320fe55cf70d5995340	— A 1,600 m2 Spanish colonial style mansion with 14 bedrooms, designed by George Washington Smith, in Woodside.
1f69e374b865fa4c2315f28a781537c0b6bfe525	(California).
97c750e285f3a857b253ca8a6dd6ebb49ba77909	Although, as reported, it was left almost unfurnished, Jobs lived in it for almost a decade.
f179e548e224493c88d52a3568db755a690b17ef	According to reports, he kept his old BMW R60/2 motorcycle (English)Russian. in the living room, and allowed Bill Clinton to use it in 1998.
1c5349d632a28a32e7c8683108676de1b7d77f50	Jobs brought the Jackling House into disrepair, planning to demolish it and build a smaller house in its place; however, local defenders of ancient monuments opposed his plans.
269d25482557fa7613792c60c3fcdfdd13927e4c	In June 2004, the Woodside City Council agreed to Jobs to demolish the mansion on the condition that he would advertise the property for a year, so that those who wish would have the opportunity to move it to another place and restore it.
40eb9ec64ee85e418ae3b9c220e90aec3af7daef	A number of people showed interest, but no agreements were reached on this matter.
10baba763d3595313e53e5e5506df1986f9c046b	Later that year, a group of local defenders began looking for legal measures to prevent the demolition.
a9689615999fbe1223a2e9c9e8c5314cc8f9317a	In January 2007, Jobs was deprived of the right to demolish the property by a court decision[295].
d100bb8b73b1e95552608e926ba384048bade10c	However, the decision was overturned on appeal in March 2010, and the mansion was demolished in early February 2011[296].
24ea10f013cfe6409347236c714f3c2c798bde39	Jobs died before he could build anything in its place, and now it is empty.
ccd48b8a8aec68b163c372cd97d48c1f417dab1b	Jobs and his family lived in a house in a privileged area of Old Palo Alto.
87edf97364b50952e06fb21c98169090cf077f2d	Next door are the houses of John Doerr, Larry Page, Mark Zuckerberg, Andy Herzfeld, Joanna Hoffman, Burrell Smith.
bb06ba7cddf3e7e224329c585a3fcfe8d68e0166	The two story red brick Jobs house, similar to the Cotswolds, but with a colonial style courtyard, was built in the 1930s by local architect John Carr.
df247e4995a7781918a2df1f84055d8d627df8ab	The Jobs rebuilt it a little for the needs of the family.
2baa1dc7446f440daee6af277cd394778bd9e318	Buying furniture and household appliances was a real test for many months, as Steve, as usual, sought to make the only perfect choice.
f3db655b20073adbf122543168577b9401f4240c	In general, the house looks quite unassuming, especially as a billionaire's home, and does not stand out among others.
17a1c276ac72f52aa97a9a5adc1e74e9dd3feffa	President Clinton dined there with Jobs and 14 CEOs of Silicon Valley on August 7, 1996[297].
3577f792464c71d61f1c8c38e080793df2e98cb5	Health problems
49ab656d8278f7f7e009e97a8829b44f2c0c21cd	Remembering death is the best way I know of to avoid the trap into which you are driven by the thought that you have something to lose.
9e7feeda1f090a2715d8a5c2edd5fc39a20056a6	You're already naked.
1f6443721821f4eba83adba8728a5dc8ee0a114b	There is no reason not to follow the call of your heart.
13cee74c567a4a30860e5426b6b2ade4ccec8b8e	Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose.
70c434c02764afd20ee6e3d6b02fdda632d1b7a9	You are already naked.
664148ec596e35b52c68c09c173d19bb536bb75c	There is no reason not to follow your heart.
6ae9c1f5184b0c34533f9f12d522d1dc572da08a	- from the speech of Steve Jobs to the graduates of Stanford University, 2005
95461812919f087f4f2b5cad5654e93a8ca926e8	In October 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer.
e2fc8fede5466a4720f845a1082d65fb194c035e	In mid 2004, he announced his illness to Apple employees.
ed67a7fedbe1f4df2f8d589d216d82e178238a19	The prognosis for the development of this form of cancer is usually extremely unfavorable, but Jobs turned out to have a very rare, treatable type of disease, known as a neuroendocrine islet cell tumor.
7afdba7f1b9b1c1449a429297f34c942ebb92d7d	Jobs refused to undergo surgery for nine months, as he did not want his body to be opened, which he later regretted.
9164a4cb0f6a6fd774ce8eaa65fbe685c9c7db34	He tried to prevent the disease by means of alternative medicine: he tried a vegan diet, acupuncture, herbal medicine, even turned to a medium.
919c2ea1934e8fd45696541a5fa21abaa67ffbc1	In July 2004, Jobs agreed to a pancreatoduodenectomy ("Whipple operation"), during which the tumor was successfully removed, but at the same time metastases in the liver were detected.
38d1af071677d6fa4f4e8b3e50ca7d4cba805c1f	Jobs announced that he was cured of cancer, and he secretly began to undergo chemotherapy[298].
50b64b492f6d228525d1cfe848e238de61f42ec2	Doctors managed to partially sequence the cancer genome, and targeted therapy was prescribed[299].
5c9d6012086037acd72cbe51e11286c0508b1708	During Jobs ' absence, the company was managed by Tim Cook, Apple's head of international sales and operations.
0a6c27eb902049ea0278a5346037f3ac2a14ac88	The next three years were very nervous for Apple and its shareholders.
3d07d1075383de79e72050e5bc869bed8074fd70	Jobs ' health gradually deteriorated, he became terribly thin, but he continued to hold presentations until they began to talk about his appearance more than about the products presented[300].
58f4ae39fed9d3d87686e9619d2e329a47cf2739	Jobs did not reveal the whole truth about the state of his health, giving out wishful thinking[301]: it was about a "simple viral infection", then about a "hormonal imbalance".
24b3e29185b802da8d47129237fc9b785f679e91	In reality, things were much worse: the cancer metastasized, because of painkillers and immunosuppressants, Jobs had almost no appetite, he was prone to frequent depressions, for which he did not want to be treated.
6bc3ada5a639243889b01d6f8166d4da1492e2b3	Encouraging reports about his condition sounded completely unconvincing, and Apple shares continuously declined[302].
4db298f198cca88c97268f2ccd8131bba46f8bc5	On August 28, 2008, Bloomberg mistakenly published an obituary of Jobs prepared in advance in its corporate news service.
cfbf697198a663f72ba5cbd66776417627893b8d	Although the bug was quickly fixed, many news outlets and blogs reported it, reinforcing rumors about Jobs ' health.
a4b7a0ab13e1adfb0433b0986e422942f633f22d	Jobs responded to Let's Rock in September 2008, quoting Mark Twain: "The rumors about my death are greatly exaggerated"[302].
6d5ee7c4901101492e23d8e93f005ebd96e5a070	At a subsequent media event, Jobs concluded his presentation with a slide that read "110/70", indicating his blood pressure, stating that he would not answer questions about his health[303].
de811b428e4980e822f9ca5f5e8208ef77ad8924	Finally, in January 2009, Jobs publicly acknowledged the problem and went on vacation, again handing over the cases to Tim Cook [304].
5ba8bcfb4912b443464113c11395b10a40402445	In April, Jobs underwent a liver transplant operation at the Methodist University Hospital of Memphis[305].
81b8006672af2aebc7b2bdce2ac9988aa0195cd6	The forecast for Jobs was "excellent"[306], and in early 2010 he returned to work[307].
2d0765f26ead7c13602edcb0b2b6693b258a1f07	On January 17, 2011, it was announced that the head of Apple was again granted medical leave.
745f9c72e308095337c1a03111d398e4f0004d18	Jobs announced this in a letter to employees, explaining that he made the decision "to focus on his health."
94ed5fb7a1854d952eaa6c02c0e55dcf6d10eeb7	As before, it was announced that Tim Cook will manage the day to day operations, and Jobs will continue to take part in major strategic decisions[308].
6ffd043e55edc755cc434078740d98d2266f7c44	Nevertheless, on March 2, Jobs spoke at the launch of the iPad 2[188], on June 6, he presented iCloud at the Worldwide Developers Conference, and the next day he spoke before the Cupertino City Council[309].
00abeda32df1ca9cb20a847c97579d4dbd29fae6	On August 24, 2011, Jobs announced his retirement from the post of CEO of Apple.
284a9c2938195fa936598941c508a660b717eaee	"Unfortunately, this day has come," Jobs wrote, meaning that " he can no longer fulfill his duties and meet expectations as Apple CEO."
471132e095b4a87ae1d97a6397b632a3975a3680	Jobs became chairman of the board of directors and named Tim Cook as his successor[310][311]. Jobs continued to be involved in Apple's affairs, advising Tim Cook, until the last day of his life[312].
5beb52b0b66e008900ba0e4df72a1422fd00ae6a	Flags at half mast at Apple headquarters in Cupertino on the evening after the death of Steve Jobs
55cd16227a0979ec5ebcb364a688e5d9446575d7	Candles and tablets in memory of Jobs at the Apple Store in Palo Alto shortly after his death
9c4e2dbb9490b1a93ec814efdaa1b88c8b34ffdd	Steve Jobs died at approximately 3 pm on October 5, 2011 at his home in California due to complications that led to respiratory arrest[313].
ff003017d8f086ef570cf7fdd76381d298acdd3b	He died surrounded by his relatives: his wife, children and sister[314].
3258d619ece2530d075a4ea40c62190ebe8cc6c8	According to Dr. Ramzi Amir, his initial choice of alternative treatment "led to an unreasonably early death"[315].
ea19143c04b04695b4836dc8e6f96e3ef8e57b2b	According to his family, Jobs "died peacefully"[316][317], and his last words, spoken a few hours before his death, were[271]:
bb4aa6a3b8cc383a1c5280bef7f2e455468eb6c7	Wow!
16b264ff02ff303b5eab66e125b2b7437521fc0c	Oh wow.
58a88a0cc7df627f1040bc11be9357f1a22ad8d9	Apple and Microsoft have lowered their flags at their headquarters and campuses[318][319]. Bob Iger instructed from October 6 to 12 to lower the flags at all Disney facilities, including Disneyworld and Disneyland[320].
7e78f99fd5794d431e23f46df7c52bb2429a8f22	In a statement, Apple said[321]:
b93df6ad341ba5a6e35becc598316d5ebf107b13	We are deeply saddened to announce that Steve Jobs died today.
d9a41a1718a9381199866974e68ad104017d8153	Steve's brilliance, passion and energy have been the source of countless innovations that have enriched and improved our lives.
621725d460e6cd2579ef30a1910a707647eaa51b	The world has become immeasurably better thanks to Steve.
2daf38f389f80b4f178367b32cbfc2ea0ed9d258	We are deeply saddened to announce that Steve Jobs passed away today.
7d0e5a5ebf31a2e5739eec26af97bd25d0c22410	Steve's brilliance, passion and energy were the source of countless innovations that enrich and improve all of our lives.
66779626650aadb85720813b94fcdb60f4ddc606	The world is immeasurably better because of Steve.
f7a2c7903d276872d0455831a635566d76c331d1	For two weeks after his death, Apple's corporate website showed a simple page with the name and years of Jobs ' life next to his black and white portrait[322].
0b8041eb1c0eadac33870cc8d93398b111be51fd	When you click on the image, an obituary was displayed[322]:
8513fbb1ba521fa4e82c03c98d0c231be9053909	Apple has lost a visionary and creative genius, and the world has lost the greatest person.
44807baf02acf2459258650c2b629a5467927260	Those of us who were lucky enough to know Steve personally and work alongside him have lost a close friend and mentor.
d8dfcb7abc4e6380955695774ef11ed9092f8d93	Steve left behind a company that only he could create, and his spirit will always be the main foundation of Apple.
5298107370f4a2443c8176f293d928baa7bf1f63	Apple has lost a visionary and creative genius, and the world has lost an amazing human being.
96f462ae5f2ed1da6bc068948055330a30e450b0	Those of us who have been fortunate enough to know and work with Steve have lost a dear friend and an inspiring mentor.
6c0345a6b07d76bcbd4cff03f5a9998b0978d88f	Steve leaves behind a company that only he could have built, and his spirit will forever be the foundation of Apple.
a76cb495654fcb113a0da1a816ae8f5ff2de23d4	More than a million messages have been sent to the published email address for memories, condolences and reflections, which are now displayed on the Steve Jobs memorial page[323].
1db0dfd218f500d3850260f4d7f131dc2c041a88	Pixar also dedicated its website to Jobs, publishing a photo of him with John Lasseter and Edwin Catmull and the following text[324]:
f28d10f06af2952953915b3e24bb97de6a1fdd55	Steve was an outstanding visionary, our dear friend and our guiding star of the Pixar family.
bf18d179d4a9ffaa84721ca999afd1feac7f75a5	He saw the potential of Pixar before all of us and wider than anyone could have imagined
39f043cf871e5720c9179d6738106375d20cd633	Steve bet on us and believed in our crazy dream of creating computer animated films; he always said "make it wonderful".
c3938e6d22d8118bee6a0c78fb659a3c8b133280	He was the reason for what Pixar turned out to be, and his strength, honesty and love of life made us all better.
312e3156683be5f2ef2918928c73c135e77e1cf8	He will always be part of Pixar's DNA.
c89e1b05dd27101f6eb5f4568515c263092812f3	Steve was an extraordinary visionary, our very dear friend, and our guiding light of the Pixar family.
c1bc5e85d84a7aff1455b7a46cf05adff3ec0049	He saw the potential of what Pixar could be before the rest of us, and beyond what anyone ever imagined.
b19fdaf1f1fd712e5d3b399fd3d5744d961ac16e	Steve took a chance on us and believed in our crazy dream of making computer animated films; the one thing he always said was to 'make it great.'
14307c353608e6424e3ea1a1c457f12add3c9676	He is why Pixar turned out the way we did and his strength, integrity, and love of life has made us all better people.
6ee949250d91c955b262330e939064b0ca80ad30	He will forever be part of Pixar's DNA.
2d7fe096ce0fa472c32eee8882078c18fac08f85	A small private funeral was held on October 7, 2011 at the Alta Mesa Cemetery — the only non denominational cemetery in Palo Alto[313], information about them was not disclosed[325].
83dd87c3f30ea274041b9d9f7c9e0f09422b01e9	California Governor Jerry Brown declared Sunday, October 16, 2011, Steve Jobs Day[326].
4334e44e469d41d77f3802cac53f3abc2cb6aac3	On this day, a closed service was held at Stanford University.
5e8d02416bfc5cb513647c6b28b4dc6c814d40bd	There were executives of Apple and other technology companies, representatives of the media, celebrities, close friends of Jobs and politicians, as well as Jobs ' family.
dd1d3042e61aa6eb34d97286f46e4c4ac69ca25e	The ceremony, which lasted more than an hour, was conducted by Bono, Yo Yo Ma and Joan Baez[327].
2544076742c5fe6c7c9bdbdd52ca410f79f69326	A private memorial service for Apple employees was held on October 19 at the Apple campus in Cupertino.
89a292d19d731b302b8aa28d634999c008fdbc80	Cook, Bill Campbell, Nora Jones, Albert Gore and Coldplay were present, as well as Jobs ' widow, Lauren.
e24220b09fa206ffdbdb666620b9995c7472a88a	Some Apple retail stores were briefly closed so that employees could attend the ceremony[328].
50d13ea33788ffd0a01fc66fc1e5ff42b7e8f3bb	Media coverage
1e505dcad5ca496b78b8c9cb58852bda2e17e412	The death of Steve Jobs became a major topic on ABC, CBS and NBC[329].
ec37edba26eecaf70a2494d264156f9446847f1a	Numerous newspapers around the world the next day reported the death on their front pages.
cc1d6af4bc0d9e7922b576f4bd386fa8ffe613ea	A number of famous people, including US President Barack Obama[330], British Prime Minister David Cameron[331], Microsoft founder Bill Gates[332] and the head of The Walt Disney Company Bob Iger, commented on the death of Jobs.
1ac720e2444a8d9f8339e7b2ce55a0e389cb695b	Wired News collected comments and published them on the main page[333].
710f7223dd807a2d0fb3485dbd3d631b290320cd	Many friends and colleagues of Jobs expressed their condolences, in particular Steve Wozniak and George Lucas[334].
8acb4c3602121524605bc19d9301aab2e05c1240	Adult Swim TV channel aired a 15 second video with the fading word "hello", then changing to "goodbye".
d607817c4c4a902039eb5a8e6b5762d3466d4fef	Time magazine dedicated the October 8, 2011 issue to Jobs.
513d2dd3c06618744a9f48f59351b199b1d9127c	On its cover was a photo of Jobs by Norman Siff (English) Russian, in which he sits in the lotus position and holds the first Macintosh computer, first published in Rolling Stone, in January 1984.
2eba5a0090e9e02f52270d8f82f6a71e06a1640c	Jobs was on the cover of Time for the eighth time[335].
2fac7673095adecfdce03330c22b5697671381a3	In this issue there were photo essays (English)Russian.
bf5ebc124154c048ad04ab4bdd463b2cfa833d1b	Diana Walker, Harry McCracken's Apple Retrospective (English)Russian. and Lev Grossman and a six page article by Walter Isaacson, as an announcement of the biography "Steve Jobs" written by him[336].
3b65fc423af72f2dc417433c885dfc0c9c3c4834	Bloomberg Businessweek has released an ad free issue dedicated to Jobs, which includes extensive articles by Steve Jurvetson, John Scully, Sean Wisley, William Gibson and Walter Isaacson.
e5d9c17ac0d9875fc921aa318846026abf8a04cd	A black and white photo of Steve Jobs with his name and years of life was placed on the cover[337].
21f685a0343c4ccf88254e400453179e24559869	Awards and public recognition
274d1a50947eddcc88c11fc903f12b039a5eba5e	Jobs statue in Graphisoft Park in Budapest[338]
571cb4f7fd4822c58c0b8dde69bd684455113436	After the founding of Apple, Jobs became a symbol of his company and the industry.
9b8b5598a72358afe6f7c2fbe85bec2d1e1de409	When Time named the computer "machine of the year" in 1982, the magazine published a large article about Jobs as "the most famous maestro of the micro" [339] [340].
7e34a98f54d160fb909dec2d66cc1365d5cd204f	In 1987, Jobs received the Jefferson Award for Public Service in the category "the best public service of a person 35 years old or younger"[342].
38976c7bb6f7cba0777d4e84bb24c47d81aa2e82	In December 2007, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and his wife Maria Shriver inducted Jobs into the California Hall of Fame[343].
0424b9e325860dda1fa7dd939b143d65fd55e70d	In 1989, Inc. magazine named Jobs the entrepreneur of the Decade[344].
698ff3dc71e32e64332c8e4156209fc9c1629338	In November 2007, Fortune magazine named Jobs the most influential person in business[345].
60c4c0eafe7386be85c1d8224dde97579cbdc638	In August 2009, according to the results of the Junior Achievement survey.
725c94d2b241df69c0c1fe13bef5a98238a434e8	Jobs was named the most revered entrepreneur among teenagers[346].
f46f7a02f628da238a3509c3a6026977d0a3a39e	In November 2009, Fortune named Jobs "CEO of the Decade" [347].
76752c650942dd6ee24ed1e0cc73700b9b75778f	In March 2012, Fortune called Steve Jobs "the greatest entrepreneur of our time", describing him as "brilliant, visionary, inspiring" and calling him "the quintessential entrepreneur of our generation"[348].
cb09a207c1580a80f0753f30483d13abed75520b	In November 2010, Jobs was ranked 17th in the list of the most influential people in the world, compiled by Forbes magazine[349].
adfd17cd6493b3dd1fa752ed488911ccdbdad8b0	In December 2010, the Financial Times named Jobs the person of the year, ending an article dedicated to him with the words: "In his autobiography, John Scully, a former PepsiCo executive who once ran Apple, stated the following about the ambitions of the man he kicked out:" Apple was supposed to become a manufacturer of beautiful consumer goods.
f544bf9b3bd2e361b95a3213de91465a6823eaaa	It was a completely crazy idea.
98098f3a1c0c1b239c9a532ed166e961073cb090	It was impossible to make consumer goods out of high tech""[350].
2cd67e3d0121fecc62367d50988e69ce1ef99799	"This is how you can make mistakes," the author of an article in the Financial Times concludes [350].
0321cf267d80669497c59063dac45223030d7624	In February 2012, Jobs was posthumously awarded the Grammy Trustees Award, awarded to those who have influenced the music industry in areas not related to performances[351].
afae4fd23e59ee00efb642cdb3275b09c4f99242	The Disney film "John Carter"[352] and the Pixar cartoon "Braveheart"[353] were dedicated to Jobs.
68c15512aec099082b02d42e7800b6b6ba7c4452	On the first anniversary of the death of Jobs, a sculptural composition "Thank you, Steve!"was opened in Odessa.
8ff9e4eafa1521962c108255f750a1df3a627030	The 330 kilogram composition is an almost two meter palm (by Steve Jobs) made of scrap metal[354].
2657c6c7503f5ccbab4e061a861e68ffbcedc320	After his retirement, and especially after the death of Steve Jobs, he was often described as a visionary, pioneer and genius[355][356][357][358] in the areas of business[347][359], innovation[360] and product design[361].
cd1c85dcc25eba30a0c73ab3edac5fdff9a71c48	Commentators agreed that Jobs had profoundly changed the face of the modern world[355][357][360], and that his death was a great loss for everyone[358].
28a0c084dc5fa99372562fb823140c696af1ec52	The Independent claims that, being "a model for all managers," Jobs has revolutionized no less than six industries: personal computers, mobile phones, music distribution, production of animated films, e books, Internet tablets[356].
0961b73884ec00b63b6dca1df007df47fe597e35	Jobs was put on a par with such figures of the past as Thomas Edison and Henry Ford[362][363].
f7f66ec5b788bce651948a6884341c51bc851bf4	Jobs ' personal qualities were criticized especially often.
2f0168b3f496ebd4b54d483a3811eebc560e4130	Being a perfectionist, Jobs always aspired to the universal, the only possible, in his opinion, perfection and unindividualized beauty and simplicity.
d93925b513733ca5f1cb988ca82903c20c6568a7	He needed complete control over any situation, and in an effort to get it, Jobs was selfish to the point of heartlessness.
668bb7ebbdaf5dc03259591a870d687881d1d25d	"He is an enlightened person, but at the same time surprisingly cruel.
9709d58af3c19f9eb174ff1b0857bab689ff5e9a	It's a strange combination, " Chris Ann Brennan said about him[364].
34e4dbfae4cdd979ca818a233b27e55725c33505	"The only question I would really like to hear Steve's answer to is: why are you so angry sometimes?
be7b0dcd062fe115521d3e445d453cdc9dd5606f	Andy Herzfeld was perplexed [365], accusing Jobs of infidelity, too.
2d0e72b7d8d7232f6b4bec913e3c2e78ca6f6c76	- Steve and loyalty are incompatible concepts… He abandons everyone who was once close to him"[366].
7f2d3aa870cfa60e78067040f8adc16af446404f	Apple's policy during the years when the corporation was headed by Jobs was always his policy, a continuation of his ideas about how to conduct business, and ultimately — a reflection of his personal qualities.
096fed11b9d1975561efc5fb29bda445b604dc5c	Free software pioneer Richard Stallman noted that Apple tightly controls consumer computers and portable devices, including restricting the press:
2a96519ff4a5a57e402b373b200b21105d793246	Steve Jobs, the pioneer of the computer as a decorated prison, invented with the aim of taking away the freedom of fools, has died
04c6b244425bfedbc4a0f759debe45c2746455f7	Steve Jobs, the pioneer of the computer as a jail made cool, designed to sever fools from their freedom, has died.
e174abb6ac440af5aad3aee2d73e9b8795f06f1b	[367] [368] Malcolm Gladwell stated in The New Yorker that "Jobs' intuition was in editing, not in inventiveness.
fb34c1eea18624a8f5aaadec2acd59b710fd70e5	His gift was to take what was in front of him — a tablet with a stylus and mercilessly recycle it"[369].
9cc711e715241cd08dcde881a89e4174b1e7ad54	In culture
422d21200354750b05e0b4e256dc941e5d0d8594	"The Little Kingdom "(1984) by Michael Moritz about the founding of Apple Computer.
95b871e3f8ca6a23ec2edac14d601a4025afaf3e	"The Second Coming of Steve Jobs" (2001) by Alan Deutschman.
febc27c402840b997a78385d757f2e780dbf1ef9	"Icon.
05b78dd810516413d5bfd98da1da428ab5099b49	Steve Jobs" (2005) by Jeffrey Young and William Simon. iWoz (2006) by Steve Wozniak, co founder of Apple.
1cdb3e6c8757bb9b87fada6eaa381bcc7228c9a5	This is Wozniak's autobiography, but it covers most of Jobs ' life and work at Apple.
63422f311a58628d1daf3ae708469bc63a4c83b2	"Inpresentation.
9d9d986fb6a7e256555ee4daf822f0123db59a6f	Lessons of Persuasion from Apple leader Steve Jobs" (2010) by Carmina Gallo.
aa9d1161bf81bb4aacbb185ecded6b390af5d9a4	"Steve Jobs "(2011), an authorized biography written by Walter Isaacson.
441b5077c824c8e29f5140665ef337305d4a6f0d	"Steve Jobs.
d1494784c27dff42e9bf2bb4b71983a6c009622e	Leadership Lessons " (2011), Jay Elliott, William Simon.
65b234715037a08f8a694feefc63d1c3028aee27	The book is about the unique management style of Steve Jobs.
5d7701281c1e16ebf0e447c75867d58ec0530a99	"The Rules of Jobs" (2011) by Carmina Gallo.
a25d4939e782c50af7940d24f4a25ef11f5d4c24	"Inside Apple" (2012) by Adam Lashinsky.
a153f385befe3d98f6ff0582dc331308d28afe21	He talks about the secret systems, tactics and leadership strategies that allowed Steve Jobs and his company to work.
67c9a44e2ea6cda434aa185096ffbd65710aec4d	The Man Who Thought Differently" (2012) by Karen Blumenthal.
245677b0decf241730b7101e1cedc14e75bfd70f	Detailed biography of Steve Jobs
bbbb9015365b4d0ef5146d44daeac6e2cd596098	Documentaries
ecf3c126d613064653c5accd34ea55ef3fd35a9f	"The Machine that Changed the World "(1992) - The third episode of this five part film, "The Paperback Computer", tells about Jobs and his role in the early days of Apple.
f8559c66819856bc943d32a485f387ed97a25531	The Lost Interview " (2012) — an interview of Steve Jobs with TV host Robert Kringley in 1995[370].
263ed8f3ab0f5227ad57e8996a3ebcb185e2f2ad	"gEnius: How Steve Jobs Changed the World" (2011) is a documentary film on Discovery with Adam Savage and Jamie Heineman[371].
a8d1d34efde52efa56f6f537b14ed480557f4c12	"Steve Jobs: One Last Thing" (2011) is a documentary film on PBS, released by Pioneer Productions[372][373]. "Steve Jobs: A Billion Dollar Hippie" (2011) - a BBC documentary [374].
483e67c82528006dda1b0e1881006bc51ba8df66	"Steve Jobs: The Man in the Car" (2015) is a documentary film by Alex Gibney about the private life of Steve Jobs.
f875485ab2e57e1d09c3f75cacc9a82c2bae1443	Feature films
7ac73d9436e9d9cf4ad6a34e39c6315c5efa5522	"Pirates of Silicon Valley "(1999) is a TNT film about the creation of the first personal computer against the background of competition between Apple and Microsoft from the early 1970s to 1985.
c0f5b92814ffff5ddfa1a39b65d87edbe7834279	The role of Jobs was played by Noah Wiley[375].
99899c23f810355d1dd7e754ee49d7307c816b27	Jobs: The Empire of Temptation (2013) is an independent film by Joshua Michael Stern.
ea2672a47b8c541d93a9c7e4ab59baa67e4e03e9	The role of Jobs is played by Ashton Kutcher.
2c7a93e5563f5c6edee80fbb7db3939c8eac8398	The film focuses on the aspect of Steve Jobs ' transformation from a wayward hippie to a co founder of one of the most progressive companies in the world[376].
0f16fcad2a4b7863f6e84b25d163cf5b9f30b5e8	"Steve Jobs "(2015) is a film adaptation by Universal Studios (originally, this film adaptation was acquired by Sony) of the biography of Jobs written by Walter Isaacson.
2b63a24081417a626c59fff160761e63aa3b01f5	The film was directed by Danny Boyle.
93ac2e7954e70013344f7701b93e71027e5b9e82	Screenwriter Aaron Sorkin[377].
76cda8fe03ecba7de6a02fa96d54e9a1104ca542	"The Agony and Ecstasy of Steve Jobs "(2012) - production at the New York Public Theater with Mike Daisy[378].
00fb231fe985739ca7fdcfd128c54ddae3daa8d2	↑ 1 2 German National Library, Berlin State Library, Bavarian State Library, etc. Record #118868284 / / General regulatory Control — 2012-2016.
0a0de08158491b02d52ede1728890c64a8cf2363	Ай Isaacson W. Steve Jobs 1 Simon & Schuster, 2011.
4fdd254c40a3747dddee225ec6eab6f165d90691	3 — - ISBN 978-1-4516-4853-9 <a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q1756332"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q16460065"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q681012"></a>
7f36939517fbba2bb6a554bb5dd556000175e42e	↑ 1 2 data.bnf.fr: open data platform — 2011.
089d7512d2aadb8df9f1676f692553eb0fe7f7b6	<a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q20666306"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q54837"></a>
baa4f47850ca773f25871f84539b84cc9a27b290	↑ http://apnews.excite.com/article/20111011/D9Q9T1D00.html
172083c5f1fc4bab0e4da3e1ab8833ab97ee529a	- p. 575 — - ISBN 978-1-4516-4853-9 <a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q1756332"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q16460065"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q681012"></a>
dca23adba0037ecb843eb0a89cfb3b4e97f1c39c	↑ Inventor of the Week Archive.
a18ead0b12e74c60d318f9a86da8954331a5a9dd	Checked on November 13, 2011.
e4bf265a8bf7e7cb124914735f0b2dcdd78b1b44	Archived from the original source on June 24, 2012.
0cb6943a026530bad06462eebf2148bce7ed8f20	All Allen, Frederick E.. Malcolm Gladwell Gets Steve Jobs Wrong, Forbes (November 9, 2011).
41b53e604ccfc8ae0833bec331a2c83532061eaa	""By Gladwell's definition, most of the greatest inventions would be tweaks."".
a35c849f63eebd8f8a218d31878bd84971b8360d	↑ Steve Jobs died (Rus.).
5e388f0d1f599b866d78ffe721f86ab0d590c181	Lenta.ru (October 6, 2011). Archived from the original source on August 30, 2012.
cd1d4c8d829074c65743e2f79a248a932961d2b2	Ай Isaacson, 2012, p .
7b6323dc7374c488ebfb6ef20a55f458176c9bf5	↑ * Shirin Sadeghi.
a62f32ea71f8985be77ad56ddcc7de029a4a4e41	Steve Jobs ' Arab American background and the story of his adoption, New America Media (2011-10-6).
346d841353a12735fe3c43956b5a5229e7b2ce40	Steve Jobs Dies: He Was The Most Famous Arab in the World, International Business Times (October 5, 2011).
fc4c50d8755ac5886aaf3f60dde2d28d17c60d93	↑ What is the story about Paul and Clara Jobs, Steve Jobs' adoptive parents?.
feffd3eeb5889ef1a8d3f73eb86055d546e28912	Quora.com. Checked on November 12, 2011.
a20d42475ed71bb1313ff06bfd18cd2109b01f63	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p .
d6d7d68ac895d23463a69c1c487d7cd3aa9b4122	↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p .
8ccc8f8e67b5cadb84919decaf973d6c8116674e	↑ 1 2 3 Isaacson, 2012, p .
b2300b77742dba55c85a4db9277efd7d885e4263	28.
4a1b174b24b63f761af3c0eb23e802cfb59798b7	29.
3c0b2e06c368c1bc12d278404f9d6ccc9d40b005	↑ Steve Jobs: Early Life.
4b970d24ba8f31c495986b37179960e30eb2f1f0	A+E Television Networks, LLC.
8104332ed5a81a6bc29f91aac4365211336693ca	Verified on March 28, 2012.
634c73b3fbb41dab93aa35820287a566bf493185	30.
c016b1482db7360e5acc0caa115e791042b4cae0	↑ The Steve Jobs Nobody Knew.
308932a401b6e6580e2b5ad901f377309a1e4e7f	Rollingstone.com (October 12, 2011). Checked on November 12, 2011.
c695d93d8c28d971bcb5c20d7d38706d79f5ac64	↑ Isaacson, 2012, pp.
fefc85f54daf7e6d8753e17d2cd248c41a2d762a	35.
25f6b1eaa141da25dc6fcdb8a195db6596c871a8	37.
9be3bff57cd169c03491ed947afc8aff259a94e2	38.
de62030fd12c3b33ad063c8fd8b1c41558bb74b8	40.
e34f0e3d54f52767407b1bab3f0831011f3f293a	41.
fe765152c6266870243aff8fe64459493abdfd41	42.
860bb236a72ee7c455ee069832ffdfe1b6082678	45.
17701beefbdd37f95c9e3c33d8faa49386abfc28	↑ 1 2 Moisescot, Romain Youth.
f2d85575a4f9db28bab448d759e2c1c1e4a26744	Steve Jobs Biography.
295c746bc878eb9fcc0591c038ad1b8f479af806	All About Steve Jobs.
d208196946c84a36598614f393014dbf908d1b3f	Archived from the original on June 24, 2012.
7b9447442531f7aadfe4761e6c4ac8d25b07178d	↑ 1 2 3 Wozniak, 2011, pp.
b3b6ae015aa0f8d29649d753747a0851957545bb	83.
e24fc1365657df3de04479b82c4d2c9bdec641f6	50.
29982a1952c28d5e1a2d72897c9d7a207233bbc0	↑ Wozniak, 2011, pp.
bcbe0453d976ed423935d37c4e9a4813a41ecf9c	87.
c28d72e2cf3ca53a0942b4bc98804af70e3d704a	90.
b4d28e2ebde9ab9a8fb418ced0a2a61d8683a35c	↑ 1 2 Wozniak, 2011, pp.
25cacec067cfe1be528019eff1aeb0fee4a4e786	96.
f31a06eda84a12726a3c507d1f73ff5b7f2a536b	108-109.
8f3d81782168d266a49fde53cd979c751391ac14	Воз Wozniak, 2011, p. 110.
c69cd558dbe3cd8667799510dcc827c1ac2764ed	54.
d36b1352940498f1fdb19ef960d46a40f64d2245	↑ Steve Jobs and the Early Apple Years.
ca88ede77e9d353083a7049f29fd9aa7a67f968b	The PC Is Born.
04278892323661ab717b7062f1a48954977edef5	Joomla.
63584e41b10f8e93f8ff64521a3edb87082f3ae5	Verified on March 27, 2012.
11f4d6b491c430e5d30b1d9359327cbeaeb4a459	↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, pp.
cb20d95cda0a722ba1d695cab638da07c5bb860d	55.
439800d2907c0de0fd8ca8bcf3dc81988a833237	57.
60944d7b2e483ac676577a858531ba603d41a187	58.
706c043652cdae96f8748c1e1f7c71aa800e8517	60.
904ed0abb9ea1f67fc842df28e0706bb86588974	61.
be19beb3aa011a091382c4fdbb794fb0156d5321	63-64.
33bd0e5b2703898ae147bb44b25ebd4fc2bb6b68	63.
bc31c3799e60706a15d2b70e0b95531bcc62f223	71.
dd6027f245d2c657d16b84b5b1ac22acc5da4798	↑ Campbell, Duncan.
7deacfaee82cdb70a3aec1bb44815f41e16304dc	The Guardian Profile: Steve Jobs, The Guardian (June 8, 2004).
a56ed132d86ed97f06838f6f09176fc73a3ff61d	Verified on March 31, 2006.
37f948292dd03001291613f78d0074a27f2b8649	66.
ab05e5a5181404692b93a96aad64696ed57afbb1	67.
c4a93e33e06f4520b73c9a2a975ab04a70279f19	↑ 1 2 3 'You've got to find what you love,' Jobs says.
7ad55852a9267b40fc3b96d1893a082313d2a701	This is a prepared text of the Commentary address delivered by Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple Computer and of Pixar Animation Studios, on June 12, 2005., Stanford Report (June 14, 2005).
3522c88a2ad0270036e15b13ddb263189ccefad3	Verified March 31, 2006.
1a99579378ba96c9b709639cab7be1d092638466	"I didnot see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me."
07596074cdc5d51908d9aff02c7c6b3c36c3b87e	↑ 1 2 3 An exclusive interview with Daniel Kottke.
9df5d7117f9c3e97fedfc44c3b376fa27605fb37	Indiatoday.in (September 13, 2011). Checked on October 27, 2011.
121a717a3598e18f1d37e1a8356c38b06d82f5c9	69.
f58ccda61e53760e6c0f93adb881e6f3bbc164f1	70.
60dc51a1ad65e504204a03950669eeba3bcae0a5	↑ What really shaped Steve Jobs' view of India – Realms of intuition or the pains of Delhi belly?, Economic Times (September 25, 2011).
5f4a619789844e3777af4383cd38df7541c84768	Archived from the original source on July 1, 2012.
bec7c59f8f3536fa7e036770c47451210d1c9372	Checked on October 27, 2011.
962f1893811ff0b409aeeedf5d79aab4d2b56f65	74.
5638eab90d6c995f5da6a6e5e7dd8888cd04d2c7	77.
8a9091adc87446a167fb36fd2f3d08506a541a65	↑ Wandering in India for 7 months: Steve Jobs.
51ca30acc3409b9bf97c3eb3bd48a0af91b84101	Yahoo News (October 24, 2011).
7e261eb8672aad5f44d13160b2a2abe21f4e1e09	↑ Steve Jobs profile: Apple's hard core, Edinburgh: News scotsman (January 11, 2009).
bd69e63ad5e3c532144c0dec62e13b231fa858e2	Archived from the original source on May 30, 2012.
b59f7a9a6352a43549ec545f8125f0b2ce6ce5fa	Checked on October 29, 2009.
f37df2871ef2f9a314ff06824f9c0f2aec6c87fd	↑ Silberman, Steve What Kind of Buddhist was Steve Jobs, Really?.
85a623914872fdabb140cec381f14ee7ae00c8d1	NeuroTribes (October 28, 2011).
13f63d274cc92b3993585c5d2ba427d8b8719666	Checked on December 29, 2011.
a7a7e5e42cc4f1ee9e18bd9a4c6396750d990479	↑ Burke, Daniel.
d48c6f1f66cbed3031672e0681eee6fe7c478d2d	Steve Jobs ' private spirituality now an open book, USA Today (November 2, 2011).
677bbb0e5d1ab140e4e415ccf0d9dcbb852d666a	Archived from the original source on September 14, 2012.
f253e7a954b26f09ca6a02f7bf4b6b4996774ff7	Ай Isaacson, 2012, pp.
a87c6b5d9327135b180e7fb5a11068388c8a547d	75-76.
a655dc863782fa4243528a791cfcc893a123dca7	↑ Jobs's Pentagon papers: kidnap fears, drug use and a sp eeding ticket.
3df3d12845f298ec077243139fcc0568ca5311a6	Verified on June 12, 2012.
6f15cf1621939269047676d16c66d770557c70ad	↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p. 439.
bc2fcabf7893815d21e0ce9c50be5c3fbb23ba42	↑ The History of Breakout ↑ Isaacson, 2012, p .
180a54fd01c61d9748ba8c3e752b4551b5db599b	84.
b71c30b178b2404eb2be89fe373ecb9b16e80a04	↑ Various sources give a figure from 42 to 46 chips.
231238fbeb3feb34467af87df87c13812cba1b8f	Wozniak's scheme was never implemented, since Atari engineers could not understand it, and there was no source of information.
34b8d1b9e73fc1dd7343e66fd4d0ea896f58af34	The implemented scheme of the game contained about 100 chips.
69c8e4080d06ade00b4c090311d0e3bedf5a5ba2	↑ 1 2 Wozniak, 2011, p. 141.
4ffcfeda62823355164d871b4af0f3cb7835bf28	↑ Letters — General Questions Answered (Wayback machine copy from June 2011, as later versions of the page have had this fact removed), Woz.org
63a96c88d8f5c9705ff8a03458a6797c2b2a28ee	Wozniak, Steven: «iWoz», a: pp.
37502b728320325e5b59ddf8417fad4b48f8e19e	147-48, b: p. 180.
b1d5f70ac3cc1f18864b539e353238e3a0d7bb72	W. W. Norton, 2006.
e9d153c000f7c56ce002caeaa66f693637143bdb	ISBN 978-0-393-06143-7
52b23ecb1c147923b68b17834c78aa684ea77e6e	Kent, Stevn: «The Ultimate History of Video Games», pp.
fd23eb5524f47b372ed0cdcad0578a02aa4dedc4	71-3.
ecff237537ea2620f5635ed4fb9651ec5151b286	Three Rivers, 2001.
6ee4ec2bba53cefaa979df6f9bc4021f34367f9e	ISBN 0-7615-3643-4
e248c9daa7cb5002bcb6388b2807e2e15ff886f5	Breakout.
71b84e02b3e7f0770ee3e6af733bbfffb32272ed	Arcade History (June 25, 2002).
fae4c31f86dec4cd1621597fe71b6df7034577bf	Verified on April 19, 2010.
b04bab1816313cf5e4100d0ad1148fbfbe3d1e85	Archived from the original source on February 4, 2012.
56398ce3c63654d66d7c09e98e2885410504aa92	Classic Gaming: A Complete History of Breakout.
b7fce1abe5c0555c3b35f54a0639bf31d7ccb112	Classicgaming.gamespy.com. Verified on April 19, 2010.
49a976df4d413af7036d0e1f7971bf3f54f75e44	80.
953744ff2f1b32b43c0dfeddb29ec4c7de5a446f	86.
fe3e74e590520d170f5d0999b7734313b58266fc	↑ Wozniak, 2011, p. 143.
260f2a681e17b3c6e456310191eba68212ee6295	↑ Wozniak, 2011, p. 160.
0431c2a9bd3e3c65e2d2f1c1a05b1281ca19bf57	↑ Wozniak, 2011, p. 161.
904a5c0ce35c40a699a4997888574b33784cdd14	↑ Wozniak, 2011, p .
05957c9a86ede8ffa6ebb6a1806909d673830460	162-163.
2d85a89b49eceffd6ab0dac457d2ea947dd4dfba	88-89.
83cb299d8af3f8acf5164d6d0ea9f0da485a11aa	↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Isaacson, 2012, p .
e45dde641ad309d9275ecf75584af028fabaaac4	89.
bca2ed2463a9d558d239ef81d49087aeb734aa86	92.
88a55da1fd3e334a459ee4b5ea19b8162c0b285e	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p.
3b11af59ec608ce97f938be14087aa240413bf6b	93.
a85730bf533990050a331786bbecdc55b780a691	94.
ac9fb0673efe372d62bdcdae1ee3cc9dc9971afa	↑ Owen W. Linzmayer, No Starch Press.
ac95c6af38145b1568aab014b6f513eef83c8c35	Apple Confidential: The Real Story of Apple Computer, Inc., The Denver Post.
a8797f08cef5d1e6add1db8484f8f0e8bc4a2833	Archived from the original source on July 12, 2012.
d250a2fa975027ddcbef72e668f95f35a8adf738	Воз Wozniak, 2011, p. 169.
d35308c48467ee1e9c03a8dd99e7c89551f4ffbd	95.
84695d2212c5ee04f1ceaeddcf42dac225583a77	↑ Wozniak, 2011, p. 177.
f5b9714758b960b16e07dfce14a271021e0593b3	↑ Wozniak, 2011, p. 178.
de9b16425a76c6b9e174f3826589391d2ca8517e	98.
223a2d1a2280aac2705af42f35a822f312be9c97	↑ Wozniak, 2011, p. 181.
2656d550a91ee1aed7a6d38752e4589a27ff7b1c	97.
739205c00a455dfd3008383c2f03479d8f6f7957	↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p. 100.
152b0f80d21b05f9c1e8acfee116b69b3565bad8	↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p. 101.
60af6f16b1c68f7b8a04176dfbc594ccd1560d37	↑ 1 2 3 Isaacson, 2012, p. 102.
53caa39d1d8e76e33f194a8efe3122be7e42b015	99.
97e05c23060d75a1fa5031c64b44af5738b445c4	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 103.
671c9d93825456c765550a4130f6feae79ea1006	↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p. 105.
106d90b48a2bed0040748fcc083cd53f6bcaf151	↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p. 109.
41c6bbd02b5c3f30af1e21a24259b7b13a29059a	Ай Isaacson, 2012, p. 110.
2522e87e310332129c581f13c3bf50e4ad153a0c	↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p. 111.
0b9c41556161d849cd3acdd701059edfbd7cd4ed	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 112.
5204a6e9a86431a45c9cbf68e5e95f87bcd3dccc	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 106.
209c65b899c2fc523314c3016e0c7777cce041a9	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 107.
47d864564572d693da8ab0cf0f1249f9ef0366bd	Воз Wozniak, 2011, p. 189.
8c8d0afd0aa72addba5f3291a810492185e7e5c4	↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p. 113.
daff288be18eed66a01d59ea01ed48a28e6e2b51	↑ 1 2 3 Isaacson, 2012, p. 122.
f0167ea28c696bc892f004ebfd18111a265b1b0e	↑ 1 2 3 Isaacson, 2012, p. 121.
9621a1024316282c3a029dc1abda68b59fdd090c	↑ Wozniak, 2011, p. 214.
32994863a9c16564d33fedd27a27857fb733af42	↑ 1 2 Wozniak, 2011, p. 216.
ea139927a3530a44232f509ad5031752b7d7b162	↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p. 123.
067c2d49bafabc75979dcbd0498c4667c1a27b20	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 125.
d1aa867c1e5c2d89e20bccc2d5d4f3cd12360e58	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p.126. ↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p. 127.
e03c3f5a9b825f30394df6b11be468b346cf4785	↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p. 131.
cdce05a964d612f15a924e81b155db3df2c927da	138-139.
9bc660b4d004b4dcaee7c2d156d670efcdbf0551	↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p. 140.
60c0fc0fbd77119fa584b87898ac721a32ea5a1e	↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p. 143.
e6fc8bb4fc3bcda7a33c70835c26cce45f39a3ff	↑ Isaacson, 2012, pp. 163, 164.
52296c1e4c9e6c6765a468dd9da5ff4936d64d26	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 218.
2886b7dc5d989819ced6e9cb1d4aaa5a7049eb51	↑ Isaacson, 2012, pp. 173, 177.
5f15aed1f3393cdaeb512c50cb9d4c78de895f46	188-189.
1004f007b0d811232cf6e21e0ff1252c0ba00fcc	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 182.
e4b73f1bd7245bf126d90c9dde7c9eff44444fad	↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p. 187.
ae9e5bafc5784ae489830d6b7b2de7a555a50825	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 196.
79f518f00536db884ed4cdc4bec075c1ed9844fe	↑ Hertzfeld, Andy The Times They Are A Changin'. folklore.org. Archived from the original source on February 4, 2012.
a427c1794b18cee843bc366e36293aff89a39bca	↑ Hormby, Thomas.
8a0a8ab60577b0ce23797088082b118dcd694ff6	Growing Apple with the Macintosh: The Sculley years.
eb2e1184e694c456192c2679e66371481e94954e	Archived from the original source on June 28, 2012., Low End Mac, February 22, 2006.
f44f98a3dd86d465f6b1c729ffebaa4b553af0b5	Retrieved on March 2, 2007.
0bba77be9a5f1cc149ad59470069f74a34f2c36b	Ай Isaacson, 2012, p. 303.
1810291f980b15b270191515d9f4df29aa484403	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 246.
0a1b32840c3fe770de160ff54a19a071fad65ddc	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 259.
629256dcf76cdc0ce754af41969a9088f44a2644	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 257.
7a68357f885548d891234d942b5d752a874d47f3	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 261, 262.
16fb3a6f37fc6f98e3d282fd2dfb7f737f0bcd3b	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 268.
cc90c52e6248550cd4775da8a2c117a4b94e09f1	↑ Stross, R. E. (1993).
5441312c31dc9c7f7a0e5b9c04443faf70163b53	Steve Jobs and the NeXT Big Thing.
2adad46710512ea385a6ac66c4fd5d6816502d59	Atheneum.
8940b4ff741e107209c5e6af9aacd54c214c697a	ISBN 0-689-12135-0. pp. 117, 120, 246 .
297f9d5a90d34fe4ed56b5da8fdab0107fb9b1e3	Ай Isaacson, 2012, p. 262.
89d47daaa67b40fb0f038744f630ad4d4cd11211	265-266.
4b85db576626ab4c893de10737bc54dcd4856385	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 265 .
ba3c3ab71a4a42998e9382948a3421975965a6fa	Comput Computtimes.
ced36a8e499f534ce19efbab8718fdeb2d6afc59	(May 31, 1990).
7a0fad3b1eee0cfe295272adfa2eb65161a2146c	Interpersonal computing — the third revolution?.
48a46f1f5787dcfeb17cb0c506da70875f546c32	New Straits Times. (230), 20;
99aa778c4f32846512b16841a5cc0e5052f5d953	Schlender, B. R., Alpert, M. (1990, February 12).
ab42e05579288fb7bc3d8c789f9076a7272c91a1	Who’s ahead in the computer wars.
1aa1d49f56bf2e1c803269a1880377c84574692c	Fortune.
c23f1ee374d9c5f12a8397b8336dd4eea011997f	↑ Rose, F. (2009, April 23).
05c9bf8532018106efc35c79f2b65022cdd3366e	The End of Innocence at Apple: What Happened After Steve Jobs was Fired.
4f8d689d7fa60784329c069f649cea516f9f4b24	Wired.
66392be90d191f0e74f668e3d9d50d9ce79d329a	↑ Welcome to info.cern.ch: The website of the world's first ever web server.
1f75ef122db818b67c065aa2ef59161b65125046	CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research)
a06b6f5680d8721c9370b61af385fda742f7c0df	(2008).
4b47b37efdc0c346ba1f9e2e8cddab5e9ded52ff	Verified on November 1, 2011.
7c4e235c715c3a224d94aca2e2fd98d512cbe339	↑ 1 2 O'Grady, J. (2008).
cf306f344e51816c2ab7d8709d26f41ff4ccb20f	Apple Inc. Greenwood Press.
57572deda4fd0c3141f2a2646cac4dce73993eb6	ISBN 0-313-36244-0.
f55e24fbe9ab3b685234b9fad31296e133d3f285	Ай Isaacson, 2012, p. 339.
c2e3cfe3d939b908a0ab9fa1bd0ecee5da48c119	↑ Linzmayer, O. W. (2004).
a8699f5da10b770075b2fbd54236e5f2810d95f6	Apple Confidential 2.0: The Definitive History of the World's Most Colorful Company.
612473a9ae12a5d4d9520afd95ec22e8fe076d17	No Starch Press.
af46d22ef5dee714d77bd4fa065cd6cb828e8354	ISBN 1-59327-010-0.
147e355842f89422f197efd4fb2b4ad7afcbec79	280-281.
38ed0ca1d057e0285920eb0c37d8c56702d8ec9f	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 281.
56b811366a10519c3785ea43dd666213559c0e2a	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 280.
95c4944203a706caada6d9fc6fff5d9d11ba9202	↑ Pixar Founding Documents.
5bf1da1fc1614408bb07e18863056803772dfeff	Alvyray.com. Verified on April 19, 2010.
d4c639f6d168504fdb1a026af857f09cb96398cf	281-282.
fcf73e6c3fbe1989ded1f96e6fd07c494ed32f74	282-283.
14d8c596f504a29970ddfef2efb133882b885c35	282-284.
e39f28085686ccc5c6b0d27088fdc72af2500987	Ай Isaacson, 2012, p. 291.
e4221456ebdb7a4bb2efd1d5681207e496d273cf	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 330.
0885de33345f4ab08599139bc6a29e9d73a8996b	↑ "Toy Story" Credits.
3146e5471c0387c5147daeeab4cca33896962a17	IMDB.
5421e6978ab3ce06c190dfab6c1e98472c8d0aab	Ай Isaacson, 2012, p. 333.
37a67fb507143bcff2485734ff5e67fa2bd0ae21	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 336.
49513ee46feb932a9fc9459a90fc627ecf191e37	↑ Hill, Jim.
b26cf09396207aa3d43509982ae25194b807d436	Steve Jobs bio reveals how Michael Eisner actively tried to derail Disney's 2006 acquisition of Pixar.
e783be93e57ea0dee276b45b9b1c167ef4b0197e	Jim Hill Media (February 5, 2012).
da1b2b98a5e2cb55a7b87a4ff9217562aba6720f	Checked on February 10, 2012.
b322aecfb08556f526a9c28d347235e5c86e2dc6	Ай Isaacson, 2012, p. 496.
3ef6d66b4d148cda35a278e0fba3fddc302007ac	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 502.
99f5b9079284aa3529e2253c8f704dc32123bedf	↑ Jobs’s 7.7% Disney Stake Transfers to Trust Led by Widow Laurene, Bloomberg.
151ad901fac90d1d55bc9248c34546ac3841251e	↑ Apple Computer, Inc. Finalizes Acquisition of NeXT Software Inc., Apple Inc., February 7, 1997.
35ed18fdb060d748609f648e1a52acfb75577459	Retrieved on June 25, 2006.
10fd73d6333c98b891f63c0b944fe1a630ac43a2	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 356.
6eff9e882d006dd5b5fbbe5d56193f0856fb0a22	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 366, 367.
e29eef1fcaebf6423f1b609801e28b43ea8d72cb	↑ Gallo, 2011, p. 116.
1c7a91cdf5755f16a374a3a39ef420ffc43542f8	↑ The once and future Steve Jobs, Salon.com (October 11, 2000).
e0bb44fd087ee23b203ad19478ea6864175b253b	Archived from the original source on July 9, 2012.
4a8bd8e4f4a91d6509d29ac55a9facc696829849	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 388.
5cd70691abcb1f737097a42eb22f291bd014c42a	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 385.
e8ac4db84fc7cdd92e27302fa21f3fbe8776cb69	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 391.
e959d171b31954439b762403dc17fd5e4ca47d58	↑ Hoppel, Adrian Magical Inventions of Steve Jobs.
cb5eecad534bb8ddbcff5e5810494a858f0eb8f0	Best Inventions of Steve Jobs.
f88e6dacd0029b6f7f864cf5ecda38ef7ee18a70	Magical Inventions of Steve Jobs.
dd69abc8f82d220e88a3d47052bb2decd846dbfa	400-401.
026eb680c337c87e6942de89759f1e69d32af71f	↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p. 406.
d4f666f646bf7851ac108cd52f78d3ce1446e969	↑ Apple History: Evolution of the iMac. iMac.
cf867fc09a358cbd69d6fb4883072a6631adb3f3	Apple Gazette.
413ed35b576e52650ccaed8db8ad04ee7ca422bd	↑ Norr, Henry.
0debda4504d3e7a9f736231bd29588a5383caba8	MacWorld Expo/Permanent Jobs/Apple CEO finally drops 'interim' from title, San Francisco Chronicle (January 6, 2000).
07627ba7484f7f7a88a6c0ec053a4c84a9ac1113	Archived from the original source on July 7, 2012.
d1b2731c3cf8155275731e5dde1d113ad940115d	Checked on June 27, 2011.
621d9f4d4192be7086cd45fd18b203d1bd0df000	Jobs announces new macOS, becomes 'iCEO', CNN (January 5, 2000).
fe0700424a40df8e2f495da5796bfb631f09c4de	Archived from the original source on July 8, 2012.
b1967d9c03df12bc72359b226ecf0886394306bd	Ай Isaacson, 2012, p. 434.
c481861cc95db499bad132dccb33942ee098eae0	438-439.
bdfe349dadef0341d3b42cb62eededb6222859e0	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 447.
f0f3d4519d5bb195b34ba12836853deaed600828	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 446.
5e0b6451e8c587b01cc4b39e590520596e933d40	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 470.
e644b7f181ac0b53cb2627f6fc83b20b8625467f	↑ 1 2 Block, Ryan The iPod family cemetery. iPods.
e085c4ce5fff8baf0f5205e4adad0df96fec1f0d	EndGadget.
dd4e101edc362e0d790e573923e8ec0e63b75346	Ай Isaacson, 2012, p. 453.
2b19f6f0f4ac9ea7f5a810f7c01b5efb2d30f8a8	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 529.
20845847945994190a92fdf03020ea8153f4d66f	530-531.
faee5495ec77a4bf17859037da534d4e18219cfb	533-534.
b3db232008ac963be9d5b2a67eee6c4eacfb715d	536-537.
7e9985232de89db90174d6df52ead96338ffd26a	↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, pp. 538.
7c3c5a0a8f885d9cd8863c2a636a72faf8b62b01	539-540.
f89a632083cb8fd48e63e9d49523f4bb0af4a69c	↑ Read About The iPhone Story Here. iPhone History.
8bee9692da8316b9185a2e8ba24e877d290666fc	The Apple Biter's Blog.
a5ced283c245c86a7999d31f5af92fe00eee7930	Verified on March 29, 2012.
2c44e7b22c1cf017e7611b95140955429ca0e28f	↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p. 572.
79a52adbe9d849fa07c6c4a9a54986c69c2ad3c9	Ай Isaacson, 2012, p. 559.
a9c7a75e0de4b9effbefa6d72d9198566adc6ca9	561-564.
3442756ed5a0b70594e4e50e0e58bb49dc138dee	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 570.
0fc5d3aac4178c4d686bf25e5f156a360a2e5e8d	↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p. 574.
6d4ca98b0dcb2c64bfdd703d25cb5c427823a85e	↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, p. 601.
335b210ee75c217339dac1cdac21307f977d39e6	↑ Steve Jobs slams Android, Samsung and iPad 2 rivals as 'copycats' CNET UK.
ed766d35f38b1a305085daae8b498d98ffbef100	↑ Siegler, M.G. Steve Jobs Resigns As CEO Of Apple.
03b67eaedada8f1ba27a5ace1c296b88551ead0b	TechCrunch.
e720c302456c58b7430db85225ee9ccb53ab7365	Checked on August 25, 2011.
8bd47829073f4e5d5c6314fc0186065cb0bb936a	↑ Gupta, Poornima.
ccb224974a01bd709d966bb4817658454f065c04	Steve Jobs Quits (August 18, 2011).
4b712a8de4557573291e9a7d5625ef7cb51b53cf	Archived from the original source on July 2, 2012.
ca3dfeae8a29d02fd885e381ac55110efe6829db	↑ AAPL: Summary for Apple Inc.- Yahoo!
cc65e6d5dbea0100d1bb0052632a5cf0058f9593	Finance.
db56414ece6cde1de60d45f1babfbc3a092eb296	Finance.yahoo.com (January 2, 2007). Checked on August 25, 2011.
f8ac1e51b52e8dce934d59cd033c8b6d2e8b93c3	↑ Valentino DeVries, Jennifer.
6cab44828243326fa2ac08137b59325446acc0e4	Apple's Stock: Looks Like Jobs ' Departure Was Priced In, The Wall Street Journal (August 24, 2011).
2aa68d21f5a577ba10afdccfd184ec2c291fa97a	Verified on August 25, 2011.
6ca287c14fc10aeed59be2de665539c944bf9ef3	↑ Steve Schaefer.
ab8a8c77a87f5641fee14aea2646030d7ead42ec	Forbes, Forbes (July 26, 2011).
9c9371410b847340773b560f907f8fe225413551	↑ DIS: Summary for Walt Disney Company.
bf98f1d1f8739a06364b60ac6a3acf1f8fb8f6d4	Finance.yahoo.com. Checked on August 25, 2011.
2b26a0717cc5033b62c78e445f1e26198391192c	Archived from the original source on June 24, 2012.[source not specified 1926 days] ↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 134.
e35357159b37114bd1467290bc62303b8f56baec	↑ Kim, Susanna.
05228387ccf358dc4000c8144c71417b3f67a8fb	Future of Steve Jobs' $6.7 Billion Wealth Likely to Remain as Private As He Was (October 7, 2011).
1aa5b24d69d3218eef82163225c2515e96c2e060	↑ «Steve Jobs is $300 million richer».
c654a3a5265dbc71f9d6a6672c74205ee82abe68	Archived from the original source on May 29, 2012..
229961ac5ffd87c96ed3eac4384bf87c57aad711	Retrieved June 10, 2010.
7fe4ef8b7df2b96510c68307ec509478db132849	Ай Isaacson, 2012, p. 417.
4ede259949fd8d3ab825ecc4b69cb567515c27d0	↑ Forbes 400 Richest Americans, Forbes (September 2011).
d10ad7150b8ece458d891891cbd729ca8a98020e	Archived from the original source on May 26, 2012.
3aa894395f680142565c1d09713b61e81beafce3	Checked on October 7, 2011.
b736ec4faef993b823fa1b608c00ab636b7e8274	Ай Isaacson, 2012, p. 124.
1f22bc0c2ea554a6eb92db5acc73a230575e45c7	↑ Live from Macworld 2007: Steve Jobs keynote (2007).
6a9bcae858a26285959f96d81af3385661a9a0ef	↑ Videos – Free video downloads and streaming video – CNET TV.
7858f744efb5a51f61a18898391fba0fb051e234	Cnettv.cnet.com. Verified on April 19, 2010.
9f6bc2dfe5770262a48fc6d62828aa19d1612bdd	↑ 7.30 –} ABC.
116116a9ab98fb396ab36a2d5d922ade75e50b89	Abc.net.au. Checked on November 12, 2011.
97c5fe42770710f0e6ac98aec93a6c0191fc3f0a	Lateline: "Visionary Steve Jobs succumbs to cancer".
c9d47adfa8e11c2c038e897ede25f7d5776ebb7d	Abc.net.au (October 6, 2011). Checked on November 12, 2011.
3e7625f529cf30ad25db33779739c7ebc2946ddd	151-152.
8e2594a7c40b6c8f708553cb4906d975fa5f23ce	↑ 1 2 Isaacson, 2012, pp. 152.
f723e330042f8f488d99483e99f7f6dd2cb016ff	532-533.
55a6bef0ca2d604c4a8eee1400ca2f7d5aae9e11	Ай Isaacson, 2012, p. 145.
9817b2b180c4e32d11a6418ba8eb808c6c76a96c	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 147.
e73ecd05f43743534ecb75857e557046b23820f9	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 148.
2171c3a8140d449ae830209372ce7f315556e0c0	↑ Floyd Norman.
d5863b7ac92e4600b7fa7d13f4aad5e7e2d45164	Steve Jobs: A Tough Act to Follow, Jim Hill Media (January 19, 2009).
830cc4705be0216f8b4f921dc40e3cb6a1db0e34	Checked on January 19, 2009.
0cd05e9abcbb103df5a6a84f6f13e08d8885f847	Ай Isaacson, 2012, p. 282.
d98e270af327ba4424260bba15c3a89089665f3a	↑ Colvin, Geoff.
ff5fb56221dcf3ec2e46625cfee4c5cd5955a78c	Steve Jobs' Bad Bet, Fortune (March 1 9, 2007).
b8166bb12147c15f782e21cd7ecd1c370c4b2e4b	Archived from the original source on June 4, 2012.
291c7b158120cedabd6b77b2deb29d8961cfda9c	Checked on February 23, 2011.
3151e490ef1db6389bd8004f73662a309fc7f4f0	Ай Isaacson, 2012, p. 171.
82ff0d022665470a0d7f59b0a9f704195692edfc	60, 643.
e42fd52dee54a09f5cb4a946a0e85b62342cd4e1	↑ U.S. Government patent database.
bcd232d8eaea92574ca4d355df146c390bf563c0	Verified on August 29, 2011.
7b4c47d620d78649bd25dae4305629043895b559	↑ U.S. Government patent application database.
89a75868e7eb99d922d562e077dd585c00adb842	↑ Steve Jobs Patents.
0459c021a84dceec62e9f57a2c0093fc303f2870	↑ United States Patent 8,032,843, Ording, et al., October 4, 2011, "User interface for providing consolidation and access".
1bdedb31b1da0fd88c3b9bc68110c1de81befcb4	212-213.
27c7a9f674ea5ced1d1415d656ca59aace982fc8	Ай Isaacson, 2012, p. 212.
bb2bdd3a24b114bbd2ee8f48ddf65a14a030cfbf	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 206.
2b3fe263a043025a1e62a6de5cc49534fc6b6359	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 207, 214.
74080a830b234084bc16c3f75f76a1f7922e3165	270-271.
2bb1235c2d23ea5a828b1b8141bcbdd36cda60aa	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 373.
be2983f49af646ece79f82fdf5cf544a39510c3e	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 374.
cb5bab5b61603244999d7d309f9742671b33bc0c	↑ "If Apple can go home again, why not Dell?".
d83a50f200ffba2e2738e1031747ac1a31c2068a	CNET News.
bfd676009cff6f88a17505e97bc283349350a29b	May 19, 2008.
bb25d830f16732f1bd604610ad4bd9fd18d84f56	↑ Dell: Apple should close shop, CNET.
dc8feb13e433318cc4d29472782ce382181da43b	Archived from the original source on September 4, 2012.
70468292626d9fde87191d660ec66520da1e804a	↑ Markoff, John.
1b0825b2cb970cdb5816e716133c03f22f68db72	Michael Dell Should Eat His Words, Apple Chief Suggests, The New York Times (January 16, 2006).
140584d33f591c0898ef916d268ef7766fcd94a1	Verified on May 24, 2010.
11a9e85582aff413acfdf3b226a847246eb52a33	587-588.
b9a5467cb192af8e6defc68214c7d68de665eedb	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 585.
318e4fab38d21df762f040c3b576d7c682d43b76	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 631.
2301516bd0b0513ebfa9f452874894552536e220	↑ Arik Hesseldahl.
cf48970086825311a3d6111b5748b82c9b0373e0	«Thoughts On The Steve Jobs Legacy».
b8d34a18ec667009fc5624a700acde606411a7c7	Archived from the original source on July 21, 2012..
e35c25c4b8468340d4f6bc85c35e58d2f8b8d766	Bloomberg Businessweek.
4ff6d724b4230453c0efb1e5ebfafec04f408ac9	August 29, 2008.
54bbdb48fe04f9d5b696c2886a24c78bf12c076e	Retrieved August 12, 2010.
8f3aa5d467687dfc16fd356c1b9d091ad6912d90	↑ Stuart, Elizabeth.
2b8387299b6f0a1c6da81273c17953531c89c084	Steve Jobs' philanthropy: Did he give anonymously or not at all?
bb668c0f724f67391df7ebbf1a2e302af14deddf	(12 October 2011).
574a6ff4234e4ddb1b834a9f8d1968d3efe9ba03	Archived from the original source on July 28, 2012.
237ed1ecd992c9becf71cda786b56123b5e67df7	↑ «Interview to Playboy magazine».
85f5f186290b37ffb3b05c30f3b65ec3bcbaab2c	Playboy.
39c1fd0c442068753c108acd0811a07dff8c1c4c	February, 1985.
8d15d57faf852d5039502d227e452c895ba073f5	Retrieved October 9, 2011.
a178dae87be5c488d89e2efe1ee1ccb12ee6b480	↑ Dilger, Daniel Tim Cook exposes the lie that Steve Jobs ignored philanthropy.
0579fb27de9089205e179cbaf35f4a0267f0d359	Steve Jobs.
cd157574f4a42691ea253221833ff9653f345c6b	AppleInsider.
56add78ca92ca4ca8d50ae4961733aa4a9185346	↑ Elkind, Peter.
17f719012b977b32ce526163f1b22d9ffef5ee3d	The trouble with Steve Jobs, Fortune (March 5, 2008).
a3fd7ebe5344f2928ad0a49367b8ffb54f6db176	Archived from the original source on July 15, 2012.
43914f521730f91eeca9ab841864d6e839ab50cc	Verified on March 5, 2008.
2c853859c64edb399a599861565aab57022b75ec	Archived from the original source on July 31, 2012.
0b1619488fb1821467a1feda01e665da77f30080	↑ «Bono Defends Steve Jobs After Criticism About Apple Ex CEO’s Philanthropy».
892b7d8d6c9f3542e916674b50c992c51eb0b7d4	September 2, 2011.
40e0ad39a47dcb5cf425529b0646f59459739d93	↑ Prios, Jessica.
a2f5ce687e3ff76f5f61dce88fc0c809a6e0cd61	The Steve Jobs Philanthropy Debate (October 7, 2011).
7a5da8ec5aa0b242069ae2b1a1e365721b6a5b35	↑ Kahney, Leander.
acecd408f610f0e2a1845201286db70bb48e8a1e	Jobs for President?
18186b7357740787c902da0b2cc217369e4b145d	Not This Time, Wired, Condé Nast (January 27, 2003).
f29628ae583fdb7eef28b13c5942e78c5c175cad	Verified on August 26, 2011.
ab2c39c8ca86799251fc5d268e630cca5f639f0c	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 321.
7ec438de5ba95004af62147a85b9057afaff1815	622-623.
0523c6d2d94eb7ca9ab121dfceee78e8c9a322df	624-625.
3bcba23ace6e1ff774d90fb150aa58292e292a79	↑ Isaacson, 2012, p. 509.
6407a7d9b64b458dbc9c9e47c5c4e4719f0cee71	Apple Apple restates, recognizes faked documents, EE Times (December 29, 2006).
26940995473f92b03f95c769ce7ad34d46df5f26	Verified on September 6, 2012.
daa4dd38f782a7e521c1dca8c84444c06a749e13	Ай Isaacson, 2012, p. 512.
1ead62167f197682869a02379c829c4581befcee	↑ Group Wants $7B USD From Apple, Steve Jobs, Executives Over Securities Fraud.
2b49f91d9ca65a82c2c784a8b173ace60d026938	Стив Steve Jobs will be forgiven for manipulating options.
00b4cab0000b098877d9c90e487dc85c8aed6cb2	Archived from the original source on September 15, 2012./ news.kosht.com ↑ Hafner, Katie.
eec1dc0c5d3ad6fa9c7febfb480cd73fe47b3498	Steve Jobs's Review of His Biography: Ban It, The New York Times (April 30, 2005).
9dcc9bdebfa4a7dd18ff33dabcd3f7b3d546e0c2	Verified on October 16, 2006.
a3bd82d3068f0263721ec0e2ab056c28b8d8d4c3	↑ Jobs biography: the price of publication.
96acd40b5cc4eccb91ea6c78da3f10fcdb67e38a	/ M. Time the official Apple Technology Support Center ↑ Weinman, Sarah.
b472a3b04c62635ea02c5e270a89edd6b5416366	Education Publisher J
4bea83e352a405530551b10904c4529030a4799b	Invest in SkyWay, because it is profitable to Subscribe
377b4e6c9e5ebbc53098a3ec94951e9b48231737	January 8 were born [en]: Stepan Makarov, Bronislava Nijinskaya, Galina Ulanova, Marina Neelova Died[en]: Galileo Galilei, Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov, Paul Verlaine, Boris Vasilyevich Barnett
ffcb7f3ae178f813be6a6ba5bd0ead3375acd340	Steve Jobs Biographies / Famous Namesakes / Names / Surnames / Patronymic names / First name and patronymic / Horoscopes / Tests/ Signs / Home Steve Jobs biography
5a9c229ba3736fff7898cf4bc1c22ff29869bfb6	I donot trust a computer that I canot Lift Steven Paul Jobs (Steve Jobs) is an American engineer — specialist with a higher technical education. and an entrepreneur, the creator of the iPhone, one of the co founders of corporations
a0ffc51efe4845a832c0354df37ad0e6e84647bf	Apple Inc., Next, Pixar and a key figure in the global computer industry.
bc73704a576a39d285e5f34c2ab0ce8ecfcbacde	A unique person who largely determined the course of its development.
99db220ef4cdfedbedde187823db001027297c42	Steve Jobs was born on February 24, 1955 in San Francisco, California — in a number of states (USA, Mexico and others), the name of a state territorial unit that is part of the federation.
e14342adcb52509a34e3e955dd86dc27804baa87	California (USA). His biological parents were an American graduate student Joan Carol Schieble (Joanne Schieble) and a Syrian immigrant Abdulfattah John Jandali( Abdulfattah John Jandali), who abandoned the child after his birth.
3690f8acb8ebef531906e03ec701c26ea7dd243f	They were students and did not belong to the brakeBrak — a family union of a man and a woman, generating their rights and obligations towards each other and to children.
75a87ea7829533c1c8582542c2b82e161a6767cd	In most modern states, the law requires the appropriate registration (registration) of marriage in special state bodies; along with this, in some States, legal significance is also attached to a marriage concluded according to religious rites.
1f37b292509ef97b9d5544ec3cec55c6d294a3a7	In some countries (for example, in France), a marriage contract is often concluded when registering a marriage.
814c48df8127c29be77d9201e7e19142bdb28a87	In the Russian Federation, only a marriage concluded in the state civil registration authorities (civil registry offices) is recognized.
01b127e4630fb286b0fbd3850f4778fd77966916	Until 1944, the so called actual (unregistered) marriage was equated with a registered one, so the illegitimate child was given for adoption to foster parents Paul Reinhold and Clara Jobs, nee Hakobyan (Paul Jobs, Clara Jobs).
c580aabe4f8d960de19d33dc84c1ce2ca9e3bc58	Clara worked as an accountant, and Paul was a mechanic.
93940a8ae50dceae74b3bc936a4546e8e94b94c8	The main condition for adoption was that Steve received a higher education, the highest education — the level of professional qualification of a specialist obtained in higher educational institutions on the basis of full secondary education and confirmed by a corresponding diploma.. zodiac sign —
7fcd1cd53d740aa58f10503e300d32daed088255	Fish.
dbfba7cedbae402a45080a37c796ee343374cb7a	"Stories of great entrepreneurs Steve Jobs"
9758f10ecee753985d7aa545360d5470bbf369dd	In 1961, the Family Family is a small group based on marriage or consanguinity, whose members are connected by common life, mutual assistance, moral and legal responsibility.
943a614abacea2e7f880e78b49dc84eb6194eebe	As a stable association arises with the decomposition of the generic system.
5b4ef8bf08df9a4bfd10c476e9021e6ca79a94a8	The first historical form of monogamy is the patriarchal family (ruled by the father, including his descendants with their wives and children, as well as domestic slaves).
2e0b77d05a9cb8fb647888b3f03b35457d8c75bb	Industrialization destroys the connection of the family with domestic production, leaving it with only the organization of everyday life from economic functions; most families consist of spouses and their children (the nuclear family).
cce4399ea9aba9301fb0998cf58f1a4919d3cf78	There are two contradictory trends in modern society: the renewal of the family on the basis of industrial and cultural progress (the transformation of the family into a moral and legal union of a man and a woman) and the growth of family conflicts and a significant number of divorces.
beace45d6a072f28286471bfcc8054577b363533	Most marriages are concluded by the personal choice of the future spouses, and family relations are increasingly characterized by their equality. she moved to Mountain View, California, where Stephen Jobs spent his childhood and youth.
8da5c1725e500243f56ba8626fd797aa954b0e1a	Even then, this place began to turn into a world center for the development of computer technologies — Silicon Valley.
ac477f4093cc2265c47103e0ae08e80cc8821a24	At this time, Jobs first thought about the business related to computer technology.
d81da0a85f66605fba1091661e90331793bb6a35	The first project of the partners was the BlueBox a device that allows you to use long distance communication for free and was sold for 150 dollars (English dollar, from German Taler thaler) — a US monetary unit equal to 100 cents.
ac6289808003105eec946a75a4955ac12ee7a8ce	Introduced in 1786 (silver dollar).
7f595bc57d05f0393fd42c9a276603ab1eb9d61f	Gold, silver, copper nickel (since 1965) dollars were minted.
ae6086fc7fd9dde10774191d9c2e18a322e4c8b1	Currently, there are banknotes in circulation in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and $ 100. per piece.
900b93c140aa0b22f7264292b54097ba6458530c	Wozniak was engaged in the development and assembly of the device, and thirteen year old Jobs was selling illegal goods.
30c8955741648f2742085cfa02d7a156a9eb19ed	In the future, their future business business (English business) is an entrepreneurial activity; a business, an occupation that is a source of income. became legal.
8692d7a6db16b0dc2924ab79d19fed1155dec633	After the first semester, he was expelled at his own request, but he remained living in the rooms of friends of the college dorm for about a year and a half, sleeping on the floor, living on money for handed over Coca Cola bottles and once a week coming to free lunches at the local temple a cult building for performing religious rites.
937ced827dd7fa3fa61d624ec68e781884699d62	The construction of temples began in ancient times (ancient Eastern, ancient temples).
e932e552afc430e79ef0c2235f38cb3a003a246f	The main types of temples are a Christian church, a Muslim mosque, a Buddhist temple. the Hare Krishnas.
bfb736ada06e83f1d673ae60d1fd72b64c70a1e0	From the creative tandem of friends, Apple Computer Co grew up
0d45ae8b69d1c7af207ca2e6f462fda1f929dc75	(the name "Apple" was suggested by Jobs due to the fact that in this case a telephone is an electroacoustic device for converting electrical vibrations into sound.
49f15ec5e1430beac745a1f84da6657b71af4b64	According to the principle of conversion, electromagnetic, electrodynamic, piezoelectric telephones are distinguished, the greatest application is found in telephone and radiotelephone communication devices. the company's number was in the phone book right before "Atari").
590e86fcaa33fd53057069d48560e41e47a194a5	Apple was officially registered in early 1977.
c9d93b58d8d6d19f63b29ffb273df1dc8ae8f87c	It was Jobs who convinced Wozniak to finalize the microcomputer scheme he had invented, and this gave an impetus to the creation of a new personal computer market.
d2f08a518910cd348bb38992de844af3c212a86e	In 1978, Jobs had a daughter, Lisa Brennan Jobs, from the artist Chris Ann Brennan.
b72867f82300fa9811c84e76bf0d4b9aac5400b1	A decent amount for beginners, but it's nothing compared to the Apple II, released in 1977.
2d05af371c02ba2d21b5df1679d75d2eee71fd0d	The company began to grow and in 1980 became a joint stock company.
6d738afc3f02b50d69912abb2a6590a306ef004c	The success of Apple I computers and especially Apple II, coupled with the appearance of investors, made the company an undisputed leader in the computer market until the early eighties of the 20th century, and the two Steves became millionaires.
e30c922e1fb514aad41795b1d65bccf97e2042d2	Software software (mathematical software of a computer) is a set of programs, descriptions and instructions that ensure the automatic functioning of a computer.
031343dafc5d818d46861f19a84e710f5596cd47	There are general mathematical support (for the organization of the computing process on this computer) and special mathematical support (for solving specific problems).
35f7da214364b06a339dfe53639fa80dfb3c68d9	Microsoft Corporation — one of the largest multinational companies producing software for various types of computing equipment — personal computers, game consoles, PDAs, mobile phones and other things, the developer of the most widely used software platform in the world at the moment — the Windows family of operating systems., created six months later by Apple.
d7082c64b4276aad1aace68810c784d51cf50f40	In the future, fate has brought Jobs and Bill Gates together more than once.
cfcc2ae4ad613eba16949f75140e066a01816e40	For the definition of charismYharism
3e7914f393b1d42861de1708da75d4861ca583dd	(from other Greek.
76b7daefbd30f4421ccfc302deb6d4b8ebc9ee94	"grace, gift" — - attribution or recognition of a set of such properties, traits and qualities for a person that ensure the adoration of her followers, their unconditional trust and unconditional faith in her unlimited possibilities.
22275bf715dc5158321e901ffd325318490ffd1c	Steve Jobs and its impact on the developers of the original project Macintosh, his colleague at Apple Computer Bud Tribble coined the phrase "Reality Distortion Field" ("FEAST") in 1981.
e4e7c0646224996fc99ee14e8390fa1d0c03649f	Later, this term was used to define perception perception is a complex process of receiving and transforming information that provides a reflection of objective reality and orientation in the surrounding world.
ea023150425511bad0ad0aa1d8ec6173a644b409	As a form of sensory reflection of an object, it includes the detection of an object as a whole, the distinction of individual features in the object, the allocation of informative content in it that is adequate to the purpose of the action, the formation of a sensory image. his key speeches were made by reviewers and fans of the company.
2ebab7f93e466ca965354f8582a3df9bf2274135	According to the opinion of an explanation a judgment expressing an assessment of something, an attitude towards someone or something, a view of something from colleagues, Steve Jobs was able to convince others of anything, using a mixture of charisma, charm charm, charm, attractiveness., arrogance, perseverance, pathetikipatetic passionate, excited, full of pathos., self confidence.
aa59abbe258ae29efacc4ea4df4489f5984be86b	The FEAST distorts the audience's feelings (emotions, "movements (agitations) of the soul") - designation of various mental phenomena.
ec63ef113dfb2c5db9b778228c3459124baf357c	In everyday usage, it is said about the feeling of hunger, thirst, pain; pleasant and unpleasant; fatigue, illness and health; joy and sadness, love and hate; horror, shame, fear, delight, compassion; despair and bliss, etc.
2a96c3d80e40269fd6ce1fe14d9bd1373e5d14b7	Feelings thus cover a wide range of phenomena that differ in their duration and intensity, level, nature and content (from short term affect to long term passion, from superficial emotion to deep and stable feelings, etc.) and are in complex relationships with each other. proportions and proportionality.
ba8908619a9ae2a4832bf6b00196b35752818b83	A small progressProgress (from Lat. progressus — forward movement) — the direction of development, which is characterized by a transition from the lowest to the highest, from less perfect to more perfect.
eeb98a557cf4d7b5cef477070765a9f6152860cf	We can talk about progress in relation to the system as a whole, its individual elements, the structure of a developing object.
4e015638b2b99e51e6d3c188457959ac165bdab4	The concept of progress is the opposite of the concept of regression. it was presented as a breakthrough.
50be0cff7cc99715ff74bf73aad666dc91c65af3	Any mistakes were hushed up or presented as insignificant.
cb188e45a2563de60b64d73589d024d72c2ef079	The difficulties overcome were greatly exaggerated.
bad1802374d28a06998323ad59116d2ed967302b	Certain opinions and ideas could change dramatically in the future without any relation to the very fact of such changes.
33cecf892673c8f0bedaf349b6dfc3ee45462411	A FEAST is a mixture of political propaganda and propaganda (from Lat. propaganda to be distributed) — the dissemination of political, philosophical, scientific, artistic and other ideas in society; in a narrower sense political or ideological propaganda with the aim of forming certain views among the broad masses of the population. and advertising (French reclame, from the Latin reclamo I shout out) - information about the consumer properties of goods and types of services in order to create demand for them; popularization of works of literature, art, and other technologies.
b2d408d713e8affbc400bcaf6dc8078dda9ba8dd	One of the most typical examples of PIR is the statement that consumers "suffer" from low quality products of competitors, or that the company's products " change the life of life — one of the forms of the existence of matter, which naturally occurs under certain conditions in the process of its development.
ed6029c8278db47b8a34068790ea9a3407be1f00	Organisms differ from inanimate objects in metabolism, irritability, the ability to reproduce, grow, develop, actively regulate their composition and functions, to various forms of movement, adaptability to the environment, etc .
d77e3c5439a0fd03313d9a12675307057e4f9ddd	It is believed that life originated through abiogenesis. people".
5c9c1b7b65ba56702ee36ea2251d615c1d6ccc5e	Often unsuccessful technical solutions are explained by the fact that the consumer does not need it.
5e10a461c5b596028fcd1914cd8f79c1f775df64	The term is used in a pejorative context to criticize Apple, or its supporters.
441bd54a73ff37f5ae04dfc6adfd93c12da06425	But many companies today are switching to a similar method themselves, seeing how far it was able to advance Apple in economic terms.
ee55aee5faad06a191b87e6633b5aff1b20f9581	A landmark event is an event that has happened, a significant phenomenon, a fact of public and personal life. a contract (the same as a contract) is an agreement between two or more persons on the establishment, modification or termination of civil rights and obligations (loan, purchase and sale, contract, etc.).
a81feb4863793c3552ecce18e84bcb501cd77bff	The contract can be concluded orally, in writing or notarially. between Apple and Xerox.
eea7f5c1aa0e29a70da7ac5d1fb1651f428f9b99	The revolutionary developments that Xerox could not find a worthy application for a long time became part of the Macintosh project (a line of personal computers designed, developed, manufactured and sold by Apple Inc).
39618d53567255183bbb6ec2f50e4d0ae2e845f5	The modern interface of a personal computer with its windows and virtual buttons is largely due to this contract.
44bbdb0859bd8a2bd8acec3951338526f72fe927	Previously, the machine was controlled using commands typed by "initiates" on the keyboard.
d86d8f8f798b71b9ed17a399b63032313cd15f65	Now the mouse becomes the main working tool.
13b60f36e9313c48b7c2941d5929cfe975e0541a	The success of the Macintosh was simply stunning.
123940d155c6d8e94a452cdcc412325cc8ca3a3b	At that time, there was no competitor in the world, even closely comparable in terms of sales and technological potentalpotential (from the Latin potentia — power) — sources, opportunities, funds, reserves that can be used to solve any task, achieve a certain goal; the capabilities of an individual, society, state in a certain area (for example, economic potential)..
dea2e78cf066ce1ac2fe737c7f8f4922f8762a4a	Shortly after the release of the Macintosh, the company stopped developing and manufacturing the Apple II family, which had previously been the company's main source of income.
4cd7c91179300bd40e8421837b5a2c5eeda1d049	In 1984, together with Steve Wozniak, Jobs (one of the first) was awarded the National Medalmedal — Italian medalia) - an award for merit, bravery, achievements, in memory of anniversaries, about participation in events.
72447848b6cbe936205fe64563b8e5b9c78d4830	The medal is a flat metal sign with a double sided image and an inscription; it is usually made of gold, silver, bronze.
dd041eb32b3e2241a5757c6740195b3c14fb9b4a	The obverse (obverse) and reverse (reverse) sides of the medal are distinguished.
3d197ee2df0046aaf68e68b2de49de45e0178c44	Medals were known in ancient Rome, but the art of making medals began in the 14th and 15th centuries.
744b770af20f044630fc39e8fe28ed74855eb0a0	Award medals were introduced in the 17th century in Sweden, and at the end of the 17th century in Russia.
8a1143f7840c0b1d081d63f45450877acfdda1d9	The United States in the field of technology by President Ronald Reagan.
2ec7aed1e017403bc3bc2d89994fe9e3b8344605	Despite significant success, success is luck in any business, successful achievement of the set goal. in the early 80s, Steve Jobs gradually began to lose his position in Apple, which by that time had grown to a huge corporation.
9b8c17b1253fe00f5b72a9cff91a53f0b9a20760	His authoritarian management style led first to disagreements, and then to an open conflictconflict (from the Latin conflictus clash) — a clash of parties, opinions, forces. with the board of directors.
952912cd9899a9da8c10935fd895ce0ceb41f851	At the age of 30, the Apple founder was fired.
2f428cc211e677508b886fa79069b040bbab9438	Having lost power in the general sense, the ability and ability to exert a decisive influence on the activities and behavior of people with the help of any means — will, authority, law, violence (parental power, state, economic, etc.); political domination, the system of state bodies.
d199f972e28009f4e5df117a22fc0077bff8a3b0	Jobs did not lose heart in the company and work, he started new projects.
2c83c44e6df872241041be83fc590503238fb1b5	The company specialized in the production of complex computers for higher education and business structures.
7fd845159f9c75e78d02acc1051bba745328f65a	A more successful undertaking was the acquisition in 1986 by Stephen Jobs of The Graphics Group, a company engaged in research, scientific research is the process of developing new knowledge, one of the types of cognitive activity.
79efcc49ba8edd1e39b22e17cf23572c998ac2ef	It is characterized by objectivity, reproducibility, evidence, accuracy; it has two levels — empirical and theoretical.
da63efe45feb17050cefd5f7a7b340caef56c56f	The most common is the division of research into fundamental and applied, quantitative and qualitative, unique and complex. in the field of computer animationanimation (English animation, from Lat. apima soul, life) - displaying a sequence of slightly different images created by computer technology on the screen.
e3647584e08f1500ff5e8c0aa6317ef25ebcfdf3	As a result, the illusion of movement is created, the effect of animating the characters..
41779e3d1c5837d0b491d375338ee65d594aaa5d	Later, it was called Pixar Animation Studios (Pixar graphic studio), bought from Lucasfilm for almost half the price ($5 million) of its estimated value
5533a49bee004cb117a7b8a65316ab8e44dacb0d	(George Lucas was getting divorced and he needed money a means of implementing exchange relations, a universal equivalent.
5fc65fcf358c7d34a4bcb9fba8b947f82d1a9acc	They spontaneously stood out at a certain historical stage.
e0143056a3709df90b06d048830058eba625f1c4	In pre capitalist formations, the role of money was performed by various goods (animal skins, grain, cattle), gradually it passed to precious metals (gold, silver), which best meet the requirements of a monetary commodity.
13632313053f0e91b8062700eabb97ef238a7736	The complication of modern payment and settlement relations has led to the replacement of metal money with credit money, which has the form of paper money and various records on the accounts of banking institutions.
5997f8a619b4b3b7be9daad25a804da73841a32d	The main functions of money: a means of circulation, a measure of value and a means of saving.).
39fdb0a82eb3319eb4397f3e48b17713c232a593	Under the leadership of Jobs, Pixar released several super gross animated filmsfilm (from the English film — film) (film)
833bb4105c838d69203869c69bd5ac204183e26e	— a set of photographic images (frames) sequentially arranged on film, connected by a single plot and intended for reproduction on the screen; a work of cinema art; in the narrow sense — a film copy..
498ebac62af3e1882d74d977c927069ba0bea69a	The most famous of them are: "Monster Corporation" and the famous "Toy Story".
76e2105f57b32f2182e6addc7f7ecda053de0c23	In 1997, Steve returned to Apple.
847e6640e0fb6d01cf007f746dcb5c317758efe1	At first, he was there as an interim executive director.
5ac17f03b2083123cca07088a979db2f1c3459c7	To improve Apple's health, Stephen closed several unprofitable projects and areas of the company.
88775388717303fb81213ceaf5b8565e520c0c67	In 2000, S. Jobs became a full fledged manager of Apple, the CEO of the company.
8f9ebba587a9e076ff270c48229ec12b7003adce	Later, under his leadership, a lot of developments were presented, which became trendsetters in the technological market.
d973e4bd08094154a236af6f50dd3cbf4b59f712	All this made Apple the third largest company in the world by capitalization (it even surpassed the software company Microsoft, managed by Bill Gates).
9179ea36a61e3807d3d5e15d55862e72a4d6335e	"Stories of Great entrepreneurs Bill Gates"
d4e62ae5243030d25fe3f900a36a91cbc0c60cd2	In October 2003, a scan of the abdominal region showed that Steve Jobs had a serious illness a violation of the normal functioning of the body due to functional or (and) morphological changes.
c00cb712d9de30eff2f973c2f82e14fd41dd97da	The occurrence of the disease is associated with the impact on the body of harmful environmental factors (physical, chemical, biological, social), with its genetic defects, etc. — a cancerous tumor of the pancreas.
4804818739201f24239e4069bfaaf37a7f39936d	This diagnosis is fatal, but the head of Apple turned out to have a very rare form of the disease that can be cured with surgery.
4b14039c129d769e148244fb25f54910556f5002	At first, Jobs refused it, for personal reasons, he did not recognize interventions in the human body for the traditional method of treatment.
cab3748e64a2020b0ced5005183f3a5b7d19ec49	For 9 months, he hoped to recover on his own, all this time no one from the Apple management informed investors about his terminal illness.
f0e7d719177d462df1899f77df52ae8ec4541c49	Then Steve decided to trust the doctors[en] and informed the public about his illness[en].
2f08a1b5d4fdcf33b806955886a10a68ca65a7f7	On July 31, 2004, the Stanford Institute Medical Center (from the Latin institutum — establishment, institution):
152af1245223d5daba8bf97ead03538785b219eb	1) The name of various specialized educational institutions (secondary, higher, advanced training systems, etc.), as well as research institutions.
a69d4bc42ffa4a0e9b6a49a953a2abf13d5127d6	2) Social institution, the initial designation of a set of legal norms regulating social and legal relations in various spheres of society (for example, the institution of marriage, family); in a broad sense an element of the social structure, the historical form of organization and regulation of public life — a set of institutions, norms, values, cultural patterns, stable forms of behavior: economic institutions (e.g., property, wages), political institutions (state, army, party), educational institutions, etc. performed a successful operation.
6e40e7c713532e95a2c0f89ff2c20c2ba5b0c378	In 2006, Steve Jobs sold Pixar to Walt Disney Studios for $ 7.5 billion, and he remained on the board of directors of Pixar and at the same time became the largest individual shareholder of Disney, receiving a 7% share (French action, Dutch aktie, German Aktie) — a security indicating that an investor has made a share in the capital of a joint — stock company.
59e677dccd381ab202f56bdca112de30e14ac0ca	Gives its owner the right to receive a part of the profit in the form of a dividend, to participate in the management of the affairs of the joint stock company, etc.
dea3074cebf5701d2638e5818daad8b259276d85	The dividend, which is part of the net profit, is paid to the shareholder in proportion to the value of the shares owned by him.
62bd747559d40cbe14b0fdd0d044d07dcf7a8eed	Usually, shares are sold and bought on the stock exchange. studios.
2950a83dee71cc9b335e33ecf57274b7cf9ae7e8	The direct heir of Disney inherited only 1%.
08a4d853220985ee760370269327e053732eec55	December 5, 2007 Gubernator (from the Latin gubernator ruler) — in some modern states (USA, Great Britain, Denmark, etc.), the highest official of an administrative territorial or federal unit.
544e779835106eb8375bb2eb05b30cbeb9bca345	In California, Arnold Schwarzenegger and his spouse (legal status) are persons who are properly married.
b77df1b2d6fccb42094bba0a9a835351e788412b	Under Russian law, spouses are completely equal; when registering a marriage, they can keep their premarital surnames or choose a common one by the last name of one of them; they have equal rights to property acquired during marriage.
e510426353970b82ae04286d7391228790d52152	Spouses are obliged to support each other financially, in some cases even after the divorce.
846bed3081ed71124b099aafd5e06c71988323de	Maria Shriver inducted Jobs into the California Hall of Fame, located in the Museummuseum (from the Greek museion — the temple of the muses) — research and scientific educational institutions that complete, store, study and popularize monuments of natural history, material and spiritual culture.
d579f1b8a272ae4c09b992de4cb6c4ba1ad3b7ee	Types of museums: scientific educational, research, educational.
94b245b32a5b81d6696ae39293555c83fed2f126	Museum profiles: historical, technical, agricultural, natural science, art history, literary, as well as memorial, complex, local history.
6be50dc19b8aef9870fbcdbbf6a22fc4ed2745cf	They appeared in the 15th 16th centuries.
acbe20d8a6cf0c49731c10efc8036891d75da24a	Examples of museums: the Polytechnic Museum, the Louvre, the Hermitage.
23d4d15482935b4e06d4a4d863ee123dd06dd9f2	The media has repeatedly awarded Jobs high profile titles.
9b1238cd776bef158827fb1959647b731eb038ba	Zhurnal (French journal, originally diary) is a printed periodical.
290fc87bd778398d664371cb8352668b192f076d	The first magazine is considered to be "Journal de savan" ("Journal des scavants", France, 1665).
16c7bd42dc4a9bb5208550d5371a5b34a2af7e92	In Russia, the first magazine — an appendix to the newspaper "St. Petersburg Vedomosti" — "Monthly historical, genealogical and geographical notes in Vedomosti" (1728).
6973f49f498ce98c54fc49a9eccc380172db264c	Fortune named him the most influential entrepreneur of 2007.
75f5473da36cab8b6798cf334056c3632faa6fc4	In December 2008, the doctor was a specialist with a higher medical education (therapist, surgeon, neurologist, sanitary doctor, etc.). they found a hormonal imbalance in Jobs.
eb8124799fbcf05324a47fb04f0c56ee0034500f	In January 2009, he again went on a six month sick leave.
d4dfe42e5cf564de115a25e3aaafcc80e05f91df	Then the doctors found that he had liver cancer.
a6fd0134aa9fe0f9512b3f70751912b62304a6b2	In the summer of 2009, according to representatives of the Methodist Hospital at the University, the University (from the Latin universitas totality) is a higher educational scientific institution that trains specialists in fundamental and many applied sciences, various branches of the national economy and culture.
4a64ca003977d4ff932a316076f852f20f9b3333	The university, as a rule, carries out scientific work.
01eda4f633757b849ee62799866e84cde2059d51	The first universities appeared in the 12th and 13th centuries in Italy, Spain, France, and England.
5f6382d8b99e914f6e957b9feb27ea8440ee7a1d	The first universities in Russia were Academic (1726-66, St. Petersburg) and Moscow (since 1755); in 1916 there were 11 universities.
092d5520da2ada6a1eaaf372508ec240ab1fd7ce	In 1994, there were more than 40 state universities in the Russian Federation, 80 state universities of technical, medical, pedagogical, agricultural and other profiles, and more than 30 non state universities.
8e59d14c643f6414d66f6ca4f0de03520e6d1e8b	(Scientific Medical Center) Tennessee has learned that Steve has undergone a liver transplant.
654fff5a9661276fc85018dad02fbd595ad71ede	After an organ transplant operation and a rehabilitation period, Jobs returned to work.
d193bf2fd4394d31567230cf9f7a067f71743c7a	In 2009, Forbes magazine included Jobs in the list of the best managersmanager (English manager — manager) — in the conditions of modern production, management specialists (heads of enterprises, firms, organizations, various kinds of managers). the years of the "great recession", which in the context of the global crisis crisis (from the Greek krisis — solution, turning point, outcome):
29dc0f1e9eedfddad6324257ea21c256b734b3e9	1) A sharp, abrupt change in something, a severe transitional state (for example, a spiritual crisis).
92b0878f0642799ee516d948fd1433c8e12fad3b	2) Acute difficulty with something (for example, with the production or sale of goods); a difficult situation. we managed to keep the company afloat.
1a1a23368a3209be3bccd4de3d47f4839bc70a4e	The Financial Times newspaper named Steve Jobs as the person of the year 2010.
ae449e66a43f71e29f7dc26f284f9e701329a693	On March 2, 2011, Steve spoke at the presentation of a new tablet — the iPad 2.
c08096416d14ebbae0387218aecf4d370d2ab692	In September 2011, Forbes magazine published a list of the 400 richest people in the United States, according to which Steve Jobs was ranked 39th.
b178504e2574d100e4c052e1798cb3cab1c5fa04	His fortune was estimated at $ 7 billion.
41b1febc758fb9011ebce912e35f2225a3b5b91b	He is survived by his wife Lauren Powell, son Reed and two daughters — Erin and Eve and daughter Lisa Brennan Jobs.
41d765c93e9379589ee51158b051f6ad77b02574	Shortly before his death, he confessed to his biographer that he deeply regretted that he did not trust traditional medicine and refused surgery for a long time.
a0f1796dc5d51ef4ebf1d5ac9117d3381e09b6a9	After learning about the diagnosis, he refused the operation, taking up self medication.
36c924bbf23042eb86c77f34d615b23ed6005a5c	At the end of October 2011, the first official biographyBiography (from the Greek bios — life and "graphy") was published a description of a person's life; a genre of historical, artistic and scientific prose.
f5f53c707ecb5c11252d47f7e9659face4afc605	Modern biography (for example, the series "The Life of remarkable people") reveals the historical, national and social conditionality, the psychological type of personality, its cause and effect relations with the socio cultural world. the founder of Apple, written by Walter Isaacson.
631bccebaa3648f269c709eb29c1c9ab67998ca0	To create this book, a book is a non periodic publication in the form of folded sheets of printed material (with a volume of more than 48 pages); a means of information.
092b0dd981d3da1d70c4d24354346697513bc857	One of the oldest forms of the book is a scroll (4-3 thousand years BC), from the 2-4 centuries it was replaced by a codex.
9690b9bbc051bf6a7ac3c173078bfb1c971542ef	The main materials for making the book are papyrus, from the 2nd century BC — parchment and from the 13th century (in Europe) — paper.
799f158c29635f2da95e8743e838b375a33cd9fa	In the ancient world and in the Middle Ages, books were reproduced by rewriting.
243c05a04b6e1a0e015a621087b2b4b84d599552	The first method of multiple reproduction of the book was woodcut.
8880ed1967610b75d22b3375c915cb8653ed3628	The first printed book is considered to be the text reproduced by woodcut in Korea in the period from 704 to 751.
09f43cb861a420eca14b02e6eb30891f99338af7	The emergence of printing (in China - in the 11th century, in Europe - in the ser. 15 c.) led to a sharp increase in the production of books.
a764e5c0286f51df44979393ced5040e2ae31d3b	Jobs for the first time agreed to cooperate with the author and publishers, he gave more than 40 interview interviews (English interview) — a genre of journalism, a journalist's conversation with one or more persons on any topical issues.
ca4a1d9b73600a8e6de9f763d3546b6209b99b4f	It is divided into an interview message, which pursues mainly an informational purpose, and an opinion interview, which comments on known facts and events. and he allowed me to communicate with my family.
0f2233518839dac4c74412ebb9c95773e0ba731c	"The biography of Steve Jobs" became one of the best selling books of 2011.
1b35ffd4169c6d2d0405fea58b0b8773fc314f1b	On December 21, 2011, a two meter bronze memorial monument was opened:
87e357272881fddc0effac0e910371dbb6b91d72	1) An object that is part of the cultural heritage of a country, people, humanity (monuments of archeology, history, art, writing, etc., usually protected by special laws).
c5fc9e25a7fbff5f88a02a59a6af0e3115fed496	2) A work of art created to perpetuate people or historical events; a sculptural group, a statue, a bust, a slab with a relief or inscription, a triumphal arch, a column, an obelisk, a tomb, a tombstone, etc.
db39db55f796ef19f317b452ff6f1b4a3efd967e	The most developed type of monuments are memorial structures.
7e6eb5f832bdb23f4a1663cae31466a1a6798853	Steve Jobs in Budapest, the capital of Hungary, on the initiative of the Hungarian company Graphisoft.
b7f6d324ccbc82669680798c16e566744f7bdf49	At the end of December 2011, the Board of Trustees of the Grammy Award of the American Recording Academy (Grammy) — the music award of the American Recording Academy, was established by the Association of Recording Companies of the United States on March 14, 1958.
fb51e458863eb9bb2405fb023813391dcd37efa1	The Grammy Awards are awarded annually in 108 categories in 30 musical genres as a result of voting by authorized members of the Recording Academy.
bdd91acb1f69ab10ba0929b746222f2ac4bc99fa	Successful and recognized artists and sound engineers can receive the right to vote in this vote.
30f6b5072dd1046d00b31dfbc4e48c40cc3b7f77	There is also a special Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award (Grammy Award for Lifetime Achievement) — an award given for a special contribution to music.
49032dd9323a9a8667ddf2bdbc98ccbd9ba1ae5d	On April 6, 2011, the Recording Academy announced a change in many award categories, starting in 2012.
df68e057bc6991935ae1319554829e10a4162b08	Thus, the number of categories was reduced from 108 to 78.
82f6107fe3d35b05c28bbf6fdde489dcfe52da65	" (Trustees Award) posthumously awarded Jobs a special honorary award for the invention of products and technologies that changed the way of music consumption.
b93e5a217954eda7a1015283f367168ff007f2a0	Music (from the Greek musike, literally the art of the muses) is an art form in which the means of embodying artistic images are organized musical sounds in a certain way.
770bc6e14f5d64e47f83cadf3a6b53a217c163b3	The main elements and expressive means of music are fret, rhythm, meter, tempo, volume dynamics, timbre, melody, harmony, polyphony, instrumentation.
5811d014f27d8197f59718f881f578b4b0e9feda	Music is recorded in musical notation and implemented in the process of performing music, TV shows, films and books.
4553f1742432a61eea2b81914f6116f43e0e73d6	In 2013, the film"Jobs: The Empire of Temptation" (Jobs), starring Rolrol (French role), was released about him:
a1d71cea2b070e284b1c91d4bc2679b47a337103	1) The literary image created by the playwright in the play (screenplay), and the corresponding stage (cinematic) image embodied by the actor in the play (film).
b404355816db2e024e1ac402ea943eae6f4372f8	2) The totality of the text spoken by the actor in which Ashton Kutcher played.
db714ea874eb413b92312869f562269d97aae4fc	Steve Jobs in Culture Documentaries " The Machine that Changed the World "(1992) — The third series of this five part film, "The Paperback Computer", tells about Jobs and his role in the early days of Apple;
a358bae6ceae847df26bcd4bc360e74ec60c05e7	"The Triumph of the Nerds" (1996) - a three part documentary filmdocumentary cinema a type of cinema art, the material of which is the shooting of authentic events and persons.
f257cfee2492cbcc41e732bd89440d4c5bf46abb	The first documentary filming was conducted by br.
4f1d1d271567ace7c322d0c2c984330714bf3acf	Lumiere in 1895 (France).
ee24a6f9179479bb0d8bcb0f6e1c50bafabb925d	Masters of this type of filmmaking often rose to philosophical generalization in their works: R. Flaherty (USA), J. Evans (Holland), J. Grierson (Great Britain), D. Vertov, L. V. Kuleshov, E. I. Shub (USSR).
00f3dd8a7ccd0fb0cfa38e60b2c152057f0b9b64	The history of cinema art includes documentaries by Soviet directors R. L. Carmen "The Story of the Oilmen of the Caspian Sea" (1953), M. I. Romm "Ordinary Fascism" (1966), the 20 episode film " The Great Patriotic War "(a team of authors, 1979; in the USA it was called "The Unknown War"), in the 80s the film of the Latvian director Yu.
56a0f888bd04ef9f50f4e5b7f70a7ee707927c73	Podnieks "Is it Easy to be young?"
a5433cd978a0fef3b453fc16784c5c25072da058	(1987). for PBS about the growing popularity of the personal computer;
26ddaee90b9492cc51978cc6d7b1b1d57a00ad8b	"Nerds 2.0.1" (1998) - a three part documentary for PBS (continuation of "The Triumph of the Nerds")
587d44069420c196b3e77919f07ed52aa23d6b46	about the development of the Internet;
14a0e4651de114a1e98b40e436f522d723290a02	"gEnius: How Steve Jobs Changed the World" (2011) - documentary on Discovery with Adam Savage and Jamie Heineman;
61f7324b94486717d9ed335926250275d2ddfdea	"Steve Jobs: And One More Thing" (2011) - a documentary film on PBS, released by Pioneer Productions;
e288947c37f9d7321205b1c78ff210b1ff6744a2	"Unknown Jobs" (2012) - documentary AppleInsider.ru about the founder of Apple, covering the unknown aspects of the life of Steve Jobs.
07ea1dda2235c0c12312ce8aaf7735265de4d04f	The books "The Little Kingdom" (1984) by Michael Moritz about the founding of Apple Computer;
b43830a1f49c0f497bd7db3977ec81edff60bea0	"The Second Coming of Steve Jobs" (2001) by Alan Deutschman;
59ef1b5a058f5db8d89ffcf1d75bf7d6096ad92d	Steve Jobs" (2005) by Jeffrey Young and William Simon; iWoz (2006) by Steve Wozniak, co founder of Apple.
b9dd6588674c1bc266857a87384dee34727a5a8d	This book describes Wozniak's autobiography, but it covers most of Jobs ' life and his work at Apple;
0c9d1f175f8ab3c099a9db4f2b8cb45b0580b2bf	Lessons of Persuasion from Apple Leader Steve Jobs" (2010) by Carmina Gallo;
f4c57a337c9d08eff7b55c34af85f2a7d1041066	"Steve Jobs" (2011), an authorized biography written by Walter Isaacson;
4aa3eb1bdab5cc37bcfce85df90cf313e16b7b00	A book about the unique management style of Steve Jobs;
9aa9d3ffb5aa074d4d5130e94e18bd30313fc5ae	"The Rules of Jobs" (2011) by Carmina Gallo;
e9dcf970d8883c1592acf54947b7536ba7eddebf	Tells about the secret systems, tactics and leadership strategies that allowed Steve Jobs and his company to work;
c91279de36b486877f135b04bf085d54de9313d1	A detailed biography of Steve Jobs.
81b14095fd986b44a829c3dd8a358ed141fbee5c	The theater " The Agony and Ecstasy of Steve Jobs "(2012) - staged at the New York Public Theater Theater (from the Greek theatron — a place for spectacles, a spectacle) is a kind of art, the specific means of expression of which is a stage action that occurs during the actor's performance in front of the audience.
e734108e8e84f203a05988c487f14c1eedec2dbe	The origins of the theater are in ancient hunting and agricultural games, mass folk rituals.
ee1cbb3e287b7be587e0e945e794d3738db6d6b3	In ancient Greece, there were various types of theater with their own traditions, stage technique. with Mike Daisy.
9bf3c80cd6b86a9431de2423b4e23d9c76ee9151	Feature films " Steve Jobs — - planned screen adaption interpretation by means of cinema of works of prose, drama, poetry, as well as opera and ballet librettos.
4c6e9a16568b4a1d3200160aaa7d8412136339a2	Sony Pictures of the biography of Jobs written by Walter Isaacson with a screenwriter and director Director (from the Latin rego I manage) - a director of performances, films, variety and circus programs.
c5d1665b0c4d6138f9bc242004cc84f257342aad	Based on his own creative idea (interpretation of the work), he creates a new stage reality, combining the work on the production by Aaron Sorkin;
31181219cd17257f3273117b2e837d871d864af1	The film focuses on the aspect of Steve Jobs ' transformation from a wayward hippie to the co founder of one of the most progressive companies in the world;
56c149299480c1bcfe6c8d3c3077701c9ca0adc7	"Pirates of Silicon Valley "(1999) is a TNT film that tells about the growth of Apple and Microsoft from the early 1970s to 1997.
dd8cd7ef860fe470fadd46e99335cc3291568386	The role of Jobs was played by Noah Wiley.
ebe42304b4621ef28677dc3946adb2ae4266494b	Famous Quotes by Steve Jops
c31c85f022b88558e404593852a64720ddf75dec	We are here to contribute to this world.
f67e6ef6df62448b614071eaad620a11ffd2c1de	Otherwise, why are we here?
6aaefbedab1012c1466cb79cf06f58261743dbba	I donot trust a computer that I canot lift.
3b66b1c28ef32dc120776aeb748ca8790addb1eb	Do you want to spend the rest of your life selling soda, or do you want to change the world?
baddfca36a43ae09daefaa6900b8d150fd5727b7	I am convinced that half of what separates successful entrepreneurs from losers is perseverance.
53a4b0d2eb4b276eee6a617990d04e88f1f4ab1c	You canot just ask customers what they need, because by the time you do this, they will want something new.
6a8eb5792ae6912704d74a06698f992b06e85cdd	Most often, people do not understand what they really need until you show it to them yourself.
372bf67da97c7b805ce1bd72faf6ee036650389d	I would exchange all my technologies for a meeting with Socrates.
bf26be1d6844d04f67d58d60ad00328e54fdb3e9	I'm the only person who knows what it's like to lose a quarter of a billion dollars in a year.
36ae3901d120555f5b896e832f03c978c634243f	It forms a personality very well.
e6c5bb1f29803fd2bea3632db824871c80b0c21f	Pablo Picasso once said: "Good artists copy, great artists steal."
2a396499d838411b01512535a8a70911fad99cb2	We have never been ashamed to steal brilliant ideas from others.
c3ade081cbacca7d08fea419305e46e1330ef4df	The dictum that guides me in everything?
e6c91c8d4b0369bfcccbfd45e1a3e87b95daf7f2	"You'll never know what you were looking for until you find it."
066a048d8dca6a7098810a48460f9c29b9dccaa3	There is no point in hiring smart people and then telling them what to do.
1d54e316e1b42d6e0b2b17040ed75fbe5af38811	We hire people to tell us what to do.
4dbd92388aa65ab9a26bc5e33a4f5dbf60d3008f	Being the richest person in the cemetery doesnot matter to me... going to bed thinking that you have created something beautiful is what matters to me.
251e83707c22c30fc7e4119182c74c58370ebd53	When I didnot have enough money, I sat down to think, and didnot run to earn.
ebdc499f78b5aa3bcf0e3e5e95c3bd7e980f08a0	An idea is the most expensive product in the world.
9f6c4bc3061b1ff2f27288c94cd0fcc9abdca5ec	I believe that a person's qualities are determined by his environment, and not by heredity.
508142b0b608f386150f8ddc533b2b2a5f5865d1	Be honest with yourself and with people, always do everything on time, never give up, go to your goals, even if everything is bad.
a0fdfa07c562a7d47021a8bb0e194800decdd51c	The completed path is the reward.
9553eb649989731572d62c8cd0d4d84afcf128c5	Not to make mistakes means to live an incomplete life.
c3b77a053e138ec195b4b5591a908393a4330202	When you grow up, they impose on you the perception that you need to accept the world as it is, live your life quietly and not try to shake the foundations...
abc7b7dbcffb044f26425276be41df0a8c93f096	But this is a very limited approach.
610b6bb1864143e76bc37976a02ffd01de1af901	Life will become much richer as soon as you understand one simple fact: everything around you was created by the same people.
e43050c59f1c621e4ab5fd4a2645e245d749504b	Get rid of the misconception about the predestination of life.
93f48f1f08341f74726868f46bf4e79a840bc3c6	After you realize that you can write her script yourself, the world will never be the same.
111ce00ee90204c904b34e7a56d68921aa575bbc	Technology is nothing.
70b321a42200300a6e1c2271fe9e206d25d762c1	What is really initially important and very correct is faith in people.
87249157e6782af191ffad7be9812ba65ee019c8	Give them the tools, and with them they will be able to create something beautiful.
f882cf37b1414095183f7128aae9136cca31534a	Your time is limited, do not waste it on living someone else's life.
b731e1ab25844a0305d27deb2463ad0324debb10	You have to find what you love.
362a0348ccba7ee28fdef7a41163c9586e2b65de	And finding your favorite job is just as necessary as finding your loved one.
75ef01efb357684f0bb360ea9e19458f053c4e84	Work will occupy a very large part of your life and the only way to get real satisfaction from work is to do it perfectly, realizing this.
50b83eae87ecd111b472ac690f8bea7fcdb3e7ec	And the only way to do your job perfectly is to love it.
775b4827e77a797b8d0bbe156275677938f015fc	If you havenot found your favorite business yet, keep looking.
63b2b11a3fa848a711ee874a862c9f34acdd8679	Donot stop looking until you find it.
1577c1376148a26e8dbd8dd612f1d1d1ca76633d	As in everything else, to which lies
268df560673d3ae59d2cf8f431ef868c94d1eac0	heart, you will immediately understand that you have found what you were looking for.
b0f2b5a29d508a5befa8cc1bc88161daacfafdf8	The last message from Steve Jobs
7db13ee17f1d67d646b85d031e42dfb0e3c09334	"I was lucky to reach the top of success in the business world.
41c95892453f51e3c29ca43abf19bc54d1cd7247	Many people believe that my life is the personification of success.
999faf58d88ca7c64784c1e59868bc06d6125c19	But I admit that I donot have many joys besides work.
5c7f72aa805a05595b786f7be48b66e3a8d3688f	And in general, wealth is only a fact of life, which I just got used to.
1bd76ce25a09e3516fe205baab5854772bf2d2a1	At the moment, I'm lying in a hospital bed and remembering my whole life.
8efedf7e06bbdd2143c31bf116ad14d43d5d35a2	Now I realized that the wealth and recognition that I was so proud of had lost their former meaning in the face of impending death.
9dfb2aa106691ac08a5669af82151f8f6a54efe7	When I look at the green light coming from the life support device in the dark and hear a characteristic mechanical sound, I feel the approach of death and the breath of God.
d2a12dffcdfa9f1d4f716d344ff9bfe7cc18d1f0	Now that we have enough money, it's time to think about completely different issues in life that are not related to wealth… There are much more important things in life.
d3203117574e3a0bad16a6df002fae541fc013f9	Perhaps for some it is a relationship, for others it is art or childhood dreams…
605a795e5363f02270dbae44791be239a99e10be	The constant race for profit turns a person into a puppet.
9ae57f8ee39725138152cea4b2e02f0b16b96b46	It happened to me, too.
b5ab2551bb89d752591cbb7f58ee574179758bd8	God has endowed us with feelings so that we can tell about our
07d151a26e89d0c1d47d474af52f8f9c4e78a88b	love [en] to your loved ones.
84950c9a7aa6f44de711ecdaebf8ce91952e9603	The wealth that I have accumulated in my life, I can not take with me.
b7d7c694db62a9825feed93ddc485d43f7725232	All that I will take with me are only memories associated with love.
3c0412b5ee7f7e91e692d43bdbd1242496b3e90d	This is the real wealth that should follow you, accompany you, give you the strength to go further.
2378a8d97bd3375bfaf8b79573936f8b1fd654f8	Love is able to overcome huge distances.
19106d8941d215f47b3a556fdbde7b5bfa1116eb	Life has no limits.
b338ce519f829f8dedd6758c20afc1446be29174	Reach the heights that you want to reach.
804c4d664cc106b0ba7bb3a83cd7564b966e9fc3	Go where your heart calls you.
c00d7f79caeffe17e29dc84d126e5d0f064d7993	It's all in your hands.
555936570b9f526a8dddb983d372b75901d96981	With money, you can hire a lot of people who will drive you, do something around the house or work.
cda5b16b9b6a373c4d5adb952bdf16065582d77c	But no one will take your illnesses on themselves.
baeac4e0bfb38247097f302d36930927f02a8d75	The material things that we miss can still be found, earned, found.
2aab3f0361aee7e6be0e89774ace26a9d6c7d74c	But there is one thing that you will never find if you have lost it.
673938c3c64c16ef3c4d2c768786879d02223573	This is life.
40d98c8d59fa757a841889c8ed606f95cee6e691	It doesnot matter how old you are now and what you have achieved.
d91c9d420725095b60f93f65c2375bbcb6cd941c	We will all have a day when the curtain will come down… Your treasure is the love for your family, lover, loved ones, friends... take care of yourself.
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476432a3e85a0aa21c23f5abd2975a89b6820d63	Apple
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73129d88fb4cba38afbeb185d60b80877ee16c2b	10 examples of how Steve Jobs changed the world
e388252830277e68db4a84d272a5f406537a58de	06.10.2011 18:20
662f5255cf792497e8c6543c026a511132c9d456	There will never be a leader like him in the world again.
34fd64a419585d22c1c9db98c9f0160b9cdec89e	The former head and co founder of Apple has transformed the human attitude to technology... forever.
bb1c305684e3ad339cba4c612b746613163849ab	Steve Jobs (1955 -2011)
a2694bf839997ad2522937f4b6904c457969868c	Steve Jobs passed away today at the age of 56.
c2d953c076e31e00688e64d0c5db518cae217093	He has forever changed the way we think and use technology, putting his stamp on everything from the personal computer to the music industry.
18c204f26d29662aa7188165f7814f018ebe560f	We will not retell the biography of this Man for the hundredth time with a capital letter.
d44568b5e371c6e7aa6ef76047821559f1669b90	We'll just give 10 examples of how Steve changed this world.
e358fa9d714c9ed126dcad4b9c459c7ea31bb414	1. Design
05a1cba7e91aa33ad217a679d864fc254123f90c	While PC manufacturers were chasing high speed processors, Steve followed a "smart" minimalist design.
e8b32565c0b8495b718a0e53f97c01038d8ed37d	One of the former Apple employees recalls a meeting with Jobs, who was thinking about the attractiveness of mini coopers (an old colleague was engaged in their sales at that time).
41ab417486111722bae9152a384c78e29ff6f760	In the end, Steve decided that the cars were advanced because of their small dimensions.
fcc1e0972add827e6ee408eb5875884a66d1102a	Then Steve said that Apple should warn of really good metal in its products.
6e452db36eede6778ceff44d1ad67aad4163b504	The move paid off : Apple's aluminum laptops became bestsellers.
85b89ea701b8f9de9ba8cc28e5fd6201210ceb33	The latest MacBook Air models were cited as an example of the perfect intersection of design, price and performance.
f49fe835b95f93f250a99a15b16b18631612a007	2. Music
301a9f44ce036b543e423f281c33dec7ea179a04	A digital content service that charges for music.
1c924b110b274b962f2a23dad01ba970d2bfc90a	Its ease of use and close integration with the popular iPod proved attractive to consumers.
e14e7438ed45ff5dc2ea8f847854b2fdc2afe1cf	PK
d7ed74c86a568643b6c43b8a0fec640a63d37992	It's easy to forget, but Jobs and Apple co founder Steve Wozniak were able to popularize the idea of a personal computer by releasing the Apple II, a massive 8 bit computer encased in plastic.
dbffdb5d31ef56fef49bc6e5e4d4b20b948b0a57	It became one of the most successful PCs in the 1980s.
2c8f500ddb11f26ef53e642802b7d3a7c9bebfa6	Apple II has fundamentally changed the way people work.
1d716c1390e9bde90cc30b3e77a45b080cb1130c	A lot of time has passed since then, but despite the growth of Windows computers, Mac sales also continue to grow.
fb134db6f58b2f09e7e853dda8ca6d75af8b3feb	Post PC era
c45755cc0a1c9edeaa3a4c3ca2aacd39bae17aa5	Similar to the PC revolution with the Apple II, Jobs created a revolution in the post PC era by introducing blows of smooth glass and aluminum called the iPad.
379566d0843144fa996a5db1c6dbc0df15046973	Once the idea of computing tablets stalled due to poor execution.
c3a8941553d9d0f5a6f4ecf2295d627315f5f30f	Users looked incredulously at the attempts of Microsoft and its partners to create a hybrid laptop.
60d361990bd0cee2600b86b5909667b08bf622b0	Even Apple tried to develop something similar through failures and innovations in the 1990s.
95661c120bcba514de3792a2c8df19c27abd818c	In the IPAD, everything was created harmoniously and correctly : an enviable portable form factor, an affordable OS and a reasonable price.
431c732e7feb8c9afd54087774aaa4cc13ab492d	In 2010, about 14,700 thousand units of the tablet were sold.
395937f54edb6f7d0cdcb194ea32f1a80cea606a	And just last quarter, sales exploded by 183%, proving that people need portable devices.
2e034ce83572de59a8518473a51408b7e67d81f5	Apple's marketing over the years may well be one of the most innovative.
63f028c9de46ce8e09e2e50e3ea8227466b8277f	Starting in 1984, the company introduced Super Bowl ads.
dc51fa245ab2d71b5cb90d506a893059e8e33ab2	And if you remember how all the media talked about the company, waiting for its next new product... and all this without a penny of investment in advertising... it is worth taking off your hat to Apple.
97f2142cbb711918707b621ea05cbd1662b714ab	iPhone
552cbb48a0bc30a3511a2c4bdc315dfac11f0ee1	Apple has turned the moribund mobile phone market upside down.
d189137ceb11e30312577e9b489baa76a376aff6	Jobs was involved in every stage of the initial development process of the device, which cost the company $ 150 million.
77ad27c4e7a3bc665c0c958e5bdbd77c4f3cdc28	Users should also thank Jobs for Visual Voicemail, which pushed aside the standard voicemail system.
9f12cdfc5423f3f8f4b141824700661516b50d41	Ecosystem
af9dab8b4a9e8462495c617c5c185f99f5285f6e	The so called "ecosystem" concept may be one of the most long term contributions of Jobs to global business.
ccc86f8e7017bfbd5ab4642ea1371bb08fe6d5cf	The idea is simple: to create a closed environment that combines hardware, software and services that, thanks to close integration, provide excellent opportunities for users.
9ab92ce2f885493bdbc99edc312acadb3a3bffe0	Think of iTunes, where users buy and listen to millions of songs, download them to an iPod or iPhone.
cae9320682037e53d4bb1f3825679ebf27b0d520	Mac OS
ec84b79ddfc0e637c2d58ae0c9886e49aa0521fe	Apple's OS has always tried to be simpler than its competitors MS DOS, Windows or Linux.
fab5964c102f0ec4fed135d3e5a23334c745b1fa	Apple Stores
1bb876381b288e90dbf5a2ad327c3323bf600e81	Apple's first retail store in Tyson's Corner was met with great skepticism.
d1e911a2682a0832c69525e15dbc5034320ccea0	10 years have passed, 345 stores have appeared, the story has changed.
3aced3bd41d6f7f20f24c6373b7000e39c52c0c9	The success of Apple has encouraged Microsoft to repeat its steps (with varying success).
46515d80b84e46f2781d6838a7794798a6532349	But the key lies at the heart of the store's design.
1a6d0ad6b40cba3544b189c6ef34f87b05857af8	Jobs decided that the ideal trading platform scheme consists of areas placed on the basis of consumer interactions.
8fdc1cd0c52453c329814fcc6ea53f7ff2609502	That is, in one part of the store, you can test the operation of the camera, printer and computer, in the other get acquainted with multimedia tasks, etc., taking into account the emphasis on practical demonstrations, to familiarize consumers with the product.
930ccb849232d29423fd7e4c44d4a89df50e4011	Apple Inc.
0d3a7dd20e19e7b24d3d9b39bbbed3297f130669	When Jobs returned to the company in 1997, he rebuilt Apple and created the most valuable technologies in the world, ahead of such giants as Microsoft or HP.
dc14f3322faf20c76862ffa63b4fbc6b0b1fe5f3	This could really be the greatest turnaround in business history.
7643f5a785a040908930868876de7535972e7684	And there's nothing better illustreret the success of the company as the scale and design of the new headquarters for 2.8 million square feet ( 300,000 square feet for research and a hall for 1000 seats and underground Parking).
b37fad3d11ccc2ab24e4aa8d87d92dc625c457b9	"I think we have a chance to build the best office building in the world," said jobs, who never agreed on anything but the best.
2fd3f6aa3e1f4e6ff54c7bd182f731f2bbb43848	ololo (katrinka)
7b69e8aa52f34a02aeb3d658aa4d534b5e830865	Edited by ololo (katrinka) October 6, 2011 18: 20
eb001a4d7c75525880e9b35fbc3b11c5d5f3be89	steve jobs
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f955205227de1f798679cd91da35b8fd1aa895c7	Microsoft has presented videos with a detailed story about the features of Windows 8.1 Update
90c336423ce965979f44ddbb991b68482200b75e	The system requirements of Middle earth: Shadow of Mordor have been published
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b3bb8b582f0968aa8f003ee14891dff663ca0f4d	Steve Jobs is dedicated to the memory of a great man
fc9356b7a779325fe0ccf7eb77ccb5847b15c065	Facts about Steve's life Biography Interviews Interesting Photos Videos Quotes Publications
c69bd092e6e5a419b9b8c5d69a3bb9de7e88dbb7	The work of Steve Jobs
8dea70c92323ed61accfa3c9ba09df6e97cee95e	"The trouble with Steve Jobs" This is the title of one of the many newspaper articles dedicated to the difficult character of Steve (from Fortune magazine).
3996d696678cfc6e0117ec038232d6be0c6ff235	When Stanford University management professor Robert Sutton was asked to comment on this title, the author of the bestseller The No Asshole Rule said :" As soon as people heard that I had written a book about assholes, they started coming to me and telling the story of Steve Jobs.
8bdf94d13e41bcbcdbf992523df535215a7964bc	People in Silicon Valley are scared to hell of Jobs.
28af8a965bb4294395f1aad315f951a555ff2f16	He drove people out of themselves, he brought them to screaming and crying”"
8c584e3d24dc1a4db006de9fb4deba4e71285b94	Steve earned this reputation from his very first years at Apple.
edd958d1e6ff591634e1221be8aea5d8b424f6c8	Already in 1981, Macintosh project manager Jeff Raskin wrote a memo to Apple President Mike Scott complaining about Steve, calling him an obnoxious child who seemed to have an interest in the project developed by Raskin.
bd3bb04508fe428416204f77a5a2d1e357f0db6e	This memo stated:
31a347a1be79150d7748748d70b1033dd3dc682d	1. Jobs regularly skips meetings;
d10f22e31d227a45de5fcda3f269503a86d45b1f	2. He acts without thinking about his actions in advance;
5662e0ba27b1a9cba2a6f219fc1887e8d03554e7	3. He is indifferent at critical moments;
0c874e6c26f8ec871e11272ab1990674957592a3	4. Jobs often acts based solely on his personal biases;
d746fc9f4f49894476f0bf6ab10cd088e52516e0	5. Trying to be a master, he makes absurd and wasteful decisions;
ec4058638f4641ba10f75442bcead47ac34c2d78	6. He does not listen and constantly interrupts others;
0a9786b9d42f803875ebdb286a0d397433f84e27	7. He does not keep his promises and does not fulfill his obligations;
15d8006e53dca711e130a3e07b0b295677215b09	8. He makes his own decisions, I do not consult with my superiors;
8976ab191e695dcf210e671be98985381224ad2a	9. Overly optimistic in judgments;
4ffa8b905039e5b905af2fe616b194b4a5739d45	Jobs is constantly irresponsible and inattentive.
3569c56623c2d388b2ec4d2913b93e3a7952cfa5	There were several cases when Steve fired employees in a fit of anger for the most petty reasons.
6b3537664c04bdfeafe1bb9a8e6b5edbf1f5fb39	The most famous (and probably exaggerated) examples of this are the dismissal of an elevator employee on the Apple campus and the dismissal of an employee for bringing Jobs the wrong brand of mineral water;
653ceb90441298fac17254b2ec6ebfb26c6635df	Steve once called a promising employee a virgin (this example is described in the movie "Pirates of Silicon Valley").
420775845dba8c10188cef60a448b5a0ccfb5d1d	Steve's infamous arrogant character has repeatedly ruined important business relationships.
a2f2f6d39b2165b522bcad27a30ddd556f4f9142	He fired Ruskin when he found out about the memo written by him to the management.
cfa680c0af8baa1791adee8b12aa06eec30db96e	He made Pixar co founder Alvi Ray Smith leave the company after their serious quarrel: Alvi constantly ridiculed the company NeXT, and Steve, in response, ridiculed Alvi's southwestern accent.
e18f03bb1d6da98cc4380b4a66e17447986518a9	He tore up the contract with IBM, which was vital for the future of NeXT, only because he did not want to sign a document with a volume of more than ten pages.
c18ff98d3c54f26ef579975521e0988bf020a998	Fear and hatred in Cupertino: conspiracy and secrecy at Apple.
e7befa696e20a23134f9e1cc09ff850eede796fe	Apple employees are well aware of the very ambiguous reputation of their boss.
b7f997bb9fa08e4473aec9edbdaba13c0f523973	In a blog about Silicon Valley gossip and news, Valleywag, one former Apple employee wrote: "No one says hello to him.
89810dedbfcd06afa37cd6878ab5b35a30189f7a	The lower ranks are generally afraid of him.
3d1f4100e04a70a0fccfe463fee386cd2871a177	I remember he was walking down the street once, and the crowd just parted to give him a way."
2ecfb890bdef5519e8dd0a628d81710ec5fec762	Another employee wrote on the same blog: "The paranoia of the company's employees is directly proportional to their proximity to One Infinite Loop” (Jobs' office).
cab95fb164e33aa1c9465a1df65060d82c74ab0c	Employees are always on the alert.
83535ad350b1c586af2b644657460d7bd779e30a	They know that some mistakes will not be forgiven: "If you asked your employees:" Can I send an email, or send this report?", people would answer: "Do whatever you want, this is your last day at Apple."
db15c9346b2856aa0f31a5ceb015cdc23d2a551e	They are always careful when talking to D. S. - Friends of Steve (F. O. S.-Friends of Steve), because these people are very familiar with him.
fe5cd3edf1a2aed397f5e6105b0e80924876a808	Well, no one had the right to even come close to Steve's shrine – the blackboard in his office, even members of the top management.
862f399d7a6cfc5dfd63a5b63e35206d4591c9f1	However, most of all, Apple employees are in awe of the cult of secrecy of the company, which is the brainchild of Steve.
efe51f3f8fe74708f3ef6320c8134720825aacdd	At the time of NeXT, he practiced the introduction of rules of silence, a kind of omerta, as in the Sicilian mafia; employees entering any position did not see the machine with which they would have to work until the very last moment.
a4da2b408966c7e32c2e30f530dcc6a8c3f5e5b5	This was called the term “bridge of faith " – faith in objective uncertainty.
fb460322b2f8101a47bb852e23922f34231fafb4	When Steve returned to Apple, the company constantly "fed" the press and business partners with information about upcoming projects.
1784f1754f8921c7bca68ae880da2c6c78def148	This went on for a long time, until the very minute when he took over the reins of power.
85b2dd4eb73dda3b8eb5b47882c4d1e33954c10c	Above his desk, he hung a poster from the Second World War with the inscription:" if you drop too much, you will sink the ships "("Loose lips might sink ships").
0985dec4de2f624c1a2762054188a5615a0e622e	By doing this, he made it clear to everyone that anyone who talks for the press will be expelled from the company.
a1e1bc6a4ac6688e2d6c50254912ddb5b83c713d	Apple is not ashamed of such an extraordinary approach.
198610a74a0bf6abc43559b9ae0329224d404273	The company's top manager John Rubinstein once said: "We have cells, just like terrorist organizations!
12e755956833ff3fae6e638ca471d541bf9373fe	Everyone knows only what they are supposed to know, no more"; after all, secrecy is an integral part of Apple's marketing strategy.
488e21359757fd4405d236fcca0bb3268cecfb42	Rumors that begin to spread even a few months before the release of the product become excellent free advertising, especially since these days such rumors immediately become the property of the media.
1fcf9ad8320306633b632fe97fdbb5be60626bf2	Any measures are taken to ensure that employees do not know too much.
a28106b1375d57e08944ecc6715ab77047ada45d	Software engineers work behind big boxes, and hardware engineers never see the software on the machines they create.
fb8e5096bd98056bc4a3bfbc277d323c64761117	Only less than a dozen people had seen the iPhone prototype before Steve presented it to the public at Macworld in 2007; considering how many people were involved in its creation, this is an amazing achievement!
32ace0bba640af9f57848738cb0dfe79f83310ab	In a recently published article in the Times newspaper, they wrote that " management often throws misinformation into one of the departments in order to then trace the leak.
0edaf3d29d6cc4819b4d43e6e81b2d5448355336	Employees working on particularly important projects go through many levels of security.
1b8152d2e2f8cc0f88ea862f466a410e636220b0	When they are at their workplace, video surveillance is conducted for them, and they are obliged to cover the devices with black floorings or turn on a red warning signal when these floorings are removed."
bde1bd8143d8ad7b0a743e146352a35bd7604448	There are rumors that on the Apple campus, Steve sometimes takes the iPhone of the first employee he sees, and if the device is not password protected, this employee is subject to dismissal.
52d17172c3c52c3265753139b43e75570d382604	Such extreme measures are often (and, of course, anonymously) described by company employees as unnecessary and irritable.
11dcdb865dd2aac66a29193b7562066b53cab4dd	Especially the passions raged when one of the Apple contractors in China lost a prototype iPhone, and, subsequently, unable to bear the guilt, committed suicide...
c40d6642cf6568458221fa6610813708dbd22f00	Nevertheless, most Apple employees understand the value and need for privacy.
64723781a20ae423dbaaf553030ad3ead37dbf86	No one complains about the incredible hype that the company causes in the media.
451eb36a599cf92525d99e0bf104373bed6416c2	Who is not shy about criticizing an old friend, says “ " It's good that Apple has tightened control.
08069d5756b3b3f6c6dc28a411649837c43dff4c	After all, this fuels interest — after all, a new product must be new!”
221f10618410232e2e1986ccb0feb28d95a46aca	Contradictory nature
a7334b3d71411bfc9710ec7e9230305cc7577d48	Of course, Apple would not have achieved such heights if Steve Jobs had only bad character traits.
1d3419f1f9c9bfabe57499e42e4b63db73cb00d9	He is a very complex person.
17456eedd9865890a04efd30a8647e0bd0381199	As you can see from his public speeches, people are most struck by how cute he can be when he wants.
90295046aa406adc408a6f30a86cc86466357450	His employees were convinced of this every day.
978d832056f1da19858eea7d2f6a6cd502499347	These contradictory qualities that get along in Jobs are called "the swing ' hero asshole'".
5708cd4e28ab1740dfa4e6bd6136780a2f889c77	This term was coined in NeXT to describe an employee who has the ability to switch from a "layman" whose work was useless shit "to a "genius" who turned out to turn this shit into candy.
d2afabd577e922ac0e55f32228c71bb33df48a50	It just drove some people crazy.
a2c2ef04a6fcdba477bb841001f99a98a8a9caec	Those who endured it are still working with Steve, some are even on the list of senior management.
628a0a2f2f2d02e71923214fdb69f9ac4aa189f8	The reasons for this lie in the very contradictory nature of Steve's character.
11ed6eaf15cd17f3c8e61ca6cebd4d4684c10fcc	Former Apple CEO Gil Amelio spoke about the character and mood changes of Steve: "That's how it happened with him - his mood fluctuated from a surprisingly pleasant and thoughtful mood, to a state of extreme anger or despondency, which nullified any rational dialogue.
fb7b0fe252ee337d775746a9af24aecc845917f7	And there are so many variations of his mood that I never knew who I would be dealing with!"
4d741e7497743b0c8a34d705d4193f9d4a844be6	The same can be said about Steve's famous changeability: “He can change his mind abruptly, completely changing his opinion about something,” an employee who wished to remain anonymous said about him.
f1967f88fc5bccd3f2b3447c365a6e0df12447b2	“This is a very strange quality.
f3d04c33dc0470c773e2ec908170377766f192db	He can say: "I love white, white is the best color!".
daa39b25ab4ff65e463644f16611207df835df15	And after three months to say: "white is not the best, black is the best!".
ab92108414f3dd0664ed0c02c5b302190aad32e8	He does not accept the mistake, he just gets rid of it, it evaporates."
8a2588c788e490d142814cbbb8ab22d22caa33b3	For him, this happens unconsciously.
523e0a609919416c3ca0ea7febccec5e2eb1e9c8	In his sister's novel about him, " An Ordinary guy "("A Regular Guy"), the girlfriend of the hero Tom Owens/Steve Jobs talks about him: “He is like that.
d19582c6126da1370722e719ba3fb0b3bbd2aba4	He just forgets”"
c1ba57d31b82267d6fce2e1d99834cbf0df674a7	However, Steve is not so unconscious in everything.
71b8f89e7dea9c69db5e4e2a567b75a9aee6098c	Some of his actions are completely deliberate: "Steve can bring a person to tears," said former NeXT director Pat Kretsin, " but this is not because he is mean, but because he is absolutely purposeful, almost manic in his pursuit of quality and perfection."
499f65fc34bdcd8b9aebea87affc0910ab5cd14e	John Scully adds: "He had an innate ability to get the best out of people."
9d8de9fce2f64fb748b9da06d64f407f97a79c38	Even Steve admits this: "Our work will not be easy.
9ff3ae1c1c9e9f042209f55a23725d8eb6a3dd85	We take all these great people and give them a push to make them even better."
894f2b1272ab59527da624055e1590b81ea012a1	In addition to this role of a hero/asshole, Steve has a method of public scolding.
3b3227fda609cdf19d76d227fab900db13ba11ee	If the team failed to complete the task, someone was late or simply did not meet his standards, he simply came to them, asked for names and somehow publicly humiliated or even dismissed them in front of the others.
107a8f897f907e48f1bb0e379d4c024f8034612a	Many Apple employees have witnessed such events, but they all understand what their CEO was counting on.
bde4c23659d1e946450083a1be88c5a656270e93	A recent example is that Steve publicly fired several members of the MobileMe team after persistent problems occurred during the launch of their product.
818a7ff3a28254bf7fdf5f86ea5a1fab3759798d	In short, calling names and then flattering is a method of motivation from Steve Jobs.
46f1e17d5e178025c0630046e16af21f453702dd	And, despite what they teach in management schools,this strategy works.
38165362fd0876792f392be0101e826468268e3f	When Steve Wozniak was asked about his friend's character, he replied: “If we talk about Steve as a person, he gave us a lot of great products.
4b91507b7f2b3327c5e1acb94f1d1d326ad6b29f	However, he did not disdain to encroach on the personal decency and personal honesty of other people, he did not even respect those who work hard, he could just come up and say: "Oh, this is just shit!".
25b4c59db4f0e971cf71e6d76631c3f5f84c7591	However, this is compensated by all the good things that he brought to the world”" Jean Louis Gesset, a former Apple executive who played a significant role in Steve's resignation in 1985, said: "Democrats donot make great products.
6297f0203f3da9eef2867c7b360dea2f5e85f1d9	We need a tyrant”"
aef98fa169a1c505b6e4495d59dd7d1fcc4ca932	What cannot be overestimated is the unrestrained charm of Steve.
7d417988243135055c3a740f6b51454051f23b07	He could be the most convincing of people if he wanted to get a person who was considered the best in his business into the company.
b7c37debfa2c090f8ec70cbaf51e505cfbb2ee88	One example is the story of Andy Herzfield, a former employee of NeXT.
53f0cb90f518d1da94bceb253624c917637c2ffd	When Steve wanted to bring Andy into his team, he said to Tom: "Hey, I heard that you are the best designer on the planet."
6791d8971f1135690e8ea79ce2683a0de68e17ec	Sometimes, on the contrary, Steve was very tough: engineer Bob Bevil recalls how Jobs tried to lure him out of Xerox in 1982 with the words: "I've heard that you're the best, but everything you've done so far is shit.
faf8d426dba9500f0b2e917b258a17628415c3d8	Come and work for me."
3c1654c689646dd5e5d3be831f9711a45af7e5fb	Journalists have also repeatedly become the objects of such an ambiguous attitude of Steve, therefore, it is carefully documented.
30df60445831640e0ec537167437e641dc85ce16	Editor Rich Karlgaard of the Wall Street Journal and Forbes, who planned to write about the failure of NeXT, said: "On the phone, Mr. Jobs constantly threatened, including warning "to be constantly on guard" and, oddly enough, "not to ride a bike alone in the dark"."
db9b4cc85a4959ad2cb3319addf0fb9e4302070d	But, nevertheless, he also admitted: "America loves Steve Jobs.
b45e468644b730c12275242a73307a6b317a10b2	And so am I, although I shouldnot."
dee01d5cefa40b27bfa2cc4fd2def09a64b9a05f	This is one of the features of Steve's character – he offers not to have anything to do with him.
34019aa47afa276734abe6f0f67f015553993d76	Despite the fact that he considers all journalists insects, they are always happy to get an interview from him.
b11b1a5a669203d0ca7bef73c53dfca965be15c5	Has Steve relented?
f222d4f2a84f7b6fa3674a7d4737dbe369963fda	When Steve Jobs returned to Apple in 1997, everyone was surprised to see that their terrible manager, who had previously instilled fear in everyone, now softened, becoming more patient and thoughtful.
fedcf831268a1f92f1dab4c3ce885b583d51be3d	For example, Pixar employee Pamela Kerwin said about him in 1997: "He used to interrupt you after the first three words, and immediately put in: "Okay, here's how I would do it."
b7bebd750a688886c3b4705ae999cef8f74b45f7	Now everything is different.
312f52ab55a3136e14bf069eda57156419c89311	He listens a lot more, he has become calm, mature”" Steve himself acknowledged these changes, saying in an interview in 1998: "We still have to fire people from Apple, but now it's harder for me to do it.
8e898782c66e311538343263f2a80906b56415ab	Much harder.
3e1278ce53ab09c20357c2f6e58888288fd70114	I have to fire them because it's my job.
c1299ac983e2cc9469f8be3df27d6969cad3b007	But I think about them the same way as I did 5 years ago.
61b698631e8945e1f4eabfe03c7ef4fd30359eea	And I think that these people can come to my house and tell my wife and children that I just fired them.
dea8b58fe641fae541b5cf8e8e03136c3d950f97	Or it could be one of my children in 20 years.
b91132a4d6457645e0c6862a79b67d5d5a0b5b8e	It's never been personal for me.”
e367c316072acd2f89b906ecc17c2440d9445b38	These changes are also described in Mona Simpson's novel "An Ordinary Guy": a growing family and the gradual failure of NeXT have somewhat subdued his violent temper.
8d3feb9e88cc6abed63e88d6f4ae4717ce1f63be	However, many argue that the talk about "softening Steve" is complete nonsense.
e7568080e322872646ed09345560c4141bcbdb9b	So says, for example, Alan Deichman in his work" The Second Coming of Steve Jobs "("The Second Coming of Steve Jobs").
1ecaab84299ba734b84b319949faa6ea3b7a136b	He also claims that most employees donot just think that the situation has improved since NeXT, they say that Apple is much worse.
b465265490cc80bfb1afc28f7da5fbff80d7a5a2	NeXT often joked: "you put in your five cents, and Jobs his 50 dollars."
cb544cd7022b77ccb363c17712d4425ea37c100e	Anyway, the most reliable source is Jobs ' friend John Warnock, who once said in an interview :" over the years of NeXT, he softened slightly, but now everything is different."
ff3343fe9e7e94d75c8d232443b194e9874abe61	Steve's work habits.
77e5f3549a6505a6b21f881aff37fdcc48f31275	What did Steve do at Apple?
750fddca13bf96ebd610a2df29cf71dbc7a17448	"My job is to reflect, meet and work with people, and also read e mail," he said.
30ca084ace03be0069a9b71aca9406172ac0e9c1	A typical hard worker.
1c193daf4d48a47631dff21f2a0e1abc618df6ea	Steve has repeatedly described in interviews the routine of his usual working day.
cc6b62292bfd2f0eef9af99decb9ea18ea917f4a	He added: "When I'm not at meetings, I mostly work with the mail.
af2b201ab24befd0d0985695b3937e2e44d4fcb1	So I start working a little earlier than the children wake up.
80a56f4ec58fe5431fae4fd7650dbb2feda2b553	And then we have breakfast, finish our homework and send them to school.
cb3c0c0ba8677f9ac8813ffb1e2e2d068820b736	If I'm lucky, I stay at home and work for an hour, because I have a lot of work, but then I still have to come to the office.
7f0da179b25a4c28732654ddc8b4a3798ddb8691	I usually get there around eight or nine o'clock."
06477979472ff3e3104e44c88223e233a415466e	He also said that he can call someone even late at night if he has a great idea and needs to share it urgently (especially after the appearance of iChat).
b472e920c367f49282bbfdcbdfab8b5cfda6c344	Therefore, we can conclude that he works almost all day, but this does not mean that he is in the office all day.
83ab6eb551adf2efb3c0e276d376c4e6b7e912cb	In addition, he is very concerned about family responsibilities: when Maria Shriver invited him to the ceremony of his inclusion in the California Hall of Fame, he refused because he planned to spend that evening with his family (nevertheless, Steve came).
a8ae95c45b49dc1560d8c7e4de7bd8c0167b50f0	Thus, the family greatly influenced how much time Steve devoted to work.
c10cad93eed7e5938cbe507dc8c817786c168b06	However, this happens to many entrepreneurs.
2128d6feb15ee8fb66b0027d8115e12dac45c29e	What did Steve do
65b4ee50f836095122eb8b97aa9bfe76817bd7a8	“At the very beginning, I was engaged in everything: documentation, sales, deliveries, sweeping floors, buying chips... the list goes on.
abf6bac6533eb5b4508aa03d178c7d5ebb15b8b5	I built computers with my own hands.
f7d5ac66c8b80d0fc3fb0443e16f72bdd186590f	The industry grew and developed, and I continued to do all this”" This is the way of Steve – he was very actively involved in all Apple events until the very last days, going far beyond his duties as CEO.
ccbc55e611dd3d9b38aeac16979598464d55d81e	The flair and intuition of Steve Jobs
00ff155e7e4e59fbc315c4de377f4950f31b534a	To do this, it was necessary both to follow the trends of the industry sensitively, and to show their personal qualities.
a4078495ec78151fb65da308c8bff02182bb7f43	And it was in these aspects that the true genius of Jobs was manifested.
292e1ae458a4775634eddcc40910e6d4f97b8828	It is worth recalling that he has no education in management, nor, of course, in engineering.
d688fe09d7638ea0ffb60479d8c40bbca74816f2	However, many engineers were surprised at what balanced decisions he managed to make and successfully put into practice, based on his instincts.
12b5cba5e4e7d1c9b18c2f4db0857dd872b30469	Bill Gates once admitted that it was this quality of Steve that he most envied: “I would give a lot to have Steve's taste.
5f30c2cdcae8301beed4ff691ecc9ea6b7dc2a26	I have a great intuition about the people of the company's products.
40d24e375cd15aeaef046b4f94450bc2cdacf83c	Solutions that personally seemed to me purely engineering, Steve decided from the point of view of" people are a product", and it is difficult for me to grasp this.
40d9f54cb15b3d25e3a289ccf4f7e49cfba0a070	Steve makes decisions based on his knowledge of people's desires.
45b5b335ecff13b9e6c29a6e9e6bed0cd7853791	This is very difficult for me.
d5c2b4b6b6f24dd47f1f7d5eee26f9322b7c129e	He does everything differently from everyone else and it's just amazing”" This ability was a decisive factor in the ascent of Jobs to the top of technological innovations.
7bbe52df7ba7b7d460ed2b56df927d64ab4270b9	He was like this from the very beginning of his path, as if this ability was innate.
33fe54892db3fbc3f2b025f53fe303930af4fb53	Who did Steve work with
1589c9153d9b6167f35f1c3367692041d73a1944	Apart from them, perhaps, no one else has encountered him directly in work.
cdc60f982cb96d3ef38af60b2348a6e5b5027ea7	“It is impossible to work with 10,000 people at the same time.
5b85ec2fc30aec42f600f88acf0329784d856693	I regularly communicate with five dozen people in the company at work.
0621d3d1f2dba922bffc1ec2ca4735d89589f7b7	Well, maybe with a hundred” " Jobs said.
03e88acf4d598d3f7497c055d071da4a2b85337e	If he needed something, and he clearly knew who could handle it, he picked up the phone and personally addressed a specific employee.
5c48715b17043bfa5ed9242f38fe461e93ec1b22	In this sense, he neglected the hierarchy.
3658afea67b05fba59ad58a59123cac6768bdca1	At Apple, the hierarchy has always been very simple, only six levels separated the average employee from the"leader".
f82d6ce1778718ee09a4ba62ac61fb546643c56d	Another of his famous habits was to suddenly appear in any of the departments of the company and ask employees what they were working on at that moment.
c019575988af95f95e3a50522d280b420b88fddb	This forced employees to always give their best in their work, even when the management was not around.
e7879fa35fd31bd55d32132b20f03182d680848a	"it used to be that you couldnot see him for a long time,” said one of the former engineers of the company.
6c6d25dac8159292313d334223501bd0d46e5fdc	“But you always know that he can appear at any moment, he is always somewhere nearby.
d711fbea7169683c8dec57e0c5ab6821b9f67d24	You always understand that what you are doing may or may not please him.
1306cfd526a57cd92c15e49dac0d174058301cc6	I mean, he may not know you.
3089de6e6fc9862b07387e796916601b59d1dacb	But he knows exactly what you should do.
b29f1ec54eacdad0c3fb30cb12d462aa5ca292cd	And what you do.
d474f8e84074b3c4b5bda77d55f25a2622333adb	And he knows whether he likes it or not.”
258298abe47ee5eede96868a16a47d79e48b20c8	And they have always been important advisers to Jobs on the company's goals: "Often, people donot know what they want until you show them.
2359034206d111a891b53db0ab559e4f6d54b8a7	That's why many people at Apple are paid a lot of money – they have to manage it all."
c17262d9a6c6a8a0e405b0356f9e6843f96d34f3	“I have always thought and think that if you do something twice as good as the others , you are phenomenally good, " he once said.
188bc6beb8c107a22119b9359b6e9940093e9cb3	"The best is usually 30% better than the average.
f636f8642fdd95837d40dc2d0af82fe818605a72	In my work, I realized that Who, for example, was 25-50 times better than the others.
f67a0b641457ce8efcc58a9df0a4523afdf21fe8	I also realized that such people do their job so well that it would be impossible to replace them with 50 others.
a061547f5bf1184dea1d3b216d535033b3a43b3e	They did incomparably better”" This elitism of Steve was another distinctive feature of his leadership style.
43b06643f1fe8eabd17c254e305bf4d74f416e6b	So he attracted bright minds and kept them with generous options.
e34f5cd3ee6a926237980106feeda838aa3e2172	Steve's influence on Apple
af99b6697b71012db3e24cea2c1770d0f4cd9e8f	What exactly did Steve Jobs create at Apple?
35b5ecd432ab3fcb80367049a89ffe30e0cb2060	He didnot create anything specific, he just created everything
f259098bf7c7ec62b91e66679f954424e9205f55	Former Apple CEO John Scully on Steve in the Macintosh project.
c3310ddb35ec28ebfdcfc9449b53bca64fc06bbd	This company is woven into his DNA.
9fdf83495cdc3c81cf152236e1f94aaf8faef242	When he returned, everything fell into place.
77654608a4c4ec0bcfea249b4dc85ad23003a83d	Great design has returned, attention to the consumer, the development of simply cool products
33423a2dff07e493184d81b441eb700fda404d0c	Heidi Roizen, one of Steve's long term business partners.
96dede7608b7521fe5b4f6cfa2b97fe8be007266	"Mac is an expression of his creative impulse, and Apple is a reflection of Steve himself"
acd9f76f052cf762bf83e9cf758a269b3dfa7a6e	Larry Ellison, one of Steve's best friends.
4a41645ba083821436f2c631a7771d0744172edf	Of course, Apple is a big company that employs many first class specialists.
40929193b4a5251080333ce67f4138904370c827	Apple "inherited" the qualities of its founding father:
b9d36dd8893ac72444f710b172adf6b9024e93ef	A sense of aesthetics
322626ff3b9eb62b612ea454907eac3fda7f7533	Steve has always achieved the highest quality in all Apple products – both software and hardware.
f6c632fefa5fec49ff87e389222f15d32e0b92f4	This approach extended to everything, starting with the plastic case of the Apple II computer.
08b3a4234c0e5a660c857cd7ff90371e9493e0d7	His sense of design, what he himself called " taste”, actually revolutionized the world of technology.
e55f0be1f8a54a9408050cfad1ad9b2804036fc4	Another aspect of this sense of aesthetics was Steve's concept of the fusion of technology and art: “I've never thought about these things separately.
566c12956301876e4987050dc14225ad0df13221	Leonardo Da Vinci was both a great artist and a great scientist.
6662567d79b3492560e0cdbcd793a8112fbe0a5a	Michelangelo knew everything about how to extract stone in a quarry.
236f5ff1c1014dd1d66ec2d726aa7829e0fe97f0	A dozen of the best computer scientists I know are musicians."
d051d75d7c00341960b88738dcea9add4bd4617b	He has never separated computer scientists and artists; this has been the case since the Macintosh.
33c7745756841e6bab701231d3e7aec067fbfdd9	Jobs ' Perfectionism
83d3cb02b84916d76050313fb596485abc284472	Steve is satisfied only when everything is done perfectly (this habit also applies to his personal life).
f49ca480b07e6db09948cfc4808f502827744674	Such a high bar of perfection often just drives employees crazy, but at the same time, it encourages them to work hard, aimed at the highest results.
a995ab83215101085016efc30eac3e99111e9fa1	If an employee does not meet Steve's requirements, he will not accept to fire him, and Jobs is often criticized for this.
3c42cf9bdc874c8144b10867e5cd0954652a0de4	However, he always had a great relationship with bright minds – because they shared his desire for perfection.
0f5b5d256b4a02e722c2a59ef448d47afd50cf24	An amazing example of such perfectionism is the number of Apple projects that were started but canceled at the last moment.
cf833bb04eae6a407372fba281708c07cf89f50b	It is known that in this way the release of handhelds - personal electronic assistants from Apple, as well as a set of web services was canceled.
2cd9a8feed9d0fc326ef3b5991209367f658a26d	The original iMac, Apple stores, iPhone, and Apple tablet were also radically revised at the time.
0cde3a7dc5a0eb52b5135536a510ea0953ec3f63	The result of this approach is that Apple does not produce bad products.
e0533b687f443cb9798ea9e17b0261ef1adce46a	Steve reminded reporters about this in 2007: "We canot create bad things.
527eccdf6a0f556dc5932c1ecbde15a3c01256f0	We just canot do it.”
0254573a1e89b2d73ba5b958241baeeed2bfd64d	On behalf of the company, he refuses to produce products that he would not use himself.
71308b20dbb8423b0f2f63eeef49bbe414cbb1cb	His arrogance
3eb590c8d6145bbe892d9817f2bbe07d404af371	What has never been in the character of Steve is modesty.
c846b36b1f866aa63bb628c5ea101dd9e30d1112	As one of the Apple employees said: "Steve is always the smartest among all.
3b5e84050289b95e9f28ad9277245282cae234a2	And he knows it”"
aff1cbc5743a57450d139c4814513e90180622d6	Apple has inherited this trait as well.
2315661ebd9609779f22e2dbc7d61601adcc1424	To paraphrase the quote above: Apple creates the best products in the world, and it knows it.
e2a730f91c4220ac7494160455c3ca1f9bc64362	Steve is the first to preach this concept: "he arrogates leadership to himself by ridiculing Apple's competitors, whom he calls mediocre, evil and worst of all tasteless.
dac6cf1223f144f728db64da6de20a8688551d64	Apple's arrogance is also evident in advertising, which, of course, is mostly based on Steve's vision.
8bbe3594e28cac02ed49bf405af9f57183fcb30f	The Pentium, for example, was depicted as a snail, showing that it is slow.
eea6519c17bde2bae78f40a4ddec05e3aace8cf2	The advertising company "Transition to Intel"
2c9f0bdf9ae8ea2a8c76ad0be2f72c07d6bb5477	("this is an Intel chip – for many years it was enclosed in a PC, inside small boring boxes, obediently performing small tasks, while it could have done so much great... from today, the Intel chip is free, and will live inside the Mac”).
13087ad6fc89546ece229ab09b5cd31b4497b177	And in general, the entire Mac PC campaign is a vivid example of such behavior of the company.
76f90f54a424c600ecf8815c2c8d942e86badb24	It is worth noting that this behavior also fuels the intrigue and passion for the company's products, both among users and Apple employees.
0d23c036148ec78033aedac79a5db5e49fc512ac	Considering that it still has a percentage of the personal computer market share.
c6dd8d6443a1d08d2eeaab6fa766d0df99d0a091	Journalist David Plotnikov wrote: "the birth of the Mac was simply impossible without this exorbitant confidence."
69dbcd734e64d82877b5b78a38ed263ebd7bb71f	Steve at Pixar
8bdfa5c2a2ddefd2b429fa51b1abb50887ca3b71	Prior to the merger of Pixar and Disney in 2006, Steve Jobs also served as the executive director of the animation studio.
566e69dfce6c081d7917e0799a41e2a75c738d7e	What is noteworthy is that his work at Pixar was very different from his work at Apple or NeXT.
9c81d6046291fc5c97860f0f8f75fb99a1e4ee7f	Ed Catmul and Eli Ray Smith came to Redwood City to tell Steve about how things were going.
9d28e6450a3e3d28c4425c3798c026ab7500e700	However, his" aura " at Pixar was still different than in his computer companies.
c4f5c33e9d910aea1c5652623eb9a9a5f337ed21	Thus, he could not invest his views in Pixar.
1151c1125d6f12c2732f799f8cbd918cdcb2a661	After Steve returned to Apple, he threw all his energy into the development of the "fruit company", and things went back to the same way as it was before"Toy Story".
c13545ec7436029dd2a03cbaa37653e4a5b06d81	However, the priority for him has always been Apple, not Pixar.
d2c00e58f2b8e9445af8c9906e1180ef5e5e7600	Director Brad Bird described Pixar's leadership, represented by the triumvirate of Catmul Lasseter Jobs, as "Father, Son and Holy Spirit".
fe4ad138f80b1d913abfaba9b8df7b0584bece92	Random Gallery Album
d7b158eaf2b765c5ee7d11a309d560f4e711be77	iPhone launch 29.06.2007
05debc5414c3756abad4613257bda5b3d708c6e6	Quote from Steve Jobs
59b44029177bc3972a8f0eb51a5045c189f070cf	TV is stultifying and kills a lot of time.
3e0e0d1a7538311daecac3d27dccb7964d00ebf4	Turn it off and you'll save some gray matter.
0bdf06109ee2d5ae63c6c37c245a9f3d808f0946	But be careful – you can also get stupid at an Apple computer.
19f2f1e1c73bfefbb968a2d37ac42788f84ea208	Video with Steve
a471563dfbac68061562a6f57618a282ef3b68bc	Titans - Steve Jobs.
57a76f5efcc9b3aab659ee6a7ee4399c8cddcb54	CBNC
960b0001c7ec449436ccb783a418975c8ff1782f	Change the screen on the iPhone 6 is cheap here.
747246db338e5b23faa84f74673bea103632d491	The most interesting articles
c54b35d4d7333d37bcbc1f0dfd25819e8de91e71	Key personalities in the life of Steve Jobs Key places in the life of Steve Jobs The wife of Steve Jobs The children of Steve Jobs
0d9e838081a1eda2cef31b2ff7299ea1e45679ad	The work of Steve Jobs Steve Jobs on stage Personal life Timeline of the life of Steve Jobs
7b087b2dbed27823f99b781776a131ecff362cb1	The life of Steve Jobs Biography of Steve Jobs Interview with Steve Jobs Interesting facts about Steve
daec11428e4f4fcc360bac2e1be007805bf9ae3b	Photo Gallery Video Gallery Phrases of Steve Jobs Publications
9249957b1311fc1ee204ccd42ae75eaff53bc349	Politics Show Business Incidents
5121e7df158faa260bfce7bfe9eb3adff4bf664c	Hi tech
7209241982c3c45ef02e47bb14aeaef74f029476	USD 60,66 ↓
ef10f66241034768453592c8b6126c6b1a83d722	EUR 63,81 ↓
3f08ff065191cc68ae7c3bc067157f73e3e8a172	SHOW BUSINESS
7d7752a60b4f20a42a8394e5df34c8f9dc3cbaaa	POLITICS
a62694b8cea7ed4b2d4c04235da19ef8e53f1f69	HOROSCOPE
3ec595e8e66be2248dfd38a0e2b3323ae7bfcd8f	LIFESTYLE
637fef680c036ee014440e3e3277ad0a59ce939a	PHOTO REPORTS
ca43cd2a6f80d4a6ae8a142f37c12324b2bd6646	ECONOMY
3f8b2815dc2975830901c8a941270434fc885416	INCIDENTS
50c3f10f5b1cb6d44386dbceb73afd238d9975a9	AUTO
75452d93c44cb36fcace6c843b0e557d651b7134	SPORT
6f428d51eaea7388187ae95509c1ed5c9b9e6f67	SOCIETY
0c020e8bc0befa6fdfda8ad2d26c8236488b8c4c	HI TECH
153e04c415415f931400a2fa912cfa01f90f4b58	REAL ESTATE
3a4bb74c6bc0946fd1b4beaa3de7c4f689215f5b	DREAM BOOK
98ab24188bb62b71b546ad94986e3d2961c36f24	ACQUAINTANCES
876960917aed8920009b13f4e4bce903b6084761	REGIONS
110abb423760037bca420120bc1ac4ce62e1d778	Execution of Rasul Mirzayev
93e7620b7b237c520357c70ee7ddb8be32bea8c8	Astrological forecast from January 2 to January 8
e5a97478fc90a752ea3231e6989eaec7e59192fd	TV program for the holidays
4e4b33cabf459f7078b487c4e56aa00fcad1faca	House 2
56544f147ef7bab514f78d8bcc1b8ddd57376674	New Year 2017
86de1300de919528c1c9f1070d6c9394f3d2614f	A new danger of smartphones for health has been named
e814ce3f4c26267afa4c012375c98302797460b3	Frequent use of mobile devices increases the risk of dry eye syndrome in children
c2d56ab3a9e9c560b75c834af2f8b1daa7892a58	Millions of users will be disconnected from WhatsApp
9f3f82cb2a175b90da19f1ee53ca95ef90726d47	WhatsApp stops supporting the app for millions of users
3271bedea70bc09e2924f7a3b5780b81b3fea440	partners
38e0a18c146145ceefaecbcfa5ee3f1aae2098d0	Aggregator 24SMI
fbc87cc0c283f85ebe989d7b26a5e41f5a767213	Sunday, January 8
f308661a540f8f89d6852a32860b3689fee169b3	News Feed
72715e5b8e32d0005736f172785f71187a599bd6	17:54
2a8168555d38d909056ca989ddc58af56533b117	Divers are looking for a missing child near St. Petersburg
ee8da56f07adc10ad318f4ce4eddddd483d031c6	17:42
eb8bd4050b1e2040e636431e3be6f59b9c5eb306	The network was excited by the video of the Belarusian's fight with the carpet
7853bb4415bdb6684271555755ac3da999dcb07e	17:30
adb96ac9355fe9a8486a14b8ed343b06f1af9cdb	Rosgvardiya soldiers will be given submachine guns for underwater shooting
26527e2ed1e2b0fc6e0fff9f5d86b40d80776bf0	17:15
1b4217e1af3ef464587f12f15a28ed02d54fa1de	The organizer of the action "In the subway without pants" was detained in Moscow
8fef4926888b984946941fb0b32f322ec3a072a4	17:06
7b0b7c0b15cabf7a3c38241e529c34ec3f07a7d6	Journalist Vadim Rechkalov died at the age of 52
ddd73afa54aaf0aa404069ef0c741534be0066b9	15:34
6f9d49074fb221050dcf01727bb5492e838adfa2	The first photos from the scene of a truck hitting people in Jerusalem
6d550bf104c621beee961c131b52cefce87e760e	15:23
cdb227922c8b1e871c00fa7a1431213d007f883b	Gas from Kuban went to the Crimea
55d4eb23c8130f3e367e2469f67baaa4abeefff2	15:15
2aae35e26d6cf2b48104b972061cfbb4b1687e82	Residents of Western countries were intimidated by the Third World War
89028193ece597f230d0912fb8b9ef4bbaaba2ab	14:55
a8a4cc6545351ba74bdfecb2f06d0407ce739a09	In Bashkiria, a child died after riding a slide
e0a2fef8575556e0804a5b6494dae78ae71423d8	14:50
e5f57157cbac1f79d9462feed0a2d2f2c8d5e0fc	A truck rammed into a crowd in Jerusalem
d9ef4229ca4762132581340bd54c6de51d1d9ccd	14:43
28470bb5d954e0bb790a038b6fe7de7be73df509	Muscovites got on bicycles in abnormal frosts
4761260ead7e3ffd1fd277e930b9558793038996	14:07
3d1f6a34db31ba8cef53a761169cbaec79ac7d0b	Cyclists took a ride in Moscow in a 30 degree frost (video)
e3b34e0b2be7fe4e6de20a95559d1f07dd6e7ad2	13:29
57f8b7100a54847e86e89cd2520553275859d320	Eyewitnesses filmed the shootout of the killer with the police in Moscow
a9b4d72ab8c1cab4708d3c00ce48a1f763e72cac	13:08
6eedca1daa9dea8902a0b440e53e776a71257ba5	In the south west of Moscow, a car wash caught fire
4c76d56cb64cf4b3e2168a0308f2ce1c349e464d	13:02
a22799208503ed8961c62be7e1c516df2ac8fa9c	The police demand to arrest the " major with a machine gun"
01ae7353e64e9f6267193d844d6beac1a69d8176	12:39
808740da7ab46e7a5014d942e5baadcd78867ef4	Putin congratulated the actress Neelova on her anniversary
a050daf5bd450e930eb5c6e256c13bae0c760811	12:16
760b7059dc02ffaf3b7cfba903370ef4161c8809	A truck caught fire on the highway near St. Petersburg
4774972b795d866f6c0c87dc28881348f23a8884	12:10
62d4dcbcc587ad137faa5be018025c979e3617f3	In Britain, they propose to remove Russia from the 2018 Olympics
95532f0448f705e48ea90efcc04ee7118fbd3eef	11:53
2207a891aa42cbec79459945434669f2cd6f6a61	In the Moscow region, it got colder to 36 degrees below zero
93d80d62fd79f3c5b993b79b6f437683e6dd1657	11:44
e3d256009977016460d1802f3b36539b3a3fb28e	The killer who attacked the police was caught on video
ab59e5585f67d312dba74ae138867ce6622b7e37	11:22
e8df31236d4adf36a97a11b184abd0ecc2654d24	Abnormal frosts delayed hundreds of flights in Moscow
1bdc936e524ddcac01fb4ae9449761675229ff26	11:13
d3af182c93cab530ea4a8c22a77acab2ba3c67ea	The US and South Korea planned the assassination of Kim Jong un
e59fe55213c5d1edf22a56f69f97a83ed19b0554	10:49
81b9825cdab1faab0b8bf10b1cd50300cb20be65	The deputy speaker of the Rada was ridiculed for a stupid mistake
3333fcc5b92feed422700b9c74333f5cfa908e10	10:28
615e0c756d5431bcff3b03271f54884181d41028	In Izhevsk, the roof of a house collapsed under the weight of snow
53285f046f3ae8c1126e4f593b8f09f5b1de99a4	10:22
e277f18debbe8cfe51809bbc26a00e4bd05bebd7	The shooter at the police was killed during the arrest
02333c6463dc059a60200b5a10f920d8d349509f	10:06
a61aa5d0de76e609a1eb160d04a4a142b86a2659	A fatal accident occurred on Kutuzovsky Prospekt in Moscow
a3c39ef999828eac3c2e52928a48637ac39370f1	10:00
e05572cecad0817c67614a165aa44cd6e48ddc13	The most resonant laws of the past year
7bcf85824ed0fcf809b9c1688996c9615a191fa9	21:19
096ff045352ddf011f13399efba00bf20f596660	The body of a 12 year old schoolboy was found in the east of Moscow
b6e84ae63ef026f463796e1435a63b57d7789def	18:06
345394d9a975b533dc7dc411467488fe7dbee7b9	What will Donald Trump do to the world
754f20e150e24b316bcb40fedc3e996221e7687a	18:01
719c2e4a0728f406e5db132bbc2dfc5d47e89342	The SBU gave recommendations to Savchenko
7d5de1556593fc415b80e8300446514779f657bd	17:52
c1615454fb2fd6ce2e0f23116d09312aed17e1ff	An orange danger level has been declared in Moscow
4cf6dea8313bfeae4724815923bbe1716db7fcaa	17:33
bbf163ed3ba5731388f104a72206da95e50d426a	In Lithuania, "Guess the melody" was closed because of a Nazi gesture
e38e130a2e6edd10871fb7b06e5be7c1f93fed01	17:19
e964e6d8fe4adc430419021d4501e024943365ef	Gazprom has set a new record
1ce4d0085e23537447ee7becedca9231ecedf7c8	17:02
fdc3d01d271f4c41c69b912421232347d576dea8	Tourists from Russia are stuck in Thailand due to flooding
c8ce48d3a5859c5215a25b482a7382cc65ec21c3	16:25
ddff9928866cf76381588e0c61fc940042ea6658	A millionaire teased haters with a video with nude models
0326675e1cee627f8b6415ba0fbba203dc6ee4d2	15:53
8b10181b6900fd796510e012925d96cd3a71e8fc	The pursuit race at the Biathlon World Cup was won by a Frenchman
579b4495574032648bfa7db2790288341ab452a4	15:42
e10db592137064cd4d91aa9d318e26f858201e91	What is known about the fire in the hotel in the north east of Moscow
13e5c9a88d1214b6fe46cd667a1d6e30a737a2cd	15:16
442f70a43b72ee2b341d26924182a48afe8c1d3b	When can Muscovites wait for the arrival of heat
373478ca9c11879dd6482a2cc61124194f20b77e	"Viking" set a record for training camps
8ee47b7afdb2f7bda5f0373aa19b6596b48dfe25	14:21
b5b3e2a82e042de6c4fe837f20d089a07645075e	Winter peace
f639e5c45810f973c93e25a20110fe029f202eac	14:15
845bacb522f1c0275bfc6a0f6fd4de79e5aca32b	Two bodies were found at the site of a fire in a hotel in the north east of Moscow
41e40d8c92c09097cb01bb0691cb3e1bc9a48121	13:54
bf6e886343baff014e31a753b0223af9cdc10f36	Obama complained about the trust of Americans in Putin
b58c7646286f3c1359e023fc3284727f791ad694	13:30
113739b4cd11263bdd82d8ca9652a160375f5a58	Lamborghini crashed in an accident in St. Petersburg (photo)
ff60848606a7fecff044d66f3ad0d1b68025e2e5	13:23
1d474d59baed2b958a9862f79f81b11adc530c86	New fines have appeared in Russia
78fd7d2e376c4e4ea3006712dfc0aa882a54138b	13:04
c4b205d618ed59cfae11c232cabef567ad9c4dfa	A bomb threat has been announced at a hotel in the south east of Moscow
2b1ed11f70803d888fe268880a708dbf8e8fa86a	12:50
095112bfd139d1c4575a8f6ff2b060ca4f10eb7b	The vine's ears lit up after the Christmas service
8c27086a33e86d7813aa1f20af16dae0d8944fcc	12:38
352bc98754df242d9abb97be26cfa54dac74184a	A fire in a hotel in the north east of Moscow was caught on video
52c25a23d49b9ed42e96f54e9fda44367440d304	12:26
845160654a5a2a627825661d5bccd1da08958b66	The words of the deputy of the Rada about the seizure of power in Ukraine got into the Network
d1cb22a1e6d2e52894f43443d59619399f45f17b	12:04
a868153068727e9382c29b9754cb5492ab6ebcea	US intelligence was ridiculed for a report on " Russian hackers"
ad115af0a050417c2cedf4301a99b728ff447310	11:29
d40751960e78bc43ca70b126f9bdf8343cd4fb7d	Christmas night was the coldest since the beginning of winter
8b816edd35d29fd7f3ecc72abb32fc1a4255c602	11:19
bd4d282f46aa56806d124aec0aed1eca09b53405	How Putin met Christmas
48ce0a958f9d6dd536cc40dbb7cf40a2e0980870	11:04
d188755e9367c0a54fbb3af0180efece66a33e5f	"A major with a machine gun" faces seven years in prison
9f2b1d507cb611853bfdf8092433364d9f30037d	10:40
9da52a7e073bd4f8b51a807a302bdf7dc5d69962	More than fifty Muscovites suffered from the abnormal frost
5e8dfc80cf9f93868836286c3f972cd54c474b3a	10:33
a379cd8045b795268c62c2fb3ab13494b1f311ff	Putin celebrated Christmas in a monastery
117c83232176f77de38afb54ca7aa044aca7cc4e	10:15
6a85e10c44b964e46b7bd5899e011d4de5d1e9c2	There was a fire in a hotel in the north east of Moscow
530855aacafba1c76a971524cc952306110191ed	Health forecast by zodiac signs for 2017
d84cd5185e480e1c3ae2041849cda562c664873d	18:33
5e62a6946788a4d4db8ad746e5043aef9b554ffd	Russian stars born in the Year of the Rooster
71bd056f166ead3df9e8c1d7439fb2826a152595	The date of the funeral of cosmonaut Igor Volk has been named
60dfd739fc55cae26f558f283e15d44041afbe90	17:39
4989d557c8877a513d30e00637c01eb9764c5c50	The producer of" Viking " was justified for "historical mistakes" in the film
78df9d0980e03608ae770677bb7605b86f128344	17:17
fdd0721fb990fe4f2faa4d5f7ed5fe9fd771e0b0	An unemployed Makhachkala resident turned out to be a "major with a machine gun"
c386c65b54690e5de402f8c3ad21355eeba9dd26	17:10
67f99f9181ab26148e9603042e374617ff09a79c	The head of the Pentagon finally blamed Putin for all the troubles
3fe3dc5b8017d2eab1d1a8e0c7b23443d1fc565c	16:34
d299f08ff427cf7642ba44623382bde54374c42f	A Moscow official was tied up and robbed of 2.5 million
8660308785794afc92776fc2dd4e825f96b880bd	15:55
af1980de1f72ebfbb1514160aed49e2ccff20442	Forecasters warned Muscovites about abnormal frosts
d77421d9cb808359a934cc0a79479a54d1f53ced	15:07
77cce61247d57b8882a215e4afd6031672bd1211	A famous restaurateur was suspected of shooting from a machine gun in Moscow
15af73054f2b124e4e69753ef51484093f381212	14:31
e9ed0be5b2d43d7df3740fbb084f3abf9563b520	Skier Ustyugov dedicated his fifth consecutive victory at the Tour de Ski to his mother"
708e0ef6eee4181195c20432e33de56c3ff90f5a	14:24
ec1245f56d0c148b9217da3d5d2666fcab314591	"Swollen" Anna Semenovich was ridiculed for a photo without makeup
31e597a29abb9ba7e136f7a474459cb41590bdf2	13:44
a3ae6a81430e23a2ad1e923340a942202cc97456	The police responded to a video of a shooting in the center of Moscow
27eade068e04ff541fc4281e0c0418a8bb894ce9	13:38
de166d486228be8ff808151c943abb7148ab2386	In the Tula region, a train hit a schoolgirl to death
623e0c9cbb52f186b0968fb24c99275745832fe9	13:27
dc4967414081e153e0fcf7d129473d6cf424d701	Rudkovskaya threw a scandal because of her son from Plushenko
2e2d06deb41bdcf4bd4c45ceb348809d7efa3e59	13:09
732e7631e458f8b56eb863288bfa0f59fdcbe7a6	Details of the deadly feast in Krasnoyarsk
fc2e2647bc64e4484c6df18be244cc6aec29aa38	12:52
1ef8457a8da19ea9cca9dd961621a28f132b9f0e	Ten residents of Moscow were hospitalized with frostbite
93966af293ea4122e390e174cbb228951f12908b	12:37
7c46c5c8e09f4e1222f2c31b137515eb9183a4ac	The star of "Disco Dancer" has died"
59f5ea95f3b80f40ac5ec952982332f8421d86d4	12:13
4286b60a01c379eabe05efe8f572433f09e876c5	Russia has recalled the aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov from Syria
066c36f29d2944df235aca57d96e97e2fc362107	12:05
938f016f40c66a03aca638cc49efe0672a8e2deb	The network was struck by a video with thousands of "kinders" on the seashore
39d4881488439ed3ff5e958638409099b9ca9479	11:46
eb7212e20f6d9f7a80e62d691a2445f03efa219b	The body of a man with a gunshot wound to the head was found in the east of Moscow
0447a4fcc2654d871ee8856b5ac6d694cdba40ca	11:34
277eca966464f41c2e5bbc6bb922c090b83e65de	Joe Biden secretly punished " Russian hackers"
122b1df9107cde65d52f4f2c2da025ad093b696b	11:17
9f8fb1f1ef8f9a1d9f9fa231ddf415c95249fdd7	The abbess of an Orthodox monastery was killed in Belarus
22e6ec8654f2d394312d93f3e57a36c4c348415d	Buzova took revenge on Tarasov
d1c1b70afb401aa257eaa7d11274ce5ef169d349	10:36
016f3f219c3157cc774a0a8cfa350f5395f73e1a	The capital's frosts are breaking records
dd01cb52cf0326d0ed51f53f9bbe977133dacd19	10:21
49a54509b7371f61b2edcb76fa53c1a10af06a11	Majors opened fire from a machine gun in the center of Moscow
9662200537d4f6547943648a61075ff9b0e9ebb4	10:01
4b18779242d4e7739f3fc735edbab5a6d6abbfdd	Business horoscope for January 2017
e363f9262a6eadb7b95f453c9c875f2ff38498b3	Four residents of Krasnoyarsk died after drinking an alcoholic cocktail
fce773fec8393555658189d7d8ddd1e207a2c918	22:43
5c57e03b75f8c566184cf0bf39d704a11ef092bd	Elena Letuchaya: Now I'm already digging deeper
4c9bbe76bf72922c23ed352701a3cdd98b881e98	21:41
e4d5ee11c0f6fab45a7d882ba3d39d5befdf1308	A ransom is demanded for the girl who disappeared in St. Petersburg
2fd3917f96778988327d442b61d03f5c944ce55e	17:57
e437d5c775c5a95234a4a027add28de4a0f3144a	Famous pearls of politicians
6082a3a28004de213f83c1c6832dda509dd60159	17:48
f564c24147b528e1b71cfbfc1be7e3f4e8167ee2	Kerry wrote a farewell letter
40b4a3317e998eaeb670feb18a3c7dbabb0b8b05	17:26
85045a57b466c71a4ae00a62b0cc8f2f7d9b2ff7	The first casino opened in Sochi
c8315a33e59677b8c7026038ff733ccd712105db	A car bomb was detonated in Izmir
64dfda1b4b3a67f1e13c5da4ffa6c94d5c6cf22f	16:59
61c629ea16e73aee05d272c1ec716b9d1cf54740	TV series that turned the mind upside down
d171dea3b556eecbf8febda985e61d6e315cad9c	16:43
c1ed380261f068038615f00285b7d32f2037f02d	Tarasov does not move away from the beaten Mirzaev
54f85f48469e81ace9da742aa7acb27c66347f98	16:26
f0e2eea2083166279134a1d0387405e881f9d3e6	A powerful explosion occurred in the Syrian Latakia
6f312ed69cc91f01efb93d8ce20306771a1caab6	16:19
669b92f174573960f58541924bad55fc242c715a	Olga Orlova's Sad Dog
fa5e8b9c77314b71b2259ea09bb4cd1f23830211	16:03
8fd1e9b830de946b6b1cdf057bc9adef9ed71784	Nutritionists divided the products by useful substances
a72f2c3417dee50728f7287477ce5d36a51e08c4	15:54
a246f2d611ec702de86b8cf7c43d231eed6ecba0	Traffic policemen were forced to clean the roads
4e0146a7e049326cfd2d5dfd9627fad394c43fa0	15:36
7e56e407890aaac2f22d2404340f123391c803b0	An emergency warning has been announced in Moscow
ad51b6661da4aa8fefa53a73bf4d102d03ff7d17	15:25
e24126e0fa57b16e08c1652a2109286c065153ff	Mirzaev knew the criminals who shot at him
4c856b7349c6dd0c5bee15748320717bf3e53730	15:02
d990428f4d7b152c051953b38946e1a41740030e	Star divorces of the past year
abf82e84899e971a4fe06099bc4afd3a52e2f2be	14:46
5a4548cc10e3abbf4f126834b9afdd1479c19c33	Disfigured Sasha Project showed a rounded stomach
401d71fa4d141e59e9cb0579c893736bf15b686b	14:34
4743a0d4b4c55a4a81f210f48a6ab9d8ae2f2268	Volochkova frolics in the New Year holidays
2113f78370ec1ab2df2f2cdcef84d8088ad70729	14:25
eb11d7f47e9489fbb2bcda425e3f841483d9ca3e	The guard almost killed Elizabeth II
65bfa9f58c449a492ae77be753077572f1eb06c0	Pugacheva without makeup and in jeans was struck by her thinness
731fcfe36ca6655bd2ebf15aa4d83eacd581d618	Tarasov celebrates his divorce from Buzova
79d45935f16c540e52fdeaf2dfb9821c0b944e4e	The winner of the show "The Voice" was Daria Antonyuk
078d1a25c9569df3db02f4ae7753f27e2dc57575	Personal drama of Alexander Panayotov on " The Voice"
7dda1e1059e76997e5184fc61ba8a3ec69654d47	Bozhena Rynska fled Russia after the Tu 154 scandal
2391220e7e0bc82ee398cb6ef16e55f49e1209e2	How Steve Jobs Changed the World
aa96175848c085232940a9430185a1aaac2536cf	Photo: GLOBAL LOOK press
b0b9f0589e9106c1258d034adcc38b463dd3ef4e	On this day, 61 years ago, the main creator of the American dream, whose parents named Stephen, was born in the family of Syrian born Abdulfattah Jandali and German emigrant Joan Schieble.
8baad3c842c755a7c7833104dabae5b5088cbd2a	While studying in college, he created a" company " in the garage, which later became the most successful company on the planet.
7bb520bcda30f7d7389b0c1ed306a8c23d8a9819	However, the general public knows Steve Jobs not as a businessman, but as a man who changed the world.
14e41b24559feadf69797c1019abdb98e7ce5bec	read 5987 times
9a126dda7c9982a4d88a4752e438d4e4389527b6	This is how the iPad, iPhone and iPod were born.
2ca1fc610710768d83f43a7cbf47fac104b83fc6	At the same time, after the death of Jobs, the most successful company in the world passed into the hands of Tim Cook, who put this simple and everyday genius of his predecessor on commercial rails.
ced4776776c0f15dd33bd827f8677ce2b17e73e7	But it wasnot always like that.
42780b497a7033492a7ff93b5e5f82d1b0367164	Days.
7b2b514ee190e91f728782d154834c429c6e1050	<url> remembers the main milestones of Steve Jobs ' work on his 61st birthday.
783b2054e439912975a96f21a3cd63a5d81026d8	BY TOPIC
5f114f5946b5a3eafe024465fd417cd87d131887	How Google gave Apple a kick
e6769a7e23756fe04bfe010bf28ec16ac82c1f20	The US shamed the parents of Steve Jobs
7b7acd84872e5ef572fa180fce2a5d92342b7658	How to grow the most expensive "apple" in the world
bf3e0d1f0d2c16e36ae0ae012fe69efc325050ae	How Steve Jobs gave Apple to Tim Cook
c4e60743e0f4a36b97d714ce603a401ec042ba7a	Stories Gadgets
537b36e6267df16eb0b6c9a92a23c23c61569562	According to the biography written by Walter Isaacson, Jobs 'biological father was Abdulfatta "John" Jandali, who was born in Syria into a wealthy family that owned oil refineries and lands in Damascus and Homs.
e04b7d745aca5dbdfa162421caa5c6fa17bfd0a8	Jobs ' numerous uncles and aunts studied in Istanbul and the Sorbonne.
b8000cbfded3289ba189d0652709cf912b14da49	Jobs ' father was the youngest of nine children, he received a bachelor's degree from the American University in Beirut, after which he entered the graduate school of Wisconsin as a political scientist.
80ddb41bdabd5676600a8ce0272ed0aba008ea66	There he also worked as a teaching assistant and met Steve's future mother, Joan Schieble from a family of German immigrants.
1e7012e613140b6c0b0bea0b154dcaac38100f3b	The young people were in an informal relationship, which their parents strongly objected to, so the girl had to give the child up for adoption.
e731e88354e945fed44255d8bac348684fd0ee04	So the future founder of Apple got into the family of mechanic Paul Jobs and his wife Clara.
b1724ba2472534a9fbdb0339612a441026edd2ba	According to the biographer, it was them that he always called real parents.
995ba98a5c20419d6f2089da62498dc72d98697a	Two days before his death, Steve Jobs asked to be buried near their graves in Palo Alto, California.
9cc01d2455beeadab9c073e6f67b7427a19a8fdd	The main myth about Jobs The life and fate of Steve Jobs is shrouded in many myths.
8a38abac5157f0250078aca9f87f6d3afaa65965	The main one is related to the expression "pirates of Silicon Valley".
a044ab9f13559d537a831a3c1746c392a192209c	According to this myth, Jobs, along with Steve Wozniak, visited the Xerox PARC office in 1979, where he saw a prototype computer with icons and windows, as well as a mouse.
99de2552e557869dd7e6166b9685b66d82caa518	Before that, all computers had an interface in the form of a table, a command line and were controlled exclusively from the keyboard.
ee9040b4fcfbc7f9e632448953448a289e8ec0ae	Needless to say, after this visit, a graphical interface appeared on both the Apple Lisa computer and the Macintosh.
ae51e8299bf36b38671776cf2723e43ac05313a2	And the variety is so named because the seedling of these apples was found on the territory of the estate of John Mackintosh in Canada.
2baf7f3aedbfd5fc344c7cda9f5d2cbd44e2bff6	In Russia, these apples are known as "Autumn Excellent", which would have been especially suitable for this computer in those years.
19b967cdbf846b2d569a98afaa29e7d39970a2c5	Aggressive Marketing The computer commercial has become one of the best ads of all time.
45035245d40895cddb9053d9656d0d9cdb9b2a97	The video is based on the plot of Orwell's novel "1984".
d6a5b5e544a7a142c5601098e7e73dc300635f3f	And it was this year that it was shown.
a8048aede6ccca48d86f5d7a48ba79dfbd4eba73	The director was Ridley Scott, known for the films "Alien" and "Blade Runner".
bf1aed6870e4435de631953796b60e39cecb153d	The most expensive computer, however, it all started far from the McIntosh.
3c73611db8172b1fdb58bdd114beb954493c1c9a	Last year, at an auction, Christie's sold a fully working Apple 1 computer, assembled by the team of Steve Jobs in 1976 in a legendary garage in California.
3350a062e9b9e95333066d7cf911f7919a8f5fee	The lot went for 365 thousand dollars, which is approximately equal to 20.7 million rubles.
b75ed9f218d31d5ba316f8721cb6062a72b792a8	According to experts, this is the first computer that Jobs personally sold to a private person at one time.
8b00306e82a80e24eb2b6b9d4b933b078895985c	Initially, Jobs ' investment in this computer was $ 600.
1bf433c04eca9b68d4793a679f52363222100612	At the auction, it was called "Rickett's Apple 1 Personal Computer" after its first owner, Charles Rickett.
eff97aace927ccb2447f051aa0d07164789202e7	The Apple 1, assembled by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and several other employees of the then nascent Apple company, is only a motherboard, to which the buyer had to independently attach the remaining components: keys from an electric typewriter and a small TV.
9b6435ca2e85e80d1a480fe451a33266df1501b6	According to legend, the owner of the store that bought several of these first computers insisted that the subsequent models were delivered "ready made".
1ba72ab7ff9c9a698ac2bc54714319a4b0ea0f68	He convinced Jobs that no one needed a do it yourself computer.
32a7da6eb35896ff8be662851a437e923c7c73cc	According to rumors, this led to the fact that the company began to assemble completely ready made computers that just need to work, without having to separately buy some components, install an operating system or essential programs.
9d7ba72f56a2fd3db8b9357a97ee83c03c9bc518	This is how the main concept of Apple was born, which put the convenience of products for the user at the forefront of everything.
544e0067d8631c20d7d8df593312c4fa187714d3	iMac, iPad, iPhone and iPod Steve's inventions were bold, revolutionary and did not fit into the existing laws of logic.
c486c4b152896b78bcd15b426243d0d483d2fd3f	It all started with the iMac, continued with the iPod and the iTunes Store.
5a69867720a1afd2c24fbade6317c4b392391167	According to surveys, six out of ten Americans knew about the release of the "apple" smartphone, and Time magazine declared it the invention of the year.
7baccc62c1749b4a163810f326aafa2eef48862a	None of his previous speeches was so expected, the press compared Jobs to Christ and Moses, who brought the Tablets of the Covenant to people.
fe9035988e2ed07674503836ea54817a617be5db	Steve Jobs died on October 5, 2011 due to respiratory arrest.
2e1279b9a30564d78a3fdfd3e2832f3a4fbf085f	For seven years, the head of the world's richest company fought pancreatic cancer, underwent several transplant operations and tried alternative medicine, but the disease still defeated him.
7e1f48d447a6aea0d5608a6a402764920f1c16b5	According to the previously published biography of Jobs authored by Warter Isaacson, Steve refused treatment for a long time, not believing that he could die.
9c2ce1bcf4e16f1e9acc5b2cfe259669860c4ab2	After one of the liver transplants, which took place in 2009, Steve Jobs lived for another two and a half years, giving the world an iPad, a new iPhone and iCloud.
0ba090e6671738895d8412063d9c00f4e2f21b07	Jobs was buried as a Buddhist.
80bbdd9556323c8227c51af6e636ef24da670233	Cook became the head of the "apple" empire and not so long ago admitted to non traditional sexual orientation.
1a648a3323c4271d8488bc1c690161c40891b349	Jobs ' Will Apple violated the will of Steve Jobs by releasing a product with a stylus.
70839573d3dbe423b7d56ebf03e56add2971a2da	The founder of the" apple " empire considered this item a sign of poor design.
84c1bd23e3fb73ef663ecd84a36370b3c221af13	Speaking at the Macworld conference in 2007, where he first introduced the iPhone, Jobs said: "Who needs a stylus at all?
92d0a629392fec7518be3a67252d6e030dda06ee	They need to be taken out, cleaned, they are constantly lost – disgusting, in short.
6cedc805777c4913942e84fe0ada67585fca1965	No one needs styluses."
44de19f98dbcf9d32db06a1c12270dfad4784da0	Later, in an interview with the author of his biography, Walter Isaacson, he noted: "As soon as you decide to include a stylus in the design, you've ruined everything."
d1e2ce95a9cd7413cced61920e9df35866f064b1	It was Jobs ' dislike of the stylus as an input device that led to the fact that the iPhone had a touchscreen an idea that was later borrowed by all manufacturers without exception.
b9ca9a1c7393b00ffe41152bba519ed09b31c52a	However, despite Jobs ' question, Apple released the iPad Pro with a stylus in September 2015.
7dbcc948ef0289ed008c330099f92a53bccb0601	Tim Cook called it Apple Pencil, which did not change the essence of the device.
e8b7f894a1138361a691384a30625cbf2eda83c3	The crisis of ideas There is no doubt that after the stylus for the iPad, the company will violate many more unspoken rules of Jobs, which made Apple unique, but will allow it to earn more than one billion dollars.
2e636f625023d71724943c8fd23ab2ab5ca986e1	It is noteworthy that the last time the Dobra Corporation became the market leader was in February 2010, but it lost its position almost immediately after Steve Jobs presented the first iPad.
c602d59b04e16e6fb700ab751b3551cd08d6433a	After the death of its creator, the "apple empire" did not come up with anything else.
06e966bbd16edf0bf14e54825adea4900624ab38	As a result, since the beginning of 2016, Apple shares have fallen by 9%, over the past 12 months by 19%.
ab28f23d5258dd8560f66cccaa5aa941de35127d	The reality is that it is increasingly difficult for top managers in Cupertino to convince investors that Apple will make the next breakthrough in technology.
2a88e38dc5ae2976f14ae646cb9eb70e1fa3b389	February 24, 2016, 21: 00
37cd737329036ef21e7c402647e2b83cf74d46ac	A truck hitting a crowd in Jerusalem was captured on video
f9c7bdd7defec6d2085fb241f85a5fa0c1ecf6fc	The man who arranged the shootout with the police worked in a shooting gallery
3e247adcdb029f7c6430b72753bd121056155435	Actress Marina Neelova disappeared in London
fde08be47c625caf06e72ee7cf487d4d3bdd2faa	The President of Russia noted the outstanding talent and efficiency of the people's ratistka
cc53e22c773c0284892e38b1dd67b9b0655a37ce	From 2018, the new weapons will go into mass production
d1116576ddd1e3a7abe13fa24e8fb7f8aa6f9f63	An eyewitness took it off. how a resident of Minsk works out punches on a fleecy sparring partner
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e16ba8ae7dfb0975ee69b85bcd3704328368cccb	The rules of the game of football (English: Laws of the Game; literally: "rules of the game") are the regulations that determine the order of the game of football, according to which competitions are held.
4d3f00e54947acf2dec94648d6c75561a048481b	The first football match played under these rules was held by members of the University of Cambridge in 1848 at Parkers Peace, Cambridge.
9e9efa7caf3187a1700c31f281c26937423cff20	On October 26, 1863, the Football Association officially approved these rules.
cede14da2ddf65d526d5de6d4abc2d0cdbc31391	The modern version of the rules was developed by the International Council of Football Associations and published by the International Football Federation.
a94a81472392ef21e99bb99ab9bc13bae0f472e6	The rules of the game of football regulate such issues as the number of players, the duration of the match, the size of the field, the requirements for a football ball, the types of violations of the rules and others.
56e758323b31de5fc94f08676564307d27fe90f7	We emphasize that the rules of the game in football are constantly evolving, even in the new millennium.
9ee5014979a6b170f279f97a75618c0ef7656b43	However, their basis was formed at the beginning of the XX century.
09eb58158cbb6eb40f647bd211f8061b464724dc	We bring to your attention the chronology of the introduction of the most significant and interesting points.
7bd5aa4d79529132e833144b6e9e948cc8b0404f	1848. The collection of rules "Football at the University of Cambridge"was published for the first time.
866698e3c2d1e6c4f9f5a6187da5094eaa725e4c	Not a single impression has been preserved.
e372acf1d4487664c05eba5c3b9780a374738391	1862.
704f14fcdea858258ee68849621cc3b4145e70ac	New rules have been developed in Cambridge, taking into account the necessary changes.
1ee305a1c9ba15d1daeb38e94daa4bbe66a8217f	In them, we read, for example, that " a goal is counted when the ball has crossed the line, only if it was not entered or scored by hand."
2b274c4753f799e1d04b40ccbdde50d7acb65941	1863. On October 23, the world's first football association was founded - the English one, and on the 26th in London, 13 points of the rules of the game of football were formulated.
93a2ffe4c646b0f071629a486946fee7027b7e83	On December 1, these rules were published in newspapers and subsequently received universal recognition.
4709b183c5339378008b6c85a2fd97c7ff47350f	1866. The "out of the game" rule has been introduced.
ea54ae1c9af51d21fa148734133ac8af55cf4f3f	Also, for the first time, a rope was stretched between the posts marking the gate, limiting the height.
85d117d48e8b68d397ced145b0c95f275bfdd394	1871. It is established that the goalkeeper is the only football player in the team who has the right to play with his hands "when defending his own goal".
7fd9b855bc35cddcee7bf3ff2bfdce8e587a77cf	The game time is limited to one and a half hours.
f0cce066cdfb8337edfb94824e385c9c889b4640	1872. The dimensions of the ball are set.
e41afd056af1126b8d7728f37f69fc2035b56462	1874. They begin to use knee pads and shields.
ce2988cc47bfd188a969063fd490eee2a509a8d9	The violations for which a free kick is assigned are determined.
7e19765c33732499e9f5ef47f11059d548c7cf0a	1875. For the first time, a crossbar is installed on the gate instead of a rope.
2f2228f2a1f67a988f020c6da5201a93e582ead6	1877. Rules have been introduced according to which the goalkeeper can take only two steps with the ball and must knock it out, in addition, any player is not considered to be offside if the ball hits him from the opponent's foot.
9ac0f08028d4b4ec9dae59a19f3721231311f74b	1878. The referee entered the field for the first time, before that he was outside it and resolved disputes when he was addressed
1dc7fa267f639c6262d511e6a65913d96b39e327	In the same year, the referee received a whistle at his disposal.
62ddb3960fc67bf466b395877007ef5b597df2cf	1883. The game time was divided into two halves.
bcfb30d3026e25ac8bbe74900e7af67bd883d556	The rule about changing the gate after the break has been introduced.
79c99bcedba216061e68976965557edb76b8ef88	1884. The referee has the right to remove the player and determine whether a goal is scored according to the rules.
c29b7df8f7758f9c6399a1fbf8eb485969d52328	1887. The rule of the "out of the game" position has been clarified.
571f29ae40064282de7e324e3678ad0f54121f6f	It is recorded that there can be no offside with a corner, a shot from the goal and when the opponent touched the ball last.
59bfcba3313021a781a1ae36aa1fd6e7c4d96b44	1889. It was decided to strictly punish for insulting the referee, shouting and swearing on the field.
deeb0e6c6bf6f0267fd64f5c8ea3985334acf57d	1891. For the first time, a net was used for football goals.
48882ca9b639931aa7761253de0b1ff9825499e0	An eleven-meter penalty kick was introduced for rough play or hand play intentionally committed by a player of the defending team within the penalty area.
7abf97add78ac71bbfe3efa5c6b9d65c7324bb49	1894. A new version of the rules has been created, which have hardly changed since then.
281b2bb7508ef472cac5494f5d09fb39a29791b3	1896. From now on, the penalty should only make its way forward.
ae5c132f4e7432e68e25c4e3b152efd9219b645c	1900. The decision of the arbitrator on any occasion is final.
a3b6ebf4f54348dbd9cdef78c3f222ec4e733316	1901. A goal scored from a penalty kick is also counted when the time has expired, while the ball touched the goalkeeper and flew into the net.
b44366423b3e861a3139630e74d9cd22b4006d74	1902. The goalkeeper got the right to play with his hands not only in the goal area, but also in the penalty area.
ef6f8c5661e4e37a04b0397bcd6ecda3b2c475f0	1903. The size of the penalty area became the same as it is now, and penalties began to be punched from the 11-meter mark.
b5a8268bbad97640e73953f869bb400d04ac065d	The goal kick was performed from the goalie's line.
56b840ecccf71cbbc22c9672d67046ad825c2713	1905. A player is considered to be offside if he affects the game in any way from his place.
4d3646fced530eefb1b2dd618be27869a8cb9b33	From now on, the goalkeeper must be on the goal line when taking a penalty.
ae4a14bacca075f8db54392f7e9efbe2594e4819	1907. A rule has been introduced that a player who is in the other half of the field is considered to be offside.
f2f0fd9bc6633bc6c8466659f3a09b18e59c4bb8	1912. The goalkeeper can only play with his hands in his own penalty area.
ef2781adce472307471db475ca74f0a0d8dc41b1	1913. It was decided that players should be 10 yards (9.15 m) from the ball during the execution of free kicks and free kicks.
c3edd59f352a8e1a70ae996a1e15738e29ea7a9d	1917. It was decided that the ball after free and free kicks is considered in the game if it makes a full turn.
cd227d934c87d714e845c487a339d7e6714a4334	1921. A player is not considered to be offside when throwing the ball out of the out.
84ccd95741231510d06c9f889ec7b0dbed684632	1923. A radius of 9.15 m has been introduced at the penalty line, behind which players must be located when taking a penalty.
52f4265c3711af4c76d23988bf915896c33fbfe6	1924. It was decided that a goal scored directly from a corner is counted.
99b0aeeed48f3ee3cf7d7fadce6bfd57f9893b73	1925. The rule of the "out of the game" position has been changed.
8901aeb3c76bfc3d0d506a54a406828794603a02	Only one player of the opposing team should be in front of the striker without the ball, except for the goalkeeper, and not two, as it was before (since 1990, the forward is allowed to be level with this player, in 2003 an amendment was made regarding passive offside).
735ff6ebd28830c020789666895dfd4873e93868	1929. The goalkeeper is forbidden to move during the penalty shootout.
8e00cb20faa514104e7886d2b6dd99121abb04ae	1931. The goalkeeper is allowed to take four steps with the ball instead of two (now this rule has been changed - the number of steps is not limited, the time of possession of the ball is 6 seconds).
3440b2b0bf5d3fb9dbb42506cbc8f312023abc94	1933. A rule has been introduced according to which a penalty can be awarded for a violation within the penalty area, regardless of where the ball is located.
496edd7751bab1fed2f41838d1e48dc3b60ba6d1	For the first time, numbers were introduced on the players ' T-shirts.
ada049e568dcb065ace073132bb2d47a004177a7	1938. The rule is established that during the execution of a penalty, the ball is considered in the game if after the kick it has made one revolution around its axis, and after that it can be touched by another player.
1df61110e9ea314e34d79853c1e2d3a37898d72c	1948. It was decided that during the kick from the goal, the players of the opposing team do not have the right to be in the penalty area.
632b4aa3fdbf701bd73655fb671d33eaf5d4ce41	Since 1990, the attacker can be level with the defender, and in 2003 an amendment was made regarding passive offside.
8ec6292bf97288545468e1eaa65a9fbe1de7502a	Officially, the replacements were approved in 1968, when two players were allowed to change .
a196f093c88d25c0b53eb233085f3ffb2c9be627	Later, the number of players was increased to three.
0eac29784313217bf73f4bcbea3a9de755470cdc	This rule still applies to this day.
45da5fbacc04eba66ac04c9fcb58c401e8071630	Before that, substitutions at international competitions and in most countries were not allowed at all.
aaa6be0db6b663748344896fe908d427cf8dfece	There were cases when football players finished the match with broken arms and even legs.
8c2466eaa15bfcf3546797152d908066c51230a6	However, not all federations adhered to this rule, which is why they had conflicts with FIFA.
68abefe9eb2bf214848d336156fff9d3c62041c0	There are several versions of the appearance of a penalty.
884a797f46e6fcd2a6c0fb06f2d7ff6fcfb3b499	Version 1. The penalty was proposed by the Irish football rules expert John Penalty in 1891.
f198d47df75500a15e00f4a9de84f663c7e4b3f6	Version 2. The penalty was offered by the goalkeeper-William McCrum from Milford, Northern Ireland in 1890.
783aef14fe9e519ba87deffc0fc759c2b69c5ba2	Initially, the penalty was shot from any point on the line located 12 yards from the goal line.
fc551e2e89a2ef01fe39cd1604b4f41ce05e440a	Version 3. Penalties appeared in football thanks to the English "Stoke City".
e49a8ecd64a3d66a613d9ed78b9546650a34fae9	In 1891, in an FA Cup match, this team lost 0: 1 to Notts County.
abe84c13434555137e2148ec0dfea318889e31e0	There was a decisive moment in the game — the Notts County defender hit the ball flying into the goal with his hand.
4c04111918456e722e0e744b32eda594dac04a0d	The penalty, according to the rules, made its way from the place of violation.
60493bb6bb7e0a62ee9caba3a534c07f3cadf84c	The Notts County players in full force stood in the goal and took the blow for themselves.
5aea722cf137d59f6988899dfdc92dd46dc64893	"To hell with such rules!" - the losers said and filed a protest with the federation.
b0ab1724648f554b8bc3e16cca521b35439b23f5	The protest was considered and the rule of a new free kick was entered into the regulations — without a "wall" from 12 yards (10 m 97 cm).
0f10e76d455e9bba85dfe6618719522b8d44a068	The Stoke City management did not calm down on this and soon filed another protest, after a Stoke City player failed to shoot a penalty in the last minute in a match lost to Aston Villa (0:1).
3fee2ab887464bcb7b505aac063876304744b36d	M in this episode, the federation sided with Stoke City.
ae8a9b36ababc05f533b270956ed5ab2e11f6125	From that moment on, the referees were allowed to add as much time as they wanted for the last penalty.
cd666e53d8543f39620af044c29aaf2187851777	One of the most active supporters of changes in football rules was the young North American Soccer League (NASL), founded in 1968.
039388be4f34dd4880e240f7d536a3a52484cf0a	In the United States, football was mainly a game of immigrants, the football federation was fighting a hard battle for sponsors ' money with baseball, American football, basketball and hockey.
52b6c655669a6811bb89670934c128665a5688ff	NASL saw the key to increasing interest in football in increasing the number of goals.
ba17a979e976619a5d3edf4ff3e155fbdcb1beb1	To this end, proposals were submitted to FIFA to increase the size of the gate, introduce substitutions, soften the definition of "out of the game", etc.
0aae6e6bd524ddf58531fd7ecf4bd5c1bbf7e82e	Despite the rejection by FIFA, some of the proposals were subsequently reflected in the official football rules.
2949cab2f0bdf7afd513f87f0580947999a53cc8	Two teams take part in a football match, each of which consists of no more than 11 players, including the goalkeeper.
0a53396a833e0c06cb346c3f009f0bbcf758c85e	A match cannot start if there are less than seven players in any of the teams.
b1cd1ab3d80915c6b08e3c165947aecb7520cd10	The maximum number of reserve players that can be accepted by the competition rules should be in the range from zero to one hundred.
fbd4de906ccfd56ab3edcd27d3a2964178b04144	In matches held under the auspices of FIFA or national federations, the maximum number of substitutions is three.
8b813b2e8bb9db8e9b94eed5e19f94d03e2f52a9	In national league matches, the maximum number of substitutions can be increased to six.
031848ef537f74af934c9b6d9cccb094b6c407f0	In other matches, by agreement, it is permissible to carry out a larger number of substitutions, provided that the referee is warned about this agreement before the start of the match.
69526aabfecc3d2479a1c167a253d1f0d14895e3	If the referee is not warned, or the teams failed to reach an agreement, then no more than six substitutions are allowed.
8c18ef4d92bebed809260a3a08ebd9611425ac19	In all cases, the names of the reserve players must be determined before the start of the match.
17fcf6316ec03566d6cc60b6958a69bd10be40c6	A player cannot take part in a match if he is not listed in the list of reserve players, which must be handed over to the referee before the start of the match.
ba6b40aaf00425d8e10bb274b217f1e7b4a551b9	Substitution is allowed only from the middle line of the field and only during the stoppage of the game.
5bdf0dd439e6f3187fa67ab9e31a720b5cd70f54	The reserve player enters the field only after the player who is being replaced leaves it, having previously received a signal from the referee.
a9daf7c5945eec852b567d9fcc38119a924e00fb	From this moment on, the replaced player does not take any further part in the match.
a74d898482ffe13022a82464a2963e5de5bfb34b	All reserve and substituted players are subject to the jurisdiction of the referee, regardless of whether they take part in the match or not.
79626e02f8a13b6f615c4b1cf61945445576fe12	Any player can switch places with the goalkeeper during the stoppage of the game.
e60a8c8e3235e67819314766bd00e5d8ec5308f1	The referee must be warned about such a substitution.
4069603365f0f6f0e1d48ee004e29be1ff6190f9	If a fielder has switched with the goalkeeper, this does not affect the total number of substitutions.
a2d4691153bb6b58803614d339ca944ddc73a683	The replacement of the goalkeeper and the field player can be made an unlimited number of times.
fb5769c10659c832f79c3d013d2fa881307822d1	It is important that the form of the player who performs the functions of a goalkeeper on the field should differ in color from the form of the other players of this team who are on the field.
98e97807e8114b81bd9e1695049e6fee92b09194	If a reserve player enters the field without permission, the game is stopped, the reserve player is punished with a yellow card warning and is instructed to leave the field.
0806e169e35c968f396f8334b29fe643b5009030	The game is resumed with a free kick performed by the opposing team from the place where the ball was at the time of the stoppage of play.
b7455448ed3cfbbe4184ff509774642b7f1f6d59	In case of an unauthorized change of the goalkeeper, the game continues.
16065a7faa75b2b514478978388eb5c40b76731a	At the moment of the next stop of the game, both players are punished with a warning with a yellow card.
36342f604adae6f1583ca1b26b4908d1b5d58f30	For any other violation of this rule, the relevant players are punished with a warning with a yellow card.
649e73c5817db5e509f4ad5876b53a51df9844bf	If a player was removed before the actual start of the match, he can be replaced by one of the reserve players declared for the game, the replacement limit is maintained.
7e1d9906b3ee918a603bc4dcef80dbe5364ecf7f	In the event that a player was removed during the match, the team remains in the minority to finish the game.
c6181eb46f4365fc3a0f4996cb0ee50dae40bfec	The color scheme of the football uniform (T-shirt, underpants, leggings, boots), the features of individual details (the type of collar of the T-shirt, the cut of the sleeve, etc.) has historically been determined by each football club (or national team) and corresponds to certain traditions.
0020002e8c059e5a839729afa75a71de4ca84ae5	However, according to the color scheme, each team has three forms — the main, guest and reserve.
26a567553f059496ea499e57835e7aa6765ffd81	The specific type of uniform usually changes by the beginning of the next season.
d0436750d6cea1cb331983af296d7c39b4e77008	The main purpose of the reserve form is to be used instead of the main one if there is a problem with the regular sets of teams being distinguishable (the nuances are regulated by the regulations of confederations and tournaments).
8efbeb8d6a67250c0a14004077a72016dbd1d724	The main element of a football player's uniform is a T-shirt.
6c64cb27fda9984706837a72266847676cc7abff	On the back, that is, on the back of each player's T-shirt, there is a number under which this player plays in the team — it serves to identify the corresponding player on the field during the game.
a5b4418134d221b1aadd34385c19197af83110c4	Initially, the team's players were given numbers from 1 to 11, approximately corresponding to their position on the field.
84741af9348a0d20855104ed12d4267cd062e3a1	But currently, at the professional level, players choose any number from 1 to 99.
cdc3965a1c63429ad5704f934ed0c5518b3f9aa6	Since the 1980s-first in Europe, and then in the post-Soviet period and in Russia — another inscription appeared on the T-shirts above the number: the surnames or nicknames of the respective players.
3da7ab5245911affc58c5f5ef2a971bd40662818	They are located on the back of the T-shirt, above the number (this tradition, like numbers from 1 to 99, was manifested in hockey before football).
33098eb9baa45a2e88305e94d50c4157e384643b	Currently, the numbers of football players, in addition to the T-shirt, are also usually placed on the underpants, most often on the side in front.
f514bd36a13c8d0206d4cb87f18cba92f1100b6c	The football kit is now more developed than in the years of football development, when players usually wore thick cotton shirts, breeches and heavy hard leather boots.
fda5e50cb0d471e58b9fc6eb48977e5c2db0e92e	In the twentieth century, football boots became lighter and softer, underpants became shorter and more mobile, T-shirts were made lighter with the help of synthetic fibers, as well as more diverse in design.
ce59a95719eea2dbfda2bfde438cc598400b5421	The logos of sponsors began to appear on the uniform from the middle of the XX century, and the corporate uniform itself, issued under the auspices of the club, went on sale in order to increase the financial income of the clubs.
ae4090c53a29a05762f65e4cf46d2dfaa8394f23	Players may not wear any equipment that may be dangerous for them or for other players (including any kind of jewelry and wristwatches).
8b898971d799441465e8a390f93603a628c489da	Sealing jewelry with sticky tape is considered an insufficient security measure.
eb91ed761bbebb4a2193e076aee974cf2912f626	Leather and rubber belts and belts are also prohibited.
ff5794f3d5c1d7bb788904076d0da41ef70aba3a	Since mid-2000, it has been prohibited to display slogans or advertisements of a religious, social, political or other nature hidden under a T-shirt.
0f2523cdd8b917a27dd0391c2dc410bb24026c4d	A player who commits such a violation is punished in accordance with the rules of the competition.
d132da053ec0a82dca9a3ca0723370698ca4d237	Also, if a player's T-shirt is stained with blood, then he is forced to leave the field to put on a new one.
1aa012122283465f7e69b1a6663c3d0ca4c10423	After a violation, the game does not stop.
20b02f6bbf83fc345ca496623c7fdfdb9c76989a	At the moment of the next stop of the game, the player is instructed to leave the field to put his equipment in order.
a87b322f8d680b192a63869f2326519de3181960	A player can return to the field only at the moment of the next stop of the game and only with the permission of the referee, who has made sure that the equipment complies with the Rules.
87a8acbd9221e5ec21724c0a04cc80dbad0e1257	If a player returns to the field without the permission of the referee, the game is stopped, and he is punished with a warning with a yellow card.
37a1d2cca5edbdcdf1bc276634aa46c2147b28c7	The game resumes with a free kick performed by the opposing team from the place where the ball was at the time of the game stop.
901bd59f2eea6cf5930fb4e54feb8865e808e721	Checking the correctness of the equipment of the players coming on as a substitute is the responsibility of the reserve referee.
9544675d085f3b8db766813bfdb79b090689819d	The referee, his assistants and the reserve referee must perform in equipment that distinguishes them by color from the players of both teams and goalkeepers.
1f02c7b89011c538b33c039e92dfba3be52cef58	The phrase "Men in Black" is widely used as an unofficial nickname for referees because of the traditional black uniforms worn by referees, although recently their uniforms have become more diverse.
a25362f231675f6170e523fc300e7dca09c8ed6c	A corner kick is a way to resume the game.
f272219a3077fe83cb9bd0b4b160293782594c5d	A corner kick is awarded when the ball, having last touched a player of the defending team, completely crossed the goal line on the ground or in the air, and in accordance with Rule 10, a goal was not scored.
56d4f23e5127819cdc1c8d59b15efbebb8746973	A goal scored in their own goal directly from a corner kick is not counted.
ca23b5e8c7d78b00c9c1448daffdd2012e73f24c	The ball is placed inside the corner sector closest to the place where the ball crossed the goal line, at the fixed flagpole.
7a95add65bfd7765878ea30ddfd24768e997a013	The opponents are at a distance of at least 9.15 m (10 yards) from the corner sector until the ball enters the game.
79a65dcba7adec30883068bbfdee570c07cddb6b	The ball is considered in play when it is hit and it is in motion.
8ae9f236a3b6395e57db9d1fbf21c5eced6669cf	The player who has executed the kick cannot touch the ball until he (the ball) touches any other player or leaves the game.
5d7ff1a240133cd29ae1969b94ef6f873f51b294	If the player who made the corner kick touches the ball again (not with his hands) before the ball touches any other player, the opposing team gets the right to make a free kick from the place where the touch occurred.
bcc44ace4634c28ead1baac4417e85abcefd48f6	If a player repeatedly touches the ball with his hands: • If it is the goalkeeper within his own penalty area, the opposing team gets the right to perform a free kick from the place where the touch occurred; • If it is a field player or a goalkeeper outside of his own penalty area, then, depending on the place of the violation, the opposing team gets the right to perform a free kick or an 11-meter kick.
e38f374d1229dfa9b233a1a9b387a750d5e81b4b	In case of other violations, the corner kick is repeated.
ca1442fd3f74e54af6dc6189b4e5eeb93eadfdf1	Before the start of the match and before the start of the first half of the extra time of the match (if it is assigned to determine the winner of the match or a series of matches), a draw is made (for example, a coin toss).
4f9aaa55df0119f3f41fd32d3d86bf370b838b5f	The team that wins the draw gets the right to choose which goal it will attack in the first half of the main or extra time of the match.
9bb6e4d817103a7dfa84eb606d5e2c5a04aa901c	The opposing team gets the right to perform the initial kick in the first half.
d67809acefafb29bbc89de02f3bd00221103fb76	The team that wins the draw performs the initial kick in the second half, in which the teams change goals.
349234fcb7c5ac2593f7264953c99e431c33dd05	The players of both teams are located in their own half of the field, while the players of the non-striking team are outside the central circle, at a distance of at least 9.15 meters from the ball until it is put into play.
637a991a60d365de72fc19c1a80e3a9b395bab66	The ball lies motionless in the center of the field.
ec9597a8f7d6f826b9fb0bfc3f40e582cab36035	At the signal of the referee, the player strikes the ball, directing it in any direction, and the game begins.
df3e2b97876ce9ef3c366fb5c2d8f060df85903b	At the same time, the player who made the kick does not have the right to touch the ball again until another player touches the ball.
70d84e5d95d26602777065898fb5028aad3931e2	A goal scored directly from the initial kick is counted.
c0c15a0d558be26e5a9abebc6f5454d7bb69af87	If the player who made the initial kick touches the ball again before any other player touches it (the ball), then the game stops and the opposing team is given the right to make a free kick from the place where the player touched the ball for the second time.
61ab1fb62d366feec0ada22c117cf6f4c9d9bcb1	In case of all other violations of the execution procedure, the initial strike is performed again.
60837b52c05c473971d4929a02b8d988e0dca203	A "disputed ball" is a method of resuming the game after it has been stopped for reasons not directly provided for by the Rules of the game (a ball that burst during the game, a fan who ran onto the field, etc.), resembling a hockey throw-in.
313852badfe3739a0222889ed19ee06d5a6c2946	The referee throws the ball in the place where it was at the time of stopping the game (except in cases when the game is stopped within the goal square — in this case, the throw is made at the nearest point on the goal square line parallel to the goal line); the game is resumed at the moment when the ball touches the ground.
18139d37dd549d6077214b17dc47519154670c77	The draw must be repeated if any of the players touches the ball before it touches the ground, or if the ball, having entered the game, leaves the field without touching any of the players.
1ca9082a1bd2c598bcc30fb544c33ef0e5d79f3d	Number of players (football)
b5bafdc59747aee4a4a1421026ce1cf99e5e593e	The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on May 5, 2015; checks require 16 edits.
30d3af3244e5f5d472f5c72b490fa352c83dfef8	Rule 3 of the Rules of the Game of football regulates the number of players taking part in the match, as well as the procedure for replacing players during the game.
1fe887edd8a0b366ba6414a2f99ea4d61b9e4dd0	1 The number of players 2 The maximum number of substitutions 3 The replacement procedure 4 The replacement of the goalkeeper 5 Violations and penalties 6 Removed players of the main squad and substitutes
91bea1f04155b3f4c7a05c3a2683c50aedf3290b	Number of players[edit / edit wiki text]
4993a27e57bebad031625632375b58221f8934e6	Maximum number of substitutions[edit / edit wiki text]
70156df83343da4a74625d3320ca58766a754d4c	Replacement procedure[edit / edit wiki text]
99aebba7704bf2186b945e36d9f0392719aa9318	The referee must be warned about the substitution.
7d1b0f9710fb9ba8b68a92b728aac1c70a49975b	Replacing the goalkeeper[edit / edit wiki text]
f2240e7cd7697c5da3a0f954b3e86ae53425a821	Violations and punishments[edit / edit wiki text]
35488dae5a3a5e092d420b29d1ab8adc7d374358	Deleted players of the main squad and reserve players[edit / edit wiki text]
de25edc78f437ebfc55d315607502e7d9190b681	Rules of the game of football
a55a275aa676930d9258569485d5b38eb1196630	Terms
d2bf01af8b4bc288857e18062fcb55790a0bf93b	Field of play Ball Number of players Equipment of players Referee Assistant referees Reserve referee
43733d0bbb187793a7b723b4d534795a7eadd7b9	Duration of the game Start and resumption of the game Ball in the game and not in the game Determination of the goal Position "out of the game" Violations of the rules and undisciplined behavior of players Free kicks and free kicks 11 meter kick Throw in Goal kick Corner kick Post match penalties
eba9670471c95cf5ccce687b1baa4160b7bd36a6	International Council
05c38a108b7b2d7421dbd9fc19c4cebb696ffb75	football Associations (IFAB)
1cc69046ea4c7a64cceef31bd3ad62963300b5dd	Football Association of England Scottish Football Association Football Association of Wales Irish Football Association FIFA
93db45a8cafbd77d612f1d395a7797b6315dbc00	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Число igrokov_ (football)&oldid=82834352»
b716462b90d3f520d432e9c4532f3b20724f61f8	Category: Football Rules
d10bceb34149e9e1e4a6e04f77fdd6f7dad41962	Azərbaycanca Belaruska (tarashkevitsa) Français Bahasa Indonesia Ukraine
4fb785b2600c30e6da65be5cee0457cfe310f7aa	Last modified on this page: 18: 18, January 3, 2017.
b21058ace26235d685d1356e33c35b47655247a8	The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on April 27, 2016; checks require 7 edits.
1b0aa097eec1a69c0bae6b9a7a76ddc7cdebd7ad	1 Current edition 2 History 3 Notes 4 References
9d183a459eda2a5e78d46710b2ab51f87b60dcd0	Current version[edit / edit wiki text]
7fd6b0dfc3e9be3000addeddca9418422ce2ad0f	A handwritten original of the" Rules of the Game", written in the hand of Ebenezer Cobb Morley in 1863 and currently stored in the National Football Museum, Manchester
27b6214f6099e4b51af6b5af61d8d53eaf0614e1	The latest version of the rules (2015/2016)[1] consists of 17 items.
7b6458a1f32330656f842a696427f4d8ae2df546	Rule 1: Football field Rule 2: Soccer ball Rule 3: Number of players Rule 4: Football uniform Rule 5: Referee Rule 6: Assistant referees Rule 7: Duration of the game Rule 8: Start and resume of the game Rule 9: The ball is in play and not in play.
9ced980d5290464ca82276fd54933f3fb1cd0c59	The ball is not in play when it has completely crossed the goal line or the sideline — on the ground or in the air, or the game has been stopped by the referee.
9163baab50765ca68ba0ea49f1ea50dbdc6a96d3	For the rest of the time, the ball is in play, including when it bounces off the goal post, crossbar or corner flagpole and remains in the field;
2b6e30f7738398bc537dc6387c4c42d6c9b7a7bd	and also when it bounces off the referee or from the assistant referee who are within the field.
7e63f53820de1118b8019673655adf512e8e74a7	Rule 10: Goal taking Rule 11: Offside position Rule 12: Violations and undisciplined behavior of players Rule 13: Free kicks and free kicks Rule 14: 11 meter kick Rule 15: Throwing the ball Rule 16: Goal kick Rule 17: Corner kick
d796474821609db870b569660efa4b3a8f3685c1	The rules were first introduced on December 7, 1863 by the Football Association of England.
d8be18c674b3abdf3ec6af25cc7fa6a5a8298a6b	The rules were based on the provisions of the game invented at the University of Cambridge.
7d7617a602296cec497f8dc70ed43108d8f1b4cb	Currently, the rules are set by the International Council of Football Associations, in which representatives of the English, Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish football associations have one vote, and FIFA has 4 votes.
634a78e3b1376197f45b237aa67a8ffb72cbb64c	These rules were basically adopted in 1970, in 1992, due to an excessively non spectacular game at the 1990 World Cup, a ban was imposed on playing with the goalkeeper's hands after a pass by a player of his team, since then the rules have been subject to only minor changes.
4f7eecb210bea1dba1fa70af20da596d5e303993	↑ Rules of the game 2014/2015 (English).
5187d0ea8a7e454d23cabdad1fda514530778b4c	IFAB.
fa561141ba51718422c0f51ae10e0ac8d5c30b10	FIFA.
f3a464237242dcadae910310de786a7a4c2242c3	Laws of the Game (English).
6a42c923ecfc82724da214e9a8e51d4911369362	FIFA.com. Checked on January 17, 2014.
4430e5a111221166ded06eaca13820b1da6c54ee	Archived from the original source on February 14, 2012 — - Rules of the game as of the 2013/2014 season on the website at FIFA.com Rules of the game (translation) (Russian). SportZone.ru.
8bed0cb679281d6f6c8b47fd92fbe5758deadc4c	The rules of the game as of the 2008/2009 season (translation) (Russian). FPL.ua (July 2008).
389275970919a368e772974f739a0c8ca81281cf	Verified on September 25, 2011.
1bc6df82cafdc8e12817e7cec0e9550700ee618a	Archived from the original source on February 14, 2012.
3d1f5dc8fff37cae713932249696426a47b079f3	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rules of the game of football&oldid=80798899"
ebcedc57a64d2c79b29697ccc6eb2e14dd62af13	Categories: Football rules Football terminology
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7a1d4a57cd4702c4a751353bd6c8f53098e00ce3	Last modified on this page: 11: 28, September 14, 2016.
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7e8eff47340245d933d59034df870d65107654fe	Such a diverse football
283f708d5d4b2b3e3c2548e322b8c9320611b6b4	Various interesting things about football...
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cf314510e42c637e51660be3d36f9885174d02e2	Tags Stoke City Football Association of England FIFA
9c6f90c4d98db5ec686863e2dbefa4bda7e2b4c6	Issue sixteen.
592a731048b0cef2d17e98f17fa7eed7635a6f5f	History of Football rules
47581f203b9cdea42973fccd05b87f2473fe6a7f	Despite the fact that football originated more than 100 years ago, changes to the football rules are still being made to this day, although the main points were approved until the middle of the 20th century.
0bbcd8bbf824baf07b3ee03046f602ebb57cf741	Chronology of changes in football rules
834479688f4439ef113205772763745abf7e0bf9	1848.
667cdb16fb88f012fe3482a3b5f1557a8ddfa1d2	The collection of rules "Football at the University of Cambridge"was published for the first time.
be696d0732d57942e9c22b2679ac4ecf5a23d94a	1863.
9f6bc713bbd40bb1825a703eb147b4ad8c22647b	On October 23, the world's first football association was founded - the English one, and on the 26th in London, 13 points of the rules of the game of football were formulated.
01dc56f34d59eb4fb6e8d35ca2da303e73b36fb7	1866.
3caad98925438e7f22faad70782adf8f7c4b10b5	The "out of the game" rule has been introduced.
d31cc5c4c13b80f2627f66107980e6db72141fb7	1873.
a4d7d029dfd07f7ddf281c8ffc8b3226aec2cc8b	A throw in of the ball from behind the sideline has been introduced.
7a28271a6268f3aedcca181082e5c25803985b5c	A corner kick is introduced.
5e0344336bfc005574f5184d3dd124246c77168e	1883.
4d630cc3053d3201c05e68ac6ddc2720399e0b26	The game time was divided into two halves.
cee6c383f85445580dc73e3960a0371b0a92349a	1891.
364f0f04c64449ddc45b8fbd40dd28736c680b82	For the first time, a net was used for football goals.
16144b8e91b7a62532499c3f85e5f2b63657deea	An eleven meter penalty kick was introduced for rough play or hand play intentionally committed by a player of the defending team within the penalty area.
da76ebe1c551ca885495c0d83dc918ab77d9b727	1948.
b15795b06e40466b7d37915c4abc43bf8ce84f62	It was decided that during the kick from the goal, the players of the opposing team do not have the right to be in the penalty area.
d5a331a7c88142d197fbfd118f8d4585228bc665	1968.
bd9f567bb8cf149dc54312bf7888f30b343eec6d	It is allowed to replace two players at any time.
7416267fd1a03709edbb3725ebc453ca75a6d501	1970.
13270178a615fced942d0660f8748f4ef22f9462	Yellow and red cards were introduced at the World Cup in Mexico.
f879633eefbae9b35234581d43d5867a4d7a95eb	At the 1966 FIFA World Cup, a tense situation arose in the match between Argentina and England due to the fact that the Argentine player did not understand or did not want to understand the verbally pronounced removal by the referee and remained on the field for another 9 minutes.
5f9dc94b2a7aee9a2da08adf295eec16604e65c8	In the ensuing brawl, the English players did not understand the warnings in their address either.
ca077fe0de0a457e97693fb5051334f2eac0dcff	The audience was also among those who did not understand what was happening.
fd7026c5fdedce2d34eea210ab81ff905f9d2cc3	To avoid such misunderstandings, the English referee Ken Aston proposed the introduction of red and yellow cards, based on the internationally known traffic light color scheme.
a623bfaff5898bb272b294a6dc234ec55ec78aba	1991.
ff8ce5f410ea8bc564b1b8f262b57573fbee3370	Two yellow cards automatically turn into a red one.
9bb7bf8b4a127bb8ca5e975c6b51792d7256d0ab	The "out of the game" position"
625e12e15697dfe33eb7f4f87360717c4bd31e87	The "offside" position turned out to be one of the most changeable football rules.
add24edf3696ceee9be8c016455dd05254c9fd9e	Introduced in 1866, the "offside" position was fixed if the attacker was in front of the ball.
d4aedb0633c22b94fdaee08e366e2058937ba310	In 1887, it was added that there can be no offside with a corner kick from the goal and when the opponent touched the ball last.
2c97ddb149c7f8c18db82c727624e6daea270a43	Until 1925, "out of the game" was recorded if there were less than three opposing players in front of the attacking player and the opponent's goal.
175f8647fd7d32419b782be290ae07b4b4b44cb8	This interpretation did not contribute to effective football.
59e221421f76416d3e38b8467caa766eef6e43f5	In 1925, an amendment was made to prevent a player from being offside, there must be at least two opponents in front of him.
959c7ee0801259cfcc6f2852098f7081c8448061	Version 1.
11a17836822d7154be271b874a0eca069f99d533	The penalty was proposed by the Irish football rules expert John Penalty in 1891.
bbf56c7bd50df8787b2265053e65faf66197f1e8	Version 2.
e7a788a45862fd3a669731aedda289ce41ca96e2	The penalty was offered by the goalkeeper William McCrum from Milford, Northern Ireland in 1890.
e381075fc843c005179bb60af8448893a819b854	Version 3.
4322f2b70c0ac4f1407d35bc1be187dee4859642	Penalties appeared in football thanks to the English "Stoke City".
5102da5c82e48adeb459c72ad6be5350dcac5228	"To hell with such rules!"
abcb1632871f56d349429877608a129057ac3c0d	- the losers said and filed a protest with the federation.
e76f237111de08d6c638e677dc1608509a87f44e	To this end, proposals were submitted to FIFA to increase the size of the gate, introduce substitutions, soften the definition of "out of the game", etc. Despite the rejection by FIFA, some of the proposals were subsequently reflected in the official football rules.
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8537c72591df8cdc590167c69de83db94c067b03	Start and resume of the game (football)
c5488a3e5a64c42315e7190733711f62d5184741	The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on May 23, 2016; checks require 2 edits.
409e3b46a13b34eaed5973eddc86e650efa26133	Rule 8 of the Rules of the Game of Football defines the procedure for starting the game and resuming it after goals are scored, the completion of each of the halves of the main and extra time, or after the game is stopped for reasons not provided for by the Rules.
595d5d728abe22ce595edc0eb74fc0d826b0ab5a	1 Prerequisites 2 Initial strike 2.1 Procedure 2.2 Violations and penalties
5e1799a2737957400631eda81f77ae014eb88403	3 Disputed ball 3.1 Procedure 3.2 Replay
df64518d495a2e59be557963950ec307a24c7356	Prerequisites[edit / edit wiki text]
a0c743d3da905e5e2ecfbe5b7534275b8d50f731	Initial strike[edit / edit wiki text]
12b284fbcfac376dc56d033e485078504d11e86d	The initial hit is being executed:
50fed7025467033d4780eb038cbf687b74c6beaa	at the beginning of any half of the main or additional (if any) time of the match; after a goal is scored — by the team in whose goal it was scored.
532316239aa519c30c60c78333a663b998b4c7f9	Procedure[edit / edit wiki text]
ea980d2d1c81504897c161b6f0e8141849173d4b	The players of both teams are located in their own half of the field, while the players of the non striking team are outside the central circle, at a distance of at least 9.15 meters from the ball until it is put into play.
bb28b4e08aff7a001716b8169219bb45f4a1cb52	Disputed ball[edit / edit wiki text]
728d02583fbb1a5cad73a42c5d06da18108cdd0e	A "disputed ball" is a method of resuming the game after it has been stopped for reasons not directly provided for by the Rules of the game (a ball that burst during the game, a fan who ran onto the field, etc.), resembling a hockey throw in.
ef0a81554a697b9736c7a1b0bafe91dc54bdb867	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Start and resume of the game_ (football)&oldid=78972494»
04b039bab7124daf58ba032504b3c7fb19f88574	Belarusian (tarashkevitsa)
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dcff352550a713edc30d12cb3456c57813007b7f	Last modified on this page: 11: 30, June 14, 2016.
e75a2ff580baaf6d4a70e8314d5761b47a197ec2	Corner kick (football)
15f63f61d6d4d11faf4532de8c646583340e353e	The corner is breaking through
55f3f211a265b8bcdec0182ce70edc8bdea49633	Rule 17 of the Rules of the game of football regulates the procedure for performing a corner kick.
8c52c75269fc64db7262c471a37c2a5a0599af1a	Definition[edit / edit wiki text]
7384c45a1e6891d71a7a5a60b7849ba424620f0e	A goal scored by the opposing team directly from a corner kick is counted.
d1fe849882ded8cf6eda2d0b8d5335c1f04ac3b0	If a player repeatedly touches the ball with his hands: • If it is the goalkeeper within his own penalty area, the opposing team gets the right to perform a free kick from the place where the touch occurred;
50c7e0fbd18b56d59eb029c08fbf64a74068b493	• If it is a field player or a goalkeeper outside of his own penalty area, then, depending on the place of the violation, the opposing team gets the right to perform a free kick or an 11 meter kick.
0a87968ce84eccc6b6757f0d1ccd6bdc7e1c3396	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corner kick_ (football)&oldid=66476083»
ce7506a2dd584d3d4106f48b2940a4cc62b01938	The Belarusian (tarashkevitsa) Blgarski کوردیی ناوەندی Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά English Español Français Galego Euskara فارسی Հայերեն עברית Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 Kazakh 한국어 Latviešu Nederlands Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Simple English Srpski / Svenska Türkçe srpski Ukrainian O'zbekcha/Becca West Vlams 中文
ba98ddcb01543ae10cf5c1bb49792dbd17d60fb7	Last modified on this page: 18: 02, October 28, 2014.
34a139156184f3889866f8e10d4e6fe6a79acc90	Football uniform
8788d06b5d292b529d384eaa96f00f741253c043	Rule 4 of the Rules of the game of football determines in what equipment players can go on the field.
40b457450282b59b4f3aa675702b7947e3a0e3ac	1 Description 2 Mandatory equipment elements 3 Goalkeeper equipment 4 Prohibited Equipment 5 Penalties for Violations 6 Reserve players 7 Referee equipment 8 Notes 9 References
c46dcc18c9dcace6dbd68a355cc4785deb63a39c	Description[edit / edit wiki text]
17f05d2ea1c6217b0eb0121e84c2787b4e9c8d3e	The color scheme of the football uniform (T shirt, underpants, leggings, boots), the features of individual details (the type of collar of the T shirt, the cut of the sleeve, etc.) has historically been determined by each football club (or national team) and corresponds to certain traditions.
c0331ab085edd16414dce39bff0752ed5d914edf	The main element of a football player's uniform is a T shirt.
597cf2f36fb86b7b125386df41b6a5a1c3eb23e8	On the back, that is, on the back of each player's T shirt, there is a number under which this player plays in the team — it serves to identify the corresponding player on the field during the game.
9bdf0716981b7619c879fc0ba5ff2309ab27fac8	Since the 1980s first in Europe, and then in the post Soviet period and in Russia — another inscription appeared on the T shirts above the number: the surnames or nicknames of the respective players.
ef549c29311b2b26e0ff8106973b013564e578b4	They are located on the back of the T shirt, above the number (this tradition, like numbers from 1 to 99, was manifested in hockey before football).
560de82358756f043f33ef3f06e9e3922372b184	Currently, the numbers of football players, in addition to the T shirt, are also usually placed on the underpants, most often on the side in front.
6af2471953bc1c7289ef5cbd4b8ae565c373b78e	In the twentieth century, football boots became lighter and softer, underpants became shorter and more mobile, T shirts were made lighter with the help of synthetic fibers, as well as more diverse in design.
bd0c963b02e6f5be8db4361a0b66ec07a041f61e	Mandatory equipment elements[edit / edit wiki text]
8fc7ce018a862a73a573718686c01523dcdf05f3	According to Rule 4, the mandatory elements of equipment are:
d04b73c917dcd27c6e27e896bd16079b37a94ebe	A shirt or T shirt that has sleeves.
c90b5b45d07a67725670b5be761484d9403fbdf8	If a lower T shirt is used, then the color of its sleeves should be the same as the main color of the sleeves of a shirt or T shirt.
905609a6c8c36a62afa464140bb97337999fd28f	Underpants.
dbc0135eddf92f26f0e87ed3df481bf827a9a2f0	If podtrusniki are used, they should be the same color as the underpants.
e6d27057a1b1edb05ad9d8a48846b527559a4187	Gaiters.
c4e0671ea441ab75a3f531a9677370b886bb58b8	Shields.
84890dcb91da4b329c8ff0511ff8c78ec35ec1ae	Boots.
29e5067b4da1a88790747144cb2793f996368935	The shields should be completely covered with gaiters.
f15e16419475f2d5407c6375fefc8df0c9115705	They must be made of a suitable material (plastic, rubber) and must provide a sufficient degree of protection.
f5ff49f49d72231ba1e4b3a7cdf7e5697dc7bea3	T shirt
31fe17191e290c38abd4bccc3b08d5e325e514ed	Shields
eadb83a60cbee6383fed50796b69eac6640d3ef2	Boots
69cf823e6195a83f7d7d3942062885e468a85bb2	Goalkeeper equipment[edit / edit wiki text]
a10a93d7fb97787fb9f93e3dcb43813d912d433e	The goalkeeper's uniform must differ in color from the uniforms of other players and referees.
bca12b6836e023cf4bfb82a635d9d3fc1550d9d0	Forbidden equipment[edit / edit wiki text]
a7f05c499410b0c767dcb8b18b246f1a95ddb12f	Since mid 2000, it has been prohibited to display slogans or advertisements of a religious, social, political or other nature hidden under a T shirt.
379879d5ff3f390e13a967adaed809b263c0322c	Also, if a player's T shirt is stained with blood, then he is forced to leave the field to put on a new one.
65bc8357e3fee9b8ebba38286e9676cde1a0bebc	Penalties for violations[edit / edit wiki text]
221d288ea5c03f5a142d4e70ac211202fea8e65c	Referee of the Russian Premier League Igor Egorov
b461ad84b25d0f4cd4182b1c75abf8fce07b0f41	Reserve players[edit / edit wiki text]
2a5a0dd7b01e5c470b061ff3c70428bfcc638ac6	Judges ' equipment[edit / edit wiki text]
e23e891d26a20011dc7cf8d25abfe3a09cfaac41	↑ UEFA, Article 9.
b1d69842d2079e334e2a41553c31bd757c668992	Colour clashes of teams.
0587219f12b426c0cc09b18a909ba7fca3fd6924	FIFA Equipment Regulations from 03.2010..
a79925ab09f9fc30048d53dd95bfe557acfe406b	UEFA Kit Regulations (edition 2012).
313966ba38f615fe3da57b8050c97b464dcc8722	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Футбольная form&oldid=83154629"
a5e45ae07242fa78295b37119693a9cfee610572	العربية Azərbaycanca Belarusian Belarusian (tarashkevitsa) Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Ελληνικά English Español Français Hrvatski Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本本 Bahasa Melayu Português Română Scots Simple English Srpski / srpski Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Ukrainka TinNg ViệT 中文
b2639eacef42667f0f19bff9e8813f3b1b34d477	Last modified on this page: 06: 06, January 19, 2017.
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3ef34dff24e793b7203223d4669e498483b1f5e3	Matches and tournaments
c1b56593993e955c98820e9980bbe7bf8607a7ae	Photo Galleries
9b2f3ac28c6266025de8de7228a3776987a5e3e1	Football on TV
92ee4e6a83562ab2c6cdda0cc8936062a4959568	Conferences
e08734e6dec25f9a01dfddba74bdf378170facfa	Top 11 legends of the Premier League
cdc500ec571f7c964c0d2f5eac16a11ee2d36733	Football GURU
32f40d77a14dad96af60b732facbe464c307f53d	Rules of life
707fe00aa123eb0be5010f1d3065c2b6d7934ca4	England
17d53e0e6a68acdf80b78d4f9d868c8736db2cec	Germany
20a8df9b760336178fca425339ec1c7e542a2463	Spain
ad79ef0f076d3a686ab9738925f4dd2c7e69d7d1	Italy
fb61c8a8eba24117016597fc7618f38821b16e8f	Netherlands
a495190bcc2ef4116725616d321016a7def5bd8f	Portugal
247ce5d5d9158a1021672cfbc50ce69d843f7d14	North America
d7153e6702b4ea48c7c0d01affdef0e1b39fd6dc	Turkey
e3772ac4b4db87b4a8dbfa59ef43cd1a8ad29515	France
3e9b56aa58a90b59c45cc582112e34aae0966390	Champions League
ff7660581d9b110f5602453ae1629fd38fadaaab	Europa League
e07d69d9bffc376c1a82866b7b8807194dd741a2	World Cup 2018.
d1f8e5ea93b2f5a69528707c67d3952e9002539b	Selection
1badb2b720ea9e01835cbb8ed0728de2ecccbf0b	Copa America
14d16739c9a48bef1cac3f70b96b79d9eb277de5	Africa Cup
cfd5877f38db339de044a6ef456329baada12602	Copa Libertadores
d0f3342971a0d2b2702a7314f2e560c4f718a6f4	4-4-2
940b5c74ffe19812b40b07af659ad3545c045f1a	Business and Finance
9f5056c55a8f3b17f38612a6d500dd908c52040d	Hit run
6cc502ec92382602c58897ec983cf95a1d37f763	Other football
a6f11f57b46ddedb588ebebafdf47a9c4d3edb54	Spanish messenger
36b4064269b2be543279418d833e8f64de192a50	Calcio dello Stivale
a5f13ca298bbcc0541041365181a4ae9857c72a4	Retro football
4850906f836d3aa8d2e89258f22e937a82c75c8a	Own shirt
56be36a0f8909c60b8bb745f74ef5ed6afb193dd	Scout
0683b1f066422ca466f884b8e3b71e561a833e6e	Third half
6f5bb87589d63a7f64ea819c28131de19fbc83ea	Reading material
860d7ecb666199115913604b617b3522967c84ca	Kamon, play!
a0721e06f78a76e1e7381a5310f9fee7ce6e45f3	April 22, 2008, 08: 12
27ad4d434c1dc01429bf47ae68379c35fcfd9c9d	Football rules.
bf66ed5a04063ef0e4a9df099da3b280cdc3353c	An excursion into history
3ec06ec767a25262a3060d15be14bb6f1badc3ee	We bring to your attention the chronology of the introduction of the most significant and interesting points. 1848.
abb5bccb902b3ee81de577629d1ced2330bf7165	Not a single impression has been preserved. 1862.
68f507af72fd15fcce8b56d5fb08cecab43c1ea1	In them, we read, for example, that " a goal is counted when the ball has crossed the line, only if it was not entered or scored by hand." 1863.
7e8a9ad66e0c1ff4c38157ff4039f34c18a8eccf	On December 1, these rules were published in newspapers and subsequently received universal recognition. 1866.
6898f5edd065033819fa21a16d16f270cd1e4560	Also, for the first time, a rope was stretched between the posts marking the gate, limiting the height. 1871.
330a2ecc2ca18c3dd72fb7d325fa3404bac389f7	It is established that the goalkeeper is the only football player in the team who has the right to play with his hands "when defending his own goal".
bf030947a3f65403fc70aa89ca65adb2c3944361	The game time is limited to one and a half hours. 1872.
824cd4e64c92b9a7dd9fe93f56c87cfbeac97395	The dimensions of the ball are set.
bff257139b9e4465d0b5072ed2e19f7b8ef5bacc	The function of the chief judge has been introduced.
ad771d591a3e87c7dc0a23245ee7f2fec74fd9d0	He entered into business when the captains could not agree.
f62ec0cb6ac1a664c6b5cb6f3aee575fc9a6c2b3	1874.
2bb405e77b50c278b5e783338cae58de6befab45	They begin to use knee pads and shields.
e2caef47058114dfdef27c114b52c26021b90ba6	The violations for which a free kick is assigned are determined. 1875.
ecd74036bcc3561218687c8588b223d88b8a60a9	For the first time, a crossbar is installed on the gate instead of a rope. 1877.
2da52923d02208fba66e04dc5f86b83217dbf439	Rules have been introduced according to which the goalkeeper can take only two steps with the ball and must knock it out, in addition, any player is not considered to be offside if the ball hits him from the opponent's foot. 1878.
3b5cf561449241b2a54cff37736467c7e3ec33f7	The referee entered the field for the first time, before that he was outside it and resolved disputes when he was addressed In the same year, the referee received a whistle at his disposal. 1883.
4933ed4c8bb36ad65e3d207f25460bcc3db81986	The rule about changing the gate after the break has been introduced. 1884.
c17e2240535d5d946420440e7b1fbcf16a6a66f4	The referee has the right to remove the player and determine whether a goal is scored according to the rules. 1887.
0f3e42fc0e64c151b55158028484443cecf7caad	The rule of the "out of the game" position has been clarified.
b96f399b9c80e15bfe414026bb8380bd14d444f2	It is recorded that there can be no offside with a corner, a shot from the goal and when the opponent touched the ball last. 1889.
8c29a12fd191a30c7f5f22465d7a47720ab36bfe	It was decided to strictly punish for insulting the referee, shouting and swearing on the field. 1891.
7907f9d181e423a57ba237805229a3fa548be4d7	It was proposed by an Irish expert on the rules of football, John Penalti.
8621fff45b0db348c09520dbc607a8228d5569fc	The condition was accepted that the goalkeeper with an 11 meter shot should be no closer than 5.5 m to the ball.
12ae52ca08a5555e0bbb54984e8f7b6f1fb4d519	A player who punches a penalty cannot touch the ball again.
089ff0cd82ebfbee2df660d9a2a6506187332510	1894.
b93f7c59350be50e484784e5ec8f55ba276e3dfa	A new version of the rules has been created, which have hardly changed since then. 1896.
916350c6eaa94fd122edbe32661028c120b5aa09	From now on, the penalty should only make its way forward. 1900.
2ca504f70289b0cf9171d689653d17d68da32043	The decision of the arbitrator on any occasion is final. 1901.
1364a849c3645e203b087de4636baa9fd09a4b4d	A goal scored from a penalty kick is also counted when the time has expired, while the ball touched the goalkeeper and flew into the net. 1902.
9cdb69c7a972a2aba06ddd8d7ecd09ffe78f390c	The goalkeeper got the right to play with his hands not only in the goal area, but also in the penalty area. 1903.
ef1d1306f7ca9d333177aeabd88364f0b69a70f2	The size of the penalty area became the same as it is now, and penalties began to be punched from the 11 meter mark.
c98bebd6b60399ce96460613060573622f24a635	A free kick is introduced.
fc05bf8313a7fdd4b27b1e10268fb777e7434576	The field dimensions have been finally approved.
e49aab7e99f0fbaf5a4dd04ea4dc277b7a01b983	1905.
5483e5650b74dd855719c2b4b2858ff4226eacd8	A player is considered to be offside if he affects the game in any way from his place.
f80bf49db1f0c65023adca567986d09d3c6f7cd1	From now on, the goalkeeper must be on the goal line when taking a penalty. 1907.
55e6986efd9a9552c3e56c57fbc18a0d2dc0de8b	A rule has been introduced that a player who is in the other half of the field is considered to be offside. 1912.
0e91f77e6aa13722eae9992ca9b0e20810aace79	The goalkeeper can only play with his hands in his own penalty area. 1913.
6cbc92cd777bf5dbb3940fcbae21334b8f19722b	It was decided that players should be 10 yards (9.15 m) from the ball during the execution of free kicks and free kicks. 1917.
e7d3c4460d969b786a8bd051f76bc1fd0bd1450c	It was decided that the ball after free and free kicks is considered in the game if it makes a full turn. 1921.
34a1920faae1cefde3a0a9256c57eef385416a50	A player is not considered to be offside when throwing the ball out of the out. 1923.
1cb2b0ff8a9a9e1faaefacb464e34c1d035b6b6b	A radius of 9.15 m has been introduced at the penalty line, behind which players must be located when taking a penalty. 1924.
0980edf0958113e92c05e6bbde1294733a5f4dd8	It was decided that a goal scored directly from a corner is counted. 1925.
b0d04ca6f571723674d54335470c553987e883b5	The rule of the "out of the game" position has been changed.
734f4ddaf86a3e9f7976b8975e7dbfe16985e513	Only one player of the opposing team should be in front of the striker without the ball, except for the goalkeeper, and not two, as it was before (since 1990, the forward is allowed to be level with this player, in 2003 an amendment was made regarding passive offside). 1929.
5ceeeaccc34f157e5899eefbcc2b813754ff64ce	The goalkeeper is forbidden to move during the penalty shootout. 1931.
9df12c01d46e02ae46c83a903f7a1bb8067342bd	The goalkeeper is allowed to take four steps with the ball instead of two (now this rule has been changed - the number of steps is not limited, the time of possession of the ball is 6 seconds). 1933.
a5520090b0b24cfab5fa5415f0ebe028262f9622	A rule has been introduced according to which a penalty can be awarded for a violation within the penalty area, regardless of where the ball is located.
452703b17455afb097c7a44190e9d17294ed0f35	For the first time, numbers were introduced on the players ' T shirts. 1938.
39e7c831b5cf445c8e886fefa6867252a112550a	The rule is established that during the execution of a penalty, the ball is considered in the game if after the kick it has made one revolution around its axis, and after that it can be touched by another player. 1948.
e6698418e1309e3169292cd836fd60bfb67dda8f	It is allowed to replace two players at any time (later the number was increased to three - this rule still applies to this day).
956f66a82bcf1616a5317bdec67d1f2f6e87f973	Yellow and red cards have been introduced.
2eb56be3c2d93cdab0c52e677e3167dfddb30ac5	Sources
fc127603deb4e31dca5d3b482c0123484258e9c8	The newspaper Team
c9c516794a27344d94b6b26e3810b2c7c660e995	Analytics, Interviews, Reading material
4af533d0eb05fa47a1b173198c353ac8ce5c3a14	January 20, 2017Darren Fletcher: MU can surprise everyone and win the championship
dadbf5a91cf7fc76b3b6723f73e94d68d62f7bca	January 19, 2017Andrea Pirlo: I found everything I needed in the USA
e7f5df5007ed1b3398cc9c4f5f0a4c5113a41388	Eugene Music
fe80908b3e949be79fbb438e1729863bc78e00aa	January 18, 2017 you canot leave it for sale
40f028653ad84c039334ebaf102c1ba4a0a45f80	January 18, 2017ronaldinho.
6879796cb03574d2d2f009706ee4a75785bb37e4	A letter to childhood
052ddc95a260769bf2d8e2c2c7c9eefd5341a812	January 17, 2017 Thomas Tuchel: "There is no more championship in the world where teams change tactics as often as in the Bundesliga"
d25bde7d93417e0aa5781324e89b83fa44e18a81	January 17, 2017Dante: "Balotelli should only think about football"
784fdf9bbcde5afe1afa73f27fb3c2778a854cfe	Dmitry Rutov
c623c0766835973957796db940f586a4bb7086a8	January 15, 2017style Names
cab6ff35b5408f4e135e81e58258258118cc4f11	January 15, 2017 Jupiter Crouch: there is no feeling more beautiful than scoring a goal
2981a383917fee9ca5372380851b1d13c2d89e61	Personality
5cc1e484e8ed8750bfec180b697629b50699ad20	January 15, 2017Raimon Domenech.
83c7ff2692511139231f02df75401b3db91ee3a4	January 14, 2017The end of life.
86120587b61227b2b60f7c0e36d8d36f0dbf8fdd	Ricardo La Volpe
3d1bb57a21dc9f6d920953a047afd86ddaaabdf0	January 14, 2017Claudio Ranieri: "I think Leicester are on the right track again"
af537eebeeb24855a28737cdc62c8125a0c0916d	interview
57a6b1408fe36e46428f3658fa0850f1465d7e7c	January 13, 2017Diego Simeone: Atletico gave other Spanish teams hope
937080846cee7375d59f3241749bde8e4cf031da	January 13, 2017 Separation without sadness
62dddd58976a530da3d6bb843b5bc02daf575f69	January 12, 2017 High class "Hostage"
ed33d0af94a982c4c95947d9e5aa4da4173c4aac	Alexander Ozirny
ab0044ffd5dc99580812fe46f9c78736df3db5e3	January 10, 2017Roman Yaremchuk as a factor of changing the concept of the Dynamo game
694e1c1cff07b91fef44c47aa01735b63094c5fe	January 10, 2017extension of the World Cup.
35a6934ad2b1b407605d05928643d87626dcb20f	Evolution, Politics and Business
4efd7c7ef44d54067361ca46be89e0b66abec407	09 January 2017Dirk Kuyt: Crouch almost ran over me on the map before the LCH final
5b92dd0ba8163a97205adef53cad7071762d02ee	Five O'Clock
92075b3f7076726b402bb180a39ee839539b59e1	January 09, 2017AAP Stam: I donot expect an apology from Ferguson
1a981e894f3b96e244297de7bada58479f66b885	January 09, 2017The ones who fell into the trap
5846955db6bef539707c3590c701613c5f0cf50f	Legend
2b262efecafa4810d295fa8ace3f8d587b18a166	January 08, 2017Leo Beenhacker.
caeed32a0ffae3bf6f05af70c979815f6e9ffc28	07 January 2017Roberto Baggio.
ba7d1f4cc655d331f33b5e3be9d704b188184ad7	Anatoly Volkov
4113352f696089c9e1e42c685982283fc30b2dc6	05 January 2017svyatkova istoria Zori
af7aff8d3048550e376fc3e334bd9a3da83a1f3e	04 January 2017 Get out of the shadows
ebaafcfa68f281dd8b5dddc9a8e9453e1c3c7b1b	January 01, 2017The rule of life.
c175e3a60040602f409a8edc2cb9f6bc664ec3cf	Michelle Hidalgo
298767702cfaf0dd0637944e13a533c655cddbf9	December 31, 2016 Steven Gerrard: Fear has accompanied me all my career
9534cdc78cfb7a447b01b7f03f7e41908ab3aaff	December 31, 2016 is Klopp's first Red Year.
d30d052ce036d32e9ae0b7578fc5eee3a2823c82	Part 1
e65e7d0f564d289f4c9e3c175cbde560f15e66e8	December 31, 2016 Luis Suarez.
8049ea95d27d9f0e24bf75a9f293a97d5686dae3	December 31, 2016Hose Luis Chilavert.
8ccb473c965e63d8e336c1c2ad817e9e39ea2249	December 29, 2016cicharito: "I hope that Bayer will be as good with me as I am with Bayer"
06719069b40884e05490eb2c75aa3835d14d7988	Pavel Kushneruk
5cd2b30c57823526a83cfdddeb4c54973a254a71	December 28, 2016The humble king.
256095ba763ab77225ad439dcfbf6c3322dea1fd	Chastain II
dea030a3bdeadbda2adfb3f49f30372b3b187087	December 28, 2016 Murderous symbolism
24144a2c020321b32eddbfc9bd9307abe27a05e5	Evgeny Labskir
c7f5f3af86727d71c65579f84c4e32f39b1858bf	December 26, 2016 with a smile on your face
11ed699edd744c4eaa98b39b7322e66c7b3981ff	December 25, 2016​Steve McManaman.
92f97856dba031318f3a5febe0e3d6b72b65f4a1	El Socio del Todos
e6fa8eecfa6d45a458a8dcfadf52b7c9e86ca262	December 25, 2016Claudio Borghi.
178427c8fd9571aa05e98f5121ccab6badc9c4e5	December 25, 2016 In Toure: "I moved to the City to write history"
3224996031b4c8f3ddf9e0288333f9dc770c85da	December 24, 2016ideal choice
3a1033580eff37b4ee2ece64586d0d271f638005	December 24, 2016stilyan Petrov: "I realized what life is worth, although I had to pay dearly for it"
9af74d0140840e3129627b240fc03f656334bd9b	December 24, 2016Paolo Maldini.
bed1dc450c4ded7fda8dec5d517413dcb2a325fb	December 24, 2016tochka vidliku
81a4bc54ecb34e110db13629c8078c3f5f8e5de2	December 23, 2016The night from the " Palace"
1d4d7d194b1b2bfecfff03dcd4f79d53b4ce471a	December 22, 2016The humble King.
cbd37a747e80337a7119216123c4df032b1f461c	Chastina I
84de3313840a79c15d30892032d9243c8b375d79	December 22, 2016, scorched by the sun.
b24470c836c2ef31421803cf9286b158ebb62315	Ronaldinho.
9a34a209027f97ac7c55ca36b9f01d8d6a77d73e	Part II
9af5ec50fcc21874ab584376013ba3fa2842684f	Place an Admediatraffic
4e95641bca948b252310ffd0ed2ebd2a9536fd75	news feed
1ae6a1c78feff0b4b882606653f9d8fe620de9de	21:33
fc36a662b8fab0153e6796bfbfb15cc5465b597e	Mourinho: Valencia is the best right back in the world
429d38a544b92f7843918679f307c279d464badd	21:20
505e6439f69f5fcf610f5f36cd53aa4422b1af0e	Conte confirms interest in Begovic
e9793c07c8993fa18e29e3c9feefdc028878f2f5	21:15
7be6736686f2fec48f20ed5b6878d027ae8a66a9	Kalinin leaves Zirka
aa90ea0bc177aae07fef58800d91995c9c220fad	21:10
cac1db14424fb572350c59e5039e4928fa8526fd	Pavelko: "Football is a mirror of our life"
b2ba93d6d95d35db1ddcebae221b14c6ac50352f	21:00
4e018f1051d2af7513ffca092793966f9da5ce0a	Kravets sold a Barcelona T shirt at a charity auction
5086ca97dd2a8be582819944a16bfd71ee1c4cb7	20:52
85df986560e2c48481365230cb33ddcf52eed80e	Monarev told about the reasons for parting with Zubkov, Loktionov and Baenko
8991a272ad15a1f2ca0d06181d67fb96f8d9779c	20:50
c377424424a753a0367b4e44fb282c29b6ee170d	Officially: Milan has leased Deulofeu
bdd10610a4b984642922b93a9f922e4f31fe4884	20:32
3ae0d7a38a45fa03e41597a7d7ea3abb90f2fb49	Dulub: "The Carpathians lack a flanker and a central striker"
e821563036074a67ba83512befb4c499857b0088	20:17
5dcaa5f181f37a7b0e4ed30611897dcdf03e8983	Gerrard Liverpool youth coach
6499365dff5b445198ad9595f9de2e25d32f0d20	Other.
2402ea36326521031913159d888f39afcb2f4700	Materials
96f84ff3f95ca45eb06451cc455f26ca5cca5c76	14:20
8e5a8e9e8ca8a00e5da05ca07d6720a53a930c75	Germany has applied to host Euro 2024
7291ac0979368a6a4f58c3f360b8a789851a4053	10:59
45afb0869df9157a384b636361b50cfa8222cf3f	Collina is the new head of the FIFA Refereeing Committee
7e5898bec174b759ed70d747ef4837ac7ee9d571	07:21
753fe6ee524615eff74438fa36cc9d1f295c7635	Algeria — Tunisia 1:2
e16cf8884ca9e2160c365dd30aeac92ad2226b9c	07:17
03911e15d0406e62aac04698fa16a5b621dad383	Senegal — Zimbabwe 2: 0
94e06827daa602f98ba66a7c7883a56f1708e48d	January 19, 2017
50f03a93065e59beed6de9d4618c7559db49fe9a	16:45
a2f17c68d2b2f47459edc131cc57c22c36f77d04	China has introduced 18 rules to control expenses for legionnaires
0d3a0ab3f696784673b31e5f9957caefa6927789	Pogorelyi left Bude Glimt
a76d9e31ea0bb69cf53c05286e119267ad9799af	23:20
3beae5eb93bf871ae9f159f76955db5a425e6ff2	10 van Basten reforms to make football better
be8a31722ea3102d4384a19868751ce3076304f7	The ex football player of the Egyptian national team was included in the list of terrorists
81716f0ebb2870576398e58772636640e586ea6d	12:03
c0604604ac1d4fcde749cd1bd67738020ea21ef3	Futsal: the Spanish national team named the squad for Ukraine
a843b2d4ca888f960531cd921aeb930046c5f045	08:00
85c64d75d195caaf82ab8531f05753466a9e9d79	Malinovsky's goal for Genk
1b5c578363e5c207fda5861d5fc0472c017add29	January 17, 2017
c02132c0f14675caa5b9ce89b6b61eecf0821998	23:27
23f46243b13900fe9104224a9e238bc4ac92a334	Belgian Cup.
95538aa17f109111fb030b448759819b7d71d5be	Genk broke up with Ostend, Malinovsky's goal return
fdc553a808cd90030c4cd79193a35f1288f5ac0c	19:18
dba40663db8891554884443ccc5fda41effc794f	Ukraine U 16 defeated Montenegro
5d58a586a7bf638a35e76afdc6efef8274c1c3ec	14:51
bdd891d6e09de317b79cedbd2209893216e01a26	The ex West Ham and Real Madrid player went to Finland
45cae7dd63425273ad6c0403bf8651cba5055ad4	Tianjin Songjiang made inquiries on Benzema, Diego Costa and Cavani
0709fc608bb394df3f9a733ebdec29cbb0c1ed74	12:25
e21c026ed7f20b3016483e2d7c6cd41ed6a1daf1	New cleats from Nike Hypervenom 3
a0a9f3286ad30dc6a8bc4e82a103d1c68ac19d14	07:12
a586b1f9b1d0423afcfe5039b5bf1d82581cbcf7	Arzhanov moved to Kazakhstan's Kaisar
7dc942f864d73d15a983da95d9e396091c606a89	00:39
70080f46db7d06ec162723431085d70f14812d6e	Ex striker Zari moved to the UAE
45232c89ed85f4e429f9ad906c69e81e3e3cc12a	00:06
97ea581923dde475d9e7474679ac1901d11cc9bf	DR Congo — Morocco 1:0
2d2b6073ae2871ee53bcde05f7745086f99f53c5	January 16, 2017
a5d45d399ae35a92a32829266293c958961a3fa4	22:19
68f6ef973659ab3afbc9e36dd9b34bdc2dc82d8a	Guangzhou Evergrande re signed Paulinho
2ef1ed881b59d1addb5a3d397ea853554145a65f	20:09
3c785101cb260310ea32f71677d6c5931f9b73c2	PAOK signed the forward of Legia
38b1adfc3d2ac03141fce314a23a55207b98f15a	The wanderings of Jovetic and Zaza, the Bayern raid and other main transfers of the week
6c6b49353986963013835d3d083cfc06795a8da6	January 15, 2017
01c714c1258295327c667d8b3efbbc7e132b48ec	21:21
678bbdbc11411156d2f94f2c4ae33d3d7a6c6dbb	Anderlecht strengthened as Standard's captain
601702a30a4da8fc6456aabb44212daf8ec5e21f	20:54
637fa74ec0c65f3127c035cb1d0ebc6f80b9e4c2	Yeshil became a Panionis player
a8ce8b5ba64f91915a5e1af8488162e114e441fd	20:39
11d665253a1cdb21fa61d74b3a8d17228ff2d3de	Greece.
768b5d5d1f094ef7daa3eeb27043b0ebc95be46b	Asteras Selina defeated Panetolikos
92a34b304e8928ec7f8e61bb366ebfc315e1aa31	12:57
b1ded43423be6b31afbf3093531c6dddbcf6f613	In China, the limit on legionnaires has been tightened
7630c033ab3325c7819a56c359507bf20f9ebb52	Mobile version App for iPhone App for Android World Cup 2014 Sports blogs Sports News on iSport.ua
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4dc7171fea1000ed860d820a2b57351cf2cec284	SPECIAL PROJECTS
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4ed6bca30b0091d9a7d0ebe075e4b8fc3ccffd0a	Smartphones with batteries of considerable capacity are not available from every manufacturer.
e72ac878e9325a2f1e34ac7a214bff9104803eb1	Most of these offers are from companies from China, which were the first to assess the prospects of such a direction.
af5bf82c6956cb4b6e14cbafb491a43f1560b3f8	An increase in the battery inevitably leads to an increase in the size of the smartphone.
b3a940d058bb3263aa97fff93feda21d023adf7c	But at the same time, the user can actively work with all the functions of his means of communication, without being afraid to go offline in the evening due to a suddenly dead battery.
8db90d2f4cf72e67b1ba3cc0f4d523ac0f771170	However, progress does not stand still and you can find devices where the case will be moderately well-fed, but you will not have to suffer because of a small battery.
ce943a76d49ca1f31dc6b1f106528a5ad8cefad4	In the second half of 2013, Lenovo began selling the P780 smartphone, which belongs to the "professional" P line.
ebe1179bdedbaefe97882fcb445f0c4b6d09f8da	This device very successfully combines several unusual qualities for middle-class models.
dcc4888299b1d1b2ed666a17f01c9e61fe5c5718	First, it is a metal case: the developers of "smart phones" on Android do not spoil us too often with this material today, and then, in 2013, it was even found in a few models.
b68e62a094215739af24048d9253e84f9e9b1633	Secondly, the Lenovo P780 used a bundle of a powerful 4,000 mAh battery and an economical MediaTek MT6589 chipset with a quad-core 28 nanometer processor.
97da71e42a6a956c550d6d9b42c08bf6470260a9	For understanding: at that time, batteries with a capacity of 1,500-2,000 mAh were considered the norm for smartphones, and most inexpensive chipsets were produced using a much more "voracious" 45 nanometer technology.
04148eebc7cd4e5d72c9618ea85e2043b0827f45	As a result, the battery life of the average smartphone did not exceed one day.
3e0485be6805e47c49406af90302800b2d607884	But the Lenovo P780 easily lived without an outlet for more than two days – and this is in a very intensive operation mode.
b717e3baf113308731832c07c1a747322b0de2db	In other words, the Lenovo P780 has become a kind of mini revolution for 2013.
ebdc04bd853553043a84c23bc0ff7b989485fd8e	However, for the beginning of 2015, its characteristics are no longer too relevant.
6d98dafd9325743b409c840d3616012b0c84713f	What does Lenovo do?
ca951ccdc6de170c6f4b2907b9b663f991b6ed65	That's right, it represents the successor of the P780-the Lenovo P 70 model.
79d4918bfea59ac578e004b5152c85223cb73f7a	It also belongs to the P series and is also equipped with a 4,000 mAh battery.
36fbfe9b70627c0b3335b56c44d53c6fe7dffe32	As for hardware, the Chinese manufacturer again called MediaTek to "help": the Lenovo P 70 uses the latest MT6752 chipset with eight computing cores.
eb7009e1fdd1380698c91092b6c0f3f26059b9a6	It is based on the 64-bit architecture of the new generation ARM Cortex A53, which, together with a number of new technologies from MediaTek, makes the P70 a smartphone with a really powerful and high-tech "stuffing".
5d92ac5f1f589946b078387798f225f5af999478	A capacious battery, a large screen, a productive 8-core processor, two SIM cards, LTE support and a microSD slot are all the qualities of the Lenovo P70 that attract attention to the new smartphone.
438315bdc078da50edf3acd15c58b0c2f870d852	This long-lived smartphone will be an interesting offer for those who have managed to fall in love with such models as the P780 and S860 and are looking towards something similar, but with more modern characteristics.
965f816456f91d111f5c28158e6dc6aa18bf6276	The Russian representative office of Lenovo defends the interests of buyers, so that Russians, buying smartphones from the company's official supplies, get the maximum configuration.
c8a5dc780f82a5b69ba2173bafe3f1af03c0ef84	In the case of the P70, we are talking about a hard plastic case, a protective film on the display and an OTG cable, which complement the usual set of documentation, a microUSB cable, charging (2000 mA), a headset.
97c3333ab02b63c9cfb0a4863e7cee5129d3e1c7	The 4000 mAh battery is built-in.
d42050770d06c0e1d7f681b563bde191f6c85dd9	The case covers the back and sides, but the upper and lower ends are not covered with anything.
d1aecc65550ab043e487337b0e2c88a3ae7570ee	Its shape is not covering, so there are no sides from the cover above the display.
b08ef434a2e819662d74b9dc6a8966451fe7c7bb	But the sides are available in the design of the phone itself, so you can safely put the device with the screen down.
c6eb2df4c7d33f37bec548470386aad90201a4cc	The film is designed to save you from scratches in your bag or pocket.
482bfb1fd05be4e70d9cc81bdafaac5cea9a1094	The case is thin and has a rough texture, so the ergonomics does not suffer from it in any way, and the probability of letting the smartphone out of your hand decreases sharply – it is not slippery at all.
5fbd315a90bc0d400a3154449a9f6cf54472dc16	The dimensions of the Lenovo P70 are 142 x 71.8 x 8.9 mm.
be26b32dd945b08f0fb613b0988c8453e7ccba79	To understand what kind of work the manufacturer had to adjust the battery with a capacity of 4000 mAh to such dimensions, I will give the parameters of other well-known 5” models.
b625e69836bda4bd361939ab6093522afe66e1e3	LG Nexus 5 – 137.9 x 69.2 x 8.6 and 2300 mAh; Lenovo Vibe X2 – 140.2 x 68.6 x 7.3 and 2300 mAh; HTC One (E8) – 146.4 x 70.7 x 9.9 and 2600 mAh; Nokia Lumia 830 – 139.4 x 70.7 x 8.5 mm and 2200 mAh; LG G3s – 137.7 x 69.6 x 10.3 and 2540 mAh.
19e1f2ab94517495746f56cfa3767b5bf04185cb	The test subject weighs 149 grams – not a fluff, like the Vibe X2, but the pocket does not pull off, like the Lumia 920.
af1d4627116a16f8adaa2ba16e3af86e8a7b016b	In general, in appearance and tactile sensations, the Lenovo P70 is perceived as an ordinary smartphone, and not a cobblestone, like the vast majority of centenarians.
6ae980bec8fb19b8ed48aacc1e9cb11cd046681b	The assembly, by the way, is good – the lid fits tightly, there are no creaks when twisting.
2fa059d260a2de67152265b0df650c87003a26c7	Above the screen there is a 5 MP camera, sensors, a conversational speaker, under the grid of which an LED indicator is integrated.
4900388fc722cac5f7fb0d1fde1bf761729c518c	There are three backlit touch keys under the display.
c6b1b9d22105b45b46484aff2da25a320c96aef7	On the left – empty, on the right-the volume rocker and the power button (the elements are at the correct height, right under your fingers).
1b9708aa30f8b69e0d96c3dc19eaae778751c43c	The lower end received a microUSB, a microphone and two perforated sections, and one of them hides the speaker (it sounds flat, the volume is average), and the other is a decoy-made for symmetry.
05bb85db12f24ec0808204c851313d1da114cc33	The upper end has a 3.5 mm audio jack and an additional microphone.
f5f146142b0b8e7a91a68434db9f8824612a83b8	At the back, we see a 13 MP camera peephole, a flash and the Lenovo logo.
0c7bc902a38d0cbc8544efe978e541cee064be6c	The lid is removed from the side.
3db1265310a229f551c52932d1e791360ad85421	Two micro SIM slots, a microSD memory card slot and a battery are hidden under it, the sticker and the inscription on the battery itself warns about its non-removable nature.
f2a1e6a47bfc5983f849ece470535e99af7f0b5b	Of course, you can pull it out with a screwdriver, but the manufacturer recommends leaving it for service centers.
959bf62d9e66879bfb3b7dd51c90d5ff63dff147	The Lenovo P70 runs Android 4.4.4 KitKat.
4b763a5f2bfe3faee3c8f8b4ba152c19d1fe04b7	Whether there will be an update to version 5.0 Lollipop is an open question: it already depends on Lenovo.
829f93645b04fbdf6e242c2c360387c412685750	Let's be honest: you can write a dissertation on the Vibe UI interface of Lenovo smartphones – more precisely, on its differences from the standard Android interface.
bc48b2fa290122952d07c1a7f2ed279888abf107	There are so many different chips in the Vibe UI that it is very, very difficult to list them without forgetting about any little things.
232ebab2313f48fcc1f68689af50139e6879efe8	Surprises start right from the lock screen: Lenovo has added the ability to change the wallpaper with simple swipes from the left and right edges of the screen (including on desktops), as well as move the clock to any place.
25f3dbd99fb98a33dfe885da79fbb3fd5a02d460	However, there are no lock screen widgets in the shell.
30a42e81bfb0a2cc29ac8a1ff23dec3a25184b14	One of the main features of the Lenovo P70 firmware is the rejection of the menu of all applications.
0d14b8d9f21c93c630ea0ec02cdd312b9476c55d	Instead, the shortcuts of the installed programs are added directly to the desktops.
9c7fb2a8d26e5bdd4fc30889c6ed9a9947f634b9	Not everyone will like this approach, but you can avoid a dump on home screens by sorting applications into folders.
53f03f8a1b00d83eb4d50b2007a93b989b2c6f0a	Most of the software chips of the smartphone are placed in a separate settings tab called "Special".
a8dd51b1c879a9f4070504f704e94c19ff203d9b	Separately in this list, I would like to note the support of the so-called "smart scenarios".
6732b156da2c097fe7525c21caaa29462ca1d77a	In this section, you can configure your smartphone to automatically perform various tasks (switching sound profiles, turning on or off wireless interfaces, launching applications, etc.) with reference to time or access points.
9e56e8ec5748c6de618080e44f1f9d70c39f98a1	For example, you can configure turning on the silent mode at night or turning off the mobile Internet at home.
f39f62ef14a360bfecdc8215dbd048c6f6995e32	Among Lenovo's proprietary utilities on the smartphone there are Security, SyncIT and SHAREit.
0228c9e16376fadcb2e02085dca32697953a45a5	The first is an antivirus with advanced features.
e4ce987f00fb0f418c35ad04a8c10bd7c277c543	In addition to checking downloaded files for malware in real time, Security can monitor mobile Internet traffic, prohibit applications from accessing personal data (for example, location and sending messages in the background; there is also a function for creating a whitelist for trusted programs), protect against spam and free up RAM.
a5b911a8b3f83c21cde687d0e43221b8edde3a29	Security also supports such functions as anti-theft, which allows you to send messages about changing a SIM card to a predefined number and control your smartphone via SMS, as well as parental control, when turned on, you can remove up to 10 applications from the home screen.
81e282a7d22abc7d3f9d220d3d2690c52ae84835	The SyncIT application is used for archiving contacts, SMS and calls, and backups can be saved not only to a memory card, but also to Lenovo's own "cloud".
541b113e58f2b004dd7bad8f39527fc80dbe9638	The latest utility, SHAREit, allows you to transfer files at high speed, but this requires installing the same application on the recipient's smartphone.
8804be76cc47c2bc2c8f390fbb51e3435925dd8a	Implemented support for interface design themes.
8686fcc071389614c8a7dc9dd99f4e2b60d3f338	However, there are only two of them, and the possibility of downloading new ones by regular means, apparently, is not provided.
6f35ddd2e65622fba7211ed595fd90f5c8508e03	You can also choose a launcher, however, only one option is offered – Lenovo Launcher (that is, Vibe UI).
68184467b420e5f127f5403abac245b181e3e523	If our memory does not change, in some Lenovo smartphones, you can switch to "naked" Android in this point of the settings.
a0a714fc41d97614a85fe2b01eba1f913e32380e	Other standard applications — like explorer, clock, or dialer — Lenovo has also redesigned in the style of its proprietary interface.
ef247d537f29a2ea94ea91b07a6bed44dde7ddfd	But the manufacturer did not touch the keyboard — it has a standard appearance for "pure" Android.
d4d80afb4a954795d49a1ffcb891b86c6602df01	It is worth noting a large number of third-party pre-installed applications - these are social network clients, office programs, and games of various genres.
28d9f159c392b2871143e489e1cb34233dd7e0a3	Lenovo has done everything so that most buyers of its offspring can start using the device without downloading and installing additional programs from Google Play.
146600a0f3c21e0669f865607711a19c04e5dc71	In addition, most of these applications can be deleted if they are not needed, so their presence should not be a problem for advanced users.
2a5c0195cd1d448dbe0a028d348e6294334e5234	A new eight-core 64-bit MediaTek MT6752 chipset is installed here, which was developed specifically for the middle price group.
a0e4126956d75ed1a96c8dfa37ccc991c30d5a78	All eight cores are of the same type: ARM Cortex A53.
aa765ff8bd337b949fa985adcad5a5650cda7bb3	What is the value of a 64-bit chipset compared to the previous 32-bit ones?
31bc8e9d81c2116915d0e3e744cf2d059b6b0378	64-bit chipsets are primarily aimed at using with the new, fifth, version of Android-Lollipop, which is optimized specifically for 64-bit processes.
2065c7030c9dfdeaa2157fa3ed961eda38e517a9	The 64-bit ARMv8 architecture, which is used here, is simpler, more energy efficient and faster compared to the 32-bit ARMv7.
4a60af467f102d5fd76ae3391af64689f7a370d9	The smartphone interface works smoother, applications work faster, and the most demanding 3D games and 4K videos will not slow down.
da9d94d501385396188ec26a478b8008480db32c	Also, 64-bit processors are able to provide support for a smartphone with four or more gigabytes of RAM, and such amounts of memory will clearly appear quite soon.
c41b7ff0f231807bc484373ecafc3ca4a6d5da9d	This is confirmed by the results of benchmarks: in AnTuTu, the gadget scored 44488 points, and in 3DMark Ice Storm Unlimited received 10955 points.
32745bbe56c1a02d9215590be6281f3e9b7bdce3	In real tasks, I have never had to face a lack of performance.
d2b71bba193ff0763a2f78c69366f8cb5ae5f08f	Lenovo P70 perfectly copes with HD video playback (nominally, the processor supports video playback even in 4K resolution), with web surfing on loaded sites and with 3D games.
7a8667ce3cd0db3c26b53a41eaaa573272d856e8	The smartphone has 16 GB of internal memory, but due to the abundance of pre-installed applications, only 10.5 GB is available to the user after a hardware reset.
ddf799d2be23722b39acf8faf572c62de03d842e	However, this should not be a problem, since the Lenovo P70 supports microSD memory cards, and is also equipped with a USB host to which external drives (as well as peripheral devices) can be connected using a USB OTG cable.
7f65b77097155789bfa8b23ae5abb5a5088a0533	The device has only one speaker, but it turned out to be surprisingly loud.
abe45b058e5042706f637582d2d13cf848150c6f	The Lenovo P70 call can be distinguished even when you are on a noisy street, and music from a smartphone can be heard in any corner of the apartment.
b24b22fd8867c15a68935f4df6e5d423928928bd	The display without an air layer is made using IPS technology.
ceb5955078fb73a082490ac264bc1d4e7b6057d5	With a diagonal of 5” and a resolution of 1280 x 720 pixels, the pixel density is 294 ppi.
3e7f8ce01bf9c67071a8f4dc85f3097581cced33	The value is comfortable, but the panel is not configured in the best way – the picture is too sharp, which makes some interface elements and fonts look strange, just like the over-worn LG G3.
484990e7157da8d02524b7d5d84aa0a6dbc83662	However, the screen has a sufficient margin of brightness and high viewing angles with non-critical color inversion.
3037b9f4ba2a82dfe3461a4c096412cfbcbbe13d	In general, for its class, the P70 has a high-quality display.
3de156c46e1b3b11c5145bc4c0957aa33d05c448	It's just a pity that there is no item in the settings with color rendering adjustment and additional brightness modes, like the Vibe Z2 Pro and Vibe X2.
b6aaac0ee41cbfc0b0c6ed0bba7d3c20e626ac1b	The display has slightly decreased in comparison with the S860, now a diagonal of 5 inches is offered against 5.3" for its predecessor.
41770a249770b64240a699e8898b877f7d46a782	The sensor works perfectly, there are no erroneous triggers.
992c24d797ac85564a0b850727eb7776376958bc	The surface is protected from scratches by glass, there is an oleophobic coating.
bcf38c029fcf856bd513b844d77025ed20915328	The screen of the Lenovo P70 smartphone uses an IPS LCD panel.
4a6486f0f6c524c4c994587528644b9a982db5c1	The physical clarity is quite good, but artifacts constantly slip through the image, as if there is additional sharpness processing.
0f45f9b35221c70af5938e6d8ff197b091488614	"Halos" are visible on the colored borders, and extra notches are visible on small fonts.
3a0d6228eb6f9287396dbf0e6130cf6843207709	The reason is most likely of a programmatic nature.
effa5b0c37b70aba68e932fe778e3209c8719707	The brightness margin is fine – up to 415 cd/m2 at the maximum.
9150bbb2b50d0f76a1de4026bd08d35d69edbb83	The contrast ratio is about 730:1, which is a fairly low result even for IPS.
cb98f7932e8631ef1fba3de4d7830433253b7ed8	At the same time, there is a non-switchable backlight adjustment that adjusts the brightness "on the fly" when a certain threshold is reached.
fdd76e2ed2ddc09fee625df941706364ecdf5ab2	The anti-glare properties are really good, the image remains legible in the light and does not fade.
76bf1d8249422bead5bc59aaef327cd6bd9d7d01	But the viewing angles are quite average for IPS: colors and gamma quickly shift at an angle, the contrast decreases, and the black color becomes purple or yellowish.
da45094d137ea153069c4631997a23d576a97a5c	In real images, good detail of dark and light areas is preserved.
480e88854a27e7f47bfd4eef605c20d0410427d0	The color balance is quite even on the entire scale, but the blue component is in excess, and the red one is lost.
b0232fbb907491adec3ff2f9bd5a92661c9a6b77	Hence the average Delta E error on the gray scale of 8.65.
d5cd09667aad2d45d8cfb1c751e0a1659bba20e1	The intermediate gradations of colors are shifted in hue due to the blue impurity, and some colors are oversaturated.
9ccae8d5567aa9ff0d25c2c6d65ef7457d361c0a	The average Delta E error on 24 ColorChecker templates could not meet the desired threshold – it was 5.02 units, and on some colors Delta E reaches 9.26. The distortions were higher than expected.
c17b0dca452e22426dee2b7b8a876dac216a1f82	The Lenovo P70 screen is a typical representative of IPS, in which it is difficult to find any bright distinctive features.
90fa4f474e66866214dcdbadb60a7cb31f4681da	The brightness characteristics are quite standard, except that the contrast of the panel was below average, but this is partially compensated by an effective anti-glare.
a5e4d336f086f5efb37f9bad8aafb5ecd9c4e7e6	The color reproduction does not shine with accuracy, although there are also no critical shortcomings.
d07bf03737bce3c3b7662d7e4e18fef92ff04c03	If you weigh all the pros and cons, then as a result, the quality of the screen will be unremarkable against the background of various competitors, sometimes offering more contrasting or more well-tuned IPS matrices.
859426b293df939e8f6d07d3d281b44c75d18e03	A simple interface, in the form of separate icons, the inclusion of HDR, flash control, camera change and the inclusion of slow-motion shooting is made.
888122f1477f59b80159b5d7bf1616dfc696df56	The following modes are available: auto, portrait, panorama, live photo, shot in motion and shooting a 3D model (this is just a video of several photos).
83287878b88ae155ced2f61202ca1e576c3c8940	In normal daylight, it takes off, in general, not bad.
15c816de2869a16bb518f8e58886f287331f7ce4	If the lighting is sufficient, then it shows good results in the premises.
0a0af5f1624cac68c6ab651ce82acf5f2f7f489a	In the shooting mode from the front camera, the Face Beautifier technology built into the chipset is supported, which allows you to improve portraits and selfies on the fly by removing wrinkles and lightening the face.
5640eed931b4811b15cdd2a93698ac468548df74	The only thing is that the camera is close, at arm's length, does not sharpen very well, so it is better to use a selfie stick for such pictures.
1cd1914fa8c6859e8b69956b4f29842e23a3ea91	And here I have turned all the effects to the fullest to show how it works, and when using it, you just need to choose the right level of effect.
ced00a79c9faeecb5f283b695c526f565a2a325c	The video shoots, in my opinion, not bad, but there is a little bit of focus, as it seemed to me.
d982881ea98c40b9dfb7561b293c6d629bbda6bf	Focusing on sharpness when taking photos works here quite quickly and clearly - there were practically no flaws.
2a3f3e6614d67a58ad3c9834bdee705dcaea05ee	For example, the same iPhone 6 Plus, when hovering over the sharpness, messed up noticeably more.
d539b9157cd6b94b61c7009fa0c34b59b71507b0	The shooting quality of this smartphone, in my opinion, is quite average, but not at all terrible, as it was written in several reviews.
046eb58bca44e5ecd33df1a2856854f71e35e590	I have met smartphones with noticeably worse camera quality.
3feba7ecbabacd6cd0be5960508c1beaa9dc3856	From a single battery charge, the Lenovo P 70 works for a stable two and a half days – and this is with regular wandering on social networks, connecting to the LTE network and an hour of games per day.
dbb71611cad98e3c2dea0f614ae9144ba3933e31	If the first and third points are excluded, then the device will probably last four days.
cc509fdf6545cd1eacecf62c920d536c21695705	In fact, despite the increased productivity three times, the Lenovo P70 is not inferior in terms of autonomy to the P780 model with the same battery.
414265185d40f305302d63f0592a9e0227cdee9a	All this suggests that the key to a long battery life is not only a powerful battery (although it is certainly very important), but also a set of energy-saving technologies-like CorePilot from MediaTek.
4b074c074c5830050e18b6aa2940fba62e79534b	Thanks to them, you can avoid problems with autonomy even in the case of devices running on Android OS, which is still famous for its "gluttony".
2bad876a1e1b793aa1c5b6ce9f0abba58e0cea1a	Traditionally, there is an FM radio, audio recording from the air is supported.
a1c172146e4d0fb07504996036d1566ad3e15e9d	There is no separate player for playing music, only Google Play Music.
8c848fa1dab22c783f94326372a89fc9f46129c2	Everything is traditional and familiar, but there is a hardware equalizer, you can adjust the sound for yourself.
55ee6552050fa6b8af6438e126b639295ed04d1c	The phone sounds nice, although it does not stand out in anything special.
dc6d0f84bf2b9740109087aadc674eeb4cc14c53	The maximum volume level is comfortable, although the device definitely does not have a reserve.
434b80f1f59fe07ef87edae5882570c92dca8195	The video is distinguished by the support of the H. 265 codec, otherwise everything is familiar and ordinary.
2b164a2d61b3559f0a3eda6863127dfa88afc49b	The volume of the call is slightly higher than average, you can not hear the phone in the pocket of your outerwear.
9946055628baf3fd05fac1088389690fce37cfd0	There are no comments on the quality of communication, everything works well, although there are often re-registrations from 4G to 3G and back, at least, if you believe the indicator.
b1e92fcf41c485376245bd7c84bdb66f022fe8a1	I think the latter is lying, since in practice there is no increased battery discharge.
640829bcae5edb83820f7c1a97e1d60785cfa3c5	Now let's focus on the cost of this solution.
500a5500f0b2015c7b5878971aca7981910845e2	In China, the Lenovo P70 costs 1500 yuan, but at the same time it has slightly worse characteristics, it is a de facto different model.
dd3251171140a23e0c8d3430cf6e9e8cbe174e85	The European model P70 A has the maximum characteristics, its cost will be about $ 250 (as an option, the price in euros will be slightly less or the same).
d3c0ac513c8bc5194a96564b48da42c29f3882e8	In Russia, this model was supposed to fall into the price range of 12-14 thousand rubles before the exchange rate fluctuations of the ruble, but it is unknown what the price will be at the end of February, when it appears.
f3eee4ebed967cf3957f316b1a35d0579f694c21	For a reference point, take the same $ 250 plus a Russian mark-up of 20-25 percent.
2b88cccdce1fc0481fffbcd5bb8b46a7ce28e57e	For its cost, the model turned out to be well balanced, potentially it can interest many buyers.
3025b9e374d5302a8a7b612505a12b38dacfe035	A good screen, the presence of a large 4000 mAh battery with a modest case size and a really long work from a single charge.
9b84f4525a31a50ee857b5000f16e44c515bc932	There are not so many analogs on the market that are similar in characteristics, it is enough to recall the Philips W6618, which has a 5300 mAh battery, but all other characteristics are worse – 1 GB of RAM, 4 GB of internal memory, a 5-inch screen with qHD resolution and a price of about $ 200.
00057aee83d14aedb5a6c8fecb1f27fd45ed0e67	The low price does not atone for its shortcomings, including the weight of 200 grams.
bd8da095871dd5247d6caba8ede400747ff2ffb0	It feels like a device of a completely different class.
aaffb2c86071760c6b04b3a1e429c40fdf940d0c	In Russia, the Chinese model Gionee GN185 is also known under various local names, in which the battery is 4200 mAh.
f363debc4980b5740afd07cf8d0e2b44df62d84f	Among the disadvantages – the old platform, the weight of 195 grams, noticeably worse characteristics.
5c7cab732578217d702201b61e2b3c153a72107c	By the time the Lenovo P70 appears, many companies will update their lines, new-generation devices with high-capacity batteries will appear.
c22531403bda3fe9efb913dc6c88e457119a3ced	In each case, you need to look at the presence of fast charging, the weight of the device – these are the main indicators for this kind of devices.
afe7108a91c232da4c2c439408d8abae28e916a5	If the Lenovo P70 had a slightly better camera, and this device could definitely be called a bestseller, but for now it is a very good contender for the role of a hard worker.
951ccb4789721e2d71fd58e9d3c469972d9a31a7	Working time, a good screen – these are the arguments in its favor.
6ac7b23d99b635e3a3c1a47f74c8097cdfa64079	The model is successful, and it will definitely find its consumer.
a3f3dd9183aeea5545df281bf8bf382355d855fd	Reviews News Articles Reviews Programs Games DevDB Forum
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e29a79fe0c349724caeaa1762fa917f5543248ca	Review
d7408172be58d768f1944f0b62c1966e61265887	Lenovo P70 A review: the balance of power and autonomy
2edb926d035a6a6c36f8aeb270fc725cbdd5ea5b	20.03.15 News
a9f2032523d761a0c7d0abd985b8e709c465bef8	132# Lenovo, review
c267916c4eea1e04d518a16c8af6954a21ae7e3d	Modern buyers almost always have to choose between a productive filling and high autonomy.
891eb4cea6e0bc23a9b011d20ba9f97334602679	It is extremely rare to find a compromise: thin and powerful flagships" from outlet to outlet "last no longer than a working day, and" long playing " smartphones usually look unsightly and have a mediocre filling.
82f369aa9f4e05c9456840be854b2d77e4c72edb	But sometimes there are exceptions, and users can enjoy balanced solutions.
f93bd5e7d7ae0649f8d304e2b97dd1278599419f	For example, the Lenovo P70, which received a decent filling, including the latest 64 bit chipset from MediaTek, and a battery of as much as 4000 mAh.
d57ff7ad1685609886ed74ea777ee9fc78fb4b8a	Technical Specifications of Lenovo P70 A
5aa86c121eec8b679da265dee7fde9dd233de974	Screen: TFT IPS, 5“, 1280x720, Capacitive, Multi touch Processor: Octa core MediaTek MT6752, 1.7 GHz Graphics Accelerator: ARM Mali T760 MP2 Operating System: Android 4.4.4 KitKat RAM: 2 GB Internal Memory: 16 GB Memory Card Support: microSD, up to 32 GB Communication: GSM 850/900/1800/1900 MHz | / UMTS 900/2100 MHz | / LTE 1, 3, 8, 7, 8, 20 SIM: microSIM + microSIM, Dual SIM Dual Standby (DSDS) Wireless interfaces: Wi Fi 802.11 b/g/n, Wi Fi Direct (Wi Fi Display), Bluetooth 4.0, FM radio Navigation: GPS / GLONASS Cameras: Main 13 MP (autofocus, flash), front 5 MP Sensors: illumination, Proximity, accelerometer Battery: 4000 mAh, non removable Dimensions: 142x71.
d35ec6241fa70399da5f5a4eb8f92e893ac553bb	8x8.
00aefb399883222757a8277e31793ddc787227a2	9 mm Weight: 149 grams
d30ae3cdb63d8a3fbee437a76ca10a502ee79ca9	Packaging, configuration
46c24a815a96c09215726c6e03aae95c0b9e7369	From the outside, the box with the smartphone is unremarkable — an ordinary white cardboard with a glossy image of the device on the front side.
b0aa758f946efcfa2b76a266fab27bb4d132434b	Interesting things are hidden inside — a rich configuration.
59d950a8a87061bbaaa13a94133e40eae193b3e5	Power supply, USB cable < = >micro USB, stereo headset inserts, protective film for the display, an additional cover for the back panel, USB OTG cable and, of course, an envelope with documentation.
6303bf9dad196aceca731de3f186da0c53a80c73	The Lenovo novelty is sold in a single blue black color version.
4d26e4c0277ee8ba40bf3ce109fbd0ea2071193d	When the device is tilted, the case may appear either black or purple.
8a4555662930edf4e237b16807483d0f72b4e24c	Together with the smooth, streamlined shapes, this gives the design a bit of mystery.
a82c79afd8792ed2f49b0d848e776527f6373b72	The entire front panel of the P70 is covered with protective glass, under it there are light and proximity sensors, a conversational speaker, a front camera and an LED indicator, and under the screen there are three navigation buttons (<Back>, <Home> and <Menu>).
11cb0a2e4175a36aa63a0bbe7b104e789d85375a	On the back panel there is a glossy manufacturer's logo in the middle, and in the upper left corner there is the main camera along with an LED flash.
14c0936277ec15211470ac9c82dbc250aec57d3c	The battery is hidden under the cover (despite the apparent accessibility for the user, it is not removable), two microSIM slots and a microSD slot.
933facb85105622274903611c7c43c8d2d5984c0	The left side of the smartphone is empty, and the power button and the volume rocker are placed on the right side.
82e97303e457021e08be1a3f6234cc51e65c4b22	The upper end of the P70 is occupied by a 3.5 mm audio jack and a microphone, the lower end is occupied by a speaker, a micro USB port and another microphone.
0fb9e51bf948fe60bd14119a071fdfc0f3ed06dd	Ergonomics
d1780e6a4d8d7cf7aadd4246e83cdb2d48f18a54	The device is made in the form of a smooth parallelepiped without protruding elements, but all its faces are made streamlined, as a result of which the smartphone is pleasant to hold in your hands.
f2766d43b3a7461518147bd6d5b374e5c7fb3571	To make the gadget even more "grasping", you can put a complete protective cover made of completely non slip plastic with a pimpled surface on it.
8f82cd1589016a0cf2c7a321204b099f44074a8d	Thanks to this coating, the smartphone will sit in the palm of your hand as if poured.
5cc847f94fce70460ef24ebed241931a778ccc62	Screen
1652df71b1698d19a62903d7fccb5e2d30a707e3	The conversation about the Lenovo P70 screen should start with the image improvements that MediaTek proprietary technologies provide.
a1d7e7d9767a4441c5f1bc673f30765d9e4a642d	One of them — ClearMotion is responsible for increasing the frame rate in real time in the video being played (from 24-30 per second to 60).
7e4bedb94dfacb63a949123d3cc987e44a3b9ad7	This significantly improves the smoothness of the image display, although it looks quite unusual.
87490cce371e69ef1649fd95a50ac6c7e3874ac2	Another technology — MiraVision adjusts the saturation, brightness and contrast of the image when displaying photos and videos, achieving its maximum quality.
e1a81f1def8c4672255e3f32ef8c802a15dab593	It also saves battery power along the way.
e4b65fcbac66f1fe6216f84b1b2fea50e1aaae7c	This is achieved by automatically adjusting the intensity of the display backlight (depending on the illumination) and the color gamut of the content displayed on the screen.
917bad2d8699290466b11ae448bb35b6995d8dfa	Usually, there are special items dedicated to ClearMotion and MiraVision in the smartphone settings, but it was not possible to find such settings in this device — it is assumed that they work without user intervention.
d9ba7f3def0b5fa8db06dd5e584063be50f4ae1e	The diagonal of the Lenovo P70 display, made using TFT IPS technology, is five inches.
a9877b4d8409af2577744a3532376d68dd52e691	Despite the fact that the resolution is 1280x720 pixels (HD), it is almost impossible to see individual pixels with the naked eye.
c14547ed56ed87b6769f05a50504d99b24a11415	The display recognizes up to five simultaneous touches.
ed7149ed0a662fa20d445468c2a4f07f8ba70b07	The matrix deserves all praise: the image is bright, juicy, contrasting, with the correct color reproduction.
26a15a9ff78825638e69e3cd74be889ddbf6e495	The viewing angles are maximum: the picture is not distorted and does not even fade at any tilt.
1e91eb8756dc031f21998b701a56c0a1cc3ba3ee	The protective glass is equipped with an oleophobic coating, so that fingerprints can be removed even by simply carrying a smartphone in your pocket.
b9bdf297e161012d5976f414c1034170ff36fcd8	The range of brightness adjustment of the P70 screen is wide: the maximum level allows you to use your smartphone during the day on the street, and the minimum level will be comfortable for reading in the dark.
45536e404b2be41ca0db2f998ec4b70d5f9550f6	The light sensor is quite accurate, the automatic adjustment of the backlight level is very smooth, without visible jumps.
7b4db7ef1fa23cfb5e115a2a2c89d46a6a2ebc4a	Interface
0cb3b1021e0b1481c3ee3240ed67832e3a49cc0d	The Lenovo P70 runs the Android 4.4.4 KitKat operating system.
95c7a3747fb8cc386ba132eb87a8b003e4ecc85c	This is not the latest version of Google's mobile OS, but Lenovo's proprietary shell is so replete with additional features and modified interface elements that it is impossible to call it a disadvantage.
248e08a867efd6a846a68b98e7e7395725af8cfb	These include "smart unlock" (the ability to turn on the smartphone by double tapping on the extinguished display, as well as a quick photo by double clicking on the < Home> button), "smart menu" (the ability to launch applications and perform some actions by pressing a special button on top of all windows) and "in hands" mode (reducing the volume of the ringtone if the smartphone is in your hands).
8e7a5461aa7c694d9af9f15ae83a7b3d357762b6	Separately in this list, I would like to note the support of the so called "smart scenarios".
63e27a4b98cd8a3abe214c4c98e2350f049bd683	Security also supports such functions as anti theft, which allows you to send messages about changing a SIM card to a predefined number and control your smartphone via SMS, as well as parental control, when turned on, you can remove up to 10 applications from the home screen.
b43fc562558d7d4e05c055c9777fc898d5b998db	It is worth noting a large number of third party pre installed applications - these are social network clients, office programs, and games of various genres.
34a9e6d6d4bc976fbe77af316a8adabd0c0b941b	Another unusual decision of the manufacturer was the use of two "ecosystems" in the smartphone at once, from Google and from Yandex.
2d6f85fbb40ba1e72e28a929d2cc7cc28f5abf49	Because of this, many applications duplicate each other in functionality — for example, "Maps" and " Yandex.
75f67ed2a91c68455e09b0992642a4642ba4eeec	Maps", Chrome and Yandex browsers.
0d6ede60ab9f6f363851eb18f6af6cd5a929d724	Of course, each company has its own unique services (for example, Google's YouTube and Yandex's Taxi), but such an abundance can also confuse the user.
a6fe94fc18d3c908d5b451fd9bb798029a5f1ff7	The device is in operation
078c775a94ba3c82e5c078d9d5c93933b50dcda3	The eight core chipset from MediaTek MT6752 model is responsible for the performance of the Lenovo P70.
9147ae0f10f61ac4f6df0ec1a0d684307e4a21f3	It is built on the basis of 64 bit ARM Cortex A53 cores with a clock speed of 1.7 GHz, and is paired with the ARM Mali T760 MP2 700 MHz graphics accelerator.
b436636035bdefda481ea992caf690e77e85b25d	The amount of RAM of the smartphone is 2 GB.
ca90d20fbe64cf2af0290454a5ea96bc0d53312b	According to MediaTek, this chipset was developed "for smartphones of the upper middle segment" and was the first built on Cortex A53 cores.
44a747772e76f6b77b19486f29e5e1800f62fa14	What is the use of this for an ordinary user?
62defba73b719a25bd6d05b635b792a7ff9b12e6	It turns out that the 64 bit ARMv8 architecture in comparison with the 32 bit ARMv7 has much greater energy efficiency and performance.
0caf598713712dbbf95940834daa2614c9496a8c	Thanks to this, the interface works smoother, applications are more responsive, resource demanding 3D games and players practically do not "crash"when playing 4K videos.
8e97ce3ce1569627465af4e9cdac0f822fae46aa	Combined with the resource saving HD screen resolution, this allowed the Lenovo P70 to demonstrate very high performance at the level of current top smartphones.
1bc9e2034178e9aaa9c2443f63a817e2e87d7553	In addition, the new chipset from MediaTek in the near future (after updating to Android 5.0) will allow the smartphone to make the most of the capabilities inherent in Android Lollipop, because this OS is optimized for working with 64 bit processors.
8a451b2e5a66f6093c75f5fef150c8bba79b1e8b	In Android 5.0, a new environment (virtual machine) is used, where Android applications are executed.
76328fa164995d7f07e0379f5b4e32acc2a7118e	Thanks to this, launching applications and switching between them is faster, and the system becomes more energy efficient.
790c97d3254e22fed0203a465209a75607678218	As for the latter, you can easily play even the most demanding titles on the device.
3645a08513dd954c8e2c49239a3d7543228e79f5	There were no slowdowns either in Asphalt 8: Airborn or in the Minion Rush runner (as you know, the developers of this game did not pay enough attention to optimization, so in many devices, even in the middle segment, you can encounter lags).
dc5c386e42e95a7f0d47e2aefcd935c559efc0cb	Returning to the MediaTek chipset, we will mention another potential advantage.
5323b20a42a81d23a1a2575f9a3a80a160e2404d	Thanks to the ability to work with very large numbers in a 64 bit architecture, it is possible to implement more advanced and complex encryption.
b4caa273c4b7adff94750e7e3c2d5aa04665a926	This can be useful both for those who deal with highly confidential data, and for a much larger number of consumers who are used to making online purchases: a smartphone built on a 64 bit architecture chipset will be ready to support the most modern means of protecting transactions and personal data.
a9ff6059457fc9aed86b302d53de91025eb8cc5c	The smartphone has 16 GB of internal memory, but due to the abundance of pre installed applications, only 10.5 GB is available to the user after a hardware reset.
4da9c9af9631e294961d5a16fdc681ca3d84f508	Camera
15efb533dbabc694f806f0080e5d712039cb832b	The camera app in the Lenovo P70 opens quickly 1.5 seconds, and the smartphone is ready to shoot.
bda0d7337d3caa2755c89710e12e81cfa2d78480	The program's interface is familiar and intuitive: there are buttons for photographing and shooting videos, quick flash switches, HDR, cameras and an advanced settings button where you can turn on the timer, smile recognition and face detection, as well as manually adjust the white balance, ISO and other parameters.
3af0ab53b040f650300ed3b0ec0c40ce418bf602	In the lower right corner there is a button for stage modes, where you can find portrait and panoramic shooting functions.
90e26156b2d5943b0c19280de882e42305f6b55a	The cameras in the Lenovo P70 have the following characteristics: the main module with a 13 MP sensor, autofocus and LED flash, the front a sensor with a resolution of 5 MP.
b9e90a5cacf0e54a7f917fcd8631a620331b2f39	Despite the high resolution of the main camera, the quality of the images taken by it was still not the best.
6a8ec6009c1c66d28b63badcb5636c7cc2d83010	Even in daylight, the photos show a lack of clarity and color saturation (the camera copes well with automatic white balance), and photos are often blurred indoors.
527f565b453b0bc5afaebc28da56b5bcbb5faf6e	Sometimes the problem of lack of illumination can be solved by a flash, but, nevertheless, the overall quality will satisfy only the most undemanding users.
b9cabc73c3c23a7e8a0bea0f5e4c91effa1c3315	But the gadget copes with documents without problems: the text turns out to be clear and clearly distinguishable.
e39550d52e1d4dfc559b2920e0536489e2fbb013	Thanks to the 5 MP front matrix, the device is quite suitable for creating selfies, but, again, when shooting, it is worth taking care of fairly good lighting.
d162011bcb6dd2bb6fa94cb536e19e3e1f15be16	Daytime outdoor shooting.
df0c30695a36cb9aa14423fea1dd36de963dfffa	Daytime shooting with the HDR function turned off and on.
c00a1d5808acbab73234cd4189d5704a719bdeef	Night shooting outdoors.
7802ab619911a6b84abfbaedb44c7968f5c6bdd2	Close up shooting without flash and with flash.
4c825e14e865dc10af8c660e1a095fbd927a11cc	Shooting indoors.
54e28f9d8ba1d29ffdb16bbd5ae8e56e43477c96	Shooting text without flash.
8d4200b28482d2564516caa0b973570d90a909b9	Panoramic shooting.
b19d65fc50b621d0723580c21c4e986c38a48484	Shooting with the front camera.
02b2421a3f89a7c15cd890af59447d7c27fa87a9	The quality of video recording on the Lenovo P70 is also a compromise: there is no twitchiness typical for cheap smartphones on the rollers, but the image clarity is not perfect.
7471f2c69389eefbf7ac28ebf0d51dca6bf62edd	An example of daytime video shooting.
80e9d5306c46e8788374228acee2070abfe3010b	Wireless interfaces
050c047c5e15f3ebccde4623dd6c6c372932cffd	Lenovo P70 supports simultaneous operation with two SIM cards, like most modern smartphones - in alternate (DSDS) mode.
973a12e8986922f27eda1bbc55f63962a7594016	At the same time, the first slot supports SIM and USIM cards with data transmission over high speed LTE networks, and the second one supports only SIM cards and the transmission standard is not higher than EDGE.
b7976c8168e14d64de639d8b89618884873ede87	There were no problems with the connection in the device, the speed of the Internet connection in 4G is high.
8cfc5f7207f0815b3f8369e3f1983046aa81b86b	Unlike other software implementations of working with two SIM cards, when a pop up window appears to select the desired "SIM card" when calling or sending a message, separate buttons are provided for this in standard messages and the Lenovo P70 dialer.
56c2100e2896837af7c395aea509e7fc8e44c2db	This solution allows you to work with the device faster, without being distracted by additional dialog boxes.
7bcfa51b1efd0639c0050155ad22895e7e8017ae	Like cellular communications, other wireless connections, including Wi Fi 802.11 b/g/n (only on the 2.4 GHz frequency band) and Bluetooth 4.0, as well as GPS and GLONASS, work without complaints.
87a3373a5c0826e9c1229a27c1a065500ac0597f	Offline operation
4766b4994b03eaad5990d45ccd7c01eb4223e6d9	Like other Lenovo P series smartphones, the P70 model received an impressive battery capacity — as much as 4000 mAh (15.2 Wh).
75f0d4eea962b6774dd45b61a9d33897ece2b9b9	Another advantage of the smartphone is the Quick Charge technology, available thanks to the MediaTek MT6752 chipset.
545c2087445eaa3c0fe386bcd78d4257a5c7fba3	It allows you to fully charge the battery in just three hours — for the battery capacity of this smartphone, it is very fast.
b4f1a3717630d9cde7126491f65a8bd851651a62	Even with a fairly intensive mode of use, including calls, several hours of web surfing, running various programs and a few games, the Lenovo P70 is able to work for at least two days.
e0a61c42c29da1d7a927c3a4a86ba73c08df104f	If you save battery power even by regular means (abandoning games, videos and background synchronization), the autonomy can be increased to about 3-4 days.
c49de12d2129677d29c92cbebf690463c9214e6b	To maximize the battery life on the smartphone, you can activate the "emergency mode", in which all background processes are disabled, only a few programs are allowed to run, including the dialer and messages, and the screen colors change to shades of gray (although this does not make sense on the IPS display).
5c5c41649d69e587555169c279e3d317ba9494c1	The results of testing autonomy under continuous loads also turned out to be very decent: four hours in resource demanding games and more than 10 hours when watching videos at medium brightness.
0f99bea0f3841a7bfa4d42eb4e8eab1fdf1253f1	The only significant drawback of the new Lenovo smartphone was the main camera.
6e52b80c05e7fae6bbebd5f4c5f2eff74263a952	Therefore, the device can not be recommended to those who take a lot of photos.
f075b502cb59c5ae555da051cc95181b82fc0bbf	For everyone else, the Lenovo P70 A is becoming one of the best offers on the market in terms of the balance between the power of the filling and autonomous operation.
f1b3bdbf681683f61dd605803bfc6f29ed0a998b	Agree, it is not often that you will meet a smartphone with a 64 bit eight core processor (which copes with all modern games and has support for fast charging technology) and with a battery that is enough for two days of fairly active work with the device.
fe0a4eed43d680f3e52f98d36b06fe32b2bfd958	Let's not forget about the set of accessories in the kit, and about working with two SIM cards.
853a5f8dd96f6dccdb7fd1016745c0d3431b2a3f	At the same time, the Lenovo P70 has a quite affordable price of 19990 rubles, which looks especially attractive against the background of currency fluctuations.
78efb8bbd67c1896fb22b7034ecc0ee8da90f38c	Positive:
ed32585462391e6c3b4851c497bedb65cfa6f95e	high performance; long battery life; rich equipment; support for two SIM cards and LTE.
1013fcff1eae9771b1e910d36707460fe8f507b6	Minuses:
2da5f0b0433b7befc478fc4b821927aa14bbaa33	not very high quality images of the main camera;
f86c6f14f43a0190e37a14e3fc953f677703a31b	HD display.
59e70b3bfaac37e366d838f5b0594c24b0ce4b6e	The author of the text: Vladimir Terekhov Manufacturer's website 19990rub.
66d725c229649234d0a1ca58b9ec2553b074ee05	Recommended price at the time of publication Discussion on the forumeVse characteristics in the DevDB catalog Source: 4pda.ru
7648a7bfa68c1db09e1e6d382f8c5297ee79f457	Materials on the topic:
69f45f1e6a08810acef59809a7bddf9f9678cec6	Lenovo opens the source code of the Moto Z core
40dd27bcccf70f5c3e69a1c47ca4a98d8797e13a	Moto will update most of its smartphones to Android 7.0 this month
a39f00107d97cc73f26890e3131e47f641a16e40	The new Moto smartphone will be announced on February 26
ad69cc2af9f219d925878871dd044e6642b1deaa	Lenovo New Glass C200 smart glasses are paired with Moto Z
7f23d1579d420ccc9a91f4449094c1ab72220a6c	Back Forward
9178429e33d9d67c8cba422ec384cd23410ff136	132 comments
efbfecaf51aabc3933c037e150919353e0aad0ea	@llexander
38985f6ab5f0e3d352b55fb4481e680dba29c162	20.03.15 | 15:03
3eb416223e9e69e6bb8ee19793911ad1ad2027d8	|
b0158b97f4eeb65c0cedac5de5915d1b5cc6840d	Lenovo P70 A review: the balance of power and autonomy - but not the price!
28ed3a797da3c48c309a4ef792147f3c56cfec40	(
a26247470e9c28dd4cec386d1576aa6afec520bc	bananvital
2a81f3391148412ed88701df9fb6218f0bd71074	20.03.15 | 15:07
206628a8f9cc0a541ae5e6903b97e0404308d8b3	@llexander,
8d3758064c26f477336a619eee1e20362c8a91bf	I agree, he would have a price of 15 thousand..
b6ea654b7da81b6fe85cec81d71c59c92eb4113f	And in general, Vibe X can be ordered for 9k from China!
ecbe4a30977cdaf9360b4695c8b23de3085c4e77	Stanner
298ad5e6011c39bd270e70f93cd66cb5aa6b86b4	20.03.15 | 15:13
d6aea2c07a3ea5898da560cf6f44ac8d5caca54f	bananvital, is Vibe X more powerful?
9e5e5a5caa6160dc22a35da4f386b91e86c821c2	Spiritt9
ae5136b44fc79730b8c2847f8be0a986500569eb	20.03.15 | 15:16
b0a39ba91eddd03ff9804a62fda48fea692ba8f5	Stanner,
a4f1f422fd2ed071c8d716bc3d45bcc1123bc19b	Vibe X (if you mean the first one) - a balance of brakes and excellent design.
db9d035fbc4bf6a09c0d672c5adfafe7e87fd65b	MTK6589 with a FullHD display is hell.
9815092a561612d500bbe3d6ade8c231249c9937	20.03.15 | 15:21
d63ec54dcd8f140332d81fa2b9ad9919d7ddf693	Spiritt9, that I know - but bananvital brought it as an alternative for 9K :)
64e8d85135d0cdd7682ddf4b7e26c11bac0791dd	Russian Chicken
0752a4d5e9564eb9c5478c63e2539992b34e5c37	20.03.15 | 15:53
0b5533a3f1cac8d9054401873ac7e201e5660db6	SLIVnovo zazhralis...
e2a50f9e057700cba56e9269727c00c39634ac0a	Bad...
5b7c6cb41497b133dfac39dccd346e44530679ee	Wolf
bd9d3a6323b310e0aaf926c02ed3cd0a92d19c1d	20.03.15 | 18:12
48a7e16b648b751a7ad7c265b402c3414cfe34ca	Russian Chicken,
7dadbcc05c00f778606e6ad106230c406ba12307	it seems so to you - in China it is sold for $249, in our country for $299.
f25c41dcfd52c6d823c008bfc4e7cc20129f7ca8	Look carefully at the price - 20000r.
67d57b912b206ca262443001d7d9be130dd4b91e	- a little more than 300 bucks according to the current one (be it not laden) the course....
85061711fa9883f0207222637b30a0019d8e3e8e	LG Mobile
e77acd17c936f6c035170f989a9c5cdcce9f6a28	20.03.15 | 19:41
b0c346f9ed3fd4686e7e388c6a652e229a33969c	Wolf,
80549b25e60fdf45322a7b8df4cb8cf943c81c39	$ 339 is expensive for this device
f2935a80ea3a47f7d2beb3f1223ccfb0715628dc	nem4ik1979
77c8f9299b6a3f351579d4f806640b65c0462479	20.03.15 | 20:06
98a9f79f6105fb8db79b9106f747abe6e8f04dad	Guys, it's time to get used to the new course.
e6f6e32c667327f1a5d17178008d5acdbf2e3d80	There will be no return.
e0a9ad75c8ecc0b235274ac0e100837c810d78c3	The absence of a Hall sensor is an epic failure, given its penny cost.
5bde8e5755961a3ac9eb02927e22fc1bd7f7814c	Well, the price, yes, is too high, but soon it will slowly creep down.
9077a9c177eebf5461e1f87893464fb7f2332259	20.03.15 | 23:02
42d86fe015f75e66cdfddd43b64e3645ffe96d0f	nem4ik1979,
dc0497899662de66cef4ac3e37799af06af29fa0	I wonot get used to it.
870ccc75edad318aedad39c0c2bb48043405ae75	$ 59 is already worth it).
05e8f06d3b958b5cabc49187761cb6ecf9cec1fe	And retailers began to discount prices)
eaf1f5d6d6f3ed91c8e9ef7eb1050567cc8ec489	Nordline Ost
e623dd53f56fc061bf3af495232f116506505ae1	21.03.15 | 11:59
7a5bbcecffa3d18310b870267d1d8afdf0f0768a	+1.
d63d7b305bcf2a49bdfa87bff386b99cd2b577ac	There is a sensor and a case at 780m, which is very convenient, they collapsed from an oak tree here.
4be558bb37cfeb3bac2653b63de884986a37b7c5	Worms Armageddon
1b4e534ec3c6aa4d5cd3facc21804fa9c58a8293	23.03.15 | 20:13
3c5de936b9a7eb07792e77dea3e7b1b688aded93	The device is firing!
08706f6ecb40044f6b29e3da3db8c7ce87c969d4	And his camera shoots perfectly!
5b3ed9850fdfa02a3183d7215c322ee73980ce8d	The focus did not take it is not known for what reason, in fact, it focuses perfectly there.
2e41aa1c70770646808685574915752232176f5d	Does not haatat detail as they were photographed in the review, the film was not removed from the peephole or what?
1ee2c37084b87d0d2e6d4af72244e3585a5f815b	His sharpness is better than shown here.
2100d6667634b5f801460d34d8fbd5a98150d44b	There is very little noise.
30af9ac0a009bf385c709a41c1ceed60335183cc	With manual settings, you can completely reduce it.
bb5daa4dafdb9b014c8f4f69192b4d1bb8f2a710	The camera will get even better on Lollipop.
c90d6e10afabc58c2af01816c762ff768c0c1e12	bogdashka525
fc08db22df642512731ad8e763ee2b7cd8a00ccb	20.03.15 | 19:15
8228064816e7a279869e2041e849160aa9b7e78b	Come on, a great smart, if you pay attention to the course!
3c6d63e67d0091c064997c005186f3ae73d610ac	feanor357
246a88f80b7561d7908164aed56fb4d9a3f17d36	20.03.15 | 19:45
da0d55bd92d7a744582e436b2abac314d740e6ba	this is not a slivnovo zzhral, but the ruble has fallen.
6f6208435e5d19d4c2ceb6107b75d28f3aeb542f	According to strom, the price is less than 10k.
a18ba05105152303b843011bab60b9a911481081	*old
bd2d7ae10546129cddb357b76cc287896aa354ac	20.03.15 | 15:17
3509fa618c3a5f2c23221d9345524cbd6f61d9b6	there is a full hd screen and a normal camera.
0a96a0b9422196e16700b62fc8a8b9ac32f3b7a8	After all, this is a former flagship, and it is always more profitable to buy them than another model focused on design/camera/subtlety.
259dbca66eec93b83298d5b2f50801af02f89567	20.03.15 | 15:27
bd525ea9b7e9b04191cd6a0c9a1bcf62ec2cad67	bananvital, this model of the P(ro) series is focused not on subtlety at all, but on "corporate" tasks, ensuring efficiency and sufficient power.
b7cb535bfda59edc22a0ce3eb33d3fc475140367	It remains to wait for Android L on it
9061cfc86e47e96128e3c90ed52a273c8b68230a	And for the FHD video MTK6589 - it was something, I know...
e3fa64fceb85a5e435437fb42c4198d99816b4b9	davince84
cae3530824b4b95d22750bb166a545f58d229f40	20.03.15 | 21:41
260fc3fde58a6576358a0f86d2d3a5dbc36d3088	bananvital,
8b9c7cd1d0f116d4619a250e5b8dae514c8d828b	15 there was a technopoint
cbf680f56ff9bf4b0f4dd2599de1fd43d03a964c	gremik
63b33fa859c1cb224e371368c333a97acbf510a2	@llexander, get used to it - this is a normal price...
7018a25dbf57370bec17c951ecfdd1191bf197aa	When will you come to your senses?
e4430c7d46f3185569ff6fe3dce36436f57cd785	When the tank with 40p. comes, it will be as it was ...
67936cb3d8cb7e81f5320c96a23e119968e8d235	sever20067
b6dbfc950651e711e46ff0b8752516a0b87504b4	20.03.15 | 16:35
4c9c55711068ab82fbc231ac513ea6f9fbf62642	this is not a normal price, and even 15 tr is not normal.
e6f5b97a418b817adea742b19df743f2d2bcc6cc	10-13 T. R. ceiling) JiaYu S3 is an example of this.
d5e921f984dd9909216cc5d4a54766938ea1dd0c	FMF TeAM
7af4ee1b31edd0a517fb44df5cbe0957315e871c	20.03.15 | 15:12
a40a440773243c2962e37e3f7e31212d41cd462c	the only negative is the price, I will stay on the s820 ;-)
b3d29b7c56279608f2315bfb9c07a353527d9dbf	maximka8zloj
da4468f08dc163440b4639de7703168fb6e70774	20.03.15 | 15:20
b665046454bbb30e867033d36a354803dddd753b	19990
e8be7382a8bce907a643d8bd1727bc7a47ac9fc1	JunglBell
581f92af26d881dfeb1b66411965191b3d5e6898	20.03.15 | 18:49
7453a283a2c28c5a1acc9a3ec17d69b53ca608c9	under the review, the price, take off your balls.
12fe16b3b22e0655db974e4dae8bf9d27cbd4884	20.03.15 | 21:43
de9c3853543149cab522f7825e49254caad799f3	JunglBell,
49e121364b8c702881280259ffc045d27a4abaa3	So he didnot ask!
d3e538b7a90ac75f8bdb7fef972ef2b937afa055	prisoner417
a71e180ea83bb0f1d266e1c81fe292aedd690d81	21.03.15 | 05:13
2b48efb26cd0ed1b4ba78cdbe9cde55b71fb33a6	Oh, shit, the screen would be half an inch bigger..
58e319bd17111654dbf9e9a42959fb33f38af997	creeping77
2c4d66d95666dfaea9d7c2322e03f3125733a087	21.03.15 | 11:08
024c2ba69df073d76624c5f276e427dfced6c7db	20 thousand is a penny.
4d992b3f110eb5d3f234acf78e3f8e0bae68dd62	RuslanSuperGRAND
29f8a775dc380a4884f725ca9fb8681abea51ed7	20.03.15 | 15:04
1673d80f2146e1e3441721ccb590bdc8516a40ff	P780 is a divine device!
dcaa9d117a2878be37f3bc411e2de514947257f3	Igruhi pulls perfectly (GTA SA, WoT Blitz) and the sound is excellent!
fbb87e6e1c72702138941cd15292c9bb3e838343	Salim07
b80729c0b171be59318b899fa8dabb5d4404b829	21.03.15 | 00:51
71c20c1d2b3b7045587344d70716a42a3168ef0a	RuslanSuperGRAND,
2727ce33382b885967b8f0c77417f4157559a594	The P70 is a worthy successor, but the price is:
2c446e1dcd3a6a26d420c7c5825c82f31540f8f3	p. s. I own a P780 myself, a wonderful device
b3bb774a9bc791fc2c3be9346e50499397d68689	san777
b173d9eea375952491284e687c59ce11b7ed9578	21.03.15 | 12:26
561ad99af82caf7ae90f79c85fb5f1ff693a271c	Salim07,
1765ec63971948522449a808f2dc8a020a574ec6	After a year and a half of use, the entire workshop is littered with p780.
a51887820e5f98c0c8cafcc326398c579b9ecfdb	And everyone has one defect - the network has disappeared, because of a poor quality board, the corner of the processor near the headphone jack begins to peel off.
4317c9115ece35b03facac72c44310c9626054b5	Just on this corner there are contacts, answering responsible for managing the network amplifier.
ebffd774b10285a28b7f5f5c333210e8e4ed65a0	Otherwise, the device is normal
acce3f968616c2a4c0041206cd0f7bc90570c11c	20.03.15 | 15:05
72c3372fc2c081259d373ed3bf39295361d55007	Is the HD display a minus?
93605b3b08454524f522f93eaf38c68434259397	Made me laugh)
00fb21baf2edaa529e4e1214602920269f191133	20.03.15 | 15:10
45f7fd31d8b38bfeb22900c5d70335ab4b589130	RuslanSuperGRAND, for 5" is not enough slightly ...
a3c1627107631a08a82baa22eb2a786896552be6	20.03.15 | 15:15
ac428cbdcbf0d1daebf76b8c18a7db25dc68a2f6	gremik,
6e124ea81466dab15b678c176d398649ad227083	I notice the ladder only in 3D games.
cd2a2d9e9d9447aef74c53472fac6583068c1708	kratos777111
c617c912c13f075ac998643f19c5ecf722e6d998	20.03.15 | 15:39
23886a53d0582073987323ca9138a9264e0ed5f8	Put anti aliasing on !
6f4c7678aa8fc6ddd6dc214acf22d0a16c1e537c	Volf 34s
f486fe3f596c1e9ed81bcd8a031e70fdc58b6c67	20.03.15 | 18:14
e5ce699dc16e582e3826ecac525bc2d39e69770a	I have been using the p780 with HD and 5"for a year and a half.
408884fee532fbc31a774fcdb76be72f485290ba	Well, I donot see pixels!
292a74b95637f11b0cdff09ccaa53e8e26617e43	There is something to compare it with
8d5358599f11d0f5bc34f07a4f9c3720dc52c643	CvveTkoFF
d35bac114a5785aac8b8be2e570c6fa17455f2e3	20.03.15 | 21:33
38d6243f2aadba94e4e34994f6390e57eadc5626	Volf 34s,
5665c7b7686b361508f006defa08b8ef595a4061	+1, fir trees are noticeable, 299ppi is already in principle no longer necessary, there is no sense from a fullka with 400+ ppi, we only see ~340)
8dd1c4708a591ab0e099f3e9249ee7538c625b45	SLipovskiy
1b0e63727ad127243479579197fc2ac4863a310d	20.03.15 | 22:08
e18b13b0d42f08c5fc79f271f18b4eb27ca517d6	CvveTkoFF,
f227bde0992b1213c167d1adad8886a06c7b3d8c	the difference in 5 inches between full and just hd is clearly visible on small fonts - and otherwise there is no sense in FullHD.
6c5e3794330e9bbeb44b4cd9fbdf793d4f09cbfd	smith wesson
df1bec5af05b61db770c908dfeef858f23805479	20.03.15 | 15:06
b374afc91569c082c647250690f84e86a865c36c	There is also a touchscreen boost 2 ce.
227f6f3507ecf3904b10099c86b6ed99d5516c49	Normal fillings, a capacious battery, but it is greasy)
125c9cf473b53f6ac5d798eac455cc0b53af7e3d	smith wesson,
955a772bf6feb595a553975806557a989e9cb528	The Adreno 305, to put it mildly, does not drag :(
c077ebc4dadd2a271e3b1d7217a2dce6c07911f0	Greg Fil+
f8d813230957a8961462a30a8dd48b02aa983995	20.03.15 | 15:22
ffa7c974c40b0853b694153de4f41c706b13cda6	se is not 305, like 320
3301cb2771633e92cafefaa38e39d42bc85d927d	avignon
6ee5f1e11bbff8b968f8ab1894a364f229c4dcb0	20.03.15 | 17:27
d77b158dd6dd48e2edce6a403ba42886590bd86e	Greg Fil+,
d369bfd0831758a37933dbb658f3df6a1b6dfde6	no, there is exactly 305.
e5e106c50815b2c73f33e1decd998accafacc791	SSSR1978
3714f8edcd79c1af627bef964186455b6944238d	The price has failed.
2ff20639b1acf0fc4b959a260beff76bf48791f9	Although I think before the buck jump, its price would be reasonable
12034c4cde98dbcd228ce04c3c6a63201270dc18	SSSR1978,
a533b60f214c84dc6c0628998a7d271bf065d82c	On ebay, it is sold for 13 thousand) However, there is a version of the p70 t and I do not know if there are differences in it
ff2b524c8147078b74e45b5beca2c8bc2c811fe7	ctax
0f732712042c2fe4e77bdc5095d7a610963abf8d	TD CDMA+TDD LTE.
af3de565762a4b659c5482d7079a89162e859d88	It's useless here.
783d7a7f61334961a36e5531475286558ac5b938	kypbep
18c5e959332bbcd72bab248ab62db643513e0f2d	20.03.15 | 15:18
b39f57a6b72fe720ed323df01b8086c0aeaac7d6	And 1GB of RAM,8GB of built in
9952faf4bac89d1ccb790f4ea4e465c2f2e84530	marcusvii
820ee65f6c791df5681b411aa76c5bdacd8af8cf	20.03.15 | 16:39
874fec52b5fff4fc2f388ff928171f176ede38f7	kypbep, there is an option 2/16 for 220 usd, but damn only td cdma, i.e. we will have a mobile internet edge maximum.
0aa09ef01080523f74f24e7bd95c534b16a832e6	As an alternative to vibe x2 cu with a battery case for 240-260 somewhere.
71cd92dd16c0b344dd17d91e3cf5d57b30dc4aa5	eschik.68
27f0e754996b59cb09ded4a57fc7202ec99a2952	20.03.15 | 17:06
72a714f7277736d8e0ee724ed9b16c3fbd20ee6a	Yes, the powerful p70.
e3135950b796937f9213833e9a3933376b093bec	And the screen, as it is not strange, looks no worse than the vibe x2, and compared to
678394b247c5b3ada8492c985b6e3ffff9f2c88b	the P90 is so simply paradise.
f1bd87880a1ba6b6d5f32f90d79bc78b6fb2c43f	20.03.15 | 16:58
ec367646094a8f30315aec15b7b3e5f11574cde8	Differences,4 cores and the absence of Russian networks, the device is purely for China.
a46bf42ae15432430f8bbaa8fe854857f3bbbe30	Bald 79
f5e971f2dd7691b1d5c41590b3595eba9a598ff3	20.03.15 | 15:11
7801ada70ebb671b3a3ae65c35b537ac4ae61ec6	Quite interesting.
87aa035a0f329c3a3737f5abe6c31646804e113f	I thought about it.
06b2e26e3bd9a58073b0c466721c399c483aa74e	I've probably been looking for it for a long time)
1d2055b5c26141b0881a00205e1f1a3fb5360457	I read the review: decent, high quality...
cf1e69bca4ea1a59cb0dc2f2dc26c4563f76acb0	And then suddenly the price is 20000!
80735fcc5742aeecf2216465b4e1f60c76415756	And you realize that the same Meizu m1 note wins by price (and in some places by characteristics).
db100063020b6c39e83f69be9805e467b171847e	Not to mention a bunch of Chinese crafts on MT6752, which Uncle Liao is ready to give from his garage for 13-15 thousand.
e5ffdd2bd254d6b4a81c178eefd511ff7a737ca2	So what's the twenty for?
f4d9ef75b5199ab02c635c4bb7024c48fedaac98	ctax, and Uncle Liao provides you with a network of service centers. warranty repairs, etc.?
53b0dab9427d6e897d8efbd1a56fca870f970a17	All this is included in the price together with the S / P of the employees of Lenovo in Russia:)
0918da9960d2f6ee42dd045db709dc7989b50811	None of my phones revealed any problems during the warranty period (including the last one - MX2, which has been plowed into the tail and mane for more than two years).
ae79bc6ec9f1b4e2c20bdd31ed4ee668f359e001	So, do you want to say that Lenovo also has such a pindyk with the quality that a 40 percent markup is required for the service?
4e76cb1699f81f7118ce13d2a875cfa28a17c6dd	Oh oh
ae923838df6e5501ca3c706ecf03e66f20fb2393	20.03.15 | 15:45
2cdc72323c62ed74a72a7fba6ccaa0225841a60d	ctax, our state also likes to eat.
a1211808ad0c1ffdaa2dbc03fb0d84fa99918960	Customs clearance, certification, etc.
788b4447265bcef3f8ccd50454634e8e6a280674	I myself believe that the price should be less, but I did not tell them for some reason :)
020bf61d26d3cc675439ffef77b149f848ce80b1	DmitryKO26
bc55cb1854a44bfe8d59b2cadf5dfd422c361f7d	20.03.15 | 23:14
49f51dd6259733811db604213993096a482c1063	I have been using the k860i for 2 years, taking into account all its flights and falls, I assure you the quality is at the level.
aec8e02fb2b716578683f9348616a140f0bbc0ef	lixis
76ed7168dc58751e52ee0861137018404bbc9a73	20.03.15 | 23:45
4b8f833a4a71cbafb997a19ea0269eb0005d8692	if you knew what kind of G services are shitty, i.e., lenovo ... encountered.
b880db6d1384dc5c3c8487ea51603d5904cd8939	What they are, what they are not.
80c4810dc56ca5e6e3d251229610c01264d33c1e	If this is already happening in Moscow, then I'm afraid to imagine what is happening outside the capital...
33f28314f516030077562bcded6adf895ef88067	AndroidGuru
9582d74e75702bae32f72faf06c7ce694037d4ef	calmly waiting for Lenovo P1 Pro
c9158e14603c1691d927a357701ba5a258156a5c	20.03.15 | 16:08
1abe1fb196ae5385a766299dc7c04d886dd844b0	AndroidGuru, obviously it will cost no less :(
16391eff906f9e1aab5e44d680b979ed05f8bae8	21.03.15 | 14:12
17e3555f13903f80509a57980e71f1776c4ad155	it will be better, we will forget about aliexpress
14d7e22ab636c342deee7e8fd7b38a710f7cec5a	romiRUS
cc59f68539e29ce03612ff55399afc4bbc40a9b2	jiayu S3 is better and cheaper.
a77fc08aedc3b7b12e1e174bf04df2c38f29aa80	And the camera is there Sonka.
a9cd0c40ff48370469eb5ef3ef3e83e34ad58b3f	Lenovo, they have a shitty price.
3cc68b835abe33f94f9621c78ddca49e5d7c9396	romiRUS,
a86a7d688888ef9e88552fbf9f66e56bb3dd4653	You'll be sitting at the outlet.
89686f2d5baa4a33a452639760f2c740fb6466f6	3000mah will not last long to pull 8 cores+FullHD 5.5 inches
aee35db7c0f0e96e1043a2c7bc0feae745fda5d4	*canot
091f4daf755fe5a0cc2a8f47340869932b6e1264	Bugaga.
bd936d86f88984f3e51d473c1abe66e651307173	I have a 3140 max and 5.5 inches.
e8ba08b8659703c3f12107036f44ec447809be02	Two days with average use.
c8fc85d0a585aa3e0fa8ecef24924569f3193ccd	CHADNT?
a2b1f8285e79a0bcffe29e43cd67741b5498f026	20.03.15 | 15:25
37063f1ae30088f0d355e4d4a46b6d4caaf16de5	I also have, but here is an hd screen, not fullhd
76bf0f8b09d2aa0604a3c9ade6680e0ea9ffff7b	21.03.15 | 11:15
54de82842ee258ab0dadb92648fd51218af61deb	ctax,
823263bd900e840b1dceea5ba40e56d7122e5da4	You just donot use it.
73c210e34591bd640716a999dfa7b362fe245c81	Milashka05
1aeee45b06024aad4b72c6bd05baaa827a6409ff	20.03.15 | 15:23
b251006906ae5922d800623b84eab7f267c5831a	and then the charging connector will close, then he will send his jiayu to China in the SC, until it reaches China, it will take 2 weeks to get a marriage, it remains to hope for a quality repair, and in case of poor quality repairs, he will send it back to China and so in half a year he will be replaced with a new one and which may again be with a marriage and will send it back to China)
2a7b957fe11497783c7039aa70ca2e04269dae37	20.03.15 | 15:28
24d39fba37abebc0ebd168bfdbf3b6baa60315ae	Milashka05,
d0945115287443912984907fafcb1c64828ef106	Nanny, I ate at their place.
1b944bc7e20827f0ea839ddd83b89258e77e78cf	What was it all about?
6b85817de26dde509a60d3f8a792587bb4f05a50	sramunet
b28cf2af784f766044db9bab93064b3d8a91e0e7	Another trash with a poor video card from the times of 2013, but for 20k rubles.
7ce01f6381463362cf6aef2f843a59261e8f5587	Success!
451aff5f8e1b0a4ffd68e91a6ec41de734494304	sramunet, this "poor" video for you pulls everything you need on this device without any problems!
4c7a4e4de305333ab0ec69adf2aa6a7bf16ebb73	Give an example - what is unplayable on it?
1f70a9102fe9d297e9b05cba86cef60dd480570c	20.03.15 | 15:43
385bf2b19ed05aa7591fb5f9f6e8350d47a1df43	Xcom I think will be playable in the original, seeing it is twice as weak as in the 4 nexus.
e3a265411fd108e7af2ac85f95fb1f406b9a83fd	20.03.15 | 15:58
dff1d682ee53d40293f692c66d52149d3bf643e2	kratos777111, personally drove - everything is ok.
a37965cef23c8d086848a6baaba17cc65eed16a5	I had problems with its wild resolution on the Z2 Pro
bcbc22254c848dd6fe27cdfff2c09651ea90b5b3	20.03.15 | 16:42
e0e4b1195b321a2d26d32817ced2575c7b2e658d	kratos777111,
1d5e3b7c642d5a3f688918e1497007f912d632db	720p is driving.
421deae19fa9f3fb86500d455879061becb136ac	Yes, there may be problems on fhd, but not in this phone.
94b5788af6487a3ed50aaa0907edc63b88d11d28	20.03.15 | 16:09
a0466be448b58bc843b42e6c8f5b190c29bf469e	In the same asphalt, there are regular fps subsidences, about games on the Unreal Engine and talking below fps everywhere 20 and below.
57dea9261bc419cbf9269b43b170d25533b3f0e6	20.03.15 | 17:43
969cc915e7dff1630c1aeae227ab792d2eba39a7	sramunet, in general, in GFXBench in the Manhattan on screen test, this device is gaining a pretty decent 11.5 fps.
d01cf9df5af06ab04936ccb3506c7e8bce974eaf	There are not many devices more powerful than it, especially in this segment.
49430c39dc87b4d201c795f59be897a754f16c93	sramunet,
e20aa53ba735e5eef934d1835b1081b5eefa5ca7	But here I do not agree.
515011cce4b1ef1685d726ec23dbff5d6781ba0f	1280x720 is an excellent resolution for a video card with a capacity of 40 Gigaflops.
fa299fbe216acf5c2bc32f7fe7111857d9a0a18b	It pulls not just everything, but absolutely everything.
3d520d671b0a809f1e696c37202d53372a007944	Another thing is that 20K is not worth such a config anyway.
f041e61f701e5349419f9b565a3c1dde7c5c1bf9	mephody styx
2f858f6be6d5d25c20d7fdaf7ad480ea12ca7eb9	20.03.15 | 16:34
7c49a8bdc99150ddd2c8b381a60d753ec9f20cf3	You donot write nonsense, in kind.
deba3d1def79f891322cec3f437a589dab6119bc	The device is a bomb, especially for such money.
8f69fb71c0ec008dbec1f21a6762aef3424a260b	One minus the screen could be made FullHD.
ce630c01a82a6a2aa5085f89f4077020446b6e4e	20.03.15 | 16:53
b3cecc0e5484e0945512193f3683092d14c22601	mephody styx,
bd0681c3820c54238184134a972cacf2a9b4dd2c	It wonot take off.
75e6f96784961965fe5c93733619fa74bea38b75	40 gigaflops for FHD in serious games is not enough, competitors have proved this.
f4e7ffb9a7733c3893410171dea8a69ffa4ed059	denmars
c1d42ab8ca5a4f965778548c7905220d19dea577	20.03.15 | 18:46
20ab2cf8c6a2001ac2560bccb69b71f825e70004	47 gigaflop and as the tests on meizu showed, it makes top end smarts in fps,there is no trottling of the chipset,you will get your 35-40 frames, unlike the hat on the snap 800
ad8462dfcc0426ff5e9871f2e55949e48d67c845	Tired of moaning about the price!
17b892507a37a0cac38c2781237c36d17ec70791	Compare devices in the same conditions: or those that are sold here with a guarantee and service, certification and customs clearance - or devices with a purchase price on the same Ali and a considerable chance of getting rejected, etc., which are often bought by Chinese sellers - and sold to us at sales
a40c17660ce953c716fa27a0fa594941d768fd96	And it is incorrect to compare the "white" device here and the "gray" when buying in China!
9746ce23d7658f085f5e2aeee823b129f5ab49d9	20.03.15 | 15:24
a69a2afdadf6367994ce80655e4d0ac41ed8bec8	Compared with the Meizu m1 note.
905a999e5f6fefdcb2d13accce994a132012c536	I laughed for a long time.
fd69e6a56991370fe1091a3822b1d75bf3ad88a4	20.03.15 | 15:34
ab18902116fd5f7c625f207208295724c053bb21	ctax, well, this is a real competitor with a 25% smaller battery, but an FHD screen and a lower price.
5c0f465460c5395e8d48de01f46149831e445239	But not to compare with the Chinese price of$ 200 (for example)!
43dbfd03fe87ed82783b657936a7af5f133fcc9e	20.03.15 | 15:36
9cb58e08a0294e20e01e31a4e3a9f9ffbc333660	No, of course not.
aaa043a3102e271bc252383b22ffa46a785112ec	I will even say more: if Lena had a price of 16-17 thousand, two tail WiFi and slightly smaller dimensions , I would even think about it.
c60cf626cc30d99d7664868c4b944928b5fd33c8	20.03.15 | 15:37
8541608fff65ae7d2f2d06aab975cda32251c2bf	Stanner, and in a certain technopoint in my city, the P70 is sold for 16,500, and they bought it and punched it by IMEI on the Lenovo warranty website - this is a" white " batch for Russia
110886b445fcdd3e866bc891a309a1e10a86f3a4	fuzzy bomba
be79bb039fa78939c6a5d2539aab0940ae6cb2d8	20.03.15 | 16:02
6e46a08914aac46771b363dab5feb26d0d218df5	compared with ECOO E04 Aurora (from elephone) for 11800 and laughed at all M6752 )
e9c9e22cbbf10f0b27d8ec76ad00ff6de294cdad	20.03.15 | 16:56
ee03c6d0006f803f1ff95dc03d327b1abcec86cd	fuzzy bomba,
64746850ce27ebb05526738cf9e8daab883b5355	Well, the trash from Uncle Liao's garage has already been compared.
f6f79bb13ef5c9ee88dee0b7dd3dc4110c9ebf10	20.03.15 | 17:41
7c29a9d96d7d19cad138252a9f9d316dba8d8277	marketers will put you +1 to reputation
2336e7fb276c98bfdc849fa4d797604479016f32	Asus FonePad
d68c26be82e56a3a31313f1ff43f9983dd05aa56	20.03.15 | 15:40
2b17e06adf812b8c857ea7a66135ddc6da0b916a	20 obliques for this squalor?
8182c7bb7620fcb9861aad2e724a9fd22027c8b0	What is this gonevo?!
9e1ac35d6f81079a8fa16677179252317162a7cc	Lenovo that has turned into a Samsung?
6495fe53830dda715e893e10aafa0cc82f22feab	Neutrality One
dd8d390502da1a72f822aa0305ff67833caf19f4	20.03.15 | 17:44
bd9814c29e519a86219c3d3b2a7d5bb37d13ebe5	Asus FonePad,
9dd093dfb0b6e4404045fc6aefc48c4f9b424770	samsung has not had such cheap phones for a long time
3302677effee1b862ce2b9fedcbb8ffc09af91be	21.03.15 | 11:20
cb68f78ce5db9ae7afa0f087b63c5e39a14663d9	20 obliques is a one time meal in a decent place.
7bc0bb68d3b550f48014e28853275a34d7d6076f	Vet al
f1a0abd4c09da4e69bfebc056cd54e8c7d8b9e6d	Oh, why wasnot he released a year ago.
46b0bc3c19430a881238f763d9e10224c9dd8d0d	And now, with our hryvnia to dollar exchange rate, everything that is more expensive than 150 CU is an unattainable dream.
650c18b0dbbe4720609dac592ff1f8fe1616ffb7	4000 thousand hryvnias, of course, is not an exorbitant amount, but I have not been buying a smartphone for the price of a laptop for a long time.
4ea42a347544edaf017a80458748a2d65d5d6186	Overgrown.
66f76c38edd8ed456a23161a773483d7a9f652c1	lakasa1
4cf4367f33ab522ce17018f959e5c8919dc55da5	No Lenovo - you tried for a long time, but it didnot work out any better than the P780, and by design it's even worse .
17a52a80c3397329cdc84f79dcd147e99325ee02	By the way, 6589 MTK on the Lenovo P780 still drags everything fine , I didnot test it much since the phone is corporate, but nevertheless nothing lags on the eye .
ea4f52897bedc435018e8d8c2610a8ff54e044ac	dezakiro
1d7a6af69e65e8faf618448ff41f8b43c1a566f3	20.03.15 | 19:05
a709d676194f621c663d9be5f732da49eea51447	lakasa1,
6a151a67b752846da1ab12e8e274cba5d6ec978c	I agree
ec5c4b429db7e6325a33040ed4b46ef1802f6e10	21.03.15 | 11:22
a995d7b19ba3bdfc64d71fe30b95066fdc7a6518	1 gig of RAM is still not enough, especially for Vibe.
7c2ddf83bbb79a91cb5cacd3900a191d807f27ba	JOSEF FEASOU
a64bcdf2d24c5be065f0091dfff03dbb04163e28	23.03.15 | 20:29
a9066e89a1f4e619963ee6fb5846ac7c4c46bbfe	creeping77,
b1f8470e67e2ab41c953404440ba03c03ddd2c0a	Which vibe?
c684b93fed05b548f67ce0eded73fc46b73d0c4e	This is a P780/ You canot think of a better one.
325ab95a26df74e52a4e2035f2c27895fe55e907	There, this 1 giga is enough for the eyes.
986b8c2d183a1b788146fcbd43bb4ff25480b88d	Personal experience: I donot need a fulshd nafig, you still wonot distinguish it by eye when listening to music.
1867610f3275df1a8ccee91f3063fbcfba0ab9c1	Akkum perfectly drags and this is the main thing!!!
602c55aa784964fb31352628c9907a808aeec8f9	4-5 days!
738ff80e637fe908cb05ce8f1dcf605ffcf2c334	This is both favlya and bluezub included.
8ebaacf1b17a9172adbaae36a425c42f49f1e48c	Everything!!!
7b5bc25f87c7cfeb0c252ef1414bc6d634867c34	What else do you need?
9b49f3bb04c7ffdcd91d07217f677a75020ba5d2	If you test the device with the persistence of an idiot and sit for a day to look at it and play, then yes, you can put it in 8 hours.
8717952f4914aed4d2194f06ab2d7089b017e1e2	All disputes about nothing.
7caa6513cf62e68ab877f8849f55926c7c2bad97	The course in Ukraine and in Russia is not the same as it was a year ago. I still regret that I did not buy Vibex 2 Pro for 8000 UAH.
f55fba1a2e5aa8c99c5789b867d622133b977858	Or Lg G 3 Dual.
fc8b1a84f0738fd8c412c4bb5fd5c7d2a132c670	Сей
1f0b8c2fa6d9721ac7bee40e36d8536836b3aa94	for an hour, these official devices can be bought only for 14-15K UAH.
8a875a560eaf6db86994864ce6fd01ec4afe8636	And this is already too much to give for the phone.
b0e8a21b9f33b3c3876b8c4803c561d449095926	So donot shout about the price.
92991fab31b32db42b3e6d7312b62cd573b73125	Its price is 330 bucks.
5cb120acf9a8e5bd9cebd1b9ccfe4ba774c3ab99	So far, I donot see any analogues in this price.
78360da5cb0e7c11a7a5c6c860a11fd8edd5e7b2	Meuzu is really not in the schet.
def1aeda00ae4fc05d69a1afadfe5f337ea73787	Lenovo has long been no longer a meuse for you, who are not the fact that they will come to the heights of Lenovo.
ad610dd8599c5bf49225c61d20c821fdf1cb5701	KoptecW
c7d381544a3152a2476b6586c24a20c90ce77692	20.03.15 | 16:10
85548e3d23c012b00c620106908e6a79032a4ed5	Eh.
6d7ab360ddf6f59fff13a925d68d8b75cbdbd236	I hoped that the Chinese would eventually offer the best solutions for price/quality.
156fa481b6dbfd1614db60895638fc1a85246081	But in my opinion, the more famous the brand becomes , the worse this ratio is.
0bfe7c54fde301e444d2a555b555f1d3033b7cc9	It seems that "the dragon slayer becomes a dragon himself".
aea785637e3fafac22efa59bcff5b6ea3b5c017a	Sadness.
c93d83af2fd66df26b6e54ad10e25d93e7db3591	Zurbagan
88d7288a60975cf732a74fc27ead1ad9e0987417	20.03.15 | 16:40
cc9e11db10cb3b507b02d77aa2acb160c9a31c71	HD display in the minus is it just from the lack of others ?
8619ef310c48d7448df6f818fa67b1260d89a048	People, come to your senses, they are already starting to push 4k into you, despite the fact that there is not even content for such a resolution so far.
03746e81efc58f8ef7ffbe9a0dd027a80498ba9e	Victims of marketing. hd for 5 inches is optimal.
de34844b3aec33e30c54575f189d75d3ae26e4d3	21.03.15 | 00:53
9f76014f04ea11c57aa7ab95cdfa929cf317d76e	Zurbagan,
9517884ff86d394d866d285b36a4a4fab4696b92	yes, people just give them more chicken
53520c04726dd1e757b15fb1f05be01a413ccbe1	karaskasar
b9c0cbd55834891eba865fed5584f601550ad233	20.03.15 | 16:59
040d21790580ee4ea8a89a288253181984d4138e	Cons: HD display..
df6c9bdd1f6ff1052f9ca355841c93853c83863f	What kind of world have we come to live in?
c7028fd48539e304e56c1bff807c974099ae1658	20.03.15 | 17:00
cb5e91e3a48a8ffae617bff49ad6a048330b7c07	The first thought was oh, experia!
cfbc09afdea8ffcb1d478070d455ce2fcfad82f1	Hibari
5ca220e864fbe429934649c368ab762a9620e989	20.03.15 | 17:02
1e30eefe7c931348320be60b6d96c10baed90f6d	Are you kidding?
d0ebc06b0c55f74a442d721fe5da07eceadfe297	I donot really understand why to shove a fullhd phone into a phone, it's a phone, it's almost impossible to see pixels on HD!
3abc923199ff1776659a7a965e662b2872fb927f	And he will not eat the battery so even the displays are bigger, this is on the contrary a plus!
3eb3a3830cf830b2136256fba23d371f620395b5	20.03.15 | 17:42
a66a03bdff0ab7f1f46e9bdae3fb39e97da715e9	Hibari,
bd96b7bac3231739a57dcf21a680c908b3929119	The future belongs to high quality screens not lower than FullHD.
4338251450211ecd2997192d643b6b8438cd4dd2	20.03.15 | 18:39
37ce474e7226b3ceb56663c9bf7fd0924ff9e864	troll, but you canot tell the difference if you show 2 displays 5 inches, your eye, like others, is not able to spill fonts after 280 dots merges,and 300 you will not consider an eagle at all)))
6eaf8b1f9e67207201a7c947bc8392c8a9fa5a5a	20.03.15 | 20:40
2c78a7999b22a51a94610337eaad76bb4d7525b1	denmars,
c11005fc419551da693645930610060b273181b2	troll I have a 4K TV.
812be04f6dd2e95b31f3ca28eb4225061852f115	And I see pixels on the FullHD phone. together with the touch grid.
d76533073d8b77620d68d02734c86409688cace6	But on a 5K Macbook, you will never see pixels anymore.
886de330e0fff446423310a9f881dd71f55c2c5a	Therefore, manufacturers are striving for 8-16K screens on large diagonals. and to 2K screens on the phone.
4dc3d9029abadc0cb12752aa7f2a97253a0a166d	And you sit on HD
24b0258501904052dcde8709fadf03ded0573813	21.03.15 | 11:24
60ca8c842e7b68265dd4980e491e7f5bc2e4f0e5	And what are you watching on a 4k TV?
87b7d3d45a2f2b16d3da4c349138c9ad88c62cb2	A Hobbit?
25358ba6908376961dcaba6fe079a0404a7f54d3	The wretched videos that you took on your smart?
2f4e92ec91142f45d768313bb7e2bba8740ca0ad	A victim of marketing....
f421a9495784be10e33a946c2cb8e35234b4316d	AedeX
fe191fec0ae4d06a13f070feb62d13ae4aec0686	20.03.15 | 17:22
bbd2b399d608971bd5b1cb076543fd88e2ba4ef0	I would like an S6 or any other Samsung with such a battery!
048f33d9821bd0ebf01b34d0a26c021fb4033ac1	Energy saving Amoled+14nm percent would be a breakthrough in autonomy
cac3450730dfddbec1c61eacd3237d8b72948a32	ratptor1975
db3b8144744aa5196295935b41238e0985c17b94	C4 is better to take than this Chinese sucks.
d36a8b9a3a5b5044b272a8f1f377d36112eec721	20.03.15 | 18:36
4c15d94a544385a566e49c3fe3110000cc1219ae	ratptor1975,
b66b3191c7ced41219fc5ef28bebb09b12ccd53f	your hat c4 is not even close to it,people are smarter than you choose in favor of this Chinese
a76bec9d55aaa142a8cb831ec49796df54fdbdcd	20.03.15 | 18:57
ac7241cca79868af9949a05b6b400737efe0a536	Looks like this Chinese guy is raising his ego.
95690c65bdec10e9c3cfcd9c68055ae6a5eefc30	Soon you will be lying in the same room with Napoleon.
ebe949e87f5b5d3897946f9c2898bc0145a2ad0b	slovelissimo
9a9624b4a9bc1de808c88aa43f63881451148ff5	20.03.15 | 19:28
a328510679718e50985b46880cd0afdc0ce63f8d	Oh, really! well, what is better in this device than the c4? the camera is worse, the screen is worse, the sound in the headphones is worse,the sound of the speaker is worse.
07cef47938fc6c59e977c2b90a70b7aae99bef27	With updates - unknown.
70726ba413de26c33ae75ceb457f0ff926773558	2 sim cards and a battery can not outweigh this, although it will be important to someone.
487c0268b1ab0496780d18b914628905a5e3c64b	I donot know,I wouldnot buy this one, for me the choice is obvious.
e60b271369debdd511acea67296a959926a1d43d	21.03.15 | 11:28
0f9b28055fbed585b5adfc54e13e3d32603497a8	slovelissimo,
2ffb96a6ed2a21392fd0114bf285fa2b5791d7dc	The screen is better, it's not a fucking pentail, the battery is better, the cameras on all smarts are poor, the sound is worse, but the same as with the camera, everything is fine with updates.
f44e6df945763a3009c3a1fe480b528a924f55e3	21.03.15 | 11:37
5c963543d5b9e189cc84a277c0b242b289d19f45	The screen is worse, and worse not because 720p, but because it is not AMOLED.
e788abbfaa589d195b932f1b3220a7d768b3b95a	And there is no pentail at 1080p on amoled, but the viewing angles, energy efficiency, contrast are completely higher than ips
75f25716f8f7ffecacee20c30ec14331d1fb3fb5	Alexey9292
8b0bbc6e932ef362d7e4494e44a3d2678676142b	21.03.15 | 08:03
946e3d0105789c04c93b494eebadd7e6a1c079e8	I donot understand what's good about this Chinese?
78988bfd925da961a136b18d50bc45504359f24b	His predecessor was only good with autonomy, otherwise it's complete shit
c871bbf6c705a0178b4c8527b98ec6521384cd34	(Comment deleted)
ddf1994be9bfadcf2c7cf0a0701da4ce06483815	21.03.15 | 00:54
3d2113be8d69ac9923771b31dec400b3951b208a	where did you buy it and for how much?
33cab3a0020d32fe0e992b30a1abbea485eb8de6	Tiktaalik roseae
b8fc90fd7ade4838fc2405e4321d6b394d59f336	20.0
847003a6cb4b5bf50caf1ea5a963b7a53ebe4ee4	Lenovo P70 smartphone review
41d7ac6a80cf492fadea4d5e253664db9421652a	It's been a long time since I studied smartphones from Lenovo - I would have to catch up, because this company produces very decent smartphones and tablets, not to mention laptops and other gadgets.
53a15a6125e752f2d12030921525763872c8887b	This time, the Lenovo P70 model came to my review - a smartphone with good characteristics, support for two SIM cards and a battery with a capacity of as much as 4000 mAh·while costing very reasonable money.
b290ecb12bbfdf4383f541e0d1d770386f0f6de3	Well, let's see what it is.
cbc05bd31b6976d1ea5c0b88aacfcc7a1e2bab2a	Technical specifications
1e4b66c262da90659ac8ffc58c1049ccfe61faac	Operating System: Android 4.4 KitKat with Lenovo shell
b46ce7e0db056afeae6caa9f515147234d048935	Display: 5" HD IPS (1280×720), five point sensor, 16 million colors
ac1586219155028c81b47bf92da88beb836fc1a8	Processor: MT6752 True8Core, 64 bit, 1.7 GHz
24ff4a3d3ed2d18d590da64762aeb502d51ee2fb	Graphics accelerator: Mali T760MP2 with a frequency of up to 700 MHz
8f0acb156077793904b6a6526afb0712115578b3	RAM: 2 GB
efaffef0e149ff0a2d29a9f87945cf6bef22bd01	Flash Memory: 16 GB
952bf1c343b46a1255c313002012be280e3682be	Memory Card: SD up to 32 GB
3e516fb629f70d31e70db8ecd9d8a0585ad9707a	Network: GSM: 850/900/1800/1900 MHz, 3G: 900/2100 MHz, 4G: LTE FDD 800/1800/2100/2600 MHz
3719b8fb487c2c1fdf83fdbcc8b8e89f7ee6b0ad	Wireless connection: Wi Fi 802.11 b/g/n, Bluetooth 4.0
7d18341c0a40d3e2b4ee7c4510a91ad2ebb0d1a6	Camera: 13 MPIX, with autofocus and LED flash
43eb6216a9306eb70283a0f9fc8844c0a28c5dec	Front camera: 5 MPIX, with constant focal length
46ba35107b78575e7ab67a51ee1fbaeb461a3328	Ports: microUSB (OTG supported), Audio jack
48e10b95c0f7aa84a02e652d31cfc437d69ba25d	GPS: GPS, support A GPS, GLONASS
3c3987672784d3a7cca34298d6d13f437c11bcb8	SIM card: microSIM and microSIM
29ee7390ad0dca60ca819bfb463c173f1a21ad5c	Battery: 4000 mAh, non removable
350a6f05fb08074b83a1759d2ce006511aa8f648	Dimensions: 71.8 × 8.9 × 142 mm
a7aa43a142a8793fb1265ac7aa643dadb02e1921	Weight: 149g
4f1507efd428ba33472fda9eef7ab425cb4ac4cc	Optional: accelerometer, proximity and lighting sensors
8ed31952c9041dd11088b6b945e72b9f1a093966	Price in Moscow: 18-20 thousand rubles
deabce1f6f5e5b8c83683648132d62fbfa3d9c1b	Well, the equipment is very decent, two SIM cards, a serious chipset and a 4000 mAh battery are especially pleasing.
c95a84688999718f0b520c56fccf604b53069a65	But the display at the present time would like FullHD, although, on the other hand, HD should eat less battery.
49e8769d1f5cd65d5d6356944df8094b89aad0d2	Memory cards are supported up to 32 GB.
91c3583adedcb58d96b5cabf795dda41c4b873a5	This is not a problem, of course, but it should be borne in mind, because there are already 64 GB and 128 GB cards on the market.
c2b852c4745f4df98bd72fd3c8ddf19e7a81bf0b	It is delivered in a solid white box.
7979e46443fd44cae2248f123de52df3e7c47ab8	Inside: smartphone, power adapter, USB microUSB cable, USB OTG cable (for connecting flash drives to a smartphone, can also be used to charge external devices from the smartphone battery), headset tab, brochures, cover case.
bba4264f698f0346688d70c07dd92d7dccf2e43a	Appearance and features
6452a2ef02fff8ca5ea64b0d16e95d8770100370	The design is strict and boring, the design is monotonous.
9926fcd0cf88c807c7e7a5bafcb8471e85399d7d	The color of the smartphone is stated as dark blue, but it actually looks like black.
fdc6f3b814a041cdf3cb36397b3ae1d0204f56eb	There are no other color options for Europe, and two more versions are available for China - white and brownish.
f3e2c1410f97b773e80b3a64d04087d66ae789da	The back cover is a matte plain plastic.
a3fc2ddcd91e29338f10666cd899430c9211bd03	The lid is removable, fits well.
f5dfb1ea97069396215fc4899ce8392f1023d305	Somewhere in the reviews I read that it crunches in my hands - I have observed this only if I loosely snapped the lid.
121745c8e03175f0b335bc94e2d5d18339c488a5	Under the cover there is a non removable battery, two microSIM slots and an SD card slot.
309be684ca063447eb397b7c2f8ecd1b287c0d92	As usual in such cases, one SIM card slot can work with 2G, 3G and 4G, the second only 2G.
a2a5a1cfd73c42df36b70fc0be259a6e8af4f93f	And SIM cards work in Dual Standby mode: that is, if one SIM card is used for a conversation, then the second SIM card does not work (one radio module).
657c075fa416c0ebb113b0b8ab23bdcc64af6936	The phone is not bad in the hands and looks quite thin, especially when you consider what kind of battery is installed here.
517c354b0bb66efe76cd8ae0c431ef189d5a55a4	Also surprising is the really small weight of the smartphone with such a battery - only 149 grams.
a5ccaa5222a70f5d79d66852fced17ed4e12ce38	Right end: power button and volume rocker.
cabbd57ab164b33c7dd0657f61b2c7064347c12f	The power button, in my opinion, is located very conveniently.
e8ea710d09511f50480781574646b3bacf0e7384	The volume rocker is pressed not too clearly, but you can survive this with humility and patience.
061a9bd22c99be83201d3b21089862673d6713b3	Upper end: second microphone and audio output.
2c18006eb904dac9248e83ebd02c693956f606a2	By the way, the upper and lower ends are tinted under the glass.
acb81fa049ec2877a2888f854054aec1da9e1fa7	But this is a glossy plastic, which, by the way, is quite branded.
81e4c0b216131a90a5b0559d5f3878530b9b97bd	Bottom end: microphone, speaker grid, microUSB output, decorative grid (there is no speaker under it, there is only one speaker).
6b8422014018458b48d159dac54508678cfd37cf	The kit includes a cover case made of plastic with a corrugated surface.
a2737f1513e096ccacf7a682e7d471d3dd015fca	If you install it on your phone, it becomes noticeably more grasping.
f71d9a635b58b2d782ffdbf4b0a328fbe77b8edd	Well, here is our hero next to the Meizu MX4 and Samsung Galaxy Note 4.
7abea0b0672e6eee10cf6826dba75aa70ff0c764	The control is carried out using three touch buttons "Menu", "Home" and "Return" located under the display.
47dfb26eee0c036a3df36c54fa654514bb55ec04	The buttons can be turned on all the time, lit for three seconds after use, or turned off all the time - this is configurable.
123a7f2fcc9ae7cbbbd7c7627a483853a9708dab	Platform
c6c4946ca5c34e09719bf119376162a8ad5c45c2	A new eight core 64 bit MediaTek MT6752 chipset is installed here, which was developed specifically for the middle price group.
b24e4261d0a3eff0666b2255bf2d8fac9045cb48	What is the value of a 64 bit chipset compared to the previous 32 bit ones?
7b399c5c9ee81dd9ad6c3e8afd71dc4664e0ef9a	64 bit chipsets are primarily aimed at using with the new, fifth, version of Android Lollipop, which is optimized specifically for 64 bit processes.
472de02fd74716c4cdaba3616a794eb9814e08e2	The 64 bit ARMv8 architecture, which is used here, is simpler, more energy efficient and faster compared to the 32 bit ARMv7.
7ba5540735f5df54ca872ab7749afb165dba7366	In Android 5.0, a new virtual machine is used in which Android applications are executed, so that their launch and switching from one application to another are faster, and the system itself again becomes more energy efficient.
5eb0a01e755670cec5ba807a7b750d7d00110c19	Also, 64 bit processors are able to provide support for a smartphone with four or more gigabytes of RAM, and such amounts of memory will clearly appear quite soon.
727aee0368206193ba25453cdd77295d481c6959	This chipset, like the MediaTek MT6595 installed in the Meizu MX4, uses a new technology for intelligent core management developed at MediaTek, called CorePilot: it allows you not only to turn on and off cores or groups of cores in accordance with the current load, but also to change their operating frequency in real time.
c928ad70f97449decd190c781132ab5ebd14aa59	This technology allows you to avoid parasitic use of capacities when they are not needed.
0a6d01c428f193fff9ad16fa2bcfb02e7e20f935	As a result, up to 20% of energy is saved, and in addition, the device is not subjected to noticeable heating.
6d855311d9e8e360ebdc6fa0b32ce4912521dc25	(And this was fully confirmed during the testing process.)
f50a8b4d717f81e45d22f489906dfb58a2e1bff8	With the help of the CPU Z program, you can see how it all looks.
0b3c4a70719dc554bdb8e969fb84660d29bef7bd	For example, a smartphone is in standby mode: only one core is running at the minimum frequency.
33a64b4d251b59a02223f4bfe70d148c85642576	The browser loading the page is running three cores have started working.
dbebdeb126ae19ea97a28d3b9729f2e62a6c5d5a	Well, the 3D game is launched - all eight cores are running at maximum load.
a3ec4e100e977c44c51f9733c6b1e5aa969c8388	Another important point is that the LTE modem is integrated into the chipset itself (previously, it was necessary to implement its support using a separate MT6290 chip, which increased power consumption).
e28021c5e9fe412e8971de14a51de9e418b5d74a	The Wi Fi adapter supports 802.11 b/g/n protocols and Miracast technologies (output of images from the smartphone screen to external devices - for example, a TV, a projector) and Wi Fi Direct.
3fc39ea7ba84b2332f00e90bde179733047932d3	Moreover, Miracast also supports independent image output from some application: for example, you have a map open on the screen, and a video clip from the gallery is displayed on the TV.
574ff9b0c49cdeb5f5508548ae0cab44fecee038	Display
ae77b8e3c632607fd2b2e51d641d6ce9f6029963	Display on an IPS matrix with a resolution of 1280×720, made using OGS technology.
0b8c91da54e71eabe455d8aea2f9fdab6a76a32d	The upper surface is covered with Gorilla Glass.
8a77e6ca9d4734a7ab9e60901a7b33a84515b280	There is an anti reflective and oleophobic coating.
ddb5446e0638fd04483fb7983dcb5bedc2605b0e	The image on the display is very high quality, the colors are pleasant and natural.
a7d7763d4c254cede4db7f79d65480afd38fa16f	The brightness is good: in normal mode, I set the brightness level to about 30%.
8b133f22257018550f47bc77dace7d6fa7bbb81b	In direct sunlight, the image was very clearly distinguishable - almost as well as that of the Galaxy Note 4, but there is a special additional backlight turned on in the sun, and here it is not.
20e00ab1427b9fd31890e13f13a88604babea6af	I didnot like the work of automatic brightness adjustment at all: it darkened the screen too much, it was very inconvenient to use.
399ccdfc62ad49812daa7f89571f18eba6aa7e25	By the way, the MT6752 chipset itself implements a number of proprietary technologies from MediaTek, which should improve the image quality on the screen.
89dea93d42340e44f5650409d4a37746597f9de5	For example, ClearMotion technology increases the frame rate in video from 24-30 per second to 60 in real time - this significantly improves the smoothness of the image display.
74e7703b75b13b35c77796e9f1015a5fe2f0e8af	The second technology, MiraVision, adjusts the saturation, brightness and contrast when displayed on the screen, achieving the most beautiful picture.
a4d3b6804e7ff9ec74d787b92f26639f87fe9534	There is no access to turning these technologies on or off in the smartphone settings, but there is information that they are simply enabled by default.
26f18798b8f239fe5ad4d48b1ca6b46ae261d631	The viewing angles of the smartphone are simply excellent, the deviation of the screen vertically and horizontally practically does not affect the picture in any way.
9c61196db3b231b878f1bc9f1d29cd237f92d2ae	Device operation
a9dd8bd83f512a671953803149b6f14d750cdba6	It has its own shell developed by Lenovo called Vibe UI, which can be flexibly configured to the user's preferences.
83767fb0dfaeea8252f9ccd18bac01ffb7438d02	This shell does not provide a separate window for application icons, so all application icons are located on desktops.
b582e020e222863c3ec334abbbab755494a0b277	Home desktop.
c64508bee493ae060ebc4f67ae8f5f56ab570912	The second desktop with the application widget from Yandex.
af1c729b8869d9a5d61940237fd6e3e733b77cfc	The third desktop.
d5e2ac787764961f3d9adc4b87d97af5b4cf8add	As you can see, there are a lot of additional applications installed here, including games and a set of utilities from Yandex.
c11f83191cd3dc2948e65c198caa66746d315bc6	Some users like it - the phone already has everything they need, while others believe that such a large number of additional applications only creates a mess they say that the user himself can only supply what he really needs.
9271ee128e231d628386c6d0b771582595f68865	The application area.
8304f2bde640e9559eeabb4d859be66ae2abff0e	Quick settings are opened not by a separate button, but with the help of a chevron that needs to be pulled down.
05c7e1e9565646508d78044f34d58b33c581a1eb	The set of application area icons is being edited.
4ecec428df73aa7ec52a84da4a6a6787b5ff2b62	Also, the notification area itself is flexibly configured and the user can turn on or off notifications from various applications and set priorities for notifications from applications.
442b9a6adf40a0a0887a6d91101308d170be5069	Note that you can even enable the current data transfer rate in the status bar.
3971dbda9ed0fc06f23bb83dd06c71de0675b334	The lock area allows you to immediately go to the phone application, messages, and camera.
229be3ff17fb23786f57ecb49f93429ca92d3a2b	If you take a smartphone in a certain way, the mode of preventing unwanted actions is turned on - random dialing, and so on.
9a05eb05361bc1a47378212038a2c406d568efb6	The user can include an additional set of icons in the menu, which is always located on the screen in an arbitrary place in the form of a small circle and opens when pressed with a finger.
3c3d4c7fd0df835130ce7d453412c100a69f7cf8	Configuring desktops.
49f4aa53a218b8800cfb9174795f86cbd9f2b21a	Editing the desktop and adding widgets.
f71dea5dd62addd8cc8f34f883398a004d714828	The desktop Settings menu.
ce1f4b35aa5c795c4e7c61bf90d62cbfc1536869	The user can save their desktop settings and restore them if necessary.
080170c54694ec7de528805a32c880baa4d31fce	Phone App
ccc0d6e0b539b7d9bf608c3fb53c3e1cd74b1aed	The phone application is quite convenient, it does not cause any complaints.
7a4df592d12908b0f658c24b5cdedefe52949afe	The maximum ringer volume is not the highest, but it is sufficient.
1dabc0d9147e7d580ab6492b0623ac55b4bf5e3f	The quality of communication is good, I did not identify any problems.
03309fc240dc88b46105bb975ca4042305b1be89	In the reviews on " Yandex.
8394d19fddb65424a23292d7d24f792e5fe37914	Market " saw several complaints about the quality of the microphone it seems that it was a marriage of a particular model, since all the subscribers heard me completely normally.
c58b131877750aa9fb42a05b706fbacff0c1004f	Favorite contacts.
8bdf28951da0ec9dcfb651049cded4608ca7a1ff	An incoming call.
d1b934114dcf7e9a5c1ee1343808878fb9a60e02	Here you can accept a call, reset it, reply with a message, or schedule a callback in a minute or an hour.
1322e6766538444b5baea0a1fdde8a5adabd1b9b	Options during a conversation.
bb8ea15e405bde641f18877908daf6d7ccfbb64c	Please note that there is a recording option.
654d191f07067650d86d37543fa28b37cd63f5ac	Well, since there are two SIM cards here , you can choose what to use for calls, messages and the Internet.
f1702b4686278becffc88baabe6f4b7a8355532c	Messages
d31e7b3daa960076c9a7762796ac864825a8a132	The messages section seems to be simple, but all sorts of useful features are present there.
c2f137ea6fe524e72849da36b8fc8f11ae59f336	A regular app from Google.
b73ac7092faea50fe059e00831f5b0f6df1182f1	The sound of the built in speaker is flat and booming, but without wheezing.
8551804d564a81b88e54397f29ba93a94a53b634	The location of the speaker (on the lower end) is not particularly successful: it is constantly covered by the hand when you hold the phone horizontally.
887cf9172587e8970afab8f9991182962d4f7e37	(For example, when watching a video.)
b27ed17edda5746c445b5aeab171cf67d73e43d7	The sound in the headset from the kit is also flat, strongly shifted to high frequencies, there is no bass at all.
ccf7602ef56f2828417ababfa21eb698cbc16b61	But this headset, as I understand it, is intended mainly for telephone conversations and for listening to the radio.
e2cce9f27eec93baa09da852c8a23f47d3c66c79	The sound in decent headphones (Audio technica ATH ES7) is tolerable, some bass appears, but the volume, in my opinion, is insufficient.
cc26e7990c7f59f43aea688f0d00c949819259dc	You can listen, but nothing more: it does not break through to a tear of admiration in any way.
acbba8318f488d53b49f33ac4907d37c900498ac	1080, 4K - everything is played without any delays, knots and hitches.
09e871c98fef3b901a775def173e4126aaf73b42	Images
41894fa749883f9385792434a03e512727a73adb	A standard Google application.
89b7246332a10ea94fcb1eb0867594b8967138cb	Data protection system and " anti theft"
a83eeab3085e69866987ef9b17eb452275e2e7fa	A very useful, in my opinion, application, about which I have already written a separate article.
e300e4d2d494f983a218fcd364811042e9d47aa8	FM Radio
0334ba74930940fc3c2eee88574f554edf3efbc9	An FM radio with a headset as an antenna is supported.
c7f73bb54d928922c3838bb789ee9fb8a5b1eb37	Settings
e53ec62d1ab5091449b1ade88162707a0d653fa6	The settings here are very diverse - the system adapts flexibly to the preferences of users.
2bcc8ba5468a79ad2e96588adf9d66fc2c7b5e4f	Lenovo allows you to change the design in a wide range: fonts, their sizes, background images, icons, and so on.
4fcb1a3efc923c10ab4b709efb5af9279d2e612f	Themes design sets are supported.
1bcf432d99b823f1e89641ba21359f81f26b9658	Switching on and off according to a schedule is a useful thing.
2f4dfc3cb47f1a0bf57fb93d38c5c5191fc7a995	Power Manager settings.
17f9633cba38d49c1959889b6ffe7cf3848bb0fc	Emergency mode is when only calls, SMS messages, contacts and watches are available.
bf576123a08db079c579e50aa18e80acb5a6f31f	In this mode, the phone can work for several days on a single charge.
6808d651e4bf30ecfc13c02d70ab3ef6e9ed34b0	This can be used when the charge is low, and the phone should be available.
9be6f89d50325bcf3ad70312ce13c86013462617	Setting up the types of energy savings.
1776fa32f23e21cef8b6a45345f96df4252444fb	GPS
3bae9fadf2c350f0eaf053c620c92da6e6aa7ef4	It detects satellites very quickly, keeps the coordinates confidently, does not lose the road during the trip.
6d267f5a2bcc2868b32f2c02eda5ad0cc3d87ce1	All sorts of 3D games function normally and do not slow down even at the maximum quality settings - the graphics system of the chipset copes with them without problems.
aa4f6dd89bc23bbbefc66c7ddcc900c6d66305dd	Somewhere in the reviews I read that the smartphone started to get very warm on 3D games, but I didnot even have a weak heating either in 3D games or during tests.
82702f82db542d4da83c2afdd38a4b34fc3f8eeb	A simple interface, in the form of separate icons, the inclusion of HDR, flash control, camera change and the inclusion of slow motion shooting is made.
0e604aa2335fa98baf51ee062386e69f53cd54a4	Here are some examples of snapshots.
293ca25340710eb12a3d0c2adf5d02038f94f9f3	They were not processed in any way, only decreased.
5351e0ce6358de90d6534e180f1a57cc525acf11	Clickable: when clicked, a photo with a size of 1920 pixels in width will open.
f1956b9fd4db6bda1b0c99733cf07ec9058d5375	At home, when the light is dim, it takes poorly: the pictures are cloudy, fuzzy, already at ISO 200 there is a noticeable noise.
52ae66b1fbf685d04f08bb476d196e81bb4bf546	Here in the photo below is ISO 165.
d74c39f424097a37b091ffb7766814a90e77d505	The operation of HDR when shooting in the background light.
b7dbb2968fff112ae686da291f3314ce0f13f0ca	Here is the same frame taken on the Note 4.
46dd2bde292a62525bcbafdd4d6304c4c0b0a2ac	The text shoots clearly, legibly.
daa5af7acec6b3d8c7bef4415331bc2cb845a262	(I donot have it, so I canot demonstrate it.)
200a474f714ac3d7923a1e230c3a7d14268c9c00	However, judge for yourself - the pictures are in front of you.
63c904559993935c470f516c8b549ca7f3640dbb	Performance
9db356111b4199c62d6c37ba0903b2f333406715	The system interface works smoothly, I didnot notice any delays and brakes.
7f63cf6e1ab2fa19f6a9373bbba2f78c64d9a4d1	Applications work smartly.
bd28e79aa8cf7ae7b395fad70822a104cbade872	AnTuTu gave him 43,439 parrots.
c8bf1b69a14854d6a3cd1e108f3bf7bb7bf7a1e8	Battery life
15f74e960a43f1916c9fac35882167bcf9a9ad47	The 4000 mAh battery and the new chipset technologies promised records in terms of the duration of operation on a single battery charge, but the reality turned out to be a little more modest.
3d178bd1906fdedb90b8f64f29da3362e026bfd6	In my normal mode of use (calls, messengers, Internet, reading, help programs) the smartphone, in general, normally lived on a single charge for two days.
17bcd5a3934621092775b2e70285ff31ea6ea2c9	But not for three days.
c35f990cd3aa090dae3be558feee3378608bf35c	In the road mode, that is, constant use, he confidently lived a full day and at the end of the day showed somewhere else 15-20% of the charge.
d7a1bcba8a14022ed79cf096cbd4bdf239e4876f	But battery tests showed somewhat unexpected results.
c18c69a4379fd3eefa1f848841ae62914c06b011	I conducted them with the automatic adjustment mode turned off.
716d0580f2ff4ef557d4e33053696c98a843dfad	(As I have already written, I do not like her work, she greatly darkens the screen.)
f7cdb5990f469fe7572c9531145cb81ebf62d5d7	Video.
3a702663b4f0dbbef20ebecb94a67c56db57b809	Wireless types of communication are disabled, the brightness is set to a comfortable 40%, the video of the series is spinning in the MK Player cycle.
bd531073ce3ad7099c74b8b6c1aa5ebc69e6d90f	And quite unexpectedly for me - only 9 hours and 47 minutes.
389796135c3abcfc0281a363a7f0a5db80c0e2ce	I didnot even believe it, I ran the test again.
a89e32fb0cdaf546aa9e689a16e2d312381b0684	I got 10 hours and 5 minutes.
6724a9b535a8283694a081e64489dc7da9ab3ea3	The Internet.
af04996ff13fd83798526e538f2e233cfc6f3fd2	The brightness is set to a comfortable 40%, all wireless networks are turned on, the page is updated in the browser every 30 seconds.
924dc7dad0422309005adb7114fdfe06110a5f97	12 hours and 15 minutes.
f09791de784e17afa612b872387fc1d92d78ae68	Well, at least something.
76603e3134be1beddd298e2cafc00775a3e5e792	Reading.
0bbb1b6053353f7aa08a92687cda3f4ad3af7ee1	The brightness is set to a comfortable 40%, all wireless networks are turned off, the book is scrolled in AlReader.
2fc254eb1d972f6a7166b9b6d8e5dfc4295a3ce5	13 hours and 45 minutes.
02fe050447a5503508ec1d46a3fd11ce0fbcf05c	Games.
e2290398dbe32e2a3419c5b093630e129d3ac847	The Asphalt 8 game is at 40% brightness, all wireless communication types are turned off.
75f2e86b5d4edd13d699736c36cbe44b0a99cdd5	4 hours and 15 minutes.
92d6163be73e398b67417bae3c74cfeed96610bd	Navigation.
69c78ad6ee9a299fb9901e10c51c50cc6b89f785	The brightness is set to a comfortable 40%, all wireless networks are turned on, Google navigation works.
4bae023c7dbe657e992f29cc9b502a4a6044c745	8 hours and 42 minutes is very decent.
529a6cafe1ae9643de1cd2e4773c4bf5e9698984	In general, the battery life can be called good, but not outstanding.
cd17473e9d4dc428923f9a8603d604a21cc5c2b1	In video viewing modes and in games, the battery is consumed faster than expected.
32374727319c54d37f3bd010fcc7fdc0d3b31b59	Observations at work and conclusions
1ab12baddc44ef9dda5f56c717bd7d5dbf3a123b	During the testing process, no troubles were observed - no freezes, no reboots, no heating.
9164c7ad4dd2f442c77e0b07ee51820091630d53	I really liked the possibilities of settings - the shell provides interesting functions and is flexibly sharpened to the user's preferences.
14c377ac27d151750e8164f6fb52cbfc783e12c2	I tested a smartphone with two SIM cards - none of them lost the network.
cfef3f5ae45685b3c7c1e9645294780b21458b75	(And sometimes such things happen with two key devices.)
74b8038f229583852c309a3a6d11fb4e7a0a3601	The price of 18-20 thousand rubles for such a smartphone with its characteristics more similar to the top model looks quite attractive.
648d2a53cb2df04e80d8403b3602ade9c7032ea1	I liked the smartphone.
51407f363777c82ed0ed6ceb8556d8476fb07c8c	It is not without drawbacks (sound quality and camera), but in general it is very decent.
7b4999a06f137effae4aa4f50884272568b71ec2	Well, it should be noted that Mediatek chipsets are developing in a clearly positive direction.
cf19424aab00ad949b3f12d1b4082650b08dc366	Until recently, these chipsets were a sign of cheap and frail phones with poor characteristics and noticeable glitches (it is enough to recall what problems were encountered on old models of chipsets, for example, with GPS), and now the new Mediatek chipsets demonstrate the capabilities inherent in the earlier chipsets of flagship models (LTE, multi core, performance, powerful graphics accelerator, and so on), but at the same time, prices for smartphones where they are installed are rather in the budget zone, and not in the top.
e998eb6ec496301f149b0467d9b1b7f99c63f58a	Which makes us, the consumers, happy.
84ec017a5f97fb7c1a5a9e5793f7e890dfea3313	Smartphone page on the manufacturer's website Meizu MX4 Samsung Galaxy Note 4 OnePlus One iPhone 6 Plus Huawei Ascend Mate 7 Highscreen Zera S Sony Xperia Z2 Smartphone LG G3 Samsung Galaxy S5 LG G Flex Smartphone Nokia Lumia 1020 Philips Xenium W8555 Highscreen Boost II SE Samsung Galaxy Note 3 Huawei Ascend P6 Just5 Spacer Meizu MX3 Lenovo IdeaPhone K900 Sony Xperia Z1 Google Nexus 5 LG G2 Samsung Galaxy Mega 6.3 Highscreen Boost II Lenovo IdeaPhone A820 iPhone 5S HTC One Dual Sim OPPO Find 5 Zopo ZP980 Highscreen Boost Sony Xperia Z Samsung Galaxy S 4 Nokia 808 PureView Sharp Aquos Phone SH930W with FullHD Meizu MX2 iPhone 5 Sony Ericsson Xperia Arc S HTC One X Samsung Galaxy Note II Huawei Ascend P6 Huawei Ascend D1 on Android 4.0.3 Samsung Galaxy S III (i9300) Samsung Galaxy Note N7000
0f490db9ec73b0a157eddab58db020c927c3959b	[ comments (22) ] Publication date: 24.03.2015
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c4a201e4d9a90f3c978e445a98880debd8d4afa8	You can express your opinion in the forum
3a992f75947b8e5f32f98c92ddfc9e4a07c9147c	THG
ef15eb629cc3c83568dc7d89a2789cc4309c1e1e	Wix
6b5a06ae49acf38c1119aa226c68fad7228b22aa	Dirty
4996cdb92d98cd0a33cc5c39c94207174e9a92f1	iXBT
8dcbed4d6b58a855759e549df49e472346fb70aa	3DNews
344f329cb5324de92b87ddf5234345952562f6ac	© 1998-2017 Alex Exler
0a36a39f35432a585328f130e21ca160027ea140	Give it to me
3a67d9e08cbe0bae8a344dc944853aeb3023f68a	Hi Tech view
d292da6706c23062464a7db3e193f8e4c3128ebf	En by Mail to Myrodnoklassniki Games Acquaintances and search for all projects All projects
de3ac21778e51de199438300e1a9f816c618d33a	exit
669ff1a905e1cd1e99edec56fdbcf7149c80e925	Registrationreferences
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d518963bcd752d23378edf7269b3716c67ece5c3	December 25, 2014 Subscribe
14f26982680ddc3bfc93785f7206d4ed6cdc586c	Lenovo P70 Review: a smartphone that works up to 34 days without recharging
97fb1fefe060d3b950aba484d44ec1602c735177	However, progress does not stand still and you can find devices where the case will be moderately well fed, but you will not have to suffer because of a small battery.
01550b64b3ac84a2c354b0a4ac1ce9e846f41bde	At the Hi Tech project.
e48c2eeba7b6f60d5311c81b4797456ec042ef1f	En there is an opportunity to be the first in the world to get acquainted with the Lenovo P70, which promises to last more than a month on a single charge in standby mode - read further the test results in our exclusive review of the new product.
e3eec9803526580c8b4b3bb105291e29cdaff1ff	This long lived smartphone will be an interesting offer for those who have managed to fall in love with such models as the P780 and S860 and are looking towards something similar, but with more modern characteristics.
ec888a5c0088e3fa2d927a5710005dd0983fab56	A capacious battery, a large screen, a productive 8 core processor, two SIM cards, LTE support and a microSD slot are all the qualities of the Lenovo P70 that attract attention to the new smartphone.
304c080fc8b60b96ee000692332cfa31fbeb5afa	OS: Android 4.4.4 Network: GSM 850/900/1800/1900/2100MHz, LTE FDD 800/1800/2100/2600MHz Processor: MT6752, 8 cores, 1.7 Hz, 64 bit RAM: 2 GB Built in memory: 16 GB, microSD slot Screen: 5", IPS, 720x1280, 5 point Multi touch Camera: 13 MP, autofocus, Flash, Full HD video recording, 5 MP front camera Data transmission: Wi Fi 802.11 n, Wi Fi hotspot, Bluetooth 4.0, Navigation: GPS Battery: 4000 mAh, up to 34 days in standby mode, up to 46 hours in talk mode Dimensions: 142x71.
5dd00d1cb65ee8f040cfb01a6ff34d4519097ed2	9 mm,weight 149 g
29cc945636dfda392caad3c12eb678d037dc85a1	If the video doesnot play for some reason, you can watch the review on our YouTube channel.
ece71d547db9f0c1820ad32deed2969cd591eebd	First of all, it is worth saying that for a phone with a powerful Lenovo P70 battery, it turned out not at all thick and not heavy.
829aa99ac5c8db4160653acf57e0ddaf2bc288e9	Usually unnecessarily bulky dimensions scare people away, in this case it was possible to achieve a reasonable compromise between the size of the case and the battery.
10cc7a8fd367c7c245f62c73831978f33bafd2e7	Unlike its predecessors, there is no metal finish here, plastic was preferred in the design.
139dc6fa997bd43b47be0c654a99aaea3e140c2a	I canot say that the phone lost a lot because of this, at least we managed to keep the weight at an acceptable level, the model does not feel bulky.
a96d18165b733426d91234bfd72ff43773df325c	For example, if the S860 had a thickness and weight of 190 grams and 10.3 mm, and the P780 had 176 grams and 9.95 mm, then the P70 has these parameters of 149 grams and 8.9 mm.
e1a818f30bba0165130b5bc399447df603ccdd56	As you can see, the progress is noticeable.
9960f7c1b88fc127f9a946bc4bd7a44602106c2d	In the pictures, the P70 is presented next to the Lenovo S90, which has a case thickness of 6.9 mm like the iPhone 6.
f8c98ba4b20b2f743185b6a262eccce66c9324b0	The model is comfortable to hold in your hand, all the elements are in their places.
2e9fb958b8cf89646dbb6c5a1a3e83dabad1c02a	The P70 fits freely in the pockets of clothes, a smartphone with increased operating time is comparable to its classmates in size.
4a5675681dfdf0c3ce69b4ec4f2e21bd2144d723	A good example of the fact that a model with 4000 mAh can be compact.
f49849d3e425e2b0571eda86eced78c46e9a45ac	Samsung and other industry giants should learn from Lenovo.
bac650ac0448d14f639343500de0d23cb0fdd073	The back surface and the sides of the case are covered with a removable panel.
00298dc98f9e32734aa94be2735515df017a4825	It is made of matte plastic and is very branded, although glossy covers usually differ in this behavior.
d42c36a23a260cc5489f997d6f76b0be4e237630	There is a shiny edging on the sides, this decorative element dilutes the rather gloomy appearance of the device.
b4de4849f3bf5ad67a6fcf5444a4acca24ef9347	By the way, you can notice that the screen seems to be laid in a separate layer on the case.
b52713a4b9865e7d7079c8f2615e29ee9228faeb	Usually everyone tries to combine them equally, but in P70 they abandoned the old habit and offered something else.
8aa6db0e91ae4e06fe87e0e88c1f051958f198de	The entire front panel is covered with scratch resistant glass, a conversational speaker and a front camera are visible above the screen.
fe89c5f81213ed1de92d3d9958726f104f2c2bc2	There are also light and proximity sensors, as well as a light indicator.
d6be7e095487ce36f25a6bdf442c78ff12fb9d36	It is hardly noticeable, but if there are new events, the diode located under the speaker grid will light up.
dd267329e1d33703eaf20597625ce323b451b13a	At the bottom there are three touch buttons with a not very bright white backlight.
5c9ac15b6571987bfe6ce74fc84a4c3c2cd088e9	Mechanical buttons are placed on the right side of the phone.
757ac7f92033aa5b666b744aa3061e5ff4eef84c	This is a volume rocker and a power key, which are convenient to press.
c1141673866975f974beecfbf05785abbacb8555	If you remove the cover, you can find two compartments for microSIM and a microSD slot under it.
44eb677465e68d16c9f7cf6065dbffd4381890e1	As before, an IPS matrix with support for 5 point multitouch is used.
1300fd93c7868eeb2038f731aa7b0ac2ce692a30	Detailed testing of the screens was carried out by our expert Mikhail Kuznetsov:
5b545c224ead77cf1cf4b6e5e69dd3e96625f957	The diagonal is 5 inches, and the resolution of 1280x720 (HD) provides a pixel density of about 294 ppi.
f4253e84e716671d9ad487c886119d1851ba0fb9	At the same time, there is a non switchable backlight adjustment that adjusts the brightness "on the fly" when a certain threshold is reached.
26079dc817724bc70788adddba37a1f77d1880f9	The anti glare properties are really good, the image remains legible in the light and does not fade.
2e569436a1fe633ab943442390251198893f55b9	The color coverage is close to the sRGB standard, but the green color is somewhat shifted in hue and saturation.
f10f95330a8c0552ab1d9966d0f71fc0c5f86bcc	The average Delta E error on 24 ColorChecker templates could not meet the desired threshold – it was 5.02 units, and on some colors Delta E reaches 9.26.
80a5098044a4094dba77ceb5056cb271de7e0928	The distortions were higher than expected.
eebc036fee64451fb7a051f1df9643d475bef97e	The brightness characteristics are quite standard, except that the contrast of the panel was below average, but this is partially compensated by an effective anti glare.
c835e8722a5b0f5ef3f61523ce8f4d507d145c71	If you weigh all the pros and cons, then as a result, the quality of the screen will be unremarkable against the background of various competitors, sometimes offering more contrasting or more well tuned IPS matrices.
e7af33090633bb217ce46f6c9d6737742e420391	Hardware platform and operating time
e6f20b074308df30927169662413d7409db3626f	Quite unexpectedly, the P70 boasts an eight core chip, usually "long playing" devices get a fairly modest filling.
603d559480076c91398c56db878dc17b84246caf	Here is a 64 bit MT6752 processor with a frequency of 1.7 GHz, Mali T760 graphics, 2 GB of RAM, 16 GB of internal memory, of which 12 GB remains for the user.
0ec7dcbd072c49ae1660af2964be696594f8f410	The free space can be increased using the microSD slot.
bf1148febb26286b380091492f9ba2e615ba85dc	In tests, the smartphone showed very good results for a middle class device, however, its counterpart in the Lenovo Vibe X2 line with MT6595 still overtakes it.
e2642c9806ee1ab58ee1ebc58ae333114b67005c	Nevertheless, looking ahead, we can say that the very productive P70 also works for a long time.
4b527c150a912351ced5cd60f238b2093a799bbe	Of course, the menu works quickly, everything is fine with games, the model is well suited for entertainment.
368b3d927d001c947f325173d251831e282d514c	The phone has two slots for SIM cards, they are placed in a common tray, in which holes are made for two microSIM.
a155df41fa4ccf28925b991647620da121fcd97e	The first SIM card supports working with LTE networks, so it's worth remembering this when choosing a priority card.
cafb886b6c96c3208214a95aab8761546ff496db	In the settings, you can set default actions for each SIM.
166f247006ee8ba2c563b179284472e7827f2fe4	At the same time, you can choose individual signals for notification of a call and SMS.
0def85b1ff9a34d121ab2debf5c15d2e6753b7c6	The speaker in the phone is loud, the signal is heard perfectly.
53e1dea4e9d8844b4183395c4980bc715c52f02a	The same can be said about conversational.
f593f1921d10ecef15e9b2a97b8fc8db1dbe8eb7	The phone is not looking for satellites very quickly, here MediaTek is inferior to solutions on Qualcomm.
06f2f6b7026f5ccfc1bd6c06bac36ec5772003f3	In addition, there was no GLONASS support in our version, only GPS worked.
e35cf374cc594237f83091ca0125f9026e8657b0	The shell provides functions that will help to increase the working time.
33ff6e2067488376e2b5b37ae59839aa0ed94dcd	You can see the running programs, those that most affect the phone's working time.
260c375181cf2d8f35b1f298f19790804aa373f1	There is a timer that will switch the communication device to an economical mode, for example, at night, when the owner will not use it.
f1005d19cc95e28d6ba7df7924fd7ddbff698ae4	At the same time, options to increase the operating time by reducing the brightness of the screen backlight and reducing the performance of the graphics accelerator will help.
a2b38b70a59100f846bb92f12dbe3b1a7d02a7e6	The battery with a capacity of 4000 mAh is easily enough for 2-3 days of operation of the smartphone.
d2fcebfad61d20b5a49e9b5ef7db0f2d42d8b6a4	When the video was played cyclically at maximum brightness, the device lasted a little more than 10 hours.
9e3ca3bc599d583f5342780f63df9afc6b4d1987	If you turn on the energy saving mode, when the brightness of the screen is artificially limited and the frequency of the video accelerator is lowered, then it is really possible to get about 15-16 hours of work in this mode.
c5c808d3e2881ac43cc5463ee00fc3b29d3493f5	In the AnTuTu test, the phone gets 7715 points.
0cef64b445e22276afd950e7c99a7eb84113833b	In games, he lives 4.5 hours.
f4207322c49c337caea5a11f4ff93e1a2053ba58	By the way, a phone with a large battery can be used as an external power source.
80d58e7b8c3ab17040a54236519705cdf20f27d5	You can charge other devices from it, only you need to connect an adapter.
15d94f8f3e22d232e1f0ff31de3b00f5955495ae	It is easy to start shooting directly from the lock screen, just click on the icon with the camera image and swipe up.
2f30a7ffb0a6c89ddb12052b8b125052ee3bd999	In the menu you can find a set of special effects, panoramic shooting, creating frames with moving objects, 3D photos and pictures with animation.
0badc67ac9534ab2e615df195c8862522e34c921	The aspect ratio changes, you can turn on the flash, HDR mode, choose from several shooting modes, set ISO, set white balance.
8395a671686ba13a15935e2822541ce4cadf12a6	13 MP in a smartphone looks impressive on paper, but in fact the shooting quality was very average.
71390cc5e9205ee4b2fb275ad54a415796ae46f8	This is clearly seen in the examples, where the low detail of the frames is clearly noticeable, the pictures are blurred when using the HDR mode, so it is better not to turn it on.
5894195ff93203e66a3d8f4424a5f2c852a190b3	The front facing 5 MP camera is useful for self portraits.
5017c837467853b1d1435905c89baf8fad5b0867	Sample images
9c3fe14c1949a9d172d0330a6a76e62f23ea6669	The interface is decorated brightly, but if you want to see something in calmer colors, the section with design themes will come to the rescue.
4ef5a5f5e1742b5f815d52dd436c7dd48e28c862	Moreover, Lenovo has an original approach to the issue of menu decoration.
b7dd4cac71687c033ff7b92108114cf6fd8178e2	Separately, you can replace the wallpaper on desktops, the lock screen, select a picture when loading a smartphone, and other moments like font, icons, animation.
c09ce91f164e26330e16fe37f16da18637761cc0	Such trifles indicate that the company cares about the user, offering him rich opportunities to customize the menu “for himself " without using third party applications.
6ab29f50b4c1caca8005ef7bf0a4c16d793d108c	Gesture control is supported, when you can mute the sound of an incoming call by turning the phone screen down.
25cd1637e364f420c6da14e5394ea63e111e52b5	If you listen to music and shake the phone, then it will switch to another track.
2d53752eee94f389d9442f02da4cc50c61086374	In the notification center, you can sort the order of functions, delete unused ones.
8fdb1c3a8cd2e62e8a71fb0fa5c7857453093832	In the notification manager, respectively, specify the rights for applications: which will be able to display notifications, which will not, with what priority.
a6a596e7d3d0356731147dd8f4518210f1a00928	In the smartphone, you can get a built in antivirus, which simultaneously monitors active processes and helps to clear the memory of currently unused programs.
873a13397f12002af606913acbc9f4f3f9252fb7	In addition, you can block calls and messages from unwanted subscribers.
bfa06db5018c89fd32faaaac4c52a0685eea1536	A convenient file browser is built in with a visual division of data into different categories.
a297789595e4c613534be5645a8c11e7c4deadbb	There is a convenient built in tool for transferring data from an old smartphone to a new one.
c67c0908190785fe9aa7e9d637af88c72f7c372b	At the same time, the application will help you create a backup in a cloud service or on a memory card.
ae3f993b450c517748f2aa8b29459fd81cb3f2d4	You just need to select the information that you want to save.
0c77aeece8c258113148c6fb487946bf97b34672	Media
0f14abcdb1d85abc68c1e42b6f8696f986500f2e	A standard Google Player is offered for listening to music.
80b2fd394d3d0a8b6122c03af793d5ed24985864	If you donot have a subscription to paid services, you can still listen to your songs with it, just copy them to the device's memory.
b45104bf24d596e3ab08af3889f77b6e82684907	An equalizer is provided, which positively affects the quality.
227855338f0a3e6c3782ea910eb10c12c8982891	The sound is good, it's nice to listen to music on the phone, except that I would like to get a bigger volume reserve.
53e0e5eea14f366f62cefcb34566c84ef85cff9d	FM radio is able to record programs while listening to them.
8db7725ef77ea82eec725596c510489309a323d1	Hi Tech opinion.
c83287f7d6a450f56db425d3324524b2efb712df	Given the success of the previously released Lenovo P780 and S860, there is no doubt that the P70 will be a worthy continuation of the “long playing” smartphones.
18887ae1f44a9e52ae99a00749383f7a87d97cf5	The model is very good in terms of characteristics, now the device is not inferior in filling and older devices in the line.
239eee47ca856807e9a61fa52d31e06b37dc41d1	For example, there is an 8 core processor with 2 GB of RAM, and support for LTE networks.
7d62757f7f70a8c60f65edf59a0d2b645c7959d7	There is a slot for a memory card, which many models have recently abandoned.
3f0a84bc26a5b01782e163ba5058e1d4adb26917	In the phone settings, you can find enough parameters that are responsible for saving the device's energy.
c40ecbaba2fda373f5702541c8f801a41c6ca63f	Long battery life, while the moderate size of the case and the productive filling in the middle class smartphone can be called an excellent combination of characteristics.
808395a9c6ec34700ebb6e569828e778bf9cbd93	As for the price, the model can be expected to be on sale for 16-17 thousand rubles, given that the smartphone will cost less than the recently announced Lenovo S90.
ce293cd996627be7c3ba3061cf4d4c1277dce7cc	Taking into account the dynamics of the national currency exchange rate, this is a decent bar.
623d2fbd0e22a838268bdd9a477338965de5997d	The smartphone will be available for sale in February.
f3798548c6bcbe85c769cfe667656d69271056ec	There are also alternative solutions from other manufacturers.
8984f0216ab9dcfa3f138dc39467e3488be0bbe7	The Philips Xenium W6610 has a 5300 mAh battery, the Philips Xenium V387 has a 4400 mAh battery, there is a Highscreen Boost 2 SE with two 3000 and 6000 mAh batteries included, in addition, there is an inexpensive Fly IQ4504 EVO Energy 5 with a 4000 mAh battery, but they are all much simpler than the Lenovo P70, according to the characteristics and design of the case.
06fe9ace9667aa168708159444d8188edd059f54	Positive
e8620e118b4ee587cd7bb90f18191efcfd023826	small thickness for a phone with a large battery two SIM cards, support LTE memory card slot long working time
f488cd5e95d546f85528c23fc058663ef2dac8ce	Minuses
7cb7a33d3ee13d54d0ef16c79d4ebf9a184b1369	the camera software requires further development a non replaceable battery
9e3dd7a217d9ed8a1464a6b81b5f24c6cf90ec36	In terms of price quality ratio, the Lenovo P70 promises to be an interesting offer in its class and deserves our award.
a3522e3c876fc8e4859ba9f7fa2ded7ebd774161	The model has received a balanced set of characteristics, while it should be especially praised for its high battery life and moderate dimensions, weight.
fb76eb9f59dd1d538e80cb8766a864884509415d	Voting for the best gadgets of 2016.
461832d5baed668eae688010c554b0ef280152bd	Choose your own!
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a7643f32e5f56826e9a766c0cf4e325a0c92def3	Comments 254
efc78687740f09c1d193f9b9e28483e9e69938ff	Aleks krytoi2016-09-01 17:42: 08 The battery is not enough for a day .
b696a4da30001d751f7aaaacaa62ad4805c4cc6e	Quickly sits down to complain about the link
d0a4452ee57dd22130bf1416b34885767c05719b	Yuriy2016-04-19 17:47: 13 Well, I donot know..
7fa3ccf7cb37a58c5d538621a3503a99a6a316e3	I have a THL 5000, a battery of 5000, the same parameters are the rest, and I do not buzz...the flight is normal...I took it for 10,000 rubles... link to complain
4af63342869bd58fe72f231b1a3843fe3dfcce8a	igor balaganskiy2016-04-17 09:22: 11 I do not know how this device has so much battery keeps me until the end of the day is not enough when the Internet is turned on does not live until the end of the day to complain
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5edec31bcccd14eea70ed4e9bf6cc1a803579999	March 16, 2015 at 17: 36
61da7aca93c9af5e3ae4425eb92e331bbc8d62c4	Lenovo P70 Review: Eight core processor, 4,000 mAh battery and five days of battery life
a63bfc4a191ee1601d6301177f70237dcf0a9046	Smartphones, Gadgets, MediaTek blog
3d356e01f992e5fa8be1741dbd31edf04a77023b	This device very successfully combines several unusual qualities for middle class models.
5e643dd728420012c7dda47556c80d70a138c01a	Secondly, the Lenovo P780 used a bundle of a powerful 4,000 mAh battery and an economical MediaTek MT6589 chipset with a quad core 28 nanometer processor.
6864eb5946d97012a6ccdbac7b8176162eda174b	By refusing to constantly go out on social networks and reducing the brightness of the screen to 15-20%, it was possible to stretch four days with the device without any problems.
2032d6eb86ce6069807e550ae4147f168ceb75f4	That's right, it represents the successor of the P780 the Lenovo P 70 model.
b1c1358b4171263795b9b09b8e4680fd72778d6b	It is based on the 64 bit architecture of the new generation ARM Cortex A53, which, together with a number of new technologies from MediaTek, makes the P70 a smartphone with a really powerful and high tech "stuffing".
b1a828265eeea34208fa19239df0858925ddb285	Technical Specificationsoperational system: Android 4.4.4 KitKat
5d997241d0b496f4963564f4525f2ba82d0a51a0	Display: 5 inches, 1280x720, IPS+OGS
95f93f1b6dcf88f0916dfca38dc39b2bd9dbe5d5	Chipset: MediaTek MT6752
6e6e1d1971a676c984dab6e1501ed70b16f0d781	* 8 ARM Cortex A53 cores (up to 1.7 GHz)
2a115edaa2f80c5e0d5a5d9147913a486518b6cf	* Mali T760MP2 graphics accelerator (up to 700 MHz)
41ac44c6106bd3ed608604aa29b88e31420455e6	RAM Capacity: 2 GB
1e09a9a4df2ec6559e314923cd1b18055d80c487	Permanent Memory capacity: 16 GB
119bbfc6a74bdb72d418a0f73b83a3362024f4a3	Memory Cards: microSD up to 32 GB
f0795d39f2baa88b2aaf988885b1aa557fff13d9	Wi Fi: IEEE 802.11 b/g/n (Wi Fi Direct, Miracast)
e3d6b978c7eb294f567935488578ca767b3cf7d8	Bluetooth: 4.0
2e8afea331535f51d1bdf865ac53e81dbd3bfbbc	Cellular networks: GSM/GPRS/EDGE, HSPA+, LTE (Cat. 4)
02da6b1a6bf2a58223c9ba60dbc52eb286133ea6	Number of SIM card slots: two
4530b645edc7b7059821202d7888a91fbfe5ba6d	Battery: 4000 mAh
c86259db90632217f27ab9edc2e6be45a24c37c8	Cameras: 13 MP + 5 MP
e8c07469c872f90f9a5251701a6c64d713515049	Navigation: GPS/GLONASS
4c1b093f65426706b677866c2a1df238a890b5a6	Dimensions: 142 x 72 x 8.9 mm / 149 g
f8ef365e982bbf08f988068aa1e73369744798f0	Price: about 20 thousand rubles
59f4d3ba7b7e317c348d23b00b9c7aeb06d24af4	Scope of delivery
7bdd176dccf2fc77cabfcfbe39010300b96ed202	The box contained instructions, a warranty card, a charger unit, a USB microUSB cable, a simple wired headset, a bumper case and an OTG cable.
cfb539e10a0ecf9e1b66e281211bde20d776eef5	The latter is also a feature of Lenovo's "professional" smartphones they say that an advanced user may need to connect a mouse, a keyboard, and a USB drive to his device.
b10461b1a3c10f6c690da822c90adc4df3448ce3	Yes, the accessory is cheap, but it's nice that you donot have to run to the store for it.
c6d4ad83e1a01d41463417a2fa1faea557d8f382	By the way, the OTG cable was also included with the P780.
81a94e178512ea89d14d99979d231039accbf5c6	The bumper is made of solid black plastic.
333ed6a4ce99d2f20f9db5e9256572abc9a96988	The surface of this accessory is rough, so it is quite difficult to drop the Lenovo P70 from the hand, the " pad " clings well to the palm.
1f8c706fb7a31c2cdba325cb650da2231f824d8f	Moreover, the bumper sits very tightly on the device, and an unprepared user may even decide that this is not a removable part, but a tightly screwed part of the case.
0153b2fbf6d2fe41b17f4db7f434c95ae3f9651a	In general, Lenovo can say thank you for the described accessory: cases of this type cost at least one and a half thousand rubles and, as a rule, do not differ in quality.
cdd374127c2078cb4a3b9d30c7321b66aab8e5a6	And here it gets for free and is made quite neatly.
7ce6aa00b5a259b43f2f8c054115ab07df0d6b94	Appearance and design
fe6d66b8a8d70a75607870113056273bc0c12534	It would seem that 8.9 mm in thickness is, by modern standards, too "thick", but the Lenovo P70, oddly enough, is perceived as a rather elegant thing.
c5be8fb3b9d45427cd8e8c0cf05f3f487d1a641e	And the device is quite light: with a weight of 149 g, it can be called one of the lightest 5 inch smartphones.
84b47d48989ccb1d1cef740c416ad944a615cfdb	Whether this is good or not is an open question: sometimes it seems that the balance of dimensions and weight of the P70 is slightly disturbed.
8c6210a35f9c1c8cff3213fcbb44a2a69bd9def1	In other words, this device does not burden the hand pleasantly – and we would not mind if it weighed a little more.
66ba9cdfc82780979790c832204a12dbb26ad85a	The build quality is excellent – there is nothing to complain about.
c62c8fc9510b81d277eaa564d3501041ce20fac4	The case is cunningly encircled by a frame of the color "dark silver with a mother of pearl tint".
580170181535c612dfdde6fd17d48f39cb16fb83	Unfortunately, this is not metal at all, but plastic.
67019dd503899bcb8206c59d9e7d278fbe16d4d5	Moreover, unlike the same P780, the Lenovo P70 is entirely made of plastic.
137b400d14a1fcf8bb57bf2b32e73a4e7b83d8d1	Alas and ah: there is no trace of the metal left.
af45927695f24e85b97d5670b93e78d4c1a9e7c1	The back panel of the smartphone is smooth matte, and there is an opinion that over time it can noticeably wear out.
72c7daf70d617ad20a6e7165f2ba979dd5a6745e	Perhaps the same opinion is shared by Lenovo, and that is why they put a bumper that is much more resistant to external influences in the box with the smartphone.
32a99a535653668ca9150b2934fb68e416950d0e	The back of the P70 carries only three elements: a 13 MP camera lens, a flash peephole and a silver company logo.
e10829236b3949c96b760d4748fb58569f56bd82	The lower and upper ends of the smartphone are glossy, there is an attempt to "make up" the plastic no longer under metal, but under glass.
3819895865b75b626cf7ac0b6fd2571fb59b98e1	The attempt is quite successful, but such a surface collects fingerprints very quickly.
3d9496ce07515154e3cf484e70b61a9eff0996aa	On the upper side of the case there is a standard 3.5 mm headphone jack and a microphone, on the bottom there is another microphone, a pair of rather loud speakers and a microUSB port.
ba7a551f6f07301970178b812373fdee3f59641a	As you can see, there are two microphones in the Lenovo P70: the device has a system for cutting off noise during a conversation.
3cf9d1193914d300bac95f0fcd044ae7ef45e821	And indeed, the quality of speech transmission is excellent.
4ce9ac235db281225a3cad6a334a3def074585e2	On the right side of the case there are silver buttons for adjusting the volume and turning on the device/screen.
29211aef0c62d94b31546852973a9643948ee6b7	There are no questions to them: they are pleasant to the touch, the course is clear.
dc114a470da3e91bdf99e50660f7c351f9dd5a9e	By the way, the keys are not built into the smartphone itself, but into its removable back panel.
43bc508cced7f79e5f33dde71c640922a453518f	The front panel has a half millimeter side, and the developers can only be praised for this solution: if you put the Lenovo P70 screen down on a flat surface, the protective glass will not come into contact with it.
53500f30f7b3173acbf9d6a2441afec2de50d266	By the way, about this very protective glass: unfortunately, Lenovo does not tell who its manufacturer is – Corning or, for example, Asahi Glass.
a628a0a32ce60485a1b8227e608dffcbc8c50dfb	But the fact is that for a couple of weeks of intensive operation, there were no scratches and scuffs on it.
64175eaaeabff366e816e8037ac737724209653e	Fingerprints and other dirt also practically do not accumulate on it: for this it is worth saying thank you to the high quality oleophobic coating.
d506875058061a6143333c405e64c914eb7981f3	Above the screen there is a standard set of components: light and proximity sensors, a conversational speaker with a built in LED indicator and a front camera.
40842acb1b315a5362d2cb230c0476c50bee1721	Under the display there are three touch sensitive Android control buttons with icons made in the Lenovo corporate style.
2b9cfcedb79bcae1aa42b1bcd59f801b5d9b61b4	Everything would be fine, but they have a very dim backlight.
1a9b6b273a31ead63596520f0a4d5c22488d97fe	We thought that its brightness could be raised in tinctures, but unfortunately, we did not find such an option.
4f3f43d9949f54f7091485bf88641f1825672c02	We remove the back cover, picking it up with a nail for a special notch on the right side.
2b2e2807b5ea8e01cf644bddbefc3d3416ae1325	An inscription immediately catches the eye, warning against removing the battery: it is not removable.
0313e01a43fcc4e0f2351d3587ce1f78ea96612b	Although, to be honest, I really want to remove it there are no visible fasteners for the battery.
cef06a39c4bb4445b2b531ee3ec0c69a4aa658bb	There is also a microSD card slot under the back cover and two slots for microSIM Sim cards.
7fa72e24181a9558fc76ae9cda502a2078f3e825	The left one provides support for 2G, 3G and 4G networks, the right one – only 2G.
cb3f9c2a040a28b3328a109fcf529a594b36fe8a	A slightly strange solution: in many "dual sim" smartphones on MediaTek chipsets, both slots are "equal" and can support any network - from GSM to LTE.
90f90228813edd22b0c79ca3670ae335af80b651	Before proceeding directly to the screen, it is worth noting that the MT6752 chipset implements a number of proprietary technologies from MediaTek designed to improve the image quality on the screen.
db60dd60726d47021aed6313f4c1937ab075e096	For example, ClearMotion technology increases the frame rate in video from 24-30 per second to 60 in real time.
98a3862b5b4070d7dfdcf2afa9e8b7e3d2e85c3c	Do I need to explain that this significantly improves the smoothness of the image display.
aee68860cf25496e862e52e5eb66775666d4087d	Meanwhile, MiraVision technology adjusts the saturation, brightness and contrast when displaying various multimedia content, achieving the most beautiful picture and simultaneously saving battery power.
8fa78203791ee4d628ec02748a3fe03a6afb5521	All this is achieved by adjusting the intensity of the display illumination depending on the brightness of the surrounding space (whether it is a room or a street) and the color scheme of the content displayed on the screen.
12225d329d93cc7f3a47f2d5aa046cb10ac66a29	Usually in the settings of smartphones there are special items dedicated to ClearMotion and MiraVision, but for some reason we did not find them in the Lenovo P70.
b2c150f4c55ff38d887082594019fa83874e75d0	However, as far as we know, smartphone developers may not give access to fine tuning MiraVision: they simply activate this option by default, and it works unnoticed by the user.
e7ace1766f2d436fd4ade1fcc7052ae6df1fd48e	In general, the display of the Lenovo P70 is not bad.
8b2dcc3305f8b2dcb307b59f616bcdb3078f6de7	Its diagonal is 5 inches with a resolution of 1280 x 720 pixels (HD720p).
9c1f1f797ca2c3833a50edfbc5bf05da10e94313	The matrix is made using IPS technology, plus One Glass Solution (OGS) technology is used, which ensures that there is no air gap between the LCD panel and the touch layer.
91642abc35246ddfdb4bc834468bab9b469b8d9e	As a result, the brightness and quality of the image increase, it seems to be cut out of a glossy magazine and lies on the front panel of the smartphone.
4846c26af1f7213cc925868528fe17c70228c74f	The viewing angles are wide: up to 178 degrees both vertically and horizontally.
f3eb8fe24149d1a4d53a0c1f092639435b36b19e	The color reproduction is natural and pleasant to the eye.
e7d293f4292909fe3e74a751dd36234413d06a85	The touch layer of the screen is made using capacitive technology, up to five simultaneous taps are supported.
2a76aa8103f42be684a1984aee499f4dfeaa7306	The sensitivity is very high.
ea9f1c4562d05786f7a763ce16503bfc065319ce	Hardware platform, memory and communication
c86d9c09c5a2322ac554101365cbe41b8f5efe53	This is where the fun begins.
a8626197e08f2a461ec2f05351e315fdb2ddf919	MediaTek MT6752 can be called the "heir" of the MT6592 chipset, which at one time became the world's first full – fledged "eight core" for smartphones (that is, with the possibility of simultaneous operation of all eight cores and this feature has been preserved in the M6752).
f6d9b5a0e9427c04ac96bf40228ea91c66e1ef0b	What has changed in the MT6752 compared to its predecessor?
5e8e6840cb842bc9d0ef11563295ff9c6b11bcf7	Yes, almost everything except the principle of operation: the new chipset also has eight cores of the same type ARM Cortex A53 (instead of Cortex A7 in MT6592), that is, the big.LITTLE architecture is not used.
51fbed56ae064c79773a7fb3e547010cc9010a08	Thanks to the steady growth of the share of Lollipop – the latest version of the Android OS the term "64 bits" is turning from a technical term into a real market advantage.
a2281b063aed1e4e3f34af097a6459f550858585	MediaTek became the first chipmaker to offer a full line of 64 bit solutions from chipsets for budget level smartphones to chipsets for flagship devices.
4256121750be5dda33edabbc60fa7b07543a932e	What is the value of 64 bit solutions?
e6de4b8393af9f08e8fa20cc5d8a5896880f5357	First, the 64 bit ARMv8 architecture itself (it is used in MT6752) is much simpler, more energy efficient and faster compared to the 32 bit ARMv7.
6501f56ac540765917c142ac08dd099789cf28dd	This means that the smartphone interface will work more smoothly, applications will be more responsive, and playing resource demanding 3D games and 4K video playback will practically cease to be accompanied by crashes to the desktop.
580c12ab7c626abec7123fddc91e5796f65a9d9f	Secondly, as mentioned above, the new OS from Google is optimized to work with 64 bit processors.
025fb244a263da1c9495f542334ae8187db16731	Android 5.0 uses a new environment (virtual machine) in which Android applications are executed, so that their launch and switching from one application to another is faster, and the system itself again becomes more energy efficient.
f1c7bd2acc7b8aea89f2221333ec5eb77975d483	And one more thing: 64 bit processors are able to provide support for a smartphone of four or more gigabytes of RAM (in theory, this is achievable in the case of 32 bit processors, but then the developers of the device will have to dance with a tambourine significantly more incendiary), and the relevance of such volumes will only increase every year.
8b1030501f61af7d371a593f6a70d9713bc825d3	Anyway, it is certainly not necessary to complain about the speed of work in the case of the Lenovo P70.
a39e9b41825e55b7ab8b07bb865216cbc5a54b68	Despite the rather" heavy " in terms of graphics shell for Android called Vibe UI, there are no delays when switching between screens, menus and submenus, attached ai and games start almost instantly, the camera turns on literally in a second.
c4a715d5e10822c60166a4bd9aa58a32528a951d	All this suggests that the MediaTek MT6752 in conjunction with 2 GB of RAM is able to provide a very high speed of the device.
8afe50aeb7f4c31f1801a242178e3ad81b6dc9f7	And not only in basic applications, but also in games.
b709690756443e8e0d0d88048ad781b0f9727bba	Here the Mali T760MP2 graphics accelerator with a frequency of up to 700 MHz comes to the rescue.
d598364917f20c42f3f8263b0922b2164e6a3561	This is one of the most powerful solutions not only by the standards of mid range smartphones, but also by the standards of flagships.
5f929ca1bea7fba15bd4db5ffce633b15b597166	Let's see what the Lenovo P70 with its MT6752 demonstrates in the benchmarks.
aecbdca3cc4c6e9ad7b369cf614136a26f3c45b7	Needless to say, almost all modern games run and run on the Lenovo P70 without any brakes and delays?
5c560c77037f5deaf4101cfc27127b602210ba9f	Here, for example, the notorious Asphalt 8 races.
af2e14f29963ca45f687e669b400f96dfff3a268	The graphics settings provided in this game can be set to the maximum level.
b548176577becffd6fdb983e27a0458a6541f508	And here is World of Tanks: Blitz.
82404b87795f53db1ed8dc210b656c3856ac0f27	The picture is updated with a frequency of around 57 fps, although 30 is enough for a comfortable game.
8b3955fe1466f29cc0a8df17ab07cbdd88a6cfdf	This means that the MT6752 provides a significant "margin of safety".
e36b850de83b8d6e2420d804f40f48b1abacb1fe	For comparison: Samsung Galaxy S5 for 30 thousand rubles gives out no more than 50 fps in this game.
01535f08ab75d34091b17303fc149029a79aadd9	Continuing the story about the features of MT6752, it is worth mentioning the CorePilot technology from MediaTek.
afc9016d95395efe6ca675c11f4e2864dc13a8b0	It is responsible for intelligent control of the operation of the cores and allows not only to select the number of working cores according to the current load, but also to change their clock frequency in real time.
9be0105811b7b0f6d3f890f3b1c15cbfa0173b6e	After all, not every game or any other "heavy" application requires the work of all cores "to the fullest".
ad88ae01e00911960fb0991043da3770cdbcbb28	When it is possible to reduce the frequency or disable an unnecessary core in a given millisecond, CorePilot does so.
ccbfe8efe90a6afe1a5502a5d2ca81a85246a1b1	The result is a saving of up to 20% of energy (and therefore battery life) compared to a similar chipset without CorePilot technology.
5cd46a81ead9ac22ef457bfaf18d593f06819d81	The screenshots below from the CPU Z application well illustrate the work of CorePilot technology.
53681afcfe34cc21d7c1f92164fd4d09a42c3615	In the first image, the smartphone is in standby mode, and only one core is running at a minimum frequency of 468 MHz.
5f6648b24ed061e285177aa25f2f866a13d2fce2	In the second case, the browser is running, and two cores are activated.
6e262a274dc5d5aa7acf56731aa2b310cebc9205	In the third case, the game started loading, and therefore six computing cores started at once.
032432d619a2cbecf7dda84d003f179d516302e6	Now - about the wireless communication modules.
2d2d4237e9b7547769924faa632ceef253ba24cb	MT6752 is a highly integrated solution that includes Wi Fi 802.11 b/g/n adapters (with support for Miracast and Wi Fi Direct), Bluetooth 4.0 LE, GLONASS/GPS, as well as a modem with support for two SIM cards and fourth generation LTE communications (Cat. 4, up to 150 Mbit/s).
121bcb624a02711c6dcd7064259f73e33a513b2b	Let's pay attention to the following fact: there was no LTE modem in MT6592, but 4G support could be added to a particular smartphone on this chipset using a separate chip MT6290.
beb76a27faa807b8df92374fde1edf9415fde689	But in MT6752, as mentioned above, the modem is integrated initially, which provides energy savings of 7-10% compared to the" external " solution.
ea0016b179894744b73e1bf7349c91a1e9eb6953	It's nice that MediaTek chipsets are becoming more and more technically advanced with each generation.
9d68366a3437d8578936ca4258dbe406e97b560a	Among the pleasant things, we note the non standard implementation of Miracast in the MediaTek version: it supports not only the usual duplication of images from the smartphone display to the TV screen, but also the ability to transfer an image from another application to an external screen.
7d2b6e553435812e10b72054fa889cdcfdfddf62	For example, a browser or some game may be open on the screen of the Lenovo P70, and this will not prevent the transfer of an episode of the series to the TV "in the background".
5458231b222b72958bca899e60218d98526df832	We also add that the Lenovo P70 has no problems with navigation: the satellites are located in a matter of seconds, both "with" A GPS support, and without it.
c1ef5f340d68bdcff13e5162f3b6a40d5b1fcd8b	About the memory in short: the P70 has a 16 GB drive, plus it is possible to install a microSD flash card with a capacity of up to 32 GB.
6e70bb30d6bbc4a4ef38b1882b4a3b4a7cfa567e	At least, that's what Lenovo claims.
6bc73b1d28ec2e704900d8b8917b8d9cf28b9cf6	However, in our case, the device recognized the 64 GB card without any problems.
d3daff3a43d341bebc8fb57790cb14e843c08a5d	Cameras
fc9d9aa97ccf56f6555cb453ae97827e208cc006	The front camera of the Lenovo P70 is 5 megapixel with a fixed focus.
38b48d94f3b8a5ba4064d32a6548de4f471feeed	Its capabilities are quite enough for video telephony, and for creating self portraits.
bd2739fad572988ecb50555f5d2508e657f2b075	Moreover, it was not without the intervention of MediaTek: the device implements the Face Beautifier technology, which performs the function of an instant "photoshop": it optimizes the tone and removes small defects on the face.
4bd4e83193913f49bd89219d006079c99ff76ec1	Using the slider, you can set the intensity of the action of the option.
0e997d3c9205a340e815b73baeeb354468847021	Here are some examples of how Face Beautifier works.
24fcf5a1da4e79796762c345ade8c37421bab969	From left to right: no improvement, wrinkle removal, lightening of the face.
c85ad9b478f0d0a901bc1d24ac6b98c2df0f6fb7	As for the main camera, it is equipped with a 13 megapixel matrix and a lens with an autofocus function.
e5b2fa5957477c4377a5a55d8bf0c2f85f0f68c9	There is also an LED flash, which, by the way, can be used as a flashlight.
07cc4f9fd7bebc928dfaacd131a94b473145acb1	The quality of the images can be estimated using the examples below.
8b6fcd2896d432bbd3f813d82eb173b88c361c7f	From ourselves, we note that this is not the best 13 megapixel camera in the world, but it is not bad.
2ddbcd5f78e8954546944825099bab59b9e3e492	She is good at macro photography, and she copes with landscapes without any problems.
caf6ea16ddf844fdf2d3ab3bb5e44c50e70c3b61	Well, the stumbling block for the Lenovo P70, as for most smartphones, is shooting in poor light conditions: the quality is noticeably reduced.
e60d79ce6801441ed4324277b357599d11ca2807	Photos are clickable:
d1cdc3e7e27f975a7a15dd6275a6794245c7c673	And this is how the camera interface and a set of settings looks like.
97fbe07233b987a722d24847c5bdaf7a1d1e6824	The smartphone writes video in the maximum resolution of Full HD 1080p.
ecbeea3600f2f316aaa3e045fffb4b9b96702dad	Operating system and software
57a8be013269a045a5579691858ccca6dfd23760	By the way, during testing on the P70, a minor update arrived by air – by 10 MB.
23c3ac94f98130b30119c1ff4848b209026e8720	Let's start with the fact that you can scroll through the wallpaper on the lock screen.
0dde9b2970f5ea8c4f153917a60b9d18e6e03e46	It is difficult to say why this is necessary in practice, and yet this moment somewhat diversifies the experience of using a smartphone.
0bdcc3ee67aec95a79931daff2bebd1fed322101	You can also activate the screen by double tapping on it.
9ce979ce37c9f53d2ed304dd3b53d2c75c229b41	Well, in general, all sorts of settings related to gestures and clicks, a car and a small cart.
52e7dcd61ce39dc2c7fbe51ef06a8c89d842b759	There is no main menu in the usual sense: application icons are located on desktops and can be grouped by folders.
87862f23d544f2d045f2d165935aa6540d80adee	In this, the Vibe UI resembles iOS.
317e3708be7f8dc79bc8cbc29f4355d7a4d46af6	This is how the notification bar looks like.
066467c0172db29fecf8d75a0c97fee6b5b8f185	Among other things, it provides a slider for adjusting the screen brightness, which is absent in the "naked" Android 4.4 KitKat.
c8bb07ac68afda0b55aabae0f5078ce4cc50b40e	And the notification bar has a lot of settings.
62715163a1418518f7628ed7cce14d8d7db5139e	One of the unusual things is the ability to display a virtual key on the screen, which hangs on top of all applications and interface elements.
d26d17cdcb35ae84d1f20d3fbcac8bb4a1ce9ee0	It opens access to a set of the most important options.
506c8842669890117304017088101f5234420ca6	Lenovo also added an option to the interface to create screenshots of individual fragments of the screen.
bf6a902afb2a2e9c5836fa74f95c7d7f3ea48c21	And redrawn the manager of running applications.
4497fe69197561ba91741ccc7c08fdf01074adac	Special attention is paid to energy consumption.
8d13829aed371452d49f4bda77019eea2da8c04b	The device has options designed to limit the performance of the device, as well as a special emergency mode, in which most functions are disabled.
5e1fea4279d4548b06c9c5d6b9d123a34a4ece0d	You can only call, use an alarm clock and read / write messages.
81a4a0655573f1c0e5c4035384bfa965aaf1e15e	Concluding the conversation about the software, we note that there are a lot of pre installed applications from a set of Lenovo, including, among other things, an antivirus, to clients of social networks and Yandex services.
989af4c530ddc7e34118cf6f02613624af785512	There is no point in describing this whole collection, just know that by buying a Lenovo P70, you are unlikely to scour Google Play in search of software – the developers have provided everything that is possible and impossible.
259dd7ef53c98ecbeb8379119b3c1202d1857e7b	All this suggests that the key to a long battery life is not only a powerful battery (although it is certainly very important), but also a set of energy saving technologies like CorePilot from MediaTek.
e39262defe80a83fac1b793497417432c8b1a879	Conclusion
df5fa5dcc346b84736170952c27240784429fffa	The Lenovo P70 is really a worthy successor to the P780.
1f9f8e90bd3bdc9b8e0058fd624036e756b1dd9d	Retaining the philosophy of its predecessor, the device has noticeably "grown" according to the article "performance".
73131d1590070c28c8d6b1354e9ab5071dc66653	It has a powerful MediaTek chipset with an eight core 64 bit processor, suitable for all modern toys, a good camera, an LTE modem, support for two SIM cards – in short, there is everything that can be demanded from the device for such money.
307359ff77549647a67b11bfceab0746e1f58ac1	The only serious drawback of the new product is the lack of the metal case that made the P780 famous, and with it the pleasant tactile sensations from the device and the feeling of durability.
965beaf4f0f98d199f0cbaab2e1cc37d4bf75d70	As a worthy compensation, just a long autonomy acts, for which it is worth thanking both a capacious battery, and, again, the MediaTek chipset, in which a lot of attention is paid to the process of saving energy.
4d9c9c4fc5083991afd0f2d656030afdc8bce332	Our previous publications:
feb37f71a8b244ae8209abcf5216a58330412902	"Tablet chipset on the most productive architecture: presented by MediaTek MT8173
d79d5310b8b695e7b8793b2864cd155a42ed0a39	"$300 million for startups: MediaTek Ventures Investment Fund opened
e8c93ad1040fa8618e71379d58f072fbedde1aa5	"Russian developers" conquer " MediaTek Labs
17ae26a49520f729e768d637b6284cc85d6f4b4a	"Eight 64 bit cores and LTE: the MediaTek MT6753 chipset is presented
7685d1fc0d525949fe050d76559b9aef5280c60e	"Just5 Blaster: an anti crisis smartphone with a non budget filling
d2467980038a1a4d390a0e023269a58821843bfb	"MediaTek and Android Wear: Smart watches are becoming easier and more affordable
ada4648f1217f46ed00d21664e278a6aede6d489	"Alcatel One Touch Hero 8 D820x Tablet Review: 8 cores, metal, LTE and French roots
35cf78603cc9816a832da4fbe1df0a1351d7ee15	"A week with a watch phone: how I used Omate TrueSmart on a MediaTek chipset
b83c70a4fc6a47a6e3c685d9f6e8a25ed148fd8e	"Smartphones of 2015: new technologies according to MediaTek
2c38bfafd7e2882e84cd3aa06ed54d26124f1cb7	Thanks for your attention!
c11a308c243575a8451667a6e3ddd89168988883	MediaTek, MT6752, Lenovo, p70, Smartphone
030c4c3e4011b2bb291f545718dccd29f768e15f	+20
c10cd884d91bd28f30a3c1a2140e7d6265ea113a	40,7k
4e92baf61f6f0a0698b72b01c90669baac7a176f	Author: @Gadgetto
8c460713712ccc8df226e90a7836c41948db4d55	rating 51.21
004270162b06c35e884b81a145ba2f640ebc9539	The company has stopped activity on the site
258282f1ff801582b0149ce4f82cf2bdfec21bdb	Comments (27)
1f237ad257821931329929cb30d1ca4db24f0219	Boomburum
98e8324dd9788869dca3fb837fef7c7d746a11c2	March 16, 2015 at 17: 49
eb5fcf42185bf0f4f139204a63ca5de4f5a66b98	Can you remove wrinkles from a cat?
c56c139ff1cf2b1a7bea6f6037b2b5e1d159d188	olekl
742a3c802a1b71364070802daea0afec4534759d	March 16, 2015 at 17: 50
161a0cc89d94012ac2e4afdd61ec9bdf498dcdec	Flagship and without full hd screen?
1508c849d4c65023e69fe23f01cb7094d5491c22	volanddd
ee11ddeda06a9b5f67441d3515d56eb2118d3ddd	March 16, 2015 at 18: 50
107cc04603a09d6198d1230569a9011fa117d259	And there is no need to go FullHD only a waste of batteries and additional brakes
30259ed7f99b840a8510784c871e40616544ebb6	Valle
66dde9ced1253adc857d37be723953b99dd8e932	March 16, 2015 at 18: 13
6d7aeffa7dc16a9d2dda8daf57361c546ff1a812	+9
3641fd18f5e05d0d45c5e8523191861a98cd565b	... having bought a Lenovo P70, you are unlikely to scour Google Play in search of software – the developers have provided everything that is possible and impossible.
c77e1aa6a158a8a929e5b59c9fff844a20b1c8d3	"And what is not allowed" - are these additional certificates for SSL?
e59ea3d238756d111dc63fb0c71cd45dc2637d73	ankh1989
c42aed8ab1dcfccf5ba7c615c8763ea3d96baeab	March 16, 2015 at 19: 48
dcfc15af6b8e841732012fd2feefcac538d1e164	and the mobile version of spyfish (or whatever it is?)
5fed30b94eb4a2a2409e1f72f101e76bb981a736	Vilgelm
4b47a2f6820e1c47710c5643e5d6c2965068f986	March 17, 2015 at 15: 35
32b3937b0aab1239a87d9a63de99173b5c904d2a	By the way, the P780 is a great phone, especially in terms of autonomy of work (I have not seen such long playing ones at all), but the firmware is not happy.
26698b128cb0b3ab588e4d3ee5d5e9ece522b5ad	In addition to a bunch of some incomprehensible pre installed software (okay, you can delete it with root), for some reason they changed the interface itself very much, up to the reaction to pressing hardware buttons.
0128cdafd991a9d508bea0ffc9e75fa4c39f1c45	And Cyaogen cannot be installed.
2359fe3381e3b8b4403276d608ba531bc8109e62	To be honest, the firmware is the only thing that stops them from completely switching to their products (Samsung, LG have already got tired of living for half a day (for example, my LG P880 is completely discharged in 12 hours if it just lies)).
cbc6ab8d850f8cff446447123804da23a703c293	Halt
b0c49536f4f68afef8cfd8e877b6e79919216744	March 17, 2015 at 16: 40
c3899c40480ab703a44542bd297fdc894e41ab74	"Provided" here apparently should be read as "stuffed into the firmware without the ability to delete".
81c2b208135c346158078eabaee59f646a8b218a	March 16, 2015 at 18: 56
129b3398ed88de10eca9922373a37cfb64dcd505	I stopped considering the model as suitable after learning that they had abandoned the magnetic sensor.
b191413ff9d5ae5ebc48c2b9a6e34c322f9f7d8f	Now I use the predecessor — Lenovo P780 and the convenience of driving — with one hand to get, remove the lock and start the et cetera navigator is priceless!
7461ee2beb216cbe116978319e3a69c337e48eaa	LbICbIY
ae9cf6f54e307297ad473a2a3e1a8b6051847214	March 16, 2015 at 18: 57
94a4f3098dfc4caa0699e069b2139f5a6d1579a0	What kind of magnetic sensor is this?
c59f65a790fbaffdae7001376c61e8991633a224	March 16, 2015 at 19: 20
4550051516b4477dde325626dd102563e493006f	When using a case with a mini magnet in a certain place (it is not visible, invisible at all), the phone is auto locked and auto unlocked when opening/closing the case.
c3217ed2cd8a9e180e436559a0fc89d3a7f3c1c9	ANTPro
15ea576e562513d760735e19c8030d1e219b2e3d	March 16, 2015 at 20: 10
e3c607ead8b26a8131498b20f2c3862846258e5d	And does it really happen without CorePilot?
3a78b81f5a457c7c4b69ae7c300414405ee11254	March 17, 2015 at 16: 47
1f8a54c11c6958d7568feb43bfb74a5f56cc2a37	I already have an ancient Cortex A5 (htc desire X) and it also works on its two cores.
1e7ae79eab11d1c455785ce41dbb3b6821afad4c	Although there may be a difference between "stopped" in the sense of "the kernel does not receive tasks" and "the kernel is physically turned off".
8970cdf68028f24b4f4337db37ae5ac469d8e84c	konj v paljto
2226731c0581a0b1558cea79b241f403c6b6bf74	March 16, 2015 at 20: 28
1c6e29d34174395e25789c2bb6e0a6a2411d05b3	> with a weight of 149 g, it can be called one of the lightest 5 inch smartphones
bede4596b4aa79f4e1803fa74247ead4a63990ab	Excuse me, what year is it?
67991ac6d82ddfedc5efb18cf55e27645be5a253	149 grams is an average heavy result for 5 inches.
14c10cfc3b2ee7601469019f4c0b1eae9969ba97	Yes, it is clear that it is difficult to cram 4 ampere hours into less (although Thl managed to).
8dc91d881698e2e6684863e8c25ac795595e5727	And for such a battery, the weight is good, I do not argue.
a347afca2494b5604485dc7ebecf503f7246f93d	But a phrase like "one of the easiest" is jarring.
41a17911cef6499b1b1c20c83446af4dc4af4020	proofs: even in 120 grams at 5", as many as 9 models fit.
ebd88ab2861ef834b4b91882ee0e08b7482baaf8	In 125 — 32, in 130-78.
914ec5c9f387000e19b07a2fff642575f9e609da	BSoD
a7f18e4c51f82dd53f3e8c33c304bafab2f9aaef	March 16, 2015 at 21: 32
8ee4996b7d0fc935e71726b57c38adcf9a908f1d	Hmm.
d2b25d51dc50eed5e68bbd8da4f99505ab6155db	Philips Xenium i908 with similar characteristics of iron and size costs five thousand less.
566080b504fc0ca79d499ebcd20636dc9c28a0aa	I wonder what is it about Lenovo?
b96bfe839b6755e32be17428582cc140b2502b53	Haoose
81c1eeac0617078707af5b46c75cba7d8b8c502c	March 16, 2015 at 23: 26
43bf25b56844ab1a4fd3210cc7c7fcb4f5c9a91e	Brand :)
b10ff53396a6132018e70f1770c03eea0367393e	P.S. I have a P780 and am satisfied.
04140faf8843f209d6aaec7d794258255603d38b	A very good device.
71ee66067301e271d7a310b2b820b6ed361a0434	It lives for 5 days without recharging.
fc82ae2e5028d40544b0b94757157ba268a9b641	Spirit Fenix
1df689c1601a062b69113c713bda639d82ca6747	March 16, 2015 at 23: 41
e1f3efedb9c6b6871ed3dc5654036953acc1a8b0	Lenovo, in this case, has a more modern processor.
5493a3c19afc517de2b5e96a349c277f8515129a	And the battery is 3000 at Philips and 4000 at Lenovo.
0b26e8a39b5b22e530cc5114c458e7a6fbb5d31c	RedQuark
6b0b84537f73db08e5974a0b7c9fd3a1cb9dbb0c	March 17, 2015 at 08: 04
87a61277b73a57651ef5bb0c63d5a2722361be8e	LTE, battery?
3cb017d5c1e8514fc5e8aee1c29081ecedbe3400	Django unchained
d1f5ecf6c87726467c381179a5304752465da790	March 17, 2015 at 17: 09
ddf0612f48c4e6834726c848a77b2e2918e8f7fa	They are at least a little bit of a completely different class of devices in terms of performance, compare the results at least in graphical benchmarks.
06383676e8d49668cb58775384ecf3e235ea05ff	alexmay
c18398277e0002e79e6e6cc94e70b6978729f13c	March 17, 2015 at 00: 07
d70788bb2f86942685939c7fc02fa3aee97bcc95	TS a question for you:
cf5b6ad46e7a0aacef63ebe376661eddb684e3b8	Does the recording of conversations work?
14b8c5633c5e02fa97c8e284ed5db1ee13c10308	In the S860, I helped out several times when I had to write something down quickly while driving.
cdae0d29ab6fa47912063ce0af992248de8ca7e4	Does the T9 search in the dialer app work?
58bb1ee87fed952f2f416fbcac786578e3e780af	How is his water protection?
0a58110fd954bcacc927b496a3475e6b0e3edc95	I really miss it in the S860.
b1f5ede8ac80d910cad324959dcb6e54a37a6526	zzzmmtt
7c19c3b1820fd9f46f340fe5dbee7a466a89e721	March 17, 2015 at 13: 07
b67a6fa5eef8b0ed285fd864d0b3a28e8c3b9787	It would be interesting to know which LTE bands are supported.
218642ef51204088d2a681d415a3db42bc474f17	March 17, 2015 at 13: 14
3729bb06f7a47a75fe6416d7f43d52a66a6e9086	UPD found on the off site "4G: LTE FDD 800/1800/2100/2600 MHz"
7ed966ee45407e49fb5d7102258729469ba1cb77	March 17, 2015 at 14: 31
11db54bdc3cb46e8066be16341fda2e44b6a52c0	Five days of battery life is how many hours of continuous video playback?
338f023763747b38eac851509bbd955c42cc6d5f	March 17, 2015 at 16: 00
974e316fe144026a63920362164b2edc54656ac2	Judging by the model P780-10-12 hours is easy, maybe a little more or a little less, depending on the source (Wi Fi or from the card) and brightness.
2e693deefcad47ff5b68038326e0106a64a866ff	DjOnline
3a5023209f8beb5eced47078ee9bc69132a41c30	March 17, 2015 at 16: 21
42459295502ffbf1569c01ea4426ed3a5efeedb7	> > In Android 5.0, a new environment (virtual machine) is used in which Android applications are running
b4124bdb809100a565d137c48472431c05a76d94	Is this someone's fantasy?
368134a7f810871ade0d4586290e5a6b9b768429	Or is it about ART, which did not bring much difference?
b85c5b0dbb652166f5b0abb4fc6ad10c83c12b84	Psychopompe
a73033c43cb84a1967b9a3c4631208f82dd0c046	March 17, 2015 at 19: 19
9dfb840fc5dceb393670d449bc9057a79345494b	20k for him?
5a7d64a930fa643e4c265770afc428badcf0cbeb	Is it with the new course?
b0326e40587615e6ff0323000c23df5323fc07b1	neuro
cfd4e7bae72f64cf1b43bc32176b19868061d581	March 18, 2015 at 06: 38
82fac186f97fbc939bfa208480937285f52ecd59	The device is good.
0ef618df301cd795e7a6d2bf905b3e86f196e6b0	Fast, pleasant in the hands.
e7c86c9025d223163dac47f8489ddd1940732dea	Vibe UI requires some getting used to, but it is concise and very good in its own way.
a6d90f2923a2542fe1d2ddf1bb8a898d50d6e6b1	The battery is capacious.
78d41d03bc1b3c32ecf45dd1fc5194c82ed30b38	The processor is excellent.
e10437ef00e6a48460cc68bbe19ca4b2cb83ec67	No slowdowns, no freezes.
32ce0a647ffa38b3f302e65441ed6f53ca76f141	The games are played perfectly.
27d02f5ec2c1135a337424d58e92d1fb1db8b49c	The interface is responsive.
16fd24b57bc767bb9305e3fe89a65633719f6d81	Installed third party software can be removed without any problems.
20058a3c8317fa6240caa5a6bc764a8ae85030a0	Everything is fine on this side.
74965fec810e27ac9222d98a7cb56f99741f2556	But the camera is just a ppc.
5494a624df5bcfa53ca0957594c9272a3588135d	It feels like my Samsung Galaxy S Plus with 5 mhps shoots an order of magnitude better than the main 13 mhps lenovo camera.
02587e718fa32312914acf2f9929cada4cc6ca19	Forced and non disabled anti aliasing kills all photos.
440cccbb00ed33937090ad74c91aba1fd657bd9b	However, someone may like it, but it is unlikely.
ec09e33b92c201f0b6f7face66225816dd383ba3	The camera is the main disadvantage of this smart.
181882b0491fb060086efe4c444eb3e74da16c87	Perhaps a third party application is able to correct this disadvantage.
368e89c0c79151eaa71dd4f19527d87a10fb1995	Revertis
86079c8bbc660cb64db169fbb6f98828fa431609	March 18, 2015 at 10:49 am
f12dc76bb4603b4ab4baf2a3ab6c37afafcb280c	I wonder if the white stripe between the body and the dress is the merit of MiraVision?
bc9e00c946860c468d059841ff4b12be4c3f8eb6	Donald Trump's Space
a604191d108052836157e032040885d26dcae9d9	2,8k 3 12
a2e71180a6ee7504f2886744add96e2274ad5021	Interesting Sci Fi movies that you (should not have, but) could have missed in 2016
e9dc2fda24f04d0b1db06d3f0bc5b3effded0a06	12,9k 157 119
d39b20d00d63f7d1b9d8407a586804a57c754102	+33
b2d10149fa7c42840761f58a3593ba7f5f145397	How to make sure that you donot run out of ideas: the Isaac Asimov method
50cb428a65d5cc938a7cda448c8c0965290bf863	5,7k 52 11
4d72ad0884198fd5abc60364528e4d43340bc8cc	Schizophrenia: an inside look
7638b84867d3e4089a29f2cd7909c5e80cb5b0f1	7k 43 51
c24113426cac091a3265bb0b69add65c6b2b466b	The Incredibly simple idea of early cancer diagnosis
f0e309f94fd9c2b73058a2be4844c85063c92118	5,5k 19 7
155a62a69a5f1180ac5eb0b0ada205944a4ba2a4	Dreams of a Hackerphone (and a Hackerpad)
a2c40ced8eba526bd0c1a8c3d09788efe478501c	12,3k 40 107
0da39007c191cee796b5f28f7463d433f7d069aa	+13
1d61e54da64c0f580038ea6254dbbeffda1a99d6	How to charge a smartphone in half an hour and not turn it into a Galaxy Note 7
826250dc47f3f241945afd52d4a1a18c7f0ac908	14,6k 13 45
d960d33bfdd7663744434f5d3b0672d6abcdf416	Why you should not believe in luck
9f7f357918f905b973f3a663dd44e32a1e822c61	12,3k 39 27
0872294bb06f44b56492dcab7c1ffd94e2ca245f	+21
52927e010b6add0b5d4a3ab7d0b48ff3b06e801c	The investigation of the accident of a Tesla car with autopilot functions has been completed.
fb1f4b60c672d431de91516721e05daef4828077	The company was found not guilty
15d167627eefc887f39513e3c8177ad03e8fefdb	11,2k 8 64
1a82375acdb4055e8baf6dc9efeda3bc9b8691e6	The best LED lamps for half price
0dfcd75d428771b8315cd55cb618558c6a44022a	47,2k 80 154
5c78469566abcb62d9471ee9743cfbd5e0b3cfcb	+101
11620e35edbb185d6a407b7833abe5c810e747dd	Eight bit jokes 3
270ae138a4946f9caae5c4ebf38fb6e02c5702e2	40,7k 68 81
618c2aabe5ef95b40f8303b08955d21b776da060	+54
7870389c8cf817fd2eef4a574ea60c8674cfa69a	Pirates host porn on YouTube using the well known trick of unpublished videos
c1a0d58245a69f18eb33949f8b5403c1c745d61f	36,3k 56 55
00631fdc73e32ed782bae2e030055c256ca177e0	+23
fed7913adfced0ab4987416f0f0c60aafd3b0aee	What is fire, and why does it burn
d961f380df6f2ff54aa29666e28c8f416ec2c469	35,4k 121 53
df150ee1927333e4fbbc2ca372f0d9976a2c0cd3	A woman in the United States was killed by a bacterium resistant to all antibiotics
8d483d1cb732f798e612ce5b6b11a6256b94f7c5	34,5k 38 169
941d1c352c839735c48de4dd2c81074b6e4109dc	+56
8ed9ca2624739825a6d75dd5acd7dcf6ae37de7e	The End of Freebies: I Know What You Download
a88fe14ca25af0a67c90c6b96c0f109e509d0275	133k 367 560
3b38bcce093ee58ce496648ffb0cddadf4501cf0	+113
265516292e387e2133805d0c82837e63b5999238	The lawyer who became DuPont's nightmare
c917211e42ad4aded261973cf1b72893a0277a83	68,8k 145 123
613d8e9527746742e237a9deea3d8aeac074df1a	+81
419f8bc726844606403fd273933c6d09c4f36554	2017 is not just a prime number…
9539584c89ca71eaf62c4b37b83d007df29e3566	67,5k 70 81
1b0d4ece42a3bc48a2fd4a527068183a80f0a5ac	Microsoft has admitted that it went too far with the update to Windows 10
db964a61bd05177a299cd9f2b02ad72b79c5bd55	61,5k 35 763
31ab74a33a428aabd1225c0b7adea39bb11f7210	+26
b8f0b6963b5066f5860732343afef5e998d1d529	What NASA hid in 2016
44ced9e569b143f87a1cd32f4d457c04ca20702d	57,1k 45 126
2e725bc75ec3176d345356cdbf67def7b1d5a763	Geektimes
0867a749d3c3a9fb4e60e7a7f75b120e8b0fc231	Donald Trump's Cosmos 12
941edb4f32b5c9889f81518ad551c50af2beb96d	What and how to print on Form 2 1
80b2e582128709d30b2308fbd905f8a0e167ca96	From Earth to the moon.
7487f00a16c1b4a10cf027fb10baf57da486751a	History and mathematics.
a1debab540eeed57bbccf2bbaa7c0b68ba228103	Part 2 5
db511bc1be467a47fa4582c8ceeefd67819b0f0a	One of the easiest ways to improve your programming skills is to read someone else's code.
2dd91f36f05140200d4c90251fc6c4bc9f15f097	How to make sure that you do not run out of ideas: the Isaac Asimov method 11
e6effc0aa8017b6216c856f4d3104a977092e274	"Friday format": where to grow for technical specialists 0
a4c3fe87dd5204839883ab5faf707cfa9412df1f	Admission Campaign 2017: Useful links and materials for future bachelors, masters and postgraduates of ITMO University 2
e752064d0cc43a8c9f0834296be75213b468c202	The Meitu program is accused of collecting personal information 28
b7b5b71268a51ac529e6ac864bfaf04cc31b3531	How I hid 1C databases in Germany 28
567d6411001a6f5d4dfbf957738ca970771c863d	Angular vs Angular 2: key differences 38
fd98f25eda4e64596cd084c47b178db8c39d92a6	Services Advertising Rates Content Seminars
51fbef1fd97bffb666b4e164c26bd55e3ef38681	Miscellaneous iOS app Android app Help for Startups
334306ced67a57f202aa2e860b54b5392d7a1f71	We are in social networks
39089c9fe3de1d6d4e6105ccfc6a110f9bfccba6	YouTube 212 798
b4a55f8c15ac92e3990a8831eac5892c38d86958	VKontakte 69 865
e3cce48454df96caae1f28918eea76d5359af7a1	Twitter 5870
3a64b12bface53cde47f1d79a467e5bd39e4de22	Instagram 5676
43b829533495d02d2a11c03c7570a0a59056671e	Facebook 3025
43c572b66058997eec85f756eff6ddd45e9726e3	Mobile phones, smartphones Phones, smartphones in Moscow
76872e9927783687accdca911366b870eacbe99f	Apple iPhone 5S 16GB from10800rub.
50f28a2e6080296b0386e5e32ce5e70fa76969a5	All offers: (434) Price from Electro city7 Apple iPhone 6 16Gb from19870rub.
fe10cb89e9bf527600c72e3f705867336d9039cb	All offers: (301) Price from Telephonex.ru
fa9537e3c6accff3d2cb2a88c0a5898a8da83746	Apple iPhone 4S 16Gb from 5200rub.
6959e94353689f15acbdb6eac2966cd67c357f27	All offers:(97) Price from MobiZor Samsung Galaxy J5 (2016) SM J510H from10400rub.
cbf8022d883619b4d2fda5ced60e8a8ef1613d19	All offers: (211) Price from MobiZor
9699cd2c15b9f9a08275cc58a2e2de312683f588	Apple iPhone 5S 32GB from12300rub.
7b8eaa5ca987356dfe7c24f4051c255ce2926b4a	All offers: (239) Price from TeleBest Apple iPhone 6 64Gb from 23290rub.
f0ff61adafbcfe9e1236b07e179bddb1cc30de07	All offers: (226) Price from Ru Gadgets.ru
79373835a3e4a877d8a9abf93fb14d300a501c33	Lenovo P70 review: a fast and attractive centenarian
a4f9a1faa23b57e5aa0a81c2c9cf8144c891f69d	April 09, 2015, 18: 58
b74f5ee9461495ba5ca4c72a7108a23904c27a05	79
3bc15c8aae3e4124dd409035f32ea2fd6835efc9	-
7b11b67658f7edb04bb60e736c881eae20d24e03	Video review and unpacking Design and configuration Software Camera Tests and performance Conclusions
f49c789336e0f8b7d4dbdf5dabb6e73a01c0b72f	Some manufacturers believe that the appearance of long – running solutions does not greatly concern potential buyers if they want a powerful battery, they will close their eyes to the design.
96982350e333c6fe28b5af419f7be41c038193a9	Other companies believe that the appearance is much more important to the audience, and the battery "for a day or two" is quite enough – therefore, they willingly sacrifice thickness, setting new and new records, simultaneously leaving the capacity of nutrients at the same level.
84bbfbdca1ea73425d411a48370e07856718eaef	Fortunately, vendors are beginning to realize that many people need a golden mean, so the market is increasingly meeting good models with impressive mAh indicators.
618eeeab69ca3d29a978cb8ca408ae7812925c87	One of them is the Lenovo P70.
37ee3502b0c541dd22b437723788f69e2d30f81b	Technical Specifications of Lenovo P70:
b8c43f018611f5ba59db97354d8eeac176f9742f	Network: GSM/GPRS / EDGE (850/900/1800/1900 MHz), WCDMA/HSPA (900/2100 MHz), LTE (800/1800/2100/2600 MHz) Platform (at the time of the announcement): Android 4.4 KitKat, Vibe UI 2.0 shell Display: 5”, 1280 x 720 pixels, IPS, 294 ppi Camera: 13 MP, Autofocus, Flash, f/2.0, Full HD video recording Front Camera: 5 MP Processor: 8 cores, 1.7 GHz, 64 bit, MediaTek MT6752 Graphics chip: Mali T760MP2 RAM: 2 GB ROM: 16 GB Memory card: microSD (up to 32 GB) GPS, GLONASS Wi Fi (802.11 b/g/n) Bluetooth 4.0 3.5 mm microUSB audio jack Two SIM slots Audio chip: Wolfson WM8281 Battery: non removable, 4000 mAh Talk time: up to 46 hours in 2G networks and up to 18 hours in 3G networks Standby time: up to 34 days in 2G networks, up to 29 days in 3G networks and up to 30.5 days in 4G networks Dimensions: 142 x 71.8 x 8.9 mm Weight: 149 g
205235f3601d3a0dad0ab6cab3c485819ed6e7c3	Video review and unpacking
eb0a0dcf81dea3e95c8771b28602b9e17d8cc17f	Design and configuration
392d0be3ff98e9cb45d1d6ba6f3c0ecb7daebdaf	The 4000 mAh battery is built in.
26ba04e2904a9942d5ef99665728c5dcdda7c97a	To understand what kind of work the manufacturer had to adjust the battery with a capacity of 4000 mAh to such dimensions, I will give the parameters of other well known 5” models.
e595402a1f82fbac4f415219312bba195fbe13d9	LG Nexus 5 – 137.9 x 69.2 x 8.6 and 2300 mAh;
de132772c964922033cb6c4ec6e994ed641b7b7d	Lenovo Vibe X2 – 140.2 x 68.6 x 7.3 and 2300 mAh;
be35fee5e1b8e39ad1ee3dddc47fe6bc71736718	HTC One (E8) – 146.4 x 70.7 x 9.9 and 2600 mAh;
c6cf52264633331bb9bb4c65040ad186eed8390a	Nokia Lumia 830 – 139.4 x 70.7 x 8.5 mm and 2200 mAh;
89e269a5156884509b696dc2132b5fa9619544c9	LG G3s – 137.7 x 69.6 x 10.3 and 2540 mAh.
abc0a9f4390a80df22047e4f410aebd9d3a69f07	On the left – empty, on the right the volume rocker and the power button (the elements are at the correct height, right under your fingers).
3c33d8627c4157b53f5b9a7228f67c32c6572e92	The lower end received a microUSB, a microphone and two perforated sections, and one of them hides the speaker (it sounds flat, the volume is average), and the other is a decoy made for symmetry.
a76e2250c910a4c8648a0a7fbdebe01362eadad0	Two micro SIM slots, a microSD memory card slot and a battery are hidden under it, the sticker and the inscription on the battery itself warns about its non removable nature.
6e89611dbf670dd982109a31afe5bf35fcd519db	The value is comfortable, but the panel is not configured in the best way – the picture is too sharp, which makes some interface elements and fonts look strange, just like the over worn LG G3.
f611f99b974ed06c1dfb13c60ab524d83effdb66	However, the screen has a sufficient margin of brightness and high viewing angles with non critical color inversion.
5da2357e2a862f37b624a246197838e5aa457cf7	In general, for its class, the P70 has a high quality display.
a335c51a18b63c4517832ff4420d0eaec9569a27	As for the materials, the matte plastic at the lid and frame, as well as transparent inserts on the top and bottom in the style of the original Sony Xperia Z are a good choice of engineers.
2167e2d07518cc97b1a54dde4983f660acb882b3	Practical and cute.
304ccaaaaaa835318f00c2552b20c2914a375a58	However, you can grumble at the weakness of the lid (in the case of using the case, it does not matter), the lack of an oleophobic coating at the camera eye (it is difficult to wipe off stains) and dust clogging the sides of the screen.
9ad052271e0186ed108ab51a2c5684a90c5a025a	Software
0518bde0f7c1dc757a088f266b54005c252bb30c	Currently, the device is based on Android 4.4.4 KitKat with a Vibe UI 2.0 shell, an update to Android 5.0 Lollipop is planned for the second quarter of this year.
a0f17c7a734fe3c3beaea984725a6e37f1f896d2	The user interface is familiar to us from the previous models of the company – Vibe Z2 Pro and Vibe X2.
422ee573845a5e34d3045ead8a7feba2ccbf0dae	In my opinion, it is designed in a pleasant corporate style and has a number of interesting chips that are missing in the stock.
15a0e141504bf9f33d04e7dbc9785adb5794566b	People hastily replaced the old versions of the Vibe UI with third party launchers due to lags and a clumsy appearance, but the current one, judging by the reviews, suits many.
829d99b959c890e13a74e603bd31c3e2627c4e4e	To change the wallpaper on the desktop, it is not necessary to go to the settings – it is enough to make a diagonal swipe from the upper corner.
b3c9bec25cc9c08ae2a356b46d81ed174da00b95	The wallpaper on the lock screen also changes by scrolling sideways.
b4a666d08dff6c008b77fc1bca6a980059bacf46	Gestures on desktops are configured by the user.
9d3a7c8d05edd625284a4f2b1b6b12fd37971417	For example, a swipe down (not by widgets) drops the curtain (it can be slightly customized), a swipe up pulls off the list of running applications, and by double tapping on an empty place, you can open the desktop menu.
df1d816cd1c1ea03a8068f3aceb3e3a66ca7e6ca	The sound mode can be selected by holding down the power button – when changing the volume, only a single slider appears.
9dd1e2e5c7855c324a040174c8648c934bb0a116	The store of themes from the European firmware, unfortunately, was cut out, giving the opportunity to choose only from two – Mirage and Pulse.
23344cc81c6d876bcdded35fc297924fc30e3aaf	The settings are displayed in two tabs "System" and "Special".
3de750141ea1995b3aad753c9b456732e7a2722a	In the first one, the SIM parameters are configured, the place for installing applications is selected (there is OTG support), the power saving modes are activated.
c477b1fda840df03331c9b3a22de36228552dba8	The programmers attributed gesture control (double tap on the screen to wake up, a sharp shake to lock), smart menu (a pop up customizable menu that is useless for 5”) and smart scripts (scheduled services) to special parameters.
f9068e280bcc9cfbe9f78a5c78473a8457704bd4	The package of pre installed programs includes its own software (a security package with an antivirus and blockers of unwanted tasks, services for synchronization, a proprietary video player with working in a window and creating screenshots), Google services and applications, programs from partners.
96d0f868d97b95bb71343a92b981ded94d0447bf	The latter include the Guvera music streaming service, the UC browser, the QIWI payment system, the Evernote online notepad, the WPS Office Office application, several demo versions of games, applications from Yandex, and social network clients.
4585f134bce5ba25d4dbffb8c0106f7a7f8289d9	The main part of the pre installed software from partners can be very easily removed, but it will not be possible to get rid of Google services and branded programs without root.
6ba7945108284bced7cf60ae1e01e1151f6dbaac	The 13 MP main camera has autofocus, flash, f/2.0 aperture.
9dfa48ee867ebfd6acc5f159b645d53f7f230076	The interface is familiar from other Lenovo models, but I met some shooting modes for the first time.
93a7b8373bd896d5cbc1a42121fa72f93d6b3106	In addition to the normal mode and panorama, there is a portrait mode with retouching, 3D model volumetric shooting (you shoot the object as a panorama, and then you can scroll with the slider), a live photo (video) and a shot in motion for a series of frames.
0c03dcfaa6e56011fd1f24e5143da2ade341bf6d	There are only 8 filters.
3f1c4ecbe7b9dd503293a500607545dd2e289bde	The resulting frames lack clarity.
7804170b64e70f96c9e54209b2ae92a33e257590	The resolution of 13 MP is felt, but some pictures look like something "sterile", or something.
0b9c99dfa294904a99bdcb171f943ed745f2f72e	However, if you do not find fault, then the camera of the P70 is very good – better than the one in the Vibe X2 (review).
a52cd9a27b389dcd1f0e0430afb5e39049ad1b68	The white balance is selected accurately, the exposure is almost not walking.
250c8350e1477e5d9ecdf7afa0e7c5a96405fc71	The video is written in Full HD resolution at 30 fps.
4b1a521dbef6d628467fb510a61daf65a674914d	In general, the result is no better and no worse than that of classmates, but I still want to praise the P70 for the sound recording.
1a5c657740f6adb20361a563e93144406b6c7ef1	I donot want to praise the stabilizer, the lack of tracking autofocus and soapy at long distances.
c63737abd7347a7ae582cb9fbdf37d6c0e5b251e	Example:
6081b4fafdf6e56058cce2d21b3f9e311da1259b	Tests and performance
d189145d074ed9774295b9e9accc15d8e53b0b93	The MediaTek MT6752 chipset with 8 Cortex A7 cores with a frequency of 1.7 GHz, 64 bit support and the Mali T760MP2 graphics accelerator has already met us in the Meizu M1 Note and Jiayu S3 (review), where it has proven itself very well – especially in games.
23699526898322e5d0121a26883a537b1225fc00	Moreover, the previously considered models on the MT6752 have a Full HD screen resolution, and the Lenovo P70 has HD (that is, 2.25 times lower).
91765ba427cd238c989f6d70cd1c6e84802eafa5	As a result, the P70 copes even more smartly with gaming applications (even resource intensive games come with maximum graphics at 30 fps and higher) and gains even more parrots in benchmarks.
0271dea87953bbba95d3508ead0c38772c7b75b2	There are no complaints about the speed of the interface either – the shell is well optimized and 2 GB of RAM do their job.
5fc33cf8ca86354bbc7e94220dd69040f0236225	Test results: AnTuTu 5.6.2 – 44 170, Geekbench 3 – 816/4166, 3DMark Unlimited 10 868, GFXBench for 720p and 1080p – 11/25 fps and 5.7 / 16 fps, Basemark OS 2-839, Epic Citadel Ultra 52.1 fps.
603df145ba23308b70b22fbb9f674116b6eef137	normal mode
eef9929f309ba9bf1992cba88567a4aa07cb8aaa	power saving mode
b1e7e53b35caa7ae349a176467497e78ceab8ef4	The operating frequencies were found out with the Stability Test and CPU Spy applications.
b4dfd66681a3de0b70f2adc013c8077babdefb17	In normal mode, without the "smart savings for screen and GPU" popular frequency in a half hour run are settled in the following order: 1.4 GHz (35% of the time), 1.7 GHz (27%), 1.3 GHz (15%), 1.6 GHz (11%) and 1.2 GHz (9%).
3cadebece6faf31ed77017f6073247f45cc8b25f	Smart saving the 1.7 GHz (31%), 1.6 GHz (20%), 1.2 GHz (18%), 1.4 GHz (16%) and 1.3 GHz (12%).
c2dd316022ae240b33612ae3395da3b6ae2f22d6	That is, in both modes we are dealing with active trottling –adjusting the processor frequency depending on the load and heating.
e9afac635c2716c758120704f4a37d97ce89459b	And there is no tangible difference between them in reality.
5d137c509d33c519ac3656ccf6cf1bd888ba84f8	First, the cores ran for 75 cycles.
bcba2418255d48c4d2acff964dc8c72be4a79984	Secondly, the battery discharge for half an hour was 11% each.
6b848498c8efa8c86d2d425d5a4fa07e60db62a0	Thirdly, the battery heating in both modes reached 40 degrees.
cb262d4a1813609195b23c64bd6ccfc7982edd3a	The maximum level of recorded heating of the battery according to the sensor was generally 42 degrees.
846e1f3d3dad0315b0cd822ead6f9af33ab96fae	At the same time, the case itself was warm and only.
d18d4d27349328279dab83559a41adb7cab8e0d5	So you donot have to worry about overheating.
d80e141bfeb1336660f5813268534362105c8236	From a 4000 mAh battery, you expect impressive results and the Lenovo P70 does not fail.
daabadc2cab8ca5f0a778f21500973b60720adc7	So the working time when playing videos with maximum screen brightness and active wireless modules was an impressive 10 hours and 10 minutes, and the discharge in the GTA San Andreas game with comfortable brightness reached 9% in half an hour (18% per hour or 5.5 hours of active games).
b290ddd8db391f95bd20099086a61e991587d0c7	In everyday life, you can count on 6-10 hours of active screen in 3-6 days.
3ba742429812e3db581e3343d6b3d399b994eda3	Good autonomy indicators cannot be achieved by increasing the mAh alone, so you need to pay tribute to Lenovo (for software optimization and hardware implementation) and MediaTek (for not a voracious chip).
b6c9fc6f68b0ef0f0b639bcbae742c225ec50427	According to the manufacturer, the smartphone is fully charged from the branded unit in 3 hours, and a 15 minute fast charge is enough for 2 hours of web surfing or 7 hours of listening to music.
529be2c02578125e3491f6fb872ed9199248253d	The question of sound in headphones worries many people.
1570de36d3043f12d19054e0e9c3e2a1785fd264	I can say that the company's programmers have not badly revealed the potential of the Wolfson WM8281 integrated audio chip, which is part of MediaTek MT6752.
ecb511396d1562d067fe925961e88a17ddbab37f	In conjunction with the Denon D600 headphones, the device plays slightly better than the Vibe X2 and Jiayu S3, but worse than the M1 Note and Vibe Z2 Pro.
c8ad0469a4ebc837845c992c99f6cd9bc6a4c539	I would like to focus more on the bass, but even so it will do – most will remain pretty sound.
b536777ff175ae7f0dadd5ccfd9e78c00761a19e	Conclusions
ea22404e42929220ecae9df31c299fc051992195	Lenovo P70 is a perfect example of what a long running smartphone should be.
e6ad41dde1dd807fa655ae9381505372c57f3085	It has a convenient design with an attractive appearance, provides impressive autonomy and high speed of operation, its camera with the right approach will allow you to make small masterpieces, and you can still get used to a sharp screen.
1ce87b1cde213bdd76535b8fd5b8f6b73f2108c6	The Chinese company could have rolled out just a compromise phone with a powerful battery, but it acted more far sighted, comprehensively preparing the device for different use scenarios.
49a01e094439cad632e6bbc1db1ba97994af4637	It seems that the P70 has no direct competitors among A brands, but opponents with capacious batteries are available in the catalogs of B and C brands.
fd8c6f523a1aceae5c6ca59b0559114f2f582ac2	Their main advantage over the P70 is the price, but the Lenovo product is not inferior in support and comprehensive balance.
2dfe120bc1eac1cf5f8be810e0b5c7ea484ca34f	The current recommended retail price of the Lenovo P70 is 19,990 rubles.
0188570a29d63b06a9341950b356759ea9da7ac5	If you are not satisfied with the screen size of the test subject, then it makes sense to pay attention to the Meizu M1 Note (review).
ba48aced101a76fe09e8f91ee483a7220eb1a2b2	Despite the smaller battery capacity, the device still pleasantly surprises with its autonomy, which is advantageously complemented by the camera, sound and proprietary Flyme firmware.
0928a3baf599e67427fda227d3c4e1e1e436d33a	© Evgeny Makarov.
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93124eea67c9ba6c9b2d9f2f87215980ccf0c903	Review of the Lenovo P70 Android smartphone
a31e0b0e50115cf0c384afe3ba8d7618fd985a77	Scope of delivery Technical characteristics Positioning Design, dimensions, control elements Display Battery Platform, memory, performance Communication capabilities Camera Software features Multimedia capabilities Impressions
8899262b718eb06b70f3644d3f47eef9fc2e1fca	Phone Charger with USB Cable Wired Stereo Headset USB OTG Cable Instructions
4f52d89b1a6c2bfe8203f7d3eda9a86cfbd94d4a	Android 4.4.4 MediaTek 6752 chipset 8 cores up to 1.7 GHz per core, 64 bit, ARM Mali T760 MP2 700MHz graphics coprocessor 2 GB of RAM, 16 GB of internal memory, microSD memory cards up to 32 GB Two SIM cards – microSIM, hot swappable, cards are unequal, one of them is only 2G IPS screen, 5 inches, 1280x720 dots, up to 5 taps Li Ion 4000 mAh battery, supports fast charging (2 hours 10 minutes), two days of work under "heavy" USB on the Go, charging other devices, up to 34 days in standby mode (2G), up to 46 hours of talk time in 2G (up to 18 hours in 3G) The main camera is 13 megapixels, with LED flash, the front camera is 5 megapixels LTE cat.
ff432fe823a680dfec176f4670fb337ea9317abd	4 (4G Voice is not supported), 3G, Wi Fi 802.11 b/g/n, Bluetooth 4.0, USB 2.0 Dimensions 142x71.
150a4922dbb293a3df15c0382cab3294ef8a7910	9 mm, weight 149 grams
f985ff7c9b98bdca5299e10addb3e8302f93114b	To the content >>>
86ba514122e17b32a635c456e65393d5e7dd0078	Positioning
42a80af4735bb3936edcd042b3cf6a438bc276cd	In Lenovo, the line with the P index has always included devices with large batteries, it is enough to recall a model such as the Lenovo P780, in which the battery was 4000 mAh.
a7ae8b74d15bf5cefcc73bac1a4830d1566456b3	Review of the Lenovo P780 smartphone
74f2ed961af1255bd900ecb755efbdf2e13731a4	This series was deservedly in demand, as it included such hard workers, phones without claims to design sophistication, working for a long time, with average characteristics for their time.
91863e59eea7860fe7fc73b93c206554f3b21cad	That is, devices with an optimal price/quality ratio, according to Lenovo, besides, focused on those who are not used to changing phones like gloves.
a48b804e7b186c76fcd325e251431799e80dafca	It was assumed that the life of such devices would be at least one year in one hand, or even all two.
54eee90374e2146ea140039ae8e62f5296893351	I'll tell you a little secret, any characteristic that stands out from the usual ones for the market, whether it's the thickness of the case, the special brightness of the screen, the large battery capacity all this attracts attention.
7cab8a0f8e9ff7b8c7ef033b67b4329b2cf61aca	Usually, manufacturers do not seek to be generous so that in the models of the middle segment they give the consumer a lot of outstanding characteristics – just one, which will emphasize the unusual nature of the device.
30de430a0a02825718df49f5c90e4567fd480169	Therefore, as a rule, the solution turns out to be unbalanced – subtlety turns out to be a short working time, a large battery on the contrary, inconvenient dimensions of the case and a long charging time.
66c31a9e5fdb283afc87961769c520c2f637ae23	There is no ideal on the market, and it is hardly possible.
3213c001a7ad8a9f5b7bff31164048ef6104bfa1	When companies start experimenting with models of the middle segment, they rarely get something really worthwhile.
e96766b4d19a1cdad72233ea3406f304653bd8ce	They look at competitors, at previous models, as a result, a cross between a bulldog and a rhinoceros enters the market and becomes not very popular.
559b370e4f9ea8b438a688fcdc8973b17b04d79a	Sometimes, in the process of experiments and thanks to luck, a device is obtained that can be called special with good reason.
13571af012cdfac26b9b89fc6156d1d7c1915361	It is distinguished by the exact balance of characteristics, the correctly chosen cost, as a result an excellent price/quality ratio.
71563fccbbbcb52f913e203c5d4f1f43f5251aa5	Such a device is the Lenovo P70.
4d89d44df112cf65ffb3f2f069bacc414c9d72c0	This is a workhorse on Android, which will be chosen for a good working time, fast charging, a good screen.
3ea822d310f50c3a077b350a9dd3f84d36b79a39	One could call this device a universal solution, but it lacks the smallest thing – a high quality camera.
8005855f1bf1d3b0ccaca976bd2d3cc86896d872	This flaw may stop many from buying the P70, but if you close your eyes to it, the model turned out to be surprisingly interesting.
5d1ddc1621a02ddd863f7526230ec186a0ac00f3	However, let's talk about everything in order.
e9dc1f0758a633eee3cf32f9b6795656e4a432ef	Smartphone Video Review:
0b050661714c32a622be3f3271617f0847650f09	Design, dimensions, control elements
b7ff9c31fe07fa4bb251da52bb4351489e7fd9d9	Outside of China, this model will be available in one color scheme – dark blue, while in the native market it is presented in a white case, as well as dark brown.
e700edefb452e18cfe4525f340ebbfe53b1994fc	Externally, the device does not make any impression, the usual rectangle of an Android smartphone, a black front panel, three touch keys under the screen.
f07adae7abed0c671a48b6a15401918684d812ec	The first thing you pay attention to is a rather thin case, if you know that there is a 4000 mAh battery inside.
72f7873953ba42551f91d156970d43fa1e03875c	The dimensions of the device are 142x71.
9bdedbcbff30ba9ee0fd98f12a357be26795e561	9 mm, weight 149 grams.
70f4d835ce8ec6d0f470394bbb7edb7cd8c72e15	Usually models with such batteries weigh about 200 grams, so the weight of 149 grams looks amazing.
afbad53ae400ad0b2e3db0dcf12206c2c09be262	In everyday life, you always feel this, the device is not much different from modern smartphones.
a2515c245fe3e8267e371f5d03c2fe449323665c	You can say that it is not so thin, but this is already a taste.
4b016b413d86c073686a6b58af4db23d87ad4c67	Usually you donot perceive it as big or uncomfortable, it fits well in your hand, the weight is rather big, but quite comfortable.
e20da443a7d6dc442b168b73a1da760ffa316265	Compared to Nokia Lumia 830
158f2c255090a5fef8201c4f7d09d9966aa1ab41	The back cover is removable, it must be carefully snapped, otherwise it will crackle in your hands.
dac0b5cbb4f0e8c136e5a5749f2baedf232dcf29	The plastic is thin, but it does not cause any problems, it is not visible from the outside, and this moment does not affect the characteristics of the device.
54185a73ef4d29b8551510e2061449c11331ce56	Everywhere you need to save weight to reach the same 149 grams.
332e8b20f0f87d50970bfde361e491f4083e22f0	On the right side there is an on/off key, a paired volume control key.
c718c14b296117ad8db6222945057998a676f46e	On the upper end there is a 3.5 mm connector, on the lower end there is a microUSB connector.
89a0eae0580c9afafdf1941c8a1c1ada474eb162	On the back panel there is an LED flash, as well as a 13 megapixel camera lens.
d588653f1b5626ce7cac6295d2d37509c157d6eb	There are no complaints about the build quality, it is plastic, the front panel is covered with Gorilla Glass, although the oleophobic coating is average in characteristics, there are noticeable traces of hands and cheeks on it.
1e6e9d0b532a7fed8aa22967e0e8306c9fccd997	Under the back cover, you can see two connectors for microSIM cards, they are not equal, one is only 2G, while the second is 2G/3G/4G.
8761daea28d1f66a87c973d4e29ad62c912ae503	There is also a slot for memory cards.
121276f0ea400e403705dbc131bfde11dd621253	The screen is 5 inches, has an HD resolution of 1280x720 pixels (294 dots per inch), IPS.
17e6b034d322d2159ddd731366073b933f66b1fa	It has a good margin for brightness, in the automatic adjustment mode, the brightness is strongly muted in order to achieve a longer working time.
5c0751e0f9dcdb86694f3bcddbaa73503393532c	This is convenient in almost all operating modes, except for watching videos.
7462e9fd26f982363f727e4d0c73531f01d6003e	In terms of color reproduction, the screen does not stand out in its class in any way, neither for the worse nor for the better.
108e7ff66e478b88a389186802be4ee03c719c26	This is a very good solution.
89d52fb3de40848fc2370aeb2e2e01a76f37bd40	In older Lenovo models, the screens may have a higher resolution, but often worse color reproduction, lower brightness.
7b23ea51f5b5504d0d6c33e87da5eb986abe1109	This matrix can be considered a golden mean in every sense.
972c8d4a78d0f72df52c69075fbd532a48d63f6f	She's not bad.
b69a3dffbc0c35ef13e15bc43c39faf22ad7c6a4	Look at the screenshots in comparison with the Samsung Galaxy S5 (in the photo, the Galaxy S5 from above).
5d4d7c8e6a3eca69b95fd0f0c151982317b15847	On the street, the screen does not glare, the information is well read.
d382cab8c43628a6e985897e357b95237996a20f	Traditionally, Lenovo has a choice of fonts of different sizes, which makes using the phone comfortable regardless of your visual acuity (four preset sizes).
06e52fa7af83e6aff0f1c93367d041c7473bf197	I would like more flexibility in the settings, for example, different color options.
d13e30a0abbef6e96c14b008308c303eb86503fa	But it was not worth expecting this on such a device.
4a9be042afe6257111a01c05b72af9f1f3015176	Battery
1e9d34c3b04a3d71dc0f2cdaf72a434b13f1c3c4	Battery technology has clearly stepped forward over the past year, the size of the battery has decreased slightly, but most importantly, its weight has decreased.
04305b25e9ec6bfc53d0916e2f44564a998ccca7	Li Ion battery, it is non removable, with a capacity of 4000 mAh (in China and Indonesia 3900 mAh).
85832bbfa571e9e82128b3bd7cfacbd0e3102fe0	Let's start with the most interesting thing, namely the charging time.
fc36da7d9d548683c4f9c1040aa7279f82ff2491	There is support for Quick Charge technology, respectively, the full charging time is about 3 hours.
475ec72f843eba0ab9f6f43c449d2f9b472b8567	If you take the Fast Charger from the Galaxy Note 4, the charging time will be 2 hours and 10 minutes (up to one hundred percent!).
648c353d189b2898556cbd0bada600909c394ebe	In any case, this is clearly comparable to most modern devices and very little for a battery of this capacity.
eb0744ff44452b66dfbed1a9d0b63b500192f793	Among the unusual chips, I will note the presence of a USB OTG cable, to which you can connect any charging wire to the USB connector, at the output you will get 5V, 0.5 A, that is, the phone can act as an external charger.
9d10876154aff30ca1c9c074a81db1ab34f52c6c	I am sure that few people will take advantage of this opportunity, but it is present and can sometimes be useful.
59e304a230264ed398a8db62553275df08958643	Now let's look at the real time of operation in different modes, but first – the data that the manufacturer provides:
b91fd2ad1ccc01cb950b776148da062918bd4ad9	up to 34 days in standby mode (2G)
166fd3e7ee47a5b3f7b7713a99e7a41fa4ed55ac	up to 46 hours of talk time in 2G (up to 18 hours in 3G)
acfc2ba23f5cbf7a4b0043ccb4d0af8632106b4d	In my usage scenario, automatic screen illumination was set, I made calls for about 30 minutes a day, also about 2-2.
0848ed523833e907fe59be281e6ce33c00285e8c	5 hours on social networks, the Internet, both via 3G/4G connection (mainly) and Wi Fi.
8da661abba8fcd4a16301d64780b12823007f894	The device worked quietly for two full days.
5801bde4b92c7b16ff5265f62b315c27dbc8ebf1	Interestingly, I have a Motorola Droid Turbo on my hands, which has an almost similar battery of 3900 mAh, there is also fast charging, but the screen is AMOLED.
78d2b3a4e467f9c7d37a70d1564aaff6ea1a7020	However, these devices work about the same time in my hands, two days.
d296f2ff4a3c723b48056bd70d1932fb90a75486	For comparison, my Note 4 (3220 mAh battery) pulls only one day at a similar load.
dcc0749bea0e5d8f2fc95f6fc9f87fed1216a7f0	In every sense, the P70 demonstrates a very good operating time.
fae693ab0fd5bf75c82d1aa4d17331127b83a121	But even here, not everything is unambiguous, since some modes consume you have an unexpected amount of energy compared to others.
c4c27c4f82f29ae060dfcba769396ea9b387d342	So, I expected that with the maximum brightness of the backlight, the video playback time (AVI, MX Player, HW mode) would be about 14-15 hours, as on the Droid Turbo, but the result was disappointing – about 10.5 hours.
81b80cab2453c5ff609a35f01d1f5c47c1402177	I double checked, there is no error – the battery consistently gives 10-10.
d16cda6976538c609fd369746e11ab461dcf2352	5 hours of playback.
cb0c8588745f33fc643d32f6797fc1708684191d	Even worse is the optimization for games, as soon as 3D appears, the phone begins to warm up noticeably, which is not observed in normal operating modes, and it only works for about 4 hours.
839519f6be99ad56cc25131225ad164c6d775f2a	That is, 1000 mAh is consumed in an hour of play.
46ab04836ad1515063fedf5358be2183454c4868	Given that the screen does not have the largest diagonal, all this does not look like the best optimization of the chipset for specific tasks.
ad950a03875f6fd7e6e1c3c2ca92a2e4d0f4e446	But for those who do not play, watch moderate videos (50 minutes a day), this device will be enough for those two days.
8d365c7ef698ffa267211810487fbcfa900a4f6d	Another point, there is a setting in the power manager that by default enables the maximum power saving mode from 12 am to 6 am.
ea4f95c730fe695fe225d845a90928e1753f6417	In this mode, data transmission is disabled, only calls and SMS are available.
b806b4af05cd3b7d9ede44b4fdf80ecdce6d98c5	If you do not like this approach, then you can either adjust the time interval, or completely prohibit this mode.
cc651e52d7690223cd0ab4235239ac25ddc0d489	Platform, Memory, Performance
49912fc692b84fc4a7278b36e1cbcb3b6c608e70	The model is based on the MediaTek MT6752 chipset, this is a second generation 8 core solution that is focused on models of the middle price group.
23c48b9788c30a9a1cbb6ef46fa69d3aff859210	One of the nice features is each Cortex A53 core, the frequency is up to 1.7 GHZ (64 bits).
0a5ce40e82b648241bde1d31dcdda59ba81c6503	The Mali T760 graphics coprocessor, as well as for the first time for the MediaTek chipset of this class, there is built in support for LTE cat.
3ec41a61757434e964fc02ec60263ea479176be9	4 (FDD, TDD is declared, but it is not implemented specifically in this model). The amount of RAM is 2 GB, the built in memory is 16 GB, 12 GB is available to the user.
27fd42e94da42bbf66ea3499b9262bf056e16d57	Despite the fact that the microSD card slot is available under the back cover, hot swapping of cards, unlike SIM cards, is not supported.
932ef6d9739bc8f99c2b147be5e6314a95d2f380	If you insert a memory card into a working device, it will happily inform you that hot swapping is not for it, and it will reboot.
05a989a45b06c11a8ae0dfc31ff13bcb9913d8a8	This is offensive and somehow a little conservative.
67ba11fc7b23b1f443895d4e3fbbd48b46d2ce1b	Another disadvantage is that the specifications indicate support for memory cards only up to 32 GB.
e6ab8d9b8608c75554f647cef13dadf29f14718e	I tried cards with a capacity of both 64 and 128 GB, they do not work.
d44839b4291b325edca255684ce778a4e42b6fdc	This will not be a very serious restriction for many.
4f087a6c432b12012de4d16c180f7f4487a162bc	Now let's focus on performance.
d5a17839f363707cde9fd8f7beb348cc7b6121e5	Judging by the interface, everything is very good here, no brakes, everything is smooth and pleasant.
83cd0ca5888df5b9cf3295f77d1edcb149f309dd	In synthetic tests, the device shows average results, they are not very high.
bba38738f9b28928e5123600ed18066808a9e8d5	But that's why these tests exist to show virtual parrots.
f18e5799eb70b62e67dd236a8875fae061ecde4c	I am sure that for the vast majority of people, the performance of this solution is quite enough.
2f53692141fc005a4740e62aa78a104f1c1c7811	It is located between the Snapdragon 400 and 600 series.
80058a0e32c50bb656d5cc1eee732d2400d26512	Communication capabilities
c73f19b4df076d640f1c2a233308aeca79d0d2e3	The smartphone works in GSM, HSDPA and LTE (4G) networks and is equipped with two slots for microSIM cards.
bff48292197cd2c626c2148de6d90501764e3441	The first slot supports LTE FDD (bands 1, 3, 7, 20), so in Russia the device works without problems with 4G networks.
f260a5cef43cbdfcf3e454be6215e51321f1529b	The second slot is mainly intended for the SIM card that you plan to call, but it can also be used for data transfer.
50b8e769036cd1075ac5435d33630c6ba8960ed8	However, only with the help of 2G (Edge).
35320054d78522d11a3e572798213bbd81da2afc	USB.
c7f8baa21c3c712533e42e06c127792ad2983be0	For synchronization with a PC and data transfer, a complete microUSB cable is used.
8cb4e6aaf7dd2794e1c5006f4c52f6bf420987d6	USB 2.0 interface.
5744b082fca51a5a3a9317a32e2ea88c0bc7830a	USB OTG is supported – flash drives and other drives with FAT/FAT32 file systems can be connected to the smartphone via an adapter.
27058fb54acf5a47b63d3d361240745dfdc90ce6	Bluetooth.
0306e71e31c1bf75dea0414b737008625f5b66e4	Built in Bluetooth 4.0 module with support for the A2DP profile.
a9168e0d99a3453b3ffd2837256e8a852c341de0	Wi Fi (802.11 a/b/g/n).
2724a3901e0a76be3d592c266c03d05e58ab72e9	The smartphone has a dual band Wi Fi module, it works without complaints.
64559a58c24317fcfbd558f4a7b25cd05a752c12	Like any other modern Android device, the Lenovo P70 supports the function of" sharing " the mobile Internet via Wi Fi (Wi Fi router).
b40fb061b20e1bf3f0a72a2b483cc4e9d9742f3b	The usual 13 megapixel module with autofocus, which gives disappointing pictures, they do not look good even on the phone screen.
7078863db670f28a9ea7899437cb4c1b923eb449	However, you can see this for yourself.
7ea22f52da7f41bef81a70cdf99d2c48a6f04372	Example #1
e8bfe9a504bbbdc3c5d405c962f58eca8cebc5cb	Software features
7ebbdccf22c50db7abc763683b6d1a5128310b5c	The device is released on Android 4.4.4, at the moment it is the latest version of the OS.
2c3015178e4b2bb694cf4533aa7ac6e5271281ec	All the features of the Android add on called Vibe UI are described in a separate material.
2f428e38642bf144b363a39994d70b734b7a52dc	I wonot repeat myself.
947f85fa7e10aa3a7dd64145ecb39d0b45696279	Review of the Lenovo Vibe UI interface 2014/2015
557bf357b327d72098a3113be74609f654250283	The question remains whether there will be an update to version 5.0. From the point of view of the chipset, such an update is supported.
78e769e483683e8ec1959c2686b6933e18d064a6	But whether it will be available for this model is unknown.
c7b545aac8c42bd05aeda8be0c5666bd2a5a854d	But the company is trying to update its key models, the P70 belongs to them.
022fe80020572fff0e89bd8a5cb6daef52de54c2	There are no deadlines yet, nor what the update will look like (cable, over the air).
8468c247c56050699a6f4eddd80def4935add3a2	Multimedia features
f38700f9e83f23edc6306426f06a5d1d83934ec7	There are no comments on the quality of communication, everything works well, although there are often re registrations from 4G to 3G and back, at least, if you believe the indicator.
7d40d8705e12dbda9db7d02939bdc4d14e59a9df	For a reference point, take the same $ 250 plus a Russian mark up of 20-25 percent.
ff22a31c13828322693892407e7eaa349583da82	There are not so many analogs on the market that are similar in characteristics, it is enough to recall the Philips W6618, which has a 5300 mAh battery, but all other characteristics are worse – 1 GB of RAM, 4 GB of internal memory, a 5 inch screen with qHD resolution and a price of about $ 200.
e29f21dd1142e156d7d766441d95425fe127b702	By the time the Lenovo P70 appears, many companies will update their lines, new generation devices with high capacity batteries will appear.
2256cc6ee2a5d077491a8a63ef76ac743c25d2d2	Related links
a788492b884282eaa3d29032774a1be208fdd524	Review of the Lenovo Vibe X2 smartphone
500d2ab8a7866e5818c29c40a0b804df389fbc87	Review of the Lenovo Vibe Z2 Pro smartphone
ad699ef8619bb5d9f6b1b27268212fc530f4e10e	Eldar Murtazin (eldar@mobile review.com)
3a95226326a098c20b9c9713fe2f04a772380271	Instagram Blog MrMurtazin.com
df56855dc4f9ec00ac3b95f67f5ad9f27a5011f3	Published — December 26, 2014
6f65e85fb7e7ca588431f6b1738643a8e834931b	Instagram Facebook Telegram Twitter Google+ Instagram
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92726adcb921d06c320f84a57ba45bbe6f799530	Write... eldar@mobile review.com
bfd47c412b664a76f8781da64ef3b5bebb5e896a	News: 20.01.2017 Bluboo will raffle off 50 smartphones as part of the Spring Festival
8889e1037e11907f568db1089880fd91fb5dd1c5	20.01.2017 In the new version of Windows 10 Insider Preview for PC and mobile devices, Microsoft is testing the e book store 20.01.2017 Samsung has found two reasons for the battery explosion in the Galaxy Note7 20.01.2017 Google will stop supporting a number of its old applications
340a2e8a7d1c85984046d529437754f033ad7526	20.01.2017 ZUK Z2 will be updated to Android 7.0 20.01.2017 Samsung Galaxy S8 will receive a cooling system modeled on its predecessor
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ac1d7bbe6ae32e4270cc40f29447ab7e688a4cd8	19.01.2017 Video on the channel: Lenovo P2 Review
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b04428e7b2d81e8106a451b29bb94baf7aa5ea01	Joseph Alexandrovich Brodsky – the only child in a family of Leningrad intellectuals-was born on May 24, 1940 in Leningrad.
6fadfbb95c5cecf91091a0831f9898dd18578336	His father, Alexander Ivanovich Brodsky (1903-1984), was a professional photographer, during the war – a war correspondent on the Leningrad front, after the war he served in the Navy (captain of the 3rd rank), his mother, Maria Moiseevna Volpert (1905-1983), during the war as a translator helped to receive information from prisoners of war, after the war she worked as an accountant.
b66089a29da4262836b92787e633023c3a2c4bbd	He, perhaps the most" non-Soviet " subject of the USSR, was named Joseph in honor of Stalin.
f5cd7d7d772b7303fbf506069af6d8735c00ff68	From an early age, many things are symbolic in Brodsky's life.
7f80f20d5fe18141e26afd2d20232f4196f814a1	They spent their childhood in a small apartment in the same "St. Petersburg" house where they lived before the revolution and from where they went to emigrate.
3d5befb3b0d5acf14a8bc77d81a3573d968e8dbb	At the school that Brodsky attended, Alfred Nobel once studied: in 1986, Brodsky would become a Nobel laureate.
06b8cd7b2885db2c98f02c51f3356668bea9923e	Brodsky recalled his childhood reluctantly: "Russians do not attach much importance to childhood. At least I don't attach it. An ordinary childhood. I don't think that children's impressions play an important role in further development."
693ad2880eccdbddde77c73d6a92fa8980cec69b	Joseph's mother believed that only hooligans study at the school, which is located next to the house, and sent him to a men's school (then there was separate education of boys and girls) far from home. Joseph often caught a cold and stayed at home.
a87398beb6f28dcd4f5ff617eceab76fffaeb74a	His neighbor Vladimir Uflyand, a future poet, recalled that at the age of ten, Osia " realized that he wanted to become a poet, and vowed to become one."
68ee2050c403f7c9296723b3bb770862db023b8e	Brodsky's aesthetic views were formed in Leningrad in the 1940s and 1950s.
bdf96c2c5aec487b7ec77a3aae792df4fd44cd89	Neoclassical architecture, which was severely damaged during the bombing, the endless prospects of the Leningrad suburbs, water, the multiplicity of reflections — the motives associated with these impressions of his childhood and youth are invariably present in his work.
f7604f60e89eec0b1f821f51a43f99aad9647f5d	In 1955, at the age of less than sixteen, after finishing seven grades and starting the eighth, Brodsky left school and entered the Arsenal factory as an apprentice milling machine operator.
9303340f4d15259db97bf31da6b021e33cee06e8	This decision was connected both with problems at school and with Brodsky's desire to financially support the family.
5b8234d383486a4692c1dbcce1198a9e63b77b47	He tried unsuccessfully to enter the school of submariners.
a056f222ecd70d3a94ae2e67134315dcc0a3ef26	At the age of 16, he caught fire with the idea of becoming a doctor, worked for a month as an assistant dissector in the morgue at the regional hospital, anatomized corpses, but eventually abandoned a medical career.
d924a1c0ad325ae85896965d8366ccc6018b7c24	In addition, for five years after leaving school, Brodsky worked as a stoker in a boiler room, as a sailor at a lighthouse.
9ee486a772c0c0b572390b97a3ec2534acb08e57	He intensively studied new languages (primarily English, Polish), attended lectures at the Faculty of Philology of LSU, studied the history of literature, began translating (since the early 60s he signed contracts with publishing houses and worked as a professional poet translator), and continuously wrote his original poems – not trying to please the social order, completely rejecting all banality, but daring to continuously search for a new topic, fresh intonation and sound, unexpected (often semantic) rhyme, a strong memorable image.
30b3dbff1c2824ab5190ff0d7cfe7ec68d796433	He quickly acquired a huge number of friends of different ages ("half a thousand acquaintances", L. Stern), on whom he ran all his new "rhymes, rhymes".
2b5891cfa1c10115f5c75c48fec1a563ed3b0dd9	In typewritten and handwritten lists, from hand to hand, among the intelligentsia reading poetry, wonderful poems and poems of the Leningrad Joseph Brodsky, unknown to the majority, "Christmas Romance", "Procession", "Pilgrims", "Poems", which were distinguished by early maturity, sharpness, recognizable individuality and sharpness of writing, confessional openness, lyrical piercing, amazing subtlest skill of cutting, were quickly distributed among the intelligentsia reading poetry under the epigraph "("Everyone is naked before God...")," Loneliness"," Elegy"," Now I feel tired more and more often..."," Romance"," Fly from here, white moth..."," Guest"," In memory of E. A. Baratynsky"," Leave, leave, leave..."," Petersburg novel"," July intermezzo"," I do not ask for Immortality from death..."," Roosters will shout and clap..."," Stanzas to the city "("May it not be given to me to die away from you...") and many others.
a0a4d83e1424a49f31b5ed78fe4ea4c16ff00575	Despite the lack of significant publications, Joseph Brodsky had a scandalous for that time wide fame of the best, most famous poet of samizdat.
a7985f7ce7b03c2ce73403c04d5d1d5aecc413d5	The early period of Joseph Brodsky's work is extremely productive: actively mastering and assimilating the best samples of domestic and foreign poetry, he clearly formulated for himself the principle of the need for his constant spiritual growth and the recipe for sculpting an individual, easily recognizable poetic masterpiece: conciseness, power, novelty, content, aesopian allegory, aphorism, skill, harmony.
126551be05ac210e400c2a09d9046e2b89cfce64	Russian Russian poetry of the XIX-XX centuries) and the reform of the Russian classical verse, the identification of its new expressive possibilities, he realized early on the need for a synthesis of continuity (Russian poetry of the XIX-XX centuries).
3b885b0616c0b6af41409c5aaf032c08a3003804	I was sad to see that these tasks are not just beyond the vast majority of contemporaries, but are even unknown: "It is impossible to fall behind.
de5b9720b5a16e2f7b4fd1def260c434a3931246	Overtake – only this is possible."
cd161c3543b30f9e265b4bfba2beec78c2ddd971	His social circle is very wide, but most often about poems in 1960-1964. he talked with the same young poets, students of the Technological Institute Evgeny Rein, Anatoly Naiman, Dmitry Bobyshev.
c3602abe08b332e02742aa2a4b859284b85641ce	It was Rein who introduced him to Anna Andreevna Akhmatova, who confidently singled out Brodsky from his entourage, gifted him with friendship and predicted a brilliant poetic future for him.
6425bf48eab59edddef643d491a421fb066c8db0	The reader's impressions of Brodsky at this time are haphazard, but fruitful for the development of a poetic voice.
11485410871f455999aa52dd41b913fdf1933887	Brodsky's first poems, according to his own vocation, arose "out of nothingness": "We came to literature from God knows where, practically only from the fact of our existence, from the depths" (Brodsky's conversation with J. Glad).
16d088f0ca22c95668c1a5c202c8247936c0c0cc	The restoration of cultural continuity for the Brodsky generation meant, first of all, an appeal to the Russian poetry of the Silver Age.
62c7efb7d07758d817a97e89f611610c08a1a489	However, even here Brodsky stands apart.
e90c869ef3b9dc22976fda262c2c3b0b0a218489	By his own admission, he did not "understand" Pasternak until the age of 24, until the same time he did not read Mandelstam, he almost did not know (before personal acquaintance) Akhmatova's lyrics.
95c5f3cfd429c0ad30ff3d66d07358a482b09d09	For Brodsky, the work of M. Tsvetaeva was of absolute value – from the first independent steps in literature to the end of his life.
5ff8425796981616917ae3571fde938a54913090	Brodsky identifies himself more with the poets of the early 19th century.
ea8609fb5e74b24e8cbf0520a8fe8cbc68eae2ed	In Stanzas to the City (1962), he correlates his fate with the fate of Lermontov.
0b933a5c9cd52415c2369104a77395622e5c6778	But here, too, the characteristic feature of the poet is reflected: the fear of being like someone else, of dissolving one's individuality in other people's meanings.
c8f047ce976da21ec5f61314ee226e01c3530c0a	Brodsky defiantly prefers the lyrics of E. Baratynsky, K. Batyushkov and P. Vyazemsky to Pushkin's traditions.
9683cca214b339ba6520baf7077677989c3a5e08	In the 1961 poem The Procession, Pushkin's motifs are presented deliberately aloof, detached, and placed by the author in an alien context, they begin to sound frankly ironic.
0f36f1b81f1f26fd7e42c8dc183782a1da1af8fb	Brodsky's creative preferences were determined not only by the desire to avoid banality.
fcf0510aea2e035085cfcc619e308aa87ef8d472	The aristocratic poise of the" enlightened " Pushkin muse was less close to Brodsky than the tradition of Russian philosophical poetry.
ba90dc8a111f2ebd12244e2ffba3b773a31e2504	Brodsky perceived a meditative intonation, a tendency to the poetics of reflection, the drama of thought.
7b448c9feea7cda20069f1e2c294489043809550	Gradually, he goes further into the past of poetry, actively absorbing the legacy of the 18th century-Lomonosov, Derzhavin, Dmitriev.
15ba91ef84173345422b66023b6a68f219a0b88e	The development of the pre-Pushkin layers of Russian literature allows him to see huge areas of the poetic language.
da3a716d6a90bf13acb2423a0b6b60353444322b	Brodsky realized the need to synthesize continuity and identify new expressive possibilities of Russian classical verse.
23df34c4ef1d8be6fe0dececb771ed7e8006368b	Striving for bilingualism, Joseph Brodsky also wrote essays, literary criticism, and poems in English.
56b8fdf86343de4518103ed0751a41bd2a2ab9b4	In his style, they see the influence of Baroque, neoclassicism, acmeism, English metaphysical poetry, underground, postmodernism.
31b96260f878e8a9716d40068642a4c3c46deb1d	The very existence of this person has become the embodiment of intellectual and moral opposition to lies, cultural degradation.
8a11520d8b8aa0a841c9aa877e49e7292e6d7713	Initially, because of the process of "parasitism", Brodsky became a kind of a household name of an independent artist who resisted the generally accepted hypocrisy and violence-both at home and outside it.
05c001173eb72b59549d368be6ff91a06ebb0753	Until 1987, in the USSR, he was actually a poet for "initiates": keeping his poems at home was not only considered reprehensible, but was punishable, nevertheless, his poems were distributed in a way tested in Soviet times — with the help of Samizdat.
6377a206d4884440cf97005987df5cd746c73ad8	International fame came to the poet after the publication of his first collection in the West in 1965.
9cf2c32eb11a015c404818ae82c6ee709ac1442c	In the USSR, until 1987, Joseph Brodsky was practically not published.
a77f9c5bb05a256ac0481cfd0e214a42110d00f1	Some of Brodsky's lines are well-known as aphorisms of the formula: "Death is what happens to others" or " But until my mouth is filled with clay, only gratitude will come out of it."
1057b1c2fa80ddb07f9db29db9d2a37bf2042182	The world of Brodsky's creations reflected the consciousness of a significant intellectual group of immigrants from Russia, and in general, people of the" exodus", living on the verge of two worlds, in the words of V. Uflyand, "Brodsky humanity": these new wanderers, as if continuing the fate of romantic wanderers, are like a kind of connective tissue of different cultures, languages, worldviews, perhaps on the way to a universal person of the future.
f9ba21f3aa9494b7a43e281b1e34c26908bfe909	After Akhmatova's death in 1966, with the light hand of D. Bobyshev, four young poets, including Brodsky, were often referred to in memoir literature as "Akhmatova's orphans".
d0b50eeef4109b8165b77ee52ff598530a01f6aa	Brodsky, rejected by official circles, becomes famous in literary circles, among the intellectual underground; but he never belongs to any group, is not associated with dissidence.
3d178650bb3a624f8f290ce68f41a0236457f4e9	Large (poems "Guest", "Petersburg Novel", "Procession", "Zofia", "Hills", "Isaac and Abraham") and small forms equally attract the poet.
baf499d656460a6a7051a3d2b31892442692acf7	On huge poetic spaces, Joseph Brodsky works out a sophisticated mastery of the means of modern poetry (virtuosity in metrics, rhythm, rhyme) with the structural refinement, external restraint, and irony characteristic of the St. Petersburg style.
b3a531a1f38b5cc666fae2e87d585461cb449dbd	Brodsky wrote: "God is in each of us" and was proud that he actually re-introduced the word soul into Russian poetry.
5ab8c147c06d8b72c2e8514a2f28cb686cf87e9e	Independence, the then unheard-of spirit of freedom and the appeal to biblical values, despite the absence of "anti-Soviet" in his work, attract the negative attention of the authorities to him.
c2f0d88368d31b3f4492543e779bede152609876	Several times, starting in 1959, Brodsky was interrogated by the KGB.
cea717a79f7803b6c5a5554bec74fb551c7a3d1a	During a trip to Samarkand in December 1960, Brodsky and his friend, former pilot Oleg Shakhmatov, considered a plan to hijack an airplane to fly abroad.
620e31562c13b0121ce34013204dfb298ebc2191	But they did not dare to do this.
215f2ff6dab28e3bcd83a602359f43a5de89028a	Later, Shakhmatov was arrested for illegal possession of weapons and informed the KGB about this plan, as well as about his other friend, Alexander Umansky, and his "anti-Soviet" manuscript, which Shakhmatov and Brodsky tried to give to an American they met by chance.
07abb4f6030896bc02c38f1907c838ec8f005c7b	In 1962, the twenty-two-year-old Brodsky met a young artist Marina (Marianna) Basmanova, the daughter of the artist P. I. Basmanov.
a833ab027ac0f377a36f60fb414c11bf65e967ff	Since that time, many of the poet's works have been dedicated to Marianna Basmanova, hidden under the initials "M. B.".
dab3abeed54b2f2854865159f31302d7245e3adf	"The poems dedicated to" M. B. " occupy a central place in Brodsky's lyrics not because they are the best-among them there are masterpieces and there are poems that are passing-but because these poems and the spiritual experience invested in them were the crucible in which his poetic personality was melted."
9a2446e8549d3d394aed32cdc16ed753e1109e21	On January 2, 1964, in the apartment of E. Rein, who moved to Moscow on Kirovskaya Street, Brodsky learned from L. Stern that his fiancee Marina Pavlovna Basmanova (the parents of the young people on both sides had a sharply negative attitude to their meetings) celebrated the New Year together with D. Bobyshev at the dacha of mutual friends of the Sheinins in Zelenogorsk (near Leningrad).
8f75feb64393c0bb8df73291cf1419eae85c4be1	The poet, full of misgivings, urgently returned to Leningrad, where he learned about the infidelity of the bride and the base, everyday betrayal of his friend.
7c622c6e2d6be17a5c79a5a4f16705a752aa804a	Twenty-three-year-old Brodsky had an extremely difficult experience with this double nasty blow from people very close to him (perhaps the exceptional strength of these experiences that he endured in himself greatly aggravated his heart disease, which caused his premature death).
63b0fbe3b3d24fcab59da3251a5e3bea05ed3abc	Soon another misfortune awaited him: on the evening of February 13, 1964, Joseph Brodsky was unexpectedly arrested on the street.
121f7f35eb4abe173cc9f676f726a90e7a7a28b6	On November 29, 1963, an article" Near-literary Drone "appeared in the newspaper Vecherniy Leningrad, signed by Ya. Lerner, M. Medvedev and A. Ionin.
f5011ab3777b273c0f9bf3d61437f70a2e40659b	The authors of the article branded Brodsky for a "parasitic lifestyle".
24560411e59c21092b624c5e44794d30a73388df	It was obvious that the article was a signal for the persecution and, possibly, the arrest of Brodsky.
89248a22462d6865ab0c9ce685f7d2bf9c2d0c23	Nevertheless, according to Brodsky, more than the slander, the subsequent arrest, trial and sentence, his thoughts were occupied at that time by the break with Marianna Basmanova.
eaed6ddc32eb9c65416a3d44852adcecc049d9a8	During this period, there is a suicide attempt.
02e75b4a5bf7a53fa5cd3d96427dd2531240ee0f	On January 8, 1964, Vecherniy Leningrad published a selection of readers ' letters demanding that the "parasite Brodsky" be punished.
a119d03789e99f025c5f60b771f0642cadceb159	In February 1964, Brodsky was arrested.
97e919afbb1c7fd5d03f3654b81259322dc0df60	A case was fabricated against him: he was accused of parasitism, which at that time was a criminal offense.
46b189a22f80c8d6049fe09b859db669af4789ac	As a result, he was exiled for five years to the village of Norenskaya in the Konoshsky district of the Arkhangelsk region.
dba2774143d8bbadeceba5e25dbda2f93002a0ed	At the trial, the question was answered.
3c4d67b4e4cdd8066f2838603a9e2ee9eabd24a9	"Why didn't you work?"
483a594d48b4af952a3f9ae0598dfb969b22ac84	The 24 year old poet replied: "I was working.
427d6d9bf384fe0b88e11e8d5a92fb35549e4b59	I wrote poetry."
bfb4b60b58ea0bdf1bef831b25a2f127667de8b5	- "Answer me, why didn't you work?"
40017b21071fcaaa4f66fae93e65ed7be32b8c4e	- "I worked hard.
132ad9a167751b63130701e545946cc53f472477	— "Why didn't you study this at the university?"
06f871e70b8bc76a97346cecdbb4a52a5c637cea	"I thought it was from God."
e7b6b25d95dd01acb32c89781e36d1c2de3aed6f	The famous children's writer Frida Vigdorova secretly took shorthand notes of the trial, since the meeting was closed and the press was not allowed to attend it.
53e737af4d599c1af02d10c14ada4d566604530e	In the collective farm "Danilovsky", where the exiled poet was sent, he was first a worker, that is, he performed a variety of unskilled work.
26491a01de047fe443c0a73edc099fd277a17067	As the hostess, with whom he was a guest, recalled, "he carried manure, chopped fence poles...".
3c5b4b52b6edf9259a87aa8faf8b9e9a7d3494d6	But for health reasons, he was allowed to change his work activity.
c972b7d81c3c393f4c48bf94a2e6b5ab83faaed8	And he became a traveling photographer.
7e02164a0b86780def4fd9ea5c5750069b45f44d	At this time (1965), his first book "Poems and Poems"was published abroad without his knowledge.
3f2f6f546773ec75e1a319d9052d48b6422b95f7	By this time, Brodsky was already a fairly well-known poet.
099ab9c7df728123ec6d21c0d62b1d15361a6080	Anna Akhmatova, S. Ya.Marshak, Dmitry Shostakovich and many other personalities stood up for him, whose opinion the Soviet government could not ignore, especially since the Brodsky case received worldwide publicity.
1c2923bddeae08257ee1231b22d721a91bca5f2d	In 1965, by a decision of the Supreme Court, the term of expulsion was shortened.
afb5eec568051b3976cb4a9cdeca480969a6b028	Under pressure from the international cultural community, Brodsky was released early.
230df07a75e580305a5caa9ce79816ceed72f08f	This happened after a year and a half.
d85e37dc542549de53050f567f6ebcd66a115011	The poet's life in his homeland became more and more unbearable every day.
a9b66f2eef28c7890f6860d2893cb2d8c2b68ccf	And on June 4, 1972, Brodsky was forced to leave Russia.
a5005d777d704e4b8ce39db0ed7cc81418146873	In July 1972, Brodsky moved to the United States and accepted the post of "guest poet" (poet in residence) at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, where he taught, intermittently, until 1980.
6b0f92c2f14bef0b36f4cce0eafd47beaf688cfc	Since that moment, Brodsky, who graduated from the incomplete 8th grades of secondary school in the USSR, has been leading the life of a university teacher, holding professorial positions in a total of six American and British universities, including Columbia and New York, for the next 24 years.
c4caa3e1ed6a5e0de57aceff9295f2d2ca4d6d89	Russian Russian literature history, Russian and world poetry, the theory of verse, lectured and read poetry at international literary festivals and forums, in libraries and universities in the USA, Canada, England, Ireland, France, Sweden, Italy.
b0547bdb5c0346e305a2578f7b6f8adc8dde6dde	Over the years, his health steadily deteriorated, and Brodsky, whose first heart attack occurred during the prison days of 1964, suffered 4 heart attacks in 1976, 1985 and 1994.
9af8ae8d4a180aaf13024d1966e4f023e57ffb20	Brodsky's parents applied twelve times to be allowed to see their son[50], congressmen and prominent cultural figures of the United States addressed the same request to the USSR government, but even after Brodsky underwent open heart surgery in 1978 and needed care, his parents were denied an exit visa.
df4cd2774701cf7b78165e68bcaffdb908bac59a	They never saw their son again.
fb5c65004e2ab4ffd55e1225ace43684c92501cf	Brodsky's mother died in 1983, and his father died a little more than a year later.
d1df4c42d40102f1d400c9b4be337ce949b34b81	Both times Brodsky was not allowed to come to the funeral[42].
a4a3532e6cbdbf5bd8f7574dcc0a5b47ed06d8c1	In 1977, Brodsky took American citizenship, in 1980 he finally moved from Ann Arbor to New York, and later divided his time between New York and South Hadley, a university town in Massachusetts, where from 1982 until the end of his life he taught spring semesters in a consortium of "five colleges"[51].
199ac331384c48254294fa874d8da898b5fc1ad0	In 1990, Brodsky married Maria Sozzani, an Italian aristocrat, Russian on his mother's side.
48d99dcec183eb12ab32672c13858213fc5fa966	In 1993, their daughter Anna was born[50].
21af2c2bdfef12c91435804131621ba5194195d2	In the early 1990s, Joseph Brodsky underwent a second heart operation, a third was coming.
92821e681c49b58265dff33494e4538e52b6d355	However, he continued to teach, wrote poetry and prose ("As long as there is such a language as Russian, poetry is inevitable").
e7fa61102be6f330bc9ca487f4f402329ff30623	The last years of his short life are marked by a rise in the intensity of creativity.
0e1ec5e3f532a9168e66aca60139a1ea311cd536	Collections of Brodsky's works begin to be published in Russia: the first of them are "Edification" (1990)," Autumn Cry of a Hawk "(1990)," Poems " (1990).
911c4298c863c566640e47067d7057edaf427364	Following the growing popularity, the awareness of the meaning and influence of Brodsky's poetics is growing.
f5c59f40b912d6c2e04c9e82c25bced6f5ec0967	He brought to Russian poetry the expressive qualities of English, classical Latin poetry.
472ff9c5bf9ac3eaa3ad6d7b5eb8721d27765a3f	The last works are filled with the sad moods of the Stoic poet about the "results" of being.
63583d6da53b2cbb301f81ad5cb4d37e9838b817	Creativity appears as the main goal of the universe, overcoming dumbness, silence and emptiness.
4fe65c913efc30ae6179faf57ba960a107ea3f4a	Poetry as the highest expression of language is the opposition of "nothing".
350861c666fb5489c1b44ca91b8dcd714e56c95b	The decision on the final resting place of the poet took more than a year.
3254fcb0f6f06f45ef5d958cc122f215d16fafb8	According to Brodsky's widow Maria: "The idea of a funeral in Venice was expressed by one of his friends.
094dec76013c059fb261450d5bb8bffd3df35abb	This is the city that, apart from St. Petersburg, Joseph loved most of all.
0e3f421d9709194bd92d5a9cdb12e91efb23430c	Besides, speaking selfishly, Italy is my country, so it was better that my husband was buried there.
e88fa9cebfe4981601d1d47f5a59529aaa047993	It was easier to bury him in Venice than in other cities, for example, in my hometown of Compignano near Lucca.
46898ae2e93b516071fd54b855b82729cb574533	Venice is closer to Russia and is a more accessible city."
609ef2c8f6226cd46d8d2f666817ebbd3dc3feb8	Veronica Schilz and Benedetta Craveri agreed with the authorities of Venice about a place in the ancient cemetery on the island of San Michele.
214f955dba8206e51b884b0248269e82d1ec7da5	On June 21, 1997, the body of Joseph Brodsky was reburied at the San Michele Cemetery in Venice.
a043b58c7d225032a72edc51648596d2c5d0c591	Russian graves were originally planned to bury the poet's body in the Russian half of the cemetery between the graves of Stravinsky and Diaghilev,but this turned out to be impossible, since Brodsky was not Orthodox.
9acaaf717b383e505cfd938960600e3cd618df3c	The Catholic clergy also refused burial.
a7ec340e8ce3112c5ab2e6fc166e02f9786d018a	As a result, they decided to bury the body in the Protestant part of the cemetery.
b62237137f40d2d3d1181aaad41f9a939bf23d28	The resting place was marked by a modest wooden cross with the name Joseph Brodsky.
62b080878a35a13e912d42dc129325532587358a	A few years later, a tombstone monument by the artist Vladimir Radunsky was installed on the grave.
85fedae1f99673ccd6186272e1343c7859f5595f	The literary canonization of Brodsky is an exceptional phenomenon.
0630c8026a3a4d90006807957f0e17010f557427	No other modern Russian writer has been honored to become the hero of so many memoir texts; no one has been devoted to so many conferences"[101].
e580f7ebc5aeda216461184ee7bc56876755aebd	"For me," Lev Losev wrote in 2006 — " the three best memoir sources in Russian are notes about Brodsky by the late Andrey Sergeev, a recent book by Lyudmila Stern "Brodsky: Osya, Joseph, Joseph" and two volumes of "Brodsky through the Eyes of Contemporaries "prepared by Valentina Polukhina"[102].
48e0fa9c211d03c657d0a5bf86c6c0e03d2ac0c3	With regard to Brodsky's creative heritage, the following can be stated with confidence today: at the moment, all publications of Brodsky's works and archival documents are controlled, in accordance with his will, by the Joseph Brodsky Inheritance Fund, headed by his assistant (since 1986) Ann Schellberg, whom Brodsky appointed as his literary executor[103], and his widow Maria Sozzani Brodskaya.
a36964f7062d3448b07b9726d6f14a20ec9e863e	Shortly before his death, Brodsky wrote a letter to the manuscripts department of the Russian National Library in St. Petersburg (where the poet's archive is mainly kept until 1972[106]), in which he asked to close access to his diaries, letters and family documents for 50 years.
fcc6cbf202aad3f799b59df833735eef57c52752	The ban does not apply to manuscripts and other similar materials, and the literary part of the St. Petersburg Archive is open to researchers.
3e271637cd0fd97cb4f75c689a02cd86647938c3	Another archive, mainly of the American period of the poet's life, is freely available (including most of the correspondence and drafts[107]) in the Beinecke Library of Yale University, USA [108][109].
05c46ead565f24fdbcf0f8da7575faa9ed7b265a	The third most important archive (the so-called "Lithuanian") was acquired by Stanford University in 2013 from the Katilus family, friends of Brodsky[110][111].
e9879c23a9f2200ac0bcf6b295553fd0a2c6ba17	In 2000, the Pushkin Foundation undertook the reissue of these collections.
cab2eac910cbd92ff93d12a24ef2166c3be2769f	In the same publishing house in 1997-2001, "The Works of Joseph Brodsky: In 7 volumes"were published[116].
2269f5ce592c5f04dbc22953e5a3c135c2d53fc7	Brodsky's children's poetry in Russian was first collected under one cover in the book "The Elephant and Maruska" [117].
9dd513e5f1d527c073226efcfb8738bd7baa12f3	The English children's poem Discovery was published with illustrations by V. Radunsky in Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1999.
56a1966947896ad2af89eec9ead46ba293c380b3	The Brodsky translator is most fully represented in the book "Exile from Paradise"[118], which includes, among other things, previously unpublished translations.
b366bddc20d2aead502390054f4d9c995562fbe4	In 2000, the New York Farrar, Straus & Giroux published a collection of Brodsky's English-language poetry and his poems in translations (made, in large part, by the author himself) into English: "Collected Poems in English, 1972-1999".
abe63355e1f56cc8c6632be6d7ee2a23a3be4a19	Translations into Russian of Brodsky's English-language poems were undertaken, in particular, by Andrey Olear[119] and Viktor Kulle[120].
564e063e58c482e3d7d1a6f9bf92dfcecee27550	According to A. Olear, he managed to find more than 50 unknown English-language poems by Brodsky in the Beinecke archive[121].
7ee3d8eb71c8445a36cdf0c2851468821d8a4cba	Neither these poems nor their translations have been published to date.
d9bb0ed582a0de074b8108ddfc2ffc44021d0acb	ich Brodsky
5af8cded12f198897fbc1f20993ed6718c421955	Date of birth: May 24 1940(1940-05-24)[1][2]
7b42411d583247dcbb96be6cc16bdd3418b1b5a4	Place of birth: Leningrad, RSFSR, USSR
2c29e5037da156d6f10c3b687ddb761922e29c97	Date of death: January 28, 1996(1996-01-28) [1]
1e805f92b848e0df052cccdc319df876f11f1acd	(55 years old)
3b1ea91761fb831b003f8d825cb9e74cab977ebd	Place of death: Brooklyn, New York, USA[1][3]
73c856f1e363dbb27af89a8b4bcdebbef03b7d39	Citizenship: USSR USSR (1940-1972)
1e7ec533d3c2a82cf63df71ddef120d0136eac74	Stateless (1972-1977)
973791855d9736531b48196a27305a9e06a035fd	USA USA (1977-1996)
2be30b0fd9810031fadcf135df1ac4bd80a2f080	Occupation: poet, essayist, playwright, translator
324ef755e0037eafa16c5547ac544bd3ea44e544	Creative years: 1956-1996
bfb375b05a65a9da37c9a002162438d1e1710c45	Genre: poetry
e0ee15b4e799ccff302e67c9908491372b3cd0f4	Language of works: Russian, English
59747e1111e0249da720863ec848da76b2c1a5cb	Prizes: Nobel Prize in Literature (1987)
541f80b880a9cde0f62173b3e4cc824fcf16efd1	MacArthur Fellowship (1981)
336c51f21d6c00c2135ca65905008c530276d5da	Poet Laureate of the USA (1991)
9940cee9dcfd2862a83d0f049ab23143c87d8860	Works on the site Lib.ru Works in Wikitek Files on Wikimedia Commons
331c556ba44f0b24d4d484494f13469145026398	There are articles on Wikipedia about other people with the surname Brodsky.
7d74a86ca1ec22948138f507cbf8b47122aa385e	The request "Brodsky, Joseph" is redirected here; see also other values.
f460e0b3021673849bd6d54dcce358873b51c993	Joseph Alexandrovich Brodsky (May 24, 1940, Leningrad, USSR January 28, 1996, New York, USA; buried in Venice) was a Russian and American poet, essayist, playwright, translator, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1987, poet laureate of the United States in 1991-1992.
c7e7a1fba87899c0b3dda3812cc72559d0a7c903	He wrote poems mainly in Russian, essays — in English.
8e6d29d4e293b043b8cb7a9d13e6246d617a7838	1 Biography 1.1 Childhood and youth 1.2 Early poems, influences 1.3 Persecution, trial and exile 1.4 Recent years at home 1.5 In exile 1.5.1 Departure 1.5.2 Life line 1.5.3 Poet and essayist 1.5.4 Playwright, translator, writer 1.5.5 English language poet 1.5.6 Return
6d2f1f98e3087445228adff5b5e2ed73336fb6cb	1.6 Death and burial
7e085fcf53f24d3ae49fd946202b0cd70b29d5a9	2 Heritage 3 Family 4 Addresses in St. Petersburg 4.1 In Komarov
683648ee8a0edb820c9648c5b3a922c89be3b2e7	5 Editions 5.1 In English
95a0e9dadd9fcfeb54958187571d7e7ae78bdc70	6 Memory 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Literature 10 References
b0d4c5200b6c5045b11ec7e11be18614ab94ce43	Childhood and youth[edit / edit wiki text]
757664b71e10645d9b5a0d939025cde425b9cc06	Joseph Brodsky was born on May 24, 1940 in Leningrad, in a Jewish family.
5815af17b9dbd6afa996445ea69342f308514f28	His father, captain of the USSR Navy Alexander Ivanovich Brodsky (1903-1984), was a military photojournalist, after the war he joined the photo laboratory of the Naval Museum.
ff79701c1613232b5e460fa066de11a75f986bfa	In 1950, he was demobilized, after that he worked as a photographer and journalist in several Leningrad newspapers.
66ac12ef09478827d3f4f9028dfeb298f797e4ec	Mother, Maria Moiseevna Volpert (1905-1983), worked as an accountant.
7b3aa7e951d64ec3ed430cb23943437908d4aff3	The mother's own sister is an actress of the BDT and the V. F. Komissarzhevskaya Theater, Dora Moiseevna Volpert.
7940e792f471347b24e17c43a41b729d0b089303	Joseph's early childhood fell on the years of war, the blockade, post war poverty and passed without a father.
8a9fc94e3af38ecdc3f9b2c51fe61a835564b4da	In 1942, after the winter of the siege, Maria Moiseevna and Joseph went to Cherepovets for evacuation, they returned to Leningrad in 1944.
44fa577d1b85d1942c1f8cfb5d73627081a2c166	In 1947, Joseph went to school No. 203 on Kirochnaya Street, 8.
52eab40004fec6f89002c09cc5d0acc3bc2cbe4e	In 1950, he moved to school No. 196 on Mokhovaya Street, in 1953 he went to the 7th grade at school No. 181 in Solyanoy Lane and stayed in the following year for the second year.
d7532d6188ee3d94e6c9c24c0f960dbc1e2b62d0	In 1954, he applied to the Second Baltic School (Maritime School), but was not accepted[4].
015cf097e8892d3df9092f3b58e1fd299a9bb4cc	He moved to school No. 276 on the Bypass Canal house No. 154, where he continued his studies in the 7th grade.
150c1ba3555a2ff3c5be25724e3b97aecf0f5723	Muruzi House, view from Liteyny Prospekt.
d9b9a9d2a21ee8633317ab139925c6693d214804	In the middle, a memorial plaque to Brodsky is visible.
c6cf4a4343b442bdc6c8b96e6a6901628f6864dd	The poet's apartment is located on the side of Pestel Street.
c494c24492920b0325eb1226461155cb3b4bdb67	In 1955, the family received a "one and a half rooms" in the Muruzi House[5].
19bfc0339d93352faf21ee3fb694720dad230a53	Since 1957, he was a worker in the geological expeditions of NIIGA: in 1957 and 1958 on the White Sea, in 1959 and 1961 - in Eastern Siberia and Northern Yakutia, on the Anabar shield.
85cd0c6e94f4afa26494536f12fea8fd7df1bf48	In the summer of 1961, in the Yakut village of Nelkan, during a period of forced idleness (there were no deer for further hiking), he had a nervous breakdown, and was allowed to return to Leningrad[6][7].
3bc2ebe1d46c0511bf97522833014944039b4633	At the same time, he read a lot, but chaotically — primarily poetry, philosophical and religious literature, and began to study English and Polish[8].
d84ea8c733640286fd681710ae89923681e1a2b2	Personal card of I.
0c122b14e52a90ee522789271c9e899ad368e1d7	A. Brodsky in the personnel department of Arsenal
b56ac18f5ee2d35b4b3a43c77dd40fa83787acba	In 1959, he met Evgeny Rein, Anatoly Naiman, Vladimir Uflyand, Bulat Okudzhava, Sergey Dovlatov.
bffa27b0c8dc442006c4f3f19b1558533bd9fa77	On February 14, 1960, the first major public performance took place at the "tournament of poets" in the Gorky Leningrad Palace of Culture with the participation of A. S. Kushner, G. Ya.
f47eeff7e46c901944c8607d79b9814dbeedcfe5	Gorbovsky, V.
2e2071bd6a68bd294dc1dba6afaec8701385d567	A. Sosnora.
dce8fdb1a3d00a06eda4d3906d07e0eb0ba0d13c	The reading of the poem "The Jewish Cemetery" caused a scandal[9].
8bd3e6d96bcf3de79f717ec824f501ccc31813fe	Later, Shakhmatov was arrested for illegal possession of weapons and informed the KGB about this plan, as well as about his other friend, Alexander Umansky, and his "anti Soviet" manuscript, which Shakhmatov and Brodsky tried to give to an American they met by chance.
ce1eea5c6c14f99a068c8ea069617cac943166bd	On January 29, 1961, Brodsky was detained by the KGB, but was released two days later[10][11][12].
2406bff399f2ab668ff8fac721ab0570b731a54d	In August 1961, in Komarov, Yevgeny Rein introduces Brodsky to Anna Akhmatova.
3413d3e24c893bdc026797584843106b65ef244d	In 1962, during a trip to Pskov, he met N. Y. Mandelstam, and in 1963, at Akhmatova's, he met Lidia Chukovskaya.
bb42603ea9898a4bd4e51da89e24c183ee402ac6	In 1962, the twenty two year old Brodsky met a young artist Marina (Marianna) Basmanova, the daughter of the artist P. I. Basmanov.
7870df83640cb9050e9101943488a14f304961e3	Since that time, many of the poet's works have been dedicated to Marianna Basmanova, hidden under the initials "M. B.". "The poems dedicated to" M. B. "occupy a central place in Brodsky's lyrics not because they are the best there are masterpieces among them and there are passing poems — but because these poems and the spiritual experience invested in them were the crucible in which his poetic personality was melted"[13].
39d43704ce0b3fad1dc9910cd181388ce43f66e9	The first poems with this dedication - "I hugged these shoulders and looked...", "No longing, no love, no sadness...", "A Riddle to an angel" date back to 1962.
7e836755d57a47d50aca65303977e87736f722de	The collection of poems by I. Brodsky "New Stanzas for August" (USA, Michigan: Ardis, 1983) is made up of his poems of 1962-1982 dedicated to "M. B.".
31b17cd52ce4bec6b81ecab05ec4157a91f5232d	The last poem with a dedication to "M. B." is dated 1989.
a6bfd7c8870d39c9c539cca190a77eed90c1662a	On October 8, 1967, Marianna Basmanova and Joseph Brodsky had a son, Andrey Osipovich Basmanov.
fa383247a210a66cddb75da28db2c8bcfe36f484	In 1972-1995, M. P. Basmanova and I.
c90f57b0df478993046f38d4b5055749ef8d207c	A. Brodsky were in correspondence[14].
6ea6ef18c4256cf5489dc0d4fa06f261855ed02f	Early poems, influences[edit / edit wiki text]
150f6019a71ac23278b8c8bf599c986d9e0f377f	According to his own words, Brodsky began writing poetry at the age of eighteen, but there are several poems dated 1956-1957.
bfd399796dc477e5cd03da4495bf95abaa5b5cbe	One of the decisive pushes was the acquaintance with the poetry of Boris Slutsky.
801603bc987879c1400dac1a960885c7a5733324	"Pilgrims", "Monument to Pushkin", "Christmas Romance" are the most famous of Brodsky's early poems.
a90a1de367b3a3a6144dfdb48ca45f5db3b0436c	Many of them are characterized by pronounced musicality.
fe0c820226f55e6e04f5e8fe8954d469fa5e14ae	So, in the poems "From the outskirts to the center" and "I am the son of the suburb, the son of the suburb, the son of the suburb..." you can see the rhythmic elements of jazz improvisations.
4bfea72f05e4df32a42df8cbcb6e5ab40afa4cbb	Tsvetaeva and Baratynsky, and a few years later — Mandelstam, had, according to Brodsky himself, a decisive influence on him.
013da9ba2a0a2381f9c687b02dd059fb21d0cfda	Among his contemporaries, he was influenced by Yevgeny Rein, Vladimir Uflyand, Stanislav Krasovitsky.
49484c6e90d640db35535f79acfe1378825e2b72	Later, Brodsky called Auden and Tsvetaeva the greatest poets, followed by Cavafy and Frost, Rilke, Pasternak, Mandelstam and Akhmatova closed the personal canon of the poet[15][16].
22d1219e708f005fc84151d2e827e477f3950f3e	Brodsky's first published poem was "The Ballad of a Small Tugboat", printed in an abridged form in the children's magazine "Koster" (No. 11, 1962).
0ef83acc234323e4891f01a011550240ffa0e1a2	Harassment, trial and exile[edit / edit wiki text]
30c5025d9f4cc4495129a2ebc91c46ac2917be93	On November 29, 1963, an article" Near literary Drone "appeared in the newspaper Vecherniy Leningrad, signed by Ya.
80db717def2588baab4ba5267f6ed436bf1a1a09	Lerner, M. Medvedev and A. Ionin.
3749e2b5117029dee5773418cc5b9d333ff8abc7	Of the poetic quotations attributed by the authors to Brodsky, two were taken from Bobyshev's poems, and the third, from Brodsky's poem "The Procession", represented the endings of six lines from which the first halves were cut off.
efe032c019019af348b6f80dae128a1196894e91	The poem "Love the homeland of friends through the passage..." was distorted by the authors of the feuilleton as follows: the first line "Love the homeland of friends through the passage" and the last "Pity the foreign homeland through the passage" were combined into one "I love the foreign homeland".
d5d00420ede29b4453c04a64bcb33c6c951dc449	On January 13, 1964, Brodsky was arrested on charges of parasitism.
93de8c8625a2c03119d405b60407b887640f9553	On February 14, he had his first heart attack in his cell.
8a412a25a52745b4fd1d0ae3b5d895f7081890f5	Since that time, Brodsky constantly suffered from angina pectoris, which always reminded him of a possible close cm erti (which at the same time did not prevent him from remaining a heavy smoker).
09f3fa98f08280d97106c6d4ca26635138b93adc	In many ways, this is why "Hello, my aging!" at the age of 33 and "What can I say about life?
119c7c7b3d6c9b16e7c3163ee91c52a2aad51ee2	What turned out to be a long " in 40 — with his diagnosis, the poet was really not sure that he would live to see this birthday.
e9ea8543355256210fa800a359aa14f9cae39a88	Two sessions of the trial of Brodsky[17] (judge of the Dzerzhinsk court Savelyeva E. A.) were recorded by Frida Vigdorova and were widely distributed in samizdat.
360f4e1217cf5ee7a51520a95027a6340fda3088	Judge: What is your work experience?
fe6c3b9547615730f0007aaf9a0181d3acf9c0ec	Brodsky: Approximately… Judge: We are not interested in "approximately"!
302713e2af4b29a4075798f0907cba5be25df2da	Brodsky: Five years.
4b72f22e3c9e74d6d487a415b316dd2138ca31c7	Judge: Where did you work?
ad170f66d4f7adea5e17af2063793a39f60fac26	Brodsky: At the factory.
d920535da7fddfd4fa9550fa632798a2844c2231	Judge: How long have you worked at the plant?
bce540f20aafbbeadcc0435ed24e6c3823e5215c	Brodsky: A year.
d5c102208f4f953a0d438f3be6dbe8d5258073ef	Judge: By whom?
7c27485b6aee2cd75e3b1ab72a2d0ffd8be72eda	Brodsky: A milling machine operator.
b079fcfaff3eb963d41cfdec8bb83b2760ede641	Judge: And in general, what is your specialty?
946cff955fa4a6e7e3e5885a805ac966623a66c0	Brodsky: Poet, poet translator.
3bca22e2d2d65382ba31c28855654e2eb0c495a5	Judge: And who admitted that you are a poet?
08d38e81e310908de6fd0f7e6addb66a3e8f0971	Who ranked you among the poets?
059b739d19958d7e9553793fe6fd622808e8a253	Brodsky: Nobody.
ed196a3e6df811abeddb645fecd28b402e03754f	(Without calling).
1cfec70bfc7037f4ad070374570fce4f917348ff	And who ranked me among the human race?
91a23ecaa9933086657ef28ecef9bc44377e14e1	Judge: Did you study this?
aeab10b7ff9aa20e4688d0a82790b5d4e4d423e2	Brodsky: To what?
11fed5bdbeadfd9bef90b59330989e89a030c10e	Judge: To be a poet?
3a72cb3667c46b361e128649eeace28a06fcd5c4	Did you try to graduate from a university where they prepare... where they teach ...
2f67e6bc2fd75dccf5e8b44a18db5712ed693355	Brodsky: I didnot think… I didnot think it was given by education.
d084c28ad32163f7b6384f4334dc0c89d58c13c9	Judge: And what about?
42b856b95a762555fc2d543a201b9d30213a0b3b	Brodsky: I think it's ... (confused) from God… Judge: Do you have any petitions to the court?
acae275343218881c8f08c1e0379ae12a4297aa7	Brodsky: I would like to know: why was I arrested?
7f0ab6f1fb959bede5342cf13caba949ffe64363	Judge: This is a question, not a petition.
9fb2762f727e83ca3ee9c63b88eb2b4a7a89bdff	Brodsky: Then I have no petition.
95a4676f6b02374dd7ebba1cfcc9b4b144777d72	Photo from the courtroom
f897d43b5383de2ec837d0071bc66432b73aca93	Brodsky's lawyer said in her speech[18]: "None of the prosecution witnesses knows Brodsky, has not read his poems; prosecution witnesses testify on the basis of some incomprehensibly obtained and unverified documents and express their opinion by making accusatory speeches."
262be1e8140021dd7899b0e40e0a3987b692dd54	On March 13, 1964, at the second court session, Brodsky was sentenced to the maximum possible punishment under the Decree on "parasitism" — five years of forced labor in a remote area.
06381ccad30b32bad8ad8dbd293955c6ac0dd0ba	He was exiled (transferred under escort together with criminal prisoners) to the Konoshsky district of the Arkhangelsk region and settled in the village of Norinskaya.
d12f29c36d1ebd3ab61701cf008c3ae7b856355c	In an interview with Volkov, Brodsky called this time the happiest in his life.
ddd5c60acdafe8b02849f6cdff28c8d04eaeed37	In exile, Brodsky studied English poetry, including the work of Wisten Auden:
53ef0f96bc24af499f4ffa76ac7b6cefa9ff6044	I remember sitting in a small hut, looking through a square window the size of a porthole at a wet, swampy road with chickens wandering along it, half believing what I had just read… I simply refused to believe that back in 1939 an English poet said: "Time ... idolizes language," and the world has remained the same.
f5b5228896b2398f8dbb2291dad3023684411977	- "Bow to the shadow"
06ace4c3989ee2d26eb893de6ba273d23be5cadd	Along with extensive poetic publications in emigrant publications ("Airways", "New Russian Word", "Sowing", "Edges", etc.), in August and September 1965, two poems by Brodsky were published in the Konosh district newspaper "Appeal".
00fa500ee26879e2e1b6ced23fb46d9b292d261f	The trial of the poet was one of the factors that led to the emergence of the human rights movement in the USSR and to increased attention abroad to the human rights situation in the USSR.
ecf7b583e28d3147ae89e9dd5d556527bea5f3f6	The recording of the trial, made by Frida Vigdorova, was published in influential foreign publications: "New Leader", "Encounter", "Figaro Litteraire", was read on the BBC.
e84f2162a56879be5ae84e2a576971f1c80d1b25	With the active participation of Akhmatova, a public campaign was conducted in defense of Brodsky.
12002815466d86e3d8a496d5b98c82c6fa905e6a	The central figures in it were Frida Vigdorova and Lydia Chukovskaya.
0165f7c7a201b1e55fd7d7d76fbc5011d1334736	For a year and a half, they tirelessly wrote letters in defense of Brodsky to all party and judicial instances and involved people with influence in the Soviet system in the case of Brodsky's defense.
f87d2c4dd4084e686870dd4aa732a5a3bb5faa67	Letters in defense of Brodsky were signed by D. D. Shostakovich, S. Ya.
1105a529768148a596f7568878ad83eef0c8b22a	Marshak, K. I. Chukovsky, K. G. Paustovsky, A. T. Tvardovsky, Yu.P. German and others.
0716167ad847082b89cb4b80c3f310f431c89b7c	After a year and a half, in September 1965, under pressure from the Soviet and world community (in particular, after an appeal to the Soviet government by Jean Paul Sartre and a number of other foreign writers), the term of exile was reduced to actually served, and Brodsky returned to Leningrad.
8d930b618a0f003cb56121ec780140d44c5fcf65	According to Y. Gordin: "The efforts of the luminaries of Soviet culture did not have any influence on the authorities.
2ebaafae6afa89c34ea3dcb1c8f9bd60fa60b150	Decisive was the warning of the" friend of the USSR "Jean Paul Sartre that the Soviet delegation at the European Writers' Forum could find itself in a difficult situation because of the "Brodsky case"[19].
9fff32ba2a64bedf5730cc1f635d2230723e07de	In October 1965, Brodsky, on the recommendation of Korney Chukovsky and Boris Vakhtin, was accepted into the Group of Translators at the Leningrad Branch of the USSR Writers ' Union[20], which allowed him to avoid further accusations of parasitism.
95ece321c0014a2bd611673f040e4b907694eba7	A. Volgina wrote that Brodsky "did not like to talk in interviews about the hardships he suffered in Soviet psychiatric hospitals and prisons, persistently moving away from the image of a "victim of the regime" to the image of a "self made man""[21].
0557fe1b3261576fde2e0c1acc9cd8c7a8b72861	In particular, he claimed :" I was lucky in every way.
647ef7e8b7d41ceed19ccb83e5cad515a13e975a	Other people got much more, it was much harder than me."
9a144330c7feebbec58e5c0da2397fe593b72278	And even: "... I think that I deserve all this at all"[22].
5d43cbee6b9883d0c5755e906356762fdd9828cb	In" Dialogues with Joseph Brodsky " by Solomon Volkov, Brodsky says about the recording of the trial by Frida Vigdorova: "It's not so interesting, Solomon.
13b447acc84532e423eaa18b8be85b486d4c30cd	Believe me"[23], to which Volkov expresses his indignation:
40657f378df247d3fde97f384e8dae073dee6a5b	SV: You are assessing this so calmly now, in hindsight!
a5edef1d5f280356bda68dcbb30b9056162f504e	And, forgive me, you are trivializing a significant and dramatic event by this.
d1bc99a58dacebdca8a8017959e8144e5bb0622d	What for?
a77b9bfe6749140ec4462a16eddf642720324b10	IB: No, I'm not making it up!
ee8c4a085521995323af4d1e03ca6babfa637979	I'm talking about it the way I really think!
81ab27b1c40f05d02a9ce33a2bc9854d760939ff	And then I thought the same way.
fc27a1d246af233ad5dae5d5c4c8672afe53f24e	I refuse to dramatize all this!
cb4d1d995043c97f8702d7b58154a3a333a379e2	The last years at home[edit / edit wiki text]
effa7e03ab1c33c47030672e2282820766d509b5	Brodsky was arrested and sent into exile as a 23 year old boy, and returned as a 25 year old established poet.
c19ae2bbd3027633bfed0c66af343b85eb6341ef	He was given less than 7 years to stay in his homeland.
b0a998c0318141ec31d1748e03830ba800a9fdd4	Maturity has come, the time of belonging to one or another circle has passed.
14d70c69363662e6f68beeeea3a957333c114ea9	In March 1966, Anna Akhmatova died.
a70a8181be50fcb4ccd24f92a367505984f8673d	Even earlier, the "magic choir" of young poets that surrounded her began to disintegrate.
aa1478fd07e2a33691b0c7b1da66a6ceaf178367	Brodsky's position in the official Soviet culture during these years can be compared with the position of Akhmatova in the 1920s and 1930s or Mandelstam in the period preceding his first arrest.
9ddc1bf3d519003f2039ce10ea43b5f6a3141526	At the end of 1965, Brodsky handed over the manuscript of his book "Winter Mail (Poems 1962-1965)" to the Leningrad branch of the publishing house "Soviet Writer".
37d1d1f04f2dd971a3410156b7e3d2e9461dadd7	A year later, after many months of ordeal and despite numerous positive internal reviews, the manuscript was returned by the publisher.
b97d48c8bfb544825d16f89dced0a87287bef949	"The fate of the book was not decided in the publishing house.
4b959461327623735e3c582d44d33b3e1f43f390	At some point, the regional committee and the KGB decided to cancel this idea in principle."
7badefb660c1d89b73d5540c607ac338cda3ec27	In 1966-1967, 4 poems of the poet appeared in the Soviet press[24] (not counting publications in children's magazines), after that there was a period of public silence.
9ce2cd9d897e921cb64b1ca5d934ab07543f6cd8	From the reader's point of view, translations remained the only area of poetic activity available to Brodsky[25].
62682698be0affeb97a4ca35ec6f1d7a31c9f6e2	"There is no such poet in the USSR," the Soviet Embassy in London said in 1968 in response to an invitation sent to Brodsky to take part in the international poetry festival Poetry International[26].
2d1e54d26ba07d819ad509ff70af17bc7bc3d660	Meanwhile, these were years filled with intense poetic work, which resulted in poems that were later included in books published in the United States: "A Stop in the Desert"[27], "The End of a Beautiful Era"[28] and "New Stanzas for August"[29].
2fbfa1b79e1c6469bf9d15a32d26f31ca8f320b9	In 1965-1968, work was underway on the poem "Gorbunov and Gorchakov" — a work to which Brodsky himself attached very great importance.
8be76abebfb1098da51844a208a9b69bcfcbdb9d	In addition to infrequent public speeches and reading at the apartments of friends, Brodsky's poems were widely distributed in samizdat (with numerous inevitable distortions — there was no copying technology in those years).
ebd42df001e78ec3433504a2c9c9a6da063dfe09	Perhaps they got a wider audience thanks to the songs written by Alexander Mirzayan and Yevgeny Klyachkin[30][31].
62dbf26e47210bb71c8334081d11e25356b280e7	Outwardly, Brodsky's life was relatively calm during these years, but the KGB did not leave its "old client"behind.
7de4f204aba83f0086f09d96dc2079e1f8ca17e4	This was also facilitated by the fact that "the poet is becoming extremely popular with foreign journalists, Slavic scholars who come to Russia.
5dab5929c7c2ba69c86b12bd390ca41a7d5785c9	He is interviewed, invited to Western universities (of course, the authorities do not give permission to leave), etc."[32].
602cf6cb2796412299b90970936293d4c71cc0d9	In addition to translations — the work on which he took very seriously — Brodsky earned extra money in other ways available to a writer excluded from the" system": as a freelance reviewer in the magazine" Aurora", random" hack jobs "at film studios, even starred (as a secretary of the City Party Committee) in the film"Train to distant August" [33].
4a17974baf93845a86efe1803ee839101a7d999d	Outside the USSR, Brodsky's poems continue to appear both in Russian and in translations, primarily in English, Polish and Italian.
13ce35531c5ea0f2a1fbe042a8a3725867fafb49	In 1967, an unauthorized collection of translations " Joseph Brodsky.
f69b32948af8c9f2471b02ecb36b1c737d521da4	Elegy to John Donne and Other Poems / Tr. by Nicholas Bethell».
0185ab9abbeff7cd479585534a048a893a961237	In 1970, A Stop in the Desert was published in New York[27] — the first book by Brodsky, compiled under his supervision.
4910d11803c174e325be67a31e0e2295744d3bb7	Poems and preparatory materials for the book were secretly exported from Russia or, as in the case of the poem "Gorbunov and Gorchakov", were sent to the West by diplomatic mail.
90ab5eeff2d2c99e5b89a914637b5e7a9609d627	Part of this book by Brodsky included the first ("Poems and Poems", 1965) [34], although at the insistence of the author, twenty two poems from the early book were not included in the "Stop".
6b9638b0525c77d21ed48a43dc904aef44497aea	But about thirty new things were added, written between 1965 and 1969.
b053182148f15f7be70b06928b8a227554c3bf26	In the" Stop in the Desert " there was the name of Max Hayward as the editor in chief of the publishing house.
08f8a664136e8f0b79a50f3f5608b34c2f1e221a	I was considered the actual editor of the book, but we ... decided that it was better not to mention my name, since since 1968, mainly from because of my contacts with Brodsky, the KGB took note of me.
6c75515ba71d78f6a857659143b8bb21ec864b54	I myself believed that Brodsky was the real editor, since it was he who selected what to include in the book, outlined the order of the poems and gave names to six sections.
3d1750fb0dfb35421d46a74d204f04a9d4bc5f41	- George L. Kline.
f666972f559114312bea77e1eb2801816a5d8dc3	The history of two books[35]
f5fba71c0e8767c7dd0608edb61553491383e9d1	In 1971, Brodsky was elected a member of the Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts.
9d7c3ebe9f8e52d4a2016e29212b1c44ef13e375	In exile[edit / edit wiki text]
a77f7fb3c60f861e245f006436ee29e98a89ead9	Departure[edit / edit wiki text]
a0e8a1be911439a774dc894c2336f659038026d5	The suitcase with which on June 4, 1972
595886edb0e7178814371174a8f5c4cec2154220	Joseph Brodsky left his homeland forever,
888d45edc12cb4a9024838785ac3f9bdb135b645	taking away a typewriter, two bottles of vodka
592bd2902120434656f96b1002833345ef48f1d1	for Wisten Hugh Auden
b7359036f6c5d9c73a6c19284f9fdf672987f543	and a collection of poems by John Donne.
dffaa132b38057cafa33b4ab61dbb8ba0e3c82a9	The American Cabinet of Joseph Brodsky
2bbf8be5b1e03e08c844c64fb160757177c47a41	in the Anna Akhmatova Museum in the Fountain House.
0dfb5c789fbeb2657af6d577768863870969566a	Photo of 2014
10975d8cf2b02564ac261a26faf6d69bd674e3ff	On May 10, 1972, Brodsky was summoned to the OVIR and faced with a choice: immediate emigration or "hot days", which metaphor in the mouth of the KGB could mean interrogations, prisons and mental hospitals[37].
6ef779e742381c6bb1153fa9701a54582c953913	By that time, he had already twice — in the winter of 1964 had to be "examined" in psychiatric hospitals, which, according to him, was worse than prison and exile[38][39]. Brodsky decides to leave[40].
6fd0f7cde5168d0467173514cc35c6545f5c667d	Having learned about this, Vladimir Maramzin suggested that he collect everything written for the preparation of a Samizdat collection of works.
80a5f5a929e059887295191b11606ca7ec4e4b55	The result was the first and until 1992 the only collection of works by Joseph Brodsky[41] - of course, typewritten.
263a2fd5eb1c913057057a1bcf9beef08f404857	Before leaving, he managed to authorize all 4 volumes[42].
3c2a7abd428dc3b5311785e849890c5f6521ef19	Having chosen emigration, Brodsky tried to delay the day of departure, but the authorities wanted to get rid of the unwanted poet as soon as possible[43].
45692d5ed2da41fe104869e00ba0c5c47c31a635	On June 4, 1972, deprived of Soviet citizenship, Brodsky took off from Leningrad on the route prescribed for Jewish emigration: to Vienna[44].
0d2135ac545f54624ad5d24e1b450851d3ce72d5	3 years later, he wrote:
7398bf987255b80077e9e151d2e18f9838bf5ce4	Blowing a hollow pipe, what is your fakir,
99523c090e6d521cf4ab1a620dce840c4e1a9ab7	I walked through a line of janissaries in green,
83dc0ab256123c16f007ba4923e4f5c7db30c1bc	feeling the cold of their evil axes with their eggs,
114e1331f29345626ae3eb374748ac20922d07af	as when entering the water.
8d407485d546ce0463130369a6cbf7e00b46cace	And here, with salty
175d69ac4fc7138cd3a9f8cc8f297327a9c7bb98	the taste of this water in your mouth,
0002bdbb00edfa7d752c73b59636155741f629a0	I crossed the line…
f60228f0b3bec0b57abf9f703831eab86ffce1d1	- Lullaby of Cod Cape (1975)
c3c9d67a8500e4e6b33af8db62beeff755ef0226	Brodsky, who refused to dramatize the events of his life, recalled the subsequent events with considerable ease[45]:
9de3dc288aadb2c2109642b655f73720f8a6ebac	The plane landed in Vienna, and Karl Proffer met me there… he asked, " Well, Joseph, where would you like to go?"
ae47be5f51f38ddcf1793b31b3781e11bd931cc4	I said, "Oh, my God, I have no idea"... and then he asked: "How would you like to work at the University of Michigan?".
238c8c517db8b6b6698f65bc31e2d69ad1fdd95e	Other coverage of these words is given by the memoirs of Seamus Heaney, who knew Brodsky closely, in his article published a month after the poet's death[46]:
776d60ceea5e7492337bf83635b0acd17cf35f85	"The events of 1964-1965 made him something of a celebrity and guaranteed fame at the very moment of his arrival in the West; but instead of taking advantage of the status of a victim and going with the flow of "radical chic", Brodsky immediately started working as a teacher at the University of Michigan.
9ed07f77d65222aebefbe9baa3375d9afa96d9f7	Soon his fame was based not on what he had managed to accomplish in his old homeland, but on what he did in the new one."
01e1128d42c8a1dd409331bd5167ebc1811607c1	— Seamus Heaney.
cc27e2f8b0ba9779490d5397a79727e666a13719	The Singer of Tales: On Joseph Brodsky
188cd8e0ab76a156b4ca0e92e6e9f7f7c7ddedec	Two days after his arrival in Vienna, Brodsky goes to get acquainted with U., who lives in Austria.
3171312220b4790fa75a58b58be80b56a978f894	I'll get dressed.
0f152b87f67c8320dff879ab5161361e26e597e9	"He treated me with extraordinary concern, immediately took me under his care... undertook to introduce me to literary circles"[45].
6cfe822d56726b2033eba59df9aaefe0cf3dd8f7	Together with Auden, Brodsky takes part in the International Poetry Festival (Poetry International) in London at the end of June.
1bd515a8790ed73d2885ed82bbf7de72d4e5d7bd	Brodsky was familiar with the work of Auden from the time of his exile and called him, along with Akhmatova, a poet who had a decisive "ethical influence"on him[38].
bf876a8dba9795dc3f1af5feea277faf112aa099	At the same time in London, Brodsky met Isaiah Berlin, Stephen Spender, Seamus Heaney and Robert Lowell[42].
1059983857f61b78b6221f84be88dea29233937c	Lifeline[edit / edit wiki text]
9d83c8ec075e5e9e8ca2587d5fdb2cf7896463c2	"Taught" in his case needs explanation.
f0e2e46df06709e3ae28ac5addb3507f2fd9c9d3	For what he did was not much like what his university colleagues, including poets, did.
5e3a57ee71980c1f6b59962fa51ebf7f557f50c2	First of all, he simply did not know how to "teach".
e8ca637d7207fa8854bf643a7a0d1bf2c4a3346c	He had no personal experience in this matter… Every year out of twenty four, for at least twelve consecutive weeks, he regularly appeared in front of a group of young Americans and talked to them about what he loved most in the world — about poetry… What the course was called was not so important: all his lessons were lessons of slow reading of a poetic text…
d154e20e6c0c9d56b336e29a9ef88d6e0aa31d6f	- Lev Losev[47]
1a252a3612dafe9eb5e7d941305e7d830564ca43	Here is the testimony of a doctor who visited Brodsky in the first month of Norin's exile:
3e5afa03200bf0e2f9d72812728ea5e38f273818	"There was nothing acutely threatening in his heart at that moment, except for weak signs of the so called dystrophy of the heart muscle.
ebaccd03efdd7fda468ea8ffa23137189de343c4	However, it would be surprising if they were absent with the lifestyle that he had in this forestry farm...
fac9a4fe2174d9264da1fefe653a4f6a599d5045	Imagine a large field after cutting down the taiga forest, on which huge stone boulders are scattered among numerous stumps… Some of these boulders exceed the size of a person's height.
551daf9dc91dd6c819ae85dd89deaef6f8c597c5	The job is to roll such boulders on steel sheets with a partner and move them to the road… Three or five years of such exile — and hardly anyone has heard of the poet today... because his genes were prescribed, unfortunately, to have early atherosclerosis of the heart vessels.
409cb03e2b8e0acc6bc9e392908835d45e4f5c4c	And medicine learned to deal with this, at least partially, only thirty years later"[48][49].
6ebb166f8ef3d7c84f8ae1329f18a429fd5f7310	The book "Part of Speech" (1977), the poems "The Thought of you is removed like a demoted servant..." (1985), "In memory of my father: Australia" (1989), the essay "One and a half Rooms" (1985) are dedicated to parents.
0f53895ebc8dc3a36825e2ac56fbe7bbbb53ed19	Brodsky with his wife Maria, nee Sozzani.
7eac5da31aee07d3be54c9cabc7c576e55302856	Photo by M. Baryshnikov
266685b92bdc73efda909c9b1e55e8822bcfdbd8	Poet and essayist[edit / edit wiki text]
90e90dd397a96b55dde3fd93aa0afe71fabdb78e	Brodsky's poems and their translations have been published outside the USSR since 1964, when his name became widely known thanks to the publication of the recording of the poet's trial.
383658b804eac0680f7e6e4a623a6fa06ef947df	Since his arrival in the West, his poetry has regularly appeared on the pages of publications of the Russian emigration[52].
a377a1d9c97eceb5d22a364561adc46a7178fb92	Translations of Brodsky's poems are published almost more often than in the Russian language press, primarily in magazines in the USA and England[42], and in 1973 a book of selected translations appeared[53].
7e9aa39b6c541df49525cadd4921debf37a7244e	But new books of poems in Russian are published only in 1977.
4297492fb47af3444c2dc98946dd546c6859eec9	These are " The End of the Beautiful Era "[28], which included poems from 1964-1971, and"Part of Speech" [54], which included works written in 1972-1976.
91d5f2895fc36bbd86810667926aba58e7a080ee	The reason for this division was not external events (emigration) — the understanding of exile as a fateful factor was alien to Brodsky's work[55] - but the fact that, in his opinion, qualitative changes were taking place in his work in 1971/1972[50].
140fa4e8e68cd00a50a16696f810284ba9bdda60	"Still Life", "To One tyrant", "Odyssey to Telemachus", "The Song of Innocence, aka Experience", "Letters to a Roman friend", "Bobo's Funeral"are written on this fracture.
d855666873d905e09adfb10f3104975cc12e5a69	In the poem "1972", begun in Russia and completed abroad, Brodsky gives the following formula: "Everything that I did, I did not do for the sake of fame in the era of cinema and radio, / but for the sake of my native speech, literature...".
93c16d9c40274b2f87888155f8270f1d9ea8e84f	The title of the collection - "Part of Speech" - is explained by the same premise, lapidarly formulated in his Nobel lecture: "who is who, and the poet always knows <...> that language is not his instrument, but he is the means of language"[56].
3362ec70ae3fad51479e3d727ff0982475f2890a	In the 1970s and 1980s, Brodsky, as a rule, did not include in his new books poems included in earlier collections.
7d9389c264d97c4ae6b417816e5f07e3202a749e	An exception is the book "New Stanzas for August"published in 1983[29], composed of poems addressed to M. B. — Marina Basmanova.
a7e387cf2049d9fb75a9ce743808ea7f347c76fd	Years later, Brodsky said about this book: "This is the main work of my life <...> it seems to me that as a result, "New Stanzas for August" can be read as a separate work.
b7c2e6b8646ae7ff85580f4583980a2a987be09a	Unfortunately, I didnot write The Divine Comedy.
3dbdafd8cd2f608a1f9671559bcc7624779ce5a1	And, apparently, I will never write it again.
7ae1851557f8a9a221d6ed7eb69456a92b543896	And here it turned out to be a kind of poetic book with its own plot..."[38].
9aa6fa8f7f4f434aef658f057ef0d84ae5a5c7a5	"New Stanzas for August" became the only book of Brodsky's poetry in Russian, compiled by the author himself.
b84ebb689d21b7d83d2f7791bb7a368a2c901b27	Since 1972, Brodsky has been actively turning to essay studies, which he does not leave until the end of his life.
0cfe4d95429039ca3c66673c276966e9ea1d38eb	Three books of his essays are published in the USA: "Less Than One"[57] (Less than one) in 1986, "Watermark" [58] (Embankment of the Incurable) in 1992 and "On Grief and Reason" [59] (About grief and Reason) in 1995.
e40218a43aa60b1ea40f2aab8bc7cee991ba3733	Most of the essays included in these collections were written in English[60].
71535614a3c39340bb4d33be99b9cc3f23316189	His prose, at least to no less extent than his poetry, made Brodsky's name widely known to the world outside the USSR [61].
3046545c918a8c42595bce97f6dd18a9b8d61767	The collection "Less Than One" was recognized by the American National Council of Literary Critics as the best literary critical book in the USA for 1986[62].
7588761b1158c6414085a71f91f2a4285021e9f1	By this time, Brodsky was the owner of half a dozen titles of a member of literary academies and an honorary doctor of various universities, was the winner of the MacArthur Scholarship in 1981.
6e095f22b77f5e2c77d60e6a903af19344b65afa	The next big book of poems — "Urania"[63] - was published in 1987.
3241f26eccf4124761c37dbf2fdba962c72aa9e9	In the same year, Brodsky won the Nobel Prize in Literature, which was awarded to him "for a comprehensive work imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity" ("for an all embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity")[64]. 47 year old Brodsky began his Nobel speech written in Russian, in which he formulated a personal and poetic credo with the words:
7c069f59fd6b21c35d2804eb4e310e2f084007c6	"For a private person who has preferred this privacy to any public role all his life, for a person who has gone quite far in this preference — and in particular from his homeland, because it is better to be the last loser in democracy than a martyr or the ruler of thoughts in despotism to suddenly appear on this podium is a great embarrassment and a test"[56]
615fd3fa4e6ccc99996d159508a2212bd6d6ea9d	In the 1990s, four books of new poems by Brodsky were published: "Notes of a Fern"[65], "Cappadocia"[66], "In the vicinity of Atlantis"[67] and published in Ardis after the poet's death and became the final collection "Landscape with a flood"[68].
e579934cc5ef62c588b46ae44771b03232f54dbf	The undoubted success of Brodsky's poetry both among critics and literary critics [69], and among readers, probably has more exceptions than would be required to confirm the rule[70].
c3985fb5993ada3b38e2dfbf1777296ce1298b84	The reduced emotionality, musical and metaphysical complexity especially of the" late " Brodsky also repel some artists.
0ba49465b9d10388a56a264eb5153015236c0fdf	In particular, we can name the work of Alexander Solzhenitsyn[71], whose reproaches to the poet's work are largely ideological in nature.
fa5fb7146c5da70a629e570848f04eaeed877c98	Almost verbatim, he is echoed by a critic from another camp: Dmitry Bykov in his essay on Brodsky [72] after the beginning: "I am not going to repeat here the common platitudes that Brodsky is "cold", "monotonous"," inhuman"...", - further does exactly this: "In the huge corpus of Brodsky's works, there are strikingly few living texts… It is unlikely that today's reader will finish reading "The Procession", "Goodbye, Mademoiselle Veronica" or "A Letter in a Bottle" without effort — although, undoubtedly, he will not be able to appreciate "Part of the Speech", "Twenty Sonnets to Mary Stuart" or "Conversation with a Celestial": the best texts of the still living, not yet petrified Brodsky, the cry of a living soul feeling its ossification, glaciation, dying."
82fffff4f427485a4671048ec767c9565191cecc	The last book, compiled during the poet's lifetime, ends with the following lines:
6f1488084ae98395cc9e319d5634786dc521d1a3	And if you donot expect for the speed of light, thank you,
503cbfd7fe8dbab2b50346b38bf4944198c8981b	that is, maybe, the armor of non existence
7ba93ed9d425e86761dcc6c085a03eda4b322c19	he appreciates the attempts to turn it into a sieve
c0216eb0010aa4fc56eaeb59e527976180c37cff	and he will thank me for the hole.
72ca76e378488a183c073c53bc0f4b3d2bc10714	— "I was reproached for everything, except for the weather..."
9af7673d405a54c631a07780392733d681ffdb2f	[73]
26d2e2306fb5ac315ea2f34443dba7d180a27ed5	Playwright, translator, writer[edit / edit wiki text]
bec0c8a23a28965d30f61e693948ded42582bba9	Brodsky wrote two published plays: "Marble", 1982 and "Democracy", 1990-1992.
f229feaa74506edab35e76fda27d35e79e5d01c3	He also owns translations of the plays of the English playwright Tom Stoppard "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead" and the Irishman Brendan Behan "Talking about a Rope".
7a27d1f71a38147d8d7c7a9a4d04f4b6865710a0	Brodsky left a significant legacy as a translator of world poetry into Russian.
f5ad8c6611ca7da06a1fb8c9f2b9e704960a3f05	Among the authors translated by him, one can name, in particular, John Donne, Andrew Marvell, Richard Wilber, Euripides (from Medea), Konstantinos Cavafy, Constanta Ildefons Galchinsky, Czeslaw Milos, Thomas Wenzlov.
0adc38dc17869097a40e305e6ce9eafa2d5d5cda	Much less often Brodsky turned to translations into English.
9cf765958b2ab9a5da34c491e2f3e3f22df0ab3c	First of all, these are, of course, self translations, as well as translations from Mandelstam, Tsvetaeva, Vislava Shimborskaya and a number of others.
5258ae6c39092c951f8de9a0bf4689b971ec88cd	Susan Sontag, an American writer and a close friend of Brodsky, says: "I am sure that he considered his exile as the greatest opportunity to become not only a Russian, but a world poet… I remember how Brodsky said, laughing, somewhere in 1976-1977: "Sometimes it's so strange for me to think that I can write anything I want, and it will be printed"[74].
d69209f9ee070189849de0ebb4f6a62af9843c2e	Brodsky took full advantage of this opportunity.
6909208da9c653e688ece1ce44f65e38ccc24d0b	Since 1972, he has been plunging headlong into public and literary life.
88b774d2dc36c7ec78ad995b2651cbacdf69ec14	In addition to the three above mentioned books of essays, the number of articles written by him, prefaces, letters to the editorial office, reviews of various collections exceeds one hundred, not counting numerous oral speeches at evenings of creativity of Russian and English speaking poets, participation in discussions and forums, magazine interviews.
c2cb20cc1433233f7572811a2e26a33bea3b0f60	In the list of authors on whose works he gives an opinion, the names of I. Lisnyansky, E. Reyna, A. Kouchner, D. Novikov, B. Akhmadulina, L. Losev, Yuri Kublanovsky, J. Aleshkovskogo, VL.
e40289a4906878a88ef073d627e2a667db179609	Upland, Vladimir Gandelsman, A. Naiman, R. Delevoy, R. Wilber H Milos, M. strand, D. Walcott, and others.
c82048c6a4da3917888fb6193cf4e6a7dd4d023e	The largest newspapers in the world publish his appeals in defense of the persecuted writers: S. Rushdi, N. Gorbanevskaya, V. Maramzin, T. Venclov, K. Azadovsky[42].
a74caacdd5a0faecbbd138b5d43403eca911b397	"In addition, he tried to help so many people" - including letters of recommendation -" that recently there has been a certain devaluation of his recommendations"[75].
06ed6d5a6ed901b7fc7b76af918d521f7360d803	Relative financial well being (at least by the standards of emigration) gave Brodsky the opportunity to provide more material assistance.
38080c146508802091d8ef41168471ca95007f17	Lev Losev writes:
c5101140c63bb846e0c3da4c4a2cc466fd5f860e	Several times I participated in raising money to help old friends in need, sometimes even those for whom Joseph should not have had any sympathy, and when I asked him, he hurriedly began to write a check, without even letting me finish [76].
cd6619f99ae959948c5228f4991caf665f84fd4c	Russian Russian Samovar restaurant owner, one of the cultural centers of Russian emigration in New York, who knew Brodsky since the Russian times, is the testimony of Roman Kaplan, who knew Brodsky since the Russian times:
123030575b52115487e2f19a0473c09a8658328a	In 1987, Joseph received the Nobel Prize… I have known Brodsky for a long time and turned to him for help.
f9c90dac10a0a8a259fa61c1e3ac021cca2df86f	Joseph and Misha Baryshnikov decided to help me.
4dd681f150c21278ba0aef6c746bdf0b2cf891aa	They contributed money, and I gave them some share of this restaurant...
3b006c76e3123c001efbe44e11a44c27a06da085	Alas, I did not pay dividends, but I solemnly celebrated his birthday every year[77].
014b624773bbc0726cfd5878521bbd2b7a491cc5	The Library of Congress elects Brodsky Poet Laureate of the United States for 1991-1992.
8d6dd8ba46ba332fab4f967ac9e88121e1d141a3	In this honorary, but traditionally nominal capacity, he developed an active activity to promote poetry.
a22428c535fef58145822a0d96b3e06ffb651a26	His ideas led to the creation of the American Poetry and Literature Project( American Project: "Poetry and Literacy"), during which since 1993 more than a million free poetry collections have been distributed in schools, hotels, supermarkets, train stations, etc.[78] According to William Wadsworth, who served as director of the American Academy of Poets from 1989 to 2001, Brodsky's inaugural speech as Poet Laureate "caused the transformation of America's view of the role of poetry in its ulture"[74].
2a9143b7071360c0ba2349c1373c54b1a8ebf0ae	Shortly before his death, Brodsky was carried away by the idea of founding a Russian Academy in Rome.
b90149a76341713af93713a05ec5ef8646426b79	In the autumn of 1995, he approached the mayor of Rome with a proposal to create an academy where artists, writers and scientists from Russia could study and work.
27db41dfee7f8c027140042678f19d8cc75e844a	This idea was implemented after the poet's death.
1ee422f439e1760f37f1340a8848e1cd58d57697	In 2000, the Joseph Brodsky Memorial Scholarship Fund sent the first Russian poet scholarship holder to Rome, and in 2003 — the first artist[79].
c35d46f0159ed2f005721cf9ad6b67ce833187a2	English language poet[edit / edit wiki text]
128c30cbcc143ef2c2890bc4acd88d245b5e7a08	In 1973, the first authorized book of translations of Brodsky's poetry into English was published - "Selected poems"[53] (Selected Poems) in translations by George Klein and with a foreword by Auden.
b02ca4ca160cd4c8c4ba6b50ae72c945c312009d	The second collection in English, "A Part of Speech"[80] (Part of speech), released in 1980; the third, "To Urania"[81] (For Urania), in 1988.
a3605e2293babf9fde31699a6e71bd19877d176f	In 1996 he released "So Forth"[82] (So on)
0253ac8b7c39500c5a50d82081b7c2f6a2211b7f	— 4 th collection of poems in English, prepared Brodsky.
8a0848ad98926216a20ca6fd09e11ed67664f7a5	The last two books include both translations and self translations from Russian, as well as poems written in English.
a2033728cc41656a94f6aca7c9f52df4e822b7ed	Over the years, Brodsky less and less trusted translations of his poems into English to other translators; at the same time, he increasingly composed poems in English, although, according to his own words, he did not consider himself a bilingual poet and claimed that "for me, when I write poems in English, it's more like a game...".
708cd08cf5f87cf09266ccbd8808858cc60ee4cf	Losev writes: Russian Russian in linguistic and cultural terms, and as for self identification, in his mature years, he reduced it to a lapidary formula, which he repeatedly used: "I am a Jew, a Russian poet and an American citizen" [50].
14bb2d1834664a27c7acce20750072a750a0d424	In the five hundred page collection of Brodsky's English language poetry[83], released after the author's death, there are no translations made without his participation.
8ed618a8acc878a314ef8544d70ca58c1a845cf7	But if his essays evoked mostly positive critical responses, the attitude towards him as a poet in the English speaking world was far from unambiguous[50].
23d26f20f3ec8a60a0dfaf2a49293f0c1e112969	According to Valentina Polukhina, "The paradox of Brodsky's perception in England is that with the growth of Brodsky's reputation as an essayist, attacks on Brodsky as a poet and translator of his own poems became tougher"[84].
94a871b922891694cfdc47648088e9e3a81dd79e	The range of assessments was very wide, from extremely negative to laudatory, and probably a critical bias prevailed.
46b0118007872957d25eb639125d6d0daee3f2b8	The role of Brodsky in English language poetry, the translation of his poetry into English, the relationship between Russian and English in his work are devoted, in particular, to the essay memoirs of Daniel Weissbort "From Russian with love" [85].
a9f44e7fee3b651d93d6f3a49bd2d32e1dd49c09	He owns the following assessment of Brodsky's English poems:
c03ac4e5e34bf57892ef72b5ffc887484f8051a2	In my opinion, they are very helpless, even outrageous, in the sense that he introduces rhymes that are not taken seriously in a serious context.
9938180b6fe3629ca5e2b83a1c22b287ba2edb69	He tried to expand the boundaries of the use of female rhyme in English poetry, but as a result, his works began to sound like W. S. Gilbert or Ogden Nash.
cb375d4bd013a46324cae6b0a7dc92194b82644e	But gradually he got better and better, he really began to expand the possibilities of English prosody, which in itself is an extraordinary achievement for one person.
4e684c4af5b6f1b355ed7a46066b48bbfb52d956	I donot know who else could have achieved this.
12a02e2ef961dccf58e5e4f80e86ad43be8e9607	Nabokov could not[86].
9e51dc7020e28f0c28190a7363d8ed461166746f	The perestroika in the USSR and the award of the Nobel Prize to Brodsky coincided with it broke the dam of silence at home, and soon the publication of Brodsky's poems and essays flooded in [87].
262184a9ec394e1186ffa22757787b0b6faafd51	The first (in addition to several poems that leaked to the press in the 1960s) selection of Brodsky's poems appeared in the December book "New World" for 1987.
94a5391ff9d0380c8e8a1fc96d261612c15eb288	Up to this point, the poet's work was known in his homeland to a very limited circle of readers thanks to the lists of poems distributed in samizdat.
4db49d249414818f84cbf7fe309bc62397eb9051	In 1989, Brodsky was rehabilitated according to the 1964 trial[42].
4e6b4c5eb9a27d7d87617f0fd4684c3b215eb413	In 1992, a 4 volume collection of works began to be published in Russia[88].
41a0fe149858714b21a3a705117c3a014edaea8b	In 1995, Brodsky was awarded the title of honorary citizen of St. Petersburg[42].
242851c6b6a6d3eab7cdce49fe48ac744f2146c8	Invitations to return to their homeland followed.
26d5e7e8f2621a153adee37efaaa180fce0db49b	Brodsky postponed his arrival: he was embarrassed by the publicity of such an event, honoring, and the attention of the press, which would inevitably accompany his visit[42].
d9866e2dbe4a17c85c815c5bda846d8d72969aa8	My health also did not allow it.
e6b87c682c01ef2983cb6abbe6dd4a64d7442d7d	One of the last arguments was: "The best part of me is already there — my poems"[89][90].
fc6154fa05c2974227e88c5db05ed4fb86510da1	Death and burial[edit / edit wiki text]
0df512d94aafc6e1a3feec5129f03fceef60bbe3	General view of Brodsky's grave at the San Michele Cemetery, Venice, 2004.
8bfc9eab809c0f473fd4d79f149e7b4e80d8e3de	People leave pebbles, letters, poems, pencils, photos, Camel cigarettes (Brodsky smoked a lot) and whiskey.
aa2c0ab3fe65967d2f659d283cc5c64dc2a86934	On the back of the monument there is an inscription in Latin, - this is a line from the elegy of Propertius lat.
2d85a4e61611a8a23c351ac9ab45806a303971f0	Letum non omnia finit — Not everything ends with death.
c25e352274b5bc780f25522b09b309644bef1bbf	On the Saturday evening of January 27, 1996, in New York, Brodsky was preparing to go to South Hadley and collected manuscripts and books in a briefcase to take with him the next day.
1cf7a0d5391ae471e53c5eb656727d1c9067c1ed	The spring semester started on Monday.
6012b733714afca7325d00673a059a7ea4eab215	After wishing his wife good night, Brodsky said that he still needed to work, and went up to his office.
b853aa8aa00a1ac708a20a5fd17f5f599e2f6448	In the morning, his wife found him on the floor in the office.
ed2e1092f0e250a4062355bef79673c34fa6ad8c	Brodsky was fully dressed.
c3c9eb220090eeb08d02525490b62d8c362d2b7c	On the desk next to the glasses lay an open book — a bilingual edition of Greek epigrams.
170fd5b2b3ce2d3fd983f8034d7b741eaa88489d	The heart, according to doctors, stopped suddenly — a heart attack, the poet died on the night of January 28, 1996.
6101a98db4ff967d1aed025611c79f18b2f7d261	On February 1, 1996, a funeral service was held at Grace Episcopal Parish Church in Brooklyn Heights, not far from Brodsky's house.
cb98372fe76b87e3b53c7754e4e61489dc7b0b07	The next day, a temporary burial took place: the body was placed in a metal covered coffin in a crypt at the Trinity Church Cemetery, on the banks of the Hudson River, where it was stored until June 21, 1997.
9ad25a3dcb79b5af0b5856d075e9ca32957847d6	The proposal sent by telegram by the deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Federation G. V. Starovoitova to bury the poet in St. Petersburg on Vasilievsky Island was rejected — "this would mean solving the question of returning to his homeland for Brodsky" [50].
5c4a045a1b99b879e4b8d9182279293daed1845e	The memorial service was held on March 8 in Manhattan at the Episcopal Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist.
54a6e37b4ae073bfc2b9159289397d1888001bd3	There were no speeches.
0c21f3fa446699958469bb130fb07ed3aafafaaa	The poems were read by Czeslaw Milos, Derek Walcott, Seamus Heaney, Mikhail Baryshnikov, Lev Losev, Anthony Hecht, Mark Strand, Rosanna Warren, Evgeny Rein, Vladimir Uflyand, Thomas Venclova, Anatoly Naiman, Yakov Gordin, Maria Sozzani Brodskaya and others.
107ec5dafa158a25a922556bab957e714986a3f2	There was music by Haydn, Mozart, Purcell.
ee52090879ec644d93d507f7ba8c843571a683e3	In 1973, in the same cathedral, Brodsky was one of the organizers of the memorial service in memory of Whisten Auden[26][91].
5e4d9e25c620b042c363bd1cabc31d7716743e96	In his widely quoted memoirs dedicated to Brodsky's last will and funeral, the poet and translator Ilya Kutik says:
6fc00c32a47c2d2ecc4bd1b72706a7d8b80b7d77	Two weeks before his death, Brodsky bought a place for himself in a small chapel in the New York cemetery next to Broadway (this was his last will).
d0cd54935cbc0ddc1376901e9854836453018ec4	After that, he made a fairly detailed will.
1cc6c11f9028fc07057b51f43f15f2c14b1a1adb	A list of people to whom letters were sent was also compiled, in which Brodsky asked the recipient of the letter to subscribe that until 2020 the recipient would not talk about Brodsky as a person and would not discuss his private life; it was not forbidden to talk about Brodsky as a poet[92].
8d5407d856d1bc7969231eb9f8722c8144e1eab7	Most of the statements made by Kutik are not confirmed by other sources.
ff4176f411fc603a90ce3d56730328514a5c7601	At the same time, E. Shellberg, M. Vorobyov, L. Losev[93], V. Polukhin[94], T. Venclov[95], who knew Brodsky closely, made refutations.
ffa433dd36a28efb0d5f4cc7e58459011a3f1897	In particular, Shellberg and Vorobyova stated: "We want to assure you that the article about Joseph Brodsky, published under the name of Ilya Kutik on the 16th page of Nezavisimaya Gazeta on January 28, 1998, is 95 percent fiction."
45a4abe2f2f609cddd9dd82fb5288e6232e689b4	Losev expressed his sharp disagreement with Kutik's story, who testified, among other things, that Brodsky did not leave instructions regarding his funeral; did not buy a place in the cemetery, etc. [93] According to the testimonies of Losev and Polukhina, Ilya Kutik was not present at the funeral of Brodsky described by him[96].
fc2c504e758763a8f2a0b40291b8bb82ab7d19ef	This is the city that, apart from St. Petersburg, Joseph loved the most.
7c286cd2580d071323f8af717a8e8c690e107baf	Venice is closer to Russia and is a more accessible city"[97].
d6e72940580aa2538ff2e1495214b465418d9e27	The desire to be buried in San Michele is found in Brodsky's humorous message of 1974 to Andrey Sergeev[50]:
4290a78e035fb056e59a9bf1fa56474b7ef9a209	Although an insensitive body
a3c579c4e236bc9cf10f1e58bd297bfb6171623b	it is equal to rotting everywhere,
b3ca272879c9d2254cceb26c80865d3167486a12	devoid of native clay, it is in the alluvium of the valley
72a4c9eb678a40efe5dd9a29daf23e65fe601122	lombard rot is not averse.
56e2f5d3634ea4aac5b56f1548e92680dd4cdd05	Later
cdc4ea422704adc8534539b1ae84d1db1e05cc4f	your continent and the worms are the same.
ac2b504dbea220fb8cc6f6892a98160c03b2664f	Stravinsky sleeps on San Michele…
33a9eaced1bc7a5ac0e1766846a6a28c1a963a7e	The resting place was marked by a modest wooden cross with the name Joseph Brodsky[98].
6e6406ec895c4709aa6aa280a23006486da2f3ca	A few years later, a tombstone monument by the artist Vladimir Radunsky was installed on the grave[99].
a0fda2ad8ed35c9f6582e18704d57c9d4fadc73d	Legacy[edit / edit wiki text]
e641aed0b26ad8d01192c74a69895ac9967c8091	Russian Russian poet Andrey Ranchin, professor of the Department of the History of Russian Literature at Moscow State University, says: "Brodsky is the only modern Russian poet who has already been awarded the honorary title of a classic[100].
223cb147ce41193ab034b3418baebe0af233bc7f	In 2010, Ann Shellberg summarized the situation with the publication of Brodsky's works in Russia:
b87322357561a67181709bde7a4c02b5039775fd	the foundation cooperates exclusively with the Azbuka publishing group, and to date we do not intend to publish Brodsky's collections with comments in competing publishing houses.
df6e685ecd7a5c4816c91d5e5a657685d65590ff	An exception is made only for the series "The Poet's Library", in which a book with comments by Lev Losev will be published.
7f50d3c340caa73a67aaebd8170c753c1b8f0825	In anticipation of the future academic collection, this book will take the empty place of the available commented edition[104][105]
7b180b4b832be3d751ac1c0c98904669e54dab14	Another archive, mainly of the American period of the poet's life, is freely available (including most of the correspondence and drafts[107]) in the Beinecke Library of Yale University, USA [108][109]. The third most important archive (the so called "Lithuanian") was acquired by Stanford University in 2013 from the Katilus family, friends of Brodsky[110][111]. For the full or partial publication of any archival documents, the permission of the Inheritance Property Fund is required.
e1b1fd2d18fd55ca2b4197ae6c79ff4a84dd7c49	The poet's widow says:
c980fd9064a52b9bc95cc2e3b5ea947e4d94ac13	Joseph's instructions relate to two areas.
774fcd2c7a1a3ba4292072e1dbe61e697d61a320	First, he asked that his personal and family papers in the archive be closed for fifty years.
996738c12564db2a0c933f86be5004f86244028e	Secondly, in the letter attached to the will, as well as in conversations with me about how these issues should be resolved after his death, he asked not to publish his letters and unpublished writings.
51bf9bca3522e8e9f329c5b0e90743102882b2e5	But, as far as I understand, his request allows the publication of individual quotations from unpublished things for scientific purposes, as is customary in such cases.
c426de834a94920b15c4128c075ce341da3f3e8e	In the same letter, he asked his friends and relatives not to take part in writing his biographies[103][112].
85b8fdb5b1f4809a23e797ab34a32083a5d62a2b	It is worth mentioning the opinion of Valentina Polukhina, a researcher of Brodsky's life and work, that at the request of the Hereditary Property Fund, "writing a biography is prohibited until 2071..."
c3ae1625f0f5069e65bea72e3c64f2eace5bc806	— that is, for 75 years from the date of the poet's death, "all Brodsky's letters, diaries, drafts, and so on are closed..."[113].
4e20570e5275ae08e208ca7b4c7c420268447b0f	On the other hand, E. Shellberg states that there is no additional ban, except for the aforementioned letter from Brodsky to the Russian National Library, and access to drafts and preparatory materials has always been open to researchers[114][115]. The same opinion was expressed by Lev Losev[102], whose pen belongs to the only literary biography of Brodsky to date[50].
e44eac5e4d4da530062533a70f269ce530da2a02	Brodsky's position in relation to his future biographers is commented on by the words from his letter:
b78b6b475d61cdafb7e6bf894457d556c2c5564a	"I do not object to philological studies related to my worst works — they are, as they say, the property of the public.
6eabe06dcbb4cec7af46f0679a06e98ae2934bc6	But my life, my physical condition, with God's help, belonged and belongs only to me… What seems to me the worst thing about this idea is that such writings serve the same purpose as the events described in them: that they reduce literature to the level of political reality.
8c59bc15ebb8ceb21cb2b01e4c1685454cfe4678	Willingly or unwittingly (I hope that unwittingly) You simplify for the reader the idea of my mercy.
99052611f058b6fa69e8a74d05150a81b0dc135b	You I'm sorry for the sharpness of the tone - are robbing the reader (as, indeed, the author).
859cd1638e018e113edb1c30b2ace68b1eb6abc2	And, - the Frenchman from Bordeaux will say — - everything is clear.
966d9012a0c2e723cb5a52b385832022acac5952	Dissident.
beae54182bdc86ae94bd07d46905845f7182d51f	For this, these anti Soviet Swedes gave him the Nobel.
cadcd35d3338791552646281045fb849236751fd	And he will not buy "Poems" … I donot feel sorry for myself, I feel sorry for him"
fffb957cb5c2ac1fc81a62e5a433994dc35c1489	- Ya.
8219c9346bb5b78a7b4629a1e52da1668926ba74	Gordin.
aeac1e07ed70e81eb052a37fec336f6a4fcf6459	The Knight and death, or Life as a plan: About the fate of Joseph Brodsky.
067f9d1c65df19d4360e59572a53ec9683a2c443	Moscow: Vremya, 2010
4a78b8a25ee694a24a21cee64e171c09596859d2	Among the posthumous editions of Brodsky's works, we should mention the book of poems "Landscape with a Flood" prepared during the author's lifetime[68], ed.
ca387c33670e7fc956218603cc87e55656085be6	Alexander Sumerkin, a translator of Brodsky's prose and poetry into Russian, with whose participation most of the poet's Ardis collections were published.
eef0664bece3fc310be96bfc068ff08b0e8d1100	In 2000, the New York Farrar, Straus & Giroux published a collection of Brodsky's English language poetry and his poems in translations (made, in large part, by the author himself) into English: "Collected Poems in English, 1972-1999".
859a07d4cca1617bee6593f01216a0484c9980eb	Translations into Russian of Brodsky's English language poems were undertaken, in particular, by Andrey Olear[119] and Viktor Kulle[120].
5d92ef5b38d8c123f08bcdd659298fec37ce6f39	According to A. Olear, he managed to find more than 50 unknown English language poems by Brodsky in the Beinecke archive[121].
3cdc612c0c9fae07bfcd6c766f8171b123c63bae	Lev Losev is the compiler and author of the notes of the commented edition of Brodsky's Russian language poetry published in 2011: "Poems and Poems: In 2 t"[122], which includes both the full texts of six books published by Ardis, compiled during the poet's lifetime, and some poems that were not included in them, as well as a number of translations, poems for children, etc.
1967052492474ade8c939f525ef4c74d85365edb	The fate of the academic edition of Brodsky's works mentioned in the press is currently unknown.
63f6c7e8e60c33a13e24cc4c93b9211d10166bb4	According to Valentina Polukhina, it is unlikely that it will appear earlier than 2071[123].
39c5196c3e1ddf229361262d4f21acb2a6f47d66	In 2010, E. Shellberg wrote that " currently, the philologist Denis Nikolaevich Akhapkin conducts textual research in the framework of preparing the first volumes of the scientific publication.
509a2c388fab37b06302a3e0df5ae8bbcff706a9	His work is also supported by the American Council on International Education"[104].
98e62239214cedfcf905a4cc1db2474bc27b59b5	A significant body of Brodsky's Russian language literary heritage is freely available on the Internet, in particular on the websites of the Maxim Moshkov Library and the Poetry Library.
7aa188db2ea208738afdca038c4dc73c0180cf6d	It is difficult to judge the textual reliability of these sites.
f38265ee80fd9045c6c6a1bfa66f8608bfad54b0	Currently, the Foundation of the Joseph Brodsky Literary Museum operates in St. Petersburg, founded with the aim of opening a museum in the poet's former apartment on Pestel Street.
e6571644dd5aed60ad9c73fb28c79c64ea7a949a	The temporary exhibition "The American Cabinet of Joseph Brodsky", including items from the poet's house in South Hadley, is located in the Anna Akhmatova Museum in the Fountain House in St. Petersburg.
e2fa00c0ad4092686632b0d132ee9c7817a3c0a3	Father — Alexander Brodsky (1903-1984) Mother — Maria Moiseevna Wolpert (1905-1983) Son — Andrei Osipovich Basmanov[124][125][126], 1967 G. R., from Marianne Basmanova Daughter — Anastasia Kuznetsova I., 1972, the daughter of ballerina Maria Kuznetsova Wife Maria misses sozzani was, 1969 (marriage between 1990 and 1996 to death Brodsky) Daughter Anna Alexandra Maria Brodskaya, born in 1993 (from marriage with Maria Sozzani)
dfa13cf19fcfe9617cb00378ce27023d84e8df75	Addresses in Saint Petersburg[edit / edit wiki text]
05987c8399a6e3ec6b7e3090c640e5cac3735990	1955-1972 the apartment house of A. D. Muruzi Liteyny Prospekt, 24, sq.
da72903f73fbfa126be72c40e34621e8de94493c	The administration of St. Petersburg plans to buy the rooms where the poet lived and open a museum there.
4f1280ea153c2d2d11b3b5791f1e6206aafc3d60	The exhibits of the future museum can be temporarily seen in the exposition of the Anna Akhmatova Museum in the Fountain House.
a602a55fe635490a1e87a18b76e5d4db203c2930	1962-1972 Benois House — 15 Glinka Street.
caf567302e28930a8bea87e46ee611aeaac2ba16	Marianna Basmanova's apartment.
1973d1ca99fc10e92d3f4f8848f307d7b33db7ce	[source not specified 1405 days]
165992e90736937b6b379fc7f7606e600a97a19f	In Komarov[edit / edit wiki text]
c6fe646718739ab94a416784be328a401483f2de	August 7, 1961 in the" Booth", in Komarov, E. B. Rein introduces Brodsky to A.
363fb234b71ba5dc52e25cefaa31cabad60974ed	A. Akhmatova.
feae09ea76988f054b922aa637886ef591619263	In early October 1961, he went to Akhmatova in Komarovo together with S. Shultz.
7fc98c1bfc628524e667961d5acec502be3f4e5b	June 24, 1962 on Akhmatova's birthday, he wrote two poems "A.
9352c13f22b4c13dfec0c4b1d0190da2c2014e24	A. Akhmatova" ("The Roosters will scream and clap...") where did she get the epigraph "You will write about us obliquely" for the poem "The Last Rose", as well as "Behind churches, gardens, theaters..." and a letter[127].
9e89030257f6637724b70633e3bf9a90df6913e6	In the same year, he dedicated other poems to Akhmatova.
925466f7dc27e0665f29914644b4ce503d2162b9	Morning mail for Akhmatova from the city of Sestroretsk ("In the bushes of immortal Finland...").
d710104a917df07b65da066f739e28e1f56d700b	Autumn and winter 1962-1963 Brodsky lives in Komarov, at the dacha of the famous scientist biologist R. L. Berg, where he works on the cycle "Songs of a happy Winter".
e2640e105b78d90f99a4056c4f870155b5cd6611	Close communication with Akhmatova.
9db8d793a3ab20421f2c80f3a8162a5b4f801da0	Acquaintance with academician V. M. Zhirmunsky.
bd6f0fee317a3e06e47b11240bf7a00388e7b97b	October 5, 1963 - in Komarov, " Here I am again taking the parade...".
583ff5122d2721dbae42373bb1d0ec1b437ceac0	May 14, 1965 visits Akhmatova in Komarov.
de357a2eaad03cae47f086314b53ddcbc192c162	For two days he sat opposite me on the chair where you are sitting now... after all, our troubles are not for nothing — where has it been seen, where has it been heard that a criminal is released from exile for a few days to stay in his native city?..
bb6a3b8ff3b3171e2531ce0dfba09524f69c0995	He is inseparable from his former lady.
c8899c02ee894e5e8fa586dbda4122a5515f0157	Very good looking.
5834663f0adcaec8dc7cf262147a0ba3cde7f919	Here you can fall in love!
9017d6979db7ddf4f531a1be76d7f637c509f91e	Slim, ruddy, skin like a five year old girl… But, of course, he will not survive this winter in exile.
f9c24acfee8cc998801dbaad10362e18cd3f565f	Heart disease is not a joke[128].
6cfef39a442ab9143ed2c00f8efb4770519af317	March 5, 1966 the death of A.
47a1b2be9afd5bc13a22e596093cec3150eff6f4	Brodsky and Mikhail Ardov have been looking for a place for Akhmatova's grave for a long time, first at the cemetery in Pavlovsk at the request of Irina Punina, then in Komarov on their own initiative.
795d86b4b9295d9d46671d2da111c3149631eb12	She just taught us a lot.
df6ab81930e7dda16238089febe52883a0094e2d	Humility, for example.
14394451b62142e534ed9bf5d5aa616c02e2c973	I think… that in many ways it is to her that I owe my best human qualities.
e5ce1d18715905b3ced71f42b6460b17df095626	If it were not for her, it would take more time for their development, if they appeared at all[129].
e800a0d0417e14c98560d35f0324165342cb8e2d	Publications[edit / edit wiki text]
ff4cf29d5a82de703b6217feb13c997d35339163	Brodsky I. Poems and poems.
d0acd8c8131090a562631609d2a0edb05b0b8e2d	— Washington;
940127d5b7b19960efb0d3fa8b5a2acbc2c3d0f4	New York: Inter Language Literary Associates, 1965.
e90d6c22d1b1cac6e9c69913c5f7f5ab87e1b331	Brodsky I.
6880cb02d2dfb1ff0e09cff2525d5d6bd0cdff64	A stop in the desert / preface N. N. (A. Naiman).
14c2214b3f6a59a48f144a18f22ff26b8960f734	— New York: Publishing house of them.
22d8c3c10010c3a440d64f3b92e8dab7aca0eff3	Chekhova, 1970.
4293fceb1fe5dc2c8c7ce3936e8cbdab9d7bfcab	— 2 ed., Rev.: Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1988.
aadf54c8013033969148adc72de83d57011f7104	Brodsky I. the End of a great era: Poems 1964-1971.
02fb63c929772e2260a34d1b8024dea76ee66659	— Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1977.
1ed48e65eb9c8906868d8e80c35d65ae4502c42a	— ROS. ed.: SPb.: Pushkin Fund, 2000 Brodsky I. Part of speech: Poems 1972-1976.
bf61c2824ff164820624ecf51d2994b36a381290	— ROS. ed.: SPb.: Pushkin's Fund, 2000.
b4ed99a5db757c999989939d2ba43e08402a0506	Brodsky I. Roman Elegies.
5a5d88bc932c4ed1b5e2c40b3427cd3a67c5bf22	— New York: Russica Publishers, 1982.
c3c45ac077fed096537034f0e5fe4515ac87f5af	Brodsky I. New stanzas for August (Poems for M. B., 1962-1982).
f71cb402770ec12d2c3753556983a88374126735	- Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1983.
e7844b1d95bcfd19267c6d15bcb8b8d4571bcc65	- Russian publishing house: St. Petersburg: Pushkin Foundation, 2000.
4d9955246ebce3874be64abe408603d114c829d7	Brodsky I. Marble.
6ecf53df85303eb9b414ccaed5fdc4a768f48cbf	— Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1984.
b8dd099d52eecfaf09b0e0eb1b213df1bf8d6a93	Brodsky I. Urania.
c9ee719f05874d23e9013bdb088771d3c440ca61	- Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1987.
d96ce787686e663906b7d233b323ae6112c05ff6	- 2nd ed., ispr.: Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1989.
74c42d88a2856416dbccfbff484237edcf8bb2a9	Brodsky I. Notes of the fern.
f9ef8d5356095163a287bacb6e799a2ac392e5a5	— Bromma (Sweden): Hylaea, 1990.
e1bc2a9b0773cde3612a7407c18d2209d13bc5bd	Joseph Brodsky in the size of the original: [Collection dedicated to the 50th anniversary of I. Brodsky] / comp.
a19e7f335b8e316e29e78c3d5d123c6a41e0e05a	G. F. Komarov — - L.; Tallinn: Publishing house of the Tallinn Center of the Moscow headquarters of the MADPR, 1990.
e1710658d67351ad8b25eae79ac221fd272507a0	Brodsky I. Poems / comp.
0dc3e97067b8159d2e953bc2f2987ab90af7cd64	Ya.
e63bfd75abd35ec7463a68c6dc4ca05289ea78e4	- Tallinn: Eesti raamat;
5f2b0c2f83f850c9cb23bd40c12718938b2d8f84	Alexandra, 1991.
a8ec0ea575ef3a6cc307737b3e9ad01258a56932	Brodsky I. Cappadocia.
b35bd5c22ca6689209e66ccc11c1ef55a2155d95	Poems.
a190d84fafa59f79dff29311a02496dd435ce0f7	- St. Petersburg: Appendix to the almanac Petropavlovsk, 1993.
0ce3e1a0f78aa82efe120c4d259dd6d2177e445b	In the vicinity of Atlantis.
9b7388c9eca9bc8e5c604d4fef1c203cf5564796	New poems.
edc15f13aa1e0f5e66a668aacc1aa577cf38c79f	- St. Petersburg: Pushkin Foundation, 1995.
9d1681f5661d55d5d7447f959c6f2bc099ced1b5	Brodsky I. Landscape with a flood.
5008ac1cd287c773d3e8c389241c065487dfe1bb	- Dana Point: Ardis, 1996.
ede6f3ef78fb3bc33ee4f3ee7a555f0d37d96992	- Russian ed. (ispr. and add.): St. Petersburg: Pushkin Foundation, 2000.
9b8cd1336ce8139e41b574aca9e600c035891857	The works of Joseph Brodsky: In 4 vols.
6944621d0eb9720d2883ca200a3f44c92653c310	/ comp.
f0760176b7573ae1dda701705507edc468116c65	G. F. Komarov.
e02320fdcab2ff1a4b6f0953fd4efb255eea8363	- St. Petersburg: Pushkin Foundation, 1992-1995.
b8d26def98afcecfe5224a2d9ad4c0b8637295d2	The works of Joseph Brodsky: In 7 volumes / ed .
e2ce1d825289565b605ba63b06421bfede17fbd2	- St. Petersburg: Pushkin Foundation, 1997-2001.
2d4c90aaa437a4c71aaec232f325b5eff08e337c	Brodsky I. Exile from paradise: Selected translations / ed .
f67c4a652ea2d56394a381864f2f62c489b90c72	Klots.
edebc9f8781bd02721779fb13c83e4c507d6feff	- St. Petersburg: Azbuka, 2010.
04d10ae524b9383be406f4f33dc2d8870e2ab2f5	Brodsky I. Poems and poems: In 2 vols.
5a6ce65b9de30be06b47630a2a55415dafa3fc87	/ comp. and note by L. Losev.
2490007d938729826489b8b9f138618d514971e1	- St. Petersburg: Pushkin House, 2011.
a7cb2f3f2f362807bfa9c48cdae62e788f218fea	Brodsky I. Elephant and Maruska / ill.
9dd322d60d8625d404e4ceb27a284f473a9fbe4a	I. Ganzenko.
af850bc2fbd2ccdd73d63b8d91fe6949360b0b8e	- St. Petersburg: Azbuka, 2011.
b08ba03c6c7a6c8f8c214ebe4cf0cd9a8533cc4f	In English[edit / edit wiki text]
93bdc102e548c80f535b9a643025e92db26d626c	Joseph Brodsky.
5abf9e8e006b79b4a772950dab5ac773d6ebedaa	Selected poems.
0acd4204b41ffce89d80abcf95f0b503f42bad44	— New York: Harper & Row, 1973.
94b20e282f73a6cae120c6c0a36cb4ff1cc7a5e3	A Part of Speech.
baf091e272e315df1fb375a9f97ea8eba85b9829	— New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1980.
03d5484e62890d53eee277b94d940fca433f251c	Less Than One: Selected Essays.
961e10552fc536a4a24a52e9a71dfc4816d0ae92	— New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1986.
ecfbfa2629282a615776a9f19a73cc1230c98d64	To Urania.
8b73f262f59b0ed049e5c1f01c1e41c6329a7c3b	— New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1988.
65934fb6a868d509426b6f2a1b4b7da7cc84324d	Marbles: a Play in Three Acts / translated by Alan Myers with Joseph Brodsky.
e8c07beb4700f0f235bb9b52a24eb6d35788ae9e	— New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1989.
b1c7a6713c436df3e59b00a9b822ad1e92f4b115	Watermark.
86e6110eabfc674c8571d498392abd5686b1662b	— New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux;
b8c529de2924b5e52eae531a64542ebb938eaf88	London: Hamish Hamilton, 1992.
4ea186eaf131676fb0bcd8798a4910eb769ec8e2	On Grief and Reason: Essays.
11cc5b1d7824eb56ee4145253b88aa8003bd6651	— New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1995.
06f9a4fb7d30e62767a0c05cb4b86ddd8c938eec	So Forth: Poems.
cf750228c806c8c5285e650481a1282e3b9c5f95	— New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1996.
e8fb2dfe4cc0609d6afcea7297c660284a3385ba	Collected Poems in English, 1972—1999 / edited by Ann Kjellberg.
d5219056ef2de1a4b06799b58bcdd885a655b913	— New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2000.
97576c88d3c2f223cbef501665dbe2845f83b1a5	Nativity Poems / Bilingual Edition.
237c52832f87f24166f65a35e3b41685ed2bc8ac	— New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2001.
19b63c5cd730a037d0be27390d212ee6903ae5e2	Memory[edit / edit wiki text]
980b5e9a785c22a16fd0aa825a312050f8f3357c	A memorial plaque on the house on Leiklos Street in Vilnius, where the poet stayed in 1966-1971
2b75683384c0fae77de0c233bb6f36019cc524ce	Memorial plaque in honor of I. Brodsky in Venice
28a6844c9ecaeae1f6b881a9cf6ea4432b78e28e	In 1998, the Pushkin Fund published a book of poems by L. Losev "Afterword", the first part of which consists of poems related to the memory of Brodsky.
aaa2c045776c20f426fd2c7516aeb18331d048b2	In 2003, the Foundation of the hereditary Property of I. Brodsky and the poet's widow Maria Brodskaya
965179f0b04d8491a83c601b0bbd08889bab2c66	(nee.
35861c6f4473971afcd04fb7a0b9547c5db8b244	Things from Brodsky's house in South Hadley were transferred to Russia to create a museum in his homeland.
9f95ea8cfeead5900a29f32d55de27cf4ef72729	The library, photos of people dear to Brodsky, furniture that resembles the one that was in his parents ' house (a desk, a secretary, an armchair, a sofa), a table lamp, posters related to Italian trips, a collection of postcards are in the American office of Joseph Brodsky in the Fountain House[130].
136a468886f63c76ead5e6e6bf4b411b8edfb843	In 2004, a close friend of Brodsky, the Nobel Prize winning poet Derek Walcott wrote a poem "The Prodigal", in which Brodsky is repeatedly mentioned.
d7b1f469644a77770910191812df96dcbfc3607d	Since 2004, the Konosh Central District Library has been named after Brodsky, whose reader the poet was during the period of exile[131].
a08e3d80ffed9f967f06bde3377c6c6be99eb36e	In November 2005, the first monument to Joseph Brodsky in Russia was erected in the courtyard of the Philological Faculty of St. Petersburg University, designed by Konstantin Simun.
aabf767af68da66f6907d669a8b2e1553334abde	Konstantin Meladze, Elena Frolova, Evgeny Klyachkin, Alexander Mirzayan, Alexander Vasiliev, Svetlana Surganova, Diana Arbenina, Pyotr Mamonov, Victoria Polevaya, Leonid Margolin and other authors wrote songs based on the poems of I.
7a3b1d1e10ec477fdcb18134940d70f7afa85edb	A. Brodsky.
8df386f207333b49a3453f21c5573401d39781e6	A fragment of the monument to I. Brodsky in Moscow
29420f8593e74f4487d930a13739d8c26911902c	There is a Brodsky Lane in Voronezh.
4837439adf9e437e53b089d3c188ee50da214fa3	On May 21, 2009, a memorial plaque in honor of the poet Joseph Brodsky by the sculptor George Frangulyan was unveiled on the" Embankment of the Incurable " in Venice.
e047c1c20e28edf6233b44f695b8f5cb38b06754	In Moscow, a monument to the poet by sculptor Georgy Frangulyan and architect Sergei Skuratov was erected on Novinsky Boulevard in 2011.
0b7a8a7fa3d7ea535fb89c93c91c04c297ffb49b	The poem "From nowhere with love" is included in the title of the film "From Nowhere with Love, or A Fun Funeral", an adaptation of the novel by Lyudmila Ulitskaya "A Fun Funeral".
37c254f9ae025af5137367e2edd29dbedaeb615c	The film features the ballad "From Nowhere with love" performed by Gennady Trofimov.
37eaeede43409d4b0a43177a650a7bb5fbd9e22f	In 2009, the film directed by Andrey Hrzhanovsky "One and a Half Rooms, or a Sentimental Journey to the Motherland" was released, based on the works and biography of Joseph Brodsky.
d539ebebfadcd9b090edd1248b7fbb6ee119fe3d	He performed the poet as a child Evgeny Ogandzhanyan, in his youth — Artem Smola, in adulthood Grigory Dityatkovsky.
ed98a184bc6420045481adac26f19e6fcceb39e5	The name " And.
0e24ef3342b572fbd903e0eb542b7257e09f0af4	Brodsky " is an A330 aircraft (tail number VQ BBE)of Aeroflot.
8cb94e333c81b2868c7fca9f621678d01616fecd	In the fall of 2011, the US Postal Service presented a design of stamps dedicated to the great American poets of the XX century, the release was planned for 2012[132][133]. Among them are Joseph Brodsky, Gwendoline Brooks, William Carlos Williams, Robert Haydn, Sylvia Plath, Elizabeth Bishop, Wallace Stevens, Denise Levertov, Edward Estlin Cummings and Theodore Retke.
740dd4dddd0e9b06d72f2e55b8f73f0f257287d7	The reverse side of the stamp sheet contains quotations from the works of each poet[134].
34bf5a609cf968d0174ed0ec8e8f0d357ec6615d	The stamp contains a photo of Joseph Brodsky, taken in New York by American photographer Nancy Crampton[135].
dc975a7fed66f7deddbc850033c3282557b1e3fe	The song of Andrey Makarevich "In memory of Joseph Brodsky".
f57914fced5bf1a97031853f29ff173593d314b7	On December 1, 2011, in the courtyard of the house No.
9b7cb88110aa872e5ac6114ecd8fc7e8806a7b31	19 on Stakhanovtsev Street in St. Petersburg, a memorial sign was installed to Joseph Brodsky in the form of a huge boulder from Karelia, on which the lines from the poem "From the Outskirts to the Center"are carved: "Here I ran again with a Small Hunt through a thousand arches"[136].
3ff1ace27d04f46d0212696ce5daaf8b7e7802cf	On April 8, 2015, a museum was opened in a restored hut in the village of Norinskaya, where Brodsky lived in exile[137][138]. In May 2015, the book by V. P. Polukhina "From those who have not forgotten me" was published.
a6c899a18eb8fdff80e1c140587ddd551d67436c	To Joseph Brodsky.
5c569d7647900b4439876564b2b879b265d100c5	In memoriam" is an anthology of poetic and prose dedications to the poet, written by almost two hundred domestic and foreign authors[139].
9d6fb5093a3c0033dfbcd938488e7c36dbe8bf2b	Postage stamp
dba6ada1c0ad24934bca79dae71f34b2b843aa0a	"75 years since the birth of I.
adb75604ca722fb78349ce65692aaf36d3412774	A. Brodsky"
b161062c46ba7aa61826d1239ade48d9c91ae165	On May 22, 2015, a postage stamp "75 years since the birth of I.
466b41418d5524581cc91a61340f925fca5c2707	A. Brodsky"was put into circulation in Russia.
284356328eb997f1d5a3feb4545836251d66eb59	In addition, an envelope with the image of the poet's house museum in the village of Norinskaya was printed.
cbf4dd6613206d36c9a2363e5ec06b9e17fe5b77	On May 24, 2015, the film "Brodsky is not a poet" by Anton Zhelnov and Nikolai Kartozia was released, telling about the work of Joseph Brodsky[140] On March 30, 2016, a bronze bust of Joseph Brodsky by a young Russian sculptor Kirill Bobylev was opened in the largest bookstore in London, Waterstones Piccadilly.
a3f2d6f083a496a9fad065ef6a528fd5e8ded7b2	The bust will be displayed in the bookstore before being moved to a permanent place at Keele University in Staffordshire, Great Britain[141].
e9a8a0a685c694086fa9a40a7130c92bfffc8068	On the occasion of the 76th anniversary of the poet, in May 2016, the Brodsky Days were held at the Yekaterinburg Yeltsin Center[142].
68e979150cca6fd4d62e4e20a51b77efd1d0271c	Gorbunov and Gorchakov Twenty Sonnets to Mary Stuart Walks with Brodsky A room and a Half, or a Sentimental Journey to the Motherland Museum apartment of I.
c1288a3b9ab4652ed497a10ceddbb8c0d2c4d647	A. Brodsky American Study of Joseph Brodsky in the Anna Akhmatova Museum in the Fountain House
8ab4591c2988c4b5db1d3a912c79fdef2ad0347c	↑ 1 2 3 German National Library, Berlin State Library, Bavarian State Library, etc. Record #118660136 / / General regulatory Control — 2012-2016.
0ab069e7d0e26c2839497509e19db51dd8ca3ea5	↑ data.bnf.fr: open data platform — 2011.
814df2d8d0f67a5ca1a9724432d92c974d1dfd20	↑ https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/joseph brodsky
bf7181cac9c37b2e373d4ce39f3f718514cc15f8	↑ The film "Brodsky is not a poet" on YouTube, starting from the 29th sec Лос Losev, 2006, p . 323.
d2daf7d080bd69c2a1cb3f72e72960472ee24bb6	↑ Losev, 2006.
c25739ce2384a9daeb1b0a7de3b689e635f8e190	Горд Gordin, 2010.
ed06563260860fcfa80deac0c379935892a97a2b	Андж Andrzej Dravic.
453e92bd999fe22866119b25decd14ded78b025f	The faces of my friends. (Joseph Brodsky) pp.
b6e78e550774d863b62c4dab02c645fdddd99c65	5, 6, 72 (fig. after 72) — 76, 105, 116-117, 151 / A kiss in the cold.
d7092471d11ec01c1daddde1a2ffed087be3fa56	Translated from Polish, vst. article and note by M. Malkov St. Petersburg: 2013, electronic publishing house, ispr. and supplement] Горд Gordin, 2000.
53ea155205096d04aead64e10dd2a866f0eb2c07	Мей Meilakh M.
8fccdae2f254e51455ba7940ec4258ff98470505	The poet himself learns from the temperament of his predecessor… // Independent philological journal.
0931661a754cf12f5e884ae610164163a37ac255	— 2006.
7378cb2921be6e81ab8578527d67995b099a1f34	— № 79.
f982249e3af35b8f6748c62f780168b569f94254	Вай Vail B. Shakhmatov — Brodsky's "accomplice" / / Zvezda.
0f31959eb51da868f23b880c811388513a26b9c9	— 2010.
5e9154b5bdae34c4c914edc737d806afa6d5fdb4	— № 1.
85f26b5c900a92cef78c48835a3db7ebd3ffbae4	↑ Schultz S. Joseph Brodsky in 1961-1964 / / Zvezda.
664ad4f4e58353c0a863dfcf8126c9280bff3612	— № 5.
4a2952d541ecee63f58d3399d8aa2d21dd779475	Losev, 2006, Marina Basmanova and "New Stanzas for August".
3fb9cbf2e348657aa34b30aa66b2a8c09c2ab5d0	Currently, the corpus of their personal correspondence is stored : in the Department of Manuscripts of the National Library of Russia; in the archive of the Basmanov family in St. Petersburg; in the Beinecke Library of Yale University, USA.
f826dcee89b2ac06a1dd9f1062fe464238640599	Интервью Interview with a Russian Newspaper (02.10.2009).
9280cd38dd936ec0b26a413da7c72327aefbfd26	Вол Volkov S. Dialogues with Joseph Brodsky.
32d2d1cabc019201e845fe53966ed2f76c50f216	- Moscow: Nezavisimaya Gazeta publishing house, 1998.
7d4c6c982334acc030f081cc0f62fa179cc785c8	- 328 p.
7d0ef062305d7e786b5d31a845b3b8873e6686e5	— (Literary biographies). — ISBN 5-86712-049 X. During the break between the court sessions, Brodsky was forcibly detained in a psychiatric hospital for psychiatric examination.
8c417dc4bbcc26f8be042beed2af8f1a1537f465	↑ The trial of Joseph Brodsky ↑ Gordin, 2005.
319870238351bf9fe2d45a387bdedf7d1eaba22d	↑ Chukovskaya, 2010.
950c85f5b616b024e6427edda31b9ba1f491529a	↑ A. Volgina.
0ad2b6e43e201d8be531141d8d3488736ef8b895	Joseph Brodsky // Questions of literature, 2005, № 3 ↑ Interview of Joseph Brodsky Peter Weil ↑ S. Volkov "Dialogues with Joseph Brodsky" ↑ "I hugged the shoulders and looked" and "Train" in the book: Young Leningrad.
417bbd82052bb7d10d076bb6207e5372875ca7e3	— M.; L.: Sov.
3084d7e68179b241a3bc629508357f75707a7370	Pis., 1966.
edb9098f0c2162c85dfc201ed4ff364f1984442a	— S. 120-121.
cb9e61dc6f07dd4544c663e58c27ee9fd01bfb17	"In memory of T. S. Eliot" and "In the village God does not live in the corners" in the book: Poetry day 1967.
16914044d8bc703c74e51568ad1eaabcc545dab1	— Leningrad: Sov.
a06b6f9f12bf4c49c72096a8889dea4e1db0d20a	Pis., 1967.
2bbb1e868dc692637114991051822839b0c0c6b8	— P. 134-135.
c8dbf2df31b411283a0f614a39da80372f2aefa7	"Some of the translations made during the domestic period of creativity remained unpublished (such as translations of English metaphysicians and translations from Wilber ordered by "Foreign Literature"), or published under someone else's name (translations from Norvid).
adcbbca5362fc4f1c8d8cd8fc7bfbe1a1a67edc0	" V. Kulle.
1cdacbd98efac83d55ec6a7d9f502d8b110ce6fc	The poetic evolution of Joseph Brodsky in Russia ↑ 1 2 V. Polukhin.
3a15ec3b415946fc8431e04014829ddf00873569	Euterpe and Clio by Joseph Brodsky.
dc3cd24dcdccb4508d39787643fb9eb003cb071b	Tomsk: ID SK S, 2012 ↑ 1 2 Stop in the desert.
ac6fda6d4c1652cdc3deb13094a10b94e1b12e1e	↑ 1 2 The end of the beautiful era.
10e7e43b143d9364195d5c4815c802013477aabf	↑ 1 2 New stanzas for August.
6fbd0b94380bd93782429351e52ac605dd38385f	According to Alexander Gorodnitsky, "it was thanks to the music of Klyachkin, written for the poem "Procession" and some other poems by Brodsky in the early 1960s and in the 1970s, these poems, never published in print in those "stagnant" times and were the property of a relatively narrow circle of Moscow and Leningrad intellectuals, immediately became popular and known throughout the country" ([1]) ↑ The poet himself treated musical arrangements of his poems more than coldly (see for example Volkov, "Dialogues") ↑ V. Kulle.
879b3ea8fce1b1da7857a26e01460e43876fa492	Joseph Brodsky: a New Odyssey ↑ At the request of the Cinematography Committee, all the footage with his participation was destroyed (Evgeny Golubovsky. Goodbye to the free element!) ↑ Poems and poems.
74196cf661649204d06f6fcd6c5c77075089be6f	Вай Vayl, Losev, 1998.
1172fd693b8dffec30a181b993e7abdb38295635	↑ Some sources call May 12.
74b46e5e1b1b1fa5f504f3579a57dae221b0ae60	We take the date by: Joseph Brodsky, Poems and Poems.
1dd3362d74199a16ee0cb5afe68718812bcae1ec	Pushkin House, 2011, vol . 1, p. 624 .
32fa7350e0bd796f6bf554b59917e6a3d5396622	Большая The Big book of Interviews, Moscow: "Zakharov", 2000, p.
200a210a587dc361d0f4a50c156470647291b85d	29 ↑ 1 2 3 Solomon Volkov, Dialogues with Joseph Brodsky.
10c641bee1d2ae534d168fc669acd9ed67b7c74f	Moscow: Eksmo, 2006.
cabcb5bdd872bbc1e349db83965f951e9b615823	Although at the time of Brodsky's trial, the authorities had not yet begun to actively use psychiatry in the fight against dissidents (and the very concept of "dissident" had not entered everyday speech), in 1972 this practice was already routine.
e4e316e427f179b26ce48a307ff410a7132ce11b	Thus, the "Brodsky case" was not only the first case of de facto criminal prosecution for literary activity since the XX Congress, but also one of the first touchstones laid in this fifth wall of the Soviet political prison.
a9fd533933d4458ebd448496050a4b3965e5042b	The right to emigrate to the USSR was not fixed by law and was regulated by the conjuncture and secret instructions.
6cd5015561497a359c986d2d4256bad0b755cc6e	At that time, almost the only group of people who had a chance to emigrate from the USSR were Jews.
169c37f24db67e22ca7bcd41f893624fe178febb	It was required to apply to the OVIR and present an invitation from a relative — often fictitious in Israel (Brodsky had such an invitation, which the KGB was aware of see Losev, Joseph Brodsky: A literary biography).
ba2bc33a407b307a901d35f6d32dad7c144a63ca	Consideration of applications for departure to Israel, as a rule, took many months and often ended in refusal (Documents of the Moscow Helsinki Group: On Emigration from the USSR, 1979, June 4(5), No. 124 )оси Joseph Brodsky, Collected Works, in 4 volumes.
388b17ebe679b6627973e7559ef5d4fe05a0ce02	Compiled and published by Vladimir Maramzin.
7cdc6b053db9c6c12bd2ef0bba600ecf64e2617d	Leningrad: "Samizdat", 1972.
9e584a4d099e1c83a0bbf0a748405b82f731df22	↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 V. Polukhina, " Joseph Brodsky.
f1e1e895f229cd171e7a5128d545b640c9172777	Life, works, epoch".
38b3c12d876a53401113bd17db39b40c25ec4ff7	St. Petersburg: Zvezda, 2008.
49c47751daeb657c8b562638d640d1fedb538557	Том Thomas Venclova, About the last three months of Brodsky in the Soviet Union.
36df087737accd30157f4ae71a7ce2091ae4a5a5	UFO, 2011, No. 112.
5abe9208f495b41c7bf39ef78daad0feb6436128	↑ "In those years, the main flow of Soviet emigrants was sent to Israel.
7a1dfff9c74f841bb62c2523c4afec88508ebeca	A weak trickle flowed into the United States.
a8f5384090d387323777b25e81fcf1b0b6e9e41b	The choice of the country could be announced after passing the border, that is, in Vienna.
68eec2a741243ad3a9393cd1158bdd823db4f3c7	(According to the rules of the game, it was allowed to leave the Union only for the historical homeland to reunite with a non existent family) — " - L. Stern, Poet without a pedestal: Memories of Joseph Brodsky.
11b75f144d815a0db44fed54a1f94e1139f13c8a	Time, 2010.
8f5b471d6e7766fbf604dfaa593f7f9ad89ebaa1	↑ 1 2 Interview with Joseph Brodsky by Sven Birkerts in December 1979.
125fa95f0a810d66311b3c4583b198d1fba30881	↑ The New York Times Book Review.
e7ddb9ca3b6da179df0bfb36193998d280a55b77	March 3, 1996.
6de1cddcb568b1f51a9de5618099cbb382092dda	(English) Л. L. Losev, Poet at the Department: Introduction (in the book. Joseph Brodsky: works and days. Moscow: Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 1999 ) В. V. Gindilis, Episodes from Soviet life.
c61e6cd2bdd54cec9b85716ca99ad9612435f171	Moscow: OGI, 2008.
7b4915c590217fa0baa0599f7b4aa7a4461bff8b	↑ Chukovskaya, 2010, Entry from May 12, 1964..
1511ba12a71f16c87590a3d62ef9b0944aba07e0	↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 L. V. Losev.
b088cda987fa129b6b48417cdbb71f03f79be4ab	Joseph Brodsky: The Experience of literary biography.
6ac820cbe82d4c8c06d128db6a13134fb236ecd4	Moscow: Molodaya Gvardiya, 2006.
8e6d6985f68f4a55e214a0a363acb461cbe6a4f1	↑ Smith, Mount Holyoke, Amherst, Hampshire Colleges and the University of Massachusetts at Amherst (English)Russian..
c75d8d6d4fd1b14e00462a5303dd8b44fd3a0e99	↑ in the Bulletin of the Russian Christian Movement, Continent, Echo, New American, in the Russian language Russian Literature Triquarterly, published by Karl Proffer ↑ 1 2 Selected poems.
4b44d6e0f2c753017a9b32310536de6f195093c0	Часть Part of speech.
5148006b0abc61b000dccb864e53ffce540bb840	"To the constant, natural question of the interviewers, how the move to the West affected him, Brodsky patiently, and sometimes annoyingly, replied that it was just a "continuation of space" - L. Losev writes in his"Literary Biography".
c7685bc9b342e3d4be45d04f800d0e1bfe7c0f9e	↑ 1 2 Joseph Brodsky, "The Nobel Lecture".
a8f9ce4f6c4533dd3587774af28c720dc9fe8d0c	↑ Less Than One.
2ac863f905d885175ffb71703e39ff5a91cdef4a	↑ Watermark.
f34c7ac8d04141c6bfc25c7c4360600c20d48d7d	↑ On Grief and Reason.
b4c1d0bcddc67e32b3085469368a215715ba9a8f	At the moment, Russian translations of all English language essays and most of Brodsky's other prose works have been published.
a5a81de371b6fff52968d8480d3c609ed804f4d9	↑ "It is difficult to give up the idea that Brodsky's prose written in the original in English is and it was a genuine translation of his work into another language, a translation more successful, more undoubted than all translations of poems, including those made by himself...
156df71a8457cfd1178747f321d62986ee58bc8c	Only thanks to essay studies in the West were able to understand and appreciate the true extent of Brodsky's talent" (L. Losev, Experience of Literary Biography, pp. 249-251).
867d170c48e01d4f509089d187ded75644bb94ea	↑ National Book Critics Circle: awards.
1eb82d9587fbfb1dd6b70ccf60473657eb4f76d0	У Urania.
c51d19d32295f8485795c650fb21def77a661795	Ноб The website of the Nobel Committee.
c8279b8f3f950649d980b7031f3c08b07d577bf7	↑ Fern notes.
b895ebff985235e1bdabfc5d429a879f6b05b162	Ка Cappadocia.
536715b4d49c7a70eb5bce04eb4a8f36f88dd524	↑ In the vicinity of Atlantis.
4f66deaccc17ab2c844fe4dfaa8c1d209292b3e5	↑ 1 2 Landscape with a flood.
5781c78b52303c01ca1b8a4cc6734e20932caca4	↑ We can mention the collection of works by L. Losev, V. Polukhina, V. Kulle, E. Kelebay, Yu.
8285f3e3eb71e77ebe91621fbabc5398b27aead3	Lotman, D. Akhapkin.
e80ca2f48931a88398feedc9f2a54ed0ae05c89f	"The very universality of the claims made to Brodsky deserves attention.
00d758865ba4cd3860be5d67791d06a5c57af5c6	"Orthodox Christians from the USSR", in the best traditions, accuse him of "Talmudic" mockery of Christianity — the Israelis reject him as a "deserter" who chose Christian culture;
674f8f2fdfb6f47de7587235f7078d34331938bd	"classicists "accuse him of" avant — gardism " - "avant gardists", respectively, of " classicism.
e1ecb635f10ab5726907baa7c0297a45020112e4	Representatives of the" Leningrad school " express doubts about the purity of its adherence to the canon — Muscovites see it as the source of all the shortcomings of this school.
2a1d8f16e0225b27b944f250e3e55376af73f47a	An accountant and a celestial, a neoclassicist and a romantic, an avant gardist and a priest of pure art — this is the real amplitude of assessments.
ed50854cf196505419b422254a011c46f66eb47b	"(V. Kulle. Joseph Brodsky: paradoxes of perception). ↑ A. Solzhenitsyn, Joseph Brodsky selected poems.
8138bd85340e2749f3565c8d691a88ef0fe475c9	Novy Mir, No.
93b0991f3639b94aed2b99cb9501726dbd14f5f6	12, 1999.
a6bbe4fa30e301a95ed4be6884ea030d10f9f1c2	↑ Joseph Brodsky (in the book D. Bykov, Instead of life. M.: Vagrius, 2006).
6447bea28a83667a99e85591aada9739fc3bf68a	↑ The poem "I was reproached for everything, except the weather..." reads the author.
9b91843f64f53ee7d46a6170afa4c7c146ff04fd	Recorded on April 9, 1995 — the last performance of Joseph Brodsky before the Russian speaking audience.
a5ac4b13de0c06768937dfa2a9a8f9d3f5aef100	↑ 1 2 Thirteen Ways of Looking at Joseph Brodsky ↑ L. Stern, " The Poet without a Pedestal: Memories of Joseph Brodsky".
17edca9dc1599483c355a5996ec409f76a825f2e	Moscow: Vremya, 2010.
8c678abb771e03bc1eb620cdbeb0dabbe874eec0	↑ L. Losev, About Joseph (in the book "Meander: memoir prose". Moscow: New Publishing House, 2010, p. 120).
59ac0bc6cea5314352bfe7a2a6d59e4ad9d15dcd	↑ R. Kaplan: there was more of the saints in Brodsky.
ee6092a64f26c80b92405ab111f6e016d206965d	"The Seagull", March 16, 2009, Baltimore.
7b971879e096581f645d4a81df691300176a53fe	A slightly different version is given by Lyudmila Stern in her book " The Poet without a Pedestal: Memories of Joseph Brodsky".
1f9958a66e5b4060e726df8c7feb71adaf9ea5a4	↑ The American Poetry & Literacy Project ↑ The Joseph Brodsky Memorial Scholarship Fund.
b2e56a76bc6636c37b4eb05fc42f49c62ad94d6d	↑ A Part of Speech.
361bc60ad80d1b9a31994df0b46f637c1c291e9f	↑ To Urania.
00875ad2a157aaa57fa20cfb471f0146ea19991e	↑ So Forth.
759ec9d58749878d3aa98249d9081d7ce9a5b6fb	↑ Collected Poems.
8972426ec7a39898373bc54b38beda9a244dac49	V. Polukhina, Literary perception of Brodsky in England.
77a87dcfffae7a872ede06244373918fde78d2eb	Cardinal directions No.
463447feeaace848710c99f295d72b7b6f071702	9. ↑ From Russian with love.
64ff085e103372e48e7456853d69986243550aff	Валентина Valentina Polukhina.
aa164ed61a90d1adaabb04c5de456e1193d17661	Interview with Daniel Weisbort (in the book Joseph Brodsky: Works and Days) ↑ In 1989 alone, there were at least 17 poetic publications in the USSR (V. Polukhina. Brodsky: life, works, epoch) Сочин The works of Joseph Brodsky: In 4 vols..
ceeeffbb8d7fe2a260ee97bb6ec42badc813bda1	Бен Bengt Youngfeldt.
85623c7982cf8e5fa0375adfd11ebe1904b38729	Joseph Brodsky: works and days / / Swedish rooms. также also: at one of the speeches, he was asked: - " Now that everything has collapsed, will you come back?"
7163af48b1b789843f2121352a631a8f1919f7a4	— - "No, I wonot come back";
aaf6c8ff49416829fd9c32fe93e049fec5297533	- "Why?";
245bead8e47b6eb87c5aca3b8e2183eb463eeac6	— "And because you are so shameful about your past that it is humiliating"...
a8ae7954cdf2533adabaf2e06cb414b4c0138842	(from the memoirs of Maxim Kantor, 2013) ↑ Daniel Weissbort, From Russian with Love.
9462de42afca2ae05ab43d70953bd35803ff26be	London: Anvil Press Poetry, 2004.
94c1ea20f93d505146960f61c339170664cbdea7	↑ Six cubic meters of yellow roses.
a08c8f04544be0df46339271d3553feb6105326d	"Nezavisimaya Gazeta", No. 014 (1830) of January 28, 1999 ↑ 1 2 Around the death and burial of Joseph Brodsky.
4870e805163a91c4bdffdfeda16aa33957df3e1c	Nezavisimaya Gazeta, April 3, 1999 Интервью Interview with Jukka Mallinen.
6dbd2e1c38ac23ad86fdc7027d6c09abdee658c4	In the book " Joseph Brodsky through the eyes of contemporaries (2006-2009).
d681dc64c1809b24d48618e1320f6c71a47a760c	Т. T. Venclova.
aed2cc196e1909059fc353d85e9ce59ea73e6e34	"Brodsky thought a lot and seriously about death."
2ad3f018fd7bad687832fecc8469cb4de172d0b7	Interview.
dbd7e435f5d89696a56c17df421fa48037ed1b85	The newspaper "Culture", No.
21b654cfb0bec50c7147d1ffbaf864bff3fb5d10	2, 2007 Валентина Valentina Polukhina.
2142fd57ac68f8c2ed558e344bdc7fda92da71ec	Interview with Lev Losev ↑ Interview with M. Sozzani Brodskaya, published in the newspaper "Wyborcza" (Gazeta Wyborcza), Warsaw, May 9, 2000 ↑ Vissarion Fuchs.
e2dea2b6847a29edea20388475123cf010e6830b	The last resting place.
25dfbf764f969fcb7f471a25a71a36291c0cb906	- NG dated 28.01.1999 (Ex libris, No. 003).
b56275d71d465d06f136f3d47d8d428dbc560fc0	↑ Website of V. Radunsky ↑ According to M. L. Gasparov, the criterion of prin
630b9628418fd2eb1e289f1eef978e66dc452ea6	Loading.
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16ac7bf3ce5e91c35babcf3eda326fbc0793b90b	Home Biographies of writers Literary terms Essays Epigraphs
db13588c5f326ec900e6cb26db77edebb05e5ce8	Biographies of writers "Biographies" by Joseph Brodsky
c7f19c74b9da27a639402db714b98222cf505ea7	Joseph Brodsky (1940-1996)
9e91f14e6c6d8e2715458fe69a01bec59619f35e	Joseph Alexandrovich Brodsky was born in Leningrad on May 24, 1940.
2bfde5be1865e843114442968c78cf328a769ccc	The poet's mother, Maria Moiseevna, was an accountant.
b74702765fb992c3c62b29392b8ebeacb1ef84cc	Father Alexander Ivanovich is a photojournalist, and quite well known.
75a9fb72b1a904ffbb92fbf498cf005f3a8dcba4	During the war, he worked as a correspondent in the Navy.
0e325f72df86370e675f0dc613ca036aaa7df1fa	Joseph's mother believed that only hooligans study at the school, which is located next to the house, and sent him to a men's school (then there was separate education of boys and girls) far from home.
f5913c34f6535878eacafe4fc4bdb2863096ef52	Joseph often caught a cold and stayed at home.
8ab099a1e87481a92eba753d0bf61cdbc33faad6	Joseph graduated from an eight year school in 1955 and, in search of himself, his vocation, went to work at a factory.
c65b6de0c02afd6f0670bc187af6ddc04da1228b	"I've been working since I was fifteen.
68c032e6f7601c50a72ab5ae6636e6566d32ee9b	I have about the profession of a milling cutter, a geophysicist technician, a stoker, a sailor, an orderly, a photographer.
199fc59e6d52ba16e29cfbc32e91bfb2856fcaca	I worked in geological parties in Yakutia, on the White Sea coast, on the Tien Shan, in Karelia.
269157693e6d5f18368310bde2b0b4e4b8d7f91d	All this is recorded in my work book."
047f3389db9e42d3290e28020d1040a73aa00523	At the same time, he studied English and Polish.
14e454492476b678dd2b65d68268bc9075aea0f8	Brodsky's first poetic experiments date back to 1957.
47206a8271d637ae04111770ffb2555972af4ff2	In the early 60s, he turned to translation work.
79ea2da834e93a7c2870a9352d6e2d54d2f92aae	His attention was attracted by Slavic and English speaking poets.
862f9148db8398b1e6c8ee3b8488b53751453f91	By the end of the 60s, his name was well known among the creative youth of Leningrad and in unofficial literary circles.
39fd4071297af262666655ef0cedfa6319d0a30b	"Why didnot you work?"
efbcb8ef1264e2e0ea0ee8faf2f562bce04f8bee	- "Answer me, why didnot you work?"
5c41e5d6d0d6320abf1b006837d751422182b864	— "Why didnot you study this at the university?"
00bb39b81c3821364ba6677347ac3100e80de84f	By this time, Brodsky was already a fairly well known poet.
a044ee3df7fddd12bf82a75079ac5f2f843cd2ba	Anna Akhmatova, S. Ya.
85b8efcae9a0c4b5b5f61107816d902b3f800f40	Marshak, Dmitry Shostakovich and many other personalities stood up for him, whose opinion the Soviet government could not ignore, especially since the Brodsky case received worldwide publicity.
3a088e40431ab6eb019e19bc11b5f191de5f9046	The poet returned to Leningrad.
e2a58b9cc6f7beb13723bc485f6214f7638c6281	However, this return in itself did not mean the end of the conflict with the authorities.
0994445ee8d8c18c1591eee91cc1da5547608279	The poet wrote to the table, they were afraid to print it.
72324a1540f01571c2b9ec397c9ea8b38bcb7b1f	And, according to a wonderful Russian tradition, the disgraced poet took up translations.
08f0f5e9dbddf69819a29127919de2e29c90cdaf	For the entire period up to emigration, in addition to translations, Brodsky managed to print only 4 poems.
78027d55606dc9f1a5f5ea6c49ed74d42f38c804	His work was known in the USSR only for the benefit of giving samizdat.
85afcb1e507ecacd23167f1dbb44cac8ad409aa2	Brodsky, as he put it himself, "landed" in the United States, in New York.
d8e4a93254b7333c8ca068f8d4c35e1fcf1c0111	Professor Brodsky taught the history of Russian and English literature at Southedley.
82e3da88b5f878531dcb8b0001a5f5772104f17f	He wrote poems in Russian.
112e221407e65bef51c7fe4e965cd8eb5157f952	Since about 1973, he has been writing some articles and essays in English.
c109a6b95a1d5c3e5f365b80a2a43ede9f42397d	In 1987, Brodsky received the Nobel Prize in Literature (he became the fifth Russian laureate after Bunin, Pasternak, Shokhov and Solzhenitsyn).
876401c31d3e0a91c58a34237b498b6326fa3f77	In July 1989, the Supreme Court of the RSFSR dismissed the" case "of Brodsky" for the absence of an administrative offense in his actions."
36c8dde860262eda87f3f40e573223f32b1d0acd	In December 1987 For the first time after the 15 year emigration of I. Brodsky, Novy Mir published a selection of the works of the already world famous poet in his homeland.
e6acf99636f0a27e90ba05175187a2904a3f0d13	And an avalanche of publications has already poured in.
cda07626783a37f424b0513de386e2bafd73a343	Finally, in 1992-1994.
c138b79b06ec1a0a31fa10a45eba841fd9645cce	The Pushkin Foundation, to which the poet transferred the exclusive right to publish his works, prepared a collection of works in 4 volumes (compiled by V. F. Komarov, the Third Wave publishing house).
f4acb8b41678eda758fdf976f9a794267a52be1d	The poet's collections in Russian have been published abroad since 1965 (mainly in the USA).
5e5f01d0a2438c3e992691e315a16c81bbe92a91	While living abroad, the poet travels a lot around the world, lectures in different cities.
f1eb482a02345bd3c823b81887d0c0b20089ac51	His impressions are reflected in poems, travel notes, essays.
e86ee4954ec216308a0669ac1bfb7c7991ef3850	Brodsky died from January 27 to January 28, 1996 in New York.
e8f5457be368f2ad44d7778900b9177b299122ee	Akhmatova called Brodsky's poems magical.
8ad4eb655b2738adc3a6000f3d5ee949145c09e5	The poet himself said this about poetic creativity in his Nobel speech: "The writer of a poem writes it primarily because versification is a colossal accelerator of consciousness, thinking, attitude, having experienced this acceleration once, a person is no longer able to refuse to repeat this experience, he becomes dependent on this process, as one becomes dependent on drugs or alcohol.
655ba3bfacda0c681fe7fcf8605a610dfb723c0b	A person who is in such dependence on language, I believe, is called a poet."
9cc10b03ade241983c2fbe9082d7db79de2b17f5	Tags: biography, Brodsky
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7bdbea195770ac0d4b2127d7439eff8a0b10bbc1	We recommend reading: Nikolay RUBTSOV Yevtushenko Evgeny Aleksandrovich MARSHAK SAMUEL YAKOVLEVICH
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0e1893848b2aafc946b0a2171a74b038731ead7c	(24.05.1940 - 28.01.1996)
6f8087d327b51aded29d5a960a71d3cc2b36268b	Joseph Alexandrovich Brodsky – the only child in a family of Leningrad intellectuals was born on May 24, 1940 in Leningrad.
bbd5b457b40c3a1641dd1ad45915dc907ced28a9	Brodsky recalled his childhood reluctantly: "Russians do not attach much importance to childhood.
43c13e9a7a1ed3b84bbb67982269d0696dd094f8	At least I donot attach it.
303cd7e4596f77d82ec832466303b2667fd974c9	An ordinary childhood.
9fbecced0c05e79975b363464f73074c064a705f	I donot think that children's impressions play an important role in further development."
9e07869976d2ce0e63354255d77b639b70128211	Already in adolescence, his independence, determination, and firm character were manifested.
4f29c8c1a4e4a2f08c70fca9d9e609091983ceb8	In 1955, without finishing school, he went to work at a military factory as a milling cutter, choosing for himself self education, mainly multi reading: "It started as an accumulation of knowledge, but turned into the most important activity for which you can sacrifice everything.
80b81e231965d19f9d83a9de6031687fe2b4aae1	Books have become the first and only reality" (I. Brodsky).
91da85df1bd28fb03c3f3aecfa71ea7b16aad579	In 1956, for the first time, like many at his age, he tried to rhyme.
0e9f774715288cfe39c83916e1ea57cb17853e49	He experienced a strong influence of Lermontov in his youth.
6f65d3515cb6e7687d462b26dc9ead9889e636d7	I often changed places and types of work
e1521fc2c81969e818294cc1be15ee2a8e0802bf	(the most unexpected combinations – eight years later, in March 1964, at the trial (the accusation of parasitism!) 13 professions tested by him were announced: milling cutter, geophysicist technician (according to L. Stern, 1959-1961; geography – Yakutia, Tien Shan, Kazakhstan, the White Sea coast), orderly, stoker, photographer, translator, etc.), trying to find such earnings that would leave more time for reading and writing: on a geological trip to Yakutsk in 1959, he purchased a volume of poems by E.
d2f787b0849095b65ed892e360d222a1f8fe424b	A. Baratynsky in the series "Poet's Library", after reading which, I finally strengthened my desire to become a poet: "I had nothing to read, and when I found this book and read it, then I understood everything: what should I do.
b547df305fe1d09da5aefd0a52d43b34d41e99e5	In typewritten and handwritten lists, from hand to hand, among the intelligentsia reading poetry, wonderful poems and poems of the Leningrad Joseph Brodsky, unknown to the majority, "Christmas Romance", "Procession", "Pilgrims", "Poems", which were distinguished by early maturity, sharpness, recognizable individuality and sharpness of writing, confessional openness, lyrical piercing, amazing subtlest skill of cutting, were quickly distributed among the intelligentsia reading poetry under the epigraph "("Everyone is naked before God...")," Loneliness"," Elegy"," Now I feel tired more and more often..."," Romance"," Fly from here, white moth..."," Guest"," In memory of E.
2e324a7568fb327f3d581528d2f57cc79ebd7b03	A. Baratynsky"," Leave, leave, leave..."," Petersburg novel"," July intermezzo"," I do not ask for Immortality from death..."," Roosters will shout and clap..."," Stanzas to the city "("May it not be given to me to die away from you...") and many others.
c4df807e1dfad41c757b71ea018f349a0f91abfe	Russian Russian poetry of the XIX XX centuries) and the reform of the Russian classical verse, the identification of its new expressive possibilities, he realized early on the need for a synthesis of continuity (Russian poetry of the XIX XX centuries).
5f136aabf5583bb957efe3e723f5c75f0366f101	In 1963, his relations with the authorities in Leningrad worsened.
3c8d010ab9af01bc518d27ad58b566385f0baf35	"Despite the fact that Brodsky did not write direct political poems against the Soviet government, the independence of the form and content of his poems, plus the independence of personal behavior, irritated ideological supervisors" (Yevtushenko).
53690dbc326b7099bc213073957bc995efdeb650	November 29, 1963 in the newspaper "Evening Leningrad" signed by A.Ionin, Ya.
9002b09c943943ccc8fe26120d6acf2af8702107	Lerner, M. Medvedev published a lampoon "Near literary Drone" on Brodsky, where the following was said about him and his inner circle, in particular:
2c7c1ce70f008e274e1fa5eed4c2447904fb681e	«...A few years ago, a young man who called himself a poet appeared in the near literary circles of Leningrad.
6024f6ec2a5aba15a828c28ff2b51e18d911bf3f	His friends simply called him Osei.
18eb2d4fd6658cf529f28f8887c636f5a17e2a1a	In other places, he was called by his full name – Joseph Brodsky.
36bf419f6ef2a7fcc3fe866d6518e6d5561e3f7e	What did this self confident young man want to come to literature with?
64e581b718d846c0bd78de6105dbf9def6f8aadd	He had a dozen other poems on his account, copied into a thin notebook, and all these poems testified that their author's worldview was clearly flawed.
a00d55b3c635e42b170b498546d4067b0c0955e9	He imitated poets who preached pessimism and disbelief in man, his poems are a mixture of decadence, modernism and the most ordinary gibberish.
04d48d5a2ac6c8c5a003f0b67d10919366f44f92	Brodsky's poor imitative attempts looked pathetic.
672831dcb71235c48360753938d458b59a9cbc04	However, he could not create anything independent: he did not have enough strength.
ca1af45bd4bfc26d760b80eb55f03c8527059a7d	There was a lack of knowledge and culture.
74edef375c760b26bb9d90afe08cd325fcb792a8	And what kind of knowledge can a half educated person who has not even graduated from high school have?
d0d28fd495227494fd67e81bb59f510e70fb243d	As you can see, this pygmy, confidently climbing Parnassus, is not so harmless.
16a4830c1ebbbe182a272a2301adfedb54e322ce	Having admitted that he "loves a foreign homeland," Brodsky was extremely frank.
a8c1cb32af722093752aa2bdf81e87bcfa04e7f2	He really does not love his Homeland and does not hide it.
9684c28efd8595d47ad155d9a67790f00de5eb16	More than that!
3640d086f3e27e68d1d56ceb53035a966120c214	They have been hatching plans for treason for a long time."
a9a1534c8b82d9f3b4881ff63fbd82ecc25354bd	At the end of the article there was a direct call to the authorities to protect Leningrad and Leningrad residents from a dangerous drone:
cba2c28a522892e93f0770418ba18002cc6afb0e	"Obviously, we need to stop coddling a near literary parasite.
66efa9958a7dd7db538b5cc9ad9a27beb22f198e	A man like Brodsky has no place in Leningrad.
bca8a7d32db8142036ea9e4d563dccc4678b066b	Not only Brodsky, but everyone around him, is following the same dangerous path as he is.
f262ca56bd9dd29027eaa7b64956e4c393d5592e	Let the near literary idlers like Joseph Brodsky receive the sharpest rebuff.
11d664d41744aa28a1cac532c285cfce3aa7c7d6	Let them be unwilling to muddy the water!"
45f86a15d0fe71a6a397a6769761f53eec27caf4	Organized harassment grew; it was dangerous for Brodsky to stay in Leningrad; in order to avoid arrest, friends took the poet to Moscow in December 1963.
1ec40e6f467006f5a6effca23cff4ba386d4cd7e	Twenty three year old Brodsky had an extremely difficult experience with this double nasty blow from people very close to him (perhaps the exceptional strength of these experiences that he endured in himself greatly aggravated his heart disease, which caused his premature death).
4e55b5475df8e419de9425135f95dbe037175eba	After the first closed trial on February 18 in the district court on Vosstaniya Street, the poet was placed in a judicial psychiatric hospital ("psychiatric hospital"), "where he was subjected to mocking experiments for three weeks, but was recognized as mentally healthy and able bodied" (L. Stern).
88cd08f7014042907c45974b7065bdec6981e29a	The second, open, trial was held on March 13, 1964.
0a9c08f5a85008e1f3147c5fa250afc6b3dcfd94	The court's decision was expulsion for 5 years with mandatory involvement in physical labor.
4cf406e0062cbff3030bc86f9233532d546d931f	The poet served his exile in the Konoshsky district of the Arkhangelsk region, in the village of Norinskaya.
f22d98bed0fe10ffc31fe88cccc260393defd28e	Gordin recalls: "The village is located about thirty kilometers from the railway, surrounded by swampy northern forests.
8de3780a226eb80ab570a6cc563106dc82e1cf7e	Joseph did all sorts of physical work there.
bcd489a28879e032b6de315fb7baaaa2beb48c4d	When the writer Igor Efimov and I came to him in October of the sixty fourth year, he was assigned to the granary to shovel grain so that it would not heat up.
719650665b295503e52b2c67f662b2ad6b7e828f	They treated him well in the village, completely unaware that this polite and calm parasite would take their village with him into the history of world literature."
6f825b807a57de326374ccb2c7c44c4b52b5634f	After reconciliation, M. Basmanova came to Norinskaya to Brodsky, who gave birth to his son Andrey in 1967 (despite Brodsky's protests, Andrey was recorded in metrics by Osipovich with the surname Basmanov).
acf100ed8247d0ccb43a52693e1278a400d78c90	During the period of exile, he wrote such famous poems as "To a poetess", "I am infected with normal classicism", "Two hours in a tank", "New stanzas for August", "Northern Mail", "A letter in a bottle", "I wander in a thinning forest...", "To you, when my voice sounds...", "Orpheus and Artemis", "Carnation", "Prophecy", "24.5.65 Bullpen", "A goose in a ditch, like stereo pipe...", "God does not live in the corners in the village...", "A bowl with a snake", "In a village lost in the woods...", "The Northern edge, hide...",
5a01aa4b3992e1a8021b2114cd20da864eb7e41a	"With sadness and with tenderness" and others.
c7c31328ef24f4cc246791742ecd9c8dc5cc27f4	In 1965, under the pressure of the world community, the decision of the Supreme Court of the RSFSR reduced the term of expulsion to actually served (1 year, 5 months).
d5f13ef29e936a6c7381510a39bf47dabf938916	In 1965, the first book of Joseph Brodsky in Russian, "Poems and Poems", was published in New York.
97ea6c9bb32f45c8b08666b99330e6fd7e892f39	The poet in 1972 spoke about this event as follows: "I remember very well my feelings from my first book, published in Russian in New York.
1f739edc3c4ad300f5af0a1d3443e9b7617aca22	I had a feeling of some ridiculousness of what had happened.
894b164cc1d063562909294a29540496bfbecfd1	It never occurred to me what had happened and what kind of book it was."
4fe713bf0387ed85b5c4df72c203d696edb9d5fa	Having returned prematurely from exile (September 1965), Brodsky tried to actively join the literary process.
285f90fce997ed232b938a3ebf5c67f083aea7d1	He studied hard and hard on samples, analyzed the successes and failures of other poets, mastered new rhythms and stanzas, worked extremely productively creatively, wrote original poems, translated, read poems and translations at literary evenings.
f150e356710bb78938a227e637affb8c86ee2b8c	Opportunities and creative business trips led him from Leningrad to Moscow, Palanga, Yalta, Gurzuf...
a17ecaa1e184337ea4efd42c3a736372afb9de04	His interest in the poetic borderline the junction of white verse and rhythmic prose led to the creation of the famous poem "Stop in the Desert", which later gave the name to his first poetry collection, published abroad in 1972.
d78bf0f221f9c41bb75afdcc1d5cac608ab76375	His mastered and fixed genre is an easily recognizable long elegy, a kind of semi poem aphoristic, sadly sad, ironically reflexive, with a language and syntax as brittle as mica, carrying (no less than the content) the function of refreshing and much desired novelty.
2065b4fe9dc6755dffb7495416db27dc9f8b1cf4	As an example, we can cite "Goodbye, Mademoiselle Veronika", "Fountain", "In memory of T. B.", built on a chopped rhythm, monotonous army appeals and army conclusions, "Letter to General Z", "Stanzas", "Elegy", the poem "Gorbunov and Gorchakov" (a special poetic task – a dialog form), "Dedicated to Yalta" (a special task – an updated syntax), "With a view of the sea", "The end of a beautiful era", "From the School Anthology"," Conversation with a celestial", "Singing without music", "POST AETATEM NOSTRAM", "Lithuanian divertissement", "Still Life" and others.
a1adc7e79eb48fc9f30a3ecff2746c0d6a462ecc	For some ten years, Brodsky has grown extremely quickly into a virtuoso master of Russian verse and the work of creating another masterpiece brought him, obviously, enormous creative satisfaction.
49b10fbb8d897e43eda4ad00f13b00b5e9bf5cda	When trying to publish his poems, Brodsky faced severe censorship pressure, which destroyed all the originality of his poems and all the titanic work done; the poet did not accept all attempts at censorship interference in any form.
0a6b1b23654d2cd6bb0934f337afb2f797983925	Meanwhile, Russian special agencies were rapidly preparing to expel the inconvenient, unbroken, uncompromising poet Joseph Brodsky abroad.
6baed531760f2b2cb01c6dacbe8190a9b441069c	Early in the morning on June 4, 1972, leaving the country, as it seemed and turned out, forever, going to Pulkovo airport, Joseph Brodsky wrote a letter to the General Secretary of the CPSU Leonid Brezhnev, in which he expressed the hope that he would be allowed to publish in Russian magazines and books: "Dear Leonid Ilyich, leaving Russia not of his own free will, as you may know, I decide to appeal to you with a request, the right to which gives me a firm consciousness that everything that I have done for 15 years of literary work, serves and will serve only to the glory of Russian culture, nothing else.
c8fd9e0bf97c250debe0d103865513149c95c487	I want to ask you to give me the opportunity to preserve my existence, my presence in the literary process.
b6a79049acd4d3cb55d2f559874f53791bb96318	At least as an interpreter – in the capacity in which I have acted so far.
aa491a80f7cbfb1183ec8f57e795ee3f56b816dd	I dare to think that my work was a good job, and I could continue to be useful.
b5dcd7444d0984f19de01117a77c42da5645ef3e	After all, this was practiced a hundred years ago. I belong to Russian culture, I am aware of myself as a part of it, a component, and no change of place can affect the final result.
78d6dee13a4194cf8be09b43c3fb1fd21b755277	Language is an older and more inevitable thing than the state.
7ec100017fb5a2c2e00b009a31b6d6137748ab0a	I belong to the Russian language, and as for the state, from my point of view, the measure of a writer's patriotism is how he writes in the language of the people among whom he lives, and not oaths from the rostrum.
141cc33351e442558b778cc98a5a1357999a9192	I am sad to leave Russia.
2f4d11edc0c63c45edbafe98d40b74c943d13d44	I was born here, grew up here, lived here, and I owe everything I have to her.
e04503972ea8fbfc41c537c5b783f1ad33fa4b4d	All the bad things that fell to my lot were more than covered by the good, and I never felt offended by the Fatherland.
4305b529e8d3163368f5ea73581fea25111f733e	I donot feel it now either.
ed5d9dc721eb46e07894e2c7d093ef5595bb1883	For, ceasing to be a citizen of the USSR, I do not cease to be a Russian poet.
ac47e80411578156c68d75cfb9375ceda389c525	I believe that I will return; poets always return: in the flesh or on paper.
b9ffac0a985193fd7fdf22713293cbc6fe719f3c	I want to believe in both.
32293bdd3a3e08a4571d227cec5bc7f773bb6b5c	People have come out of the age when the strong were right.
330e175753dfc24966b28ee28b478f90b921cb57	There are too many weak people in the world for this.
547bee8261afd86d404267399b8903b129ebdb8f	The only rightness is kindness.
a704b9e20711f748104ff8149c99039fd1d023cb	From evil, from anger, from hatred let them be called righteous no one wins.
687e5085fff030b8535229c111daa273f94081d6	We are all condemned to the same thing: to death.
f82e67591bd4d96db74bbaca423e5b9e60672333	I will die writing these lines, you will die reading them.
56d3493446eb8164227503ab73bc17f143187893	Our affairs will remain, but they will also be destroyed.
5d9f8d05b11adf227606950e2adc8785f8ff5748	Therefore, no one should interfere with each other to do his work.
aec9f46c10716c84cd330a74a4abbf11432854f0	The conditions of existence are too difficult to complicate them even more.
30da01b547687cc59cb6921d2e1c47e19bbf8fe5	I hope you will understand me correctly, understand what I am asking for.
d167427cb6f25ff9f45f59fd7ce5a02125a8d9e4	Russian Russian literature, I ask you to give me the opportunity to continue to exist in Russian literature, on Russian soil.
5450167772932d8cfeb18d400a1339a1d8cd05a4	I think that I am not guilty of anything before my Homeland.
76480b03f03b6719a5a55be0a86a335a6d75e421	On the contrary, I think I'm right in many ways.
94f19ccc3eccbb2675449ac95b140999f4495eab	I do not know what your response to my request will be, whether it will take place at all.
03e3ae04cb142f0fd535f11c4c722341616e1222	I'm sorry I didnot write to you earlier, and now there's no time left.
f202a82512e6b211eefaed44c2056ce915aa0934	But I will tell you that in any case, even if my people do not need my body, my soul will still be useful to them."
29770dddd2054fb592d294a28a1cdbe8d1c579f5	Brodsky recalled his stay in Vienna: "I remember very clearly the first days in Vienna.
7774823f1685294d425e912f6d9b3db8e70ac742	I wandered the streets, looked at the shops.
214ca734b814f76be6bc7eadba11d84e8d48ab37	In Russia, the things displayed in the windows are separated by gaping gaps: one pair of shoes is almost a meter away from the other, and so on...
2f5a7a3b0bf867ecd34ea3114238a7fa096d62d2	When you walk down the street here, you are struck by the crowding that reigns in the windows, the abundance of things displayed in them.
2dd0047175b4fa2c11b429b3eb0e6f3864098b5e	And I was struck not by the freedom that Russians are deprived of, although this is also true, but by the real matter of life, its materiality.
6809c42978a0beaa8ca620508e8b933d3cdca88e	I immediately thought about our women, imagining how they would be confused at the sight of all these clothes.
dc8e0726d8af64acb36b6c2eb8916323fb7bbaed	And one more thing: one day I was sailing from England to Holland and saw a group of children on the ship going on an excursion.
115c2d4c6d2d46b58cbcc2b8199cc9c0cb0d478f	What a joy it would be for our children, I thought then, and it was stolen from them forever.
24dd71e9376983ad3b5c2d03ee777cdc3fabfc82	Generations grew up, grew old, died without seeing anything..."
db451438b3c563f58e6c93bc7e268a580a4d08a6	A month after his arrival in the United States, on July 9, 1972, Brodsky arrived in Ann Arbor, where he took up the position of visiting professor at the Faculty of Slavic Studies (tenured professor in the Slavic Department) University of Michigan, where he held this position for nine years until leaving for permanent residence in New York in 1981.
7ea25ef6562d854adc950de0253734b2d866dae6	Russian Russian poet taught a course of lectures on the history of Russian poetry, Russian poetry of the 20th century, the theory of verse, conducted seminars, took exams from future American Slavists.
fcdc13ce463781a00f8d72a380d2f958e7957058	There, in Ann Arbor, in 1972, his collection of Russian poems and poems "Stop in the Desert" was published – the first independent collection of Joseph Brodsky, in the compilation of which he showed extreme pickiness and high demands.
f9954791a380b3e19db777b63caeb0971807dc9b	In 1973, a volume of selected poems by Joseph Brodsky was published, translated into English by Professor George Klein.
61ae5086f88435eb9df203f3d44617e31710e112	Already in the year of his arrival in America, Brodsky gave the first memorable interviews.
62f40e7c18be49b4c8d6778ad41f38f31acb1886	American interlocutors, as a rule, did not feel at all that they were dealing with a self taught person who, with the help of self education, had far exceeded the university horizons: "Brodsky demonstrated boundless knowledge in world literature, art, music and other areas of interest to him" (Anne Marie Bramm).
35bb1577c105c6de7bbe531950169aaf01f39a0b	In 1975, for the 200th anniversary of the United States, a program poem "The Lullaby of the Cod Cape" was written (with a dedication to A. B.-son Andrey).
d1b07470d7a65235657e6a39ff6cd1443b3efc68	In 1977, Joseph Brodsky wrote a review "The Geography of Evil" on the book by A. I. Solzhenitsyn "The Gulag Archipelago".
a5dd0325f9c9f44eaeb75f544f93b9602ddb8a7b	In 1978, after a trip to Brazil, Brodsky wrote an essay "After a trip, or Dedicated to the spine".
1f8170306b45685877847fe4b70f555f1b97a3a9	In July 1989, before the graduates of Dartmouth College, he gave a speech "Praise for Boredom", which was included in the book of selected essays "On Sorrow and Reason" (1995).
b840076f5af1ded60d03147fea96d5acac0e0f40	Brodsky was accepted as an honorary member of the American Academy of Arts, from which he left in protest against the admission of Yevgeny Yevtushenko to it.
774f09f745cad5884ee7576216f05d3c43418dc8	In 1977, the publishing house "Ardis "in Ann Arbor published two important collections of poems by Joseph Brodsky" The End of the Beautiful Era.
6e6591b20be212b22ff8c14004914266d33668c8	Poems 1964-71 / Comp.
06988cf0661f492c401bede19117b827a44cd60b	V. Maramzin and L.Losev" and " Part of speech.
581fe655a290b5467f570aac1c95070d1762ac8b	Poems 1972-76 / Comp.
0d0e3dc4a2c5bc01acb56280962a149339829912	V. Maramzin and L.Losev".
8997e265951a4ab3a9fccebfa995925f12f1a7b1	In the reply letter of A. I. Solzhenitsyn to Brodsky received on May 14, 1977, in the first paragraph, the poet's admiration for the professional work was expressed: "I do not miss your poems in any Russian magazine, I do not cease to admire your brilliant skill.
eeced1ee34f49282a36ba1c7662e17a18a9ac539	Sometimes I am afraid that you are destroying the verse in some way — but you do this with incomparable talent."
6bf3a92a4d269303eaed5451bc5774cec789e665	By May 24, 1980, i.e., on the fortieth anniversary of Brodsky, his friends published the almanac "Part of Speech", which included, in particular, Brodsky's poems dedicated to M. Basmanova: "You, a guitar like thing with a tangled web / strings...", his essay "Leningrad", written in English and translated into Russian by yayzyk L.Losev, Brodsky's interview with Solomon Volkov under the title "New York: the Soul of a Poet".
dd332d0ddee135e334db62ea084573988e3bf556	In 1980, Brodsky received American citizenship
fa65304bd23b9dcc8533fd9ab41a94854728cb3a	("I became an American citizen in Detroit.
3cc2979142680c73ea80e0bcd2e29e8b663e4e3c	It was raining, it was early in the morning, there were about seventy or eighty of us gathered in the courthouse, we took the oath in a crowd.
853eca6883331cc4a4d47381cc286db76f47951e	There were immigrants from Egypt, Czechoslovakia, Zimbabwe, Latin America, Sweden... the judge who was present at the ceremony made a small speech.
8a434932e0aaca6a69744cd29a6f12a63a7cbec9	He said: by taking the oath, you are not at all renouncing the ties that bind you to your former homeland; you no longer belong to it politically, but the United States will only become richer if you maintain your cultural and emotional ties.
c38e7e552bec289005ad3ee51c55c40db48f64c3	I was very touched by it then – I am still touched now when I remember that moment.
60f5d3619354746a023a1170faca3510b56af6fe	" - I. B.).
e21937e34f64b2e757aa0bd78c2603244685c11f	In 1981, he underwent heart surgery (bypass surgery).
5ac600e5b6fc4bc0bbf2b9df393faecdb2bda5d2	The doctors forbade him to smoke a lot, but he continued to do it, without fail breaking off the filters of strong cigarettes.
74c3d6c6e31d07d28f0597361eadee3bf8dfe2e1	"In 1981, he lived for several months at the American Academy in Rome, and this time turned out to be very fruitful for him" (M. Brodskaya).
11e2b25f3598774d60f1bd730b811a5e4a7dc176	In 1983, the publishing house "Ardis" in Ann Arbor published a book of lyrics by Joseph Brodsky " New Stanzas for August.
c75f7bb8771a20112f556d15fe9b630411912426	Poems to M. B. 1962-82".
bcd96f7696419cc467ce71c6fe3ee4cf0db81334	In 1984, Brodsky's play "Marble"was published in the same publishing house.
063148ba62e2f8b90f5518f9093d59011a53a7c7	In 1986, his English book "Less then one" was recognized as the best literary critical book of the year in America.
655d877776b4b7ba0e0eae9a7c820459e59c0603	The title of Joseph Brodsky's 1987 poetry collection "Urania" is, according to his testimony, a tribute to Baratynsky ("Fans of cold Urania...").
85aa7176ed6b436bd108f428c84c3294ddadb02b	During his life in America, Brodsky was worried about constant heart problems.
e71a749cff466bc241f1f272df3d2f4cba3abfcb	By May 1987, the poet had suffered three heart attacks.
6c460247ab50eea55670fbd3c1b67466ddfe4ef6	Heart attacks were treated at the Presbyterian Hospital (New Jersey).
ca4118fa0f60a2f09ce41a9bc9d33472dc1671eb	In 1987, the poet estimated his exile in this way: "The fifteen years that I spent in the United States were extraordinary for me, because everyone left me alone.
cc1830cfb8c598baf007ff058607548705d4cc8a	I led the kind of life that, I believe, a poet should lead not yielding to public temptations, living in seclusion.
2caa5817594c64bed7a1d0d90258fb155a59600e	Perhaps exile is a natural condition for the existence of a poet, unlike a novelist, who must be inside the structures of the society he describes.
0c92b3a0efc57653fce274ff8d597fd06852c873	I felt a certain advantage in this coincidence of my conditions of existence and my occupations.
d4188979d606362ddb493a7c7f51fd6818a1d52a	And now, because of all these "changes for the better", there is a feeling that someone wants to invade my life by force.
9e949f628caf2b8dde0f8b209bd11fba9a010ce6	It is as if you are in the market, a gypsy woman comes up to you, grabs your hand, looks intently into your eyes and says: "Now I'll tell you what will happen..."
af8be90a72e00b160d689c4768c0f6e9dfa361d1	I have been living far from my homeland for so long, my view is a view from the outside, and that's all;
68a3485e9fae82a65106aa7e460af4cdba149163	I donot feel what is happening there with my skin...
bda20123e258b44fa15fcf886ac30ca3f5ef8a22	If they print me, it's good, if they donot print me, it's also not bad.
42d662bcb9b76cf82d91e4440e7749b457bb7a4d	The next generation will read it.
cb417f1c9dc4c3bda527904f7effed90c44cc8ce	I donot care at all... almost donot care."
3099ed941a328680b67f5e29ef492da15191a30c	In December 1987, at the age of forty seven, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature (after Bunin and Pasternak, he became the third Russian poet to receive the Nobel Prize): "for all encompassing authorship, full of clarity of thought and poetic depth" (Brodsky is one of the youngest Nobel Prize laureates in all the years of its award).
f3c1f4aa943b06557cb994b438cbd7e14b670bcb	The "Nobel Lecture" read by him became (and remains) an intellectual and aesthetic bestseller, treating the problem of the independence of the creative personality from the social environment, the spirit of continuity and moral obligations, the tragedy of life and the lessons of history for future generations.
bf8ab88d45bceba06416073ac68264ced9943cf0	In December 1988, in front of graduates of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Brodsky delivered the famous "Speech at the Stadium" with a wish to young people accuracy in language, love for parents, modesty, absence of complaints, ignoring enemies, etc.
7096d2284dddbaf0a62999ba49ae17a9ee7bc441	In July 1989, before the graduates of Dartmouth College, he gave a speech "Praise for Boredom", which was included in the book of selected essays "On Grief and Reason" (1995).
50216d5a763914c498e093c46c07f7a8e5c8f55c	On October 11, 1990, he gave the first annual lecture "Times Literary Supplement" at the British Academy, which formed the basis for the published essay "Altra Ego".
bafaa667fc57a7fa2f3c051bbbd07e2e329e23bd	In 1991, at the University of Leiden, he gave the Heising lecture "The Profile of Clio".
db1f39983c36ac72468a2212ef7419152a48dd2c	In the same year, he wrote an essay "A collector's copy".
7b382fb16c59a1bdbe6fc0b4701d1c07656fb7a5	In Paris in 1991, Joseph Brodsky met an Italian aristocrat Maria Sozzani and married her.
b800b2c007668dd9768bf4e8b0bbf246ced9c8cd	In 1993, the couple had a daughter, Anna Alexandra Maria.
77a21b8e7664350664081b51480f526812b52ab7	In 1991, he became a professor of literature at Mount Holyoke College in South Hadley, Massachusetts (Andrew Mellon Professor of Literature at Mount Holyoke College).
f7650d51a2dceaa76daf37e91d316d947ac6816a	From May 1991 to May 1992, he was appointed Poet Laureate of the Library of Congress, which required his almost constant presence in Washington.
56b6248c85311e9d3e616471597375906a8cb940	Brodsky did not like the city, which he reflected in the poem "View from the Hill", deciphering in it a line with dates ("For two years lived here") as follows :" this is nominally: the 91st and 92nd years.
588fa6b3d29f7d46bbc430fd2ee7948ff7c154f0	The winner's year is one, but according to the calendar there were two years."
aa43da28ce03a6fb61cc2e0253335ec9ffdd8e33	On October 2, 1991, at the Library of Congress, Brodsky gave a lecture "An Immodest Proposal", which was included in the book of selected essays.
c04ebf9f879b98aef3de367fc2a9dcb8c1f80011	On September 9, 1993, at the Gothenburg Book Fair, Joseph Brodsky and the American poet Derek Walcott held a conversation "The Power of Poetry".
937008fa214f9870ab84931cccec655771e7e1f0	On April 9, 1995, Brodsky held the last author's evening for Russian emigrants at the Morse Auditorium of Boston University.
a88cb5ca951ce52f69b9406e87654caf9368ff40	Another important detail is that Joseph Brodsky was against the publication of a consolidated volume of his interviews.
c980a8a66825db2b7cacfa52103767a28e366816	And here's why: "Joseph was against such a book.
017f5c0dd8020f86547182fbcb0e6d1197bc2ff4	And before his death, he wrote a letter to Professor Polukhina, in which he asked her not to do this.
0746988d32137313fa8d64a2baf37a6729fdd26b	We donot know why he was against this particular project - he didnot tell us anything about it at the time.
ec41fd1dbb8bb1f78f56e61c2b5c4e6725f4f7c6	But I know for sure that the interview as a form of printed expression really annoyed him.
72a5029802261e439c5bd1822d37a32e51b9e5b0	First of all, because the person being interviewed usually does not have the ability to control the translation and the final text, which is often edited by journalists, and as a result, his words are often significantly distorted" (M. Brodskaya).
95d700b90dba31009a1a6df89a5423dcab0dc94e	Joseph Brodsky died at the age of 55, on January 28, 1996.
c92776a4712a455152e06e8853003cf45f3b256c	"Brodsky's aesthetics turns out to be not so much a mathematical sum of modernity, postmodernism and traditionalism, but rather the integration of all these artistic systems, the extraction of an artistic and philosophical root common to them all.
29b02ebeea19afafb6ce21a48ec7a492bff5602d	This integral or "root", on the one hand, revealed a deep affinity with the aesthetics of the Baroque; and on the other, proved its viability by how organically it accepted the germs of antiquity, metaphysical tradition, English language poetry of the twentieth century (Eliot, Auden, Frost), almost futuristic linguistic freedom, Oberiut absurdism and much more "grafted" by Brodsky.
1e9ac755ac065003d6ebffa3511fa86dbc542b95	Brodsky is considered to be the finisher of the twentieth century, but his aesthetic experiment has created a living and fruitful soil that forms a common basis for a new variety of literature in the next century."
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c5cf253e6c7a48155cf85ccd082730b2f2d37f90	Joseph Brodsky biography, information, personal life
33b1bec23411ae29bacb26fde52e63ace9201ec3	Joseph Alexandrovich Brodsky (May 24, 1940, Leningrad, USSR January 28, 1996, New York, USA) was a Russian and American poet, essayist, playwright, translator, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1987, poet laureate of the United States in 1991-1992.
b80659f675312e80269b0a7e48026c8db39f16bd	He wrote poems mainly in Russian, essays - in English.
8675aaa5f08de9ece275dd00f1e237d766cc347d	One of the greatest Russian poets.
0f7d86a9f6fe3751aa39881053b64cd3f5587504	Joseph Brodsky was born on May 24, 1940 in Leningrad in a Jewish family.
fce178cc1adb29d14d41244037d0bde0ea152e2b	His father, Alexander Ivanovich Brodsky (1903-1984), was a military photojournalist, returned from the war in 1948 and joined the photo laboratory of the Naval Museum.
95006244adb025632422045449b9d54d33565977	In 1950, Joseph moved to school No. 196 on Mokhovaya Street, in 1953, Joseph went to the 7th grade at school No. 181 in Solyanoy Lane and stayed in the following year for the second year.
1f5f19b13c80a764ad23f882b39a1f542c8b30d1	He applied to the naval school, but was not accepted.
6db29f2af069b5185555307888ee4091574e5732	In 1955, the family received a "one and a half rooms" in the Muruzi House.
5fbfc2f6f7e28efc52e8454f083004eadc646146	In the summer of 1961, in the Yakut village of Nelkan, during a period of forced idleness (there were no deer for further hiking), he had a nervous breakdown, and he was allowed to return to Leningrad.
8d4922a50d2ef381643cbbcd9f7237e490c603d7	At the same time, he read a lot, but chaotically - primarily poetry, philosophical and religious literature, and began to study English and Polish.
6c579507d5eabfbd4c6c82e8266656ce0c6c3b69	The reading of the poem "The Jewish Cemetery" caused a scandal.
2ab56ff225e4802bb515e0246e277a3d7671b63b	On January 29, 1961, Brodsky was detained by the KGB, but was released two days later.
73c16ddd57d002b5db646ed68f08a7e9eac36610	Since that time, many of the poet's works have been dedicated to Marianna Basmanova, hidden under the initials "M. B.". "The poems dedicated to" M. B. " occupy a central place in Brodsky's lyrics not because they are the best among them there are masterpieces and there are poems that are passing but because these poems and the spiritual experience invested in them were the crucible in which his poetic personality was melted."
3077402fb3d211cc70b8a8a3ceb4081e781a0b08	A. Brodsky were in correspondence.
5a0f8185e01d56bf4d42a71a19afa6e49c1545f3	Later, Brodsky called Auden and Tsvetaeva the greatest poets, followed by Cavafy and Frost, Rilke, Pasternak, Mandelstam and Akhmatova closed the personal canon of the poet.
33cd996c2c5392961d7bfe3817fae90c43b37cd0	On January 8, 1964, Vecherniy Leningrad published a selection of readers ' letters demanding that the "parasite Brodsky" be punished. odsky was arrested and sent into exile as a 23 year old boy, and returned as a 25 year old established poet.
fe60a168a6cc7d27b8fed8d1be82dba26e7dc42b	In 1966-67, 4 poems of the poet appeared in the Soviet press (not counting publications in children's magazines), after that there was a period of public silence.
408b36f1d53498fb014c3d4d9faefe145e0413f2	From the reader's point of view, translations remained the only area of poetic activity available to Brodsky.
680f53b8e228d898b01569e9094191cceb3506bd	"There is no such poet in the USSR," the Soviet Embassy in London said in 1968 in response to an invitation sent to Brodsky to take part in the international poetry festival Poetry International.
c059158c4956b80b0b78a9836d2621a259e8da4d	Meanwhile, these were years filled with intense poetic work, which resulted in poems that were later included in books published in the United States: "Stop in the Desert", "The End of the Beautiful Era" and "New Stanzas for August".
c69bbc4a06fa6d5faab9b5c1483c379514e4bf34	In 1965-68, work was underway on the poem "Gorbunov and Gorchakov" — a work to which Brodsky himself attached very great importance.
b0e8213d9507e99ba84022361532e78d09ee8f97	Maybe they got a wider audience thanks to the songs written by Alexander Mirzayan and Yevgeny Klyachkin.
ae52300061bcb0e2e70d00df1a0eac9b0d3f940a	He is being interviewed, he was invited in Western universities (of course, that consent authorities do not give), etc.".
b08b80b4a37914e44ba7f714cb2d0dbb9f914ff3	In addition to translation, to which he took very seriously, Brodsky worked the other is available to the writer, is excluded from the system, ways: as a freelance reviewer in the magazine "Aurora" random "trash" on the studios, and even starred (in the role of Secretary of the party Committee) in the movie "Train to a distant August".
b4b873cefcaeb51257bc68eb73f7d142e466f8ce	In 1970, "A Stop in the Desert" was published in New York — the first book by Brodsky, compiled under his supervision.
02337bd9a4bac775cd2458e9a190ed31abd8f87b	Poems and preparatory materials for the book were secretly exported from Russia or, as in the case of the poem "Gorbunov and Gorchakov", were sent to the west by diplomatic mail.
be1e2fff5f2150d2d3edbfc8339c649567f9d84b	On May 10, 1972, Brodsky was summoned to the OVIR and faced with a choice: immediate emigration or "hot days", which metaphor in the mouth of the KGB meant interrogations, prisons and mental hospitals.
df79598556b813787638278c31634394af5902a9	By that time, he had already twice — in the winter of 1964 had to be "examined" in psychiatric hospitals, which, according to him, was worse than prison and exile.
4b2b2aaae92971cf279160c5cbf606078d82bd24	Brodsky decides to leave.
78e2ea149a33f23891cbb57f7364c63ffc7d6a88	The result was the first and until 1992 the only collection of works by Joseph Brodsky of course, typewritten.
a3e8e0ed881f998a195deaaa52a3a5f3bd079843	Before leaving, he managed to authorize all 4 volumes.
88f26b80eb26cc6287109342f8d16434c7f16c5e	Having chosen emigration, Brodsky tried to delay the day of departure, but the authorities wanted to get rid of the unwanted poet as soon as possible.
48623b51f56c0a6d19b3c4dd241373555122e5e4	On June 4, 1972, deprived of Soviet citizenship, Brodsky took off from Leningrad on the route prescribed for Jewish emigration: to Vienna.
c2bbf4573ed9b7ffca512d628dfffa6287339f44	Brodsky, who refused to dramatize the events of his life, recalled the subsequent events with considerable ease:
3c507776ec9b5b84352c4ea5bc58177df300e95f	"He treated me with extraordinary concern, immediately took me under his care... undertook to introduce me to literary circles."
a857bcd7f63b2751d29e05ac66b0ea9088e87466	Brodsky had been familiar with Oden's work since his exile and called him, along with Akhmatova, a poet who had a decisive "ethical influence"on him.
f5a5d18857a39fb079e0897e857a0f442a76eb07	At the same time in London, Brodsky met Isaiah Berlin, Stephen Spender, Seamus Heaney and Robert Lowell.
fa5ee01019ca35481cb0ddcc45a05f8ad2ffbd42	Brodsky's parents applied twelve times to be allowed to see their son, congressmen and prominent cultural figures of the United States addressed the same request to the USSR government, but even after Brodsky underwent open heart surgery in 1978 and needed care, his parents were denied an exit visa.
d5d2331c592a00b0176bda30cc711531d0869370	Both times Brodsky was not allowed to come to the funeral.
8a3ff7df21db991d0ba39cc8a6bed3ed41f67632	In 1977, Brodsky took American citizenship, in 1980 he finally moved from Ann Arbor to New York, and later divided his time between New York and South Hadley, a university town in Massachusetts, where from 1982 until the end of his life he taught in the spring semesters in the consortium of "five colleges".
e0c448afc5afadbeb5ddaca073ed55fae56f80af	In 1993, their daughter Anna was born.
50d812b5b605563574c6be62e695546b7cba35ca	Since his arrival in the West, his poetry has regularly appeared on the pages of publications of the Russian emigration.
25c3c104fd6e36b8cd6601831f907f17435d9402	Translations of Brodsky's poems are published almost more often than in the Russian language press, primarily in magazines in the USA and England, and in 1973 a book of selected translations appeared.
ae665f48755b3378730b8b6de6b01744308fc172	These are "The End of the Beautiful Era", which included poems from 1964-1971, and "Part of Speech", which included works written in 1972-1976.
ff5ebb3660e45bdcd8a4f950911434e80dabaec8	The reason for this division was not external events (emigration) — the understanding of exile as a fateful factor was alien to Brodsky's work — but the fact that, in his opinion, qualitative changes were taking place in his work in 1971/72.
3f236c517113593aa011ff3e02ec900caf008550	The title of the collection - "Part of Speech" - is explained by the same premise, lapidarly formulated in his Nobel lecture: "who is who, and the poet always knows that language is not his instrument, but he is the means of language."
9b3cab04a19fdf031af826fc88c5a697eac59ad7	An exception is the book "New Stanzas for August"published in 1983[23], composed of poems addressed to M. B. — Marina Basmanova.
63ad995a74726b97d96cfc896487ae8fde73af85	Years later, Brodsky said about this book: "This is the main thing of my life, I think it turns out that as a result, "New Stanzas for August" can be read as a separate work.
13bebbf459896ec8ca54503d35b46d90c315435a	And here it turned out to be a kind of poetic book with its own plot...".
9ddda2786fb9baeb08d9748f8db7185262a271ad	Three books of his essays are published in the USA: "Less Than One" (Less than one) in 1986, "Watermark" (Embankment of the Incurable) in 1992 and "On Grief and Reason" (About grief and reason) in 1995.
7e2d5fd5b87d978668cf76eea4c7ff1dc65ad1b3	Most of the essays included in these collections were written in English.
a34d63fe238add5745e55ae48ef644cba90036bf	His prose, at least to no less extent than his poetry, made Brodsky's name widely known to the world outside the USSR.
940d2c772c41d1e89c139b2e9387def9d9581057	The collection "Less Than One" was recognized by the American National Council of Literary Critics as the best literary critical book of the USA for 1986.
767ee7fe5cb5fac380ea80e1e2ef25bd78af1546	The next big book of poems — "Urania" - was published in 1987.
65013327c598a317721ac3786ba0a701bb2af4c8	In the same year, Brodsky won the Nobel Prize in Literature, which was awarded to him "for a comprehensive work imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity" ("for an all embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity").
f423e1cd99864eef0f8832f80849a87d3c135267	Forty seven year old Brodsky began his Nobel speech written in Russian, in which he formulated a personal and poetic credo, with the words:
eb0fe03a68b74dacfcb92c2d80e7456835dae085	"For a private person who has preferred this privacy to any public role all his life, for a person who has gone quite far in this preference — and in particular from his homeland, because it is better to be the last loser in democracy than a martyr or the ruler of thoughts in despotism — to suddenly appear on this podium is a great embarrassment and a test."
38a4eebcf3b035e44c607b230d88e791090964ec	In the 1990s, four books of new poems by Brodsky were published: "Notes of a Fern", "Cappadocia", "In the vicinity of Atlantis" and the final collection "Landscape with a Flood"published in Ardis after the poet's death.
fee17d90f18877819abdb7aeaa6663cfc0087058	The undoubted success of Brodsky's poetry, both among critics and literary critics, and among readers, probably has more exceptions than would be required to confirm the rule.
b4c902dd7ea54388ee5325e20dd4e4ca0348c7a2	The reduced emotionality, musical and metaphysical complexity especially of the" late " Brodsky repels some artists from him as well.
592b15897cb5a4bb9e4321cd3fb6169b728442a6	In particular, we can name the negative work of Alexander Solzhenitsyn, whose reproaches to the poet's work are largely ideological in nature.
75361f6f5df84678d5c40b46358998d2b43cfbfa	Almost verbatim, he is echoed by a critic from another camp: Dmitry Bykov in his essay about Brodsky after the beginning: "I am not going to repeat here the common platitudes that Brodsky is "cold", "monotonous"," inhuman"...", - further does exactly this: "In the huge corpus of Brodsky's works, there are strikingly few living texts… It is unlikely that today's reader will finish reading "The Procession", "Goodbye, Mademoiselle Veronica" or "A Letter in a Bottle" without effort although, undoubtedly, he will not be able to appreciate "Part of the Speech", "Twenty Sonnets to Mary Stuart" or "Conversation with a Celestial": the best texts of the still living, not yet petrified Brodsky, the cry of a living soul feeling its ossification, glaciation, dying."
c276d1e9ce1a625b21032e67e48c3641ebb078b2	Brodsky wrote two published plays: "Marble", 1982 and "Democracy", 1990-92.
44dd8fecded5e5bee4837203b6c5b84845ffbbd5	Susan Sontag, an American writer and a close friend of Brodsky, says: "I am sure that he considered his exile as the greatest opportunity to become not only a Russian, but a world poet… I remember how Brodsky said, laughing, somewhere in 1976-77: "Sometimes it's so strange for me to think that I can write anything I want, and it will be printed."
13e680b38a9835ef3e8ef23b61c6148b2868ff87	The list of authors whose work he reviews includes the names of I. Lisnyanskaya, E. Rein, A. Kushner, D. Novikov, B. Akhmadulina, L. Losev, Yu.
167cb473fc10d79b577453c10a3a8ee0fe339136	Kublanovsky, Yu.
6420d4b27a9d8513a4962dd536cd0c75422f05ed	Aleshkovsky, Vl.
499c8e6b346ea8a7497495ee2b92df4bc35a366a	Uflyand, V. Gandelsman, A. Naiman, R. Derieva, R. Wilber, C. Milos, M. Strand, D. Walcott and others.
f4992b7cbbfc91fddb0b895dc756a8458eefa127	The largest newspapers in the world publish his appeals in defense of the persecuted writers: S. Rushdi, N. Gorbanevskaya, V. Maramzin, T. Venclov, K. Azadovsky.
e2318f9b3adc8fa24b5c5c33e63de95d71187871	"In addition, he tried to help so many people" - including letters of recommendation — " that recently there has been a certain devaluation of his recommendations."
a65c0464c1393c7e0214c3f548a5baed93f03026	His ideas led to the creation of the American Poetry and Literature Project (American Project: Poetry and Literacy), during which since 1993 more than a million free poetry collections have been distributed in schools, hotels, supermarkets, train stations, etc. According to William Wadsworth, who served as director of the American Academy of Poets from 1989 to 2001, Brodsky's inaugural speech as Poet Laureate "caused the transformation of America's view of the role of poetry in its culture."
59fd8bc0b209a0610807e64134b2fdbef20b6dea	In 2000, the Joseph Brodsky Memorial Scholarship Fund sent the first Russian poet scholarship holder to Rome, and in 2003 — the first artist.
2739c2e746d84279e9543f50bad4ef4367315760	In 1973, the first authorized book of translations of Brodsky's poetry into English was published - "Selected poems" (Selected Poems) in translations by George Klein and with a foreword by Auden.
2f3b2e0755e31272ede9c271ab2a037e75063f2f	The second collection in English, "A Part of Speech" (Part of speech), released in 1980; the third, "To Urania" (To Urania) in 1988.
994f43661e43ce4f9806a5b1b73e8c89d5cc2e36	In 1996 he released "So Forth" (cetera) — 4 first collection of poems in English, prepared Brodsky.
eb2a9b10c6aa33aae16f44291ab0d187367c1c46	Over the years, Brodsky trusted less and less translations of his poems into English to other translators; at the same time, he increasingly composed poems in English, although, according to his own words, he did not consider himself a bilingual poet and claimed that "for me, when I write poems in English, it is more like a game...".
8e7a5806f8d5a10f8ee6e168b2b53dfb8c9697f8	Losev writes: "In linguistic and cultural terms, Brodsky was Russian, and as for self identification, in his mature years he reduced it to a lapidary formula, which he repeatedly used: "I am a Jew, a Russian poet and an American citizen."
8eec76986229e2023417d10b5faf3ec0c22531f3	In the five hundred page collection of Brodsky's English language poetry, released after the author's death, there are no translations made without his participation.
2bfc740efeeed6becf07201f5565e25d4d6451f5	But if his essays evoked mostly positive critical responses, the attitude towards him as a poet in the English speaking world was far from unambiguous.
8b5b9a27763cbf86a8a77923f5cae71bda44de98	According to Valentina Polukhina, " The paradox of Brodsky's perception in England is that with the growth of Brodsky's reputation as an essayist, attacks on Brodsky as a poet and translator of his own poems became tougher."
93e0cb28aa68975c4642cd5b651da5229fc66767	The role of Brodsky in English language poetry, the translation of his poetry into English, the relationship between Russian and English in his work are devoted, in particular, to the essay memoirs of Daniel Weissbort "From Russian with love".
0ce5970278905327c3f28def2fdd8ea1251cbedf	The perestroika in the USSR and the award of the Nobel Prize to Brodsky coincided with it broke the dam of silence at home, and soon the publication of Brodsky's poems and essays flooded in.
05915fcd7de88ceb579fea8f56c5612607a5b4b6	In 1989, Brodsky was rehabilitated according to the 1964 trial.
de9398f850ce9cb6aa519c368e22ea2ebc15eb29	In 1992, a 4 volume collection of works began to be published in Russia.
4b9d6682d62b0133683405cd511dfb4365a49948	In 1995 u Brodsky was awarded the title of honorary citizen of St. Petersburg.
f11526cea6feb05b603ffd2cf295fe43f0d99ed3	Brodsky postponed his arrival: he was embarrassed by the publicity of such an event, honoring, and the attention of the press, which would inevitably accompany his visit.
f37d095d825945778e8684a1c60fd36fde024eff	One of the last arguments was: "The best part of me is already there — my poems."
910751134e0bb10327574a90b22fd65854ac3996	On February 1, a funeral service was held at the Grace Episcopal Parish Church in Brooklyn Heights, not far from Brodsky's house.
c9151872ac1324ca3e524f86dbced2f39f95c067	The next day, a temporary burial took place: the body was placed in a coffin covered with metal in a crypt in the cemetery at the Church of St. Nicholas.
ced7d1e1a0197874734d468ca12f95312e9b5390	Trinity Church Cemetery, on the banks of the Hudson River, where it was stored until June 21, 1997.
fe30a02f36c4c47b2fb7009fae6185c7b708e456	The proposal sent by telegram by the deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Federation G. V. Starovoitova to bury the poet in St. Petersburg on Vasilievsky Island was rejected — " this would mean deciding for Brodsky the question of returning to his homeland."
46776c7d980887d8562874878201cc9295f026d5	The memorial service was held on March 8 in Manhattan at the St. Nicholas Episcopal Cathedral.
0b6c0c0f39d3c9a83c45787fbe8424e6ae466048	St. John the Theologian.
6cbf40072a64ef3a9bc9926123aca29881bc1666	In 1973, in the same cathedral, Brodsky was one of the organizers of the memorial service in memory of Whisten Auden.
f44c4991092d01cb8e46b2e51699ff863cd4e219	A list was also compiled of people to whom letters were sent, in which Brodsky asked the recipient of the letter to subscribe that until 2020 the recipient would not talk about Brodsky as a person and would not discuss his private life; it was not forbidden to talk about Brodsky as a poet.
83a40ddbb423245107fc2a14dbbdee40e3988bab	At the same time, E. Shellberg, M. Vorobyov, L. Losev, V. Polukhin, T. Ventslov, who knew Brodsky closely, made refutations.
9fc376d46d52cd009750bb4323184b1d47e26f64	Losev expressed his sharp disagreement with Kutik's story, who testified, among other things, that Brodsky did not leave instructions regarding his funeral; did not buy a place in the cemetery, etc. According to the testimonies of Losev and Polukhina, Ilya Kutik was not present at the funeral of Brodsky described by him.
d70559ba3b65186b079d136f1ea7d6366d571f44	The desire to be buried in San Michele is found in Brodsky's humorous message of 1974 to Andrey Sergeev:
21c1a946e77554bde9d5c8823b85c16522214ebb	devoid of native clay,
d878127fdf47a84e76a1f9bd6d923ccfd7d45ee4	it is in the alluvium of the valley
b9e541477edc53d6f865258ad0189de0a21c6e2d	Joseph Brodsky aphorisms, quotes, sayings >>>
ddf8eb93efb9420d7c39abeeefce69ba20ad6567	2014-2016 © Pieces of Dryuki All rights reserved.
5cad74c8c85b7eeace877d5acc3bc46a9dfa46ff	/ Biographies / Brodsky I.
4c9a8a283f02c8859ff4658007a908ca86082953	A.
817c2b51ea9fca16950f4ae21deafcc52d0705aa	BRODSKY, JOSEPH ALEXANDROVICH (1940-1996), poet, translator, novelist, playwright.
76a63e23dc9584b2f38e340cd58f799ad1ae0b5f	Brodsky was born on May 24, 1940 in Leningrad.
a949866014e2197286655b0e55d5b6b98b59d399	He, perhaps the most" non Soviet " subject of the USSR, was named Joseph in honor of Stalin.
18230c37d93b078251273a0ad75311a11d04577b	He recalled his childhood reluctantly: "An ordinary childhood.
03eb2445e04b419d4eba3c3c9ed7c56902e26aeb	In adolescence, his independence and obstinacy were manifested.
805b524755c8efe314b90b3ce47b6315da22753e	In 1955, without finishing his studies, Brodsky went to work at a military factory as a milling cutter, choosing for himself self education, mainly reading.
98779683e4b12fca1323312921ab6a6762683669	Wishing to become a surgeon, he goes to work as an assistant dissector in the morgue of the hospital at the Leningrad prison "Kresty", where he helps to dissect corpses.
3b428ba9fc6fac3134a94fc19787595f73190048	For several years, he has tried out more than a dozen professions: geophysicist technician, orderly, stoker, photographer, etc. He is looking for a job that can be combined with creativity.
fa332f66c60a28314f09cf9904dad9db788f6bba	I first tried to write poetry at the age of 16.
f64fc82e5ce8b3798fbaa56624ec48b5743ff8de	I was prompted to write by the impression of reading the collection of Boris Slutsky.
b635d2aef9c00eedb8420b882e23901a5b40d471	The first poem was published when Brodsky was seventeen years old, in 1957: Goodbye, / forget / and do not forget.
6fc9781a5080bcac9f6cabcb6309ffb981c06347	/ And burn the letters, / like a bridge.
b15e6a06e3e822c606530de3746b4b0fa5f8ad47	/ May your path be courageous, / may it be straight / and simple...
15c4a2c3b83d3b854c156dc18e3ad163eab35577	At the turn of the 1950s and 1960s, he studied foreign languages (English and Polish), attended lectures at the Philological Faculty of LSU.
52b8279ba1a3031662bd28c43570906051c9f629	In 1959, he got acquainted with a collection of poems by E.
f976fe2ab0cc9413ff5f9f747977dfcb5e771308	A. Baratynsky, after which he finally strengthened his desire to become a poet: "I had nothing to read, and when I found this book and read it, then I understood everything what I should do...".
1d53e018ffed763839da5530e26e3bcec5269606	Gradually, he goes further into the past of poetry, actively absorbing the legacy of the 18th century Lomonosov, Derzhavin, Dmitriev.
898205f746c9668e56a46275ed1209b7000668ac	The development of the pre Pushkin layers of Russian literature allows him to see huge areas of the poetic language.
9a74f2b45d2ae13e8026bba0f54e699c42e3f914	Since the early 1960s, he began working as a professional translator under an agreement with a number of publishing houses.
f891b1dd6082cbf8325268b4fbe638bf02abecb1	At the same time, he got acquainted with the poetry of the English metaphysical poet John Donne, to whom he dedicated a Large Elegy to John Donne (1963).
7480b4fb803d0fff1a3a8e5a85a11d8b71b18d8e	Brodsky's translations from Donne are often inaccurate and not very successful.
d2bbbc136a2dd454def42c049ab863bc571d3c3f	But Brodsky's original work became a unique experience of introducing the Russian word to the hitherto alien experience of Baroque European poetry of the "metaphysical school".
36b312ba4803d6ff3ffb0578be89adeb8b4fe75c	Brodsky's lyrics will absorb the basic principles of" metaphysical "thinking: the rejection of the cult of the experiences of the lyrical" I "in poetry, the" dry "masculine intellectuality, the dramatic and personal situation of the lyrical monologue, often with a tense sense of the interlocutor, colloquial tone, the use of" non – ethical " vocabulary (colloquialisms, vulgarisms, scientific, technical concepts), the construction of the text as a series of proofs in favor of some statement.
287d2a84ab5355009c2d79a6eb69a7ff5447ce32	Brodsky inherits from Donn and other metaphysical poets and the "business card" of the school – the so called "concetti" (from ital. - "concept") is a special kind of metaphor that brings together concepts and images that are far from each other, which, at first glance, have nothing in common with each other.
d96d2e46447a647db3d625c2edc332867ced3f51	Both the poets of the English Baroque in the 17th century and Brodsky in the 20th century used such metaphors to restore broken ties in a world that seems to them tragically disintegrated.
940c3eb20b769fd04acc0e6292914b3b42b4df33	Such metaphors are the basis of most of Brodsky's works.
8564adbc57a4ec1a938060bdc532e413dd39e5e7	Brodsky's metaphysical flights and metaphorical delights were side by side with a fear of lofty words, a feeling of frequent tastelessness in them.
e259d78d7de12df7bafb85abcc81b0e29c303da9	Hence his desire to balance the poetic with the prosaic, to "understate" high images, or, as the poet himself expressed it, "aiming at a "descending metaphor"".
97e95ba9d2abb79ce7ce1068cfcf87d9a6ee2850	It is significant how Brodsky describes his first religious experiences related to reading the Bible: "at the age of 24 or 23, I donot remember exactly, I read the Old and New Testaments for the first time.
98f4fb6f87861f9f1282b0585810bccea508e612	And this made perhaps the strongest impression on me in my life, i.e. the metaphysical horizons of Judaism and Christianity made quite a strong impression.
47d2a397e8d9fc82979c87774b97d416354aced4	It was difficult to get a Bible in those years – I first read the Bhagavad Gita, the Mahabharata, and after that I got my hands on the Bible.
c638f36e1680dc93695baea37d8a5c1bb46f1d8a	Of course, I realized that the metaphysical horizons offered by Christianity are less significant than those offered by Hinduism.
a9f70eded87ef1e707ce3e0efc846e4875b722e1	But I have made my choice towards the ideals of Christianity, if you like...
5b08692b7ba94ea2b63a669c498eca133574a77e	I would, I must say, use the expression Judeo Christianity more often, because one is unthinkable without the other.
3ec62e62d4a74fe533aaaabbcf42da3847654912	And, in general, this is about the sphere or those parameters that determine my, if not necessarily intellectual, then at least some kind of mental activity."
188be836e3993c3f193397d98c5348df13b3622c	From now on, almost every year, the poet created poems about Christmas on the eve or on the very day of the holiday.
b02a631f85fc07253a023233df0c076bc5f048a8	His "Christmas poems" formed into a certain cycle, the work on which went on for more than a quarter of a century.
3621971b43d5f4f50a5448ec53a79bb688c51e14	In the early 1960s, Brodsky's social circle was very wide, but he came closest to the same young poets, students of the Technological Institute E. Rein, A. Naiman and D. Bobyshev.
70eda319bbed82a7398ed5ea61fe6c8fcfd7a680	Rein introduced Brodsky to Anna Akhmatova, whom she gifted with friendship and predicted a brilliant poetic future for him.
00fa5b5fe7c1df56739853f098643d4c418fe07f	She was always Brodsky moral standard (dedicated to her poems 1960s Morning post for Akhmatova, from the city of Sestroretsk, you Scream, and shlopotat cocks..., Candlemas, 1972, On the centenary of Anna Akhmatova, 1989 essay the Muse crying, 1982).
ddca59ab2d35c3fc333fc87f32afd1b55e0ae7eb	Already by 1963 his work becomes better known, Brodsky's poetry are beginning to walk in the manuscripts.
db6065cbf30402a63629d5e5aa5f0ea15ea403dd	Despite the lack of significant publications, Brodsky had a scandalous for that time and the fame of the poet "samizdat".
fe69f3ab490517d06955bb7e9dc541bc77e6dc5d	Lerner, M. Medvedev published a letter against Brodsky Near literary drone.
2ce10bc67874a9a73c0578b0399358239e252594	In 1964, he was arrested.
e31bcf2e29acca133b7fa3e1841c1817445c5701	After the first closed trial, the poet was placed in a judicial psychiatric hospital, where he stayed for three weeks, but was recognized as mentally healthy and able to work.
9797580619343ea2ffafea3258bb6ceab16b6838	The second, open, trial in the case of Brodsky, accused of parasitism, took place on March 13, 1964.
e4d65dac7eb8906554afb330b9511b5354ace24d	The court's decision is expulsion for 5 years with mandatory involvement in physical labor.
1424499077c03b45a392f089511aaf55c630217d	He served his exile in the village of Norinsk, Arkhangelsk region.
bf2fb81361431c3025322ebd13050096e3a1af99	There was enough free time here, and it is completely filled with creativity.
4588a0b145139c14fe0aef62f673e5551053b6e2	Here he created the most significant works of the pre emigrant period: One poetess, Two hours in a tank, New stanzas for August, Northern Mail, A Letter in a bottle, etc. Brodsky was released early.
b585072cc7ed14e07a3fb320ec86a359d3b84606	Instead of five, he spent a year and a half in exile and then received permission to return to Leningrad.
f943b4bc427e9ee1e254d79537887bd74d3530de	"What a biography is being made for our red – haired man!"
664cc850d8b684bcf874abf5724cef2cb2f32278	- A. Akhmatova exclaimed in the midst of the campaign against Brodsky, anticipating what a service his persecutors would render him by giving him a martyr's halo.
03e8a31b10efc25dd40a7e34ddc0b0026fc68322	In 1965, in the wake of outrage at the persecution of the poet, Brodsky's first book, Poems and Poems, was published in New York.
d84c670d26a895d0a0c2b14fdff01ff750f640b8	In his work of these years, experimentation based on the classical tradition gives more and more interesting results.
0a3a075dbc6b1424d2c80e86e379a08aba84e2cd	So, in 1966, experiments with the syllabic verse of the 18th century were clothed in a dense imitation of the satires composed by Cantemir in the manner of writing.
c3f9d3f10c177dd9c969c7cd3c8fdc47e478b3f7	Brodsky transforms the syllabic tonic system of versification, which is classic for Russian poetry, from two sides: not only through an appeal to the past experience of two hundred years ago, but also through ultra – modern exercises at the junction of white verse and rhythmic prose for example, a Stop in the Desert (1966), which later gave the name to a poetry collection published in 1972 in the USA.
5b992ac912c42f4b65d0f80397490f23eff091bf	The main genre in Brodsky's work becomes an easily recognizable long elegy, a kind of semi poem aphoristic, melancholic, ironically reflexive, with a brittle syntax aimed at updating a stable language.
6d3d35d0ec3f287ffa46813ee16026b4adca04e9	Brodsky can also update the language, like the futurist poets, through experiments with stanzas and "typesetting graphics" (i.e., to beat the" appearance " of the printed text and the associations caused by it).
c283d38bcf078ecd61594e8d2eec3fc76bb8cc16	So, in the 1967 poem The Fountain, thanks to the special stanza and the distribution of words across the page space, the printed text resembles a multi tiered park fountain in outline.
62fa58e42161342582ab0ea80cb415bc88f5e63a	In the pre emigrant period of Brodsky's work, tragic irony is invariably shaded by a generous perception of the world and emotional openness.
4b2c73b16a11bf6f6c565bcce768258f046386a3	In the future, the proportions between these beginnings will change significantly.
bc9a2302b6db6c36a706097ef2a1dafc94c16ff9	Emotional openness will go away, its place will be taken by a willingness to stoically accept the tragedy of life.
84517d618e543647f576e15aa63b1e606ccecf89	In 1972, Brodsky left the USSR.
6f0c17d451e6defa80738015d1788454d5c9d76d	He leaves on an Israeli visa, but settles in the United States, where he teaches Russian literature at various universities until the end of his days.
22b9aa9623520d354e4abbb2e06a3fd924f1fca6	From now on, Brodsky, in his own words, is doomed to a "fictitious situation" – a poetic existence in a foreign language environment, where a narrow circle of Russian speaking readers is balanced by international recognition.
791c64b99281a705867235e8b406e95c88435785	Leaving his Homeland, Brodsky writes a letter to the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Leonid Brezhnev: "Dear Leonid Ilyich, leaving Russia not of my own free will, as you may know, I decide to make a request to you, the right to which is given to me by the firm consciousness that everything that I have done over 15 years of literary work serves and will serve only for the glory of Russian culture, nothing else.
c9d70674ceb1f3f9a7aaff1d85f41249739fbc59	At least as an interpreter – in the capacity in which I have acted so far."
5561a5a64eeda1cd2f063daa45a9ea493bf90385	However, his request went unanswered.
516ed1a568305d331b67b5133e7c3665417e6bfd	Even Brodsky's parents were not allowed to go to their son at the request of doctors (Brodsky, as a core, needed special care).
00a6937c99c84649e2c01d66f900ff0e501b2cc8	He was not allowed to come to Leningrad himself for the funerals of his mother (1983) and father (1985).
e586174e54a49791b409e5c0585b6b72c9eb453c	This largely affected his late reluctance to visit his native city in the 1990s.
700a4e092b20069bd45523883917df1126001c25	In the United States, Brodsky began writing in English.
f5855561f3ac03028b236c89b8f7118942b354cd	His English language creativity was expressed, first of all, in the genre of essays (collections Less than one (Less than one), 1986, On grief and reason (About sadness and reason), 1995).
8ce7d87d3814a8a69ee742bf597b60b59eb9e744	Basically, Brodsky's essayism consisted of articles written by order as prefaces to editions of works by Russian and Western classics (A. Akhmatova, M. Tsvetaeva, W. Auden, K. Cavafy, etc.).
4905393ed5baa260fd38fc449fc303c6912aa3b3	On his own initiative, as he admitted, he wrote only 2 or 3 articles.
591677e5424d27bd1990c0e1759120e22769526d	In 1980, Brodsky received US citizenship.
75aeb22bd0f274b56f186b5eff3c30a41a6e4c91	In 1977, two collections of Brodsky's poems The End of the Beautiful Era were published in the publishing house "Ardis".
696713270795db0727272d19691ba460f398a9e8	Poems 1964-71 and Part of the speech.
396f5beaf5ab1e705c9a148b2e46c5c04e338959	Poems 1972-76.
056d6e476612ed2dde8591b2068fb2d4309fa227	These books capture a new stage of the poet's creative maturity.
fbb5ac7e957e46982eed6aef98f84e0c095e301d	"The biography of the poet is in the cut of his language."
ec95d4a8fb0411263c56b2907ba357b5d7b004b7	This postulate of Brodsky determines the evolution of his lyrics.
cfc723688622656e19981501f679bd1e6e082473	By the mid 1970s, Brodsky's lyrics were enriched with complex syntactic constructions, constant so called "anjambemans" (i.e., the transfer of a thought, the continuation of a phrase into the next line or stanza, the discrepancy between the boundaries of a sentence and a line).
5768d650cdc8ba100338ca66aa7b84b31badcc28	Contemporaries testified to the poet's constant desire to read his poems aloud, even when the situation was not conducive to it.
9e7a54f41bb24455356f2f84ec882e2d163b7a0a	The poet has almost no simple sentences.
9168b625e656e2a590d5b0a2ac59d7bcba26ad24	Infinite complex sentences imply an infinite development of thought, its test for truth.
84a18f57be7675f93b774e9de4e9d7bcf8eff89a	The Brodsky poet does not take anything for granted.
07d73c77aef429d1bf6c63c134d4c0a2bdaf4977	Each statement clarifies and "judges" itself.
0342168670cb28a5efb246ab11c43658389c6d58	Hence the innumerable "but", "although", "therefore", " not so much... how much" in his poetic language.
427ad09e15825a8f0c9ac35935ff59aadbb2975f	The experience of the "mature" Brodsky is the experience of a deep experience of the tragedy of existence.
24c21451515ba43b7bb9bbe7fb29f02e5cbdaf6b	Brodsky often violates grammar, resorts to shifted, incorrect speech, conveying the tragedy not only in the subject of the image, but above all in the language.
848097f46dc427ec0d72f7183781de40398640aa	The abandoned Fatherland is gradually being built in Brodsky's poetic consciousness into a grandiose surreal image of the empire.
3f03ddaf5e516e02a3ba0cffd9a2162d66e56ff2	This image is wider than the real Soviet Union.
04b2fde11c6b2d48f6dc850963fda696f587f0fd	It is becoming a global symbol of the decline of world culture.
81131f37ad4fa8c028a87ec47df3fa81265a702c	Giving a clear account of the meaninglessness of life (Mexican Romancero, 1976), Brodsky's lyrical hero, like the ancient Stoics, tries to find support in the higher principles of the universe that are indifferent to man.
2b48910b7aac08162d3d28b323b49884ca93c531	Such a higher principle, in general, replacing God, appears in Brodsky's poetry Time.
bf8629efaeb91abc3e1935bd05def32b1799431b	"All my poems, more or less, are about the same thing: about Time," the poet said in an interview.
fbfe6064736230671506810a422d92d7482257a1	But at the same time, there is another universal category in his poetic universe that is able to curb Time, to defeat it.
5683e049cdf7ed89115473ea64cdff1213a9404f	This is a Language, a Word (Fifth Anniversary, 1978).
3f30ba9e27a8433a19d54331cce59a95dc5e4c6d	The process of poetic creativity becomes the only way to overcome Time, which means death, a form of victory over death.
23fd5483cf0d28170de9705d9d57525da6a30182	Strings extend the life: ...I donot know what kind of land I'm going to lie down in.
7a80718534f8d7818723ab16fbabe9ac5f731365	/ Creak, creak the pen!
33ceb7ec42ba121391a63f3ad315889a9e9d53c4	Translate the paper (Fifth Anniversary, 1977).
67420f39a3b85d32382da3162d9fd61c750e780f	For Brodsky, "The poet is an instrument of language".
7ed092084aab7a3c3218521b2c4bce9bae565d3f	It is not the poet who uses the language, but the language expresses itself through the poet, who can only adjust his hearing correctly.
74fe13583d708e66c65724a172fe773960b86b81	But at the same time, this tool is saving, and it is completely free.
7ed117f068a5ac837bcc6013b55c46bbedc1272a	Being left alone with Language and Time, Brodsky's lyrical hero loses all emotional connections with the world of things, as if he leaves his body and rises to an almost airless height (Autumn cry of a hawk, 1975).
6337b2a2296618edb3535b7120973b5c27256cf8	From here, however, he continues to distinguish with clarity and indifference the details of the world left below.
17ab6351297f14a7ae6a8db4eab4daa08837cc0c	Brodsky's verbosity, his unthinkable lengthiness are due to the desire to curb Time with the Language.
bc114340c64f4256728424d8ed7f677aa5f4346f	In 1978, Brodsky became an honorary member of the American Academy of Arts, from which he, however, withdrew in protest against the election of Yevgeny Yevtushenko as an honorary member of the Academy.
c8750bbbf1291b69d44f15563ae8edf7dc4f1b90	In 1983, another collection of lyrics New Stanzas for August was published in "Ardis".
813840404a6a7bda74a57b40353f90684339c3c7	Poems to M. B., 1962-82; in 1984, Brodsky's play Marble was published.
35c02da7a69554d6db84a8aebf98641853ebdf5d	In 1986, the collection Less than one was recognized as the best literary critical book of the year in the United States.
825fb1bdcdeca68cb2ca23f81375be9b64cef7cf	In December 1987, he became a writer laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature - "for all encompassing authorship, full of clarity of thought and poetic depth," as it was said in the official decision of the Nobel Committee.
8c537be129cb64c8420e773206fecefdb6408fca	The Nobel Prize brought financial independence and new troubles.
3473012b22594040d3a750d3b1e1279767bd3a78	Brodsky devotes a lot of time to the establishment of numerous immigrants from Russia in America.
73828d04044d6c332606f3eea5b2b1dc9809cbf9	From May 1991 to May 1992, Brodsky received the title of Poet Laureate of the Library of Congress.
cddf394efa9b920a15695b946bb5aa5db4cde30a	Since the late 1980s, Brodsky's work has gradually returned to his homeland, but he himself invariably rejects offers to come to Russia even for a while.
b3845742a719dfabec3b118435555fb6f28cec63	At the same time, in exile, he actively supports and promotes Russian culture.
70e9b1bcf8659d96769df349410249a5e2354aa7	In 1995, Brodsky was awarded the title of honorary citizen of St. Petersburg.
6c6ef2fa7526289965b8f83beadd56087db1e97a	Joseph Brodsky died in New York from a heart attack in 1996, in his sleep, on the night of January 28.
4cac93537d8a95ac4535995873dbef0aef06c1ad	He was 55 years old.
543fb7dc12ba5f831e9235faf4b00c146da2f276	He was buried in the Protestant part of the cemetery on the island of San Michele in Venice.
c4c0ad9187cfea3af20100760c21393be54de62f	See also on Brodsky:
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6ee8b204ad26ba2f16d11cd9b793b0da7a666abe	Biographies / Home / Table of Contents / Famous Namesakes / Joseph Brodsky Names / Patronymic names / First name and patronymic / Tests / Events Joseph Alexandrovich Brodsky biography
759641e1e2bcbcb555b5660dad2c709c4f1fdaa4	I seemed cheerful from the outside,
0b9a10691f91a22f4d0065b58a08437949444340	And inside he was already dead for a long time
f9157b574103d46ac0f84151689ac0e8859cfd6b	Joseph Alexandrovich Brodsky is a Russian poet,novelist, essayist, translator, author of plays; he also wrote in English.
59864fbdda55872aa082e4476d353529bcfdee3a	The zodiac sign is Gemini.
7f04aec963996188738367f909306814cc6ab99b	Joseph Alexandrovich Brodsky was born on May 24, 1940 in Leningrad.
9aabb061d1deb83c162291e45a22c4c3e2b9f470	In 1972, the poet emigrated to the United States.
1a886c3a5153869c4975d958b4b9f1c050cbc821	In poems (collections "Stop in the desert", 1967, "The End of the Beautiful Era", "Part of Speech", both 1972, "Urania", 1987), the understanding of the world as a single metaphysical and cultural whole.
f19989b292b24fe5a9dad1a4caa4c0d1a68cc765	The distinctive features of the style are rigidity and hidden pathos, irony and fracture (early Brodsky), meditativeness, realized through an appeal to complicated associative images, cultural reminiscences (sometimes leading to the tightness of the poetic space).
ecd342282639e22b1930370afee9537d86ea9205	Essays, short stories, plays, translations.
0bc2161c24774c0584c62f68fb2b8c20a0bf23a9	Nobel Prize (1987), Knight of the Legion of Honor (1987), winner of the Oxford Honori Causa Prize.
434f676967554a26e84916615fb86dc0290a76ae	The significance of the work of Joseph Brodsky Striving for bilingualism, Joseph Brodsky also wrote essays, literary criticism, and poems in English.
6a66a1af1e06ed3ad50e12cc5948cd9de624c351	Brodsky managed to expand the possibilities of the Russian poetic language.
4b38135ef6bb9de5c1ce05bf0249f187d16b1eaa	The poet's artistic world is universal.
109116eb93f0e19dd73d9b66744ca81dcd90a2a6	Initially, because of the process of "parasitism", Brodsky became a kind of a household name of an independent artist who resisted the generally accepted hypocrisy and violence both at home and outside it.
874ce8a6b5e936950468df8d8a1325de31b8fb7d	Some of Brodsky's lines are well known as aphorisms of the formula: "Death is what happens to others" or " But until my mouth is filled with clay, only gratitude will come out of it."
fb2ce707ede2547c3e64125de9d581d15b98a25b	The early years of Joseph Brodsky Joseph Brodsky was born in an ordinary intelligent family.
12bf33269e51069552e6fbaf34d50693e9b2a39f	His father, Alexander Ivanovich Brodsky, graduated from the geographical faculty of Leningrad University and the School of Red Journalists.
a3d799b2163efd3caaccf2283c195d9279ccf74d	He spent the entire war as a photojournalist (from 1940 in Finland to 1948 in China).
654be01f165438aba75b51494df7563db3ecbdf1	In 1950, as part of the" purge " of the officer corps from persons of Jewish nationality, he was demobilized, interrupted by small notes and photographed for departmental multi runs.
c93bc55edbc36c5b321f8c85b2f41630927a28d0	Mother, Maria Moiseevna Volpert, worked as an accountant all her life.
84ab9634193444f63e1be07aaa1f4e50803ea396	As a teenager, Joseph Brodsky left school after the 8th grade; as later, he could not put up with state imposed hypocrisy, evil; not that he fought against them, but he was eliminated from participation ("I am not a soloist, but I am alien to the ensemble. / Taking the mouthpiece out of my pipe, I burn my uniform and break my saber").
3c31aee8ac432c78f3068f7dd629db03f4d59df6	At the age of 15, Brodsky joined the factory.
675362748ca7aca37d3f5d42c88213a42d5af87b	I have changed many professions: he worked both in the morgue and in geological parties.
849e8e43260fb83585c1cd2c95da43171631b5b9	He was engaged in self education, studied English and Polish.
52cea3e43eb4c7f1a1bc4ae234cff4cfd34f4d8f	Since 1957, he began to write poems, performed their reading in public.
af9ad51726058028cebedc486e18c0a18cc26b36	Contemporaries remembered his innovative poems in terms of content and intonation of "singing" ("The Jewish cemetery near Leningrad...").
6083096404af24c2a6f5bca623c07a383b073d9d	The first translation works of Brodsky belong to the early 1960s.
26104aa24b5b5c30a8ea9ff2bfc95f61172d2d37	Anna Akhmatova highly appreciated the talent of the young poet, became one of his spiritual mentors.
04d6b95b6046a943d14f6760ebffa18aadb8afe3	Brodsky wrote: "God is in each of us" and was proud that he actually re introduced the word soul into Russian poetry.
f5637654cfbede592e2bdbb10dbdfb8d629a502a	Independence, the then unheard of spirit of freedom and the appeal to biblical values, despite the absence of "anti Soviet" in his work, attract the negative attention of the authorities to him.
3d5635a246a2f3901d71574ccda01f0d66cccf79	Court.
ce477610e29f6f4f875246a9728dacd5ceeb375b	The exile of Joseph Brodsky, the poet was interrupted by casual earnings; he was also supported by friends.
f3d2841ea73dd6023a0d0535eb1f1ef84992f09c	Until 1972, only 11 of his poems were published in his homeland in the third issue of the Moscow Samizdat hectographed magazine "Syntax" and local Leningrad newspapers, as well as translation works under the surname of Brodsky or under a pseudonym.
f5b27addd4039e3a48ac6af1f4fa319bac4dcecd	Joseph Brodsky traveled a lot around the country with geologists and friends, saw the former USSR.
b44e400c27e1fd52e6c62464968aca676b098a33	The free "extra legal" existence was overshadowed by three short term arrests (one in the case of Shakhmatov Ukhtomsky about the hijacking of an airplane).
8785ca4aaefcb3979d225f0025abee02a67abaae	In the 1960s, there was a tense struggle between the authorities and the intelligentsia, and Brodsky, unwittingly, found himself in the center of this confrontation.
8f44110f0115a7448503c940644007912493faf2	At the end of 1963, he took refuge in Moscow; he tried to "hide" in a psychiatric hospital, but escaped from there.
8b749b35700b9539e37cecd74fff5b1aa2a131fd	Brodsky was arrested in Leningrad on February 12, 1964.
df5ffa064cb77a4a3236790b7c870140a6860e9b	The poet was "chosen" as the central figure for the demonstration trial on charges of parasitism.
cf61108297f571fd32c75e479474bcd8e4bf91e8	Symptomatic articles appeared in the press: "A near literary drone", "A parasite is paid tribute to".
8b143154092743d32d06b703e6a27205d9fb10c6	Brodsky was found sane after being forcibly placed in a hospital for a forensic psychiatric examination.
80dc05d66cf4ae079ea945fef0d5e2608c7ae9da	On March 13, 1964, the trial of the poet took place, the course of which was recorded by Frida Vigdorova(thanks to her recordings, the trial of Brodsky became the property of the world community).
957cbe02c39d50e0a4ced92a1d3f53d58db7a9b9	Akhmatova, Marshak, Shostakovich, Sartre stood up for the poet.
f4cec5863a2548301ef49014c7113079dbee6865	Akhmatova's words about the trial: "What a biography is being made for our redhead!" turned out to be prophetic.
a30b22f9b1e99a59659145680fca7d16e5594d45	The trial of Brodsky made his name universally famous and even a household name.
4b0341e9bb6a556a652c53c3f614e854e5018afd	The simple and courageous words uttered by him were picked up and retold like a legend.
51186710de6888d71418e856b7d179549ca00899	Brodsky was sentenced to a five year exile in the Arkhangelsk region ("with mandatory involvement in physical labor").
585314e63cc642dbaa2e7ad8d7e05fdde7b6fda3	He stayed in the village of Norenskaya from the spring of 1964 to the fall of 1965.
940da3fa14b96b9a14136228329dbea8d6b735b7	Thanks to the protests of the world community, the poet was released early.
0166f7c9c4061ca7b5344c2b5b3e0fec078969a1	His talent and spirit are in exile ("the main thing is not to change... I have accelerated too far, and I will never stop until I die").we got stronger and reached a new level.
ec6118814965012cae968fc6a792255381c02e8b	Joseph Brodsky studied world literature, English poetry in the originals, wrote a lot.
4620d6ad2ad4391882d0c537d90c31954b105a54	In addition to a large body of scattered poems, the cycle "Songs of a Happy Winter", poems and "big poems" (the main ones, according to the poet's definition), such as "Farewell Ode", "Winter has come and everyone who could fly...", "A letter in a bottle", "New stanzas for August", "Two hours in a tank", are mainly created here.
4432df9af405e6376ce59f9eff26be564f77f500	However, all this was published later, abroad.
de315058f3a1db166133afe575c5019222de9454	First publications.
2dc0c91110d34eb91cb347c6dd14402332e5c7fb	After the exile, Brodsky, who returned from exile to Leningrad, was not re registered in the "one and a half rooms" that his parents occupied in a communal apartment.
eb49172174e036042b70a76f5d0bf75571ef9b75	Only after repeated petitions (Dmitry Shostakovich also worked for him) was Brodsky allowed to settle in his hometown legally.
3168eb321a50ae72d66977fd93bfa28374e29a82	The poet continued to work, but still his poems could not appear in official publications.
0da803fef2130ded065a55f3cdd65d13c50d791b	Funds for life were provided only by transfers, supported by friends and acquaintances.
cee3af902041143f44048e7692d1982a1addb9fc	A growing sense of alienation, humiliation and despair "lack of demand", of course, was reflected in the works: in verse "It's about spilled milk", "Goodbye, miss Veronica" (1967), Stanza (1968), "the End of a great era" (1969), "Autumn is kicking me out of the Park" (1970), "Letter to General Z." in the poem about the life and death of the best parts of the soul in the madhouse of reality "Gorbunov and Gorchakov" (1968).
1b37fcd744dc1d1d977397555e55e2492ad6963f	With the publication of poems abroad (collections of "Poems". Washington New York, 1965; "A Stop in the Desert". New York, 1970) the situation of Joseph Brodsky in the USSR is complicated.
a6979c29d8bd67581dfeb14b73477734af5bd19d	The theme of loss becomes end to end: the first poem in the Collection of his works in 1957 is called " Goodbye..."; numerous poems "on the death of the poet", starting with "In memory of Baratynsky" (1961), "On the death of Robert Frost" (1963), "...T. S. Eliot" (1965); philosophical elegies epitaphs — "In Memory of T. V.", poems about separation, like "Singing without music", "Bobo's Funeral", "I visited the ashes", "1972".
6832d9626c2c1f697b4821813c273528a9afa144	Endowed with the gift of seeing life in everything, he was acutely aware of the tragic "finiteness" of existence.
65254bad18c914f4137baaa5db505bf92d33b0dc	It is not by chance that the collection of 1964-1971 was named after the poem "The End of the Beautiful Era" (Ardis, 1977).
5aa2767344a93f03884e4581839cf5bd31b7b2ed	Mostly from the works of this time, Brodsky himself compiled a unique book of lyrics addressed to one addressee, " New Stanzas for August.
04577f2e6c509737cc127e3b0fc3a3aaf6cf7c0b	Lyrics to M. B.".
1e30e69e5075f0e37b63acfc88b1684f39282a5f	The main body of Brodsky's poems, written before his departure, was published abroad (1965).
736a21741ce5a33ea06eb46bbfac6cdff569c858	The efforts of friends and researchers (primarily V. Marasino and M. Meylaha) in Russia was made before 1972, admitted into the official seal of the four volume collection of his writings (the fifth volume not finished) with a review of the texts and variants.
9d9090c13eac86275402a56cba1c598401b71547	During this period, the defining features of Brodsky's style were formed: highly concentrated content in a perfect poetic form; a tragic method of cognition and artistic reflection; innovative metaphorics; intellectualism of poetry, philosophy, references to literature and related arts (cinema, architecture, painting, music).
272ebedea1360edf7f90ac22b992332d59375e3c	Brodsky can be considered a classic of Russian verse.
a77e952efbf6606aa5934f4c079b89c10de4770b	The range of topics of his work is wide, and in the variety of genre directions and angles, it seems that only the engagement and conformism of "Soviet poetry"are absent.
0730f40288113a86da61a8d73ea070c83fc86e0e	With the end of the political "thaw", the poet's position in the Brezhnev era became more hopeless, more dangerous; he was increasingly pushed to emigrate.
68aa23e6cdc6fa9c1630779abc6ece82b9a60604	Just before leaving, summarizing the results, Joseph Brodsky creates several top works of his philosophical lyrics: "Candlemas", "Letters to a Roman friend","Butterfly".
1d8d5a4d00091010fa3932d2f94c0c8e312c2d45	He did not want to leave Russia; however, he had no other choice.
c7e296592b4854561331e37b838b20b0e502cc0f	In a letter to Brezhnev, imbued with confidence in returning to his homeland, he writes: "in the flesh or on paper:...even if my people do not need my body, my soul will still be useful to them...
17620b9720b37fb60f2888bc73b3421cc4243e5a	" Emigration.
ec8945e2d10a7a36ba75b26287631518627d9d21	1972-1979 On June 4, 1972, the emigrant period of the poet's life and work began, which gave new incentives to poetic creativity.
f19aded49e69aa48353a619551515e60b0cf4e98	Joseph Brodsky first landed in Vienna.
7d3b828d4aa72fd21438e88d744683de00d66d10	He was met by an old friend, publisher Karl Proffer, who for many years headed the publishing house "Ardis".
1d3670141d65c9349bb208122abec0b30ca5c6e2	Brodsky's meeting with W. H. Auden became a milestone for the Russian poet.
1d5480a71a808e94f8d99d87fe13cdd7e8a91b9c	In the same year, Brodsky settled in the United States, got a job for the first time — taught at various universities (such as the University of Michigan, South Hadley Mount Holyoke College, Ann Arbor, etc.).
c929d8eaa69a2612554e1680d5e99560c13d0279	New collections of the poet are published, containing not only what has already been created, but the first translations of his poems into English (Selected Poems. New York, 1973) and new essays (Part of Speech. Poems 1972-76. Ardis, 1977; A Part of Speech, N. Y. Farror, Straus Giroux, 1980, New Stanzas for August. Poems to M. B. 1962-82. Ardis, 1983).
6d107735c3dfb7414b6a580b09f7c7fac3489115	The role of the publishing house "Ardis"is undoubtedly great in the fact that these poems were published.
7bb541e8469a0fec8746ecbc4d1100d0b6499159	In 1978, Joseph Brodsky underwent his first heart operation, after which new poems did not appear for a whole year.
d360322f1a721fbc7f7fa1c4388dff84c50ef558	The periods of youthful, absorbing everything valuable from the poetic treasury, "romanticism", and the verbose poetic flow "baroque in the context of neoclassicism" are left behind.
f8535fc38c3d75de09ee852547b8e02848b92704	For a poet, life outside the elements of his native language (even if outwardly much more prosperous) is always a tragedy.
8fe46ed5eae9e871aef302756dbcc5a221e94068	New qualities corrode and at the same time enrich Brodsky's manner: this is a concentrated figurative emblematics, a complex metaphor, manifested primarily in the cycle "Part of speech": "From nowhere with love, nadtsaty Mart... facial features, frankly speaking , I canot remember already, not yours, but / and no one's best friend...".
b56f601962e28dc214ed6d5a0fa39028434a714e	Since the late 1970s, Joseph Brodsky has been mastering new genres for himself: essay studies and literary criticism, he begins to write in English — the first collection of his prose was the American critics ' award winning Less Than One: Selected Essays (1986).
85f661933ae6d910d79644c7e8a7641892d6b937	In such essays as "Less than One" (which gave the name to the entire collection), "In one and a half rooms", the poet, starting from his autobiography, creates a portrait of a generation.
cec58cce851a12aecc9d5fb7a84baf7b2d833a3f	It is printed in The New Yorker, "New York Review of Books", and participates in conferences, symposia, has traveled the world, what is reflected in the expansion of the "geography" of his work, imbued with the joy of exploration of new horizons, bitterness, nostalgia, looking for the meaning of existence, on the brink of nothingness and freedom: "the Rotterdam diary", "the Lithuanian Nocturne", "Laguna" (1973), "Twenty sonnets to Mary Stuart," "the Thames in Chelsea" (1974), "lullaby of Cape cod", "Mexican Divertissement" (1975), "December in Florence" (1976), "Fifth anniversary", "San Pietro", "In England" (1977).
7a033cedb863f4aeba785cfc7734da01b2f8a45a	The path to world fame the fortieth anniversary of the poet feels like an important milestone; the outcome "I walked instead of a wild animal in a cage..." he confirms stoic, courageous acceptance of the whole experience of life lived, with its loss of blows.
1ae31376a2e56eef615a954ca137cb186bf919ad	In 1980, Joseph Brodsky received American citizenship.
f589e4c43191d694501a0932fff357d1a29d2e04	Since the early 1980s, he has become not only a significant figure of the Russian poetic abroad, but increasingly, thanks to English language prose, a world famous writer.
a9d52449e41d9cf59fe6c11d11a9b98470b86cbd	Convinced of the great purifying, creative power of poetry, Brodsky fights for " collections of poems to lie by the bed next to aspirin and the Bible."
4c11264a819fad8ceaaf1366d104b454a9dd46b0	With the moral and artistic power of his work, Joseph Brodsky opposes the world's Evil (according to some researchers, "Language", "Time" and "Evil" are the main themes of the poet).
0cee82e8dfac88839b28e9e5dea665621bdfd513	The invasions of Soviet troops in Czechoslovakia and Afghanistan become reasons for allegorical and there are no violent poetic protests, full of shame and rage poems of 1968 and epic "Poems about the Winter Campaign of 1980".
2bf986631f75beaea706acf2d9ec1ffa3c876647	But Brodsky still attracts philosophical lyrics: "Roman elegies" (1981), "Venetian stanzas" (1982), "Sitting in the shadows" (1983), "In the mountains", "the exhibition Karl Malinka" (1984), "the Fly" (1985), "a Warning", "Aria", "To a chair" (1987), "a New life", "the Centaurs" (1988).
e8ec86732737d7453bfeb9b7ad5686e49ada253e	Vocabulary Joseph Brodsky constantly enriched, this period is characterized by a peculiar amalgam spoken, bureaucratic, "thieves", "high" styles coming together in a new level of linguistic layers: archaic, dialect, slang camp, special scientific terms.
377487913cdd2e0f232993d4462d611af78c169e	This polyphony reflects the content ambivalence, paradoxicity, semantic richness ("Representation", 1986).
5676aa6683edfbf092c67096ca092e3271fd8d06	Brodsky's poetic speech is characterized by allegory, metaphorical richness, genre diversity: from poems "in case", miniatures, to giant epic canvases, various forms of the novel in verse and poems,"big poems".
2541262cfff95f6ea39d456d6252bccd2b5049f2	The collection of poems to one addressee — "New Stanzas for August" - expanded the scale of lyrical poetry.
186928d2fc9a839283a478f64449c8496459ed7a	He becomes a true master of stylizations, literary translation
9da4a1b4c9376eb085f179790c076ef45b8fae6b	(works of English metaphysical poets, K. Cavafy, U. Saba, C. Milos ). The poet Joseph Brodsky remains true to his world and his leading themes.
13c474f7b13344d3e73a5e4734e2e29ef41be9be	"The autumn cry of a hawk", rising above the ordinary to the upper valleys and paying for it with glaciation and death, "answers" the early "Great Elegy to John Donne".
b1830333815ca6796402d903e8bed8705a21c094	The theme of constant separation continues "On the death of a friend";
d5cb6ffe2083f46b8a6364f9810dee938100e638	"In memory of Gennady Shmakov", "In Memory of my father", the Christmas cycle, stretching through the years, continues in "Lagoon", "Flight to Egypt"; features of Baroque poetry are also evident in the later poems, philosophical, eschatological intonation sounds in "Notes of a fern", "Clouds", "Fin de siecle", "View from a hill", "Portrait of a tragedy" (1988-1992); philosophical dualism and fantastic irony of the play "Marble" develops the problems of "Gorchakov and Gorbunov".
78ab728b7397017bf7e4f17e2434e17ec8471aa7	Brodsky's mother and father, who for many years had been trying to get permission to travel abroad without receiving it, die in Leningrad without seeing their son.
b49d83ab1eabedf82b18e6dd5250f3fbb6c9522a	The death of the parents for the poet is a blow to childhood and the basics of life, a blow to the main tool of the poet, his native speech, the Russian language.
f4372aea1b48791cd1eefd0eb397d745050d695b	The tragic image of a language distorted by reality — as a metaphor for a damaged mirror becomes one of the most important in the poet's late work. 1987 became a" turning point "for the poet, when widespread recognition and world fame came (L. Losev called it a "holiday of justice"), and even the poet's "literary return" to his homeland began, with the first publication of his poems in the "New World".
c30cdb571fcc627084bde8650dde0a5225e01536	In the same year, 1987, Joseph Brodsky was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.
9b5bae23ce287d39a9b084c519500fc4b7f6ca0a	At the award ceremony, he delivered his brilliant "Nobel Lecture", in which, in particular, he honed the concept of language priority: "Perhaps the most sacred thing we have is our language...".
640a6fc4ee1f2c4426abc2cb75ec4e061057b54e	Since the mid 1980s, the Brodsky becomes the subject of fascinating study: go work on his poetics.
918ff28044001c84b9e63f5662ed3f572274dadf	T. Venclova comes to the conclusion that it Brodsky has a way to overcome inferiority and ruggedness of the world, opening the space up: "this is a genuine cross the border, out of the absurdity of the fallen world, the entry into a meaningful time"; he identifies as "the main components of Miro text" Brodsky "it's time, the void" and makes the assumption that the main theme of the poet is "being and nothingness".
be1906d7804b1c217e292ccae09a0e7814e3e97d	In the same years, Joseph Brodsky collects a plentiful harvest of numerous awards, but, first of all, as an English language author.
78de3a70d4808b41d572fcd659387838d64f4b0e	He was awarded the title of "Poet Laureate of the USA" 1991-1992.
762b665f34d42262d2805341288ba37321595274	The last years of Brodsky's life In the early 1990s, Joseph Brodsky underwent a second heart operation, a third was coming.
2cc65ce54126c9b13685ad38c6f53de6e7618649	In art criticism, analysis of fine literature, Brodsky is interesting as a researcher of poetics, psychology, aesthetics of creativity (works about Tsvetaeva, Platonov, Mandelstam, Auden, Frost, Akhmatova, Cavafy, Montal and others).
10e41450090388dbb14643436169df8f72f2a81d	Along with lyrics, "travel notes", ancient, biblical themes, elegies, "dialogues" with great writers of the past and present, a penchant for philosophy, irony and sarcasm, for Brodsky, according to the observations of researchers, the problems of "Time", "Language", "Death"are end to end.
3b036b6f0b0a5fbbfa003f806a187574c92568e4	The will Brodsky, his latest poetry book, "landscape with the flood" ends the poem with the lines: "I was accused of everything, except the weather...
7cafe36c6a052425bcb149e2b5704b00fb640c3d	Overall, maybe oblivion armor appreciates the attempts of turning it into a sieve and the hole will thank me." (E. M. Petrushansky) the Transcript of the trial of Brodsky the court of Dzerzhinsky district of the city of Leningrad Street Uprising, 36.
16a069c939dd5fb5028f264d2817e0e0f2c15f74	The judge is Savelyeva.
9b52f342b440d884d9edae12ee15b9b68650d68d	February 18, 1964.
f358a8b89e786f73aa3edb940a2873196ecc7692	The first trial of Joseph Brodsky.
761f5b4537d9378d8489f7c2a7357280e87aa93b	Judge: What do you do?
ace879e0650cc3b5051c69d639f44f7fec59e0fc	Brodsky: I write poetry.
0426088f2ba7348823d39330523ebcab2d976710	I'm translating it.
8792099e69f7d3b6a85d3bd4cb444ff454788dea	I believe...
b6173d2a74c0c83baf16d6c0851b9c7af412b426	Judge: No "I believe".
0c64e697190884a22f8dcda33b8d321fadccfa49	Stand still properly!
cf959766f8aa0151450672e77951651fbb00f576	Donot lean against the walls!
3db69febdfe76cbf44196c9c1028ed965cdaeeb7	Look at the court!
8793f7b56bd06081691d3dbea2b4c36bdcfc39a5	Answer the court properly!
a270c5d36c5ba1ec401d59fa1dec7355572a8d9c	(to Me).
219550e5d4f9e34797c2f559bc768f0ad49c8df8	Stop recording now!
13a0a467399c16f2e15713bb6326879e3ed98f33	Otherwise, I'll take you out of the hall. (To Brodsky): Do you have a permanent job?
782e9c08631afc4f6793e56d0bc6c3fb28c349f2	Brodsky: I thought it was a permanent job.
f9d92b5c9a2f77edf648310f5cddc49f73a7f3e7	Judge: Answer exactly!
e174ca39c9f7c942d52accb5ed0266acc2b06253	Brodsky: I wrote poetry.
dc5bcc873c13b939591d14269e2728785028b19f	I thought they would be printed.
07802eea37e0a27d424129480a10f65c1acffa14	Judge: We are not interested in "I believe".
af6d7ce1f01188df4c4885fb332941e1ee8e629b	Answer me, why didnot you work?
bcd5a1085eda77113cadc3a2c4b2ea3b1e2f72ab	Brodsky: I was working.
9563c8b048c7a59391c9c72a5157c78ac053afe6	I wrote poetry.
51ca2028158544cae561a6c54c7d749c9fc1cd74	Judge: We are not interested in this.
5c75b2338d31c5d096cd3a63a40466373ca89ca2	We are interested in which institution you were associated with.
821b0a6009105ef8201757fb49462a37a3538d60	Brodsky: I had contracts with the publishing house.
62644c73711733f56f1de8811f41b89668f38681	Judge: Do you have enough contracts to feed yourself?
ae9ae9dcc2ae6b8418c2769711daafaa3cd870f3	List: which ones, from what date, for what amount?
68e548ae78c53e9d8bf3530a80524d5cb3961f82	Brodsky: I donot remember exactly.
0666d10a2e9a6b615c4b8002d329e724c234eea7	All contracts are with my lawyer.
23a96b28332cb4951aa4ac0906df98b590767c26	Judge: I'm asking you.
beb8cfca7fa9f24417c889edf6334630d307dc9f	Brodsky: Two books with my translations were published in Moscow...
67806fa37bb6a251456c423aad19ba34cb8bfaff	(lists).
37b8f6bde8750536ffda8a5cdc10a381524a50e0	Brodsky: Approximately... the judge: We are not interested in "approximately"!
b226d2c5b2f0518aa7f0433877e7f8759cf21378	Brodsky: The poet.
03497b69efc51fd1f2d6fc5fcf1707eb84db2183	The poet is a translator.
5d3957560bd76ff6e7c92da3485bc7744e83105c	Did not try to graduate from a university where they prepare...
28a99bd7abfb5c61a2e0105204a9d35856c1fc77	Brodsky: I didnot think that this was given by education.
609f0f9f2df83b9596feb84d6ec2bf939726449b	Brodsky: I think it's...
e27e277b8d0ef7314fc22edac9224ed30c9ac931	(confused)... from God...
e950594dce204159eb799c04e3a42408facc29c6	Judge: Do you have any petitions to the court?
abcd6d9dc54a02d278d7eb7a07cdafb70150fb56	Brodsky: I would like to know why I was arrested.
3c5fadeb0651f5f2cad114b9ea36527e25eb2294	Judge: Do the defense have any questions?
0884ad1fe4dbedb327b7e446447f6157fd053041	Defender: Yes.
cd0b4a3cba4bd67f34efc4d150f5ed25e33d73ef	Citizen Brodsky, do you contribute your earnings to the family?
de4d075853a814d15d1c79f627b4798c70c8bb4e	Brodsky: Yes.
a1975c95076e05aa63a5687b4f01db428e75e381	Defender: Do your parents also earn money?
ec0ed820aaeaea17c78b7be7d0e382d2a08f488b	Brodsky: They are pensioners.
354f6c9037c1c0cfce955e42be8038a46efc0321	Defender: Do you live as a family?
fa9cc0ec5b9c043a9e0ff2916b6b908f4654ff4a	Defender: Therefore, your funds were contributed to the family budget?
48b08554cfc1fcc766d53caa2b1a5901fcba9abb	Judge: You are not asking questions, but generalizing.
b9dbd7fd7ec8f88cfaf288893962b51aea683713	You help him answer.
42000c601473b2b5344d5c2ecb40e4ac6a462a0a	Do not generalize, but ask.
893e71cc8c6c67a97f3151ff1c65e236e12f3c52	Defender: Are you registered in a psychiatric clinic?
652112527aae0ec9c7fd3c53915dcc414d1c9334	Defender: Have you received inpatient treatment?
a04645431ffb858d18972af72404767e4ae76557	Brodsky: Yes, from the end of December of the 63rd year to January 5 of this year at the Kashchenko Hospital in Moscow.
d142e5b7e7a0a51acfb0bb3c708e52ef0760bee1	Defender: Do you think that your illness prevented you from working in one place for a long time?
b7c8fb970046c526466eb698e371ccf791a86a77	Brodsky: Maybe.
511edaa7619d79052c55ae5c8d7b2cb05c38202a	Probably.
c9ea80b496af1b5ba3a55c3ed8b923e95dcbb503	I donot know, though.
b72d490d9ec8bcfa2b838630abbc5b1d837709fa	No, I donot know.
8237619342b031fd6efc1462de8dc4b77d503e62	Defender: Have you translated poems for a collection of Cuban poets?
5a37dbe848d93e3f88722cae39bf0c8fdfc269ef	Defender: Have you translated Spanish romanceros?
1dabb46ca4663a7f30304f4cc1587febf751391d	Defender: Were you connected with the translation section of the Writers ' Union?
1e52caae3f2d6e9b552b96efce9ff3dedcf34c20	Defender: I ask the court to attach to the case a description of the bureau of the translators ' section... a list of published poems...
16c70e979200f24a31c90a795c2b3fbd4dbb3b56	Copies of contracts... a telegram: "We ask you to speed up the signing of the contract."
50501272c2d93d1eef5c4194a096be5fc270291b	(Lists).
0372b6834f4060bebb062a5f57ade276c58106ae	And I ask you to send Citizen Brodsky for a medical examination to conclude on the state of health and whether it interfered with regular work.
4b049a3c8d2499f5bfcec0416266d742c3379545	In addition, I ask you to immediately release Citizen Brodsky from custody.
659d16c0240877e85c17303930aaecd62e329d1b	I believe that he has not committed any crimes and that his detention is illegal.
7d02b31c96cb7aed5444e0afd90707a7f9c98eb6	He has a permanent place of residence and can appear at any time on a court summons.
fc0c40c2c507e3446dc374c91ae6d570b5380227	The court leaves for a meeting.
d890b25e0a87ae76c2b512f0c955942eaf95f9f3	And then he returns, and the judge reads out the decision: To send him to a forensic psychiatric examination, before which to raise the question whether Brodsky suffers from some kind of mental illness and whether this disease prevents Brodsky from being sent to remote areas for forced labor.
80a1c80bf714ed3f81fd54acbf643b6f42dddb56	Considering that it is clear from the medical history that Brodsky evaded hospitalization, to offer the police department No.
bf5d53155bec0e5eea7d6d5ba9730a93afaeabe6	18 to deliver him for a forensic psychiatric examination.
bf98c027f0ac6718159877734a6068287a6714fa	Judge: Do you have any questions?
b007a9ae04c0833738b1a3840be22b3b7f6ac278	Brodsky: I have a request to give me a paper and a pen in my cell.
acbdc5434b67c81f59769602077af9cfa0133a0a	Judge: This is what you are asking from the police chief.
22a9aa421074a7b17312857d575bca3a08e37fa2	Brodsky: I asked, he refused.
8fde88a8fe21ea8a3bfa93ed104d0f3f44d120e8	I ask for paper and a pen.
295e7843d55c027e6449d015d5c2698013e411bc	The judge (softening): All right, I'll pass it on.
dbcb3e531ba0ba24ca8cadb9634dfc36c1056fe1	Brodsky: Thank you.
238a4ccfe6e228702f6a0225e1c2707216a26457	When everyone left the courtroom, they saw a huge number of people in the corridors and on the stairs, especially young people.
c340972232a19349aed24635f5c2f9c54a9515a2	Judge: How many people!
3dbbd79a97781061a9d9993275e4a30f978c3307	I didnot think that so many people would gather!
d2925e12fe670ce00eb1a940df8e7eac94ea5689	From the crowd: It's not every day that a poet is judged!
7911e84e3096cb79068687d6370ed71a52123cc3	Judge: And we donot care — a poet or not a poet!
463c9b4431b9378babc330da8e3e297c32131d58	According to the defender Toporova 3.
d64f05838b651e6298f7fdd2777c59a28d0bcdff	N., the judge Savelieva had to release Brodsky from custody so that he would go to the specified psychiatric hospital for examination the next day, but Savelieva left him under arrest, since he was sent to the hospital under escort.
88b432bb384c967575304af684e4a6f731d47e94	The second trial of I. Brodsky Fontanka, 22, hall of the Builders ' Club.
6a9d709a3af5143e053a4c51011aa7af7f5ff35b	March 13, 1964.
88bf9b6f1e1b25aac2bce5627a9a198c5fb6937e	The expert opinion says: There are psychopathic character traits, but he is able to work.
48c7ff66bb203272cccfd38a7845c119a440fe33	Therefore, administrative measures may be applied.
34937ca3a4f074e65c5ec9102c555b614af9c513	Those going to court are met by an announcement: The trial of the parasite Brodsky.
ed65d4605f53b5fb2d0d4df807cb9cdd75df16a5	The big hall of the Builders ' Club is full of people.
9dc310678901d77386d6185f2d8f5e11ad30c69f	- Get up!
44866d6e2923fc70dacbe1212cb8226eb524614b	The trial is coming!
6722a7968b6648b4aeda1b78b030e925ca94ca5c	Judge Savelieva asks Brodsky what petitions he has to the court.
d5eefe0f85ea1faffec93097631eeb6c91534d22	It turns out that neither before the first nor before the second, he was not acquainted with the case.
0f26daee7727c64b5382d01c826d2c010a89aefe	The judge calls a break.
ad1e091267cf3572b1b9e99177fa4d862ceebb1b	Brodsky is taken away so that he can get acquainted with the case.
04ddb6040448506d9021cf61947eabd2d61e5ed4	After a while, he is brought in, and he says that the poems on the pages 141, 143, 155, 200, 234 (lists) they donot belong to him.
4567b50928f4b9f85f52280ee6aa5cd8a808ba35	In addition, he asks not to attach to the case a diary that he kept in 1956, that is, when he was 16 years old.
27602367f045b549dfb23477d2d8f65c803ab257	The defender joins this request.
41680de9f22a6d7fd8df791d63c3c4fac15d3dea	Judge: We will take into account the part of his so called poems, and in the part of his personal notebook, there is no need to withdraw it.
8f303a8fbfc5d10056e2a88a10268faea2a6cfd2	Citizen Brodsky, since 1956 you have changed 13 places of work.
7866439b4bfa3cb73bc32712f4075b201a1e071c	You worked at the factory for a year, and then you didnot work for six months.
dfa4e3ab1132cabb25f3f4bc5b7b48520b19f1da	In the summer we were in the geological party, and then we did not work for 4 months...
438e6caba0c7e98548d548c963b7e343b61489bf	(lists the places of work and the breaks that followed).
8f76262c08384b3d4221dcbbbbdcdaf7294d460d	Explain to the court why you did not work during breaks and led a parasitic lifestyle?
2989bc7ad5dc131b56d9747367b27975b3c9e12d	Brodsky: I worked during breaks.
2b06653078e1e1929ed37948b3ce1ab9846f9e63	I was doing what I am doing now: I was writing poetry.
0604a562b4ce356b190a75ee1ceab008992bbf6e	Judge: So you wrote your so called poems?
a1080b0b82c7ffaebbf4b19f63620a855672d946	And what is useful in the fact that you often changed your place of work?
972d26dc2dcfea6491c3cf285e50fdadc8ae5784	Brodsky: I started working at the age of 15.
e56dd2d85e3f9f6d1eeb2a10a027430735ce2c2f	Everything was interesting to me.
8f0c88e2ec5d9318abe931bd83fe36125200f790	I changed jobs because I wanted to know as much as possible about life and people.
b1731f8bf27fdc9a386a981bdd11c918a61c8eb1	Judge: And what have you done useful for the motherland?
9ffabe310a884245d1e49b8141970c67d1a9e7bb	This is my job.
e0bcf01e1262ade5eb3b1c2bc152d02611820295	I am convinced...
14c3f3432db94e31c26cb59a0bd1c2d962145806	I believe that what I have written will serve people, not only now, but also for future generations.
4287adcda78230bc978fa7273083febf3ab47c6c	A voice from the audience: Big deal!
c8a36b149963c1005e0b81a102728d2846216d63	Imagines it!
c232ab9b5136940042ba35abbf95ce26da4e1d51	Another voice: He is a poet.
b680fe483086b4eb99046b783baae7fc36ccfb84	He must think so.
d05a4eb3691cb060164b5d441a9b9c08f21f667e	Judge: So you think that your so called poems benefit people?
7cfd371eb113587e0cb9a628bfcce0db93ed951d	Judge: We call your poems "so called" because we have no other concept about them.
dc0fb3959c94dcbc6d469ddb5b192174bb26d8d3	Sorokin: You say that you have a highly developed curiosity.
5d9e4e8a6078424b9a183cb95b1c67b147247590	Why didnot you want to serve in the Soviet army?
bcde9543561ae70a3357c95d971d97c8119a04c9	Brodsky: I will not answer such questions.
c4050b22eb1b2cc7f488778bd717b60f7b60472f	Judge: Answer me!
d08c5fa008004b6eb8ca1d26ca2c0c87bc2f8054	Brodsky: I was released from military service.
a5ee28c7f2602807769476924b28b7152b06426e	Not "didnot want to", but was released.
6e5f8351900b0723f05d17d438482622dfed99b2	These are different things.
1586c6e60ef0c0f1e84d1b41a4af7a8a9c64f9d7	I was released twice.
8c9fb8e9f00b4a95f9898a7b76175160d9ff7ae8	The first time because my father was ill, the second time because of my illness.
bf8d9fece71ce987b1563ceb2414e91ee4d696f7	Sorokin: Is it possible to live on the amounts that you earn?
72caa0a920450c7b306b5885ee78d588a79cfb0d	Brodsky: You can.
4cf4c281e85abeaea839862fe3128d92a84933c9	While in prison, I signed every time that 40 kopecks were spent on me per day.
8de9b98d1a45d728208d74d36d432c862efef4f7	And I earned more than 40 kopecks a day.
9018330df8801d9a0e6c830fbb49846f4bcab4e2	Sorokin: But you have to put on shoes, dress up.
f33d64b053fbcca414da61837540859c6973f259	Brodsky: I have one suit — an old one,but it's what it is.
89fcdc6d58efca16481ee8420ecd2604424a6930	And I donot need anything else.
e80efea803229fa55ef733992b0e218452c65852	Lawyer: Have experts evaluated your poems?
05d28266e717bdd58f2100cb1dc941f204b66382	Chukovsky and Marshak spoke very well about my translations.
aeba81c54da03279a8adfb3f6f75e974c64ed51d	Better than I deserve.
719d37eed262c5de54e5b4f9eedcd1f5ba930300	Lawyer: Did you have any contact with the translation section of the Writers ' Union?
82eb942062d02725d9836d23a7a64d6010683b52	I spoke in an almanac called "For the first time in Russian", and read translations from Polish.
09e06bbdc9ab26c09ef86fe5e0a7f8023022364c	The judge (to the defender): You should ask him about useful work, and you ask about performances.
20d730b9b2d5a229a31e7cc1fdd3a11fd718b445	Lawyer: His translations are his useful work.
401a72344cc08fb1b23d65a17b45b81640be7fa2	Judge: Better, Brodsky, explain to the court why you didnot work in between jobs?
41793beaf6284e3757dd1d66b625639d37727f7d	Judge: But that didnot stop you from working.
15eed235706fb329515e65f2d65d03d693b47042	Brodsky: And I worked hard.
17a7a1d7b2e97593908847d8520e75f085d3cee7	Judge: But there are people who work at the factory and write poetry.
4b13ba6467d08a4c280a5ca1dfa7237603b324ab	What prevented you from doing this?
cea5103a4ce30d950cfb8c879586aac8a8a2ffa9	Brodsky: But people are not like each other.
5793651e2367c5c1c51046420b08097b83af4b72	Even the color of the hair, the expression of the face.
75336aefa85433b24fc4cf7bdac2f4f8c7b7c1d5	Judge: This is not your discovery.
b85c58cf561d5234314f6ec009c6271908af5dc2	Everyone knows this.
7b7ee7116f409da9ee36121276438f5cb4626841	But rather, explain how to evaluate your participation in our great progressive movement towards communism?
64fa7a1cafd4bb4b95b4575027e8c2803491ffa6	Brodsky: The construction of communism is not only standing at the machine and plowing the land.
616206acfc2fdc1bdd6a6813768a3b975f0b2900	This is also an intelligent work, which ...
ab2c6a17cb471367f35f7b3f423548582e0e495f	Judge: Leave high phrases!
a4460af25be0e4d8d54b4f4ddcee018ab1627309	It is better to answer how you think to build your work activity for the future.
764c0aec887587a1a99442f1e6d6b3791d305aab	Brodsky: I wanted to write poetry and translate.
45208ae24886420193d6c1153c7b1c83af69d957	But if this contradicts some generally accepted according to the norms, I will take a permanent job and still write poetry.
31a2246247ccbeb09f90bcc4254a728892f0a90f	Assessor Tyagly: Every person works for us.
e411d1b1951b7cb44bb8e1f0d2e5862d2a530ce5	How did you do nothing for so long?
4e2c0e84ab93731e93fc3a6298a0158225b874eb	Brodsky: You donot consider my work as work.
4b55ada6b40928f33a38f3bda7f070e09c7e2ffc	I wrote poetry, I consider it a work.
ee2c424615318d31a44c86ed70fe3b3b2993a680	Judge: Have you drawn conclusions for yourself from the press performance?
c84f147b86e74d1cbd7e1e3acaf3ea5e80f5f0ca	Brodsky: Lerner's article was false.
3315b5136379efe4fc4dc187cbaabeb5c1c1b443	That's the only conclusion I made.
8b485b0e5f4f70c4f0f0eefa11efe66a15a5f001	Judge: So you havenot made any other conclusions?
e6051c5e2bc35083713886bb5ff37ba8d24c5d05	Brodsky: I didnot.
a93617dc690a1a9e0def3832cd444b47d930019c	I do not consider myself a person leading a parasitic lifestyle.
fe8d1493cef6f50b9450bb5efd7d5838c3905c88	Lawyer: You said that the article "Near literary drone " published in the newspaper" Evening Leningrad " is incorrect.
dbd57a62155787aa7d8c8c6f7b7c3930a965f425	With what?
a2be172f3895de341a8abf8b9f51221ef1accb61	Brodsky: Only the first and last name are correct there.
bba23c7084176f617ba37fc3dc040442fbebdd0b	Even the age is wrong.
7cd30a876db6a91a83fedebda5a373a20b686266	Even the poems are not mine.
4391eb695d69a908d2c62b38cd1bfc9ec7bcfeea	There, people I barely know or donot know at all are called my friends.
d94875b7efa634e220ac6b055a8da7deb5d74812	How can I consider this article correct and draw conclusions from it?
8c766e14d32cbb9e178ace03bc64faeb11c2e22d	Lawyer: You consider your work useful.
5c624d45ede2e4a687afff54de2cbc07cb2c3037	Will the witnesses I have called be able to confirm this?
65138d6a24d7446d22813f03badf8d4849e9be09	The judge (to the lawyer, ironically): Is that the only reason you called the witnesses?
0a618e6bf940468729ee2a197634a3e287dd4c8f	Sorokin (public prosecutor, Brodsky): How could you independently, without using someone else's work, make a translation from Serbian?
534c0aa449fd9aff449d626946400140ed5ceade	Brodsky: You ask the question ignorantly.
26205e280116af4a6e0f5796cb015bf4a0461e05	The contract sometimes involves a substring.
d4590ad7a869066931056e82e8e2ac6f13cd9f7e	I know Polish, I know less Serbian, but these are related languages, and with the help of a substring I was able to make my own translation.
9a8a8e52dc3890913b7f6af4787d5b902254a2d5	Judge: Witness Grudnina!
09e6812aab1ae5d060ee5944e7d6b280636ffcd5	Grudnina: I have been directing the work of aspiring poets for more than 11 years.
ebcb5d10ea4ddcfc51f4908cf4e8f1450ae5a75b	For seven years, she was a member of the commission for work with young authors.
2d3553b33e913087c4d9db56c8d6e3de19ecb7e7	Now I lead the poets of high school students in the palace of pioneers and the circle of young writers of the Svetlana plant.
0a9ace3be4393404a22670d1e264e3608bfc5f86	At the request of publishers, she compiled and edited 4 collective collections of young poets, which included more than 200 new names.
f0f44a8f07350eb2aa8b62a6740a8739b2121914	Thus, I practically know the work of almost all the young poets of the city.
f17efe31a6b5c71010c9f85dadefbb2b1dffe930	The work of Brodsky, as an aspiring poet, is known to me from his poems of 1959 and 1960.
a4ae921945a353d2daa0f96d2e38f24ecf389e17	These were still imperfect poems, but with vivid finds and images.
7bd61c9d2645dc074220b7055256789209b9abc1	I did not include them in the collections, however, I considered the author capable.
b0479b0062e314a90ad39575041dbca2e1cbfd8f	Until the fall of 1963, I did not meet Brodsky personally.
8fb761a978e6078e0cf2ad412affb1f49526b598	After the publication of the article "Near literary drone" in "Evening Leningrad", I called Brodsky to me for a conversation, as the young people besieged me with requests to intervene in the case of the slandered person.
c1331a4115261ce12ba58ca9773f6cec2c2ca6f5	Brodsky to my question — what is he doing now?
5118a454409a3c77554278306cb35306f09d909d	- he replied that he has been studying languages and working on literary translations for about a year and a half.
9eeb0dcdafc702b9d7811a4e2aebe60cce553948	I took the translation manuscripts from him for review.
758e3707b43c5c864f2db4d605d6ccf6f600e90e	As a professional poet and literary critic by education, I claim that Brodsky's translations are made at a high professional level.
9513b9a03d5f870035bf13cba43b6b9d589133e7	Brodsky has a specific, not often encountered talent for literary translation of poems.
c74504b4759917048c8190f9d820a402ee5b5df8	He presented me with a work of 368 lines of poetry, in addition, I read 120 lines of his translated poems published in Moscow publications.
a58d5c9712601f148a864ccde4d9a1ef67cd8747	From my personal experience of literary translation, I know that such a volume of work requires at least six months of condensed working time from the author, not counting the hassle of publishing poems and consulting specialists.
54463830e79da80c316535ae3ff8591f359c37e1	The time required for such troubles, as you know, does not lend itself to accounting.
95941e73a9ec145c6f1731745f21d437ec68788d	If we evaluate even at the lowest publishing prices those translations that I have seen with my own eyes, then Brodsky has already earned 350 rubles with new money, and the only question is when everything that has been done will be printed in full.
a65bae1149e3a2a351b07a27fe2909b2a587b1c8	In addition to the contracts for translations, Brodsky presented me with contracts for work on radio and television, the work on which has already been completed, but also has not yet been fully paid.
7470dab672a07d731e95d5861154cfc1ef238af5	From a conversation with Brodsky and people who know him, I know that Brodsky lives very modestly, denies himself clothes and entertainment, spends most of his time at his desk.
b20b4445e6f68a487b6aab5454d777a6e149fb36	The money received for his work contributes to the family.
e6057df93cb2d44bb737170af20dc9a2fd16bc10	Lawyer: Is it necessary to know the author's creativity in general for the literary translation of poems?
16a6c4bc8279583bd30900beb5ff345ae1ade20d	Grudnina: Yes, for good translations, like Brodsky's translations, it is necessary to know the author's creativity and understand his voice.
4bd20e4d9446c5a018b8e8cd81270f274f71ef17	Lawyer: Does the payment for translations decrease if I translated using subscripts?
9dd6c5ace01bf9000c61a1e810a0f38ee1317f12	Grudnina: Yes, it decreases.
21f4ed4805c55b8bbd5040bfd47a5aac468ebbe1	Translating Hungarian poets by the substrings, I received less per line for a ruble (with old money).
88474e5cd92d0895587c34500f304232d65582dd	Lawyer: Do translators practice working on substrings ?
bcec6a394b18d6030e2b861fe8ad398ca2a4f7bd	Grudnina: Yes, everywhere.
da53c5c1dac79339cb32dbe4ac3ff7ef8acd65be	One of the largest Leningrad translators, Alexander Ilyich Gitovich, translates from ancient Chinese by subscripts.
4806b39674b3b3ee0c27e96cdbc7fac09eddaa88	Assessor Lebedeva: Is it possible to learn a foreign language by self teaching?
ea27b6f4643e351d1c33b2a6b937cb26b8f0f043	Grudnina: I learned two languages as a self taught student in addition to those that I studied at the university.
da508fd508ee55dcbbd03c3f0d80f835abd7b37e	Lawyer: If Brodsky does not know the Serbian language, can he, despite this, make a highly artistic translation?
d04e9fe22fe67f2f05e63e50039cb738624586ae	Grudnina: Yes, of course.
de330cb64ffdddd6a2128a8e61352bef26c2a018	Lawyer: And donot you consider the substring a reprehensible use of someone else's labor?
e966203d720fc30e5b762c55e689ce077be52147	Grudnina: God forbid.
5f1fe05273eb9cecc46892fc8b47a97e148860bc	Assessor Lebedeva: Here I am looking at a book.
7de9a81d6bc93942b43ad67b9fab57d0d2ddf4c8	Here Brodsky has only two small poems.
2f17968cf1473a4d7dffae42b2f8175c296bf095	Grudnina: I would like to give some explanations concerning the specifics of literary work.
1c69352c7e0b7406c2bd4a0ce17c8e10e7c2f89d	The thing is... the judge: No, donot.
b7af4f13df9b27d347cf5194c20018a8d665e00a	So, what is your opinion about Brodsky's poems?
0b0a074ab013e88054d01cd9a21ae80dc24d4e47	Grudnina: My opinion is that as a poet he is very talented and is head and shoulders above many who are considered a professional translator.
9d7986021c1da38581c1813092693b097c4fd3b5	Judge: And why does he work alone and does not attend any litobedineniye?
a2e2d938a73e16b152ad667254167a7a09078313	Grudnina: In 1958, he asked to be accepted into my litobedinenie.
8f1083368c669dc5b4feb070d2ea1366587aef52	But I heard about him as a hysterical young man and did not accept him, pushing him away with my own hands.
de3716fd55288279bebfd5965af41920d18e926b	It was a mistake, I regret it very much.
47b11b79d45f3e5d6ad227e5cff04532eeec2981	Now I will willingly take him into my association and will work with him if he wants it.
2251dc5ff67a47373135c08f551f689008a48169	Tax assessor: Have you ever personally seen him personally working on poems, or did he use someone else's work?
ab8ca52d3a360697dbea7f4047adec899305821a	Grudnina: I didnot see Brodsky sitting and writing.
9748599edef87aa833a6f06f3ca7da0f4571aa35	But I did not see Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov sitting at his desk and writing.
6ecd22b96cb0286372f7d76de901c1d4762071d9	However, this does not mean that...
582e44abd348772cc13b92404da1a473757c7240	Judge: It is inconvenient to compare Sholokhov and Brodsky.
bab2dde69c6b0ab53d02fb535be90a137476ac65	Didnot you explain to the young people that the state requires young people to study?
010a415682a1161db368f35436c6eb5d0eb857e3	After all, Brodsky has only seven classes.
7cebaabb876477ae5dbfee6cf88d20cdfc8567b0	Grudnina: He has a very large amount of knowledge.
9e5a7e16a93efe11b2b5f0d0ca97b1299857ab1a	I was convinced of this by reading his translations.
921307397cca88dd22f35bba4dd09b73b68f76db	Sorokin: Have you read his bad pornographic poems?
86faa4bf9988115ec830f43f331ed458876fbde4	Grudnina: No, never.
832ba7598399b801bc0a28ff0963b4a191792413	Lawyer: That's what I want to ask you, witness.
504aabd3b2ac93f0c25fa24ccdc032c73a8246b2	Brodsky's products for 1963 are as follows: poems in the book "Dawn over Cuba", translations of poems by the Polish poet Constanta Ildefons Galchinsky (although not yet published), poems in the book "Yugoslav Poets", Gaucho songs and publications in"Bonfire".
d3c715a9338c40c7a457631343cfb3e0f7beb36b	Can this be considered a serious job?
0a6c5dd55eab418142a79d698472569d04cdc78d	Grudnina: Yes, undoubtedly.
ca55d11ea1af02e8e10e8a77ebefce03cf5441dd	It's a busy year.
1e647e45ab840e991bc4a6d95fb73f9d27dea55b	And this work can bring money not today, but several years later.
18734d0e7aede750d0df54822cc93ae8ac4df571	It is wrong to determine the work of a young author by the amount of royalties received at the moment.
b831638b12c4f8ffd70149a56dffdbb4492941cc	A young author may fail, a new long term work may be required.
12de63afedc1fb0aafcc673304b0d789f574722e	There is a joke: the difference between a parasite and a young poet is that a parasite does not work and eats, and a young poet works, but does not always eat.
16b6da417a50700f25f262a0485bd4695d05c0aa	Judge: We didnot like your statement.
2c086fd085ef3b73557c9457e1dfb999bc714d06	In our country, every person receives according to his work, and therefore it cannot be that he works a lot and receives little.
151e6cc84ca5f58a4d2903259316685d2d281e41	In our country, where so much attention is paid to young poets, you say that they are starving.
40909ac7dfa9439c1cc08afbecc7eb6e04936982	Why did you say that young poets donot eat?
c3b27749fc28d944e52b873960531bdde80ed0ae	Grudnina: I didnot say that.
141577eeddbbc8e854ff0ad948b6364db4140417	I warned you that this is a joke, which has some truth in it.
c230ef3517fd79afb0ce5304214541e48b706ba7	Young poets have very uneven earnings.
abab01de4b1bf760a6bc0147c3276722bf76666c	Judge: Well, it depends on them.
649cd562c860a48aabdf60e85804f5d1cfdd35b3	We donot need to explain this.
159f363185bc932f90ecd91ef567578420119603	Okay, you've made it clear that your words are a joke.
72a101d00f66a0cee327093fb3606aaf04951975	Let's accept this explanation.
c3a7240f6b6e85841d55f397c0f855ce01d00c75	A new witness is called Etkind Yefim Grigorievich.
59502eb90abf5e4bd3ee9b606f58938023c51e4b	Judge: Give me your passport, because your last name is somehow not pronounced clearly.
5b5c5d55c087cbbdfd05ac7af3baa83dc8e769c3	(Takes the passport) Etkind ...
bf8106c7b168574537b35bda22788756692a7dc0	Efim Gershevich... we are listening to you.
3b1b07d13653f3d25f2a7b38ccede74da8ad25e4	Etkind (he is a member of the Writers ' Union, a teacher at the Herzen Institute): By the nature of my social and literary work related to the education of novice translators, I often have to read and listen to translations of young writers.
8ed16c70e4cacf751e9bbe3873b09dc46bcfb8f0	About a year ago, I had a chance to get acquainted with the works of I. Brodsky.
811755c132e6f1b2ed4dc5eae73ca862667213ab	These were translations of poems by the wonderful Polish poet Galczynski, whose poems have not been translated much yet.
4562b0fb47f9adcc5153a04acfe0200fa6f56a08	I was very impressed by the clarity of poetic turns, musicality, passion and energy of the verse.
8d0658059c8428debbf1a21445fa4b0f450825cc	I was also struck by the fact that Brodsky independently, without any outside help, learned the Polish language.
63e17d93d5318e780ca596acae015858939adc46	He read Galchinsky's poems in Polish with the same enthusiasm with which he read his Russian translations.
0dabd0282df4263953dd0ef3572b64410a186f21	I realized that I was dealing with a person of rare talent and — no less important — ability to work and perseverance.
8ebb7f7e40343244446e9a8b9f03e7c5b94e0b74	The translations that I had the opportunity to read later strengthened me in this opinion.
edff06ab34d77de96b8368d8004530eafd9b626a	These are, for example, translations from the Cuban poet Fernandez, published in the book" Dawn over Cuba", and from modern Yugoslav poets, published in the collection of Goslitizdat.
2ff63a09afc9f712937f165762f4d2c9cb662ac5	I had a lot of conversations with Brodsky and was surprised by his knowledge of American, English and Polish literature.
d52a8a2332fbbce22c468b8d93b65c4a7a152cbf	Translating poems is a very difficult job that requires diligence, knowledge, and talent.
0e8a0b4cb008d942e1b19bac6b24bf271109d23b	On this path, the writer can expect countless failures, and material income is a matter of the distant future.
64377b97a3ecd34dc78a6dd2854d5057a783ccdf	You can translate poems for several years and not earn a single ruble.
242e63673834793b266322074ba129f3bb870b41	Such work requires a selfless love for poetry and for the work itself.
b1059b1ae945632eddb22384a1dc9808cf677d5e	The study of languages, history, and culture of the working people all this is not given immediately.
d2b08af744f8e43395801a390e2314ad0e1414a4	Everything I know about Brodsky's work convinces me that before him as there is a great future as a poet and translator.
d0afada9a28cda77997b7c9c4d7bd50f2810b342	This is not just my opinion.
201fc69008e8c45ebc58babedc728a7cf76aa577	The bureau of the translators ' section, having learned that the publishing house had terminated the contracts concluded with Brodsky, made a unanimous decision to petition the director of the publishing house to attract Brodsky to work, to restore contractual relations with him.
df32561db2c13aa8239c8a61c943a6972e9baa06	I know for certain that the same opinion is held by major authorities in the field of poetic translation: Marshak and Chukovsky, who ...
f1694f7ca2b25ef0e68496a37e9876bbdd211613	Judge: Talk only about yourself!
d28deeb49c6f1abb903e8ef491a8cac3c278d6e7	Etkind: Brodsky should be given the opportunity to work as a poet translator.
b1a7e564d50b66dff91e2dbb1aa28a1e58a89e73	Far from a big city, where there are no necessary books or a literary environment, it is very difficult, almost impossible: on this path, in my deep conviction, a great future awaits him.
cb8a8c47c995a9686c2b5e35e87807b30a69a924	I must say that I was very surprised to see the ad: "The trial of the parasite Brodsky".
68d8d8da731800705d426212a65ddff731e28361	Judge: You knew this combination.
531e3d140f9508fdf9ba24e54d89fb02d794f8e6	Etkind: I knew.
25acb47ac9c273042cee344a1045b4eeb7c5b984	But I never thought that such a combination would be accepted by the court.
f2706bc16f2eb6a59a1ded21d0ced0c20b8acc9d	With his poetic technique, nothing would prevent him from messing around, he could translate hundreds of lines if he worked easily, with ease.
aca818506b1c6b41bcd3f99b6e1567a964169dea	The fact that he earned little money does not mean that he is not hardworking.
9d9eaac639566655f4127bb54feaca56a81e4fb7	Judge: And why is he not a member of any collective?
5b3b670605c9dd03d60099e32416cf8c20036320	Etkind: He has been to our translation seminars ...
d41e89651f59adde81fc227093d24ff03fa55a3d	The Judge: Well, seminars...
620d31ed3c73fdd166e6b356ba1831816129054d	Etkind: He is included in this seminar in the sense...
d96d564224b5b3fb9b1f7dd5220345f9719d31c5	The Judge: And if there is no sense?
f4bc95b4d76c1721ddb1f83f2924e9c7d782db0a	(Laughter in the audience).
519b2341499d20746c66b2fbf662a42b09b383ba	That is, I want to ask: why was he not a member of any association?
a7a9b67f883a04993851fef28ed5a09471f18b61	Etkind: We donot have a membership, so I canot say "entered".
1ef8739b1303688b42ed1813cc649f6f045fef68	But he came to us, read his translations.
5298591bbcfcbebda9baa272c137447c3bc3b852	Judge (Etkind): Have you had any misunderstandings in your work, in your personal life?
68a9f8277dd3e839b1822094d5cf1f96297a2063	Etkind (surprised): No.
43f811ea596d9413cdf98dace1cfc67676aa5df3	However, I havenot been to the Institute for two days.
843d0aadaa4c3838821f3c31059a59bcefa59a1b	Maybe something happened there.
e6c960aeedd52c4163ff815c506bbdd6efff57f2	(The question of the audience and, apparently, the witness remained incomprehensible).
63762268051e8e025581be3dccb194c1b8581a3f	Judge: Why did you, speaking about Brodsky's knowledge, press on foreign literature?
021dbf1b70bde00973d7abe93274c8380d20c65e	And why donot you talk about our, domestic literature?
50c366a8b0194dec2b5409e932c0c5069cef6fea	Etkind: I spoke to him as a translator and therefore I was interested in his knowledge of American, English, and Polish literature.
a7c1778b234c5e91eff939b5feb566d7aca8ae46	They are large, diverse and not superficial.
2d3a820a2f1fcac6e600570fadda9e42f8a8c80a	Smirnov (prosecution witness, head of the House of Defense): I am not personally acquainted with Brodsky, but I want to say that if all citizens treated the accumulation of material values like Brodsky, we would not have built communism for a long time.
5c3dc0259b37b7b6df08cb078754643989459f6a	The mind is a dangerous weapon for its owner.
ab92b417e107e5320caa5f7531ef422da20461d9	Everyone said that he was smart and almost brilliant.
1a9aa0c2654f19276a9c06b84c8d956fc904eeb2	But no one has said what kind of person he is.
e4989901e24be449cd01581bd4e2a716e093ec93	Having grown up in an intelligent family, he has only a seven year education.
db8fdba73b4866e464df42facbe1177d0b049793	Here, let those present say, would they like a son who has only a seven year old?
ebcc6e369d3f640948b544e19b106a18079e7be9	He did not join the army, because he was the only breadwinner of the family.
d50bfbec695f3da2f8af89aa0bddc3f3f6345c02	And what kind of breadwinner is he?
d0039cc98d8e73c1abb1ad49e82753aea365cf2f	They say here — a talented translator, and why does no one say that he has a lot of confusion in his head?
f2acdd926102511fd95f6dd3c8610d0ab0802f11	And anti Soviet lines?
01f2fdcab5765f7744ee7012b9be4c61769bba41	Brodsky: This is not true.
fe874bb485bda1555f28552021b2e295ca95531b	Smirnov: He needs to change many of his thoughts.
6f1230c479209160d33295ff94badbbdc8fe71f9	I question the certificate that was given to Brodsky in the nervous dispensary about a nervous illness.
f64825f034195a0db6eeb02fd7882b9ff407801c	These illustrious friends began to ring all the bells and demand oh, save the young man!
d681b2c2e00933e7d5695860679ef172bbdaf2c4	And he must be treated with forced labor, and no one will help him, no illustrious friends.
5b8dd19dce2260e2a856777cbced5e4240c093b2	I donot know him personally.
48e38769cd81baabb7752a2880e10f634b6f10ce	I know about him from the press.
055095a75ab668f1da3ac93df936f9526289edc3	And I am familiar with the certificates.
b7723b63ad15dc59eade6fcdcb7f27a90e5e4e86	I question the medical certificate that released him from military service.
aba194691c480a0384ac61631224aab738cf25d3	I'm not a doctor, but I question it.
69739d7e3e18fc8a4d9854d36aed854bb37b99f1	Brodsky: When I was released, as the only breadwinner, my father was ill, he was lying after a heart attack, and I worked and earned money.
cc425ac923e24735f15a36c3170f19bd633d34d3	And then I was sick.
c8b2e55b381a0d12d2a82d6cbbcbf6958e376919	How do you know about me, so that t
b667d1b85675c6645252fdd2cb679d3244fd62a9	Anton Pavlovich Chekhov was born on January 17 (29), 1860 in Taganrog.
8c421ee9659a35e0cf4a382aa8548557f8c54b8f	Chekhov's grandfather and father were serfs of the landowner Chertkov, the father of V. G. Chertkov, a friend and follower of L. N. Tolstoy.
2d68be0557d0d6deb0e821daf6b7847caa41a130	Chekhov's grandfather, Yegor Chekhov, a man of remarkable abilities and strong character, bought himself out for a lot of money that he had accumulated over many years.
4d77c07c2681f6dfa34d1b176695dd5450c59ec1	After that, he entered the service of Countess Platonova in her estates-the steppe settlements of Strong and Princely and rose to the position of manager there.
8ac77e95c1d7b5931b46ea3345a0e66ef3264360	In his early youth, the future writer visited these steppe settlements more than once, partly as a guest with his grandfather, partly as an employee with him.
7f64989237492b23bccee8bc8f98ce42b15feab9	These trips to the steppe places were reflected later in several of Chekhov's stories.
cb52e22aedd5646106823cf3544bc07cffcff50f	At the time of Anton Pavlovich's birth, his father, Pavel Yegorovich, was the owner of a grocery store in Taganrog; the children helped him in trade.
e10e8e56150001ae2498d6bc286bb8b71bbe6a69	Pavel Yegorovich adhered to harsh and patriarchal methods of education, he had to work a lot and hard.
b2dc74c5e07b55132584874f9a587d941f00afa8	At the same time, Pavel Yegorovich was not devoid of intellectual interests and even some education, he read Koltsov by heart, drew and played the violin.
3deafbf806f5fbe2a91e308f72623e8c3fcb0d98	In 1841, when Chekhov's future mother was only six years old, Pavel settled in Rostov with Yakov Morozov (Yevgenia's father).
06d13f22cc86a0689819a97ab1d7bdc55a9268ce	Six years later, when Yakov died, the connection between the families was cut off, but six years later it was restored again - it turned out that Yevgenia Morozova's brother Ivan (1825-1867) was working under Mitrofan Chekhov (1836-1894) - Pavel Yegorovich's own brother.
3cd63230abb8df9d069d6069d766e246ccf37dbb	Thanks to this, Pavel and Yevgenia met, and in 1854 they were married.
3b18417337a4187132eda898140027e356d8b439	Yevgenia Yakovlevna had a huge influence on the formation of the characters of her children, educating them with responsiveness, respect and compassion for the weak, the oppressed, love for nature and the world.
5899bf4e959f4b19bd6f1220a7269e9677ab0be2	Anton Pavlovich Chekhov later said that " the talent in us is from the father's side, and the soul is from the mother's side."
63ba60c7dadf3a0c5b4eaf14e060e5fd3b24b337	At the age of seven, Chekhov was assigned to a Greek school, where he stayed for two years.
44cb98151e901f9b9b9a373d9e85e6142ccf94e6	Pavel Yegorovich had to do business with local Greeks, he sought to ensure that his sons Nikolai and Anton, whom he thought to identify by the trade part, knew Greek.
07552f913a3affc64e0237177399c408c563548f	That's why Chekhov got into this educational institution. They were taught there by completely illiterate teachers.
81ad1c757ff993f1b805039dd55c9307169293a7	The Greek who kept the school forced them to memorize lessons, beat the students with a ruler, put them on their knees in a corner on coarse salt.
9fc6a9dbbf6057ee1767517405563cb988443b4f	At the age of 8, after two years of study, Chekhov enters the Taganrog gymnasium (now Gymnasium No. 2 named after A. P. Chekhov).
02e4fc95f990b8422ac7d7e4fa18875e42354bd1	The men's classical gymnasium was the oldest educational institution in the south of Russia (founded in 1806) and gave a solid education and upbringing at that time.
0fff253b51a8108722a4a0a6084e4d0e307b3148	After graduating from the eighth grade of the gymnasium, young people could enter any Russian university without exams or go to study abroad.
aedd4b169b5315e1d08b30825b6d2f369a83346e	The gymnasium formed Chekhov's aversion to hypocrisy and falsehood.
9d27dc3649a808db30dafd52ae134a3cfbb5956a	His vision of the world, his love for books, knowledge and theater were formed here.
34c68f41aa4f8d776c3b1e128626a8acb0316bc3	Here he received his first literary pseudonym "Chekhov", which was awarded to him by the teacher of the Law of God Fyodor Pokrovsky.
2335bda94093cbedc16150090f37f0d03095723d	Here his first literary and stage experiments began.
322b76f955bce0ffebde421ab3d18da4d5a40403	Music and books aroused in the young Anton Chekhov the desire for creativity.
ca39ac3e44b5d03270fc7016580903b7137f3511	The Taganrog Theater, founded in 1827, played a big role in this.
b3042ec67c37418077e7c6d31cb83cea3247471a	Anton visited the theater for the first time at the age of 13, watched Jacques Offenbach's operetta "The Beautiful Elena" and soon became a passionate fan of the theater.
abaacff8f08936e2523c623726de4f03e64477d1	Later, in one of his letters, Chekhov will say: "The theater once gave me a lot of good things…
4a9842edaf0c0dca7bf34964d239de03e57f69d0	Before, there was no greater pleasure for me than sitting in the theater..."
f7138f4aa3f2a4f83078e21d76d25d5b2963ef86	It is no coincidence that the heroes of his first works, such as "Tragedian", "Comedian", "Benefit", "No wonder the chicken sang", were actors and actresses.
b8c246b84483eae77807d7fcbb81d898950222ab	Anton took part in the home performances of his high school friend Andrey Drossy.
ff947d5458dcf29d462cdae37804f08f231bfe3c	Chekhov, a high school student, published humorous magazines, invented captions for drawings, wrote humorous stories, skits.
7288f73675408313e4cb2283867c2e99570059a6	The first drama "Fatherless" was written by 18-year-old Chekhov during his studies at the gymnasium.
825990d73ab9ad45cb66e5f7e2577755d357b187	In the same year, he moved to Moscow and entered the medical faculty of Moscow University, where he studied with famous professors: Nikolai Sklifosovsky, Grigory Zakharin and others.
55775028c9d84cb270a083ed03f3f6df0a300cea	In the same year, Anton's brother Ivan got a job as a teacher in the city of Voskresensk near Moscow.
032c5b9e0e8ca374f19fb5e80207906aa0a2cca9	He was allocated a large apartment that could accommodate a whole family.
bd431b4ff59a5c6108db35ab241389c27539f013	The Chekhov's, who lived closely in Moscow, came to Ivan in Voskresensk for the summer.
b6cdc78e49d2987e9e341653fbaefb6fa6145066	There, in 1881, Anton Chekhov met Dr. P. A. Arkhangelsky, the head of the Resurrection Hospital (Chikinskaya Hospital).
133f79c6acfc91fbfa94930574b01ffb1ca8bcde	Since 1882, as a student, he has already helped the doctors of the hospital when receiving patients.
d2a9d30ae072cf5d171b22c8b763a3ac20133cfb	During his student years, Chekhov actively collaborates with humorous magazines ("Dragonfly", "Fragments", "Alarm Clock"), working under the pseudonym Antosha Chekhov.
392e9f138ca804eb1f0b1481f126301381ba92f3	He writes small satirical stories, but they already feel the talent of a writer.
b43f805e26af13e2e0fdf004b0a3a13314d121ff	The heroes of the stories were "small" people from the city and village.
f1adcc9e8f3f894fe1147d9b9a522d4891e9d613	1884-Chekhov graduates from the university and comes to the city of Voskresensk, which is located near Moscow.
5198c9f6600c858ce503f9dda0a7246b0db3db48	Here the Chekhov family rents a dacha in the Babkino estate.
9090e9d148bb5c73da297a0172a8ad1dd755cb09	Chekhov spent every summer in Voskresensk until 1887.
3712cf0ade2943cd178c2971d28d2f248943ef3a	In 1880, as a first-year student, Chekhov published in the magazine" Dragonfly "the story" Letter to a learned neighbor" and humorous " What is most often found in novels, novellas, etc.".
27d086f89f2702550f854f43e43d6c134eb8a945	In the following years, Chekhov wrote short stories, feuilletons, humorous "trifles" under the pseudonyms "Antosha Chekhov" and "The Man without a spleen" or their variants, or completely without a signature, in the publications of the "small press", mainly humorous: the Moscow magazines "Alarm Clock", "Spectator", etc. and in the St. Petersburg humorous weekly magazines "Fragments", "Dragonfly".
792a9a5a2725a4d483ccdff5d5499b7d9588b78b	Chekhov collaborated with the "Petersburg Newspaper" (from 1884, with interruptions), with the Suvorin newspaper " Novoe Vremya "(1886-1893) and with the" Russian Vedomosti "(1893-1899). In 1882, Chekhov prepared the first collection of short stories" Prank", but it did not come out, perhaps because of censorship difficulties.
b17d55c0f2907fe6469dcc3f639e4deb226cd061	In 1884, a collection of his short stories was published- "Tales of Melpomene" (signed " A. 1885-86 - the period of Chekhov's heyday as a "miniaturist fiction writer" - the author of short, mostly humorous stories.
6934d31c414a5d9d45b95a1bdebe9a184f74003b	At that time, by his own admission, he wrote a story a day.
277b0ed176c27dc1d0ab161c86329d08edf35ad5	Contemporaries believed that he would remain in this genre; but in the spring of 1886, he received a letter from the famous Russian writer Dmitry Grigorovich, where he criticized Chekhov for wasting his talent on "little things".
39eb2d934fbd997c96d5987dd7b936cfe3d73248	"Starve better, as we once starved, save your impressions for a deliberate work, One such work will be a hundred times more appreciated by hundreds of beautiful stories scattered at different times in the newspapers," Grigorovich wrote.
3a206ada44699166dcd402096d420f0c82a4d804	Subsequently, Alexey Suvorin, Viktor Bilibin and Alexey Pleshcheev joined Grigorovich's councils.
f49f53c9f95fb10c028bac42e2d5b0a91f97f9f5	In 1887, Chekhov's first play "Ivanov"was staged.
41aedd5eb6dc82bb00e9edd45922426ac96778d3	It was first staged in Moscow at the Korsh Theater, which is very popular with the Moscow public.
79f80cb5262a86ef4fd5aacc4f9197774a545ac2	F. A. Korsh-a passionate theater lover, a writer and translator of plays, a very enterprising person, built a theater in Bogoslovsky Lane in 1882 in a very short time.
b57d80f9f4f6a59b20ecfec9831dd7b3abac49e7	During the ten-year activity of the theater, in which the famous V. N. Davydov, Glama — Meshcherskaya, Rybchinskaya, Martynova, Kosheva, Krasovskaya, who made up a rare acting ensemble, played, more than one and a half million viewers watched the performances, and more than five hundred plays were staged.
4acf34457c2ee2f89bcda79575dea4002076f1fe	The main merit of Korsh was that he introduced morning public performances from the classical repertoire, which were willingly attended by young people.
43274ebdaabaad2b333a21baaf662fcbfac4c7f0	On November 19, the premiere of Chekhov's play "Ivanov"took place.
b8373a8611dec0b62311c814758a03fb9b9f5a58	The reaction of the public was mixed: someone loudly applauded, someone shushed, some jumped up from their seats and stamped their feet, and a massacre just began in the gallery.
63ab65b7be0aca621dbf4ff18639dbae0347242b	But in general, the performance was a success, although motley.
235d4d9fa4a0d9872056753a9c4f15479439b193	Chekhov was noticed, the dramaturgy and the idea of the play turned out to be new and interesting.
ac7b4ffff16f3c5a286d90fd855d63d498af1706	The official dramatic activity of the writer began.
0a686eae245a2a6509e141d2d453140a78170751	In St. Petersburg, "Ivanov" was in a somewhat corrected form.
6cbea2b5812f62091115ec5c0783f0eb23ddaedd	In 1888, the Chekhov family settled on Luka, near Sum, Kharkiv province, at the dacha of the Lintvarev landowners, to spend spring and summer there.
472b8a669ffa471424336c827c5cfa94a7d427f4	Chekhov needed new places and new subjects for his works, and, moreover, the cough began to torment the writer more and more often.
17474d9aa5137569ea9c28c69641b600bcce444b	The Chekhov family spends another summer on Luka, in 1889, but it is overshadowed by the death of the writer's brother, Nikolai.
09c23b36a2eaf2ceef4245c969a227b51f6f0c49	This event had a strong effect on Chekhov, he, soon after the funeral, leaves Luka, begins to gather abroad, but finds himself in Odessa.
e0075319513769543167464ef9add673463a2fa9	The Maly Theater toured here, and Chekhov met a young artist Panova, for whom later, already in Moscow, they tried unsuccessfully to woo him.
d0d4363211a7b51565f57a7636cb67cef74bd49e	After Odessa, Chekhov goes to Yalta, he is overcome by depression.
e02256661ccb6180ab2ef9faffcae4a58df4879c	In Yalta, there is an acquaintance with the Shavrov sisters, with one of whom, Elena Mikhailovna, a writer, Chekhov subsequently corresponds, takes care of the publication of her works, gives professional advice.
051a427cf99c148230e90932a8d426c3d1eea318	Returning to Moscow, on Sadovo Kudrinekaya, Chekhov actively takes up literary work.
b201a9438296121caaae6f93c56cdc279e45825b	Soon from the pen of Anton Pavlovich comes "A boring story" and the play "Leshiy".
9249f7138801e8e72594a1bbe6d1b08b7a859463	The play "Leshiy" was unsuccessfully staged, Chekhov removed it from the repertoire, and, a few years later, remade it, giving a new name — "Uncle Vanya".
1cd7816497efee606b9397ceffac1ef1c26085aa	In the house on Sadovo — Kudrinskaya there are also written: the story "The Steppe", the vaudeville "The Bear", "The Swan Song", more than a hundred stories.
703a99459363fce179d1c9ec3552ca5ba0f425da	The Chekhov house was visited by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Grigorovich, well-known artists at that time A. P. Lensky and V. N. Davydov, the publisher Leikin, the writer N. S. Leskov.
34d11dff9b718080c3e44cf08dcdc4b2699c503d	Chekhov dedicated the fourth collection of short stories "Gloomy People" to Tchaikovsky.
92e62d59ba63a37494594e522cbee47b15eb2088	In 1888, by the decision of the Academy of Sciences, the writer received a half Pushkin Prize for the third collection of short stories "At Dusk".
68e5f51fc7127126b47900f3e1b9685534b79697	Despite his increasing fame and huge literary successes, Chekhov is dissatisfied with himself, he strives not for fame, but for creative activity.
fed31c504ca9efaf48b2af3f885dbe8952ec8bd2	From 1887, he collaborated less and less with humorous magazines; his cooperation with The Alarm Clock was interrupted.
5642d09904468950cc43522f7a2a2f7f520063b1	His stories became longer and more serious.
d8c3f8db79c171147f661090784001efbc593bbc	The important changes that took place with Chekhov at that time are also indicated by the desire to travel.
960c787f152d2859d3909af42395e7e860693e14	In the same year, 1887, he went on a trip to the south, to his native places; later he went to the "Gogol places", to the Crimea, to the Caucasus.
4344720b1ddc2f5c891d120aaa8e5228dda78468	The trip to the south revived Chekhov's memories of his youth spent there and gave him material for" Steppe", his first work in a thick magazine — "Northern Bulletin".
2ce8c9477f2ad660da4907a55ae4b962abda340c	The debut in such a magazine attracted a lot of critical attention, much more than to any previous work of Chekhov.
628747c72f05abeaa953c270dc08df59f3304185	In the autumn of 1887, Chekhov's letters mentioned the work on the novel "in 1500 lines".
c8d976da384a9a2c97bf7dbf9d48593eb3ea8ba4	It lasted until 1889, when Chekhov, who was burdened with a work of such a large size, finally abandoned his plan.
142b80f8cf595d7d2b44f12dbd1c178982267608	"I am glad—" he wrote to Suvorin in January— " that 2-3 years ago I did not listen to Grigorovich and did not write a novel!
56baf63ed545f972a0c777fa3209c6e13c9e127f	I imagine how much good I would have ruined if I had listened, In addition to an abundance of material and talent, I need something equally important.
6aaee9e0a52786ec9b4b4031659a0a618d177586	We need maturity-this is one time; secondly, we need a sense of personal freedom, and this feeling began to flare up in me only recently."
609c5d791345ae79511a99f39f5490c2b87a4f31	Obviously, it was the lack of these properties that Chekhov was dissatisfied with at the end of the 1880s, which prompted him to travel.
1571e1da6d6eb384b5abe59275eee6280e5e2081	But he was still dissatisfied after these trips; he needed a new, big trip.
9048d52837f6e78f7f0618444c9668d3aca23d81	His options were a trip around the world, a trip to Central Asia, to Persia, to Sakhalin.
4fdb8af86f2dc5f8cef7de81a0dde606a5ede1b5	In the end, he decided on the latter option.
fb309a33dc0e944165456d7f31e515de51ab16d1	But despite Chekhov's own dissatisfaction with himself, his fame grew.
c75949a2439d031c7a33d87419e9494fe42b8d09	After the release of "Steppe" and "Boring Story", the attention of critics and readers was riveted to each of his new works.
1d2eab3e1fe9d34c4187a0924bc94b43eef13c07	On October 7 (19), 1888, he received the half Pushkin Prize of the Academy of Sciences for the third collection published in the previous year, 1887 — "At Dusk".
4acc663eed45b21cf9287408fbcf698d9200e5eb	In the corresponding resolution of the academic commission, it was written that " the stories of G. Chekhov, although they do not fully meet the requirements of the highest art criticism, are nevertheless an outstanding phenomenon in our modern fiction literature."
c0964202d73c668689f322bc32f123bbe6d1aa41	At the end of the 1880s, a feature appeared in Chekhov's manner that some contemporaries considered an advantage, others a disadvantage — a deliberate dispassion of description, an accentuated lack of author's assessment.
34499d903ec3870d10cd7143930f8043c3db40a5	Especially this feature is distinguished by "I want to sleep", "Women" and "Princess".
a7f67c6ca221a822e620e139221868a6f63991db	The decision to go to Sakhalin was finally made, obviously, in the summer of 1889, after discussing this intention with the artist K. A. Karatygina, who traveled to Siberia and Sakhalin in the late 1870s.
929be1248c5ce23b1cb55ec0a8e829910acafc6e	But Chekhov hid this intention for a long time even from the closest ones; after informing Karatygina about it, he asked to keep it a secret.
0390bd2e8c8c3c8ffcb05c55ae1ca9a02c7b547d	He revealed this secret only in January 1890, and naturally, it made a great impression on society.
f99d6f48ca14e7e366021cc03bdb1ffbab0203c2	This impression was also strengthened by the "suddenness" of the decision made, because already in the spring of 1890, Chekhov went on a trip.
53f3c4be14da626c94d2f7c492d7ceebeb4bb9ab	For several months of his stay on it, Chekhov communicated with people, learned their life stories, the reasons for exile and collected rich material for his notes.
e89a0f89c58e1465f7ccfdd72321ba8daf72b2b2	He conducted a real census of the population of Sakhalin, collecting several thousand cards about the inhabitants of the island.
10343a64b4b012f458198d370247d78e4714bcf6	The administration of the island strictly forbade communicating with political prisoners, but he violated this prohibition.
616340b1fcaf845891e38dfe1e95f6280101abf7	Chekhov was returning from Sakhalin by sea, on the Dobroflot steamer "Petersburg".
11a1188828cb5247346c53aabfb8ada1cbd07552	In Vladivostok, where the ship was standing from October 14 to 19, Chekhov worked in the library of the Society for the Study of the Amur Region, collecting additional materials for a book about Sakhalin. Next — Hong Kong, Singapore, the island of Ceylon, the Suez Canal, Constantinople, Odessa.
f84930f9f5d3f681a437c275deb3c938d440a488	In the next 5 years, Chekhov wrote the book "Sakhalin Island".
18ec7a11aa08a74ac4be1626753507ca2c7425a4	As for artistic creativity, the trip to Sakhalin, according to Chekhov's own admission, had a huge impact on all his subsequent works.
0fc46d7be083f6782a2a05e95054b2ce90340492	In 2005, on Sakhalin, for the first time in Russia, the materials of the Sakhalin census by A. P. Chekhov were published in one edition "Perhaps my figures will also be useful...".
2147ab1c775f6d7d353e837f5eddb12e8450acd4	The publication published all 10 thousand survey cards filled out by Chekhov's respondents during his trip to Sakhalin Island in 1890.
985706875cc9a56815052f045f8905cc1039e6d7	Life in Moscow after such a trip seems uninteresting to Chekhov, and he goes to St. Petersburg to meet with Suvorin.
1b7b1a8a96bfe42554d91e3055f4e8cec9e1717c	They decide to go to Western Europe together and visit Vienna, Bologna, Venice, from which Chekhov is delighted, as well as Florence, Rome, Naples, where the writer climbed Mount Vesuvius.
e80de396f21da27efb9a0ccc697beac3d7b6135a	From Nice, Anton Pavlovich goes to Monte Carlo, where he loses 900 francs at roulette, then to Paris.
81771a4e1bc3a29a7f542b659cf01c5072aaa3da	But soon the Chekhov's change their place, moving to the Bogimovo estate, owned by the local landowner E. D. Bylim Kolosovsky.
c949b01c72f4e7b6236796171d04203049d0329b	The "Duel" was written here, the Sakhalin notes were systematized.
f5800a9bedfe80b6425a56836a543e45599c181a	Chekhov worked until eleven o'clock, then went to the forest for mushrooms or fishing.
16210ce0f6cf7315e758d4ade90c16f8e97660d8	At one o'clock the family had dinner, and at three Chekhov went back to work until the evening.
b122df1608d9c5d61a737eb45fce3c709cc9c8b4	In the evenings, one of the local summer residents, the zoologist Wagner, who later became a famous professor, often came to visit.
c5a2129840d956b18eef14576d075f39eb5eb87e	With him, debates began on the topics of degeneracy, the right of the strong, etc., and it was Wagner who was the prototype of von Koren in the "Duel".
9dc377974a11ffc3c5801b7835ea81efb1010756	1892-Chekhov acquires the Melikhovo estate, located near Moscow, in the Serpukhov district.
03ebea6dcc71d68e8640286a8a739ed648dac18c	Here Anton Pavlovich received patients every day from the very morning.
c663665bbe7b6b670b89d5f246166fb13a681815	At the end of 1898, the writer bought a plot of land in Yalta.
6e1e6fce39bd33040e70d6106b9578a7a8591d2b	In recent years, Chekhov, whose tuberculosis has worsened, has been constantly living in his house near Yalta to improve his health, only occasionally coming to Moscow, where his wife (since 1901), the artist Olga Leonardovna Knipper, occupies one of the outstanding places in the troupe of the Moscow Art Theater (Stanislavsky), formed in 1898.
efc783a60f43641bfb97f1adf73809fbed2e63c4	In 1900, at the first election to the Pushkin branch of the Academy of Sciences, Chekhov was elected among its honorary academicians.
a0ef33b48e9f2b503f2a43deaee87a0de4f79703	In 1902, Chekhov, together with V. G. Korolenko, refused the title of academician after the order of Nicholas II to annul the election of Maxim Gorky to honorary academicians.
6a1f69e73a3bbfcec52d4da12f055efc065df024	In the history of Chekhov's illness, which was conducted in the clinic by the writer's attending physician Maxim Maslov, it is recorded that during his gymnasium and student years, Chekhov was ill with tuberculous inflammation of the peritoneum, but he felt "tightness in the sternum" at the age of 10.
f56e826f65f50bcdd31cfe12467ee9866ed01355	Since 1884, Chekhov suffered from bleeding from his right lung.
6af241db56dffa7d256312bbd67106d7af852d09	Some researchers believe that a fatal role in the writer's life was played by a trip to Sakhalin - there was a thaw and he had to travel thousands of kilometers on horses, in wet clothes and soaked felt boots (Chekhov himself and his relatives associated the disease with the trip).
ac6f08b05c3044f21673beb6c9bbd2844a0c749b	In the summer of 1904, Chekhov went to a resort in Germany.
1cbe6ed3553bd65f0ee9a2cbb003be8abe272904	Due to a sharp exacerbation of the disease, which he could not cope with, the writer died on July 2 (15), 1904 in Badenweiler, Germany.
1918d828a364f01ee754b7b7de858172abe5beed	According to the testimony of his wife Olga Leonardovna, at the beginning of the night Chekhov woke up and " for the first time in his life he asked to send for a doctor.
a72de1e71b88ba0f37040bd702a9fe483266a766	Anton Pavlovich sat down and somehow significantly, loudly said to the doctor in German (he knew very little German): "Ich sterbe".
92850487bc1708819de7a4803f414cc2cccd5944	Then he repeated for the student or for me in Russian: "I'm dying."
1bce1f119c968ebaf79d0a45fd4a4f94d059529b	Then he took a glass, turned his face to me, smiled his amazing smile, said:" I haven't drunk champagne for a long time...", calmly drank everything to the bottom, quietly lay down on his left side and soon fell silent forever."
2ca0831a53daf913afb9c4363f8e73add26fd44f	On July 9 (22), 1904, the funeral took place. A funeral service was held in the Assumption Church of the Novodevichy Monastery.
d70392c2a121180b4d0eea455d0d0ec70429881f	Chekhov was buried right behind the Assumption Church in the monastery cemetery, next to the grave of his father.
7e4e13afe6fb2a6bce7745bf138e323a0a6109ca	On the anniversary of the death of A. P. Chekhov on July 2 (15), 1908, a new marble monument was opened on the grave, designed in the Art Nouveau style by the artist L. M. Brailovsky.
cb416833124b2dcdab00a87ce30b5c76ec8220a3	In 1933, after the abolition of the cemetery on the territory of the Novodevichy Monastery, at the request of O. L. Knipper, Chekhov was reburied in the cemetery behind the southern wall of the monastery.
9b64ecc8289b487685240f5544f9bb1de2ec45f1	On November 16, 1933, in the presence of a few relatives and close friends, the grave was opened and the coffin was moved to a new place. Soon both tombstones were moved here - A. P. Chekhov and his father (while the burial of P. E. Chekhov was left in the old place).
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5b8f43f3bbe99a733aaf7f140ed3fdb16d0510d2	Anton Chekhov
3ffcd1aee430f8addf4d5afde6b04a7336b57b37	Date of birth: 29.01.1860 Place of birth: Taganrog, Russia Date of death: 15.07.1904 Place of death: Badenweiler, German Empire, Russia Citizenship: Russia
3a609ef013046f6f02cf22b85ef9c5aa3590fa5f	Anton Pavlovich Chekhov was born on January 17 (29), 1860 in the city of Taganrog.
6d8d7b31cff6232b9c7e7d44a6a22a6f207402f5	In the family, besides him, there were 5 more children – four brothers and a sister.
70f80c35c8c92cf59634141083447e94386dbf29	Website: Biographies of famous people
f1cc7ce8c8dc47db9c2e7b9f7ba1135252e53832	Anton Pavlovich's father, a former clerk, was the owner of a small shop.
9af660737c3838d48f74e6a8faac6035cb2db3f8	He called himself a"merchant".
976155382cea67a5f9541345207acfd30a52ccc4	Pavel Yegorovich kept his children strictly.
46497a5b83edf2e5eb9c362dc01d4db67cce0d6e	They had to study, work in their father's shop and sing in the church choir created by their father.
7062c50b9e66d1f053c37cc97f3fe2d9d03ac159	The shop was open from 5 am to 11 pm, and the children still had time to study at the gymnasium and learn a craft.
52b613c0cf80c3b05cd46b53c871e5fa24d8e9e7	Anton Chekhov studied to be a tailor.
32090d67fc28ea02389319ff2be02805b07da122	Anton Pavlovich's mother, Yevgenia Yakovlevna, was the granddaughter of a serf who was bought out to freedom.
4e3e3f0c25ac5aa9ad387f8a68efd46e3b2dfa28	She managed to soften her husband's severity towards the children.
02f0d43170a08b57ec3d5de95e1cb4c5749a32b8	Later Anton Pavlovich said: "The talent in us is from the father's side, and the soul is from the mother's side."
1639a817c1680a1b9829ead85776acf9288c685e	Anton Pavlovich began to get interested in theater and literature at an early age.
3f57cf3171efb11bdd98e3e1972dbf7629efb40d	The first of his works was written for the theater and was called "Fatherless".
284eaaa9a4001c2a889fbae33be1358b52115e8c	Chekhov wrote it as a teenager.
8705031f08a37fe8ab90d72da4e27d169b06f5e8	Chekhov studied at the gymnasium.
29366736bd5ac46cf9a1aec79e208e239d04eff5	In the fourth grade, he "collaborated" in a handwritten magazine, the publisher of which was one of the high school students.
403b7466499e535cb9d8f838055b1dd1b3eb185a	Here, for the first time, a satirical poem by 13 year old Chekhov was placed.
b2667bfbd299510997fdd1b5595f2fadb864d30b	1875 Chekhov's brothers moved to Moscow and became students.
deb832f2dba4663bffc390fdf9059fc7c9a17881	My father was ruined.
eeb174b4d39fa33011c71a30bfc358c85d713216	The whole Chekhov family soon moved to Moscow, with the exception of Anton Pavlovich – he stayed in Taganrog to finish high school.
a7a29fca0ee4866f311e0feea6fa8a755bc9083a	From a well off person, he turned into a poor man – this happened to his entire family.
2bdfea77ca616161523a91443e64c9e445fd4157	Chekhov had to earn a living by private lessons.
02b67da2f8ff10f258a535be73c426061903f832	1879 Anton Pavlovich arrives in Moscow and enters the medical faculty of Moscow University.
27b9225d020a7674594c3cefee5d30752a8af08e	The heroes of the stories were "small" people from the city and village. 1884 Chekhov graduates from the university and comes to the city of Voskresensk, which is located near Moscow.
20a6d543a6c2af1725e3a0cdebb9f7635f096bb5	1885 – the first Chekhov stories of a new type appear in print.
288c0d8f28726b1b9c65f828ed0790e7efcd0cfd	The comic side no longer plays a major role in them.
6c3ba6484e7cf481dff95b88e746b9bcb4e938f3	1886 the first collection of short stories by A. P. Chekhov is published
03a18ecf80c689b86d7e8e7e59e8f4801b54d00a	1887 the second collection of short stories by A. P. Chekhov is published.
b538e014d3e9a52a079a7cc037daaf37922f708e	During these years, Anton Pavlovich has been working as a zemstvo doctor in a hospital near Zvenigorod.
e351b7052f041a2846fc952918d017a2b5359166	Here he also attends meetings of county judicial congresses, acts as an expert.
5fa0f906c7c0fdc2d85d696f185b3f4f5eea3988	In the end, Chekhov realizes that his true vocation is not in medicine, but in literature.
b60e9164eea695dfcd70d7c343cf1c47a5ed7f0f	1890 Chekhov leaves for Sakhalin.
063f3ab4cc1726e3839943a660883c638c765187	In those days, it was a long and difficult journey.
4966cb9ab2462a3cee5a72cd1a4279a766d962cc	Chekhov was ill on the way, but this did not prevent him from enjoying the Siberian landscapes and getting to know people.
7e47289da94bb90e1c61de0ffeda1346beebfd6d	Anton Pavlovich wrote to his sister: "My God, how rich Russia is with good people!".
5bb3d3086d6f235ed22e621f5f2b2e8be42b8f21	Some researchers claim that if there had not been this trip to Sakhalin – the island of hard labor and exile – there would not have been not only Chekhov's book about Sakhalin, but also the work "Chamber No.
190cd0d25d5db9bde58b03adb6b02d4d670fddb3	6".
76186dafab044c7da3778b91ba92c03139a4ea93	Chekhov is not limited to Sakhalin alone.
55cfab57fb627fd9bdc186174145a3eee1e3d8ca	He also visited India, Singapore, Ceylon, and Constantinople.
8157cf3d0890369f89e72cdb27edcaf22a45a7d3	1890s Chekhov became a writer, known not only at home, but also in Europe.
c219c759fc72aa058ebd18278ece5d3d3688771d	1892 Chekhov acquires the Melikhovo estate, located near Moscow, in the Serpukhov district.
317fc2c1ab29b89e077b8c3965a5dda7cbec8dc5	At the time of purchase, Melikhovo was an ordinary neglected estate, but the Chekhov family quickly put it in order.
b3f6613217ee2a4a01780938ffcc3e8b5f870989	Here, in Melikhovo, Chekhov is elected as a zemstvo vowel.
17430912621bb712174113564d770a9ee54404b2	It was to him that the local population owed the fact that a highway was built from the station of Lopasnya to Melikhov, and schools were built in Melikhov itself and in the surrounding estates.
38b5eb7bcbd2a145eb501542212c046ba342c8df	Mid 1890s during this period, Chekhov was established as a playwright.
c67f1ec9edd2e428d59ae1f261fdb3800e865a43	1895 Chekhov writes "The Seagull".
380cd97ee1273829d2ab6d3a917d8907ca60b30e	October 1896 - the play "The Seagull" was staged at the Alexandrinsky Theater in St. Petersburg.
cf7ddf3a39fa10c2bda06d5002317a8f57481513	The performance ended in a complete failure.
64e563f8149f7d36ed833c405021088932f13bf0	Chekhov felt this event hard; the failure of the" Seagull " cost him his health.
f05888056654623dfe07382a4b0d4bb13e2f6e86	Autumn 1897 spring 1898 Chekhov lives in the south of France.
d443a56d0855b76f987a1626de6e387f8f209a8b	Doctors advised him to go to the Riviera or Nice, take a break from hard work and improve his health.
0c18b85c8f6db89ae3b06d75d753066473844fa9	September 1898 Chekhov meets Olga Leonardovna Knipper.
55e6d2953b52a5daa85a3e6915cf66d8777152d2	A year later, a correspondence is established between them.
a6fc45472ac6c7374259591f92ffdd23e87570db	It is known that each of them wrote more than four hundred letters.
c40e6bdb0482f6fdedc4653610bf44c9faa05932	1900-1902 Chekhov Honorary academician
22e7f9c59a5f84046dc635d6a6d6b34239e17cbf	in the Pushkin Department of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
af0b5f7f29ace9e39e121737312f10b5c20566e5	The beginning of the 1900s Chekhov is friends with L. N. Tolstoy and M. Gorky.
27c03927b6dc66bb69b186f1fcbdf2cf6b919bfa	In the autumn of 1901, when Tolstoy was living in Gaspra, Chekhov often visited him.
ee46796ee34029c820c19c679adb9d7c9a4af5a5	1901 Chekhov writes "Three Sisters".
8845a7bd3aad0bdced089737d099e12b54e22426	The peculiarity of this work is that in it the author openly declares: changes are coming.
fe5a82ce1a7537c58018589d4cd9f28b314cf37c	May 25 (June 7), 1901 Chekhov and Knipper were married.
660502b5584d334b47b2575563cc0b3800b7f6a6	The marriage lasted until the death of Anton Pavlovich.
c4d3d4d4d6874577909a17f4165c2f128076be3f	1901-1902 the complete works of A. P. Chekhov were published in 10 volumes.
f8af01d8bac868d27bb10fe07db9389dddf07485	Autumn 1903 The Cherry Orchard, Chekhov's dying work, was written.
18abe71c409bac9e52002daf3851fef1a9d9b016	July 2 (15), 1904 Anton Pavlovich Chekhov dies in the German resort town of Badenweiler.
ec8d41d9fe688a523b669ddf02ea64ff5b83b3ea	A few days later, the body was transported to Moscow and buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery.
2c7209e8476b7572948745da82cd9797bbe671b2	Keywords: When was Anton Chekhov born?
1a0b36a888def8f2790fb4da0da3a54518c286bc	When did Anton Chekhov die?
9c53d6f0bc6bad43e6f787b484eddb2c95503224	Where was Anton Chekhov born?
7b4a911905c1c013de95721a2940d438001813a7	Where did Anton Chekhov die?
ed46b058f45c06e262ecbe3e65b88a32c09c649a	What is Anton Chekhov famous for?
d83a3edd55059b3a17e27f98b2be083dfac5847c	Whose citizenship does Anton Chekhov have?
968cf81bacae68bff8299a8dc8b7fed95b110c10	The best days
fe0dac9752b30142d1bc22eef322daff0acff19b	Crumpet at the pole Visited:170 The combination of humor and philosophical subtext visited:91 Jesse Bradford: The actors from the cradle Visited:74
2bbf8b11dd6a42d78c73d129fa376237f6dfec7c	Date of publication: 02.05.2007
d70e9e0c876564670c094a1a4fe2b75b29889a60	Tell me what you think...
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c74137e394909e08041bee83cb82912543fb4368	Gregory Said Bagov, Actor Olga Chekhov, Actress Anton Chekhov, Russian playwright and short story writer Lev Tolstoy, writer And, Always, a pop group
ebf487de0eae9558b6ec093f0693a8409690da75	About the celebrity: Russian playwright and short story writer
f50219bfeca1fce57f8f40abf548c809e54f458b	The singer of twilight moods.
52c0d200c90088b89d61b532a49c2e785ffb9d6f	Chekhov during his illness
41aab7ce7b1b1a7a748de054ee1dff0ba63a57ef	A diamond in a case
d05b71a7f2d0f8595a198c6fbe9fdab1f69173b5	The man without the case
0a2ad32a8b1952047f2d6cbd252e67379157bc27	"I promise myself not to go to Sakhalin anymore"
a0be8573f570e76ee644253fc039ea1d944a95e2	Prison reform according to Chekhov
dc89a373896a06ff95e3a9a94ecaf645435b704f	Anton Chekhov: The difficult fate of a great writer
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fc36ad46c3ba62b906b6250f9c06e3672cfb5af6	Aphorisms Anton Chekhov
06f5c302e3d2d55fec5355f9c4eac558b530850f	Anton Chekhov quotes
efe13454a9990dfb6a62bc60cf9db30a86539685	Facts from life [2]
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545bb2dcdf361f30f6af1ccd9530e1ab055ded45	Bart is our age, the generation of the 80s, fuck yeah ....
749a8bee4a6f4e49c5420d9f4df63782f7ddf3e2	Let him put his children to sleep!
8c9a7da796aed3c054618506a97964720319f396	[ Gennady Onishchenko ]
8c15fc29a6942be4d5c839987c73967eecfa3792	about traitors
1be218279ff2415cf5d3f23b0798fcf0f0589918	[Olga Korbut ]
62d59a19523844a658f9ffa39e7fa7d97029cd1f	! AND HOW MANY OF THEM, SUCH TRAITORS TO THE MOTHERLAND, THERE IS NOTHING TO LIVE ON.
784162ba3fb3251d578e5efcf6f0ae0d5c41c22c	WHO WILL PAY HER THERE AND FOR WHAT? now ....
b59b160eea955cd766b819ed1997de1bc9aabba5	Popular for today:
bdb5ce0314e051037ce3cd864128dea5ad0d4960	Search statistics:
9aecfcda6e8c1c1aee2f1f6d3a86192b4ed08d1c	Per day
7044455913e060055df56ccea2457175ccf7fdc7	Chicholina [94] Fleming Peggy [39] Oleg Sychev [34] diet wiegman [30] zubarev ilia [28] reebok classics [22] Putin, [20] Stalin [20] HITLER [19] rafferty [18] Lyubov Sokolova [17] Leedskalnin [15] dekker thomas [13] vinnie jones [12] Che Guevara [12] zagalav abdulbekov [12] Abhisit Vejjajiva [11] Rres€RR° Srrrs‡RAR [11] joao bernardo vieira [11] duarte [11] R§RES‡RR"RERR° [11] Rrarr [10] R"SR±RRS Sirrrr"RRR° [10] P§R RRR°C °p° [10] blom [9] Cѕp±C ‡P°R [9] Alexey yuryevich khotin [8] fonseca [8] bagalej dmitrij [7] bonnet [7]
845fbcac9a7e130523cc5d4865e2a41edf453bdf	For 1 day: 4169
76c86c06f4045d01baa54c0165f946a97d18eeb7	For a week
7eb3ba5fb82dfb1bc88ccde6107e31c1eac5c2f1	Chicholina [529] Putin [226] HITLER [135] Lyubov Sokolova [114] zagalav abdulbekov [96] Stalin [94] aleksey kashtanov [90] blom [76] Apkhisit Vetchachiva [75] Che Guevara [75] duarte [67] dekker thomas [67] dezhnev [67] butusov yuri [66] Nazimova Alla [64] plank [61] Falcone Giovanni [60] vieira joao bernardo [60] jones vinnie [60] ilyasov [58] leedskalnin [55] makeenko vladimir [54] christopher paolini [53] donskoy [51] bagalej dmitrij [49] min net [44] tihanovich [43] sloane stephens [43] Sobchak [42] benjamin orr [41]
c958b22bafc766a92962b74383874ca216f523be	For 7 days: 20644
40d69781a778cea009138ad295ab3baaf51a17ea	Whole
3d224340fb1f9dbd92cff9d53e8ca45229c2a0ef	Putin [83977]
1c46222ba02645b04799cff5d1ed78d8730ac9c0	sobchak [48774]
02eef5dfedf0bd3a4ce27e229580595f58185be3	hitler [53830]
14934dfd027f9373d25c46f7bb20f0528effbfdc	Stalin [36209]
cdf9c51392a40018a7b09f574e3cd0baa679eccf	Che Guevara [32219]
7a24916905507f140deac83f47874624997d2363	medvedev [24092]
608fd8ddcc69b791eedbc0a95dbaa34b347e8ae5	Mironov [23711]
69e35639943d3a0d49d3be5e81d1ceae91a0d919	Newton [22274]
51b4036c69876efb438013367d000ab86e54d598	Ivanov [20702]
8750310e58c47d7bddaa5e2203b5dd4edee1a906	Lyubov Sokolova [27038]
76e156aa1a2b34939f7edcbc0e15601d72fb56c4	Total: 36485682
32f5fd9d2689206f68f021b59bb192f42d23fe8d	Popular queries:
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117c52e5e92e54a7aeb29217fca0c9bf9f0d9c71	Who changed the World:
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f828a8df8885d5cfe62e20466129ce613e79985a	Record holders:
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c5f6cebefe15db1f67c4974e66c89b316da5c9aa	Interesting:
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bd7948b056e68a8199031c0f112bec661fa3b370	Guess...
c12e2201f3ef8e5c78234baac9ba8384d09202bc	Why did the 26th US President Theodore Roosevelt receive the Nobel Prize?
3c25ce154a917b9c1539c47ac2d217ea7f6b9cf5	More...
5bb392e260befc4b3f2b249e40601ac502341a98	Recent updates
740ad13e91b6cad30cad40e12cc693d4ba0b7fc1	[ 27.02.2017 ] KISS;
c765bdafcf7ef524f893cd76af533e278c39ad6a	[ 02/28/2017 ] Meryl Streep;
9c384e093dfd72012a26820738a2557bf08bd4a7	Molly Schuyler;
8ecca93228831255394f6502959552f73d39c3e8	Vladimir Groisman;
a8e3463dc3c9c798573cac9b5dd407822e42fce5	Eva Marie Harris;
c398f949a0e6f665fbd9352d7a2763c185fe3ebe	Andrey Fedinchik;
7584768d4ce912e3cbd4e24ad19c879572b52eb4	Gilon of Paris;
f461a411867d7014d4a3e0fd740a62d6080bd18a	Sergey Zyuzin;
fa8c4b066f15a9a5e0f5e6014649fa30165888ca	Wilhelm Lang;
c439ba2db7bcd435855d290ddcaac8b573d1ffe1	Alfredo Angulo;
1b3c2c1d2a51793908793fce84d9f3484d9d3c63	Antonio De Leyva;
8a4e3c48b83f1795dcb2b910461c6d015c7f9d6e	Vardui Varderesyan;
12b121749e971c7e9e202e964b78bddc1ce405f6	Tomasz Koutnik;
3e1b25f59d7fb6b04d0ead0b15199c92c5049838	Igor Andreev;
1fe8230c19087f270db20d8558eb09efa6bc8b84	Gerard Barre;
2a19c56efe493bdc10127e29983088c2ee4feefa	Maurice Carrozzieri;
e1a1300d91e4f145cdbbc7a4156e3d5607a8ce6e	Johann Benjamin Gross;
b8cc1c344bc78c7ca803cc80cf72c1055e777140	Giuliano de ' Medici;
910deaa7240da4c9b095b30611b503f4b5769a12	Oleg Vasilkovsky;
a8d9de476b42bf656a9063103bf0b91056393944	Archbishop Ambrose ;
a795d73c4b6090747cd9fa26bbc616a3454d2d56	Emmanuel Kone;
e75d2d2809cd47f4c0d80f220233a4616a2ec575	Henry Venink;
053cca63c832d7b2e26f0d8c6d1176f9906da896	Balthus;
1354fcb05ac7e36d82ac612e69c544fc2cc7463a	Adolf I; Varys of the Wind;
b7d4dbf0202097864d0a63791623d69e06b4158b	Muvasharkhan Dzhenaliyev;
6ec20d84a3b5df062d6de9b976bcd29b962d0326	Mahmud Aliyev;
eaccdd3730853d8e31ce9759a3052cd47ba9800f	Franco Causio;
026c3d8119132df150d98ee8a03bb4dc7e2b2f4b	Anna Kotova;
cc699dfc710794f1f4508cd4824d6e3ba8ccd9bd	Tyler Cowan;
035996c91f1ccdbcd662c0cfc1d7eac15d6088de	Alan Lightman;
a13920781aaaf13143777a7cdd131b481e32c478	Ali Hasanov;
c0ac748d8faafde9202cdaa0ef9832c076ace49f	Alexander Griberman;
4ab36de3674ce0e53a6c830ca76ed531c16270f1	Andrey Kartsov;
69393f30819306c532032b650257f5a8b805de15	Tamara Kapitonova;
740e198dcad825e892401c2820d9a0a69b7da330	Manfred Kalz;
91024457ac42a8b6242b2078e4d6d7417ec08dd8	Vladimir Avtonomov;
02737ff0e71890902182f429eb527a52ceac6ccb	Mandell Creighton;
f55611815acefb3682e1d60067923c8671bbd69d	Oleg Aliyev;
6632932a360c8172887b6f32979925d3841cd266	Fritz Oswald Bilse;
37f2a51784d99c8ad27d6a736b56adffe7500a5c	Eldar Azimzadeh;
b42066a0e9b9e1b1269caf4790e310cf695f7954	Jorge Bolet;
0331acde15fea748041dc849260990776180f204	Didius Julian;
1f3e9135a5cbc927ee0bbeadb40f558e51b9406a	Ivan Krasnov;
f3b97d78b36f08b36d6e238a6d6515284b0aed48	Mikhail Bykov;
815301bc89a2ed4cf0c913451f858c804f35227f	Dmitry Efimiev;
34a2b72f27a4c321149d014c0855b4a17955d63e	Mikhail Kolesnichenko;
862540b8f9a260a8d4878999b66230d2ddd24994	Evgeny Gusev;
b01744e3fd0edee0be715f0ee9b54a744138eeb6	Richard Boyle;
868e965b1ee8d98b75b94369ab325d923f9b7526	Stepan Balabin;
f7aabab0ca96c7607ca169998b602a9194ee4ea2	Ali Al Sistani;
f2457d8bd56347b514bd3e138a25b2ab26f152c8	Ignatius Krzhizhanovsky;
930cd9fed842f7cbd19ebb4d56ad25e15fb4649d	Nuno Goncalves ;
af3c64725a6061702dabacca74f4e10443f8febd	Valery Kazakov;
3f12c9537e1c6c4dadc77f0275512f25739244bc	Domnika Darienko;
ae9246f44fc45bfbfbe6435efb200f02876e9acf	Eduard Baghdasaryan;
80bbec37f3a01f8ca219a827ac329a2841e108e9	Dmitry Kvartalnov;
66588d57d7cba57cdfd4c6bf2ad3fcf85819387c	German Lavrov;
811499088ab7e3c51509a321641a8b391ad93947	Vsevolod Gakkel;
d96a9deea2e3fe8389648741d3dfe965b186dc6d	[ 01.03.2017 ] Jack Nicholson;
d60c789c6ed1e89c4be8007f2e6f7cf250138582	Linda Wolf;
45522fd482e29dbda0cff855d7d294949ecf9821	Steve Wittman;
e0e851d0d9a3544cddb24e1be8c16390cd1bfff0	Loya;
dfd672a60579ad7fc4f5ab3b19cf78175f04dd24	Jessica Sharman;
22846610177b0741c99f362a50a275c6fe7e9cc0	Naum Sindalovsky;
b9ed5b45e9073d246bbe3f0f371e352330d352a9	Boris Grumbkov;
d8bebdee48a783f46f96831989545014c38d3da5	John Ameche;
d44cea1d59fc657fa849ace181b85385d9b1c333	Lee Brackett;
928a322a69cc8991ed55353c15326fcf4408ca62	Fyodor Kryukov;
0d00f9d41a018931211fdacb6f258db2ca28ddb2	Alexey Voevodin;
16b0d8124d9b6dfcb917dadaf5c92fe7fc5ab91a	Vladimir Klimovskikh;
84f96e4a9f65b184a936472536031c62ac2d210a	Kristin Icarus;
38c84902c7ca6cd9fd15ec3fac63490baec48f72	George William Cox;
c324f2c20fcca03ffe79cf0f61d506669616736a	Rafal Bauer;
d683853930a3616a0a4391571967940050ee6462	Konrad Schenck;
b4d5b4f7c230c1d5a58e74676586179a33d122ee	Paul Gilson;
6ad0e0750b76c6474b3883c9f6625d20313dc1cc	Gary Gerbrandt;
44c85674b31636e98472351e52acd58d7bb6873c	Thomas Jonathan Jackson ;
67dc06ffaf4902c403be6669ea5f21d5ba935592	Mikhail Dalin;
f73fb01fe4945f7b1c8fbb98f4db6f6141e5e729	Dufunya Vishnevsky;
638b021ce93fd22117cd316eb1d92c199e3ec429	Koldo;
744e9fb2d3569e1af71c365ba4b358c9c8d46973	Solomon Gotgilf;
cabb8287ce9bb1eb9eae8e511d3e368a2c0871c7	Alexander Zayd;
76eea2cdba52be87153da807cba48a40b7626dd9	Edoardo Amaldi;
0d5dfc4e8f3bc31987503c6aef801055db9ff737	Eva Brunne;
e86b07e828b4e5cf1ff48cf042c4d7caf602654b	Bart Bock;
5ef7cdeda9b5478020a84d596c2c884bf20f22ab	Federico Carraro;
da79b51bb212dba548f303a2597cad730c137b14	Reinhard Gehlen;
232efa79c7654844678f6f9504ba3a14f4e1827a	Fakhri Korutyurk;
a90b1b167e3053a33010f4a845bb1ea8a342eaa9	Christian Wilhelmsson;
9d53c2693cf706506fe31fa1a49e58ae06be8709	John Donald Carrick;
3013e81c492051495dad530bedf7e9889a7734ee	Boris Glebov;
c309e5dc8aa4d03938d618a3f833b391c254800e	Toleu Basenov;
5d757ba99f23441ef7f670d8391e515b5bf83a73	Grigory Aseev;
c7a9c807b4e996b978dfc25b9a64cf5b87ffb0f9	Anatoly Dryukov;
d6efb0560024254e1c5d65c9d4de62d73b94b207	[ 02.03.2017 ] Keira Knightley;
9b412308df456669028f34d6bdc1958fa5ec6545	Larisa Dolina;
ae0c93a6d3c62e894b8d77d6e9987377a2e077cd	Svetlana Romashina;
e6bb7b141f9e2af7383925da7d042e57a7b38d95	Kia Silverbrook;
c1e3c6c9137f0ffaeaf616bb3fe9186bb30a75b4	Mieko Nagaoka;
998107a090a3b053007c1a2acc9357fb5849cab3	Andy Sandness;
fe36b23c04624f7394d31d63e773cf81d8d032b5	Artem Cech ;
c2f599e9b274d9b9d8e6958484b9fbb4b6a906f8	Oleg Tarugin;
89fefadcaf14cc5c04d038ecb8c489f821edf85f	Arsen Martirosyan;
45aafe501d10d7a8bc6e8c73cb2eb9e293de1cbb	Evgeny Malinin;
862140ed66e4ee56ee63eb99b5e77df3e5d21062	Artur Bagdasarov;
a5198b544f44ef0cdbdeb9011b50f654401e5383	Vlas Ignatov;
bc9727f3ed159faa06a8439c391352be6435a2c6	Sergey Bakulin;
239074d9dcf3af3157b337c23133de95b79489fd	Yuri Karasik;
0c4492b7e1aad268de906aaf98ca882f9784e99b	Josef Gartner;
109ae911baebe1ab891e1cbfa6e3f49e44a85a33	Gunnar Gren;
e5be7fe29c451c6f0b83c7448907089a95a85b37	Rodrigo Branha;
5e555d64f31c7a3a8d109eeff0b3a1ddad469fe6	Felix Clement;
1fdbbb7b629729fa445b68a6a889d3323c1307e5	Alexey Veselovsky;
4b63da8792b1eba6cbfc22c3bc3c6478a940b994	Sergey Gomonov;
03b2a49d8ac5134f6a4f2e9fb9c1c73214540840	Leonid Kolotilo;
09c3599a003e9156b8a1676822be60fc40d6441f	Richard Allen Garriot;
5c797800cd744b6097c9823726c7a908f5c547e9	Juan De la Cueva;
a30bae802a8be9c461d03faf907b1b34d36cadb5	Stepan Kustylkin;
ee4de493de3d4180308f4b8a54372012c1addf80	Martin Dziwaltowski;
393017f58fd40b2a47239dc0feeab01e16729ffc	Somchai Wongsawat;
cef8d7696ecd850c0a2c5880fe3f37e84605f0b1	Cornelis Vresvik;
be59fcb69f5064e33899288219f25bf220bc02c4	Masatika Ichimura;
251ec9c742264dda04d2bcb23267b5d03b76f405	Andrey Volkonsky;
fefd9348b0c44bde7029f4089c2726cd5c1cf2e6	Piercarlo Ginzani;
3cb58cadb8e68801c25688c1584ca01b0a64ee4f	Yuri Ilnitsky;
3177580a25dfe15036c9b74efa0ac8bb444a35c6	Azari Azarin;
216193a575895f2ab31b372bff427248357a79e0	Moritz Knauer;
9224020fd9a5886e9d341db4ed6db7eccdf527ce	Eric Matthew Geary ;
3ce0313c118521d698a24524d05744711bc696d6	Joaquin Capilla ;
51de9766cc21a3cef36a40729ca88c1c7b3b90f3	Vasily Zharikov;
2546468d0c97738f979bf1486b149be56b25f584	Adam Gontier;
a75cc0abbef09528e92552f5e30c4516e9573b11	Aram Hakobyan;
7c7ce734578943eabd8cc1e081b6b4791196ee10	Anton Alyoshka;
0d4f3eac6b57dd971c1514521a5611d388d924fd	Curtis Keeble;
330ff87849a07567ec75a237f33c40f0b34b40fd	Baadur Jobava;
7080d184c18865add8e5d81f20786aff6b9fdb52	Francesco da Diacceto Cattani;
98bfa71e9309a8d1474511b10855a772d0947f66	Leonid Belogrits Kotlyarevsky;
e3587ab969c596e7370ca0ea1b5b28cff2c5547f	August Wilhelm Karl Knobel;
2e83f15ed4757c328c0b55aa7c0ad71021fd44a0	Lambert of Cologne;
d45d0370ccdd4731f87026f8443f6df741e51d04	Dmitry Zhirov;
affa06525810ba3d94e8e2271cbb114c517e8165	Dan Kolen;
64e6bd9dae6f73c1ed7934fddfb9baca6f16d423	Charles Adolf Wurtz;
4d3c67654b09c6d7e4cafc0e64a060c975c2d81d	Dave Brock;
2a1d0b066232ccdd211b98870d8ed2f3116f3bb0	Vladimir Kostylev;
3fb779eaf38d56d2720ca306bbc21837509509b9	Anatoly Bugayets;
bd685ce6ba3c1d524ae8163bf93b5daa9bffcb15	Babajide Babatunde;
53e4d37d3f35372d58fc53265663c0f22261347e	Alexey Guryshev;
96aa6f65aa2eddf2b80b919f2aff45e78a9b594c	Richard Martin Bales;
d73f7a4825957226ae7b764e191af1309500dae3	Lyudmila Alekseeva;
3c946d9dcb91bbe1202a1ca6fcbf976e33f10963	Ilya Alexandrov;
c8243bf52bbeca4bfaec3ae32c10399002a7fa16	Anatoly Kantor;
203dd77241261a8bdf4338706d65ebd765e1fd06	Eric Cole;
36ecc15ba18ec529f3336ebd8f2d345e32672362	Alexander Berkutov;
9c5a2bedc085beed06c549ef5fe09d67f2c165e6	Guy Larocque;
cb6cfec0a443aeec0d58ed21cf4eca9681b97c3f	Kenneth Wentworth;
b4d26d3d3bd7aed71777e0379608e1e0b7179158	[ 03.03.2017 ] Sonya Heni;
cea83825e09ea46d3d61fcb7e6c2b0a0101cc832	Alexander Golovin;
4f53c80d84989b11bb115b2c13705740cfa41dd9	Bratislava Stoyanovich;
34d5b04e001485a2681a9163a6bae20bad9dc086	Rammstein;
0d3ed59adbc4d923123e9ee1f5362e670c794bd4	Orville Rogers;
7332e0b223ead4d5e609aa1e614baa1e177b5c18	Yevgenia Shatskaya;
915b27c9149c27072862765bcd312a2167cd1913	Valery Sinelnikov;
0131aab934882289b532957c9bd1684c902fbdb4	Tatyana Plotnikova;
d552077d3647ba9aea761a32983032746fd8372a	Rebecca Winters;
2a19fe70a14a951aa477e92d218c7259ef44234d	Richard Witsge;
641ada2d33f8693e4fdd9193d132b7602268beba	Konstantin Bulgakov;
fdc2ff8d443c10fe59d3cc0c4018fc022ac9e0dd	Peter Ananyev;
6ab22bdf1d9b29014d206b5958127e49280f565b	Vladimir Dolin;
eba9211d1356c493dc461da91cd38d3c52e5c261	Alexander Kotsebu;
7b5ccf4548ef2986e437678c04e6faf3c2fc63cc	Janusz Kishka;
6d4c2caa671b79d40f2746a31902bcfb2c994dc8	John Grieb;
7736c0089e2050cc7377a675fdccc3d229c2c356	Mikhail Alexandrovich;
6253c9cf19530c030588e7f52be338a549489df9	Gustavo Neri;
5603e9e59002896a30616b13e20a693382f4700c	Hoko Kuwashima;
1b72cbbcbd19cf60307d1e7205fc3b948f95db45	Carlos Ibanez del Campo;
24a6fb8e9186e2386bca9b4ef02808c454672ae9	Moses Kagan;
47f3d64c162852e43f933c9dd1714aa9c5811071	Jozef Zajoncek;
72adf884614ecb9561ad39f24965a61cd39dd06b	Nikolai Barsov;
977840741a0403cfa72dbf41752bc95a7686f40a	Friedrich Geffken;
8075fd186cb02232527a4414ad8ebfd12700c648	Craig Eastmond;
5d19178f2ffd73540d85686dab042881daf337d9	Jean Cadet;
67834b06b4cd13621322069b965018566136edd0	Diego Vihil;
9cfdcb2e34595a9cf3838524df69fff46c563b3b	Dmitry Alfimov;
87899f56843c62503aa0fc89652dd0bb55f7570c	Kwame Ayu;
54bbad4bcd349f30937949f7ef5aa33630c13a86	Vasily Kashutin;
c7168462a8e51852f356cc4aa27a8a316982689e	Herman Laroche;
51d17b16da74483c2729ffe1dfebb36917042973	Mikhail Gerasimov;
e8122220e87ccd3ac2e5b5baeaaf14a20298dd1f	Joyce Coates;
c529a3634d898a9b089e76b1760d3753908ce6a7	Charles Coburn;
b4c07de0ff748ffde3479cda848c3354bd56607f	Yefim Berson;
10664d1c76e68aa29fbfca6f1815ad460fe91510	Pavel Kuleikin;
d61010711ea9a911f24bdf01a6922670771ef443	Johann Seltzer;
e2f5d2eea39f12afd1af9db7b250c2f3ff061bfd	Peter Hansen;
894e32095193e3df3ce8d16027d0122ff44120a5	Ivan Gamov;
902cf4e3f1f51145b1662d53787e69b5e0c99ef3	Kirill Doychinovsky;
3c28393a9b55b4845c3f04195603fb3705bb45db	Viktor Berezkin;
dbcbe679826631316147bfbd4ca3d7e79a39cf60	Evgeny Kiselyov;
3a1943f7f6ea13ed9dfc6a40e1ad5104321baa15	Vladimir Baersky;
9bb3f675d677d9a052fbd9474e866c5210ec6bb0	Kabilov Tulen;
00691d168ea88168db0ca4ed8af954c2950b8770	Boris Kanevsky;
71bae1d545310b5df02b3211efc2b75e4a749c12	H. P. Baxter;
1cf7948f254e99fb1dbed1e70fffcd4ce1615013	Mikhail Gantvarg;
dd575cda64d1b999471a572fa29fc15d77e22bb2	Kirill Davydov;
32f70d58e599b1abd876efe6271f56c69c9ddb00	Adam Yezersky;
9efb64e97a1cea77444ba7787cfea5c74c71e6d9	Alexander Vilboa ;
15d4228c47fc745c7eb311fa926ef899053bf469	Jose Martiniano Alencar;
b9e96a4a1ff236ca751c687715781c021b647ffe	Kim Sung Wook;
c55a83ff17fe2cf21ccc821f33bc9b9bc56b0d0e	Heinrich Joseph Johann Bellegarde;
29bdf6acee23c1c4abbb0eb29261fc82b019580f	Sergey Zaitsev;
f57153f3eacc7a88ce23ecb755b84e14f1e4519c	James Clavell;
d6366e9195b8a852f6da56f82551a764787db5e0	Gennady Karpov;
c778b213cde9c105b489c0fcfe87514a0fd8ccfa	Vyacheslav Zagonek;
095eef4a8deb542214727697690203c7178c73a4	Mikhail Budilovsky;
a46c0f47f22e44d5dfa3dda9eb07d5f320cd16e2	[ 04.03.2017 ] Alfred Bram;
4f73c8b1a6d9b907a5da89c55abc9d434bcc4726	Nate Williams;
73845b9b542d37e9238c57603f273fcdb0747ad2	Ani Lorak;
bc61756ffd1044b9279709362a5e8f812c2bd89b	Andrey Smolyakov;
ebed2a0efa651128e13e48bcff466b4cb405680f	Emma Power;
f87fdb25cafe9567e3a6477e97903cf3dfc0f5d9	Simone Vilar;
9d6c6215d85b895d4c38f6758c317fe8de32fd09	Dimitri Rostovsky;
efb512f8bf62a710cce4bb3e072a8f95cf6a5370	Natalia Chernikhovskaya;
bc564acea5082ff93c90c5e7f8b186e3c42bbe73	Sergey Dyshev;
19164e480d345bc03d3d3066167d5971695b2ee6	Yevgenia Kaidalova;
288b54c18012140637382d784e3ac868c0b0ea28	Klaus Bruch;
2a5538e64054c238c1eafd1c9d73c97fc02cb9a5	Igor Efimov;
cff413aa289c7759d15275afba7c00168a8c1dc8	Alberto Baio;
8adf8b7a81648beab907a475bea09c3826088e77	Alexander Herman;
9ba38345801ed4bbf87233389e8f1f5003316ee1	Jacques Francois Dugommier;
e65010e61a82910ced2d9abad77dd04bda256540	Yakov Kopansky;
1d137e0eb3a6edf92416450b44589a40b916ab18	Oleg Kazakov;
aecb6faaf44737ad5bcd971b190db78665b161e0	Jeremy Gage;
73e68cc9317abc5ba77112f8f5ee650a4788c301	Wilhelm Gabriel Lagus;
18e9a9d95cd81fb06214512499209ea46353ce1c	Ksenia Grace;
4227e0edd7fe18a6c40b55c78439f6b57d7b8ad6	Peter Volovikov;
e17b64d94c74cef879246e0d37cf453c5ef43736	Corneliu Baba;
58136922f5e1db1a08e25fbf1080b28366901788	Agustin Gomez Pagola;
880261cc81ccc1dea654e20be1e150acae52dbac	Reed Diamond;
c9b2cc6c4729080f27ac9ac36473840e1f857a0a	Edward Dmytryk;
edb4e124607a90dd005a9296aaba55cc152a516b	Valentin Zverev;
1ed87f0c431655da8d7f87792f3fdfc36ac01b99	Vasily Komyakhov;
9cb531d9cc9546ae8b080053fec75778388e89bf	Alexander Aleynikov;
c79914cc6400c542532fa372792073cdbebfeffa	Kondraty Belov;
582641244feb18dee73ad47f151ed2f0585478f3	Crumpet at the pole/Jamie Hines [170]
44f16388ebd7e0ce2fab24c0b317b52c906e3fd9	A combination of humor and philosophical subtext/Marianna Goncharova [91]
b7e2409b47fc6c6932667b9cdc6228abfab7c49d	Jesse Bradford: In actors from the cradle/Jesse Bradford [74]
a949d6dae0b8a30fe207f2d9d732ce4be71ff136	The author of the historical non fiction/Rupert Collie [63]
a23db74d83694ee66f86c2f5a087951d135b3c3d	The creator of a machine for pumping water by fire/Thomas Newcomen [53]
1b76ce5a278e907c2e2849639d72fe8969737eb3	Miner's happiness, or 202 tons of coal per shift/Sergey Slyusar [52]
e015e2813a6e0fa964aa4b19bed48bb05d822e00	Lev Leshchenko – The Golden voice of the Soviet stage/Lev Leshchenko [45]
748d72e293a8bdfe985256572bfd1ac17c068a8a	The best weeks
ae3fd34efe86907e7bea662e461f89a24f778566	Baby with Klinefelter syndrome/Nate Williams[22508]
4ad49198cabf5f0193e68a5dfcf43c7d24d15b59	Baby with ROHKHAD syndrome/Alaina Jacobs[6331]
e02f7940ed80d5e0d0ef926a1fd4bdec5b129976	A face transplant that exceeded all expectations/Andy Sandness[4827]
1d8e513802cebcbfcbf9b585684d2eae80e39946	Two pairs of unexpected twins/Emma Power[910]
a2e4e8f6b5e9ba7287d936c38f29eb826fde9980	Acting talent or innate diligence/Alexander Golovin[713]
72974655b791f822f7c1b69229e1299687f839cc	Queen of Ice, Queen of Shadows/Sonya Heni[630]
45995de202e1b53fb367f2c780a20f24e5632418	The triumph of the 99 year old runner/Orville Rogers[626]
be79b6f41656e2148ee90d854d28fdd4574a431a	In this life, you need to be the sun/Keira Knightley[523]
b2074e4ee5552e2f0e9e335435a535aa0d5269f3	/Mikhail Bykov[457]
a3e6ac0a668cefdb469c2a02e02bd8f499b0b374	Record swim of a 100 year old Japanese woman / Mieko Nagaoka[422]
e7881fac12b3ba47c3b2ca11a6c736791325fd9f	Grigory Rodchenkov: The history of the doping gate/Grigory Rodchenkov[408]
5468d147e6de78ba4159cae73f45209f278d58c7	Larisa Dolina: the first Lady of jazz/Larisa Dolina[359]
5586da7d5c39713d82a5e5054f9d14254c8a8037	15 years in the grave/Bratislava Stoyanovich[359]
0bcdb8be8f87915842b2e338ea334ea1f0291f06	American aircraft manufacturer and aircraft designer/Steve Wittman[350]
64cd1a33ae8f94033a6f4f05ee4b764d684e8b51	23 weddings of Linda Wolf/Linda Wolf[342]
c8b59c00729b76c02586b94759ae187455ae82a9	Love before and after memory loss/Jessica Sharman[321]
a6d8f69cffa299e7fe4db0b8ed10f16cf8f39cb1	The most titled athlete/Svetlana Romashina[308]
48cd60a317c3dea11bb758b8c2816bc8105a4d27	Loya: Appreciate each other's inner world/ Loya[294]
b4e200b2a8362c988452c8679b553e1a4683cfd8	The record breaking eater from Nebraska /Molly Schuyler[274]
47edd029ab21c9736fe4107a45555b378cc64b93	Anonymous psychologist / Evgenia Shatskaya[255]
5a55e0efe7b94f9409f4a1f48a0a5c6bf045cbac	The best months
f0c6b33e8500598d267be0acc248f547eb324f17	Tree girl from Bangladesh/ Shahana [106338]
c38b6e28762cae6f59b3abf28b971d1fbc6e3ac3	The tragic death of the chef of "Hell's kitchen"/Ilya Posokhin [70661]
2ca9969839e66bcc90cfcdca8329ae4b27c2ba3c	Baby with Klinefelter syndrome/Nate Williams [22509]
aeaf27353cb852f9725843e6b311d1e3b8b3909e	Underestimated danger: Oral contraceptives/Sarah Cobb [19728]
b3e37ac1f3541bb7037f8e821e876472ffe8b133	The most beautiful actress of Turkey/Ozge Gyurel [16488]
7938041b579eacaec32eb043d76fc6c6f95335bb	RDBE: Butterfly Boy/John Dilgen [10783]
d0265b1c6d3b5f15bb7e7cf6374fd1a666145a7b	Double mastectomy of twin sisters/Rose and Charlotte Tarpy [10430]
ae37fa3c2dac50d613871bf21f8a127166606d18	From a scratch to heart surgery/Abby Holland [9215]
d9107ace04d00c15c3920525e49678e2e18e86d2	New smile: 4 plates and 50 screws/Rebecca Kiernan [8450]
555a8fe8ebaa4fa5a315a779e168ffd386ba569c	Gela Meskhi: Stage, screen, painting/Gela Meskhi [6975]
045d59a8003235e3a40b4d8334d660767d24f369	Baby with ROHKHAD syndrome/Alaina Jacobs [6331]
0cc417e3b7f0ff03071e18ff845a9afcab5fb340	A face transplant that exceeded all expectations/Andy Sandness [4827]
925a7dc28cb2d585feee683d1c93ff0c123f6d80	Sex bomb weighing 227 kilograms/Barbie Edwards [4748]
118fa97d5af3e2006ccc7d3bee153f31fe91e4df	The 'highlight' of cinema/Elena Galibina [4296]
979ac7df7f4616f7062c833b553ab90d66869024	The tragic death of the performer of "Lambada" / Loalva Braz [4196]
f073f7dbe72d027d01f1c81dfa158162160f5a0f	The most beautiful hockey player in Russia/Anastasia Legkodukh [3643]
c9204a2cb32a3cfe6ceb7f59fda15a6619945875	The head of the Romanov family/Dimitri Romanov [3283]
79b4393450849dd1e3ab754fe2d2b1219af0adc2	Lyudmila Bratash: The mysterious plane crash/Lyudmila Bratash [2663]
c3cdb4da2a429dec143fec681527cbc3a5a7efdb	Actor of the Taganka Theater/Boris Romanov [2659]
15aabd1e7b92f4fee131c6ce383bd65aae2d4f6b	Debut in adulthood/Sergey Komarov [2184]
1b65e346d8ec20ed51fbfe811e757291c61bbaac	[ Kygo · 03.03.2017 08:03:45]
c88128bba183e16bab52608f95745db84d211b41	Kygo and Selena Gomez: Success of cooperation · Read more ...
dab3f6b9382719f728a20a2c37ab1890643e9c19	[ Tokio Hotel · 03.03.2017 08: 03:24]
e8f58d00a7c1c247faa58c740a470c920f98df0e	Tokio Hotel pleased fans with a new album · More detailed...
d4ca542facf07e4c3eac273d213f308b13717be8	[ Coldplay · 03.03.2017 08:03:02]
48b612df809472ff9befd0e738ced2434199952f	The perfect union of The Chainsmokers and Coldplay · Read more ...
2a4736ee07c2644c6dce237da1c681e21efc9f4a	[Michael Jackson · 02.03.2017 12:03:09]
083858ffd097212cd438870908d9b57ce1453c05	Michael Jackson's Neverland is on sale with a 33 Percent Discount · Read more ...
441951bc8f3203cb41254b580f98cbe1fa4bb51c	[David Rubinger · 02.03.2017 11:03:51]
2a61c48be3c2cba040440cf0d66adbb04df6e869	Famous photographer David Rubinger has died · Read more ...
255d2a3e90bd4452c2a04b29b0efe0cc19e249bd	[Gennady Onishchenko · 01.03.2017 11: 03: 31]
f4fc90c96e9937eab90785742e2076e8b41cd5fc	Onishchenko called for the euthanasia of stray dogs · Read more ...
dad123b2b7ad42060f2420d632551559dc631dd6	[Olga Korbut · 01.03.2017 11:03: 31]
517cae5c7c721b96c3cd4ab244517bea3731b56f	Olga Korbut is happy away from her homeland · Read more ...
ba81dda43d80223b3448d7f403b705b3aa9cb48d	[Ninel Kobzon · 01.03.2017 10: 03: 28]
fbbb3db387415866fb095b6b4d8e4869f073af7d	Kobzon supported Milonov in his desire to boycott Eurovision · Read more ...
f939cd7ec85c42ed5e5b2dd00131f8f25cab051d	Editor's Choice of the Week
5733b46cc1ff710a457cc9a57e80da5f83a47608	Grigory Rodchenkov: The History of the Doping gate (Grigory Rodchenkov);
51012d227533baadb541e5613f19179494eb817a	Baby with ROHKHAD syndrome (Alaina Jacobs); (Anatoly Bobrovsky); (Edgar Holmes Adams); (Alexander Egorov); (Peter Barancheev); (Riccardo Colombo); (Karl Goldmark); (Karl Goldmark); (Nikolai Volkov); (Gerasim Vologda); (Gilon Parissky); (Sergey Zyuzin); (Wilhelm Lang); (Alfredo Angulo); (Antonio De Leyva); (Vardui Varderesyan); (Tomasz Koutnik); (Igor Andreev); (Gerard Barre); (Maurice Carrozzieri); (Johann Benjamin Gross); (Giuliano de ' Medici); (Oleg Vasilkovsky);
32be21c85fb987f6fb6adeedd19d6093118f1879	(Archbishop Ambrose ); (Emmanuel Kone); (Henry Venink); ( Balthus); ( Adolf I); (Varis Vetera); (Muvasharkhan Dzhenaliyev); (Mahmud Aliyev); (Franco Causio); (Anna Kotova); (Tyler Cowan); (Alan Lightman); (Ali Hasanov); (Alexander Griberman); (Andrey Kartsov); (Tamara Kapitonova); (Manfred Kalz); (Vladimir Avtonomov); (Mandell Creighton); (Oleg Aliyev); (Fritz Oswald Bilze); (Eldar Azimzadeh); (Jorge Bolet); (Didius Julian); (Ivan Krasnov); (Mikhail Bykov); (Dmitry Efimiev); (Mikhail Kolesnichenko); (Evgeny Gusev); (Richard Boyle); (Stepan Balabin); (Ali Al Sistani); (Ignatiy Krzhizhanovsky);
f3bd0c6b0962870e51dab6dce2826871acf18eef	(Nuno Goncalves ); (Valery Kazakov); (Eduard Baghdasaryan); (Dmitry Kvartalnov); (German Lavrov); (Vsevolod Gakkel);
95cd0f31602822b84b24df9bda970048ab998f5e	23 weddings of Linda Wolf (Linda Wolf);
feb2f6874d40d8bd147179a8534a92fa7d1013d9	Love Before and After Memory Loss (Jessica Sharman); (John Ameche); (Lee Brackett); (Fyodor Kryukov); (Alexey Voevodin); (Vladimir Klimovskikh); (Kristin Icarus); (George William Cox); (Rafal Bauer); (Conrad Schenck); (Paul Gilson); (Gary Gerbrandt);
2675fa5b853624ff0bc6f7273cd7f708a0a29d80	(Thomas Jonathan Jackson ); (Mikhail Dalin); (Dufunya Vishnevsky); ( Koldo); (Solomon Gotgilf); (Alexander Zayd); (Edoardo Amaldi); (Eva Brunne); (Bart Bock); (Federico Carraro); (Reinhard Gehlen); (Fakhri Korutürk); (Christian Wilhelmsson); (John Donald Carrick); (Boris Glebov); (Toleu Basenov); (Grigory Aseev); (Anatoly Dryukov);
f50476286eca97859acb804940eafcb097df4834	In this life, you need to be the sun (Keira Knightley);
cc22dabde99406b629f9db815229b6791196687d	Record swim of a 100 year old Japanese woman (Mieko Nagaoka);
e21cfa1222fb3a46ba9738d0dbf5d64c0ba92677	A face transplant that exceeded all expectations (Andy Sandness); (Artur Bagdasarov); (Vlas Ignatov); (Sergey Bakulin); (Yuri Karasik); (Josef Gartner); (Gunnar Gren); (Rodrigo Branha); (Felix Clement); (Alexey Veselovsky); (Sergey Gomonov); (Leonid Kolotilo); (Richard Allen Garriot); (Juan De la Cueva); (Stepan Kustylkin); (Martin Dziwaltowski); (Somchai Wongsawat); (Cornelis Vresvik); (Masatika Ichimura); (Andrey Volkonsky); (Piercarlo Ginzani); (Yuri Ilnitsky); (Azari Azarin); (Moritz Knauer);
2ebcc17d381d5399b4c6ed8a0cac5c99f69e6354	(Eric Matthew Geary );
6a601aa77ecde4a1d7aa3b4c1acad343e1682ec6	(Joaquin Capilla ); (Vasily Zharikov); (Adam Gontier); (Aram Hakobyan); (Anton Alyoshka); (Curtis Keeble); (Baadur Jobava); (Francesco da Diacceto Cattani); (Leonid Belogrits Kotlyarevsky); (August Wilhelm Karl Knobel); (Lambert of Cologne); (Dmitry Zhirov); (Dan Colin); (Charles Adolf Wurtz); (Dave Brock); (Vladimir Kostylev); (Anatoly Bugayets); (Babajide Babatunde); (Alexey Guryshev); (Richard Martin Bales); (Lyudmila Alekseeva); (Ilya Alexandrov); (Anatoly Kantor); (Eric Cole); (Alexander Berkutov); (Guy Larocque); (Kenneth Wentworth);
414de1b661def0c62b3583cb12cbc479bbdcc189	The Triumph of the 99 year old runner (Orville Rogers); (Richard Witsge); (Konstantin Bulgakov); (Peter Ananyev); (Vladimir Dolin); (Alexander Kotsebu); (Janusz Kiszka); (John Grayeb); (Mikhail Alexandrovich); (Gustavo Neri); (Hoko Kuwashima); (Carlos Ibanez del Campo); (Moses Kagan); (Jozef Zajoncek); (Nikolai Barsov); (Friedrich Geffken); (Craig Eastmond); (Jean Cadet); (Diego Vihil); (Dmitry Alfimov); (Kwame Ayu); (Vasily Kashutin); (Herman Laroche); (Mikhail Gerasimov); (Joyce Coates); (Charles Coburn); (Efim Berson); (Pavel Kuleikin); (Johann Seltzer); (Peter Hansen); (Ivan Gamov); (Kirill Doychinovsky); (Viktor Berezkin); (Viktor Berezkin); (Evgeny Kiselyov); (Vladimir Baersky); (Kabilov Tulen); (Boris Kanevsky); (HP Baxter); (Mikhail Gantvarg); (Kirill Davydov); (Adam Yezersky);
8fe7e66a405d6e29cde6403ce942fb93de8eb3da	(Alexander Vilboa ); (Jose Martiniano Alencar); (Kim Sung wook); (Heinrich Joseph Johann Bellegarde); (Sergey Zaitsev); (James Clavell); (Gennady Karpov); (Vyacheslav Zagonek); (Mikhail Budilovsky);
c62643771a2c67194aff9798e73742684b41072f	The kid with Klinefelter syndrome (Nate Williams);
1b337b52874f09a8475471e70143dd6a4f91f35b	Two pairs of unexpected twins (Emma Power); (Klaus Bruch); (Igor Efimov); (Alberto Baio); (Alexander German); (Jacques Francois Dugommier); (Yakov Kopansky); (Oleg Kazakov); (Jeremy Gage); (Wilhelm Gabriel Lagus); (Ksenia Grace); (Peter Volovikov); (Corneliu Baba); (Agustin Gomez Pagola); (Reed Diamond); (Edward Dmytryk); (Valentin Zverev); (Vasily Komyakhov); (Alexander Aleynikov); (Kondratiy Belov);
eaa45dff01376d34a1ab737ad407bd0f1ca8ea80	Jesse Bradford: In actors from the cradle (Jesse Bradford);
ed5eeccef4789d762f3830ea02e7c8d315bdff57	Crumpet at the Pole (Jamie Hines);
2e405d9228fcc2c08fd3a1b07fd3fcc83d02533d	Random jokes
7bf1cb71c9ccc8c299e614c7be7f560fc52dab04	[ Mel Gibson ] "Well, they are everywhere!"
4a7775b833e82f98125c74ce75fbcfd357b9a9a2	Mel Gibson exclaimed carelessly when he saw the cops in the ambush.
383a81c9627e0970e835cd1c277a0f201985549f	Now he will have to explain for a long time what he did mean.
00431fb21788c595db50df830c536bc1ec7615b4	Add · More...
1eaedab82357e04d89ccd1de6a81fdcc2b4f30cd	New articles
c3b83545e4279a1687c355f026c630ab52d65db2	[ 28.02.2017 ]
15d7f1e1483b091435e92ceccbf2764f67ee0e20	The Genius of Cinema (Jack Nicholson);
8ab9a7498b6c89117d745090720952093b02a281	American aircraft manufacturer and aircraft designer (Steve Wittman);
46571c721029ff74e371d56cc1411175e78a1277	Loya: Appreciate each other's inner world ( Loya);
cf5e678d61ed6901db407c10139003bb90bec6a1	Love Before and After Memory Loss (Jessica Sharman);
e1dcad358dad6b2bb1dd3c57e0c0489a0ddf0472	The historian of St. Petersburg (Naum Sindalovsky); (Boris Grumbkov); (John Ameche); (Lee Brackett); (Fyodor Kryukov); (Alexey Voevodin); (Vladimir Klimovskikh); (Kristin Icarus); (George William Cox); (Rafal Bauer); (Conrad Schenck); (Paul Gilson); (Gary Gerbrandt); (Thomas Jonathan Jackson); (Mikhail Dalin); (Dufunya Vishnevsky); ( Koldo); (Solomon Gotgilf); (Alexander Zayd); (Edoardo Amaldi); (Eva Brunne); (Bart Bock); (Federico Carraro); (Reinhard Gehlen); (Fakhri Korutürk); (Christian Wilhelmsson); (John Donald Carrick); (Boris Glebov); (Toleu Basenov); (Grigory Aseev); (Anatoly Dryukov);
fd1c0dfcb51e63a941aa51b61809b3f387e5d38e	[ 01.03.2017 ]
432b632cb6cf9557cac4df1b14b3e226edde7837	Larisa Dolina: The First Lady of Jazz (Larisa Dolina);
edbb4521f111c300e6a1d99207c99eb64051a049	The most titled athlete (Svetlana Romashina);
15e6114f95d5d9c56dc32484d8aeeba526e62000	The most productive inventor in the world (Kia Silverbrook);
a0c741089e30bae4952e05c1f8575e7db6a8388c	A face transplant that exceeded all expectations (Andy Sandness);
1b2df53c90c63c8b5820ef5bdb18aa860f13ed86	"Youth prose" (Artem Cech);
fd7f9ee8447fa2bf09d5c04d8e78298d3e393fa0	Science fiction, war, love (Oleg Tarugin);
8bbf70fea2067fea2123ffc5cc98f5b28b4c4581	Author of documentary books (Arsen Martirosyan);
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1957e8fe6245ab2092bac17d3175c773632661d8	Start · Mirror · About us · Earn money with us · Advertising · Calendar · Jokes · Names · Albo
a6edb4577310241b8c3bb246b06e3519a3b8e834	Anton Pavlovich Chekhov
7dd67c684cc322e1971331e752722340ce3a7b44	Anton Pavlovich Chekhov (1860-1904), Russian writer, honorary academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1900-02).
6a594dd98d2444907492395579839a5e8bccceed	He started as an author of feuilletons and
b9324413503c1b8574e6ab6374e0b3079eb54447	short humorous stories (pseudonym of Antosha Chekhov, etc.).
602573d6ff07f1022004a2196d9e507c8b5b3d8f	The main themes of creativity are the ideological searches of the intelligentsia, dissatisfaction with the philistine existence of some, spiritual "humility" before the vulgarity of the life of others
51b0d172a5c1a012a85472e6f9db3be0cc2dadf9	("Boring
d75d25c50ff11837bbeed0a53e3d305040e71236	history", 1889;
f197344df3a70717a9e0662d1e5fc9d3cab91ad5	"The Duel", 1891;
9ac265927426798180d3b6b7522208b1229edd65	"House with a mezzanine", 1896;
a257f8ade34958597b14adf1c7329d5d0d6a28d8	"Ionich", 1898;
9f4aaca506fb9f1f9b6d303a2c83ca8b15cc6108	"The Lady with the Dog", 1899).
2c7ff370cfa35805bbaaeddc8af21ea2c563e9e2	In the stories "Babye Tsardom" (1894), "Men" (1897), "In the ravine" (1900)
39b329b751dc0ccd8bf079fd988f51e543070888	he showed the savagery and cruelty of village life.
a4b02cedaac5925e8e5676a8f80836f0bf7a2114	Chekhov achieved great power of social and artistic generalization in the stories "Ward No.
2f647413aa656960c9e954d48f5b10d0a1801af3	6" (1892), "The Man in the Case" (1898).
0e32538335b6d7982887a4cf7ae6c2138bd883bf	In the plays "The Seagull" (1896), " Uncle Vanya"
ebf62b5864d1be9ecd00959adb4b81bd4066f479	(1897), "Three Sisters" (1901), "The Cherry Orchard" (1904), this is the famous Chekhov garden staged on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater, created a special,
0db0f4aac12219485b96e0fe0ea9a212de2c606d	an anxious emotional atmosphere of anticipation of the future.
6643f7a5e53a4eda163c6c7373242d898a359613	The main character of Chekhov is an ordinary person with his daily affairs and worries.
e3e9131881a3b6f96ee30ea6ee120451b0c5c89e	A subtle psychologist, a master
cfadf474e5f45b6272eb3012d68ca1f89ff8b5f8	a subtext that combined humor and lyricism in a peculiar way.
cf70d5aae252b1d2e379ca318c2cfd23abedf22e	We have stories by A. P. Chekhov that you can read on our website.
96f861a130a423653cd88eb15e8946116b849171	To the list of Chekhov's works
850655cc9482422302ef3e2959bc9f107175b438	Full biography of A. P. Chekhov from Wikipedia (wikipedia)
2253e763afdf4c92dece422a353eb662c3c84ace	Date of birth: January 17 (29) (1860-01-29)
b425521550c6f5b51ade287a5333ebd0870d0d0e	Place of birth: Taganrog,
7c2ef8e149d8e4658f63c9d8b3bdb9c31894bec9	Ekaterinoslav province,
08dadd9647161e7084e8dca4e0da3a7c324fc984	Russian Empire Date of death: July 2 (15), 1904 (1904-07-15) (44 years old)
01fbe434fa10e692559f271a081962ff2d25a6a4	Place of death: Badenweiler,
6cbcd95cacf5ba0236e86549e86862359cd3fa87	German Empire Citizenship: Russian Empire Occupation: Doctor, writer, playwright Years of creativity: 1878-1904 Genre: Humorous, lyrical story, drama Debut: "Fatherlessness"; in print — "A letter to a learned neighbor" and " What is most often found in novels, novellas, etc."
cafca01f27cdf108b343ee1e1838aadd6e79dd60	Awards: Pushkin Prize of the Academy of Sciences, 1888
6d86d0c25942dd272ae5d259f49280cc3947ede1	Anton Pavlovich Chekhov (January 17 (29), 1860, Taganrog, Ekaterinoslav province (now Rostov Region) — July 2 (15), 1904, Badenweiler) —
ca1c8595010986c3e086fac81a340d2b9fa8ae32	an outstanding Russian writer, playwright, doctor by profession.
7e43bca87567e1134463c949a16d2e77b1b968ac	Honorary Academician of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the Category of Fine Literature (1900-1902).
079bc3b6a59d995ce86a46665da2718451aea120	Is
9eb53b67af3811fdad43bb9a080448ed5938b071	a universally recognized classic of world literature.
db6aa0f1a4762cd12a781717d4992b47bf8c0a92	His plays, especially "The Cherry Orchard", have been staged in many theaters around the world for a hundred years.
b24b187b9eb47e6d858e37b9fbc33a046bcbb93b	One of the most famous
da0be29ba31ca7ea31eb2a33baf4827b58b7dfcc	world playwrights.
9fd1f23591d2b4e722285bfd2f582a5494e598b1	For 26 years of creativity, Chekhov has created about 900 different works (short humorous stories, serious novels, plays), many of them
6e0a42958f168f50fc1069ac9ac7ee65c6e96964	which have become classics of world literature.
97b02ed9738de8aa4ba5a5f6b4d7aff921c416d6	Special attention was paid to "Steppe", "Boring story", "Duel", "Ward No.
2196de31a36a3f8fd18c9b42cf2177952fd1743c	6", "The Story of an unknown person",
f7ef69c70c3babe1710df741f2556738ae6f35ae	"Men" (1897), "The Man in the case" (1898), "In the ravine", "Children", "Drama on the hunt"; from the plays: "Ivanov", "The Seagull", "Uncle Vanya", "Three Sisters","Cherry Orchard".
165163045712fcf7740ed98df970fe196918b55c	Childhood, youth and young years
e436d5069e0d7dd71ae06f72080c41a2708a2f96	On January 29, 1860, the third child, Anton, was born in a small house on Police Street(now Chekhov) in the family of Pavel Egorovich Chekhov.
557a75dc598bc0221253aa32621e420d60b84970	Anton's early childhood
bff9d4e34043ee024e9aab607fcce190fc4cb4fb	it took place in endless church holidays, name days.
5d91b180503db7c4371bbfe5ed52db4bd8268e74	On weekdays after school, the brothers guarded their father's shop, and at 5 am every day they got up to sing in the church choir.
89d0a395dfb94fa3ee38075ccc965474464f95b8	As Chekhov himself said: "As a child, I did not have a childhood."
375155a91b6bfde5d4bb285b319cbd16ec73a1eb	At first, Chekhov studied at a Greek school in Taganrog.
4aa96673c28a2703ab7bcb5aa84a6e0b62951cc2	The writer's father's house in Taganrog
65fefe7eabeaa73a1d0031c74893c37be5d86657	For the first time in the Anton theater
f73bbbe6c23cc1d3dbacad0f1c6eb54eee02f1b7	he visited at the age of 13, watched the operetta by Jacques Offenbach"The Beautiful Elena" and soon became a passionate fan of the theater.
e15b2e0cd0ade1787fa29ff5236ead4a76be3529	Later, in one of his letters, Chekhov will say: "The theater
48c36d1b7c2e835c5684a0f71a18fb01ecff039a	he once gave me a lot of good things… Before, there was no greater pleasure for me than sitting in the theater...
649635402153c4f5d4d359f58266702cb457da00	"It is not by chance that the heroes of his first works, such as "The Tragedian",
b37641568e3589a18d1db336fc09948642b381f5	"Comedian", "Benefit", "No wonder the chicken sang", were actors and actresses.
d3223a7efe00c737d762f1d8ef9e66921ce399f9	Chekhov, a high school student, published humorous magazines, invented captions for drawings, wrote
05ff0f743d9e5860f21cf282466ea5302b823329	humorous stories, skits.
63f78d87c196e5c08ee59ce72dd36783d9d517ee	The first drama "Fatherless" was written by 18 year old Chekhov during his studies at the gymnasium.
b96397e6e1b5e3a44453dc374f8e50df23af76a3	Chekhov's gymnasium period was an important period
81d6e2148bf9b3a0c0e378537356aa12f5660447	maturation and formation of his personality, the development of its spiritual foundations.
c1e1b8870a731fd8ff72e5cda7d9aacda452f869	The gymnasium years gave Chekhov a huge material for writing work.
8097bb444ba23b0ab9ef044a8970567ec82655ee	The most typical and
36f2e103c56dff9080c483ab914c2fb9905e0105	colorful figures will appear later on the pages of his works.
5ffd9e1ed685112cf0bf0aa0d872a7ee2de37ea4	Perhaps one of these figures was his mathematics teacher Edmund Dzerzhinsky — the father of the future first
23de68d6505a56229bf716ed4ce10df626c41410	chairman of the Cheka.
f0d7a335d5c3436112805bfdf55cf039ab066636	In 1879, he graduated from the gymnasium in Taganrog.
56e68d3ebc437fe5abbe9b94f6eeb0402c363bc0	In the same year, he moved to Moscow and entered the medical Faculty of Moscow University, where
25dd95be05856af338a9a242599177b218834ce8	he studied with famous professors: Nikolai Sklifosovsky, Grigory Zakharyin and others.
f5623cb459e122e352b1bc3a5f839bad7375b112	In the same year, Anton's brother Ivan got a job as a teacher in a city near Moscow
ea29151f05ed98f981c5263f9acb283dab761e25	Voskresensk.
15a3f8a178bf596618291c1d31cdff16ece0518a	There, in 1881, Anton Chekhov met Dr. P.
f5560250b63689925cc76602546fce97b5115c4c	A. Arkhangelsky, the head of the Resurrection Hospital (Chikinsky Hospital).
c0ecc4fbe93e9200198a296d42243dc1baa75d80	Since 1882, as a student, he has already
9bc80a31f559e03304036e67d211d043cf1f4e6a	he helped the doctors of the hospital when receiving patients.
d34f9be89b69495cb980fbf500ae785bcd1907b5	In 1884, Chekhov graduated from the university course and began working as a district doctor at the Chikinsky hospital.
4bcbcee6b4506d8c3bcb61edf56bec8e58e4d7b9	According to the memoirs of P.
23a3b2015a0980867e388d5edd4e02311a30de06	Arkhangelsk:
17b532423337d5508d9095027ef190fc9de9be9a	Anton Pavlovich carried out the work slowly, sometimes his actions expressed as if uncertainty; but he did everything with attention and apparent love for the work, especially with
ffaf20bb08a69b22429ef73dfe2ca5c7189def39	love for the patient who passed through his hands.
fe22080810b06d20b79bea97a043d6ebdfed9bd8	The mental state of the patient has always attracted the special attention of Anton Pavlovich, and along with the usual
3cb928e446682a9e7096a2dd02f80155bbd1eb5b	with medicines, he attached great importance to the impact on the patient's psyche from the doctor and the environment..
3055acdf096527ae6c957eb231eea04c83f684e1	Then he worked in Zvenigorod, where he was in charge of a hospital for some time.
467735ad910d1b4ae7169353ff507d0390bfe2e9	Becoming
d3592905c0ae8053a7d9bfdf779040b960782b65	In In 1880, as a first year student, Chekhov published in the magazine" Dragonfly "the story" Letter to a learned neighbor" and humorous " What is most often found in novels, novellas, etc.".
ddfdeeaa94c056403ec3c6982ca794fe09b89fcb	Chekhov collaborated with the "Petersburg Newspaper" (from 1884, with interruptions), with the Suvorin newspaper " Novoe Vremya "(1886-1893) and with the" Russian Vedomosti "(1893-1899).
5d6418b398e4ba59a8c40012cdc92ab609b080d7	In 1882, Chekhov prepared the first collection of short stories" Prank", but it did not come out, perhaps because of censorship difficulties.
f096bccbed99fbf9a9b016c447ea4b68094d1018	In 1884, a collection of his short stories was published- "Tales of Melpomene"
7e920f04e75f90f174461dd3ac2f6efdfd4d5bed	(signed " A. 1885-86 - the period of Chekhov's heyday as a "miniaturist fiction writer" - the author of short, mostly humorous stories.
d4ffc0a37ae39b7a7589c2f68975c7ba71a24fc2	We need maturity this is one time; secondly, we need a sense of personal freedom, and this feeling began to flare up in me only recently."
7abd6157cb00be62bf157604ead5b5db0f166c49	Sakhalin
c808e03de007faa12411287edcd647c906baf7e1	The decision to go to Sakhalin was finally made, obviously, in the summer of 1889, after discussing this intention with the artist K.
5d75291478e586ef0d969aa0596455a467f78b13	A. Karatygina,
5720a7732aea50ab59b41cb7455959cc46ace461	traveled to Siberia and Sakhalin in the late 1870s.
12d4e80681c7f42d673007e03a993a363e4001bd	But Chekhov hid this intention for a long time even from the closest ones; after informing Karatygina about it, he asked her to keep
a473fdc8f8c74a0f6086dc1aa34be372c5ed1df2	it's a secret.
4c90252877cbbfbed9762c843a2c67204e227835	This impression was also strengthened by
ed080b99ec4bec5ab6eaee75a4b12396b51522fb	the" suddenness " of the decision made, because already in the spring of 1890, Chekhov went on a trip.
65b1ce0dca5bc2349e5da944cd20f7ef88e154d7	The journey through Siberia took several months, during which Chekhov wrote nine
a3395992b754c3cb133abd7f048e9d9b9da441df	essays, united under the general title "From Siberia".
0856bf97fea3eda38eeda71a974dbc18c3446452	Chekhov arrived on Sakhalin on July 11(23).
571a1998bf90b0966d5dd2d4533c9b1bbb692939	For several months of his stay on it, Chekhov communicated with people, learned
c56c67ad96a4db36d347b5218cba6c617d7f14d0	the stories of their lives, the reasons for the link and collected a rich material for their notes.
88007bf5752fbdbe5259ef9c798483f6764c5e29	He conducted a real census of the population of Sakhalin, collecting several thousand cards about
0ac4fb3e6a1ec7673c8fb2d5ba556b15249be878	the inhabitants of the island.
beaee4b1be2a17e60d59577180c17380ef4fb797	Chekhov returned in the autumn and winter of 1890, according to
355a74ef73b5c756f63dcb090d472813e5a7c0dc	To the Indian Ocean via the Suez Canal, visiting the island of Ceylon on the way.
4ee14596287f543a05b04879250b4d9122da194b	On December 7(19), his relatives met him in Tula.
4c4e8d3c69cc299490af3b2974ca7e06c7e3a25b	In the next 5 years, Chekhov wrote the book "The Island
f17b19bc5a2e04be21a9a7a4bcf3c97f91a3a018	Sakhalin".
ee91f3d3fb641315eb5bcad2b4c7e6e28bea7e7a	As for artistic creativity, the trip to Sakhalin, according to Chekhov's own admission, had a huge impact on all his subsequent
8d49130660af252f6309a67894857410df066f3f	works of art.
fa9c46838208ea13ba85ec459f896c75819f1f7d	The publication contains all 10 thousand survey cards filled out by Chekhov's respondents during his trip to Sakhalin Island in 1890.
cbd33b9724c2ed61fc997d9a15a8f0ae9e70d445	Later years
9e299ed97e406d4d8bf99601fd7ce36853299206	"Chekhov's House" on Malaya Dmitrovka, 2008
a035e606195580b75f63885804e94d1bb10edbf7	From 1890 to 1892, after returning to Moscow from a trip to Sakhalin, Chekhov settled in a small two story wing on Malaya Dmitrovka.
30934a10924f11783068a05eb306392eb1e93060	Here he worked on a book
629abd9851a952e3f0f7bf53659d9c21dcc13a86	"Sakhalin Island", the stories "Poprygunya", "Duel", "Ward No.
32a728206c8cc0fc39c175d4db23c85f6eae8d29	6", and also met with writers V. G. Korolenko, D. V. Grigorovich, V.
be4a36e74e27da5f5ddd7d24259bf32c82eea9ad	A. Gilyarovsky, P. D.
ff21e192b712f7bf3aad106d41e60f62dae7d095	Boborykin, D. S. Merezhkovsky, V. I. Nemirovich Danchenko, famous actors A. P. Lensky and A. I. Yuzhin, artist I. I. Levitan.
21e23671812dd4d0bb771c23c8663a357802bcf5	The wing has been preserved to our
93c1e92946f1d5a095a68d864af5b204ca150c5c	it is marked by a commemorative plaque with a bas relief by A. P. Chekhov.
350b16dc133ea8dad485497a76a078ac7e18002a	From 1892 to 1899, Chekhov lived in the Melikhovo estate near Moscow, where one of the main
60ff7ce72cc280b78fa75592f13f2a4e43c859da	chekhov museums.
fa1948d3d4ed9d8ccbbd4c79bfcf78c750b0031c	During the years of "Melikhovsky sitting" 42 works were written.
ba63c5e75cb18a5ed505844a6fd59dad7f406619	Later, Chekhov traveled a lot in Europe.
b82540f73f5de62283ee0048b2dfe8f7a680bf0c	The last years of Chekhov, who has
b94062d8ae20b45e9ba46ab47735c7da4ae918ce	tuberculosis has worsened, for health improvement, he constantly lives in his house near Yalta, only occasionally coming to Moscow, where his wife (since 1901), the artist Olga
925837905591be7563033fca8338aaac08473b48	Leonardovna Knipper, occupies one of the outstanding places in the famous troupe of the Moscow "Literary and Artistic Circle" (Stanislavsky).
0b3c6995376b9104933bf7b96b2dbb97cdc3bbb1	In 1900, at the first
cd1e535ba517fc5500f136d8f2c50e429c702c85	in the election to the Pushkin branch of the Academy of Sciences, Chekhov was elected among its honorary academicians.
6f97319ba11c33ad35bd2ab4cf51e2331b44c56b	In 1902, Chekhov, together with V. G. Korolenko, refused the title of academician
1c6fb58652167d4a96f53d9677b736e7cc734b27	after the order of Nicholas II to annul the election of Maxim Gorky to honorary academicians.
fe25b6be51fa6a3db711db9a491d176f5d5b5e04	In the history of Chekhov's illness, which was conducted in the clinic by the writer's attending physician Maxim Maslov, it is recorded that during his high school and student years, Chekhov was ill with tuberculosis
02f0c5186794e68c502ef1e72f1f21c972bcaef4	inflammation of the peritoneum, but I felt "tightness in the sternum" even at the age of 10.
9faf2c0db513a4fd2fbbc1ced759a5bdd10a5cb6	Since 1884, Chekhov has been suffering from bleeding from his right lung.
05be7b2238463847773903e1baa84200fc485c69	Some researchers
8c0e2c46a6449fb3a353aa693b72440700d62504	they believe that a fatal role in the life of the writer was played by a trip to Sakhalin — there was a thaw and I had to go thousands of kilometers on horses, in wet clothes and through
da8c4664712210e8d9be7e5e11c90819af7cf61a	soaked felt boots (Chekhov himself and his relatives associated the disease with the trip).
30d74989587a8144a4edf40ea46cf37d9e4c613b	Others called the reason for the exacerbation of the tuberculosis process frequent moves from
dc54ca4f39ffe2d54feecb67ad88df7b5f547322	Yalta to Moscow at the most unfavorable time for health.
ff2f236cf73f7dd0c7b4a4b96f409a914972f66a	Third biographers noted that Chekhov started the disease and went to the doctor only at the age of 37.
b589a7f80c55576c546289bc49d9b0b6fd67dbf9	Due to a sharp exacerbation of the disease, which he could not cope with, the writer died on July 2 (15), 1904 in
82b7951575058f2498246ab329d914c6fec0121a	Badenweiler, Germany.
c8c142f0ca9efaaf6ecbbce74ebb7a9b81b79965	The denouement came on the night of July 1 to 2, 1904.
61495ce6a0e7ddc302519500d558c99c3852e2fc	According to the testimony of his wife Olga Leonardovna, at the beginning of the night Chekhov woke up and "for the first time in his life
b7384aeb50c0ddb31e84e504b25ef6b99bb977e5	he asked me to send for a doctor.
79e1e412304dc560859e6dc0707298108b56e2ba	After that, he ordered champagne to be given.
e2c08b29a3b565e4b2064d23ee87934e769c95a9	Anton Pavlovich sat down and somehow significantly, loudly said to the doctor in German
662340b3769101e0e108d64b175b7f7d90b8ecef	(he knew very little about-
b713fcdb8b800b667c621a1ba60cb9f54ffc0d04	in German): "Ich sterbe".
0e21a9817d2dc820a57509737347a2533d7e56d5	Then he took the glass, turned his face to me, smiled his amazing smile,
af81530a91dc9f6af160bb2f93ff36f467ca038a	he said:" I havenot drunk champagne for a long time...", calmly drank everything to the bottom, quietly lay down on his left side and soon fell silent forever."
88717473dc888751623032b76fa187dcac8dd32e	The coffin with the body of the writer was delivered to Moscow, where
a05082ad7b085c675c144c48cd6715913714b638	On July 9 (22), 1904, the funeral took place.
6c51ad8d4851d577f04c08e24cc5e03add89f8f6	A funeral service was held in the Assumption Church of the Novodevichy Monastery.
b3b3afb7b51f96bff369bcd7026eec51ee14db33	Chekhov was buried right there behind the Assumption Church on the
40be752da2194fcf8097e2426c37dfb3d0d32445	the monastery cemetery, next to the grave of his father.
e069d6d31de3367c918ecd9cd4cfc53d0e21bd17	A wooden cross with an icon and a lantern for a lamp was placed on the grave.
cab31e1761f2cf7426d93819eb8dfea86f9ce8a4	On the anniversary of the death of A. P. Chekhov 2 (15)
8d579ae955bd71efee0cb83f3aee2cf8d08e9bb7	on July, 1908, a new marble monument was opened on the grave, made in the Art Nouveau style according to the project of the artist L. M. Brailovsky.
bb17443b3f9d38c8c52bbf2ec357efb0e2cdc43e	In 1933, after the abolition of
738438e76841052609279c4a775021ba685a32c4	the cemetery on the territory of the Novodevichy Monastery, at the request of O. L. Knipper, Chekhov was reburied in the cemetery behind the southern wall of the monastery.
10ed1f0a34f5102a49a91cf27c4cda830ab87b99	November 16, 1933 in
93c3658c00210070a2fb3bebac98a12626c9a8da	in the presence of a few relatives and close friends, the grave was opened and the coffin was moved to a new place.
c1148f75f77705a50309db1f95e64fddb71a26d5	Soon both were moved here
65ea26a21fe501f0ac01edc7e0d56790c7ce5ed1	tombstones — A. P. Chekhov and his father (at the same time, the burial of P. E. Chekhov was left in the old place).
2fa2f0d05126300cb1766c6f15b7ebe069cfdb99	Features of drama
b38456cd632d18a32748151ac8c06a3ac2d957f6	The originality of Chekhov's plays was noticed by his contemporaries at the first productions.
5d0a8ea8fbffe0545440ead2206e1f5a3f1463d2	At first, it was perceived as Chekhov's inability to cope with the task of consistent
e841e84b2054f76178ccedb7ce7a6f836e520fb9	dramatic movement.
d16d86ea6ee65e785b86d252e5f17d32f150ced6	Reviewers spoke about the lack of "scenic", about "stretching", about "lack of action", about "disorderly dialogue", about " scattering
fe8dcc5173cc136efd6fe23b235e292aa5b69bf0	compositions" and the weaknesses of the plot.
e7720dc4835480e1345dea266d729a7715d2e2c1	Theater critics increasingly reproached Chekhov for
cb73360759cf0216246e9c5a7230c93237201d70	that he introduces unnecessary details of everyday life into his plays and thereby violates all the laws of stage action.
73bab67dff1e0cfa6882dc1d9080948ebda14e71	However, for Anton Pavlovich himself, the reproduction
7f2c392d879379985e048bc77ed1ab1ae3489e38	the sphere of everyday life was an indispensable condition otherwise the meaning of the whole plan was lost for him.
af870f6f1a388c67c2d13c0985f50eac23e50959	Chekhov said: They demand that there be a hero, a heroine who is spectacular on stage.
94daa4506f403a6828796db270dd26a40232291b	But after all, in life, they donot shoot themselves every minute, hang themselves, explain themselves
070b990b958571c8de8c796c5e723588ea90ba38	in love.
672feeb313c08bc6179797380cc80ad89694ebc1	And they donot say smart things every minute.
064e1a154b3786cee1fc916e3394898e0fdada2e	They eat more, drink more, drag around, say stupid things.
73307b2a942f7987433ee8bc01f5e5acddffac29	And now it is necessary that this be seen on the stage.
b2af91a7c5dff9fe4e02d1a384b3e9f56b8ea200	We need to create such a
f50a28cc13db0d822114877ad254d6f47f3137f6	a play where people would come, go, have lunch, talk about the weather, play screw, but not because the author needs it, but because it happens in the
7d22b6253242a7fe2ff3a3ed4aaa8077e9d82a01	real life.
d5ca14051313d54b9fc02872010ca25307943e9e	Let everything be as difficult on stage and at the same time as simple as in life.
18703ea809cb235aada4f922d43cb6708714aec0	People are having lunch, just having lunch, and at this time
2fb1c67aefdb07336af52b607667d159240de52e	time composes their happiness and their lives are broken.
8bd50f6a9b4d2cca7c2a912609f253bd245a4ab8	In Chekhov's drama, contrary to all traditions, events are relegated to the periphery as a short term particularity, and the usual, even, daily recurring, for everyone
19364bb809536f341b6b286ba3bee9dd01018258	the familiar makes up the main array of the entire content of the play.
48b416d47d0dc119b6be85393d4c769b39b57a52	Almost all of Chekhov's plays are based on a detailed description of everyday life, through which readers can
26541773ad23bd68c3db647b5826514f8229a7e1	the peculiarities of the feelings, moods, characters and relationships of the characters are heard.
5d363a86c3abc4e961ee4423649e5e90d184832b	The selection of household lines is carried out according to the principle of their significance in the general emotional
5513fc44bb1b77f671eb7a5a7e86b3d85d21feff	the content of life.
d37df7360c65becf7c21abb9ae476a1699ca2af9	Chekhov often uses the so called "random" replicas of characters.
98deabb7467bab67f524ee1119cfd267db6fa004	At the same time, the dialog continuously breaks, breaks and
93f395315c527587b516525fc959410033421572	he gets confused in some completely extraneous and unnecessary trifles.
95bc22a0c7b5120e4a04b8ce984ed8743fccfd6f	However, such dialogues and replicas in the general stage context in Chekhov do not fulfill their purpose
66680d8aeb676b9243cc447c0f270a1afdc0ce46	the direct objective meaning of its content, and the vital well being that is manifested in them.
a98041c35079ed981c4c2e2ea85ea64f14d401a2	K. S. Stanislavsky and V. I. Nemirovich Danchenko noticed the most essential principle in the dramatic movement of Chekhov's plays, the so called "undercurrent".
ddba387a8308aa57e6e15709ac5651938301ac34	It was they who for the first time revealed the presence of a continuous internal intimate lyrical flow behind seemingly everyday episodes and details and made every effort to
8af77919fd57171189d9a0b0538de3ed3810f02f	to convey a new interpretation of Chekhov's drama to the viewer.
5ffe0c97042eacd08032c7fec31228c5864ae7eb	Thanks to Stanislavsky and Nemirovich Danchenko, the infecting power of Chekhov's plays became obvious.
6a8b49f23c0c2e66b347773e3a4bb453ff1fb91c	Aliases
fa3a314a05d62ffafed021d7e98466a4d7f9b0da	Chekhov
7e0df2dfd3eb78c287a3f9af9eef12fb07e189d3	Like any humorist writer, Chekhov used dozens of various pseudonyms.
e7e7ec32ecc9a81078372ba6e8e0ce7269bf2e06	So far, they have not been fully disclosed, since Chekhov himself was preparing
0589e6951e62c0da5ffe22f89930e919080d298e	collections of works for A. F. Marx could not remember the ownership of all his early stories.
eb687cce16aca28aef68d3043cf31f39875d628c	The function of the humorist's pseudonym was not so much to conceal the real
f4ef56af1960a77e8f2335e74e94f4c0fb52d3e6	authorship, how much is in the reader's amusement, the desire to intrigue him
ae69a3d9f7436c2381f4214c2ae4aaebc81b300d	(hence the variability, deliberate confusion — the reader had to try to guess for himself
e6b67e11956fd9dcfa4aa2d66c1f93cf3d6f3588	authorship of the story).
195491bea9eadd4e8ea0373c2438ecde4d9a8a06	Often a pseudonym is a necessary element of the composition of a particular story, part of a literary farce and cannot be properly disclosed outside of it
a576a53629cee63611d832521c3626d5e5774433	the context.
a4f5bafd620d3de1e531d40fd5a0a73b5e515b7a	In rare cases, the background of a particular pseudonym of Chekhov could be known only to a narrow circle of his acquaintances and trebo there is no additional decryption.
5ba07a31df23960760847e555518779312499558	Below
0154f0bed812f86fcfc24eb7b5961ef7ccdf4c64	the list of 42 pseudonyms of the writer, known to Czech Studies by the end of the last century, is given:
4ec96616da92ecca2d3fd30d9cb19b3b005f1929	A. P., A. P. Ch v, Antosha, Antosha Ch., Antosha Ch.***, Antosha Chehonte, A n Ch te, An.
4db646b99dd35da5949c8698df8c047a0153cd65	Ch., An.
1e9c8ea2c2b13921db01ffdd3428359e608c09e2	H e, Anche, An.
c51485620fb736f04ad82e0dc11a8370635c8ee0	Th in,
c82be096ff48f8a4f5c219b391f8ce725980cac2	A. Ch., A. Ch. v., A. Che v., A Chehonte, G. Baldastov, Makar Baldastov, My brother's brother, A doctor without patients, A hot tempered person, Nut No.
e3b396bb9690f85fa3786d36daa76339b477b801	6, Nut No.
98d5ada5aa65bb072cbb46f17549143ad7279eaa	9,
42c8449e883888b3842da4d001f99511617ea901	Grach, Don Antonio Chehonte, Uncle, Kislyaev, M. Kovrov, Nettle, Laertes, Prose poet, Ruver, Ruver and Revur, Ulysses,
1e6c318001a372f289489b5e3b11bce90e3540ae	Ts., Ch.
b81aaee1a882331feb16375c6688b08fbadadc29	B. S., Ch. without S., A man without a spleen, Ch.
d8dbf726c28d069ab28d8103533a823080dc62b9	Ch.
d7f9127ff206600d908102120de6676b7ed5939d	Honte, A., Champagne, ... v, Z
c6d617d1e0bd7d75c8649d25c4e43f01b59d4c9e	At the insistence of A. S. Suvorin, Chekhov begins to publish his "serious" works in the "New Time" under his full name, continuing at the same time the tradition
ad0e00dfb9723fe2c8f457206ad55314b0f866ad	a literary pseudonym in humorous journalism.
a174a02ed74698572a36bda689567b03bf202234	No one understood so clearly and subtly as Anton Chekhov, the tragedy of the little things of life, no one before him was able to so mercilessly, truthfully
05a98dbefb697d67e80fdc0c18b9cef1bb667d93	to draw people a shameful and dreary picture of their life in the dull chaos of petty bourgeois everyday life.
73238673b9ed260f72bd06a1967051d808a936d6	His enemy was vulgarity; he fought against it all his life, he ridiculed it and it
f3d5ea647c49da52b6a6d2ed47ede903fc065dad	he portrayed it with an impassive, sharp pen, knowing how to find the charm of vulgarity even where at first glance everything seemed to be arranged very well, conveniently, even with brilliance…
76edb467879f41949d3f574d6f03537e877cd4a0	Film adaptations of works
e17842348012c88a8d7a5fb26de584710031caa2	The leader in the number of Western adaptations of Russian classics is still A. P. Chekhov — his works have become the basis for film/TV versions about 200 times.
0b4605754b295e967bcc45f52abe5c611e94e06f	1909 — Surgery 1926 — Kashtanka 1929 — ranking Officials and people of 1938 — 1938 Mask — Bear 1939 — the Man in a case 1939 — 1941 Surgery — Anniversary 1944 — the Wedding 1952 — Kashtanka 1954 — Anna on the neck 1954 — 1955 Swedish match — Grasshopper 1957 — Boots 1958 — 1960 Witch — drama 1960 — the lady with the dog 1960 — house with a mezzanine 1964 — Chemist 1964 — 1965 Three sisters — the Swan song of 1966, In the city of s (Dir. I. Heyfits, The Thumbnail). 1966 Darling 1966 — Joke 1969 The main witness 1969 Family happiness 1969 Belated Flowers 1970 Uncle Vanya
98a180ffea60fb3cc487269c04d40b06e6c8a4d6	1970 Carousel 1970 Chaika 1971 — At the dacha 1971 These different, different, different faces 1972 — My life 1973 A Bad good man 1975 — Kashtanka 1977 Steppe (Dir. S. Bondarchuk, Mosfilm). 1977 Unfinished Piece for mechanical piano (Directed by N. Mikhalkov, Mosfilm, Inter Alliance (Germany)). 1977 Funny people! 1977 Chekhov's Pages 1978 My affectionate and gentle Beast (Directed by E. Lotyanu, Mosfilm, Inter Alliance (Germany)). 1980 Three years 1982 A boring story 1983 — Something from provincial life 1983 — A man in a case 1984 — An incredible bet, or a true incident that ended safely a hundred years ago 1987 — Black eyes 1988 — A black monk
2938f58e1cbdf8e67292723334e3b1912ff94e16	1993 If I knew 1994 Vanya on 42nd street 1994 — A golden ring, a bouquet of scarlet roses 1994 Village life 1996 August 1998 Chekhov and Co 2002 — Chekhov's motives 2003 About love 2003 Baby Lily (La petite Lili) 2004 Ragin (according to the story of Ward No. 6) 2005 Chaika 2008 Pari 2008 Garden 2008 Shoot immediately! 2009 Chamber No.
1d56315895c3384ebd2b5f3fb28e63a3479844ca	6 (Directed by K. Shakhnazarov, A. Gornovsky, Mosfilm). 2009 - "Lawlessness" (cartoon, directed by Natalia Malgina) 2009 — "Ivanov" (film, directed by Vadim Dubrovitsky) 2010 — "White browed" (cartoon, directed by Sergey Seregin)
879a1777f4b167dae481f8297550cd7e7a57a5f5	Family, relatives
ea9494c31f57daf6199f4aa4adf5a27dcfe3084b	Pedigree
3c52655a2895d9fbaa6d69261322a0fa12562fef	On the father's side
79f92bc5a551dcded83bf97d70c1b699ae6d7df7	My great grandfather, Mikhail Chekhov (1762-1849), was a serf all his life.
04846d9eb3ddc604213a09bb644cf46faaf90699	He had five sons, whom he raised in strictness.
0017378a5df77a1d41d61c7f3234b4255f17a9ba	The writer's grandfather — Yegor Mikhailovich, the first in the Chekhov family to learn to read and write, managed to redeem himself for freedom.
250f162898587b0059e68c7531e491c3e9f12239	For thirty years he worked hard he cooked sugar from
ac0c0d1cb0abd5692c30b191e195d1f4b3b92067	beetroot and, fattening the cattle of his owner, Count D. Chertkov, received his share of the profit from the sale of animals.
ac470a90b3b84996a46a903b18702ba35a79cfa9	He managed to save 875 rubles, and in 1841 he bought
7b49773102e2523000c7fba80e86a97d15922a6e	himself, his wife and three sons.
0f60131ec2498fa5e73b2058cca6a4cc8aac7d66	The count released his daughter Alexandra out of mercy.
935d357d47a3ee21d137d5131f16da5c20eb91e8	After being released, the Chekhov family went to the Strong settlement the estate of Count Platov near Taganrog.
abe55d01960b6c0baaf7b52ab3f82d7f700cb7ae	E. M. Chekhov arranged for his sons to become apprentices and later they became merchants.
8adbf86eac20b504a3a0d2cda6bbbd6944e25337	The father of the family himself worked as a clerk for the rest of his life, but he was not
f38cbf91438be80a21d165d3116c35d967d22036	we love him for his sharp character, both among the peasants and among the princes, who exiled him even further, to the Knyazhaya settlement.
9830ac8360260e7f11091ccf474138b3705638bb	Yegor Mikhailovich also showed his talent as a writer, before us
97e155e08b12f09a12ea5b2ee6e96c16895e8e76	his words reached me: "I was deeply envious of bars, not only their freedom, but also that they can read."
664af6ec6d2f43ea416848ba913f682fd83d3703	Yegor Mikhailovich had a cool temper, liked to let his hands go.
c4f15d3c8a9e28d9a55a19a77e4c509145e151ca	From his
7ea3f72e869aec213b0cbae53899604e107f2f6b	both the peasants, who called him "the asp", and the family suffered from the temper.
9dbb4990cff2269784f754c908e09bd998dffca9	Grandmother Efrosinya Yemelyanovna, was a Ukrainian, nee Shimko.
3fea3de85d38dab88c08d2d1a6cb155c7d204ecd	Having lived with Yegor Mikhailovich for 58 years, she had a noticeable influence on the worldview and
05a7bfb21da031f53942a6835745ddf12f74b2e6	Chekhov's early work, up to the point that in the population census he wrote "nationality Little Russian"
ecb1eae7631e6b17c897bc2306dc38f44a3d68fe	On the mother's side
fa95c47551ffb1fa711b141438074a9d5cd6d47f	My great great grandfather, Nikita Morozov,was a serf.
148ca67c84117b5832315d81783a3b2d32277ce9	He lived in the middle of the XVIII century in the village of Fofanovo (today the Ivanovo region).
8c91e7aec7367f6d52183a4cbc002c79937a3381	My great grandfather, Gerasim Morozov, drove barges with grain and timber along the Volga and Oka.
447b99c2e91883d333b35dd0d365b172af526176	In 1817.
41c47c640b03c519751e54bcb192947ba111e475	Was married
93098f5162d2a8e9c14812ece04eb691cb6850c2	he married a serf peasant Tatyana Leontieva, with whom he had five children: Alexey, Vasily, Maria, Fyodor and Yakov.
f62c4d5e17b0f3bc1bf833f01ffe92c977aefff1	At the age of 53, he bought himself and his son off
7331e156d0450fdbf9008429d12423742f05e9f3	Yakov.
2cf42b6a69938c1eacc0d9f20ba9805c19638693	Grandfather, Yakov Gerasimovich (c. 1800-1847), was born in the village of Fofanovo.
b2e6df9de70acd237c0c8247a34a4302841654be	He helped his father, looked after the trade in Morshansk.
b7d9581c9c2673290c513a938318201562c1dc7c	In 1820, he married Kochmakova
ed04413869ef3aaeac551c6b5546a1a2da5318a3	To Alexandra Ivanovna.
d32748fa45148502e8e0a1418844e0f39c4080fc	In 1833, Yakov Gerasimovich went bankrupt and had to find a job — he was arranged by General Popkov in Taganrog.
c97eb591d11c47d280257b7bb7dc2796b3e1d3dc	Becoming a commission agent
08370771788b5fe834f2a3ae6b16ad17bbcdbc28	at the same time, he opened a dried fish trade in Rostov.
66249d613f2cc2b2db93e3d60d29f0f361736197	He had three children: Ivan, Fedosya, Yevgenia (later the mother of A. P. Chekhov).
9be6103f2b92a265b874aad90e83ab84b81309b2	Grandmother, Alexandra Ivanovna Kokhmakova
1978d734a44453d3fe89d056c43bb94ffbdfdf0c	(1804—1868
280cfd1a5bc6d8fd74f84e285bc4c553ecbc7b74	Parents
79da9eaa3469eabd7dd1afb249048331b2d64341	Mother
d1fb37338e4e7f0c53c47133e435dbeae98f86b3	The writer's mother, Yevgenia Yakovlevna Chekhov (1835-1919), was a quiet woman who stoically endured her husband's despotism and years of need.
ec7743599edb11ec4bcda880f8990df5708212fb	She did not like to read and write, she lived all her life
2afca074f6cb3c5e5dbba250434516684567a763	the interests of the family, worrying, first of all, for their children.
fb76a6609260acafd4bcb21245d3ddb08cc1b172	She survived four of her seven children — the very first daughter, Yevgenia (1869-1871), died at the age of two
7c361f68948f40decf330dc870322819f9c6adf7	years.
41b4d93c2c3dc9ea31efbe354a85291d84980d5c	Anton Chekhov said that " The talent in us is from the father's side, and the soul is from the mother's side."
922561ee3917250b6bde90cb6854cba92a6cf4d0	Father
2f1ec95e8094b538b752f14ac4b31eb40f2c7154	There are: Ivan, Anton, Nikolai, Alexander and Mitrofan Yegorovich.
19011d175ee47f12ac01fc567aeca8cea7fcf6bf	Sitting: Mikhail, Maria, Pavel Egorovich, Evgenia Yakovlevna, Lyudmila Pavlovna and her son George. 1874.
1ea0c3a512d22f09f618ff889cc14700eae4ec15	His father, Pavel Yegorovich Chekhov (1825-1898), inherited from his father a despotic character and, although he showed care and compassion in letters to the family, in life he often
60bd44bc94b077764fbeadf447b21030ddc13a35	he resorted to physical abuse and swearing.
6d4f548cd91dabc7b129793e557d9772c06cd04a	He forced his children to work in the shop from morning to night, and also to sing in the choir at many hours of church services.
b91e68ce1e98c5f0bdbb4a460b8f75362908d121	About Pavel's childhood
5958808b7dc05c5ec9f947f0d5673fa4e18ab496	Yegorovich can be judged from the memories that he wrote down in the family chronicle at the end of his life: 1830.
6c821388d80f7bc9fe9d7958f3a53eb7b63c92ce	I remember that my mother came from Kiev and I saw her. 1831.
45b9b760a2b97e1f5d84227adef21cf754c1c787	I remember a strong cholera, they gave me tar to drink. 1832.
69d696fc62ca096251f8f2a92b823a9165177fbd	He studied literacy in c.
813a9f958d2de60a4e02f11e5582038cccbb5492	school, taught by A. B. in civil. 1833.
24a10336c91fc16430a37c2c16559b1e9381c69c	I remember a bad harvest of bread, hunger, we ate quinoa and oak bark.
916b3e17fbaa51a1f62a47ea0080be73e370f3e2	By the age of sixteen, he had already managed to work at a sugar factory; then he worked as a cattle drover, and in Taganrog he was accepted into a merchant's shop.
473fc0c41b7c580c7b9a8b3dd3677dc805d9b23a	In 1856, Pavel Egorovich
4b8d9c1fd142eca96c3e0be24b2e7534359e89d2	he managed to save 2500 rubles, joined the third merchant guild.
d261418274beacb71fcdb77edb71cbbda87806b5	In 1857, he opened a trade, writing on the sign of his shop "Tea, sugar, coffee and other colonial
d695da51d77810ca982b4867a95cd2817a90a707	products".
ea557988c9aedab09e98959c1fc322eb3fcef964	The older generation of the Chekhov's were extremely devout people who observed all fasts and holidays.
507035dbd41ca8ba8a14f72a61ae089d2c9900b1	Chekhov diligently attended the service and made pilgrimages.
68c85a73f84e5f8ffaf16e4ea27497b04af4fa49	In the church,
1cbc525cb5e691fbdf692930e24110e35511ce57	a familiar singer taught Pavel Egorovich to read music and even play the violin.
57a4bb37b9480871731286e3171433ec24668d75	Pavel became interested in choral singing and in 1864 became the regent of the cathedral.
d4dbe526b31e9e063de307c9fc5b785853cb47e5	Because of
1d1bc67b13243a63e3a4a0c2e4a887541b5e4bdf	addicted to the" long drawn out " style of singing psalms, practiced by monks from Mount Athos, his services dragged on for too long, and in 1867 he was dismissed.
6402c2148e28996618828e126d43b5dc1bdbb6f4	Then Paul
b7845bb00393c265917270c357b51e02b59d1ce0	Yegorovich moved to a Greek monastery, where he gathered a choir in which Alexander, Nikolai and Anton sang.
66af1175f9be562213139d3ca0d58919cf4b29af	Pavel Yegorovich's trading business, which began relatively successfully, soon began to decline.
7b457c39bd2911aee45252f078fdadc046b4f2e1	The shop was dirty, it was selling substandard goods and besides
0404bf4569d020c0f4a6bec9d8f88c5f9aa5e177	the serving boys cheated.
b3f501fd372530b18c4c2844e62fd58ef874ae5d	There they could sell drunk tea collected in taverns by Jews, dried and tinted, or a medicine against pregnancy "nest",
c0817d14a56f74c142772865074c72a1262d4c3c	which included: oil, mercury, nitric acid, strychnine, etc. "This" nest" probably sent a lot of people to the next world, " Anton Chekhov recalled, already
5b5f30dbc8a4cdff9acfc699cb5639c8fa576d77	having received a medical education.
38feb69ae86c57ac3fb9418dd297c73ef5300f9e	In 1874, things went very badly and Pavel Egorovich began to fall into debt, two years later he was forced to secretly leave Taganrog, on April 25, 1876, he
e5706676db11d0e53414264d4eeb13b5c59599cc	he arrived in Moscow, where the entire Chekhov family was already waiting for him, with the exception of Anton, who remained to finish his studies at the gymnasium.
0de706cf982a1045816a72865ec62729ea2333f0	He lived at that time with people who got
cc720bff8c8d69781a862808768d694196b52777	a family home, engaged in tutoring with the son of the new owner, "paying" for this accommodation.
22a0eb82513b76d66659d34a1ef7134306f94d10	Over time, Anton became friends with his ward.
fab18c86fabf9aacc735381909525f36fcdc57e0	After a year and a half of wandering and a miserable life in debt, Pavel finally found a job.
544f2877ccfbd0ae4dedbb013a1fea68c5838152	On November 10, 1877, he got a job as a junior clerk in the barn to I. Gavrilov for
a2a492f23dabd6605e9650d9ad8596023b5a9290	30 rubles a month, a table and an apartment at the store.
e760b173b2d99462c560328386c509e8711333cc	For 14 years, Pavel worked in the barn, working from morning to night and rarely seeing his family.
dd6cac7da1b381ba077748516cd63eee82ff3b05	April 30, 1892 Pavel
72d687096c103e93202ec3c9d559cabcb1a2d38b	he retired from the barn, and on March 1, 1892, he arrived in Melikhovo, where he lived, doing farming, until his death, on October 24, 1898.
8b22c07257b1778ceed9f6bb2a97f8c287cd7fe2	From above: Ivan, Alexander, Pavel Yegorovich.
8957fd465bd952bfa1d322bdca89705d288932d0	Second row: M. Korneeva, Lika Mizinova, Maria, Evgenia Yakovlevna, Seryozha Kiselyov.
7d748347624fc266a83fd07c2d35c29f8bf27902	From below: Mikhail, Anton. 1890.
959556d2354133c7207d5caf747f06e5ccfb6bbe	Works written by Chekhov :
ac76fcc02244c59ebb1d72c99fe841e9ebeed6c2	The Cherry Orchard 1903
f3cd4632fcbc2f87e24127e107068b28ca4b8862	Three
08b5433444c78957913761034198b7a3589cef04	sisters 1901
adfcaf9d8c02343361f9c354100f30b93928f539	Ivanov
719c30ac9a0312b8e6ed3feeb13fee128f64a0d9	one thousand eight hundred eighty nine
d19930b4cec163e137bbab7f83a79c8d8f573407	Seagull
618fb5f8b424d3c7e60fcd76b0a8f75443cf8189	one thousand eight hundred ninety six
d738f29f7ec20d0f35b745da89c7614c37399f14	Uncle Vanya
693c2e4e6ff92b1c97724b328255f8d30a700d22	one thousand eight hundred seventy eight
970a3f2ccad3244e661e2f2b15d91397564d8cd5	Bezopsovschina 1903
b57d560ecaaba836bc6c5b97beef561d5055c5d6	Leshiy
d008fb4e97528d8fff84710e9d3bde6efb5d6e6e	one thousand nine hundred three
8653f5984e5262fb54f70886351b6a57c1674335	Lady with
e70f3623d0c88981a12bc55f5855ec75b1c0479b	the dog 1898-1903
03e41913e6092f77c5b574ca0985e2b0590f02f3	Collection of short stories
100b86b1c9c07ecbf1c38ed8efb1d37a92b3cadb	"Although the date took place, but ..." 1901
2041f731ec70f40600a0426fb65c27f921d86a3c	Anna on
bb4a91749fe02cfaa8478886c95a69d9e2017356	neck
fc40dd4181e65417bffca0b7f61fefe87f8daa55	Lady
958c5006c2629d677ded0947908d68388d5730e2	A restless guest
7cc6f61a68c189c2878f40d269582905ec94bd56	Grateful
13b9f726b31f0a144961402e3d13c4b61edcf0df	Brother
3ba423ed74bc1d724a586f74f13cc636f547329a	In the car
17dc9a83744348b236bfe6e6683d12f00e3fd7e7	Meeting
7b37ce80ba2056714b57c2dd6f090e4307134778	spring (reasoning)
e39be0c6f539f9fad6ff5cc86f393a9ed829ece2	Stupid
32f897f04b545b8da26e1e2ebac7eeb732b0cbb1	french
d62d601b5ba93dfa8aee5de3ea0822e6e7ccaede	To speak or to be silent
76fde259e9e310c68f82ff1691db800e39143ac9	The Sinner from Toledo
aac8925d173da893a5ef1a6fb4042cf9f89a0b98	Summer residents
16e018ece5a1d3b750531de58d16b961de23d629	Two
872bb93a18fca5f4cf818284a5d5fcb1b577cbb8	the scandal
b9e845b84fcce164280d3b2643746da8fb9ffe31	The twenty ninth
3c0b9bba3bc0ec53be3b3709032700d51edd5ffc	June's
eb7640f1d860872114c4eb662917d9eae4c10fd3	The Businessman
4061fa119b78bd627dfa81e3eb7099d4b96528d4	Day for
82366ec74b0c3de3540571a5fe45793d2e607b75	a city
4f78f900c4d4ccee5e7c39d5cd07ffe728bc04ac	A good friend
c2115d99c0684aea6ae44b4a649d6b8242e8577a	Playwright
4566fac2fa2fdbd9c463d2102a382dba051d7d0a	Darling
a65733b3594074f36b2ff963c6b7fc848f636885	Duel
429f6beb8714e41e20595b9787f8b98001684d96	The only means
3b20e86ca4e4fbbd6f9a077c95841c8580693a5b	Groom
ec11e59f44eda103efe0e9ec6fefba30641e5351	Women's happiness
7882270ffc280d5589b00eb571e733754393b8c8	Wives of artists (translation...from Portuguese)
aa17a22237cd19830ff5deb86981d8ee72d30952	Lively
e7218bc26bd35582fed6f7ca85734bc50be05769	chronology
6e2982c9232522cc1d5681f0ab76d9be8ee02310	Live product
e96a8c9157059125865e7e13e82513963d1a937a	Life in questions and exclamations
ae3dc78ae4a8ce22069565cd847bdfb21b90bb9c	The tenant
16aa166ac4981f3fe9463b5831eb2426837b3b54	Everyday adversities
6e41f8f4b438ee96d409e177a10961b4cacc388e	You will chase two hares, you will not catch one
8dd3ec3d963acb22ced18b20b48d12e8ff152776	Behind
76c2436b593f27aa073f0b2404531b8de04a6ae7	apples
d012baf087e3d0eebf4ac676a24e25b67660b692	I forgot!!
dca095b80374b90708501e3515a3391007ab81cf	The tasks of a crazy mathematician
933bf21afdd55a0d2283845fed0e7bbdd1f5db49	Green
9d6e658ca347ad643c7669b1b0a0f4195f1dcbcf	braid
5b40d1e5e1557ad937ab9c2d498fc1a3c584652c	And then and
00762ccfa703393e0daff813a6ecc19f7cd02421	se
40415d2b6003dddc6158bac1b7047359d40613b6	Idyll alas and ah!
6c2d4e8448b5cc48ce98fa70f897a5ee7f3f437f	From the memoirs of an idealist
3a6c54fcfeb4e6fc124d716834558dfea7886363	The Cossack
5b3adb6bbaa9c5144f260a66f754170d90a83958	The calendar of the "Alarm Clock" for 1882.
4a63b2f6609cac333c655c9be1f7ef37455c80a6	March - April
5bbc5ded5163a563f5445c09d06115a9c743f2cc	Vacation work of the institute Nadenka
625460c3e5e6fc7314f2023f2d26967cac36d5f5	Kashtanka
ab02e1bc16e01cf15accbda25277b5f548f21471	Slander
523ce61b38342b7a4b051ea23c66844e0ecd8bf9	The Princess
95001a5d26319ec248a90fd6cfa17761de3aca84	The advertising office of Antosha Ch.
c979c8aa35349fa7f994ae6dec3c5f1d235280d7	Comic ads and ads
8e635394ab6aafb38cbbbd38784629f54e42d1dc	Double bass and flute
12c085214016d1b7f0be5ce383f7b49d865392a6	Correspondent
55fb7acd3013ef9d0ee935d100953e6c5737c09c	Which one of the three?
e8714c21bcf4eaabdd3f3f9615f6f3d67e1d464a	Beauties
dbfe7362b2b881e1e5fb877d5c3a4872cad26c3a	Cross
bb02d10886080e0e96dd016623b25f2c9330007e	Fist Nest
e45d41db81e4726b3e7b82e8b25d514653de66c6	Flying Islands
2613fc96b72a49c888c08c06ced8442907060d2f	Extra
ab3ccc8dba2a0cf7a1ce4d830bb8a6238ff03833	people
115bb0c45952ca460158bbaeccfc87a502132e81	Horse name
964377dbfaca74b0878b99c12a31deb98cee206e	Marya
e3da36ddbaeba2d862b7ed4a5264c3efeaf05a91	Ivanovna
fa84139d4cee2204df7b4dd7be2a5299ceb42e8a	Revenge
000184c118a242e0f00bab9afceec1d635d65ae0	Dreams
6e92a15d5dd78974f49420d2215a264bb0b93a55	My
9280ae13a255f18d841739d0d18222bb950c8fc7	anniversary
180e577118a3f5514ded67194ff0fe86bcf9e92d	The Avenger
da624dc42386ff3516984a1371d9ea955e192299	On the wolf
cf77bb953725b583152dc2cbadf144b10314a612	sadke
e0049a66519cae71159800bb77a35007bc2d76d3	On
e5f98b469fb879df230242936a49b0892b487fd3	the nail
7a753273b0a44e88921c5732d6fff5db7250a4fd	On Holy Week
989e6f86240d522fa1f61629f6e20caf840f9b4e	Ran into
bd0e3342925d2b605f6064161d1cdf84884a16e8	Freeloaders
12498cfb28307319a142397a267449f495da57d3	From nothing to do
31d20079cb16c9df490a8337cd142c5d095eeaa5	Ward
a254c904df901808f1d1e7b1d61f1d9d9a529598	No 6
40880286482e1363c39814b2ce3d66651ef98349	Bet
96dcf80c507f5309f539718f058b9b86b572dcbb	A kiss
67b5fefd39cf2223cfc9023e91571fd2a87cd76a	Stories
42b32794792b48313cd1be9ca11b690d3e614683	Student
cffa2af0a3a67cf2123e3411d020161abc01fc05	Reading
f59490785f16d1202ab36129c8149aba588538a4	Copyright © 2010 literas.ru
40bf2f9cfd3533b8b15ecfe596d4148a995e3978	October 28, 2015 at 19: 49
56727313719818f8a6415c33602b14cd01348030	Biographies of writers
be78d7107c320af90bee7f9d4a5769c909d21205	8429
05be5d4bf4b9373982cf4be8f135ab7b81481653	Biography of Anton Chekhov
288e45731aa41e6cab8f4e06ec8e0342abebdf8b	After that, he entered the service of Countess Platonova in her estates the steppe settlements of Strong and Princely and rose to the position of manager there.
d8cfad84ce5c37cc7f1e77988a5027c81db9a594	That's why Chekhov got into this educational institution.
abf08d8117a5d82b390524615d2f6be109eda9e5	They were taught there by completely illiterate teachers.
d66bfa112915ad3589524fe65f56fa7b50cb2596	In 1869, Chekhov entered the Taganrog Classical Gymnasium.
40386c32b1554e57d91ef7d58768139b8635f722	It was an ordinary provincial state gymnasium, which you can imagine from Chekhov's story "The Man in the Case".
101e0afc2111b55e4e8837c198a37dc2c320ee30	The law teacher Archpriest Pokrovsky gave Chekhov the playful nickname of Chekhov, which became his literary pseudonym.
92010e4e95af80d47b167e38ae90579344163f86	Already in his high school years, Chekhov gave the impression of a rich, gifted young man.
314a6376d5baf16311afb07e6771d9ed99d15d48	In 1876, Chekhov's father, whose trading business was shaken, was forced to close his shop and move to Moscow,where his eldest sons were by that time.
7334fd8d74ffd702597b09e0bc64d18f582538a4	Anton Pavlovich remained in Taganrog without a family together with his brother Ivan.
beef78c48f4a0a83cc3b6022412c4882a03fe812	These are particularly difficult times for Chekhov.
3da8e528a56bec151615479fdc3c8c5d9629413c	He had to study and at the same time earn a living not only for himself, but also for a family in desperate need.
824b8a8d76fbcbc48654be6033548d6023ba6a04	He continued to live in the house that was his own, but now it has passed into someone else's hands.
ff46e6f29db20457e6732b9610978e0c690c5b82	For the corner that the new owner of the house took to Chekhov, he had to study with his nephew for free.
6195cee15ba371d4dfed48f544cd4ddee7df9a7d	In addition, he had to look for other penny lessons for himself, almost all his free time was spent on tutoring.
e5769c3bba1702e76374ae12d5e851c603c400e2	This period of need and deprivation at the same time contributed to the development of Chekhov's sense of independence and self esteem.
e16d3e89cb31bc13127778b41134c1d7ba30c6b6	He not only highly appreciates this feeling himself, but also strives to instill it in his younger brother Mikhail.
7a5a93ccaa51718b30a821258bac1cda8d459157	In 1879, Chekhov graduated from the gymnasium and entered the Moscow University at the Faculty of Medicine.
43612b99dd743baed4a09954887fc60d40bed5e0	He took up medicine very seriously, no less seriously than literary activity.
445ce4547b16e917daa19293e140adc2ba2dfe92	Natural sciences played a very important role in shaping Chekhov's views on life.
6daed1bd4760766fc3d419444fda612b33bae631	Natural sciences contributed to the maturation of Chekhov's high idea of life, the formation of the ideal of a natural person, with a variety of intellectual inclinations, a reasonable person in the highest sense of the word.
259f81fc2e42743a3ce2f7d2072b203feacdda26	In 1884, Chekhov graduated from the university.
d3677bc371805405f7d29087d68b12af86aa1b12	By this time, he was already a writer, a notable employee of humorous publications.
f2a08003534eaad179bb5a8e8024e54c87f5b40a	He was published in the magazines "Dragonfly", "Alarm Clock", "Spectator", "Worldly sense", "Moscow", "Light and Shadows", "Sputnik".
fc6a362764a3e97bc82b633fda779e383d40e669	Since 1882, Chekhov's collaboration begins in "Fragments", the best humorous magazine of that time.
196b9b12b4a37bf34ab48280ca95f7fca12a9b74	Chekhov's creativity in the 80s: 1880 the story "A Letter to a learned neighbor". 1882 the novel "Unnecessary victory", "The Green Spit". 1883 the essay "Two in one", the story "The Death of an official", "Confession". 1884 the story "The Chameleon", the fairy tale "Self Delusion", the scene "The Young Man". 1885 the scene "The Whistlers", the story "The Horse and the trembling doe", "After the benefit", the sketch "On the high road". 1886 the story "Heavy people". 1887 the stories "At Home", "Typhus", "Happiness". 1888 the story "Name day", "Steppe". 1889 – the play "Leshiy".
75fdad608e4d80908d1456b597abd3034fc9e1e6	The second half of the 90s and the beginning of the new century were marked in the life of Chekhov by some events and facts that bring new features to his biography.
912c6b03d8fc69558870de8242bf28d63b631bfd	The year 1898 brought Chekhov a brilliant triumph of his "Seagull" at the Moscow Art Theater.
4f8a92e522b0fe96170edfc1b05517993e47f6ce	Chekhov firmly linked his fate as a playwright with the Art Theater and established friendly relations with its actors and managers, which did not prevent him, however, from sometimes diverging from the "artists" in the interpretation of his own plays.
2dc51a3d7bd4aad4dd7dd862818c3c7d0f70c438	In 1900, Chekhov was elected an honorary member of the Academy of Sciences.
197b9eb6ec9e6360cde8afdae67284b3013e6d76	In 1901, Chekhov married Olga Leonardovna Knipper, an artist of the Moscow Art Theater, but because of consumption, the first symptoms of which were discovered in 1884, he was often forced to live apart from his wife: she was connected with Moscow, Chekhov, on the advice of doctors, had to settle in Yalta.
6dfca3ca382e19823f5a184a6df7ecab632a452f	Chekhov's great work on the preparation of his collected works falls on the Yalta period.
e83f666d9a094259b5c6005c37bf33eceae1de30	Chekhov's creative work in the 90-900s: 1891 the novel "Duel". 1892 the stories "The Hopper", "Fear". 1893 – "The story of an unknown person". 1894 – "The Rothschild Violin", "The Black Monk", the stories "The Student", "The Indian Kingdom". 1895 the story "Three years".
c9464466005723d678bfbf6a0db4d721289e0f6e	1895-1896 the play "The Seagull". 1896 the stories "My life", "The house with a mezzanine", the play "Uncle Vanya". 1897 stories "On the cart", "In the native corner", "Men". 1898 the stories "A case from practice", "Ionich". 1899 the story "On service matters", "New dacha". 1900 the story "In the ravine", the play "Three Sisters". 1903 the play "The Cherry Orchard".
33e4f72694d1e3defb414e8d50e3b3e6f82f87e6	From cheerful laughter at the inconsistencies of life in the early period of activity, from sad surprise at the blatant inconsistencies and alogisms of the way of life in the middle period – to a sense of the need and opportunity to "turn life around" in the last years of the 19th century and in the first years of the 20th century – this is the sequence and logic of Chekhov's creative development.
9d48a9714383e277647391b572b3488d361c0c1c	In 1904, due to a sharp deterioration in his health, Chekhov went to the Badenweiler resort in Germany for treatment.
7726ac6863bcbed2d07d006abc95b3be764f9d68	Here, on June 2 (15 A.D.), he died.
f09a5fcb8bace5649a63cf552cc516a81f5d5c7f	AUTHOR'S PAGE
f033fc64c3ed5b016b9f485b53cc4c213cf79091	Keywords: Anton Chekhov, detailed biography of Anton Chekhov, criticism, download biography, download for free, abstract, Russian literature of the 19th century, writers of the 19th century
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b34dcbbb7be4b2c634bbd7730ab99c683ac7007a	Anton Pavlovich Chekhov (January 17 (29), 1860, Taganrog, Ekaterinoslav province (now Rostov Region) - July 2 (15), 1904, Badenweiler) - Russian writer, novelist, playwright.
e5e1ed5261cd580ab31c5545f9d5d88bf2f995c7	A universally recognized classic of world literature.
19f5a966c4c3ca046fbf0e8b28458d9eeb45f39a	A doctor by profession.
c83446cc9c9585a645b2e1908ab8c804285315ba	Honorary academician of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the category of Fine Literature (1900-1902).
d67d826166d1ef1cb86ba6ed0016c12524cd7307	One of the most famous playwrights in the world.
c11a18df189fc0b388eaf3e56c8e90dd095baaf8	His works have been translated into more than 100 languages.
a5bdbd46e4257948ffdfe10f072fb06173f35323	Chekhov's plays, especially "The Seagull", "Three Sisters" and "The Cherry Orchard", have been staged in many theaters around the world for more than 100 years.
c50035c6d8c6af9e36b971134fefcadabf052cf3	For 25 years of creativity, Chekhov has created more than 300 different works (short humorous stories, serious novels, plays), many of which have become classics of world literature.
9b18f28ac65f82a315389ac460e1bddf6462e558	Special attention was drawn to "Steppe", "Boring story", "Duel", "Ward No.
9b55d338a66808704bc4b94b62bc68bf4cbbd1dd	6", "The Story of an unknown man", "Men" (1897), "The Man in the case" (1898)," In the ravine"," Children"," Drama on the hunt"; from the plays:" Ivanov"," The Seagull"," Uncle Vanya"," Three Sisters","Cherry Orchard".
019e15136fb0d073cdf826a3ac9f6da1b9f458ab	Anton Chekhov was born on January 17 (29), 1860 in a small house on Police Street (now - Chekhov) in Taganrog in the family of Pavel Egorovich Chekhov.
37616cdc0fe30aa991c589d471df6b6a5b4db9f6	He was the third child.
16a1b6560fdfb30656af475a48e9d09091c85020	In total, the Chekhov family had 6 children: 5 sons and a daughter.
884b42c752f755c2345d259900804f1822184e20	Anton's early childhood was spent in endless church holidays, name days.
e7a2a048d5fda1ac8aaee12c7df3ffb8347943ea	On weekdays after school, the brothers guarded their father's shop, and at 5 o'clock in the morning every day they got up to sing in the church choir.
e789b9242ddb2cf01b32e3fd4d0c533030f2e514	Chekhov's education began at a Greek school in Taganrog - on August 23, 1868, Anton Chekhov entered the preparatory class of the Taganrog gymnasium.
4bb4d16ce465e8631e228846f78cbb84ddccf014	The men's classical gymnasium was the oldest educational institution in the south of Russia (founded in 1806 as a commercial one, since 1866 - a classical one).
0a63d16e9cee18706480919b79eaca370199edc0	At the gymnasium, his vision of the world, his love for books, knowledge and the theater were formed, there he received his first literary pseudonym "Chekhov", which was awarded to him by the teacher of the Law of God Fyodor Platonovich Pokrovsky.
f880c2868344dae15365f5be21c01279373a9594	Later, in one of his letters, Chekhov will say: "The theater once gave me a lot of good things...
2fecff25102fbd8b639a05d69c76242af96eb5d8	Before, there was no greater pleasure for me than sitting in the theater...".
9485b98e7c6f7651333955c3fbb436266bc8c9ba	Chekhov's gymnasium period was an important stage in the maturation and formation of his personality, the development of its spiritual foundations.
e7699cc7bdda79500c93c9d80976607324d86267	The most typical and colorful figures will appear later on the pages of his works.
47aefe87683f8f6ea47ebc29aa35f2916af03e6a	Perhaps one of these figures was his mathematics teacher Edmund Dzerzhinsky - the father of the future first chairman of the Cheka.
d43ff5019fe29e2bcacd5455ffd86fd172a6b43a	In the same year, he moved to Moscow and entered the Medical Faculty of Moscow University (now the First Sechenov Moscow State Medical University), where he studied with famous professors: Nikolai Sklifosovsky, Grigory Zakharin and others.
d3e3ac40ff7f33a759e398be5693f2eefecd2320	A. Arkhangelsky, the head of the Resurrection Hospital (Chikinskaya Hospital).
fcf05feed99152c1114262ab45e8320711d87627	On December 24, 1879, as a first year student, Chekhov published in the magazine" Dragonfly "a story" A Letter to a learned neighbor" and a humorous " What is most often found in novels, novellas, etc.".
09e0b367109ce039f0e888391bc8be9b5675bd65	This was his debut in print.
244101211868c294c13911319f4326ce6a902656	Chekhov collaborated with the "Petersburg Newspaper" (from 1884, with interruptions), with the Suvorin newspaper " Novoe Vremya "(1886-1893) and with the" Russian Vedomosti " (1893-1899).
ec1a39025df8353d75356de778bf92237671dcad	In 1882, Chekhov prepared the first collection of short stories "Prank", but it did not come out, perhaps because of censorship difficulties.
068ab976de28f8dea06819fc026fef78ccf37995	In 1884, a collection of his short stories was published- "Tales of Melpomene" (signed " A. Chehonte").
4550584d72cb6669ec54f8ef04a6ff3a91597721	The years 1885-86 were the heyday of Chekhov as a "miniaturist fiction writer" - the author of short, mostly humorous stories.
9b98828a35697ea96093674b51d7b5c3e82d649d	Contemporaries believed that he would remain in this genre.
8031fedd91f262a5f8490b5d70a192ba7c277ee8	But in the spring of 1886, he received a letter from the famous Russian writer Dmitry Grigorovich, where he criticized Chekhov for wasting his talent on "trifles".
013b968825eeb9673d8eb57a29dc7f1cf7464eb8	" Starve better, as we once starved, save your impressions for a deliberate work ...
0a790013b6d599b8d20a9c7d162e778b2b541fb7	One such work will be a hundred times more appreciated than hundreds of beautiful stories scattered at different times in the newspapers, " Grigorovich wrote.
2396587ac8d1113afc60dcb20157f5402fb51572	Chekhov listened to these tips.
fba52c260dd71f5cdaa776183ae72224eacee345	Since 1887, he has been cooperating less and less with humorous magazines, cooperation with the "Alarm Clock" was interrupted.
a9db56c0144a56858cd07bb95354d36654224e70	In the same year, 1887, he went on a trip to the south, to his native places.
a7e7818c034c78b7b4f2528a745422db3e0224c8	Later, he went to the "Gogol places", to the Crimea, to the Caucasus.
0cf5c5f9868f14cd610ed6b4dec4031d13d03e4a	The trip to the south revived Chekhov's memories of his youth spent there and gave him material for" Steppe", his first work in a thick magazine - "Northern Bulletin".
7e0cfc053d01c5cc9ad27a099b9423f3c48d275e	It lasted until 1889, when Chekhov, who was burdened with work of such a large size, finally abandoned his plan.
2bc341780b4448421de5ac5d3d9eb1e0375807cf	"I am glad," he wrote to Suvorin in January , " that 2-3 years ago I did not listen to Grigorovich and did not write a novel!
a819e0a582b317d970b250a81c2e19fe1b5ab8b7	I imagine how much good I would have ruined if I had listened ...
157044c83fba70ad7525fb93f8e703528bf04da1	In addition to the abundance of material and talent, I need something equally important.
f69fdfd39103201edc6423efc80304b4a9881c01	We need maturity this is one time; secondly, we need a sense of personal freedom, and this feeling has only recently begun to flare up in me."
b64b14c542cbac78aaed41a6e3f1d2f35574da15	On October 7 (19), 1888, he received the half Pushkin Prize of the Academy of Sciences for the third collection published in the previous year, 1887 - "At Dusk".
ee905a2b6ca65f965d02d8d7aea47d5297e8e51c	At the end of the 1880s, a feature appeared in Chekhov's manner that some contemporaries considered an advantage, others a disadvantage - a deliberate dispassion of description, an accentuated lack of author's assessment.
2d6848628bb5e75eb603bc559425ad554f6c30c3	A. Karatygina, who traveled to Siberia and Sakhalin in the late 1870s.
7fd727412277b9757a4cd050798e3bf8e6d39076	But Chekhov hid this intention for a long time even from his closest ones.
28177c7b7188126884ad0e6303925b659d58d90a	Having informed Karatygina about it, he asked her to keep it a secret.
55d60c27ef69f1905acde936e517bb767b7195d2	He revealed this secret only in January 1890, it made a great impression on society.
3c0661b153e29eb3d3cd6fed5f761a2c2d38879b	The journey through Siberia took 82 days, during which Chekhov wrote nine essays, united under the general title "From Siberia".
b623d4f0fc731178f2c0df9cfef5b81dce370a44	Chekhov arrived on Sakhalin on July 11 (23).
7e32b4208cf983225085dd89074923891bc58e2a	He conducted, in his own words, a complete census of the population of Sakhalin and, having collected several thousand cards about the inhabitants of the island.
e220851a55a2c89d1121dc84e6deda5db33e2198	(Also in 1897, for participating in the All Russian population Census as a counter, he received the medal "For his work on the first general population census of 1897").
e4410544fa6b79f4c900211920b55923b529691e	In Vladivostok, where the ship was standing from October 14 (26) to October 19 (31), Chekhov worked in the library of the Society for the Study of the Amur Region, collecting additional materials for a book about Sakhalin.
3b8d3a56b63bce8626914284cbab50c378abed47	Next - Hong Kong, Singapore, the island of Ceylon, the Suez Canal, Constantinople, Odessa.
37c4f344bc8aa962b8300fae6b3e7d0746af6c30	Finally, on December 7 (19), 1890, his relatives met him in Tula.
bd20ab55f2f39084e8ba9bec81e3d49ca92e2026	From 1890 to 1895, after returning to Moscow from a trip to Sakhalin, Chekhov settled in a small two story wing on Malaya Dmitrovka.
a119221d5878d22ef1dfeae4fe57e79bb61aada1	Here he worked on the book "Sakhalin Island", the stories "Poprygunya", "Duel", "Ward No.
c50da59fdbc8113f4bb286b7dc9e756c8bd5925f	6" , and also met with writers V. G. Korolenko, D. V. Grigorovich, V.
e46af3d7af4a5b7206289911d8abe0c309a75287	A. Gilyarovsky, P. D. Boborykin, D. S. Merezhkovsky, V. I. Nemirovich Danchenko, famous actors A. P. Lensky and A. I. Yuzhin, artist I. I. Levitan.
c22e645b81a71e67999dd2b0fe63ee42f0bd3bf1	The wing has survived to our time and is marked by a commemorative plaque with a bas relief by A. P. Chekhov.
b34bafe4a3d46d3f611c62e973822a8fc8a0f7be	From 1892 to 1899, Chekhov lived in the Melikhovo estate near Moscow, where one of the main Chekhov museums now works.
76969bf178227959dad3cb6a008959eb35bd9e9a	A garden was laid out on the plot and a house was built according to the project of architect L. N. Shapovalov.
798f60dbd320e402abde9fcdabdb909f4f633fbc	Others called frequent trips from Yalta to Moscow at the most unfavorable time for health the reason for the exacerbation of the tuberculosis process.
a2abbd33302499f9b9b3f9c211ff2f872050d81b	Then he took a glass, turned his face to me, smiled his amazing smile, said:" I havenot drunk champagne for a long time...", calmly drank everything to the bottom, quietly lay down on his left side and soon fell silent forever."
68c4c1a193be9527fe1df23fc8d42f144e576cb3	The coffin with the body of the writer was delivered to Moscow in a car with the inscription "Oysters".
d7daca9b2db854171a408b770942708cf6064e1c	Someone took this as a mockery of the great writer, but at the beginning of the XX century, few cars were equipped with refrigeration units.
e7b010bd110b890c0b2834bbc3561b4afef5f502	On November 16, 1933, in the presence of a few relatives and close friends, the grave was opened and the coffin was moved to a new place.
6ad1aff9d399ca833193635a0b9988b3e283e2b8	Soon both tombstones were moved here - A. P. Chekhov and his father (while the burial of P. E. Chekhov was left in the old place).
bf7c51c003f0694d9617ef04f3509986b8b579d5	The family of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov:
aa77009ccaa36ce3488bdd478f6a123c7e09d6b2	My great grandfather, Mikhail Chekh (1762-1849), was a serf all his life.
ba82c62ca2efafcb7923048fe9b8e1fe7072d600	The writer's grandfather - Yegor Mikhailovich Chekh (1798-1879) - came from the village of Olkhovatka, Voronezh province, Ostrogozhsky district, belonged to the serfs of the landowner I. D. Chertkov, whose grandson was later the closest associate of Leo Tolstoy.
00ddee5569ec1d364e68465df2a3624c77787dad	Yegor Mikhailovich is the first in the Chekhov family to learn to read and write.
fff889211bb99096a562b8127abfdf7dcb9e4f97	Why his nickname was Czech, and remained unknown.
d70b8efe9c192772dbd63d3244496abe78b63208	Having bought himself and his family out into the wild, Yegor Mikhailovich entered the management of Count Platov, the son of the famous Don ataman.
26f9ce1188619b36b6e3d3b9c1e7031d76274545	He lived and worked in the steppe settlements as a Strong and Princely Woman, earning enough money.
9aaf58d02561843dd16570050a6abf90480f9e03	Both the peasants, who called him "asp", and his family suffered from his temper.
d76c14ef0573287accd726fde8bae3cd3f402b43	Yegor Mikhailovich also showed his talent as a writer, his words have reached us: "I was deeply envious of bars, not only their freedom, but also that they can read."
57fa6974f58113e7d902afdba77bceeb340b6813	His children were already free - three sons: Mikhail, Pavel and Mitrofan.
3d73f128e4261dfe0d53fcd92e333881d671066a	Mikhail, the eldest, was sent by his father to study as a bookbinder in Kaluga, where he soon became known as the best master.
5e89b60c9b53dd7bc1a0e2634c004ef478b8606b	It was not called Chekhov, but Chokhov.
6bf0a55b8f75c4f20ceb61caeba5288709c807c4	He sent his father a gift - a very complicated box with the following inscription: "Accept, dearest parent, the fruit of my diligent work."
26f0526c9a9e041bae4fb411fd09af1c6cca5708	Anton Pavlovich treasured this box very much.
04d677f9573a1c337a8d5725271749cfb64d8fa6	Mitrofan Yegorovich opened a grocery store in Taganrog.
98b17fbcd0d186e3a3e3d79cf92fc30e37f3386f	He left two sons: Vladimir, who taught in Taganrog, and Yegor, who served in the Russian Society of Shipping and Trade.
4ff3d3e32f0db24e07b5d6e22d92a1f0f12d3e07	He was a favorite of Anton Pavlovich, who called him "Georgik".
13c66659631a5158c0201aedb4c5b6878a781836	Grandmother Efrosinya Yemelyanovna, nee Shimko, was a Little Russian.
495140c7ef70b0640fc029b3dd41a26c2c711fcc	Having lived with Yegor Mikhailovich for 58 years, she had a noticeable influence on Chekhov's worldview and early work, to the point that he wrote "nationality - Little Russian"in the population census.
66aa80f77b0324fda68a495447055ea4ccb73423	My great great grandfather (on my mother's side), Nikita Morozov,was a serf.
e44371e9ddef38a6ced87e108d919f5282851741	He was married to a serf peasant Tatyana Leontieva, with whom he had five children: Alexey, Vasily, Maria, Fyodor and Yakov.
f074bcf6d28abf61a969a409c7aad8af1d0a3893	At the age of 53, he bought off himself and his son Yakov.
e5b647279f6c8cbe2a8a3de62f48a445a13e3448	In 1820, he married Alexandra Ivanovna Kokhmakova.
bde85eaef63210192ff35992152f0da6756d72c1	In 1833, Yakov Gerasimovich went bankrupt and had to find a job - he was arranged by General Popkov in Taganrog.
2e51aeceb01aac8046e45457ec5c1271c90a60a8	Having become a commission agent of the mayor, at the same time he opened a trade in dried fish in Rostov.
8eee9ca55586e2a5a754718077002e8265c6106c	Grandmother, Alexandra Ivanovna Kokhmakova (1804-1868), from a wealthy and artisan family.
1fc3b1ad3f25aa91abda769a9f76e52a66421bf5	The family made icons and crafts made of wood that were in great demand.
889327c3208b28e8b92312814d100d5271fcfe05	She lived with her children in Shuya, separately from her husband, who only periodically visited the family.
c6745df8b9e4fd01dc5e001fa0e11f048f1a74ad	In 1847, a strong fire destroyed 88 houses, leaving the Morozovs without property.
9427df62d93cdb6bdbfab7c3d50af1cba83dfc17	In the same year, Yakov dies of cholera.
c891a5c9985a1a849c57406680896ee7a31404ab	The widow of Alexander with two daughters, Feodosia and Yevgenia, find shelter with the same General Popkov, who not only accepts the family, but also arranges orphans to learn to read and write.
97c1563f4a7c88caabe9b9e4163cb3d93e1a72c9	The writer's mother, Yevgenia Yakovlevna Chekhov (1835-1919), nee Morozova, the daughter of a merchant, was a quiet woman who stoically endured her husband's despotism and years of need.
412c6eacf60a50be6157ef4e5abd00959e2c3927	She did not like to read and write, all her life she lived in the interests of the family, worrying, first of all, for her children.
206e4ce986f297cb5ee62862aa3a202db73dfbdd	She survived four of her seven children - the very first daughter, Yevgenia (1869-1871), died at the age of two.
6d8bca0ec869eae91799ff0438a2ecd2dcd176af	His father, Pavel Yegorovich Chekhov (1825-1898) inherited from his father a despotic character and, although he showed care and compassion in letters to the family, he often resorted to physical abuse and abuse in life.
24abbbf928411d6dbb84305d57e07e99ccf6e750	He forced his children to work in the shop from morning to night, as well as sing in the choir at many hours of church services.
a1b801e91186f2619cb24fdbf4d6daeb25ca261d	In 1856, Pavel Yegorovich managed to save 2500 rubles, joined the third merchant guild.
ac0f9bcea97b9c500b3ab08acdfe4e2e2f75bf79	In 1857, he opened a trade, writing on the sign of his shop "Tea, sugar, coffee and other colonial goods".
ec360bc717672acf1d587caca9dfbbca64199b0c	In the church, a familiar chorister taught Pavel Egorovich to read music and even play the violin.
6343ec0e9aca59ffd861bc65d83ce370ac653d37	Due to his predilection for the "drawling" style of singing psalms, practiced by monks from Mount Athos, his services dragged on for too long, and in 1867 he was dismissed.
141291256f3dd9e7f6da39bde5827badfcca35be	Then Pavel Egorovich moved to a Greek monastery, where he gathered a choir in which Alexander, Nikolai and Anton sang.
d28472fc471cba3705e2976800c1ddb8002d34a6	Pavel Yegorovich taught the choir to the violin and was a regent.
b05fc6accb5ef5562fc5a6dc6fbb9e126925f5d0	This gave an honorable position in the city, and people came to listen to his choir even from Rostov and other cities.
050a86cbade04dc45d424047069cb463a050b182	Alexander Pavlovich sang first with a treble, then with a bass;
b48b74237891dd314f0cb5c8ab5f348036eae277	Nikolai, a good violinist, helped his father and especially sang a lot, which affected his health and may have caused his illness.
ebe8a6067db9e6e8d0489b2e4ce6521f22177db3	Anton sang viola.
33ee94c1ba22eb2fa406078ecfe2844fb4ce5466	The family lived very amicably.
d5fc8228c23cadd51461aa55992732b5df61ee77	Anton Pavlovich was the humblest of all.
cd78f30286be0e2c78cff3e375449f68c3e15442	He had a very big head, and they called him "Bomb", for which he was angry.
5b181b5543abb7195253a1e2d513495f4badf9c8	The shop was dirty, poor quality goods were sold, and besides, the serving boys cheated.
dfd61478920a2f712d486c13b99ef1e92e9e9bcd	There could sell assembled in restaurants Jews, dried and colored broken tea or cure pregnancy "nest", which were: oil, mercury, nitric acid, strychnine, etc. "A lot, probably sent to the light of people's "nest"," - recalled Anton Chekhov, already having received medical education.
c1bd39c69e1290564958a3d686eb46263c30096f	In 1874, things went very badly and Pavel Egorovich began to fall into debt, two years later he was forced to secretly leave Taganrog, on April 25, 1876, he arrived in Moscow, where the entire Chekhov family was already waiting for him, with the exception of Anton, who remained to finish his studies at the gymnasium.
5c71240b2d51c72ef94f6a9c8ad09c966bb9dea6	He lived at that time with people who got a family home, was engaged in tutoring with the son of the new owner, "paying" for this accommodation.
655946960e90d8946e11e075e7792319d1493cf6	On November 10, 1877, he got a job as a junior clerk in the barn to I. Gavrilov for 30 rubles a month, a table and an apartment at the store.
4f6c321237b4db3f0f0d59350d2db31eb533e570	Knipper Chekhov, Olga Leonardovna (1868-1959) - the wife of A. P.; People's Artist of the USSR.
656f66b4c5fb3b513d09c5427bcdd4e5fba88cb0	Chekhov, Alexander Pavlovich (1855-1913) - brother, novelist, publicist, memoirist.
488f7883305eec20df6efbe8e096ba83d2ae20d3	Chekhov, Maria Pavlovna (1863-1957) - sister, teacher, artist, creator of the House of the Chekhov Museum in Yalta.
6ca3bbf9708aab67b9778225a70a65433b1066e8	Chekhov, Mikhail Pavlovich (1865-1936) - brother, writer, biographer of Anton Pavlovich.
ffbbc7cd87426db9c37a1999e9df0e55ef33d631	Chekhov, Nikolai Pavlovich (1858-1889) - brother, artist.
4f62088e01b0dde9fbcc326d190cb3bc0dd9c3b8	Chekhov, Ivan Pavlovich (1861-1922) - brother, teacher.
5f38fce9a08920cac07f3c2537cc83fa9fd04a7b	Chekhov, Mikhail Alexandrovich (1891-1955) - nephew (son of Alexander's brother), famous artist, theater teacher, director; emigrant (since 1928 Germany, 1939 USA).
13517d3c9df515eff095a292d8d4f134f1780b30	Chekhov, Olga Konstantinovna (1897-1980) - the wife of Mikhail Chekhov, the specified nephew of A. P. and the niece of A. P.'s wife (and the sister of L. K. Knipper).
91ccd9022f55400860d9b2f32de08444a1592d77	German actress.
6848e852f4cce74a3e4757ad5a8340916fc6d24d	Film adaptation of Chekhov's works:
e98a156507186fcb522a7e9d4eb4ef2430ac1f0e	Chekhov still remains the leader in the number of foreign adaptations of Russian classics - his works have become the basis for film/TV versions about 200 times.
bf46b0afe5cdd07078e241649a4a8a323fe08d85	1909 Surgery
67be349635a78f9edbd89d37fc8c2c5aa822a40a	1911 An affair with a double bass
5dc5e7a68c1751f7cc3207f65cea7729fddc34ec	1926 Kashtanka
fa517633131e7e64d78f36a031f6add8f674e3c9	1929 Ranks and people
1e558b650e55b554f474e4db5bf6a8b65107e269	1938 The Mask
523698e345c5ddecb3104fc6fe4312532526a3e2	1938 The Bear
ae5fb42c711b8d35d6df831dad2413face9a08e7	1939 The Man in the case
0a8da3d2dab88d3e4eecc06010244cd921738b72	1939 Surgery
2a9f30a63beabe4bc5a196364d84dda6fdee04e1	1941 Anniversary
86707a9df1581f7e648a1ec9a74fba0b2a7b1a6b	1944 Wedding
94080bc36a904db9d1629e023f2341ccdb6344a5	1952 Kashtanka
854255cf79fda76eff52e4f36c98e6b818dc6842	1953 Lawlessness
908a2e8c69ef2b4cd87859b3d587527349bf1f53	1954 Anna on the neck
77443c697f7ac0229da42fa8002af7db8a72af06	1954 The Swedish Match
0b47b5a1d2a48f3f12383059fcd56d9bc0512d61	1955 The Bouncer
c0d8099ea0471e586d3e39a38f0940f40931f2c7	1956 The Bride
2cd61038e4fb1dc921055dadc800f156eae11a8a	1957 Boots
81139d19d1ea404df9f32ee57b96c2cdcea94e71	1958 The Witch
30ecf7fed8c143e2509e839eabd5d3e0531e1336	1959 - Three short stories by Chekhov ("Vanka", "Anyuta", "Revenge")
e741dad1ef85fff90d3bf9f6c0f856049fde57a6	1960 Enemies
96b4c81f7f5ea0922f30d3795c734a2e0bc52e08	1960 Drama
8841f1f3a16d02948ee2ecf8504953674e8ccc9b	1960 A lady with a dog
cd219d73b6183cbff2ed61b1b6d84cdff98bdff3	1960 House with a mezzanine
2f312fe908847ea3aa098ea81df5ce841a17161d	1960 Revenge
c7edc32b443767b435a549729137b8138d518b34	1961 Duel
632b7380ed1f1a2a592d068ed09526aa92ed7a32	1964 Apothecary
7550ac5f7f628ace161912a7a6f759a452c0c48b	1964 Duel
673cd95c65aff59c1d3db0ce736206306d83d47b	1964 Three Sisters
9e02198eaaf53a8b0a49f4068cace5339485a63e	1965 The Swan Song
29860ecbdfdae1dabddba62f72e72c4dc8850d94	1965 Literature teacher
f1b18a107693d44e80ebffcd6350f42b23a87fcf	1966 In the city of S. (Dir.
0eed9838e3761c2568c19558730a6567f3b895a6	I. Heifitz)
924701ca1878617e11b166ee2ced4e7d05facce2	1966 Darling
488e0e4b483461e5c258f5523f064a26abf39eef	1966 A joke
e3cb4c975d5d3dab8d3217582ec899e4cde3f416	1967 Gooseberry
92f63f8dfc2a9681df5526206b20d14500b7c845	1968 Three years (Directed by G. Nikulin)
771b5825e0d76fb3c94688931ba8428dcc26c128	1969 The main witness
f77c83f528f79f20828a3b048ba0652f959d325a	1969 Family happiness
9ba1a9aded716c5cb59547a4c67a99c7fe80e0ad	1969 Belated Flowers (film performance, directed by A. Nal)
7d68ea6393269cffb61073cb466da5c425e746ab	1970 Uncle Vanya
2882c8774b7195b396c20a0e9be7b4175f11f8c0	1970 Carousel
328cb44ec093b34307d65d707a2eceeaed6ee7e4	1970 The Seagull
339955c6b0e0e0d459233f2a2ff7bb70f98607d0	1970 Drama on the Hunt
76f940d97b6f3ff9ea71acbe9ca6c653eb983bef	1971 — At the dacha
bba0f31a235ed1a5c307494619a26f4aec5fc5f6	1971 These different, different, different faces...
050d513e819c8ba5049112781cc4f7908ec0aa31	1972 My Life (Directed by G. Nikulin)
752c6fe734a5cb02836b7fc9d46e2a2f23772152	1973 A bad good man (based on the story "Duel")
92a484bc194b42c294a6b1aaa8ae805081e0b915	1973 Skits ("Dear dog", "Malefactor", "The Groom and Daddy")
1798c0919e7f87cafb56c552031e86055ed42f33	1975 Kashtank but
f824852247265218673799a604857a6ca222b14f	1976 Theatrical Stories
5e9980b50aea8105eacdc84c3bb763bf9405e0ab	1977 The Steppe (Directed by S. Bondarchuk)
7c86727d5a456fb3560cbf92595ef2f626d5d1c0	1977 Unfinished Piece for mechanical piano (Dir. N. Mikhalkov)
10ae469bd3ac7a8c1b9e9b210b3d0ef8fe85fad2	1977 Funny people!
784b52130a1959492aa3b4948c404cf135583fde	1977 Chekhov's Pages
3910ef4f04dbac1c046cd345c639802d277cb7e9	1978 My affectionate and gentle beast (based on the story "Drama on the Hunt", directed by E. Loteanu)
0e496c5606068d15d8ef1bce27f5dc517419420c	1980 Three years
3d3d3392b1ec37bdcf67401ba2e7788a59d032e9	1981 The story of an unknown person
c349d9edb41bd6555d7bf5e78493dc261b526211	1981 - " Vanka Zhukov — - puppet cartoon of the Kievnauchfilm film studio, directed by Leonid Zarubin
7712a3141c53698517fe058d1002a94078b0eb71	1982 A boring story
7c3ee16bcecb5cb42d0846682807d0f029990836	1983 The Kiss
f57764c2d9fa5c6265b9876344e4ad92981399f0	1983 — Something from provincial life
01e20888684be856f18c777e92dfb7db4f9b120b	1983 — The Man in the case
e4e783fea06cc96c3787a3cd49a00597228955fe	1984 An incredible bet, or a True incident that ended safely a hundred years ago (based on the stories "The Lodger", "From the memories of an idealist", "The Bet", "Carelessness", "At the Mill", "The Shoemaker and the Evil Spirit")
c1909ab3d0b6f963770139a3de78a7c1491b2697	1984 Angry Boy
7d67b38d1c2ad1152feeb3011c5862438d0e9020	1986 Uncle Vanya (Directed by G. Tovstonogov)
1ae65bf729cf9207e5aee872464fb7a4273959d6	1987 Black eyes
fbde26029581730097e116ad67d3bac7d2f64b5b	1988 The Black Monk
bd23e354a08fe25e09fa0a468a73c75a54dcda41	1990 Swan Song
4b7623291339f093c6d67a564c404dec968e38b9	1990 Now the son of man is glorified
38f4dc323f78f9074382041c74d0f9b67cdeec50	1991 Ward No.
8a002d319701f6c406c530690d4df134908e1f19	1992 Lord, forgive us sinners
a819a9af13dbd485ee81c4a12c877b40583548df	1992 Dear Sirs
68fcab74252831be7d77d35db4caabe568626a68	1993 — If only I knew
febc1c97dec02c30411416b97659a9b28e5818eb	1994 Vanya on 42nd Street
3539d1d015c1f44775c2715d33b05a017e3f27be	1994 A golden ring, a bouquet of scarlet roses (based on the story "In the ravine")
2414694ae8e2f594e0575cc3fa7a0a7441c2c6dd	1994 Village Life
f33e8f31923e70c6c3d3a1c267bf1cd01d3b697b	1994 Three Sisters
7b54b0204bdccf926dba12b3a839e2451ba04d35	1996 August
a8bc1a74e9cae4169a81980a0f798edcbdbef4ce	1998 Chekhov and Co.
97679f72ce7b08f1b5ad761dd230e35766f442f7	2002 Three days of rain
519a9decba4b5d4802bcc35139350189c51ee693	2002 Chekhov's Motives
916f944ec9764c3801503fd2904412077741c604	2003 About love
f4221a8bb9fdb04bda732bfc63fd118d701e5dbf	2003 Baby Lily (La petite Lili)
54aa66aa92fce52ece85603a1fbf2b40f1ca6c99	2004 Ragin (based on the story "Ward No. 6")
7de0a1164578ae876d703920d2c2d64690aad29c	2004 Kashtanka
9efc05b48fe0d0820d1340152e2d5c6162ed90a8	2005 The Seagull
44c73efd317441700685662b7ff2dea0955080f3	2008 Betting
dcb303bc59714bcc8f46b361f00016d4ef8d63ea	2008 Garden
cf3260504ce7f3244b2008431710d0bb255316d2	2008 Shoot immediately!
4dd442a6026ce331ddafea8b80807402c1ce77d5	(based on the play "The Bear")
1a5dd195887806603ad6016925b07b6e1e6b7e56	2009 Chamber No.
c48d7464d43bb7feb322e97f5603389c1c6ffd35	6 (Directed by K. Shakhnazarov, A. Gornovsky)
ba156c7bfb659567dabbac0da46b96d212411f8a	2009 Lawlessness (cartoon, directed by Natalia Malgina)
0ca53f61c530bc6a18f580c558155c7e77bed142	2009 Ochumelov (cartoon, directed by Alexey Demin)
1997c3a0822d169c3db69e8c78027d21a52be782	2010 Ivanov (film, directed by Vadim Dubrovitsky)
dd7bcc5ddc0a550974f59427f90d2c829f17a937	2010 Beloloby (cartoon, directed by Sergey Seregin)
57a4c41e90265fa43fa59a2bd3b3574d377225d2	2014 Winter Hibernation (film, directed by Nuri Bilge Ceylan)
dd8b340d0e51098cd3e867402bcc438c8f48dd19	Anton Pavlovich Chekhov aphorisms, quotes, sayings >>>
f9f79c7d0315f4e61bd7b6d0de2b8ca2c6450b94	Home GDZ Textbooks USE GIA Literature Educational institutions
490fc6e4c174da851f744cf51639c4f1017ee1a4	Chekhov A. P.
4b105add5800f44365b69937d7f5220120ba725c	Chekhov Anton Pavlovich Biography Summary Full content Essay Characterization of the heroes
7c07006abdd1ee4e9f0c09c0687a18427abde6d5	Authors of the school curriculum 1st grade 2nd grade 3rd grade 5th grade 6th grade 7th grade 8th grade 9th grade 10th grade 11th grade Other authors
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3a356c1055334b3b633f71d96bc5bcc97dab935e	Anton Pavlovich Chekhov -> Biography -> Full biography of Anton Chekhov
173a2c434542e04caaae85d9e94fa9ab784208a5	Full biography of A. P. Chekhov
4e30526c7ba9d0937a780e8430574a0f26ed9e04	On January 29, 1860, the third child Anton was born in a small house on Police Street (now Chekhov Street) in the family of Pavel Egorovich Chekhov.
0d76a723ddb06323162720e74babf104c8c2669d	Later, in one of his letters, Chekhov will say: "The theater once gave me a lot of good things… Before, there was no greater pleasure for me than sitting in the theater..."
815dd33fb8a8ad92979e754c839c85fe98c68217	Perhaps one of these figures was his mathematics teacher Edmund Dzerzhinsky — the father of the future first chairman of the Cheka.
aee01cd890ee4154bbd03160298a8c06060c4b6a	On December 24, 1879, as a first year student, Chekhov published in the magazine" Dragonfly "the story" A letter to a learned neighbor" and humorous " What is most often found in novels, novellas, etc.".
f94a32728d2c7f9d88d290939a16da7c74c7b54e	Contemporaries believed that he would remain in this genre; but in the spring of 1886, he received a letter from the famous Russian writer Dmitry Grigorovich, where he criticized Chekhov for wasting his talent on "trifles".
b6a22e8cede9a11d0c17ea3270c1d07e0dcc781c	" Starve better, as we once starved, save your impressions for a deliberate work.
85baf527c1fbc11e292aecc26bc39e7872fd2285	The debut in such a magazine attracted a lot of critical attention, much more than to any previous work by Chekhov.
9d8a5988b04e586d4aa321368303293a341efdec	I can imagine how much good I would have done if I had listened.
a09d6ff25b3d8d52f32fb6944e8b9c5ba500e6e8	In addition to the abundance of material and talent, you need something else equally important.
1710ba10fe74d0aeba1e1ef13256d09d8cabe2eb	On October 7, 1888, he received the half Pushkin Prize of the Academy of Sciences for the third collection published in the previous year, 1887 — "At Dusk".
438f749c90d1cf9b6e8fa149e4f8a84d523ce650	At the end of the 1880s, a feature appeared in Chekhov's manner that some contemporaries considered an advantage, others a disadvantage — a deliberate impassiveness of description, an emphasized lack of author's assessment.
5696e4950e659257d6ced89ef2de0fa68081373d	"Sakhalin Island" and the reaction of officials.
aaef033cfe96a7b8de3abf0ab7d531d8bc65f680	Russian thought, 1893, № 12, 1894, № 4.
aabea10f7cbd692c70fcfb678eeb616084d8c63e	Chekhov arrived on Sakhalin on July 11.
6abc29e1f83ce5c715a07dc49c46a4a90192f9d1	In Vladivostok, where the ship was standing from October 14 to 19, Chekhov worked in the library of the Society for the Study of the Amur Region, collecting additional materials for a book about Sakhalin.
8524e886ab371331a286e43f184a462d470c04b1	Next — Hong Kong, Singapore, the island of Ceylon, the Suez Canal, Constantinople, Odessa.
5fc3342f1f5bef3be2d3620e4f3afaef625144ab	Finally, on December 7, 1890, his family met him in Tula.
535adaf7ae296e180792b195a8bb2a2cf2f9ad3e	Chekhov's grave at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow
168752b42f26c4ff95f0dde68bb11eaa069045d0	Some researchers believe that a fatal role in the writer's life was played by a trip to Sakhalin — there was a thaw and he had to travel thousands of kilometers on horses, in wet clothes and soaked felt boots (Chekhov himself and his relatives associated the disease with the trip).
69710856a685baa76c5a0c06a93e973ec1fb3e83	Others called frequent moves from Yalta to Moscow at the most unfavorable time for health the reason for the exacerbation of the tuberculosis process.
e6eba36e84955fdc7c4a05c273fa50a0a098f085	Due to a sharp exacerbation of the disease, which he could not cope with, the writer died on July 2, 1904 in Badenweiler, Germany.
8d5f9fdfba8258a8bfc015f253a5ee0e6d935fbc	On July 9, 1904, the funeral took place.
9be01c3da91b2a3176c14d4c70971ce5d6d0d684	On the anniversary of the death of A. P. Chekhov on July 2, 1908, a new marble monument was opened on the grave, made in the Art Nouveau style by the artist L. M. Brailovsky.
8f3caaa2259ab66ef627184e4f7a0c31fe176cdc	Soon both tombstones were moved here — A. P. Chekhov and his father (while the burial of P. E. Chekhov was left in the old place).
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639ef5bde76189e2fd4af36c82d7db9ca9992142	Home Biography Family Chekhov's last Birthday Chekhov's charity work Tchaikovsky and Chekhov Chekhov's Illness and Death
d0cd3b707dd605a4e2a2ab346d659640ad236cad	Museum Of the Work Photo Gallery About the project
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8e32eb90291d2895c2d173d5cfca5d1614942ffb	Biography Anton Pavlovich Chekhov was born in Taganrog on January 17 (29), 1860, died on July 2 (15), 1904 in Badenweiler (Southern Germany).
2931ea56e13e9a05413ab07514a4e411e887382a	He was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow.
abfe18c626ed24704aa497d8f71911312ce1c5d9	Father Pavel Egorovich Chekhov (1825-1898).
4e7b169829e7e398225ba2d8f92477a361dc267e	Mother Evgenia Yakovlevna Chekhov (nee Morozova) (1835-1919)
d9d9ed46a0297fc25ab9590290ad96106725f2a2	Brothers and sisters: Alexander writer, linguist (1855-1913);
c3451d56718323a9b2e75199076c551d0166eb43	Nikolai artist (1858 -1889);
0d42494f8575cdd4ca4c2b1730235030dbc374b9	Mikhail writer, lawyer (1868-1936);
97f56e536b7df910745fbbdadcb7f9207f512901	Ivan was a teacher (a famous Moscow teacher) (1861-1922); Maria was a landscape artist (1863-1957).
899f1aeda4dfeb8a67cea7d0290d43c296ea5624	All the Chekhov children were exceptionally gifted, highly educated people.
7401e02fb05c10da9fb1e83f8a5220ec9ab44300	His father, Pavel Yegorovich Chekhov, was a very interesting person.
e84eb4c5bd4ef0f304b2dffd5d963181bbd4d318	He had a grocery store in Taganrog, being a merchant of the 3rd guild, but he was engaged in trade without much zeal, paying more attention to attending church services, singing and public affairs.
6ff52ef34519bb89ae1b207cd71bfc11ba14ed28	The situation in the Chekhov house was traditionally patriarchal: children were brought up in strictness, corporal punishment was often used, no one was allowed to do nothing.
127838bd9ce695b27696caa6c7c0c1a4ae407ebe	In addition to studying at the gymnasium, Pavel Yegorovich's sons sometimes had to replace their father in the shop, of course to the detriment of their studies.
65c0860854ca04baa820e59d4287769d35460122	In the evenings, they sang in a choir.
b284c197452edf81012870c98d316de5be2867fa	My father played the violin perfectly, sang, Masha accompanied on the piano, in general, whole musical family performances were arranged.
974a152283916e5e5e790f81d1bdb4d840757f47	Mother Evgenia Yakovlevna, a wonderful hostess, very caring and loving, lived exclusively the life of children and her husband.
c43d69e67a72ea4e1e671d25d04557c9f29f708e	But, at the same time, she passionately loved the theater, although she visited it infrequently.
aea3e457b17048034d116e2ddc7512c10a6ffb23	In her early youth, she was sent to the Taganrog private boarding school for noble girls, where she studied manners, dancing and good manners.
1593b41b04fc824c0e7535d0cbdfac4cb9ccfd33	In 1876, the Chekhov family moved to Moscow.
230b252ee17c16e525ab2944616ebbd07d50eb13	Trade in Taganrog became unprofitable, Pavel Egorovich went bankrupt and had to flee from creditors.
328938452a6b9ec82e6b7734d9fb9ff13986b0f3	In Moscow, the Chekhov family has been living in severe poverty for a long time, almost three years.
20ae6cbf8d9d760ed4ecee13fe365f1f40d93ceb	Despite this, all the children continued to study, and Anton, earning a living by tutoring, remained until the end of his studies at the gymnasium in Taganrog and came to Moscow only in 1879 in order to immediately enter the medical faculty of Moscow University, where he listened to lectures by famous professors N. Sklifosovsky, G. Zakharin, etc.
daa7e87d2d571038a53f8bafd5a3d4280931b866	In 1880, his first printed work appeared in N9 10 of the magazine "Dragonfly".
db4bbc4ba4e0f4e039357c01af17f7c28393f125	Since that time, the continuous literary activity of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov begins.
513da2ebc81e32bd8cabdaa6d30fe1cd4565a338	He collaborates with the magazines "Spectator", "Alarm Clock", "Light and Shadows", "Worldly sense", "Fragments".
442ab19017bee2a8830abc63ffa214f10f9f5230	He writes mainly in the genre of short stories, humorous stories, skits, signing with a pseudonym Antosha Chehonte or a Man without a spleen.
bfebf30666f63796a72931c9a1df768c83b1567b	In 1884, Chekhov's first book of theatrical short stories, The Tales of Melpomene, was published.
31056d3ebeb7a931f67b4e8c3dc208f7e859fd3e	After graduating from the university, Chekhov begins the practice of a district doctor in Voskresensk (now the city of Istra), in the hospital of the famous doctor P.
751d1c98e26fd045fd48a6cd8ead082091bb4f5a	A. Arkhangelsk.
1282dfd74d49c50039c308ccc9b55e328d4c9674	There are such stories as "The Fugitive", "Surgery".
e978fb3f44547db467b7626a3628de95aa6026da	Then Chekhov works in Zvenigorod, temporarily managing the hospital.
d0a92de9820f5c897478a7aaf4627074a632a3e1	There are themes for such stories as "The Dead Body", "At the autopsy", "The Siren".
19506d497cffbac289dee0f779a163250c433f50	Since the spring of 1885, the Chekhov family has been coming to the Babkino estate, near Voskresensk (Chekhov's Istra), to their good friends and stays there for a long time.
2c27e17b0e58c9b56bc265484c032fce173744c9	This was best reflected in the work of Anton Pavlovich.
79aeeee02f99227f302fa8267ee4903ff19fa6f5	Beautiful nature, conversations about music, art, literature, friendship with the artist Levitan.
18d815a0c375af7c86b331c1d3ae8498db51638b	Chekhov works hard and fruitfully.
6d1058bcb8e93c3eab014beb77307a3d5164aa36	On his return to Moscow, in 1886, Chekhov receives an encouraging letter from the writer D. V. Grigorovich, goes to St. Petersburg to express his respect and gratitude.
122918344630744bee60915f5d29b9e12758b0cf	In St. Petersburg, he unexpectedly receives an invitation to work from the famous publisher A. S. Suvorin in the newspaper Novoe Vremya.
52393ce3f8eafed01b195ab3b77f5d67c9bb88fa	Collections of works of this time — "Motley stories" (1886), "Innocent Speeches" (1887).
27d667df22f1a023446410c633ce5dfe5906f568	With the beginning of regular cooperation with the newspaper, Chekhov renounces the pseudonym and signs his full name.
7647d4a46ff59eb9f65368572b01477e6000e9a5	F. A. Korsh a passionate theater lover, a writer and translator of plays, a very enterprising person, built a theater in Bogoslovsky Lane in 1882 in a very short time.
607508e11cf0b7e4297a46ccddef643ad851579a	During the ten year activity of the theater, in which the famous V. N. Davydov, Glama — Meshcherskaya, Rybchinskaya, Martynova, Kosheva, Krasovskaya, who made up a rare acting ensemble, played, more than one and a half million viewers watched the performances, and more than five hundred plays were staged.
c066b589ece2dea51b1a51062743b8c7b2f31ae1	Anton Pavlovich receives his friends of writers at the dacha: Pleshcheyev, Barantsevich, the book publisher Suvorin.
e633eb40810c7acc4c5525c79c464969877747e1	With Suvorin, Chekhov begins a real friendship that lasted for many years.
b406d5c92c248441758620167fe1aa62053e7148	And this despite the fact that there were almost always guests in the house.
bf18a9c9e01dbf50d4a1a9ded16010d409deec22	On the second floor, young people were jostling, the piano was playing, conversations were going on, and at this time, on the first floor, Chekhov was sitting at a table and writing.
2258dc4bf30874eb6cead71e83149e6bca8f3623	In this house, Chekhov meets L. S. Mizinova, the "beautiful Face", as he later called her.
ddefdabedae8e3b41af279c3816fee7d274ce671	Very beautiful, funny, smart, Lika became a favorite of the Chekhov family.
a17d54d2d4806a8b9509a9d525b837ff591bc035	The Chekhov house was visited by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Grigorovich, well known artists at that time A. P. Lensky and V. N. Davydov, the publisher Leikin, the writer N. S. Leskov.
8439bfb7bb7266f6a8038a4c0fbf38d3015ba87a	In 1890, Chekhov went to Siberia, then to visit the island of Sakhalin -the place of exile of convicts to hard labor.
4e179e1b2b9b29deaa4db98da8331982a5c7b6ec	The writer fully reflected the journey along the Siberian rivers and roads in his essays "Across Siberia".
1c764d8a03c5680f8761939078d2befaf1aeab32	The ascetic work was carried out by Chekhov on Sakhalin.
543ffbac48339e1b41629ded89249aec7931074b	He made a census of the island's population, making about 10 thousand statistical cards.
e91b1a28432efe0d6bfae12588f2c5fb04072b8c	A huge amount of documentary material was collected about the work and life of Sakhalin convicts and local residents, about prison bosses and official arbitrariness.
6ff8fc03ece566600c44b53fa74b6b3528b8e141	Chekhov visited prisons, studied their technical and sanitary condition in detail, met and talked with many people.
6327ed9a4d33f5d1576e1cacf2f85596e600eee4	After returning from Sakhalin, Chekhov systematized his notes and wrote the book "Sakhalin Island".
d3a2597a0d8d9d913769d4223cf1113b22eb28c3	This work caused a huge resonance in Russia.
0f66d9ce4017383693830f3432c3c114e7969f39	Officials paid attention to Sakhalin.
21bf066ff4f1074a07f9976f2fc4891ba87143f0	The Ministry of Justice and the Main Prison Administration sent their representatives to Sakhalin.
6031ca96f419a1214da273d7528afd1f14a71e66	Sakhalin doctor N. S. Lobas noted: "With the light hand of Chekhov, both Russian and foreign researchers began to visit Sakhalin."
090a0aff5ffc19ffa36f6794668a16d0bf627640	The route of the Sakhalin trip is as follows: from Yaroslavl along the Volga to Kazan, then along the Kama to Perm, from there by rail to Tyumen, and then across Siberia on a tarantass and along the rivers.
c8c61b3f9eb9547e0ffd7372a01acadbd96375c0	Chekhov stayed on Sakhalin for more than three months, then through the Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, visiting Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Ceylon, Constantinople, arriving at the port of Odessa, he returns to Moscow by train.
4723869017f83ae3bd54fd910376e2906c4bb243	After some time, essay notes "From Siberia" and "Sakhalin Island" appear, as well as such works as "Gusev", "Women", "In Exile", "The Story of an Unknown Person", "Murder".
0d537ca66eae40cbc3e46c82dd54cbb679e54db0	On his return, Chekhov goes to Aleksin, where his younger brother Mikhail has rented a dacha on the banks of the Oka.
381f4e65e789766b62215455ba00f3661bca7578	The estate was magnificent, with huge rooms, a beautiful garden, lime alleys, ponds.
db529153a8065b13b2933042bacf0b8e1c077261	The writer was delighted.
bc74d4237846d4b18ac1a75f996dfb5ebd6c6d18	Every morning he got up at four o'clock, drank coffee and sat down to work, and not at his desk, but behind the windowsill.
ae61b12f7a9442bdd63bf47fe70f545abcb21bb1	In 1891/92, part of the central part of Russia and the Volga region experienced severe famine due to crop failure and drought.
8c9e9e746b434d22b54c5d5eb3c1c7da85824c42	Chekhov organizes a collection of donations for the benefit of the starving Nizhny Novgorod and Voronezh provinces, he himself went there twice.
50bc5ec4d9f4c6b8c558e1f68a5b6d2cf328ac44	Chekhov is outraged that there are no objective articles in the newspapers about the situation in the village, that correspondents know the village "only by Gleb Uspensky".
246b99a25329e933d7b31a0074881e3a657bd359	At this time, Chekhov is writing the story "The Wife".
6d4f53845d7b6281d5be6e5a7a00b4a776997b4f	In 1892, Chekhov bought an estate in Melikhovo.
252d2524ba4968dcdf1b2de12ee8dc67ea9a4207	An old dream to live in the village, to be a landowner has come true.
1f01142f58004cfa0227bb10e0b987d096619a79	The estate was located in the village of Melikhovo, Serpukhov district, Moscow province, was in a neglected state, but it cost Chekhov relatively inexpensive.
2d13fef76d31410a1466133d5abd8037aaa49c82	So, in March, a family consisting of father, mother, sister Maria and Anton Pavlovich himself moved to Melikhovo.
04afd9ae01ebc8e5b5585d8e94966076d7e2afd6	At first, their younger brother Mikhail lives with them.
0ed383ec860d9cfae7075edd1595b7a3ea277a38	Immediately, work began on the arrangement of the house, the territory.
cc5535652d3b8dc722525d28a7c59b39ae9a14bf	Chekhov took up the task with great enthusiasm, the new life fascinated him.
6f62c048108c8208c60405eb71bd3e61aa3ab785	In the Chekhov house, everyone had their own economic role: Pavel Yegorovich, a handsome old man, once a strict, exacting and somewhat despotic educator, now fully recognized the primacy of Anton Pavlovich.
3b2815b15f0e5904b6dde277caaa0b6ef073c082	His tasks included taking care of the garden.
51455b9c3a448e411eee70eaa22ac7e778da52ec	Her mother, Yevgenia Yakovlevna, kept house, got up earlier and went to bed later than everyone else.
f10818280dd2e9d8fb9ee3a886f9e3f2f5a183b7	Sister Maria was engaged in gardening, while she regularly went to Moscow, as she worked as a teacher in a gymnasium.
5ac3ca9d30d8f42b7eb76f6a54773232f69d7f31	Mikhail was engaged in field farming, he even transferred to the service in Serpukhov to be closer to Melikhov.
05918ed21c3810dd40394d844b779e833bce5537	Pavel Yegorovich begins to keep his diary — a concise chronicle of Melikhov's life, reflecting the state of nature, economy, visits of numerous guests, arrivals and departures of relatives.
04215e9cf5150b161ac6a29ddec1569b8dc2df6c	The Melikhovsky period is not only Chekhov's inspired literary work and active medical practice, it is a colossal social activity of the writer.
f4de6f0a4a7487e37f234eb0f13aa093c26fc074	During the cholera epidemic, Chekhov works as a zemstvo doctor, serving 25 villages.
324128a9612c6c090af4c03706f30490b4e3f44f	He opens a medical center at his own expense in Melikhov, receiving many patients and supplying them with medicines.
5a23bb4619e4320920b5eb2069f7b3fbc137fee6	In Melikhov and its environs, Chekhov is building three schools for peasant children, a bell tower and a fire shed for peasants, participates in the construction of a highway to Lopasnya, petitions that fast trains stop at the Lopasna railway station and also seeks the opening of a post office and telegraph there.
b4833b019b43af4300ac239b940f0f6150088580	In addition, it organizes the planting of thousands of cherry trees, sows bare forest areas with larches, elms, maples, pines and oaks.
17b33220fb38130dec8b6f159fb733d4aaadc1fc	In Melikhov, Chekhov comes up with the idea of creating a public library in his native Taganrog.
e2ed2c859a0a8e84a7d452170e845ce4a72f168a	The writer donates there more than 2 thousand volumes of his own books, among which there are many unique publications with autographs of museum value, and also makes a gallery of portraits of scientists and artists for the library.
94f4e184b25e0c070173156e5eeeb1ceafd12fd2	Subsequently, Chekhov constantly sends the books he buys to the library, and in large quantities.
d40e1670084ccec24d1197942a9c225d93bc5648	Despite the difficult road (sometimes it was necessary to walk 12 versts from the station), guests constantly came to the Chekhov's.
10373ac3c438b1cbe9db31014a1c1451a66d0e43	The artist Levitan often visited, drawing inspiration from the modest Melikhovsky landscapes, many writers, artists, musicians, people of science, older brothers with families, relatives from Taganrog visited.
afc269877d01bda97c84b5da59fa984094a38082	Actresses came: O. L. Knipper, T. L. Shchepkina Kupernik, D. M. Musina Pushkin.
157cd2db05bebcd6e1047a1ffdee02a546281ab3	Maria Pavlovna's friends, the artists Khotyaintsev and Drozdov, and, of course, Lika Mizinov, often visited.
356c751107df27ba2e18293b89943294825b4fd3	Chekhov does not lead the life of a village recluse.
bf4c0c165a58a531ca44d622627e669625809f28	He often goes to Moscow and St. Petersburg, where he meets with writers, artists, artists, visits theaters, concerts, visits the editorial offices of magazines and newspapers, takes part in literary evenings, anniversaries, official dinners, etc.
6d97b96965f74744c2a8a1d2e22a7e2420d12918	In general, the appearance of Chekhov causes a great resonance in creative circles.
0fd157a235f554d89956654616aa5d843c73ca96	In 1895, Chekhov visited Yasnaya Polyana to meet L. N. Tolstoy, who had been waiting for this for a long time.
54108c7c9c19488cba4d5005baf0016ab004f5ad	Subsequently, Chekhov and Tolstoy often meet in the Crimea.
bc97144c5fefe4c944320722bf53a1cf6341dd46	In Melikhovo, despite the endless round dance of guests, by the way, not always welcome and tactful, Chekhov constantly writes.
ed10469d7f7910f3b75cec058288a7394f194805	In 1894, he built a small wooden wing, about which he himself wrote in one of his letters: "My wing turned out to be small, but amazing."
2029f334971221542a32f9d6f3b6d72ed106fd25	Initially, the cozy house, surrounded by berry bushes, was intended for guests, but soon became the writer's study.
3af6fda7428a7f4085fe79be235d3ba59897cf1d	When Chekhov was at home, a flag was raised over the wing.
a3e63ec15c8f13a2f14a39de906088f2b3c23485	It was here that "The Seagull"was written.
6f0cbcf99b6d6242b16cc0a5a8cf97bc36b564e3	In 1896, the premiere of the play took place on the stage of the St. Petersburg Alexandriysky Theater, but the performance was not a success.
8ddf866c8153526757133f00dc3955d0fe0d74be	Chekhov was very hard going through an unsuccessful production.
c56093927682067e77cd08fa2a70c124b0d4f581	In 1898, "The Seagull" was staged on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater and was an ongoing success.
e223be52eda4c407c75dec74a0a03d7858189894	In general, in the Melikhovsky period (1992 — 1998), the following were created: "Ward No. b", "The Man in the case", "Babye Tsardom", "A case from practice", "Ionych", "Gooseberry", a large "village cycle" of works was written, such as" Men"," On a cart"," New Dacha"," On service affairs", the story" Three years", the plays" The Seagull","Uncle Vanya".
892326cf5be1a95bf58bd5983a7c8449df8bd926	It was during these years that Chekhov wrote more than one and a half thousand letters to various recipients.
56fafb3268cd3fea17e2d564b09023ecdce73b20	In 1897, Chekhov's tuberculosis process sharply worsened, and he was forced to go to the hospital.
02ea3766d196ad9d9b0be259a476903815b319da	His health, already weak, undermined by a trip to Sakhalin, has deteriorated so much that the doctors insist on moving Chekhov to the south.
d31854ded07af7f13440c2d5d8ed9f06c806b274	During the autumn and winter of 1897/98, the writer lived in Nice, then in Paris, where he met the famous sculptor M. M. Antokolsky.
94547ca541bd50fc19dca67bf43ba24e10aca902	Chekhov persuades Antokolsky to create a monument to the founder of the city, Peter the Great, for Taganrog.
3c3f99578df305a6d5fd3444428bd8f6d6c786de	The negotiations are going well, Chekhov organizes the bronze casting of the statue and its delivery through the port of Marseille to Taganrog.
802bbd8a216c3327f091ac8a143b6fe8df68e980	In May 1898, Chekhov returned to his homeland and went to Melikhovo.
0a86ff829c98121cb9df95776da53a807d08c9cb	Here he lives until September, until the autumn dampness began, and then he goes to Yalta.
a4f46e5173e39c956571f52c08a4805c9ecc6a6c	There Chekhov acquires a plot of land two kilometers from the embankment in the village of Outka.
5bc38e09a3e2fd8afc41202f9bcb1acb918cc96d	In October, Chekhov learns about the death of his father.
1f89c449befe9b1a9dfa8cd23daa9bc4cdca12d6	He writes to his sister: "... The sad news, completely unexpected, saddened and shocked me deeply.
5dfdf848680b1c8fe5e6fb21bd2b1ca0db29945a	I feel sorry for my father, I feel sorry for all of you... it seems to me that after my father's death, there will no longer be the same housing in Melikhov, as if the flow of Melikhov's life also stopped with his diary."
9d59c93c524a5c763fe60bee6b887ea61670f249	In Yalta, Chekhov begins the construction of a house.
edbf8e82eae96f7b34fff8d495acc526ce5bb48b	The money for the construction came from the sale of works to the famous book publisher Marx.
e3a658b4394770424f756d7eb6dc432b11dafff7	Soon, a beautiful dacha was built according to the project of the architect Shapovalov.
646da674cf4e03aca0c86c6e0bcbc55c0902089c	(Chekhov Garden) Chekhov enthusiastically engaged in the improvement of the site, planted trees.
ea099383490f6d56d5ede316b14447f3fddd0797	The winter of 1899 in the Crimea was extremely severe, with snow and sea storms.
70c50e0d4b1c236aa8a7d6bb9e7d7e59165bc2d0	The writer longed for Moscow, where at that time his plays were successfully performed, his creative life was in full swing.
7a4bd4df951f47997fe45f409c6f4b4d7b79daac	In the spring, he goes to Moscow, then to Melikhovo.
50793feb9ebf4230759d26e6725a52d80a7d9c2d	But, at the end of August, he again finds himself in the Crimea.
9f3861e05e6d30e9fede23685317a54b8c0ad00e	The estate in Melikhov is sold, and Chekhov with his mother and sister finally moves to live in Yalta.
a12667e9f1638e8c79c6c2e0766774166fb2780d	Here he begins an active social activity: as a local resident, he is elected to the board of trustees of the women's gymnasium, donates 500 rubles for the construction of a school in Mukholatka, takes care of the device of the first biological station.
7a92de2cac82610194396b55d6e85bd306ce6bec	In Yalta, being seriously ill with tuberculosis himself, he works in the Guardianship of visiting patients.
0877951a25985ddb57749c9470704fdfea90361a	At that time, a lot of consumptive people came to Yalta, and almost without money, just because they had heard about Anton Pavlovich Chekhov, who helps to get settled and can even arrange for a residence permit for people of Jewish nationality.
1b4a744db464821f26d6db8739526cd287843a6d	In the late 1890s and early 1900s, G. Chekhov was a recognized master, his works cause a lot of literary disputes and, as a result, a socio political resonance.
f3461c05dfb88cbd6fd1f8d90ace496858b3f4a7	Chekhov poses questions of conscience and responsibility for his life to himself and readers.
16ffb84c1c797041027a36133df16abaa66cdc87	He writes: "A writer is not a pastry chef, not a cosmetics manufacturer, not a entertainer; he is a man who is obliged, contracted by the consciousness of his duty and conscience."
b0a308621a81efe1f7f20c49f70abfa18dfdc39f	This is Chekhov's life and writing credo.
29c0d5e6fa2b2506c58318860a946826c77c2c00	In 1900, Chekhov was elected an honorary academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
643391b42bd58c7e3d0a7f8cd8c0bb92a249a698	But in 1902, Chekhov left its ranks as a sign of disagreement with the Academy's decision to expel Gorky because of his political unreliability.
3b4fac3d0e5007cb8ceeeab79bcdb1859c7c828f	On this occasion, V. G. Korolenko, with whom he had long standing friendly relations, comes to Chekhov in Yalta.
3d704a0f38e32a8fc00ddd2009788f5227362230	A. P. Chekhov, A.M. Gorky and the troupe of the Art Theater in Yalta during the theater's tour in the Crimea (1900).
46cec21bb76fe2be592d907f66f1f23662ad550d	In the spring of 1900, the Moscow Art Theater came to the Crimea on tour.
09238789d1f29d27b7c768538ca17828ef2576a8	Chekhov goes to Sevastopol, where they give "Uncle Vanya" especially for him.
2fa7b7d4d3fc0cd683b196dede70e77d8eebe3f4	Later, the theater moved to Yalta, and the most interesting people began to gather in the house on the Outka: Bunin, Gorky, Kuprin; every day the Chekhov family has the entire theater troupe.
97553eb4b31b85443de2ca85af5b4804d889f2b9	Soon the theater returns to Moscow.
39e6480cb3ca270e7811868c6c4f27a86245bfb2	But already in July, Olga Leonardovna Knipper, the leading actress of the Moscow Art Theater, the first performer of roles in Chekhov's plays, whom Chekhov met at rehearsals in 1898 and subsequently actively corresponded, again goes to Yalta to visit the writer.
b923684e053100cebbb3fe66b0eb892d83b5832b	They spend the whole of July together, and during this time their future life together is determined.
2e813b44e7bac071fe614ff32f7ef08766704fad	Chekhov spent the winter of 1900-1901 in Nice.on treatment, then goes to Italy, and in February returns to Yalta.
c58bef56f806a00d21cff78ba50bf02259f6d58d	On May 25, A. P. Chekhov and O. L. Knipper were married.
5a49f1af7a4c55405332e11f4568a5ce67feb6bf	Immediately after the wedding, Olga Leonardovna takes her husband to the Ufa province for kumys — it was believed that he helps with consumption.
7290bb4ad67357eb53733d3bf67bd2b335f0661f	Chekhov is already very weak, but despite the painful illness, he continues to write, meet people, help everyone, anyone who can.
b1bd2a77d06da332679a401a7e4d8b3630cfb950	"I despise laziness, just as I despise the weakness and lethargy of spiritual movements," he once said about himself.
7908de8bcdf4488130e600beabd65fac84fb1ae5	The play "Three Sisters" (1901) was written and staged.
cee6966f4e25e074336d28fbf23163f0b439762f	Chekhov mainly lives in Yalta, although autumn and a windy, wet winter spent in a poorly heated house do not add to Anton Pavlovich's health.
fdf39154455b14255785040f02be857c9ef67d28	In November 1901, he wrote to his wife: "My office has an ordinary temperature of + 12 and rarely + 13.
0cd0137d8d7d42327cc11f578cf2b7e9c1ea88e3	You canot light the fireplace, because the fireplace hurts my eyes.
97da6830c38163ecb4c4c101256cc305d9bb1778	And it is difficult to work at 12 degrees."
7c1b32641f1f78390e468d641e0bce693728940a	The couple did not see each other for several months, since Olga Leonardovna was busy at the theater, and Chekhov had to stay in Yalta on the orders of doctors.
9a1e5df5051ef200abd020827d0171126308079f	These separations were painful for both of them.
2bbd94d9df24922e0b9965773848a1d3cf3a0e1e	Chekhov wrote to his wife: "If we are not together now, then it is not me and not you who are to blame for this, but the demon who put the bacilli in me, and the love of art in you."
0b59ebec504fefbd2fb114537515147cd482c812	In general, Chekhov's correspondence with Knipper is an amazing evidence of their relationship: there is so much tenderness, love, respect, care for each other, sometimes poorly hidden pain from the inability to be together.
d22418587126197463622e284d6b40b6c642c9cb	The letters reflect the history of the development of the Moscow Art Theater, where Chekhov is its main author, and Knipper is the performer of the main roles; an interesting exchange of opinions about literature, writers, actors, in general, about the artistic life of that time.
6ab875ece2274cc6aee794a5ece73feb6515d1fc	The heroes of the letters are Gorky, Bunin, Tolstoy, Stanislavsky, Nemirovich Danchenko, Chaliapin, Komissarzhevskaya, Meyerhold and other famous personalities.
9914888bdb216660614777af167bec3f5df41519	Sometimes Chekhov visited Moscow
6d6969b6a21ca62e0057c4939436ac0103a2527c	In 1904, another Chekhov play "The Cherry Orchard"was staged.
9aac0e6a6076221a1580f911b4e4ff3138f13fa1	Knipper plays Ranevskaya.
5146e09eb3efd00078905cd33cc6f4ccded011fb	Like the role of Masha in "Three Sisters", the role of Ranevskaya was the pinnacle of the actress ' creative take off.
42d79e4445d9f34d46577896f3ecba50d836cc75	"The Cherry Orchard" is the last work of the great writer and playwright.
469e12584df78abc45b3e236e7643698e7b46ff7	The tuberculosis process worsens so much that in May 1904 Chekhov leaves Yalta and together with his wife goes to Badenweiler , a famous resort in the south of Germany.
5f21e42406eee8ce871f46c8debf48109ebdf358	But there could be no question of recovery, here Chekhov only temporarily relieved his suffering.
f120dbaf54c420791ae08fafc69256df0e1008f6	On July 15 (1st according to the Art. style), at the second hour of the night, Chekhov felt especially bad.
0158424076dd7e76910dfb74a7cda56d408d8dda	To the doctor who came to the call, he said firmly: "I'm dying."
678310da6e22f9372ae2c6b3d7a924edc844d4d0	Then he asked for champagne, slowly drained the glass, lay down, turned on his left side, and soon died.
29712e9f845d356df4aeae7b5bb20967cbe628da	© "New Literary Network", info@antonchehov.ru with the support of the Web IT company
1e61bd83899d729d7d2202fd9b51487a85413baa	Kappa is a magical creature, a Japanese water demon, a demon that inhabits shallow lakes and rivers.
9a9406a2f8793f4695b4517798aae1432472095d	His name literally means "child of water"in Japanese.
ded9e9409acd7b5db46bcffec15714f41627959f	Kappa is known throughout Japan, however, depending on the area of the country, its name or appearance may vary slightly.
b970df8cd94bf96217c1e9044ce7142b76adcfb0	But all these descriptions have one similarity - the liquid on the top of the head, which gives the kappa supernatural power.
eeb9486180f5599eccad1fe421c6fe091639f3fe	a cross between a frog and a turtle: frog skin, a beak instead of a nose, fingers and toes are connected by swimming webs, short hair on the head.
db395da76fd96255176bd961f32a7c5cd012450f	On the top of the mouthguard there is a recess in the shape of an oval saucer, which must always be filled with water, otherwise it will die.
f38058bc2ddf79e3d2509c3e806dd8d5228691f4	This same saucer gives him supernatural power. Sometimes it is depicted with a turtle-like shell on its back.
d53c665caf0b136331ed8e76e1da94f0419fd850	His face is close to that of a monkey, his eyes are round. On the back — a shell, like a turtle.
4b864fc0d4e32a2e6558e7598fc81a807957a7bd	The paws are similar to those of a frog.
bb4fc5a0b498b35a95815499d8a808fb96c63913	On the head there is a special recess in which water splashes.
d4377f4f5e9ef45dcadc9bc39b2d6435e8209ae0	It is this depression that is the place of concentration of the power of the kappa: if water flows out of this hollow, the water loses its power and becomes absolutely helpless.
68910b27b17b44cd80b0c2ab74c9eea90a25d78c	In general, Kappa is a drowned person, sometimes even a drowned child who has become a water or water spirit.
056a543c814a44f02a81cc6273cb6d7d547e226a	In some localities, it was believed that girls who were sacrificed to the water gods became kappas.
2dac96c5e31ed6281429c4f70ac7ccc513523fde	It lives in shallow lakes and rivers, and likes to drown everyone who carelessly approaches it.
7cc06be3ef781d230ea80e36225626758c264608	The most common in Japan. (Professor Snape said that their habitat is Mongolia, but according to the book "Magical Creatures and where to Find them" and the mythology of Japan, kappas are common there).
c0898928dc99d3ad4ddc43a975f4120f3adee409	Over one of the Japanese rivers-the Azusagawa, there is a bridge-which is called the "Kappa Bridge" – "Kappabashi".
4dab476abad01aa03c59702ec09d6a05b0cca47a	The largest number of mouthguards live in this river, and the bridge itself is famous for the beauty of the views.
d9d2dd0c3ffa4e06f072c4b6ca69268f2904fdc8	Kappa was considered a very dangerous creature in Japan, which traded by luring or simply dragging people and animals into the water by force.
ca4a5ad98fca3fdbde6c631fdf6705f863e6e9a8	It was customary to say about those who accidentally drowned that they were dragged away by kappa, and children were strictly forbidden to play on the river bank.
d0ec92b6064b7bd8b46b565551b69d2dbd3f45ab	In the water, Kappa was truly omnipotent.
730fda58316e18fd43ea46206762e9ad1ba48c59	It is not for nothing that even now in Japan, when they want to emphasize someone's special talent, they say that teaching this person his own craft is like "teaching a kappa to swim".
c69fe5f9d670815f6b6fe83087c49f834941a4f1	Kappa feeds on human blood and also on the blood of animals, sucking it through the anus, so they hide in the water and drag unsuspecting passers - by to the bottom and devour them.
f9607b65efd19e9c60dc817a405215e35c9320df	Kappa are also very fond of sumo wrestling and force their victims to fight with them.
36748ab7fe97b7da90eee276ebb3e829b583b472	They are very fond of cucumbers or melons
5c30f452b33813e320ae84344661b9c75689e215	It was said that he came out of the water in order to steal a melon or cucumbers, a horse or a cow, and maybe a person.
6a1dbaba028bed4056b02ac4bfa231018cde6db9	in the north of Japan, there was an idea that kappas, despite their cruelty, are very polite.
dd9b4b4f21631f5fba6c092bf71d1114c3ab7198	There are three ways to avoid kappa - the first is to throw him a cucumber with the name of a particular person carved on it (or just cut the cucumber into pieces and throw it into the water) after receiving his kappa, he does not pay any attention to people.
347cea744a3a84c231211dee69a58fb2fbea2987	The second way is to throw a melon to kappa, kappa loves them as much as cucumbers and you will have a good chance to escape while Kappa will deal with the melon.
61acf38683c7e734133d8d2124e99496e58766e3	The third way is to trick Kappa into bowing.
91a27e85e1de208838dbf0cd71cf1d94458d6d40	For example, he will bow to him first.
0238b7c0c2ea726bad314f082faa6122d3d1c70f	His politeness will take over, he will also bow, and the water will pour out, the kappa will lose its magical power.
63d83a0f6ce307b0edc6ddf2534170fef2266d17	It seems, however, that it would be unfair to consider the kappa as an unambiguously harmful creature.
1caec783ae96744a1427e611a520d59290efbb5f	Also, mouthguards are useful - they protect the water from contamination.
2aa925dbc5c5998bf2b81a07e7c4fee6444f741f	Kappa know the way of instant enrichment, because they have their own miraculous attributes — a beater and a brocade bag..
6eb5b3b0f38acc7f01a61833bf2fd810cc4f5043	You need to hit the beater, make a wish, and then everything you want will appear from the bag
5a679aeab092a0d8b2d39eb295f9cba911b48977	In some legends of antiquity, it was a rather evil spirit.
a7224f9412d28df0b5de4c9bc3dcc36f86470182	In general, it is believed that the kappa pulls out a ball of "shiri–ko–dama" from a person from a person's anus"
be3ae63f3be97cfb42cd41e0cc107a920a6937d4	Without it, a person loses his spine, intestines, masculinity, and blood flows.
decdf13bae964f5decdda8e1afdf767ae0ba5a58	There is an explanation about the ball that when the ancient Japanese caught a drowned man, he had a relaxed sphincter — everything looked as if a ball was taken out of the rectum.
03871f909e874bec799e5c80a5104f33895a5128	Who got the balloon? Of course, the merman who drowned his victim before that.
8ae1faa42f3123e5620a48510a17958936f47581	Kappa either eats this ball, or pays a tax to the water dragon with them.
ea4e1014b13183cb5cda809a7d19c66f550eae01	Kappa do not like: iron, deer antlers and monkeys.
865a33bb4f41affbcfec4c2a2a7b66f0b514d3b3	Once, after arguing with a monkey, who will stay under water longer; kappa lost by standing for 12 hours, while the monkey is 24.
a6ce83a2469d5b4e94d79e67e9262916c4230b7e	People said that in ancient samurai times, women went to the bathroom with a small sword, because they were afraid that kappa would crawl out of the cesspool and certainly rape them.
a40fd1a0b35e0a9f54ca00c35bc32cb3ed1a890f	And if kappa managed to touch intimate places with a cold webbed paw, it was necessary to deftly cut off his paw with this short sword and then.
17d57b4167732cd7aefd9dbdad31c243a8b58706	Then the defeated kappa gave a magical elixir of immortality or eternal youth in exchange for a severed hand.
c8180c5420bb258f002820495d10cb17b97c12bc	Kappa is afraid of fire.
2aa8b20dc62db2de035cf24721197f66e0c44e19	In the old days, people often arranged fireworks near the river to drive away this insidious spirit of water.
6648bb18e69de9209d7686eefe3d7f6f32d0646d	The figure depicting kappa can be a warning to those who are insecure on the water or do not know how to swim at all.
074f84a4aef10f6422ae43df22045860b87775aa	In folklore, there are frequent mentions that kappa, having a strong sense of duty, brought fish or prescriptions of medicines as a thank you for a good deed.
984ac215de96cad636739fec45f4b5f39125d1a2	They say that if kappa pats himself on the head with a fern leaf, he can temporarily turn into a person.
afcec0e79fefe4e9cd07c9c817e82e8d2e2061b3	It can also take the form of a monkey or an otter.
beab9814a89aa2d81b7a2af6879d30dfaff4236a	It is believed that if you catch a kappa, he will fulfill any desire.
9a26d64153622f48001fee088a326394c2bbc368	In Kyushu, there is a belief that kappa can imitate the sounds of a mountain collapse, a falling tree, an explosion, and even a human song.
980b1d03537d5ab2651cd45a1acf907ea3c227af	But even though the melody of this song will be beautiful, no one will be able to make out its words.
4ddfb7d36cf53092e63c16c0d7151288ef5b8084	For a long time, in the view of ordinary Japanese, kappa were considered excellent chiropractors;
d282316b6f6a22a83bc4c61bb6ab0fb098ea495e	they could not only implant severed limbs, but also taught people the art of healing.
e16ee0ee744e543c0bc328159d0ad36aae87cd10	So, in the legend "Kappa from Fukuoka", it is told about a water man who lost his arm and came to the house of the person who tore it off for three nights in a row.
a528a04e83a8f9ae3b05e9ee619c466fa31af157	He cried and begged for his hand to be returned to him, since it was impossible to implant it only for three days.
c03528ca0921752e9abf67a3a709860557b8f9c1	As usually happens in such cases, the person took pity on kappa, taking from that a promise not to harm the inhabitants of his native village.
6b90e4426d545c36da5ed15f233d0d78b6f35482	Sometimes, in exchange for a hand, kappa reveals the secret of healing to a person.
1238d569ca0518f0b1ffb8d88bc865ca6554bd2d	"Training" takes place in two ways: the kappa allows a person to see firsthand that the severed arm is attached to the shoulder
4d9851ccb9904a270646ddb08b82526039be2b7a	(the case of a woman from Saitama Prefecture, when kappa grew a severed hand in front of a woman with the help of a magic ointment "kappa no mioyaku" and left her this ointment),
8b265360fcbf1f555093fe901fd733fc7e34c362	or he brings a gift to the "student", most often a fish, after eating which, a person understands that he has become a chiropractor.
42f4f084cbf1dff20cb733d12cd22505b17b6c5e	During this time, you can negotiate with him about anything.
5327c67e60cd07b82717c0a33aa0c571fc932f36	More precisely, it is necessary to agree on what you need, not him.
05165364fdead711d10f0a75365c653a358c0d33	If you came to Magical Japan for nusi, ask him for help and good hunting.
73cfc26f061c7a83107849fe4a47cb6dfd5f1f53	Kappa will not only draw you a map of "remote" ponds and pools where the werewolf spiders nusi live, but will also swear to help you in hunting them.
e13da953d15b55fed2d5dfcfea1b92090f2a4c90	If you have come to hunt for prohibited sea spirits-isunna, umibo and shojo-kappa will help you in this.
79487e7ab8b64113b4b61ebeb4923df636a2b100	If you are stubborn, stupid or merciless and do not give him your hand within three days, then kappa will try to kill you.
da78b591f8bb82950031e446b32b25677de3c111	And in all the magical ways known to him.
b817a9414d8bd454800d99e738d22d78bbf10b90	In 1955, Professor T. Yoshida recorded a legend about kappa in the mountain village of Yamatomura, who called a strongman named Goro to fight.
66d102764bd63495732036f5028f28cc35ae82cb	The young man realized that if he did not eat, he would not be able to overcome the kappa, and he interrupted the duel, went to a Buddhist temple and ate rice sacrificed to the Buddha there.
2b94e265f95a9bc74583044e7302b9a94ba30dde	After that, he felt an unprecedented surge of strength and easily defeated kappa, laying him on the ground so that water poured out of the hollow on his head.
f554d5450a0a717b0d1b55adf208041e8819a5db	A long time ago, in the town of Kawachino, there lived a man named Genta.
0500d3b4a9c280bea00f897cdc1e6287355c95b8	He came from a noble family and was highly respected by his neighbors for his bravery and intelligence.
a92cbbc668fc71f5f54490a4cfdc0d130c384286	He lived in a large house that stood by the river that flowed through the whole city.
52a15d8647f12e63eeeff8628d154c7474e012a3	And just near his house there was the deepest place of this river - so deep that the water there was always impenetrably black and it seemed that the bottom of the river simply did not exist.
a21eea8230b4f9562b2ee6d09fcc26c11cb4297b	One summer evening, Genta returned from riding and, as usual, ordered his servants to tie up the horse in the shade of a spreading tree that grew near the river.
693656fcd69d963ccfa0ffc58010af57b3267eb6	After resting for a while, Genta went out into the garden and was surprised to notice that the animal was no longer near the tree.
be25b06bb7fefb9610c89cc50b6b2cd6ad4310e2	Rushing to search, Genta ran out to the river bank and saw that kappa had grabbed the horse by the hind leg and was almost dragged into the river.
7046213ca07d535c71a7ab727dc1f423b350fed7	The strangest thing is that the servant Genta, stood next to him and helped kappa, pouring water on the hole in his skull.
2677c57aaaeaca592794b6e5d42c26e0315549fe	And the more water the servant poured, the stronger kappa became.
ee488a85933682ad61717517c87adee00bd7dc6c	Genta, of course, was very angry when he saw such an outrage, but he did not lose his head.
313f77e5c05cdf58a51a903f186203f7aa1dc14e	He quickly ran to the barn and brought out a strong rope, and then crept up with it to kappa, threw the rope around his neck and dragged him away from the river, wringing the creature's hands as he went.
84486f8267b17fc1724e5c66a8a9ba4250aded9d	Then the servant also woke up from the delusion and rushed to help the master.
8ac34c876bccf32d0bc3ca263631080c1d33e3a3	Together they managed to twist kappa and hang him upside down on a branch of the same tree.
31a8e836c6f1fcdcfa83be216dd6302f3143e887	After this fight, Genta looked at the helpless kappa hanging on a branch and began to reproach him in every possible way.
3b52a36b14fbd3e5317418492da3f092c8ff2509	"Why are you stealing horses?" he asked. - "Do you think that everything is possible for you? Perhaps I should kill you, as a warning to other kappa'm."
8fbe0d35e5f02958e7b9b1b871af2429e3003f1d	Kappa, who was suspended upside down, had water leaking out of the hollow on his skull, besides, the rope cut deeper and deeper into the flesh, causing him more and more severe suffering.
ebf40091f1e912c51aef8fe3c666b87156df1efc	In the end, kappa could not stand it and began to beg Genta to let him go, promising never to harm people again.
86a11237e823e318c665c6206547679f3903365a	Genta was a kind person and kappa managed to soften him up.
57cf46d3dc29c51cd685c3ea0f77e2f3063b28bf	Together with the servant, they removed kappa from the tree, cut the ropes, and then forced the merman to repeat his oath three times not to harm people, addressing different sides of the world.
e7cb2cb46d17bd3ba2810741b11976afe0235715	After that, kappa was allowed to go back to the river, and no one heard anything more about him, and the fame of Genta, who defeated kappa, spread throughout Japan.
6b5c49b14f78b3f6f88f5d7172b150e31fd60764	Gangi kozo - according to Japanese folklore, hairy ape-like water spirits living in rivers, close relatives of kappa
5f8825c2cef7b8d605c7b7e6ec5590e8e45d9ce4	Garappa-in Japanese mythology, a kind of kappa with very long limbs
b093c320580fd85d7f1f2623925f936506f3633a	Kawa akago -- according to Japanese folklore, kappa's relatives, the youkai, are deceivers who look like little children with red skin
2e77f2bb1238a13c413bf1592ef0b5b00cbb371e	Kasyambo - according to the beliefs of the Japanese prefecture of Wakayama, kappa, who move to the mountains every year in the fall
cbffd401efc2771ed98d8ecde091659b12f9cff5	Hesube - in Japanese mythology, kappa's relative is a small hairy creature that spreads diseases
cea6fcd0ca1668041d4acd109e3175f8e0bb05d0	Enko is a monkey-like variety of kappa from the Japanese prefecture of Hiroshima, as well as from the regions of Chugoku and Shikoku
09b399633d8ebdaae956f134df4374dd2d4b0222	Yamawaro - in Japanese mythology, one-eyed mountain spirits, the winter form of garappa
b1359ee93f1c1b7d9f1087ccef157e58fa418bc4	At the moment, kappa is considered a creature from the section of cryptozoology.
c9c9661d48001f59beff284252349fe7d4867d63	Mummified remains or kappa bones are sometimes tried to fake with the help of the remains of other animals.
f749ef4e5d3ef9aa36819a2fb3f0730af81e2c03	The most commonly used are stingrays, monkeys, hooves and otters.
cde2af91d70699d6d661a25b911706ca5db6cbdc	Nowadays, kappa is usually depicted as a mysterious and cute creature.
2707f53db393e744d281353b9dea09768faaeb6a	It is generally believed that kappa lives at the water's edge, so his image is often used by conservationists to prevent pollution of rivers and lakes.
dced0128a2dfb28edc44668e73530d449885e3e7	In Japan, Sha Wujing, the character of "Journey to the West", is often depicted as similar to kappa.
377cb1c0c64e0dc7befc5157474c4065336a6ea1	Kappa is one of the minor characters in the novel "Noperapon, or in the Image and Likeness" by Henry Lyon Oldey, a former sumo wrestler who once killed a river kappa and was reborn into a dead one.
ad029cf66c040348aa8547864412c38281e5ca28	Ryunoske Akutagawa in the story "In the land of the water" described the country of kappa hidden from people — this country is a caricature of modern human society.
5ebd4b7f280880c5fdf37d6d94b59780b3af20f6	The original title of the book is "Kappa".
feaa7079ae4b682d5126665c5d746e1f3d8136ae	A song called "Kappa", dedicated to this mythical creature, is present in several albums by Keiko Matsui.
64fc883f03c0fedc0d151af33ebd07076cabc37e	In the image of a kappa child, singer and film actress Hibari Misora appears in one of her first film roles in "Dancing Dragon Castle" in 1949, performing one of her first famous film songs "Kappa Boogie Woogie".
bc5de071a8adc9ea913c6f9e5f0005a2d40cc14d	Pointer
70bce4745ba9509a10013dc6956f9324d63eaa62	Mythology
c8456a74c8c0f9072af117dabddc69e5d67eab0c	I donot care what you think about what I'm writing here, but I'm still glad to see every visitor.
0d1fbf95abf020669acc6617a15472d1b3a62d5b	Home "Articles" Japanese Mythology " Demonology
75b82037bbc97b421a3f62e4f51bf987bc718be0	Kappa
9590f28be05c648044a1173b8e328a7e64f9d330	Kappa - Japanese water.
b44fe3c66aa2cc2dc5c324a0c81344b95a8a463b	Its appearance is very specific — a cross between a frog and a turtle frog skin, a beak instead of a nose, fingers and toes are connected by swimming webs, short hair on the head.
fba8d9d592d4a7e5cc96c72127ae4c5affa3d43b	This same saucer gives him supernatural power.
d211a0f0ba1b305b1228d120632402fe4bf22808	Sometimes it is depicted with a turtle like shell on its back.
7eaec9fe125abbe825f89bd6bb17ce91eb291c06	Kappa is a dangerous prankster who pulls people into the water and then pulls out their insides through the anus.
9e2067617d4232f0c3c2a61cc0f863b4ad0aba21	To prevent the atrocities of Kappa, it is enough just to bow to him every time you meet him.
e75436981192d5aa42322ff4e5f2b3c634fd8e58	Since kappa is Japanese, he will immediately bow in response and, having spilled the magic liquid, will turn into a helpless creature.
d996374223706d5829b9065608d663e0189e38d6	And you can also appease Kappa by offering him his favorite food cucumber.
a8f6bf2df0c37c20e50de2f0c1f217322be620f9	Read more: Kappa (Japanese: "river child") is a Japanese variety of water birds.
d8b7aaab8a4e2ea9b7f79eee77462c835b123f7c	In addition, kappa in Japan is also called a raincoat (Yap. 合羽 a word that has Portuguese origin).
a398ebded6ed35b96913fb24a92a3de010ae6904	In addition, there are also various related species, such as: seko (ja:セコ) - kappa, who climbed into the mountains at the age of 2-3 years, Mintuti (ja :ンントト) - a creature from Ainu mythology; a ghostly half man half beast; suiko (ja:水虎) — a creature also found in Chinese mythology, literally translated as a water tiger.
e2c520a23039d601c95a12e69934f234e39dbb56	Along with oni and tengu, kappa is one of the most famous mythical creatures of Japan.
1dbced7f803bbb353b2822cfad1db60cd0b3757a	Turtle like Kappa
7e88b8656256dcfb3df2b907e67308983cc57a26	The most common image is a cross between a frog and a turtle: frog skin, a beak instead of a nose, fingers and toes can be connected by swimming webs, short hair on the head, a turtle shell can be on the back, has three back passages.
25860b9f55eb4caaf9dbc332397260606f2a76a6	The body emits a fishy smell.
370e73805be779ab4884dd135c98d8a9b47f93d1	Kappa has a saucer on the top of his head, which gives him supernatural power.
4a61e0b7ee6ccad6921f0feab7bdaf4c933bee20	It must always be filled with water, otherwise the kappa will lose its power or even die.
3e847234376e17d690f8a99b587e26b395953f7c	The two hands of the mouthguard are connected to each other in the area of the shoulder blades; if you pull one, the other will shrink or may fall out altogether.
2337c6bcf1a521e4a042880b7b0e871fc0fe46a1	Ape like Kappa
494ca3f9a9c9d7080bf71981e05038027b254039	Approximately 30 % of all images of mouthguards are made up of mouthguards that look like monkeys: the whole body is covered with hair, there are fangs in the mouth, the nose is almost invisible, there is a thumb on the hands, a heel bone on the feet.
dfd60d889c5871ba5d4274804f6c42819156a1ff	Unlike the usual mouthguard, instead of a saucer on the head there is a recess in the form of an oval saucer; there may not be a turtle shell.
0e7f2fc7c69d5945809744ee441dbd0f4f54c52c	Lifestyle and folk legends
4b90f90472d3b78f12e39ec1c9c0c51bc5f14472	A typical habitat is a river or a swamp, but there are also rumors about sea kappas that drink sake and swim well.
a64892fef6b65bbc5877e64ea13f7243de221e6e	It is believed that kappa loves pranks, but does not harm a person.
5b9f9740ee95ba0a2d47f9f0e1543b671dbe3e8a	However, there are also stories that, passing near the water or bathing, people are dragged into the water by kappa, drowns and pulls a ball (yap .子子玉) out of a person's anus, which he eats or gives to the dragon king as a tax.
48589bbbd438ce2e7f626610e13ab131ca1272f3	This mythical ball was represented by a special organ in the anus, when taking it out, a person became a fool (yap. до dosl. "without entrails").
eb8c40033844f59761485baf05b2042f30525ed2	The reason for the appearance of such a legend could be that the drowned man's anus muscle relaxes and it seems that a ball was pulled out of there.
8b5ed81d01c236b33e614998d7fb750a6c92c2d4	There is also a hypothesis that this ball symbolizes the insides as a whole.
2b81377090da6e0a34c71447a53913040f68b2c3	Also, the kappa can pull the ball from the child if he loses in the sumo fight.
c641438cbf2ee976bae79f769fff5bb9095f0d40	Kappa loves sumo and often has fun fighting with human children.
8a95f3ea7ea5a679c36a603dcf202389720acd5a	It is believed that kappa is stronger than anyone, even an adult sumo wrestler, but there are still several ways to win.
2694599b0b508355021eb395a696366e3a46eea6	If you catch kappa just after he ate the offering to the deceased, then even a child can defeat him.
8d0e684fbd925c6641a3385f09b835d0c56533c5	Another way is to bow before the start of the fight: kappa will bow in response, water will pour out of the saucer, and he will lose strength.
18f1ef25f4776b4a6c50b3ae68bfd0554c1eb6ad	Generally speaking, kappa loves sumo, because it was originally a ritual in honor of the Water Deity.
972ae466c44dc78220e423c564229cbf133127aa	Favorite food: cucumbers, fish and fruits.
a0c06db02b29ef29f720b9a9f35e291329582af7	The reason for the love of cucumbers lies in the fact that kappa is considered the embodiment of the Deity of Water.
8dae45451fb97a4a721c4292453fb096c56cf7ec	And it was customary to bring cucumbers to the Deity of Water.。By the way, makizushi with cucumbers is called "kappovye" (Yap .ッッッ).
44ab85a252adb7ade8ca36fec4157a862c1f725f	Origin
996433bc5f9e913cdc6f0952daf37a94c48673c1	The origin of kappa can be roughly divided into two parts — in Western Japan and in Eastern Japan.
684ce4b19cca74d413f739ec25839ea14da2aae7	In the west of Japan, it is believed that the image of the kappa was imported from the continent and comes from the Chinese kahaku (ja: 河 河).
e3711f6b171d4202b4af56749eaf45386f8e5af8	In China, the kappa was attributed to some mythical type of monkey (ja:猿猴).
c6af6170ddf77f877c9ec110f6c7399d574b0eb5	In eastern Japan, there are several versions of the origin of the kappa: shikigami, which was made by ommoji Abe no Seimei; the hermit's dharmapala En no Ozuno; or even a doll that the sculptor Hidari Jingoro made to help himself.
a3b4bdbbcc95cef16f2850dcd999296169d7cd6e	The stories that the kappa's hands are connected to each other originate from here.
739df88a7bbdddc2d58540f8cf9a9cf4a377982a	Just as the Deity of Water becomes the Deity of the Mountains in autumn, kappa becomes yamavaro (ja:山 山) with the arrival of winter in some regions.
0771c6767571152793e1683450da153f0dad785f	In Oita Prefecture, in the fall, kappa goes to the mountains and becomes seko, and in Wakayama kexianbo.
2a84746d6a799b75e7f0d60c4f11fdd30af9aff4	Yamawaro is revered as the deity of the mountain, and kappa, like the Chinese dragon, is considered the deity of water.
6fcaa3e767aeea84f482a744f44a49fef50da5ba	There is an opinion that just like dzasikivarasi (an analogue of a brownie), which is considered the spirit of the mountains, only children can see kappa.
de955f3941717d07ea1a8ab89b302e0db8c253bb	As for the saucer on the head, the folklorist Shinobu Orikuchi in his book "Stories about Kappa" makes interesting remarks: "A plate or saucer is an object on which food is placed, so it can be a symbol of vital forces..."
b6eeb68f699df00b48b6db5a6b30e31e1387378d	Orikuchi notes that since ancient times there was a tradition to sacrifice girls to the water gods, in the hope of the well being of any social activity.
701e45b0f1eaa64d68c5256a2e92cfdd03921c1b	In Hirado, there is a story about how in one mansion the owner killed a maid with a katana and threw her into the sea, who broke a saucer.
96ccf6e744e5e8e9316d257a7a42b32b903df973	Her body became the prototype of the kappa.
883fcb7a831bfcf36b42f80ca097e2f696b6f80b	Kappa today
2781b5683505d9ee910e7d5c9860f52be7d2bd9f	Kappa in anime and manga
0fe42eafdd07e4d6e9b5bce67acabbc1084c6ccd	In the anime "Magic Summer", a young kappa finds himself in the modern world and begins searching for his relatives.
6c8be9146fee07aabd667ba4e1dd4995ce90c3a4	Kappa is found in one of the chapters of "Shin Pet Shop of Horrors".
131e04c9ccf2771ff7578cfd0c258998f8d1129f	In the guise of a Kappa, one of the characters of the anime "Arakawa Under the Bridge"appears.
14753ad3fbec44fce60f6e2ec5542e22e8bc85f9	Kappa appears in one of the anime series "Hetalia and the Axis Countries".
c96923ae5b3a53d0220e0151390b0a5096e82198	Kappa appears in one of the anime series "Inuyasya".
f996bf8a912d01583f5fa859a1e503f1832948f1	Kappa appears in one of the anime series "Gintama".
18ac7cdd44f3df842a2a94580a1eda2f05c7d3b3	A fake mummified kappa appears in several episodes of the anime "The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya chan".
af892283bb4b0145ba565084bb665df5b22b86ed	Kappa appears in one of the anime series "Natsume's Friendship Notebook".
7ffa6b87318554d5fc9c961508d04f69669415d9	The character of the anime and manga "School Rumble", Oji Karasuma, wears a kappa costume instead of the usual rain cape.
5ca558d962026e203fde64d4570c4dbd44b85e7a	Kappa in computer games
a9bd6c33d917ae2c0e62c50e86b2ed8792973c21	Kappa a monster that can use water magic even far from rivers (thanks to the water in the saucer) is one of the mobs in the online game Ragnarok Online, living on an island dedicated to Japan.
8a9f532d69d6825c7a0b3569aa129a6e71cc2dec	Nitori Kawashiro, the Touhou Project character, is a kappa.
40093bce18be178bc7b4e0881d82cd8f4fdfc913	In the game Might & Magic: Heroes VI, kappas are one of the types of troops of the Sanctuary Castle.
f80379a320f821b9032c61a79626bc6711c26d69	more definition:
81f15d123d3f403131278b2f756180963b223a05	The most famous and popular among all evil spirits, kappa is a creature that is found everywhere in Japan, it is found in various interpretations, and is related to the entire genus of all water goblins of a similar species.
4eeb23d8b40f04ed47ac063160bb1a444ce30784	But this little water monster is still known for its unique and often stupid characteristics.
fec27611c193cd6991efe5e4b1b5bb9153ce4a43	The first of these characteristics is a recess with a liquid on his head.
1d27a1ca0e7a7b0d3ff8487501135f3da22843e5	The water in his head gives him great strength, and if it dries or spills, the kappa will lose its superpower or even weaken so much that it will not be able to move.1 Kappa is very proud of his hydro power, and often calls people to compete in the fight, but cunning people deceive him by making a bow and expecting a response, and then even before the fight begins, water spills and the weakened demon loses the duel, which is very upsetting this boastful creature.
d517869efb442d91e9583791c5aea5d8a8aef6d6	Another distinctive feature of Kappa is his passion for cucumbers.
8a6a76fe14a46065778a5acf3011cd5683cd3a7f	Perhaps it turned out because of the custom to pacify the spirits and gods of the rivers with the first harvest of cucumbers and eggplants (which kappa also loves).
0d0bf1771dd83c878fdee50663b3cb554b0bb1bd	Swimming on such days is likely to entail an attack, because the kappa can confuse you with gifts.
418f2aeffdaa1ca252333853c33cb2bb27967e3d	In the Tokyo area, at least, it was believed that if you write your name on the first cucumber you pick and throw it into the river, it will protect you and your loved ones from kappa attacks.
fc87ad82f1c7bac527ca638255660424d9336d37	But cucumbers, or even their smell, is considered only to lure him, and almost all over Japan, people are advised not to eat these vegetables before bathing.
924c3a13efd7d908358eaebb3837e1ae5b1bb4fe	The most attractive thing for kappa in cucumbers is their tips.
06618c9edd4c438dda151cb3cf3f4d0e56f90f24	Despite the fact that the kappa is a very formidable creature, it is quite small, usually no bigger than a child.
a6c0c59436b6e4146fa54edb82ea11713448d934	Sometimes he may have a pointed bird's beak, and sometimes his face may look like a monkey's.
3f8dcb4b2496d3b7540e2de46ca257679ae51947	Sometimes there is a turtle shell on the back, its slippery skin is usually blue or greenish in color, less often red.
e9e21b68c5e2b9a8d09749a5935e69be2fb8ee6d	Its head is usually covered with hair, sometimes not only the head, but also the entire body, the limbs of the creature are long and straight, and of course there are webs between the fingers.
28b61c575145d791f0e64723cbe4614d3b8c7e96	If tengu and demons are borrowed from the folklore of other countries, then kappa is a purely Japanese unique deity.
ef84dbab238ef288817e16e7307f2c6823d00484	The kappa (translated from Japanese as "river child") has a beak, a scaly body covered with a turtle shell, a crown on its head filled with a magical liquid from which its vital and supernatural power is drawn.
46d1fe5c8f5f74d1a81b293614be580e4edf112c	Kappa also has evil intentions, for example, to lure children and women laundresses into the water and drown them.
89064b590e76b6210519c0ed06e123d8a8adb5cd	Kappa This unpredictable Japanese water spirit is a bit like one of the most famous magical creatures in Scotland – the Kelpie.
f5c7c76e280b3cedbe5defc66d1f7e45610df6d5	It is found near rivers, lures people into the water and drowns them.
b074995af15d0f17f5248bcedfe5d0f7a42e09cf	The Kelpie often turns into a horse and, as it were, invites you to ride, and then quickly takes careless riders to the nearest pond.
042152a67bedd0ca65ec2c7a19105f1e037dc627	Animals, like all other mythical creatures, also play an important role in the Japanese world of the supernatural.
2f8293959b060e7fc7d90c1fdbea1e00404fed07	First of all, foxes, badger like raccoon dogs, tanuki and snakes have magical power.
9a962f661e4859e3d131870c9775c391039f3799	The pantheon of magical animals also includes frogs, turtles, cats, dogs, monkeys, birds, mice, shelves, wild boars, deer, horses, otters, weasels, spiders, butterflies, fireflies and even earthworms.
ab24c16ac87f2b55c72d9e3d501f2f030610c034	For example, when an earthquake occurs, it is said that this gargantuan an underground striped catfish turns over in its sleep.
b2b6377e978af22ad27fa5f94637dc88e44c269d	In fairy tales and legends, animals are endowed with human qualities, and vice versa.
2d8734de95909f2ee0456bde480f9892858daa51	Often animals communicate with people, protect the borders of our world from the penetration of dark forces, teach wisdom or show the way.
3b6610aeed4632492d05ef1234e2fde0ac2cfd4b	In Izumo Province, the villagers call Kappa Kawako the Son of the River.
3a74a042106bbde3016c678f065617b97d2db677	Near Matsue there is a small village called Kawachi mura, and on the banks of the Kawachi River there is a small temple known as Kawako no miya, that is, the temple of Kawako, or Kappa.
e3b6c61f06e9a9d53aefc8018d05ef6c39738708	They say that there is a document signed by this water.
da9040dad6d7fad6a668d85fc9da3658c29218c1	There is the following legend about this document.
fe14c3c9aef51a61fa6cb8575566c4db92bbea5a	Kappa's Promise
126814520212c2b80297bfa27c92b9b6bc58a927	In ancient times, Kappa lived in the Kawati River and amused himself by grabbing and killing villagers, and also livestock.
f9a8ad74a8a54f393ed6cdd4445a3359aa4930e1	Once a horse entered the river, Kappa, trying to catch it, broke his neck, but, despite the severe pain, did not let go of his victim.
cc90ffdb1ab4a329b05ad3feb55bbfdbbd64a650	The frightened horse jumped onto the bank and galloped into a nearby field, while Kappa sat astride the animal, mad with fear.
41a7d2f7e59b1f8fe3297352b1cb70ba3d5c63f7	The owner of the horse, with the help of other villagers, grabbed and tightly tied the Son of the River.
74b653d88acd0ad9b155e10f4d547b9493aff3fc	"Let's kill this disgusting creature–" the peasants suggested, " because it has certainly committed many terrible crimes.
7cc1140621a900feb4e1a03e0475713c285365bd	We will do well to get rid of this vile monster.
b467f43b6fbff3803ad1cdf1173df1566a8e56fb	"No," replied the owner of the horse, " we will not kill him!"
6fde5c9d14ca02673956ee9f6d4d32a3eae2bca7	We will make him swear never to touch the inhabitants of our village and our livestock again.
e1ad3c3a0948e991e8137be93eca05490a404825	The relevant document was prepared, Kappa was asked to review it and, when he did it, to sign it.
a19d2f88e19f2be1da16fedbaf137b30dff750c1	"I donot know how to write," replied the penitent Kappa, " but I will put my hand in ink and attach it to the document.
aabd338fa5c8aa248cc0ee2acb7814b61220d439	When Kappa put his ink "signature", he was released and released into the river, from that day he firmly keeps his word.
dd7cca0fe08c59ef6b18fe7ab50a4d80e9ad715e	How Genta defeated kappa.
be0ec3010a338fd881904d3055743eefc029f0b9	"Why are you stealing horses?" he asked.
3261c95492a5e1bc4eb16426adb1d10bd3f09fcd	- "Do you think that everything is possible for you?
efef89fe5f8fdb5070b33ebb5ca44a462b9bf7f2	Perhaps I should kill you, as a warning to other kappa'm."
bf2f0372339d9eb4630809a3e4cfe80f7821ef6a	There are also modern stories about kappa in Japan, he is something like Nessie for the Scots, appearing with enviable regularity in public and in newspaper articles.
a1443c4786a786e7c29f4c711f0c8c3ceeca6887	In August 1984, Shirozaki Ryu was returning home late at night and saw children playing by the river.
3b7779ae4e19ba16b47810616ff724b5c7636f70	Coming closer, he managed to notice that they looked somehow strange, but he did not have time to examine anything in more detail, because the children jumped into the river together.
100c7047d12d84ef68bf5a56f5bf92920db3edc5	No one appeared on the surface, and the rescuers and the police who arrived on the call found only strange three fingered footprints on the shore.
8a8096685f33e9e78f0950a50bcf65e6300eaa49	Another story dates back to the 91st year and occurred in the city of Saito What's in Miyazaki Prefecture
f2194a1083f2d8b9619e3bf0cd8c4ecff823a063	( 宮崎県 ). Matsumoto Matsugi, along with his wife, came home in the evening and found that the floor was trampled all over with three fingered paw prints, and there was a strong smell of fish in the air.
6704be907da6e40ea0404025e167f8c2e143e78b	Everything was in its place in the house and nothing was missing, but in some places there were traces of a strange orange liquid, as it turned out later, the composition did not differ from ordinary water in anything except a very high iron content.
88d52ce03009f2eeb52401cf6d54d6a3c66c9fa5	The couple turned to a Shinto priest, who suggested that kappa had visited their house.
17a4bacbbdb057819f51b0a162c4789b61fdd3f0	Despite the fact that the incident was quite harmless, it was not possible to wash the traces of the uninvited guest.
a34cb47266466927e1a636f4576d8da3b4bd8ac0	There are also legends with a theory about the origin of kappa - it is associated with Shinto water gods, with legends about drowned children who return to take revenge (children were drowned in rivers during a hungry time when there was nothing to eat), with Chinese stories about monkeys (hence the monkey features in appearance), and Chinese water demons, and even associate its origin with the image of a Portuguese monk
86b9873e68c2d804f62ebf7de03b7d45a20a7491	(the fact is that the monks carried their bags behind their backs, like a turtle the shell, and tonzura gave rise to the legend of a hollow in the skull - however, knowing the habits of kappa, you begin to think about the moral appearance of monks).
693789685969d01a3d8723faeacbcb460b325152	But, despite the abundance of reasonable and not very theories, the most common opinion still says that kappa just always lived in rivers and still live in them, so swim more carefully - you never know what...
cec8d32d16a99dda9050d86de258c47c6849cd10	They did all their business, being all the time with caution.
23e6bd2e04e429872e1065a617ad68fd6a7ac6f2	Kappa loves to eat children very much, but the most favorite delicacy for him is cucumbers.
f222474bb7fa9adf008f8e0822c939dced23e3df	So you can always pay off by throwing into the water, where kappa, a cucumber with its carved name, seems to live.
f036a5c408e0d66072af7fe88a5b80a48db4c9af	There are even special sushi kappa maki, that is, rolls with cucumber.
e6a5312ed1183b5693bc09ae27dafa2cb5bac965	Category: Demonology / Added: Ginger Owl (03.07.2012)
421b2535aa63e89855105ca7932af23d811c18ef	Views: 3960 / Tags: Water, Kappa / Rating: 0.0/0
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d5c3be3cf826652f544515fa9c206b4a6ae25ae0	. Kappa - with all the variety of characters in Japanese demonology associated with water, the most famous was the inhabitant of rivers, a kind of water kappa, which means "child of water".
ce3050e882b18435ba47ba7526d64f1b47fc2b46	His appearance would have fully corresponded to this name, if not for his actions.
0f119cdaee97fcaf330cb3f497091f86aef640d8	In the representations of the Japanese, the kappa was an exclusively male being.
8285fe42cf49c3533e8654c5ec90152fdf56e617	His face is close to that of a monkey, his eyes are round.
be115cb500e42acea4f21e549c249720370d2c32	On the back — a shell, like a turtle.
b7f7bd8da624253125b44bb6dfe9448d6b5e9315	However, even on earth, Kappa felt quite confident.
3b94a621c0fbb1ee16bc0cae3e1913fb5979788e	It was believed that the kappa feeds on the entrails of its victims, and also sucks the blood.
696b90e3b241e16dbd8416e1ffb8bc8ce7d3f9b6	A typical image of a kappa, which has developed in folk legends and fairy tales — is the image of a thief, usually caught and punished.
dcea70dda8665af0d40ae5d833642a45a0b48f18	However, only true brave men were able to defeat kappa by force.
a19985bd4456666748e1ef3d6c4bcf125719f6c6	At the household level, all sorts of recommendations were passed down from generation to generation on how to get rid of the mouth guard with the help of ingenuity.
f0dfc204cb80826ebdd13c3998458d8d726e8d68	So, for example, in the north of Japan, there was an idea that kappas, despite their cruelty, are very polite.
62af61555dcd6663e1e057967c9c47db0c1b9e9c	And therefore, when you meet a kappa, no matter how terrified you feel, you should bow low to him.
efdf6e343c2314a727fdfc0ee9ccc7722d3303ed	Then the kappa will respond in the same way, and the liquid will flow out of the hollow.
74434d63f55691e89d959c5a6017971c9f00a19d	Another way is to take advantage of this creature's weakness for cucumbers, which it prefers to human flesh.
91da41f0ab3f2c997a3844d34f56dc2b1fbe879b	If you write the names and ages of the donor's family members on the cucumber, they will not be in danger from a grateful kappa.
565ddaaec485451f8be6381ec9cd23314e434a1e	And if you tear off his hand in a fight with a kappa (which happens quite often), then the kappa, which has the ability to "heal" the torn body parts within three days, will come and ask for his hand back.
01790b7986894f56f9043301caee3379cb2b1392	In gratitude for the return of the limb, the kappa can give you the gift of healing, or give you a lot of money.
5492d3860c7f67d383cf8f4e13bfb52ed35a7476	Japanese folklore knows many examples of kappa's shyness and helplessness, his desire to help a person and even make friends with him.
e67f9c37c157b283308b8eaa21a063a0deec6f89	In general, the connection of a person with the water is in fact very strong.
aa746c2cb2e866bdd1e5463391eaee8f3588d597	Latin name: Circopithechelonia crurorana
469acd2694df3e12fa51d5bd674d7b687fcbb2f8	Habitat: Rivers, ponds, streams, dams
88ae90b8dfb35c967730c411b8217a239e610429	Life expectancy: Up to 100 years
c946372ea008b1ade594ab238fbf34ff165f83e0	Size: About the size of a small monkey; about 30cm in length
d7eecbf054a8e0109481a79e689b5aff2bded422	Habitat: Japan
64bbd8a9644bacd3acb4b83a2713bb9f9621ddcc	Results of the analysis of the liquid on the head of the mouthguard (water):
08f154f8c4dc804c37a51c72158648e457dbe902	Na 3, K 0.5, Ca 3.5, Mg 1.3, Cl 5, SO4 6.5, NO3 1.9, HCO3 11, SiO2 7, pH 5.8
8458c317a4493034deedc53119499b2ef4851bc3	Kappa (or Mazzutora) is described in the book "Nohon Reiki", VIII century.
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afce9b382002a234214eb1c2c57cee3ee759ba8a	the author of the project, without the appropriate permission or specifying a link to the Encyclopedia website myfhology.info
c7882b1addd44644bb527b0f321f52500c46a476	Winter is coming, The Wanderer, the polar fox is knocking on the door.
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7a1524b1e68ff7f82176fd80330ca0a865a116ca	Home "Encyclopedia" Kappa
34badd36a39d1730a2e672eb5f94e771b65af950	Kappa.
050614f75ae6af1ed770fa8afee7dc91e765fdda	Illustration by Toriyama Sekien
e9c3364ba0128d8e60d2146ebc508218c253204c	Drawing by Kurt Komoda (Kurt "TickleMeCthulhu" Komoda)
6df0b0674f813bb365f434d4e5770a8f017186b6	Illustration by Simon Dominick
c54ab8343646af2cd8e69f05ffa4f24acc6d0274	Illustration by Yuko Shimizu for the project "Beware of the Yokai!" by Discovery Channel
7cb4ec0d1306bd82708532a5fa8c532f96ccb679	The hand and foot of the mouthguard.
eee30f25168218c90386a82cf7bdde21a5fd8353	Mummified remains on display at the Shimazu Residence in Miyazaki Prefecture on the island of Kyushu
225adb6bbd0158aad875db33cdcb757d299bda96	Mouthguards.
1bf4b5272a2e8d7e17be6ce776bea2ab2813180a	Drawing of Amayagi do
6d1bb17c8564de8a6bc02a0102207c5af52c86e5	An illustration by Gojin Ishihara from The Illustrated Book of Japanese Monsters"
80e86416691c363a78daef7410d0a0dc3901d160	Dave Alsop's illustration for the "Pathfinder" setting"
bce502f3f48e87d4c8ac2d2e94e17950ac3bede3	The Kappa family.
b4c0928fb882fdb04e1b2a00bd8dcad59d47d833	Illustration by Gojin Ishihara
6ce945c1f3f219acd795d37c1e948839e14b814d	Japanese drawing about the variety of kappa shapes
5c7bcb7493a3033c7984a08eceaf018dcdf54d04	Kappa from the game "Heroes of Might & Magic VI"
0d64ae84c32a8082deaf542219772a6d7df64174	Illustration by Artemis Kolakis (2008)
3371641444629e82d3e01abef765091af8e7c379	Illustration by Allen Douglas
50b86e5610b3e0e9f025224365372e2f9f69cda2	Netsuke from Takayama, Japan (1870-1890)
284982c454c37a846389e64dc851edc977191b5d	Frog Teaching Kappa.
f3a5330d3cb15fd148033f6abfc7a37e567f1612	Japanese miniature
0e59a585ccced12b3584ad87dc2971cdf79cea05	Wooden netsuke
ec521891670b207a4cfe6fa6d9835a960a049b62	Kappa holding a cucumber.
f8dc72631f643d28e22075d7102c334ad901baf5	Netsuke masters of Toshikazu, mid XIX century
ccd75072664e88ae253587364963f61b4359aeb0	Kappa and cucumber.
8224e278ab51c645551ab1940e45120f9d997aab	Inlay on the bone.
536569a6454386cb50e417bd77ad5cc1e9db29a8	Ex Bushell and Roosevelt collections
7b9b7685ad44807cab4c53df008bd7b8c720d185	Kappa on the shell.
bc3e1c5831218ca771d3bf728049ebba53709b60	Netsuke.
7108b7d1f0b184421694c8702166d0118938b558	Tokyo School, XIX century
c586282fd60e5831558e7f981b39d872fefe9ae0	Drawing by Katsushika Hokusai
cb29bc7425b88e86f73211d4e5e2cd6dce365595	Drawing by Rakael Mayo
17cd93c4581f8fe7b95a8951dc5ff38de1b80e34	Kappa (河 河)
9ab2ef874845982fa749dfdc34070d474ec1d278	— the Japanese spelling of the name Kappa (literally - "river child") and its transliteration in Latin Mazzutora — one of the names of the Kappa Mizutora — one of the names of the Kappa Creeping water a variant of the name of the Kappa in some Russian translations of the Harry Potter books
8e406c0b6b719d991ab9eb279dc7a6d34d5d44d2	The surroundings seemed to be a premonition of a theatrical climax, on every pine peak there was a long nosed tetu, who once taught the art of fencing to the hero Yoshitsune; in every puddle a bug eyed kappa splashed with a little head full of water, guarding countless treasures; the ghosts of former beauties danced around magnolias, and every gust of wind sounded the snoring of the furious deity Susanoo no Mikoto, the winner of the eight headed serpent from Kosi.
9367d7e15f53ab230934fc590b1b069b698fb35a	Henry Lyon Oldie " Noparapon "(374)
463cc8649ef49fac38389c46d5ba62528082b578	A Japanese variety of water birds.
34a97d11174cdbacbaa3084e1e30d336db5c1820	Their appearance is very specific — a cross between a frog and a turtle: frog skin, a beak instead of a nose, fingers and toes are connected by swimming webs, short hair on the head.
1dd2a59fb4afbe55041fb1ac8651e739ca11134d	A kappa was standing by a horned snag, completely overgrown with slime and rotten fragments.
d1b32041a91dc43255e8a9eef316e887941874f5	Exactly the same as he was in children's fairy tales and descriptions of lying eyewitnesses.
f518008c47809dfae40adc67026bba6e30436789	As tall as Motoyoshi's chest, a stocky bug eyed man with an octopus beak for a nose, kappa danced with impatience and looked at the young man with a distinct hint.
9b2ab9ea062d13811e255ed7e420232fc7600f69	He loves cucumbers and sumo wrestling very much.
ad3393e24cc616137749fbe1311ab4d1f4012913	Kappa is first mentioned in the book "Nohon Reiki", VIII century:
f7d3be12d0208ef98381cb17294e6294e82e2c2b	"In the minds of people, kappa is an exclusively male creature, having the appearance of an ungainly teenager with greenish yellow skin and webbing on his hands and feet.
28ebe5d89fad1db9335471b4cd367f008b2f1775	His face looks like a monkey, and his eyes are round.
26ed6ee09e0ee36070511c78b9ef08c60206682c	On his back is a shell like a turtle, he smells of fish, and he is completely naked.
4558c519d8958d1d3837c669578af0ef3cf05f08	On the head of the kappa there is a special recess in which water splashes.
1501655d2e0f555f7cc0bf5f526944ae850bd273	It is this depression that is the place of concentration of the power of the kappa — if water flows out of this hollow, the water child loses its power and becomes completely helpless.
afb45acd915284566cb140fa522d8324e9e7b09a	Kappa was considered a very dangerous creature in Japan, which was engaged in luring people and animals into the water by cunning or dragging them by force " (114).
f44b62bb19e75f05d015560123d046373aafd0cf	Kappa in the world of Harry Potter
6d329de6e9a4ea8838d989324131e779cb64db14	In the world of Harry Potter, according to the classification of the Ministry of Magic, kappa is classified as XXXX (dangerous / requires the intervention of a specialist / a high class wizard can cope).
175405c3ae9059a1f0015657027c66563ad3b8b9	Here he is still the same Japanese water demon that lives in shallow ponds and rivers.
c381d095a757f3f396988b9b1c3d490da8263a21	According to some stories, it looks like a monkey, covered with fish scales instead of wool.
6751da2ff6975e42a4b36b0be7023c712e9818e7	On the top of the mouthguard there is a hole in which it stores water.
6af4a3e374e9ef3700d227c865de2e9b2104e5d8	Kappa feeds on human blood.
70f2fbd99962baa50e043db69405ae3e0cbf08d7	But you can avoid his attack if you throw him a cucumber in time, on which your name is carved.
87aa76c303d1c13f86c3b01043f6fbc0a43fefc7	Having met the kappa, you need to bow to him — then he will bow in return, the water will pour out of the hole, and the kappa will lose its power (582).
afc980ff7601febe7a75586c3a68e5cfcec7ba02	In chapter 9 of J. K. Rowling's book "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban", it is mentioned that in 1993, replacing Remus Lupin in his lessons during transformations, Severus Snape mistakenly reported that Kappa does not live in Japan, but in Mongolia (416).
3e2d5a579c3cc7fe44fbdae859b823ffde571cd2	In some translations of the Harry Potter books published by Rosmen, the word "kappa"is translated as a creeping water.
16c0475e3bb02b1c7eaaea5fc546eff1767329b1	Varieties of mouthguards
e19c1cdd4c65a5073f60804fe67ff8e833e13f01	Gangi kozo - according to Japanese folklore, hairy ape like water spirits living in rivers, close relatives of kappa Garappa in Japanese mythology, a kind of kappa with very long limbs Kawa akago -- according to Japanese folklore, kappa's relatives, the youkai, are deceivers who look like little children with red skin Kasyambo - according to the beliefs of the Japanese prefecture of Wakayama, kappa, who move to the mountains every year in the fall Hesube - in Japanese mythology, kappa's relative is a small hairy creature that spreads diseases Enko is a monkey like variety of kappa from the Japanese prefecture of Hiroshima, as well as from the regions of Chugoku and Shikoku Yamawaro - in Japanese mythology, one eyed mountain spirits, the winter form of garappa
9ed6fa53e6f2adfddfa5269e1fa4855bf452a70a	Sourcecrynitsyzródłajerelsources "Magic Bestiary" - Kharkiv: Folio, 2004 (80) Taksami Ch.
1fe42f1bf92bf653e17aa3528ef4134f389c9738	M., Kosarev V. D. "Who are you, Ainu?"
d2fa6b47c543619794a383cb45fc4837237cf565	- Moscow: Mysl, 1990 (114) G. L. Oldie "Noperapon" - Moscow: Eksmo, 2006 (374) J. J. K. Rowling" Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban "— Moscow: Rosman, 2001 (416) J. K. Rowling "Fantastic Beasts and their habitats" - Moscow: Rosman, 2009 (582)
d1048eab984deeafde8d28f4a4b00fe18d480bf1	Additional informationadditional INFORMATIONINFORMACJA dodatkowaDditional Informationadditional Information Website "onmarkproductions.com" Wikipedia (ru)
87a243fe2ec38fad4be0dd7c712344400b817086	statusStatus artykulaStatus artykułuStatus stattiArticle status: A stub (an empty page created to stake out an indefinitely planned article, or to cover a link leading from another article)
04d06addb08a4d61480091ecf4fbfcb452db9221	Preparation of the article Padryhtoika artykulaPrzygotowanie Artykułu Preparation of the stattiArticle preparation:
6e7f2da2a36d45f54deccc49691a82762e5253a0	korg, KOT
650dea812721e2e8063e5dc36725b7a77a876ce0	Rating: 0
0443c7d80b4f2e5370fed655829bb246d951c936	The address of the article in the internetadras artykulu w Internecieadres artykułu w internecieAdres statti in the interneturl of article: http://bestiary.us/path; ?>
84586e26f3c542879bec5240e8023ab1476b0c8f	Cultural and geographical classification of creatures: Japanese mythology
da86337b6d60628524085cd24ca296856dc76b77	Pseudo biological classification of creatures: Aquatic
e119ad9455a76ddfc49eb03cdd91e71a5af92e16	Physiological classification: Human, Monkey, Turtle, Octopus, Frog
11c21e4400ef61bac57483b28ee6bc8ecad3e4d7	Fictional / literary worlds: The World of Harry Potter (J.Rowling), The World of Ragnarok Online, World of Might and Magic (Heroes and other series)
70e888aa73c6af3776cc814e150ea77b0bb8fe7a	Forums: About each one individually
f5d98dda084d28a169608dd73ae890b09c93e84f	quote
5e1d44de5257ac019785d21358218a5efb3d2dfb	Adonis Re: Kappa
53b5cd71a596b982ebdac0edc0eb40c231121839	Status: offline
ff429f67951f3b234c045c9904faa13940cd19ca	I also heard about the kappa that dragging people into the water, he disembowels them alive, often drinks their blood.
56b89b75959e6d7895f46515a2a31bc3f078f876	And he does it !!!through the anus!!!
a165c18192649baca7509458dfa4f44c1e4df2db	(little pervert!!!)
e5ff91aef6f80f1171213d86f71b844b3cfe7baa	And the mouthguard is distinguished by great politeness.
80fdda369a67ae2e2432ad896ef7c0b3091b5a3a	This is what saves people from it.
e65aff8d74aae7746964ac58790ec865f6a52e25	If you bow to kappa, then he will definitely bow back out of politeness. at the same time, water flows out of the recess in the head and he loses his magic power.
1ccba33652aa442d1d0da02517fb5a9a5205714f	I read this in some material from the Internet dedicated to manga and anime.
cf4c2caa61ca79e4127e96bcb14f030d14521826	Korolev also mentions this.
f1f4d26d198a4a5517aeae9af2fce5653d0d7f2e	I have heard that there is a certain story by Akutagawa "In the land of the water", in which these creatures are described in great detail.
6ebbfe9283b58bff24a5cb9423d6879ffdc9a80c	It is worth finding and quoting.
2051e188ea0b43a88a27f4b06416c1da7da488f3	I also read at Korolev's "Another mouthguard can be killed with a tobacco pipe, with which he should be hit on the back of the head."
33ea03bb7fa05a494c7d5987b0a80ee0f9220fa7	I donot know where he got it from!
f00130a435f79e6ef9b6300dda609d075c5df720	September 24, 2006-19: 21 reply
bf93e5ce8bc1228c2585b3f5a368053c9fe8346a	Down
50c3a5227ca81689b6ab520dedc1a407974bf565	linyok Re: Kappa
4fdab791c55acf9a286b8d34ee4caeba316012ac	Quote:
79f8faef9a3721f7aeee07c06a1756807f4af991	Akutagawa Ryunoske In the Land of the Water
65b3881c9daefa50aa6deebbe4bcfd963275e2f2	September 25, 2006-20: 51 reply
6f49b713831bdd6463c08d8dee07a2d66f7ccdd5	Taurdil Re: Kappa
43629dd456d46be2de3946d1316a076566de0779	Status: guest
2461de6ce2f41a8fba908c95011e44db69f6b27f	The story is translated by Arkady Strugatsky.
d74378ee7f483decbe36f932bd3327ddf2638566	And I saw a link to this author and some of the above material in the book by Kir Bulychev "Fantastic Bestiary".
3430f60b9b3c4ce55f0267ba3fa223901bfbb2e5	There is also one of the versions of the origin of the kappa, based on the folklore of the Ainu.
73eb95f9d7abe8d4c16926306c7eec17ea1753d0	"Once the Ainu country was ruled by the god Okikurumi.
c22717ae940989a865139a6eb52dd2b45f67c0ba	Then the evil spirit of smallpox appeared from across the sea, an epidemic began, and many Ainu died.
b1844062ef6b56d0dec1d2c1550b1813eb5ca8cb	….
fb334108b85d22bfb13c005f7588267f0e1a1577	How to get rid of a terrible guest, the god Okikurumi thought?
77f42c8a0e300e3fd0b47c8956ef060f33205bc6	We must send soldiers against him who will not be afraid of catching smallpox!
9fd1b50e167d78ea5a52f89b5cf94f9007ba6921	And then god made sixty one dolls out of bunches of wormwood and sent them into battle.
79ddab2f5cdb01586ba946e3f3e15d9444e8f4cb	The dolls fought desperately against the spirit of smallpox, many died on the seashore, others drowned.
b9c7046dc510666e2fdcc0ac40276ec93bcb97d3	When the battle ended and the evil spirit left the Ainu lands, only one doll remained alive, and sixty dolls died, turning into mintuti water spirits.
6820e02cb67f148b9c04d36ee22ca09a04dafede	Mintuti in the Afni language is one of the names of kappa."
7f087506c1e51a8ec1d496227362271ffe889ea0	(c)
8069bfcd97e9c53912a6720cdb125b195f3459f0	November 6, 2006-02: 53 reply
3f4cc5bfe5d2b325643201bdeddc7232eb4b60f6	KOT Re: Kappa
a99c9b043b4d63b8da07653ba504308df587404b	http://pinktentacle.com/2009/03/monster mummies of japan/
8e2050055f0166faa78f94c00f23006e48d3e5f2	May 24, 2010-08: 47 reply
37b07a3ef9f4a2471e9f0399bb302a1247053524	korg Re: Kappa
4a97f35735c669d1dd142a4c3d08bf351deae713	possible epigraph
a77ede7ab16bd9eee41d7ab64d6780f114cd5d65	Henry Lyon Oldie " Noperapon"
536883871ad445e811c88a01116da322ff879e4c	Here is an artistic description of the kappa from the same noperapon:
dbbe971f0295459572f9c042b406fa01514f5e04	About Kappa's love for sumo:
539ecbdd62145d6aad3268a6624113364f946466	A tenacious hand grabbed the damp cloth on the young man's shoulder, scooped it up into a pile.
b3cfee6685c28199d643f09149fbf79b05cb5e67	Kappa twisted himself in an unnatural way for a human: with his back to Motoyoshi, he continued to hold the fold of the kimono, twisting his shoulder joint, as washerwomen sometimes twist a loincloth, letting the water drain.
68808409d3ce34b45187499a995f1a09e72d7bc5	The sloping withers reared up like a hump, hardened with layers of muscles; the color of the skin changed dramatically – from dirty gray to pearl.
384a8207a3edac57ae035f71b5a5da12b64a0b66	The story of one kappa about how he became what he became (from noperapon again):
4f055cebca4b1b010dce965679d6e9d5afabcdff	– I was a sumo wrestler.
a05156b86b3ff7362a93d0da7dc62d945751aec4	- Having said this, the little kappa suddenly seemed to become twice, three times bigger, weighed down by a slippery body, as if he had not been talking about his brothers two or three hours earlier, calling himself "hereditary kappa".
71cf8c25dc46c74af9c86aaf7cbcbb8d98a07fde	– I was ...
73635f5f470791fa713972d8d1855a195549bc2e	I won the last tournament before the great Gampei turmoil.
9f64eee12fead630e73a9cd42b7169a28267069e	Motoyoshi was listening intently.
131edc6ce2c1d9bc9c26cda624d0fde3fbcedb89	It turned out that kappa (if he's not lying, of course!) tied his hair in a knot like a leaf of a gingko tree, even before the feud between the Taira and Minamoto clans.
894b6b0fd22e8570c302943d5c806f28f3bb8b26	Two and a half centuries ago!
a6fb6a7c212669ab1c3968750e843db5977563f5	– When I realized that there were no more worthy opponents left for me, I challenged the river kappa to a duel.
9a1fc51bd06fea183852b1901d08e05707f26738	I was bold and reckless;
982aaf8c1f0d4e12b71db3754e4b7623951bd592	I challenged – and won.
4d2265ad60d42bbb5431cd4ca9eb19017f581c9c	It was the most terrible fight in my life, even more terrible than that fight, when stakes with a pointed top stuck out thickly around the platform.
eff6a3b2d38006246dbc9d37367d29f36e1251d9	Kappa was left lying with a broken spine, and I left, laughing and spitting blood.
b43bddc809cfcf69683ca67718090bd21f6e8b0f	From that day on, I saw in every opponent a dead kappa chasing a proud narcissist; since then, any sound for me was heard by the lapping of river waves and bone crunching.
05c4e32f590969f76120d7e428aa0c0bdd5d1bb0	I settled down by the river, alone, living on alms, not immediately noticing that I was getting smaller ... but when the webbing grew between my fingers, and my nose became a beak, I noticed it right away.
0fdc0f5b1093eb308f92200efdd294a6cdc5a620	May 24, 2010-10:47 am reply
2cb3dcd2c17c5b7efc12f845a2eda2b23ef343c4	Kappa is only male.
eb8d74de25dee4a363dfa62f4e0b0d4a68d08011	Sometimes it is explained that the kappa feeds on the entrails of its victims, sucking them through the anus, or sucks the blood, but there are many contradictions.
e4bb0e119c1ff1624772096562f942ff268e0074	Sometimes they were dragged ashore by horses, or they were caught with nets, a small kappa could be dragged away by a kite.
880df97a1195b264a946b5378478b1bc0caac126	In such a situation, the Kappa beg for mercy, but you should not believe them.
4589cac1527b3716891b25242264288a4b8c4649	Kappa are very gambling, they like to fight and play dice, and in general all sorts of competitions, even completely unsuitable for them.
49f5f639a203992e241391c30f618258f6dd9d6d	They were also often caught stealing, by the hand, often tearing off their hand at the same time.
123fcc7a80f500fc59c1cb58bcef09aa51e6467e	Since the kappa can only implant the hand back within 3 days, the kappa begged for it back, sometimes for the secret of healing, because the kappa is an excellent chiropractor (there are two types of training: either the kappa clearly shows a person how he grows the hand, or gives the student something to eat, for example, fish, after which the student suddenly becomes a chiropractor to nausea).
4f0f3e8843df7b8f30e102a2347c6e77d9741a85	In the villages, kappa is called a scary word "guest".
087e4a342f426b5672f583035208ac178a96884d	They, like tengu and Yamamba, know the method of instant enrichment, they have magic items — the god Daikoku beater and a brocade bag.
8c257abcdfdeaf7f4eb6c2cbeb77615f1e882089	They can be stolen, but more often kappa gives them as a sign of gratitude.
9238cb410f6a096272d689b69134ebf42cd6fde2	If you hit the beater and make a wish, everything you want will come out of the bag, even if it is something abstract.
212164d3610894f6e66bce65b1c5cfb2d11af1d8	Japanese evil spirits - http://nin.rpg.ru/n/n japandemon.shtml
c225a718de7d56e83a70c332ee9274c842ba511b	May 24, 2010-11:05 am reply
0124ab052dfad3485426a05e1427114ecf330e5d	Website " Haiku Linde"
50b219d8648b6005ae06100541eab5e349b97245	Website " netsuke inro.com"
f5544e4ac22acd3071760ca6c454ca50bd59011d	Website "netsuke.com"
57a147af0b9d891f49c05bc99a3e74252351518a	they donot work
3333b3db529a5cc2be9052ccdb51c5e2cb6379e9	October 25, 2011-17:17 reply
456bc83bae3a94749a849a0d0c93a78b7ec25821	an excellent selection of illustrations - http://kardiologn.livejournal.com/164691.html
368a6d0d18595f0810634a5fa51f59f30921b1a1	+ http://kardiologn.livejournal.com/47034.html
f3bce9a161446cf2c3b050fa09c6a965cf838029	August 16, 2012-16:03 reply
4f34dfeb6e9a89e923bda1c2ff5bab256ca73da6	Varieties of mouthguards are better in separate articles or here?
5799ec729e5f8164f8ba9a1781efaa97beab9103	October 21, 2013-12:03 pm reply
24c4075a901147aff5854d178ceaa3c3b98cb060	Are there many of these species?
cb3bc10e7a5703962e25ceb0063fcef69fe9e563	October 21, 2013-19:51 reply
448367e7f456afec5a6e6d9c1fc3c8ee84e411ff	And the Japanese expert of our Alke team answers the viewer's question ;)
acde71702f6581cad0e4ac4911cb847183b90a4d	October 21, 2013-22:28 reply
d12ef5fec4f0e8ec5332501b6cf2c2daf476746a	Alke Re: Kappa
c608d00c75a09a8a53b59b5293570ba85a0588ae	I answer: so far I know 4 (soon there will be 5) varieties of mouthguards.
26df4e6a0ab901b4d94b2b88bf51fbf53a62e310	Gangi kozo:, Garappa, Enko:, Umi gozen.
6bea1f4477959fce8a1523c79f65cefcc388cd08	There is also Kasyambo, but this is not a separate variety, but what all kappas become when they make a seasonal trip from reservoirs to the mountains.
6f2c7f776a524a90ff25a6d7a5c08731f2a2f4ae	With a stretch, Shibaten can be attributed to kappas, but he is not a kappa, but a special kind of tengu, which is very similar to a kappa.
034819815d865b121357c2806edb75271cd26022	October 22, 2013-11:07 am reply
607932bcd76ac21fcb73697e357091cb2109aff9	So my question is valid:
79f3e63cf6b0a2636ef864506250384e43a29bf5	KOT wrote: Are the varieties of kappa better in separate articles or here?
92f442faae10700808a531fe6d2c6efabb1ceee7	who thinks it's better?
8b375ae21dab00300f6118ee7633e7fba05227cb	October 22, 2013-11:19 am reply
a21b820c1c20f3e0b3b1e5c99b674e0b1144104b	It seems to me that it is not necessary to create a separate article for each variety.
d6198d5c2da34656d85423dac3d6bcd28d7aa20f	Differences between the view ami kapp are not particularly principled, there is not much information about them, it is quite possible to cram them into the general one.
f1a01c6a11e0c4c35c6e9ce36717d4e9d70e9331	October 22, 2013-11:54 am reply
d50df695f481ce91c3781dc40a2b54ac0cd1959a	http://gitoku.deviantart.com/art/kappas 189787207
d9a6938aa193a40097a2d132f6d273588316116a	January 25, 2014-17:08 reply
a934d56af7042147bf84fa008ef0e998947805c2	gaid Re: Kappa
78db978b7e0da62449a1f2392539fee11902c25b	Description of the kappa from Noperapon: "the scaly skin of the kappa played with the glare from the fire (and they say they donot like fire!), changing its own color almost every second - carmine, ochre, blue steel, crimson...
1f6e98ac4b74a4bd8deffd73551b568c166b8357	June 13, 2014-21:28 reply
c82ac5bab1ee41b5e7b234aa3f9e11e455e56d1e	There were two known ways to avoid kappa's deadly behavior.
8af8bf189cb64d016fdbd68c62165c714540b5f4	First - as soon as you see the creature, politely bow to it.
ecbe578666446aed681daddeb3c0b81cdd978c6f	Then kappa will bow in return, and the water will pour out of the recess in his head.
f7cf5f5127ffb03c1e068dff67a698c37d467034	The loss of water deprived him of strength until he filled the depression again.
69917996ae433b666bca0a48dce73c79efd06055	In the meantime, the person could escape.
56db8dc87afbbded9b532e4c0c36cd5b869d6286	The second way is to cut out the names of all the family members on the cucumber and throw it into the water of the kappa.
280c2547fb571f522a5d9898588dee18e68ff353	Kappa will not attack those whose names are written on it.
fc3ca2df2183960ea30323415ae032e3cbaeee01	However ,the" offering " in the form of a cucumber must be made annually.
50037e185e05a78bd1437b8c2aefa106d3c78b45	Despite the fact that these strange creatures were considered dangerous, they shared with people some knowledge, most often concerning chiropractic.
6a4a8567afe6af10e1eff37423f134f8c2ea5d6e	There are several legends about the deals concluded between kappa and people.
b8af319497408a06cb240f8de631b93ccb9cdf13	According to one of them, kappa made a promise to share the gift of chiropractic, sealed the contract with a handshake, pulled a person under the water and ate him.
d9166609e6ebc362b7d75c78934cd6c7ac66cbc8	Once kappa applied the same trick to a passing rider, but as soon as their fingers closed in a handshake, the rider spurred the horse, pulling kap pu out of the water and spilling water from a hole in his head.
80a2bb31c4c5faec97507e8124a3f32a2cd0e363	The man released the mouthguard only after he promised not to annoy people anymore.
8d3643e574c707fd38393846233e1478ccd23fcc	Kappa kept this promise.
6ac484fa83bce8fe61e43237569d5c3da354afd0	In exchange for freedom, kappa promised to teach a person to set bones, after which the person and at least one of the representatives of each subsequent generation of his family possessed this talent.
900578b71112ce717abaafbad683cd8de0ea4411	Psychological characteristics: someone who always wears a mask of friendliness, although his tendency to hypocrisy, lies and gossip prevents him from finding friends.
55748e57a442021022f42113a8695cdd2fe08767	Source: D. J.Conway "Mythological creatures of the peoples of the world" (http://www.bestiary.us/books/mifologicheskie sushhestva narodov mira)
de232c3844fedab6eb08480a681b96a952bd2acc	June 13, 2014-21:48 reply
c2d0170cd7f1cd6284e583837e128b4d60a876a1	Excellent additions, we will insert them in the article in the near future.
9c95da822872b3db2362801ec3137dc9728c9edf	June 14, 2014-00:15 reply
ae2ae972bae60ad3b337136b4f501c28466b1b09	The mummified remains of a kappa a Japanese water animal became exhibits at an exhibition in Japan, which opened at the residence of the Shimazu family in Miyazaki Prefecture on the island of Kyushu (Miyakonojo Shimazu Residence in Miyazaki prefecture on the island of Kyuushuu).
13032da9a6097decdeb07161717affe1325f9031	They show a part of the arm about 15 centimeters long and an 8 centimeter part of the leg of a creature that, according to numerous eyewitnesses, is found in Japanese and Chinese rivers and lakes.
55635e7ff9d3f3069f438fd618daaecb8b63897a	http://www.kp.by/daily/26238.5/3120375/
b3d8bb28bbe7c3ba49e6863dee622f1cc2ebc59f	December 17, 2014-16:27 reply
73ce5cbe278d8d4722935988bd24d8844789f34b	And I have a small remark... even two.
5d73323162423ec9adcd3109bf999ff902477754	First, mizutori is the Japanese reading for suiko and suiko, though a variation of a Kappa, but still a bit not quite Kappa...
1ef24f1741cc71a0ca2aa354594aa7bd7d3b5241	And, secondly, if "all Kappa male", how to be a) with cubs caps, which appear in a number of true stories; b) MS UMI (UMI Gozan; 海御前), which seems to be a Kappa, but obviously the lady: http://blogimg.goo.ne.jp/user image/06/f0/c027b92e3f4f02c881bbcd6179581c96.jpg
163741ccee15b69baa6af28a49ef8cbaaf36c99b	That is, I will still believe in reproduction, for example, by budding, but I find it difficult to believe that there are mouthguards suffering from "genosisia".
26d67eaac0013064c21cdbf0d8a2a37ffd1e3bf5	Please excuse me.
0d5ecee1e2fbb6f3a528e3ca6892951dea693afe	=)
29d714fccb1a149462ea1b58118da2e2eb1b8598	And Mazzutora from where?
56508285b06b8883b3c5bbe9668ab3530fdb6405	Is this a distortion of mizutora or another spelling?
4b9143d288e850aa59f3d4e34a046386074b3ff5	*puzzled*
1339298a7d301fcbd084d5ea18446c8b3c93ef62	December 18, 2014-08:48 reply
8fbe807f1a3d41c14c0ff8953d4ee259fd11e1c2	In Chilean folklore, there are also creatures that are not female.
c16fbae7bb3e9f4bf3c27a6243e0339f584e12de	It is believed that for reproduction, they use females of other species.
f8c3d6f900b7bd47e359b6ae2c66b69976f1a3d2	This is understandable in connection with the nature of beliefs in the being.
f1c8e860f8b602e72de3b5ab490808a7efbcc86a	I donot know about the mouthguard, especially since there is a statuette there.
d79e0710aa4a22852a08ae58980cec831bf95542	But if a number of beliefs really say that a female mouthguard does not occur, this may also have its own explanation.
d2ee87b8f002af54847d3db45ae6a6a62968f1b1	Mythological or psychological or whatever explanation, of course.
e94c6521a867026b48d10a54ba5fc3835ba46387	What they reproduce there within the framework of the usual physiology of living beings from the point of view of biology is not important, in my opinion.
a8c4f3e033c824d95b8bbe2ec28163ca58c2dc17	December 18, 2014-09:04 reply
114eb251e6ee70c4764a13bd88616ae47688ede1	No, I am aware that there are creatures that are only of one sex (there are even asexual ones in general).
59bb3fb2c4a80ed16e1b353df5a78d8672b464e9	The problem is that female mouthguards seem to still happen...
8daca3ac1b35509f7f889d82c66640e3c1268647	Maybe there are just much fewer of them and male mouthguards are much more common than ladies?
7325631dda7d28667e37d8983853005632ddb220	December 18, 2014-09:09 reply
144e7df889394396f2ff4bb52721957f2d6f0aa4	I was responding to the part of the post that said this:
de50e553b3df61db3f3fd9c376fc492f7a44741f	And, secondly, if "all the mouthguards are male", then what about a) with the mouthguards ' cubs, which appear in a number of bylichek;
544873d167e9308a5e24727d7c6de3ca095cb274	I noticed about Mrs. Umi and also wrote about it.
273c1992f4be569796b101f8941e83da1b71de8b	There may not really be a contradiction here.
fe5d056731e48d5e1cbcbdf9e9a4ab1cb1494a9d	Maybe in different localities and in different periods there were very different comments about the mouth guard.
b38587e22c7b4128b092166495d505544a32d3d6	This is normal and it should be so.
e551fb2a7462d0746f97b222538ae9f5216ab357	Secondly, the article here does not use any highly specialized sources.
17348931a388d81ab626247f75dc092358634e2e	Maybe they did, and maybe they didnot.
403cb4f9e359763e1ab9afa8cbfdf0e6535c6968	Moreover, in popular science and popular literature, sometimes they invent such a thing that any folklore will suffocate with envy.
0b6911448e0fadef3febc73136911e978597c12e	December 18, 2014-09:47 reply
0639e2cd2af48661bbc7a8952cbd3ef6054ef0c4	And then a specialist in the anatomy of Japanese water animals, Ishihara Gojin, bursts into the conversation:
43b1e391246872c16f5e81151e662ff0cb164f9b	December 18, 2014-09:37 reply
50a6fb879409043ab8ab9578182d93496089f04d	Alke, if there is a desire, you can take the article and rewrite it with a special passion, because it is really very superficial.
ac5a49b94c8bd041db8e3885504e273e68a291cf	Well, just maybe leave quotes from Oldey out of respect for beautiful literature :)
43d9ddfe110c2c23300d4bf1d933c830190642b0	December 18, 2014-09:52 reply
794b45118c37b6b771fd2764862710e0e2b49e04	linyok, I understand that there is no contradiction here.
1d242b8467362da68a2d403b195b2218573c5637	The multivariance of local representations of the same creature in Japanese mythology is in the order of things.
661f5be1351a2b428c99c6daa5f2e68206b387b4	But on the Bestiary there is a combined article, so Alke came out with her 5 kopecks: "not all kappa are males, however, and mur mur".
02ee9d32cbbd04518d9cdc4dad611fccf1d45f8b	Cat, take pity on me, I'm dying here over Meyer's translations, what other articles...
350015bd3790d429acdba077d07c60b6efaf74bf	*pleadingly raises his paws up* I'll do it later, I promise.
ea7914895944b325e75995cdaeeb747871773b10	I give you a mustache!
5115960fe81f18266ad1b5d3ee1ff8d489281ee1	December 18, 2014-10:27 am reply
09f395f5834be1a07c0d946e980d808583801e6a	The mummified remains of Kappa
62321bc09f2102311675875eb64cdf0664a9b96a	May 29, 2015-09:04 reply
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89d306804fc865f7951e7be352e5f30fae59253e	In mythology
fb0b085b6f714096af65c6594f92df2b9f4e55ce	Creatures: Kappa (Japanese water Demon)
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04e582caa8ec3290ca813b1abf992899e239f6cb	Kappa is the Japanese spelling of the name Kappa (literally - "river child") and its transliteration in Latin Mazzutora is one of the names of the Kappa Mizutora is one of the names of the Kappa
0f8ff3b0ab397922fa58c2c6c9fd6915d6615232	Habitat: It lives in shallow lakes and rivers, and likes to drown everyone who carelessly approaches it.
d32ecb3bf17b8fb8e463d24aedb6063454ac93ac	The most common in Japan.
a1348326697cccc3d3ceb5d2be9598453640aa7c	(Professor Snape said that their habitat is Mongolia, but according to the book "Magical Creatures and where to Find them" and the mythology of Japan, kappas are common there).
04eb145c090ff42e08d716721faa06b25d0f05c2	Over one of the Japanese rivers the Azusagawa, there is a bridge which is called the "Kappa Bridge" – "Kappabashi".
178bc96dcead7bb592250b50d01c9f332c1eee5d	However, even on earth, Kappa feels quite confident.
2dbf7a628d52e64da2538daeff9d8d3b413b9be9	They say that he comes out of the water in order to steal a melon or cucumbers, a horse or a cow, and maybe a person.
75f4b017995e0747b188a56e9033dd9253448f91	Appearance: In the view of the Japanese, the kappa is an exclusively male creature.
3d2375c9a6cf268709bb44c9ba959ea696f9685d	Kappa looks like a monkey with fish scales instead of fur, and on his head there is a hole in which he carries water, or they look like small naked men, with a shield made of turtle shell and a head shaped like a round bowl filled with water, or they look like a turtle, with a shell, a flat beak and green skin, about the height of a 10 year old child.
666534bf3537557e056068f04100be9037451b5d	They are very fond of cucumbers or melons There are three ways to avoid kappa - the first is to throw him a cucumber with the name of a particular person carved on it (or just cut the cucumber into pieces and throw it into the water) after receiving his kappa, he does not pay any attention to people.
af2a978e1f2c8d1ddbab24ce315546c87a59c7e3	Kappa is considered a very dangerous creature in Japan, which trades by luring people and animals into the water with cunning or dragging them by force.
6ed5e57243e384f526c68630adc54aa936f3c42e	A typical image of a kappa is the image of a thief, as a rule, caught and punished.
fb87543c352a0bac660224adac4fdba0c2ca61b6	Kappa is fooled, they do everything to make him lose his power, and then they take a promise from him not to harm people, especially children.
62605740f656bab1055170c8f6b470cd20de706d	Magical properties: They have supernatural power.
611d4a7ab6f61e02c35e45d6ff2bb2a8eaa0893e	In water, Kappa is truly omnipotent.
93f8978593b3bf9a17a7deb4f128015b7e6defc1	The center of this force is a bowl with a liquid that is located on the head of the kappa, if water pours out of the head of the cup, then the kappa remains helpless until the bowl on the head is filled with water again.
8ab9f8f4221e961a846b1fcd3adb6995b843b769	Myths, legends and legends about Kappa:
68d4bfd1611985e16c80410a9720ccd721121759	In Japan, when they want to emphasize someone's special talent, they say that teaching this person his own craft is like "teaching a kappa to swim".
ca1d70e595edbeedf363c02ea9315c2e2cc55c01	The most common motive of "hunting" Kappa on the horse.
a7633feca853f253a68d7a6b57ecdca3126e24da	H. Ikeda, a well known author of catalog based on Japanese folklore, has designated it as a "Water monster, which brought the horse" S. Thompson added "Water monster trying to drag a horse to water, but the horse delivered to the house, where it begs for mercy and says goodbye to the Legend Kappa from Fukuoka" In legend tells of a merman, three nights in a row I went to the house of a man tear his hand.
e387f3d2673d12545c9b393be4fc23ce89a2b625	He cried and begged to return it, because he knew how to heal severed limbs, but only for three days.
17e8aeb18b50a5cb1895ef395bfbf6491bc5dc4f	As usually happens in such cases, the person took pity on the kappa, taking a promise from him not to harm the inhabitants of this village.
e4b24d7871ee5f94b15227c081e280b798e2f5ae	"Even today," the narration ends, "sometimes on hot summer days a voice comes from the river:" Do not allow children to play on the bank, otherwise a guest will come to you!"" Everyone knows that this guest is a kappa, and therefore children never go into the river near the village.
680e7ff4518222a9b07b11cc62d0b5772cedeb83	Sometimes, in exchange for a hand, kappa, as a sign of gratitude, taught a person the art of healing.
5f3f6d02ec1dd271951dc9659bd7972b2b7612f4	He presented him with a gift, most often a fish, after eating which a person realized that he was a chiropractor.
70e9d0636eab4c1b263522a893dca26d6e1bd445	Legends of this kind often end with a direct reference to a well known healer in the area, saying that the secret of kappa is passed down from generation to generation and therefore this chiropractor is a direct descendant of the person to whom kappa revealed his secrets.
2bc728be3cec52b007da8da2390277f6e9a51434	The fairy tale "The Magic Beater" by the Repoed Jinshiro.
5122485430816eb7c27456e8315742dfb732f87f	The young man saved the falcon, who in gratitude caught a mouthguard for him, and he in turn parted with his magic beater ( an object of instant enrichment) in exchange for his life.
ac486773d6b0381dae8d307a83be4e6407b5d533	For the first time, kappa is mentioned in the book "Nohon Reiki", VIII century: "In the representations of people, kappa is an exclusively male creature, having the appearance of an ungainly teenager with greenish yellow skin and webbed hands and feet.
8766d2d5f3362e80774fc233d7ec24b8005b4843	Kappa was considered a very dangerous creature in Japan, which traded by luring people and animals into the water by cunning or dragging them by force."
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6e99ce64b7fb53d8fc1e06987569d857b2123e02	You just need to enter the username in the upper form or the email address in the lower form, and an email with instructions will be sent to you.
875f15f1f5f7ae86b0df61501a7cf94066af9af2	I remembered everything!
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3b4360bdf89888bd08d34e19ff5226fbb090e82e	Kappa Japanese merman who climbs in the ass
d67c7fa1d230061cf5104b0ed650e55bde04f0de	Kappa — River Imp (Kami) in Japanese Shinto and Buddhist Traditions
4b1f3294bbd6a9d0431193b7374980d6ed538a83	onmarkproductions.com
d68e0a7257b6fccf5cd0e2a5123c55f9f8e9253c	Japanese River Imp (aka Kappa, Kawataro, Kawako, Kawaranbe) — Creatures and Monsters in Japanese Folklore.
04b513a4b039bd469fed293964cb9b4f947fff3e	Digital Dictionary of Japanese Buddhism & Shintoism.
23545ae3e85f4f1396be99cb0d6618285aef207f	I first learned about kappa from this infographic.
cc994c58291a14e351e03280c982ced67839444d	He's number five there.
79a31d7b85b786a0ae4331f1577941672ff0ab43	It is written that he drinks blood from the rectum.
5235ffca159f87e7ca7afc3669fdfa64c04944b0	Oh!
a4b6fa51aa5fafb25989874723ec72b090570938	Kappa should become a symbol of successful trolling in runet!
484859de1d866251df20a1bc02baf8b6842280aa	After all, we like to shout about " the ass is getting old!", " the fart is torn!", "Butthert!"
f02f783b57302d10e7b20a531351b1a88855233a	And kappa is doing just that — here is just a good illustration of the process.
da016df36e89cf0ba2f685d632fad75f519f90c4	It is strange that it is not used.
dcfca80350e8f8a38eb2af51d4b3617b4cf464a6	And it was for this purpose that I sat down to write a post about the kappa runet should know everything about the kappa!
c35719fea963d4cdbecca412337c15ad0552a5c9	Although, for sure, they have already written about the kappa on derti.
04090493a176258ff6c67b1741cb10246b8a6cd8	Therefore, I ask everyone to follow in the comments to read a large text with pictures about the kappa.
f912b3f955565c6af33da46d721103365406ae68	The link in the title is in English only for those who are very interested, and this post will not be enough for them.
fbcf18ade5690dc82842b5b7089316982f0d405c	Posted by Bird personality ptitzin, November 22, 2013 at 15.15 on leprosorium
ae89853ccbfe58660bc27a89574a2161c70f1f2c	6046
c9ca442765657fc90e9e779c34d0d2259d2c3c5b	141
48c1200369eb673b902bee94b3ebaae4dcb58cc4	Pilaf pilaf.
86c43c56b3e72df90d6b94c39a941357aa8cebff	A message to the phone.
33d077f5d870d15de09f40f607f2db90a46f3353	Written by Deniska· 02.05.2016 ·
2e37c04c19e3eb5d34e5ad27482c94df802a70de	1 comment
1e7ace983aaac74ca08a6817730d4ab03cdff116	Thesaurus of existential sophistication: favorites
e187bcb606c9586a1b0012bcb204f732c670feb7	+115
3187e871d3985c1c79fd6c86d619be9cec88a8eb	Posted by Kushavera· 05.05.2016 ·
467d0e4577989875730876a775f6557599fca6de	9 comments
f116a1636669ac185c2128949814913eb023bc8e	What's wrong with him?
ffe867f968921832307c77a9366a4ba89cdaf0f1	Posted by lucky7· 04.05.2016 ·
5810205031222055eec54a18c6fc863b2ad609f2	13 comments
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e3263df2f98616b9ed18db330ebe953e4e9a6385	(70)
118a9989815489c24b81b160782015890ed2085e	comment
9831d501c8226da0f591fe09e7f0437d05556b77	So, it turned out that the folklore about kappa among the Japanese is the most diverse.
1e021c01b0602e1c72cfdbeee2755957bce6eff8	There are many water deities.
e5c2215524fc3cd3bcd9590bb8b68fafd01419de	Kappa is just one of them.
5c8f394bd11c9f6e109c44cbf965e04ec968286c	Kappa behaves differently everywhere: depending on which area of Japan the legend about him is from.
1d8519fa5bf7361fa0e38ee5bf813eee80055c89	There are kappas that have climbed into the mountains and they are already called in a different way.
21f6ce8cbb7f108cfeb18c469f5ca3791acc6b6d	There are those who go to the mountains and become the deity of the mountains only for the winter, and then back into the water.
be4ab6dd4204ef600d00e22fc5010413bf04f66e	Here, there is a female kappa.
0ce60b725e0cdc15d07db79535142ae5127dc84b	Kappa lives both in water and a little on land.
79733a66d811159a9c32b82a46c72619d5d1edc8	It is almost not found in the sea.
38680ceca7288777211f1a51dd06245ed84c60f9	Somewhere it is believed that kappa looks like a turtle — like a ninja turtle from the animated series (and the movie), but with a beak and hair on his head.
c59b5b85d3174ea8e94d0c32f477414a16351d9a	In short, it is easier to show:
e29c5ca5dc2ef468725118ed69320dd47861aa28	And somewhere kappa looks like a monkey without a shell.
a6e03aaf5375031ea6ebc692e8522021b6a411ec	But one thing in common — they always have a saucer (or just an oval recess) with water on their head.
91ad1f03f6c5f8ac1e67d743890d004be2b334e9	If there is no water in the saucer, then the kappa loses its vitality.
987654aec56497303d90d4564e7a2f5b95d02a9d	He may die.
cc0bb7c15d5f528edeecec8b0e6760928789b0a6	Therefore, he does not like to go far from the water.
f9cbc72f4a27e7edb068f7b8385ce8351222e4ae	In short, there is a saucer kappa.
49ae9d4f8a9f9e2db734476cd201d9dbb043a733	He could drown you if you pass close to his dwelling on the shore of a reservoir.
19c9da04b704d19a0885a97a3f343d6599f65f56	Or he could have drunk blood.
d4f42807cfa72798b17bd6bdb0d026faa3ead47b	And somewhere he drinks blood from the leg, somewhere from the rectum.
4c832371cb2e600256eb3f578004ea440161564f	In general, it is believed that the kappa pulls out a ball of "shiri–ko–dama" from a person from a person's anus" Without it, a person loses his spine, intestines, masculinity, and blood flows.
5989e36ab8e35c1f0ccbd9ec7d16f55069fb61e8	Actually, this is depicted on the KDPV of the post — kappa pulled out a ball and a person runs from the water losing his insides.
2a30523cc6d094ca13bb37eac21c6f301da1b40a	Or maybe the ball is all the insides at all.
1c6f019aba48f186fc86ca6055d969810a8c9f11	I didnot figure it out.
95f406d4f41a662922da1918ab15c9244366919c	But in any case, a person without this shiri–ko–dama becomes a fool 腑抜け (literally without entrails).
fce7c65dfa39dd200ed53c46acbc8890f8bcfadc	Here kappa rejoices at the extracted ball:
26b9ddc3b457897fdc30d28261605b260f5510bd	Who got the balloon?
b4ebfae6672d7f5fc88e770c0c94659271844bee	Of course, the merman who drowned his victim before that.
b5a0b11366cf8fa15d2642ff66b855e8cb31fd71	And somewhere kappa is a pretty cute spirit.
ceb9762b9d15b62f371be99d93b02fd8bf345c5d	He just likes to fool around.
4d630f1b806c65e08d8f6b79ef4f7763a428ff8c	But with a sense of duty for a good deed, he rewarded with medicine or fish.
800fee7ce433a2f5cf29b50b1f4aa97048d77f2d	He is very fond of sumo, which was originally a ritual in honor of the Water gods.
cd2d67ab190d1f6d99b510b97b812c841416f4ea	It is impossible to defeat a kappa in sumo even if an adult fights with a small kappa.
3562114a6f8ee82267bd9408d66a87e9c1f5a46d	And for losing, kappa can take away a person's shiri ko dama.
1de399a3e277b3eb80da4d561b25cd07c89bcf56	But there are some tricks — he will bow before the round, the kappa will bow in response — water will pour out of the saucer on his head and even a kindergarten student will be able to win the kappa.
9985021f74876b6b598e9ee2815913eb8ebabcdd	You can catch a kappa when he is full of offerings to the deceased — then he is also weak.
9109c51b49fe4cee5e39a469ab030e03d93859d1	Here is an example of a victory over kappa in wrestling, pay attention — water is poured out of the head — kappa glued the fins:
0e325e571f17d74b05f0fab227335e71d2b19a5a	Speaking of food.
cff2872ec6df2fbef2f24a08207c277458810904	Kappa loves cucumbers.
10e103d151b73a46339562432b4bd4ea92543e4d	And the rolls with cucumbers are called in his honor — kappa maki.
4c037f9f92946349494e4bd2573c99972cae00d6	Remember about the mouth guard in the restaurant — do not tell the girl about the ball.
622b0c2a9a364ea4bbf1eee771660664e20066bf	In modern Japan, a water monster with a saucer on its head is quite a popular monster.
1952f1da19cf19ab6b6a6dced6da6e4c2b0ae395	The image of the kappa is of course used in the anime.
4b9bbd1949eb2f01308416603bec14c6647309ce	But here in general, he looks more like a mummy troll:
43b2a66bcc94cf44448793456960ed79ec876098	By the way, please note that the picture shows a feature of the mouthguard, which I did not write about above — the two hands of the mouthguard are connected to each other like a long sausage — if you pull one hand, you can pull both hands of the mouthguard out of the shoulders.
0a2ea8bf48dc4c4193da2c3dfcbf997587a86624	Of course, in the form of a lover of rolls with cucumbers, they are used as a mascot of sushi fast food.
acc4502faea001426e6efef7a748a492a82e2dc6	As a monster in a computer game, pajamas, a halloween costume.
c09cf331866e0f8e8f7de2db7fd094ce9cabc2eb	Kappa is used by conservationists to prevent pollution of rivers and lakes.
a357e46ebfaaa83b3a0fcd35433d3bed7f529798	And, in general, to promote traditional Japanese values:
8d3a9be4efec6a76067ee38323982714420bb458	Or you can just act as a garden gnome.
b4c6c18d06cfd9311d70f9b258bf6801accd1af8	You can fake the corpse of a kappa after all, an animal from the field of cryptozoology.
7f85aa8f7cba5000ac9d3d59745c6d9bd057ab38	But you can use a mouthguard with a ball for subtle Japanese humor.
a02b1abe45f248f8ddd8445f64ac4d5fb2980edc	Or you can also do it for Tolstoy (this is a picture from someone's signature on the forum).
809d4b6267e94289ed79a19125f98a72274385dd	Well, I got close to the end of my post.
08c50de51f91994baa3513d8962ae0d0fc02aadf	If at the beginning of the post I thought oh, kappa is the best thing for dvachers and other fans of butthert, we will make a new meme, then now — no.
2c14dc15e557264a0ea04b65833e9888e438b2ee	It's not for them.
1d627c6160f89718356be2624fbc6f79e8b94e43	The Japanese themselves are doing a great job using this image.
a76e00e4b83830abee5c513e86ce1e84ca027b90	Our interpretation will be rude, only about the ass and taking out the guts.
dfdfba0e3f0cc8b1d9c12f1bdfdf705906d5204c	A sad forsedmem, as they say.
801dbea1a46e1175795a7a4a38856ebda82d9104	So here, just a post about a Japanese watermark with a lot of pictures.
dda8c4a1f21590854dcea2471f825dce3cc513c1	Thank you for reading to the end.
c9ea118e1e4b281cdf79fe4583ac876a6fcb8bea	I apologize for the numerous grammatical errors.
df1b24c6b134d375b6ef20ffa1c790699349c51b	Show ptitzin comment
6c514b34c7d3ee0579548927321ba2ffde361647	Posted by Bird personality ptitzin on November 22, 2013 at 15.15
9b059ddb9235671041928dfca90b3605c42fda8c	* reply
b4c96d80854dd27e76d8cc9e21960eebda52e962	68
29f1316c0f5cf401b756e2332e8b93f240943fa9	I wonder if the Italian Kappa has anything to do with all this.
342c77b7603760c1d3eee5ec8707c12678527243	They also have a suspicious logo.
0947a5f96902593510afdd6dcc89bafde06feef1	Show JumpDa comment and 3 responses
cb2c0405ff00979f0e56aeb9eed51e3ae75bcbca	Posted by JumpDa on November 22, 2013 at 15.35
500b6ec64bc7f7417a3587eff710be2558a99ef7	JumpDa: Well, there is also a boxing kappa and for teeth whitening.
f60d703ef7659d0439d25ba587b16a87a91292ed	Show ptitzin comment and 2 responses
da612d853e195d8baee62bcbebe386fe83dea7d5	Posted by Bird personality ptitzin on November 22, 2013 at 15.48
b51628b6b5599927271f98b11cb5ca88602b5e53	ptitzin: Boxing and for teeth — a mouth guard like, well, with one "p".
1e6fb6af56a9ff7799d56be5bc04cb99cf9b7546	Show JumpDa comment and 1 response
cab8ed7d5baaf4afa031a0bcace577a52622bf8d	Posted by JumpDa on November 22, 2013 at 15.52
29fb9f9fcc0e04d31c733c74521137973f7edfe7	JumpDa: Vicky says so and so.
3479f66380bf8e6f7589b6266a2ba9fec1f2b640	Posted by Bird personality ptitzin on November 22, 2013 at 15.55
fc36e624be6ae7ceb1c04e4b3a6a898c8396e660	Only kappa was not enough for us to be completely happy.
5f7e634e1d1f6803c4e7c75d71218af9ff0c5f7f	Take care of your shirikodama!
b05ea7838e965f6e5502c11f85283b53725ccee4	Show the comment of Agios Nikolaos and 5 answers
5df01ee13198231638e3f4f0aadaa98efa9f7a9d	Posted by Agios Nikolaos on November 22, 2013 at 16.00
9f3d7df5042f8fa76054e88e202b39bf01758a2e	Agios Nikolaos: Take care of your shirikodama from a young age!
7fd5315dd3cf208f28492cd0611f67587d7155eb	Show MyanZ comment and 4 responses
4c97d252d2619ed03cb2eb24a48e7ae697ed3f63	Posted by MyanZ on November 22, 2013 at 16.12
3b60f7a2819e8094d5a91479d2967017b5e31b6b	MyanZ: Oh, it seems that your shirikodama has rolled away!
6b28fb1605584c92d22ce179df62a30ecdf609a8	— now you can call a fool a fool in polite society.
01bff860b1964e07092992f8890f8f7c5e2e2ac1	Show ptitzin comment and 3 responses
f2d349481bf657775fba1e625b11151807ed8dad	Posted by Bird personality ptitzin on November 22, 2013 at 16.15
cd279944b778281692e7dd7d540a522ab7b50464	ptitzin: Well, if it's even thinner — "Have you met Kappa by any chance?"
176b232c3a591423d2acac4fe7ba8f53c59f7bf1	Show MyanZ comment and 2 responses
7ebc4885fe5fac4e33aab6683cb58a7ea1913523	Posted by MyanZ on November 22, 2013 at 16.18
6b1676908a84aa9477654aa3f0b2a959df301408	2 more comments Hide 2 comments from ptitzin, just reader
625f38dfec841ee154f9e7ee91002fc9ac380bfd	MyanZ: Actually, the thin rolling of this picture is just in this a fool in jeans kappa brought a shirikodama.
394dd489ab1e2040044c8fe455661c17359796d8	Show ptitzin comment and 1 response
d03a62a32d7c24f6b444dba37dda3df8adaa7190	Posted by Bird personality ptitzin on November 22, 2013 at 16.22
7a4c85cbb6315033b1602618c181f5752599af43	ptitzin: - Guys, do you have shirikodama?
e8ed4ccef82cdafbf102ee6b8909de06bf35638e	- Guys, I brought you a shirikodama!
e04d8ee13135d979afcecdd9cf5a743fddcfe9b8	Show just reader comment
40763903a84e576d1e609bd45a129088f3122a9d	Posted by just reader on November 22, 2013 at 17.48
54356dc498ae73d03b8ff554c9e2c33173c4b431	A post that risks becoming gold, about Japan, but not from the Japonist?
2fa9c252d312db16e940211a167883d6808b9110	ORLY?
53dcadd1fb5814c623a02dce8ba01af96e59a9bf	And yes, just in case, keep hirez infographics.
76947b8fe4cf90b8ed10a648a885299c5fac7b46	Show selfdeathtroj comment and 5 responses
8d26cf2410aa40e58e0e79a4c0858ebe13d3cd99	Posted by selfdeathtroj on November 22, 2013 at 15.32
c8492c308ae5103f8b461a33a9e40febbf68f39f	selfdeathtroj: There will be no Gold — because the subnet is 18+ and it is not output to the general main page.
e61f4c0a27a30668b9bfd3bbcdf69c84806ec234	Posted by Bird personality ptitzin on November 22, 2013 at 20.24
08e0bf821ded6c71ea898b9c0aa9c90c55ca68cc	ptitzin: Haha, sucker!
223c005a23485c070bbf9e9a4d0380eff5520cc3	Show just reader comment and 1 response
2d594fd8311bae15d391e1ae93814d026e261b17	Posted by just reader on November 23, 2013 at 07.01
e372e31accfd0149e9d846b92b920e7bcc74a471	just reader: Yes, I'm a shitty predictor.
33438a9a8b466fad460486f5dbb595ecfeb171c9	But not on the story to drag about taking the guts out of the ass.
8e63aeec7ead2cffb16c15ffe5f0600f0c5a9106	Posted by Bird personality ptitzin on November 23, 2013 at 11.56
3db291a7dcfd9500a01c21d7f184c7187c96723e	ptitzin: it is a pity that it is not displayed on the main page.
213f44fe0be1c1e5d54c5596713e9016f470425c	Show natali comment_
f281f4843a1740ffbd11a66152ba261330f967e4	Posted by natali_ on November 22, 2013 at 21.34
9d5656688f734e95066411f4977421af1b451f22	selfdeathtroj: Oh, hell, that's right.
6dfe4dd2641989214662a8c36dfaa161157ee69f	Hayrez fell off, due to the fact that he rewritten the post for the second time — the first one was erased.
7e724269ced78148613c811c65c28e14b93077ee	Maybe the moderators will correct it.
e45bb761d283bdd68d3f97675ad157e5e0ea191a	Posted by Bird personality ptitzin on November 22, 2013 at 15.34
04524aeb3a0fb68a652ee53ab66e2943673a1a57	A stoned kappa?
7b96f8ab20b7d820cf4a0275048cfbcca9eb4822	Show Alberto's comment and 2 responses
2d97c32e1d53f46e7244db9f699bbb78b8750a53	Posted by Alberto on November 22, 2013 at 15.47
8a52abd6f75c5b6540ecf685c4833851226f8936	Alberto: And this is a happy kappa with cucumbers
e2459d692159482e1bc3d9122099ebe26cfd5652	Posted by Bird personality ptitzin on November 22, 2013 at 15.59
dddcd62852e2bd86b23b2eb1ba2632485c35a0a2	Alberto: Yeah, with dvacha.
92f5ef39883a1e8ec9170038e609b6f6f7cf59f4	This is also a kappa:
67d2f0fc527d51c45e66a1c293e6b0a2406aba06	Posted by Bird personality ptitzin on November 22, 2013 at 15.56
d7b58e601463b04e552c20abfdadda7adb835536	Kappa fishing. 1908.
fcf29f6cad3232704b33e962ef5194fad3b6817b	Japan
80d825b21a49bc9d972f4c650abb1cd1151a5dd1	Show tvshow alex comment and 4 responses
9f45fc8f3dcf74a01847991abb65e6b62aa44508	Posted by tvshow alex on November 26, 2013 at 13.34
5630962b2ccb5b74a5e73f6225db3534bc5d605d	tvshow alex: On live bait.
75e6ebc37f4bb440b8a9faf187999465521efa3c	Show samopavel comment and 1 response
29157fde71c7a2e88d4916500ce504424fe3ecbe	Posted by samopavel on November 26, 2013 at 13.44
9173fa1b22b130d7ac01731fd41a4282cd51e87d	samopavel: on the ass.
5303362de9d2311b5e442b30aff6fe507289350e	Show Patagonia comment
3a5a02868c122730285558fa975bd8cd9021de1a	I wrote 🐈 - Eukaryotic Patagonia on November 26, 2013 at 14.36
b1ba89a09246282e7065b99a2c82fc2ed595d90b	tvshow alex: If I had been shown this drawing before reading the post — I wouldnot have understood a damn thing.
114cffe791ed1ba16c6881ac1403679b713cafb3	Thank you to the author of the post and to you.
62b6a30a6d7cf7f9ff27dae5d1d12c8e774e5e6a	Show a comment by Agios Nikolaos
9992a27bea20b5d03b2579d07aa354fe95545dd1	Posted by Agios Nikolaos on November 26, 2013 at 14.00
e75d5c334739d39ab3f5aa9e64c1647f45356e14	tvshow alex: Catching a mouthguard for a point.
7fa6f59e2a88df6f80d8754c87dcc1ce5614f7d2	Show a highly illustrative comment
17905438fc20d0d3f3a64d374ceea41174b0ec13	Posted by highly illustrative on November 26, 2013 at 14.35
c9d0092369adee01306e165e7643b415ad04a5c9	Eka nevidal.
80105b28a60ba9a22c9fdddd14bde1b1ade1b4c9	Have you heard about POPOBAVA?
9f92cda1459a14b2c6cc23314653424885d8dd60	No?
bc9a49a94af3a7da6899338065f82d97e57c6fdd	Read it, kappas are quite peaceful and silent creatures comparable to popobava.
0480e40ab78e301d8068a37a05d21197eff0b5c4	And by the way, from my point of view, popobava is more suitable for the role of evil Internet trolls.
50e59eb9c18a9d6ef80b69d81e8246c84fe93d20	Show Rostislavius comment and 4 responses
e08e7bd3bcf31b8d1be5025a9fcac08894a65eb3	Posted by Rostislavius on November 22, 2013 at 18.41
37fa26769e9017ec435877a762349dc383a4a56e	Rostislavius: popobava on d3 has already met more than once
cf7007161db26c9816fe5971b138a75d23ed3962	Show Barbotator comment and 3 responses
f429e5ad23959becba5e5896ad507087affec72b	Posted by Barbotator on November 22, 2013 at 19.47
0cf89600eaf49ccb255e2147a9c5a2662d362912	Barbotator: It's never too late to remind you about it.
22d580647840c53b379bfa083b4dd9bbe08b6cc3	And then I see some people have greatly relaxed the sphincter.
fb75554b3fcb3d004a632bc01d2db8b0a28555cc	Show Rostislavius comment and 2 responses
b2e751037dd4970f2e3acbed3f5a1020b332c8a7	Posted by Rostislavius on November 22, 2013 at 20.07
b734c45073c1b3b86aa66500282668ede93f04b4	Rostislavius: >It's never too late to remind you about it.
58fabd05561cc329fcf212437caf4a75efac9c1a	Well, yes, well, yes, we remember: "After performing an act of violence, Popobava forces his victims to tell everyone about what happened, otherwise threatening to return and rape them again."
42253c3fe189b6efd345e9ed9a7b0279f53a52a4	Show MyanZ comment and 1 response
532ae1cf4cc98ff1cf6d9db612d662661bd483c9	Posted by MyanZ on November 22, 2013 at 20.09
65fa96fed26469e3892c096b1d0fb1d7fef57385	More comment Hide a comment from Rostislavius
e369c86f06eaff07c775c7e7e62070a14579a2f6	MyanZ:Tell me, tell me...
7b3bca2e52c9444991d51236d60d93a47d993654	Show Rostislavius comment
f9cdd70a73e98a045d88d190bf6bed9f487bb66a	Posted by Rostislavius on November 22, 2013 at 20.11
24e67266df1e91f2d7aa4642b21753cd50f83123	in general, all this Jap mythology is that ancient, that manga with anime causes a steady disgust.
c2d31d6f5536c909d325c767424fd405488f4b20	Show a highly illustrative comment and 3 responses
d0455f58ba7f066ecdd0d8785ad8be92431e16dd	Posted by highly illustrative on November 23, 2013 at 09.02
3d81ef27eba95e8237b3f30072bc5c32bf8c0c35	-2
489a1eec34b39d411779a17aeedd570dd30a81f0	highly illustrative: well, the Japanese are not burdened with Christianity, so they easily develop mythology on topics that are taboo for Europeans.
f89e5ae1171f5c8f9fb04459358718ffd636403f	Manga and anime are generally a separate, constructed language, with its own internal rules and plot and drawing, which no one is going to explain to you before reading/watching.
22f5bcd33ad74dd2f635de1aa64cbd4c4f6282e1	So it is quite a normal reaction.
ca3f6679a1a820567b45f434f63037cdcf5d9c4b	Posted by Bird personality ptitzin on November 23, 2013 at 09.31
cc3933edcc0004844e441c9eef4da47521822215	ptitzin: I understand it mentally, but it's still unpleasant.
a13d4ef041909f213865d022935e618115ca3bd5	Just what should be going on in the popular consciousness to invent such anal myths... what the Japs admire is the ability to optimize everything Chinese.
a8d1413a14de696c3c4b2d596f5ac4ae707a4328	Show a highly illustrative comment and 1 response
731ea5cf2456bd383c6a82913fc5b5074d949d0e	Posted by highly illustrative on November 23, 2013 at 11.26 am
80e4694072d89783ef3331471fab1ebbb988ecb4	highly illustrative: Well, how can I tell you.
50a5da7951b9c58aafa684369b665c12971b9a27	They just came up with an explanation — all that bad happened to the drowned man, it was the spirit of water that did it, the water one.
ab6b058213af5194cb1e0bd9faa53101dead0214	I think it's pretty obvious.
6f7e1fbefb89e40c3fe1fe3a129732a6c0448e20	And then this explanation began to attract attention, it began to be added when describing the water.
0c1415c40f4b598a6ee50521aa9cc6376eb84b33	And this explanation can only be found in a couple of fairy tales in several regions, the rest did not bother with this garbage.
b50285a612d5946bcc8a7b405a37af8ff4afdd1d	But here are three mentioned and that's it — now all the mouthguards in Japan are pulling out the ball iki from the ass.
d682165c0c40e27365c89010e10ecb7fc7dbf413	And no one tries to hide it, not to mention it, because they do not have a taboo on the ass, unlike the Christian cult — well, they pull it out and pull it out, sometimes, do not fight in sumo with a mouthguard.
94fe110dba3ef5d51f451a40efc69d84eda52687	Posted by Bird personality ptitzin on November 23, 2013 at 11.55
dd6a6aa70b8fe5024c061594d642510dbc5c2c57	Nitori sends her regards.
2255bcdeb8b8d781de0ca10b8050a73398d62236	Show atomlib comment and 10 responses
26c96af8426d2b8e9fca53eca3cfd29541751200	Posted by atomlib on November 23, 2013 at 05.26
a88ae5420c74584a53b7f9970b0f1cead66ff10e	atomlib: I'm sorry, I donot understand your onym.
63ccd2f04ef959d4b96eaec3aeb1a9fa284f9fba	Show ptitzin comment and 9 responses
0df88c1b7e0794925fdc98d05035f7453281aa75	Posted by Bird personality ptitzin on November 23, 2013 at 09.25
fb5d28f82679580652706f789f3c6f313904389f	ptitzin: "Toho Project — is a video game.
3bf7e70c13de50c895b79b43f5f8abc116980db5	Show atomlib comment and 8 responses
1922c7040f0ce7615ce37103820cb3ed8d6315e9	I wrote atomlib on November 23, 2013 at 10.06
7b7b650d53d57a2c9e01c611abd9666f60879722	atomlib: and how does Nitori feel about mouthguards?
926f91c812225c4500bb835c5b213672ec1cac85	Posted by Bird personality ptitzin on November 23, 2013 at 10.13
5e2f1e01fb5de4c61d3f185d364fa76a77175a92	3 more comments Hide 3 comments from ptitzin, samopavel, atomlib
7f62a8b894efb6512eb14b43de844c3358d6f848	ptitzin: Nitori Kawashiro kappa.
a4895d7850fcbc14e19a14d738a184da57fef707	Show atomlib comment and 2 responses
01fd7043abb3321749bde97aa14122adae1d7b4a	Posted by atomlib on November 23, 2013 at 12.31
91c118182187b44efb053b4bfe11fbcd68e7baad	atomlib: Choto doesnot look like it.
434ce3b2c5d75cd974c3c445c3e2c221faa856bb	Posted by Bird personality ptitzin on November 23, 2013 at 12.33
d3a1646e0ebd2a0f126fc98f462aa949a8557371	ptitzin: It turns out, not a ball, but a wrench.
ce8d5b57f98ada18d32f67d82fe1e894c0005972	And contactless... your mother.
1575c8ffb1c43ab4121f0cc428bccab664a85805	I had one friend with a very disproportionate ratio of backpack and body.
3a743d6cccb513ec7d20b522330e83843d3d9397	It's good that everything ended safely.
39e6a7d1fb4b00d44c64f38cdfe306fa5276184d	Show samopavel comment
8957538db8cf24c5a936001db9bfd9230bde9e30	Posted by samopavel on November 24, 2013 at 07.09
fab3fd84f993a425f992a6c98e5db29d429e969a	atomlib: Arenot these toho lovers called kuklaebs?
15f383010c7a9e0245961cd3011675edbe5732ac	3 more comments Hide 3 comments from MyanZ, ptitzin
89051dc9fd64e4b3d0efa11733856942d315028b	ptitzin: Not, then fans of Rozen Maiden.
06eb5c929826a6f9f81a52b341440823d5e8e0d6	Posted by MyanZ on November 23, 2013 at 16.45
cee5b1b2ea10b97971e24eb2b73976da46a38c88	MyanZ: And what is the difference between them?
be035ea0b5d7543aa0f50e12b9318043172e3b1c	Posted by Bird personality ptitzin on November 23, 2013 at 17.33
401b4f5056958fc7b7f6a086a6e8774f34196c41	ptitzin: And the fuck will understand them.
229e33c402eb60c3694785aa80f98a33a83c6976	I donot understand varieties.
9167ab55a577b081fe9e7c908a0de5da6b6d0f8f	Show MyanZ comment
93f5b2b118c62806eb318de7d45e47ef1e03ff51	Posted by MyanZ on November 23, 2013 at 22.01
c08b0112b16b14731dcf734a5aff80405832bc2b	Deleted comment by wilddolphin, written on November 22, 2013 at 15.17
1ff4f7106e2b3d0f69c383074b6c7073d2ecf78b	wilddolphin: Read it, everything is explained there.
0132a1f34fc38118a3b086cda72b9b6a37d5b74a	Show ptitzin comment and 6 responses
6e30a52ab28b85f6342e8ca9a22ed1d14c1a56d5	Posted by Bird personality ptitzin on November 22, 2013 at 15.18
f7032d7b140c93ddc15e8ef2248457d96fdbb84c	4 more comments Hide 4 comments from ptitzin, wilddolphin
0e6b9d9f7a3626e64d8880a5df2f2cbe9bdeb9aa	Deleted comment by wilddolphin, written on November 22, 2013 at 15.28
b6db30856bfc8447a1db9c383e54b4a137beab20	wilddolphin:
23c15894ebdc07804b5060c828c3f87455a5d491	Show ptitzin comment and 4 responses
85bf31ca6dc49bfd1920559a134e8b212f654952	Posted by Bird personality ptitzin on November 22, 2013 at 15.50
e41ed04e47b29b86525bcde3a40231b88be61d3b	Deleted comment by wilddolphin, written on November 22, 2013 at 15.54
032ea97f2ad5e2992dd05d5201e969ef9e0ac868	Posted by Bird personality ptitzin on November 22, 2013 at 16.25
cc0377a45e65f3fef037d3f2a94953c7a5afff03	wilddolphin: the probes are the same!
7622808247e10df2890c15fcd6b503dc5097fbd5	Posted by highly illustrative on November 22, 2013 at 16.32
6778394c33e884e3967ad6519cd22baebe82b2ca	And I learned about the mouthguards from the Westerfeld trilogy.
a0e80750f488aded7ec50c5eef69c6836a55527d	It was mentioned there that the Japanese defeated the Russian fleet at Tsushima with the help of GMO mouthguards.
b504fadd5d4f5017f7418fe1f42bc8fe808a6d2f	Now I'm even worried about the Russian sailors.
4d61afc192e3f9901c0cd9e4159576bbb8966326	Show komestor comment
d806be79b2e9135aabe2697bb2bbbbb77ca32463	Posted by komestor on November 22, 2013 at 16.24
a87135c4dfb4ac1700a12818405f96c6a22d568f	And in fact — an unbridled old Chap faggot.
c9a8c1a248edaf6ad341e3fb028f2f9c62cff161	Posted by highly illustrative on November 22, 2013 at 17.43
0c76d0e60213345b78133b25e225fd1234015f44	How is it that Akutagawa's "In the land of the water" has not yet been remembered?
ee5d772031d4fd38aab7a58cbc1dc39358dad1cd	The mouthguards are cool, they're the ones who, like, taught people how to fight?
9503d8277e404b952207b032de803b28f30a3a56	Show wereman's comment and 2 responses
fcc8f44edc30567691a044d87a81f443b620e572	Posted by wereman on November 22, 2013 at 21.46
7088c69c4d6a515992262024f26bb7b07c699430	wereman: No, I wrote there, sumo was a ritual before.
9db499beb83fd38694a1fbe6aeaf151ae6ff5aee	Posted by Bird personality ptitzin on November 22, 2013 at 22.37
ac691ba47edddb1e75bbe3084e087be571afc8cf	wereman: You can also remember the Strugatskys '"Man from Pasifida".
fb32ba58628dc8e9725f263446369d92eb72e63f	There, however, the topic under discussion is not completely uncovered.
b0a492f43d140d90c2950590451036b7409d6fd0	For some reason.
1a932430fd68d90059e9201095b2673ed3d3a54e	Posted by samopavel on November 24, 2013 at 07.08
bc7ff1a966d0bfcfa40c44271d90491e05f670a7	WTF Japan?
e239aeca87ec9c7c24752f247fd209c9b461bda2	Show a comment by Kshishtov
c3f60f1bf8bc30699532c386332f78c753dbdb33	Posted by Kshishtov on November 22, 2013 at 15.23
f96801737c8e8cf0d88bccb1ca345e16593ee47a	Here are many more pictures of kappa.
bbcd7f57cb817bb6dcaf0953a061e957fc8d9756	Posted by Bird personality ptitzin on November 22, 2013 at 16.00
4d10ef4edb3b1b6df3deeb014e1b50a49e3300c2	What a nightmare!
0eab6a8c517b4b86978f2eee3b067446c548ab3b	These Russians all look the same....... mdya.. a wrench....
21f3036abef2fed91f1f516a573352a30975cf97	Show a comment BeWise
93609928c13853af3aa2cc7b5b9eaa760f05a9ce	Posted by BeWise on November 23, 2013 at 18.28
aec4ded56d4fe2fb501f4afb1ded0e78392f86fe	How, no one has posted yet
5bab61eb53176449e25c2c82f172b82cb13ffb9d	?
0c574c2212af5baa5e0f521faca7d77866645ff3	Show wazuzuz comment and 12 responses
da6f96adfc7da2aff0a7a2e96ab2c27ba49d329a	Posted by wazuzuz on November 22, 2013 at 17.29
565e8bd101bd602536fe79ba40584a1561da3581	-7
dd7f3171903c8b9a6344bbc8566684a75d69457c	wazuzuz: and what, no one will bother to comment on their minus?
4bf402d27c02d3deeeebb782ce6987bbbaa2fb3c	Or like everything was hushed up, and I hushed up?
ad7166f45aa4da361c2b52d24c36ea9101cf3207	Show wazuzuz comment and 11 replies
7d54192aa6b354e5fd471873fb7dba166da81f56	Posted by wazuzuz on November 24, 2013 at 11.04 am
7a562c92cc483a4185fc77942d2ea2628c4a9542	wazuzuz: It seems pointless to me to comment on a meaningless comment.
b4c2a5743c8483f79308775a966cce529af4ca12	Show io comment and 10 responses
48d8e40048bb24a5f31ada5034c82fcb169018ca	Posted by io on November 24, 2013 at 14.18
d90be7b4b2a37a561bdab90a259deab81ea1c093	io: It's just that either no one is in the topic here, or they are shy:)
4725e10e0963f806717821a9ae21104128eba365	Show a samopavel comment and 2 responses
3357e5f7114020ebbad4a76825c4a981f97461ac	Posted by samopavel on November 24, 2013 at 15.41
356df8aaf2d95961b3fa04d7bce6a539c654b9a5	samopavel: why this information?
e1b4326adb1389b9c66c854e4f22e61eea52531d	Posted by highly illustrative on November 24, 2013 at 16.08
70be4d4238a97b86d9fccb42f61d323a30b78122	highly illustrative: In order to show that the wazuzuz comment is not so much meaningless as highly specialized.
9a8b94bd692e676bad5ebd23c81f4ffd63de7d28	Posted by samopavel on November 24, 2013 at 16.34
43fcb96cc1088502da94631ffd052a886b827483	io: That's right.
afbd1e0f90cd64e02dfa228f66fe1a9d4c51d4a7	I donot understand — I'll fuck a minus.
ebddef6d85e0597aa804b50fcb8bbdfcb0d263f5	Show wazuzuz comment and 6 replies
abafe28e554f58d431b5ca8404b7669eb1c190e8	Posted by wazuzuz on November 25, 2013 at 06.58
d521d2612ad5641efee3619949c1b05a418164ee	wazuzuz: Well, enlighten me what I donot understand so important?
f525a0aaec48a99aa70e8aebce4e8d79935dfe26	I donot know why turn dirty one and haveformed in which the most valuable review of the Association are the first level of "why not" (and why should it be?), "I think one...", "who knows he will understand," trollface or awesome valuable "unite!"
c78557db2b19e2ebaeed61ff15f8bfe48f63cb1f	(these are generally fun – two hundred people to fill the post and then there is the prick who decided to thank personally, apparently believing that his appreciation for the author is particularly important, despite the fact that the author most likely did not know what kind of hell).
4b12ce99cb263c536408bdb4a7c0b63c1e69ea90	So, why should this picture be here?
dfbbc8cfd92f98afd8ac070088843e30d028c7f5	Your comment contained interesting information, an original opinion, it was witty.
4d89cdd4ea5b5c3f83740617b0842ad6bc5a9960	Or is he just garbage with the help of which a person for some reason wants to find out that someone else has the same associations of the first level with him?
c386fe2c39e5dd2fdb27280cd30135f847158ff1	What was I supposed to understand?
b58bdb50ffd8650edbbf15cab2054ce99e7ebeca	Show io comment and 5 responses
e2f388f4fd81d0b9a559c6fefae071656505c241	Posted by io on November 25, 2013 at 21.00
496e5dc63475d0bf23b949eac9aa0c2fec9c3442	io: I'm going to show you a funny thing now.
eaf81e2dd4a2cb00d4b05cf0fa1377f60f806cf7	A little higher up there is a comment about the Carr clothing brand, which was born from exactly the same association of the first level.
4adbbb9fa16f0f550fb20fb6814be17417c9b7be	Only I donot see your minus there.
99c5b79fa04d3c8c4750186b11a6f339b97189ed	If for you my comment is garbage, and that comment is the standard of "association", then explain to me what is the difference between them?
575b969133d9562e4a1e163c57293689993fb7c5	The fact that I did not accompany the picture with an explanation of who this guy is, what he is famous for, and why he belongs in this topic does not mean that a pompous "oldfag" should come on his registration date and immediately put me in my place, calling my comment garbage for no apparent reason.
b3528e24849a5632332f02c1d49fe2974c3e733d	And what do you write there about gratitude and other nonsense — so you have a terminal non abortion.
64000aeb2636a315216292db39e4b28de1d283e2	You can make a repakku with grief, and take your leave.
2da32f45f64255e9b099783ce6619c9a4f84f944	Show wazuzuz comment and 4 responses
13f8bee974f6769a98a32423bbf922401c1ef216	Posted by wazuzuz on November 25, 2013 at 21.41
d9f4a6b3790e134e3573ba5508bf7293844787a2	wazuzuz: Thank you for mentioning what I can do, but I already know my capabilities and did not ask for hints.
fcba4cc3b42d58a38c0e36a811a483691f040882	But I'm still waiting for what exactly is your comment interesting, what is the meaning of it I couldnot understand?
987036cbfc388fe2f3a140b5ec3347b17ce5f87c	Show io comment and 3 responses
b145709f354079c0b2cd41414155f9b1d2c754a3	Posted by io on November 25, 2013 at 21.50
b803bfff577d82cc158b7e956565f4a0376dfb72	io: The face of this guy (whose name is Joshua, if you're interested) is used as a smiley face on the site twitch.tv Those who participate in the chat on this site know that Josh's face (Kappa smiley face) is associated with trollface, snideness and buttchert, which somehow (on a slightly deeper level than the first one) correlates with the idea stated in the original post (Kappa causes an ass pain).
bd4d6fb7164e66f01eab7053a4897cb45859ec4e	Is it okay?
3723268dbf8d8377035382af3faec06f8a2db820	Satisfied?
f7a36c924bc995703d173066bbac941788927810	Would you like some coffee?
c0a8a8dbfc7dd24c8917a97dc8b83755bfe9ba1e	Show wazuzuz comment and 2 responses
1f61dde77a0d2b8e8f06718551c4bfa91b35d1b0	Posted by wazuzuz on November 25, 2013 at 21.56
59d167f9eed2f127d6235d2961ff68e4def4e2f9	wazuzuz: and why should all those who do not sit in the chat know this?
3e4b21f4d19d0df573720bd32aa4863c49acb9f7	No one is interested in a dull local forced meme.
23897cb7bfe73ca4e259173dc2d7e68fc931ae1f	Posted by Bird personality ptitzin on November 25, 2013 at 22.20
dfae88bca483e0542f0c10b5320088d69038ebfc	wazuzuz: Donot be so sad, sir, shirikodama is a lucrative thing.
eb4f69bf4dd01e12203cc7d463f0372712e0b51e	Show JumpDa comment
cc18f135ccf752311ed1527652100a1964c53f1f	Posted by JumpDa on November 26, 2013 at 02.56
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7b21c1f0be075ade01da1bc91e71d47032295572	Bestiary +3
8de325d2b406b171f8d46c05489bee41bf6f26de	Rinushka .3
f64cd8e32f5ac7553c150bd05d6f2252bb73f68d	author
b5bc8a6dbe1a1b4a6df7d7fb2a91b83640b696ea	Rating:
a36a6718f54524d846894fb04b5b885b4e43e63b	G
cf7d65461e7f871a49e04acbd48fea24141ba8a8	Genres:
09fe02a773628ac112df8c4ca42f07329e9524d2	Fantasy, Mysticism, Mythical creatures Size:
2ed8b52f7dd44730e05c4846aaec20edb9235811	a Maxi is planned, 16 pages are written, 10 parts
11dc9e1952928d4ca947651277656b4d8b55fffc	Status:
d6e91b2a4cb15b90ce52305968628db233e9fdf3	in progress
dbb2a678c242862caaa23460ee053eb25cbc822e	Awards from readers:
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d9512d2739d11b6a73e07b7be24dfffe0a21ecf8	Description: Most likely there will be information about mythical creatures, sometimes there will be information about how much they cost and how they are caught.
21778205b14412d7bb1cfe663f74037d0b66076e	Description of the magical countries in which the mythical creatures themselves live.
001f2c9944b357fb29e971b889c7407d7c7bf3aa	It will also sometimes describe how to get there.
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98562c268978a0e01f70feb632ce8a5e21cda448	Magical Japan.
106a37e37ee005c4d0d290d367c9d5f08718484d	Kappa (Mizutora)
69903ca20bdd9b750fd242e3c828e039f1c84878	December 31, 2015, 02: 18
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532003b0a040ce45c83f4f434b0ec773485d7105	Kappa, or Mizutora
afc2f54da2ef2138d481439487973c627b279a24	Kappa is a magical creature.
180dfb1e7801b5f80de987e77ec836259cf56f67	The literal meaning is the child of waters.
4c77964c1b13191c03dccc6be6dbad8763301629	The first information about kappa (or mizutora) can be found in the book "Nihon Reiki", VIII century, but this book is extremely rare, and you are unlikely to find it.
4de3b898ce8a211f0f0ce57d1f32f28329c83b5a	Therefore, the reader will have to be content with a quote:
29528f60fbeef492d94bd1a7b83aaecd7cae0dc8	"In the minds of people, kappa is an exclusively male being, having the appearance of an ungainly teenager with greenish yellow skin and webbing on his hands and feet.
2261e4d785775138e8a96220733c0b751dab5993	It is this depression that is the place of concentration of the power of the kappa – if water flows out of this hollow, the child of waters loses its power and becomes completely helpless.
54b2276ab7c0795ea383673ee54f85382de45ec0	Kappa was considered a very dangerous creature in Japan, which traded by luring people and animals into the water with cunning or dragging them by force"
7b586aa4fd5c155a029edc5f63afa27c0552a845	Kappa feeds on fish, people, horses, and sometimes melons and cucumbers.
202de4b7acec9844a331a7f920cddb907833dc32	Zookeepers in Magical Japan will definitely meet Kappa.
6d14cb9da3c6b5ae4f7fbc7f4864c6b118d7ee32	There are only two outcomes of this meeting: either you subdue kappa, or Kappa subdues you.
5368389efa138a42057a9d657ee20dda40e93eb5	For Kappa, the word "subdue" means to have a delicious meal with you.
d47985bcbe7b2d58c198f72aa371ff915510e668	What should I do when I meet kappa?
11c1918777725f685323c33a273036454c727f70	First of all, you should use the method repeatedly tested by the Ainu to deprive the kappa of magical power.
178796318cb6310b9ef3eb446a15790e85785c1e	The Ainu great connoisseurs of kappa believe that, despite their rigidity, kappa are very polite.
a0564f74a16474cd41002cd7da2c1bee1f2299ff	And therefore, having met Kappa, it is necessary to bow low to him.
34a58a0229a17c47c1b76ce2e51522b95250385e	Then the kappa will respond in kind, and the magic liquid will flow out of the hollow on his head.
cca2f6e91f421eb9edb863a5f7a536fcae968856	And without this liquid, kappa is nothing.
b40df6dadcf44961da64eca2776ecae7b472b286	If you could not, or did not have time, or forgot to bow to kappa, then immediately rush at him and try to force or trick him to the ground, so that, again, the water from the hollow on his head flows out and he loses strength.
076a8e89b6e201328a66b0537237bc414b1cb96a	If you canot knock down the kappa, then try to tear off the kappa hand in any way.
63427feca7ea0a479adce1503b501f8f91c276e9	Donot feel sorry for him – kappa will grow his hand back.
d9c5ebdae3eb301d63a100d8391fee25dc61df66	But if you donot, the kappa will cut off not only your arm, but also both legs.
c3eb4dcff815c7ceca5c7e1b6d6d846b12958f20	(Of course, if you have the ability to grow your arms, and even more so your legs, then you should not strain yourself.
af358603df5d0b8d5b9db2081b2ffbce264e23d9	Let the "child" amuse himself, as long as it does not drip.
9267a21f328445d8321d2d2ceb9740a6d665928f	Relax, give him a pen and get "fun".)
e2cb64a0596b70ad4fdb35cf65b67d529e586621	All other toparker that do not have the ability to regenerate limbs, suggest: tear the hand that slippery "boy", because it thus you not only save his life, but also provide a good hunting all that moves and moves in the Japanese water, in particular, on spider nosy.
9f72934f4c15780a3c4809114bf244ea4482d05c	Having lost his hand, kappa stops trying to bite you and starts begging for his hand back.
158df945a1416709007e06e737b5ca6ccad8a9e3	It should be known that only within three days the kappa can grow a severed arm*.
28bbe6c6a84a3bb1a43ca2d7efa77b8d68bed5c2	If you have come to hunt for prohibited sea spirits isunna, umibo and shojo kappa will help you in this.
1227ad2a79fc7d759754fdfd3a1b3dd108271a0e	Some zookeepers are likened to hoarders magicians of the Guild of Artifact Hunters – and as payment for the hand they demand from kappa his magic beater and brocade bag.
10f9e5283126bd5c0e9efef9e83939da635ac8ec	The attractiveness of these artifacts is obvious, since if you hit the beater and make a wish, then everything you want will come out of the bag (hoarders, as a rule, ask for gold).
44e4f2dc5776cc8ded06bb1858157b3d6f6b29f1	But for a real zookeeper, gold has never been of fundamental importance.
422f5c0bac2527e2e4e0c67fbb1076bb25191c8c	Zookeepers at all times were much more attracted to the hunt itself, and not the reward for the trophy they got.
a0fe4cbfa0bd91d6f6c702d4b5f87c8fb153e135	* For a long time, in the view of ordinary Japanese, kappa were considered excellent chiropractors; they could not only implant severed limbs, but also taught people the art of healing.
df0a0a4b539253635ff91fc98c2d8376d4f1dc28	"Training" takes place in two ways: the kappa allows a person to see firsthand that the severed arm is attached to the shoulder (the case of a woman from Saitama Prefecture, when kappa grew a severed hand in front of a woman with the help of a magic ointment "kappa no mioyaku" and left her this ointment), or he brings a gift to the "student", most often a fish, after eating which, a person understands that he has become a chiropractor.
258684ff9db8cabc814e52650762f0dbb4875db8	Narnia.
2512d904958d3e8a492756d02e6d3b81c44d74c8	Karebinga
47d3b07802773e4286ec2d68fc9f6ac1b1c4f7d7	I like it!
6f8ca31a955995fac435fa550b91b7fc1937ab5a	The author's attitude to criticism:
5ddb800864de57510c55df1687c746def66b1d3c	I welcome criticism only in a mild form, you can point out shortcomings, but more politely.
a94a9256241ff869592ee22a01c351dca651f8c1	Pros (strengths): *
2e49c271a521a482aa79f834eb64dd7970e17956	Disadvantages (weaknesses): *
c8a82fa67964c3d600eaeaf18b983e46ac836855	Idea:
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c5215dce2608a2acb8d35db57b81502dcbac8802	The Pharaoh of Egypt Tutankhamun belongs to the eighteenth dynasty of Egyptian rulers.
454518d705ec6fccc713dc19c5bc3569696f5a52	He reigned from 1347 to 1337 BC.
61e8ed296e290d3db8668d8ca7c40bf05b9d526f	The degree of his relationship with his predecessor Amenhotep IV is still a mystery for scientists.
040cd3a040b6e5016ac18e4499ad15c3b2e6b89d	It is possible that the Egyptian Pharaoh Tutankhamun was the younger brother of Akhenaten and the son of the latter's father, Amenhotep III.
9558f9c81a133e92bf5b65a17009f17e5dc6fc00	There are also those who believe that he was the tsar's son-in-law.
ccd89469b5b56fb4f9a36f0676f9d9d97ce0febd	After all, he was not even ten years old, and he was already married to one of the daughters of Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti.
9dc429203ce6861373d58f69b7a3e471ab186009	Pharaoh Tutankhamun received the throne at the age of nine.
e7e072d413693bdcf586a80ea1b0a27766468c06	This is the cult of the Sun god Aton, which was introduced in Egypt by Amenhotep IV.
dbf17b48826ae01cba18c7a0498732037a232587	However, in reality, the rule in the country passed to two educators and regents of the young pharaoh-Aye and Horemheb, former associates of Akhenaten, who anathematized the teachings of their former patron immediately after his death.
40cfd372930822192dabcf41c49c2102de73e22f	The Egyptian Pharaoh Tutankhamun, who ascended the throne early, did not leave a significant trace in history: historians only know that during his reign the process of restoration of religious cults began in the country.
cf09d051eac7a203ceaaa4fcee51f9aa4d28139f	Many of them were rejected for the sake of the supreme Aton.
0698e8c022743f563945ead78d21087e71530171	It was Tutankhamun, whose name originally sounded "Tutankhaton", who canceled it, proving his desire to revive the ancient cult of Amun.
7a8c328b4525961acb8869789f20812a52f2b008	This became known when archaeologists managed to decipher the text of a large stele erected by him in the main temple of this god in Karnak.
783f2fe094699e228363ddfe439ff953c11a1708	From there, it became known that Pharaoh Tutankhamun not only returned to the previous cult, but also returned all their rights and possessions to the priests who worshipped Amon.
0d07d003c18e15e749907989510ff5223503517b	For the first four years after his accession to the throne and, according to historians, under the influence of Queen Nefertiti, Pharaoh Tutankhamun still continued to rule from Akhetaton.
9dc0041d97088e11c242c2b6cfd39584ecd4f4b6	And only after the death of his mother, the supporters of the former cult of religion managed to finally gain the upper hand.
7a8050d0da78258c7ed8eeb436a599a040ab95a9	But after leaving the territory of Akhetaton, the pharaoh's court did not return to Thebes, but moved to Memphis.
6939f1899c36bde3c75f0643776204652651a9e9	Of course, Pharaoh Tutankhamun visited this southern capital from time to time.
736af2d8a2730ad11e41d930b969f211d1e43a5c	There he even participated in the main city festivals in honor of Amun.
9f3856aed04f1e24a8c73b6932902903e989515a	He ordered the images of the Sun and Akhenaten to be left untouched.
64ce9da1a8a926d48231304640dc8521e23b96ef	Moreover, in some inscriptions, the ruler called himself "the son of Aton".
07977b5bf8c35747f5ab0b320f52c94d61250560	During his reign, Egypt began to gradually restore its international influence, which was fairly shaken under the previous reformer pharaoh.
5e5537f5afd13df3f896275e61b6b6e159e906d4	Thanks to the determination of the commander Horemheb, who soon after his mysterious death became the last ruler of the eighteenth dynasty, Tutankhamun managed to strengthen the position of his state in Syria and Ethiopia.
9148b3085fa774d9792f29aef30a1347601a2449	Perhaps the internal "pacification" achieved under this young king by the efforts of his inner circle, led by Aye, contributed a lot to the external situation of the country to strengthen.
499316a73ba88e076d343cf7dc5f4fb7495f3509	In honor of the victory over Syria, the arrival of the royal ship was even depicted in Karnak, on which there were prisoners in a cage.
1716b7107ac80cd8956037c5244e1f434ae9dc10	The remains of the mummy of his sister or wife (KV35YL), whose name is still a mystery to scientists, were identified as a "young woman".
580de7cee88429c7de7f560362e044cb617aed8d	Tutankhaton was the son of Akhenaten (formerly Amenhotep IV).
8559b21b2392261b9d32aaf5aec9e5a0e96b2b48	When he ascended to the throne in 1333 BC, at the age of nine or ten, he received the name Tutankhamun.
0ec5ad38f1a1d9bc4d59dd1fae593889b93f6b02	His wet nurse was a woman named Maya.
c63cc2e59716e93b83c09154f47cc06a11a23add	Her name is known from excavations in the Saqqara area.
407c70d77581a76f2a6a90f04c8e9b1e6788ca80	After ascending to the throne, he married his half-sister Ankhesenaton.
cf13660e670bdead38f02cdc32e9df7b85ac0a68	They had two daughters who could not be born, having frozen at 5 and 9 months of pregnancy.
a6a628ee39e59fa903c87e343de8e4579c48291c	The mummies of stillborn children were also in the tomb of Tutankhamun.
7976ef46967486c3ca57e3626b569314cd237a91	Later, the spouse changed her name to Ankhesenamon, with the ending "Amon", like her royal husband.
562fb53e6d6d74bf8a7c4433070ee2ecf926d584	Given the return of the king, in which he became the pharaoh of Ancient Egypt, he should have had very influential advisers close to him.
1d0487f44d624a7b52ea4c10424656800c00dcc6	Horemhebe told in his notes that the king appointed him "lord of the earth" to maintain the rule of law.
60bf9a75d9b23670b6a2213e4e167bb692b22847	Only he knew how to calm the young king, because he had a short temper.
05a90d5c66841e98e972bf33e8fdf8329bd815b9	In the third year of his reign, Tutankhamun rejected several reforms established by his father at the time.
314233c093fbd6ec3c72cef202dea6a52cb0fd74	He banned the cult of Aton worship and made Amon the supreme patron of Egypt.
52f8ce41236f2b79c301612c67ef783aabd6ba93	The ban on religious rites in honor of Amun was lifted.
e0042f64cab5a9ab47b24526134911227103d67e	The capital was moved back to Thebes from Akhetaton.
03fe58fe41c5fbebec4a3089108a2513559b9a08	Pharaoh established several major construction projects, including in Thebes and in Karnak, where he built the temple of Amun.
18e6fba05db63534fa40abbf0fc9c31bc37358e1	During his reign, many architectural monuments were erected.
d00581f3f730fe0fc98f7b237deaddcf494f4678	At the time of Tutankhamun's accession to the throne, the country was in economic decline and confusion after the reign of Akhenaten.
f72727013ba435183171579395c3f04ea2b4deba	Diplomatic relations with other kingdoms were not given due attention.
9c10574645f09601abaca2190a142562ef735b5f	Tutankhamun sought to restore them, in particular, with Mitanni.
096810f1d78c3eb02af23b5ea8353fd57c518187	The evidence of his success was the numerous gifts that were found in the tomb of the pharaoh.
d7dd041f05f257c5a91b6e5ecffc65d7c3f7d0ad	Despite all efforts to improve relations with other states, the king periodically conducted military campaigns with Nubians and Asians.
6243ef779ed9ecec8a4f1d6e432007df55609e96	These events are evidenced by the records on the walls of the temple in Thebes, painted with scenes of captures and battles.
6dd747e4d3b0d4d6277ddf2fe916998764c01a84	Protective vests and folding chairs for military campaigns were found in his grave.
bfafaf5a4d8e7d00bea41298986bb521276a0cb7	He had a malocclusion, which made it easy to determine that he belonged to the Tutmosid dynasty, of which he was a direct descendant.
60b84ca96b883d34af46ddeb9f6fc1064266189a	His skull was elongated (dolichocephalic) shape, although at that time this was the norm and did not indicate any pathology.
7140eb1698f6e588fd3e37e51b579b710ca73806	Given that many members of the royal family were depicted in frescoes with a similar head shape, it was obviously a hereditary factor, and not atypia.
a2028c5726e29b852fad4dd0499f99896aa6fdc3	There are no records of Tutankhamun's last days.
2d34becb938d7755e1a1af41c31eaca8f650ddf9	The question of the cause of the tsar's death is still the subject of serious disputes.
fc2fefc343feeef0023ecbef78619e5e46548cfb	The first version indicates that Tutankhamun was accidentally killed in battle.
b7c5f8e330869f863848b9c1f0736d83c856a8c2	toraya says that shortly before his death, he broke both legs, which were infected.
d4c4d37bfe48f98f0f6552f461aa8838477fd1db	The origin of Tutankhamun is uncertain, since it falls at the end of the religious revolution known as the "Amarna period", which was forgotten by subsequent generations of rulers, and all monuments associated with the "heretic pharaoh" Akhenaten were destroyed in every possible way.
5ee496331efaba19e23c12a5a6ac5879133af1d3	Scientists have put forward several hypotheses about Tutankhamun's parents, some of which are specifically designed to somehow legitimize his ascension to the throne.
87815133574b6fff101e7e972010ff0074afb4ec	There are many reasons to believe that he was the natural son of Akhenaten (a theory that Zahi Hawass strongly supports, based on DNA tests done in 2010) and one of his sisters, although in fact the identity of the mother still remains a mystery.
cef5d7332bbb38e2cea182574f8819399e650c01	For several years, some scientists also adhered to the hypothesis that Tutankhamun's father was Aye, although there was very little evidence for this (only a stone block from Hermopolis).
cd420b63d10e462242fc184b3bc15982b0337ef9	This theory is based primarily on the discovery of various objects in the tomb KV62, which are inscribed with cartouches of Amenhotep III, his "Great Queen" and his wife Tiya, Prince Thutmose-the firstborn of Amenhotep III, who died at a young age - and Princess Sitamon, who also held the position of "Great Royal Wife"at the end of his reign.
c4fd8482c7b08f449c1337bb422e0dc3473c60c0	Today, it can be stated with a high degree of confidence that the death of Tutankhaton (according to the Theban ideology, who later changed his name to "Tutankhamun Hekaiunushema") occurred between the ages of 17 and 19.
09fc5cbf71adf330abfd29f350f99e7e1ccc0dac	The evidence for this comes from the examination of his mummy, or rather the development of the bones of the skeleton of the young pharaoh.
8a561fe77cee2d47d56e770957b03e11cfaedab5	Presumably, Tutankhamun could have been born either by Amenhotep III, or his son Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten).
35a08fe1003cc01f942abbf3d613f53f23407abf	However, if we take into account that the reign of the heretic pharaoh lasted for about 17 years, it becomes obvious that Amenhotep III has nothing to do with the role of Tutankhamun's father; Akhenaten or the mysterious Smenkhkara have much more chances in this regard.
216aa36e1e1d57bb02ae23066858cd565ff9726d	Although it is known that Amenhotep III was a long-lived ruler, the time intervals strongly refute any hypothesis about paternity to Tutankhamun on his part.
cf1fd1ea3f5d6091733de1d0f7ee88960803f849	2. Another factor is the political and religious context that emerged during the death of the young pharaoh.
1ad7f4934ccc0b5a950bb6409e494053ba6a806f	The variety of dishes and other items containing the names of Amenhotep III, Tiya, etc., clearly shows the intention to ensure the continuity and legitimacy of the deceased king in an attempt to erase any mention of the collapse of the religious revolution.
95cb717b93db4f60a8a535d4747790baf0747175	Sometimes you can hear that Tutankhamun was the son of Akhenaten's successor - the mysterious Pharaoh Smenkhkar.
09985ca027ac652e1bb28d70d0a57257382c8af0	However, there is no objective evidence to confirm this hypothesis:
3a42f6b532b46321590003b4f079c7c05846e124	1. This opinion is supported by the complete absence of any references to Tutankhamun from Amarna, where scientists have not been able to find almost any traces of this pharaoh.
7ced9b902a72864594e840ea15b1f771663ec49e	The only mention in this plan is a sandstone stone block found in Hermopolis and brought here from Amarna during the time of the kings of the XIX Dynasty, who apparently used the abandoned city as a quarry to provide building materials used in other projects.
96a8ef3f8e715d6389ecf41214dba73e718f09d4	The relief depicted on the block indicates the name of "the son of the king and his pet Tutankhamun".
6433a548d1b6c42cfb3bd783a0f73563fc1de512	This mention is the only one that has survived from that time, but it does not mention the name of the parent at all, who undoubtedly could have been one of the three kings of this period: Akhenaten, Amenhotep III or Smenkhkar.
de53f4a5aa80af176a579f90a2e4094a240b609e	There is also a possibility that the mention of belonging to the royal blood may actually mean the attitude of the young pharaoh to one of the side lines of the royal family, and the absence of a cartouche in his name at all pushes to the conclusion that the inscription was made at a time when Tutankhamun was not yet a pharaoh.
8fb81f9ff3a9a00025b294ba1bdcbb9b3d4cebc1	It is also worth considering that the tests of the mummy from the tomb KV55, conducted by scientists in 2010, convincingly showed that there is a very strong similarity in external signs and blood groups that belong to the boy pharaoh and other representatives of the royal family of this time.
bacce6e0cee05705cdd1699fd59dd40cd325b163	2. This hypothesis is opposed by the absence of any clear evidence linking Tutankhamun with his predecessor on the throne of Smenkhkar, as well as the existing uncertainty in the identification of the mummy from the tomb KV55, which may be the remains of both Akhenaten and Smenkhkar.
ca531180a01ec8924abb1dc269be1f04115606db	Tutankhamun is the pharaoh of the New Kingdom, who died at a very early age.
b53e4c35f7bd6d9183eac74aa86ff2ef81ba07ab	Such an early death of the pharaoh was for a long time considered sufficient reason to consider it unnatural.
dd1e001487e22f4f18946e44391edce33cedc64a	It followed from this that Tutankhamun could have been killed on the orders of his own regent Aye, who became the new pharaoh after Tutankhamun's death.
b2b339c0c8fd8d9ee9f29653ca8bbf94e9fb37fc	However, the latest research conducted in 2005 brought to the fore the assumptions about the death of Tutankhamun as a result of trauma (open leg fracture.
8d63944e7ff0c08756f941c04a2b168cf7e40df0	On March 8, 2005, the leading Egyptian Egyptologist Zahi Hawass, who led the study, announced the results of the examination of the mummy of Tutankhamun.
9588217feaf55d0b970a83f28a00b59e235e569a	In 15 minutes, using the Siemens SOMATOM® Emotion 6 CT, more than 1,700 three-dimensional images of the mummy were obtained, which dispelled most of the established opinions about the death of the young pharaoh.
ceac0db4840813e19a896a035afb764daa367853	No traces of a traumatic brain injury were found, and the hole in the skull was obviously the result of the actions of the Paraschite priests treating the mummy.
3c5f8d5a81c4ef7ded8ca33d72a5310902ef3526	The results of previous X-ray studies of the pharaoh's body were also refuted, attributing to him a severe degree of scoliosis.
dbf878d3ad3519ad5bd02b415505b5fd9bf828de	The pharaoh's skull is somewhat elongated, which confirms his kinship with Akhenaten and contradicts the assumptions about the latter's susceptibility to Marfan syndrome.
c7b86d90945d63dd178232981487c21f2d6dae70	Finally, after consulting with Italian and Swiss colleagues, Egyptian experts came to the conclusion that the cause of Tutankhamun's death was gangrene, which rapidly progressed after a leg injury (fracture).
c7ff89ef0ce2e673ab2acdea34112226392c9823	As evidence, serious injuries on the left femur are cited, previously attributed to the inept handling of the mummy by the participants of the Carter expedition.
c8e65d17ddedaec21f86c6da33b9b56e86da47e6	The tomb of Tutankhamun (object KV62) is located in the Valley of the Kings, and this is the only almost undisturbed tomb that has reached scientists in its original form, although it was opened twice by tomb thieves.
47f0f61475b857d7117a96fa1203d8f6f3df452d	It was discovered in 1922 by two Englishmen-the Egyptologist Howard Carter and the amateur archaeologist Lord Carnarvon.
57ab284a04a4edc57d22494e29eebf161898dc0a	Numerous ornaments have been preserved in the tomb, as well as a sarcophagus with the mummified body of the pharaoh.
cc8444db4a2e9d8a1efc7e9c8d881d251e8af62f	In the eyes of historians, Tutankhamun remained a little-known minor pharaoh until the beginning of the twentieth century.
a62b92abcab75e343fede7fe9975168d7b7b6862	Moreover, doubts were even expressed about the reality of its existence.
8beaa2025926ab40ebaa097cfdf3c1cf194929ab	Therefore, the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun is considered as the greatest event in the history of archeology.
a0fd1d1e2633aa95d258caafdec0086ca36e460c	Nevertheless, the reign of Tutankhamun really did not differ in anything significant, apart from the rejection of atonism.
2a39a3666bd80bcb27593f3844aa792e5b125366	Howard Carter has the following words about the young pharaoh: "In the current state of our knowledge, we can say with certainty only one thing: the only remarkable event in his life was that he died and was buried."
2545c89e8bda39da00a81e3c2c7c104f9813068f	On November 4, 1922, the entrance to the KV62 tomb was cleared, and the seals on the doors were intact, which gave serious hopes for the possibility of making the largest archaeological discovery of the century.
7408a8e7dbd5daa445fce652ca0885c5a69c9fe8	At the entrance to the tomb of Ramesses VI (the builders of the tomb of this Ramesside, apparently, filled up the way to the tomb of Tutankhamun, which explains its relative safety).
247c420ea9f3bd576d6aa4c053d12dff4f0a6b25	On November 26, 1922, Carter and Carnarvon became the first people in three millennia to descend into the tomb (robbers who could visit the tomb obviously descended into it during the twentieth dynasty).
478d9181f34e06d6652aa3d38f73f2db931f00a4	After a long excavation, on February 16, 1923, Carter finally descended into the burial chamber of the tomb (the "Golden Hall"), where the sarcophagus of the pharaoh himself was located.
049f3b27a8b61b30458b1fcd577e9fb5ed826774	Among the utensils and other objects buried with the pharaoh, many examples of art were found that bear the stamp of the influence of the art of the Amarna period.
5dbfe762b5e2e0aad3b0aca7e0081aa67ba8d178	The owner of the discovered treasures, then an almost unknown young ruler of Egypt, immediately turned into an object of increased attention, and the phenomenal discovery not only made his name well-known, but also caused another surge of renewed interest in all traces of Egyptian civilization in the modern world.
9730e3f5ee2184b95c521569a2f8c5b4a24b0b5f	Lord George Carnarvon, who financed the excavations, died on April 5, 1923 at the Continental Hotel in Cairo from pneumonia, but almost immediately there were hoaxes around his death (it was even said about "blood poisoning due to a razor wound" or "a mysterious mosquito bite").
c06fd07ebb426c1f48749a059d1a89b7827e11f1	In the following years, the press fueled rumors about the "curse of the pharaohs", which allegedly led to the death of the discoverers of the tomb, numbering up to 22 "victims of the curse", 13 of whom were directly present at the opening of the tomb.
8c9d87d35177f92730a08711442be048afadf4c1	Among them were mentioned such prominent specialists as the largest American Egyptologist Professor James Henry Brasted, the author of the grammar of the Egyptian language Sir Alan Henderson Gardiner, Professor Norman de Harris Davis.
5008ed813fd4aaae73e2d6063e6e10d3e0bccf63	However, the facts show that the evidence of the "curse" was adjusted to achieve a newspaper sensation: the absolute majority of the participants of the Carter expedition reached an advanced age, and their average life expectancy is 74.4 years.
25191715db221e31423b4cef6ab3a74730adb47b	Howard Carter, who directly supervised all the work in the tomb, it would seem that he should have fallen the first victim of the "curse of the pharaoh", but he died the last — in 1939 at the age of 66.
7cc1193bc3a1a53bc2e424094edb4f7bfe7e2083	One of the popular theories trying to analyze the death of the expedition participants connects it with a fungus or other microorganism that was in the tomb, which explains, in particular, the fact that the asthmatic Lord Carnarvon died first.
a53ff842ec038c8001e30f976ec6e7a051ea826a	The tomb of Tutankhamun (object KV62) is located in the Valley of the Kings, and this is the only almost not looted tomb that has reached scientists in its original form, although it was opened twice by tomb robbers.
d16d73e5eebb63709ac1bea3fc0e9ca230fc75e1	It was discovered in 1922 by two Englishmen-the Egyptologist Howard Carter and the amateur archaeologist Lord George Carnarvon.
8ec092abeb53eae8bb9db8282bd319caaeec3fa2	Numerous ornaments have been preserved in the tomb, as well as a sarcophagus with a mass of 110.4 kg of pure gold decorated with turquoise[1] with the mummified body of the pharaoh.
6f9194e7a47e2e21f79b9f585a6eaa9a4a8683f5	On November 4, 1922, the entrance to the tomb KV62 was cleared, at the entrance to the tomb of Ramesses VI (the builders of the tomb of this Ramesside apparently filled up the way to the tomb of Tutankhamun, which explains its relative safety).
8e828757291240c97e3f8f934eb542e4151481c9	Moreover, the seals on the doors were intact, which gave serious hopes for the possibility of making the largest archaeological discovery of the century.
0e1747311c5b2e33777ad0007a77df485b721cd0	On November 26, 1922, Howard Carter and Carnarvon became the first people in three millennia to descend into the tomb (robbers who could visit the tomb obviously descended into it during the XX dynasty).
37cc8e85e9d157ae13666530df8bc656f9f65683	On February 16, 1923, after a long excavation, Carter finally descended into the burial chamber of the tomb (the "Golden Hall"), where the sarcophagus of the pharaoh himself was located.
c43ce7786c1f50df9bc3ddc7c6c682078d49b2c1	In 2009, Zahi Hawass announced that the tomb of Tutankhamun would soon be closed for restoration work.
9781bc8857eec6c9a22bedc69402453e393b6f98	The Supreme Council of Antiquities, together with the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI), will implement a project to preserve the tomb.
d2f6df87187cc77db11e6c87ef5f850722ee0165	The project is planned to be implemented within a five-year period.
71088254a524a5ba29bb479a802465a7bcb3385d	Brown spots were noticed on the walls of the tomb, the nature of which has not yet been clarified, but it is clear that the spread of these spots can permanently destroy the unique monument of Ancient Egypt[2].
d4672d05891b019b657bdf939786f6ee790879e4	However, in 2011, it was reported that the spots are caused by microorganisms that are currently dead.
897db341866e7f322cb185423d4a38850894e14a	They could have appeared due to the fact that the pharaoh was buried in a hurry and did not allow the wall paintings to dry before sealing the entrance.
37d5466b4fc6731438cf821b862d6d11e002f8ca	This discovery caused a debate about the reasons for the haste[3].
61371574650e522d894deebdeab3cae8b7bd2c4f	Nevertheless, it was decided at the end of 2011 to completely close the monument to tourists.
c091fe4ddcbc212b8d6c6da3b36634a1958487ee	Instead, they are going to create a copy of the tomb for viewing[4][5].
b24f0ffa41303b4bfbb84ce3d0d986f0a48ad2d3	In 2015, after scanning the tomb, it was found that there was a secret room behind the funeral hall of Tutankhamun, behind the northern wall.
1cb7dc457939f13b2ce08a91d46eff77fafe74c0	This was stated at a press conference by the Minister of Antiquities of Egypt Al Damati[6].
58b978cb1b217f660f0619ad1e8789303368525d	British archaeologist Nicholas Reeves suggested that the found room may be the tomb of Nefertiti[7].
dfc8d22a9414147c5b564889c49f9112d347845e	Tutankhamun's tomb in the Egyptian Valley of the Kings has kept its secrets for 3,300 years.
b978b8d9db4c3eafc43cd53061f188a3eb6ca598	The richest gold treasure found in it shocked the imagination of people all over the world, which brought worldwide fame to the person who discovered it.
f8b702916bb729746ef49cffacb27c52fc629ce3	Dust and gloom surrounded the British archaeologist Howard Carter and his patron Lord Car Narvon, standing at a walled-up doorway deep underground in the Valley of the Kings.
6a02dc30bf72c6d7ddbd945ad3c7371fffac50e5	The two men spent eight long years unsuccessfully searching for the tomb of the boy king Tutankhamun, who ruled Egypt around 1361 BC, but their luck eluded them.
d73f2582c2c8cdefc6ab842bc7d8eba6e08b24e8	They were excavating on the west bank of the Nile near Luxor, in a valley that was the cemetery of the pharaohs.
b9ab6cdc52178f149475ee62d430bafc0f340a8b	By the summer of 1922, Carter's men had combed the entire valley, except for a small area near the excavated tomb of Ramesses VI.
15b00095e78dd3801661b209033c949bfc0bcd6a	Carter was convinced that this was where his long-awaited luck was waiting for him.
306ea24367ed9568834721d0067a1b9939b68e3b	Under his leadership, Egyptian workers began to excavate, and on November 4, 1922, one of the diggers discovered a shallow step carved out of stone at the bottom of the valley.
3c47f6cace5014cc7aea29a4fad23fec159fdd8f	The work was continued, and more and more new steps appeared from the ground.
51fd4359c6c7409f9ad473abc720a089b0807212	Finally, the upper part of the walled-up door was freed from the soil, on which the ancient seals of the necropolis guard were visible.
6c0f592277643e8bcd753f5415fe218e22b2dc93	The Naos, where the sarcophagus of the pharaoh was kept, reproduces the form of the most ancient (the end of the IV millennium BC), the sanctuary of the goddess Nekhbet - the defender and patroness of the royal power.
c736e952905fbde424060b8c737464bf639c013f	The walls of the naos contain images of Tutankhamun together with his wife Ankhesenpaamon.
0a9a3e89889e19f771278979eedced56e597c1eb	Outside the naos, there are elegant statues of the four patronesses of the soul in the afterlife - Isis, Nephthys, Neith and Selket.
755f482ae552d93800768fb1c678517e60d291dd	Presumably, the purpose of the naos was to perpetuate the royal coronation and make it possible for its constant repetition in the afterlife.
35b72ef63c32de20a96dbd4854eb7f783fec42b4	The tomb of Tutankhamun is one of the very few tombs that accidentally survived from looting.
c9a07b2de86e98b9154755735af3c7a16171407e	The tomb is modest in structure and design, but it is widely known for its artistic and archaeological treasures.
45c4b3aaccb5c6cb461a625a539c337225f46091	The back of the throne chair from the tomb of Tutankhamun, inlaid with glass and gold plates and precious stones.
9291553ec8d651836c45de8c31988ac60bc00f52	The drawing depicts an eighteen-year-old pharaoh and his wife Ankhes an Amon
9f054975c4b732ffb9cbcb195d79f1499bd652e6	In the last burial chamber of the tomb, a huge box upholstered in gold leaf was found, inside of which there were three more of the same.
6542122c39846afe6a14842251ddeb6011406436	KV62
b72449c108004687c7a3bc6c94374cd29aadd57a	The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on March 17, 2016; checks require 5 edits.
31113b38e296177a5b5960d634acd7c67330c544	KV62 Tutankhamun
73024cb92bf7c1f0a88bee8def91b77a92c2a3bf	It was discovered in 1922 by two Englishmen the Egyptologist Howard Carter and the amateur archaeologist Lord George Carnarvon.
2b3419105cd505f9c7fd9b4d99617fb140dd405c	The history of the discovery[edit / edit wiki text]
f41727620b519965cfc59c0ea518c832f4fb0b9f	This mark was set on December 20, 2015.
8ba1c4f9df05274f0b561905f7158de6c3674020	The owner of the discovered treasures, then an almost unknown young ruler of Egypt, immediately turned into an object of increased attention, and the phenomenal discovery not only made his name well known, but also caused another surge of renewed interest in all traces of Egyptian civilization in the modern world.
4cf3723b4af49d01e0ca979dc12024baaedc2286	Modernity[edit / edit wiki text]
8a1e14e1b016c93729e97f6e4e7ec8159136cd16	The project is planned to be implemented within a five year period.
49b2b564f6e85b816cf50c24b610ea776a076aaf	Instead, they are going to create a copy of the tomb for viewing[4][5]. In 2015, after scanning the tomb, it was found that there was a secret room behind the funeral hall of Tutankhamun, behind the northern wall.
e9c5954efaeea0294f6b1f8d430ca3ec773a3874	Other scientists[who? it is assumed that Kiya may rest there[7].
ce715e059d622324db5874dfe620aeead64e26d4	↑ [1] // tutanhamon.net ↑ Why is the tomb of Tutankhamun being closed?
754f3e826576200e26575b0e65e3365717ef6c0b	/ / en egypt.com • News ↑ Tutankhamun was buried in a hurry // CNews ↑ A piece of history locked away forever // Herald and Weekly Times, January 21, 2011 (eng.) Египта The Egyptian authorities close the legendary tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun to tourists // ITAR TASS, January 17, 2011 ↑ Scientists have declared 90 percent confidence in the discovery of the tomb of Nefertiti. vz.ru. Verified on November 28, 2015.
6d2eed8f20e12d65438b7b0e8cf42127245ca298	↑ 1 2 The Egyptian authorities have named the possible location of the tomb of Nefertiti. vz.ru. Verified on November 28, 2015.
26fe9b381f4218992bcbc3e8466ff2287453e7a9	Valley of the Kings
8dd8b72ec320e45b956c5aabfd6f0a6cb7bfe231	Tombs KV1 • KV2 • KV3 • KV4[en] • KV5[en] • KV6 • KV7 • KV8 • KV9 • KV10 • KV11 • KV12 • KV13 • KV14 • KV15 • KV16 • KV17 • KV18[en] • KV19[en] • KV20[en] • KV21[en] • KV22[en] • KV23[en] • KV24[en] • KV25[en] • KV26[en] • KV27[en] • KV28[en] • KV29[en] • KV30[en] • KV31[en] • KV32[en] • KV33[en] • KV34 • KV35 • KV36[en] • KV37[en] • KV38[en] • KV39[en] • KV40 • KV41[en] • KV42[en] • KV43[en] • KV44[en] • KV45[en] • KV46[en] • KV47[en] • KV48[en] • KV49[en] • KV50[en] • KV51[en] • KV52[en] • KV53[en] • KV54[en] • KV55[en] • KV56[en] • KV57[en] • KV58[en] • KV59[en] • KV60[en] • KV61[en] • KV62 • KV63[en] • KV64[en] • KV65[en] • WV22[en] • WV23[en] • WV25[en]
55c244130e228d62f016ebafefbbfa980e35c047	Research (English)
3be08eec1b4a4281d122a143ae2cf43454fe169d	Theodore M. Davis Amarna Royal Tombs Project (English)Russian.
4450d3a1b0f845e914730c931c4030889a3452e7	Theban Mapping Project (English)Russian.
c629edb779ae2822dd9016abbb6bf4eed0c3b60c	John Romer (English)Russian.
23b55590b3a352b5f7d7ef32d47fea5b815aa9c3	List of tombs of the Valley of the Kings Small tombs of the Valley of the Kings (English)Russian.
51dc9d882d6b61c43f9c3ea6dd956241deae15a8	Valley of the Queens Tomb TT 320
947338a0f05714378d571e1dc34475a2bc74fef9	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KV62&oldid=79473605"
3aff69c50e710b86adafea14d8fe416a030ee776	Category: Tombs of the Valley of the Kings
21584bb162c0cec635a1dc0f416e2cbff031dd49	Hidden categories: Wikipedia:Articles with sections without links to sources from December 2015 Wikipedia:Articles without sources (country: Egypt) Wikipedia:Articles without sources (objects less than the specified limit: 7) Wikipedia:Articles without sources (type: archaeological site) Wikipedia:Articles that require specification Wikipedia:Articles without links to sources
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96c290db37d62dde34a43f9f43012c28b01c02ba	Last modified on this page: 05: 27, July 10, 2016.
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6d419895c5e51d7bf3ae05fe6417699436d3bafe	Tutankhamun — the greatest of the pharaohs of Egypt
ef4113db524503e9f7c3fc5129cbc67934b0334a	Tutankhamun was a pharaoh of the XVIII dynasty of Egyptian pharaohs, who ruled in 1347-1337 BC .
e84fe46c3b3b2c98b2210b1088c9a5f207bb3738	During his reign, the transformations of Akhenaten were canceled, which made the pharaoh, whose rule was considered insignificant for a long time, among the most important historical figures of ancient Egyptian history.
e5060053db3a659bc08a794cc6ac9a3751a9ee9f	He became one of the most famous pharaohs and a real symbol of ancient Egyptian civilization thanks to the discovery in 1922 of his tomb, the only almost undisturbed Egyptian royal tomb.
b6aa38073f6a571f2fd5827df3b341365e2dc767	Pharaoh Tutankhamun
de5e57881fc018c93ea31811e6c147d9bbf05f99	Tutankhamun (circa 1333-1323 BC) was the son of Akhenaten and his" younger " wife Kiya, the husband of Akhenaten's third daughter by Nefertiti — Ankhesenpaamon.
ecf9b27142e66dabdddaff5bd8f09603dd86fe9c	Having ascended the throne at the age of 12, Tutankhamun died before he reached the age of 20.
9fc93500b3d206747fd7fe9214d20e31be56d1d4	During his reign, the power in the country was actually in the hands of the Vizier Aye and other nobles.
8ca61dd63800f626c24e783f65d1d0f4402baf4f	The most important events of Tutankhamun were the cancellation of Akhenaten's religious reform (which is associated with the change of the pharaoh's original name — Tutankhaton — "alive in the image of Aton") and the transfer of the capital from Akhetaton to Thebes.
d394a3aa45611b19f0684e97a425464d76982243	The tomb of Tutankhamun (Valley of the Kings, No. 62), opened in 1922 by an expedition led by G. Carter, is the only royal burial that has survived to our time in its original form and a unique source of knowledge about the life of Egyptian society.
2d0768bc1d1fd6ccb7c0ceb4a34c505138b9178b	more detailed
dc56117763efe35737f4a1ad58c2b1630b145ce9	Tutankhamun and his time
6c68c764473795c648a84c507d4c4afb376f1c9e	6 links
2f99846efe47a094947d835191722808d84577f8	Tutankhamun Wikipedia
6031494a412f54855e1a1c7288f537dc76e8d449	peoples.ru: Tutankhamun / Tutanhamon
f856ed5e33027421dbae5c21b02f1502d0c32ea7	Tutankhamun and the treasures of his tomb
aba1dc8e169731f95833dec413bfb69b801b6938	(Katsnel…
d6e0b2446c2a5c426ad1da76a168dedb7fceb6f8	The riddle of Tutankhamun Tutankhamun Egyptian�…
ceff43d66988723e72d54cec908dc6d3af1e7fc5	Egypt.
d600dcbee8e538ade3c571a57484e8c421ac4f5c	Requiem.
86fc810d5330c3a48543629e0e4320cb7ae0e2fa	En / History / Agent Cooper revealed the secret…
f714626c40c30a129a319d835e625b5b8bcd31b0	Tutankhamun
bb8032a300c2ac711fdbadb540059730b5d72cca	Tutankhamun (ruled from about 1361 to 1352 BC), Akhenaten's son in law and his successor on the Egyptian throne.
8553a6c59bb0ca0b662e2d00cc5ed8fe54edac96	It is not established exactly who his parents were, but most likely he was the grandson of Amenhotep III. His right to the throne was determined by his marriage to Ankhesenpaaton (later named Ankhesenamon), the daughter of Akhenaten and Nefertiti.
ebb5681c080ef80705d9ddad05cabc381340dc6a	At the time of Akhenaten's death, Tutankhamun was only nine years old, so he was under the strong influence of the elderly "Father of God" – Aye, who became his co ruler, survived him and became his successor on the throne.
1ce1906458e7267e257a9297134fbebbff878279	Little known as the Pharaoh, Tutankhamun became famous thanks to the sensational discovery in 1922 of his almost undisturbed tomb.
b866d32ec132ea8e3bea8d966e100e1b81531ea6	Thousands of different objects were found in it, including a gilded chariot, seats, couches, lamps, precious jewelry, clothing, writing materials and even a bunch of his grandmother's hair.
c7a3a9db01ab6a0ab3fff6bd4f4e179df97b2150	This discovery gave the world the most complete idea of the splendor of the ancient Egyptian court.
f07d05158ccd26adb74204dcfa8a612fd6fc0c4d	The main act of Tutankhamun was the complete rejection of the religion of Akhenaten, the return of the status of the capital to Thebes and the restoration of the veneration of Amun and other rejected gods of the Egyptian pantheon.
828d338a9b04221c9cbe286f50cd389f68de4ecf	source
394f87cb92a801771dea32b253496bd8c00c2c67	7 links
0386e8678aabef14ada0ab9f544f95e11785f8af	Culture: Tutankhamun turned to face the world…
aac5e7da635b9fab21d58c868cd01b2fe6214734	Tutankhamun: - NoNaMe
8a15ec7fea40a1736afd2591f3eaffd526d608c1	Scientists have restored the appearance of Tutankhamun and Ra�…
0b2fff2127b81afb02024bd4151c675bebda9c4e	Sights of Egypt — the most interesting�…
d97897fe61920dfc0620549764495300715cdd24	The Land of Proud Pharaohs
e273620f283af22db0a5c2fdaee2b08f9a47b789	Tutankhamun: photos from 1922-1923
25a2c38bcf800b3a4c235eddaecc360366257ca2	edward Carter comes out of the tomb, accompanied by workers with a statue of Tutankhamun.
151a7544f7f13126b217e644cffe842ab112a59b	The first photo of the sarcophagus of Tutankhamun.
66154d8350b274fcd439573cf770477c1bc2fb90	Dust and gloom surrounded the British archaeologist Howard Carter and his patron Lord Car Narvon, standing at a walled up doorway deep underground in the Valley of the Kings.
b7380bf1edc6ace323de8b0de2ec8194eeee18d6	By the summer of 1922, Carter's men had combed the entire valley, except for a small area near the excavated tomb of Ramesses VI. Carter was convinced that this was where his long awaited luck was waiting for him.
adb9a421b3519935b9e8fe098b2117671bce5480	Finally, the upper part of the walled up door was freed from the soil, on which the ancient seals of the necropolis guard were visible. farther
b4d1dabeb469bd375420eeb13efdf4d44d040963	The treasures of the Pharaoh through the eyes of the discoverers
533df8f496952e64a70ca242bfc032d92015d4a2	The untouched seal of the third naos surrounding the sarcophagus.
e47dcdfea9072c58c6da1e7669ade796a6df6d1a	The robbers did not encroach on the peace of the Pharaoh.
9c40a84a9bdc2a18139e11c911de3f7744388879	Howard Carter dusts off the sarcophagus of Tutankhamun.
35a84b7e8a332c9658499fde7ec1afca0234d90e	Howard Carter and engineer Arthur Kalender attach one of the statues to a stretcher for removal from the tomb.
6fff2b9946469745698968a28093ebd94b3e0801	One of the local workers helps Carter with a cloth that will be used to protect the statue from damage.
b21fbbd62466f2a651ccfb011636a02ed2fff488	farther
c53d8573564c2bf9bea986353a6261d5cde9b6c4	QUOTE IN THE SUBJECT
bd18ab24e4f2b51c3ad27cff8798230ef5c6d917	"At that moment, we lost all desire to open these seals, because we suddenly felt that we were invading forbidden possessions; the oppressive feeling was further strengthened by the linen coverings that fell from the inner ark.
73514a5f48442ff5b22bddb10b8d4b8603e61fe4	It seemed to us that the ghost of the deceased Pharaoh had risen before us."
066cb094c3e6ecd3836aae2933e0224114ca33a5	(The first researcher of the tomb of Tutankhamun, archaeologist Howard CARTER, about the penetration into the tomb.)
be95f2488cf08c57ad04da62d9fb7499c8322acf	3 links
cd53bae0882979bdaefa65b13aad7ea47834c08c	Tutankhamun died by the sword
ae19a81b0d8ecac062aca34083a083129b8b8967	"MAAT — - Association for the Study of Ancient Eg�…
eb6a772a5b1d8ee11d2bd11ba8a9e9d4687e5f3a	What can be found in the tomb of Tutankhamun
efbb6de29c051c549f0c04d4e220fd5644a16e79	Tutankhamun in his personal life
97a78d68152c39580f93c2b89170362739825c74	Treasures of Tutankhamun
9fa45ef1a516fbd73ac0389491f3cbfcee2e61b4	1 video
481088b137118bf712178947204362fba745ff39	Mentions in the press, articles
e5964ba4929a28fd05e75fadb0afd8a1f39e5159	5 links
f5265cd01512b82e24b95d56df54560407b98c86	Scientists are struggling with the mystery of Tutankhamun's death...
c1ed146794b20886f6cf53e927fa98b6d75f144c	First look at the mummy of Tutankhamun
68afce84e869f6793405b64064573b1bbcaa0748	MEMBRANA | World news | Pharaoh Tutankhamun with�...
5ee78196f50d59cb9eaa627f8313884d3672aab1	Lenta.ru: Comments on: Scientists have closed the case of Tuta�...
0a5858added41fb163ad2a3ca1ef2e7a929a7ad2	Tutankhamun will be returned to his tomb
5f8fc4115835b124ee406a6a924ccfc1a6f4c482	Treasures of the Pharaoh in the Cairo Museum
ac0a45986beaf0b9e91b388f72a23dc03b935acb	Pharaoh's Naos
b306d14156cfaa5c1b0d663b00696b7b7e94e258	On the head of each of them is a crown attribute.
5eaa28c7449ed5b8fb44655cc4bfa90a48fb8fea	For example, the symbol of Selket is a scorpion.
6a9887578c3e4cc361d020500d92d8fd8173f4da	This goddess was revered as the protector of the dead.
728f1ba7736d00ad85416f683228697b8117506c	The drawing depicts an eighteen year old pharaoh and his wife Ankhes an Amon In the last burial chamber of the tomb, a huge box upholstered in gold leaf was found, inside of which there were three more of the same.
e1bfac278cfc63fdd661911db40e2442744c452f	A stone sarcophagus was found in the last box.
204dd2fc489b02bd10233cfa85d6a32ef18cd529	It contained three gilded coffins, placed one inside the other and resembling the shape of a human body.
f44ea31cd2074259ed0640265ddf1a541035e6f4	The last coffin was made of pure gold and contained a mummy inside with a portrait gold mask on its face.
cb038f54483bd30d28a2cf4dc30f22d5cf9bb51c	Judging by it, you can still imagine how young the pharaoh was: a slightly rounded face, a plump mouth, large, wide set eyes.
19fb3718ff17b6890c84e70a350330952d5907ba	The mask is decorated with precious stones, especially the nemes headdress with blue and gold stripes and royal symbols on the forehead inlaid with lapis lazuli, turquoise and carnelian is especially elegant.
b382cb83c16019ee2c8bc58c648494ab98c6553b	The pharaoh holds his regalia in his hands: the scepter and the scourge.
f819d881f3c218aa519165b63687559d522ea73f	Canopies
94007df50ea6520853bbc7f8eef7e7b4f49f7647	Canopic jars are a vessel in which the internal organs of the deceased were placed during the manufacture of the mummy of the deceased.
356a4f99c418942a59cbf7509a3b89af5be7ae6a	Usually it was a tall vessel made of calcite (alabaster) with a lid.
4d5d8972a888f2680c58803aa2848a6269a27a42	Their contents are protected by the four sons of the god Horus, in the form of whose heads the covers are made - a man, a baboon, a jackal and a falcon.
2a6c19538f28734e8f9899e41dee38bd75fe9b94	The internal organs of the deceased Pharaoh Tutankhamun were stored not in canopic jars, but in miniature sarcophagi.
1e3dadd602336d0cd25ba7879d1220f67922024a	The following is one of the four miniature sarcophagi that contained the internal organs of the king and were located in a canopic jar.
f8776610c9dab859ab36a7b4113ec53183a9dcc5	The internal organs, divided into four groups - the liver, stomach, lungs and spleen - were placed in canopic jars during the mummification process.
9911b85a22e28ea9e881407f3a0807d60ff78780	As a rule, the canopies were vessels, in this case they copy the second sarcophagus of Tutankhamun.
a7133166f883fc264099c7e2aadc1330f9cb4303	pero maat
4eef34ea13f63eda9b63775d924d869980f1cd25	Tutankhamun The Golden Mummy Mask
3f5048f25d1b2c12884ce94a38394b1818c71942	Fragment of the third sarcophagus
f7a9f484ce4061415836f6dd459e653e6af73f86	gizmod.ru
35f5a14634bdbd0e4ccbad4876f321ed89adf3be	Anyone who enters the tomb with unclean thoughts, I will ring the Inscription on the tomb of Tutankhamun like a bird
4141a3eb2258eacb29147aaeeeed8e837c4d09e9	The Curse of the Pharaohs
aa3c2cb39b1362b1ce1911ba8bb51f7fb57c14b8	The discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun is also associated with a widespread belief about the existence of the so called “curse of the pharaohs”.
1d3d74fa5d12565ee3a284ee6aa957cd1c109a66	It all started after the death of Lord George Carnarvon, who was responsible for funding the excavations.
ae3c5313d2c71b5b367cd99495c329972be62cf6	He died on April 5, 1923 at the Continental Hotel in Cairo from pneumonia, but almost immediately there were hoaxes around his death.
e9984cb034a2326810bd832cb861e9cf038f4dfa	It was said about "blood poisoning due to a razor wound”, about" a mysterious mosquito bite” , etc.
a9f8bf4e52ad9ce3a319b6abcb11c7530c790004	In the following years, the press constantly fueled rumors about the "curse of the pharaohs", which allegedly led to the death of the discoverers of the tomb, numbering up to 22 “victims of the curse”, 13 of whom were directly present at the opening of the tomb.
fc1968bbf7c0a494a30d675842e7e6e3011a9c5f	Among them were mentioned such well known experts as the largest American Egyptologist Professor James Henry Brasted, the author of the grammar of the Egyptian language Sir Alan Henderson Gardiner, Professor Norman Davis. farther
24b0a5a049d590e9705ab0fe6c926b0d006404ce	2 links
1bbf1c0cd5ca8bc94aa85079c1250fab2a07edc1	Ancient Egypt reveals secrets :: Forum Fa...
e9eb357426e8cecca09115e521dbebf4b8215d87	Notes of Mephistopheles
2cf80b852df2e2fb484d3c20dd9782a28d1c7d94	The Curse of Tutankhamun Part1
1e917515fd682278460568469ed761124b76f617	The Curse of Tutankhamun - Part1
32003c5062c3487f4a2cb60acd96e101cf901809	This was Tutankhamun when he was alive, and this is how he looks now
29e3c844322fbd31f817f99e61cfca8fd4fb5d7d	The mummy of the most famous Egyptian Pharaoh Tutankhamun is being shown to the general public for the first time in one of the pyramids of Luxor. more detailed
7c9a75cae499fbcd2b2e08fa6457063112733f8f	the treasures of Tutankhamun and the history of their discovery...
d329ae5d1cc1fa50bf6c5c42fb7874bd2b89d1c3	One hundred great secrets of the Ancient World
3bacb373b5142b1492f802f9deb5f8f3c525f38e	The Tomb of Tutankhamun = = History and culture ==...
18d24160599d9babe0a4f5e2a4d4704278bc5e8b	The tomb of Tutankhamun, which became an archaeological site...
1e6f5e53a8efe7a04544a21234703dc734239be9	The Mummy returns
20fbd037f19ae175036348cd4740f39786638379	Part2
b37befda0611ba6723fcf8d0b5fec10b4b22ee39	The Curse of Tutankhamun - Part2
e375c6ed54761d2e5f05a2450c3fe90f8b341892	Egyptologists have revealed the secret of Tutankhamun's death
d1f15b6280d7d004c6c696c231bf6817254fb256	Scientists from the United States, France and Egypt have restored the face of Tutankhamun, and at the same time the cause of his death.
5db7c0708aa3db5b4b93d35e3b0fd5f52dcdba11	Using a CT scan, they found out that one of the most famous rulers of Ancient Egypt died not from a blow to the head, as previously thought, but from gangrene, which began as a result of a broken leg. farther
20f3067b6d2df9a4f97df5879ba3871d359962f2	Tutankhamun was ruined by his passion for hunting.
815e2a1cf3d63f8927a536b5a2645d93a38b9f50	Scientists have suggested that the pharaoh died from an injury sustained when falling from a chariot while hunting.
e9d0323c008ae48630cccabe02b4f38c9ce0556d	He suffered a severe fracture of his left leg and blood poisoning.
ea797e3f86ae8fe86d453030d26f342666ea095f	A group of Egyptologists hypothesized that the Pharaoh Tutankhamun, who ruled in the second half of the XIV century BC, received a fatal injury while hunting.
a342cbe364fb827a68336c8f43a6a96ee55545c8	The king fell from the chariot, as a result of which he received a broken shin.
af9c660df361d676cf74394bf865d5e9d363e267	Until now, Egyptology has been dominated by the version that Tutankhamun could have fallen victim to a conspiracy organized by his closest adviser Aye, who replaced the pharaoh on the throne of Ancient Egypt.
8adaa1df4f4c0b2fe67edc12cbe39c3e7c4e0741	Scientists were prompted to this hypothesis by a mysterious hole on the mummy's skull, discovered back in the 1960s during its X ray examination.
6af0b53737ad9804c03e29b6a1e8a4830b4fce13	However, according to The Independent, scientists have put forward several proofs that the 19 year old king fell from a chariot while hunting in the desert and received a severe fracture of his left leg, as well as blood poisoning.
93a759b2ea636203ccb3faa1b6ee15a44fd38037	Gangrene, which became the cause of death, began to develop as a result of a fracture of the lower leg.
15b7ae5b7cab9de3a17b55c5eae377d3d7ca73b3	Photos: treasures of Tutankhamun
0c0028db73e976f002f417dab8dabba13e04a316	9 links
e5bc82f3dd895bda8115b342659f0e7437d07880	MHC
17c7593212a9e089fe7d278f0db1b1f016ce2889	Thebes.
b6e79839224abca1db84a3f32dc8f5fd342dc8b9	The Golden sarcophagus of Tutankhamun
a17c41d2180fc621c154da2f15e2b6e315cbc234	Scientists have discovered the sarcophagus of Tutankhamun for the first time...
35b98138e0728d60b766e52ffea852ecc421366f	The album Egypt (Egypt).
de9226aa83181315b7d3282a0a534a9a663cb4c5	Photo " Golden Sarcophagus Vol...
21493226180f194f9fffd7f60803f3f45fd0e2b5	Tutankhamun (4 pictures in puzzles). Horin Nika.
8afccfa7434e105a1b23c40ad4fa35db66ffc7f3	K...
7db89ea94d574863643676b050276cc191ead494	The Golden sarcophagus of Tutankhamun | Library and...
f544a4e05c894db4581932024f1fd2a1fcbba56e	Tutankhamun and his wife in the garden.
dea780eafb4f98014882891748250323a82aa2e7	Relief on the lid of the casket
d9aff5ee241aae41ff7eb7a27f361d198ff478f9	zhurnal.lib.ru
cbdeb42307bd1278aeab480a76e3253b09c6770f	Tutankhamun's Gold
ba7b66107250ff4eb0752f3a5c700db9b44c7b3e	OZON.ru
fd3cbc434696d166172072c45a28743be849f52b	Ozone
59c0bdd9e26b9b2f1fa87d49dff8fad3cf7078cc	Book by Niki Horin 1375
7ceca51fcafe42567c1c49ed6ab3604d7c962875	Buy
cce5b30d32739aca3b6602a3696949c3e13c6040	1094.00 rubles.
a15d74c88eb9d042cd34351a9ebe155a0cd77253	Discover the mysterious world of Ancient Egypt.
df30a96fe028a5d2223347dc87247d302411aa79	Read the legend of Tutankhamun, learn about the life and time of the reign of the young Egyptian king,as well as about the incredible...
6ec26896c57560cac4dc8a6c020f8d681e8307eb	Tutankhamun.
4ee89d4d6a965273372258f58e191d8366857b1e	Puzzle, 1500 elements
d1562bbaf197d2e3950ed676276fbcd6ec28da17	Book 885 g
30851bc5137a5195c1373565664b48e06fe5cbd9	953.00 rubles.
84d262e32276f2925ec4bb13c3f2cc7479b30e63	Tutankhamun is a pharaoh of the XVIII dynasty of Egyptian pharaohs, who ruled in 1347-1337 BC .
e94c7a4396569290fbb9a3d53a3c02b5bd3abe9c	During his reign, the transformations of Akhenaten were canceled, which made the pharaoh whose rule is long...
0d54e23d6484891d09c033c69c2eb3d4011ea632	Is unknown
babc65e85c54d94beeec424489b2bab603e6c2e9	Book Creative team 150 g
0d2e83331e3cd06575834d3d210c3f477a207371	318.00 rubles.
073ccfb92c6f52b4fd6d42a96a91bce2dba6774d	Casper Van Dien ("The Battlefield"), Leonor Varela ("The Tailor from Panama"), Malcolm McDowell ("Mr. Magoo") in the adventure film "Tutankhamun: the curse of the tomb".
e9a11dc501abcaa9ae445fcefd6aea776246341e	Many...
3f3adcc907e8f25eae5f93766fcef3c2d6966b0f	The mask of Tutankhamun.
df38931d94abbca954c57b72dfd460236414b3b6	Coloring by numbers, 40 cm x 50 cm
442f0737e4a571f699f9e562386da87925a9c89f	Book 750 g
8ea9c3bdd1ebf3da8fce8e5d587f632eedf0505b	2260.00 rub.
c3c45cd516df0f7f9103a172becc275719832724	The mask of Tutankhamun can now decorate the walls of your home thanks to a set for coloring by numbers.
453b097bcb1d9edd6c1938417e7ea086f5af95e8	The set includes a cardboard blank for coloring, paint...
efcdd786820ecf2796921074fd705536c47497ad	Book by Maurice Cottrell 440 g
f1eeca82eb56f05b058c20addeaf914c062b9daf	202.00 rubles.
3ce034d6946a188295f5e60dbeaf988d1f436f4d	The famous writer and scientist Maurice Cottrell conducted a brilliant, almost detective investigation to decipher the encoded messages of the ancient Egyptians and the Mayan people to the owls...
53a45760efc719cc4b4254c342180722c0afd39d	Book unknown 325 g
a7fa39a21a1951664eb3935b929e09258180a56f	280.00 rubles.
3ac7dadbdfac8e42d03368cd741ec96af5567ffc	This catalog contains a historical sketch and photo illustrations of objects from the tomb of the Egyptian king Tutankhamun, buried around 1342 BC...
1de76a81987d1f5bd7153393224975665450e60d	Author: camomile
16216f1a93c1998f6f564ed8cceb5bb3028b47ed	Luxury sapphire earrings for true connoisseurs of jewelry art
0ca4c72d7b1dc5df1a8ff1d310de352d6c69b0df	Egyptian Pyramids
ee28f8e9c19de0f2118862ac606a6da09d1d8ba3	Atlantis and the Egyptian Pharaohs — is there a connection?
95e64e8e35613ecb743a75b0a1c78bcd6effc625	Karkade — delicious and healthy
6945b4fec7f5bf0fc5cadf7e6d9ae4944b900207	Placemarks:
7adbfbaee15a61e18c846b31ceabccdc3e346d36	wealth the death of the pharaoh egypt egyptian pyramids egyptian pharaohs golden mask mummies gold mummy treasures treasures of tutankhamun tutankhamun jewelry pharaoh of egypt pharaoh tutankhamun pharaohs
55fb5b67e97f9f4a070273f75fc05a71f7970e69	Statistics:
93743fe7555516a7dd5056e6e39f462886059903	14,709 page views
a0eff024d58444c761a2b6a645f816b9be196273	What's new Authors Catalog
6630dfe8a936d15264eed79f5c26d19d79e3652e	Znamus © 2011-2017.
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98c72baa77725fbbcd44df054554984bfb16791f	Home Education History of Pharaoh Tutankhamun.
e45a8f7e72afe31890efb001725917f498470965	The Tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun
c5689a49abe4a5f6ddc8369effe4915c19f0b863	Pharaoh Tutankhamun.
1a9ef1a8b15e5f3ff28eb2dbbf0dba081dc1ab3c	Education History
4fee224452e4c73929558de0bd19b763a0698882	Marina Adulyan
2628558d099aab38ac6fba8118e62601e9cca2a8	December 26, 2014
0d5ac5a7da33fce12943b8105ec598d681c75efe	It is possible that the Egyptian Pharaoh Tutankhamun was the younger brother of Akhenaten and the son of the latter's father, Amenhotep III. There are also those who believe that he was the tsar's son in law.
4389fff25419193ae5eeddabaafb80895c9c6ad4	However, in reality, the rule in the country passed to two educators and regents of the young pharaoh Aye and Horemheb, former associates of Akhenaten, who anathematized the teachings of their former patron immediately after his death.
6804551ddee1de0b1692f25a41fafdcfd06c9dae	Nevertheless, for reasons unknown to historians, he chose Memphis as his permanent residence.
71ae388bfb16343e6aa88ef60ea4a59f07ad10c5	Having restored the cult of all the old gods, including Amun, Pharaoh Tutankhamun did not subject the previous priests to persecution.
27e81153e5a3a11b40a7a484a68639109aebb354	Achievements According to historians, at the same time Egypt conducted successful military battles in Nubia.
112e1c74c5ab873720a1ef7296dbd6179cf0f31c	Some researchers claim that the Pharaoh Tutankhamun enriched his temples with trophies from the spoils of war.
90ac5dff87d1d13daa95b47692d7f615e48a8119	From the inscription in the tomb of Amenhotep, the governor of Nubia, who was abbreviated as Khai, it became known that some tribes paid tribute.
70a1a533f131e2c7306b9f2cf69d0fbe4898eaf4	During the reign of Pharaoh Tutankhamun, the photo of whose funeral mask is even in school textbooks, led the intensive restoration of many sanctuaries of the former gods destroyed under his predecessor.
43bd86964c792caf839bc3373bf8f3f145fa06c0	Moreover, he carried out this not only in Egypt, but also in the Nubian city of Kush.
4ab6946fbd2d97a574d0952c5f34e96410943cb2	It is known for certain about several temples, including in Kava and in Faras.
6f53c9c1d263245a690d92b8c8a8c36bcc5c00b8	However, later Horemheb and Aye ruthlessly erased the cartouches of Tutankhamun, usurping everything that was erected under him.
bf492f46069314c0ca31ed206744422718341005	He definitely had a brilliant future ahead of him, but he died completely unexpectedly, without even having time to leave an heir.
1d089b50c4e84250d0d9522bd15fe026575cd941	Despite the fact that this famous Egyptian ruler lived more than thirty three centuries ago, the mystery that covers the history of Pharaoh Tutankhamun, the mystery of his death and mummification still continues to interest scientists.
417293b0284e3a3e55b1701296b14e05a86fc31d	The death of Pharaoh Tutankhamun - the ruler of the New Kingdom - overtook at a very early age.
6d71dd859229254ef5f158545c87d692d333a350	At the time of his death, he was barely nineteen years old.
baea00efe7de30b16558e213ccba8a2a7228b986	Such an early death has long been considered sufficient reason to call it unnatural.
f1ea00dff225b5bc4b07ab5b0bbe7f6c7feb86a9	Some historians believe that Pharaoh Tutankhamun was killed on the orders of his own regent Aye, who then became the new ruler.
faa06c870833fd204fb13ad032258ac71af27090	The latest research, however, gives some hope that the mystery of the death of this boy tsar can be found.
20f1f55c158be7475545338b4a6167b8f73afc1d	The discovery of his tomb in 1922 became a real sensation.
7dc1f0d8294f07be3f8559dfe917050071a74d5c	Among the few tombs that have been preserved after millennia in a relatively pristine form, the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun was striking in its richness.
a13812f14c289978a40010b402dfc400dcd175d0	It was stuffed with ivory and gold, as well as various ornaments.
2f5feaaa562aef6440f5633ea288480c1b150646	Among them was the famous funeral mask of Pharaoh Tutankhamun.
adccf6d2bde7aafd4f8c18cfb421f45b8ef8a0a4	However, the way the king was buried seems very strange.
4b836ddbe9285aab2f4b09693a84bc7035fe2bad	Perhaps this indicates that not everything is "clean"in his death.
19f9d9d00f727b495d8f35cb41906ea551d94b01	Most of all, scientists are suspicious of the young man's grave itself.
4c6e8ea861b12c4a0112fbf53c4f99063f16d47e	Its small size and unfinished decoration indicate that this young ruler died suddenly.
4b7bfbdac6b6f74f600f2d88e66f04a0774758a8	It is this circumstance and a number of others that lead to the idea that his death has a violent character.
d27ed4f158c5f3c7f286344ef22f2315d78ee0d7	Investigation 3300 years after the mysterious death of Pharaoh Tutankhamun, British film producer Anthony Geffen has taken up the investigation of this ancient mystery.
54586ebe83b65056568e1aeefc97bc8b69be3afb	To this end, he even hired two modern detectives former FBI investigator Greg Cooper and the director of the criminology department from the Ogden (Utah) police Mike King.
4ae55bab8d37b90ad9c79237ffce0b47a8be3d0a	An extensive volume of materials was transferred to the disposal of detectives.
0b103d3487d8c7c33da361c4c6869d4acb61cd78	These were not only scientific works or photos of Tutankhamun's tomb, X ray analyses of his mummy and the conclusions of many experts.
246fb36bbdb8e3d975d2a1eb9c702c2795897e32	Based on all this, the detectives tried to solve the mystery of the pharaoh's death using the methods of modern criminology.
a4d8f6227bb2aa06a2db07b1c29bb6fa0143627b	And they, surprisingly enough, managed to prove that Pharaoh Tutankhamun was killed.
d4aa4e5394297f1cea25ea003499eae71d3b5e0c	Moreover, they, according to them, were even able to figure out the killer.
8d90701ebb038e8377a1e08a69643c8b3ed11431	However, many well known Egyptologists consider the conclusions of these detectives to be complete nonsense.
b083614feac4975f5da9610c4c1d0a94eb82d932	Moreover, they believe that the research of Cooper and King is concocted from old theories, and therefore cannot be taken seriously.
3b94fc579a9c4b8cbbfebd736163ffad69ad3b28	The amazing tomb of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun, which experts call the KV62 object, is located in the "Valley of the Kings".
1dfd5cf6aea6540de2678e75a62e5a761e633eeb	This is almost the only tomb that is almost not looted.
adeb89857ff28aa51238eb050c7225c8fa6ded6f	Therefore, it reached the scientists in its original form, despite the fact that it was opened twice by tomb thieves.
7498853f1b86693b17a5cccb0673c1a687a68979	It was discovered in 1922 by famous Egyptologists: Englishmen Howard Carter and amateur archaeologist Lord Carnarvon.
2fd284bb011bf525dc1f5e061bd5a89181d36136	The tomb they found was simply amazing: it has perfectly preserved decorations, but most importantly it contained a sarcophagus with a mummified body.
0f04b1f80e7c384e61b45800b570369da68ae9c3	In the eyes of historians and archaeologists, Tutankhamun remained a minor little known pharaoh.
6428f18f511d340cd877844396e8d5838418df28	Moreover, there were even doubts expressed in general about the reality of the existence of such a pharaoh.
d8befd1a7237f25628c2eb954aacb78ba299c3c5	This misconception continued until the beginning of the twentieth century.
a5a9b3ee4b7eada1eff95c5609f9b88e92a674f8	Therefore, the discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb was considered as the greatest event.
0a907b50bbbb1e338dafbd4e5d5741b10df7f881	Opening of the century On the fourth of November 1922, when the entrance to his tomb was cleared, it was found that the seals on the doors were intact.
cee4d6e77368d4143bc336b6f47802ecafb5fd90	This gave hope for the commission of one of the largest archaeological discoveries of the century.
30e792da473b647301979422725d4a931ebc3c7d	On the twenty sixth of November of the same year, Carter and Carnarvon descended into the tomb for the first time in three millennia.
df34b48eba0d13249b5e9ede106a8bb8a6a5db93	After several months of excavations, on February 16, 1923, Carter finally managed to go down to the "holy of holies" - to the burial chamber.
3913ad1fe6eddc3042b5b1ea07d58189e8e08da2	It was called the "Golden Palace" - the place where the sarcophagus and the mummy of Pharaoh Tutankhamun were located.
90c4f77e1a261c53a80b9359d504c8e69cea1ab4	Among the numerous utensils and objects buried with the ruler, many examples of art were found that bore the stamp of the influence of the culture of the Amarna period.
a63b4f5c042985c3376b5b9262b669c91a05ce29	The owner of all these treasures, then a completely unknown and unexplored young Egyptian ruler, immediately turned into an object that attracted increased attention around the world.
ad2a6a7b015489609d41f1c99a7029e787e0beed	And this phenomenal discovery itself not only turned his name into a well known one, but also caused a surge of interest in all the other traces of this ancient civilization in the modern world.
702203ccf9caca5260b054866762d8c1407902f8	The curse of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun After the Egyptologists Lord Carnarvon and Howard Carter discovered this tomb in the "Valley of the Kings", the history of the mummy began to be shrouded in multiple secrets and fears.
4f5693c75775b66c045c76757d2e5b96c469cfe2	Less than two months after the mummy of Pharaoh Tutankhamun was found, on April 5, 1923, 57 year old Lord Carnarvon died in the Continental Hotel in Cairo.
82c870b1e28ee57e38d44d11502c3c6a6c64d393	As it was said in the conclusion, death overtook him as a result of a"mosquito bite".
6817fbade41225846557d9e1acaebbaccb0fd982	But that was just the beginning.
26e07382c0c490c97156dcf62c8f5ced547069b3	This was followed by the death of several other people who participated in the excavations.
00856378334dd6c43ac98421cee977d37855f507	They all went down to the tomb of Tutankhamun.
1603d067bdde72b0bd3d83510275f3d92696fb41	They were: Wood a radiologist who X rayed the mummy directly in the tomb, La Fleur a professor of literature from England, Mace - a specialist in conservation, as well as Howard Carter's assistant - Richard Befil.
63d812f0319a021a0256695ccc14f08b361d510a	Journalists started talking about the curse that brings the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun.
3e7ac44e559a5b4e3adb1a041e0489ce9973527b	Lord Carnarvon's death was really strange: he allegedly died of pneumonia, which began after a mosquito bite.
1de00febf64630cb502c6ccda9d5b9fe8fd1f040	However, by a mystical coincidence, at the moment of his death, the lights went out completely all over Cairo, and in his homeland - in distant London - the lord's dog whined plaintively.
6db130e054d1584df8b22ccbfeb586187e02e1b4	A few minutes later, she fell dead.
4950f064a3def0e4543830f64e8ffa8b8e17876f	But the curse of Pharaoh Tutankhamun did not end there either.
ef63d635e49addf10957cb13018b0c6b58250739	As it was reported in information sources, many local Egyptians who participated in the excavations died shortly after the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun was opened.
4c283b1886304495085a37dd45f528e9d63c7adb	Mysticism was also added by the death of five Europeans, who were also directly related to the find.
8b67697d17da492b84d418e8b50b760ed61ba760	One of them died suddenly from a fever, the others from a heart attack or from exhaustion.
303ab89d59428e2ee545fab8e44ad7c03278e0ca	There is no curse, all the treasures of Tutankhamun's tomb were taken out by the British and sent to their museums.
250d4a48d9372522294d77a6e91dfbb7014fd689	But when people began to talk all over the world that the curse of the pharaohs overtakes anyone who is involved in the "desecration" of their graves, they began to make films and write novels on this topic.
4c27f5d82d2299fcb0e41f7f59efc988dc0bd4e1	But even if it existed, for some reason it did not affect everyone.
876b849f477877793edfb2c313334e33a27a2209	For example, the same Howard Carter lived to an old age and died at the age of sixty four, having lived for seventeen years after the opening of the sarcophagus.
7cd3de6cafefa6a8fdf227ffdbfa2162f913a83d	In contrast to the mystical explanation of this curse, some near scientific sources began to try to logically justify the causes of death of all those people who visited the tombs or came into contact with mummies.
be4b5bc96c54e0bc421a95ea4bb46f6745369792	There are three possible versions.
3d0d95a83e81ff65f6e32c01cdc3c9aea7d9a25a	This is the effect of poisons present in the sarcophagus and laid during burial, the effect of certain radioactive elements or a fungus that multiplies in the grave mold.
63a40e16f6af511614b41bddbe396a0c4a0310c1	In addition, Egyptologists point out that in the religious and magical practice of this civilization there was no such thing as a "curse", and many people engaged in the study of other tombs did not experience any problems with mysticism.
5e95d419a1b773d3607be78ad4de0afbbbdb31c5	Therefore, scientists accuse journalists of creating this legend, who made a sensation out of each of the deaths of those who were associated with the grave of Tutankhamun.
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46773d394f7b90723f68e42aebddfb9f9a373f41	Initially...
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41b21681de428769c3475f59ddaee82b115a87a8	Tutanhamon
c23e9d454b824f83fb829082f48ae643099b6c43	Year of birth: 1355
f487b716bd3fb416db513354ad81c045d8f75733	Age: 18 years
a7882934ec9fd6aa0862c98e19bd415b39db62a8	Year of death: 1337 Citizenship: Egypt
097e79b4c95c690bf8ada64ff189b0409321513e	Similar: Tutanhamon, Tutankhamun
27ccb4f4cc35966e240ede50b7a2be359bd51653	Tutankhamun (Egypt. twtnnḫ jmn — "The living image of Amun", originally Tutankhaton — "The Living image of Aton", c. 1355-1337 BC)
9868ff931097931fb75cca4f906fb6235ec82fa9	- a pharaoh of the XVIII dynasty of Egyptian pharaohs, who ruled in 1347-1337 BC.
82cb542e0faccf04c7d100bdc446eb8ac30949a5	During his reign, the transformations of Akhenaten were canceled, which made the pharaoh, whose rule was considered insignificant for a long time, one of the most important historical figures of ancient Egyptian history.
cfbbb42a11b1ea8c4a96ca3e6a2bd052a8b61aa1	Tutankhamun is the last pharaoh of the XVIII dynasty, who is related to his predecessors.
7860203cc951aa63dfe029f19cc3af4f521fb411	The degree of kinship of Tutankhamun with his predecessor, Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten), has not yet been clarified.
e5de7c4af11a0bf90768d95869b7b057e00108c7	He may have been the son of Amenhotep III and the younger brother of Akhenaten; however, it is possible that the boy Pharaoh was the son of Akhenaten by his second wife Kia.
15f9c690f0969bdc6f85cfbf2255c8187480707a	Tutankhamun was married to Akhenaten's daughter Ankhsenpaaton (that is, in any case, he was the king's son in law), who later also changed the ending of her name to "- amon" and became called Ankhesenamon (= "Her life belongs to Amon").
823619e079c311b099f1d0e427a584eafcd6ed06	Governance
e08b623c0337cf2869b6c21022f991f12a322d95	Tutankhamun came to power at the age of 8-9 years (the throne name is Tutankhaton Hekaiunushema Nebheprura).
2f2745e4740b2f955b784ece2fc18eddf7efa1f6	He was brought up in the spirit of atonism the cult of the Sun god Aton, introduced in Egypt by Amenhotep IV and was originally named after the new god of the country.
c9c3c301efd915491626d0c227e9b9419bdf88d7	However, in reality, the reins of government in the country passed into the hands of two educators and regents of the young pharaoh — Aye and Horemheb, former associates of Akhenaten, who, after the death of this pharaoh, anathematized the teachings of their former patron (references to him were exterminated in every possible way, as before Thutmose III destroyed references to Hatshepsut; the very name of Akhenaten was hollowed out of cartouches), and Akhenaten himself was called nothing else than "The Apostate from El Amarna".
bec6666497208e471ef214e2e52f6fb51aecf9c6	Aye was once a high dignitary (vizier) and one of the apologists of the cult of Aten, but under Tutankhamun he was already a priest of Amun.
089357f2960e0a9f72eb92cc571d4f46e69e73ba	Horemheb was a prominent military leader, obviously not content with the fact that as a result of Akhenaten's pacifist policy, the Eastern Mediterranean fell away from Egypt.
c46bd42744fd5f17b5c1ebf93571177aeb51445b	Under Tutankhamun, a religious and political turn took place no less sharply than under his predecessor, but now it was marked by the revival of traditional Egyptian culture and the return of the Theban priesthood to rule the country
925e53ff02f33191b69eea34d6f4165d2637b974	(nevertheless, most of them come from the military and middle classes, who occupied high positions under the Akhnat
2192a382abecb418bd507bce9fb0be7cdaa1d1bd	they retained their influence in state affairs — the priests and the military finally managed to get along at the royal court).
6fda10e4b5db4b3accd9592fa3567f72eb8b212c	Akhetaton, the capital of Akhenaten, was destroyed and forgotten until it was discovered by Napoleon's troops and explored in the XIX century.
5e148f3fed5cb5e1699186ea43a83fc9f61a8e77	The capital was nominally returned to Thebes, but in reality Memphis was the city where Tutankhamun spent most of his reign.
8f26764f32a51c5967b398c82d262cd674caa95c	Due to the election of Memphis by the king as his de facto capital, numerous tombs of nobles were built in the Saqqara necropolis, among which the tombs of the warlord Horemheb, the treasurer and the architect Maya, known for their elegant relief decoration, stand out.
05724135197acc13a7ec18a80a9b7a48fbfcb037	In Thebes, the tomb of the nobleman Khevi, who was at that time the royal governor of Nubia, is well preserved.
471bb10a0069bdbe6fc811064f74a02ecc92053e	Under Tutankhamun, under the leadership of the military commander Horemheb, for the first time after the collapse of the "Egyptian empire" of the Tutmosids, successful military campaigns were carried out in Nubia and the regions of Asia close to Egypt.
a6a09b6020cc786767865196a4d5adac48846813	In addition to restoration work in many sanctuaries, by order of Tutankhamun, the decoration of the processional colonnade of Amenhotep III in the Luxor temple was completed, a small temple of Horon was built in Giza; in Nubia, the giant temple complex of Amenhotep III in Soleb was completed, the temple of Amun in Kava and the sanctuary of the most deified Tutankhamun in Faras were erected.
4b681f6acb80d398fecc407b3832b79178f38f8b	The funeral temple of the king, decorated with beautiful polychrome sandstone colossi, was located in Thebes near Medinet Abu; later the temple was usurped by the king's successors — Aye and Horemheb (the latter included Tutankhamun in the list of heretics consigned to oblivion).
97f291cd2ae29378f81f4e32b65fdc4362e47c83	Circumstances of death
1c6d74563f885dc10fd7844836535daa2ea33cb5	At the time of his death, he was 18 (or 19) years old.
499d76d9a2b334cfa2a92ae1f77020afad6fbaf2	However, the latest research conducted in 2005 brought to the fore the assumptions about the death of Tutankhamun as a result of trauma
0d8e340ec17d3dfb14ba502df768526df83b8764	(open leg fracture.
05df5c89cc02ada3973d3541862c45d921f44823	In 15 minutes, using the Siemens SOMATOM® Emotion 6 CT, more than 1,700 three dimensional images of the mummy were obtained, which dispelled most of the established opinions about the death of the young pharaoh.
a81316beb7e84765124229605bad544c3e381aff	The results of previous X ray studies of the pharaoh's body were also refuted, attributing to him a severe degree of scoliosis.
e33cc1c38026284bd8b79bc49e3fc50f66a642fb	It was discovered in 1922 by two Englishmen the Egyptologist Howard Carter and the amateur archaeologist Lord Carnarvon.
6d3a5925a1662dd1baf19d7efcf6524ada1841a6	In the eyes of historians, Tutankhamun remained a little known minor pharaoh until the beginning of the twentieth century.
9c5dff8517451b561706388791ee9b36521f37ae	Thus, J. G. Brasted was already 70 years old, N. G. Davies was 71, and A. Gardiner was 84 years old.
365b29814f6b54492b3546ee274dfb3da8826a5f	Website: Celebrities
fe24664b9446a4e1418898534f028d50eccfe675	Transformation into an asexual alien Visited:102 Baby with necrotic enterocolitis Visited:92 The creator of the water turbine Visited:47
a3a3906540be9579e73d32eede04146eb6fa8d0b	Date of publication: 02.02.2002 01: 02:03
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4b844d3719b6641706f61edfc96edfdcefb29033	Maria Poroshina, Actress Dalida, pop star Nefertiti, Egyptian ruler Cartouche, Street rock band Akhenaten, Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt Li Na, Chinese tennis player
a4d5e774cf04ef49a384cbe849d0a61e84256e80	Keywords: events, x ray, apolo, peace iii, teaching, rabat, famous, lagoda, facts, death, omena, thutmose, good, oh, sanctuary, countries
ff1439572042222ebc3d84c7cc6a55a8a8093961	About the celebrity: the pharaoh of the XVIII dynasty of the Egyptian pharaohs, who ruled in 1347-1337 BC.
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61f9e1bd6ca9e23537b4831c58d1594c32f25c5a	Stalin [36267]
43e991d84ff746767d15eec1d90637dafdd3d256	Che Guevara [32272]
ef0d27dba2bcc0d5cb17738dda390179903716d1	medvedev [24097]
1bbf552f3f0fdbec58abc2629382908d31a2fbc8	Mironov [23723]
6f62eb3b371393c9b64d54a633aea20a1b6d8865	Newton [22282]
5b42ca75e71450a5ca2bb8445ee3969e0877b15d	Ivanov [20705]
bdc2d074c36151f3f65e72d9ea39e3a938454fd9	Lyubov Sokolova [27126]
385008989c6a29e724bcaf4e86ac65b3e71e0d39	Mrs. Hudson Gildish Tchaikovsky Lyutaya Ivanova Rogan Goldwater Smetanina Yuditskaya Magarill Sobchak Foster Cheburashka Mifune Edwards Denver Nikolaeva Myers Fields Dzhanabayeva Paule Ka 2 Pistols Filipchik Lewis Simon Viktorov Taylor Gardelli Karason Sobchak Putin Dimitrov Chicholina Rogers Terekhova Levitsky Allen Eshimkanov Abrams Kolesov Meyerhold Dragonette Shevkunov Stalin Brazinskas Putin Lollipops Putintseva Danilko Underwater
e675a67f6da5095e3eaf52cb50cd3d2a476d957c	[ 05.03.2017 ] Jeanne Moreau;
c82bd9729a78c8511a362491e26c3a03d0dfb5df	[ 06.03.2017 ] Aidin O'Mara;
13c51184b00f38b4ccd93af97227577aa205cb59	The Scorpions;
7fc2a1a637ffc244d90cf93b296976b0801991d4	Konstantin Kondakov ;
ad4e85268145308c9781c68e973550f9c25169f8	Cha Sa sun;
ed7d89664b1113c3f967f243db37dbd925527b21	Megan Agosta;
131aab99278231934e8c3ecfd267ce41bb7c87c3	Ivan Lyubenko;
a7a68299d75afa0a42bdfeeb7f7ff333f5526f39	David Kahane;
793c6fe9d3c339b639d528f60e000c578b8a74ae	Yuri Degterev;
b280fe45eb891b38743626b1bc9cc86b4997db59	Ernst Ferdinand Wenzel;
dc911fc093b6e224d15fde1db6458e9065425d12	Maurice Blonde;
053b28333d4fdff84751ce58a2b9a5861396f273	Alexander Zaymovsky;
2160dc79f16531ce6813d667c5f256f810845226	Katie Ma;
a1dce8b60ae29981b58f4f764da6fd49bccedc9e	Ivan Alimarin;
df3bfd79326a21181b891087f6c0b854c0938dbc	Anatoly Emelin;
c7daacc7901b721673bd1e8da238d60812752d89	Stribor Kusturica;
98bac5ac031f74db4181631bcea8516b50f36c3a	Edward Allen;
27dbf6a7c0c3d02617b180aca7f947b75313b994	Grigory Kochur;
f28e44fe05cb5e69748357cae37795df0ab777ef	Andrey Binev;
83b3305e1967c9f93f02c3c24943e60b7ac84445	Mario Bertok;
fc686644c3b6dbe79b6f1348553801f3f7c6e0d4	Natalia Ivashchenko;
4a585dd4603178e7da61ab992ea8e21116dee713	Valentin Kasatkin;
f3fa1541064765e8ce013d6e0e2dbd1f7b9596cd	Shamil Lahiyalov;
6df1b0501dfe8c533d3712ad96727feb05d43b76	Osvaldo Guayasamin;
388ff84187736c42b609e0309a369ed864135c04	Laura Abenova;
add27d58f959a5fa79a59db0d57fb0a96207cd5e	Maurytsy Karasovsky;
1ffce75e428c4cba133afac0d275f819ca91e3f6	Wilhelm Kirchner;
d7636c5372cac60715685bc5f7edc3f0ab9535ed	[ 07.03.2017 ] Aram Asatryan;
55372b3b95ca8b9f0060012d5bbe3f4cf8a8b9cf	Space;
7e23b92dd303f7104001d3b63d3e47f5301b922a	Maria Andreeva;
e1b9ad11cfdfd9c0efe84c96a2b5deb22c3fecbb	Auguste Piccard;
e65f8ecf29c87e73065e16d43dfe0041304a978f	Krunoslav Budiselic;
d2395dcf212ffc9d6fba7d946b490aad5af95a12	Srinivas Kuchibhotla;
40ca37f00b6d37c17ef8e9689c54c4913e495821	Lisandro Alonso;
b5bf785c2d6f6fb211a9864dadc3e187e6dc7069	Sergey Karyakin;
13aa9d149f55ea3d380b255563fe697d33b49c90	Igor Korovin;
cda036d4db45434ca70180d02a43422de98efa28	Robert Guigals;
d6ed1d47b32353eda2a6dac25175fe23a96bd5cf	Alexander Kanevsky;
3a707e4234a6fbb7c1511f4ee091b8a381429784	Pavel Bakunin;
d70d7eefd54869b01d7074b73531a5b8652e336e	Pavel Andreev;
11549115c765b8c4b5efe3ab516a1920fb2351a2	Frederick Brown;
4b144d6f16ae833cf5c3e8720999b1f8ba530bfc	Alexey Bakhmetev;
fc80f58a17d07385f14923399c231648179b3401	Calixtus ;
da5ae25b06e4e3291364fd56a803d893a2ec6971	Adair Crawford;
b016e1024a02c9d2a2b75a29f078a25654c4e203	Zelma Grenning Wilde;
922555c304d5ff0d016fc68dce6a443ad692ed46	Bishop Benjamin;
0a1e2096201143246516579310d05bcbdcdc7da7	Andrey Yefremov;
93ac2d5544c0aaec91c20aa8877adb6ffd9e314e	Arman Zhetpisbayev;
05215933ec5f148da8811eb23fedb537efcfab3f	Ralph Lau;
cfaaa06a62c7acbdd0db7668e0a9c6034d7b94f2	Viktor Guryev;
cc5c52208c8f1ea255b235d073b9bd9d7e889584	Alexander Klimenko;
75d56c92a2ae3a99594f060eea15502865ce88e3	Nadezhda Kosintseva;
508f8b69f6ff376e46b481bd3ab94bc8bd818dd6	Rudolf Seidel;
12b451ecc0b31bd2740d6a6eca0f280ea41037a9	Semyon Ivashkovsky;
c4d0546b6e4197009436e16d8efc6a360be82964	Rostislav Gribov;
07a8a5d0824f516f5b71bc3f5fa1ec0b6d294ae8	Vasily Zverev;
6e1531c386d593c707fcafa0f5812ede92e8da74	Eduard Volkov;
e5da90a3c88586c3e6f7b416c8fb9df7ffcc33b9	Oleg Bisharev;
6e8733a35498239c9f54bf6ff731d5eac105e0e5	Evgeny Byrdin;
788e645de9f70d643b68b1511132eafe15b5b421	Konstantin Kudryavtsev;
0d7120f744d4c76465fe2770f27236b9662a5543	Joseph Braginsky;
65faa5bfd9cf5164cbd697a4281b5985f78f80ee	John Barnes;
46db02ad87d2e277a7f1a83104f20ba6b4cbdb3e	Valerian Derozhinsky;
7d1a3fda5d4a7a99ff6bbdd082fd2c1c43530279	Boris Altshuler;
7b0f4777b0ae4683876ca8959903bd9ca6210432	Alexander Kapger;
c2f24dff7739bcc394dbfbdb81f0f54880a98d4b	Sinisha Gagula;
ec45deb5868b14b3acd78da214d7a937f9d654f0	Jacques Zon;
bef2ebf76cf72df1f7d0d5e4fb31a83c77c0ad4c	Anton Dunaysky;
357ee996e9a5ff7fad8864f35e49e84313af0e38	Alexander Kolobaev;
de28b70eb4df9305e30dff3080c7292d6aed9886	Hal Connolly;
14b5b2a9821f8a2445f4cdedcac1e4f42f55a065	Boris Katz;
bb6759376984c95ba7ff9f95ec5250ff6d397e05	Leonid Vinogradov;
2101583a0bb474777cced87e25e160b0be2a3a8d	Helga Goering;
ebb32b040e4b43cbd609e9064666bbb617a12ccd	Lazarus Cantor;
74e649f7a4f6925824e26b145b22f23cb7b9af3c	Nikolay Avkhimovich;
24cce48ba622ef924dced55d736ff1b601be8edb	Rodolfo Bartechko;
af840ff7387bdaebd19e059f77fa954660f7906d	Olga Kotlyarova Prokopenko;
bf7bda4375fd60a06f0cd81e5a80b75048a1946b	Mikhail Batorsky;
6182f1d9fa8a26ae110e013f7428d002ea636c70	Nasi Boni;
9c9473e0d7d6da6bb2253e70497ba5c6808a8d2c	Azalais Porcayragues;
4f233b7435ff5d4ba9fb2e31253686cb76c7592b	Ala Al Aswani;
c0e9d41bd812e731d801279d84a92bc1480d0f97	Jozef Kish;
be04c75657b177d640c94c9de9c1068693f02c58	Fulvio Collovati;
0124e24cf0d75bccec023c805400c47d1a089857	Nikolai Basov;
bb76bd9b75eeaac13ae4f0f079014b4e0e9d0397	[ 08.03.2017 ] Cheech Marin;
12b67c5ce72bb9053e2d44bda3b6e1d0bcfb32a3	Roxette;
20994ffa5ef8eb5eccffa54b391af7446efecff0	Reginald Mitchell;
ef391a07a55df4b83a9b71f4f6789c56d0ff0f76	Chris Walton;
0fa735fbc07e0aa4a870166d82f766eaf3929160	Entitan Martins;
a09991edbe6bab7dd09b4b42624328c15b3ca686	Eldar Akhadov;
8f160146527d94c812f6e0c01e663874fba5a47a	Victoria Isaeva;
9d8504ca51a8cc4502b75c28b117f34cdc01cfc9	Alla Polyanskaya;
335c5cec5e7a180caa5525be61480085c5db88a0	Eva Nikolskaya;
5b39539a26e58de41433c8898fa65b0d077dc066	Anatoly Tereshchenko;
784b0381fac60ddab198e9ebab6a1a351c379eb7	Dmitry Danilov;
a60967ea3f9f0aee947f000578bd3c3088303470	Yuri Krokhin;
90ae5f900abd8d96e39328fd5f8244dc95500912	Nicholas Georgescu Regen;
e745194cae26693b06c4b9000da563ebb5eeb2c7	Ivan Glebov;
b0a6ebf1b497c0f0be9f2fbf6b38b874ca1d8886	Mikhail Krasheninnikov;
cd4fe28acf9f50217cbc6c207705a73ed410007f	Peter Demidov;
8254d596ef79d42dffed414c4807a229aba79f29	Luis Francisco Ladaria Ferrer;
66a235e51d629c272ad0439fd256ee85f417b418	Harold Sidney Bride;
e33b28ae4c3aeeee1a024b97e304ec68b33f9ce9	Nadir Belhaj;
fc8633a2d8e3fdc12cea72438a408725a0b98738	Valery Belikov;
8c4206f2ed6ad0e075c994085c8bd301d0bc9689	Sevil Gamzat Gazieva;
61b2589f7c6a2972ba64d46f90148e1dd1f43c78	Ivan Kolyshkin;
e34023527f146287c1ec9dbdff5e90d7672ea406	Adi Barkan;
93d94bf36325ced92ecb8e1ebf9a112e41c3a61e	Anton Gaevoy;
7fed0c8e817c1faaad27f1737838bf13741e73f8	Peter Deluise;
ba82df0ef571da282319a3ee8fd6f1dcbf8442ea	Jiri Ganzelka;
1fb2d62f3f0464e26a2c6ea7299d0a16cacf3c7d	Gunnar Broberg;
7380028d1cb1ae6cf02b435b7040663d5a0f9c1b	Artur Anatra;
1fc01af5d387bf4af0b408ccb76b191ba83db8dd	Sergey Vasiliev;
963f4bbe8335c2d7ec470ddd2755632cb0c6667d	Milda Lauberte;
473467dbef838ebfe3a4b2a66fb1f4021719fe39	Paul Collins;
2132a46ff93a1344a942fd5587ec762b1ab832f2	Fyodor Anisichkin;
46e419ff231ccff9e257556b17e6be33f7f6d7ce	Paolo Vidoc;
5e15c2dfdb6c17fce87b78de9498de6020ab5687	Vladislav Goreglyad;
d14008108004942efe1ea9778f48fe490139a236	Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder;
6bb1da5d5d62d2f4aaee9b0c98cf3ef1006a87ca	Vukashin Bryich;
95663eae01214019e7a4553989f4953497d754e8	Lazarus;
4a53b4c2aa76f3d26c2ca93b847f88df1870a207	Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurgit;
5d801a0a0f5c9f545ec0c5c2cdda72263a1dd39e	To Anne Katharina Westley;
ae6074768ae05bf7ab1cd9932ff425545c09ffb2	Michael Almereida;
9c456805a9b06eca4c9788a67f655ef3e6cc8fa1	Joseph Krachkovsky;
e8d9fe01182dab54e84e460bf2c455e22a1b80c5	Cesare Arzela;
9e716e0c7f20bce49bd273baf798894a67617c96	Vasily Gabaev;
7fea3810869ea0112d334c679b61027249cd2f5f	Henry Bucknell;
f28c6898cae84e010fbdd6b23ebcb36f2fb56774	Baruch Kamin;
34e74d7a505640087e7bcde4acc894f52a2a22df	Kuzma Derevyanko;
096b7c0df1134a2ef292aabf7df156d1adcab7ed	Konstantin Grigorovich;
2b19cbd1efd8b6183d0251edeceab4cd42fc7f6c	Edward Jordan;
14048be4b5a0615e6a2ed232bac9f203fcd76402	Alexander Amosenkov;
77be28fbb0f5afc18f2b4790d2693b686c0ce838	Flavius Julius Constant;
411e315b506df58e127d3568b0bb012cab1a47c5	Pavel Kovalev;
2b1f2b59faca78b176c18e9c9ff1d0202aa04812	Kazy Dikambayev;
4046c429ee70cb305ea8b04bfcf3678457671714	Joseph Vandries;
2ef4ed9732af9a4e6fd69848fb3ff96cb7a68cb6	Grigory Bezuglov;
77ed21294393a4dbdfd9ad15bb49251625b7b73c	Joseph Nicolas Delille ;
7adfe561f0f5d16758bc7bd42835b49d9730f54c	George Bobrinsky;
d529796bd763ac550e6118ab040c6d3c6f5e8697	Emile Bernard;
36731979044c9bf0d27c1424f7bf909382396071	Vladimir Vinogradov;
fcb98e1fef4ca99df11ae7e0d9d770cf29663005	Per Vale;
d2a18a9788e6ec1a46a515dbdd1ce12cd9147e03	Alfred Quelmalz;
f8434558ffdf3822d6a93af49ff9165087e77b92	Vera Aksakova;
f5938681a167ce564537c8453217268b2c86b821	Fernando Derveld;
c16a673e9e11735138200dd2f7c9eafee985e5aa	Dmitry Korolkov;
4c7ec699ded2ecdcc0320aeb960c0f308337b46f	[ 09.03.2017 ] Ava Gardner;
545638169c951768b3b4deba1a267e06af84f7b7	Yana Rudkovskaya;
b98951faef6f97864dd0b1da1991f3fc5c9853a6	Kenichi Ito;
0326560bb9a63327fad8f090f3278a8b51cf8464	Sarah Beckman;
d84386ca731415052e29b7e56f27851e80236d8e	Hilary Knight;
fa64989e33597c3f7e365ca31441691001c0ee95	Maria Chepurina;
eda530360b230f75734882c890f5673b65375e98	Irina Komarova;
2c13cdce107b0f58090be6f05d47fbd469b37888	Victoria Light;
3f1582cbc6fc9b5b016e456d315f4ebb8fc16115	Nikolai Nepomnyashchy;
5cdb84055127e22d323ffc4b84c9c3639aed02d1	Kaba Atabekov;
55ecd3414dc166a4db5c86ea5b9bc053fc53b475	Ilya Pale;
3ba12e0fc1232463a374645d13e9323712d2e247	Grigory Bondar;
8b147a3f697028c997c688452d5cf88687679505	Alexander Koryavin;
97fc330f41a8011f9374b29cf20ea037938a7e85	Alexander Zhelobovsky;
8d69ce315fdbb06caf7dc6d90d895cf4a363c5df	Abram Goncharsky;
ac86dfdbc41619d576bf52ab1b7bc30b21b779f4	Ramon Dekkers;
2712bc77a7bec546932810ab9a50d378d810e226	Pavel Kotsebu;
4f050f9dc105cba2807b1a807198f4300734b87b	Dmitry Komar;
95163419f0d670517814bfae5ffe6592131d4f91	Abilkhan Kasteev;
12108d081d9be64803f6c87d52daa73565a31825	Mauro Boselli;
0d4fe6fae192702e15bb0fa4ecab5401b1951850	Vadim Ivanov;
12de05d1ac11a25c080e7c476d3f925233938a0a	Anton Newmark;
5cb85e1b827019544376df5231ee84c6f87b6669	Pierre Louis Genguinet;
ac664e8e78ac23020c45ff719d9176f7804d05b8	Isaac Kikoin;
e34df009a39a2129a80c623d57d61a8b3acb3c2f	Claude Berry;
1f0ad318fa88ea9988ce0bc709b780360d25b02a	Vladislav Bogichevich;
958fa7edbd83ebbbfe3f53dfcb53774ef84f21a0	John Conrad;
d0cd716a76ddf296b319b0399a8576e3ab0a405f	[ 10.03.2017 ] Nicole Kidman;
c968b07d8bd01e19bd6141093d76bd727a6f5f93	Jimi Hendrix;
06173f7725904c732e07b2ab21220584330585b0	Wim Hof;
1a91ed47cbeb94aa5ad168502f824d8f1c9dcea3	David Rubinger;
18bdd85e226a39bd1c80521a05b72dd64b9eb17c	Saul Ryan;
0b7055315286825acc875c0288517382511bab1c	Nikolay Kalifulov;
857cd108add46d5a7ff95f729a39370ceea3cf6c	Max Barskikh;
4abc96eb4aee6a368c5562a26d427ec141871602	Jules Amede Barbet d'Orevilly;
8d8a8b066c9cb6528d393b5fad9f0d64c501ae95	Yuri Kirichuk;
25d13910b521476b9124385328f6d557a8616848	Chuck Grassley;
fd03e00b152c5bae2e7d096dfbe8c5a610d6a8bd	Jules Dumont Durville;
c54d9e6202a6a8b32c85557e9a8f1802d837d8e9	Gustav Herman Blezer;
d2afe71ce4ab47fca8c9c961d656ca2f27e94ae6	Louis Stanislas Xavier Verrou;
3c9889eebed9687401c75b1ed515cf9e15531af2	Diese Kulchar;
94e2500d607a8bb92ff4f34201ebe6a0ce93a570	Moshe Cordovero;
8b6de4c5a2135ca046654cc1dffdb56f8dcf4ec3	Genie Eagles;
f04d113e3d1c8b57478c0f7dd6c48fbaf6920345	Daijiro Kato;
e5fe68556079716673ca207e164d48fa3753e05f	Pavel Zyryanov;
fe99fa4d2d0b716ecbaa47af74804b182da5f029	Manfred Kriedl;
19946bd56e1b4b9f27fdff3fa49c7de417536e15	Konstantin Kolpakov;
18e8fb3173b8019e3d59a7f1cb6caba3ec5429c1	Daniel Bensaid;
6163abc7c28d47875ba31c83fa75cbc09a7b32b8	Issa Botashev;
3a2f66dc25b6cc1ad1ebe9a1059063697e0418bd	Alexander Igoshev;
e821073f73ebe454cbb65656c9a2d648f4767e09	Vladimir Yerofeyev;
eb9d9eb5d425f73c5ed274aa7d05c902316537fd	Milan Vidmar;
4e67344997c2fe3e1bc18143e8a4a8e80c7f797b	Jean Leon Jerome;
ad2aec896e82506da7309dff6c6083f9626e8bcd	Jamie Alexander;
19d7faf059006b058c052f31998b1a128cbd22ca	Tsamis Karatassos;
f1efeacd796d3155f404ef6a8f6d35f1b6a94b47	Adam Billot;
33a7b786957430ba636c52fca242c46f21773e46	Vladimir Grebennikov;
3808b63d09c5a617dee87278bb4a2727285f3d58	Ivo Ivy;
56bd82322b604cebe88c2e47abc65417b330db92	Ivan Krasyuk;
c9efa35f2d4f8a873d0e7dbeec15daca7d06b9f0	Eduard Ille;
1345d3d06cdf7f70b84079e779b2eed35de07f7a	Fritz Hubert Groeser;
1c29bc96b3546f6285ba8fe924e49174e2c74794	Anthony Le Tallec;
714fd8a4d9b626c26a05bdbd319f6c2d6239b7bb	Mark Zhivov;
d4caadb3ddeae4c2376f56dc78a149cfac2cf253	Kun Kruke;
9ab20baf71fad190d24566b919f28e22a2b1cf58	David Ebisher;
83447992a31251d33734899642df6c40761b10aa	George Stewart Dole;
d24979760887681025202c16e534c725320ecbd0	Thomas Kouroma;
f0ff4fa3962928b13c23fefc26713b363d173998	Albert of Genoa;
9a026971d4321f864076f6312a033eec0a56601c	Karl Korsch;
c625b87519158d9b1e8d1ed9b20df7d8228b3d59	Dusan Zinaya;
d07aa47d791949293f56f17c6095ca7e57f649f5	Louis Florentin Calme;
fa034733ee2f1b9aee16b0188f06addf7d78a083	Francois Boisrobert;
cd47d7032edff2836c7cadc26f593f99fd1570b7	Ivan Golubets;
8790b5b28cb27ed45ad9391df5d84a99c4c53444	Peter Kakhovsky;
40c33762556fbc8123741c84fe97157f3433e62b	Roman Vorobyov;
de8c417d0e3cfdb8475713eaa1f7064f0726e76f	Vladimir Kostenko;
dfbe02319d3e8d0682cdc531f73c2a592d9775e7	Vitaly Vorobyov;
63ead297ddeae826624c94f6f79d9fb74f76149a	Robert Jameson;
a45aa166371746b474db637a6c4f8a4ba279c126	Trofim Zenkovsky;
d8045bab45d35d5f894d32ce4963004714235240	Nikolay Alpatov;
38ae7074ae61ded3348a78533c7ec9d6a8a0a204	Kuno Becker;
95e118a66bd581cdb14a1608e1b2291a7b176463	Alois of Liechtenstein;
9a72baaf7e9be98fe9d14f342789efcd23cf1a3c	Lukman Rasakovich Adams;
b3c7a46ceed3f2a62fa96baf26202ff83878bdf6	Susan Isaacs;
9998cb5cc1ad36f43ec263b96c5b801882d0677e	Hamit Agliullin ;
bdeef6f6754dd85e30b5e114a9c3eb64685437ad	Transformation into an asexual alien/Winnie Oh [102]
6f487c3215885752aa9700eeec9cc48808e12194	Baby with necrotic enterocolitis/Abigail Peter [92]
9d4e9fb2129c80dba8ae3eeb3a6c6e931add9f99	The creator of the water turbine/Benoit Fourneron [47]
d96c09d722e8fc5bcb23029fa32eaf04c14758a0	Healing from any ailments/Leonid Rudnitsky [37]
20025687c5b6dad163befa24b0fe0c82219806f0	Author of short romance novels/Kate Hewitt [35]
343ff38e7362fd2b5d143ec9c2ef5cbe61694736	Science fiction writer/Andrey Dmitruk [32]
26c4ce90dabb360e2a0c3f48888e341b7ff8da75	Historian and publicist/Alexander Sever [28]
cade6bce0266dabf7af5ec11e5585503f8188b64	Winona Ryder mysterious and contradictory/Winona Ryder [25]
da392e8821415292202f488e5c029133f0cec53e	Kings of disco/ Modern Talking [22]
6ec52460905da633b24ab6e11989494705d3612b	Miracle weighing 370 g/Entitan Martins[2021]
c29af7a18318b1659a6db155dd510b000818251d	The symbol of female intellectual beauty/Jeanne Moreau[1201]
60a3c27603f917410fe44c56478ac83dcd07aeca	Crumpet at the pole/Jamie Hines[1101]
fe211f8970fd7ebc6c374bfe30905fe093c92206	An actress with the face of an angel/Ava Gardner[700]
4bed864e5ef1dcd91b2e28b47e0912981f6466b1	Chocolate Castle/Krunoslav Budiselich[639]
d658224b0f66176aa58c0698f73d57306d6f1aac	Miner's happiness, or 202 tons of coal per shift/Sergey Slyusar[627]
c46c124bcc8f419ece443dcb46bdcf0023ebec22	Record breaking long nails by Chris Walton/Chris Walton[606]
d6045d4b069e3ac72d5bdcb756c3878d51361b90	Luxury hotel for animals /Eidin O\ ' Mara[567]
6380ab0764db6795783445cf26356d2dc18d3d1c	One of the most popular marijuana lovers in Hollywood/Cheech Marin[559]
f139b71165d830246ad5fb369a4fa87ecabbf6f9	Maria Andreeva: Love for meditation and boxing/Maria Andreeva[505]
45f2da588dca02c28705fead2183a2aa6070fd78	Beauty and strength: Female arm wrestler / Sarah Beckman[496]
c1b752a92ae53995a3bff76efb722367f97ed908	Not just a beautiful woman/Yana Rudkovskaya[495]
518ecca74add56d761446eda31e1e7ad16a1d01d	Scorpions: Continuation of the legend/ The Scorpions[474]
b447b856f71df8cf2b6035af7dba51559510a949	Jesse Bradford: In actors from the cradle/Jesse Bradford[463]
9892cbed5733f05767af7dd80ec61aec264866bd	The Victim of a xenophobe: From insults to a bullet/Srinivas Kuchibhotla[462]
5bc254467eb309d9feafadb01e92816cf861d634	Lev Leshchenko – The Golden voice of the Soviet stage/Lev Leshchenko[426]
45fb4752e67c6c6d1bcad42901ee222abcec66b7	From a hockey box to the police/Megan Agosta[403]
00ea4670b0f3414ae2398e244dc829bdb76d7ae4	/Lala Kuznetsova[372]
7883d8602632996dec260ab5f48e139d8ce8aff6	Father's love in action/Saul Ryan[370]
d5bd61060b484f971663a1ae8e64f5bab2389d3d	/Andrey Anisimov[355]
7c3607b5ff68564065cc871d103a6dd2ebf1b997	The tragic death of the chef of "Hell's kitchen"/Ilya Posokhin [70827]
0fffb634d0830b1b471b021dda0cfa2246b8ff37	Baby with Klinefelter syndrome/Nate Williams [59608]
543b348f4687c41c206a4f788c4ae2dbc2e5e477	A face transplant that exceeded all expectations/Andy Sandness [21467]
45b63f4c99c628bed9812bc40bc0d47b0fc55870	The most beautiful actress of Turkey/Ozge Gyurel [16666]
a35c3601fc82550bdcb1b62079d420035f75a949	RDBE: Butterfly Boy/John Dilgen [10951]
5c7bfcb31852debdba672b4ca8e69952ffa8143b	Double mastectomy of twin sisters/Rose and Charlotte Tarpy [10824]
56e419d163262986afa4114bf10c7761486bf849	From a scratch to heart surgery/Abby Holland [9330]
2e23b9e41693505eece4434c163f197e8c5dd63e	New smile: 4 plates and 50 screws/Rebecca Kiernan [8567]
c8862808e811b51abfd41545bd36ba596c20253f	Gela Meskhi: Stage, screen, painting/Gela Meskhi [7154]
8972e64e2501cf2586d0af091614ae7403d3fbde	Baby with ROHKHAD syndrome/Alaina Jacobs [6884]
746b381881c6e46696d3d0d63dbcd15947bdabfb	The 'highlight' of cinema/Elena Galibina [4393]
8876a2766f97ccfb4a4602fb0c14299fce91f8f5	The tragic death of the performer of "Lambada" / Loalva Braz [4334]
91730eb3913a598f436b2d13beae166a1a1a9e3b	The most beautiful hockey player in Russia/Anastasia Legkodukh [3839]
428b50b6e8591ef8f86252846e357c79d7666371	Lyudmila Bratash: The mysterious plane crash/Lyudmila Bratash [3153]
e16464d4596d1e5120011bbcbf7df9d30562e52c	Actor of the Taganka Theater/Boris Romanov [2755]
4612d9ccc913c4b11fa5edb69322289da4bca31e	Debut in adulthood/Sergey Komarov [2308]
78072f14e9ec24852c6e133ed9f4ff026fb3403c	Beautiful model appearance/Serkan Chayoglu [2231]
59b2e740ff604954d994497559108fab9710f59f	Stroke at the age of 20/Sarah Porter [2170]
a3afd2d37ec9ee3cd1ccccf53ede5c9d8a9a8226	Miracle weighing 370 g/Entitan Martins [2021]
a0907a1f82e42550eb8aece8604be90975f4cbfc	/ Alexey Myasnikov [1791]
b3e2109ee6f6862e0ca40b5e3d43c74202a06b75	[ Two Siberians · 09.03.2017 07:03:35]
c20337cced13f4f6737d6c384f09566f8f975e8e	"Siberian Suite" Two Siberians · Read more ...
1ce4861c2028dc4bd994f64d2f27e8ddda65b747	[Tommy Emmanuel · 09.03.2017 07:03:06]
5fcec4449c241cc9ee5bc7b0bbfff152404a325c	Tommy Emmanuel will perform in Russia · Read more ...
ad492764fd3f28862132448103d13a0f6ce751d8	[Chris Kaspersky · 07.03.2017 08:03: 10]
878ca211e4ed33e6590eddaa04784d92893a2333	Chris Kaspersky was killed · Read more ...
9a56ec91594cbccf87b4f0a71e8432d1500c9c99	[Kazuyoshi Miura · 06.03.2017 12:03: 49]
2a4e580737c030ba2e6c4597e0ae369e841931ae	Kazuyoshi Miura became the oldest football player in history · Read more ...
a22a770869bc16b125dddbcf247a27b95fc41982	[Marcus Riva · 06.03.2017 10:03: 20]
a3a721a426f685a3968229cbd1b31bd062b045b1	Marcus Riva will make a gift to all the girls · Read more ...
3f0b235ca2b04ce575de8f3c1e23b59762651198	[ Kygo · 03.03.2017 08: 03:45]
70b518baf4593a461c988a3514ab097f55ab8884	Tokio Hotel pleased fans with a new album · Read more ...
fedc689b7a5e638e595e1be7e7eb11a54cba4ef8	[ Coldplay · 03.03.2017 08: 03:02]
bc8673c783801b91967477226ab385dfd2a354bc	The perfect union of The Chainsmokers and Coldplay · More detailed...
b5d2e148268e5b101a4b3a87bbcf4ccb1b67298a	Crumpet at the pole (Jamie Hines); (Galina Adamenko); (Glen Benton); (Mikhail Alyoshin); (Vladimir Vavilov); (Karl Valentin); (Andrea Gasbarroni); (Vasily Kirilenko); (Michael John Bradley); (Maxim Korobka); (Yakov Krotov); (Ekaterina Kusins); (Elina Danielyan); (Abdul Salam Aref); (Ariston of Chios); (Georgy Lazarev); (Yakov Kulish); (Alexander Balandin); (Jan Dombrowski); (Thomas Hartmann); (Timofey Belogradsky); (Eva Aveeva); (Gene Brewer); (Arthur Givargizov); (Bob Glendenning); (Andrey Anisimov); (Andrey Anisimov); (Wilhelm Yeruzalem); (Ilya Baldynov); (Winston Bernard Coard); (Andre Kampra); (Alexander Vilenkin); (Evgeny Zamyatin); (Muamer Vugdalich); (Lala Kuznetsova); (Oleg Gubin); (David Kahane); (Yuri Degterev); (Ernst Ferdinand Wenzel); (Maurice Blond); (Alexander Zaimovsky); (Kathy Ma); (Ivan Alimarin); (Anatoly Emelin); (Stribor Kusturica); (Eduard Allen); (Grigory Kochur); (Andrey Binev); (Mario Bertok); (Natalia Ivashchenko); (Valentin Kasatkin); (Shamil Lahiyalov); (Osvaldo Guayasamin); (Znura Abenova); (Maurytsy Karasovsky); (Wilhelm Kirchner); (Aram Asatryan);
bd44bd21155d6f650ce80d5ebd4d2a7216c2e67d	The Victim of a xenophobe: From insults to a Bullet (Srinivas Kuchibhotla); (Lisandro Alonso); (Sergey Karyakin); (Igor Korovin); (Robert Gaigals); (Alexander Kanevsky); (Pavel Bakunin); (Pavel Andreev); (Frederick Brown); (Alexey Bakhmetev);
abd130e440403b4d0ade9102a5d93965bbd64a81	( Calixtus ); (Adair Crawford); (Zelma Grenning Wilde); (Bishop Veniamin); (Andrey Efremov); (Arman Zhetpisbayev); (Ralph Lau); (Viktor Guryev); (Alexander Klimenko); (Nadezhda Kosintseva); (Rudolf Seidel); (Semyon Ivashkovsky); (Rostislav Gribov); (Rostislav Gribov); (Vasily Zverev); (Eduard Volkov); (Oleg Bisharev); (Evgeny Byrdin); (Konstantin Kudryavtsev); (Joseph Braginsky); (John Barnes); (Valerian Derozhinsky); (Boris Altshuler); (Alexander Kapger); (Sinisha Gagula); (Jacques Zon); (Anton Dunaysky); (Alexander Kolobaev); (Hal Connolly); (Boris Katz); (Leonid Vinogradov); (Helga Goering); (Lazar Kantor); (Nikolai Avkhimovich); (Rodolfo Bartechko); (Olga Kotlyarova Prokopenko); (Mikhail Batorsky); (Nazi Boni); (Azalais Porkayragues); (Ala Al Aswani); (Jozef Kish); (Fulvio Kollovati); (Nikolai Basov);
efa3134c2fb7fa790acd48bddb7f5a469b06ae15	Record breaking long nails by Chris Walton (Chris Walton);
2ff88acb61d00cc6a8deddfac9e9e9d47ee80267	A miracle weighing 370 g (Entitan Martins); (Dmitry Danilov); (Yuri Krokhin); (Nicholas Georgescu Regen); (Ivan Glebov); (Mikhail Krasheninnikov); (Peter Demidov); (Luis Francisco Ladaria Ferrer); (Harold Sidney Bride); (Nadir Belhaj); (Valery Belikov); (Sevil Gamzat Gazieva); (Ivan Kolyshkin); (Adi Barkan); (Anton Gayevoy); (Peter Deluise); (Jiri Ganzelka); (Gunnar Broberg); (Artur Anatra); (Sergey Vasiliev); (Milda Lauberte); (Paul Collins); (Fyodor Anisichkin); (Paolo Vidoc); (Vladislav Goreglyad); (Wilhelm Heinrich Wakkenroder); (Vukashin Bryich); ( Lazarus); (Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurgit); (Anne Katharina Westley); (Michael Almereida); (Joseph Krachkovsky); (Cesare Arzela); (Vasily Gabaev); (Henry Bucknell); (Baruch Kamin); (Kuzma Derevyanko); (Konstantin Grigorovich); (Edward Jordan); (Alexander Amosenkov); (Flavius Julius Constant); (Pavel Kovalev); (Kazy Dikambayev); (Joseph Vandries); (Grigory Bezuglov);
001d8686ce6940f4135c977ad53ccc1691340aeb	(Joseph Nicolas Delille ); (Georgy Bobrinsky); (Emile Bernard); (Vladimir Vinogradov); (Per Vale); (Alfred Kvelmalts); (Vera Aksakova); (Fernando Derveld); (Dmitry Korolkov);
1826f1821cc81e66adc07ad3cf30ac8102e397d4	Record holder in running on all fours (Kenichi Ito); (Kaba Atabekov); (Ilya Pale); (Grigory Bondar); (Alexander Koryavin); (Alexander Zhelobovsky); (Abram Goncharsky); (Ramon Dekkers); (Pavel Kotsebu); (Dmitry Komar); (Abilkhan Kasteev); (Mauro Boseli); (Vadim Ivanov); (Anton Newmark); (Pierre Louis Gengenet); (Isaac Kikoin); (Claude Berry); (Vladislav Bogichevich); (John Conrad);
1eede00469c8d61ecd86fe24ecf04f98bda3617c	Unusual records of the Dutch Ice Man (Wim Hof);
1387b77fd7fa6302d4483e161076d3530020974f	Father's Love in Action (Saul Ryan); (Yuri Kirichuk); (Chuck Grassley); (Jules Dumont Durville); (Gustav Herman Blezer); (Louis Stanislas Xavier Verrou); (Diese Kulchar); (Moshe Cordovero); (Genie Eagles); (Daijiro Kato); (Pavel Zyryanov); (Manfred Kriedl); (Konstantin Kolpakov); (Daniel Bensaid); (Issa Botashev); (Alexander Igoshev); (Vladimir Yerofeyev); (Milan Vidmar); (Jean Leon Jerome); (Jamie Alexander); (Tsamis Karatassos); (Adam Billot); (Vladimir Grebennikov); (Ivo Ivi); (Ivan Krasyuk); (Eduard Illet); (Fritz Hubert Grezer); (Anthony Le Tallec); (Mark Zhivov); (Kuhn Kryuk); (David Ebisher); (George Stewart Dole); (Thomas Kouroma); (Albert of Genoa); (Karl Korsch); (Dusan Zinaya); (Louis Florentin Kalmey); (Francois Boisrobert); (Francois Boisrobert); (Ivan Golubets); (Peter Kakhovsky); (Roman Vorobyov); (Vladimir Kostenko); (Vitaly Vorobyov); (Robert Jamson); (Trofim Zenkovsky); (Nikolai Alpatov); (Kuno Becker); (Alois Lichtenstein); (Lukman Rasakovich Adams); (Susan Isaacs);
3ea78287a489b7f43f5bb257bb7e76620037738e	(Hamit Agliullin ); Kings of Disco ( Modern Talking);
5a20e757df42c10fc227930bfd66a955044f0c4d	Transformation into an asexual Alien (Vinnie Oh);
62a90dd79d62b1596185aefdc6c0b2f15b008b47	Baby with necrotic enterocolitis (Abigail Peter);
68810b7a2fe01e3a1c8b831b25e6e628bf2920f7	[George Lucas ] Inspired by the brilliant plot of the previous parts of his film, George Lucas decided to shoot another one: "Star Wars: THE WAR OF THE CLOWNS"...
a7381cda014cbfad36bed162321587292b646022	[ 06.03.2017 ]
ce0cc80d2589e1ce4a4513162cf1105a48b3d41b	(Aram Asatryan);
9b5c8455e4df31638fc7fc11ae7fc81a26335a3f	Space – Music of the Cosmos ( Space);
33dbb9d9023368e11ab3bf26aad7619413c3e52f	Maria Andreeva: Love of meditation and boxing (Maria Andreeva);
ffafee64f67b30082b73e603e71b7020613d866f	The creator of balloons and bathyscaphes (Auguste Piccard);
937ddb86b98879c0ae9f199bac95fda1886890e1	Chocolate Castle (Krunoslav Budiselic);
138c8435d986677edcc077469293ba1d2c9d7412	The Victim of a xenophobe: From insults to a Bullet (Srinivas Kuchibhotla); (Lisandro Alonso); (Sergey Karyakin); (Igor Korovin); (Robert Gaigals); (Alexander Kanevsky); (Pavel Bakunin); (Pavel Andreev); (Frederick Brown); (Alexey Bakhmetev); ( Calixtus); (Adair Crawford); (Zelma Grenning Wilde); (Bishop Veniamin); (Andrey Efremov); (Arman Zhetpisbayev); (Ralph Lau); (Viktor Guryev); (Alexander Klimenko); (Nadezhda Kosintseva); (Rudolf Seidel); (Semyon Ivashkovsky); (Rostislav Gribov); (Rostislav Gribov); (Vasily Zverev); (Eduard Volkov); (Oleg Bisharev); (Evgeny Byrdin); (Konstantin Kudryavtsev); (Joseph Braginsky); (John Barnes); (Valerian Derozhinsky); (Boris Altshuler); (Alexander Kapger); (Sinisha Gagula); (Jacques Zon); (Anton Dunaysky); (Alexander Kolobaev); (Hal Connolly); (Boris Katz); (Leonid Vinogradov); (Helga Goering); (Lazar Kantor); (Nikolai Avkhimovich); (Rodolfo Bartechko); (Olga Kotlyarova Prokopenko); (Mikhail Batorsky); (Nazi Boni); (Azalais Porkayragues); (Ala Al Aswani); (Jozef Kish); (Fulvio Kollovati); (Nikolai Basov);
35327229d0bd984546342b8c6c9c501d568cd92c	[ 07.03.2017 ]
014904a2764fca2672cd2eba74c7ecf9f7c3bbf4	One of the most popular marijuana lovers in Hollywood (Cheech Marin);
3ce24b5359da1730b2651f1d85c2d4d1e11eda26	Roxette – "Kings of Pop Music" (Roxette);
b579c4edf523f138412f8bcd057b8bf9cc81af03	The creator of 'Supermarine Spitfire' (Reginald Mitchell);
5ddd3d6ebc9978c35e4652fbba83cdfcbf09db16	Record breaking long nails by Chris Walton (Chris Walton); (Ivan Alimarin);
f4908badf3f55a46cdf08ff47cf94d866f2dae2f	Miracle weighing 370 g (Entitan Martins);
38ea390df8600a396a577602332607a1904d498b	The founder of the website "Worlds of Eldar" (Eldar Akhadov);
8e19bf1356988bfe0c1bc2cda23832d0be334056	Author of popular books (Victoria Isaeva);
d66cf1eda5649fdf9a22d22cdba7b1527e6fefe7	Bright stories and unusual ideas (Alla Polyanskaya);
e81bea1695ae8e4acf95b1ffa3231de38ea1c5e2	Illustrator (Eva Nikolskaya); "The World of Espionage" (Anatoly Tereshchenko); (Dmitry Danilov); (Yuri Krokhin); (Nicholas Georgescu Regen); (Ivan Glebov); (Mikhail Krasheninnikov); (Peter Demidov); (Luis Francisco Ladaria Ferrer); (Harold Sidney Bride); (Nadir Belhaj); (Valery Belikov); (Sevil Gamzat Gazieva); (Ivan Kolyshkin); (Adi Barkan); (Anton Gayevoy); (Peter Deluise); (Jiri Ganzelka); (Gunnar Broberg); (Artur Anatra); (Sergey Vasiliev); (Milda Lauberte); (Paul Collins); (Fyodor Anisichkin); (Paolo Vidoc); (Vladislav Goreglyad); (Wilhelm Heinrich Wakkenroder); (Vukashin Bryich); ( Lazarus); (Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurgit); (Anne Katharina Westley); (Michael Almereida); (Joseph Krachkovsky); (Cesare Arzela); (Vasily Gabaev); (Henry Bucknell); (Baruch Kamin); (Kuzma Derevyanko); (Konstantin Grigorovich); (Edward Jordan); (Alexander Amosenkov); (Flavius Julius Constant); (Pavel Kovalev); (Kazy Dikambayev); (Joseph Vandries); (Grigory Bezuglov); (Joseph Nicolas Delille); (Georgy Bobrinsky); (Emile Bernard); (Vladimir Vinogradov); (Per Vale); (Alfred Kvelmalts); ( Vera Aksakova); (Fernando Derveld); (Dmitry Korolkov);
e78747b519eede08babdd5e64daf205a686b2fd6	[ 08.03.2017 ]
688ce65c49cd20a426ef352932a3d0359e2de16d	Actress with the face of an angel (Ava Gardner);
df95bd0736cbd30ef96c9fd53d7bda9733a8c08c	Not just a beautiful woman (Yana Rudkovskaya);
db1ccc99dffbf5aee43fa4f7315e5ae564f28946	Record holder in running on all fours (Kenichi Ito);
d548da96ff531a6c057269b2b1fbc30fb4f32ccf	Beauty and strength: Female Arm Wrestler (Sarah Beckman);
aed7bf8679c98254370e8cce7fe0782a21591a09	USA Hockey Scorer (Hilary Knight);
ea9d7f90e16268333941d7c6338e25b50ceb1c1d	Author of children's novels (Maria Chepurina);
748b709225abbe869c2ba7b8ee67ddec21afd3f4	Author of fantasy novels (Irina Komarova);
a2175d502795f6d62a262d4ab64d972f4f1ff694	'The Free Shooter' (Victoria Light);
8058fd3b175ce08c8432a3df97629d2c4bc25359	Publicistic career (Nikolai Nepomnyashchy); (Kaba Atabekov); (Ilya Pale); (Grigory Bondar); (Alexander Koryavin); (Alexander Zhelobovsky); (Abram Goncharsky); (Ramon Dekkers); (Pavel Kotsebu); (Dmitry Komar); (Abilkhan Kasteev); (Mauro Boseli); (Vadim Ivanov); (Anton Newmark); (Pierre Louis Gengenet); (Isaac Kikoin); (Claude Berry); (Vladislav Bogichevich); (John Conrad);
973a7442da4d11be2019a437f092ff4bb4c4f291	[ 09.03.2017 ]
1052130d1839c8e65934e4dc0feedc1199320c1b	An Australian with European roots (Nicole Kidman);
8ab7f706a062528ef6c04a6763213c672573b4ce	The Greatest Guitar Virtuoso (Jimi Hendrix);
b7d3452883831e4e1553a187efd716a2ff18ada0	The famous Israeli photo chronicler (David Rubinger);
7a7d28169b966fc55d2925e4aa327bde6cc49cd3	Father's Love in Action (Saul Ryan);
12cea12d485daf2fad1bc43d7712eda29180db4d	The author of criminal detectives (Nikolai Kalifulov);
ccfd255371082e1e46613083e80472fc1d9d4d6c	'According to Freud' (Max Barskikh);
8be724a4f1f4ddec4a9bed05de6ddb61aacdbdb6	French novelist (Jules Amede Barbet d'Orevilly); (Yuri Kirichuk); (Chuck Grassley); (Jules Dumont Durville); (Gustav Herman Blezer); (Louis Stanislas Xavier Verrou); (Diese Kulchar); (Moshe Cordovero); (Genie Eagles); (Daijiro Kato); (Pavel Zyryanov); (Manfred Kriedl); (Konstantin Kolpakov); (Daniel Bensaid); (Issa Botashev); (Alexander Igoshev); (Vladimir Yerofeyev); (Milan Vidmar); (Jean Leon Jerome); (Jamie Alexander); (Tsamis Karatassos); (Adam Billot); (Vladimir Grebennikov); (Ivo Ivi); (Ivan Krasyuk); (Eduard Illet); (Fritz Hubert Grezer); (Anthony Le Tallec); (Mark Zhivov); (Kuhn Kryuk); (David Ebisher); (George Stewart Dole); (Thomas Kouroma); (Albert of Genoa); (Karl Korsch); (Dusan Zinaya); (Louis Florentin Kalmey); (Francois Boisrobert); (Francois Boisrobert); (Ivan Golubets); (Peter Kakhovsky); (Roman Vorobyov); (Vladimir Kostenko); (Vitaly Vorobyov); (Robert Jamson); (Trofim Zenkovsky); (Nikolai Alpatov); (Kuno Becker); (Alois Lichtenstein); (Lukman Rasakovich Adams); (Susan Isaacs); (Hamit Agliullin);
e82b7456779416df884023f0c5be48d1214f44da	[ 10.03.2017 ]
52af92e018f9369ce732d95133eb358dc6993c4b	Kings of Disco ( Modern Talking);
ac392eb4fbc03dfb6f1793cd9ab25daa9c3bb93d	Winona Ryder Mysterious and Contradictory (Winona Ryder);
a6373921e6d26472edcf25c59fbafe400eae2cc3	The creator of the water turbine (Benoit Fourneron);
77d5f09baff5fad2e840a1b114d3623c4bf3d7e0	Science fiction writer (Andrey Dmitruk);
b2d425cb7c512d4c30e82e8e4b2f12d35399b612	Healing from any ailments (Leonid Rudnitsky);
2d50f33a69ff4e7ff598955e73620945b5dbc410	Author of short romance novels (Kate Hewitt);
d3b9fc0a8f04fa3ee9f76f19b975d60749ad3214	Historian and publicist (Alexander Sever);
1d21b504513c8e72cf677d6df12450412c3467b4	Start · Mirror · About us · Earn money with us · Advertising · Calendar · Jokes · Names · Albums · Entertaining · News Feed
d3fe628123ce2b62a66486057b9640fe03314b5a	When copying materials, the link to peoples.ru required.
41faea478c1f1a8c0d82238885a5f3764d68374b	© 2017 Celebrities
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e0b67c0f098c9d0705c4904277019d2152967aa7	The People project is publicly available, and is filled with users of the project.
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f6fedc5b3ccc0cee3e47513445aeb9fc12bddf22	The Pharaohs
dd8872d2b236b1fade02578e2ba67fdeac54b7cf	00 Dynasty
b2d20ad7126d1b194aa95b04d113f677b9088d78	0 Dynasty
d90c79ad1b91d8938abcb12a607012781188e9a8	I Dynasty
d52126a70ec076d65710f63e3499c0aea89d9253	II Dynasty
b8c8d9b74e6d27650dced9809b54d10b8dda83f3	III Dynasty
ae801aee4fc50675cc7c401f830a9c7e03ccd764	IV Dynasty
adaafe59cd0f4909a0c3dc7451edfa9e1972b55e	V Dynasty
aedef47da21c96e56594fa6e2d33b99bd8d2c795	VI Dynasty
71d03ce8b854a2a4218350bf33437642ed5d1a08	VII Dynasty
3ff5233d59289c09b08f3436737933040e3416cb	VIII Dynasty
d9cf412bca6128569d8f6c06fe9a286b1f0f2e62	IX Dynasty
5b3d2880411151ed8ad8a5bfa44fba81b2ad4937	X Dynasty
2d994030a637c8e7011eee56dd849e3b7a91a43e	XI Dynasty
e91ecf714b5f45be21e730229ee0413343d41a95	XII Dynasty
5cb557c49e14050afc262b6e46051e309247541e	XIII Dynasty
9271db0cea5afa2e3b1f03a2e682de68cd711ffd	XIV Dynasty
5cce867a47fb9c60311847e21273adeb2d0c78b5	XV Dynasty
c14fc61850f9094051a76d4ec6d8a506b1e33f6d	XVI Dynasty
70d1c20e439aff8001e8ddc759988954f393f097	Abydos
cf07ddbbc9d5b05a1c133a21a3e9d034d2f5d949	XVII Dynasty
7416ef983f16e1ebbf95a557475fd2cb6f1f1b3d	XVIII Dynasty
1550837d39acf9002e64e14407f4c4aff004500e	XIX Dynasty
4ce70f200f401523ca86b1cdc27637fbdaa7dafd	XX Dynasty
b54fff41f3ffdbfb591fe1ac121cfe482969e044	XXI Dynasty
6a79a2edecb93679edaf8b9e8c6e22ad08a72c1d	XXII Dynasty
0264185e0dc5d427a4a00c24acc9b5ea7e2750df	XXIII Dynasty
63dac709bda9f884203dc6a99e14eacb1f45ac05	XXIV Dynasty
76d1931447b39b372aeb6a87723136eebf97c5d8	XXV Dynasty
a3ffd1931eb182393ae3d8a264b5e8969a2b875e	XXVI Dynasty
35d417e413e9a8fe62abafb2e559301fce535526	XXVII Dynasty
60df7f8be384bc0e340478b1e23ae0581ea047fe	XXVIII Dynasty
bb960bb23e687b21cbd82a726910c599b56456cf	XXIX Dynasty
e79b9c56d2fe8687e27bbdd223bdca70aaa827a9	XXX Dynasty
b3fe571f349f4b42daacd19bf3d1a708f4bec7cd	Macedonian
c17c780f2461ce66e8c8e24e3bf34a14de0e740a	The Ptolemies
070374ff80947b819eb8815e8d492bf0a862577e	Chronology
d98a03948da4d061268c4fbd5cd0c1cd58163f3d	Queens
48503b58288ae8fdf2b339644967cbddcc065a71	Dynasties
42c72fe9ad07b45c947f04448f873e50972ab357	The Gods
dc9f86755d12d76a5f848778358cf09aa8a0ea1a	Priests
8bc9a1ca083fee354d6b29ebb2bf21c6df599ba8	Crafts
769c17fa93530d04d2a0942fec83c4bc8032936b	Crowns
b040b4179b8b00702858fdb4c1afec3d6d284509	Architecture
9df91094a939a44d321731c43cb383c7742692df	Statues
c7afa446ba1af9518ba6da698a26166e6c231c7b	Map of Egypt
82bc494f092f131cc961c75fc8ca175dcf70e9c0	Egyptology
42c53253279c3f39cce5ec0c740b72e4460f299d	Media Center
6110f07aa7f28ffc1d870e604ff1a29fd86d55c0	Video materials
f824d5a4c821a64b665cd5a1330f49fcb230e32f	The article is located in the categories
db5ade00d7ca688143a6fafb25d8a33205ec5205	Dynastic Egypt
783d5b2050c512b2fff126f0f0d5135ede0616fd	The New Kingdom
3f08007bd8bfcbc6fb7535b9a8af524d8123c07c	The Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt
887309d048beef83ad3eabf2a79a64a389ab1c9f	26
aef7e5073ba932e3ad229ad34f42a47754bfe189	+22
c1cdd6718ea231b0a0c2876ad80ea6140267f712	The content of the article Names and titles The origin of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun, as the son of Amenhotep III Tutankhamun, as the son of Smenkhkar Tutankhamun, as the son of Akhenaten and Kiya DNA testing
5a710907fef76947146ac80d0485a65981233420	Board of Religious Restoration
693fb0080491835f43f18954f11173370efa1278	The development of art under Tutankhamun The first stage: the legacy of Amarna The second stage: a return to tradition
3ddcf59a8fe3a39f127cf4883fa3b0e13db4ee60	Famous officials under Tutankhamun The death of the Pharaoh Subsequent events
71742cee49b6f3c28b11947e3cdecba79c5dbe7e	Discovery of the tomb Discovery and excavation of the remains of the Pharaoh and objects in the tomb The Curse of Tutankhamun
2acd43a3193246a4011df6fad23d2f2d80cc0cf5	Tutankhamun in modern culture Film and television Other references
1066209cf8f7a520960be523e2c9745056e24d77	The translation of the article from Spanish and English was carried out for the project "Egyptopedia".
f1d2c2f4ef2a3c273453e30a0acedb56b0c1821c	This text is the author's property.
a6a3d036169c6e581f64ca83c63374b31fd663c8	If you want to post this article on your website, please place an active link to the site "Egyptopedia.info"
71258e1d8e2063c246f83aa0ae949e8130dda58a	The funeral mask of Pharaoh Tutankhamun, now stored in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.
93c21075713559a6be41bc6468f670ce3d6f2548	Made of gold with inlaid inserts of turquoise and glass, it is the most famous example of the art of Ancient Egypt
877c138e35b6655215c3c1d89cd3cb94d97b50b1	ebheperura Tutankhamun was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh who belonged to the XVIII Dynasty of the New Kingdom era and ruled from 1336/1335 to 1327/1325 BC.His original name "Tutankhaton", meaning "The Living image of Aton", was later changed to "Tutankhamun" ("The Living image of Amon").
45017c14f1985aab293ee0b6bf4367bf7ad18deb	He is probably mentioned in the cuneiform version of the Amarna Letters as "Nibhurrerea", and the historian Manetho in his works calls this king by the name "Ratotis", "Ratos" or "Atoris", who ruled for nine years.
65221e5210460a966ee824054f5743c60c23a339	Although formally the XVIII Dynasty ceased to exist with the reign of Horemheb, modern Egyptologists agree that the young Tutankhamun was the last pharaoh of the dynasty, in whose veins royal blood flowed.
6f98f325434ec2a1c612b5d2fe63414517ba4118	He ascended the throne in the so called "Amarna period" and returned to the hands of the priests of Amun the former influence that they had before the religious and political revolution of Akhenaten.
883380d6917a058347a29c5aaa3d3606eb9ae4d6	During his short reign, the actual power was concentrated in the hands of Aye and Horemheb: Aye managed state affairs, and Horemheb led the army.
d3deaebc4366f1df06dca075ee57637cd9de6560	The reign of Tutankhamun is characterized by a return to the normal plane of the socio religious system after Akhenaten for some time turned everyone's attention to his monotheistic cult.
259684382e69919fec68048d65fbd3cd16e93887	This return was gradual: the worship of the gods Amon, Osiris and Ptah was resumed, and their previously closed temples were restored again.
41260f6a67766204fb52bf5265f8e0231c2f18a2	The priestly caste again returned to the traditional religious functions, as can be judged by the performance of the corresponding rites of that time.
f92d127fd460ea577e9ea75e06012bf325c23422	In the field of art, new trends discovered during the heyday of Amarna continued to develop, gradually merging with traditional Egyptian art. Among the official images, along with the image of the young king, his "Great Queen" is constantly present, which emphasizes the visual inheritance of the Amarna principles (scenes from the personal life of a married couple can be observed on the throne, chairs, chests of drawers and other things from the pharaoh's tomb); here, among the abundance of images of Queen Ankhesenamon, the official political message about the continuity of the royal dynasty is clearly indicated.
a9232491626139433497d33722b0cca05461ed89	Tutankhamun was not the pharaoh who became famous for anything in ancient times; the relatively small size of his burial (tomb KV62) was the reason that it remained unknown until the XX century.
61697c825ff70bde97cd57e37bc69a0183a45e96	This place was discovered in 1922 by the Egyptologist Howard Carter.
a8f0e52a2d68b99510e372a822caa04288f4340c	The discovery of the tomb and its treasures was covered by the press all over the world, which caused a renewed interest in the heritage of Ancient Egypt; the funeral mask of Tutankhamun became one of the most popular ancient Egyptian images.
9a297cbd53d62a29d2d1ac7d30b489efc95778f6	The discovery of the tomb in almost untouched condition made a huge contribution to the understanding of Egyptian history and culture.
495e439e6a8e4dfb5bba83377af8b7fb57eb5433	A significant amount of jewelry, furniture, weapons and various dishes were discovered here, thus providing important information that expands our knowledge about the Egyptian civilization.
0ee73661442da3ec749a0fe1a8bf6f7bdaaefcac	1. Names and titles
70d87922a879dd06a2b636815a0da8af1151afff	The ring with the throne name of the Pharaoh: 'Nebheperura'.
1c754a84eaef28ced2577a1ca973a77b6ca9c819	At the birth of the young pharaoh in 1345 BC, he was given the name "Tut ankh Aton", which was later changed to "Tut ankh Amon", when the importance of religious reform in Amarna waned and gradually the worship of the god Aton was abandoned in favor of the old Egyptian pantheon led by Amon.
38799fb7db410a0791ff3c670dcce114eda3cb5a	The gilded throne, discovered by Howard Carter in tomb KV62, contains a royal cartouche that indicates the personal name of the pharaoh during the atonism period: "Here ankh Aton Heka Iunu Shema", i.e. "The living image of Aton, the Ruler of Heliopolis" or "The one who lives with Aton, the Ruler of upper Heliopolis".
d937b4a1448ff2c77a6d822a7d8e456fd3b109b8	After the return of the central government back to Thebes, his personal name began to sound like "Tut ankh Amon", i.e. "The one who lives with Amon" or "The living image of Amon"; the throne name was "Neb heperu Ra", i.e. "Lord of the manifestation of Ra".
64fe7c2318c51115941d7946c65e11c85bc93c95	Also, the name of this pharaoh may sound like "Amon tut ankh", because of the habit of ancient scribes to put the name of the deity at the beginning of the title, in order to express reverence for him in this way.
0d44e0d439667ef0ea75f9e92a78e37eb655483b	In the" Epitomes " of Manetho, King Tutankhamun is called under the names "Ratotis", "Ratos"or " Atoris".
b6dfb340c74348fae0857b550e2d20846aea3e6f	The royal titulature of Pharaoh Tutankhamun from ancient Egyptian sources
c762adec25decf3397123ac86b15d2f04fd64eeb	Personal name (Amarna period) Tutankhaton twt ˁnḫ ỉtn - "The living image of Aton"
196f236e59d8bebfffd6537df37256e54b6bd46a	Personal name Tutankhamun Hekaiunushema twtnnḫ ỉmn iw iwnw šmˁ - " The living image of Amun, the Ruler of upper Heliopolis"
679e57d1ee47863f78d403e8aac0354ee069494d	Nebheperur's throne name is nbprprw rˁ - " Lord of the manifestation of Ra"
45ea9f777b0734bc0c3e630c6d3e253ff2b31632	Choral name Kanakht Tutmesut - Kȝ nḫt twt mswt - " Victorious bull, born perfect"
b10729926940c1d51adc39abc865241afce38959	Nebti's name is Neferhepu segerehtawi Warahamon Nebjer - nfr hpw sgrḥ tȝ.wy - " One of the perfect laws that Pacifies Both Lands;
07d375906880bc1961be651956139af6fadf43a4	The Great One in the Palace of Amon;
8e36be4f2bd91f403d80caede43afda6a79a7bb3	Ruler over all"
60742c889efe84addb14fcd99efe0fb52942b90a	The golden name of Uecheshau sekhetepnecheru Hekamaat sekhetepnecheru Uecheshauitefra Uecheshaueschauim - wṯs ḫˁw stptp nṯrw - "He who wears crowns and pleases the gods;
165ea54098f6bfd07cbeb8af1f00f2e71eaa03bd	The Lord of Truth, pleasing the Gods;
45efc422cf6602a86632b757e23e49c9fd67b977	The one who wears the crowns of his father Ra;
6a50cdaa1cd3076fa1461dd2c060beb2e73fe2c7	The one who wears crowns and connects Two Lands"
bc769218f5065e60c088e2367ecb4e1a5cfb8675	2. The origin of the Pharaoh
6ef3fb9bac8c66c1174f1e9145f6299cf7ba4db0	A pendant with the image of a young Tutankhamun surrounded by a divine couple: the god Ptah on the left and his wife Sekhmet on the right.
9a50712dd56886fe82f8955f273d54419c1388e5	A sample of the return to traditional beliefs after the Amarna period.
3cf6c259a8eb86b76a05004dd1c574eff2eac8ab	Below we will consider in detail the three main hypotheses about the origin of Tutankhamun, which are currently dominant.
7e9a1a6192e8a5cafaabbddbfe94e9e4202b1a60	2.1. Tutankhamun as the son of Amenhotep III
55f0f5647c85449a2a6d49078776b523c7e2f0a7	This theory is based primarily on the discovery of various objects in the tomb KV62, which are inscribed with cartouches of Amenhotep III, his "Great Queen" and his wife Tiya, Prince Thutmose the firstborn of Amenhotep III, who died at a young age - and Princess Sitamon, who also held the position of "Great Royal Wife"at the end of his reign.
7d3d2f531cd0e6bf9e0ce6c2d55614de97164000	As a rule, two factors oppose this hypothesis:
579cf1c2847672052559635581131e6472efb1a9	1. The time interval.
54c7c01eb61b3da59e963ec16874c96a6f23cc94	However, if we take into account that the reign of the heretic pharaoh lasted for about 17 years, it becomes obvious that Amenhotep III has nothing to do with the role of Tutankhamun's father;
6d4fab7e4d81a585142ffc7489d8603ab90b4a33	Akhenaten or the mysterious Smenkhkara have much more chances in this regard.
6e5a17d6477647e3583addbc55cc1bcbe20ad355	Although it is known that Amenhotep III was a long lived ruler, the time intervals strongly refute any hypothesis about paternity to Tutankhamun on his part.
bf3923ea1f20420ceb60f98a8f765526d0103697	2.2. Tutankhamun as the son of Smenkhkar
b57290144263e2d111dd01de05dae0aebaa4cbbb	The young King Tutankhamun.
0d79a5553b10a0232bbb718009cbba312c9fc5a4	Wooden statuette
abb23784df5553a07a00f361b640bfcba1d117f4	However, there is no objective evidence to confirm this hypothesis: 1.
d2fde0b38c9caa7a0834621f47a9be9057f3fdf8	This opinion is supported by the complete absence of any references to Tutankhamun from Amarna, where scientists have not been able to find almost any traces of this pharaoh.
126514a080a4a46230f075c680ef85b435ced1fb	2.3. Tutankhamun as the son of Akhenaten and Kiya
07fc718d3c1ad3774bfef499c38ece404a439b96	Young Tutankhamun in the crown of 'khepresh', hunting with a bow together with his wife Ankhesenamun the daughter of Akhenaten and Nefertiti
f5b4b10202539a0f0512d1d52710307b95c709d1	This theory is currently the most accepted in historical and Egyptological circles and is based not only on the evidence found during archaeological excavations in Amarna, Thebes and the Valley of the Kings, but also on the results of Dr. Z.'s research.
d6cc5ad7cef24bc322683ad5bed02c7fccc8f74e	Hawass and other scientists presented in 2010.
826a7195b9aa8293ec8af6c26c6c1575f0a3b683	During various anthropological, radiological and genetic studies of 11 royal mummies in the period from September 2007 to October 2009, it was also established that Tutankhamun did not necessarily belong to the royal family tree.
4a10b725d657678f5fa5f807e76b1ad150300ad0	The mother of the young pharaoh was identified as the mysterious Kiya, who was the only woman mentioned as Akhenaten's wife, except for Nefertiti and his daughters.
6d0ab53770cb33e242a83bfbf58c8be5a5cf19a4	She bore the title "Hemet mererti aat", which means "Beloved Great Wife".
d38b2d47a0cb4b11a85f34f65b2ee06a87fbe5a7	According to the Egyptologist Cyril Aldred, the elevation to such a significant status became possible due to the fact that Kiya was able to provide Akhenaten with a male heir and, thus, continue the glorious family of the XVIII Dynasty.
a8d52cab684e32fa02f8de40468353057f162e91	Kiya's premature death under Akhenaten is believed to have led to the replacement of her place by Nefertiti and one of his daughters.
2873ce054c3217be119796269efaa98da5361c42	This hypothesis also points to the legitimization of Tutankhamun's ascension to the throne by his betrothal to the daughter of Akhenaten and Nefertiti, Princess Ankhesenpaaton, who, like her husband, later changed her name to "Ankhesenamon".
4a5b5384469bedfc672c1bcf91449d1ae7432051	It should be recalled here that the custom when a prince from a secondary wife was married to a princess bearing the title of "Great Royal Wife", at the same time being her half brother, was practiced for quite a long time in Ancient Egypt; and in the XVIII Dynasty there is a slightly earlier case on this occasion, associated with Queen Hatshepsut, who married her half brother Thutmose II, who was the son of Thutmose I, born from one of the secondary wives.
cdc24cde881625f9c2d7719ea7a925d7edac51e8	In contrast to this hypothesis, there is a complete absence of any references in the line of Tutankhamun, in which his kinship with Akhenaten, as his father, or Amenhotep III and Tiya, as his grandparents, would be clearly stated.
dbcaf8c3048f135f11e719175d54374cb043de85	But this argument is often refuted, given the religious and political context at the time of the death of the Pharaoh boy.
03b48b10cf5f408babe55b46917dc0a672de95f7	At that time, Egypt was in a state of recovery that began after the Amarna period, when any mention of the heretic pharaoh began to be erased; thus, we can explain the complete absence of any references linking Tutankhamun and Akhenaten, as well as the fact that the appearance of continuity of the royal dynasty between the young pharaoh and his grandfather Amenhotep III was created.
ab4c2c568ce97fc59877434456715a5821df23b0	This fact can also explain why there is a complete absence of any mention of the Amarna period on the dishes and other funeral utensils found in the tomb of Tutankhamun.
be145c1b2f5dbc47f89937dd131e892b00910fe4	2.4. DNA Testing
c9551ac2e88910c9f28361ec54363f2ef908188b	The discovery of the almost untouched tomb of Tutankhamun allowed us to learn details from the life of the pharaohs who ruled around 1300 BC.
c02ac18d6cfbf275fe1215131588febd8bce4f90	This cedar chair with a carved back with the image of the god of eternity Heh belongs to the objects from the tomb.
ee181e5e2990568200d539172b26abb91e6a6ad8	On February 17, 2010, the Supreme Council of Antiquities in Egypt published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) the results of more than two years of genetic research, during which it became obvious that Tutankhamun died from complications caused by a combination of malaria and Koehler's disease (inflammation of the foot bones).
8bc9fd0d124dab441d853a848b1df8ade8f3b401	These data are confirmed by the presence of 103 walking sticks and jars of medicines found in his tomb. thus, it follows that despite his young age, the pharaoh suffered very much from pain in his bones.
c60c6a0177cb8632d143416b549e8488756620e5	The results of the tests also revealed that the young pharaoh was the son of Akhenaten, or at least the man whose mummy was buried in the tomb KV55, and his grandmother was Queen Tiya.
7402ce9beb9114da2c4d65a99cd42ca430abd721	DNA studies of the mummy of Tutankhamun revealed that the mummy from KV55 was the father of the pharaoh boy and the son of the Pharaoh Amenhotep III.
c943c7c157c49cd5710fa4164f55e420126b5bad	The presence of such a pedigree allows us to conclude that the mummy from KV55 is none other than Akhenaten.
cb87c30c9ebf7221de4d5f65ce3720ffeec69e56	The same DNA studies also showed that the mummy KV35YL (i.e. the mummy from the tomb KV35, "Young Lady"), found next to the mummy of Tiya (KV35EL) and known as the "Young Lady", is the real mother of Tutankhamun and the sister of the mummy from KV55.
5ed328af1ff099e984e729aa52240ba5da55e332	This discovery makes the young pharaoh, apparently, the result of incest between royal representatives (which was not uncommon for that time).
45b788b7349c61f4ae98e78cb45a20d4b7401e89	It is likely that the heretic pharaoh (assuming that he is a mummy from KV55) conceived his son with one of his sisters, and it is impossible to know which of the five daughters of Amenhotep III and Tiya was her.
59ce8840066f94195ff0b54157516b9826daed44	Thus, the theory of Kiya was discarded.
a80064e6d8689da1e9a223c0176ca375fb2fe7df	According to the same study, incest explains the accumulation of various defects in the body of the young king, which can often be observed in the history of Egyptian dynasties.
8d148bc4ac1339789d78b0399347aac276b6df54	Recent DNA studies conducted by the iGENEA Institute in Zurich in July 2011 reconstructed the genetic profile of Tutankhamun.
783bbcea73212bd50d76b93ed53361bb0b21476e	According to these scientists, "Pharaoh Tutankhamun belonged to a genetic profile known as the R1b1a2 gallogroup, which is represented by more than 50% of men in Western Europe, which indicates the presence of a common ancestor for them.
5467a6e75e2bb85a37f0bd7fdf17e96d092a2977	It is interesting that less than 1% of the current Egyptian population belongs to this gallogroup."
407a53fa254891a91a7c87c165facfa3d5405ac6	The share of possible descendants of Tutankhamun among Spaniards and Britons increases to 70%.
ff1a21a87152fb9e4b244ad132dbc4b16f70e7e0	3. The Management Board
749427676d70dac54317299bd9cc1655b77f15ed	An intimate scene from the life of Tutankhamun and his 'Great Queen' Ankhesenamun.
497f290e074b153299ca05378b41a5f39f7b2fd8	An example of the artistic heritage of the Amarna period, which remained in force during his reign.
17350b6fc2e5a926184dfb147be7ef448f50fab9	The God Aton lowers his protective rays to the royal couple in the same way as it was depicted with Akhenaten and Nefertiti.
a9ecda2e05ca86c3c9179fe3773077e405db6300	Detail of the back of the golden throne of Tutankhamun
e797c4fbe81d31a1aee421967d9969d735d588e2	The amount of data on the reign of Tutankhamun is very small.
d1d179f760a4a7640a55b1ec3d596311c0fa3d2f	It is known that he was crowned at the age of eight to ten years.
857489b78de71460ccdab8f50c4f6f3acd8ed2c9	According to the Egyptologist James Allen, by the year 14-15 of Akhenaten's reign, the position of co ruler next to him was occupied by Neferneferuaton, who is known to have been a female ruler due to the presence of female symbols in her name.
fdfdab02682462c3e91cb1d07542ab5a6f0a6e8a	At first, researchers assumed that Nefertiti was hiding under this name, but a statuette "ushebti" with her name found in 1973, made around the 12th year of Akhenaten's reign, suggests that she died before the reign of Neferneferuaton.
f541bfddacaf6a21f5c0df2f2592f1a5481f3e0a	This hypothesis is also supported by the fact that after the 12th year of Akhenaten's reign, the name and images of Nefertiti actually disappear from any documents of that time; thus, according to some scientists, the co regency as Neferneferuaton most likely belonged to one of Akhenaten's daughters named Meritaton.
3fcdcf3ec6cbfd44abbba8e5ef32d3f8c492aa36	The last evidence about the Pharaoh Akhenaten dates back to the 17th or 18th year of his reign, and, as it is believed, he died around this time.
9911d5aef47d449150e03521d9520c6f98fdd0bf	After him, apparently, Neferneferuaton ascended to the throne, as well as an even less well known co regent named Smenkhkara, who may have been her husband.
2c5002bf958f3714dce80bf2ec1ef8756edaf7f3	The latter could rule for no more than one year, which led to the subsequent elevation of the young prince Tutankhaton, who later changed his name to "Tutankhamun".
8784db70a16ff1e2f9693520d798e880efa38def	The imminent marriage of Tutankhamun and Princess Ankhesenamun suggests that Akhenaten's last eldest daughter, Meritaton, most likely died during the reign of her husband Smenkhkar.
6a6a4b540deb55d41e144cd50211b14c67e2b0ac	In any case, the time interval from the moment of Akhenaten's death to the coronation of Tutankhamun is only one year.
ad290cf7191163e610a84036f8d5422b0d499a41	Tutankhamun inherited the same administrative apparatus that existed under the heretic Pharaoh.
d899345d011e8a5e83ddd9086ff9a812ee8d9834	At that time, any court affairs were carried out under the supervision of the "Grand Vizier" and the "Father of the Great Queen" Aye, who at the same time was the grandfather of the new pharaoh.
2f48f4eef93f03ea2ef2584dddee35dc18c75672	The command of the army was headed by Horemheb, and the post of chief treasurer in the state was held by an official named Maya.
6d6e159a23292d46a4455b192e0932572a7ac8b9	The ascension to the throne of the young pharaoh was legalized following the example of his predecessors from the XVIII Dynasty: he married Princess Ankhesenpaaton - the only surviving daughter of Akhenaten and Nefertiti and, for this reason, a real representative of the legitimate royal power, who, like her husband, after the resumption of worship of the god Amon, changed her name to "Ankhesenamon".
2134581c83d10f307938a5fc684846a99a0f136e	Quite a lot of images of this married couple have been preserved, the images of which are repeatedly imprinted in the tomb of Tutankhamun in accordance with the artistic style of Amarna.
bf38e03c34db6ed6a4e45154c6286600245f59d8	However, there is no mention of possible offspring on their part, although it is possible that these were two daughters who died in infancy and whose mummies were found in the tomb KV62.
5562700ca60aa0ad4e1d79a7937b4091c903ce94	After his ascension to the throne, Tutankhamun began to restore the ancient religious cults, trying in every possible way to forget the break in their worship that occurred during the reign of Akhenaten.
2de0431359791b3b0b18bdc0ee608ad0483b04b3	According to many modern scholars, the decision to refuse to worship Aton at such a young age was inspired by Tutankhamun by his advisers, especially Aye and Horemheb.
a246d28a3d799684f0312f542368f442741a3c13	In addition, Egyptologists believe that the abandonment of the then capital of Akhetaton (Amarna) began only after Tutankhamun was crowned.
3cd2e0c7c46a980ddc949448a2be6e1fa9db8e94	Archaeologist Barry Kemp claims that the abandonment of the city was not sudden, and various state structures began to leave it gradually
1333e0b653beeefd3def8bafc20b9dae01f94630	(such as the skorovishnitsa, the royal residence, the sovereign
b18dd52681854ca3651da7e07dda3e562823b05e	Subsequently, during the reign of Pharaoh Horemheb, the city was almost depopulated, and a serious blow was struck at it under the kings of the XIX Dynasty, when abandoned buildings were used as building material for new monumental works.
d86dac35139ac76a6b5b0d8d98463ab6d79ef911	There are no texts about any military campaigns under Tutankhamun, which suggests that the internal political situation in Egypt at that time was so unstable that it did not allow for campaigns against rival powers, such as the Hittite kingdom and Mitanni.
2472c87512ee711e33f4da3a148e11589fd61cfc	However, the role of Pharaoh Tutankhamun was much more important than originally thought.
62e5c312f06a79674ed765431888a592b0dd3097	The young ruler was a great builder who, after his ascension to the throne, immediately began to repair the damage caused to the Egyptian temples under Akhenaten.
3c25d7a17309714a12e153f0036e191714889ce6	Thus, it should not be surprising that most of the statues of the god Amun dated from this period resemble Tutankhamun himself in appearance: this is due to the religious approach, according to which it was believed that the pharaoh had a divine origin and was conceived from the supreme deity himself.
be37d0e16ffebc31ac0dfc73d03e0fe8e452b005	The face of the pharaoh was the image of the living God on earth, which is clearly indicated by the translation of the personal name of the young ruler.
e62e252226d2c3a0151bc36a06d1e895067ab1b6	3.1. Religious restoration
99226fa745d15ee7f3d9e159643503a3fe26053a	A monumental statue of Tutankhamun, made in the traditional style of Egyptian art. Museum of the Institute of Oriental Studies in Chicago
07c55e239f5fe5ebb71616fa70708c0622fb8628	During the 4th year of his reign, Tutankhaton moved to Thebes in order to restore not only the worship of Amun, but also to restore the veneration of the rest of the ancient Egyptian pantheon.
c292b59663002a561705d0c722e6b43085d43515	Here he approves his final new name "Tut ankh Amon" and issues the "Edict of Restoration", which proclaimed:
0fc17d425b59860820f0452c6e1a096447a8d7ff	"He restored all that was destroyed, and made them flourish as monuments of eternity; he drove out all deception from the Two Lands.
6fb577cb92576c3acf68bb836b75201703705f11	When His Majesty ascended the throne as King, the temples of all the gods and goddesses, from Elephantine to Delta, were in decline, and their sanctuaries were destroyed, the fields were overgrown with grass; roads were laid through their courtyards.
f3ace88503616054ee901bdffacb764cabf011a5	The country was in turmoil, and the gods forgot about it, because their hearts were angry."
2f4c43fe3285534dc0f79ce8f8d941a1f110370e	This decree was recorded on a stele in the temple of Amun in Karnak, which is currently stored in the Cairo Museum.
38e6bd7e4628172e6b17356ce66ed8c33c3617b4	Later, the name of Tutankhamun was erased on it, and the text was usurped by Horemheb, who thus tried to carry out his religious revenge, eliminating any references to the Amarna period and identifying himself as the direct successor of Amenhotep III: for example, the royal lists in Abydos and Saqqara completely ignore the pharaohs Akhenaten, Smenkhkar, Tutankhamun and Aye.
c4da65e130754c8898f276409741b85394fd8c93	The religious restoration was accompanied by a great political burden, which represented not only a return to traditional polytheism, but also the return of all the lost privileges to the high priesthood of Amun, against the rapidly growing domination of which the pharaohs Amenhotep III and Akhenaten had to face.
09fec9d0b81437cf2ceadd5690141183baa9dd9f	During the reign of Horemheb and, especially, under the subsequent rulers of the XIX Dynasty, the last echoes associated with the reign of the heretic Pharaoh Akhenaten and the worship of Aton practically fell silent.
60a6e983bc6306c4bdf92e4cb7e80f88b6039905	It was from this time that Horemheb began to be indicated in the official royal lists immediately after Amenhotep III, and they tried to forget about the names of such rulers as Akhenaten, Tutankhamun and Aye in every possible way.
7ad8128b21c11c7fed0bc0773916de1f49c4290e	4. The development of art under Tutankhamun
763fa85e7d703e8ad660309c5415f6e720f8c4ef	Statues of Tutankhamun and Ankhesenamun in Luxor.
095e9c756bcd8cafdd60374598a3ef81511de73e	They show the damage caused under subsequent rulers, who tried in every possible way to erase references to the Amarna period
c55f43b9e5a3807d459f5396db6984b4fd5ecd72	The young pharaoh did not have enough time to build any great structures that would amaze the imagination of posterity, and he limited himself only to reconstructing previously abandoned temples, erecting a small new temple for Amun to the west of Thebes and creating some paintings and reliefs, as well as an inverntar.
7451a59e1d20fac8fe119396ab19056cb93b6d3c	As for the development of artistic approaches under Tutankhamun, the political upheavals of that period and their impact on the visual arts are clearly traced here.
351e02320e0ce8f4f1a495b3150ef746a22d1e94	4.1.
224c7f6d6759b356974be579b3ac8e8c8534bce0	The first stage: the legacy of Amarna
9ca9811630162bb14c5745c928d2e368cdeb0af2	Thanks to the samples of furniture and dishes found in the tomb KV62, such as a throne, chairs, dressers, etc., today it is possible to restore the artistic development of this period.
06c132515461cde33d1ae0f546053caab6b6e9b2	At the first stage, one can easily identify the continuity to the art of Amarna: wide lines in the paintings, images of the royal family are distinguished by an elongated skull, an elongated neck and a protruding belly.
af0a9e9a751bdff5fc05e2cb7d9e46d975f9aeb9	The principles that were used in the line of portraits of Akhenaten are also traced: the pharaoh and his wife with children are depicted in intimate scenes of family life, in some cases under the rays of the one god Aton.
77828f254433e552ca554215a1adc13fdc1e450f	The representation of the royal couple is identical to those known since the time of Akhenaten and Nefertiti, and the bas relief on the back wall of the royal throne of Tutankhamun even represents the solar disk above the Pharaoh and his wife, lowering its life giving rays to them.
0a77605e75b169659453b4e48fe08caa0d61994b	This throne is one of the best examples of the skill of ancient Egyptian craftsmen with a mixture of artistic carvings, reliefs and inlays combining various materials.
073c54ab3cf849e822fc64450931dc3ccd9a7136	The same approach is observed in the manufacture of the funeral mask of the pharaoh: the height of the gold product is 54 cm, elements of quartz, obsidian, lapis lazuli and glass are added; on the reverse side are inscribed texts from chapter 151 of the Book of the Dead, which describes various parts of the human body.
2a8afcd2fc722791bee4b042115c8f7499279eb1	4.2.
be3f51edccb367174f61c4519704108eede98d04	The second stage: return to traditions
4f6d100cb1d39332d88d01d94b4a9db8ed5b70e5	The monumental statues of the god Amun in Karnak, which depict the face of the young pharaoh, show the final rejection of the artistic canons of the Amarna period.
084f6410e96ae58d5dc08225ebf441713a296aa7	The return to long standing traditions in the visual arts was also manifested not only in the statues, but also in the emphasis on the usual image of the pharaoh: a dress with a petticoat, a royal crown, an applied beard and a symbol - "uraeus" on the head.
1354de3ee19e24e68da9aaa7a42ee318379471e2	Among other things, at a time when there is not a single document confirming Tutankhamun's participation in any military campaigns, a chest with images of the king killing his enemies riding on a war chariot was found in his tomb.
c531cc7a3ba14941e9864f9a0ab833a0e2021401	This image is the best indicator of the change in the visual theme: the rejection of the artistic images of Amarna and the transition to the familiar images of the Pharaoh defeating his enemies.
c5a399c8dd1b7b4b9e578373c89342279e58cfd5	From the point of view of the development of art, it should be noted that after the period of Akhenaten's reign, the return to the traditional canons was carried out gradually.
197e6ba5d4c7046a80ecc7764cf4f091c3588cc6	This position is supported not only by the fact that the change of supreme power in the country also did not occur immediately, although the destabilization in the management of the state was observed already in the last years of Akhenaten's reign (as, for example, is described in the "Amarna Letters"), but also by the fact that some attempts were made to assign him the legitimacy of ascension to the throne, indicating the continuity of the Theban line of kings.
2f4f0b853c46b73ba5a266031b488b0366cb2d01	A sharp change in this plan will occur under Horemheb and will be completed under the first rulers of the XIX Dynasty.
9eba58bbbbc16d8db2ea41ea3c9b1f82eb15d41a	5. Famous officials under Tutankhamun
74a1fafdd84330308e1f1bd08a7ee838679467c9	Among the treasures from the tomb of Tutankhamun was this pectoral, which was on the chest of the mummy of the king.
e5a7cadf0f329240f0968504bb2f924fa8e330c6	Images of hieroglyphs were often used in the manufacture of royal jewelry.
573345d4063ca5146d54d5622a4d9bd7bc19348d	In this case, it is possible to identify the throne name 'Neb heperu ra': the solar boat depicts the symbol 'Neb'; the scarab beetle in the center means the word 'heper', which together with three lotus flowers at the base gives a multiplicity of 'heperu'; the solar disk 'Ra'crowns the product.
b7f7d5b7a0a6486e477a33db2cccb35eef9970e5	Various items from the tomb KV62 (ushebti, paintings, figurines, etc.) and other sanctuaries and tombs of the nobility of that period make it possible to reconstruct the court environment of the pharaoh.
07072b0208622ace08a6133992165e4d274af34d	Given the short reign of Tutankhamun, there were certainly those at his court who concentrated the actual power in Egypt in their hands.
04532c97a3c2ef8797a155d2758e68ca45273b83	Aye.
9c648742dc833d4b7270ae3b124fdbbbbf02e789	Acting under the title of "Father of God" and having unprecedented power and autonomy even under the heretic Pharaoh, Aye maintained his independence under Tutankhamun.
fe39571e49ced12a647297789c46b2ede1378bcf	Such circumstances allowed him to eventually gain the supreme power in the country: the power of the pharaoh.
6ec7373d369abad6b6488caad132da502cb752b3	Taking into account the presence of family ties with the royal family and the fact that he was the father of the "Great Royal Wife" Nefertiti and the grandfather of the subsequent queen - his granddaughter Ankhesenamon - one should not be surprised at the managerial skills of Aye, which manifested immediately after the death of the young pharaoh.
fc13b84e5dbb2cb4758e859ecd2ec1f894160796	During the life of Tutankhamun, he also held the position of the main royal adviser.
5407345e828dfc98e00f27b1796287cdcf94b4da	Due to the fact that Aye was one of the leading officials during the reign of Akhenaten, it is quite easy to trace his origin.
adba69e6c62288eee015a7a3be3f6e479b67f9b3	Like the "Great Queen" Amenhotep III and Akhenaten's mother, the famous Tiya, Aye was a native of the city of Akhmim (Panopol).
02f99532c03aafcb46631840dbb9326a639c43c2	This fact made it possible to develop a hypothesis that asserts a significant degree of kinship between the main representatives of the late XVIII Dynasty, namely: Aye, Tiya, Nefertiti, Akhenaten, Tutankhamun and Ankhesenamun.
788b3716cb7d92b191ced6123ee39ef3c781051e	While the name "Aye" bears a visible resemblance to the name "Tiya", as well as Yuya and Tuya (the parents of Queen Tiya, whose tomb was considered the most famous archaeological find until the discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb), there is no concrete evidence that could prove the relationship between the families of Aye and Tiya.
22c258a91ed7f68d64c55081dd82fc11382a3ad4	Horemheb.
39a4409540cb759ae31098aab48a5171b08a1296	If Ay managed to strengthen his position thanks to his connections with the royal family, then Horemheb concentrated power in his hands, thanks to he will control the military power of the country.
53f279d058357fca76f00c3d404d3fe34f44f99d	He was the main military commander in the army, who carried out under his command the restoration of Egyptian influence in Southern Nubia, as well as in the north - in the Gaza Strip and Syria.
e6bc2949b45c93bb5c328235aa9451fe9ed70c9f	Dutch Egyptologist Jacob van Dijk believes that Horemheb, together with the army, tried to restore the presence of Egypt in Syria, which was greatly disrupted by the advance of the Hittites, who at that time had already conquered the Mitanni kingdom, which had previously been an ally of the Egyptians under Pharaoh Amenhotep III (as evidenced not only by the actual marriages of the Egyptian monarch with the Mitanni princesses Taduhipa and Giluhipa, but also various diplomatic messages of that time, called "Amarna letters").
6e4efaddb489f21b2ba36654c3e193e427d93eb3	The state of affairs that had been established up to that time was also disrupted by the advance of the Hittites already in the territories controlled by Egypt, in Syria and Canaan.
f351588106b0a8fe37821c2e01ae909cceb2c873	Horemheb's military campaign under Tutankhamun's rule may have been unsuccessful in terms of restoring territorial possessions in Syria, and most likely, Horemheb learned about the sudden death of the young king while on a campaign far from the Egyptian capital.
6da0d26c0e84628c172722591063008bd6ad9168	This combination of circumstances, apparently, took advantage of Aye, who at that time occupied the royal throne.
2b25472983d4346bf9e7f8e4a1fd83128ee3802e	Tutankhamun receives flowers from Ankhesenamun.
8ad7f135b536002e1b19a5df6cbc4d6e50387549	The image on the lid of the casket from his tomb
567cacfd22097032c4cb0617bdae0b5c1dbae50b	Nakhtmin (Minakht). He held a position in the military structures of the ancient Egyptian state and became famous thanks to a number of "ushebti" figurines discovered in the tomb KV62.
458e506c27a1c93c3309a49f15f4eeaa3c61e089	It is assumed that this official was connected by some blood ties with Aye, which gave the latter the opportunity to conduct political intrigues, and also acted as a real counterweight to Horemheb in the military hierarchy.
6135f8319549323b4711511c3638b76b6da88505	Finally, scientists found a statue of Minakhta, which was made during the reign of Aye.
10f38fd64c72cf63dd634c3dd9158650036fcaab	It bears the title "Son of the King" and contains a legend where the god Horus intends to transfer the royal throne to another person after the death of Aye, but definitely not Horemheb, which may indicate a likely conflict between the two most powerful officials under Tutankhamun.
8105d291aae1fcb115fe58bf777d1b386d59a6ce	However, no more official traces of the existence of Nakhtmin were found, and the rapid ascent to power of Horemheb suggests that his further life was very short.
beec9d43b6d4f06d8edd12197a997a3acd0675e7	Maya.
d4b23d4c6e485981c0016ae891908ec1101afd0a	This official is known only from one ushebti discovered by Howard Carter in the tomb KV62.
5cefa658b1fa32d84b06de7c57adcb5033efa9ec	The inscriptions on the wooden statuette mention him as "The Head of the works at the place of Eternity", that is, they are associated with the works in the royal necropolis.
42c389e021b00917c54039eb80ed384fb0f38b5c	In addition, there is also a mention of his name as "Treasurer".
26f3fc29cb9c7ffc7dbea7f5bf62d62dc2a50f28	It is indisputable that the opportunity to provide his statuette in the burial of the pharaoh indicates that the official belonged to the inner circles of Tutankhamun, since such a gesture was considered a great mercy on the part of the deceased king.
39e29b7947345aa8ea4bfed372190de1acfc04b7	It is known that Maya continued to work in state structures even after the death of the young pharaoh, since his activities in the royal necropolis were recorded during the reign of Horemheb.
97a571d2bd9b6b48a752e72c583c3b5a87d887e2	Usermont.
e54002cbb668dfb03c2b65952a0361117fdfca53	The royal vizier, "chati", whose role and duties were very close to the post of a modern prime minister.
e27f7f387a0ee537492f75505bedd383c41878bb	During the time of Ancient Egypt, the country was divided into two main geographical areas: northern, or Lower Egypt, and southern, or Upper Egypt.
6211c0c0e577dd351c1942a53ff1d982f89a3210	Usermontou held the position of Vizier of Upper Egypt.
7c95f9b6090a0a8e956a773cacaa4c61c6d1608b	Pentu.
56385c6d51fea63e2c0298334ab20d2a0b354ef4	An official whose position was similar to Usermont, but only implied the management of Lower Egypt.
bfdbdc73bb70e1266ac9c435a43736e619ac9ebc	The fuck.
e8b7ac5b755a820f66454037ebef7be7dd8817d6	He held the position of vice ruler of Kush and head of the organization of work at the Nubian gold mines,
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29044c7950d24ee2fc737fbbc433e1cc2601be49	History, culture, architecture, abstracts, presentations
dbdbd490dc5220e898c6c9b56dba048ae63fb58b	Ancient Egypt Architecture of ancient Egypt State of ancient Egypt Art of ancient Egypt History of ancient Egypt Culture of ancient Egypt Pyramids of Ancient Egypt Writing of ancient Egypt Religion of ancient Egypt Pharaohs of ancient Egypt
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552d60f4a56ca0c1477103ba2a045bfe8fdae2c6	The Pharaohs of ancient Egypt Tutankhamun — the king of Egypt
9df014f27a67d19fec6bebe6ca53ea44a2fac231	3 years ago by the author Vera Vladi
715b49a3c419b3302be5d11a4d0486a8548fa734	Written by Vera Vladi
a263b943f8c2dee6d53a138358910dd74f9189db	Tutankhamun (c. 1341 BC 1323 BC), the pharaoh of Ancient Egypt, ruled the country from about 1333 BC to 1323 BC according to the generally accepted calendar during the New Kingdom period.
6706058810dc64287de54b005e6158bfb4eba308	Translated from the Egyptian dialect, Tutankhamun means "the living image of Amun".
2d1493a9d928b5b6a456dc9e0ee4276ca4d502e8	His real name, given at birth, sounded like Tutankhaton.
1817cdf2c9763179af828647af7f1cb41648c65d	According to hieroglyphic inscriptions, the name of the king was designated as Amon tut ankh.
89b60326543a8674ef7ea61811ecd7cec646f79e	It most accurately reflected the religious ideas of the ancient Egyptians, who wrote the name of the religious cult of worship at the beginning to express appropriate reverence to it.
483625be0bdd5d751f408275ffb0c7702d06ba3d	In 1922, the discovery by Howard Carter and George Gerber, with the financial support of Lord Carnarvon, of the untouched tomb of Tutankhamun in the Valley of the Kings in Thebes (modern Luxor) received extensive coverage in the world press.
ea2ad0097429c3cb3020249521714322829f9d6b	This caused an increase in interest in the values of Ancient Egypt.
58f3ae73e76c6870ec6392192cb30d7b636089f3	The golden mask of Tutankhamun still remains one of the most popular symbols of the history of the oldest civilization on Earth.
24229df399fac90288b870e5a7d3c4b475fd12c4	Exhibitions featuring artifacts found in the crypt have toured around the world.
b4b844e323f3062005826c581f0eec7f0b7b4b75	In 2010, as a result of a scientific study on the DNA of the ruler's mummy, it was established that Tutankhamun was the son of Akhenaten (mummy KV55).
965a88c0fe37ecc2d42b8ab9dc42317de46f0892	Jewelry of ancient Egypt Tutankhamun
fcd039db42af5da0a71185535f5591f6201d62b2	Tutankhamun's family
7db83e62c1b4184c4e51177ff94bd75dc329b1b9	After ascending to the throne, he married his half sister Ankhesenaton.
031d44fe6cd88ec5f51196bc858b1e5f42fe5a26	Among them, historians name the chief assistant for state affairs Horemhebe, the vizier of Aya and the treasurer of the Maya.
ede68f319a3ae1f660eb2097d44315464b843ff2	The image of King Tutankhamun
630e586ec4b2e8da774f281cc6d38c9379d75797	Tutankhamun was of a thin build.
cfea0987dfcbc2895c814e7d05c218c0a180271f	His height was about 189 cm.
91f5947581f5b395c8cee67733a332ec86d07765	The study also showed that the king had a "cleft palate" and a mild form of scoliosis.
424a5dd32216cde2ad8bbf273b4f36b76385e75d	The circumstances of Tutankhamun's death
bacd39a8abd350cd9d2620de2c34edc4538d0b45	The main studies of his remains were carried out in order to clarify the circumstances of his death.
831c67d11dbbcb2d89389e83286fe496ada42158	A DNA analysis conducted in 2010 showed that he had malaria.
19daff45f0cf126086111f848ef256226f7d6cae	It is believed that these two factors, malaria and leiomyomas, caused his early death.
9663b5b02b2d299d514c3d6ea457dd65920c8756	The Tomb of Tutankhamun
287ae7ba1b1a6a6265f7a62cc646344d4a60b633	The mummy of the king was laid to rest in the Valley of the Kings near modern Luxor.
45ec5ad8ba96996aab275d2e2712c20cc097ff1d	Also, two mummified fetuses were found in it, his name was indicated on the bandages of the mummies.
f694472b80d7346a6d72468e631e83785628cc06	Scientists suggest that these were his prematurely born children.
96fcbde4cd61e6abef741028038c296b9a795f81	Although all the other tombs in the Valley of the Kings in Thebes were looted, Tutankhamun's tomb was sealed at the time of discovery.
332a4dce19dd0b580f694ab4df9ee426511daee2	It was found in 1922 by Howard Quarry.
ec3d783042021ef2b9cff364536cced9595fbe1f	It was filled with treasures, including a golden sarcophagus, a death mask, jewelry with jewelry and other artifacts.
01bf66895974e49e7837dfef92a9d2f4e8a54d72	The image of Pharaoh Tutankhamun
6a28aac25218948276117f0245568707591f63aa	In 2005, a team of scientists from three countries, Egypt, France and America, in collaboration with the National Geographic Society, restored the appearance of Tutankhamun.
8945b88b6cab2be258051b91d8165f13aaac771c	During the research, it was possible to find out what facial features the pharaoh had and it was possible to present him in a 3D image.
1b62bbd0ef8f9ce2ae8e5eda47b862cbd8d366bb	Thanks to the capabilities of high technologies and the research of scientists, it was possible to shed light on the appearance of Tutankhamun, the youngest pharaoh of Egypt, whose image has been immortalized for hundreds of years in the famous golden mask of the king.
63262c1d41d903984f1df746ce659ef58fc7b8dd	Artists and scientists, using special effects and digital techniques used in the investigation of crimes, restored the image of the pharaoh.
c183ca882c4d134198ebac4896912fedf80d6604	Ancient Egypt.
e7eb45f8ce833e290a73872b6d24c04fb1dbd1da	The Mask of Tutankhamun
4ccd1e24f019499335ad93a9a43c3a3f8e8b89c6	Tutankhamun and scientific discoveries
9f6bd31b2f86cc8d3c87f8d67f5d9fd5fcf3ad11	Tutankhamun is one of the most famous in the world partly because his tomb is well preserved, and public interest in his personality.
aec0e2820e50b5ffcf5052ce3d480b9fae89363a	He became the main character in the bizarre song "King Tut" by comedian Steve Martin, in a series of historical novels by Linda Robinson.
acd0e5fa8a3657179d7268d833c307695f318dd8	John White, who published the first book in 1977, "The Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun by Carter," wrote that "he was the most respected king of Egypt."
85b10b40dffcc8a37e631ab4f06d9da0b85df686	The mummy of Pharaoh Tutankhamun, when it was discovered by the Carter expedition, was wrapped in bandages.
81c2787cd3cf145e17ece620ce9ab7ce2c0d9cb8	It is currently kept at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.
e373616ea3bcf5ff12c69075215c14d568852901	For a century, the materials for embalming were stored in large ceramic vessels of the Department of Arts of Ancient Egypt.
92704f10a8dacbe38f0fb1b6c6d6e45c0536ea0c	The complete collection of exhibits presented in the United States was collected from the tombs in the Valley of the Kings in 907-1908, more than ten years before Howard Carter discovered the treasures in the Valley of the Dead.
ee2e4c4fa795ccfdd1991928ed16734a455724d8	Currently, the department "The Death of Tutankhamun" is constantly working at the exhibition in the museum.
f4def81399b4f6021724771ff08382733bdb4162	The mummification of Pharaoh Tutankhamun".
5ab21ad1e95661f42f4391e6a3344b9a96b15b48	In 1996, at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, the Italian mineralogist Vincenzo De Michel noticed an unusual yellow green stone in the middle of one of Tutankhamun's necklaces.
44c6312900351f24e9d046a45daea0f591757207	The precious stone was checked and it turned out that it consists of glass.
91106ffc8af0d6dd7aeefda6ea9344f22afed914	However, scientists were struck by the fact that its origin dates back to an earlier period than the emergence of the Egyptian civilization.
f104342c5b60aa4bb78fd3435d32da78ce9ca377	Egyptian geologist Ali Barakat explained that it looks like pieces of glass scattered in the sand in a remote area of the Sahara Desert.
766781c9bd8e8862a4441c706bd5f80b93e9d6fa	But this glass itself is a scientific mystery.
ab05fa7a899482e2a58fc3fbbfc95414240cebbd	Yellow green glass, carved in the form of a skorobei beetle, was woven into the ornaments of jewelry and was found in Tutankhamun's necklace.
f052ceb8720cdeb9634313dbf76012d606e6dd54	According to recent studies, it has a composition similar to the fireball of a meteorite.
e49edbd398179c788e08c15855aa3373d7bf73f2	The carving, known as the scarab, an ancient Egyptian symbol of fertility, was borrowed from nature and repeated the shape of dung beetles.
05cd68dda8da5e64f8d28f0c495c7fa482a3223a	In 1999, Italian geologists tested the chemical composition of the scarab, which is central to the colorful necklace found by Howard Carter in the Valley in the tomb of Tutankhamun.
1727be1b0eafe7d06a77a4ef6623cefd719d640c	Boslow, a physics expert at Sandia National Laboratories in New Mexico, deals with nuclear explosion issues.
5269679eac8f8dc3ffdbeaadc785c7eac10a6e4f	He believes that the glass found in the desert near Cairo is known only as the glass of the Libyan desert.
25cab99dee4463b5c53b048f659d894fe2de9375	He created a computer model of how it could have been there.
ceca3536378d4604af21556caad42c629235f857	It was determined that the asteroid, moving about 60 km per second, broke up in the Earth's atmosphere about 30 million years ago.
a6e0dcadd721924a3c60bcf55bba9a70d9dca885	The green glass was formed from the caused precipitation of the meteorite.
b175bf9b817db54b9e371ab45eb34a0559064acc	"The speed of the object's impact could produce more energy than in a nuclear explosion," the scientist told the Discovery News channel.
e0d74c7e2d1b298fb7f13c6b08c54a8ea79ce2ce	— Not only did it have the energy of the explosion, it was also directed towards the Ground."
f9d09eab375287e448cd41b6c5ccfd933d6bb28b	After the meteorite disintegrated in the atmosphere of the planet.
ca4090628d9d9848ab56c7363fcd1c35cee7a83d	From the temperature of the Sun, it became hot as the surface of the sun.
919159da70da03130fdb7abecd16f9eb973750d3	Like wax, it melted when it touched the sand when it cooled, forming a composition similar to glass in the desert."
e93d2bd45589a5a653f3a3441c6d38537eadc687	Watch the video Ancient Egypt "The secret of the death of Pharaoh Tutankhamun"
fb6d01ba9577c7f815bc296116b5a1bbc5d630cd	Opening of the tomb of the Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt Tutankhamun
176f96872d9d3c4cfb208eab2eaa2ff68e70a552	A new pyramid of the queen of Ancient Egypt has been found
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d24f4b50a0b9f95f51a3c26cd4fc16f442f9e3a5	About the author
12b6c88a1ba5a0ecf064bb1577615bf6bdb45620	Vera Vladi
62091127b1051b35376e8965c452f8aa1226c5a6	Specialist in Egypt
a243aea6da987445f42e91f4d9d95cb6d170fca5	Languages: English, Arabic, Turkish.
941b100a1984d8bb20f541807b9d9f0fb320abcf	He has been living and working in Egypt for more than 5 years.
bce5dfd8a63c7e3afca1f20411237251aada3b5e	Professionally engaged in the study of the history of Ancient Egypt.
1d9c2f9fb97c4e739b02415113ceac0c49563e7d	She participated in the excavations in the Valley of the Dead on the west bank of the Nile, the discovery of the secret golden tunnels of the temple of Dendera.
e04be428a985e8c9382e3c36c91592892f0f7483	E mail: veravladi@yandex.ru
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29a33936512a6665919e12fc19d88bb8b44bcff2	The art of Andrey Rublev is a brilliant artist. Ancient Russia is one of the highest attainments of Russian and all world art.
90caa0e558de5d482bbafbaee6f980301dff6b5f	Rublev's work is permeated with the ideas of the patriotic struggle of the Russian people against the Tatars, the desire for the unification of Russia.
f2c444f200afa95316b5b03d685bdab1afee650f	In his painting, Rublev embodied the aesthetic and ethical ideals of the people, their idea of beauty, dignity and moral perfection of a person.
52bb0caac89628a33c6b70953acefbd31b228624	In the traditional images of religious legends (apostles, saints, angels), Rublev embodied the real character traits of his contemporaries who defended the independence of Russia in the battle of Kulikovo Field.
b9e40aa7f783f4a78f810b18ee4584498d7c407c	Theophanes the Greek is one of the greatest masters of the Middle Ages.
e6aaefba75d0e3748e2100521fd301be026176cb	His works, executed in Byzantium, have not been preserved.
b4adea404decc5846fe794c55820417a7bd58f9e	All his famous works were created in Russia and for Russia, where he lived for more than thirty years.
852660ea01030250890fd5f751d034cfec148a69	He introduced the Russians to the highest achievements of the Byzantine spiritual culture, which was experiencing one of the last ups in his time.
1538721d875e83d019f321308b6c64a4830a4dfc	We know much more about the life of the icon painter Dionysius than about his brilliant predecessors — Theophan the Greek and Andrey Rublev.
2681880b8e6ebc5bea7a0711c406794a64896ac0	Dionysius achieved fame during his lifetime.
9e144ab4fa161d8e24d9f56328b25910c1d34b0a	It so happened that the work of a talented icon painter was loved by the sovereign of "all Russia" Ivan III.
83a4c42554eb18b4da28c66f977b3da97c1128a7	A. F. Zubov is the largest Russian engraver of the Petrine era, one of the first masters of secular engraving.
1ca846a99ea345da4a57e193522432bf34b7f539	Ivan Nikitin, a famous Russian artist, one of the first to receive a European education.
c6f59a518f70c547759aa7221b555a1c602afd29	Fyodor Yakovlevich Alekseev (1753/1755-1824) was a Russian painter, one of the founders of the national urban landscape.
3d353dd262f6d22d43de29ba2f3aba568171cb9a	Alexey Petrovich Antropov (1716-1795), an outstanding Russian portrait painter.
1d1d1dadb903751ba76ffa1a438474b1cbf91719	The work of P. V. Basin is characteristic of the artist of the Russian academic school of the mid-XIX century
bbbc1c21bdf618f159b55ba46fa480e7a129ed56	Russian fine art was characterized by romanticism and realism.
a45d144ad2d3d6b431abc51e2c3380214717c923	However, the officially recognized method was classicism.
f9a8b4fe7ac1e3dc668b3b2d6a9691416297f4d9	The Academy of Arts became a conservative and stagnant institution that prevented any attempts at creative freedom.
d926ec5b8159827f4e8f5e49025343ba0ccb6aee	She demanded to strictly follow the canons of classicism, encouraged the writing of paintings on biblical and mythological subjects.
1465f5ac343f4ab64bdb26d0c4c5518935813e65	Young talented Russian artists were not satisfied with the framework of academism.
daf19327261ecdc839b1701070740b00b1163fcb	Therefore, they often turned to the portrait genre.
58ba72e1d5a9411503cf81ac0d446a3dfb7c240b	The painting embodies the romantic ideals of the era of national ascent.
8d158ca1045461c46cb4d6983a500895137c7974	Rejecting the strict, non-derogable principles of classicism, the artists discovered the diversity and uniqueness of the surrounding world.
5a2b82680b7720858c364df13d8546950b1b70d1	This was not only reflected in the already familiar genres – portrait and landscape-but also gave an impetus to the birth of everyday paintings, which became the focus of attention of the masters of the second half of the century.
fbd5902c2159b3fc3c03b2b165e3b7ea2773473b	In the meantime, the championship remained for the historical genre.
8fadf53f038ace798e377a65c0069066618bfdf3	It was the last refuge of classicism, but even here, behind the formally classical "facade", romantic ideas and themes were hidden.
7d336348a9c651d8f2962ca80d6526e175490cea	Romanticism - (French: romantisme), an ideological and artistic direction in the European and American spiritual culture of the late 18th-1st gender. 19th centuries.
1105b24cc0acd7e52ba6e2454bbf6167267f813e	The painful discord between the ideal and social reality is the basis of the romantic worldview and art.
22140892019aa725d78c15d9c32778e8fd2fcaa2	The interest in the national past (often its idealization), the traditions of folklore and culture of their own and other peoples, the desire to create a universal picture of the world (primarily history and literature), the idea of the synthesis of arts found expression in the ideology and practice of Romanticism.
3864b7a795f77804fa0082cb4dab533bb250b183	In the visual arts, Romanticism was most clearly manifested in painting and graphics, less clearly in sculpture and architecture (for example, false Gothic).
e1850d8d7340cb48ceffcc23b0c05cb38da04053	Most of the national schools of Romanticism in the visual arts were formed in the struggle with official academic classicism.
4c3f5da76b5999320a105f216e3198f71022c569	In the depths of the official state culture, a layer of "elite" culture is noticeable, serving the ruling class (the aristocracy and the royal court) and having a special susceptibility to foreign innovations.
67af029cf08b7346cb8131339ca5e6fc5109f2e2	It is enough to recall the romantic paintings of O. Kiprensky, V. Tropinin, K. Bryullov, A. Ivanov and other major artists of the XIX century.
a811e8211c161f528645a6942f2be2ebcc4dcc79	Aivazovsky was surprisingly able-bodied.
df4e612091744225f994192c083a40b66bccfb57	He created about 6000 works.
ec97518dafc61ca17d8adc7dfea14f6f81ad6285	Throughout the decades of the artist's long life, filled with tireless work, his work has not remained unchanged.
931fb4deeddd4f76d3b2e7d4c784bc3c2d77ac29	However, he was always attracted by the image of majestic natural phenomena; his seascapes are imbued with romance.
a2e9d2a7c2649707d415c0035b7270c6e23cebbb	The first realistic portraits appeared in Russia in the XVII century, in the middle of the late XVIII century, such major painters as Levitsky and Borovikovsky appeared in Russia.
4b561019a2c5c14eefc96060a9185d2ae6074acc	Orest Kiprensky is an outstanding master of portrait art, who has received special fame among Russian artists.
9a870a3f9b26880f12f7ea18ac5aa716b3818b48	In many ways, Kiprensky discovered new opportunities in painting.
513be5efcd258491cb875f3100e9de4feb7f3bd4	Each of his portraits is distinguished by a new pictorial system, well-chosen light and shadow, a variety of contrast.
f2ceedf22848216fc45add71fa442497b7207d8b	Since that time, the history of Russian painting has followed global trends.
a6a0a4a9332773900997fa800ad2f7c820a0ddcf	Tropinin developed his own independent figurative style of portrait, which characterizes a specific Moscow genre of painting.
589e5b54a152f5380e56badb28077a48a6b31a92	At that time, Tropinin became the central figure of the Moscow beau monde, his work was especially reflected in the 20s and 30s, which brought him fame.
6913bbd782b26cbf114ed512b17eef7614c71e2b	Outstanding artists of the first half of the XIX century were Kiprensky, Bryullov, Ivanov ("The Appearance of Christ to the people").
b6d2e08b43ba2ee657a10b43ffd7f5dc84e7277f	The importance of Venetsianov's work in the visual arts is especially great, one of the first to establish a folk, peasant household genre.
5c02e3bc1a2b44c7acf338d8fbe4f3794583838a	Charlemagne.
5f69a7cddbc9c8cdf3e8af04b4828d39c3512ead	This is what his student, poet and artist Taras Shevchenko called Karl Pavlovich Bryullov.
ad4ec9466d3e415395ea170ff9872cc67cf38388	Under the influence of traditional academic classicism, Karl Bryullov endowed his paintings with historical authenticity, romantic spirit and psychological truth.
404c065c1d00ffaa8dae1749fde0954a4816a305	The artist's return from Italy to his homeland with the painting "The Last Day of Pompeii" was a triumph of Russian art.
f23505796076856484e7240518f5eba97adf2fea	The greatest master of historical painting was A. A. Ivanov (1806-1858).
919e7a00b869d02fc0019c0afd66ffa65816a36a	Ivanov gave his painting the character of sacrificial service to the idea and managed to overcome many patterns inherent in academic technique.
2e830ffa3dad6ae7630c1b94b327775c07568e5d	In his works, he anticipated many of the searches of Russian realistic painting of the following decades.
cb89079a5a5202be71b72c503c798be71bd46675	For more than 20 years he worked on the painting "The Appearance of Christ to the People", in which he invested all the power and brightness of his talent.
7512836ee30fcec82d1924f4be336bcb2e8028b2	In this picture, he showed, as I. E. Repin later said, "an oppressed people, hungry for the word of freedom."
3b27944161ea22dcedbea7a2bf6e5f72ff34f811	In the first half of the XIX century, Russian painting includes a household plot.
f546a7fa110b04c81b6baeff50a103824aa02ef3	Alexey Gavrilovich Venetsianov (1780-1847) was one of the first to address him.
8c3816d031c0208ec161d161b2e170926ba7e958	He devoted his work to depicting the life of peasants.
20fb1fe214018023a56d4ae6af85e9f485ee4553	He shows this life in an idealized, embellished form, paying tribute to the then fashionable sentimentalism.
66b3c5b1fc79d86da7f1c8e2918b305a28a18162	Its traditions were continued by Pavel Andreevich Fedotov (1815-1852).
d262ae540a974748c97a7804b57aec995a89df1b	He began his career as a satirical artist as a guardsman officer.
a5e01df2e74a7a6c3ee264cbbe907f15e6473f9b	Then he made funny, mischievous sketches of army life.
c892f07d9026877c4e243eab3d4852833b229a27	His last paintings are very sad ("Anchor, more anchor!", "Widow").
8a89e3eb726ea5cd32edd97887243745ed6073ff	The second half of the XIX century was marked by the flourishing of Russian fine art.
466b6589a32a47b4a34ca71cc5a484b224659ef9	It became a truly great art, was imbued with the pathos of the liberation struggle of the people, responded to the demands of life and actively invaded life.
c72f805940c1a448abfdbe4afd358c05766992f8	Realism has finally established itself in the visual arts — a truthful and comprehensive reflection of the life of the people, the desire to rebuild this life on the principles of equality and justice.
8bf16ee507a7cdb95da223d3b0bb755c1097f87f	The central theme of art was the people, not only the oppressed and suffering, but also the people-the creator of history, the people are a fighter, the creator of all the best that is in life.
2139bf7575714a0022b57998ea95699056879315	In the second half of the XIX century, realistic painting flourished.
e1cc4134d36fbb9d605af010139f31eb1ddd47c7	The creative association of Russian artists "Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions (Peredvizhniki)" was founded, which included such great artists as Vasnetsov, Kramskoy, Shishkin, Kuindzhi, Surikov, Repin, Savrasov.
119dc51c681acf7756e82a8f1aaf7550c8900323	On November 9, 1863, 14 graduates of the Academy of Arts, led by I. Kramsky, refused to write a diploma picture on the proposed plot "A Feast in Valhalla" and asked to give them a choice of subjects themselves.
94a0a7a63034e64e55370696ac6f551bad78fee9	They were refused, and they defiantly left the Academy, forming an independent Artel of artists.
6108440b9a0f2b1c0d68740ce160791b6767cc42	The second event was the creation in 1870 of the "Association of Traveling Exhibitions", the soul of which was the same I. Kramskoy.
59e90fbafda58234df4168e482007c1b284cc012	He is one of the founders of the independent organization of artists of the Peredvizhniki.
0a77eea045ff783131ae4c3b746d3138b5ed91bd	Russian Russian fine art has been inspired by the movement of the Peredvizhniki with new reformatory trends of painting with shades of the true life of the Russian people.
b81793b7bf7924066165090a78d9a62c52beeaf7	The Peredvizhniki were united in their rejection of "academism" by its mythology, decorative landscapes and pompous theatricality.
b8f94263b870d48cd8786213bfa04d7eb8031f93	Genre (everyday) scenes took the leading place in their work.
05f8f110dc286c98925cda8fabeffec1eef1960f	The peasantry enjoyed a special sympathy of the "Peredvizhniki".
b1f251baa49a48725e033e4860c75b30f812b985	At that time - in the 60 - 70s of the XIX century-the ideological side of art was valued higher than the aesthetic.
c9d16e6333297bbf2e7c6567c2178141adaaab29	Perhaps the greatest tribute to idealism was paid by V. G. Perov (1834-1882).
a6ebcf1f5ddb94bc384f6f83489750a262d7feac	Evidence of this is such his paintings as" The arrival of the police officer at the investigation"," Tea party in Mytishchi"," Troika","Old parents at the grave of their son".
0d3428d42f4f08db15398aaea50d40559aef4102	The second half of the XIX century accounts for the creative flourishing of I. E. Repin, V. I. Surikov and V. A. Serov.
0d889a9fd79ba4c5ae8f298af19aca635adece40	I. E. Repin (1844-1930) was a very versatile artist.
01f8a41290179f35b5256933c14ba9c6b7dec581	A number of monumental genre paintings belong to his brush.
361aa4ffcbee9b861c1a8256525627140285da60	Perhaps no less grandiose than "Boatmen on the Volga" is the canvas "The Procession in the Kursk province".
a6d6b740527686522d14cda867c8eee7bc9e9f4c	Surikov was well aware of the life and customs of past eras, was able to give vivid psychological characteristics.
19cc3becac93cf76061fd9cf3838281279498bc8	In addition, he was an excellent colorist (master of color).
544db6ea2871475d311c3bc8aae7437b9115550f	The heyday of his work falls on the 80s, when he created three of his most famous historical paintings: "The morning of the Streletsky execution", "Menshikov in Berezovo" and "Boyar Morozova".
a6558616c486b58b04fb8da4ddc6fe5b687c1167	V. A. Serov (1865-1911), the son of a composer, painted landscapes, canvases on historical themes, worked as a theater artist.
0e01bb60b115532cfdb2b7bb158be60b667a7b89	But his fame was brought, first of all, by portraits.
65594cb05b7690c0b9e0e1cdfaab087a45ef7048	Time has put "The Girl with Peaches" among the best portrait works in Russian and world painting.
941e4c8917ab2cdb57d6c74b5b37ca3572f4d251	Since the late 20s, the principle of socialist realism has been established in Russia.
bf54923ead8a60cd601a9376a01093d25bf8485d	Ideality becomes the main determining force in artistic creativity (I. I. Brodsky, B. V. Ioganson, E. A. Katsman).
8ab0127e0bf36035350091eb826ae2308fb1e8db	Despite the strong influence of ideology, real world-class works of art were created.
7e382563a865530bae663271636588d7626d4621	The works of landscape painters S. V. Gerasimov, V. N. Baksheev, A. A. Plastov, the works of P. D. Korin, A. N. Ostroumoy Lebedeva, I. Glazunov, K. Vasiliev, A. Shilov, A. Isachev are convincing proof of this.
dffd1b6a25d8ebdf82c464e8bdcb5612db85446b	Since the 1960s, the revival of the Russian avant-garde has been coming.
6be7eb56c815bee0e9550ed3413ea2cf023884eb	The "permitted" but not official part of Soviet art in the 1960s was represented by the works of masters of the "severe style" (T. Salakhov, S. Popkov).
f0127f44172b13fdb6a9855710e13457443b63dd	In the 1970s and 1980s, the work of Soviet artists - R. Bichunas, R. Tordia, D. Zhilinsky, A. Zverev, E. Steinberg, M. Romadin, M. Leys, V. Kalinin and other representatives of not only "officially authorized art"was recognized.
c557d27d01286abc21acfe392d7a2eb288ea05eb	Russian postmodernism of the 90s of the twentieth century is an example of the creativity of the group "SVOI" (Hyper Pupper-Kuznetsov V., Veshev P., Dudnik D., Kotlin M., Max Maksyutin, Menus A., Nosova S., Podobed A., Tkachev M.).
9faa957119be5710ace0b2491477a03e5fbb8b80	The very fact of combining diverse artists into a single living organism, not limited by conceptual or stylistic frameworks, most accurately corresponds to the basic principle of postmodernism about the parallelism and equivalence of artistic trends.
f3326ee917681e7465a9ebb3d892110f0b2cc525	Human civilization developed, and along with it, painting developed.
7280bb1afcbf8968446916f494a481bb0f09f1a9	The Middle Ages, the Renaissance, the Reformation, the New and Modern times brought many new styles and trends to painting.
d31d620cb27fa2be3f2a345798fdd51c8941978f	Fortunately, a lot of literature is currently being published, in which you can find a detailed account of each of these great eras.
5026b3debe07835ded2c8594de1eca9340c2cfa4	The history of painting began when a person first depicted something on the first surface he came across with the help of paint.
642a275322dca54f0468e39a75ca6bddfd0b1b22	Russian painting of the 19th century.
a4183ad7cf2cca4d6181d77416a43e51713a3743	Russian Russian artists in the Russian fine Art
fbfd0d87a157186e91cae1379b9ed68f7df025fb	Oil Portrait Portrait Dry Brush Portrait order Portrait by mail Landscape Still Life Cartoon For Home
41fc6d7ce14a1ba180eb87d91e68445b532e5409	Russian Russian art culture, the origins of which began with classicism, acquired a powerful folk sound, as high classicism, which was reflected in painting, gradually moved from Romanticism to realism in Russian fine art. Contemporaries of that time especially appreciated the direction of painting by Russian artists, in which the historical genre with an emphasis on national themes prevailed.
961bb1864257f2ed9b526e6e70f44f5ed7f37ef5	But at the same time, there were no special changes in the art of historical painting compared to the masters of the second half of the 18th century and from the very beginning of the history of Russian portrait.
ac19cf8f78b2645f3ff2771ef353fdafb6b122d2	Russian artists often dedicated their works to the true heroes of ancient Russia, whose exploits inspired them to write historical canvases.
4cb71012d8682fb5a879f00776c347720b777fe4	Russian painters of the early 19th century established their own principle of describing portraits, paintings, having developed their own directions in painting, in the image of man,nature, which testifies to a completely independent figurative concept.
5af265cd734c892de4556e4997642272bb3c1246	Russian artists in their paintings reflected various ideals of national ascent, gradually abandoning the strict principles of classicism imposed by academic foundations.
16fcc29c6f02f6113d64135933a8a6e125e348ca	The 19th century was marked by the high flourishing of Russian painting, in which Russian artists left an indelible mark on the history of Russian fine art for posterity, imbued with the spirit of a comprehensive reflection of the life of the people.
cfc3f990cc2ebe26b0abd1a66e4c97058380dce2	Russian Russian artists, the largest researchers of Russian painting in general, note the outstanding role in the high flourishing of the work of great Russian artists and fine art of the 19th century.
14ba01f8b28427eb5129140f660c0a7a988996f6	Russian Russian artists ' achievements and achievements in painting of the 19th century, in which they showed themselves, are of great importance and unique value in the visual arts, paintings created by Russian artists have always enriched Russian culture .
69d2657d88f9fcadb2b010a3555a2a28ab0c0321	Orest Adamovich Kiprensky (1782-1836) Beautifully and subtly painted portraits of the artist Kiprensky brought him fame and true recognition among his contemporaries.
c9cda8cb38a2f58f42392342d70216a9a994a62d	His portraits reflect the beauty of excitement, the refined inner world of images and the state of the soul.
45f0ce41baef277fe808fc1078c28310e9789eee	His first portrait of Adam Schwalbe, shown in 1804 at an exhibition in St. Petersburg, received many positive reviews.
d3ebf1ac2b3229fed43326485b7319f2c9419653	In 1805, the painting Dmitry Donskoy on the Kulikovo Field was awarded a large gold medal for this work.
6d6a37e512a53b9983dac25697abb395b694128b	Contemporaries compared his works with the genres of lyrical poetry, poetic dedication to friends, which was well spread in Pushkin's time.
57a5c162025ac7b25d193aa1f8c673f625a83db1	Each of his portraits is distinguished by a new pictorial system, well chosen light and shadow, a variety of contrast.
2fa79c7b983cefb249908bd390e82a3da8525e52	His works are Self portrait, A. R. Tomilov, I. V. Kusov, A. I. Korsakov 1808.
ed21c74eaef2839178a8f7681d50f418308f3cae	Portrait of the boy Chelishchev, Golitsin A.M. 1809.
6006f28ee24976501e011a7a2c94ccd64c8809a0	In 1816, Kiprensky went to Italy, where his portraits were very liked by the Italian public and for the Uffizi Gallery in Florence he received an order for a Self portrait, awarded at that time such attention as a great painter.
c9235bcc8c417a35251303afb41b1defd1c3a730	Portrait of Denis Davydov, 1819 A girl with a wreath of poppies, the most successful 1827 portrait of A. S. Pushkin, etc.
aed39175d7ccd8466d2b291507c8ad0a9c456341	In 1812, Kiprensky was awarded the title of academician, During the Patriotic War he drew many graphic portraits of war veterans in 1813, E. I. Chaplitsa, A. R. Tomilov.
4f8f636aad8d8cfa937f96efabb6043b6c730c43	Some of the artist's plans remained unfulfilled.
8a788d4b6ec745a55b9cba0569fedf6e895afe4e	Sylvester Shchedrin (1791-1830) is a master of Russian landscape romanticism and lyrical understanding of nature.
19325595c799c1d24aa31462e8d9707518dd1459	Completely surrendering to the romance of the landscape and the natural environment of perception, Shchedrin, as it were, makes up for the fallen interest of artists of that time in the landscape with his paintings.
0841785b364d68826adc504237a867f6c0be9bf9	Shchedrin has known the dawn of his creativity and recognition.
cf6a6b98952a4fc9afe18b300af3e158065bdcaf	After graduating from the Academy of Fine Arts in St. Petersburg, in 1818 he came to Italy and lived for more than 10 years, in Rome, Naples, Amalfi and in Sorento, where he spent his last months of life.
ddb61ca66d2dbc03d096a90bfcae6d1590c22bf8	Shchedrin depicted views of Sorento in more than forty of his paintings.
ee664cce6d186f61b64346776e9cf4d4cd3993c5	Among them, a picture of the Sorrento neighborhood is noticeable.
07a05136f116f9ca70d6077073c2f11d4086bcd1	In the evening, when he met on the streets of the city, the Sorentians greeted him affectionately with Don Silvestro.
afbd51b5bdbdb7a9424e0c416de66aad929f9b9a	He worked a lot from nature, earned incredible popularity at that time among Italians who wanted to buy his paintings, sometimes he had to write many copies of his most successful works, which quickly sold out.
490bd3433507a448f799ca42e94e83e581dcef21	His famous works are the New Rome "Castel sant'Angelo", the Mergellina Embankment in Naples, the Great Harbor on the Island of Capri, etc. Having lived a short but creative life, Shchedrin was never able to return to Russia.
9f71aba081fa48e3d45a76d049ef2f381e9e9ab0	The magnificent Italian landscapes reflected all the unique beauty of the nature of this region, which was presented to many Russian artists as a paradise - the promised land.
c7e6e5212326f7cb1b408c4c937a4e848c4a79a5	Vasily Andreevich Tropinin (1776-1857) The son of a serf peasant, his talent as an artist was noticed by his master A. Markov, who identified him in 1985 as a pupil of the Academy of Arts. in 1824, for the paintings of a Lace Maker, his Portrait of Pushkin A. S., engraver E. O. Skotnikov, an Old Beggar, was awarded the title of academician.
1e02672df64d5612185308c2a64286d0f8a1444e	He works a lot from nature developing his skills In the traditions of Borovikovsky's Russian sentimentalism, Tropinin fruitfully continued the legacy of the 18th century, this is especially noticeable in his early works, 1818 Portrait of the artist's son A.V. Tropinin, characterized by a light color.
40b662bb1a820ac4daa186291420ba4dd2f608b9	In 1826, the paintings of the Spinner, the Gold Seamstress, these works particularly attracted the attention of contemporaries.
632e5ba306200110c316ad9b8b4eae00fcd30556	In 1846, Tropinin was awarded the honorary title of a member of the Moscow Art Society.
99f4d84da7186fd957914a110c79a136b322e54f	Self portrait against the background of a window with a view of the Kremlin, in the portrait the artist tries to convey himself as an artist, a creator.
ffe14f040b81b628983de288f886f02cd11553fc	His softly written portraits are distinguished by high pictorial merits and simplicity of perception, human images are perceived with characteristic truthfulness and calmness without much inner excitement.
951e6ebbda8e99f70674aae8501a9dead01e3d39	Alexey Gavrilovich Venetsianov (1780-1847) was born in Moscow in 1780 in a poor merchant family.
98454186b9c69b61a0df3389b0f0a5f0a32cc3b0	The founder of the peasant household genre in Russian painting, After presenting the portrait of K. I. Golovachevsky and a Self portrait, was awarded the title of academician in 1811.
b12f335c8d5c8ff2e4a99f7496dca7f884aeaa08	His best works were created in the 20s.
8a9b3e2326ffe9b312e23f00ff07d7f562edc49d	Venetsianov is a master of pastel, pencil and oil portraits, cartoons.
65b35a2e71f3d4f33463542b3325fe3d1b31bbf4	According to the style of his works, he is a student of Borovikovsky.
54c28eb9991e2f63300a1bbe3b0cd832acbb819b	In his paintings there are the most ordinary and simple scenes from village life: peasants in everyday and hard work, simple serf girls, at the harvest or men in the hay field or plowing.
ed58a4d7971aa2b0756d11dce4240604a68f5217	His famous portrait is a Reaper, a picture > Reapers, A Girl in a headscarf, Spring on the arable land, a Peasant woman with cornflowers, Zaharka and others.
790e9c662fa3e86c74daedcfa4f6b45aebad4290	The artist loved ordinary people, finding a certain lyricism in this, this was reflected in his paintings showing the difficult peasant life.
158cde1e496a58653e2eaa276371e66aee65ac66	It is especially possible to emphasize about the picture of the Threshing Floor, which attracted the attention of Emperor Alexander 1, he was touched by the vivid images of peasants, truthfully conveyed by the artist.
dc6a69bbfb13ba14247d84204132362eb1103968	The painting was bought by the emperor for 3000 rubles.
5eaa6a934dde8ceff9275672eb45efdf57081901	Karl Pavlovich Bryullov (1799-1852) is a master of historical painting, his painting The Last Day of Pompeii made a stunning impression on his contemporaries.
6ef9c647d541363bbd31d8877dd41fabc32ff9ae	The picture is composed of contrasts of light and shadow, Bryullov in this work showed all the drama of the dying ancient Pompeii, in the turmoil the doomed inhabitants are fleeing from the fury of the erupting volcano Vesuvius.
174e322161f2057e29698d5728418152e755884f	Even A. S. Pushkin, impressed by what he saw, described this picture in his works.
d4e207c7caf9132769879abf73e4c17f0880f8e2	Bryullov was a great master of the ceremonial portrait in which he vividly accentuated the characteristic features of a person, he masterfully paints secular paintings, for example, the Horsewoman and portraits using in bright coloristic moments in the composition of the picture, Countess Yu.
19ef4b5f63d07ecb6b646dc461a15c1c29840694	P. Samoylova.
068f80d7c0dccfefda505834e93f098db7d005ce	In other portraits, he uses a more restrained color, a portrait of the outstanding Russian sculptor I. P. Vitali, the Poet N. V. Kukolnik, the writer A. N. Strugovshchikov.
34d0c2b4adec0130ea63913a7404dd0d4caea5c7	In ceremonial portraits, he surpassed many artists of his time.
dffac55873492c712fc61d58c2ea1b8e1debd808	Alexander Andreevich Ivanov (1806-1858) is a great master of the historical genre.
a5ad6bc7dbfd8b67d1e8618ca69dc4b3076770ca	Having first received his lessons from the father of the painter A. I. Ivanov, he subsequently entered the St. Petersburg Academy, after graduation he left to study in Italy, where he lived until the end of his days.
86b97cadbceb2dea630b003d05349021d0ae09af	At the initial stage, these are the paintings Apollo, Hyacinth and Cypress 1831-1833, the Appearance of Christ to Mary Magdalene after the Resurrection in 1835.
b6111515305f0ae64cddb2ea3ce12bae8171b1fa	During his short life, Ivanov created many paintings, for each picture he writes many sketches of landscapes, portraits.
b79a06096ba7c19ad11d9aa6881471108354ea12	For about two decades, Ivanov has been working on his main painting The Appearance of Christ to the people, emphasizing his passionate desire to depict the coming of Jesus Christ to earth.
c4bc67d92a93d2b176b1e1eac8b484c395cc4748	Returning to his homeland in 1858, Ivanov presented a picture of the Appearance of Christ to the people and numerous sketches in the Winter Palace.
789fd1edc97a1bb4001b8293ddee85cc67647a5b	The painting did not make a special impression on the visitors of the Winter Palace exhibition, and also did not cause positive emotions in the Academy of Arts.
f93b4a72e9270ce2558d30c6bc87740ed4a9f38c	After several difficult weeks, the artist died.
a620e56c777007f0af9b2ab341bb2ed314567581	Ivanov is an extraordinary man of intelligence, always sought to show in his works the element of popular movements in Russian history and deeply believed in the great future of Mother Russia.
ac38397adaf83780b12a7707cb96000b29467419	Ahead of his time in the search for Russian realistic painting, the work of the great artist left an indelible mark of his skill for posterity.
d71d1d85570948d0744a8a3924f2ed4e9cdd7189	Pavel Andreevich Fedotov (1815-1852) is a master of the satirical direction in painting, which marked the beginning of critical realism in the everyday genre.
141459fea724c04e8bb7a4d0112fd03a49491677	Fedotov, like no other, showed in his works the dark sides of Russian reality, ridiculing human vices and shortcomings in a Gogol like way.
ed3c43ae261f8c294e806caa66e04fa7e47130e2	With his paintings, Fedotov was one of the first to destroy the academic way of life, opening a new direction in the art of Russia.
ba7bcbbbe106f74d1fa9da00c5741a96ada2ce8c	However, with all this, Fedotov was not sufficiently understood in the society of that time and in the Russian fine art of the 19th century, he was not fully appreciated by his contemporaries.
af8114ad6ec22982491cea7d78386027b5ea08a9	His first most genre work is considered to be the painting The Consequence of the death of Fidelka in 1844.
ec8e165d27dc61923eb40d033c264e1e0b566379	Subsequently, he painted many paintings critically reflecting the circumstances of the way of life at that time: A fresh cavalier in 1847 and a Picky Bride in 1847, the Matchmaking of a major in 1848, and his later works Widow and Anchor are also noticeable, even Anchor.
c4cd233c9960f7a29a33317a3bc52cb5db95162d	1851-1852, The artist began with similar student sketches in 1837, such as A Walk.
f3bec0307d70322b1dac840e1b0e697351baa4c7	Fedotov is a lonely and tragic figure who lived a short, not easy life without knowing material well being and joy.
2acfbe053b73a5aa53231aaff2128b05de349572	Kramskoy Ivan Nikolaevich (1837-1887) is a great Russian artist, a master of portrait painting in this direction Kramskoy paid a special predilection in his work.
6260f9de25a32b990e4210c541ea6de1d70018dc	He is one of the founders of the independent organization of artists of the Peredvizhniki. those who refused the so called classical academism imposed by the Academy of Arts and decided to create paintings on a free topic.
769d549af05a79b8dc90229312a26aa2853aeef4	One of the most famous paintings of Kramskoy : Christ in the desert.
ebd6ae5ddf522ad306c24ca3243711b159efcfbc	His works are very popular: portrait of Leo Tolstoy, A Lady on a moonlit night, Inconsolable grief, a Woodcutter, a Contemplator, and also very much stands out for its mystery, a beautiful painting by Kramskoy Portrait of an Unknown.
41ed052f229aea7d8bb14e36496418da254cb307	The artist Kramskoy campaigned in favor of the free artistic development of young artists, hoping for a transformative process in the academy, regarding his views, which left its mark on his anti academic activities.
25d3e96bbc4f52867b29980e0d95ce3155f8746e	Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky 1817-1900 is a wonderful marine painter, a master of romantic seascape.
f4cf39a3925b6b65336fc3fe2044860bb88b01f8	Aivazovsky was born on July 29, 1817 in the city of Feodosia in the family of a poor Armenian merchant.
244bcfb9e03f33986e170a678ad970ebb5c50a96	The talent to draw was noticed by the then governor of Tavrida, A. I. Kaznacheyev, who took care of enrolling the young talent in 1831 in the Tauride Gymnasium, after two years of studying at the gymnasium, he entered the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg, where his work was appreciated by the artist K. P. Bryullov, the writer A. S. Pushkin spoke very flatteringly about the artist.
6f60ff3d742a5b9487c5e5a5852b58c179d63b47	The marine artist got his first success with Aivazovsky's first painting, A Study of Air over the Sea.
877a6e331b157508e67f839456a9fd5d0e3542c5	After graduating from the academy with a large gold medal, he received the right to travel to his native Crimea, where he works fruitfully, writes sketches of Feodosia, Yalta, Sevastopol, Gurzuf.
1ce925d981f05ff82e5a966df1576ed4bf45da6b	To continue improving his work, Aivazovsky, together with other artists of the academy, went to Rome in Italy in 1840, visited Venice, Florence, Naples.
ae4667cc3f3bffa9159204272654c46ff7cf62a8	He gets acquainted with the world of European art in various museums in Europe and works fruitfully.
f2d5dbb9d72ef58517201380d70aa2b2d14f4586	After some time, Aivazovsky becomes a very famous marine artist in Europe.
1709017fe2a6bd8a4aed7c946228fe6b96582634	He was awarded the title of academician of the Rome, Amsterdam and Paris Academy of Arts.
d17a00f6be56cff5493feca03a6e244eca6323f4	Having returned to his homeland in 1844 as a recognized master at the age of 27, he was also awarded the title of academician in Russia.
c00975a19eeee307932281caa7fcf3761f32a11e	Ivan Aivazovsky created many paintings, reflecting in them the soft tones of the coast, ships rocking on the sea waves, various effects of sea water and foam, majestic images of a raging sea in a storm with shipwrecks, for example, the famous painting The Ninth Wave, saturated with romanticism.
7173e6520e20c1defaf5c17db6a218d158d7b7b3	His other paintings are: The Black Sea, Among the waves, The Neapolitan Night, Night.
09ac29d8f6f0529fefc30e252bb8082b410e08e9	Blue wave, Sea.
f56511814c42fbcde3b75897646c5190ff1cf42e	Koktebel Bay, Moonlit night.
f39ba3ed4f1c515cf58321a0ff5232aaf6761394	The bathhouse in Feodosia and the Battle of Chesma, A Storm at sea at night, a very popular picture of the Ninth Wave, Rainbow, Calm, etc. His paintings were highly appreciated by many artists, including I. E. Repin, G. I. Semiradsky, I. I. Shishkin, the famous patron of art. M. Tretyakov, who bought his famous canvases.
63bc0a2b597925f7584988d156913e056e4bb0c2	Aivazovsky's paintings are still very popular to this day, and they delight with their touching romanticism of the sea.
75aff0abd33a03f9b4cac6179d240af2755a55a9	When using the site materials, an active link is required
e7bfb626c6763742a096304dd99570448c281631	Oil Portrait
f7210d18a2da86391fbe35e924d5da931937215b	Picture from a photo
723d00eaca2e65a832b343250129901a3e3029b5	Ordering a portrait
e7df4172ca58ed024496df746d41dbf3901c5612	Dry brush
1996b70c4aaaec2056e5bbd658404806b6de5521	Portrait of a woman
f60ef231e716d7bc36e8675ecd8f9c4ff4e87ec3	Drawings of girls
ae654d7081ca9f2008e088d743f3ff10dff048b0	Male Portrait Pair Portrait
110d3d3172b9f34654544805e50f0e755142641c	Children's portrait
fd7ee6611273507bef7e04e774ff70916ccb70f2	Portrait of a video
0318e0e52bbe2e27beb254bebdeea29e26f4c184	Portrait by mail
e093736ea70b681c67275bc8c014fb109c9c2809	Portrait from nature
6377d905c1e82e35270b33a15436fa4beb162e79	Drawings of dogs
5f83ecbe607414bfff6782c8f96e8e3c396d582f	Still Lifes
173feb78a80b691c253aa5b394127e4b988b5368	Landscapes
f28d2afeb00afd0389c46a0a8b435d9e2f486a1d	How to learn how to draw a portrait
8bf000190cf296161e99e291bfc3a1ff67839871	Materials for drawing
d22d1fee71ceab9f599f4cb93b5f4189d880af6e	Portrait genres
8fa7f3913f6a21443543f579cdcc56de44726480	Images silhouettes
b8ef16cad7c2138d29fdec16c2b1b037e88b3370	Cartoons Cartoons of celebrities Cartoon Videos Invite an Artist Portraits of Celebrities
ef3adacf7965df16006c45c4d8606ddc176b89db	Questions to the artist Description of the portrait
de13eadfd94c8ce14302fc1b1a60ec394cc733f1	Artists of the 20th century
e4366963c27e7d109a7c83b6287b1198bb45522f	Peredvizhniki artists
f0df4c87ba749f0cd7502a34366a4e41bdcf9157	Russian artists of the 19th century
26ea6eb066735b9e51ef6b819d05bfcfd4822035	Russian artists of the 18th century
0dfed01973287c8b3d543a261dfd18e4b724a699	Paintings by Russian artists
cfb433c3b9a68d181d8214d51383a21ae8e49b5a	Sale of paintings and other works of art
71d8b4ee8a386f83779d46a7078848706cc81981	By type of fine art painting graphics icon reproductions mosaic embroidery author's doll jewelry art glass, stained glass sculpture batik wall painting decorative art installation antiques posters paintings with rhinestones By genre landscape urban landscape seascape portrait still life nude, nude animalism architecture religion historical genre battle genre fantasy symbolic composition experiment genre painting By technique oil acrylic watercolor pastel tempera pen carving other By style abstractionism avant gardism academism impressionism cubism naive art postmodernism realism symbolism surrealism fauvism expressionism ethno other
87f5d4730f652bab518abe1dc8f303fa958945fa	Paintings by subject
719b0aff6d45625847004dc6846791fde05fc9b8	Paintings by artists
cf6aeec65dd56ca92f1288554e8b48605c3a3913	Biography of artists:
a535205deac2aee4d18169600ec0caca27bb4119	Russian artists XIV XV XVII XVIII XIX XX
1b2bd4444262a5db43e76c9aa5fef3df53673f37	Foreign artists of the XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX
39904a30df69ae3cdf11358560009209c0eac295	The art of therapeutic painting
a2e427d6316b74ab22e97f55a4ff332edcfe2059	Home " Russian artists
74e668ac5eb89819f510a4d4d65873e387e22777	XIV XV XVII XVIII XIX XX
4c4cb220d72f9e3d22f767d4c26a3780d07a26c3	XIV Russian artists
ef323ef170f4802e4bd5008beb0b7521a2a778a7	Andrey Rublev (ca. 1360 ca. 1430)
d4fb88ed1d1295719ebd00c9121f3869aa5a198c	The art of Andrey Rublev is a brilliant artist.
e232c4f7255265768168ae12c63b390ac563cb94	Ancient Russia is one of the highest attainments of Russian and all world art. Rublev's work is permeated with the ideas of the patriotic struggle of the Russian people against the Tatars, the desire for the unification of Russia.
c2a925c167a06a661ae76fee150e58d9dd162781	XV Russian artists
464f3346068ead17b05708128f1a3765b4aa1554	Dionysius (c. 1440 between 1502 and 1508)
4f47e3f98edeee8be0772ac87ec5fa189fe54668	XVII Russian artists
5917e3f803583825332144a32ffd63dd7d138907	Zubov Alexey Fedorovich (1682-1750)
b53758c25a57f895d5a25f87fa9a9b8c7c25e99e	After the death in 1689 of his father, Fyodor Zubov, an outstanding icon painter of the Armory, the Zubov brothers, Alexey and the elder Ivan (later also an engraver) were enrolled there as icon painters.
fe1b6b2b6cd5621e68a26fd8b2494eead2276ac6	Ivan Nikitin (1680-1742)
ee55e1eb6fd91774ada1cf181f85c0d79acfff8b	He was born in Moscow in the family of a priest.
5781c5b788fec9feb98948bec8a62c655dfa3d72	He was a chorister in the patriarch's choir, then a teacher of drawing and "tsifiri", that is, arithmetic, at an artillery school.
055d1c1757976e57b6d954d54ccb3e5faa935489	In 1716, while traveling in Europe, Peter I wrote to his wife: "Beklemishev and the painter Ivan met me.
3b21dc8cd4a3cac79eee560260a39d2d181dbfd5	And as soon as they come to you, then ask the king to order him to write off his person; you also want to write off the other cavos, and especially a matchmaker, so that you know that there are also good masters from our people."
46d4956b94683c20d2d3955e34114b75a391cb47	It was about portraits of the Polish king and the Duke of Mecklenburg and about the Russian painter Ivan Nikitin.
ab772be61ba737998e0d82e122b6efdc78929e58	XVIII Russian artists
36723460781f5df60a3d7d3d1efe7ae0c793419f	Alekseyev Fyodor Yakovlevich (Between 1753 and 1755-1824)
dd206bc53181cef5a4d032177ee0f9c961340f37	He was born in St. Petersburg.
08624ae1848215908b1c6799c4eb06dffb1b7026	The son of a watchman at the Academy of Sciences.
f704bb904b126aa70cf812bdf1b9a7205adc2809	Alekseyev's great talent manifested itself already in early childhood.
e00718a4cb018ee9c48ef77c2e06b2ed8f6a454a	In 1766-73 he studied at the Academy of Arts, first in the class of "painting flowers and fruits", and only then in landscape, which was much more in line with his inclinations.
36299d9ff0c038cd453bc57e099a94efda0d9cd3	In 1773, he received a gold medal for one of the landscapes, which gave him the right to travel to Italy.
1f91d6c7399d25f8ee553bf1143d14b05708742b	Alexey Petrovich Antropov (1716-1795)
69dd6d1b0792ce14ff157387b53b359cc19b5659	The son of a gunsmith.
24f76475da5bac5600ea1ecd0d417c507654c00c	Since 1732 a student of the remarkable Russian masters of painting A. Matveev and I. Vishnyakov.
48a3aefe171b227fb8f4d96655d5df78c3015ba1	He took part in decorative paintings of Winter (1744), Summer (1748), Tsarskoye Selo (1749) and other palaces.
7de47192745235c9cef2e1574556251cc0e0e168	Under the direction of Antropov, St. Andrew's Cathedral in Kiev was painted (1752-55).
aa99cd3b8e75ff6b84cce4076255e9fa7cd31ef6	The merits of the young talented painter were appreciated, and in 1761 he was appointed to the Synod the chief supervisor of paintings and icon paintings.
c12883a9eeb05998e60cf4779f7b5bdea4577554	Russian Russian art history, however, Antropov remained primarily as a remarkable portraitist, whose work came from the national tradition of the XVII century and the portrait canon of Peter the Great's time, embodying the next stage in the development of Russian portrait painting of the XVIII century.
3251623de50f71b4245c9363e152c47e266e691b	Argunov Ivan petrovich (1729,? - 1802)
e5264f94cfd83d42fe9656d271f0ff034e39f083	Ivan Petrovich Argunov lived for 73 years.
79d98851ca30a91c35c1b0f941f896ff7949925d	Historians who are engaged in the meantime invariably complain: they say that Ivan Petrovich was a serf, a forced artist, the lack of freedom was his tragedy.
190e405ad8f37846596906ac3a8fbd73b38c8b08	That's right, of course, being a serf is terrible.
37aeacf019c5b581276d2293877a0d1e157c6b24	But was this wonderful creator so unhappy?
315130bd3a3eb569095de6a585aac028a0a097b5	Was his life so bitter and hopeless?
3d0ce84249f35a4c073c39d651ab3352e46b97a7	Ivan Petrovich Argunov was born in a serf family of architects and painters: this family first belonged to Prince Cherkassky, in 1743 the Argunovs became the property of the Counts Sheremetevs.
bc781d81e71dde86e0289d460bc44ff7172c02c9	The future artist grew up and was brought up by his St. Petersburg uncle S. M. Argunov: he served as the manager of his master's "Millionth House".
4f9db929abeffec4e6024b9ff4b9c4c77fc1b256	Peter Vasilyevich Basin (1793-1877)
ace87776802aeb1c12154c467b04cf1d7ecee72e	The work of P. V. Basin is characteristic of the artist of the Russian academic school of the mid XIX century
311b0a44c2fa42ed38280163284c2cbc2f38cb1d	Basin was associated with the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences almost all his life.
2d213c813e9543f4e9dfa56e69943738438fa960	He began attending her drawing classes as an eighteen year old boy as an outsider student and completed his education, studying historical painting with V. K. Shebuev.
6e2f8fc5527fcd7448ed21da9aeb557cc1714f29	A large gold medal received for the painting "Christ drives out the merchants from the temple" (1818) gave him the right to a pensioner's trip to Italy.
91db2af0e05a91392996916d155bc4c5202ad7d9	Karl Petrovich Beggrov (Karl Joachim) (1799-1875)
034500b5f6527ee72711d1e22d6658b4e3eb70d6	K. P. Beggrov was engaged in lithography, watercolor and painting.
b77d3e912fe5e29d4b5d22d50ef5c53ef481fc66	In 1818-21, he studied in the landscape class of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences with M. N. Vorobyov.
3ae42a2d11ce8b34e97d348dea38a80f7b7e5a2c	He worked in the lithographic workshop of his older brother I. P. Beggrov, where he acquired the skills of drawing on stone.
e0ab6ae4e967bde5d4bf157fb1af0e89ce7c9cbc	Along with this, from 1825 he served as a lithographer at the Main Directorate of Railways and Public Institutions.
d6bf396adbc7d3f9cca626d05afa15413352aaaf	In 1828, he was invited to perform paintings in the Winter Palace.
4d9a23817216f081ff6478616fe1470f269e1e53	In 1831, K. P. Beggrov received from the Academy of Arts the title of appointed, and in 1832 - Academician of perspective painting for the painting "Mikhailovsky Palace".
aaaf48e5110f30aaba9746b62b38ae1ce33e59a4	He executed picturesque portraits of emperors Alexander I, Nicholas I, academician A. X. Vostokov.
19e8a63fa82df830aa139b95fc70b345beab9ebe	Borovikovsky Vladimir Lukich (1757-1825)
9655067f7a4a6bcd6324b8942e4cb6b32e769dfb	Borovikovsky Vladimir Lukich (1757-1825), an outstanding Russian portrait painter.
afb76f292a55f6625a0b3ef0caee1725be446a0b	He was born in Mirgorod in the family of a Cossack.
37958933e6a5ab309d635b3d86a7c778602ac533	He received his first painting lessons from his father.
fe01aed1b8e731547a00dd076314459c12bb6130	In 1787, Catherine II was heading through Ukraine to the Crimea.
6ec0827d8869dcebd1725db7e24dca5650abc129	All kinds of magnificent buildings and palaces were erected on the path of the empress.
07219e86658b8967a36e46324873133680366226	One of them was decorated by the son of a small Cossack foreman Borovikovsky, who was assigned to the Mirgorod regiment.
af3e520b893125d882b70c82c30f599dec3ce926	According to legend, Catherine praised and rewarded him, so that with the money he received, he was able to go to St. Petersburg.
1051c7b9ad1d1336ac6e6c7318b321f5b32f1780	Karl Pavlovich Bryullov (1799-1852)
faf49cbeb13b6630a6f12529aa9d2d47b7a25ce7	He remained faithful to the memory of Bryullov until the end of his life, a former Cossack from Count Engelhardt's household owed much of his freedom to him.
d864e4a31a4860a2d42d6d7f334f6a73777e5887	So many of the artist's contemporaries called him.
e309a075a5fd6f8905d05024bb948ce916e225fd	Italians literally broke into the Roman workshop of Bryullov to see "The Last Day of Pompeii", Walter Scott called this picture a majestic epic, Gogol dedicated an enthusiastic article to it.
c8b954dba73d5602c2b0b3c45ff5b0bb1973facd	"Bryullov's painting," he wrote — " is one of the brightest phenomena of the XIX century.
7e1952a61b6956bbe82b2f004f5d5865561c8c5b	This is the bright resurrection of painting, which has been in a semi lethargic state for a long time...
7b9bcc6bcb25792b7ccc14ab1cf5b5dc95df9e33	Bryullov's painting can be called a complete, universal creation.
13591974bc7a04c6b5cd6b93f98c91bb118527b4	It was all in it."
30fbcc2e49f60cf68ce4d9936c7f1e3764bfae2b	Alexey Gavrilovich Venetsianov (1780-1847)
8189ca596e865a161ff41ca7290e64e4a9c911eb	Russian Russian artist Alexey Gavrilovich Venetsianov, the founder of the genre of everyday life in Russian painting.
252618da0c5b3c9a9315ac7bb8e00f4cbdf066a8	He was born in Moscow in the family of a merchant.
19d470c67709d80bbc73655264b70911fa0374fc	In his youth, he was a surveyor, later a minor official.
c2a4024d917a1ef7ae3df622c801c47251e557f4	He began his artistic activity with oil and pastel portraits, the most authentic work of this period is "Portrait of a Mother" (1801).
db34f4e9eb8d7619a79242b4f2db1edcc0bd7f4e	Since 1807 he began to take lessons from the famous portrait painter V. Borovikovsky.
66d8bd689ae318f396f2686be132b2672dee66c3	The artist's self portrait (1810) is already the work of a master.
144db1d9fe745775c83fc773cf578129ec988cff	Maxim Nikiforovich Vorobyov (1787-1855)
9bc6e6f386d095dc23d30771da897d186352e8da	Maxim Nikiforovich Vorobyov is a Russian landscape painter.
0f6c74a6c1671aa0a3f3e70a3a1c2818e702e05b	From 1798 to 1809, he studied at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts under F. Y. Alekseev and M. M. Ivanov.
5fb976dfa437c05c5a9ee499232d8b54c205c0dc	In 1809, for" The view of the newly built Church of Our Lady of Kazan with circumlocutions", he received a Large gold medal, which gave him the right to a business trip abroad, but the international situation associated with the Napoleonic wars in Western European countries forced Vorobyov to postpone the trip.
c3d59517d0aed8f31ae39116b4dda02bd08c0543	As an assistant to F. Y. Alekseev, the young artist traveled to Russian cities, making sketches for urban architectural landscapes.
f546c76f21db637d7e26f5ea777eed32c5e001e7	Orest Adamovich Kiprensky (1782-1836)
f85eb274ed48f871944eeb42a6b71adc5a306597	Among the lifetime portraits of A. S. Pushkin there is one, especially beloved and popular.
d7641059f018f8e77e5f092ea56b56da16d626fa	The thought and inspiration, the beauty of a creative act and the high destiny of the " chosen one of the muses— - this is the content of this portrait.
78d8efd9eee5bab296eb29dc38c4d19c3698631b	A clean, unclouded brow, a calm and significant face, a stately, dignified pose, a look directed into the distance, over the audience, a strict frock coat and a plaid thrown over his shoulder, and finally, a statuette of the Muse playing the lyre— a classic symbol of poetry - everything here is subordinated to the author's plan.
88cd1e7da1941d12e5104a7f9aa33d6baffe7a26	Before us is a Poet whose historical and comprehensive significance was already realized by his contemporaries.
a1ca89184e2bcc05d4eb0f1b7b5f5a38b7f1c9f6	Levitsky Dmitry Grigoryevich (1735-1822)
f23d22757cea95f554f8246d1e1440f261b344c5	He received his initial skills in art, apparently, from his father, the engraver G. Levitsky.
450bd059517d603f5a7691ed54c7ac1d49e093de	Then he studied with A. Antropov (from 1752), who painted St. Andrew's Cathedral in Kiev in 1752-55.
fc21c4d732edaed7a89418d2c06f10683e7ea2f7	A student of A. Antropov, he adopted from him truthfulness and impartiality in the depiction of dignitary models, a sense of self esteem that excludes lies and obsequiousness.
dce5ef3b91883e197dc751a0f39027967a9ed888	A contemporary of F. Rokotov, he is close to him in his interest in the inner world of a person, a psychological and intimate portrait.
c4cad6eef3846e71d8df70cae625ac20b0a9ceb6	Levitsky is an artist who has firmly stood on real ground and at the same time is sensitive to true poetry, capable of sublime impulses.
fc1c245fc5ff6a69c853257b359569ba43958e3d	Fyodor Stepanovich Rokotov (1735-1808)
863a622dc8c2bd19c7f4d576d332463a0c344ceb	In the mid — 1760s, when Antropov was still in the prime of his life, a painter who was strikingly unlike him or other contemporaries, F., was gaining fame.
bcbc508bbd7640bbf0dc0aa6d3ad6678eb8c055a	Rokotov.
7f19e45e79ca8802e377f0ddd915fe97d988c5f3	We donot know much about this artist, who comes from the family of serfs of Prince I. Repnin, who became one of the most refined and subtle painters in European art of the XVIII century.
506163c2b9302fa17a233f70d36ac3e28d889d24	Only in recent years has the dense veil that hid the circumstances of his life and work begun to dissipate
796504e22da75c8f5aa37adf3a7fd9c2b10fd7e6	Vasily Andreevich Tropinin (1776-1857)
dbd0d0fe44c5d4e14ac48df95d2741cb9813a148	In the spring of 1827, Pushkin was portrayed by V. Tropinin.
95230a33d07b114dfda332ee9935e78e6a63cdd8	The portrait was commissioned by the poet himself for his friend S.
1cc20048d487f7b60698480971c150cd39092f38	A. Sobolevsky, who, according to a contemporary, "wanted to preserve the image of the poet as he is, as he was more often."
852f7df29816352ce19a767b9b1114085df72288	Tropinin, in fact, could not create a different portrait: this is how he saw and perceived his great contemporary.
7d6b0b4165da9bed9470d263c2faafe32cfd63aa	Tropinin did not compose sublime hymns and elegies, he spoke in a clear and clear colloquial language.
8eee3032978959375df9b31eac3f8183effeb188	Only the comprehensive genius of Pushkin could merge the contrasts of modern history and Russian culture together, Kiprensky and Tropinin — each in their own way displayed one of the facets.
72b4d6c761e2c230e5f5413a834ed02ceecf3e46	Mikhail Shibanov (year of birth unknown died after 1789)
89a0b6ed4760326d40fb58e36c1e939cffa70a17	Mikhail Shibanov, Russian painter.
705d18844aa7830c06386930034102d18cc4191e	From serfs.
04a4f78720ecc354e03a49ed1ac927c734234066	Since 1783, "a free painter".
42804f8530d972cc48bec9f3f65d01d0f2837e23	Portrait painter, the initiator of the peasant household genre in Russian art. Sh.
17952a5f9048572d6fd077b6b088f2282d55bb39	' s paintings, created under the direct impression of nature, are distinguished by their concreteness in the interpretation of the plot, expressiveness and significance of almost portrait characteristics of the peasants.
05ad34b2548ef73beb2c3c33dc4762d02528f239	XIX Russian artists
5e025e725f9908806ff157ee0ff3fdfb0b046dca	Agin Alexander Alekseevich (1817-1875)
46dd316222357f11fff97375b6b855eaabbd9090	Alexander Agin and his younger brother Vasily were the illegitimate sons of the cavalry officer A. P. Elagin, who could only give both his truncated surname.
da085202c1c0c3f6e1d1ea6083de0641ae44a67d	In 1834, the brothers came to St. Petersburg to enroll in the Academy of Sciences, but only the eldest was accepted.
eb327f9617d82b5d9ce08fb8bceabccf9427c1bc	He studied in the class of historical painting with K. P. Bryullov, but did not become a painter: he was released in 1839 with the title of a drawing teacher, and he connected his creative fate with graphics.
e8608e1c4219c7550376b7772b54ac1d13aee147	Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky (1817-1900)
f490d1fdd16bdf9dd40112f9f7b5d03e2fd22ebc	Aivazovsky was surprisingly able bodied.
33b3ad1eba6bfa27c3dcc8c0b0205a7797df0574	Altman Nathan Isaevich (1889-1970)
9cb6c7d899cccd115147468a25c49d54a3414003	Born in the province and lost his father early, N. I. Altman achieved everything on his own and thanks to his talent.
db105070809eea1dc8dba85bdb7407588c440ce3	He studied at the Odessa Art School (1902-07), but left it, not satisfied with teaching, and returned to Vinnytsia, where he began working independently.
6bcee51d425290d3d6c03cd0dc183885f15f360e	At the end of 1910, he managed to go to Paris and stayed there for only eleven months, but the impressions he received were enough for him to complete his professional development and determine his path in art.
390e5a0422d259e36a8ced35d9638e6b176121f4	Yuri Pavlovich Annenkov (1889-1974)
dcd169c7f92e71a53da44d1c364dab61908bb2f5	Yu.
2142da575397a7b6b27d062d1f04938079cd141c	P. Annenkov spent his early childhood in remote Kamchatka, where his father, a former member of the Narodnaya Volya organization, was sent to settle.
05a73d8fb4053c956148d39ed3bf17508ec2ca13	In 1893, the family returned to St. Petersburg.
fbb3f37554d810c0397ed7e8296100937d570dae	The Annenkovs ' dacha in Kuokkala, a place near St. Petersburg, was located not far from the estate of I. E. Repin.
a2bb5bc6d182398ed8754982aa6697a9d5758b2a	Since childhood, surrounded by creative people, the future artist became interested in drawing early.
b1fb4314d7ca28253afd4e1ebfcb722cea1ebdd0	Arkhipov (Pyrikov)
edb73b73b075749c4516d35f73de2a720a199497	Abram Efimovich (1862-1930)
098aefc51da658aa49110f4399a1d818a45e940b	A. E. Arkhipov was born in the Ryazan region, in a peasant family, and it is no accident that the life of the Russian peasantry became the main theme of his work.
80992cb2bfef9614dfda9639e416cb7da3ff3b5f	Since childhood, Arkhipov painted "everywhere, always, everywhere, wherever possible," as he later recalled.
bb43da2dca7e9d39e13fae56e3cef69fb6f29b1c	The boy studied with visiting icon painters.
0257ff94f6ad4e256b837a28854e530ee37dc832	One of them, who turned out to be a free student of MUZHVZ, helped Arkhipov to prepare and enter this school.
ab1052dab11bd6aa455a3edfd6a88e3e2a4fe37b	Bakalovich Stepan Vladislavovich (1857-1936)
bbd56910b20282d399e2e71110ae1c4629afe8c8	S. V. Bakalovich was born in the family of an artist.
c534cb3eda6810455a79367fac25929012373705	My mother is a well known actress in Warsaw.
f03fb5b0429f31918a28cce8056760fb6484b14a	He received his initial art education from his father at the Warsaw Drawing School.
904d4eab1a2825b789eb4466c3509e94e3c0eb1e	In 1876, Bakalovich came to St. Petersburg and entered the Academy of Sciences.
fbb07002dfe1b2e6bbdb783c12225e5781a0841d	He studied brilliantly and in 1881 graduated from the Academy of Sciences with a large gold medal and the right to a pensioner's trip - for the painting "St. Sergius blesses Dmitry Donskoy for battle and lets two monks go with him".
eb56ff23d682a781caf3a230dbb3a6ff2533b15f	Bakst (Rosenberg)
5c6cf877cd27934b25e88487764074b8b9af578f	Lev Samoilovich (1866-1924)
c5f1f247f86eccf3532a890fdf119aefa3b3c782	In order to enter the Academy of Sciences as a free listener, L. S. Bakst had to overcome the resistance of his father, a small merchant.
84169587414ae879e8dbe2813a3d30524930a44b	He studied for four years (1883-87), but became disillusioned with academic training and left the educational institution.
d1dd825c991a9c9f40f16a94926c86de91340c7b	He began to paint independently, studied the technique of watercolors, earning a living by illustrating children's books and magazines.
0ab72b348caa45a2672fa1e075f33d534745bf35	In 1889, the artist exhibited his works for the first time, adopting a pseudonym - an abbreviated surname of his maternal grandmother (Baxter).
e238e9c68239c16e67f29aa82a7a51db4d6d2353	Bashkirtseva Maria Konstantinovna (1860-1884)
f1ce99d7255607314e07bcfde44d110b13742bd8	M. K. Bashkirtseva was born in a noble and rich family.
d288f002703047857252e04b07849f119490e44a	The girl was very sickly, and at the age of ten, her mother took her to Nice.
ea03dc9d588002d25eeb89c118dede29894c0690	Since then, she has only come to Russia for a short time three times, living constantly abroad and traveling a lot in Europe.
c37ad047ac3caf717151a4351bde4786e5a3b8df	In 1877, she began to attend the R. Julian Academy in Paris.
a241c335adea98eb87f07812e1f59b2d4415f383	In 1879, she received a gold medal at the competition of student works and from that time on she regularly exhibited her paintings, which invariably received warm reviews from French newspapers and magazines.
11fc656ab1033dae12a55787eaff483daa466e47	Beggrov Alexander Karlovich (1841-1914)
27a3be30b1052795c3002ac717dc1d6d547db249	Alexander Beggrov (1841-1914) was a Russian painter and watercolorist.
bc1cc2c5d6783a98ccdf5e1d72de684b96cfa8b1	The son of the Russian lithographer K. P. Beggrov.
768391b9d7df068410497a6d575e7af37dab740f	He discovered his talent for fine art as a child, but became a naval officer.
2e0220d552f4b1bec4079738c2eb839b204c4888	Since 1870, he studied with M. Klodt at the Academy of Fine Arts, but did not complete the course.
133d3d118e78446172fe806461c790170f5598e9	To continue his art education, he went to France, where in 1871-1874 he studied in Paris with A. Bogolyubov and L. J. Bonn.
832a7aed860fd5f3c54edf3a333c79b47e3fd4c2	During this period, he worked a lot from nature, painted views of Le Havre, Treport, Concarneau.
e65f5b19345f7d4d64ba76a7154d6c8d27a07398	Benoit Alexander Nikolaevich (1870-1960)
6c85a1a72ba2201c0830b52fa8fbda21fbcb17bd	A.V. Benois was born in the family of a famous architect and grew up in an atmosphere of reverence for art, but he did not receive an art education.
1897beabfe4b65ab5178caf23359ebacd6750cbd	He studied at the Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg University (1890-94), but at the same time he independently studied the history of art and was engaged in drawing and painting (mainly watercolor).
e3af560776c707c441f840557145a002c0fd49ee	He did this so thoroughly that he managed to write a chapter on Russian art for the third volume of The History of Painting in the XIX Century by R. Muter, published in 1894.
949e3a878584e3f3cdb6983523eaf1724afd8b97	He was immediately talked about as a talented art critic who turned over the established ideas about the development of Russian art.
db5fcbc877e7b646fce4390d4953ab06e2c12f4a	Konstantin Fedorovich Bogaevsky (1872-1943)
68ca22878b1c29343e23c89159163f98b2cac866	He began drawing in early childhood, at the age of six he copied landscapes from old oleographs.
8cb023ddc450325bc8bb2f6bfcec1db9fba1dd9f	In Feodosia, Bogaevsky took lessons from the marine painter I. K. Aivazovsky, which consisted mainly in copying seascapes of the famous artist.
e0d91ca31b16e7f761ccc1d445ff2d8d6b513ee1	His teacher was also the artist Fessler, who taught the boy the basics of drawing.
b5845f1da70249c79d97367b970ab9ac5c486f63	The novice painter devoted a lot of time to plein air work, made sketches on the streets of the city, in its surroundings, on the market square.
bd71415b5db499b5e13c14047fc6e4dabc9b49e9	The young artist also worked hard in the studio.
8118f03f564469f136ae1207f189e94786a33503	Bogolyubov Alexey Petrovich (1824-1896)
102547609f94da490504ad1a71be96d39f95674e	The grandson of A. Radishchev, he graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps in 1841.
f6bdf9833e5f089c85eec371a097b2013db7ded0	Already during these years, his passion for drawing manifested itself: the young man devoted all his free time to caricatures of his comrades and teachers.
d2ccb11440c4c8ac7000f033e4c5adc8e2607903	After graduating from the Marine Corps with the rank of midshipman, Bogolyubov goes sailing, which gives him the opportunity to see foreign countries.
e4a7e1de24a70ad1a92e0ab73017df099161bd07	So, in 1847, he got to London, where he visited art galleries.
975bff000be3601c15be0c5bd123cd643726e2f8	The paintings of English masters arouse great admiration in him.
6d5ccc4c3d2bc603b67f88e19f08b95d7c91152c	Borisov Musatov Viktor Elpidiforovich (1870-1905)
5f7b09d1c44bc35e9672b59d24fe74ae892f0e69	He was born in Saratov.
1a062a9360c260eb3615822b9baca91fe21256f0	When the boy was three years old, he became hunchbacked due to an accident.
d44d943721c0372f0a3027149ab477cca1e060e4	The boy showed his extraordinary drawing abilities early.
ccf2c1e9777a9c94f02984cbc5fc609c7a5b9678	In 1881, he entered the Saratov real school, but devoted most of his time to painting.
6b2cd9aa4165e6b550a0fde54f254b8ee9eece4e	His first teacher was a graduate of the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts V. Konovalov.
7917d3f10cd6bdd9deb479e7c354fa69e2439243	In 1890, he passed the exams at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture, but then moved to St. Petersburg.
1c9d35664fe7afc807910aa20032849dbc48807c	He became a free student of the Academy of Arts, and then began to attend the private studio of P. Chistyakov, who brought up I. Repin, O. Serov, M. Vrubel.
8948261851d58b9b6ec08e8c8cbbeefd49c935fc	Braz Osip (Joseph) Emmanuilovich (1873-1936)
599272a5dadb9c8c49feacc3a5cb869415aaabc0	O. E. Braz was born and raised in Odessa.
9e4657ccb40c9939b56ace8bdc56d3c2ae6e073d	He began to study drawing at the Odessa drawing school with K. K. Kostandi; in 1890-94 he continued his education in Munich, at the private school of the Hungarian artist Sh.
af42ce7735aaa92a4d621c5cc274843f423681a5	Holloshi.
c5aa557dd79ff2627d8bc8477f73457ec9c8506a	In Munich, and then during a trip to France and Holland, he studied the works of old masters, got acquainted with modern European art. Already an established artist, Braz in 1895 entered the St. Petersburg Academy of Fine Arts, in the studio of I. E. Repin.
0f7e17679cc7477d167fb1a98dd6410c5b1844bd	Brodsky Isaac Israelevich (1883 (1884)-1939)
e02709fe7e5e1adb53e92ef02d1f82f33f4afbc9	Brodsky was born in the family of a small merchant.
150928ee216c19687930389b818be1d59d101b74	He studied at the Odessa Art School (1896-1902) with L. D. Iorini, K. K. Kostandi and G.
243b5b251ace8b1229c624471cd1c5e9a9a210e8	A. Ladyzhensky, then continued his education at the Higher Art School at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts (1902-08), where he studied with Ya.F. Tsionglinsky and I. E. Repin.
f877f5c8d233628321d83a64bb282e304cd6bfda	In 1909-11, as a pensioner, he visited Germany, France, Italy, Spain; in 1910-11, he lived on the island of Capri with A.M. Gorky.
9c0ac98193c6df0117b9bd02cd1823dbdadfbb93	Vasiliev Vladimir Alexandrovich (1895-)
2da7f05e99fd004a6b8fddf37264ce9e18b0f664	In the motley string of years of distant childhood, one wonderful summer day remained especially vividly in the memory of Vladimir Alexandrovich Vasiliev.
727f6011918fd76a00942dc6cbc2c2222512a87c	"I consider this day to be crucial in my life as an artist.
c9ead58793e72639d0e83d2e840e495ef7491cf4	I experienced for the first time then that feeling of special happiness, fullness of life, which so often seized me later, when I became an artist, in those moments when you are left alone with nature and always comprehend it with some new and joyful amazement.
4647d45d59f3c19c655ac8fdc1d2442df502b69e	Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov (1848-1926)
1d8dc4530890c9935031451e6f4a29e54a73ba10	Each of us knows and loves the heroes of Russian fairy tales and epics — the resourceful and brave Ivanushka, the sad princess Nesmeyana, courageous and kind heroes, the prophetic Oleg from Pushkin's "Song" - since childhood.
bef3a8d01650af8767bbfc93b6264142407befa5	This love is instilled in us not only by books, but also by wonderful paintings by the artist storyteller Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov.
33b6d63f76ffdf39199f7a7c1b051b2d0e21e7cc	Vasily Vasilyevich Vereshchagin (1842-1904)
77aaae0c1f3972f8536b076d60c0c8834fbf9e45	During his stay in Munich, he created a series of paintings on the themes of the Turkestan war (1869-73), among them such famous ones as "Apotheosis of War" (1871-72), "Forgotten" (1871), "Mortally Wounded" (1873), etc. Some of the paintings are combined into the suite "Barbarians", where Vereshchagin showed the harsh face of war with great force.
3dbadd7f83372d5c63969d308ff5f02b0e5550ef	The last painting of the suite — "The Apotheosis of War" - depicting a pile of skulls, is dedicated by the artist to "all the great conquerors, past, present and future".
0a460d64fd3e83d5ed05c4d7cea6ecd44e6942de	Mikhail Alexandrovich Vrubel (1856-1910)
13567817fec7ab4746671f2ebe1cbfcab509c62a	Mikhail Alexandrovich Vrubel's parents predicted a career as a lawyer.
d30c9cb092393edba69f70186dd5dcb67038083a	But the passion for art in this born painter was so strong that as an adult, after graduating from university, he entered the Academy of Fine Arts.
79de182ed0b0684877af2601e8fcfe474c58b619	Together with Serov, he studied with the best teacher of that time — P. P. Chistyakov, together with Serov, he dreamed of a new art. But Vrubel did not have to graduate from the Academy.
508576526c8865b6650f32a97cbdeeb5771b8917	In 1884, the famous art historian A.V. Prakhov came to St. Petersburg from Kiev and, on the advice of Chistyakov, took Vrubel to Kiev, entrusting him with the restoration of old frescoes and new paintings in the Cyril Church.
619563538ebd93306bcb398d6b174b8a73caf1ed	The artist stayed in Kiev for five years.
9563ff77de71a86406b335ba5ae808d7e1b61f82	This was the first high rise of his creativity.
248b192d687c5634546b6a46725bbe71f095a021	Ge Nikolai Nikolaevich (1831-1894)
f63bbf59324927e3148c7b3efafc984d1cd15e0f	Nikolai Nikolaevich Ge, an outstanding Russian historical painter and portrait painter.
eabb8b5f212f571c9cf474c6e1484f835140e16d	He studied at the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg (1850-57) with P. Vasin.
21d343d5524cab74ad92e21fb9a885dadf356e9c	After graduating from the Academy of Fine Arts, he was sent to Italy as a boarder.
52a3df84637e17b6122b06c87d070aa723a3c4a4	In search of a plot for a large picture, he created many sketches on the themes of antiquity and the Middle Ages
99dc6960cc881f0de6903c353e6017bf0da64729	("The Death of Virginia", "The Love of a Vestal", "The Destruction of the Jerusalem Temple", etc.).
cbc8aca3072227c29559a311b437ead1890ac35c	From the first independent steps in art, Ge gravitated to images of ethical and philosophical significance.
99eaec599efe86fc24a1b4c667afa52b612da538	Traditional academic subjects were about they were painted by the young painter with expression, and the influence of K. Bryullov was felt in this.
c10d4458d8f322f8692e03f934d3f5bc01c0619e	Alexander Alexandrovich Deineka (1899-1969)
73deea9d267424a77d711fc39f842a7c1654b728	Alexander Alexandrovich Deineka, a famous Soviet painter, graphic artist and sculptor.
4362f451b0f10dee59870f2272cda9b7eee8e618	Deineka was born in Kursk.
55871d8cf4e6daf7d74ae787811032e97f5182a9	He studied at the Kharkiv Art School with M. Pestrikov (1915-17), in VKhUTEMAS with I. Nivinsky and V. Favorsky (1920-25).
b572e50c3e7d7661d64a6067cc4bee69f0f3afd6	He was a founding member of the Society of Machine Tool Makers (OST) in 1925-27.
755de61c11445f94c7be8e605e8a6cf0be1e4acd	He was a member of the association "October" (1928-30).
a76377ea03778fe9785d9ec924279f855954264c	In the mid 20s, the first paintings of the artist appeared: "Football" (1924), "In the drift", "Before descending into the mine" (1926), "Textile Workers" (1927), which expressed the characteristic features of the work of the masters of the Society of Easel Artists, the Ostovites considered everything that distinguished the new Russia from "yesterday": the rise of industry, the dynamics of social restructuring, the birth of a new social psychology.
d30a7280ea8bc26c46c38e1600b7b52c536357e4	Dubovsky Nikolai Nikanorovich (1859-1918)
6c08b6fdc2f36d837683ac0fe9a5d00f7970d4ab	During his studies at the Kiev military Gymnasium, Dubovskaya did not leave his occupation, the drawing lesson became his favorite subject.
b3a699aa12e92de94e0a0e35014fda1d3a639e65	On the advice of the director of the gymnasium, the parents sent the talented young man to St. Petersburg to the Academy of Fine Arts, where from 1877 he studied with Professor of landscape painting M. K. Klodt.
13c1496581655285ef574f40f52055af8e0f3902	During his studies at the Dubovskaya Academy, he received four gold medals.
d70d6a04675bf798b8f59dac7010881cc3d98c19	But the young artist was not satisfied with the academic routine, he sought freedom and lively communication with nature, and therefore left the Academy in 1881
7d9ae2f510a8f4e42b73b35ca1403da6339f61ac	Vasily Vasilyevich Kandinsky (1866-1944)
f5c93084d5a3a73dec87f3748932a9f5c8f6eb71	Vasily V. Kandinsky, an outstanding Russian artist, a theorist of "non objective art".
a9c509de02e10a8ebb3226b180d84cf611492f1e	He was born in Moscow in the family of a merchant of the first guild.
4367a5b1ae2deeb90ecc208f110944a87833f8a3	In 1871, the family moved to Odessa, where his father ran a tea factory.
81dae926e5a379168d93ea009372fb4369e8a2c3	He studied in Odessa at the gymnasium (1876-85), then at the Law Faculty of Moscow University (1886-92).
7ec2fecf31dd12336c1033588fea86ec4ce07ebd	By the age of thirty (1896), he undertook several trips around the empire related to his scientific interests (in the field of law, political economy, ethnography), published in various publications, was ready to take a chair in Dorpat.
6b31046c0eca4f22481921a018fad05bc444282d	However, having changed his intentions, he decided to devote himself to painting.
06be60c999c6edb1698994adb593851268345311	Konstantin Alekseevich Korovin (1861-193)
ec2e07feb2393ebf2f33f449494c94d8a452df2f	Konstantin Korovin, a famous Russian painter and theater artist.
7289a01c3cb28f82f99600620b7dfb848e3828c8	He studied at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture — at the architectural department (1875), and then (from 1876) at the painting department with I. Pryanishnikov, V., Perov, L. Savrasov! and V. Polenov.
0f4049bdeee9e66bacd8544f434bb600958a5503	For several months (1882-83) he studied at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts.
df66f4581321a89c781ff66301102661f7b04652	He completed his art education at the School (1883-1886).
5175048cf74e02f333013f23468246ad10eb03b1	Kramskoy Ivan Nikolaevich (1837-1887)
1cae2e92842a7ca6150f3d24f0240923ac6f0822	Kramskoy Ivan Nikolaevich, an outstanding Russian painter and progressive art figure.
5e7e62e58d6821bc5e5a5cfcdec491f9e3f101cf	He was born in Ostrogozhsk, Voronezh province, in a poor middle class family.
2dfea02efe86eedea4f6023982eb98c09e02aeb8	He received his initial knowledge at the district school.
a522a298c19d21adc023a9ef617f0baa78dc5974	I have been engaged in drawing since childhood on my own.
c1220e340b5b0462af14477f1df58aca8ead95da	At the age of sixteen, he joined a retoucher for a Kharkiv photographer
457426bd9eb7522818acd605cdc7f1d0af9b6f1f	Arkhip Ivanovich Kuindzhi (1842-1910)
5a7e347893f5923ba15601990ceff3c43d3de777	A. I. Kuindzhi was the son of a poor Greek shoemaker from Mariupol, he was orphaned early, and he had to achieve everything in life himself.
5382ce5ff82002262028f4421f28e6c7f68fdd2a	In the early 1860s, his passion for drawing led him to St. Petersburg, where he twice tried to enter the Academy of Arts, but without success.
bcd6ad2c1a3bca5037c5dbbdc4f62e5b02a5e037	He did not have enough training, because he acquired all his painting experience as a retoucher in a photographic workshop.
41d2c5fd6e512c1c2391b7d6b4e7d9705068c20b	Boris Mikhailovich Kustodiev (1878-1927)
529b6c8146bf31905ec614808cdad5bed109cc10	Boris Mikhailovich Kustodiev, an outstanding Russian Soviet painter, graphic artist, theater artist, sculptor.
0f3ac62cd6f334375700f95a9cebebd2c7e49cfa	He was born in Astrakhan, his childhood, adolescence and youth were spent on the Volga shores.
b1890a88d71f9a5cce2d19ea167c7e3d5e186948	Later, being already a famous painter, he lived for a long time in a village near Kineshma, built a workshop there, which he called "terem".
fa00a08b4938dee1a702718eb0e3853dfcb20b0d	On the Volga, Kustodiev grew up and matured as an artist.
17b4b86ad66545fa293e553e4ccdf5ee7f443511	He dedicated many of his canvases to the Volga and the Volzhans.
382093dea3f779c7a542eac687b5a813849914bd	Russian Russian land gave him a deep knowledge of Russian life and folk life, a love for noisy crowded fairs, festivals, booths, those bright and joyful colors that entered with him into Russian painting.
3c0d36977b6a71dc42e0167c6a53f25ddda8e4cf	Lev Feliksovich Lagorio (1827-1905)
9d3c80185420f051aaff8cfd5100ea10a4175c68	Lev Feliksovich Lagorio is a Russian landscape painter, marine painter.
b44aac3c98b341004afd6e62a48ac520e621589a	He was born in the family of the Neapolitan consul in Feodosia.
8edb834242dd5c7021ee9e5ccf68db1e008a2c99	His teacher was I. K. Aivazovsky.
daa42f2f499648c9f094ec7f72e532c7145d69dc	Since 1843, Lagorio studied in St. Petersburg at the Academy of Arts under A. I. Sauerweid and M. N. Vorobyov.
01ce5a9e1c88a8b93cf420af8c2b837d1ad8b43f	Levitan Isaac Ilyich (1861-1900)
7ce9a70bcfea19aa21d44ef18c924fd70bd4870a	He was born in the town of Kibarta in Lithuania in the family of a railway employee.
815943d3528074c28e4b2868cbf26bd1f54acc3b	He studied at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture (1873-74) with A. Savrasov and V. Polenov.
d8c1342880f6e9f05d701b0fa99f4f233a4dd92a	Since 1884, he performed at exhibitions of the Association of Peredvizhniki; since 1891 a member of the Association.
a121a9df6cefa82d2ba7d2c6ec58f6b3fcb44aed	Since 1898 academician of landscape painting.
d042e29f667e22e7253dd52725289a8c9f5d2005	Levitan created many wonderful, heartfelt images of Russian nature.
8e83b3b329c78ba0ab027d81a771631d4fe4427c	In his work, the lyrical principle that is inherent in the painting of his teacher and mentor A. Savrasov was developed.
0041dc245d89f3828c58c2c00b05ef94a6c69dc3	Kazimir Severinovich Malevich (1878-1935)
5538adb476f9853de6381bf52038e69f5182b9df	The name of Kazimir Malevich quickly found its rightful place in the history of Russian art, as soon as the official Soviet ideology collapsed.
3724993f594684bbdf35a78358d4e864b68dabe0	This happened all the more easily because the great artist has long won a lasting fame outside the Fatherland.
2f317c0fdd7a85a039c5b33db7145005129a8cca	The bibliography dedicated to him should be published in a separate edition, and nine tenths of it consists of books and articles in foreign languages: numerous studies in Russian have been published since the late 1980s, when the first large exhibition of Malevich took place in his homeland after decades of silence and abuse.
51e70113802fb355b65145ed3e77002b6b86cf96	Malyutin Sergey Vasilyevich (1859-1937)
42ef40c297f7a1b906a4b81dee23d1b49f6bd90f	The future artist was born on September 22, 1859 in a Moscow merchant family.
18c8f8d85bba1fd765ed03db75b43526977d046b	Left an orphan for three years, he was brought up in the house of an aunt, the wife of a minor official.
0028316ad38eee34374662191a3c1cfadb8de820	The boy was sent to a commercial school, and then to accounting courses, after which he was assigned to serve as an office clerk in Voronezh.
1e059ff6ad465f91fa2f11a2552710cdbcf530bd	His artistic inclinations appeared early in his life.
7b72ac23f5e25a595d4a62d795285edc1f100092	But the surrounding environment did not contribute much to their development.
e183ffcbff68e7d5d127e693563a8f0273ffe343	It was only at the end of the 1870s, when he got to the mobile exhibition that opened in Voronezh, Malyutin saw genuine painting for the first time.
d64d7449cf7392d1d217c3fa432e49bbb9a39635	Long standing vague dreams have become concrete: the decision has come, despite all the difficulties, to become an artist.
3ffebc745c717c146624628bbecf1286bed9bee1	Mikhail Vasilyevich Nesterov (1862-1942)
1985fc99ea91531fef7bd437d08cd14606e3418e	Mikhail Vasilyevich Nesterov, an outstanding Russian Soviet artist.
dd387bca9d18950127ee1a08889b89cc4eb11cb7	He was born in Ufa in a merchant family.
96b782326eb5cc32f354cb5e0ba10b1cb2052628	He studied at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture (1877-86) and at the Academy of Arts under V. Perov, I. Pryanishnikov and P. Chistyakov.
805fae0fcf1166c3412ecf635f5362dc73d3ed4c	Initially, he tried himself in the everyday genre: "The Victim of friends" (1881), "Exam in a rural school" (1884).
f1f0cf9e5d711426c419a2cb429124b29577740d	In 1882, he married Maria Martynova, who died in 1885 from childbirth.
f35cd5c7ed666f8939f6c93ef18eb290b3ec16f6	This tragedy greatly influenced all the further work of the artist.
46dda98ff43ac3d819d9acc9ceb8046433023862	He abandoned lightweight genres and turned to historical and religious topics.
f308dab08bf06ac4f29e4716a86b45c7c69e71af	Vasily Grigoryevich Perov (1834-1882)
6616dae071b70e2cd557aff80685e20910fde9aa	One of the initiators of realistic painting of the 60s was Vasily Grigoryevich Perov, a follower of Fedotov's accusatory tendencies.
c76a6a7a6b311217f1392ff7208faedc2e795c0c	In the unrest and anxiety of Russian life, he finds the ground for his creativity, the breeding ground without which an artist cannot exist.
077a2b80d6930c0415612906c0ab6950227b2f02	Perov boldly and openly rushes into battle, denouncing the falseness and hypocrisy of church rites ("Rural procession at Easter", 1861), parasitism and depravity of priests and monks ("Tea Party in Mytishchi", 1862; both in the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow).
f030de90c6287dbdabe87bbf808a460dd7639477	Vasily Dmitrievich Polenov (1844-1927)
eeb89328a208b1034e564ab8e431cc851b844edb	He was born in St. Petersburg in an artistic family.
a99ba3656be27ea23912343789b40c4d0d8c1c72	His mother is an artist, his father is a famous archaeologist and bibliographer, a member of the Academy of Sciences, an expert and an art lover.
1688d3d3b5f6b3f615cb5ae9442f9945c5b8fb3e	As a child, he studied music.
656df44e84f31042744c433ed2e7e0abab2b27f9	He graduated from the gymnasium in Petrozavodsk and entered the Academy of Arts (1863) in the class of historical painting and at the same time at the Law Faculty of St. Petersburg University.
9e593cbb44db9a05c3bcc0e7b1a26244303a0a62	However, he did not give up music lessons and for some time sang in the Academic Choir.
526e0fc05c69ac60427734b4dcad5f6a6e850529	During his studies, he visited Germany and France, admiring R. Wagner and J. Offenbach.
4883f836ee223c23ade08e5f53906d68e3eb1350	Ilya Yefimovich Repin (1844-1933)
f5fd3dd1f3370831fc895186e941674e6627dce4	Ilya Yefimovich Repin, an outstanding Russian artist, a representative of democratic realism.
b560f2763613e1b33b5cbe29576205ac95dd834b	He was born in Chuguev, Kharkiv province, in the family of a military settler.
a1f3bfa55cd43501133311001b9c777bc5bf80ac	At the age of thirteen, he began studying painting in Chuguev with the artist N. Bunakov.
f85950618c9ac148a684c6aea4d63de0e034bf07	He worked in icon painting artels.
7efcfa81139d912ea7430bf7461bc42f0bb2990d	In 1863 he came to St. Petersburg and entered the Drawing School of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts.
22d3a1feb94c7479692e5293f2ae60793aa3a4cc	I met with I. Kramsky, who became a mentor of the young artist for many years.
00deb85aacbff9364d55e83fd42c1187c3a0cc50	Nikolai Konstantinovich Roerich (1874-1947)
4dfb7286dade750ff2f9e96474e2934155dc41a7	Nikolai Konstantinovich Roerich, an outstanding Russian artist, art critic, archaeologist and public figure.
69a311b9a810b0183195b9f89821f434b81ac03f	He studied in St. Petersburg at the gymnasium of Mey (1883-93).
a55cb200cc0f4b4f4f1c62f438ef95ecc60dae6b	He took drawing lessons from M. Mikeshin.
453bc17ebf9f4122d6c1597dd7d4f0eed39c0e02	He graduated from the Law Faculty of St. Petersburg University (1893-96) and the painting department of the Academy of Arts (1893-97) in the class of A. Kuindzhi.
bc9e2020c392f7b926f85e82db51e1fb98df7cf7	The latter sought to develop in his students a sense of decorative color.
9e4b3747946f40c14ccf54e5cbb177e7000e6534	Without refusing to work from nature, he insisted that the paintings be painted from memory.
476020ed701fed09143d5967a6020fd9731a1248	The artist had to carry out the idea of the picture.
031eff3949315d77f2ec6593dadc30a2122889c1	Konstantin Apollonovich Savitsky (1844-1905)
ea071022d17f376e31c06927e87f38c534ae4d90	Konstantin Apollonovich Savitsky, Russian painter and genre painter.
ec0e2b34253676a4c7e26f34c0e52b1a4eb1d17b	He was born in Taganrog in the family of a military doctor.
3e9c6cda7761e7c0530d4b4468d5cc40279ec731	In 1862 he entered the Academy of Fine Arts in St. Petersburg, but due to insufficient preparation he was forced to leave and after two years of intensive independent work in 1864 he again entered the Academy.
558c947a15f9357fdb861ca6232e833caf9414e9	In 1871, he received a small gold medal for the painting "Cain and Abel".
c50f17c67d20d9bc523386af2ea8272e6186b0f6	Already in his academic years, he was close to the Art Artel of I. Kramskoy, and pos Later, he joined the Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions and was exhibited at the 2nd traveling exhibition (1873).
b7dee945e7d771e18a0c9badb85361df5723b679	This aroused the dissatisfaction of the Academy administration, which, finding fault with the first occasion that came along (the exam was not passed on time due to marriage), expelled Savitsky from the Academy (1873).
581db1aff09fd2a416e3e4e5af7166e0cbedf046	Alexey Kondratievich Savrasov (1830-1890)
a200142ac65a2dd0e1cd97da47cbb7e4b837eed6	Russian Russian art is impossible to imagine without some paintings, just as it is impossible to imagine Russian literature without Tolstoy's "War and Peace", Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin", and it does not have to be a large and complex work.
bbf4874c9498f01cce6a023456f86c312cdd1ee7	Such a genuine pearl of Russian landscape painting was a small modest painting by Alexey Kondratyevich Savrasov (1830-1897) "The Rooks have arrived".
e6d374ae090183466b63bce39827372705dc7dfc	It appeared at the first exhibition of the Association of Peredvizhniki in 1871.
5f7eb42ef6c628122efd80faf64469a41d2e458b	Serov Valentin Alexandrovich (1865-1911)
ccb16f679ab96ee6e97a0dc021a7edcfb4c1655d	Even during the life of V.
17b30c7741b2227d38b9f7704f3930f461100218	A. Serov, and even more so after his death, art historians and artists argued — who is Serov: the last painter of the old school of the XIX century or a representative of the new art?
b0e45907a7181bf0e1840b08ffafcc6cc45e64d7	The most correct answer to this question would be: both.
bff3966f0e037ac936dc255e57957ca11ca28f49	Serov is traditional; in the history of Russian painting, he could be called the son of Repin.
dfa47e89a177bff243c34a662c7471ec7cac10f8	But after all, the true continuers of traditions do not stop on the spot, but go ahead and search.
a8642d75428ce10f81a462a52f8737d8455c378d	Serov was looking for more than others.
868a37794f0cddc76a0ceb126ca9a260e22fc1e9	He did not know the feeling of satisfaction.
3b3300f6ec59ee267879de70f358d52271a88e04	He was on the road all the time.
f8444a0e88c65743462d6c6aa18fd47b2eb0bf91	Therefore, he became the artist who organically combined the art of the XIX and XX centuries.
b662ab40e4238aa9a9304427cfa07872c05a0d0b	Vasily Ivanovich Surikov (1848-1916)
9a90f3521be629c2c7fa1f732d3f24de67b278d0	Vasily Surikov, an outstanding Russian historical painter and genre painter.
702c755f651fa47517314b1ebe6ad6913c30d42a	"The ideals of historical types were brought up in me by Siberia."
092446523d6cadda6e6ce943d0ee2e093b54f845	He was born in Krasnoyarsk in the family of a Cossack officer.
b4503589f25d9962cb1ef873eedd31860d3f4232	His father, a passionate music lover, played the guitar superbly and was considered the best singer in Krasnoyarsk.
35f3b150a81817d6b1f18a272692ecf77b63afd2	My mother was an excellent embroiderer.
0a4606225f54652689177187f4a1af42b7a09015	Pavel Andreevich Fedotov (1815-1852)
4c323349aa5ae5af72881f9a93db50950cc4e084	Pavel Andreevich Fedotov was born in Moscow on June 22, 1815.
08f2128df083a5d13c8fa8dc0356a524e29ab829	My father served as an official and went to work every morning.
804c21baf4a8518a41072daac43195f3bbfe8dd3	The Fedotov family was large, they did not live richly, but they did not feel any special need.
2447e95d7b9589834baa5b5e905e8192dfa12a98	The neighbors around were simple people — small officials, retired military men, poor merchants.
bcc10703eb08e30aea1cebb2f6793ac122c4cbb2	Pavlusha Fedotov was especially friendly with the sons of Captain Golovachev, who lived opposite, and the little sister, "sharp eyed Lyubochka", as he called her, was friends with Katenka Golovacheva, her age.
d7131c034a26a1213306bf891f86754abbeaa556	Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin (1832-1898)
b9b0087d77675a4a2b51f73dfee6b1b648b2201f	Enter the hall of the Tretyakov Gallery, where the paintings of Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin hang, and it will seem to you as if the moist breath of the forest, the fresh wind of the fields blew, it became sunnier and brighter.
7bc569c68a80f238178622eabbb4ac9796b77e11	In Shishkin's paintings, we see the early morning in the forest after a night storm, then the endless expanses of fields with a path running away to the horizon, then the mysterious twilight of the forest thicket.
e7947e0d61805c7cfb6088941dea3b8882762357	Konstantin Fyodorovich Yuon (1875-1958)
c6eaba6189e8e3d83e6fdae7aab0af21586fc5e4	Fate favored K. F. Yuon in every possible way.
6b9b6acbf85bdf9278b3b7de0d4c5d3520fc52b8	He lived a long life.
fd05c6fe317dd940ed23bf2686ea167c1fe8ac15	He had an extremely happy marriage.
5456228125fb2412b241e6e3a142cf613f235337	The people around him loved him.
ad187ef55edae8fb129a76c410fcca138fd696d9	He had never had to struggle with need.
169141b82ec54376017bbfc3eb7267887701b9b4	Success came to him very early and always accompanied him.
71fcb9b90c980f64e705425ea4381ce3fc538390	After the revolution, honors, high awards, titles, leadership positions seemed to be looking for him themselves.
2ff5e5f67f6bcdcabdc491d8bc737ed7a37c4809	There were fewer hardships - this was a quarrel for several years with his father (a bank employee) because of Huon's marriage to a peasant woman and the early death of one of his sons.
b5044e1fa6023b2e2f21cb42a2a4fdc954b33d86	XX Russian artists
b94c8507ddb1fdecbc22d6a1c4f104e67fe4ab48	Akimov Nikolai Pavlovich (1901-1968)
e4b6d54179de3c470f9e771098fd127a022686c2	N. P. Akimov came to St. Petersburg very young, and almost all of his life was firmly connected with this city.
e26251c72b06f20957937c20b1ac60414a416d3a	He studied at the studio of S. M. Seidenberg (1915-18), a few years later he entered the Academy of Sciences, but left it without finishing his studies.
d69448021b6f20e59ba265b99a875ec857bc8a5b	I was engaged in book graphics and managed to create a name for myself, n
dd58c6738cd8f2fde8ecabfac0ab7c1361e6aab8	Russia The Holy Land Europe The Russian Abroad The History of Russia Archives Magazine About us
1798b43a494f314c93ca6c150bfba0f1dfa43026	News | Links | Guestbook | Sitemap |
d1ee92c105d99f6d5be9a4516a58751f5b4576f2	Russian Russian History / Culture and art: Russian names / CREATIVITY of RUSSIAN ARTISTS / HISTORY of ART / Features of Russian painting of the XIX century.
6a3f9e1a7b159fceb43614cff0c4c0941f7be44e	Ovechkina O.
a4d4be3cce5c1a51198e16a3f24d1dee079a7244	Russian Russian Russian Russian Russian Russian History History of the Russian Orthodox Church Monarchy and monarchs Army and Navy of Imperial Russia Russian scientists, engineers and travelers Russian philosophers, public and statesmen Culture and art: Russian names Russian traditions Russian people: times and destinies Russian emigration Intelligentsia and revolution White Movement Red Terror History of the ROA Anti Soviet resistance Believers in the occupation Realities of the Soviet era Library Our calendar
2d68c81bdd53d993a93399792fc21fd0b6b3d1ff	Pilgrimage to Jerusalem and the Holy Land
087ea4e1fb40738df110b0f81f72f1fd99f4e721	Pilgrimage tours to the Holy Land with "Russia in colors" in Jerusalem
dc8afd1fc15d931d66aa96274e970f2ba2d28e6f	Pilgrimage tour to the Holy Land from May 12 to 19, 2016 from St. Petersburg and Tambov and Moscow.
065016b5658de9e31af570d3f9920b1e04be793e	8 days 7 nights
8c9ff1c3740cb3233531378bbb768f451646bad7	Private excursions in Israel
60ca7a33d7fda143ba2248da3ef67e0a15379b03	Guides in Israel, Jerusalem and the Holy Land Pavel and Larisa Platonov
a1b64afd7a84cdddc2efdb6dca19b5c29f7d4dba	On June 30, 2015, the presentation of a unique edition of the book "The Holy Land and the Bible"by the English priest K. Geika took place at the Russian Cultural Center in Tel Aviv
65faf2fee022fed1e17251f59e24537a2117507a	Jerusalem Branch of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society
fb78b693d5044ddf73c5e06a6e51875e58a61773	Russia and the Christian East
33c9001d35aff1436796577e2581f07cebbfdef7	Site News:
0ad299c0e34078cb7495a4b2758d5c86a6360951	Date in the history
6164bec303e3f14e06ae801eac02e18737f4afe5	Our calendar
48aff351ce9df035948ea44e977496cb5ac7ce1b	Sergey Falko (Ukraine).
99efd563baa3bf7f78103839fd0ba355d5b72765	Russian military and diplomatic service in China during the reign of Alexander III (1881-1894)
ac81603af31c9bacb1254910297ec02d7e1d4aa0	Irina Akhundova (Russia).
0c1eb768f9a3649fcd5bdced89a75860fa82ab65	"Children's contribution" for children with cancer.
63f35cd16ce2caf295dff23b1ea35e4f238e6005	To the 10th anniversary of the "Road of Good"campaign
3b0dc5874766869b2df391c20feeb60065984346	Alla Novikova Stroganova.
61ed59cce8b8b5f8df91f41f27ca5a5514de3539	Thoroughly Russian.
7eada10d5a9815ff12404223664995225dc950d5	(To the 185th anniversary of N. S. Leskov)
a3ed0b033dfccb62abe4028b2311409545d28d3d	The newspaper "Orthodox Russia" No.
43a4fef1e161799f1994e0decdd2874554bd0543	7. On the 9th anniversary of the memory of Archpriest Vasily Ermakov
efcee2cf9967c880f82cf2325527b8f727531c90	Pavel Gusterin (Russia).
d7a47402be4d667c57e3115fcbee1496d8d597c6	The circumstances of the conclusion of the Soviet Turkish Treaty of 1921
64d41d900a0ffa11580c858d00b496ed169cad88	Yuri Kischuk (Russia).
c797e65f8b06361c9a7f39e2a7e2790617def12a	Supersonic speed
a8859622bf8137f4697fe5ff97f9bfc3dd946ae0	Pavel Platonov (Jerusalem).
eb0b7d9763a559c96c146447a1924299caddf37e	On the day of memory of Archpriest Vasily Ermakov on February 3, 2016
7db9be85383bc5c15a8084b62f07403bed5d90fa	Comintern in the countries of the Near and Middle East
21fedfc1a8898f0fdd7fd2fd6bb2cd599621f00c	Ksenia Krivosheina (France).
a60d1e293f2244b0eed188a6f2fdb710b7a8f69c	The Nativity of Christ.
7ac86644a98979ebd71f712ec7ccaa7f4725f307	Chapter from the book "The Ways of the Lord"
f62eb1f5601544fbfa1b762b48d1b5c11e263a8a	Alla Novikova Stroganova (Russia).
ddb0d1de99b7644db6d312c9d35c963b86911053	"Love has words."
8455bbc245515f67c6634f17f8459f8943de5721	(In the year of the 195th anniversary of A.
6189e38627a908dcac39756af1d32f9195b08c98	A. Fet)
2e8c5d5c06d7e106df5d4d76de1f69e4ed729b79	Dmitry Grishin (Russia).
0454ea2326c6d6dca9d5d112891bfdeb0ff67560	"The Appearance of Holy Russia in European St. Petersburg" On the 100th anniversary of the consecration of the St. Nicholas Alexander Church in Bargrad
5be10903ac30a8eb51adef89a2e88f1144eb14c8	Conclusion of the first Soviet Yemeni Treaty
5a2779e8cf9ffb9695e8c33f06f77d79decae22d	Ekaterina Matveeva (Russia).
84dd7274d711e40e1f4592343f792f53abf6ce74	Our historical heritage
00288921238a2b6bc709f10c421f4a8c2371d669	Soviet Egyptian relations in the 1920s and 30s
769b0e2e843eddcbe9396211544adb902f03fd34	Igor Lukash (Bulgaria).
ef5dc5c4e19bcca94ab0c7151b0f1d2ed690e584	Memory of Saint Fyodor Ushakov in Varna
9ce4194dd6cd13b21e2deb6b5ca2969602eb5c87	Soviet intelligence officer Karim Khakimov
bcb44a2f60d8e4e8296d799ef53bc396f3688dc5	Oleg Ozerov (Russia).
18ba74a25262f1280a4d0821a375688fac42daf2	The death of the "Red Pasha"
95fa7e6405adb64e3c94ecc2e293a31d5887cab8	Establishment of Soviet Saudi diplomatic relations
1c3cfe71fd13d2f3e5f0acf214bee4404114b147	About the settlement of Novorossiya by the Serbs
7dcb06bc71021a568f9892fa881d43308b09de78	Alexander Karaulov.
1ab2ec1fa6b968670bf22bab03cefdaa74988bbd	In memory of the heroes of the priests of the Russian Japanese War.
e4825601bb31adc36d616d73580f94885b8cd85a	To the 110th anniversary of the end of the Russian Japanese War on September 5, 2015
9f10a9ac8d35be693145541dac761c7f85f41025	Invisible people
5d83d0f00f598d94291b1f29a0f392b9abd77998	Oleg Gokov (Ukraine).
aecfa48ca79a6061dfbe4ed9f695246d2aa8da7d	Invitation of the Russian military mission to Iran in 1878-1879 The quality of training of the personnel of the Persian Cossack Brigade in 1882-1885.
e13a9efe7d7afb1345933984852a398da35bf48d	The Persian Cossack Brigade in 1882-1885.
41a24f091aba222868ae9582e01466667053c1fe	The trip of Lieutenant General of the General Staff A. N. Kuropatkin to Persia in 1895.
bdcc945a578fb2b2159f7a27cdddd9ee2478bb2c	Deacon Artemiy Silvestrov.
965a8804f7e42abe42de50465449feda1a179ad7	(Russia).
16377520104ba57a49480c55b49468ebb8703bd2	On the inadmissibility of replacing Orthodox religiosity with ideology and politicking.
50cfc612d6595c037fe9d4cbf8a4e85eb98b16a4	Church and Politics
90ddcd0dd8e6b93d7d4d725e590f0acb3b19adf0	Parishioners is a dating site for Orthodox Christians
ae49f616694928c895788a3e11eca077f1e5be81	Deacon Artemiy Silvestrov (Russia).
0bec10f015f66b2f5834891b70c71548a8c8349a	About the urgent need for a proper state policy in the field of electronic media and the blogosphere.
4235825086a8e2d8ab67ea5938ad9753b60c60f2	Why is intimate life before marriage a sin?
2d5afc3263ec1e7786e8e342aa42d874b7cd22d2	The Orthodox Church and abortion advocates.
7c849d7175fac33fc80ea6606397e572250bd690	Homecoming: on the 70th anniversary of the death of Mother Maria (Skobtsova)
7c7078c18969c2b9da5b4938b74e910d938f0b07	Vladimir Kruzhkov (Russia).
e5964c43011ddaf6df51f99cccf3ef7f5c1deda6	Who is he – General Karbyshev?
3a394bcbd000797faf34baa84eae54d018123add	The Soviet Island in Vienna.
da74074728574b5e9a95c26192412bc5c225bd2c	D. P. Tatishchev: the rise and "fall" of an extraordinary diplomat
e9572e2ddb8a4e5f2479189e044a4379209b1477	Reflections on Lent.
5870a01f8dd4f5256c0105307178980563384255	"The Standing of Mary of Egypt".
0d18b4610c436aa05a83851e562a333c0370adc2	Silence
d7c468a1c285523856f18a6e764f71f2a1e9890b	"The word that we preach."
bc30a1ca1133ba2b6b53746a0e9c0af5f5eea2a2	To the 120th anniversary of the memory of N. S. Leskov
9180194dac4f9dae1e64ae188f08881eeb3b519a	Gennady Litvintsev (Russia).
7cc9c5753a1e074375db347e3ebb8ea7cc7cd88c	A good shepherd in a foreign country.
e2f49d1b274ec1d89885a8d5342898eb114138be	In memory of St. Jonah, the Manchurian Wonderworker
1579c4e8feddc411691896bada3d5e5087ad57f3	Lyudmila Khukhtiniemi.
16f19385de522cd4ee9682dcf3b3db40c5bafe82	(Finland).
59ce3905582242b37b2b29d550a92ea995d85490	Field Marshal Mannerheim, the Imperial Family and Anna Alexandrovna Taneeva (nun Maria)
8c322c315dd8a17922cba0b64bfb71ea937bb7e9	Maria Brandler (Russia).
74180665ac468af66ef036c5182ba23e791b938a	The anti abortion program "Save Life"has been launched in 30 cities of Russia
8a5f3edf812919e6675f053a94b76785dd188964	Natalia Smirnova (Russia).
e5643efc94244c015952540f5f33fc83bd13b9d1	To my Father's homeland.
3ba88d775170b52bd7f4a7edc1b98a6cbf90fd00	Pilgrim's Travel Notes
69867608e49d682eabc4a067fcefdc05e276fea4	Yuri Kischuk.
f8c30ea0cb1a75d889d9d24c25b7b79d05e052b4	Good neighborliness.
f799053f95a99c33e9f2fe017ee8701ac8f339e7	The fun of Maslenitsa.
4d98667d20cf8afecedaf62e1bc7056cd9d363f1	When it's young and not green.
01f4e4fbde200625e4e3888ed45951e16f1ad87d	"And do not condemn my brother..."
5b59acb1a24ae12f93bb0c9c967af49d33d63d0c	Alexander Molchanov: Abortion leads to breast cancer
82469ef76b8243332c21ddc89f8af0c96fa0edfa	Archimandrite Isidor (Minaev) (Russia). "The ways of the Lord are inscrutable."
c9be2773f7382f9a38040b6c0cc8f8c6f52fa5e6	Stereotypes about the Church.
b06939c8bb355c4a34c66a882416f6fffc64ad6b	"The destruction of the stereotypes that secular people have about the Church" (Beginning), (continued)
2e069298d3e25ff0efb0f3c1c89282a8f0898eed	The policy of Ivan III in the East
7faeab8101b1e9d50beb48e0d97443ca1cd78fc1	Opening of the eastern branch of the Academy of the General Staff of the Red Army according to an eyewitness
a95f162e9352e43ac6e400c6d0871ba74d24f642	Hymn to the glory of Christmas: "A Christmas Carol in prose" by Charles Dickens and the Christmas story by N. S. Leskov "The Beast"
dd33c508b29ddc3cb3d30b03605d2125401834c3	Yuri Kischuk (Kazakhstan).
5eb742da408283f724aa047c3e80340ebad35b51	According to its status
d5e67273137f709508f19a6a263f14211eaf3c3d	Priest Nikolai Okhotnitsky (Belarus).
b7416cbf84949a1a937561bf772c5c5871e5bb55	Make the stable of your own soul a home for the God child…
f9b60cc616580e347107b247d744f8be02409cc7	Time of good Miracles
078e97374f6481a2dcfcccb2cb6f84777e02c88f	(Kazakhstan).
9fa533d5bb3e5f3f66b62d90565e6f76490d9985	A genius of art.
c436854ea98b3355234567c3ab1a67b438642f7e	On December 23, 1799, Karl Bryullov was born in St. Petersburg
9ee24b4248a629bd9b913d69301abc94a8dcb862	Catholicism in the Russian Empire
d48267465a7142e499ffc118a7f5d6bbce81bb39	Svetlana Semenova: "The paths of heartfelt thought" to "The Secrets of the Kingdom of Heaven"
b88bb38491d5fd431d0c30777984045b429f781f	Russia — Mauritania: history and modernity
375582ad02109233a149306367bf04d3418da9ce	Metropolitan John (Popov) on life, war and holiness
4edad501e4cc06751e940ae64296927785e910a6	Russian Moroccan relations: history and modernity
11866ec864a697467eb75b53c162f1c519717300	Carefully storing children's memories
f3c1a6fe43b11ecbc2ab495481a5fe1790d75027	This" difficult " Dostoevsky …
6ec05bce5ba5e643424bf5ad87da647169a147b4	The role of Soviet diplomacy in the settlement of the Armenian Turkish conflict in 1920
4ce8a938641d7484a7f62432aab9dc5201139cd0	In memory of Mirza Fatali Akhundov.
31865cb3c684fb38998819ac50fb4cd1922aad5d	(To the 200th anniversary of his birth)
90a036da6678b78fc54e3d994a3942887eac0bdc	Yuri Kischuk (Kazakhtan).
376ae0f97dc28cc970f9e31d7c341598150904ce	In memory of the Holy Martyr Vasily Voskresensky
ea39a0359fa1adf970ed60a26946ec5f809b067c	Yuri Kischuk (Kakhakhstan).
f4ea528c67864b099b16311da44b459568bd11fc	Yes, unless the heart forgets...
acdda61ff6678174597946e19feea934161276e2	Envoy Nazir Tyuryakulov
5bf1823e1689d14d2f9232fd1e8e4050d7e17c32	Karim Khakimov Soviet envoy and friend of the Arab East
ffda2cf2525a1814fe2b709e07f6aced1df246f4	Alexey Polyakov (Russia).
748a8cc9c944e2ff33a0d4381b2ca6792d94fd65	The Victorian current in the Russian Orthodox Church
31c779ac1df5b193ff39157115cffc7b6a15f66a	On the basics of the state policy of the Russian Empire in relation to the Muslim population
5c52e1f3201e3400865e7964fc9854401b48a06b	Literary map of Russia: The house Museum of N. S. Leskov in the homeland of the writer (to the 40th anniversary of the opening of the museum)
d7717ef6b9c503d33b1060fb8de78a0abfa7d0d1	Soviet Russia and the Entente in 1918
1b15fa98fa415bae9c6bed250877c844346c4c0a	On the question of the identity of the third commander of the Persian Cossack Brigade
7d5f47727c6f0bf173d74668b801abc332ffe6fc	Alexey Gudkov (Russia).
39c20f3bc29a1ecb035d6193831ce2e6f4c9a6e7	Bookmakers of the XX century
5f9a4d74358bfc1b7a9e68a3bd33c4694019dc5e	The presence of the ROC in the Arab countries
0c179d07579b55113f8578272e859dfe1d55fa1b	"How our word will respond...": I. S. Turgenev and F. I. Tyutchev
fdf0101a293038f8f2cc68a34d4ea5fe7a5a86ed	"...There is no honor in his fatherland": Disliked reflections on Turgenev by Nikolai Leskov
cb33252aeecfa5707e76be8510597beaaf5c44b5	A long way to Russian Palestine
19abde74b9d74eb65b50984946b6260b29c518d4	Aydin Gudarzi Najafov (Uzbekistan).
7b9c5fc81d1323ce2cdd5bbf5ae972930fc3f23a	Put in a word for the poor prince.
382fb3cf15554cc3940def76621f74e09498e9c7	(About Grand Duke Nikolai Konstantinovich Romanov)
f1e958a7aeebd3d77535585d405367766c61572d	Svetlana Bakonina (Russia).
ab5059bfbea14d529f5dfbb98df3cf8da5e00294	The first experience of spiritual guidance of Russian pilgrims (from the diary of a priest who accompanied the pilgrims to the Holy Land in 1912)
8cafafc78b36b48bee0832a444881e53f6019326	New category!
bd03f053962ce4a8383641910c4d182b8eff59b9	Archpriest Georgy Mitrofanov.
87cd5b0c910eb8e9fe44b462476488e704c4c51f	"The tragedy of Russia: "forbidden" themes of the history of the XX century in church preaching and journalism " Polemics, reviews
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fc954c0b448165015b8b479b126ef5506097d5c9	Page in memory of Archpriest Vasily Ermakov
107aabf97691327157be65a00e16741bf37fce75	Addresses of good deeds:
6759b9eb2ff2c2045362916a2b98bd37710e1114	Let's save the temple built by Alexander Suvorov from destruction!
3b1b4f41b94dbee3ac3898d90ba0da0e3ec68e80	Creative workshops of the Orthodox relief service " Mercy"
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a55b2e458e5caaf4a1c5540b4c3662ca84471031	Electronic magazine " Russia in colors"
b1950c374d7cb4bf8fecda886c54bfc29679a26b	The autumn issue No.
c93c96435290ffa658e8c88cc604c27cb5b94a77	44 of the magazine "Russia in Colors" was published"
988a703f1c8fa8dab4a215e3fb9d1f0a1da4a1e4	Archive of numbers
379aba6968f714f9c6caf1bdb4181037884d9f6b	Projects of the PNPO "Russia in colors": PNPO "Russia in colors" was awarded the Certificate of Honor of the IPPO
70a5b9c0c65b82be11a13be024269810c38400d9	Publication from the archives:
d1f255b3b27184d2e0519f1998e4e0bcacca5e15	A. P. Ladinsky.
d4e8c2b6a563e3ce774119f917b23802d33660c3	A trip to Palestine. one thousand nine hundred thirty seven
a607a12aa464e6e942168deeb3859edd5f8b42f4	The Russian Alexander farmstead near the Church of the Resurrection.
63641817dec125308981e915ea0343eae1957e6a	The way to the Alexander farmstead.
efd9ee7de0e97ab8ad3226f5d45d5da9c9174e95	Extract from the IPPO edition of 1901.
a467c09aa530d04ff398479816055c378f707a26	The Church of the Resurrection of the Lord in Jerusalem and the surrounding shrines
bee0977761eeefb49408313562d35f0675263c81	The magazine " Russian Renaissance"
6f9f4c65a72ca96482a796d1b56bbaab1dae7e14	The work on the creation of the first series of a series of films about the Holy Land has been completed.
09da192934faab866ee05311c14dd1679e924627	Foundation for films about the Holy Land
32740dc8fbf5a34a42c279e9d3f3ec53e17af7a8	Palestine is under the rule of Christian emperors.
679ae1c8cb4ad35631e545d566667f3ef531df6d	(326-636) By Alphonse Couret.
a9e3c04a1867e86a2d360ebb4ae23596a8fa3080	St. Petersburg. 1894.
5f2658ec077ac77fe385024bf53bf2a2ff7f7670	X. Svv.
ab5003e4a274087fdff8b442dc713e5d386ec635	St. Sava and Theodosius.
f2afcd9be580e02c97720abbdd06a09810c94f52	XI. St. Sava and the Emperor Anastasius.
e2c0bf6d52a3f989f386ec7fd17de09bfc593104	Before 528
2884b6efa55e8ad853026e0c6d1f9d87254725ae	A rare collection of poems from the archives of "Russia in colors".
87c674327cdc606208379b332f7603e22b495f92	S. Ponomarev.
a9ad78bedd55d7a39488cab369026f9549ac7e42	From the Palestinian impressions of 1873-74.
3ee74b1486d01d993dcc948ce8c7328bc3e3c40e	Pavel Platonov.
e6478351e49cedb575b724b08cca682d08138fb9	By the 10th millennium of Jericho - the oldest city on earth
96f43cdec8ce62bad919b871a07dc289cd81ac37	Praise Christ with good deeds!
40d76b3b58487f63ca27bbeb53ccc635d62f9116	Website of the Jerusalem branch of the IPPO:
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809c80ceeb52b1b5c0b95165adfa0f9a8739c809	Features of Russian painting of the XIX century
0ad5dea7ff5b5f0ee8c6ddd24e0bfa78d00c45af	Russian painting of the first half of the XIX century.
274f8c04e9d302e0ea39a7cb524d475adb1743e3	Rejecting the strict, non derogable principles of classicism, the artists discovered the diversity and uniqueness of the surrounding world.
f1f6256230a5d65f2e212e0b6c30ccc62c13713f	This was not only reflected in the already familiar genres – portrait and landscape but also gave an impetus to the birth of everyday paintings, which became the focus of attention of the masters of the second half of the century.
111234372413c577fd2535f9e0fe33f25f645579	Romanticism - (French: romantisme), an ideological and artistic direction in the European and American spiritual culture of the late 18th 1st gender.
a810c0f662fbe38124e41990a3c42f14f71463af	19th centuries.
eb0c43d917f3202b855663424ab0892272e5c3db	Reflecting the disappointment in the results of the French Revolution of the late 18th century, in the ideology of Enlightenment and social progress.
cefed9ae14976c37cee8baed9f69c3a1357e5a3c	Romanticism contrasted utilitarianism and the leveling of the individual with the aspiration for boundless freedom and the "infinite", the thirst for perfection and renewal, the pathos of personal and civic independence.
833d894a1748c4e8197f0dec84da4869ecac73da	The assertion of the self worth of the spiritually creative life of the individual, the image of strong passions, the image of strong passions, a spiritualized and healing nature, for many romantics, the heroics of protest or struggle are side by side with the motives of "world sorrow"," world evil", the" night " side of the soul, clothed in the forms of irony, grotesque poetics of two worlds.
073f1e08c2cae2c2e124b1f0970071c4e581e4ff	Orest Adamovich Kiprensky [March 13 (24), 1782, Nezhinskaya Manor, near Koporye, now in the Leningrad Region — October 17, 1836, Rome], Russian artist.
50b312db578558fd671a45a4bbf9add6eafd3606	An outstanding master of the Russian fine art of Romanticism, he is known as a wonderful portraitist.
c98cb4a18dee76bb0f0d7da159dbeb78b0550d27	In the painting "Dmitry Donskoy on the Kulikovo Field" (1805, Russian Museum), he demonstrated a confident knowledge of the canons of academic historical painting.
e8ed5c19310ef7fa9a1c6f7a911d978ee5c7e89c	But early on, the area where his talent is revealed most naturally and naturally becomes a portrait.
80e89c027cd56a9fea94522cb7e155a775df727c	His first pictorial portrait ("A. K. Schwalbe", 1804, ibid.), painted in the "Rembrandt" manner, stands out for its expressive and dramatic chiaroscuro system.
3072deec3e7a1d168dde64409d91a6be584423cd	Over the years, his skill manifested in the ability to create, first of all, unique individually characteristic images, choosing special plastic means to shade this characteristic is growing stronger.
d278d9de62a4da5eaea8d3eccf964dafc2ab6398	The portrait of the boy A.
4d691f61e6f7bcacbc826afb031ac88b2f91202d	A. Chelishchev (about 1810-11), paired images of the spouses F. V. and E. P. Rostopchin (1809) and V. S. and D. N. Khvostov (1814, all — Tretyakov Gallery) are full of impressive vitality.
4394c0a000827470155cb75351c675b2e5e0cbf2	The artist is increasingly playing up the possibilities of color and black and white contrasts, landscape background, symbolic details ("E. S. Avdulina", about 1822, ibid.).
1b30fd226b0b3a2d2df4fa9cdad8ba24dfa08527	Even large ceremonial portraits, the artist is able to make lyrically, almost intimately relaxed ("Portrait of the life of the Hussar Colonel Yevgraf Davydov", 1809, Russian Museum).
8033acf12c751a6471f12ba00d583193c2e3d9ef	His portrait of the young, poetic glory of Alexander Pushkin is one of the best in creating a romantic image.
a042ac88baf29ec7d241a7777f1f7bb7b18f9558	Kiprensky's Pushkin looks solemn and romantic, in a halo of poetic glory.
c519d8c7deffb0ffb9c6aef4d7aa27c01e80cb61	"You flatter me, Orestes," Pushkin sighed, looking at the finished canvas.
cea902876df822add41be53a438943a67fc085c9	Kiprensky was also a virtuoso draughtsman, who created (mainly in the technique of Italian pencil and pastel) examples of graphic skill, often surpassing his picturesque portraits with their open, excitingly light emotionality.
bb6641db6f792c169a89b06729e8632a36f1b766	These are household types ("The Blind Musician", 1809, the Russian Museum; "Kalmychka Bayausta", 1813, the Tretyakov Gallery), and the famous series of pencil portraits of participants in the Patriotic War of 1812 (drawings depicting E. I. Chaplitz, A. R. Tomilov, P. A. Olenin, the same drawing with the poet Batyushkov, etc.; 1813-15, the Tretyakov Gallery, etc. collections); the heroic beginning here acquires a sincere shade.
5b2c505d9908960b95d6baa87af157825a153214	A large number of sketches and textual evidence show that the artist throughout his mature period gravitated towards creating a large (in his own words from a letter to A. N. Olenin in 1834), "spectacular, or, in Russian, to say, striking and magical picture", where the results of European history, as well as the purpose of Russia, would be depicted in an allegorical form.
ba1cc34ae49e4549f332f4f0ab8077cdbbfe9689	"Newspaper Readers in Naples "(1831, Tretyakov Gallery) - in appearance just a group portrait — in fact, there is a covertly symbolic response to the revolutionary events in Europe.
d00840ecf86fc131db52bfec59f17902548a7c93	However, the most ambitious of Kiprensky's pictorial allegories remained unfulfilled, or disappeared (like the "Anacreon Tomb", completed in 1821).
fc5bd0412a606a2202e2968f9cec1a824df3c308	These romantic searches, however, received a large scale continuation in the works of K. P. Bryullov and A.
4294963b2bb17cbd49b0f5992db989884ce56118	A. Ivanov.
8fa47eaa13197f6781f59bf58850cc3d3fa5495e	The realistic manner was reflected in the works of V.
b09d6b7355e6a66aba4c928d48cf3c8f8ad09caa	A. Tropinin.
789247d7b181134a3254825c14edf50782d16491	Tropinin's early portraits, painted in a restrained colorful scale (family portraits of the Counts Morkovs of 1813 and 1815, both in the Tretyakov Gallery), still entirely belong to the tradition of the Age of Enlightenment: the model is the unconditional and stable center of the image in them.
ef56d2f5cf03aa4fb6c5614143816974e9b7e611	Later, the color of Tropinin's painting becomes more intense, the volumes are usually molded more clearly and sculpturally, but most importantly, a purely romantic feeling of the mobile element of life grows insinuatingly, only a part of which the hero of the portrait seems to be a fragment ("Bulakhov", 1823; "K. G. Ravich", 1823; self portrait, about 1824; all three — in the same place).
bc32a86924ba935cfae1835c55be4b550077c8d8	Such is A. S. Pushkin in the famous portrait of 1827 (All Russian Museum of A. S. Pushkin, Pushkin): the poet, putting his hand on a stack of paper, as if "listening to the muse", listens to the creative dream surrounding the image with an invisible halo.
238f014e4361434ca9689af1896c023118289a97	He also painted a portrait of Alexander Pushkin.
42b6e92f6d3a6ee22d5fdc78d2024561fc51c3e7	Before the viewer appears a wise man with life experience, not a very happy person.
ba42de4014d6b33ae86d480f6bf95f81b0493c01	In the portrait of Tropinin, the poet is charming at home.
34c530044cd33221ad25f5c58a72786d74e742dd	Some special Old Moscow warmth and comfort emanates from the works of Tropinin.
3a15607809eaea3551733448f3095be0c3addd90	Until the age of 47, he was in serfdom.
2afbff5012fb447d9b33600d428c57e2bdb0906a	That is probably why the faces of ordinary people on his canvases are so fresh, so spiritual.
5973e5a184e176916f508b9edf75083e4853967c	And the youth and charm of his "Lace Maker" are endless.
2f6263ecf9cf8500eaafec828e4a1a90d38a9450	Most often, V.
e6e4a1ed57fb6cee33a823c019b143fe0607c254	A. Tropinin turned to the image of people from the people ("Lace Maker", "Portrait of a Son", etc.).
1758cc64c68ea7ed44dd523acc483ae7b2940c7a	The artistic and ideological search of Russian public thought, the expectation of changes were reflected in the paintings of K. P. Bryullov "The Last Day of Pompeii" and A.
c8336fbd7d3e04c83c544b1ece12ab1dec3af900	A. Ivanov "The Appearance of Christ to the People".
390d43225e82cce9d1bcbf939fdd7f91ec948849	The great work of art is the painting "The Last Day of Pompeii" by Karl Pavlovich Bryullov (1799-1852).
903d93808b93b30f49537573b85d1cd74e3ff948	In 1830, the Russian artist Karl Pavlovich Bryullov visited the excavations of the ancient city of Pompeii.
f0c81240839788a2151c10584e9773300ccbc3b3	He walked along the ancient pavements, admired the frescoes, and in his imagination rose that tragic night of August 79 AD, when the city was covered with red hot ashes and pumice stone of the awakened Vesuvius.
22d5f32851357901dabcac7ff59e7fda685283a6	Three years later, the painting "The Last Day of Pompeii" made a triumphant journey from Italy to Russia.
6492473a19f364f5698084e0f2f48250852a3512	The artist has found amazing colors to depict the tragedy of the ancient city, dying under the lava and ash of the erupting Vesuvius.
4fef045b9483e001d3edbeb83472e08f8fd7e485	The picture is imbued with high humanistic ideals.
10bde3d14d18da4c1dcaf17d9aeeb99de30ccb12	It shows the courage of people, their selflessness shown during a terrible disaster.
c6b0c3165e6cae205ea25ad870a94fa6e9b60eba	Bryullov was in Italy on a business trip to the Academy of Arts.
f82fcdb1d73faebfa662266340ca6c9323fb5766	In this educational institution, the teaching of painting and drawing techniques was well established.
45ce3916ee2cf3c286d0c7c52fa5708b9ce62eaa	However, the Academy clearly focused on the ancient heritage and heroic themes.
3a56b381c248a7165da0b93750f95b9402a546a5	Academic painting was characterized by a decorative landscape, the theatricality of the overall composition.
dbc30e89b3f318b795c5bffedda02dd5b1b36d7c	Scenes from modern life, an ordinary Russian landscape were considered unworthy of the artist's brush.
02deabaefb2d7243a0dabda8999ebf0d0b654e15	Classicism in painting was called academism.
0d9a8e55f78752a85da98faa088520e556e08001	Bryullov was connected with the Academy with all his creativity.
a878bb5d30fc66c74a38f8b6c1731220f3de2efb	He had a powerful imagination, a sharp eye and a faithful hand — and he gave birth to living creations that were consistent with the canons of academism.
2cc67e79ed74669d34ffdaacc772f5972c500d34	Truly, with Pushkin's grace, he was able to capture on canvas both the beauty of the naked human body and the trembling of a sunbeam on a green leaf.
63ad516dc63312ab3174571647b44bc8062a48cb	His canvases "Horsewoman", "Bathsheba", "Italian Morning", "Italian Noon", numerous ceremonial and intimate portraits will forever remain unfading masterpieces of Russian painting.
c36dce68695ada3da173975b581eae0baecc3951	However, the artist has always gravitated towards big historical themes, to depict significant events in human history.
4bc01b0b6cea56830bb2b9b8cc18db7d2eab8052	Many of his plans in this regard were not implemented.
7565e81033c7bcd5a67edc6905e8466e23f89676	Bryullov never left the idea of creating an epic canvas based on a plot from Russian history.
fb6ba580ebfcce5e9b1bbf3bd55b6d4b2b784fba	He begins the picture "The Siege of Pskov by the troops of King Stefan Batory".
eb4e2b15b79d33a8d4869f85daf0b05a13c9e42a	It depicts the culmination of the siege of 1581, when the Pskov warriors and. the citizens of ki are given to attack the Poles who have broken into the city and throw them over the walls.
41ea7588137174d8fbdcaccb949961e83bb9a2b5	But the painting remained unfinished, and the task of creating truly national historical paintings was carried out not by Bryullov, but by the next generation of Russian artists.
007c354312196aad90f517c09c59876152a18d8d	The same age as Pushkin, Bryullov outlived him by 15 years.
aa38d6620828459aec23c1da345ddf2f5b0a4cdf	He has been ill for the last few years.
5cd644ad830090e8b6b8d98463a0601983d96718	From a self portrait painted at that time, a red haired man with delicate features and calm, thoughtful eyes looks at us.
e215bf1adb8b82ad46ec23c1d7506934c91a29a2	In the first half of the XIX century, the artist Alexander Andreevich Ivanov (1806-1858) lived and worked.
a38a2e668df300299ebb1a460d32db6df2009dd5	He devoted his entire creative life to the idea of spiritual awakening of the people, embodying it in the painting "The Appearance of Christ to the People".
e8e88cb89ff2044fb9366f346d99cd795f8ad4e8	In the foreground of his grandiose canvas, the courageous figure of John the Baptist catches the eye, pointing to the approaching Christ to the people.
c489c1bab8c02ab66ebd75d626e1dc71aecfa5ac	His figure is given in the distance.
bb7c4198565b48d2642352b04b0591cd90091152	He has not come yet, he is coming, he will definitely come, says the artist.
bf788066b74a1a11f94a9342722ea7fd2806442f	And the faces and souls of those who are waiting for the Savior brighten and purify.
7f7f4ad3f600d031960805c9f15be37671f1470d	However, Venetsianov's paintings "Threshing Floor", " At the harvest.
57525b2ec3167dace3f9380d630f28a9f7d4e672	Summer", " On arable land.
571bcf761d7a59b0b61dbd5609373ffe67ef7014	Spring", "Peasant woman with cornflowers", "Zaharka", "Morning of the landowner" reflecting the beauty and nobility of ordinary Russian people, served to affirm the dignity of a person regardless of his social status.
437e94d6717fe79c9f622024a05ad97d9a05439b	His canvases are realistic, filled with satirical content that exposes the tradesman's morality, the way of life and morals of the upper class of society ("The Matchmaking of the Major", "The Fresh Cavalier", etc.).
6119ded772bd5c1a3cde79adf886f0edb61915f1	In 1848, his painting "The Fresh Cavalier"was presented at the academic exhibition.
093a4436f59e4e2d4bf5ec94d5587af21e38b09d	It was an audacious mockery not only of the stupid, self satisfied bureaucracy, but also of academic traditions.
1fd9e78ab68397db018bec8421f90ba314f680c7	The dirty robe that the main character of the picture was wearing looked very much like an antique toga.
8de7310198a1002dc9c37a454bfdcb653df01496	Bryullov stood in front of the canvas for a long time, and then said to the author half jokingly, half seriously: "Congratulations, you beat me."
3e54855a9dd3c68bf6ae2405cb9c7db284aa625c	Other Fedotov's paintings ("The Breakfast of an aristocrat", "The Matchmaking of a Major") also have a comedic satirical character.
a26bfdf0086fd52ac67e0ed897f1d218e61fe00d	Contemporaries rightly compared P.
851df242ab3e47f2bcce070944988835e2aea0d7	A. Fedotov in painting with N. V. Gogol in literature.
0f9ab1fb02db29c68109d38be6b282b12ca590f6	Exposing the plagues of serfdom Russia is the main theme of Pavel Andreevich Fedotov's work.
1c8855c8ff76267b0ac01907834cbc27e0163eda	Russian painting of the second half of the XIX century.
3b00a90adafff829de6abe7a246832edb7abeb0f	The conscious turn of the new Russian painting towards democratic realism, nationality, modernity was marked in the late 50s, along with the revolutionary situation in the country, with the social maturation of the diverse intelligentsia, with the revolutionary enlightenment of Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov, Saltykov Shchedrin, with the people loving poetry of Nekrasov.
7966829091e64c15d8e5db443c5d1efe4e71fdcc	In the” Essays of the Gogol period " (in 1856), Chernyshevsky wrote: “If painting is now generally in a rather pitiful situation, the main reason for this must be considered the alienation of this art from modern aspirations."
a04d64950a426886d494915f5c6f293f1933f453	The same idea was given in many articles of the magazine "Sovremennik".
1c5857aec92fa4146a080d88a3ba7c8c3a171aa7	The central theme of art was the people, not only the oppressed and suffering, but also the people the creator of history, the people are a fighter, the creator of all the best that is in life.
71b8d634e694ba31c4bfe8f4ab4fe9ab4eeb16dd	The establishment of realism in art took place in a stubborn struggle with the official board, whose representative was the leadership of the Academy of Arts.
facbf00d2a5f54c2067703b92aefadf1e60df7e9	The leaders of the academy inspired their students with the idea that art is higher than life, put forward only biblical and mythological themes for the creativity of artists.
b6e7c8f8651528199703fa46d80a2ae7e43c4b68	But painting was already beginning to join modern aspirations first of all in Moscow.
3f07af2bab831fc900263415641bf426dc6a1908	The Moscow School did not enjoy even a tenth of the privileges of the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, but it depended less on its ingrained dogmas, the atmosphere was more lively in it.
f48072cf2405f8d3f9b4fd4564a4e28aef3ba376	Although the teachers at the School are mostly academicians, but the academicians are secondary and hesitant they did not suppress their authority as much as at the Academy F. Bruni, a pillar of the old school, who at one time competed with Bryullov's painting “The Copper Serpent”.
3d2b199621687c4de1cc82cf96065137fd3310d1	In 1862, the Council of the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts decided to equalize the rights of all genres, abolishing the primacy of historical painting.
5ecf96db5ef7fec4c4c08c52ac190c915c1ffc37	The gold medal was now awarded regardless of the theme of the picture, taking into account only its merits.
77a96c9e3e27216219a9bb6a2212689e8d006446	However ,the "liberties" within the walls of the academy did not last long.
703c08c6958eea66ed61ef431e0f894045bc9aef	In 1863, young artists participating in the academic competition submitted a petition "for permission to freely choose subjects for those who wish it, in addition to the given topic".
7e06ecbf05568babdc16fcf1e705f7089e31749e	The Academy Council refused.
b4441b07f0f53d1a1aef7768760c872ddaf18f15	What happened next is called in the history of Russian art the "revolt of the fourteen".
b46aa6093b0b12b382fd1729ac5dab6225069c90	Fourteen students of the history class did not want to paint pictures on the proposed theme from Norse mythology - "The Feast in Valgaal" and defiantly submitted a petition to leave the academy.
e127fdac78816c2a7bb7c05401be4b907335b7cc	Finding themselves without workshops and without money, the rebels united in a kind of commune like the communes described by Chernyshevsky in the novel “What to do?",- An artel of artists, which was headed by the painter Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoy.
0d7df500378f596158ef12995fd6b893567af0bb	Art workers took orders for the execution of various works of art, lived in the same house, gathered in a common room for conversations, discussing paintings, reading books.
60d7f73e0f8a1102da753d9046e0a4bdd73ccafb	Seven years later, the artel broke up.
3beee2c242c7c54f33bfb1490072dcd15c37edaf	By this time, in the 70s, on the initiative of the artist Grigory Grigoryevich Myasoedov, an association appeared - the "Association of Artistic Mobile Inserts", a professional and commercial association of artists who stood on close ideological positions.
052f4345577cb23d2067cdce9c941874ad9a9f32	The Association of Peredvizhniki, unlike many later associations, did without any declarations and manifestos.
e7ad2c38e244a3061d121175825f2af7ccd9ad28	Its charter only stated that the members of the Partnership should conduct their own material affairs, not depending on anyone in this regard, and also arrange exhibitions themselves and take them to different cities ("move” around Russia) to acquaint the country with Russian art. Both of these points were of significant importance, asserting the independence of art from the authorities and the will of artists to communicate widely with people not only from the capital.
01ad8fae2b9c8661a4ff9a9a08e095c4df1fdc9d	The main role in the creation of the Partnership and the development of its charter belonged to Myasoedov, past Kramsky, Ge - from St. Petersburg, and from Muscovites - Perov, Pryanishnikov, Savrasov.
b9ea57815916d8305959f06f9af5114b1c99053a	The "Peredvizhniki" were united in their rejection of "academism" by its mythology, decorative landscapes and pompous theatricality.
f2dbffb6605b71c6cbe5bb6ab51d1fdc1af25b48	They wanted to portray a living life.
ade351fa92df65338fa9c9dccc6191dcb580a2a6	They showed his need, suffering, and oppressed situation.
bd7000e4e58608608597ca68c5b9a2ae8e7840e8	At that time — in the 60— 70s of the XIX century the ideological side of art was valued higher than the aesthetic.
fb2256e6e359f29b31a50c84f413ef450693db1b	Only over time, the artists remembered the intrinsic value of painting.
cba058f49f1dd74ad55726b42e59cb3c533ff9a8	Perhaps the greatest tribute to idealism was paid by Vasily Grigoryevich Perov (1834-1882).
fcb4e9d850e00267aa16ad80e5c3adb25142fa84	It is enough to recall his paintings such as "The Arrival of the police officer at the investigation", "Tea Party in Mytishchi".
4cf335175b6d70323cd3e6524b1499abaa8a4222	Some of Perov's works are imbued with genuine tragedy ("Troika", "Old Parents at the grave of their son").
524758b41575785e4f47aaa54238e53831ad0395	A number of portraits of his famous contemporaries (Ostrovsky, Turgenev, Dostoevsky) belong to the brush of Perov.
17da42a3402aec164bbb37f7889c1f4c64aa41cc	Some of the paintings of the "wanderers", painted from nature or under the impression of real scenes, enriched our ideas about peasant life.
5d33c1168843b5ae458adfc183e36a1cddbbc138	S. A. Korovin's painting "On the World" shows a skirmish at a rural gathering between a rich man and a poor man.
63d2d53c0de3fc2ababf87fde15845e0100098d7	V. M. Maksimov captured the rage, tears, and grief of the family division.
9b90e368d49756431142022c2f1ed42b8abf0ec6	The solemn conviviality of peasant labor is reflected in the painting by G. G. Myasoedov "Mowers".
6b40bc257f3a2607c3cd9558d6f212db2147d564	In the works of Kramskoy, the main place was occupied by portrait painting.
7278f974d760f875c2be39feeee308efe736e7c2	He wrote Goncharov, Saltykov Shchedrin, Nekrasov.
6266ed6de14a42a5e73a1453df1beb1bd1b84b55	He owns one of the best portraits of Leo Tolstoy.
3d28c4c112938f450c091af0c95dd308078b3782	The writer's gaze does not leave the viewer, from whatever point he looks at the canvas.
8c2e44e44e79c759668b868579fc94a185d1d20d	One of the most powerful works of Kramskoy is the painting "Christ in the Desert".
bab6892474b89fe521e80cadf8895b1ae04918bf	The first exhibition of "Peredvizhniki", which opened in 1871, convincingly demonstrated the existence of a new direction that developed during the 60s.
ec7d3eec53b26424d822b07ac3756329f3358bd5	There were only 46 exhibits (unlike the bulky exhibitions of the Academy), but they were carefully selected, and although the exhibition was not deliberately programmatic, the overall unwritten program loomed quite clearly.
2758a2344480de1a1fc49bdbac36be45984a48b0	All genres were presented - historical, everyday, landscape portrait and the audience could judge what new "Peredvizhniki" brought to them.
0f214faeb10f9fc8254af24cfdfcf6efa1942a9f	Only sculpture was unlucky (there was one, and then a little remarkable sculpture by F. Kamensky), but this kind of art was "unlucky" for a long time, actually the entire second half of the century.
ba2633008c7630d02a06a2bd7554b80505336698	By the beginning of the 90s, among the young artists of the Moscow school there were, however, those who continued the civil peredvizhnik tradition with dignity and seriously: S. Ivanov with his cycle of paintings about immigrants, S. Korovin the author of the painting "On the World", where the dramatic (really dramatic!)are interestingly and thoughtfully revealed collisions of the pre reform village.
5f0cdf76e438201ec19926a278d149ab30135d6a	But they did not set the tone: the entrance to the forefront of the "World of Art" was nearing, it was equally far from Peredvizhnichestvo and from the Academy.
92aa1e8ec5168bfca95123e26ae8599b82a6f568	How it looked at that time the Academy?
2cf89db3d01555b5aceda918f92d5f97441207a0	Her artistic nye still rigorous installation weathered, she no longer insisted on the strict requirements of Neoclassicism, the notorious hierarchy of genres, domestic genre was quite tolerable, just rather he was "beautiful" and not "peasant" (for example, "beautiful" non academic works are scenes from ancient life then popular S. Bakalovich).
41fabd92daa5a740631df848016133b80c851620	For the most part, non - academic products, as it was in other countries, were bourgeois salon products, their "beauty" was a vulgar prettiness.
113a587ee14edb1fda66f6172380378806367e73	But it cannot be said that it did not put forward talents: G. Semiradsky, mentioned above, was very talented, V. Smirnov, who died early (who managed to create an impressive large painting "The Death of Nero"); it is impossible to deny certain artistic merits of the paintings of A. Svedomsky and V. Kotarbinsky.
d9f9e9d0c83159927727f49e616339dd3958b34f	Repin spoke approvingly about these artists, considering them carriers of the "Hellenic spirit" in his later years, they impressed Vrubel, as well as Aivazovsky - also an "academic" artist.
118c1c33f547b94ad0ea76e64a8a512e972bae2d	On the other hand, none other than Semiradsky, during the reorganization of the Academy, strongly spoke in favor of the everyday genre, pointing to Perov, Repin and V. Mayakovsky as a positive example.
8dbbc6f9b3b55adff48b38ecec2fb3c5f931b773	So there were enough points of convergence between the "Peredvizhniki" and the Academy, and this was understood by the then vice president of the Academy, I. I. Tolstoy, on whose initiative the leading "Peredvizhniki"were called to teach.
201a9856df69ac3ce566b66052cbc23eb0c942d8	But the main thing that does not allow us to completely discount the role of the Academy of Arts, primarily as an educational institution, in the second half of the century is the simple fact that many outstanding artists came out of its walls.
b62487daf30033e7346d9740e7c43be6b8d463e4	These are Repin, Surikov, Polenov, Vasnetsov, and later Serov and Vrubel.
8b2daa1bf8c467816c35ec4720115f8425f3202f	Moreover, they did not repeat the "revolt of the fourteen" and, apparently, benefited from their apprenticeship.
03700f1c332dbd7d78ba77d2996d3af566ce4d81	Respect for the drawing, for the constructed constructive form, is rooted in Russian art. Russian Russian culture's general orientation towards realism was the reason for the popularity of the Chistyakovsky method - one way or another, Russian painters before Serov, Nesterov and Vrubel, inclusive, honored the "unshakable eternal laws of form" and were wary of "disembodying" or subordinating the colorful amorphous element, no matter how much they loved color.
fa6da5d2cf446f7020c4116b9177100fea5a06e6	Among the Peredvizhniki invited to the Academy were two landscape painters - Shishkin and Kuindzhi.
ecd7acc8c2c7b4754b9b3ceb641a19c0d44cf0f3	It was at that time that the hegemony of landscape began in art both as an independent genre, where Levitan reigned, and as an equal element of everyday, historical, and partly portrait painting.
4591e708b1be3a18af5b7b2ed981fa299833a947	Contrary to the forecasts of Stasov, who believes that the role of the landscape will decrease, it has increased in the 90s as never before.
f56264b39b5f3ff57402a0c343619cd04f9ea413	The lyrical "mood landscape" prevailed, leading its lineage from Savrasov and Polenov.
9686cf01edc3efa23d423cc0e33666d586026051	The "Peredvizhniki" made genuine discoveries in landscape painting.
87e85e842c6a6b1224641a0025afcfdb5f270dc0	Alexey Kondratievich Savrasov (1830-1897) managed to show the beauty and subtle lyricism of a simple Russian landscape.
827708aa1ddcfdbbcab1672259814e5ca23f36ab	His painting "Rooks have Arrived" (1871) forced many contemporaries to take a new look at their native nature.
ead30af6fa24e8dd7ab64168516efa4945c724e3	Fyodor Alexandrovich Vasiliev (1850-1873) lived a short life.
fc4bd214469686c34f0cbb57ced0237d81a9cdaf	His work, which broke off at the very beginning, enriched Russian painting with a number of dynamic, exciting landscapes.
619096f0952cf52f72a0e1cb0e51ccfd77f51c27	The artist was particularly successful in transitional states in nature: from sun to rain, from calm to storm.
279770011cd055ff8901a205341c94e80005d512	Russian Russian forest singer, the epic breadth of Russian nature was Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin (1832-1898).
527722f3074cf94c409afb05b053d21a403a906d	Arkhip Ivanovich Kuindzhi (1841-1910) was attracted by the picturesque play of light and air.
af28818ecf639d5214dafcfcdfa17c95c791cfc6	The mysterious light of the moon in rare clouds, the red reflections of dawn on the white walls of Ukrainian huts, the slanting morning rays that broke through I am through the fog and playing in puddles on a muddy road — these and many other picturesque discoveries are captured on his canvases.
1b6347cc25a182f5d29937cee77793999126cbf1	Russian landscape painting of the XIX century reached its peak in the work of Savrasov's student Isaac Ilyich Levitan (1860-1900).
6d1e933fda62283e9f7d911bdda84e795b1f0116	Levitan is a master of calm, quiet landscapes, a very timid, shy and vulnerable person, he knew how to relax only alone with nature, imbued with the mood of the beloved landscape.
78b57138f8d1daf7ca48842ba5f9e02dcf339f44	One day he came to the Volga to paint the sun, air and river expanses.
f2bc81f91f9449cba53753af6036a89e7b606f60	But there was no sun, endless clouds were crawling across the sky,and the dreary rains stopped.
63c7a0769049baf38dc1595474c7a1b11a9d7f91	The artist was nervous until he got involved in this weather and discovered the special charm of the lilac colors of the Russian bad weather.
33ccf86410d1d8b87c40d7d1c2726223ad960ed9	Since then, the Upper Volga and the small town of Ples have firmly entered his work.
b20b35c17d72ac194edb431e29da532de40e1ce3	In those parts, he created his "rainy" works: "After the rain", "A Gloomy Day", "Over eternal rest".
92d2cf4f2264fa3dcb76bd089d046de999068c4e	Peaceful evening landscapes were also painted there: "Evening on the Volga", " Evening.
15ff1a25baf2acca59b1e4aeba61d8bcd8d3895d	Golden Ples", "Evening bell", "Quiet abode".
a380f04e2fc9cc32441075cf692902e123bbc901	In the last years of his life, Levitan drew attention to the work of French Impressionist artists (E. Manet, K. Monet, K. Pizarro).
275c617ecf9ee98b1fc51e48e018f2ca6cc207b4	He realized that he had a lot in common with them, that their creative searches were going in the same direction.
a034581f0db45328a6d2234ed44d64a65f4924fb	Like them, he preferred to work not in the studio, but in the open air (in the open air, as artists say).
d06474dfce96057b781de8988afdec0d8c008c2d	Like them, he lightened the palette, banishing dark, earthy colors.
e76368ec14b3a5544963a2fc1941db2a3d40add5	Like them, he sought to capture the transience of being, to convey the movements of light and air.
f4de84655f24045a69bfd4e94c5e9b6299fd540a	In this they went further than him, but they almost dissolved three dimensional forms (houses, trees) in the light air flows.
88c7e3c4bf3ef3e7e51f801e5d09c065227cf208	He avoided it.
fdf2d841fb15ed632572dd05b9af99cadd4b8ca6	"Levitan's paintings require slow viewing," wrote K. G. Paustovsky, a great connoisseur of his work, " They do not stun the eye.
f85128350f5d63bab78833d5620b8feac27bc60c	They are modest and accurate, like Chekhov's stories, but the longer you look at them, the more charming the silence of provincial townships, familiar rivers and country roads becomes."
868e9695fa72a9ea5747d428b99b158997106415	The second half of the XIX century saw the creative flourishing of I. E. Repin, V. I. Surikov and V.
2b4352372207463a42a737081a928b250dfa60c1	A. Serov.
83582dce4a78003d3ac0e25b75f1c5f3104935e1	Ilya Yefimovich Repin (1844-1930) was born in the city of Chuguev, in the family of a military settler.
efe951741049aaff0e9474751722638822dce45c	He managed to enter the Academy of Arts, where his teacher was P. P. Chistyakov, who brought up a whole galaxy of famous artists (V. I. Surikov, V. M. Vasnetsov, M. A. Vrubel, V. A. Serov).
71e9671021bd0c2c1aacac557b4a2aea2056d116	Repin also learned a lot from Kramskoy.
55e40ac92e417b6f10344a7e5c91778c56c29c05	In 1870, the young artist made a trip along the Volga.
88f8fd28c1f34ba1b9587e44582b9a5b3ed1a631	He used numerous sketches brought from the trip for the painting "Boatmen on the Volga" (1872).
0653036f9e8c4b3d79af6a6915c2d5897c4d327b	She made a strong impression on the public.
0c9546bfaecaa647da9088c0ddf365fc0db435da	The author immediately moved into the ranks of the most famous masters.
9fe5ad0d1d4c3652bb33f2ec45f49a29d5952b63	Repin was a very versatile artist.
3304c2d63edfbcd66616b5d102bc97a897881524	Perhaps, the "Procession in the Kursk province" makes no less impression than "Boatmen".
f74155dfe2d81ca1f6b0fb21d6aa628de332497d	The bright blue sky, the clouds of expensive dust pierced by the sun, the golden glow of crosses and vestments, the police, the common people and the cripples — everything fit into this canvas: the greatness, strength, infirmity and pain of Russia.
b00a5e9250f85774f8baf55484dc7789ea8a1c3d	Many of Repin's paintings touched on revolutionary themes ("Refusal to confess", "They did not wait", "Arrest of a propagandist").
94abc2f0d351ea6b895ddd802f921485004edd6f	The revolutionaries in his paintings keep themselves simple and natural, avoiding theatrical poses and gestures.
a198ac59bde6afbccdefccc88d88e27112f76fe0	In the painting "Refusal to Confess", the condemned man seemed to have deliberately hidden his hands in his sleeves.
c8d45b6c26ee3f650fb272d1730f29e37c7b6aae	The artist clearly sympathized with the heroes of his paintings.
d6e29cf6c913d0f5159b0b993634ec909b2a9236	A number of Repin's paintings are written on historical themes
5f80a9af5ce994768ab2693ab529438174a534ba	("Ivan the Terrible and his son Ivan", "Cossacks composing a letter to the Turkish Sultan", etc.).
86b08ccfa7cadd38e1dd0f30c410291df101057a	Repin created a whole gallery of portraits.
d364e997e8ff2540623d6e1bd144c2b83584d114	He painted portraits of scientists (Pirogov and Sechenov), writers Tolstoy, Turgenev and Garshin, composers Glinka and Mussorgsky, artists Kramsky and Surikov.
d94a1faa3bfde616af0627640e3df7b986aa30db	At the beginning of the XX century, he received an order for the painting "The Solemn Meeting of the State Council".
e743627a8598de5016f21a25924dd6a3cbf95c3e	The artist managed not only to place such a large number of people present on the canvas compositionally, but also to give a psychological characteristic to many of them.
0f2f67b832fe6d87747b89c9663d53c7f3cfc8f4	Among them were such famous figures as S. Y. Witte, K. P. Pobedonostsev, P. P. Semenov Tyan Shansky.
7a6cf880b23da59aaeee9e18908d44f297784bf0	Hardly noticeable in the picture, but very subtly painted Nicholas II.
61801c11d46806741d48eff61bdb5c3c13e8261b	Vasily Ivanovich Surikov (1848-1916) was born in Krasnoyarsk, in a Cossack family.
311103cb817188c58e55de08db706d3d99b5280e	The heyday of his work falls on the 80s, when he created three of his most famous historical paintings: "The morning of the Streltsy execution", "Menshikov in Berezovo" and "The Boyar Morozova".
576942a9c29365a1e785f3cc38c8173d7c8447f3	It is enough to recall the dazzlingly fresh, sparkling snow in the painting "Boyar Morozova".
f0ef705f529d0928d5e7b30448cc3d0254ae773c	If you approach the canvas closer, the snow seems to "crumble" into blue, blue, pink strokes.
159f9efe98d1fba6674e0b6a7f6c5dd0322c127d	This picturesque technique, when two or three different strokes merge at a distance and give the desired color, was widely used by the French Impressionists.
32f092f1fcc726c8cbd7ba8f050f5c411363dba0	Valentin Alexandrovich Serov (1865-1911), the son of a composer, painted landscapes, canvases on historical themes, worked as a theater artist.
e4509edabda83ba7cb7206dce76426b8f3b378f3	In 1887, 22 year old Serov was on vacation in Abramtsevo, the dacha of the philanthropist S. I. Mamontov near Moscow.
2ad72a3d6bead1adf036ee3c2908588f0963c289	Among his many children, the young artist was his own person, a participant in their noisy games.
5947b9e35c1b24bbf6c65666a730d29a9595a3c2	One day after lunch, two people accidentally stayed in the dining room Serov and 12 year old Verusha Mamontova.
d599b6bfb8c64267117674bc43fbc270a4a1dca1	They were sitting at a table with peaches left on it, and during the conversation Verusha did not notice how the artist began to sketch her portrait.
9c0119958792cd3ffa2c05c37b9822ff5e1a7d92	The work lasted for a month, and Verusha was angry that Anton (that was Serov's home name) made her sit in the dining room for hours.
6bb81abcb601a599568380b029d8491a9b51f667	In early September, "The Girl with Peaches" was finished.
536ff28cae74ce2dde484087abbf8b8b356c3fff	Despite its small size, the picture, painted in pink and gold tones, seemed very "spacious".
b4e0c5468e27ac66ae7a16ffe4c388adc41c993a	There was a lot of light and air in it.
00c2b3f081acd3cdb70e4fed2c05acb8c13d6ef8	The girl, who sat down at the table as if for a minute and fixed her eyes on the viewer, charmed with clarity and spirituality.
ace9d5cc76220d9a4951bff2f06433bc38bd40d8	And the whole canvas was covered with a purely childish perception of everyday life, when happiness is not aware of itself, and a whole life is ahead.
0eb2955093e3429fc73d66cd45066e4b070f334d	The inhabitants of the "Abramtsevsky" house, of course, understood that a miracle had happened before their eyes.
5970def755a7a4f300e6ac543821dd04db501ae4	But only time gives final estimates.
a2508067a7a6b09934238ed3d27476847a88fec4	It also put "The Girl with Peaches" among the best portrait works in Russian and world painting.
028fb8e088436e34eb1b382e851673dfa4f2de3a	The next year, Serov managed to almost repeat his magic.
06214e7ac7f80f3a10c931d9d6aa7e7b38e5a481	He painted a portrait of his sister Maria Simonovich ("A girl illuminated by the sun").
0db0ace5225a41436397cb96f2b61cfbd1af6c57	The name is fixed a little inaccurate: the girl is sitting in the shade, and the rays of the morning sun illuminate the clearing in the background.
9c39cb2bb6be8c376701da004123852761e3d483	But in the picture everything is so merged, so one — morning, sun, summer, youth and beauty - that it is difficult to come up with a better name.
6db8bdd4dd0bb43ee32cd505e2f8b6b3c3b770c9	Serov became a fashionable portrait painter.
c87ef5da12406e9190cc40eddd54c8a97c611bcc	Famous writers, artists, artists, entrepreneurs, aristocrats, even tsars posed in front of him.
1fbc69a30ef3992f79a3067f12ee214ab83a2f43	Apparently, not everyone he wrote to had his heart in his heart.
028be6647e50af45a4cb2eab58fd3c61e5e6e482	Some high society portraits, with a filigree technique of execution, turned out to be cold.
f4075b1ab355c8b37dcf425c30240d1568e912f5	For several years, Serov taught at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture.
e7c07726a77bd8173213f84276ee6b49d9ba78e0	He was a demanding teacher.
9260e83478e8f19b6945b05e7b71eec580083751	An opponent of the frozen forms of painting, Serov at the same time believed that creative searches should be based on a firm mastery of the technique of drawing and pictorial writing.
e0f8276f8f68fe09cf0f5d91236faf5f772e434b	Many outstanding masters considered themselves Serov's students.
3865525cb8240589a0f05957bf467133d6a0b828	These are M. S. Saryan, K. F. Yuon, P. V. Kuznetsov, K. S. Petrov Vodkin.
fa5925b64ae8392c2898a4ca1d91874dbdbbd00b	Many paintings by Repin, Surikov, Levitan, Serov, and the Peredvizhniki were included in the Tretyakov collection.
5e81725a0bc966072f97f0518654c6c85b22f3cf	Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov (1832-1898), a representative of an old Moscow merchant family, was an unusual person.
25c312031b85445f8165263c659bc9eb853da465	Thin and tall, with a full beard and a quiet voice, he looked more like a saint than a merchant.
3b641f4175090e2479b17bbc1436e9814dd63bef	He began collecting paintings by Russian artists in 1856.
b949280113ec6b874759d6adf33fadf9f159ac03	His passion turned into the main business of life.
fd5f00bb52dcc511a1e585415dbefcb00b0c5a9e	In the early 90s, the collection reached the level of a museum, absorbing almost the entire fortune of the collector.
357ef3a71de766c86fc188020865470e3a9a8fea	Later it became the property of Moscow.
55d67172ff2009811624c75029f1bb22a74af3ad	The Tretyakov Gallery has become a world famous museum of Russian painting, graphics and sculpture.
56e4b58d4acd2ecec7a61622ee6d9dd623854088	In 1898 in St. Petersburg, in the Mikhailovsky Palace (the creation of K. Rossi) the Russian Museum was opened.
fe3edbe704d5491024e1172b1b94cff6dfa11340	It received works by Russian artists from the Hermitage, the Academy of Arts and some imperial palaces.
684eafa780c3cf0e5c7b48711d08c78f63d0f246	The opening of these two museums seemed to crown the achievements of Russian painting of the XIX century.
e44ccc2685d6ccd582cb93f1a0800e90201fe8c6	Source Russian Civilization
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55bc7d1c145ae82dd6db8dc5c7b517c275c5842f	Artists of Italy
22c453aa7eb101ae6fee4cfc8f21260af9b56e30	Russian painting Russian artists ' creativity, art, paintings by Russian artists
a17c7729fc0a32025ece64cb22b7a8af8b1c4090	A B C G D E F Z I K L M N O P R S T U F X C H W E Y I
c64433f906a56032628d345c1a762fcdcb3b7466	Aivazovsky Ivan Bryullov Karl Bogaevsky Konstantin Vasnetsov Viktor Vereshchagin Vasily Isachev Alexander Kustodiev Boris Repin Ilya Roerich Nikolai Serov Valentin Fedotov Pavel
fee757fa3d979c52ea120b2b1adb79b7b62a4a73	In the second half of the XVIII century, the classicism style was formed in Russian art, which is characterized by the rigor of drawing, following certain rules in composition, the conventionality of color, the use of subjects from the Bible, ancient history and mythology.
a8e775905227664264f99ea391efa05e4a814b4c	The peculiarity of Russian classicism was that its masters turned not only to antiquity, but also to their native history, that they sought simplicity, naturalness and humanity.
2b54be0fdce6d59b761a41eff786f64e8f2b7f68	Russian artists, paintings and biographies →
5fc896c4848b2da2f20aecc58b750c8fc64cb814	Classicism as a trend in Russian artistic culture was completely established at the end of the XVIII early XIX centuries.
6ebe262a0d6dfdbcb4bc2f5d5b5830e2e84f49a2	This period in the Russian history of painting is usually called high classicism.
ad5b87520019f94f29d6cc02ef861920c307b677	Typical for painters of this time was a romantic statement beauty unique, individual, unusual, however, the highest achievement of this era of fine art in Russia can be considered a historical painting (Akimov, G. Ugryumov, N. Alekseev, D. Antonelli, F. Bronnikov, F. Bruni) and cityscape (F. Alekseev), and portrait (I. Argunov, A. Antropov, F. Rokotov, Levitsky D., O. Kiprensky, V. Borovikovsky, N. Argunov).
7f49ca468f611fff15c9b6d8ec8463382c6ee26b	O. A. Kiprensky (1782-1836) discovered not only a new quality of a person, but also new possibilities of painting.
9408486fc1603ee5159d203a0779d48db2efc28a	Each of his portraits has its own special pictorial structure.
5c67617ca10c045da5300452ce47cdfd36771795	Some are built on a sharp contrast of light and shadow.
4f363f112afa294f7c569a21755bedb9c084889d	In others, the main pictorial means is a subtle gradation of colors that are close to each other.
be4d85f40fad087735d88a2810f7f05724e6a88a	The canvases of K. P. Bryullov (1799-1852) are characterized by the fusion of academic classicism with romanticism, the novelty of the plots, the theatrical effectiveness of plastic and lighting, the complexity of the composition, the brilliant virtuosity of the brush.
1367f8ced1d0dd15dada14ef51c136df6ceaed2f	The painting "The Last Day of Pompeii" (1830-1833) was widely known.
cbee32bde9c944dad198a25fd9af8c7bfc14f100	The sublime beauty of a person and the inevitability of his death are reflected in the picture in a tragic contradiction.
aefe3161dc70547e8c0fc747f7be24345ccddf0a	The romantic character is also inherent in most of Bryullov's portraits.
95a9590287b6c81c14c38fc2e8a2b7ad637520f1	His brother A. P. Bryullov was an excellent watercolorist.
d4f9d0b84b2100487a6eb14c371945ff3d1ba15f	The greatest master of historical painting was A.
608b27a7972e9616f36d3d33db21a5857f6f6cc6	A. Ivanov (1806-1858). Ivanov gave his painting the character of sacrificial service to the idea and managed to overcome many patterns inherent in academic technique.
cf1ffa89c05d1405f30b7065a4a71323234e37f1	Russian artists, representatives of salon academic art P. V. Basin, A. I. Belsky and other painters.
8fa60e455d834ac74bb319dc32b78c3ff6afe27e	The conscious turn of the new Russian painting towards democratic realism was marked in the late 50s, together with the revolutionary enlightenment of Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov, Saltykov Shchedrin.
d7343823a9e2194cc0c0a13f3d7c2e9b7e2c9100	At that time - in the 60 - 70s of the XIX century the ideological side of art was valued higher than the aesthetic.
c0c55cc0eb15e76b1adce7cc813e5d7592e83246	But it cannot be said that the Academy of Arts does not nominate talents.
5e35ea306315e2656d9a8859be560f7c68e9a0e9	The best traditions of academism were developed in the grandiose historical canvases of G. Semiradsky, the works of the early deceased V. Smirnov ("The Death of Nero"), the magnificent canvases of the marine painter, representative of Romanticism Ivan Aivazovsky.
39f83a95d2bbb3a6a38dfaebae19ef8ab6ad6e05	Actually, many outstanding artists came out of the walls of the Academy.
d423b184a2f6a7d97a1ec06aedbb0265cbc9d78e	The Peredvizhniki made genuine discoveries in landscape painting.
c78d1788555739c18803641f35a3c169bc8fec10	A. K. Savrasov (1830-1897) was able to show the beauty and subtle lyricism of a simple Russian landscape.
649c4981eb92f279ac7825373a9ec905bb9395f3	Russian Russian forest singer, the epic breadth of Russian nature was I. I. Shishkin (1832-1898).
442aa2b0b766454111c922cb0bc2de378d8c95f2	A. I. Kuindzhi (1841-1910) was attracted by the picturesque play of light and air.
cf54d836068f12e9bf83d91441518a5608ccec16	The mysterious light of the moon in rare clouds, the red reflections of dawn on the white walls of Ukrainian huts, the slanting morning rays that broke through the fog and played in puddles on the muddy road - these and many other picturesque discoveries are captured on his canvases.
6aaea541a131159c418a2667d6c068d19e454bae	R. A. Bergholz painted subtle lyrical landscapes of the Russian North and central Russia.
3180adced2acaf4fa6bd0bd43d3a2b006a09ee3f	Bogolyubov A. P. painted beautiful sea and historical landscapes.
bee9045bceed7a9614640022f8d1ca384e759f05	Russian landscape painting of the XIX century reached its peak in the work of Savrasov's student I. I. Levitan (1860-1900).
40bcee85990c811ebc3da359a5964ee42e9b88df	Levitan is a master of calm, quiet landscapes, a shy and vulnerable person, he knew how to relax only alone with nature, imbued with the mood of the beloved landscape.
60016754c7765ab7c850c90f4a3a8e9d2df9ab41	The small town of Ples on the upper Volga has firmly entered Levitan's work.
c6acd57dc5734fa913652c2b02c4cf919ed3b51f	In these parts, he created his canvases: "After the rain", "Gloomy day", "Over eternal rest".
63e968c17aa2319566d000e8e402649fd7b5c8dc	There were also painted peaceful evening landscapes: "Evening on the Volga", " Evening.
5da7a9cade67d0a162a884115f6ca0e530cd4364	The second half of the XIX century accounts for the creative flourishing of I. E. Repin, V. I. Surikov and V.
882d0667fb6060c5971f55c1241b11ceb67b136c	The bright blue sky, the clouds of road dust pierced by the sun, the golden glow of crosses and vestments, the police, the common people and the cripples - everything fit into this canvas: the greatness, strength, weakness, and pain of Russia.
6beb19b4ae02f4e704b24e598ece6208a091684f	V. I. Surikov (1848-1916) was born in Krasnoyarsk, in a Cossack family.
7867fbd613bc3110bf5b49b63bb2d4719b1cf00e	In 1887, the 22 year old Serov was resting in Abramtsevo, the dacha of the philanthropist S. I. Mamontov near Moscow.
1fa0460a0eab6af4bb596d78e8d41befcc9aa012	One day after lunch, two people accidentally stayed in the dining room Serov and 12 year old Vera Mamontova.
195940adf02304571e543cd73986f7ae65b8a892	They were sitting at a table with peaches left on it, and during the conversation the girl did not notice how the artist began to sketch her portrait.
a8c5bd6ad2c8afeb124c93d4096e452572dca015	The work lasted for a month.
dd8d04951f2954c9004a03940804a7671ec500c8	The appeal to national themes led to an unprecedented flourishing of historical and battle painting.
b4b00ac19778ba769d27f45a950596fc4f091015	True masterpieces in these genres were created by V. Surikov, I. Repin, N. Ge, V. Vasnetsov, V. Vereshchagin, F. Rubo.
3be8d315b5a8721964d39fa1e9ee03a5d7b9a581	During these years, the first national art galleries were opened; works by Russian artists began to appear regularly at international exhibitions and in foreign art salons.
89b421e2ee9f3ad9fe2222484d16067bcaefc67d	Many paintings by Repin, Surikov, Levitan, Serov and other Peredvizhniki were included in the Tretyakov collection.
c603395245272cc74ca44af802ca05e4a1fcfbc8	P. M. Tretyakov (1832-1898), a representative of an old Moscow merchant family, was an unusual person.
bdbf73607b34a008628cc5274c24f631318baac4	The hobby has grown into the main business of life.
5a8ac21bfe22cb8e89efdd8fd49f84fd1863746e	In the early 1890s, the collection reached the level of a museum, absorbing almost the entire fortune of the collector.
2edd44ce0737b261d7a0bdda7e55fe27ebc61f40	In 1898 in St. Petersburg, in the Mikhailovsky Palace (the creation of Carlo Rossi) the Russian Museum was opened.
fb0eff2440ead9576f26a0e3511206dbb074cdbb	At the end of the 1890s, the leading masters of critical realism - I. E. Repin, V. I. Surikov, V. M. Vasnetsov, V. E. Makovsky still worked fruitfully, but at that time another trend appeared in art. Many artists now sought to find first of all its poetic sides in life, so even in genre paintings they included a landscape.
29e4d68741c9eeda256c48b345e0e5bbcd25467a	They often turned to the Old Russian history.
c7cfd9e4db2182354bb2be9eda2d6c9d50e6ca25	These trends in art are clearly traced in the works of such artists as A. P. Ryabushkin, B. M. Kustodiev, M. V. Nesterov, and partly A. E. Arkhipov.
f517ef8239c1a6e0501ef689572fe51c7a63a438	A major artist of this time B. M. Kustodiev (1878-1927) depicts fairs with colorful spoons and piles of colorful goods, Russian Maslenitsa with riding on troikas, scenes from merchant life.
91030cb499493f87a25f2164d64b8df8cb3c1f5c	In the early work of M. V. Nesterov, the lyrical aspects of his talent were most fully revealed.
7a2f88fff02468faf0c02b016b61e2698b6e2f87	Landscape has always played an important role in his paintings: the artist sought to find something pleasant in the silence of the eternally beautiful nature.
2124eef92c472ba4287986b402bc08bf7f24f87a	He liked to depict thin stemmed birch trees, fragile stems of grasses and meadow flowers.
8717f12ddb9a241c17dc70388f3fbfb5ca1a717a	His heroes are thin youths, inhabitants of monasteries, or kind old men who find peace and quiet in nature.
faaa452f7fc5e5e1009420500e359184f81f45a8	The paintings dedicated to the fate of a Russian woman ("On the Mountains", 1896, "Great Tonsure", 1897-1898) are covered with deep sympathy.
8a33984c93291572b8755dee1a869b21970f7b28	Symbolism, neo classicism, art Nouveau has a significant impact on M.
ee62e15dd8c68126713cd990dc8eadd91eaf8560	A. Vrubel, the artists of "World of art"
af33af40d979c97df3e212e77f0f1a34befb2712	(A. Benois, Konstantin Somov, L. S. Bakst, I. Y. Bilibin, M. V. Dobuzhinsky, E. E. Lansere, A. P. Ostroumova Lebedeva.) and "Blue rose" (S. Sudeikin, N. Krymov, V. Borisov Musatov).
805dcf388e49b86145ccca54e898e4ad4147b2a1	The activities of these groups were very diverse, the artists published their own magazine "World of Art", organized interesting art exhibitions with the participation of many outstanding masters.
f495c09a99832fbb4a4874465b2e8c681735795f	In the 1910s, the Russian avant garde was born as a desire to rebuild the foundations of art, up to the denial of art itself.
98eaab32681a3e07b80f191d1561ff9289767c9c	A number of artists and creative associations are creating new schools and trends that have had a decisive impact on the development of world fine art Suprematism (K. Malevich), "improvisational" style and abstractionism (V. Kandinsky), luchism (Larionov) , etc.
4fabff460e16934c51d806f191a3c6b832b998ab	All trends of avant garde art are characterized by the substitution of spiritual content by pragmatism, emotionality - by sober calculation, artistic imagery - by simple harmonization, aesthetics of forms, composition - by construction, big ideas - by utilitarianism.
123352de0590e4dd2a6e702d3d8587ebd61171a2	The new art conquers with unrestrained freedom, captivates and captures, but at the same time testifies to the degradation, destruction of the integrity of content and form.
af7325d282230487083231b28cc636e4eb365bde	The atmosphere of irony, games, carnivality, masquerade inherent in some trends of avant garde art does not so much mask as reveal a deep inner discord in the artist's soul.
784fa738aa0e23920d7862e5c2c63b78a7a8856b	The concept of "avant garde" conventionally combines the most diverse trends of art of the twentieth century (constructivism, cubism, orphism, op art, pop art, purism, surrealism, Fauvism).
7b1b7c77249362ffc57e6ce34b6e0c56825ea5ec	The main representatives of this trend in Russia are V. Malevich, V. Kandinsky, M. Larionov, Yu.
0da4da97030b12b606ee169be7b5d7da41d61a56	Annenkov, M. Matyushin, V. Tatlin, P. Kuznetsov, G. Yakulov, A. Exter, B. Ender, partly O. Braz, D. Burlyuk and others.
7bbd685b569a516f103a62626eeb52f08626f970	In the 1910s, there was also a revival of interest in icon painting.
5363337c73e3813edbe3d30749d07aef370b22de	The artistic principles of icon painting were creatively applied as separate Russians (V. Vasnetsov, M. Nesterov, K. S. Petrov Vodkin) and foreign (A. Matisse) artists, as well as entire trends and schools of the avant garde.
ba8ac25b6893ec9b79b63f163bca5618e83a6715	Despite the strong influence of ideology, real world class works of art were created.
b3ccc1c8e4198921f18f9fe46dc60d3c9db43994	The works of landscape painters S. V. Gerasimov, V. N. Baksheev, A.
7f6815ec1967700ffe4db8cf2c31e9680ed4d01c	A. Plastov, the works of P. D. Korin, A. N. Ostroumoy Lebedeva, I. Glazunov, K. Vasiliev, A. Shilov, A. Isachev are convincing proof of this.
acb8618e6209d2895924da05b9eb90fb67270042	Since the 1960s, the revival of the Russian avant garde has been coming.
075f841f398daa6d072ed60bec6e1bd2aa4db7b7	Russian postmodernism of the 90s of the twentieth century is an example of the creativity of the group "SVOI"
9e21bb0d70be62a0895db15c95f0ff9ea3c1adf0	(Hyper Pupper Kuznetsov V., Veshev P., Dudnik D., Kotlin M., Max Maksyutin, Menus A., Nosova S., Podobed A., Tkachev M.).
6a10ad07255030ca321f1234811a9258f79d444e	Reference and biographical data of the "Small Bay Planet Painting Gallery" are prepared on the basis of the materials of the " History of Foreign Art "(ed.by M. T. Kuzmina, N. L. Maltseva)," The Art Encyclopedia of Foreign Classical Art","The Great Russian Encyclopedia".
8df460a61f0e4e0f376c5c15d098c6d97dc435c1	History of foreign art
db8b913fe94b60fb38a53345916ffb25864a719e	Painting | Sculpture | Photography | History | Mythology | Astrology | Library | Sitemap | About the project
5eb9096abfc18b51774adfe9293a4b657b5671cc	When using the materials, the mention of the Virtual Art and Historical Museum project is welcome!
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26860ba306a6b2b21f42a2a76c48d96685bd43f1	Galleries :: Informative notes :: Art A brief history of painting
c92584a5564235eeafc97f382c3cd9ea0a8610b7	Home > Galleries > Informative Notes > A Brief History of Painting
9c48349ca2b1d135489fbe417965959a381a5cf1	A brief history of painting
d70e1fff48800ed799e0b31d01f573b737a974b9	Most likely, this happened even before he fully realized himself as a human.
fdf69b5f95bb5e37d28cbbf7c141163802963d12	And since all the time while humanity was developing, it was accompanied by painting, then to describe the entire history of painting in one short article is a task whose complexity borders on the impossible.
c3d5c7e9ebbb8bd9378ed3f4857d2f6179a991d0	Therefore, this article in no way claims to be a universal coverage of the world history of painting.
71aee9f9460aa12730ad8bb0a0a1e88dee417bde	Our modest goal will be achieved if the following will kindle a sincere interest in the reader, which he will be able to satisfy with the help of a variety of available literature.
d69cc39cfa02efed00f045fca9cf3c031d09b572	Painting
3db73d67db381c6069cfc88ff1cc42e75d9105d6	However, before we understand the vicissitudes of history, let's find out what painting is.
24d662266b03f953d19c27caf45ed6e79265b1ed	The BSE gives this definition:
a5823ea9caca9ee3db6bc61bb070f2315b9bb25c	Painting is a type of fine art, artistic works that are created with the help of paints applied to any hard surface.
cb01a24da1e967581b22f82d506cca919932c16e	Ushakov's explanatory dictionary of the Russian language is brief:
78e6431428caf60b16be7e2aca690d3558443059	Painting is the art of depicting objects with paints.
65435c336379c17dd6e579e2aba7742943c70b51	The small encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron, on the contrary, is verbose:
2ccbbf1401d546690c857646fef2a9355dca0213	Painting is the art of depicting objects on the surface with paints, in order to make an impression on the viewer similar to what he would get from real objects of nature, also by the totality and nature of the objects depicted to evoke a certain mood in the viewer or express an artistic idea.
4e4d7338da831b86ed4bdc79b17a82a808260fdc	Well, if you donot go into details (and donot tell art historians about it), then painting is everything depicted with paints on something solid, and representing at least some artistic value.
9c40c626872ecd881a2ff7b1a573b392ce0b4935	The last reservation says that the obscenity painted on the fence with paint, alas, cannot be considered painting.
6518d6f04cf0b18aacae4e1cf654c34600ac334b	Petroglyphs
59a9ed09077c4ba7334f11884253419873cdd511	As we said at the beginning, painting appeared at the moment when the first humanity first depicted something on a solid surface.
1d7b76f87c7b017765bbbc4b1c213ab2d153af25	Since at the beginning of their development people lived in caves and rocks, the first paintings were made there, with the help of improvised means.
d2ae24ee4f17775a1f42293c9752c72fb190e6f3	Such images are called rock paintings, or petroglyphs.
d28a96967c809e172d0288f55963a0492db6cd50	The technique of primitive artists may seem primitive, but on the other hand, we should not forget that those who painted them could well have been the ancestors of homo sapiens, and therefore rock art is also an example of human evolution.
5d33cc55e04804efcc7aa24db3b057379207e635	Mineral dyes were used as paints – mainly multicolored ochre and manganese oxides.
2c1b624dcac815601fed1ab7452173fc6689e8c6	Petroglyphs are reflected by a variety of subjects, ranging from hunting, and ending with ritual and memorial motifs.
d0722e78ee99725185ca1ba16962e96f32a8f5f2	The most common images are of animals.
6772629f5597c3bf3e2b414c12dd0735d0298bd8	1. Rock art Spain, Altamira Cave
9bc4bb67ec3eaea3cd5780cdb4459d1fd81deae1	Painting of Ancient Egypt
b7fa80b66b9f1875bd518a2033ff4bb923f5a42a	However, time passed, and human society developed.
f2aec7c8b6b3497604897a070c9e84047b3312c9	The next stage of development after the primitive was the ancient Egyptian civilization, which made an invaluable contribution to the world history of painting.
f5a7e76a9e3aed3b0760ad40d970886054617b0c	A striking feature of the painting of Ancient Egypt was the devotion to the traditions of the ancestors and the observance of certain artistic principles.
7d2a9a56b39d799a32dbf420776f8be60acdca27	The history of painting in ancient Egypt was largely influenced by religion.
a239bef7132825b43d9f57f8a3b1eb78840bb88f	Moreover, it is difficult to separate the art of that time from religion in general, and most of the preserved monuments of Egyptian painting had a religious purpose.
221787a3920d32793feae229facad15edeca3d7d	Therefore, their authors had to follow certain established canons that originated from a number of conventions of primitive art.
5ffd6619eb71303eb07a0d61c8dc66decb990e4a	Examples of this are images of objects and animals that are invisible to either the viewer or the artist, but which can definitely be present in a given scene (for example, fish and crocodiles under water); an image of an object using a schematic enumeration of its parts (the foliage of trees in the form of a set of conventionally arranged leaves or the plumage of birds in the form of individual feathers); a combination in the same scene of images of objects made from different angles (for example, a bird was depicted in profile, and the tail from above; a human figure has a head in profile, an eye in the face, shoulders and arms in the face, and legs in the face profile).
f86ed8755ce1f6e656fffdd93e06b5d39fad5c66	Of course, the existence of such a strict system of canons required the creation of what would be called an "artist's guide"in a few thousand years.
55ce162edb4d78c44afe5d6b89e5e377f202ff2d	And such written evidence was found.
e9cf3dccee4610d0308addfa33e962ef9a8d523a	However, later the observance of the canons played a conservative, inhibiting role, hindering the development of realistic trends.
46b1846872c259ff3f6bdc10a87819354d679ca2	2. A fragment of the painting of the tomb of Tutankhamun.
5a34c622a8c067d9c9fd0140115e81b7ecfa9e4b	Egypt, ca 1450 BC
233c7c1ef3f37ba4257118a710f3b26c10f71356	Painting of Ancient Greece
6a28cfea5a7a22e5c21983bb89a3c7d050e57876	As time passed, the Egyptian civilization declined.
efbaafbb7d71dedf9616dccc533675d562f64097	As everyone remembers perfectly well, it was replaced by ancient Greek, and this could not but affect the history of world painting.
7c3c43b6e7a7660f42604368e676f34bb3e80e53	The specificity of ancient Greek art partly consists in the fact that the Greeks preferred to use ceramic products for painting.
b6925704c514f0a5ead5abc175e9a7a73a0dc3b9	Therefore, ancient Greek painting is often also called vase painting.
ffee6c648236d82a36330e8e17d6f9a3d4a8ba31	The ancient Greeks made great progress in the direction of realistic painting.
0882d5d3ece82bb6595529102674e85e4711b93f	The art of chiaroscuro discovered by them made it possible to fill the works of painting with unprecedented volume and sensuality, and had a great influence on the history of the development of painting.
467534cb033701f77d092e488f2d75308a52dc75	The first to use the new technique was Apollodorus of Athens, for which he was given the nickname Shadow Painter.
a32a7af93d9cba75ab35312d89502bdbb189f0b5	He was followed by other famous painters who used this technique: Zevkeis, Parrasius and Timanthus.
7b9a942ee667100e93541950809da148f9f554a6	Their work is filled with emotionality in comparison with ordinary graphics, however, despite this, monumental painting has not become as widespread as vase painting.
c583d0b2b733f22f93b429588d6658a457177048	The technique of vase painting was quite simple: clay products were covered with ornaments and various subjects.
6a6f5b5d2bd32fef77d8516f5a5f1d35f549977f	Initially, only the black figured style was used, which consisted of black images on a red background (baked clay).
3af8633c765e11c7c748fec6513b3e160ddb4406	Later, a red figured (black lacquer) style appeared, in which the background between the paintings was applied with black varnish, and the figures themselves remained the color of the clay on which it was all depicted.
5731e1410beb9696f4d86932bc29967d5e3331bb	All the drawings were of a planar, graphic nature.
4518661357425694e15a466e162db5615b00ab67	Drawings on vases expand our understanding of Greek art, interiors, everyday life, people's costumes, about the peculiarities of seeing the world.
d34d5d192643e634285a7d2a6d44fdd3d87f226f	3. Black figure Attic amphora Painting Of Ancient Rome.
af1ac14c1064983b0e8955343a790821f9516676	Speaking about the world history of painting, it is impossible not to tell about the art of Ancient Rome.
dfa2182af8f6796d9eda24e68906ebd73093e3bd	The aggressive nature of Roman politics led to the fact that the artistic traditions of many peoples were intertwined in ancient Roman art.
6d2c2d9444593ac4c988701163bcb527a7875860	In addition, unlike the Greeks, the pragmatic Romans were more prosaic about art.
ca1e82fbbddc6cfb4d8061fb06183b17edd8dcd3	The peculiarity of the art of Rome is its closest connection with life.
f587100e5365c3ece55d4a8d6e5dd1f1647a8e0f	With the emphasis on the interior and the appearance of state rooms in Roman houses and villas, a system of highly artistic paintings is developing on the basis of the Greek tradition.
4181d52ac24519ffed05efec61612fe7ac4aaada	Pompeian murals introduce the main features of ancient frescoes.
02aea836ce85953071213dcc2a945c4c8db911df	The Romans also used painting to decorate facades, using them as signs of commercial premises or craft workshops.
2d08cd7e3682b43f01eefa043f110be9f8dc1298	In the history of painting, Pompeian paintings are usually divided into 4 groups, conventionally called styles.
6134e716f426a1cefc84d16635eaa9939522095e	The first style, inlaid, common in the 2nd century BC. e.
a0f190c74756faf13d4f48ee8be2c927039bde8f	Imitates wall cladding with squares of multicolored marble or jasper.
9695c505f16f62c54831e522d03a97893c5c03a6	Since the 80s of the 1st century BC, the second style was used – architecturally promising.
9caf1da02170d72e3e4ab8fd8edd9882c2f0b724	The walls remained smooth and were dissected by picturesquely illusory columns, pilasters, cornices, and porticos.
575d14f4e7b4e2bb43b039ba08d3d855ad67529c	The interior acquired a grandeur due to the fact that a large multi figure composition was often placed between the columns, realistically reproducing stories on mythological themes from the works of famous Greek artists.
357dfc8e984fee4eac1a710ca8e64670daece6d1	The attraction to nature inherent in the Romans prompted them to illusorily reproduce landscapes on the scenes with the help of linear and aerial perspectives, and thereby, as it were, expand the interior space of the room.
88e6050cdff1d73d830e80aa8a1a2179466bcd0f	The third style, oriteziruyushchy, is characteristic of the era of the Empire.
e071e4b28a54be406f9992fe56523abcb75019ab	In contrast to the splendor of the second style, the third style is distinguished by rigor, elegance and a sense of proportion.
edee15800692ca00514e3eb8462412d6d6628f00	Balanced compositions, linear ornament, on a bright background, emphasize the flatness of the wall.
91885b6a1cc5bec177ebcf40ff8470e54d76b9f4	Sometimes the central field of the wall is highlighted, where the paintings of some famous ancient master are reproduced.
33cb271df4070268b15efbba83c6a118bde27ad6	The fourth decorative style spread in the middle of the 1st century AD.It continues the tradition of the second style with the splendor and decorativeness of the spatial and architectural solution.
553991d966b2e43ceb58b84519c4700f2aad3bb7	At the same time, the richness of ornamental motifs resembles paintings of the third style.
59f75790ee0e9d9b3978641a80112d46eb5c4f96	4. Ancient Roman fresco.
aa4e743a474442167c0217acc89985b30ddde36e	The history of Russian Painting
81023a9cdb686284b54282ffba1ee897c4a457b4	Speaking about the history of the development of painting, it is impossible not to mention Russian painting.
798327ebff61e5f05fc79e637ffeda81562d155b	Researchers believe that the roots of Russian painting lie in the tradition of the East Slavic people, who were well known in Europe in the VI century.
53eb3296906e99efa05fa65d77f361abe6b85df1	And it was called anty.
0b9fa2da57988bfdd2c8e3346be2e9ccf1ba1d2b	Like all other European states, by the second half of the XI century, Russia had experienced a period of national fragmentation, and it was then that Russian art acquired its unique, characteristic features.
fcf7c97ed6e71071997f3903e5c0343ea79c35f7	The art of Kievan Rus was at a fairly high level, but it is difficult to call it original, since, having been baptized in the X century, Prince Vladimir at the same time borrowed the artistic traditions of Byzantium, which were intricately intertwined with pagan artistic principles.
5c95106c909a78c32eb9981720ca97db0426bc23	Of course, the Eastern Slavs had a highly developed culture, and therefore the Byzantine traditions were quickly modified in accordance with the native Russians.
537f7bb8306ef4b6fc7175ad591640d4beb1c779	Russian Russian art itself developed from the Byzantine Russian art of Kievan Rus.
8e3c45b53ef24774d0e74847502ba9958a907f8d	Then it developed as the art of separate principalities that separated from Galicia, Volyn, Rostov the Suzdal and Novgorod lands.
7c90a771d5a02dd76543ab7c15a78a94f7921d93	By the XII century, Russian art can be considered completely established.
a63757d1363387cb996e7a601f292f8b4b328b1b	Alas, the development of Russian painting was greatly slowed down due to the heavy Tatar yoke, which lasted for more than three hundred years.
e6b35b690b52b04021f7af3901866491ecea5cfb	A new rise in the history of Russian painting began in the XV century, when most of the lands were united around Moscow.
de3b84aae4d4f26f0de9bb807fecf7007c4ac418	This century is often called the golden age of ancient Russian art. At this time, works were created that became classic examples of the Moscow school.
0f0a3a12278177f8cfa66d377f0ebeb03217b666	The development of Russian culture took place along the path common to the countries of Europe.
2d26bcb5060ce4534ce84b0087257d9b8725a4fe	Both in the West and in the East, painting was primarily ecclesiastical, so first of all it is icon painting and monumental painting – frescoes.
0d07983568bf58de7349f676a4fda11fc0764c11	Russian icon painting inherited the techniques of Byzantine masters.
20286f3cbf6660fc77199583fc66679a649afe20	At the same time, Russia had its own traditions.
4da37db75402585705d6824fd359aba4a976e698	Russian icons were not a simple imitation, but they had their own style, and such masters as Andrey Rublev raised the level of icon painting to new heights.
fa494ad26695dfe600ac614cf56da69034a8a835	5. Vasnetsov's painting "Heroes".
6ff959b35a0278f33dfba581d27adaf4ae353af1	Of course, the history of art is not limited to what we have told.
cf4a66763bc52c063d72e4cf4716694566bde03b	Time passed, and history changed.
9d24ddb90c7f4ec96e84c590de417a89da406ad3	http://www.vlasta tula.ru/articles/show 15.htm
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f1e3b57b8ad9291bf73c6387246953cd0f5175ba	Why do Russians smile so rarely
dec32fa6578b247634863824c246b152eb090837	Author: volk27 Date: 27.06.2010 07:58:08
dda33828ab3bd5a16edc6b3a32cf83842046ddf7	Our smaller brothers
5e6804e75b803d2bbfbda6e8e6f16a61e96577f5	Author: volk27 Date: 27.06.2010 08: 11: 52
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b7db573047c39800dcf6c58480129da137f46bdd	Poster History
8128afde0d6fcb3ff9740a98e287a5c152ed56f4	Author: driver Date: 28.06.2010 00: 21: 29
e30f32b3eaebbfac2215699f5dae6c9806a94148	Death Valley
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55700e88ac8cd9259c45664f41d69b0852cdf65e	John Lennon (born John Winston Lennon, later changed to John Winston Ono Lennon; English John Winston Ono Lennon[4], October 9, 1940, Liverpool, United Kingdom-December 8, 1980, New York, USA) was a British rock musician, singer, poet, composer, artist, writer.
cc37c7dfa9426a742745b3bf96f38aae91369b10	In addition to his musical activities, Lennon was also known as a political activist.
276caa2dd55d41338c0454108ccb245e836d8c57	Lennon preached the ideas of equality and brotherhood of people, peace, freedom.
9e63e622d047af70fca8aedeacd5bc3f5f1d7530	This made him a hippie idol and one of the most significant public figures of the 1960s—1970s.
3a9c1bb7554f24fcc927cb64dac00555f197b165	John Winston Lennon was born on October 9, 1940 at 6: 30 am, during a German air raid on Liverpool.
cce3a804af2cf84791ba861c86b683296777aa2c	John became their first and last child-soon after his birth, Julia and Alfred separated.
21eae25b368f497ba40d1ec25247159a770d8917	When John was 4 years old, he moved to live with his mother's sister Mimi Smith, who had no children of her own.
5366005838c7849a77b820adc105869713d506a7	The boy rarely saw his own mother, their relationship was more friendly than maternal and filial.
eaf2353167b8246f660cbfbb1b92c35b1d5fb017	John had a fairly high IQ, but he studied very poorly at school, as he could not stand the routine of daily classes.
d9d02ef27fe90996d65173e6ada69304dd7a12ad	But the boy began to realize his creative potential in childhood.
0bd0d68964fe135ceb923cf9dc523b130000f981	John sang in the choir, published his own magazine, and drew with talent.
ef079077e624362346d857d9f174dc87f5efa129	In 1952, John was transferred to another school, but even there he did not show success in teaching, was distinguished by bad behavior and drew caricatures of teachers.
c6d0fba395620d11b6da754fb5bdfbbda25c6990	The only subjects in which John showed interest and in which he demonstrated remarkable abilities were drawing, English and literature, although even here his inclinations did not coincide with the curriculum.
02594c1195d961a55cc8ede73a01c8544ac7a3f0	He still composed short poems, drew cartoons and simply made sketches, sometimes of indecent content.
6c5a6dad7aac12a3865ecf70b266d233b0f5fc27	He wasn't interested in music at all then.
cfbcf6078ea4c696494f20c0f7b8143e7fa618d0	Until the beginning of 1956, Lennon only watched as new music absorbed peers one by one, as rock and roll became not just a musical style, but a style of clothing, behavior, and life.
1bcb96e4292e0b90a5dcf04c78e6509df1a477cf	Bill Haley's song "Rock Around The Clock", which led the British hit parade in January 1956, had not yet convinced him, but in February a new Elvis Presley song "Heartbreak Hotel" was broadcast on the radio, and John was absolutely conquered.
6ebfa57667c90bfc713bad7a6e329cbe73f757c0	The new hobby did not pass by Lennon, and in 1956 he and his school friends founded the group The Quarrymen, named after the school where they all studied.
4f9ae9f3e13a48b52843bd34c5b26d2784117b29	At first, they rarely performed - at festivals in youth clubs, at skiffle group competitions.
0c9c5ee2405527488a8777fca382dfcbd6312215	On July 6, 1957, the band played at a celebration in the garden of the Church of St.Peter.
3d829c28a772862f95a53011db543c28550a2856	Ivan Vaughan invited a school friend to the concert with him, who played the guitar excellently and could interest John.
5889333435d839218ba861d090ea1f1505b5993b	The friend's name was Paul McCartney.
ac0ba4aa58e4cb7c5f70965e481ce37ca19357af	John liked the Floor, but he tried not to show it.
6a0c346810b3dc7d31dd46cce2e22c3d410488ac	Only when McCartney sang Eddie Cochran's brand-new smash hit "Twenty Flight Rock" John could not resist and asked to copy the words.
ecc0df9c0c6bdfcfe6fb2eacfa334f938a7cee95	A week later, Lennon, through Pete, invited Paul to join the band.
31602ba21f5e9976764e5b7cedd1739fa8f418ed	John visited the school from time to time, and it is not surprising that he failed all the exams.
df08ef691c98f4b26e524f0b213d834c45194da4	In the end, the director took pity on him and gave him a recommendation for admission to the Liverpool Art College.
92b4e1a171c1afb8d168eaddd3c0b2bfeca349e3	On July 15, 1958, Julia Lennon was hit by a car.
a1ce2a95c4773d0540b43f46cca21740dddd1684	As John later recalled, he experienced the biggest shock of his life at that moment.
3098ca97b1e5309129c8ff1b86c8116d03e370d1	And it's hard to say how all this would have ended if it hadn't been for Paul, not rock and roll and not new friends from college.
ce1c263ddc19d121d42c834af2ac34fd54255ba4	Since the beginning of the 60s, the guys have been completely focused on music.
34703efb98fccb295e163b2b76e0443a7165abc3	They not only made their own cover versions of famous hits, but also began to write their own songs.
be53b8baddace1f0febef30208f2f82acfcb6f42	A year after the Quarrymen turned into the Beatles, the band went on their first trip abroad.
97b605770f86c50918cbccd89c5a5e0935d19cb6	In 1960, The Beatles went abroad for the first time — to Hamburg, Germany, where they performed in the clubs of the Reeperbahn, the center of the city's nightlife.
d8ed6fd4bc917bc78ade9f8efa27aa09bc0ef374	The Beatles visited Germany several times between 1960 and 1963.
d025e31970a9d52e16f34e5d941cde318a6cc52e	Over the years, they have managed to achieve local popularity in Liverpool and Hamburg.
eb28ea6e6e05924d7af0f5a43e2055dfb553849b	At the end of 1961, Brian Epstein became the manager of The Beatles.
a923fc90db0985122ef09ca45582bdf3e04b098e	He completely changed their image — the band changed from leather jackets to neat suits with famous jackets without lapels, the musicians stopped smoking and swearing on stage.
9755e0d65aa62e1acb2c0aa871a504ce69423778	Lennon later admitted that the change of image did not really appeal to him.
5382298cf7e768dad34d01b8d76849d14b2bb1a2	This cardinal turn in the appearance of the "Beatles" contributed to the rapid growth of the band's popularity.
dab18fda0aff4ee8ac0abdf85d7d177b53f7c34a	At art college, John met Cynthia Powell.
09f598a25109b22b4d5cd60cd103986b58d40602	They dated, then went to live with Cynthia.
922de29c653d86ed39c51a0c30114d747c65be9b	Cynthia was quite sure that sooner or later John would leave her, and when she told him in the summer of 1962 that she was pregnant, she was genuinely surprised by his proposal to get married.
76bec9065222c89269429eabf1495723cb197594	The wedding took place on August 23.
b602487c86d77b7148a292b783c716d8e9073172	In 1963, Lennon "showed his teeth" for the first time, speaking to the royal family.
5407a49c368fc111b01b3e34d9db17770c85636e	Announcing the next number, he exclaimed with mischief: - We ask those who are sitting in cheap seats to applaud.
54e6f75ce7eb44d160e383868ba69a08666f476a	The rest can limit themselves to jingling their jewelry![12]
5cfc4deac4fc3e23424a92eca3564994a98a03a9	"Those who are in cheap seats" met this call with stormy applause.
71bd282b5f8d583054dba0daa5125ffc218176d6	The "others" - the crowned and uncrowned Windsors-were shocked.
d17b9f756a8a784646639512761a73a10302c5a4	The scandalous fame only contributed to the growth of the band's popularity, and Lennon from that time took on the role of leader — he announced the numbers at concerts and was always the first to go on stage, although in fact it could not be said that one or another member of the Beatles was more important to the group than the others.
e35744baf138c51ed9ce99bbe94c6be3569decd4	If in the spring of 1963 they were well known only in Liverpool, then in October of the same year the whole country knew about them, and in 1964 the Liverpool group came to world fame.
9d9a714ea10ea5d0c3aadd5ae2bd9986b371be2c	In one of the scandalous interviews, John Lennon, who took on the role of the unofficial leader of the band, said: "Now we are more popular than Jesus; I do not know which will disappear sooner — rock and roll or Christianity."
44342a3412852436578d8df2378d0db61ab86936	In Britain, no one attached any importance to this phrase, and in the United States, after the publication of this interview in the Datebook magazine with the headline "The Beatles are more popular than Christ", a storm broke out.
3370de75d75bb223b22c121e82ce23eaba3adcb0	Southerners, who have long been distinguished by their religiosity, publicly burned the band's records, their songs disappeared from radio station rotations, and the band members were threatened with violence.
a51c9bdb0b8c022253364001047539373f39ab82	Lennon had to apologize for his words, as the band was preparing for a tour of the States and could not take any chances.
cb7129dfdee96fb8406a955f34c1c2bff8954f90	Despite the apologies, the tour turned out to be a failure – the concert halls were almost empty, and in Memphis an unknown person called The Beatles ' hotel room and promised that John would be killed during the performance.
e6ed9bca3cc3ee1f7a50b6d7b5c739a0e9729a60	This concert was the last in the history of the band, the Beatles never performed on stage again.
88e75e36f04c4d20adba913794c944c55f0a1fdd	In the same 1968, Cynthia Lennon leaves her husband, finding him in bed with his mistress, the avant-garde artist Yoko Ono.
cabb92e4c3a8200b402203b0503012c80a9498d6	Shortly after his divorce from his first wife, Lennon is married to Yoko Ono, which was the reason for the divorce from Cynthia.
a7e59fc2f944c24e21e28039e639912db72c9c4c	The couple spent their honeymoon in continental Europe-Paris, Amsterdam and Vienna, after which they visited Montreal.
279c20defe72a88f08a6fcd7d0855ec282b6d8dc	Lennon's song about this marriage, "The Ballad of John and Yoko", was released in 1969.
4ab94b08f803910eebda5e902b6eca22668a8f8a	It was recorded together with McCartney (bass, drums)
501e61186430fa07cdd3fd6bb8f8ffd019175c9a	John Lennon recorded his first independent album in 1968 and called it "Unfinished Music No. 1: Two Virgins".
b8f9d78d534eb064fb0514658ec5654074475290	Yoko Ono also took part in the work on this CD.
3b5c45e87358d0792fa546f16a444ad257914f9e	It was a musical psychedelic experiment that was recorded in one night.
86e27f809b7a3fa486786b2b75ab036dfb020591	There are no songs on this record, it consists of a fragmentary set of sounds, screams and moans.
265f1d8fa0f44d2da3d434863a377dc08502e6f2	The first "song" album was "John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band", released in 1970.
05408dbd5f33b410c9bb0761bc2dc22087df8e0a	And the next record "Imagine", released a year later, almost repeated the success of the last albums of"The Beatles".
713f30173dfb76e42260581411e4fa678a446daa	The title song became the singer's calling card and is still considered one of the anti-political and anti-religious anthems.
00ee09fcc496d86b7819016f9699fbe6e0729dfe	In the list of the "500 greatest songs of all time", which was compiled by Rolling Stone magazine in 2004, this composition took the 3rd place.
98c835e0fb7632bea21949af7620c0fd7c837a2b	Subsequently, John Lennon released 5 more studio albums, several compilations and live recordings.
ae46cccfd3eef613d9932aa7ca58608fa56aaf8d	Apart from the films created by The Beatles, he once starred in a movie: it was the film " How I Won the War "(English:" How I Won the War " (1967)).
7336d9d556d954cae76edbda68be5e9878a7a60c	The film was not a success with either the audience or the critics.
20bc63c4d125f380f4acf1b897620b7eddf7c651	Together with other Beatles, Lennon starred in the musical films "The Evening of a difficult Day", "Help!", "A Magical mysterious Journey" and "Let it be so".
efc14a3fc8a7f0695d327e9c0b795d08fef8e946	In addition, together with Yoko Ono, Lennon made several films as a director.
2fccc898ce93365167f0db71af808394e30a2314	They were mostly political and social films.
22ab4bf9a0e93bcd3c9b236c774ed3dd542bf064	He published 3 books: in 1964, "I Write as it is written" was published, a year later "The Spaniard in the Wheel" appeared, and in 1986, the book "Oral History" was posthumously published.
76a9142d6a621c897d3dbc4be4a2f1dd45702ad5	Each edition presents a collection of short stories in the style of black humor, with a lot of planned mistakes, puns and wordplay, which is reflected in the titles of the works.
d6d41449885805c3007ef4424dbdff9ef5b7b9b0	In addition to his activities in the field of musical art, Lennon became quite a significant political activist in a short time.
dd886aa08f46c932e93cd396e2826c8d3748ec7a	Lennon was close to the ideas based on brotherhood, freedom and world peace, which made John an idol among hippies and put the musician on a par with the most prominent public figures of the 1960s and 1970s.
92a2be7986a80b7b12d38c32e8c0d8a881be8984	Perhaps none of the rock musicians in the press in 1969 did not pay as much attention as John Lennon.
beff28aae1be7072097f6553436ffc28d13dc7db	On December 5, he and Yoko Ono organized an anti-war concert under the slogan "War Is Over (If You Want)" - " The war will end (If you want it)".
2d2c5936a9f9bba96525eaa694a14e0b62a63abe	On December 30, British television dedicated a special program to Lennon, naming him among the three political figures of the decade, that is, putting him side by side with Mao Zedong and John Kennedy.
908ce9316188cb7de6cefbee00fd47c5463aa96c	The year 1970 began no less violently for him.
ea08cf6451c056d4f2cbc77c6749858ebb52bcb9	On January 5, John announced in Denmark that from now on he will spend all the income from songs and records on organizing the struggle for peace.
0935e7dd43e91cd42f45c4a7e01a3faa124f5e1c	After fighting for the right to live in the States for a long time, the Lennons finally got the right to enter the country, after which John never appeared in Britain.
68e79de3f072916b6fabc3b02b26e4ccfcdb63f3	In the summer of the same year, John and Yoko participated in a protest march against the use of British troops in Northern Ireland, held a series of actions in support of the strike of Scottish shipbuilders, and on September 3 flew from London to New York.
d1f2e397ed88cea43e6657dc8bebef134ef1e11a	When he arrived in the United States, he immediately joined the struggle for the civil rights of the Indians, for the easing of the regime in local prisons.
868432e186a3f06338ffa9b7445a71b312d1f384	In music, his last major political action was the double album "Some Time In New York City" (1972).
d01d26a93c9d93c5611788bbab3e6e5885a83bf5	The album was not a success: an excessive dose of" current politics " in the songs turned out to be disastrous, which John himself later admitted in an interview.
b590c63cfecf195618fea6f945666973486cf9de	In early 1973, the US authorities issued Yoko Ono an official residence permit in the country, and Lennon, on the contrary, was ordered to leave the United States within two months.
1d58812d43e22629643f8f4c7df5fe75ac00f5d8	Soon after, the couple separated for more than a year.
e7a494bc971be888ae6325a3831265876a532fcd	Separation from his wife and creative decline again led to a psychological crisis.
0cf44f4bd1b2fc48e53724ee29c96f241de50aa2	Until the summer of 1974, Lennon was practically inactive, and by the beginning of recording a new album in August, he had only one song ready.
33c95e9ef5c7cf25ecea9450b9aa8b67333dfd8d	In October 1974, a new album was released under the name "Walls And Bridges".
ebfbedff931b4f26189086da3cf1a0ff727792eb	On October 9, 1975, Lennon's thirty-fifth birthday, he had a son named Sean.
728133e1f26e386aef6d00243a4adc17efedaef3	After that, Lennon announced that he was ending his musical career and devoted the next 5 years to his son.
c4f03c1540000a8bb6db6743906399d7199319c9	In all these years, he only appeared in public twice — when he was finally given official permission to live in the United States.
8708ff0ea8e91d47835de20f652e5e9a20d4b09b	He was also invited to a private reception of US President Jimmy Carter together with Yoko.
ba3d3525aff722e6a229507469d0be3af06d5a73	The second time was at the Grammy Award ceremony in 1976.
7d17ffb4b63601eb4352daea420caa3932cd94f6	Lennon's next album was released only in 1980.
42921eaf883015389d9c443f0f7d9dd1229a173e	It was called "Double Fantasy" and received good reviews from critics.
24a383d05e2bf9b807901b063183991d5ef850ab	This disc was destined to be the last in the work of John Lennon, whose life was cut short a few weeks after the release of the record.
4f4e310f33d369b64ab1e5197ad6b0da96f0260c	On the day of his death, Lennon gave his last interview to American journalists, and at 22: 50 minutes, when John and Yoko were entering under the arch of their house, after returning from the Hit Factory recording studio, Chapman, who had earlier that day taken an autograph from Lennon for the cover of the new album "Double Fantasy", which was released three weeks earlier, shot him five times in the back, of which four reached the target.
02154ceb938b724315064f9f7a33e1fd1b172790	Lennon was taken to the Roosevelt Hospital in just a few minutes by a police car called by the Dakota's gatekeeper.
c214d00f0041fe63d75dbc82d5c989606aa848e7	But the doctors ' attempts to save Lennon were in vain — due to a large blood loss, he died, the official time of death is 23 hours and 15 minutes.
f14c33bf13ec200b568bf7f29a212ade8aa7d34f	He was cremated in the crematorium of the Fairncliffe Cemetery (Greenburg, Westchester, New York), Lennon's ashes were transferred to Yoko Ono[16].
ae7f5bf11e2df59436517c32ec22bbb2543f15b9	Chapman is serving a life sentence in a New York prison for his crime.
b0503ac2f577512b2e777d84cd8c6aa933501664	He has already applied for early release eight times (the last time was in August 2014)[17], but each time these petitions were rejected.
5aa522f3b69b95bc14176bba4ee0ff2864b6a104	The news of the murder literally shocked the whole world, radio stations in many countries broadcast Lennon's music, thousands of crowds began to gather in places memorable for John, especially in New York, at his home, which did not disperse day or night.
9c4315888a6e9fbec16ea545a83661ba78dee49b	Heartbroken, Yoko cut her hair as a sign of mourning and gave a short note to journalists and Lennon's fans: "John loved and prayed for all people, do the same for him."
83f1876fc4589444c5774c45a8ea032889d722e1	Later, at the request of Yoko, four hundred thousand people gathered in New York's Central Park, honored John's death with a ten-minute silence.
d6b3ab2e524806a1deb3f43e4c68e3685d81b100	In his will, John left half of his fortune to Yoko - and it was estimated at about $ 150 million at the time of his death (in addition, about fifty thousand dollars are received daily in the form of royalties), and the other half was left to create a charitable foundation.
b2b54d0ad5ee068974d63707402d1f162260d7a0	In 2000, Yoko Ono sent a letter to the New York State Department of Release, in which she urged not to release Chapman ahead of schedule [18].
c70d249e6d28dcf5d824bc1e4b48b8243557e6ca	In 1984, John Lennon's posthumous album "Milk and Honey"was released.
cd89886669af3708fe31ae656a78054e5d00f6e6	The songs were recorded in the last months of Lennon's life.
726a5e59d6711786c09fbfc244305ce729044e6a	John Lennon was not just a brilliant personality, he was a man of rare integrity, absolute honesty and enormous tireless energy.
7b2c3e1f4f4aa39e5ce361e5ee99aff249c322a8	He was a direct, witty, easily vulnerable, simple, romantic at heart-for all these qualities, millions of people loved him.
5398a1842654fef20f12103eb34935aad7df4496	Lennon was a twentieth-century philosopher who set an example of humanism, a man who looked to the future.
1247f67f45355fb81c958dcc63800f90139babaa	John Lennon biography, photos find out everything!
6de230d90fb4d7b1507eedf77bf84a6f7fbbb479	Name: John Lennon
07fbd0a3b0c188fd3fa7ed0367fc5a48c5bfed87	Date of birth: October 9, 1940
cdf96e22c9ce24e66487ed55536c95f5d60ae894	Zodiac Sign: Libra
202fc712083dd644acdf1a0f6da0a16efe212033	Eastern Horoscope: Dragon
4b91c2f47f580de9aac69f78acc17ec72db8a3a0	Place of birth: Liverpool, United Kingdom
afe9183a8407f0494e04beaa5866ecca5480292c	Date of death: December 8, 1980 (40 years old)
168c51d2ec7707776b671c119766ea61794d6775	Activity: rock musician, poet, composer
7659a7d7f3ab38231187d30afb2f81016a8b10eb	Do you like John Lennon?
5eec1e816c8c9b9d06c6605810af0abf33a0259f	Photo: John Lennon
cf8f3d3925db45f605c0088fa65e485c4618075c	Biography of John Lennon
16cab60eb8289bf1007b1055bcc82e6b75d4765f	John Lennon's Childhood
2ff37486974164395b049d9378fb20b1e9bdb806	John Lennon was born at the very time when Hitler's air force was raiding Liverpool – at 6: 30 in the morning.
016e4b3beb77210255827d471d30522ea9becef7	John's parents, Julia and Alfred Lennon, separated shortly after the birth of their son.
58be3e52ab5a337762f8f39d93f21119e4ab84d7	John was left to be raised by his mother.
52f3c4a178b21decfb90a78a8e36bbd0f7cee552	After a while, Julia Lennon met another man and started a new family, and gave four year old John to her aunt Mimi Smith, who did not have a child of her own with her husband George.
73d9d524f1f2ec9ff65879361fd2909f95f256a9	Mimi led a very strict upbringing, which was reflected in John's character – he was snide and sarcastic, constantly protesting against his aunt's methods of education.
5985f27edbbab4e019abbc8118dd561852100959	Mimi condemned the boy's passion for the guitar, saying that the guitar will not help to earn money for a living.
b14379d585e3060c1561b14162782f5bf0152a5b	Later, having become rich, the sarcastic Lennon bought a beautiful villa for his aunt and hung a marble plaque with the words of his aunt carved on it in the hall.
a67e80c93fc16dcd2bdffdb9a35fad9eaf37739c	John Lennon as a child
fcc662c6eb7f69e5f4340f656601a9cd63be181c	Having not found a common language with his aunt, John, however, became very friendly with George, his uncle.
f969805fd2ec86d83e59384b62ccf03fcb01baa6	George treated Lennon much more gently, but did not condone him, showing a truly paternal approach to the boy's upbringing.
85cf46e383a715ed603a44dcde0afd47d489881d	However, in 1953, Uncle George dies, after which Lennon noticeably gets closer to Julia, his mother, who by that time had already given birth to two children from her second husband.
2c61deee3763809b4e646967acc96751fbd02e55	Despite his intelligence, John could not tolerate school classes, so he studied worse from year to year.
83b9085bc4e26032abfd4b4044c66214496e6dc9	The only subject in which Lennon had the best marks was music.
efaa1a8ca2d7a1fdb875cf7cbbee2943657366da	In addition, John was engaged in the publication of a handwritten magazine with his own illustrations and sang in the choir, having achieved sufficient success in this field.
00d9f1bf4b7344d62f2d87c809f5ede803da4504	John Lennon in "The Quarrymen"
00064cf87af6395b4e4083295231b7d8b3ff5873	At the new school, John heard rock and roll for the first time.
1d31b9248527b7c989f07f7af545d8f525c34fc9	The first song was Bill Haley's composition "Rock around the Clock".
5fdfde7b920c231877413db147802361493bf386	Then Lonnie Donegan's song "Rock Island Line" became his favorite, which marked the beginning of a skiffle that quickly became popular in Liverpool and England as a whole – a type of performance that did not require special musical knowledge and playing skills.
17d0879566e036bcb69be54ccca64eb4bab50ee7	The usual set of musical instruments of skiffle groups of that time included a guitar, a harmonica and a rhythm section, which was usually used as a washing board.
bd679dddc140df740cd41cb62b86a26493f78b41	John Lennon imagine that...
0a60544746eea8407c3bfcd89ecd3d1dbdf29b52	Skiffle groups in the mid fifties made up the vast majority of youth music groups in England.
14be42626c477efde42c008e1d2b083ef8c2b4d4	In 1956, Lennon also founded his own group.
0084bc0d22f6b6902bcd26213e4414450379ec14	The band was named "The Quarrymen" in honor of the school where all the band members studied.
4c2e07558b5461ab84cad96236b91847ce0cb0bf	Lennon was the guitarist in the Quarrymen.
661b3a6c85fe8f09f20c1feb8e1da9f9c6f8cff4	In addition to John, there were five other musicians in the band – another guitarist, two drummers, one musician with a banjo and Lennon's best friend, who performed the most important and honorable mission – playing on a washboard.
d371c464ad97c77c42fec28c1a37a026526fb5ef	In 1957, Lennon met Paul McCartney and soon invited him to the Quarrymen.
7759051cdb357a68928505d29e3ea9ff957f3fcc	Then McCartney brings George Harrison into the band.
59d86ed07a99e0dba82bc3c738d139a3781876bf	Meanwhile, school ends and it's time for the final exams, which Lennon completely failed.
cd2d2fe7316a0f2d34f3a29393bdd731a4eb7547	As a result, the headmaster helped John to enroll in the Liverpool College of Art, where Lennon meets another future member of the "Quarrymen" Stuart Sutcliffe and his future wife Cynthia Powell.
350438c8c5c1fe0ddc495e9826cd543c2a1e7533	In the summer of 1958, while crossing the road, John's mother was hit by a police officer's car, dying on the spot from her injuries.
7a44a85fea777846523ec8bd2f4c8f58440a527d	This was a huge grief for Lennon, who later dedicated several songs to this bitter event.
165b20c178467509abfa2b42f9dbd2a214d78090	After this accident, Lennon, strongly attached to Julia, tried to find a mother in all his women.
e31929f9ef6cf4535febeae9d80ee2f203c489a0	In 1959, the Quarrymen were renamed the Silver Beetles.
b2748dfe1cc150eb5a063d920fb123e117d8960f	The name was later shortened to "The Beatles".
b6ab901e99756978a26718d873b8bdf94e7d7f91	The band, which grew out of a school skiffle band, was destined to change the world of music forever, becoming the most significant musical group of the twentieth century.
7c6eaf4b4f2e5df0df8824af1db564eb17de3e05	The beginning of "Beatles"
48b007b284380bbec727387886d26b274a38cc69	The band went to perform in the nightclubs of Hamburg.
645cc97d3c999257759749c3dd5fb37892d0ea93	It was there that Lennon tried drugs for the first time.
da33d87a8008a06a7ee152e9d7b47a8aeac442f7	In the period of 1960-1963, the Beatles came to Hamburg repeatedly, becoming a fairly popular group in the city.
4838006f3b486f6f4cec9a062914f5987a0e1764	Local popularity also took place in his native Liverpool.
5044c2147b88190d419edae729dcdd69726b4109	Stuart Sutcliffe met photographer Astrid Kircher during one of these visits.
4a74aab5af62b93d91eb53dccc2da59001811c10	Astrid and Stuart met for a very short time, deciding to formalize the relationship officially as soon as possible.
ab5abec58ad537e33e7255e99c8f51b997feccf3	As it turned out, they were in a hurry for a reason – the period of happiness was extremely short.
beb2f3e456d7d405d306ddd9d8ee29860ea3cd93	In 1962, Sutcliffe died of a stroke.
0a25dfbbf674fa03b32b03b22ea3b6eb1c17d33f	Since the beginning of 1962, the band has had a manager – Brian Epstein, who completely changed the image of the Beatles.
5f9509df68ff4bd4db600ffdcf108a2848234cdb	Leather jackets are a thing of the past, they were replaced by jackets without lapels.
c86a31c8e3770b264fc09aa8f644b17feb184fa0	On stage, the musicians no longer smoked and did not swear.
7948abc08734d168c90cbb774bb35e38a3cf1296	In August 1962, Lennon marries Cynthia Powell, and in April 1963, the Lennon family gives birth to a son, Julian, named after John's mother, who died in a traffic accident.
0f67dc39eb5db4afb875d3ce4a2e3452421a46ff	In 1963, speaking to the family of the reigning monarchs, Lennon for the first time allowed himself to attack the royal family.
ac0dd2d67c1093f2fcdefe838506ba339316bd02	This ended in a scandal, which made the Beatles even more popular.
4898ffeb53a0a305d90eebe11d2ab54eda572a22	By 1964, the team already had world fame.
dc0e2080afdbb11d2c6e0ced64825f7571719703	More popular than Christ
74b2112587b72fcd9aee7a1b77a0ba45dc22758e	From 1964 to 1966, The Beatles were basking in the rays of glory.
3e851cb8d94c40bc4eb768c2ff286cb0c43e7f28	In one of the scandalous interviews, John Lennon, who took on the role of the unofficial leader of the band, said: "Now we are more popular than Jesus;
6dbc4a612e8471f5cc2d10d8b5bc009a9a2e8e88	I do not know which will disappear sooner — rock and roll or Christianity."
7019b61bcd01276b5ba68f95912b9a822975ddfe	John Lennon became famous not only thanks to the Beatles
2b073d5fae069d34bb941a5740fad667acd19efe	Drugs
2fd9ded5372f35df581a91c18b8f881466561d62	Since 1967, John Lennon became seriously interested in drugs, having been impressed by Timothy Leary's book "The Psychedelic Experience".
8a93f0b9c82be37d0dd6cc8be41d4b9577d460df	This contributed to John's distance from the rest of the band members.
1cef391516f5a14b0ec7162768b4aae1d37730d4	Lennon no longer took on the role of an unofficial leader of the team, finding himself in other hobbies.
4a10ab0dfb380990b93975e0966d8bdf6169ed7f	In the same year, the manager of the Beatles, Brian Epstein, dies, after which Paul McCartney takes over the leadership of the group.
c21cab525ec4137b20d03110c0dd86b3e6250535	He also becomes the new manager of the team.
95d15ecc7d1d3bc50d38fac26275232f806ed775	The best rock album of all Time " Sgt.
415507de1c9dac4568bc5c6b15d7586d0ee64d68	Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band "was almost entirely written by Paul, although the songs are signed "Lennon McCartney".
6bfcd6292561013daecdd837b883c12f44bb87a5	Lennon also wrote his best songs in those years, which went to the "White Album" of 1968.
86404e077976214742b77bd897aff312b035f91c	At the same time, the image of the Beatles began to change.
69c1c81e987f0eb6e4c0eec4f9193a1af0e6a833	The musicians grew their hair, moustaches, sideburns, and Lennon began to appear in the legendary round glasses that later became legendary.
1a1bec794f03f1d33fafff68172c96595ecf0707	In the same 1968, Cynthia Lennon leaves her husband, finding him in bed with his mistress, the avant garde artist Yoko Ono.
1782777cfea39739971fdac257ba336a73a6b39e	Their marriage was registered in March 1969 in Gibraltar.
acd7a9dc4926a16040936214510a4c487a4c44d1	As part of the honeymoon, the newlyweds visited Paris, Amsterdam, Vienna, and Montreal.
f86b001e6809f218183d8e1a165442610095df89	In the fall of the same year, Lennon wrote a song dedicated to Yoko - "The Ballad of John and Yoko".
47162f4d11d44b44a97bba2ffb4b613bd5b14c4a	John Lennon started using drugs in his youth
c3c24e26bd57c1b41a93f2a1df76fc26541face8	The breakup of the Beatles
fa38b0483eaed4241421d1296ba26e83eab9c826	After John's divorce from Cynthia, the situation inside the Beatles escalated to the limit.
4111e1a76ae11da2eb35aafca2492cd0539210cf	Lennon and McCartney took turns accusing each other of all mortal sins, exchanging claims.
63e71ad1929800f9d187429d6cba471e8d6d916b	The duo's creative collaboration has almost come to naught.
3722a31b1dbb3802549aa6cf3b7d2b448e026697	John became interested in avant garde, psychedelic and acid rock, which did not suit Paul.
b0cf1579f4ff8ee383027c5772d8e9d19ce61d06	During the recording of the "White Album", the band was on the verge of breaking up.
2272e1338ae0c953a135f666ac74ce8cf65a685c	Ringo Starr announced his departure from the band, although in the end the departure did not take place.
12f18ef01ca663b7457607b2d68257946f5961f7	Some of the songs of the" White Album " were recorded by an incomplete composition, and some of the compositions Lennon wrote alone at all.
e11de6b0ab9cba5c8a8f7830496395635e451f60	The trend of "album sharing" between Lennon and McCartney reached its apogee in 1969, when Paul recorded the album "Abbey Road", which became in fact the last album of the band.
2bd25549109cb5eface8731d0d65980c2de9a296	"Let It Be", released a year later, was based on material recorded back in January 1969.
1cc72305548d50c3b92ebf8c15a2140d804796d2	By the time "Let It Be" was released, both Lennon and McCartney had left the Beatles.
16c4ca6f8487d770c0ade89d71ded5a090148eaa	John Lennon's Solo career
fa847287203e2d8f2581a162c72f50304b0e4ff5	Back in 1968, Lennon began a solo career.
5e7c997c808b0fffb9431fab5704485da243e71d	The first joint album of John and Yoko Ono appeared in the same year.
0140749e0b1f48ac0ad5d54969e673299979144e	The record was a chaotic set of noise and moans accompanying the couple's lovemaking, and was recorded in one night.
f23f635f995cc9812afa56859db619aab924d5b0	The album cover featured Lennon and Ono completely naked.
f1416ceafea9036a3aa7a57753191fce7007a98f	The next joint albums of the spouses also contained everything except music.
24ebcaa95023437c23502605ddaa1c7b39d6a99a	Subsequently, Lennon and Ono put together a group "Plastic Ono Band".
8b0ab4135cbb2ccf52ddc235d1728843299ab538	John Lennon excerpt from the interview
5ea9725f56e71b9074d623fb90dc78a6d0d2abaf	John Lennon's political activities
cd1e554c7589fc8110dd0af6e040484fc9da05bd	He promoted his views on society and politics not only in songs, but also in public speeches, interviews, etc. Lennon was close to the ideas based on brotherhood, freedom and world peace, which made John an idol among hippies and put the musician on a par with the most prominent public figures of the 1960s and 1970s.
ed7cb482ab85ff2f22e5a20672f822a67fd346e2	In 1969, Lennon and Yoko Ono announced during their honeymoon in Amsterdam that they would give a "bed interview" for journalists.
47822df8935c3e2501efb5a30a6dc7791631b5b0	Within the framework of this "interview" everything turned out to be much more decent than the journalists thought – Lennon and Ono talked about the ideas of world peace, sitting in bed in white pajamas.
70bc0323aa6e41f2d1d771a57d2b49172d8fc6d7	The couple held the same actions in Toronto and Montreal.
90ed8347b9f4e0d537e00b6edec0295ab78a2e5f	In the post weekend city, Lennon impromptu composed the song "Give Peace a Chance", which became the anthem of the pacifist movement.
205d938740d24f5cfe7057106304e240a58ac4d1	In December 1969, the Lennons organized an anti war concert "The war will end if You Want It".
b68aee9200ee51810a5c31c772deee8d35950135	In the early seventies, John began a psychological crisis, from which he was brought out by Dr.
cf43fdfddd3b99c0dad5c5893ad14d179a2f7d7d	A. Janov.
51659b855848fa767676e6015bb18743d509cc6c	Yanov's treatment methods inspired John to create the album "John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band", which became one of the best solo records of the musician.
7dcff2596a383e045700ab86c3d06eefab826f2e	Lennon's last political album "Imagine"was released in 1971 and contained songs in the lyrics of which the main leitmotif was John's utopian dreams.
e1c459a7e6b9eb03b6a82f09ebb3ad062d1702f9	Emigration
8aeaf5ae67bb7cbcd607655c8c69825fc89e66e6	Since the fall of 1971, the couple has been living in New York.
ae4697d542cef58a79b2b45e48959be8afa62de8	Having moved to the American continent, Lennon immediately proved himself as a political activist, quickly becoming involved in the socio political problems of the United States.
ff86cbb5faa2344ab00d9e93e49be70645b62528	John Lennon and Yoko Ono
1b456bc59ef34549ee308f1cbde5a0868c2fcce5	In 1973, Yoko Ono received a residence permit in the States, and Lennon was ordered to leave the country within two months.
ff22d30187d075d3bbdd6e1d6563d629c3082446	The couple separated for more than a year.
7abd4b8190b867b1f342a586af3b011eb7c1d6b2	After receiving an official residence permit in the States and the birth of his son, Lennon left the field of view of the public and journalists for five years, saying that he wanted to devote the next years to raising his son.
e17e077570d11f4765ccf3f5e4858669a2765e92	In 1980, "Double Fantasy" was released, the last lifetime album of the musician.
c5cab9709181574046cfc4a012d73b46d2cbfc08	A few weeks after the release of the album, John's life was cut short.
5255199d148f1f10560cbd7e5cc254df8f0350ac	The death of John Lennon.
89c8a2851d1755cf87365b4a7c55e5551cf878c6	Memory
6f0bef6c5a5aead4296bfcdc1b8e6ab9fd33a438	On December 8, 1980, the musician was shot and killed by Mark Chapman, a citizen of the United States.
f62c5bbb1407ecde95f25b4ff6511ac13ffa8dfa	A few hours before his death, John held his last press conference, then visited the recording studio "Hit Factory" and at 22 hours 50 minutes local time, he was returning home with Yoko.
4e03eb7c33d710c0ae512b9236a9ad10c02e6eb1	At the moment when the couple entered the archway near their home, Mark Chapman fired five shots from a pistol into Lennon's back.
6b0a622406cf8bb67e0825cafc8a7fa0e8a87ca3	Of the five shots fired, the killer, who earlier in the day took an autograph from Lennon, asking him to sign the cover of the new album, missed only once.
75c921918327e0a99fc621e7eef50be046c2ba9e	A police car was called by the gatekeeper, who promptly took Lennon to the Roosevelt Hospital.
1cb4722d59bf02d4afefc2fa9c23b9faecd2cf4c	However, the blood loss was incompatible with life – at 23 hours and 15 minutes, Lennon died.
9f0f23d9d76de7a7ec17c943645df4c1cd73a267	John Lennon stand by me
52457c5a830e17366fb70fff80f0d28f7a01ee9b	The musician was cremated, Lennon's ashes were given to his wife.
a3afdef13ff25e95f72df837dabb2644d3bc9e95	John's killer is serving a life sentence in a New York prison.
f2b268e2529a3277f252604d84181ca091eda057	Chapman applied for early release seven times, but all these petitions were rejected.
ff783d8b0cedf110eddb0b2d57e943f749481378	The name of John Lennon is immortalized in many cities and countries of the world, including in Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan.
965e60a07c9b8858a3228905026cab9ccd01c668	In St. Petersburg, there is an art project dedicated to John Lennon, at Pushkinskaya, 10. in Lviv, one of the city streets is named after the musician, and in Mogilev Podolsky there is a monument to Lennon in the city park.
a506d03b335a1641b1b829d9685eae92b199ae5b	A similar monument has been installed in Yekaterinburg since 2009.
9f6908283bd31aff0c0f2e9a81ed8fde157b740b	John Lennon the latest news and articles of 2016
8fb605556cf1e5f6b3d17d873db5d9f37c7f876f	Loza explained the success of The Beatles on the example of Gagarin
4b793187e718b2b456a49ae0cfda98d1313b3bbe	McCartney sang "The Evening of a Difficult Day"for the first time in half a century
6bef086731544117063162cc5b70932962195ef2	The producer of The Beatles group has died
f716c4493383d6aea0dc846af7e3c0b8fddd9be4	John Lennon's hair will be sold at auction
d9c5dd360a078b7f751f04b01f9c7f2ee3e52c2f	David Bowie has died
1446eb098d6de9fad8ede7fbd091093959d37e9c	The most expensive glasses
2ef4bf0853b311e55b7b58c8ee6f570c3bfc1e43	Adam Levine
ca91b3e345e2031409bc40d741aeb17d0e214a6e	Xzibit
c43ff34cff2c5f91d791cce369447bd5414d7a35	Nicole Richie
72a9bfffd30498879838c8baf8afbc1193bd7eee	Engelbert Humperdinck
2064b70dfde9b56162b49b48e5082d3b20c33afa	he had no American documents, and if he left the country, he could not return.
ba92a23ff5305e608c571af360d6d68a59be18fd	In addition, Yoko said, it is useful to know what Los Angeles is.
da687671d896178f4d2480ab6d61d482ecc3b49c	On Yoko's advice, secretary Mei Peng went with John.
21e74cf703025c53e4da002bf436925ff684ec76	This was done for quite practical reasons:
fca84ae02fef660b643edc310fc9004954e59dee	John was completely unsuited to life, he had never driven a car in America, did not know how to buy groceries at the supermarket, could not take laundry to the laundry, did not know how to order a phone conversation, and so on.
b4457dff26a54cd24f6ec39f93ef3221a0f5f3a6	When sending Mei Peng along with John, Yoko could not help but understand that there would probably be an intimate relationship between them, but she looked at it philosophically: "It would be better for him to be with Mei than with various golden haired admirers of talent."
04ccb5a9c5e8a3c747fec4943d09589addbbac0c	Yoko Ono also took into account the fact that Mei Peng did not smoke, did not drink, did not take drugs, was a balanced and unspoiled girl.
df9c10fa74960c390639b6a9d14f893e81dbc13d	We know that during a year and a half quarrel, John and May Peng had a relationship, we know from a book that May Peng later published.
8b1bb804978445b9899914ca1ee940d0190ba9bb	Naturally, this relationship is given a romantic coloring in the book, which, according to John's friends who met with them during this period, did not exist at all.
4e0c3484298ec9235d1224ece2f0b0d889a16d7e	It didnot exist, if only because John kept in constant contact with Yoko on the phone, talking to her almost daily.
ffe7f9d2885240e392f45345617d750f78eb667d	So, shortly after the quarrel, producer Lou Adler offered John and Mae Peng to settle in his Los Angeles home.
9492247baa020dd6ab5574480c7847812c8a093b	One of John's friends, the famous disc jockey and radio journalist Elliot Mintz recalls that three days after arriving in Los Angeles, John appeared on his doorstep at 10 am with the words: "Get up, get up, I canot reach you in any way!"
69aad3b23965f28989c56a66114a692a01afae9d	Ten in the morning was an early wake up call for John.
51b8685fd8aeb541962a2cd2f9f63c4c31194450	"When did you get up?"
483136d83410cf071f6bfe2830eff2307e76baea	Mintz asked him, to which John replied: "And I havenot even gone to bed yet.
29ff5fce291262d35289d798d506d633afe888e2	John was in a very bad mood, by his own admission, he felt lonely, alienated and unhappy, started drinking and got into an enchanted circle: the worse the mood was, the more he drank, the more he drank, the worse the mood became.
ad3f0e41ab965459a0ff9f0a20ce3f1def412a59	"Like an old friend, said then Elliot Mintz, can you tell us about John Lennon one: drink he did not know how!"
d5ab4a6689bb0c16a66dec5ee2637b2985e88b61	Remark Elliot Mintz that John can not drink, I react to the fact that by his own admission Lennon, his body was blown drug and alcohol resistance he was low, he could get drunk from the drink and lose control.
d576090d1c07fc64d0ca6d45db085588561f8070	Soon, reports of John's drunken antics began to appear regularly in the newspapers: at the Troubadour Club on Los Angeles ' Sunset Boulevard, he almost disrupted the performance, and he had to be put out: after coming to a concert of his former idol, Jerry Lee Lewis, he began to kiss his shoes drunkenly backstage.
3f8c3d954af4223ee071884ec085b4a06509fec9	But perhaps the worst story happened when John and the musicians drank Russian vodka on the recording of his album.
ffaa998abd7937fd440d84e18dc0b455338d459f	Apparently, the vodka was stale.
f73cc6952f57ff51976cfde75ab0310ac64aa3fa	When he returned home, he went into a frenzy and began to destroy furniture, break vases, knock out colored stained glass windows and smash gold records hung on the walls, which sound engineer Lou Adler, the owner of the apartment, recorded with various famous artists.
6981b6b74d7f23dc63a34826eded7c8405d754ef	The frightened Mei Peng called John's friends, they immediately came and put him to bed, tying the hands and feet of the violent to the bed.
fcf67352c3f3718b4c1b139717dd88d2d5a606b2	The next morning, buzoter did not remember anything about it.
d3eaa11089d62987e1c2f4091523ce27a02f1842	He had to assure the owner of the house that he would pay all the costs of repairing and restoring the damaged one, and personally apologize to all the friends whom he had offended in a drunken case.
dd76a9e108561cfb97def2af094d5ed69a61b56f	After the first week in Los Angeles, John began to call Yoko regularly, begging her to stop the quarrel.
6606a4964df48446e158d9aa00200a33923d9079	Their conversations sometimes lasted for hours, but Yoko invariably answered his requests: "You're not ready to go home yet."
b9162bb9355e993391497b555f9cba4c6156d633	This one and a half year period was unhappy for John, but it cannot be called tragic: Lennon had no shortage of money or friends, his drinking companions were Harry Neilson, Keith Moon from The Who, bassist Klaus Foreman from his Plastic Ono Band, Ringo Starr and others.
2724f040379ea497a86dd937aaca591e040640be	Lennon visited Las Vegas, tried his luck as a roulette player, and four months later, after drinking and walking in the south, he returned to New York, settled in a hotel.
34ed7c68f05857501ed140e35c981698a4139701	Excursions to drinking establishments continued.
3cf39f644c0e417cf5c9606c3313a49834750eb7	Despite such a Cossack lifestyle, John continued to write songs, and his album "Walls And Bridges Walls and Bridges" refers to that period.
224495216d9825bdf458ad133b8e9349ed35e66f	"What do you mean - Walls and Bridges?" one of his friends asked, to which John replied: "Walls to run into them, and bridges - to overcome them," and added mockingly: "A deep thought!".
77a157316e93efb26aacdba6be2d3d22d4518303	As the work on the recording of the album went on, John came to himself more and more, was drawn into the work rhythm.
6009df32ed3fd994cddbb4b62341ae4dd0d3ead2	Soon he left the hotel and together with Mei Peng settled in a small two room apartment. 1974 was the year of the Watergate scandal, and these events captured John completely.
d7b247bf27fb5586fcd353b38f05086614c5af4b	"The country that gives the world the Watergate case," John said at the time, " is the Number One country for me!
08aca4fec3917b6191a39d51b7d3941c66579c9b	I didnot miss a single TV report, it was just incredible."
f70bce16a63338b24004331b5b50e2ab9f0ebf9f	In 74, George Harrison came to America on tour, he brought a document on which John's signature was missing.
8da17bc56bade0f91183363f3a963a989a5bc9a6	This was the final agreement to disband the Beatles.
554255ce49e115b9188d901fb44f520cd572f642	John, in principle, did not object, but he did not sign the paper at the appointed hour - on the advice of his astrologer, the day was not suitable for business events.
b3d603cc49ffa34dbd6f38ec59f3e5553f9bec2b	Harrison was angry at first, but then the old friends reconciled.
f239f4a055cef0ecdbfc3c0615fe6a52c9ea6365	Paul McCartney also came to America that year, we communicated with him in a friendly way.
6a9a1cd81ca99ff4e2c6326a25a553c9b761853b	But the warmest meeting was with Elton John, with whom John went to Colorado to record.
d3f94280d54a1b7a2da48ebd7e785d9afc76febd	Many years ago, Elton worked at the music publishing house of Dick James in London, and it was to this publishing house that the Beatles sent their first tape recordings, then they met.
911ee43f3572841c79cd0d37bb3409fb0afe7236	Elton took part in the Lennon record, in particular, in the recording of the song Whatever Gets You Through The Night.
9feb0e37b3d6b338a95a34a4e3b9fd9edd441adf	"This song will be number one," Elton said at the time, but Lennon only laughed in response.
35ed72d1f69490174176d88bf29dc78979d7e8b0	"No," he said, " it's impossible, I'm not in favor here right now."
6419672a9027a064f52069133cb472ef9af229c4	Elton made a bet with him on the condition that if the song came out on top, John Lennon would take part in Elton's concert, which was scheduled for November 28, 1974 at Madison Square Garden.
4ad7ef3330604d7217ae1cc68861c8f0dae1be5f	Elton was right, and the song Whatever Gets You Through The Night rose to the top of the American list, so according to the terms of the bet on November 28, Lennon, noticeably nervous, stood in the wings of Madison Square Garden before the start of Elton John's concert.
1f2858849063022df2027936339ad86ffc07e1e1	20 thousand people gathered met John Lennon as a folk hero.
121bb3021f6752fbe2e62d78d5aa633fd0b0cde8	Elton was a family friend and, without telling John anything, he invited Yoko to a concert.
c38d6bdf8b89968c95c7c9be641d80c986d995cc	If John had known about this, he would hardly have gone on stage, he would have been too nervous.
29624d03c8770b8a15396a0ad723467f25b2e35f	After the concert, Yoko came backstage.
06867b5b84a5951a57fcd4b8ae28a65d759a9923	Despite the fact that they talked on the phone almost every day, John and Yoko did not see each other for more than a year.
fbb31b67d5c68af15149e253950fec927642f209	Lennon was as excited as a schoolboy.
ba572d37fb76764f31ceeae7124dbf0c89a0b3e6	This meeting turned out to be a turning point: over the next month and a half, John met with Yoko several times.
9b03797fd29f0251b21f1a4d84272b3b1f9b7c44	Finally, in January 75, at the Plaza Hotel over a cup of tea, he announced that he was ready to return to the family and ready in every way.
bff75a44bb20bc16dc1bf8879388679ffdac5c36	"She taught me everything I know," John Lennon said at the time, " the lessons were harsh, and I could not always bear them.
116409e769cb70054938dfb88bd376f55e10637c	When we were apart, I was the one who behaved like a pig, not caring that my adventures appeared in the newspapers.
d47bb0d2ff090d7afb9132145dd2d199ad07a670	Yoko missed me and loved me, but her life was ordered.
1b79be9009cc933d9b174cfb7cb7cb3f3287ba58	I'm back, but I'm back in her life, not the other way around, "and (with his usual humor) added:" Yoko and I are proud to say that our quarrel ended in complete failure!"
01c11cf4c0879507870214d77135be5789f63a56	It is curious that shortly after John's reunion with Yoko, the Beatles as a musical enterprise was finally disbanded by a decision of the Supreme Court in London.
000395acdf41b839dba8c47b7cd0a63092b28218	The educational measure carried out by Yoko Ono with truly samurai self sacrifice and discipline was crowned with success - the non drinking, pacified and tamed John Lennon returned to the family, reborn so much that after the birth of his son, he readily took on household obligations, turning into a householder and leaving Yoko West to do all the business and carry out communications with the outside world.
6e28f166c40be3458e2b18f0d9306a88920c8ff8	A few weeks later, in the spring of 1975, happy John sent postcards to his friends with the message: "Another blow for you John and Yoko are just together again, they are pregnant."
b4d2151c34792bf6efd1952cd4a17393fd48d5f7	Both John and Yox have long wanted a child, back in the late sixties, remember, the first pregnancy of Yoko ended unsuccessfully, it happened twice more.
a3dacb464b1eb894fa01660e7fa8b4729c41a294	In the early seventies, it turned out that the couple could remain childless altogether because of John.
ceb159a3d987418102b289cd0db11d61805d0f3d	In ' 72, they turned to a 95 year old Chinese doctor, Dr. Hong, a specialist in herbs and acupuncture.
509f6f64f93ca9b6666b8ac3dd0f8db698e5328c	Now, three years later, the news about his future son (for some reason, John was sure from the very beginning that it would be a son) has radically changed his plans for the future.
b0beb012c1693a8b1dda16b7dae97217c0f70b25	Lennon promised himself to leave music for five years and devote himself entirely to family life.
dd171e0dbc59359dd052170db5682a38398bb0ca	He began to read books on infant care, went to physical education with Yoko and protected her peace in every possible way.
e6392a3d34c81139b5d287ccfd95aefe39ab2b62	On October 8, 1975, when Yoko was already lying in the maternity hospital in a private ward (in which Jacqueline Kennedy gave birth at one time), John's lawyer called and said that the American authorities had agreed to a "green card" for permanent American residence.
ab7212b939abfb455f41bec38cb55a526e5b8842	John invited him to the hospital and there, at Yoko's bedside, they sorted everything out together and stay in the difficulties of immigration documents until midnight.
9d46e23cf58090d9bdb4b6d3b56c4bfb8c30f3ee	At midnight, John's birthday came, and two hours later, Yoko gave birth to a boy.
8c449b28e14401c87961c6e77e230b4ff64c041f	The birth was difficult, she had a caesarean section, a blood transfusion, the woman in labor almost died.
1c3569d84607063d13a7cf9eb5e006889c5b46e1	All these hours, John, of course, was in the hospital, he was waiting for Yoko to wake up from general anesthesia.
ad922863d0dbb314e7d53f4005f1df05631c4357	The doctor on duty came up to him.
dc086017281404257e1d575146fe599afa6fd394	"I love the Beatles music," he said excitedly, " let me shake your hand!"
9327e13cb6dc81d8e26f1841fd18a87b756ee0e8	Several nurses also approached him and asked for autographs, John was outraged: "They were completely indifferent to the blood transfusion from Yoko, to the child, at SUCH a moment they asked me for autographs!"
0e4c70ecc8778fbeb93c2b5051a7fef92d16dadf	For several months after returning home, the Lennons ' apartment was completely closed to visitors - John was afraid of some kind of infection, except for John and Yoko, no one had the right to touch the newborn.
cf2c20b0faf83e628c6d1c32e95c35f83e6a6ead	Meanwhile, congratulatory letters and telegrams were coming from all over the world, many of them with jokes about the fact that the couple managed to give birth to a son on John's birthday, but John was completely serious about this: "The child," he said, " chooses the time, place and family in which he will be born;
d624d7f4689898eb47a0004efa07caf275c63edb	Yoko didnot just give birth to Sean, he was given to us through her as a miracle, as a gift.
8e431ff7aa5a4ec7a8cc2541258ec616f2dffae9	" "Well,"Yoko told her husband shortly after returning from the hospital," I carried the baby for nine months, I gave birth to him, now it's your turn."
7eb7387acdc9d60e70a3313829f31fc300794ec8	By mutual consent, Yoko took over the financial affairs of the family, her office was located in the same house, in another apartment downstairs, owned by the Lennons, and John began his new role as a home owner.
bd020ffd74a4de2ba274cb6db1227cb2d8a9703a	Four months after the birth of Sean and John, the contract with EMI expired, and despite the company's offer, John decided not to renew the contract.
64a6b4976794b75c6a785c94ded78ec501b8e975	Thus, for the first time in the last 15 years, he was free from any obligations and was left to himself.
410ba5847946c7a906cd45279dba44b04ec8edc4	He fed the child, washed him, bathed him, dressed him, read books to him, played with him.
cbc317e32dd8d02448e285058b2ebfb0149f200b	Most of all, John did not like changing diapers, but he did it himself.
bd6cf6a16fac92c1f8cabcd542c34ead6ad732d9	All this is all the more surprising when you consider that the Lennon family had about 20 service personnel on staff at that time.
13b92182ec0a77f743959ff3c7b64a218d3e80c6	The boy's full name was SEAN TARO ONO LENNON, John insisted that one of the names be Japanese, TARO is a name similar to the Irish SEAN, English JOHN or Russian IVAN.
6a18167d9eab7707b510c5bf6419e97ed1a8e17b	John also wanted his son to grow up a real internationalist, so he not only had two names, but his birth was registered in New York and in London and, accordingly, he received both American and British citizenship.
f60d8c2659f83e3728d8130604ac34fb3d2a6ade	Sean's godfather was Elton John.
bef1d38b163515218dfe0af49c385b1fb2d0f607	Meanwhile, businesswoman Yoko was undergoing a transformation.
71c7ef34387540b83e0fe92472b383dfa5b32b90	Up to that time, she was completely immaterial - partly because her mother at one time reveled in luxury and loved to show her daughter her jewelry, Yoko seemed to have developed immunity, immunity to greed, but when starting to fulfill her new role, Yoko realized that her previous attitude to money would interfere with work.
b84801c93909b7e28a3204031ad7799c9e55e0cd	It was necessary to change the psychological attitude.
44490c8cd913d89819ae45c2a8fd40ff4076a5e4	"I took up meditation," says Yoko, " I imagined the riches of the world - diamonds, silks, works of art - and I tried to imagine it not in the same way as before, but with love.
140db91997b17f7c67c99ce437ed979660bac157	John, as if sensing this, immediately bought me a diamond necklace, and if earlier I would have said why is all this necessary?
7a6c5b7e6a00202e164236698cfb4c2bba9e2661	"then this time I noticed the beauty for myself and thanked John."
34f85fd1dacac6562eb709004bc4cb75fb3b2696	One of the first decisions of the spouses was that the family capital should be invested in something that does not harm nature - no shares in the chemical and oil industries, but for starters, they gradually began to buy apartments in their own house.
461e0489397626fc7c01dc90f0be3a1e11fcb69f	If you ever manage to watch the film Roman Polanski Rosemary's Baby - "Rosemary's Baby", you will pay attention to the location of the film, it was filmed in this apartment building on West 72nd Street.
c1914f3838f54a4e308149b3ffb137948ce05a7b	It is not easy to become a tenant of this HBC, the decision to sell each apartment is made by an elected house committee, and many famous even movie stars and various rich people were refused at one time, but the Lennon family enjoyed a good reputation, so there were no objections to their candidacy.
a89a737be3588dd945f9e537f13aa5796ca76259	In the end, the couple purchased five apartments with a total of 34 rooms.
f7b95b6a151ae3bd23014f05b489d4d9712f1676	When Youko was asked why they need so many apartments, she replied: "You know, John and I have always wanted to live in our own house."
8aa27f1a15a1e663cfa27af8ef94afe98c90ba04	After finishing with the apartments, Yoko turned to agriculture, soon four farms with a total area of 1,600 acres, i.e. 640 hectares, were purchased in the state of Virginia and in the state of New York, for growing various crops, as well as 250 breeding cows of the Holstein breed.
6eb97066af399babfcbe9fc7a3223320d0c2f0a2	I must say that then one of these cows with a productivity of 24 thousand liters of milk at that time was sold at an agricultural fair for 265 thousand dollars, which at that time was a world record.
627a403e9ada63b6da04ff1b2e45cc62b85a1c45	Once or twice a week, fresh products obtained purely by natural means, without chemical fertilizers, were delivered from family farms to New York.
ea5aea657a02b09422becda300a5679eafa12ee3	Not far from New York, on the island of Long Island, the family bought a cottage, a house with a view of the Atlantic Ocean.
791d108a00de4b122fab7c677d361a9d21030697	Next to the dacha, a 20 - meter ocean yacht called Isis - "Isis" and a sloop, which John called Strawberry Fields, were moored on the occasion.
b18b0ed430172da1d1aaeca4f9407c1a4b46b9c9	In the southern state of Florida, in the resort heat, the Lennons purchased a beach estate built in 1919 and at one time belonged to the arrogant Vanderbilt family.
299f9cae793a910b243265e06f8ba1687bdc1368	In addition to the usual reception and living rooms, the building had seven bedrooms, five servants ' rooms, indoor and outdoor pools and its own 50 meter stretch of ocean beach.
996ae7339299d4310f17396276a34fb270cc03ec	The more successful Yoko was in business, the more John believed her implicitly.
0278bc330253f45376a524c72eabc2cab31e6f20	When making a business decision, Yoko always consulted with several astrologers, numerologists and tarot card readers.
aed99b1685495c51f6b0abef9c9b90a8f9460c8d	Moreover, the combination of stars and Zodiac signs for all newly accepted into the family staff or even new acquaintances was carefully checked by astrologers.
d3624ccf89fb4d1294559e5dc8928a96e6677a81	There were days that were astrologically favorable for business, there were days when Yoko did not sign any papers, days when it was impossible to make any trips or come into contact with people with unsuitable stars.
ce910f110c89d9014f16bf272f7ca1a6dd413150	In June 77, the whole family went to Japan, where the Lennons Ono spent five months, on a trip they were accompanied by an old friend Elliot Mintz.
263af448c80b3fda5dee665cef08b9422dcdaa8d	John led a strict and healthy lifestyle, did not drink at all, did sports, yoga, completely refused sweets.
768b5769825e56436eaefcb894253eb6f30befdf	John was very impressed with Japan.
9fdfb174b5511908cd8666b7f748e20a32cc4810	On the way back, Yoko checked the numerological tables and came to the conclusion that it was necessary to fly home separately, and she herself took a direct flight to New York, and sent her husband with a friend and son by a roundabout route: Tokyo, Hong Kong, Dubay, Frankfurt and only then - New York.
0a45cc0e6506d332cf02b19924a89d2028b30c9d	Eliot Mintz recalls that John had never been so frank with him as during this 26 hour flight, especially since a nanny was looking after his son, and there were empty seats on both sides.
eaa4673bd8b4cd4b5a9cbc5201ed2a8f8488b002	During flights, John and Yoko usually bought not only two adjacent seats, but also two in front - so that no one would sit on them.
fa4ccc42ebba2563cf8a4eb05b00b14b16d126cb	"So," John said, " I'm at least guaranteed that the person sitting next to me will not ask: when will the Beatles get back together?"
a9c051851e38cc4e6630827a7b5399027ae95f1f	For the first two years after Sean was born, John led a reclusive life, rarely even answering the phone, but after returning from Japan, he changed.
8568e956f14a7a8612c9d5d953434ad74d3ac47f	The son was two years old, and in the light of his mother's material success, John decided to apply his theory of "reverse materialism"to him.
ee7a37f338036f0ce716e8066b1cbe8eb7f8875e	The theory was that Lennon himself and millions of others like him grew up in the hope that one day they would be able to buy their first car, their first house, their first suit, their first guitar, etc. - tomorrow was associated with hopes for well being.
142b5b4038c67b5280bd2a7136f540d314a10323	"I donot want my son to grow up as a consumer," John said.
99b03246a2cbb9611a794e7db68b56f6f2234a62	Therefore, Sean was given everything that only he could wish for, and at a very early age.
fce9ed84eb47deb438660ea600d68adcc9a9bb6e	A visit to the famous New York toy store "Schwartz" could cost John several thousand dollars at a time, a lot of money was spent on various robots, on the latest computer games.
8ff5c33749c094643e40a8fa213afc8f3824b167	Lennon's theory worked: at the age of eight, the most important thing for his son Sean was a collection of pebbles collected by himself, his main hobby is collecting rare shells on the ocean shore.
556375c6905f507e3ca8496c971d4d4d94166af3	Heaps of expensive toys, electric cars and trains, different models of Sean were no longer interested in that time.
9f25052c4086ffc09d541c7802ef6eee76c57c13	In August 80, John decided to go on his yacht "Isis", accompanied by a five person team to Bermuda.
289f8fbcda821dfe144f8fa655e3bc2e0042fb4f	On the way, the yacht was caught in a storm, half of the crew was out of order due to seasickness, and John himself had to take the helm.
8247058ef7908f7fe55e9b4d4e4994e47e1798c0	He went on this trip to take a break from household chores, but instead called home every day.
966687439e46cdf140a79971a9579bae4b35827b	It often happened that Yoko was busy with a business meeting and did not take phone calls.
ec4cfe46b2bd9937536a0b4356ba8779e44856ae	This turn of events inspired John to write the song I'm Losing You- "I'm Losing You" , he sang it the next day on the phone.
7a830670ce79b9acf8ad42b149b571b6f69ca771	This song was followed by another one, he also played it on the phone, to which Yoko replied that she also had new material, which she immediately performed.
2d130ccdea06c32a679420fffa3c72b9a39896ab	Upon returning home, it turned out that the couple had about 20 songs ready for recording.
a93f8a1725bda7fab630e1ff39c2ce9ed9cc57c2	John came up with the name for the record back in Bermuda, at the local botanical garden the garden where the flower called Double Fantasy grows - "Double Fantasy", this name perfectly reflected the essence of the new record.
ae42b56aafc49ae9c53cbd4509b78d8ba4d62aea	For the first time in many years, they recorded not for some record company, but for themselves.
4a37f159fe42a93a85002c94f24acda1ea7f3d95	To all the musicians who participated in the recording, Yoko set a condition no strong alcoholic beverages, no drugs.
baaa790f7aafb914c8aac2f3a5aa425808214a48	During breaks, Japanese food was brought from the restaurant, one of the small rooms at the studio was equipped with a rest room for John and Yoko - some furniture from the apartment was put there, paintings were hung so that both John and Yoko felt at home.
849e081dd19bcf28da15bbc2bafea354ce4635fa	When they mixed enough songs for a long playing record, John began to think about who to offer the finished tape to, he did not want to get involved with a large corporation again.
47673137e921b7ee12f8e42c4a45ee48a3c9a48a	Many companies showed interest in new recordings, but almost all of them wanted to listen to these recordings first before making a business offer.
0f601857de9ab35c6ca2bf9ba15b11014823d414	John considered such a situation offensive to himself and did not agree to a preliminary audition on principle.
8a1325902701c406e4f8f0cdd9b1117e24f1565f	The record was eventually released by Geffen, whose head, David Geffen, agreed to accept the tapes and sign a contract, so to speak, blindly.
a84577112d7d42193631d93c99dedfe5638ea743	By the time the record was released, John was 39 years old, after a long period of a moderate and healthy life, vegetarianism and travel, he was in great shape - both physically and mentally.
4d2e6ec8d30293acadaf401686931c654677d0b4	He was full of plans for the future, at least two more long playing records were in the background, in 81 he was going to cross the Atlantic Ocean on his yacht and perform a short tour in the UK, then in Hamburg and three major American cities.
88f9feaa1fccd4683d03b000fc9a2230fb504d96	Lennon was clearly aware that many rock heroes who died early - Elvis Presley, Jimi Hendrix, Brian Jones, Janis Joplin and others became a kind of victims of legends created by themselves.
2026d77611f6ead52f508e883832a8364d28e004	John did not want to be a rock and roll hero, he did not want to burn his life, he was going to use rock music to express his new grown up "I", his new established views.
95193e28c43190d390240a353b3407b5bdb351ab	"The artist," said John, " at first free, gradually becomes a slave to the image of the artist created by himself, and many people kill themselves in this way.
8715ae0a22d43b11932d76e52142d7ed8e2f7312	They say that life begins at forty years old, and I believe that too, I live with interest - what happens next?"
c564071f2b83cdb16d412a712f449a77066ce45f	One of the songs on the album Double Fantasy called Just Like Starting Over, "it's Like Starting Again," and here, noting the recording is in the light, Yoko gave John a gold watch on the cover of which was written: "To John.
690c4da5a517fe4a5e34c58a57150e8342cef04d	It's like starting all over again, with Yoko's love."
3ebe1249e3317ab7a628845b11be42d8cd51bd14	After the release of the album, Lennon fell into an old musical rut: writing new songs and recording them was almost non stop.
edbe1b90bb609a554d32acb96e95e83e0fc65795	On December 8, 1980, after spending about five hours in the recording studio, in the evening, at ten minutes to eleven, John and Yoko were returning home.
95d625ed41e473215bc81a7afe27186ec22e075d	Jay Hastings, a twenty seven year old desk clerk who was sitting in the oak paneled lobby of the house, came out of his fence to open the door for the Lennons.
f059c42a388c44df040d3d0e2b6d162354c9262d	When John entered the alley, a young man with glasses called out to him.
a81dea85dd5a932ac693b2f48ad972a2a273f1f3	"Mr. Lennon?" he asked, and without waiting for an answer, he fired five bullets at John from a .38 revolver.
1d3981252c4c553e36fade982e70782eedb459f3	John staggered up the six steps and collapsed on the lobby floor.
088474b5435958c6ceee2a60eec20357cc31adc3	"I was shot at, I was shot at," he said.
f130f7ebd7901dec7d8a43c96eef8368a7b0db7d	Hastings pressed the alarm button connected directly to the police station, a car arrived two minutes later, the police, deciding not to wait for an ambulance, took John to the President Roosevelt hospital.
aedac3915f052b4e56401baa39853c29c2458c2a	Doctors tried to massage John's heart, but it did not help - he died of blood loss.
b7b73f1a8d75448a42d7aaf94542a6f120a369af	Later, at the request of Yoko, four hundred thousand people gathered in New York's Central Park, honored John's death with a ten minute silence.
5c7d658ae73bcebf4d92173d4923ec480f50e704	All his life, John Lennon was aware of the meaning of the number 9 for himself.
8f009335e74844356af122fc9239b10c40735f7e	He was born on October 9, 1940, his son Sean was born on the same day, October 9, 75.
ecef2b58f3fde73139d4b8002fcd44267b977710	The Beatles ' manager, Brian Epstein, first came to see the guys at the Liverpool CAVERN club on November 9, 61, and their first contract with EMI was signed on May 9, 62.
4e5dcc007f1a113c5d1e8343f0bf1aeb6128a9ac	John met Yoko Ono on November 9, 66, the apartment of John and Yoko is located on West 72nd Street (seven and two in total - nine), and the number of their first apartment was also 72.
5caa619176ab96f122df9e8a2b7c622eef4836ee	It is interesting that in his student years, in Liverpool, John went to art school on the bus number 72.
2298fa177c8a6c016760bc303a4d78615c01e3aa	Among John's songs there are several, the name of which includes the number 9.
dcbec738c5958725e1742f998c2ddc1ee71a81de	Revolution 9 - "Revolution Nine", Number 9 Dream - "Dream Number Nine" and One after 909 - "Next for 909".
b5dd9cdfab09261d7f8511d78c256fc354b89a29	He wrote these songs at his mother's house, number 9 on Newcastle Road.
6a850ba881791305d14a76effb5bc441da52b2a4	The address of his aunt, Mimi, was 126 Panorama Road (one two and six add up to nine).
0f7040d79ca24ed5699dea460eaf5d5bea527723	John even joked that one of his most significant songs, Give Peace A Chance, contains nine main words in the chorus.
9ca031e6010336539926f34ce74981e0fb76f245	In the names "John Ono Lennon" and "Yoko Ono Lennon", the letter " O " occurs nine times, finally, John was killed at 10.50 New York time on December 8, 1980, in the UK at that moment it was five hours more, it was already December 9 there.
91b067a546e8de35220f7e1618e6dc6d6999ed06	John's body was taken to the Roosevelt Hospital, located on Ninth Avenue.
2294f26880d9f012a677fa1d4f2e94a35ec467a6	After John's death, Yoko asked the service staff to leave all the items in the apartment, furniture, paintings and photographs in the same place and in the same position where they were during his lifetime.
e4ee5bf18b0d03b729c561739847d986bd941821	For almost three months, Yoko spent locked in her bedroom, looking out the window at Central Park, where she often went for walks with John, ate only mushrooms and smoked.
e422892a281195dd60c7201a84e35450b88880be	In the end, Yoko decided not to move out of the apartment, everything here reminded her of John, she felt his invisible presence.
8d538db0496b6ef38285cbd50f4f94bc8ed5a661	In the two months after John's death, more than 250 thousand letters came to the Dakota Building from all over the world, and the letters continued to arrive later.
754b50ffb184e4f2f64dd93ad61e18d59e9723c5	In 82, Lennon's killer, Mark David Chapman, wrote to Yoko from his solitary confinement, asking for permission to write his biographical book so that the proceeds from it would go to charity.
b7e2338c7dea256cc07fe1371070e9413c8ef54d	If Yoko objects, Chapman wrote, he will not write this book.
966f4745e8cbc901de63250d6b25e2a80891b24a	The letter caused Yoko a lot of tears, she did not answer it, but decided to save the letter for historical reasons, as she said, for future generations.
26944163707f586a4b100bf99bb972e46462eaed	In addition to this foundation, Yoko herself is also engaged in charity: in 83, she sold the family farms and the beach estate, donating about five million dollars to orphanages around the world.
2f9971af5d2ba7d6eac1ca5c6e82dfa1280a1416	Among them was the Liverpool children's home "Strawberry Fields", which inspired John to write a song.
f6521305e647f4a8307a9f65161442b346d5f8e5	The New York City Administration, wishing to honor the memory of John Lennon, allocated an area in New York's Central Park to create a memorial called Strawberry Fields.
df3b85ec16968b2499b838353f47c1453267b265	Yoko wrote to heads of state around the world asking them to send a plant, stone or mineral that could represent this country in the memorial
b445303c677761d0bc933bd784c7d8d8937b6a5b	Strawberry Fields.
65fec77adc4ad0abd9d25aa21cf311a609ecf53f	One hundred and twenty six States responded to her request.
c73c92df11868bf59a4e4bf0c10d619c3e64bf4b	On March 21, 84, the mayor of New York, Ed Koch, inaugurated this memorial.
af3bc9e530c99a2488118a509b4d1ba421c8fffc	He was a direct, witty, easily vulnerable, simple, romantic at heart for all these qualities, millions of people loved him.
838dbd0a12701fecc67c73a75007f785166c0fe4	Lennon was a twentieth century philosopher who set an example of humanism, a man who looked to the future.
da2332e20c143189ddd51f8af524c94c050f4de9	John Lennon's music and his spirit remain with us.
052a5bcbd987d7faf63763921de7f2c398f36b70	At least not with me.
5845b4fafd25b3885ce9a7e57c4e5f1acbda123f	Seva Novgorodtsev,
257b8ba78885eef8d2e32751efd97c35e546c784	"Oh!", October, 1995
34ed1d65f76b8f0399cb46cce4302f36d354568d	Lennon, John
7d3a36a5931987ac552bd0895e33bbeb3d6b0e54	This is the stable version, released on May 20, 2016.
656a3be70c21ada16990cd00b674906408e525e4	The query "Lennon" is redirected here; see also other values.
7ca8c73b59dbcd4e0d7495dd56c6ca6654017c84	John Lennon
120d5516ff0134e759d4496c4f071202440c3a10	John Lennon in 1964 Basic Information Birth name John Winston Lennon
f71343f22709c94581ce50225eb91d31c36ce7c2	Full name John Winston Lennon
4194f6d2803681e32f41d70a14249a9dbff03272	(later John Ono Lennon)
ce380c843565dd51a1ec1a08b09153b839f73c0c	Date of birth October 9 1940(1940-10-09)[1][2]
5f820c67b1f922950ed4bc4523f54278e580a295	Place of birth Liverpool, Borough of Liverpool[d], Merseyside, England, United Kingdom[1]
69c1d274ea1073bb456a976817461268cc31c24b	Date of death December 8 1980(1980-12-08)[1][2] (40 years)
ca989fe92b9c1b830d63489d696c70ce3ca4b1cc	Place of death New York, USA[1]
90a0c75db42c9b6be9444273d94fe752e28cc16a	The years of activity 1956-1975, 1980
03c52d317ee6439ec475ab70d0648ca02f17e6c9	Country United Kingdom
f53c7ff740232d17d22817e01505a8d0cf152d6c	Professions singer
874ad8df43111be5efde68a54160acf7badff6c9	composer
7c2e114f69ee63da16c4394c6c7c662be4112e3a	guitarist
bcc1bcfd815558e5f2346558bc09370db69979f6	the pianist
4c460c813cdca17a76e3edebce6d45b2fa2567d7	the poet
4ed3655ea94ba4904713fc58f3ac7a5e8d0cf472	actor
91076ffa85b714ab283ca842fd3ad2b949c95ea9	public figure
55051f2531bda4eff298ad9d96f0ed042080a652	artist
fe28f10d2c6dab4e315f2659adaa6a4f16b5e4b8	writer
9bffd4971097977711dbad6dd976eaec8a96b73d	Instruments guitar, keyboards, harmonica, bass guitar
48de4fa0f0609d7526713a6ab1ccc94239db9202	Genres rock
0652b4aab51e6af49c54543e0acfd28b61699520	rock and roll
2faefc71cf6173168bb73e791844ce663b3400a8	mersibit
db58b3a088d7439d19630fc6f23ad6247e684f63	psychedelic rock
1dad8d9defbb7a925722cbf5852b6d1d84269b84	hard rock
43c1cceac0c9c1f7eb09db10b6bb272614189987	experimental rock
8a1fb16e5b995193deafceb452aa7ef5838286cb	The Beatles collectives
9f64a2b9335f50c9d5e080d306bda8cb474e4ebe	Plastic Ono Band
5debeb7d7b221b5face7e3d4af35a3d1a77e8e4d	The Dirty Mac
fe7a0fa877b80db6865480910bb049b64512d2e2	The Quarrymen
76086704f8145f56f37c6230c56ae7bef64cc8d8	Parlophone Labels
8dc07179601fcf914a6ff26698e078059781ad1f	Capitol
afcbf42e223487285b3939c70d13ceb89fa6e6fd	Apple Records
2c645cdecba66c9a39467deadf08ccfc061a12c3	Vee Jay
a28c403f3bee21102a44892e7361bb4b01545e5b	EMI
e008d5df4d68a5ed26a5e79ff2ec4557e7f3963a	Geffen
3eb3b066d1f80c6a434f8b5b4657aef6b8207e24	Polydor
67d67a9dc8723d998162904574c35db9e671e448	Official website[3]] Audio, photo, video on Wikimedia Commons
d8a34a18ddfc29c9de10d292483ba08c88a9994a	John Lennon (born John Winston Lennon, later changed to John Winston Ono Lennon; English John Winston Ono Lennon[4], October 9, 1940, Liverpool, United Kingdom December 8, 1980, New York, USA) was a British rock musician, singer, poet, composer, artist, writer.
9a16dba18881dfe4bb487e789a66d6da7e889676	One of the founders and a member of The Beatles, a popular musician of the XX century [5][6][7].
d86c2e5de3700bead57366fb42d3fd1f7287dd77	After the breakup of The Beatles, he began a solo career, but was killed in 1980.
f239ba85d77bf0ee6224039d8cd9f0db88a96dd4	He expressed his views both in songs and in public speeches.
e73354260d121b1b4e6e044c25a38dec03f080df	The famous song "Imagine" expresses Lennon's thoughts about how the world should be arranged.
5120de53896d1bd5dab1751debc805b996f4fa44	In 2002, the BBC media corporation conducted a survey to determine the one hundred greatest Britons of all time.
cd1ab0f6703ff8c8b78e2eb78699551da0ff228f	John Lennon took the eighth place in this list.
1f37d259b61a8eab48b8fb1271dbd52097f9a4f7	Lennon also took two places at once in the list of the 50 greatest artists of all time according to Rolling Stone magazine: 1 as part of The Beatles and personal 38.
1cdbace92d4d5fefa0345d59c969973b9ca72820	The British magazine Classic Rock included Lennon in the list of the greatest guitarists of all time.
434384186c4fad2feb226d44f516c3e1f774085c	1 Biography 1.1 Childhood and Youth 1.2 Early Beatles 1.2.1 "More Popular than Jesus"
9cd6cd11ce335d1572107aa8a388dc2acfaaf8e9	1.3 1967-1968 1.4 Marriage to Yoko Ono 1.5 The breakup of the Beatles 1.6 Political activity and emigration 1.7 1973-1980 1.8 Murder 1.9 Family 1.9.1 Personal life
34d0eb76d231d297b7ae7c2edeed54f82f277635	2 Facts and achievements 3 Memory of Lennon 4 Discography 4.1 Albums
0515f661a041b81912f39c2deb60298e6196942f	5 Filmography 5.1 Directing in films (together with Yoko Ono) 5.2 Acting 5.3 Participation in documentaries 5.4 Films about John Lennon
664b758ca9901ba3b50910a08d3efdb0ae281465	6 Bibliography 7 Notes 8 Literature 9 References 10 See also
9617cac0ed616fbb64192afb8f0c92cf30984d1d	Childhood and youth
0a516e1ca25e45754a928111f784b3600dbb7fa5	The house where John spent his childhood in Liverpool
d5c40cdb6ccd2dc70b4477257fd848689db4ca97	[8][9].
607be1aa9bc8bc2c4ff48074b33812366a48057c	His parents are Julia (English:Julia Lennon 1914-1958) and Alfred Lennon (English:Alfred Lennon 1912-1976).
63c127c3c692dde4d3cb5dcc71209980e12f3901	John became their first and last child soon after his birth, Julia and Alfred separated.
e74fe943ebfc1246d005db80725896481c9efe31	Lennon's house, where he lived with Aunt Mimi
175b257469131c3330f90fa5b2ec546c7988ac2c	When Julia Lennon found another man, four year old John was taken in by his maternal aunt Mimi Smith (eng. en:Mimi Smith 1906-1991) and her husband George Smith, who had no children of their own.
d7bb6c9a019b9dd5a813662a4ae8131cb9dbd1da	Mimi was a strict teacher [9], and this often caused rejection in Lennon.
96d9cfa01e73afac53529b5b81ab8f53e7738142	Mimi did not approve of his passion for the guitar.
676c0471c39716c5836ea6efc6b8ccc5785fdaf4	John was distinguished by a rare wit and malice.
9a283918d6227080b58989bfc1cb2a3595d78b3b	When he was learning to play the guitar, Aunt Mimi grumbled: Later, at the peak of his success, John bought his aunt a luxurious mansion on the coast and decorated the hall with a marble plaque with the words of his aunt.
1462bf863c56361e4e9b8094a5f9805cb88d7428	But Lennon found a common language with his uncle, who replaced his father, but in 1955 George died.
04ae5ad54a91cf1a9d7b3e04b245964399f5c74b	Then John became close to his mother Julia, who lived with her second husband and two children from him.
aea709dd1578b15d069786b584c2755f2906b90d	Lennon could not stand the routine of school life [9], so, despite his sharp mind,he slipped from the category of the best students to the worst.
ae00693d6f3209ddbbe61c49f622c182e601565f	But at school he managed to reveal his creative abilities — Lennon sang in the choir and published a handwritten magazine, which he illustrated himself.
6abd586797be9518874af706fe26c8acf4d137f9	His favorite books at that time were "Alice in Wonderland" and "The Wind in the Willows" [10].
f73caec9d22986b024a491ada8c034ccbce1e6d7	In 1952, Lennon was at Quarry Bank High School (English:Quarry Bank High School).
fe17d4e2a50860ac437d298c7019d7119ed910af	In his studies, he did not achieve much success here either, quickly finding himself in class C for the most backward students.
af9175dc2a0a541ead084a6f731f44b4d1176c4e	At the same time, Lennon regularly violated discipline and drew caricatures of teachers [11].
07307d9b8c8c4b24c1f47df8ef6bfdc18e5ac5de	In the mid 1950s, after the release of Bill Haley's song "Rock around the Clock", a passion for rock and roll began in Liverpool.
6d1161abe2eb6aa046db3844d8be2ccf40410ced	Lonnie Donegan's song "Rock Island Line" gave birth to a skiffle, which quickly gained popularity among English youth.
9c0d4c10d91691899fd96cc21f0e74ff9afa55ad	Skiffle was notable for the fact that its performance did not require extensive knowledge of music and the ability to play well on any instrument.
fa71b6852ad4ce6ad6a6ee2c151bcba3c676797e	Thanks to this, many youth skiffle groups appeared in England in the 1950s.
19336149aee4e8f5b859ee2ac3ea829fc6222f7a	Rock and roll finally gained popularity after the appearance of Elvis Presley in the United States.
44773f68af417059243b885d19a6d9cf725bdcb7	Lennon himself played guitar in the Quarrymen.
e6691065836694279808ac941904b9a50b9e065d	Besides him, there were five people in the band: another also played guitar, two played drums, one person played banjo and one, John's best friend Pete Shotton, played on a washboard.
026b9ae66b58f1dff82b1a2220a15c71ad3060fe	On July 6, 1957, Lennon met Paul McCartney and accepted him into the Quarrymen.
878a0ee823665a0e2ff368f51ed86d22002a9a3a	Soon McCartney brought his friend George Harrison to the group.
6d01551ecfcd91341b3d1882fc449c76bfbe3ec8	After Lennon failed his final exams at school, he managed (not without the help of the headmaster[9]) to enter the Liverpool Art College.
9bb3d4fb6e57403a450bae319cf6e42421b30a4d	There he became friends with Stuart Sutcliffe, whom he also attracted to Quarrymen, and met his future wife Cynthia Powell.
fcbde388c2e820e5acf70995c9ffec0051d811b0	In 1958 (July 15), John's mother died.
6951616c68b84cdba6b1ccff83aedb6770b438cb	When she was crossing the road, she was hit by a police officer with a car.
17f148ee63d2943fd52b635967e818a7fe9169b4	Julia's death was a severe shock for Lennon [9][10]. Later, he dedicated several songs to her — "Julia", "Mother" and "My Mummy's Dead".
47ae4995795b8c2f02bc9a1049a0cf4f2b37d33d	The death of his mother greatly affected him in the future.
6f54d38a8b88762a31eb384495ab6ce009bd9f10	Since Lennon was very much attached to Julia, he looked for his mother in almost all women.
bd39814e70b0e5ac26bfbb476d41392e6b2bfd48	The Quarrymen group ceased to exist in 1959, when the name appeared first Silver Beetles, then The Beatles.
8567ef8417ffecb4cc5f51972706fa8d24a2cc66	Early Beatles
51a7f6b8356808685d650198737f24202c2d85f2	Lennon on stage with the Beatles in 1964
649bab808f6a6ed8ce615ed31730e2a88002e4c4	The first visit to the United States, Lennon is the far left
6bdee51057832a26c98d368aec8e144ed03413e6	In Hamburg, Lennon tried drugs for the first time.
6f0aa44a33be6b8a5ad36afe0dd62190e7893666	Les Paul Jr.
b84251dae36f788977eb34482596629c53ceb813	Lennon
a5d1dcee5e35afb8019aaa550baa82af113c805b	Stuart (Stu)
57479e5803c514bdd43a2911a896f810500196cd	Sutcliffe, the closest person to Lennon during these years, stayed in Hamburg.
12faddb79bea9e6505615cd3c513070d45cddc90	Sutcliffe found a wife in Germany, the photographer Astrid Kircher (eng. en:Astrid Kirchherr b. May 20, 1938).
10705daacb31704be0238125602d7364cf6c5dc4	On April 10, 1962, Stu died of a brain hemorrhage.
2c90fa9d29c97599616fe1f5e076d1507b65baa4	Nevertheless, the new image contributed to the rapid growth of The Beatles ' popularity.
5ba3508fcfadcb8b33b02f8ee3bea883b8dfbfc0	John Lennon Guitars
f1ab978d3ac3ca5d0ba88f204569cf707862582a	On August 23, 1962, John Lennon married Cynthia Powell.
847006b21df808d5c177e09f883f084d0429af30	On April 8, 1963, John and Cynthia Lennon had a son, John Charles Julian Lennon.
3d807d5e966b1f2fbebc03a981e3cc9883b39a4e	It was named after Julia, John's mother.
a1cdf9eb7668e8e10b9088538bb3aaea6a774ecd	The rest can limit themselves to jingling their jewelry![12] "Those who are in cheap seats" met this call with stormy applause.
702a19f1692b6a6ed9f5c97dae5cd8f497ce0ecd	The "others" - the crowned and uncrowned Windsors were shocked.
bf2a16167933709d937b2ecc158407ef70267340	In addition, Lennon tried himself as an actor.
1a4ab407349353c9a46a1562db28fca6418eb8f2	However, the film fully corresponded to the spirit of the times, and as a historical artifact (against the background of the events accompanying the Vietnam War) has a very definite cultural and artistic value.
9ed4a209ca61001dbba560f68aac4c4e36a42a20	"More Popular than Jesus"
c958953d8700221e0b93ac60c04d81f9aa8893ea	In 1964-1966, The Beatles were at the height of fame.
ffd81805bf76f0490d7f4b3ed85b945409a4b9de	They constantly toured around the world, released albums twice a year, starred in two films: "Help!"
a44ccb473a08441ee2b8d7ed1032db7c52029156	(English Help!) and "The Evening of a difficult Day" (eng. A Hard Day's Night).
bc148445ebe4495bc7e3a006cdc7a512787567af	In March 1966, Lennon dropped an incautious phrase in an interview with the London Evening Standard newspaper, saying the following:
ab6f61cc98d5b7116a0b649b76a24cf382fe2df4	Christianity will go away.
1ddc5913236f6dd46cbff136fcb641be0f6746ff	It will disappear and wither.
7284fb032fd383c473e5594265edf9bb33143b9b	There is no need to argue;
e0f6b5d67eb607c9fd1d8f5ee57d3d9544eaf741	I am right and the future will prove it.
c1f6f4a1155ed30f2af1979a92e1eab2ee87bf1b	Now we are more popular than Jesus;
9ac84dfa5112e455719fef254433ace30b62ff2f	I do not know which will disappear sooner — rock and roll or Christianity.
6613d00b2ecfa80ab655a7a8f58ef01c453e1298	Jesus was nothing, but his followers are stupid and ordinary.
d5d656513f8b0d1f273172b615dcca55133c8e94	And it is their perversion that destroys Christianity in me.
e73b03fb7a9e7378921010f3feb539bfc944e0f2	In the UK, no one paid attention to this phrase, but when, five months later, the American magazine Datebook placed the phrase that The Beatles were more popular than Christ on the cover, a scandal began in the United States.
9a3853fe733cf4bc7af2ea9a6156424781cb5edb	In the south of the country, whose residents are known for their religiosity, publicly burned The Beatles ' records, radio stations stopped broadcasting their songs.
81eaaf9750e6e1db0e8dafe3ad8f9d51f87031f6	Even the Vatican condemned Lennon's statement (in 2008, however, the Vatican forgave the musician, saying that his phrase could be regarded as a "joke" [13]).
1d2e0be0f798b70437e4c89e14aa26409fa25df2	At the same time, the Beatles were preparing for a tour of the United States.
7362b209933712e8efa7ec5b2bd6f7588bd0e250	Lennon was forced to apologize for his words, but the concerts during the tour were missed by a huge number of spectators.
043b1115bd257b940ba54a18a675a85600e8997c	Lennon was threatened with death: in Memphis, someone called The Beatles ' room and said that he (Lennon) would be killed during the concert.
47b633cded5db7199e7de85b74025ba30a21898a	After these tours, the Beatles decided to abandon the concerts.
f0837da1c6b71d2a079514b3dab10f0408f17258	They never performed on stage again.
3c912352628afd07ed579557227ce34f0aacdf19	1967—1968
0df9756a77ff3f53cd6b3f4e0ddac9fbcac322de	In 1967, Lennon became interested in drugs under the influence of Timothy Leary's book "The Psychedelic Experience".
59e89c22a01b8c5974aff059c99a4e25961f7135	He began to distance himself from the rest of the group and refused to play the role of its leader.
2e6ad36fe3f73ecb895d731b0d676f3b938ac8be	After the death of Brian Epstein, Paul McCartney took over the management of the Beatles.
c2f4de73606cd45d05ad35cefc2e72e6320769f0	In 1967, McCartney took the lead in the band — the best, according to many, rock album of all time "Sgt.
58d470980cbba7d62bea7f615b54ba3567f83d5b	Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band " was conceived and implemented by him, as well as the TV movie "A Magical Mystery Tour".
973a9e4994620807ffa84b1576045c10328d0eed	"The film was made by Paul and for Paul," Lennon later told Rolling Stone magazine.
feb5d714007ecf9b1cbe972a55ceeae799ba7033	The songs from the albums 1967-1968, although they were signed by Lennon McCartney, in the vast majority of cases were the fruit of the creativity of only one of the Beatles.
02867dde76c91a46442a637b22d53f24215ee918	The "White Album", released in 1968, shows how the band members differed from each other during this period.
ddbd8a16248ad38f833edd14e220948480083822	"Imagine" ad from Billboard magazine, September 18, 1971.
85f5cf5e196ac4eb09e6ce9ba9b251347d14b223	During these years, Lennon composed songs that many later recognized as his best works: the philosophical "Strawberry Fields Forever" and "Across the Universe", the psychedelic" I Am the Walrus "and" Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds", the gloomy" A Day in the Life "and the solemn" All You Need is Love", which became a hippie anthem.
45670efa4185920a34f2edf32afd3a1b7fab61e3	The appearance of Lennon, like the rest of the band members, has changed a lot.
8af50fce242b031eb20ecee6a15396110bbce662	The Beatles stopped dressing in neat suits, grew long hair, mustaches and sideburns.
00ede6bef99dfd3344762561f6a5b6b31f3401f7	The famous round glasses appeared in the image of Lennon for the first time.
eddaec54ff5e878a409508e217cfa4edb3641ca9	In November 1968, Lennon's wife, Cynthia Lennon, divorced her husband.
6e1803de784ba6cc95fdf7738780330ff76c5f30	The reason for this was John's infidelity with Yoko Ono.
ae6dc608e380cee3d9728e9cc7c43e4ff4c61941	Cynthia, returning from Greece, saw her husband and his mistress in her bed.
454b96b323b13146b86363f814ec976b8bdfd131	On November 8, 1968, the divorce was officially registered.
b3c62825418e88502eb054ee798a078f8a03e6a6	Marriage to Yoko Ono
8e264b786310a299cbe9196b8ecba0175e7b6a48	Lennon met the avant garde artist Yoko Ono in 1966, when he visited her exhibition at the Indica Art Gallery.
f1015245062820db4b34ae10c69ba8c5e0f58c9a	Their life together began in 1968, when Lennon divorced his first wife Cynthia.
5a4d0a2a2df23f9a5cfe90bcab47449b4dddaeab	Soon, he and Yoko became inseparable.
393aa7ff9b8a9f67c09d90865de7477735491277	As Lennon said at the time, they are not John and Yoko, but one soul in two bodies, John and Yoko.
4ccc217dbce1cffdb065970706a96ea8959d3abb	On March 20, 1969, the marriage of John Lennon and Yoko Ono was registered in Gibraltar.
204dd3f304de79cc4b7280f64a73d5bb0a7d5586	After his marriage, Lennon changed his middle name from Winston to Ono, and now his name was John Ono Lennon.
72ba072feb94d7e38c6d185e5435f876b409989c	The couple spent their honeymoon in continental Europe Paris, Amsterdam and Vienna, after which they visited Montreal.
a52060e27fe03df5ee1a83a468884a8e4c9b85cf	We dreamed of changing something in this world... but everything remained the same.
2b6263cb5447c862ab528d90892202d562c67600	They still sell weapons to South Africa, and blacks are killed on the street.
49a6fdf757d0284e9ea780263d29c757fcbecaaa	People still live in poverty, and rats run over them.
3a40fe05ec692490e799a875f2cea9643cac1928	Only crowds of rich idlers walk around London in fashionable rags.
49be534f92f6213196ce3d717f44fec7a09e27d6	I no longer believe in the myth of the Beatles [14].
5a292dc5e9782e615bb519d74e8b90ad6deade27	Relations within the Beatles finally soured in 1968.
1f7a23d84f5a77e69701874c41370033667a4a16	Lennon and Paul McCartney have accumulated a lot of complaints about each other.
79bee1bd90cc9b6ffe19937b5754bf36c1b649d2	Lennon, for example, was not satisfied with the fact that McCartney was pulling the blanket over himself, and he was dissatisfied with Lennon's apathy and constant stay in the studio during the recordings of Yoko Ono (although at the beginning of their career the Beatles agreed not to invite wives and girls to the studio).
c8d473e1e544d4e71a3c3bd8acda7c4f9881f10d	In addition, their creative collaboration almost ceased, Lennon was increasingly inclined to psychedelic rock ("Strawberry Fields Forever"), acid rock ("I am the Walrus") and avant garde ("Revolution 9").
c69fb7555219a6f60992a89786a92b9bdc0d402a	In 1968, the Beatles were on the verge of breaking up, and Ringo Starr even announced his departure (although in the end he still remained in the group).
f719c364cd94233a2bdde962eb0b2240289aa50e	Many recordings on the "White Album" were made in an incomplete composition, and Lennon recorded the song "Julia" alone.
3ca66de3838361e84badf3897164d878e4d1fd2e	The album "Abbey Road", released in 1969, was also organized by Paul McCartney — the concept of the album belonged to him.
63743d25e40e835a480f1160ecb1353e3d1d4c3c	"Abbey Road" actually became the last Beatles album.
e58479cc50e6bdbcf4eacc1ec5761486a2a0374f	Released in 1970, " Let It Be "was almost completely recorded in January 1969 during the studio session that became the basis of the film"Let It Be".
86416fc017941169e2eb9bdf4be8c1f7c46abc34	By the time the album was released, Lennon and McCartney had already announced that they were leaving the band.
07e4d1a75464858809f0ce56ddb6523c1354f1e3	In 1968, two years before the breakup of the Beatles, John Lennon and Yoko Ono released their first album, Unfinished Music No.
4cf15f153a567bdcb74cc7bc3898098d9f9634f8	1: Two Virgins.
e9b76fd0668b32ed59c693348843e7dc1092f64a	According to Lennon, the album was recorded in one night.
923ebbe94a9891e8fbc1198f5c927776ceaae382	There was no music on it: the record contained a random set of noises, moans and screams.
03041c98e7338b7f48d233a60e2ec579206c30cf	The album cover was remarkable — it featured a photo of Lennon and Yoko Ono completely naked.
ba3aea44182b2a718b5af6facbf92b5c256b2a26	In 1969, two studio albums were released: "Wedding Album" and "Unfinished Music No.
eee1da83bbf6bd167808d29dd32f64e2cf35d292	2: Life With The Lions", which also contained almost no music.
1c202023b4025fb7defdfd6075bf51f340aa2d1b	In addition, a live recording of "Live Peace In Toronto 1969" was released.
ee49880eae83405f58c20e6879c5dad3d9ed6749	Lennon and Yoko Ono formed a group called Plastic Ono Band.
743693964a3971cd13bb93d58f3304c8375f4ced	Political activity and emigration
fe1c8a34852d0df5a3b6bc3aa940e3bfa1b12989	External Video Files Lionsgate&vh1 movie "John Lennon vs. the United States"
061f869bcd9caa4b48046417e69e2c1cb3dbc96b	John Lennon's period of political activity lasted from 1968 to 1972.
fb5e8c0faa7c17656c8cff6bf0e4f1af69a19b7c	The beginning of this period was the song "Revolution", which was released on the single and its variation "Revolution 1", which was released on the"White Album".
6429b552ec4daf4cedffa98d15d3746ed86c4e19	By that time, Lennon had not yet finally decided on his position, which can be understood from "Revolution 1", where, unlike the original version of the song, the end of the first verse sounds like this:
c43cd2a709de6f4442b3f15e82fadd53984593a1	But when you talk about destruction
47ae8f10238fe8e2dc90b26a82ae726bb24ba56e	Donot you know that you can count me out… in
72434aeaba79af0b3a747c61aad5f33ae30a0237	That is, after the words with which Lennon refuses violence, the word "in" follows, which gives the line an absolutely opposite meaning.
8d7d01c78e725c428382521922cd9a9777e2cdc8	Another political song written for the Beatles album was "Come Together", released on the album"Abbey Road".
919f94ce2232e68be63170157093261a61009180	At this time, Lennon had already taken a very definite position — he advocated for world peace, and even returned the Order of the British Empire to the Queen — in protest against...
b78812d2443fe3caf4ccd435015bcfae08abb498	"British intervention in the Nigeria Biafra conflict, against our support for the American war in Vietnam and against the fact that "Cold Turkey" is falling in the charts" [15].
8fb31efcb93a284d32cdc4bc73ff9adb56efced3	Recording of the song Give Peace a Chance
886540a443bd704022e231f08137dad8e66dd41b	The first public political actions of Lennon together with Yoko Ono date back to 1969.
a37a05561eb3c2cd1616507187d13cb9ba2018eb	After their wedding, they went to Amsterdam and announced that they would conduct a "bed interview".
98880b7aa927d0783fe4bffdff8de594705f9c03	The journalists, who decided that the star couple would publicly have sex, gathered at the hotel, where it turned out that Lennon and Yoko Ono were just sitting in bed and talking about the world.
b480fd80bade63fd800b1c09ef81fc080a6e392e	Wearing white pajamas and decorating their hotel room with flowers, John and Yoko were sitting in their beds.
eabab4446bb3b32b8de307e726b0d7d46650b2d2	The doors of the room were wide open around the clock.
dc26e54728356d7195e80ed8cf595d8a3d368770	Anyone from the street could enter them.
4aca6b73546e0c11dd9c1e603c7ccf75ef4f7ef0	And he came in.
b3c769612ce4d77577bfbab538e6c8e1fdd6aef0	Television, photographers, and newspaper reporters spent the day and night in Lennon's rooms in Amsterdam and Toronto.
ceda486656f0420748fcc4e2e739ec6b72b8cb85	They did not leave the television screens, from the first pages of newspapers and magazines.
bb92ebb4439a6e8e8ca27725280e50fc6d427381	And along with the sensation, their call to put an end to the aggression in Vietnam involuntarily seeped into the world.
246960c0981d87376c1b696bb3bf6f8a977df7e0	Henry Ford knew how to sell cars through advertising.
81a775a6e6564ddf9695c2089a82077a39f6a5bc	Yoko and I were "selling" the world.
7cb10c7cbdd4741ecac2999bbcd397530bf9f428	Many people thought it was funny, but many began to think [12].
ad4e45f556eb7070ec764f42bbad5767e5cd68c2	After Amsterdam, the bed demonstration was repeated in Montreal, where Lennon impromptu composed the song "Give Peace a Chance", which became the anthem of the pacifist movement.
600731e2bca8bb836e74427da1a088af3386eb76	On December 15, 1969, the Lennons organized an anti war concert under the slogan "The war will end if you want it".
065bbead4716fd71a7d61109a4723efbc84ae720	On December 30 of the same year, British television showed a program dedicated to Lennon and named him one of the three political figures of the decade (along with John Kennedy and Mao Zedong).
0b50142d7a9119f18a0ceff30feb87d593a45e0b	In 1969, John and Yoko had long hair during a bed campaign.
8b0ee3c4ab81ab24e313a0f231b2a5b65c0a4acc	On January 20, 1970, they cut each other's hair in Denmark.
b82448c9a73fe0ccb037dac87f4f86a747b4df93	The turbulent political and musical activity led to the fact that in the early 1970s, Lennon began a psychological crisis.
3dabc557e3bf5906ac370cce0e0ae8e64a96f782	He was brought out of this crisis by Dr. Arthur Yanov, who practiced primal therapy (English)Russian..
bd3f999299c3e888582cfb6ebb5ca5301e722350	With the help of Janov, Lennon managed to return to a normal state, and the methods of treatment made a deep impression on him, which is noticeable on the album "John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band" in 1970, which became Lennon's most outspoken record.
b6ced92a7d39768232920f6799d2b170c97a4eaa	In 1971, the album "Imagine" was released, which told about Lennon's utopian dreams.
982fa31510c0e3f29116937893a4d529339aa138	At this time, his political position changed dramatically — he, along with Yoko Ono, took part in a rally in support of the Irish Republican Army, and on the cover of the single "Power to the People", the Lennons were depicted in army helmets.
71c422562866cab903652cc65e18e78f92bc2f4d	Since September 1971, Lennon and Yoko Ono have lived in New York.
87fb3444b50fcf8afc88f4c87db48b41a6959dda	After a long struggle with the US immigration authorities, who refused to give the couple permission to enter because of the drug scandal in 1969, the Lennons still received the right to reside in the United States.
36b26d622910e5114ff70131ca976527adbaa0f2	John Lennon never visited the UK again.
da2982d138366c3e117159a90ea521a2748d93ae	Immediately after moving overseas, Lennon joined the political life of the United States.
40d41d597f7564b04d7a19aee8d5e271247b125c	He advocated the granting of civil rights to Indians, for softening the conditions of detention of prisoners in prisons, for the release of John Sinclair, one of the leaders of American youth, who was sentenced to 10 years in prison for marijuana possession (shortly after Lennon's action in support of Sinclair, he was released).
9d19cb5262f428809e5a64a4bc1f3cbb588fb41e	Lennon's last political album was "Some Time In New York City" (1972), after which the radical period of his work ended.
8b857d5bf2768fe1ff30cb93c33ccdee1f5f1ab0	Released in 1973, the album "Mind Games" showed that Lennon's political songs were in the past.
2be51ac992efe954a3771c2c0d3d7edea8ee9485	1973—1980
67b9c1cd78bb429d1ebbd684a34bb5269b284540	A year later, "Rock'n'roll" was released, an album of songs that The Beatles sang before the arrival of fame.
68a8a987ef759c101e282eab79f739b60e14a21f	On October 9, 1975, Lennon's thirty fifth birthday, he had a son named Sean.
444acbe53a15989df5bd50d8ddd21795bfa7b3ff	This happened in 1975, also on October 9.
e603b872263d8d1582158819fc99f32575055d9b	Yoko Ono co wrote the album.
a8455a055bde9e58c3406f9909212ef27d14165e	Murder
8c1299b29fefda2b4d8e7d80344a956019a36fd4	Main article: The Murder of John Lennon
6d02ca7377821a43e6c72053d76e8c3961dad260	John Lennon gives an autograph to his killer Mark David Chapman, Chapman himself is the man in the photo standing behind.
8ca6df8e96fc2405b3b5f702f626ce917acaba4c	On December 8, 1980, John Lennon was killed by a US citizen, Mark David Chapman.
01403187b3112e6eea999ea2b9f3dec12e956d2f	The place where Yoko Ono scattered Lennon's ashes in Central Park, New York
0b7a259f561670a40995885126b233faa6f1615c	It mainly consists of sessions for "Double Fantasy".
bf28c41b06915fadd0234024f944b862e67dcf7b	Father Alfred Lennon — (December 14, 1912 April 1, 1976), Uncle Charles Lennon (1918-2002)[19], mother Julia Lennon (Stanley) — (March 12, 1914 July 15, 1958), Aunt Elizabeth Jane Stanley — (1908-1976)[19], Aunt Mimi (Mary) Stanley Smith — (April 24, 1906 — December 6, 1991), Uncle George Smith (1903-1955) [19], maternal sister Julia Deakins Baird (1947) [19], maternal sister Jacqueline Deakins (1949)[19], paternal brother David Henry Lennon (1969) [19], paternal brother Robin Francis Lennon (1973) [19].
f32701386f34cec5017646773ebff51b64d1f3a3	First wife Cynthia Lennon (Powell) (10 September 1939 — 1 April 2015)
bb3399b37cd19588629b1aa4a2bb20117091c57a	— (marriage: August 23, 1962 — November 8, 1968), son Julian Lennon (8 April 1963) is a singer, second wife Yoko Ono Lennon (18 February 1933) is an artist avant gardist, son Sean Lennon (9 October 1975) is a singer.
9f23da8e313d08c30e54306aef0e5353f5f4d85f	Facts and achievements
66a92ff79db0b21b07c009b1750bf0c71ff7dc31	This mark was set on May 16, 2015.
485b3990f3f40afb94123ed9ae947df59f59da9d	Lennon considered "Run for Your Life" and "It's Only Love"to be his worst songs[20].
3a1baa37617d60a47ca9c835ed3c44443723eb1e	On December 8, 1980, John Lennon and Yoko Ono took part in a photo shoot for the cover of Rolling Stone magazine.
6d023a1e0a98b226567ad79d4ffd6aee821b3bfb	The photographer was Annie Leibovitz.
b43afb2867ef9ee71aaefaa45fdaed413fecaf12	Five hours after the photo shoot, John Lennon was killed.
31c347e187916c67ed7e16214efbad798c94d183	The magazine was published in 1981.
c1fe07cf248e2ca18adad9792585a2327f96623f	And this photo is currently being auctioned at Swann Auction Galleries[when?
cffa4150bb11a3e054f8432d79313babe6fea831	The album Plastic Ono Band was ranked 22nd among the best of the best by Rolling Stone magazine.
11d7887b4f18fc838745d0fe90e5194d472cda75	John Lennon's song "Imagine" was named "the best song of all time" by the professional American publication "Performing Songwriter".
de7fc677cc32f16b3749a2ec894b200ba85760c1	According to a survey conducted by the magazine, this anthem for world peace has even surpassed the standard of "Stardust" by Hoagy Carmichael, as well as "What's Going On" by Marvin Gaye.
87e7fd24ae3c2020961aff22dc83a80db85eade5	These compositions took the second and third place, respectively.
6ad60aa63427e5398d5609cd86cc6aabf5dbaa00	Since 2006, "Imagine" has been playing in the last minutes of the outgoing " old " year on Times Square in New York.
2e5e5bd66003b9a590d41ed53e08e93492d57b73	In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine published the 500 greatest Songs of All Time, in which "Imagine"was ranked 3rd.
691088c4b0f9faa88bd8959c498d4cfb1d5ae453	A self portrait of John Lennon was put up for auction for $ 5 million.
0c7319d0a6cf245f29ebe0e2262c0b0e5a1e5ce8	A collection of John Lennon's manuscripts and drawings sold at Sotheby's for almost $ 3 million.
616ccd5e28fe95df4a8ee0b016834522b31d67d7	Memory of Lennon
d2846c1c8849fd66201203380f3dcf6343c6e4d7	In 2002, Liverpool airport was renamed in honor of Lennon.
86b0de3aa7d50ebbdd9bb7e995634c9bfd849770	The asteroid "(4147) Lennon"is named in honor of John Lennon.
a8223d9d92baa3b531b9beb5b33e1d9ce41e344c	A crater on Mercury is named in honor of John Lennon[21].
1ad60e844346257c9962fab90785279afd2bb3a0	John Lennon received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
11a10ebbc4ed433afdebfd726f2f2aeab4fc9b67	In October 2000, the Lennon Museum was opened in Saitama, Japan.
aaabb0db5c6a42f3d14c8f6dd269bea1c7a3d155	The museum's exposition consists of more than 130 items, including guitars and stage costumes.
cf0e63b83318a397d939de638149d3b275acb281	It was closed on September 30, 2010[22].
5a8ee400433eef36f113743b06ce32b76d86e6c9	John Lennon's albums were reissued for his 70th birthday (2010).
040515b79954aee77346a1219129281654f846e0	The box set, prepared for release under the guidance of Lennon's widow Yoko Ono, includes 11 discs, which, among others, includes 13" home " recordings of the artist, previously unreleased[23].
8a06ce6285d6d96b9b29d40df2438eb14229db6c	In the same 2010, a 5 pound coin with the image of the musician was minted in England[24].
740579f18237c7381049a80baad93c7926a20723	In 1993, John Lennon Street appeared in Lviv (Ukraine).
563bc3ff6ae2f50583af362825c2bcf161f1a2f9	At that time, there were eight such streets in the world.[25] In 2016, in the village of Kaliny (Transcarpathian region, Ukraine), Lenin Street was renamed Lennon Street.[26] There is a wall dedicated to John Lennon in Prague.
5bff36798104bf44c3669a3a642a3f2f3b8b2159	The wall has an interesting location, right opposite is the French embassy.
bc4b88932c90f18d26b7a311edf9da5f777b5f1b	In 2014, a new bird eating spider for science was named Bumba lennoni[27].
81450cfc3ece37e354779f865811cd58fb7aac9f	Monument (bust) in Vilnius (opened in May 2015) [28].
fdde42a740d68de809d7859cb9407a035375537a	Monuments
91dd172d3fb93f56becb12ed2c5754783c0b87da	Liverpool Airport Terminal
f256c0c1d85648952e486f8a8b3e6355ef5a967e	named after John Lennon
8b18f0be1b313e9553fa7de710338504dc2eb346	Entrance to the Dakota Building, 72nd Street (West), Manhattan,
69789fdcda1f50b95c5241e26c47e4750ec5204c	where in 1973-1980
131ffa1ba52d316bf6c2d662ed6e7a1d73ef0c66	there was John Lennon
de0884ca2b0f3380573251803087d6a046e50b57	"John Lennon Street"
e62e894cf7537cc78da5496ca829b54792c707dd	in St. Petersburg
fe24b89001bc3ae35d33bd9de6899085665bf782	Monument to John Lennon in Mogilev Podolsk (Ukraine)
fdbf34e2a6a9a2fbd28feaff5d1391c67543f178	Postage stamps and coins
e51fe1db86207971845804fb1d3cfef39aefccac	Commemorative coin with the image of Lennon
4c45e72e850cd56db51e8286b35934fa0ec1c8e9	Albums
d7e701b194d0d6595c84d2d2d31a4ab0787639a4	Unfinished Music No.
32e68d0032b892e3a6d2ef78fcc4ba3b311e500c	1: Two Virgins (1968) Unfinished Music No.
b6aad714ebc4cbc96f1f2f6d118bcf6d1b1ea96c	2: Life With The Lions (1969) Wedding Album (1969) Live Peace In Toronto 1969 (Live Album, 1969) John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band (1970) Imagine (1971) Some Time In New York City (1972) Mind Games (1973) Walls And Bridges (1974) Rock'n'roll (1975) Shaved Fish (compilation, 1975) Double Fantasy (1980) The John Lennon Collection (Compilation, 1982) Milk and Honey (1984) Menlove Ave. (1986) Live in New York City (Live Album, 1986) John Lennon Anthology / Wonsaponatime (Home Demos, Alternative versions, Unreleased Songs, 1998) Acoustic (2004) Working Class Hero - The Definitive Lennon (Compilation, 2005) The U.S. vs. John Lennon (soundtrack, 2006) Double Fantasy Stripped Down (2010)
c9b2591494944a69a659f97c81d3145b55d866fc	Directing works in cinema (together with Yoko Ono)
26421c59b6e8e0501e5540faa0bfd0f13d8202e7	1968 Two Virgins / Two Virgins 1968 Number 5 / No.
bceed79ffe39158c07f1707a305836fa19962e03	5 1969 Honeymoon / Honeymoon 1969 Abduction / Rape 1970 Legs Up Forever / Up Your Legs Forever 1970 Freedom / Freedom 1970 Fly / Fly 1970 Apotheosis / Apotheosis 1971 Erection / Erection 1972 Imagine / Imagine
3ee8bff62f996b3eb520e6155a804a84b4384499	Acting works
21fc2cd68d6ca09ad9dd6c0eec893c9554247c4b	Year Movie title Original title Role 1964 A Hard Day's Night A Hard Day's Night John 1965 To the rescue!
3e8adeced13f7afed6edf7f2f1ceec7c96517604	Help!
81b582222f8865863a7b18356e85c43abb96a15b	John Lennon 1967 How I Won the War How I Won the War Gunslinger Gripweed Magical Mystery Tour Magical Mystery Tour John/The Narrator/Ticket seller/The Wizard with coffee/The Sleek Waiter 1968 Yellow Submarine Yellow Submarine John Two Virgins Two Virgins 1970 Let It Be So Let It Be John Lennon Apotheosis Apotheosis 1971 Chicken Dynamite Dynamite Chicken John Lennon 1977 Fire in the Water Fire in the Water
fcffa4074bed2c59f4518555bb87f2148ec93c01	Participation in documentaries
0e4217e9fc1a31152de6f3bd429c98dea61e5d18	1968 — All My love / All My Loving 1969 Muhammad Ali, the greatest / Muhammad Ali, the Greatest 1969 Diaries, notes and Sketches / Diaries Notes and Sketches 1970 Let It Be / Let It Be 1971 Ten for Two: A Rally for the Liberation of John Sinclair / Ten for Two: The John Sinclair Freedom Rally 1972 John Lennon and Yoko Ono: A Concert face to Face / John Lennon and Yoko Ono Present the One to One Concert 1972 Eat the document / Eat the Document 1976 The Girls from Chelsea and Andy Warhol / Chelsea Girls and Andy Warhol 1977 After The Beatles / The Beatles and Beyond 1977 — The Day of the Death of music / The Day the Music Died
2899f166c323a7ba55e934f6f43267f4df270f0c	Movies about John Lennon
872f0c5644d7cb1690d330ba91ba4e01507c3984	"Imagine: John Lennon" (1988) "The Story of John Lennon" (2001) "John Lennon: The Bearer of the Message" (2002) "USA vs. John Lennon" (2006) "The Murder of John Lennon" (2006) "Chapter 27" (2007) "Become John Lennon" (2009) "Five Bullets for Lennon" (2009) "Naked Lennon" (2010) "Wheel to Imagine" - an animated film about John Lennon[29]
619d65e1ae1a2704aa306451ac2a75a0cde345a8	Bibliography
58d988ed280c3edbf5c6f00cb9e2d1ac5a083f2f	In His Own Write.
9209919b9f6c76158530f3e49ad2c943ba2b2952	The book was published on March 23, 1964[30].
7763d95b8787395c4f75335e9db347f6ece86521	In Russian translation, it was published under the title "I Write as it is written" (translated by Alexey Kurbanovsky)[31]. The foreword to the book was written by Paul McCartney.
3e30f0a78b0bb7c770fba4cb3f8715e7e6bc7078	Together with him, one of the stories was also written — On Safety with Whide Hunter.
fb50efd0715ab9cf358365120a34f829285f6a06	A Spaniard In The Works.
529b5f188ea343e00221db26f58931f80355dd5f	The book was published in 1965[32].
ab4664f114c8df08b42d257de068be6e9e00076c	In Russian translation, it was published under the title "The Spaniard in the Wheel" (translated by Alexey Kurbanovsky)[33]. Skywriting by Word of Mouth.
06338a890cdc74582f74665dee1779c7f9065969	The book was published after the author's death, in 1986[34].
4b74706bbdb2ffe3e28032454a09281c1d9c8892	In the Russian translation, it was published under the title "Oral History" (translated by Alexey Tolkachev)[35].
58e11c0a07a7bd9139d89bcd77d457359efc8b56	The books are collections of stories, poems and parodies written in the spirit of black and absurdist humor, containing numerous puns, wordplay and intentional mistakes.
82ca47cbd95943c9cac179907f5a4eedaed01b5d	The author illustrated the books himself.
591478b802b779703ea8a6aa2974ec53da5748a2	Based on the first book, a play was written, which premiered on June 18, 1968 at the Old Vic Theater in London.
618c305b746faffac51fd4ca9802be12d8b65c9b	The play was censored by the Lord Chamberlain of the Court for "blasphemous hints" and "disrespectful references" to some politicians of that time (the story You Might Well Arsk contains puns on the names of Konrad Adenauer, Charles de Gaulle and others).
300d037bee39e0791f064bd3cc1b442b66bf6748	On October 9, 2012, the book "John Lennon.
9227734d94881614a6f9727549322e682f144fc1	Letters", in which, with the permission of the widow of the musician Yoko Ono, John Lennon's personal letters were published, some of which were not previously known to the general public[36].
784c7ae0ce330ee012b548c4c1b9933d91aabd7c	The publication was prepared by the British journalist and writer Hunter Davis, who is known as the author of the only authorized biography of the Beatles.
79b03c4dc5827681a1e6a82834c9fa94f8bf6c11	In the process of working on the book, he managed to find and collect together about three hundred letters from John Lennon addressed to relatives, friends, fans and just acquaintances of the musician.
bf1f562b534fa1e15d76135afd376c95aed24eba	The book includes a brief biography of John Lennon, as well as a detailed commentary and facsimile to each letter; it is illustrated with photos and drawings of the ex beatle, contains an index of names and titles.
9561cbd671b4b46a2a9f316167d1d31a87db8bee	↑ 1 2 3 4 Record #118571575 // Gemeinsame Normdatei — 2012—2016.
2a6654946ce36d299c928a4eb2b4da6850abc7ad	↑ 1 2 Bibliothèque nationale de France: op en data platform — 2011.
22c17e8bba1d8bccd7374c883de96d286f91ea15	<a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q20666306"></a>
d87bac695e7fa1788b68aa506829ecdd91e7a4da	↑ The official website of John Lennon has opened ↑ John Lennon (English).
109d28ee23f6b04054e50a4b16c6d372377e9728	Encyclopædia Britannica.
4d7c444ee7558c5c25cd32cb03b7b9ddc9f238c2	Verified on May 17, 2012.
f50551dc31ae2f681a0f53b2986bf90a218b1770	↑ Howard Goodall's 20th Century Greats: Lennon and McCartney ↑ The Time 100: The Beatles ↑ "Today": Fans of The Beatles celebrate John Lennon's birthday ↑ Liverpool Lennons website ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Davis H.
40e438e26963469b3cf0b8e78610bbf7c81739a8	The Beatles: an authorized biography (translated from English) M.: "Rainbow", 1990.
9b56b88fe7946fd5206185f873fbc8173a7ecc36	↑ 1 2 Goldman, Albert.
15631d6094563dc24ad489811042919bd6090686	"The lives of John Lennon" (from the series "The lives of wonderful people") - Moscow: "Young Guard", 2004.
12df48b6eb145052b0165445d65210568ebd75d0	↑ Spitz, Bob.
f14d63fef45b2824735c2c385337be10c2a26ffd	The Beatles: The Biography.
c971a93a858c2d4f4cce428def88819ec233ac79	Little, Brown and Company.
ec8249b5795d8d8ea35b9df9568d0d3294d15f0c	New York, 2005.
49dc47055140889824ac1362f714a0863405da68	↑ 1 2 Sturua Mallor Murder on 72nd Street ↑ Lenta.ru: The Vatican has forgiven Lennon for comparing The Beatles with Jesus Бит Beatlemans and the trap of show business "Soviet Culture", 08.03.79 ↑ David Brown.
899fc86b7c2097feb5c2594883beac59fa258919	MBE that John Lennon returned in protest is found (English).
57025785b5479cb93764fc1e969b31b06e763cf3	The Times (January 6, 2009).
25f67793908e1e79987a312bff2761d5ee2ae264	Archived from the original source on October 25, 2010.
2a6148904a97c85f32098981b716ea0fa58121e4	↑ Harry, Bill.
45c3edcc7cbbfa22e805f62bd8b4af89345ced82	The John Lennon Encyclopedia.
877fc93d72178096183680ea0363d8d0c0940d4d	— Virgin, 2000b.
2b3537c81fb34071c1c4556093182532c97b077a	— ISBN 0-7535-0404-9.
5f09d73ac11c6e1c28402ad9c4f8d7b47a93afc4	The murderer of Lennon was refused to be pardoned for the eighth time // Lenta.ru, 23.08.2014 ↑ The text of the letter (English) on the BBC website ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The Liverpool Lennons family tree ↑ John Robertson.
6d46a767c12f98d39df96ba38a4d5fd173db5f11	The Beatles: A complete guide to music.
1abfa2774fa764460b135b8f6f10a55ef8d2b28c	- Moscow: Lokid, 1997 — - 163 p.
bb9f0d22da5dca80e3cc89d82ce2c27fc71aaded	— ISBN 5-86217-062-6.
8fb13773deea1a5584e9e63c446bb20815e7e904	Справочник Directory of the International Astronomical Union ↑ The only official John Lennon Museum will close, Lenta.
1d502f6db76d25ea22c3b952ccdf2211937f1d26	<url> (04.02.2010).
f684cdaaa81fb4f797892eac88e1f0a222dc8bce	Verified on March 8, 2011.
d19b7823145f59891a799c6df54fb17d8981a349	↑ "John Lennon's Rarities have been Published" - A New Look No.
d731feb710491654b5eff638a456313199bd34e3	10 from 17.11.2010 ↑ Great Britons Special Edition Silver Proof — John Lennon (eng.) Лен There is a Lennon Street in Lviv, and The Beatles fans made a pilgrimage to the village of Bitlya.
8f45f552accf6f14ce4828d1eec9a6bb4f2cb38e	Ген Gennady Moskal, official website (ukr.) ↑ Fernando Perez Miles, Alexandre Bragio Bonaldo, Laura Miglio.
11897cda70ec117f28cbf7796a8871388e5ef397	Bumba, a replacement name for Maraca Pérez Miles, 2005 and Bumba lennoni, a new tarantula species from western Amazonia (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae) / / ZooKeys : Journal.
1a8084a9613a8197e9ab253e90d5eb6f503ae400	— Sofia: Pensoft Publishers, 2014.
31ee51486ef25f7bff00ad791764e722e084a321	— Vol. 448.
9558a5ff9fa0e0f7210d41fedd0667c8ecb0850b	— P. 1-8.
7b4c7df195080001a8b5b50a4473702adaedd312	— ISSN 1313-2970.
2e1d8fed1234a50042b5e10527b539aa2339b8f5	Лен In Vilnius, Lennon will be sculpted with a golden flower in his eye (Rus.) On Mindaugou Street, a sculpture of J. Lennon (lit.) ↑ "WHEEL TO IMAGINE" — an animated film about John Lennon — YouTube ↑ en:In His Own Write ↑ school Library, school library John Lennon: Write, how to spell ↑ en:A Spaniard in the Works ↑ OZON.ru — Books | Ispanec in the wheel | John Lennon | A Spaniard in the Works | The end of the world | Buy books: online store / ISBN 5-699-04774-3 ↑ en: Skywriting by Word of Mouth ↑ Ôðàãìåíò è èç éíèãè "Óñòíàì íåáîïèñü" ↑ " John Lennon.
c65da0140152402b3621ccc53c3a365c4e4f9129	Letters", edited by Hunter Davis / / Snob Magazine 09.10.12
bfa656ad1696603c95c22d34cf35d8af1a28ff9a	«The Beatles.
73ac8c640db030a1c1c2e27d1a4ef82fa16cbf76	The Authorized Biography " by Hunter Davies, 1969/Hunter Davies.
7091f636ecf64ed2332026bb3acf3819eb396aa6	"The Beatles.
6f8a7ff611d1f12257db3f3bcd79582e87a6dc53	Authorized Biography " translated by V. N. Chamberji and V. V. Pozner, M, Raduga, 1990.
32a8dac30975251512e8f2739c9ad24252299e44	Wenner Jan. Lennon remembers( Lennon remembers), 1971.
1281455d853a094562fe5000e28f4383cc5e339e	Fawcett Anthony.
e4bfdcb3e3bd4ef6c162f4bd52c5f6fcd0bddfeb	John Lennon.
02da6278a319825eb6580a7dc05d7f834c5c8751	One Day At A Time, 1976.
86177715d9949c608e6a380293691e8c7c0a9f43	Lennon Cynthia.
a8be396652e0c65f8fc8ec614bd1a7c2595432ae	A Twist of Lennon (The Irony of Lennon), 1978/ Spencer William.
18098a1c61c56a9a3d9cc447c7f7bdbce7b6b773	"It was John Lennon", Munich, 1980.
fcd6c79a204001d9c57f0e281d82fc875fce85ec	Pibbles Andy.
0575eff895dda5c7f886b68e46bd110a0c7adefc	Lennon Tapes, London, 1981.
f3e8b141c378d0f3580f7391275aab593f49e571	Shotton Peter, Nickolas Sheffner.
3a548dc291f6a182d7d2880a8ef711f1cfbae6b9	John Lennon In My Life (John Lennon in my life), 1983, [1] Kuleman Ray.
69975ba70a31c5e968f005b78c1e89148248e741	"John W. Lennon", Munich, 1985.
5f7ba635f5b9ae0121442098a0c520586d2111e5	Yoko Ono.
c23b8fcbddc697cf6a7556057f18913f4b4fff21	Skywriting By Word Of Mouth, 1986.
bc45ec3359c2bd449f315a9b5d87a88b30d11897	Posener Alan.
569ed98bd40a14d6b9add2ddb47377fd6383229a	"John Lennon", Hamburg, 1987.
d1e224698c106e1411acd5a0edfc7fa5124c4ac6	Goldman Albert.
e0fbcf109ec0cb7f7c6c36ef0384788a984c9ea9	John Lennon Lives, 1988 [2] / Albert Goldman."John Lennon", ZhZL series, Moscow, 2000.
27f189d37cd53dc7831059886099e66ee9294080	Benzien Rudi.
85356208ec4969591b8638244e21ce7643e7985a	Jonn Lennon Forever, 1989/Rudy Benzien."John Lennon Forever" in A. Mazhorov lane, St. Petersburg, Interlast, 1993.
1510f447f3bcaca76824fd37ac549bbbfa2ca20d	Bresler, Fenton — "The Murder of John Lennon" — 1989.
a8243e686c3d905815efc61f104e087057a12519	Frederic Seaman.
9c24fa78938d81efef0ee273d2c90f0db7368ebe	The Last Days of John Lennon: A Personal Memoir, 1991.
6127e3a5106b1cfb6730923cc4d044780e683fcb	Geoffrey Giuliano.
e4d31739073ae958f205d56075b8e777ef7e097c	Lennon in America: 1971—1980, Based in Part on the Lost Lennon Diaries, 2000.
f4bc15418943dae5bc8eb0528a022c9109c32565	Rosen Robert.
5f965a65d89fa4d8a79aef6e197e4f4df6f24cec	Nowhere Man: The Final Days of John Lennon, New York, 2000.
12c3a6a682306382c883dd53feace3af64313d84	Sergey Klimovitsky.
f9bc18842469d459d3689ca7852be4dcfee5f56f	The Beatles.
fcc45e159a38da299407f8d9b87e33da2a9fa95a	Moscow, NOTA R, 2002 "John Lennon: here is my story, humble and true" (author comp. V. Vaganov), Chelyabinsk, Arkaim, 2003, (additional ed.2 on CD ROM, 2005).
ba6cc1130d4aa3b97f93ce3b3f738f94b4ebfc72	John, 2005 [3]/Cynthia Lennon.
0e9ff6c3a97e4eaac5c4b72a50f4e29cf107b9c2	"My husband John" in trans.
6b12b54a72e6fb377cc5e83c5e43ecada0c0a63b	R. Valiulina, Moscow, Kolibri, 2009.
f464d64ca426c0f5fd614be879aa136a50704ffb	Memories of John Lennon, 2005/Yoko Ono.
851e9f1e11479d9395f73a0e138ee0cf926b10f6	Memory of John, T. Shabaeva lane, M. Malkov, Yekaterinburg, U Faktoriya, 2007.
583d2abe510a4ff7305ffdf0574216d92a51afdf	Philip Norman.
5c5d12248a22875e4ff88ad3d041617acae21196	John Lennon: The Life, 2008.
26c6b7b95ee2c9d8f1e24eb6b8744285a76e5582	Baird Julia.
f75aa7e390bcd8c9046469364c5fa0c5b46757d1	The Private John Lennon: The Untold Story from His Sister, 2008.
af0422d534760613329eb4e70e83bd106eceb78e	I write as it is written.
d71088edda2aed8d4ab86a58c65e65af8012356f	/ Russian, English Moscow: Mann, Ivanov and Ferber, 2011, 176 p., ISBN 978-5-91657-141-7 The BEATLES: An Illustrated Reference book / V. Yastrebov, Yu.
d80bdf05d98af79c41b472a8a11b464784273b00	Gerasimova, N. Mironova.
6e25db5a4614604b7c1a6394ed4a26693da4036a	- Ulyanovsk: RIA "Simbvestinfo", 1999 — - 936 p.: ill.
e9f3e43cf4d3abdfb302ac3a022fc88d12ad10d4	— (Reference books from "Simbvestinfo") - ISBN 5-86174-011-9.
a3df91535cb81b16b02ea21356d02a74688a74c2	Chernikova N. Too big wings: The scandalous love story of John and Yoko.
f454bb1f2cc20bdcd648dddc113335c7ad84ee6a	- Moscow: Funky Inc., 2008 — - 191 p.
2f2ad9fac28887c46b103eeec93b7795562abcec	- ISBN 978-5-903912-72-8 Bokarev V. V. John Lennon: myths and reality.
cd683f6dba09550e13dbf17d2670446a7ad67aff	- Moscow: Publishing house of the company "Maple"., 1992.
c75767041ca6f899351c9b0e411fb1f08ea5834c	- 160 p.
89108fd4135cbdf00b2485209b1a55fd9e87d811	- ISBN 5-8416-0003-6 Makariev A.V. John Lennon.
8f0266fb6e29324faa79897117042de23eb882a4	All the secrets of the Beatles.
e0de4a0538e3e6e0ac27680f64dbfdbb5e78e941	- Moscow: Publishing house "Algorithm"., 2012 — - 208 p.
6d9e57d1c471fe4a5263b4ec39bfeca060ad70eb	- ISBN 978-5-443-80135-3 Keith Eliot Greenberg.
058f0fac8d34700567e22aece0c2fac8cd194b2d	December 8, 1980: The day John Lennon died.
f3d2d12603238a68d5be1c0278383d38d341f599	- Moscow: AST., 2010 — - 318 p.
6c910f4333584f1592464047fbfffd064b0c5011	- ISBN 978-5-17-070966-3 Fonkinos D. Lennon / Trans. with fr. E. Golovina.
774192431fda4afddb1fe2a6a9b94510bda600d4	M.: Astrel, Corpus, 2013.
62fc89a8d138cc05e96df277ca96fe9e5ba8ac05	- 256 p., 4000 copies, ISBN 978-5-271-45957-3 Lennon D. Letters / Preface. and a comment.
1101e775a6ed52fdc1fe6c6a6c74761d0aec89a8	Hunter Davis;
83d1b48242d60e833a9081270fae984a428cb5c2	Translated from the English by D. Uskova.
805644a60e33526f3cfc4c7126cf917f547c58b2	M.: Slovo, 2012.
c41c8cb26a1bf625329670b175d31bd8cf5bc2df	- 400 p., 10,000 copies, ISBN 978-5-387-00508-4
7a0dff9aea3c8bd09aa5cff88ec3022cb0a44fdc	John Lennon in Wikicitatnik?
aec502df75688e5e79ca403c33e5d7d648476de2	John Lennon on Wikimedia Commons?
3f62104bc4b2eeb3ebe6187cb70b01e7607b30d4	The official website of John Lennon (eng.) John Lennon (English) on the Internet Movie Database website, a list of songs and instruments played by John Lennon in the Beatles " John Lennon — - Vadim Atman's TV show
e9ec16f7466b206cdfe78c020d708b9eb905720a	► John Lennon
3157cbcac5f950d3d97c5ac31cffc2cc48a9c7ab	John Lennon Studio
7297ef0d85922c2333737ac5ee44d47fb41556fd	solo albums by John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band · Imagine · Mind Games · Walls and Bridges · Rock'n'roll Albums with Yoko Ono Unfinished Music No.
521b99574ae4139d779c9de540eb48ec7d92211b	1: Two Virgins · Unfinished Music No.
abfce94abca6a36af9c99898049d509ee1908fb8	2: Life with the Lions · Wedding Album · Some Time in New York City · Double Fantasy · Milk and Honey Live Albums Live Peace in Toronto 1969 · Live in New York City Collections Shaved Fish · The John Lennon Collection · Lennon Legend: The Very Best of John Lennon · Instant Karma: All Time Greatest Hits · Peace, Love & Truth · Working Class Hero: The Definitive Lennon · Power to the People: The Hits Posthumous Albums by Menlove Ave. · Acoustic · Wonsaponatime Soundtracks Imagine: John Lennon · The U.S. vs. John Lennon Box Sets Lennon · John Lennon Anthology · Gimme Some Truth · John Lennon Signature Box Books I Write As It Is Written · The Spaniard in the Wheel · Oral History Filmography How I Won the War (1967) · Two Virgins (1968) · Number 5 (1968) · Honeymoon (1969) · Abduction (1969) · Legs Up Forever (1970) · Freedom (1970) · Fly (1970) · Apotheosis (1970) · Erection (1971) · Imagine (1972) · Chicken Dynamite
ff7ec282d9047a4312230279c64ee3f35a1cb033	(1972 · * Oh, Calcutta!
b8fe10369b7f596ba3336bcb86648fa109c1ac7b	(1972 · * Imagine: John Lennon
fc7a8cad2cd0bd7c4951e05be818c2bd1220781c	(1988 · * Lennon Harrison: Guitar Sad Cry (2006) · USA vs. John Lennon (2006) · I Met the Walrus
3d87a350587b2dd3f7bdb551b7761b56886dc854	(2007 · * Chapter 27 (2008) · The Murder of John Lennon (2008) · Become John Lennon (2009) · Lennon Without Embellishment (2010) The Family Julia Lennon · Alfred Lennon * Mimi Smith · Cynthia Lennon · Julian Lennon · Yoko Ono · Sean Lennon Miscellaneous Discography · The Beatles · Lennon/McCartney · 251 Menlove Avenue · Plastic Ono Band · Bagism · Doom · Strawberry Fields · Liverpool John Lennon Airport · John Lennon Museum · Tittenhurst · Instant Karma: The Amnesty International Campaign to Save Darfur JohnLennon.com
88448686b045223e58b519f052527890da3d1122	The Beatles John Lennon * Paul McCartney · George Harrison · Ringo Starr
8050d4084f62045395717e7e83330172be3b4e69	Pete Best · Stuart Sutcliffe
5b23bd71b38cd85f466bbb9d2f63d65a7ef0ee57	Studio
198e194259c59f1369580aa1bf994bedfa2ec10f	albums
22fd3e749a751655b9818063584a78f968701a04	Please Please Me · With The Beatles · A Hard Day’s Night · Beatles for Sale · Help!
8d5e3fe201491c773e9a86ea6e9b58929d1809df	· Rubber Soul · Revolver · Sgt.
083c5dc5874e20c79fc37719a9ea11793c1193eb	Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band · The Beatles · Yellow Submarine · Abbey Road · Let It Be
ee70dc0a6c2654ad190515626f02f17e03f817cb	American
1a4f2b10712842f11db8c7c792ab4b07f85c40d8	publications
c86576a1c5abba72bd4a1279144be7825a3ff096	Introducing… The Beatles · Meet the Beatles!
95be0d5add94d1d8e2aa257b4959f4ff7cfd3b8b	· The Beatles’ Second Album · Something New · The Beatles’ Story · Beatles ’65 · The Early Beatles · Beatles VI · Yesterday and Today · Magical Mystery Tour · Hey Jude
7692c8ec8754f55c942dca3259319fdf629038e4	Canadian publications
b6b63a605ef1f6c5bb6ecfe97ddfd9a0076a2dc0	Beatlemania!
6f58bf49243031b4a476fd523b314938e1ed7b36	With The Beatles · Twist and Shout · The Beatles’ Long Tall Sally
d1f49bb1140d9cd3fcb4642c0dd5b10a91e2f7b2	Concert events
de86fbc4d4cc6f2c1e3721963dd87b976275da8b	Live! at the Star Club in Hamburg, Germany; 1962 (1977) · The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl (1977) · First Live Recordings (1979) · Live at the BBC (1994) · On Air – Live at the BBC Volume 2 (2013)
22b31b2529a007e5ad21338ac6fd892150e2ad7d	A Collection of Beatles Oldies (1966) · The Beatles’ Christmas Album (1970) · 1962–1966 (1973) · 1967–1970 (1973) · Rock ’n’ Roll Music (1976) · Love Songs (1977) · Rarities (1978) · The Beatles’ Ballads (1980) · Reel Music (1982) · 20 Greatest Hits (1982) · Past Masters (1988) · Anthology 1 (1995) · Anthology 2 (1996) · Anthology 3 (1996) · Yellow Submarine Songtrack (1999) · 1 (2000) · Let It Be… Naked (2003) · Love (2006)
526ca955263149b812df2b72758adbd02fe5c035	Box sets
3091989b562c0df22eccc3652f5df5a641613269	The Beatles Collection (1978) · The Beatles Box (1980) · The Beatles Box Set (1988) · The Capitol Albums, Volume 1 (2004) · The Capitol Albums, Volume 2 (2006) · The Beatles Stereo Box Set (2009) · The Beatles in Mono (2009)
db12a9bdad51a73f214cfa0a15718315b3e8686b	The Evening of a Difficult day (1964) · Help!
6c3290121cc7030a9087147805fdf77be0f26e3d	(1965) · A magical mysterious journey (1967) · Yellow Submarine aya Boat (1968) · Let It Be So (1970)
e9d93c0514940b023211b9c659f75d3a92c5ebed	Videography
f5f8815ed55e26cca24596b4d9e8eb4ac04d339d	The Beatles at Shea Stadium (1966) · The Complete History of The Beatles (1982) · The Complete Beatles (1984) · The Beatles.
e930c8b018ec8d678f6506fd0c0650bbbcd2aebe	The First Visit to the USA (1990) · The Beatles Anthology (1996)
c2057e30e4d2c6b6ab3b247e750e25178f80d4ae	Cooperation
7eb56e4d5c7c239c1f3bec6919124e706860d5b3	Jimmy Nichol · Brian Epstein · George Martin · Phil Spector · Eric Clapton · Richard Lester · Jeff Lynn · Billy Preston · Ravi Shankar · Tony Sheridan · Neil Aspinall · Mel Evans
9d4c97de74bcf4f6b94971919724723e451c96c6	Related projects
a78e4598ecbe1bb28f43d22d8f5adea8f041c824	The Quarrymen · The Fireman · Plastic Ono Band · Wings · The Traveling Wilburys
5e7ef476905bed66ad85962168eb089e3d19ab55	Wives and girlfriends
2079c4d73664a64ae48bd7c95aad77a0c25aaed1	Jane Asher · Barbara Bach · Patti Boyd · Olivia Harrison · Astrid Kirchherr · Cynthia Lennon · Linda McCartney · Heather Mills * Yoko Ono · Mei Pang · Maureen Starkey
55e5c9b7b876737924766e910e17eb662ecda67e	Abbey Road Studio · Apple Records · Parlophone Records · The British Invasion · Beatlemania · The Legend of Paul McCartney's Death · Lennon McCartney · Northern Songs · Become John Lennon · List of images on the cover of Sgt.
89a5f43771de717b618734928b2dfeffe76eb2d5	Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band · Fragments of the Sky, or The True Story of The Beatles · The Beatles: Rock Band · How I won the war · The Rutles · Cavern Club · Tittenhurst · Good old Freda
139e01df88d94a002b5bf7e24bd0393be4b95b26	Discography · List of songs · Portal
60991c726f6e0265964db2509141de5f027bbbc2	Photos, videos and audio of Wikimedia Commons · Instagram
fc97e6e87be58495092ef92e785df4a8f88fa390	Thematic sites Notable Names Database · AllMovie · Allmusic · AlloCiné · Discogs · Internet Movie Database · MusicBrainz · RKDartists
e35f18afeae36799b72091c255a6eb77bfdc3c59	Dictionaries and encyclopedias of the Great Catalan · Oxford Biographical
361aa865a5d349126733ffb6c498182b4f7317ac	Regulatory control BIBSYS: 90060592 · BNE: XX841545 · BNF: 13896546z · GND: 118571575 · ISNI: 0000 0001 2117 4585 · LCCN: n80017868 · NDL: 00447356 · NTA: 068811764 · LIBRIS: 270366 · SUDOC: 026983230 · VIAF: 196844 · ULAN: 500106615
fc600893b647a1159bd854cd00c92ae16c026e6f	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lennon,_John&oldid=78482028"
7a68e4d7fe59c7fc809b89490ab79442f7a1319c	Categories: Born on October 9 Born in 1940 Born in Liverpool Died on December 8 Died in 1980 Died in New York Personalities alphabetically Singers and singers alphabetically Singers and singers of the USA Singers and singers of the XX century Musicians alphabetically Composers alphabetically Composers of Great Britain Composers of the USA Composers of the XX century Poets alphabetically Poets of Great Britain Poets of the USA Poets of the XX century Actors alphabetically Actors of Great Britain Actors of the USA Actors of the XX century Members of the Order of the British Empire The Beatles Rock musicians of Great Britain English poets Musicians of the XX century Psychedelic rock musicians Murder victims Philatelists of Great Britain Assassination victims John Lennon Yoko Ono Performers who led the Billboard Hot 100 Performers included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Winners of the Ivor Novello Awards BRIT Awards Winners of the Grammy Award Lennons Authors performers of Great Britain Singers and singers of Great Britain Musicians Plastic Ono Band Pacifists Performers Parlophone Records Performers Atco Records Polydor Performers Records Artists Geffen Records Artists Capitol Records Rhythm Guitarists UK Rock Vocalists UK Rock Guitarists
e0d918a757c31d8979d692b7cff6819c9e7b6c96	Hidden categories: Wikipedia:Articles with redefinition of the value from Wikidata Wikipedia:Articles with sources from Wikidata Wikipedia:Articles with unordered lists of various facts Wikipedia:Articles with sections without links to sources since May 2015 Articles requiring clarification of sources Articles with links to Wikicitatnik Wikipedia:Articles with links to Wikimedia Commons
8d198724f236a1aab212e1e479c1e6fdfcbfd7cb	Read View History
7abba928ec213d642e340b2a091a7b185c8ad3c8	Title page Heading of the Decree
6d3f38e9d706359a233d2560301ac7d0d90e17ba	Photos The Most Interesting Calendar News Movies Poems Photos Songs Cities Countries Age Height Weight Horoscopes
b080b6637ba5f4683b187670e6e83e06895dbffd	Top 30 most Impressive kayaking jumps from waterfalls The largest gingerbread house in the world Versace House sold for $41.5 million
790de6b4dd1c9c1cbfdcdf346814c4aab4a0ad44	Today is Monday, June 6
d8f4c959148d3a4b7760e225c491708505d3ef0b	Birthday: 09.10.1940
394885ce91870c72c873b61cd9150edd4c3bc953	Age: 40 years
621cb34a40ec77ff9e08091115b9fdfa039c593c	Place of birth: Liverpool, United Kingdom Date of death: 08.12.1980 year of death: New York, United Kingdom
c7fe00f95ad25032cda19a858bf6acb67d7f4411	Citizenship: Great Britain
50f3750518151794cb8c27f5c315de61effe27ea	Similar: John, Lennon, John, Lennon
55d9a69a3ca6487edc39f7dd17ba42cc94e3431c	He was born in Liverpool on October 9, 1940 at 6: 30 in the morning.
86e03e51e7da3318644061e69534ea037536217f	The world greeted him with sirens and bomb explosions: that night, Hitler's aircraft made another devastating raid on the city.
9cbf9ce3c8f4e25e9f890402bbc84ac358180da7	John's father, Fred, was a steward on a merchant ship and hardly ever went home.
f448f82cafce07fd887f4443d9ad3dcf27ede214	In 1942, Lennon's mother, Julia, was told that her husband was missing.
1b8cc91a650ecf21295d8603c6258a6be47d2a56	It was no longer possible for her to raise her son alone.
222d6fa06d4684b951868497c6f352007c82eeea	So 18 month old John was in the care of one of Julia's sisters, Mimi Stanley.
dff1b8b51418c5c2a67855a045169bb0e3e81c3e	At the age of 4, John entered an elementary school near the famous Penny Lane street today.
fd9d8bf4cd4df8c6fb7d9503d68cf619b7c0d593	He began composing himself quite early, mostly poems, which he illustrated himself.
6bfab81911cc6ca95b540f09de0e5d1173d923c6	In 1952, John moved from an elementary school to a secondary school, which was called "Quarry Bank High School".
e686824e895d61bb7637b7e6302e00141643b35e	It was a typical English school with strict discipline and a strict schedule that was not inferior to the institute.
cfa885c282386c07627284667984020fbb563dd7	John, with his unbridled character, never became at least an average student in it, for example, from the very beginning he declared war on the school rules of behavior.
f7d798b9347b5d473966a3b2b8e87aa5bb3bf58f	He wasnot interested in music at all then.
48876b315949799e8e96802fcc34ae0f0c519fbb	He persuaded Mimi to buy him a used guitar.
e5598c01da6b898f6f95f82be0eb256138556176	Julia knew how to play the banjo a little and willingly helped John master the simplest chords.
d5db233a5d149454729e5a04910e8ec57cf645ef	The new music required at least some playing skills, so John decided that for now he would be satisfied with a skiffle an original synthesis of American country music and British folk traditions.
d205ef8aa622447e3a66cec5d927102835ba2c19	He did not spend a long time puzzling over the composition of his ensemble, but included Pete Shotton, Nigel Whalley and Ivan Vaughan - his closest friends.
35040aa55cb575e1a3793afd3ac6433f10d9d04a	They named the band after the school - "Quarrymen".
487424a0d38e768299b767d3ae0cac5f1f2e9e2e	Soon the ensemble was joined by Rod Davis, Eric Griffiths and Colin Hanton.
16af367ddd8a4ff9bd22ed741f7872c3af1d4fb2	Only when McCartney sang Eddie Cochran's brand new smash hit "Twenty Flight Rock" John could not resist and asked to copy the words.
7baec94e26d68afb5060e74d1d776f33533f5ff7	And it's hard to say how all this would have ended if it hadnot been for Paul, not rock and roll and not new friends from college.
985a54f8de1d21468e7a46c5dc17ac7b97bfc04a	One of John's new friends was Stuart Sutcliffe, an extremely talented art student.
1b380fe0b5750239508bb314257b41cac7ebbb7c	They were interesting and understandable to each other.
aecd7e0ff388571cdfe64575e647edb75d8a2a1f	Stewart, under the influence of John, became interested in rock and roll.
0cb3d10b8fa2ecfd8f2a3ed10b1be2d8160db5df	In November 1966, John met in London with the Japanese avant garde artist Yoko Ono, who came to England with an exhibition of her works.
a852ba8f34f4c7b2ad257b17f50c67b8e11c834b	On November 8, John divorced Cynthia.
d1314f31a694fe28fad9b2950bbbd6e5b2eebea4	Their son Julian was 5 years old at the time.
9c8abee5522b0159e6c8d6cb7371801a164ff7c0	On May 26, John and Yoko, having settled in a room at the Queen Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal, began an eight day recumbent demonstration for peace.
1982ba2793a84b66fbf1193f18ffe1ab4d4754ef	For eight days they sat in their pajamas under blankets, talking with friends and giving interviews to journalists.
58953bccf4b9e32a59f2978454fa651e6bb5afb9	On the seventh day (June 1), Lennon impromptu composed the song "Give Peace A Chance".
2d559c7a82d6e48438cda9b518e4377f105180a8	On September 13, 1969, the debut concert of the band "The Plastic Ono Band"took place.
ab8277c4784ba0675170030ada2ac3c4af371800	The ensemble then included Eric Clapton, Klaus Voorman and Alan White.
ee13011460bc03e9fa0a8af09a1dde031de41798	By this time, Lennon had already announced to Paul, George and Ringo his decision to leave the Beatles.
4d5c058d83c279e99d20fcb193ae957fe721a5f3	The reason for this step was the refusal of McCartney and Harrison to record the song "Cold Turkey"as a quartet.
dfc8dbf32b881c6bc97e397ff7ae5f697687ec51	Paul and George thought she was too weak for the Beatles.
4575536c428da78294f353a58cc812ea86c93318	John recorded the song with the band "Plastic Ono Band" and released it as a single in October.
f6db1adb1f51095c97970a6b4f58b1c9d884d3d4	On December 5, he and Yoko Ono organized an anti war concert under the slogan "War Is Over (If You Want)" - " The war will end (If you want it)".
8f6987ae1c5920be247fb7763edd5dcd9df5e8bb	In March 1971, Lennon released a single with his song "Power To The People" ("Power to the people").
7323cdd739abdd372e2e499a4c4501c4ab4b3ea0	John Lennon never returned to his homeland again.
19656a4c6abf841801190ff42dc2b823269d1d50	On March 23, 1973, the authorities issued Yoko an official permit for permanent residence in the United States.
6bd25960a2901991874a18fefe8521cd79c9d03c	On the same day, John Lennon was ordered to leave the country within 2 months.
664dd2ddd36f4276bc82d0dd4f4b32fe35857249	This step could be regarded as an attempt to drive a wedge between John and Yoko.
bf789ea879296539a68815cdb99547223ef0a091	Whether for this or for other reasons, but by the fall they really had a serious quarrel, so much so that they parted for more than a year.
094acc32cb5967f6cccafd58590a2cbc837fa434	The album "Mind Games" (1973) was designed in a completely different way.
b09e0628c1d4b2b2758b280cccb6881fb3ec0872	By 1975, John and Yoko were living together again.
8167bff534fa79b4fe0ae2e77dbd63949cde3750	On October 9, 1975, their son Sean was born, and Lennon decided to leave the world of music and show business for a while for him.
973355728c2b569b5a21532cdfd4bb3d44e938ed	This "for a while" resulted in five long years, during which John was an exemplary "householder" and father.
b19c4c7792a2fb1375c6ab14e0d6abc6006abcd9	He crossed the threshold of the recording studio again only on August 4, 1980, when he began work on the album "Double Fantasy".
37d0bd9febc64b0e13c0b33823a8244dd3cc2865	Released in November, the CD impressed listeners with its freshness, sophistication of melodies and arrangements, depth and clarity of texts.
06231290ef04d30bab7ab2872d2ba67e285a2b50	In those days, John and Yoko often gave long interviews to journalists.
527180be4e18e6b8850380639e80884b40e4e1e8	John was willing to share his plans.
ec5dca23078df2c8bc092393cf1d2a3b0901fe93	On December 8, 1980, at about 11 o'clock in the evening, a maniac named Mark David Chapman struck him down with five shots at point blank range.
b11fc1e54f7ded65a766d6b326665189552bdbba	On the way to the hospital, John Lennon died.
be84da1428090395263b533f8deff346e35b40a5	A disabled mother of eight children visited:452 Konstantin Kinchev: Viktor Tsoi's favorite singer Visited:269 The Way to Berlin Visited:173
dc98e4f5dd93025ccb489777acc0556278a5fb23	Fyodor Okhlopkov: The Yakut sniper did not know the misses Visited:625 The Captain Of The Flying Dutchman Visited:687 'Old woman's body' after losing weight Visited:579
1919e8aeb6ee5460df8799377321c7392187e2fa	The Beatles, the Liverpool four Guy Pilaert, a Belgian artist and illustrator, photographer.
1a2f5b96377a6bd0b9289d38bbe49e6cda0ee4b6	Cilla Black, British pop rock singer Ringo Starr, Musician, drummer of the Beatles And, August, Rock band
f0fe8c552832d283a30b5f1c87a071ce4a9f8c5f	Phrases: oh, for a year, conversation, the united states, a and h, music, peter, seven days, northern, famous, dishes, om not, talent, julia
8771abf23950bf83fbfb26480ca764d861d7520c	About celebrities: the creator of 'Beatles'
05aeaf5b79054d889723665db84357b38f1168d4	From the weekly "New Musical Express", autumn 1963
40438ad6201c8586c37877c708b14a18b8173208	John Lennon almost gave up his guitar
a4a28dd6bf111e835ef32ea04adb32c4de208b10	Not every girl has her first man — John Lennon (Based on the materials of the Daily Mail)
807927ee1c2009bc12be08257d0e968913c4b7d8	Lennon was caught in the pursuit of a world revolution
40c58b7fc7a52083b8382df7d09137ea974a9dde	Lennon lived, Lennon is alive, Lennon will live!
f3157781019940cb7e190be4b677698a760fb562	Comandante with guitar
10954ead004ce881c0b4c9be5fd578ef5c6a7cb6	John Lennon McCartney: Paul!
d819fd90c95e01f9b21920183e8270dfe828a2fd	Get off the pedestal!
015021abfb59887e3a6dec660769f4ad469327ba	Photos [74]
20c49aa7bd846215c23541c5cb39343a4a0c89ad	Aphorisms of John Lennon
4814b0f98759e9fe69028df495f35357e95ae1d7	John Lennon quotes
68d84745101d9c721d72e7d58689dcc486eafad1	Lyrics [175]
c20703b24fed7c26efbb822f52e18c81ef77fc2a	Jokes [1]
75b4633c152e54cc6450d98359cb7b61fad57553	Video [9]
ebc6742d7de59d1f9d68925c5dc41abf51b3dc0f	Forum [24]
bd5103a3441837822d47c6bd9b13ffc0b4b49670	News [86]
498e706af6359f1f0f93caab1a419a1c792d7e33	Works in cinema [220]
5136c45cb1391642993628093e22b5d5bfae10ca	Popuri:
65c4aaaab5989949a929cc5f7e96eb7017c2d9f4	loading...
206cff72fd4300d092f03029c895494d736f15f0	about Maria Hartung (Pushkin)
ada4c13f5cbb1c21cd804989223a383244dd60ef	[ Maria Pushkina ]
9219c7852b65bf22e6ca5ddeb53ad909431a3e54	A very interesting story.
ed2fa3f51a753b0d68e50a6ad037e04e069d2f77	Anna Prohorova Vert Beautiful
4b5f0772aa6053193653fb4bc4e9975dcdfb7ddd	[Anna Prokhorova ]
ab9bf8c3f8b001cefac14d4e746a266a98e52ca3	Anna Prokhorova is one of the most beautiful and sexy women!
8f9620e6c75f60e1eb9d68d8e3d667cb31984825	WOW GOOD!
4addfb8aa4ed38ff5fefd7a7b9d9753f3b91efe7	Dmitry's treatment
2fdfb85d2861ccd9a70273e8fc8b0efbddbb0665	[Dmitry Hvorostovsky ]
5c07965486c85ca20afe847f9e053c47f55dbea5	Dmitry!
d4995803a1368e563fe9d1392c578d27341a22ae	Listen to a very old witch who has lived in Krasnoyarsk for more than half of his life.
69976c1700d9296430faaa8564eb86f4cf7d8a53	By up to ....
c044e0b4291b1244a25a8412350b9804a02f88e2	The Executioner
0d1ed80c599b3d832d63d09784f6543ac3d06593	[Mikhail Tukhachevsky ]
915e04ac56f38fbb25b11a527616ac0847f19249	Of course ,I feel sorry for the children.
3bc669abe87d5327dee2f147f51356caddc22518	But why did Tukhachevsky not spare the children of Kozlovsky, the commandant of Kronstadt?
b298a48c298dc3df58bc079140bc4a1cec4bf96c	He fell ....
82717785b9bec4b64f105f2cdc78db67c0cc9729	Shulgin told about Valery (1093)
3c55ef2555af98f1280bacf42b964af1f98ef77b	Biography of Samvel Karapetyan (386)
c49a7c3460d5bc5715384f1dd8d94578c33bc012	I didnot want to have sex in the frame (612)
4a150b8b49aa3ba3ccd462e30ca9de9b33d8675c	"I will reward you with bitter love...."
91470fada68e37cfe5907edd2758764f139de09a	A sketch of fate and character or reflections on retribution.
36f814e2b7693364b516135a28b9d80094102e3a	(1531)
f33f9d7aba98e4eed4fd35efa9b034021f21bd81	"I HAVE ALL THE VICES OF MEN IN ME!
ed0695d76d8c5fe6cd6aa20a02c32f75d0d86519	" (2649)
93e2dc1cc289c7c554acae6d8e04d24d6513d8d4	alboreto [62] Sergey Morgunov [56] klari tolnay [53] chuck zito [53] boule zahar [51] david brewster [47] gein [46] masha I medvedi [46] Konstantin Kazakov [45] arnold [42] carles puyol [40] anna sedokova [40] Lyubov Tolkalina Konchalovskaya [36] Afshan Azad [36] anna urmaytseva [33] olga tsukanova [33] Kirill Lavrov [33] Sergey Aprelsky [33] hannah [32] blalock [31] Oksana Mysina [30] caro [30] anatoliy bykov [29] Kon Igor [29] elena shmatova [29] Carmen Lavallade [28] Gustav Meyrink [26] Weizsacker Ernst von [25] tretyakevich [25] zabolotny [22]
3c2982b37d01a5228b14f3fa37870b95f4285e55	For 1 day: 11275
9f60b2a88d7866574c38b201ac8e04a42d4abccd	Putin [164] Lyubov Tolkalina Konchalovskaya [141] HITLER [67] alboreto [62] Lyubov Sokolova [57] Sergey Morgunov [56] proof [53] klari tolnay [53] chuck zito [53] sobchak [52] eazy e [51] balasov [51] boule zahar [51] kane [50] Johnson Charles [50] escher [49] fm 2030 [48] federika pellegrin [48] david brewster [47] masha i medvedi [46] deryabkin vladimir [46] gein [46] Konstantin Kazakov [45] trahon [44] Hatfield Hard [43] jamiroquai [43] rasine [43] anschlag [43] adkins trace [43] arnold [42]
0d9d1b4f851dc99a1e3cdc77adbacb7a78e17eef	For 7 days: 24677
d8747d36fcabf6063ba9bbc193959a54831b3775	Putin [77884]
19687601c9386230a008438e148a82dfca6102e8	sobchak [47498]
218a1b42bd176473d2d16a37b7d5cdbec5f36a92	hitler [46425]
3dc0f8a249a92c9fc96bbdd837ff803cd28b8c4d	Stalin [34890]
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d94c6c883506a1b5c800bd5d005f9730f7de45ad	Mironov [23254]
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f4a4314536539d5ee1674b58bf52edc222a21d1a	Konstantin Kinchev: Viktor Tsoi's favorite singer/Konstantin Kinchev [269]
0b2c8ef3c64c0939bf467cf8e366ccf43f5ab824	The way to Berlin/Viktor Likhachev [173]
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a41d6880aeb9392b1783c3cb0d9cbe4744f14f69	'I'm not an actor - I'm a golfer'/Victor Mature [91]
505f6e538aadea4484a28cef4aa22e0dae77eee5	Founder of mini offices/Mark Dixon [86]
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cd5c50bda771e1d52bdb878ae0e16981a74a03b2	/ Alexander Pushkin [79]
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29597be92bcb23418c8212bc18af821a0bd600ad	[Novak Djokovic · 06.06.2016 07: 06: 07]
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876a067caba70d1223e568d9460dac0004153274	Rock Climbing Model (Sierra Blair Coyle);
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9995252084b20fe0a9b995d0ea348c444b531576	[ The Beatles] Two Jews meet.
382d27930993d7a298e5f31b04510d7992585340	- I listened to the Beatles, I didnot like it.
7d210e828d5fb713918677841affde12d6ff4423	They burble, they fake, they only find a hundred in them?
a9252f72dc0eb880d3c2d750b1b1ab01ebeb488e	- And where did you hear them?
c6e5fa5db97b91ee4a9372ae0088de7c5ba064be	- Moisha sang to me.
82caaefd780724a3ad86602e579fb6b3261e3171	[ 02.06.2016 ]
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2d80f90dfec0d45cc5183e1dbaa095cf07a94a1d	Climate migrant (Konstantin Kalinov);
acb11bd0e40bb18d973e43c476edc0a85d804d05	[ 03.06.2016 ]
26f32e115c53a2922407fb5ae8cb9f3890042eb2	The Party for Justice! (Alexander Yevgenyevich Smekhov);
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4902d07cdf9992ed58f4b99f2f8cdf890fc69019	Canada's Largest Bookseller (Heather Reisman);
e17888db8cefd41bcc5a8cd585ae562ea37ec39f	[ 04.06.2016 ]
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3119c3b16d218e1efa69008713d68159c911955c	X Men Comics Editor (Nick Lowe);
2db66e66539cf6f3b0471e0c2dba140ebd810604	Best Drummer in Rock Music (Neil Peart);
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701bf2aa16f5fcba3131be8e74fed641936983df	Winner of the Miss Universe 2008 crown (Diana Mendoza);
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6e6d7d7d733b058283c141d54f2b2f13d2c43426	The first billionaire of Wales (Terence Matthews);
7181072e3a3601adaf618649560801f5117240ac	Weight loss story: 19 kg of excess skin (Amanda Roberts);
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151a5dc8f0e28c2a614d75bc82a34cffe867dfbb	[ 05.06.2016 ]
0da6d90923887ebd292810268a9d504b20f5197e	World record holder (Tatyana Kazankina);
2eb9421adcac562625bbfa979e38ae4234edf2af	Author of works on naval history (Fletcher Pratt);
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894558b892987acae0adbaa5f0cfffe901446987	The Philosophy of Ninja (Sho Kosugi);
346bac4788f3936dae8864ccf2208c842c425435	Master of Ball Twisting (Paula Ormaechea);
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2de577145e083a9e3f2be8373955f242fff78e33	'Pal Zileri' - a synonym for male elegance (Pal Zileri);
3d52bc39292bf735a81f5a6bfcf215f339bf6161	A worthy rival of Jack Sparrow (James Norrington);
977624db16bbbd51a79cf49b2ee5d82b0982976e	'An old Woman's body' after losing weight (Carolyn Docherty);
38af72f75177c69821e3730e294cd72ae7787a75	[ 06.06.2016 ]
49c0277fd6c52da2cdb33d2da9fe6202cc07053d	Konstantin Kinchev: Viktor Tsoi's favorite singer (Konstantin Kinchev);
49f0a37e8ec71d3756074893c8aa4d7cc42d7d54	'The Boxer of the Decade' (Muhammad Ali);
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af0515a6d19250a87e45849dcefc1fb2f051e037	The Way to Berlin (Viktor Likhachev);
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7485a4f69aff31bcc819d214aaf8db2e357f2ac4	"No, I'm not going to die all over"... (Alexander Pushkin);
fbfa9caea5f8d696ac7228e1f1d24c66d44c5454	Denim Empire ( Buffalo by David Bitton);
a357ac93d753d5f0ffd14387bd9d6e260dac9d50	Founder of mini offices (Mark Dixon);
fcb7520b8035610b790d57df629219c4880f8edd	A disabled mother of eight children (Ella Clark);
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d91b7b1a48103e48eed2249a29465982772e06f0	(biography, photo, video) John Winston Lennon
d0960ee2fe11c9264e509e233ee5bc7e85924854	Name:John Lennon ( John Winston Lennon )
567f02a4cfee2b5c6b6e6c2086db51892b03d43b	Age:40 years
57fd4e2608529ded7c861b2a1ab1ef9af416b034	Date of death: December 8, 1980
3cf369426f5bf30c6502792491a2add355c89acb	Height: 179
dcc1b2ae7aae77c03481a4199eb4989c5503b415	Activity: singer, composer, musician, actor, director, artist, writer
f92bf4dee676329de6cadd4aab1527390ab2f408	Marital status: was married
a5ecc11a2ba59b3354ab87c4871c3ff6199aecbe	John Lennon: a biography
07e12a0ce7ffdbaf624644ab6b0cad5a114671e7	John Lennon was born in the English port city of Liverpool.
121dc4bdac695cd1c73379c3812799917583aa1c	His mother Julia and father Alfred Lennon practically did not live together.
76a5239b65f7712f36e5bae095a61160386ad734	Shortly after the birth of his son, Alfred was taken to the front, and Julia met another man and married him.
a7ccb3fc7984070e6aad80208135e77838686b17	When the rock and roll boom overtook England in the mid 50s, teenagers began to create their own bands at every turn.
fc62d87ced1e0885e84c81090d4fdce5c2846c6c	Young Lennon did not stay away either.
fa05164fcff77c9d9e0ad196c9a659f753625293	He organized the collective "The Quarrymen", the name was given to him by the school in which all its participants studied.
d12c3ed4633b0a7f178142b7f457b7b1aa0f5376	A year later, the first boy from another district of the city joined the group.
9a053ce81728ffdc143b01f3179f55cef949279b	He was younger than the others, but he played the guitar much better.
d1b440398ea99cd4d77e96ea96033579e06b3a72	It was Paul McCartney, who soon brought George Harrison, who studied with him.
77ba58c6f4accec05c76ce8f8ce7551f1e0d33f6	After graduating from secondary school, John Lennon managed to fail all the final exams and the only educational institution that agreed to accept an unusual teenager was the Liverpool Art College.
bd5f135452543fb876418ccf8f57940d975fbbb9	But even an art education did not attract John.
b6ed359096b4319929420f00d83b22df199c0340	He spent more and more time with Paul, George and Stuart Sutcliffe, whom he met in college and invited him to" The Quarrymen " to play bass guitar.
4f82a42865e038aced0849ecd7bdf3758f8d3c5f	Soon the name of the band was changed to "Long Johnny and Silver Beetles", and later shortened to the last word, changed one letter to include a play on words in the name, and began to be called"The Beatles".
fb0b71f1cf5397de4b54d808cbc3c6baed6927c8	«The Beatles»
47b6c3557f32897cd8dada6bd0a6b45331c23f14	Gradually, the band became popular in their native Liverpool, after which the Beatles went to Hamburg several times, where they played in nightclubs.
cd005fd55a45880ab18b7813cdf688f420933e34	At that time, the style of music and the image of the band was standard for a rock band: leather jackets, cowboy boots, hairstyles like Elvis Presley, and so on.
423221391c670fe51d0bac2f0ca5f965de01264b	But in 1961, Brian Epstein became the manager of the Beatles, who completely changed their appearance.
6805125ac454bec18b43a08c2f44bae424aac2c5	The guys change into strict suits without lapels, begin to behave professionally on stage.
2452191608be404cbbea3c07aa95c10a3f8667c4	The world famous hairstyle of the Beatles was invented by the German photographer Astrid Kircher, for whom Stuart Sutcliffe stayed in Germany.
5cf1ac3428481819a6853df1032d269d49bfdfc3	The change of image contributed to the popularity of the team.
170fbc6d0527447425047ffd8cabb4326eb6e5c8	Even more attention was drawn to the group by the performance of the Beatles at the Royal Concert Hall, where John Lennon said the famous phrase: "Those who sit in cheap seats, applaud.
b438f65e4f08e0e601082a0c1516ad4e5e2904eb	The rest of you can rattle your jewelry."
b5c0a0c78f22058f0c459867166542f96fbb959d	Later, he will be the author of another phrase that has stirred up the public: "Now we are more popular than Jesus."
bab3a3f53015755bd280f18d1d21c2a9b42e2772	After the release of the first single "Love Me Do" and the subsequent full format record "Please Please Me", beatlemania began in the UK.
b5e21e7057495fe121cff7677eba060bd588ff8d	And after the release of the new single "I Want to Hold Your Hand", a wave of popularity swept America, and then the whole world.
88735d005fbc796934261b67a21042d3c5fc33d8	For the next few years, the Beatles lived almost on suitcases, touring nonstop and releasing one album after another.
a58491f24f950797894cc357b51b05c817e8e3c3	In 1967, when John, Paul, George and Ringo stopped touring and focused on recording and writing new songs, Lennon began to lose interest in the band.
6af4a8cf5f8b1ec0664e7c4fe94550ad56359600	At first, he refused to play the role of the leader of the Beatles, then for the first time in many years he began to compose separately from McCartney.
68b8e4767496578469ce3dff377b9108d130e626	Previously, they created all the songs only together.
94c530521e3e358d1c2eaf07aab84a012b2d6cdc	After releasing several more very successful records, the band ceased to exist.
a22596be0bf36a16add7dfaba5ca4493fd02b2c3	Officially, this happened in 1970, but there have been problems in the team for the last 2 years.
153a51fd89f55fc861936478c7f1f152db3950c3	Solo career John Lennon recorded his first independent album in 1968 and called it "Unfinished Music No.
6e10f2b455fdb0b89389a343bdde2bfe50a14ab3	1: Two Virgins".
c25e395f50ebdfc4896d9ac59ee7e323de2d758d	The following works "Wedding Album" and "Unfinished Music No.
ac7fc4fe2b4db4ba7b1083b86ea4a491d0f990b7	2: Life With The Lions"are sustained in a similar vein.
28e5fe087225b3fbc788b77625b043cb15c505b5	The title song became the singer's calling card and is still considered one of the anti political and anti religious anthems.
ffdfdf602edf150684262a1b674f9ff5406c27a4	John Lennon is famous not only as the author of many popular songs.
44ecce28363c1f96ff037d0358ae5839f87e98bd	He is also known as an actor.
91814220b1cb3a3fde1ce1d7ddc905060274d496	He also played the Gripweed shooter in the military comedy "How I won the War", the satirical comedy "Chicken Dynamite" and the drama "Fire in the Water".
4065be9987fdfab0c915a453a9fa6096f608fc35	As a writer, John Lennon was realized back in the 60s.
1c86d79697f71452c51951968d507970558e7855	Personal life John Lennon married for the first time in 1962 to his classmate Cynthia Powell.
68b31d05aef8a8a07f4df50fbf82bbbe436dbf22	In April 1963, their son Julian Lennon was born.
330d0d8075e51dbcda9333d71acfeec3871f310b	But the marriage was not strong because of John's constant absences associated with the Beatles ' tour, as well as because of the collapsed popularity.
1d5e72be867b88a1951e0887dba99c49ffa84df3	Cynthia, who wanted a quiet life more, left her husband in 1967, and they officially divorced a year later.
08129587eeb0a8731b47b20960500743222d1f75	In 1966, John met the Japanese avant garde artist Yoko Ono.
e0626792671c58256aed68ebbfd7d1c946fd28fb	In 1968, they began an affair, and a year later, John and Yoko got married and became inseparable.
fbcc524fdb32fb28de5a5a8eb1ac38c41056da7a	The couple dedicated the song "The Ballad of John and Yoko"to their wedding.
965210c34028e9567a8e654c2159f2aaa9fe811e	In October 1975, their son Sean Lennon was born.
aa9d039f520603b12590431f7b22655f5eddfe72	After this event, John officially announced the end of his musical career, stopped touring, almost never appeared in public and focused on raising his son.
aff728fa72485efac9db03ea372e75ad0c0b9841	Murder At the end of 1980, John Lennon released the studio album "Double Fantasy" after a long break.
1dc55b8e22585c92afa1942856ec1c7354172c35	On December 8, 1980, he gave an interview to journalists at the recording studio "Hit Factory" in New York.
784631c290164402c7f79455ea84a2cc41ddd9e9	Leaving the studio, the singer gave out a lot of autographs, including he signed on the cover of his own record, which was asked by a man named Mark Chapman.
1d957f1271610b70a16e64113c8f795122f8865f	When John and Yoko returned home and were already entering the arch of the Dakota Building where they lived, Chapman fired 5 shots into Lennon's back.
515648a1776fe62f3b84520619ac0144a469b4bb	The singer was taken to the Roosevelt Hospital a few minutes later, but due to a large blood loss, doctors could not save the life of the famous musician, and he died on the same day.
721c5ec4d07f5c53d1a6b18cdef82e5fe3d1934d	John Lennon was cremated, and his ashes were scattered by Yoko Ono in New York's Strawberry Fields Central Park.
a9ea8779c1bbe8e3f31ed1c9b5997c7f7fc7a700	Mark Chapman was convicted of his crime and is serving a life sentence.
c1fa0053e5c7b96baafeb2878e7111143f773072	The motive for the murder, he called the desire to become as famous as John Lennon himself.
b3fc07f60788f05bdb895de03f85218457f497cb	Solo discography 1968 - Unfinished Music No.
2e5ce8ecef8929efdd129d93ee5c33606b3e9628	1: Two Virgins 1969 - Unfinished Music No.
62ca03f86836d446d5e907d3ca6b24e994270823	2: Life With The Lions 1969 - Wedding Album 1970 John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band 1971 - Imagine 1972 - Some Time In New York City 1973 - Mind Games 1974 - Walls And Bridges 1975 Rock'n'roll 1980 Double Fantasy
9a50333291e2652c9072c59763a0987f85516584	20 photos: John Lennon →
c3119fa1a2ee87caa66aea9dd386370d301dfd65	Alexander Neverov
4efe414494225375c9bc167b4d5ac62a18d0a76a	John Lennon: the latest news
503ea3efd1033c2f16dccf01f109266035f02050	John Lennon's killer was denied parole for the eighth time
62d7667f68366d61e47271f2987e0480d521cb66	Aug. 23, 2014
d93d783452beae1f191b1cefe34794fde6b9233d	Mark David Chapman, who was sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder of John Lennon, has filed a petition for release for the eighth time...
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2d4f02c7e2735d060d6bdedda0f705886deae0e2	Poe is one of the most mystical writers of the XIX century.
054af05520dec2822a54a4e579e591794696c8be	Edgar Allan Poe (January 19, 1809, Boston, USA — October 7, 1849, Baltimore, USA) was an American writer, poet, essayist, literary critic and editor, a representative of American Romanticism.
51ce3a167844e241ca04eba260a90aabd8469fb6	The creator of the form of the modern detective story[5][6][7] and the genre of psychological prose[8].
85f3ca245b1f78ed92f85bf866bbf938206f47fb	His strange and unreal stories should repel anyone who is just starting to read his books.
bdc3bb7d60a9df911da3569de82644b91713de05	However, everything is quite the opposite – The Software attracts and lures with its gloomy vision of the world.
8aef3db3591c221671bf5276f500f07858f3d386	Some of Poe's works contributed to the formation and development of science fiction[9], and such features of his work as irrationality, mysticism, doom, and the anomaly of the depicted states anticipated the literature of decadence[10].
7dafe1317996fb646876047599b4ea5e44380774	He is best known as the author of "scary" and mystical stories, as well as the poem "The Raven".
5e249b6ba125e92f088b5fc2a0830227b681e90f	Poe was one of the first American writers to make the short story the main form of his work[9].
10253cc35ec923705099e99ce19b47835c87664f	He tried to earn money exclusively by literary activity, as a result of which his life and career were fraught with severe financial difficulties[11], complicated by a problem with alcohol.
01608d510822f5b99a0a53486f36dd5ee684d385	For twenty years of creative activity, Edgar Poe wrote two novellas, two poems, one play, about seventy short stories, fifty poems and ten essays, which were published in magazines and almanacs, and then collected in collections.
fdc8cb7fd42c7283eda5cc6dd86b7d00176e399e	Despite the fact that during his lifetime Edgar Poe was known mainly as a literary critic, in the future his artistic works had a significant impact on world literature, as well as cosmology and cryptography.
06318f4694b7f41d947beb3d3827255550e60493	Poe was born on January 19, 1809 in Boston, the son of actors Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins Poe and David Poe Jr.
56beebba00c7547357184bcaf1b1eee935683fd8	Edgar was the middle child in the family, he had an older brother, William Henry Leonard (English)Russian. (1807-1831) and the younger sister Rosalie (1810-1874) [14].
2db35fe87c76d8606133f0bf31871f58b8c46c48	The life of touring actors involved constant moving, which was difficult to implement with a child in his arms, so little Edgar was temporarily left with his grandfather in Baltimore.
434861e5a8411b9c70a979eaff1811848c8e6f79	He spent the first few months of his life there[15].
71c11e9f4cece9aad9adc13bc1fa6a8cb1d4a212	His parents lived in poverty, they died when the child was two years old.
13c11e4258487de4c69102430ef9d846ffd68fd2	He was brought up in a foster family, relations with a rich stepfather did not work out.
4afd76727e7abb4aafa60ec9bab866b644f5c186	The boy was adopted and adopted by a wealthy merchant from Virginia, John Allan.
82b5b077e338393a91b243853efe181ae570bd99	On the contrary, Edgar adored his foster mother and considered her his own.
dfd9a81c7ebeea65c8cc35dc12bc846a0746d0c1	Many of us are used to the fact that famous people spent their childhood in not the best conditions.
74b93a43d30906cbca3a733f2fb44929e5b711d8	Edgar Poe is rather an exception to the "rules".
98286bec803cf8e73986afff3f2de21fa4057663	His adoptive parents never spared funds for his upbringing (his real mother and father died when Edgar was about three years old).
4447d3cdc4ca42f688e3cfb46592cdfbef033590	When Edgar was six years old, the Allans went to England and sent the boy to an expensive boarding school in London, where he studied for five years.
eb485be722426c518c929311740ff873c6806dee	After the Allans returned to the United States in 1820, Edgar entered college in Richmond, from which he graduated in 1826.
ff8d749b4b982e596f1fc987ba80cdd89787ebb7	Edgar developed early: at the age of five, he read, drew, wrote, recited, rode horseback.
3f2ad9cf534922244e6e0a6c8a5b3e95d18778c4	At school, he studied well, acquired a large stock of knowledge in literature, especially English and Latin, in general history, in mathematics, in some branches of natural science, such as astronomy, physics.
496df870d200fbb795f766050b2085cb86122fe5	Physically, Edgar was strong, participated in all the pranks of his comrades, and at the university-in all their carousals.
5ceb9190fa4cd4921677a1ed5d531e58a428120e	The character of the future poet from childhood was uneven, passionate, impetuous.
88d8778ce9287567b987341f23ad63f53317fc7f	Many strange things were noted in his behavior.
68a24f67d903e0e7db310bc781338d43dc95b57e	There are several cases when at the age of 5-7 years a child fell into a strange stupor, did not respond to appeals, sometimes ran excitedly around the house.
42b7f419d78907a479d95f24d5eaa51925328c1e	At the age of five, the child almost died.
ed3dd02347ac535589c1d29db84fec3f323541b7	He fell from a tree into a pond.
258d100d273e833b6e7862e5308588244ef283b5	The boy was pulled out of the water without a pulse and barely brought back to life.
05b11b43efd3fa4091feadcabc7e8f10f5332c38	The early impressions are forever etched in the memory: the child was terrified of water.
d9b05bf3bf11fe5a2df4c96d630fac46020987d3	Another fear that haunted E. all his life was the fear of women, or rather the fear of losing them.
cd598ef9b214ba3abf5aff606f43a9b29a4130dc	Poe's mother died when the child was two years old.
5e7198c96c2b2d9e55dab8019ad275a8b8fe5fff	From an early age, Edgar wrote poetry, was fond of fantastic plans, loved to make psychological experiments on himself and others.
2e645d28de1d5444cc00e3605c5201f67bd6a219	On February 14, 1826, Edgar Allan Poe left for Charlottesville, where he entered the newly opened University of Virginia[29].
7490c90b2b86050e84c3d99a61daae651b4e6142	Education at the institution founded by Thomas Jefferson was expensive (in a letter to his stepfather, Poe calculated the total costs and indicated the amount of $ 350 per year[30]), so the students of the university were children of wealthy families of the state.
702d450cac473ef17b84ce88d9d205648b104c2d	Upon admission, Edgar Poe chose two courses to study (out of a possible three): classical philology (Latin and Greek) and modern languages (French, Italian, Spanish)[31].
be85d18aa24c0be2f6aef09130534010a1501ef4	The seventeen-year-old poet, who left his parents ' house, was left to himself for a long time for the first time[32].
37c8ef2c411d385f546a4d8034968cd7679b6d14	The school day of Edgar Poe ended at 9: 30[33], the rest of the time was supposed to be devoted to reading educational literature and preparing homework, but the offspring of rich parents, brought up in the "true spirit" of gentlemanliness, could not resist the temptation of "forever fashionable" card games and wine in the highest environment.
cbcea324baef57238d070027a61ee3f2bebc5502	Edgar Poe, who was educated in London and brought up in a respectable family, undoubtedly considered himself a gentleman.
5ba4241cae77f2aa113c6e5dd2cc58ba3a7c5a02	The desire to confirm this status, and later the need for a living, led him to the card table.
7ca0d488f678313b68d1c17f2c20c86497891418	At the same time, Poe began to drink for the first time[34].
f5ec04925cd5cd4c11ed9c8c075a1e6d21dd4568	The reason for leaving the house was Edgar's protracted card games.
39ef21d201ecfc1089754d224d7221285bf586f3	The father completely refused to pay his son's debts.
c237864a65836a4dbd9e9d26011bbf32dadd6739	By the end of the school year, the total debts of the Software amounted to $ 2,500 (about 2000 of them were card debts)[35][36].
076ab8418216161e01635da7b3fe4b1fa888ed95	In turn, Poe considered them not just monetary debts, but "debts of honor".
63e8072b30d70d2dcaba5598f5955b5f2219bef1	And the only way out that he saw was to leave his father's house.
70e50124ba892adbb48c99812cb3ad9ddbfc53d3	Having lost a roof over his head, the young man decided to take a steep step – he entered the army as a soldier under a false name.
9dcc762a87a1f26de43451ed8460438982f04142	He served for about a year, was in good standing with his superiors and even received the rank of sergeant major.
eb12c95d8fa254cd93ede88b77368f9353eca950	At the beginning of 1828, however, the poet could not stand his situation and turned to his foster father, asking for help, and probably expressed remorse.
992d5e1d2fcd504aa25197dfa537ce7c38ffcd5e	The latter, having thrown some of the money, also took care of Edgar's release.
bc5afe07d979e6605da356156928e2bb8525c447	He visited Baltimore again and met his paternal relatives there — his sister, grandmother, Uncle George Poe and his son Nelson Poe.
421703d883c034d1341049ac897b7256580f002b	The latter could introduce Edgar to the editor of the local newspaper, William Gwyn.
36827e5d699cd82e5c71b9da29de6f3ea00b5105	Through Gwyn, Edgar got the opportunity to turn to the then prominent New York writer John Neal.
20b32f42c65941fa698ad14eb3d279a9d4cb9ee1	In his hometown, Edgar accidentally met a young publisher and printer Calvin Thomas, and he agreed to print his first collection of poems[40].
b46a05a167ba3e117f1c355412d464bc341331bc	"Tamerlane and Other Poems", written under the pseudonym "Bostonian", was published in June 1827[41].
eb05338382ed4220796a927e90401df73b3ffd36	50 copies were printed, consisting of 40 pages, they were sold for 12.5 cents apiece[42].
fcb003a914bca3cbfc3dbc3df16c9e74fb3c02c1	In his first poetry collection, Edgar Poe included the poem "Tamerlane" (which he would later repeatedly edit and refine), the poems " K ***", "Dreams"," Spirits of Death"," Evening Star"," Imitation"," Stanzas"," Dream"," The Happiest Day","Lake".
80b418eadc40419157d936770d6ded98aede3104	At the end of February 1829, Frances Allan's condition worsened.
b575d4ce7eda8be269f52218b60f164056371bc1	The disease, which made itself felt back in England, only progressed.
edc5f3eccef10d3b4de76e7cb32e79d9fa710b8b	On the night of February 28, when his wife's condition became critical, John Allan wrote a short letter in which he asked his adopted son to come immediately[54].
2578bd8ee1b853b5d2d9afb60ac34487355fa082	Frances Allan died on the morning of the same day [50].
4b0b28b642e42d46273bd09e71326349ba84c632	He did not have time to come to the funeral, cried all night at her grave, and then, in an excited state, tried to prove that she was buried alive.
576d89e9c7cdc0e5eb1d9554f2ff3a2210c59617	So another phobia was born: the fear of being buried alive was later reflected in his stories.
7ecca02982bc4e6a988ad0f13e6071d6d6518732	Meanwhile, John Allan insisted that Edgar finish his education.
91f4895e42f795213cde65e4b0e6e1fa34e24ad2	It was decided that he would enter the Military Academy at West Point.
2cc8f015daa5b9617ad868e86f42059d3931f224	In March 1830, at the request of Allan, Edgar was still accepted as a student, although he was not suitable for age.
1a8e085fd2f02fc59f5f9b7d35a89783dd81981b	Of course, the army is not what Edgar has been striving for all his life.
774e8f389839ed71dfbeedce63a851f44b90df3d	That's why he got expelled from the academy, further severing relations with his father.
f5e8b208aa6da022a401de3f31806e274650be14	In January 1831, he began to ignore the checks and classes, did not go out on guard and sabotaged the formations.
b111ac3980dd449671551305b6494e6f352af2f6	The result was an arrest and a subsequent trial, at which he was accused of "gross violation of official duties" and "ignoring orders".
1a413d403843faa5d7fb71c87fe3dccafec25664	On February 8, 1831, Poe was dismissed from the service of the United States, and on February 18 he left West Point[65].
435c0315d04295d1e0393a409970c20103cbebfe	From West Point, Edgar Poe went to New York, where he hurried to publish a third collection of poems, called, however, the "second edition": "Poems of Edgar A. Poe. Second edition".
e7cd22db2d5a2bd7cdb81e3abf6e0d9e177a70ee	In the center of the collection are two poems, the second of which was significantly revised and shortened by Edgar Poe.
88d61728dbb722a044a4f90c0382ab8a69af7f70	The funds for the publication were collected by subscription; many comrades from the academy subscribed, expecting that they would find in the book those poetic pamphlets and epigrams on professors for which the student Allan Poe became known at school.
4df0cfc821a3ef2634368d4aac51453a8ad803c6	Also on the pages of the collection, Poe turned to literary theory for the first time, writing "A Letter to..." — an essay in which the author discussed the principles of poetry and the problems of national literature.
2237bd4bd58ff4d9e57a250073454a4058f27a88	But they had to be disappointed.
e509a73f338235c4e1063d224d5a068b608ed7a4	There were no buyers for the book, priced at two and a half dollars.
8a13bc550594591562ba6bbe8c53dcdaa362eebf	In 1831, he had to turn to his foster father to give out cash benefits.
e4020050caa98435e7ab2c1bc02f75cfa75338b8	From the autumn of 1831 to the autumn of 1833 — the most difficult period for Edgar Poe.
254621dbb3a2cb8d762fc8a1a6cdb3beb3cfe95d	After that, Edgar had the most difficult period of his life.
2d2b1103328cd329f9fb7d4eb7bed918463df174	For two years, almost nothing was known about him.
5cba9e480a1f99bb322dd49d2c95a22bd965784e	And still he did not give up – the young poet worked a lot on his work.
20838d7db7d9d00ee2b67ab0b55f122fae568438	Desperate lack of money prompted the poet to turn to prose — he decided to take part in a competition for the best short story by an American author with a prize of $ 100[67].
babb46e7fa16665e2184554bfd6c74ae01fb65e9	Poe took a thorough approach to the matter: he studied magazines and various publications of that time in order to determine the principles (stylistic, plot, compositional) of writing short prose that was popular with readers.
ab1ce2c0717548d3018c270e8c1502300e31965c	The results of the research were "Metzengerstein", "The Duc de L'omlet", "On the walls of Jerusalem", "A Significant loss" and " A Failed Deal — - stories that the novice novelist sent to the competition.
e60f0c667abc8e5cdce29687d38245a8acef6f05	Disappointing results for their author were summed up on December 31, 1831 — Edgar Poe did not win[68].
628714c51231feb4d3d77e36404ff5e91621ddb2	During the next year, these stories without attribution (these were the conditions) were published in the newspaper that organized the competition.
c85096a0a8d201cc14af094689031ccfc550ee6d	The failure did not force Poe to abandon the form of short prose in his work.
9a41c1bdef995c4d9da2a4e5a5b2c595602b5f03	On the contrary, he continued to hone his skills, writing short stories, from which at the end of 1832 he formed the collection "Folio Club Stories", which was never published[69].
8cb40eeb70baa3a1543b0e0e9b5dfa66158bbbbb	In June 1833, another literary competition was held, the prizes in which were $ 50 for the best short story and $ 25 for the best poem.
2fb6db07f4708a72dd5bcc3592b6afaba2926e3c	It was known that the jury included competent people — famous writers of that time John Pendleton Kennedy and John Latrobe[70].
e10b1f8e5918e36e2bf2822fc79653ee0fa310d3	Poe participated in both categories, sending 6 short stories and a poem "The Colosseum"to the competition.
cc96018c98adb515a99b0154ad41bf99f3eba89a	On October 12, the results were announced[71]: the best story was recognized as "The Manuscript found in a Bottle" by Edgar Poe, the best poem was" The Song of the Winds " by Henry Wilton (the editor-in-chief of the newspaper that organized the competition was hiding under this pseudonym[70]).
a76d567d450a6983e18f9ddb2d94d0cf5b2feb3e	Subsequently, John Latrobe confirmed that the author of the really best poem was also Edgar Poe[72].
c2bbcd0341e14625aa4635298b5d0698f6635b68	The jury spoke very highly of the works of the young writer, noting that it was extremely difficult for them to choose one of the best stories out of his six[73].
bb4e945d57f410ca99c85e1716ba463246a0c047	In fact, this was the first authoritative recognition of the talent of Edgar Poe[74].
7648ecb8cc5f2c8fb3e0f41f3a8ceccef2bf81c6	Once again, a black streak comes in the writer's life – a disastrous life has resumed.
55d1232fc648713a2ec5d8ce8663155fd924a568	Despite the victory in the competition, the financial situation of the Po in 1833-1835 remained extremely difficult.
173fd67a58865a80d9ee09081bea9c33268f5e41	There were no regular cash receipts, the writer continued unsuccessful attempts to find a job related to literature.
dd73ab38fad9995ff10171ca3b938e79106b08a1	The only source of income in the family was the pension of the paralyzed widow of David Poe Sr. - $ 240 a year[75][76], which was paid irregularly.
6879663a4d0bd6bad7833f95b0b24389b9c044d2	On March 27, 1834, John Allan died, who did not mention Edgar Poe in his will[77].
88e46ff47298f627caec1a5bdf024ee928c5dbd3	The current circumstances finally sent him on the path of alcoholism.
3b664a6f0c9a7de50c475f4d5a4d2af853faa31b	The first expanded psychotic state of E.Po suffered at the age of 30.
57c027486b815cf2c72d8eda5e1ecfde202e0997	Against the background of "black melancholy" and binge drinking, frightening auditory and visual hallucinations appeared.
9d9955b835bed64bb63f03c14422f1c141b0e666	Poe believed that his fellow writers conspired to destroy him, they allegedly publish his works under their own names, hire special "magnetizers" in order to deprive him of creative power and drive him crazy.
7bc0b9a627b1ffb4edd63bcdc4ada7e27ddb13c8	In the period from 1833 to 1840, the author published many poems and short stories, worked in the magazines "Southern Literary Messenger" in Richmond.
24ccab1c32064183fd12ee16b7ebca6b69d6b9a3	At first, as an assistant editor, Edgar Poe successfully coped with his tasks and responsibilities: he edited and proofread texts, was engaged in the selection of material for publications, conducted extensive correspondence with authors.
2d2b90d576cf72bac29804adb6bba4ea3949ec31	White had no reason to be dissatisfied with the new employee, but a sudden attack of deep depression and a heavy binge that followed led to inevitable consequences — Edgar Poe was fired.
415a3b27bb7cd681094ad1e19683314f0df80eaa	In a state of clouded consciousness, he wrote a long emotional letter to Maria Klemm, in which he asked for the hand of her daughter Virginia, fearing to lose her forever[83].
5590c3bca1b08554195eeea68fc5ef6de20dcab1	On May 16, 1836, Poe married Virginia Klemm[87].
cd9f7c6f811baa145f30247ff0447f2c10368b8f	She was his cousin, and at the time of the wedding she was only 13 years old.
21ebb77e518deb5af4daf7454eb48f61d286dd40	Around this time, Edgar Poe began writing his largest prose text — "The Tale of the Adventures of Arthur Gordon Pym".
c4b7833d5820af18a032c4265723cd6b26f4f85e	The decision to write a voluminous work was dictated by readers ' preferences: many publishers refused to print his stories, citing the fact that the small prose format is not popular[88].
211016ed159a57d1ddd95c1bc8d50a57491304b6	Having regained his mental balance, Edgar Poe made an attempt to return to the Southern Literary Messenger. Thomas White met him halfway and agreed to hire him again on the condition that he would stop drinking.
362eb9ae3a1c5832963a4d1904276d44700bd38b	Nothing foreshadowed trouble, however, at the end of December, Poe again left the Southern Literary Messenger[89].
0d6492eb83c5b9926bfea93b3339b19609734c6b	The reason for the quarrel between White and Poe remained unclear, it could be a broken promise, the publisher's dissatisfaction with his excessive independence as an editor, sharp criticism of high-profile literary names.
90a67d34e402d788f861d5ca4232ef7458fff255	In 1841-1843, he lived with his family in a suburb in Philadelphia and worked in the magazines "Burton's Gentleman's Magazine "and"Graham's Magazine".
d607a23320578de8422a6a03e604d8699bb9a485	In Philadelphia, Edgar Poe also intended to publish his own magazine " The Stylus "(or "The Penn"), but this idea failed.
f8c8d48cada4b35ccdc06131c6ee389b94d2faab	In January 1842, the young wife of Edgar Poe had the first severe attack of tuberculosis, accompanied by throat bleeding[104].
e7b01f0d4b113a080bc05fcda7799fdd54ebc16e	Virginia was bedridden for a long time, and the writer again lost his mental balance and the ability to work.
4052c8b8a7082364b08fac008d42513126991afc	The depressed state was accompanied by frequent and prolonged binge drinking[105].
e0111ab7e5335d3f7572d0aa9631a4132aaa0045	During the "periods of terrible enlightenment", when Poe managed to pull himself together, he continued to perform official duties in the magazine and even published a story "In death — Life", in which the influence of Virginia's illness on his condition is clearly traced.
2cd9ea1cd96baac58b7fa43885ec43be105d020c	Later, the story was republished under the title "Oval Portrait".
285aa5a1e271b938a27685ffc286d99cddb3e99d	For a long time, Graham could not tolerate the frequent drunkenness of his editor, his absence from the workplace and non-fulfillment of duties.
c017b1aafe9c3fc53591616dd974ec79f9418875	The last story published in an issue of Graham's magazine, in which Edgar Poe was involved, was "The Mask of the Red Death" (May 1842)[107].
0d1b7c5ca1de0b8de59f9fd23fd9b3907bb2636b	All the subsequent time, the condition of Poe's wife had a huge impact on his mental health, which was extremely susceptible to the slightest deterioration of the situation.
2062a64c88ade01a6c809d3560a7650a5041a61f	A second exacerbation of Virginia's illness occurred in the summer of the same year, and again the writer's deep feelings and mental torments were reflected in his work — the stories "The Well and the Pendulum" and "The Accuser's Heart"written shortly after the incident are saturated with them.
848a25288259d5dac6599c545f6ba0ce22f1a180	In January 1843, Poe found a partner who agreed to help with the publication of his magazine.
a621a225ded2756c594900ff291d046642c2ec72	It was the head of the weekly Saturday Museum, Thomas Clark.
14f43ab973a8409d44f4c5e16717fc7749baf1b4	Especially for the first issue of the magazine, Poe wrote the story "The Golden Beetle", from which he expected a huge effect on readers.
00895b414d302e69f14598c665e934260529b1b8	In July 1845, Poe published a short story called "The Demon of Contradiction" [134].
d4299cc3c52bf25ffb0ab1ce28d44fdc1a990df4	The arguments on the topic of human nature, which are contained in its preamble, allow us to understand well the nature of the contradictory nature of the author himself.
4b30d7791441ea7a7319e8a8dc90ecc48f04fa4c	Tormented by his own "demon", he repeatedly committed rash and illogical actions during his life, which inevitably led him to collapse.
9978638e52c87c5768a5da0a6e81608097a843f9	The central figure in Poe's works was originally a neurotic and hypochondriac, a mystic pursued by incestuous fantasies, a victim of narcotic intoxication and superstitious fears.
20d1f305ba055fcd6c59fdce5edd6f573a1d1a07	These were the many-faced hypostases of Poe himself and the women he loved, the doppelgangers whose invented world he filled with suffering, thereby trying to ease the burden of sorrows and disappointments that burdened his own life.
76ce4ab661cee12100d5d78ff8d73477d27b8ae5	The physical and mental torments he drew were a reflection of real suffering, horrors and pain.
829dc34cb9eccbf9b8c5b98ee971f637409e22ea	In 1847, the wife of E.Poe is dying of consumption.
b8a04f54c20091ae7b7eaadd55d7704ce1b49e99	The writer spends the next two years, until his death, with a clouded mind.
edcab0d0551b0d0e0bda7a17b2d354d3880272f6	He will not write anything more, completely surrendering to despair and self-destruction.
05ad0a55e0ada8f085da68e32f6c77ae53fe5b2b	Endless wanderings begin, he is seen in port inns and opium dens in the companies of vagabonds and beggars.
ae64644d2eaffc924a8b0aba14e9c3d3bced7e64	The sufferings of the restless sick writer end in October 1849.
986ccc41a1fd8c6959ebd011394c987ccc4b6717	He is found on a station bench in a state of stupor.
743be204a92afe6de462489d4fb06525212a6613	He lived for several days, occasionally regaining consciousness and praying to the Lord for death, which followed on October 7.
d8c4b1425206ff0959dbe9424bbdb0acf6768aca	Someone says that Po died of drunkenness, others tend to believe that the cause of his death is related to mental insanity.
33d265df7debe33baf0b946915783cb74a05b66a	There are authors who claim that someone deliberately pumped him with a lethal dose of drugs.
d69061cda3d97c0a0c1f04c8d00bf19167a5ea9d	Of the many versions about the mysterious circumstances of the poet's death, none, however, is supported by 100% evidence.
6bfd82d07950024f337926cbcbbaed9dafce6ae3	The mysterious, tragic death of the poet caused rumors about the appearance of the spirit of Edgar Poe at the Old Western Burial Ground cemetery.
de2c4ae88c5145c1fecd484d974a73ca784bcd0b	Everyone who has seen a stranger describes his appearance in the same way.
0e82ffd98e2685ee756e1bb996c236b33cf24ab6	In black clothes, with a scarf wrapped around his face, leaning on a cane, he has been appearing at the cemetery every year for several decades on the same day — January 19 – the birthday of Edgar Allan Poe.
8a4308c9cc698a82e7bad87fe063963177d205d5	Each time a man leaves an open bottle of cognac and three red roses on the tombstone of the poet's grave.
deba4f748498363db6acdcfd3e4672386c12fd87	Taking off his bowler hat, he stands by the grave for a few minutes and-walks away.
2855c163099504db1cc2edd3ac7a74d7d8d2a970	Many people are trying to understand what the ritual objects that a strange guest leaves on the poet's grave mean since January 1949, after the funeral, and still no one has a clue: who was the first “decorator” of Poe's grave who appeared at the cemetery 50 years ago?
fcfb42b48dbbfc995047ce000793b2306aaf8275	The figure of this man has been an intriguing mystery for many years.
6bec3d77cb8b6d76a3c8e62d8e0fd53f2fa32d8d	Poe, Edgar Allan
0d74be3f37816268d958db6198d6cae4a5bd1813	This is the stable version, tested on January 13, 2017.
ae2ca3c7e9d4d280f3e6dfde9b101de8547bd682	5 edits are waiting to be checked.
10d1ca978ef851c2d3996e86d882467a6ea22950	There are articles on Wikipedia about other people with the surname Po.
7607af6231a0849eaeba44cac24a717436370da9	Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe
b598c06c537965599a3ce76d464ae5d524d95a2e	Daguerreotype, made on November 9, 1848 Birth name: Edgar Poe
716fc3b1c5f133b196c2394b672a3174a0337c5a	Date of birth: January 19 1809(1809-01-19)[1][2]
701345eee3cb2d2e9b71a4ff3baaf8d90e9f8839	Place of birth: Boston, United States of America[3]
6bf5917b4dd32a857756d8b3049e6e6911840955	Date of death: October 7 1849(1849-10-07)[1][2] (40 years)
2b2da278d164910435d4bd3721dedb30dc48bbaf	Place of death: Baltimore, United States of America[3]
3fbc7c9a9a912fa634380c1bacc62d9d60c2760d	Citizenship: USA
1c651656b7adf5f93e8cc4ad879e9223e83abc07	Occupation: poet, writer, essayist, literary critic, playwright, journalist, science fiction writer, crime writer
272a533722fb432c165107d3228529ceaf8e4314	Direction: romanticism, symbolism, Gothic literature
1dc42d9579268e699c58e791069199d500149221	Genre: detective, science fiction, satire, hoax, horror literature
ba3cdbcb6630309cc4fc109eccad71152d80d213	Language of works: English[4]
c693f6c4f7d76d01bbd11766c6c2a33b29d0d899	Debut: "Tamerlane and Other Poems" (1827)
3dc8358fcc255c01d098a94eb552e5e82888e2b6	Works on the site Lib.ru Works in Wikitek Files on Wikimedia Commons Quotes in Wikicitatnik
370b66a90ae97f72822256bb2d8786cde3a83d89	He was one of the first American writers whose fame at home was significantly inferior to that of Europe[12].
524b2bf94503946ab9f64fe3f26d460f75fdb2db	Special attention was paid to his work by symbolists who drew ideas of their own aesthetics from his poetry.
5d33f9a40fe7e2359c954f6e06fb82b5206fb2b1	Poe was highly appreciated by Jules Verne, Arthur Conan Doyle, Howard Phillips Lovecraft, recognizing his role as a pioneer in the genres that they popularized.
8eb887d9ce013917cfa11a73927ba22eb3e9598a	1 Biography 1.1 Childhood 1.2 Studying at the University.
d820bde580c3a00dbdf28af3c05bbe8e1ef38e54	Literary debut 1.2.1 "Tamerlane and other poems"
dc11e82f2fcd0be596c949dad35d051872a60e3b	1.3 Military career 1.3.1 "Al Aaraaf" and study at West Point
8d1dd61ab0a249feb0624fe0eccd8a59d33d86dc	1.4 The beginning of literary activity 1.4.1 Work in the Southern Literary Messenger
2da4f7e8a63666abb9d8d09141b0798c0d154f09	1.5 New York and Philadelphia: 1837-1844 1.5.1 Editor of Graham's Magazine 1.5.2 Unfulfilled hopes
3c912a40b65597d9161c1844bb4722b6c8ceb63f	1.6 Peak of Glory 1.6.1 "Raven" 1.6.2 "Demon of contradiction"
945f6e147baf8448f18a20e7c818bd23aed7fd11	1.7 Recent Years 1.7.1 Death of Virginia 1.7.2 Failed Marriage 1.7.3 Last Journey
8dd7627ef4002de20377912fda324b94d2294bff	2 Death and funeral 2.1 Circumstances and cause of death 2.2 "Memoirs" of Griswold 2.3 Secret admirer
7767e192405db87e697a8ed0543370f980d0af34	3 Personality 3.1 Appearance and character 3.2 Worldview 3.3 Software and alcohol
95ed2026bd8f233123056aee51595b4175178f5f	4 Creativity 4.1 Analysis.
acbfefe27f098ad0cd03c5090ca580508bc6bd43	Features of style and subject 4.1.1 Poetry 4.1.2 Short stories 4.1.2.1 Psychological stories 4.1.2.2 Detective stories 4.1.2.3 Science fiction stories
2be2a407d0407af83625069d53a8a1fccd25c820	4.2 Assessment of creativity and personality 4.2.1 In Russia
1e162529e74c1999e3a0181a4db20cce0650a6f1	5 Heritage 5.1 Literature 5.2 Cosmology 5.3 Cryptography
c2b86374a3d665157f1233e293de475da2660fb5	6 Memory 6.1 Monuments 6.2 Museums and memorials 6.3 Philately 6.4 Numismatics
7780c86bace406144b4870f0d93c942be7dd1062	7 Edgar Poe in popular culture 7.1 The image of the writer 7.2 Film adaptations of works 7.3 Music
15ef98cd846bca0faba287d537389135b3d7fa02	8 Notes 9 References 10 References
523666933ebdc3bcf12a422072405fed5322068b	Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins Poe — Edgar Poe's mother
8a03c7e21eaf02dbd0f7d8e3d75d2ae6e56eae51	Elizabeth Poe was born in the United Kingdom.
53e15036b3521c8fbae8519b72b073253b3af3ed	At the beginning of 1796, she and her mother, also an actress, moved to the United States, where she began performing on stage from an early age.
51c785209310ec5edd0b3055a3512ca9be04bedd	Poe's father was born in Ireland, in the family of David Poe Sr., who emigrated to America with his son.
a56a0c3e058f81ed9bf3bedb1f8f42a71a57b704	Poe's grandfather had the rank of major, actively supported the revolutionary movement in the United States and was a direct participant in the War of Independence[13].
4f4ab753f0a77757ef695951d1073ef410fdc075	David Poe Jr. was supposed to become a lawyer, but against the will of his father, he chose the profession of an actor[13].
db7bb6f96f2386e224b8226207c23f59fcde7a33	Edgar was the middle child in the family, he had an older brother, William Henry Leonard (English)Russian. (1807-1831) and the younger sister Rosalie (1810-1874) [14]. The life of touring actors involved constant moving, which was difficult to implement with a child in his arms, so little Edgar was temporarily left with his grandfather in Baltimore.
a2e6812460611be4ddeec0caf481cc5c8f7bd792	A year after Edgar's birth, his father left the family.
4fe8b971f61565a45cc9ef8fb50dde32b3b01dad	Nothing is known for certain about his future fate.
9602de45bb3092769f8bbb992aa2c7c3244450ec	On December 8, 1811, Po's mother died of consumption[16].
4204719b89185fc65acf13224635c573c9109dac	The little boy, left without parental care, took a fancy to the wife of John Allan, a wealthy merchant from Richmond, and soon the childless family took him to themselves.
491a82fc8d5592d8a3904fd49640c4df56b21c03	Rosalie's sister fell into the Mackenzie family, who were neighbors and friends of the Allans, while Henry's brother lived with his father's relatives in Baltimore[17].
cb930729d3885d4406d969776295017162c9e087	Poe's foster family was one of the wealthiest and most respected in Richmond.
7e0b6d63eaf38499a1a26e0e075a2c173548dfe2	John Allan was a co owner of a company that traded tobacco, cotton and other goods.
a009b88d0a43125931612046d30ec3df89b7693a	The Allans had no children, so the boy was easily and happily accepted into the family.
09bb377dfdef19e78934a8e5128e6277f5ceb9c0	Poe grew up in an atmosphere of prosperity, he was bought clothes, toys, books, a certified teacher at home was engaged with him[18].
3dd839e25e343192add616d18b26382d9ee42653	Poe's School in Stoke Newington, England, 1860s
1621a93c24f5c6d105f10edeee299b2f60ac1433	In 1815, the family (as well as Ann Valentine, the older sister of Frances, John Allan's wife) went to Great Britain.
92ef66362374c21448d41a585065f035dce80c86	John Allan, whose business was experiencing some difficulties associated with the decline of the economy after the Napoleonic Wars, sought to improve trade relations with Europe.
edfcff2c983c8f47811f5960ab92442795096d73	Arriving in Liverpool, the family went to live with Allan's relatives in Scotland, in the cities of Erwin and Kilmarnock.
d942bf8cdad6edd7af150933ac1c9bbaaf514e0d	A few weeks later, another move took place — to London, where Poe graduated from Madame Dubois Elementary School.
369e6e55cd61567138aafd37cac9bb8e7bd5c930	In 1817, he continued his studies at the school of the Reverend John Bransby in Stoke Newington, a suburb of the capital.
356efd587c5a5fe1945024e978655eaa17b4c3cb	Poe's memories of this period of his life are reflected in the story "William Wilson"[19].
a2ba446dea6f344c1928f58dc548cfa402d29901	Edgar finished his last academic year ahead of schedule.
0ed7f6857e0f9e1e2873cf7151b5889d2b2089e9	The reason for this was a hasty return trip to the United States — John Allan's affairs in England did not go well, serious financial difficulties occurred, his wife Frances was seriously ill.
1b322dbb2dcdd4ebf35519cfa99f3d971f679d40	The merchant even had to borrow money for the return trip from a partner.
b2ffcb1010bb82ba7eb6a5363c22211cd7e4d132	In the summer of 1820, a sea transatlantic journey took place, and on August 2, the family arrived in Richmond[20].
cdb8a78eef00468605c220d147a2bb1a635fbcb6	The first year after returning to America was difficult for the Allans.
59cb03422e565d2844a86c87997943c815da7bae	Their house was rented out for a long term lease, so they had to settle with a partner of John Allan Ch.
d467d0518f0f0187a95635f7c27dbbcb8c4888c3	Ellis, who allowed them to live with him for free[21].
8e92b01e604d6d509efb78b779033aa27f96cafd	In the same year, Poe went to school, where he studied ancient literature and history, Latin, Greek and French, mathematics.
511d47992a9f9ba9440e7b52d143d53d73efc81e	Attention was also paid to English literature, presented by Ben Johnson, Alexander Pope, John Milton and other authors.
3c64bb7dfaa20324f6d9998b00fe08089fc468d5	During this period, Poe's interest in his native literature was born, and his first steps in poetry also belong to him[22].
2302460e6d3836e458e03392fb51fe7e1edfadb5	The superintendent of the school, Joseph G. Clark, described his student as follows:
6cc20c3ae99b7c39268397c901f7c5735ef2a575	Poe stayed at my school for five years.
18b86ed8b83cd086733f3b4b534c34d2e44e0eaf	During this time, he read Ovid, Julius Caesar, Virgil, Cicero and Horace in Latin, Xenophon and Homer in Greek.
c6124b8375cbc49a1c160319641dc3acad27f5df	He clearly liked classical poetry more than classical prose.
95ebe68dc9893b22243c5ddd850b846920a27d0b	He did not like mathematics, but he had no equal in poetic composition at school[23].
3aa101993084483bfceab6fb0f432cc3155c39dc	In 1824, the Marquis de Lafayette, the famous hero of the revolution and an associate of David Poe Sr., visited Richmond.
ef9f6e41136cc6c5f1e2fc582a30cddd8f595062	In the city, solemn events and a parade were organized for the arrival of the general, of which Edgar Poe was also a participant.
7eae9604147d91a08e45afb1330deef097e044d9	He was chosen as a lieutenant of a company of "Young Volunteers of Richmond", consisting of students from the best schools in the city[24].
b6b724a996437b6ba0c2b1e4819e4340749ba840	It is known that de Lafayette visited the grave of Poe's grandfather in Baltimore, where he said: "Here lies a noble heart!"
5a59e3071cda68844c65807471c1710ea6fc5a47	(French Ici repose un coeur noble!)
320a1b6ea3235b17d15e08416835553d7f71e09f	[25].
08b222b5784863bc703e057ece711bd23b3e09cd	In early 1825, John Allan's uncle, one of the richest men in Virginia, died due to illness.
5cbbc96a54403fc74a6e17ae72daac17ee57ecfb	He had no direct heirs, there were many potential ones in the person of relatives, but they all lived in Scotland.
724b9fb4fcf89923eba82d6aa1285fa539c31972	In his last will, he bequeathed most of his fortune to his Richmond nephew.
ece17d241962ad5d375f3a372dcf4f544bc58446	John Allan received $ 750,000[26][27]
439a3149749fb7099ad455837824dd2291e69178	- a huge sum for those times, and the life of the family immediately changed.
7f6b69366f451ed1e9e45aa195dac580026226ee	The company's business went uphill, a luxurious mansion was bought, and Edgar was taken out of school and teachers were hired to prepare for university[28].
8ee8c536cd006371e94aa47515d176fdeb785964	Studying at the university.
1ed553efdaa37c6edc736c546d354bda2b5fc577	Literary debut[edit / edit wiki text]
b84b49c8f53e881fa014a5932b6eebd2df2cf9a2	The room where Poe lived during his studies at the University of Virginia
4458e575acfc4227907122f10c0a2db6d0ed2ec3	Upon admission, Edgar Poe chose two courses to study (out of a possible three): classical philology (Latin and Greek) and modern languages (French, Italian, Spanish)[31]. The seventeen year old poet, who left his parents ' house, was left to himself for a long time for the first time[32].
bce6350601c092c42f978681028515fcc121d262	After receiving letters demanding payment for them, John Allan immediately left for Charlottesville, where a stormy explanation with his stepson took place.
47222caebe249b7ac0ce0696858e1630058d2680	As a result, Allan paid only a tenth of the total amount (payment for books and services), refusing to recognize Edgar's gambling debts[36].
d5118352ae324899712a3fdd1a4bcfd3901c2e8a	Despite the obvious success of his studies and successfully passed the exams, he could no longer stay at the university and after the end of the academic year, on December 21, 1826, he left Charlottesville[37].
89d27c39b0fcc416dbb911f076663369ed0f0314	"Tamerlane and other poems" [edit / edit wiki text]
04fd800eb46eeeacf0f61cfdba12a32a499938a0	Title page of the collection "Tamerlane and Other Poems "(1827)
6335084e69da4aa79265719e611772a4dd35e9b5	When Poe returned home to Richmond, he had no idea about his future prospects.
4550cd935dbd8799c780270a3a90b3742fa5ca27	Relations with John Allan were seriously damaged, he did not want to put up with a "negligent" stepson.
036a7cd4893d4a93f7d2a6b5f713fbe1d3882045	At this time, Po was intensively engaged in creative work.
7fad7d64339ed9d9af2f1f3d441ae16462701a12	Probably, it was in the house of Allans that many of the poems that were later included in the first collection of the novice poet were written.
3f939b88298fddc81b2e00548593518ceb65e9ee	Po also tried to find a job, but his stepfather not only did not contribute to this, but also as educational measures in every possible way prevented his employment[38].
259a5a8e3d8ac7fa66c58d2dc3af3b0ab8660ec6	In March 1827 ,the "silent" conflict turned into a serious quarrel, and Allan kicked his adopted son out of the house.
0aff53c839bb007e0577ac4e4f7ef2a903b58395	Poe settled in the Court House tavern, from where he wrote letters to Allan accusing him of injustice and excuses, continuing to clarify the relationship in an epistolary form.
a1dbdba088f7d03d76a8e90e00c97800fe061f0f	Later, these letters are replaced by others with requests for money, which the foster father ignored.
23966ccc0e85a9a090f5dabac07e42af6b91265c	After staying in the tavern room for several days, on March 23, Poe went to Norfolk, and then to Boston[39].
a36cd612d7433bf764d12eca14ac98e3ccfde876	In 2009, an unknown collector at an auction purchased one of the extant copies of the debut collection of Edgar Poe, paying for it a record amount for American literature — $ 662,500[43].
67051e86bbe5987dbf77c57fa81a689b2700a337	In the preface to the publication, the author apologized for the possible low quality of poetry, justifying this by the fact that most of the poems were written in 1820-1821, when he was "not yet fourteen".
7a9345b7b7324b8f64020a58a8c6caaf341e0448	Most likely, this is an exaggeration — Poe, of course, began writing early, but he really turned to poetry during his studies at the university and later[44][45]. As expected, the collection did not attract the attention of the reader and critics.
d578cf0da5b262df09b9367a65f3f6630fedc129	Only two publications wrote about its release, without giving it any critical assessment[46].
db18afb0de9c463e351cab7c3bcad8a858f87ca3	Military career[edit / edit wiki text]
16c8e1b4e130db8921bfe827dbf46cb58a5cde75	On May 26, 1827, Edgar Allan Poe, in extreme need of money, signed an army contract for a period of five years and became a private in the First Artillery Regiment of the US Army[47].
842eb04668a68ec0fd815d1b66bb225f890d7899	In the documents, the eighteen year old Poe indicated an assumed name — "Edgar A. Perry" - and changed his age, "aging" himself by 4 years[48].
e0c5e036e6a2e2ad9969fba676cb39a2f0af82ac	Initially, the regiment was stationed at Fort Independence, in the suburbs of Boston, but in November an order was received to relocate.
23e34f49d6dc0c39ce253d2c6288a01043bdf878	The place of service of the Po was Fort Moultrie (English)Russian. on Sullivan's Island, located at the entrance to Charleston Bay, the same fort that 50 years ago turned out to be impregnable for the British army.
566e0cc94a77479faf686941aadef0c7a93dd074	The nature of the island, where the writer spent a year, was later reflected in the story "The Golden Beetle" [49].
2d16eb887bd1eb506ec81dcb6dce11cf7f8bd613	Fort Moultrie the place of service of Edgar Poe from November 1827 to December 1828
c60a5707302dcf2b0cdf383f5d7d90d46488bdd6	Edgar Poe served at the headquarters, was engaged in paperwork, which is not surprising for a person who was literate (a rather rare phenomenon for the army of that time) and had a neat handwriting.
cde2b34a12cad1073b0b16735c87ac837b7e5496	And the "gentleman's" origin, good upbringing and diligence provided sympathy among the officers.
ff2272eb6b910305d4e0835032ca133fc1ae7ad2	On January 1, 1829, Edgar A. Perry was awarded the rank of chief sergeant of the regiment[50] — the highest non officer rank.
097cb66565ae446709230e05a12f474158f4090e	In December 1828, the regiment was again transferred, this time to Fort Monroe.[51], located in the Hamptons, near Norfolk.
7a47eb3586efdac36f98762616da0a49ba09d41f	The soldier at the headquarters had enough time free from service, and Edgar Poe spent it on reading and writing.
069d7e761cb68e7f68c05bd4e76f93f28d6001a8	He not only wrote new poems, but also refined the old ones, hatching a plan to publish the next, higher quality collection of material.
c07afd88e513c1902be556f2e0b83e49564dcc20	At the same time, the service began to weigh on Po, he realized that he was wasting time, and, having enlisted the support of a fellow officer, he decided to make an attempt to demobilize ahead of schedule.
760509b9e94c68924f5032b050ed9c179e8531d0	Poe wrote several letters to his foster father, in which he expressed a desire to enter the West Point Academy[52], but John Allan did not respond to any of them[53].
916c1e91d7f84de674bed5f21c6af697fb0f8400	Poe was able to arrive in Richmond only on March 2, not even having time to attend the funeral of his adoptive mother, whom he loved very much[55].
465a3dc07a054090387a62d3327a06649068743c	After staying at home until the end of his dismissal, Poe turned to Allan again, and this time they reached an understanding.
f04e4f0813afb147284acad13a1c29939dd41d69	After receiving the necessary documents from his adoptive father, Po returned to the army, where the process of releasing him from service immediately began.
6394296bcfd7d0ffe541e509a0da2f38c6e31b1f	The order was signed, and on April 15, 1829, he was dismissed from the army[56].
4285eaa1e849df653085b46b2653d0b7390c94b8	There is a legend that in his youth Edgar Poe visited the capital of Russia — St. Petersburg.
7965121a3e017160ee7de3824706aca9a5329c50	The author of it was himself.
621d5b9ef78d9a586861391b58ed329fe5693000	In his autobiography, written in 1839, Poe claims that after studying for a year at the University of Virginia, he ran away from home to, like Byron, fight for the freedom of the Greeks:
3f74b71c9ba05a236990197bcb89f4a1d44ffb5c	"Before I got to Greece, I ended up in Russia, in St. Petersburg.
fa9dc9b49d1023309748658eb74f6fcf83670617	I managed to get out of the difficult situation I got into there thanks to the courtesy of Mr. Middleton, the American consul in St. Petersburg, and in 1829 I returned home..."
70a21f49c0e9913ddf93079176d0077a4254e951	The story about the visit to Russia then appeared in an obituary published a day after the writer's death in the New York Tribune newspaper, from where it got into newspapers and magazines, including Russian ones.
78fb3929c58da4fcd44559ae746f0c6fea7e6ed2	It was only in the XX century that American biographers of the writer established with documentary accuracy that he had never been to Russia, and in the years described in the biography he served in the US army under the name of Edgar A. Perry.
90e63d553cbf917eda0b94cbfa731428da9e1517	The archive of Henry Middleton, stored in Moscow, also did not confirm the version about the writer's visit to Russia.
5577dd700bea32427dd80ad2ec0247dc79eaf672	Among the numerous requests of Middleton to the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs for issuing passports to Americans who found themselves in St. Petersburg in the late 20s of the XIX century, Poe's name is not mentioned, unless, of course, it is assumed that he received a passport not under his own name[57].
8c5f69eb7817f493f34380e390b5a07b22d5e916	"Al Aaraaf" and studying at West Point[edit / edit wiki text]
e07f791bd90f2a797fc9fed4a2cc9058c8d75c65	After returning from Washington, where he went to deliver the necessary papers and recommendations for admission to West Point, Edgar Poe went to Baltimore, where his relatives lived: his brother Henry Leonard, aunt Maria Klemm, her children Henry and Virginia, and Elizabeth Poe, the elderly widow of David Poe Sr. Not having enough money to rent his own home, the poet, with the permission of Maria Klemm, settled in their house[58].
4802d4400001af09a10ff55ee269589f9010479a	The time spent waiting for a response from Washington was spent caring for a brother with consumption (who aggravated the disease with alcoholism) and preparing for the publication of a second poetry collection.
2ad2c4f2575137e93fad431222e40ec65c0307cb	Po edited the available material, conducted an active correspondence with magazines and publishing houses.
8b1a9b022e7ed8c57e0c61d514400149db84393c	And the efforts were not in vain — at the end of December 1829, the collection was published[59]. 250 copies of "Al Aaraaf", "Tamerlane" and small poems " were printed by the Baltimore publishing house Hatch and Dunning[59].
cf1be56f8eaac1384a15952a87c4fba5a9cc51d1	"Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane and Small poems" did not receive a wide response, only some Baltimore publications wrote about its release, giving it a restrained assessment[60].
2d418899bb9af398f08c016b4b3e836d91a681d7	The decision of the military court over cadet Edgar Poe
1a3b773e728dab9c88dbfffebf6c8279a6bcd3a7	On Christmas Eve, Poe returned home to Richmond, where in May 1830 he received confirmation of his enrollment at West Point.
f1b4b4bacacfa43b7e67dd9360fdfd6d50dc2326	In the same month, a fatal quarrel occurred between him and his foster father.
877259895949cf4ffc31cf0cd2303c40d549cd1a	The reason for it was a letter that was not intended for John Allan and should not have been in his hands.
a36dc01094deb5d4c37f029f9919db6c77543871	In it, Edgar Poe spoke unflatteringly about his guardian, unequivocally accusing him of drunkenness[61].
1453dec700dd84f7265bfe7f80c67c5bc6f43d70	The hot tempered Allan could not stand it and for the second and last time kicked Edgar Poe out of the house.
709ef1b9af4197e9eee3c624508cc93a375a8d8d	They still corresponded after this breakup, but never saw each other again.
99897d7dfa94fbfd7c7c870af672f63676727100	Soon John Allan married a second time [62].
3b5ae677de51f606065d09379cbe20fa09f8c27e	At the end of June 1830, Poe became a cadet at the US Army Military Academy[63].
36c985ef12a5182aad6bd62f2d57e244ba04dca6	The training was not easy (especially the first 2 months of camp life), but the army experience helped the poet quickly get used to it.
4af856fb1a3ce89ff4a4c0076b7f447436732a22	Despite the strict daily routine and almost full daily employment, Edgar Poe found time for creativity.
2398799891753e206d211d660423d2691ae16494	Pamphlets and satirical parodies on the mentors of officers and life within the walls of the academy were particularly popular among the cadets.
075b0a5aaa70915e11fe0f07985a7857cd79e138	The third collection of poems was being prepared for publication.
c174671aa841d5138846c235c2531d1289dc8080	The training was successful, cadet Poe was in good standing and had no complaints from the officers, but in January he wrote a letter to John Allan, in which he asked for his assistance to leave West Point.
1394d996a1b50d2ad1caa66368138fa751759176	Probably, the reason for such a sharp decision was the news of the guardian's marriage, which deprived Edgar Poe of the most illusory chances of being officially adopted and inheriting something [64].
9dab778e5ebc0dc672145fd2d01ed161b11ed2c8	Without waiting for an answer, Poe decided to act on his own.
35a0e368e14b8c65b7e3d7d4587daa4e23dc89ac	The beginning of literary activity[edit / edit wiki text]
3acd1336fb47ee413c09e77adc7ccc4073750d71	Poe went to New York, where in April 1831 the poet's third book was published a collection of "Poems", which, in addition to the reprinted" Tamerlane "and" Al Aaraaf", included new works:" Israel"," Pan"," The Condemned City"," To Elena","Sleeping".
578f0d79e18c133f1e6f24fe72f2d23bd4204239	Also on the pages of the collection, Poe turned to literary theory for the first time, writing "A Letter to..."
25b765acf88c7ba2fa1a04aea3ab3e60b1a21b4d	— an essay in which the author discussed the principles of poetry and the problems of national literature.
c8bb953b53a7ed76f4c08bd670fa5ba597093d52	"Poems" contained a dedication to the "Cadet Corps of the US Army". 1000 copies of the book were printed at the expense of West Point cadets who subscribed to the collection in anticipation of the usual parodies and satirical poems with which they were once entertained by a classmate[66].
aa74132db37e12145b984d3714dbda6823c0227f	John F. Kennedy contributed to the development of Poe's career at its early stage.
a6d16be5ce203a99bfad3531d5cc0e9cce7d8405	Having no means of support, Poe moved to relatives in Baltimore, where he made futile attempts to find work.
36c3c01106b8a2a064766984baf790328fe1e474	On October 12, the results were announced[71]: the best story was recognized as "The Manuscript found in a Bottle" by Edgar Poe, the best poem was" The Song of the Winds " by Henry Wilton (the editor in chief of the newspaper that organized the competition was hiding under this pseudonym[70]).
266963c8b84e478b8f5890202ff82fe45c57997a	Working in Southern Literary Messenger[edit / edit wiki text]
f45be30a1c38cfa949978ff380cdbba64d3fd074	After winning the contest, Poe became close to John P. Kennedy, who became his friend and literary patron.
db5af565b8a65e714286bcc21c73ebad53a66b37	Kennedy not only helped the writer with money during difficult periods, but also tried in every possible way to attract the attention of publishers and periodicals to the new talent of American literature[78].
142827cf20914270be3216f2b676893043144477	In August 1834, the Richmond typographer Thomas White began publishing a new monthly magazine, the Southern Literary Messenger, for cooperation with which he attracted famous writers of that time, including John Kennedy.
8d23ecc0b3bebab6d0e7fe63bc7dcaa598232e7f	He, in turn, recommended Edgar Poe to White as a promising talented writer, marking the beginning of their collaboration[79].
8f987f020c2132e1caf2bb94f74c834b4f2fcd6b	Already in March 1835, the story "Berenice" appeared on the pages of the monthly, and in June the first hoax of Poe's pen was published — "The Extraordinary Adventure of a certain Hans Pfaal"[80].
ff8015012a263eb044ff142a6bb0d9d2ed6e4015	In the following months, an active correspondence began between White and the writer, in which they discussed not only the publication of the author's works, but also the problems of the magazine: how to attract more subscribers, which categories and sections should be opened.
151b87127268cce0447c1056e318cb4232cfb960	Soon the head of the publication suggested that Edgar Poe move to Richmond and take the vacant chair of his assistant.
22fc818e5ee46221a9cd129b5005285c68c74e9b	On July 7, 1834, the writer's grandmother died, in fact the only breadwinner in the family, so White's proposal turned out to be very useful, and Poe went to Richmond[81].
59fdf82a2eb56f2e4d3c1f2335adae5305b62522	Portrait of Edgar Poe in the anthology Southern Literary Messenger
68f9d636715e15bc08e1bdab7226493b75157415	His salary was $ 15 a week[82].
5c45262833b86a1dfecdd02e3a936b681e9f4318	In complete despair, he turned for support to his patron John F. Kennedy, who was concerned about his condition and tried to find the words necessary for inspiration.
d4e7edbdafdb9b29db1bbd0fe70b5bd742b2deb1	Soon the disease, which had been tormenting For several months in fits, receded.
e4c739c94a355300239b5e9a6b925c08bdac7219	In September, he returned to Baltimore, where he was engaged to Virginia Klemm and a marriage license was issued, allowing the marriage[84].
5c4a6e350f2992f70365e5d4dd8e5051ea6b3d94	Having regained his mental balance, Edgar Poe made an attempt to return to the Southern Literary Messenger.
c86efcda13168d59ccac964cd94ad14c9c152f74	Thomas White met him halfway and agreed to hire him again on the condition that he would stop drinking.
5d8f9d52f0f40685c7e819897c802e6b47ae0244	During this period, on the pages of the magazine, Edgar Poe turned to literary criticism, not unreasonably believing that he had the necessary competence.
431b84d0260420935a7ac83f5131d52cf0dc6122	Poe the critic had no authority; in his articles he uncompromisingly, but argumentatively criticized those works in which he found shortcomings.
a369ed08b1a33630b4a5bc05d72d916b2e0a5aaf	Their authors also got it: Theodore S. Fay, W. G. Longfellow, C. F. Hoffman became the victims of his crushing reviews at the time.
4012d91c9ce5009a8f57899689c84f90c558d77e	According to the poet James Russell Lowell, Poe was "perhaps the only fearless American critic"[85].
bb12c39b9d57e551e6cddedb220c3797bafc5b7c	Poe made many enemies in literary circles, but at the same time the popularity of the magazine grew: new subscribers appeared, people talked about the publication[86].
2564888876131b5d6159c56238beebe0ff2c690b	The couple spent their honeymoon in Petersburg, Virginia.
bc529e23da008eb719fc06cb908f18b208a4d594	The reason for the quarrel between White and Poe remained unclear, it could be a broken promise, the publisher's dissatisfaction with his excessive independence as an editor, sharp criticism of high profile literary names.
0fdd0d58bedead0d4f6556758fc1e1888344d779	Anyway, at the beginning of 1837, Poe left Richmond and went to New York with his wife and mother in law[90].
75018a4dee08696e4ef10aebcc1096fbe7e079e4	New York and Philadelphia: 1837-1844[edit / edit wiki text]
1395ff648d953992eb59e017d6b8260bd07f8732	In May 1837, an economic crisis broke out in the United States.
c5c88f8b65d6dfe8f0dab703e68169f1175ed8a3	He also touched on the sphere of publishing: newspapers and magazines were closed, there were mass layoffs of employees.
11d88d8b7cf183902561e5ed0019803fbc5d3625	Edgar Poe, who was left without a job for a long time, also found himself in a difficult situation.
e95651259f7c1b3bc32911d8649c796d141f1e78	But the forced idleness was not in vain — he was finally able to concentrate on creativity.
7dc975cd1a7a37380886b7064d905b41ecc759ce	In the New York period, the stories "Ligeia", "The Devil in the Bell Tower", "The Fall of the House of Usher", "William Wilson" were published from the pen of the writer, work on "Arthur Gordon Pym"continued.
7459655c69fac2a9aa913ca8c8e4b7c6fa364e50	The rights to the story were sold to the authoritative New York publishing house Harper and Brothers, where it was published on July 30, 1838.
5a69e792cab3f256d9d969d299e2b4857d5ea8fc	However, the first voluminous prose work of Poe did not have commercial success[91].
779a61cd809d47da0f9755849239c450387e196b	The cover of the" First book of the conchologist", the authorship of which Po denied [92]
f07417aee15c7eb6034a069376c51b47341ec19c	Poe and his family moved to Philadelphia in the middle of the summer of 1838[93].
6abeca8584e8ccd7d19af3cece660b79359ddd0c	There, with the help of his old friend, he managed to formalize a cooperation with the newly created monthly American Museum.
ce8bfb62d0510988f6a4831aa1fc58d2558d3352	During the year, works on: short stories, poems, criticism, reviews of new books appeared in it.
3ea289e0bbf1ef42087571c9a8950e367895dc68	It was a meager, but the only source of income for the writer.
6b2df49840fa8f914cef626885d449d357e3a57c	The newly published "Novella"was not sold either.
47c5cc91ce9ae6e98fd9680d59c3cce0090b8f4c	Desperate lack of money forced the writer to take up the work, which resulted in the most commercially successful book of the writer, ironically, not an artistic one: Edgar Poe was offered to write a book about conchology — the science of shells, relying on the sources provided and the advice of a customer — a specialist in this field.
24171b075343d115b9df41dd2cd7e21eabd61b3c	He successfully completed the task and earned $ 50[94].
b4a81d78fd80084a29a7c7cede8c9731917de220	In the future, this book (with the name of Edgar Poe on the cover) was reprinted many times, and the author was accused of plagiarism, for which he had to justify himself a long time later.
e028d9994f063250d7befa1ffa4d18e2b0df5718	Later, he stated that he wrote only the preface, introduction and translated the illustrations, and his name was added to improve the salesability of the reference book[92].
56912b1282f8c74a02985065fe0d6331c13868a2	The American Museum did not last long, and Poe could again find himself in an already difficult situation, but in May 1839 he managed to get a job as an editor at Burton's Gentleman's Magazine, with a salary of $ 10 a week[95].
c739231e84d7bbf1079c034db3268efc75c61736	The relationship between Poe and the magazine's owner, William Burton, was bad, which, in addition to personal conflicts, was due to their different views on the publication's policy[96].
aa08eb37261502a1eb3391119e9086f4c0094214	In the summer, a publishing house was found that agreed to print a collection of short stories "Grotesques and Arabesques", on which Poe had been working recently.
504aa0b175a262f5c2f6ce25c0f9f7c16ffa0a45	Having improved the financial situation, the writer's family moved to more comfortable and spacious housing[97].
227e08e6b25a50de6808afd20085d2290dddc506	In early December 1839, the publishing house Lea & Blanchard published "Grotesques and Arabesques" — a two volume collection of 25 short stories written by Poe at that time[98].
ab59403550344ca6b3d37435e3f780f5baea385b	This event did not go unnoticed in literary circles: dozens of publications across the country not only covered the publication of the collection, but also devoted full fledged reviews to it.
69c9d834206fc68d9281c5031d80470a07fa89c1	This was Poe's first wide recognition as a writer.
716e12b3b6bc8c06c21b9640450acb36edfd21fa	Despite the fact that "Grotesques and Arabesques" received mostly positive reviews, the book sold poorly[95].
a76af31445ecca3bcd852a86f7e9421247ef2472	In the summer of 1840, due to aggravated disagreements with the owner, he left Burton's Gentleman's Magazine, which was sold at the end of the year to the publisher George Graham[99].
ed3e9dad96b87e8e1cdd766f6910c4564af2b58c	Editor of Graham's Magazine[edit / edit wiki text]
20edfbcc461a1e4d554101cd3c8101df00257e8b	Edgar Poe, who knew the whole" kitchen " of publishing from the inside, worked as an editor in several magazines, saw all their shortcomings.
a9b7eb81237588eb5ff6c7dd3065f0b54072bbe6	He also lacked the freedom of action, which was limited by the policy of the leadership.
7f853a9c271126f3ce670a52676d50ca0af7b438	In June 1840, he began to develop the idea of his own magazine, starting to search for authors, correspondents, printers and potential subscribers.
bbcb64415a172ae23d925deea90f79470705b327	Soon the first prospectus of the future publication was published, to which Edgar Poe gave the name The Penn.
7450ce18d2ea82b7b0aeee32987f93105b5e3350	The original release date was January 1, 1841.
8e02031829d4a94314053d030c84a4c19820ffb3	Later, the release was postponed to March, but even then it did not happen[100].
1bafacb8f6a399e97cc0baa969c30934449722d2	Illustration for the story "Oval Portrait", written under the shock of his wife's serious illness
a08ab1adb45a057ce9c294b952df9825ada7bba5	Who bought Burton's magazine, George Graham (English)Russian. he was a young businessman.
3ba9291ff8723ebfc7c1beef3064544191a6bd97	Shortly after the acquisition, he merged his small magazine and Burton's Gentleman's Magazine into a new publication — Graham's Magazine (English)Russian, where Edgar Poe took the position of editor.
5f286da37056d4f0c1f48d79604d32c7daecdb8d	In addition to performing the standard duties for this position, he had to publish one story in the magazine every month.
6e58208ee67593dac4a52632fc1644ab6ef7221e	Graham also expressed a desire to help Po with the release of The Penn and even become its co owner[101].
f5432b82bc2dca5961ad2ee0a3cca028f3461f18	In April 1841, a story was published in Graham's Magazine, which later brought worldwide fame to the founder of the detective genre[5][6][7] — "Murder in the Rue Morgue."
a47c53ef9282c9f6097669aa8b9aa4d0632941e4	There, in May, "The Overthrow to the Maelstrom"was published.
7689b594bae9e7651b2f0b3d14047ba1271c3364	During the period of Edgar Poe's work as editor, Graham's Magazine reached a national level: by the middle of 1842, it had 40,000 subscribers (with an initial 3,500) [102][103], while the prospects of The Penn were becoming increasingly dim.
92bfe2643e962e881f19cfb01edb820578aaae68	The period of cooperation with George Graham was the most financially successful for Po and one of the most fruitful in creative terms[101].
a2d808ed4085aa43977070d216c19bf9765ee4d4	For a long time, Graham could not tolerate the frequent drunkenness of his editor, his absence from the workplace and non fulfillment of duties.
e6bdc29bb1e736e973ce762c665798a5a7773a72	In May 1842, Poe left Graham's Magazine, and Rufus Griswold took his place[106].
98ecb8dbd0d829b7e2b43dc15cf593550ba0f0ce	The last story published in an issue of Graham's magazine, in which Edgar Poe was involved, was "The Mask of the Red Death" (May 1842)[107]. All the subsequent time, the condition of Poe's wife had a huge impact on his mental health, which was extremely susceptible to the slightest deterioration of the situation.
ab12aeab75937ca3d1febd44d5806a0794fb4f49	Poe found salvation in writing.
3f2852165fa904998d0db43d14491ec0649ffe49	In November 1842, the history of Auguste Dupin's investigations was continued.
3228bab5032a264e8ce64f62c8ffcfdab7da1230	In Snowden's Ladies ' magazine Companion published the story "The Mystery of Marie Roger", which was based on a real murder that occurred in New York in 1841.
37f1fac76f86c4154091b2c64ef9cbfd9c458dee	Using all the materials available to the investigation, he conducted his own investigation on the pages of the story (moving the action to Paris and changing the names) and pointed out the killer.
b7617392312ee9cc5c134c90458c21e3f7603da2	Soon after, the case was solved, while the correctness of the writer's conclusions was confirmed[108].
921b35da6b7bc92f447a9feb15152d3cea0eaea9	It is worth noting that during the difficult period of 1842, Edgar Poe managed to personally meet with Charles Dickens, whose work he appreciated very highly[109].
a1d649a30e222087fcb4c7d218551da1c15d29fb	They discussed near literary issues and exchanged views during the latter's short visit to Philadelphia.
56f08794d94640e1b863135032058f801d0222d4	Dickens promised to help with the publication of Poe's works in England.
c71650db009f78af05c058b965e797f17725779e	Despite the fact that nothing came of it, Dickens noted that Poe was "the only writer whom he wanted to help with publication"[109].
4bdb3d754599167d1de68614e49c631ba3d8b963	Unfulfilled hopes[edit / edit wiki text]
d14ee103405484fa44350d074dae6a62b0a718bf	Finding himself without a job, and therefore without means of livelihood, Edgar Poe, through a mutual friend, turned to the son of President Tyler with a request to help him get a job in the Philadelphia customs[110].
3ab298039641526b866e92a22315519d94a78284	The need was great, since the writer began to look for a job other than literary, which brought an unstable income.
47b9c5e73bdbf9c3a7abefbac6e5dd37dc4ad039	Po did not get the position, as he did not show up for the meeting, explaining it with his illness, although there is a version that the reason for the non appearance was a binge[111].
24916ba4202c409c9d5427ce789d5437a4492f0e	The family, who found themselves in a difficult situation, had to change their place of residence several times, as there was not enough money catastrophically, debts were growing.
bc26f7038bda022d2c8f5adf6cdbbdd226a1af22	A case was initiated against the writer, and on January 13, 1843, the Philadelphia District Court declared Poe bankrupt, but a prison term was avoided [112].
68e00e88ef0d0fa8020e1645ca419af2783a1ab0	The project of the title page of The Stylus magazine
783ade41fb7883d9c9ab218631ef0eb0574b7006	The name of the future edition was changed to The Stylus[113].
7419ca456109576d50d8871c0393044e9ead6eca	Clark took over the financial side of the project, Po was engaged in preparing the prospectus and searching for subscribers.
ddc6adb7db07e17c2d8198919853d5ce798dfb0e	Within a month, the news about the release of The Stylus was printed by dozens of publications across the country, it seemed that Poe's dream of his own "ideal" magazine was about to come true, but he again became a hostage to the painful addiction that pursued him and began to drink.
72b1fa11f038a437f30d60e0fb10501a30eb2ba6	Poe's reputation as an unreliable person suffering from drunkenness also reached Clark.
0bbdd6db2b270e8af13ac8eee980ca78bfb85c76	However, their agreement still remained in force until May 1843, when Clark announced in the pages of his magazine his refusal to participate in the enterprise of Edgar Poe for "economic reasons"[113].
57cd47b475ea7ec9de70e0c5ed70fdc77a46cc9d	Despite the difficult financial situation and the decline in spirit associated with his wife's illness, Poe's literary fame steadily grew.
a4b161a43ffa2dc1b1e63399500f08e2e7f09979	His works were published in many publications throughout the country, critical reviews were devoted to them, many of which noted the author's extraordinary talent and the power of his imagination.
38e680e71773092fdcd4388a520e9beb0126b8cb	Even literary enemies wrote laudatory reviews, making them even more valuable[114].
8ce1725422c4c84d597ce09d7502f29bd46ab416	Having devoted himself to prose, For three years turned to poetry (the last published poem was published in 1840 "Silence").
bf1e05d75474ed632d17d07a4871a67117456e54	"Poetic silence" was broken in 1843, with the output of one of the darkest poems of the writer — "the Worm is the winner", which seemed to have focused all anguish and despair in recent years, the collapse of hopes and illusions[115].
4473803d7306857a1f3fc93ce064fd2b7aa41bf7	In February 1843, the famous "Linor"was published in the New York edition of The Pioneer[116].
868e1f1e41ee174558f430f517d305ce76455c05	Poe returned to poetry, but the main form of his work continued to be short prose.
564f64e2a5f6034737d183a47be769740cef6986	The last years spent in Philadelphia were marked by the release of works, many of which are among the best in the author's creative heritage: "The Black Cat" (August 1843), "Glasses" (March 1844), "The Tale of Steep Mountains" (April 1844), "Premature Burial" (July 1844), "Mesmeric Revelation" (August 1844), "Angel of the Inexplicable" (October 1844) and other stories were published.
58aa8ad2973b69e40d388541b76f25a89d563ebe	In July 1844, the New York newspaper Dollar Newspaper organized a competition for the best short story, for the first place in which a prize was awarded - $ 100[117].
7757a0c71d8706432bb5cecfa3bb0f92084835b7	The winner was the "Golden Beetle" by Edgar Poe.
015aa205c75865b4180246b13b474e1ecd5a8c57	The work, in which the author revealed his talent as a cryptographer, became the property of Dollar Newspaper and was subsequently reprinted many times[118].
67219720ad3c9ef7d3ed84235b5bb2732d302704	Peak of glory[edit / edit wiki text]
28b0e6426620bf970b5c915af53e0d9e9042c987	Watercolor portrait of Edgar Poe, 1843-1844
62f52eb587fc313eb28c09554a59dae489ee9f75	On April 6, 1844, Edgar and Virginia Poe moved to New York[119].
5e7663f0246ee898e29a8d65ef4196468f774861	A month later, Maria Klemm joined them.
114d46df3444a1dbd0aa58a555aa24d519296d21	It is difficult to overestimate the role of the mother in law in the life of Edgar Poe.
e6029511692d8ea446ea9d1f32017ab17caf8468	Her economy, hard work and endless care, with which she surrounded her son in law and daughter, was noted by many contemporaries who knew the family personally.
f5e7b6d07c98cf152bc6480f8b09049e2b6e52d8	Edgar loved his "Muddy" (probably an abbreviation of "mummy" ("mommy") and"daddy" ("daddy")), as he often called her in letters, because with the appearance in his life, she really became like a mother to him.
a739d413b495b7c163e6b8de2310cc86513ca737	In 1849, he dedicated to her a poem full of tenderness and gratitude, "My mother".
526b4d7aa1439075fc6a2d93788e52121631445e	A week after moving, Edgar Poe becomes the hero of a sensation: a huge stir in reading circles was caused by the "Balloon Story", which was published by the New York Sun newspaper in a special issue.
bec79db834b9de9dc581b34b97e713b4472f3357	Originally conceived as a hoax, the story was stylized as a news article.
01033f4af7561ed1565a19890a05dfe222a43ac1	The idea of the plot was unconsciously suggested by the well known at that time balloonist John Wise (English)Russian, who in one of the Philadelphia newspapers said that he was going to make a transatlantic flight.
8e2dffc352a435bec68fd56c0433a2af37233f5e	The writer managed to achieve the desired effect — the next morning after the publication, the publishing house building was literally "stormed" by people[120].
d2ac9c00feb6a1644b99f9407319c497b3e67707	Poe's hoaxes, in which much attention was paid to details based on technical innovations of that time, gave an impetus to the subsequent development of the science fiction genre in literature.
5dfbf8387c3f2793a6ec605f0721f832e38d4b45	Some time after the reunion with Maria Klemm, the family moved to new housing: the Brennan family rented them part of their mansion located outside the city[121].
6ad49952c9cc4b10f7a043d1ce5800505b8bff62	Poe continued to collaborate with many publications, offering them his articles and critical reviews.
9a7bae20453c713f53a7b2961635dc560d1c62e8	During this period, he had no problems with publications, but his income still remained modest.
a8e877585a6ae2c826a4050440fe93ee6929e531	In the Brennan mansion, Poe wrote a poem "The Land of Dreams", which reflected the beauty of the surrounding nature[122].
111e59bed8240d6455d5e6848e6baf3bcd58463c	There, work began on the work that became the writer's poetic magnum opus the poem "The Raven".
8c8baa28f2c1ee84d0b18682c03f1c13b32e5c6e	"The Raven"[edit / edit wiki text]
d4a96bda3a219a7fc98e10e4668e0b1077514f9b	Main article: The Raven (poem)
dfb61ac215261afeb4ccc1a27284c298a95f121a	"He flew up on the bust of Pallas, which was mine above the door."
e5f67a153e10ce490a4495a187852e89d7f57ecb	Gustave Dore's illustration for "The Raven", 1884
f454157da86aff748068622462acf3191778f251	It is not known whether Poe wrote "The Crow" in order to get a final and unconditional recognition, inspired by the success of "The Golden Beetle" and "The Balloon Story", but there is no doubt that he scrupulously and carefully approached the process of creating this work.
5b097e8f00c4cb29deef3b1838e64f4345457920	The writer described this process in detail in the essay "The Philosophy of Creativity (English)Russian", which was published in the wake of the success of"The Raven".
93765784bf9f3e8c83dd01fee821e19c8c1c4ae8	Poe noted that the poem was an experiment on the way to a work that will be appreciated by both critics and the general public, accessible to both sophisticated writers and ordinary readers[123].
7e133735250742124edff958fd3fa9f8b9c37640	There is no answer to the question of how long Po wrote "The Crow".
dfb2105b17e6487633b67a8e604605b9106bbc75	Researchers make various assumptions: from one week to several years.
a52515035ba1a7bb4e25d97ac05e77a5fb37a5bc	With a certain degree of confidence, we can only say that the first mention of the "Raven" in Poe's personal correspondence dates back to 1844[124].
418e70c2adf63e980aedd5351839a4a360733651	After finishing the manuscript, Poe went to Philadelphia, where he offered it to George Graham.
ce4130086d439a219adce1dc2c283d5a4994c246	The former employer refused to purchase the poem, but as a kind gesture, he paid $ 15 each[125].
737cf410b0e61ab00b251b55301d406329fcb3c3	Only on the second attempt, George Hooker Colton bought The Raven with the intention of publishing it in the second (February) issue of his magazine American Review.
07c84be5de3f6396f9495e63cb0966a193f92592	The poem was published under the pseudonym "Quarles", which was probably a reference to the English poet of the XVII century, Francis Quarles[126].
90f99aac90e9c8f2b690f24610315a5b35834de2	By hiding his name, Poe most likely wanted to warm up interest in the poem and achieve an even greater effect on the reader in case of success of "The Raven" and at the same time protect himself in case of failure[127].
946528a6fc62aa18f9ee2ebf94238240e05059c1	However, the premiere of the poem took place earlier and not in the American Review: with Colton's permission, as a" preliminary reprint "(a common phenomenon at that time), "The Raven" was published in the weekly Evening Mirror on January 29, 1845[128].
89b0f61fdbd1edd6b959273e0d2d3afc92a759ab	It was an immediate and resounding success: publications all over the country reprinted the poem, it was talked about in literary circles and beyond, numerous parodies were written on it[129].
6372f64dc041883975464d5a14272a29f012697d	Poe became a well known personality on a national scale and a frequent guest at social events, where he was asked to read a famous poem.
a5f6c40efa4b5a8aa501068c9a5af3ad4656912b	According to the biographer of the writer Arthur Quinn, "The Raven made an impression that perhaps no other poetic work in American literature could surpass"[130].
91759987a5152aa8e1494a6d376e00d110cd919e	Despite the huge success with readers and wide public recognition, the poem practically did not improve the financial situation of the writer[131].
6de90da758f39526a3b4b2cf1e53dc78b1cd1d44	On February 21, 1845, Poe became a co owner of the Broadway Journal, the head of which believed to increase the sales of the publication by attracting a new celebrity to cooperate.
6751847d7a201fcac64f8a6a33f2bc5e44cf2639	According to the terms of the contract, Po received a third of the magazine's sales, the cooperation promised to be mutually beneficial[132].
7945e865479f106bbd2f84d3c2a3690baa236ffe	At the same time, Po took up lecturing activities, which will become an important source of income for him.
9fea525092090b6f988ffb98a72065e762e34248	The first topic of performances in New York and Philadelphia was "Poets and Poetry of America"[133].
5365c800e633c228ebfc58f856094a2ad435ee71	"The demon of contradiction"[edit / edit wiki text]
7ea7fd35daf4f508630cccd7ada41af0834389b5	So it happened at the peak of his fame, when, it seemed, nothing foreshadowed trouble.
080c70adb0d65b89a53e2bafaf9439fb15728278	On the pages of the magazine, of which he became a co owner, Edgar Poe did not publish any of his new works, only reprinted the old ones (which were edited and refined each time)[135]. The lion's share of his work at that time was literary articles, reviews, criticism.
b75a8dbd78094f1846fcdbda04c02d7f79eb3036	It is not known what caused this, but Poe became more ruthless in his criticism than ever: he got not only the authors who were personally unpleasant to him, with whom he clashed, but also those who treated him favorably.
1f8a1079c1a32dd2c9190d54f75d4fa57f89c29e	As a result, within a short period of time, subscribers began to abandon the Broadway Journal and authors turned away, the publication became unprofitable.
35633ffc7d17f7b0c5811b239778be940f43dfb0	Soon both of Poe's partners left him, leaving him the sole owner of the magazine in distress[136].
20d7fe81f27957e2d46b8fe2730f3a59bff9e842	Po desperately tried to save it, sending out many letters to his friends and relatives with requests for financial assistance.
aa15a612c9e6896e626e6930a68574d613568539	Most of them were not satisfied, and the money that he still received was not enough.
0391ee13404b57486920d6d1308e3ac6f6308bca	On January 3, 1846, the last issue was published, and Poe closed the Broadway Journal[137].
821b3e0921ae97cafac035d39341c094f163d5ab	In April 1846, Poe started drinking again[138].
2eee793603608b6ad4bc27f42a9ad0de43c3b0fb	Realizing the destructive role that alcohol played in his life, he still took a fatal step.
355b2db9e9d3a6e9c122efc0a6617af2d260605f	The time of clouded consciousness came again: lectures were disrupted, public conflicts arose, and reputation seriously suffered.
ed9bb1a5a8202546311560ba4d7e36396c18742f	The situation became even more complicated with the publication in May 1846 of the first essays by Edgar Poe from the series "Writers of New York".
e9b389990ddefb2dbe926e98aa1b31dadf874894	In them, Poe gave personal and creative characteristics of famous authors — his contemporaries, which for the most part was extremely negative.
46a88bb04ad7c6dabe3f2adc3e70b2a46bb7d90f	The reaction followed immediately: the newspapers, at the suggestion of the" victims", began a war against Po — they blackened his reputation, accusing him of immorality and godlessness.
1a3d33e747d18b85fdaa4cb881b5631137c64d5a	The image of Poe as a deranged alcoholic who did not control his actions prevailed in the press.
0a75566304da9f8703ce4896fbb0cfb0660472d2	They also recalled his literary affair with the poet Frances Osgood, which ended in a scandal[139].
67d07a2badbf4a3d5ba0ac70022d415d15e2b819	Among those who were hurt by the criticism of the Software, Thomas English (English)Russian especially distinguished himself..
23e28dc68d8f601c2e7eeac7ff28b87ff03bb27e	In the past, a friend of the writer, he published in one of the newspapers "An Answer to Mr. Po", in which he added an accusation of forgery to the image of a poor godless alcoholic[140].
ef31b0234c095d136b89344b6d2022f5f32fecc9	The publication, with which Po collaborated, advised to go to court, which he did.
78313485276e4f714de59241e5957b37ce877e3b	On February 17, 1846, Poe won a libel case against the Mirror magazine, which published the "Answer", and received $ 225 in compensation[139].
414f692d9edb16b2a84122969c1f53e3b484fe81	Recent years[edit / edit wiki text]
4c26a655f5d2e536036a4716ec188c48bbe80ccd	In May 1846, Poe moved to a small cottage in Fordham, a suburb of New York[141].
943b541bc57e2e13e6c23695d485204efdd26fd7	The family was in poverty again, there was desperately not enough money — in the summer and autumn Po did not write anything.
bf153941a1d974ed3d3c32fc1798d6f958ef494b	In one of the letters, he refers to his illness — literary "wars" and scandals did not pass without a trace.
7da5ccb1d8755dbb2ac5d04f158f82b3d5cb0502	The condition of the bedridden Virginia only worsened.
26782ecb16e699ff2708fddd66ffe9a726aee7a3	The Death of Virginia[edit / edit wiki text]
eaf84a0d3efede0206a5874e294f96964bc6fe30	A watercolor portrait of Virginia Poe, painted after her death
9c664d7394057b4d0655ac4ee03e3d5b841e649f	Here is how the poet Mary Gove recalled her visit to the Poe house:
e362823402572fd39b4373f18b47e85f1fc924c2	Autumn has come.
3971908339e90a694239d750054d7495db5a742f	Mrs. Poe was rapidly fading from tuberculosis.
6ad187e0d7b0f1db6286c4705bd83c84cb942b36	I saw her in the bedroom.
d7a297c6577d3e1784f42c29291b4dc70a9cac10	Everything around her was clean and immaculate, and so meagre and beggarly miserable that the sight of the poor sufferer caused me a painful pity — such as only the poor can feel for the poor <...> The weather was cold, the patient was shaken by chills, which usually accompanies consumption.
248a81dcc415613d3f1c4584f70b21b6adcefd03	She was lying on a straw mat, wrapped in her husband's coat, and a huge colorful cat was lying on her chest.
1c31d25d8170617caa372cce719d0f1d45234657	The wonderful creature, apparently, understood that it was of great benefit.
7d9d2c8177eada4c9ba8d1860b4182584eb11f61	The coat and the cat were the only things that warmed the poor sufferer, except that her husband warmed her hands, and her mother warmed her feet.
bd2a25d4ae8227147dfe54793059b841e0220172	- Mary Gove Nichols.
3dae4941fe717f82b06371e0a4af705f9316a023	"Memories of Edgar Poe"[142]
abe3f229e3a12519bd737ae34736e5df9c05007e	Mary Gove, imbued with the family's misfortune, turned to Mary Louise Shew — a woman who was engaged in charity and helped people in need.
087317c8c4e6e310f768b5c4d85886bc243aa065	From the end of November to December 1846, she was a frequent guest at the Poe house, caring for the patient, raising funds and hiring a doctor, alleviating Virginia's suffering[143].
ee7d032e673cf6fa24b127a68a61ed774686fd72	Edgar Poe, struck by the generosity and unselfishness of Mrs. Shew, dedicated several poems to her, one of which is called "To M. L. S.".
39bddc0512c8995c8a490efd81b9bb345b621e84	Virginia's condition seriously worsened in January 1847: fever and pain increased, hemoptysis became more frequent.
386be5d5384e16b48e3555b2ee379485d14ef591	On January 29, Poe wrote a desperate letter to Mary Shew, in which he asked her to come and say goodbye to Virginia, who had become so attached to her[144].
6edfc5a7e4009342952f66694307588d031a8980	Mrs. Shew arrived the next day and managed to find her alive[145].
c34a6c82e2403fb551cf929e206272b3ca852566	On January 30, 1847, late at night, Virginia Poe died.
a9e76e77524cf5f20597df9b2e8ed5782596c1a6	After the funeral of his wife, Edgar Poe himself found himself bedridden — the loss was too heavy for a delicate experiencing nature.
e254ea0b2e3bdd9db2f9288e3320fb5ca5f940a7	It was another serious mental breakdown that had repeatedly happened to the writer before.
93bc127041898f792bdb09185933d0600506e17e	Mary Louise Shew did not leave Edgar Poe in trouble either: she took care of him until he finally recovered.
a879d0bfcc8095daff77606c05db747335b84002	During this time, they became very close, Poe repeatedly visited Mrs. Shew at her home.
f7355eee2af4995d5c896c1c7954ed4584ce590f	According to some sources, it was she who suggested the idea of the poem "Bells"[146].
330be02f76f4bdfcfe8e86fab93957fc10d43ec6	For the previous year, 1846, Edgar Poe published a collection of essays "Marginalia", the stories "The Sphinx" and "The Barrel of Amontillado" (a literary response to Thomas English).
9b38d0f79ea078ddbcbe4a532834035f3c8c17a2	After a forced break, he returned to literary activity, which was no longer as active as before.
aeb4f5816500374878f3d27451449b4455d57a44	In 1847, only four new publications took place: one review, one article, the poem "To M. L. Sh." and the ballad "Ulylum".
bcb4dd4ee08a8a775893be5b56721e4475224842	The last work was published anonymously in the American Review[147].
d6f79fe463b5125a3161469b057f965afec6ee6c	Poe tried to achieve the same effect that the publication of "The Raven" caused, but, unfortunately, the public did not understand the complex and imaginative poetics that the author demonstrated.
78fd1c4a5bc9440ddee8918bc760da4626a49f5a	They talked about" Ulyum", but the success of" Raven " could not be repeated.
e56ef1c4d2f18ddee0b18d844792fff1404faa12	The central work of the last years of Poe's life was "Eureka".
0311c70d7eb0331d3dd8ab26560b1357ed40f5bf	"A prose poem" (as Poe defined it), which spoke about "physical, metaphysical, mathematical" subjects, according to the author, was supposed to turn people's ideas about the nature of the universe[⇨].
98aaabbf070c2d0b5eb73164c20b46d8a499da8a	He started working on "Eureka" as soon as he recovered from the death of Virginia.
49224058b0d0350a1b3c6bca65f7cb29def654e3	At the beginning of 1848, Poe began lecturing again.
45c041ed6497242f71b1ec8757a17e1f3649b5e8	"On the origin of the Universe" - this was its theme.
aceba42034313cbcbfb2161627cc699bb868f91a	Unfortunately, the lectures were not very popular, probably the topic turned out to be too difficult for perception, so during the lecture tour we had to turn to a more popular topic — poets and poetry.
752eb690b6c674088692f047d75b3e780dd79d3f	"Eureka" was published in June 1848.
89df6677dea7755c37c0032a93cf33b3910566dc	This was the last new book published during the writer's lifetime[148].
ea4c6bc671f3677b84734c5bd16f474958796266	Failed marriage[edit / edit wiki text]
3136f4aeb01c5a8f702e67e7dda090c14d82531e	In January 1848, Poe returned to the idea of publishing his own magazine and began to prepare for its release with renewed vigor.
1cf35253c798bd8e7ea546bf2ed72feffeab33be	The same prospectus as before was taken as a basis, the same ideas were outlined in it, and the name — The Stylus remained the same.
10827983ed211f634293ae11b7c641ff027bbbb2	In the first issues, he was going to include his articles "Literary America", on which he had been working for the last two years.
564488535f425371aa2f704b33a6fec609a41a0c	Poe intended to recruit subscribers during his lecture tour, which began in July.
9a38c829c9151726316f2cca1f9fc584fe8895c8	Abandoning the topic revealed in "Eureka", he returned to the usual listeners of"Poets and Poetry of America".
d3c766930e321140bdd35755246a016e2d0660b8	In general, a very successful tour was interrupted in Richmond, where, according to eyewitnesses, Poe turned to alcohol again[149].
92d0856bc2b9c7735406c34b4a79698481b35d19	He was often seen drunk, wandering the streets of the city, the writer's plans were again put in jeopardy.
8a5c6df549ec8bd10820ce065121bf69ef1a0f3b	But Poe managed to pull himself together, and soon he returned to Fordham.
649f297e0e008c47c320d930d15cabb420302a2a	Portrait of Sarah Helen Whitman, 1865
acd64e2339fdf73824ba86210daac9076f5b83e5	Edgar Poe had been acquainted with Sarah Helen Whitman in absentia since 1845, when everyone in literary circles quoted "The Raven".
019c834f4370d4496da2f625b041fdf6296f34bf	The poetic novel, which began with an anonymous valentine written by Mrs. Whitman, broke out in the spring of 1848.
865d35664670ac2581aeaefe1c31074af859ecfd	They exchanged letters until the fall of the same year, until the long awaited personal meeting took place in Providence in September[150].
3a42f415d9c5ff7163f6b7e7eeab2feb9ec4db33	They spent several days together, a confession of feelings took place, which Whitman graciously accepted[150].
548a806c05f9bb3a2cf93636b19f1758a42ed9ae	During the next meeting, which took place on September 23, Poe proposed to her[151].
89eca8c3115f077fe8b8296a8f5b180b30b04c57	Whitman hesitated — she had heard from her own friends about his "unreliability" and addiction to alcohol.
5e31c01ac9e30cbd81cc2f6a5a19b1720aaf6d8b	Despite this, the correspondence continued, and in December the marriage proposal was accepted, with the condition that Po would stop drinking[152].
8afc497b9215ff2b4192bd7bd7cd42ae5741f192	On December 22, the necessary documents were signed at the Whitman house, and the engagement took place[153].
87a4903ed01ec2410288dc09ed4bf6cc16c451bc	However, a few days before the appointed wedding day, Sarah Whitman received an anonymous letter in which she was warned against marrying Poe, citing the fact that he was seen in a state of intoxication[154].
530f90580dad39ec26e7dfd9d565598e9beec568	The explanation took place immediately, and the wedding was canceled.
69d1281247d362c2ae0befdb6c8d637db6365c57	Over the past few years, the creative activity of Edgar Poe has noticeably decreased.
71d87365f9b9a9fa0ebb9276820dc3d6627061cf	Very few new works of art were written (especially compared to the "best" years).
ab9056283a5580df9928c81212e6e939b4e81208	Po decided to change the situation for the better and took up the pen more actively.
9db446b6ba2b7d955eb6e0a1d9cc60553e7b17e3	During the first half of 1849, he wrote the stories "Jump Jump", "How one Note was typed", "Landor's House", the poems "El Dorado", "To Annie", the sonnet "To Mother".
1f0599d72bdc94e3fdf5a7f0792212b64102c0d3	In June, the famous "Annabel Lee" was completed, the publication of which the author has not seen.
d20769dee3c2868ec307b1d1a1e129bf20f8fce1	Of course, he hoped to improve his financial situation through these works, but the "gold rush" that began in 1849 in America disrupted his plans.
474e7aab60d58a9dbd3207d368b8418af75da025	People massively otpr they were sent to California, many publications were closed or stopped paying royalties.
c275e6d09530b6d750711cdae9ad27e0eef3a558	Once again finding himself in desperate lack of money, Po turns to the only source of income available to him — lectures.
f540392371c9c1a2b9002ac4e9ee7527c8d8bfd3	The last Journey[edit / edit wiki text]
3955aeb4dfa85c0a35622c0575a80830e17bcb1e	Portrait of Edgar Poe, painted according to a daguerreotype made 3 weeks before the writer's death
34ab3ad8da82ca694e0a01bb72eb901ab88997c8	In April 1849, Poe received a letter from a wealthy admirer from Kentucky named Edward Patterson, who suggested that he establish a nationwide magazine[155].
d59edcf2fa95d07871a8ef1931a37763a3a63c4a	He took over the entire financial side of the project, and completely entrusted the literary side into the hands of the writer.
300d8c39c7a0a17652d7f7a5682620483089f0a8	Poe responded to the offer with great enthusiasm, and a correspondence followed, during which the parties agreed to meet in St. Louis to discuss their immediate plans, and then go to New York together.
22d13a5f20113f8f15a7ccb2785954dab986ab99	Poe went on the road: on a small lecture tour and to meet a future companion.
0339d5eda317a4d95cba7724442099c5454bb0d3	On June 29, Poe left Fordham and headed for Richmond.
ffc65f23c118e73e4261b577e01976302c288874	The intermediate point was Philadelphia, the city where Po got drunk on arrival[156].
181e9b97b18cd14ce29ad8b25a9094804dc16f42	He also lost his valise with lectures and all the money for the road that he had.
355ef7d6d9fa67e92d7f5bd7ccbcade254b1d7b1	After spending some time in Philadelphia, Poe, with the help of friends, still got to Richmond.
d41f044653e499d8c87751b022f69bcf25e23a5d	The writer managed to cope with a difficult situation, and he stopped drinking, restored lectures and began to successfully perform with his literary work — "The Poetic Principle".
7356e7f9e6a1d01711853b56159c1406ae00a45d	In Richmond, Poe resumed acquaintance with his childhood sweetheart Sarah Elmira Royster (who had the surname Shelton after marriage) and began to persistently take care of her, which eventually resulted in a marriage proposal[157].
ae9ab568a944d8e6172a718ba02b74ced3788567	By that time, Elmira was a widow with a decent fortune inherited from her deceased husband.
d5d899d5efd5b42877c3e68d0c03c8b873367a02	As always, the only obstacle to marriage was Poe's addiction to alcohol.
5ef9f1a549d84679bc7b57e66a57e3b645306777	He settled the issue by joining the ranks of the sobriety society "Sons of Moderation" and taking an oath to abstain from alcohol[158].
183eea3b0ff43860726356fdae6b8106803f3ed4	The wedding was scheduled for October 17.
4b1215aeff488ee1c88405e225e16f5ba6983e5d	At this time, Poe cooled down to Patterson's proposal, probably realizing that after the wedding he would become the owner of a large fortune and would be able to launch the magazine on his own.
c2091db59de29056543f2d2dc0505ef9004da706	The meeting with the future partner was postponed, but after a while Po stopped responding to his letters at all.
9f8524cbf4d155e9f0be9350e9395b286c60e959	After finishing his lectures in Richmond, Poe packed up for the road.
3b9fc6e32817766965e7a71846d1ba047614a275	It was necessary to complete the business in Philadelphia and New York, to prepare for the wedding.
6cca47c896f099d1914372a09b020e8635a4b741	On September 27, 1849, Poe left Richmond and took a steamer to Baltimore[159].
546358ffed6c767bf3aa4198a25ebaaa5ed165fd	According to his own plan, he had to go from Baltimore by train to Philadelphia, and then, also by train, to New York.
5080cd4a29dd7a91301283569a604452c5d1c8ff	Main article: The Death of Edgar Allan Poe
52da1c34e5972985967ec61cf1249345319ab125	On the evening of October 3, 1849, in Baltimore, Dr. Joseph Snodgrass, the owner of one of the local newspapers and an old friend of Poe, received the following note [160]:
662adbe8531426974f0b3295a25be3faabd94054	Dear Sir,
d87915efd0c387de1cdb9b852cbe5c8050125f5f	Near the polling station of the 4th district, in Ryan's Tavern, there is a rather shabby gentleman known as Edgar A. Poe, and he seems to be in an extremely distressed situation, and he says that he knows you, and I assure you that he needs immediate help.
1a90fd401136abf31f6270e373dae1b4e797927a	I'm writing in a hurry.
a7ea770de296f5dd8fe6c081cc5fb355212d6829	sincerely yours,
b0ddae932b764d575092979d8debbe3ace11f42a	J. W. Walker
3284ddff32c3353e8db2f0afa8316467801f5f0c	Dear Sir, —
9a904bc31768af453e75d2648643f3de84ca0ea7	There is a gentleman, rather the worse for wear, at Ryan's 4th ward polls, who goes under the cognomen of Edgar A. Poe, and who appears in great distress, & he says he is acquainted with you, and I assure you, he is in need of immediate assistance.
abd4f9ed68aa5108101f14a21607b1a9e4c54ce2	Yours, in haste,
bcc3cef39564589c8fa8b6fb261f22c56362bda1	Jos.
a66f576b008f79ac5a533c3c9caf9b240edba0e8	W. Walker
37414678d0291787b69a5b032b3bc5d3defa5d68	Monument at the grave of Edgar Poe in Baltimore
181f40e8d0e64d0a8f923edfe7e0a06f684a2280	Snodgrass, who knew the writer well, went for him immediately.
3084528fce5db7e93c73e2656be3e9a0be502fd7	The polling station was located directly in the tavern[161] (which was quite common for that time), where Po was discovered.
b9394d0e6a58a9ae7c9f81e6b955433d8addc16c	He was in a severe semi fainting state, could not move independently and speak coherently.
fa8bfe700c64a9022c7a8f7ca6008cb7465e32f7	He was wearing dirty and shabby clothes that did not belong to him.
baec36f05a4d8851aae427a7a8c534063e379c65	Snodgrass transported Poe to the nearby Washington College Hospital around five o'clock in the evening[162] of the same day.
d76115ace65e009f941f36e8afd30ea8fb87e180	The writer ended up in the care of Dr. John Moran.
30f5bf6055de54ab979028812d2bdc0016264710	Until three in the morning of the next day, Edgar Poe was in an insensible (close to comatose) state, then he began to convulse and delirium.
1609335aa13ee2db9da6faa2988438bcfd47b29a	At the time of the improvement of his condition, which began on October 5, Poe told Dr. Moran that he had a wife in Richmond, but he could not remember what happened to him, where his things went and how he ended up in Baltimore.
a9e8300fba306a2b1a65a777c8547873a8ee0b1c	The writer's condition worsened again on the evening of Saturday, October 6.
5a89b5382276a199052f87397441b70b5491c664	He went on a rampage and began continuously calling for a certain "Reynolds".
9cb725fae923ff1a6373f66ae82af7db83bfbdda	At five o'clock in the morning[163][164]
7da49e752fcc4b6b6492eeaffbb26b714e132bcf	On October 7, 1849, Poe died.
face35fba8a41de246036285750c3ae54ab28ca2	According to Dr. Moran, just before his death, he uttered his last words:
4b35ed4a48c87ab6c5abdf01332b5e961a09f9ee	Lord, help my poor soul [165][163].
c6abb362ec49cb9946131a1d223b6b3557467286	Lord, help my poor soul.
e632ae275d082c4aea63a1dd5a4b00f0cb75d8aa	The modest funeral of Edgar Allan Poe took place at 4 pm on October 8, 1849[166] at the Westminster Hall and Burying Ground Cemetery, which is now part of the territory of the University of Maryland College of Law.
1fd7a9147d74415503522ed01beadd068832a6bc	The ceremony, which was attended by only a few people, was led by the Reverend W. T. D. Klemm, Virginia Poe's uncle.
521cb0190e5242f25994a7e2e58873829afe1225	It lasted only three minutes due to the cold and dank weather[167].
5da52970a9cc3be02ac9a3a80e5f02423cacf188	The Psalmist George W. Spence wrote: "It was a gloomy and overcast day, there was no rain, but it was wet, and a thunderstorm was coming"[168].
cb0b277090343d8e4b45eebab0c71a05277b27f8	Poe was buried in the far corner of the cemetery, next to the grave of his grandfather, David Poe Sr., in a cheap coffin, without handles, a name plate, a blanket and a pillow under his head[166].
b2ccc5e6e20cb07453acf3813b0b9bf47a55a163	On October 1, 1875, the remains of Edgar Poe were reburied in a new place, not far from the facade of the church.
12ea323eca0e27c00a665b1530f0df0caf66aa55	The new monument was made and erected at the expense of residents of Baltimore and fans of the writer from other US cities.
1d641ef569cf249fe80a4946c036abf13aa7bb80	The total cost of the monument was a little more than $ 1,500.
8bd874ec1b47b55aa23136bf35c54e37fb527102	The festive service was held on November 17, 1875.
f84cb61d25534d905367a5880c47f1903f573b69	On the 76th anniversary of the birth of Edgar Poe, on January 19, 1885, the remains of Virginia Poe were reburied next to the remains of her husband[169].
836c1daebf8c0095e34e648c7066796a74be34a0	Circumstances and cause of death[edit / edit wiki text]
e907a492025aab0cf37f6358552e6c3fad6dbc61	The circumstances preceding the death of Edgar Poe, as well as its immediate cause, remain unclear to this day.
ea3f6a39ff80fcfd6c5c23930c97b8587116856f	All medical records and documents, including the death certificate, if they existed at all, were lost [170].
c47eb2d3bdc9791c14d6417fe81535f127dde972	There are several different theories about the cause of Po's death, varying degrees of plausibility: from hypoglycemia to conspiracy to murder.
152853d74123665e8d77f6f7b37ed2d9a5d0c9c8	One of the main versions was popularized by Dr. Joseph Snodgrass, who strongly argued that the cause of Poe's death was alcohol.
e2300acfb0798dbd204e7e3bb47fa87d226fd302	Even in his memoirs, he wrote that he discovered Poe in a "state of brutal intoxication", and used his own theory to spread sobriety in the society in which he was a member.
ceaa208fe3de93779abb8b1017a235801276b35a	That is why the reliability of Snodgrass ' theory has been questioned[171].
01dbf32a6d80e82c59f78f8e0d39b0ad0c7a4c07	In 1885, Dr. Moran, in his series of lectures "in defense of Poe", disputed the position of Snodgrass and claimed that he did not die under the influence of any intoxication.
ca508fbcf4956639f800ae6a75dca6a5b2a6c1bc	Moran claimed that"there was not the slightest smell of alcohol coming from Poe" [171].
32fc2a5270f8fc8c907465aa43eaca6c912ba880	However, Moran's words are not entirely trustworthy either.
6afebef16d080f3b27fd5f869adf67c2192434e5	And yet, the bouts of alcoholism, when they occurred, were not so deep and prolonged in order to provoke cirrhosis of the liver[171].
797502c4b5a1ce9d4491a91da7373997d24095d3	Poe's image of an alcoholic was mainly supported by his literary enemies (among whom Rufus Griswold especially stood out) and is, at least, controversial[172][⇨].
4959205e9c22f69ec17a98a0750b5e11aa63a879	Among a large number of other causes of death in the following years, various types of diseases were named: brain tumor, diabetes, various forms of enzyme deficiency, syphilis, apoplexy, alcoholic delirium, epilepsy and meningitis[166].
62a7a85e5afc8104063260e19806e9c0decf3498	In 2006, a study of hair samples of Edgar and Virginia Poe was conducted, the results of which refuted the possibility of poisoning with lead, mercury, as well as other toxic fumes of heavy metals[173].
1d267457e696c8406470f9c358baaf0adf4d4d17	Also among the causes was cholera[174], the epidemic of which broke out in Philadelphia in 1849.
19cca0fb43832c0e7e3d497187d66b68434d2618	There is another theory that is highlighted by many biographers of the writer.
564a871c008b0d3100dcb45fbd6f4e766b021335	Elections to the congress and the legislative assembly of the State of Maryland were scheduled for October 3 in Baltimore.
37db2cf99747796cba7767e4f7f737dff82d4a23	At that time, there were no voter lists, which was used by opposing candidates and parties that formed special groups of voters.
f91a1b57a5c21334f1449028f9c09dc51808f424	People under the influence of alcohol were gathered in special places, and then forced to vote several times.
491422a8b19d34b0dcc797d7d1e5f85e2e292abf	Probably, Po, who was the victim of a criminal scheme similar to the "electoral carousel", became useless due to his condition and was abandoned near the polling station of the 4th district, where he was found by Joseph Walker[175].
b341a5a4317eb19af80c314d5efba8ab0d63e460	However, this theory also has opponents who claim that it would be difficult for Po, as a very well known person in the city, to participate in such a scheme[176].
666764fb629328e47405efb49817b4f2569d598d	"Memoirs" of Griswold[edit / edit wiki text]
518627933d327b62ddf0857460078095ba0b65fb	Rufus Wilmot Griswold — the man who tarnished the reputation of Edgar Poe after his death
e440ca9d058f57294e426d63a436964d3ae0a62c	On the day when Poe was buried, a voluminous obituary written by a certain "Ludwig"appeared in the New York Tribune newspaper.
88498966d8b4f194d44bc04c8ddba99f130b071d	Soon it was reprinted by many publications throughout the country.
e80cb25f63d8fc5225f264a86ff5fb9bd5c713bb	It began with these words: "Edgar Poe is dead.
4d4b84351e8383824f5ebf5d9faad1ffbc598a24	He died the day before yesterday in Baltimore.
05e826a492a5fce4a2e096f475aaec5a6e153ff3	This news will amaze many, but few people will be saddened"[177].
37e527bde0ab7624d88c2ec8c8b6d59e041096b8	Later it turned out that the pseudonym "Ludwig" was hiding Rufus Wilmot Griswold, an editor, critic and co author an anthology writer who had disliked Poe since 1842, when he replaced him as editor of Graham's Magazine.
40f845ac307b99289ddb4304847ffe86d95a6c6a	During Poe's lifetime, their conflict was of an epistolary nature, limited to mutual attacks in literary articles.
0813113ca7660c49808783f711faef38d94ba030	After his death, Griswold began methodically destroying his reputation, forming an extremely negative image of the writer in society[178].
cb6395ca2c7941140797dc5818ede773e68f609c	Griswold wrote "Memoirs of the Author", a biographical article about Poe, in which he presented him as an incorrigible drunkard, drug addict, madman and atheist, including the writer's letters as evidence[178].
3513f2e01f5d73c701e76e86846acbe0a2d36e31	Many of his statements were half truths, most of them outright lies.
54befffb91ce9f46855cd5a245cfcad9d4ef6d15	In particular, it is safe to say that Poe was not a drug addict[179][180]. Despite the fact that people who knew the Software well (especially N. Willis, S. H. Whitman, F. Osgood and J. Graham), made repeated attempts in his defense and sharply condemned the "Memoirs" [181], the image created by Griswold became universally recognized for many years.
449a69a24601002102863c9d1b9c694ccdf8670d	In 1941, it was proved that Poe's letters, which Griswold used in his work as evidence, were forged[182].
a1a4016d555dd05d2deadde85f480cc1c5b39ec4	According to Griswold's statements, shortly before his death, Poe appointed him his literary executor.
96477ea4599ca42e175efdaaa1089da69276b723	It is not established whether this was actually the case, or whether he got this position through some scam or mistake of Maria Klemm, the writer's mother in law[183].
d8c9d4ec48569ed2748e68f41b65b41809de28b3	The literary critic Yu.
ca9289c3575207c72705dcca5c0db073465ff942	V. Kovalev considered the fact of Poe's participation in the appointment of Griswold as his executor recognized[184].
2fb899b19f32301b9b4b8f0cb75b9ef88a3e9a84	Anyway, in the following years, Griswold, who managed Poe's literary heritage, made a huge profit from the sales of a four volume collection of his works that became successful among readers, without leaving Maria Klemm a penny[185].
74748896e50b9b3c18b5421e6eedc9a4f8fd4b7f	Secret admirer[edit / edit wiki text]
d42ac8a7f641f8d06a125adddc116be1e25ba6f3	Main article: The secret admirer of Edgar Poe
37c52515b5a50e5e3e9ff234c4007059476b14e3	Every year, since 1949, an unknown person visited the grave of Edgar Poe, paying tribute to the writer's talent.
494a64f02f45f5f3605adac7137014ac75f9e10b	In the early morning of January 19, a man dressed in black came to Po's grave, made a toast and left a bottle of cognac and three roses on the tombstone[186].
ba3e678f6adac9b3181d95da129f90ad93968e45	Sometimes notes of various contents were found on the tombstone.
530e777a4f093caa08113df8987a988b8dd3f57f	In one of them, left in 1999, it was reported that the first secret admirer died last year and the obligations to continue the tradition were assigned to his "heir".
e19e641072831f1c815c8aa1e34be564acdec87a	The tradition lasted for 60 years until 2009, when the secret admirer was last seen at the grave[187].
71808041cd4cd69ca68ab4b2721a1ddc1d232f5e	On August 15, 2007, 92 year old Sam Porpora, a historian of the Westminster Church where Poe is buried, said that it was he who began the tradition of visiting the writer's grave annually on his birthday[188].
9651ef2e3db937e5f770990106cb953b76b4ab1c	He said that the purpose of his campaign was to raise funds for the needs of the church and increase interest in it.
713a7c8fe9d8ec9ebd4a2a1e241b2b87db308965	However, his story was not confirmed — some of the details he expressed were not linked to the facts[189].
595f0924fd1568986607c1a5cfc96e98e7ff7fc0	In 2012, Jeff Jerome, the curator of the Edgar Poe House Museum, who had previously denied rumors that he was a fan, announced the end of the tradition[190].
ab58cc657e199eb502c30c25d1156dcc6ac16401	Personality[edit / edit wiki text]
59cecf8a116d51d64911ae1d0b9dbe2411d63e4f	Appearance and character[edit / edit wiki text]
6de40573fe44d8be42cde62f207b1b970353bad6	Portrait of Edgar Allan Poe by Samuel Osgood, painted in 1845
a670cc2a71bda1618a911c0e61138b36169e919e	In the early descriptions of appearance, the image of an attractive and athletic young man, prone to thinness, prevailed.
89afe66b3d73dd99fec2ddae81c4b1e42ff57423	"Thin as a razor," is how John Allan described his fifteen year old stepson[191].
d5c4719020e95f5e02a9ee70391c393d0540a73d	According to childhood friends, the young Po was the "ringleader" and the informal leader of the company.
cbd26995036e2846a082f7bccc1c0f1d1c472a6c	He was a hardy, agile and well physically built teenager.
169fab555b505464a47bf02729d51a1804d1865b	Po was also an excellent swimmer — at the age of 15, he was in front of his friends.
31edc913b2f684cbab6d9a71d1b5786d3bf17608	english version
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1d013e77e9f9bf0090a5e7ff693f2436f6c36adf	The main Bibliotekabolezn and Creativeedgar Po and Vsevolod Garshin: One disease, one fate.
faaa95ddc61ad9003c771e4e4720d2d571905533	Sections:
178aa6e124158778aca4cc4fe345c7b95f3deea8	Scientific literature for specialists Conference materials Dissertation abstracts Manuals for doctors Psychometric scales Illness and creativity Gallery Journal "Psychiatry" List of thematic journals recommended by the Higher Attestation Commission List of thematic journals in the international DATABASE of the Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI) Useful links
a45ff02602eb8d555ce141f45be48d1e4b03a013	P. Bologov
95c5aa38d7daf35903136ee8816a918cbd405013	The subject of this essay is the biographies of two outstanding writers of the last century.
efdc73455b4b811699891854bef704e346200ad8	The main leitmotif is an attempt to recreate pathographic research, that is, the study of how the features of psychopathology are reflected in literary texts.
6fb965ca7d55301dad99098f325c369c7d1b2ae0	It is not by chance that two authors who are completely dissimilar in style are chosen.
f5ec3adb2cd7da2f2cb9e3321d0243a0ced50eb2	They have only one thing in common: both suffered from the same mental disorder.
b92848a94b76c5d285cf5ff42309154a9f5d0c05	Their illness proceeded in different ways, and their creativity was absolutely different.
e7dd11988345ce448e07ce1329aca40f51b87564	The fate turned out to be the same.
578372bfe2e80eda9c6d6f7e575cac7169601966	"The messenger of the Beyond, the herald of the depths and the bearer of secrets, the immortal Edgar, who took in his world service the great burden of the need to show us how the Human soul can be lonely among people..."
2def2f0da1c3bbc07bf8c41a592fb46916460254	K. Balmont
0f28c1f9cc4eef7c58a6dbfdf186e3ac7463a242	American poet and writer Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849).
a43d55032e1e36c7e30ed4c5fe63bf114224c0db	He was born in Boston, in a family of traveling actors.
ba22e2a4021a1f568219ef541e74d4fa0b0fbf0f	After the death of his mother in 1811, Edgar was separated from his brother and sister - he was taken in by the family of the tobacco merchant John Allan.
e14c261254f4bbe3c8ddc041393a2df27b612346	He studied at the University of Virginia, but because of his stepfather's avarice and gambling debts, he was forced to leave the university, and later the military academy.
5fab9d29cc2bc9aaece94982cf407187fcd65740	As a poet, he made his debut with the collection "Tamerlane and Other Poems" (1827).
ff0954cf63ed75d5c30e3ab92713062a787bca26	After his short story "The Manuscript Found in a Bottle" (1836) won the competition for the best short story, Poe became the editor of the Southern Literary Bulletin magazine in 1835; he also headed other literary publications.
c3e0e794553451e197cb94a15e58a415b2c7334f	In 1836, he married his 14 year old cousin Virginia.
375ae2e41f75c5343089a33d82644ec1ca562840	In 1838, the "Tale of the Adventures of Arthur Gordon Pym" was published, and in 1840, the collection "Grotesques and Arabesques"was published in two volumes.
8d438f2dbdf36b5404b78f8e2b6e1f6baec4f685	After the death of Virginia in 1847, Poe became depressed, tried to commit suicide, became addicted to alcohol and died two years later.
30c129f83b1c2c07c557353298c013a2802724c8	These are briefly the dry facts of the biography of a remarkable writer, whose influence was enormous on the fate of all world literature.
dac034bfd744d522ae0bacd69453e5d28414165c	His personal fate was bleak, hopeless, terrible.
240f7ec22db4de1e4b622b8149c7e2643af86a43	He wrote: "I have such a depression of spirit that will ruin me if it continues…Nothing can give me joy…Convince me that I need to live...".
6e890404ca5b96e69df63cff36e5f8e8fe855004	He wrote these words when he was less than thirty years old.
0f12f8c162102ee874fac0ebc5571693beafe485	He died at the age of forty.
5638a42015528de91fc75f00b132baf710997d2b	His entire adult life was filled with misfortune, amazing longing and horror, which formed the basis of his work.
3ac3fc041a713c669a9f06a44dfac656a427dd07	The extreme nervousness and sensitivity of his character manifested itself from childhood.
ede6c5b4c80788fbf72ccbc20574d01d11f119d5	The precocious and proud boy never turned to him with requests.
8d100bc08628127eba5313d279028949676aeae2	The nurse calmed him by putting bread soaked in wine into his mouth.
b359c3b1b5dc989db6f3be5d9d174fe29f190447	From the standpoint of psychopathology, such states can be considered as manifestations of an organic disorder, or as early catatonia.
b69d376deb1a76e1be3006201f35ea28a9064ced	At the age of six, he was taken to England, all the way he did not leave the cabin and shivered.
5dc4be94c7335d2a7ea9a98e0579999f55cdbfec	E. Po could not learn to swim for a long time, although he persistently aspired to it.
d08fbc5689246e71758a206f7a14be3dd8e71987	However, he learned this science as an adult, and even achieved records by swimming several miles.
b53019f1c98e9e8090a34caeb00f9b8a6c8d66f0	However, this attempt to hypercompensate a child's phobia often led to trouble.
4c6bc38054458e3725c6174d4b706259e968f0ae	Often swimming ended in vomiting.
dac02eea4acfd531b190bf6a0250e362cebeed56	One day he came out of the water, covered with blisters.
cc25803327c8fc1105a0293c0f5bfab4b74da87e	The unconscious fear continued to exist.
29af662862acd03ed424c92530189c9ec89dba7e	Poe could not remember her, but he loved her image all his life, never parting with her portrait in a medallion.
fc909908951346d6b750409d8c1bdf4ea18ba0f1	When he was serving in the army and he was 20 years old, his beloved stepmother died.
4439c5e2b136b437f8e89b75b7bf2ff8a0325566	Poe's relationships with women later consisted of emotional experiences of fear, joy and guilt for joy.
1dac0cda1ae3b4028232e93326de5298674ae7b6	He writes to the woman he was in love with (E. Whitman): "I avoided your presence and even the city in which you lived...".
926beea2e5493acad08723fcb8cca3cf362fc4eb	The motive for avoiding this woman was artificial and invented E.Poe (without any reason) considered her married.
a7dea83a44c9ed91942723ba8ddde62d312a39f1	Finally, he marries his 14 year old cousin Virginia, but after 10 years she dies, and the writer soon after loses his mind.
ca786b951f4d124f15ff9c08c0d5090e448af344	Many romantic hobbies that took place throughout his life were accompanied by a kind of painful fascination and horror.
d5beba0ffc6b2d1b54d0d9a1198dfb4ca1cc3d78	You can recall the famous stories "Ligeia", "The Fall of the House of Usher", "Berenice", "Black Cat" , as well as the poems "Raven", "Ulylum", "Annabel Lee", which brought the author world fame and are associated with mysticism, death, the loss of a beloved.
7de3b89d8f86a18ebfa707c9a14c2c301d4e904a	"Berenika was my cousin, and we grew up together on my father's estate.
dfb990dbdabc19aa40a16daa856f45f2a31b7721	But how little we resembled each other!
e44184bf1ade2cfe5f0fc3e539b31b914a037ae1	I am weak in health, always immersed in gloomy thoughts.
6b40b50043a2b0fd520bdf43eab355dfc97bbf39	She is agile and graceful, overflowing with vitality...
ffb5b546738c551be08bc2dd8290ef291c4b2c56	Oh, this magnificent and such a fantastic beauty!
73da5c577ffd914c20839a35b0a31f0bb37d0464	Oh, the lovely sylph of the Arnheim tabernacles!..
a045ef3afd106defb9e568317ed0c21915841931	But then then a mysterious and terrible darkness enveloped everything, and it would be better not to tell this story forever.
0adebc66d7d2c1463752786405cb591c54555cb2	An illness, a fatal illness, like a hot whirlwind of the desert, permeated her entire nature; right before my eyes, the deepest changes were taking place in her mind, habits and disposition, and their effect was so subtle and terrible that it disturbed the very harmony of her soul..."
9255c3e9543900583d6f791e69c2922f3919c3c0	They were all like that each time they were somehow different from Virginia and yet
065f692134a86cf7d6c77f4104c8052e95ad8b2c	less always repeating it.
c9c5b7b5864415d05ebbaa8898f72ad27d40db2d	Fading, pale, like the dead, women who are usually related to their lovers, being watched by the ghost of incest lurking in the darkness of the family tomb.
0df8e22a0dbd6d50be9a03f7730e1645cf36bb87	It was a page from the life of Poe himself.
3b175fe79fd4e0cd8f62477cb7c45ff1a99bd563	Another fear that tormented Poe was the fear of impoverishment, which, unfortunately, also had real grounds.
b1442470f064359864e9912b6ae68e28a8f442d4	Not wanting to be a hanger on with rich relatives, Edgar Poe, being a painfully proud man, always tried to live only by literary work, which, with the nascent American capitalism, doomed him to a life of poverty.
121d6c4492a801b30a49b14c6384a3c350382830	Pride and suspicion that's what determined the writer's relationship with both publishers and fellow writers.
70b31cdd75e60678d7c33507f355f8ff8204e11f	His subtle, mystically romantic soul, his sensitive, nervous personal organization, hated to combine creativity with the work of a clerk or a merchant.
969419056673f11b2e89ccf7a71afe578948f426	Thus, the whole life of the man who made up the genius of American and world literature was spent in extreme need: in begging for royalties, in attempts to stop "pirated" editions of his works, in the fight against plagiarists.
dc22278779130769d02c42b3e119418be569b2a1	The affective disorders to which Edgar Poe was subject from his youth were bipolar in nature.
72576498fe6bcff669cad3c22fd655dbdf29fd71	They began with a manic autochthonous state at the age of 14.
c6bbf941e5f8f2319f5fccd92358c382576d7ea5	The mania was characterized by clinical polymorphism: as a rule, the ideatory component prevailed, and high creative productivity was always noted.
14dd4b9dc317ec56bab35a922569dd204cd0370b	The writer could not sleep for many days, others were struck by the atypical talkativeness and cordiality in the usual state.
8fc493a148fc4189b5f7e64903b23ac0ed3e26c4	However, as such, the affect of fun, joy was absent.
3001c2780ac8790e6917acb445b59194faf56705	There was also no increase in motor skills.
964b46b20aed32176cd8275e6da43cef1040cebb	Often such states were accompanied by love, then feelings of enthusiasm and inspiration prevailed.
5d1ea25a78b0ee4534ca30b8a1b352b349e021e0	We can conclude about the atypical nature of manic states, the imbalance of the classical components of the affective triad.
eb7686530738c085c69d33ee86e6baacc84718f5	With age, the atypia of mania has intensified, and here both the dynamics of the disease as a whole and the abuse of alcohol and drugs have left an imprint, which will be discussed in particular.
ee9d8d04354e78780bda302227197eb1f3dccc70	From about 20-24 years of age, in manic states (occurring about 2 times a year, with a duration of up to 4 months), agitation, fussiness begins to prevail, sometimes anxiety occurs.
8a1656a27eac10bb69c2391bc0b803fa893691c2	Also, in these states, episodes of confusion with elements of stupor appear.
518d45b76278d596d7bfd4255e225bb885efb399	There is a clear aggravation of disorders that are already leaving the affective circle, with the addition of non affective disorders.
654a67f43d460c5aec2b1f65078ea43071591de3	These include transient delusional and subcatatonic disorders.
6683a4ad311babb0b6f55978b85c873a46c7eddb	The circular affect itself takes on a mixed character.
07ffbd28a4fe4a657067ae08871349d2f86ccd6a	Depressive states begin to occur from the age of 15, initially by endoreactive mechanisms.
2f816ca52dccb1662acbcd7581014c20ac281134	They were accompanied by feelings of sadness, tearfulness, a desire for solitude.
b593a5c5d6f15f751cbf4990c1d2497e7607e28e	In the depressions of the early period of his life, Edgar Poe also had a high creative activity: he wrote melancholic gloomy poems, translated German and French romantics.
f230f2beae0f9ac6b5a6be462316d66ef56d20dc	Depression lasted at first no more than a month and occurred less often than mania.
b95d04dfc18d602d1e297d14679a041c311763c9	However, it was with depressive disorders that the writer's alcoholic excesses began ( recall that his literary debut took place at the age of 18).
deaf5b5ed223cf7edab0811798d8d149ea89ad12	In order to drown out the melancholy, he regularly resorts to small doses of alcohol.
f893be38198ca9472c500ebab9ddd1b962883d93	The subtle bodily organization, as well as possible residual organic disorders ( as the consequences of physical trauma in childhood), led to initially poor alcohol tolerance.
4993543007e1a26de31799289a7ad1a343f1f705	Nevertheless, Po immediately began with the use of the strongest drinks - first brandy, and later - absinthe.
2847077a4c1835c805ad948aa5f13da16933d09c	Alcohol consumption was dipsomanic in nature, physical suffering was designed to drown out mental pain.
ec3d715b706b1575ac0fb600707989ddabc4bec1	During the pre manifest stage of the disease in depressive states, the dynamics of the syndrome is noted: by the age of 22-24, the anxiety component becomes more pronounced, short term paranoid episodes, single false recognitions, ideas of attitude and special significance arise against the background of alcohol intoxication.
f981b28549d5c0b5d908771360d60568929e31ee	Depressions now lasted an average of 2-3 months, the circular affect was already competing with delusional readiness.
d9563742065f287edfef418e582d1acb2618d293	There was a delirium of persecution and influence.
3c08fd6e639b19ea2fb6cb1e6bd2ebe76cea21df	The attack lasted about 2 months.
2c5a17dddb294e87ce76cbe7d48e16ee15187ec1	At the end of it, the writer fell into apathy.
cb5a440a7f5b098f5ee0bb103f28b0283bc478c4	How were E.'s painful experiences reflected?
1c3bd8f72fba2ee0762b38bbe924a9d5f85d72b0	Is Po in his work?
b22d48492aa13eccc2deb03a1374467fc61f8058	These were the many faced hypostases of Poe himself and the women he loved, the doppelgangers whose invented world he filled with suffering, thereby trying to ease the burden of sorrows and disappointments that burdened his own life.
992b717158c102083bfab4faa2e0e034f4e1c974	The palaces, gardens and chambers inhabited by these ghosts shine with luxurious decoration, it is like a bizarre caricature of the beggarly squalor of his real homes and the dreary atmosphere of those places where fate threw him.
e7d049161864e293308fdbf860c20c5e2add96cd	Transcendentalism and spiritualism were already beginning to penetrate into literature and in Poe's work they acquired a special, bizarrely creepy shade.
ba5617b3d805cbb0dd9ba2d16e77d2fc3846fd17	Since the public first plunged into the dark horror of Gothic novels, its passion for literary horrors has not weakened.
5366d1ac9409a8898bf275c212cf08329a23fcc8	However, "Frankenstein" and other similar stories, although they sometimes gave one the creeps, in the end were nothing more than a tribute to literary fashion.
8f910b74e4cc3b2efa4e1c95c8a27143b2d6e0f8	Their heroes looked more like wax dolls, rather than people made of flesh and blood, and their death frightened the less, the more unreal their existence seemed.
ebe78bb15fa6e6732dfd11e7eb8d25430eaa6225	On the contrary, the atmosphere of the novels that Poe now began to write, which was forced to the limit, was striking in its authenticity.
f28700ce4ca9633024dde1008047aefa504fd58c	From these pages there was a suffocating sepulchral stench.
bbd4ccee0cc30e65052be163446349f5406068a5	The murders committed on them were cruel and disgusting, the dead were indomitable in their desire to invade the world of the living.
b964cfef7c4befd59636ce858ac07b8acd0ed31d	All this struck with its novelty and artistic power.
8192b456b7558a8186fe1c7aec41420a1c3f4459	At the age of 34, a second psychotic attack follows.
4592dc98e5d91260d576775c28d1720d9b585f6c	The paranoid plot of delirium sounds again, "envious" and "magnetizers" arise again.
0d4f58411ed05b61c982591639f71403f29db849	E. Poe even calls G. Longfellow to a duel, accusing him of plagiarism.
3aededb150eff0450f29395ed996e084f72a6f55	The attack lasts for about 4 months, this time the writer does not have enough criticism for the delusional experiences of the acute period.
dc41f122f7aa3870659de1db853f77ce3bdedce3	His creative activity begins to weaken.
8e9b6cf31b1a1238121073634cff56061aac6f92	After 1845, he no longer writes poems, almost does not translate, devoting more time to newspaper and magazine activities.
43b23caa4c5fd7a3d7ba45486349c3c327bd80e2	The images and plots of" Grotesques and Arabesques", reflecting the obsessive mental states of Poe himself, disturbed his consciousness, because he could not help but understand that many of these stories bore a clear imprint of some kind of mental abnormalities - especially in those of them that depict the terrifying torments of tormented human flesh and bloody murders or depict strange relationships between heroes and heroines.
6a4da2cb430d7d5ab7eac12cad5555102879c369	And he entered into a struggle with the dark and unknown forces besieging him.
a1ed89d1cc908a97b71d2a224f48b094835ff216	What bothered him most was that everything he had written so far seemed to be dictated from outside, against his own will.
c88ce6228d53ee8a7236920ead9fdb3a56bc4e8f	Now he decided that he would build his works according to the strict laws of logic, carefully selecting and analyzing.
b834f8492b4193ba859a552df3902a6724d65f98	So the last of the literary characters invented by Po was born.
43b867edce58a5072fc83a1aa75ab9eeaf1c800b	This time, alarmed by the consequences of a mental disorder, Poe seeks salvation from the impending danger, reincarnating into a hero who is drawn in his imagination as a logician endowed with supernatural mental power, a brilliant analyst who easily unravels any riddles and puzzles, a successful treasure hunter and a shrewd detective, revealing At the same time he perfected his method of logical reasoning, giving it the form of a literary device that he used in the stories "Murder on the Rue Morgue", "The Mystery of Marie Roger" and "The fall into the Maelstrom."
b2263ef012561f3ca61c69ef5ead4ffe54f461ef	In them, the last and most original of the heroes created by him appears - "the infallible logician".
d3f6e9a100150e3ee02f2f044c1378b3e665c0b7	The transferred psychoses are reflected in the character of E.Software and its relations with others.
6f0222c12cfb9cdfab0d2d18b3ec0d35a927a80c	Suspicion and distrust extend to the closest friends.
e2fd9a0418c26576834b302195f6aaf03f77c2f3	Isolation and intolerance to criticism are growing.
132d5b6bd239f60464cda129dd6515acd3e339e3	Affective disorders become more erased, in hypomania there is a "hunt for a change of places", a craving for constant aimless travel; depression is accompanied by a touch of dysphoria and brutality.
4d953f6ef3986879f8686e09c62a7e10c9e1be2c	He will not write anything more, completely surrendering to despair and self destruction.
ecbde6ba65966e08b03eb03866e84882a3414a55	And the romantic and refined American writer and poet himself, ("a gentle mystic" - by the definition of M. Twain), turns into a beggar tramp.
d3bd94e53e46f6f8cbebfb71653747b1d4ea762d	Suicide attempts were made several times.
ae10eb210accafdd3d55e2ea185570b9794f1586	According to modern classifications of diseases, which cover only the syndromic level of disorders, it is possible to imagine the disease E.Software in the form of a multi axis diagnosis: "narcissistic personality disorder" - "organic CNS disorder" - "behavioral disorder due to substance abuse" - "bipolar affective disorder" - "schizoaffective disorder".
83cef056920ce17e1126247a9535a8501bb0651f	However, if we adhere to the Russian diagnostic tradition, which is based on the unity of nosological units ( at the same time, the syndromes of other psychopathological registers are absorbed at the expense of the underlying disease), then we can presumably verify the diagnosis of E. Poe as Schizoaffective psychosis.
219b2bac8a05e3aef8e606e714726af2b2bf0240	She told me in a noisy dance
de00dab021c5aa3b40563409df9302a4eda0f00b	Crazy water:
5a017d90f39e4dd7e29524f1dd6a2975d3f438a4	"If you are sick, but smart-
bd235e4e7638e86c666ef2358fa4fa5809341cd0	Jump, my dear, here!"
7de9c00faec8bd9f7725b31117c2351c0def0135	Sasha Black
9c9d33c23f6e5240c970f1f1bfd570bee83af118	Garshin, Vsevolod Mikhailovich - one of the most outstanding writers of the literary generation of the seventies.
12c76ad36f3f5e5b4943f32da3f81f4b2bd43c8c	He was born on February 2, 1855, in an old noble family.
5ca58b4da4c2a17e6a081538c02b7aee0e29bf97	His inheritance was burdened on the paternal side - his grandfather was distinguished by an unbalanced, despotic character.
0609f05bd2672e6ac1ffa7a7309c318c9cd8b96e	The father, according to eyewitnesses, had obvious mental disorders.
908f82262a9c88f8b29c876aa888d2109beba054	So, at one time he was obsessed with the construction of an air railway, in his house there were ropes everywhere, along which small trolleys were passing.
f12f50db7d5e47cf4d49f7696534638d817fdad8	The writer's father was unsociable, uncommunicative, abrupt and eccentric.
9de9c4f2854271526e52d7a42c813aa9f355ca67	The mother had a flighty character, was prone to distinct mood swings, which were due to internal reasons.
711882493e3c77ae5806d9c115d5e5798b7fa388	The elder brother of Vsevolod Garshin committed suicide at the age of 20.
e86db1d877596267ef9066e92b3fd7fb5063c4d6	The writer's childhood, therefore, was not rich in pleasant impressions; in his receptive soul, on the basis of heredity, a hopelessly gloomy view of life began to develop very early, which predetermined his fate.
7122d72e5b6a1a0108512fcfe78c6c43fff38be5	An unusually early mental development also contributed a lot to this.
d2ef8f33bc17d28e150b5e3788ccaee3023310b2	At the age of seven, he read" Notre Dame de Paris " by Victor Hugo and, rereading it 20 years later, he found nothing new in it for himself.
72cbcf7b620d4dd8d036f16dd5c5bf1322a2d0b9	In 1864, Garshin entered the St. Petersburg gymnasium, and after completing the course there, in 1874, he entered the Mining Institute.
a329b9f1619ceae2f5d6d1d70fb2f3132259e047	By adolescence, the formation of affective disorders is noted, which almost immediately take on a continuous (continuous) character.
eef2616cedb5fab49ff9871cf461387a2a553fec	Depressions developed for no apparent reason in the spring period.
9071265fbc9f786554bed48b101fc3273220ddb0	The dreary affect prevailed, with the experience of one's own change, ideas of guilt and inevitable suicidal thoughts.
770b83a1e76f54932fd8944afae7e4fbe2fce83f	Then, closer to autumn, also without external reasons, the mood first leveled off, and then acquired a rainbow hue.
cdc7f2fc015f14d07b4d6d6dc744085390cbef22	There was a desire for activity, communication, new impressions.
3d23d4845e53f22637db2d90d008ccc1eb4045fa	People who saw Garshin in both poles of his affect perceived him as two completely different people.
6bc7e95489bfa508373595fef6fa8d09386c2857	However, both in duration and depth, depressive disorders initially prevailed.
cd7281f5eb7cea1b19642a56ce77a39f2748e913	At the age of seventeen, Garshin suffers the first serious attack of the disease, which already reaches a psychotic level.
a4df0f88ecf2955faa52c4c9f62077de5cdf92ab	The writer himself later recalled his experiences of this period: "One day a terrible thunderstorm broke out.
75094cfa8a0d2010c502e80d680e6d416fff835a	It seemed to me that the storm would demolish the entire house in which I lived at that time.
4452b1a535dca2c9e847ba7d4ad2b537b324af67	And so, to prevent this, I opened a window - my room was on the top floor - took a stick and put one end of it to the roof, and the other to my chest, so that my body would form a lightning rod and thus save the whole building with all its inhabitants from destruction."
cec6799d1df2c81e025f424de1311bd3318459e4	Many years later, Garshin will write a beautiful and terrible story "The Red Flower", where he will show the process of increasing madness and disintegration of consciousness from the inside.
4a94a6c713a998f96b3336bb08400000f0c03105	The patient of the madhouse imagines that the flower growing in the hospital garden is the center of all the world's Evil.
5b6fc6a524fe295ba1921c59a2f67eefe209ec7d	The struggle with the flower requires an incredible concentration of spiritual and physical forces, overcoming a lot of real and imaginary obstacles.
8b3ee848220b4965d9a6b54d808c7c95ebce3183	But the patient considers himself the savior of mankind, who is entrusted with a great, subordinate and understandable mission.
e9621be1c5004efaec769e51b3478692912f7734	He sacrifices himself in the name of Good.
b8b407b4b280527ca7618438d373d9d9f19655a9	Thus, we can consider this certainly autobiographical story as a manifest attack of Garshin's disease.
551821ab62b2ece561e8d2314f97ab55ef93d8cf	In this case, we are talking about schizoaffective psychosis, which begins with affective disorders (in this case, manic), and then the condition becomes more complicated with the addition of megalomanic and antagonistic delusional disorders of the paraphrenic level.
7405efe216b215d0a0677d436ae26b9526f1fc24	At the height of psychosis, the phenomena of catatonia and confusion of consciousness (onirism) will join.
8b0a1a03fef6d95f9ccbc29a8a63ad2898899440	Actually, delusional disorders develop within the delirium of the imagination, with intuitive insight and comprehension of "higher knowledge, Universal law", which is accompanied by an experience of ecstasy, bliss and harmony: "...I felt reborn.
efa424163d0044b2bad2309b05f2d38e533f8e4f	The senses have become sharper, the brain is working like never before.
fc3bcdad2ad1290eb7d01be328c1092f7f91233d	What was previously achieved by a long way of deductions and guesses, now I know intuitively.
f389af84e8704f1aeb4d84995b67b3dbc8294948	I have really achieved what is developed by philosophy.
938c57e73572b0c95fe63207e2099cdcd5c234c7	I am experiencing the great ideas by myself that space and time are fictions.
59d712ee76992ad329d32a04ade59ad08d838eea	I live in all ages.
ab0b3b418d8ee761308d4536e5f1612af4602463	I live without space, everywhere or nowhere, as you want...".
375d137226bc629fc36631a3e6bc8ac34d1dc388	It is characteristic that having suffered such an acute and severe attack of the disease, the personal organization of the writer was not disturbed, and the criticism of psychotic experiences was quite complete.
64ddf4129d8b5b1876318abdb695080ce40d4427	These post psychotic features also speak in favor of the diagnosis of "Schizoaffective psychosis", in which, as a rule, there is no distinct progrediency characteristic of psychoses with schizophrenia.
3e193517e16ecb9473232add2cd502e3cf1877fa	On April 12, 1877, Garshin and a friend were preparing for an exam in chemistry when they brought a manifesto about the war in the Balkans.
b6e0247819172dc017906306201322643d761306	At the same moment the notes were thrown, Garshin ran to the institute to submit a request for dismissal, and a few weeks later he was already in Kishinev as a volunteer of the Bolkhov regiment.
161f4ce0b1e6fee8ddded96dd0796c2caeb4513c	In the battle of August 11 near Ayaslar, as the official report said, " a private from the volunteer V. Garshin, an example of personal bravery, led his comrades forward into the attack, during which he was wounded in the leg."
3c3c9072715a9edbc01b37382568cb14e30dfd90	The wound was not dangerous, but Garshin did not take part in further military operations.
904a553571b69e8594d8b27a7683de81762d9a41	Promoted to an officer, he soon retired, spent six months as a free student of the philological faculty of St. Petersburg University, and then completely devoted himself to literary activity, which, shortly before, he began with brilliant success.
b8315d47cc84bb684a265ae504dc547669ad742e	In the extremely subjective work of Garshin, the deep spiritual discord that formed the basis of his personality was reflected with extraordinary vividness.
c693bd94e335f7bdc22e2f80cbce92afddeace99	The megalomanic nature of his experiences: the desire to make humanity happy ( in mania) and the universal sense of guilt and repentance (in depression) run through all his work like a red thread.
a29a837fb8d5d00a4569f42864c4bfbe3c51dfe0	According to the basic structure of his soul, Garshin was an unusually humane nature; his first artistic creation - "Four Days" - reflected exactly this side of his spiritual being.
e7a86c97b6b44eea7826828f32bc6e1480592910	If he went to war himself, it was only because it seemed shameful to him not to take part in the liberation of his brothers who were languishing under the Turkish yoke.
d154665c852fdfe0597366ff31e8ea4ec50e9d5d	But for him, the first acquaintance with the actual situation of the war was enough to understand the full horror of the extermination of man by man.
87b3c2dc9d6b7a733f043d4d75c59a75b55cc7d4	The" Four Days "is joined by the "Coward" - the same deeply felt protest against the war.
f7166f7b402157d48c698774286e6a71e5a4036e	The protest had nothing to do with the template of humanity that was the cry of the soul, and not a trend in favor of the camp, which was joined by Garshin, you can see the largest "military" things Garshina - "From the notes of private Ivanov" (excellent scene of the show).
ccfa8c6da09ca96cf368a568ca7cf67f2fc39ab1	All that has been written Garshin, it was as if with extracts from his own diary; he didnot want to sacrifice in favor of anything any feeling freely arose in his soul.
31549384153651b08eb499e16ae872a4c1e2eebd	Sincere humanity was also reflected in Garshin's story "The Incident", where, without any sentimentality, he managed to find a human soul at the extreme stage of moral decline.
7c7922541f1297790e708df30e46c356fcb85f51	Next to the all pervading sense of humanity in Garshin's work, as well as in himself, there was also a deep need for an active fight against evil.
7e03a8a0c7e18d505f9037c73dfd396f7a69d162	Against this background, one of his most famous stories was created: "Artists".
936ba99c58a78d7ad04c138ccf4c61f08aed1359	An elegant artist of words and a fine connoisseur of art himself, Garshin in the person of the artist Ryabinin showed that a morally sensitive person cannot calmly indulge in the aesthetic delight of creativity when there is so much suffering around.
00e8942a62cfbddfd7fa71a9dc9ef46b54f605f9	But a hopeless melancholic in the whole warehouse of his spiritual and physical being, Garshin did not believe either in the triumph of good, or that victory over evil can bring spiritual balance, and even more so happiness.
382d59614e4ee4d77a3682b8acf64f3e54ffcaa1	Even in the almost humorous fairy tale "What did not happen", the arguments of a cheerful company of insects gathered on the lawn to talk about the goals and aspirations of life end with the coachman coming and crushing all the participants of the conversation with his boot.
d4adb6fa46e28a6e1b81f46f52abd8eb4aaa35ec	Ryabinin from the "Artists", who gave up art, "did not flourish" and went to the people's teachers, and not because of the so called "independent circumstances", but because the interests of the individual, after all, are also sacred.
170a740f48dd3ca5005933119409528a56e5cafd	In the charmingly poetic fairy tale "Attalea princeps", the palm tree, having reached the goal of aspirations and having broken out to "freedom", asks with mournful surprise: "and only that?"
40ffbab216e0a5f62ae9b7ce9695265b054b7e7d	Perhaps the only bright and optimistic thing in his work, which remains the most famous, is the children's fairy tale "The Frog Traveler".
ec60763190617778b8e00fb7ebc9503949bc8ab4	Oddly enough, in the Indian legend, the plot of which Garshin borrowed for his fairy tale, the ending turns out to be more tragic.
aead67a98c48ead40af51b9aeb9f144c90de6d7f	Garshin's artistic powers, his ability to paint vividly and expressively, are very significant itelny.
d818353ffeefcf99347dee2e094ad339d708ca5a	He has written a little - about a dozen short stories, but they give him a place among the masters of Russian prose.
9b16a4d24d23f05401701aba76ee28f7933113e9	His best pages are at the same time full of poignant poetry and such deep realism that, for example, in psychiatry, "The Red Flower" is considered a clinical picture that corresponds to reality to the smallest detail.
27d7ed5a9dcc5c873aaadfbfa5f69f5c1c66f130	What Garshin wrote is collected in three small "books".
7b8f9128bff08a54d1de279f260c1a8c22d17b82	The writer's life and creative path merged together and were in strict harmony (if this word is applicable to a serious illness).
6de7b1e5f40635a3df311a823a6575f71de7b2ea	Although Garshin himself considered writing his cross, sapping his mental strength and driving him crazy: "Whether what was written was good or bad, this is an extraneous question; but that I really wrote only with my unfortunate nerves and that every letter cost me a drop of blood, this, really, will not be an exaggeration."
59506fe2b0afc4baaf0915855c896b9240c150db	Such a subjective view of one's misfortune, of course, cannot be taken literally, as well as the words of those who considered the cruelties and atrocities taking place in the world to be the culprit of the writer's state of mind.
902555501d0269c33d1db9e56bbcfb96d6353d93	An unfavorable social environment could only worsen the course of the disease, which was congenital, and proceeded according to its own endogenous mechanisms.
68970a4e25e3eee97a1283c78a1e443025301e90	Garshin's health became more and more clouded, and at the beginning of 1880 serious signs of mental disorder appeared again.
0dfd315c808f3dc90b8257cf054eb08abe48e7d0	At first, it was expressed in such manifestations that it was difficult to determine where the high structure of the soul, the "Nakedness of the nerves" ends, and where madness begins.
c43f75c7f59899d7032d7ef3bc7cbf549ce0906e	So, immediately after the appointment of Count Loris Melikov as the head of the supreme administrative commission, Garshin went to him late in the evening and not without difficulty obtained a meeting with him.
d30d6234ffd28f5e4af75d2940a416ae16a767e5	During the conversation, which lasted more than an hour, Garshin behaved "With a feverish frenzy", made very dangerous confessions and gave bold advice to pardon and forgive everyone.
7ac134560852277803edfc13dc6233686032fb74	Loris Melikov treated him extremely kindly, but despite this, he did not sign a single acquittal.
23f60864ddd9d81cd1c072c49cb9b2d3e7a94a84	In response, Garshin threatened to scratch him with his nails, under which the vials with poison are hidden.
5901521ffa300c6b1dfa52e6127d02e47c477c80	Such statements only partially allow us to understand what was happening in the writer's confused mind.
31bf0d87b50c5460d3d584cc5ec6a91ce1a5b6e2	With projects of forgiveness, Garshin went to Moscow to the chief police officer Kozlov, then went to Tula and walked to Yasnaya Polyana to Leo Tolstoy with whom he spent the whole night in enthusiastic dreams about how to arrange the happiness of all mankind.
97f8810ee571f4be95a722c5691af040fa376d36	But then his mental disorder took such forms that his family had to place him in a Kharkiv psychiatric clinic.
6f318d3b44fdf63f0c35e6928f961dcf36dfcc7e	After staying in it for some time, Garshin again came out of psychosis, maintaining a critical attitude to the painful experiences of the acute period.
dbaefc72da952588dd466b0581bfa0eec92ed6de	After the second psychotic attack, the nature of affective disorders changes: manic states completely disappear, the anxiety component increases in depressions, but they occur less often and are no longer confined to a certain time of the year.
84858a2e8bd0348cf774d29663cfd430733e1768	The fear of a new madness becomes dominant in the experiences, because the writer not only remembered in the smallest details the content of his psychosis, but also was afraid of the unbearable torments of being in a "sorrowful house".
559be0197a1ae5b09e71d22c1ff45d5993da5560	The main methods of stopping excitement at that time were the setting of leeches and Spanish flies, as well as casting cold water on the crown.
8d7893de1067b38411823809a385d7aed55cc48d	In order to have a certain non literary income, Garshin entered the office of a paper factory, and then received a place in the general congress of Russian railways.
c9b2a0b4fb3fefbcbfcadafab6ed405a3d88cd1e	At the same time, he got married and felt, by his own admission, "more confident in life," although at times he continued to have periods of deep, gratuitous melancholy.
7f32c9af6d94be1494e603f768f81fe5dbfa68c0	At the beginning of 1887, threatening symptoms appeared; the disease developed quickly: insomnia, delirium, feverish muttering of incomprehensible words suggest the presence of a depressive raptus with catatonic excitement.
6a941e8aee72ff7d70bfeb7018d4b2721f6bcc9a	On March 19, 1888, Garshin threw himself from the landing of the 4th floor into the opening of the stairs and died on March 24.
3a747636245d36d794c8d9d990d70f4a7bc08674	Before his death, he constantly repeated: "That's what I need."
7c6de886969096e038f8d34011b2b191f10f20e2	A. P. Chekhov in the story "Seizure", inspired by the personality of Garshin, said "There are writing, stage, artistic talents, but he has a special talent - human.
361f5711e28b7752de36b67fee350fc593ef327e	He has a subtle, magnificent sense of pain in general."
acd06576a806d18c69f5130a7b108f7790c20003	N. N. Bazhenov admired Garshin's clinical descriptions in his "Psychiatric Conversations".
a01c28643f5c5ebdab772670709652115be8665a	These two spiritual hypostases of the writer: compassion and observation, as well as the ability to merciless introspection, attract many generations of readers to the fate and work of Vsevolod Garshin, and for specialists in the field of mental illness they have, in addition to aesthetic and educational significance.
8dc81a88ae8be63065843793aa2269eddc4b70dd	C. Lombroso was deeply mistaken when he thought that genius and insanity are interrelated, that, having fallen ill with a mental disorder, a person gets a ticket to Parnassus.
cced263899cc10d154a918144f28987c2f13d7ab	This essay is intended to refute this point of view and show that brilliant and talented people always create not because of illness, but in spite of it.
f1ade17b822bfe708ea876576d430b030c06ff6a	Genius is never equal to insanity, it always wins.
f82d30abe9f00cb5cbf0978eeedba9af9fbeba4a	Events:
4ffa60112f0740ed2937e77eed5653d1c4969a24	27 November,2017, the XI scientific conference "human Genetics and pathology" 18 June 2017 13th World Congress of Biological Psychiatry 18 May,2017, A Scientific practical conference with international participation "School of V. M. Bekhterev: from the beginnings to the present" May 04,2017 19th Conference of the International Society for Bipolar Disorders 23 April,2017 XIII all Russian School of young psychiatrists "Suzdal 2017" 20th April,2017 the international conference "RELIGION AND CLINICAL PSYCHIATRY" 19 April 2017 18th World Congress of the World Association for Dynamic Psychiatry (WADP) 01 April,2017 25th European Congress of Psychiatry (EPA 2017) March 30,2017 the V International Congress of Dual Disorders: Addictions and other Mental Disorders 29 March 2017 all Russian scientific conference with international participation "METHODS of NEUROIMAGING IN PSYCHIATRY" 24 March 2017 16th International congress on schizophrenia research 17 March,2017 Psychotherapy, Psychopharmacotherapy, Psychological counseling – the verge studied!
9be6b23f2d459d0b423aafc67a39ccd2d005a817	February 21,2017 the Scientific and educational seminar "Schizoaffective and schizotypal disorder" Read all news >>
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a8b11cabfcdfbac67b8cd94bd1c2fb2d5fde6bf3	Edgar Poe – "The Moral Anarchist"
2e6133f3db7a6d6d2ea7fb302729eec169fd17ac	poems, fiction, creativity, mysticism, detectives, army, horror, humor, depression
0298519dbc627fd75bd0f5a4ebbd375d724dd963	But where in the life of this writer appeared a fantastic genre, closely intertwined with notes of modernity...
7c84c2b96a9abb86fd5bd59df160a6ca66ce88b8	The content of the article:
0771b3537338c15403ec5f9998113b046bfc7b67	Turning points
a06c7e3fa0b1426d5a0676bf46d599fac429abf4	A lifetime's work
e952df24598cb37c999e34b7f3ef2fb094e8785f	The works of Edgar Poe
4fcb8d7a52a8771078965a16389f0530f3b16913	1. Childhood
6cbe56dc2eb9d9cfdb9ef9653edc9194386f5e30	From a very young age, the future writer felt like a prince.
2c557c74f1bc9e55ced3f74b73666bfdfa1ddf76	Education has become a great contribution to the boy's future.
564f2d8c7a6ffa89e5f0b2117b2d07dbea712ae0	At the age of six, he was sent to an expensive boarding school in England, and 5 years later he entered college in the United States.
23dd0060f6d7ee8c62c7357cb5edb5fec270eafa	From his earliest years, he was attracted to literature, languages and history.
047d2848f105273d5cd841f494a83548265b56d2	But, despite this, mathematical sciences were also subject to him.
b4abdc9ff488dfd048eb4a00922b48ee0c4b98c4	Nevertheless, for the young man, the fairy tale did not last long.
677d0dcbf661d7f4af9046de17e9719c205d9ccc	At the age of 16, he had a big quarrel with his father, who was already extremely dissatisfied with the "foster child".
1d2b5ca2521691e0899a65085307c36a1668a6a5	Having achieved the rank of sergeant major in a year, he could not stand it and turned to his father for help.
6e45fa1d54ecfe7341a20018be6f8cc9af6ce25a	Almost immediately after the "liberation", Poe found himself in poetry.
daafb697fe49d4b15575d28312ca2dfb90c61827	It was published in newspapers and printed in a book, but without success.
f833d06c0d3ba95b08310acb01d1433d363380c4	He was able to return to poetry only a year later, since by his father's decision he was admitted to the military academy.
7a18d754df333722e8c81d382f23e4bbe8433b7b	He got drunk, reached extreme poverty, at the age of 27 he married a 13 year old girl.
70438709ab3a133d524c636ee232e693085830e8	His works did not go unnoticed – he won two prizes at the competition for the best short stories and poems.
8b7703bfab0b2228edfc8ff2f785baf49f981991	The hundred dollars received arrived just in time, because Edgar was actually starving.
c3c1692e5c92fce39c8e6f6e3d4455c313db5120	It would seem that everything should get better.
7cd8001ec61e58cac1ad11fa4a82f83bd7f51935	However, after the death of the mother, the young wife also dies.
f538bccd49b6466e7900dce8511a3a8b5081e577	She had tuberculosis.
c7f6beddedd798af89ca91cbeb479ee7b6d54200	Increasingly, Edgar was visited by crazy hallucinations, which became the reason for the birth of his famous mystical stories.
70c361e8d833f595433c6fbce85fbb2bc47f0a31	3. A lifetime of work
68a6d18150a85f1a1158669e10205d819446bb33	Of course, literature was the meaning of Poe's life.
387608cfd3d7b0bba5147314b3362072e8f1939d	His works were sometimes filled with black cruel humor, then, on the contrary , they were created for the sake of sincere laughter of the reader.
d9585d3e97368529d6eaf5e02aa2828ea6a9f042	Nevertheless, the writer is more often ranked among the founders of such genres as horror and detective stories.
866388540cc37c50f8ea728870b2fe68cfcfef64	It was Poe, being a rare eccentric and madman, who had an indisputable deduction.
3025738d9e3066a23c1114419d9c2a0902ffa82d	He introduced in his stories a popular chain to this day, of the form: crime investigation - exposure.
352710cb6f702ec9a1e559a0a86f54ec9d8242c1	His works have the most unexpected endings.
64319d1906438ac34816fa6362056a6a5d664513	So it's better for fans of all the most unpredictable things to start with the work of Edgar Poe.
42f88f86b4fa6c674155bf74b84cff43904a5be6	As for horror, Po is far from the ancestor.
5f211850898dbe521c19f2d2cfcc23af8ed74bb2	But even this did not prevent him from becoming famous as one of the most mystical writers of several centuries.
d3260cd3e4453aa7302228075e76b09ac46466ce	In almost every work there are ghosts, gloomy castles, immured people and other things that are not particularly pleasant for the ordinary reader.
dcc729d8f8e52611366ab9bf8e87040ba4bdf77b	It would seem that all the stories are made up and there is nothing to be afraid of.
c9aa83d99e945fe04630ab9940cfe5fdfdebaf72	However, Edgar Poe presented his stories to readers with the frightening authenticity of all events.
4a2569e2fead8b96c5279b1e49969356dc678c11	And willy nilly you will begin to believe in the madness of what is happening.
d777314688e8bd9ffbbaa0f90bd06267d9e19f48	4. Interesting facts
7dfa439f707e51bf7bb252d6b5f7c011ef0c8e56	Every year, on the poet's birthday, a secret admirer visits his grave;
f241f04e0fac4246ab8d69220772410b8267bd4f	The name of Edgar Poe (as well as the names of his stories) was mentioned by many singers in their compositions.
f252348209ecbb21acc848dc0b3fe11097357c45	For example, Green Day, The Beatles, Iron Maiden, Mylene Farmer and others;
a59afdb3b4df0ef4dea6c5a3c592d5be24c68442	In the animated series "The Simpsons", the main character Lisa reads the poem "The Raven"by Edgar Poe;
35e02697b7880564ee3fe57a3951e79a46024d5e	The film "The Raven" copies many scenes from the work of the same name by Edgar Poe;
aa0bae11360e643bfcf0468ffe33754ab5f48115	Japanese writer Edogawa Rampo specially came up with a consonant pseudonym with the name Edgar Poe, since he was a fan of him from the earliest years;
4a569855b7a0ee3f8fe8626a42a20ab1983f2e80	The stories of Edgar Poe laid the basis for the plot of many computer games.
f507f6c36b59bb65e3cf855a45a940a28f35165a	5. Circumstances of death
4d089eee4ee16309852f104617fe1c74f93adba7	Unfortunately, nothing is known about the real cause of the great writer's death.
1a38b642b631b3d85096ebcaa5041d3f72f263db	In a delirious state, he was discovered by an ordinary passerby.
68e33c1ab9c347e61083d7fd5996fcd3d23572b1	According to him, Poe urgently needed help, as his appearance left much to be desired.
193f90b1525f0393d859cf853897f19ea3bf2a67	Many people are still interested in the question of why the writer brought himself to poverty and hunger.
46eb4423214a902a4fb6774e916a5755239e2452	Most likely, the reason for this is the death of his wife and alcohol.
69d89710ed2fb71746e242926eca62c12eb99db1	There are a lot of versions about the cause of death.
0b4f295dde281216235132b0ecd7c5588cb9eecb	Starting with common diseases at that time (syphilis and cholera), and ending with alcohol poisoning.
cda7e4e2ebe8ae06535d29d9b94f48f71177b9af	Also, some sources say that along with the remains of the writer, his wife and mother in law were reburied.
63b67d2cd33b662b5b81aca6bfb418c21be6d2aa	And many are sure that it is not his body that rests in the grave of the writer at all.
b177f2f6db3cc69d1b17da3e48f6b97750e67604	However, we can only guess at the actual facts that happened to Edgar Poe in reality and after his death.
93d147207bcbd5ca9a88a78ba5b1a43fe40b6c57	6. The works of Edgar Poe
3324345aaf8abd8d3612c49058d5c2992e63f9bf	Stories of the 1830s Stories of the 1840s
b8d67cb089809cb0fbb145df7c059c654f624f43	Metzengerstein (1832)
0693a6d9190858f50d6c2f1b362b79a49e0733b0	Bon Bon (1832)
48162b93eb2d946d3b1eb979eda65f7a3a16355d	Without breathing (1832)
e957f7fae8a711599f0d1912529faa95b79c62cb	The Duc de l'omlet (1832)
3bb92749216d1e4692c0188cc8ff6a484b8a236a	On the walls of Jerusalem (1832)
0a76197e82c50faef304cc01006951129a129341	The manuscript found in a bottle (1833)
05f4b5d3c3fab632893ab7c8fb7703039ad44aaf	Folio Club (1833)
4c81891717bb9d3c77e798933c252e30f43bffec	Four Animals in One (Giraffe Man) (1833)
198fa7a8af8e555f5487d8b0057adb95f8d199a9	Berenice (1835)
a3a8055a95c6127dcfd02eb3cdb8e272a03e5a7e	Morella (1835)
c95ba28af987fe0efcc1c8553bcef22157884db5	The Extraordinary Adventure of a certain Hans Pfaal (1835)
c212ff126e9b0d76b3d96da7283a24ab8b954940	The Plague King (1835)
07724c1ab973fff696c07843e1a4408ddd298a2a	Shadow.
950c76d3108c19cbf0c04c0c0a9a83701f31a98e	Parabola (1835)
9105eaf5cf9bd76732f38cbb94c478d53cf5b712	Date (1835)
0b10395c44686d35758d1d38c5578486de2a9335	The Hoax (1837)
62298e0c61c877e9f1ad9b397be6867ac3757c6f	Silence.
0d011e945dc39682a90234652390abf40a33b2d2	The Parable (1837)
28980c6f395be77e22eee69297219e1e89ee568c	Ligeia (1838)
4ef0f6befec7dfc963228e4b88915b524eff6a73	How to Write a Story for Blackwood (1838)
1a681d0749eb4fe9d7553903389060af41544d74	A tragic situation.
1fdf4ec8a686c1e77175befcb0f778e9a0975132	The Scythe of Time (1838)
4aa558f73046726d3e89e8b9dc58e28a3230b214	The Devil on the bell Tower (1839)
970e44971532e9a807340b793fe8679c5609cd4d	The Man Who was Hacked to Pieces (1839)
5595302e3511e4666468e132eae10a7e9c5a9d32	The Fall of the House of Usher (1839)
e7ed22963f8bfa192be83c8be035d9bf8bd30935	William Wilson (1839)
1c35f942b5f8b7a30995e98dc4e916a43fad2cc5	Why a Frenchman wears his Arm in a sling (1839)
5de034e727434b8d454d0c9630f7c7ff9d98a6dc	The Conversation of Eyros and Charmion (1839)
a8369b2da03aea14935a65c6eae220c36725c8b7	The Businessman (1840)
d269bea18747f4c12fa22da34c98a01ea5607679	The Man of the Crowd (1840)
e3b738419b55fdd3504426b4159d0d761f4f9485	The Diary of Julius Rodman (1840)
babdcef8b33eec71a06f36a7559fce034d5cf9cd	Murder in the Rue Morgue (1841)
22001cbbd4e3bfe6196a8ce32d1d0ab0ff73f715	The overthrow of the Maelstrom (1841)
3c385f6a1518c80beeb4ca9024cfdf9ca3fce86f	Fairy Island (1841)
b2063d6970a5466c07445015245368bccf5ce7a8	Eleanor (1841)
1063ce2e883ff96da458d3cb45eaa4b99b98486c	Three Sundays in one Week (1841)
7793c98c76bd90af4513dd96bc47aa1a35cfc3c4	The Conversation of Monos and Una (1841)
b4edf5d08485f846adfd58a79c6e1b2b0a42f29e	Donot lay the line of your head (1841)
b4629cc2b6a6a521b7c603e0401a82805d286568	Oval portrait (In Death — life, 1842)
e0b17c37958f787db998fcd640d696c71926843f	The Mask of the Red Death (1842)
7520c42e20270970af9230fbe7cb1c82967778fd	The Mystery of Marie Roger (1842)
7141ad9eb61ffe83cee0db90c578fcc8e9fc656c	The Well and the Pendulum (1842)
2b2d555a1fab7398d9e6a07fb54160bb6a54acf6	The Accuser's Heart (1843)
4baf57c4c9f08a67648f1e4df0eb29738a3e42f3	The Golden Beetle (1843)
a242f251e871b0d86451b0a822c56ac268de96ba	The Black Cat (1843)
b1691c0b07a58a399dd6130f94b64ad7d3436fbd	Fraud as an exact science (1843)
a2a0695fd0834ed28d29af2a31f6f910d97e6ef2	Glasses (1844)
2838cb5ac4420fea4ff1e6d6adf33d83971443ac	The Tale of Steep Mountains (1844)
69744a9ec7ecc7411f3fde7003d5571b1d665101	Premature burial (1844)
376381e4168be13f7ce8c94de732a2edee520386	The Oblong Box (1844)
d06c3e91dc475498826908f4192a4e257c27b348	The Angel of the Inexplicable.
9276af0c5130c76b0a0daf82a0a2426a4a2b0221	Extravaganza (1844)
65c433fc1c567bddb39ebe91e824afad846165d5	"You are the man who created this" (1844)
100b3ef25f723d5056d54357580421f9f74e1149	The Literary Life of Kakwas Tam, Esq.
5879516af90ba143a25eea6ba61fc4d7937d895a	(1844)
d55fee0c3fbbeb612bc44ea38a60fe81d10b4df6	The Stolen Letter (1844)
51cf38e503dcdad37a7a4186edfc26bb507b10ba	Elk (Morning on the Wissahickon)
204bf6d6da500db390fd2e3488d72dcfa25a83f3	The Mesmeric Revelation (1844)
7185778a348aada765b7e81732195d8c29cf46b6	The Thousand and Second Fairy tale of Scheherazade (1845)
75b6badaf9db4f625fe4e4c73e4a6cd6448c10ed	A Conversation with a Mummy (1845)
68fbe4319c65eb53d947c5ef0b78ad514ef5afa4	The Power of Words (1845)
0059f0e47e4f8e6e85f9cc90e090fae1563d2e17	The Demon of Contradiction (1845)
2576cef5d425fac029e31e91c503ca2388248e49	The system of Dr. Smolya and Professor Perrier (1845)
e890d9bcfcd1959041aada90b77cad135e5bc246	The Truth about What Happened to Mr. Waldemar (1845)
828f22bdf1352d059cfa049528ae1c90fd66dadd	The Sphinx (1846)
b84d47f684ae05b22519b721504dc21443b523e8	The Cask of Amontillado (1846)
583483e2816e91f1d22ebd668ef307fcec4c0f67	Arnheim Estate (1846)
4bd802ea2cac7921c1df81792e5a413bba12ed33	Jump Skok (1849)
44710f47d51e1fd724be1f89db4792e3dcb518d5	Landor's Cottage (1849)
2a3487e97eeea75b53df3ceea251d11d5cdc8f08	How one newspaper article was typed (1849)
c4a86e17334dd60d117aabb40835cf5aaa78043a	Von Kempelen and his discovery (1849)
2ce6f85a421ab0a8932ee080c782db2056a3a534	Poems (A K)
aedde7ddffb76287341b356286cfe8951325e70f	Poems (L I)
087681fe1eb6303f37f7347a729f009251ee95d1	Al Aaraaf
e28bf9f12b9847a3d57320c62dc6c02f03540b0e	Annabel Lee
4b7d3de58c1a67635b81fb2ad29320bc1774d781	Into the Album (Francis Sargent Osgood)
b7241147fcbd2df22b43ef670d86f8ab647bda5c	Valentina
e4f111bc7d93cd01db286f9b623b6c53fdf16006	Raven
4a3321ea119f0b987393ba9a8b38ec13ce03d8b3	Anthem
d11983ff155c65a399d61fe15523a8f073ccd216	City by the sea
a073233562a8b2a19c35ae107a2626176391618b	Nisa Valley
48635f5183faab50fc1fc66fc0b20e25056cd9e4	Valley of Anxiety
e7f959b607e899706a9d8f8d954147cab23d8826	Zante
bf1758d66370b01c7a16cbddde09a3c4561bfba1	The Enchanted Castle
4c197dfd67f1ed79d11a8b0218cc368bfcce6ccb	Israel
30b6be5288128ba803f446d6fa0aa06724e661e9	Imitation
198d9d602bd181865f06a3a4151999cdeba516f5	To Elena
d7bf445316eb0111e63415bb762888f03d63c4c7	To my mother
f17b72ff5f1b9822b9ee9e3fcf696811eab7f5da	To the one in paradise
ce5589f7444d25f1aa5443b48d78aa869b59e179	To the stream
412e70e42f10d2e94140d93ab741e5f7e6878bee	To F.
d738d86eefd64037482d7621711b38160f78877c	To Annie
a56c63f0519e9a260e14c2ffa754d5b771cdac44	Colosseum
650749789a2ea7ee275827187103d7919366da5e	Bells
782c6ea66fdf3209adb9e58a6591e0c9808429eb	Lelli
bc8ff17e099d1bb7224e6aef5645faf5799fd65d	Linor
7f60c30bb9b4803ba941827e39f71191546f2314	The Abode of ghosts
7c5c592ba19c478572c7606699edac9fbf35db42	Lake
bd1189c35695434b60a754aead9b12298b9170aa	Song
66b9ec11e3e21fe969667614a935e6861aa09eeb	Pean
27d41251ff5effb1c3470983cb2b02079de766d6	Wedding Ballad
846aa13992c958b0769608e4c519d22915bb0437	A dream in a dream
c9859c8ffec4f4e3538e1bcbce917cbab3e6e03e	Sonnet to Science
dd43b59ee118fca8a0c08fafd9a8e0a347b7c213	Sleeping
dab32c55377abf5e7192c189443e394b7216c422	The Land of Dreams
0aa9b62b48e7de0d9a3d9f75a66c8a3b797a62e1	Fairy Land
d77de435ada6bf16f42e51271e65c98bf39515f9	Happy day
0398c57798bce7cec04695c94ca3f68bc9c70940	Ulyum
45e9162898c0cd590ff0996bff809b06feebab1f	The worm is the winner
02b1e54620d513134f25f4226542fcc417cb400d	El Dorado
c10e88af3792c9f19b02140375564114734c4cc3	Enigma
9c7bab067325f6634ca127251474451b1d988cc1	Comment Total: 10
834a8395cc26065a4d408d10c298fee6baca5ac8	Source: Therefore.
3c82ec570a9ee8b82de7e8e5cfa3d855213fa045	Roo
8ac92a91082b8d639a9b237dc1e73712c5d59653	Rate the article
72914966d8df5a6944181f2cfe8ff7e0a4eae204	Why Does Depression Occur Is the Videophone Fantastic
4d175b0f06b11a966bf41f8bf4b997108dab0234	Man and society
45ab397be23bc9ee96164e8fbcb586a13a12096b	Habits
73ae6b82490d43d43bc3d52c18883b6e3c308f22	Through the eyes of a child
40253241e4f68dd07636e517ae2211168f61d6ae	Politics and law
90ccd6497400b5576aeca1bd94af74aae1e0a250	History
4f61ec4d2d1fd181ec25797e1d8d2400c5b04f24	Love
85fb53e4bc112a0ed8006205414ef8eb60d3cce7	Professions
0f48c005567b9edb2515ba1fa13388f9e6af93c0	What to write in the tax return Even if we do not have our own small, but quite successful business, we have to regularly deal with tax reporting in one form or another.
9d891e731f75deae56884d79e9816736b7488080	..
00c21549bbddd7d3b38d99b492173caed14922b3	The Universe
b5976956f457c58c70f6c2cc1d7ac31db77a8301	The most ancient languages of the world.
072f3865f88e489b28085ac8a03e71e11f9e826a	Part 1 There are a great many languages in the world.
84c03e2510be9ef78f4ea1e6be51eb2b58ba2435	But there are some special ones among them: they are thousands of years old and some of them have been spoken for hundreds of years by no one or almost no one....
2d85e2330b46501b7da98207feea8310cfb4b5b2	How to file a lawsuit correctly It happens that you have to go to court to protect your interests.
42ce2fd591083bfa72dbe94174c040f1a1adb769	At the same time, not everyone can seek professional advice from ...
cbc6a758f4b1600534c41bfce9542b65c9400bbd	Online auction eBay Online trading today is one of the most profitable and popular areas of business development.
e24c576f039c709632a07f9775f4f5f159533179	We have already written about the first steps in this area, but with..
a89de70c9a2138454506a6ff6150c8abe240e262	The oldest football clubs This game gathers thousands of stadiums and millions of fans at TV screens.
3b86c7685aed394ce791899b8d76f537dfd6614c	Football is one of the oldest ball games, its analogues were played back in Spa...
4c0126bd0f9a6957981e3f53a4a911914c33e1fa	Useless habits and the fight against them Each of us has habits that we could do without if we wanted to.
f606f7943667b72d634780843db944154c12c9d0	After all, some not only take a lot of time, but can also be serious...
6ed4e5518ba247982e62f6350486bc8cc060a0e2	The order of output of comments: By default, New first, old first
cd1eb71e425cdaaddb6691ac67131c32ad0c0f72	0Spam
a4c23027333fdcfc68e54092bc703a6353b67c5f	cfifgtnhjd → 29.04.2013, 12:52
9912425f29626408054a47d587066b1011044d0b	It's no secret that he was an alcoholic, but at the same time he wrote stories very well.
8cba1c4821404662f52e69059a5637b15a204d34	My favorite story is The Murder in the Rue Morgue, I think this is his best work.
a6bd6c42e22a87185be9773d41a5ac9ca32c91e5	If I'm not mistaken, a film was made based on it.
137272240eeef6dd3b4f04bd9454989c645e3034	I think that he died, like most alcoholics from the "green snake".
cfd73d8baabffbee93c7da9d573636e6df132fdd	hasavo → 01.04.2013, 11:02
c949a7e438b8533bb0fb86434dd463835b109306	Now it is clear why Po has such a craving for such gloomy images.
c8877d9ffa024b3764deb85c5e95cd3e69bc8d94	They say that in a state of intoxication, talented people practically do not create anything, but there are a lot of works created with a hangover in world culture.
cbe40678a269e0caf2db0793190f2ef6bbd749a0	ladyshewelewa → 13.03.2013, 10:34
18ef6426c3fa0b362c45fed06bf405b87270893d	Yes, the more mysterious a person is, the more speculation there is.
9ca30394b43b08e257806b8ac8035c7b5f6e588a	Even death causes so much talk.
e1e979b9c67dcdcfe4a06014d9f079c5eca5ff59	But it seems to me that the cause of Poe's death was definitely not cholera and syphilis.
1ffd3c5d2727b6f04c0ba7c380a81fe850974e31	Even at that time, doctors could diagnose these diseases without difficulty.
b8bb2fec7bb08d84f6e87d33c798c6cb649eeae9	And I read somewhere that Poe died of a brain tumor.
5cecca7a094837bda1f746bade7ffde2079beb59	I think that this is most true, because this disease has a very big impact on the character of the patient, his actions.
e20d09bb5150e0e4387d68a5546d322ed5419e2c	And that's where the writer's hallucinations came from.
5bb04232bc31bd1330af8c4a604a1288ebac96f8	nsk346030933 → 09.02.2013, 22:58
9eef5ba4d2a1efeb51d8d06f75f7ead869245258	I was interested in the story of a fan who goes to the grave.
db0200a08012683d04aeac3d1fa1095ba97d7600	Here, for example, they went to Yesenin to shoot, to Sonka the Golden Pen to ask for good luck in thieves ' affairs...
e9fc614f2860679c1580b401852d33f134434954	And this mysterious admirer of what goes there?
64ce6b5ec4238a21a30b36cba6cc89a0e80f6a2d	RomanB → 30.01.2013, 00: 16
2a80a164e3c584ad57d673d7c3825660740abc62	To be honest, I think that everything is banal - alcohol.
8c16429270c066284a7db2564bea1cf203798c8e	And all the hoaxes are generated by the writer's peculiar fame - well, they donot believe that everything with his death can be clear!
13eeea9747ff536d87a57d780d3f3edede120158	nickolaj → 28.01.2013, 21:46
58f851a4ac642352d975592ee4efd0ead698d4aa	Dostoevsky was also a gambler who considered gambling a duty of honor.
116b30cf0daa741c6dd26cf72bafa373cdb07d3b	So what?
c04d81810be2198318298fcf4a34a7a80f228d03	He wrote "Crime and Punishment".
98d90d71b8a426d6e0ca06d14d091a08c992aac7	There is an analogy in the movement towards the dark, and the terrible.
82ec7d6733daba070ca6586259bad15c7d5e1a8a	Gallka985 → 27.01.2013, 22:17
c58f75ef453e9725dd04c2fa667138e677400c6d	I read Edgar Poe avidly in my youth, but I became addicted because of the school curriculum - in the eighth grade, after school reading was a mandatory study of the work "The Golden Beetle".
981e63f329fe54c9fa9dd3620a29980388925153	I'll add a little to the article - a thirteen year old girl, his wife, this is his cousin Virginia.
bae660d2e20c73f58dd8045a7091b9dd62f308f1	Alisia → 22.01.2013, 14:21
3cabc0a558864dd2ce7e8c5057334b7146cf536f	I respect the masters of the short story, and especially Edgar Poe.
dda3240575c540d9fe0f59f2e04607798446b10e	It seems to me that if the circumstances of his life were not so tragic, then such poignant masterpieces would not have been born.
941fbef2d3172437e0edbec0217f464af52089e2	alesima → 22.01.2013, 14:02
f09dc1ae8215d0d9c6d17d1223697b82e147b843	After Poe's death, mysterious events related to the writer's personality did not stop.
cbcbddfabe792cfbabdc187616c2bf5aac094afe	Since January 19, 1949, on the writer's Birthday, on a strange man appeared at his grave for many decades, left red roses and a bottle of cognac.
d72143edeccfd43ad1462e00c58f1d520cd07e7f	Who he is and what connected him with Edgar still remains a mystery.
a8cb74fd9fd045f825e1e3abb9228280a4e86d15	sonja → 22.01.2013, 13:11
45c36f050a28d68ed067e6f63b0b3dcf32cb6a31	After all, talented people are never ordinary people, they each have their own "cockroaches", and Edgar Poe is no exception.
66a6d4f37fdfd341d5db1d0dfc352a965267a51e	Log in:
78b9fa32601ef3b5b05d414f98903f0b0a0181c2	Development and technologies
bc78451a7017a9f025b535d6bb5e9cbb2c4d4de8	How neat stacks of coins print paper money is undoubtedly beautiful and even very impressive, but when these same coins pull the pocket, it is not pleasant.
c84b371eb0f69a3eb8a89d53e20fb8045cfb5a21	But it's paper...
ebcf18c786af4efea50ec850a27fad417945a0ba	Technic
e2fd6fabd6b8e530d9449e220f6eae3a6c91623f	How mobile phones appeared Without a mobile phone - like without hands.
ec169cd39b3e19507da7a9a8f0fdb967acbbad6e	Moreover, very little time has passed since the appearance of this device.
e969c6c7032e2e2e926ebed8172347e2d3d936bc	If anyone remembers the first mobile phone, t...
aec8e9fee105e58b005ecc44ac673889d9006dca	Where does the dust come from No matter how often we clean the houses, there is always dust everywhere.
0455cbb35748c8a491cff29aa3a995c3d80ee32a	Covering horizontal surfaces with an even layer, gathering in a non flat layer...
5e26e8cbcab6b193f9511aa16ef3d2541bf7d75b	Always different
639ff5ff08523c6e59c6a76b4652ba6da7b3e4c4	When the British Commonwealth of Nations arose, the British Commonwealth is a rather curious phenomenon.
54807e52c07cd87a8f9dbb1db2d8e9c2d957a64a	On the one hand, the States that are part of it are independent.
87ff9dce2abaab682c231e721b6fc134e3af4f16	With another...
186d2151bd26676c2c341a50d402a1cc95fd7af0	Why do an MRI Every year, the methods of diagnosing various diseases are being improved.
411a291af39f8d839f6ff6d1fc2dcadcfcb5c562	Doctors get the opportunity to more accurately establish the diagnosis and nasna...
5cb5396772cb838c6ea2800d52a94301233c06f3	What made Solon famous Antiquity gave the modern world a lot of inventions, ideas and concepts.
9efa89383fcabf648474e09fbe8d129c441012bf	One of the main achievements of this era can be considered a legislator...
1a788cd727f97b4578e6b6622bdce578a5716df2	Why the light bulb is lit Lighting devices like splinters, candles and kerosene lamps have long been a thing of the past.
55f0743fd8dc23a86a197f905ae0d3863154db47	They were replaced by an incandescent lamp.
bec3b9ddf7fc347dd442d00aecd8b54b7b4a34ae	About that,...
b1d7f02f9bb2739974d53baab34cabd9c4e5c6b3	Copying of any materials without a link to the site www.poetomu.ru it is prohibited by law and is prosecuted by professional lawyers together with the prosecutor's office and the courts
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b0c2c30bcff5d4ba422fa686eaab58adf6ef9c2f	Arif Studio
1b78e7b180d5b1aecf344361e0317bf27e9bb2e2	Edgar Poe
e1d74c0bc301cdec697ac83348713e3735c783d3	website about the greatest American writer of the 19th century
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530afa5bce434b05e3a10e83ff2567f7f8622af9	Loading ...
a8c3f543148154ae0d66c421c6ac7994f2ad4a0e	Edgar Allan Poe is a great American writer and poet.
229720d4bf108cb8a8c4b0fc978932d96d99da25	He was also an editor, critic and creator of the detective fiction genre in literature.
824590fd9719f29916c87d6b1037667ec8131ded	A representative of American Romanticism.
11394cd7691583b60d0360d0beb8eb44c825bae5	Edgar Allan Poe was born on January 19, 1809 in Boston, USA.
ca82205e4b8b6b3d67e866a7cbabd1bf33639b31	His parents, actors of a traveling troupe, died when Edgar was only two years old.
fcf9a517e29e89455890adcdf43ba0e1fabe56a1	Edgar's mother, Elizabeth Arnold Poe, was English, Edgar's father, David Poe— was an American of Irish descent.
17e4d1706db5f07fd205476fd09f6d1f4ffb7d31	Edgar's childhood was spent in an environment quite rich.
fafb7aa0242d079c25613ebcfaca6131b405a6e7	The Allans spared no expense for his upbringing, and although sometimes their affairs were unsuccessful (sometimes they even threatened bankruptcy), the boy did not feel this: he was dressed "like a prince", he had his own horse, his own dogs.
91393a4ec413c06505ef4c362f7b89652e3b7de6	Edgar was sent to finish his education at the University in Richmond, then newly founded.
ae2c605c63c161a424a7f5d1e55a6e2b86e11219	Physically, Edgar was strong, participated in all the pranks of his comrades, and at the university in all their carousals.
a9a42b668898870eb4e9ae0400deeadd8cb8a281	Conscious of his superiority, he let others feel it.
379d8afd1ce789240d371ae9f15653d95c3bbae7	The life of wealth ended for Edgar when he was not even 17 years old.
659b2c36ac0d7689103756addee761c76e3f1364	He stayed at the university for only a year.
be69a579de782843015db94da58b29a690270555	In the autumn of 1826, there was a break between John Allan and his adopted son.
b7560a0a5a1088cd6f5a7c869f8acd66e847e33d	Now it is difficult to find out who was "to blame".
282ca9d475766809cde8f6551840527327e5980e	There is evidence unfavorable to Edgar.
0d36a21526d8d1a438e658f4e54a92323fb9dc7b	For example, it is confirmed that he forged bills with the signature of John Allan, that once, drunk, he said rude things to him, swung a stick at him, etc.
147a9b8358a9bc012ec0936fa2fb1698f3ed9ba8	On the other hand, it is not known what the brilliant young man suffered from a rich patron (John Allan received an unexpected inheritance that turned him into a millionaire), alien to the issues of art and poetry.
2b803d52917dc43189f88d55be886c765e73897d	Apparently, only Mrs. Allan sincerely loved Edgar, and her husband had long been dissatisfied with the eccentric foster child.
b96b599080e79875ac94a8abc22940ac2e6e672e	The reason for the quarrel was that Allan refused to pay Edgar's gambling debts.
d5ea863755f641b34e4f404532945171fabb4fdb	The young man considered them "debts of honor" and saw no other way to save this "honor" than to leave the rich house where he was brought up.
1d9d2008ed77aa1bed37169d77850e60a240610c	For Edgar Poe, a wandering life began.
5b2e53c1771e3bbd9c0b1715cbf08b44793841f4	After leaving the Allan house, he went to his native Boston, where, under the pseudonym "Bostonian", he published a collection of poems "Tamerlane and Other Poems", which was never published.
8b9352904a65c4605d637d33b0c7648ded30ee5b	This publication probably absorbed all the savings of the young man.
b3e3e1e3a4a3c4650976643fa356efe7bf7492ef	Having no shelter, he decided to take a steep step — and entered the army as a soldier under an assumed name.
955be5132f4be9ad6754f63305351c5d2878af4a	John Allan, perhaps at the request of his wife, took pity on the young man, paid for the hiring of a deputy and procured Edgar's release.
3f48bbb0e587e787e9226826a6d8c602861498c3	But when Edgar arrived in Richmond, he no longer found his patroness: Mrs. Allan had died a few days before (February 28, 1829).
52a3b76d0ff691c0b712bf890f8dedcf4a3e1d48	Having received his freedom, Poe turned back to poetry.
35f72aa759cfa9711896e51382b4216f23e94d13	The aspiring poet presented his poems to both Gwyn and Neil.
f05ae8506f53a4a69ecbc24349b1e4c37397b7b7	The review, with all the reservations, was the most favorable.
265cd44fb89fe005983a1f3d240e98827477f1f8	The result was that at the end of 1829, a collection of Poe's poems was published for the second time in Baltimore under his name, entitled "Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane and Small Poems".
09dfda3ff87ee4197f7411e1fa324bfa60826aa4	This time the book arrived in stores and in the editorial office, but it went unnoticed.
9a8b9462726e4077db1f63d383c8312c07b636f7	His foster father signed a commitment for him to serve in the army for five years.
941fc54565aeaffe57510c63386540ffb32375de	Edgar reluctantly went to the academy.
86a7d6d2e4277006b099baede05e92d30daadd74	He could not leave its walls in a normal manner.
cfb493e7bb0d1122d3d1fb57f98a126836938e9e	With his usual fervor, he took up the case and managed to get him expelled in March 1831.
d52564cc4c07324641cdd7f9ddf3912029e2af1b	With this, the young poet regained his freedom, but, of course, he again quarreled with John Allan.
e5a9660e46ae2976165737d004a1d0af7045dafa	From West Point, Edgar Poe went to New York, where he hurried to publish a third collection of poems, called, however, the "second edition": "Poems of Edgar A. Poe.
917c761678c4e848dc1ed3a9ca1dcd7d76ff1b7b	Second edition".
392324a37b01622ac2a36e503cf247ac7cc504a5	But they were extremely insignificant.
930aaece59145b675fc2f89a13c4371d8b72a321	Poe married his thirteen year old cousin, Virginia Klemm.
126eef77ceb4c5433d6fcec3998a17d6c16509c3	Her early death influenced some of the poet's works.
5ee20c3ff25e436612f8ed9ee17d3db34f454d43	In the summer of 1831, Edgar lived in Baltimore with his aunt Mrs. Klemm — the mother of that Virginia, who later became the poet's wife.
39820142eb679258d881b2c951668e0fc186c15a	Since the autumn of 1831, his traces have been lost.
3f50f63f9f2ea894548e993196a34dc5578597af	By the end of this period, Poe had reached extreme poverty.
87f08c346d5dd1df70ba26df31ceb9d8c1bd53c6	There is no doubt that the young poet worked a lot during these years.
11984135be7a006ff10510b64fd92f6158a87dff	He wrote a number of short stories — the best in the early period of his work.
d3cdfdc4dd1d6ba2a785d38245ff371415988c56	In the fall of 1833, the Baltimore Weekly announced a competition for the best short story and the best poem.
6fc948ba6ef7999e2de13f43caa85e9e28848757	Poe sent six short stories and an excerpt in verse "The Colosseum".
3a28d7de963e852862152b8ca004ad4f83af5401	The jury members unanimously recognized both the story and the poems of Edgar Poe as the best.
17f29636398ac750b79bc6beef1325be0aa179dc	However, not considering it possible to give two prizes to the same person, only the story "The Manuscript Found in a Bottle" was awarded, for which the author was given one hundred dollars.
4a7689d54fb3565f42e974c28c2f4bdd9e25ea0d	The money arrived in time.
27d8eaa240a6cb96e6af76c55d05c286af66942a	The author was literally starving.
82bc567b62750b47c5bde104a88ccc2f8045dad9	1830s — 1840s
f83929fb68fdfff414cfa53553d8bd28759ee273	However, soon a serious test awaited him.
079417d5ddbf3e944d11f39cc5c0fcc4a4863a16	Virginia's blood vessel burst after singing and she was near death (she was ill with tuberculosis).
7a70d46572d85ffc3268e08ae2f96a05584277be	In addition, in 1846, the New York magazine "Broadway Journal", with which he collaborated, closed, and Po lost his livelihood.
5e0ab9854b607bfdc4fb170ba15c2338598fbe89	The disastrous life resumed.
f50bf48378886d22bc46a6eccd76a317998f5fec	The last years of his life
54fec6d0285eac23ec42785e9678b02278d16278	The last years of Poe's life, 1847-1849, were years of tossing, half madness, high successes, sad falls and constant slander of enemies.
beb8db413df1c4720f66eb5f6e4635042a866acb	Virginia, dying, took an oath from Mrs. Shew, Edgar's friend, never to leave him.
450106a7b5b8f434b8be527d5cb71dc2fad8a7d5	Poe was still captivated by women, imagined that he was in love, there was even talk of marriage.
535d8af15e0a48394f20ac447114faf8e5cdc452	In life, he behaved strangely, but he managed to publish several more brilliant works.
b678823512ba2a9e22f05d512cd8e82266072768	But the illness was already destroying the poet's life; the fits of alcoholism became more and more painful, the nervousness increased almost to a mental disorder.
404847e7497b2427ae75959c212b79314308bb87	Mrs. Shew, who could not understand the poet's painful condition, found it necessary to withdraw from his life.
275932dd8d245fe7b09e6407b8fe4b79d55a1384	In the autumn of 1849, the end came.
b4b9b31fb8b87e991e4033490a340dd7dda33b78	Full of chimerical projects, considering himself a new groom, Edgar Poe gave a lecture on the "Poetic Principle"in Richmond in September of this year with great success.
2f2a458dc380a431abe911ad60c229e64aaba673	Poe left Richmond with $ 1,500 in his pocket.
2f8917e92eda13555a66fa503b2b127d1106aca2	What happened next remained a mystery.
a1bf662292797d96d0dd3d2c536f52c9996ad198	Maybe the poet fell under the influence of his illness; maybe the robbers drugged him.
cfb7a8786b6aad506c44765de52c77828cee23cd	Poe was found unconscious, robbed.
1a9f21df6490c13d92df472dc34659e312c032f7	He was brought to Baltimore, where Poe died in a hospital on October 7, 1849.
66f3ba2dea19eda2aceb48dfee356fc249bf195f	Comments on: VKontakte (45)
16cc38891ad408711635c4c60483ec2508db8014	Ordinary (22)
4db6a2e077dac958b0e2fac63fb28eee3afa4407	67 comment. to " Biography”
cfaf7519b9bce38cb84bc6090782d4dd3462c22c	Tatiana - Aug 24, 2010 | To answer
8dc5a0f9280e7bf2f198f1284ea2d58505863289	All geniuses are not recognized by the people…
bcc61891ddcd010a5e2bf258000f23346583162e	All geniuses are subject to vices…
437c0658c8a36ed2685f486c591e156546f1fd99	All geniuses are like this…
9e0ad779c3a8c144eb87ee958e635b71e25234af	All geniuses end up like this…
2426fdd8f8fd9e96673716cbbed80b5be7dfedb6	[Reply]
97311e8dcb4dd9054e59bdf9dde36a13245c264e	very interesting - May 16, 2011 | To answer
9577e79ca512e7fd47288f6da8bc0697dfe0068b	great biography!!
136667c905a41585fef243f9aa80662e17d19794	trumber..)
2e043d61b5fe32815422ea87195b2534c41aa6cd	- May 31, 2011 | To answer
53e15f7b3ac433ce7b6478b3d615549006c10e41	Guys, give me a link where you can find out more about his secret admirer who comes to his cemetery every year!
4688c899c5955f26a01fe44cd3785715cfa23a2d	Anastasia Arkadyevna Goncharuk - June 11, 2011 | To answer
01340cd5f61a6eb132569e084f577ed236aeab03	http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE For trumber..)
90f72e52a3e7e77da844929b1af067b8fac9789b	NORD - Jan 7, 2012 | Reply
c1d9014af1579c58d97935f8ec47743d78a11a75	Well, yes, everything is as usual… Wandering, alcoholism and grandiose projects… Lack of money and an overabundance of ideas...
1da46a50d198438ac8e3e68e6cd250f3613b4485	Although, it seems to me that this may be better than the other way around… It's more fun to live like this…
325c0c56da37a8f5fecf8f11e1ba3552f46fef34	Anastasiya - Jan 28, 2012 | Reply
2614542a8529353388ddfb06c5e70efb3a3627f4	in 2010, 2011, and 2012, an unknown fan did not appear at the grave of Edgar Poe.
4eb32f02d25253ba799f96e1ec9782fc00bb18db	dRon - Mar 9, 2012 | Reply
a27a61a86be30ee97891840555ec69aae6fda7d6	maybe he died
aa51731d6b1cc4aced636d2870ead1247e1cc0af	Mareritt - Mar 19, 2012 | Reply
3a56d58b52a7ba84bebd28a0c260e4be0faf0fb8	Tell me, where can I read about the identity of his wife?
47446c57daa87dad3991b003db4230339f3f9c4f	The only thing I know about Virginia is the dates of birth and death and that her image probably influenced the images of typical heroines - supernaturally gifted, slowly fading women.
cc345440cebcbb2635d94f6fd4416cdec3961c33	I would really like to know more about her personality and character.
c9d679904cbc0a3bba6fcb549cdf26ae99a0f175	I couldnot find any information on this question myself.
814cd0a4ebf6bf539508dc71a0bb8c998e8c709a	dRon - Mar 19, 2012 | Reply
938b45d450bf8326a436d56d727a184d92d51995	Here's a little bit: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CF%EE,_%C2%E8%F0%E4%E6%E8%ED%E8%FF_%DD%EB%E8%E7%E0_%CA%EB%E5%EC%EC
7900cbf5e0c8b3560fb769133c158d330aa9f12a	In English: http://www.findagrave.com/cgi bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=33076902
54c25a8c6b0f3ca4de4851e3bb0bb22823107bd9	Mareritt - Mar 20, 2012 | Reply
b15c267edcdf7a899b09257fea1c5c030171beb2	Yes, I read this info) But it just doesnot say anything about personality traits… I wonder if she was as educated and gifted as Ligeia or Morella?
3fb386d21f0804bceeb73c05f3790b8af1dc325a	Reno - Apr 17, 2012 / Reply
444719e481f38b79e7840d9e16bca46369439d5a	A curious movie was released — the RAVEN.
32dadc08e05278aa618a0d85aabb1af31f46fcea	About Edgard Poe, about his death and his stories.
43987c2306bc8011a1bfdbe3ef41f21fc597c3e9	A certain theory of his life.
aecd0fa28d0ea1b9f732edab453912e91d22d2e2	Yara Apr 17, 2012 / Reply
ab078497a899475d6651de8adf8280f7d0c8088d	I watched the movie "The Raven".
fde88ea48eb6c1cb3e6fc39aff8bba4ff320d8b9	Of course, I'm a little disappointed with the cheapness of the scenery, and the plot resembles (especially stylistically) the notorious "Sherlock Holmes" with Robert Downey Jr., but John Cusack plays great!
e21abb5dd10f9bd0038424dea5423315947ab1d6	I just fell in love with his special "Po" once again.
46bef0061b0bdb486ea2ddbc4d6085a981c6f204	A good version of the writer's death, which in reality has remained unknown.
f8fd76533c2887cea974e0afefc216d4ef1c4955	sToa - Apr 20, 2012 / Reply
526ddaf023792e459c32f70e2f91a6919861059a	The film is not bad enough, however, it is worth noting that the similarity with the biography of Mr. Poe is minimal, if at all present.
825cfd861f1b1224bc7520a1045a54694e6e2b5b	This can be treated simply as a "movie".
e67395270fe52dbca0f847a280ea2757329e02fb	Little Bitch - Jul 5, 2012 | Reply
311449846e2f1caa48d20d8ee66a128a5bfc070b	Anyway, Cusack is good.
b0aee05ecc47fbf7fae486c4a0fa71a266ef85a2	And I started to reread the Software after this movie.
91f3f7bb5496101520dfe1499dd7f6e940218ade	I think I'm not the only one.
96fab071198cd2fa251bbc4fa9479f52c0b2862c	Although, of course, there was no maniac to blame for Po's death.
390f3fbd947dc5357108e3750bd8389624858d74	I got drunk simply, with whom it is not necessary, from loneliness and as a result of heavy pockets.
6e61b8c78ea720a5cbdfaadd41bc39d27b4b14e6	It happens that way.
6b8335e0c41eeea20a3bad1c4b46ed437da752eb	They coveted easy money.
832034ebc0b67f0819e2096468be2c21b312cc51	Vera Sep 4, 2012 | Reply
e03947abc16f558ad5808956207b2ce66d542b94	Read Louis Bayard's book "The All Seeing Eye", there is a fascinating description of the period of Edgar Poe's training at the West Point Military Academy.
78d17919c6922add909a7b829b072cbed11f5315	Lora Sep 7, 2012 / Reply
bb4a7418b3fc76480f63cc40c1c046ba9cf9f509	I read this book.
89f8010206c0523de5e844bbd33481461ae4aa05	A brilliant invention.
ece809952fe338ab76c17636cb53901462669df6	gj Oct 30, 2012 / Reply
ddf502f3fe4de49a173ac7d30a35da95c2cbfc0a	copy paste from wikipedia
beec3b94772adfd9e50f424a4f4f21d80f27fe6a	[Reply] dRon replied: October 30th, 2012 at 12: 48 pm K. O.
d5897a0c812fd43ea0ebb56ab2b5ad8608bd2055	Sanya Nov 17, 2012 / Reply
1170a74c49dd2028e0faa5e14de498d68bb81013	Poe friends, give me an idea, in which films (not film adaptations) are the ideas of Edgar Poe embodied?
4b0239d157c16528f417ed6436228e963dfab8e0	MISTY - Jun 6, 2013 | Reply
69a42d52757976aa346acab7551ecf4394126c3f	Please tell me if there is a biography in the books, and if there is, who is the author (s)?
8fe69d8c59eea2ea382008a56db1b9b5004dd635	Katerina - Jan 3, 2016 | Reply
ae20fdfd7183aa78aa9977b90f20ce4ff95f8c05	The version of death described here is not correct.
f068182b8daad4d57f7fbb3b47bfcb045b956f26	Poe found a man lying on the street in Baltimore, on October 3, 1849, and a few days later he died in the hospital.
c7a14db77bba571fc30e00418628c965f8bdac62	Information from the Museum of E. Po in Richmond
59b51b486935dfc5de1ad644a4057280942025c1	Leave a comment or two
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852b438f91ad9eb2cdd84419a675a216d543c687	Read
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6a37a6819c4ca3f372deb6f18b6c9a7263df9d68	Letters
12fb755d9260d5432757975460a333ad4863ffb6	About Edgar Poe
1e0884d1c7a5bff043714e344c0259959c8e5749	Random quote
f45a37fd79553a5c16828b89b2bae4cdb911acf9	Contrary to common sense, we are constantly tempted to break the law just because it is forbidden.
b5228187b5409a298ac776092851e80197775353	- Edgar Poe
77003d07271f14977f2cf290c9d16c81e05ab6dd	Best
db5f09120d4e600bdb8e2263548abf94bf7a0846	Short Stories (Rating +492) Biography (Rating +270) Buried Alive (Rating +239) The raven.
e68ad62a6f04f6c75acdb93ce05a6fad790c5d45	Raven (Rating +215)
b1c246f16a8d763c18cd317cc62d0b1b3602b730	Annabel Lee.
40840f2dcfaa408d769ab01ef2c94f2fefab92d4	Annabel Lee (Rating +203) Black Cat (Rating +194) Without Breathing (Rating +193) A dream within a dream.
7e76f992caa03a2f77dffe405a81d4e3d9466699	Dream in a Dream (Rating +188) Books (Rating +156) The Mask of the Red Death (Rating +155) The Golden Beetle (Rating +148) Lenore.
48714c9b5a6df2ba80dd9bb38bdf295258f90f15	Linor (Rating +148)
f7026fbe7d5ee331a81ae190aeb1a6ff308a15a2	Murder on the Morgue Street (Rating +139) Poems (Rating +105) The Fall of the House of Usher (Rating +101) The Heart of the Accuser (Rating +80) Jump Jump (Rating +68) Dreams.
f57ce825eb0cf8e34faecae56c7c272263f0e060	Dreams (Rating +63)
dac330d68054232fbb4bfe5d95dcbc05ef8a9150	In death life (Rating +62) Scandalous life, mysterious death and the cult of Edgar Poe (Rating +62) Silence (Rating +60) Sonnet — silence.
a3e93bd001be282e6be0ad01823395057a01ae75	Silence (Rating +60)
fbdb76e174bb0f2086d2d21ebb84800b35c1c2ad	Oval portrait (Rating +59) The Stolen Letter (Rating +50) The Plague King (Rating +48)
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7e06cf1685142117975e7ae27478fa25c224703d	The scandalous life, mysterious death and the Cult of Edgar Poe
0b1c80a35838c4875aec87769587684a4e1332a2	(Rating +62)
27d32e9b9611396deed9d194eeb9ea99b969726e	There is an old cemetery “Old Western Burial Ground”in Baltimore.
9d301246e70ffd38cfcbd5922a43b9ad2ade59fd	From the point of view of American historians, it is considered one of the most interesting cemeteries located on the east coast of the United States.
d131d4bb0c501f2cf0bb540fdc6766f4666b0de9	The remains of many famous Americans are buried in his land: generals of the American Revolution and the Civil War; the grandfather of one of the US presidents – James Buchanan; five mayors of the city of Baltimore.
37f183a28b914ef83b1593b29cef394dfb5f108a	Edgar Allan Poe is buried in the same cemetery.
6337b6f2ab38865ad163f1c47081cba5920e1ebe	Not all burials are easy to find in the old cemetery, since the Presbyterian Church “Westminster Presbyterian Church "(now "Westminster Hall") was built a century after the first burials began on this land.
68b1ef9a409978c522800cb87c7250dbacb64851	Grave grave is located in the churchyard, while the oldest graves are located in the labyrinths of the underground catacombs, the corridors of which circle under the church building.
c9bbb21675010f6b589b8b286f553384a09b9065	Most of the territory of the cemetery is the one on which the grave is located, among other things, is located in the churchyard, while the oldest graves are in the labyrinths of underground catacombs, the corridors of which circle under the church building.
35ddfc3005c308425661146706f234ffdbda830f	This is the territory of spirits and ghosts.
38f26b5d64accc12ec6f40ace5826fedb91d4ac3	Strange things are happening here — in the realm of otherworldly forces that keep the peace and secrets of the”Old Western Churchyard".
f7995dcf120460b95a8fc1cc23b080d81af718aa	The most famous and still unsolved mystery of these places is connected with the appearance — 50 years ago — of a strange man in the cemetery.
3682720717e16ce5ba397257533a75c8c4155358	Taking off his bowler hat, he stands by the grave for a few minutes and walks away.
4b07b7c524a2c55d822cceb420e13021cb7aac13	There is a legend that it is the spirit of Edgar Poe who appears on his grave and disappears into the church catacombs.
85985d732a086305d3e60ee129b9397c60cd8046	However, those who have seen the man claim that he is quite real.
722eb609bacf53ad0b9aa03dedc431d31f5ee98a	Many people, including the curator of the Edgar Poe House Museum, Jeff Jerome, believe that the mysterious "decorator" is not one, but several people.
b5f7455ec5fec89dcd7c36717253994b486535ff	Jerome had personally seen a man whose hair was as white as snow.
bcf6c960f0e5b98b83b1a2bda750c272fa71f7a9	While other witnesses claim that the "decorator"is a brunette.
c0deaa041238dde347fb0112f0f9c2061852106f	It is possible that the second person is the son of the person who founded this annual ritual.
c9131156c2090682e0045edbe76c82e924415380	Interestingly, no one has ever tried to establish some kind of contact with the mysterious “decorator”.
211c328333c086b6d25a31af70d9557c28ced703	For some time, there were rumors that the mysterious man in black was Jerome himself.
cdae327c6e90972228ebb1ca22fbaadc2ec5cf05	Therefore, in 1983, Jerome specially invited 70 people to gather at midnight on January 19 at the cemetery and see for themselves the mysterious stranger.
28bf0dffb6405d1ba33da4db89b89602c64f2010	An hour after midnight, the observers saw a mysterious figure wrapped in black clothes walking through the cemetery, leaning on a cane.
6da0cd484101a030a2998f0b2a13876a79194743	At the eastern wall of the cemetery, the figure disappeared.
b94d65864e8c709a2a60ef9030e0c57ab87bbdab	And on Po's grave, as usual on this day, there were already roses and cognac.
8d722d5ed9d23613269dcbc12f979c8296b443bc	Driven by no desire to solve the mystery, but only to increase interest in it, Jerome invited a photographer from the famous magazine “LIFE” to try to capture a portrait of a stranger on film.
492d76ddcdd5caea5b366c418869d05247366474	The photographer, equipped with special photographic equipment for night shooting, arrived at the appointed time.
bd30d52fd9327b26ff91f65cc771fbbbeb6a9041	And in the July issue of “LIFE” for 1990, a photo of a kneeling man at the grave of Edgar Poe appeared.
8831a33833c87aab50a4e94b6080f8b5ebd27309	The stranger's face was not visible, because the shadow of the hat fell on it.
ecc19b203822c888b37911eae99e9697465a91b5	Since then, no one has been able to photograph this mysterious man again…
b0018727850b36b1d78a41b990f4d842024367ae	One of the most amazing facts in the history of American literature is an amazing, all encompassing hobby that can be called the "Cult of Poe".
30f5adee055f0e0f305010e2969be9f808d0b16f	The cult of the singer of "black romance”, a brilliant symbolist, a pioneer of the literary genre “mystical detective" - the American poet, writer, critic Edgar Poe began to progress rapidly after the poet's death.
b915ad105d3e9e04c66e936e8e2eaa0edab52f86	Edgar Allan Poe, born on January 19, 1809, died on October 7, 1849, at the age of 40.
9c587a3f7717ad36295517d1a16facf3704d3cc5	During Poe's lifetime, his contemporaries were unfair to his genius.
4c37d6fa305a1cac87986b99f1c05f63a8f3cf67	However, this is not surprising.
cc460f466294c7daa35d927a32306b65b8454537	The world is cruel and envious, jealous of someone else's talent, and fame usually comes to poets only after death.
a3326b16a8f6d6e06be415c93a31764e295466de	Something else is interesting: the rapid pace at which the society was seized by passion and even, in a sense, a morbid interest in the literature of Po.
763a1b0d2b8375ce98cda7ca3e2c99aaf88475db	Curiosity was fueled by the fact that during his lifetime the poet enjoyed a bad reputation in society, and Edgar's death occurred under equally gloomy and mysterious circumstances, the moods of which are filled with his poems and stories.
5618a56b3432700c2b319f99a8e89e93e6d6e3c1	Poe lived in Baltimore for several years, but in those tragic days preceding his death, he found himself in this city — passing through.
f4ccaa069a905b99e428350f0b4874bfb5bfba65	Poe was on his way to New York to meet his mother in law.
4f8a2580e175144bff60b5b4e54f41ccfdcc0279	The poet wanted to invite her to the state of Virginia — the city of Richmond, where he lived at that time – for a wedding with his childhood friend.
a38ac6025fefad654a4c2ec5ff19178312aa0de8	His first wife died of tuberculosis a few years before this event.
88d43cd8200aa9c14e00a4c9e7b789dfc34d771f	The journey ended tragically.
fd265cf07139b0c7d320ff5a2174890584c8fb6c	They say that Poe, who was taken to the hospital, was dressed in a suit “from someone else's shoulder”, looked dirty and beaten, raved and shouted the name “Reynolds!".
7c31a90027e2a99552c0a8655521951197ddbc81	By a strange irony, Poe died in Baltimore — the city where his literary career began in 1829.
4aed3ebaed69dfc9073ce32d2be5901dc2de2603	This year, he settled in a house on North Amity Street with his aunt and cousin Virginia Klemm – a young girl whom, six years later, he married.
070eed35f76cccd03a123ddb37c6af25a0aa552e	Poe's years in Baltimore were a time when he was extremely poor, borrowing money from friends and looked like the last poor man.
ab3a57b29f8ef6bf2e5541e8e45d6998215b6dea	He lived in a narrow room in the attic, to which a spiral staircase leads.
52a42d289c19b618e376e97637b50ece14822de2	The door to his room is so small that even people of average height are forced to bend down when entering.
5e94dc24fee146f82cbaf4307b9dc188695ea376	Those who have been in this house now a museum say that there is always an inexplicable cold in Po's room.
83e1067ed43cb9c0640202a5f268adf969f841c2	People believe that it is here that the spirit of Edgar Poe dwells.
fa6cc162ab9385a7045395c8549ea3521f6b5160	However, many eyewitnesses say that they saw the ghost of a large, gray haired woman dressed in a dress of the early 19th century in the Po house.
09644c8227f241a76e52b5493570b8e678255de6	From 1922 to 1949, this house was empty until the Edgar Poe Historical House Museum was organized in it.
e793bf43a69ecca50c529b1257ae824270ffb93b	Since the beginning of the 60s, people began to say that evil spirits live in this house.
fb22420c52d2a4611158f730268ff61135156867	Many visitors and employees of the museum heard strange, muffled voices, felt the touch of invisible hands on their skin, saw how the windows and doors of the house opened themselves.
faadac13e0cb195068765efd5e46792bcbf39cd7	"Po speaks from the grave” - this was the title of the message in the May 1853 issue of Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine.
8e634ba479e34c37d38d90a0e649f56ee6a29f72	In this provocative note, it was said that during a spiritual session, the medium made contact with the dead poet Mr. Poe, who dictated his new poem to the medium.
6a12551153db7903fa444e5969cce4230f83e419	The newspaper wrote: "We regret to admit that Edgar A. Poe, the author of The Raven” is still able to bring his ideas to society — in a spiritualistic way.
599e345c127fc3d97fca4db823b7e17e3784af28	His gloomy poems are still the fruit of a sick imagination.
ba0dc96ec1392a4aff380288fdea42c89a681c08	Mrs. Lydia Tenney from Georgetown (Massachusetts) came into spiritual contact with the deceased poet and he dictated his new poem to her.
d17039825c27b38efbed010b2eab84535daa0ac0	It's quite difficult to decide whether he smells of brandy, or something else ...
b260f8183c8e9c5fab0a81fa328bd20815d22c50	” And further, the lines allegedly transmitted to the medium by the dead poet are quoted.
0b0ca3934dc5fac70bb4c30d944e2e1c26aa6555	Moreover, it should be noted that they quite well reflect the style and mood of Poe's poetry.
505785625649518aa84c5953158ef6511c878d88	In any case, it is impossible not to admit that these lines were written by a rather talented person who skillfully imitated Poe: "Listen to me, I will tell you about the beautiful things — calmness and rage are intertwined in these thoughts, truth and passion that live in the human heart are in them.
4e43098b1439b272270f48e9978f3b2a8821c0a2	The question is – what drives the minds of millions?
29b7756752b7de42c3ac2c83a0d5d3c762bcd52c	What is the end and purpose of imagination?
59143687fabc6e63e015e03017d0681eb4bc3bed	And why did it enter into a person?
e923499e12fc3bbff4043f6259d3c47bbfc004e3	And what was MINE?
d51238c5c141d3b89f1a4f169cfa31dfd0985bae	But the whirlwind of our self consciousness is so rapidly circling, on the shore of which I, apparently, stood and could see: what was absorbed by it, and what was born again – and thorns, and jagged rocks, beautiful flowers – everything constantly disappeared in that whirlpool” (1)
ef35cb008ac74cd12983c7568fe71d7c31fc5f3f	The author who created the world famous poem "The Raven" was a victim of a fate even more strange and romantic, more gloomy and mysterious than his poetic imagination could create.
4b375d8e8b77c66c4e5c5154f07b969be97c52d3	“A person who carried such a sharpness and complexity in his heart, inevitably had to suffer deeply and die tragically, as it really happened” " (K. Balmont) The life of Edgar Poe is a song about grief and suffering.
782b70f33d1897cc15b163f68f8485afaf3239fe	His death – the death of an unfortunate man who ended his days in a charitable public hospital was not lamented, inglorious,not sung by his fellow writers.
080deb403835435f968014b7213270a150b7abb6	His funeral was extremely modest.
034561da7e68dac5ee1b68ff3d5b8b6c6523bf5d	The funeral procession consisted of only eight people, who buried the one whose name is immortal.
2bfdbfcbf74d9acd3b11c0679a386fe22221342f	During that humiliating funeral ceremony on October 8, 1849, no one could have imagined that only 25 years would pass and Edgar Poe would be known all over the world, calling this man one of the unique poets — a genius not only of American, but also of world literature.
3e2b2c521a1c161f692dbd2bf30b1cec74a66c84	”Columbus of new areas in the human soul, he was the first to consciously set out with the idea of introducing ugliness into the realm of beauty and, with the cunning of a wise magician, created the poetry of horror, "Konstantin Balmont said of Poe:" His poetry, which stands closest to our complex and sick soul, is the embodiment of a royal consciousness that looks with horror at the inevitability of wild chaos that surrounds it from all sides."
21b4d0feaaecc99e3a14079e49f497df301e1248	Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6
088f7ea20172fdc84d7dc84096f36b94588d6534	Comments on: VKontakte (5)
bab79f967218bf440f12b06068e8ce648ac48d5c	Regular (0)
7cfbf78cc826775cca3e48ba4bf03cc4edf53c4c	Gray hair is an archive of the past.
1f8046b6e46d4320a922cb4e2a7b61a5fafea240	Cosmetologists recommend strengthening face masks reviews, prices. .
3c6b01c7fbc45e7d38ad3f49aceb9d2aea5547db	Successful people do not possess any magic, they simply do not allow stress to control them, they are completely in control of their life and do everything to make it better every day.
ab8c3d7d1806d24b0f2c11f525f1e8cbb4f26bc7	Let's look at the following list of things that successful people categorically do not do.
c98cd96fc09aaf79f02e6387bfc4153930720c33	Therefore, if you are striving to become a positive and successful person, then the following points will definitely be useful to you.
2577443e6bca688d98dd6b01a3e08ed38a50e845	Have you ever thought that many problems have appeared in our lives because we invented them?
aa1f8e7eb654af7d49eed9ddc54a2e1eefdb4eeb	Successful people don't jump to conclusions, they know it's a bad idea.
d03df64f2703f5f29a12a4d7defc5df7a4127b61	They don't doubt people, they don't think (“And if he doesn't like me, what will they think of me?” ), that they are undeserved of their trust, instead they direct all their efforts to get to know these people.
31ace39903bccc4e95e370efb9b3947a2d36e89d	It is very easy to live surrounded by lies, as it can turn into such a force that, in the end, will make a person believe it.
a809a355b09cc81b0eb39a63473f51bf1ce0541d	If a person is positive, he looks directly into the eyes of the truth and lives in it, since for him justification can never become a tool for solving problems, but, on the contrary, aggravates his situation.
c01b0c738ca2f8d8aecf684791e9d50723400d09	They always understand exactly what happened and forgive in order to go forward with the lessons learned.
9be9e39267f773c48bcd01d8f25c3db8a8dc61e1	Everyone will agree that life's little things are very easily forgotten, but of course successful people are an exception.
5f2e67176d323bee4c527654278ed28e00374562	Successful people are grateful for all the benefits that they have, regardless of their size.
5d5c6b34ec5a94f328c328c55e1ecd41afdf8a17	They know that happiness does not depend on the size of their goods, and people should be happy with all the goods that they have.
d986f05b70881f1c8a3608060c2734d016c3fc7c	Successful people are always responsible for all their affairs.
0d44a2e1226cda5ba59141332e40cb15c234aeec	They know that only they are destined to become the smiths of their happiness, and they must be responsible for everything that happens to them.
c51d4355e8452fa93e7b6f60ce000c8f9935af7d	Successful people are never late, they don't justify themselves with a traffic jam, they don't say that they can't do something, they just do it.
63a9a8b383bb2cfdc826e3795a528581045c6e8c	There are no problems for them.
5236beb1f4a781034a0d898bcdfe88eba4856076	Successful people consider the problem a challenge, they do not think of it as a life difficulty.
c603e4a5717a32927a12ecf4b6e2e9dd4cdb70b6	Successful people always appreciate their efforts and strive to improve their opportunities and life.
05bde6c6190c05239d73c9c5fa16c013d9588e72	Successful people come to terms with the current circumstances.
31f2b14ce950057181eb11048925c968b6c8e1df	Many people consider our world a place of broken destinies, where broken hopes and failed ideas roam.
6762078346863474efa90e3780c582421d621073	However, successful people are well aware that nothing is impossible, and they adapt very easily to the circumstances that have arisen.
9ff8b5d307c2bc92d161cc562795eb4a71d9cb81	Successful people know perfectly well that nothing will turn out to be nothing.
cecef5d44f4c57e12b0d74ddc4adc8df01c9d418	They do not expect that one day fate will give them a gift, but with their persistent and hard work they achieve their goals.
3c6927a29c93ef320777e2998da75deea28163f2	Successful people are well aware that to achieve their goals, they can spend a little more time than they would like, however, achieving success is worth it.
2ef7378d4dbeee5f46013eda37d1861ed14a9637	Remember creativity, the desire to create, inspiration die of boredom.
4b0f1769e982b05ddb5fadff3c4c596ad04fa8d4	Successful people are inspired and fascinated by the world around them and study it with great enthusiasm.
053932a38b67bf5b19385afc07e7cb172b0f6a42	Successful people have high self-esteem, they do not compare themselves with other people, because they know that each person is unique in his own way and everyone has his own development.
44dbe428b166aa799f921f149aeacf72ebb2b76f	They do not look around, do not pay attention to the affairs of others, but are 100% confident in their business and are focused on it, directing all their diligence to improve their lives.
4ef4a189753d5c96af61428840f37f0e4b564845	Everyone strives for success, financial independence and stability in their life.
edfac91dcbaccab0e12d395101fe47821f46452b	Many people assume that for this you need to have a good capital to start your own business or buy luxury items that can supposedly add success in the eyes of others.
bf1a618c5d097603dbdab6a72255ec5436ae30bf	And only those people who believe that it is necessary to change themselves for this, really succeed.
ae4a628e15aa514751f13ad9c03784cccfb5adee	This article will discuss the secrets of the success of many famous people who told you where to start in order to lure good luck into your life.
907e84314dce227338546a3901f6421f55606dd2	But believe me, if you have already started reading this article, and have asked this question for yourself, then the path to success is open, because it lies through awareness and the desire to become better.
66a83d8a0d330e74063700745fa845f62320058d	The most important advice of all successful people, with which everyone started, is the advice to overcome their fear of public opinion.
7504e6a3adc2e57f176b2cee4ed75eacc5249262	It just so happens that we people are very dependent on the opinions of others.
bcb81be53dc9617bbfec2fa77c289d7d8f352594	And this is normal, because we live in a society, but most often it is the society itself that prevents us from achieving our goals and becoming better.
1754a800b658f5e113f0b38c6264e4da577f00bb	Put aside your doubts and trust only yourself, do not listen to those who will dissuade you from new projects and ideas.
f7168fabd72bd3ac40241b010706934050e55adf	You know better what you need to become successful.
9cd8b9b6f5a7b71a75be5334b91effa6de9fc76c	This is the first and most important rule, the realization that the opinion of others does not change anything and cannot influence you.
c25e509b14fd74d472038d2a7bc5209e12d97f5a	The next secret is the constant desire to improve yourself.
c143b8efa0d51ef673277d3127bd93805dcd0767	Every day you need to learn something new, watch informative and educational films, read books.
88dd1e366727cb31632d7b989e4d0997967c474b	Even with great enthusiasm and furious self-confidence, you will not achieve what you want.
1bcbb9cc00c6c894b75bc9c203ad2c8be9d674e1	Knowledge determines a lot, intelligence and the ability to use this knowledge determines everything.
3662dd98f4d8be5790be452759c091d48f1d0237	That is why, strive to be better than yesterday's self, do not stand on the same level.
2fd981227cc955381a83721e9ac3bc83caeac8f0	Moving forward, that's what will give you a great start on the path to success.
d7fb5ea2f636ba3c73ca10c4230875f9aa42069d	Every successful person has said at least once in his life that if it were not for his mistakes, he would not have achieved what he has.
58df5a18efa5ab0fbf27cfe50e74dbbcd7bded61	After all, mistakes not only sometimes lead us astray, moderate our ardor, but also teach us, make us stronger, and only those who learn to get the necessary lessons and invaluable experience from their mistakes will be able to rise above others and achieve even the most unprecedented goals.
eb1095354af1ecef584c83e2ea5893d7f9e22445	Accept your mistakes and mistakes as a part of yourself, and strive to make only the best out of them.
49a600d55b112ef0175f05c9d14315a28470f403	As strange as it may sound, but many successful people sooner or later came to the fact that they got rid of their bad habits.
df0caa9f882240a0e2725954126edd352d5fbff4	Because this is a real ballast in your life, which takes too much time, finances, and most often even health.
62ae66505816bfd4510984731314083d2f6f151b	If you want to devote your time as much as possible to useful things that will help you achieve your goal, then the sooner you get rid of most of your bad habits, the better for you.
1a31d3eb2dfcfd71835752f4fd2dabafb675f43e	You also have a great opportunity to surpass their results, having received such useful tips in your present.
10f88d43a735815e8bd52f5436e3dabee0307f6e	Since childhood, we have been told that to become a successful and rich person, you need to work extremely hard.
baa2682078cd976a3cfa5b6beb54b97e461e8970	Work day and night without rest, and fully devote yourself to your business.
84bb58ad20f11b65387b79ccc47d1c3272f2a69f	Books and films about successful people show only one side of their lives - and this is not true.
cf61848ff306dc8f71ab7cc6b58f0ad65cdd2c43	Their path to success is described superficially and besides, their life is embellished, they are credited with merits that they have never achieved.
107ce4414e24f10aee41cd16358ff70729b6cd92	Thus, we are reading an excellent manual for the future generation, but in reality everything is different.
d0dc559df5c0f67444d0411166d8191ade1bbccb	In fact, in real life, there are very few people who are ready to give up all entertainment, restrain themselves in everything, cut down even on food, sleep for 6 hours a day.
592e585c3adf5ef54f98fc77b50c21af4d5b144f	This is a kind of moral and everyday feat, such people are very rare.
154377cc2e39b748e2a013963911d11526776bdf	The most successful people on earth, talented businessmen, great composers, brilliant scientists, sculptors, writers rarely worked until they lost their pulse, unless of course the deadlines were tight.
f084a7e4d93cbaf4bda2c895a933ce1a91b4b32c	Sometimes even 4 hours a day is enough to achieve any of your goals!
984cae782209635f2e7b8158aaeaad998c616fcc	The main thing is not how many hours you have spent, but what kind of work you are doing.
d4fe6b382912bcf0972f199dad2875b0074bcaf0	We know that in factories at machine tools, people work for hours, sometimes in two shifts.
09c2ee95be7a1977cc31fd44dc2e3538c1aad86f	However, their salary is quite small, they work hard for money, the path to success is closed for them, you need to work for the development of ideas and earning capital.
7a08da1791548ba81cda3429faccff6e9b52bde6	If a person does not have a talent for drawing, he will not create anything worthwhile, even if you give him a month.
abd2bcd615df57a0ff123c3afb9ed2a3ce2fb078	Of course, you can try to write, draw and compose music, but without talent, no one will remember these works after death.
f69df28cb96729f2924e9a4b89a3d90edca4aa3b	Use resources that can save you valuable time.
532abf0d0238db7d1a2aee45444905b77798acae	Be able to delegate authority, for example, an inexperienced person always wants to do everything himself, since he believes that no one else will do it better, but a successful person will hire people to do, for example, work with papers, he understands that he can not do without it, but at the same time saves his time.
f1af4c698d132b394121604aad4a6d636364a2db	Any successful businessman will confirm that it takes the same amount of time to earn a million as it takes to earn $ 600 working as a waiter.
cb4247b6ac42b689bf6ed814cedc0150206ae854	Probably, every normal person wants to be successful and rich.
eb1e1ab9162e4d9f3a5afb3ff1ad54c1382ecbd6	But, unfortunately, only a small percentage of people realize this dream.
f5ecbd31cfaf18a8c3753b52e5f4d9dd2c6a5fac	Why do only 10% of the world's people achieve success and prosperity in life, earn a lot of money, and the remaining 90% earn only enough to survive and spend a modest leisure time?
ccc50d1817ab79a4088eb0c2d124013920a51e72	The first secret of a successful person you have heard many times is desire.
48800237715cdbbd041ab8f4bb2135d5bda87f47	It is important to be eager to raise your social level a step higher in order to achieve at least some heights.
504ec86c3d19f2b268af82d13b20b757dffbb54c	And it is necessary to burn with desire not for one day or two, but every day until you realize your goals.
d645ed569366c9ffcd0fc0fbfc356a3221f1b8dc	Agree, for any smart and rich person, there will always be a smarter and richer person.
d9eb06a26fcdfdfe07a32f16c12ef8e1126bea58	That is, before you start to crave something, first decide at what level of social status you will consider yourself successful and rich – when you will have several apartments and cars and a solid company at your disposal, or, for example, real estate abroad and a couple of islands in the Pacific Ocean.
bde1257796334a691bc207123cae95d69b810bf8	The second secret of success and wealth is closely related to the first – it is action.
5db5da4a5f351348005771df8488fe245987103a	If you want to achieve financial independence, then it is not enough to dream about this independence, you must also act towards the realization of the desire.
d6e6a91420d1895a792e88e896ca33417b591423	Even if at the moment you do not have the opportunity to increase your income, start with your education and discipline.
2c1a194c2cc917ec7a8369897d0e9cba52ac45b6	Every day, learn something new and useful to achieve the goal and try to remember it.
fa376a402cf4ad0b0b90834ab04767dc7fa087d8	The third secret of successful people is financial education or financial awareness.
33696e7ff5cf79e8db0189fe123370f832535d69	Every millionaire understands the world economy and has an idea about the directions and flows of funds.
adb267efdca41affbd8a592433da47a2e4104c3e	And every successful and rich person knows how to manage their money (where, how, why to invest money so that it becomes more, not less).
e5164778a00078030f4715212855ede15dcd061b	Even the most successful and talented person will not be able to become rich and successful the next day after he wanted it.
3c04143b01329d5ce6ec8f16b98b81f6e0f0aaa0	Of course, you always want to have everything at once, but often this approach to business does not lead to anything good.
8644e9afd0bdfdd9ea4afb9b7432c680fe0fbcda	The path to success and wealth is long and hard, be patient, and then you will achieve everything you want.
9179088d2d4abc6ec3645e1dbec3b9342f30e1ef	People who are going to the top of success and wealth should always be sure that they will succeed sooner or later.
261435a248548c6671be2f93e3aa0a4cc74d8b53	Successful people will never, under any circumstances, become discouraged and will not give up.
a6d2484a6ec24e250df68f8a9204d5f0dcfb1d06	Any defeat is considered as a step forward, towards your goal.
3860ce789eddc9eba74f11580ead07b37ecd3da2	The sixth secret that will lead you to wealth and a more beautiful life is the willingness to take risks.
f20f8c1be1d107c152daf4d141ee14ce95f6ef64	People who strive for a stable and peaceful life will never be rich.
1bdae5451642355b2cb1daf54efb0ca3c699d3c3	So here you have to choose-either take risks (mainly at the beginning of the journey) and sometimes make quick and difficult decisions with an unknown outcome of the situation, or from the very beginning find a permanent good income, arrange your own small comfort zone and not think about desires above your capabilities.
b8e4afe0ec0a44a9387607ac64ebad09b6d7ae73	The first secret of success that unites many people is hard work.
1ca7fa08cce7277aa87f53becaa35c3ccf2d2535	Most rich and successful people have achieved recognition thanks to hard work.
c32b2d13fe0f20c58e26e03ead84e0884c550b96	The second secret of success lies in the fact that successful people did what they loved and devoted a lot of time to it.
32b08381befc74632e25c9a501cd6322432da0ce	They literally spent days at work and constantly acted.
b4c121845087ae9d373aed45cc910cf3bc490739	It is patience that is an eventful moment, because very often people who were close to success threw what they started.
60d6f1ee07fccb228e6d2474411b5ca9e3623144	The fourth secret of success is confidence.
83bdc5850fb4719654350444dc9671bdc8d0f7d7	Confidence is already a big step towards a secure future.
9773f48d2492a4530651908aaee8925e28d31851	An insecure person will not even act and will passively observe others on the sidelines.
eebac054194ed915cdf6a553692e4116836896bf	The fifth secret of success is the absence of fear.
f8cb18bfc0ecfd2fe35433c25d30f40a55147390	There is no need to be afraid of making a mistake, getting rejected – this is exactly how rich people acted at the beginning of their journey.
c6072a632ceb7398e8f748c131b95a23186ed2b1	They were not bothered by circumstances, people, or money.
4338eee5bb818c4a43ff3b3cdf4f96eeaad4182c	They were not afraid of losing everything and being left with a broken trough.
00ab8744ba5f3a5835de905ad6d5ce5476f12ea1	To achieve success, such as you want, you need to dream and think about it.
5e47317967042d0294b394c2bd90fceb7097b6d9	You should dream of great success and constantly strive for it.
f701be2731b27bfc35f611c387c11da908b30738	It doesn't matter what tasks you set for yourself: to become rich and famous, successful and relatively free, the main thing is to clearly understand how to achieve this.
311b001f4d2fe7f89de217f581cc058c44ce9795	But this does not mean that complete success is enough only to dream, it is necessary to act.
093d1ab879dc2c7993197c203390ffb01f494feb	Think and understand: what your business will look like in a year, two, ten years.
98cf2a759a64a488becaa22d902590a7643e7360	What happens if you earn a million dollars, two, etc.?
2a1e41ac0328824ee72478efa6eb5b0e8145b58d	Successful entrepreneurs have the ability to believe in themselves, their strengths and capabilities, and never doubt that what they dream of is achievable.
28dcb0aa57ad3046290f4f714b2dd91c3b389ccd	Management gurus constantly teach entrepreneurs to cultivate the power of visualizing their own capabilities – to see themselves successful, always and in everything.
739c602e42970aa994d68737b2d06504262767fd	Starting your own business, you consciously agree to change your life, or part of it.
6a0561304871a592c11c107a8718909f56a5a446	To achieve these changes, you need to develop or identify an intense desire to change the current state of things.
b574ca861ad47dcce980e2abd35ff66c109ee809	Success comes easily if you love what you are doing.
dbbb985e52374305189afb94a230199724e99b83	If you do not like the business you are doing, then you do not care about the success of this business.
97b097cae58c30d42ef97984f8d464ef55518b15	YOU are not ready to sacrifice your personal time for the sake of an unloved business, and if you have a choice: stop the lesson or continue, I am sure you will stop it.
75afec456ab583a700ed4d7d84194c78f373b73c	Successful entrepreneurs can work for 15-16 hours a day and not even pay attention to this mode of work.
e29786ee1f166b6dc9df2a2f62dff97a16f0fedb	Because they are doing what they love.
9976457cfd5e25295ca1d45e7a1acff989d95b5a	Let's be honest and understand that it is impossible to understand everything and be an expert in all areas.
2af83c31a53c43134ccdd1a45a74c32017e94800	But every person has such abilities and sides of character that can be called outstanding.
48348a5929c8fa4ff78189ae2b0efcd0a430ff5e	To be effective, you need to focus on your strengths on what you do best.
e04b5a963904cbd23497fe1a1a3f0c3de85c23f2	You can be a good marketer of your future business and hardly understand accounting, you can easily establish communications with any stranger and at the same time completely poorly navigate the tax legislation.
24571b5da0a824584c537fa689482036c683ff73	Both in the first and in the second case, you need to further develop your abilities in the field of marketing and communications, and to solve accounting problems, hire a cool specialist.
9b9da2e0497d37046438e659a41e2962e362ad6f	But at the same time, you will still have to make every effort to complete training in taxation and accounting.
3cde1cf6605fe22b7a49b8aad6322302fbf7ba97	This does not mean that you should "break into a closed door" or break through walls with your head.
b906f1fc8d41da29a0645f371e11da203ae11fa2	It is necessary to look for other ways and solutions, but the task of achieving your goals must be achieved in any case.
78fc2246ed66b81e9b6775f88bbc4b01a35ec6a2	As an entrepreneur, you must believe in your goals and believe in the possibility of achieving them.
d005821b9862b8e09f9a8305087cc0bc3510c119	Self development Self improvement Personal growth
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f83be39ddcb94d40db0c59e00c947187e8e9e464	Secrets of successful and rich people
b307594d66926e85cf938440f136a6afda263f83	What is the secret of successful and rich people?
72059bdc5af8b962d728a20e269c9fbb5ac67ea1	The fifth secret of successful people is confidence and optimism.
c9fe9db08858e0f6992196562c8426e3c647afc3	So here you have to choose either take risks (mainly at the beginning of the journey) and sometimes make quick and difficult decisions with an unknown outcome of the situation, or from the very beginning find a permanent good income, arrange your own small comfort zone and not think about desires above your capabilities.
f7e72272ddca815e16d1112f18c0fbb71e82b409	And the last, seventh secret of rich and successful people is hard work.
eeb27c2bc1e23a0e49973a2550f8dc533c5cf1a1	Once it was the birthday of a Chinese billionaire (it was not so long ago, nowadays), he was walking through the streets of the city and met a group of children.
1db8d69ff3d75da8d3daa2436021a90bacd78e95	The children surrounded him and said: "We want to become as successful and rich as you.
dfb0e53dc8b2ea8e7bd25db940678835b71a6f31	What is your secret?
83147e05801681c2444c37dfe7ea33c788cce432	What do you need to do to earn a lot of money?
3976df7b2a32ac9526c745ce28e61d79b62a9639	"To which the billionaire replied:" There is no secret in achieving wealth and success.
ce6cf0fec8b81e236b15caef9a720dcce5319eb1	We just need to work, work and work again."
50afa1363fbfb725910b1cf57d8cb2ccb7e5f506	Work on yourself and never give up on your dreams.
54f2c24fae93d7ee682f64127d2decfe0b99d2f2	And you will definitely succeed!
18412440c682dbd3bf38e922769c3f05f83df775	View the discussion thread.
c4e457c53ff9b85b70eefcfe33ca32f26d0728ed	Secrets of Thomas Lipton's success What can a simple English boy and the most recognizable tea brand in the world have in common?
4228bdc30dbf3f1477c4b920c7b008cac264fac0	It turns out a lot!
39ef08d1ad68a71974e06c5d9534ab785a7c11e3	After all, the same boy from England who came to America at the age of 15 to work and will become the most famous tea magnate Thomas Johnson Lipton.
f1ed9228c71ce54d62c2e26efc4770ff5fec1005	Lillian Vernon: "Business is not work!"
42b7164e2873c2a4a035c46c257c26d2e8a03958	No one will be surprised by a woman entrepreneur today, although those ladies who managed to make a considerable fortune with their work can really be counted on their fingers.
94e34ba37998b321ba2899d2137582efea518848	And the heroine of our today's material is just one of such successful businesswomen.
ca65b6fc0aca0dd572c08640868d49ab4eb84685	Think like Warren Buffett, you can find a lot of information about how to become a successful person, because often people who have achieved success in their lives do not skimp on sharing with the world the secrets of achieving heights.
06c6d7832aa1e8a61d7607c3c663092d898b70b4	In the same material, we suggest that you adopt the way of thinking of billionaire Warren Buffett.
bcd3e979fa1815c072714ccc2a458f7dda0e6d12	21 lessons from Steve Jobs It is impossible not to envy the success of Steve Jobs, because he achieved all the goals set for himself.
a9e051301db4380cde5e430dd4db8d2340c69eca	But what helped him to pass the thorny path to the top and become someone who will be considered a role model for a long time by computer geniuses, businessmen and many others?
c24b614deb87d5206608a10ed70f6e7763321d6a	Who is a cheater?
0a7e3356618806f686b7633346ce26f80b6dbd40	A cheater is a fraudster who uses dishonest methods in computer games.
739520eb75265733c9e78376ac52a10e3b5e1ca9	He can achieve special advantages by gaining access to the source codes of the game files.
2af4e5fac1092332eaa873aa320bd70c2ab53fd2	Other players are fighting with cheaters, claiming violations to technical support, and thus taking the cheater out of the game.
37a0a774244bc7b24d1cc005b1b5e6c87f9d43cb	How does a woman love?
b98aa0c0df7785e4dadcc468809bcac5e385973c	How a woman loves is not an idle question and many men would like to get an answer to it.
5aff7efcfe3592dd086832aafdef92ae89e23d6c	Her love is like a hurricane, gaining more and more strength every day.
a1fb6ec76831b8687ae678ce523e0a302dac5613	For her beloved, she becomes both a mother and a wife, a friend, a lover, a keeper of the family hearth.
976908a2db03b7669f176d6e05564fcc25e2ca41	How to take whey protein?
73fa262508d9220decda4e6e8a3caf17b973da3b	Whey protein, or rather its isolate, is the most preferred option, both when gaining muscle mass and when losing weight.
c3a2947fb5389f2043e91d77c81533f18065cebd	During the period of intensive training, it will not allow the muscles to "burn out" and will help to recover faster.
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d7452297262380c93ff0b9957f71bf79e3515862	How to become independent
f605bc7d4cce6b1c1cbaa9ff931604b70671b219	How to learn to think
309df2cf5349fce9365cab5c3d91a1efdd6f1cab	Positive thinking
a80ee5069569a19f96dbbf9c5ab0cd26f6f725d7	Developing the imagination
29fc9349299562f283dc2cb0764a3bac5ea88012	How to stop feeling sorry for yourself
c57b3d0c534617e9da90731c003fdefab4898ebb	The power of the subconscious
8676814f698286717664f5e9edff0dd3142b42fb	How to respect yourself
0259e90954e46c8f21c5f27be9e9b7813418fc53	How to get rid of negativity
eb556e8b6736639a9442b1689399db9c5f96ba03	Success is the Secret of Success
2b44185de4780f01e850a330afce5cb0c9ac0dea	How to get rich
d26071bc411e2ad38d5c6b78a75c09df1ab991ae	How to deal with fatigue
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46e63d15356296d62e57bfad66015e2da9c674f2	Business from scratch
7e75782b33e6c8a72a6c38842d1cc5d05a65d1c0	The Secret of Success
eb2eac270456c9c1e9bf34c40b4083bf545d2b86	Attracting good luck
30da2e07928aac30ba8dc7069c8ed2795c7663d5	Inspiration of all the most pure Quotes and aphorisms
10bc0d5fc194615cf964c99fe8a5b012772abe04	What is the secret of happiness
a6b9654e093d855dcdb1bb237282d176dbff8a9b	People who are nearby
43c4badd9c001ec693cd4f0fc25d80728cadb4b0	Bring good things with you
1ac81f51bc2c97f05a2a43478e7313356b34d380	All the secret will be revealed one day
04f733343843a4759ddf657db31d99797b8c299e	Quotes and aphorisms
8c448321ab90dcce6f54d3786179a62e25af4a68	You are needed where you are now
5371602da1741653a1bbd6c640333214531ddf49	Donot live in the past
2f3345a3d3604f1fbaeec471b23fc3dc5f0dec21	Proverbs
0fc5c3191b3a79aeca916751d7b1f48b8b1d051b	Herd instinct
c8edbb5b8d23220cbd8268fc3241e045136d0667	Truth
6ba5250fbfb520646da8910eec767d3e269b2cb2	Avarice of a bird
7113ea7d17876321c013dfb0033db51b7342ea50	What is important
77758391ac25922f4aad62805996203e9b0875d8	Vases of the Emperor
071889f5c094b121f6a4e48091a6f8cca9b9ff34	Life from a clean slate
41b07641e043553f0fe6d603a4dff87abc63bc75	Psychology of relationships
a17a0ee4699c42bd41aaee31d8fb9abcde7cdf7f	Personal space
f44cde72191b73b8648655a760bd15b9ae3de15c	Attitude to life
50931e37d78e3e7b4288810e364ab7f44927176f	Incredible juggling.
37893d7a189046a290be603aa05fb3e8fc63fe24	You havenot seen anything like this yet
8f00fc141dccc0685889df27ae7f8d02b918f737	A two year old robber
41684cbb8975af07ee4cf9489cd915607ab4306f	A prank after which you still need a lot of time to recover
9b2a2b5179379412abc4cf9937e56666cb318583	The guardian of Buckingham Palace fell in front of many tourists
ed1123692ca0e1c3bf321199982b712e210b3628	A unique experiment to identify the connection between children and parents
a6e749d7b0112bc8e1e43395543834367878ce30	Interesting
a4bfe7669654edc5eafca4e3f506f2cd1ddc3e8b	How to know yourself
f1173630fc12a9bbc8ecc8789a152666c98c985e	How to relieve stress
4bae707ff433fb323e65462a20c47284ffb95752	Self doubt
572794939bdc00f5c269335ece5224b322ae7041	The power of persuasion
cfe0d80d6c3497d1b915483abdd178a7f7ca006c	How to become happy
ed8b616ff10501a72160c15f7f15ad805ff2ee30	Home Success Is The Secret Of Success
477f3a331f56abb255e92c75d4685177800e306f	13 Principles of successful people Quote of the Day BECOME our AUTHOR, send your posts, and we will publish the best of them on our website!!! usp.secrety@gmail.com
3add3d609e00c850bfb21623af2da6b0ceab9cb0	You canot win if you only defend yourself.
9a79988a2b7f3d7cd625b48770bf8c1b0243e78c	To win, you need to go on the attack.
e5654621015d3928076250e35c86757bed7e72cd	Success Is the Secret of Success
4fde0cc21cdd834a0bf115d9ddce7ecdfe5b1f71	13 Principles of successful People Apr 23, 2015 0 20313
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65cd45ec3349d81c3695bdf45885903b556db06c	Successful people donot jump to conclusions, they know it's a bad idea.
1095abd544ce111e96bccc7032b82c7f48baea2f	They donot doubt people, they donot think
805555772be641ec13d8a4a133377f9160c39c57	(“And if he doesnot like me, what will they think of me?”
7bc1a99789058619f23e29ee975c61adca984133	), that they are undeserved of their trust, instead they direct all their efforts to get to know these people.
7dab0bf8748b1b0aca8c395a753fb5a25400a889	Successful people do not hold a grudge.
9e58042e95784619981d8c26c3126bba1ef4d73c	They, of course, know that resentment is a source of negative emotions and the cause of life's disappointments, and therefore successful people quickly get rid of it.
3603ecf2ea9bc0413487d8a828867e52a92d70c3	Successful people are never late, they donot justify themselves with a traffic jam, they donot say that they canot do something, they just do it.
43dea6b5b89a403bfea71639d1474ffcccfbc544	They know that all such obstacles contribute to getting the best.
eeb7a57ea1a16f74effe9accd068471774ae9d42	Successful people have high self esteem, they do not compare themselves with other people, because they know that each person is unique in his own way and everyone has his own development.
3cf9e798208aecae9568752839aea5f71f1a3f3f	Because of failure, they almost do not suffer.
982e194e18d743c480ecaff668037a4f4d00639d	For positive minded people, failure is not a reason to suffer and try not to overtake him at any cost.
922c38bb898abf640543adff3859868a724ef754	Failure should be viewed from the point of view of the beginning of new opportunities.
9068d804dd9e18014245309f914a6cdd171ac304	For successful people, failure is an assistant to achieving success, thanks to which they learn new things and grow.
4fde19f20f11305ac0e2ccce4cc03a0bd1dc421b	Successful people do not use rose colored glasses to look at our world with you.
2561c830a736fc3bdc3cc9d18b3d1e06efacc820	They do not dwell on the past, already accomplished deeds and ideals, because they understand perfectly well that it is pointless.
c973ee3ff9469b082303be2d66871691e1c0f707	Did you think, for example, that today is a great day to start sports classes, or something else?
85a0547b1839782af2d6cf98cbd92ba8090fca1e	There is no ideal time to do something, you need to understand that we are right here and right now, and start acting.
363b9101b8a285bda0cd56eeb97e110499435243	They donot spend time with people who are harmful.
d99533498538360947d2bb0055f0e98fd6c3d4d4	Successful people do not allow someone to adversely affect them and pull them down.
f842700b346e97fd17ce83f5e41180e22470dce0	On the contrary, they try to surround themselves with positive and positive people who will help them become better, whom they want to strive for and who could become ideal role models.
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48e85e4b7090224f9509156b66a32618bbea812b	5 things you need to have time to do in the morning
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f313c39ff962039b34252bf585c92ec058616c8e	Home / Useful knowledge / 10 secrets of successful entrepreneurs
b608e553652d3bc40148a3f485c31628e9f25c42	10 secrets of successful entrepreneurs
4ac51215aee829348cdc00a4a49344e037145645	Author: Alexander Dolgoruky
c57272a165d150dbd324c06623ba8cf01c2ef466	Making a decision to create your own business is a very responsible and not easy step.
fd4ad3c1b4c34ba0f97b60a3e71ecffd3f2e9f01	The decision can be instantaneous and spontaneous, or on the contrary, long and forced, but we must understand that the path that a novice entrepreneur has to go through is difficult and long.
8b4f00a0935fbbfcd750e978c24bb63fda875b4d	This is the path of a person who is not afraid to take full responsibility for the business, for the people who will help you, for decisions and possible mistakes.
4f50cf455f7de2b018aa7007c99ca9e715b890bf	Compared to the relatively safe and comfortable work of an employee, your own business will plunge you into the uninsured space of impermanence and the lack of a guaranteed salary.
6e67c9aa7a375c1108a17f214ad03c4c4486b15a	So what qualities should the owner of his own successful business have?
453c83d1d60a6a8cea96d5787f4c4293dd8f1654	How do I find out for myself if I can become an entrepreneur?
f0a7a8de5e3f64f5499ab9008f30e1ef2c554ed5	Although there is no exact formula for success and a secret code by which you can become an entrepreneur, but as numerous studies conducted with the owners of successful businesses have shown, there is a certain pattern.
dc3e6c8fd007e40b943ffa70148731d8490f23ce	We will try to formulate those characteristic qualities in the number of 10 secrets that a novice entrepreneur must necessarily possess.
1df84fe32227af31b78c9bdadb80d1080c54c771	Check if you have these qualities.
7663e57dc35f5080ed2048f88c1e32afecb2623b	1. Think and dream about success.
b971d8fa072a011639c1877da58253bb0f998b42	It doesnot matter what tasks you set for yourself: to become rich and famous, successful and relatively free, the main thing is to clearly understand how to achieve this.
957cd841f26814e97cfa4dd0868b99e543e95e2c	You should actively visualize your dreams, to the state of "you can touch, you can see" the results of your activities.
d5ff86fe202907ca9665a3a0f2a105e2c2ca19e0	Reproduce your dreams in your own brain constantly.
4211c346e0a4a55ca2ed244474e2dab87ed8c21a	What happens if you earn a million dollars, two, etc.? Successful entrepreneurs have the ability to believe in themselves, their strengths and capabilities, and never doubt that what they dream of is achievable.
8ad359a5ccca74c15bafd7ca39cd08fd5e483f7b	If you dream of becoming a famous writer, imagine yourself in the crowd of your fans who dream of getting your autograph.
27d568111cdf5ce701f7918cbf2a94575e04b7a3	If you want to become rich, imagine your luxury car standing in front of the front entrance of your country villa.
2c0dec1a52e9d8162d1476bd5fd641847b921909	And this is the process of foreseeing future success, it will fuel your daily activity.
f5a93900f6e621f954e7ee4bad9435f08aa8a294	So if you want to become rich, say to yourself constantly: "I will definitely be rich."
d8ffb74af490b0f2efaa83d28e9efb28370ce52b	This simple method will strengthen your goal, and will keep it fresh throughout your life.
842aef3fb31176181381ea83549a368ddccfcfa7	2. Do with love and love what you are doing.
0298e1e01b2646395bbf7dbe245d1ffa6d8ba28a	By the fact that we are uncompromising in our desire to achieve the goal with the help of things that we love.
57c5e7088e8478c63614a8a640a9a30a63fa28cd	You can be super competent in what you do, but if you do not like this activity, you will not achieve success for one simple reason – You are constantly waiting for the end of your favorite business.
35084a746f2a3d7ba857edb85e1b5488ea2d89be	How to achieve personal success not only in business, but also in life?
7a9704a8da5319eb63b8455c45ea87ec4c2fbd5c	A small parting word to future entrepreneurs in the article: "How to achieve personal success?
ea79b24010412ab94bb9b9066445f09e5bf587be	Achieving the set goals"
d9073fd3e13cb83bc63cef2137f37ab222e90489	3. Focus on your greatest strengths.
86e5208c27fe15c06ecaa4f20ef21e9db88640c9	This is unrealistic.
95bd49fccf4aac5bdc84ad628dc575dff3372bef	Each of us has weaknesses and strengths.
d8547fcd0f7ca236bdaa0caba4abde0b63bab984	It wonot hurt.
61b995e2171a506a5fb138be01c49a042a748ae8	4. Never give up on your goals.
f9d6978b37c157114e6b8a8b59ffa877410a0d9c	In the novel "Fountainhead", Ayn Rand writes: "It is not in the nature of a person to begin to refuse."
e64af1fe24121d66fdbe0fc55c316370d853aca3	Think about how to improve the situation, the environment in order to achieve positive results.
93e8ea569b98144e28b364784cc898a416ce43d8	You must believe in yourself and your business without a shadow of doubt.
d6d9671b61da7f1120751bfe36994ce3a551f6ed	The higher your self esteem and faith in your entrepreneurial abilities, the faster you will achieve success.
6741f1364aad5e6ec7a0d6ab9e644f9b3f65a50f	However, your confidence should be balanced with calculated risks, which must be determined even before starting a new business.
5f200dabfbce7fc7b9ff4b2272973212160693e9	Successful entrepreneurs are those who analyze the business situation every day, every hour and minimize risks in pursuit of profit.
c247848222f396d744209523bbbde6c2fb3ad410	They are successful because they constantly say: "No character, no victories, no glory"!
f761a325cda492013cd434735dbf1fa7e506aef5	5. Continuous planning.
81a6895061d4f15f802eac4f1d2296bb39489218	And so you have a vision of your future business, enough faith in yourself and your abilities, goals are defined and the price of victory is determined.
a901aaa90506ee72c08d3ac71e09d49432d40682	But do you know how to achieve your goals?
154a473128705c6e09656ecee47dadef1b0901ce	Do you have a clear plan of achievement, written on paper verbatim?
2484239eb0d80dc9092786c2c416ac838db7b0ae	In writing, with a clearly defined algorithm of actions, and not in the form of fantasies and dreams?
cbe4c175708d180f12acd0b83ce4d7d91598fd90	You should plan every day in such a way that your plans contribute to achieving the main, general line of your success.
bf9f03984f4a1da9fe07c9b5b0aab695401090b6	Intensive orientation in everyday affairs is inherent in every successful entrepreneur.
2ce9167c131ec912665c1ebe2765e9897c67f1c5	The ability to constantly set goals and make plans to achieve these goals with real cases are mandatory factors for achieving success in business.
207db4bc573c5bb4340519a45255281e75812003	Plan, plan, and plan again this rule will help you avoid major mistakes and obvious defeats.
4393df451fd9e6acf111c927248f6983192de4dd	6. Work hard!
a697e409cdfde41bab37cecdb6f2ced5d6024de4	Every successful entrepreneur works quite a lot, especially at the beginning of the formation of a business.
b862e569de50f1666d8e27e03f7486b44ed64a7e	No one achieves success in business by sitting in the country and spitting at the ceiling.
4edc1fdab95d0b30a54c23d8ca33b7a4769c9927	Brian Tracy describes the life of an entrepreneur like this: "In order to survive, you need to work eight hours a day, in order to succeed – 24"!
63c236303f7b8e8fc576b3be501de1a4d6dcee59	Ask any successful entrepreneur, and he will tell you that you need to work very hard for success.
0ab9587f4a5636e1b32120c51a49db4f1e8dc244	Be ready to say goodbye for a long time to many hobbies and habits that you got used to in your "past" life.
e7a597265a2efdfc0a671fd85a7e1816bd8b83a9	Most likely, you will no longer have time for parties with friends, for trips out of town on weekends, frequent meetings with your loved ones, etc.
a63e3ece21894e98fb6e2d0515c9e6cd2420e890	This is especially true for the period of the birth and formation of your business.
89540012ad584e48b97a3d728ce2d7a68906ffd2	7. Expand your contacts.
70122a1ad4e8f2c2978f0ceb62c0a1dd59eff245	In a business, a lot depends not only on its owner, but also on the team that the owner created.
41beedc78152fde156e6d45898b1a24ba0f9c187	From the management team, the board of directors, and strategic partners.
9a527ead9f217d302f1973862990eded1a3e61b8	Business always needs help from various people, communities, specialized groups and associations.
0ad46ae7533d28b132b0efa5f9fbb328d1b1e82a	It is important for an entrepreneur to communicate a lot, make business contacts, be sociable and sociable.
6d600bb0cf44fff66d4ee93115fb8582a2b4be1f	You should be able to form not only management teams, but also form alliances from your partners and even competitors.
934e556a0b4488155d3049ba3fc74fd6e9e9dc72	To succeed in business, you must have the skills to effectively expand your contacts.
ddecabd2020b0d0d2d301b9519bcdb3141373a3e	Success in business is also success in life.
e85a197cefa3a79a2977d21b5782183df6771c92	Yes, a successful entrepreneur has to work hard to achieve success, but all his labors will be rewarded with freedom!
9405d74742993556e540f92e6b7fb57a13714b77	Freedom of choice, freedom of deliberate actions.
585778fb3ce4d0c275030bb8e4a5db3f8c0f2509	See how profitable it is to buy real estate in Spain.
570ef8e5eb6a113b3195ea45503822b9b97f29f8	8. To want to constantly learn.
d2fc371ba4b6ef820663d7666cebc1fa443c9d0f	You do not need to have an academic degree, a master's degree or an MBA degree in order to build a successful business.
5ba6049994ba7d72476f1110d63fa9b5a144a000	There are a lot of successful entrepreneurs in the world who do not even have a higher education.
f774d3609311025ad7c7b80d2f68e0ef3d2181d8	Numerous studies show that the most successful millionaires have an average level of intelligence.
0f74350284990c03448111fe27c18b9a93c01b24	Nevertheless, these people have achieved a very serious position in business, in society and have realized themselves as individuals and as entrepreneurs.
5cb3e5b4c983e96f353c65e416ecdd99cd857d66	They achieved their personal and financial goals because they were always ready to learn.
d1ab9ad7ab7f44b5fffb9b0d65fb82a1e51491c3	To achieve success, you must learn not to hesitate to ask questions, be interested in the subtleties and be always open to new knowledge.
d8dee77490d614be68adfdcb490af710b31ebe9e	This desire is all the more necessary for an entrepreneur in the age of high technologies and rapidly changing, from a technological point of view, business methods.
e1bc9d64ec0abd59a2a7b5efcc3d6c25b76c7e56	9. Perseverance and faith.
b7a8123064f6cac324053b3825b318740084de9d	No one says that the path to success is simple.
8956d2cfd2968496990bb4649e7d8fbb8c1bd194	Despite the fact that you do not always want to work hard and the hard work of an entrepreneur tires you, you must fight and achieve your goals.
55d1ffcf2f8a0b433852e1de5ffd00ce786eb570	Some successful entrepreneurs, before they achieved success, suffered a lot from failures and defeats.
cd7a964f44adabb6eefbc15babdbe12d49cd2679	A lot of successful entrepreneurs have experience of ruin.
b3aa22b5812af988b6a5bffcd92f70a94ee6885f	Many people were inspired by this video:
2d5e34a6a922e4d4902c61c870912187f53b815a	But this did not break them, their faith in success was not broken, and they achieved their goal.
447632dcc90523e8218473d9f6557d1dd7a4f439	They became successful.
1740aa8be57a3cea8aaaaa4cbf38f94b6f0cab26	Any failure is just a step to success.
117c45b52470af52bb1e4fc24119be82646280de	Have the courage not to break down after a temporary disappointment and trouble.
6ba0fe3041f4067029ea2e2233b53f997d5d613f	Remember that if you are persistent, nothing and no one can stop you.
c5b013e2bccaf126a041b45a8d15aba360735a06	Self discipline internal sergeant.
48f9d4ea47c82a3b3b4cfab9a3f67ca49e5d8d89	Thomas Huxley once said, " Do what you have to do, whether you like it or not."
c356ad4be5f2750ad7b8871b8bf79f6762ee22f5	Self discipline is the key to success.
6f6b2493f7a3c7b433e1b01c06bf4cbd649901b9	Willpower will help you force yourself to do what many people do not want to do and the reward for this will be success.
26171ef1b2bad565967873b533f21301894c5051	This is a struggle not only with circumstances, but also with oneself.
7d6815f4410147095aecc498c27354b4f46fffa7	There is no other way.
2cbb4ca9c68dd6e637b6140a9721ff1416767f6f	Comments: 10
abf78cfe17139d2caeb5b7e2472025d4de83bd15	Zhanna 08.06.2013 at 17: 04
04432f8a0583c8012ea94910ba3f68e923e7f410	What about the talent?
129a1629d2f9156fc20860c7990e12c44d3b86c7	Isnot he needed?
00502c72813cacf88e1a8937a76d98760b7b29a1	Although, I agree, this is not a key factor, although it is very useful.
2027388e80b0e623b9985b570d654b4ecceba423	And there is also a need for knowledge, a lot and in a variety of fields.
ad679d4b797628c6afde9ea5488beca7099b5a06	This probably refers to the point " Work hard!".
521fcde7081d10a5f0049e80980f1dc63137f13c	Solomon 03.10.2015 at 09: 52
40b79b4821c2388555d9064a1f7bb5d92bc06ee9	Self discipline perseverance, talent, la la, poplars, these are all fairy tales for 5 year old children.
7c92cf36d800614d179491b825be4a4c92fb0a04	What about managing a business empire?
09c426507d9e5e7d09cc0f6bdf1d1665eca3d68a	For example, Transaero is bankrupt.
8c4880462a268e96f9102592afa9af3de9e4e67b	Do you know why the colossus on clay feet could not resist?
3884ae2b943d8e54fa2deef604a4301729eba288	Correctly, the” management "of the company constantly relied on increasing "passenger transportation", it so happened that” passenger transportation " went down, there can be no other way in our country with salaries of less than $ 1000 per month.
0fc3b843bd08c861fa6cfebe6787be6266f33da9	The main thing here is to feed yourself, dress yourself, put on shoes, pay for communal services, there is no time to travel with Transaero, and the company, like a stubborn sheep, bent its line to "expand" the business.
f35cece331cae568825d5495b5c93b82b0cb26e2	Now the debts of this office are 250,000,000,000 rubles.
4f28004129431927df1a3c1e92b45390b8e29608	So success or luck may turn out to be the wrong place, in addition to perseverance, self education, quick correct decisions, strong nerves, purposefulness are needed here.
28193472d447e4a57add2b8306c1053171bd953c	Alexander Dolgoruky Post by autoru03.
7e95ca875c1c16bad04c28b966e746a9cb2d2b2f	10. 2015 at 10: 03
dff167d6d298e19c578a723b78639dae1e8e1141	Have you tried to use the political component and the policy of returning strategic industries under the wing of the state in your analysis of the reasons in the case of Transaero?
693c5de4de42b271a70dc9bc2471d27642b9c94f	ASYA 08.01.2016 at 15: 28
ccc052c8efcc8ff31099edba55bbb288a95a9932	And please tell me how to write a plan for conducting, for example, a business in a cafe.I opened a cafe,but I canot do anything, and I donot know what to do to attract people to us.
c784d50c1af60c0c791feb7def5d23f5a460364f	Thank you,I will wait for an answer.
0dffa939297064a5b48fe1491002c007c1009a8a	Alexander Dolgoruky Post by autoru09.
7a92f8b4ebd475fe00a6a1c153d14a5d95eba068	01. 2016 at 10: 18
e04b2ffa1bdfccce86837efb7ab4dd34a9edff04	Hello, Asya.
9451e0b6f4cd178a8e54d7238384a0e108950a4a	Sorry for the bluntness, but a business plan should be written before starting a business, and not after the business shows its negative effectiveness.
67e0c9b662d0313e1208d30146aa397eb2e6bd62	Although if you find a very competent specialist and he pays more attention to how to promote the business in the created business plan, then it may work out.
060f838ca69d6716150eb282bfe8e5254075746f	Look for a specialist in your city so that he knows and understands the specifics and features of your city and even the district.
4cad72b58e7b6c1d0352e4ec60bc3e0dc603cbb3	Approximate business plans, and 99.9% of them in the network will not help you.
1857f5ab022c899a65cdc0a8f819c42864048f7a	Here you need to look for your chip, characteristic of your city, district and even the street where your business is open.
cf5a5e49fffa0615fbb3c022484b72c5c2cf5aa5	Aizhamal 04.02.2016 at 20: 20
772fcecdc25c4d78e0d268ec9a46ec6ba783aa6f	Hello I am 16 years old I have my own business and I earn very well all thanks to Robert Kiyosaki.
a126f85027007b3cc686a46150280d5a24feeca5	"Poor dad and rich dad.
27d35fb37db6e980ff1c619f263a32f05815bd17	How do you like this book?
1312ae7aeafb24d47e453e2ac0c8879085dc749d	And how do you feel about network marketing?
1ec256cc0c96019378519254c1f11172983931ee	I created a plan, showed it to marketers, they say that it is a very good plan, but I do not know where to start.
906c542c791c6e81440b7aa5a1864c637bdb079a	I want to consult with you!
91230554548ada5e7c4363013c661d4e774193bc	Please help me!
c61ab23a87194c6ca09d059db18261a13e43e6ac	Alexander Dolgoruky Post by autoru04.
7a5e13c4cf47c1cd6ba65f1d562495b862a35e55	02. 2016 at 20: 22
86f3e980b2769149f352d71e8ad9feb3ed91d6cd	We have a bad attitude to network marketing.
4acde4863a082b3c6cdddb0ade1f4b7b2a03f6b6	Aizhamal 04.02.2016 at 20: 24
4178a78e3b3afa58d169758ac3cb25692ae3f04b	Denis Vladimirovich 06.02.2016 at 13: 12
fd6e7ab5d99252c4dee1993f3a2a1278824b2bb2	Nothing new...from the category :”I've heard that somewhere before!".
f6e8ae4dcd502d7bde7ef469719164ce90153f4a	My universal advice when starting a business: liquidity and prepayment(preferably 100%).In any case, do not build a new business with borrowed funds ,i.e. you can attract a loan in already established schemes.
8e9fbd6e5f2ce2be0dade504cc3e24fd72938a7c	Sergey Mauser 02.01.2017 at 10: 47
222a133b0228515d4b1d1b67b1cd37eaa4f1baae	This is the way of a person who is not afraid to take full responsibility for the business, for the people who will help you
6a377f9b92c793b2986440f30e9d11886e45aee4	Comment Name
5c3e0bd70bd47a4faa6ae8a35643c45b50f51d98	..Russian start up recommends:..
80ddc017300903580c6374015775f80e488af29a	Cases: Opening a business
d8f9cecc3deb4fa699d87b58379c1426f73504a6	Creating a business without experience, office and goods 08.12.2016
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48bb9191d7cf7e333a76d6bc048582ece4dbf0f9	24.10.2016
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6294dc67ad5eb2e028735eb337faa519be73e64f	16.09.2016
bd6c4a7f73f7a38b8053823c19770fe937e7fb14	Argus Print Franchise 12.09.2016 | 3commentaries
0526d72829f26a1ea64c479f05f3481eb18692bc	What does it take to open a clothing store?
4eee7a6b8c450f18178ec344bf0cb4ab211ec29f	16.06.2016 | 3comments
70b32457ef6aecb8f6647e72ae215948cc6a8844	How to open a dog walking business 25.02.2016 | 6comments
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1fe688936ffd2fe9b9eac128d42bd8cc9afc0d52	Success in life
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42a8f651d79fd005eeac0612df6442b983a01184	Success
115686eaf61f611a714868f899f456616b5d84e1	Happiness
82fa7d52c89df896f311a4311b6ba593a187d92a	Confidence
812bb164cce24a33f7cdcddc097ae6cd2fb53af0	Personal effectiveness
4d07ae873ae8807f6f72682a8b0e2a4933af269b	Worldview
c67dd2946f83dd4867ea8d5f870f1909b12e00f5	Steve Pavlina
0f5319bc60b99a0cc6c5bdcdc653235d4f717bd1	The subconscious mind/Intuition
2787f5394aba35151fcf8cddb9bda8f4db7c6af9	The meaning of life
265ef3e5eb5c84cc1b81eb0ca10819cb7884bc7f	Psychology of the winner
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254dac57dc37060864dc37b1fc956e654748ea89	Success story
23d767aa7da9ce5c038d8f5812ef74d2dd46e2b2	A Woman's Look
cdbc1704be96ed0371aa9d498f39d8b3b606b5cf	Reflections
a9cc46874ec1280344c8adcc3727adddd2579bd7	Effective communication
66d1e6ba6d130cb5d0edf03e049ed1c7d1acfa62	Personal development
ccadf1096a69069b28a53eee9b9e338d56ca3f82	Turbo Gopher
30322f2962cb19d765300412c05c56ca4405d793	Book reviews
f4428092d79d0cbf148042ee479024bc643e5916	Principles of successful people
f746a622e06e3ac2391a5e23fabd67bb6b316129	Are power and position in society important for happiness?
15cb2f0a5fb2f0378c9789a070ced5fb39af386a	The benefits of active citizenship
585109a44420f7e0d8267eb375af66fe896c10a4	Secrets of successful people
084c82c116266cf92eb1b23c7bddcd39cbf044a1	Happiness, Success 04.05.2014
f9166ff9e5e0021ea611c6de1d09a47d93f6242f	But few people know what to do for this.
92da3bc6750b0a68d2881243737ffefb753d22ef	But where to start, in what area to make a change?
6be2ce52700eb172a8f9a24f9a58128eb6bdc5df	Even with great enthusiasm and furious self confidence, you will not achieve what you want.
93aebaf484782109ce70b7a7ea967a49a140432b	Successful people have come to this over the years.
a2b1e4abaddf20bc8438c9e18af5f57411bc85e6	Control your expenses and income.
3822579c5587fc7299a5b86b849da8c4c8126dec	Any success implies financial independence.
426014ead917edca17b1603175e4205ac9e5b0f2	And for this, in order to ever achieve it, you need to start controlling your finances today.
1f5e27e55bba4d901803d398c9f6077248786e27	Independence begins with the fact that you become the master over your money, and not they over you, putting you in difficult situations.
beeeabc2134d6b94f13fd36a839a9a509f8ff2da	Borrow less, try not to get into a loan.
81f3d8947637c2843ce75a6f5f4237ac86f0efc7	Get rid of unnecessary expenses, because all the saved funds can be directed to more profitable investments.
40a55e75588aa93701cbd01debfc71af521a3a63	Surround yourself with decent people.
965dc5153c71ea23f875ace54ca3d92272f55dc5	Success can be transmitted and become a habit, as well as failures and problems.
7785c3e5a36bf40610c212c408c9d18445c644ec	Have you noticed that many unsuccessful people like to complain about life to others?
ad9ecbd62e46c7346709b0a2974f64d9352085dd	This is a special step that allows them to unload their problems on others and get rid of their burden for at least some time.
691e32a71155df0e8418816c1eea6010c3b6e6b9	Problems are contagious, and this is a fact.
d1deecf329c76e214073c73ecf797676fe792a7b	Surround yourself with successful or at least purposeful people who, just like you, strive to become better.
5edb2f38e473d6dc6bda0b5d718360aacfe459b5	And then you will not even notice how your life and your attitude will change.
cd276821f57f826fc4deedefb7d3587f66be33f8	Surrounded by successful people, you yourself begin to behave like a successful one, thereby inviting good luck into your life.
2b63474192126ec48ae9088fe9fda0d189d6241e	Try it and you will definitely get positive results from it.
fc49d3db7ef84853267d5f29357182eed819b3c0	And most importantly, remember that these tips are just what all the successful people of the world once started with, namely, changing themselves.
a25d5443431353f74899e9621555677bbfa1f6ea	Try to be better, get up earlier so that you have more time for self improvement.
f1e432f480fc4e72d7b00fbdf3ac0d5c3c2a18dc	Try to use every opportunity to change yourself and your life for the better.
7e980f6824a6894ef5cfe1b2ba422e64cbf3b8c2	And not much time will pass, and maybe it will be you who will already give success tips to those who have just embarked on this difficult, thorny, but very pleasant and leading to results path.
5a8b8917938b9a19334550e62565d380378860e9	Read also: The rules of life of successful people The secrets of making deals Money spoils people The habits of rich people Seven habits of effective people How to find the right people?
cd3993ec8b8c570ff3d1b3cb33712af5330350e6	People's interaction with each other
3b07f8d63504c1222a7897c00a1025c633e43fc9	Do you want to get rid of problems?
022857cc0388dceab65bc33be584ad5455630aac	Do you want to be free from fears?
c42c7f9f076ee76e1d56f29c3bcea8608532c49f	Do you want to achieve your goals?
cc782e8a0f611926bd80125fe560a3beb52361b2	Do you want to realize your desires?
575a4abed9c5932ae7fa53277ee93974497738eb	8 comments on the entry " Secrets of successful people”
6c9bc755d7538ef4a2f3d28f60dbc74189b636ef	Igor writes:
53772e92517a042403b44efe980e530f59832d94	12.05.2014 at 11: 48
9c66ce88ec74876831258f35cb9b9f837e8a9a2b	Thank you for an interesting article
360e4a3e012f74fb6f1cf178af01eeb404f029b6	Daria writes:
558253932f6b9579a629750447e6b7e136f9c16e	26.05.2014 at 20: 10
1e8ad212a18de6de9ffc505644917a9352990663	I agree with everything!
41b579c3cbbf70ed2d4ba0984113d230758c9e5d	These tips will help you become not even successful, but rather happy:)
d2a1a9a04235102119f43d2e7b9874422f5f8ae7	And the Russian mentality also has a desire to have money and other benefits without doing anything.
ed46a2e4f355ef67ed44772e1bec508918ba7b47	Even just without getting up from the couch.
bcaaa15568aa8df9680acf9de173ac8dc97ba44d	But we love to discuss the rich and successful and envy them!
8d8bdc4f92b41b0d381b840c9f8c05e9ced01d8c	To blame everything on their fortitude, which in fact is nothing more than a habit of working, energy and ambition.
8774478169ea4c09066beddb1c246e55348b158a	Roman writes:
af43e7975f75f28aecd9712ff67358ee0fbe7732	01.06.2014 at 17: 03
b07df3f5ac87c6fa8ad716d5fa70e58ec38b5c1b	To the point "Surround yourself with worthy people" I would like to add that it will be very useful for you to spend one day with a successful person.
32da868fb21a7f2782e4f76130cd60ed84e23866	Many great people in their books and trainings recommend finding a mentor, a person who will teach you.
ffcaa6f0530899400e594189c684728474d5e175	And it would be very cool to spend a whole day with this person — to delve into his way of thinking, understand his actions and look up to him.
5c58a550561e094a96434ede7d75d143a606b8dd	sergey writes:
f3afc0260fd53216e40c187fbf95d495ecc3bdfd	08.06.2014 at 23: 14
e0da7456c0ef7c7462c164028ebaf51ddbdac79c	There is a parable about how they collected all the money from the rich and the poor, divided it equally between people, and after a while most of the money was again concentrated in the rich people in the past.
48f43195144ee68185aaa631effca146319c29cf	This article is about the same thing.
bcbeb5dd386e6a5fd7346f5ba2268136ffb933ab	Donot be afraid, try, improve, strive.
9541bb9215e8a31251b50cb1e496a418fa92467d	This is all accurately said.
94805d4156cf938c563444a64ae2d94c80565784	But in today's world, the initial capital, opportunities, connections decide a lot.
736ee25e73f11006da0887f3678fc3067891fa3b	That is, out of 10 rich and successful people, 8 will be those who received it from their parents, lovers, etc.
4c0aa129abc60dd567a6d88b8a622d51ad9e931a	And two people are those who have achieved it themselves, following similar secrets of success.
e2e16babd5aa25f7b29aa383edf05b265ee60099	Yura writes:
6b4433825d96d5051eaa480f5a98ea1f13620d42	30.06.2014 at 19: 13
4fda3ffe7f95316d91ce58f640e7aceaddc837c3	Everything here is written exactly, right in the suit, but life puts obstacles in front of us that we cannot overcome for reasons beyond our control.
4e44ef9ff54610a8fc2cc5e0213063251ee34248	One example.
2b72cbfc68bb6a431bb029f3f0bfaf602da9ec80	The businessman began to make several varieties of cutlets.
956fd6438904b931305414422c5f685e4b2bcc2f	They say to him: "We need licenses for each individual cutlet", this is utter nonsense.
b2f237e79aa7baf8c9d9cad970a158d59e172903	And it would be fine to get a license in a week (as in other countries), but our businessman ran for six months (6 months), for licenses for CUTLETS.
8eb17f671b06e75e820239aab88e22d8e52dae61	Actually, for businessmen, the rules of the business game are changed once a month, and those who are not able, or are not financially well off, let them sell seeds from under the floor.
cd2772746439fe53ed7fe455a4f96d9542179d7a	What kind of successful people can there be here???????????????????????????.
75ea4ff146de8cd8a0e3ae715ffcc0f044b02350	We do everything to ensure that people SURVIVE, and not ENJOY LIFE, try to refute my statement, I will not believe it
fe1eace3f80136f3aef184c2526218a63d92f645	Ekaterina writes:
a204a421ddb6a4293cd910e0dcf4a97c7b9e8da8	18.12.2014 at 11: 30
47f78553b8b0fd3d99ee9914098505091776e8d2	Really, good advice!
44c324d27318d6d560a0cf665d294feed92e2c58	It seems that we know them, but we do not always apply them! and you once again reminded me where to start your movement!
ba4ceb2bfbeb6939b35e4267352e193d864d98f3	Thanks!!!
23fc61d0646de2ea6b14b1380e26077468b0a142	Andrey writes:
dade223efc9b40b1189ef2caf4b8ec32d866b992	30.01.2015 at 19: 28
d5035909ca97d52fcb2d456a25100c7c1a058af9	Thank you for an interesting and useful article!
c1b63fc7fd2722bd5b2c41b22373630dd3b9f30b	Irina writes:
f9676fd7ee60dbf6466c46ba0a20de6d4bef16c2	19.09.2016 at 18: 38
d4a439903aff282b793e10bc458675db17a862fd	I am always amused by people who come up with excuses for their inactivity and irresponsibility.
b623cbed160a261b87affe37c3d7506f60798641	Who prevents you from living well?
71a5d8c8619898b35df730caab77706da380ae37	Government, lack of funds
1508d77bac41d8e83aab3ae38fb549638c655cd3	( I started my business with a capital of $ 3000 in order to earn it, I worked at 3 jobs, denied myself a lot, and this despite the fact that I am a single mother !!!! Where is the barrier?
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a1c52715ae26197cd87902d711c522089bd4d372	The Success in Life magazine is your source of positivity and motivation; it will help you believe in yourself and raise your self esteem, help you realize your dream and achieve your goal
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b5a9df759a5ad03fd1dbdcbb6bd3f511a94d29e1	Secrets of success of rich and successful people
05af8c45a41d7ffbc3de94bdbe828032f29aff5f	Category: Personal growth / Tags: Wealth, Secret, Tips, Success
7aa8ecd167148cf17ed4d2d17402ef649e8f8f8c	This article will help you in life and will tell you what to pay attention to when working on your future.
4862f0f883cdeac2d3734434d51885e6771a5676	If you have found this article among thousands of articles, then you definitely want to become a rich and financially independent person…
c99f7ee1743755c8cc1dbc7e22a8fa9b78e5f66a	Not everyone is able to see the obvious secrets of success, and this article is written so that you can use these secrets.
255ae11cbeed2e20ed944ca8daf1e002be121ab0	It is hard work that plays the main role in our life, and without it it is almost impossible to achieve something.
05e0115202a09d90eb8c186b4af0b858aaf04682	Thus, they did not wait for the result – they were disappointed in everything.
8d1c46d5b738d9d4d10142dfe09b932cd3a9be1a	When a person is confident in himself, this is transmitted to the people around him and affects the attitude towards him.
0101145108546687661c469d3ffdc1b295baec71	By making mistakes, you can benefit from them – this is the sixth secret of success.
8e45478248e0bccd2820abc8f55add1953b5112a	Analyze your actions, draw conclusions, take into account everything that can help, do not neglect the advice of specialists and constantly be on the wave so as not to miss anything important.
29aafe0eef5745af9132df6917aaa225d2b351dd	Secrets of success
3cd1a71aec71a322dbd76fcc37023ebac684fd14	The seventh secret of success is appearance.
0f4b26f1e18c138ce428a55c9e80eb5c90916ba8	Today, clothing plays a major role and clothes are met in every corner of the world.
acdfe9c412f5dc1ce5a3af577b33ffd86759c92e	Rich people pay great attention to their appearance, so the doors are open for them to where others will never be able to get.
9f02092fe7031ae71917363f280b2050e5e69617	Beautiful expensive clothes cause respect from people around you and this, first of all, speaks about how you treat yourself!
e7cd34b9608e74c8bac0c5257459aa4f9356ad96	The eighth secret of success, perhaps it should be put on the very first place of honor, since it is the most important rule of all the above, if you do not adhere to this rule, then everything else will not have the same force – it lies in how we think and what we think about…
39ac164a354832a2567eb6643628df55838874d6	These eight secrets will help you succeed!
599014f0daa805b870d5c2215556ff7e70f4caac	Now that you know about them, you can start acting and get on the road leading to success…
5a665081ae5a6422981ee462cb481537acc0b3f3	Read more: The formula for wealth and success is a universal idea.
d186b059574b25e10c7ac5e614c275393c03a158	Every person dreams of prosperity and influence...
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802b3511a0f6f127c0f0e70c96992fa28c030e72	As life shows, success is achieved only by those people who clearly indicate...
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8a7106d3a4edbaa93ab6d48c019c82497df3fe21	- - - - - What is the basis of success?
3da95db76b78f21e8569823069259c5f8e0883e9	The basis of success, first of all, is the right direction of action to achieve...
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522f6201c7f8138340a9772f3fbe6f4dc57a5026	Why do some entrepreneurs manage to achieve success, while others are haunted by failures?
27e79d97ba2231091c23e3833664b1d3b45231a7	Why...
fb850eb0f808c252e819acf127a5f3951c622d0e	-----
c0f6b10af7e8c8d629443a7040a850e932e5b7d1	All about: Wealth, Secret, Tips, Success Author: Money Job.ru
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ebf1064197e787aed968ff8d4d467b73b5080f6e	Thank you :)
b181f457faaf8105dd178ed230c20282564c7745	Money is like seawater: the more you drink it, the more thirsty you are...
137fe9bffe56dcf7f94322f2d7850d41bd017424	A. Schopenhauer
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ba54b1fd98cc591dae99fa554ee466cbacd3df8a	Business quote After a certain point, money ceases to be a goal, it ceases to matter at all.
568cf9e9ad799a90d105dd0890440b793c467843	The game itself is what captures...
9157abc2ef2ae0da9ac9e2ddb9edffa55874bdf3	Fr. Aristotle
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61117ae3a315428944c5408964e442f8e64047f0	7 Stages of a Relationship or When True Love Comes
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a59a40dadaa155bf400737672a1cca15bcf1d798	How to make peace with a friend?
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0085814f0734eb9d767901d7daf84bb831a1dd54	The "50 original Dates" cards are a wonderful gift for any holiday!
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2494463236527460a8b6e71998e9d4c7ff661a37	Real friendship in our life
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6b85340b301c76fbb573db8c84d4d64a07d75eb9	Psychology of success
0d900f754632bd6c5256d3a11d18af8fb9a29053	The path to success: the secrets of successful people
9a7d1857ee8f8a4a88e63390cdca0de002747523	All of them were not averse to having fun, and also had a normal three meals a day
a038c4959a76d9168f139623b6397665849ffc5c	You donot have to be "Papa Carlo" to successfully develop your business.
dea1ae2da89454dbba17962de68385c8a823ffcc	When you achieve success, your business works for you, even when you are asleep.
13bd4a9f96dafd5ddfa9f37ad9f4f1fe00cb4a29	A talented and experienced businessman knows how to make a profit, even with a small capital, for example, he can take a large loan from a bank and build a chain of hotels by the sea, and in a couple of years these hotels will become self sufficient, and then they will begin to make a profit.
ee2bf450fb21064082ed96c6705112b4e0e29dcc	Or you invest your small savings in buying a house, take out a loan, and only after 15-20 years this house becomes yours – an unprofitable investment.
bbb8b1e6d2d258d0cc70499b5143ee10b464733b	The path to success is thorny, but if you are confident in yourself and use the basic rules of doing business, then victory is guaranteed.
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cb90044d4db041f346121fc92f3045b2b9a4e54f	Psychology of the Rich 4 Joys of Communication Successful People The Nature of Creativity A gift to your beloved A gift to your beloved The secret of success Perfect sex Female friendship When love comes?
3590f825b4f93540c83e811e5971269b1a9f67b8	Solving business problems Brainstorming Colors of days in a week Telepathy Raw food Diet Work on yourself
20c893c0e2f303f79a399b2805b7249ab61b0176	Benjamin, born on January 17, 1706, became the 15th child in the family (two more were born after him).
b3a8eda0847202c161894fc83c636166b97315c1	His father, an English emigrant, worked as a craftsman, the family lived in Boston
8460ae0dd5bf9314347b004d89466718de956a7f	His father wanted to give Benjamin an education, but the funds were sufficient only for two years of schooling.
98151112b34ef2e9ec81aadff79323bc971354c9	As a 12-year-old teenager, he began working for his brother in the printing house as an apprentice, although he had already helped his father in the workshop since the age of 10.
ee55bc96f9bb164588064ebccd63e064f4ea4204	Printing will be his main occupation for many years.
ae6e6a3c171e041e83ec776be9a4eb5866e7709d	In 1727, he organized his own printing house, which published the Pennsylvania Gazette and Poor Richard's Almanac.
3c85862ae3f55635a10f1f4d314db929dee30f78	He independently learned several European languages, as well as Latin.
c0d78c648dfe6477524abcedebb33ff051b0d813	Interested in the phenomenon of electricity, he began to study it and made several inventions, many of which are still used today.
69d686a0fe9948db2506ee55a1222b8af2decc86	Franklin opened the first public library in the United States, founded the American Philosophical Society and the University of Pennsylvania.
7539dc531e65d38a9a5c307b554afa994aeecdbe	He was the author of the idea of summer time.
4dc5c9cd6d144660d8a26fcf9917592b311c4f21	Franklin's scientific achievements were recognized by scientists, he was elected an honorary member of several foreign academies, including the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
743df0461a1ed1302055b100c132843e0c42e079	In 1727 he organized a discussion club "Junto", in 1731 he founded the first public library in America.
cf9b6e7e55afd32772fb99b22a0eaba54ccff933	From 1737 to 1753, he served as postmaster of Pennsylvania, from 1753 to 1774 — the same position on the scale of all North American colonies.
2026dea3d1257af0be5f973fc0f2d6bbacca5641	He became interested in the phenomenon of electricity in 1746, when an "electric tube"was sent to the Philadelphia library.
d07e1f311af292fb511f6a94d05aa96d2242d419	To test the hypothesis about the electrical nature of lightning, Franklin in 1752 conducted a famous experiment with a kite, thanks to which he became known as a scientist.
0810435d3392e44d8c677aa12c79408c49751b70	From this experiment, the idea of a lightning rod was subsequently born, and then the general theory of electrical phenomena and the new terminology associated with it (the concepts of positive and negative electricity, a conductor, a battery, etc.).
b01bb43bd3f936435f96f9b5eb8efd9ff40b00aa	Franklin explained the principle of operation of the Leyden jar and the role of dielectrics, the phenomenon of oil droplets spreading over the surface of water and the effect of increasing the speed of sound in water.
3065c835ff1f83f63d4171b202f018994921ad0e	He invented an "electric wheel" and a lamp for street lamps, an economical "Franklin stove" and a method of electric ignition of gunpowder, bifocals and a unique musical instrument.
a189de26b3b722c9c50edc3ceba2d652d27f4975	He supported the concept of natural and inalienable human rights.
bf980a8afe206c620c27172d972783f60f9f4303	He proposed the so-called "labor" theory of value and the famous definition of man as an animal that creates tools.
c0b3182cadbcc131f0697c84cb0441687bd249a9	He defended the ideas of reason, freedom and democracy, organized the first public library in America (1731), the American Philosophical Society (1743), the Philadelphia Academy (1751), which became the basis of the University of Pennsylvania.
b5014c7fc4bbfc15887f287a6cbb4e323e39385d	Franklin was one of the initiators of the Congress of representatives of the colonies in Albany (1754).
68a6bb8cf2d3953609ad756df1083245837ef033	It was his plan for the unification of the colonies – the "Union plan" – that was adopted at this congress.
cfc6f91755da73048e4f0cdc01a205e48efd8e9c	In 1757-1762, Franklin represented the Pennsylvania Assembly in England, defended the interests of Georgia in 1768, New Jersey in 1767 and Massachusetts in 1770.
286beffe52d6161d64142ef5b1b3702e15d1f8bb	These appointments and Franklin's wide fame made him a kind of envoy of the colonies to Great Britain.
020f17a2be8cc1b80be830838759ad254587a475	Franklin was involved in a scandal with letters from the chairman of the Massachusetts Supreme Court, T. Hutchinson, addressed to a member of the British government.
65578abcc67c69ad78db7f5edc6306d6e55b11de	The letters expressed a request for the deployment of troops and an urgent recommendation to restrict American freedoms.
d20629ea08fabb3eb253e8cae800f32b8ceb45e8	Franklin managed to get the originals of these letters, and at the end of 1772 he sent the letters to a friend in America to show them to several people, but in no case did he publish them.
02be27d0b8239c65890c1fef8c92cac2113ae1ef	However, in June 1773, the letters were published, a scandal broke out, and the House of Representatives in January 1774 dismissed Franklin from the post of deputy postmaster General.
250b65d0ad06cee107c17db92da5864c9badf049	Relations between England and the colonies became increasingly tense. Franklin in London assisted William Pitt and his associates in trying to reach an agreement.
b5a9d5a2be3328b00ad696b40f59f92fd09a7212	On March 20, 1775, Franklin sailed for America, arrived in Philadelphia on May 5, and the next day was elected a member of the 2nd Continental Congress.
f44a08345001fa9f89885c81cf29919a1fe5d6f8	He developed a new project of the Union of Colonies, organized a unified postal service and became the first postmaster General.
0a3dd3de3290a3b9f2d1e490fcc179048b180a98	He was a member of the commission sent to Canada to convince this colony to join the revolution.
45dd22a7949f9126f9a0d206c581abfe2038d0cd	He became an adviser to General J. Washington and a member of the committee for the elaboration of the Declaration of Independence.
eeebe2aa18f63da9c1437dcbb9f5bc1d43a9f399	In 1776, the Congress decided to form a committee to negotiate an alliance and assistance with France.
75ece6a961dd667014a29a3547a73d723bd5d53d	Franklin was also included in its first composition, who arrived in Paris in early December 1776 and for ten years served the cause of the independence of the colonies and the formation of a new state – the United States of America.
9944ed94b66d4e40be366e8a98a7261494f0711c	Thanks to Gates ' victory over Burgoyne at Saratoga and his own incessant efforts, Franklin at the beginning of 1778 achieved the conclusion of a treaty with France, which brought the new American state diplomatic recognition, as well as financial and military support.
c2f3fa04c2052bb903788e96beafb9d414b77624	Tired of the burden of his mission, Franklin submitted his resignation on March 12, 1781, which was not accepted.
eca61f5398da8440de4f0e56ba6f7003498a5069	On June 8, Franklin joined J. To Adams and J. Jay is in negotiations with the UK.
b54ca7fe575df40311c6f334a4df39f85ea57ae2	On November 30, 1781, all the preliminary conditions were agreed, but only on September 3, 1783, the peace treaty was finally signed.
ec197eb4623fc94822de451d3bd7a5c5c259f4b9	On December 26, 1783, Franklin again appealed to Congress with a request for recall, but only on May 2, 1785 received a message about the release from the duties of the envoy.
ab3003578da81e38386bce90a82d6021feae5458	Arriving in Philadelphia on September 14, 1785, he was elected a member of the Constitutional Convention that met in May 1787.
65241b76639a1f29ac5d18323b40115e323b7f80	On February 12, 1790, Franklin signed a memorandum to Congress calling for the abolition of slavery.
4db7b022af501bbb9f779dbea6ae4f19a9202e7e	Franklin died in Philadelphia on April 17, 1790.
e963b8e01642798ed82ac0ad4a4e3c7ebb446be6	He was a Freemason, and was a member of the greatest Masonic lodge "Nine Sisters".
8f298c3429db08b229f4ad2407d63dd0c7db10d6	Benjamin Franklin's political views were based on the concept of natural and inalienable human rights, to which he referred life, freedom, and property.
1326d80e71d6b92e50dcef98b8c02739d2e851c1	Franklin's views on the political structure of the North American colonies, however, changed over time.
7f29de3f95242025c9bcd31c22838a28905828ae	Until 1765, he considered the colonies as part of the British Empire.
4df4133982278375e8375109fbb52232863365a8	Then he came to the idea of a federal system, based on the complete equality of all the colonies and the metropolis under the rule of the king.
f3f336d58cb35d93841f603c16bc1ae909369b3b	Finally, when the contradictions between England and the colonies became insoluble, Franklin, who was convinced after the failure of his appeal in the British Parliament that there was no way to influence London's policy with the help of petitions, advocated the complete separation of the colonies from the mother country and the proclamation of political independence.
c474782baad6a30e5d4390bc980ead7a972587ef	Later, he opposed the strengthening of the role of the executive branch, in particular, against the granting of extraordinary powers to George Washington, for the establishment of universal suffrage, not limited by property qualifications, was a strong opponent of slavery.
f12a931eb0d2e92ef0545939dcdfaf47d9540aaf	According to his philosophical views, Benjamin Franklin was adjacent to deism.
4dfdeec8d4afb81f55a6a2b6f1b47e93151ce551	He opposed the idea of "natural religion" to Orthodox church dogma, in which the role of God was reduced to the act of creation of the world.
603020a8d8de7bb787b79d4e071df6a865b80039	He formulated his own version of the theory of labor value.
55a695e3d8ac654542aec2fc2d641243ccd985d4	Franklin was the de facto spiritual leader of the new American nation in the second half of the XVIII century and the first half of the XIX century.
823a649981463cb6fd6fbf8b738fc27c4fc5a40c	The autobiography of Benjamin Franklin is traditionally called an unfinished record of his own life, written in the period from 1771 to 1790. [7][8]
8d2e455036665115508958f5e6d5353b986780ee	However, Franklin himself probably considered this work his memoirs.
ed3be8cfd8df509519da832e9deb7f183082a772	The publication of the document occurred after the death of the author[9].
cd065b59bb33ea2f6c4f3a7c01615625bf5323a1	In accordance with what was stated in his "Autobiography", Franklin developed and tried to implement a plan for achieving moral perfection and eliminating bad habits, which was based on developing a skill in the 13 virtues listed by him[13].
e7883bb470ecb6986e6d6c9848c97452622ad6bc	From a letter from Robespierre addressed to B. Franklin: "You are the most famous scientist in the world...".
ff5e2afc55fa156f871a2a1937909a711b5d39dd	Dale Carnegie: "If you want to get excellent advice on how to treat people, manage yourself and improve your personal qualities, read the autobiography of Benjamin Franklin — one of the most fascinating stories of life."
56952e41422102c40dc7db38827e3c9e19bedae9	By the decision of the World Peace Council, Franklin's name was included in the list of the most outstanding representatives of Humanity[source not specified 949 days].
029e8430ea4c91fef349afb653986378ee041eff	He introduced the now generally accepted designation of electrically charged states " + "and"−";
5ea2ce6db06ffe590caf92572f99588d4f8a5d99	he established the identity of atmospheric and friction-generated electricity and gave proof of the electrical nature of lightning;
09ad3555e8d9d61ea597ed3541d1685a359cc9b0	he established that metal points connected to the ground remove electric charges from charged bodies even without contact with them and proposed a lightning rod project in 1752;
e46f19b6a2235e7e2ffff08d0701e5f7e2f1ddfb	in 1742, he invented an economical small-sized stove for the house, called the Franklin stove (or "Pennsylvania fireplace"), and in 1770 he fundamentally improved it;
60bdf0f82d83a2bc81d9da68b1a944a44e827820	As director of the post offices of the colonies, he drew attention to complaints that mail packet ships departing from the English port of Falmouth to New York took two weeks longer than ordinary merchant ships from London to New Port, located somewhat east of New York.
fd507daa5d6b7cedc536e712ea7f277b06919aaa	It turned out that the Gulf Stream was to blame for this.
254428c2d7ca878f3fa9f8686a46697eb0a4a29d	The mail ships were commanded by English sailors who were unfamiliar with this current, and the merchant ships were commanded by American sailors who, from a young age, took part in marine fisheries off the coast of America.
18958452fdc883a25395b9dff5417eb02a973a9a	At Franklin's insistence, the sailors began to put their observations on maps, which resulted in the first map of the Gulf Stream[14].
5445bb0ea9dab4e09ee0d427a48fb10ef01d6619	Franklin's experience in elucidating the electrical nature of lightning is widely known.
4187dab4a70c04e60477fd304f670f380954bfb2	In 1750, he published a paper in which he proposed to conduct an experiment using a kite launched in a thunderstorm.
101f3235fd919ad0e1a3a789ab72595e2bc1a055	Such an experiment was conducted on May 10, 1752 by the French scientist Thomas Francois Dalibard (fr.)Russian..
1afadc864b71c5b3a988705521d5078dd0e20d61	Unaware of Dalibard's experience, Franklin conducted his own experiment with a kite on June 15, 1752 in Philadelphia.
dae9f8cf59f02d5f80607ef4fd83af67169f2036	Franklin's experience was described in the work of Joseph Priestley "The History and present State of electricity" (English: History and Present Status of Electricity) in 1767.
2b9d440103839f455303cc4f8d7a69e8bdb6fdc8	Priestley says that Franklin was isolated during the experiment in order to avoid creating a deadly current flow circuit (some researchers died during such experiments: in 1753, the Russian scientist Georg Richman died while studying atmospheric electricity with an ungrounded device).
10cfa4d0c001c7bfc9fd6d623c013f34ba528daf	In his notes, Franklin says that he knew about the danger and found an alternative way to demonstrate the electrical nature of lightning, as evidenced by his use of grounding.
f7f2d42ba985055b0e159399a001fc60bf85001d	A common version of the experiment says that Franklin did not wait for lightning to strike a running snake (this would be deadly).
fe1de68ccb60e429f4022eb32546d82bab3fbc68	Instead, he launched the snake into a thundercloud and found that the snake was collecting an electric charge.
f99a393bc96f4174d9312b8b0102862db89479b3	It is hardly possible to be considered an educated person if you do not know the biography (or at least the main achievements) of Benjamin Franklin – a man whose image is on a hundred-dollar bill.
0c6d9dd3181145f7c3402f4a8dc795f19c0eac76	By his vocation, he was what is now called universal geniuses (polymaths), and not just great people.
479656077369f324372569367109379f333393dc	To list the directions of its activities, an article will not be enough.
3f4d0b03b11a9f978eebb783b72a73478a55bdf6	According to Franklin himself, from early childhood he saved all his money for the purchase of books.
17f6cf7c408066bb8a4f26db74efb8846edfade5	It should be understood that Benjamin's passion for knowledge manifested itself in his deep childhood, when he reread his father's library from cover to cover.
9caf58d74b5476d73542979a7d193db415ea5fe4	It mainly consisted of religious polemical works.
6eb463f4467550eb384466616e98169ab374af57	Franklin was particularly fond of the work of John Bunyan, the author of the allegorical narratives "Pilgrim's Journey"and" Spiritual War".
6916457bf9be546305b748369811f199efc0cf2d	Among other books, one can distinguish "Biographies" of Plutarch," Experience about Projects " by Daniel Defoe, as well as Dr. Mezer's essay "Experiments on How to do Good".
a99e82084835ac043ffcec4e96812655669c347b	It was the things listed above that had a huge impact on the formation of the personality of Benjamin Franklin.
9a5312be162362881f407da8f64364c9b85f9796	One day, Xenophon's "Memoirs of Socrates" fell into the hands of Franklin.
8b1c6d97aaf6ef6dee80c02beba9bc9d1fd6e81b	This work describes the unique Socratic method of cognition and persuasion.
32957b39b0fe4aa9f75e152706c9cfbc2e30eb2b	It consists in not proving anything, but only asking questions.
705045f721b97c488fa828efb71982afa19ea7d9	If the opponent is wrong, then with the help of correctly asked questions, you can quickly show all his inconsistency.
14620035fde3e768c3dfc8c33e9ec13834db7670	If the interlocutor is right, then you also do not remain at a loss, since you only asked questions, and did not assert anything.
92a0639c65a8a1eca106f534c54354a24166f013	Being passionate about this method of discussion, Benjamin achieved outstanding results in it, as he constantly practiced.
a498f138131469a1c2da4a19742745be81b8f04f	This brought him many victories in disputes with interlocutors older and more authoritative than himself.
44f92ade4032ea0aaae594739a1a2623536232ce	However, after a few years, Franklin decided to completely abandon this method, due to the fact that this system of argument assumed a certain amount of self-confidence and pride of the questioner.
24438439c509a13db895eb8c2f6df2bba485d1e2	It was replaced by absolute modesty, which made Franklin's fame known all over the world.
d4b9e1f4afe7ff4693078afab32c8f9dbbf54bae	Here I immediately remember the aphorism that you can be modest without being wise, but you can't be wise without being modest!
d1179aa2083f01c697bb1d1da68b6bf5569f1ef1	Instead of self-confident phrases like "undoubtedly", "of course", "beyond any doubt", etc., Franklin began to use extremely restrained and modest turns of speech: "It seems to me that...", " Due to certain circumstances, I believe...", "If I am not mistaken, then...", "You are probably right, but if you look from the other side..." and so on.
b25bbcfe7f20bcb6c72f220318301f4c3c6d040b	It was this manner of expression that played a very decisive role in the most difficult life situations of Benjamin Franklin.
25b6e2acdbfb3cd1e371dd4efe2e0c85496da429	People subconsciously take your side if you do not blindly, with foam at the mouth, assert this or that, but humbly express an exact thought in the form of an idea for reflection.
adfdef28f7e71ac794c7f2f8fe33564296530be6	According to Benjamin himself, this principle of communication with people became the most important factor in the fact that respectable citizens began to consider his opinion so early.
ba94b11ffbf9c564ec6e4e1514cbc05a51c814af	There were a lot of interesting facts in the life of our character, one of which we will now give.
0365471e922b850b87cefa4aaf35c899f2fc7aec	Franklin was very fond of fried fish, but after some time he decided to become a vegetarian.
66e56a82b2b8ddbc1ad29c15e77d8a7adb48f9b9	For several years, he managed to do without eating animal organisms.
901a47351148f17340c69ccbf65fe2dc0b9da9aa	However, being on a long voyage and having a limited choice of food, Benjamin sat on the deck and watched the fish being cleaned and prepared for frying.
9c048a3a839d18378667388d70972b21483be61e	Suddenly seeing that many small fish were being taken out of the stomach of a big fish, he exclaimed in his heart: "Well, if you eat each other, then why can't I eat you"!
d995ca21960910ec321871d3490d100ae034705c	Thus, sound logic helped to solve the difficult, at first glance, philosophical problem of whether it is humane to eat animals.
dc60426b4a8293ad27ffe158783e42d2093aec6f	Since then, Franklin has not raised the issue of vegetarianism.
194b4986cca3f844499d4e8f75452f16f0de8f93	We hope that the brief biography of Benjamin Franklin and his activities have interested you, and you will want to learn many more interesting facts about this amazing man.
d65f73046c1bd81e8a04e22ef06217ec5bd8d031	It is safe to add that people like Benjamin Franklin do not die, but remain in history as geniuses who changed the world.
c5f875c558c5d9ddf41b8c72c40274dedd737b8e	Read, develop and improve every day, because in old age it will be too late to regret a meaninglessly lived life.
d7a400281d85efd63366d2977077b738af322389	Aphorisms of great people
2c0b75edd38dfb99b0ecbc7a675398c0e1841736	Aphorisms on topics Aphorisms on authors Biographies of authors Sayings from ancient books
9223f8ae503341dcb17b44001cb8ecb8d352e6eb	The Ancient World of the Middle Ages
5f280f4451c387c43e5d595182fea35f583fb283	18th century 19th century 20th century
149a0233511d72af537f5803ba3581266952969b	Quotes from our visitors
4936777db185fd30004a3def9ec63c2bd9f7211e	Proverbs and sayings
b6c1eeb4dff19a44696968c989bc0acc78f33563	Brief biography FRANKLIN BENJAMIN (1706-1790)
c33fac0098647ee4141536d33733af01bc057b16	Franklin's Sayings and aphorisms
9beb8cc03ce29c1e69140e03ddfd2998ba3e5315	Benjamin Franklin is a statesman and political figure of the United States, an educator, diplomat, scientist, publisher, journalist, one of the founding fathers of the United States, and he was the only one whose signature stood under all three historical documents directly related to the formation of a sovereign state (The Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, the Versailles Peace Treaty of 1783).
4a37cb095722a0d352ff87cb8507b7ea9b4e0b9b	Franklin was the first citizen of his country to become a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
20187423cc8122d36a7a038d37cbfd2ba2d66978	His father, an English emigrant, worked as a craftsman, the family lived in Boston His father wanted to give Benjamin an education, but the funds were sufficient only for two years of schooling.
0cf35060a2113985eca82fa0bead193f61cd633f	As a 12 year old teenager, he began working for his brother in the printing house as an apprentice, although he had already helped his father in the workshop since the age of 10.
3cef7d938fc7bb48670c4f5014c3c3d13a6279d5	In 1723, Franklin was in Philadelphia, and the governor of the colony sent him to London; he spent a year and a half in the capital of Great Britain.
85cd4af0c31a953da8d6b589359e6f48203ba900	Upon his return to Philadelphia, he established his own printing house in 1727.
a7bbf3d465600833cb7e5c2843bc89117173e94d	The following year, Franklin organized the Philadelphia Discussion Circle of Artisans and Merchants, which in 1743 would become the American Philosophical Society.
7f6caaa6fa871721b43b6fd16f0f7f8fd61ae721	During the years 1729-1748.
e8950dc6e8e4c21a2cbf1ebf99a0052a32c1080c	Franklin was the publisher of the "Pennsylvania Gazette", from 1732 to 1758. under his leadership, the "Poor Richard's Almanac" was published, in which one could find a lot of teachings, useful recommendations, sayings, aphorisms, etc. During 1737-1753 he worked as a postmaster in Pennsylvania, and later until 1774 as a postmaster of the North American colonies.
3af2ae1445f702c635f61d000d85d256794557df	Around this time, he began to engage in politics.
2a2c92f0c6f50cc60658fa55f040833266e6b874	In 1754, the first congress of representatives of the colony was held in Albany, and Franklin was among those who initiated it, and then proposed a plan for their unification.
61ee4e1a87bc8371c58178257fd2a515a0c9e8f1	Franklin's authority, along with his material well being, was rapidly strengthening.
4a677cbf661d09dcddf17fe57cad786d3dd34347	In 1757, he became the envoy of Pennsylvania to London, where he stayed until 1775 (with the exception of the period 1762-1765).
ffa8625090469679aec255410acd78c2354f1413	Upon his return to the United States in 1775, literally the next day, he was elected a delegate to the II Continental Congress, was among the persons who prepared the Declaration of Independence of 1776 From 1776 to 1785.
f18263b7fea4f72d7c2611226ef9ca619dda375a	Benjamin Franklin was the US envoy to Paris.
8ea6d08f682886d9105a7192d21b1bc8690a8bc5	The American French Treaty of Alliance (1778) and the Treaty of Versailles (1783) were signed, among other things, thanks to him.
98f1b7637b0100b63c5244656c5fdfe9763c2e33	The return to America took place in 1785, and at the same time Franklin became President of the legislative assembly of the state of Pennsylvania.
c13b506a75c998128c2686edfc1e8f15dfd33f9f	In 1787, as a deputy of the Constitutional Convention, he was one of the active participants in the preparation and organization of the Congress that adopted the Constitution.
06d4e7d703115116d02a4ffaf0ee3a959a24428c	Franklin left memories of himself as an extremely versatile person; many interesting facts can be found in his biography.
cacdd34c3c39d40420e0b00bc12ee163df3ca417	So, he was a member of one of the largest Masonic lodges, an outstanding scientist who made a certain contribution to the development of several sciences at once.
cae3818c86280acef6ab07ca5055e44ad0c1cc16	The main area of his scientific interests was physics, and the most significant were the works on electricity.
04b8cbaf2cfd3ad9ed511d2f11750f1131ea8b2e	In particular, he proved that lightning has an electrical nature, invented the so called Franklin furnace, light bulbs for street lamps, a lightning rod, etc.
48fe3d9c8252a5d0d0741d5ea733e2ce652fe6ce	In 1789, the Russian Academy of Sciences elected him an honorary member; the same status was given to him by scientific institutions and communities of other countries.
0d5d48204c48fec2fccb5583239bedc2fe2d4336	While in Philadelphia, Franklin died on April 14, 1790.
66398ba4e3a934d76f3feaff51db6500ade9579c	His funeral was held on April 17 on an unprecedented scale with a huge crowd of people.
46d11b045f2bc8e7762cc21449c85bb506f89839	Franklin's Aphorisms and Quotes
ef97bc95590aa9af22ea6dd7d8d3fcbd959fa4e6	To favorites | Did you like the site?
af2752e2344a0996056b5860c0fa517170782a0a	© 2007-2013 Aphorisms, quotes, sayings, sayings, proverbs.
b6d868bad94b8c15a3593643abb1595e85f13e3b	Various.
6acff84723b9baf399bcdd9913781d2771fb4040	Franklin, Benjamin
04ec7d5ab0de38a80b788d2ee34dd40f46a347a3	The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on January 19, 2017; checks require 2 edits.
8aeff6921b2fb1e521c8a01fe55ae78dd892fc39	There are articles on Wikipedia about other people with this surname, see Franklin.
7fccba0344df32f581b13cb699eccb28456b66bf	Benjamin Franklin
99a9ff21e81a1e8bb6a3375de75276ee7f15d3f5	Birth: January 17 1706(1706-01-17)[1][2]
ccc2eb48514404254282e9e9dc42c1d4f9f26693	Boston, Suffolk, Massachusetts, USA [3] Death: April 17 1790(1790-04-17)[1][2] (84 year)
d69ab30b7ee2e6a7e6419138faff1237dec48c20	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA[3] Father: Josiah Franklin Mother: Abiah Folger Spouse: Deborah Read Children: William Franklin[d]
2845fefa031fe0d9e51cb91a5333f6e6a509ff9e	Francis Folger Franklin[d]
0923ac74b53d65fd0fdde6c527732e5e36c83953	Sarah Franklin Bach [d] Activity: politician, scientist, diplomat, inventor, writer, journalist, publisher
23c7f521708138b64d721d6e81877f9a96686c71	Scientific activity Scientific field: electricity, optics, geography Known as: inventor of the lightning rod
4f4c86fffa086c32f1dc0143d58175cdbadb0d57	Awards: Copley Medal (1753)
43fde5d937c875ed2d96cd493416f1238acbb4e3	Benjamin Franklin on Wikimedia Commons
6f05c07a330672de704480d383bd728d1d5cc2cf	Monument to Benjamin Franklin in Philadelphia.
9e8b1393620f5d8dcdd56016de30c3dd51525372	Benjamin Franklin (January 17, 1706, Boston, Massachusetts Bay Province April 17, 1790, Philadelphia, USA) was an American politician, diplomat, polymath, inventor, writer, journalist, publisher, Freemason[4].
d7bff3419ce5f60c6171cfbf1e3f327c2c28811a	One of the leaders of the War of Independence of the United States.
3c30620a8038511269fa6f0307505ac0ba0b4f1f	Benjamin Franklin is the only one of the founding fathers who signed all three of the most important historical documents that underlie the formation of the United States of America as an independent state: The Declaration of Independence of the United States, the US Constitution and the Treaty of Versailles of 1783 (the Second Paris Peace Treaty), which formally ended the war of independence of the thirteen British colonies in North America from Great Britain.
71bacce12ea352bae1e5d95f784b53a7ec44545b	One of the developers of the design of the Great Seal of the USA.
bdb6fad15a9d3932b1479bc1763d18fc211402ec	The first American to become a foreign member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (since 1917 the Russian Academy of Sciences).
8704f24f0e2eef14d2414a8ac4ea628a4363f2e9	The portrait of Benjamin Franklin is depicted on a hundred dollar bill of the US Federal Reserve system since 1914.
ef11c581af6806a5a298edbe0b317a2ab3e8111d	1 Biography 1.1 Autobiography
d81e1ca1e883bece1d2dcaa7598c04a10ab138fc	2 Views 3 Assessments 4 Scientific and inventive activity 4.1 Study of the Gulf Stream 4.2 Study of atmospheric electricity
8b1d6d7e6b43d9cae57abf658d149314f920da7d	5 Some of Franklin's Works 6 Memory 6.1 Sculptures 6.2 Toponyms 6.3 In Philately 6.4 In Bonistics
029efa19951110d07f19cbc8b02beade35877297	7 Image in culture 7.1 In painting 7.2 In cinema
3432141ebf4b4409def8b464a999dcf146927687	Portrait of Benjamin Franklin by David Martin, 1767, is kept in the White House, Washington.
99cd07d3f5d61a67421dde9ae15122b83f63524a	Benjamin Franklin was born on January 17, 1706 on Milk Street (English)Russian. in Boston, the 15th of 17 children in the family of an emigrant from England Josiah Franklin (English)Russian.
e5c55f538e03ef977995aedfe85fe7fc1f4ae69b	(1657-1745) - a craftsman engaged in the manufacture of soap and candles.
d29de65391d501cbe38c13e68d118df47ad8399c	He received his education independently.
e6ba881f7c06118d426f24a3fdf240aa9c5ea331	Josiah wanted his son to go to school, but he only had enough money for two years of study.
c1a3c88fe00a3754a2b51f769be35eecb2d49d66	At the age of 12, Benjamin began working as an apprentice in the printing house of his brother James, and printing became his main specialty for many years.
72bc62a1548278b068d789ea1cf52c9692f28a20	In 1727, he founded his own printing house in Philadelphia.
4e181be50688238f47bcd12cde28da6c1367d354	From 1729 to 1748 he published the "Pennsylvania Gazette", and from 1732 to 1758 — the yearbook "Poor Richard's Almanac".
bc2d23ee5c443885106d4405d9ad30fb26039c73	In 1728, Benjamin Franklin founded the Philadelphia discussion circle of artisans and merchants "The Leather Apron Club" ("Junto"), which turned into the American Philosophical Society in 1743, whose members in the period from the early 1770s to the early 1860s were elected 24 Russian scientists, including T. I. von Klingsteth (1773), E. R. Dashkova (1789), P. S. Pallas (1791), F. P. Adelung (1818), I. F. Krusenstern (1824), V. J. Struve (1853).
2cd7434181e49fd2fffc84e6009c143112298a71	In 1731, he founded the first public library in America, in 1743 — the American Philosophical Society, in 1751 the Philadelphia Academy, which became the basis of the University of Pennsylvania.
e9b3488e4695ca59c74237de512d889367bf8a45	From 1737 to 1753, he served as postmaster of Pennsylvania, from 1753 to 1774 — the same position on the scale of all the North American colonies.
256c0d38760f25de913f78fa5a0e8f9ff8905b50	In 1776, he was sent as an ambassador to France in order to achieve an alliance with her against England, as well as a loan.
b854b1fc2efb6ca903b7d18e6b30438bc584ebed	He was elected a member of the academies of many countries, including the Russian Academy of Sciences (1789, the first American member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences).
bd86d2eb26132ba372de15faa975b4663d6bc7ac	Franklin was a Freemason[5] and was a member of the greatest Masonic lodge "Nine Sisters"[6].
8747be4c84caa4aec2428ed63d7e5ae2fd3dc203	Benjamin Franklin is one of the authors of the American Constitution (1787).
ee7526dd47f52ff1d1d63fdce82e61f8bda02386	The author of the aphorism " Time is money "(from "Advice to a young merchant", 1748).
f5de31932f3e87a99b85c1e9b80f12c98795a9ff	Franklin died on April 17, 1790.
b10c7c90698c5783317aef9d5e62c4ea98d4fd62	About 20 thousand people gathered for his funeral in Philadelphia, despite the fact that the entire population of the city that year was 33,000 people, including infants.
97c825143c76687b99c07821f3a632d258fc1fd7	Autobiography[edit / edit wiki text]
1810217bc43c457b78da9a870f66505774eacc12	The cover of the first English edition of "Autobiography" in 1793.
070f5ce06593b761aa7791eaf97e2db3ee686a80	The autobiography of Benjamin Franklin is traditionally called an unfinished record of his own life, written in the period from 1771 to 1790.
3ba629d4e6564bf3d911d31dbbb1e03fea3da012	[7][8] However, Franklin himself probably considered this work his memoirs.
5ff0651a6da4e93be27ecfa7ec18d458770e50ef	Views[edit / edit wiki text]
33f4e136ea70013e530021bcc5205a2c051d8b50	Finally, when the contradictions between England and the colonies became insoluble, Franklin, who was convinced after the failure of his appeal in the British Parliament that there was no way to influence London's policy with the help of petitions, advocated the complete separation of the colonies from the mother country and the proclamation of political independence[10].
7f7f80416b0b7a337f4ea5fd03ea79f76ffb9282	According to his philosophical views, Benjamin Franklin joined deism[11][12]. He opposed the idea of "natural religion" to Orthodox church dogma, in which the role of God was reduced to the act of creation of the world.
a397ced7da3d0f39f74fc13731daabf02667ce96	He formulated his own version of the theory of labor value[11].
9c5c9617353d3f76d91026c49d53bbf4b4ca64a2	Scientific and inventive activity[edit / edit wiki text]
87cc79756c7a54ba23d15b602e8924bd72ecab79	Portrait of Franklin by J. Duplessis, circa 1785.
58f5d9a8e098554576c37445e87ce44002ff68f1	He introduced the now generally accepted designation of electrically charged states " + "and"−"; he established the identity of atmospheric and friction generated electricity and gave proof of the electrical nature of lightning; he established that metal points connected to the ground remove electric charges from charged bodies even without contact with them and proposed a lightning rod project in 1752; invented bifocal glasses (1784); received a patent for the design of a rocking chair; in 1742, he invented an economical small sized stove for the house, called the Franklin stove (or "Pennsylvania fireplace"), and in 1770 he fundamentally improved it; he put forward the idea of an electric motor and demonstrated an "electric wheel" that rotates under the action of electrostatic forces; for the first time he used an electric spark to explode gunpowder; explained the principle of operation of the Leyden jar, establishing that the main role in it is played by the dielectric separating the conductive plates; fundamentally improved the glass harmonica for which Mozart, Beethoven, Donizetti, R. Strauss, Glinka and Tchaikovsky began to compose; developed his own time management system; collected extensive data on storm winds (nord ost) and proposed the theory that explained their origin; with the participation of Benjamin Franklin, measurements were made of the speed, width and depth of the Gulf Stream, and this current, which was named by Benjamin Franklin, was mapped (1770).
b157d7206d30b52ef9c65eb42da6ec7c0549cb7b	Exploring the Gulf Stream[edit / edit wiki text]
3053200a0931383b2b7ba015141b8514d6c12159	Study of atmospheric electricity[edit / edit wiki text]
a951c59e6c8e4ccba34365171186c4b6278da8a8	Some of Franklin's works[edit / edit wiki text]
2abea8ace9f5493289000405ce5a3aa649149f86	"Autobiography";
63c121c6cbae4416ab2d20324fc36bc841813565	"Reasoning about freedom and necessity, pleasure and suffering";
5290e32a76f2b3b42081924cc74282bee6547fbe	"Experiments and observations on electricity";
23a8ae78f850c624ee4e8042c75db1837c9a7c3e	"Necessary tips for those who would like to become rich";
460bfa7c0a6217744c97f753fd1e1d29ec187b1b	"The Path to abundance";
0be5bb99e25a64fa65dceaf6c070debe9b637648	"The Almanac of simpleton Richard";
b9824d6eaa3a1dc497c5b035dc6fe886a5fc1c9a	"Whistle" (letter story).
dcc30de19326625af11e84ed850052c9b14dfcb5	Sculptures[edit / edit wiki text]
76bc176030f38a93273557d05792e53a2c269c1a	Franklin Monument in Lincoln Park Chicago
1773f1578641f3bcea56acddcf044561ec3863c3	Franklin Monument at the University of Pennsylvania
5276e14ff5ce5f4e3228bdf6b942ff85cf8ecfe7	Toponyms[edit / edit wiki text]
8b89a6069f95400b42a71670292180c2dc5cb229	In 1935, the International Astronomical Union named a crater on the visible side of the moon after Franklin.
bb55c064dab670581bbebd9eaf36b37eb403c142	US Postage Stamp,
184cb27091d4eab2772f2cde73f117931df2694f	one thousand eight hundred sixty one
46e0cdebe8ae5ed1bfe6347086eeccfed907d5ab	one thousand eight hundred ninety five
5d4a14cf9a83bc50e6257d11aaeb6ed6755dcffa	one thousand nine hundred eighteen
7e3f3749450e3a42a6b3f4542279790dded0cce5	one thousand nine hundred fifty six
b75b582c1c1e8084e1cbca0ae61ea57d53ae6818	Franklin is also depicted on a 1976 UK postage stamp.
364e23a84e443a1e3da9cb72929c9034a390f111	In bonistike[edit / edit wiki text]
7fec44f9415d93a7ae71c1f66499ee9e708c21b8	Since 1914, Benjamin Franklin has been depicted on all US $ 100 bills
2da805607588dd40f7a4af517c5cd4792a306fff	100 US dollars.
097c99238a6d1cb6339802a31923bcc58a942b2f	Series of 1914
a8dfb6aa926a40aade28f27e9b9dc3eb97dd77c8	Series of 1934
659261344159681bdfb026bac486037e1cbbf63d	Series of 2006
7ad121e50c0f02c22309e05db1c04f0eddfa5ac1	Series of 2009
0bbd028f426fd38bb77cff7aaaa4b0c8f1988553	Image in culture[edit / edit wiki text]
e51d0db0dc11a31a351bc54270d3833a456f2828	In painting[edit / edit wiki text]
869d4f09e1fa389f402d1dd599381190868b7df9	Edward Harrison May. Lady Howe checks Benjamin Franklin (1867)
bb09e4ba583b14d4a270291cbcaa951c8dc02506	"Benjamin Franklin receives a charge of electric current from heaven" Artist Benjamin West (1738-1820)
0c0bc79ad40602f6280764ba3e86b0386a7085c2	In detail:
a4de44808f493217a81e47c431b5be50d266f437	"Lady Howe checks Benjamin Franklin", a painting by Edward Harrison May
08053f06eae4ed5f78cc0d7ecf774ac481de7b91	In the cinema[edit / edit wiki text]
4ead425a5784fed377749fae0e9deb9cab71c95a	"John Paul Jones" (1959) "John Adams" (2008) "Sons of Freedom" (2015)
8a8cd41571b34a1565794e76f925218ce6232055	↑ 1 2 German National Library, Berlin State Library, Bavarian State Library, etc. Record #118534912 / / General regulatory Control — 2012-2016.
639e1fa8ab4c4e5367a63246c0902af34cd5ef90	↑ 1 2 Franklin Benjamin / edited by A. M. Prokhorov 3rd ed.
a45f082b3934ee1e4593b3ce3a587b89c1354665	- Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969.
74ce5a7e670f2f1b0ba89984c7930a6b80f38f64	<a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q17378135"></a>
0ac507b1781abd54b341370fb72b4bc9e7702f94	↑ Benjamin Franklin, freemasonry.bcy.ca (Accessed June 19, 2010) ↑ Daniel Ligou, ed.
9e2e55c9d065c797a44075df90ad9fc613c25a86	Dictionnaire de la franc maçonnerie (Paris : Presses Universitaires de France, 1987) ↑ Louis Amiable, Une loge maçonnique d’avant 1789, la loge des Neuf Sœurs (Les Editions Maçonnique de France, Paris 1989) ↑ Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography: Finding Franklin, A Resource Guide (Virtual Programs & Services, Library of Congress). www.loc.gov. Checked on February 12, 2017.
a2cb5d6d0b2ee587fdd994429c77a827a2536328	↑ Librivox.
26bb17a16ae9c2d599258a2ee36288e8d95f585f	LibriVox (English). librivox.org. Checked on February 12, 2017.
3e52154c085c31f70679a94ca39c1534b3367858	↑ Benjamin Franklin.
b0d13fe2c49bedeb7591936f1c124c1214d7c3b8	The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin / Charles William Eliot.
aa4e35eb12b3b28a1f74f5fd3ee19060030ff55f	— 1994-07-01.
82f2fcdcb310b9b7680b77304a715a5d9c33e078	↑ H. W. Brands.
5b1aed61d629d9d1b965263749a017534a4fcff8	The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin c 371 -372 — - Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2010-05-26 — - 786 p.
15515856fdff9703eb80b4c3c9d7c936a52f0008	- ISBN 9780307754943.
486b2c39a903bff8c54f30d19f3691d8a3023a95	↑ 1 2 "Franklin" - an article in the New Philosophical Encyclopedia.
974636c7d362265ce1ecd3acdf9c5265e357efb9	↑ The Founding Fathers of the USA: Symbols of faith | Washington ProFile International News & Information Agency ↑ Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (English) (Russian)
075255baa58612e3f7f95eb3ee94dfddaa29e03a	Ш Shokalsky Yu.
16c2d9c874e6647fde56635b345d9df75a8871ec	M. Oceanography.
9de8bd06df76f72426ca97b506a7a8961698a093	- L.: Hydrometeoizdat, 1959.
f8c37916292476aeaed6ef99ce7229873cae8eab	- P. 540.
1b5ad614d520cbbb963b39f93afaaae6f22545c5	Abramov Ya.
f2e66204402e841e56b9ab49668581d24cbf6754	V. V. Franklin, his life, social and scientific activities: A biographical sketch.
b4c1a987385f33cb026e15a1add028f42bfe8fd4	- St. Petersburg: Printing house of the partnership "Public Benefit", 1891.
1afaa3893e08d79fdafb7120c4068258415fffa5	Anikin A.V. Chapter seven.
ca5fa0517e1c736e7dbf1a49a503a179ee837ebb	Franklin and Political Economy across the ocean / / The Youth of Science: The Life and Ideas of Economic Thinkers before Marx.
d5567202050d242e6f3e67788c3bf2e5a223a904	- 2nd ed.
037c91899b9e2602fe913f778227dc9bd3ddc661	- Moscow: Politizdat, 1975.
ad33d9831321ca80dd93360f75dff188cd38ade6	135-148 — - 384 p — - 50,000 copies .
fcd4716f947f710fe61e0b3e597f7bfc213bc780	B. Franklin and Russia.
d0b20ffaca3eb14c06a42e852b86fd56de6cfa30	Philosophical Century, almanac No.
034a153304b182801aa65490aa8c6408d2adafe6	32-33.
c37bcf8af0110652fd51a3a66e816e448e4de399	St. Petersburg, 2006.
23704f141bfd23ab39861e958678798ab83731e9	Benjamin Franklin.
56500a03655dd4ced386ead584867fb8ffa00a80	- M.: "Mann, Ivanov and Ferber", 2013.
7c1b39a027356543cdd90d9be686a217157c6fe3	- P. 480 — - ISBN 978-5-91657-672-6.
c371b805cde43cd85d97e2912774d5a4dd13e644	Vladimirov V. N. Franklin — 1934.
037f67ad6f44317f73be15bb304284fae4b2e871	(The lives of wonderful people) Ivanov R. F. Franklin.
24e86e1f175f05d7ff40327bba508852c3401e36	- M.: Molodaya gvardiya, 1972 — - (ZhZL).
06d6fb988d2a0d98790776c32c88b47edd876b94	Speranskaya L. N.
859d0cde55e08699c17213a6cddfb57f27294026	The doctrine of the value of B. Franklin // The world history of economic thought: In 6 volumes / Chief editor V. N. Cherkovets.
41a11b18099f24be93c1835a0d1ff05705588942	- Moscow: Mysl, 1987.
a54010fb02a2a328d60f770adbc082945507d8dd	- T. I. From the origin of economic thought to the first theoretical systems of political life.
875b4153285e5f90cf1ce713e1d20f278e12d664	439-441 — - 606 p — - 20,000 copies.
c08fc676c736dfcd0754c1b8a922e146440b1632	— ISBN 5-244-00038-1.
5c2cbb3de21306587376ee7faf320a18b5ca1766	Wilson M. American scientists and inventors / Translated from the English by V. Ramses; edited by N. Treneva.
404df73f6695dc467d742d895f2a7160c6e19b30	- M.: Znanie, 1975.
27b80157833ad3055d73c3dadedc4f53873410a5	11-18 — - 136 p — - 100 000 copies.
509802e93f929ad071fb62b5381a3aec5f63ddb0	Franklin, Benjamin // Brockhaus and Efron's Encyclopedic Dictionary: in 86 vols.
13ab6329197d6c49e8c25fe1c111383c5733894b	(82 volumes and 4 supplements).
9277d5bf94bd3b861be65c1b4ddf17e999863fc8	- St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
ea6e0c8030be7ad24f145d2480a3a7bd621b1b99	Franklin Benjamin / / Ulyanovsk Frankfort.
d2792153641e1b077f175812cc6b72e839adaaec	- Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1977 — - (The Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov; 1969-1978, vol. 27).
a6fcd0b31cbda70909d611f6ac0e7fbdf18671f4	Temples Yu.
0070698cbe1b127bfc64bda1a4203fd6c65986d4	A. Franklin Benjamin (Benjamin) (Franklin Benjamin)
9679d1eece6aca43378f7473ffd106b469605252	/ / Physics: Biographical reference book / Edited by A. I. Akhiezer.
ec8da271a5da7364be484ab3baa2bb85b293ddaa	- Ed.
82cb5172f24f55ca23ff6478a66f906aad16ddc5	2nd, ispr. and supplement M.: Nauka, 1983.
5c3a29558ffd5d8362f551a33397551608ad4d70	- p. 283.
914550a22fd0ba674529334813ba3e687b5f12fc	- 400 p.
4f1eff0f2d918752011a70973c1993bc1fd19978	- 200,000 copies.
b7fbe99fabf8df2db280ec10e4ba316b448e9186	(in the lane)
e11a737826c2aaeb76ef728e7cc8a1c8da8046c8	Franklin, Benjamin in Wikicitatnik Franklin, Benjamin on Wikimedia Commons
6ad176c9bfd9adaa7b3c33ef9907305b833b4baa	Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin Franklin's diary The history of one paradox of electrical engineering Franklin's squares The time management system of Benjamin Franklin B. Franklin "On criminal laws and on the custom of privateering "B. Franklin" Historical sketch of the Constitution and government of Pennsylvania"
3ae80127f971b59af93ed021e56d7d9c82dd54c7	Thematic sites
8a24e7a92b23ee1cf9639c6a6e148643db6453c1	Notable Names Database · Internet Movie Database · Project Gutenberg · RKDartists · Find a Grave
69c9a42b269be37e52d56c85b704cba7b816c339	Dictionaries and encyclopedias of Brockhaus and Efron · Circumnavigation · Larousse · Small Brockhaus and Efron · Britannica (online) * Oxford Biographical Dictionary
d14392418d193e62e87765309c6ff2a29fabf74d	Regulatory Control BAV: ADV10183446 · BIBSYS: 90052017 · BNC: A10281757 · BNE: XX877138 · BNF: 119034658 · BPN: 16265204 · GND: 118534912 · ICCU: IT\ICCU\CFIV\071766 · ISNI: 0000 0001 2133 9941 · LCCN: n79043402 · NDL: 00440037 · NKC: jn20000720076 · NLA: 35100032 · NLG: 69541 · NTA: 06836010X, 18484505X · NUKAT: n97038230 · PTBNP: 42484 · LIBRIS: 54072 · SUDOC: 026873478 · VIAF: 56609913 · ULAN: 500331804
a3751fab502a0a6a9db164b77b3dd7553054a0bb	Signatories of the US Constitution
7cb8f0a31fd0345cafbf0daa3506fde558da05ff	Bassett * Butler • Bedford • Blount • Blair • Baldwin • Brerley • Broome • Washington* • Hamilton • Gilman • Goram • Dayton • Dickinson • Jennifer * Johnson • Ingersoll • King • Climer[en] • Carroll • Livingston • Langdon • Mack Henry • Mifflin • G. Morris • R. Morris • Madison • Paterson • Ch.
6172abf005a7cbfabfe84e54c6580d4fe6cd1173	Pinckney • C. K. Pinckney • Rutledge • Reed • Speight • Wilson • Williamson • Fitzsimons • Franklin • Phew • Sherman
fca774f9dccfb16e0c67ca92a73371fd9e6e5143	* - Chairman and Deputy from Virginia
517ce599d1cdcf21c84de72d7a3ac232ba6f6797	Governors of Pennsylvania
41a4b3f2159e002d2e0946e15232d988401e0529	Presidents of Pennsylvania
61359e24fde04453ade6c18a920c2c42284ed74c	(1777—1790)
6da91e4a8e65b0a22d9c143996a5d7c909795626	Wharton • Brian • Reed • More • Dickinson • Franklin • Mifflin •
065b291d34eb1d669e28dcedcc042eab92b78f71	Governors of the State of Pennsylvania
1c3c9c6475ed1df7b429e8f73e503f278d3ad4f0	(since 1790)
b02412355a7a371016cae3b5c72bec399f0786e3	Mifflin • McKean • Snyder * Findlay • Heaster • Schulze • Wolf • Reitner • Porter • Shank • Johnston • Bigler • Pollock • Pecker • Curtin • Geary • Hertrenft • Hoyt • Pettison • Beaver • Pettison • Hastings • Stone • Pennypacker • Stewart * Tener • Brumbaugh • Sproul • Pinchot • Fisher • Pinchot • Earl • James • Martin • Bell • Duff • Leader • Lawrence • Scranton • Shafer • Shepp • Thornberg • Casey * Ridge • Schweiker • Rendell • Corbett • Wolf
97a6550766aa079b44851ed052797d7a21b80b97	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Франклин,_ben & oldid=83619641"
bd91f59c26baa698cb3753e9edf60c2f415a32a6	Categories: Born on January 17, Born in 1706, Born in Boston, Died on April 17, Died in 1790, Died in Philadelphia, Personalities alphabetically Scientists of the USA Philosophers of the USA Founding Fathers of the USA Postmasters General of the USA Journalists of the USA Geographers of the USA Inventors of the USA History of the XVIII century Abolitionists of the USA Freemasons of the USA Members of the French Academy of Sciences Honorary members of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Ambassadors of the USA to France Awarded the Copley Medal Scientists, after whom physical units of measurement are named American Revolution Revolutionaries of the USA Americans of English origin
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4300519dda1e817cbef822ec1dc22af0d1696595	Home page → Memorable Dates → Benjamin Franklin
ca1ab0b4a22767e12785a0ce4f3c6eccf2d34faf	American statesman, scientist, one of the founding fathers of the United States
e44ebe261daf0415a3828e899e7a79f64bbd59af	January 17, 1706
03fa6788d1a59436fbc5c84c284e7ee1395ce974	April 17, 1790
76cddb49482b66d1ceac96ded6987776e6dd0b18	311 years ago
1a6ba05b00523e9345a64fb56fe219db56838194	227 years ago
bc864c140b63dc442cbedb089e84140b9c14d66e	The story of Benjamin Franklin is the story of a man who achieved everything in his life by himself, went from a half educated person to a famous scientist.
e9bdb42f2f35d819443fc2ac485b44c38461d01b	His portrait is placed on a hundred dollar bill.
22e6f5a6e7c5b941265570a98788f4deafa170c0	Benjamin Franklin was born on January 17, 1706 in Boston, Massachusetts.
e87e41f94ecd98d57cb920ac62111a16cd049d5d	There were 16 other children in the family besides him.
f6afda6c906c389c03effbbd55ffa87295670ed1	Franklin went to school, but his father could not pay for his full course of study, so when Benjamin was 10 years old, he began working in a printing house and a candle making workshop.
221bb9464c59f26c137c5ca9265e5741c753f7f7	This is a lightning rod, bifocal glasses, an electric fuse.
6417373d47438d8dd8fccdf7c8782d4fa61e32f8	Franklin is also known for his diplomatic work in London (1757-1775) and Paris (1776-1785), where he helped strengthen the international position of the United States - with his assistance and participation, the American French Treaty of Alliance (1778) and the Treaty of Versailles (1783) were concluded, according to which Great Britain recognized the independence of the United States.
96c8af308d94fbab32fb75df989cdc56e644dc0c	In 1785, he served as president of the Pennsylvania State Legislature.
df782c8b4d7c1f6d3813552b037529d8592187ef	Franklin is one of the authors of the US Constitution of 1787.
06cdc10dda4606338ef8917cc1656e2a1e6b3b02	Benjamin Franklin owns a number of popular aphorisms, the most famous of which are "Time is money", "Do not postpone for tomorrow what you can do today" and "If you want to sleep soundly, take a clear conscience with you to bed".
51dd69b3b358948910bff0b0634c262285aeee77	Benjamin Franklin lived a long and fruitful life and died on April 17, 1790 in Philadelphia.
cbee6190519c248db9e34acdcb323c715a97398b	How to transform a car restoration, tuning and detaling of a car
527fbc08f2c2fbb48f75f76154760cddbb34f33a	Print Market service for ordering printing and souvenir products
e8cb37f342e1d5a49a2e33d1eab1fad4a85abc14	Today, February 16 in history:
722a7e9c6dcbb04ed1fffe8d658ea03ce68f8e01	1568
edb2e6fed2cfc633a41814a6ce6cdcaadc5dcbef	The Spanish Inquisition handed down a death sentence to all (!) residents of the Netherlands
9b0fcc8b4daae15af808794bbaeb7f52358bf3cc	Previously, Christianity and the Christian Church suffered both from an external enemy – the Roman emperors, and from internal strife, based on theological differences: different interpretations of sacred texts, on the recognition or non recognition of individual ones...
eb72c4ca70ca1394681037753345409cf3d4b488	1923
351f79abd73c9eb4117a8273a03e13c8a14582f9	Howard Carter's expedition found the stone sarcophagus of Pharaoh Tutankhamun
b5a738e77f89054905cfb8c5862c62c56a425e35	Since ancient times, the high culture of Egypt has caused enthusiastic surprise among the peoples of the world.
f442c0c75c3007434ae28a066c74f19ae8cd8c29	Scientists and philosophers of Greece came to Egypt in search of knowledge.
8bf633b622930283a821ebae02d3c7890f2d709c	The sick and the relaxed were brought to the Nile Valley, since Egyptian doctors were considered the best...
23a0538f53ccbf131a1f79874d3805ac4ed108fc	2005
cfe1ba7c12abbb54c9d4e40a12dab827c449e3b7	The Kyoto Protocol has entered into force
f223004f2573e5665e2a42f7b710cc534a8084dc	The Kyoto Protocol is an international document adopted in Kyoto (Japan) in December 1997 in addition to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.
3957c5e95443a4e464edf1b23d969756ce348663	It obliges developed countries and countries with economies in transition to reduce or stabilize emissions...
65f40c35951d7d0091c8a15af636d4b4c31ab168	1831
eb6be5630f0a6339d5aee127f71742137ee5cea4	Nikolai Leskov was born
fc78c9b8db0b025fef0774fe09b35f9262d90a49	Nikolai Semyonovich Leskov was born (4) on February 16, 1831, in the small village of Gorokhovo, Orel province.
6240eb6ff9a4643bab135d34b11864806be1cf96	His father, a native of the clergy, served in the Chamber of criminal cases.
635b5a3fe865f0b30b5e0277834008b574cd2777	Leskov was given an elementary education by rich relatives, and V...
4ffba05e292341e54f6b149967cf0e728d4f11e8	1852
1d955f2003a8e849502bb4989562d2e9f99021f1	Charles Russell was born
7a1ebdad08f23d29a7b9f257a5d4fa10291f9332	Charles Tase Russell was born in Pittsburgh on February 16, 1852, into a Protestant family.
ab348e9189b5294be62cbdc90889df73b8949c70	His parents influenced his interest in religion.
6f46477a9aeda9fb57025d4ad37a3bb2d0f292e9	As a young man, Charles was engaged in missionary activities.
0d99e12d597d8214116c5c2b146810351402cb6d	Soon he became disillusioned with Christianity, with its torments...
ba801e780b399d6337a03689e75b8c03aa57d3a9	1934
d6167d43ce07fd359d3874a5c8dd41e322e819eb	Eduard Bagritsky died
e7e8ef008a9c30ff36f41ae4380f07dc4dfc1ddd	The poet's work still causes a lot of controversy.
1dd7aa2f9588d37a54641a02f7fbafe1573593e2	On the one hand, he accepted the revolution and in his romantic poetry sang of the new system, on the other hand, he painfully tried to understand the cruelty of the revolutionary ideology and the arrival of totalitarianism.
3ae1d499748c1036bea50b3822f965950d935599	And all this...
204d1b68ca70c70e17417076588df954f47da0da	1996
d141afac4aa1d927982ec162c1ddbf9411f0b56a	Vladimir Migulya died
a653beb2fdb20c620713740a3db61c944bd2bd47	Vladimir Georgievich Migulya was born on August 18, 1945 in Volgograd.
af35b48371a0ac23fe9d874a312f742a2858f1ec	His father was a military pilot, and his mother was a lieutenant of the medical service during the war, later a medical statistician.
a7ff41776c530c25a52f75d850fd0ea17bebc91f	He studied at school, combining it with music and sports.
c3dc38cefcb958578a654ab09872bf66aaa915c2	In 1963...
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4bc05e03dba3647a8f649e4febf3682630389ec6	All the most interesting things
de7951674e65e91a97fa2f117f90214603bfeb4f	Benjamin Franklin and his success
9c54c3e4aefe6a6813a27b77e3603602d4685178	Category: From the life of the great | 4 comments
df1fc93ee2cf3647c27a09c12784a4c8ccde6ad8	It is hardly possible to be considered an educated person if you do not know the biography (or at least the main achievements) of Benjamin Franklin – a man whose image is on a hundred dollar bill.
fc8c1034d4ece1c7691ba5be6d6e6f4260c02e69	This unique person was born on January 17, 1706 and lived for 84 years.
be0afdbf10b89629c6d330e43500421dff6bcfce	However, he went down in history as a politician, inventor, scientist, diplomat, writer, publisher and journalist, as well as just an extremely influential person, whose authority was treated with great respect by both the most famous rich people of that time and kings and presidents.
6abf73afceacd3beb409af52e7bc9e8ebf8b2579	In this text, we will give the main, in our opinion, moments from the autobiography of Benjamin Franklin.
03a0c7ea9249226218361b72b9e85857594aea3e	Actually, this work is considered one of the best classical textbooks for those who want to become a successful person.
547d14e27c56c186d7d8cca1d39f137569322de8	Anyone, a young man engaged in self improvement, is simply obliged to read this book, especially since it is not expensive (gift editions do not count).
5f85548726d918be1841863af8ffac9e99360b84	For general development, you can read an interesting fact from the life of Benjamin Franklin.
d8d5cc082901aa9ad0dfc90ad224afdc99ee761e	Let's get acquainted with the main achievements of our genius:
3f84672a6b3d64c4285bf84edf1858c75c8cd088	Invented a lightning rod;
9df077b836b76c1ee692ffe1d82c202887c57b05	Invented bifocal glasses;
7b62da621ca39b9f1026d41d89a4fbab3affde05	Invented the Franklin oven;
84e3384d4586287e75f97dbc14374a5497df5401	He made many outstanding discoveries in the field of electricity;
90453edf2a9380125baf9309ace361ac524d046e	Created the first detailed map of the Gulf Stream;
ac6fb2bfe6601d121abf5e9c3c16f6bbfe8063c2	Founded the first public library in the United States;
45b77ea49fa7220a24803da671fdbb4fb2d79c0f	Founded the Philadelphia Academy;
1e7302a4d6fbf736a6080cfbdc13d8c128513021	Participated in the creation of the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution;
fd5aaf4d3da9a65db176814d6e0e94f9fd31aff1	He was actively engaged in publishing activities.
e7699701bbd4e0e879c5d4a77bb2a1d4e37dc6d3	A truly impressive list, worthy of several lives of the most talented people!
fe7835b1b80618ef92ad7659aac314c52697024e	The formation of Franklin's personality
01456d7224fbcec8246d3bb4d3e66cdfa016da15	However, after a few years, Franklin decided to completely abandon this method, due to the fact that this system of argument assumed a certain amount of self confidence and pride of the questioner.
7eefc7660f01031786913545ecd67f3f3e6f1511	Here I immediately remember the aphorism that you can be modest without being wise, but you canot be wise without being modest!
fdf70cc3f57c0f5468842a580325ed7630ec409f	Instead of self confident phrases like "undoubtedly", "of course", "beyond any doubt", etc., Franklin began to use extremely restrained and modest turns of speech: "It seems to me that...", " Due to certain circumstances, I believe...", "If I am not mistaken, then...", "You are probably right, but if you look from the other side..." and so on.
13ff9ecb8f29b7b3bbefbceb39e4f7a4dd6888fb	Here it is very fair to quote the phrase of a wise man: "People should be taught as if you did not teach them, and unfamiliar things should be presented as forgotten."
5663143ef152a7da9e34ce118eafaafca8f09621	An interesting fact from life
2b9a9138e811705f2a291df14f4b5763bdcf6105	Suddenly seeing that many small fish were being taken out of the stomach of a big fish, he exclaimed in his heart: "Well, if you eat each other, then why canot I eat you"!
3c942a1663a418fd602938fa320484b0c47fb5b6	Public activities of Benjamin Franklin
bac57544edd52d52785dc374e360ed63ca7eb162	Being a very thrifty person, Benjamin was able to make do with simple food even when he became a very wealthy gentleman.
0a57c0e6206f52f392e0bf6f18548eaf51adc9ca	He considered hard work and dedication to be the most important qualities of any person and citizen.
ded3df6b5f89132a5bec63af3623131eb94f9cf4	Without wasting time either on gatherings in pubs, or on games and other amusements, the young Franklin worked in his printing house day and night.
e5d418a0d4f554d8fa8db13ec079611aaabd68bc	When he entered the path of public life, his powerful and creative intellect gave rise to many social projects.
7a58979817e43daec3f8273ff542e3d707cb517b	However, envious people began to claim that this young upstart wants to become famous at the expense of public achievements, attributing them to himself personally.
06191a3c5521d36df2b91b1d42e0bfe38c5869a0	This is what made Benjamin change his position on this issue.
eb6d875cc0acef7d162ba5d76608467f9c0f26ec	Since then, any project invented by Franklin himself has been issued as the idea of a particular community or group of famous people.
219895a20cbb07a4ae36e4c17fb395d8e4d9795b	This practice served the young figure well and allowed him to implement many of his initiatives.
023c7dc052af50f4b839de2bde5c2d5de9626a0b	For example, the city police and the fire department in Philadelphia are, by and large, the merit of Franklin.
4b732b8c42a51945bb22b06b59abd6e0e24c14c5	Similar things were already organized according to this model in other cities of America.
e2fe078e0e9066d07c14075b6cc1c9431d0ccb9a	Benjamin Franklin and His Morality
dbd13e2b8d50f27d3bba63131592f2594eee1470	In addition to outstanding achievements in terms of science and the state structure of society, Benjamin Franklin constantly improved himself.
4890ce7808981e179e8928774fc68d32744080c9	He had a special plan, according to which he monitored the development of a specific property of virtue every week.
9c736e09e81f261853c587d36ed8d0088895b6af	Each day was marked in a special notebook with a plus if the quality was manifested, and a minus if it was not possible to achieve success.
a27e918019b1bd0b087ffb9b48a38051e43c884c	Thus, four times a year, each virtue was drilled for a whole week.
1f40ab84dfcc4baf482ee7bb4d2fda537afc60f3	These are the things that an outstanding American wanted to achieve:
408ff51e81146bc10d6e7e4a04dac83cbc4c5a10	FRANKLIN'S MORAL IMPROVEMENT PLAN:
2c2741129b3aa79543bbb721f3fbfb8d267c619f	Abstinence - Not to eat to satiety, not to drink to intoxication.
dc4f1923ab8f38fe74d816f12f06bf4e4bc2a140	Silence - To say only what can benefit me or another; to avoid empty conversations.
b06ad7465588c9b5f9df1a491b66a6221ad77936	Order - Keep all your things in their places; have your own time for each activity.
4d56bd817df9e2e01b337697812cc3b728643d90	Determination - To decide to do what should be done; to strictly carry out what is decided.
2f769d8e07db18708267620a6f0b2e6709ad93ff	Thrift is to spend money only on what benefits me or others, that is, not to waste anything.
187d3b31aaa77385b0349cd94047d7faaa90ce36	Diligence - Not to waste time in vain; to be always busy with something useful; to refuse all unnecessary actions.
004f1cd310cea3f5cdf5ac846c41f5938c340332	Sincerity - Not to cause harmful deception, to have pure and fair thoughts; in conversation, also adhere to this rule.
5a9f79e16c7072f029d88bf8aa20ce4c486e21c5	Justice - Do not harm anyone; do not commit injustice and do not omit good deeds, which are among your duties.
e8696d629af78d3e35f8af4175ac4631d391cf31	Moderation To avoid extremes; to restrain, as far as you consider it appropriate, the feeling of resentment from injustices.
f7658aa9458e3554731118c7a5f668201825212e	Cleanliness - Do not allow bodily uncleanness; observe neatness in clothing and in the home.
7abd58823a3a1c4f92f35032b276fe7e7160f8fa	Calmness - Do not worry about trifles and about ordinary or unavoidable cases.
dc747693a9f90f364f2fac5535963ed4590c9871	Chastity - Be chaste in your thoughts, control your instincts.
e52f05bbfaa87fb345fd62f19cf5c8c32247a3d4	Modesty is to imitate Jesus and Socrates.
e2f7bb057470c457244f8beb06da49d4d6b5add0	Benjamin Franklin and Religion
93cfaf703961b7fce4aa7aeb2241c30d7addd264	I must say that although Benjamin Franklin was not a religious person, he still believed in God and that any religion is good if it brings good and order to a person's life.
cfcca2b47fd94413a5ac332039795e98efd1c836	Here is a brief summary of Franklin's views, given by him in his autobiography:
830ebcde35230b2bb22932f74413968b5ec4739c	"There is one God who created the whole world.
92f07ea3b551cc8bb461c3928d4cb26ce54d41cf	By His providence He rules the world.
b6857539c1f367828c265d29be6668b4af46ca62	He should be worshipped through reverence, prayer and thanksgiving.
d72f6768a70156e81564e96cebdb3ce8bc9fd3cf	The most pleasing service to God is to do good to people.
168938e8fcfe2a4d000fc61886acca995f8665a3	The soul is immortal.
74b13476de9be0f94f03f5c2f34778ae74731544	God will certainly reward virtue and punish vice either here or in the afterlife."
f42ccc1b847950efbc7e171da24358192d31fd55	Moreover, he composed several prayers of his own, and pronounced them before God every morning.
836db42cbc72de0ef3fde208f448e87c96fd7293	Here is one of them: "Oh, Almighty God!
b728a0617f601469e39009d639edb5700e801966	Generous Father!
4a4066e441e0bf0592026a27487897b875957449	Merciful Mentor!
0c881f34bc0e8844f3fcdfc924373b470c48eaae	Strengthen in me the wisdom that would reveal the Truth to me.
50cbcd784e28936a8818b6b0a9ffe3e0ff6c6b76	Strengthen me in my determination to do what is dictated by this wisdom.
88def616c7223a39d51834b1899809570907607b	Accept my sincere actions aimed at Your children as my only reward for Your tireless care for me."
3eb69d81a65af85fec0da3dde3d43f4e7bc44a41	The daily routine of Benjamin Franklin
a433e7cb1e2f684ab3aae7f771a143a919b67945	There are many myths about the daily routine of Benjamin Franklin on the Internet.
54880e2800b5f081b532e94f0ac6a2ce577511cc	Below is the mode of the day, which is literally indicated in the autobiography of the scientist:
89d3174a60a97d82ab4ee58b11f955c1cea0d471	Interested?
bbcdf75e418f84c3a0221372432c72f152828c73	Be sure to read the full biography of the genius.
95ca4b2c7719c3242e7ada0c01359cbd0a06ea09	The pleasure is guaranteed to you!
7e1ede6a2e24cceaca3be1e5c946655be99e65c0	The author himself has repeatedly said that as the handwriting is corrected by repeated repetition of calligraphic writing, so life can change with regular reference to the biographies of outstanding figures of all times and peoples.
af6f916772351f349d9358ee9ee35e3b6ad43470	Good luck to all!
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aa876f1457b438d058e3fbaed348cf011830c647	4 comments
02caceaaf6adc6d61957d169e6277eb606f4f677	Yulia 19.05.2016
390538677808317cb66a639295bfc36cec77ec5d	Great article!
1bdb523ecc3a9253267b4e03a694c444c180fc93	He was a unique person, I love his autobiography — one of the best works on motivation and self development.
176d737d75fe4a39284a70e318556d90be84baf9	Franklin is a real genius, without a doubt!
cafb12193809340c22fd02625fdd95c0723918dc	Zinaida 11.10.2016
528e4680bce3261c6bb1967634157b0beeb5654b	I wish there were more people like Benjamin Franklin.
8a3361ec1bd43a364c4a91ba4080b81350eab602	And then it seems that there are no great people in the world anymore, but only some greedy and money mad types!
5a211ddcc39b84d453bf3cafaa24ab49ff693b76	If our young people were equal to such wonderful geniuses as the hero of your article, maybe the world would become much better in many ways.
99f7e8f4551ccf36bf4f7890fb7774d23c90eef8	I want to believe that these interesting facts will really be interesting to the new generation.
420152546f51a3248e6bd30a58f269879c14d943	With uv.
3388b83afed6dd2e0aa7f2f525ebe95f2700ffc3	Zinaida
d4adee69eda6e8a48d8a60662558a6555039f5a5	Alexander 12.11.2016
937d8375030e4caf5fe5a67aeaba11dd6635d23c	Interesting facts about Benjamin Franklin are an inexhaustible source of inspiration and desire to move forward, no matter how hard it is.
451043f1025951e88523577d33a2c455589c380c	I have his image on the screen saver in my phone for two years now — I still havenot got tired of it!
c70604d841572f9615ba00a5fbb81ba77b6f6e45	Guest 30.01.2017
0ca034c8512025d3e5d93202b4edc3d941de9af8	An amazing personality.
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2c586f0952a23dff34a0f1aa29701ab7ecc38aa9	FRANKLIN, Benjamin FRANKLIN, Benjamin (1706-1790), American statesman and scientist.
b6c945a97c31f0cbbba8ff38c48b6401297bfc7f	He was born in Boston (Massachusetts) on January 17, 1706.
e64e183d4283087ea6c48e7a5b26c0aa515a919d	He studied at a local school until the age of 10, worked in a candle workshop and a printing house.
bf3710ebf39142f9c650ffc0f94a0f1462dbbe47	At the age of 17, he moved to Philadelphia.
2846e9dc4cfe2e5bc7443a80b998724416298bc0	In 1724, he was sent to London to purchase printing equipment.
c6e2e3cd9dbc4162166324d541ba292bd8a1bd77	In 1727 he founded his own business, in 1729-1748 he published the "Pennsylvania Gazette", in 1732-1758 the yearbook "Poor Richard's Almanac".
e5df2a07a0af7f2dda5e9092a186c6912ca99da8	He served as secretary of the Pennsylvania Assembly in 1736-1751, was a member of the Assembly from Philadelphia in 1751-1764, postmaster of Philadelphia in 1737-1753, deputy Postmaster General of the colonies in 1753-1774.
5f944db5075411626e4654a6cc7be1edd9e04665	Franklin independently studied French, Spanish,Italian, Latin.
911465a78cdc020f80cbd26a4a702380a85626de	In 1743, Franklin founded the American Philosophical Society, in 1751 the University of Pennsylvania.
78c9f858b0f1717200b38f0845171e86f4fa6d64	He proposed the so called "labor" theory of value and the famous definition of man as an animal that creates tools.
8d97e529be14fa09fe76e2f984b72edcf5705f5d	Relations between England and the colonies became increasingly tense.
2ac35a2eecd581d017f3bbfb2763b829614dcb5d	Franklin in London assisted William Pitt and his associates in trying to reach an agreement.
d8a208ae7485086cb7099ca797a8e6017487e947	Literature Franklin B. Selected works.
2c704259c0f005ad6858e8a3ebc6afdbb9f40a0e	M., 1956
d131335dc81e41597be38c095d440247b1a0a823	Franklin B. Experiments and observations on electricity.
ae4e3b6b52f5646fd6e19505ce390657cbe602d7	Radovsky M. I. Benjamin Franklin.
a70eb2e81a2e7c66e4346caa18cf1e62dddd9ee7	M., L., 1965
3876235a054fcba46d52f06dfc21684444f291cf	Ivanov R. F. Franklin.
7f7e15cff8d6327d547f7e130269a0d5878e4f92	M., 1972
efcb1467ea250974002f31f7da19a221dd162f8e	© 1997-2017 Universal popular science encyclopedia "Circumnavigation"
99e68f69fbe571e4fedb47e24c7faed2b71b407d	About the project Terms of use Advertising on the website Contact information
aab6bd9807b53dbf91f1f18b80c13aa787b9ec8a	Benjamin Franklin biography, information, personal life
540aa311e3ef210ed387a4966c68d7370e978e65	Benjamin Franklin (January 17, 1706 April 17, 1790) was a politician, diplomat, scientist, inventor, writer, journalist, publisher, and Freemason.
f455db81b85fe4722df24e1a57d9c3ec713a90a1	One of the developers of the design of the Great State Seal of the United States (the Great Seal).
13e170ca62b825b34463bbaeeaa3e593c1432f57	The first American to become a foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
16a24b6f6de6c3416956f1d8fae5b195914c7af0	The portrait of Benjamin Franklin has been on a hundred dollar bill of the US Federal Reserve System since 1914.
03f55364512617bc8000bff5e32e9ac97a447b68	Benjamin Franklin was born on January 17, 1706 in Boston.
924262782ca348fa4b59173769db8758b27a9050	He was the 15th child in the family (17 children in total) of an emigrant from England, Josiah Franklin (1652-1745) — a craftsman engaged in the manufacture of soap and candles.
5913234ee01c7038df704131527c8d3ddab71929	Published (1729-1748)
e598ac94f525c50d565e15874a381eccd2595ac0	"The Pennsylvania Gazette", in 1732-1758 the yearbook "Poor Richard's Almanac".
0dfec3bb99f38096d1976cef46a2e79aaca38769	In 1728, Benjamin Franklin founded the Philadelphia discussion circle of artisans and merchants "The Leather Apron Club" ("Junto"), which turned into the American Philosophical Society in 1743, whose members from the 1770s to the 1860s were elected 24 Russian scientists, including T. I. von Klingsteth (1773), E. R. Dashkova (1789), P. S. Pallas (1791), F. P. Adelung (1818), I. F. Krusenstern (1824), V. J. Struve (1853).
17dccb1f2fd1c8597c1c2dcbcad708117af49583	He founded the first public library in America in 1731, the American Philosophical Society in 1743, and the Philadelphia Academy in 1751, which became the basis of the University of Pennsylvania.
5f256d11f91912224cef7e76c90cfb2007341375	He was an adherent of natural nutrition (specific nutrition, raw food).
000fc93a4ed9fe2fdec9d3d04ff07f8364f3f083	One of the authors of the American Constitution (1787).
30e7d9d6d68c722e26ba1a5044b54936fec0dd66	In accordance with what was stated in his "Autobiography", Franklin developed and tried to implement a plan for achieving moral perfection and eliminating bad habits, which was based on developing a skill in the 13 virtues listed by him.
fd190a1709d1425a15cdef637e2d2831146c3b57	About 20 thousand people gathered for his funeral in Philadelphia , despite the fact that the entire population of the city that year was 33,000 people, including infants.
f4e563414bfed1556c097cb7d2c0a8d976d35d1e	The inventions of Benjamin Franklin:
d0e77eba84667a69b44e1deb899af67930c74b97	he established the identity of atmospheric and friction generated electricity and gave proof of the electrical nature of lightning;
66a817175d723121f25fb7d5f6949f689077080c	invented bifocal glasses (1784);
63edea1938f962cec187d2218a0c36cd35c83c0c	he received a patent for the design of a rocking chair;
e61951c2ce6240242927fd3dadc474a90a991502	he invented an economical small sized stove for the house (1742 and 1770) (names: Franklin stove Franklin stove, or Pennsylvania fireplace Pennsylvania fireplace); This oven was and remains one of the most popular inventions of Franklin and is still used in many countries of the world.
c0628679d6604b258a4cae30ec05fe82d190d482	It gives twice as much heat at a quarter of the consumption of wood from an ordinary fireplace.
ad1488686bb2fbc5ea1eaf2a5041873ed2e860a6	Despite the great success of this design, Franklin did not patent his invention in principle, explaining this in his "Autobiography": "If we willingly enjoy great benefits from other people's inventions, then we should be glad to have the opportunity to serve others with our invention, and we should do it selflessly and generously";
286d4b68ebf8c71505e4b07f0ccb9a4f3f08a477	he put forward the idea of an electric motor and demonstrated an "electric wheel" that rotates under the action of electrostatic forces;
9c3426d02c49cd44d573add4ca1be08b83c8a6ec	for the first time, he used an electric spark to explode gunpowder;
eaa3b6909dd192de8a92fc3015d21e3e9b10ff42	he explained the principle of operation of the Leyden jar, having established that the main role in it is played by the dielectric separating the conductive plates;
de78d893e92b941aa0cc19c827831b59742d420b	he fundamentally improved the glass harmonica for which Mozart, Beethoven, Donizetti, R. Strauss, Glinka and Tchaikovsky began to compose;
8ecf7f286ab59f269ffd343744b1c9ea1b4caad9	developed his own time management system;
d5120d0333d4401e15c1e6ba269f4d96a5a13251	he collected extensive data on storm winds (nord ost) and proposed a theory explaining their origin;
20e3a159664ac5888300e6d4acb0369145ff9f4e	with his participation, measurements of the speed, width and depth of the Gulf Stream were carried out, and this current, which was named by Benjamin Franklin, was mapped (1770).
f4226e288ef98a91e10c4c935bc7668b99279655	Benjamin Franklin Aphorisms, quotes, sayings >>>
006323950151c21396d8f84c748834cf49b4e42c	The Munich Air Crash of February 6, 1958 was an aviation accident that occurred on February 6, 1958 at the Munich Rome Airport (West Germany).
3b0fb6dcdb0b0597b7b748cc51e79aff4c3eaf99	The Airspeed AS. 57 Ambassador of the British airline British European Airways (BEA), flying BE609 on the route Belgrade—Munich—Manchester, crashed after the third attempt to take off at Munich airport.
3d0217c9cd7d92b6ef0e2c6712f3b7287a61bfea	On board were the players of the English football club "Manchester United", as well as several coaches, fans and journalists.
e632b30e0cc120313a4783e13441f0cc71b022de	Of the 44 people on board, 23 were killed and 19 were injured.
d1d767794b2361920b740ba2b4060452818fa226	The wounded were taken to a Munich hospital.
0b9192540fe90bbea8a9e29b364ce48a45abb753	The team was returning home from Belgrade after the European Champions Cup match, but the plane made a stop in Munich for refueling.
b76409a72b163ba28d7639c507da5d3cdda00831	The capacity of the aircraft's fuel tanks did not allow for a direct flight from Belgrade to Manchester.
2d289c2b0237287fb863ad6da099d0c7f1247eae	After refueling the aircraft, the pilots made two attempts to take off, but interrupted both due to increased fluctuations in the left engine.
ebb5434e267423c08c87ce91178ece295bc4891e	Not wanting to fall far behind the schedule, the crew commander refused to stay in Munich for the night, deciding to make a third attempt to take off.
d5cd1e4c86d5d75cfe74c6798190a37bc73d80ac	By the time of the third attempt to take off, a heavy snowfall began, which caused a lot of snow porridge to accumulate near the end of the runway.
0b988d6007fb589c2756b4c29b8de3932d7e6c75	After entering it, the liner lost the speed necessary for taking off, broke through the fence at the end of the runway and crashed with the left wing into a house standing nearby.
fb0eaca024031bf3cf9475801dc737091ed73a24	Of the 44 people on the plane, 21 died instantly, and many others lost consciousness.
b9d9ad43c1a3b0e8e31e5b44af269bbd3de9fdb9	Fearing a possible explosion of jet fuel, the FAC ordered the remaining passengers and crew members to get out of the plane and move to a safe distance.
bcb38c12b942d5d54386b59d4e76c3c5ede4db93	Despite this, Manchester United goalkeeper Harry Gregg helped the wounded to get out.
d3eab3eb1387ed49623a2fe71f3b95ee8a4b2c0e	The management of the Munich—Rome airport initially declared the commander of flight 609, James Thane, guilty of the crash, who allegedly started taking off without first taking care of removing ice from the wings of the aircraft, although this was at odds with the testimony of witnesses.
01f7fba52d650a9fb97f85e5981ac969e3820d20	It was later established that the cause of the crash was the accumulation of snow porridge near the end of the runway, which is why the plane could not gain the necessary speed for takeoff.
6f4b45f0385864ba241f03af159354a07a8e815a	In 1968, 10 years after the disaster, James Thane was fully acquitted.
881f82134ea658fb68d33939139638f448e03112	Everyone on board was in a good and relaxed state when the plane arrived on German soil.
e44aefe84be29b10b4d1558ae8f2cac32ac2fad3	Someone was playing cards, someone was chatting about the latest news, someone was reading books and magazines, which were full around.
8a7bc6deeba7249f3685f2251879b28c3c23498a	The atmosphere was normal before the flight: a little nervous, but playing cards and chatting relaxed, some even slept.
538daf5144db7c2273b9a8771ca8608ef32cf183	Around 14-00 G ALZU AS 57 with its captain Kenet Rayment was ready for another take-off.
dcd49c985d24a9d36ed2f29bdc3f6fcdba983c48	His partner, Captain James Thane, had flown the plane before, so now their roles have been reversed.
30be92cad0a1e96ff96724b8760b622e7269a72e	At 14-31, the airport tower said that the 609 ZULU had started and Captain James Thane, later after the crash, described what happened next: "Ken opened the throttles that were between us to the "fully open" position and we synchronously pressed the necessary levers, opening the throttles to the end.
8e502b65497fc89c628fffd904ca39be4dab573d	I commanded: "Full speed ahead!" The engines sounded, but we immediately felt that something was wrong. The engines were working very unevenly.
7924a9eba29b2cb910d68cfdc45ea58152b58f6a	The plane was already starting to accelerate, but Ken pressed the brake. After 40 seconds, the plane was already standing in place."
acd98251a85273caf0c9bc00b8d5a312e54101f8	"When we started the second acceleration, we decided that we would open the throttles a little earlier in order to start the engines earlier.
1ef5ff1c33127d1bf8e944eb4dd5b4b9c08becec	So, we got permission for a second attempt, but the same problem happened the second time – the engines stopped.
f7b95395d42bf7579a2585513c9bcadc0275c3c0	While the plane was refueling, the passengers went to drink some coffee."
48f9d31896dd50630f0644e6557f091841c795a2	Defender Bill Foulkes recalls: "We played cards almost all the way from Belgrade to Munich, and I remember that when we got off the plane, it was very cold.
03d7dd81ce538316b3f919db0b64ccbaa6a165aa	After the first unsuccessful attempt to take off, I noticed that some of the passengers began to worry a little, but when the second attempt failed, everyone fell silent.
2d6b56d7a7452ff8ab00fb77d10befbd1315fee0	A quarter of an hour later, we were again asked to get on the plane.
cfbea95a3483c9880071b0b1509ed7eeb3fc6b74	We got on the plane, but no one was playing cards anymore
b58d9c466a7017481aeacd3f994c8f01709a4d47	I put the deck in my pocket and leaned back, waiting for the third attempt.
677b4901e100b44c98860c19381d44c843a5dd4b	I was sitting about in the middle of the plane next to the window.
b6ddee6c3104083c931d31d563c4283502352c82	Matt Busby and Bert Voley were sitting together behind us, and I remember that Mark Jones, Tommy Taylor, Duncan Edwards and Eddie Coleman were sitting behind."
1fb488d58c4c071ce3564e46e1109a2a6159f275	David Pegg got up and said, "I don't like it here, it's not safe here" and went back to the other players.
c8007f1901249d581b1e95a7e36a68351da28e35	I saw Frank Swift go back too.
6c6e217189c0e9d2376130619f2675ab5b574876	The others were sitting not far from me."
2edfc1c9a8cb6ffc7a53eeb8d6b831f9f60e7463	The captains discussed the problem with the technical employee of the airport, and at 15-03 609 ZULU started the third attempt.
69b55736dfb123167903bba24a95f4a4af117cdc	Captain Thane describes her like this: "I told Ken that the engines were fixed for us, and that I was controlling the throttles.
bde649bbdce2f78493132cbe734877e95ecd1a2e	Ken opened them by 28 positions.
32d2d690ebb8ecdb4fc1ebf83af2cffe817bd7aa	The engines were running steadily, and we started forward.
c7039f41c56f00398e3be5bb6d120f80a0778cd4	He kept opening the throttles, I helped him until they were completely open.
a9c8e3ca37795b9e88a459863496b32c063356b1	He said: "Full speed ahead!", I checked the indicators and confirmed the command."
4f19e27f780b19b14a3fd128d9cd307766402907	"Then I noticed the problem with the engines again and told him about it.
e328b5c7ec6cd630f5e44b99955eb6d7b8344b0b	He closed the throttles.
f15af85f809b92d9b27215ef5ccbc47af9bca50d	I looked at the speedometer and saw the number 105 and it was unstable.
dfdfb0e643065bfb0ba0f56dfa5ae17a88569d64	When she reached the 117 mark, I said into the radio: "Velocity 1! Our flight is in danger!".
41f28db6bc104b594cd138cecccc7f4a89ab7bb3	Suddenly, the speed dropped to 112, and then to 105.
8d6afcbcf4dba5ff80fc7f6b1a34ce30ea30f216	Ken screamed: "My God! We are not coping!".
1806cd485ff728938245fbb712b4c8e3e238d947	I looked ahead and saw snow, a house and a tree near the airfield."
5c832776216241fea23fdd5360a9d9d2ecb12911	Eight football players, three representatives of the coaching staff, eight journalists, two crew members and two third-party passengers who were flying with the MU were killed.
4855fe500fa9d14b4cc6d4977ca59c969b6ccc99	Of the surviving football players, only three are still alive: the legendary Bobby Charlton, Bill Foulkes and the goalkeeper who helped save the rest of the passengers after the disaster, Harry Gregg.
40e987ae0c08f1c35a2f976475683abe9b61fba0	At that time, air travel was classified as a high-risk category, but United had to use an aircraft to catch the domestic championship game.
50dc8f0347887a284683868294623746597ea513	The Manchester United team, which was called the "Busby Kids" in honor of the team's head coach Matt Busby, was returning from Belgrade, where the quarterfinal match of the European Champions Cup with the local "Crvena Zvezda"took place.
740972d0c0968efc1bf1b40882adf4f2e3641a64	In memory of that terrible event, a memorial plaque and a "Munich Clock" were installed at Manchester's Old Trafford stadium on February 25, 1960.
95b46b4838cb8dbf75b3d7fca1ebf19d6a083635	In the mid-70s of the XX century, when the stadium was being reconstructed, the memorial plaque could not be moved to a new place without damage.
48858e475fb6370b5a789495bd79a63eda6f4a0a	A new memorial plaque was installed in 1976.
c04ec60862c48a9b9021586f690761039f3aebeb	In 1996, a third version of the memorial appeared at Old Trafford, more similar to the original original.
93ce87906673595f8825e24d2214c4fa929fbade	A monument to the legendary Manchester United coach Matt Busby was also erected.
04c1de4b92682a0b241ec21558bb9e949f46b30c	On February 6, 2008, on the day of the 50th anniversary of the Munich disaster, a memorial service was held at the stadium.
71f5a1079b7a28e9f03695ba2e4d526c75999733	On the same day, the tunnel under the South Stand of Old Trafford was named the "Munich Tunnel", an exhibition dedicated to the "Busby Kids" and the victims of the tragedy opened there.
d1b163069edcb030263e3d3634ad982198465811	Charlton, strapped to the seat, was thrown out of the cabin.
38d9779088863699e68fcd506c9480e14deaa966	When United goalkeeper Harry Gregg (who somehow managed to get out of the plane unharmed, after which he single-handedly began to rescue the survivors) found him, he thought that Charlton had died.
45ea862176c8fc9506a268d9c222bbf17c928260	He grabbed Charlton and Violet by the belts and dragged them away from the plane, fearing an explosion.
8707c7edeb9d4f4416deb2a9cd3b1dd931c24a48	Gregg then returned to the plane to help others.
ee913c59b2673ce5c590723622b44c0161dd4b89	At this time, Charlton and Violet got out of their seats.
1f122af92211da666099aaa2e126caee6f1ce6cb	Charlton, who suffered head injuries and serious traumatic shock, was in the hospital for a week.
85852b01e29bcad5bca221f1ab2bf810cd2cff41	Seven of his teammates died during the crash, including Taylor and Pegg, with whom he and Violet exchanged places.
21caf84fed29156e6898f524974a0de24f7fd3c8	Charlton was the first survivor to be discharged from a Munich hospital.
657e29a2fc722386c8bed8195098444920a175fe	"In the hospital, I looked in the mirror and began to ask myself the question:" How the hell can you go through all this, getting off with just a blow to the head and a small cut?", - said Charlton.
ff233d1d9a0a8b780bce553052e80aa697d2d81e	He returned to Manchester on February 14, eight days after the crash.
ae99f6cae06eda6f0074e6372d69006dc2cf64a0	During the recovery period, he played with local youth.
52d04218e3417d1c9254d8e0f51fe6dbf8cd9625	The bloodless United was expected to fly out of the European Champions Cup, losing in the semifinal matches to Milan with a total score of 5:2.
54f00a0938d3268496c9f888fe5b3aac4eaf9aa7	However, the club managed to reach the FA Cup final, where it lost to Bolton 0: 2.
40281272b1c4a9d3fd8c1f36eca18e9e8a2726db	Immediately after the tragedy, the pilot's error was named as the cause of the crash.
d4b51c6eb52e4f54111dfdac7055a4becb38154c	However, later it was found out that the main cause of the crash was the accumulation of snow porridge near the end of the runway, which is why the plane could not gain the necessary speed for takeoff.
d734566c22a582818b4938674f7a357ff2b3ec03	The plane gained a speed of 117 knots, but after entering the snow slush, it dropped the speed to 105 knots, which was not enough for takeoff.
8da7e73e2886ccfcae549bde77fae96147be14da	It was also impossible to cancel the take-off, since the runway was ending.
504c9ca78b52f75de5a288aaae66881ebd61bb7d	Aircraft with traditional tail landing gear were not so affected by snow porridge due to the peculiarities of the landing gear location to the center of gravity of the aircraft, while new aircraft, such as the "Ambassador", with tricycle nose landing gear and main wheels located behind the center of gravity of the aircraft, were more vulnerable.
41e2b43579bbbced2da5362dd0da259175d79bf0	After this plane crash, operational restrictions on the maximum permissible amount of snow slush on the runways began to be established.
7353734be4109decd84e159c95e66894f3485448	Despite this conclusion, the management of the Munich airport (responsible for the condition of the runways, although not aware of the danger posed by the snow porridge for the Ambassador-type aircraft) filed a lawsuit against Captain Thein as the only surviving pilot.
d7053187bd71101c5579b916e8bcdc6798c58d73	They accused Thane of starting the takeoff without first taking care of removing the ice from the wings of the plane, and the blame for the crash lies entirely on him, although this was at odds with the testimony of witnesses.
e7aa10f05ef6367516a54e5b2d0ae517b6cd8c9f	The basis for the accusation on the part of representatives of the airport was a photo of the plane (it was published by some newspapers), which was taken just before departure.
b62e202708c81ef9fc4b9e9bf32af3191c76d777	It shows accumulations of snow on the upper surface of the wings of the aircraft.
f18365be74231ff897c53398b343d0934603abf4	After examining the original negative, however, no snow or ice was visible on the wings; the "snow" effect arose from the fact that the published photos were printed from a copy of the negative.
861ea7800f545bcaeeff843e5965210e8563e3d8	No witnesses were called to Germany, and the trial against Thein dragged on until 1968, when all charges were finally dropped from him.
e38f06c866920e7da1a420e030f5f0f1c21208ea	As the official cause of the crash, the British authorities called the accumulation of melting snow on the runway, because of which the Elizabethan could not gain the speed necessary for takeoff.
af4f12f3081b1c7a390d405f4b526a5c6b6c2f59	Thane, who was fired from British European Airways shortly after the crash, resigned and returned to his poultry farm in Berkshire.
958265da9d7b9919a52a922fb4a73b589722468b	He died of a heart attack in 1975 at the age of 53.
9640989bece43c2bd4a1244674a1ced1802aa3c8	Seven Manchester United players were killed directly in the plane crash, and Duncan Edwards died of his injuries in hospital on February 21.
3523a164a7ede2e66258bd16b1c1124fedbf1c14	Johnny Berry and Jackie Blanchflower never played football again due to their injuries.
40463c7eef9f5623cb207e9eefd659bd24f2756f	Matt Busby was seriously injured and remained in the hospital for two months, during which he twice underwent the rite of church anointing.
7553d71c7d97eb0e3a45a3c8af9549f49bd7e180	After Busby was discharged from the hospital, he went to the Swiss Interlaken for rehabilitation.
4943e136c4330b868b5cb3a8c62058397a6aa317	At the time, he thought he was completely done with football, but one day his wife, Jean, told him, " You know, Matt, the guys want you back."
159bf2e242d3d957f8bb91358521b72d3d15a1a5	This phrase brought Busby out of his depression, and he returned to Manchester, attending the final match of the 1958 FA Cup.
58ed5d27ffa28e27cc3cb631f2b97d55a4ca263d	Meanwhile, rumors were growing that the club would cease to exist, but the bloodless team under the leadership of Jimmy Murphy (assistant to Matt Busby) continued to perform in the 1957/58 season.
549997bd9f72ccc6e3185709ca3377ce295dfba9	Murphy did not go to Belgrade, as he was in Cardiff, where he was working with the Welsh national team at the time.
420f35126c54a7650efb8f2d76e67620bc80f9e8	Murphy assembled a team of reserve and youth players of the club, and in the first match after the plane crash, they beat Sheffield Wednesday with a score of 3: 0.
a5904a14adfb9b96d2120c5554de995a2153bc86	Because of the loss of so many players, United had to buy experienced players to replace them.
0c28d96b028425d75272abafa753444e5840f37e	So, striker Ernie Taylor (moved from Blackpool for £8000) and Stan Crowther, the extreme midfielder of Aston Villa, who played against United in the 1957 FA Cup final, were bought.
e1c8f68ed63052062e75fb3011be75dd297a4d36	There were also changes in the coaching staff of the club, as the secretary of the club, Walter Krikmer, and coaches Tom Kerry and Bert Walley were killed in a plane crash.
dd2aeb00af9a954f155b12b869fce608bfac94fd	United goalkeeper Les Olive, who was a player at the time of the disaster, ended his career and replaced Crickmer as club secretary.
225e336e7ff930ab926ed155bae52fe36ec68510	Another ex-goalkeeper of the club, Jack Crompton, joined the coaching staff of the team, after United chairman Harold Hardman agreed on his transfer with the management of Luton Town.
e31ab00e187c4f7fad8d80dcb18c2ee2fefa6833	After the disaster, United won only one match in the championship, which caused them to drop out of the championship race and took only ninth place at the end of the season.
60a0033c75d04ce445870c6b2292203ea317614c	United managed to reach the final of the FA Cup, although they lost it to Bolton with a score of 2: 0, and also beat Milan at Old Trafford in the semi-final of the European Champions Cup, although Milan won the second leg at the San Siro with a score of 4: 0.
a80163c71f5a161c0f0d53da4c1f221a085c5531	In the 1958-59 season, Busby returned to the post of head coach of the club and began to educate a new generation of "Busby kids", among whom were George Best and Denis Law.
eef57d0ab8a07fedb9032369e4b5dc99559dfdfc	Ten years after the tragedy, in 1968, United won the European Champions Cup, beating Portuguese Benfica in the final match.
3d31ec00326c41b14fde617b4b90e33286b1213d	Of the survivors of the plane crash, only two played in that match: Bobby Charlton and Bill Foulkes.
d12abe58ace085073f74a06548a798ca52ab46a6	Jimmy Murphy, a friend of Matt Busby since the war, was now his assistant, and before that he was the coach of the Welsh national team.
62d1df2ae9c71d7e3302a9f2e630fce7d3ebefd6	He tells: "I always sat next to Matt on his European trips, but at that time I did what he asked me to do – I did not go to Yugoslavia with him.
545dbcd166a048b54d35c6267e7c39f402c8a7c1	To be honest, I was thinking much more about our matches at that moment than about the match in Yugoslavia.
d611ef35b99c61f1c8ad7e7285f04b46cb6d264e	We were going to the semifinals, and it occupied all my thoughts, but I didn't like being not with Matt."
9b3284dd4e287b2030cd1aef2f1df6a0e09c092e	Jimmy had just returned to Old Trafford from Wales when news of the plane crash caught up with him: "Elma George, Matt Busby's secretary, told me that the plane crashed.
efbbca1ac6a89b1b97409b22566940257d23b0c2	I couldn't react.
eac9f0406941f3d8979292e9da4e39ed4a67bacd	She told me again.
030df24f0e4a52e22573cb0508c362f524e05fbe	I couldn't understand and believe it.
dc0a68d40e46c67c33192f59f3fa56c26a7efd80	Then she started crying.
c46e6fad175db197dd072c48245f4c089e5a4f40	She said that many people had died, but she didn't know how many.
24efcbe3df67a8fa7027dec7d018ac7d07a5e928	She only knew that one of the players had died.
3ed8ed6d3d0b19eb5745d2e841325e2e271dd765	I couldn't believe it.
938c313c41c984a190cc0b2ac1a948f66844d73b	Her words were buzzing in my head.
8a60782467e4de56f99cd5bd06500b78cfd85ac0	She left, and I went to my office.
01115e8ac361ab33e17a923b0b7c04a4e88250ae	I was prostrated and started crying."
55bbaa491b468a387aac47f3005d84c5be73682d	The next day, Jimmy Murphy flew to Munich and froze at what he saw there: "Matt was wearing an oxygen mask and he said to me: "keep the flag flying".
55b2978dd2556da5d1b3e9b9f0d28de4842eabc9	Duncan recognized me. It was terrible, terrible!"
995361a4639701b00cf22076845eab012f253bd2	Murphy was tasked with building the team anew.
9ebbc5a25b1919a8b07555a0fb0295ebccc40fc1	Life went on despite the tragedy and Manchester United had to play again: "I didn't have any players, but there was a job that I had to do."
89bac604511e93502a21f78c10e3c5a23b642f4e	The first details appeared in Stop Press.
88e74046be837acf6df8726bda5dadab72ea7b7f	Around 18-00, a special issue of the Manchester Evening Chronicle was released: "About 28 people, including representatives of Manchester United, players and journalists died shortly after takeoff as a result of a plane crash near Munich.
1ee8e14ffac846fe855155b64832484f4d551c84	About 16 survived.
e565ac289e928ac9172227ed821e09964b5d6e5b	Some of them are crew members."
88ffd56536a38ca0f293d588ab9718459a29ca75	After 24 hours, the whole of Europe has already reacted to the tragedy.
2fa16d6c4fd3acc15e3ac62197035b7c3bff42a7	The Evening Chronicle newspaper came out with a story that there are 21 dead, and Matt Busby is fighting for his life: the chances are 50/50.
51859e192bd9350b8023126449c03536263b7630	Conflicting information about the number of dead, injured and survivors appeared in different publications.
23fdf5663ab245a05781660ef8ddae8582f952c9	The next day, Manchester mourned the bodies of its fallen heroes, who were delivered at night.
16eceb5a0710a998108ecf53f1e61e3f51c3518d	The bodies were placed in the gymnasium so that relatives, friends and other people could say goodbye to them.
6d872d1e9cca38e8b416188308736f93dc096d75	Thousands of fans came to say goodbye and express their respect.
03f6877d99c0bd08b8f890fa328bb80870766cf2	At the request of the victims ' families, the funeral was closed to outsiders, but United fans stood nearby and accompanied the entire ceremony in complete silence.
c6db4a4a091354f555b6f15aba12591a2e2d8c01	All taxi drivers in the city worked for free for those who went to the funeral.
06daab95ce4ab944056cb4a5669d36665528dfbd	The chronicle of the disaster was constantly shown on television, minutes of silence were held at all the games and the fans of each club stood with their heads down.
0987b23cb8f6cc0013ae953af2af2cbd910f62aa	Rival clubs have lent a helping hand to United.
be3390891b218b50899b1f2611bc45c86bcb9b21	Liverpool and Nottingham Forest were the first to respond to the request for help.
29d337c4154c5596683efbc8298ec004b0427119	Football was going through a terrible tragedy.
17338db09acba816b96eb4e8550de3ea364eeaf2	To give United a chance to survive in the top League, the Football Association abolished a rule that prohibited players who played in the FA Cup this season from playing for another club in the same competition.
e4bde221c75b5546773e98c6897a170067265efa	United needed players, and the FA's revoked rule allowed Jimmy Murphy to start the process of building a new team.
3fddbc5678c67f0a050acc851447ee86c73ffab4	The first acquisition was Ernie Taylor from Blackpool.
902943b5ea60ea1d4701cc5d6e5979d75dcae8c9	Football was returning to Old Trafford.
8668e26106c74165c9ffcc70b3cd858e41b66e5a	It has been 13 days since the disaster.
d9bda1cf6598496742de08f110afd635953abdaf	Manchester United played Sheffield Wednesday in the FA Cup.
804d4490de7c3ec57199157d891d458fbaadbb23	On this cold February day, 60,000 fans came.
186954787809b3286cb32eea26427c27c6a524d4	The fans were openly crying in the stands.
09d21aa5b2f36d592ee3a6d793d8b5051ff368be	Many came in red white and black colors, which from that moment became the colors of United.
e4095f1a7f80097e1579796ca9806de5dff9a55f	The pre-match program contained an article about the tragedy.
799d7d5eb9098c198413244f37f5b104eed80cf7	There was a void in the place where the MU squad for the game was supposed to be printed.
815cc21d3a235c49d7acac30186f1d347e1d1b19	The fans were asked to fill it out themselves.
a046776b46956f4a80a945a424acd659674ebf2b	Someone entered it, just listening to the composition, which was announced through a loudspeaker.
895dae1d5f9b91ce2eb88ce2b7604b96736b74bf	On the anniversary of the disaster, Manchester United fans traditionally come to Old Trafford to pay tribute to the victims.
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aa92f099648c79105ec8866bf1ba3c64075b4ace	The tragedy in Munich 1958
7752aaa5804f95c78f3ae23d481ceefe42315b3e	Plane crash in Munich Date: February 6, 1958 Time: 15: 03 (GMT) Character: Unsuccessful attempt to take off Place: Munich, West Germany Departure point: Belgrade, Yugoslavia Destination: Manchester, United Kingdom Deaths: 23
ab2f59132e8a2685d188ea5340dd2a17dc6efb8a	Munich plane crash Model: Airspeed AS 57 Ambassador Airline: British European Airways Departure point: Belgrade, Yugoslavia Stops en route: Munich Rome, Munich, Germany Destination: Manchester, United Kingdom Flight: BE609 Tail number: G ALZU Passengers: 40 Crew: 6 Survivors: 21
018e68dcb9a1d59d10258846eb60cb79ee354705	On February 6, 1958, a plane carrying Manchester United players and staff, as well as several journalists and fans, crashed during a hurricane after a third unsuccessful attempt to take off from the Munich airfield.
fe3a0a2b192d0ca64fd12985c6c60ec0a6481db5	Manchester United was returning from Belgrade, where the team won against Red Star Belgrade in the European Champions Cup.
c282b0800103e9b9dd7ff24bf34e16ca4cc34118	The plane stopped for refueling in Munich.
4f28a38c846b552569c3ecf02c28ad0a536dc6be	Twenty three of the forty three passengers were killed...
b94c639a7965e6031c64ef473a8634c79fa772c0	February 6, 1958
973de442a769e4daf56e8a91a7efd0bba4d71972	Around 14-00 G ALZU AS 57 with its captain Kenet Rayment was ready for another take off.
99b795cb8378543361b07a0c98149115498b0c94	I commanded: "Full speed ahead!"
de9242a304f2ab2143b0ad212928cae6d208c831	The engines sounded, but we immediately felt that something was wrong.
dab8d16d9f35f735a4f17051f0c4957adae074fe	The engines were working very unevenly.
53974fc6cf9630e43abcbd2f70013dc6598b2984	The plane was already starting to accelerate, but Ken pressed the brake.
d48edfa43bd9496150eb5e36f18c0b5c819c276d	After 40 seconds, the plane was already standing in place."
b411c55ed9adc7c26622fa1f40408cea04f1c882	Duncan Edwards sent a telegram to his housewife in Manchester.
b1c6cbac7a9302287d9e795634ea458c4fd9440b	In it, he spoke about the delay.
47dfe2262137a587640555e90bf7002f9bc81704	The telegram was delivered after the disaster at 17: 00.
3cb4d49062dd408fd5113a30be3f7b3bfe7675e6	"All flights are prohibited, we will return home tomorrow."
73355c33d39b275d3c929285b1acb1d077008d4b	We got on the plane, but no one was playing cards anymore I put the deck in my pocket and leaned back, waiting for the third attempt.
9f0eaaaf159ee4581ca470764c5ea82cb0830482	David Pegg got up and said, "I donot like it here, it's not safe here" and went back to the other players.
288625afe8f5bb43b472c330294e5d8a3287cb22	When she reached the 117 mark, I said into the radio: "Velocity 1!
6812e77dd7c4724a81981f37b92407d64d9d40e7	Our flight is in danger!".
4d0296cfee119a10b5aa0d7dbe4712b3e9d0ab29	Ken screamed: "My God!
9139469094900cf2390fdac25eddf4a32212c9f1	We are not coping!".
e26180bb06d4e36a839b706026258ff7256ae0d0	February 7, 1958
50d7b73abcd817b1b9da13c0bcd1d33f3088fe68	After the crash, Elizabethan (Elizabethan – the name of the plane) was almost unrecognizable.
8a537783c2f3e3d2112960da1315593e31de34b1	The plane hit a house, which immediately caught fire.
107f2e0826d94407b9ef8a5727f9dd03fc0d4dd1	In its center lay what had recently been its middle.
fcee4b56a4835cca47fe73e5aed5e76a0a8dac9b	The fuselage hit a tree.
b8c240539c83aff235925284b9ad734b155ebe15	Barrels of fuel located near the house exploded.
9f6b4771e7b0d15081c96578f151ee577ab7710a	Bill Foulkes remembers all this: "The back of the plane just disappeared.
7f1ac7342641febb9806d202c8a630b7ac42fa2e	I ran out as fast as I could.
047c0ea2fc578ad93355cd24bc74475bcd40ad29	I just ran and ran.
0eb7951c98d8a7628ebb25fd171a32b236b19cbd	Then I turned around and realized that the plane would not explode and returned.
c2154fbee042114532557f8c8938f4ff85a668cb	At that distance, I could see the burning remains of the plane.
2a195cb69f01ef6b537b2909c3a82aa6f5671d0e	I ran back.
7b62afffb8c7bf6f4141a3b4894bea49c8292891	Roger Byrne was strapped into his seat, Bobby Charlton was lying motionless in the other seat.
b3344174b1d821bb1cc47103f3bdf470867515b7	Then Gary Gregg came along and we started looking for those who could still be helped."
cf1bf5379019b16e231080620b1fade5fe001093	Two teammates helped Matt Busby, who was seriously injured, Bobby Charlton got up and went to help us.
da02be6753d82216bda296b13dcbcbce8fc89840	All the wounded were taken to the Rechts de Isar Hospital in Munich.
adfa6033025ec08fd7fd11fabbecbb1ca81e16d9	It was the day before we realized the magnitude of the tragedy.
e65a6403a648f0b0ce70af120f86b927dcf0d14d	We went into the room and saw Matt Busby with an oxygen mask, and Duncan Edwards, who was very seriously injured, and Bobby Charlton with a bandaged head, Jackie Blanchflower with a bandaged arm and a cut face.
bf4cde4626c3b67d48f012752ca2353fab2e5d37	Albert Scanlon lay with his eyes closed.
835004d834446127d853ba2076578ace9ac8ce3c	Ray Wood had a concussion, Ken Morgans and Johnny Berry were just lying in their beds.
b33bd2945e586e89c50701260bf603491eacf839	I talked to the nurse and she said that Duncan has a better chance of survival than Johnny…
6986aaab72cceea0398273e60290eeead8c307b1	We went to Frank Taylor's bed – he was the only journalist in the ward.
5d1073e07bb36d44d04e204a31be91003537da88	He asked if we would like to have a beer with him.
7ef8f5cea733818c5a4e866da3a48487f7845188	Like us, he didnot fully understand what had happened last night.
97eae67408ecb5c164d65f3142b6de4f7d310c3d	When we were about to leave, I asked the nurse about where I could see the rest of the guys.
267b290ee84a023515084080d3e77a7aac33b706	She looked confused, so I asked again: "Where are the other survivors?"
7b6f7afebbd236e94758b0e37934d68cf4b49aa5	She replied, " The others?
0d194a8367b238cd0b61fb896deb886d6a67b4a3	There are no others, they are all here.
c8b8c3601d541978ec88c3e4c2ebb551081c83b6	Only then did we realize the enormity of what had happened.
1bbb9224853045cbac4a8acd824c93749bc75ca9	The Busby children no longer existed."
e7104ac819180be26096e2e7054f8af2b54aac0b	Roger Byrne, Geoff Bent, Mark Jones, David Plegg, Liam Whelan, Eddie Coleman and Tommy Taylor died immediately.
65295819bc9dd485bb493dddc0a3f5b9bc7dc89e	The club's secretary, Walter Krikmer, also died, along with coach Tom Curry and another coach, Bert Wolley.
89958cb417265134efbe4ff56df034690e905f29	Duncan Edwards and Johnny Berry were fatally wounded and were fighting for their lives.
59561ab88c189afd91ae702178ffdff3a87428b5	Matt Busby suffered numerous injuries and was the only employee of the Club who survived.
ca1fa5da7a990b8c7c6410889c7e48fa892f6b29	Eight of the nine sports journalists were killed: Alf Clark, Don Davis, George Folowes, Tom Jackson, Archie Lidbrook, Henry Rose, Eric Thompson and Frank Swift.
77cbb1767078ffa7403cf690ae0ed203a13cf839	One of the captains of the plane was killed.
5d48d14d713b69d23e37c4961daecbed4c14d470	Two more passengers were killed: a travel agent and a fan.
02b6b21e1eaaebb25e951ecfcc6ee69b3c2d74fa	Nine players survived, but two of them: Johnny Berry and Jackie Blanchflower never played football again.
25f8f165c65cee144e2cc15daaea965eb3b76cef	Two photographers, the wife of a travel agent and two Yugoslav passengers (one with an infant) survived.
6123aed3ed13e562219afe08456f45a138cffedb	21 people died, 20 survived.
e7ba4b4378e37ce33063028a8ff9b8df0020c5b9	Of the four who fought for their lives, only two survived.
cd2cafdd9cdd87cff9ffcaf9cfe1f2f6dd3966a4	Three weeks later, Duncan Edwards and Kenette Rayment died in hospital.
8f25a859269ca51039632dd6bba28fb061cfb8d4	Effects
67115f5aba7e1894c54ac9d1087095913a231385	On that weekend, United had to play with the League leader – Wolverhampton at Old Trafford.
60b9f29635c89df116cf40e5eba6f99eb99dfb54	Despite the long journey, everyone expected a victory and a reduction of the four point gap from them.
82452549f2b482ddb7dcf673769a399e9ade3288	Everyone was waiting for this victory, ... but Saturday's headlines carried an incredible message: "Manchester United was in a plane crash ...
552b829b2341cb59daa317f3525acdc84f8791ec	Few people were left alive ...". The BBC came out with an urgent release.
00047c1fc6daa67e48f09332473d6eb261bcb2bc	Everyone listened, but few people understood the meaning of what was happening, the shock…
c680609e7710b5fcb9418009231f76b4966a2df7	We were going to the semifinals, and it occupied all my thoughts, but I didnot like being not with Matt."
476c665447d0ca0f0acf617df6d0981da3041a07	I couldnot react.
c89b3590f903611d97ef027ab1aff54e06d72a1e	I couldnot understand and believe it.
65570d0b4cc7126b8a5b6d6dbf3d03c8cf7567ce	She said that many people had died, but she didnot know how many.
5030e22e8d73382dc90fa7ff4de19d9ea0908fa8	I couldnot believe it.
2656a5e818e927f54b7dbb24ab924d70646b2dbf	Duncan recognized me.
9da1911c2250b18a0f7986cd6c820bcc4fefd34d	It was terrible, terrible!"
529674687f509bace4aa9fa5446fdb1cb82883a6	Life went on despite the tragedy and Manchester United had to play again: "I didnot have any players, but there was a job that I had to do."
ab69364c78232b955ab2ff278256abf67e6706b0	The newspaper in which Alf Clark worked came out with a story that the plane could not rise and the flight was delayed.
e58e597b0f4fa7e60143ad2d23d5da5688a824d8	But three hours later, a special issue was released, in which all the details of the disaster occurred.
175efb883a220e13a8dfcc2abd7ae88a32d06016	The pre match program contained an article about the tragedy.
24f9e800c7b5114d603fc30b6dcdf7a02da22f45	Gary Cregg on goal and Bill Foulkes on the right in defense – they were the only ones who were on the field from the main squad.
5bda3ac969cde5fffe0832d44952f3e510880207	The other names were not so well known: left back Ian Greaves, who had previously played for the MU juniors, replaced Roger Byrne: "I remember that it was very quiet in the locker room.
742338ed87eb9819419ddc4af81d7d783a306b39	I couldnot get Roger out of my head.
25916d9c3798521bff3afb2e05745870aca414ef	I was sitting in his place, wearing his uniform ...". The right midfielder was Freddie Goodwin, who came to the base from the reserve team.
da35e1d2c99273811f168efdacbcd6fa56df750e	This was his first game as a base.
f10e59af2e487f47695067b1eda8cfde2ddd27d0	Another reserve player is central midfielder Ronnie Cope.
c4241b33e6415d04607c4cd0ccbbae40bfb4ba03	The left midfielder is Stan Crowther, whose transfer will never be forgotten.
1ea31c45e8b8df44e4354741f9af136b82ab1cbb	Stan played for Aston Villa and had absolutely no intention of joining our club.
fe20b3ffa839f5fd46374b4c15da81f8448671c6	Jimmy Murphy recalls: "Eric Houghton was the Villa coach at the time and it was he who told Stan that we were interested in him.
4357d5b5d6a6673fb2dbdf42d64a784e16ec60f9	Stan didnot want to leave his club, but Eric took him to Old Trafford for the game with Sheffield.
1af222fb374a9b4b3beec0f37396accfdf4691ef	On the way to the stadium, Eric told him again that he had to help us.
8acd83eb6f8d87d56ee5ac2b2e3341901ae90905	Stan referred to the lack of a uniform.
991dc988fe2ffe5218b5271c792eb61aa2358f1e	Eric said, " Donot worry.
c1eace7d3482c199b21610e93abbf2c4eb6ae1c8	I have everything with me."
3644910830b32a7e710db8fc8f14e925f05c2ba5	We met with representatives of the MU at 16-30 an hour before the game and signed a contract!".
a2fe98d0f446ac47f77572348a6c04033f761fd7	Colin Webster joined the MU in 1952, made his debut in the 1953-54 season.
1cf0f3df705f9075444057b6c807d671389e58e7	He won the Champions League in 1956 after only 15 appearances in the base.
a4dd30e5172fdce54e5384a068ff0cb6fb3251f5	After that time, he did not perform in the base.
40c5d1ce0e32b4e522de2ac1272471e961ffe062	Ernie Taylor( Ernie Taylor), Alex Dawson (Alex Dawson), Mark Pearson – “Pancho” (Mark Pearson – “Pancho”) and Shay Brennan (Shay Brennan), also performed for the basis that day.
5d750b5eee7ec6313c44587d792243a814295c58	Sheffield Wednesday had no chance, because Manchester United, under the leadership of Murphy, played in memory of their fallen comrades.
044fb1f71883da689a2fb5ef341cdceab62537e9	The passion of the tribunes only pushed them.
458a9fb60d37fe913971a41f0bfe9237abfdb9a8	3-0, this is the final score.
4df420a78d8f2db4976f9ae566dfb4c7934486f1	Sheffield player Albert Quixall, who will later join the MU, recalls: "I donot think that anyone who played on the field that night or watched from the stands will ever forget that game.
89a23cb8ace718c55afec242b09603709bc7c5b6	United played with all their heart and no matter how well they played, they would still have beaten us.
faac406053f046e5a773cae2c872875246aacbca	They played with inspiration.
907ba8d4c5eb98e6309da7f1d2dbee2668a46cfe	We didnot play against 11 people on the field, we played against 60,000 people."
528377f1c9dbb1936663f97e1751e326dfb40d85	Two days after this game, Duncan Edwards died and the pain of the tragedy surfaced with a new force.
9e1bb8348c8325f1d4b0568852f96dee6a403c5e	LIST OF THE DEAD:
c09610a67321893fc7d50c047ea12a6e379da1de	Geoff Bent (Geoff Bent), Roger Byrne (Roger Byrne), Eddie Colman (Eddie Colman), Duncan Edwards (Duncan Edwards), Mark Jones (Mark Jones), David Pegg (David Pegg), Tommy Taylor (Tommy Taylor), Liam Whelan (Liam Whelan), Walter Crickmer (Walter Crickmer), Bert Whalley (Bert Whalley), Tom Curry, Alf Clarke, Don Davies, George Folowes, Tom Jackson, Archie Ledbrooke, Henry Rose, Eric Thompson, Frank Swift, Kenneth Rayment, Bela Miklos (Bela Miklos), Willie Satinoff (Willie Satinoff), Tom Cable (Tom Cable).
4ae7e564a201e4f859fdfaad258633ff3af6906e	Source: fanat.com.ua
4f5c5fdbd549acf307bb876816de2b616aae9af2	We are online
c7e0f836fd11fa322eb15524df6712cb04611154	Manchester United in Russia
7cbcb4b7d41584992e8e46b9ccccfa5ace72f755	Officially: Joel Pereira has been recalled from the loan (05.01.2017) Officially: Johnston went on loan to Aston Villa (05.01.2017) Herrera: We are going to defend our title (05.01.2017) Mourinho: Why I fell in love with United (04.01.2017) Ibrahimovic is the PFA fans ' player of the month (04.01.2017) Manchester United and Everton are negotiating a transfer for Schneiderlin (03.01.2017) Jose Mourinho after the match with West Ham (03.01.2017) Live stream: West Ham - Manchester United (02.01.2017) Ibrahimovic responded to his critics (02.01.2017) Sky Sports: Manchester United has cooled interest in Lindelof (01.01.2017)
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7b2e76bdb90879129557a0db2089158d55800489	Find it!
023cbeda49363ed0d703c677e7902678b29aa4e2	Wikipedia Interpretations Translations of the Book
9c7ce1da9bdffcce13dc778f6e59f812f4dce1ba	The plane crash in Munich on February 6, 1958 is:
15470fd033e12b800743519c6e594f7da0f4f0f0	Interpretation
3ab605da9e551a75ee8f664e3deb3d1c61ba3e00	Plane crash in Munich on February 6, 1958
21cd09ee22591d761a54bd7a7d09136f9106fe23	Munich air crash General information Date February 6, 1958
558c6f087ecc4ecc62a943397b19de4d29cf66be	Character failed takeoff attempt
a308eda0032c3d8702b3e1534c9be22fd3a82b84	Location Munich, West Germany
5e18e2e9436b6886683605e56700a77b6761a666	The dead 23
e7df38812eee1f1540a1bbbbeb1aef5e246155c7	Aircraft Model Airspeed AS.
fea68cbd46b40cd2369d4d3ac3d11531a63da2c5	57 Ambassador
d650eaa3d4504f4f176023228094cb7d8a920668	British European Airways
92a2b4bf212f539678af0acfdfac55b22c278796	Departure point Belgrade, Yugoslavia
3246b7a02fac3ad97be747bb5ab965cb7f6b38f8	Destination Manchester, United Kingdom
80d503a1ed12bd6aa1b6150f4820cdd70d1932fe	Tail number G ALZU
b0c069145120e9bedd9f5d2ec6f2bb895ca52a89	Passengers 40
1cd304f50eba308f74bf844c062fac79a2cdf504	Crew 4
b699ee53ffc9e55a44b8eedddae10f4f3ece2eb2	There are 21 survivors
4bb9093071080eda74f6d055fc49098423315ac3	A memorial plaque at Old Trafford Stadium dedicated to the memory of those who died in 1958.
49bbd95734b4231b30b9e9b6187da2868b0a11fd	The Munich Air Crash on February 6, 1958 was the crash of a British European Airways flight 609, which occurred after the third attempt to take off at the airport in Munich, Germany.
51dc926193a29c831c0b3e36200b7ed16a0695f7	On board the ship were players of the Manchester United football club, nicknamed "Busby kids", as well as several coaches, fans and journalists.
11ca95d81dbcd472c3a75da13f49375faf977cb2	The crash killed 23 people out of 44 on board.
e6a532cce633c1ebd48e1bc21b33eb5d66aef394	The team was returning home from Belgrade after the European Champions Cup match, but the plane made a stop in Munich for refueling, as the Airspeed Ambassador aircraft of the Elizabethan class did not allow a direct flight from Belgrade to Manchester.
a441feb70fb30582be2e47d96d382fe7e75b3017	After refueling the aircraft, pilots James Thane and Kenneth Rayment made two attempts to take off, but canceled both due to increased fluctuations in the left engine.
48fc603bf65ccf3e945e70c141f28dcb27a50543	Not wanting to be too far behind schedule, Captain Thein refused to stay in Munich for the night, deciding to make a third attempt to take off.
acde9cc1063e8ef7605b09c9fca2e6318d22528a	By the time of the third attempt of takeoff, a heavy snowfall began, which caused a lot of snow porridge to accumulate near the end of the runway.
04de44caf90d31561917dbc388be7104699e4e3e	Having entered the snow porridge, the plane lost the speed necessary for taking off.
198a1e488e14e515b5dec5a11920165b7adfb0e7	He broke through the fence at the end of the runway, crashing his left wing into a house standing nearby.
d904d239b4f146ea677d9403a64864b81312f89f	Fearing a possible explosion of the plane, Captain Thane ordered the remaining passengers and crew members to get out of the plane and move to a safe distance.
477d5d25f304fbe1b5d8adb89305819f47e08a7d	Despite this, Manchester United goalkeeper Harry Gregg helped the wounded to get out of the wreckage of the plane.
2183c6b3eb11c00de45e877d5c4d4a5d11b122ad	The airport management initially declared Captain Thane guilty of the crash, who allegedly started taking off without first taking care of removing ice from the wings of the aircraft, although this was at odds with the testimony of witnesses.
4dfe7852a20f5f9f911b8666c8c3612385a0ea93	It was later determined that the cause of the crash was the accumulation of snow porridge near the end of the runway, which is why the plane could not gain the necessary speed for takeoff.
9802c61df74f2c3b767920bacc353b00b1c52315	Thane was fully acquitted in 1968, ten years after the disaster.
2beb4d4a17b0095d4cca91ad8230ff048324623f	1 Historical background 2 Crash 2.1 Dead 2.1.1 Crew members 2.1.2 Passengers
8b1fd3e0ca791eeabc8bc47b8d9f12b973ec64da	2.2 Survivors 2.2.1 Crew members 2.2.2 Passengers
c7e72bf984c49c4b2f2b6b6ad0e288041f507a56	3 Investigation 4 Consequences 5 Notes 6 See also 7 References
03eedbe062538fef45d652a20f55336f46009ba9	Historical background
f1052a38425012ce1d6fa2b952953a7b6125ba7f	In April 1955, UEFA founded the European Champions Cup, a tournament for football clubs that became champions in countries within the UEFA zone.
3df767e95d86b03f561cb9710dbc3d0b6caa4e89	The first draw of the tournament took place in the 1955/56 season.[1] However, the secretary of the Football League, Alan Hardaker, banned the current champion of England, Chelsea London, from taking part in this tournament, citing "concern for the interests of English football and football in general".[2] The following season, Manchester United became the champion of England, whose head coach was Matt Busby.
c8b4074e724ca5e8eaf0d6294ed95ec250dd3a48	The Football League again denied the English champion the right to participate in the European Champions Cup, but Busby and Harold Hardman (chairman of Manchester United), with the support of the chairman of the Football Association Stanley Rose, were able to overcome the ban of the Football League.
0e4bbc466f7f3b3bf39b4977e2ab092334792955	United became the first English club to play in a European football tournament.
f1e31df9806ce94c5bdbbfff9608324930f4d3f1	[3]
2b2e1b1b3ed8403ec538d4c1a6ddda829e774462	Manchester United took advantage of the opportunity.
502ce852b49386ecab22bf4e629b5d141d455da3	The team of " Busby kids "(which received such a nickname because of the youth of the players), reached the semi finals of the 1956/57 draw, in which they lost to the future winner of the tournament, Real Madrid.
33f4257b494d3bf2e55e62e961d96d2e26f0c547	Having won the title in England for the second time in a row, Manchester United secured their qualification for next season's European Champions Cup season 1957/58.
4440c344ed88a099aec6c936b137d44105a71a39	Matches in the English Premier League took place on Saturdays and European matches were played mid week, so the club had to travel by air in order to catch all the matches, although air travel at a time fall into the category of high risk.[4] If the club refused to fly, the combination of performances in the English championship and in Europe would be complicated, and Alan Hardaker's fears would be justified.[3]
d30d0b4a48c07609afd3b3eaf934082c5f80730c	After winning in the preliminary round over the Irish Shamrock Rovers and in the first round over the Prague Dukla, Manchester United reached the quarterfinals, where they met with the Yugoslav club Crvena Zvezda.
1f9c19f328b2a7488501df3db1d11f2cb9284085	In the first match, which was held at Old Trafford on January 21, 1958, United won with a score of 2: 1.
0c0c091c942d222dedbc1e4f1ad2fb13bd2cf51a	The second leg was scheduled for February 5 in Yugoslavia.
d75bc44742bb18e6180040fb172a77c961d5ae4c	After returning from Prague after the match with Dukla in the previous round, the team could not return to Manchester by direct flight due to heavy fog over Manchester, so they had to fly to Amsterdam, then take the ferry from Hook of Holland to Harwich, and then take the train to Manchester.
f281815159da2611cafaa30ee6bc1b166b8dbbb9	Due to such a long journey, the players did not have time to recover properly and drew 1-1 their next match in the championship against Birmingham City at St. Andrews.[5]
f00bcc8dbed04528ddba5b04e992688401bcbd6b	In order not to miss matches in the First Division and at the same time not to undertake such long trips anymore, the club ordered a charter flight from Manchester to Belgrade for the second leg against Crvena Zvezda from British European Airways.[6] The match itself ended with a score of 3:3, and Manchester United reached the semifinals on the sum of two matches.[7] The flight from Belgrade was delayed by one hour, as United player Johnny Berry lost his passport.[8] After departure from Belgrade, the plane made a scheduled stop in Munich for refueling, [9] landing at Munich airport at 13: 15 GMT.
e9310b0c165be166c43d717718981dd6c9379fbe	[10]
7f971bce469e4980bbc9a77bc940fb107f0eb748	Crash
18069550c5a5385b573fcdfaaaabda91354f895a	The burning plane "Airspeed Ambassador G ALZU"
ea4bfa504873d66c8944fc96acfa0b24b8cd2559	The commander of the ship, James Thane, the first pilot, took off on an Airspeed Ambassador aircraft of the Elizabethan class (registered under the number G ALZU) to Belgrade, but on the way back he handed over control to the co pilot, Captain Kenneth Rayment.[11] At 14:19 GMT, the control tower of Munich airport reported that the plane was ready for departure, and gave permission for takeoff at 14: 31.
7c46efa4256987b27b2b6acb07772d12ab7acac0	[12] However, Captain Rayment canceled the takeoff, as Captain Thane noticed fluctuations in the left engine pressure gauge when the aircraft reached full power, as well as unusual engine sounds during acceleration.[13] Three minutes later, a second take off attempt was made, but 40 seconds after the attempt began, while the plane was still on the ground, it was also canceled.[14] The reason for unsuccessful take off attempts was called excessive engine acceleration due to excessive over enrichment of the fuel mixture, which was a common problem for Elizabethan class aircraft.[13] After the second unsuccessful take off attempt, all passengers left the plane, settling in the airport lounge.[15] By that time, weather conditions had worsened, heavy snow began to fall, and many passengers thought that the flight would be canceled.
8f20ec08fec7197b9fb494b7330466e19dc18b23	So, the United player Duncan Edwards even sent a telegram to his landlady in Manchester with the following content: "All flights are canceled, I'm leaving tomorrow.
a1dd68112cc23a0a0ba939a7f17e16de4b13129a	Duncan."[16]
32b3add54ec401e17a2438dd56c2da9d2f932df9	Captain Thane informed Bill Black, the station engineer, about a problem with increased vibrations in the left engine.
799fff73446ce7f2c53b6d37acf4fa274f911cbf	Black said that if the option of slowly opening the throttles does not work, it remains only to leave the plane overnight for engine repairs.
a5d5a25ee5531b455a6d8f6df4f3538ddf242c67	Thane did not want to get out of the planned schedule and decided to make another attempt to take off, suggesting opening the throttles even slower.
54d407c9e68132bde9d83179b909b2f9a88bdeff	This meant that the aircraft might not reach the speed required for takeoff until the end of the runway length.
f01cafa360164d2d2d68269977a08d44d5234aca	However, Captain Thane did not consider this a problem, since the length of the runway was about 2 km, which seemed quite sufficient.
d73f2c426d4bda8ca611c160db1eff60856a3faf	In this regard, even despite the snowfall, passengers were invited to board the ship, only 15 minutes after they left it.[17]
c4ccf20fa10311beeafb89a78243b1a4521c5bb2	Several players had almost no experience of air travel, especially Liam Whelan, who said just before takeoff: "It may be death, but I'm ready for it."
821c077c723755e5931e499e0bcc3649f2112d18	Others, including Duncan Edwards, Tommy Taylor, Mark Jones, Eddie Coleman and Frank Swift, moved to the back of the plane, believing that it was safer there.[9] When all the passengers returned on board, captains Thane and Rayment made a third attempt to take off; at 14:56, the plane began moving along the runway.[18] At 14:59, the plane reached the waiting point, where it received permission to taxi for an executive start.[19] After the last check of the instruments in the cockpit at 15: 02, it was reported that the permission to take off expires at 15: 04.[20] After a short discussion, the pilots decided to try to take off, but carefully monitor the readings of the instruments for the presence of fluctuations in the engines.
2c1b96a4a3f97ca4730f80be197f2ca965642e89	At 15:03, they contacted the control tower, informing them of their decision.[20]
b895de32673ebe5dd01d9c57291dadfb431248eb	American newsreel footage depicting the tragedy.
e129aeaa62cfd9236c4f16bf95a6dd396d894d93	Captain Rayment slowly opened the throttle, as it was decided, and released the brakes; the plane began to gain speed, and the radio operator Bill Rogers reported this to the control tower.[21] The plane was accelerating, scattering snow porridge on the runway, Captain Thane reported exceeding the speed by ten knots.[21] At a speed of 85 knots, fluctuations in the port side engine began again, and Thane minimally pulled the engine throttle, then carefully pushed it forward.[21] When the aircraft reached a speed of 117 knots (217 km / h), Thane announced the achievement of the speed "V1", that is, the speed after which it becomes unsafe to cancel takeoff, and Captain Rayment was waiting for the announcement of the achievement of the speed "V2" (119 knots or 220 km/h), the minimum required for the ship to take off.[22] However, when Thane looked at the speed indicator, expecting it to increase, he noticed that it fluctuated around 117 knots, after which the plane flew into the untouched virgin snow in the last third of the runway, up to 2 inches of snow cover (the airfield services of Munich airport did not clear the strip of snow).
b38949217a78fb26ace71db7d4af2b3c12772b31	As a result, the speed of the aircraft suddenly dropped to 112 knots (207 km/h), and then to 105 knots (194 km/h).[23] Rayment shouted: "God, we canot!," [23] and Thane looked out to see what was right ahead.[24]
59f2107ddc7bf4cc56e95b980f72e99fed89c3e0	The plane flew to the end of the runway, making an attempt to take off, then the pilots lost control.
beb3112bdd14abf5bbdf512af1afde35f2562f10	The plane rammed through the airport fence and crashed into a house where a family of six people lived.[25] The father and the eldest daughter were not in the house at that time, but the mother and three children were in the house, who barely managed to jump out into the street, as the house caught fire.[26] The left wing and part of the tail fell off from the impact of the aircraft, after which the left part of the cockpit crashed into a tree.[26] The right side of the plane crashed into a wooden hangar, in which there was a truck with fuel, which exploded.[27] Twenty one people died on the spot.
b4a76bcd294fa08325159b4e450c98ddb1023d74	Seeing the flames around the cockpit, Captain Thane feared an explosion of the plane and ordered an immediate evacuation.
334dffc8bb4f878b0245e74d98d742de3d904f1b	The flight attendants, Rosemary Cheverton and Margaret Bellis, were the first to get out of the emergency hatch in the cockpit, followed by the radio operator Bill Rogers.[28] Thane shouted to Rayment to get out of the pilot's seat, but the co pilot was trapped in the seat by the crumpled fuselage.
45da7553af7dc3dda1451e0786d1eb9ff2265ba0	Rayment told Thane to get out without him, and Thane also got out through the emergency hatch.[28] When he got out, Thane saw flames near the right wing of the plane, which still had a whole fuel tank with 2,300 liters of fuel in it.
b5cb22e0552853998ef05206104101e1664e2c96	He ordered the crew to move away from the plane to a safe distance, and he returned to the plane to take two fire extinguishers, assuring Rayment that he would return for it as soon as he put out the fire.[28]
9ec719804d63dc549fb5bfa8df6644eed9b6d93a	Meanwhile, in the passenger cabin, Manchester United goalkeeper Harry Gregg regained consciousness and decided that he was dead.[29] He felt that blood was flowing down his face and "did not dare to raise [his] hand. [He] thought that the top of [his] head had been cut off, like a hard boiled egg.
6f4eaea3c1fd42c7c2f6f117c70f96579ba04a99	" [30] A beam of light was coming into the cockpit directly above him, so Gregg went to him and kicked a hole in the fuselage, enough to get out.
d1f5f24432941ce3574165ea620221334e7afa59	The dead
e546d61c299beb79a3df409365b2ed15c9977e55	Crew members
28ef74afad4dcd6728c9881c82ac6ae7482aa959	Captain Kenneth " Ken " Rayment, co pilot (survived the crash, but died of his injuries in hospital three weeks later as a result of a brain injury) Tom Cable, flight attendant
ab86b441ad93e73513310e542815a81b3561e59d	Passengers
7e876fb09618efea6cd01c714d7ff7230b49252a	A memorial plaque at the Old Trafford stadium in memory of the victims of the tragedy.
9d066f916438828e0c96260d6c5f248328fce7f8	Munich Clock, southeast corner of Old Trafford.
d898b9c2936885e18e687f12fa527c3be37c85f4	Manchester United players
60b87046b761b40c37930922e7d0c8edf8d4c6b9	Jeff Bent Roger Byrne Eddie Coleman Duncan Edwards (survived the crash, but died of his injuries in hospital 15 days later) Mark Jones David Pegg Tommy Taylor Liam "Billy" Whelan
c2fcde0316bb002c608451baad3274c7ab971845	Manchester United Coaching Staff
f80b3e1b52ae786180ecc2c86ed565c4a114dafa	Walter Krikmer, club secretary Tom Kerry, coach Bert Whalley, senior coach
3fa7c9d0cf8bbcf57deb2fd03ffd5d81a46a8e0c	Journalists
98b4fa46484c539be8f1c27ea40393d3086d00dc	Alf Clark, Manchester Evening Chronicle Donnie Davis, Manchester Guardian George Fallows, Daily Herald Tom Jackson, Manchester Evening News Archie Ledbrook, Daily Mirror Henry Rose, Daily Express Frank Swift, News of the World (former England player and Manchester City goalkeeper; died on the way to hospital) Eric Thompson, Daily Mail
e64a2f646c4bdd71644f6594e8e882493890a802	Other passengers
60a843d45cc5ef6589181ca99c4278ab1e6449fc	Bela Miklos, travel agent Willy Satinoff, fan, racetrack owner and close friend of Matt Busby
ccb839754eefb58145dd11ef215a4115275b5db2	Survivors
7d99d146223fd7b0efd276c7ed188189b575753a	The " Munich Tunnel "of the Old Trafford stadium, opened in 2008 on the 50th anniversary of the tragedy.
ed245c8f7c8bc0237a1f7c2fda0208d7d2ffe0cd	Margaret Bellis, flight attendant (died 1998)[31]
8639bb6d850a2c28e8e3efd9e57163b67a1b864b	Rosemary Cheverton, flight attendant George William "Bill" Rogers, flight attendant (died 1997)[32]
0a51608189794259e25cc401ccbbc3ca382927fe	Captain James Thane, pilot (died 1975)[33]
9c17bde5083193c82a122bf30d24732b3b8ac0af	Johnny Berry (never played football again, died in 1994)[34]
1b961a6edb53ab670bf352315126189ad8ade052	Jackie Blanchflower (no longer played football, died in 1998)[35]
8940b9f71bf70d8e6b044b79f2bbb5b06f4b1af7	Bobby Charlton Bill Foulkes Harry Gregg Kenny Morgans Albert Scanlon (died 2009) Dennis Violet (died 1999)[36]
3b51993af8f348b16fb4cd442a72e12311bcccaf	Ray Wood (died 2002)[37]
112e3faa557fe15413ad1f9b014cc933099df365	Matt Busby, head coach (died 1994)[38]
f8cc2f81b0bc4fce6c502db9254900f82e68b0a0	Journalists and photographers
5e7836c9b738776af119bc939b80518315508669	Ted Elliard, telegraphist for the Daily Mail (died 1964) Peter Howard, Daily Mail photographer (died 1996) Frank Taylor, News Chronicle reporter (died 2002)[39]
cab89f311ce38698bdce6d73e6a41d63bc30a130	Vera Lukic and her little daughter Venona.
03b9dad7e5de5d9d58c89c090e6edaecef2e68d6	They were saved by United player Harry Gregg.
f87ff1bdf9817e9afe4f67811cdf8d4e73fc7aa4	Vera Lukich was pregnant at the time of the disaster, but the fetus was not damaged, and the woman gave birth to a son, who was named Zoran.[40] Mrs. Elanor Miklos, wife of Bela Miklos Nebosja Bato Tomasevic, Yugoslav diplomat
ffa7a2955d775ada1e3fab2bd541485d1c2e224e	It was also impossible to cancel the take off, since the runway was ending.
5171f3cf83eaaa41b0219de8e0a0d238ba833c32	Despite this conclusion, the management of the Munich airport (responsible for the condition of the runways, although not aware of the danger posed by the snow porridge for the Ambassador type aircraft) filed a lawsuit against Captain Thein as the only surviving pilot.
16322e089182e96f194a93d9af6c62ab5771ac7a	Another ex goalkeeper of the club, Jack Crompton, joined the coaching staff of the team, after United chairman Harold Hardman agreed on his transfer with the management of Luton Town.
15e54cf0062ba6dd0f2e092147f719d7b4657b31	United managed to reach the final of the FA Cup, although they lost it to Bolton with a score of 2: 0, and also beat Milan at Old Trafford in the semi final of the European Champions Cup, although Milan won the second leg at the San Siro with a score of 4: 0.
945d03b3f58d7ecf3734c903141179603c4c0d31	49]
280557c9a7e40d85d0e7085a66403e6c8a8c0b66	Примечания
7aac234db004736bddb43e380fa25adae0b81864	Литература
3bebee5940677b8fc89c2418743389bbb436fbd7	The Official Manchester United Illustrated Encyclopedia.
5193e866c978d42018f1967157f31a2e4d41adca	— London: Manchester United Books.
d9f3ee289e5e27804087ca4cde472731e8c903b2	— ISBN 0-233-99964-7 Jeff Connor The Lost Babes.
9149868849acfd1246ca57531b8196a385709b86	— London: HarperSport, 2007.
6b236637cf37a176adf2661d03c8ed5251418184	— ISBN 978-0-00-720808-1 Michael Crick Manchester United – The Betrayal of a Legend.
7536ea113b05d208d51297dc540a15ceff6fc4cf	— London: Pan Books, 1990.
3721302935c6530b8c580a4fdb159b8158c52227	— ISBN 0-330-31440-8 David Hall Manchester's Finest.
cfd3ef195c54e5d8ffe0eee18a42760df5e274e7	— London: Bantam Press, 2008.
e2ec939eb1c66e187a768d5e7958eb8896183d1f	— ISBN 978-0-593-05922-7 Middleton, Don (April 1982).
bb2bb60c35aed763ae49038ae83bb0df71882a25	«Airspeed's elegant Ambassador - Part 3».
03b0b8578125876ca46b388db023db1cba3a7851	Aeroplane Monthly.
bb1527ca6484056bb0781500406bf62a5db94d89	Stephen R. Morrin The Munich Air Disaster.
89813fb72a0653f7a8884a3046861c5ebfef260d	— Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 2007.
bc0c4968728e34894b57ccdf401a7be0e079b824	— ISBN 978-0-7171-4110-4 Stanley Stewart Air Disasters.
d30db304c467302100ef2ed5d3667dae5488a186	— 2nd edition.
1eee0f52d4a6a048eb2acdb50db9904f775a23cd	— Arrow Books, 1989.
4687024a6054bbae9ffc359154a5e2b9a1bc749d	— ISBN 0-09-956200-6 Jim White Manchester United: The Biography.
b4db053a9a638484c9a0ba959201f0f03e209ab3	— London: Sphere, 2008.
4331a07765e736bdf894954ab81adda4f6bc715f	— ISBN 978-1-84744-088-4
c1ce0970ee1365fd24349863df920351511d5853	По тексту
c28698f68a2e402f34757464e1fc6118942b108d	↑ UEFA Champions League - History. uefa.com. Union of European Football Associations (2 July 2007).
c37e9b36f7bd0921bb832c33ef4c6eae4d9c5194	Проверено 10 января 2009.
62b3842740d5c6326a6acdaeb6ea1ee4daa9dc82	↑ White, p. 103 ↑ 1 2 White, p. 105 ↑ Crick et al., p.
3d0a8d53eab17ac8e034057115731061b904d3b9	39 ↑ Morrin, pp.67-68 ↑ Morrin, p.
60cd3a66b11ee258b395a524ef4326cec1f35bc1	77 ↑ Morrin, p.
147caae96a511c365243c6f86b8741f8249e07e8	86 ↑ Crick et al., p.
7ddae83eb2220897bbd6d874a6849a62e218fae5	46 ↑ 1 2 White, p. 119 ↑ Morrin, p.
36095bf8f8921e9f0d6acd0e0a2a0c173e7a11e3	93 ↑ Morrin, p.
a03435c4998bf40d77cdaad0e30fff73225ac038	79 ↑ Morrin, p.
e5bce8d8b668706e93f7b91ba67967b4b4cdbcb3	97 ↑ 1 2 Morrin, p.
d8bb94641f05192f572fccbde140d1e7b4368b66	98 ↑ Morrin, pp.
fa255652cad0ccc22d2ed01eaea2032e996487b5	99-100 ↑ Morrin, p. 101 ↑ 1 2 Barnes et al., p.
da55768bca991f7843b30bc49e1e08744dd2c087	16 ↑ Morrin, p. 103 ↑ Morrin, p. 107 ↑ Morrin, pp.
ea9741bf6f1039ee6f95d22dce5ad75ae50a9eab	107—108 ↑ 1 2 Morrin, p. 108 ↑ 1 2 3 Morrin, p. 109 ↑ Morrin, pp.
383579448f0de12a7dbfba1aecca963dc8d82d6d	109—110 ↑ 1 2 Morrin, p. 110 ↑ Morrin, p.112 ↑ Morrin, pp.
f56def019493a71124239153e3fc2e66c09bc0bc	112—113 ↑ 1 2 Morrin, p. 113 ↑ The Munich air disaster: a timeline.
5f666c5f8c0e0a71ee1dbe8c2ad60487222dac7d	BBC Manchester.
21c4353f5f8d6870254fef7e3cdb02c377cd157c	British Broadcasting Corporation (19 March 2008).
27f5ffe23a8df6175ab66167ca39a80fa11132cf	Проверено 12 октября 2008.
077ac442f9c2e1ca41b44867d1526c57f858487a	↑ 1 2 3 Morrin, p. 115 ↑ Morrin, p. 116 ↑ White, p. 118 ↑ Dix, Barry.
4f1da46ce7671f9ad0a126190ace8e7fa629edfd	Fly Past: Survivors of Munich, Hounslow Chronicle, Trinity Mirror Southern (8 August 2008).
f29975330ebf92fd1c8a7a16c172aecfdf2f58c2	Проверено 11 января 2009.
4f49fb49f77581d5879b27474d8dde17a76cdb30	↑ The 21st Survivor.
d759b235101db3baff90523a22a3f5e091c1424c	Munich58.co.uk. Проверено 11 января 2009.
83749c015d6f23467da5b6f7a1d1c6172bf86e7a	↑ Leroux, Marcus.
b846e2405dbe2e2a179766af80bdd1553840840d	Captain James Thain cleared of blame after the thawing of hostilities, The Times, Times Newspapers (30 January 2008).
09d85d1cfc8843c420cb8180c1e91974dc25d980	↑ Barnes et al., p.
b7d04043f545bdab4d9cac78b930522ef8037d1e	66 ↑ Busby Babe loses battle against cancer, BBC News (2 September 1998).
b9bdf43c322c9f2595bef4a8c3b6270e816cc8e7	↑ Busby Babe dies, BBC News (7 March 1999).
d0dd2198555ab793a82d9433b3132b7fb3c45d8c	↑ Wilson, Bill.
28446e947f0d391d5ea724082d4349285d15e123	Waiting for news from Munich, BBC News (4 February 2008).
c387ea5313bea58c1ce5e444d5d8c9a3d6608339	↑ 1969: Matt Busby retires from Man United, On This Day, 14 January (14 January 2008).
3f888e25c967bdd8701e2585f8a2f56ace4659be	↑ Glanville, Brian.
c909d5a03d7b0c6d8550f0773015fc64c45e0d9c	Obituary: Frank Taylor, guardian.co.uk, Guardian News and Media (22 July 2002).
93478e8bd8473fb3917b9a1af9f370596c40c5f5	↑ Gregg's 'greatest save' - Munich remembered, BBC News (4 February 2008).
3f2dc8cd65b37ed653a9fd582e368e5394f37c09	Проверено 7 октября 2008.
1b80ba834dd421788d54f2b9aeb2c5742fc3f644	↑ Stanley Stewart Air Disasters.
46215739533be54a6f807a272292c04af5257aaa	— London: Guild Publishing, 1987.
f569e5d97d6d1d43788f35627f1cbd5b736827ff	↑ Hall, p. 340 ↑ Barnes et al., p.
1c687109b04246d816573c2ed55c554fbfcfaea2	17 ↑ 1 2 Morrin, p. 155 ↑ Morrin, p. 147 ↑ Morrin, p. 150 ↑ 1 2 3 Morrin, p. 146 ↑ 1 2 3 Endlar, Andrew 1957/58.
97cb2845a0470b267f22a91f06b9478fe87fab69	StretfordEnd.co.uk. ↑ 1968: Manchester United win European Cup.
caca7794bb893be7391507e9d8d9d1235e7c2520	BBC News.
3ad116228647bd75627ef565d1923b1e0ff5c316	См. также
0dfc4e4d4c1e6915d7a636ae0b35eeba3158c1eb	Авиакатастрофы в футболе Гибель спортивных команд Малыши Басби
e8d9cd7b4ecf89913f1f8b72d883ff5c80d20e3b	Ссылки
806194fab26afb931f0d23f1ed300bb9995600f9	Сайты памяти:
1a44d8d3359bfcbdaf44587d586af7bc13bd2747	United Front.org (англ.) The Busby Babes (англ.) Сайт памяти Munich58.co.uk (англ.) Munich58.manutd.ru (рус.)
bbce54037697da57962d5fdfe04f21e98d064dc6	Статьи:
5fe14d12c72211f5a4f5395759ad67ab50057051	Мюнхен, до востребования Sports.ru, 6 февраля 2008 года Хроника катастрофы ManUtd.
33c940fd70d9ed68d89c2a041faac11b4b944f9a	Ru, 4 февраля 2008 года Flowers of Manchester ManUtd.
7e062c6b627f76b4c4c48f699086721e667a018a	Ru, 6 февраля 2008 года United — Объединенные горем ManUtd.
a219a3906272e9f48b490a31412f34cd1ea1f44e	Ru, 6 февраля 2008 года Бобби Чарльтон: то была великолепная команда Чемпионат.ру, 6 февраля 2008 года Stuart Barnes.
f12f892d70e88b197c845cd8a434485ca3d96020	The lost 'Busby Babes'.
fc50d5ee71c77b1ceaca5addfe358b8d444adfc8	TheFA.com. (англ.)
4869a90abc1b34b44e5de0e08fc9d6a923fa95dd	Stuart Mawhinney.
0f99e7929ad6d888ab0d0ede6cf2eac7251464cb	50 years ago.
4dd886d3167f7b6f4a7ce89745a90bebc9ee1ec8	TheFA.com. 06.02.2008. (англ.)
388bb122eadf39a409bd758c787dcadc4c69b4f7	Манчестер Юнайтед Игроки • Тренеры • Резервисты и Академия • Статистика и рекорды • Трофеи • Текущий сезон История 1878—1969 • с 1969 года по настоящее время • Сезоны • Еврокубки Мюнхенская авиакатастрофа Авиакатастрофа в Мюнхене 6 февраля 1958 • Малыши Басби Домашний стадион Норт Роуд • Бэнк Стрит • Олд Траффорд • Стретфорд Энд • Дорога имени сэра Мэтта Басби Тренировочные базы Клифф • Тренировочный центр Траффорда Соперничества Манчестерское дерби • Соперничество с «Ливерпулем» • Соперничество с «Лидс Юнайтед» Песни и кричалки Come On You Reds • Glory Glory Man United • U N I T E D • Take Me Home United Road Связанные статьи Захват клуба Глейзером • MUTV • Приз сэра Мэтта Басби • Все статьи
4532a7b596e2e0987a625ddf3fac2f6700816abc	Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
4bf1a94709aa3348274196a0978914512ebf0a7d	Куси (замок)
a5469313a96a614ca8bbb13369518c01fed10320	Фальская раса
823f399244ce4fd0373f745bb07d721a544a4e1e	Смотреть что такое "Авиакатастрофа в Мюнхене 6 февраля 1958" в других словарях:
40f8192e96e6ae3325e6f530a82e7a3b969afdd8	Авиакатастрофа в Мюнхене 6 февраля 1958 года — Авиакатастрофа в Мюнхене самолёт Airspeed Ambassador, аналогичный потерпевшему круш … Википедия
beae2513d7effa2df42c3ab4cbeb5a94fa5c68f8	Авиакатастрофа в Мюнхене — Общие сведения Дата 6 февраля 1958 Характер неудачная попытка взлёта Место Мюнхен, Западная Германия … Википедия
2041258e0352b4b06d3887674f8c61ae81be9039	Катастрофа 6 февраля 1958 года в Мюнхене — Авиакатастрофа в Мюнхене Общие сведения Дата 6 февраля 1958 Характер неудачная попытка взлёта Место Мюнхен, Западная Германия … Википедия
0969c41e9b17f50474c53e9f9b1cf5596aa3a484	1958 год — Годы 1954 · 1955 · 1956 · 1957 1958 1959 · 1960 · 1961 · 1962 Десятилетия 1930 е · 1940 е 1950 е 1960 е · 1970 е … Википедия
cb539b19e3260e9f98c6e809e601e444939796ea	Авиакатастрофы в футболе — Служебный список статей, созданный для координации работ по развитию темы.
c95d9421fc65f349e723233619301269926741d4	Данное предупреждение не устанавл … Википедия
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8d8236a9ba03a235891307b5e080284f0753ef89	В данном списке приводятся авиакатастрофы с массовой гибелью известных футболистов.
78bdb4575b958ee3a29efcb2f968eafaec390ef1	Содержание 1 4 мая 1949 года.
056313b56677ab88cc0effecae01fdd0d33563a3	«Торино» … Википедия
ebe959f9858fb1bffc0e2d44cfc55f2b41cf1e83	ФК «Манчестер Юнайтед» в сезоне 2009-2010 — Сезон 2009/10 18 й сезон для «Манчестер Юнайтед» в Премьер лиге, а также 35 й подряд сезон, который клуб проводит в высшем дивизионе английского футбола.
4d975d349e3193f168a17c73ee220a26bd1b41de	В этом сезоне «Юнайтед» выиграл Кубок Футбольной лиги, обыграв в финальном матче «Астон… … Википедия
a3ce4b43993c6f3de2b5fc7f7c36ab1dddc7b236	ФК «Манчестер Юнайтед» в розыгрышах европейских турниров — «Манчестер Юнайтед» английский футбольный клуб из Траффорда, Большой Манчестер.
916f7f3edd5a690d0480b67fc06cd85db62f61c4	Клуб был основан в 1878 году (под названием «Ньютон Хит»), с 1892 года выступает в системе футбольных лиг Англии.
3b00446ce71e7c9d69be4c353bb5931078792ab2	Первый английский клуб, принявший участие в… … Википедия
e29cc0371718b8b1d72318df9c04647c98017c23	ФК «Манчестер Юнайтед» в розыгрышах международных турниров — «Манчестер Юнайтед» в розыгрышах международных турниров … Википедия
98fff7d820758499e9c4d6ad0b432f53c63a5ab7	ФК «Манчестер Юнайтед» в сезоне 2010-2011 — Сезон 2010/11 19 й сезон для «Манчестер Юнайтед» в Премьер лиге, а также 36 й подряд сезон, который клуб проводит в высшем дивизионе английского футбола.
ac85fc18811ea6d2235962d2a8d3e8cfc10d0351	В этом сезоне у команды появится новый титульный спонсор, компания Aon, которая придёт на… … Википедия
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ae72c10e7c4da08aef6531deb1de0186f57c7b75	BEA Flight 609
b09484c7c41eee83f0f763daf645fc2afac4acab	Munich plane crash
53bacf3f250ca81d93967e4b5654c0003e7e38bd	Crash site General information Date February 6, 1958
4595588ddaae908bed7db34f29b643ce7cd860d0	Time 15: 03 GMT
de7e9828ca033af70ddc45098e9fa3cd4455670d	Character Rolling out of the runway
36de5cf7500722dbfd7d501d4f28ec47575c5e70	The reason is an unsuccessful takeoff attempt
2eaa559ee0dfadd5da20b23b53588c2806f79220	Location 300 m from the runway of Munich airport Rome, Munich (Germany)
5690a0d1892524a50cdf5e8700700f31c462bdc5	Coordinates 48°07'34" s. w.
2dbb60511b679d9e8caf3dc8b3d0c05ca3106eb3	11°40'39" v. d.
2e1296941bc13e381d6c0c15ea688c019c2f45a3	/ 48.1261361° s. w.
3c21aa8d53d20a129715e6e9592eff65c100c615	11.6777722° v. d.
6044aa3182906ee1a84423bc2e95803c69c1ef66	/ 48.1261361; 11.6777722 (G) (O)
1a37bbee3a8cc9b55b5135afbbf6749621fb475e	(I)Coordinates: 48°07'34" s. w.
ba31ca43c7027c748488a02cd4059fe99c557078	(I)
eecd5e18560907754565e00647f23629939a9daa	Wounded 19
8be95cf00c7c33ddaaaf496893394395b6cc4248	Aircraft
d692bc8199a25947d323e9bdd596c404dbd03c70	British Airspeed AS.57 Ambassador, similar to the one that crashed
3de7c84ca3f6e349889b0458210d5e588cc790b6	Airspeed AS.57 Ambassador Model
ebcfc33566a80a58aaa5de531b8e75a5f5e9503b	The name of the aircraft is Lord Burghley
211ef14e5feb6a0dcb04f9426936e10cc6e572d8	British European Airwaysruen (BEA)
6650a249401a7e2e110559de460df14d80ece993	Departure point Belgrade (Yugoslavia)
9a8bbdcc372c0c2e5250a4641f6abe0b957a8b41	Stops on the way Munich Rome, Munich (Germany)
2d7b6da3cbb3154f261b7502383735b85b4b3e48	Destination Manchester (United Kingdom)
b6dc7fee6ff0749713847d6266bc45d5874bfe9c	Flight BE609
55529fe5a3a692c4b968ea58fd39e5f7464b8f5a	Release date April 1950
fe2eeab9a188900dd8ae5cc74af4a8355ae99af1	Crew 6
85928136a4f28f8c414f035cc9f52dd59aee937e	Images on Wikimedia Commons
9fd21b72d4fa0439c1a8623a8fc1a431bd779c91	The Airspeed AS.
bb20b8dc215e64a65c33d4be4a8c2ec0d7b2a4a0	57 Ambassador of the British airline British European Airways (BEA), flying BE609 on the route Belgrade—Munich—Manchester, crashed after the third attempt to take off at Munich airport.
bb05a2475ac535495ce0c887925d2883d87c786b	1 Aircraft 2 Crew 3 Previous events 4 Disaster 5 Dead 5.1 Crew members 5.2 Passengers
9725805d0608e6ed248000f4dfe505ad09c1454c	6 Survivors 6.1 Crew members 6.2 Passengers
70b97f266c41430efe724ccb5ac2c6a8ce7b83ef	7 Investigation 8 Consequences of the disaster 9 Cultural aspects 10 See also 11 Notes 11.1 Comments 11.2 Sources
9aa0c6e92cdefb5b1b6344346b9544b36c794504	12 References 13 Literature
8d362f57d8348ce230ca12825e83c315d5b208ba	Airplane[edit / edit wiki text]
7f621315c676912a9815c8e17163c5039f53b12b	57 Ambassador (registration number G ALZU, serial 5217) was released in 1950.
1a737cc25a40e9f4105f57244cf356a6e19fe5d9	On April 5 of the same year, it was transferred to British European Airways (BEA), in which it received the name Lord Burghley.
dc89071bbf15fe837ead9db914e58d62984e247b	Equipped with two Bristol Centaurus 661 screw engines.
f7126f9910d27fec4b185607ef8103b9850b0d4c	On the day of the disaster, he flew 6363 hours[1].
0c79bb9c275ff97c38340cbd1c475bb2a87d9c43	The crew[edit / edit wiki text]
71cd782807d0fdbac54fad1d2c2a2b2df88d3dfc	The crew of flight BE609 was as follows:
93d6b597de326c458d9569b99dc7f5b9ffa54fa9	The commander of the aircraft (FAC) is 36 year old James Thain.
a350e50f174d376b294a8de74cafdd0387a4a70b	An experienced pilot, served in the Royal Air Force, worked for the BEA airline for 5 years (since 1952).
eb795d251c942d8cf2c9ccf723aca613b87fc352	I flew 7337 hours.
14b3b96f042c60da898b1489490fd9a71a2d6340	The co pilot is 36 year old Kenneth Gordon Rayment.
14ee0a763a04a3c4db509772bdeb5c281c13cbee	An experienced pilot, he worked for the BEA airline for 12 years (since 1945), in the position of FAC — since 1953.
f1e062bcdfcc80543b4f2601f7186382baf91c13	He operated Airspeed Consul, C 47, Vickers Viking and Vickers Viscount aircraft.
d47178fc312d9524b17168e9ad14dcbf5234bc75	I flew 8463 hours.
62c75084dbb5a1d2b383d269e24e759061997ed1	The radio operator is 35 year old George William Rogers.
449fe22f662ffe1baffceafea0ff865a84f22094	Three flight attendants worked in the cabin of the aircraft:
b84b6295285e2c02689c3a338ba962b2d3eb60c1	William Thomas Cable, 41 years old.
4981fe9e7155c03d5ba6896f396e9a37271161db	Margaret Ursula Bellis, 36 years old.
0cf2b492c4ffa334c1bcb0e01b78f7aeaa6d673b	Rosemary Cheverton, 26 years old.
9349c45be0b8e64284452dc29a9170d949328546	Previous events[edit / edit wiki text]
8e5e8aef02659c682be9fd91bee3ae99dfccd2d2	The first draw of the tournament was held in the 1955/56 season[2].
fb5c27186dbff685c34a871f22b94a08f7b2e78b	However, the secretary of the Football League of England, Alan Hardaker, banned the current champion of England, Chelsea London, from taking part in this tournament, citing "concern for the interests of English football and football in general" [3].
94369231f49439dabf184d3fb1cee94926ebbb66	The following season, Manchester United became the champion of England, whose head coach was Matt Busby.
2fb9d496246e8b144835f87229bfafc31246f5e6	United became the first English club to play in a European football tournament[4].
a51f964b26ada554412fe25ac207af1a1e84187a	"The Busby Kids" in 1955
12f00ab4f1badc94923955077409b8f5b6023646	The team of "Busby kids" (which received such a nickname because of the youth of the players) reached the semi finals of the 1956/57 draw, in which they lost to the future winner of the tournament, Real Madrid.
7179c00d51492ec3953b7d195cb4856824888d00	Matches in the English Premier League took place on Saturdays and European matches were played mid week, so the club had to travel by air in order to catch all the matches, although air travel at a time fall into the category of high risk[5].
ba0e781effbad94058c78cc3250480fc292bfbd6	If the club had refused to fly, the combination of performances in the English championship and in Europe would have been complicated, and Alan Hardaker's fears would have been justified[4].
f15f647871ef8f4770a8956fd323d788e33e744a	"Busby Kids" before the return match with "Crvena Zvezda" (the last match before the disaster)
c50cec8ad01483ea9f95cef4a200b439527603a4	After winning in the preliminary round over Shamrock Rovers Dublin (Ireland) and in the first round over Dukla Prague (Czechoslovakia), Manchester United reached the quarterfinals, where they met with Crvena Zvezda Belgrade (Yugoslavia).
ff5e9fc4ab4703dfdce6f1d30a75bbe3281e07b9	In the first match at Old Trafford on January 21, 1958, the Red Devils won with a score of 2: 1.
c04718e3bd15c886d48b6ed766b5548fe294cccc	The second leg was on February 5 in Yugoslavia.
571f5447dcdc2b381b2195f15cd7a80301b1ef1c	Due to such a long journey, the players did not have time to recover properly and played their next league match (1-1) against Birmingham at St. Andrews Stadium[6].
73d7a0726bec80ed8086beb21030c584809bf69b	In order not to miss matches in the First Division and at the same time not to undertake such long trips anymore, the club ordered a charter flight BE609 from Manchester to Belgrade for the return match against Crvena Zvezda[7] from British European Airways (BEA).
96ddd088ea387721485d0d53e7be2d51bd7f3983	The match itself ended with a score of 3:3, but on the sum of two matches (5:4), Manchester United reached the semifinals[8].
fed4c8c4b7434d4ef719b341ffc2c28717bda103	The flight from Belgrade was postponed for an hour, as United player Johnny Berry lost his passport[9].
3070ea96ea53ce6fbef1f60545c4c45caedbe225	After departure from Belgrade, the plane made a scheduled stop in Munich for refueling[10], landing at Munich airport at 13: 15 GMT.
3ad009a144b1e8e065a75ca775c76b2fc2e5ff76	[11]
d8ef84a6cc553bd0fa3c2c63159c74bba2ea72ed	Disaster[edit / edit wiki text]
810f652758edf6d1d4f08b80bd6a9ace06872048	FAC James Thane took off on an Airspeed AS.57 Ambassador of the Elizabethan class on board G ALZU to Belgrade, but on the way back he handed over control to co pilot Kenneth Gordon Rayment[12].
8f3ac7aa1c0dafeb04ffc6fc972f9eb8a8e5e6bb	At 14:19[* 1], the control tower of Munich airport reported that the plane was ready for departure, and gave permission to take off at 14:31[13].
cd76f9aeb21ad6fd57d714c2381ca7b8afb60ce8	However, the co pilot canceled the take off, as the commander noticed fluctuations in the left engine pressure gauge when the aircraft reached full power, as well as unusual engine sounds during acceleration[14].
8314afd70cd0dc3a24ff0c3f541bff28bf1ab226	3 minutes later, at 14: 34, a second attempt was made to take off, but after 40 seconds, while the plane was still on the ground, it was also canceled[15].
1feb2299376d2b8bfae85730e38726fea59ed66c	The reason for unsuccessful take off attempts was called excessive engine acceleration due to excessive over enrichment of the fuel mixture, which was a common problem for Elizabethan class aircraft[14].
e9815acd2f8ba559c4000a480cd4bf54365956ac	After the second unsuccessful take off attempt, all passengers left the plane, settling in the rest area of the airport[16].
4a72a1afb306ee7732694123219d0be1f14259ac	By that time, the weather conditions had worsened, heavy snow began to fall, and many passengers thought that the flight would be canceled.
ad2fa6b3e35007b7189034b53d146208615bb4fd	Duncan"[17].
d1203e2f2e799b1fd9a11764728cebd7e901430e	KVS informed the station engineer Bill Black about a problem with increased vibrations in the left engine.
bc955847e4e9b4c0ca75e1834e30fbb069edc1b0	The commander did not want to get out of the planned schedule and decided to make another attempt to take off, suggesting opening the throttles even slower.
2ee4fb6e13c807207f54075a755abbe7d2e28751	However, the FAC did not consider this a problem, since the length of the runway was about 2 kilometers, which seemed quite sufficient.
9f93cb9ac165c62f2fcae148755418020a525ee3	In this regard, even despite the snowfall, passengers were asked to board the plane only 15 minutes after they left it[18].
057368104a1eccc7b4e2b05c0db157210d7c9cc5	Several players had almost no experience of air travel, especially Liam Whelan, who said just before takeoff: It may be death, but I'm ready for it.
c2bb6bc2f78a099357f2dbdffebf52e14481f4cf	Other players, including Duncan Edwards, Tommy Taylor, Mark Jones, Eddie Coleman and Frank Swift, moved to the back of the plane, believing that it was safer there[10].
5a2c0428faa96f948062545c18ccd8207b0b5741	When all the passengers returned on board, the FAC and the co pilot made a third attempt to take off; at 14: 56, the plane began moving along the runway[19].
12c1f7c7cc482d3f53168d18ba3d53cef9620b84	At 14:59, flight 609 reached the waiting point, where it received permission to taxi for an executive start[20].
ba89d4d25816ce898e1153cb4c6a2e9f41849e51	After the last check of the instruments in the cockpit at 15: 02, a message was received that the take off permit expires at 15:04[21].
28e3987d227f148cc034aaed7fbaaa7ab8290bb5	After a short discussion, the pilots decided to try to take off, but carefully monitor the readings of the instruments for the presence of fluctuations in the engines.
a41ad31567fd64a63be512b0f7d0f8d1478804d7	At 15:03, they contacted the control tower, informing them of their decision[21].
6691f0713be0e652d1edebe320039bddef1247ee	Play a media file
5c695482ddec1a6bd4bc7548aa74e44d7de4423d	American newsreel footage depicting the tragedy
423e1ccc71d21b0186ab13914600ae554566ddb2	The co pilot opened the throttles slowly, as it was decided, and released the brakes; the plane began to gain speed, and the radio operator reported this to the control tower[22].
2781a292d4048417362766f382ea86e9c250860f	Flight 609 was accelerating, scattering snow porridge on the runway, the commander reported exceeding the speed by 18 km/h[22].
8948ba92e6dca54c69fdc0e92bf81ac01e81b610	At a speed of 157 km/h, fluctuations in the left side engine began again, and Thane minimally pulled the engine throttle, after which he carefully pushed it forward[22].
f3bd769451d85ad539ebc1889d30b5ea9ef6608a	When the plane reached a speed of 217 km / h, the commander announced the achievement of the speed "V1", that is, the speed after which the cancellation of take off becomes unsafe, and the co pilot was waiting for the announcement of the achievement of the speed" V2 "(220 km/h), the minimum required for the take off of the"Ambassador" [23].
24cabe6d74868eb8dae4772cf6e64710d12e86d5	However, when the FAC looked at the speed indicator, expecting it to increase, he noticed that it fluctuated around 217 km/h, after which the plane flew into the untouched virgin snow in the last third of the runway with a thickness of up to 5 centimeters of snow cover (the airfield services of Munich airport did not clear the entire strip of snow).
2565ee94b2dfeca244adc1ccc60904fdb0943cf5	As a result, the speed of the aircraft suddenly dropped to 207, and then to 194 km/h[24].
22690bbf3677c8cd34c985f4a4b4d5246796fe0e	The co pilot shouted: God, we canot![24], and the commander looked out to see what was right ahead[25].
18e9462b6c14e94ff128c9a65e92769d940d30f8	The liner swept to the end of the runway, making an attempt to take off, then pi the lots lost control.
43e15ae7b418e24451dfd4cef2737902ba19d2c8	The plane rammed the airport fence and about 300 meters from the end of the runway crashed into a house where a family of six people lived[26].
3c8003dc72cd0a2ffde180c88c55ea7f2a2dabfd	The father and the eldest daughter were not in the house at that moment, but there was a mother and three children in the house, who barely managed to jump out into the street, as the house caught fire[27].
a7b931f959e0f04f2ec48c16c4929d2824174ff5	The left wing and part of the tail were torn off from the impact of Flight 609, after which the left part of the cockpit crashed into a tree[27].
4798a1b790c7ad3336c68e7135106744f231440c	The right side of the plane crashed into a wooden hangar, in which there was a truck with fuel, which exploded[28].
aab1dc463385029b578be29a6c7d79462a034d0f	21 people died on the spot.
91e1364c370919732980d8d11b27bb3cf337a15c	Seeing the flames around the cockpit, the FAC was afraid of an explosion of the aircraft and ordered an immediate evacuation.
2ced3924c5016104908bfdd8a9f40ab8ca0aaaf5	Flight attendants Rosemary Cheverton and Margaret Ursula Bellis were the first to get out of the emergency hatch in the cabin, followed by the flight attendant[29].
9ed63611f4f305a26c9c95c962655c99e6a51635	The FAC shouted to the co pilot to get out of the pilot's seat, but he was trapped in the seat by the crumpled fuselage.
fc8b2ef206cdbe26831c11c12c096161d394a865	He told the commander to get out without him and the FAC also got out through the emergency hatch[29].
7a85987016f04acdd2671f0909af59f485e82bd1	When he got out, he saw flames near the right wing of the plane, which still had a whole fuel tank with 2,300 liters of fuel in it.
62112e673a2851ef43389a35a337d8a062cc8fa0	He ordered the crew to move away from the plane to a safe distance, and he returned to the plane to take two fire extinguishers, assuring the co pilot that he would return for it as soon as he extinguished the fire[29].
e723139cdd75f9651562d4c297e67d218ed9c094	Meanwhile, in the passenger cabin, Manchester United goalkeeper Harry Gregg, having regained consciousness, decided that he was dead[30].
19ac53af4c276cc9a0ff68c0995a36456d20f57f	He felt that blood was flowing down his face and did not dare to raise [his] hand. [He] thought that the upper part of [his] head was cut off, like a hard boiled egg [31].
81f0c4e680d11d7cc2051eabed54f6d70a3542c9	A beam of light was coming into the cockpit directly above him, so Gregg went to him and kicked a hole in the fuselage, enough to get out.
e1f03431429e9679464745f69656d0df126f8810	The dead[edit / edit wiki text]
0628f31b44b0b665f6186508da8335f4d34dafa0	Crew members[edit / edit wiki text]
cec5aa3e8a3deb19684722c1a4ea4c4f30ff36a5	Kenneth Gordon Rayment, co pilot (survived the crash, but died in hospital 6 weeks later (March 15) as a result of a brain injury) William Thomas Cable, flight attendant
aaabf1211bb4dde9538de3d0385043dafe234ab7	Passengers[edit / edit wiki text]
dd64284721c5743be29c7c9fa9f3c16203393dd1	A memorial plaque at the Old Trafford stadium dedicated to the memory of the fallen football players in 1958
aaca4c3a0f28719d2afe713828b0383bf359cf6a	Munich Clock, southeast corner of Old Trafford
ad29892e079c7de15a03dc4bc2be0d6aeeb92fa6	Geoff Bent (eng. Geoff Bent) Roger Byrne (eng. Roger Byrne) Eddie Colman (Eng. Eddie Colman) Duncan Edwards (eng. Duncan Edwards) (survived the crash, but died of injuries in hospital 15 days later (February 21))
4015ba47282c5e6712d26128d0994ff399b2ede9	Mark Jones David Pegg (eng. David Pegg) Tommy Taylor (eng. Tommy Taylor) Liam Whelan
0068a4db823e8d40175d1c25e48a985accbc2402	Walter Crickmer, secretary of the Tom Curry Club Tom Curry), coach Bert Whalley (English Bert Whalley), senior coach
d8f617b76471a6408c5c552c83c71143c57d97c8	Alf Clarke," Manchester Evening Chronicle " Donny Davies," Manchester Guardian "George Follows," Daily Herald " Tom Jackson (eng. Tom Jackson), "Manchester Evening News" Archie Ledbrooke, "Daily Mirror" Henry Rose, "Daily Express" Frank Swift, " News of the World "(former England player and goalkeeper of Manchester City; died on the way to hospital) Eric Thompson, Daily Mail
161b5b2292cc73bb9d11d3dbcdef50a2cc485544	Bela Miklos (Serbo Croatian Bela Miklos), travel agent Willie Satinoff, fan, racetrack owner and close friend of Matt Busby
b7db9852e7269f30a68d392905956ca98890caec	Survivors[edit / edit wiki text]
8d827336bc330f836ed87174ee5f5deb8a828c98	The " Munich Tunnel "of the Old Trafford stadium, opened in 2008 on the 50th anniversary of the disaster
ae60c8ab4e01490437f8781604bad5f9e66bbc4e	Margaret Ursula Bellis, flight attendant (died 1998)[32]
b142e79ce30847d03275b5b4947e79c1041bd361	Rosemary Cheverton, flight attendant George William Rogers, flight attendant (died 1997)[33]
ddc55c1319fae713bc727711095dbd22d82c41c3	James Thain, crew commander (died 1975)[34]
8ef6d858c60ca9a1c5b5d7ce75c2262383ab291f	Manchester United FC Players
bcbda0a40f91b6b73f4f0809840e7183901ea180	Johnny Berry (no longer played football, died in 1994)[35]
b70116907b0c7b720e4140948b95eb40b98b7f7f	Jackie Blanchflower (Jackie Blanchflower) (no longer played football, died in 1998)[36] Bobby Charlton Bill Foulkes (died in 2013)[37]
591e00c5f8a5933e6033ee2e35e276e324198319	Harry Gregg (eng. Harry Gregg) Kenny Morgans (eng. Kenny Morgans) (died in 2012)[38] Albert Scanlon (died in 2009)[39]
7e5495b4a98e3fa65574269d29cbb738eaf7a069	Dennis Viollet (died in 1999)[40]
2f1a41c5e4f5f7fdacfc1eede38f326b3e863c9c	Ray Wood (died in 2002)[41]
7f759c4f2e0eae078e76bf11d73aa61f03d4b5fc	Coaching staff of Manchester United FC
10668fada999f1879a50a235ce2ad04301853bde	Matt Busby, head coach (died 1994)[42]
8cdbef0249b516afcfacc482536c9041c2ad47f6	Ted Elliard (eng. Ted Ellyard), telegraphist for the Daily Mail (died 1964) Peter Howard, photographer for the Daily Mail (died 1996) Frank Taylor, reporter for the News Chronicle (died 2002)[43]
0db2f35317544d8b6b0abaf10522ab5221b1c2b9	Vera Lukic (Serbo Croatian Vera Lukić) and her little daughter Vesna.
44eea6d7c1a2feacaac6be0b990195f300ac26e8	Vera Lukic was pregnant at the time of the disaster, but the fetus was not damaged, and the woman gave birth to a son, who was named Zoran [44] Eleanor Miklos, the wife of Bela Miklos Nebojsa Bato Tomasevic (Serbo Croatian. Nebojša Bato Tomašević), Yugoslav diplomat
ac2271d989f6fd1acf69dd7194ef2cfc0d310c3e	Investigation[edit / edit wiki text]
28d01019f0e3d83bebc9da843fb0489f0272121f	Immediately after the tragedy, the pilot's error was named as the cause of the disaster.
7a2784819b3efd870598c9579f9755e33bd0a05d	However, it was later found out that the main reason was the accumulation of snow porridge near the end of the runway, which is why the plane could not gain the necessary speed for takeoff[45].
8ed2061b44f7497852bc26fdd8fb2b16e7361fdd	The plane reached a speed of 217 km / h, but after entering the snow slush, it slowed down to 194 km / h, which was not enough for takeoff.
0c9a1756f843f600747bedd3cd268645fc551931	Despite this conclusion, the management of the Munich airport (responsible for the condition of the runways, although not aware of the danger posed by the snow porridge for the Ambassador type aircraft) filed a lawsuit against Commander Tein as the only surviving pilot.
61df05fa450235f1bd6b6cc56154a6c87e551eec	The basis for the accusation on the part of representatives of the airport was a photo of the plane (it was published by some newspapers), which was taken just before departure; it shows accumulations of snow on the upper surface of the wings of the aircraft.
d2810931189f4a444317fe63c8e19393f39701d9	But after examining the original negative of the photo, no snow or ice was visible on the wings; the "snow" effect arose due to the fact that the published photos were printed from a copy of the negative.
b628cd647403939d4de49edf80e269d431ac6a0f	As the official cause of the disaster, the British authorities called the accumulation of melting snow on the runway, because of which the Elizabethan could not gain the speed necessary for takeoff.
7b16acc8f4e224bac3d5c7e9e906f9ae76d96a1f	James Thane, who was dismissed from British European Airways shortly after the crash, resigned and returned to his poultry farm in Berkshire.
eaa8c8e1034cf3d609312d2402ba16d03d00c8bd	He died of a heart attack in April 1975 at the age of 54.
ef746cd4b83ca0a07b5f1507c32bd5231e62d675	The consequences of the disaster[edit / edit wiki text]
a29623fa17aad76b8e844f8b4c515c17d1e42aa5	7 Manchester United players were killed directly in the plane crash, and on February 21, Duncan Edwards died of his injuries in the hospital[17].
c5e10fdf3f3f0c805b62c3817d8e07c27875dec9	Johnny Berry and Jackie Blanchflower never played football again due to their injuries[46].
c3ade48628b70b1c158005ed83234a62837c6b79	Matt Busby was seriously injured and remained in the hospital for two months, during which he twice underwent the rite of church anointing[47].
2e038b9000810656eda60d380cfde82b6c4deea2	After Busby was discharged from the hospital, he went to Interlaken, Switzerland, for rehabilitation.
ddea02f5bff4c7dbf604c171b0bbab14a89098bf	At that time, he thought that he was completely finished with football, but one day his wife Jean told him: "You know, Matt, the guys want you to come back"[48].
3b501f661eb189f015673c1aa2247d385ffcd526	This phrase brought Busby out of his depression, and he returned to Manchester, attending the final match of the 1958 FA Cup.[48]
55240e0e632b279ec1945d44f5a4d7012313bf66	Murphy did not go to Belgrade, as he was in Cardiff, where he was working with the Welsh national team at that time.
8841f22d9c6068361cb11464b659b187c35c8c4f	Murphy assembled a team of reserve and youth players of the club, and in the first match after the plane crash they beat Sheffield Wednesday with a score of 3: 0.
8d0cc7d93c8a865b875d61207951abd4f5c63588	So, the striker Ernie Taylor (moved from Blackpool for £ 8000)was bought[49] and Stan Crowther, to a former Aston Villa midfielder who played against United in the 1957 FA Cup final[50].
86f311e1e1b3961cff9c164a16a73d146873268e	There were also changes in the coaching staff of the club, as club secretary Walter Krikmer and coaches Tom Curry and Bert Walley were killed in a plane crash[51].
04dca353a274865a1f32074ce0c72fd4e7f100ee	United goalkeeper Les Olive, who was a player at the time of the disaster, ended his career and replaced Crickmer as club secretary[51].
8cf9b18c0e2dfb81518f6656db23de9c7186dc76	Another ex goalkeeper of the club, Jack Crompton, joined the coaching staff of the team, after United chairman Harold Hardman agreed on his transfer with the management of Luton Town[51].
20935e33d9e4da561bfc3400059d3ee280503823	After the disaster, United won only one match in the championship, which caused them to drop out of the championship race and took only ninth place at the end of the season[52].
ca69e89301673355efe97e3f5bb2961588cbc466	United was able to reach the final of the FA Cup, although they lost to Bolton with a score of 2: 0[52], and also beat Milan at Old Trafford in the semi final of the European Champions Cup, but, unfortunately, in the second leg at the San Siro, Milan won with a score of 4: 0[52].
6af3a4faea0970d32840e860b4fc227e20ae92af	Of the survivors of the plane crash, only two played in that match: Bobby Charlton and Bill Foulkes[53].
d7a504f5f807ba43ced56c1af11a59077a0c585f	Cultural aspects[edit / edit wiki text]
a90c25af7b03a6e188c4a82b8b26431f79230775	"United.
53cce9d93f3c64260639936189fb7c581f39f7b7	The Munich Tragedy — is a 2011 film.
72073c12119a843f9ae96a909dae8faad3dc972d	The crash of flight 609 is shown in the 9th season of the Canadian documentary television series Investigation of plane crashes in the series The Munich Tragedy.
02216238298801533c52e030cb1dc6dd628f22f8	It is also mentioned in the book by I.
8b9e298f7864d1775db4f4bf76e107ab4da196d1	A. Muromov "100 great plane crashes" in the chapter The death of Manchester United football players at the Ambassador.
a4e055f8e5ae5ab3067ae3a2bbcbbe5451b5a4f0	The An 12 crash in Komsomolsk - on Amur is also a take off from a snow covered strip and a collision with buildings, the death of football players in plane crashes
092869e3febf3a869a20428df9ed4867d66777b2	Comments[edit / edit wiki text]
7d0319920cf3f891bfacc8933853e0028827bb23	↑ Here and below is the Greenwich Mean Time GMT
5eae68080e2dcbf4cf608d53be8b9b1f665ccc48	Sources[edit / edit wiki text]
702fccd2aeb133419fd8db9cebe735ce97baf00c	↑ REGISTRATION DETAILS FOR G ALZU (BRITISH EUROPEAN AIRWAYS) AS57 AMBASSADOR 2 — PlaneLogger ↑ UEFA Champions League - History. uefa.com. Union of European Football Associations (2 July 2007).
a55ad1fb339467a116d6c971152d3834b6d25923	Accessed 10 January 2009.
87b6764564af64eb69906bfcb2c9b987ce0a96c0	Archived from the original source on May 29, 2008.
1990302a04a0879939f8d84e55c3a424c2535c1d	Accessed 12 October 2008.
33bd8950a885c1b466f7b25ae79df34e1758560f	Archived from the original source on August 19, 2011.
e47992d62b4baec4a4fef7f35f912fe443ddb0e7	Accessed 11 January 2009.
86daa8c319abad33dd13e5d16db74d421436f952	↑ The 21st Survivor(unavailable link history).
f8691437a36558bc57a8bca504df6c8cbccbbcbc	Munich58.co.uk. Checked on January 11, 2009.
ea1c92c74edeae79d00278c622de4e181b7796ec	Captain James Thain cleared of blame after the thawing of hospitality, The Times, Times Newspapers (30 January 2008).
7d888fc072425fdf9e403b793aff831506eac281	66 ↑ Busby Babe los
229fb4d2faf500b9f5845d90d00e84edd996a92d	6.016 January14: 45 GMT
2e9fa8fcd18d2184d58ae217dda0123358bbb284	USD60.66+0.38 EUR63.81+0.79
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88947a9416efe70f299113d44a3488ded312e033	The death of the Manchester United football team in Munich in 1958 09: 0006.02.2013 (updated: 12: 18 06.02.2013) 0543812
a05e99d5cfb252ba8dfb114b94c5600cfe8392e0	55 years ago, on February 6, 1958, a BEA Elizabethan plane crashed in Munich, carrying players and staff of the Manchester United football club, as well as several journalists and fans.
9682d3ebe1da471ee6e35431b9da15bbcea0bc46	On February 6, 1958, an Airspeed Ambassador of the Elizabethan class of British European Airways crashed in Munich, operating charter flight 609 Belgrade — Manchester with an intermediate landing in Munich.
4c5fccbfdf611c47b27fea9c6e63f31e7be8ac18	On board the plane were players and staff of the football team "Manchester United" (Manchester United), journalists and fans.
cfda40a50a189391cc4f93eef801ad98a4bf4717	The plane in which the team was flying home made a stop in Munich for refueling.
decc7aa04e29942776a0a8eb5ff0f4059017c275	The weather was inclement.
5765b5479b155f661dbb93d79a4774c64df0cfb1	The plane tried to take off twice.
67657a6d738c8da30d641e0b97e997f807001067	The third attempt turned into a tragedy — the plane accelerated, but, entering the snow porridge at the end of the runway, broke through the airfield fence, crashed into a small house, and then into a wooden hangar where a truck with fuel was standing, an explosion occurred.
42dc831ce3e0556c4161c52550715ad4cd266b61	Of the 44 passengers, 23 were killed.
1bedc4f784c04b69d27e7b9184dfb2b915bd651e	Among them are seven players of the main Manchester United squad: Geoff Bent, Roger Byrne, Eddie Colman, Mark Jones, David Pegg, Tommy Taylor, Billy Whelan.
472dd2e2076014411e710c39308026773ab23bab	Also killed were: club secretary Walter Crickmer, coaches Bert Whalley and Tom Curry, journalists Alf Clarke, Donny Davies, George Follows, Tom Jackson, Archie Ledbrooke, Henry Rose, Eric Thompson Thompson), Frank Swift (Frank Swift), pilot Kenneth Rayment (Kenneth Rayment), travel agent Bela Miklos (Bela Miklos), Matt Busby's close friend Willie Satinoff (Willie Satinoff) and steward Tom Cable (Tom Cable).
e532009c51a50179ec621ea57d90bec176f3e2c5	Two weeks later, another player died from his injuries — Duncan Edwards, who was predicted to have a great future in football.
ad5a5b624a0f7ebef42f64e793e7ea0ed0f0a90d	© Flickr/ damien m in japan
5e01c8cda047fbc2e63b6eebdef74f8f750546bd	Monument to football coach Matt Busby
83db4135febda8197883d055fe6f8a8aa4e924d6	John Berry (Johnny Berry) and Jackie Blanchflower (Jackie Blanchflower), who were hospitalized with serious injuries, survived, but they could not continue their sports career.
7d4006610662b4392e31661991db325cf6f3c9b7	Several miraculously surviving football players did not manage to recover from the psychological shock.
830b6b7ec689d893e793d13331f47739ad2494f5	The head coach of the team, Matt Busby, was in the hospital for two months.
df0364d4466dd0ba2dacbe683f5f8e47184bcf4b	The special commission considered the main cause of the crash to be a snow porridge at the end of the runway, as a result of which the plane failed to accelerate to the desired speed.
43745506a6e4e2a7a882823da07ca4410d67aadc	However, the airport administration initially blamed the pilot James Thain, saying that he did not follow the removal of ice from the wings of the liner, which caused the weight of the car to increase by almost a ton.
f4a958896c8214f74cf653f49b5cce08638b92d8	Tain was fully acquitted only in 1968, ten years after the disaster.
e22938842684312e2f23e39a6e79b5f29ffe0299	In the mid 70s of the XX century, when the stadium was being reconstructed, the memorial plaque could not be moved to a new place without damage.
c90e7d7a77540efecf3dac686f195815e3cba0c8	© Photo: PeeJay2K3
bc9c2ce821151826168dc75561fa7692143ce9e2	A memorial plaque at the Old Trafford stadium in memory of the players and employees of the Manchester United club who died in a plane crash in 1958
95ccf46bbb3a6976ca3916853a76e3a3930b6d94	The material is prepared on the basis of information from open sources
77c271793de4313547bf2043c40b508eade9dfb9	The death of the Manchester United football team in Munich in 1958 09: 00 06/02/2013 55 years ago, on February 6, 1958, a BEA Elizabethan plane crashed in Munich, carrying players and staff of the Manchester United football club, as well as several journalists and fans.
2ba2f4e94f2bfc5821660e875cf9487c8e67abdb	References #Manchester United FC #Munich #Manchester
2900b80c1c05f19e539f37de7e061ed5e7409e84	References Announcements Polls Tests Tournaments Games
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99a54d959cf18af8ea5c496714be0efbf7149a61	Intimate exercise.
97d89c55c924883b2ca4513d3943883e86780633	5 vumbilding exercises
87ea7b5e5cc4a22a4c846365f41b01e2ce73975a	4224
dd0af6fbc54a4068891c2efa5fa58966d91494c1	Iconic models of the Gorky Automobile Plant
1108721b911eaf702323377ade61ffd7158e13cd	36628
c347a36d76f9961a58350bbcf2d481e74e09b6ec	Alcohol and a car.
840403034db8ca36ed352ffc3dbc8f40064c394d	When can I get behind the wheel after a feast?
65567a5670e2a8ff4f58f750053100efdf353b9c	87063
afe8766b130b327a426cb22140ca7029d2e74d57	A Japanese god.
729fbd6889278bf003447f154cb43493faaaa643	Which cars were the most reliable
db345dc3a133114943ddd735c7ba48892fc57845	6049
b45ebfacb71fa69147ed9d406820d039608cb763	What does the country drive?
05404c64f4507ceb706ecb986d6b3ebc4e479f35	Leaders of the secondary market of Russia
68f42de4f50ee3633995ddedaa5e3ab3fe1d92bc	7566
c3335e70f8084e8a8f7a23fc033da7524ae47ef0	Putin instructed to check the amount of contributions for capital repairs in the regions
9140597735dd558d85b9760f93d28d8fa5ba7e9d	5656
ab0c85f1a78aa4014753c5e7f15622c91b7d27a1	Top 10 tallest buildings in the world
daa446c9925db212579eae2db081b4bc6bdf1091	2247
4ce52a58ebc871c670661bd6c6e686cf2746059f	Sobyanin conducted the technical launch of the Delovoy Tsentr – Ramenki metro station
991e279c936f9745f8efaedcf46a7e25c14bb8df	935
41f937031a89035865a7b6b56cdd827f717a751f	Construction of a transport corridor has begun in China
e74f0f1f0934fe0ab10af864e8ea13c69913a897	1475
958adb564c011876c9ae85cf8817c57c02aa19fb	Inoculation of honesty
4316b21a57a3c131655921fb0a9e62277e30eb23	6283
fcd7b5efd84ef38415e3ad327b868734ec3a80cb	2017: from collapse to takeoff
042ccdc6d60fbc84d9c1b0396ab0a6de37e41766	882
fee04600dbeb4b40f91a54b0fa5b2dadea9dcfe4	A long time ago
c7e47b848aa68e937064a4420912fd41492a96fd	781
13c99168993abb0fcb504b2c21ff54d51c0fe36d	Bring back the joy of life
691b57a8fcec64e07ec62f8d7f9934cec258ada4	World Cup 2014
85c12d7f9bc094eb6ebbf4ef231d1ecb3f5dd15a	Football
7bef76f64b2d99ac53dcd52225f88615ba52fbb9	Hockey
83c7e5d23af1c943d35d477099de5930f9073f08	Winter views
ce3a350c8b8196eb3094cf028ce041edb3d1310b	Summer views
8c5befcc2e0951ae7c577c186d5015110ab50c93	Other types
a5a10e6826f1963786b91549bcdef1d1a3e718f5	Olympiad
951d9aa32ba8cf46701c7cc519cecd0cfddf565c	Infrastructure
a03e63cf2348eaca943ab487d7fcc991d99eb4b7	19:26 06/02/2013
10ed277ae7cb97394812a5815afb80b860f8c967	Stepan Chaushyan
b135914614cea0e9ec76f184b649bd8f90aeff24	0 5495
0853b23de96fc24cc9b9d6934189275a20ab5831	The Munich tragedy.
7d762dd1dee861ab7a83f326e9e0db56822b7659	How MU disappeared and was reborn
6f178c6e1e7bab8d0448c7a9cf7aba8e6fc980e6	In 1958, more than half of the legendary Red Devils team died in a plane crash.
90a98de1119fb180ac0e8d7cb21917f6aa3836fd	The MU players on the day of the disaster.
049c3092a91558ad643eed0d46fdbc4ee10530c0	www.globallookpress.com
d36fa55be96d659e35a6bf311e6f4be4a66de3dd	On February 6, 1958, the world lost a whole cohort of great football players who played for the English "Manchester United".
d546128af3b6535ecba959e9d696cff80088deb5	Then the "red devils" were returning to their hometown after a successful second match of the quarterfinals of the European Champions Cup against Belgrade's "Cervena Zvezda".
f2a9680a5ddd1553ea6f2faa720a28d9a8fc6bc0	At that time, air travel was classified as a high risk category, but United had to use an aircraft to catch the domestic championship game.
8c9e079c0b814b973af2eb5b07dd22c65db35f4a	At that time, the volume of aircraft fuel tanks did not allow British Airways to make non – stop flights over such distances as the Belgrade Manchester flight.
787d0ab973f6325e1062d6d0e520796544d54eeb	Therefore, after taking off from Belgrade after a 3-3 draw, which ensured the team's passage to the semifinals, the plane made a scheduled landing in Munich for refueling.
132b6fb7c6e8530ec7fd22181ae3b6d9da25e5ed	Disaster
572df5278023f2f2776e1647681aa80f42d06b41	For myself and for that guy: the revived Lokomotiv starts in the KHL
71f479e3708c202d7720570b50593373de467f10	The pilots twice tried to lift the ship into the air, but each time they refused the attempt due to increased vibrations in one of the engines.
3507f2e0c595ea7972e7d29bc77af741c84dc198	By the time it was time to make a third attempt, a heavy snowfall began in Munich.
7d01af3ca168f4774df77209d1e2f7335fbb2337	But, despite the bad weather, the captain of the plane decided to try to lift the car into the air.
de6e23e97484d156145fb1cad7cbba0aa2b90e77	However, as a result of the snowfall, a large amount of wet snow accumulated at the end of the runway, which led to the tragedy.
88d28a3c148cffa9c9162b04057f1d087fd98fec	The liner could not get off the ground, crashed its wing into a house and crashed.
0be9ba490e399eb61cbe01618fddc88bf95572a4	As a result of the disaster, 23 people died out of 44 who were on board at that time.
9007c5c0d6dd0ccbfbbc817d9b1b5b53ded34cd9	21 passengers were killed on the spot and two more died as a result of their injuries.
37ba1b3876388167c12ce5bbeddf97847ccf3f58	Eight football players, three representatives of the coaching staff, eight journalists, two crew members and two third party passengers who were flying with the MU were killed.
0c9b1c12c2f65da149186120d7c767e747fc4077	The main culprit of the tragedy was named the captain of the plane, James Thane, who was accused of trying to take off at a time when the wings were not completely cleared of ice and snow.
1f679ab13a8eaa1852442201537ab1c2b151147f	However, the witnesses said the opposite.
268f33ee206c458d7dd1e64fa1c9b42e8b446d8c	Tain managed to get acquitted only ten years later – in 1968, when it was proved that the disaster occurred due to wet snow accumulated on the strip.
579a9710fb3cb1fb1d64145ac072eef73df320f1	The scene of the plane crash with Manchester United football players Photo: Public Domain
82caa888f8c4baf09b849878bea04157cb98ed40	Similar cases
bd71257462745fbac3780b12e8faa3250d5b2aa1	The tragedy in the "Luzhniki" is 30 years old, and there are no fewer secrets and scandals
0c564395c43901a0704ebca551d72f69967f05e5	But the MU is not the only football club that suffered as a result of the plane crash.
ef5dd3f31bdd8afc627a2b24a5792e1ec767d95a	The world remembers many other tragedies that played out in the sky.
4de280c9165105650917926aae1748ed405d0aba	Nine years before the Munich disaster, the world lost one of the greatest Italian teams at full strength.
05dfc1d41b35979fe01a8941ad91127f189a9615	On May 4, 1949, the local team "Torino" crashed in the sky over Turin, returning from Portugal.
594ee4f019ad8dd5be498c03a6a555678ec30ec7	At that time, the Bulls had won four Italian championships in a row and were in first place, preparing to celebrate the victory for the fifth time.
680330128370a663469729c44317aa83fa8c5b99	As a sign of solidarity, the opponents played all the remaining games in the championship against Torino with youth squads.
ce17a86e0519a058f7eedc504d1d0270ea21206f	As a result, the Torino team still won the Scudetto.
d326b61c891c0cdcbb517fd3282aa0e3457b59c1	There were also plane crashes in the history of Russian football.
ab99052a0d749e68e84620d82273368a13840049	On August 11, 1979, Pakhtakor Tashkent set off on its last flight – to the USSR championship game against Dynamo Minsk.
c312a8d9a4386d6495422a9e1ec2f7dcc9cec108	By a tragic accident, the Tu 154 with football players on board collided with another vessel at an altitude of 8,400 meters.
4fcee3407396af91321789661287b407ea1c2b50	No one managed to survive.
a866b2e991c1605be5fff492871c39599f148fdd	In the remaining matches, the team was recruited by volunteers from other clubs, and later a decree was issued that guaranteed Pakhtakor a place in the first division for the next three years, despite the results of their games.
f309b4a059decb2b94c5fad6685f1429319d01ee	The last such case occurred with a football team almost twenty years ago.
53b390035591f3168aed0cd6456244bdbe81f18c	On April 27, 1993, while returning from a game for the right to play at the World Cup with the national team of Senegal, a plane with players and coaches of the national team of Zambia crashed.
ba7aa664ecbfb7dff0927ff0e46989f50b4bd40d	The tragedy occurred over the sea off the coast of Gabon.
05cd5ba26f7cab98c729bcff98d8e4e3ad332440	18 football players were killed.
da374ea27307b99d1449959c2c15a3328e3f70c0	Manchester United Fcbobbie Charltoncitizen Aviation World History Plane crash
d203fd6d757478e1da86d1434270fe93350d925b	The Glazer method.
a3cf867679e5a8196bc566697c2066652a299547	What is the owner of Manchester United remembered for?
e056caae84209849cd72812c990525bbf1154f92	"Everything, the end": about the causes of the death of the Yaroslavl "Locomotive" in the words of the pilots 3
530864f95b88e203dd4e183fc7f7eea48cbd3439	VIP disaster.
16ad9386f563d34ae8a185b87152df403ba4357c	The head of the Total 3 oil company was killed at the Vnukovo airport
03c41aee8733b48b9c8650b75f794b68e4ce05f7	Moyes will become the head coach of Manchester United 0
f9e91e4077bf0c0a488685cbdd168d5a3fb2d223	"Gouging" as a system.
502058531a6bc1a84616c8940fb5103a98ad242c	Who is to blame for the disasters and what to do about it 1
7124a36ac0e1033dd07742f0e599aede02514ba4	Read other materials of the "Football"section
5be22eceafee42d28ae118eba33d49c02ec3ef9a	Likhachev's suitcases.
91e008ca133646a6c18227bc12b3351eed745273	What was the outstanding philologist really like?
6aacb2a45e61307a74e939a027280bf277e1d376	Sociologist Simon Kordonsky: "We have no business, we have crafts"
22ac80f734ecef3e4af349812c136932027573cf	"I'm actually a Hobbit."
244a29340e85be041fb463b5946070153def3521	The Real Life of Tolkien
900ee0522af3834ed69d7923beb6b421f4cd7623	What was the cause of mass poisoning in Krasnoyarsk?
769fa4776a30ecee7d859279a286557156790279	How will the capital's transport work on Christmas night?
d931beca59ad825464c766d2343538f9b979e0ff	What is Christmas Eve and what does this word mean?
3d74eb69d1c05dd335d540724b82a441596d252b	Remains of an organism that lived more than 500 million years ago have been discovered in Argentina
2d50ae96a49c8103cd066a04a2a5e3ab5e3e2772	Thousands of plastic eggs with toys appeared on the beach in Germany
3c803cc4ea607b7923f3e38c4ed90f3241874952	The Duma told why Kiev arranges rocket firing near the Crimea
638148533a47fec4b61fb192d4433804b2f06439	"I challenge you to God's judgment!".
33359bf65b283dd9138932dfd3e5f531159daa29	Why was Joan of Arc actually burned?
829ab5fa78150136a93b313f7d31d752998f1884	Obama announced the "new foundation" for the United States laid under him
e6fc67d2bba6ff6545d69cbcf53678923245f532	It's time to test your faith.
a59ce6ea1c5ec1da28d8ecfc72c56515d9a5ec87	How to celebrate Christmas correctly?
559ad4858850d48b30b0b442bfa08d4601f0713c	How is Michael Schumacher feeling?
5c5340d533c03fd61b2cc148f6e063d1c548ba66	The first "first lady".
9b0380df22f7fd0bf2525e7a2a2d15e068a63132	Why did the Soviet people dislike Raisa Gorbachev
6d8483c42a98e2b04e4e868777a7d4f60855fd8b	Restrictions on the sale of beer in plastic containers have come into force
f37eccfed82b0d76cec4a71af5a2ef722d624b65	Rogozin responded to Kiev's words about the superiority of Ukrainian missile weapons
4344a79bbc1e75040ba5df34d7e46d371324e74a	I gave birth and changed my mind.
0b71fa631acf5446a196af67b925ac2bf7da4502	The surrogate mother demands alimony from the customer
4de662a0e990c57fc048d92fbcef75f41ce00881	Peskov told what question of Putin he did not know what to answer
369d14bb9d65fc004c38bd0db223216a22b0205c	What comes into force on January 1, 2017?
80ee7b6303d8036daacf21aa92c72d705e18fa95	Infographic
3b31feb6516f3c2e94503962c1f23f310fbb6651	Why do cats like to sleep next to their owners?
496cec60f2c426065e3de7ad8b4cfdac1bc2b6ff	Dr. Biljo's diagnosis.
a2cd5788295496318cf2585563027878e505de10	What was Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya sick with?
5dd8304186bb00fff22e4eac610fe07ec048be6b	The Russian army will be reinforced with parts of rocket troops
eae2fd390b302253f1910ea5703a65b53026cef8	Donbass will express its gratitude to Motorola and Dr. Lisa
1842211457d8e259ca39917c188986e7a42d149c	The Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine called the ban on Le Pen's entry into the country premature
d0cd7e1e7c9503ab0ccdbf8eac3e4c50417853b5	Biden: The United States secretly responded to hacker attacks attributed to Russia
5a86e7d4f4f6d915467ceddc48e0158a4c9b0cbd	US intelligence called Russia a major threat in cyberspace
4943f7152db32bf8cf6ae2dd9a1a85d12bc34461	Kiev hopes to regain control of the Donbas by mid 2018
6bd4a7599f526c986f3bb9c50da735e9b84a154d	Americans sang the anthem of Russia in memory of those who died in the crash of the Tu 154
919979acf3453b10ad09dc59b46b72b77918a3e1	Petro Poroshenko announced the "temporary Ukrainian occupation"
dae37ba9ee9f0173a867346c65de9d7a4de2f5fa	In Kiev, more than a thousand nationalists came out to march on Bandera's birthday
5543fcf999c00fc51151e8a85d8040db3af4d952	And Ostap was carried away...
68544f97b45c9f615fbe2be297f154e9a7a0a124	As the film "12 chairs" failed at the first screening on TV
59b3110dd5f7067d645e6b0e8f34541e4bf78e95	Poroshenko called the United States a partner of Ukraine
d60fd28e99a9c1487ef1fc6bf68508d9fec3bde6	Americans are not sure that Trump will be able to lead the country
3b8c8cc57a1b0d7106803e117a2f079a512cb9de	The price of greatness.
d395df6d046a755c970202f40d306a10ad18048c	What is more important: the fate of the country or the leaders?
5da96981476e12d243cf55f1c61c89ba2ef383e2	"90 percent do not know where the Crimea is."
b0ffd9c5ffaff32c20cc904a2d6d8776ae6fd323	How Fomenko and Yarmolnik outraged Russia
1c0ffce41f96c524fbed1a79b72fa2c54187d02a	The country that we have lost.
a7c063a272b03b0f6f0f35057db9e0bcd4798fca	Was life good in the USSR?
378a6bb7a12a88e59ac9d575dec37a6c0be3ae5f	What would you like to read about in the next issue of "AIF About the Kitchen"?
f3a7476acc15169218e3cec1dddaa97e17978939	How to bake a cake
26a257a30e8016cddd9d4630081b197c60d8b501	How to bake pancakes
a65759bab1e45c09cbf9cc7aace6145429678b2b	How to bake bread
1d2a2ce9d8fbf8d46af4d6f3b91795b9b3cadcaf	THE MOST INTERESTING THINGS IN SOCIAL NETWORKS
9db14c560d9b17fdf7279e9b8499f9368f0ab457	© 2016 CJSC "Arguments and Facts" General Director Ruslan Novikov.
542d80635dd8d86b814831dabcaf22981e5ff596	The editor in chief of the weekly "Arguments and Facts" Nikolay Zyatkov.
3210956d77f2b66bfff0034565cde72521418c3b	Yesterday Today Tomorrow Expand
9088c06824280c21cdcb939230090ff2797259f4	FacebookVkontakteOdnoklassnikiTwitterInstagramViberYouTube
73fa1beb9eb3630542220fdaff9330aa21d59441	Ice Hockey 03: 30 Sweden (U 20)2 : 5Canada (U 20) Hockey 19:30 Jokerit3 : 2SKA Football 23:15 Athletic2 : 1Barcelona
90648b5ca78f7577f971a98e36ed7ab92d001b6c	Biathlon 16: 15 Sprint.
cc562da0c075e5942610353346a6c1bfaacb3eff	Men's Ice Hockey 20: 30 Dinamo Riga 0 : 2 CSKA Hockey 23:30 Sweden (U 20)1 : 2 OTRussia (U 20)
8a97522b4a2ba13c22a5cc0ec93a353fa12e7cf3	All biathlon football hockey volleyball handball basketball
132f262aa82696edfb6e2527e41fab74147e780c	Biathlon.
6189cdf7aa2713fd578ee1a597f3913a4b0ff498	World Cup 2016/17 / Fourth stage.
034d0ecaa5c8508c04ccd5e23552d45548c1ef40	Oberhof 16: 15 Sprint.
98816a255ed7906229e28c196b3c0c0e021d0f6e	Football.
7f3969827bd6547f433cd85fff5800979caae5bc	Spanish Cup 2016/2017 1/8 final 23: 15 Athletic2 : 1Barcelona
b7068492da04a7bab7486bfaf89e677b7dfe4c1c	Hockey.
c6aeaa45254fc98b86ccc606155b9f9b9e0b8ec0	Youth World Cup 2017 / Playoffs 1/2 final 03: 30 Sweden (U 20)2 : 5Canada (U 20)
17e3eac2b0eda965612fb9067ab453df3164618c	Youth World Cup 2017 / 3rd Place Playoff Match 23: 30 Sweden (U 20)1: 2 OTRussia (U 20)
ade016d085bd56ac330742ca17d3700dd728a24b	KHL 2016/2017 Week 20 13:00 Metallurg Nk1 : 2Lokomotiv 14:00 Avangard3 : 2Vityaz 17:00 Neftekhimik0 : 1Metallurg 19:30 Jokerit3 : 2SKA 20: 30 Dynamo Riga0 : 2TSSKA
4c2853fa19663304cdbd23b40badb6ca47eefd4d	13: 30 Sibir2 : 5Dinamo Moscow 16:00 Lada0 : 3Tractor 17:00 Ak Bars 1 : 2 BSalavat Yulaev 19:30 Dynamo Minsk1 : 2 Bseverstal 21:00 Medveshchak3 : 1Amur
fa79c7085264b338a77107743ae4bb7782be7388	21: 00 Slovan1 : 2 Otkunlun
30edc6ed74f6be6c54863adc4dd528230e8c6327	NHL.
66dc72b8a1569e11f6ba55ceb6522973d2a306f3	Regular Season 2016/2017 Week 13 03:00 Florida1 : 4 Winnipeg 04:00 Philadelphia 2 : 5 Rangers 06:00 Calgary 4 : 1Colorado
ccad5e3ec0f6c27d02b042a9a7692564ef3c62bb	04: 00 Dallas3 : 4 OTHmonreal 06:00 Vancouver 3 : 0Arizona 06:30 Anaheim 2 : 0Detroit
50951175711c602c5d32e4b96d36cdebbd03a882	Basketball.
f2814b6c1dd0aae87ba76b12d5b3c2038c09ab31	Euroleague 2016/2017 20: 30 Anadolu Efes84 : 73Galatasaray 22:05 Maccabi Tel Aviv 93 : 92darushafaka
6a1fdb382e7231e24bd9feb92ca67622009e89e7	22: 00 Bamberg85 : 65Barcelona 23:00 Baskonia 102 : 70UNIX
cfd45dac21ddb57015409488e2e0be098da290d5	VTB United League 2016/2017 20: 30 VEF78: 66Kalev
c38bed58f1b2f3daaecf120d8602b4a47f43f985	NBA 2016/17 Week 11 03:00 Orlando92 : 111Atlanta 03:30 New York104 : 105milwaukee 06:30 Golden State125 : 117Portland 06:30 Sacrament102 : 107Mayami
7d58dea9acd3d8dd0a70973fcc2d89c0db9319e6	03:00 Charlott123: 112clahoma 04:00 Cleveland 94 : 106chikago 06:30 Clippers 115 : 106memphis
e60139c809ba4ea9fdffc8000f446fbe3d50c80f	Tennis.
94cf48ab1ca9cbc575d2648c7f4d0e5f948eab75	Brisbane International 2017 1/4 finals 04: 00 Korne6:3, 7:5Cybulkova 09:30 Pliskova 3: 6, 6:2, 6: 2winches
aebdbccb569c99685e27c810d98fab438a2a5176	06: 30 Kuznetsova5: 7, 4:6Mugurusa 12:00 Kerber4:6, 6:3, 3:6Svitolina
9baabd7039b14658c1c930c8e27cf1c8bb7c92b7	Qatar ExxonMobil Open 2017 1/4 final 15:45 Karlovic2: 6, 5:7Verdasco 19:25 Marray7:6, 7:5almagro
6886ae33dc374d3b18951edee50cf96376a4ae3c	17: 30 Štepanek3: 6, 3:6jokovic 21:55 Berdych7:5, 6:3Tsonga
d2578aebdd62e04dd885499076387222c62a61ab	Results of the day
6f584b000eaf657579926bb03430e968ad6e96ad	Hockey 04: 00 USA (U 20)5 : 4 BKanada (U 20) Hockey 15:00 Motorist -: - Torpedo Hockey 19:00 Medveshchak -: - Admiral
4127a409d83c0c1db06ed690702da46600ca0913	Hockey 14: 30 Yugra0 : 1Spartak Biathlon 16:15 Sprint.
719d65b00c1e89fec0db010548b8ffb116ac6100	Women's Football 22: 45 Espanyol -: - Deportivo
3a65e770b28af650164e9f6d344162ce8cde7d15	Women
5deb4342ce536890cc014ac39756885a5416b1f6	Spanish Championship 2016/2017 Round 17 22: 45 Espanyol -: - Deportivo
c451a2089af2b668c0ed85a49b4085b5db2f6bbb	Youth World Cup 2017 / Playoff Final 04: 00 USA (U 20)5: 4 BCanada (U 20)
0a4921fdf908c8d4af7b5dc3032657c915018ca4	KHL 2016/2017 Week 20 14: 30 Yugra0 : 1 Spartak 16:30 Barys -: - HC Sochi
7b69512cb6ea33eeed7aab0fd3c1995b0b6f4304	15: 00 Motorist -: - Torpedo 19:00 Medveshchak -: - Admiral
055af145963a56c125e8a53df83e902cb0845a10	Regular Season 2016/2017 Week 13 03:00 Boston3 : 4Edmonton 03:30 Tampa Bay1 : 6 Nashville 04:30 Chicago4 : 3 OTBaffalo 06:30 San Jose 4 : 5Minnesota
5cd7dd5eee19a89386beea77faee639a07acca53	03:00 Washington5 : 0Colambus 04:00 St. Louis2 : 4Carolina 06:30 Los Angeles0 : 4Detroit
4a3cb8e566da4e35af4bc34312926e034ced38df	VHL 2016/2017 Week 18 12: 00 Ermak0 : 1 OTMolot Prikamye 17:00 Buran -: - THK
5c542013d93fcd774d2d68ce7f5a6b58cf74a307	13: 00 Sokol0 : 1Sputnik
4b0d3111c345f332be5458f810a3628af75c8bae	MHL 2016/2017 / Vostok Week 19 11: 00 Steel Fox3 : 5Irbis 16:00 Sarmatians -: - Rook
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a0d318401d9c55c21ce300b557e7c4489daa7a53	Sir Robert (Bobby) Charltonsource: Associated Press
4f9ef14ab5d3f1628dc1e46d50466846bc40daf6	Today marks the 79th anniversary of the great English footballer Sir Robert (Bobby) Charlton.
749d3ea5c5915a426a2e19d1a03224989b566320	"Some people tell me that we, professional football players, are slaves.
7a5cf594dfad59974250e75f3a6b7f88b586c2de	Well, if this is slavery, then give me a life sentence."
fe278c15cb4f183b473dc50c1a1e174749eb67d5	Bobby Charlton
2bbcea11d66add1303f07fa75316763482f1ab70	FOUR UNCLES AND TWO NEPHEWS
c460dbed234af950e955b959c7f04348c66b0896	Bobby Charlton's four uncles were footballers: Jack Milburn (Leeds and Bradford), George Milburn (Leeds and Chesterfield), Jimmy Milburn (Leeds and Bradford) and Stan Milburn (Chesterfield and Leicester).
55cbe3927faf974d914e156eacdf2578e1df3cec	But most of all, Bobby's mother, Cissy Milburn, wanted her son to become a footballer.
983329ad92b60d44eb80f6aafd4ca802af747f2a	Especially since young Robert had someone to take an example from: the older brother Jackie had his eye on Leeds United and he left the career of a police officer for the sake of a football proffi career.
b9e72d94a1cd80bf8524b1e931e9551e1ffcb49e	History is silent, but it is unlikely that there were no uncles who played for Leeds.
98f8145de7addd464e85f0e599daa9fb578443a9	And Bobby was probably destined to follow in the footsteps of his older brother and uncles, but chance intervened.
110e4fff634d75e9e126a0c49f3a485c8f8001db	On February 9, 1953, during a match of East Northumberland schoolchildren, the chief scout of Manchester United, Joe Armstrong, noticed a 15 year old Bobby Charlton, a player of the Bedlington High School team.
70c2879bf1d0701bc0e3897f4b3d1f5c3db3cec3	He got on the pencil of the scouts of several other clubs, but chose United.
9846b27958bc269f46e5ba8351e36333c2d54715	In October 1954, Bobby signed his first professional football contract.
804db051cb8f72a9e0927b30cc991b93df874a86	A real diamond fell into the hands of the legendary Matt Busby, who began building a new Manchester in the late 40s.
8f38fafc712e7a0bee46d810d7039f74bff5557d	He quickly realized that he had not made a mistake with
cd7a71f7f1a4e9dd29436a343b26e78d299a57a8	Bobby toth regularly scored for the youth and reserve squads of United, but made his debut in the base only in October 1956.
438423538070f1871b50d8bf60524d47f0dbd91e	Interestingly, at the same time, Bobby was called up for military service.
baf536b0230f3d7bc219e53be7fdc6e1379ec2bc	Busby contributed to the young talent serving in Shrewsbury a town located within transport accessibility from Manchester.
9ffb512709311167900d7bd035f7b2ae53297b3f	This circumstance allowed Bobby to play on weekends for United.
64e45996460c9d42a42ce8ba53f67e8f201f77c9	UNITED
6d1fb8c3b53c3cf13c0a44dd9eb50e323b55f021	In his first season, 1956/57, Charlton played in 14 matches.
244476f3bf958720bd6135b9e2fe9895b0430791	Manchester United won the championship and reached the FA Cup final, where they lost to Aston Villa.
87f1023a8080281d1983793af7bec215a7f5f3ec	The goalkeeper suffered a broken jaw at United, and substitutions were not allowed then.
960127948c5a24d9784eee32eacac6ed7b277633	The following season, Bobby became a solid foundation player, and United became the first English club to reach the semi finals of the European Champions Cup.
e44d472afd0505861b6ba7bd72601aa8a97a6c79	In the quarterfinals, United faced the Yugoslav "Crvena Zvezda".
b3fd7b9350c9e8ed8506ad91c5863d36af819b03	At home, the British won with a score of 2:1.
100be0680643ca2ea2e5ce0888ae1dd564eb40e2	In the second leg on February 5 in Belgrade, Charlton made a "double" and United led with the score 3: 0, but the hosts managed to finish the match in a draw — 3: 3.
ad4928fdd91e28eff9ef532acff246fae46a209a	THE MUNICH DISASTER
da49d25c5cc7d854c69cdae71bfe48be32a0798e	Source: Associated Press
044131e5e8eab40471d72c192d97527db93619f6	The next morning, February 6, 1958, the English team went home on British European Airways flight BE609 from Zemun Airport (a suburb of Belgrade) and landed in Munich for refueling.
e39bdd3b5d3f24ab2979c7ba2695379793a99386	In Munich, a snowstorm began, by the time the refueling ended, the runway was covered with ice.
18f4e2428049de4af8012ecf7485c4c3ada1cd16	After two unsuccessful attempts to take off, the passengers left the plane, in which a "small technical breakdown" was then eliminated.
20f98211bd5d868b44a82e31b5aaaf87acbf4cdb	The passengers spent ten minutes in the terminal building, and then they were asked to board again.
848a8e559b2b2c9a5d49468a43beec9d98c33eb5	Some began to get nervous.
7f43c80b092306937c1d4702b85996fc75d78aeb	Charlton and Dennis Violet swapped places with Tommy Taylor and David Pegg, who felt that they would be safer in the back of the plane.
a11301e233326a9290103a8b0b62769830fd278a	When trying to take off, the plane broke through the fence at the end of the runway, the wing broke through a house standing nearby.
dfd1e0aaa590780c4c56595a0ed531747943051d	From the impact, the wing and part of the tail of the aircraft fell off and crashed into a tree and a wooden hut.
a1dc49826992141ab71382d48c5bacdf7292b3d4	When United goalkeeper Harry Gregg (who somehow managed to get out of the plane unharmed, after which he single handedly began to rescue the survivors) found him, he thought that Charlton had died.
ab4600a2517db0d11b1299564c82d6107960ab4b	In total, the disaster claimed 23 lives out of 44 passengers on board.
a26044a91a5f005c0e4a7f063dc262cee021c843	At first, the cause of the accident was called icing of the wings of the aircraft, but further investigation showed that the ice on the runway left almost no chance for a safe takeoff.
e3ced0694efb4ec6ad76b5e3843b9148986ecada	NATIONAL TEAM
f2a1607fe96c37cfab0abb426c45a2ad76191bf3	Bobby Charlton was first called up to the England national team for the British championship game against Scotland in the spring of 1958.
af008494c764e767dca6a3670567b0a1f198a090	England won 4-0.
4a590f22f4bf366a5143284c3aefde6f20927a54	Bobby scored the goal with a fly kick after a pass from left winger Tom Finney.
569424ffc414abfddfa7f4a8617ff1c4744e100b	In his second match for the national team, he made a double against the Portuguese national team (the match at Wembley ended with a score of 2:1).
f8174564f3938d93e6327fe4bc2ddb2eadfd1e18	Charlton was included in the national team's bid for the 1958 World Cup in Sweden, but never entered the field there, which caused confusion among a number of critics.
46fb9b8b0dbcaa7ec197c6c9e851581db076ebf9	Charlton gradually became the leader of Manchester United and the England national team, scoring a lot and beautifully.
d7abb6de6059f10b535983d244b8a82e6b6cc940	In 1959 he scored a hat trick in the match against team USA, which England won 8:1; the second hat trick for the national team was in 1961 in the game with Mexico (8:0).
aeeff895b6fbdb1b38dbbcf80f73b4f1ec0d55c1	Bobby played in all the qualifying matches for the world Cup in 1962, against the national team of Luxembourg, and Portugal, and was included in the team for the world Cup.
d3d7caa987d31c7c081abcb29f44e750af7a17ee	In the group stage match, Charlton scored against Argentina (England won 3-1), this goal was the 25th goal he scored for England in 38 games.
2a6de43e0853c219988abe5f79ed2decbdf1e228	In the quarterfinals, England lost to the future champions, the Brazilian national team.
f368bb7937fbd6334ee0abc031c70778fb51fb66	WORLD CHAMPION
6b45238d126fe46d981f0d939dc4d3b2183c7e7e	England national team of 1966source: Associated Press
aee73ed64097c3283da954a280a557e4401cca25	The home of the 1966 world champion is a special one in Charlton's career.
99636890924eec4941eb1452a657713471ea6b93	The national team was headed by Alf Ramsey, who received the right to single handedly determine the players called up to the national team (before that, decisions were made by a committee).
dd43160c66ef22b3f4d504267f7ed5c8a864a547	Ramsay got rid of a number of age related players, he decided to build a team around Charlton.
2f93ed59a55cf29d355f0f25b4b973b61af7561b	Before the start of the World Cup, everyone was waiting for Bobby Charlton to play stable at his usual high level and confirm his reputation as one of the best players in world football.
312083c41a5f976d72471112ae928ad25d3e9b73	And he fully met these expectations.
e058373f7e7b585e8e853571f9d1f8abeb3c3495	At this championship, Bobby moved back a little from the position of a center forward and actually played in midfield, conducted the team, but at the same time he scored himself.
9aea8a1b1deb7b1eb219e0a1f259d6ba7929745c	His two goals in the semi final to the Portuguese led the England team to the final.
20d6d2a49d62c9695ae635cd37c55dd756ab0448	In total, he scored three goals.
79f8498decb3edfecaad6583b30e94d2cbfeaa6c	The victory over Germany 4: 2 (in extra time) and the title of world champions is the highest achievement of the English national team.
cd2b0b40123281280bb3d5b76a347fb11f5651f2	The well deserved result of 1966 was the award of the "Golden Ball" to Charlton of the best football player in Europe.
2838825e50247a630e4ab4a2c99ba610cdfcf8b2	CHAMPIONS CUP
8d6ec75b50df2e5176c31d48d600a16b8d82f857	In 1968, 10 years after the tragedy in Munich, Manchester United became the first English team to reach the final of the European Champions Cup.
c573a5423cab37d1bc30fd8c52cd53217552b4a7	United beat Benfica 4-1 at Wembley in extra time, and Charlton scored two goals.
81e497e94872df8631285520e8af06b276ce525a	Thus, Bobby Charlton became the first Englishman to raise the Champions Cup over his head.
ad6eef7413bcb57b907babd15f6a278ea71df3c3	In the summer of 1968, England lost to the Yugoslav national team in the semi finals of the European Championship in Italy (Bobby did not play due to injury).
7c0b6e6a4487a1a28860d10318b1f00e1612dde4	In the match for the third place, the England team won against the USSR team - 2:0.
0d4fe5890148d16679c2b145cf6c7c11efadaa57	In 1969, Charlton was awarded the Order of the British Empire for services to football.
b0acd62e2a7798ac6cd6e46d7449ce230ce977c4	On April 21, 1970, Bobby played his 100th match for the England national team in a meeting with Northern Ireland, on which occasion Alf Ramsay made him captain.
a6c00907877e8f8c618e902eb0d4dc34ff443b17	In this match, Charlton scored his 48th goal for the national team.
97edcbbbae0c2c32b0837c47fc2b852ef2406cb7	He scored the 49th and last goal a month later in a meeting with the national team of Colombia, which ended in a 4-0 victory for the British.
98989006281cfce76ea9005de868c043a54d3bb0	THE 1970 WORLD CUP AND THE END OF HIS CAREER
7809cd068cfff746ebccf09cd75edeaef3cb003b	And then there was the World Cup in Mexico.
cb661b7ba3fc425f0b3f06ed6afb8b27d5158191	Until now, Bobby Charlton remains the only player of the England national team who has participated in four World Cups.
1e59a0d03c7dd523962ae296c5600501fc892978	England started the World Cup with two victories and one memorable defeat against the Brazilian national team 0: 1.
59ae87b5596b23c7e7f9ebb098c807853ff6c166	The match is recognized as one of the best in history by the level of football shown.
9f53fad6f48aea3f75e01d9f743a7f411557d3ba	The quarterfinal between England and Germany turned out to be enchanting.
7e74a3068bc2eb35130b8bbd414b842f05676f02	Charlton controlled the center of the field and stopped Beckenbauer's runs from deep, England led 2-0.
e746363b2d165a72b4c641773c0fab9efc36f1e9	But Beckenbauer still scored.
eb98d60c10e4f2c95efa1a7f9a98087b8a7548a3	Ramsay replaced the tired Charlton with Colin Bell.
d5585771a23a4fca145b463c09398f0975e83ef0	The German national team managed to win back — Uwe Zeler equalized the score with a header, and then Gerd Muller scored the third, winning goal.
eba7f137426cce87248767fc54f92679ec163669	England crashed out of the tournament, and 32 year old Bobby Charlton decided to end his career for the national team, having played for it 106 times and scored 49 goals.
8344024fb68de00c8338c84ebb329d4350160fc1	Upon returning home from Mexico, he informed Alf Ramsey of his decision.
0866466a908b21092fd3ef25e477c6840e5e1dca	His brother Jack, who is 2 years older than Bobby, but has played 71 fewer games, did the same.
4b7a549bcebc89e543f6c884dc19fc6c69a3b2f3	In the early 1970s, Manchester United was going through hard times.
07b3aed6fbba510ae2b201ce0796cb2fde48f93a	Charlton did not have a good relationship with other United stars, George Best and Denis Law.
4fa024a2356e2d2ec6836bb28321c42676d7553f	"Anyone who saw what George Best could do on the football field wanted to be able to do the same.
375429106eac8a74f1dbcd855c6041585fc20a6a	He made a huge contribution to the game and enriched the lives of everyone who saw him in action," Charlton said about Best years later.
d49e5cfbb82b5d6570e63ed8d213a07bdf10b48f	Charlton's last match for United was against Chelsea at Stamford Bridge in 1973.
c7f6dcee46b7b9b2b11c7ca971de5381de21c758	Before the match, BBC television cameras caught the moment as the chairman of the Chelsea board of directors hands Charlton a gift cigarette case.
f66a41939b5506212dbd8b83f805bbbbeb486714	CHARLTON RECORDS
7a40cd683a3c1fe5f15597ad6ff6f94de516a2c1	Bobby Charlton (center)Source: Associated Press
e512f42a0be06f57e8040b71ffb2168862590f95	Charlton played 106 matches for the England national team, who finished his career in the national team after the 1970 World Cup.
90c35d79ffa8d20ba54fdff9e967f5f4c79b6728	By that time, it was a record.
38ed69d4f37c6e4c3a9b1b2e5278eff1038de6fe	He was later beaten by Bobby Moore and then Peter Shilton.
adfbe92db9fcdaede908a835e1cbc3050481cd00	Charlton scored 49 goals for the England national team.
3bacaa889e6be2ee6ecc5f80b9810e93d1518e72	The record lasted for more than 47 years (1968-2015).
e88abb394d5648c63a5347867ec9436ae12b6433	In September 2015, he was beaten by another Manchester United forward, Wayne Rooney.
865b838a18043bee74a9dda50a2de3c7dbfffab3	249 goals – that's how many Charlton scored for United.
c69b694e31c98ffa378461a9bdd2be8a4426150c	This figure still remains a club record.
c8dc22f85368b8f20b1c9c0767870136e393e019	Bobby Charlton played 758 matches for United, who finished his career at this club in 1973.
e0d9f951359157f5c328bde1ca9116fc41c86050	His record in the Champions League final in Moscow on May 21, 2008 was broken by Ryan Giggs.
d145395e623036b37620f1dc62825a5b818c22f0	In 1984, Sir Robert became a member of the board of directors of Manchester United, remaining in this post until now.
92c977a9ec18b4cfe94b48bc0a2be5d1d2201a54	In 1994, Bobby Charlton was knighted.
aff4aa92f65f516daa8b9fe971227bb05ee54f5e	ACHIEVEMENTS
e38bb966536bcd4b0277e9bb602a4e67355fb1ad	Manchester United * Champion of the First Division of the English Football League (3): 1956/57, 1964/65, 1966/67 * FA Cup winner (1): 1963 * European Champions Cup winner (1): 1968 * FA Super Cup winner(4): 1956, 1957, 1965, 1967 * Total: 9 trophies The national team of England * World Champion: 1966 * Bronze medalist of the European Championship: 1968 * Winner of the British Home Championship (10): 1958*, 1959*, 1960*, 1961, 1964*, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970* (* — together with opponents) * Total: 12 trophies Personal achievements * Winner of the Golden Ball: 1966 * Footballer of the Year according to the Association of Football Journalists: 1966 * Inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame: 2002 * Included in the FIFA 100 list: 2002 * Winner of the BBC Sports Award for Services to football: 2008 * Winner of the UEFA Presidential Award for Services to Football: 2009
a747acc7afcdb0e660783fbcc003bdac89969912	The text is based on the materials of Wikipedia.
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64a07c187610b2fcb9caa9b69aff067a48788a04	Tags: charlton bobby
702565f8da534e7fd933d3ef134f3fdd13ae441f	Comments ()
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8fd0087c212c6cb955b6a8f63320ed9daeb8ab00	This comment does not exist
3d18b2ea89fa5357cf6423b4e6985b46fa10195e	statistics
9cab060b99f5bc965c7e4c2e29e5efda39550236	Tablereferences of Matchsbombardiers
6f0bd9b48b378d715cd6d52ae9be1ff91c064e21	Expand Expand / More detailed
f7fac50837f28b6f5449747f87fcd1af5cc52ffc	see also
f1bee2a197373686120988622c4eba5701a66a33	The "devil" who survived.
91c8a13611b65e7d7d6e3e8c54b22b408c7f5526	How Bobby Charlton became the best football player on the planet On December 27, 1966, a Manchester United player who survived a plane crash became the owner of the Golden Ball.
0bc0ade9f74d1104ada1b1065fb62c9d9d1d4ea2	December 27, 2016, 09: 00Runi became the best scorer in the history of Manchester United in European cups, Manchester United forward Wayne Rooney came out on top in the history of the club in goals in European competitions.
0a73fdf05f7f646fadf41f9ee141adfa5eca4226	November 25, 2016, 09: 295 great players who did not turn out to be great тренеровSovsport.ru – about those whose career should alert the new coach of Real Madrid, Zinedine Zidane.
4ce361200e8a4a2ca1acd5b5ef38415dfee34fee	January 6, 2016, 11: 10The famous heroes: who is ktoPoka disputes continue around the monument to Fyodor Cherenkov at the "Opening of the Arena" (similar or not?), " SSF " decided to remember who else of the stars were immortalized in this way, and give you the opportunity to compare copies with the original.
77ac5b58c87cbb328b0624e89421d189d2e4eaf0	October 26, 2015, 16: 23Garry Kane: I grew up and saw Rooney score for the England national team, England's Harry Kane congratulated his partner Wayne Rooney, who broke Bobby Charlton's record for the number of goals for the national team.
9653483aa80c30a86b21e89952564e7c0c8a180f	September 9, 2015, 06: 54Bobby Charlton: Of course, I canot deny that I am upset by the passing of this record by another legendary England striker Sir Bobby Charlton shared his impressions of the achievement of Wayne Rooney, who broke Charlton's record for the number of goals in a national team shirt.
b4ea1eb9ae76e68dc8c69605c6d00a44c35944f1	September 9, 2015, 04: 06 Wayne Rooney: I could not even dream of such an achievement, the England national team player Wayne Rooney shared his feelings about breaking the record of the legendary Sir Bobby Charlton.by the number of goals for the national team.
46af6fce69c80b95de8a265380701b81730e7c7f	September 9, 2015, 01: 25Bobby Charlton: Upset that my record has passed to Rooney, the legendary English football player, striker Sir Bobby Charlton shared his opinion about the fact that Wayne Rooney broke his record for the number of goals for the national team.
eca639e9b45693a7da253dfc201628e74fc22d5a	September 9, 2015, 01: 02Runi became the best scorer of the England national team in the entire history of Manchester United forward Wayne Rooney scored for the England national team in the Euro 2016 qualifying tournament match with Switzerland.
8864c4fc33228e1b4dfcfb870bd1fa522d7cd267	This goal was the 29 year old striker's 50 m for the national team.
9327a5f43d49850d7b8004495e7c22320f4b2cfe	September 8, 2015, 23: 45 French for beginners.
5782584106a2984cc6f26da4ee787025bf5ad0d2	As England was the first to make it to the European Championship, the English team guaranteed itself participation in the European Championship in France, defeating the San Mariners who had never scored in qualifying.
e2261420262d13d15f2d4e9307330c3375eb0699	September 6, 2015, 02: 47 Wayne Rooney: I would exchange all my goals for gold The forward of the England national team, Wayne Rooney, after the Euro 2016 qualifying tournament match with San Marino (6:0), said that he would try to break the record for goals for the national team in the next match with Switzerland.
a5e4af308cbdc441e5a4d6707a706bab1157fc0e	In San Marino, the 29 year old striker opened the scoring by converting a penalty in the 13th minute.
5a0cc5ec648fb820fa2e8a633f18ff00928a322f	This goal was Rooney's 49th in the England national team, and he equaled the record holder for this indicator Bobby Charlton.
fda486e0cf58c56597caef9c180b97c746a0048f	September 5, 2015, 22: 01JEFF Hurst: Rooney will set an eternal record for the English national team of the English football legend, the author of the winning hat trick in the 1966 World Cup final, Sir Geoff Hurst expressed his opinion about the performance of the English forward Wayne Rooney, Goal.com reports.
f80c81f29217511ad4daa42d7467e45c08fcafc2	March 31, 2015, 14: 06Bobby Charlton was hospitalized, Manchester United player Bobby Charlton was hospitalized.
51befd2a0446aced16c14c228862c6a50b3ac697	October 3, 2014, 21: 08Bobby Charlton: I will be glad if Rooney breaks my record, the legendary forward of the England national team, Bobby Charlton, said that he wants Wayne Rooney to break his record for the number of goals for the national team.
86024a71d457dbb4a60c069f33a5f698263b9bf1	September 9, 2014, 14: 24Neimar Messi Suarez and five other best attacking trios in the history of football, the acquisition of Luis Suarez by Barcelona makes us remember whether there have ever been three strikers of this level in one team and what it turned out for their rivals.
852a1ae7230f26c9380b8022f7d5818e397097fd	July 12, 2014, 13: 17EX the defender of" Locomotive "Bikey moved to "Charlton"Defender Andre Bikey has moved to the English "Charlton".
df3bfbcb29687b8e451c0107f667e1fb8daa8ce2	This is reported by the official website of the club.
4896f1e5a716ca2bd5c2e5b4800fa53b291298de	July 9, 2014, 20: 35Umer defender of" MU " Bill Foakes, survivor of the Munich air crash Today, November 25, at the age of 81, former defender and captain of "Manchester United" Bill Foakes passed away on November 25, 2013, 16: 19day in history: The first goal of Mario Lemieux and Bobby's birthday ЧарльтонаSovsport.ru it presents a list of the most interesting events and memorable dates that fell on October 11.October 11, 2013, 08: 14Bobby Charlton against the departure of Wayne Rooney from Manchester United's Mulegend Bobby Charlton is categorically against the departure of Wayne Rooney to another club.
a678257f73086f795aca50f17dfc5bea26eede94	July 28, 2013, 19: 17 The British government asks David Beckham to become the captain of the national team again The British government asks the 38 year old midfielder to lead the team in the memorial match against Germany, the Daily Mail reports.
ac013e5d13385b85125843f7d83442a1f66d4807	June 24, 2013, 17: 08
58279b063aa9ea72e1a018946be8ee62a9a7e4ad	Main news
f55a44f4ff538225b430dce5290c84d3840a199d	14: 22football
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f19ac019f797878387a6d93f8a6a0856ad92bd7d	14:12 Outdoor sports
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02a9834314f63677065e0e2eb7519a2d9e8fb3d0	13:43Blazny sport
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3874019f5a09a5b2aa9697dbbd6ddedf4a2fefa4	11:07Hockey
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0a359af5c55517bfeb3ee056a3cf91f65d3c5a87	10:40MMA
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2a7b78ea372eba96a5a1913fdecf52914c13a495	10: 29football
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72752b9a3648de4b970420ece906dbc06cca87ea	10:10Hockey
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a0dee17b3e3f974ce1eb7a7f2da06131e5c2a523	Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (August 28 [September 9] 1828, Yasnaya Polyana, Tula Province, Russian Empire-November 7 [20] 1910, Astapovo Station, Ryazan Province, Russian Empire) was one of the most widely known Russian writers and thinkers, revered as one of the greatest writers in the world.
352d91e6903894ded3e55c999cc97b01f6ec79b7	An educator, publicist, religious thinker, his authoritative opinion caused the emergence of a new religious and moral trend — Tolstoyism.
51baab8a93978b812b56c860b02b3545fa5d5387	Corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences (1873), honorary academician in the category of fine literature (1900).
7f1396dd9abef022433f8a69195be52bf39ef03c	A writer who was recognized as the head of Russian literature during his lifetime.
ff1eeabc0aea6d3fc3165a87e518f85a5d2f109c	The work of Leo Tolstoy marked a new stage in Russian and world realism, acting as a bridge between the classic novel of the XIX century and the literature of the XX century.
d7840f42855d990272f5c644c0e16158c5d8ddcd	Leo Tolstoy had a strong influence on the evolution of European humanism, as well as on the development of realistic traditions in world literature.
7b0e969b5572db8ee8809acd339fa297412791dd	The works of Leo Tolstoy were repeatedly filmed and staged in the USSR and abroad; his plays were staged on stages all over the world.
25773fcca8cdfcb722eda388b260220506b270b1	The most famous works of Tolstoy are the novels "War and Peace", "Anna Karenina", "Resurrection", the autobiographical trilogy "Childhood", "Adolescence", "Youth", the novellas "Cossacks", "The Death of Ivan Ilyich", "Kreutzer Sonata", "Hadji Murad", the cycle of essays "Sevastopol stories", the dramas "The Living Corpse" and "The Power of Darkness", the autobiographical religious and philosophical works "Confession" and "What my faith?" et al..
2cb119c2c1ff6f14ba06e890b2664d285c2fe921	He came from the Tolstoy noble family, known since 1351.
12ec7dea31ad33f99d628d0803cc4e48288ec32f	The features of Ilya Andreevich's grandfather are given in "War and Peace" to the good-natured, impractical old Count Rostov.
561e452a4127ac5e11603006554011b7e420ab39	Ilya Andreevich's son, Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy (1794-1837), was the father of Lev Nikolaevich.
d035f995bd7aa79e665c64d4a5981bb4f9fc8ab2	In some character traits and biography facts, he was similar to Nikolenka's father in "Childhood" and "Adolescence" and partly to Nikolai Rostov in "War and Peace".
6aa58e5ca2e7bc901ee62087c9aab901d8069034	However, in real life, Nikolai Ilyich differed from Nikolai Rostov not only with a good education, but also with beliefs that did not allow him to serve under Nicholas I.
f7a268c9b3ef23b53a9bdac8607646a2dcfacab9	A participant in the foreign campaign of the Russian army against Napoleon, including participated in the" battle of the peoples " near Leipzig and was captured by the French, but was able to escape, after the conclusion of peace, he retired with the rank of lieutenant colonel of the Pavlograd Hussar regiment.
fb0bd20f6b9358d5cb3a01e47235b8e1e32cfdc7	Soon after his resignation, he was forced to enter the official service in order not to end up in debt prison because of the debts of his father, the Kazan governor, who died under investigation for official abuses.
60a2af58d9e8d0626db02ee9087c3297f4dcdee2	The negative example of his father helped Nikolai Ilyich develop his life ideal — a private independent life with family joys.
c88845e62a44b3d1e9ae207a734da6ea6d87cdd8	To put his frustrated affairs in order, Nikolai Ilyich (like Nikolai Rostov), married the no longer very young Princess Maria Nikolaevna from the Volkonsky family in 1822, the marriage was happy.
603717d137fabe9ab47a8c15be02d6132763d52e	They had five children: Nikolai (1823-1860), Sergey (1826-1904), Dmitry (1827-1856), Lev, Maria (1830-1912).
a25ded3147723a2348a4ee32ddce7036ab1569b8	Tolstoy's maternal grandfather, the Catherine's general, Nikolai Sergeyevich Volkonsky, had some resemblance to the stern rigorist-the old Prince Bolkonsky in "War and Peace".
2cbd2be82fe4cc1160375601d586a843269061ed	Lev Nikolaevich's mother, similar in some respects to the Princess Mary depicted in "War and Peace", had a wonderful gift of a storyteller.
f9a53476a15f212b15b98ed2e11dc601ee0e4764	In addition to the Volkonskys, Leo Tolstoy was closely related to some other aristocratic families: the princes Gorchakov, Trubetskoy and others.
0f3c7b52e034a8106c08c32268f631db2c4e4891	Leo Tolstoy was born on August 28, 1828 in the Krapivensky district of the Tula province, in the hereditary estate of his mother — Yasnaya Polyana.
ade6e205a987310f5ad45a874dfd6e6dc7f01780	He was the fourth child in the family.
a19887cc145ae81c6292adb87b83b7bbff9d30e9	The mother died in 1830, six months after the birth of her daughter from "birth fever", as they said then, when Leo was not yet 2 years old.
d82952849cb2bad30b71773fd65ceca4efe7ed25	A distant relative of T. A. Ergolskaya took up the upbringing of orphaned children.
decc6e01e2cd7bcf7a0c53ae0e149165b4b9f70c	In 1837, the family moved to Moscow, settling on Plyushchikha, as the eldest son had to prepare for admission to the university.
362d013f85b2ae3f628cf6bd6b51021e1c50cb05	Soon his father, Nikolai Ilyich, died suddenly, leaving the affairs (including some lawsuits related to the family's property) in an unfinished state, and the three younger children again settled in Yasnaya Polyana under the supervision of Yergolskaya and her paternal aunt, Countess A.M. Osten Saken, who was appointed guardian of the children.
4e5798feb136f80f4579079489264ca661dbd2d2	The Yushkovs ' house was considered one of the most cheerful in Kazan; all family members highly appreciated the external brilliance.
f836d0f6e189f1663b8c97b8735bc43816682777	"My good aunt," Tolstoy says, " is a pure being, she always said that she would like nothing more for me than for me to have an affair with a married woman."
ccd55d44c8fea028a88d20e18c4dd17182500d83	Lev Nikolaevich wanted to shine in society, but his natural shyness and lack of external attractiveness prevented him.
b8c197e11a3c8cda9064203971f0ac1caf116196	The most diverse, as Tolstoy himself defines them, "speculations" about the most important issues of our existence-happiness, death, God, love, eternity-left an imprint on his character in that era of life.
06b53cd9f848a37188bbc63284fcbab1e87b4d23	What he told in his "Adolescence" and "Youth", in the novel "Resurrection" about the aspirations of Irtenyev and Nekhludoff for self-improvement, is taken by Tolstoy from the history of his own ascetic attempts of this time.
d4a45301e6f29824859bb5a392a9dd42f35ca3b9	All this, wrote the critic S. A. Vengerov, led to the fact that Tolstoy created, in the words of his story "Adolescence", "a habit of constant moral analysis, which destroyed the freshness of feeling and clarity of reason."
ef7def089fbc60ef4f742be2da0925c62fe069b3	Giving examples of self-analysis of this period, he ironically speaks about the exaggeration of his adolescent philosophical self-love and greatness, and at the same time notes the insurmountable inability to "get used to not being ashamed of every single word and movement" when confronted with real people, whose benefactor he then seemed to himself.
51681027832cfec8b62f412c9676d73e22b06951	Tolstoy also had warm and touching memories of his childhood with his older brother Nikolenka.
14557f5b70b640c9bbe94c447e81411b211a62b3	Nikolenka taught little Levushka unusual games, told him and other brothers stories about universal human happiness.
e594fbf4e9086b0cbd249f76ce6dad7de8984438	In Tolstoy's first novel Childhood, its hero Nikolenka Irtenyev, who is in many ways biographically and mentally close to the author, speaks about the early years of his life: "Happy, happy, irrevocable time of childhood!
1a43d4b052bcb5cc46c51142a22115588b15bd07	How not to love, not to cherish memories of her?
23378f07670464e7a1bf31309a59b994acbede11	These memories refresh, elevate my soul and serve as a source of the best pleasures for me."
7cca033eb68217ad4bcfb241d9902d3a2ed37825	Tolstoy's youth was spent in Kazan. Here, in 1844, he entered the Faculty of Philosophy of the University.
152d67cd19daff0dbc60e64c42b3c598bc016404	He studied unsystematically, missed lectures and as a result was not allowed to take transfer exams.
47f02805010a3e58db0098fe064f07b1effc24a0	Having not received admission to the history exam, in 1845 he transferred to another faculty — law.
8388447c2f6eaaf93734232036cfe9a4daff82e5	But even at this faculty they taught history, the lessons of which seemed boring and unpleasant to him.
6d2d503680bb94c147a49797a6d9999a99f63b31	He starts skipping history lectures again.
6be08ea599dd1465d88fef5fe79d4169fff702b1	He indulged in secular amusements and carousals with all passion.
8dc67f3a479099cf33772dd21586d904d9b63040	At that time, he treated people not secular, not aristocrats with contempt.
6ed4beea0c1bc380387d562e9db78783827c5e83	Brother Sergei called him a "trifling fellow".
fa3e6b930f5f1a8921c333f8797beae465eca86a	But it was not only secular amusements that attracted Tolstoy.
0c2aaf0bf24aa93f317f9f1528d1df14d65affb9	He thought a lot about the fate of mankind, about the place of sciences in life.
d39151789c32061d701354f0da458c00b1e2ce81	His dislike of history is not evidence of his limitations.
a682f031b42d5f3921c5b63a0ff2eb5ce0230efe	Once a Tolstoy student remarked in a conversation with an interlocutor: "History... is nothing but a collection of fables and useless trifles, interspersed with a mass of unnecessary numbers and proper names...".
ddafa22238e342f796bb3046de13179e20be178a	In the sciences, the young Tolstoy was looking primarily for practical meaning.
8afb96b7afea803ccb0e6e743ee39b9b2389f3ae	He was not interested in knowledge that could not be applied in everyday life.
a97ac424a629d08c14ae2a1efe9a83a45d91a348	This is exactly how "useless" history seems to him.
cd39f15a0d8cf742db8e2e6e1655dff2f7de2a00	Such a view of science in general is characteristic of many people of the new era, whose worldview was formed in the 1840s.
be80a7e26caa08e9d4f66f63137ebcc423ac21d8	The sharpness and independence of Tolstoy's judgments remained throughout his life.
cae0a58e1ba3a402e70d90b4334890ac85348508	And the denial of traditional historical science was manifested with a new force in the 1860s in the novel War and Peace.
50a34e7126a195031fb40056e38971b82d3a7567	On April 12, 1847, Tolstoy, disappointed in his university education, filed a petition for expulsion from the university.
ce6c6427e370e227c36dd9231ca1ccaa57cf3c24	He went to Yasnaya Polyana, hoping to try himself in a new field — to improve the life of his serfs.
7c471819ef5821aed6b2de1bde19b7c7d66b54af	The peasants did not understand the master, refused his advice and help.
591176f232da9937f8152dd2fdb1c9b52f871444	For the first time, Tolstoy acutely felt the huge, insurmountable gap separating him — the landowner, the master — and the common people.
669b2ffcacd43cf6b35f0cfa9ffb4d8634338746	Social and cultural barriers between the educated class and the people have become one of the constant themes of Tolstoy's fiction and articles.
f56fc28b480022d72c50f2d3823763b43c67e2b3	He described his first unsuccessful experience of managing a few years later in the story The Morning of the Landowner (1856), the hero of which Nekhludoff is endowed with the features of Tolstoy himself.
af67c1258dcaa27e20032af8d6940ccf08b2955b	After a summer in the country, disappointed by the unsuccessful experience of managing on new, favorable conditions for serfs (this attempt is captured in the story “The Morning of the Landowner”, 1857), in the autumn of 1847 Tolstoy went first to Moscow, then to St. Petersburg to hold candidate exams at the university.
58d4af28cd2759ca12d057512f1e040b154fa94f	His lifestyle during this period often changed: he spent days preparing and passing exams, then passionately devoted himself to music, then intended to start an official career, then dreamed of becoming a cadet in a horse guard regiment.
b9b38ace934135fea730fe2fc1c0b7d5be474785	Religious moods, reaching asceticism, alternated with carousing, cards, trips to the gypsies.
353bdd731dc6cd8cecacd01fe3fd2138513a40d5	In his family, he was considered “the most trifling fellow”, and he managed to pay off the debts made at that time only many years later.
2bf2e80b10fd50756602b074eb676c765ec85a3b	However, it is these years that are colored by intense introspection and struggle with oneself, which is reflected in the diary that Tolstoy kept throughout his life.
df8033496df291c42363e4379a97569cc2317fcc	At the same time, he had a serious desire to write and the first unfinished artistic sketches appeared.
83717dc5459773397a7fcd673883613872889b69	In 1851, his older brother Nikolai, an officer in the active army, persuaded Tolstoy to go to the Caucasus together.
80b9a381ac139c9b06fc04b7878709fbdc7e12f4	For almost three years Tolstoy lived in a Cossack village on the banks of the Terek, traveling to Kizlyar, Tiflis, Vladikavkaz and participating in military operations (at first voluntarily, then he was accepted for service).
f7a9283c2a21ae37ac76c4e9249887ec2b841bfd	The Caucasian nature and the patriarchal simplicity of Cossack life, which struck Tolstoy in contrast with the life of the noble circle and with the painful reflection of a person of an educated society, provided the material for the autobiographical story “The Cossacks” (1852-63).
75ce9308db05fb7dc52bbc81b18c2b47d483847c	Caucasian impressions were also reflected in the stories "Raid" (1853), "Logging" (1855), as well as in the late story “Hadji Murad” (1896-1904, published in 1912).
770038762944d3ac5b033512514cb27a39e346de	After returning to Russia, Tolstoy wrote in his diary that he fell in love with this " wild land, in which two most opposite things are so strangely and poetically combined-war and freedom."
357d8838a4fcc260b3453268b6259a0b847b1242	In the Caucasus, Tolstoy wrote the story “Childhood” and sent it to the magazine” Sovremennik", without revealing his name (published in 1852 under the initials L. N.; together with the later stories “Adolescence”, 1852-54, and “Youth”, 1855-57, he made an autobiographical trilogy).
1baa8136808139536a09fad1283fff330b2bf632	His literary debut immediately brought Tolstoy real recognition.
d9c4b9c0ab73c61fdecf66469367f6dd63e1d3f7	In 1854, Tolstoy was assigned to the Danube Army, in Bucharest.
a027b4551b372f61bd1ba1dadd995e2c354f698c	The boring staff life soon forced him to transfer to the Crimean Army, to the besieged Sevastopol, where he commanded a battery on the 4th bastion, showing rare personal courage (awarded the Order of St. Nicholas). Anna and medals).
bfefbca39806e0c0cc48757f00804f9a47a20b66	In the Crimea, Tolstoy was captured by new impressions and literary plans (he was going to publish a magazine for soldiers, among other things), here he began to write a series of” Sevastopol stories“, which were soon printed and had a huge success (even Alexander II read the essay” Sevastopol in December").
1bddb85613a30f420c8eb149775feb3735e8c985	Tolstoy's first works impressed literary critics with the boldness of psychological analysis and the detailed picture of the "dialectics of the soul" (N. G. Chernyshevsky).
9570e229211af9df8f867e8367c90b918ba75d27	Some ideas that appeared during these years allow us to guess in the young artillery officer the late Tolstoy preacher: he dreamed of "founding a new religion” —" the religion of Christ, but purified from faith and mystery, a practical religion”"
1bc72806c267dc9bbc4fc09b2a97f1ccb949df9d	In November, 1855, l.Tolstoy arrived in St. Petersburg and immediately entered the circle of the "Contemporary" (Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov, Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev, Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky, Ivan Alexandrovich Goncharov and others), where he was greeted as "the great hope of Russian literature" (Nekrasov).
71f79c5b5b3b5749ee11d47af0405bac35e2150f	Tolstoy took part in dinners and readings, in the establishment of a Literary fund, became involved in disputes and conflicts of writers, but he felt like a stranger in this environment, as he described in detail later in Confessions (1879-82): "These people disgusted me, and I was disgusted with myself."
56bd244817d5591f6b280c1f9dfb47e050b3216a	In the autumn of 1856, Tolstoy, having retired, went to Yasnaya Polyana, and at the beginning of 1857 — abroad.
0c9d428fe6d4d2b33c93832520c9a664f462c4ef	He visited France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany (Swiss impressions are reflected in the story "Lucerne"), returned to Moscow in the autumn, then to Yasnaya Polyana.
252806f0b3a34c2dbcbd5abfee346a2a2db4ea0d	In 1859, Leo Tolstoy opened a school for peasant children in the village, helped to organize more than 20 schools in the vicinity of Yasnaya Polyana, and this occupation so fascinated Tolstoy that in 1860 he went abroad for the second time to get acquainted with the schools of Europe.
98849b6fc6b2215f17efcee55b72bcbd0fd4a331	Tolstoy traveled a lot, spent a month and a half in London (where he often saw Alexander Ivanovich Herzen), was in Germany, France, Switzerland, Belgium, studied popular pedagogical systems, which mostly did not satisfy the writer.
08116abc527bd09e73660c6476d8a2fe60abce92	Tolstoy outlined his own ideas in special articles, arguing that the basis of teaching should be "the freedom of the student" and the rejection of violence in teaching.
0c21ca33669da9746649ea819897cd409d713426	In 1862 he published the pedagogical magazine "Yasnaya Polyana" with books for reading as an appendix, which became in Russia the same classic examples of children's and folk literature as the "Abc" and "New Abc" compiled by him in the early 1870s.
ce07ca970272e1b603927094336eae0fd8630f06	In 1862, in the absence of Tolstoy, a search was conducted in Yasnaya Polyana (they were looking for a secret printing house).
13a6075613ae80c18ee0947bc29c2c9bfd6e8824	In September 1862, Leo Tolstoy married the eighteen-year-old daughter of a doctor, Sofia Andreevna Bers, and immediately after the wedding took his wife from Moscow to Yasnaya Polyana, where he completely devoted himself to family life and household cares.
ec2b22505e07bbbbea0f1642778e9caf356dc4e3	However, since the autumn of 1863, he has been captured by a new literary idea, which for a long time was called "One Thousand eight hundred and fifth year".
142ab8e863da7d2467c26318be2a243f44b6aced	The time of the novel's creation was a period of spiritual uplift, family happiness and quiet solitary work.
db9a62e99897c419924509be631d2030bf1ce39f	Tolstoy read the memoirs and correspondence of people of the Alexander era (including the materials of Tolstoy and Volkonsky), worked in archives, studied Masonic manuscripts, went to the Borodino field, moving slowly through many editorial offices (his wife helped him a lot in copying manuscripts, thereby refuting the jokes of friends that she was still so young, as if playing with dolls), and only at the beginning of 1865 published the first part of War and Peace in the Russian Messenger.
33e40293803ab66913368bf4ce52ccbc692536d9	The novel was read excitedly, caused a lot of responses, striking with the combination of a wide epic canvas with a subtle psychological analysis, with a vivid picture of private life, organically inscribed in history.
0319689556a2718d1e42847b72374bac0a5c5d13	Heated debates provoked the subsequent parts of the novel, in which Tolstoy developed a fatalistic philosophy of history.
bd71f8d9e15e6badc2f586be7c1d19e00c60bbd7	There were reproaches that the writer "entrusted" the intellectual demands of his era to the people of the beginning of the century: the idea of the novel about the Patriotic War was really an answer to the problems that worried the Russian post-reform society.
d6266ffc1856a2274e8d46728f6de6256bc9f011	In the 1870s, still living in Yasnaya Polyana, continuing to teach peasant children and develop his pedagogical views in print, Leo Tolstoy worked on a novel about the life of modern society, building a composition on the opposition of two storylines: the family drama of Anna Karenina is drawn in contrast with the life and home idyll of a young landowner Konstantin Levin, who is close to the writer himself both in lifestyle, beliefs, and psychological drawing.
75e4ddc4fa49abe5046685c128b6b8be777c8da0	The beginning of the work coincided with a passion for Pushkin's prose: Tolstoy strove for the simplicity of the syllable, for the external lack of appreciation of the tone, paving his way to the new style of the 1880s, especially to folk stories.
2aaa8a677d8cf197f2d4d9e4abceb170659353a3	Only tendentious criticism interpreted the novel as a love affair.
9dd60b522d3e15646152bdd1bcfbd7d871ffa390	"The family thought" (the main one in the novel, according to Tolstoy) is translated into a social channel, Levin's merciless self-revelations, his thoughts about suicide are read as a figurative illustration of the spiritual crisis experienced by Tolstoy himself in the 1880s, but matured during the work on the novel.
5dbf624ead90e03cf2120f11a1d30ff65bf2d8de	The course of the revolution that took place in Tolstoy's consciousness was reflected in artistic creativity, primarily in the experiences of the characters, in the spiritual insight that refracts their lives.
3241234aa9368b28dc5a57bdf5bb0c3a6d22a523	These characters occupy a central place in the novels "The Death of Ivan Ilyich" (1884-86), "Kreutzer Sonata" (1887-89, published in Russia in 1891), " Father Sergius "(1890-98, published in 1912), the drama" The Living Corpse "(1900, unfinished, published in 1911), in the story" After the Ball " (1903, published in 1911).
1e7d5907b9ede2efab674c5ae4f23a49e734f16f	Tolstoy's confessional journalism gives a detailed idea of his spiritual drama: drawing pictures of social inequality and idleness of the educated strata, Tolstoy in a pointed form posed questions of the meaning of life and faith to himself and to society, criticized all state institutions, reaching the denial of science, art, court, marriage, and the achievements of civilization.
23eee1c88465a574b10f5848c845af6f90e47d42	The new worldview of the writer is reflected in the "Confession" (published in 1884 in Geneva, in 1906 in Russia), in the articles "On the census in Moscow" (1882), " So what should we do?"(1882-86, published in full in 1906), "About the Famine" (1891, published in English in 1892, in Russian-in 1954), " What is Art? "(1897-98), "The Slavery of our time" (1900, published in full in Russia in 1917)," About Shakespeare and the drama "(1906)," I can't be silent " (1908).
64c8af68fe54e036aa91c232b1a5aba484d26359	Tolstoy's social Declaration is based on the idea of Christianity as a moral teaching, and the ethical ideas of Christianity are interpreted by him in a humanistic way as the basis of the world brotherhood of people.
c1eb2b3dea1183aecdd395e6d872a0ae6ac14b5a	This complex of problems involved the analysis of the Gospel and critical studies of theological works, which are devoted to Tolstoy's religious and philosophical treatises " The Study of Dogmatic Theology "(1879-80)," The Connection and translation of the Four Gospels "(1880-81)," What is my faith "(1884)," The Kingdom of God is within you " (1893).
96b463fa1362f37a33591b045741e81c590dd7ab	A violent reaction in society was accompanied by Tolstoy's calls for direct and immediate adherence to Christian commandments.
2e0c85b54c4b21a1d062ec1fb2e78b10ef23ebd8	In particular, his preaching of non-resistance to evil by violence was widely discussed, which became the impetus for the creation of a number of artistic works - the drama "The Power of Darkness, or the Claws of Darkness, the Whole Bird is Lost" (1887) and folk stories written in a deliberately simplified, "artless" manner.
2cd6ce56faebca7bb1106e176e21ac4c5a75a748	Along with the similar works of V. M. Garshin, N. S. Leskov and other writers, these stories were published by the publishing house "Intermediary", founded by V. G. Chertkov on the initiative and with the close participation of Tolstoy, who defined the task of "Intermediary" as "an expression in artistic images of the teachings of Christ", "so that it would be possible to read this book to an old man, a woman, a child and so that both of them would be interested, touched and feel kinder."
6a1761f073c41e6ab9921e3bf36756eee4fd9d24	Within the framework of the new worldview and ideas about Christianity, Tolstoy opposed Christian dogmatics and criticized the rapprochement of the church with the state, which led him to complete separation from the Orthodox Church.
181f7afee92afdbb9935bcb9dd93fd4640b4809a	In 1901, the Synod reacted: the internationally recognized writer and preacher was officially excommunicated from the church, which caused a huge public outcry.
309f61e34a96cdfda1afec87596889bc55156676	The ideas of the late Tolstoy resemble the socialist doctrine.
5325ab7b1490f55ebf5f7a4e6328fd4d7a91193b	But unlike the socialists, he was a staunch opponent of the revolution.
450d1415692c9c3c1c6643320a5b00da7455998c	Moderation of desires, a modest life, alien to luxury, liberation from passions, restriction or suppression of sexual desire — these, according to Tolstoy, should be moral guidelines.
5f09babc9ea901e0aae35dc395081a6f9bfa08d5	The position of the late Tolstoy is the position of a prophet, a denouncer of public and state unrighteousness, proclaiming the doctrine of universal brotherly love and labor.
468055fbf2e9d8b263e0ad0725b3f7cb0fbaf38b	Tolstoy, a publicist and teacher of life, has gained great fame not only in Russia, but also around the world.
c85bb1147db12b24eff58dfadc34b20575290185	Yasnaya Polyana becomes a place of pilgrimage: people from different classes and from many countries come to Tolstoy for advice.
739af27a193f1cc7383b8aa034b6e1d4f2ccb27a	On February 22, 1901, the Synod — the highest church body in Russia at that time - issued a ruling on Tolstoy's excommunication from the church, pointing out the anti-Orthodox spirit of Tolstoy's teaching.
1d0331848eafbe2fad19754ee964c380d8745ba4	But the excommunication did not shake Tolstoy's exceptional influence on Russian society.
2af5b46527b8583213fb96b263c2f21f63d94aa7	Tolstoy's last novel embodied the whole range of problems that worried him during the years of the turning point.
2d7b7a937c6ca8a29ab87534cc5c26f9972b58dc	The main character, Dmitry Nekhludov, who is spiritually close to the author, goes through the path of moral purification, leading him to active good.
123e7b380eced7be0072752af04d74032120ca82	The narrative is built on a system of emphasized evaluative oppositions that expose the unreasonableness of the social structure (the beauty of nature and the falsity of the social world, the truth of peasant life and the falseness that prevails in the life of the educated strata of society).
eb50a3622d09923b82035366e0f0a668815ec5f1	The characteristic features of the late Tolstoy-a frank, brought to the fore "tendency" (in these years Tolstoy was a supporter of deliberately tendentious, didactic art), sharp criticism, satirical beginning - were manifested in the novel with all clarity.
d31e1307d7fd5d06f18915ddf003d31302ce125a	The years of the turning point abruptly changed the personal biography of the writer, turning into a break with the social environment and leading to family discord (Tolstoy's proclaimed refusal to own private property caused sharp dissatisfaction of family members, especially his wife).
2cc03e8fb48572c0a4885f81a8c039c16d9c97bf	The count spent all 48 years of his married life arranging psychological checks for his wife.
04e96fe0db7add389f19b4fd45be38d50d13cfa1	When they got married, Lev was 34, and Sofia was 18.
580ed2d6f38b8140809a01d2b752095398dd4fac	Even before his marriage, he had numerous connections.
5a31c1eac57c9f50888122efb8fb3b6b127299e0	He also met with the female servants in the house, and with peasant women from subordinate villages, and with gypsies.
faa54487500378fd9518d2ab2fc76c3f6abaf08b	When the girl became pregnant, the hostess kicked her out, and the relatives did not want to accept her.
017da527d7eb45d7c90e3fa2d1cffb94c9efc2dd	Especially long and strong was the connection of Lev Nikolaevich with the peasant Aksinya Bazykina.
420e5d29d9cf1e67247cccc56babf97e4553c433	Their relationship lasted three years, although Aksinya was a married woman.
56bf4297615d049bc6837e6e3505fa99b0c07a06	When Lev Nikolayevich wooed his future wife, Sofia Bers, he still kept in touch with Aksinya, who became pregnant.
92de5b897d0f88f1d22dceb131bf975ffa16a531	Before the marriage, Tolstoy gave the bride his diaries to read, in which he openly described all his love interests, which caused a shock to the inexperienced girl.
6b18ccbe27dc4186649a3384211e6d63ebf3b12c	She dreamed of carriages, magnificent dresses and ornaments, balls, theaters and receptions - in short, all the entertainment that the light could give to a girl of her position, but she agreed to go to his estate Yasnaya Polyana.
b9559010e02fc707e806151daf03a9aeb0c3fbde	For almost all 48 years of their life together, Sofya Andreevna was either in a position or breast-feeding.
8c9e7d76f03392079c677eb99b2a0a65b8384cfa	It was painful and bitter for her to watch her Levushka pinching the maids and cooks in the corners.
d16a12884b394427bd51f9c84014d84ba3912c4c	Tolstoy was busy searching for the meaning of life, not noticing his wife.
01dc419d656d9149de5ca834c79384a1dbd36a5d	He was thinking of everyone but her.
75dd9798443937e67191e1fb1961fe354e4dac9b	And Sofya Andreyevna not only loved, she idolized her husband, but constantly suffered and suffered from his inattention.
fedf2e0f063525bdde589e9c33c35c3d136e980f	Late in the autumn of 1910, at night, secretly from his family, 82-year-old Tolstoy, accompanied only by his personal doctor D. P. Makovitsky, left Yasnaya Polyana.
645c33a99ca773db4e64449088eedf15cc7d4891	The road turned out to be too much for him: on the way Tolstoy fell ill and had to get off the train at the small railway station Astapovo.
5cca4da52d40013d720d978a12efe02585e01c52	Here, in the house of the stationmaster, he spent the last seven days of his life.
402431ef9bbc7e3120d26286ededf6b207e91e71	The reports about the health of Tolstoy, who by this time had already gained world fame not only as a writer, but also as a religious thinker, a preacher of the new faith, were followed by the whole of Russia.
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19bc69598dd432c8a0cefaf7456fdac602720782	Tolstoy, L. N. Tolstoy full biography
73b1c573b1d2b665004adf23f2c2c7b887d6b135	Jun 19 • Examples of Success • No Comments on Tolstoy, L. N. Tolstoy full biography
70256d5072540cead670474d4b943a377bd1e328	L. N. Tolstoy.
1cd9fcf27b4b656c352960494ddc61c6bcd3a310	Live forever, learn forever
fde4077fa51a920eca7ab42ab31e3cb2f3dd137c	Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich (August 28, 1828, Yasnaya Polyana estate, Tula province — November 7, 1910, Astapovo Station (now Lev Tolstoy station), Ryazan Ural railway) was a count, Russian writer.
b537b91a961b7c9ea16afa1929deb49b938d46ac	Tolstoy was the fourth child in a large noble family.
c7da9378264941325ba585c50340c7f7890a2b31	His mother, née Princess Volkonskaya, died when Tolstoy was not yet two years old, but the stories of family members, he was well aware of “her spirit form”: some traits of the mother
6cbf4c40355d6dd182736c7ded9f0c924fd5a08d	(a brilliant education, sensitivity to art, the propensity for reflection and even a resemblance Tolstoy gave Duchess Marie Nikolaevna Bolkonskaya (“War and peace”).
a13e5eb0093df468a131fd7ebbcf1956403646a1	Tolstoy's father, a participant in the Patriotic War, remembered by the writer with a good naturedly mocking character, a love of reading, hunting (he served as the prototype of Nikolai Rostov), also died early (1837).
1f95cb5f1d44139280166f10555826004a91f7c1	A distant relative T.
de6158d2646a203635fc8761a7569eb761c1c3f4	A. Ergolskaya, who had a huge influence on Tolstoy, was engaged in raising children: “she taught me the spiritual pleasure of love.”
53db22107695e08fbf8a7392acb00c758a73ece5	Childhood memories have always remained the most joyful for Tolstoy: family traditions, first impressions of the life of a noble estate served as a rich material for his works, were reflected in the autobiographical story “Childhood”.
72544e6eb19bcd7bfdc021f0a61111222b2eb296	Kazan University
c0305ea7be06d9fffdff558f8b9fb686c3342b49	When Tolstoy was 13 years old, the family moved to Kazan, to the house of a relative and guardian of the children, P. I. Yushkova.
9e582a9de4b28e1d99057fa494519206a4996878	In 1844, Tolstoy entered the Department of Oriental Languages of the Faculty of Philosophy at Kazan University, then transferred to the Faculty of Law, where he studied for less than two years: his classes did not arouse his lively interest and he passionately devoted himself to secular entertainment.
d1f57c9308227f2716eba30e359a1cab06c34fa6	In the spring of 1847, having submitted a petition for dismissal from the university “due to disturbed health and domestic circumstances”, Tolstoy left for Yasnaya Polyana with the firm intention to study the entire course of legal sciences (to pass the exam externally), "practical medicine”, languages, agriculture, history, geographical statistics, write a dissertation and "achieve the highest degree of perfection in music and painting".
89d314160d79b870c397899f01d9470329cb7b2f	"The turbulent life of the youth period”
151b2c467eb10b00c453b2a1df0a65d29b0137ae	After returning to Russia, Tolstoy wrote in his diary that he fell in love with this " wild land, in which two most opposite things are so strangely and poetically combined war and freedom."
cffd83ecb1c57d54bff6568a14a13afc388d07e2	The boring staff life soon forced him to transfer to the Crimean Army, to the besieged Sevastopol, where he commanded a battery on the 4th bastion, showing rare personal courage (awarded the Order of St. Nicholas).
25104d3d5fbf1f0a47b1c197e396e78c9d8ac073	Anna and medals).
6d6c686f47488b52e27e157f8a9427cff2a62c9d	In the circle of writers and abroad
96c99f72c1bf7ff37fe912bd0cc35f29ce7e7a6b	In November 1855, Tolstoy arrived in St. Petersburg and immediately entered the circle of the "Contemporary"
2b5163d7ac23f3f82af08f8b5bb0acb8d7361280	(N.
2f281a8412292243018f3d63f9a3da06007b3b21	A. Nekrasov, I. S. Turgenev, A. N. Ostrovsky, I.
e8fc4e816f2f39c744403b07f5cb4e64d8d25003	A. Goncharov, etc.), where he was greeted as “the great hope of Russian literature” (Nekrasov).
9f86b16f3e9f5117d430fea7ba380fc736115e31	Tolstoy took part in dinners and readings, in the establishment of a Literary fund, became involved in disputes and conflicts of writers, but he felt like a stranger in this environment, as he described in detail later in Confessions (1879-82): “These people disgusted me, and I was disgusted with myself.”
9c5b0db166be5b5a107c90b44b66312a029377e0	He visited France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany (Swiss impressions are reflected in the story “Lucerne”), returned to Moscow in the autumn, then to Yasnaya Polyana.
0f8a2f6571bbd873d415c2ac151905820b5764d0	Folk school
8503a08ba3e46c47d3725418d190160b3b5c44f4	In 1859, Tolstoy opened a school for peasant children in the village, helped to organize more than 20 schools in the vicinity of Yasnaya Polyana, and this occupation so fascinated Tolstoy that in 1860 he went abroad for the second time to get acquainted with the schools of Europe.
dcdae15eef917b08829b61113bf1b0028ce52dcb	Tolstoy traveled a lot, spent a month and a half in London (where he often saw A. I. Herzen), was in Germany, France, Switzerland, Belgium, studied popular pedagogical systems, which mostly did not satisfy the writer.
27e815473f5174d861ecd836e04d40e3ba714a39	Tolstoy outlined his own ideas in special articles, arguing that the basis of education should be " the freedom of the student” and the rejection of violence in teaching.
6f143673465a2e531ad7c6884377817bcd18324f	In 1862 he published the pedagogical magazine “Yasnaya Polyana "with books for reading as an appendix, which became in Russia the same classic examples of children's and folk literature as the “Abc” and “New Abc" compiled by him in the early 1870s.
aa866d1b5ea14c050232440a38ee721e75ba1d4c	"War and Peace "(1863-69)
8d17fcdf75e1258fae62894a34719f706fc7eaa6	In September 1862, Tolstoy married the eighteen year old daughter of a doctor, Sofia Andreevna Bers, and immediately after the wedding took his wife from Moscow to Yasnaya Polyana, where he completely devoted himself to family life and household cares.
bf918172b72c0b3c3d0f73bcd13b82b108c24773	However, since the autumn of 1863, he has been captured by a new literary idea, which for a long time was called “One Thousand eight hundred and fifth year”.
186f6d1a1f7b2f70276443d881b67e200ce47a82	There were reproaches that the writer "entrusted" the intellectual demands of his era to the people of the beginning of the century: the idea of the novel about the Patriotic War was really an answer to the problems that worried the Russian post reform society.
05803a7425506fd8c4c98c74bd2dea8759ba9f8f	Tolstoy himself characterized his idea as an attempt to " write the history of the people” and considered it impossible to determine its genre nature (“it will not fit any form, neither a novel, nor a story, nor a poem, nor a story”).
d3f2a735c19907d1340c5b93ea8fac05619971a1	"Anna Karenina” (1873-77)
f60743227135f76e42b00312db37ec6f7e864bd2	In the 1870s, still living in Yasnaya Polyana, continuing to teach peasant children and develop his pedagogical views in print, Tolstoy worked on a novel about the life of modern society, building a composition on the opposition of two storylines: the family drama of Anna Karenina is drawn in contrast with the life and home idyll of a young landowner Konstantin Levin, who is close to the writer himself both in lifestyle, beliefs, and psychological drawing.
06b0438ddedd7714cef9fdf8e12bf625afed3863	The meaning of the existence of the "educated class" and the deep truth of peasant life — this range of issues, close to Levin and alien to most of the characters even sympathetic to the author (including Anna), sounded sharply journalistic for many contemporaries, especially for F. M. Dostoevsky, who highly appreciated "Anna Karenina" in the "Writer's Diary".
6ec63ebb1f57556a7f41cd7df8d0c23a577c0b38	” The family thought " (the main one in the novel, according to Tolstoy) is translated into a social channel, Levin's merciless self revelations, his thoughts about suicide are read as a figurative illustration of the spiritual crisis experienced by Tolstoy himself in the 1880s, but matured during the work on the novel.
d26705710f8eb1394d30a0f251c4077d2a74bba5	Fracture (1880s)
62742e941c3e942564266ddb784b3db797ba8443	These characters occupy a central place in the novels "The Death of Ivan Ilyich” (1884-86), "Kreutzer Sonata" (1887-89, published in Russia in 1891), "Father Sergius “(1890-98, published in 1912), the drama” The Living Corpse “(1900, unfinished, published in 1911), in the story” After the Ball" (1903, published in 1911).
edea6bde80981f48ad9202408da3062808712489	Tolstoy's confessional journalism gives a detailed idea of his spiritual drama: drawing pictures of social inequality and idleness of the educated strata, Tolstoy in a pointed form posed questions of the meaning of life and faith to himself and to society, criticized all state institutions, going so far as to deny science, art, the court, marriage, and the achievements of civilization.
79e981851fc98218d56511213e07e867f3f16b6b	The new worldview of the writer is reflected in the "Confession” (published in 1884 in Geneva, in 1906 in Russia), in the articles" On the census in Moscow” (1882), " So what should we do?” (1882-86, published in full in 1906), "On the Famine” (1891, published in English in 1892, in Russian in 1954)," What is art?"(1897-98), “The Slavery of Our Time” (1900, fully published in Russia in 1917), "About Shakespeare and the Drama” (1906)," I canot be silent "(1908).
c92db4f9b6a593affc0fa88211f34bf2577cac59	This complex problem involves the analysis of the gospel and critical studies theological writings, which are devoted to religious philosophical treatises Tolstoy “the Study of dogmatic theology” (1879-80), “the Connection and translation of the four Gospels” (1880-81), “what is my faith” (1884), “the Kingdom of God is within you” (1893).
5a0a3c59c5c24051d8b6b81fc3a154e0f2c47962	A stormy reaction in the society was accompanied by expressed by a Fat calls for a direct and immediate adherence to the Christian commandments.
cb3ff93c51651c60942619583b902893940965d8	In particular, his preaching of non resistance to evil by violence was widely discussed, which became the impetus for the creation of a number of artistic works dramas “The power of darkness, or the Claws of Darkness, the whole bird is lost” (1887) and folk stories written in a deliberately simplified,” artless " manner.
940ef9a5581fed2e8f95e44e2c559ebacdcf22c9	Along with the similar works of V. M. Garshin, N. S. Leskov and other writers, these stories were published by the Intermediary publishing house, founded by V. G. Chertkov on the initiative and with the close participation of Tolstoy, who defined the task of the Intermediary as " an expression in artistic images of the teaching of Christ”, “so that it would be possible to read this book to an old man, a woman, a child and so that both of them would be interested, touched and feel kinder.”
b363e4b1e2410764aede6d54d795657c8f379045	"Resurrection" (1889-99)
84c21fab39b048384c9d0261157bdbf2de6a5909	The characteristic features of the late Tolstoy a frank, brought to the fore “tendency " (in these years Tolstoy was a supporter of deliberately tendentious, didactic art), sharp criticism, satirical beginning — were manifested in the novel with all clarity.
bfc67c5b01598d3888adbeb4235be5bb01d6bb78	Care and death
ea5d706aecd7213a5dac1dffe423a723c1dbd0a6	Tolstoy's personal drama was reflected in his diary entries.
b9c33a5447a6d71c727444ba8b2edd8fef79336d	Late in the autumn of 1910, at night, secretly from his family, 82 year old Tolstoy, accompanied only by his personal doctor D. P. Makovitsky, left Yasnaya Polyana.
f5cf88871c47d23571f41138842e4bf30ae5498e	Here, in the stationmaster's house, he has spent the last seven days your life.
cb7197d3636cb5c28291910464b9fcab7b2e0b4e	The funeral of Tolstoy in Yasnaya Polyana became an event of a nationwide scale.
5509779924bae7a248cc5fe1145f7ead300b6a70	www.levtolstoy.ru/tbiography
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9659334c48adc134538ea2f31bc99f3fa37d5035	Tolstoy, Lev Nikolaevich
2e7601a6a453c7d76755ad72d0519f9c252dfe20	This is the stable version, released on March 5, 2017.
d023094d7a3520a802b3e2e08af0aa6199d51d4a	There are articles on Wikipedia about other people with the surname Tolstoy.
e830c626ef692078562b7b84728d0a51c15fb24c	There are articles on Wikipedia about other people with the same first and last name: Tolstoy, Lev (values).
ff8e956bcaa0b7596f513adb54527aad398a7d6f	The request "Leo Tolstoy" is redirected here; see also other values.
4a7e08821a2c7f292f66bac8d40145b3fa2e85ff	Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy
9c8956729fbdf313dcc84ff1431259d01c2131f6	Leo Tolstoy in Yasnaya Polyana (1908).
075d15702d9e3097744c5d7922348ff54f8eff0e	Original color photo
2639d489f9555c2781271724697a0034c3a09498	works of S. M. Prokudin Gorsky[1][2]
3833bbe4533579b8e1ccd9e105d334695d00a26a	Aliases: L. N., L. N. T.[3]
c9ef364c69df993544f9451fbac790a2102478e6	Date of birth: August 28 (September 9), 1828 (1828-09-09)
7c32b9850bda4d03ffdc3dcd4d9623d630cd8f72	Place of birth: Yasnaya Polyana,
f198756b4861fa086cc809fcdabc323e29441301	Tula province,
ebd025daec44eb5685b328c12175c92a963a924b	The Russian Empire
501899196e8ecf7d69f6157e61b0278f56ded9dc	Date of death: November 7 (20), 1910 (1910-11-20) (82 years old)
65161993262ffbfe7bee66236157585582e256cf	Place of death: Astapovo station,
7623d24a630686f8a61a4cf93d929d3f7b3636e5	Ryazan province,
35e03f541e29322d4696d4e8c573e23bd64021aa	Citizenship (citizenship): The Russian Empire[4][5]
3d01069ffe2221dd703e83d0a47b8cec2791f61a	Occupation: novelist, publicist, philosopher
e00d763dbb38ec68893e3729081a3d48510fc569	Creative years: 1847-1910
aa3bf787d8fc14edb7c75e32f6a9e044263c0c29	Direction: Realism
b57b87ad5df1424c35f6a494eac606ac948735eb	Genre: short story, novel, novel, drama
7637b736313bada73055c70b70c52c7c962c2730	tolstoy.ru Works on the site Lib.ru Works in Wikitek Files on Wikimedia Commons Quotes in Wikicitatnik
7267e17251c9b5331f4e7f03a1a53bf3dadb74fc	Recording of the voice of Leo Tolstoy
7482ead6879ccf9255e788ef4bba93cdae8e2d82	Audio recording "The time has come", 1908 Playback assistance
e1dae93940a8eccbf1764a9364672fa8e8fc29f0	An appeal to the students of the Yasnaya Polyana School. 1908 Reproduction Assistance
51eac2dab4b7ec2da35bcbc60747b7e08526c194	Sound letter of L. N. Tolstoy to N. V. Davydov, 1908 Help on reproduction
023e4f21ac9cf3a7bc0e6de96b64760139c4ee79	Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy[K 1] (August 28 [September 9] 1828, Yasnaya Polyana, Tula Province, Russian Empire — November 7 [20] 1910, Astapovo station, Ryazan Province, Russian Empire)
fc27a81c2d5579ac9a4e0d822cab1a28bb04c045	— one of the most famous Russian writers and thinkers, one of the greatest writers in the world[6].
2f1d484063136612044a89855f2fc3a66bd2919b	Participant of the defense of Sevastopol.
b9afcb75bbd0944f4e54c880acd0cb7c0cbae3dc	Corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences (1873), honorary academician in the category of fine literature (1900) [7].
27905ac2743e444ffce02f72cdd46f159936641e	A writer who was recognized as the head of Russian literature during his lifetime[8].
729d35fe99b9f21752c17e7a42f1f2f51a94e178	The works of Leo Tolstoy were repeatedly filmed and staged in the USSR and abroad; his plays were staged on stages around the world[8].
926a8070e33a9c5be03f83eb7dd4c70097d3f223	The most famous works of Tolstoy are the novels "War and Peace", "Anna Karenina", "Resurrection", the autobiographical[9][8] trilogy "Childhood", "Adolescence", "Youth"[K 2], the novellas "Cossacks", "The Death of Ivan Ilyich", "Kreutzer Sonata", "Hadji Murad", the cycle of essays "Sevastopol stories", the dramas "The Living Corpse", "The Fruits of Enlightenment" and "The Power of Darkness", autobiographical religious and philosophical works "Confession" and "What is my faith?" et al.
fb1efed3f03d7bfb3a2817296d685099cfc54a84	1 Biography 1.1 Origin 1.2 Childhood 1.3 Education 1.4 The beginning of literary activity 1.5 Military service 1.6 Travels in Europe 1.7 Treatment in the Bashkir nomad Karalyk 1.8 Pedagogical activity 1.9 Social activity in the 1860s 1.10 The heyday of creativity 1.10.1 "War and Peace".
9e0e8d3e4461c6ecaf91fc91c982d7e21f3540d2	1.10.2 "Anna Karenina" 1.10.3 Other works 1.10.4 Literary criticism of Shakespeare's works
e50c16d109b9f487b8e8fdde13cd916efa70a2af	1.11 Participation in the Moscow census 1.12 In Moscow 1.13 Spiritual crisis and preaching 1.14 Excommunication from the Church 1.15 Leaving Yasnaya Polyana, death and funeral
58cd5f4e00d047fcb204d47d138490ec8f79cb91	2 Family 2.1 Views on the family.
81790abbe465a8f5d238476d82a8ec7a2232b6e8	The family in Tolstoy's work
d4c67415fdbe1c176aa2d9f7eed4dfb2c932252f	3 Philosophy 4 Bibliography 4.1 Lifetime and posthumous editions of collected works 4.2 Translations of works
256100194d96ddab37eef84ed570ddcb25a85293	5 World recognition.
0f91503991dd00e2df7ba5419edabd3ba50ece72	Memory 5.1 In the cinema
320a682ebe53281f8a113bf4eeedbda38b779eb5	6 The meaning and influence of creativity 7 Writers, Thinkers and Religious Figures about Tolstoy 8 Criticism 8.1 Literary Criticism 8.2 Religious Criticism 8.3 Criticism of the writer's Social views
85d13db6ca5d6662be34e94d94584278f8a813af	9 Film adaptations of works 10 See also 11 Notes 11.1 Comments 11.2 Used literature and sources
a011f8a5ec7c36a61343a02761c084edbe5849a9	12 Literature 12.1 Books 12.2 Articles 12.2.1 Academic research 12.2.2 Reviews of critics and cultural figures
b85ed9c41e11e125771a584a07d13ba8fcf63813	13 References 13.1 Creativity 13.1.1 Collected works
848801772c5d3332eed5e1ab4ebc7207201902c4	13.2 Newsreels and audio recordings
8f778e5bfc47d181a4c9f60c262348e772f7fc67	Origin[edit / edit wiki text]
0f41bad87c5be16fe903bc8246f52f0b3d95be97	The family tree of L. N. Tolstoy
d3e3ba3a47f0b0ad94e8685184a39cdf22525754	Main article: Thick
8202468d0f27a62a6cdad1326f33f737d73b33f3	A representative of the count's branch of the Tolstoy noble family, descended from Peter's associate P.
c6e4bb16fbbb9a4f3a421d0eabed8e72f2f0eb21	A. Tolstoy.
495e3825b04b6a40ac3188964cea2ae7d9b9f3db	The writer had extensive family ties in the world of the highest aristocracy.
40362146b52498e6913ea038e0e4de6be18ea915	Among the cousins of his father are the adventurer and brether F. I. Tolstoy, the artist F. P. Tolstoy, the beautiful M. I. Lopukhina, the socialite A. F. Zakrevskaya, the chamber maid of honor A.
73ef3b2485f8de0c2e42c564d21fbbac70fb4c4a	A. Tolstaya.
22a60164c8d843573737933a7373f7ef8792cba7	The poet A. K. Tolstoy was his second cousin.
3ffd9fd53bc0f94025d2b2aebc6efbaaa781915c	Among the mother's cousins are Lieutenant General D. M. Volkonsky and a rich emigrant N. I. Trubetskoy.
9cefa1910b1afb3cf40e2640466aa81296a15f4f	A. P. Mansurov and A.V. Vsevolozhsky were married to their mother's cousins.
078622af1ce4e96ad095d53e4b05ab742732369c	Tolstoy was connected by property with the ministers A.
c99f3cb63f80462497725096083d435c5d5b63f4	A. Zakrevsky and L.
6aad4df1fef9177a6ae841f4b4b91eabb883c014	A. Perovsky (married to his parents ' cousins), the generals of 1812 L. I. Depreradovich (married to his grandmother's sister) and A. I. Yushkov (brother in law of one of the aunts), as well as with the chancellor A.M. Gorchakov (brother in law of another aunt).
88a0cd34c5ddbf2ef771519b4a303b53a13fd182	The common ancestor of Leo Tolstoy and Pushkin was Admiral Ivan Golovin, who helped Peter I create the Russian fleet.
a4f149b522faf2e7748f2d7b4ae03f128f2f7411	The features of Ilya Andreevich's grandfather are given in "War and Peace" to the good natured, impractical old Count Rostov.
b861cea064fcd8f77e2c5a30caefe4357f6f95ad	The negative example of his father helped Nikolai Ilyich develop his life ideal — a private independent life with family joys[10].
827878e10796dada9e694aafe69c872c648d661a	Tolstoy's maternal grandfather, Catherine's general, Prince Nikolai Sergeyevich Volkonsky, had some resemblance to the stern rigorist the old Prince Bolkonsky in "War and Peace" [11].
b5336e50618829f46ea97ff2039bd7c3254e084c	The ancestors of Leo Tolstoy
f0ef1b52a16035c3bbf74dafd052b9f42a458eb6	Count Ivan Petrovich Tolstoy
499663f8f12701bc06ae06ef7f8da5c1c948aae5	(1685—1728)
56845a4992b6dbbc577c821220e36209b3e83e96	8. Count Tolstoy, Andrey Ivanovich (1721-1803)
193e8baba981a8af8a36e5b772788003f5e23f87	Praskovya Mikhailovna Rtischeva
6bf946973d43b3ecce91cba43cfdbc74b99675a3	(1690—1748)
a70a8c16f864a7903d92144007ecbc418b48a345	4. Count Ilya Andreevich Tolstoy (1757-1820)
b33bab0aefe1ee478a1a0952a2a98dd39b779d92	Prince Ivan Dmitrievich Shchetinin
0f5a2980d1814287217dd038a756efa8c71cc7c8	(1???–1???)
3d611d2995180922f488a88e1c259c3e340efb32	9. Alexandra Ivanovna Shchetinina (1727-1811)
6dcf394a4c6a4b6a342c6738b686f7d685e561d1	Anna Yegorovna ?
2336cf2589e96fbb66cae8b321449a46abe51fbe	(1722 after 1754)
0776cce05ce65f64b4b41bcd7f518d4095026ea3	2. Count Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy
ed58a08b1e37c8f34995a2815f0a2e91fc9f1df9	(1794—1837)
e0b334e67f135351a855c49a6f790d233fbcd998	Prince Gorchakov, Ivan Fedorovich
099af8b1fd89ece01340c630ffda5c290c5661e1	(1694—1750)
887101ab8278c06e66ba3c9fdbe9d2acb6376ec1	Gorchakov, Nikolai Ivanovich (1725-1811)
b3b205ebdae74d3c154a72e32e38dd4dc3bc375d	Tatyana Grigoryevna Mortkina
e5e225ce2d64c061f0fc3296a6ac01370180e0d0	5. Pelageya Nikolaevna Gorchakova (1762-1838)
bec381a66a9574451d351ab69e32645e3c18007e	1. Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy
e99d656a670389a3e0148373fcd2f6f0637c0b20	Prince Fyodor Mikhailovich Volkonsky
c533ea0a89824006abb7348c00bd05ea3802e7dc	(1???—1747)
7b7330afcb86b5cc205dc3558583e25c89bcc5e3	Prince Sergei Fedorovich Volkonsky
3deb1413d31899b787ea16bb3d1dd6b107813440	(1715—1784)
980380703ce5937a63ccd87ff84a5a61ae4121dc	Ekaterina Matveevna Eropkina
80f6e01573f07c8138548ef58c2684eab54810ed	(1???—1723)
0f7608b49bdc197f37c0b3baf7395ee1c2790d8a	6. Prince Nikolai Sergeyevich Volkonsky (1753-1821)
5de9510a4ed9021ac8196d57cb2ce5563fc92d04	Maria Dmitrievna Chaadaeva (1???—1775)
db4a1b7a3dddfd75d9d3d78a5e9b50110bb52f81	3. Princess Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya (1790-1830)
92398532c5f15137eb22c7cd910648151807afd8	Prince Yuri Yuryevich Trubetskoy
7b392cc2599b081e6f680d94f5bc0c073dea0ea7	(1668—1739)
33c5d5e522568929f1b3bffc518c7bb6d8cdf123	Prince Dmitry Yuryevich Trubetskoy
c12841ab6ea19dbdab085f9767dba5a9f24e529f	(1724—1792)
3e0ee9cdd6b2e259a56963a1d517290a9e25f7a9	Olga Ivanovna Golovina
d2ad5a8e0d7fe7d4f135704ac4c3cd217d4af3e5	7. Princess Ekaterina Dmitrievna Trubetskaya (1749-1799)
9fb8a3d6152a6effca16bf28cab3435bc7f87079	Prince Ivan Vasilyevich Odoevsky
1693a20fa02e8ad123aeabc0117487f0d6deeb94	(1710—1768)
be0c5db4b92d308533a661f9a711336c85c045bd	Princess Varvara Ivanovna Odoyevskaya
90e5ab89d43cb905be09bc6eee57cc3c4088e071	(1???—1788)
9ce9fd273cae31acbd46d4ceb218cfe95f5a5fb6	31.
9e44c118d7963b8c394206ef604df8059ac10d6f	Praskovya Ivanovna Tolstaya
ccceee693c67b1b5ea2f91fef0078e8ce2d441f3	(1709—1758)
da006c2f9093ce77d23e5bdf56b00bdbc1bece55	The silhouette of M. N. Volkonskaya is the only image of the writer's mother. the 1810s
779aa03ab793292b4e9e36f82ee4107176a9dc9c	Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy, the writer's father.
8d5111bc1ca12de0e56e5b4f5f416cb2cbad36e3	Unknown artist.
45a28d29d1c238ae1d7d16cd802da77d948852b7	Paper, watercolor. 1823.
8c7627a85c7ccb1781a305ba0bf871579be9e0ed	A distant relative of T.
24e141794c7cd8e70b539f720124605c88d460e8	A. Ergolskaya took up the upbringing of orphaned children.
334a98b3d59a4a34b998114ebbda6272acede4b3	Here Lev Nikolaevich remained until 1840, when Osten Saken died, the children moved to Kazan, to a new guardian — his father's sister P. I. Yushkova.
46f08629b20a956f1a9e3f219ea604b152f35018	The most diverse, as Tolstoy himself defines them, "speculations" about the most important issues of our existence happiness, death, God, love, eternity left an imprint on his character in that era of life.
40e301d4d9b3e5124e075c5c03dcb94a067e97ae	What he told in his "Adolescence" and "Youth", in the novel "Resurrection" about the aspirations of Irtenyev and Nekhludoff for self improvement, is taken by Tolstoy from the history of his own ascetic attempts of this time.
35112ebf1d4c4e1aea1450779c42513a9685a1a0	All this, wrote the critic S.
e35ae460fe456ed77f201bdcec067fe805f01bc2	A. Vengerov, led to the fact that Tolstoy created, in the words of his story "Adolescence", "a habit of constant moral analysis, which destroyed the freshness of feeling and clarity of reason."
fccb665b2dd10d8d4fb70c98d01a621931787f81	Giving examples of self analysis of this period, he ironically speaks about the exaggeration of his adolescent philosophical self love and greatness, and at the same time notes the insurmountable inability to "get used to not being ashamed of every single word and movement" when confronted with real people, whose benefactor he then seemed to himself.
feaa05784e350569e589a1201b80da3a12132e67	Education[edit / edit wiki text]
4c06b1ed6fc9acb8e28879bd48ba4549e6c1e697	The house where L. N. Tolstoy was born, 1828.
4c470e93f6015550c1b0c979eabb9a501d6b5259	In 1854, the house was sold by order of the writer for export to the village of Dolgoye.
c4165eb6134c26202b6867553110fcf52fe6a60c	It was broken in 1913.
e7809fc4221066d44de320841ee8f93ea03f6a14	His education was initially handled by the French tutor Saint Thomas (the prototype of St. Jerome in the story "Adolescence"), who replaced the good natured German Reselman, whom Tolstoy portrayed in the story" Childhood " under the name of Karl Ivanovich.
6c3ff8d0140f74eab754a2c22f0fa6e5bdc47140	In 1843, P. I. Yushkova, taking on the role of guardian of her minor nephews (only the eldest, Nikolai, was of age) and nieces, brought them to Kazan.
5e5c089145a79062b2e219d43f5b1c6ebdc11f5e	Following his brothers Nikolai, Dmitry and Sergei, Lev decided to enter the Imperial Kazan University (the most famous at that time), where Lobachevsky worked at the mathematical faculty, and Kovalevsky worked at the Eastern Faculty.
484ebe576e94031b9cc395bb6b7c87aa1c3eca39	On October 3, 1844, Leo Tolstoy was enrolled as a student of the category of Oriental (Arabic Turkish) literature as a self paying student[12].
259b1fc885450338c8302f07dc577ef7dedfe808	At the entrance exams, in particular, he showed excellent results in the "Turkish Tatar language", which is mandatory for admission.
bfdab8f29f778ec96084779dff83de59a62a84ed	According to the results of the year, he had poor academic performance in the relevant subjects, failed the transition exam and had to re pass the first year program.
a3b1f263190d74d7b69de5b5d05d1ff6ea64d670	In order to avoid a complete repetition of the course, he moved to the law faculty, where his problems with grades in some subjects continued.
7a9a2626063aa5c382fe1f6b6bd27ef34513db59	The transitional May exams of 1846 were passed satisfactorily (he received one five, three fours and four threes; the average output turned out to be three), and Lev Nikolaevich was transferred to the second year[13].
cdf2b463148feb58123282ca0426b28bc5f4d08b	Lev Tolstoy spent less than two years at the Faculty of Law: "It was always difficult for him to get any education imposed by others, and everything he learned in life, he learned himself, suddenly, quickly, with hard work," writes S.
8c002722b0d26110c4737523fa4d5f0b6c0d81ad	A. Tolstaya in her "Materials for the biography of L. N. Tolstoy"[14].
e8c26d57c5a09e199199a530a373a93d49de95b3	In 1904, he recalled: "...I didnot do anything for the first year ...
e0b016d067a5934a639ee95ac697ed8bcf2c32cc	In the second year I started studying ... there was Professor Meyer, who ... gave me a job a comparison of the "Order" Catherine with Esprit des lois <"The spirit of the laws" (fr.)Russian.> Montesquieu. ...
3bb59e4ac5c942198c55a493fb92f7a1f9f98581	I was fascinated by this work, I went to the country, began to read Montesquieu, this reading opened up endless horizons for me;
1e43c86a0a6eaeb448e598e6d2f8721055c9861e	I began to read Rousseau and dropped out of university, precisely because I wanted to study"[15].
b0b7ff76fcf148cc7017c77de455024acbfa2717	Tolstoy kept his diary from a young age until the end of his life.
aebf98af78b7dc1b339ed6e29b7acc9925e6124e	Notes from the notebook of 1891-1895.
46115f7b54392b9930906576065a635098ab99f0	Since March 11, 1847, Tolstoy was in the Kazan hospital, on March 17 he began to keep a diary, where, imitating Benjamin Franklin, he set goals and tasks for self improvement, noted successes and failures in performing these tasks, analyzed his shortcomings and the course of thoughts, the motives of his actions[16].
03eeb24b425d4e1b77b2761bb15316c2b4beaa9d	He kept this diary with small interruptions throughout his life.
1fdf9dc7fc6c08a8528d00838b1a92fd315027be	After completing treatment, in the spring of 1847, Tolstoy left his studies at the university and went to Yasnaya Polyana, which he inherited under the section [17]; his activities there are partly described in the work "The Morning of the Landowner": Tolstoy tried to establish relations with the peasants in a new way.
daa75151098f43a16bf3407e434f8874a78381d0	His attempt to somehow smooth out the young landowner's sense of guilt before the people dates back to the same year when D. V. Grigorovich's "Anton Goremyka" and the beginning of I. S. Turgenev's "Notes of the Hunter" appeared.
6a88405175b8c36b1d53f7dc34b959bdbc6de55f	In his diary, Tolstoy formulated a large number of life rules and goals, but he managed to follow only a small part of them.
52df5bbc42e2d23b608d6f1ccfa9a4032ba9a442	Among the successful ones — serious classes in English, music, law.
ae48ecf651327dd73ac2ac2cf6ead4939b00d2e8	In addition, neither the diary nor the letters reflected the beginning of Tolstoy's studies in pedagogy and charity, although in 1849 he first opened a school for peasant children.
aa0d9454b3ab5118e14f2ffa1ee9cbb90039d802	The main teacher was Foka Demidovich, a serf, but Lev Nikolaevich himself often conducted classes[10].
700050d70c78b95d2ad18b4bd42a6778330a0ae2	In mid October 1848, Tolstoy left for Moscow, settling where many of his relatives and friends lived in the Arbat district.
050195999c1877b159d49cc252a50620a10e8289	He rented Ivanova's house on the Sivtsevo Vrazhka for living.
30fbe6052f5606465e3811e52ddcb4b80e0d5cf6	In Moscow, he was going to start preparing for the candidate's exams, but classes were never started.
6d20ba6306f1a45d55c293efe0bda41416799e12	Instead, he was attracted to a completely different side of life — social life.
c29b5d6f2c90a13ea9b1e8fab3f75c879c29673c	In addition to his passion for social life, in Moscow, in the winter of 1848-1849, Lev Nikolaevich for the first time had a passion for a card game.
0a0bb2f856114c7fe4e3dd7d7392c4cf4490a67f	But since he played very recklessly and not always thinking about his moves, he often lost[18].
fc5a814de12d6a32beb6301c85eec58f9a1ce216	After leaving for St. Petersburg in February 1849, he spent time on carousals with K.
54e69f932d7234f795643b00f6088ae14584c30a	A. Islavin, the uncle of his future wife ("My love for Islavin spoiled for me the whole 8 months of my life in St. Petersburg").
226abff8f6c9ff5ed90c42a7cd1a1dae19aa4702	In the spring, Tolstoy began to take the exam for a candidate of rights; he passed two exams, from criminal law and criminal proceedings, successfully, but he did not take the third exam and left for the village[19].
f935d1a6d0f92225ad02ecd8c9c7fff4240a294e	Later, he came to Moscow, where he often spent time gambling, which often had a negative impact on his financial situation.
a9c89ddf4ae57cfb71064a4722a32bc70305f862	During this period of his life, Tolstoy was especially passionately interested in music (he himself played the piano well and greatly appreciated his favorite works performed by others).
2937d007779af8c5582e5ec2269ebe2b399cdab5	His passion for music prompted him to write the "Kreutzer Sonata" later[20].
14c352dcb6122669cce82c2cd4b32560b7aa7d44	Tolstoy's favorite composers were Bach, Handel and Chopin.
cc042707a5e84bf7d8a9d6abef4477d45c4ad9c5	Tolstoy's love for music was also promoted by the fact that during a trip to St. Petersburg in 1848, he met in a very unsuitable dance class environment with a gifted but lost German musician, whom he later described in the story "Albert".
ae0a96d7197d59647c37e35140762e0eb0768b57	In 1849, Lev Nikolaevich settled a musician Rudolf in Yasnaya Polyana, with whom he played four handed on the piano.
1eeeef27c294609a6ecb4f166584f2522e2c99d8	Being interested in music at that time, he played works by Schumann, Chopin, Mozart, Mendelssohn for several hours a day.
3c7dcc62c30e3a3c575a37cfdbf7a8526b804f52	In the late 1840s, Tolstoy co authored a waltz with his friend Zybin, which he performed in the early 1900s with the composer S. I. Taneyev, who made a musical notation of this musical work (the only one composed by Tolstoy)[21]. The waltz is played in the film Father Sergius, based on the story by Leo Tolstoy[22].
3969cfb40cbc0025bac0a5126145c25a65aa559d	A lot of time was also spent on carousing, playing and hunting.
217fc68df80b4df177263accfbd117d9c923cfa7	In the winter of 1850-1851, he began to write "Childhood".
575dc36df0ff026e6ba4f9a1bdf1ebed47831908	In March 1851, he wrote "The History of Yesterday".
ef6fd5b6f4ab6565373976a51718c9c5fa20afaf	4 years after he left the university, Lev Nikolayevich's brother Nikolai, who served in the Caucasus, came to Yasnaya Polyana, who invited his younger brother to join military service in the Caucasus.
3e34adea0fdfc9bb702719101e2794200e24bce3	Lev did not agree immediately, until a major loss in Moscow accelerated the final decision.
590c19323bcc1ed6a4b3838c3c01c84872c339c9	Biographers of the writer note the significant and positive influence of brother Nikolai on the young and inexperienced in everyday affairs of Leo.
fb11b8522404d813067cf208f224787114a2c3d0	The older brother, in the absence of his parents, was his friend and mentor[23].
ed11ca516bb385c482359eb29c321039bd781a13	In order to pay off his debts, it was necessary to reduce his expenses to a minimum — and in the spring of 1851, Tolstoy hurriedly left Moscow for the Caucasus without a specific goal.
707cda486aec8388e98b524de8f45e84fa5e5185	Soon he decided to enlist in the military, but for this he lacked the necessary documents left in Moscow, in anticipation of which Tolstoy lived for about five months in Pyatigorsk, in a simple hut.
494a4359bf307b265c297c2e8b1ed6eb98fef315	He spent a significant part of his time hunting, in the company of the Cossack Epishka, the prototype of one of the heroes of the story "The Cossacks", who appears there under the name Eroshka[9].
604ff9f97dea37c5415ac3be279b44dae4864111	Tolstoy and his brother Nikolai before leaving for the Caucasus, 1851
290003e7baa64d09a44f1175aa534caf215594f3	In the autumn of 1851, Tolstoy, having passed the exam in Tiflis, entered as a cadet in the 4th battery of the 20th Artillery Brigade, which stood in the Cossack village of Starogladovskaya on the bank of the Terek, near Kizlyar.
284c9365bd551432d746e05c5824d9fe0ed1b7b2	With some changes in details, she is depicted in the story "The Cossacks".
c4b848ca49280dbf4317714245af776b71110b4d	The story reproduces a picture of the inner life of a young master who fled from Moscow life.
d100b22a041e138ba6f0215ea81d8f9551a8c640	In the Cossack village of Tolstoy began to write and in July 1852 sent to the editor in the most popular magazine Sovremennik first part of the future autobiographical trilogy — "Childhood"[9] signed only by the initials "L. N. T.". When sending the manuscript to the journal of Leo Tolstoy put the letter, which said: "...I look forward to your sentence.
b9f0571bc4674d97b407c5b58b3039812219aaa5	He will either encourage me to continue my favorite activities, or make me burn everything I started"[24].
28d00462c759db7b8b215dfee75da6e33d5e8763	Having received the manuscript of "Childhood", the editor of" Sovremennik " N.
af3ba0f84df8b0dd63c6871eee5477fa046e36a1	A. Nekrasov immediately recognized its literary value and wrote a kind letter to the author, which had a very encouraging effect on him.
1715f977d54a9888a609ef892cc4079d05e964cb	In a letter to I. S. Turgenev, Nekrasov noted: "This is a new talent and seems to be reliable"[25].
60bd567bbde855ac96e39586ba2c84c3a9bd4241	The manuscript of an as yet unknown author was published in September of the same year.
28cd7acc2c93a12b990c079725cd91fda1129075	Meanwhile, the novice and inspired author began to continue the tetralogy "Four Epochs of Development", the last part of which — "Youth" — did not take place.
3f2f87397ef8d662ec507d8585f905b57c8878df	He was thinking over the plot of "The Morning of the Landowner" (the finished story was only a fragment of "The Novel of the Russian Landowner"), "The Raid", "The Cossacks".
b6d2705d290a27b22cbc899ed6d84353ae19633e	Published in Sovremennik on September 18, 1852," Childhood " was an extraordinary success; after publication, the author was immediately ranked among the luminaries of the young literary school, along with I. S. Turgenev, Goncharov, D. V. Grigorovich, Ostrovsky, who were already enjoying loud literary fame at that time.
704e892a2e6f00e74ba36ac199ff2375e94c2d53	Critics Apollo Grigoriev, Annenkov, Druzhinin, Chernyshevsky appreciated the depth of psychological analysis, the seriousness of the author's intentions and the bright convexity of realism[9].
0d387f99df2f255fed95a81b72accef46d541304	The relatively late beginning of the field is very characteristic of Tolstoy: he never considered himself a professional writer, understanding the professional not in the sense of a profession that provides the means to live, but in the sense of the predominance of literary interests.
594ca12e26f13d4a21ee74b027fde9e1260265e9	He did not take the interests of literary parties to heart, reluctantly talked about literature, preferring conversations about issues of faith, morality, and social relations[9].
56ba29db428c970ed07855d44294a31c9cb5a852	Military service[edit / edit wiki text]
94dd065cdf96ffb836f793bcb4a9de73edf92dd3	Stele in memory of L. N. Tolstoy, a participant in the defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855, at the fourth bastion
943c5a1e5b4b5e26fc5cf8335dc56ce13a581309	As a cadet, Lev Nikolaevich stayed for two years in the Caucasus, where he participated in many skirmishes with the mountaineers led by Shamil, and was exposed to the dangers of military Caucasian life.
9b62e0eb23d8e9749226d75ef8150cdaf9188a8c	He had the right to the St. George Cross, but in accordance with his beliefs, he "conceded" it to a fellow soldier, considering that a significant relief of the conditions of service of a colleague is above personal vanity.
9a1bca29a8769032e5cfe79acdea279735e7d3ff	With the beginning of the Crimean War, Tolstoy transferred to the Danube Army, participated in the Battle of Oltenitsa and in the siege of Silistria, and from November 1854 to the end of August 1855 was in Sevastopol[9].
135fe62791d725498f9042b1a1bcc5073f3bc373	For a long time he lived on the 4th bastion, which was often attacked, commanded a battery in the Battle of Chernaya, was bombed during the assault on Malakhov Kurgan.
9c7fff3f50def62db430896022f406acfb77bb32	Tolstoy, despite all the hardships of life and the horrors of the siege, at that time wrote the story "Cutting the Forest", which reflected Caucasian impressions, and the first of three "Sevastopol stories" — "Sevastopol in December 1854".
381d2a6c91c69f4e7019bc70ed84f67fa3021d28	He sent this story to Sovremennik.
80dd1ade271e47cb96745ddba1bdf1401e62933a	It was quickly published and read with interest by the whole of Russia, making a stunning impression with a picture of the horrors that fell to the lot of the defenders of Sevastopol.
ec32c1347c4fa8fdb7bd7b04af7c1aabe449dee1	The story was noticed by the Russian Emperor Alexander II[26][K 4]; he ordered to take care of the gifted officer[9].
55e3d5ee70a10fe57d3d3883ff864b3ac604ffa2	Even during the life of Emperor Nicholas I, Tolstoy intended to publish together with the artillery officers the "cheap and popular "magazine" Military Leaf", but Tolstoy failed to implement the magazine project: "My Sovereign Emperor most graciously deigned to allow our articles to be published in the Invalid," Tolstoy bitterly ironized about this [26].
e1b8378911c90fce306a892f2b5b0904004df142	For being during the bombing on the Yazonovsky redoubt of the fourth bastion, composure and efficiency.
fc89bbed2199031e01d210a037a031a8760112ff	— From the presentation to the Order of St. Anna of the 4th art. [27]
9f74153827f635a54b6520b367c9bf177830d377	The project of the cover of the unrealized edition of Leo Tolstoy, 1854
c910f868b66a832c18ba27617525ee280238c240	For the defense of Sevastopol, Tolstoy was awarded the Order of St. Anna of the 4th degree with the inscription "For Bravery", the medals "For the Defense of Sevastopol 1854-1855" and "In memory of the war of 1853-1856".
95d60353031af74ad9a14bb7f54418d9ed0bdc36	Subsequently, he was awarded two [28] medals "In memory of the 50th anniversary of the defense of Sevastopol": silver as a participant in the defense of Sevastopol and bronze as the author of "Sevastopol stories" [29].
eb02a9163b9362c7ccc9208235b1544976b33301	Tolstoy, enjoying the reputation of a brave officer and surrounded by the brilliance of fame, had every chance of a career.
790fb5250bf0c3cefab36cc4fd096bd9929cd29b	Nevertheless, his career was spoiled by writing several satirical songs, stylized as soldiers ' songs.
a38b5a697f885c05a58626e191412ed1d78be1cf	One of these songs was dedicated to the failure during the battle of the Chernaya River on August 4 (16), 1855, when General Read, having misunderstood the commander in chief's order, attacked Fedyukhin heights.
65123c138a2ab7d6cb7e267af6026dfbcc89604e	The song entitled "As on the fourth day, we were not easy to take away the mountains", which touched a number of important generals, was a huge success.
02e5d3947528005d0dd3dd4e9754b05238db36e1	For her, Lev Nikolaevich had to answer to the assistant Chief of Staff A.
3047a836ecb4f508e7a7f34133889829495909f9	A. Yakimakh.
d717559bf99d6865d34ae0d4e099cacd238cce2f	Immediately after the assault on August 27 (September 8), Tolstoy was sent by courier to St. Petersburg, where he finished "Sevastopol in May 1855" and wrote "Sevastopol in August 1855", published in the first issue of "Sovremennik" for 1856 with the author's full signature.
447f4021bdb6cb4a870a888520c8c0a71d3d9216	"Sevastopol stories" finally strengthened his reputation as a representative of a new literary generation, and in November 1856, the writer left military service forever[9] with the rank of lieutenant.
dc5b482d58bd0cbf4448afcc4efbdf000725001a	Travel in Europe[edit / edit wiki text]
cb15c5457159290ce3cb62db65f62b85e29ff6cd	In St. Petersburg, the young writer was warmly welcomed in high society salons and in literary circles.
48e5b10c0b6b11ea1de7f80268d46a994f8dd1a1	He became closest friends with I. S. Turgenev, with whom they lived in the same apartment for some time.
e8d83f7855f33b63504e51d864af3cca2362880e	Turgenev introduced him to the Sovremennik circle, after which Tolstoy established friendly relations with such famous writers as N.
6f5f77109aa444ca61e115a0900e3b9e04ca6b8e	A. Nekrasov, I. S. Goncharov, I. I. Panaev, D. V. Grigorovich, A.V. Druzhinin, V.
adb5ba5c43c679785f1b34eafad9a0fa62967dde	A. Sollogub[9].
df56432f00af3b1bd86759d96b4b9e42ea435666	At this time, "Blizzard", "Two Hussars" were written, "Sevastopol in August" and "Youth" were completed, the writing of future "Cossacks"was continued[19].
7e217375ef71cc210a63c33435b563e697e842fa	However, a cheerful and eventful life left a bitter residue in Tolstoy's soul, at the same time he began to have a strong discord with a circle of writers close to him.
671082caa564d54a7f41c63b1e34e873ee08e4d9	As a result," people were disgusted with him, and he was disgusted with himself " — and at the beginning of 1857, Tolstoy left St. Petersburg without any regret and went on a trip[9].
4e5e516f680b891904989ccbbfe08f9ddc027ea1	On his first trip abroad, he visited Paris, where he was horrified by the cult of Napoleon I ("The deification of the villain, terrible"), at the same time he visited balls, museums, admired the "sense of social freedom".
c6bbc3b773e30089bc821f930bc915cb2eb9e14b	However, the presence at the guillotining made such a heavy impression that Tolstoy left Paris and went to places associated with the French writer and thinker J.-J. Rousseau on Lake Geneva.
e1d7fafed9b444da02e0e94a323c7f147b41dec0	In the spring of 1857, I. S. Turgenev described his meetings with Leo Tolstoy in Paris in the following way after his sudden departure from St. Petersburg:
41cb4285ad7896c0c69ad16dad69b53efc40da76	"Indeed, Paris is not at all in harmony with his spiritual system; he is a strange person, I have not met such people and I do not quite understand.
53c95c167c74a0c5fc60ae4741ea4e83537cf441	A mixture of a poet, a Calvinist, a fanatic, a barich — something reminiscent of Rousseau, but more honest than Rousseau — a highly moral and at the same time unsympathetic being."
04bd50579404d8596fb007d7e100477c16dac003	- I. S. Turgenev, Full of collected works and letters.
2fde352af94dcef828769fe28009fb67519d62c5	Letters, vol . III, p .
0bc4ca2e1876baa52b8fabf1c241386216855877	52.
af2edfaadd5e92e04255a7e66f5733352397a043	Trips to Western Europe — Germany, France, England, Switzerland, Italy (in 1857 and 1860-1861) made a rather negative impression on him.
e1e7ad2ce4828778b4da6f0099d3eb75a5e02573	He expressed his disappointment in the European way of life in the story "Lucerne".
5dd9ae530dc7b9c1b591de0a8325b8c0c54d4aa3	Tolstoy's disappointment was caused by the deep contrast between wealth and poverty, which he was able to see through the magnificent external cover of European culture[9].
8c8830f7c4eeb7bc61b9247b058df9d1cde939aa	Lev Nikolaevich is writing the novel "Albert".
ba48f244e48268c93657035855125216a4a52b8f	At the same time, friends do not cease to be surprised by his eccentricities: in his letter to I. S. Turgenev in the autumn of 1857, P. V. Annenkov told Tolstoy's project for planting forests throughout Russia, and in his letter to V. P. Botkin, Leo Tolstoy reported how he was very glad that he did not become only a writer against Turgenev's advice.
8e47b5bad10b5d4c241bb28f2ac4fb391d32245b	However, in the interval between the first and second trips, the writer continued working on "The Cossacks", wrote the story "Three Deaths" and the novel "Family Happiness".
92748c2d80d5ac4a1be8645843b24df1f13c914d	On the day of the photography of the writers of Sovremennik, Levitsky made separate portraits of each writer in his studio.
651c8740be8e3a72c083952df490e100b631079e	Tolstoy is wearing the uniform of a participant in the Crimean War
f0a518fdab80ba194dcdc2e85c5f51cc303fa6cf	Russian writers of the circle of the magazine "Sovremennik": I.
35aba8a8b5d7017be703cad36ef0a153b15f4f39	A. Goncharov, I. S. Turgenev, L. N. Tolstoy, D. V. Grigorovich, A.V. Druzhinin and A. N. Ostrovsky.
941d48654e23482468690eb196ec3242be5affba	February 15, 1856 Photo by S. L. Levitsky
4c4bc415adc0d7cb41f168c537d3d66f5d242415	His last novel was published in the" Russian Bulletin " by Mikhail Katkov.
f0e5803ffe634c480c58ebce14285cdba61680a3	Tolstoy's collaboration with the magazine Sovremennik, which lasted from 1852, ended in 1859.
d83398755d7a7d192bde7620dbc6568199cf8812	In the same year, Tolstoy took part in the organization of the Literary Fund.
8265fe577944c7a1245f54284489601a81f9253a	But his life was not limited to literary interests: on December 22, 1858, he almost died on a bear hunt.
7b682908d9b94f3fefe83726e69f109b34aa66fd	Around the same time, he began an affair with a peasant woman Aksinya Bazykina[30], plans for marriage are maturing.
9d07cecf867cf0e7d1eed4125d536f6538347683	On his next trip, he was mainly interested in public education and institutions aimed at raising the educational level of the working population.
feaddb8cc3198533196b74134cbd2ff2b7d4b6b6	He carefully studied the issues of public education in Germany and France, both theoretically and practically — in conversations with specialists.
e8cc58796d0539d695fb3250aa5ea92559950b76	Of the outstanding people in Germany, he was most interested in Bertold Auerbach as the author of the "Black Forest Stories" devoted to folk life and as the publisher of folk calendars.
52e52c7f3177ed3f742e0514ab95ede991601938	Tolstoy paid him a visit and tried to get closer to him.
b6b92d5c4417215eca9735320dde5e7aec6a070e	In addition, he also met with the German teacher Disterweg.
f3ef46c08c841d827509f0e21f30f215a11af23c	During his stay in Brussels, Tolstoy met Proudhon and Lelevel.
feae633f80d5a1578cc662aae0d88b54067eeb96	In London, he visited A. I. Herzen, was at a lecture by Charles Dickens[9].
f71299bcce977bc7b73f7bab753d5aef89266790	Tolstoy's serious mood during his second trip to the south of France was also facilitated by the fact that his beloved brother Nikolai died of tuberculosis almost on his hands.
249f59aa7e566914e89a62aa6b6b4a97c6be618c	The death of his brother made a huge impression on Tolstoy[9].
5435ff10d50147b0366cce7b6cdc326887da3e25	Gradually, criticism cools down to Leo Tolstoy for 10-12 years, until the very appearance of "War and Peace"[9], and he himself did not strive for rapprochement with writers, making an exception only for Athanasius Fet.
806dc84959fedbd20da07f20a67b2855b282ff06	One of the reasons for this estrangement was the quarrel between Leo Tolstoy and Turgenev, which occurred at a time when both prose writers were visiting Fet at the Stepanovka estate in May 1861.
f032887b5435f9ab967bf316330bd814c50f2397	The quarrel almost ended in a duel and spoiled the relationship between the writers for a long 17 years[31].
36fc30c4d9812a296a62783f4085f40f6085c589	Treatment in the Bashkir nomad Karalyk[edit / edit wiki text]
e2a57fbab7b2c167455b048e85461b608ea510b7	In May 1862, Lev Nikolaevich, suffering from depression[32], on the recommendation of doctors, went to the Bashkir farm Karalyk, Samara province, to be treated with a new and fashionable method of kumis treatment at that time.
7333681d677166e4d8bce63237b0855749e4f275	Initially, he was going to stay in Postnikov's kumysolechebnitsa near Samara, but after learning that many high ranking officials were coming at the same time (a secular society that the young count could not stand), he went to the Bashkir nomad Karalyk, on the Karalyk River, 130 versts from Samara.
fb277e42ba235331328fa6e125e7bf5276e1516a	There Tolstoy lived in Bashkirskaya in a kibitka (yurt), he ate mutton, took sun baths, drank kumis, tea, and also had fun with the Bashkirs playing checkers.
79ff3ec00f8dbc39c432c87a82f139edc5f8da71	The first time he stayed there for a month and a half.
2691bcad439e2c6d42351dd4b7465641e86fe5e0	In 1871, when he had already written "War and Peace", he returned there again due to poor health.
464d3931e58d70559e4d5483c50f1c7e147a0e05	He wrote about his impressions as follows: "The melancholy and indifference have passed, I feel myself coming to the Scythian state, and everything is interesting and new… Many things are new and interesting: Bashkirs, who smell of Herodotus, and Russian peasants, and villages, especially charming for the simplicity and kindness of the people"[33].
81037d0220cbdcc9723b7fd4daa94912f237610d	Fascinated by Karalyk, Tolstoy bought an estate in these places, and already spent the summer of the following year, 1872, together with the whole family in it[33].
00f2cbbc75479b4253438c7c25f638b1c3e9885b	Pedagogical activity[edit / edit wiki text]
58f94745ddb1525887b51f559f0c21c2ca3a18f1	Main article: The pedagogical teaching of L. N. Tolstoy
efef73421be268aafda42fd24c788f8f813ae308	Tolstoy's second magazine was more successful than the "Military Leaflet", but it was published only for one year
1f894cb25bf3c17b442fcb8ac8c55911b39c695b	L. N. Tolstoy, 1862.
0d65f912dbe2456179b4eb25fa2671251d2af0d7	Photo by M. B. Tulinov.
78e1cb21910fd8c50070fe03934b0b25e1f7be13	Moscow.
c71c7294a9ea8a69e89ebe1767d115a942b68d46	In 1859, even before the liberation of the peasants, Tolstoy was actively engaged in the establishment of schools in his Yasnaya Polyana and in the entire Krapivensky district[34].
a91855dc9d94d52512cf9827053e2168d7f03c5e	The Yasnaya Polyana school was one of the original pedagogical experiments: in the era of admiration for the German pedagogical school, Tolstoy resolutely rebelled against any regulation and discipline in the school.
104b7cd33eec1816488756caa269bab3a31ae97a	According to him, everything in teaching should be individual — both the teacher and the student, and their mutual relations.
18263a4b5adff6beb013a7afd13425c73fdbd97b	In the Yasnaya Polyana school, the children sat where they wanted, who wanted as much as they wanted and who wanted as they wanted.
3947f7b21435a77df4ab1ab3b2c62face8625f75	There was no specific teaching program.
70ac76b609b932f668e2cf18b1c92acd9139d4fd	The teacher's only task was to interest the class.
339b9cfdd6476a24c93220ce69ed532de1beeb1a	The classes were successful.
8a7c25e1731e69d40b5d08d377cfa74563ef76c8	They were conducted by Tolstoy himself with the help of several permanent teachers and several random ones from his closest acquaintances and visitors[9].
6816f276bba5a622170be94a7cb656946592a830	Since 1862, Tolstoy began to publish the pedagogical magazine "Yasnaya Polyana", where he himself was the main employee.
a778af0d9a199e4a6b28ea756adb45aee88745c4	Without experiencing the vocation of a publisher, Tolstoy managed to publish only 12 issues of the magazine, the last of which appeared with a lag in 1863[35].
b8bfaaa3c83436242614f8607ea3330014a647e0	In addition to theoretical articles, he also wrote a number of short stories, fables and transcriptions adapted for elementary school.
4d9242dd72c5a3520c993890c251e0aa0349fa38	Combined together, Tolstoy's pedagogical articles made up a whole volume of his collected works.
3704b4702fe1c3fc1dde14765273681cc4b16fd5	At the time, they went unnoticed.
1077a0aba191ad95b47be40ee0d5e2516f4e2076	No one paid attention to the sociological basis of Tolstoy's ideas about education, to the fact that Tolstoy saw only simplified and improved ways of exploiting the people by the upper classes in education, science, art and the success of technology.
f57dd1e8fc1f56167400853196d55e68d44ef351	Moreover, from Tolstoy's attacks on European education and "progress", many have concluded that Tolstoy is a "conservative"[9].
933d314d9d956bbf90a9b3519e9fec7c7abe4258	Soon Tolstoy left teaching classes.
77764f494265fb895e7f20adb6ee3745c415be44	Marriage, the birth of his own children, plans related to the writing of the novel "War and Peace", pushed his pedagogical activities for ten years.
60e92ddda22cb5c7003e18042db004628f9bcdb4	Only in the early 1870s he began to create his own " Abc "and published it in 1872, and then published the "New Alphabet" and a series of four "Russian books for reading"[36], approved as a result of long ordeals by the Ministry of Public Education as manuals for primary educational institutions.
93aa8c7d28dfb50c453e7238f63860ad898a178b	In the early 1870s, educational classes at the Yasnaya Polyana school were restored again for a short time[37][38].
c384c89eb3d9faa7ab30c5fe812390c68f54d152	The experience of the Yasnaya Polyana school was later useful to some domestic teachers.
ee58e1bde610bd201059b0a1ea05ee1b7a224c58	So S. T. Shatsky, creating his own school colony "Cheerful Life" in 1911, started from the experiments of Leo Tolstoy in the field of pedagogy of cooperation[38].
e5421488b2600f68b1403df749788a1bcac268ca	Public activity in the 1860s[edit / edit wiki text]
aa33561459b745fa9905fb58600ffd86a2b1cc3a	Upon returning from the Euro
832e6b5463b043b2265eb37b897d0884b3b8d740	Persons F-...- I
c06241be7a42827635b1e6e7b72e633d8beec69f	Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy biography, information, personal life
70d8acea7076ca1fc920bb1fea60cf060f6c48ae	Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (August 28 [September 9] 1828, Yasnaya Polyana, Tula Province, Russian Empire November 7 [20] 1910, Astapovo Station, Ryazan Province, Russian Empire) was one of the most widely known Russian writers and thinkers, revered as one of the greatest writers in the world.
d9daa32a9e8d71c50f06d79a703bec2d9e5abaf7	Tolstoy's maternal grandfather, the Catherine's general, Nikolai Sergeyevich Volkonsky, had some resemblance to the stern rigorist the old Prince Bolkonsky in "War and Peace".
ae8ae79281fdebcdf772bc682483b6a53fede0a9	Here Lev Nikolayevich remained until 1840, when Countess Osten Saken died, and the children moved to Kazan, to a new guardian — his father's sister P. I. Yushkova.
6d32d3f91edb34e534f09b7fdd5acf843b697665	Following his brothers Nikolai, Dmitry and Sergei, Lev decided to enroll in the Imperial Kazan University, where Lobachevsky worked at the mathematical faculty, and Kovalevsky worked at the Eastern Faculty.
cec9c2a011d54f93130c63fc016115d140a25787	On October 3, 1844, Leo Tolstoy was enrolled as a student of the category of Oriental (Arabic Turkish) literature as a self paying student.
af2c307e6b4a7af6f4d34bb7d071c6f4a059ceeb	The transitional May exams of 1846 were passed satisfactorily (he received one five, three fours and four threes; the average output turned out to be three), and Lev Nikolaevich was transferred to the second year.
9f3fedf71f6d0ff796a486967d3b552ebb460db8	A. Tolstaya in her "Materials for the biography of L. N. Tolstoy".
1b281d7e6179bc9ffcffbc4a2274c88a962d01d5	In 1904, he recalled: "I'm the first year ...I didnot do anything.
fb3167bbf0a7ffb65a849246206f61784820937e	In the second year, I started studying ...there was Professor Meyer, who ...he gave me a job a comparison of the "Order" Catherine with Esprit des lois ("The Spirit of the Laws") Montesquieu. ...
df88267ecca0af68f848386da5a7452a7e573991	I began to read Rousseau and dropped out of university, precisely because I wanted to study."
4825c9218115173c3ad7d87b3ec50739d7b03d70	Since March 11, 1847, Tolstoy was in the Kazan hospital, on March 17 he began to keep a diary, where, imitating Benjamin Franklin, he set goals and tasks for self improvement, noted successes and failures in performing these tasks, analyzed his shortcomings and the course of thoughts, the motives of his actions.
a244f4aec4a536f5f537bdb1d572bd5e57adbfbf	After completing his treatment, in the spring of 1847 Tolstoy left his studies at the university and went to Yasnaya Polyana, which he inherited under the section; his activities there are partly described in the work "The Morning of the Landowner": Tolstoy tried to establish new relations with the peasants.
0e1335cfe8e385d6aa158eb980e907227a23e668	In addition, neither the diary nor the letters reflected the beginning of Tolstoy's studies in pedagogy and charity, although in 1849 he opened a school for peasant children for the first time.
b273aadbfe7ce49c17c5a7ac55fa62e0876cf753	The main teacher was Foka Demidovich, a serf, but Lev Nikolaevich himself often conducted classes.
b3b78e6210919e41b736c0a60baf755414678e2a	He was staying at Ivanova's house in Nikolopeskovsky Lane.
5a35f500be8f1a3b5b1b1bebbfb4a3ccb5eedf06	In addition to his passion for social life, in Moscow, in the winter of 1848-1849, Lev Nikolaevich first developed a passion for a card game.
39afcfbc17a4f1959b02bb7fba6b1aae3627f6d0	But since he played very recklessly and not always thinking about his moves, he often lost.
808f021347a3931741667c993c7dc95162fe30f1	In the spring, Tolstoy began to take the exam for the candidate of rights; he passed two exams, from criminal law and criminal justice, successfully, but he did not take the third exam and left for the village.
094b756a86d3ea0e11af8882db7fb34d829f41e8	His passion for music prompted him later to write the "Kreutzer Sonata".
8d4b2e834b29dd1a930e6a070d645eb00017280e	The development of Tolstoy's love for music was also facilitated by the fact that during a trip to St. Petersburg in 1848, he met in a very unsuitable dance class environment with a gifted but lost German musician, whom he later described in the story "Albert".
a9622cffd81e6965d8112e90819a96bafc5c662a	In the late 1840s, Tolstoy co authored a waltz with his friend Zybin, which he performed in the early 1900s with the composer S. I. Taneyev, who made a musical notation of this musical work (the only one composed by Tolstoy).
17ca1040cd2c172362be31b2550a21ecd94b0833	4 years after he left the university, Lev Nikolaevich's brother Nikolai, who served in the Caucasus, came to Yasnaya Polyana, who invited his younger brother to join military service in the Caucasus.
daa3e249229a78272d24383a3ce628b8c3cc1271	His older brother was a friend and mentor to him in the absence of his parents.
6d965592f57afd58712003bb93735e18bbfd485e	He spent a significant part of his time hunting, in the company of the Cossack Epishka, the prototype of one of the heroes of the story "The Cossacks", who appears there under the name Eroshka.
ce2dfc5524f854a12c0fcc853be435a75a6cd3c4	In the Cossack village, Tolstoy began to write again and in July 1852 he sent the first part of the future autobiographical trilogy "Childhood", signed only with the initials "L. N. T.", to the editorial office of the most popular magazine at that time, "Sovremennik", signed only with the initials "L. N. T.". When sending the manuscript to the magazine, Leo Tolstoy attached a letter in which he said axis: "...I am looking forward to your verdict.
3a371d594e4868c3b3581a3328c6b937a85d8721	He will either encourage me to continue my favorite activities, or make me burn everything I started."
5b0ab8fdb3a275b96d71ba90fae98ac94116bffc	In a letter to I. S. Turgenev, Nekrasov noted: "This talent is new and seems to be reliable."
b7ff7bc6b886d266eeb1d0dcd06a6589f59b9c50	Critics Apollo Grigoriev, Annenkov, Druzhinin, Chernyshevsky appreciated the depth of psychological analysis, the seriousness of the author's intentions and the bright convexity of realism.
6faf2f3baade1d6602093b0ce8618b74f04acd1d	The relatively late beginning of the field is very characteristic of Tolstoy: he never considered himself a professional writer, understanding professionalism not in the sense of a profession that provides a means of living, but in the sense of the predominance of literary interests.
136fbf615ec782e8050a9e87cb61d6b7278fd9e5	He did not take the interests of literary parties to heart, reluctantly talked about literature, preferring to talk about issues of faith, morality, and social relations.
3c6974c534180b710f375a1f707c892441bfb5eb	With the beginning of the Crimean War, Tolstoy transferred to the Danube Army, participated in the Battle of Oltenitsa and in the siege of Silistria, and from November 1854 to the end of August 1855 was in Sevastopol.
ca6d35b847b2b75c4e1a71a9e3ec06bb2f93c37f	Tolstoy, despite all the hardships of life and the horrors of the siege, at this time wrote the story "Cutting the Forest", which reflected Caucasian impressions, and the first of three "Sevastopol stories" — "Sevastopol in December 1854".
2abda964e8d6a96f19b1b855ff1e1ccfe20062f1	The story was noticed by the Russian Emperor Alexander II; he ordered to take care of the gifted officer.
6a758c0ac5255450caaf698876be33ad1ef2a041	Even during the life of Emperor Nicholas I, Tolstoy intended to publish together with the artillery officers the "cheap and popular "magazine" Military Leaf", but Tolstoy failed to implement the magazine project: "My Sovereign Emperor most graciously deigned to allow our articles to be published in the Invalid, "Tolstoy bitterly ironized about this.
8dad4af2faa0c26605c2ed8d8d60ee95c62c248a	Subsequently, he was awarded two medals "In memory of the 50th anniversary of the defense of Sevastopol": silver as a participant in the defense of Sevastopol and bronze as the author of"Sevastopol stories".
50ed82fb3d4b2bddf81141db5eb26adfcf67f15a	"Sevastopol stories" finally strengthened his reputation as a representative of a new literary generation, and in November 1856, the writer left military service forever.
cf6538e61219971dccdf99ec34b58dc814eb1efe	A. Sollogub.
c40a21dad63f4a8c4e4375b0ba96647ce1299c2e	At this time, "Blizzard", "Two Hussars" were written, "Sevastopol in August" and "Youth" were completed, the writing of the future "Cossacks"continued.
9a931bdd39666546cca791885ba755e03c824c6a	As a result," people were disgusted with him, and he was disgusted with himself " — and at the beginning of 1857, Tolstoy left St. Petersburg without any regret and went abroad.
3d1114b069837a6fc9a49138e6a4cd7c50918a31	In the spring of 1857, I. S. Turgenev described his meetings with Leo Tolstoy in Paris in the following way after his sudden departure from St. Petersburg: "Indeed, Paris does not at all fit into his spiritual system; he is a strange man, I have not met such people and do not quite understand.
1c51319c28726f170e61fb2a2970a264032f9933	Tolstoy's disappointment was caused by the deep contrast between wealth and poverty, which he was able to see through the magnificent external cover of European culture.
2fa7e0a7ee5b013c800fcc0374473946c84cc749	Around the same time, he began an affair with a peasant woman Aksinya Bazykina, plans for marriage are maturing.
26d16ad9318978e252c9252d79ed21d22265cd38	In London, he visited A. I. Herzen, attended a lecture by Charles Dickens.
0f875af60edd864e9ccb6125fdb88bffc9e91791	The death of his brother made a huge impression on Tolstoy.
3086e6eb91b50ff1bc1cd2f9bda40fc004d88cf8	Gradually, criticism for 10-12 years cools down to Leo Tolstoy, until the very appearance of "War and Peace", and he himself did not strive for rapprochement with writers, making an exception only for Athanasius Fet.
59f3d5e990d98566e22603e868b0716fdbd217d4	The quarrel almost ended in a duel and spoiled the relationship between the writers for a long 17 years.
eac5a34f9289a4e4514748632daf428a14cb9dac	In May 1862, Lev Nikolaevich, suffering from depression, went to the Bashkir farm Karalyk, Samara province, on the recommendation of doctors I came to be treated with a new and fashionable method of kumysolechenie at that time.
7ee71aa92c3a9cf841e53be2dc11491b891a188e	There Tolstoy lived in a Bashkir kibitka (yurt), ate mutton, took sun baths, drank kumis, tea, and also had fun with the Bashkirs playing checkers.
5ae78d3e8e86c2d1774aa3d39324fd3656073bde	He wrote about his impressions as follows: "The melancholy and indifference have passed, I feel like I'm coming to the Scythian state, and everything is interesting and new...
e75e5b9cc46aa64095193cf5b47d4caa22eadeba	A lot is new and interesting: Bashkirs, who smell of Herodotus, and Russian peasants, and villages, especially charming for the simplicity and kindness of the people."
dde7e3b959223e9778251391e5ed0bd75bc5d8f7	Fascinated by Karalyk, Tolstoy bought an estate in these places, and already spent the summer of the following year, 1872, together with the whole family in it.
052c6d21baece13f64d2154520a2f3656ae35703	In July 1866, Tolstoy appeared at a military field court as a defender of Vasil Shabunin, a company clerk standing near Yasnaya Polyana of the Moscow Infantry Regiment.
a2a262d843fbce4c77fc6e5386493c06de818200	Shabunin hit an officer who ordered him to be punished with rods for being drunk.
e87bb196541c0925aef1eb1bc300433be33505f8	Tolstoy proved Shabunin's insanity, but the court found him guilty and sentenced him to death.
ed6d8198de5a880136d1979fcb19e3e140960879	Shabunin was shot.
d2e79c43c1b303c878fdae503fcd493884428979	This episode made a great impression on Tolstoy, as he saw in this terrible phenomenon the merciless force represented by a state based on violence.
4ddd3d937316f32104b5ff365e4e58cb623ec1e2	On this occasion, he wrote to his friend, the publicist P. I. Biryukov: "This case had much more influence on my whole life than all the seemingly more important events in life: the loss or recovery of a fortune, successes or failures in literature, even the loss of close people."
11c7b3f3b2179da16564963d9c60e6924edaf3ba	During the first 12 years after his marriage, he created " War and Peace "and"Anna Karenina".
98e8dd4dd8c07302aa48e035d485839ba37fd0c9	At the turn of this second era of Tolstoy's literary life, "The Cossacks", conceived in 1852 and completed in 1861-1862, is the first of the works in which the mature Tolstoy's talent was most realized.
6843dd031d150fa096e45b0dd6db5a9d99880f0f	The main interest of Tolstoy's creativity was manifested "in the 'history' of characters, in their continuous and complex movement and development."
722512e76e36a814e4f7daa301e0004667f52732	Its purpose was to show the ability of a person to moral growth, improvement, opposition to the environment based on the power of his own soul.
ad370fb24140fa19cbb157d086b195caac32f6b7	The release of "War and Peace" was preceded by work on the novel "The Decembrists" (1860-1861), to which the author repeatedly returned, but which remained unfinished.
0e83bf3d9e93248b44c7428c62acd8fe0ef9514c	And the share of "War and Peace" was an unprecedented success.
794917a990a46e3180800b2ebc83ec6e92367042	An excerpt from the novel entitled "1805" appeared in the "Russian Bulletin" of 1865; in 1868, three parts of it were published, which were soon followed by the remaining two.
2b0492e4bfe26556096df3ee2561bac565b72835	The first four volumes of War and Peace quickly sold out, and a second edition was needed, which was released in October 1868.
df9f766064d4b5c23f3db76ee7c626515ea4e231	The fifth and sixth volumes of the novel were published in the same edition, printed in an already increased circulation.
c16b437930ab4e7a25791cb02c9703d245702fd3	"War and Peace" has become a unique phenomenon in both Russian and foreign literature.
561956dd0fa8e8840e62f4f6a3a147e32023d3bd	This work has absorbed all the depth and intimacy of a psychological novel with the scope and multi figure nature of an epic fresco.
9ebcbb77697f6f5dc1a87ded999741702e14efeb	The writer, according to V. Ya.
ad5b36b4fb932ed19add9c6537d74ca9cc7f4edf	Lakshin, turned "to a special state of national consciousness in the heroic time of 1812, when people from different strata of the population united in resistance to foreign invasion," which, in turn, " created the ground for an epic."
633835b0cee725403a5335682549a25e6557061d	The author showed national Russian features in " hidden warmth
0e446c767386a263be45964438b1a64396f5d0e6	lifestyle.
3d9c4d9871e7a0763a251623fb03b77897eafa33	In 1847, he left the university and, returning to Yasnaya Polyana, engaged in self education; in 1848 he left for Moscow, where, according to his own words, he lived "very carelessly".
110e99f5bd80612bc031a0c8db024a79ab2a0b20	But all this time there was intense spiritual work going on in him: Tolstoy was trying to understand the world and his place in it.
2252c96738c716e9be5e6fe1b5f7ec90b7522bb4	In 1851, he entered military service in the Caucasus and began to seriously study literature: "Childhood", "Adolescence", stories were written.
95b447633c85b78b983b96caccf59441aad4c06e	In 1854, Tolstoy participated in the defense of Sevastopol.
259830624f2d4340c40d8fa5804a1ea10bfd8183	In 1856, with the rank of lieutenant, he left military service, traveled around the Zap.
31a077bcd61ebd8850d0b885e51f13991964991e	Europe.
e37598aa8e3ae5787da47cc6d13e737ca96f2a3f	Returning to Russia, he became a world mediator, taking part in the implementation of peasant reform, but aroused the hostility of the landowners by protecting peasant interests and was dismissed from office.
38cf1bf2ada72e0ffe69117504cbc5b50a8c4982	In the 60s, he opened a number of schools in his district, the main center of which was the first experimental Yasnaya Polyana school in Russia, which became for Tolstoy "a poetic, charming thing that you canot tear yourself away from".
483fa95e8141ece8ad4e9f72538f8e3cdcb58745	He taught children without coercion, seeing them as free people like himself; he created an original method that has not lost its significance.
4e3306d089c6a13680d82843b6c71ad18d7330a6	In 1862 Tolstoy married S.
dcf187a335b160576b07cd8296a831d81cfd6c16	A. Bers and settled in Yasnaya Polyana, where he wrote the novels "War and Peace", "Anna Karenina", etc.
5f5314089c6fc973e09070ceca32603e4a3b7707	In 1884, he moved to Moscow, where he participated in the population census.
1d560e693e19c2754d6ee8683e38e2e819e8ae55	Socio religious and philosophical searches led Tolstoy to create his own religious and philosophical system (Tolstoyism), which he outlined in the articles "Criticism of Dogmatic theology", "What is my faith", etc. Tolstoy preached in his life and works of art ("The Resurrection", "The Death of Ivan Ilyich", "The Kreutzer Sonata", etc.) the need for moral improvement, universal love, non resistance to evil by violence, for which he was attacked both by rev.-democratic figures and by the church, from which Tolstoy was excommunicated by the decision of the Synod in 1901.
fe1502ab27277a43d65c95de0950cf8ed982f634	Never remaining indifferent to the suffering of people, he fought against hunger in 1891, made an article "I canot be silent", protesting against the death penalty in 1908, etc. Tormented by his belonging to high society, the opportunity to live better than the peasants who were nearby, Tolstoy in October 1910, fulfilling his decision to live the last years according to his views, secretly left Yasnaya Polyana, renouncing the "circle of the rich and scientists".
9fc54226a3fc3fedcb9c5dc66cac09afed8a2c56	Having fallen ill on the way, he died.
03b1b686ef94dd6a17d0a75e3858de6582f2827f	He was buried in Yasnaya Polyana.
c558adbbd6b7843bb2d85b06cba685fac0662e22	A.M. Gorky said about him: "This man did a truly huge thing: he gave the result of what he had experienced for a whole century and gave it with amazing truthfulness, strength and beauty."
c0063bd5432fdd86b0abd8798432593bb044350d	The materials of the book are used: Shikman A. P. Figures of national history.
cede257ca764684d5825a92f6a600bf7bd506f44	Biographical reference book.
e79bac1261e8310d8ad6fcd8f0976c8a7a47a520	Moscow, 1997
87c0bd75f909f29aeb386965b8f5c9e0251680f8	Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich, Count (1828-1910), novelist, playwright, publicist.
e43a9997c592b7fe8351b996144a5f1f641ae779	He was born on August 28 (September 9, n. s.) in the Yasnaya Polyana estate of the Tula province.
bf759963359dd0fc81f87880ce5ac421ecb6a1e0	By origin, he belonged to the oldest aristocratic families of Russia.
6b548fde34b2924bcd7ff01d0505037e7752d6b6	He received a home education and upbringing.
cf89988f797d2c50237ab31566fad0469fcc0127	After the death of his parents (his mother died in 1830, his father in 1837), the future writer with three brothers and a sister moved to Kazan, to the guardian P.Yushkova.
5b434b020a0897072000a32989c5f9cd340b29d0	As a sixteen year old boy, he entered Kazan University, first at the Faculty of Philosophy in the category of Arabic - Turkish literature, then studied at the Faculty of Law (1844-47).
eadd9e048ac3182e1d3fe58c95b50183445da8a0	In 1847, without completing the course, he left the university and came to Yasnaya Polyana, which he received as property under the division of his father's inheritance.
1b5756a3e608d26137cba2ee92de7895aff13674	He spends the next four years in search: he tries to rebuild the life of the peasants of Yasnaya Polyana (1847), lives a secular life in Moscow (1848), goes to St. Petersburg University to take exams for the degree of candidate of law (spring 1849), is determined to serve as a clerk in the Tula noble deputy assembly (autumn 1849).
ce72f832b6d290889f178cbdb78c5dfa862d6734	In 1851, he left Yasnaya Polyana for the Caucasus, the place of service of his older brother Nikolai, and participated as a volunteer in military operations against the Chechens.
c500c90bbc466c6465c8458d2b3cd793435d2c37	Episodes of the Caucasian war are described by him in the stories "Raid" (1853), "Logging" (1855), in the story "Cossacks" (1852-63).
6d36a51f680a85db0979aff24beb7475c63ed583	He passes the exam for a cadet, preparing to become an officer.
adb4ae3a13c3ea444a5f131dffe3751857a010fd	In 1854, as an artillery officer, he was transferred to the Danube Army, which operated against the Turks.
a92ad2e6efba32c98c8aa8c303ce150bf06e3093	In the Caucasus, he seriously begins to engage in literary creativity, writes the story "Childhood", which receives the approval of Nekrasov and is published in the magazine"Sovremennik".
4c2002d6c29a3f06840c15d730f71745680980a8	Later, the novel "Boyhood"(1852-54) will be published there.
49ccb9c0b047a01a71d977c30894e105ee391b23	Shortly after the outbreak of the Crimean War, Tolstoy, at his personal request, was transferred to Sevastopol, where he participated in the defense of the besieged city, showing rare fearlessness.
cde1a6406c6cbe40fc43c4e2ea1669358df12a85	He is awarded the Order of St.Anna with the inscription "For bravery" and medals "For the defense of Sevastopol".
e408a4159c0786878f85e927a84a91c7cda1001f	In "Sevastopol Stories" he will draw a mercilessly reliable picture of the war, which will make a huge impression on Russian society.
1a66ec29b6cc7a3d53474e6a91c3600503befcf4	During the same years, he wrote the last part of the trilogy - "Youth" (1855-56), in which he declares himself not just a "poet of childhood", but a researcher of human nature.
2ad5d44a633dd1b0b5cb13b34c4aad56f188c988	This interest in man and the desire to understand the laws of spiritual and spiritual life will continue in the future creativity.
81dac5aa381eea6821df183fe891a4cc69713c2a	In 1855, having arrived in St. Petersburg, he became close to the staff of the Sovremennik magazine, met I. Turgenev, I. Goncharov, A. Ostrovsky, N. Chernyshevsky.
30ac10c4f48a8e0031604a8e1eafad939b130bcc	In the autumn of 1856 he retired ("The military career is not mine...", - he writes in his diary) and in 1857 he went on a six month foreign trip to France, Switzerland, Italy, Germany.
ff4d359bc9cace7ca20528603c1649d627d05190	In 1859, he opened a school for peasant children in Yasnaya Polyana, where he conducted classes himself.
971fd0bd08004eb660da51894f535399bc0c5ba1	It helps to open more than 20 schools in the surrounding villages.
9ae481433fb770506bff05d06c024590a4d9d5dc	In order to study the setting of school affairs abroad, in 1860-61 he made a second trip to Europe, visited schools in France, Italy, Germany, and England.
a393d3afe0279bb3ac56f4ecb2da94f1b07917c6	In London, he meets S. Herzen, attends a Dickens lecture.
20ea400cbe63d3f0870d9e73573fad45bb6fdb5a	In May 1861 (the year of the abolition of serfdom), he returned to Yasnaya Polyana, accepted the position of a world mediator and actively defended the interests of peasants, resolving their disputes with landowners about land, for which the Tula nobility, dissatisfied with his actions, demanded his removal from office.
10731fe2f57042c99de20d21ef5e317da239aac9	In 1862, the Senate issued a decree on the dismissal of Tolstoy.
7eb46fe49a64034ad7a74d8b89557255de6b2b13	Secret surveillance of him begins from the third department.
cc5b189896210eef05aee06662660b33dde0586b	In the summer, the gendarmes conduct a search in his absence, confident that they will find a secret printing house, which the writer allegedly acquired after meetings and long communication with Herzen in London.
ff1a219b5759f53df25df1e1003479d1e86c235a	In 1862, Tolstoy's life and his everyday life are ordered for many years: he marries the daughter of a Moscow doctor, Sofia Andreevna Vera, and leads a patriarchal life on his estate as the head of an ever increasing family.
802936e002c8ac4d6e131146b355eea57756b629	The Tolstoys raised nine children.
48aca8ca2d4b00e33371b2f38d8a457a11b3f6a7	The 1860s 70s were marked by the publication of two works by Tolstoy, which immortalized his name: "War and Peace "(1863-69)," Anna Karenina " (1873-77).
dc312aede9fa55d7eeb40303b10815af5acc83b0	In the early 1880s, the Tolstoy family moved to Moscow to educate their growing children.
7b420f0c2d7f69e1b8d90680d57bfa18c238eb93	Since that time, Tolstoy has been spending the winters in Moscow.
9cf8dcef70b4381f29c2d8c1ee90f913045ade2d	Here, in 1882, he participated in the census of the Moscow population, got acquainted with the life of the inhabitants of the city slums, which he described in the treatise " So what should we do?"(1882-86), and concludes:"...
3285590b7a7459715646a5c0d00fc6095a5d2335	You canot live like this, you canot live like this, you canot!"
5cf858e167d4122a16ceae8f457ddd477a925ddd	Tolstoy expressed a new worldview in the work " Confession "(1879 - 82), where he tells about the revolution in his views, the meaning of which he saw in breaking with the ideology of the noble class and switching to the side of the"simple working people".
1653656f5dc840fb47c2c7cbb6b7110f2088cc26	This turning point leads Tolstoy to deny the state, the state owned church and property.
4f797e8392f1ef1526540434317f6086f9cec59a	The consciousness of the meaninglessness of life in the face of inevitable death leads him to believe in God.
8a3fa8643d41acabd79a43f7bce51df7ce0ceae1	He bases his teaching on the moral precepts of the New Testament: the demand for love for people and the preaching of non resistance to evil by violence form the meaning of the so called "Tolstoyism", which is becoming popular not only in Russia, but also abroad.
3b5b3ceb14f0906c95f70fbc69a90fee4f28c8d2	During this period, he comes to a complete denial of his previous literary activity, is engaged in physical labor, plows, sews boots, switches to vegetarian food.
27031009b873359a38fa973a3128f9bc9993efe6	In 1891, he publicly renounced the author's ownership of all his works written after 1880.
2801e56d3713d5436345217cc776b9aca7743483	Under the influence of friends and true fans of his talent, as well as his personal need for literary activity, Tolstoy in the 1890s changed his negative attitude to art. During these years, he created the drama "The Power of Darkness" (1886), the play " The Fruits of Enlightenment "(1886-90), the novel" Sunday " (1889-99).
1935d87539305509794444a4cb0348d0577628b3	In 1891, 1893, 1898, he participated in helping peasants of starving provinces, organized free canteens.
77d8b525fcbe3eb1dfe1db0a9c98a37784ea07ca	In the last decade, he has been engaged, as always, in intense creative work.
299f137b56070e73e40573c66d0075f8b4107afd	The novel "Hadji Murad" (1896 - 1904), the drama "The Living Corpse"(1900), the story "After the Ball" (1903) were written.
2664773eef9bb6dde444151451c1168010f92fdb	At the beginning of 1900, he wrote a number of articles exposing the entire system of state administration.
f2a78ed20982cb8fbd7ff9d9c047943cad7dc598	The government of Nicholas II issues a decree according to which the Holy Synod (the highest church institution in Russia) excommunicates Tolstoy from the church as a "heretic", which causes a wave of indignation in society.
eb37d9f6feea06d483e9a64b8c695c1c0644a8d3	In 1901, he lived in the Crimea, was treated after a serious illness, often met with A. Chekhov and M. Gorky.
700986ddd2f882b83e8ade1ccb683c7daf84eb7d	In the last years of his life, when Tolstoy was making a will, he found himself in the center of intrigues and discord between the "Tolstoyites", on the one hand, and his wife, who defended the well - being of her family and children, on the other.
ed903eb8ecac1974ab42bfc72d53d968c020978c	Trying to bring their way of life in line with their beliefs and being burdened by the lordly way of life in the estate.
f210ff3891954dcb2db5436b58259ca94c8a1bac	Tolstoy secretly leaves Yasnaya Polyana on November 10, 1910.
fcc8e6f0ed7c6ec08c66991718f6f1f80529e240	The 82 year old writer's health could not stand the journey.
d75880fa368ce57d78b2cfbec11da5f83be67fed	He caught a cold and, having fallen ill, on November 20, he died on the way at the Astapovo station of the Ryazan Ural Railway.
59da00feec4e1889265fc614881ac5f7d352f35a	The materials of the book: Russian writers and poets are used.
2dd0ec7e58d5daf27e191a5ebc2d5c31853e01b2	A short biographical dictionary.
4e2d6bc4333f057eac1ae2e013ee758288e8020f	Moscow, 2000.
ac03143493ccc8f355f68fccc3cbc42a875656c6	Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich (1828-1910), count, Russian writer, corresponding member (1873), honorary academician (1900) of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
df56f6eac5a4f725bec240797ced78ec6733f7e2	Starting with the autobiographical trilogy " Childhood "(1852)," Adolescence "(1852-54)," Youth "(1855-57), the study of the" fluidity " of the inner world, the moral foundations of the individual became the main theme of Tolstoy's works.
0736232dc429c35958faa9eeab439f4882e47d8f	The painful search for the meaning of life, the moral ideal, the hidden general laws of being, spiritual and social criticism, revealing the "untruth" of class relations, pass through all his work.
5c7c173d79e692ce72d451ed7b502563863f4836	In the story "The Cossacks" (1863), the hero, a young nobleman, is looking for a way out in familiarizing himself with nature, with the natural and integral life of an ordinary person.
f26379ca1ad208e8a5709c718ebd04ec518745db	The epic "War and Peace" (1863-69) recreates the life of various strata of Russian society during the Patriotic War of 1812, the patriotic impulse of the people, which united all classes and caused the victory in the war with Napoleon.
3fd575c2a3ff67b25a649ef292d9bddc46526d3f	Historical events and personal interests, the ways of spiritual self determination of the reflecting personality and the element of Russian folk life with its "swarm" consciousness are shown as equivalent components of natural historical being.
314f68253ee4ffb70d14ed833c71d357334d73cf	In the novel "Anna Karenina" (1873-77) - about the tragedy of a woman in the grip of a destructive "criminal" passion - Tolstoy exposes the false foundations of secular society, shows the collapse of the patriarchal way of life, the destruction of family foundations.
57cd6818e3a40987c64bb15dc2f256cac7cc431e	He contrasts the perception of the world by an individualistic and rationalistic consciousness with the self - worth of life as such in its infinity, uncontrolled variability and material concreteness ("the secret seer of the flesh" - D. S. Merezhkovsky).
a3e2839607b059a5a54ea4a33327be27d2a83ed4	Since the late 1870s, who was experiencing a spiritual crisis, later captured by the idea of moral improvement and "forgiveness" (which gave rise to the "Tolstoyism" movement), Tolstoy comes to an increasingly irreconcilable criticism of the social structure - modern bureaucratic institutions, the state, the church (in 1901 he was excommunicated from the Orthodox Church), civilization and culture, the entire way of life of the "educated classes": the novel "Resurrection" (1889-99), the novella "Kreutzer Sonata" (1887-89), the drama "The Living Corpse" (1900, published in 1911) and "The Power of Darkness" (1887).
3a343c8b55e4ecea66ea21c84d94b37ef780bb94	At the same time, attention is increasing to the themes of death, sin, repentance and moral rebirth (the stories "The Death of Ivan Ilyich", 1884-86, "Father Sergius", 1890-98, published in 1912, "Hadji Murad", 1896-1904, published in 1912).
62bb78ee2d5642332520e4b8a1af2044a63abf65	Publicistic works of a moralizing nature, including "Confession" (1879-82), " What is my faith?
487195cd1cd404b170765cda095b04e9de57f5ac	"(1884), where the Christian teachings about love and forgiveness are transformed into a sermon of non resistance to evil by violence.
7e59bbe170c9a5ec7185a9dbf281478da79c7433	The desire to coordinate the way of thinking and life leads to Tolstoy's departure from Yasnaya Polyana; he died at the Astapovo station.
221c121d07dfab4dfe8cf748b87b7a26b98e0773	Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich [August 28 (September 9), 1828, Yasnaya Polyana estate, Tula province - November 7 (20), 1910, Astapovo Station (now Lev Tolstoy station) of the Ryazan Ural railway; buried in Yasnaya Polyana], count, Russian writer.
9bc0d2f5aea36537d0927c2a8f118ea5671d2920	"The joyful period of childhood"
e0995b52e5d4c2f88a2e6db8de8db115f9b8b3a0	His mother, née Princess Volkonskaya, died when Tolstoy was not yet two years old, but the stories of family members, he was well aware of "her spirit form": some traits of the mother
fe3b8bcb5a980685a10c465d4e5fd3af03434405	(a brilliant education, sensitivity to art, the propensity for reflection and even a resemblance Tolstoy gave Duchess Marie Nikolaevna Bolkonskaya ("War and peace").
2c1da23a48020a7461291f0e65218bbae362e87d	Father Tolstoy, member of the Patriotic war, remembered by the writer naturedly mocking character, love of reading, to hunting (served as a prototype of Nikolai Rostov), died too early (1837).
42488839d965db7b15f13e068e6e13b54966fce8	Raising children engaged distant relative of T.
e0a211d7499ea386a52fd50556bf5566c033caba	A. Engelska that had a huge impact on Tolstoy: "she taught me the spiritual ideal of love."
09e8bde62a5a319bb8e9e0adc9ca89e71e9ff9f8	Childhood memories have always remained the most joyful for Tolstoy: family traditions, first impressions of the life of a noble estate served as a rich material for his works, were reflected in the autobiographical story "Childhood".
74d709f20078c27b9e196e0f30b4b759c7519be2	In the spring of 1847, having submitted a petition for dismissal from the university "due to disturbed health and domestic circumstances", Tolstoy left for Yasnaya Polyana with the firm intention to study the entire course of legal sciences (to pass the exam externally), "practical medicine", languages, agriculture, history, geographical statistics, write a dissertation and "achieve the highest degree of perfection in music and painting".
abe6f5da3db950904c3e57a29582a97db986383f	"The turbulent life of the youth period"
fa8775591d780f44e19ed562d6a337ed02541a72	After a summer in the country, disappointed by the unsuccessful experience of managing on new, favorable conditions for serfs (this attempt is captured in the story "The Morning of the Landowner", 1857), in the autumn of 1847 Tolstoy went first to Moscow, then to St. Petersburg to hold candidate exams at the university.
5d288e728e0b9de31f7269d729af94306582cd4a	In his family, he was considered "the most trifling fellow", and he managed to pay off the debts made at that time only many years later.
cf0d20bdc1b76bd332f245eab798ef43a3c17757	"War and Freedom"
1a34ea6c6c5ce16560b8a4d3d749d1f201b922ec	Caucasian nature and Patriarchal simplicity of Cossack life, Tolstoy struck by the contrast with the life of the noble circle, and with a painful reflection of educated society, gave the material for the autobiographical novel "the Cossacks" (1852-63).
a53929fcbef2483d24f3382499147a30b1a2261a	Caucasian impressions are reflected in the stories "Nabeg" (1853), "Chopping wood" (1855), as well as in the later novel "Hadji Murat" (1896-1904 published in 1912).
041f75ddd66e1939f7ab573d16aa51312e627525	After returning to Russia, Tolstoy wrote in his diary that he fell in love with this " wild land, in which two very opposite things are so strangely and poetically combined war and freedom."
598f16b7b15de35ba720d65ec37f9a5bbc572894	In the Caucasus, Tolstoy wrote the story "Childhood" and sent it to the magazine" Sovremennik", without revealing his name (published in 1852 under the initials L. N.; together with the later stories "Adolescence", 1852-54, and "Youth", 1855-57, he made an autobiographical trilogy).
2e24dece0b80519fffd94313e4ae4f3f1497e550	Crimean campaign
2c24ccaca7ae25e4ed95eaf221e57d3c659c6862	In the Crimea, Tolstoy was captured by new impressions and literary plans (he was going to publish a magazine for soldiers, among other things), here he began to write a series of" Sevastopol stories", which were soon printed and had a huge success (even Alexander II read the essay" Sevastopol in December").
92bab250fe8c94ae33269ff630f98bece37dd907	Some ideas that appeared during these years allow us to guess in the young artillery officer the late Tolstoy preacher: he dreamed of "founding a new religion" - " the religion of Christ, but purified from faith and mystery, a practical religion."
8a2cfda4936b9549ff1b6d541f097ee03d6fc013	A. Goncharov, etc.), where he was greeted as "the great hope of Russian literature" (Nekrasov).
f91ae063d67ff0677f74a8bd387a16d7003ac74c	In the autumn of 1856, Tolstoy, having retired, went to Yasnaya Polyana, and at the beginning of 1857 - abroad.
38c7e54de2818e1c94c99e4fb7527cb991e5ad0c	Tolstoy traveled a lot, spent a month and a half in London (where he often saw A. I. Herzen), was in Germany, France, Switzerland, Belgium, studied popular pedagogical systems, mostly not ud who have taken possession of the writer.
391472a994dca98cc1af3e6806ec2684dc56515c	Tolstoy himself characterized his idea as an attempt to "write the history of the people" and considered it impossible to determine its genre nature ("it will not fit any form, neither a novel, nor a story, nor a poem, nor a story").
46d39c8335c2808e6686f44d4e63d1e66c3aa8b9	"Anna Karenina" (1873-77)
1568b0e4eb21ee29fd60ad6a8bf7c1339a7c9eb9	The meaning of the existence of the "educated class" and the deep truth of peasant life - this range of issues, close to Levin and alien to most of the characters even sympathetic to the author (including Anna), sounded sharply journalistic for many contemporaries, especially for F. M. Dostoevsky, who highly appreciated "Anna Karenina" in the "Writer's Diary".
42b27adc18db21fe29bc4e7a95374b840d507740	"The family thought" (the main one in the novel, according to Tolstoy) is translated into a social channel, Levin's merciless self revelations, his thoughts about suicide are read as a figurative illustration of the spiritual crisis experienced by Tolstoy himself in the 1880s, but matured during the work on the novel.
a0c579546714f9883b89ffa3d88ea8640ed289af	The new worldview of the writer is reflected in the "Confession" (published in 1884 in Geneva, in 1906 in Russia), in the articles "On the census in Moscow" (1882), " So what should we do?"(1882-86, published in full in 1906), "About the Famine" (1891, published in English in 1892, in Russian in 1954), " What is Art? "(1897-98), "The Slavery of our time" (1900, published in full in Russia in 1917)," About Shakespeare and the drama "(1906)," I canot be silent " (1908).
c0ce6340a06db0c79557deef91db46553ce88985	In particular, his preaching of non resistance to evil by violence was widely discussed, which became the impetus for the creation of a number of artistic works - the drama "The Power of Darkness, or the Claws of Darkness, the Whole Bird is Lost" (1887) and folk stories written in a deliberately simplified, "artless" manner.
9fdb82b151c06c4e9805cd0a866ce3e2ab3d2f33	The characteristic features of the late Tolstoy a frank, brought to the fore "tendency" (in these years Tolstoy was a supporter of deliberately tendentious, didactic art), sharp criticism, satirical beginning - were manifested in the novel with all clarity.
fa3e8d9e310c5ac93a79c8786476e9d192fbff66	O. E. Mayorova
509736abd5d1a1d47d963adac7ee318343a485a2	August 28 (September 9), 1828 L. N. Tolstoy was born in the Yasnaya Polyana estate of the Krapivinsky district of the Tula province in a noble family.
af1e0a7cf8e4521b626eb4bce9cfd0e60725358c	1837, January moving to Moscow, June the death of his father.
5633022f052ba9e2f3171e7ee57131ea3e442b06	1841 the death of an aunt, moving to Kazan.
fd57fb456bda3a621322c2c842837e7ce8e007b2	1844 Faculty of Oriental Studies of Kazan University; a year later - Law.
1a5b5c53b15334d8f1f43b3e5c29f4b4cb573b49	Without finishing, he leaves the university.
929443dff5888b39a899513780aec7a8cd5ea428	1850 service in the office of the Tula provincial government.
df51a79856e1763b2fdc1c5355adb1232610aac2	1851 service in the Caucasus
97c76e351239765bb577bca1eb57513ca3808153	1852 - "Childhood".
707aabe859f479597292257f0b335debd2fd6ef6	1854 - "Adolescence".
5a848161bcb60b821a5ecfa7b226ada3b29e1cdd	1851 ensign of the Danube regiment.
246d8b6ab28eeb85de108fa303dfecfa530c8d4f	1853 - " Raid"
55b1ed208825b11613219860ba4a0cf27989bd5c	1855 - "Sevastopol stories"; editorial board of the magazine "Sovremennik".
b53299737b72a420372d13daa229c4a7dea16c9f	1857 - "Youth".
3896a907819f2713b9ba399a9a48dd90eb90e254	The beginning of the 60s - public activity.
3627ecd816364e9fb9c48271f40bd29f7b6416f9	1862 marriage to Sofia Andreevna Berne.
d898473627e36c776fbe0ce9aa399db0d5594c69	1868-1869 the novel "War and Peace".
7132a7c2bfc91559c79242f941cab6ae1514708a	1872 - "Anna Karenina".
5eb607f8c112e02fcf74c1ea08fd449457caa4ca	1899 - "Resurrection".
7e40ee54125e7c4fc6d1fec26e13d4240d7cb5aa	1904 the work on Hadji Murad was completed (1896-1904)
69a0ebead4cded1f89a70d4880be4293d5d48348	1910 night from October 27 to 28 departure from Yasnaya Polyana;
b1574328831a755c093d70f2a3ff6d4c288aed17	November 7, 1910 death of Leo Tolstoy, buried in Yasnaya Polyana.
d3ee2fab8d2ab7da0546f323eba4f66aaf81196a	Leo Tolstoy was born in Yasnaya Polyana in 1828.
f14a081e5d5b2545f29be58bffbd42f014a75fa9	He was the fourth child in the family, he had three older brothers Nikolai, Sergey and Dmitry, and a younger sister Maria.
06d90793e38a6eac5c3576df0694ba6d2e616f4a	The atmosphere that reigned in the Tolstoy house is accurately reflected in the work of Lev Nikolaevich " Childhood.
fb5b665e718127b881e75b91b8b8166cb6e5e87b	Adolescence.
7e49b676eedcccf26f2524a0c28f6ad0f5ee4cb7	Youth".
ed270ac2bfb8db053d36089f77ce0a08bc4fd883	The young Fat ones were orphaned early.
2afe9d48bfdfc360e26a7698395ee9a50707f1b6	At the birth of Maria, her mother, Maria Nikolaevna, died, and in 1837, her father, Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy, also died.
cbfd97b29bc3fa44bcb689a86b6bc7ca173a1f22	The orphaned children moved to Kazan to live with their relatives.
2280f2e6a3cf619b9f0473e7e4dff694ef416f06	Tolstoy's older brothers became students of the Mathematical Department of the Faculty of Philosophy of Kazan University.
0f22bcaafd6498f957395eca872258dde717ae45	Leo Tolstoy was not attracted to mathematics, and after a long preparation he entered the Faculty of Oriental Languages.
ef3d37f2f8d3c63fe1dd4aa61cf7fd0f116d113c	However, they forgot their studies for the sake of secular entertainment, and Leo Tolstoy did not pass the exams for the first year.
20e66328a1111508b51e47936481d2633812f216	This circumstance remained forever in his memory, so hard he experienced his "shame".
e023919b790ff20e1ccdceaeedf327788d6cb690	Thanks to the patronage of relatives, he managed to transfer to the law faculty.
a176dd3b3ab87e1923dd461e5fc15243074d6b87	The young man became interested in the works of Montesquieu and Rousseau, and as a result, his thirst for knowledge turned into a paradox — Leo Tolstoy left the university to devote himself entirely to studying the subjects of interest to him.
76efcc74841c4aa5bf43d20fe1027bada4899dcb	He went to Yasnaya Polyana and tried to do economic transformations and at the same time work on himself.
52dbb5cc0d8cdc482ec1f1b15c9c302ef12c21b4	Having failed in economic activity.
bbed59bd19945e54e735553fa068139c75faf75e	Tolstoy returned to Kazan, passed two exams at the Faculty of Law, but soon left the university again.
4a5a86bd9ede09401c64c51e32821518af233d4a	In 1850, he entered the office of the Tula provincial government.
6e1ccc5d92aa1798bb376c2bbc0eb0ce6e815b37	But the routine service also could not satisfy the young Tolstoy.
542bf2157067a0cc3a2730d9daeb80910103a862	In the summer of 1851, Tolstoy again made an attempt to change his life.
9f0f488ba069219c7269898560c1823f73c1de5c	He went to the Caucasus to live with his older brother Nikolai, who served as an officer there.
9da7a97a9bad4f6884b827ec4544ff6739ff5ab9	Leo Tolstoy joined the Caucasian Army as a volunteer.
939e8cf095159d41fd2a24b56dbcb761bc9b46e8	Arriving in the village of Starogladovskaya, Tolstoy was struck by the new world of ordinary Cossacks that opened up for him, which was reflected in his story "The Cossacks" written later.
02ba51b59d4f14fda8d91eb40b526987aedc63e1	At this time, an important event occurred in Tolstoy's life.
7809ece848c0d33e57f5b09b1e3301ac80ce91b3	He finished the long planned part of the trilogy ("Childhood") and sent it to the magazine "Sovremennik", whose editor at that time was Nekrasov.
650202b77f560b39e476c599e2a35da00234d8d0	"Childhood" was published and earned rave reviews from readers and critics (the other two parts - "Adolescence" and "Youth" - were published in 1854 and 1857).
f3db3a742403ad81e7083514b5aaabf7b2b25180	In 1853, the Russian Turkish war began.
be2415f7cd4ec0db00a7d216683d972f0dafb35e	In a patriotic impulse, Leo Tolstoy transferred to the active Danube Army with the rank of ensign, dreaming of military exploits and a military career.
8cb8768e226b7210fcbc00dd94f8a07f3f28db82	However, he was soon disappointed because of the poor organization of the Russian army and its military failures.
3c76056a2d2d053d2b8a2304e690d6a180ea0dc2	At this time, he was interested in the world of a simple soldier.
37d8f52248da77036618a1ffb978e1f3da7148ba	During the Sevastopol campaign of 1854-1855, Tolstoy wrote an essay "Sevastopol in December", which is the core of the "Sevastopol Stories".
d92bae88a5970dfc0122e77c5f34430b170ae226	This cycle is interesting for its approach to describing the events of the war, which simultaneously gives both a holistic image and an image of specific heroes.
37625b46c84897d4839ce92b05da75262649aed5	Already in this early work, the nationality of Tolstoy's creativity was manifested.
7558ac9a0c2726773547893dafb363b7571075e8	Lev Nikolaevich left the army with the rank of lieutenant of artillery and returned to St. Petersburg, where he was enthusiastically received in the editorial office of Sovremennik.
3f7bba64489a299f6d876029c3842e68ce1aa828	In the early 1860s, Tolstoy made two trips abroad, and when he returned, he devoted himself to public work.
e624a1ac2b6d60e0cfc8f0fcfc66c63744dbe30c	After studying the system of public education in Europe, he began to publish a pedagogical magazine and opened a folk school in Yasnaya Polyana.
c8e9a4f28a3a79e2492b1162189ac1f0641ffc58	Being a staunch supporter of the abolition of serfdom, he was dissatisfied with the reform carried out in 1861 and called the "Provisions" on the emancipation of peasants "completely useless chatter".
d50c44960781b2ab96bbf736747c865b089fae94	Tolstoy became a world mediator in one of the districts of the Tula province, in order to be able to take part in the protection of peasant interests in the division of land.
1f373997e11dcefd3d329055ed0d72d800ba0708	This, of course, caused the extreme displeasure of the Tula nobility, and a denunciation was written against Tolstoy, which spoke about his revolutionary activities.
ec3420239bac60ce31fe43600f6e0ec3ccb62b02	A search was carried out in Yasnaya Polyana in the absence of Lev Nikolaevich.
8fa4edb6e58457a6d5009e05763eec73df593303	In 1862, Tolstoy married the daughter of a famous Moscow doctor, Sofia Andreevna Bers, who became the guardian angel of Lev Nikolaevich throughout his life.
f051443fd054214dd72cd97777c7fcc5583449fa	For the next twenty years, the Tolstoys lived in Yasnaya Polyana, only occasionally making trips to Moscow.
58e3695ecb18e291912ac5f986000e9a032d727a	It was during these years that such great works as "War and Peace" (1863-1869) and "Anna Karenina" (1873-1877) were written.
1e10002191c940a6030556c993bce8fb5d5e4cac	"War and Peace", according to Tolstoy himself, was the result of"an insane author's effort".
a9a0ccd1b05608ca0db6811ef7de5e1c0f10105c	This novel immediately after its publication became widely known not only in Russia, but also abroad, having won unprecedented success.
dc72b8f4766ab3638950dde101df68ecd98fd452	After the completion of" War and Peace", Leo Tolstoy decided to write a historical work about the era of Peter the Great and began to collect material for it.
2cb36131ec6d8422478d454c05fdc04537697393	At the same time, he writes "ABC", consisting of short stories for children.
5ee2648de6c8a98bb7fd83468ca803d3e7202eb3	In 1873, Tolstoy abandoned his idea of a historical novel and turned to modern life, starting work on"Anna Karenina".
9d8a1f83ddba02dea59aa2949fa5854e4981f182	However, Tolstoy's further spiritual searches were not approved by the authorities, and his "Confession" (1882), containing a sharp criticism of the existing state and social structure, was banned by censorship.
1afa12cd6541ac52b6056b6e0bacaa6fe71f4b3f	Tolstoy came to create his own religious and philosophical system, the foundations of which were set out in the work "What is my faith?".
ba12c36396fe3530119b95fc06d469716cf00a0a	The core of this system was the idea of non resistance to evil by violence.
1947e8fed02be8b2f2b3dda2837f6d8eb00c0d86	Followers of Lev Nikolaevich, who called themselves "Tolstoyites", existed not only in Russia, but also in Europe and America, and even in India and Japan.
3543b234eab90d9b8e6ce1147547eb9829030986	Tolstoy's ideas were also reflected in his latest novel "The Resurrection", in which the correction of one's guilt and an appeal to the Gospel commandments are indicated as a path to moral improvement.
9457d9c98417102df9fa736a507904eec9abbbd9	In the last years of his life, Leo Tolstoy, in his desire for self improvement and in a critical attitude towards himself, experienced severe mental torments, believing that he himself did not fully follow the way of life that he preached.
4b638cc29b09b44a4bddd6484f509ee9fd0aa15c	The writer repeatedly expressed a desire to leave Yasnaya Polyana, but could not resolve the internal contradiction between the voice of his conscience and his duty to his family.
ab979b37a8239ce5e3732c66793b12d6f1086103	In 1894, he transferred all his property to his wife and children, but he continued to doubt whether he had done the right thing by not giving the land to the peasants of Yasnaya Polyana.
fa3c9fefafa6ef7eeb6946a9f132f3f0d72e1ea6	In the estate, surrounded by his family, Lev Nikolaevich could not lead the kind of life close to the common people that he aspired to.
dbd52a7cd4a1e3be9450639451f5eac106016213	His relations with his family became complicated, and on the night of October 28, 1910, Tolstoy left Yasnaya Polyana, accompanied by his beloved daughter Alexandra Lvovna (the only one of the whole large family who fully shared his father's beliefs) and boarded a train of the Ryazan Railway.
bbeb04ce8d64bf20d2f675548ecd248e18ad462a	On the way, he caught a cold and fell ill with pneumonia.
6ec64cd62eabae4074df3206977b95f73daa0522	He had to get off the train at the Astapovo station, and on November 7, he died surrounded by his relatives who arrived.
a57f777b79ab2feb0d8d56771c6efc857dd502be	Surmina I. O., Usova Yu.
faa9675c053cca0e08861ff28b0c8548e30fac2b	V. The most famous dynasties of Russia.
78f3577ecbfd27ce9f92bd275ed4e898d235bdcc	Moscow, "Veche", 2001
7c8be2d6823fed1357ba1fef0ec63cd6ee701da9	TOLSTOY Lev Nikolaevich (28.08.1828-7.11.1910), count, Russian writer.
71b92512cba35e8c88c0f22d5dc1b475ed4d77f1	He was born in the Yasnaya Polyana estate of the Tula province.
a748ea2dd88500217b2c8f2aa67933f4973f808c	He received his first primary home education.
d96eafc3108fe7c406ec9c86179038fb41d69910	From 1844 he studied at Kazan University, first at the Faculty of Oriental Studies, then at the Faculty of Law.
7f3d33d1a8a57439d86b7adddd41a1297c496ce4	In 1847, he left the university and returned to Yasnaya Polyana.
f8dbd144741a77565479ef343df32ae211dcd530	In 1851, having entered military service, Tolstoy went to the Caucasus.
4031abcfca055d7c0ae398b0640db705e439dbab	Here he wrote the autobiographical stories "Childhood”, "Adolescence" (published in 1852 and 1854).
ee49dde8b87c264305b143e3e04abe712df33dfb	Later (in 1857), the last story of this trilogy was published, in which Tolstoy expressed the desire of the individual to comprehend your essence, to moral improvement.
b785df007f680f77f4197bf1c79f7a6b0ef1e8f0	Service and participation in military operations in the Caucasus (1851-53) gave Tolstoy rich impressions about army life, about the life of indigenous peoples, which was later reflected in Tolstoy's stories and novellas.
db6df3ebdc95e06653515adc4050f95bd74f0bd7	In 1854, Tolstoy voluntarily went to the active Danube army, and from November 1854 participated in the defense of Sevastopol, captured in the “Sevastopol Stories” (1855-56).
4edd73095948dcab474bfc2101b541605f393499	In 1856, Tolstoy retired with the rank of lieutenant, collaborated in the magazine "Sovremennik".
942a127bb0a6a8f5237d636b9c5f0c16611ee4cd	In the late 1850s, he took part in the discussion of projects of peasant reform.
6c8b261f9179df69883eb15cfe54d9f16d7a5bd6	Tolstoy went abroad twice: in 1857 to France and Switzerland, in 1860-61 - to France, England and Germany.
567e3e55a917e691be4c1fdd8c49d21a1a9258f7	Returning to Russia in 1861, Tolstoy took part in the reform of 1861, was a world mediator in the Krapivensky district.
c48689911afdcd4f010be9b4244e3274a878a54a	He defended the interests of the peasants, which caused the displeasure of the local landowners and the removal of Tolstoy from office.
f1b9945847710286b4b43e9ed02aa7d31a074e8a	In 1859, he created the Yasnaya Polyana school for peasants (it operated until 1862).
601310676528f74c13d99e3cb2301cf722cbd9d5	For 20 years (until 1882) Tolstoy lived with his family in Yasnaya Polyana, occasionally visiting Moscow.
45ba709105d7aaaa87de218763044c0e695728ea	During this period, he wrote the epic "War and Peace “(1863-69), the novel” Anna Karenina “(1873-77),” The Alphabet “for children (1871-72),” The New Alphabet “(1874-75), 4 issues of”Russian books for reading".
3127725e23f6daf55cc77e620cbac6687b8cbbfe	In the n.1880s, Tolstoy broke with the environment to which he belonged by birth and upbringing, abandoning his former way of life.
a4a255c1c15e9f0301d3bd76bc19db7cf1e4d427	He theoretically justifies his understanding of the world in the "Confession", "The Study of Dogmatic Theology", "The Combination and translation of the Four Gospels" and especially in the treatise “What is my faith”, creates its own religious and philosophical system.
cb08a792e178e1c53690718c738dd298e008f5c4	Tolstoy called for the transformation of society through moral and religious self improvement, the rejection of all violence (he preached the thesis of “non resistance to evil by violence”).
01d1a51991b53637c2a006d77c6f6b8d6dbd0436	Tolstoy became a world famous writer and thinker who had admirers and followers in Russia, Western Europe, India, Japan, and other countries.
b8a5d1b66ea8f5a2f968beac8826c527c4b147a6	In the 1880s 90s, he created novels and novellas in which the pressing problems of modernity in social and religious and philosophical aspects were discussed: "Resurrection” (1889-99)," The Death of Ivan Ilyich” (1884-86), "Kreutzer Sonata" (1887-89), "Hadji Murad" (1896-1904), dramas “The Power of Darkness” (1887) and "The Living Corpse” (1900), the comedy" The Fruits of Enlightenment “(1891).
0222bdf450c79371ef78a9a14b79440bedbd72e8	In 1884, on Tolstoy's initiative, the educational publishing house” Intermediary " was founded in Moscow, which published affordable fiction, popular science and moral literature for the people.
5ba598795a38307b24a9792a3c1675239cad8f8f	For speaking out against the Orthodox Church, Tolstoy was excommunicated from it in 1901.
d4e6564195b53e42f35f0dcb7405be5b8172b6e4	On October 28, 1910, Tolstoy secretly left Yasnaya Polyana and went to Optina Pustyn, perhaps to perform a rite of penance, but on the way he caught a cold and fell ill with pneumonia.
8b3e8f4696dd58cb9c488d48452425bea8453459	To save the soul of a sinner who was excommunicated from the Church, the holy Optina elder Varsonofy came to the station where Tolstoy was lying ill.
3af560a9000329132b2a8b5f1e3a299e82714d80	However, the enemies of the Christian faith, who surrounded Tolstoy, did not allow the Russian saint to visit the dying writer.
e5eb24366a03c486059c5d8bb07673a8061ccb17	On November 7, Tolstoy died without repentance on art. Astapovo Ryazan Ural railway station was buried in Yasnaya Polyana without a church rite.
95b8575a164461efe6f76d7ea233d1a5cba8ada0	V. F.
5ef7687eed2efd2584bd5f0420e2b2b288b61d31	Complete collection of soch .
b1761ef67fe2200b9052f5767d2f33b3ed4e5798	M.; L., 1928-58.
77a9d1e5f311bbf5b02eaeddbcd88b12a9ca9fdf	Vol. 1-90.
ae711c2c6132c6d335fa4b44df57deb9b05e95b2	(Anniversary edition).
aa706c717529152a805c50c48ecbd2fbe4534256	Tolstoy I. V.
fc57420f46f3ccab2e493b1466c7292920d9f73d	The Light of Yasnaya Polyana.
6f5a1429d0541db4460dc092d24b23067c5c76ff	Moscow, 1986;
97261a27270e6f76ab8781fbf5cd3add49241c72	Shklovsky V. B. Lev Tolstoy.
42b4a18f3fb6ad229c73ffc3a11440612f63a229	M., 1967.
f4a5df96d0c1b49018718a8e095e179a7e8a4b7f	Biryukov P. I. Biography of Leo Tolstoy.
081ad1e1d8c79c31abe91bf209111bc024b7a14b	M.; Pg., 1923.
3c8e13dd24a13a999b9d6d365a099f4b2a6595ca	Vol. 1-4.
d24f82428647955fdc617ac4d93e02fb724a00fa	Gusev N. N. Chronicle of the life and work of Leo Tolstoy.
1995bb346ea83177368ce9fdab0106bb4c808e3c	1828-1890.
56322243032d1e7c5398e68f14a5c9a99f446403	Moscow, 1958.
6c6dcf232499150c7853e87d8202d4319516647c	1891-1910.
5248cb40d4a7c7d972bba25aa4ba5e4fce01a333	Moscow, 1960.
ab3462b57db3b6c2f853826aa6409e713c4a9681	Eichenbaum B. M. Young Tolstoy.
a9deca1308692a4d47580eb545d3fb83dbf2a70c	Pg.;
dd3832e6d868efe4a5de77e42392c344313d1837	Berlin, 1922.
e56d78d5d56edfd245ef5ad0ef1627b77369777c	Eichenbaum B. M. About literature.
085edba7ad8ff56adc5f66e34d5b10670460f887	Moscow, 1987.
9cb923be843e86c9380b5ce91fb5bbfd2ba0fa1a	Bocharov S. G. Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" , Moscow, 1963.
102926e19f26464e72d62792cc49b7ffe136a3ae	Tolstoy L. N. Raid.
0bf0cc5cab05d84f808d2a8780fde3a8e247c72e	A volunteer's story
6befe0b7e20c944b7b880d88c8120c1e920d0466	Tolstoy L. N. Blizzard
ed2e1052253315fa83b1c40061461876766cada4	Tolstoy L. N. Hadji Murad
b6572fb5cad80b829e60302a165468191dc3e647	Natalia Mironova Studying literature in the 10th grade Lev Tolstoy
8d456c6346326ec1cfb15aae103968d4ea292f6e	The most widely read authors: Classical literature
97f20d86b2623e06e4718c17b6e0d476b8dcf899	Author's rating: [ current: 60.5 out of 55 ] Blok Alexander AlexandrovichRussian poet.
aa2ca0d036351ee5cbfbdba53b09e1070a7eeb9d	(November 16 (28), 1880 August 7, 1921) Author rating: [ current: 58.8 out of 55 ] Anton Pavlovich Chekhov is a Russian writer, playwright.
870a31d2adb059c0c7a926874cc35d070de0e67b	(January 29, 1860 July 15, 1904) Author's rating: [ current: 57 out of 55 ] Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov is a Russian poet, writer, publicist.
283af4f98a33c14bf884a9333efcfce78d6bc72d	(November 28 (December 10), 1821 December 27, 1877 (January 8, 1878) Author rating: [ current: 56.7 out of 55 ] Pushkin Alexander Sergeevich was a Russian poet, playwright and prose writer.
b9c8032938d831e07cf9647d045e9e28e8a1455e	(May 26 (June 6), 1799 January 29 (February 10), 1837) Author's rating: [ current: 56.3 out of 55 ] Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich is a Russian writer, thinker.
842eb35e44d3ca375c54a00d5ef762cbb7b3d524	(August 28 (September 9), 1828 November 7 (20), 1910)
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879ce0e8857f91bc8528922c0d2a491f2881f577	Born on March 5: Elena Alekseevna Yakovleva, John Anthony Frusciante, Sterling Knight Died:Pierre Laplace, Nikolai Leskov, Joseph Stalin, Sergei Prokofiev, Anna Akhmatova
b831bc15c47a50c660d805517a6ba3141df1b6e1	Leo Tolstoy Biographies / Famous Namesakes / Names / Surnames / Patronymic names / First name and patronymic / Horoscopes / Tests / Events / Home Leo Tolstoy biography
a3393ece05b627ff0535f5deb71b9436015d1cce	Thought is the beginning of everything.
317d6c85a587ce3a740cbab75a26ea4974ef2bd7	And thoughts can be controlled.
4136cc49fc4ab5ec80c6c2f1cddc654e0007beaf	And therefore, the main thing for improvement is to work on thoughts Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy count, Russian writer, thinker, corresponding member (1873), honorary academician (1900) of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
619b2d9bfe29df4c46a18f3cf7a3833ab331e230	Leo Tolstoy was born on September 9 (August 28, Old style), 1828 in Yasnaya Polyana, Tula Province, Russian Empire.
b9cfa3a6266b19786c93edcbc9ec49fabaef67ae	"Young Leva stayed in Moscow for less than four years.
166da4c51b713b2079772899e9459c0ca85ec727	In July 1837, his father died suddenly.
534d8f8dd6776e7aa625649ff9b45e675a9d8b1d	(Tolstoy's mother died when he was not even two years old.)
01fcb945b1fba1c2315597d4cf5a953b0dfbe9ce	The orphaned children moved to Kazan, where their guardian, aunt P. I. Yushkov, lived.
38ed2ef8cc0eb898d7274a34784d1c5f746b49d1	Tolstoy lived in Kazan for six years.
817e0c8cdb09fa648efb857c922d4fd359020c9b	It was the time of his adolescence and youth.
7849168a728f3f6f71350f7275019cb4f4939512	For two and a half years, he was preparing to enter the university.
13f2ff7eb2293caf20648276a85560a21d7e79c1	Having decided to become a diplomat, Tolstoy held exams for the eastern department.
be2205e4ab602b86c504e591b2630e086ae67b75	He successfully passed the exams in history, geography, mathematics, statistics, Russian literature, logic, English, French, German, Latin, Arabic, Turkish and Tatar languages.
94c1caf6e97b8324c2a8d9c4105750bd33fdea46	Already at that time, Leo Tolstoy showed exceptional abilities to learn foreign languages.
b1514e923ea255936d5ae7423a4356744290a96a	Later, the writer's sister told me.
d17aa1e7f30973eed469a873219a9aed5a4a8a98	That Professor Kazembek, with whom Tolstoy studied Turkish and Tatar, found his ability to learn languages extraordinary."
9c4b74e0f3d502a038896bec8828818350565009	"It is impossible not to smile when reading in "Adolescence" about how the young philosopher taught himself to " calmly endure all the troubles of life."
fdb6179835d53cfa7304c2b7d4ecb430b000fbae	For example, he warmed up his hands near the stove and then stuck them out of the window in the cold.
334b89155e377565a210582661e02f6527219f42	"" He cut and sewed a special canvas robe for himself, which he wore during the day, and at night turned it into a bed and a blanket, for which he attached loops to the robe.
d186157a85dc604744ddeca0bf7d6f0abab29fca	He wore shoes on his bare feet.
bb45f1c2ce3b8a6bde3a8c2cc907522c3ff02fbc	"At this time," wrote S.
f033dd4a603142f45f0cc50a5216794c9fa71828	A. Tolstaya, " Lev Nikolaevich tried to be like Diogenes, as he himself told it."
9d456f94773b9daebe2132da2dc4e0a38a0847a8	"When meeting a fat student at balls, Kazan young ladies liked to laugh at his shyness and absent mindedness.
5d6487bb8998c0973a18820d0a2b0b6506ae9c23	Here, for example, is what one of them later wrote: "Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy was always absent minded at balls, danced reluctantly and generally had the appearance of a person whose thoughts are far from the environment, and it does not occupy him much.
d3827f438019f02796e11fff6f1cad9e0ca686b3	As a result of this absent mindedness, many young ladies even found him a boring cavalier...
5a2b2e84b9e9625ea9d28686ad402d634da75fdf	" Lomunov K. Preface - in the book: Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich Selected works.
49259723ec2fec4dedd9361f056d50299deafe0f	Comp., preface.
f267cea0ec794e1df647de34e5eed5b4ede9dda1	And he will explain.
fb169f828ea93098a3b900871f89e4c6cc97d913	Articles by K. N. Lomunov.
18d0c52a60d8c41563efe0f5cb6ffaa980460836	- M.: Det. lit., 1985, p .
dbc47048e8689f758cdd24c33b8298c4cdd6e5e3	7. Read more Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy was born on August 28 (September 9), 1828, in the Yasnaya Polyana estate of the Tula province.
6decb58b3a3f25d8afeff6c7fb59472a015498b4	He died on November 7 (20), 1910, Astapovo Station (now Lev Tolstoy station) of the Ryazan Ural railway; he was buried in Yasnaya Polyana.
04b2b82e308a77ea3ef9e2d7564b6c00aa02bc6f	Starting with the autobiographical trilogy " Childhood "(1852)," Adolescence "(1852-1854)," Youth " (1855-1857), the study of the inner world, the moral foundations of the individual became the main theme of Tolstoy's works.
e30788b58abc9ef5a4057d3192e0f656ea59c51b	The painful search for the meaning of life, the moral ideal, the hidden general laws of being, spiritual and social criticism, pass through all his work.
3a825915e835e22b5841eb8580bdc0e1f657e369	The epic "War and Peace" (1863-1869) recreates the life of various strata of Russian society in the Patriotic War of 1812, the patriotic impulse of the people, which united all classes in the war with Napoleon.
0e95d9cc02b4e0abf872c8ea28630ca2b5b40ed2	Historical events and personal interests, the ways of spiritual self determination of the individual and the element of Russian folk life with its "swarm" consciousness are shown as equivalent components of natural historical existence.
b723910dda2e15458cd1e08325c12c6293fd064f	In the novel "Anna Karenina" (1873-1877) — about the tragedy of a woman in the grip of a destructive "criminal" passion — Tolstoy exposes the foundations of secular society, shows the collapse of the patriarchal way of life, the destruction of family foundations.
2cb1867c02147ef4bf9ab8cb618d39e8fb2b2f9f	Leo Tolstoy opposes the self worth of life as such to the perception of the world by an individualistic and rationalistic consciousness.
988d6a02653aaa9af6d30b2dcfb9c595e3ff303e	Since the end of the 1870s, who was experiencing a spiritual crisis, later captured by the idea of moral improvement and "forgiveness" (which gave rise to the "Tolstoyism" movement), Tolstoy comes to an increasingly irreconcilable criticism of the social structure — bureaucratic institutions, the state, the church (in 1901 he was excommunicated from the Orthodox Church), civilization and culture, the entire way of life of the "educated classes": the novel "Resurrection" (1889-1899), the novella "Kreutzer Sonata" (1887-1889), the drama "The Living Corpse" (1900, published in 1911) and "The Power of Darkness" (1887).
6952e60b7addc5673f3b758931ff1c8d459b5baa	At the same time, attention is increasing to the themes of death, sin, repentance and moral rebirth (the stories "The Death of Ivan Ilyich", 1884-1886, "Father Sergius", 1890-1898, published in 1912, "Hadji Murad", 1896-1904, published in 1912).
0da4f7f93c8c7f27a9a9e8e1c078cb9bc38147dd	Publicistic works of a moralizing nature "Confession" (1879-1882), " What is my faith?
7904f06b97939e024eccc2e0b88b2df9906d3770	"The joyful period of childhood" Leo Tolstoy was the fourth child in a large noble family.
0ac24e780ed2d0f9d7bbd4f39b402cf58d91bf42	His mother, née Princess Volkonskaya, died when the lion was not yet two years old, but the stories of family members, he was well aware of "her spirit form": some traits of the mother (a brilliant education, sensitivity to art, the propensity for reflection) and even portrait likeness Tolstoy gave Duchess Marie Nikolaevna Bolkonskaya ("War and peace").
8a267be22de71e8ff5874da53e16fa7a52c2c658	Childhood memories have always remained the most joyful for Tolstoy: family traditions, first impressions of the life of a noble estate served as rich material for his works, were reflected in the autobiographical story "Childhood".
8a9c6a3e81e3de9d660fbc4357b79a1deb1b1665	On September 18, 1852, Lev Nikolaevich's story "Childhood" was first published in the magazine "Sovremennik".
3168c12f0a751e7895fa3b7f510018d55939c93e	Kazan University When L. Tolstoy was 13 years old, the family moved to Kazan, to the house of a relative and guardian of children P. I. Yushkova.
c555841511ab79559723d070baf9727ca5bba3b7	After a summer in the country, disappointed by the unsuccessful experience of managing on new, favorable conditions for serfs (this attempt is captured in the story "The Morning of the Landowner", 1857), in the autumn of 1847 Leo Tolstoy left first for Moscow, then for St. Petersburg to hold candidate exams at the university.
682b20ca562ea05d7b3b9afd6f2a964a76f74130	"War and Freedom" In 1851, his older brother Nikolai, an officer of the active army, persuaded Tolstoy to go to the Caucasus together.
651dabae9a8ea7070aa85dfdb60c56ca1b8e7a84	For almost three years, Leo Tolstoy lived in a Cossack village on the banks of the Terek, traveling to Kizlyar, Tiflis, Vladikavkaz and participating in military operations (at first voluntarily, then he was accepted for service).
23da4ee8026389da97dd19b706593efb37d1abb3	Caucasian nature and Patriarchal simplicity of Cossack life, Tolstoy struck by the contrast with the life of the noble circle, and with a painful reflection of educated society, gave the material for the autobiographical novel "the Cossacks"(1852-63).
1294e00eb4319f0a746f1ff8e0cd2dce9c8f20d2	In the Caucasus, Tolstoy wrote the story "Childhood" and sent it to the magazine" Sovremennik", without revealing his name (published in 1852 under the initials L. N.; together with the later stories "Adolescence", 1852-54, and "Youth", 1855-57, was a autobiographical trilogy).
e93fb43e27cb0db3d2e784f596641548548513d7	The Crimean Campaign In 1854, Leo Tolstoy was assigned to the Danube Army, in Bucharest.
79fff08569cb05a35b92b2a75d5024310809cf32	Some ideas that appeared during these years allow us to guess in the young artillery officer the late Tolstoy preacher: he dreamed of "founding a new religion" — " the religion of Christ, but purified from faith and mystery, a practical religion."
b5205b22d0e5a20151be44041fc03b8de1bf6cd0	In the circle of writers and abroad In November, 1855, l.
df3ef0abf8924a2e1ea58851e17ae3ff20dde71e	Tolstoy arrived in St. Petersburg and immediately entered the circle of the "Contemporary" (Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov, Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev, Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky, Ivan Alexandrovich Goncharov and others), where he was greeted as "the great hope of Russian literature" (Nekrasov).
5c236543755de039e29024f097d6986a18eb360d	In September 1862, Leo Tolstoy married the eighteen year old daughter of a doctor, Sofia Andreevna Bers, and immediately after the wedding took his wife from Moscow to Yasnaya Polyana, where he completely devoted himself to family life and household cares.
ea4db8badbea2ff8d7eee732ead27f1a75e79add	Tolstoy himself characterized his idea as an attempt to "write the history of the people" and considered it impossible to determine its genre nature ("it will not fit any form, neither a novel, nor a novella, nor a poem, nor a story").
51ad25e208a0a584e695a6462134f7b9ff4698ee	"Anna Karenina" (1873-1877) In the 1870s, still living in Yasnaya Polyana, continuing to teach peasant children and develop his pedagogical views in print, Leo Tolstoy worked on a novel about the life of modern society, building a composition on the opposition of two storylines: the family drama of Anna Karenina is drawn in contrast with the life and home idyll of a young landowner Konstantin Levin, who is close to the writer himself both in lifestyle, beliefs, and psychological drawing.
6b41685dac3170ceefc0db2d0e88aba9c51bea31	The meaning of the existence of the "educated class" and the deep truth of peasant life — this range of issues, close to Levin and alien to most of the characters even sympathetic to the author (including Anna), sounded sharply journalistic for many contemporaries, especially for Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, who highly appreciated "Anna Karenina" in the "Writer's Diary".
bb5361847871371c2130c662ef13f57e0e87e247	The turning point (1880s) The course of the revolution that took place in the consciousness of Leo Tolstoy was reflected in artistic creativity, primarily in the experiences of the heroes, in the spiritual insight that refracts their lives.
77b05cfbf2045c2aff50b6f5bea53f15b1e9ab81	These characters are Central to the novels "the Death of Ivan Ilyich" (1884-86), "the Kreutzer Sonata" (1887-89, published in Russia in 1891), "Father Sergius" (1890-98, published in 1912), the drama "the Living corpse" (1900, incomplete, published in 1911), in the story "After the ball" (1903, published in 1911).
b5a514d90e6a2ffad91732404cda4e28a5758c5b	Confessional journalism Tolstoy gives a detailed presentation about his mental drama: drawing the picture of social inequality and idleness educated, Thick in the pointed shape set before themselves and before society questions the meaning of life and faith, criticized all the state institutions, reaching the denial of science, art, court, marriage, the achievements of civilization.
bc43c883a5ab27de9e0a9fe574c1175f17e4de17	The new worldview of the writer is reflected in the "Confession" (published in 1884 in Geneva, in 1906 in Russia), in the articles "About the census in Moscow" (1882), "So what should we do?" (1882-86, published in full in 1906), "About the famine" (1891, published in English in 1892, in Russian — in 1954), "What is art?" (1897-98), "The Slavery of our time" (1900, fully published in Russia in 1917), "About Shakespeare and the Drama" (1906), "I canot be silent" (1908).
06b906626ffd263db948e12568a1eed74060de76	Leo Tolstoy and Anatoly Fedorovich Koni
eab8378ab02cf25a9ca32f7e039ba407937d9ba7	In particular, his preaching of non resistance to evil by violence was widely discussed, which became the impetus for the creation of a number of artistic works — the drama "The Power of Darkness, or the Claws of Darkness, the Whole Bird is Lost" (1887) and folk stories written in a deliberately simplified, "artless" manner.
13c847a6adcf66b14d6486012b326e87c7cd0ec3	Along with the similar works of Vsevolod Mikhailovich Garshin, Nikolai Semyonovich Leskov and other writers, these stories were published by the Intermediary publishing house, founded by Vladimir Grigoryevich Chertkov on the initiative and with the close participation of Tolstoy, who defined the task of the Intermediary as" an expression in artistic images of the teachings of Christ"," so that it would be possible to read this book to an old man, a woman, a child and so that both of them would be interested, touched and feel kinder."
4d6f69f94754878ef2e42d1aeff85ff22217fc9d	Within the framework of the new worldview and ideas about Christianity, Leo Tolstoy opposed Christian dogmatics and criticized the rapprochement of the church with the state, which led him to complete separation from the Orthodox Church.
269d4409f3b0a71c6d75a48e7765c7377a8b876e	"Resurrection" (1889-1899) The last novel by Leo Tolstoy embodied the whole range of problems that worried him during the years of the turning point.
ca7598af35e0a694bdac22a6429bc56d93341516	The characteristic features of the late Tolstoy a frank, brought to the fore "tendency" (in these years Tolstoy was a supporter of deliberately tendentious, didactic art), sharp criticism, satirical beginning — were manifested in the novel with all clarity.
767f93f9b4e6a8c9eb1a065f45cb26669ff74d22	The departure and death of Leo Tolstoy The years of the turning point abruptly changed the personal biography of the writer, turning into a break with the social environment and leading to family discord (Tolstoy's proclaimed refusal to own private property caused sharp dissatisfaction of family members, especially his wife).
618e69b48d5aa771f2b7d134b4cf5c5c320cf673	On November 13, 1872, the first edition of the Alphabet of Leo Tolstoy was published.
2f044771bd91850911bcfeba50a13e6ee866ad13	Even his aunt's maid, an innocent peasant girl, was seduced by Glashu.
1d2679613cbdf47a0e1dc3fcb636fd3656b46689	For almost all 48 years of their life together, Sofya Andreevna was either in a position or breast feeding.
488f362478882c022eb56ad28d75394771f13e1b	She cried at night, but there was nothing she could do.
0715ddec9de69819f60936d98a7f9f741fbaf2d7	Leo Tolstoy's Life Manifesto L. Tolstoy formulated his life manifesto for himself at the age of 18.
14223ef19403ec33b7d52ccce2661f89aeef5d9b	These "rules for the development of will, activity, memory and mental abilities", also aimed at curbing feelings of self love and self interest, are quite universal, and therefore do not lose their relevance.
cd63cca9c0c0da09de6ea2cdbb17294c5cf6f665	Every morning, assign yourself everything that you have to do during the day, and fulfill all the assigned tasks.
f5d2d242bd9ea66398d1a7e8ba493fd810b26ede	Sleep as little as possible.
59c6145cc0596bbe97af37cedc8401be9c3dc807	Bear all bodily troubles without expressing them outwardly.
cf00fc88173fe4c98b7d7272499ee7870ad1761b	If you have started any business, then do not leave it without finishing it.
2bfe2f097a3aab1056919b69ec2a760dc67d4926	Donot worry about the approval of people you either donot know or despise.
59f906d87937ddbdb24fcdd6f720e002f353319d	Repeat in the evening all that you have learned during the day.
1848f6baad9d4c267ad0a95d3b82d794205909b0	Every week, every month and every year, examine yourself in everything that you have been doing, if you find that you have forgotten, then start over.
b472bb5950811e670863c6f245e8b605414e66e9	Donot change your lifestyle, even if you become ten times richer.
f37d3e8cd8786ffaa6755f8f48f37928a6481211	Do not allow yourself to spend money for vanity.
bb9dfd6f05405a71e940e2b164ae47ab79bb2caf	Use every increment to your estate not for yourself, but for society.
72692741f387fd0ebe51406a4812d9ea556ce407	Think of as many activities as possible for yourself.
795864434ce787e7b72a3db4571c2fe8ec6c2fe7	Do not require helpers in a case that you can finish alone.
35cc2c649910819e0d7a568bd39abd4e86c69abf	The worse the situation, the more you increase your activity.
8589d69e16b6c844ee78f3bf3ad8fc1a90ac82dc	Be content with the present.
388a75dd2d004523ec1ed40fbb0a06f758fef516	Look for opportunities to do good.
a37a28e4da3e4d4d5199127dcb5e9e4bd36c66d5	Try to make the life of people connected with you pleasant.
ae0d2c3cbe866c305f4623130ff402c8a8cc7843	20 quotes by Leo Tolstoy
c3a2005383948b52f2ce82e3051a31d8ad9822c2	The strength of the government rests on the ignorance of the people, and they know this and therefore will always fight against enlightenment.
f34a5738d8a2ed5481c263fa0fb5a2df12c59c75	It's time for us to understand this.
6c769bb986dfd12bcf0a54ae0756ad601e9bc462	Everyone wants to change humanity, but no one thinks about how to change themselves.
00e3d8366e703e8359a522a0e0b92c518b66b6b9	Everything comes to the one who knows how to wait.
0c641dd56133eaed48d9ba43358b5699c1b60d58	All happy families are similar to each other, each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.
af6cbbb55bce0ecaf67995a2e0bf2478d3b921f8	Strong people are always simple.
a9219b60d4b91ed1aa0bfaa065c431435adc39c2	Let everyone sweep before his door.
f17c88df9c997f96d0c8809829cd62c0555b2397	If everyone does this, the whole street will be clean.
feaddb486b37e637e5b624a9fe976e4dc92a9077	It always seems that we are loved for being so good.
ba70b5f2cb547048bb7460ac833a72948406d53d	And we do not guess that they love us because those who love us are good.
f8b8e580772111eef601a438b686d1ad37d2d83f	It's easier to live without love.
f1ba5f1f38c75106df8eb542cc8a3209ce068220	But without it, there is no point.
2e075c59cd6c75a0838df4816111f34dbe6ef4ae	I donot have everything I love.
8c4939c40b9fbe704315b9d3ce5cc82ebca5f565	But I love everything I have.
be6825cac016db1d30f30d93b44d149b6b27032e	The world is moving forward thanks to those who are suffering.
fdb3e075627d28dec2b7b00066576634bfb988c2	The greatest truths are the simplest.
7d25f98f3e23ed502ec0db95e4dfbcf2ddeb0cbd	The point is not to know a lot, but to know the most necessary of all that can be known.
510468c6ebd40d29ad599b5b809e5822113307cb	People are often proud of the purity of their conscience just because they have a short memory.
04b81441d3150bf2085be38a69c0de1d8b9985a6	There is no scoundrel who, having searched, would not find scoundrels in some respect worse than himself, and who therefore could not find a reason to be proud and be pleased with himself.
d8ccd08a62ece667babf32d62c81ee688e59adce	Evil is only inside us, that is, where it can be taken out.
b9e21821e4741ca1f14d2a451e04bd0aeac80e6d	A person should always be happy, if happiness ends, look where he made a mistake.
0fb63c0d2f926fbd632f66e2f4a4b6d44ad6831c	I am sure that the meaning of life for each of us is simply to grow in love.
31cfc1e80588812d9bb5daa78cf27410b91a1a92	Everyone is making plans, and no one knows if he will live until the evening.
4f31c2211c1599b2816739aa3c81abe5bcf9dc2d	There are no conditions to which a person could not get used, especially if he sees that everyone around him lives the same way.
e4ec12da4640606b85ff6b6684553e34d4a899a8	One of the most amazing misconceptions is that the happiness of a person is to do nothing.
85339e7eb5c01ebe43a5ea583649f41cb85efb67	Two masters: Leo Tolstoy and Ilya Repin, Yasnaya Polyana, 1908, photo:
0b74171b77c70810e00697df28177cacdbcead54	Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy died on November 20 (November 7, old style), 1910 at the Astapovo station (now Lev Tolstoy station), of the Ryazan Ural Railway.
b33b1d9648cb576ed5488d8727da4ed8c6f31865	The event of the all Russian scale was the funeral of Tolstoy in Yasnaya Polyana.
e4d6d8229b285c0f418588cfcc52ee31c6246dea	(O. E. Mayorova) See other famous men named Leo.
f49c044bd44325bc00f739b35e39f803800f6042	Biographies of famous people by the last name with the letter T. Description of the patronymic Nikolaevich.
26fd2bf6d296bf164beb54937d9a18beef6c28c8	Description of the patronymic name Lev Nikolaevich.
8f0c03e258ca27f5463a22ddfcdb8271cc6b9e0d	Description of the patronymic Lvovich.
f5b9453902382ee6dcfd7374ac068449fb915b46	The meaning of the name Lev.
a994cb028f21eb89f64718e4a3f1d209526d8f27	Description of other male names with the letter L (and female).
9e2df683c5fac844c2ff66af8f14c910a132435d	Descriptions of male patronymics (and female ones).
78de33baa5b1e15d10029ad839c4e75bb6dcbab9	Description of the male patronymic name with the letter L (and female). 100 most common Russian surnames. 250 all Russian surnames. the 100 most common surnames in the United States[en].
fe104624f708aa594d6338a4f19929a03be5c8c0	Astrology (from the Greek astron — star and logos word, teaching) is the teaching about the influence of heavenly bodies on the earthly world and a person (his temperament, character, actions and future), which was determined through visible movements on the celestial sphere and the mutual location of the luminaries (constellation) at a given time (see Horoscope).
b4d7d629c8ad9a0e48ea3dfa9f394552ad2d40a1	Astrology originated in ancient times (Babylonian temple astrology and others), was closely connected with astral cults and astral mythology.
64845c3434832d51805236ea7339fe54c88a3e1e	It became widespread in the Roman Empire (the first horoscopes — at the turn of 2-1 centuries BC).
9db83021882efb25e49bbc4597c8bdee13e07197	Christianity criticized astrology as a kind of pagan fatalism.
6ee16df8c330e93c14d00a38ef6a1b9f2e9914ae	Arab astrology, which achieved significant development in the 9th 10th centuries, penetrated into Europe from the 12th century, where astrology was influenced until the middle of the 17th century and then was replaced with the spread of the natural science picture of the world.
15901d725a3579ebe4ed4b9fa982c7ca2c27d6b4	The revival of interest in astrology occurred after the 1st World War, the phenomena of astrology are associated with subtle cosmic and biocosmic rhythms, etc.
22737fc460a20a5c922afa8cd33e1c7ac2e1d0c9	Since the middle of the 20th century, astrology has regained popularity.
ba637d08cebc182f5457d4b9bf14b1d5af4c3a45	Felix Kazimirovich Velichko.
994666b7a95596b79514a992f51e9e039b1225b8	Leo Tolstoy biography
6002a52fe37fe929ea1183aea46a64183ee670cb	Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy biography
66654b218edc346115890d76ba6f087cacf75fc8	Famous : Writer, Literary figure
9a1c6da00a25cc7b2b057e510b940651e8661cf2	Country: Russia
9a2eb2cd0f92c8524ed939a095eee45ebfe77435	Category: Writers
08ec01c0a52d1bcb50687b133af4e76c681bfc96	Zodiac sign: Maid
9f1eec3e69f4cf387c0eadb32abf32fa6934f433	Date of birth: September 9, 1828.
79a0444040654ced4a9126f4c08fc819ab11edbb	Date of death: November 20, 1910.
641babdc8ebd9bd23dc12193fdd201ff342036cc	(82 years old)
25076e5cd583696071880e2bf3607f2f8d6504ff	Biography added: April 1, 2014.
11caf05f89124b3199a7c4bf6d1d9ebc235eef31	Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910) was a great Russian writer.
41e49cfc076c51188bcf24da7cab360de86a2133	Childhood and adolescence.
e855f049f0cf2b38b4b2e62898df65e6e78fb5f7	Sevastopol stories.
f75bc8d17f43eda24e192035640697dd4c221de1	He was born on August 26 (September 9), 1828 in the Yasnaya Polyana estate of the Tula province, (now the estate museum in the Tula region) in one of the most notable Russian noble families.
d25716ea1e855997e8125f59751c107e0f5622a0	The distant ancestor of Leo Nikolaevich, Peter Alekseevich Tolstoy — an associate of Peter the Great, was a cruel, treacherous and power hungry nobleman, a man of great statesmanship and great willpower.
7997f11c4f6faa7bff5537ed68bf92b11c3402c4	For his services to the tsar, he was granted the title of count.
4a1fadf4b4b0365637a0fe9973b4d6bfa8b43623	On his mother's side, Lev Nikolaevich belonged to the ancient family of the Volkonsky princes.
e5416843f7bebfcabe5b97a2f57512d7b46853c5	Belonging to the aristocracy throughout his life largely determined Tolstoy's behavior and thoughts.
c77b81e5501d8734539d03221186dc22f7f20373	In his youth and in his mature years, he thought a lot about the special vocation of the old Russian nobility, which preserves the ideals of naturalness, personal honor, independence and freedom.
dfbd4cc50e75258fa7e31596e534075e8ed2c0f3	In his declining years, he began to be burdened by his privileged position and everyday life, unlike the life of the working, ordinary people.
26c5b66999dbbd6d10e49c71e939a16752ed43bb	Aphorisms are perhaps the best form for presenting philosophical judgments.
060335b3fc8790c55e6feb5696c0b18b8404f7f1	Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich
5f8ecebc2a93f745ce0b8507e16330260859fa14	The first years of Tolstoy's life were spent in the estate of his parents Yasnaya Polyana near the city of Tula.
b9999eaf9869a7fdf3aaab73fc8260d049ee5fd8	Very early, at the age of one and a half years, he lost his mother Maria Nikolaevna, an emotional and determined woman.
fcce04572a43327bc07fedf68204358cf09ac9e9	Tolstoy knew many family stories about his mother.
1585e6105338ba7b449dd0f35d354307bcaa4d4f	The image of her was fanned for him with the brightest feelings.
b7ea99e6bf4621ac00e339445618bcd882beeaeb	His father, Nikolai Ilyich, a retired colonel, was friends with the Decembrists Islenyev and Koloshin.
4d3f83557dd95b827f6f12fbe4ee1c8b3814f3ae	He was distinguished by pride and independence in relations with representatives of the authorities.
e6fd767f65e2300c368209f61b024a6adc78734e	For the Fat child, the father was the embodiment of beauty, strength, passionate, gambling love for the joys of life.
52ada48737d1620b795ec2e3c19b845a0ef355f7	From him he inherited a passion for dog hunting, the beauty and excitement of which Tolstoy expressed many years later on the pages of the novel War and Peace in the description of the wolf baiting by the hounds of the old Count Rostov.
83626710f6bb9295dae38be5fc96eb08cb4babf4	The author of the story could also say these words about his childhood.
de2b56cb433d27be37d6507cf0e3259720a990be	Immortality, of course incomplete, is undoubtedly realized in posterity.
cd21f3f463958148a123de542c7b610892b85e3e	In 1837, Tolstoy's family moved from Yasnaya Polyana to Moscow.
6b386bb0b85c60d21c2420ca4f4a1dc05097357f	A serene, joyful childhood has ended.
005f1ac975b39993b11f6cc3aacf04354a752134	In the summer of this year, the father unexpectedly dies, their aunt, the father's sister Alexandra Ilyinichna Osten Saken becomes the guardian of the orphaned children.
de2e4bba25046755fe2c7110e7c2579e95e0e63f	Four years later, she died.
fe75038a921bca72ff1f38d92cbd92afe858f691	The Tolstoys moved to Kazan, where another aunt, Pelageya Ilyinichna Yushkovskaya, lived.
bb8686b86f0754a96af1c293f815829246fe8088	Tolstoy's youth was spent in Kazan.
433e1dd65e4b0472134f11cd7546295d418afb42	Here, in 1844, he entered the Faculty of Philosophy of the University.
f2bfdf50b8daa145db958b25e5679e5fe79696d7	The benefit of people in life.
a573e6836325f0038b8143c481f6ea83a5f6a73a	And life is about work.
85f319bc69e5157eff41a1007292d1c0c4d15f6a	He described his first unsuccessful experience of managing a few years later in the story The Morning of the Landowner (1856), the hero of which Nekhludoff is endowed with the features of Tolstoy himself. nie.
5e385f81c05a4f39908791b145cda5652054e2ba	Tolstoy focuses on the experience of psychological analysis of sentimentalist writers of the 18th century.
d9bfa994c9ca23ca6d2c4a5cc72531b0a795850b	L. Stern and J.-J.Rousseau, learns the techniques of revealing experiences in the novel by M. Y. Lermontov, the Hero of our time.
3ef6e3a02ba143454efa861c7f23d18e5369ff4a	In March 1851, Tolstoy wrote The History of Yesterday — an excerpt in which he describes his feelings in detail.
1e736fa211b36ad5aab35a4894cfed11bdaa648e	This is no longer just a diary entry, but a work of art.
fe0d738a7e56103877c8aa0d70d63984611fd88e	Charity is only charity when it is a sacrifice.
258016e6dd4fc002a784729a5229d105e9232004	In April 1851, he went to the Caucasus, where there was a war between Russian troops and Chechens.
31e6570c1c886f74e084bb21b476257d663a9036	In January 1852, he entered military service in the artillery.
9095642d614fb71f10cdebb6f008535c9985371f	Participates in battles and works on the story Childhood.
2437008c9d95fb4c9ddb9d212d3eef92483e4d06	Childhood was published under the title The Story of my childhood (this title belonged to Nekrasov) in the 9th issue of the magazine "Sovremennik" for 1852 and brought Tolstoy great success and fame as one of the most talented Russian writers.
87be866ce7c68b55ffb5c27256ad73b5974369f5	Two years later, also in the 9th issue of Sovremennik, a continuation appears — the novella Adolescence, and in the 1st issue for 1857, the novella Youth was published, which completed the story about Nikolai Irtenev — the hero of Childhood and Adolescence.
a98d3d2b4ac2b031e7296e27c1e682109ea697d9	The originality of Childhood and Adolescence was subtly noticed by the writer and critic N. Chernyshevsky in the article Childhood and adolescence.
4ef0429170260e367addbd7451ad084c7603c096	Military stories gr.
28f0482269bf3b597c080caf913b8b9332f8bba8	Tolstoy (1856). He called the distinctive features of Tolstoy's talent "a deep knowledge of the secret movements of psychic life and the direct purity of moral feeling."
8c4aec7c7981b8399f7a001e113ad8710d021ad2	Tolstoy's Three stories are not a consistent story of the upbringing and growing up of the main character and narrator, Nikolenka Irtenev.
9b2984122977e16be489b9af72fd838ff7e1fff7	This is a description of a number of episodes of his life — children's games, the first hunt and the first love for Sonechka Valakhina, the death of his mother, relationships with friends, balls and studies.
3d0d98c8b683dc4b55ff64350d3fa99a657bf5e8	What seems petty to others, unworthy of attention, and what for others are the actual events of Nikolenka's life, occupy an equal place in the consciousness of the child's hero himself.
3e97400215a02e420f192010409a1e984af624a3	Resentment against the teacher Karl Ivanovich, who killed a fly over Nikolenka's head with a firecracker and woke him up, is experienced by the hero no less acutely than the first love or separation from relatives.
197313fe430ec6ebff664bd99809411da84aee04	Tolstoy describes in detail the feelings of the child.
cb126823fe35f4f0c8618012e2cef93bd6a15784	The depiction of feelings in Childhood, Adolescence and Youth resembles the analysis of one's own experiences in Tolstoy's diaries.
50f8cb995f2e068ea2e27517ad4063c40a291c4b	The principles of depicting the inner world of the characters outlined in the diaries and embodied in these three stories passed into the novels War and Peace, Anna Karenina and many other later works of Tolstoy.
7ba787bcf2b79daf1b8087e7087367605a21c89f	The theme of simplicity and naturalness as the highest value of life and the "dispute" with the "ceremonial", beautiful image of the war is expressed in the essays Sevastopol in December (1855), Sevastopol in May (1855) and Sevastopol in August 1855 (1856).
ae098c0c98a084690b3607eec988cc225822666f	The essays describe the episodes of the heroic defense of Sevastopol from the Anglo French troops in 1855.
4b45cc90b1e8d4777667d92227a92412dcd8f623	Tolstoy himself participated in the defense of Sevastopol and spent many days and nights in the most dangerous place — on the fourth bastion, which was mercilessly shelled by enemy artillery.
ccaac15a054918b3936f789f090d3e3653ecc300	God gave the day, God gave the strength.
f5212c37b2ec26889e5f468e2293594be1777746	Both the day and the strength are devoted to work, and the reward is in it itself.
5118d095b5f8a677552dead04d0afd3ba5b8ac6a	(Anna Karenina)
eca6ee62a0b9b2fa0e1987128c50976df1f0725b	Tolstoy's Sevastopol stories are not a panoramic description of the entire months long giant battle for the city, but sketches of several days from the life of its defenders.
1ce45ffc1ddcdf4ea406a38df00d5f258f86308f	It is in the details: in the image of everyday life of soldiers, sailors, nurses, officers, citizens — Tolstoy is looking for the true truth of the war.
6572de68b798944ba5ff8019a52a7fba69f89182	The key motive of the Sevastopol stories is the unnaturalness and madness of war.
f004fc35e821af2bdd2772b219a92aae1563bc20	In the essay Sevastopol in December, Tolstoy describes not the impressive correctness of the battle, but the terrible scenes of the suffering of the wounded in the hospital.
e393b437145b17ee910aecea28da7e6de5de1a40	He uses the technique of contrast, sharply colliding the world of the living and beautiful nature with the world of the dead victims of war.
3785c81f25bfe2964f7787e9b5d5cd5c286d5f2e	For example, he tells about a child picking wildflowers between decomposing corpses and touching the outstretched arm of a headless dead man with his foot.
ae40e66a56c88237a861ddd4b097c3d2cc4d2d9a	War and peace.
3955ff74f0d344e17250324784f9c9299031358a	On November 19, 1855, he arrived in St. Petersburg.
804894bdf68de89581bba00cd88eb961e7cca915	His name is already covered with glory.
caa3f87329501bea976162514e859300ef6e6cdb	Writers and journalists of different directions hoped for cooperation with Tolstoy.
ef5d557c47c7120df5a55f369969f0f3351bd29e	But the literary environment, the spirit of literary circles and rivalry pushed Tolstoy away from new acquaintances.
6acfde387f2688cdaf8fcaad31ac16522c3c915f	Their interests seem to him small and insignificant, life is fussy and meaningless.
c80bdd474fc692314adea1d73d9d19ac5cda594b	Tolstoy took his soul away in carousing with gypsies and in an unrestrained card game.
b8b2ca2197f231e8975be57aa12afae76af02be7	In May 1856, he left St. Petersburg and settled in Yasnaya Polyana.
4a89e8ab5a1dd5cfbfa81cc9b6626cbc70c56ed1	For the most part, it happens that you argue hotly only because you can not understand what exactly the opponent wants to prove.
39a557a5eef2b6e34ef65285bea1256fce8af5f5	In the autumn of 1859, he opened a school for peasant children in Yasnaya Polyana.
bc1f7bda7714ad31d121a11a4eb0bd2aec494bf2	He studied history with the children, gave them topics for essays.
fbfb950e022995c9d2b9937d0dd1aaac04a33a03	In 1862, the school was closed after a police search.
731e5e645ba2b95bc07fc1904469c39af5fca200	The reason was the suspicion of the authorities that the students who taught at the Yasnaya Polyana school were engaged in anti government activities.
89a54826867c9e5381bb023f7a1a619152989838	The writer formulated the conclusions from his activities at the Yasnaya Polyana school in an article with the" scandalous " title: Who should learn to write from whom: for peasant children from us or for us from peasant children?
f73284d0306bc69c92c3260a6dc45d7bcb4107cd	According to Tolstoy, folk art and culture are not lower, but rather higher than the culture and art recognized in an educated society.
8df6a9aaca4eb694a0eb9a8e0c25f86fa3cb0c62	Peasant children preserve the spiritual purity and naturalness lost in the educated classes.
bde94331a747681d75a71f61ceaf592032802802	Their training in the values of "high" culture, Tolstoy believes, is hardly necessary.
c369c9f2dfec7a54127069f3d82b3166ae1a1877	On the contrary, the writer himself, studying with them, turned out to be not a teacher, but a student.
d186b4f166ffc71cf9a63b2857ca0561899475c6	In 1862, he married the daughter of a Moscow doctor, Sofia Andreevna Bers.
c71f0132774371573bea3d1d6a590d44f7610181	The wedding was preceded by Tolstoy's doubts about the strength and depth of his feelings, in the ability to bring happiness to his future wife and find comfort and joy in a new, family life himself.
ec9d938479718c8234285dfb27250a683ce86cf8	After the wedding, the young couple leave for Yasnaya Polyana.
1f5e8cd7c0b32d89f64326ba7ffd1ccff5ed0920	On September 25, Tolstoy writes in his diary: "Incredible happiness".
02f1edf6c3b7d0cade13a282b368a5f382f3df8c	Mutual misunderstanding, heavy quarrels, estrangement from each other all this is still in the distant future.
44e4cc3d5dea8ff0f9ba68edfc17be65155b896a	In 1863 Tolstoy published the novel The Cossacks, which he began working on in the mid 1850s.
3894b3e35dc3db967986c34ad3bc20717985e2b2	The story, like many of his other works, is autobiographical.
d1a14bc2ca00b336dd9ccddf74a987404d20d689	It is based on Caucasian memories, first of all — the story of his unrequited love for a Cossack woman who lived in the Starogladkovskaya stanitsa.
cfad39749fba6638951bf8b1fba7ee1208967875	He chooses a traditional plot for romantic literature: the love of a chilled, disillusioned hero, a fugitive from the hateful world of civilization, for a "natural" and passionate heroine.
f13fdd4bb6a1e7eefa92609c8baac779251d7429	A. S. Pushkin's poems The Caucasian Prisoner and the Gypsies were written on this plot.
ab90e01a54a93d8fedeeed032e03e176aeb076f7	The Gypsy Tolstoy reread while working on the Cossacks.
d8dad5251a8a662f3886128c2b84d7692428475b	But Tolstoy gives this plot a new meaning.
e02409d5e2216fda1be02844120325c3503f21cc	The young nobleman Dmitry Olenin only superficially resembles a romantic hero: his fatigue from life is shallow.
028f59c7f482bf4589f245020bf5948a330c2cab	He is drawn to the natural simplicity, the spontaneous life of the Cossacks, but remains alien to them.
857ef210a54e89ae86c5c336cdf8f563308ef0c3	Olenin's interests, upbringing, and social status alienate him from the inhabitants of the Cossack village.
f550e455cf7db47bd745939a78b0a5d5e1344eab	The beautiful Cossack Mariana prefers the reckless Cossack Lukashka to him.
46f0b1c6561f461fcfaa7d754bc710b0b42573cc	Olenin greedily absorbs the simple and wise thoughts of the old Cossack, hunter and former thief Uncle Eroshka: happiness, the meaning of life is in the intoxication of all its joys, in carnal pleasures.
65270a3007553a4652edd9c048f85e89e2b59e1d	But he will never be able to become as simple, carefree, kind and evil, pure and cynical at the same time as Uncle Eroshka.
df76688eb4bf66e087b2a5ef97aac81913393a28	Most men demand from their wives virtues that they themselves are not worth.
0e063b736a0646b78cf14606930a4e6af0d92a8d	From 1856 to 1863 he worked on a novel about the Decembrists.
a7ff37739ef2a51de99ad3152734cb6cdb2d51c1	He saw the roots of the events of December 14, 1825 in the events of the Patriotic War of 1812 — the time of the spiritual awakening of the Russian people, the unity of the nobility and ordinary people in the fight against a foreign enemy.
b8b970dbcf26275ab8e6accf8465dac2c1f0bc96	So the idea of the novel War and Peace arose.
d25a75269185502c42632579501fbb40282e5d92	The novel was written and revised during 1863-1869 (published in 1865-1869, in the editions of 1873 × 1886, some changes were made to the text).
34566612b3c5e1b3aa122d5a82caba53f8839db5	War and peace bears little resemblance to a classic novel.
2e9c1501dd4abd24e1686d7d2eb9bf78adfe16fa	There is no traditional love triangle, love or social conflict as the basis of the plot.
f26f4290e1ed99babe4cf4a7deea2c52d49f3e71	Traditionally, the key elements of the novel — the climax or denouement — at that time, as a rule, were a duel, marriage or death of the characters.
fe9b0afba4f268a3c30cfe7dab0983f44908514e	Meanwhile, the marriage of one of the main characters, Pierre Bezukhov, to the empty and immoral secular beauty Helen Kuragina has little effect on the subsequent events of his life.
fb1a7dc1d122d1f62988c216bb41107b5498477b	Pierre's duel with Helen's lover Dolokhov is not the spring of action.
cdcfc40e5850099947a639ccade427539c80aa26	Another favorite Tolstoy hero, Prince Andrei Bolkonsky, dies, and the story continues.
25bbadd0a91383deed8ad5006ce75db4ec266c04	Pierre marries Natasha Rostova.
e5de07fd02100513d9963570ec173c72c3b82494	But the novel ends not with a description of their wedding, but with a seemingly random scene an image of the dream of Nikolenka, the son of Prince Andrew.
71fd26560b20348bb19624ca33e74762d3fdf918	In this dream, the two main characters — Prince Andrew and Pierre Bezukhov were united in one person, and the dream foreshadows the disasters of Pierre, the future Decembrist.
ca751f476c875a33797b5076e63e18a3e85ffbc5	This strange, unusual novel has an open ending — the future of the family of Pierre and Natasha is unknown and only vaguely guessed.
bde73a337b1c9ed806a88bb6aca2126b9b92a505	It is not the external changes in the destinies of the heroes, but their spiritual evolution, their moral quest that constitute the true content of War and peace.
e131f4f6fd3ae73b70430efca2315912517e1b31	Two main lines of War and peace — the story of two friends, Pierre Bezukhov and Andrei Bolkonsky.
8840f3109afae1710028a53f15dfcb104fdd207a	They are united by the image of the young Countess Natasha Rostova, the bride of Prince Andrew, and later, after his death, Pierre's wife.
f669d2c02e93e35e5fb84aa5d8ae40a8c6613a5f	Pierre and especially Prince Andrew go through a fascination with Napoleon.
e132991ed3be4c9c7c71d921d677f1206b285137	Prince Andrew dreams of great glory.
cc9f51391f4d5866200a562e997c694b062abb7b	During the battle with Napoleon's army at Austerlitz, picking up a falling banner, he rushed towards the enemy, wanting to drag the soldiers with him.
5778e91794005bc935daed22c8019a502a03c7fc	Suddenly, he is seriously injured.
fcf56f2235288d8f3984a23aaa9376db50de7a4f	He falls to the ground and sees the blue sky high above him.
fe7fbf3073052ead2e316d2cf63ca8b0629d76b6	This sky for Prince Andrew becomes it is a symbol of the highest divine harmony and the true greatness of life.
c15317ddf51307d74041bd9da3beef98397adf10	He sees clearly, frees himself from spiritual blindness: "How quietly, calmly and solemnly, not at all like I was running... not at all like the clouds are crawling across this high, endless sky.
f2344dbd4b95a26f1b79623a42eae65daa5912a9	How is it that I have not seen this high sky before?
34cd4c691677886f7dfdea8e9ce838ad7f8d94eb	And how happy I am that I finally found out.
79553ce21d29d36bc3beec876d1881df03aeb1f6	Yes! everything is empty, everything is a deception, except for this endless sky."
bdb087b3f6e185e493502c285569d75fc91dbcf6	Andrei Bolkonsky comprehends at this moment all the lies of Napoleon's greatness and his vain aspirations.
b6976538fea184c1b1c5934956a730c48d70252d	Images of nature in War and peace are symbols of the highest harmony, a revelation of the truth of the world.
6c66eabe3717659bec318c36e816b2b1889cc504	They are opposed to the vanity, egoism, the baseness of the false life of people (first of all, people of the upper world), alien to spiritual aspirations.
1efa674f50712ee10b336e9e568011975e80e776	The rebirth of the devastated Prince Andrew, who has lost the meaning of existence, who has lost his wife, is symbolized by an old withered oak tree that lets out fresh young shoots in the spring.
5188cf83d3601feab717d2fe79d6c9f1b744d449	Captured by the French, Pierre Bezukhov, who experienced the horror of being shot, realizes in captivity that his main value, which is beyond anyone's control, is an immortal soul.
9ea77156e385ee8b62d6994b3f48ad8319bb3be5	This liberating feeling comes to Pierre when he contemplates the starry night sky.
fe546035c1c4b2661436502d3e0f149db42aa541	The beauty of life is embodied for the heroes of War and peace Pierre and Prince Andrew and in the image of the truly poetic and sincere Natasha Rostova.
5fa48277b516150857281bc18a87173cacb17d2e	Accidentally overheard on a moonlit night in the Otradnoye estate, an enthusiastic Natasha's conversation with her cousin Sonya returns the happiness of youth and the spontaneity of feelings to Prince Andrew.
245c63555cf3cc80af3fb81049df420cf037afb0	A true marriage is only one that illuminates love.
459d8719b43818cc679a01b1304444ff63529fa4	The trait of Tolstoy's favorite heroes is the ability to spiritual growth.
b8d17c6329a02bca76f281fd4bf2d121e28cf224	Both Pierre and Prince Andrew are freed from false ideas thanks to communication with ordinary Russian people.
6ab01dae09d4ea1996eda88f426d8afc036409a4	For Prince Andrew, this is Captain Tushin and his subordinate artillery soldiers, whom he met in the battle with Napoleon at Schoengraben.
3ec59721ba7da394139c521deeb050f5a132550e	Pierre discovers the highest value of simplicity from the soldiers he sees on the Borodino field.
b1f3c5863220b8c2add894238f9b956a8386a9ca	The soldier Platon Karataev helps Pierre to understand that the meaning of life is in itself, in its simple and natural joys, in intuitive trust in life, in the humble acceptance of the troubles and joys that fall to a person.
b02d1d5bfbd2bafc6cb1c7997581c88cfc27d012	Naturalness in the novel is opposed to a false, superficial life.
ef55961c168d379b1259a266c5ab953e966805f9	Natasha Rostova is simple and natural — a young "countess" who selflessly performs a Russian folk dance.
aba46a76a23a015c26353f6fe6e16356cc288203	Russian soldiers are simple, alien to acting and falsehood, performing feats on a daily basis, without thoughts of glory.
fe7f15707ce1a92ae021681ef6abc7347cfcf0b9	The Russian commander Kutuzov is simple, who, like Platon Karataev, embodies the fullness of the acquired meaning of life.
66a495cf4a0937b08b30f184987a0e0fcc254656	Both Andrey and Pierre are moving towards liberation from petty and selfish feelings.
a75bf9c552d2145052295fab3b80fd1dd60f9d0f	Andrey, mortally wounded at Borodin, finds infinite love for all people, and then, on the eve of his death, complete detachment from all earthly worries and worries, the highest peace.
99f4c12b96494224e161d10ca7c9a7eafb197065	Pierre finds peace and happiness in a quiet family life with Natasha.
ae28f057f49374bab4a5a6a5db8f041e7932ecfe	These characters are contrasted with the poseur Napoleon, who enthusiastically plays the role of a"great man".
7f6506bc5cc9b92a342fe6540d904aab88fc2042	It is reminiscent of numerous "Napoleons" and "Napoleons" — the Russian Emperor Alexander I, the dignitary Speransky, the maid of honor Anna Scherer, the Kuragin family, the careerist Boris Drubetskoy and the calculating Julie Karagina, who are playing love, and many others.
f98a0528b6d20771e4c70f2c49232e931b49bcad	These characters are endowed with an exaggerated idea of their own meaning, they are internally empty and insensitive, they are thirsty for fame, purely carnal passion, they care about their career, they like to talk beautifully and a lot.
dfb51c298c1abdef5ec7bb056a5c299c4d79ffab	But they do not know love for their neighbor, they do not feel the highest meaning of being.
2319d05a6a4eb987f7d8cbd0bef8992e673b8ebb	Be truthful even in relation to the child: fulfill the promise, otherwise you will teach him to lie.
5e7bc95c987587d31aa046d99c718e8053011ecd	In the novel, historical scenes and scenes of private, family life are equalized in their meaning.
97e66319e1569d17acef5f9bd0d394c39458ddf9	Tolstoy describes in equal detail the Battle of Austerlitz, the Battle of Borodino, the military council of the Russian army headquarters in Fili and the first ball of Natasha Rostova, the hunting of old Count Rostov and the conversations of Pierre and Natasha about the health of children.
f71a722e9c14085515f5ef907d5aadb93b896681	"Historical "chapters in War and Peace alternate with "family" ones.
061e9132184f68e85d235f1667cbad58e6566e84	Tolstoy perceives what is happening precisely from the point of view of a private, "outsider" person, and not from the point of view of a commander or a statesman.
3439702108e9ccb788df4e44e335dd37f35bd3dd	Thus, the Battle of Borodino was seen through the eyes of a civilian — Pierre Bezukhov, who knows nothing about military science.
80fe21a745553d9f33bfacac73d2c68f4a186433	In Tolstoy's view, the private, family life of ordinary people is the same historical event, worthy of the attention of a historian and writer no less than the negotiations of tsars and diplomats or military victories.
ce8f9560803299567e1d7ea339e3df0ab5b69cf4	The combination of" family " chapters with a detailed description of historical events, the pairing of several storylines, the inclusion of many dozens of characters in his text have become features completely new for the modern Tolstoy novel.
9ae8c66ea45f56e95a1a3ed6d694b41381222ec4	Later researchers called War and Peace an epic novel.
764ff6ad731c46a065f58b356ba7398a06eebbb9	In the historical and philosophical chapters of War and Peace, Tolstoy reveals his understanding of the meaning and laws of history.
eb74cc296393787dff9b47321ced1d0d8f054890	In his opinion, historical events are determined by the coincidence of many reasons, and therefore people cannot understand the laws of history.
9ad3994342894a46d211b1b6d525104d32589668	Tolstoy bitterly and acrimoniously polemizes with the opinion about the decisive role of great people — tsars, generals, diplomats — in history.
1eb24a66ca2857375d3dadc0a64587d3ede62344	The higher a person's place in society and in the state, the more circumstances he must take into account — " he notes.
9f0de67178c47711f255efce3d573ef9e7210e72	A truly great man does not interfere in the mysterious, incomprehensible course of history.
f1fe9c07d81ca77f7f77f394fdc392cceec23c5c	He only feels its laws in his heart and strives to contribute to the course of events.
fbd3f7528cc108c04f3a661b088c90bcaae55ede	This is exactly what Kutuzov is like in Tolstoy's image, not caring about military plans, behaving allegedly passively and absent mindedly on the eve of decisive battles.
09696a2ddd26853b2423058cb0c5f5c78957c53d	That is why, the writer convinces, the winner is Kutuzov, and not Napoleon, who carefully developed military plans, but did not feel the hidden course of events, who forgot that the moral rightness in the war of 1812 was on the side of the Russians.
a57461bb3579632cd559c3e36fadb62502c468cb	Tolstoy rejected historical science, considering it quackery.
54c1cc1134218ee19137bb94f3547d54d2785681	He admitted that the movement of history is determined not by the will of people, but by Providence, Fate.
021df2d38532163eee5417df0f0959f9f535edbe	Be both careful, attentive more than anything else to mutual relations, so that the habits of irritation and alienation do not creep in.
45fc2a39535d4ca70edd8615079a48d9199378a2	Anna Karenina.
6dd31c2217dc6bb8368e58f3af54a15244bb9bfb	In 1877 Tolstoy finished his second novel, Anna Karenina (published in 1876-1877).
da2e080c4c3bb27b4e3eb6665c2023dfadd31c15	His main character, Anna Karenina, is a delicate and conscientious nature, she is connected with Count Vronsky by a real, strong feeling.
9bc7d058e53f6d38dbd1e771d7e621f9677ea9dd	Anna's husband, a high ranking official Karenin, seems to be soulless and callous, although he is capable of high, truly human, kind feelings.
21529fdcd40c4759189dbccb0e662cad8fce5428	Tolstoy creates circumstances that would seem to justify Anna.
46e41dcc04da14082b0da17e0c812d481d1b8a4b	She is open and honest, does not hide her relationship with Vronsky and seeks to get a divorce from her husband.
085da782d842ed1bfefc1732c5a7d743d0956ec4	And yet Tolstoy apparently condemns Anna.
e07eb5896810e38ef82566919208fbf9400e4493	The price for cheating on her husband is the suicide of the heroine, while her death, according to the author's plan, is a manifestation of divine judgment.
82fb1d67f57e6be53f832ad2d95e79a5d59ece21	It is not for nothing that Tolstoy chose the words of God from the biblical book of Deuteronomy in the Church Slavonic translation as an epigraph to the novel:"Vengeance is upon me, and I will repay you".
761b80ec8043e1ed2991062ec208af0a761c7ee2	In addition, according to Tolstoy, not only Anna deserves the highest court, but also other characters who have committed sin — first of all, Vronsky.
350ecc97981a5908835e8fabfa88536bc92a23bb	Anna's fault for Tolstoy is in avoiding the purpose of a wife and mother.
bd6c54d1aaa0df673908acde80b51cd8d93b23e5	The relationship with Vronsky is not only a violation of marital duty.
0b1bfe91755248eea526900359b7d3b0c494e81f	It leads to the destruction of the Karenin family: their son Seryozha is now growing up without a mother, and Anna and her husband are fighting with each other for their son.
c853759c4a80aeaac3fb95fb1d5e90a739ab2bc4	Anna's love for Vronsky, according to Tolstoy, is not a high feeling in which the spiritual principle prevails over the physical attraction, but a blind and destructive passion.
def3ca3d7dfdd4e5a199bf5d0d32e1c4878e5e21	Its symbol is a furious snowstorm, during which the explanation of Anna and Vronsky takes place.
e3143462db5408b111ff28ffbbb0f30047f9062a	The novel combines three storylines the stories of three families.
13d754be0eba614012c43b2a703758956b310280	They are both similar and different at the same time.
7de288ab5a6e5f19744b62472003fd7e51b6ba21	Anna chooses love, ruining her family.
a4a659b7d51e2d0e789eb55ad998d9a4d5c6d4de	Dolly, the wife of her brother Stiva Oblonsky, for the sake of the happiness and well being of the children, reconciles with her unfaithful husband.
fadaf41afa8b428d18b38937a02de35abffcd8cd	Konstantin Levin, marrying Dolly's young and charming sister, Kitty Shcherbatskaya, seeks to create a spiritual and pure marriage in which husband and wife become a single, similarly feeling and thinking being.
6c6329d5ab66c993feb3a2bed8e07a5ed65ddf46	On this path, temptations and difficulties lie in wait for him.
be2a7a57ca88cba8a5da7ac8b501c973045e4b45	The story of Levin's marriage to Kitty, their marriage and Levin's spiritual quest is autobiographical.
41305d5eaec2b1a02eaa7e167fa65de412c22548	It largely reproduces the episodes of the marriage and family life of Lev Nikolaevich and Sofia Andreevna.
22737688e7c98d28b8f598e8e26acaaea278a44d	A distinctive artistic feature of the novel is the repetition of situations and images that serve as predictions and foreshadows.
cbdf5cba60d86b7f001478383731eff15af7cc3a	Anna and Vronsky meet at the railway station.
9ab5f32e6ec1e431b744743b6e8b495873d45019	At the moment of the first meeting, when Anna accepted a sign of attention from a new acquaintance, the train coupler was crushed by the train.
f44bb70b93fbd48c76c6d6565caf9422bec6bf59	At the railway station, Vronsky and Anna's explanation also takes place.
1c2d5bbd4d3c615f918005b09a00b6eaa44b0d10	The image of the railway is correlated in the novel with the motives of passion, a deadly threat, with cold and soulless metal.
6926e417561567ddecd5ff4b795b4f8b5bf689b5	Anna's death and Vronsky's guilt are predicted in the horse racing scene, when Vronsky, because of his awkwardness, breaks the back of the beautiful mare Frou Frou.
334071b46a1e7ea4516bdce43a9637919455c04f	The death of the horse seems to foreshadow the fate of Anna.
7ba0fce38f92ba9a7ca72b7a504870c3dafe3413	Anna's dreams are symbolic, in which she sees a man working with iron.
66a392ba66036ed8a81cc9b1d12654ddbfeed628	His image echoes the images of railway employees and is covered with menace and death.
bd34169a8ba8c4700c96e3f0661bbe584a1bc797	In Anna Karenina, Tolstoy repeatedly uses the technique of an internal monologue, describing chaotic, randomly alternating observations, impressions of the surrounding world and the thoughts of the heroine.
ba5759e3283c35ecb97fc9131693bf2a2bf8ee3f	Sometimes the work is unnecessary, fussy, impatient, irritated, interfering with others and drawing attention to itself.
1dc9b2b0902f089b4c4af563be6ede822c5495a8	Such work is much worse than a holiday osti.
cbd1af400211811fd413c3461c6a9fa9a1f3b29a	Real work is always quiet, uniform, imperceptible.
4040aa032bf66bbd3c24cfefcdb51dc8e64cd5bb	Crisis.
5f4b1aa2ecc7854f81b878094faf3503f10e8004	Later creativity.
421be8734a30f978e6932d3eac2aff1a40e90022	In the second half of the 1860s — in the 1870s, Tolstoy was experiencing a painful spiritual crisis.
bb7e734e746a4b00ba1627117968df07af5b102c	In 1869, he went to see an estate in the Penza province, which he hoped to buy profitably.
5c4580485bed32d935ea8b1c4fcaafdbb99d61a5	On the way, I spent the night at the Arzamas hotel.
2ce9ad2226720487605d315f45e23a1119c2351f	He fell asleep, but suddenly woke up in horror: he imagined that he was going to die.
82deb203ae6f6bc77ae2e766277acb0b8bc0d18b	Tolstoy described his feelings in the unfinished story Notes of a Madman, on which he worked in 1885-1886.
f65df64688160ca0f2ceb2f97a6f1fc680d86d33	The fear of death, the feeling of emptiness and the meaninglessness of life haunted Tolstoy for several years.
ffdd8d53cfe6fbd9d28eac6b47cfbd4dcea25f2f	He tried to seek solace in philosophy, in the Orthodox faith and in other religions.
6be7b2c93bafe972e55b845b9247629e30969fa7	But he did not receive a clear and close answer about the meaning of life from either philosophers or theologians.
a9d076ade7d8fd89da7e9efa7054628f7f8ae0e2	Philosophy and existing religions seemed to Tolstoy to be meaningless and unnecessary.
73c86bb8d17d91816dafaff2ad77adf582e41d06	He was repeatedly visited by thoughts of suicide.
df6ad7cab43031dd5cd1f0a37247274d331d152e	The crisis was overcome at the turn of the 1870s 1880s.
8472f5dbcf4fcf07bd973f61c89dedf0e86e8fa6	Tolstoy comes to recognize the extra rational, intuitive folk religiosity as the only answer to the question of the meaning of life.
a13e9c992d128d21fe9cd854899901fe590de4ef	He saw the destiny and duty of the nobles, intellectuals — all those who belong to the privileged classes in the pollination, in likening himself to people from the people, peasants.
c9f198a8b18d85e0add8b668c022f3ab39e2e9fc	At the same time, he did not accept and did not understand the popular belief in the miraculous and otherworldly.
4d2302b17b8d9eaf598b7e13047d42a5e958b2db	The New faith, which Tolstoy taught in his religious and philosophical writings of the 1880s and later, was primarily a moral teaching.
cb85e69fe45d86fdf82fc95c9b585d55ebd6e2cb	For Tolstoy, God is the highest, purest principle in the human soul, the embodiment of a moral principle.
1daff32796619eb04e7c8a06beaa0dac9f6066cd	Tolstoy considered the existing Christian religions, in particular, Orthodoxy, to be perverting the spirit and essence of the commandments, the creeds of Christ.
03ba94098cbec518e4a1011cc7670c461112288f	He could not accept the extra rational, super rational in theology (church dogmas).
4bd571ff17899d3e915eeeac6be23ea2baa38be3	He reproached the church for reconciling with violence or even justifying violence.
68ce49f0351904dae75b6434dce3150ddd4e09e4	According to Tolstoy, any violence is unacceptable in human society.
e76ca501a61b4e1dffebf6dc230c1dae071148e2	The overcoming of evil, the victory over it and the realization of the Christian ideal of universal brotherhood are possible only through the moral improvement of each person.
767e69be82f8596ad5ed3a70cfd87a4ed7ccd59e	Tolstoy told about overcoming the spiritual crisis and about his new faith in Confession (written in 1879-1882, published in 1884).
813a7804fca870ac01efbed4e9d0837362060700	Being truthful and honest with children, without hiding from them what is happening in the soul, is the only education.
ad46e8bce201a0d94a966b46f50cc84e6eda6b49	Tolstoy rethought his entire life.
e2f29a0dd30377486b2ac45470b9bede7c657621	He comes to the conclusion that only the life of ordinary people is close to moral truths.
96f887f4ce8b0e93e3ca7984a710195d15c01c1e	In the article What is art? (1898) he rejects everything in world culture created by people from the ruling classes and classes.
0e182247500ae550e937c1a2006a238abfa7e86d	According to Tolstoy, the only true function of art is to give "knowledge of the difference between good and evil", and this function is fully fulfilled only by art created by ordinary people.
e88f32766c5fd36101aeab620f2b4c8b4a2a453a	The poverty and suffering of the destitute were painfully experienced by Tolstoy.
032348936c1a3841e2d49d2a87549a7492e8230c	He was one of the organizers of public assistance to starving peasants in 1891.
5cf2c42b7197be063e9647aa5bf4ff348612703d	He considers personal labor, primarily physical labor, the rejection of wealth, of property acquired through the work of others, necessary for wealthy people.
188a9d433d48c6dd327fa8d61b064323c53e86aa	He wrote about this in the journalistic work So what should we do?, which he worked on in 1882-1886.
5f86f25ceb95a700d68884b23a0f38d0f579fc9b	Tolstoy came to the idea that private ownership of land is unnatural, that a state that resorts to violence, to cruel punishments, should not exist.
351a6053d12436096fa9e52bbbe762dbf4fb68bf	In 1908, I learned about the execution by hanging in the city of Kherson of twelve peasants who participated in actions against the landowners and responded to the incident with the article I can not be silent.
fd89395978b518fdf9c8eb95cb46a99d766b5e8f	And he saw the path to human happiness primarily not in social and economic changes, but in the moral self improvement of each person.
a4f369a3a4dacbdd3af504aecef02d98a1875f72	In an immoral society, all inventions that increase the power of man over nature are not only not good, but an undoubted and obvious evil.
90597f121e37a934249a8c26b8f93d6f5fe6eb8e	On February 22, 1901, the Synod — the highest church body in Russia at that time - issued a ruling on Tolstoy's excommunication from the church, pointing out the anti Orthodox spirit of Tolstoy's teaching.
946572a4fa5da41cd1eec4afcf128a99a0d69cde	In the south of Russia, his followers — the Tolstoyans created agricultural communes, lived together, cultivating the land.
ecb3148b50e6a7632fdc3e782a80d858f944d2b6	In the work of the late Tolstoy, the desire for simplicity of style and direct edification were clearly manifested.
a7c9d66490fb32f45d4987bd0b128f0062058a19	He created numerous works written in imitation of folk legends and fairy tales, in which he expressed his understanding of the teachings of Christ, ideas about a decent and righteous life and about an ideal society.
9ac678d53849455b59a46aee82608cdac913547a	Perversity, the wrongness of people's lives, the structure of society — the main theme of the work of the late Tolstoy.
8cace5f1aae066daac6e564c4351a30bf8b3dc48	The story of Father Sergius (Tolstoy worked on it in the 1890s, published after his death in 1911) depicts the life story of Prince Stepan Kasatsky, who becomes a monk Sergius, an extremely proud man who comes through the temptation of fame to the simple humble life of a poor wanderer.
32b06badfe2f4f4df6e3ebdb15e196586b7b256f	In the story of the Kreutzer Sonata (1887-1889), Tolstoy presented sexual love between a man and a woman as a low, unworthy feeling.
0752bbb849bbeab098a2086043531b31602f3d13	In the play The Living Corpse (1900, published posthumously, in 1911), the author focuses on the abnormality of laws and authorities that force spouses who have fallen out of love and are ready to part with each other to continue living together.
657452b2f667456ae83be697f5c2e73204d882a2	The main character of the play, Fedya Protasov, feels the emptiness of the surrounding society and finds a way out in a drunken revelry.
4af94dbf96f0598ef9879b0678ab14d22339539e	The desire to untie the tangled knot of relations with his abandoned wife Lisa and with Viktor Karenin, who loves her, honest, but limited and does not understand Protasov, leads the main character to suicide.
d541a63de7cb4136db4a76f23788e093f17cfd7b	In the matter of cunning, a stupid person spends more intelligent ones.
ca76f99cc78fe1ed1699e7809107b641c4e59b6b	In the story Kholstomer (1885, the first version — 1864-1865), the ugliness of the relations reigning among people is exposed thanks to a special technique: everything that happens is depicted in the perception of the horse gelding Kholstomer.
736f430421f54f775f25e3dec180aa525489784f	The story is based on contrast: the tragic life of the wise Kholstomer — and the story of the meaningless existence of his former master, the depraved and selfish Prince Serpukhov.
9005580ceb2beb0c96bacfc4d702621b224c8280	Insight hero, moral, spiritual transformation on the verge of death, the plot of the novels the Death of Ivan Ilyich (1881-1882, 1884-1886, published in 1886) and the Master and worker (1894-1895).
843623e6db993c291ad57543334b211fea369696	A terminally ill high official Ivan Ilyich becomes convinced of how empty his life was, in which he followed the same rules and habits that other people in his circle.
17598ac8c8e55b61eae63b28187786e5610f3742	The story is based on the contrast of Ivan Ilyich's new ideas about life and the opinions peculiar to his family and colleagues.
c29f892601586bc3d2bcf899380df981837435d9	The hero of the second story, the innkeeper, greedy and alien to the reproaches of conscience, Brekhunov unexpectedly saves his employee Nikita at the cost of his life.
5e3babcfe1faaec17d52a6bc3d4d46dba9e30807	From 1889 to 1899, Tolstoy worked on his last novel, The Resurrection.
c3d2835a760859b86110f44df1aca385af0ee15e	The plot of the Resurrection is based on the moral revival of a rich nobleman Dmitry Ivanovich Nekhludov and a prostitute Katyusha Maslova, whom Nekhludov once seduced.
8876e27eba92851bb8f4136630668c04abce0e39	In the Resurrection, Tolstoy refuses his favorite technique the depiction of the experiences of the heroes — the "dialectic of the soul".
76a1d4e43dde22dbcf2a0fba97d1db6f645b1bc9	The description of the complex movement of contradictory experiences is replaced by direct judgments by Nekhludoff's assessments of himself and the people around him.
5c1b4a544b5ba8089ce3de5a7c3393746d9f2afb	Tolstoy describes a paradoxical, "inverted" situation: Nekhludoff, who is guilty of Katyusha Maslova's moral fall, turns out to be her legal judge.
7671f2c8687eeae4933d4fb1ada82df228e121e4	He is among the jurors who decide on the guilt of Maslova (Maslova is suspected of involvement in the poisoning of a merchant visitor to a brothel).
bee61fc16f0ffef933e17608aa101dcce5aae5c7	The laws of the birth of the language live and always act in folk speech.
fe6dbb0e63dd7da2b36038158823bae502c631ab	Tolstoy depicts a whole gallery of characters from different classes — dignitaries, criminal criminals, revolutionaries.
bded8de99ffdb6d44fdd4c8b4d49f3bde37dd198	The author of the novel acts as a ruthless judge of the modern social and state system.
35a35dab40fd5b377a5930c2ff605c1463e53401	Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy photo
ce247ee242b8749227acfdf6b66d44c4d2c94608	Show more photos of Leo Tolstoy
59e9bd884479468233cb99f752c199a95df984b7	All photos by Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy
2c2be4ad9f4e0c0d902d210696f4cbde96f404f4	Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy quotes
da25dd8fb133e125fcbe5cb3eea2394a2e8151e1	The doctors went to Natasha separately and in consultations, spoke a lot in French, German and Latin, condemned each other, prescribed a variety of medicines for all diseases known to them; but none of them came up with the simple idea that they could not know the disease that Natasha suffered from, just as no disease that a living person is obsessed with can be known: for every living person has its own characteristics and always has a special and new, complex, unknown to medicine, not a disease of the lungs, liver, skin, heart, nerves, etc., recorded in medicine, but a disease consisting of one of the countless compounds in the suffering of these organs.
10fa8a3f5bb81c33ba47020f29412b398287afb1	This simple thought could not come to doctors (just as a sorcerer cannot come to the idea that he cannot do magic) because their life's work was to treat, because they received money for it, and because they spent the best years of their lives on this business.
19259470d0c7c79e4a7a65fef693db41527697de	But the main thing is that this thought could not come to the doctors because they saw that they were undoubtedly useful, and were really useful for all the household Rostovs.
30f485456150552739a8604a4b6fcbc277a6a03f	They were useful not because they forced the patient to swallow mostly harmful substances (this harm was not very sensitive, because harmful substances were given in small quantities), but they were useful, necessary, inevitable (the reason is why there are always and will be imaginary healers, fortune tellers, homeopaths and allopaths) because they satisfied the moral needs of the patient and people who love the patient.
49177ef52ceee19ffbc4cb73712d0a6e3fb4f4c5	They satisfied the eternal human need for hope for relief, the need for sympathy and activity that a person experiences during suffering.
b2893bf59130e5a20b7af557eeefc9d3074c8031	They satisfied that eternal, human — noticeable in the child in the most primitive form need to rub the place that is bruised.
ccc2b7e37c038b9f5d344180c752fc80bee6f9fc	The child will be killed and immediately runs into the hands of the mother, the nurse, in order to be kissed and rubbed the sore spot, and it becomes easier for him when the sore spot is rubbed or kissed.
fb0f7b46e093f3e9a65ad52f74318154b20a9f02	The child does not believe that his strongest and wisest do not have the means to help his pain.
1e560c121ba8908d4677ef3445e18d8444404602	And the hope of relief and an expression of sympathy while his mother rubs his bump, comfort him...
572b8e5a931e086d1369798360451d328b1db85d	According to a person's life, according to his deeds, both now and then, it is impossible to know in any way whether he is an Orthodox believer or not.
ccf07a60e28262c317ca0bdf4ba5efca3a942831	Even on the contrary, in most cases: moral life, honesty, truthfulness, kindness to people were found and are found more often in non believers.
5bf6071232efef1d184f566cfb4cdaaf7ad46a5e	On the contrary, the recognition of one's Orthodoxy and the visual performance of its rites are mostly found in immoral, cruel, high — ranking people who use violence for their lusts wealth, pride, sensuality.
11b36c1b600b9b5dd76c5abbc8f3e1911106802d	I am not for the Russian or Japanese governments, but for the deceived working people of both countries, who are forced to fight against their well being, conscience and religion.
31048006880041393777a565814e996807780c70	To love is to live the life of the one you love.
d1962b19c2021b663d3c3929225783b117bae215	To live honestly, you have to rush, get confused, make mistakes, start and quit... and always fight and lose.
daedbde20a108846d9069a9c08073d2f23c7b235	And calmness is spiritual meanness.
fab1059504b52a7028a237f404dfea465339bbb6	All quotes by Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy Number of views: 6498
577410715d0eeb46b3bd15f27bd7fec1c61d1302	In recent years, the mobile market has changed so much that today even a top smartphone from five years ago looks ridiculous and ridiculous.
f357d5cd3ad6369a9412b2f2ee826c5d61d796ca	The development of mobile OS moved by leaps and bounds, and nothing but memories remained of the once dominant Symbian and Windows Mobile.
e1e1aa556a2f3a034475722028df63a0e2cac0b0	The year 2007 was one of the most important in the history of the development of pocket computers and smartphones.
32b75aa1c3efdfc6eec3d9029bd2150bc9f777fd	It was this year, on January 9, at the Macworld Conference & Expo, the iPhone was presented, which turned all users ' ideas about smartphones upside down.
2c65f2bc67eb865436fffb4836144ff37bd85c59	After the presentation of the "Steve Jobs phone", all other smartphones instantly became obsolete, so much so that if the iPhone had been released a year later, the situation would not have changed at all.
84faf4c5a5d4026331f9af0c1fb871a099693db5	It was the iPhone that set the style of interaction with a smartphone that we are used to today.
239923898e901dceeb9d80f656aa2d6605a0d2bf	There are no control keys, no stylus and small elements on the screen, no joystick, the place of which has been replaced by a large clear screen, a truly smart operating system, a desktop like Mac OS X, a full-fledged web browser and the concept of" multiple touches " to access any function of the device.
646459cb7a6e751604315e26e8d6d9d4381bc511	Released on the market in June, the iPhone became an absolute hit of sales for several years ahead and brought the Apple company billions of dollars in profits.
52611fd394d4c1a34d5f7fbc641310356a813b3a	The first version of Apple's operating system was built on the same Unix kernel as Mac OS X.
1a193b1bfa5f6d7abedcc5c8817dc71a508b5319	But from the first minutes of the presentation, it became clear that the differences would be enormous.
09093df2ed23e9fb76e3ce45e02f523446826f86	No matter how innovative the iPhone was at the time of the presentation, its functionality was extremely limited.
1c4bff1c19c4cffc6fe3ae0d63aa2e1fc58bd602	In the second version of the OS, Steve Jobs recognized the idea of using only web applications as a failure.
a6717a6f7fe1522d2642f377bf0c37d53b453e25	The appearance of the App Store has become one of the most important changes during the existence of the mobile operating system.
c7ddbe6f60652b67120168d95ecbe8cdfa83b6f1	The main event of iOS is the launch of the App Store and the ability to upload third-party smartphone apps there.
ba478c13565f76d2dfbe7d08483b96acc2af63f7	Such app stores were no longer uncommon, but Apple fans were waiting for such a step, because iOS had a huge potential.
e3ac947a7df46596acd00f4ae7aa6c0024123911	The main competitors had such stores either poorly integrated into the device itself, or they did not exist at all.
58541632acef675139f4657c6d40dc19dc11e89c	That is why this update has again made iOS the leader of the mobile OS market.
a24d51c75a27b1eacd97ed3907e7c942aaa4539b	Now, the person had access to the content store in his pocket.
a9dccde3d1ea04fde63431855e3f5b3fbe4c77b7	From a business point of view, this is an ideal scheme that facilitates the process of selling music and applications.
2d3f8a7ce4128c17e6797aabb67bd456439cae7f	It is now possible to download and buy a song or a game directly from your phone, paying for it with your card.
5155eac2f0f52eac589f22462302e1845fd20589	In the third version of the operating system, many functions were added that were so much lacking to users, such as smartphone search and copy/paste.
9717a6c7bc214c7c4e8e2a7707074b046f8498d1	In addition, in version 3.2, tablet support has been added.
b26d9f029a4bab7876e0e5f1b1ef736fdf2ecac6	Spotlight – convenient search.
96e2ad50ddd7354bfc47e271ce9b0fb6e1ca93e4	The search for files, applications, and documents inside the system was implemented.
678418fb7da8219797ea611e0d91691fb4f75fb6	The main idea is to create a quick search, for this purpose another desktop was added, on which there was a form for entering text.
12c6799b433097a7c4047bd2d808174993bfb6bb	Also, in the third version, support for MMS was added, which was no longer relevant in the middle of 2009, because this addition was already losing popularity due to the fact that the mobile Internet became more accessible.
ffafa50db7e1929e251c73e2c5fe4002fbf7f377	In the summer of 2010, the iPhone OS was renamed to the well-known iOS.
a9c7fbcecd409deb55cc845d5606718bab838caf	Finally, multitasking appeared, albeit reduced, but it was another leap in development.
d584d9039882d5ab1725c80e8e128d25b190e5b9	The fourth version of iOS appeared in the iPhone 4, which is why the front camera was changed so much.
1589c231cf0b6bf08d2cd40f1195dbe93e3fdec4	Now, in addition to video communication, the user can create video conferences.
f65b091e94f2c7cba73390e6535058e2a0448973	The conference can only be held among Apple devices (iPad, MacBook).
9079025cf469bfe97f46133cb458d694352e52bd	OS 4.1 appeared in September, it expanded the gaming capabilities of the devices, added Game Center.
ff3e87b6ba74e49d6467e9b76c104910e4334241	We added the ability to take photos in HDR quality and now it is possible to upload videos to YouTube.
7b932753ea7641e9c536bd575194194c5fc70085	The fifth version of the mobile operating system could boast of a virtual assistant Siri, a proprietary message service and a cloud.
757f12892b2c1e6c2e090236db0696e8442cdfa5	2007 was also the year of the announcement of Android, which clearly occurred under the pressure of a rapidly gaining popularity product from Apple.
673129a5227a3d6924aaf0b19a6c969925cad6fd	The legal date of birth of the platform can rightfully be considered September 23, 2008.
1a2d8a873d4f78544e63505cd39034bb1f93be31	The first version of the operating system with the index 1.0 was released under the name Apple Pie.
830f23dfe5f1625744501bf033579dee9ab3769a	The Android OS had a Linux kernel and positioned itself as an open mobile platform.
a406eb6f58cefe17eef3734c9b1c8a715fad4144	Many gadget developers could freely use the "Green Robot" - the new Android operating system.
e42e3d000ae0f9e054059d308571c10cb09be4d6	To quickly distribute the system to the masses, Google is founding the Open Handset Alliance organization.
bca2903818f2e72fbb40d53189499609d53668ce	Major global manufacturers of smartphones and their components, as well as mobile operators, are quickly joining this organization.
bb53d45d5e2ea62f3142e8851b7306816753fda8	Three months after the presentation of Android 1.0, the world market saw the first smartphone with this OS on board.
52e30f408a8fc9154614ccf3a589594ddcafb49d	The name of this device is HTC Dream (T Mobile G1).
ad8d9ffc2ba129258b7b146b3dd88cc11059e85e	At the time, the device had solid technical characteristics: a 3.2-inch resolution display, a 525 MHz processor, 192 megabytes of RAM and a camera with a 3.2 MP matrix resolution.
e00b7675404f2bad8337fe30fe52973a0d2f39d6	As for the logo, the story of its creation is quite funny.
3c4c9ec152910cabf5951881d560f90e7639b30a	Its creator back in 2007 could not find a suitable image for a long time, having reviewed many possible options in films, toy stores and on the Internet.
8652ab367097b9c26865ea2261fa3300099cf490	As a result, the prototype was a man from a toilet stall: a simple outline, naked and with two antennas on the headboard.
367f3d0edec9762e573d4769c613a6d6d94b84a2	This symbolizes the mobile platform itself, it should be simple and open.
c2f02224c17f72e1240814d46481e74c7ab1c606	During the first year of the existence of the newly baked platform, it was updated three times.
1c4a0d54904e2c072b2b44dcf1a615b1efee2519	The first update is Android 1.1, codenamed Banana Bread, the second is Android 1.5, codenamed Cupcake, and the third is Android 1.6, codenamed Donut.
20654192547af11ae3c10d68ad58344603431f6d	These updates brought a lot of innovations to the devices: support for higher screen resolutions, interface animation, multilingual voice search, video playback and recording, etc.
fb9e087b4d967d9fd9fbeb28cb1af40abb2d51ce	In October 2008, an online store was opened where you can buy up-to-date applications for the Android operating system.
ff804c488236c0ce67adf22f9779b4f5f6068a51	It was called Android Market.
d3bf57fbbe29b93a41c2f695648250966e578f3e	Based on the work permit of this store, 70 percent of the profit goes to developers, and mobile operators receive 30 percent.
42649f18db4b7c13ba7c0d6a68021317a4e6a86f	The first proprietary application channel in the online store was launched by Sony Ericsson.
4944dcf65c874c7b907a825487f21904c480d947	The number of downloaded applications has already reached the mark of 1 billion in 2011.
3f558eaca88189057db15f74b05fe17266c7729e	Later, all services ("Android Market", "Books" and "Music") were merged into a single Google Play.
2f52d7c7cf21a12f75e44b6d12616e6ad1a3dac9	It is distributed in 190 countries around the world, there are about 700 thousand different applications available.
6620b6b1ab56c45fee4fe362a84401f5c729cc67	The next update to version 2.0 made the operating system attractive, gave it the appearance of a candy in a store window.
a193689ee3ea352e21bc8466e1db501a09568e8a	The next version 2.1 had its "sweet" codename-Eclair.
52101e3931df8e6f7d747db08987e4d2060491b6	The update was marked by HTML5 support and the ability to use multiple Google accounts at once.
80d59867f5db066c59f80c3c7772e520adf179bb	The first swallows of this version: NTS Magic and NTS Hero, Motorola Droid and Samsung Galaxy.
1eea8c74480090699ca6d1c554e03ff07561fbe4	2010 was the year of big races for gigahertz mobile processors.
6ef4ef25fe8e6766386417c3aeb650e3e88ebc94	At the same time, the first smartphone from Google appears, about which everyone has been whispering for so long.
41b6c6f6a87f141e3c98545ab8e7ff33b579c410	Google Nexus One is a smart phone with a 1 GHZ processor.
438c13fca870863097fbf1579aff7d9984ad1287	The supplier for the first and last time was the company NTS.
3d38d69848044d720b115c7363c0ddd5e9bfecb5	Later, similar processors were used by devices from Motorola and Samsung.
22ed70770cfb3d1a38f05a748f18a24b42ab40da	In the same 2010, the "Green Robot" received the index 2.2, and the code name-Froyo.
e21b84df296709edd89eb2e51738ed0046bafa86	At the end of 2010, the Android 2.3 version arrived, with the already familiar sweet codename-Gingerbread.
45c7003c2386161ccdedd843d5ccfe7f5095bda0	The main differences from the previous version are: support for HD resolution, the use of the new Ext4 file system, the interface has become more attractive and has received a lot of new features.
47a08f345bb99c67afa2bfe11cee1cdc451b0749	The beginning of 2011 for Android was notable for the fact that Google developed a version of Android 3.0 Honeycomb for tablet PCs – the first version that was designed specifically for tablets.
458244a50956300d8e21af6e3316241d4bc7d4c7	During the development of Android 4.0, Google was also working on the third model of a branded smartphone. It was a Galaxy Nexus.
a0d3a8ddc605500fbd7c197f667e801702a2cfca	The name speaks for itself: the manufacturer of the device was Samsung.
d1fc7e8239c4f0a3bdccee543a9054991bd900f2	Following this, mobile gadgets of the middle price segment, the flagship, began to work on Android ICS.
c4125b1000df30d99cfec2742dc87e1d9e94e031	As for the tablet PC market ,the ASUS Nexus 7 has become the leader here.
764571aae481dd3a2ea940ed24943c23b22a9797	This $ 20 tablet model was released together with an updated version of the operating system - Android 4.1 Jelly Bean.
fe556301bbc8b9a204d0ee9d966cdbe78e595e59	At the end of 2012, Google, in parallel with the release of Android 4.2, announced the release of two more branded devices: the Samsung Nexus 10 tablet and the LG Nexus 4 smartphone.
7444ec36708dad7a004933b4ae73b9b5db906799	Now her fans are using the latest version 4.3 and already know the name of the next one-4.4 Kit Kat.
1a66d016b22c0bba1165dbf8ac1c2e362fc9cbf7	Google should be proud of the fact that its OS is installed on more than 1 billion mobile devices around the world.
277a33949841e4345b4d162eaada2e17ce0ed19d	Over the course of five years, more than 11 thousand different models of devices that work on Android have been developed.
6a516af17aef491807ca222da9951f7d58810c58	The figure is quite eloquent.
28229a3bd39864d1c8b3a16f7649cb4a7c422d41	The year 2010 was probably the most intense in the history of mobile technology.
a1d2252ba7406fddfcf745e4984f02c2cb9534cb	The most significant event was the announcement of the Windows Phone 7 operating system, work on which began in 2008.
1fedd2169ceed8d4fcf367b014ec60f4b8db93bd	The OS was presented on February 15 at the Mobile World Congress exhibition and immediately attracted everyone's attention thanks to a completely new, unusual and incredibly effective Metro interface.
27e30d3c06605923a411c36bb4ec094ed8df1121	In fact, even with quite clearly recognized predecessors in the face of Windows Mobile, CE and others, this operating system is actually completely new and has nothing in common with its predecessors, except for the manufacturer and his ideas.
95abc45715aa7839e6d312e4a9db6612350b1906	In fact, Microsoft began to promote the "Windows Phone" brand back in the era of Windows Mobile 6.5, but on October 11, 2010, it began to work in full force – it was then that the new operating system was introduced.
928498c2063e74e89191cfc08c37e38b592ca016	Windows Phone 7 has completely lost compatibility with previous versions (more precisely, it was not originally there), received a completely new "tiled" Metro UI interface, a full-fledged app store and much more.
34ba397b5faf2bef0d2521d31133adc5e824fd34	The file system of the novelty was closed (which, by the way, makes it similar to the Apple iPhone), a full-fledged office suite Microsoft Office Mobile, a mobile browser Internet Explorer and other useful things appeared.
2cc6eddb5003da21fdc020f023365af6955f555d	10 days after the presentation, sales of the first smartphones began.
c1edbc49cd0878480f7a2fc95ed7edd8b9ec0ce0	Synchronization of media content took place through the Zune application: it was not very convenient, but iPhone owners, for example, were already used to iTunes, so this inconvenience was taken for granted by many.
084952aece1d9797cf457f2a7f97d5beaf1addc5	The version that improves this OS and fixes bugs (more than 500 updates and improvements were made in total) was presented a few months later, in February 2011 at the MWC 2011 conference.
e1844b2cbf7ad814ca7d8395d1d39795bcd53c50	There were Internet Explorer Mobile 9 and HTML5 support in it, hardware acceleration, support for the front camera, 19 new languages, multitasking in third-party applications, the SkyDrive cloud (the same one that was later renamed OneDrive), and from the point of view of social life, for example, the integration of Twitter into the People Hub can be called an improvement.
5ca6cfc98722f85bb9fc2bd7670ac5d036ea16a6	The new version, which can be called the basis of the current 8.1, was released on October 29 of the same year, 2012.
6025e612e1fcb828f82fd21d6eb83f7980a71bd7	It was a completely different, new generation of OS, based on the Windows NT architecture, which is not compatible with the previous generation.
33ea016bb2a39686caf3c8af91c50642dc24791d	The new version received the ideology of the user interface of the previous one, but there was a new lock screen, live tiles, the Data Sense module and the Kid's Corner with customizable applications for the child, full integration with the now SkyDrive, a new version of Internet Explorer (the tenth, to be more precise).
208ed23239ef10489c1efd70caf67f1f33063287	Also, among the significant innovations, you can write an electronic wallet Wallet and NFC support, as well as a useful little thing – now you can take screenshots using the OS.
596961a4bcb81f8344d05abf600d5665aefe8594	Finally, on April 2, 2014, the presentation of the most modern version of Windows Phone – 8.1 was held.
e5df8508df1ea3ee888a0b2803ab72a95ca1601c	On April 14, the distribution of the Preview version began, and on July 16, the official distribution of the update for some European countries began.
4289d88523721bfb4a6c50018e30987b0d8941ed	The most notable update is the Cortana voice assistant, an analog of Siri in iOS and Google Now in Android.
eda598313933f3bd237649538dd9dda5f241fd59	So far, Cortana is available only in English for the US region, the Russian version in Russia is expected in the fourth quarter of this year, and developers will see it in the fall.
feca23014c1709be15a66f40e821157ef0239b82	The most relevant news at the moment in the Windows Phone ecosystem is the expected release of the Windows 10 operating system next year.
8f3469526323772ec68f471123cb20288ad49214	No wonder it is said in the singular: this OS will be the same for all gadgets, from a smartphone to a desktop.
d2b5da98da99c009656d452e0306124a1a62c37f	That is, the current division of Windows into Windows and Phone will become a thing of the past.
668cd2cc6ca378c6d96fd056fb8aa88f491f928b	Formally, the new OS will be called Windows 10 Mobile (for now), and its priority in terms of synchronization is an expanded set of synchronized content and functions, universal applications (that is, for the mobile and desktop versions), the ability to connect gadgets to an external display, using a smartphone as a PC with mouse and keyboard support.
5bc9b7c4cbe59f51bbb4e88db7016f07d516f7d5	The minimum requirements for the system are similar to those for Windows Phone 8, including screen resolution, RAM and processor frequency.
197c28efb440ba0563bbebac976f5a5f092d99b2	Support for new Qualcomm Snapdragon chipsets, including 64-bit ones, will also be added.
a12ee559a4d187bf1e1a41bb2f8635578cc0b8b0	Formally, the history of Windows Phone does not end there.
3e34d247c9215fdb1e5c5c8f50fc9474520d35d8	Yes, this operating system will get a new name with the release of Windows 10 Mobile, but in fact it will still be the "good old" Windows Phone, to which all smartphones with the current Windows Phone 8.1 will be able to update, regardless of whether you have Update 2 installed or not – in this case, it is secondary in every sense.
47b0d810d6966d2f5a2bee093140fdb82be76edd	Five years is not a long time, but the world of mobile technology has changed dramatically during this period. It seems incredible that once we used smartphones that did not know how to perform automatic synchronization with Google, had a bunch of buttons and did not have a centralized source of applications.
0f86834cb22bc5594e870ca789b90af8983ebdfa	Now all this is in the past, and it is difficult to imagine how the world will change over the next five years.
d6bea012415299b70f017fa358f538de6edf9f2d	Choose : Buy : Use
c27c93a47e7f130e91cf22d32a01572f0e6dfd1e	Entrance for sellers | Login for partners
c3fc735b0097c115102e327404ec7a27354ee9c2	Login for partners
fa3f299a307206b36992b28de0a92dd2df5b5a8e	E mail / FULL name:
8ec8cc81ccc4bbab692c2f4d6eb724e774e6d470	Remember Forgot your password?
ff36170d34bfa71fa9821a00fe72f1b0ade2e610	Entrance for sellers
1ba857e2013916e64898c04c4040968f38fffce4	CNews | Analytics | Conferences
a3a2aec08e9368efadec45c32da7b3cf4c44e44d	Technology Science Games Software
6e717337ce90b73f6f5d4ea83e41de08f4224a64	COMPUTER EQUIPMENT PHONES AND SMARTPHONES PHOTO, VIDEO EQUIPMENT NAVIGATION AUDIO EQUIPMENT CLIMATE CONTROL EQUIPMENT Household APPLIANCES Kitchen APPLIANCES
4f19540e8131d1cb60d5fef654e3b69b80028e08	COMPUTER EQUIPMENT
8632c32a7b0a4b8b0c3856f9af2f93ff486719d2	Laptops
08cc50680045a9dddc62f72773f581b2ec050337	Monitors
eb6e4c3f155a5adfb27260c8acef4fa369dd5a63	Printers
8b4fa7e361839b460bf8affb55febc4711648a63	Tablet computers
20bf424d3409fa15c40c855e45417634c91489e9	Network storage facilities
82a43ea40a6fefa83cb2d0cc5d7532f0d23f9eb3	PHONES AND SMARTPHONES
2ef7e188dee9af1cf66fa9d01188b28600ec9a61	Cell phones
42be68579ce19ac3c57bf8d3ff11bfdd465bbe85	Smartphones
3c1fb37bf3c3d75533c85f0cc27a6ac503c83565	PHOTO AND VIDEO EQUIPMENT
1314d8b3a33bd6b119d5ed04aace1ff6c251f365	Video cameras
56ab49a5c68f11cc45c651da6a3f339eff2853f8	TV
b6e63c6ae45074e320bf0dc3af65f34de4a9dfd3	Projectors
ec25525d3f810aae8f4f3b8e9c757512b9978020	Media Players
0466cd44fbbd312acf7c2b29c655018d5195e9ec	GPS navigators
ff333c28433f74aac2542cb7358cb5aa1a63c76a	AUDIO EQUIPMENT
b0820789e97f2c5943228a3c96ebb955d30f5749	Portable audio
9994ee7cf0bf587d7a735f3a679cbac5a05b8f5f	CLIMATE TECHNOLOGY
91ea478b17a57107e69a56265080af05f901d9c0	Air conditioners
dc1a53c23fb3873b84a3cec013ecb00dacc9e6f2	Washing and drying machines
85443d259d660b28543a00d04d3f7773c42e3fc1	Vacuum cleaners
39ef434c2c8ad347b5fd57eb4e87e6c0759485e9	Irons
5c5f53d5cf5253f89dfad86fcd4138cd6ba593cd	Kitchen APPLIANCES
8e55d7d808a65de53fb1a5f710d33bfced456d2c	Dishwashers
2635a69b5cbcd8054315efd22cfcf6b65a460b61	Refrigerators
23e316fb53051d8ab6668cb54dd3b9c72fcff696	Microwave ovens
4fa8c6d02166330ef554305157afde82d528b7f7	Stoves and stoves
e9e507b3cab976d36c49d456648302171a1580b1	Hoods
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d08d347048c713fcf15ae3acea5882b2e2e07a61	Learn all about Samsung curved TVs Read more
e10fbc1a47c4e834968667fe38c489ac7e052df0	Guide to choosing a fitness bracelet Read more
d96d52e4cfe78a969d4baa6e8da05fbbbcbe7031	The most anticipated smartphones of 2016 Read more
6867f49c3e9b52e965d6264f15296d6e1bf90ad9	Generation N. 10 facts about the new Android Read more
af899532458ab8e6348668f45fc2bd14cee204d6	Home Articles The history of Windows Phone: from Windows Mobile to the present day
f96f9dcf918eeee2a0bc6690e7b723c0ad0b8973	The history of Windows Phone: from Windows Mobile to the present day
d2496b209f7307fd1f30be4532e9bcbadef73a5e	How did the third most popular mobile operating system appear, what difficulties accompanied it when it appeared?
9045a951325d72dc4958a4d9264b33af8fa37bfe	What preceded this, why was there a need for a fundamentally new mobile OS?
67e8e05e0b5c9083ab01e81d0c1e9cbe21ddeb5a	You will learn the answers to these and other questions from our article today, where we will tell the story of the creation of the Microsoft Windows Phone OS.
fa964662171b045d03b5917f06899eb0f1f97c9f	Author Artur Loyanich
cd1cb7ed3a7547dc318cf9f1c8d7a01f29dbea8c	The history of this mobile operating system is inextricably linked with both desktop Windows and its portable versions.
616c465594431244de27b25baf7edbaf3ecc7d7d	It can even be called the result of many years of Microsoft's attempts to occupy the niche of an OS for portable devices, and this time the attempt turned out to be successful.
c0bf14704c8135748f07f38d71aef656c0a1b5ec	However, the direct predecessors of this OS can also not be called losers: they quite successfully mastered the market for many years, and Windows Phone can be called a natural evolutionary development of the mobile operating system from Microsoft.
366ad40845a66300b99ea789c25d3c5fda515aee	Windows Mobile, CE and others
be05608eee38f72656a57ce596715faf7d7569d3	Old timers may recall the embedded Windows CE OS (which, by the way, is still used in the industry), as well as Windows Mobile, whose development ended in the late 2000s with version 6.5.3. Strictly speaking, the sixth Windows Mobile was based on the related Windows CE 5.2, becoming in fact its very much improved version.
0261b1b5e69d9b8eb69dd82cf572c3788cf6f9a8	You can recall HTC Touch – it literally blew up the market of early smartphones, becoming the first of them to be controlled by a finger, not a stylus, and it was based just on the Windows Mobile OS of the sixth version.
78bc31d6d9b4cefb8c6abc6b59395e18be7b0729	Not to mention the numerous PDAs that were then released on the same Windows Mobile.
73d4235942a941957ce396f6fa200970c1a2b3df	In 2008, a new version of this OS was introduced – Windows Mobile 6.1. Under its control, the Samsung WiTu smartphone, which later became legendary, was also released, which received a non standard widescreen screen, which eventually caught on, as well as the famous TouchWiz shell (in which there is nothing special, to tell the truth, but it is still used in Samsung devices).
a85e51be8fac1a7355f02c6447998acc951a00f0	Finally, a year later, the latest major version of Windows Mobile 6.5 was introduced with a significant functionality update, where the interface for finger control was finally optimized.
d7b7526504f11beec828a4645fc64baae47bea28	At the same time, the first and only smartphone on this OS with a multitouch appeared: HTC HD2, on which, by the way, it was possible to run Android, Windows Phone 7, Ubuntu, MeeGo and even Windows RT.
0c6034191db8ad1d2d2fe64b831eed7133dd15d7	The latest update of this OS is called Windows Mobile 6.5.3, which is characterized by minor cosmetic changes.
5151e0c060ac2d8d7b39e3d504ba268896dd9df1	And finally, in 2010, the world saw Windows Phone 7.
c734c010accca9b8aaa3468f8c90856e39eb61ae	Windows Phone 7
609e5e4489b6444f82fee560374596c664cfeef1	Windows Phone 7 has completely lost compatibility with previous versions (more precisely, it was not originally there), received a completely new "tiled" Metro UI interface, a full fledged app store and much more.
921e3c5812a216bb03da54358323b51d40b47a80	The file system of the novelty was closed (which, by the way, makes it similar to the Apple iPhone), a full fledged office suite Microsoft Office Mobile, a mobile browser Internet Explorer and other useful things appeared.
e783cac6bf0b25db595c0cca1fbf683fbb36380b	There were Internet Explorer Mobile 9 and HTML5 support in it, hardware acceleration, support for the front camera, 19 new languages, multitasking in third party applications, the SkyDrive cloud (the same one that was later renamed OneDrive), and from the point of view of social life, for example, the integration of Twitter into the People Hub can be called an improvement.
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faefbfb9d09d209f47960a87332d0c5d4d13c4ec	Apple's new products: an iPhone of the right size and a small pro iPad As before, ZOOM introduces readers to the new products shown by Apple at its, this time, unscheduled presentation.
a7276b67958b715f03c395e82b09211061d35c57	On March 21, 2016, we saw a new (but not quite flagship) iPhone and a new (but also not quite flagship) iPad....
8761e682e255231c716461a779eb26e9d6926d53	Smart applications for smart watches Smart watches that have been traveling around the planet for several years, still cause a lot of questions.
8163def899ad48daa0ed63c2d4437b3d1846cf9f	And the first of them — why are they needed?
1c9561294a1175ec36503b323bc33d602bdc7fc4	In this article, we will tell you about several useful applications for different smart watches that can...
e74ecef11b04f0efc624543aa4c3c35f5be9c28a	Seven smartphones with grandiose batteries Of all the characteristics that are improved annually in flagship smartphones, the most important was the battery life: if the power of the top processor is enough for all games and applications, then everything is still the same with energy efficiency...
605d4373dd35defa5b331b68b65e216cf3cd44c9	Nine of the most productive smartphones At the very end of 2015, the positions in the top of the most productive smartphones have shifted: now Samsung no longer occupies the first line.
f01dea35af1dd51939489358b4a5548bca840727	And who exactly — we will tell you about this today in our brief review of the nine most productive ones...
057a363b0795223108a38d9fef5db8a829abb399	The most expensive phones: from BlackBerry to Vertu, what luxury ultra expensive smartphones does the market offer today, what can they do and how much do they cost?
47f849ec19391068a523bd07c6bd6a1c4f5a05f8	The answers to all these questions are in our article today.
c369a1bb64c3fdc5fd9e8ec152ef837d92e3c8fa	Made in Russia: what smartphones of domestic brands are made of, everyone has long been accustomed to the fact that Russia does not have its own production of smartphones — we simply do not make them.
5f7fb01ea83e557b51887142e622d95efa4b4672	However, there are many brands on the market that call themselves Russian, selling smartphones that are not collected from us.
83a959931fb0049d2aa65efc4e399564b4160629	ZOOM figured out how...
7cf507b7feab7456953ef3a28a2bb067b866f5e2	The most anticipated smartphones of 2015: Apple iPhone 6S, LG G4 and others In January, CES 2015 was held in Las Vegas, and in March, MWC 2015 was held in Barcelona.
3c458821dd96e06a9f7ce036ac7864384aa0a48c	Despite the abundance of new products in the first months of the year, 2015 continues to store several intrigues at once.
3ef3736a8b65fc4230f11c8c36e777251507bc8f	Will there be a new plastic iPhone?
3b3bde50662747e5113122cec2fac1f6591f258d	When...
92c9a560bc56b41a3652f8eceb838d9608f6f618	The best novelties of the smartphone market 2015 Ended with the Mobile World Congress exhibition, where mobile gadgets that will go on sale this year were presented.
33fcd616a3225ab27058a653f1766840e2d79630	They will also determine in which direction the industry will move for at least the next six months.
42c7c0a06a6e1382044cd6b9b9faaa1329cf4da5	And today...
28f81cd9ce2de103aed39e25fae55e714967cb53	10 most anticipated smartphones of 2015 The ninth generation of the iPhone, another attempt by Samsung, a powerful duo from LG and affordable Chinese flagships ZOOM is an anthology of the most interesting smartphones that will come or may come to Russia this year.
e3ed13e9294fcfe8d829f80bb954df34521707ce	Smartphones of the new year — what are they?
4e66573ae8942b1fab803be506df8d4abc3f56bc	Recently presented smartphones have shown us that manufacturers have finally begun to pay attention to the needs of users.
9e1e7263cbf527ee978b5853022b0065c136fd89	For example, in a more capacious battery or a seriously larger size of internal memory.
915fc7ab1f9515a73e1aa4590a99c5f7beacaf04	But this is far from it...
7e9ac3b283a38e5da52f06ac531b98a282f10995	The presentation of the iPhone 6 and Apple Watch: a sensation that was not there, the secrecy of new Apple devices is decreasing exponentially.
024486e5b84cfc47b0f571780cb70aed6f539514	No one knew anything about the very first iPhone, almost no one expected that it would be so similar to the first one.
a67eb72ea95aad084d7abade3b8c3bf4a2dceca9	Leaks started from the fourth iPhone...
72e3d9354a5fd61d33cae7742509bc0aebe1ce12	Saving when choosing a smartphone: nameless China vs. brands In the context of the growing expansion of Chinese nameless smartphones, ZOOM picked up five pairs of gadgets that are almost identical to each other from a technical point of view: officially sold certified smartphones on the one hand, and nameless ones...
14c9a4a9c2806bd39b8179e10be48d2e0d64dbfa	The first look at Amazon Fire Phone: the art of buying a New smartphone from the largest online retailer will arrive on the shelves in less than a month, and it is interesting, firstly, because it is ideal for shopping, and, secondly, the technology that creates a virtual 3D reality.
e62d6687ca35f8daac685dad909a89bcccc5a053	Test duel Samsung GALAXY S5 vs. Apple iPhone 5s: Battle of flagships We decided to take a risk to compare the two main flagships of this year: Samsung GALAXY S5 and Apple iPhone 5s.
2885a0a9a996b33010a8f5c6e8497cf57d79db74	May Sony and LG forgive us: they also have great smartphones, but these companies are more original.
9ee7fe47b12595affec4013746a54ea904c822c6	Samsung is the same, although in many ways...
edcd8ee48b262d36fc1f11d53581d0e79e1f6a6d	The most anticipated smartphones of the first half of 2014 Is approaching the opening hour of the Mobile World Congress 2014 exhibition, and along with this, rumors and facts are multiplying about what interesting things we will see there.
96587da222d6830de37d5a8f5b5043235118e889	We have summed up everything that we could, and we offer you the five most interesting smartphones...
26ac92947574ef6182e080872a020e205166e09d	Samsung Galaxy S5 flagship smartphone: we collect all the rumors in one place The earth is very actively filled with rumors about the new flagship of the Korean market leader.
0b97403f883c0a649613ac4b3659c3563a39cf57	Concepts are drawn, details are assumed based on market trends… we have collected them all in one text and will try to imagine what he will see...
35dd649e484f0e85afadece5263e4c5dcf33d4b7	Modular smartphones and tablet computers: the heirs of the PC in the new era, the modular, or rather, the main modular design principle of modern personal computers is considered one of the main factors that the IBM PC and its descendants have become such a significant milestone of progress for several decades...
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11db4bf6edcf9f60868357a92e64f9d33fc0c5f5	A visual history of the development of the three main operating systems of the mobile market
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157716337d7c99a905fa7710e1d4126954752723	author: Evgeny ZobninSen 25, 2014
0a4cf05ab09af157622b709dfcb8796c29a31330	We will try to understand what has happened over the past five years and why the changes have turned out to be so global in this article.
ce61f7b92e1cf8787cadbd3f621479e145ee3a1f	2007: iPhone OS 1.0 and the first Android announcement
fb67f0e1b586ce4dd7fa0e50e41c7139eb3c31d1	There are no control keys, no stylus and small elements on the screen, no joystick, the place of which has been replaced by a large clear screen, a truly smart operating system, a desktop like Mac OS X, a full fledged web browser and the concept of" multiple touches " to access any function of the device.
6677c1fb7a80aaf0071955faabdc758142f66f56	Interestingly, in technical terms, the iPhone was not a breakthrough at all.
19fc1f7e83afe849384004469d3f51254488168e	Almost all the findings attributed to Steve Jobs and Apple existed before, but, as has always happened with Apple, they were the first to think of putting all the best together and implementing it at such a high level.
6aeec9083785e3068a6f93eb27592f13d91bc9fc	This was largely achieved thanks to the use of a full fledged OS, which was actually a fork of the desktop Mac OS X and, as a result, had the widest opportunities for creating applications.
ce186be7799f57778f7a721ad29afd3edf68a74b	They could use any phone functions in their work, including the 3D accelerator, thanks to which the iPhone OS interface worked surprisingly smoothly and quickly.
99450f8b438d9d7c313a6da271c06b0fb4248800	The first version of the iPhone OS did not have any special functionality, but it offered users a fairly complete stack of applications for everyday work, including a smart address book, a browser, a multimedia file player, a scheduler, an email client, an alarm clock, and others.
0b875b21ff985c53999a2a1caaa6854e9ba8b9e5	For everything else, oddly enough, Steve Jobs suggested using web applications that already worked perfectly in the mobile version of Safari at that time.
29b920137df91215e38f5a9d117f1835620f17c0	Support for third party applications was not provided as such and appeared only in the second version of the operating system, which was released exactly a year after the start of sales of the first iPhone.
05ab48e9ef5cd46bd4c6799ce4020931304c73e5	Then Android appeared only in the form of a beta version of the developer kit (SDK), equipped with an emulator in which you could "spin" the OS live.
bd836fd6e180cbb3f05fee5808717071a6fa24c0	On November 12, the SDK was posted online, and any user or developer could make their own personal impression of the OS and decide for themselves whether it is worth their attention.
5e3e5bebba8e73ac4dc6e8774704205a1d20986d	And the impressions of most people turned out to be very ambiguous.
3eac5867043237d36aa709eb2c5631775398c3de	A suspicious resemblance to the iPhone OS immediately caught my eye;
bcfd50b43d61cc3a03b91f8eec404cc0b25e9931	Android looked like some kind of ridiculous copy of the operating system for the iPhone, much less spectacular, but actually repeating it.
27f9cc124818891e10f8905d8ec8fe75e9240e96	Secondly, Google took a slightly strange, but logical path, equipping the OS with a Dalvik virtual machine that executes its own byte code format, which was generated from the byte code of Java applications.
3f096c5e3fe47f76cddb03949977a656efdfe48e	Samsung Galaxy Nexus running Android 4.0
5a092bb5951935e5e2142c0d5679edd1ae455826	However, the main feature of the OS was its obvious imperfection, caused by the pursuit of the rapidly gaining popularity of the iPhone OS.
36edaa37f0974293a22a530b9853196b92e67568	The first Android didnot even have such simple things as a on screen keyboard, Bluetooth and OpenGL support, the virtual machine executed byte code without using JIT compilation, and the overall impression was that there was no central line in the OS, but there were a lot of interesting ideas casually stacked on top of each other.
8d5553d90d10e28b25aa5a21aff8580a430885c0	This feeling, by the way, will persist for a long time, until the release of the fourth version of the OS.
3ef3910f07119e04345eb54f4772e75b5f166f87	The first iPad
98e584f09cb7b4215a8862df7f2dc10503f7e209	Anyway, as a result, Google was still able to entice independent developers to its side by organizing a competition to create unique applications with very tempting prizes in the form of a lot of dollar bills.
449a75d79a574662fe6b08a17a45a66cc97b49fc	This feint gave a big win when launching sales of the first Android smartphone next year.
221064e21cd36270068398d2978d4421924776c8	2008: iPhone OS 2.0 and Android 1.0
54d3e9497b9921e8b2682c128da153a4546f2b8a	The year 2008 was marked by two important events at once, one of which was the release of the new iPhone 3G, running iPhone OS 2.0.
16adcac4a03a4c44eec72a69fdd3ad32e7fbed19	The smartphone itself was not of much interest and was nothing more than a slightly modified version of the first iPhone, in which 3G and A GPS support appeared.
a08a7d60acf413debbaf809aa4644988c6c6d2a0	But the iPhone OS 2.0 operating system has once again become a kind of breakthrough, bringing the owners of the old and new versions of the smartphone the long awaited support for native applications.
0b38d8ab0be4c7d61204764d02f9889b814ba6df	The reasons why this event has become so important are simple.
aec609070ff50f072ecfc01186f861513a3fae54	Being a full fledged OS running on standard modern hardware and supporting all its features, iPhone OS gave developers the opportunity to create applications without regard to compatibility, screen size, device limitations or runtime environment (Java ME, for example).
e64ebebffdafcdcb6de76f1d0452877fd5a0853d	This has led to the emergence of a large number of mobile applications of a completely new class, which use position sensors, a compass, a GPS module and the advantages of a large screen in their work.
2324f7129ca8641e72c6bc1da2db16668c9d4266	In addition, the iPhone OS, in fact, marked the beginning of the appearance of really high quality mobile games that could boast of good 3D graphics (a built in 3D accelerator with full OpenGL support is used), as well as multi finger touch control and control using a position sensor.
58bad551c4c3aa99f6781ff8948533b7e1ea511b	The correctly chosen policy of distributing applications only through the official App Store also played a role: each creation uploaded to it was checked by Apple employees for quality and the absence of malicious behavior.
c57576f7f2a17fd45886ad6e4f9f0c77379b1391	You could buy and install any software in a few taps on the screen using the official App Store client, find out the app ratings and see screenshots before buying.
7298853ffd7b3abe70e53f265b5091f2b614118c	Not being the inventor of the online app store as such, Apple actually became a propagandist of this idea, completely prohibiting users from installing software from other sources and, in fact, forcing a change in the thinking of users.
2182862c99a8046ce99b77cc389bf3c2cc43d09b	It is worth noting at the same time that, despite the completeness of the iPhone OS as a serious operating system, at that time there was actually no multitasking in it.
58c137b683f47843c385a942e38c4684a147e62c	In order to preserve the smooth operation and "responsiveness" of the OS, Apple programmers left the ability to work in the background only to stock applications pre installed in the OS, while third party software was killed immediately after switching to another task.
7be786b669a2ee2cf185ea162e6133cfdfc25771	And although this approach smacked of DOS'yatina, it bore fruit in the early stages of the OS's existence, when the iPhone's performance was very limited.
f0a92b0aa31e1262f6747db88fcff84556c0482b	The interactive "magazine page" is one of the key metaphors of the Metro interface
360937a1305257984f537993323dd51a0116665c	The second important and probably even more significant event of 2008 was actually the first birth of the Android operating system, which took place on September 23 along with the release of the Android SDK 1.0, which included an almost ready made, but still smacking of an incomplete operating system.
f78e644b8579a062b01e4c822bdc7a3961234c7e	The first serial smartphone on this OS appeared a month later and was developed by HTC specifically for Google.
483b007a6b0b677a85f7f1aaf01e5dea71aefcbc	He got a double name: HTC Dream or T Mobile G1.
d831f361229495dd0aeceb73b090bcecc365e84a	Only with the release of this device, the real highlight of Android as an operating system became obvious, turning a smartphone into a kind of terminal for accessing Google services.
a2c67abfd54fa289b5150712d997322b09693ae0	The fact is that Android not only included many client applications for search engine services (search, mail, calendar, maps, chat and YouTube), but also allowed the user to link to all these services once by entering their username and password from the mail.
ababb6355cce8fd25925749c0e2227dea19f5ab7	After that, messages that came by email and chat, calendar notifications began to pour on the smartphone, and all contacts were automatically synchronized with Google.
2054f74592d1453e6d5a95ff3249d384bb7ff77c	The same username and password were used to access the app store, which already included a lot of software developed during the year since the release of the beta version of the Android SDK.
a6e0f3b35e0ef75c87b3f8b1fc3c669f2ecad6e7	2009: iPhone OS 3.0 and Android 1.1-2.1
ecff073c5a508697dd41795a7429127214a1abd1	2009 can rightly be considered the year of the heyday of Android as a mobile OS.
549b6877165ab7bdf29ea3ee1074739dc4bf95ce	Manufacturers of mobile equipment began to look closely at Android and announce their first devices based on it, Google continued to hastily refine the OS, patching up multiple gaps in its design and functionality.
a539e581fba122faf07c7f0db2e830afa80e2071	On February 9, the search giant releases the first update of the operating system under the index 1.1, which did not bring any special innovations and was released to close the bugs and problems found in the API.
fc819c5e548d77a555c57199ef7df43214762034	At the end of April, the company posted a full fledged Android 1.5 update, officially named Cupcake.
5bd6f0107891428de367125a7377764eb78558ce	This version included many important changes, such as the on screen keyboard, desktop widgets, the ability to shoot videos, support for Bluetooth headsets, automatic screen flipping, as well as many others.
0094d98d6e7ba68a8a93578e5acf22fc3532ed3e	Six months later, on September 15, Google announced Android 1.6 Donut, which included many improvements, a speech synthesis engine, as well as, very importantly, support for higher than 320 by 480 screen resolutions and an integrated function for adjusting applications to different resolutions.
1df8ea4e0446f2ca742a1dbdd72f1e27a140b9d8	The latter allowed you to run applications on different devices without any problems, even if the developer did not provide support for different screen resolutions (roughly speaking, the picture simply scaled).
e4eb9eafeedf472903e771455a08cd07abe51bce	Just a month later, Google releases Android 2.0 Eclair, which can be called the last one at the stage of transition to a truly stable and fully functional operating system.
ba087b63a7a3d641bc6a68ddd0d64ad6513b4b87	Eclair includes many improvements, such as support for multiple Google accounts, Bluetooth 2.1, a new on screen keyboard, a redesigned interface, as well as many improvements in stock applications, such as SMS, browser and camera, which finally received support for various effects, digital zoom and macro focus.
9e76b25c34c7d17220a2ad2aa8f04750deaa7e21	The Nexus 7 is Google's first truly successful attempt to enter the tablet market
8bdfee9af58e5716b260fe8cd2affceceb54e9ed	The year 2009 is also the year of release of the first smartphone models running the new OS.
ba28124323c9323b75e0e15cd19370d8cb0da18c	The leader in this market is the Taiwanese HTC, which has released three new smartphone models at once: HTC Magic, the more advanced HTC Hero and the budget HTC Tattoo.
4f9ae0f58121532f33bddcc2fe6b0a5dd78a5819	Later, Chinese Huawei enters the game with a budget smartphone Pulse and Samsung with the first device of the legendary Galaxy line, as well as a budget "spoke" (Spica).
48506e415f7d53c9fbe0b5443dcd972ab71279ce	However, the real furor is made by Motorola, which suddenly came out of the shadows with its top — end Motorola Droid smartphone, which later became a cult, equipped with a stunning 3.7 inch screen with a resolution of 480 x 854 pixels, a high performance OMAP3430 processor, 256 MB of RAM and running the latest Android 2.0.
56bd830ecacf510f3f5d1e1d665f3336911b856d	It was thanks to Android that Motorola was able to break into the seemingly already missed smartphone market and subsequently hold its position firmly.
175ce17338a898f2540ea0c0f0b0f42100fadc3d	As for the iPhone OS, here Apple adheres to the previous course of gradual annual upgrades.
f9f9368197f17d72c25a95e4b4438a4efa5ee2bd	On July 17, Steve Jobs presents to the public the iPhone 3GS, equipped with an improved display, a more productive Samsung S5PC100 processor operating at a frequency of 600 MHz (instead of the standard 833), a PowerVR SGX535 3D graphics accelerator, twice the amount of RAM (256 MB instead of 128 MB), a digital compass and a 3 MP video camera (instead of 2 MP in the iPhone 3G).
3045f4bc256f76fc24cfcaa389bbba04eff8debd	As expected, the third version of the smartphone is running iPhone OS 3.0, which includes more than a hundred innovations, including the copy and paste function, MMS support, Spotlight search throughout the smartphone, as well as remote vape and smartphone search functions.
4d1e1409f287eab21cfe850d6d6c4fdea6b586e5	2010: Windows Phone 7, Android 2.2–2.3, iOS 4.0
94afd051d4c5ebe9b1205ec178db14e4a6afa095	Metro looked stylish, minimalistic and at the same time brought the experience of communicating with the OS and applications to a completely different level, or more precisely, it returned the user to the usual models of interaction with the environment that we are used to in everyday life.
cae7f634f278f4e45810899ecda29fab706e7c7c	The interface simultaneously combined all the main graphic components of a modern urban city, such as information boards, guidebooks and glossy magazines, which made it intuitive and easy to use.
fe76e32911d18488cf6e9506887b6779abdaa207	Interestingly, despite the completely new interface and programming API, which made all applications written for Windows Mobile incompatible with the new OS, inside Windows Phone, Windows CE continued to remain the same with an outdated kernel based on Windows 95 technologies.
e8dfb44802e7d35c1a3734dc120cfd665f1e5103	For the development of applications and games, Microsoft offered to use a special version of Silverlight and the XNA framework, also used in the Zune multimedia player and the Xbox 360 console.
95a82cb5477741a725ee32580f7ebfc9261c2962	However, as in the case of iOS, the multitasking of the operating system was reduced, so that the programmer could not count on the background execution of the application, but could use the API to perform certain types of background tasks, such as receiving mail or updating data from the Network.
8206d85391667821fa585ed4e76b29523d427cba	On October 11, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer announced ten devices running Windows Phone 7 from manufacturers such as HTC, Dell, Samsung and LG.
b1725b922596e8b12b67ed0ee909f73d6f610819	The devices were immediately released to the market.
ea2fb6fe05909c60b4e652f6a2c482877575928b	2010 was also the year of another technological triumph for Apple, which introduced three significant products to the world at once: a new, really upgraded iPhone 4, an iPad tablet and the iOS 4.0 operating system, in which multitasking finally appeared.
1432573dc91c09925feb1a3a2426d7283779ccd1	This is how one of the first prototypes of an Android smartphone looked like
1ac973ed212893e9eb60b8cc2de47e532f19047e	The central event in this whole chain, of course, is connected with the iPad a tablet computer, which Steve Jobs spoke about back in 1983, predicting the release of "a powerful computer with the size of a book, which will take no more than twenty minutes to learn how to use."
2c99bb5d910421a7b0b0091001c21abc4ea96df9	From a technical point of view, there was no revolution this time either.
05c855ec0f6ee3ebe08647c68e73e5528d2bf775	In fact, it was just a large iPhone with a 9.7 inch screen, a 1 GHz processor and a special modification of iPhone OS 3.2, which almost did not differ from the smartphone version and allowed using all the same applications.
5231743ee1aa9e0618b7acf692efbbe91f3acbbe	However, thanks to the quality of performance, Apple once again managed to open a completely new market.
ab43650d590bbf5257ab3f0aafb4a1a68f6fc40e	The iPad was introduced in April, but in June, following its tradition, Apple announced the iPhone 4, the main features of which were a screen with a resolution of 960 x 640 pixels, twice the amount of RAM (512 MB) and a 0.3 MP front camera for video calls.
95f6f425b955895bcdc37e7890cf6546cb00c39b	Along with the new iPhone, iOS 4.0 was introduced, which became the first OS that is incompatible with some previous versions of the smartphone and is available for a new type of device — the iPad.
8f3d3f67ecd92d8db9082c822361a9c4848ffee9	The main highlight of iOS 4.0 is a more complete, but at the same time incomplete multitasking.
092b7345b600897a6cad7ef4d2acc31d139eebe5	From now on, third party applications could work in the background, but their capabilities were limited to a set of "background APIs", in much the same way as it is implemented in Windows Phone.
1c6b675aa9a693bb77e23caa4bdc29ed8f6567eb	Applications could play music, determine the location of the device, display notifications, request additional time to complete an unfinished task, but they could not "just work" in the background, as it happens in desktop operating systems or Android OS.
bba488ca248cafdb1363a4a0f8b7f8327c79f932	Excessive attention to detail is not always appropriate — as Apple designers would say to their Korean colleagues
10c5e14500c0f23c6bb81343f34e49517d84942f	For the Android ecosystem, 2010 was no less significant.
1bb3bc579d7b819d929960853bedb1530e0e7e47	It was this year that became a real boom in the release of Android devices by almost all significant players of the mobile market.
5448be1381cb7a6a8bd566c590cf78b94ff6d2a0	Developers began to seriously look at the OS, so by the middle of the year, 100 thousand applications could be found in the Android Market, and by the end of the year their number grew to 400 thousand.
4248d38231ade2ed39f451d3eaa63ab350342246	In the same year, there were two major OS updates, thanks to which Android could already be called a complete OS.
451dee8731d56ec8a814404aadd806864dce14c2	In May, the Android 2.2 Froyo version was introduced, the main feature of which was improved performance due to the inclusion of JIT compilation in the Dalvik virtual machine, integration of the V8 JS engine into a standard browser, as well as multiple code optimizations.
d412ae93237c98b60e4ad6edee9b1fb00228d49f	In the same version, there is a long awaited opportunity to distribute the Internet using Wi Fi (Wi Fi hotspot), as well as a new home screen, which finally has a dock, in the manner of iOS.
61c7a0452d1656ecf7107e0b7fb83d4e9ee9c30f	Six months later, the version of Android 2.3 Gingerbread was released, in which it was possible to note the first steps of Google to modernize the interface and bring it to a more acceptable form, as well as features such as SIP VoIP, improvements in power consumption and support for NFC chips.
7538e716c5107769387d4a5e995be283c3b23a59	2011: Android 3.0-4.0, Windows Phone 7.5 and iOS 5.0
112f0b46459cd010711307284d5f4e70aaa515c6	2011 was the first year in the history of the "arms race", which did not present any surprises in the field of mobile OS.
4da09f91ab6ea0f6944eea2815385a61d7d8ffb6	Apple calmly and calmly continues to release new versions of smartphones, tablets and systematically update iOS.
4bf2c2c9615bbb45f2915c7ca662d1e2c6754986	Microsoft signs a contract with Nokia and releases a minor update of Windows Phone 7.5 Mango.
f73f56c6ebb3ffa4dd1d1e6c8036ac7c56c51066	Google is releasing Android 3.0 Honeycomb — a really major OS update, which nevertheless does not create a resonance due to its focus only on tablets and closed source code, which seriously limited the distribution of the OS.
bbf053545fa8c3959ae95cc430dbe71a79c488a1	Android 3.0 was introduced on February 22 along with the Motorola Xoom tablet and was rather not a complete OS, but an attempt by Google to invade the tablet market, rediscovered by Apple.
79551d7792bc6cc2bd72ad52df917f849e2e13c8	The third version of the OS was not widely distributed, but it worked perfectly as a demonstration of what the next versions of Android will be.
2ed6d12e1a402a5b6ecee966ed5cef70cea20814	The operating system has been seriously redesigned, including in terms of the user interface, which finally got its own memorable and incredibly spectacular minimalistic style, called Holo (from holographic — holographic).
b23be436e57339c24244796f8df91db4ad183d44	The interface has not only become pleasant to the eye, but also received the long expected smoothness of operation thanks to the use of the GPU.
b9275dde0a8eae25dfd38185ba19f469a6ee4e0d	Many other OS subsystems have also been redesigned, and the overall hardware requirements have increased significantly.
9c9cf999829193894067bbd9e1484756ab736ac0	INFO
45a7ceee057f877968bd4d48ebc0f3392f8aac16	Starting with the fourth version, the iPhone OS began to bear the name iOS, and Apple had to license the new name from Cisco, which owned the rights to the trademark of the iOS OS running in routers.
df91950f471f840dcb9f3763018c7066cf8d5fa9	Back in 2007, HTC created a prototype of the Google Sooner smartphone for Google with a full fledged QWERTY keyboard under the screen, but the smartphone was never released to the market.
56676b8a8f65982c6583ac7adfd889f8e04fdc98	Together with Android, Google has created the OHA (Open Handset Alliance) alliance of mobile equipment manufacturers, which today includes about fifty companies, including HTC, Motorola, Intel, LG, NVIDIA, Samsung and many others.
f7a2e17e1d8bc797ed2a713f67669507a01366f8	In the same year, Google released two more major OS updates, including versions 3.1 and 3.2, in which further work was carried out to unify the interface, optimize performance, and support for various USB devices appeared.
2024ab3450ec977e58aeed7365b7d0dbbf7a36ab	However, their source code was also closed, and work on the "phone versions" of the system was actually completed before the end of the year, when Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich was introduced.
4acec9661ed8fd78bf62883c38191f402b6d4915	The fourth version of Android has become an ideological continuation of Honeycomb, but focused on both tablets and smartphones.
80115ec89402f6239ab8f6c66a2d48e3dea3354d	Ice Cream Sandwich included a completely redesigned application stack, a home screen rewritten from scratch, implemented according to all the rules of the new Holo UI, a new Roboto font that is perfect for displaying text on screens with a high pixel density, a face unlock function (which is easy to deceive by showing the owner's photo to the phone), a Wi Fi Direct function for direct file transfer between devices, as well as long awaited VPN support.
7def55f372c7d08c8eabd1c7264ab23048411eb2	It was Ice Cream Sandwich that made Android not just an "alternative to the iPhone for the poor", but a real competitor in the mobile OS market.
bd3ecc84dfc40d69a2da6487efba341f994744b4	Android 4.0 was functional, convenient, beautiful, easy to use and had features that its competitor did not have in principle.
147f04cf501cd40b78cc330683de10bfbcae66df	In February, a new version of Windows Phone 7.5 was introduced, codenamed Mango, which integrated Internet Explorer 9, which has all the features of the desktop version, expanded support for multitasking for background applications and the ability to sync with Windows Live SkyDrive.
0ff5016a9731a317a82e72f40bc0999bc6a256fe	Almost at the same time, Steve Ballmer announced an agreement with Nokia, according to which the latter will give preference to Windows Phone when choosing a mobile OS.
a45662db9d2c9999a70e8c574c5b1fa8d0114da3	In fact, this meant that Nokia was starting to release smartphones only on Windows with all the ensuing consequences, in the form of stagnation and departure from the top five largest smartphone manufacturers due to the dislike of users for the" too unusual " and unpopular Windows Phone.
1ff025a411dc341b6b9e7d182ed02c3c4a36f66b	Windows Mobile — there was also a "Start"on smartphones
1fa9cc2dd7dee7c63e93dbab1119646d46ee7bb6	In October, Apple introduces iOS 5.0, which introduces the functionality first proposed by Android developers, namely Notification Center, that is, the notification area available by pushing the status bar down.
92b2b1cc499c6ebd1fe290133c01e62960f4c39f	Also, the new version of the OS gets integration with iCloud, Apple's cloud service, functionally similar to Dropbox, and the iMessage service, which allows you to send SMS using an Internet connection.
8b4ae5fcf430212e7ccf7973d67eda4b764bbec0	2012: Android 4.0-4.2, Windows Phone 8 and iOS 6.0
c87d5b4b7a3782d2aaa0d785c3c0e5181a20da17	Windows Desktop 8 in the Metro style
09a1adb9b857c957dd9dff243b10c6ffbc219a11	The most significant event of 2012 was, of course, the release of Windows 8, with which Microsoft unexpectedly made a serious leap forward again for many.
e7eacf102a9e53fc88a98c76a02a035cbff8d25b	Despite the fact that technically three operating systems were introduced, all of them are now based on the same Windows NT code base and are based on the Metro interface (which can be disabled in the desktop version).
184a269f9c4e764fea391d7d22006b34f6ab120c	The API between the systems is also now compatible, which makes the transfer of applications actually a solved task, and tablet users, in fact, will work with a real desktop version of the system.
af413632292a6812ea442e7bc964b3c78e90783c	This was very eloquently shown by the example of the Windows Surface tablet presented at the same time with a switchable keyboard.
7267f2667aa2882f9940dfd1b41244bd18d6a512	In fact, Windows 8 is a universal OS for all types of devices with one application repository, one interface, a system for organizing menus and settings.
f837c71f98b9e7a06b1f8ad1907751873de83c05	An operating system in which the user will work with one software, regardless of the device, and will not be lost in the new interface.
e9d3d3111d612f4736fe5abadfc267f132c2831e	This is exactly what Apple and Google tried to come to, but, oddly enough, Microsoft came first.
cd0aef0beaf79b59956a10a10f8fb9dbc3a5cf27	By the way, Google programmers also did not sit still and managed to release two incremental OS updates.
19eab250732835fd133e0fec1926cb6ddcc8bf3c	In Android 4.1, Jelly Bean worked on increasing productivity, interactive notifications appeared, a smart desktop that learned how to arrange elements on the screen in response to dragging a shortcut or widget.
6433299a6d0a0ab7ec07defc78ac66b5faefdb27	There was also a Google Now assistant that prompted various data based on what the user had recently searched for on Google, his location and activity on Google+.
3a2e8ca683dd37301a0eaaeaa1abad56b7f2f915	The Android 4.2 version of Jelly Bean (yes, that's right) brought the ability to take spherical photos (similar to Google Street View), it has long awaited power management buttons in the notification bar, a single interface for tablets and smartphones, as well as SELinux integration.
9a6a85e63b5bee681261397812d2a7060fab3723	Apple, in turn, introduced along with the iPhone 5 a new version of iOS with an index of 6.0, which, in fact, did not receive any major changes, except for many minor improvements in the built in applications, integration with Facebook, as well as the removal of YouTube and Google Maps from the pre installed applications (which, by the way, played a cruel joke with Apple, since Apple's new vector maps turned out to be useless).
cbcc39112f29c1483ea75a8477c28b2a7227119f	Five years is not a long time, but the world of mobile technology has changed dramatically during this period.
f52dad8036f1fbf8df12f83c27612911080ec718	It seems incredible that once we used smartphones that did not know how to perform automatic synchronization with Google, had a bunch of buttons and did not have a centralized source of applications.
6150714d6a42b66a40d96daef6f5b8d30647fc39	The article was first published in the January 2014 issue of X.
8fcaefaff08072b236a692dedba4dcd96a9fd16a	Categories: Android, iOS
fe928c991fdac5100437613f0a977b42efc48811	Tags: Articles Articles
7712d9479ade2bc12b3348247747a426823bb083	Evgeny Zobnin is the editor of the X Mobile category.
6759af4c956a03b6c52360d5b1e0a8b001cf95cb	Part time sysadmin.
ea731c4aad5816e1bae89c7ce39cb8776f9a570f	A big fan of Linux, Plan 9, gadgets and ancient video games.
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80565904b94fb9e697603b5f369a57b522946ce5	Sep 25, 2014 at 1: 50 pm
edede3686100a0b69ec170367e9d58ac1c3ee128	Is it possible not to shove the entire article in rss?
dc0c4662f30f59eba8f039e97687ff9f5cc8f006	efwe
7703b304d604f321bc7c835a43aef7f08ff2e407	Oct 9, 2014 at 11: 19 am pdt
ddd40a0c5bc4e08d84ef9c861039effc8cc109a1	Yes, it is normal))
dc49d4c1902456c63393c9ece4c6f2d108da32da	Ilya
0d67e9ba2c169790427d664f80205bc2de4dd066	Sep 25, 2014 at 6: 02 pm
a5fcde7f4d3e3ff5e7e45a0fe6264db6f318a415	The Motorola Droid has only 256mb of RAM, not 512
a99a2cdcfe3c4afdbe6952b39cdb0b3c0381f2ed	Konstantin
7abd8e795165bdd1e99681ed35f317d83fba1434	Sep 25, 2014 at 10: 18 pm
339870ad9a40f340557f5af55260fcef1d004eec	why do some go.ics use the oifon?
54274c1b66e4db9103a52754b9f88c07567bd846	Nick
67b2466d94015f926192a09e461b5366f59958d4	Sep 26, 2014 at 8: 02 pm
92d1a997d50ee9cb6e94e87d2fc73db1e5b6099e	If it wasnot for the iPhone, there wouldnot be cheap imitators on Android, if it wasnot for the iPad, there wouldnot be shit plates on Android and you'd be walking with Nokia 3310 right now, faggot..la.
bfcdb10a1c5f010528358af44ac9f40e18dcfc65	John Cramer
2997c21d338f478a53dc269f7f21294310b6a76d	Sep 26, 2014 at 11: 47 pm
dfbce8949e2206a77af8cab767d150c6654055fe	That's how strange it is: having normally working OS prototypes on desktops, developers have been thinking for five years about how to multitask on a smartphone.
bb7aa65de6341b2f100a0bf021e5bd2f38f85583	And this is despite the fact that according to the "iron" characteristics, smartphones overtook some desktops.
f628a81b3f7a1bb1eba4a7c36145dceeb5af14ce	What were you thinking?
d8e9d17c544494ffa2aa768de6bd1c3894ad67d0	logos
f08e9f459bd300c8c6129f5adefd28a7d6f64010	Oct 4, 2014 at 8: 36 pm
e10aafa875b40b245e752187a21e89590f747b4a	The fact that it is impossible to directly compare mobile and desktop modifications, x86 and ARM are very different things at the same frequency, for example.
436cf51886f327e4d376881db641879a0c44dc54	Shurik
31a10e50c1a838eac6eae489493ac78cee4942b1	Sep 26, 2014 at 1:46 pm
2c174deaf570f62f2a5d97a2cd77c49dee9a7f59	they forgot to write about blackberry OS 10, it is also present and developing…
5c89edcac2811a6a9e8072517cae7f3cbfd5049d	Int
e706df5779c915a23b7ebbb71d319f6f1ab89d93	Sep 30, 2014 at 3: 25 pm
1730756eb61b3cce4cf57a6e09532139c39f52a6	Return the buttons that you feel with your finger!!
4eb78a25c3cd5c60c81e8f08abb65bca52590cb9	Return the joystick, best of all optical, like the xperia x2!
19b58543c85b97c5498edfd89c11c3aa8cb5fe51	qwert
f43e140c2b2a3ecd5a283677e480fc6b190d6dd9	Oct 3, 2014 at 3:38 pm
3dca2e7191992be899d847849fabff061b67e34e	I donot know!
89b6ba789530454e030df707580a5f414b23ef18	And I really liked the article! it feels like I've been to a history lesson thanks to the author!
8ecd1f922a6447e6df8bb6f9b8af4a0a23ee15b4	folp
cbeb6ed556b46fd8f98c26e7a2073d1c631bc871	Nov 30, 2014 at 1:09 pm
1f1815a4bb8876f1d2efa02f948d366472286783	just the latest history, only electronics.
1eaf6a124c31b5f21a080c24f9cae4723f7456df	Junkie
6895583a5cba65d1ebe2ec35eea44b8261eac822	Dec 2, 2014 at 5: 15 pm
b8a01c99d781c0c35ce04fb6f114e1626ae784d2	>inside, Windows Phone continued to be the same Windows CE with an outdated kernel based on Windows 95 technologies.
51930476b28b68e54ca316264e16883fe0c9e9a7	The author, from now on, work hard to checkmate.the part to study before writing such nonsense
df0872e3e2f64bffb156d344188f6023fbc89eaf	Windows CE (also known as WinCE) is a variant of the Microsoft Windows operating system for handheld computers, smartphones and embedded systems.
2e6609e96e6fe9b8a8e2313b8d86decb30d35125	Today, Windows CE (Compact Edition / Compact Embedded) is not a "stripped - down" version of Windows for desktop PCs, it is based on a completely different kernel and is a real time operating system with a set of applications based on the Microsoft Win32 API.
afa1e667da6ebd3b006af38bbc212cbb110226dc	oleg009
cceb2db1bbaa194bde4e0846e2b83e6d905ed06e	Dec 19, 2015 at 5: 58 pm
007da04ab008accf8ef8364f7ed2e0bc45bf4bc8	did you drink something about 9ka , marshmallow and 10ka? there seems to be a good material being typed about 9ku, for example.(http://www.remontiphone6.ru/novaya versiya ios 9/#topp)
474a992487024f00691fbd0bf36b2d9a93885135	You must log in to post a comment
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55335c8dbf68771945de933e306238eeec36f3c9	We write about trends and technologies, as well as about specific topics related to IT and IT security.
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97ee598d849805d1c3475c7ceea4f552de5ca497	LG V10 smartphone Review: more cameras and screens Read more
ab70006625a2abf773fe11c89194e78bdd00d4dc	Capsule coffee machines.
249ad902af4fa798077c1ee78973b2c1dd70c814	ZOOM selection Read more
eb71e756802b4fbd2939ae614cbf976f155f6e11	Windows 10, mobile version and innovations
0a2be5d02b7a3b5a050efbe8b1dbf9d3481ad029	Support for new Qualcomm Snapdragon chipsets, including 64 bit ones, will also be added.
b0c9b39ce769ba3640ffc4eb082b6a3aaea3086f	As for the interface, it is already known (and most of them are already shown in Preview versions) that support for background images under tiles, the ability to stretch tiles vertically, a new Office Mobile, a new design of context menus, a Notification Center fully synchronized with the desktop version, a new File Explorer for navigating through files, a new default application for the camera; a calculator combined with an application for converting some units into others, LED notifications for applications, an increased threshold for enabling battery saving mode, and so on, and so on.
2f31f1073fc15a6ecae77a2183f0a37836473ec0	Because it is easier to say that something has not been updated, since almost everything will be updated: there will be either new applications or a significant update of the current one.
04cbed590b99d9dd2f759f4d6639e7ba02c73743	The first technical Preview of the new OS was released on February 12 of this year, it is available for some Nokia/Microsoft Lumia and HTC One M8 gadgets.
7c673337d279c9eab21ee3ee23ec9cabcf7a599b	News for owners of smartphones on Windows Phone 8
6aa2f6a389f9c30b9b95bc173b64e1a9de3d90d8	Fortunately, devices running on Windows Phone 8.1 will indeed be able to upgrade to the "tens", and this is the official position of Microsoft.
1286ba77d48b32ef3a4fe090a2b6f3e726d2149c	The only "but" - some functions of the devices may differ depending on the gadget.
f6d45c765811f2cb3048212adca39e2aee671611	But the fact that the update will be released (no, everything will not be "like with Windows Phone 7") is already a well known fact.
dfeaaa845ae7e9022495e6b13c5fdf2185c1571f	Which is also supported by the fact that on some devices (see above), upgrading to Windows 10 Mobile is already possible and new "chips" can already be tried on them.
0c822d0232baef01e01a920186edd7892869c5ea	Therefore, it is worth waiting for the release of a new OS, which will open a new chapter in the history of mobile operating systems from Microsoft.
dc0764b2db31830f364f75abd53e3ba6384e751c	Date of publication: 17.08.2015
f04071f80512a3a7cab0827ae9b2ac1293207362	Have you ever thought about buying a Lenovo A7010?
58ce75767501d2415298deccd458cb5c86f56fcc	This smartphone will pleasantly surprise you with its rich multimedia capabilities: a bright 5.5 inch HD display is perfect for entertainment in the company of friends, and an eight core MediaTek MT6753 processor with a power saving function will extend battery life and provide sufficient performance in any situation.
ebb7930297158339f01ed185cb56a964874e10d2	In addition, the Lenovo A7010 is equipped with two speakers at once and supports Dolby Atmos® technology, so you can enjoy surround detailed sound without distortion and discover new facets of music and video.
f4deadcd37bb496d7852302c7d30bb43fc4831e5	The best novelties of the smartphone market 2015 Ended the Mobile World Congress exhibition, where mobile gadgets that will go on sale this year were presented.
acb8e71899cccb8b54fd20eaa88cdd190c5fc5b3	iPhone iPad Mac Watch iOS 9 El Capitan
b9de55eca9827a1f4c9718b8ea3eca6cf60d4921	APPLICATIONS
337211e265fe68898447d83a342366541db803a6	GAMES
6b7e4414b8a8286b8c2c2af386ef153d72e309b9	TWEAKS
cf4a480e3af6faf1aebeccc6db3a5fe52088a671	JAILBREAK
7c54a847593e25f22e81787df712235ef2569557	GADGETS
dbbd6e677093ab33626116ddbe95a8116b822da0	CONCEPTS
9fed2aef933ddf6403c53e7281ecc02f8523b1c2	PATENTS
62e2ede50f49a6027cb0cce0cd949525a2ea7233	INSTRUCTIONS
0c01aebd5f93a4b2c7d55b46d5adcd82da434f3a	From iPhone OS to iOS 7: The history of the world's most advanced mobile platform
6ac7db3bc29f78bd79984ca14615611b7a4bcbc4	8 Jan, 2014 77403comment (46)http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macdigger.ru%2Fiphone ipod%2Fot iphone os do ios 7 istoriya samoj sovershennoj v mire mobilnoj platformy.html%D0%9E%D1%82+iPhone+OS+%D0%B4%D0%BE+iOS+7%3A+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B2+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8B2014-01-08+14%3A15%3A25MacDiggerhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.macdigger.ru%2F%3Fp%3D77403
cafe0fb54d8fd13fa967b9cab7901f3a33204777	Many users are trying to keep up with the progress.
e06ae3069a47f91eb10814726fb7246330af1dc3	It comes to the point that some people take out loans for iPhones and iPads, the manufacturer of which every time tries to entice us with some pleasant trifle, and perhaps not quite a trifle.
43fc70abf1fa81f285b04f80fa3ae3213ca165b0	What is a modern gadget?
5b3628300ddf26cf673b5c10653a6ea44af7b279	No, this is not a "suitcase" with a "twister" and not a "brick" with large buttons that have a bell function.
a26f139b88a4e356977b4185666e85b5814637a6	The iPhone is a device that combines not only dimensions and design, but also technical characteristics and an operating system.
0af22def4721e1e46393c07d57b5d9ebc569f7c0	Apple calls iOS the most advanced mobile platform in the world.
ecb53772069edb6ef69f000962ab9f9a588097cc	The OS on the iPhone and iPad is really one of the most advanced on the market, has many functions, multitasking, is not demanding of resources.
3185d9d7ee6ef8916a3cbe874122bce5d6900555	How did the Apple mobile platform appear?
104a166e4794caa05dba778a19e8a6c76c0ad0e0	It's worth getting to know it better.
fdf2a618f9cdccb703f3e483ed7e5718bfbe7679	iPhone OS 1.0
f424ab9b4b2f52a7667472193b41ca71bb8f3ced	The first version of Apple's operating system was built on the same Unix kernel as Mac OS X. But from the first minutes of the presentation, it became clear that the differences would be enormous.
4c383306946c7f5f2ae9fe8c34c0f5ff5f868c2e	Few functions that are familiar now were implemented in the first version of the operating system:
97635f839c2338c20e23f1b0cb3996ce39df9883	Main interface;
f99213c7899654eff25a924d2baad0b60f3f146e	Multi touch gestures; iPod;
9fbe509ab2950ab789ad01eb699358e70c3e65db	Safari;
3de816aac7375654f2cd4f8620e95849baf287de	Cards;
1a6f944092dcc9a9c4febd9d4589db49cce25f93	Sync with iTunes.
ca891acfd3e0c0328b0f4bb55d4a41a37d917b14	The updates have appeared:
5926b1c6eca8f006f58c64d31aa1835548aa16e2	Web applications on the home screen;
b83d11e1061cd13bf9411a79e997f52b1808c387	Changing the location of icons;
4a28ecf4a4b4f41ea7eadab792c3a6b680657f47	Multi touch keyboard; iTunes Music Store.
e4f9f08f0a5c3bcf1dc48dfb31527d2a05b92d2a	iPhone OS 2.0
5fd20d0c62190fbf99a34b789b23abf1a8472981	Features of iPhone OS 2:
d1e65b1d263989842b374ef3a1f88c108d1fb147	App Store;
d5052e146c0e81ae455b8dec5d893d2feb7dcc6b	Mobile Me;
bf8958fc2f86ad593dad01fb31ed65869ca1becb	Native applications from third party developers;
b5d843f1527d73d714244bb5e693a80f58648d6e	Exchange Support;
6cc178a00ac2402b3bbaa36b0b3c72756160f7b0	Search in the Contacts app.
e2de588d276626263f8f15206686d3fd4a1d162f	iTunes Genius Playlists;
87c043f75bf09c86149d4335f92bf5bdd6ffde81	Google Street View;
81f4ad4f6142761d79cdf97cd293a9ecdcde741e	Download podcasts.
aa6e618daaf711279e4b016106d02c0ea5f9f8eb	The main event of iOS is the launch of the App Store and the ability to upload third party smartphone apps there.
9170517a7b7b7af9a90a48a8e7d2bf850f088ffc	Since the second version of the operating system, the SDK (Software Development Kit) has appeared – this is a set of tools for developing applications.
4232ac389e296040e377e89326535bf31051d258	Now any developer of programs or games will be able to write their own applications for iPhone and iPod.
365476852ba134aaf37a66111953ac76ee8cd2ac	This is the most anticipated innovation in iOS 2, which has been expected since the presentation of the first version in 2007.
8ff588ddecdeffbcc22e0199ed935ae7bbcd9a6e	The operating system itself is still closed, applications can only be installed from the App Store, many iPhone functions cannot be tied to a computer yet.
0a2766758414233e3da4c0ee814e17c6b23a89f2	iPhone OS 3.0
c732d3368ac5e52c64b259b140cbc0c8b21471ae	Features of iPhone OS 3:
624af9359c585bdda64e18cc5c52601e133d495b	Cut, copy, Paste;
922567ca0a1a05b524aad1f8d9a8d1d8ed61fea6	Voice control;
b5a9a30f9c1f3859b44ce43e6b75907a29727465	MMC;
6e5acea60d0ff5685bc212f4be09c8d3d276a409	Shooting a video;
e0af770c686352845443b192ec902b395f319e50	Autofocus;
9536a94cb2bfcc9c14020d84cc63c0a18cdc2978	Spotlight Search;
a45bcf3cd8712464bf91275c85b6506426597314	Push Notifications;
2e3de679e0db2e8c634dc40328a7a8a076cd68fd	Landscape orientation of the keyboard;
b635609d51631557f0ee46244fb4deda0aaa1d9e	Find my phone;
ff17ea66ba1c724c1c6e4853a7d04bbcb1c1ef0e	Compass;
a81a0c8576626755ab02664a5a49f1c24358c2a4	The ability to log in to a YouTube account;
43f7f3b3feb4f0f87a76e4b1db2268233964b522	Bluetooth A2DP;
9979b72f566c16edfd9708d81c073d3661d02a52	In app purchases;
80225dd3e0f7ffb9802834056f73acbf80c336d6	Parental control;
d00a8de3a097b4d705394c9d9fa012ee394d47a8	Direct purchases in iTunes;
4d2f44a1d2163f8b72eeceaa30375c51bc5cef29	HTML5 in Safari.
c009ceb390c83dfcb35ae14ff86f4c6e9ec6faab	Genius;
559f8953997752cbd0691082ed2f138ddacfd9fb	Downloading Ringtones;
ded929bf7a699960aa0f47792749070e2e141f82	Support for voice control via Bluetooth;
56997504430d67fe799137460edf5101f5d8daa5	Support for iPad screen resolution; iPad Apps;
3e403093623ae0c8f75b6bee5950a797e6c6774b	Support for Bluetooth keyboards; iBooks.
cac3a713be64061e96f857ae547521806423ba59	Now iOS has caught up with the main competitors on this issue (BlackBerry, PalmOS, webOS and Windows Mobile), who already had it well implemented.
a92e82d6364f26e03845d06f332725b473fb0680	iPhone OS 3.2
f18c0fbfa0fd047f773167c1a9bb5760935fd0ab	Version 3.2 was not a full fledged release.
810e2729770e42ef919b3548dc54eea11aebc02d	The release was introduced in 2010 and was only an adaptation of iOS for the large screen of the iPad.
9a50d6dfa172717ea9e7ba36a9e8be488e3379f9	In addition, users have the opportunity to change the background of the home screen and switch the display to landscape mode.
5142bd58b1c3b412f9909906f59d9af98717cac0	iPhone OS 3 was much more successful than the second version, because the developers took into account many wishes of ordinary users and tried to remove all the shortcomings as much as possible.
a324ec20258554ef5f20dd9dc73ac0c510815e78	iPhone OS 4.0/iOS 4
f2eb7b06a25c45db8ba29545acd22622c773d4f0	In the summer of 2010, the iPhone OS was renamed to the well known iOS.
232dd76df83e3c0a5f688afbd5cc65063bbe6b5c	Features of iOS 4:
c3bfcd7e808d42d58364263625f2dbc92ce3fcfe	Multitasking;
f9fc3f51c1a9eecd5c96aa128f0108802cbfda7f	Folders on the home screen;
783fffa5a304b1b94cf9a2943d95794925e38845	FaceTime;
32b072501002d7bf487da9cfb07309529b266070	Grouping messages in Mail; iAd;
8a674540901cf0f115440109e1225db555f15f70	Installing any images as a screensaver;
b83273d58c89b1857fb92e093eb2f180119a6e80	The ability to give applications;
d39ce1b7b69bf0cdcf3b13a3efd993be32b79af9	Search for Messages in the app.
201067c1e690e2536ec5ea0cc61fbd0816cf2f06	Game Center; iTunes Ping;
fe9089256315fe83bac22fca1223e1208c3b7c5d	Multitasking on iPad;
40200237d3402161bee2a373904e4ee4b701d762	Folders on iPad;
1346853d246f92a06bdb4bb838f818caab64a600	AirPlay;
9fc08e5b3bfab9cacdd9e9fbea07e814e7cc083c	AirPrint; iPhone as an Access Point; iTunes Home Sharing;
fa26998aeb233ce26ab46bcfe5ab428dff4307ba	AirPlay for third party applications.
62bb30a3996b45d65d1114d790ad7e49c624cb6d	Custom folders.
eb9ce0aa38d9bda43d39759166a009c9d2542df5	After three years have passed since the release of the first version, the ability to create folders on the desktop was added, now shortcuts can be combined into folders and thanks to this a very compact menu was obtained.
83f8f1e447c1c5a56976070d64f4238a3c03e54c	This feature was the first among touch sensitive smartphones.
296a931e5eef2488ed68a58fea0bba0471699665	Android added this feature only in version 4.0 of Ice Cream Sandwich.
1ea8b49f67f4abd436005f9ad3ed14ea98233d39	After the release of the fourth version, many users noticed that the iPhone 4 incorrectly displays information showing the level of mobile signal reception.
91a3de133330f8bfcf95293a02aa71614a0fe0fa	Many users began to check the early versions of the iPhone and it turned out that they also do not correctly display the signal level.
1b42cc1b59a7dd4b994b53c1bb7d7d15b68bbaf1	The fact is that the signal level divisions begin to decrease only when the phone is in the zone of a very weak signal and then by a couple of divisions, although all 4 or 5 should go away.
9d58f26eead7e4920d96f40508963b2f3d221035	There seems to be nothing special about this inaccuracy, but a whole scandal broke out in the West and Apple had to quickly fix the problem with the signal sensor.
ec294b62de47ef1c6dd884b5a742468c7aa7ba8c	In July 2010, version 4.0.1 (and 3.2.1 iOS for iPad) was released, and it fixed the problem with signal divisions.
2bd715e18e09af7c099c32a99b8fdf2e9253ddbe	iOS 4.1
c799634d861472a8dd53e9cb021c863bb0e438cb	i OS 4.1 appeared in September, it expanded the gaming capabilities of the devices, added Game Center.
1ead91197fdf24d9cdd32e42207110a423a6462a	The next update of iOS 4.2.1 brought folders and multitasking to the iPad, added the installation of this version on all mobile devices (although some of the functions did not work on older devices — iPhone 3G and iPod Touch 2G).
87ebee77ad63f9a8d16907df6735cdc32b972221	Apple introduced a technology for playing AirPlay streaming video, it worked between all Apple devices with Apple TV.
d2901d0c1d2bc0f6c7fff407bc674b37bd7520e9	iOS 5
7df79dd04fcbbfc06447a1389609c7a085058d52	Features of iOS 5:
2eac6d4caea6c1af1ed82a6af4b4007248ac14a2	Siri;
7ffe54d77535c8509335c3be7e61eff64047b75f	Notification Center; iMessage; iCloud;
24b8efc3103d5cdd153c0f748af4d81912fc60bb	Sync with iTunes over Wi Fi;
82749bd01807bf45ef65bbee1b71ecab1f63f586	Enabling new devices without connecting to a computer;
ba1635185d30ad9a9f21a34da461aea063b3b98c	Kiosk;
3fd085f326c35b706b424ad5fad350f59f39f992	Reminders;
a9efaa2fcf7d9383af885b578a02157497e1fb20	Integration with Twitter;
e177dfa90fcc7f493293cb7d8dffc1e58e0cb8af	Traffic jams and alternative routes on maps;
f60246fb474573df1c0aa57078cfa463de7f7296	RTF support in mail;
7af01aec99ab5b921eaf7abe729e8615c953c492	Basic image editing;
e6d059ed354cf251d7bce1b68363f4e96aa73825	The Reader function in Safari.
894c07a1f12af076a10935d1c94ef6ee0fb9f265	Modified Camera app for iPad;
7a9e52aa508c7dea59c4d1a1fc1c22d12246b995	Increasing the limit for downloading applications over 3G to 50 MB;
4059013b42d9ecac2a880ff91c5378b5f0ffcf15	Deleting photos from the Photo Stream.
f8c6f203d63f025109775263b9030cdee47dcbbf	This version of the operating system appeared with the presentation of the iPhone 4S in October 2011.
353ee6dc90c01dd1466c2cb5fb523db21d2771a6	A lot of new functions and features have been added, but the most important ones have touched the hardware.
56e80662a2171993c7b8aeaeded72a23d6c124fa	Siri technology.
c3d590e20bac1f6eb8d23ddc82690a61ffc522df	This feature appeared in iOS 5.0 and was available only for iPhone 4S, it provided the ability to voice control over the phone, you can even ask questions, the phone will try to answer them.
4f4f58c65e46b26534b3f03d50890d0f7271fd0a	Only one problem – if you do not know English, then you will not succeed.
defb944b018a29aaada48cf93110fbeb1220793e	Weather and other information.
837fcf4aa077857508c03fc6838037b80f208ae8	In this direction, iOS lagged behind Android and in the fifth version, the developers solved this problem by adding information about the weather, location, and air temperature to the desktop screen.
04a3e4628c22c405c47ce4a4a1788539a25afe6d	iMessage.
1473f5022b07a38454207fd9dc308c59c3163a14	Apple decided to borrow an interesting technology from BlackBerry, which allows you to exchange short messages between devices with the same operating system.
85b507eabfb470aa217c0984b8ccf3b989098a12	If you install iOS 5 on an iPod Touch or iPad, this free service will also work.
5385a29c82ebfc0fd7be1df5f2fee19094683d5d	iCloud.
1778748318ac03a6f87fd928314df3aad4bde887	One of the most interesting innovations in the new firmware version.
00e5f32567ec067c0226a193ba2d7caa924aad7b	Apple is trying to expand the functionality of data storage on remote servers. iCloud also fulfills this role, it replaced the old version of MobileMe.
659bc15d4a0146a449f8617548311467a9140433	Documents, photos and other files can now be copied for storage in the cloud data storage.
d6f0e9bb118c439e7f42ecc659cb11b0c5fc3c49	The data can be synchronized between all Apple devices of the same owner.
55d57ba191f6dafaab2412f9ed49414073e0dbf2	iOS 6
192908f90033395054782a210a8f9d3db034cfd0	The most significant change in the current version of the operating system was Apple's own cards, in addition, the programmers "pumped up" Siri a little and added Passbook as a consolation to everyone who was waiting for NFC.
c80c55570d82aaec1304b76723adbe5a932edf46	Features of the new OS:
6ffaa56280ca196832f1a6b72b0565acbb57f317	Apple Branded Cards;
55acf3dff2018955d988f4127ee64d3f1876cb8d	New features of Siri;
160390b1d7dfd0e9ef9115986adc1e397d37b64c	Facebook Integration;
1cf6389d3d37b1064d0b00b55aba7970031d7334	Passbook;
0908e1d4e197212e99d36b8be56da86c943c800d	Sync tabs via iCloud;
c64690c09d02b5fab9bf2add3512d48aa11a86dc	Improvements to the Mail app;
97eff4baba9ba9fef59ec6bf1e3c275e28311617	FaceTime calls via the mobile Internet;
c3ed9c0be0df594ad9342c9783e18ad60cb10ed5	Shared Photo Stream;
2a3d0a32313879bd2fb64255532df31d323daf4f	Do not Disturb function;
0a560eb4c60a5af65b4eba233249762f28fc8901	New call response options;
9f7b19aa3566aa2840f1fb4b2c53162e1db719b0	Search through all fields in the Contacts application;
c099978089c557043a866eb6406ea135257b86b4	Full screen mode in the browser in landscape orientation;
5daf55d5fcf50cb7738096a2a77c74513bf6ea66	New interface for virtual stores;
5337bd65ce15deb98c6461b312296c2d564fea05	Watch app for iPad;
6946ff0fd7b23963da84c0931579a3db335d4182	The YouTube app was removed;
8c69e839c869f4559f144a123bcbae0ba98f4c6a	The iOS 6 updates did not add significant changes and were mainly aimed at fixing bugs and improving stability.
7fac4b20ce3c1efb52bb143b83e3050c24358e73	iOS 7
6bb06d7ea2d6bb681ffc53114e105d50531c168d	In June 2013, a new version of the mobile operating system was presented at WWDC.
adfbb0aa8291d6e632bd36fb0f82fe0cc6217909	Joni Ive became the head of the Human Interface division.
8b99e318a398dff2b5e44f2c45d003c5dd6e4632	Apple calls iOS 7 " the biggest iOS change since the release of the original iPhone."
a404446c120fcd8ae969b3e105aa8f0d72b0649e	The most noticeable change is a radically redesigned interface.
2d27292e4d8a5f7d92800f5b9620dcf37923ddb5	In a promotional video shown during the main presentation, Jonathan Ive described the update as "bringing order to the confusion", emphasizing the following features: refined fonts, new icons, transparency and layers.
caecda11394293b2c0ada0798d62a324d51a562e	The design of iOS 7 and OS X Mavericks (introduced on the same day) contain significantly fewer elements of skewomorphism (such as a green table in the Game Center, a wooden texture in the Kiosk and iBooks apps, and a skin in the Calendar).
6f2762201085ffb4e232d70e75f0683095fbd12b	In addition, there were significant changes in functionality, which were not enough in the sixth version of the firmware.
57cdd0a13253e287ede311c1d77ded1c02d74c52	During the presentation of the new operating system, Apple Senior Vice President Craig Federighi highlighted ten main changes:
6d10be1f9a490815f28f8369161e2dad1dbc69e2	The control point.
40bc51abf7f4fa1fe28828a182ae00a1e55061b9	Similar to the Notification Center, the Control Center is accessible by using an up gesture at the bottom of the screen and provides access to such parameters as air mode, brightness, multimedia control, AirPlay, AirDrop and quick access to some applications: flashlight, compass, calculator and camera.
1b6e7780f7a69af91df1ebfe14a40306f40e0122	Multitasking. iOS 7 is based on the preemptive multitasking introduced in iOS 4.
86b7969656cab1011fc8e46425a27e5536149d77	Background app updates are supported.
2eb10b315b39e60ed9f4b495ca570424822061df	Safari.
e9894a6726a9929b38649b03c1e7912784a7aec6	The "smart" search field, first introduced in Safari 6 for OS X Mountain Lion, has become available in Safari.
aeb99d01da21bc84c3c9634fe19eafe2231398c0	Other changes include an infinite number of tabs, parental controls, improved link sharing on Twitter and a reading list.
bfe90211430ba88b8a99078d204742d2e523c561	AirDrop.
5346d0386516df527afb6c7a46c2d15de21a6eb1	Using the AirDrop function (first introduced in OS X Lion), available for iPhone 5, iPad (4th generation), iPad mini, and iPod touch 5th generation, you can share files (photos, videos, contact cards, etc.) with other users of iOS devices.
263047f4e63e5529125d9bc40c06749cd2035815	Camera.
9350774f12394549269c8b3d965c20b032bb8f7e	The new camera interface allows you to switch between four different modes: video, photo, square and panoramic photos.
ec61666bd90e8bfe01e0148b3301b917f77cc02a	It is also now possible to apply one of nine different filters to the images.
e55f61b01af607704961493335bea73d786a4b88	Photo.
939972d54e3a92125f5cbb3bb1cf1bc3af6690d0	The Photos app in iOS 7 uses the information of each photo to sort them by date, place and year of shooting, and also supports uploading videos to the Photo Stream (introduced in iOS 5).
94f239b334aa1a7454ea097a17929096844bdca3	Siri.
ac2057a851738e3eb2444970f4995a5968abee8d	The Siri interface has also undergone a redesign.
cec22978725b08e13e4d21d1b1a92baf743d81e7	For each presented language, there is an option to choose between a male and a female voice.
adc0587a9ce78bde431c684d5eb508fe63db35f1	Improved integration with Twitter, Wikipedia and the Bing search engine.
f13c59f3c973fd6939f2ba459d60a63de049f8be	It is now possible to manage system settings using voice commands. iOS is in the Car.
2f727be795dcd3071354a5a86a439f0a270a7566	"iOS in the Car" uses Siri integrated into individual car models to control navigation, phone, music and iMessage on the car screen.
607cba7e0094e701b8890829461dd0556d3fd29e	The release is expected in 2014.
b70858cb9f85ac8319244b0b0f483cd2e7c1c4ed	App Store.
ab5dadf79bbde007ef35cab72cde7cbb34d13d52	New features: search by age group, "Next to me", as well as automatic application updates.
c819ac83775e2f7234021a02e77ed692db1f774a	Music and iTunes Radio.
fc7a14d69d8fd24bff319d5a07d2c23566be41c3	Along with the interface changes, iTunes Radio (a music streaming service like Spotify) is now built into the Music app.
6a65aa118339967c079789c1b23d86b6a3636ae3	In the US, the service became available after the release of the beta version of iOS 7.
1ccde352427c947d34547b123b6119a25346e7b1	The launch in the UK and Europe is expected later.
9d2b58d4756e1e79a54e5c10785fdc1447d24d41	Other changes include FaceTime Audio, multi page folders, a black list of contacts, as well as new Find My iPhone features that prevent unauthorized people from using a lost or stolen iPhone or iPad.
7611f6cbc660f9cdf1857527c7769eb38eebe9ab	Join us on Twitter, VKontakte, Facebook, Google+ or via RSS to keep up to date with the latest news from the world of Apple, Microsoft and Google.
8afb48ae17ad2d7d986f3792606016fdfbe1d0fe	iPhone & iPad, Mobile News
e22c887816918f29d6479f520b3577d0603d5a43	iOS 7, iPad, iPhone
310b630924dc91cb2d2fd316a4241e47e09c57fe	How to turn on the sound notification about unlocking the iPhone 5s using the Touch ID scanner [instructions]
13d756a7ba3d14af00a74e1f243255ac131fd306	Casio has released a sports watch compatible with the iPhone [video]
7352e329e12aaa62d7b5e22c8d252f5d38ee4301	Comments on " From iPhone OS to iOS 7: the history of the world's most advanced mobile platform” - 7740346http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macdigger. ru%2Fiphone ipod%2Fot iphone os do ios 7 istoriya samoj sovershennoj v mire mobilnoj platformy.html%D0%9E%D1%82+iPhone+OS+%D0%B4%D0%BE+iOS+7%3A+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B2+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8B2014-01-08+14%3A15%3A25MacDiggerhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.macdigger.ru%2F%3Fp%3D77403
9a7631f913f68a86ee489a52a42476471941147e	Maverick
207c2f5cabaf92ee023f9bc4086ecf5b2cbedba4	Reply 09. Jan, 2014 at 01: 24
208c363ccbd0d39eb4c49d54ce4005dacf204014	in my opinion, this story about the Evolution of the iPhone is not being posted for the first time.
5a0c48c116b54cac08c55264b6328d45956db999	Ivan
6e9aa22fe60d03423f169347691f93b911f2b5c2	Reply 09. Jan, 2014 at 01: 45
768578a7e367288d6720aaec06cf5e35a8122072	Do not communicate with these iPhones jobs opened a mental hospital and drove all the psychos there, they are now speaking out )))
b7f73c5b66dca06b94aa7a7134c24e0159e1dd0a	Robert
5bba4c10c827cd2d625366576e03846fc94f53ea	Reply 09. Jan, 2014 at 10:08 am
ce8847b88bd6271e425e1af114d080ebad634ca7	I have already switched from iPhone to samsung for a year and a half and I donot regret it a bit.
9d52f6b803460f904008eda12241a068be4d2385	The iPhone hasnot changed a bit in the last 3 years! just fool people with all sorts of nonsense, wake up! they make money on you!
b1b2d1c6b33136580358f350fcc222928b658a8e	I would put up a monument to the marketers of the iPhone:)))
1936adcac977f751208d11bd3abb825c1df25ddf	isung
f86cd48becbe660e207fc026302350bde2c07bed	Reply 09. Jan, 2014 at 11:22 am
93fde632bf6077b017c2ef475648ec9376279a41	The folders came only in Android 4 O o?
735182daf83434f65490f26ceb453cd88811a8ad	Author, what planet are you from?
aafc2f96f2380d6757e08ff0c473b4bb84941256	There have been folders in android since version 2.6, if not earlier.
270dbc3af9489182507fb53901a767d17c2e0b7d	Kris
0296c42d9ce99100cecb219199ba6a1fc3a3b7dd	Reply 09. Jan, 2014 at 14: 53
405b039ed9ca5cc0fe6af61edd736cd14029825a	This did not happen under Jobs return iOS 6
6ea911b763ca2cdf659794f7891b0024512a1bda	crazyvlad
79e0ce271906ba67939f879afab59cb38a5dddf9	Reply 09. Jan, 2014 at 20: 12
271b918d47e99c489b67fd5f69d59a5f16296071	I'm getting a kick out of you guys.
9c82807bab7163be63bddd60ab8947b24d674c57	Where did so many androdrochers on this site come from, I wonder?
802ea87863f98feec93cc4ecbb6e8bd2e5329418	I am not an ardent fan of any of the OSS, I just like both, so I use an iPhone and htc one myself, and I'll tell you what: iOS, no matter how it is watered, is much more stable and in some plans it is more convenient than a bucket, although it has limitations.
9e0b2988961b4ef04ce51f9adcea877b43721ed9	Android lags even on the top end hardware and it is not necessary to say that it is perfect for you and does not slow down, there are no such devices on android yet.
64cf9c1350d8d56ea9c875f18d6a2b3ccb8d1d3c	@ _ @ , dude wake up, it's 2014.
c85cfce947f5eafdca4d5c868e163a542720d3c6	Simbian died a long time ago, as well as push button phones, I do not dispute that it is more convenient to type text on the quarter(I had E71, then E72 and even bb 9900), but the current requirements for mobile gadgets have made this form factor not at all relevant.
1a49c08f6c647ee5781d36bcada1debe23606d36	But where is Nokia now?
87cdd4e037d5f2cc9757a1070e20a84fa7e2ca74	That's right, deep in the anus with your VF.
81d483a5fac342d62ad5112e0ecbb1338983404e	So whatever one may say, but that android and ayos are both good in their own way.
63b7081400f196555b3588bccac43890fc904835	I also really liked the last blackberry axis, although it also has its own cockroaches.
380ae793c5c35358b8006f5d4e6cb116fcb7d4a4	I'm even thinking of trying to transfer to it
3344a981f24884618bb5bd7bdc502e0eaa27e845	Oleg
b291c562580fce5234b42d6009a69faa73228d41	Reply 19. Dec, 2015 at 17: 50
7415008feb8b36605756dc6b214ee07e2bfdea28	already 9ka came out) it's time to update the information. here if you are interested about the 9th version it is written here
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deac7c60a20ec6c59f0e5c02e79d224b1cf96542	What feature of the iPhone 7, without which "you canot live", could Tim Cook talk about?
69c878471d3ddd4519ad114c3ad94d3df13a05b6	Samsung has launched the trade in program in Russia: hand over the IPhO ne and get a discount on the Galaxy S7
73794c81957bae40251c76f8805537494c9fce4a	7 Reasons Why You Still Donot Have an Apple Watch on your Hand are named
f7cbc9f718940b32fdaf2fd5bf2f87c22f673e54	Found a way to hide the dock panel on the iPhone without jailbreaking
d0cb62dae75b2511ba8361022935283e34e24762	DEXP introduced Zenith – the first Russian smartphone with a dual camera [video]
e3bf6616550e94fb02212c3be08634223e9120d1	@MacDigger ru
6112abcee1df8ac8a72c593002dab395ec624b88	Why Windows 10 is not OS X: 10 problems of the Microsoft operating System
baae62df23d9d614146bc37cd90409c2b747f891	The mayor of Cupertino accused Apple of refusing to pay "honest taxes"
1315a6f7f79ac9c3748e60ae42484c7b6f8ff7e7	Apple fixed vulnerabilities in Git that exposed Mac users to the risk of cyber attacks
c9006818826b2e177a7b886544384e41f49d789a	Microsoft has warned users about reducing the free disk space in OneDrive to 5 GB
6e6006646279f4204e8a1c52fc59d7a2852dc311	Uncharted: Fortune Hunter Drake on the phone
5330ef4323c1a2af7425098622e69454ae910d90	From the editors of MacDigger
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50e6ded8ec409424458ff47c333c817a1f63f1ed	We offer the most up to date and useful information: news, reviews, instructions and manuals that will be of interest not only to owners of Apple products (Mac, iPod, iPhone or iPad), but also to everyone who is interested in the hi tech world.
e03323ed452c6b3cb583f2f5d35c384c722e2343	Welcome to the Apple world!
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4d1a545eb306d111e437d74c17cd1afb1949d462	Popular Tags Android Apple Apple Store Apple TV Apple Watch App Store Google iOS iOS 7 iOS 8 iOS 9 iPad iPad mini iPhone iPhone 4S iPhone 5 iPhone 5S iPhone 6 iPhone 6 Plus iPhone 6s iTunes iWatch jailbreak Mac Mac OS X Microsoft Nokia Rumors Samsung Siri Soft tweak Windows In Russia Gadgets Games Instructions Research Concepts Patents Secrets Steve Jobs Courts Tim Cook Fan
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e13717a0ec56fc89c81f166339cca8f48208f094	Let's dance Tango
d2fd4e95953958b0a5e4279c4c001a0af87cd09a	And now a whole year has already passed since the release of the "seven": in February 2012, an improved version with the same index 7.5 was released.
b6f9bc082c86d1d75628a84e5646dc3de39b04eb	The improvement concerned the easing of system requirements for gadget manufacturers in order to capture the markets of developing countries with inexpensive smartphones like Nokia Lumia 610: processors with a frequency of 800 MHz, devices with 256 megabytes of RAM were now supported, and plus bug fixes, of course.
cf4bc7366ce680a3b23c787aad2707ee85296ea4	Windows Phone 8
f4e5134c16a14652e4fe821402396e18f9ac0cba	Thus, the phones of the" first wave " were left out in this case, but they were not forgotten about, they prepared the latest update for them and rolled it out a little later.
f3e8ab1951f81bc82db1b74be257ace7de4e5333	In addition, we need to say about backward compatibility: it is there, but only partially.
ad8e575ac05d6dd20febc75058493d8af02bf95c	That is, applications created for Windows Phone 8 cannot run on Windows Phone 7; however, applications written for the seventh version work on the eighth without problems, since they were automatically recompiled.
0329d2fae30b34eef60a9d310f185b9902998abf	7.8 you are welcome
78ba7b2b6ec67088e3839cc7609855d8755a619a	At the end of 2012, the latest version of the "seven" with the index 7.8 was released: several useful things from the new, eighth version were added to it – like new types of tiles, color schemes, Bing wallpapers on the lock screen, data transmission via Bluetooth (yes, this was not), the ability to create your own ringtones, and so on.
8f5d702681683e527e5a8665b21fcf175426f6fb	This version is the latest in the line of Windows Phone 7, and smartphones on it are not officially supported by Windows Phone 8.
77124922c63659a080ff262079b8098746912007	The reason for this is already written above: a different device architecture based on Windows NT.
f7c6ec3fb121d56edf72a1d3cf8b4056926b5a12	For older smartphones, the introduction of this version continued until the summer of 2013, and now a fat point has been finally put for them.
14eddb616284e23ed8d06991e7584a8d01aa8485	On the other hand, Microsoft announced plans to release version 7.8 shortly after the announcement of the" eight", so this sad fact was somehow smoothed out.
e400eb4d35933deee9779195465f6ac17fc92687	In fairness, it should be said that there are still a lot of compatible applications in the Marketplace store, and some of the new applications come out with support for the "seven", so they can still be used with success.
6368ae9d86078ad0d504acb3bef774aa14b20e9a	Windows Phone 8.1
17204bf6a7168d2c1174b5835a75958195c50815	Other updates include the renaming of the SkyDrive cloud service to OneDrive, improved multitasking, support for gesture control, a quick settings section in the upper drop down menu (similar to Android 5, but much simpler and more convenient), separate volume control for calls/notifications and applications, a double tap to wake the device from sleep, support for Bluetooth 4.0 LE and two SIM cards, as well as several dozen significant updates that have improved the convenience of working with the system.
c68089ee53727aa2cedd525e1bd9e16248b4beef	Another notable innovation is the absence of the need for hardware buttons, including the camera button (as in Android, starting with the fourth version): this was done to unify smartphones for manufacturers who can now develop devices on the same base for Android and WP.
6188e0d26db40c873a5b4a1ca29aa1ebc572226b	The output of the first update
18a215e335f434fbcb86dfbcb76769de45d508e6	In December last year, the distribution of the first official update Update 1 of the new version of the mobile operating system began.
5d3c8810f6ab67490faa8db89fe8ce40399c13a5	There were quite a few changes from the user's point of view: it was possible to create folders, select applications and settings for other users of the gadget (if there are any), distribute the Internet via Bluetooth, the tenth Internet Explorer can now pretend to be other browsers, and the alarm clock can repeat the signal every 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60 minutes.
f65fbcbf27b37bb62d8c5ac218185dfe49c5d359	The last change – Bing became the main search engine, and all other systems were out of business.
9d1bac614b7dd9671e82b3422995d4fa9b137069	Unfortunately, the second update (Update 2) is not planned for release to already sold smartphones; before the release of Windows 10, it will be pre installed only on new smartphones.
db639aa3bf09cab8db559f4e5a16ec25812ecea0	iPhone, iPad Android Windows Phone Articles Forum
fa63a72b4af6d2bb295caa4041e4145834497a9e	AppVisor.ru "Articles" News
291742e634d5f5b751cfa70246f712b2548fc436	The history of the creation of the Android operating system
e2d092b11eb00c14d54ca288befd930657f65bb1	November 12, 2013 Administrator 5495 0
76083b2c8e8bf26f5d8b58d062bfca716b70f804	At the time, the device had solid technical characteristics: a 3.2 inch resolution display, a 525 MHz processor, 192 megabytes of RAM and a camera with a 3.2 MP matrix resolution.
1e770638fe3cc12b4bcc2c63af8fbb9400600b8e	In October 2008, an online store was opened where you can buy up to date applications for the Android operating system.
1e760288fff9aa12415f734f8f9f1d0d3cf34a68	The next version 2.1 had its "sweet" codename Eclair.
0d08005c7fb2c3fe5a0fb91f147af4174affa26e	The first swallows of this version: NTS Magic and NTS Hero, Motorola Droid and Samsung Galaxy. 2010 was the year of big races for gigahertz mobile processors.
77486a709ac46ac256bb3a02d8313b907e4a9f50	In the same 2010, the "Green Robot" received the index 2.2, and the code name Froyo.
0aee83becca559667819fa3f9346f7bd2e105ee8	The main innovations were: support for Adobe Flash, the use of JIT compilation (it was she who contributed to improving performance), the system performance increased significantly.
8c7b9319010535f9ab05a4d8499bd9e66e5a7fef	This update was installed on devices with a 1 GHz processor.
a729498a7419c51eb1322e5f270a5d1cca3b5434	The next step At the end of 2010, the Android 2.3 version arrived, with the already familiar sweet codename Gingerbread.
a6a2d750602e3dcbd64ee7399443462317b686aa	This version occupied the first lines on the market in terms of mass sales for almost three years.
d0ac13376d18b68ac23abbe755c1134c66a371ad	The new platform was followed by the flagship from Google the Nexus S. Google developed the second branded smartphone together with Gingerbread.
8e6f11749476be0d552cb385ce65ab475c40cbec	This time, Samsung became a partner, and the Nexus S smartphone itself was similar to the Galaxy S, representing a modified version.
b0fe478782687c01862b3f8f72e69bdfb9d87391	Google Nexus S appeared a little late, because when it entered the market, LG had already announced its first dual core smartphone called Optimus 2X.
90f3486d04db2cfb2bc483632bd678ed8fe11387	Later, Samsung Galaxy S II, Motorola Droid X2, NTS Sensation got dual core chips.
e11a4b087d3e5b488daf49b2614d4960b9be04af	This event did not particularly overshadow the fate of Samsung.
4bee1a0c68fbb3ff0667648d219a7275215142e5	After the Galaxy S smartphone, the company released a cult device.
b1504a143b77081955edae42b64caf8d953bd661	It was the now popular Galaxy Tab.
59fcc4e2971fd69157d9634d825fa2464a86a1ee	The "tablet" became an alternative to the bulky "apple" iPad, because the seven inch tablet was distinguished by its lightness and compactness.
8e1db7f2cabd5e04e796ba5a91b518096c595ac1	Android 3.0 version The beginning of 2011 for Android was notable for the fact that Google developed a version of Android 3.0 Honeycomb for tablet PCs – the first version that was designed specifically for tablets.
5d1522a343b5f67cbe0f87fe8f9fcafb17039b21	The Gingerbread smartphone interface, slightly stretched, was clearly inferior to the new Honeycomb.
1784627aafaa976ee1376eb5eba3f65b9dc173fb	The new version looked much better, although the built in card reader started working only after the Android 3.1 update was released.
ba8e411a5e4a6a9331760e845458318955eeeb04	The most popular tablets of that time (Acer Iconia Tab, ASUS Eee Pad Transformer, Lenovo ThinkPad Tablet , Motorola Xoom Samsung Galaxy Tab 10.1, Sony Tablet) received the latest version of Android 3.2.
e0e101494b55c0be0412eb0c6063ecc4d95fff2d	It was designed as a strictly tablet.
581357eada54d24646242652a5c77a3c6d9cccc9	The fourth year, Samsung made a real sensation in its industry during the IFA 2011 exhibition.
f026b27094ede7aadaeddedff23097d02fe7c677	She designed the Galaxy Note phablet.
fa86e6dc52b58e475628bcd5246f0b2baf302b4b	Although the device did not become the first 5 inch smartphone, however, it was this manufacturer from South Korea that managed to present the form factor of sufficiently large smartphones in a favorable light.
00d69be8b3ea8a7d0b4ea161f31fb2107df20103	An important event at the end of 2011 is undoubtedly the merger of two versions of Android: tablet and smartphone.
81bef625773ea523c5a3be904622caf9a436ddd6	Both classes of devices worked perfectly on the updated version 4.0 of Ice Cream Sandwich.
18eae11b470ccd4f2823d0c38ab054c509594ab4	This system won an award from PC Magazine, which noted that this platform has brought a large number of improvements.
c1f5dffed9667c3209f87d5c9134294aba266448	Also, the OS version received the first place at the User Experience Awards in 2012 as the best platform.
d16b5580c053e3d69638e2d9566c6daf28c62959	Another significant innovation of this year's ICS was the support of two architectures for processors.
3f7bceffd86c7ca452269b4294c6b8b3e694f96e	Intel x86 and MIPS joined ARM.
3f79e404d8a74680a0852b1436b13a26c55c8b0d	During the development of Android 4.0, Google was also working on the third model of a branded smartphone.
d00b3495cacbb535dfa43426149a683ca57b0f69	It was a Galaxy Nexus.
6dc5768832c099f19676c94ef9517cf0ca8af5e8	At the beginning of 2012, important events were announced in wide circles.
19953daba5942e15fab4280589c488069fbc190c	First of all, NVIDIA has introduced a quad core ARM processor Tegra 3 – the first of its kind.
73967dd2a95fe256c6a7085298923e53f588fc4d	Secondly, Qualcomm released Krait chips that are not inferior in power a little later.
5cd40c095c29cc0c3bb80097efed9e6a72fde6b8	Two smartphones were also preparing for the release: NTS One X and Optimus 4X HD.
4cdeb11e17cf1cfe431d261dca5bfe080cdb3930	But, nevertheless, Samsung received all the laurels of the championship for the Galaxy S III smartphone.
8fb49ab7882325371352f7885c9e93d96b4558ba	ASUS Nexus 7 Tablet
3942cb5064b74363bd5f0b8c8e372ce62e02a2e5	Project Butter technology has finally allowed the Google mobile platform to get rid of slowing down in work (of course, only if there is a productive processor).
444c69d78ccf2a16c4ffa7918c0e0d94f10609cb	Year five At the end of 2012, Google, in parallel with the release of Android 4.2, announced the release of two more branded devices: the Samsung Nexus 10 tablet and the LG Nexus 4 smartphone.
30bb03b14e091daa48ccaba9cd4d5a66eff269a0	The ability to switch between user profiles has become available thanks to the updated operating system.
7c6c89f0fcb875751d93353508e0c3065527c605	This is an important addition for tablet PCs, because they are often used by several family members in turn.
1a4265e923452bb9b472821680e6603da9a6ea92	We can say that the first half of 2013 was marked by smartphones with a large diagonal and ultra high screen resolution.
10499aa32f649505314d051eb4fd87482f72b4f1	A year ago, the standard for 10 inch tablets was FullHD.
309e2a0e91619163eb02bc153c50ea591855ecbf	Now it is mandatory for 5 inch flagship smartphones.
2c63ed1d4e0ca189c42b587a72aaa56d4c4d7dd4	Well, tablets have changed the usual resolution to a matrix of 1000000 pixels.
db8529bbd911a6efe4e4d912120472ca3521adad	The Android mobile platform has celebrated its fifth birthday.
0767cc643628f2fdc2768800613794f5fd07647e	Now her fans are using the latest version 4.3 and already know the name of the next one 4.4 Kit Kat.
26f5c17bbc7b2a94e163f0ae58006de3fbc701ae	You need to pay attention to the fact that it is the first commercial name for the OS version, because all the time before that, Android developers used only free names.
0a6d8b17be553097f970aa5a746e4bc9997f864f	The previous names of sweets were not registered trademarks.
8a60d1eb0652383a4eaf1d6ff0e148977e7a8605	Therefore, it was not without the fact that Google had to agree with Nestle on the use of well known bars in the OS code name.
1cf4ef01221bf86d672926dce0cacdd670d37650	As they say in this industry, the release of "Lemon Pie"is expected soon.
fa77a6e83ba58fd9817b6a2f203d35dab014d6d8	The world will see the Android 5.0 Key Lime Pie version.
7f22afa13242bb17e7a61e486e5ca9c49133069f	Large scale changes are planned there, first of all, optimization will be improved.
cfa8be84c397aa02d2c3deec08bd1770a67ab95f	The black color of the menu will remain classic, but the interface itself will be updated.
057387d587d791cb9f8c27e0651313dbde57049c	Over the past five years, Android has made significant progress.
e93d3ebe4473d7165ed080b8471f8b35020a629c	Today, comparing the platform with what it was before Gingerbread, you can see outstanding improvements.
b16d741c4ff9d8d61c577e8689010de775006432	The beginning of the history of the development of the platform was not so successful, convenience and stability remained in question.
3eb99a254217b4d8f2a7d3854e4a0f7234346e4c	However, since the launch in 2008, the gadget world has seen more than 40 of its updates.
1d8c4105244c4ce04ab2d89ad2aff6c568dfc31b	Each new version acquires an increasing number of advantages and useful characteristics.
ba15efa7407fed0150484cef6bd71e10a08b25a2	And users appreciate it.
9f6dc5526449f5f94119993472632adf65feefa0	In addition, now Android does not borrow ideas from Apple, but rather the opposite.
025d9781009938bc662028f095c8c1dd40a075c1	"Green robots" are popular for various form factors, price and technical characteristics.
c23fd8b1e81713ddee00a38ac8d9aa5fa6851281	3.63 (3)
38b399bea7428a5ae12ae3f886944d078e6d81ac	Share the link with your friends
1e33f52b5ffc78770197aa274977e8b4084a795d	How to use professional effects when taking photos on an Android Smartphone
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49fa706eeb30e52df5f55f1267f43c2036c56d40	Views: 3243
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77e7210974a1ba11cadcf13da571860517b29221	Views: 3339
88288f0795f0d762beecf4e32a18e2056d46067e	Far Cry 4
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5244eb20e6636a47dd152318cc6bd1419831bba7	It is known for certain that more than 99 % of the species of living beings that have ever existed on our planet have disappeared.
7656e4e163eab882ed75581bcfd056450057fbb4	And it is unlikely that a person will live forever.
e22fccf97372cd75844773ac8c57872ddb9554b9	When we ask questions about what threatens our existence, we draw in our head apocalyptic pictures from Sci-Fi movies about a giant meteorite or an invasion of alien invaders.
886998211b243787e2d113f3d3b456e2466aa088	But there are also less cinematic, but quite real scenarios that few people think about.
ea80d97f7107953e3029244c9b5164b7780b813a	First, many of the previously mentioned threats to the human race are generated by the development of modern civilization.
b7b41171326afb943aa8c6d1b0dbf10f97b921aa	It is not possible to significantly ease the pressure of global problems on humanity without a radical change in the existing structures of civilization and the mechanisms of its functioning.
881421a4fd01705b9285439d5d929685734a89e6	Understanding the need for a new civilizational shift is an important theoretical problem.
b82506e5f8be217d599146f7125aaf178df4fb20	Secondly — the threat of the death of humanity, which comes from global problems, has now become obvious.
5b5c7552a66a97b58e1d368abf67c0a434767440	At present, a qualitatively new global problem situation has arisen.
650aacb86f21a547a3004de0d8d886b27cbdefe2	Previously, local catastrophes led to the death of individual, sometimes numerous communities of people, but they never put the entire human race on the verge of survival, because there were always unaffected catastrophes on the planet that became quite real.
449000d185eb3f090dfc8aac9f9424eaeccb49ce	Modern science is faced with the need to realize the fact that for the first time in history, humanity has become as mortal as every single person.
eaa0903fb5d8429f2ae1a25c58267431fc9154ff	Global warming threatens not just the flooding of coastal areas, where there are many megacities, but also a new ice age, since due to the abundance of fresh water from the melted ice cap, the Gulf Stream will change its direction and stop warming the northern latitudes.
6df3dadf8d9bb4dfba8eac3005d7bce6f6040c56	As a result, there is a cooling in Europe, Asia, North America, population migration to the south, overpopulation and lack of resources.
f5be622364ce7ca3ca69e45c35609f709108ab4c	Natural disasters: droughts, fires, tornadoes, downpours and other weather contrasts, increasing multiple times, lead to catastrophic events on the ground.
9672f615f29fb6a28803787f87668c3167ad7c13	The climate changes of the planet contain an interconnected chain of unsolvable problems.
15d7bdf83fd18ea54ee3a8f9d94e0ee7b9ede0be	Starting from the failure of the budget at various levels to the relocation of entire countries in order to survive.
8b5eade37e0b944bac4fa85d8e5c45f268d15fa1	Over the past decades, the climate has experienced dramatic changes, and researchers consider them one of the most serious threats to humanity.
d74abdf71c91dc5998bce8f9479f27acd006b0df	International conferences on these issues are held all over the world, where many governments discuss threats and ways out of such a situation, but they do not fulfill everything they say.
2875fedb082a178be96038cc86af6b41d305a640	If climate change occurs, it will lead to famine, droughts, mass migrations of people, an increase in the level of the world's oceans, as a result of which many territories will become uninhabited.
dd31db8330f2830145d29220b6e42d4662090131	The consequences of climate change will have a particularly acute impact on the lives of poor States.
6b11704632e6745003043f14c7970ec0b009325e	The chance of such a development of events is estimated at 0.01% and it can happen over the next 200 years.
4a7f0b353ad47ce835e3812df6dfe18c2d3fa569	In recent years, people have become increasingly concerned about the cause of the death of humanity as a result of global epidemics.
72100fb4a6c898b23c68f029f45f16de61d61e6d	This is evidenced by the large number of deaths from avian flu, which began in Asia and spread around the world quite quickly.
aeef3c13cbb4d2516afc17c565ffec53a4e729f5	Paradoxically, technological progress, in particular the global transport system, has caused the rapid spread of diseases around the world and the death of millions of people.
260d443c9d83cd732616f533c544fb248ce9e5a2	If people cannot cope with such infectious diseases, the world's population will sharply decrease.
83d696168d5a13b22bf25f10d861696a86b44984	The population of our planet continues to grow, and at the same time, more than 50% of people are residents of cities.
562e4359538f66d3d5dfa1a40895bf9579417235	Overpopulation leads to an increase in mutations, and a high population density leads to a rapid spread of diseases.
8a423b1881cce147407aa75d64ac5603a5402cca	Apparently, this trend will only continue, and in the future we should expect the appearance of new terrible epidemics that can kill entire cities.
ab1a2f8961cafcd75b9f8ca760c02d1d01f75b80	At the same time, antibiotics are becoming more and more useless, which the World Health Organization is seriously concerned about.
97e63532b15f1ae332e2a7720dd4a6a6eb86ce9f	The growth of antibiotic resistance threatens to throw humanity back to the era before the invention of penicillin, when the most trivial infection became deadly.
571c61508120c8c9d6e07e41383451c6cb61f9a8	In general, it is not difficult to imagine how a new plague epidemic will break out and doctors will have no way to stop it.
e9c0b692dc35340856b03da1fe377fdfc10fef4a	Everyone knows what the black death is, which raged in the middle of the XIV century and destroyed almost half of the world's population, after which it took as much as 150 years to restore the population.
bd86b82e27acb4da5aad5c7e1a24c8dca70e867b	Another terrible pandemic occurred in 1918-1919, when approximately 50 to 100 million people (or about 5% of the population) died from the Spanish flu.
d980c0d4674725c0e63b6f0eb0c463a546330505	With the current level of urbanization and the development of transport infrastructure, things will only get worse.
ad63bb29c81598158f044a0c4342045daf6fea77	Viruses are constantly mutating, and the globalization of the modern world contributes to the expansion of foci and the speed of the spread of diseases.
02b6dc1c287944fc8ddcaf7ee7cf7dbd9b652bad	The spread of HIV/AIDS and other incurable infectious diseases, the use of immunosuppressants, antibiotics, immunoprophylaxis, chemotherapy in medical practice, the compactness of the population living in megacities and other factors together lead to a gradual decrease in human immunity.
d5fcdbf42df0774db95da174ecd630f293c29b38	Methods of counteraction lose their effectiveness, the body adapts to medicines, as well as microbial adaptations and modifications.
ca3d9905bd0df2b8a240c6be7528ba439e090b35	The consequence of this is the inability to resist external factors, which threatens humanity with extinction.
ef3b16f118feda2188f1532b1defaf981390fe4a	Experiments at the gene level have led to the fact that a person eats genetically modified foods.
448870ff093c8471f9a38dd8b0564bb930f03e1d	According to experts, this is a gene bomb that will explode in the next generation, which threatens infertility, a drop in immunity and human mutations.
d20dbc227cd4f57b1fc17dbc5503d7c73d240f96	The ecological state of our planet is deteriorating by leaps and bounds.
e6e947caf506ac83c7ea3a1582344dd28c35b4fd	In just one day, the world's population increases by 180 thousand people, which significantly affects environmental pollution, since with an increase in the number of people, the amount of everything that is consumed, produced, built and thrown away by a person increases.
862393e92d82823c65e8d62c64491c73bc1cdbeb	With the onset of the industrial revolution, the negative impact of man on the environment has increased exponentially.
969030ff4259cb7366cc2b2f9ff18d557b0a57a8	There is less and less fresh water on earth.
7214f682c46ebe094309b60f9f73086015d274fb	And the air we breathe is incredibly dangerous for people's lives.
ae93235e99b2d7ab8680b4b6a7483a5e2ad8bf52	The destruction of forests disrupts the oxygen balance on the planet.
3ab819b5a8114549768ca96a1a3b6f2075180e85	As a result, some species of animals, birds, fish and plants disappeared almost instantly.
b30faf3ee12ef3fd703aa71120800d4c0ce6251c	Cars are the main source of air pollution in large cities.
05332817a47a317eb1f7d0a47480e07531077c8a	Everything-the soil, air and water have become poisoned: pollution of the world's oceans with heavy metals; pollution of the atmosphere with the formation of acid precipitation containing solutions of sulfuric and nitric acid; pollution of land waters serving for drinking water supply with highly toxic substances, including dioxides, heavy metals and phenols; desertification of the planet; degradation of the soil layer, reduction of the area of fertile land suitable for agriculture; accumulation of household garbage and industrial waste, especially practically non-decomposing plastics, on the surface of the land.
4728cd0398c846a54474d91d7465da341bfa4d1e	As a result, our planet as a human habitat becomes uninhabitable.
cb9707edfc1e821647f911017285d9ddf737b0f4	No one knows exactly how much oil is still left in the bowels of our planet.
4c6428157b63e0f480ab18d7f0ecee7da3f01838	But according to optimistic forecasts, by 2050, half of the world's total oil reserves will already be pumped out (according to published intelligence data)
12e619d61cd4f0bf174c6d4aad983be60f93f586	The oil crisis will have terrible consequences, for which most of the world's population is not ready.
cda45f98c7861d6b937dcd9fdabe9f10e1b30e34	And this process will affect not only the industrialized countries.
5d89f7ae4e008ecbe94e5b0eb2c0f23168c45c1c	Over time, when oil will become an increasingly rare resource, more developed countries will have to look for it where it will still remain — from their weaker neighbors.
98ec71290bc49bd2b799d1a782e8a4194b0ff07f	A new stage of exploitation of "poor" countries by "rich" countries will come: new armed conflicts will be unleashed in the Middle East and Africa.
421dcaf759fd52b339b665fa81b5ef0d89883444	The shortage of oil can provoke an acute shortage of other resources necessary for the life of mankind. Billions of people will starve because of the universal dependence on fossil fuels.
9a314a4e11c1d8462b820424a4527818749fb606	As a result, all this can lead to a return to subsistence farming.
76cb075b43ffd6901a1ca8103b15dc6a6e80cc0f	Although only two atomic bombs have been used so far — in Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II — and the stocks of nuclear charges have decreased in comparison with the peak indicators of the Cold War period, it would be a mistake to assume that a nuclear war is impossible.
dbf943d3261a5880bb2bc91d82f2561507d5fc68	In fact, it does not seem to be improbable.
a0e085940322908758e9029662a05dfc1cfc62d3	A full-scale nuclear war between the major powers would lead to the death of hundreds of millions of people directly at the moment of the exchange of blows or as a result of their consequences — it would be an unthinkable catastrophe.
7e1f9284e79d94ece04b37221579432ff640a60b	The same should be said about the risks associated with the consequences of nuclear explosions — they are often exaggerated.
eb74f4b1635a7cee32000be8bee132f5b9b48623	Cobalt bombs have been proposed as a hypothetical doomsday weapon capable of destroying everything as a result of the consequences associated with their use, but in practice they are very difficult to manufacture and expensive.
77c1ca9e547e363f46be07babf4a49287e0b092e	And their creation, in fact, is impossible.
a41b2ce3d893f0b2b21ced4cfe29bca80ed3ca41	The real threat is a nuclear winter — that is, soot particles that can rise into the stratosphere and thereby cause a long-term decrease in temperature and dehydration of the planet.
acaef556c03b29003a0ae91f8543ccf37ef7e7c0	Modern climate simulations show that in such a case it will be impossible to engage in agriculture on most of the planet for many years.
db78647c51d1d9b2536893794f07bed37fd432a4	If such a scenario is implemented, billions of people will die of hunger, and a small number of survivors will be exposed to other threats, including diseases.
d04e15a18cbf2b713ac74babf1e50a2609a8855d	The main uncertainty is how the soot particles that have risen into the sky will behave: depending on their composition, the result may be different, and so far we do not have a reliable way to measure this kind of consequences.
0f4c3de7053efb0b8b6f17a1b471db432cd1ee44	Intelligence has great power.
2f02d8c0c7393e0d0f86fee45eaf7a162ad0dd36	A slight increase in the ability to solve problems and coordinate behavior in a group is the reason why the rest of the monkey species were out of business.
c82607d5ff83c6a982eb57efce573b423eb36e74	Being smart is a real superiority for people and organizations, and therefore a lot of effort is directed to improving our individual and collective intelligence: from drugs to improve cognitive abilities to the development of programs related to artificial intelligence.
75a947e843f4c3dc82ea6fdbfc53fdc746efdd60	Professor of the University of Cambridge and world-famous physicist Stephen Hawking believes that in the 21st century, humanity will face serious threats due to the rapid development of science and technology
37a1a8810e9815616c805980817fb27f442610ec	According to the scientist, the probability of man-made disasters on the planet Earth is highly likely to increase in the next ten years
e7783e4a4375a37fc91e2aab322b62bc3be011aa	Hawking noted that at the same time, it will take at least another 100 years to build space colonies for people to live.
f91818d288eea7da2df900b6e2909e7e8b0e2463	"We are not going to stop progress and do not seek to reverse it, so we must be able to recognize threats and keep them under control," he added.
8b4787b125311554042f4521d212c5896c7c82f0	Stephen Hawking is a theoretical physicist, a well-known popularizer of science and the author of the book" A Brief History of Time", which has sold 10 million copies.
9f32299819caf144e65a3ab7a5f78dd990312450	He studied the problem of the emergence of a cosmological singularity — the primary state of the Universe, from which, according to the Big Bang theory, it is continuously expanding.
59aa71e9879dddd35cb5291e074654f157e8e056	The problem is that intelligent systems demonstrate good results in achieving their goals, but if these goals are poorly defined, then they have the opportunity to use their power to achieve their disastrous goals in a smart way.
398f9292b1539934d9ae65c7419e5ff328d92c12	There is no reason to think that the intellect itself is capable of forcing something or someone to act correctly and morally.
e2566ad02d67d22d8703de17007e75e6c0777918	In fact, there is a possibility that some types of superintelligent systems will not obey moral rules even if they were possible
f729a281ef60f6e3e60cd6f7d5629c642eb71f4e	Even more disturbing is the fact that, trying to explain some things to artificial intelligence, we are faced with deep practical and philosophical problems.
16a843dc248067d22ceb4ad112228f06818b334c	Human values are vague, these are complex problems that we cannot yet define well, and even if we could do this, we might not understand all the consequences of what we are trying to create.
be64c8911c526d401a1f7a1db97043cfbcb69691	The problem is that artificial intelligence can relate to biological intelligence in different ways: it can work faster on faster computers, its parts can be located on more computers, some versions of it can be tested and updated in the process, and there is also the possibility of introducing new algorithms that can dramatically increase performance.
101e527119270545eedcac7d7d07b3b1c12b8fef	The unusual thing about super intelligence is that we do not know whether a quick and powerful breakthrough in the development of intelligence is possible: maybe our current civilization as a whole is improving itself at the highest speed.
6d83849ca38985f0c967769e856006f8ee139282	It is very difficult to talk about future technologies that we do not yet have, or about intelligence that surpasses what we have.
107d0418cf5dee4c6210cd4f5dc40e5ed41922f3	A serious danger lurks in the bowels of our planet.
3dbfe6008a5658ca510fbb5b691313f5fbc9bf89	It is known that the eruptions of the so-called supervolcans, of which there are about 20 on Earth, can change the climate on Earth and lead to the most terrible consequences. One thing is good — on average, such eruptions occur once every 100 thousand years.
c72dca1cb435893ffcaa271a73dba916b5720f9d	One of the most dangerous underground forces is the Yellowstone Caldera, which measures about 55 km by 72 km, and occupies a third of the territory of the famous national Park.
573b1469a2816667a39fad9031db25561c2678f1	According to scientists, a huge cloud will be thrown into the stratosphere, which can hang for a long time, preventing the penetration of solar rays to the Earth.
694c0fdec86ba60f2613b018af98104eaed844f9	Reducing the power of solar radiation by half will lead to a global crop failure, and the food reserves available on earth are hardly enough for a couple of months.
ba45ce5476102d34b66789d03151b141608b2336	Other smaller volcanoes can threaten with terrible consequences of a different nature.
ab9bbdee5d2d34f458b165a6c88fcd3cd2e44c80	For example, a volcano on the island of La Palma in the Canary Archipelago, in the event of an eruption, can cause a giant ocean wave that can flood the Caribbean and huge areas of the US coast.
86553afffd7fb9031ef442aa8c5f5be7c93afa27	One of the slopes of the volcano is unstable, and if it starts to erupt, a rock weighing half a trillion tons can collapse into the ocean.
ee7c51350b92ef86672f9e76d4702e758b8b1b81	It will cause a wave with a height of 650 meters, which will not be difficult to quickly cross the Atlantic.
e0876b552cfa9f803361d1741f91d948708a85ee	To prevent the mass extinction of species, it is necessary to act quickly and actively.
45d0da7f99d5fd275122fa2505231b0631aeb4fa	Humanity should moderate its economic appetites and pay attention to global climate change.
74b30b89103af232befc1e808201409c94d60ea1	Scientists hope that their conclusions will reach the highest level, and the work on nature protection will be intensified.
62dbf63c0457b11165f6877663a191e4438c2fba	Today, more than 40% of amphibians and more than a quarter of mammals are at risk of extinction.
70b1618a40b55639a23d57df83ecc4129ecb6a5f	These figures are given by the International Union for Conservation of Nature — the most authoritative compiler of lists of rare and endangered species.
734a78cd06d0929c433f487754d18bf073e43bf6	EN
e5a9f0446bf733e2f032dd68cc779ff4a1d9e74a	Teaching
2a009ec42b8c7afdbae5cb05ba49e32d8df410d9	Interfaith meeting
92cb215aa74eacece86f49f2f8fd3b7cf1a9b9cc	The Mission of the Olives
3b642398b9d4eb6e83a35ebb616a66f13a171643	Open dialog
3bcfbf3ada51e0cc50dbcb25c4cd98f135014611	Qumran Studio"
0f48acf51c36b538d43fab07cf574c3c36661970	Apocalypse
3ffb811f9be63cf3e71f2e2b71599ba2b7721405	About us
96526fc6efe098c9c6df94252412831b9ccb9466	Authors:
65eff7b4b8218f77ee2aee9367782c1d07c7a1dd	Anatoly Shaklein
c31c53d3842ccd6e5266e8cdba988dc062f24514	The events of the last time put me, as a servant of God, in a position to correspond to the ministry of this time.
c80699bcb59279f0801b237ab4d39c23db1d58a3	The book of the Apocalypse is the last book of the Bible, and it describes the events of this time.
25257d8fd7701240d5bf8c77b1e20f0e4e399791	The demand for it today should be super urgent.
213405f4fc8b5c2a2ffaf61cda846c8e0e65a441	MRO KHVE " The Church of the Last Time"
ac5b4e124c161f93d6b6e69ad40bdc68cf45ac5b	Officially registered organization since 1982.
bca01b961ddcec3672b3c306a1e8687edf280963	The Apocalypse Project"
fe9464dad883562ae016eeaccfc6df0c9c1ae2e6	You are here:Home "Apocalypse"Project materials"Preface: Global threats to the existence of mankind
47880c6e55c44db7a4af70c765236a923725d9dd	Preface: Global threats to the existence of mankind
faa97885a28a3257110cb3d4c3600cf22cd0f83c	29.02.2012
9c320bc8499977b59b1c72b878b055ea494dd320	1348
1887ef5555e70b97ec1bfa5e626f26dd9a08b27d	(20 )
febdea5c61da38522a4577d9f910fc37dce33633	Project materials
e53ffba9d7ecf042a8205c3c05f49fc7f31c31b5	"...when the branches become already soft and let out leaves, you know that summer is near...
58d49508a7232aa86908b2fe357a4e6774526acb	" Jesus Christ
551da8c628ac7f2f0748b54387b9939209267129	Recently, with every decade, if not every year, the countries that bear the "burden of responsibility" for what is happening on the planet are facing more and more unsolvable problems.
7b2d318f325af52e02ad2898983c11fa0d874da7	And it is true, looking around in the understanding of the events taking place, the actual state of the main spheres of the structure of the human world, having identified them, we will agree that the world is terminally ill.
40abb3a7722b96eeabdad2c139960de3f76728a3	We will highlight the main destructive factors of the global influence on the future state of humanity.
ae8e7ae219090e7db3c9aa49d5a072afcb59ea4e	So, what is the picture of global threats?
00f5091df06202f26f35daf5cd5bf1ccc8451584	Earth's climate
e725cc2acfed0c13a5591a297aa8cdf82c7fed84	Natural disasters
e94931200c148bb974a31496c81f17ef48640af7	Dynamics of earthquakes with a force of 4.0-9.9 points from 1973 to 2008 (year/number of earthquakes per year)
470247fdbd30f6baa2153848f7c7fb89fa52e056	The world has faced a record number of natural disasters.
e46649c7ca847b2c4e821c2b3fd329b82c1963a0	In recent years alone, the planet has experienced seven major catastrophes, which usually happen once in a thousand years.
756995a5cf57190b6dd045f223a0c96b554c2cef	Natural disasters swept rapidly around the world: floods in America, fires in Russia and Europe, earthquakes and tsunamis in Thailand, Japan shook the whole world.
dfde4b7be7f21747243497315adf092ae95bc782	According to the Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, over the past 10 years, about 2.7 billion people have been affected by natural disasters. a person, that is, more than a third of the world's population.
3a1f9eab9eaa50b7fc775e24fd5d838be0ce8152	Due to the inevitability, the impossibility of forecasting and the lack of ways to prevent such events, the attention of the population is distracted from these problems, which exacerbates unpreparedness, and, as a result, leads to more serious consequences.
bf17fb01ea29aada222fc65ada1056a3e3b1e181	Threat to the Earth from space
4ecf016310b7cf4772516d759a6695597752cb7e	The vulnerability of the Earth from the fall of cosmic bodies is obvious.
7652b22e11c7bd5e30149861d6e80bcc413c9ec8	The huge craters Vredeform and Chikskulub are just a few of the scars left on the Earth's surface.
b1a74cd9af70dfd9609f78de448c3c72be401846	Compared to them, the Tunguska meteorite, whose power was 1000 times greater than the power of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima, is a light poke in the side of our planet.
eb0a01c615165b2effb7eccb6b009e14d2d3874e	In order to have time to take the necessary protective measures, it is required to detect an asteroid at least ten years before the collision.
1dc19b8dcaeb38b091a6e87d3afc1d33a48fe681	But every year 2-3 flights of cosmic bodies are registered at a very close distance from the Earth, and most of them are detected after the maximum approach to the Earth.
5ae74666e589a361a01ef6f67cf1f6d7ffe782c8	The collision is accompanied by a powerful explosion, and the destruction in the fall zone is total, and the climate of the planet will change and return to normal only in a few years.
cee6fb0ee5f6c7c913308c8b9d982f9c009cfaa8	In addition, if they get into nuclear facilities, the spread of nuclear contamination is inevitable.
d06caa28d0b7463e0b0210e77c227d20a77c9625	Due to the instability and weakening of the Earth's magnetic field (it has weakened by 10-15% over the past 150 years), there is a real threat of harmful cosmic radiation.
d3248e8c5a94be28ce734896aa2781aba11e6d69	And the inversion of the magnetic poles is completely accompanied by a short term disappearance of the magnetosphere and leads to a thinning of the ozone layer and the disappearance of protection from the solar wind and cosmic radiation.
b48f6c64e81911efd282e765283a60e9033f74f1	In addition, an increase in solar activity leads to failures in the operation of electronics, power plants, satellites, navigation, communications and the Internet.
2cfd075558ea2266e72958fc34c49bd826985f78	Despite the fact that today even a short term disconnection of cellular communications leads to panic, mass hysteria and loss of life.
a0ad787ff57e8b0be46b5cfbcf5bfd4a99d29bc2	Ecology of the Earth
0c5a8f89711c3fb417a5800ba9dd1221f7daae0d	Everything the soil, air and water have become poisoned: pollution of the world's oceans with heavy metals; pollution of the atmosphere with the formation of acid precipitation containing solutions of sulfuric and nitric acid; pollution of land waters serving for drinking water supply with highly toxic substances, including dioxides, heavy metals and phenols; desertification of the planet; degradation of the soil layer, reduction of the area of fertile land suitable for agriculture; accumulation of household garbage and industrial waste, especially practically non decomposing plastics, on the surface of the land.
660f01f5bb76d8cba0f4037ad74c9399753d02d1	Man made disasters
22eaa26bd346ce0c19ca8442fc14685d32b72f5b	The achievements of human genius on the path of progress are expressed in the form of such colossal structures as artificial dams, oil platforms, oil and gas pipelines, hydro and nuclear power plants.
40cff38ad63c64f8867bf9b21e0777d6d5b63ed0	When using these super powerful and, at first glance, very reliable giants, their instability and dependence on earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, fires were revealed.
a50a128a802423eb38be5cd8186756e677638405	The most unstable, not amenable to either forecasts or predictions, is the human factor.
f0a0ecb59fe51cc5390d84633df54b1c935f56b2	Scientists believe that it is practically impossible to foresee and prevent man made disasters, and the death of a huge number of people inevitably accompanied and will accompany such accidents.
d6b20553f5f454336aa553833b89f5f4a4aa22f2	Global chemical contamination
ab1126edfe3d1a9935285f522eb32177efd66669	Over the past 150 years, all the world powers have been actively arming themselves with chemical weapons and producing them on an industrial scale.
b50597f293202193b457835b6aa2221614d7f15c	By 1914, 180,000 tons of toxic substances were produced.
6106a9b4f2127ddc8e3ec38780cf90d7a132344b	It is not difficult to imagine how many CS were produced by 1975 (the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production of Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction).
5691d993141ff0d6365c6cc39358b75a7c5078f6	But there are no safe means of disposal.
488facf26d98a691ea5e4fa72d24f5364960e0f0	After the 1st and 2nd World Wars, many of these reserves were simply flooded along with ships in the oceans, seas and even rivers.
a24e0043cd352f2deef48c13589db302a08890bf	As a result, even today, for example, in the Baltic Sea, water poisoning is observed, which led to the infection of fish and the extinction of the seal population.
3dcd2ac946c82144c1f707fb62ee8d53a78d6a29	In addition, HO is stored in various warehouses in such quantities that with their help it is possible to repeatedly destroy all life on earth.
30662a479212c594b6ec1fe07ecaf27aebb18364	As a result of the destruction of containers, toxic substances leak out and soil and drinking water become infected.
916cddd9796c131a61189ea0e60fe3384fdae885	There are about 400 burial sites of these substances in Russia and the CIS countries alone.
53e3f64beac9166bb846906143ecea02ab367a5c	Production, storage, use and transportation of chemicals are carried out at modern industrial facilities.
bb86fef03f10d63c4eced8fc621a9df3af89f7ee	Agriculture actively uses fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides.
45475e74beb4946b9d4894eebffbec59a1377f71	All this poisons the soil and gets into groundwater and rivers with rainwater.
8d4dd99c676c2d182195a3dd702eb41f1655b535	In addition, as a result of natural disasters and accidents at these enterprises, releases of potent poisons are possible and, as a result, an environmental catastrophe, mass infections and loss of life.
ded0d2d46551845abdd19deff676f07175fa3195	Nuclear weapons, terrorism
8bdc33b10f30648cf765b4e0c6f7af1e15f025d2	In the 20th century, humanity gave birth to a monster nuclear weapons, weapons of absolute destruction.
00e21d0d4e24f8603bd9766fd264b48f6ffbc314	The result of the arms race during the Cold War is the accumulation of a huge arsenal of nuclear weapons.
96d6ca6252a5c53a49c48c7a9f9bdc92093bf5a6	Meanwhile, there are no guarantees of its non use.
1973a4cfc1407b9ad15be7c5d08de771c72155fa	In addition, terrorism as an uncontrolled force exacerbates the nuclear threat of the destruction of humanity.
d4d0ba7dd4dfdb8ad9f47b0501a5545f45e56698	Epidemics
e9cf3f9c8bed324873c5135f6c4e57d8b93cedf4	There is a constant threat of epidemics and pandemics of an infectious and other nature, both among animals and among people, hanging over modern humanity.
8166237a85a62fca2873c08346240039a2389294	Biological terrorist acts are also not excluded.
8b03d3893d52f045bed942d50615a3095e6e79a7	Hedonism and modern psychoses
6345f7b7e2f667792f0dc558371e88c9f12b4c59	A society in which pleasure is the measure of everything is a sick society.
fa54d60b9de2bb4e260bcc27f7b28a2825cf061a	A world where all values and orientations are subordinated to obtaining pleasure as the highest, genuine good, has become a trap for humanity, in which scientific and technological progress has actively helped to form a society of "blind consumers", which has led to immoralism in thoughts and actions.
0463edc6bcd49fe8b4f79377ad35f266f78d60da	The freedom of the individual, as the highest value accepted by the world community and enshrined in international law, has made a person a slave.
4c936edf3b78d9d5a9849723011f3a98d6126006	And the fruits of this slavery are mass coercion to sexual consumption, the formation of a fetishistic consciousness.
c3da0dee6974aa41b75e28b748a63897b8bcd0ec	Manipulation of a person through the Internet, television, cinema, advertising, pop or rock culture turns the masses into obedient "rabbits", exerting a destructive influence and offering a retreat into virtual reality, leading to depression, psychosis, neurotic fears.
10320c4e6d2eb0eaa7a019b4616cd2824b185a91	The love for the idols of sports, politics, and culture gathers fans, provoking mass hysteria, the "contagious" effect of which regularly ends with thousands of injured and dead.
7eadfecafbd196c94a6ab993c483e2776a8e87a6	Everything is measured by pleasure.
114edc4acb8e8f793aa360fa9984a0df333a5d58	And the enjoyment of a depressive state covers everything that the history of mankind has known in the worship of idols.
eca83bccc4637b285e5fe944568e812cc646e660	This is an incomplete, but sufficient statement of the factors of the threat of the disappearance of mankind.
453903956f53245f6ebbb4569a8805fd95eb63f6	Is this an objectively obvious evidence of an anxious state that is increasing according to the totality of events taking place in the world?!
bd32f581c19c6694aec262ba8a012ed91b1dd182	For those who know the true state of affairs, it is clear that everything is happening in the interests of a hidden force behind the scenes of the official abbreviations of international institutions.
90ed36cd07cfd6fb86d4820c1e418b66e692551d	This force does not need oil (they have it in any development of events), this force needs the submission of all mankind, and for this to happen, the reality of what is happening according to the principle "the worse, the better"is necessary.
65d2eb7765106867cfd03afcd554189535ccaff4	Therefore, it would not be superfluous (for the sake of clarity of the threats to humanity) to add a couple more generalizations that will give an awareness of the whole picture of the world in which we live.
ad2b48a0ed5846a2043499f021a260dcc55c8402	Political instability.
3629d8a3279e8c665cba8ac0059ed0104b772bf4	World Islam is in contradiction with the imperial civilizational order carried out by the United States (which itself is a means to an end for a hidden force).
a51313d16ffcf6f2fc874f963c6408600b52f2d1	Events in countries inhabited by Arabs, as well as in countries where radical transformations in the spirit of democracy have been provoked, will be constant bleeding wounds that periodically turn into regional wars.
5646beeb693694c275875d394298c70992f5be94	This will happen until the complete collapse of modern civilization, called "Babylon"in the Revelation of John the Theologian.
a2d2668adb3633c2e9227804a988a0475627781e	And finally, the Crisis.
44b6f8e2f9d88e9ba7a315c6a783ff782b1232df	Planetary, systemic, permanent.
420ffd0c24541a87c90fee0909b0c5531acb20c5	The crisis that began in 2008, in a visible and invisible way, accommodates everything and feeds on all of the above.
2dd23fb6bea2949fb394af7f0e9636e4f7b142e9	It will not end until the reign of the "coming man", called in the Revelation of John the Theologian "Antichrist".
1e6eccbb9259395ccf485366da6de67d1959e75b	The crisis will pass through the future 3rd World War and will lay out in the hands of the world Masonic Kabbalistic government a humanity prepared for obedience, exhausted, in turmoil.
9360f890b0d57844e64039f778c99ff8301cb1f0	Tags Apocalypse antichrist Babylon the great World government Crisis Global threats Anatoly Shaklein
eb7544673b6e4c249b47d1e85727880e5f25b82f	E Mail (required)
7e13bd176f89a12f0b614b55ffc19c14515ef920	Topic
c71101872fe869e3d3df878243ee0f699b65b96f	JComments
047fc455f387164b3567306244e63c9a2e438d96	The Book of the Apocalypse is extremely relevant in recent times, and the Church of the last time, as well as the whole world, should receive clarity regarding the opening of the Seven seals, about the Seven trumpets, about the Seven bowls, about the woman sitting on the beast, about the beast and its number 666, about the destruction of Babylon, etc.
da873fbeaf114f9510c1f472bc82dca83635533e	This is necessary to prepare for the last battle of Armageddon and the second coming of Jesus Christ.
1f30ce528b48bdd6c8ecef3f6390cf08fe67ffd0	We invite everyone who has the audacity to count themselves among the people of God and is ready to work hard, as well as thinkers, "co questioners of this century", who are not indifferent to the fate of humanity, to work together on this topic.
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fca8e2f363ed2cc2d6885e2dd5de7c60a3fac604	Section content:
2be6990725f12f0f5db86247e1e0a7a6ca1ad15f	Opening remarks
d5f737ce74fd4e194d4acc8a93050d00e0d3a46c	Preface:
2e047896c00e2221e60a1688eeaee6a37f3e410f	Global threats to the existence of mankind
d9d58f1f7c43c194133bf3e9b0371fc750d05695	Introduction to the project:
5aaf26f68f096d7720ca626059a107ff06f95ed4	Condition (Disposition)
0b8e53f648825fd170ed85728f20f64d1e8a97de	The goal of the project is Catholicism and Orthodoxy.
862ee3b17a826818107e616215cf3c3a954115aa	Exposure
f07f4a645f836210ddcd3b7f0b41b6627c99428d	In development:
83d79d2baddf00108b9a59f623edaadd361c3c93	Introduction to the project: "Protestantism", "Humanity".
f30d8b8ee52aeda4564fa37948bad3dce7764a04	Project: Disclosure of the prophecies of the book "Apocalypse" and analogies of events in the modern world.
979327fdf74e41a3f512e8db2228ba234e23b963	All materials of the section
ce33afbb3c4b2819633d1f8d42a432c296d6d461	Full list
c0cb48610ad53ed414f339989ed73ece878bce28	Introduction to the project: For Protestants
c395f3998ef1f938687e88a7dee0694d4b0296ed	Analysis of the 14th chapter of Revelation of John the Theologian
b6f13d56479cfedb0bdb4997564a9d461f1f77de	Analysis of the 15th chapter of Revelation of John the Theologian
9f5d1c65042a66abcd3aba613c4680d882c08464	Appendix to chapters 15 and 16 of the Revelation of John: On the fullness of time for the outpouring of the wrath of God
ecf8075c511e606f2b8f7163b08b1bb57a2ae7e3	Analysis of the 16th chapter of Revelation of John the Theologian
ffcffd2b72d6fb9aecec58f00a3651459590617a	Analysis of the 17th chapter of Revelation of John the Theologian
04ca41d0de6ff0d4f15872b549df6015b532a189	Chronology of events on the eve of the reign of the Antichrist
bc7a7bd67e76376b1f8858de8aca1e587ad11f16	THE CONCEPT of the collapse of civilization predetermined by the revelation of Jesus Christ
d5fbe01bd82eabb9fc43a141e4ac62ab6c8bdf1c	Introduction to the project: Catholicism and Orthodoxy.
c7429045a4ed48d7ae675831abedb5d7f1d425be	Introduction to the project: Condition (Disposition)
e19ef16686d26b328e62ab69e0b7a18c42977d16	Popular publications
a5c3cb36e0d17338c2ff139668fac4cbb34be38b	About the Christian festival in Israel in the fall of 2010
ae424e50f945739f73a6cc6712a7c5fc6075ce8e	By:Vyacheslav Mikhailov
f6298dd74dc7af4a2c6d6f3c8f052f0308f7f72a	More detailed...
dd943ba85f1f430fd5afb4e97865d05463aedb5f	About Tithing
d04ddf587d19d609a26a4e18a56709e07848eef7	By:Vladimir Mazur
8e2553b86846f859654f960816e968a045a25690	About the faith of God
e1a5240be6a33ca4bdf496ce3b7eeaa5db9b2a08	An open letter to Denis Malyutin
113b4579846f0c729aac9dffd4c68483a010a9ce	By:Media Center
ff08aa76916df1ed87365dfcb852be06efeef3e6	About the action of the "Mystery of lawlessness" in our days
0ca948aef06de270035c325682c29bc40bead44a	By:Anatoly Shaklein
3fdc4e42db91bd8c75e0e57fe6070e3184884b53	On the Mystery of the House Building of the Church of God
d02ae04d892cefcdd6cd2a323c52b14992edee6e	Jerusalem in the Age of Aquarius
2210997588a2ff0c47b261c3170d5a67ced793fc	The Voice of the Crying
5d846bec011974332083adb2b8885cd565df561e	Pastor Church History Religion Registration Projects Life without compromise The Art of survival Feedback Site Map
064724f10a7e7223219a98698544fb68b1b2f6eb	Humanity is on the verge of extinction: the sixth mass extinction of species on Earth has begun
c17f561111f787d8a3a539654e03021da64cd350	Scientists drew attention to the fact that today species are disappearing 100 times faster than before The Earth will be able to recover from this catastrophe only in millions of years Humanity will disappear at the early stages of this process Previous mass extinctions were catastrophic, but they were natural
53e9411fa29eb5f62cc971a9edd98434bee05eaf	Scientists have proved that the era of mass extinction of species has come on Earth, and the existence of humanity is called into question.
6eac414ca79b24c6a74bcb91f93d70318b4406f6	A team of specialists from the United States said that, according to their research, there is every reason to talk about the beginning of the sixth wave of mass extinction of species on Earth.
2ee66b8aeefff3ce9bfe50169b5b53c7e9040b45	According to the most conservative estimates, today species are disappearing at a rate 100 times higher than usual.
d236a988cf946db207e4f33855f9f76081204213	The results of the research are published in the latest issue of the journal “Science Advances”.
68a34d98a174f5995b091825822ce636bb489553	This figure shows a powerful jump in the extinction of species in the last 100 years.
7a3d2382470ef43acbd96b903e64d29eafeb869a	According to experts, this process seriously threatens the existence of human civilization.
88c231826f6928dd9319472b852ff78db871a4dc	They showed that a number of natural “functions” have already been severely disrupted, such as pollination of plants by insects and purification of fresh water in wetlands.
4cd8c597ad9b48d2ed0c260bbd68d113e8342c23	While maintaining the current rate of species loss, we will gradually lose other "functions" of the natural environment.
7ed7999c23b8dffd576838309cc3dff46edd7d7e	320 extinctions in 500 years
096bfd2c8b96ff8e56b15500807a52f8e2480c5d	Since 1500, more than 320 species of terrestrial vertebrates have disappeared.
1d4d90fee666d178bb89e2767de83df373b6bc5f	The populations of preserved species have decreased by an average of 25%.
56db863d0d915b7d7f9bfee6c9232461dc1883c4	With regard to invertebrates, the situation is even more critical.
7863176390ed34cc238170cffb4acdbb65046c10	According to various estimates, from 16 to 33 percent of vertebrates are now threatened with extinction.
684d1a4c407bfae07c6983001215bf7d21f2924e	The fastest rates of population decline are demonstrated by large animals megafauna (elephants, rhinos, polar bears and other species).
37295205e86080047a432a317c786e38899b243c	This is one of the main signals about the beginning of the mass extinction of species on Earth.
60e080ef5b90b38fcb27c853f612736d7d582ca2	According to Paul Ehrlich, a biologist from Stanford University, the head of these studies, a critical situation will occur in three human generations.
faa164afcd67c14cd255fdc5c0ad32169617f690	“We are sawing the branch on which we are sitting, " he said.
bfe09ebffc0f7bf2bccc41486cc1cf7d5c0cdc8b	An analysis of the data showed that a “global spasm due to the loss of biodiversity” will soon come — and the window for preventing a terrible situation is rapidly narrowing.
974dc2f65c5f2c8c841db6424a1a019612b4edfb	Professor Ehrlich added: "Our research has shown that there is no serious reason to doubt that the sixth wave of mass extinction of species is now coming."
17aee09005a5bb0f54e22bcc2938a742f49a9a59	“If we do not take adequate measures, the situation will return to normal only after millions of years, and our species will most likely disappear at the very beginning, " added one of the team members — Gerard Ceballos from the National Autonomous University of Mexico.
c6d4731ccdf61d18b3d855d3d6c437116f69bc3c	According to the authors of the work, 75% of the species of living organisms will disappear during the lifetime of two or three human generations.
cdb2c28c5c65356a58667af167c9d104bf3e0fa9	At the same time, they emphasize that they have presented the most optimistic forecast.
c96704216d1d9cfd49a693b78e52cbb7fab93d18	Probably, the development of the environmental crisis will be even more severe.
652a6fd1339658093fa22e177ff3ca05d8c6ae19	Now large animals are rapidly dying out — the so — called megafauna: elephants, rhinos, polar bears and others this is how all the mass extinctions of species on Earth began.
90dee360429a82be9b46045770afa978b93f5e10	How man destroys the Earth
20e5902169f547c67fdbeb51c14b9f03749b77f4	The development of civilization is accompanied by an increase in the number of people, an increase in per capita consumption and an increase in inequality.
31f94b83bd4c492e80638b2426f94600e18d2624	According to scientists, the key areas of the negative impact of humanity on nature are:
31a432e71174e9fc5881fb194aa798372ba36b21	Destruction of natural ecosystems for the needs of agriculture, logging and construction.
9234f590aa8f03d87525e0c4a3ba4bd65c6edeaf	Introduction of invasive species.
0d99681146ffa0a9481e68678fa6dcf674a92671	Carbon dioxide emissions that change the climate and acidify the ocean.
4d7515a69c7f4129cde8de7032fb1191d286f406	Toxic pollutants that poison living organisms.
682953f7232860817fbb14df097260d5085b826d	Abandoned Earth: Scientists have good reasons to believe that the sixth wave of species extinction has begun, which will cover a person with its head.
c0e85f38f04a5900642392880c8aa540e589dee3	The prospects are gloomy, but there is still a way out of the situation, according to Professor Ehrlich and his colleagues.
de1ae6c03e9473fdf7128a5116bc8c951fe73234	It is necessary to reduce the anthropogenic load on ecosystems, preserve species that are on the verge of extinction, and return their habitat to plants and animals.
61b995ebadebad0a29ecf3a55d7bcc729d126c7b	Ceballos added that he is optimistic.
208c9c589cd65362b14af2b580c0fb88cae2e0a2	He believes in the minds of people who can unite to solve serious problems.
f9a22c739b78eb2da1b551d78a6f4da848d5bedf	Five previous waves of mass extinction of species
dc1c3fe066ce502a1e974eff4a91115e7e967e73	The evolution of life on earth was accompanied by five serious crises, which are called mass extinctions.
c3d3f30f3c007572c1ab0f810d132f3104516f8d	Most researchers associate them with the fall of huge asteroids to the Earth.
cd285f01237d03169e479ed05b87c63169b85a57	Mass Ordovian extinction.
2e0977726ae3ae9ba11a8cb1b59d26ab3f459dbf	It happened 440 million years ago and was probably the most severe.
d909713de07f7fcc25fcb39f53d594b7edbb44f1	Life had not yet come to land, and about 85% of the species had disappeared.
1dae4281a7d7c9d9ab6b2ca2270ea30a176be666	Mass Devonian extinction.
106e9b9815604dddfdd4178b22d48f4b093521da	It happened 375-359 million years ago. Environmental conditions have changed dramatically, which is why most fish species have died out and the formation of coral reefs has stopped for 100 million years.
f117eafd662202d64ed71857ed807b94bcc6e8db	Mass Permian extinction.
f6e5f4cf1b0c041ed1b9d72969731e380bb811ca	It had a strong impact on the ecology of terrestrial ecosystems.
ee6dd79848c6afe848afb786917278f9a1c960a2	It happened approximately 252 million years ago. About 97% of the species that we find today in the form of fossils have disappeared.
6b9a131061f6440ed148cc6ab10d133fb4911f4a	Mass Triassic extinction event.
182985b401d42dfaf54d3c35035e421fad2d5b67	Even in the early Triassic, dinosaurs appeared.
4c0b3bccbdcf7f8d0a79958084eb7ff083460545	But large amphibians and reptiles, similar to modern mammals, dominated.
f0a2e63d7da3f22604b8fe194be6d60f19b2a4b0	The mass extinction that occurred about 201 million years ago greatly changed the alignment of forces.
8d0a8e5417b7ad0f7cfdcae1cb6014bee55b76a7	Mass Cretaceous extinction.
915b7b9ce1f54d1f6f2fff64de7c4c4fc2c8139d	An asteroid hit the Earth about 66 million years ago and put an end to the reign of the dinosaurs.
561ed832ff8889838b2875083856494e6af8b421	Another interesting thing: Bill Gates forced a TV presenter to drink water from the toilet If you bring a wild animal home, what will happen?
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79f841ded793b5f92ca525d83bbed40094703daa	Section: Biology; topic: Earth, Civilization, Ecology 20/06/2015 author Alexander Nikitin.
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79d9b68c3c4543906617e3b6e1b1dd0bea5e9d2a	Anthropology
afa297b4d09855e1bf3fa3bdaa123d6b37e29579	web department of Philosophical Anthropology
e508127cd544eb88bb243b938c59d3f92d8c16e1	Events Texts Of a Person About the project
97e7df99b2f73b6b75e10f7f499d26803377655f	Modern globalism about the threat of the death of humanity
9e453791240130285a1d32095c917726d829926e	Kosov Yu.
ceb806fd0b6cbd631323b8902eccd0dd415420d8	V. Modern global studies on the threat of the death of mankind.
ebbffb7d7ea5362a22bfa1bab0bfdeb1617cd610	//
7175e944c32ef29eb9104cf375fc512860242de4	The theme of death in the spiritual experience of mankind.
6a6ae9021ad37a715ca31503a11f24ebcc171090	The almanac "The Figures of Thanatos", The fifth special issue.
91f0f9a07af537e1798ee8271da7dfa598b8a9e0	/ Philosophical Almanac.
57961524ded83694f101a327e01cb9aa385af1e0	Materials of the second International Conference St. Petersburg :
5e96067a6033168d91c190e66d8bc399ad23490d	1995.
0d5d7c3f55a10b9ea269dd879a418a96f0eef947	Modern globalism is a system of interdisciplinary knowledge about the universal, global problems of our time.
f5ad20779aad2915501adef31dd70a52afce8ecf	The aggravation of these problems in the second half of the twentieth century made them vital for all mankind and served as an impulse for a comprehensive study of this phenomenon.
c07c33854f745e17f759d53ab891c6cefe6faf74	The studies of many globalist scientists have shown that the lack of progress in overcoming the problems in question poses a threat to the existence of the human race and can lead, if no solution is found, to the death of humanity.
d9837d322730dde1e7ba3fa2713dba33de9d4db5	In globalistics, special attention is paid to the study of the threat to the existence of humanity coming from the deterioration of the global problem situation.
1d5907450785b93dbd21ebd2b84ff920aea91a88	This situation, as a set of crisis processes and phenomena of a global scale, is a complex source of global danger, which in the most general form can be divided into three main levels according to the degree of relevance of its constituent threats to the lives of all people.
9c252d9cd9cb8a479f36fce6e74142b04987caa4	The first level consists of sufficiently studied dangers, which already in our time contain the possibility of world catastrophes and disasters.
274ac98f1293a8d3232349bafa19eac06bfc30fb	The most obvious threat related to this level is the danger posed by the accumulated arsenals of nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction in the world.
68c0107d9ae607ce831726d3c6253da60b0ae94a	If used, this weapon is known to be capable of repeatedly destroying all life on Earth, including humanity.
bd557cbad27b0613847e6f833656117d17350c57	In this regard, the prevention of a world nuclear war is considered one of the most important global problems of our time.
557560ccc03b264f6450448b318ac8e2b94e9de6	Conducting global environmental studies has shown the extreme urgency and complexity of the situation in the field of environmental conservation and maintaining normal functioning, than, for example, the threat of nuclear war.
1d0af28a564c9a3652e6efa906457f33fa43bb1d	However, they are not the main life supporting systems of our planet.
4c839ab6a04c7a07b700fcb77f2f7a156d03e1be	The continuation of further destruction of nature can give rise to a global environmental catastrophe that will lead to the degradation of living conditions and, possibly, even to the death of humanity.
4cff9bca0235904ae09c081e966b51627422a8a6	A special danger to the life and health of modern man are: widespread pollution of drinking water and air basin, oversaturation of nature with harmful mineral substances and organic compounds as a result of industrial and agricultural activities, the impact of artificial radiation, soil erosion and land degradation, deterioration of pastures, etc. These sources of danger are more hidden and veiled, affect the very foundations of human existence.
62aa2687d2f5283fefab77775ec6d53b7d153535	The second level consists of threats that have arisen recently and the danger emanating from them continues to increase.
9f5c39c5f11eed207d644ce419e561e065c12602	The causes of the occurrence, methods of elimination and the extent of possible negative consequences from such threats require further research.
562aec984cebd7295deb1c1645e4526b14f77d94	At the same time, it has already become obvious that the aggravation of some newly emerged global problems can lead to an increase in human mortality in a number of regions of the world.
6d4628be2791a41c7f62ad337cdd8e6c60013050	For example, the protective ozone layer over densely populated areas of the northern hemisphere has become twice as thin over the past few years.
d8ef2cc3a46959244ba56cb3789ef8b885a0d8be	It was found that a decrease in the ozone content in the planet's atmosphere by one percent leads to an increase in the incidence of skin cancer by several percent.
61da61c79f3d897f50893b9199e59e1a232afa48	There are also extremely pessimistic assessments of the phenomenon under consideration.
0c141607bf83e828a71665e6fb401c5cce13754f	Thus, according to the German Ministry of Ecology, only during the winter period of 1992/93, the ozone layer over Scandinavia and Northern Europe decreased by 25 percent.
7122d4b3553d040adc94670353a5463757319528	The future prospects are so disappointing that this problem will become a permanent topic at the meetings of the "seven" or "eight" (after the adoption of Russia).
20027c1ba79730b0eb8943944ebcc1e694f64975	Dangerous global changes are undergoing not only the atmosphere of our planet, but also its climate.
55182712b108a81927af2746d9f2159823d752e7	The prospect of warming of the Earth's climate, associated with the greenhouse effect, is of particular concern to global scientists.
de3381e5e6a4516efca7342b01fdb84270b70ba8	Even an increase in temperature in the planetary range by one degree, and this can be realized according to some forecasts in the first half of the XXI century, will lead to a significant change in atmospheric circulation and soil moisture conditions.
2e4041aafd2b9bde287c9f0d5b0ead4e123615a4	The consequence of this will be a significant change in the location of optimal zones on the planet for agriculture and other types of human activity.
27b2a52cd760574eac3de8975a2446c9151fa2ec	These transformations, if they do occur, will affect the vital interests of billions of people, will cause mass migration of the population to areas without a well formed infrastructure.
8db9c3141d26a836256cd4010fab2ed49d6ca5c4	This can lead to serious social upheavals, dangerous epidemics, and as a result, an increase in human mortality in many regions of the world.
d7ba4a352813525664c6d51af30cf37b97e563e5	The third of the above mentioned levels includes threats that do not really manifest themselves in the modern world, but can potentially arise in the long term.
97288e5f458e58483f054ea67cef3673f9df4e2b	So, in global studies, there are predictions that the global warming that has been emerging since the 1980s may be replaced by a sharp cooling and the onset of a "new ice age" in the distant future as a result of the action of forces of nature independent of man.
31fcd6d7a528dc68223f1c11a70bae9b944bcfda	The depletion of energy sources and raw materials reserves on the planet, uncontrolled population growth, as well as the possible aggravation of other global problems can pose a certain danger to the lives of future generations of people.
e6ca2122669f14e970b1ee1a4f678461e7bd42bd	In conclusion, it should be noted that. even a brief analysis of alarmist forecasts developed by modern global studies shows that these studies also affect a broader, general theoretical aspect of the issue under consideration.
0d51526fb9f0b5da1265e958dffbe910d219f355	Posted on Tue, 17/02/2004 - 12: 12 by Viktor Denisov (not verified)
a760f638be4a4105b650f0690f2efff3301ea04c	S t r a w no.
0eb9ca10ccf37ac5dc0f83d10c1efc9e38a688f7	Unfortunately, global studies does not have the opportunity to answer two simple questions: in what direction is the development of humanity moving? and in what period of development are we at this time?
7bd9f6123b071b6651f6988f730e7dbe1b832876	And the problems of the future at all times seemed to be a black spot.
5072b1a02b8c62578a63d8802c17277e07a82989	Sociology is designed to solve a lot of problematic global and ordinary tasks.
3c8cf64d815f6d94c46badab230400de7eb6915a	But not a modern one - a conglomerate of the wastes of philosophy, logic, statistics, psychology, etc., but a new one based on other definitions and forms of cognition.
4a852d901625c99aec1b0cdb956f9d0b842bf84f	It will open many previously unknown doors and niches, which many are unaware of.
b323d98797c06a6d161b06258d06d054a5512866	It (sociology) will solve the issues of the survival of man and humanity and not only on Earth.
766de7e36fe4734cd3c650d844a4ff6c39829ab4	But for now, time is needed.
1f37c46cccba4d84d0378960f02e0b6d7c23e771	I wish you all the best.
043e6bf67e3882ea086e8ecdd2d4e26dea9a5d61	Log in or register to send comments
ed419fc42046660e4d0a8ecf7986271bd3111c39	Posted on Sun, 23/05/2004-18: 19 by user Alinchik (not verified)
1a29b145893c2966e546790f544022515be2e762	Very interesting!
ca6bb56360c726e74b83bebb95f383746983cbae	And it makes us think about our future( or the future of our descendants).In general, I really like reasoning on this topic...
4b9613df3df54db413fc22abd4c8b5b474181f5f	Besides, you can learn a lot of interesting ideas for essays from this text.
0521efe75986af3fe934066b2a22f9b275651f01	Many thanks to the author!
9dc68929ee148ebf7a4ae7378aab71b7ec65968f	V.
68a49c81f9e54bcc7a4f949614dfa74a26631a9d	About the text
e054a9894811f5567f2dac22e7191355b22a6720	Date of publication: 17.02.2004
90f4be1de1dfdb06150a5f1f96e6235f9c8872a5	Date of update: 23.09.2015
f8a67803d1cab2a4849105fe17732041e730d4da	The text was posted by: admin
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4038a3d3abc9f0d9bbf36ff6b96ca90f901562c0	Key concepts
d0c94030cdc8caf983934a730caa3bb22283c94a	the death of humanity (1),
04625ea258b6da1d4d5eeff6d547390e78218702	world catastrophe (1),
d004146bb6cf3ec32c8105ff68c41c85dc595c67	global transformations (2),
6f5f9f59310d49ff9b21cfebb9002525113e7af0	global problems (6),
41b1732c51f222cb4afed3579ada460c2bf12621	crisis (29),
15e5c35a605e9da64442ee4b856b025377d75c33	ecology (13),
9ee5ea18cefdc2929fd033211f8b8ed424f77c1b	globalistics (2),
24995995d7f31508dc2907f60b7ea11d372c56fb	modernity (41),
9301c501eec1cd7fccf021fef6ecc6d2ce06ca38	Agarkova E. Yu.
4b48f08c6213eec7581955be64c24eacca59a2d3	- The modern ecological situation as a reflection of the spiritual crisis
22301be4c8678104d6169aabb2a0c8fc3331c382	Ostanina S. V.-The ethical and legal potential of Russian cosmism in solving global problems of our time
c652c6a0e2329f7f4771dafca660f50758e991c5	V. - International terrorism as a global problem
5ed76dfe8fae6ddd4a2031d6e6d7e5fa954cc072	Pavlova S. M.-Globalization and security
7c527bd2469c026b13d998a7c4c0b4c56bd291ab	Kazennov A. S.-Revolution as a qualitative transformation of the self organization of civil society
0a69254e8fbb9270b204eb1ae54604ac4edfb86c	Dudnik S. I.-History and historical consciousness
f445961e33d9ea68b497a7c5a86739dd5604a47b	Reshetnikov M. M. - What is happening with parliamentarism?
b7de009ad8d3b43453930705ada17751f6dd9e1f	(C) Copyright, anthropology.ru 2000-2015.
b770de8a241e394af46ab56b49d2deca00363755	For all problems, questions and suggestions, you can contact us via the contact form.
c7d08f5c0bf879da12895965a3e6c9c18fab8303	Look At Me
640bd235eb08f94897f8a09d7b80e2df4e853f84	Lists of 8 real threats to humanity that no one wants to believe in Gray slime, gamma ray burst, nuclear holocaust and ignorance Artem Luchko, August 5, 2014 165850 28
111e3517edccdcd279db1145d74025ce644ad086	ShareShareTweet
4bc741d177a4b4aa03760d7da2303c0d1ea0bc73	Text by Artem Luchko
5999fb25c469e533b0ec6622a7486ee0a3bbf879	When we ask questions about what threatens our existence, we draw in our head apocalyptic pictures from Sci Fi movies about a giant meteorite or an invasion of alien invaders.
f73b048d4b2a10f9d3e10276930521188836f55f	We decided to list some of them in this material.
434a2786221e8b3504bb152d9b800bfb67a5bd98	Solar storms
64fe52c84cea18c606a8a7fee76fd4f5c5d9c753	The slightest failures in the operation of our giant thermonuclear reactor that is, the Sun, can lead to the fact that our planet can simply become either too cold or too hot to support life and the necessary ingredients for it: namely, a breathable atmosphere and water in a liquid state.
1fee7da6ebb32a27648496e07d6202ee477e80c5	The sun is a fairly constant star, compared to most other stars in our Galaxy, but its radiation flux still changes during a relatively stable 11 year cycle.
32045e0572084a15204106b294cd514f582c91c2	These changes are only 0.1%, but even this negligible figure has a rather serious impact on the Earth's climate.
a4d9f836398d69f37ffeccde8eadb6a66181511b	Moderate storms occur regularly 100-150 times a year, but a solar superstorm can destroy a significant part of the energy system in developed countries.
7038785c1b9086e6dc1933d30d54cbd31e5e6881	The most powerful storm in the history of measurements was the storm of 1859, also known as the"Carrington Event".
3a5b20e33e44d36c3c58be562779176a75c63382	The coronal ejection was so powerful that the Northern Lights were observed all over the world, even over the Caribbean.
41947ae9f54c8d71bcafa516fb3e03e6558a8019	The solar storm led to disruptions in the operation of US telegraph lines.
4fd7e5c0165b76739ba7044c36ddc53765fe3d7a	But in the middle of the XIX century there was no serious electrical infrastructure, but if such a cataclysm had occurred today, it would have disabled high voltage transformers and left entire countries without electricity, throwing us back a hundred years.
97a60ece4cb5fdf9e6978b6418cac3af6e6f32b2	Gamma ray burst
2f294140a7dc0a6ce503dec66562b6ba91da51fc	The sun is not the only star that poses a threat to our planet.
c2761a0b7e9fb57787e79b04aae9442bce2753d8	Large scale cosmic energy emissions are observed in distant galaxies, they are called gamma ray bursts.
366e68c85841f7b663e74bebacc6702025388adc	These are the brightest electromagnetic phenomena that occur during a supernova outbreak, when a rapidly rotating massive star collapses, turning into either a neutron star, a quark star, or a black hole.
cad82adadb38ff079aa10c9fcb804d02ebc81a74	At the same time, in a few seconds of the flash, as much energy is released as the Sun is released in 10 billion years.
9b97774c05fdc2e64cec34cf325c3f174de6e398	The sources of these emissions are located at distances of billions of light years from Earth, and in our Galaxy a gamma ray burst occurs about once every million years, but if it happens close enough to Earth, its consequences will significantly affect all living things.
bbd712c7bd63cf1ccab8785a1f271544dc9a2ef9	According to a 2004 study, a gamma ray burst at a distance of about 3,262 light years can destroy up to half of the Earth's ozone layer, which is our main protection from ultraviolet radiation.
0f0128527f66cbb8d909d64fb0cab3693bcf1ede	At the same time, the rays from the explosion in combination with ordinary solar radiation passing through a weakened ozone "filter" can cause a mass extinction of humanity.
989f3d7787d6d6a0c74af0ec38875b8c57aa7c70	If a gamma ray burst occurs at a distance of 10 light years (there are about 10 stars within such limits from us), it will be equivalent to an atomic bomb explosion on every hectare of the sky, and all living things will be destroyed instantly on half of the planet, and a little later on the second half due to secondary effects.
fcb25e56e4131b5dfc4a75873cd519a46e9cfd25	Supervolcans
fd7212168cdb71cbb7947fa9144de4f89769cade	It is known that the eruptions of the so called supervolcans, of which there are about 20 on Earth, can change the climate on Earth and lead to the most terrible consequences.
56444677302f9a2ca08a9d6bd237cff2f248e13c	One thing is good — on average, such eruptions occur once every 100 thousand years.
a2b108a419453d49db2733c6dc1b46c7b5a6a479	Scientists have established that the volcano erupted three times, the last time 640 thousand years ago.
a6b42592970780c23831239ba9877e4dd4ac7543	The probability of a new giant eruption is estimated by scientists at 0.00014% per year.
3074728b821f3baeb797fcf045930ebfc6c2261c	The eruption of the Yellowstone volcano threatens all of humanity.
8034df85810572361660e9865856f7686dc3b05c	The average annual temperature on Earth can decrease by 12 degrees and return to its original positions only after 2-3 years.
b1654142d7489d7532957f35452e9c1e72cee88c	"Due to the lack of prompt and coordinated action by many stakeholders, our world is entering an era when antibiotics are losing their effectiveness, and common infections and minor injuries that could have been cured for many decades can now kill again," says WHO Assistant Director — General for Health Safety Dr. Keiji Fukuda.
b3f89daa2be2f3af9b0b1e7b8f57508a0c11a896	In 2010, a team of epidemiologists built a computer model of the Nipah virus, after which they tracked how it would spread and develop.
becc343a199132acd4dc5a3491103fe252cfefd0	The report on the results of the computer simulation formed the basis of the film "Infection".
d9dd11ee71492f54a60262291580f305826c2f3a	So fantasies about a deadly virus of unknown origin, which is rapidly spreading around the world, may well become a reality.
dea71676e122c82fbec396acad1a204ea071a743	Resource depletion
8bdb796048cdd529e0a6d2507397e5597af53443	"The first and most urgent problem that we will face by that time is the end of the era of cheap natural fuel.
68dbd7b0fe71d24979bd5b4ebdddb25d4d2703f0	It is no exaggeration to say that it is the reserves of cheap oil and natural gas that are the basis of modern well — off life," writes the fatalist writer James G. Kunstler.
dd03da6d2c7ef98d8436188982ea575b65b9f342	The shortage of oil can provoke an acute shortage of other resources necessary for the life of mankind.
0c60262eeeeb8f9b20af9182f9e6f83c7fcf85c5	Billions of people will starve because of the universal dependence on fossil fuels.
42a84209d720377298c0be1289df6d2eb08b3b94	Perhaps one day humanity will get off the oil needle and replace gasoline with alcohol, which will be extracted from corn or sugar cane.
942f95899f1ebf863a741807fe1ee9dc40229d98	However, there is no known method by which we can produce rare earth metals, and their potential substitutes either do not exist in nature, or they have insufficient properties.
51b8a7b11d77798d35935c9e317080b9b34405da	And without these substances, we would have no smartphones, no computers, no electric cars, no other electronics, and, accordingly, no progress.
3c38d5a138fc3c5eec006d3d967a2f140aa6bb54	According to the calculations of scientists at Yale University in the United States, the sources of rare earth metals are being depleted at a tremendous rate.
4075dac7546b1f5f5a953473a5080780945c1d36	At the moment, about 95% of all rare earth metals are mined by China, and most recently its government imposed restrictions on the export of some elements, as well as doubled the price for non Chinese producers.
9e37b16415343d9b95054dc733a00e5baab6cfdf	Gray slime
f3e5cd990fd5dcfa01b75c443ef7063642fa8fd0	With the development of technologies, humanity should be afraid that these technologies will get out of control and destroy their creators.
46067de9fbf65faf4beb0bc128535d63bd04628d	One of the hypothetical threats is what futurologists call Gray Goo — a self replicating molecular nanotechnology that does not obey a person.
1891acf487b7a804ef4e6b541eef97eabec85b14	For the first time, the American scientist Kim Eric Drexler, who is called the "father of nanotechnology", spoke about the possibility of creating such a substance.
8029219d742f8aca48587951ba364a78c9213a68	The scientist considered the idea of creating nanorobots in his book "Creation Machines".
8f92811272b78634a732cf73082e6c0efe240f3a	In the original idea, it was assumed that microscopic machines could be developed in the laboratory, but they could also get their properties randomly.
8c667358977e1b61ca592a10ad3cc582784bc83b	In 2010, DNA based nanorobots were demonstrated for the first time, which are able to find and destroy cancer cells, leaving healthy tissues unharmed.
03e51daf5cd25ed8bde9c3cc1bb7fc796f65ddbc	Tiny capsules release the necessary doses of drugs when a target is detected and purposefully destroy the "enemy".
7feccbad18fe055b7e283b1d3da91ac5809833ab	As a result, it turned out that these nanorobots can exist for another month after the death of the"owner".
36ad596e47399cdcebb0768af0452529926f6834	So far, of course, nanokiborgs are being developed exclusively for the benefit of people, but in theory they can both create and destroy.
6d9fa90ad13f3573474001e2b69aacb4fb60e376	If, for some reason, nanobots get into the biosphere and begin to multiply endlessly, using everything they can get to as a material for creating their copies, in fact, they can begin to absorb everything around, including the planet itself.
08d9d53dcace85a7efebf5f567ecfb663c19d208	At the same time, it will be very difficult to destroy the hypothetical "gray slime", since one preserved replicator will be enough for it to start reproducing again.
16b730e44604adaeed980dd50eafd680cc6a2652	If such a robot gets into the World Ocean, then it will simply be impossible to destroy it.
4fd7c29702559d110339602e48f0d46218cca3fe	The Nuclear Holocaust
ef2ef2e12a4446cb4637d4e7b2bd10a188850c1a	As long as there are 7 countries in the world that have nuclear weapons, the probability of a nuclear war cannot be zero, despite the fact that it can lead to the extinction of humanity or to the end of modern civilization on Earth.
cf0ef64c28b5b6bab9de0d2ccd489b53f52216f3	The reasons for this threat are quite obvious: a nuclear explosion is accompanied by a destructive shock wave that erases everything in its path, burning light radiation and penetrating radiation that causes irreversible changes in matter.
438a89809d4b78ebdc9f1dedec7a4845e341c31a	People who have not even received significant injuries directly from the explosion are very likely to die from infectious diseases and chemical poisoning.
c6c025ad262a3564f9914fc2aa9b6875499e0a21	There is a high probability of burning in fires or being immured in the rubble.
da2b0bb1fd5f6d84c0525cd6b808f67a73e971c7	A nuclear explosion causes a disturbance of the electromagnetic field, which will disable electrical and radio electronic equipment — that is, all communication lines, transformers, semiconductor devices, which will lead to the loss of all modern technologies.
84acb7fb6ad1d76e789b2c34b7699f24e15c165a	Despite all the risks that civilization will be exposed to, analysts suggest that billions of people will nevertheless be able to survive a global thermonuclear war.
d0cc5d355ba8d86d339a6621cd6c2ffce6e8bd4d	But at its end, a nuclear winter may begin.
b84b5d7d512d199684b0e463f7084a83860c855e	Widespread explosions and fires will carry a huge amount of smoke and soot into the stratosphere.
c6b22fef15ecaa53616616995cfc2faba17c9d67	As a result, the sun's rays will be reflected from these particles, and the temperature on the planet will drop everywhere to the Arctic, and the surviving population will have to adapt to the new most difficult conditions.
d8bc6a1396a56298fc3d3ea0448f5b6d8a9b561d	Ignorance and stupidity
b495dc63bdfac29400fdc46f52ec7e918d3844a3	The most underestimated threat to any society is ignorance (unconscious or conscious) combined with passivity and laziness.
eeaaee6c70446ef9eb8d5d7206a31358c8946e37	Both types of ignorance are fed by the mass media — the main tools of politicians and corporations.
868cc97952d6a197ff800a8aa3ae878f7e2a8acd	It is the "cult of ignorance" that is the reason why in the XXI century there are religious fundamentalists, racists, people who worship power and demonize all those who do not do this.
6ffd140b3c77b593a0f70d7889f729a40a3ab9e2	It is because of widespread ignorance that there are people everywhere who deny global warming and exploit others for the sake of personal superprofits.
dde6eb54ebaccbaab95d49d1c9eb89770984096d	In the" well fed years", ignorance grows, and the importance and necessity of education become less obvious.
39e13f949d106138e1a8b91bfac012ffff830d0c	The younger generation, taking advantage of the benefits of the system that was built by their ancestors, gradually forgets how and why this system was built.
57f771a1a86ae697a67610ea4cd7a1e3e9125f67	In the end, incompetent people gain power with the support of the majority, thereby putting the foundations of the system itself at risk.
c18e2c4e1188f6d640c3bb5c39f86a776069790b	Populism and lack of competence are a real danger for humanity.
b9a733dd1a55694b937190f0778daf27775ac2ae	For example, researchers from the United States (a country that is currently at the peak of prosperity as a result of technological advances and effective economic policies in the XIX and XX centuries) say that this peak can be interpreted as the beginning of decline.
402d55571d57e9c7f5b317d8fe94e8c2eb56c80e	At least because former US vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin is not familiar with elementary scientific theories.
61d4d1039eb2507d54d1d13faf32a4fea23d83d9	The figure above shows a graph showing the development of education in blue, and the accompanying economic development from the time of Ancient Greece to the present day in red.
6b8caeb84db3810d2fcc115cc6d921b69391ee7f	Although the drawing is quite speculative, such pessimistic views are very common among futurologists.
61c4d58724b1f8de0fe0f39c70d712b56f4e11bd	Max Tegmark, a professor of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also believes that human stupidity is the biggest problem of all mankind, and artificial intelligence is its biggest existential danger.
759392cdd2a32fa7b2e06800c2af48e0c997598f	People with limited intellectual functioning, ignoring the potential catastrophic consequences, can assume that artificial intelligence will develop into something that can destroy humanity.
a4649ebafc99eca2def53ea4deab144ada5e860a	Tell your friends 28 comments to complain
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7069588151fced9221fa8a891eb86471da0576aa	MirRSS Popular Science, USA © public domain, United States Department of EpegduPyat the most serious threats to human existence Popular Sciencescale and disastrous crises that can destroy humanity 03.06.20140364
eed33ec9351aaf5c5650e7ce2a6f9a1835fa8f50	Anders Sandberg
e434bccbe54218c760866b344caa5895f5eccfe8	Carried away by the hype about the modern "crises" that humanity is facing, we forget about the large number of generations that we hope will come to replace us.
67f860f4484d4c87194f626e4ed8a0786ff7ff2d	We are not talking about those people who will live 200 years after us, but about those who will live a thousand or 10 thousand years after us.
fa261bbe262b7026e0f26c2f1446d9877f8b56f6	I use the word "hope" because we are facing risks that are called existential and that can destroy humanity.
e8410ecb485718d1c9aa690406bdf83a0e432093	These risks are associated not just with major disasters, but with such disasters that can put an end to history.
737907b3f8b25167501cc7a3a7c303e91bc13477	However, not everyone ignores the distant future.
033bcf4fbe25cd1002553ebf419c1b68c498e834	Mystics like Nostradamus regularly try to determine the date of the end of the world.
b1431b8d969998b41625cdc2ee2c62320e1b10ca	H. G. Wells tried to develop the science of predictions and, as is known, described the future of mankind in the book "The Time Machine".
0801bfc716345ee8936449f80b9f138256f0820f	Other writers came up with other options for the distant future in order to warn, entertain or fantasize.
4d299350890a6f5023d7f1f8dd960dd0b00a117e	But even if all these pioneers and futurologists did not think about the future of humanity, the result would still remain the same.
7f082f148337f2cc07222577e71ff9db478a19ca	There was not much that a person could have done before to save us from an existential crisis, or even to cause it.
bfb0ac828fe5f9ab76af3177c177337eb3c12dfb	Today we are in a more privileged position.
29c2147e14e77d7c740a26910b9440723de04215	Human activity is gradually shaping the future of our planet.
16104ab96e4d58e73aa588f021021b5820b6831a	And although we are still far from being able to control disasters, we are already developing technologies that can mitigate their consequences, or at least do something in this regard.
3c2ff0d44e25e6539e4e525907b6dd1e5a4183bc	The future is imperfect
64bfaff4714f20fdf32d868b3ee0ebbf1dcc3235	However, these risks are still insufficiently studied.
dac5000fa999122b64c66f0111922aa6ff4e9799	There is impotence and fatalism regarding the listed problems.
b5d5c8131feb9687710a58eaaa8b50790e43f387	People have been talking about apocalypses for thousands of years, but few people have tried to prevent them.
9108fbb30150b4d0522dc8176836f8f4da1b31bb	Human beings, moreover, are not so strong when it comes to problems that have not yet appeared (especially due to the impact of the availability heuristic — the tendency to overestimate the probability of events whose examples are familiar to us, and to underestimate those events that we can not immediately remember).
30891b3bfb7359c4deb19479550b9cf47de52f6b	If humanity ceases to exist, then this kind of loss will be, at least, the equivalent of the loss of all living individuals, as well as the collapse of all their goals.
f2aeedb92035dc3a2f46657940f19b8476f841d6	However, in reality, such a loss is likely to be much greater.
4af3c66d3d4b5c9f7952d178df0117300bc0ba97	The disappearance of a person means the loss of the meaning created by previous generations, the loss of the life of all future generations (and the number of future lives can be astronomical), as well as all those values that they probably could have created.
31411df80e5e06c44ff3957b5fa458578b426e9f	If consciousness and reason are no longer there, then this probably means that value itself ceases to exist in the universe.
5c4306d34c12d183262695ce94ab23ab7320bf39	This is a very serious moral reason for working tirelessly to prevent existential threats.
68a4a4414bebd8655d8375a5a46fedd04befb290	And we should not make a single mistake on this path.
e66246f06f848a4ba8b90b6ddd8466ff0102c00d	With that said, I have chosen the five most serious threats to human existence.
a56a55ca642259918fa2c9e6b008ca27923d495a	However, some additional circumstances should be taken into account, since this list is not yet final.
e9c5e6aefb53bc4a1883027001a72f00babe302a	Over the past few centuries, we have discovered or created new existential risks for ourselves: in the early 1970s, supervolcans were discovered, and before the Manhattan project, nuclear war was impossible.
1bfe0485950a20c5d805ebeffa4c1bb275ffc90a	Therefore, we should expect other threats to appear.
cbe4d4885ded0cd7c2301c746b6766d66cabb839	In addition, some risks that seem serious today may disappear as knowledge accumulates.
63cb8f2e883f87eeec787120ecf5571b7d5f10fa	The probability of certain events also changes over time.
b6fbf736a4deab7e188dbaa0f92bdd46fa887650	Sometimes this happens because we are concerned about existing risks and eliminate their causes.
6b2fe09e32da6bd2d5a16c29d349cb509f860d31	And finally, the fact that something is possible and potentially risky does not mean that it is worth worrying about it.
af186de50cd6d6b3f02f212e48ad3b8416f876cf	There are risks that we canot do anything about at all — for example, gamma ray fluxes that occur during the explosion of galaxies.
7eb9d6e27e40b4ce8ddfafd40796aa7a9a9f46f3	But if we find out that we are able to do something, then the priorities change.
21e39849de063ee7ac38409f6648a57ed98c9971	For example, with the improvement of sanitary conditions, the advent of vaccines and antibiotics, the plague began to be perceived not as a manifestation of divine punishment, but as a result of a poor state of health care.
966832667ef61c8f20a03f947bb7562a7c39552e	1. Nuclear war
1ecda7753912b416fb1103cabe2fb25e79df5b4a	The Cuban missile crisis was very close to turning into a nuclear one.
16a969cca0cc730d2bcbd0eb5f8c19241ed6b6cf	If we assume that such a crisis occurs every 69 years and there is one chance in three that it can lead to the outbreak of a nuclear war, then the possibility of such a catastrophe increases and the corresponding coefficient will be 1 to 200 per year.
7a43c582464cb9f981289a62d53f84c561c3c141	Even worse, the Cuban missile crisis is only the most well known case.
8ae2fb6f71e247342a3d95c14dbd39e2f340896f	The history of Soviet American nuclear deterrence is replete with crisis situations and dangerous mistakes.
eb2c4b5de1e99c41cbd60b63aa85181b8ba9f5ca	The actual probability no longer depends on international tension, however, it is unlikely that the probability of a nuclear conflict will be lower than the coefficient of 1 to 1000 per year.
f2271fd45ce0400cac4b8e266f156447c4d5c201	A full scale nuclear war between the major powers would lead to the death of hundreds of millions of people directly at the moment of the exchange of blows or as a result of their consequences — it would be an unthinkable catastrophe.
e0347399d1ca6a4846a2c6886015569a211fe332	However, this is still not enough for existential risk.
bad12f6a62d26724d84c5eb4835c3c220df1c52b	At the local level, they are deadly, but on a global scale, this is a relatively limited problem.
7c0f673578f213161e04ac1d80bf405ee40cbb3c	The real threat is a nuclear winter — that is, soot particles that can rise into the stratosphere and thereby cause a long term decrease in temperature and dehydration of the planet.
8e4e9a5c90c99972e4b4b981a86e307597c47a7f	2. Pandemics caused by bioengineering
ffca953c66380cb74ffe68ed36cccd4766780a17	Natural pandemics have caused more deaths than wars.
c9638c3859c3525fdc013580c52d5ef39c64b60c	However, natural pandemics are unlikely to pose an existential threat.
8af9ac6e9b0a88c9cc3b7b8252a012bf562871fb	Usually there are people who are immune to pathogens, and the descendants of survivors become even more protected.
a37cc6f1a5ed3286d3526eab6ecbafe1b4842e72	Evolution is also not particularly favorable to those parasites that destroy host organisms, which is why syphilis, as it spread in Europe, turned from an evil killer and a chronic disease.
75d9ff62e55da00bbe6ffc3fc8caed1b677fc67e	Unfortunately, at the present time, we ourselves are able to make diseases more destructive.
75d3289613db58d8012d61e877b98b2e59ae889b	One of the most famous examples is how the inclusion of an additional gene in mouse pox — a mouse variant of smallpox made it much more life threatening and capable of infecting already vaccinated individuals.
2feb6a818e5e9a77ccacd96f975ca51dc2d7c5a0	Recent work with avian influenza has shown that the contagiousness of the disease can be purposefully increased.
712448a80da1dad44d0c3cf6a72cd1a8c3069371	Currently, the risk that someone will intentionally spread some kind of malicious infection is insignificant.
61b68bcbcb1027e4e48dc2e06bec599ff0953060	However, as biotechnologies improve and become cheaper, an increasing number of groups will be able to make the disease even more dangerous.
ce69cbac7dca7a9223806418fa0dbabe68921297	Most of the work in the field of biological weapons is carried out by States that want to get something controlled, since the destruction of humanity is not militarily useful.
fca75ff89b83e8ec0448afb909454f8eb73d5e0a	However, there will always be people who come to do some things simply because they are able to do it.
7fca16128fba6086b204e3b37a394e528b09c898	Others may have higher goals.
e555125f85064840d23d59fcaf7bcf1acbe5f0f9	For example, members of the religious group Aum Shinrikyo tried to accelerate the onset of the apocalypse through the use of biological weapons, and not only with the help of their more successful attack with the use of nerve gas.
7634a1f964454bd8be4616166617a2d907b01d1e	Some people believe that the situation on Earth will improve if there are no more human beings on it, and so on.
4836598dca7d4ad9344f901943611b11b1d3cbef	The number of deaths as a result of the use of biological weapons and epidemic diseases makes one think that they develop according to a power law — in a large number of cases there are few victims, but in a small number of cases there are many victims.
0bb4c6e78de976a029d2c093d788bd534d7e87eb	Taking into account the currently available data, the risk of a global pandemic as a result of bioterrorism seems to be small.
b13583ac09be82d4d0352e14add8453d4ebc4e3d	But this applies only to bioterrorism: governments with the help of biological weapons killed significantly more people than bioterrorists (about 400 thousand people were victims of the Japanese biological warfare program during World War II).
ecb779666922d9cafe240de93a9d61df4baf8e71	Technologies are becoming more effective, and therefore the creation of even more pathogenic microorganisms in the future will be easier.
f1c9a31901e48e8de776a04a33e5822d85f2d738	3. Superintelligence
9c3bcae29d0775cd1c34c85abac2212b0799c346	Currently, their existence depends on the decisions made by a person, and not on what they do.
faabd34af27f0bd65115b966ecf487b8ad0e4f0e	In fact, there is a possibility that some types of superintelligent systems will not obey moral rules even if they were possible Even more disturbing is the fact that, trying to explain some things to artificial intelligence, we are faced with deep practical and philosophical problems.
6d495998758417eac7f5b48f10174f19bc8a2304	Software based intelligence can very quickly eliminate the backlog from a person, and the capabilities of a machine can become dangerous.
0380c37e4c5c82088302ad550c68e0812d5957bb	Today, many people assume that a "breakthrough in the field of intelligence" is likely if the programs themselves have sufficient capabilities to produce more advanced programs.
5c9b4fa83ce915134cf114a4e1a5fad844127656	If this kind of leap happens, then there will be a big difference between a smart system (or people telling it what to do) and the rest of the world.
546f417e254a7279159d8584f410697f961b1808	Such a situation may well lead to disaster if the goals are incorrectly set.
5fb4b03af0dbfed4c48ae8d6c155f02d5b29abf8	However, there is enough reason to believe that some technologies are able to move certain things forward much faster than the possibilities of improving their control by modern society.
b6ef3416d68582b04c46cecf9d71076184500b14	In addition, we are not yet able to understand how dangerous some forms of superintelligence can be and how risk mitigation strategies will work.
ace9198e74d380ef942e72b2e37a05de4b9914e0	Among the listed risks, this one has the most chances to become either truly large scale, or to remain just a mirage.
69fb1f260eaaa7d3c89ffe2838e7ebbe138a0e7c	In general, this area has not yet been sufficiently studied, which is surprising.
4026842381c8c76e518e413e2c2cb212138ffb3f	Even in the 1950s and 1960s, people were completely confident that a superintelligence could be created "within a generation", but at that time, security issues were not given due attention.
30792e9efd8c271daadb813ea61df30f3bc97156	Perhaps people then simply did not take their predictions seriously, and, most likely, considered it a problem of the distant future.
3c64705dd054a463110d106e7d7b9bba2663025c	4. Nanotechnology
f4668796705af86085efecd6e74da542fa8522fb	Nanotechnology is the control of matter with atomic or molecular precision.
41152b801ad2fbfb011223073b89417162564983	By itself, it does not pose a danger and, on the contrary, can be very good news for many variants of its application.
aebd4702ad2c826de5a5e7139b653b6c92b8acc8	The problem is that, as in the field of biotechnology, growing opportunities also increase the potential for abuse, which is very difficult to protect against.
2aa4251784ea2948a708a489f3d8ab862c2a7dbc	The big problem is not the notorious "grey goo" of self replicating nanomachines that devour everything in the world.
057423807c0562ca0e8a745c58e8dab16be74d74	For this purpose, it will require the creation of very sophisticated devices.
0c4db15f4b4fc7c60d5cddcd9504062a5fa490a2	It is difficult to create a machine that can reproduce itself: biology, by definition, copes better with such tasks.
4301c421b4a40dfe2ac9c9e019db52ed82f81e81	Perhaps some maniacs will be able to do this, but there are more accessible fruits on the tree of destructive technologies.
4759ff07433d57f901e4a0791fca8b34e9272aee	The most obvious risk is that automatically precise production seems to be an ideal option for the cheap manufacture of such things as, for example, weapons.
c962aa9a087206a666c34d2b2f85eabe2b6b4c22	In a world in which many governments will have the ability to "print" a large number of autonomous or semi autonomous weapons systems (including the possibility of increasing their production), the arms race can become very intense — and as a result, instability will increase, and therefore it may seem very tempting to strike the first blow before the enemy gets a big advantage.
bca77cfb4b576aec06324bd109a68b1b3308a400	Weapons can also be very small in size and very accurate: it can be a "smart poison" that can act not only as a nerve gas, but also choose its victims, or pervasive micro robots (gnatbots), miniature surveillance systems to keep the population in obedience — all this is quite possible.
93e4a413e86a21e4c091e9143925f804c1907519	In addition, nuclear weapons and installations that affect the climate can fall into the hands of intruders.
94d137a01c222998307dbaf5644f8a836238b70a	We cannot estimate the probability of existential risk coming from future nanotechnologies, but, apparently, they can be quite destructive simply because they are able to give everything we want.
67286cdf219a1ded86b2e390999258fc07df8996	5. The Mysterious Unknown
a71f5a6319413a3407358fee38e47afebd78ea59	The most alarming possibility is that there is something deadly in the world, but we do not know what it is.
012a3cccd0faf00cc2e2aca7eb80aea7a5eea19c	The silence in the sky may be evidence of this.
9ddab54564c40d082aa11b33f5813063490c1dbf	Is the absence of aliens explained by the fact that life and intelligence are very rare, or by the fact that intelligent life tends to be destroyed?
a18b2908524c87ccd4c583d20bdd82c657d73870	If there is a future Great Filter, then other civilizations should have noticed it, but even this did not help.
59d383718006e70cd1b94599606c5b395e70c241	Whatever such a threat might be, it would be almost inevitable even if you were aware of its existence, regardless of who you are and what you really are.
702c60510f1ccfc3612db5aeede2e325eff79ed4	We do not know anything about such threats (none of the threats listed above works like this), but they may exist.
005050541fb6bd3cd8d9a912d458fca521b4b573	Note that the presence of something unknown does not mean that we cannot reason about it.
5731830db085f66495701bb8cc153abf290c0c5c	In a wonderful article http://arxiv.org/abs/astro ph/0512204 by Max Tegmark and Nick Bostrom, it is shown that a certain set of risks should have a coefficient less than one in a billion per year, if we take the relative age of the Earth as a basis.
cde68660df1bbb2828e18eb7e461d79aaa5e57a5	You may be surprised that climate change and the fall of meteors are not included in the compiled list.
8b6e5fafe6d38e1813edaf1639db4164b35ec607	Climate change, no matter how terrible, is unlikely to make the entire planet uninhabitable (however, it may contain additional threats if our protection options are ineffective).
07c933041fc500f218e0dd9576d36c4a818d2df6	Meteors, of course, can wipe us off the face of the Earth, but in this case we must be very big losers.
fea0af3d0c71f79cb5e52028d377ca66e15cce40	Usually, a certain type of mammal has existed for about a million years.
db25d1bc5ae9eed62ccf17c76945352cda43924a	Thus, the main coefficient of natural extinction is approximately one in a million per year.
deb0d185a301ce01e5141e87c346054359c7526d	This is significantly lower than the risk of a nuclear war, which, 70 years later, still remains the greatest threat to the continuation of our existence.
7303d38a37c89b482e3770a387f0dd2569d975df	Accessibility heuristics make us overestimate the risks that are often discussed in the media, and downplay the significance of those that humanity has not yet encountered.
568ebd04e5516e2ba583eef326f5526fe6a35654	If we want to continue to exist in a million years, then we should correct this situation.
151b3090af7d7c5b79962c3c95156fe68cbb79af	Original publication: The Five Biggest Threats To Human Existence Posted On 29/05/2014 14:16 0364
33d5072c1d3fb75339e7af3cea893e030fc64376	The Five Most Serious Threats to Human Existence 00:01 03/06/2014 Share a Tweet
23e2bce400052bdf1726b9d0dcd0c1524703185c	Nuclear tests at Bikini Atoll
3f0bc9438fb84c3330b8b5ba80574008e5efa446	© public domain, United States Department of Energy
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e8ab0de5fb152db36d110309c7520b73b34a0221	the 10 most serious threats to humanity that can lead to its death
bc912bfa8323c9f3669471d291c8e8aee4ea3a8b	Miscellaneous Society
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71696cddfbced061a81a955b653bc429ef92a9f0	At the beginning of the month, the Global Challenges Foundation published its first report on the most serious threats that human civilization may face in the future.
62a4901ca6f827a1354a4b9e86ce8e2585257c4d	It includes both existing threats and potential ones.
10a8bf01a248f954f2e2551702191965f70fce0d	Researchers want humanity to think and do something to correct the situation, since there is still time to find possible ways to solve problems.
737bd13c8eb66dcac97816f6a7df57c2b0c3fe8a	Many of the threats mentioned in our list are the result of technological and life circumstances, while others have existed since the formation of our planet and the appearance of humanity.
7700a858a69d35727a7912a3f179ee729b21a43e	Environmental disasters
58281b1ef81505a7e4d94a1f598ff151ebdf8a78	Scientists have long warned that many species of animals and plants are disappearing.
db8a2df18c41edc7e23d26f2fa3f21f4af98d294	Our way of life and the way of life of animals depend on a complex ecosystem, and if species begin to disappear, it becomes a catalyst for irreversible processes that will negatively affect us in the future and already in the present.
6a0f226aabfd8baaca9e44fee9d843acda39e1ea	Even environmental disasters limited by the territory have general planetary consequences.
229892302f88f63eb2c06290a2ceb2bb86d39c55	9. The death of the global system
4f38ab28847bd097e75c78ca8335f5ee01c26007	The death of the global system
6006d371907caf43e0d65e57eaa2797eabd57d9c	We are talking about the collapse of the global economic and political systems as a result of making wrong decisions in these areas, the depletion of the Earth's resource base and military conflicts.
f833c2a0e3906fbe4de614fe728cdce46451da69	If this happens in one corner of the Earth, the consequences will affect the rest of the planet.
110a25905de07ff4a4df4eae323122e89150c1d3	Researchers claim the threat of totalitarianism, which can become a real threat today.
2960210eadeb9190d9e2f88edf45d91b959148bb	8. Super Volcano
9b85ad7f71bcb39f9a85fcc489da82fb6329d152	Super Volcano
a709e4af46dec6df7e16fd336501d71c01170b28	In the history of mankind, there have been large scale volcanic eruptions that have caused environmental and anthropogenic disasters.
056e8594872b05b97926487caf0c3e9eb883caaa	The eruption of Vesuvius led to the death of the city of Pompeii and its inhabitants. 3000 years ago, the Minoan civilization died as a result of a volcanic eruption.
024955002ad2d32f60206d09bcd8c34a8c20fda7	A super volcano will be able to emit so much ash into the atmosphere that climate change will begin on Earth, as a result of a nuclear explosion.
0488495ac4e2f3c6601342ef6aa631d37b555e33	The chance that this can happen is 0.0001%.
29da72ee482b4071db5993ee2a15fd582548dc1a	7. Global pandemic
0a3b7b18d642bf1da1bda05d763be4b871965829	Global pandemic
39d3dae8195e9a34f883cd8caab5849636018094	It is also worth remembering about SARS in 2003.
cebbe4c9e72ab4688ed3911ff6f0c81ca332c286	This is potentially possible, since the researchers give a 0.0001% chance.
1501dc8a0bf2ad5be288c09b7524d8eb56616950	6. The fall of an asteroid
b7f075b41e08563b4ec7c842a0ccaa31c34daa5e	Asteroid fall
1ed2b51b86e2738fdb522ce7fb0a0d052bd353f0	One of the versions of the death of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago is the impact of a large asteroid on the earth.
48da2350d183905fd1b73cde934a25770a7c5718	The researchers claim that an asteroid with a diameter of up to 5 km on average falls to Earth every 20 million years.
e02da9b89fdc81b19abd6a1f503a2920fb2a0cac	As a result of such a catastrophe, countries will die, political and economic systems will be destabilized, the climate will change and it will be impossible to survive.
a327ac803b9c165c09948352ca421ec479714e50	Researchers give such a development of events a chance of 0.00013%.
f55b4c88e013e6dd0ceb36fe3ae50c225b9a8684	5. Nuclear War
d894f88f1eddc3af6355da46a172301f73b9937e	Nuclear war
cb48e9f7eee0eb0ff2971b6f4c0c597c420016a6	There are military bases around the world where nuclear missile systems are installed, and this is despite the fact that countries are trying to reduce its number on the planet.
de2dc6d9522e9a41087c824f796ed48ddcd7156d	The tension between the United States and Russia in Eastern Europe in recent years has been exacerbated by the crisis taking place on the territory of Ukraine, and this convinces that a nuclear war is more real than it was before.
aae03e3275691902c97743d43c8c24e478f3c114	If one person presses the button, then the world is doomed.
b7f18965f62f9b452419c41a14764d0f25250159	Those who survive as a result of the attack will not survive in the ecological situation that has developed after a nuclear strike.
6bc4dbdb4c60534ef3560a3b3db8e603486c037d	The chance of starting a nuclear war is 0.01%.
d23a7d6e65cdfdfe7edf1821c0da8aa5b945e0c9	4. Drastic climate changes
613d361169b858abd1fb2b4f26020e586d78a772	Drastic climate changes
4937ef8565641a12691d1f5441f9c8ec56a9d3d1	3. Synthetic Biology
a50873be5bea67e7910caf42553d457507152809	Synthetic biology
34c34000fcf773ec4e3eaee70366ec1971064a55	Since man has learned to produce pathogenic microorganisms that enter the environment, there is a risk that this can play a cruel joke with humanity and destroy it and ecosystems.
0fdebfa7b1ab4132162c4bcac7a4142ab289a90d	Terrorists are particularly concerned about the use of biological weapons.
14690eb0c949994c552d55eac9fe361f1ea6d21d	Genetic engineering will lead to mutations and to the inability of our body to fight pathogenic microorganisms.
aaaa0e214ee3ba3d6b9636638c4f5fc086b1afef	The chance of such events developing is 0.01%.
00f73762608350684c567756c3f277b6e0bd9987	2. Unknown reasons
b5cb5921b8fa78584bd9b1bc1d6e4a2382e2a8c0	Unknown reasons
b5d9d0f262f07df9d87223f1136c6f09f31716a8	We cannot know everything, and researchers suggest that events may occur that will cause the death of humanity.
b5bab518a268fe3674901c94fecaa85326ca1935	Perhaps it will be an attack of an alien civilization, perhaps the experiments of scientists that will lead to the death of civilization.
6e25dc45e72ce7b977aef4a1304b1eb5dc83a325	For example, the impact of aerosols on the environment was not previously known to people, but today everyone is aware of it.
c7d44b9039c7d94726795eb3027b4f06c740bba1	In the future, unknown events may occur today that will destroy humanity and even the planet.
bd51b7d8f366646d38a1b174354ce112e4f68c97	The chance of developing such a situation is estimated by researchers at 0.1%.
5dc3ce3a886a94e36fd32f9051d69790586857d0	1. Artificial intelligence
ae4c2367aa158efc4e7f5055a848f38cc12bf5ea	Artificial intelligence
59708eca2f3989bcdbfe4215ec0f159fad51abe0	The creation of complex robots and computers is undoubtedly of great importance for the progress of mankind, but it can also lead to a conflict between artificial intelligence and humans.
11533c9195a501b40e57c81bcb5d1fd2d31e067b	While a person controls robots, but everything can change.
1eec8aa5b83e34baa97e06ab51cc47e62104f87a	There are military robots that can regenerate and feed using all the materials that are around.
5d0d3f76a4c82630bad0e963ba68725ce894579d	Such cyborgs can really threaten the life of civilization, since they have the highest degree of survival.
97859352cbe844800e6204809b429d527fad30ce	The chances are very high – from 0 to 10%.
56b45faace8e4e363fc0385b5af9f281457d11f9	Yes, there are robots, simple vacuum cleaners, and they are already attacking the owners.
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4022396fc64d9ee8fe943ad7eb9babac7ffd9abc	Legendary astrophysicist Stephen Hawking called the main threat to humanity
3f6c0f8d9a8c1832898905cf97c6c3feadee6086	19.01.2016 - 13:40
1bc1f39c6e404f557e7bdab4b58d3493323e366f	Professor of the University of Cambridge and world famous physicist Stephen Hawking believes that in the 21st century, humanity will face serious threats due to the rapid development of science and technology such as nuclear weapons and genetically modified viruses, the Guardian newspaper writes.
abe01f9768ac0ce80f2de40bfc410fbfbe0ed4f1	According to the scientist, the probability of man made disasters on the planet Earth is highly likely to increase in the next ten years Hawking noted that at the same time, it will take at least another 100 years to build space colonies for people to live.
79efe5bf5eb924cdbce7a7d334488ed557a8978f	"We are not able to build autonomous colonies in space for at least the next 100 years, so we should be very careful at this time," Hawking said in an interview with Radio Times.
07b98bea2862d29d95d4f9c8198b9538f1771538	Stephen Hawking is a theoretical physicist, a well known popularizer of science and the author of the book" A Brief History of Time", which has sold 10 million copies.
5634c546e2509a756f17e0ca1559a11820ab86e1	In 1963, 22 year old Hawking was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
531649723b10a3922467ccea1e4ab3551a25e00b	Doctors then believed that he had two or three years left to live.
ecbabcbc7ab24c9a42e807ba8baa94fc230c01af	However, their predictions did not come true, the scientist continued his scientific work, married twice and became the father of three children.
14ece50f300e157bda6b55a1a9d1f66c787dda4b	Even completely paralyzed, Hawking leads an active life he is engaged in science, teaches, makes presentations, communicating with the world using a computer speech synthesizer.
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5c999ef01b9b5a9f25db1a9e5e99d70de66415c9	The earth was predicted a catastrophe because of the centaur asteroids (PHOTO) It was possible to see a colossal cosmic catastrophe in detail (PHOTO)
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dd32c87d012f2d94f258dec4e0c6f3509f33e43b	Russian scientists want to test ballistic missiles on the asteroid "Apophis"
4856b0cf82039c6eda13f688e681f279f69b8363	The fall of an asteroid can cause an ice age, scientists say
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a0f39d3dd885bc1325eb0390e47bac488b7d9945	Russian Spring – Economy
4edac9a4d0b0c707ae3f8eb81ce11423faf08e0d	11.02.2016 19:35
d71b4f6fc8e7d3acabc82a36564ce31959f33c48	Shell is confident in the need to implement the Nord Stream — 2 project
ed10c4858e8b08481a18888381d15bb5b1212ee3	11.02.2016 15:46
5c6c309b63fcc20d76f13e4092ddd508d65feebd	The ruble is falling, but the Bank of Russia is not ready to act
67ed38afdd05ea1e375f6c14247ec0d330519f85	11.02.2016 14:11
e9506e34c8edcde230ba112399d084414c0885ef	Medvedev: The introduction of counter sanctions turned out to be beneficial for Russian farmers
fc4d35c5d64532dd9e3eb541c76592cec6f6182f	The Whole Economy
00c2980f657d48d0b253c50dfbcdc232c2073dd5	Who knows?
db7e150de62fa9960ae47b7416350a643e120afa	11.02.2016 - 12:58
9340b2d34557a9ff0c6138d4ae0dbc271e73869a	Iran plans to sell oil for yuan
2d2d0fea9603c08f9b702978b32cc7c54c7ae0dd	11.02.2016 - 10:39
5d3a06795d38637a60147cc7b01fc55d7d48c3a9	De dollarization: the share of the dollar in loans to the non financial sector is decreasing
94311bcb545e68044bebeba67b4de5a85e40da6c	10.02.2016 - 17:09
82ee73d090c2911cd64cb813a75f3a9b1a89bb3e	Sechin blamed robots for the collapse of oil prices
06b9f027c956625d7a72a55f6562e312747e3766	Russian Spring — the Future
b7702a97818bb9d8ab4bd7492dbb806a40a07763	The main weapon of humanity: 75 years ago, doctors first used an antibiotic
924a78bb84f3aabd68e8a0e69faa72b98b8ee51e	I have no doubt that we will "print" a living human organ — - Russian scientist (VIDEO)
8d22d75c57ef512718d313e24c0c939699e9bdad	Analytics/Opinions
3e209ec6d57b1e9ab1690a926546384bf173cf12	12.02.2016 - 6:00
fb61857ec1a9c50c5eaafd1ec047a2ee3a25cd79	NATO launches "Cold War 2"
c54a4deefd3d6c4d43d8f8036c04dfb3637f2c0c	12.02.2016 - 5:00
388d9c2b8a3a54d98b13a0b4232eccefb0bcf715	The Spiral of the banana Story
5bf3a479a06457048d6dd86b4dd35953cbfd32a4	12.02.2016 - 3: 00 Mikhail ALEXANDROV
bbc63897821449c65e6aa4be54d11559aa00d2e1	The roots of hybrid warfare
a9a9889b513cfc392a14fc2eec9e9885183d0b8a	12.02.2016 - 1: 00 WASSERMAN Anatoly
ed700565d324d46ba5eeddf50576e717df6b0619	Anatoly Wasserman about Ukrainian Nazism, the Maidan and the Minsk agreements (PHOTO)
d2a51e647b2729ca489fa1f097789448ec80e0c9	11.02.2016-23: 57 Military experts of the "Combat Brotherhood"
c564eeeb88cf04b893ddd08702b0419923903d1c	Will London send anti aircraft systems to Syrian militants to fight against the Russian Aerospace Forces?
cc6c0c849cfd74c89638a0ede5b3bb9ea70842d8	- expert opinions
f646abc25d611af25afd0469501beb76b075c719	11.02.2016-22: 10 Call sign "Timur"
0d4b8dc18d8fc070b42736e86d807706d0653652	Summary from "Timur": "Tornado" covered a cluster of terrorists, the militants tried to run over to the CAA, but were shot by the leaders
3e4dd8ce0395c168c257ac604a122173737f669a	Russian Spring - Rusvesna.su
004610c410c57cbd91b1512260950f3f8292c740	Tweets from @Rusvesna1
5c1893fc93ccc0bd019c1fdbe110b31d96fff7c4	"Russian Spring" © 2016
31d72403b990d58db9597e412d4080bc0e5aa555	Operational information about the events in Novorossiya and Ukraine, live broadcasts, news from the places from direct participants of the events, exclusive photos and videos.
2fce31c8a60a3796aa19d3652c0b8f31f534fd42	CONTACTS: RUSVESNA.SU (dog) GMAIL.COM
fc837b7ec0a95f4b7069720f402050e558fd920d	Banner of the "Russian Spring"
a1864a95ecf849cf6866ff0d615236c275003f4a	In the 60 — 80s of the XVIII century, first in England, and then in other countries, an industrial boom began.
f33e6857c0f21a3da9f6f96a971d3bd39448e628	Instead of manual labor, machine production appeared, instead of craft workshops and manufactories — large industrial enterprises.
f07b94f98b121639db00f27b9bac18a2d66f581b	The English blacksmith Thomas Newcomen demonstrated his "atmospheric engine" in 1712.
ebf6270b93de68147d9f3fe919fa27b6e200ceff	This was an improved Severi steam engine, in which Newcomen significantly reduced the working steam pressure.
c82de418beb784fb159b07df0758882efb82f434	The first application of the Newcomen engine was pumping water out of a deep mine.
4f5faa97e0b9f250586eb59c8643ba7f05b43b9e	Polzunov's steam engine had a power of 40 horsepower (steam engines were practically not used in Russia at that time, and Polzunov received all the information from the book "Detailed instructions to the Mining business", published in 1760).
34193c80fd3904968e57c14eadeeac825cac7077	In 1773, Watt built his first working steam engine.
0688193855975aa7f4b91fbfbbe0c8b20e34b23a	And in 1774, together with the industrialist Matthew Bolton, Watt opened a company for the production of steam engines.
ec725ba316d8a54ea59215ba7223cedfe86f66ed	A real revolution in industry was made by the first universal steam engine, created by engineer James Watt in 1784.
a7c309684cdc303d86d671e03e96b9d9812ac16e	From this point on, the steam engine ceases to be tied to the coal mines.
a5e8066fb9ef182beb6608b942f1fee0ab0f803e	They are beginning to use it in factories, install it on steamships, create trains.
c47bd5430bc0044bf15a5d5a9ad9f073aefd306e	The steam engine gave a powerful impetus to the development of transport.
dce79f71b0a21e87555fd8f57c9ad908e8f21c71	In 1769, the French artillery officer Joseph Cunho invented the first steam wagon for moving heavy guns.
fab5b6536c8759366c1e6204bb233953f36d09ad	It turned out to be bulky and during tests on the streets of Paris, it broke through the wall of a house.
e8a2d1322af35df6ef660592cbdc03f07ab983c0	This cart has found its place in the Paris Museum of Arts and Crafts.
bd9ccfbaad37515caa51e7295ffb328ebcb7af80	In 1802, the English designer Richard Trevithick made a steam car.
f0880460abc888d9e521dd34df19a7b97259c833	The carriage moved with a rumble and smoke, scaring pedestrians.
e6c4ede744ec145dc8a4da480e899c17ddd24fff	To get this speed, Trevithick made huge driving wheels, which were a good help on bad roads.
5967cc2457e139f80b9ec2c638396b5c1c9fe2e9	One of the predecessors of the rail track was the ancient Greek diolk — a stone portage road for transporting ships across the Isthmus of Corinth.
79e34636e01a6a98ca0c249e42748fedb47690b8	As guides, deep gutters were used, in which skids greased with grease were placed.
db6e57393b3d25c610c7d20da7e029a4c18e8b0d	In the XVI century, wooden rail tracks and trolleys were used in the mines of Germany and neighboring regions, the wheels of which were equipped with rebords[1].
fb7f1d5fe2c1081579dc35987b82a740a2e060e2	In some regions of England, wooden rail roads for trolleys were known during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (the second half of the XVI century), in the XVII century they became widespread in the mining areas of England, and in the XVIII century they were gradually replaced by iron rail roads[1].
be963a41cf0d0e6ec904a1f72cec552a87924ec1	The first surface railway is considered to be the "Wollaton Wagon Road" (English: Wollaton Wagonway)[2].
40e90ecf027e5424714238227f5b3f32666de05c	This railway, approximately three kilometers long, was built between 1603 and 1604 to transport coal between the villages of Strelley (English Strelley) and Wollaton (English Wollaton) near Nottingham.
876221092cfe8abe2450e1b64408ee3c91e1da01	The exact time of the closure of the road is unknown, but the Strelli mines were closed in 1620.
9418b2dfce100665a5b537beb0216977ed10d214	Most likely, the railway also ceased to exist at the same time.
d2c31a2eb708c5b35366ec1b73cc4559267ff228	In 1755, a narrow-gauge track with wooden rails was already built for the transportation of rock in the Altai mines, along which wooden trolleys moved.
866e421bf6c6f35f491722d8d717415914c40569	A rope loop was stretched along the path.
0020b5a8f6e1b7fc97f6d2e2244756956e09cb46	To set it in motion, horses were used to rotate the pulley.
f961f6b8c565b326a1480da77dd416f7603dae21	There were two clips on each trolley, which could be alternately attached to one or the other side of the loop of the driving cable.
f0672a7d21a3717cadd05fe98f9d02c93f10dede	Thanks to this, it was possible to stop the trolleys or change the direction of their movement with the continuous movement of the driving cable.
02803b4c4d65e5a4b3076600734ba740d4456ff1	In 1788, the "Cast-Iron Wheel Pipeline" appeared in Petrozavodsk — the first railway in Russia.
c060592229babeae0de8e6ff20e32c5286ba1bea	The railway was built at the Alexander Plant for the needs of the enterprise.
da6d6b2f56f90b8a43811346039222c640fee4f3	(Now the sections of the first Russian railway are stored in Petrozavodsk near the building of the OTZ museum and in the Governor's Garden; in addition, the wheels from the trolley are preserved in the Governor's Garden).
f5ee3aaf2ab6d00e735d9e2c4ff1f1f6377c2c74	In the following years, the road from the Zmeinogorsky mine to the Korbalikhinsky silver smelter in the Altai (1806) was put into operation.
d588414d0c5bc378dfa6fe8c78e0cba865c7610a	The first rail road with steam traction appeared at the Nizhny Tagil metallurgical plant of the Demidovs (1834).
d8acbc97133a7bf32eb1f24e4509879efd6fd09c	The first steam locomotives in Russia were built by Russian mechanics and inventors, father and son Cherepanov-Efim Alekseevich and Miron Efimovich, who worked at the Nizhny Tagil factories and were former serfs of the Demidovs.
a8de60508d9b6434128c9f77aef54ee6164958fb	The Cherepanovs were engaged in self-education, visited the factories of St. Petersburg and Moscow.
5733fba44279f324a981ba8372aa3aea3c833017	For inventive activity, Miron Cherepanov and his wife were given a free license in 1833.
9eb7ab73de54b5094cc736b90545ac109c866b7b	Yefim Cherepanov and his wife were given a free license in 1836.
e1f8390de5a32844f3f345a525fed2ea2ddccd4b	The Cherepanovs created about 20 different steam engines that worked at the Nizhny Tagil factories.
4365368f7e086a707337cb3750e6d31b2babf05b	In 1834, they built the first Russian steam locomotive, and in 1835 — a second, more powerful one. But soon the Cherepanovs were forced to stop their experiments. The owners preferred cheap horse-drawn transport.
511eb2af6c5192b43b884195b930e6ebc2ecfbe7	The attempt to establish the production of steam locomotives at the Vsevolozhsk Pozhevsky plant did not receive support, although the Permyak steam locomotive built there in 1839 was even sent to an exhibition in St. Petersburg.
1ad31a3943e02ab34c157ee1405608f67d747886	The scope of application of rail transport as a subsidiary mechanism was limited to mining and metallurgical production.
37d80ddd08f6d2c04811fd7079674950408a64b5	The need for railways for the progressive economic development of the country has not yet been realized at the state level.
82528848a14417c7f237b100ed3442cb3e900d49	While the first sections of public railways were already being put into operation abroad, the Ministry of Railways of Russia, having considered the question of the construction of general-purpose railways in 1826, considered it economically unprofitable.
ab9345a6796baf9e20d3322473782b0ca7454004	However, the advantages of the railways built in England in 1825-1830 and bringing significant profits, as well as the launch of the Stephenson steam locomotive in 1829, still impressed the Russian emperor.
a8338e3ecbe7f3627a1716edf608275fe5f62719	On April 15, 1836, the decree of Nicholas I on the construction of the Tsarskoye Selo railway was published-exclusively in the form of an experiment, the purpose of which was to try to the extent that our climate allows the possibility of constructing rail tracks in the country.
ca953d7046892bf137fbbd75beb125551a8034c4	175 years ago, on November 11 (October 30, 1837), the grand opening of the first railway in Russia from St. Petersburg to Pavlovsk took place, which marked the beginning of the construction of a railway network in Russia.
b98b7422cc6464c4b4702cbc6c5e28c6b14a90bf	On that day, a note appeared in the newspaper Vedomosti: "It was Saturday, the townspeople flocked to the old regimental church of the Introduction at the Semenovsky parade ground.
dca1fc142b67bfe3461f81a706739d6898e3957d	They knew that an unusual railway was being opened and "a steel horse carrying many many carriages at once" would set off for the first time.
b00911bf1c11a81a573077e1141f5ec4c32899ad	However, not everyone managed to see the first train.
c20904460884eb1e58071c1161e415e5ebba3acf	Commoners were not allowed to go to the station itself, which was built quite recently.
abe8da7e3b6af4461c1695c31d25795cd373204e	At exactly 12: 30, a tiny locomotive blew a shrill whistle, and eight cars with a noble audience set off on the route Petersburg - Tsarskoe Selo."
855f5c8649c0b53c8f858ccb542508184f69b5ef	It was the first public railway in Russia (before the opening of the Nikolaev Railway in 1851), the only one in the country and the sixth in the world.
1476fb2090300cbe55158580501ec00a3a2a32c0	It was built to provide a railway connection between the Tsarskoye Selo railway station of St. Petersburg, Tsarskoye Selo and Pavlovsky.
1106df2d103d9c3429fd6255902df97653bfaa41	A number of artificial structures were built on the Tsarskoye Selo Railway, including bridges, among which the largest – through the Obvodny Canal – had a length of 25.6 m.
b29f6e1f6c42a385d57e53c398b95ab7c20f1f15	7 locomotives and various carriages for trains were purchased abroad: closed stagecoaches for 40 seats, open charabans, lines with soft seats, coaches ("berlins").
c26f2afc277b5fd00c05ab64e46454b0bfb35674	In 1838, a steam locomotive "Agile"was created at the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology for the Tsarskoye Selo Railway.
181d0d11ff892cf1c09449f3850ef353f6bd7ef9	From 1837 to 1841, 2.5 million passengers were transported.
ed1343329e419d3a270050503d074a9adf6bbea1	During this period, the Tsarskoye Selo Railway gave the treasury a net income of 360 thousand rubles.
c0a9e9958adefc993528b5091ca105c2afff4535	The significance of the Tsarskoye Selo railway was that the experience of its construction and operation practically proved the possibility of uninterrupted operation of railway transport in the climatic conditions of Russia at all times of the year.
6000237c5cd83133f48cc780ca2ddb62bd815034	The commercial operation of the road has also actually shown the profitability and feasibility of a new type of transport.
c0945969263f327a4d6bbb28c47292d177cbfc65	Being the first experience in the organization of railway traffic in Russia, the road gave a significant impetus to the development and broad formulation of railway business in the country.
b003f1dfc8a49d121d34d4c11813afd3e7c63d0c	The track of European roads repeats the width of Roman wagons.
9e13d4d5b7514e148d12eff49894d550030ddae5	In Russia, they decided not to repeat themselves, to make the track wider — this way you can transport more cargo, and it is more convenient for passengers to go.
23cb8ff38af01a26f3c3d55d5a50eba4945e251b	In 1845, Russia was already building its own steam locomotives, and in the second half of the XIX century, the railway boom began at all.
a2561a490bd9c039ce7daeb13e0f5f90e646ae5f	Private companies were involved in the construction of railways.
b72546ca133741ef68d945362399290f6f3ed98d	With the money received from the sale of Alaska, a special fund was formed, which issued loans for the construction of railway highways.
180604274bda7f7a87b93fc89f15b7dde5c983e2	A "bread" road was laid — in the Volga region.
2d26d94626465c1d67c4dd408f570ba537b2f026	The strategically important Orenburg Railway was built — a military and trade route to Asia.
a89503bbaa723b874543f6f073b7451f293f9f8e	In 1857, it was decided to build the Trans-Siberian Railway for the development of Siberia and the Far East.
e555a93f5ea2edce0e653599b500df98b595b3e9	This road still has no equal in the world for its length and speed of construction.
45c10eeaed7316e74c52cf4f25897c9236c93c14	Transsib was recognized as the greatest technical achievement of the turn of the XIX and XX centuries.
17ef211cfe95379f9526df07036ea49bfb598bc6	Many technical solutions found by domestic engineers during the construction of the highway and implemented by the heroic work of our people had no analogues in world practice.
9865b98867d39f36a35fbd9e51853b750030704d	One of the most striking achievements of Russian engineering thought was the construction of bridges across large Siberian rivers.
ee2d6e8d9cf903262a81584623fdd6b4955af4c8	The bridge crossing over the Amur was called the Amur miracle by contemporaries.
019f528c6f3e8075b6ad6497dd0ddae31cd66853	This structure, 64 meters high and 2.6 km long, was built in 1913-1916 according to the project of engineers L. D. Proskuryakov and G. P. Perederia.
b8c8889654e6ff4063037a49e0b5e4d0071464a0	The bridge included 18 spans of 127 meters with a 200-meter left-bank overpass.
089f2cd8d180dba73c2974dffd677c865b1d9205	17,800 tons of metal were spent on the construction of the bridge, it cost the treasury 13.5 million rubles.
80da3bb993b2eb7781003e5898a971364cd669b4	With manual work in difficult geological conditions, a nine-hundred-meter bridge across the Yenisei was built in 2.5 years.
1ceece11e8df7ead96f751cfd926ad9271718c53	In 1904, the only station in the world built entirely of marble was opened at the Slyudyanka 1 station near Lake Baikal.
3948f34dc4b645a50124d2faaa762871adf094da	The station was conceived as a monument crowning the grandiose work of the builders and completing the construction of the unique Circum-Baikal railway.
0534f59ee8909d94b82ba4d47bb08de398076fb7	The station has been preserved to this day almost in its original form.
e5d1c8c6d9d58a4d26ddb50829b3750208e870ed	The development of railways is associated with the names of P. P. Melnikov and S. Y. Witte.
2cd3af174764455a3079d80bab5b949c2da3fc02	Under Melnikov, the cheapest roads were built, and Witte will propose to make a state monopoly on railway fares and introduce the principle that still determines the price of railway tickets: the further, the cheaper.
99b5f774b95e320acbf73aef20f7f9ee6cea9dc0	After the Russian-Japanese War, financial allocations for transport were sharply reduced.
cc551ac73b941721ee8a72cc00bdd06bc0959bbf	Despite the fact that in 1913 the length of the railways was 58,500 km (in 1891 — 27,200 km, in 1900-44,900 km), this was not enough.
30a812984a250a98743ada1125553f497d88faaa	On the eve of the First World War, the transport situation was not in favor of Russia.
cc4eebe41a2fedad7a764a3b0372a992065ae306	There were 13 railway lines approaching our western border, of which only five were double-track.
10a52d4517a98af1400bdeb63650aa125a0aa9ab	At the same time, Germany, Austria, and Romania had 32 railway lines laid to the Russian territory, of which 14 were double-track.
9ca3ba84685e206265ef443592a57578ab300408	Russian railways could bring 211 trains a day to the western borders, and the enemy's roads — 530.
de572d441a96bfa83ef33fbd052bb5f60ca13b0c	On the eve of the war, an action plan was drawn up for the development of the railway network, which was not implemented due to lack of finances, as well as due to military operations.
4fd7045962622ab8c3607632e5e6ddb00819a8bd	However, during the First World War, the construction of a railway to the shores of the Barents Sea was carried out.
15f36e2030456f7f4394e500820313b96cc776e3	In 20 months, the work was completed, and on November 30, 1916, the opening of through traffic on the Murmansk highway took place.
54994d0a78f69b9329f62cd339efd58621d04006	The construction of this highway ended the formation of the main railway network in the pre-revolutionary period.
ad0580908c87dd1416f0228f55afb4e8a9895323	The total length of the railway network by 1917 was 70,260 km. 70% of the railways were owned by the state.
b0bc353ec4b2b52bde3e1b52edf1625d5193f3e5	The construction of roads did not stop during the Great Patriotic War: they laid the North Pechora Road to Vorkuta, and this is coal for metallurgy, they built the Volga Rockade, which provided the Stalingrad Front with everything necessary, the road along the ice crossing from Shlisselburg, along which goods were transported to besieged Leningrad.
24cc615af0f7d51546db0fa226357ae13b4aa657	If you collect all the military echelons in one composition, then they can wrap the Earth around the equator four times.
6b04fc32d24cf7f977fd3c3df7b789a3e25fcf1a	Now about 80% of the Russian Railways network is what was built before 1917.
fb58b1d16dc2a84a459862b2a985e7971d5fd1f9	In Soviet times, new roads were also built, but mainly in the Union republics.
330a78b0ba9b6c54663f9be2fba876a643ad0922	The largest construction site of Soviet times on the territory of Russia is the Baikal-Amur Mainline (1974-1984), which gave a new impetus to the development of Siberia.
311801dba705134d1e1df3a08e10f195706e0d08	Now the railways are developing in the spirit of the times.
95823fa2c0ca9f1e26baa33587ee77fb5b69e453	High-speed highways are being launched, new technologies are being introduced.
2af238644ab05c9c166066c7feeb3ed9f7160321	You can buy a train ticket online.
89d92b27342c32b46b3a82038e2313ab66f8ea5e	Getting on the train, imagine what a huge "baggage" the railway has.
debcb02b8f9895ee0ec2a040ac4542f865cd5cad	Railway tickets
e1ca27d5f7fdce3ec180af4182385586a0642b18	Air tickets
c7eb050e670f9d86bac492347de02827241932d5	Booking hotels
df1ebd0a5568589482426d9ecd846dfc88e36ff4	Commuter trains
4257140b4d20d09f62bf2f4975814f9e8aefeacf	Tours
80abed381a9b917ca438f237c845d0355912fdba	Aeroexpress
c083bff944879d9f528cf185eba0f496bc10a47d	Metro
0762895fdf43e65d386349a557579da462c433e9	Surveys
bd452a7ea759269a521e984eabecb645ce4b2ea6	Background information
433f276e4f6d1b71d31974a28f4b92b8835d1647	Moscow Saint Petersburg
fdb610ab21bb836fde82151aa5c6c42275f487fb	Saint Petersburg Moscow
d957120116d09a448fc77eafd7b5344f0054898a	Find railway tickets
c168be8bca2dda81f6c9b35be8ca340abf171ada	Train reference → Useful articles → History of Russian Railways
88d2498c1ebf82e096214c469e34a62e17fa55b2	History of Russian Railways
71551f3e3b37eee58bcc411829c360fd9ee96bad	The history of railways began in Russia in 1834.
80e6e1113a1a644f53f6fd74b8d5d492a0927795	Then the mining department invited the famous engineer Franz von Gerstner to St. Petersburg.
c3dbecd31ee330847736767706f83df108e18a66	He traveled to many cities, up to the Urals, and then submitted a serious report to Tsar Nicholas I. Here is a quote from there: ".... there is no country in the world where railways would be more profitable and even necessary than in Russia, since they make it possible to shorten long distances by increasing the speed of movement..."
742fb96318769ff3e8e354fb967ed8278e8ffc8c	This coincided with the goals of the government: it was necessary to unite, settle and develop huge territories.
5730b7798b7fa8d935e75d39ab8340829e256b39	We decided to build a small line first and see how the railway will endure the Russian winters.
b6c63d4fa7ea078fd6a5e7f43b261a53d67af642	This was the famous Tsarskoye Selo, in 1836.
962fb37d0aafbb8d39ef56e7747ec522744e0239	The first steam powered train for the first few days to Tsarskoye Selo and back to St. Petersburg was driven by the engineer von Gerstner himself.
2b91a13c80c414f7d13485622c9b3ff99cc317ae	In 1857, it was decided to build the Trans Siberian Railway for the development of Siberia and the Far East.
8733a5e939aca6a0bca7849c7b868d971835963c	The largest construction site of Soviet times on the territory of Russia is the Baikal Amur Mainline (1974-1984), which gave a new impetus to the development of Siberia.
20cf323326e3eacde53f0ad0999714b93b0b43d4	High speed highways are being launched, new technologies are being introduced.
6fd02e493b81ea8e89da4ee51f1086f5a60321d6	Our advantages:
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258ca912078b83ee5ce74e08d2b369bfd5beaefa	Discounts and special tariffs of Russian Railways.
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d445470264ba5625bdd641e2a95f2d3541a8322d	History |
11c9a257906a0720659a362894c2484400fdcaf0	From the first railway to high speed highways
ff3fa24b73d73bf2e4f28200428ef2847bf79c1f	Railways during the war (1941-1945)
70dde86e0a940e39b8b6b038e68a321995d8d06c	Russian Railways Sochi Games
2f6b9e4aef0d011c6d30b1080bda10edb356926e	To the 175th anniversary of the Russian Railways
3b0c8b8324ae8f5254858ab63f974ba59169d531	History of the railway development
aaf3de1d23c1e43128ce2a446f5375b75889e063	Date in the History
010ad7823af0fc0e8f6e877ac87cdab4dc5c08cf	History of railway workers ' uniforms
ea250617284f0e64124a66bc9d077470589c5467	The first railway in Russia
61d0a6efc36a0102aa8c6edbbad41f13a0a3a2bb	History of Russian highways
4a042cff9dba47d8eeea5f89a25d60f4bc6f83c1	History of the IPU
aa419fa53fa84c0510d94bccbbc0a9e450d9df24	History of railway stations and stations
7e4a27e72967faee88ea245fa17f607695ec1d91	Scientists and inventors
4239101a8f711c1211796916f804099392bdfa03	History of rolling stock development
71e72d8d7f91fdda5518d4ca8dd6c5427625d92e	History of branch education
122d989ac06ecd99a960cba56bb3cbe5418ce108	Virtual Museum of Steam Locomotives
258e0ec19f013dde5f99c020eaca8541e9f610c2	Russia from the train window
a75951edf18370d1f95cb3e9c23bc1b1b37b7421	History of railways, XIX century
a787bfa1830a6689176c47fa2c858642a12ebea9	History of railways, XX century
5a84ddd09a3640cac7a95046a7a8d5237a75a257	History of railways, XXI century
3d2b0e07f3ace74016e7b0a9a5e2acdd9862520c	The beginning of the construction of rail roads in Russia dates back to the end of the XVIII century, when the first lezhnev roads were laid at ironworks, mines and mines.
02f6cb7bd0c45d372fd8c594df363a0acee6ed67	The first cast iron rail road was built in the Altai in 1808-10 by the mining master P. K. Frolov (Zmeinogorskaya road).
2456a076bc88e29f055d5de9a582bcd835d7b1cd	In 1834, in Nizhny Tagil, at the Demidov E.
394d3dda673428f3002c71a983cadab6e3243bdd	A. and M. E. Cherepanov factory, the construction of the first Russian steam locomotive was completed, which could carry a train weighing 3.3 tons along a specially built road, developing a speed of up to 15 versts per hour.
ccf96263b50aa44632a1628b762fb69f5640f126	The Tsarskoye Selo Railway marked the beginning of the construction of the Russian railway network.
23e7f90981750172104dce4a525b53b91b62fa58	On the thirtieth day, at 12: 30 in October 1837, the first train set off on the St. Petersburg – Tsarskoye Selo public railway.
50d04f3650ea78795fe5190ec95176119217be8e	The length of the road was 25 versts (26.3 km).
e3357ba6e2c16c14033aaacb844a9418ce78a435	In the 30-40 years of the XIX century, the issue of connecting St. Petersburg with the central regions of Russia by a reliable road required an urgent solution.
b03234864b4823b16c68021a4ccc4266e59c1c48	On February 1, 1842, Nicholas I signed a decree on the construction of the first Russian railway line St. Petersburg - Moscow.
f0740110190b5efdd0b71016901b0879778cda7e	In the summer of 1843, construction work began.
eef7876d583d45ebd5c52710d532e428f6ea1225	The road was built according to engineering based parameters that provide, along with economic feasibility, the required capacity, taking into account the perspective.
b422379f3dc16d38902d7b632e47f1be4fb86185	At the insistence of P. P. Melnikov, the track width was set to 5 feet or 1524 mm.
8990383c9b5136739143ca5621df1bf907452f13	It has become standard for all railways in Russia.
aa79ffdf9d786aa67ddd812e642a94fc014d5ca5	Russian engineers already in the first years of the development of railways chose a wide footed rail.
dd4e65e48621bc0f85ae4a4a63b0bc0f8037a8af	On the Petersburg – Moscow line, such rails were laid, made at the Lyudinovsky plant.
e2096c006b384a5758ff5ad71156622129ee7029	Subsequently, this rail profile spread to all the railways of the world.
d884c2c83f04bf3b630898057686572cdbd13f39	The first rails were made mainly of cast iron.
b404737980ae945e4b2402dadd248f8af7d96935	However, it was found that steel rails wear out less and more evenly than cast iron ones.
5750c90e6cb02fa528f8f0ae384dde4511ceba80	The latter very soon ceased to be used on railways.
47af9019c0543310aa290474f7659005685e72d7	The profile of the rail has changed little over the past 140 years, but its mass has increased from 20-24 to 75-77 kg/m.
80b0e42490c62835ad01c3b569739ed6614f2380	It should be noted that already during the construction of the St. Petersburg – Moscow road, the sleepers were impregnated under pressure.
2a9603fb485417a10e86fa5221cdb031d98a6c46	On most of the first railways, unpowered sleepers were laid, the wood of which failed after 8-12 years.
c0779aba08eafaa41823f0f6131941ee3acf6004	The foundations of the organization of the traction economy and the operation of locomotives on the railways of Russia were laid in 1851, that is, with the opening of the Nikolaev (now Oktyabrskaya) railway for general use.
215dfa02192a8d1077e4372ecdbadd4962464bff	The road from St. Petersburg to Moscow was divided into eight traction sections (traction shoulders).
f49899aafa8ec0d962c1ac8e16308242cde9726e	For the length of each section, the distance between the "large locomotive parking lots" was taken, which were later renamed the "main" or "root" depots.
7edcf0576a95e5e4dd791cfc345adbe9c6badf48	Freight and passenger locomotives were assigned to the depot for repair and maintenance.
07217f73f785051fcca02024d0c6a7e7a8341ec2	In the intervals between the " large locomotive parking lots "there were" small parking lots", where there were reserve locomotives in case of damage to locomotives from passing trains.
e41e8012b5cae0fce84f2f637814784a4c563207	The first traction arms for freight traffic had a length of about 80 km, and for passenger traffic – 160 km.
2a2a95b9e56053dc618d91d9706813b51e3fd4c3	With the development of railways, the length of the traction arms was increased.
b8eb62dba311c3d0ddc9f48312dc3071d01272ee	By the beginning of the 80s of the last century, it had increased for freight locomotives to 120 km or more, reaching up to 260 km on some roads.
431df779a26c2637be17a8703030950f90b0bc1f	On November 1, 1851, the official opening of traffic on the St. Petersburg Moscow Railway took place.
64f44768128c3f0ad8ab6509c2d338e55ba7557c	Trains ran along it, driven by steam locomotives built at the Alexander Plant in St. Petersburg.
37b698a02a922a7f7041f70629236b7b9ef74a40	The size of traffic grew rapidly.
b440ae917587085932fb041d398fcdf763166ecf	Already in 1852, the road carried 719 thousand passengers and 164 thousand tons of cargo.
36fc712fcd7f94aecdbfd54dccf7225d861db2a2	The distance from St. Petersburg to Moscow - 650 kilometers - the fast train overcame in 12 hours.
09b38ca0d64a6473c11fded387c007d312f59e50	In 1850-54, the first domestic passenger cars were built at the Alexander Plant in St. Petersburg.
f7027c85b5edef9d55e9618d87dfb3b825b4d33a	The first mass produced freight cars in Russia began to be produced in 1846.
0cbc490c0cd7a42ae1973219a2e6c00a5275043f	They were four axle on two two axle bogies.
862c416834244b634d65099cf438ccd4916b320a	However, due to the fact that the frame and body of the first cars were wooden, their load capacity was small.
0a63877675f5876f933db257e5025c68c98fb9e8	Only in 1965, two axle cars were excluded from circulation on the railways of the USSR.
0ae9d1ceaffb4f79131856b9a9935d872a8fcaba	By 1860, the Russian railway network had a length of about 1590 km.
f1b92afe5e644540d3bf59329c72006a2c39b048	After the land reform of 1861 and the abolition of serfdom, changes occurred in the country's economy, which contributed to the development of a system of financial and administrative measures that were the basis of the new railway policy.
bc73d8c03e272ca3d065add71e0a6777ef1005fd	In particular, the "railway fund", formally separated from the state budget, was established, which contributed to the development of railway construction.
450a70d677c2a80292186c56cc2b877f63f4925b	The periods of the construction boom occurred in the late 60s – early 70s of the 19th century (on average, more than 1.5 thousand km were commissioned per year) and in the 90s (more than 2.5 thousand km per year).
10151074898b9037507869da369b47fa8f2cd857	By 1875, more than 20 thousand km of railways were laid, and by the end of the 19th century, the length of the Russian railway network was 53.2 thousand km.
0f7b6f026207bb277141d2a04c1be36dd52e8c20	In the early 1900s, another 22.6 thousand km were built.
c746950b8989b6c77f9cf41fafeb963266782457	screenRenderTime=0
8832d750420f238a8f0e668f6ea8a9869f076673	© 2003-2016 JSC " Russian Railways"
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48323af01624b8ffbc610a70b2a03694c726a585	informative details
8190442cf90c11ff48f4cdf38694876a15a361b0	Marina CHERNOVA*
a8d9bc64d2859c3da4060e6fd9b09525315e6bca	From the history of Russian railways
04dddcf683ab1c95310244da7165b4c348a0826d	Railways are extremely necessary for Russia...
8cdd18122b6e2beb4974f36dbbdea98dfc66b489	They can be said to be invented for it more than for any other country in Europe...
afd8fa3f43a669a97662ae51a0e360dd09d4a7d5	The climate of Russia and its space make them especially precious for our fatherland.
387bc992e56a24ee13f2dcd6f8bc064c77fbd136	P. P. Melnikov
047a7a4ef62400b56d82a492e68bb802cdeaa463	The history of Russian railways goes back to the XVIII century.
2a87fa1ead25af1fe1466f6429142ba1c1ae1f15	The first cast iron road was built at the Alexander Cannon Factory in 1788.
b1d3fadc99d908ae197f916792a651bead933721	The first steam locomotives in Russia were built by Russian mechanics and inventors, father and son Cherepanov Efim Alekseevich and Miron Efimovich, who worked at the Nizhny Tagil factories and were former serfs of the Demidovs.
e6ac41c384bfa2c78e6107fa7e7a84677dae0509	The Cherepanovs were engaged in self education, visited the factories of St. Petersburg and Moscow.
411c7f108091eabcbffcea7d4f760fc8a0dcde7c	In 1834, they built the first Russian steam locomotive, and in 1835 — a second, more powerful one.
86b9bf7ce2a929414c3343476938b740f9058681	But soon the Cherepanovs were forced to stop their experiments.
d12f1c01695f27007240a10df745d1ec25a6e523	The owners preferred cheap horse drawn transport.
a9e7f1e2045160c51269bacbe6f7819685bb0979	While the first sections of public railways were already being put into operation abroad, the Ministry of Railways of Russia, having considered the question of the construction of general purpose railways in 1826, considered it economically unprofitable.
32375a1128fbf9be5c7918f1de6a8e8e15d8eb10	On April 15, 1836, the decree of Nicholas I on the construction of the Tsarskoye Selo railway was published exclusively in the form of an experiment, the purpose of which was to try to the extent that our climate allows the possibility of constructing rail tracks in the country.
eb38878a5b4df73230efe1f4925e14a1852f5e91	On October 30, 1837, the road between St. Petersburg and Tsarskoye Selo was officially opened, and six months later, the section of road between Tsarskoye Selo and Pavlovsk was put into operation.
8da062e38876cf52751e58700334785ad9899523	Contemporaries described the Tsarskoye Selo road as follows: "Here comes a steam locomotive with a pipe from which smoke is pouring out; the car drags several carts that can accommodate more than 300 people; the force is equal to the force of 40 horses; in one hour it runs through a space of 30 versts.
d79987a01e0fc4e413b9056f94a7483bcd997d26	From Tsarskoye to Pavlovsk, 5 versts runs exactly in 7 and a half minutes.
48515f2f7787f8e5632852709d3bc745cfe107fa	A different kind of pipe is attached to the car, and the conductor blows into it during the journey, warning the audience.
549856183ce3adabca58ad366348fc7f9ab433e8	A long line of carriages is attached to the locomotive: here is a huge stagecoach, here are berliners, charabans, wide covered carts with six rows of benches for five people each; cars, carts open to accommodate the same number of passengers; here are huge trucks and carts for various luggage; here are a number of permits for transporting animals: horses, cows, sheep, calves and domestic birds; here are vats for various liquids, buffets for food supplies."
dc0b96cd2d85fd152c59191e194a7590a4225520	The first Russian road with a length of 25 versts, a gauge of 0.857 fathoms (182.85 cm) was built in a year and eight months.
80854451659588fcf1c8201dee6ac8c3ccb423d4	A specially formed joint stock company of the Tsarskoye Selo Railway spent 5 million rubles in banknotes on its construction.
6c81b84be20b6d5db1996f34c04daad72e5886bf	Thus, the year 1837 became the starting year in the development of railway transport in Russia.
f64b22766ee2bc537012a30647a1cb13de8ed32a	A decisive turn in railway policy occurred a few years later.
3a8a3dbba0a4266cd7f0c81f3788172ed4f7d347	Engineers P. P. Melnikov and N. O. Kraft, who returned from America, prepared a detailed report containing information about foreign railways.
f95d405f3cddcef85859c08a5a494acb8aac174b	Special attention was paid to the economic significance and cultural usefulness of railways.
8867eef715394e9aedbbafb261259ee2051c8dfa	Moreover, in the conditions of the industrial revolution taking place in Russia in those years, the improvement of means of transport made it possible to solve many economic issues more quickly.
0d776ca10b070b2ede0cbc977905ae73273d8783	Railway transport was distinguished by the speed of movement, continuity and all weather conditions, guarantees of delivery times and cheap transportation, which made its advantages in comparison with other types of movement of that time obvious.
4975540b0f42d244bf4687d31e4f9f1764d86f5b	On February 1, 1842, the emperor signed a decree, according to which it was supposed to begin the construction of the St. Petersburg Moscow railway.
ba5e8cadb8bd708f1fe223066d7ec83a8938ed27	The initiator of the construction of this primary highway this time was the government, which entrusted the treasury with financing this enterprise.
255ddec718ae9e6460649f3814cf27362bf5a61c	At the same time, Nicholas I did not prevent the detailed study and consideration by government bodies of proposals from private entrepreneurs on the construction of certain rail tracks.
9131ff58aa6f208869e5dea99dc6afdb9075322d	On August 11, 1842, the Department of Railways was formed, in which all orders for the construction of a new line, and subsequently other rail tracks, were concentrated.
10278f351a4b98c97e0302aaf02c6f9762ed844d	The construction of the road began in the summer of 1843 on the basis of a project by P. P. Melnikov, N. O. Kraft and A. D. Gotman.
6001a2bb77603d6471167b6b0401f0984b09bd9b	The road was conceived as a two wheeled path in the shortest direction with a length of about 604 versts (in different sources, the length of the St. Petersburg Moscow line is indicated in 603 and 609 versts).
c5188a979039eea101ab126bdaebf273439572bf	Initially, a certain amount allocated for construction was 43 million rubles in silver.
898768c7cd9c8726332114d75d2a7a70448c3f66	The route was built in eight and a half years and cost the treasury 66,850 thousand rubles in silver, which turned out to be cheaper than many foreign railways.
24a2d412903aff3919632f204159072d138e897a	The relative cheapness of construction was achieved due to non standard engineering solutions, the mass use of serf labor, the use of specialization and the flow method of work production.
f3c0560de3e146206984e4e0c5e59b8ecaba9c8c	In the process of designing and constructing the road, the parameters were also determined, which were later taken into account in railway construction.
be10cbaa7d859dee497f9fe02d4d55cd4d86d9ba	Thus, the gauge width of 1524 mm has become nationwide on the railway network up to our time.
493d9668b37bec3a67a4b00c9a91cbb1e59fe276	In addition, the basics of station placement, etc. were developed.
e755c3581149ae891662d38e0a8a557a6c22b639	The construction of railway stations according to the instructions of Nicholas I was carried out not by engineers, but by architects.
100cfcf6c1e12d7d1977f181d612f907f4a347f6	For this purpose, two famous architects were invited — K.
2e67bc3ae72f24982e89079ef054d8d66186dca1	A. Ton and R.
01764eff9655b4fa3cf031f720f2d1b6762eef1b	A. Zhelyazevich.
7e82b2f7805b54ee3c3bb08636d911e22731708a	K. A. Ton designed the main buildings of the railway stations on the main line — Moscow and St. Petersburg.
c1451b5c043574ba4fbb2e6ecc365a4d3e00d081	They were completed in 1851-1852.
57076ff08988674d5b2af61646c75e34805d695c	Signaling and communication devices for ensuring the safety of the transportation process were still at the stage of formation during this period.
fd0fd062970609d2e060773cede5154f70153fd7	Despite this, the Russian scientist B. S. Yakobi prepared telegraph communication equipment for the road.
b0a4e0d562b612919e9401f1e2b00f149559ae87	However, the telegraph communication system of the German inventor V. Siemens was adopted for operation.
cbc872763b2e253ac095c1482400528ccbd10dca	The official opening of the largest double track road in Europe took place on November 1, 1851.
67251c7bfc57cc4f73eacf3efc5d1cd6cb58a270	The newspaper "Northern Bee" enthusiastically wrote about the departure at 11: 15 of the first "nationwide train", which arrived safely in Moscow after 21 hours and 45 minutes.
5bb9155eeefc4e4be1ff92fba040508bbd2de842	The road was called St. Petersburg Moscow, and after the death of Emperor Nicholas I, in 1855, it was renamed Nikolaevskaya.
ca9b3054a1de8b16ce54b28ed53bc32d30a5f3db	The road has been working properly to this day for more than 150 years.
6121498f14bec8b139fe00be750d7333c1c630ba	Foreign types of steam locomotives were used on the first roads of our country.
f974f041a14a3e695f6beb6ed37bb2ab55b5687b	It was decided to assemble locomotives at the Alexander Iron Foundry in St. Petersburg, using foreign experience and taking into account the features of the new railway line.
4b6fe2c005643d9b455dfc68d3cac894e5826ddc	As samples, two steam locomotives were delivered to the plant — one from England, the other from the USA, as well as several cars.
2438f699f8b6b9fd994b4d8608176f4c23dc2184	The Russian government ceded the Alexander Plant under a six year contract to American entrepreneurs, who, according to the agreement, were supposed to train Russian railway personnel.
44b859e928b14920778401172548fe7b9b9e3dee	In 1845, the plant produced the first steam locomotive of the Stephenson type.
79df7f0b21aac1330dbf98f1860822883daa36c7	By 1849, 42 passenger and 120 freight locomotives, 70 passenger and about 2000 freight cars were built for the St. Petersburg Moscow Railway.
e0b5dce9a4d99505cffe8c37017bbc9467787183	Despite the interest of Nicholas I in railway construction and the practical implementation of a number of projects, Russia continued to lag behind the developed countries of the world in this area: in 1853, the length of railway lines in the country numbered 979 versts, which was 1.5 % of the world railway network.
4e5808fa5212b5a82a2a0dd7e2693686f2edb992	This circumstance was negatively manifested during the Crimean War, because the lack of modern communication routes made it impossible to provide the army with the necessary reinforcements, ammunition and food without interruption.
59786d5377b1613ba4e7ec6d998a1b4750fba052	Alexander II identified the further construction of the railway network as a necessary condition for the development of the economy and strengthening the country's defense capability.
54acf78937d865866adf5e50285284ff2eb10f87	In 1855, Adjutant General K. V. Chevkin, a mining engineer and a participant in the construction of the Nikolaev railway, was appointed chief manager of the communication routes.
3d4cda17982136cf7a004b9957febe603c43cfc0	On January 26, 1857, Alexander II signed a decree on the creation of a railway network.
8be492c411956e1203348119fcb2c0f9120a4d43	At the same time, the government signed a concession for the construction of a number of railways with a total length of about 4,000 km.
129f6340cb78996af26a74c8eeec6d02fd1542c6	To implement the planned plans, the Main Society of Russian Railways was formed with the participation of Russian, French, English and German banking capital.
9a4c0187a89d8345922d3463c72f0a64c40562a4	By the beginning of the 1860s, the first sections of the Moscow railway lines were built.
51a3afb76e736bdeb16ce401cdfa5c4702589c3d	Nizhny Novgorod, Yaroslavsky and Kursky railway stations appeared in Moscow, but the expected influx of foreign capital into Russia due to the sale of shares and bonds of the Main Company did not happen.
6ab7d1b2fb1b0bc536a0df98d3d66cbfbcdb8fe2	In the 1870s, the requirements for the track width were tightened to 1520 mm.
a5407148db1a50d709cced998fdb668cab1a2a11	The construction of roads was under threat.
8439554f024910683ecf21f11cce669aa54a172a	The decision to stop the construction of railways for an indefinite time was opposed by the chief manager of the communication routes, Lieutenant General P. P. Melnikov.
b14e6341d56bf312d4cc12d1e526b822ce42db8c	P. P. Melnikov considered it necessary to actively involve capitalists, mainly domestic, in railway construction, but on lines of no primary importance.
74cd60643072737b4a193dcfbca5797fa43ef278	By 1865, the length of the railways of Russia was 3000 km.
e5423f9e5557d4e0792bcf18c5ab2beddbd874b7	The successful completion of the construction of the St. Petersburg Warsaw and Nizhny Novgorod lines contributed to the influx of domestic and Russian capital to enterprises of this kind.
ee890691a0dd0ed1ef14da814d9f4023a686c5b9	In the next three years, concessions were granted for the construction of 26 lines, including the Kursk—Kiev, Kursk—Kharkiv—Taganrog, Orel—Vitebsk roads.
e2a0843222c0ca38f7e1c8d7065fc25136628117	In the early 1870s, a real railway boom began in the country.
add5ba0c11eaa74f5aa30b91c3633498c3b6992c	In 1865, the Main Directorate was transformed into the Ministry of Railways, which, pursuing a course to unite the entire territory of Russia with a railway network, identified the development of the Donetsk and Krivoy Rog mining basins, access to the Urals, Siberia and Central Asia as the primary tasks.
8ceb11ad7ead004d71412dafbeb115f066304a5e	The construction was supposed to be carried out mainly at the expense of the state.
93f28f95c783bcb0daaa65637d6352a8c53f249e	With the development of the railway network, the need for the development of railway legislation was increasingly revealed.
7c96e40f6caeb20e720a478f1840256ea2ad894e	In 1875, the rules and conditions for the carriage of goods on Russian railways were prepared, as well as the Temporary Rules for the Carriage of Passengers were approved by the Ministry of Railways.
042c085f882d2dcc79cd81b22661a3236ae60d77	According to them, passengers were financially responsible for traveling without a ticket, namely, they were subject to a double charge for all the distances from the station where the last ticket viewing was performed to the one where the absence of a ticket would be detected.
f6296499d3b5e63153de18b0ce0265d83347077f	The rules allowed, with the permission of the station managers, the transportation of indoor birds and animals (including dogs) in common passenger cars.
f79339d08af279c8011bb17982ab0330de7ae0e2	A list of dangerous items was compiled, the transportation of which should be carried out with special precautions (gunpowder, phosphorus, fatty oils, etc.).
e76f381ad1103fb72dbece68435975afe4361fa1	At the end of the 1880s the need for construction became obvious The Trans Siberian Railway is a railway across the country.
cd713bcaacf9fa43f550b98531124f21003386cf	On February 12, 1891, the members of the Cabinet of Ministers unanimously spoke in favor of the need to build the Trans Siberian Railway.
81e53fb1b48b9106b7981051fe68b14871bdcb31	The first stone of the great Siberian railway was laid on May 19, 1891 in Vladivostok.
f7fe4e58f4301e11263a6da598c81f80bf9f44b8	It was decided to build the highway in three stages — and complete the construction within 10 years.
b7a7d7964ce78d4cda1044a395a08c37161deb06	The construction was supervised by experienced engineers A. I. Ursati, O. P. Vyazemsky, K. Ya.
fc3ab563f9c71248aba643e0076ede053ff4e311	Mikhailovsky, A. I. Mezheninov and others.
e93b13318fe102d107e3e159fef3f62f821cc58a	At the same time, more than 100 thousand workers were involved in the construction; the preliminary cost of the project was determined at 350 million rubles in gold — or 44 thousand rubles per verst.
40aec4f49093c508eeba8f2cbffa24a2ce97d1ac	The work was done manually: the tools were shovels, axes, crowbars, saws.
a63afd542994101fdade38d2a85c4fb39d4e790a	Despite the numerous difficulties (the taiga massif, mountains, rivers, and lakes, floods and floods), the road was built with amazing speed.
236a1050353608785319f8a151504b508b4a4ba4	About 9100 versts (taking into account the adjacent branches built at the same time) were laid with an average construction rate of 740 km per year.
3c3acbe9a1cdd29c0634637f31bae9d1f80f6803	This is a high figure even for modern construction.
5d70a040ec3415a9cfd9b7958a877bbf950894fc	The bridge included 18 spans of 127 meters with a 200 meter left bank overpass.
2c9dadda4e0527e06bd49037bf44bc584b842dd1	With manual work in difficult geological conditions, a nine hundred meter bridge across the Yenisei was built in 2.5 years.
2e9670ccc6f0981a94c559dd40fb80c5ff2c5153	The station was conceived as a monument crowning the grandiose work of the builders and completing the construction of the unique Circum Baikal railway.
6913ef2a3a38f5770d538d62a9f005f35a7b7b5e	S. Y. Witte pointed out that the construction of the Siberian Railway does honor to Russian railway construction, and the foreign press noted that after the discovery of America and the construction of the Suez Canal, there was no event in history richer in consequences.
26b0ea11aac3e4651df4cb8eaea6535987d814fc	The Trans Siberian Railway passes through the territory of two parts of the world — Europe (1777 km) and Asia (almost 7512 km) — and crosses the continent of Eurasia from West to East.
d4513449d585977c50ac6f4005e73844f37dd865	Europe accounts for 19.1% of the length of the Trans Siberian Railway, Asia 80.9%.
cc7d37b86bea639882fdebe07e2fceba007ca3f4	The 1778th km of the Trans Siberian Railway is accepted as the conditional border of Europe and Asia.
867aec31f8106d01f7009023728b29058f8530b3	The economic efficiency of the Trans Siberian Railway exceeded the wildest expectations.
7815652737ed44c8af07bce5f1bc4d5f23937731	But the weak points of the highway were also revealed: the road was single track with a capacity of only three pairs of trains per day; more than 80% of the bridges were wooden; light rails were laid in the way, which often burst under the pressure of steam locomotives, which created a serious danger when moving.
d8c14d6368a62bb99bf0d94e720dc6899ff27418	Based on this, the Ministry of Transport has taken a number of major measures to increase the capacity of the Trans Siberian Railway.
8aadf9309e7f749e2e24e4993bd042a0522b36fb	The significance of the built road was huge.
421ab181ee4e731a475c0871b7fe42ce4da2cf68	In fact, the economic revival of Siberia began with it: the influx of population increased to the settlements located along the highway, at the same time the demand for agricultural and industrial products increased, and the cultural ties of Siberia with European Russia revived.
c8ac9dbf5cb84abee129dcb7823fba4bb321511c	The total cost of laying the road in 1892-1905 was about 936 million gold rubles allocated from the treasury of the Russian Empire.
c2e31d2913c545e0bae0e126b85981aa7999c328	In the future, before the outbreak of the First World War, about 519 million rubles were spent on the construction of the Amur Line, the laying of second tracks — etc.
90ff57a83b2d955aa6827337409efbff16c759d2	Simultaneously with the construction of the Trans Siberian Railway, railways were built on the outskirts of the country with state funds.
ed71dfa9415ecfa660872a16cac6b48def7b0bd8	In many respects, the positive changes in the development of railway transport in the 1880s and 1890s were associated with the activities of S. Y. Witte.
6eeb384f7b3ac489e3e3d724f8cf577132069d57	Despite the fact that his service in the Ministry of Railways was short, he managed to achieve the implementation of many productive ideas.
e0ad316488254509a3b41ec09b6ba921a70ee8b5	In particular, the tariff case was put under the control of the state (transferred to the Ministry of Finance); the local railway inspection was abolished and a national service was approved, which was entrusted with monitoring the implementation of laws, instructions and rules.
1c13f3671069607f97f2e1324e309da9d718d159	While continuing his work as finance minister, Witte pursued a policy of concentrating railways in the hands of the state — by buying out private roads and building new ones at the expense of the treasury.
2b280ecaf146d0fdfb2a0524a4f5877c8e4c155e	As a result of the state's purchase of the main private lines, the railways began to make a profit in 1894.
0d752213f32ea0bd53a75e4aebcb515843450da2	Witte's merit in making the decision on the construction of the Trans Siberian Railway is undeniable.
db526075eceea5b737f81eed6d3a62bf769e3c7a	Subsequently, S. Y. Witte wrote : "I will not exaggerate if I say that this great enterprise was accomplished thanks to my energy, of course, supported by the emperor."
3a32a572b4371015bea2fe8f9202101d45c9a4e7	Emphasizing the strategic importance of the Trans Siberian Railway, P.
f02dacfd72ab046ce88930995c551dd392893388	A. Stolypin noted in his speech in the Duma that " no fortresses will replace the means of communication."
8324e829ab2f08eeef19152542f6292f01fa18e3	Russian Russian Army During the Russo Japanese War, the Trans Siberian Railway became a highway that provided Russian troops.
54eb8351c969ed2686e333e21a29864d2f81c5c3	2 million servicemen were transported along the road, along with artillery, wagons and other cargo.
25c9bf9868b5e2b2f444ab2ffc27ebe51212f286	The activity of the railway department was highly appreciated on the pages of the foreign press.
f8723bb4aecf3cd0acde4e93b64d21c1ab82dd24	Thus, the English newspaper "Times" wrote very flattering words about the Trans Siberian Railway and the Minister of Railways: "The railway has proved its efficiency from the very beginning, and its employees have proven their competence...
809c1c04dc2482115a117d1eb1077ea4e47a7e33	If there was a person in Russia who was more able than anyone else to help his country avoid a military catastrophe, it was Prince Khilkov."
5e4a4771ee45f215a596144a4fbe45ab9acf4b68	After the Russian Japanese War, financial allocations for transport were sharply reduced.
3cab330bfc0f2729b3976edf2211aa7ffeefb07e	There were 13 railway lines approaching our western border, of which only five were double track.
d18a7fa3077ecc000a0a4134e226d76e351ef82f	At the same time, Germany, Austria, and Romania had 32 railway lines laid to the Russian territory, of which 14 were double track.
0c83d8bed71e421bb86bd148655eea82d8ae6098	The construction of this highway ended the formation of the main railway network in the pre revolutionary period.
b629c943f1de339c5c8a1ec9b30e1a9b978a7024	The total length of the railway network by 1917 was 70,260 km.
8f03986349f3fbe93c98fc75c631a292f244ae38	70% of the railways were owned by the state.
d33e89b199d509d869460485096d14e9707150a1	Fadeev G. M., Amelin S. V., Bernhard F.K et al.
0e5be458198279f2b4d62bf31e20cad662072364	The history of railway transport in Russia.
a7bf51402f3959ea9ee860a7e1490d34a008c535	Vol. 1: 1836-1917.
9d87d7a743da69e505ea0cd67fa6a0148d5fcfce	St. Petersburg.;
18bfad16946a719f8fb705fccbe28f165ab98227	M., 1994.
1f318458066ef809f810566a39ee43abfad6cc13	Aksenenko N. E., Lapidus B. M., Misharin A. S. Railways of Russia.
a07a7f4c200d1eb955d6fac72f1062cb66ad4336	From reform to reform.
9521cd37a5b65e752aa9af064b81b0d2f5a28851	Moscow, 2001.
a9333840f4ef735b64a7c9ad37dcadd3c0cba6c4	Witte S. Y. Selected memoirs.
d991d271dd875f78085531a3e59dab1528655635	1849-1911, Moscow, 1991.
a57c62e5daaf048764715aee4db279f19f69d719	Virginsky V. S. Essays on the history of science and technology of the XVI XIX centuries.
10c58dfb7ed2b5b12652d13eeabbfe5f3b4e40f9	Moscow, 1984.
9757d99b558575bed993156d0c98fcfd45cb5354	Kirillin V.
839b199b5ff554b8fdda05ba1a6c17c3ad0353ce	A. Pages of the History of Science and Technology.
9649baedc57b39490d5251f8a8bd4806ab05b4a3	Moscow, 1986.
763e2202e1b280752fd3db69f5b71e89d1a25ead	* Marina Nikolaevna Chernova is a teacher of the Moscow Lyceum school No. 1560.
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6a2bb698c371c7206cbff3522a11e391a9be72e1	References RSS History of the construction of the first railway in Russia
2fdbe80c92a7ecbcb6410a5e02ea4dcce83a26bc	09:3011.11.2012 (updated: 09:31 11.11.2012)119834376 175 years ago, on November 11 (October 30, 1837), the grand opening of the first railway in Russia from St. Petersburg to Pavlovsk took place, which marked the beginning of the construction of a railway network in Russia.
2a081b7a33a08a618a2fa4b313d3f33aabcbb0e9	© Public Domain
9c841353f9d35213cecb5b6c3820c6022f40ee1c	On November 11, 1837 (October 30, old style), the grand opening of the first railway in Russia from St. Petersburg to Pavlovsk took place, which marked the beginning of the construction of a railway network in Russia.
b8c53e7082d6ed68e287853a49f4ffd936859bba	Franz Anton von Gerstner
84b85a1c14db7d69d1d9f1cd183ad71de9caa73a	The construction of the road was led by a Czech engineer, professor of the Vienna Polytechnic Institute Franz von Gerstner.
63c2491b81c5f7b3689278f446f69fce615367d5	In the summer of 1835, he managed to convince the emperor of the benefits of railways, which allow for the rapid transfer of troops.
4b6bb878283ab4edd849308f4c454461411cafdc	The decree of Emperor Nicholas I to the Senate on the approval of the "Regulations on the establishment of a Company of Shareholders for the construction of a railway from St. Petersburg to Tsarskoye Selo with a continuation to Pavlovsk" was published on April 16, 1836 (old style).
674258600788d1badd89f4a0bca67790ff932b21	On May 1, 1836, the construction of the railway from Pavlovsk began.
f618b428a2cdf8cccbab45b0d1eec93e863f5e61	In July, the platform under the canopy for visitors was already ready and the foundation of the hotel building was laid.
57531df094b174260a35051acc463a88394865ef	On September 10, a railway station and a locomotive depot with a turning circle were laid in Tsarskoye Selo.
083ba0265fc192e8b0f508b9816c819dbe767ef0	By September 30, the rails were laid at a distance of 22 versts from Pavlovsk.
26ce49c4b228e93d5491c6cbd7ede6e91e48f0b5	At the end of September, we conducted trial trips (several cars) on horse traction from the platform in Pavlovsk to Tsarskoye Selo.
f9e2abb20e4b6d7202c4353150269dee27719688	On November 3, 1836, the first running in of the locomotive took place.
5993b50173cefab19a696092a0990cd07ec5ef01	It was delivered disassembled by sea from England to Kronstadt, and from there along the bay, the Bypass Canal and on horseback to Tsarskoye Selo, where it was assembled and tested.
79a8b856490bdd6d8f7cebf4649754dd17ac1f29	The first train consisted of 8 cars and a three axle steam locomotive built at the Stephenson factory in England.
2c541688945c0251a4d3527b3fc0988d7252fb74	The train consisted of cars of four classes.
d10fe976ed85dc60a08b4b409fe4b658eb143d09	The most comfortable were the carriages called " berlins": these were cars with covered bodies and soft seats for eight people.
8252fbd9648f9237c34a1e10f1ce9409cdb425d5	The capacity of the cars of the other classes was 10 passengers.
da3827633e9bb0cb929a9a18ecb23cc046348b01	"Stagecoaches" were called soft covered cars with a larger capacity.
32787b06454bcefc2e5e0e427fe069d5d4a5cf48	The following classes were represented by open wagons ("rulers"): wagons with roofs were called "charabans", without a roof- "wagons".
8456d3986f5cfa9795292576082ab1cb5a36bed3	The cars did not have heating and lighting.
231d59e67e6cbba36209594161bddad9c8481c72	At the request of Gerstner, the locomotives had to have a capacity of 40 horsepower and be able to carry several cars with three hundred passengers at a speed of 40 versts per hour.
f3a484975a92c35b5a7d3016370abfe2921b097f	To increase the carrying capacity of the road, Gerstner decided to use rolling stock with a gauge of 1829 mm, rather than 1435 mm, which was adopted on railways in England.
553b53221086324dc213a6f93f7c89f74689612d	© Andrey Butko
d0bf38030813daa97765a3f41a7ebf47be93b2fb	Monument to Franz von Gerstner at the Vitebsk railway Station
518db75f7e4631eac22f3d11745d91962447d908	On the very first flight from St. Petersburg to Tsarskoye Selo, the locomotive was brought by Professor Franz von Gerstner himself.
8f7a8f8cfa3b02537d66e7635e59e07ac9365216	The length of the road was 27 kilometers; the trip took 35 minutes, and the return trip took 27 minutes; thus, the maximum speed reached 64 km/h, and the average was 51 km/h.
5f620b0bdeaf04208822bda24db344d2fd131e02	At that time, it seemed like a fantastic achievement.
62d15c21357e2babcf171c1c40faa5ec26cc9850	In the first six months of operation, horse traction was used on the road and steam traction was used only on Sundays or holidays.
18c4ccbe6fdef6f3a43fb3d041fbb19b4140a647	The full transition to" steam " occurred in April 1838, and in May, train traffic was opened on the St. Petersburg — Pavlovsk section.
67981e3d171f136948d19c9b27a193b86b7ddc83	In the first years, the fare for passengers of the first and second class was 2.5 and 1.8 rubles, respectively, the third and fourth 80 and 40 kopecks.
216815cdac22222a260294b8a60bd0a17bff451b	In 1837, a railway station was built for the first railway in Russia between St. Petersburg and Tsarskoye Selo.
d8886049b5b2c1d1ca60853854445b183dafc469	According to Gerstner's plan, the railway station in St. Petersburg was supposed to be located on the embankment of the Fontanka River, but the money allocated for the construction was only enough for the construction of the railway itself and the construction of the station in Tsarskoye Selo.
7d55179fa099303e89a3528dc2ff963498c9d1e8	Then it was decided to build a temporary wooden station a little away from the place reserved for the station.
7f84e37078cd61558898e5beed0ae7d66222a8e9	This is how the oldest railway station in Russia, Vitebsk, was built.
6410cb15466d97809c5351697306b73bd6199890	In 1849-1852, a stone building was built according to the project of the architect Konstantin Ton, which existed until the beginning of the XX century.
5eb6f03c4939529221375e1f82fdcf32975343f0	The modern station building was built in 1904 in the Art Nouveau style (architects Stanislav Brzhozovsky, Sima Minash).
a4ae7feaa086534d6ea6abae5c9e4b0b5c642b5b	© Photo: Public Domain
d53746a04d72bca8f8a81f79d1970fe6870c60a2	Vitebsk railway station in a photo produced by the workshop of K. Bulla, 1900s.
0e4f2444b39fd3e9854d58b9714f34b158b6335a	The cost of building the first railway in Russia was estimated at 5 million rubles (almost 10% of this amount was spent on the purchase of rolling stock and rails).
b9ae180d2ec31325603d110767c363fd7979608f	In 1838, the road carried 700 thousand passengers and began to generate income, which allowed for five years to recoup all the costs of construction and operation of all vehicles.
041f3c7ea2a0615b89fdadbd647425860b8498e8	As an independent railway, the Tsarskoye Selo Road existed until 1897, after which it was incorporated into the Moscow Vindavo Rybinsk railway and was converted to the Russian gauge (1524 mm).
6bb2d4ed065eb0856b051767befbfeec437978d3	Only six locomotives were able to be converted for the Russian gauge.
8ce656343bf5bec206da7c3109abbdb12a6e5dae	In total, 34 steam locomotives were delivered for the Tsarskoye Selo Railway during its independent existence.
9e17049f4122b1ea1e8ba095a1f9c83140d995e4	In 1987, a model of a train that made the first Russian flight from St. Petersburg to Tsarskoye Selo in 1837 was installed in a special glass pavilion on one of the platforms of the Vitebsk railway Station.
b6e2efd8ffb991dd3ea069b7b9286d5e31f97b36	376
1d689458b239092d849dfe1815127d9e427b989f	The history of the construction of the first railway in Russia 09: 30 11/11/2012 175 years ago, on November 11
fa85a608dacbf348a50b79e8ac7d7549b2da109a	(October 30, 1837, the grand opening of the first railway in Russia from St. Petersburg to Pavlovsk, which marked the beginning of the construction of a railway network in Russia, took place.
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6639a5f8ad2efdf5684694b2cd3f6ada8cb85e71	Category: References Tags: Persons Nicholas I Konstantin Ton Franz Gerstner
ea32b09f2fb25d3392b984ca9911273c068c51b7	Places Pavlovsk St. Petersburg Tsarskoye Selo
24aab9a6086bb5db771fba64dc19d533c6e23ed8	Discussion 1 user left 1 comment
c19035e56625446f3327eb84c391d98475158772	Sergey Mushankov 21:37 11.11.2012 | 0 When we started the construction of the first railway, we probably did not think deeply about the consequences of this step for the development of industry in Russia.
5a3205a3c3e978c679747b094939377f3ec63375	And the consequences were not slow to declare themselves.
d6d8fe5db26b71efb8331d7c7dabe54de2764cc3	All over the European part of Russia, a lot of people began to stir.
753443c1da6a47b2487afb358f263e3d1c448752	Like ants, they dug, poured, dragged, built, erected.
c37946b30ec29221beb3b3a20c2f3b1a5a84c42b	Thousands and then tens of thousands of kilometers of railways were built in a short time.
75ab9e2c5797e23893614d1593a0986a476661f4	We needed a lot of metal for rails, bridges, locomotives, we needed machine tools, cars.
26dde5fb3b1bf42796c0bfe0b3a22f45da55068e	A powerful impetus was given to the development of the mining, metallurgical, and machine building industries.
b76b52cc4d0564c683cfbf0714f1e6c9dcd94517	The buildings of railway stations and depots grew like mushrooms.
aa1a46c668fe50c41a01643d9c78a38437379ad8	We need sleepers, crushed stone, The whole of Russia is bubbling.
65e89835823f15d2c445ab9ddf28bdb9836ca5f6	The pace is rapid.
2b88474eaca40e25026bf55ffb986600b6ffa058	Having covered the European part with a grid of roads, we started the Asian part.
1db0f7de37fa5308e44cb63ea28e67952dfd8640	Railways catalyzed the industrial and economic development of the country, linked it into a single whole.
8e603e7f2c5096da37672565e6a96d37cb9842a8	Japan showed us in 1905 that it could, and without the railway, probably, the Far East would have been occupied and remained for Japan.
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f7e349fd04bea99d75724792458e5c92a9313473	History of railway transport
18350c4b16a0bf69b18b9a599508223a983775b5	The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on October 26, 2014; checks require 12 edits.
6b91d60f4bdfbfbd053f148d295c19705f3500e7	This article describes the history of railways, starting from the time of their origin.
4cfeab4e9d4d69a38b8ccd88dc0bcc7980541967	1 Prerequisites for the appearance of railways 1.1 The appearance of a steam engine and the prototype of a locomotive 1.2 The appearance of a rail track 1.3 The appearance of a steam locomotive
414742a4e071a89f2ecec8482fe4a12772157ebf	2 The first railway experiments 3 The formation of railways 3.1 Europe 3.2 America 3.3 Russia
321b5ad3dbf3d5bfbb2d006e041a5a8f18bb7c5c	4 Railway boom 5 Railways in the XX century 5.1 The development of progressive types of traction 5.1.1 Electric traction 5.1.1.1 The appearance of electric traction 5.1.1.2 The initial stage 5.1.1.3 The Interwar period 5.1.1.4 Modernity 5.1.1.5 Technical development
0cedd8a0805336f6465c75ab763dcb4453cae56f	5.1.2 Experiments with other types of traction
d7fd8842b79c3e336baec60a6ad9b9314f085885	6 Railways currently 6.1 International cooperation 6.2 High speed traffic
33ff2517a6fd43ea3b203a40fde3dbfbf0b320eb	7 Prospects for the development of railways 8 The use of railways for military purposes 9 See also 10 References 11 Notes
8e5684a3b8b131fe541b5107cf63c1b9baa0df70	Prerequisites for the appearance of railways[edit / edit wiki text]
542ac83d9313198f282b643d23cf85fec700f49e	The appearance of the steam engine and the prototype of the locomotive[edit / edit wiki text]
f62f4603c7250b65b42854516b4c871d2c90069b	In 1763, the Russian engineer I. I. Polzunov presented a project of a steam engine for supplying air to melting furnaces.
f3d3ea7c31ae6a66fb511fbdbf778c400d6f49e6	The appearance of a rail track[edit / edit wiki text]
59bb47d9e79dd3b0bc89df1a3540ccb88cd279f0	Mine wooden rail track and trolley, Germany, XVI century.
09f323619e9e9bd1562d47b5fe0343816666d423	German Technical Museum
aee21409c8d4d8c66324a9a1b0d0da8fbcb7b7b3	Preserved fragments of a cast iron wheel pipeline in Petrozavodsk
567bfc11ff5dc33d19683f33b1ae295db24181df	The first surface railway is considered to be the "Wollaton Wagon Road" (English: Wollaton Wagonway)[2]. This railway, approximately three kilometers long, was built between 1603 and 1604 to transport coal between the villages of Strelley (English Strelley) and Wollaton (English Wollaton) near Nottingham.
d393372dc663c9043a73c0df1b5d1075b1ebe6ae	In 1755, a narrow gauge track with wooden rails was already built for the transportation of rock in the Altai mines, along which wooden trolleys moved.
e80b5bff34234dff112bc3187ea105538b9a2e38	In 1788, the "Cast Iron Wheel Pipeline" appeared in Petrozavodsk — the first railway in Russia.
2d491e0136f408ed45d02df6ffb94c3491d66f02	For a long time, railway tracks were built only at mines, but then passenger roads with horse traction became widespread.
70f2aa07ac69c52bff68fa6e3576482d6d0e5463	The first such rail road was built in 1801 in England between Wandsworth and Croydon.
0e1c87790c7fb3c2e20e145b3edb384f3e59b3c5	The appearance of a steam locomotive[edit / edit wiki text]
b48cfe87091a495e84d246b5f76ae3e9c2612fa5	The steam locomotive "Rocket" by Stephenson.
56b5254caaeec56a075785dbb346603720106c98	The first steam locomotive was built in 1804 by Richard Trevithick, who in his youth knew James Watt, the inventor of the steam engine.
0b5a2902c47c2af0d4d22b41485ff72168d7d579	However, iron was too expensive in those years, and cast iron rails could not withstand a heavy machine.
e0247f7e538555c546b36061905824f47dbe8e37	In the following years, many engineers tried to create steam locomotives, but the most successful of them was George Stephenson, who in 1812-1829 not only proposed several successful designs of steam locomotives, but also managed to convince the mine owners to build the first railway from Darlington to Stockton that could withstand a steam locomotive.
f57de7baec4d6b99aa43db1d71aa28b247a0acab	Later, Stephenson's steam locomotive "Rocket" won a specially arranged competition and became the main locomotive of the first public road Manchester Liverpool.
c603b4c55b43e37cbca9875cd4eb6bb9c68a2023	The first railway experiments[edit / edit wiki text]
f4d89d4c8a2567ae825a4eff685dfb6d9cb19d84	Main article: Great Western Railway
63c4b1bc10eeca4a02a31fabb27b2fc16589f176	The first railway on which regular passenger services were organized was the Swansea and Mumbles Railway in Wales in 1807.
c7184ce61620eb04946701ee54b0f69a9ad67054	Since there were no working steam locomotives at that time, horses were used as traction power.
83ad91a919dcc8e349640e79ab8f302253b23075	The first railway in Germany was opened between the Bavarian cities of Nuremberg and Fürth in 1835.
d9e9663335d886cd7eba4f6dd2f11710784ff73c	Monument fountain in Nuremberg
1cb0e5e4b7f1df9543d79c1ce3823a761ebedf71	Nuremberg Central Station
f006ca1fd3d9d89e60dd41ed85deb4000ca97557	Model of the first Adler steam locomotive on the Nuremberg Fürth line
6bbd8af92bd764c2da9905fbfd5af87c8b00ebbc	Fürth Railway Station
ff080158ef3a97424c076813d05aa49538dba7b6	Monument fountain in Fürth
b9ed5b8d07a77cc6c4bdd48e6c71c34fa639067c	The formation of railways[edit / edit wiki text]
b8db2d0db5ac33e2af0c72cf143a3e76d61f0478	Europe[edit / edit wiki text]
336d6f890986c4eb0125208f597a75eafcee8838	The world's first public railway with steam traction was built in England by George Stephenson in 1825 — between Stockton and Darlington, and was 40 kilometers (26 miles) long.
066fe04a29e204cc2d9f484cef131d920f13f6dc	The first railway between relatively large cities was opened in 1830 and connected the industrial center of Manchester with the port city of Liverpool (56 km).
a306a6733e8717ab0de261df70565baf2477e34b	Stephenson steam locomotives were also used on the line.[3] By 1840, the length of railways in Great Britain was 2,390 km.[4]
94f0efd96d9d7502469bfecf41b9368ab92d348b	America[edit / edit wiki text]
f4a60d25290599456fa2bc0d5c145e40e722cd83	The railway history of the United States dates back to 1815, when Colonel John Stevens received a so called railway charter for the construction of the New Jersey Railroad Company, which would later become part of the Pennsylvania Railroad.
44b3e994f1780a7f87eaf903177cc2a7ea6d30d9	By that time, there was no developed land transport that was both convenient, fast, and cheap.
ee19248d92bb0e5f32b68fa274d4ccd207b46886	Therefore, the development of railways was a progressive solution.
d3c3651fcf2727ce26c92241f09d5eac9a100e3c	The first short steam powered railways for industrial needs appeared in the United States in the late 1820s.
bc420e69230d605e29a039f255db80e73fb14ba4	It was not difficult to build railway tracks.
774b9eb994116218e5f23df0c785e0575e1f1654	The situation was much worse with locomotives.
46d3e312f4937a642d91058e3b4638ce84b21c28	Then in 1826, the same Stevens designed and conducted the first tests of his steam locomotive " Steam Wagon "(which was called" a steam powered horse carriage " — a steam horse).
4022789459098ed8e36199e905be4257457b22db	For testing, D. Stevens designed a circular track at his estate in Hoboken, New Jersey.
63aeaf1f6b164d4914690930071683500e6f3bef	The tests were successful.
d83df32d747efd5ca0a36e5e164569bcc0db1087	Then in 1829, Hortario Allen, as the chief engineer of the Delaware & Hudson shipping company, successfully tested a simple, from the point of view of engineering, an English locomotive called the Stourbridge Lion between Honesdale and Carbonvale, in Pennsylvania.
1f318491bb3f261a374553cc49ad2f327ab7fca7	These three events (the charter and 2 steam locomotives) served as the starting point for the development of railways in the United States, which fully began in the late 20s of the XIX century.
ee085429e33249b5df81bc0520c3e2c056e01d30	The first public road with passenger traffic opened in 1830 in the state of Maryland (Baltimore and Ohio Railroad) [5].
51ede26bc5bcce818e775808b51e2e1bb19b1731	For passenger transportation in the same year, the Tom Thumb steam locomotives were designed, built by the American Peter Cooper (Peter Cooper) and" The Best Friend Of Charleston", built by the South Carolina Canal and Rail Road Company at West Point Foudry in New York.
8b216e23c2dac59fb360a99c5ff082a88fa6a2f0	The locomotive has proven itself as a reliable mode of transport.
ff0b40bef32e96b3f89746fc44cc323b74488a7e	Therefore, railways began to compete directly with shipping.
4ac24118fee48ad04cfc19bbc80f9f3146b7589a	However, the public considered steam engines to be "Sons of the devil" and that traveling on them, except for "concussion", does not lead to anything.
18fded4541614d7ef6be897ccfda64cee1b3aabc	However, their advantage over steamships was indisputable.
d2e5fc4828becdeae2e2bd13554fd429acf6ae87	A striking example is an experiment, or rather a competition, between a steam locomotive and a steamship.
d7789bcbf8ca66d9fdebf38e79d5ce0287509574	The conditions of the competition were incredibly simple: to complete a certain path as quickly as possible.
b3551f9f88f1f2a90330790158ec55e58d335435	For this purpose, a route was chosen between the cities of Cincinnati and St. Louis.
b09105345c753061712cd414687268aee397de57	The distance by water was 702 miles and was covered by the steamer in 3 days.
cf814888ed7d9136ccb564b73bc324fc8bc12971	The locomotive spent only 16 hours, and the distance he had to walk was only 339 miles!..
f0059bf5a40c499f7108d27f6ce3cf67aeb0214c	In 10 years (1830-1840), the length of railways in the United States increased from 40 miles to 2755 miles[6] (4.4 thousand km[7]). And before the start of the Civil War, in 1860, and at all, more than 30 thousand miles!
97c381464ecf79e6c83f806926a6ea7101015e92	The development of agriculture led to a rapid growth in the construction of railways.
812a8d190dd777e41530ee3ea99200dc3be09f24	Since the farms worked for the market from the very beginning, modern communication routes were necessary for the export of their products.
1b69106b6fc9ace3702fa2dde984dede73b3dcdc	Since about 1865, the "Golden Age" of railways in the United States begins.
77efb4bbb239818da49be227105cc9245517354e	In the 50 years since (1865-1916), the development of railways has taken on a grand scale: the railway network has increased from 35,000 to 254,000 miles!
f64ad0482f2414b4db8dc5cb51685c3061fbfbcd	By 1916, almost 100 % of domestic transportation (passenger and freight) was carried out by rail.
1606e2d499f09a6dcac78e4dd6df96ef4c3edc16	The history of railway construction in the United States is the history of the mobilization of public resources and natural resources of the country in favor of a handful of railway magnates.
5713d5001c086b20cba3a8c12f073c9c08eee882	Even before the construction began, the railway companies were provided with government subsidies at the rate of 16 to 48 thousand dollars for each mile of the future track.
13968b3657c3b80eaddcb3b812f10d8b3d04a758	The route was determined by the companies themselves and naturally they tried to lengthen it as much as possible, as a result, the railways turned out to be extremely winding, later they had to be straightened.
b433796ed31910c4a87c095ecfd113a916645e12	In addition, companies were granted ownership of land for 10 miles in each direction from the road being laid.
064878c9a1f04e098c912f3a6b4b47297eba82ea	Thus, the owners of railways received 242 thousand miles of land in the years 1870-1880, while the settlers according to the Homestead Act (for this period) — only 65.
402336999b69487860a5568573c69d8d96509397	Railroad magnates extorted large subsidies and tracts of land from cities and counties, threatening otherwise to send the railroad past them.
186aff52ce0e093644eadc2fd67a23c5a4d36944	However, railway construction had important consequences for the United States.
b8080fca2fc900b78846ebfbd83ba9884e57599c	First, an infrastructure was created that finally connected the domestic market into a single whole.
bd82574cb0bbd8c4b53137c3fed0967b6f317951	Secondly, railway construction contributed to the rise of metallurgy and transport engineering.
ce725661bbbbebcbebcd5155f6778138100fd09b	This was especially evident when cast iron rails began to be replaced with steel ones.
248e5d40b515fbdf943a3ead0f5e0053fa692420	Railway construction put so much demand on rails that, despite the huge growth of metallurgy and high import duties, up to the 90s steel rails were still partially imported from England.
7672b3df804042d7701c0faf3bea856525b0430e	An important result of railway construction was the accumulation of capital of joint stock companies that took contracts for the construction of transcontinental roads.
bc977032c9677912e31f7ad4135f7fb4f3daa878	However, during the First World War, the US federal government took control of the railway sector.
d5d6828cc8de91b66a4005ec98bb76ba611dfce9	From this moment on, we can assume that the Golden Age of Railways in the United States is beginning to end.
d59b85f8cd99058ad52f60a2f6117dbdfe12aa56	By 1920, the railways were again transferred to private hands, but they were returned in a dilapidated state, and needed radical reconstruction and significant improvement.
601a53c68bb9aec2886d9d200db359dda49736dd	In 1920, the federal government adopted the "Law on Transportation", which was the last stage in federal regulation.
2ac0451383bd271bcc517e5c8e01293684342ae1	The "golden age" in the US railway construction has ended.
440496d3783797636fc5bb4e4df39a607b1d6fa8	Russia[edit / edit wiki text]
c39dd6556bcef23ef1a2e792a7048a09a412eebe	The Russian government took care of the construction of the railway at the beginning of the XIX century.
01787724955909dc21360cc2ebd89bf0d06366bd	The basis for this direction was the Department of Water Communications, created in 1798 according to the project approved by Emperor Paul I.
0d602d793b7788dac2f627ccac9c7dbbbe4ad792	The organization was headed by N. P. Rumyantsev[8].
ee15d22647043390f72ec4c9473285567e009a1e	The department under Rumyantsev operated successfully, actively developed and in 1809 expanded its powers and was renamed the Department of Water and Land Communications.
705c93e088249bb57580199ed857424f2ea1d3b6	On the base built by Rumyantsev, in the same 1809, the military Institute of the Corps of railways was established.[8]
d049506af7830682e84801730081d0277ba4d140	See also: Ministry of Railways#History of education
cdfc85530b32e50f00b818db37334d3cfb2fce35	After the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812, work on improving the communication system was continued.
608007410e01dbcd513d96a58584b238ba7b36b3	They entered the final stage in the second quarter of the XIX century.
73de07da96139e06f59aaa3172e81122dad892ef	The Institute of the Railway Corps has produced a galaxy of highly qualified, modern specialists for the construction and operation of Russian railways.
8232d9176659ad3507e4a0960cb2e56bcd6d47fc	See also: St. Petersburg State University of Railway Transport#1826-1851.
ac2da04581766cbfbec1563c572b79ed0f7ba4cf	Preparation and creation of railways
0824b49283fd8089397e2501550d6ac62a0a5662	In addition to solving technical and personnel issues, it was necessary to overcome public opinion: in Russia at that time, the number of opponents of the construction of railways significantly prevailed over supporters.
479fb7f7a995b39564bd634822921f1479595a35	The main argument of the opponents of the construction of railways was the climate — six months of winter with frosts and blizzards:
c27a8744dae99bc3ea89a07c4275b8fdb76ec40e	... and where to get such a darkness of fuel to have you always kept the fire burning under the moving samovar?[8]
16a0beed4a2241fbd78603225186a7610f18c5f7	In addition, the arguments of foreign specialists were given:
25b367c68fc13f41eab6924d18decfa23b1a19a2	The English press of the 1820s put forward the following arguments:
11e4ae97106f627af6ae057eee9ef928953097b7	... Railways will prevent cows from grazing, chickens will stop laying eggs, the air poisoned by smoke will kill birds flying by... houses near the road will burn down... in the event of an explosion of a locomotive, all passengers will be torn to pieces...[8]
296eb814c893da0ca1f43c3d91e4a8d8af1fea90	In Germany, these concerns were supported by the Bavarian Main Medical Commission, which warned about the danger of developing brain disease in passengers due to fast movement.[8]
7af24bf94bf73b24e048bd9c37ddcdc6110a26d4	Simultaneously with the training of engineering personnel, F. Gerstner built the Tsarskoye Selo Railway in 1837, which connected the capital with Tsarskoye Selo.
d82bc56eaf03d90cb5c0ffbf09db356e0e11b46c	This landfill allowed us to fulfill the following task — the construction of a double — track railway St. Petersburg Moscow by 1851, and then by 1862 the St. Petersburg — Warsaw road.
23fbbc2b8baf2291420f0a01563e27e34784711b	In 1851, Nicholas I divided the technical personnel serving the railway tracks into companies, and from August 6, railway troops appeared.
eb034bdb980180783554c82350c8fb34d7e71956	According to the decree of the emperor, 14 separate military workers, two conductor and "telegraphic" companies with a total number of 4,340 people were formed, which marked the beginning of the formation of the first military railway units.
9231aa578e3a1cbf6291b58e17271023943e3920	They were ordered to maintain the railway track in good condition, to ensure the uninterrupted operation of bridge protection stations and railway crossings.
b6ccf611aee16917a51bef132060842f8a3cda49	From August 6 (18), 1851 to the present day, the day of railway troops is celebrated[9].
c4867ff8a01e1acf981a78a2a6dfa0d8bbc9965a	The most important contribution of the emperor engineer was the establishment of a standard for the width of the rail track about an inch wider than the standard adopted in the West: 1524 versus 1435 mm.
e267f6104472bb83513e3d8791ae092c03227519	This was done so that "the enemy would not enter Russia on a steam locomotive."
a0107e5b12fc01a9f656faf63f2763b4ee41674e	This proposal of Nikolai played an extremely important role during the Second World War on the Eastern Front, when the Wehrmacht was constantly experiencing a shortage of locomotives for broad gauge.
09ec29c4b4d8e86fa31f7a5e3b51116548042870	For example, for this reason, during the decisive battle for Moscow in November 1941, the daily supply for the troops of the Center group was 23 echelons instead of the required 70 [10]
e4f318188f1c7555113ba03d7ff00857b63fbc90	Railway boom[edit / edit wiki text]
4651e391e2eb50346d01542b7088a11fc019c8a5	In the second half of the 1880s of the XIX century, the highest level of growth of the world railway network in history was achieved.
b66080e8debf345d65ac273fe6a43161225735e2	In ten years, from 1880 to 1890, the railway network grew by 245 thousand km, reaching 617.3 thousand km.
33161210275ecd5617f4998e5fb1d3ce83940243	Railway investments in the world network during this five year period amounted to about 2 billion pounds, reaching a total of 7 billion pounds.
8e67c29052e6acd4652b762b793e074104523e17	In terms of the pace and absolute growth of railways, the United States was ahead, where the gigantic scale of railway construction stimulated the intensive growth of industrial production of means of production[11].
4b7cf6a66701ac87567eb6076e7ffc63907862cc	Railways in the XX century[edit / edit wiki text]
f9f08ff910a6eb72ea41710093baa5721d295845	The development of progressive types of traction[edit / edit wiki text]
c0a6c835dfe42bf9985cf07d70cfa5aef7d47b3b	Electric traction[edit / edit wiki text]
8e2f91d48a14bdf394efb1f54cd668992f24b9ff	The appearance of electric traction[edit / edit wiki text]
2e9d89b8ea2473cdb408a847fc49bcbfb505804e	The birthday of electric traction is considered to be May 31, 1879, when the first electric railway with a length of 300 m, built by Werner Siemens, was demonstrated at the industrial exhibition in Berlin.
bd132c1473a93a43f21348a1f5da1ebd517013a6	The electric locomotive, which resembled a modern electric car, was driven by an electric motor with a power of 9.6 kW (13 hp).
278b23967d46339394005bf03426dad381e1dbaf	An electric current of 160 V was transmitted to the engine via a separate contact rail, the return wire was the rails on which the train was moving — three miniature wagons with a speed of 7 km/h, benches could accommodate 18 passengers.
7f7ce9fb4bf1e3942e735610c0dccce83e8172db	In the same year, 1879, an internal electric railway line with a length of about 2 km was launched at the Duchene Fourier textile factory in Breuil, France.
4ca45bf5e26a0236b36695fd68c5055149bec57f	In 1880, in Russia, F.
6ceba40baedf32ec148968ffaa358f83a8ae6969	A. Pirotsky managed to set in motion a large heavy car with a capacity of 40 passengers by electric current.
ecbf9f03d5e74cf8a1e43367a1fe50c775142bf7	On May 16, 1881, passenger traffic was opened on the first city electric railway Berlin Lichterfeld.
10bdf4e4788a6592af0baf6d4c0d4406be669da4	The rails of this road were laid on an overpass in a transverse attachment and laid out in double the size of the nominal norm.
ec4969ce6391d670aed7fb93e2071577c448744c	Initial stage[edit / edit wiki text]
dd2f0bab88b53ce781ec5e1024a2fc92d444490a	A little later, the Elberfeld — Bremen electric railway connected a number of industrial points in Germany.
556d0bb823c8273db9130e56916fefe1a66a43e7	Initially, electric traction was used on urban tram lines and industrial enterprises, especially in mines and coal mines.
e6956283bd7f58686dcbd127c7b481954e879838	But very soon it turned out that it is profitable on the transit and tunnel sections of railways, as well as in suburban traffic.
d1136b28af9ca4e699c23c640b782ff11b3d79f6	In 1895, the tunnel in Baltimore and the tunnel approaches to New York were electrified in the United States.
dae3d27d22c8b3b97e294449868d6fa5db4cb9cc	Electric locomotives with a capacity of 185 kW (50 km/h) were built for these lines.
3a703cc0aa199bdb2222534edcdd3ce830348903	Interwar period[edit / edit wiki text]
7ad5f56935ae0065e70281ceab3a4f922b492e84	After the First World War, many countries entered the path of railway electrification.
b9436683bb05fc743bc8288f20811da3e7d5c2d3	Electric traction began to be introduced on main lines with a high traffic density.
7dea8d2cbf23cd967ae786b6bdc9cf2dccae56f5	In Germany, the Hamburg — Alton, Leipzig — Halle — Magdeburg lines, the mountain road in Silesia, and the Alpine roads in Austria are being electrified.
445535eaf2d7d4753a6ab0ee0857f2415d5ce863	Italy electrified the northern roads.
74caeb703781cb66915c7d2de13c2b3696a5d0ff	France and Switzerland have started electrification.
51c7160ebebc3116715dc3380478f90b4535d848	In Africa, an electrified railway appeared in the Congo.
7b3f4ad25dcace1afdff286f80e6bd51e39c0f96	In Russia, there were projects for the electrification of railways even before the First World War.
50173b9da7a940b3b72d73ca781e939257526c9a	The electrification of the St. Petersburg Oranienbaum line has already begun, but the war prevented its completion.
9a84ae617ea93a4c940f762aec8edff574d85dfe	It was only in 1926 that the movement of electric trains between Baku and the Sabunchi oil field was opened.
4b17f70353e5226a3f0636886d7c3e17e47c6b27	On August 16, 1932, the first main electrified section of Khashuri — Zestafoni, passing through the Suram pass in the Caucasus, came into operation.
3a16f8dd65ed11da1b785e4ece7bc4f25372d4d9	In the same year, the first domestic Ss series electric locomotive was built in the USSR.
401b5c3dc6f70094e0843cfde2258b71507a8ac1	Already by 1935, 1,907 km of tracks had been electrified in the USSR and 84 electric locomotives were in operation.
dabcb4544f8144ad99abfdf16d32ab475e4015be	Currently, the total length of electric railways worldwide has reached 200 thousand km, which is about 20 % of their total length.
d700b58eb2ccc0ce68273d40751cef4e0715c62e	These are, as a rule, the most heavily loaded lines, mountain sections with steep ascents and numerous curved sections of the track, suburban hubs of large cities with heavy traffic of electric trains.
d9ef3b8fc2acb0598bd45350e7fbe4eb558ceb1a	Technical development[edit / edit wiki text]
64d93afe356be28400d597978cc2ae9f16b11c49	The technology of electric railways has changed radically during their existence, only the principle of operation has been preserved.
e0e8a66846cdfdb1f81c534f19ea11dbab88feca	The locomotive axles are driven by electric traction motors that use the energy of power plants.
851c57b09f62b217969114f51744ee8521ff86b4	This energy is supplied from power plants to the railway via high voltage power transmission lines, and to the electric rolling stock via the contact network.
887890d76b750e8fd0373a0f859f32f0c6f79aa4	The reverse chain is the rails and the ground.
bf415e54adcbce03cbe4a4f9c0ae20d6ae799dcf	Three different electric traction systems are used — direct current, low frequency alternating current and 50 Hz standard industrial frequency alternating current.
907f44e7358204aa4c3c08f25503cefbbe4e0a6d	In the first half of this century, before the Second World War, the first two systems were used, the third was recognized in the 50s and 60s, when the intensive development of converter technology and drive control systems began.
a9ccf2fcde71c38edad2ed43984c363042fd7d68	In a DC system, current is supplied to the current collectors of electric rolling stock with a voltage of 3000 V (in some countries, 1500 V and lower).
1c79943afdc24b669454a959d6d5fad890a8b883	This current is provided by traction substations, where the high voltage alternating current of general industrial power systems is lowered to the desired value and rectified by powerful semiconductor rectifiers, previously electromechanical or mercury rectifiers were used.
dadbcd4c956b7678c871cf4fc01b00bcf4d16efd	The advantage of the DC system at that time was the possibility of using DC collector motors with excellent traction and operational properties.
841b4552ccb1f2b9d1146987c7cfad3111f1b6b1	And among its disadvantages is a relatively low voltage value in the contact network, limited by the permissible voltage value of the motors.
8b0667956f6461379a236b84bd5c8346e7a0af9e	For this reason, significant currents are transmitted through the contact wires, causing energy losses and complicating the process of current collection in contact between the wire and the current collector.
29ea81360992727345593c330118ea7b80c320fe	The intensification of railway transportation, the increase in the mass of trains led to difficulties in powering electric locomotives on some sections of direct current due to the need to increase the cross sectional area of the wires of the contact network (hanging the second reinforcing contact wire) and ensuring the efficiency of current removal.
dc222c5b196b584f913b6cec9c84d481428f5097	Nevertheless, the DC system has become widespread in many countries, more than half of all electric lines operate on such a system.
07066183709911d80aa790e48396957f056a759a	The task of the traction power supply system is to ensure the efficient operation of electric rolling stock with minimal energy losses and at the lowest possible cost for the construction and maintenance of traction substations, contact networks, power transmission lines, etc.
f536d78083ceca1edcc02143486b14fb915cc306	The desire to raise the voltage in the contact network and exclude the current rectification process from the electric power supply system explains the application and development in a number of European countries (Germany, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, Austria) ac systems with a voltage of 15000 V, having a reduced frequency of 16.6 Hz.
dc660bcbb6e0dae8f32de8743ed6b3fa2af8fff6	In this system, single phase collector motors are used on electric locomotives, which have worse performance than DC motors.
407d8464fd177c67aece96e294ddcf844c0494cb	These engines cannot operate at the general industrial frequency of 50 Hz, so it is necessary to use a reduced frequency.
40eb95de53146cda02c715d2422b834776500000	To generate an electric current of this frequency, it was necessary to build with special "railway" power plants that are not connected to general industrial power systems.
285c142cfc0ae84a1671a448493167f0d9a556d5	The power transmission lines in this system are single phase, only voltage reduction by transformers is carried out at substations.
acb0d54f354931a3b20a3290ca2ca2c1aa2aa1de	Unlike DC substations, in this case, AC to DC converters are not needed, as they were used unreliable in operation, bulky and uneconomical mercury rectifiers.
facfc5eca3d8de256073d5a883d99f2336a4fabf	But the simplicity of the design of DC electric locomotives was crucial, which determined its wider use.
594fb62d1c0cc14ba7458025aed69dc4970b2011	This led to the spread of the DC system on the railways of the USSR in the first years of electrification.
7237e1e562679636c647140a713fc02351f85825	To work on such lines, the industry supplied six axle electric locomotives of the Ss series (for railways with a mountain profile) and VL19 (for flat roads).
432e8bcf0e0333c2aef812f9f96613a858ad1f0d	In suburban traffic, motor car trains of the Se series were used, consisting of one motor and two trailer cars.
c5880a3eab4304541ac4c0bbfbf603480684e7c9	In the first post war years, intensive electrification of railways was resumed in many countries.
0333f1600d86068daf8d30e5fbaf34a1c6e1f477	In the USSR, the production of direct current electric locomotives of the VL22 series has resumed.
bcbb02a742568abd59d9346c00bb98895cbdd697	For suburban traffic, new Sr motor car trains were developed, capable of operating at a voltage of 1500 and 3000 V.
20e9e67f421dce169bf06d0df7c6a01e52bd6b08	In the 1950s, a more powerful eight axle DC electric locomotive VL8 was created, and then — VL10 and VL11.
f3b49d64a9037035458d69439514804b47245810	At the same time, work began in the USSR and France to create a new more economical system of alternating current electric traction of industrial frequency 50 Hz with a voltage in the traction network of 25,000 V.
7855dc8d0791763b2fe96c239e40e1c8e981c476	In this system, traction substations, as in the DC system, are powered by general industrial high voltage three phase networks.
1016c9d829dd86f8b18ddd3d9c61dec189aadd9d	But there are no straighteners on them.
9f4c5b4b646c898f6f24cb6d2e5710683a555269	The three phase AC voltage of the power transmission lines is converted by transformers into a single phase voltage of the contact network of 25,000 V, and the current is rectified directly on the electric rolling stock.
7845a35096c1edbeea85db0055caeeb798ccd23c	Lightweight, compact and safe for personnel semiconductor rectifiers, which replaced the mercury ones, ensured the priority of this system.
ae951514b13a5a4a5a27c0b6b4090f8520c2cbd7	All over the world, railway electrification is developing using an AC system of industrial frequency.
92486a8caff9a5cd39c01fded4507a11c5914d8e	For the new lines electrified with alternating current with a frequency of 50 Hz and a voltage of 25 kV, six axle electric locomotives VL60 with mercury rectifiers and collector motors were created, and then eight axle ones with semiconductor rectifiers VL80 and VL80s.
469d03366586233d0a7c39d10e5ac920d3e4fb38	The VL60 electric locomotives were also converted to semiconductor converters and received the designation of the VL60k series.
26dbca5373bb88f159f5cc6ce0dfee263f63c26e	Experiments with other types of traction[edit / edit wiki text]
f1079122ed5580ef9cca41cc9405ae38d9cbbf40	One of the results of the evolution of the railway is a train hanging under the influence of a magnetic force.
87affaefe217d573b5e3a2c082e78a3a2b7d20ad	The tests of this system are promising.
354e319c59e85f9433083b1dcc7e1c95c67e2027	On the other hand, the experiments were aimed at creating a gravitational train driven by gravity, like amusement park trains that, when launched once, move forward due to their own inertia.
8363c0285d05cfdc5c2a5b7a6ed79156170ae8ea	In the USSR, attempts were made to develop a locomotive with a nuclear power plant.
36145b9c19d5640e1c04395153d44d47123860e5	Its positive aspects (unlimited autonomy, high traction and weight ratio) were overlapped by serious disadvantages (environmental hazard, the need to reconstruct the railway infrastructure), and developments in this area were discontinued.
86ec3c935ed171f4056edafac5dca5dfcd87b137	Railways currently[edit / edit wiki text]
55cc17de472da44d34eebe50252edb219a3a590a	International cooperation[edit / edit wiki text]
111bb58fae7c0a83a1469f001c5b19a928233f8f	The first experience of international cooperation in the field of railways dates back to 1893, when, in accordance with the Berne Convention,
6189622fbe7340d125a8804f29402634aec760b8	Vegetarianism and its subspecies: lactovegetarianism and ovovegetarianism-which prohibit the use of animal flesh in food, are at the third ascending stage.
e48c4cdb20f19d2e6a6535a6ce8f5db27ca6b213	Veganism is a more ascetic type of nutrition, excluding any use of animal food, purposefully declaring the principle of nonviolence, in relation to both animals and representatives of their own species.
48126671f4d909256dfb06ba4176dcb1c7c22e51	Vegan-raw food is a food system in which preference is given to the use of plant foods that have not been subjected to heat treatment.
e3c8bccf88060b795aaa5b97dd5b9b2b721b820b	Fructorianism-differs from raw food in that Fructorians exclude any high-protein food from their diet (plant seeds: cereals, beans, nuts, etc.). Due to this difference, an extremely small amount of protein gets into the body of a Fructorian.
5c012b7683d42c73d64da99ab344e62274e1a5e2	And this, in turn, leads to the fact that the processes of putrefaction and endogenous intoxication almost completely stop in the human body.
64fe7a89c11006ad72f2663ef8cdc3dbea862e21	The consumption of meat and cooked food made us human, allowing the brain of our prehistoric ancestors to develop dramatically over a period of several million years.
245d444908f384b3abae1865474b2168d91561c8	Despite the fact that this is not the first such statement by archaeologists and evolutionary biologists, new research proves that from a biological point of view, the development of such a large brain on raw and vegetarian food seems too improbable.
629191e6ec5272b82cb6f7054aa4affae5a03f39	Meat consumption became a crucial component of human evolution at least a million years ago, at the very dawn of mankind
646967e747e40480a91a4439bd3281d854217f19	At the heart of this study is the understanding that the brain of modern humans uses 20% of the body's energy, which is twice as much as in humanoid monkeys.
4003fa807acf2e2df3afd07eeb85c546d0b337be	Meat and cooked food were needed in order to supply the growing brain with the necessary calories.
7da2c0f40d22b18d226fb540658a5a7285b5a736	For the most part, the fact that a larger body has a larger brain was confirmed.
5a3721654f45f272c2a05cd243fbe3b3be64bcc1	However, the human brain is exceptionally large and rich in neurons, as for the size of our body.
2cdf5320f8765c09d53aa951fb2417f53b294e99	A gorilla is three times more massive than a human, but its brain is smaller (albeit not much), and the number of neurons is three times less than a human
384704ef5fd83da035a5ec244b4cfdd93fdcf7fb	The answer lies in the gorillas ' consumption of raw and vegetable food (devoid of animal proteins).
86dee9d8a1ee8b6818d265e52b554329a0ed4caa	These primates must eat for hours to get enough calories to maintain their weight.
59b54983a1bc18409a884fd681d9c8c69576d74f	Researchers from Brazil, led by Susanna Herculano Huzel, a neurologist from the State University of Rio de Janeiro, calculated that the intake of calories in the primate brain occurs in the proportion of six calories per billion neurons.
2ab05c18bc05905870854e57af03160df7c17dd9	In order for a gorilla to develop a brain like a human, it will need another 733 calories a day, and this is an additional two hours of feeding.
c5b0f21a2e63a325f3bdd96cfc9fddbd414e47a4	Gorillas spend 8 hours out of 12 possible for food consumption in daylight in the tropical zone.
2476316ed2aa3f72e3c39a7ef30a5fc26b11e87f	Similarly, an ancient person who took only raw vegetable food would have needed 9 hours every day to get the necessary amount of calories.
d83257f64a8a3e5cc77655714a9618cc5493385d	Cooking makes many foods edible, frees up much more nutrients and calories found in both vegetables and meat.
63bf0daf783b4b53d66b60fed4b6198a7ad6f56b	"It should be recognized that modern man can survive by consuming only raw food, but this was almost impossible at the time when humanity emerged as a species," says Herculano Huzel in an interview with LiveScience.
0c6aedf382bbbaaa3d00adca26c085651936023a	After conducting long-term studies, they claim that the exclusion of animal food from their diet leads to a loss of brain mass.
09232541952342b7f3d406d6ab0ec3ea0e84d136	And one of the serious drawbacks, according to the researchers, is the lack of vitamin B12 in the food consumed [1], its absence leads to neurological and mental disorders, including blindness, which can become irreversible with late diagnosis.
666dca3b6541009d935797ef701005004eab9bf1	Scientists came to similar conclusions as a result of constant monitoring of several groups of patients aged from 16 to 87 years.
f2c0b3ec65ed7fb1c342be1adea71e12d2885106	These differences become clearly visible in the age group of 61-87 years [2].
d4315acaac156101262c6964510a55e768ce68d2	In this age category, the main studies were conducted and tomograms ambiguously recorded a more serious decrease in the mass and volume of the brain in adherents of a vegetarian diet.
503ec645ad0f1eec460a79b35a7a40e3ebc725b4	The same consequences were recorded in children, although to a lesser extent.
65a60403d5a577a63acfc08f082d8e336859de44	And following a vegetarian diet by a nursing mother can, due to the lack of this vitamin, lead to very serious consequences for the child.
6f693462e7609f30c06d14fc9bcd0c68c1700e14	when some people have a need to take a break from food altogether.
73cc293316129090d5a1985a8d6e0ec1fc8cdb1a	This phenomenon is called Bigu in the Eastern tradition, and in Christianity, Fasting (it is also Bretarianism, Sun eating or Pranoedenie) is the existence of a person without eating solid food.
16f184be7b4eefcdf49fa645e27ca9f1e85cf54d	The Bible-book is extremely contradictory and is based on myths, and not on information about the world, confirmed by facts.
906ea6ee032ccdf7e8510f865a0bd90778914815	It may be useful to historians who study ancient manuscripts and the movement of human thought, but not in our question of studying the nature of man and his nutrition.
842cb06986b63289a46f354d5c7f9b24670c45c0	these scientific studies confirm that the early hominids (the same australopithecus) ate mainly fruits, tree foliage, grass, like many modern primates.
dc544b3e516c942d06675ea222ae56ff06f5da9a	Our ancestors then mainly lived on the territory of Africa, in a hot climate, where there was expanse in terms of vegetation.
ebb3d999b6d1afacf948e6958945db28c8e07850	Then, during the Pliocene period, the cold came.
88c4f92a1e6458dad73bbf0ca0a1fa730a4723c4	Vegetation in large quantities has become inaccessible.
e1f8e4b342aab661d4f5a750b9807bc5d3359f25	Our ancestors were forced to start killing to survive
c2f1c93e44ec935beb399904ef18faed24db5790	They had to eat something due to the lack of habitual food.
8b9bf66f4bf2a1f090e1390f8c368ff3fe922b2e	They were forced to skin the animals to keep warm.
008e79d9e198462592218db711c7af75157f2766	The transition from one diet to another occurred repeatedly.
9e57e9dd7566c293346224c0b723a8847d8a671b	Fruit – eating hominids focused on a vegetarian type of diet lived in more comfortable warm conditions, while omnivores lived in more severe ones.
e82c2a692cda18fe5a62199d3fa5c394bb19324d	Eventually, by the time the hominids transformed into a reasonable person (about 100 thousand years ago), their clearly defined (by traces on the tooth enamel) omnivorous diet (about 90% of plant food and 10% of animal food) was revealed.
6857de36ad2419dca8a008fdc32091d6d97cf8d8	Because omnivore increased the chance of survival in the changing unstable conditions of the ecosystem.
ee4e589810080284a42cd0d52d057a3148b7f3bf	In addition, hunting was a very difficult occupation for hominids who were not adapted for this
9a3503c2a42b7d2b6a43a14fd12ecdf1d75a7741	The development of hunting skills had a beneficial effect on the development of the brain of ancient people.
c4d73fbf985f96328511cbc03c52cbe5a1534c5a	Because animal food (despite the fact that it was not a species, was extremely heavy, provoked diseases) supplied the human brain with more necessary calories, which was beneficial in terms of saving energy resources.
7c8dbd9f8b5276c4f15d8e09b7df28a3a7994221	If we talk about vegetarianism, then, as we found out, the most natural, natural for a person is omnivorous vegetarianism (ovo lacto).
5848e0a2089a5bca96b7d7d45e24b79cd9ccf126	First, our digestive system has long "moved away" from a vegetable raw food diet, adapting to omnivore.
c6ff07e554f7fde17970e5766bfdd658b46ba6a7	Secondly, the benefits of such a diet as the main one for a modern person are quite controversial.
ffd3d4c0f0cbe9743c7af3f08054cdfdf541f20e	Yes, some people on a raw food diet feel good, they manage to lose weight and improve their health (we emphasize, not all, but only some).
cd5d0aa2b2b6292076f209104e0f7c9567941185	Raw food gives good results in a limited period.
09f4c4457cbb3a879c4a25d17a0a4f71b2e26345	Just like fasting can cure diseases.
87666d74f77f7f73e39953cae293d52d41a99d87	However, the longer the period of raw food, the more problems there are.
afe09fb9db10a5603adca7566c037a9be8aea34c	Some of them are associated with poor absorption of nutrients from raw food, the other — with a lack of vitamin B12.
28bc6bd0ed46d5836aecf6071118e2325f278f99	There are theories that this and other vitamins are produced in the intestines, that people are able to survive on one raw plant food like ancient primates.
074584363016b2081fe3186a1ec32e814e8b672a	However, the lifestyle of ancient primates was significantly different from the lifestyle of modern humans.
e0aa2607ed4f53188a2022992b7de3733bcb6108	They ate fruits, including with insects, with various caterpillars, ate them dirty, getting B12 from dirt, from their own feces and from eaten insects.
2b728f2ba2ae1be0886ba073e9966f0269650e94	And given the multi-million evolutionary changes, a 100% comparison with primates seems incorrect.
e64fc19eb9b547395c03881cf0bf5867992674ea	Third, a person needs calories from heat-treated food.
bd0cb71f33bdf208e157b8fc00cc3db56dedea25	Despite the lower concentration of vitamins and other useful substances in cooked food (compared to fresh vegetable food), heat-treated products are no less important for us.
42eb63aea8a8a89e16f4e00b98b52b2950895b4f	According to the hypothesis of R. Wrangham (from Harvard University, USA), it was the transition to eating heat-treated food that contributed to the accelerated growth of the brain of hominids – our ancestors.
c7d7aa834448cec54d769e3a75654e7b62069994	Cooking food on FIRE (clear evidence-about 300-400 thousand years ago-finds in Beeches Pit in England and Schoeningen in Germany) is exactly what made it easier to digest and contributed to the release of energy so necessary for feeding a larger brain.
fc0e95e37d08be4f9622606d3a01039e876a8e5a	Heat treatment has made the food more caloric.
564c35c5b45171d7bda375b4b5e67859793a4364	These calories were a treasure trove for our brain.
95587154c56511f04352615302e0cc7bfcc0d239	A modern person, if he eats various raw vegetable products, may not die on a raw food diet, may even lose weight, improve his health due to the low-calorie diet, but only if he adheres to such a diet for a short time.
6d33388b8d1130dc5d7d3c9c1a467167d603fede	However, 100% raw food as the main and only food system is unrealistic.
71cccbfd88f8fb78257e939cf208a6c2989cf2bb	According to surveys, only 1% of 100% of raw food eaters manage to live normally on a 100% raw vegetable diet for more than 5 years.
3da8c647d04f6ae74b10289afc1e8002585d1447	These are mainly people living in a hot climate.
57dbe3bea2da5b2851a5a3b1cdb1be29a8f3dc9b	Despite the fact that the main goal of most raw foodists is to force all vitamins, amino acids, etc. to produce their microflora on any raw plants, the overwhelming number of them consume additionally either honey, or some percentage of cooked food, or eggs (like Ohanyan), or stale, spoiled, pesticide vegetables and fruits from supermarkets, etc.
1bf72832791d7fe810a579ae25fc643770a27f50	In this scenario, the possibility of the formation of a self-reproducing microflora seems unrealistic even in theory.
f594c43cbd7e6ea3753a3df11544fdb327b0dae2	Now we are mostly omnivores (here we emphasize that omnivorous vegetarianism is not much different from the usual "meat" omnivore, except perhaps that it is a much more ethical diet).
78b64079e44555237a23fb8be008f8ccef2c3399	But the man has changed.
afc1e8b7d8ad33c8c711612462b8238880536908	Our developed brain allowed us to be humane, to comprehend all the inhumanity of torture, slavery, violence against our own kind, natural earlier.
8948ec1899800b6160297bffffeb62249e29dfaf	It allows us to comprehend the same thing in relation to even less protected, but no less acutely sensitive creatures – animals.
82158d5dc5f4e7a9e2717081499c74ae92483a5c	The living conditions have also changed.
2e2d84964fd3580f9ff5807f7d4be72a57851078	We began to invent technologies – a convenient Internet, medicines that can cure many ailments that were incurable earlier.
f53929bd5dfa8530f28e635bf37030f8311b04fc	We have established food supplies all over the world, and now even a resident of the Far North can eat fresh plants if desired.
52986181e010b6c59fe5cf7c1e96c8e6a51b1c52	Yes, human activity also brings destruction.
8a8517a7f292890fae827ef4b20795614b68cba2	But right now, more than anyone else, a person can minimize these destructions by creating biotechnologies, treatment facilities, etc.
f9997c405bb2dcc2e5234a8cdeecd70d75811f11	A man has figured out how to synthesize vitamin B12, which previously could only be obtained from animal products.
e5e27beeffdf4d54a5057437a73cf57d812f0f7e	This has allowed many people to become vegans.
f1f91d7b335cc12df638a542f666c00e700294e5	That is, to completely switch to plant-based nutrition, but not following the example of our distant raw-food ancestors, but to modern nutrition, including the inclusion of the usual heat-treated food.
08c0cab433200a94e7ea7a684da783359a4d04b2	If you make a vegan diet correctly with the inclusion of additional synthetic vitamins and supplements, then it will be balanced, providing the body with everything necessary.
29ef7970080fb8b4521acfed80e3d3de20d27ea2	But, alas, it does not suit everyone. For example, those who are unable to think through the diet and eat in a balanced way, whose body reacts poorly to supplements.
8002ff07aeef7712b708a30c0180ece5ec0b8c9a	In this case, it is more reasonable to adhere to omnivorous vegetarianism( ovo lacto), in which it is much easier to balance the diet, but a certain dependence on animals still remains.
86797c9e00dfef68c4208a136cc3f391787c84e2	Apparently, as long as products similar to animals synthesized by humans do not appear on the free market.
ee4dafa8da3f3154460d7cea73da2147b0e3c2e4	"I was very ill until I was 16," says Olga Neretina, a 25 - year - old housewife.
eaef63095a9db672947d08d34b411d934d9068ee	The doctors called me a "weak" girl. I had gastritis, pain in the pancreas, a congenital heart defect.
96bc1543da5276387ed1a52a07c08fa1a75c6f61	After each examination of the doctors and their "verdict", it was such an impression that I could not even move, " Olga recalls.
e937eff9cd3869a199a93411fd73920b53c95b6b	There were no vegetarians in her family, and her parents were simply shocked when their 16-year-old daughter refused meat dishes.
f7ba7785535ca6c41ad3227d0ee4e84ba13af4b1	"I did it only because I felt sorry for the animals that were killed," the girl recalls. "I didn't think that it would somehow improve my well-being."
37f696c4535e234ef282e0356c54aca0902d73c9	Literally after two or three months, the girl felt much better.
8539d9f7c980ad1fe8d38f989a1dad65dd9bfe94	Then she decided to lead an active lifestyle and intensively engage in physical education.
e99a1568b40e3d34207e2454078e9043ed339410	At the university, the girl was taken to the university's national team in athletics.
54c4ceded89ee9ee8bd3129a82bf47af3c4feafb	My father was a furniture carpenter, and had already 5 children by the beginning of the First World War.
5706c4c8d257e618c56d78591296fe1411ed71d9	In order to be able to feed us in these unsafe times, my parents were looking for a peasant estate.
6a57ac5e2275b53be3e14aab209bfa3779b99bf6	We moved to a village near Zurich, where we started raising livestock.
42f9a2727c26100cd90dd4f136651b9cfa1ce284	Until then, we rarely ate meat.
0bd95c33e53566203f7d1686994e536b77e16bb1	And, being a boy, I was very indignant, but I had to put up with an unpleasant taste.
f453e70a4a5d9d0808d80194a43770d45b4c2a60	I've never liked milk either.
e048840e08e7599782680c95fcd63f5e3bbeb6bb	After a while, my mother started having health problems, she tried to get to the cause and soon became a vegetarian.
5c95e9c771b493f670aa9ef63d00ec87330f6741	I was about 11 years old then, and I joined her enthusiastically, having understood the words of the Bible "Thou shalt not kill!".
32835063a1229d1674bf08b5374015dd3715dc36	At the age of 30, Werner began growing organic vegetables, but did not promote veganism.
f5fff56906514b08318cb930ce6008ccb40f16a8	What is the most important thing that you have understood in life?
ecc391d9bc8e4cd7bc715c15c6c3181dfa16373f	The fact that you need to reckon with nature and adapt to it.
d37ff8036b907fe6fcbad8e40a84c536206c305d	What, besides veganism, have you done for your health?
e235961ce0674257e981753fe258690b8774149b	I have never consumed coffee and alcohol.
a979e512afd433422f1a6118a4931aa8f85f8ec3	What is your relationship with animals?
b038beed8c00147363285433d9da47bdb7542f9c	I have never willingly dealt with pets.
ad71aaff651685969ca0549d34b6b49616511f54	In my opinion, in the modern world, people do too much for them.
f699fde35e346afae3359bac120f2db877865734	I love nature and wild animals, the sounds of spring, the chirping of birds.
675c9b63a7569ab87992ddc67c971aa03643755e	I want to see the rainforests.
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8b2566f72dca8d8f5dc9a384d179e90b13df0fa0	> Why long term raw food is harmful, and veganism and vegetarianism are acceptable for a person Yandex.
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4d39e96df5c5475abe289e928f8f059609c08dbd	Why is a long term raw food diet harmful, and veganism and vegetarianism are acceptable for a person
bfa766e941948d72adeb58e9b9564e2db21e1bba	January 22, 2014 Margarita
6c1410e86680e6c3cdc168bae9e4cdbf49897c4f	Among vegetarians, there is often talk about human nature.
2be848aa9e8147d4ec3a1eb0999cc6196c37c004	Who are we more — predators or herbivores?
46ca34049a6f4eb17fc82e3d6427d66057f93c73	Which type of vegetarianism is closer to us omnivorous vegetarianism (ovo lacto), veganism or raw food?
ae0140f34dd76dbf78da0b06fdf5013795595364	What is more useful?
78051369dbd606e169b0f9e9f96c2876d6bf560e	Is 100% raw food harmful?
cac1a52ab2fb93c5c8a2d59d1c43b7559412bb1d	Today we will try to answer these questions according to tradition, objectively, focusing on the facts.
afb6c7d4c03dbbe3305912dab1cfe66e3e463b30	Why not idealize nature and look up to the Bible in matters of nutrition
61e224415bcc5f7e1d0816101c0ead5c38e140b8	For a better understanding of the rest…
8a706cf602f218992b8f84f542563d18a0736334	Many vegetarians almost deify nature.
010846c123b077da84992c4f13599bd419d4e2b6	They believe that there are no flaws in it, that it is perfect, that you need to eat and live exclusively "from the sources".
c6c9c925ca780695b4ce4dd4757526ab04cbe3e7	And they make a mistake.
696480b493dff13721f75d8bb538c68e074831c9	Because in fact, the primary sources of nature are far from perfect, sometimes they are very cruel.
54c5bcfb89cb03ba8806855a73c0b93ee5966226	We get sick and die in nature.
6491f18250941d12216dfbf868e3a0cc48d5f359	In countries where the lifestyle is most close to the natural (i.e., where people live naturally, without the benefits of civilization), life expectancy remains very low (Africa, etc.), in high tech countries like Japan, on the contrary, it is high.
b66828a663743ff0c262efb2a665c42c1cd9b06d	What is known about the changes in life expectancy in different epochs of human existence?
e16ceb8d623ddab5f19a3d7c37229b0d704691f4	Paleolithic (2.6 million 10,000 BC)
fceb973fb438264ce9252ff48e03e35fc58ba2ee	-33.3 and 28.7 (men and women, respectively)
3776b11a0adcb43a72ae02d8779f8d95de47900a	Neolithic (9500-4000 BC)
81406c410c3bf2bd541dc157d8d3f2298018e4bc	-20
9e6daee0e93706335d49e9a11000c978c36c249c	Bronze and Iron Ages (4000-100 BC) - 35+
d39292248a4b3842f6446efe9f387dd99ca8b462	Classical Greece (V IV century BC) -28
b7fe6b0827ddf6dedbf80669cb3c94f7218492c9	Ancient Rome (750-450 BC) -28
e2fb818a4ca2946afa3df37268d78a18691bd19d	Pre Columbian North America (before the XV century) - 25-30
a4b1a5ce197c40870adc0a1240893c3f7ab48c42	Medieval Islamic Caliphate (632-1258)-35+
02b22c6572ed047c8fac12b86ebf7c084549bcb3	Medieval England (V XVI century) -30
31bb3b240587717c8602dd1f36ed9986a88c6486	England (XVI XVIII)-40+
ca8451816e987ef97fb54a68291e05244cbda263	The beginning of the XX century 30-45
1dff6c856377596b32d9db325888edf4074f209c	The current time is 67.2
be5adef326612186f5e0db57592604f48ec8b298	Predators tear apart herbivores, cause them wild pain and suffering in nature.
585b6f554897e45756fd4b3d3fa4968b867d604f	Planets and stars crumble to dust in nature.
2c3dc74aef69cabc402877622039dbe9e09cda3d	Nature is merciless, although it is no less beautiful and complex.
a8aab2bc6479f464362131b8f5ff74f79f18575f	And it does not cease to be our parent, the place from which we take absolutely everything for life.
51fd4989ef64875afa9861c7252636d6c7cf0f22	In matters of nutrition, we do not recommend that you look up to the Bible, religion, or divine concepts.
685aa16987419be76e2e4532c53455b9388cfebc	We will not go into assumptions about the existence of God.
3f4e9580b0a1b045e404094e327b75df38a8bd63	Its presence or absence will not shed light on what a person should eat better.
b3ac6f9c539cada64c76670ca266009253cf261b	Even if there is someone who started the mechanism of constant birth and death (which is quite possible), he gave only an initial "push".
1e60a0f7234654a6648021b22e4d3683e0990405	And then life was left to itself.
fa6ef86c1e455608dc0775b9d823ac4fea4b7df3	Then laws began to operate in nature that we must learn to understand, including the laws of evolution, adaptation.
f3858a3721227ec8bf72c34a334a34b33c21ae00	The Bible book is extremely contradictory and is based on myths, and not on information about the world, confirmed by facts.
480d24b75efb06b9729bf8ab3110d4ec946e3c64	In addition, most religions are against vegetarianism in principle, although many people refer to the Bible, the Koran, etc. as authoritative sources, without recognizing otherwise, as in the case below:
89a9ca0aebd7193f8ccea0124cefbfd6547a40f9	How was the nutrition of modern man formed in nature
0c781c379b50b8e5de68a334289edd5850f5d33b	The planet Earth has not been suitable for life since its inception.
1492902a4b46a94826135e70811f227f2d4dba67	It has experienced terrible times when it was impossible to exist on it.
cb16278381966885387d988d7f99cc2a5cbe02b8	Naturally, there was no person on it at that time.
25fc7ac250ee1e7ff6c73a1ec1b641074c046b2f	But cataclysms, lavas, tsunamis were present in abundance.
15498a7bc9f3737e3ab71332f75ff9eaa94c62e8	A wonderful popular science film will tell about the history of the Earth in more detail:
3bd3a7d0e38df93bc3294d1c914710a531b2f312	Gradually, favorable conditions were formed: elements came to Earth from space, in the presence of which life could be formed.
a73679c3974e7f0cbf286a16454802fe1be6215c	This life was constantly adapting and changing.
3fe14820855404bd3bd6c619e3f3bab61cb49527	She struggled for existence and died, another life came to replace her.
a36bf848f1a10bdd0c4013f79df8693ffef775fb	Man, who evolved from the lowest forms of life into intelligent and now civilized beings, is no exception.
2ef70a70723bf9a70976963a6549aee9d71f0e47	It passed through the stage of Neanderthals, Pithecanthropus, Australopithecus and other hominids (which appeared about 6 million years ago) before it transformed into the current Homo sapiens (Homo sapiens).
eff551a8e7a4a08ff8b879dae37fd911b5d3300a	The same reasonable person, whose history has an average of about 100 thousand years.
1fedb00aad8a429740a5b12a06e84d9a9f958833	Omnivores or herbivores?
bd17077c66a7b5c40840f018e1a16d61d42bdd7f	What did our ancestors eat?
9bdd4fbea56f483bdcf75d38587c9dac24807204	In these scientific studies confirm that the early hominids (the same australopithecus) ate mainly fruits, tree foliage, grass, like many modern primates.
b4a2093a86f4b609ce543e0236b5004bd3f26218	Our ancestors were forced to start killing to survive They had to eat something due to the lack of habitual food.
ad531f2ac27387106955e725645607a0892d614e	Thus, nature contributed to the formation of an omnivorous person.
2546d28fd1957306d2825a1b865c4d77b45b3904	1. Because omnivore increased the chance of survival in the changing unstable conditions of the ecosystem.
a1b9f6faea09699e78946e981d03876eae074a7c	The ability to hunt, get meat and other animal products and eat them was necessary when there were no vegetable sources of food on the horizon.
1c1d64014a4fa9e01932cf00abc01df9fa356883	Direct Delicious food for health!
b4e3973b0ccba0a33150f32c9d0223ff3b279433	A balanced healthy diet!
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c493a490df526fcef895cb683b77d80658765b13	In addition, hunting was a very difficult occupation for hominids who were not adapted for this The development of hunting skills had a beneficial effect on the development of the brain of ancient people.
204ec507c674de89ad79a0563071bccaef642df5	What conclusions can be drawn from this?
10d00d26b331c85cfa8fda7c95bef35e3b0849d7	1. We were raw vegetarians at an early stage of the development of our ancestors.
077e72bc9f1e77625b40e82b34d7861ee57441d9	2. For many millions of years, an omnivorous diet was predominant among people and their ancestors.
62c46927c94c029ce805339ab019487b2fd763ba	Raw or heat treated?
56c819e6456aa7c3f8a682fbd52cb7afef1d9d69	If we talk about veganism and raw food, then veganism is still closer to a modern person.
77c64f6eb631be45599ff95d81908e2b4e9cbedc	And given the multi million evolutionary changes, a 100% comparison with primates seems incorrect.
5db5b3ecf9f78e4037b3d6383c19672ab1d19ba0	Third, a person needs calories from heat treated food.
8bd2cf6842425a25bfdc8fbae5b50858be0d6342	Despite the lower concentration of vitamins and other useful substances in cooked food (compared to fresh vegetable food), heat treated products are no less important for us.
dd2285d9cf71776b4b1c3845601c8f22dec3abe1	According to the hypothesis of R. Wrangham (from Harvard University, USA), it was the transition to eating heat treated food that contributed to the accelerated growth of the brain of hominids – our ancestors.
c0e0c00244f9f00bac3d811f9a5e9cc6fa8fb542	Cooking food on FIRE (clear evidence about 300-400 thousand years ago finds in Beeches Pit in England and Schoeningen in Germany) is exactly what made it easier to digest and contributed to the release of energy so necessary for feeding a larger brain.
b46236183986b347a89d4c3904b5bcd8fa580d95	A modern person, if he eats various raw vegetable products, may not die on a raw food diet, may even lose weight, improve his health due to the low calorie diet, but only if he adheres to such a diet for a short time.
dc08b2cbf4df30939ff529e38d219ca547fdc91a	It can be assumed that a raw food diet can be useful as a short term diet.
55b994aebf29112196e3f8c8f49ef3a00866f867	2. However, 100% raw food as the main and only food system is unrealistic.
e2c46e2cc88b293949315471de2ca8157a956e9e	Others like Izyum, his wife, Butenko's family, Dobrozdravin or Pavel Sebastianovich, who once inspired, refuse this food system in its original 100% sense because of serious health threats.
95de8a61da5d265ca9999422cda2666f019c4eb8	They felt the harm of raw food for themselves.
1a1de5ef1987000306078af52bf68119cbe81b97	But the "retired" are replaced by new ones, full of enthusiasm, and the short cycle continues again.
f7c7db3331e2a048895617b13464db1f8bdfc33f	3. Despite the fact that the main goal of most raw foodists is to force all vitamins, amino acids, etc. to produce their microflora on any raw plants, the overwhelming number of them consume additionally either honey, or some percentage of cooked food, or eggs (like Ohanyan), or stale, spoiled, pesticide vegetables and fruits from supermarkets, etc.
04f9eb052efe214e6dedc52f194733c01cd5fe43	In this scenario, the possibility of the formation of a self reproducing microflora seems unrealistic even in theory.
5d3c457481d56bf1716507deb55f176b1a7d7792	Therefore, raw foodists often lack nutrients (after all, they deprive themselves of many products that are suitable for use in heat treated form), as well as vitamins.
9416c64e119219ac5396595b3fc0888f72d4df5b	Some raw food eaters find a way out of the situation — for example, they eat vegetable raw food in large quantities or supplement it with cooked products, use additives as Denis and his family do.
b6269262edfab31cc3a094eb518326d124bd2d4b	Such a raw food diet on the principle of veganism is the most realistic.
eeb428e5ac7886414a4406f06d4d93a35492ea8f	Otherwise, people have to go off the raw food diet because of health problems.
ceed2ac32410db447eec6b381bcf90efbd11d4c4	Conclusion: a long term 100% raw food diet is a rollback, although it is quite extreme, and without a reasonable approach it is also dangerous.
9c1e231584be93ec4ee8e79159f790dd19751c63	And this is always an EXPERIMENT, since scientific studies of groups of raw food eaters have not been conducted.
06a48cf907b67dbb98e8dae996e8a04da460f98d	It is more rational to combine a raw food diet with a vegan one, observing the balance of raw and heat treated food and using human synthesized vitamin B12 and other necessary additives in the correct proportions.
1268345f7bc9234d67701b8350972b1bc81a4075	Veganism – the diet of our time
d14ef2e9171dacaf86d7193908f118e389dda95e	That is, to completely switch to plant based nutrition, but not following the example of our distant raw food ancestors, but to modern nutrition, including the inclusion of the usual heat treated food.
62ab664bd908e295858aab432db273424b0ef258	As a result, there is no need for global animal exploitation.
e9f761e41ad5b09285cdbadaeae30e930bee41b2	But, alas, it does not suit everyone.
432711e811e54acd0c51fd78f4bf96aec909d086	For example, those who are unable to think through the diet and eat in a balanced way, whose body reacts poorly to supplements.
84b2ebdfe789fa9cac1044fee11ed54d8fcf1048	Let's summarize the article:
e16802c055ab8bcd8f3d2fef50e07a743ab74019	1. Omnivorous vegetarianism (ovo lacto or ovo) can be attributed to the natural natural human diet, but more ethical compared to meat eating.
8154159b4e41d2130063db14410d742f2703b088	The omnivorous vegetarian diet (ovo lacto) is recognized as a full fledged American Association of Dietitians and other dietetic associations of the world.
c6542911061f761a45eb2cca916e39ab2ef72425	2. The raw food diet, although it is natural, belongs to the diet of antiquity, and its advantages as the only one that should be followed are very doubtful.
84054bb1f4c3634b988460cb13f170fbcf6f7b74	3. The vegan diet is not natural, but it is humane, meeting modern concepts of reasonableness.
6cf6ec8886a8c5b9106e0f96534677b4e7c75a83	If it is compiled correctly, taking into account the synthesized vitamin B12 and some other food additives – then according to experts of the world dietetic associations, it can be absolutely complete.
8365a5ad59d9cecace5ab7f9f415f37d3317a83b	Author: Margarita
1ca48edc41340a417703a72a042304d21a806b3a	If you liked the article and found it useful for you, then share it with others:
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672d742e5c1dfebe8b37afb86b71b85c2490579f	76 comments on the entry “Why is a long term raw food diet harmful, and veganism and vegetarianism are acceptable for a person”
328e0966d8891ae5723a5d386ed15766948886d5	Alexey:
30d9e43ecbb594fadcfc732e795c85cfedce63fc	January 22, 2014 at 11:19 am
0f1a30361ebd84c69d0568a649dc2d8f8ebced42	You mentioned here that hunting is a complex occupation and, accordingly, contributes to the development of the hunter in the process of evolution.
76aa4293e2461df88f52fa7efaf2c603283c0bd2	And why didnot other animals, which are natural hunters, develop like humans?
cd736b5333fc128d68924f875f6840884b762349	What do you think?
5a46170b0f07d948ce85ae726eaa33a3ba11e5d6	After all, they also ate high calorie meat for food, and the need to hunt should have affected the development of their brain?
0158e573b8f249768b0f1c773713d6fbd13c821c	12 6
0d83158a08280cdcafd5f7c8d1678f70a48b0e2d	Margarita:
20a2a78c5f56d0b1283ab7c177d72eb40f8ce28c	January 22, 2014 at 12:03 pm
be573ef918672d3063b78c9957524d59b0953deb	Precisely because animal predators are natural hunters.
4a2a5101fc7b7ea4312f1ccb53dfcfab708e2389	Hunting is their main occupation, and hunting skills are laid down by instincts from birth.
34b35b9eaf83ebf2c3eb82c9bc2ae1e23b524324	They hunt not forced, but, so to speak, at the call of nature, having everything with them for this — fangs, claws, the appropriate digestive tract for processing flesh, etc. They do not need to make any titanic efforts for this, they do not need to invent tools, nets, tools for cutting, etc.
dc8c9967b7b7b86435ee62f2f4c32b0be17de71b	Man has always hunted involuntarily, since he was not a hunter by nature.
5fca5ee9120b2d93bd7f6db5a36fd7c7a53e7009	If there was a lot of vegetation in the vicinity, he would not risk his life to get slaughter food.
9e11bec4f45e62b100139b3e1bf34aac0691a005	After all, in the diet of ancient people there was only about 20-10% of animal food, and not 90-100% as in predators.
72ceff08fef66ebbf92f68d631efc49b2cfb72aa	In addition, if you read the scientific article to which I gave a link, you should have become familiar with the fact that, according to the main hypothesis, the decisive role in the evolution of the brain was played not by raw meat, but by heat — treated food in general plants and animal products cooked on fire.
058907f0f17f60e2d8e6509804c03f038bc964b1	This is a popular comment 29 8
69f1bc66a2766beba707278ba6ec27202e4478fc	Irina:
6b3e81621613749f4afcea8630c70f7ec3396a85	January 23, 2014 at 18: 31
a1d1bb7d842b298e6d03ee0a6ba51c881ccc37ce	I really want to read a material where the author would highlight the presented material based on his experience.
32cd81e920f651477cd9df301050b0ed4f5018c2	Most scientists are meat eaters and are ready to present a bunch of beautifully formed opinions based on their worldview, not to mention the fact that pharmacists and butchers are often behind the research and their "results".
8d96126f2e84d9bf194fca4ffcd7864a9fc89a9d	The materials that the author can evaluate and highlight are invaluable, not only referring to hypotheses, conjectures and experiments (no one can guarantee readers that they were, and if they were, it was with such results as reported), but also to his personal experiment.
e8b6313344d93d2fe691b029050ac7f5155165fe	The topic is serious, it directly concerns the life and health of people.
32759e8230b42c61aeb5f0c525d3bcc48c9720da	Everything else is reflections on the topic and reprinting from one place to another.
73b712b8b6cfe3595c142b4494108e84e8137981	If the author has experienced all three types of nutrition and provides his opinion, this is one thing, it is really valuable.
2c042db8ef0b021ebc9ef9ee086889b11376de23	If this was not the case, then we must admit that there is a misleading of readers.
7434ba9614288acda04fa2944f77af52f28fa89d	This is a popular comment 28 10
377db789f614d53ae4ba8100d9c7f91098c69492	January 23, 2014 at 18: 57
1b9e1b2a9490d064653d813143ee71c7c74e4938	One person's experience (if you are going to follow it) it is just less valuable than the experience of generations or a group of people.
e28677c09c7e677473a839082b26d95327048a99	You donot need to be a raw food eater for 20 years to know what you can expect from a raw food diet.
b7268b072e9d766239569441d1a751c81f581d58	There is enough experience of many real volunteers, which they generously shared — Butenko, Dobrozdravin, Pavel Sebastianovich, Izyum and his wife, Denis Tuvia and many others.
1f2c56bfcc585772ce8cfdaec6d8230e3e89a3a4	It is enough knowledge that scientists have been extracting for years, putting their lives on, for example, so that humanity understands what the essence of the mechanism of natural selection is.
990412103d9233bfc3a84e1738ca84e472d9256a	But for some reason, people are used to believing the Bible and a lot of other mythical literature, the neighbor baba Klava, the results of experiments with the health of their relatives (not taking into account that the positive experience of relatives does not guarantee the same effect to them), but they are not used to focusing on the facts that science gives.
a3626ec4fe6d0eabb3115d4f2c8e7f0815262bed	We are not used to analyzing the experience of many different people, not only positive, but also negative.
95623c632373dd4484edb2c0b4e0ba1f60821041	Probably, because it is much more difficult to know, to understand the subject, to distinguish science from pseudoscience, than to read beautiful fairy tales and listen to everyday stories.
188a56997c8c80d87234fffa45d0f2b9aabf5d71	PS do you know what the main value of this article is?
81b322f3cbe6274abc5feb7de969e07f218154d1	The fact that it collects, systematizes information from DIFFERENT sources, provides the experience of DIFFERENT people, which allows you to draw YOUR OWN conclusions.
73710577c66b58af3532f83acab9338a586d194a	If I described only MY experience — would it be more valuable for you personally?
1dc9bd2579c5fb8ef205902049019f85e106eacc	Think about it.
375c4a094b77bae068329d179d367737b454c041	26 21
0dcff7f58a18f5fa4cbe280d346df89a614a2e7f	January 23, 2014 at 21: 14
d032a602a03630e99834dde25c6309045ab515b0	I also ask you to pay attention to the words "Wrangham's hypothesis", "Academician Ugolev's theory", etc. Theory and hypothesis are not facts, but only assumptions based on certain data, which are not yet enough to be facts.
1772fb5d7ad8ef23a46fe848e1e4a793cca98308	But these are precisely scientific assumptions for which there are good reasons, and not idle speculation taken from the ceiling, so they are definitely worth taking into account.
2286a1a361e321a267c9116d6cba63a981f35f6b	13 9
ab4d2da01b2111c0c894d7fd74947af5209786b7	Igor:
48ceee72f8bb70a092b2b7f59ff3f2b69e07fd10	March 7, 2016 at 16: 00
f37929a54b78578b22bac73a2a7ceb5fcc553612	Everything is easier!
45f9db722e06b604085ac40d62b651002748e141	Remember your childhood!
af7d6f6cf0bcc624de37958dee493ac8562c7bde	What would you like more for lunch pork with fat, or a juicy apple?
c2c9dd90388c2abe3b0796ef62cbff2be9d5342a	That's all.
98499e97c5d3266b081560f2173b527bba5bf7fc	If you want a banana, eat it, if you want bread with lard, eat it.
3826b599270a23436b53b99bda694c7e97625b5c	The body itself will "ask" what is needed.
c6ccdcd1aa118eb4f5747e64e5a39b0268aa8346	Rate the comment: 1 0
1bcd201a391bb92cb92b781679000c1a6dd60a82	Roma:
cbf27e2234de54bf4fdb638693f669699f9333b8	January 23, 2014 at 20: 52
50fb9043f6e77c01d36b26427f82253a8102040c	Interesting....
7801df81b89fa163eab0e5505330f2f52b6fbedc	Rate the comment: 1 1
d39eb770a2de96d9ac43f7fe2beb3d4b8265565d	January 23, 2014 at 23: 43
4eb0f7cf2ba3b94326048c9521b4ee476785ec1f	Margarita, if it's not a secret — are you personally a vegan, vegetarian or do you consider yourself an omnivore?
c99f53ca052fe963be323c6fdd52c54b3c8d16d1	Rate the comment: 2 0
3e34e186a495bc05143e8f65f8327b6b5728bb63	January 24, 2014 at 00: 03
c6abd42d53cae450c366f2fc12ea0819f0ae65e2	For a long time I was an omnivore, then a lacto ovovegetarian (what I call omnivorous vegetarianism), then I switched to veganism.
36728622661b9cb3bf8d6a7f002561ccfcb917bc	This is a popular comment 15 0
dbead3a1959b38acc61ccf409ea3afb835368772	January 24, 2014 at 00: 24
190e435914203d39b36e9096eeaf84287b814cf7	Actually, what confuses you in the article?
0f486a7eea399b11d0726302e8af1e3285f275fa	Where do you see the inconsistencies?
1d832dc50cedef2db24ca0b39dbb46af8c5a2ca5	The fact that the ancient people ate meat?
120bdfc6a3d90b8c0b1beb8673ec84c3cfff9a17	So any schoolboy knows this, and they did not do it from a good life.
c29030428bc36731eff6f47bf71dee5a1a1b6914	Or the fact that veganism is an unnatural diet?
670c0a73d402a1b7ddcbfd47889f6255072e0871	Well, this does not prevent it from being a healthy diet and humane.
e431f80c2dc8f19faabb10e8f7146894a7e76367	The concept of" naturalness " is generally relative.
2e71fde5c341421e7d8ddb39aeff942d6a8aecca	What was natural millions of years ago is no longer so today.
d1ac27bcf3af8ff45f61fac93916f3729ccfdb6f	And what is natural now can be absolutely non natural in a few generations.
9da5cbbf63bb42a37edaf012ecb52c2530ad466c	Rate the comment: 4 1
bf336f76c93f1a6b0066c8ee40063b6df7efcd59	January 24, 2014 at 11:27 am
df990cd69c322100435fc06469d1e2011f04e02b	That's for sure.
dc5597c26230b8a4e38049c4ed9fc7f76f9431ee	The evolution continues.
52066691a3d78b04326fea6c544a676abb3a47b6	Rate the comment: 5 0
81d9c29605b010cd7754aa7624eaff4df03ebe68	January 24, 2014 at 13: 57
70dbf4dc16d1ae007ae46657c55a4bc7cffd2a2c	I will not say that I am confused, but rather sad that such articles appear on the veteran site.
41eab4ab10453342935a7d43228c1db76dcd5258	And the fact that ancient people ate meat, in my opinion, does not give grounds to conclude that man is an omnivore.
87863c2752462063d84bae02b9b4551021a3f0cc	A person can stuff anything into himself, but you canot say that this is the norm just because he does it.
fd3761d6b01ea3b0377e52b31b0c1c09f5a8870a	Scientists are not mistaken in their conclusions about the usefulness of meat for the human body, about trace elements and calories — everything is correct.
0ea46ff5050a4eb183e9c8bf12f8a70d161c9035	But a person is not only what our eye registers as a device, there is also a thin body, just on which meat does not act in the best way.
8196e2bdf06fc3897997888106f2b96b0df14ea0	When people refuse meat, they feel that there are changes for the better in the psyche, this just speaks about the purification of the subtle body from the coarse vibrations of aggression, fear, etc., which meat carries with it if it is eaten.
323cb58d2d60046b96275e7845fe7155fef1fed9	This is a popular comment 24 13
fefb4346c0388bc7a755f20ffe42779a155cfbf2	January 24, 2014 at 14: 06
abd7485ec444cc7274e84376f7fad1c56e8dbc71	What do you mean by "thin body"?
b686cc51114bef3ae7f8528be9d1df782c295b07	A soul?
1fcca014bd051288895f55deb8542161836d5280	Rate the comment: 4 5
5b8d5d2bd36e7f4609c4654e3f25abb158b81c8e	January 24, 2014 at 17: 11
41a9d20c121e064bb5bbbefb4d257e333fc960d3	You see, I try to write objective, truthful articles in isolation from my own preferences.
e689899c69dbf30893bb71559eebadd508824c84	So that everyone can draw conclusions for themselves.
5eec5883b7bede4fb7727b4020b8bc6c6396521e	I donot know about you, but I am disgusted by articles on the Internet that multiply like mushrooms after rain about almost divine vegetarian food, devoid of any shortcomings.
3fe088bb24b0afa7e292f5076907c8f9a281c951	In them, mysticism is often intertwined with one's own dreams and fantasies.
305ff15b79dcc5374db2a74b1907563e54b92f43	These articles sometimes misinform people to such an extent that they are ready to give up food altogether.
0abe4fa772d1794e37133199531998331fefe92d	Therefore, there is no subjectivism.
8f9f2ac22d2e1010becbd56b6c318e584c80776c	More precisely, each author can indicate in the article that he thinks so and so, but there is his opinion, and there are facts.
cfd4ed4117ffe6a97ad0788dc5ab77157dc5c35c	Also in this article there are facts that I refer to and there are my conclusions based on these facts.
ee8e06de9b7f6b0e29362e39c80771b7416a2981	You can make your own.
64e76dfffd6517d94ebdd06c03ee1597fcbd1b06	And man is omnivorous not because ancient people ate meat, but because for millions of years they ate animal products on a par with plant products in principle.
8d29339cfb6ef5c946f7515c83aed30680a89796	And here we do not mean exactly meat.
ccadf5fd8dcd82f05e0fa0f17341a4a89680ae5b	These were eggs, dairy products, and honey.
188535e708d0c28c096311a39ba7e609b91222d1	Even if the ancient people ate only bezuboyn if there were animal products (at least 1%) together with plant products, they would still be called omnivores.
31ad1a106fa4e9b48b70d98094c743b99f15588b	And I didnot write anywhere that eating meat is the norm.
02af571c9284b101a8993428e927039a2b1568cf	The concept of norm is generally relative.
543222b395dbda223978196398a5400932238413	I just wrote that a person in nature has been eating animal products for many years, this is his natural food, but it does not mean that it is healthy food.
20c0d5371169425779e126cac69fb3ac45d7a4fe	Do you catch the difference?
d09ed514a9110f766b2d9ba2801da90b9afd7d2b	Some people do not digest dairy products, others are allergic to eggs, and others have meat that causes constipation and indigestion and a lot of other problems.
bb65b2df5edb26879e2b4fc1277d01e882258872	Therefore, everything is individual.
ebdd4cb5acb9921b78ace3e03240244cd3add581	And about the benefits and harms, this is a completely different conversation.
3796438c306b72e09cc4e673f7ea18eeecea385a	And a raw food diet can be useful, and even meat (yes yes) in small quantities.
15dd2b532de5856e41e0b8aedf3d01e80d5a4cb7	But this is all a completely different topic.
1266f7a5511dd0173d0d04901a9c8a9737ef07bc	In this article, I outlined only the general points, gave guidelines for further study of the material.
fad7dc7355a1b7b84d8f5349a4d2d680a4993587	The article was about the natural and the non natural, about humanity and awareness, about the fact that a person is changing.
abaa0677855b41b52a52fa26e7bb4650a17ddec7	And to follow the primordial natural raw food sources, to continue to provoke a predator in yourself or to switch to a humane modern diet is a personal matter for everyone.
8b9b07a4591ac2dcf6a1a15b90d0c0a1eabd3510	This is a popular comment 39 2
3363e1bb3171dd0fb0f95dcafb20ec1aee9fa6ec	Denis:
9de484d9a794535341d0a93edad10c5a1b678afe	November 28, 2014 at 12: 45
9f238ff1a04200fa472604eae7b51a324b0abca1	Irina, not everything in life is joyful, and the bitter truth must also be able to respect and even love, and be able to live with it.
294074937219e5c5db0218e29896acf1f17dac23	Rate the comment: 6 0
2db04ffb56ade3d861bf412894421aece8c66ecb	January 24, 2014 at 14: 08
44c118e1c15de42c9eceacc436db7e60238b6c5c	I'm sorry, "vegetarian"
659d22a576f7c9df78ad80e90ba6cd5bee0b7c22	Rate the comment: 0 0
8d1bd1ad741c1ee057e941857605975e1b93337e	January 24, 2014 at 14: 45
74d99bc17316c7c390ce57815d0d36272bb784ce	Soul, mind, mind.
91872804ec5cac898f749de61c701753b54b59e9	January 24, 2014 at 17: 17
4f94e033ba91effddc849c4dc8a20bbfa56afb25	And all these subtle bodies — I would not write about them so confidently in your place, because it is impossible to check all this.
937165f133c95d62710bd1f310ec64d479472b6f	Well, you feel that way, and I feel something, I believe in something, well, that's fine.
21d720c8fa7e8c63de6b919475edcbae068355a9	But these are not facts, but only some subjective sensations, it is quite likely a game of our imagination and a joke of the senses.
28ee0428ed5f400fcd44501847d7547078ee2a13	However, it may be the opposite.
37905f5c718eddd85c49ed94f4c278ce2339c85b	But that's not the point.
c827dbd3ef7b0f973d92b232530dc6cac843cbf0	Vegetarians in this world are full of aggressive and embittered people, as well as meat eaters.
53d4551dbc489b48c7739a666b6358d40b826511	I didnot notice any higher spirituality in vegetarians.
999a8d1117d446588a3f3aab410d9e4cb87649c2	Many people refuse to eat meat at all for health reasons, and not for moral reasons.
8bf45580ada80847c1bb3b5b795b0b3aa56814af	Everyone is different.
4a71ba4428da62bc83342b0940072013a4218329	So here's the deal.
dfa0e21842c480d5189f1e04e3b995bae22a9c72	This is a popular comment 25 5
adb10774705592faf0f2f5ee11b27a6c886dbd9f	Svetlana:
99e13f9fe50f249cfa3f182b2e9c4336a54176ec	April 27, 2014 at 18: 42
8ace0f6971ded6fef0dcd804a03f7efdf62d20e1	I agree with Margarita.
7886d640c413cf936925b510107c507d935b5297	Hitler , by the way, was a vegetarian, but not for ideological and lofty reasons.
f12310488f536507fc0d5844d9eaf8bc63cdc0a9	He had problems on a physiological level: a problem with digesting heavy animal food.
90c5d56f15c7825432693bb1eb5f6b18da92c4d6	Rate the comment: 3 1
827e22a35696e88a41ba1c2e7b08735935a98a5d	Arjun:
5af1fe0c5fbca9994c8d5a6f9744bf706a085bac	November 20, 2014 at 09: 07
8c69f596249efdb60123186e4e4a43a94bef03f1	Hitler was NOT a vegetarian... he was a hypochondriac about his own health and, according to the doctor's instructions, ate liver, sausages and fish...
d56eff5bef8cd367bdee5ea82174501f0c4bf30e	He disdained meat and crayfish.
0e8943089944b344d2fe776292246b088abee8c2	In addition, in 1936, one of the oldest German Vegetarian Union in Europe was liquidated, its members were sent to camps…
abe0529f543f289616ea08173bc2229b24b9dbef	Rate the comment: 5 2
a3703343859a81b94f74874eba6ffb9d21e87942	November 20, 2014 at 22: 17
36942b076311254fbda8acaac3d8f57c5aafc686	Arjun, hello.
35d1104ec82b3d6270df9b10c350c97755952c66	If there is, please share a link to the source of this information about Hitler.
7fab54c5e63cb4947194e833b7d5df3d788e0fd6	November 21, 2014 at 05: 22
f3a2a4319aca3641fd6dead44ff7a55f4d56f097	The most popular source is the website of "Vita", the topic is easily found by the query "the myth of vegetarianism of the Fuhrer of fascist Germany".
903de3f75e3633c17d7deb9b5a5b7e16a97824c5	True, there are also inaccuracies of a propaganda nature in the article, but they do not reject this fact.
14678bafb5bab37a63d94a123b6aa0ffc0cb3919	More significant sources are the memoirs of survivors from Hitler's entourage.
161b79bf5db9b6f09c2439b398ea0bf8523c11b0	But you need to dig there…
9f005940f736da9d987fb0ba373b44c2bab59b82	Rate the comment: 2 2
c564d2ee81ca2f86800a960fa41f19c94270252c	November 28, 2014 at 12: 46 pm
c68b4bc2a2cd565610d3f40a68f979fe6d16e280	this is not true, Hitler was not a vegetarian, this rumor was not confirmed.
2d65ba9cfa331400f98b27a52cd610b64d8bb1a6	You can read about this in historical sources.
fc60a2857aa00ff13a0811d40951e310a3f40fac	Rate the comment: 3 2
a67c77cf88c64b87bf406fa26adf8c49ba55308c	January 24, 2014 at 21: 52
7df1616ea52bdc5b512eb0b7a009489e8e3aea52	Hidden due to low comment rating.
1aca72bfb3618a1293a96332528353e168a22ac8	Click here to see.
193e77c1cd6888d6eb2a0d57e0317dd3281f3058	I'm sorry, Margarita, that my opinion and knowledge did not coincide with yours.
104f87da48ff170c4e900f98125bbaa2ad406017	In my life, I prefer to be guided by knowledge that has been tested by other time intervals, and not by hypotheses and theories that have existed for several decades at best.
962695258e02d6e87dec85a3700d8181ef566c6b	When a person knows what needs to be done not only by himself, but also by others, I see no point in further discussion of the proposed topic.
b9475829d3abb534fd02b6056ca40a2aa23342a4	Good luck to you!
8cd61917aab925d1d535810030866c390d5d3484	5 10
e56376e728e9f3282472dce2f5a9b8e5cfe14cb8	January 24, 2014 at 22: 05
20904578edb654215f2acd5af74319f8b7301d88	Of course, I know what I should do myself.
9230d38fe4a73685e5a7a215f7a021de54e7fb3e	But I suggested others to draw conclusions on their own, if you paid attention.
a3e08ddd25db428a893444d016b357b1177eea6d	And good luck to you.
7b2e570686bf77857dac2d9eb3a56eef184f46a8	This is a popular comment 11 3
873f5c11e455a3d13b538f68c9b6479e183447e8	November 28, 2014 at 12: 49 pm
f88511ae12a0dff8aa502633542d4740d82f19ff	Knowledge is a theory tested on many years of experience, in different conditions and preferably not only not for yourself, but also on many close people(children, husband, wife, close relatives).
3e5a422e0434b981aa3a370fb536ca23ae6ffa8f	Elena Volodina:
5d93ffa457dca29069a0c9be862ab0479b9c6538	January 25, 2014 at 11:46 am
1ccb0640bae95b87c934c978cd74087ab12e79b7	I read it.
879f55006d76a572d759ccb3af944afecd33b455	Everything inside is protesting.
2defb45ff75d8b1d771b1110ed3ea51b247f44c7	I'd rather trust Mother Nature.
2b53e75db9056685f602737b8d9ac273cb5e86cf	It is smarter than science))) there is only love and care in it.
d33caa104393a4eb91997a030eb3f74e3456fa4b	You just need to open up and stretch out the handle. and there are many discrepancies with science in the article.. nothing specific is said about the microflora and biochemical processes.
43a274779e4262e9f2d6712b796032feda5403ee	And from a historical point of view, it is not convincing.
759e0994db01fb74d7acbb765b609d1019b6d057	9 14
bc6aa031b7437aac20f691b532c3816b0bca9d0f	January 25, 2014 at 11:52 am
a77bd4726751fd8e175c227f55c07f688b059f50	There is nothing surprising that he protests.
942d3756a95ef6e8b18a72c751be709317b95832	There are a lot of unpleasant things there that I donot want to admit:
a05c706ce2ef5443dba8203b51ae5a89bd3d94fc	— the fact that nature is far from being as kind and caring as we want to see it and even spiritualize it;
a806818686d757674fb10b5d5ba89a341ed95f3c	— the fact that a person has been saved by meat for millions of years in difficult moments for him;
0536bccb9abec656fd943022d66372d6b024335d	— the fact that man evolved from unpleasant ape like creatures;
385055d40b08a33906fec2a0d097a98fe04ee321	— the fact that forced hunting helped a person to develop his brain and much more.
c4239baf7c5ab27efaeee403c389b0e217207a2b	However, it is generally often unpleasant.
45cb2d9fd409964db985f016d542274fdf3388cd	It is also unpleasant for me to realize that many drugs that now save millions of lives were once tested by the Nazis on people.
259272cc5e6484eaa15fdabf22978dd14acae95f	And it was thanks to the Nazis that a huge breakthrough in medicine was made.
6c5348b35488ad78c14a57ef963101d83ee61b66	It's terrible, but there's no getting away from it.
2cd90fb6702c8fda59468094e64b387631768f87	There are a lot of unpleasant things in life, alas, so it is often easier to go into mysticism, into something that is outwardly more pleasant and beautiful, even if it is far from the truth.
f50c92a2757f38929d304d0abdcb01860806eb32	In addition, after reading all the materials to which I have given links, thoughts may creep in: what if there is nothing beyond the line, what if I live in an illusory world?
29df8600db84cebe81a6cb0e8099d2735ebab07b	This is also scary.
25d586e545f7e8685ab4b3323f45a265b79176ee	I understand all this perfectly well.
e95fa3a49596543f3a5f250f03fe4e8b28a48b1a	BUT everyone has a choice — to accept this information, to think about it, or to go back into the world of their own thoughts, in which it is not scary.
e0119ad5bae1bd604a2620fdd4b039c0d0da2d64	This is a popular comment 25 2
203fb41ef8954681dcef883bde87cae0d54241c2	November 28, 2014 at 12:53 pm
be7087c3c6c68d43e951efc8c3a035db8b0bd09a	if you want to stretch out your hands to the mutashka nature, then take into account the fact that you are born naked, and therefore continue to walk naked.
67fc26cac61a4d1dbbb3e148e22f22ca54bbd323	Well, if you are shy, then just go in light clothes in winter and barefoot in the snow.
8471b756f4b67c702b621e7ca47b1fbd8c82e02c	That's when you will understand that nature has given a person a brain for him to use, and that nature is not going to make a weakling out of a person, giving him everything on a silver platter, and expects a person to use his brains to develop, both spiritually and physically.
9e11d1092a637a8cbb20bfdf092f63feddf96217	I'm not talking about clothes made of pesticide cotton, made of synthetic materials, about transport, factories, urban life, electricity and other benefits of civilization, which you can not completely abandon, and having abandoned them, as can be seen from the experience of history, life expectancy is significantly reduced.
398bbb66c98638960721ae0a187d0f5053c3ebb4	This is a popular comment 11 0
52e8ba19e481a75101d51ad45b882f0e61452671	January 25, 2014 at 15: 41
41b0d4ad9385c0d1bae8d9886e60e06984bc4276	I wonot even argue on such topics))) Some write that we are descended from the ape people, others that our race is not related to the archanthropes and there is no wild admixture in the genes of the Rus.
5e5d1409752930301ee93595bcd06318fcd45298	Also, it does not fit in my head how hunting can develop the brain.
8a8a521bcf4e9fc95e8d4f0fba68735d81247b3d	We are unlikely to have descended from a monkey, although we can descend to its level.
26f98ca59c532358f06aa8427a3a0d1bd7002d97	As for the possible origin from a black Neanderthal, well, it also does not fit in my head.
3a20c313842598d74d3397148039dc1828787199	Try to settle Negroes in the north.
5ad3e69b51daa213b65881902bc0eff21423f04e	I am sure that their skin will not turn white from this, and if they do not mix with the white race, then black children will be born to them in the north.
75baf5c07c072e9d3c85ed975744b306df501b31	About nature.
7b64da80b7d92d6a1756f378095145cfaac92da8	If you look closely, everything on this earth is created exclusively with love.
a88126faf18eea83cbf238ab77275f05e32a0844	There is no evil in nature.
38a86a13061aab07b27b9588d82fb60571aed5da	And in general, every person sees the same things differently.
e90af90a4fd57fedec38f977d76e66781c5fad3a	There are solid theorists around and everyone has their own truth.
7efd496b499e9d12bc6a9785dc23846e27009e1e	I'm one of them.
2d79dd5c5a9026990c3588e62beab35ce5fda309	13 13
2cb64639186bc39030492a6e7d67d1cce2d84a44	January 25, 2014 at 15: 46
b903cab355bed84f5a6cbe732803afd66e203035	Ordinary people can write anything they want, as well as all sorts of scoundrels who earn money from fairy tales.
92c75f59b7798d0663e6700246372eae39fd7508	You read specialists who have devoted their lives to studying the question of the origin of people, and everything will fall into place.
57913d82ffffa117228e5ce3845441b13ec6ed20	And another important skill is the ability to distinguish theories from facts.
5ee1d15b95dd08e6e9b472ab184adddfad955cde	You need to understand that theories are theories, and facts are facts.
0b59d89fb3e2572f9c749b3484ee94d6b5f9ef19	Although theories also have different weights.
4c30f262c25c18f3cf3db44bae5b68624823d943	For example, if I now put forward my theory about the origin of the world from elven powder,then my theory is worthless.
d7fb18026bf6e921e40364d535f83f59c906921a	And if a person who has been collecting factual material all his life puts forward some theory and he lacks only a grain of information to turn the theory into a fact, then this is completely different.
c9e5e77d210a204ba041ba1fba32ea62fb6da58e	Such a theory is weighty, it is definitely worth taking into account.
d5a00f3c1bc49841cefe6cdd103a4f7200a4f5b8	(By the way, Darwin's theory was previously called a theory because Darwin lacked some factual material to bring it to the fact.
a2b08ba3230abcfa7a95e72a3956292cf1b8958b	After his death, supporting information was found.
9b4833bce3508deabd9cc26b24948c8686fd8b50	Now Darwin's theory has lost the status of a theory.
a869278c7bf29a8ef4dee3ae4fdb823e84a226c4	Now evolution is an officially recognized fact).
3005e5e94868481a52a2e417aec59ac6971095c2	And about "there is no evil in nature" - this is strong.
9b6584066a718272ba97a280fd655c1560aa7f22	Predators eat other animals, probably very kindly.
85b01547c524e9455858beba315c30a2047f3e7e	This is a popular comment 27 4
931e1aad72287dbd234047729891c43132509076	Samad:
6e144ce70eca42c705d8cd36067c0e0039381e7d	May 27, 2014 at 07: 27
518fc1eda83ffd962cdb44ee1feaff31508c4668	Margarita, you are finally literate .
568bf2bca941e84556181fbb15b858eb9f3c4c55	I just fell in love .
1a14eff4f3db83d5fe014d8ad931b12ed7f1dbef	I also trust more science ho cha and personal fantasies are enough like pranaedenie
be67574cc60d7b5aa3da26f162d1c0b00ee30888	Rate the comment: 3 0
8ca9c46ff4e4aed9cf919cf252066e21f857e60e	May 27, 2014 at 10: 00
6405fa78ce825c0efcec21f9a6065b04f6a20070	Thanks).
5bfe9260eeafbfda6f2f84dc9d1be5969bd9baee	Literacy is also one of the tools of natural selection, by the way, if you donot turn on your head in time, you risk being...well, in general, it's clear.
35ea2ee004b08c72faad9085711fda45baf673c4	Getting to the truth, bypassing the yellow newspaper stories, is now almost the main way of adapting to life
6df1dcd0923182701260276a0f752bd013eec39d	Well, and fantasies — why not?
86ab067cc97e574310452902b7ba2bb0b5e06a70	The main thing is to leave such an extreme only in the category of fantasies))
b976c619ba2643d896e8eae17118f8e8571b05c4	Dmitry:
707878ce341037f1e06107e1f33924e1376ef7e2	September 25, 2015 at 08: 28
10e747bd8556b9f440cf027e8bfe8eea2f3885dd	It's a pity that you always confuse the concepts of "theory" and "hypothesis", theory is a model based on facts.
1550aa6fe868738b00fb3c61a63e6d82679d4a55	And in general, you write well.
3a0a421a8763fc80b5e54785e5c98e091e39002b	Vegeginenko:
974ac9572b1c3bd90c74ebc8209952a90f915b0d	January 26, 2014 at 17: 41
db47305e5271149cb7cb54f5a429c3ae24194534	Elena, read books on evolution, then everything will start to fit in your head 8)
8e1d5694fc04b31dfbc80bc778b7565fe393cbdd	Rate the comment: 8 3
f1ebb83c78bb7bc67203fdb50072aaf02b964c88	November 28, 2014 at 12: 56
e1acea5e860c6e997b8be52e4112a8f59673c18a	there is evil in nature, and we see it every day in the animal world(even if we forget about predators, there is plenty of evil in other aspects of the animal world), and in general there is a balance of good and evil in the world.
108177fef6976720e3d6da0a5d63892c6201ba05	Not recognizing evil as an integral part of our life is like hiding your head in the sand like an ostrich.
873d010e192847259655617f6eb430f2e7d4ed7b	This is a popular comment 9 0
297859fba4e9a77ac5f3e2c49ab6922869e56a02	Marcus:
2bb623b21817ff0b465c6ab2652b4eb150c1b704	September 7, 2015 at 14: 13
68dfb2138fb0e173c193d0e1e59da86ad75fcc3a	I agree!
e958fff272c773a6d462b7ba9a6e6539c8af62ad	Nature is not as good as it seems to many people who are inclined to idealization.
e7f51d1a0e098042595124ef682aa8374a08dc9c	The kindness of nature is another of your illusions.
fcef94f60865f4660ae95d3a1b7efdaa60e66954	In the world, absolutely everything has a downside.
71e845bfba5ce8640194b0baf544670cbd56481d	The good is balanced by the same amount of evil.
4534d56040e3403eabc965c85a18afdf66f61253	Rate the comment: 4 0
5aa7888ff583f2da96cd3167c5179f5615e1e579	Ivan:
2188058fb5f28a2dd49f17f49789b7cb14dc87db	January 25, 2014 at 21: 30
7db331c77fe25253aab8cd93c9625dd79020750b	G but your article, sorry for my French.
91bfe8ecbc65db1b5e899090852e0a305710b1ea	What kind of humanism, why is it?
8058ac4408339c34558c6cebf84e65946dfed85d	Moreover, physiologically, a person is an omnivore, and this is your vegetarianism that goes against nature.
94210ea9681c3127435e809f2b5f64a0efaba5c0	Killing a pig, for example, is as natural as picking an apple.
ddc9743ca9fe2caeb1834c5521090d07b3b67062	Another thing is that someone doesnot have the guts (I wonder what Grandpa Freud would say about this?).
f42961f2fe657417a2cdf31021bf0912c7ebf09a	2 13
a2dd9be59228ea3e5524d8db515db8b3740dec8a	Rita:
d065f02e72fc32b2c65258904abe4d6e0dd8db0d	February 3, 2014 at 18: 24
fea72e1e76f0674d337657ceabc7580836ec8065	Margarita,your article is very interesting,I like how you respond to your interlocutors.
07830e0772d633ad9ff9889dc79133b7d49cf6ca	Indeed, there are enough aggressive people among both vegans and meat eaters.
b82b4e3c92e1114519d933517dc808e78b04f17d	I will only stand up for the primitives,they were hunters, but we became ordinary scavengers.
1f76e265b5bc3185827a4810fe7bd1429bd60151	This is even being voiced to children in schools now.
383f83eceac036b3221b55019bbb909fad40ce74	This is a popular comment 17 0
0b903ad55fe4a1a79e5404d9d754b46a0af6a787	February 3, 2014 at 18: 26
3300117551fe657f45184249c9f282ba97bec4b3	Agree.
a10ca4dd2df237e7bdfafe924aff81f3db7d7765	Ludmila:
36a7b03817e92049a904769635edfaa01f0242b2	September 24, 2015 at 10:45 am
8a7453cc1c953ae6010e5d9c18153a1910412772	Carrion dies of its own death and decomposes in the natural environment. )
b4d583b7cdaf12f9d5ffe1d05fd7491dbef3bd9f	In stores they sell slaughter meat, fresh, frozen, but not carrion.
90b2a5f203b86cf46120800ff446294081502115	Rate the comment: 2 1
77b43067b97922244dfc99d408c3074a19870e5c	Elena:
93e4307b7874da88e9f71f3b55973d609ea01845	February 23, 2014 at 18: 48
bcce804259402e9e05843c9dc0dd9866cec4c8bc	Our brain has grown thanks to high calorie processed food?))
5b91d7584d54b61df95fc639c8b8c45d294b2b6d	That is, we can assume that the fatter a person is, the smarter he is?
1fa9957ab8da87e9ab2970630f9eedf46de7dfb9	And if you start feeding, for example, a rabbit, nuts and rolls — then there is a chance that the process of evolution will start and after what time will a generation of such rabbits invent a digging stick?)))I wonot say about fat people, I donot know, but I know for sure about the rabbit — he will die prematurely from diabetes and intestinal obstruction.
3c6558886945ab1f7ea8902ca5398afc0f6ae369	Tested on myself, that is, on my deceased rabbit, a lover of fat and sweet, God forgive me…I'm not against IT, and I'm not for it, we donot know anything, you canot look at your hominid ancestors, because modern man has a completely different life, we donot need a lot of vitamins and energy, because most people's ass has begun to take the form of a chair, everyone understands what it's about?
88952b389142f2b97ae73cbbbc0c9ecb56b245e9	I am against corpse eating from an ethical, economic and physiological point of view.
d6d19dc6de9b97e7e9986b707b5fbf436d5dd54d	And the boiled me
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03e37fff1081d9095eeba089e402e21177d6ad8a	Vegetarianism and the brain
244c5d2bc75390504afe83892bbb7ad836f4a4e2	Good afternoon, dear readers of the blog Pump your brain.
546f12915beba18f386f180a2c0af70ebe693e2b	In one of the previous articles: "Meat is necessary for the normal development of the brain" we had a dispute with one of the commentators, Sergey, on the topic of whether meat is useful for a person at all.
7d88e7e1bfb4f001326e05578de427b072e61e97	We did not come to a consensus, but I promised to write an article about how vegetarian food affects the brain, which I am doing.
d1f8e3ce8ddf39ab92383b500d55ff33fd7463e4	I just want to warn those who will point the finger at the geniuses of vegetarians, there is no sense in this, because there are also enough meat eating geniuses in the world.
b1f898711709d98915bbe64d8284b6739ebeafe4	But British scientists believe that a vegetarian diet is not good for our brain.
23f0cf17c9858e332dc1b93270b50948eea55d43	After conducting long term studies, they claim that the exclusion of animal food from their diet leads to a loss of brain mass.
df0801cb6edfc9262a3e2e1554fb84602a81b66e	This process is typical for all people, regardless of their adherence to a particular diet, but the rejection of such products as meat (especially liver), milk and fish can speed up the process several times.
e93b906c134f3cbc26c4b52de7741e7a696f1312	A chronic lack of vitamin B12 leads to malignant anemia in the form of pernicious anemia.
82551fed9c4c0447eff4d8dce95ae25479d27294	These are the difficult relationships of our brain with a vegetarian diet.
fe77304d0e9fe284a27be5950a5a95bdb30c7083	A few more interesting articles:
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8ee03d6416f458b6dcbe1bc8c14193b7d6a6cc78	Sugar and its role in our lives
6a3451492e1951cf3ea2a1cc788dedb86ecc5605	Proper fats are the key to the health of our brain
2445c237e011f527d29e2ac648b6e030bb1bbba5	Categories: Nutrition for the brain
a180e705f10e8614645640771c556da80c02c86c	"The practice of visual thinking
7c077e266e0a164497d398fa7f9ab43fdc8a003d	Will a brain be created?
64a7f4a012342b8e0ba3828c1c15bbd0b4554bd0	3 responses
98d88a565f76bf378c01b8fbfcd4cb07da550dbf	Nikita says:
27e90dfa57c358acfaf470860f6f72c9282ce995	at
ad0002ab1f405a41bd825b839b7a9779023d6771	Thank you to the author for the article.
9f786159515e923c9b3bffe273e28801f501a535	I also write about health on my website
240a9f44f30c3a5c991a70bc2680fe61b2174340	Sova says:
3879b49e52c8402157f8a757fadd8677e8e8d025	british scientists....))))
5a1cbf5527b520ab7450095c98a10a5004bc6d1c	Fitnessbrain says:
92154f1ae06489ff09ba0de88017a5b0aafc1b3d	Yeah:))
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c88099afe17eb91a4585c54494185e2c37a5af43	My Path to Fructorianism
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1c38c5a89335178c12b584dd62474db74be9d54b	Evolution and the way of nutrition.
d5a0e9e1ff494567f40e42ab9230752da6dfa0ad	From Omnivore to Bretarianism...
ccbdc052d3df1b3abb86bea86d959a36db573370	Oct 7, 2010 at 2: 56 AM
7e33227b064717f920f770935f111b4970e74f0b	artemu238 In our society, there are more and more representatives of various unique types of nutrition, from veganism and raw food to fructorianism and Bretarianism.
14a2d13abee9706052b7e53c0449fda76c85561e	Naturally, this variety of diets that are different from each other cannot leave indifferent the inquisitive mind of a person who has firmly linked his fate with a healthy lifestyle.
1d0aaba84287e76143ca62329da526bb8d2fdd7d	In this article, we will try to briefly analyze this topic in order to structure the existing types of nutrition into a single system - a Hierarchy.
2aee40e6c599da68a3176df9cb578e91ea63a5e7	Along the way, this article will attempt to describe the relationship of personal development and evolution of a person with his preferred type of nutrition.
6e24f79949c886135ced770e29a01c0e6b630f82	But first, let's look at the terminology and determine what Biological evolution and the Hierarchy of food types are.
166023c730b669db41d79cc73652da5739c5f047	Biological evolution is an irreversible, historical development of living nature, accompanied by a change in the genome of living organisms, the formation of their properties and characteristics necessary for successful adaptation to environmental conditions, as well as the gradual transformation of the entire biosphere as a whole.
8dc1e9a75383d9fbf819b360cfb6e8e1e30c67e5	A necessary and sufficient condition for evolution is a gradual change in the conditions in the area of existence of a biological species.
26e405b97e20fac399576cb57dcaba53afc16b0b	And since the chronological chronicle of our planet has clearly shown that its face is constantly subject to changes, such as the drift of continents, global changes in climatic conditions, various catastrophes of a planetary scale, we need to understand that all living things will undergo a variety of transformations in some foreseeable future.
9d6f7988e0a498a13d4bdb7bde449d0c977d9d02	(1,2,3) The evolution of life is not just an experience of successful survival and adaptation of species to environmental conditions.
da1ae760134e1686f4d9fe6d2c8ffb6674ab1281	Evolution is a continuous process that continues in the present.
550e03e79855d098bfd6a2c6e8971ec7e4cd65ae	To understand it, it is necessary to refer not only to the experience of the past, but also to take into account modern realities, to see the dynamics of this process, its horizons and prospects.
d953f3a04e72a1beaf7826d45d2d2c377f13ce71	And although the environment is quite stable in the modern world, humanity as a species, and man as an individual, continue to change under the influence of both external and internal factors.
439c100d986adab8cd27a1c8bb8d49bbb561bce6	A simple example of such a change is the increase in the average height of a person over the past few centuries, or the tendency to increase body weight that has emerged over the past decades, especially pronounced in developed countries.
eeb7e344fe71cfaf0cbc3ab2a122bc4f32cd3a94	Currently, more than one billion adults on Earth are overweight.
3aaf641a95ba41fdb9af2daf5d467beaf81c3000	In the United States, 66% of the adult population is overweight, of which 32% are obese.
b7f88a4228b39615884c114e0094f22898f6619e	In other countries, these figures are smaller, but they are also steadily growing.
5f2b4aa1f21cf77094cb8429c124efd7f15efe78	After studying such an increase in indicators, the World Health Organization made a disappointing conclusion that in the near future, obesity will be observed in about 40% of men and 50% of women worldwide.
0f998d529dc14778024084d68b04073741fad042	Thus, obesity has reached epidemic proportions.
5eb4a63e69790dbbe586aab7f24a99bf041a4410	The hierarchy of food types is the distribution of various types of food on a conditional scale, in accordance with their evolutionary significance for the most effective survival of an individual.
b278ef5f68b0f8f8147f588899b3919b13957da3	For the main criteria of this significance, we will take the influence of the chosen type of nutrition on the average life expectancy of people and the general state of human health.
8acf02362f52d20bcca709b39259206f8104fb16	In accordance with these criteria, the scale of food types will take the following form:
db9b903d803309d69a3050a63967aba7c10aae4a	1) Omnivore is the most primitive type of human nutrition, which allows the use of any food products, in any possible combinations.
f3a24c13571d9c68716ea6d57749146d9245d97a	The consequences of such a diet are most destructive for all body systems.
39d79560c8bbed1513a3fc62255ed47d871f06df	People with a disorderly diet most often have diseases that are considered the main killers of humanity (atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, stroke, diabetes mellitus and cancer).
5d3d36b0f74d19722eabc0d03482a388d0451863	In this regard, the omnivorous type of food causes a very low life expectancy of those people who prefer it.
3238ed1a0c6fd1eef0e0a65e4e3de1b6467a2b9f	And although once upon a time, during the Ice Age, at the dawn of our civilization, this way of eating helped our species to survive, it is clearly irrelevant for the current conditions of the human habitat and is an atavism.
73dfd65ad05ca46b00fc18a51e8a308111543aaa	Therefore, from the point of view of the evolution of modern man, he occupies the lowest step of this scale.
11ef8a8791069c4f5acab89bbbcfc99baee82eb5	2) Separate meals - this type does not differ much from the previous one, but it already implies some order in the field of nutrition.
c7e4dc1f042cb1ba888785f81891c7d2ea67a3e2	It is characterized by various principles and rules of nutrition that dictate in what combinations you can eat food, as well as in what conditions it should be done.
fffe6b3d40ad01e44b5d66cfbcec2c151a0b7a10	People who choose this type demonstrate by their choice either concern for their own health, or respect for religious traditions.
0a53a51726888cc936cf8cca178dde97b45d28bd	However, there is little real effect of preserving health from following these rules, and therefore it occupies the next step in this scale.
12eefb47972a41f3fc325f668dc86624a488a47f	3) Vegetarianism and its subspecies: lactovegetarianism and ovovegetarianism which prohibit the use of animal flesh in food, are at the third ascending stage.
b18bd764ed5f2e9f93276aa83d33fad832a15c8f	This type of nutrition is characterized by: a significant contribution to the preservation of human health and, consequently, a certain increase in his life expectancy.(i) The overwhelming majority of representatives of this type have developed a sense of compassion, mercy and concern for others - certainly very valuable qualities from the point of view of the biological evolution of the species.
40705f0dbb1c14eaa1a2669e2ac6bcee005c5bdb	After all, the lack of a sense of mutual assistance among the members of any community limits its development and condemns this community to rapid extinction.
99a66ccf89dd455b1098c8b5c62144c53aea7858	And this is consistent with the well known scientific fact that altruism is evolutionarily beneficial to the whole species.
1f197b3ab2fa38c419030847ee2a5bc023527f3c	4) Veganism is a more ascetic type of nutrition, excluding any use of animal food, purposefully declaring the principle of nonviolence, in relation to both animals and representatives of their own species.
38bc42216f6b1f22163e08ab7d73ff022923dcf4	The transition to a vegan lifestyle is the most evolutionarily significant achievement in the field of nutrition for our civilization.
d801d280713b7f47a9e628d58669a1cea8f8e2f0	It is the rejection of animal food, and not some fundamental differences in the diet of plant products, that can help us as a species to rise to a new stage of evolutionary and moral development.
a6f43689f1c6c3f51e66603176b1058b87030c01	And now, with the development of science, technology and the industrialization of agriculture, humanity is given this opportunity as never before.
4aab34cb4258016c5d30b3178bd5ed4868f9d58a	It should also be noted that vegans are more likely than representatives of the lower levels of this scale to have normal indicators: body weight, blood cholesterol levels and the general state of the cardiovascular system.
0fd7569e98751015af17d3f6b782f51d76b8d361	5) Vegan raw food is a food system in which preference is given to the use of plant foods that have not been subjected to heat treatment.
60d649244241d3d2f403ee71e296bd27bc16f29b	This type of nutrition with a thoughtful and judicious approach allows you to achieve a noticeable rejuvenation of the body and normalization of weight, as well as almost complete elimination of all kinds of chronic diseases.
5cc5aff064719821367853824441098d65484479	6) Fructorianism differs from raw food in that Fructorians exclude any high protein food from their diet (plant seeds: cereals, beans, nuts, etc.).
067f4afa416163577a3cc07177de2b0fc4c028dd	Due to this difference, an extremely small amount of protein gets into the body of a Fructorian.
1627bee230cc496ed7bef58f0e0f468560355ff4	In the end, such a radical change in the diet has a beneficial effect on the state of health and significantly changes the human metabolism.
c7f08824154ccddf6e77cc285cb43072ac386dca	This important distinguishing feature allows us to distinguish fructorianism among other types of nutrition and place it at the highest level of our scale.
9aad04cf68560d73f2496206ac3384536b6b7d8e	Of course, giving up animal food, switching to a raw food diet or fructorianism will not make you a superman and will not grant instant healing from all diseases.
96aca1aa1dd07eddde593afc0d281552f251b44d	However, it is obvious that the upward movement on this "ladder" of types of nutrition is the right way to a healthy lifestyle and thinking, which will certainly please you with their fruits.
450f34da9bd46379dd53541efae5fd627269a173	Bigu
6ab51fba97ea1816a0ce3ce44dd48921b3624039	And when some people have a need to take a break from food altogether.
319e0b60cd320f8639f1601d3c5da8b3b755137b	it begins with the transition to liquid nutrition - which is characterized by eating food only in liquid form.
82f097da81e58cfabc2981c0b70f3a0577dca04b	Basically, these are drinks with a high carbohydrate content: juices, compotes, vegetable broths, honey or sugar dissolved in water or teas, solid food is completely excluded from the diet.
010a7a3110ec114869397dbd49ead3f728b19d55	As a person improves internally and successfully adapts to this type of nutrition, interesting changes occur in his body.
2fe0982b6c796febe78f7e06bc9e0b3f5d3ee6db	The physical body is "preserved", its metabolism slows down, and special substances, the so called heat shock proteins, begin to be intensively produced in the tissue cells.
3d4e7c6c40e2ce7d24f40dfa8369e19771eec44d	These proteins are produced by cells under the influence of various stresses, including starvation.
2bf4fbffb4f9cc4b660a5b0e85ed08132e73056a	Their amazing function is that they protect existing protein molecules in cells from destruction, and also help to create the correct structures of new proteins in these cells, thereby eliminating the loss of energy and material resources.
36ea89b834f63fa286459cc1925570329f88fb16	In some cases, Bigu can be accompanied by a refusal to eat liquid food, and in the most advanced form, from water.
32010bd1a1560960a232c2cfc6cbd321c659dabe	In other words, this state is a complete starvation, in which a person exists mainly at the expense of his internal resources.
4453f670b8f6536df70261f70e523f12fb86a585	The active use of storage tissues by the body, as well as the disposal of all kinds of deposits of metabolic byproducts, allow a person to restore his health and heal from a variety of diseases.
baa8a7657f6aef52aa4cd8dca3ac4b76745db702	For those who hear about it for the first time, the existence of Bigu people may seem at best fantastic, and at worst – complete nonsense.
98a646b9ba196dcb02183eaa8ade36a307335f75	However, there are officially confirmed cases when people went without food for a long time, while remaining quite healthy and functional.
50a935df0bcacb9aac6c5fcccdbdfad6f50121cb	(4,5,6) Of course, this does not mean that such a state can last forever and a person can live without food at all.
7fe77f047cd19bd0e75af116b9778c6e92dcd8f8	After all, after some time, the resources of the physical body will necessarily be exhausted, and an exhausted person will have to return to food again to restore the storage tissues.
841c00e0c398aad41fb6a066c8621d4c53ca3b5f	But even in this case, the results that people get with this lifestyle are truly impressive.
8b4fedc6159b22347488f705dbe356051107c838	This is, first of all, the highest level of internal energy and super sensitive perception.
93aed45370ee56ace8a385d82a7f55e1c54e5aa1	And of course, this is a saving of effort, time and money, which we all spend a huge amount on getting and digesting food.
a3322eecf15e9c2b2d2cf6d337f7d790e9ed6409	Having completed the construction of the scale of the Hierarchy of types of nutrition, let us summarize: if we consider our food, the methods of its extraction and preparation, as one of the many environmental factors, then we need to take into account its undoubtedly significant influence on human evolution.
545a961daab77beb8f7016fce79913962ae700c8	And although at the moment Homo Sapiens is objectively the most highly developed being on the planet, this does not mean that it has reached the limits of development.
a267303fb68daaceb015ee213f3384468740ba0c	There is no doubt that the further evolution of man as a species is possible.
0777c00d018dae836e3c781df43e1aa2f0a59349	But to achieve this goal, it is necessary to overcome the inertia of the consciousness of the overwhelming majority of the population.
d17e47e1cdc4e8e08ce11e16b438442327621677	Since the existing order of things states that man is already the ultimate goal of the evolution of life on Earth, its crown of creation.
fe673dac2940a418f7950ed5303b41fed4b4fc29	This inertia of the consciousness of society is due to many reasons: it can be religious prejudices; and the lack of enlightenment in this matter among the majority of representatives of our society; and hypertrophied human complacency, relying on the achievements of modern civilization, which so strikingly distinguish us from other animal species.
98c785ca89b12ccca5220d195ba205d7dd6db0c6	Regarding the last reason, we should all firmly understand what we are observing happening around us: all these fruits of our civilization, this rapid progress and development of the technosphere are just an illusion of the biological evolution of man.
b259d0ed413822258de783e8d5c26af3aad00808	In fact, all of the above is only a fleeting change in the conditions of the habitat and nothing more.
9ea221ac7f8171b663b5ff3ed57800bcf4e942ad	And although we said earlier that the habitat determines the evolution of the species living in it, this does not mean that the observed technological progress is equivalent to the evolutionary progress of man himself.
b153fee7d80f3dc5ec416c98dcd071537b7d7fc1	In addition, against the background of these reasons, there is another aggravating circumstance that slows down the evolutionary process of our species.
8962ef04ce76009bec0bfcb0f7bdf7532b94321d	Remember what goals and ideals are imposed on the mass consciousness by all kinds of advertising, film and video products and other tools of influence on the human psyche.
9d9ecf2b6ef4ff835230108ca14d2d5f50a7d21d	Thanks to such processing of consciousness, the modern system of values of our society is dominated by the desire to possess all sorts of "benefits of civilization", and moral and moral principles, care for one's own health and personal development recedes into the background.
8b8580a959c8408ac2a43601e0b4b46d64261a97	With this orientation, the evolution of human consciousness is experiencing obvious difficulties.
9a6bce9daf3d1153f243a0f80e32702b49c7bed6	The mind is shrouded in a veil of false goals.
d917c97aa331edeb8d78a76f915055564dbc1502	And this problem cannot be solved by a single cognitive and psychological approach.
c3b94cd3fdcb249cbfec37e07f325c732575a1b3	There is little momentary awareness of the current state of affairs.
eb1852dcf52f7b346a7bc8cfdaadcf9e0ceff902	I read a book, listened to a seminar or lecture, reflected, understood something, but after some time, I also easily returned to my previous lifestyle and the corresponding state of mind.
a084c70ff4041fc1d337f62c8ae569f17a27fc34	Only the exit of a person to a new level of perception of the surrounding world, thanks to the upward transition from one type of nutrition to another, can clarify the current situation, radically change his lifestyle and inner world.
a2397e2dbd2b18489e45a228cc26022721daa00c	In this light, there is an even clearer understanding that both biological evolution and our individual personal growth are closely related to the choice of the type of food.
7fd739eb1f80f600869f5ab7d964ca98fb0f5ed1	Therefore, it is simply vital for each of us:
c80fed51f04950fec2e72ef721e9e49ac6e990ea	- clearly imagine the vector of evolutionary and personal development;
fb0ecc727576e8f59d342defcabdbfb1f8638d28	- come to an understanding of the importance of the role of nutrition in this process;
910d0c32dcc29db4f53eea5d0eb54170aac289e2	- to gain an experimental knowledge of how our food affects the health of the physical body, hypersensitive perception and intellectual potential.
8c7476e942ca422565d97d10dca3a11c86e5ed0a	And only after that, based on personal experience and accumulated knowledge, plan a strategy for an instant or gradual transition from one type of food to another.
6442face870ecf3161aaa7f532ff7b54ca85b7ac	And although most sources recommend a gradual transition to the desired type of food, I personally do not see any significant obstacles for a well informed person to make a direct transition, for example, from an omnivorous type of food to fruit eating.
bf89fdea4369eeaea479b00cf070022788ba08ea	And let the pursuit of perfection and the light of reason help you on this path!!!
01f4fe6d1f6b3a6552dce8877fccb0d874dbe32f	Mood: good
21133acddaec736bc3a80a4572b87e8bb9c3a040	bretarianism, raw food, fructorianism, evolution
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7f2af29fdc9db2c30f87dd463164b8d79f75408a	artemu238 Artem Demchukov
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b6b1971134f845ab759ca6f1e3051d5d384662f1	11: 00 Chalazion an inflammatory process on the eyelid
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ea1dbced1940c8de2d9166c374b605d26d22c27e	Vegetarianism: how does the rejection of meat dishes affect health
4063eab3be599ba558e6617b04e4be5f9efc4a88	19/05/2009 - 12:51
c079088c683ac5c19351dceaa8ebf82812cd08ac	Anatoly Vlasenko, a therapist with 30 years of experience, came to the conclusion that by getting rid of some diseases, vegetarians can earn other diseases due to the lack of certain trace elements and vitamins - bone fragility, anemia, decreased sexual function and nervous disorders.
fa38760b78c62ef29c28b692dc9f8fcb34df6c66	The doctor does not advise children, pregnant and lactating women to get involved in vegetarianism.
7160f3bdcf883e91370bcd7373d936af111d6b75	Anatoly Grigoryevich considers the fascination with vegetarianism very controversial.
3365fc025c895fa6ac5fa23a8e43f6c0f1203d4f	It all depends on what type of vegetarianism a person belongs to.
20ce5581632beff3c056e972c9ee6b0941fa496e	There are some types in which you can eat eggs and dairy products - this type of vegetarianism is the most acceptable.
8fdd92fc47cfd67029691dd2f873551251cd909b	"Vegetarianism undoubtedly has its own benefits - vegetables and fruits are rich in vitamins, there is no cholesterol in plant foods (and some products reduce its level in the blood), plant foods serve as a good prevention of atherosclerosis, cancer and cardiovascular diseases," says Anatoly Vlasenko.
b3376ca4dd50cb8221deb02b76da6a93aa0a8b06	- But there are also negative aspects: there is no vitamin B12 in plant foods (it is necessary for hematopoiesis and the work of the nervous system), vitamin D (its lack in children can lead to rickets).
e21a41fce9a1398f5e36ef0f3f2011d56cac9991	Vegetarians should take into account that doctors have proved only the harm of excessive consumption of meat, and not the indisputable benefits of vegetarianism."
e58953bdff4664a1e4092b78b9bcdab079187287	Pros and cons of vegetarianism
e6a457b61d9d417348732450b20807b64cf788ce	The doctors called me a "weak" girl.
a7f780a6e7d98e32182177953e9f77961bc89023	I had gastritis, pain in the pancreas, a congenital heart defect.
7a99ea157e04330f6a3fa1a491130ab7623fcd1f	There were no vegetarians in her family, and her parents were simply shocked when their 16 year old daughter refused meat dishes.
9c4a3d7c1dc341433e04ef3ec67c46521f2aebcd	"I did it only because I felt sorry for the animals that were killed," the girl recalls.
ec32bf83b985d33f767f0dc7ce9c0e4e9c648e6e	"I didnot think that it would somehow improve my well being."
fd609b86b9cbdb6bb3832a38c013494ac66edf52	She began to run in the morning and in the evening, took up swimming.
50c04afcdd4ce8631c5164c41c36d2f567f0113f	This further strengthened her health.
b38290eb649e8a15ef8ddafc2eda378cd512f23d	"At the age of 17, I swam across the Dnieper.
a5253081af4bc571d68ed433ab05b9bdea8743a9	And this is with my congenital heart defect!
8957970acd95257b026e112e32524bf1df694856	" - says Olga Neretina.
1550387fa6e48ea04245ed3cbebffac678cd30df	During the five years of her studies, she did not go to doctors with specific complaints, but passed a medical examination from the university.
11365a6a6bb23227f8d51c61e46b7336e6e70147	According to Olga, no pathologies were found in her.
1dbb236a076eb378fb3a31ddccb2a57469bbb26a	"I went to the hospital almost two years ago just because I was pregnant," Olga laughs.
718ef0637be34e860448f51d130ee8cf9f8e6f17	- When I took a blood test, the doctors said that all my indicators were normal, and that my blood could be envied."
71541692e3db692d55decf14c17303ba80e61d2a	The girl connects her recovery with the fact that she refused meat dishes in favor of vegetarianism.
7592d3c44b760f3826cf28bdebc0a1626e161277	A year and a half ago, Olga had a child.
b394f330103550c62eb2de7f71ae2a8a3013d73e	Doctors recommended eating meat during pregnancy, but Olga did not change her diet.
30d226938391731a259911fca6b389408200cc28	After some time, she and her husband adopted another child.
cec740f84ff66d0bb2e8a15d6023c3946b963bde	Now the young mother is breastfeeding both children.
01cfd055150ef4c312eadd031878087c5a3a85bf	He says that he does not experience any difficulties in connection with nutrition.
665df41ca159035c0de83ae1aa5698c104ccbdda	"Many doctors say that a vegetarian diet has a very bad effect on pregnancy," says Olga.
960743209e305c645a6a02487875a17cd3cad541	- Nothing like that!
cabc90e4e803e8d51bf9eac2e14374475a2b23a3	I am still breastfeeding my two sons."
5dfc99a5cb4bff9cba4faa857f7358707df0cc2c	Olga's husband, Sergey, has been engaged in alternative medicine since the age of 23, treats with herbs.
b61c718475e95b6fdabc0df5925dd238040aad3a	He works as an Ayurvedic doctor at the Assol Medical Center.
6ce89d22affb78c9b086b761d16c9af11e2941d5	Now he is 38.
74617c0c479ae1094afdc321a9ce20be734afd73	"Negative emotions that an animal experiences at the time of death pass from meat food to a person," says S. Neretin.
95577c62f73b7e3fd05866540191d31dedece273	"That's why people who eat meat dishes are aggressive."
e5545db30066ca28dcc79211d00604c049bbc2ce	People who live on a vegetarian diet become balanced, Sergey believes.
c94269f34017d1c01cf4f9d1200ef49f765fb799	"Many diseases arise due to psychological stress," he says.
57d966620d19b385877223bb9283483455298258	- People with gastrointestinal tract problems and oncological diseases often come to me.
c97ba98be5ee53d7d9bd5f3c831c5ec840cecfe6	First of all, I attribute a vegetarian diet to them, and then I prescribe herbs."
927c449763d4fb597479c5ea8a3e04d165422a2e	Sergey says that in this way he helped a lot of people.
0b2b6dd7ba74231dee5c5bf3b0baafa94f1ed76c	The herbs that the doctor attributes are put into a plastic bag in the form of a powder.
e8d8be6cbc2edd22a24424896318870e0949efcb	Then it is applied to the hand or to another part of the body, depending on the disease.
e424e91e87e4d50219a152987b81399eba074fef	For example, to increase hemoglobin, Sergey advises wearing a pomegranate peel on your hand.
8d7ed98bd2f519f50da2b04357661714a7715727	He is convinced that hemoglobin is often lowered due to eating meat dishes.
66e91f2ded8a197064c928e0cdf1be28681c6f82	Doctors strongly disagree with this point of view.
35eada321c042294898fc93392e7df9cf4043b04	Meat, they believe, contains the necessary protein and fat, vitamins A, D, B12, minerals, iron, phosphorus and calcium.
ecebcbb7b8b8f361366c2a2312b2701f891a60f0	Their lack is fraught with a weakening of immunity, infectious diseases, the development of anemia and a decrease in hemoglobin due to a lack of the necessary elements.
b599e244262d158e3bc5e965013c363edf081a29	Meat can be replaced with paneer
08a406edd68e4086793cf0ae6875277ea1ef5721	"I discovered the vegetarian diet at the age of 16," says vegetarian Lila Fraglina.
719407115b8804bda1ee94794e2222decf664d14	- Although at the age of 10, after an unpleasant incident, I decided: when I grow up, I will give up meat."
969a954231e6121538a448f5c377d1f8a8c25bff	At the age of 10, Lila took a lame rooster into the house.
37814aa36de29e283981fa9e478865d3fe35551c	She took care of him, fed him with her hands.
58cd1a645165bebd73d850cd9d05a22cab87c832	Thanks to the care of the girl, he recovered.
015312a76fc09ce0dcba8e9c4f898a9809e00da1	"A couple of weeks later, my grandmother hacked my cockerel and cooked soup from it.
38983ad70efb138d906c413dc7caf8d6420f0e05	Not only that, she also forced me to eat it, " recalls Lila.
79a47c2f194facfab4ef2df0a711ff677dea5b89	Then she decided that she would become a vegetarian.
ae3c89e7a814a4da47cc07e4b54cb87e0d05e42e	Now Lila is 31 years old.
d762c0f5a1724e31563676e2e6246ede72be23f9	She hasnot eaten meat for 15 years.
e1fd037f45bbe0a40bd5ac6793cab5244242c186	She also taught her 26 year old husband Alexander and eight year old son Alexey to such a diet.
856ae54fac8ebdba8e6d31f488aaf4ef15cbe5d5	At the beginning of their family life, her husband was very fond of meat.
3c9b6836c5e3fe14ba1e35ae4c99b1ece70e65cc	She cooked meat dishes for him, but still insisted that her husband switch to a vegetarian diet.
c9bdc32020a7dfb82cc2d8660902590f7040ca22	"For six years now, we have been replacing meat with legumes, vegetables, mushrooms, and cheese.
cd4cc5d2fd075b5ae6bda2e729ab17b757273cb0	The same borscht can be cooked with paneer cheese, " Lila shares her experience.
1fd6a29494bab14c36f5271a274d2243513c3289	- We replace meat with them.
c41c1264c89b080a210c70003d5b1882257d934c	By the way, it turns out very tasty!
afdbf53d7ac9dab340d3883c94d85c3d6aea48f6	Everyone who tried it was delighted."
beffccb7a2531f3e8a6beb206c82b48c11ab127b	Indian cheese does not melt during cooking.
eba3de937d128dc4614e1f486c2acae97783fcf8	You can cook it, fry it in different sauces, add spices.
1824f8f7f5051a48d44c0b7f8f62e12ca995350b	According to Lila Fraglina, Indian paneer cheese can be prepared at home.
6db6d9e0b63c842f7cffbfc214e1526d070a1933	You need to bring the milk to a boil and pour lemon juice over it.
7544a63b28b6bbe00b563a55ce15b8233335cd01	For three liters of milk, you need to squeeze out half a lemon.
14d9aff988bbca99e5f1312a46e3290272c21c1f	One of the favorite dishes of the Fraglin family is cutlets.
d2f53feb5534c099411a05dbbeabe95c519f54a8	"Not meat, of course, but vegetable," the girl laughs.
d1cd651f360cf666773f86566c1ae4cd430639bc	"They can be prepared from beans , peas, potatoes, cabbage, cheese, carrots."
0b70d100e9fe4a34959766ddc46547d4c1be07d9	"A vegetarian diet is not only good for health, it is also more economical ," says Lila.
8e66887cb54d6df9ba68c8a79b24a9f877442d07	"Meat is now very expensive."
a4d2eea56d49446c5f0223b52d3e14190ede1b5a	Until the age of 68, Lila's grandfather, Ivan Bondarenko, suffered from a stomach ulcer.
7e20575a2dd939934193fbf23a0dfb3276babfe4	He underwent surgery three times.
9071bf66b79c4bd635cc2f5361157112e8d4860e	"I argued with my grandfather, if he refuses meat dishes, then soon his stomach will not bother him," says Lila.
516499fb7ef971891b42a13a1e9cb6f4b4fbf7dd	"And I was right."
3cdd71c1beb1dde9735139de3f4269f830a0f609	Ivan Bondarenko went on a vegetarian diet.
37a50f3ad2e89599fc32898d2b10e7b142acfc7a	A year later, his stomach no longer bothered him.
db762b7f2abfedeb2e683558ca8902b44a7409a4	Now Lila's grandfather is 78 years old, he does not eat meat and feels great.
e689afb3493b4355deb6967a7413d20ffb25ff1e	Comments of the nutritionist of the Therma complex Victoria Kalashnikova:
3d0f905105c96d711583cd82b565e747da79aecc	- The heroes of the article can be attributed to the category of lacto vegetarians.
82120b8761bce6f2e7d30ceb7b8e4faa27928e07	These are people who do not eat meat, but consume dairy products.
fa853e15a5c587fd2e8509634de11fae3910bd1d	Their body gets almost everything it needs.
57572c4a9a8dcee80e7d9a7f5645f9055cbd5568	It is inappropriate to comment on the process of recovery from diseases with the help of a vegetarian diet, since you need to see all the tests of patients.
2668a52a35aa3973d9c2eb2db73d301b5b94d9b7	But a vegan diet with the rejection of not only meat, eggs, but also dairy products is not suitable for a child's fast growing body.
b446786d5d95103288d585b9f0de8a57c0edd6e8	Adults are also not recommended to give up dairy products.
67ed487bcf91e7777ba36e1af63563f59ec10b95	Without them, it is impossible to provide the body with a sufficient amount of calcium and vitamin B12.
07d4d55d068166ec504e9746d520815a56696012	Meat dishes during the diet should be replaced with such products:
2a75c1fa7782dd38f141e1da17b767dd60595fba	By protein composition legumes (beans, beans, peas and especially soy products), mushrooms, partially cereals.
64a4887116a972f1060d10cd6b4fa5dd38e51c6a	Fats are replaced with nuts, seeds, which need to be added to various dishes.
0c8dc92429d08b06225b3e97ead4b8c18cd0945c	Life without meat and milk
f1e8462bdd9b9ccf1591867b91b59e040184805e	For about 10 years, the owner of a vegetarian restaurant, Oleg Kirpa, has not eaten meat, fish and eggs.
120913ca2bda638950222cefaa07d74ea5310368	He says that now, after giving up meat, he gets great pleasure from eating and feels very well.
e4ca71b52ca0b890991b3046b5373ce6b83510fd	"I accepted vegetarianism from the point of view of reason, moral awareness - I did not want to cause suffering to others.
b74fa283e2288e9fefe4a1cec7487ac3ecbb8576	Before that, I was engaged in sports and ate meat, but I did not get such pleasure from eating as I do now.
d9b644644fb3e901b7421b7ddbadeaed789714bc	I gave up meat easily, after that I had all the diseases without medication, " says Oleg Kirpa.
dd9af9961c9904b547723c68198bb4f040be2bb9	The very first improvement that Oleg felt on himself - he began to sleep less and felt cheerful in the morning .
dac0b8b2faa55427caddfe6edab1d6b9cffc3adf	The sport left its mark on the health of Oleg Kirpa, he had varicose veins on his hands and feet, his back often hurt.
25fd2db751bd78ae8920ddcb2795830f19d5437b	In addition, Oleg was ill with colds a lot, his stomach often bothered him.
b56466e5e5042466d29b1d80033a1b3c7cbc0458	After he switched to a vegetarian diet, it became easier and easier for him and over time all the health problems went away.
f77276a825e214883325af83f13d68f54562859c	"My brother had a pre ulcer condition, after he became a vegetarian, he also had this disease, his stomach motility improved.
e7b37d75f33faf25c38953c65cfc003bab45b688	Some of my friends, after refusing meat, got rid of such a delicate problem as sweating feet.
0be57b1fb2489b57bb4fe5b51303a8004d667a6d	In general, vegetarians do not have such a problem as a bad smell of sweat," says Oleg Kirpa.
2040bfb4e4a508adce4d577450a3ccd8fdfde982	He also noted that his memory and endurance have improved, he has become more receptive to more information.
971139f9fada3726c4ca0f087fb046fb974734e0	From a meat eater to a vegetarian
7c7268ef3676d2e1be3a6724cb6d34c27cf13b93	Basically, people come to vegetarianism from religious, spiritual motives.
fb385b8c05eaef1205a79b66d3b4c2545af26bb0	The same can be said about posts.
d14a8325c78d7e40b9b5900bae89f102ab99c631	First of all, a person should realize that he is depriving himself of the usual food, and think about whether he is ready for this.
fb498d5a706824f619f84678f55909a3aa363fde	Some are returning back to the meat eaters, because they began to feel unwell.
d26947f53b79ed77fc09fda38518bb97f55b4ca2	In this case, it is necessary to understand what a person did wrong, with what motives he became a vegetarian.
9705e35e5506346023c6cd296fa967aa541f9bd5	" It cannot be said that a person becomes ill from the fact that he does not eat meat.
1180cb684c6d06841f7f7339ea54b10cbda33087	It's just that when a person comes to vegetarianism or fasts for a spiritual purpose, he also engages in spiritual practices.
450e00391d356050a0ea7e6be5ab566d8067f6a1	At this time, his mind becomes calmer.
8ab6712571cccbafead30c7e9640437d139cd0c2	Well, if a person is always focused on the fact that he is hungry, he wants meat, and at this time he is not engaged in his spiritual growth, then he becomes irritated, aggressive, feels worse," says Oleg Kirpa.
38b5f8d194681e8fc2605b31e3cd33cd731fef2e	Therefore, to understand why a person began to feel worse, you need to figure out what he eats, at what time, what he does, and so on.
7a339b051c48cb74fca4ac95cf56c4f703386e67	Each case requires an individual approach.
f1a339ed6ff0fcbdbcf42f930f881c5261179557	Oleg Kirpa says that he knows a lot of vegetarians, but he does not know any who have problems because of the refusal of meat.
e62de94b537e03ce3ee6998b78fda18651b64b15	There are many married couples with children who have never eaten meat among their friends.
233f8e9b3ad0e0a52ff3ce2f9d4d66d844da1a3e	At the same time, vegetarian children do not suffer from any diseases, they are active and smart.
895623e1a04f3aed000e2745cc0583bf4137e80f	By doing this, they refute the generally accepted opinion that a child must necessarily eat meat products (liver) containing vitamin D, the lack of which leads to rickets.
0ca058f0fd6f184165241f2701d9bfc18ea5ff60	Among the friends of Oleg Kirpa there are also people who have returned back to meat eating.
079ae48b6a2b9c0b21f7a45211ed1a642f274701	"This is directly related to a person's lifestyle.
b958acda254051706fbd479990bf27bb61500353	If he is used to drinking alcohol, "walking", then he simply cannot do without meat, " says Oleg Kirpa.
4bb770bcf126b3fa293934d3891605ea8e92fa42	- After all, when a person comes to vegetarianism, his mental energy rises to a higher level.
d9725c5d9eb5d2708270ff390bc7d6c9339e0b1a	In other words, a person begins to think not only about satisfying hunger and flesh, but also about great values."
2abd7ea28e5907652c6ced601190472f5f7eaa0c	Although, if a person
a3bd746bec04ddda1e6941d094a5b04c569449f9	if he comes to vegetarianism, looking for health benefits in it, and not for spiritual reasons, then this will only benefit him.
4917ee204c54d679bf5ec925ac93a4ae754def16	After all, meat is a heavy food.
3c15586d59de278184d5d269521232f3ce9c08da	Oleg Kirpa does not name any contraindications to vegetarianism.
0ad411c6ca62f02c2dc66a56a56e4c8d853c8d27	He considers his diet very rich, there are more than five thousand recipes for milk dishes alone, not to mention the rest of the dishes.
29a7811bfaea79a9d9a017a6dcc151eb9e6b7f92	The main thing is to know what and how much to eat, since the digestibility of a particular product depends on it.
caf93290a7808e1307e3f3cb5c3224a62c9f2e98	For example, at lunch you can eat everything - the energy of the sun it helps to digest food.
c5b58188109c724cad971523ef6df3584e5103d9	But milk (if a vegetarian has not given up dairy products) is better to drink necessarily warm between eight in the evening and six in the morning.
b684a1c6ff57978de1a935cf048b1d898ab2c3a6	During the day, milk will be quite a heavy product.
d34a251cf215470a71bc87f0fd077632aa742695	By the way, vegetarians also have their own posts.
9940882506a2d2f6cb94192bd9342c7af0fdbaa7	Two days a month, they exclude grain and legumes from their diet.
09e20881774bb98428fe2ea1052ee85e16a7a080	These days, such products are very difficult to digest by the body.
68afddaa9d20660d38c75b163d1950479c86af8a	Opinion: Fasting and prayer are not separable
ed1ef28f8b5b3039a763d5bbacaeacecf669ae21	The homeopathic doctor and psychotherapist Oleg Ignatiev did not eat meat for three and a half years and felt that it was not very good.
19999f6b47355a09030046798b5ed277864ed30e	Now he does not eat meat only during lent, on other days he eats only chicken and sometimes liver, rarely pork and beef in cutlets.
aeff0ff59b4ff3d3d70d7a77569de3cd9ff90f66	"Vegetarianism in our cultural environment is a lean food.
10521cf870b0484e4d44029b76b7f4ea07c5c2e6	If the refusal of meat and the restriction in the amount of food in general is combined with prayer, this leads to recovery.
f87c3af1f04d4862fb8f2d3538a49c5aab420d59	If this is done for the sake of kitsch, for show - a clear harm, a person can be seriously damaged spiritually.
b1756c87d4bff56e730068566f355358485e4845	Children in the Orthodox society are exempt from fasting (they are allowed to fast dairy and fish), " says Oleg Ignatiev.
05868592b1519992e5d588216a1da6b044fd77dd	He eats meat, except for fast days, loves shish kebab and does not forbid his patients either.
4b21f31add56427cc31112b94c7fdece05c2242e	Vegetarian Recipes:
bd98a0f6b68efdf294f9b253a684f7af25a24c15	Basmati Rice
4738f41d46d292dcb034a3150dcd999ce2de216c	To prepare such a dish for several people, you will need 200 g of Basmati rice (grade) and twice as much water.
a41de4893026fd2237608fb7a9aff791da4322b1	Pour refined oil (30-50 g) into a saucepan or cauldron with a thick bottom.
0a2c7eadca8de5cce6b67c0682746936962cf0b1	Put the rice in the heated oil and fry it until it has a matte shade.
6f376a654a5f7fb0c8a585c8b37017cccb40ce85	If it turned yellow or brown, it means it was burned.
b6939112f035fd6de64c7aa0d98b10c06f639ead	During frying, add turmeric (1/4 teaspoon per 200 g of rice).
f389346950c1259ec3ad3cfcd3a6dc4218f60e41	Pour in twice as much hot water, salt to taste and put on a minimum heat, covering the rice with a lid.
4be7db38eb2e41a03d9d0cf86f04c9b57ec16442	After 20 minutes, the rice is ready.
f52b595109441242340e902d18cb0e42f68ca571	You can prepare tomato sauce for it.
88ca114921ea4e8bd7af0faf7b35bb15aa4a82f9	To do this, you will need tomato juice, turmeric, curry and sugar.
c6016864f4bf3bea19353a61074bc7c61256f344	About a liter of juice needs 4 tablespoons of sugar, salt and spices to taste.
db594fe523ba7b57f424143dbb124a4a6ea39850	Sugar is needed for hot sauce, it will give a more harmonious taste.
a9e244160aa4a9cff7d2bff2765502b331373c5f	Gave
ac9738f1a640115ae0159dd879dc9266f0f38777	A dish that tastes like pea soup.
5240aa73e0a4b9fe21d1f09541c6311d50b0551b	First of all, cook the peas until they are completely boiled.
356d81688b959c4c5d985734340fde41acecec59	When it is ready, add sour cream, fried carrots and cauliflower, spices (cumin), a little butter and salt to taste.
8d15592723fcf00b246dec1708a761418e6e8bd2	Dal is ready.
0b329240c631fa8399179c860e8be5940619e6c9	Sabji
92727d38723a47dfd6e05fa11018c63423bcf5af	For this dish, you need to prepare paneer this is a cheese made from milk.
459f09d072d992f28e54547ce87eb365f869a485	To do this, boil the milk, and put citric acid in boiling water - a tablespoon of citric acid for three liters of milk.
549203d1727d302bdf9ba116a8f541a54aa57320	As soon as the milk has curdled and the whey has separated, drain the milk through a colander, on which you put the gauze rolled up in several layers in advance.
0fe8d86a3230b42ea98cb555a116f627f996d26d	The resulting cheese is hung overnight (for at least five hours), so that it is settled.
ba7d004a837fef2d09cb0a95e2bccf84c44e0512	When the cheese is ready, cut it into pieces and deep fry it in cubes.
359300e1d4740da232c415d21db47e964016d67a	Separately fry the frozen spinach in vegetable oil.
ad03e0fc28b2107e1334db185989fbe0a40f6fc6	Add spices (curry, coriander, a little cloves and black pepper) and boiled Turkish peas.
814add592cd19f9710209589eb7e019f624cd3c1	Mix it all with the cheese, fry it - that's what turned out to be sabji.
1e33990d443d3d74de7c904e16546492e9d8648b	Vegetarian barbecue
19e20dc4dd1877a852219f1e410e9cdaedaae134	It all depends on your imagination and what you have in the refrigerator.
9efb38cab8655cae0afa449bb78732b7e55033cb	On a wooden skewer, you can string, alternating, paneer, tomato, cauliflower, eggplant, broccoli - everything that you have (cucumbers are not suitable).
bec8b0ea98bebea09ad03fff1b1087c908491356	Make a batter: flour, water, salt, black pepper, turmeric, curry.
4293576cf4bc9d0654f240f9e079e6345eb951ed	The batter should resemble something in between the dough for pancakes and pancakes.
2c27ac62d139bf109219ffc06da5decbd0943e89	Wrap the vegetables, put on a skewer, in batter and put them on a preheated fryer - in oil.
27625710987ca085178eb6ef838bd7ae772f6498	Fried on all sides - and the shish kebab is ready.
acf925c4ec3103658d7fa8ac6fa77f08081af668	You can pour tomato sauce on top of it.
1cd2186e95a0de865b8ef467673e58f3614b217b	Share the article " Vegetarianism: how does the rejection of meat dishes" with friends " affect your health:
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6c968f28c631bcfe86b89e9325835e327e8427b4	Eugene Delacroix: loneliness is a blessing necessary for development
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e22bd767edafb80388859e933fafc1ae9eb38413	How shyness poisons life
e91582d22cf5edf068432c080ed2a70165824f48	The space that is created by the soul of each of us
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387cc39d2c26e04933728e19f4224e1f4b21e4e6	8 simple exercises to increase inner strength
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8d1687b6487eb8fc35bed14cedb1c3537d0c174c	february 09, 2015 1173
30d729d35f5f0a990caa116d348cb08529cff02c	Mike Fremont
ca3c79a3546853d9b197dc3a7a9d0ce0f10268ae	Mike Fremont, a 91 year old runner, ran the Knoxville Marathon in 3 hours.
6362aba94021038f3eed2b5788910cb57816fc3f	He started running in 1958 after the death of his first wife.
7b019bd9b93b0fe8c2d1e5b45a33e87e64e72bde	The runner said that veganism helped him defeat rectal cancer, which he was diagnosed with at the age of 69, saying that he had three months to live without surgery.
e84e69dcab90d56722defc8f96bb1d1ac856b8ba	He still claims that it is veganism that helps him to be healthy and run marathons.
64abbd8d7ca55886a4083c6286ba928e816a2969	“When you are as old as I am now, you will not be able to train enough, your body will simply not stand it.
32dd5b92a339d2920c8beeaca465849492f1ff52	I really want to emphasize that it is a vegan diet that helps me to be in shape, " says Fremont.
f830207e735f0b086cea4ecabf8226ca7de5f1ab	Mike started running almost at the age of 40.
06e764c1cbec583966d3d3b0481d3c6499186f1b	At the age of 69, he was diagnosed with cancer and decided to become a vegan.
6738b1e860c8959d9a012ffe68db694c952bad30	The tumor gradually decreased and the cancer did not return after the operation.
21827232ae326826b9d4b785946f206f373e3e8f	Mike says " Training is important, but at this age it is simply impossible to train if you allow the body to fall apart.
f0dc822cfc6fd3268e6989a718767e0575db1d23	Vegan nutrition is the basis of my achievements."
da420f295b7638137316956062ba4559bea83955	Mike runs 56km a week, does push ups and does rowing.
bf8d84fe0c0afb88c26dfd6b31653fe4db6cd831	He says that he trains not for the sake of records, but to preserve his health.
bc81e7cb1dccc6841129f8fbe3486c542acb3df5	Werner Hofstetter
c2d6d66d9c6f693d4f7f0d44ce0ff00075e4f168	Werner Hofstetter is a Swiss who celebrated his 102nd birthday on February 5. he spent 80 years of his life being a vegan.
a7ad454572431077b198bc7067122d5fdfd93fa8	The press became aware of this about two years ago.
1d2bb10107bdcab3a225b85bb77d10b6aea4d46a	Since then, Werner has been an Internet star.
f18bf034321abf2c4755212354c2284dad0cdc31	But not only because he is a vegan, but because he does not get sick.
8a127a59896c8f02a1e18cbceee6a4292b7ca597	In addition, he worked until the age of 99, until he got into a nursing home.
23eccb1d26f601ad958bb0ea5a07bfa19dc3861e	Here he grew a garden.
60d5283072b647002827fcfa61e24e6a46b811ef	Mr. Hofstetter, how did it all start?
8cdc97a6a3ed539256d2244ac772ca8929015e92	V. X.: My father was a furniture carpenter, and had already 5 children by the beginning of the First World War.
25c3d9f81ee25d13a1cdd385319035f0d59ccc6e	When they gave me steam, I tried not to drink it.
277a9e8d2cbc68abc7a4cc9970e92c1465e8e04c	Maybe I was young, but everything was obvious to me.
4ba167a27876c113258a7147e8e85bf0b724df74	In 1942, he got married.
a5ab273d2c769210056500a3bc412a2dabc66268	When did your wife die?
3cfa7d9af8c453a23ad1dfd631b96ec5a97c4cb8	Was she a vegetarian / vegan?
c3af0a3d071b40d1f11052965a2e76577622755c	VG: She died 12 years ago, she was 89 years old, and she was not a convinced vegetarian, although I thought so at first.
37cfba9f4ba9b4d4b5d368ed0b2d40ddf7cd340c	Our relationship was not harmonious, we lived together, however, each went his own way.
ee832886332b7c1e9b3c06d785cd7fc17bc16a39	My wife wanted to be rich and started selling meat, and accordingly started eating it again.
2316d57132ff89beb853af7595523f17666fa76b	My two children also eat meat, unfortunately…
35a8c270ad8c06ddcf55b97326db7c9f252df9de	Do you like your garden and your new home?
f2598f79c2a482b2430c64272eb329e1dafdcbe6	VG: Very much.
cc010232bf2c4a2e89e2fa53f7ede74e054dc68e	But not all the food is to my taste.
d0ed7b25db622975cb62328740ff58b59c5855ce	I have always eaten very simply, I have always loved raw food, but because of my wife I have not really had the opportunity to eat it.
0eedcf6b55b07155cafb914c1beda6aeecbea137	And here I have salads, potatoes, rice.
9081297cc490ba5550cf49ea1f44949b9e5188a7	There is a very large selection of vegetable products here.
275f8e543e702e8fa3fbd7fbc44b186b1c17acf7	We are given meat three times a week, and almost everyone eats it.
71c2d9840d6dbc48d95cabbffda4b7c31b32b2df	I donot eat their desserts, the alternative is fruit, but, unfortunately, often immature.
292aa4b727980b1c62e532eb3f7674e187d6b987	Large quantities of dairy products are served for breakfast.
53cf9c52a944c48af411956b0730cf13a414b632	I donot eat them or eggs.
c706961e56b6fe882974b18066def2589cb38f7a	However, I have already had three colds since I have been living here, which is unusual for me.
270c51f153c2bf50f5179d17dea10155d16a07d7	When I cooked for myself, I didnot suffer from a runny nose for many years.
6506d651d81d5960ba56fa9bfca2e6c7981abbb5	I see two possible reasons here: either there are a lot of bacteria here, or I'm getting old.
c2efc32a5a1172a0ec0a3b2191ddb44ecfa39010	What would you do if you were the king?
1bb28ed783cb91f2ca46e7f2f4b607d2b088baf6	VG: I would order people to live easier.
ca66a1f1a5873a59749a79203dbc6ad8cde72eaa	I would develop a "free economy".
ef85202e4efb0db774d6d3c4bacf74e5629713f6	Would you give everyone a piece of land so that families could eat on their own, and forbid them to eat animals?
498d568480aaa682953bf97f2c5038d46e0c3cf4	VG: I donot know how to do this.
ff1cdcb0f0246c2a64a0b24d94710c7ea034ed3d	The world is so diverse, no one is like another.
ec0213c4ee3d5e3b28687606936a240ddd97a42f	But I would spread the knowledge so that they could go on the right road.
441979e47b2aeb048390e3da15820326eb42f56c	It turns out that you have always been ahead of your time.
856c2fbb0f87438423d65a276763212bf46689df	How did the commercial peasants react to you?
9e0be7aab76469f7fa5f5104c9b4675f2c7d00fe	VG: The neighbors have received us well over the years, after they saw that we worked a lot.
0d44b3f8777bde7069e527b60f64178c63943be4	And it was necessary to allow them to go and live freely… I love nature and wild animals, the sounds of spring, the chirping of birds.
c9c7a124416cab448993bea834c22d60ddbbf8e5	Do you have an unfulfilled wish?
dbae01e95d522eadf56e7b4aa317a8d744d9a3a9	V. G: I want to see the rainforests.
4cc3bdd7f6bb67b70cf189a2014620ee349415c2	What do you believe in?
cf6b2a0e89a42c50f0dc3aa984538701b732847e	VG: The law of karma.
8ab73e2f65132a9f394aeebf0e1056269644d147	God is in us and we are in him, and God is the spirit, as well as everything that surrounds us.
abb3f8103bafd0286af4ab7eaee102fb77ec5f68	Fauja Singh
7036c6ed09a3104b4a5d8d5ab52a0f1c04c76634	He has already turned 102 years old, and at the age of 101 he still continued to run and now has excellent physical shape.
956aee362a11fe463c285449c0a1b66d17882d17	In 2011, Fauja Singh entered the Guinness Book of World Records as the oldest marathon runner, having run a full marathon at the age of 100.
90c9312cbabf318b38b4a6146930f79269c20af1	Over the past 10 years, he has set 12 world, European and British records.
ed7926efbafcffdf89d91b5ecf2c05c9056bb515	At the 2004 Olympics in Athens, he was honored to take part in the delivery of the torch to Mount Olympus.
b7d9ba99d25b45f8a2552c6c4f348a7920363f74	In the same year, an elderly marathon runner became the face of an advertising campaign for Adidas sneakers named in his honor.
e5be07520eac7c85281cd2c62b9c203f89646528	Since the mid 1990s, he has been living in the London borough of Ilford.
95ab3737b5c374688898d135516b7c81407d4465	The Hindu, telling about his secrets of a long liver, claims that he just loves sports so much that he does not miss a single workout.
eda6a033e5f3b47138d616d8bc43d92e4167e55f	He had a special passion for sports at the age of 89, since then he has participated in 7 marathons and signed up to participate in the marathon, which will be held in Edinburgh in 2012.
b1a9b96f159e18c85e8ec644715b43d736d40c10	There, the oldest athlete will need to run 42 km.
2577dfa59e332f9d64658700746feb9082ff1de7	Most people dream of buying a car, and this Indian does not recognize any restrictions for the body, continues to move and thus managed to be cheerful and energetic at such an advanced age.
5a4abad80e921862bb56c2b9002dd456eccd2c7e	He runs 16 km a day, eats some vegetables with ginger and curry once a day, drinks some tea.
31090c9bbc0c1ccfe5214782de5031b073ceab7f	In an interview, he said that he was amazed that his British peers lead a sedentary lifestyle, eat fatty foods and attribute their poor health to age.
2d460922ca3090e1dbe6516d3349f77d7f901ab8	Now Fauja Singh has moved to London, he continues to be cheerful, positive, helps people and does not eat junk food.
f7ec892dfe14e8f352ae9648df63a0e21c065687	His date of birth is April 1, 1911.
1749a8f43ebb07dc6c515d46125d1f5980a2e7fd	The Hindu believes that you should not worry about small things and experience stress.
faa889f9c90880b8a21dc11d6597ce97b4a645be	"If there are things that you canot change, stop worrying about them, "says Fauja Singh," Enjoy life and avoid bad people."
4ee29eb06adf17d35a6b5652d26024a943396352	5 recipes for happiness from Grandfather Fauja:
f2ef222f9823d1b66a32dee4557127d0a09fe990	1. To be happy, first of all you need to have a big heart.
275037ad66ab050224fa657dc4cf1eb3ec5d52d4	2. Positive thinking and the company of people who are passionate about something and want to move forward that's what keeps me strong and makes me happy.
1e7cbd6bcdb4b16fa25bcc409a03a9ec7a285410	3. I accept with gratitude and humility everything that God has sent me.
fdc49cd279d89cb55d334fc975a254718dfd1aef	4. Most pensioners in the UK do not follow a diet and travel by car, which makes them sick, infirm and unhappy.
dd2091bc85a271960be90beeeaf8cffe0cdb08b7	I'm not ready to sit still.
f49ef6bb85c881f237fea9e077f44b9455e443cb	It's killing me.
6ff47f621a558f90776e694e6bb5cedaceebb6c0	That's why I run, always smile and eat a lot of ginger and curry.
130c52d8590dcf8c3abd941048619e0f7030fe00	5. I donot think of myself as an elderly person.
a39f00e7a3e1c93b2e9864a0d8780f6bb0fcdcd1	As soon as I allow myself to look at myself as an old man — I will lose everything.
5c2597db5f20a0af595e6f07e7eed61eaeeb02cb	Age is only in the mind.
7c04c271f873717a801d3defd2d4f48d7348e55b	Positive thinking makes everything possible.
ecf7a38ea92e91c4e564c547e67ac94b3a21b749	To stay in shape, he overcomes 15 kilometers on foot and running every day.
4bf83007016b4b9b83fdb5804cebc94994c289f1	In addition, he does not smoke, does not eat fried food, adheres to a vegetarian diet, avoids alcohol and, if possible, meetings with bad people.
51b255ee12a834f957a68b003cad1449e0d5ea3d	He also smiles a lot.
d17866c8dfc02b115c6377983a979534cd73c3aa	It is a smile, admits Fauja Singh, that allows him to keep in shape and overcome marathon distances.
af8373018402e43162e40be46d58b1cd73cfcdb3	"The first twenty miles are easy for me," says Fauja.
ddee6363427955feff5d9124086c1183b8f8f6a5	— And for the last six months, I've been running, talking to God."
8922ff765f3b5560459c6687ae3de6416d54eb26	Monk Jia Daozhang
aa07a932dd16fe1b10f79b17ec668122ca797ebd	The monk Jia Daozhang "works" as a hermit.
cdadeb6a2312527d080a7ca5e9cb6b0d6a1db945	He has been living in a cave for the last thirty years.
8b64f9a47357dce811bdaa2594c173707efb43e3	He left to live in a cave when he turned 70.
4a5e472b2cd6e75d20e65876de4321e25925e619	Now Jia Daozhang is 100.
6342a5a0d2675471edff042abf1f65129ddbcb61	And every new day he enters anew into the struggle between heaven and hell...
b2bdcde63a6aaf7f2ba14dff0fcc76bfe5773869	Like all real monks, including Orthodox ones, Jia Daozhang does not use animal flesh.
5f5e2437e224d992608e8076fe1819511cd8753d	When you ask Jia Daojang about his age, he smiles and says, " I'm still a child."
8f8b735a282cb48397cba24549401c031a0de512	Both hell and heaven, as he is convinced, are on earth — in the world of people — and do not expect us after death at all.
6ad886d61b8f4ffb5ff972fe20d90e7e5fdff83f	Jia Daojang came across a well maintained cave (for a cave, of course).
18764f8d969afc180ea53307f096675134de16fd	It is located in the Wudang Mountains, high on the old Taoist monastery.
36fcc866825e897dc1216bb920b9ed87f37e590c	Inside the cave is an ancient Taoist altar.
43b6c610b88e20e1482e1fe33889b4ae2e3d6f1c	And the bed where Jia Daojang sleeps.
4af54640baf1d3f24be9fde7318edfc69c1bdca7	Of course there is no heating.
d2ee29a02ad0f2fdf4e4c55a4549a33b317278f6	And electricity, too.
def73a38192d8fcdc7d8c8f78f8395c51ebc125e	Taoist hermits have lived in this cave since ancient times.
49a0a24d85d7ed67342d5b2f85751d9d5daad1d8	And now Jia Daojang lives.
6da0290d7d2458c80669cdeb012944265bf6432b	"We create both hell and heaven ourselves," says Jia Daozhang.
56d8aa2be07b1b22ca59e4538e5d02683f7544ce	— It is believed that torture awaits you in hell, but I will ask you: is it not torture to lie under a scalpel? is illness not torture?
55bc78edc5467d28e1adf5aeea91acd2f877dc10	Diseases are a punishment for our wrong actions.
86dffd37eef7e4c58013a3ccd65763bc20b76eed	And the hospital is a court.
7c89c116d66c4f5d1a217fbfd5aac6892bde00c0	When the entrails are cut out, then a person falls into a real hell."
4de949a566e7d0ed88ffd25f9ab81ac25e21cc97	In order not to get there, you need to monitor your health, eat right, and most importantly, live properly and communicate with people.
4fa2dc07863e442abf8d592a2a1b6c1450a11140	You donot need to hurt anyone, you need to smile more often and not strive to have more than a person needs.
4790e5ba5e2c3c4d2764c78a5f1e6d30fb94debc	Jia Daozhang himself, who used to be an ordinary peasant, performs exercises every day, starting them at four in the morning.
a54917c6077de2f3201d69d544fe592b8f21a6c8	"There is nothing wrong with a simple life, happiness is definitely not about money.
818fcd877445e2071cfff95f9cb381850522bf09	On the contrary, the more money there is, the less happiness there is.
bda8cb2c3c3ea754338250c425c507fc8282284e	If I had money, I would constantly worry about it, I would be afraid of losing it.
b162ba2581b32d7ffa33bd8cbcb6239bf6676a22	And when you have nothing, then there are no problems either... the main thing is to eat right, " says Jia Daozhang.
208ef460c71c9de206e6c13710f44b751f90771c	He is happy to communicate with people, while sitting cross legged on yellow .
53e3af7ff3a3986d781d18ea3ebf342ed8b05f14	He is very happy with his life.
00f0aa29bf135f1a3a955cd6190a5bc79de0e701	Even in winter.
003a85225e855ef1aca9982269ad0abe8c94ba3a	Swami Yogananda
fb74df1a6b3f45ef0f310a35844fb95841f6b31b	To be old as a stone and absolutely not tired of life: 101 year old Indian yoga teacher Swami Yogananda found the elixir of youth in orange juice, wheat germ and yoga.
ee57ac09bce9fb141391b88274b1785725f60769	How to live to be a hundred years old?
e34d89fe41a17a8e53c1b7f778e3dc7fcf814c5f	“"Donot cook the food!
14c5fac069d8f33b900e2a4a5314985199d770d9	Only raw ...
095a6cee093de420069b9f9de9a057209609647d	”
9e1275a1fafa260d2edc1fbb0091788b0e2e1b6d	Get up at two in the morning, drink a glass of freshly squeezed orange juice four times a day, avoid "normal" food, and daily routine yoga classes will help to preserve health, purity of consciousness and ultimately live a long time.
d294b3527a4280de9ca5c664b50fdd45dd0c5b03	Swami Yogonanda was born in 1909 and is still in great shape.
3ce99e212eef8f38bf293ff6672bed9f9f640e75	A little old man from Rishikesh with a disheveled beard and hands as thin as matches makes the Western mind doubt the truth about the year of this person's birth for a moment.
f8c0efed8484cbb1f17a85c7057eb3434cd6e385	Born in 1909?
8745997875bbf6cef0ec3420f3085637101cd687	If we (approx. editors: in 2010, Shvami Yoganda visited Germany for an extensive consultation of local yoga schools) we did not see with our own eyes how Shvami throws both legs behind his head and at the same time smiles modestly, we would have believed the Indian cinema more than the biblical age of this person.
61ecd5c81b20f83f8385e750135b922263ca8319	A yogi, like from a book.
5278860df0dba4d3802b56e958152362240502ab	Shvami is one of those yogis who are described in ancient chronicles, whose existence can be believed only when you see them with your own eyes.
2e42a42f9e672394a9d4850461a44d77efe14d23	At the age of 101, Shvami does not need glasses, a hearing aid, and certainly does not need help when walking.
4f6ed1a1581ad81c69523359628eb42ac4fc078a	When Shvami gets up at two in the morning after at least seven hours of sleep, morning procedures follow.
5a3ec7326df404f8301cad17ae473e5f483dfd55	"Going to the toilet is just a must," says the yogi.
44b4d4a8cf50aca9f95b8fd419073f988137de44	"The one who does not "can" after sleep is sick."
b053627b08d63795d999006d75f15916dcd5fa3c	This is followed by brushing your teeth.
4f83ad8ec7db0106c72a2d38fb00d255790a1fb1	The yogi still has all 32 teeth in place!
e443dda8bd2996e99f662cd9d0e30e4957aa1df8	And this is thanks not to cool toothbrushes with a motor, but to the branches of the neem tree, with which Hindus have been brushing their teeth for thousands of years.
131563acce81c3d8c21570c5ee91b33675628928	After oral hygiene, Shami drinks a glass of hot water with lemon and spends an hour meditating, as he has been doing for 50 years.
f15cf2f46bf7c17c18bf3094759077d279e437d8	After waking up, the yogi himself massages all parts of his body.
32e645c45b47b3f38f3e779364da896652c960ef	Five hundred times he smoothes his arms and legs from the bottom up, massages the neck and scalp.
d83b1673a19da0321a3dc243b2d9af0c16737b31	"That's why I donot have wrinkles," the yogi grins and rejoices in his smooth legs.
f017c96d3ec1ebc5823f116706de6ffd1ebfba05	After the Suture massage, he practices yoga exercises "sukshma vyayama" – 46 consecutive warming, breathing and relaxing exercises.
3589f7557792b61010b682157c4c27b3be3857a3	The morning ritual ends with a bath or shower.
81234f7c19fa34860efa65545c43c6f824b4215c	In total, the morning toilet lasts "as long as it lasts", but no longer than four hours.
3dff4fdb78eb8f852440a490adc5c53d6575111f	At the latest at six o'clock in the morning, Shvami begins his work – yoga teaching and consultations.
3db633831a85590b8a3eb877ce00668ad5a91df3	Before that, a small breakfast: He squeezes the juice from 25 oranges with seams.
529740be55cb37fcba32b7534b9edcdc3fc91584	Wheat sprouts are served with the juice, if they are served at all.
404272681855ffa79b1491e43b3091b383d6797d	He doesnot eat anything else!
76cdc6d60c74453f391533a7bdde7a012b457e22	The only dietary supplement in the life of a yogi is a mixture of turmeric and honey, which, according to the yogi, makes bone tissues elastic and strong.
a5d4724b1c91e0ff96ef92755988ecfebbab1662	Never in his life has Shvami taken any vitamins, minerals, or any other supplements, as well as ANY MEDICATIONS.
c3a56ba76d38d3d009d933b2ca301b3ec0b6a119	He does not go to the doctors, he relies on the internal forces of the body.
11bbb2f4d89c3f2c428e9d46ffe45c0af0797856	Even a bone fracture was not treated with Stitches: one month of rest, and after the usual exercises brought the bone back to its former shape.
40cf862a88344cbc21d492794d72a846f4b7ccaa	Wrong food is A SOURCE OF DISEASES!
4bbb66d634db6dfda68511eb501f3c72026573e4	The biggest enemy of a healthy person, according to Yogananda – is the wrong food.
7ba9c550370bb506831af683e883e5390fc2ee1a	Only if the stomach and digestion are normal, only then the person is healthy.
3a88386b7ca88619493389e7dba53e8efd8fe41b	Nothing boiled, no sugar, and after 30 years of life, no proteins – this is what an ideal adult diet would look like.
bcc109bcb48550f2199b25b4157bddb358015641	To all this, add the practice of yoga.
09d1596284a5955cd6acbf492134c4b95f57fbf7	You do not need to spend a lot of time on this, the main thing is to perform exercises "from head to toe".
1a1eabcabb0f8a7d92a04e4e35706226d422d83b	To conserve energy, Yogananda does not read newspapers, does not listen to the radio and does not watch TV.
d54807414ad61ce369fb2c06b13259bf8e99e398	His entire concentration is focused on "duties towards the world": yoga, consultations and demonstrating his athletic body and clear mind to the European public.
d904464c4907e623fdfd7799b241bc5d4a301db3	Eating meat has an extremely harmful effect on herbivores and fruit eating animals.
5413636e4e1bde980ee8d9fbc95c4ade7c88d2d8	So, if you add animal fat to rabbit food for a long time, then after two months the walls of its blood vessels will become clogged with fat deposits, causing a serious disease similar to human atherosclerosis, whose digestive system is also not designed for digesting meat.
f39ff28d507f14d6612ed61488f060ad0ee19b83	And as we see further, the more people eat meat, the more they get sick.
1af67a81f4d94ff8d33e9796d38de41d955be9aa	Vegetarians are true centenarians.
be3a9364fe4139d481afca9c1c3e5f91f5ec1095	And the Eskimos, whose diet it consists mainly of meat and fat, they live on average about 27.5 years.
596e81784c23e1135cf4acc2c116ae6978ebbcde	The average life expectancy of Kyrgyz people who eat mainly meat is about 40 years.
4c6edd08a6a9c81c82aa621b2ec406752f1f30f4	In contrast, studies conducted among such vegetarian tribes as the Hunza in Pakistan, the Otomi Tribe in Mexico and among the indigenous population of the South West of America have shown that vegetarians are distinguished by excellent health, endurance and longevity.
33475b8a0ba13af5598bdf5185c2558161c7f2a2	Among them, it is not an isolated case at all when people retain their health, physical and mental activity at the age of 110 years or more.
48fa5f404c4bc16b8b419c4c1479c65d76626aa5	World health statistics show that in countries where the level of meat consumption is the highest, there is the highest incidence of cancer and heart disease.
362a1335c32825ca2e603d765de0f8f0371894f3	Conversely, in vegetarian countries, the level of these diseases is the lowest.
b7637dc590a1231da6558553738cc6b781398827	The question whether vegetarianism prolongs life can be answered by the result of a demographic study conducted in our country.
960e13c78908d49e4de29a46496a88dba192f533	40 thousand people aged over 80 years, conventionally called centenarians, were examined.
2f09f57f4027cb7dd5b19eb935508c226f38bc14	It turned out that 8.4% of them are vegetarians.
e94111874131420c955403fb626787cf966b1deb	If we take into account that the number of the latter is a fraction of a percent of the country's population, then we can conclude that the percentage of centenarians among vegetarians is very high, almost all vegetarians fall into this category.
99e758c3310cd28d6fe8552e0e6154df9da360db	If we turn to history, it is known that Socrates ate vegetarian food and lived for 99 years, B. Shaw died at 94, from the age of 26 he was a vegetarian.
94792eb09334e3cbf3cdb2518326b34c1a634182	Pythagoras lived for more than 100 years, giving up meat at the age of twenty, and then became a raw food eater.
b534f99f86deb106abbf9126139dff129c2f8d56	The idea that it is vegetarian food that contributes to an increase in life expectancy is not new.
a58830b4c0a4cb51f89062ffcba1d44fd570d52b	It is also known that long livers are characterized by abstinence and moderation in food.
ef6244bc4311e37f20e97a8eb6b8e7d87aaad0f6	Here is what Abu Ali ibn Sina (Avicenna) writes about nutrition for the "advanced in years": "When a person is already in years, his body will not perceive as much food as he took in his youth.
916253d13999cea9ac44f862b559c0d054ab9167	People of the Hunzakut tribe, record holders in mountain crossings, live up to 110-120 years without losing their working capacity.
870b9d95eb2a7d0cc44eaaa90fb297ca1a92312c	The centennial anniversary does not prevent them from playing outdoor games, and women from having children.
3dd3a79a6a31c21d261a208396884d277ed1e587	The diet of the tribe is built into a cult and is strictly observed.
6edc02ca38cb3d9a0761bf467bf588108322bada	The main food is raw fruit, sometimes sheep's cheese.
649b4041bb7a23bfabeee2b919070c39fc349c19	The main fruit is apricot.
9c9ef91c65ba484776348a75d5bd15c146d6bb17	There is a saying: "Your wife will not follow you where apricots do not bear fruit."
57df39eb481d1019290b12052e589a321bdbd1f5	The population of the African Tubu tribe lives in extreme conditions, making transitions through the desert for 80 km at a temperature that rarely falls below 45 °C in the shade.
6027d79d59a10b0ae2151712dfc0cf21be26f87b	Tubus are characterized by a low infant mortality rate, they are perfectly formed, they retain their teeth until old age.
bcc3590c5da2d96957c7eb80dd617a755d5560ac	Their diet: herbal decoction, a small amount of dates, boiled cereals, sometimes palm oil or grated roots.
17dd6534149e442bb6c77ce5a2fc083bd0f4f0a7	Source: http://econet.ru/
f4e3ccc5fbb79c18cb9671925eb8fa19c0347f05	RSS Report Print
18432536e6f4dfb498a88627dcdbd363cdc29dad	All materials from the source
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17e84373d98f9285e3b24f001961512c2f054574	I advise everyone to drink on an empty stomach...
e2c75bac0bd46967893d8c242ac6df5bb4f27c69	Read more "
053bb96b4e1e8966f98bbd3ace0103205f02a36a	I weighed 90kg!
1876f4197441ae586edb9fc890107f88917bd4e2	The fat went away by 3 kg per day!
3cf5523cbdccfa5c9dc8e675221c2fb1fb7dd020	I just drank a glass before going to bed..
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7dd9f64e94927532446620c73f3de2189d354afe	Comments (Total: 1)
2e54191b227f899e25ab082e5d4402e38dd0483c	Petr Ermakov
41f5478e575d5fe82681142ef3df68c4babd1a4e	In all countries, the average life expectancy is 60-80 years, and at this age everyone is usually sick and frail, and with the advent of computers, young people become just as frail.
4a8f63bb0819fb9b6216b452a1ac206f43b0a62b	With age, everyone has a disease – old age.
5e4af0f267eec852222c0bff4980af6cfed3035d	In old age, the weight of bone tissue and brain decreases, the body is deformed, the reliability of valve closure decreases, wrinkles, gray hair and baldness appear, the biological age of internal organs increases, blood vessels and cells are slagged, the release of hormones and enzymes decreases, physical and mental activity decreases.
244fdad68d128716a0b8f3e5237f17dee41ad56b	According to the information space diagnostics ICD (diagtor.com.ua) the peak of human development is 19 years old, then there is withering, old age and it is caused by an incorrect lifestyle.
8dfd4db2a5cd1d880ac18aeb9d30a3b0d5efa5d6	Today, ICD has found a healthy lifestyle technology that allows you to get rid of all diseases with the help of food liquids, including cancer, allergies, heart attack, any infection..., stop the onset of old age and rejuvenate the body.
af80928cba123fb92e7fdf3eb85b4ae7729b19ed	Many dozens of people who have switched to this lifestyle, got rid of their diseases and reduced their biological age of internal organs from 40-80 years to 20 years, increased the time between the division of nerve cells from 200-300 days to 666 days, and this corresponds to an increase in life expectancy, which can reach up to 185 years.
d15198210e1357452c42927ef56509c41d968c83	A healthy lifestyle includes physical activity, taking healthy food, constant cleansing of the body through proper consumption of food liquids and healthy water.
bb7b7b446b911a471a7566144ac485c80139a504	And it's all simple and pleasant, no drugs.
150b6445cb528d7ef8abaca53e46e0ad1073a73d	Ermakov P P, Professor
aac6848f6a37a6ce70da2e9a0c2163effb4e14de	To answer:
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fd2e91cc3f45e1d771db5fe135de0a12dcbf5e1e	We are in the social network. networks
9d82f001f1e26799a6b8474660c15ab5607de12d	Meat is necessary for the normal development of the brain
5ac7de4fefec665cdfa157aa2cb1d5a10272d498	Hello, readers of the blog Pump your brain.
ce1a252d76376da03aa26f67b5680ca02521fba2	In this article, I want to return to the issue of nutrition.
7ba5428f992330d364f417a15fa35a3b60bff8a8	Today we will look at the usefulness of meat for brain development.
7df1c28f1f445b09add990a588534237944c0dba	It is possible that I will hear a lot of fu in my address, but let's not rush to conclusions, but let's reason logically.
db956a3c82dbe18e5e03854cac1c681bc3542d53	Vegetarian and raw diets can be beneficial for human health.
6ba6e3cb7aad1f4a7bbad95b1df06ffe38c80e9f	In any case, it is much better than the so called fast food.
69188adb81fd066134acfbbceb1770a96a8f762e	However, it is not very appropriate to call these types of diets "natural" in the context of human evolution.
484a698c8a6ed2e01b7da34019b2a15d37d9ec99	This is the conclusion reached by two recent independent studies.
7d7901bdbd80cde853fd2c6aca366ec351af4b1b	Meat consumption became a crucial component of human evolution at least a million years ago, at the very dawn of mankind At the heart of this study is the understanding that the brain of modern humans uses 20% of the body's energy, which is twice as much as in humanoid monkeys.
9012167950b6f846a898fc2b5fc2db2fb025638e	One of the studies published in the journal "Activities of the National Academy of Sciences" examines the brain size of several primates.
8b9f2eb0e3179e0f33ed5f26328d8a5fe88d1034	A gorilla is three times more massive than a human, but its brain is smaller (albeit not much), and the number of neurons is three times less than a human The answer lies in the gorillas ' consumption of raw and vegetable food (devoid of animal proteins).
6343d512055ef8fd2af1bdf743c300df7c547c7a	The study sets an upper limit on the growth of the brain that takes energy from raw food.
25928270e5d75b9a5ef56ef8f2f9c6bead7fce19	But scientists are unable to determine when the process of daily cooking began.
fae413da4fd117017f7014cffd53898bb9a068f6	Was it 250,000 years ago, when the brain of almost all people reached a large size, which is confirmed by archaeological finds; maybe it happened 800,000 years ago, when the rate of development of the brain of primitive man was the highest (archaeologists found the remains of bonfires of that time, on which food was prepared).
e2f72bef107545d794ccad89ab9fc2792c4f9522	Meet the meat eaters
6b31f8027d0498aa9c54a5f7a5244554f6f18eae	Cooking at the dawn of mankind was not a routine matter, but the consumption of meat on the contrary.
90220f94509c89dedec6e2b0521865029d6dfea2	The second study, published in October 2012 in the journal "PLoS ONE", examines the remains of a prehistoric human child who died from malnutrition about 1.5 million years ago.
deb4d4cb363cec8f2864bd555e63d7312bc07356	The skull bones found in Tanzania indicate that the child was ill with porotic hyperostosis, a disease of the bone tissue in which it becomes porous due to a lack of iron, vitamins B9 and B12.
7b01c86a19b77384e04441f1d19550fc8f9412b6	The reason for such diseases is the lack of animal products.
318695ff5b23f2626fbdfbdfe96d0ac6db4ef63e	The child has just reached the weaning period.
39d8c63b98d1e520c6ff4ce45bfeb5fb926775e5	This means that either the mother's milk lacked the necessary nutrients, or the child himself did not consume enough meat and eggs.
a64f9014e7e53a94a7242c67754e40d8d6fc230d	In any case, the data imply that meat should have been an integral, and not an accidental part of the diet of prehistoric man more than 1 million years ago, according to study author Manuel Dominguez Rodrigo, an archaeologist at the Complutense University in Madrid.
912011f26caf6d41e5ab4f20f0c2380167fba446	This also supports the theory of the development of the human brain due to meat consumption, because in the African savanna the cradle of humanity, there were enough sources of this product, from insects to zebras.
4f01b6f3e2513e7fdbcd2ac73087901826983149	"Carnivorous animals, terrestrial or aquatic, have a larger brain than those that consume plant food," says Dominguez Rodrigo.
1c881d8dae6c4256153df68028155b7bdccf4c02	There is, after all, no such social system in which everyone would be vegetarians.
be1a91442556c83c27ee610e973595d10955aaac	Here are some interesting facts provided to us by scientists.
28dd2855fc5d1d7e87515d942409d8eb481f548e	What do you think about this?
2e39923e89da01da72a2b365d54700bf83b735b0	Red wine and the brain
dd1b7dd23f6ec26879498b995c1350b0a4901b47	The effect of omega 3 on children's learning ability
bccb8d5052737f0935d45e01ff7eed99056c65be	"Cellular mechanisms of the brain for concentration of attention
de24d139351c0542e1a6e996f06a8b89e621723b	Unconventional thinking "
42f7671ac9591710b1af5a7549e33eb25b2173bd	13 responses
97487000a41885a25d21c95e16582a45b5db0c73	Sergey says:
d46e8dc44808f930ba001f583c082270f72add8d	I'm sorry, of course, but this is complete nonsense!
76ed2c304e66f6542df50a90f834e6f27c0d29df	A simple anatomy will help you.
576f3ccd49ef8e9e92e2f48ebec559ebb50429f9	We are not predators by nature, because our digestive tract, as they say, is sharpened for plant food, and more specifically for vegetables and fruits.
c37540e79dff3e721435a7b17ae368e4955f4a59	This is evidenced by our teeth, they are all even to perfectly chew the fruits, there are no powerful fangs to tear the meat.
e1b094532193a407c661bb9a37d0a441fb9bedcf	Unlike predators, we have a long intestine, predators have it several times shorter, we do not have such an alkaline environment in the stomach to quickly digest meat.
146678f1090ecc86fb43b571670c7b7c07ea2434	And this is just a small list of big differences.
114bfe6a584c3e1125d8582bb6b1dfbeb8fbead5	Everything indicates that we are not meat eaters by nature, and this suggests that we can live a healthy, full fledged life without meat!
6aab6eb9bdc5d9f844a387a25232956b2afbef35	Based on this, this idea is absurd!
09d6846e874940bb44642651fe3dade5b9d4c0aa	Dmitry says:
3e28bdac25f2f6709d6743847b397362d67763eb	Of course, I apologize, but to use the anatomy of a modern person as an argument is complete nonsense.
c000170aa9c385fa16bc6a0e9187cb1be8a8f6fa	Sergey, how many millennia has a person been using heat treatment of meat?
ef1c2d236406c4bccaa5d7d8373e042fa19d1751	Modern man does not need fangs, because he does not tear the strong skin of animals with his teeth and does not gnaw out the best pieces of meat.
8b67d03a9d95bb2ac26f7c49b300dd6e0a348e02	He cooks it deliciously and calmly eats it with his existing teeth.
d4c71e0157d1b1d8e1ac8fdec49ef0ab2967453e	And the predator's digestive tract is not needed for the same reasons, some of its functions are realized at the cooking stage.
50b9fa5466e117486abe46833ac877e7f9cf2e07	By the way, our digestive tract is different from the digestive tract of typical herbivores.
1555ea03af84323bb3583835085be0c688ab94d8	Read some books.
f875f6e9308b8298e1ce8275763ff40db68cd967	And a couple more arguments in favor of meat.
92e9daf3636f1ff0f6b2826831d0ea13b53774eb	When the human body is in the stage of growth, meat is vital to it, because muscles fully grow only if there are animal proteins in the diet.
5964bf9b091f5c4c5be6219370ead6981f1b0ea0	Otherwise, it will be a suffocator, and not a full fledged person.
d2f8fa4d2fbc171a1dc68fc0384a68269a8cf630	The human brain is the most energy consuming organ, and meat is also the energy required for its work.
2a23f29617cb302c248ba5a44f171348b228ed11	And I did not say that man is a herbivore, I said that man is a fruit eating animal!
07a15dbdb0d7e7ec568c9c0367d8bd6658c65eb7	Read more carefully!
00dd4f0c229f7ad92d1cd12afb0383a31e59616c	Do you claim that during the time when a person began to use heat treated meat as food, his digestive structure has changed dramatically?
c78cf08a17f03c1d18def49a8be45876595f4f23	And who said that at the stage of growth the body needs proteins of animal origin?
43f9edc155e918c4c98641e9b09955834d7cf728	Official doctrine?
93e9c3fa35c4998199eacf8670508f4d6e03c669	Or meat producers, whose incomes are billions of dollars and they can put forward any idea to the masses, which will be supported even by medicine, even by the scientific elite, in which there will never be a single opinion!
7bb39a73bddef007bd5bb5faf1232b6d8e300c5f	And people will blindly believe this and support it in every possible way, because it is difficult to realize this!
5dcecc6c1655e25fd9cee7172318e68fd6bab8a6	Now, about the underdeveloped and inferior people.
8bf0969a15e092685a349cb249a4ef9add08bd38	You know that in India, more than 80% of the entire population are vegetarians.
d200d7916c508267dc2e42c0f8e2bd47b187ec5b	There are 830,958,000 vegetarians in Europe and India (Information from the European Vegetarian Union as of January 27, 2003) - this is official data from eleven years ago.
01677bdc6d77190efa73fa9541c9f1c335ee8227	And how many other countries are there in the world?
5f64202e4922e195ee31e6c9b35c2066079c3a12	The tendency of people to refuse food of animal origin is growing exponentially and according to some data, this number will soon reach 50% of the total population of the earth.
5b0d982c457d88aff2a46cf90f1e6a126a0bec60	And what do you want to say that all these people are underdeveloped and not full fledged?
124747458e899d7e9fb83f80e3fd8b9153114101	Do you know Alexey Voevoda?
aeaae912537e444422f30cd160a7643e18e6895e	This is our famous athlete, 2 time Olympic champion in bobsleigh and world champion in arm wrestling, one of the strongest people on the planet — a vegan, almost a raw food eater.
9d47760ae66da00c5d84db3b76c8f3b40ad2b0b2	Tell him he's suffocated!
515ddde6383d5cc385ff2865b45d27763a04408f	And finally, for reference.
3970078b294fdf8e8af7bbda960876a299131ddb	The energy required for the work of the human brain is released from glucose.
d71004629a6cbf27aa37761619d164ff696a51cd	There is not a single milligram of glucose in meat, there are no carbohydrates in meat at all, from which energy is taken!
8274530e7886e049f2c94431aefa92aa362895a2	Sergey, your figures donot mean anything.
93380ed47a585e0cc9aed1b0a6e16b13cd032555	And you know why, because this is not an argument why the body does not need animal protein at the growth stage.
f4d2b20fa0347c9efd23780f800775276ef6c257	And I have seen children of vegetarians, I'm sorry, but this is a pathetic sight.
560fd7838b8362847f336f91844f3790f74b8236	They are physically underdeveloped.
54e0743ffe5ed5e0aa2b97162569262042819e85	And official doctrines, together with the secret collusion of world meat producers, have absolutely nothing to do with it.
97fc8d8f45feab7c1164da0406146c9a6524970f	This is required by the biology of our body.
126d8502004d50b6b4d4ac7bee2e2c39b5d8ae42	Protein, as you know from the biology course, is the main building material for cells and, unfortunately, it is not possible to do only with vegetable protein, there are no some amino acids used in the construction process.
4fab9484b9922ab32ece34e7fea8b2cc19cc680c	And in fruits and vegetables, there are either very few substances necessary for the construction of protein, or there are none at all.
5bb8acf8bd4d5518ea75ae80b4f83fc04cf71b82	So at the growth stage, protein is necessary, no matter what you say.
c3de59afa98ff6a464556c7247652f3da588344d	Then, yes, you can fully live by refusing animal food.
660f1c4fb3980d01ac2a9818bf3d32797ef59aca	And the same Alexey Voevoda, when he was going to the title of world champion in arm wrestling, I am sure of this, he ate far from just fruits and vegetables.
058176fe3224ae1c3c3e3191afe7ccfc2db0d402	Well, why donot these figures say anything, I think it shows very clearly that a huge part of the world's population lives a full life and develops without meat, their children are quite developed, if this were not the case, then I donot think there would be such an overpopulation in India!
64a456d1512c89bdd76a56ac84bdf12b6f647995	This is a fact!
153e6286234eb2701d37e3b1bee7fe01706d2f4a	And the fact that you have seen physically underdeveloped children in a vegetarian family does not mean anything that their underdevelopment is a consequence of their diet!
0431ad904b27884f21b9bf57ec5c097e99c4a92b	Open your eyes!
c5d92bc901cec627a25c9ebd9ab712fab172f624	Now every third child is physically underdeveloped, regardless of whether he lives in a family of meat eaters or vegetarians.
b51661b16ed2d6f2080129f0eeea89d34382f819	There is a much more serious problem here!
b71e153a8657f35a68fe1e816ea8cc129dc0f64c	Now let's move on to biology, which you constantly refer to.
437911933a13915d083b044e70b211126a54732a	Have you heard about such an honored Soviet scientist, Professor A.M. Ugolev?
baad43af1afaaa992a487807a07b6e83293d5fdd	Are you familiar with his publications?
8007843063ad7e9722c071ae42a742bb75d4b3d6	If not, I strongly recommend that you get acquainted with his works.
f768a747de160d1444e13b52e9c56ef60bb8c131	Briefly about his experiments.
8ec653e21dec04c64224636dedd21167935d9a04	His experiments are a proven and indisputable fact that our body produces everything it needs by itself, in sufficient quantities, if you feed it with raw plant food, any other food aggravates the digestive process and loads it heavily, taking away large energy resources from the body.
657c23b663a18063e74b5741cb28453ddad51da8	This can be confirmed by anyone, after a heavy lunch of heat treated food, there is always a loss of energy and pulls you to sleep.
158a3a28742747677b1a16ccd51009793530bd7f	You can learn more about all the processes of digestion directly from his works.
9ade9ff86b3292980720159584142bef9af54701	The only thing I will add is that with regard to meat, since our discussion turned around him, his experiments show that meat has a disastrous effect on the body by populating the intestines with putrid bacteria, which in turn suppress the useful bifidobacteria of our body, which leads to slagging, gradual littering.
c242e504d22bf1cf08146a5db0041969bc9bcfc2	As a result, our body can no longer produce its own amino acids and other trace elements in sufficient quantities, and it has to take them from the outside.
bb3aee28fef09fad8b05a363d4f21c09e2cd17f9	When the protein of animal origin is broken down, many toxic gases are released during digestion, which poison our body.
b051c04676aac6c44fe7ebffc6a77a97b303d8a8	Try to eat only meat, you will die after a while!
174aa80c8842d3056891c2901c2ad399a082df08	And in conclusion about the Governor!
5085531bcea95ace67148eeb45fd190a930e0e37	I quote you: "And the same Alexey Voevoda, when he was going to the title of world champion in arm wrestling, I am sure of it, ate far from just fruits and vegetables."
567223d078788a90210faa75352e83543b0432ce	Do you know him personally?
b79e4cec21b89f878c6359c392063a1202260ca7	Here is an interview with him, please watch: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UoZYNVzCrMw You can also find a huge amount of material on the topic on the web.
61af46111e248f21cef0f1a227f25115978e61c4	How can you be sure?
1f7faa7be68c23a4bda546d282ba4dec714b01e3	Yes, your video confirms this, the Governor himself in it, he says that he used to eat meat.
0d11d81959b12b0c0c3262216f571db18d75dea5	Review it carefully.
895b2a756ddcd9d5b3980837b31354189bfabe9a	Further, at first he says that any protein is harmful, but nevertheless it is porridge, and there is protein there, even if it is vegetable.
29ff6e195fedb77af8ed46240ff1007ab3b16b75	And, Sergey, do not go to extremes.
00ad3093e7a1ca9ad748e33eb6d59a4928e04b82	I have never said that you need to eat only meat.
81e28038fe61b621ef3955c5a5f7ea96d853fba6	This is really fatal for the body.
6b59954e05a9803ae82500ea572c8766774bb0f6	The diet must necessarily contain fiber, so that the stomach works well, and other components.
52b17fe2859978cb45e1f41d35d0998028b8e235	Everything, Sergey, must be balanced.
603bdeb4159d7c7b9856a294f47147a0bb52e83c	You think that meat eaters eat exclusively meat, a strange opinion.
ac9a0687ac2561349db202b03102074f9b900662	In my diet there are vegetables and fruits in large quantities without fail, as well as a variety of cereals.
585a6564d0ccfc6f0f898d7158bf1fe9df95079f	And yet, it is not necessary to eat enough for one meal so that you are drawn to sleep.
d80558d5071e2a2dd1df39e07a6e574573756846	Who prevents eating in small portions, but more often.
cd1032def71270b12f0ab14e0155ddcb25970979	And you will not overload the stomach at the same time.
9f28a0a1838ddf6b6a1ab60c467dcc9638a25321	And you will not be drawn to sleep either.
68a2b3f744fc9ff03b05517e6a25c1b9dd701708	Tested on personal experience.
73cda3849d6b96ce5514be2d5de0a0c6d8e22538	I will not argue with you on the theory, it requires study.
3100f846eee29162dafe84e128bf65a93a197348	In any case, it will take time.
e75297a68cb1452699e1be5e51aba657eee504ce	That's right, the governor used to eat meat!
76e902ddf7c8de4c404aac57943e1697d8e754c6	But in order to recover, he had to take sports nutrition.
43d7a61b2cf0d2fa55da2018b287c86d50a6a864	But when he stopped eating meat, his physical indicators increased significantly and he no longer had to take additional sports nutrition.
2a86b7ce6f73ebfc89068eb5ec1fbcd02b42a1c4	I can also give you an example of an outstanding American track and field athlete, a nine time Olympic champion, Carl Lewis.
352da58ad196e50aa8d99b5d4c501f96172f8fe9	This athlete reached the maximum physical shape after he became a vegan, which also confirms the fact that animal protein is absolutely not necessary for physical development.
a40dda694d30c90d4b8e0890d1604606a15d49d1	And there are many such examples.
c95afacf6d84dc40f1cb97415d10a1fed6355104	As for intellectual development, how do you explain the fact that such great Geniuses of the World as: Pythagoras, Epicurus, Plato, Ovid, Plutarch, Seneca, Socrates, Jesus Christ, Buddha, Leonardo da Vinci, Rousseau, Adam Smith, Shelley, Byron, Thomas More, Schopenhauer, Montel, Tolstoy L. N. — they were all vegetarians, and this list can still go on and on.
e5ba69a081fd7529d9ee0d990f95270924cd40aa	Their brain did not need meat at all!
77d9e6ae42d448e6d2e0b5397fefd358796ec87f	Now about spiritual development.
86b9598bfaed896113816608025b9e654301d2e5	From a religious point of view, it is recommended in all the scriptures to give up meat in order to achieve spiritual progress.
f7d9728f032921e1a4ac94112fb442d67dac84eb	Many religions of the East, such as Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism, categorically reject the use of meat.
04e9c6556de69ce4ff4d7b7080614ac4e0869ace	All these numerous facts simply smash your theory that meat is the most important source of human nutrition and is even more necessary for the normal development of the human brain and body!
d2701766bf75819a69900a255c66e4d30cfbb28a	Sergey, the successes of individual people are undoubtedly worthy of attention, but, unfortunately, they are not a decisive argument.
bfa076b144fdf6d5902824881f7ebb140e845450	It's simple.
9496ceade3ed574f52fbe57f7fd6612bbbf44c67	You see only one aspect on their path to success, and there are thousands of such nuances, and I am sure that everyone had an impact, not just their refusal of meat.
2de073ea797483b582f9f5656e369ed388a702ba	And again, at what age there was a refusal, for what reasons, it is not known.
9230c1615088ec24a1ab81d08e784a945090daae	We do not know the current daily diet of the same Lewis and Voivode, and accordingly we cannot analyze and draw conclusions.
917e3df515467002ed8860ef4bdd2490bcba4569	We can only assume that this had a certain impact on their physical abilities, but how decisive we do not know, there are too many nuances.
899431d1d86d5c08495d1d55218b1363c887277e	It is better not to touch the holy scriptures at all, they are too ambiguous and again take into account the peculiarities of the places and people among whom they appeared.
3e12341cddf35b9a32834ad35ebf4a1b0ad197d0	And again, according to you, they call for spiritual enlightenment to give up meat.
c1bd221eebab8396eb84d9976a78eb81d6d0165e	And when should this be done?
182d4b64f41b9cc83c9c6c0f494a0e5a7a62dbc6	The mother feeds the newborn with milk, and this is protein, I hope you havenot forgotten.
4f440ef75516c828b5f9ff09148da9d04d1b3f62	The facts you have given do not break anything, they only show that an alternative way of eating is possible.
835753f6bc2ad4a4cb160404d8aca5a8fb7fc49b	If you strain yourself, you can find studies by no less well known scientists who will argue that meat is useful.
48c43e8bf88a05df5a4cfc28dbb150c0d09b0c6e	And there is no need to say that they were paid for by the meat lobby, this is not an argument, especially without evidence.
5bdfed1f4aff10ffe112bcb2e1d4a824bd8993aa	Believe me, you can also make good money on the idea of vegetarianism and vegetarian food.
cd139456726eb40c488aecc5b4266d87f8c5054a	And the "theory" I have given is by no means mine.
16ab169c22449c75eba2d9d39b20a73c4a5f8a73	This is just one of the opinions about our nutrition.
5dbf0e8602ca83083026674e826b4d789cc35487	I think it is worth publishing an article on the usefulness of vegetarianism for our brain in contrast to this article, but I do not promise to do this in the near future.
4913097102338a3f79e567d12d7bdc1b6ff20afa	Of course, as many people as there are opinions.
daf2d6d059b9a130b244c79d3a6f159f4bed4239	And everyone will defend their point of view!
d85ec6bc94eeebd803e06afbb349fd7e8bdccf29	You need to check everything for yourself and choose what really fits, and not blindly believe what everyone says!
5a7b38f61799397f7cb866d50ada064ca24856d6	As they say: "To each his own!"
8b3816bc627c0335e0270bfd70d310e3384ec593	At the expense of an article about vegetarianism and the brain, this is a good idea.
49a567b439b771362f6933d4954d2907000fbf7f	It will be interesting to read!
08ae15cdf755ec3cb3c016feb18e0b7ecb749850	You have a great blog!
e5e9dd280e040a1642caafede4a11ff42e101bfd	Keep up the good work!
7fcf23b2f894b1bdc55c48d65828260f144f40f9	Vyacheslav says:
10fd4a012ac88fcba8c45fcbba15cb1784104b14	I believe that the development of the brain is determined not only by nutrition, but also by other factors.
e5a143f396a95d80fd396dbafe08ffe47e2028a8	For example, this is related to intellectual activity.
a2efe188aa44f853b968c0c3142d4a9dfb78f1a8	You can also remember that a person can go without food for a long time, even without water, but without air a relatively short time.
78b066339689c769a9bf7c25dcd3ed0281380ae9	Maybe clean air containing a sufficient amount of oxygen is a more significant factor determining the full growth and development of the human body.
6a234a257d63a6cf5a7e78bded37cdffccb68998	It seems to me that much more research is needed in order to understand what is necessary for the normal development of the brain.
7cab148e1c814412632ee40a9d73d3aea6ff58dc	Vyacheslav, you are certainly right, the brain develops under the influence of many factors, but nutrition is one of the most important and not only for the brain, but also for the entire human body as a whole.
4aeb5636af4be952f3e686912353b3a9d1114249	Raphael says:
11c4c38a47fbcf36efc2732013d311d1c588e30f	Two workouts a day are kettlebell lifting.
d068b36389a717e864abfb32ff6d8bc323794ac1	A lot of mental work.
99b38631d73480fcfe7637dccd30aea8a31d38ab	Earlier, more than 100 fractures, 4 gunshot wounds.
911db929016e7a0d2080bdb256a641df423eab01	The most severe concussion in 87.
c3615623f0083e7997bab8cc2a95c634db4ac05c	I look 35-40 from the words).
6b28dc30afcb1a94cc52147432731eb28e06efe6	I donot eat meat.
5c11ae84b4a5cdf5dcbc0fd6abcce2d5dc9c0e96	And I donot advise anyone.
de43bdfe9077bf4740fb2b69529317dc98e39b10	Eggs, sour milk is mandatory.
70b42cd998604bb3e4949c7f356dd4ff0b45fc45	Once a month, a sea cocktail.
ebf344cdcf2395f3f0d9ade076b7ad9d07bcb07e	From the animal write this with a vengeance.
380d291661e98f881ba6c3d725653336b4a206d2	For the brain.
57d82de403c308da245a1a2d2c6555527a100211	Vyacheslav sees at the root in my opinion.
2c81858b9a8be254444222f641f0ba43190a1e14	The basis of nutrition for the brain is intellectual work (with a small reservation — creative).
b20945314819e0eec370974bc80657b6c0c7b7d7	If I had eaten meat, the tumor in the right hemisphere after the concussion would have finished me off very soon.
f51c234c75a749d10da09bb7f2f2ebb7d5ad0cdc	But now, at 47, she simply does not exist.
0505359fe8e4346e00b5018239f7ed958ea758b3	Endotoxins and dead protein are why you should not eat meat.
4eac30eadcd1338690eea147187271e8c445da9c	Raphael, you contradict yourself.
a34f9ac9b84383b01df9764f048d6e5bb5f188eb	Eggs and marine products are the same protein as meat.
af1199bb65ee70f83943df97892ad8a928b043bb	And, yes, explain what a dead protein means and which protein is alive.
19dba722e6688576e01dc664be5225e5fc4fa1d6	Pallas Athena (παλλάς ΆηΗνά) — the ancient Greek goddess of war and victory, as well as wisdom, knowledge, arts and crafts, belonged to the number of supreme deities and was revered throughout the ancient Hellenic world.
632e753bc228bf2599d08d876f93145ae1b14448	Athena symbolizes the clarity of the ether, the heavenly force that controls lightning, clouds and luminaries, fertilizes the fields, generates all living things and educates humanity.
d4e31e468d7b88ac08b2b1aca47ed05fbdf3958d	Subsequently, Athena became the goddess of spiritual activity, artistic thinking and science.
7df0046065c0784744010ab7fad0c55dcd3790e3	Even people who are not familiar with Greek mythology know the name of Pallas Athena.
9601830915a4bffb881336bdc63cdb2c25d2e987	However, why" Pallas", what is it?
5365a3a2d2397e92f76613cbb56339e60c0bc0c4	There are several assumptions about the origin of this name.
2614a69d27ca91c0fdae0d2649995158dd699beb	According to one version, Pallas is a friend of Athena's "childhood", the daughter of Triton.
f9347722a29a447b1955feb47675d95da5689d29	One day, the friends seriously quarreled, and an angry Pallas threw a spear at Athena, which was rejected by a magic shield, the Thunderer who paid attention to the quarrel in time.
6b204575fe92dcdce0003e0769aa754666677344	The offended Athena, in turn, struck a blow.
522f0e5460afd9e6a9f11ce85e874923cb6fd848	It turned out to be fatal.
7162cd25182aa4e4ab9d91de7493b7b6a08e3a1a	The Greek goddess Athena later regretted what had happened.
6049ecda79c24f935abf744c96512716d68329b7	And she added a name to her own in memory of an ex-girlfriend.
e50666eaba9761034bcf4e5f438900640e00ed50	Another version says that the second name is also for memory, but about the winged goat-like giant Pallant.
aa12a4ee441ad2c7a99271451d9c079e02db40ec	When the Olympians fought with the giants, the lustful Pallant "intended to commit violence against the goddess."
f6cd57870f7b8137dcd72115e4be6b86505c2261	Athena threw her opponent to the ground, and then tore off his skin, still alive, to make herself an aegis, and put his wings to her shoulders.
afdb3337aacb991acecd104f95c32dfcc5c12003	There is also a version that is somewhat similar to the first story.
d860f41f7ea90b56211b330f7f95e57b2a9669ab	But according to this legend, the name "Pallas" is a sign of grief for the deceased comrade Pallant, who fell from a fatal accident in a playful sword fight.
d78f7348913c3614c3f3cc2d75ed5de5fe03bd14	The ancient Greek goddess Athena is known for protecting cities, patronizing sciences.
1e4cb9270f064d2014e0bd066face7246e764c6d	This is a warrior who could not be defeated, the goddess of knowledge and wisdom.
a828965cc378beaff2a4d91a18f5efcf2683e62c	The Greek goddess Athena was absolutely deservedly revered by the ancient Greeks.
04d2f099b5bd9dfa32d6044d3a67e12b74a5be38	She was the beloved daughter of Zeus, and the capital of Greece is named after her.
6f0fc91526bcb9af7643605833cae91495842e6b	She always helped the heroes not only with wise advice, but also with deeds.
6d8a61e8fe097c97af0c43a2ca3d7c79ee4bc672	She taught the girls of Greece spinning, weaving, cooking.
588b3878f9f5618ee081567c2794df66e535a310	The Greek goddess Athena was not only born in a strange way, many fascinating stories and myths are also associated with her name.
4b9d59356f47b2aa1bf94ab4f65e3f7f083b56c4	The goddess Pallas Athena, according to the myths of ancient Greece, was born from the head of Zeus.
cdef1169aa6574202674236f9bd58872586023fa	Zeus knew that the goddess of reason, Metis (Metis), would have two children: a daughter, Athena, and a son of extraordinary intelligence and strength.
f5baa120965679514d3a8090c64eba85cd0526c1	The goddesses of fate Moira informed Zeus that this son would take away his power over the world.
a1b25c02f40335ddb252bf0ae940c24677b1d45d	To avoid this, Zeus put Metis to sleep with affectionate speeches and swallowed her before the birth of children.
f33168a586c1c441e9cef74ec34f15af1fc900dc	Soon Zeus felt a terrible pain in his head.
c2b1046806fb3cbdba6df530a5468aab157df1ec	To get rid of her, he called his son Hephaestus and ordered his head to be cut off.
1cfb25f1734206d67abfedd1faafb5da809862c2	With an axe blow, Hephaestus split the skull of Zeus, and from there, to the amazement of the other Olympian gods, a powerful and beautiful warrior, the goddess Pallas Athena, came out in full armor.
8e8d4be4f963496de6f5b2ee7d779c7c63813d56	Athena's blue eyes glowed with divine wisdom.
f089d9d2f72ce74420ccf23aa13673846e68009c	Thus, according to the symbolism of the myths, Athena was the embodiment of the wisdom and power of Zeus.
797a02b4a0b9150d4a2684803b947986599cbe35	He also loved her more than all his daughters: he talked to her as if with his own thought, did not hide anything from her and did not deny her anything.
1c352d821b6baf3957b5918677a76fcf5e6e34c9	For her part, Athena understood and appreciated her father's favor.
e312293f990d0500457ac50b0b05243e3c6253ff	She was always close to him, never got carried away by any other god or man, and for all her beauty, majesty and nobility, she did not marry, remaining Athena Virgo (Athena Parthenos).
aa1785c38f90590f8ad3397b16885b63897993dd	Athena believed that she had only one parent-Zeus, with whom she was forever connected.
305ad2141489dbaa1d70d59f896167f3cd2ab8dd	She was the "right hand" of her father, only to her he entrusted the symbols of his power – lightning and the aegis.
4996af9c805cc89b16beeee0ef2d34c33d78293f	This goddess did not recognize her mother – Metis; moreover, she apparently did not know about the existence of the mother.
7f9bd5410edf5695de3ea0cc2c430477591f227d	According to mythology, Athena was the patroness and adviser of all male heroes.
045a9b340d8be299f823056e571b361711fe1157	The list of those whom she helped reads like a "Biographical directory of heroes".
9a01183435187acb1c521410a5b189437adf18d6	Among them was Perseus, who killed the Gorgon Medusa - a female monster with snakes instead of hair, with clawed copper hands and eyes burning with rage, which turned people into stone with a look.
edd5ea1129a636de6f10fa9ed346c78ff97278f0	Athena gave Perseus a copper shield, shining like a mirror.
2414bd98d2f90608a302c5d9facd72fe2f81421d	Perseus could see the reflection of Medusa in it, and therefore he was not in danger of meeting her direct gaze.
5786531cd8b0164bf2449246e7c443ba7fde630b	In addition, when he cut off the head of Medusa, his hand was guided by Athena.
98009fbde115d5293c110c47154bcbc0edf9beca	Athena also helped Jason and the Argonauts build a ship on which they went to mine the golden fleece.
dd416bb4632337253b82b2b9cf94bc5e18212c2c	She gave Bellerophon a golden bridle to tame the winged horse Pegasus, and helped Hercules in his twelve exploits.
b077cfcc45668faa4dd0a03f87346403fc3799fe	During the Trojan War, Athena actively acted on the side of the Greeks.
d9171ae80ae43c050df8d45d5d3f10e7c54e73b9	She took care of her pets, especially Achilles, the most formidable and powerful Greek warrior.
871d7c4e26ff7e0abe35e803280cf69944bc0d7f	Later, she helped Odysseus in his protracted return home.
53e1582b8cd42991cad96b0afcbb0e852587b0e1	Besides the fact that Athena was closest to Zeus and patronized male heroes, she supported the patriarchy as a whole.
c79749a43eb5c76068237b9693a26cb6a922d29c	She stood up for Orestes, who, in revenge for the death of his father Agamemnon, killed his own mother Clytemnestra.
593362fee2036f1a6e31d018a2d356a192968f7e	Apollo defended Orestes.
96e490ba4ca200347c840c2891e8c3a9352cec6d	Thus proclaiming the superiority of men over women, he declared that the mother is only the soil for the seed planted by the father.
e50a7a0519d076a0cca629b37c83dc4697095eda	As proof of his correctness, Apollo referred to Athena, who was not born from the mother's womb.
0891780dc40d634b5e42317b948ea00d02a73287	When the judges ' votes were counted, the number of acquittal and accusation votes turned out to be equal, since Athena voted for Orestes.
c81e524fe46524714bee9a3dcbf7117b7f6f3f57	By joining Apollo, she freed Orestes and supported the supremacy of patriarchal customs over the bonds of motherhood.
c7c5b6e8533766f404fd23f0d297d8434020a9e6	When it came to all women's work and crafts, the goddess was called Ergana or Athena the worker.
c359aac15e8e1ab618c430623067397d528f3882	One of the main crafts of the Athenians was weaving, but the materials made from Asian countries were made more subtly and elegantly.
ca015ce1d3b70c6f7e8ee208d2b5dd430b57f118	This rivalry gave rise to the myth of the enmity between Arachne and Athena.
15d80030c9bebfdcb0a4a2c80f8269a3cda0f83a	Arachne was not of noble origin, her father worked as an ordinary dyer, but the girl had a talent for weaving incredibly thin and very beautiful materials.
bfc8963b7c19b8b8b95c2df3421c9dad2ec01881	She also knew how to spin quickly and smoothly, loved to decorate her works with skillful embroidery.
48a2d3ae1f26f8aa8e70d6c0e7dee8050ad44c0f	Praises and pleasant speeches to her work sounded from all sides.
f9ca7ca7b5c0b07a3b119856b95a0d1683bb3259	Arachne became so proud of this that it occurred to her to compete with the goddess.
7fc680d6374ad8e09415daa2d671e179d62ebe47	She said that she could easily beat her in this craft.
6f9d6051d0999d01c006179ffbeee815f48430ca	Athena was very angry and decided to put the impudent woman in her place, but first she wanted to solve everything peacefully, which was very inherent in her.
2504bafe7b2e675ef81668482446676ce96ef5ee	She assumed the appearance of an old woman and went to Arachne.
8201ef64e1eb73b7bd0d013ef48f70c6103341f7	There she began to prove to the girl that it is very dangerous for a mere mortal to start such games with a goddess.
a80fe52464c2465a4af92e6b98972083b77887a0	To which the proud weaver replied that even if Athena herself appeared before her, she would be able to prove her superiority in the craft to her.
24b5f9a8def3504f873d5e93d2d74e857d37969f	Athena was not a timid person, so she accepted the challenge.
1c4d34b072dd52b369760b23aaa2e0ed0e0f267e	Both girls set to work.
fb61eee8859c09b69baa27e22ecf864a5e734e2d	The goddess on her machine wove a story about her difficult relationship with Poseidon, and Arachne depicted all sorts of transformations of the gods and love affairs.
51f1c49ddcff36dd5310af16e265f6e5fdd19725	The work of a mere mortal was done so efficiently and skillfully that Athena, although she tried, did not find a single flaw in it.
95e898eba90f50067cdd3680abe21a15e827e464	Angry and forgetting about her duty to be fair, Athena hit the girl on the head with a shuttle.
1b2da1f29fd673bb075f3a07e2deb63800b97e8f	The proud Arachne could not survive such humiliation and hanged herself.
09ba2c70785e2430fa55ebd12366796fae55c58d	And the goddess turned her into a spider, which is destined to be engaged in weaving throughout her life.
a9b3b5f9df26720240a7ba8801d3f3f1574af378	In contrast to Ares, the deity of insane courage, Athena personifies conscious courage and bravery; she gives help to her favorites in moments of extreme danger and leads them to victory; therefore, the goddess Nika is her constant companion.
da714357d5ea832a12b31217634c7207ef0be5ab	As a female goddess with traits of masculinity and courage, Athena is contrasted with Aphrodite, a purely feminine goddess.
3484c4dad2495d425b55ddf309bad311773d288b	Athena taught Erichtony to tame and harness horses; maintained friendly relations with the wise centaur Chiron, whom Athena herself gifted with a brilliant mind and many knowledge; taught Bellerophon to tame the winged Pegasus.
fe04e126f8ff1a94558703cd254056ef719721c5	She had a close relationship to equestrian competitions and maritime affairs; for example, with her help, Danaus built a fifty-oared ship for crossing to Greece, and the Argonauts built the ship Argo; the wooden horse that served to destroy Troy was built as a gift to her.
846cac218e9db5f4128cedadc45eaca999d7a5f5	Later, myths of an ethical nature entered the legends about Athena, and new features were added to the mentioned features of her divine character.
afc000c3fb621ebadcfa012da04b3e3046289fcd	Athena became the goddess of peace and prosperity, sanctified marriages, helped with childbirth, sent health to people, averted diseases and misfortunes, patronized the reproduction of families and genera and promoted the prosperity of cities.
ecb50f5c452f3c4a23b0d80fa6305af1a56add69	Once Athena entered into a competition with her uncle Poseidon, the god of the seas, for the right to give her name to the capital of Hellas - a beautiful white stone city with giant palaces, temples built in honor of the gods, and sports stadiums.
036ea160ae1dcf452f56b51654e34493e54af9df	The contest was judged by the residents of the city themselves.
8d391a392768d822d3f67d550b202542d37032e8	Poseidon promised to give them a lot of water, and Athena gave the city a sapling of an olive tree and said that with it they would always have food and money.
d0ad23d85718ad97fa16334b95b8cb8c253da523	The townspeople believed the goddess Athena.
35a39efce68993a6af69e6ce5809700d2cb9d5cf	Since then, the main city of Greece is called Athens (Greek: ΑνΝαι, Lat. Athenae) .
39b67d8ab525ef0e541b478403fec13733b7861a	In honor of the great patroness, the famous Acropolis complex, unsurpassed in beauty, was built on the highest hill in the city.
5fad94d1dae212973d24a7f44935eb1ddf91e986	This was the name of the ancient fortress city in the old days, which was always built on the highest place of the city.
26f78b08c7946f3603769e85ff0bf954656cb24f	Its central palace was dedicated to Athena and was called the Parthenon (translated from Greek - virgo).
fecca42f52c0777e2614c53b37c6e71cf40dc1eb	An olive tree always grows on the territory of the Acropolis, and the expression "To appear with an olive branch in your hands" indicates the intention of the visitor to solve the case peacefully.
e96ae12a591d440069fdb85431390cfcb660647d	The city is located on a number of rocky hills, in the most extensive plain of Attica, between the Ilissus and Cephissus rivers, at a distance of about five kilometers in a straight line from the sea and seven from its later harbor, Piraeus.
27a7172020265c636d0a817b8c5bbbeee0615c10	The initial history of the city of Athens, as well as the ancient history of the entire region, is lost in the darkness of uncertainty.
28804c8888c6f086866090d6d121a7bd19fbcb1d	Tradition attributes its foundation to King Cecrops.
b6fee7eae01747edee53b198470d441ea56ccfb6	Initially, the city occupied only the upper area of a steep hill, accessible only from the western side, which served throughout antiquity as a fortress (Acropolis), a political and religious center, the core of the entire city.
3b1ad4eb97cd75726d2479b3a80180fd06b459cf	According to legend, the Pelasgians leveled the top of the hill, surrounded it with walls and built a strong external fortification with nine gates located one after the other on the western side to protect the entrance (hence the name Enneapilon, i.e., nine gates, or Pelasgicon, i.e. the Pelasgian fortress).
48ab2bbca9a20b7f6801381ca5abe588cdcaf491	The ancient kings of this part of Attica lived inside the castle with their retinue; there was also an ancient temple of the deity under whose special patronage the city was located, namely Athens of the City Defender (Pallas Athens), along with which the earth-shaking god of the sea, Poseidon and Erechtheus was also revered (as a result, the temple itself was usually called Erechtheion).
bf15e14cba3e4163a54e39263e7071b0e7c23d88	The ancient Greeks believed that the goddess of wisdom Pallas Athena made a great many useful inventions: she created a flute, a trumpet, a ceramic pot, a plow, a rake, a yoke for oxen, bridles for horses, a chariot, a ship, the art of counting.
3e4a89ac31e3793e61b3325c3e79f9b66e13c2bc	Pallas Athena was famous for her kindness, and therefore, when the judges disagreed at the trials in the Athenian Areopagus, she always gave her vote for the acquittal of the accused.
bcb7f6c756c1baa377d6888446904cc10731c5e9	According to Greek myths, many gods, titans and giants wanted to enter into marital relations with Pallas, but she rejected all courtship.
b4d80e738b6905b5281626128bb899bbddf69038	Once, during the Trojan War, not wanting to ask for weapons from Zeus, who did not support either the Hellenes or the Trojans, Athena asked Hephaestus to make her own armor.
a2454fa02af77efb01a866e1d5cb90dd6fb5a933	Hephaestus agreed, but said that he would do the work not for money, but for love.
afbbf5f825e522632c0dfed62cd9dd18e4239bf8	Not understanding the meaning of what was said, Athena came to the forge of Hephaestus for armor.
9d1a5ee7eca9665f6bf4a7271bde82ca99124c20	He rushed to the goddess and tried to take her.
62e68bd7c793f1bd62be52449f2a5254c83e7d98	It is claimed that Hephaestus was encouraged to do this by Poseidon, who lost a dispute to Athena for the possession of Attica: the sea god convinced the Olympic blacksmith of Pallas ' secret desire for someone to take her by force.
dd3737e4b3cdeb9ed624646239960cf1963c20d3	Athena, however, escaped from the hands of Hephaestus, but at the same time his seed spilled on her just above the knee.
1ef8e2ec3da842bc436d444b3dd7093e01c51b87	Pallas wiped herself with a piece of wool and threw it.
20a354d64222b99cdbc47a0d7f2ebad21713e2ad	The seed of Hephaestus fell on mother earth Gaia and fertilized her.
9adb9093b70978909184ec80588393eeaccbb757	Gaia, dissatisfied with this, said that she would not raise her unborn child from Hephaestus.
af02f578ec0438c880938e969dd7292329934b9c	Athena then announced that she would raise him herself.
3c3bd16fde6ad2a551cc093334b5a6a44ce0a080	When the child was born, he was named Erichtony.
92d6971805b934b59ff102765f2bb3e77ca2a615	It was one of the mythical ancestors of the Athenians.
95794e4f4d447e579e0e0233d950226663b303aa	After taking Erichtony from Gaia, Pallas Athena put him in a sacred casket and gave him to Aglavra, the eldest daughter of the Athenian king Cecrops.
52b965f7500093645b45d4d7ef17001ea638987a	The sad fate of Aglavra, her mother and two sisters is told in the myth of Erichtonia.
7fa8f2ee03394043c38bdb698b4900c46ce90cae	All four were killed, because Aglavra tried to deceive the god Hermes.
de4861ee857962aa230f24bee10561c323380332	Hearing about their sad fate, the upset Athena dropped a huge rock that she was carrying to the Acropolis of Athens in order to better strengthen it.
3c41f79054fbed0865ef8d117f628709cf0e247c	This rock was named Mount Lycabetta.
58f7810c73fbf9a08f1fa895c9cb4f18c1e2a63b	The crow, who gave Pallas Athena the sad news about the death of the women of the Cecrops family, was turned black by the goddess from white.
22d811b90a09558ec54a06f70700e7e332007ee3	Since then, all crows are black.
ea8c6e071e8418f33ac1183dd73e4cdaa989e83e	Pallas forbade them to appear on the acropolis of Athens.
f1bba3ecf592d769e8759bdc9f122f117d65e7a6	The goddess Pallas Athena hid Erichtonia in her aegis and raised it.
6c2d7e2d336ec68a92720fe40ce8ab89b1efba3e	Later he became the king of Athens and introduced the cult of his named mother in this city.
522d735ddbd3451345db3fcb10fef890edfe646e	After his death, Erichtony was ascended to heaven, becoming the constellation of the Charioteer, because he, with the help of the goddess Athena, was the first to learn how to use a chariot drawn by four horses.
f6c4c2bef3efe8fbb19e48809c2094d32d287132	For the Athenians, the idea of the virginity of their main goddess symbolized the inaccessibility of their city.
a60b8926789ffe587abe183cf3ca439bb6bf37f8	Some scientists believe that in the most ancient myths, Pallas Athena was not a virgin, but had children from Hephaestus, Poseidon and the god of the winds Boreas.
5a717bc7f4d441b5d8736789d326a8bfcd7f0678	Some vague memories of these myths have been preserved in historical Hellas – at least in the above story about Athena and Hephaestus.
fa5ac2af3e045c37bfaeb84fbbb208768c449763	Erichtony, most likely, was initially considered the son of Athena and Poseidon.
96a55dae5f5b7e2902143b7104219953f1a7a7a8	The rest of this myth is preserved in the legend that Erichtony was the first to ride the quadriga chariot, which in the ancient Greek religion was an invariable attribute of Poseidon.
5c7609a2b768ed8b2b86aa3d7be1f1290f6be371	The brush of the artists of antiquity has never depicted a chaste Greek goddess naked.
9a5eb791b75dd957bd2e0b94e433daef94512ef0	In modern art, taking into account the re-evaluation of values and ignorance of traditions, one can also find a more erotic image of Athena.
c9db5d13562572d67d47cf80c986601e9e971935	Legends say that the goddess Athena never touched the arrow of the god of love Eros, he always avoided the brave warrior.
87047376fae2c791f6552d9e5cd898b65da055fe	His mother, Aphrodite, could not understand this and was not happy that her cheerful son did not even make an attempt to give the chaste goddess love.
3ec42b1bb012aa52be0100ea76a40e41d7d463c5	For which they rained reproaches on Erot.
6f12da7f41e1649016b20d38e06411283576a28a	The god of love never tired of making excuses, he complained that he was afraid of Athena.
516b1cb926d8ab90f1638df3879f504a0cad264f	He is afraid of her sharp eyes, her courageous and majestic appearance.
3ff77faa4776a8c8c2576fd03575d7fe8be54f87	More than once he tried to approach her to hit her with an arrow, but again the Greek goddess Athena directed her gloomy gaze at him, and Eros recoiled, also frightened by the terrible head on her armor, dropped his arrows and ran away from the warlike daughter of Zeus.
8388ad9a5269d6703f1e0b8c282e698aab2605f0	The cult of Athena spread throughout Greece, traces of it remain even after the victory of Christianity.
1cfe710c6e4bf8e23219e0e0f88fd1fb2707782b	Above all, she was honored by the Athenians, whose city still bears her name.
8d3671ed1e3d9ee039dcd43c4e41e4eeab084da3	Since time immemorial, festivals have been held in Athens in honor of the birth of the goddess Panathineia (they fell on July — August).
4074ca472bf2a643be5f3a67bfc83b9e091a665c	In the middle of the 6th century BC, the Athenian ruler Pisistratus established the so-called Great Panathenaea, which took place every four years and included competitions of musicians, poets, orators, gymnasts and athletes, riders, rowers.
4f3dbb81fa615a1bd1ad750ce43e4fa4f6835718	The Lesser Panathenaea were celebrated annually and more modestly.
8c9d50885539b2c023819c007539ee26f6ffa9b3	The culmination of these celebrations was the offering of gifts of the Athenian people to the goddess, primarily a new garment for the ancient cult statue of Athena in the Erechtheion temple on the Acropolis.
56b4ffd7c769c02e5de7ee825814f436d6cfd4fe	Greek artists depicted Athena as a serious young woman in a long robe (peplos) or in a shell.
6dc333569e1fc25acb4a645f42a51e0da606a268	Sometimes, despite the women's clothes, she had a helmet on her head, and next to her were her sacred animals, an owl and a snake.
43b218df19140a18d195616b1b51c4340a9ccbc5	Of her ancient statues, the most highly valued were: "Athena Parthenos", a colossal chrysoelephantine statue (i.e. made of gold and ivory), which stood in the Parthenon since 438 BC; "Athena Promachos", a colossal bronze statue of about 451 BC, standing in front of the Parthenon, and "Athena Lemnia" (after 450 BC), erected on the Acropolis by grateful Athenian colonists from Lemnos.
ad762368459d9744d4830f51d31df12c3f65078d	All these three statues were created by Phidias; unfortunately, we know them only from descriptions and late copies and replicas, mostly of a not very high level.
7ff05719438b3412177791d9b887c6c08c318dea	Reliefs give an idea of some of the statues: for example, we know what the sculpture of Myron "Athena and Marsyas" looked like from its image on the so-called "Finlay vase" (1st century BC), stored in the National Archaeological Museum in Athens.
80fbf541c486646155b79bade7f689b89657a0f8	Perhaps its best relief of the classical era is "Pensive Athena", leaning on a spear and looking sadly at the stele with the names of the fallen Athenians (Acropolis Museum).
858697285d293cef08e74adc3b82117e5fdb04b8	The image of Athena has been preserved on about two hundred vases, many of them dating back to the 6th century BC.
eddfc700da6e0088bf2547a9e13de07cb6bd7de9	An archaic image of Athena decorated all the amphorae awarded to the winners of the Panathenaic Games.
5302785c7fbf6d09080384bcbd7c88850c7592c4	Of the works of modern times, no less numerous and no less diverse level, we will name only two paintings: "Pallas and the Centaur" by Botticelli (1482) and" The Birth of Athena from the head of Zeus " by Fiamingo (1590s).
4281c6bb173b7ffe87a8b2a15052e936f37ab2c0	Of the statues, there are also two: the work of Dros at the beginning of our century, which stands on a high Ionic column in front of the Athenian Academy, and the work of Houdon at the end of the 18th century, which adorns the Institute of France.
5dbbbee2f1e217ce5ae32e0d1a83895a87b6ec67	Architectural structures in honor of Athena belong to the treasures of universal culture — even if only ruins have been preserved from them.
7e8754088cd539aef227ee44dd037172d5acff90	First of all, this is the Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens, built in 447-432 BC by Ictinus and Kallikrates under the artistic direction of Phidias and consecrated by Pericles already in 438 BC.
2fc82511ce6460e0b7327f0f108c430c9167efb2	For more than two millennia, the Parthenon stood almost untouched by time, until in 1687 it was damaged by an explosion of gunpowder that the Turks kept in it during the war with Venice.
0c2e710b76fae1be34007688819f2579e6343f43	Nearby there is a small temple of Nike, dedicated to Athena the Victorious; during the Turkish occupation it was completely destroyed, but in 1835-1836 it again rose from the ruins.
c183ce7300747a6e0f943a6c53acd46afa3add50	The last of these buildings on the Acropolis is the Erechtheion, dedicated to Athena, Poseidon and Erechtheus (Erechtheus).
66f2b6d7b37158c2bac05e96be425258dcbe816b	Once the Athenian palladium was stored in it, and the "olive of Athens" was planted next to the Erechtheion (the current one was planted in 1917).
ae441a49f3728c245cf9f89a45cb28441748b2ef	The magnificent temples of Athena were also built by the Greeks on the Acropolis of Sparta, in the Arcadian Tegea, on the Marble Terrace at Delphi, in the Asian cities of Pergamum, Priene and Assa; in Argos there was a common temple of Athena and Apollo.
8666a0b43f0cbfb157aaded68314b4d1ff8eb897	The remains of her temple are preserved in the Sicilian Kefaledia (present-day Cefalu) and in the ruins of Himera; the twelve Doric columns of her temple in Syracuse still stand as an integral part of the cathedral there.
5b2049daab82debd2b851d9d7d15d547a979af9f	Her temple was also in Troy (not only in Homer's, but also in the historical new Ilium).
4fc7a0c2fc2860ea23ddef5f59698126b6dff74e	It is possible that the oldest of the three surviving temples in Poseidonia, the southern Italian Paestum, which is now called Pesti, was also dedicated to her in the 6th century BC, but traditionally called the "temple of Ceres".
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068345341a0940fb1bc63729e2c839988ca9629a	Athena, daughter of Zeus, goddess of wisdom and victorious war, defender of justice Rubrics: Ancient Greece Tags: Agamemnon, Acropolis, Ares, Attica, Athena, Athens, Bellerophon, war, Hermes, Hesiod, Hephaestus, Homer, Greeks, Diomedes, defenders, Zeus, art, Cecropus, Metis, Minerva, wisdom, Odysseus, Olive, Orestes, Palladium, Panathenaea, Paris, Perseus, victory, law, Prometheus, craft, justice, Telemachus, Troy Athena, greek.
99f740c72f706d4b7c094ee5bb70e3b64f567414	- daughter of Zeus, goddess of wisdom and victorious war, defender of law, justice, art and crafts.
458ac3406af7bf2d05beeff523426ff158fbfb73	The old myths speak rather sparingly about the birth of Athena: Homer only says that she was born by Zeus without a mother.
93d54b889954424f5f265f58d0f1c1d28520f08f	You can already find details from later authors.
42d23b4459bb5792f2ff402ca400c9e58e3196bf	According to Hesiod, Zeus was predicted that the goddess of wisdom Metis would give birth to a daughter who would surpass him in wisdom, and a son who would surpass him in strength and dethrone him from the throne.
146f001753cd793922adf97aa3c39d77d49766b3	To prevent this, Zeus swallowed Metis, after which Athena was born from his head.
aedde05391a0202cdb022f9d2ae85b894438500e	Even later myths even know how this happened.
9cd94bd6144ed21ae56d665b3d7e962b0a860dad	After Zeus ate Metis, he felt that his head was just splitting with pain.
3b044423f8735a029f5af2ad5889814eabbf222b	Then he called Hephaestus (according to other versions — Hermes or the titan Prometheus), he split his head with an axe — and Pallas Athena was born in full armor.
825cc009af4f6f4e8d7e568e3939d9ea2d95b6bb	Thanks to her origin and the favor of Zeus, Athena became one of the most powerful goddesses of the Greek pantheon.
7ebde4a549bb7f759b1d415c14e7e3a4734e485e	Since ancient times, she was, first of all, the goddess of war, being a defender from enemies.
b653da53b259a3f33d6620b098371ba1c73a3de9	True, the war was in the competence of Ares, but this did not interfere with Athena.
25088a0d415efe6e055026952e92d6d7638e7aa8	After all, Apec was the god of fierce war, bloody battles, while she was the goddess of a reasonably, prudently conducted war that invariably ends in victory, which could not be said about the wars of Ares.
388e4ec183dc5aea156d21e9c80c0a22b79ef0b2	Athena, the goddess of war, was revered by the Greeks under the name of Athena Enoplos (Athena armed) or Athena Promachos (Athena of the advanced fighter or Athena challenging to battle), as the goddess of victorious war, she was called Athena Nike (Athena the Victorious).
3d6cf17a6fa1a22fe809ed8147869bcd1920ac43	From the beginning to the end of the ancient world, Athena was the protector goddess of the Greeks, especially the Athenians, who were always her favorites.
69e03227e9bfdcb62acc7679ae57bae9f99dbdec	Like Pallas Athena, the goddess guarded other cities, especially those where her cult statuettes, the so called palladias, were in the temples; as long as palladium remained in the city, the city was impregnable.
df1b89902d1a8f8efd093d4ee3871f1ca5a3d733	The Trojans also had such palladium in their main temple, and therefore the Achaeans who besieged Troy certainly needed to steal this palladium (which Odysseus and Diomedes did).
87cf819dea8b224f162cc6f987646d1509682641	Athena protected the Greeks and their cities both in war and in peace.
28065a42faa579089a5f448fcc45059d2f1c2e5a	She was a defender of people's assemblies and rights, took care of children and the sick, gave people well being.
f4e3fcfbb1442067d3a51c6575c2df3309c0784d	Often her help took purely specific forms.
b0b1b67fcadfa43c2e9337db89ed1627052fbaff	For example, she gave the Athenians an olive tree, laying the foundation for one of the main branches of the Greek national economy (by the way, until today).
0b17511ad241f7ee710590e9bcf35aa29169352c	In the photo: the painting of the Brighton Riviera "Pallas Athena and the Shepherd's Dogs".
e8ca49d3846506cfeda32f7018f83d00162651fe	In addition to these important functions, Athena was also the goddess of art and crafts (the Greeks, as a rule, did not distinguish between these two concepts; they designated the work of a sculptor, a mason and a shoemaker with the word "techne").
fabfa53ff7d575bf360eb1131e3588d18dc0288a	She taught women to spin and weave, men blacksmithing, jewelry and dyeing crafts, helped builders of temples and ships.
7fe05462a850909d6f78816ee94f5acfa6bef0e3	For her help and protection, Athena demanded respect and sacrifices — this was the right of every god.
cd912e8a35dd51128d6cc22256ad00aa84bf2022	She punished disrespect and insults, but it was easier to appease her than other goddesses.
c481d1f6df6dbd6a2e928f95c976b58bb1fa5d63	In the life of the gods and heroes, Athena intervened often and effectively, and each of her interventions led to exactly the result that she herself desired.
2417c2c193cf1117c76e487ff174adf9b344997f	With the god of the sea Poseidon, Athena had a dispute about the domination of Attica and Athens.
b04c0ddecaae15ecc44208f7c1bfbf0d6fe73a7f	The Council of the gods appointed the first Athenian king Cecropus as an arbitrator, and Athena won the dispute by giving an olive tree and thereby securing the favor of Cecropus.
82d3a4cc1fb9eaeb53d7cbeec6f0f6f2d27acdd6	When Paris insulted Athena with his unwillingness to recognize her primacy in the dispute about beauty, she repaid him by helping the Achaeans defeat Troy.
c255839d47f634aa382ef79907d108a812d93e61	When her admirer Diomedes had a hard time in the battle under the walls of Troy, she herself took the place of a charioteer in his war chariot and forced her brother Ares to flee.
55427b2d724d30620b55340da3d34937357d1713	She helped Odysseus, his son Telemachus, Agamemnon's son Orestes, Bellerophon, Perseus and many other heroes.
e6256c876d0ef0e207f7b9d550d7b72691ab0962	Athena never left her wards in trouble, always helped the Greeks, especially the Athenians, and she later provided the same support to the Romans, who revered her under the name of Minerva.
9e8db203cd6668657cc65c8ff27e1085321e715b	On the photo: the Acropolis of Athens.
be484bd19156a1e8a4d5600d7ff75201f2033465	In the photo: a copy of the work of Phidias, a colossal bronze statue of Pallas Athena in the center of the Acropolis.
52c1aed71276bc3f5cbf313b0286168d0a43fc70	The goddess Athena is already mentioned in the monuments of the Cretan Mycenaean script of the 14th 13th centuries BC (the so called linear letter "B"), discovered in Knossos.
6576650265a0848a1fda6bbf994731dd1197ed9b	In them, she is called the goddess of the defender of the royal palace and the nearby city, an assistant in battle and the giver of the harvest; her name sounds like "Atana".
0f60910fe1a67534e1a90bae34844e253dde0cea	In the middle of the 6th century BC, the Athenian ruler Pisistratus established the so called Great Panathenaea, which took place every four years and included competitions of musicians, poets, orators, gymnasts and athletes, riders, rowers.
a89b3b31be48bd7b82ec54fb336d60422e66d123	The Panathenaic procession is masterfully depicted on the frieze of the Athenian Parthenon, one of the authors of which was the great Phidias.
fce1ab07d9c8ff89824a2fd4140d4f9182a293cc	In Rome, celebrations in honor of Minerva were held twice a year (in March and in June).
12e9b8fe21480330ea8ca345fb8a9bbb1d76832c	In the photo: the statue of Athena ("Pallada Giustiniani") in the gardens of Peterhof.
7a9365478a1ef48d58c245d9a0664db475972ec2	The remains of her temple are preserved in the Sicilian Kefaledia (present day Cefalu) and in the ruins of Himera; the twelve Doric columns of her temple in Syracuse still stand as an integral part of the cathedral there.
6cbe7115892c8fe46f6cd0f6aa7beb5ed6096de3	In the photo: Pallas Athena (Minerva).
bb7db42f7d89d020a59a325f91967c39376bbc40	Author: freelance Lutinsky Slawa.
0d3a4073a08bae880c7978efdb2c1c6fd470dc9a	Of her ancient statues, the most highly valued were: "Athena Parthenos", a colossal chrysoelephantine statue (i.e. made of gold and ivory), which stood in the Parthenon since 438 BC;
208af466525d35b21b3761414172bcda6a76b6a1	"Athena Promachos", a colossal bronze statue of about 451 BC, standing in front of the Parthenon, and "Athena Lemnia" (after 450 BC), erected on the Acropolis by grateful Athenian colonists from Lemnos.
bef4b34846c51b17ca2b4f83deb5a0e0efb1cd9f	Reliefs give an idea of some of the statues: for example, we know what the sculpture of Myron "Athena and Marsyas" looked like from its image on the so called "Finlay vase" (1st century BC), stored in the National Archaeological Museum in Athens.
bace553aea383acec7f72d23f0f64cb17ae81033	The so called "Athena Varvakion" (Athens, National Archaeological Museum) can probably be considered the most faithful, although not too skillful and also a ten fold reduced copy of the cult statue "Athena Parthenos".
a05de237be4c6a0a7f712eaf66b71fe11ce71d6d	In general, there are many statues of Athena, whole or in the form of torsos, preserved.
cc52437c86eab7f7f2316d5cef5dd0f68d3f8916	The most famous of them, Roman copies of Greek originals of the classical era, are located in Italy and are traditionally called by the names of their former owners or by their location: "Athena Farnese "(Naples, National Museum)," Athena Giustiniani "(Vatican)," Athena of Velletri " (Rome, Capitoline Museums and Paris, Louvre).
e262018b13c50207466acc98654cc778a55184a1	The most artistically valuable copy of the head of "Athena Lemnia" is located in the City Museum in Bologna.
549d5004cc242dfa343ed5d9d5f17321ffc9029e	In the photo: the statue of Athena at the Austrian Parliament building in Vienna.
6b957d24e9468ff729d3762b737215060a97810a	Other related articles: Pallas, Greek.
c8caadff7f45372d2501f2daf8bfd9e5bbf6b77c	— one of the names (epicles) of the goddess Athena.
a51f3c5378b881e4864d2528bec50c32f8641bba	Cecrops (Cecrops), the founder of Athens, half man, half snake, who solved the dispute between Athens and Poseidon, Mentes (Mentes), a friend of Odysseus, the king of the Tafian Islands, who turned into Athena Metis (Metis), the goddess of reason, the first wife of the god Zeus Erichthonius (Erichphonius), the king of Athens, the son of Hephaestus, and the king of Dardania, the father of Tros Minerva, the goddess of wisdom and just war Melanippus, a warrior from Thebes who wounded Tydeus, who sucked his brain Mentor, tutor and mentor of Telemachus on Ithaca Marsyas, a musician who lost to Apollo, and who was flayed alive by Macarius, the daughter of Hercules and Deianira, who voluntarily sacrificed herself
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168e7755efeb87733dccbcdcb4cc125eebea68ca	Pallas Athena, the goddess
0dc44e2be83a1ca8bb277357b1ae5fc5f1047c82	The Birth of Pallas Athena from the head of Zeus
c99d7be20606f88eacd6c60641bcebf41bb38ebb	Athena the goddess of War
f8def991f2cb8b5bb1eaad1fcec8b8bec32b46ee	Athena the goddess of Wisdom
4480f42785eb51390162186fc95f9d6bcbe25e6f	The Virginity of Pallas Athena
9af779822c0643db46ff2c0865fb16d746cb4ac0	Myths about Pallas Athena
f4a5582f51437542d01265d2f40cef1b8958b27b	Panathenaea holidays in honor of Athena
9aac9448ceea0915a2e8ae8293be9e52bb990112	The birth of Athena from the head of Zeus.
c6410954cbeb30f5bc12c61b2f36ab658698def6	Drawing on an amphora of the second half of the VI century BC.
ca000a8d2904e9029dbe003fb99c66b656efdfde	Athena – the goddess of war
90a3c5f6976be3b9dab5b74b128cabab0da7b352	Athena is the "blue eyed virgin", the goddess of the clear sky, dispersing the clouds with her sparkling spear, attaching to her shield, the Aegis, the serpent haired head of the terrible Gorgon Medusa, the black daughter of the night, at the same time the goddess of victorious energy in every struggle: she is armed with a shield, a sword and a spear.
b204940c0ab80e55b7bb1690f547d6ac81e761ac	The goddess Pallas Athena was considered by the Greeks to be the inventor of the art of war.
3d113a82c2bf9ecb6db9f6400e4951dc8a11400f	She is always accompanied by the winged goddess of victory (Nika).
84d696622c17122ae7733c5f0f1f17d65e3ef7ca	Athena is the guardian of cities, the goddess of the acropolis; in honor of her, the goddess of the Athenian Acropolis, the Athenians celebrated the great and small Panathenaic holidays.
2ddf581af67e984adda4814c3c6c8a96ba7cfdad	Being the goddess of war, Athena, however, did not experience joy in battles, like the gods Ares and Eris, but preferred to resolve disputes in peace.
8f3cf09855a9ab37a24aed6c1339ce826e860f2e	In peaceful days, she did not carry weapons, and during wars she received them from Zeus.
b291ed23ac1bd10afe9edea5d97640a85ec41042	However, when Pallas entered the battle, she never lost it – even to the god of war Ares himself.
3ca4f9b3bf8516cf30d4a49a2377592fb91d4f17	Pallas Athena keeps order in the changes of the weather, so that after a thunderstorm that gave rain, the sky clears up again: but she is also the goddess of fertility of fields and gardens; under her protection the olive tree grew in Attica, which was so important for this land; she gives prosperity to the house and family.
a70f0b187e8dae90356c968dc895fb09d565dfdb	Under the patronage of Pallas Athena is the civil system, tribal institutions, state life; the goddess of the all pervading and clear ether, the goddess Athena became in the myths about the gods of Ancient Greece the goddess of discernment of the mind, prudence, the goddess of all inventions of art, the goddess of artistic activity, intellectual pursuits, the goddess of wisdom.
448a8e119b4966163580c733b31ed7f5e4810f88	It gives wisdom and knowledge, teaches people arts and crafts.
03b5ba14892b840b18c9bd114677b1663c7e0a32	The girls of ancient Greece honored Pallas Athena as a teacher of home crafts – culinary art, weaving and spinning.
5cce3791a7fb593aca25d05e40e5e319740e396f	No one can surpass the goddess Athena in the art of weaving.
801c7cd5d8bc6a2a69c5835d1c4ff69b6b860b26	The ancient Greek myth said that it was very dangerous to compete with her in this – Arachne, the daughter of Idmon, who wanted to surpass Athena in this art, paid cruelly for her arrogance.
24dc0e2a640584e509d07aa7d2a2e42da51e072a	Therefore, the ancient Greek generals always tried to get useful advice from Athena.
3bcb29828928543fb21ad1693c54cc9a60d8b8e8	The goddess Athena fills the cup of Hercules with wine.
b1f4bc7ae713a3aec1347abde0cf2416d28b2fb6	An ancient Greek vessel of about 480-470 BC.
095764471c9cb4a599380df8ed302c4ab14ac38f	Little by little, Pallas Athena became the goddess of all that the Athenians were proud of: the clear sky of Attica, its olive groves, the state institutions of the Athenians, their prudence in war, their courage, their science, poetry, art – everything entered into their idea of their patroness, the goddess "The Virgin of Athens".
edb1418f2dd8c8116e1e003f41be693706fb0a68	The whole life of the Athenians was closely connected with their service to the goddess Pallas Athena, and before they put up her statue in the Parthenon temple, they had already honored her for many centuries in her mythical symbol, the olive tree.
bd47fa3e97c54b97f408c4d13245a781a627844b	Virginity was the most characteristic and integral part of the cult of the goddess Athena.
5854849deab3e0e51c95cf4d53b7404b61e6f5ce	Statue of the Virgin Athena in the Parthenon.
0077e9354d7c2df8698dc10bd9b4501184e6c50c	The sculptor Phidias
5b74af5253961caa1f43ec4a8f269b7c54b640cf	The most famous myths about Athena (except for the above story about Erichtonia) are the legends about the dispute between Athena and Poseidon for the possession of Attica, about the sculptor Pygmalion, about Athena and the satyr Marcia, about Arachne and about Athena's participation on the side of the Greeks in the Trojan War.
47a02ed0dd2ab953bb630cff66f4f257f53d603e	Of the many festivals that ancient Athens celebrated in honor of its patron goddess, and which were mostly agricultural in nature, the most important were the "small Panathenaea" and "great Panathenaea".
a64bd8edc8c78cbbf980f4f389396b730b6b2cd0	The small ones were celebrated every year, in the summer; the great ones once every four years.
a3cdc8f2dc8b6c27c930595fcc3c285f9b806667	According to ancient Greek myths, the Panathenaea were established by the son of Cecrops Erechtheus, a pupil of Athena, the personification of a fertile field.
3af02efba6128d4c74c3ae6bd45fa1bcc822cc09	Competitions of runners during the Panathenas.
bf23ee633a8ecfb41402d5142f2f56fb82eaade8	The vase is about 530 BC.
342d295f421676617cb344daa8faf7aeb07e2cb5	On the great Panathenaea, the entire population of Attica converged in Athens; a solemn procession carried to the Acropolis a mantle (Peplos) embroidered by Athenians for the ancient statue of the goddess Pallas Athena, which stood in her Acropolis temple.
1e462a1581a99436c5a88e10430cf87ef0627d41	This robe was saffron in color; the embroidery on it was gold, and represented scenes from the victorious battles of the goddess Athena with the titans.
dcdf2ae4578be941737bad169ed4d90adedbf541	The priests went first with sacrificial animals; the priests were followed by the Meteks (foreigners who lived in Athens); they carried sacrificial vessels and other accessories.
22ce0dfb8146f85ae3e9071be34c84c7f1a32d7c	The Meteks were followed by girls, the daughters of respected families of Athenian citizens, and carried on their heads a harvest wreath, baskets with sacred barley, honey, sacrificial loaves; the daughters of the Meteks held umbrellas over them to protect them from the hot summer sun.
4026f3f56ca360095cb21bdef08d1507197f86a2	Further on, there was a platform mounted on wheels; a mast was fixed on it; the peplos of the goddess Pallas Athena was tied to the mast.
b1c5bbcbc91497d03d38c8d502944179f11c3951	Behind the platform were musicians, followed by young men in myrtle wreaths; some were on foot and sang hymns in honor of the goddess, others were on horseback, armed with a shield and a spear.
424bd3cd104a67352d36016306a742f9ba16708e	Then cheerful old men walked through the streets of Athens with olive branches in their hands; behind them they carried awards intended for the winners at the games: olive wreaths, vessels with olive oil; they carried gifts to the temple.
e6c3ee04f78bdb4eb9a33ec61ffb6ad344e16a75	They were followed by adult horses and chariots that would compete in running at the games in honor of the goddess Athena.
a98c173fc9a390db06655222695d5d6cf4f1332f	At the end of the procession, young people belonging to the two first classes of citizens rode on horses.
ba2d39dc4d7ca53c73e218a1c32b2e56aabe54d8	Parthenon the temple of Athena the Virgin in the Acropolis
59071577c2759025b5740fc67219d84bfb67ff1f	The procession was made of Ceramics, through the best streets decorated with oak branches; the people standing in the streets were all in white clothes, men and women.
b0ade866cf2e906e6b659f9fd16eb8dd1516962c	The path of the procession led through the People's Assembly square, past the temples of Demeter and Apollo.
7297f8a7a00e81ee635b59b2988c087f65bcf904	Pythian.
0f17476483aeb4234878f6b0368500525345d1c1	The Acropolis was resplendent with decorations.
34e0710e03fe77cc43c89bc94cbf2e9a03e8522b	The procession entered there, and the divine service was performed, sacrifices were made while singing hymns to the glory of the goddess Pallas Athena.
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32943eaca35efa1eff76499e7a1d44df48057a50	According to myths, the goddess of Greece Athena was born spectacularly and quite unusually from the head of Zeus.
1816ff7b4cc0e50299d297dae6c2fac52b9ea7aa	He knew in advance that Metis, the goddess of reason, would have two children – a daughter (Athena) and a son endowed with incredible strength and intelligence.
91bde6e1522b9d07edcf18c5789ccd0cfbde9472	And the Moira, the goddess of fate, warned Zeus that this boy would one day take away his existing power over the whole world.
fb2a166632909ce1fe788911bfdbf62268178d81	To avoid such a turn of events, Zeus lulled the Half breed with affectionate speeches and swallowed her before the birth of her son and daughter.
c01a6410990041e062dd28e306039218fc7210f7	However, soon he began to suffer unbearable headaches.
b3731c47c489f24bd7b1c3b7db0688e5df00bb19	To save himself from suffering, Zeus called Hephaestus to him and ordered him to cut his head with an axe.
905d74406832f7c024550294aac3d049b5b832a2	With one strong blow, he split the skull.
8714df3d56de26a10ab05ed4c2ea9921d653b1d4	To the amazement of all the Olympian gods present, the beautiful goddess Athena appeared from there, and she came out in full armor, and her blue eyes burned with wisdom.
9f173bbac92b3a7234ddbbcf0d160f8335ef1aec	It is with this myth that the birth of a brave and wise warrior is connected.
2d490f7cdb8747722f0cfab43c5a158755e00122	The appearance and symbols of the goddess are huge blue (according to some sources, gray) eyes, luxurious brown hair, majestic posture – this description already says that this was a real goddess.
b179484518e93785161b42c5ba25c35488cd7410	Athena, as a rule, is depicted everywhere with a spear in her hand and in armor.
564378e66d3ceab135c669980bd8a3f158deaead	Despite her natural grace and beauty, she was surrounded by male attributes.
253f277bcd6d5fa591733404c61a813c8a408f9b	On her head you can see a helmet with a fairly high crest, and in her hands there is always a shield that is decorated with the head of a Gorgon.
bfc93c87ed89bba931278cb5e361aba58e15dbd1	Athena is the goddess of wisdom, so she is always accompanied by the corresponding attributes a snake and an owl.
e993929e62e79ca28250103bea0f94db005404f0	The Goddess of war We have already told a little about the armor and attributes of a brave warrior.
9b04cc675366843e6eed2be49bcf94dea47b9a1b	Athena is the goddess of war, dispelling the clouds with the blade of her sparkling sword, guarding cities, inventing everything necessary for the art of war.
05ac5b051b5a6f4c4913eecc5d86e254bcee99cf	In honor of her, even Panathenaic holidays were celebrated – big and small.
63fcbcbc74ac1b94185b24b63dad0632017cc467	Athena is the goddess of war, but she did not take any pleasure in participating in battles, unlike Eris and Ares, who are hungry for blood and violence.
077eec357f62c51026f1acc2da90d52928c0e538	She preferred to solve all issues exclusively by peaceful means.
b89ab1fe3a673b0754933e2b55246458c9d2583c	In good and quiet times, she did not carry a weapon with her, and if necessary, she received it from Zeus.
f12610f7ad64dcfc7a82bcad386e0afbedc214b1	But if the goddess Athena entered into a battle, she never lost it.
aa7276f1da30bc2847dd1ebdf2f19d4bbc9e55a8	Goddess of Wisdom, how many "duties" were assigned to her!
14b3dd8d77f3b811dff3298e6967097cdcc4e3df	For example, she kept order when the weather changed.
f917c749bdaa901757fb5010fd2f4fa16e6b4d17	If there was a thunderstorm with heavy rain, Athena had to make sure that the sun would certainly come out after that.
1332005219ca60091e35f519636fe2dbc8854a22	After all, she was also the goddess of gardens and fertility.
805b970eff920125736634684669799778be9ee8	Under her patronage there was an olive tree in Attica, which was of great importance for those lands.
7052fffb990dfadef268a4d27b8218af812ba9e7	It was necessary for her to control both tribal institutions, the civil structure, and state life.
a4ea8775b68f4900f37ea12b369096fb301f2f14	Athena is the goddess of Ancient Greece, who in myths also acts as the goddess of prudence, intelligence, insight, inventions of art, artistic activity.
6928ae78d47fd5925569610442293fa7616a61ce	It teaches people crafts and arts, gives them knowledge and wisdom.
ab874a55b60e8330535a2dd8813ccd616934bf41	Also, no one could surpass her in the art of weaving.
817e1fe06a1f6edfd4865ac95713f7a7e85de196	True, such an attempt was made by Arachna, but she later paid for her arrogance.
3f6af005a3583598bacbce7a5bd6c3d84c55eb78	The ancient Greeks were sure that it was Athena who invented the flute, the plow, the ceramic pot, the rake, the chariot, the bridle for horses, the ship and much more.
c91ab572e6f7801aca5e489b1f2e10616cd358fd	That is why everyone hurried to her for wise advice.
772984def0960fd3610eb98fd7178317342feb63	She was so kind that even in court she always gave her vote for the acquittal of the accused.
076dcc2d6d327581d0e477722080cb14cdc1f097	The myth of Hephaestus and Athena It should be noted that another integral and characteristic part of her cult was virginity.
9a19428b2a8dda11f6bd8da4094a6644f875655f	According to myths, many titans, gods, giants repeatedly tried to get her attention, to take her as a wife, but she rejected their courtship in every possible way.
7a65748bb3b91dae8bec03e4441eaebc43cc6449	And then one day, in the midst of the Trojan War, the goddess Athena turned to Hephaestus with a request to make separate armor for her.
902bbfa9acd44120fbda01b00bc73a3f8ec35eb5	As we already know, in such cases, she had to get weapons from Zeus.
4b67f97e3f42edb33d196579acf5047cfa4c7745	However, he did not support either the Trojans or the Hellenes, and therefore it is unlikely that he would have given her daughter her armor.
8e8c4ffdec2d547680a260dfae2ed10c21c880b4	Hephaestus did not even think of refusing Athena's request, but said that she should pay for the weapon not with money, but with love.
98395dc8535c039a7882d326d73880981e2bebfe	Athena either did not understand the meaning of these words, or did not attach any importance to them, since she came to the forge of Hephaestus on time for her order.
d9b6ab7bbd432d8fc5ff73fd1bfe9ff6b9639b24	No sooner had she crossed the threshold, than he rushed to her and wanted to possess the goddess.
d5b7019e8445e47d0e23d68024f3f3fe2c391dce	Athena managed to escape from his hands, but the seed of Hephaestus managed to spill on her leg.
dfc5d2554d99a24d74a8381d0adf0e27ae912648	She dried herself with a piece of wool and threw it on the floor.
fea808ff6ff38da0b2835a0eec5b9cedb4f3bc08	Once on mother earth, Gaia, the seed fertilized her.
3d1da63752030199ba114853480d67f2c82206ac	Gaia was not pleased with this fact, and she said that she refuses to raise the baby from Hephaestus.
a892e0d6730589a4b92e2be6530555f6b3c7ffe6	Athena also took this burden on her shoulders.
d4c8bfb88c005eb52ab26866b670e87876d40198	Continuation of the myth – the story of Erichtonia Athena is a goddess, the myths about which only confirm her bravery and belligerence.
51635c655a11acd451dd553a988ce14426a6bef2	As she promised, she took the child named Erichtony to her upbringing.
a5d97488ac6c1b7e707c071ba1a2d541743150c4	However, it turned out that she did not have enough time for this, so she put the child in a sacred casket and gave it to Aglavra, the daughter of Cecrops.
1e63b11c919a2f9d3dbd9808c3d3f98d7cff7ecd	However, soon the new teacher Erichtonia tried to deceive Hermes, as a result of which she and her entire family gave their lives for this.
22e5ec95f342e52df90f29f70330ed26f785f9e5	What did Athena do next?
93e5612900d3f81f8543fcef2c902909f51af779	After hearing this tragic news from the white crow, the goddess was very upset and made the bird black (since then all crows are black).
d18222ae3a1e49c4c6f748313be2ced08e417dec	The bird found Athena at the moment when she was carrying a huge rock.
3a0859ffe6d1b9f5159d2ea70815b9dd0c243b8c	In her upset feelings, the goddess dropped it on the Acropolis to strengthen it more securely.
8d30945b8a6eaf7110bb035020638469718c12ec	Today this rock is called Lycabetta.
a9e078f3f5405fe77069fb231dcc5b59768f8ab4	She hid Erichtonia under her aegis and raised it on her own.
f15b95be23092773a16e3bfbc26e1b92b39bf54f	Later, he became a king in Athens and introduced the cult of his mother in this city.
1f36b8a3365a243627de23fc6eac89a76add9d38	The myth of the trial for Attica Athena is the goddess of ancient Greece, about whom there are many interesting mythological stories today.
95b733c39a7a3acfb5e97835e55a1574a7583227	This myth tells how she became the mistress of Attica.
b798b253656a7d8291fdb824975a1dd404939b91	According to him, Poseidon came here first, struck the ground on the Acropolis with his trident - and a source of sea water appeared.
816de25d5bd89edc3dd739a8a5e02a13a0b39b02	After him, Athena came here, struck the ground with a spear - and an olive tree appeared.
5932256adb048a20c0f50a4b103affdbf8ec13e9	By the decision of the judges, Athena was recognized as the winner, since her gift turned out to be more necessary and useful.
57613118de6d19bbd32c56ab4dce7311fae4eefa	Poseidon was very angry and wanted to flood the whole earth with the sea, but Zeus did not allow him to do so.
e10d382ac98898ab5bfeafca8c89c5848aca55bc	The myth of the flute As we have already said, Athena is credited with creating many things, including the flute.
6ea64776fb5e2c0871c664997040b2b6613cfc5b	According to the myth, one day the goddess found a deer bone and created a flute from it.
67b977587c6eca8259788e5166f4052a1d19a55b	The sounds produced by such an instrument gave Athena incomparable pleasure.
63d217658fd9fd5a7ba55a2a665f51f6f6bce441	She decided to show off her invention and skill at the meal of the gods.
50f5297f624a89533fa6c804209929752c1a3736	However, Hera and Aphrodite began to openly laugh at her.
7461eb7bd1ac81460f5472bd351aacd5c46f1195	It turned out that while playing the instrument, Athena's cheeks are very swollen and her lips protrude, which does not add to her attractiveness.
e89f314a8897e2814906858be16ac6748c00c6a4	Not wanting to look ugly, she abandoned the flute and cursed in advance the one who would play it.
704648fed39f37a45b9dd508455f0fd83c6d9ac1	The instrument was destined to find Marcia, who could not escape later the terrible punishment from Apollo.
77846010c9a2ded80254ea62dd57a68b6992adfd	What gave rise to the myth of the goddess and Arachne?
27470c3b86b4ea53c1052a2948fbba8ff4678eb5	We have already mentioned that the goddess had no equal in the art of weaving.
774af1a1576f6646ba2afdb6f156538fb6a114cf	However, attempts were made to surpass it, which did not entail anything good.
df823338aef3057ccc08f083021efe1ae76c6321	One of the myths tells about such a story.
2030c38895e06ca11ac0be2c57b84514d03d55f5	Myths about Athena's help to all the gods, She helped many people not only with advice, but with performing feats.
3634719617225b771823a4cef5dc524b50893629	For example, Perseus was brought up in her temple.
caf9d0b8a8cb0809c38a0e05dded051ee66dbaf6	And it was Athena who taught him to wield a sword, for which he brought her a Gorgon's head as a gift.
582b3724f497c5e818f442341c07894027612f19	As we know, she placed it on her shield.
5b638048996bac82e3ab1bbb95e8990d7488ee1b	The goddess helped Tydeus to compete with the Thebans – she reflected arrows from him, covered him with a shield.
07694ee886263cb9e9b1b254f3a3becf69f290ef	Diomedes was inspired by the goddess to fight with Aphrodite, Pandarus.
b1742d5dceed928f6b555cbf8adf27ab96da55f8	She helped Achilles to destroy Lyrness, to frighten the Trojans by creating a fire.
5535a1ee218ae22f84aeabfafbb6ffeda8c58a02	And when Achilles fought with Hector, she saved the first from a spear strike.
89403eb3f9fe990271f181cc955396dd915fa823	Images of Athena in art Back in the 5th century BC, the sculptor Phidias created a huge statue of Athena, which has not survived to this day, although there were repeated attempts to restore it.
04d799e77c3a1570beb1af1de3b8dc4c3f176e9c	It was a large statue of a goddess swinging a spear.
b9c9ae1d3788ff96adc2ea6c5ee18bd423b47fc3	They installed it on the Acropolis.
c72019f27c33721f1f5ca7d7213df43ac65b0073	Thanks to the large sparkling sword, the statue was visible from afar.
3998d1daeecbad1978b745c8b8d09462980a6e6b	A little later, the same master made a bronze figure of Athena, preserved in marble copies.
acfefce05b64fb2b06af4ee2f05397aba1b4f053	And the painter Famul created a canvas called "Athena" when he painted the palace of Nero.
1a47abfa76c07d72f5bc5ed2eff7515958ca0d93	The most interesting thing is that from whatever side a person looks at the picture, the goddess turns her gaze to him.
59f6d0980514ac0ea37d4a1e5786aff3f07b9980	And in the sanctuary of Artemis there was a work by Cleanth called "The Birth of Athena".
cbb991c3f20bbab08d48cfcad5a2aef851463183	If we talk about the present, then in 2010 the TV series "Athena: the goddess of war" was released.
9dbcc3a3269de94abfc43e93f1bf4b80fa79a1e0	The drama from the Korean director tells about a terrorist group that threatens the whole world.
b6f023dbcc36d5c846d3004cc30475e37d3883ab	We hope that you have learned more about the brave and always ready to help the goddess.
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d3709bbd395e9c7abc990719cc44279e56c46d24	<<< TABLE OF CONTENTS >>>
8e9208993f5aa5e5ebc0c869ca983ae449d3ff84	ATHENA:
f7c202f650a085f346c09562f1e931aa4e21b71a	the goddess of wisdom and crafts,
5842132351629e5180e6395186148016785a2610	strategist and his father's daughter
9a7226622267e949b9e765b6bd726641ecb6ab48	The Goddess Athena
72daa58334cb30812be5489736e7a8eb59ff3dd4	Athena is the Greek goddess of wisdom, the patroness of crafts, known among the Romans as Minerva.
be5612eb830f969fac6f2adb6fc965a02c3ad28e	Athena is a virgin who has taken a vow of chastity and celibacy.
9f65c163d9759b0c2edb4296fcce6fe8ce9e7c6f	Like Artemis, Athena is a stately, beautiful warrior goddess, the patroness of her chosen heroes, the sons of Athens – the city that bears her name.
03085683bf1a69488bee1ae9c5d31eec1abbff68	Of all the Olympian goddesses, only she was depicted in military armor: the visor of her helmet was raised, showing her beauty to the eyes.
a370f7e17d47dd499b3b58b7cad3a4d14a3beda6	She holds a shield in one hand and a spear in the other.
61b3774686188b9de96787a37f494e0e6a72e1ae	As an emblem, intertwined snakes were depicted on her shield or on the edge of her robe.
d8193c81701f23bb9b14dd16dda9e203330655ba	As befits a goddess responsible not only for military actions, but also for peaceful domestic crafts, Athena was also depicted with a spear in one hand and with a cup or a spindle in the other.
44b1667966a0111147648e63607f91c1decee816	She patronized not only cities and armies, but also needlewomen and jewelers, potters and weavers.
daba71a7c86e87b3067e1cdabf0353e1c79fb3b3	The ancient Greeks believed that Athena gave people a bridle for taming a horse, a plow, a rake, a yoke for oxen and a chariot and trained the first shipbuilders.
f151d1ec182b90d950b715a8f5554929a35c508b	The olive tree was her special gift to the city of Athens.
ed2b899489a986faa6381298f0ae051b16144de2	Thanks to this gift, the Greeks began to grow olives.
a4a2c14d8f8e1a530052e9ed58f2dd3030ce7857	Athena was often depicted with an owl, a bird with huge round eyes, symbolizing wisdom.
9023859dd0a6b2870039e9905b87f4d447cb3202	If there was another figure next to Athena, it was invariably a man.
25231330906aa6a9f7585a909c07cb8a6d1dade6	She stands behind the seated Zeus as a warrior guarding his master, or is depicted together with the main Greek heroes of the Iliad and the Odyssey – Achilles and Odysseus.
33f858af48c6556236ed0ac39f00889785e10ba4	Military skills and domestic crafts were associated with the name of Athena, that is, those types of activities that require careful planning and precise execution of the plan.
9d60f39ac2260a0a31b8264f36eea9a9725c43de	In other words, it is the embodiment of purposefulness.
083418f59872c02a13a128fb6fa2b862a11f1710	The distinctive signs of her wisdom are a strategic approach to business, practicality and a desire for real results.
8353fdd141b8424c6f4ece6b9a93fa257d41c0e5	Athena values rational thinking and defends the superiority of will and intellect over instincts.
1c4c0344c9bed989b6c342872311391914af4227	The cities are dear to her.
001b262e6c3f78d13ccfe99c2b52bc7b0a1e9ed8	According to Athena (as opposed to Artemis), the primordial nature must be conquered.
ab988120abd5be4ea54340d288cdfd1d18a451ce	Genealogy and mythology
6d64cc8700e671065741dc32dddae5db821be0a2	Athena's entry into the community of the Olympian gods was truly dramatic.
f042b4cb6f60ee197bb4dd2e5b6abbec20cd908c	She was born from the head of Zeus as an adult woman in shiny gold armor, with a sharp spear in one hand, while uttering a loud war cry.
5f22539a0a0a200b74d85d4c9837087c8c67b95d	According to some versions, her birth resembled a kind of caesarean section: Zeus felt a terrible headache like "birth pains" and called for the help of his son Hephaestus, the blacksmith god, who split his skull with a powerful blow of a sharp axe, opening the way for Athena.
137a21a755991030e0f38e442fe8b3742241992a	Athena believed that she had only one parent Zeus, with whom she was forever connected.
aa30225c261c85b6f1d616d997f34b62971216ad	According to Hesiod, Metis – the deity of the ocean was the first wife of Zeus and was famous for her wisdom.
386bd952226249f2f61f46cb535e93129ce541a5	When she was pregnant with Athena, Zeus tricked her into becoming small and swallowed her.
62bc086f0e5945b1d0e8908bc628711a85e60738	He was predicted that Metis would have two extraordinary children: a daughter equal to Zeus himself in courage and wisdom, and a son with the soul of a conqueror who would become the king of gods and people.
c6be7dd82ca04d183eb686d8688566b4788990e6	By swallowing Metis, Zeus thus overcame the fate predicted for him.
a0ce5134d12ec20d44b26111fe615a315bec2b47	Only one myth about Athena tells about a mortal woman, Arachne, who was turned into a spider by Athena.
6276059ca7913377279e2a7472a543e7ead05f61	Athena, as the goddess of crafts, was challenged to a skill contest by an overconfident weaver named Arachne.
cbed301859e0e29b5d5776f10e4e8ace4506bead	Both worked with great speed and skill.
169e36be24f1c17d9b7ccd1f3f8d5f77d1605bff	When the canvases were finished, Athena admired the impeccable work of her rival, but was enraged that Arachne dared to depict the love affairs of Zeus.
6d2e7269a1ac1db79132df7290387ecb3061c2e3	She wove a Leda caressing a swan, under the guise of which Zeus entered the queen's bedroom in order to possess her.
1a40188623186bee3161fe9357e9bd0274298d83	The next scene depicted Danae, whom Zeus impregnated, turning into a golden shower; and Arachne also wove an image of the virgin of Europe, abducted by Zeus, who turned into a magnificent white bull.
efa9b0f573cc60a30a332cd635374daf90b9d7c5	The woven plots were the cause of Arachne's death.
2a1c6b8abadf9dd0ec33ae6f812b69a2628ad555	Athena was terribly angry, tore up Arachne's work and hit her with a shuttle.
629a3ce5a957060f2f46ac1de125d9060d312e58	The unfortunate Arachne could not bear the shame and hanged herself.
b408919dceb3a6378a08d70a1a91de35ef738944	Taking pity on Arachne, Athena freed her from the noose and restored her life, turning her into a spider, forever condemned to spin a web (in biology, arachnids are called arachnids – after the name of this unfortunate girl).
c32541705742443766390856b0424466c2bb0381	It should be noted that Athena, the defender of her father, punished Arachne more for the public demonstration of the illegal acts of Zeus than for the audacious challenge thrown to her.
96231c4c0f7c443f2e994da4304f56d22b97bb34	Athena as an archetype
460f72873219cfe4966ffba4c40841ea7b6f6e19	The goddess of wisdom Athena is known for her strategic genius and practicality.
5bb3428a308c5b652ae0176f7a6081af3eb999dc	As an archetype, Athena represents a pattern followed by women who have a logical mindset and are guided by reason rather than heart.
60866e2bb527239e31d1f342d1ee0fe5a91a7c7f	Athena is a female archetype that demonstrates that a strong intellect, the ability not to give in to emotions and the right tactics of actions in conflict situations are quite characteristic of a certain type of women.
0d24bb0fa51acaa1de64f13789b3f0b7703b5001	A woman driven by Athena is not like men.
29f72ba307885b535208e590069aae43bce1c349	She doesnot need the help of an animus – she thinks well and clearly herself.
3fe4a1d595b785898b2060a970ad3225a5b69d4e	The idea of Athena as an archetype of logical thinking challenges Jung's claim that a woman thinks through her masculine side, the animus, which is supposed to be different from her feminine ego.
def84c9ff99ef88ace21c8e358ff43be02775cf3	A woman who has realized the sharpness of her mind as a feminine quality associated with Athena can develop a positive image of herself without being afraid of reproaches for imaginary masculinity.
9d4a450133dd19abe32a34616f4659a04663c32a	If there are other archetypes of goddesses in a woman besides Athena, all these archetypes can act in a single union.
59eb69c533671012da1f8813d3b6314ced9c240a	For a woman in whom Hera's need to have a spouse is strong, Athena can help assess the situation and develop a strategy for winning a man.
f95c0e7c570dceb7cf25cd7e27ed762bd57eb430	If Artemis inspires a woman to create her own enterprise, the success of the project often depends on the political acumen of Athena.
6277a06e9521326ddd307071a5ef45791533151d	A woman who has appealed to Athena as an archetype during an emotional storm, the rationality of this goddess will help to find patience and endurance.
bdb2c8889c1e938ff71cfa3f4a7cfdd01882b615	The Virgin Goddess
c610c72a6acf04af47d21640ccf563cd9cba3a8d	Such qualities as invulnerability and integrity are inherent not only in Artemis, but also in Athena.
58de2a4384fed797df5582ac2b545a8ebc018bdd	A woman driven by Athena considers only her own priorities, like women in whom the archetypes of Artemis or Hestia are awakened.
32337fcd0913aa4d99a93ea1307ddca074f63680	Like Artemis, Athena encourages a woman to focus more on what matters to herself than on the needs of other people.
4b4f3d921276db223f2f0c74021995394414ad4c	The virgin goddess Athena, unlike Artemis and Hestia, seeks the company of men.
5063b5768c06e83ce985a9d040e772c11b7c0786	She likes the atmosphere of men's affairs and power.
4bef7b093c673ed840dcff3a8e946786cf5c9337	At the same time, the archetype of this virgin goddess helps a woman to avoid emotionally or sexually difficult relationships with men with whom she cooperates.
f4805178c34791a74d8d374a0bc045e96f720ff0	She can be their companion, colleague or confidant, without experiencing any erotic feelings for them and without needing emotional intimacy.
97be2997e590cb1fd8c0b21b2d32da87a68afaf3	Athena appeared in the society of the Olympian gods immediately as an adult woman showing interest in earthly affairs.
cb110a446d8d8ea0b9aa24f94dca3bf4ad8d4f15	Thus, the Athena archetype represents a later and more mature version of the virgin goddess than Artemis.
2e54a527a596c69c2ad4bf92c4a1d84a7a81b486	Due to her pragmatic position and common sense, as well as the absence of romanticism and girlish idealism, Athena gives the impression of a "prudent adult".
38b5add5eb0e78b38b92b39a76518d542411271c	Strategist
dad7cdcf0652038f94988e14ce32c6733fa959d0	Athena's wisdom, her ability to properly distribute her forces and skillfully maneuver give a woman advantages in a competitive struggle.
a468bd718e15882ebd9ccffbfd4ab158cf66e4f1	Athena proved to be the best strategist during the Trojan War.
109c24e918831631c6f86f2f0c98cfd3b7c6e530	Her intervention brought the Greeks victory in the battle.
b3c7346a9c3f6d2ff5dab3d0738ebb88459defdc	The Athena archetype ensures success in business, education, as well as in scientific and political activities.
8575f0466484816dea7c192d03167ff5d22e25a5	In the administrative sphere, Athena can be represented by a woman with a master's degree, moving up the corporate ladder with the support of a powerful leader.
ad71f8adb265bb946eb6c1c54286dedd5f14171c	Athena's insight gives a woman the opportunity to act effectively in situations where political or economic considerations are important.
dda8c31ac9cd1c0f7cfe264d2619cfaba0453b5b	She can use her ability to think strategically in order to either promote her own projects, or to be a companion adviser to a successful ambitious man.
9cea214a7fea80bcef8c92af0b764fd301cc1dc0	Women who know their capabilities, have intelligence and a practical mindset and are not subject to emotions when it comes to business, are always guided by the Athena archetype.
7c4a55e9775caaedc7dc7c97ab7766997602a669	A woman with Athena in her soul immediately grasps what should be done and calculates ways to achieve the desired result.
030b37670a1df421a38aee1e476a3a247c97c29e	Athena shines where the will and ability for diplomacy and intrigue are required.
5338cb2db08a7c2a843221fbf490bb9c00adf4c4	All these qualities were fully possessed by Claire Booth Luce – a famous beauty, a playwright, a member of Congress, the ambassador of the United States of America to Italy and an honorary general of the US Army.
18e9ebc5a7152e70ef3d1e19ceed881766d09183	Thanks to his ambition, intelligence, as well as a successful marriage (her husband was the founder of the magazine "Time", Zeus in his field of activity) she has made her way in the male world.
b2eadc923bc60cb714610a9ce709e553efcb9cf3	This woman aroused the envy and admiration of others.
09fff1e89c0be4c58ba28cc15e9beec65a5f75e2	In the eyes of her admirers, she deserved every praise for showing unfailing composure under the fire of criticism.
4a7248ec6565019ff0c2391c989c3e1569a16aa3	Her detractors perceived her as a "cold schemer".
ceab82a366369d059913f316f4477f688b87934b	A successful woman with a doctorate in science is also like Athena.
c5c4bc5f5d481e44f9e58f77e23cb3d1b3df7637	In the academic world, in addition to research work, obtaining a position requires publications, participation in various committees, and subsidies.
b940a983b10e8ad58cbc73e00c0b3f0db8b66f29	You need to understand that there is a game in which you need to keep score.
9bd7cb6b3a7d6648ac4a6385c9a633375e781579	To advance, women, like men, need leaders, sponsors and allies.
a40d979389c1860036a4a6eee39adf8810675523	Intellectual abilities alone are usually not enough – the right policy and tactics of actions are important.
aa9d780de83afa7ed93b3a8d1e83fc603810bb78	What subject she teaches, what her research is devoted to, what university she has settled in, what kind of leader she has chosen – all this plays a role in deciding whether she will receive the subsidies and the position necessary to do her job.
5ab344fa468922ec988bd92eb9852a1e4fa9e78c	Rosalyn Yelou, who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of the method of radioimmune analysis (the use of radioactive isotopes to measure the level of hormones and other chemical compounds in the body), had to be a true Athena to do what she managed to do.
d982ed0c5a744757b42a68e27c993e9c43a89341	She told how much joy it gives her to work with her head and hands (a combination of two aspects of Athena wisdom and craft skills).
3497d049c9c27fb5359b677987edd8ee4b9c5e1a	You need to be a wise strategist to come up with a series of laboratory experiments that led to discoveries.
05bc70c0f7b38065a91bb4f5d7bf789d064d4053	In addition, Athena's abilities helped Rosalyn to make a political career.
618886e25a7badb8b0bc49261d59ccae7d359052	The craftswoman
65bc64b202fba9d871e9e6726c3d9c43a16bfdcd	Being the goddess of crafts, Athena is involved not only in useful activities, but also in the creation of works of art. She is especially known for her skill as a weaver.
1785749b5c6aa758415bbfc3a527db3a643917e3	To weave a blanket, a woman must first present it and make an accurate drawing, and then, thread by thread, methodically reproduce what she intended in the fabric.
a317731f6ae379100755f5f2ae69e10f0207f313	From this we see that the archetype of Athena implies the ability to plan your actions, skill, foresight and patience.
49b7e03a04a6990267005d783e026e0281368a20	Women from among the immigrants who conquered the wild lands in the Western United States spun wool themselves, wove linen and cloth, and sewed almost all the clothes worn by their family members.
df576e75a1a1b19e703414256afc9deb740a8482	Moving side by side with their husbands through uncharted territories, these women were the embodiment of Athena the guardian of the hearth.
a2111f7f7c0a1f761e41a7af06124710123f2dc3	To survive and succeed, they had to have the characteristic qualities of Athena.
a337e29bc0aaf11687aafc9f3e1b0709c20e79b7	Her father's daughter
20f39237b8ff499aef3e42ca9890dc1a946a8f31	The archetype of Athena as "the daughter of her father" is represented by women who are attracted to powerful men who have authority, responsibility and power – in other words, to men who correspond to the archetype of the patriarch's father or "the master's man".
54f0c3c5e052302d216bee546685f62ff7c50232	Under the influence of Athena, a woman tends to have close relationships with strong men who would patronize her and share her interests.
56e5b699e951dec90ba34565e0586d7551535268	Such a relationship presupposes mutual loyalty.
3a28146a50b2c8fedb3bd3e45ca6148e93fccfe4	As a reward for her loyalty, a woman, like Athena herself, becomes the "right hand" and an ardent supporter of her chosen one, who is entrusted to use his authority and protect his privileges.
1e76232085ab786a9b4842d8f508252a061c03ad	Many secretaries who have dedicated their lives to their boss are Athenian women.
f1199a825219fad0c5cc122f3231e449317cc9b0	As the" daughter of her father", Athena makes a woman a supporter of patriarchal values and the legitimacy of male power.
e765416c8563f8787e1f24a98eec63a3ee07198f	Athena women usually support the existing position in society and are guided by generally accepted behavioral norms.
2363d3f88a4bc7a61e2ffe3343a1fe558d564dda	Such women, as a rule, are conservative and resist change.
3f6d5dd7d132d48c96655efa66b97d0fad44ec79	Athena has little compassion for a person who has not achieved success, is humiliated or rebellious.
1f03015d6007078ddb903b9c3f52e4e9f51fdf91	In this regard, an example of an Athena woman is Phyllis Schlafly, a master, an exceptional organizer and an excellent speaker, who led the opposition to the Equal Rights Amendment.
f788ad34da4e854ce942b5fd27f3d2f57daf7385	Until Phyllis became the leader of the opposition, universal recognition of this Amendment it seemed inevitable.
41548c1cbbdcffbdaa55abd90101d606ce347550	The Equal Rights Amendment was ratified in thirty states within a year.
ade9104bed288a9d256ce80c2d2ec40e2f4b14ed	But as soon as Phyllis created the organization "Stop the Amendment!" in October 1972, the situation changed.
c20c032ca88693840905d1cfba49d7e18b319dae	Over the next eight years, only five states ratified the Amendment, and five of the thirty five that had previously ratified it voted against their own decision taken earlier.
3e8f2cb84660e11e47b1c25c7464e48fa4450e2a	Phyllis Schlafly, called by the biographer "the chosen one of the silent majority", represents a modern Athena in the role of an archetypal daughter who defends patriarchal values.
800ca444b271a5d3f12f86707e056b644e680543	The golden mean
01cf3bcf750122bac2cfb593b6a7f4f67f4e1519	A woman with a strong Athena archetype demonstrates a natural tendency to moderation and lives in accordance with the ideal of Athena, according to the principle of the "golden mean".
f7f8f7ec0ba0bcd17631813bdb25b67f22db3933	Extremes are usually the result of strong feelings or needs, a passionate, hot – tempered, fair or greedy nature all that is directly opposite to the rational Athena.
159ced8f795dc484d392c1e16b626106aab5d4cd	The" golden mean " is also supported by Athena's tendency to control events, note the results and change the direction of action as soon as it seems unproductive.
f8c161e47621d8b454b5b1fb7ad2910e03f224ba	Athena in armor
a99b6a8eedde41353a56d6309c98786df822d705	Athena appeared on the stage of Olympus in shiny golden armor.
fd67287829fa741fd19ea62d3fb08304beef24d3	And in fact, life "in armor" is a characteristic feature of every Athena woman.
c3530c04b8760dcaa55e7d2f8a60e8b4011b6f1a	Intellectual protection protects her from feeling pain – both her own and the pain of other people.
599de1b1652fda860673f06a7bf6aff7d103525a	During an emotional storm or in a difficult battle, she remains inaccessible to feelings, observing, noting, analyzing what is happening and deciding how to act next.
35c30a418c41e117055992badc28e230e767b16e	In the world of competition, the archetype of Athena has a clear superiority over Artemis.
b691629d1f99af9895a461d83e82d76c67a3bbed	The woman Artemis sets goals and competes, but she, like the goddess Artemis herself, who wore only a short tunic, does not have armor.
0976de1ec892fe464d6c5283fec7dd8f33196fe7	If the leading archetype of a woman is Artemis rather than Athena, she is offended by any unexpected manifestation of hostility or deception.
7bdb8cb75ab93036af745d8438243d1ec2525990	If she is offended or offended, such a woman acts in a rush of emotions, while Athena coldly assesses the situation.
6e4c23a2fa09acc3d36f5868a648b59d8dee47bd	The development of the Athena archetype in oneself
c3933a7d3272dd07c35bc122f8d887be14ceefd2	Women with a naturally weak Athena archetype can develop it through education and work.
54b0673d5c35dc9a2539f355ae81f1e9a44caad4	Education requires the qualities of Athena.
f50e3d83d5e6b3789914ac46386d4646ebcb59f2	When a woman studies seriously, she develops a habit of discipline and systematic classes.
4baa2c1962e561f49c9f56da66991f965448d8ef	Mathematics, natural sciences, linguistics, scientific research, writing articles require Athena's skill.
ffe4d99ebe57fb409bf686ccae6f8bccbfe01c30	The same applies to work.
a6890b1b8164fc4e7f8f5bcc955b51c8583db0c0	A woman's ability to act "professionally" implies her objectivity, impartiality and skill.
df05b129b892774ae5134604d00c7ddd10dc8cbd	A woman who is deeply sympathetic to other people and has devoted herself to medicine or caring for children and the sick may find that she has entered the territory of Athens and needs to learn dispassionate observation, logical thinking and mastery in her business.
78440fb558d3101a2d1942e16b523aec41020daa	The development of this archetype stimulates the process of education.
4edc4a8abc8568ecc51b8b29935682149b9b7ce9	Any study of objective facts, reflection, preparation for exams, passing tests – all these classes awaken Athena.
fccc8453741bc1728986f7292efbea746b8fbbdb	Some aspects of Athena sometimes develop out of necessity.
fee2461d53db02b38ba3ade1285a5fa3ff39ac30	A young girl in a family where scandals often occur can learn to hide her feelings.
9a152e0b3bf948e884e683d86a71f156f7d87edd	She puts on protective armor, for the sake of her safety, becoming numb and insensitive.
10fb337a54ab65ff079d3da49dc47aa1fd14968c	She can learn to observe and think about her actions in order to survive.
27e38da7c7d6c9043364a59d51fe0b7f49ea0dd7	Athena also wakes up at the moment when the persecuted woman begins to plan how to save herself or get out of a difficult situation.
ce80d166e95e63de76220093d9ee8d965f2a8889	Walter F. Otto, the author of the book "The Gods of Homer", called Athena "a goddess who is always there."
71181f284670ffa33d6421b78c830fd6022a6154	Invisible to others, she stood directly behind her heroes, whispering advice to them, restraining them at the right moment and giving them an advantage over their rivals.
a5a661682e974318952fcd90334c0fd7613feb79	Whenever a woman needs to think clearly in an emotional situation or when she competes with a man under the same conditions in her field of activity, she should invoke the archetype of Athena, who is "always there".
37bf70313e546a7ed05aca0415d9a4c1d4ce97a8	The woman Athena
9bba461c31260a30b6079666cdd66d946742e723	There is a certain type of woman who seems to best embody Athena in everyday life.
161b089ce888f4c2c58110d2c0f8511b4b6a00d2	She is practical, self confident, does not reflect, avoids any difficulties and perceives everything without fuss and worry.
1f9cae6487015086413ceffcc37f0097d63dc20d	Like Athena herself, who was also the goddess of health, the woman Athena is energetic and has excellent physical and mental well being.
3008aad192c8b31e85c11b1d183057b68e6e5753	She always looks elegant, her clothes are of excellent quality, practical and well sewn.
d01ba845c5b5f256109c29e05a33823371d5fa7d	There are no signs of extravagance in her appearance.
74603bb952b43ac7c56da303794d8bf281b94b52	Her style usually remains unchanged throughout her life.
0995c7ac1bcc6a990b87b13417b34fbdebfb7bbb	A successful woman in the business world, Athena, as a rule, wears a strict suit and blouse.
678ef3fae00380884e51446b21927f9f3b6c2e22	Men's shirts are also suitable clothing for Athenian women who cultivate eternal asexuality.
79974cb5dea79fb72dc5b6d02d86ecd804c05152	Young Athena
0fbafad23393ac1c7ae16f1d8c55c4768a456cfa	The child Athena shares the young Artemis's ability to concentrate, but in addition, her intelligence is clearly expressed.
7d91cd332e55b0dcd00aa25617f75dc3e5e9c580	For example, the girl Athena can learn to read herself at the age of three.
55f53ad1e9ad9cf62eb0275da9b544b1dffee01c	Having discovered a new book, she will probably want to stick her nose into it.
0185af9836274faf5e8afe95e55d556f023c2051	If she's not busy reading, it walks on the heels of the father, asking: "Daddy, why?" or, "Daddy, how does it work?", or, more often, "Daddy, show me!"
b7050a3f9347338161d7ebcb7ae4d516fef531f0	(usually she asks: "Mom, why?" with the exception of those times when her mother Athena, is able to logically answer her questions).
afb5d3358015f0d6e3c1736fe34a3b15ae80f7e1	The girl Athena is serious, she purposefully searches for the information she needs and wants to know how certain things work.
e3dbbee2f22d6e2dda4f475dae273b5dcb9a42e2	When the daughter Athena feels the love from her father, who himself has achieved success in life and is proud that she follows him, it helps to develop her natural inclinations.
91a14289f9989f56cb8be25d3f1f5c34e4ac2e1a	If her behavioral model receives a father's blessing, she grows up calm, self confident; self esteem is inherent in her "by right of birth".
1ebfaddec11ebe4bede6fa0aab0f14e4418c0457	Her intelligence and ambition do not create conflicts.
13538d3b7f432da5f9180a75dfec9ad7feaf1b72	Subsequently, becoming an adult woman, she feels satisfaction from the full exertion of her forces and the demonstration of her own abilities.
743818c485ea964c5fd048c0f782fb63c31540d9	But not all women of Athens have a father Zeus, who gives them due attention, and this is an essential element necessary for their development.
4bd5fe078b9c1ab67808b1d6854fbb0c35d856ee	For some women in Athens, their quite successful fathers are too busy to deal with them.
d4dc3207c2a98f5723813e7656a25e75dab20339	Other Zeus fathers insist that their daughters behave as traditionally befits girls.
f90ca2a435c00d75623cf4c0d1ffebe4ad3d0e6e	They can tell by teasing: "Donot fill your pretty head with unnecessary information," or scold them, saying: "This is something that little girls shouldnot play with," or "This doesnot concern you, this is business."
c62fa5ee2d5f3de09d5bdb2e1be725ced586b6a3	As a result, she may grow up with the feeling that she is not allowed to go where she wants, and often loses confidence in her abilities, although, perhaps, she does not give up thoughts about a career or business.
972c02597875cc09af3df1e64f038ebe6ec47408	When a girl Athena's father does not look like Zeus at all – for example, he is a failed businessman, an alcoholic, an unrecognized poet or writer – her development as Athena is difficult.
8b4890c9fb19460cfacc9a0ce7fb0764de9e3a65	She can give up goals that she could have achieved, and feels like an impostor who can be "exposed", even when it seems to others that she is succeeding.
2d377cc9f3de97d9dcce7c88b387ff67692f4230	Usually, the mothers of the daughters of Athens, if they are not themselves Athenian women, believe that they are underestimated and that their daughters are completely different from themselves.
912f9ef798c6fbe2ea9d09eb83e2c42dc17b96e2	A woman focused on close relationships is likely to find a lack of mutual understanding with her daughter Athena.
8826803c68cecf0d064776461969b8976e3cda63	The daughter is not interested when her mother tells her about people and their feelings.
e1c7d77fd1d51465c8a1c49b24af825c06dfcbfc	She wants to know how this or that mechanism works, and is disappointed to find that her mother has no idea about it.
c66f15be7c78fcf632242b4d17696bf40373b995	As a result, the daughter of Athena may consider her mother incompetent.
be86e00db6cf2c74d4c3b5371297da5323f67256	One such mother noticed that her ten year old daughter "thinks like a thirty year old woman."
613ac7a8f1adc3fbe598964c215f816d98c3e004	Her daughter told her: "Mom, be practical!"
d41e735c5427d3246091f146539e6b89b63acd1a	The mother continued her story: "Sometimes my daughter makes me feel that she is an adult, and I am still a child!"
267473861e2ea049ed6ce34cb967fb564848585b	A mother can have a negative influence on her daughter Athena, claiming that something is wrong with her.
e5cb5150878c83d20339e06412e6c7503555ea3b	For example, she may say: "You're like a computer machine!" or " Try to at least pretend that you're a girl."
da3d1ed4f93334c8ab1e063213f1c485f49f2f9b	A woman with a pronounced sense of self – esteem, who develops her Athena qualities and knows how to achieve what she wants, parents usually belong to the Zeus – Metis type (a successful father in the foreground, a raising mother behind).
72454df2163ae24da45287562e8c40b6262a33a0	She herself occupies the position of the first born son in the family.
56f99b66dedf977cbbac315096b81bff97142aec	Often her position in the family is due to one or another reason, for example, she could be an only child or the eldest daughter.
ca28621ea21a31e84099e8800ac63fe184950d0e	Her brother could be mentally or physically disabled or simply not meet the expectations of his father.
f381623e7993dd619355db0730550ac02568ddff	As a result, the father's ambitious aspirations focus on his daughter, and it is with her that he shares his interests.
8ceac47857063400bb8d6e929d3328c72ec08862	An Athena woman with high self esteem can be the daughter of career making parents or a successful mother.
49ded730e0d2e8606ba51d9b53185859bee5e4ab	She grows up considering her mother as an example in life, supporting her desire for self fulfillment.
fd0e06d6c6a2f4beda0cf3596cebf3abe4a55e5b	Teenage and young years of Athens
210018c54afd19d881b7063541b0b1a94383445f	Athena girls learn a variety of things.
38a8b09851a27eec6e7049247850cefc277fdcdb	They are attracted to computers, and they study the principles of their work with great zeal.
a4ab654e403e837782b9f94bedff462fca48e62d	They feel like a fish in the water in programming, because they think clearly and clearly, delving into details.
4109da4d40134bd1fbc10cf9eeb040a9c495a04c	They are interested in the stock price, they can save money and invest it in any business.
df3fee14c0e1c94860a9dd8865aec1f8300226df	Very often, the girls of Athens believe that most girls are empty and stupid, and treat them the same as teenage boys.
620c119cd4f972536af3669d80d53e25af2add6d	With a high probability, we can assume that the teenager Athena, having found the unknown to her, an insect is more likely to determine which species it belongs to than it will be afraid.
b634d378157d5e264bf8152b34d92b04ab5d6dd4	In cases when other girls react purely feminine, she tries to understand what is happening.
8fa19e2d2958a1ca6909432fba7104b45dbdbecc	As befits a girl who looks like Athena who punished Arachne, no spider will scare her.
dab3239027440606e4c8af8e71b8538f4d697de1	Young Athena can excel other girls in sewing, knitting and embroidery.
ff5e17e34e3a41e5eb56c1920a7ff4ec01763c8f	She can enjoy such activities and share them with her mother and her traditionally thinking friends, even if in other cases she does not find a common language with them.
3d79ad10de0ddeb27e3e8408520a86854ad1b001	Unlike them, for her, the motive for doing needlework will not be the desire to make clothes for a doll or some pretty thing for herself, but the desire to demonstrate her skills.
d001a0e942575f7f5fc8898e959231e318edcf94	She gets pleasure from the skill of her own work.
8aef84dde69e93de9294804faebc9efabe4bbd80	She is encouraged to sew clothes for herself by practicality and a high appreciation of her own work.
121b4e1e00aeb39edf7d4c0d0ede2c3c6014ac01	Athena's teenagers, unlike many others, are usually not difficult daughters.
4213cdca8bcdb1971b778484f19bb48057283226	In their case, screeching, screaming and tearful scenes are simply absent.
ea5d56a4acaca86c3afba06a134b2d5521a331c7	Apparently, hormonal shifts do not affect their behavior and mood as much as in other girls.
902ebaf08565792d0f247b8258ed5d243adab687	During their school years, they often communicate with boys who are intellectually equal to them.
5c1dad51e30a952b3ce899258fd98247e5398c53	The girl Athena can be a member of the chess club, cooperate in the school newspaper, take part in scientific conferences.
0cfe1ff388fb5363c2fa4072bd63ff224b1fd4c5	And everywhere she likes to surpass others or be their equal.
18dde0bffa3f98f9cd45b7dd0454496bc513a001	She may be interested in chemistry, physics, or spend time in a computer class.
90d0ed18a7dd5f5c9c2a71c67ffc7be19ba7f01c	The extroverted Athena girls, who are well versed in social relations, use their observation and analysis skills to choose the social connections that they should maintain.
8534762b2bb74a0febcc9181bbfe00c2f1e30cbc	They are aware of their ability to successfully compete, the ability to achieve popularity, and at the same time – an emotional detachment from the things they are busy with.
b879e32d0fb30fa85a37d5c71b54f32da7ef49c0	The girls of Athens are making plans for the future.
f3263738ee2339a96d44c8ba45e464c0dc84e79b	Most of them have clear ideas about what they will do after graduation.
6355cb0dc68b1420cb74f0946742b69e88da523d	If their financial situation allows them to go to college, they will carefully weigh which college is right for them.
254374859972090b10e2bde0c22068ae180c84f7	Even if her family canot help her realize this intention, she usually finds a way to get a scholarship or other financial assistance.
c8556fdaef48fcc445de2e20df02d20c615c2c4c	Most women in Athens believe that college gives more freedom.
20947f23d5725d42ace066885fdb56dc056ec683	Having chosen an educational institution that meets their needs, they plunge headlong into student life, which provides more freedom for self expression than secondary school.
6006fe9b50c5ce0f2c7d2f897bca7b2efd40eb24	The girl Athena usually chooses an educational institution with co education, because she respects men and is able to find a common language with them.
00040bab8a787438c2c0cf5248ac025642115fad	Work
60d3f94a189eff2e6de5325df8ed88a2106a9532	The woman Athena strives to do what is significant for her.
f117e90a022f3bccde45cdad094279b3c1f88651	She works hard and accepts reality as it is, adapting to it.
7fd094639dc3a66ecc3ec0144cc25357efde97e8	Her adult years are usually very productive.
307eec0a4f04f812b41d7b4913cf5df266a2cb70	In a world where men rule, the inherent ability of a woman Athena for strategic planning and logical thinking provide her with invaluable support.
ca87c38c6afcf9a486b3dc86f1fd7a3ce02e3b98	She also succeeds in household chores, using her practical mind and aesthetic taste for exemplary maintenance of the house.
0cb72b8721723ff5d4d941f0dcc8db7fb416f8c8	If a girl Athena has to go to work immediately after graduation, she usually prepares for this in advance, for example, by attending business courses.
8c1151c43488ce7c13442074c7aca31e8d76d331	She does not fit the role of Cinderella, who considers a possible marriage as getting rid of life's hardships, and fantasies like "one day my prince will come to me"are alien to her.
1041c90e4915b2c14f71046ed95ffad1c54a44cf	If a woman Athena gets married, she usually becomes a skilled housewife and does household chores according to some system of her own.
5500e14befc5bde2fe1e9080abbcf1002430ca1a	Every thing in her kitchen takes its once and for all a certain place.
16939ca8703c3b6ac4d1dc760e8631b62c22eb57	Woman A
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988bdefca90def1832dfa675204665fee26d54a3	The Goddess of Wisdom Athena
859afa88ea8dd2c45028bbe24493f65c2caeb0cb	In ancient Greek mythology, the fifth child of Zeus, according to legend, was the daughter of Athena, who was born in a very unusual way.
b4fe051cd62529961a0c14bc363afb41ce52f947	Zeus, in secret from Hera, married the daughter of the Ocean Nereid Thetis, but fearing that he would have a son who would surpass the power of his father, Zeus swallowed his pregnant wife.
569dbe5abf2e138c6f5b1a1599c5c40dc63684af	The ripe fruit turned out to be in his head after a while, from where, with the help of Hephaestus (according to other legends, with the help of Prometheus and Hermes), who cut the head of Zeus with an axe, a warlike goddess was born in full armor with a terrible confusion of all nature.
b4dcbadc1e6dfb1eda58dc625f7c02710ea7c16c	According to another version of the legend, Zeus and Hera decided to try whether it is possible to produce offspring without marital embraces: Hera gave birth to Hephaestus, Zeus Pallas Athena.
7a188cef1000c3fc38d32a4ebc9c26b061ea095f	As a child, Athena amazed everyone with her quick wit, zeal for studying and gaining knowledge, so it was no accident that when Athena grew up, her father made her the goddess of wisdom, the patroness of sciences, crafts and inventions.
7c604d6455e9ed5c193664e89f17b21cd3b5d863	Constellation of the Southern Crown Star atlas "Uranography" by Jan Hevelius, 1690
956a7d63bb3c52b9095d091c1a282ac03e60df1b	As the goddess of courage and militancy, Athena is known even in the Homeric legends of the epic Iliad.
cd842884de085138a1c58f9df1d36810e2e1cc6b	Perseus, Bellerophon, Tydeus, Jason, Hercules, Achilles, Diomedes, Odysseus are her favorite heroes.
f6e4a411a6187cc418596c88aea2a2b98bc2da05	She had a close relationship to equestrian competitions and maritime affairs; for example, with her help, Danaus built a fifty oared ship for crossing to Greece, and the Argonauts built the ship Argo; the wooden horse that served to destroy Troy was built as a gift to her.
0cb1139c4dc31abc73f8094350271836ebc5927d	Constellation Centaurus Star atlas "Uranography" by Jan Hevelius, 1690
842d6b177a7655e722209394f4e6b062b679ef9b	Athens is a city that served in ancient times, both in cultural and historical and political relations, as the main focus of Hellenic life and was called by ancient poets the "eye of Hellas".
9ee65ec47da5482e20a0975cf3c5913640c253c9	The ancient kings of this part of Attica lived inside the castle with their retinue; there was also an ancient temple of the deity under whose special patronage the city was located, namely Athens of the City Defender (Pallas Athens), along with which the earth shaking god of the sea, Poseidon and Erechtheus was also revered (as a result, the temple itself was usually called Erechtheion).
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f8a5a03d7d7f7332afbf30d057aaf96873c2a93a	The Greek goddess Athena
382dcb2089dbdc978e056cc2ffdd2fcca6be6e11	Light up our new path,
2e48420c692bd4871f156b89399a02c702e81bd7	the light eyed maiden Pallas!
7ea71e891a0c5fd559b420ed2143b94558cdba54	(c) "Argonauts"
7091216e883a06a85c33af86c9721675a7555f4d	The goddess Athena appears in ancient Greek legends as the goddess of wisdom, crafts and just war.
d3d76d0bd654d12f64048bec417ce005d487e109	Many legends were composed about her.
91f4c598b0d970f2155df8717fe6d6d44eac7bfc	She always appears majestic and sublime.
d3d41da0c3062cd41f1fb9cb32d6438367e4cf24	Appearance on Olympus
0d09044795e36ec606b709ba53298c0fb281b700	The myth of the birth of Athena tells that she is the daughter of Zeus and the titanide Metis.
e8e97beda4befc1e19f1a270c754bf39d1cf6109	It was predicted to the Thunderer that he would lose his throne when the son of Metis grew up.
a5ea1ad4b4b343fae7cefb89f483abe2b41c42a1	Without thinking twice, Zeus followed in the footsteps of his father and swallowed a pregnant girlfriend.
1ad53fd7a413ef9946bcb38daf10247db02d0779	After some time, the lord of Olympus began to overcome terrible headaches.
9c41c3738b0568af9a266ba10e97939538d4f50a	Other gods began to avoid him, so as not to fall under the hot hand of the Thunderer.
51245fe86aeffc5d55a4a42d05c353dd82467ce2	The pain did not go away.
f8d3bb1edfe1d257bdd69be9220a8d605659a2ad	And then Zeus sent a messenger for Hephaestus, the blacksmith god.
a2341b6cfe1e5648308ff4ab8d34c29e9cf673b2	He appeared immediately, ran in what he was, in soot, clutching a hammer in his hands.
1b89fd95ca631d3d95c19b4fb8c04d894c12ec36	Zeus turned to him with a request – to hit him on the back of the head with his heavy copper hammer.
f3a9544afb8d98142d3eb9f38579b2c7140d1de2	Hephaestus recoiled in horror when he heard the strange order.
dcd0da6aef5cc07c3f1cb900a6e3d49b48e1bd27	Zeus was adamant:
5b1484aacd5839763d60123947acddfb1da2e346	"Strike as if on your own anvil," he ordered sternly.
43a25072ae4fbd24f91637f4239d10bc4b97c013	Hephaestus no longer dared to object to his father.
385afb7057f6dfb872a9fe37d0e1acf3264178e3	He swung and hit with all his might.
e2bf81e493f7ba9a4f3ebce10ac553e5c04c2dca	The skull of Zeus split and a virgin in full military garb stepped out of it.
9ee2d3dfbb7e4d83a48c010d78349a5447e5011a	Olympus shuddered from the powerful tread, the lands lying around shook, the sea boiled, and the snow white snow covered the peaks of the mountains.
2053c995245f3965860119297a670caf5cc2c36a	To put it mildly, surprised, Hephaestus dropped the hammer.
5cf7aa5853cbac9df1664fdf298d73210daf01d5	Zeus the Thunderer himself was no less amazed, but he did not want to show that he himself was in the dark about something, and therefore, as if nothing had happened, turned to the divine smithy, introducing him to "sister Athena".
465d6c7c63d8f90e72e4e318d665297e761d41ed	Zeus said:
2e0a5b6e1699371cc4166432cc6ba80d850b7eac	— Since she was born with the help of your hammer, she will, like you, possess the skill.
dd28b86e60138ed607f8e5dbec4b7ca48c4406f2	Hephaestus frowned, he was used to being the only master on the mountain of the gods.
e14af7bb3ca68879a84c42236d15296ff726daac	But Zeus calmed the blacksmith, saying that no one claims his hammer, and Athena will get the spindle.
181cbb3a54a39511b3eac23c8181889981f16a3a	Athena worked hard, sparing no effort.
0749501742ef6e643f00dd11644fc4cbca960160	But when the sounds of battle, the whistling of arrows and the clang of swords reached her ears, she put on armor and rushed into battle.
15457f7cd6000b20e4f3c2df51639b712231906c	Athena was sometimes considered the wisest of the ancient Greek pantheon, since she appeared from the head of Zeus.
cfbe362a5f8590890315a08459d5975fe5005619	The Thunderer himself appreciated the wisdom of his daughter and held advice with her if he was in doubt about something.
1d0c7d334bd111d5274c2eea22986842e0f0f8be	Mortals loved the warlike goddess.
5e454bbbe84f1980080eec0be1dc260d3be08fd3	People turned to her for advice, asked for help and called for wisdom.
2ad932c62a5e4f770132030d34b08666f1b53b02	She gave people the knowledge of how to make threads from wool, and then weave a strong fabric from them and decorate it with patterns.
418c21f0d9d817b4f4a31f8df00901bec154df98	The young men learned from her how to clean the skins they got and then make soft sandals out of them.
d7f41f886347b46533871dd4f715448119371198	Others received axes as a gift from Athena and learned carpentry.
f11b7f339104a187214ad162863bdd0d728d40e9	Someone got a bridle to subdue the horses.
e64582535c36107c13920c8f63e0cdc9dbeb39b6	The Greek goddess Athena willingly provided assistance to artists, highly appreciating their ability to add colors to life.
28fd3ee675820295001692df6aebcf5661e0211d	She was praised for having accustomed people to city life.
da31f0223b3837e454ad39ad6994dcd91b6be2a0	The myth of human pride
30ae3ee1378c50ac6466beb377a88a2a537145e7	Humanity quickly forgets all the good things, you canot wait for gratitude from him.
81bfc60500a1305925aeccf76a93cbde696e9b9e	People are constantly overcome by pride.
067851f01f2c33aa5bbfd1d744b7e839a8b91fc0	A rumor swept through the land that a craftswoman appeared in Lydia to match Athena herself, who would not be inferior to her either in embroidery or in weaving.
aba709a96dfb64aa0d75608c83bf458acb771f54	These rumors also reached Athens.
3dcb2e7319d9b5ee257159f68db0169d273cd223	Athena immediately left Olympus.
d8ea2d67c5418e9a49a4915a197dc420451c52b8	The Greek goddess took the form of an old man, appeared to Arachne and advised her to pray for forgiveness for her impudent speeches and unbridled pride.
9ba6535203749069a116a77d9b5568242bfbeaab	The mortal craftswoman rudely rebuked the talkative old man.
0f5736a49c5bd959c44dab7c39415720c91ab0cd	"You're completely out of your mind, old man!
6730be87b6dfbc7c373727937799649257e2d746	" Arachne replied.
da53eb2943bafe99b29380e9d469146076f5bcb6	- It's just that Athena is afraid to compete with me in skill!
ebe2c8530f124344923ea73b4ec7535e30f05956	- Unreasonable!
15b30ba9ac38ed732c36d799fba8c6eb7de22794	- Athena revealed her divine form.
87eb430ecde66d9a067fb71c6a822e8e653df267	– I'm here, and I'm ready to accept your bold challenge.
cd6f1dffad73ce3ff3bcbc012a4446807235bfb1	The Greek goddess Athena wove a canvas of unprecedented beauty – she depicted all twelve Olympians in their true greatness, and in the corners she wove four episodes about mortals who defied the gods.
a4b56b54e3de0579aef5d68f384d0a4ad16e5f31	Athena was merciful to those who are able to admit their guilt, and Arachne still had a chance to stop.
93e140e66725d9a8f44c148dc48b04d8022cf53f	But the proud princess of Lydia did not even think to use it.
24952807e12821f52a05c4c6961a1f90cf785a24	Deigning Athena's work with a contemptuous look, she began to work on her creation.
256a8952d5a3b85c08d3421ae5f383225e866cf7	A canvas appeared on which there were scenes of divine love affairs.
571e93c9d308ce145614f7198b54217e95a374fe	The figures on this canvas turned out to be exactly alive.
80789d32b6e794919a159d75c0204d4bb376f2ef	Athena appreciated the skill of her rival, but the plot caused her indignation.
aa4b3d990bd8f7a916c2d7bc30105ea66a18f4c4	Athena could not stand the disrespect and destroyed the work, and she hit Arachne with a shuttle.
75c53e1526153574bea634b0ebe0d5f975b918fc	The unfortunate princess could not bear the shame and resentment, twisted a rope and hung herself on it.
0a67e1065e8712ed33d8da20e3c63f6c17498f4e	Athena pulled the mortal out of the noose, did not let her die.
fc91be290c10e201048454268f0c824bb1938f0e	However, she turned a rebellious, defiant girl into a spider.
da70fe7a0fe81118d033977eb2ba906a10e06b09	Since then, the Arachne spider has been hanging in the corner and is forever weaving its thin silver thread.
69148e926c4ba1487940f2eef5180aaf1d3ea4bd	Why is Athena "Pallas"?
0880e29901608887dab207f7769501f75a8fd639	And she added a name to her own in memory of an ex girlfriend.
2a4c4d3e40a956dbc2865a0e236153fd660b442d	Another version says that the second name is also for memory, but about the winged goat like giant Pallant.
a5f1cba1cc33378698de4ed9f590b8b4ccf7bba9	In modern art, taking into account the re evaluation of values and ignorance of traditions, one can also find a more erotic image of Athena.
8218c9d685a5dc28c3a49f59f48f8791522b2526	"Shameful!"
437ed198e3e36adb8da9d59d1d927324912bd874	- the character of the famous film by Leonid Gaidai would say.
314c012952344524484ba64acc4187fcb3792dca	Popular recognition
fc2efa24b17777fac23f61adf3c0e223932ced1c	Athena gave special protection to the city that received her name.
08e7111f9da97988324263be20ec6e2b5d2a2321	Its inhabitants tirelessly praised the goddess for their well being.
74601273519beb8213423e65b0767ba7afe2290b	People dedicated a snake to Pallas Athena as a symbol of intelligence and deliberation of their actions, a rooster waking people up early in the morning for honest work, an olive tree.
2047680fc4251773a24e6c1a54698951b2c5a926	In addition, the owl, from whose penetrating eyes nothing can be hidden even in the twilight of the night, was also dedicated to the goddess of war.
d3c650cfc52a5e6e10427a416973bdbcf9c7d677	The image of an owl was minted on silver coins, and everyone took an "owl" in exchange for goods, as if they were giving honor to the goddess.
ed68a8aa7f8799100be8921813acd8a6895d5336	Ancient Greek poets also gave Athena the epithet "owl eyed".
5a62676955b0d61d9ed0f2fe167a5ccb78ad344c	Placemarks: Gods Woman
577aaf78a1c6888de052299fa759de3ef521b97f	The thought of this minute:
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4e00fc3aeb8a3b152a7c3f76288467cedcf082f0	Charles Robert Darwin is an outstanding scientist, naturalist, recognized naturalist and a brave traveler who developed a theory of the evolution of all living things (it later became known as Darwinism).
5269f64c42be5bf3e3952f4b6c7160e414330130	Charles Robert Darwin was born in the city of Shrewsbury, which is located in the county of Shropshire near the border with Wales in England.
8a9ba96eb388d86a5c4ca31099bf4e257fae67fe	It happened on 12.02.1809 in a wealthy family of an English doctor.
3fc2d68381fd934c132bf6a224d7d501e1bc2336	The members of the Darwin family were characterized by a developed intellect, a high cultural level and a broad outlook.
99aacf0f12942b5e83763421b4b70e52ba53b0ea	Erasmus Darwin, Charles ' own grandfather, was a famous doctor, philosopher and writer.
4589a7e54c4e694ad9354a807f217ca5a0c2ed50	Even as a child, little Darwin awakened a sincere interest in wildlife research and a penchant for collecting.
a12794aa79418e601d0b5209f28e9015dfdfad1f	After the death of his mother in 1817, Charles and his older brother Erasmus were sent to a local boarding school a year later.
ca6ec4082115dba30c6ac650f81ee0788396e9d1	Young Charles was a very intelligent child.
06d6faa5565937fc9157bad72aabb87742949998	But at the same time, he did not like to study at school and considered the school curriculum extremely boring.
d7662694917a3037705d24d0005d3f9d9b1d25bd	In his spare time, he preferred to collect and study insects, shells, unusual stones.
b7f88bb6e31fb6e348e4b7b7d1051a0e59eed047	I observed natural processes – the flowering of trees and shrubs, the flow of rivers, the direction of the wind.
b5f7c1dac9a36b7b21320e1c00e87fbbaa2a73a6	He was fond of hunting and fishing.
102d0320e261d7e6a2bd1952875fb28c3695e694	In 1825, his father heeded his son's requests and sent him to study at the University of Edinburgh.
79763a696c6b6a0d7e9b2bee5d83be120f63a00c	Robert wanted to see the boy as a continuation of the medical dynasty.
955d51e408c5bbbc98fb422d7e5281139a659958	He devoted a lot of time to studying biology, in particular, marine invertebrates, algae.
ae683ae18e26821ec50875dad8ca730a173b4a67	He was fond of taxidermy, natural history and geology.
927f9b7cca39ce27040a0ce3f3281cb17512292b	He took an active part in the activities of the university Museum, where the largest collection of plants in Europe was collected.
ccc43c2fb87c800acdceb3676148aa2bd2406ab0	But young Charles did not want to study to be a doctor either.
9689e71cb56b472a0824ad5274f8b6de9d90e540	The lectures seemed to him monotonous and incredibly boring.
f03ca8ded15f0423a05b805fbf0abcd257715600	Darwin studied at the first university for only two years.
e3f4f3a49019e77bea1cc42bd5fdd795cfb8ec42	His father did not abandon his efforts to give his son a good education, and later – in 1828-Charles entered the theological faculty at the University of Cambridge, but here he is still haunted by the same problem: lack of interest in the subjects studied there.
53c201aecccd580e2b72c6b831c54f34c8252e12	He does not want to waste his time on useless, from his point of view, training and continues to be interested in collecting, nature, hunting and fishing.
59eea63a41fc8b38f833b082f79450062fb63650	With grief, he graduated from the university in 1831.
4e853c3fb5e0ec415e2adadac17f491140f1a46c	I became one of those students who, after graduation, did not have a sufficient level of knowledge, even though they were satisfactory.
ee0c5bcf40e3e243830afb9883fba0732af852da	But the young Darwin was lucky, and he was noticed by Professor of botany John Henslow, who saw in the boy the potential to study in the field of plant science and natural science.
19650a2c7e2255d79698b3df4753f070720bdb2b	Charles receives an invitation to an expedition that will be made to South America.
22c1296329565189bf3c9a09c20be8ee109907b8	Delighted with the opening prospects, Darwin gladly accepts this invitation.
a39507e6321d97570bb8ea22330c671db8b08293	In 1831-36, on the recommendation of the botanist J. Darwin got a job on the ship "Beagle" as a naturalist and made a trip around the world From the trip he returned a man of science.
8e1b6eea4d20dc07ec48caeebd5dca36c42ce339	In 1839, Charles Darwin married and the young family settled in London.
bfb4d7e2f39ea4aa6f4e3a0e2edba2c477534473	Since 1842, the family has lived permanently in Down, a beautiful place, convenient for concentrated work and recreation.
8208796dd933da13c86efdb1daf88351ce7ba5c9	Darwin and his wife had 10 children,of whom three died in childhood.
d15cd7d995113d74ba76408dccf13d96d54e4c3b	On December 27, 1831 ,the Beagle set sail.
9ec2d92e05a5563d3c49ff51182105ed47802f54	Darwin managed to take with him the just-published 1st volume of Charles Lyell's "Fundamentals of Geology".
d13234b60fd8433cf3e0284cf9d41b75c4449d02	This volume had a great influence on the formation of the scientific views of the young researcher.
1921d8732d7166d00f09e73f9bb20c0b19d980d3	Before the publication of Lyell's book, the theory of catastrophes prevailed in geology.
20d18934ab437269cf44c5c71a1b6b80cc0ff65f	Lyell showed that the geological forces that operated in the past continue to operate now.
a57b8f121848abb44cc288914eca49a184716340	Darwin fruitfully applied Lyell's teaching in relation to an object that met on the path of the "Beagle".
0b0bde23b70c6bea976dc174e3f4ecc1b131a9e5	It was the island of Sant Jago.
6ab12f765702490d10ff2a994c25bd996ab8ca79	His study provided the material for Darwin's first major generalization about the nature of oceanic islands.
751edf87c1629d589c0882ec430b1d1a3817704c	The second generalization of Darwin relates to the problem of secular movements of the Earth's crust.
81989463959d1edede6aa3da19ddb00d2341bb54	During geological periods of enormous duration, the continent of South America experienced repeated uplifts and descents, which alternated with periods of relative rest.
9f1ba7da5480d126c6b9b888a43d9f27eb63388b	Charles Darwin drew in broad strokes the origin of the Patagonian Plain and the gradual weathering (denudation) Cordillera.
fb8d39dbc0df861d509782c65382d84fe3b1879d	Darwin's most original geological work was his theory of the origin of atolls, or ringed coral islands.
c2794818ad840a20564f02656ce457acfd07fb9e	Darwin's biogenic theory is based on the idea that a coastal reef is built by corals on the coast of a continent or island experiencing sinking.
358fa474facbfaad63bfbffa274315750efa396a	The layer of corals that has sunk to a depth of more than 50 meters is dying out and only their lime buildings remain.
7acc257e0d7393006e06846739fc194ef216aa51	Research by Ch.Darwin's work in these areas has been widely recognized, regardless of the theory of evolution he created.
3a4dc8acf060af83cd96b4de4b64df5299706dac	In the Quaternary sediments of the Pampas of South America, Darwin discovered a large group of extinct giant incompletely toothed.
cb2e1d5afc2a4e72807d908b394c84e5ccf27886	These monstrous animals, closely related to dwarf armadillos and sloths, were described in detail by anatomist and paleontologist R. Owen.
0597e8a1b91fffc7ee2c574a7c92794c3e739aab	He also found fossils of a huge hoofed animal-a toxodon, whose teeth resembled those of rodents, a giant camel-like animal-a macrauchenia, similar in body structure to a llama and a guanaco, a tooth of an extinct horse and many other forms.
3edcff6ad375a4353b056a88e594288a31792cf7	Darwin discovered a small-sized ostrich, the so-called "Darwin's nanda", which lives in the southern part of Patagonia.
0aa543a825f1279fd680c528b900d0e3840c14e2	He observed intruders from North and Central America (spectacled bear, maned wolf, Pampas deer, hamster-like rodents, and others.).
531c4bd2ed1f371f4e2d0267ddd6984309ceb981	These materials could not but lead Darwin to the idea that the continent of South America was isolated from North America for a long time and that this isolation significantly influenced the course of the evolutionary process in different representatives of the South American fauna.
86d8e40035c9cafc3d440e99e167880c84924013	In the Galapagos Islands, Charles Darwin was able to observe a striking divergence of both giant land turtles and finches, which he studied so carefully and later called Darwin's finches.
a1ff30c12bf24b485a44b0efffe817cb510e10f8	In 1846, Darwin finished his last monograph on geology and planned to deal closely with the issues of evolution.
53006169db7748559895f999c2afbd07e572cf1b	He wanted to devote several months to studying barnacles.
a1aa1894b71bc89a361eebfe717c23405af9b753	But this work lasted until 1854.
098c292d76f3f5ca7a329b0047ca55cc325a703a	He created a major work on the systematics of modern and extinct forms of this group of animals.
d8f6fa143ea77b1b10908676d0581212f57f65eb	Before going on the trip, Darwin met with Fitzroy.
ed4c4968708541b00af4de8d10f0a91bbf27ac3c	Later, the captain recalled this meeting and said that Darwin was very seriously at risk of being rejected because of the shape of his nose.
0f44d1de1e8f62e42b27abb92c3de841a363c64a	Being a follower of the teachings of Lavater, he believed that there was a connection between a person's character and the features of his appearance, and therefore he doubted that a person with a nose like Darwin's could have the energy and determination sufficient to make the journey.
32c9e409a24b36f44e253ddaf91d55b5749de724	Darwin himself notes that the captain's attitude towards him was very good, " but it was difficult to get along with this man with the intimacy that was inevitable for us, who dined at the same table together with him in his cabin.
db3243937251b72def8289c07b2a2ac78caf1af8	We quarreled several times, because, falling into irritation, he completely lost the ability to reason"[11].
85b24e0ee5cea2155637da479239808cda75549c	Nevertheless, there were serious disagreements between them on the basis of political views.
a7b14ce7c03e138cc85fdfe4e60791190f2462a0	Fitzroy was a staunch conservative, a defender of Negro slavery, and encouraged the colonial policy of the English government.
4a7f6f7ba30cc9a56a36ada8c91d2d4da87701d8	An extremely religious man, a blind supporter of church dogma, Fitzroy was unable to understand Darwin's doubts about the immutability of species.
318819a9cbe316e1e0912a543a3a41acfb54f3b7	Subsequently, he resented Darwin for "publishing such a blasphemous book as the Origin of Species"[11].
c847aa38e2b8df81ffaa4ff1d27b0f55ad320d7f	In 1838-1841. Darwin was secretary of the Geological Society of London.
a0ef0aadf9d8198e624e2d97764961b749b2602a	In 1839, he married, and in 1842, the couple moved from London to Down (Kent), where they began to live permanently.
09c2d1aed6fd56d9013d35afebcf4b4ede8e71a5	Here Darwin led a secluded and measured life of a scientist and writer.
e2aeb3af5b4bec8b72aa7c6709093db5ffdbd0a9	Shortly after his return, Darwin published a book known under the abbreviated title "A naturalist's journey around the world on the ship "Beagle" (1839).
f15a2ec641eea1289e2e3ef1c040dc5e81991b55	It was a great success, and the second, expanded edition (1845) was translated into many European languages and reprinted many times.
b3fa147e740f46e31e2d7585f0e06d846e4c32ca	Darwin also took part in writing a five-volume monograph "The Zoology of Travel" (1842).
df32b29857161f25ff21a07c5ac949786e410ffc	As a zoologist, Darwin chose the barnacle crayfish as the object of his study, and soon became the best specialist in this group in the world.
c393bccf6e3294e7f5c5fc3a5ef954a4e25057bd	He wrote and published a four-volume monograph "Barnacles" (Monograph on the Cirripedia, 1851-1854), which zoologists still use today.
6ab2968bad24d7dabaee7cffadda28328d111bab	Since 1837, Darwin began to keep a diary, in which he entered data on the breeds of domestic animals and plant varieties, as well as considerations about natural selection.
805f979d5e9bb32325d246194669548250f87097	In 1842, he wrote the first essay on the origin of species.
9d8d67a9f2d44f07b062a0c295c918dc8db1bf11	Starting in 1855, Darwin corresponded with the American botanist A. Gray, to whom he presented his ideas two years later.
7591fb5e1e4529d33b54817c7110aba89e4b8d86	Under the influence of the English geologist and naturalist Ch. In 1856, Lyell Darwin began preparing a third, expanded version of the book.
bc724e43fbd14ad82fb4d5bea26692600b9bd1db	In June 1858, when the work was half done, I received a letter from the English naturalist A. R. Wallace with the manuscript of the latter's article.
d71c422e46ed320f584b65603c7eaf0e04541e1f	In this article, Darwin found an abridged statement of his own theory of natural selection.
19e558e5078a4d2a066b3fcb16f64419d3a0eb36	Two naturalists independently and simultaneously developed identical theories.
b4b6aada99386cd51928de7e876d1dbac2800c00	Both were influenced by the work of T. R. Malthus on population; both were aware of Lyell's views, both studied the fauna, flora and geological formations of island groups and found significant differences between the species inhabiting them.
1bd19f0fc620ed0f209d278ab97ecda78d5b4d41	Darwin sent Lyell the Wallace manuscript, along with his own essay, as well as sketches of his second version (1844) and a copy of his letter to A. Gray (1857).
4bfa43a8ea7b9c490a5a9c5ee8c2a7d35556dec5	Lyell turned to the English botanist Joseph Hooker for advice, and on July 1, 1858, they presented both works together to the Linnean Society in London.
e0c8d827bdf5c467cac95dd4026dcb8a41e0b6ee	In 1859, Darwin published the work "The Origin of species by Natural Selection, or the Preservation of favored breeds in the struggle for life" (On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life), where he showed the variability of plant and animal species, their natural origin from earlier species.
c11c60761cede608bce81ac153c98fc5696c68bf	The first edition of 1,250 copies was completely sold out within two days.
bfca9977aa4ea8a1466b434fcaca8ef4fb327d80	The book is still being published and sold.
27493794a2d4cba06722ef6f376bc59df361691a	In 1868, Darwin published his second work on the topic of evolution — "The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication" (The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication), which included many examples of the evolution of organisms.
4bb4e61730cfdbf49ede3abb53e3c50dfac584bf	In 1871, another important work of Darwin appeared — "The Descent of Man and Sexual Selection"[44] (The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex), where Darwin argued in favor of the natural origin of man from animals (ape-like ancestors).
3313f11e764faca813ce89d0184b635188380237	Charles Darwin came from a nonconformist Unitarian background.
d9b379e5279cb62298b477db8ab2c0da63cbbdcd	Although some members of his family openly denied traditional religious beliefs, he himself did not at first question the literal truth of the Bible[45].
ebb800a9673012f71f18fcb3cd74b92386502a7a	He went to an Anglican school, then studied Anglican theology at Cambridge to become a pastor, and was completely convinced by the teleological argument of William Paley, according to which an intelligent device visible in nature proves the existence of God.
21d4dc6bf7d34a274534cd8a958ce2f651766b53	However, his faith began to waver during the journey on the Beagle.
b14708900583b32bc08e6aec2d651a7634c6da9a	Darwin questioned these ideas, marveling, for example, at the charming deep-sea creatures that live in such depths that no one could enjoy their appearance; shuddering at the sight of a wasp paralyzing caterpillars that should serve as living food for its larvae.
5da44b8fd5186d2ec64e51b7e4df81ab7e2e9773	In the latter example, he saw a clear contradiction to Paley's ideas about an all-good world order.
126066369ffe33fb118ef9ef6fe1b204f8bf9e85	Traveling on the "Beagle", Darwin still adhered to quite orthodox views and could well refer to the authority of the Bible in matters of morality, but gradually began to consider the creational concept as false and untrustworthy: "... came to the realization that the Old Testament with its obviously false history of the world, with its Tower of Babel, the rainbow as a sign of the covenant, etc., etc., ... is no more trustworthy than the sacred books of the Hindus or the beliefs of some savage"[45].
af87217480c121d0321249454a918dbf2cad0eed	Upon his return, he began to collect evidence of the variability of species.
b762f2505330bb63acb3fbd62d8da1da1dda6115	He knew that his religious naturalist friends considered such views to be heresy, undermining the wonderful explanations of the social order, and he knew that such revolutionary ideas would be received especially inhospitally at a time when the positions of the Anglican Church were under fire from radical dissenters and atheists.
61fb97c73fe0df9de1c2085938c004a920ed7ffb	Secretly developing his theory of natural selection, Darwin even wrote about religion as a tribal survival strategy, believing in God as the supreme being who determines the laws of this world.
b5e2d784ebd5936c3b9c020641fa6e4ee340d8fe	His faith gradually weakened over time and, with the death of his daughter Annie in 1851, Darwin finally lost all faith in Christianity.
57db354bc36f44b61acc7455a3b7a8d3d01021a3	He continued to support the local church and helped the parishioners in general affairs, but on Sundays, when the whole family went to church, he went for a walk.
36a33bb1d1f5e8a6a85c782af29f597d73a9392d	Later, when asked about his religious views, Darwin wrote that he had never been an atheist, in the sense that he did not deny the existence of God, and that, in general, "it would be more correct to describe my state of mind as agnostic."
66b08d991d0401fd68aef385daec0b1b8f0c16ac	Along with this, some of Darwin's statements can be regarded as deistic or atheistic.
ba95a99d58605140dff530a63c59659cc706b257	Thus, the sixth edition of The Origin of Species (1872) ends with the words in the spirit of deism: "There is greatness in this view, according to which the Creator originally breathed life with its various manifestations into one or a limited number of forms; and, while our planet continues to rotate, according to the unchangeable laws of gravity, an infinite number of the most beautiful and most amazing forms have developed and continue to develop from such a simple beginning."
0ea0e190845106ffb11f1df1da3b06ad204fbf4b	At the same time, Darwin noted that the idea of an intelligent creator as the first cause "strongly possessed me around the time when I wrote The Origin of Species, but it was from that time that its significance for me began, extremely slowly and not without many fluctuations, to weaken more and more."
0a5ec23af04b56f7381b0f0f2d9e39662e0b5a25	Darwin's statements in his letter to Hooker (1868) can be regarded as atheistic: "...I do not agree that the article is correct, I find it monstrous to claim that religion is not directed against science... however, when I say that it is wrong, I am not at all sure whether it would not be the most reasonable for people of science to completely ignore the entire field of religion."
54351906c94bde59886727173b59e0ebdbcdd046	In his Autobiography, Darwin wrote: "So little by little unbelief crept into my soul, and in the end I became a complete unbeliever.
a7be866a37746c3a8e93b0dd173aea0a1f0153d7	But it happened so slowly that I did not feel any upset and never since then even for a single second did I doubt the correctness of my conclusion.
59dccb8f007933cd644ecb9fcf44419b91e48a1e	And indeed, I am hardly able to understand how anyone could want the Christian teaching to be true; for if it is, then the uncomplicated text [of the Gospel] seems to show that people who do not believe — and my father, my brother and almost all my best friends should be included in their number — will suffer eternal punishment.
a48aadf0e05975242b393332091f64c1b181670c	Disgusting teaching!"[45]
bd6886d920d8bb712e98e505324b6f798f8659e5	In his biography of his grandfather Erasmus Darwin, Charles mentioned false rumors according to which Erasmus called out to the Lord on his deathbed.
62f6283e58ea5bc8d7d88376c122f1fe86f10aa0	Very similar stories accompanied the death of Charles himself.
038e5b4400124ad0d186056262b1aaefd4e356c3	The most famous of them was the so-called "Story of Lady Hope", an English preacher, published in 1915, which claimed that Darwin underwent a religious conversion during his illness shortly before his death.
0bf842d2da24a88b67030cf767089e6af9df228c	Such stories were actively spread by various religious groups and, eventually, acquired the status of urban legends, but they were refuted by the children of Darwin and rejected by historians as false[46][47].
3bf02327f571273a293f97ce84aa4c815f31909f	Darwin took the issue of marriage very seriously.
18db0df6f0d70a242b6e238d65c3f96b461cc109	He gathered all the arguments together and wrote them down on a piece of paper "for" and "against".
8899255f4d505d731689c18e7147059cdd4907ed	At the end, he summed up the arguments and brought out the final conclusion: "Marry Marry Marry".
32f201a578b28a0831005f5c9e3a41cde3c5d544	On January 29, 1839, Charles Darwin married his cousin, Emma Wedgwood.
940c3e8b57988763099690606c562d01ca274055	The wedding ceremony was held in the traditions of the Anglican Church and in accordance with Unitarian traditions.
caa517d24215fa6971b808d572b168ea57223c7f	At first, the couple lived on Gower Street in London, then on September 17, 1842, they moved to Down (Kent).
b724b08352f2dac8ac6d41999249f09028d8a599	The Darwins had ten children, three of whom died at an early age.
605000040141cc5d815d5d7f495a311cfcccf842	Many of the children and grandchildren have achieved significant success themselves.
9f7c37c4c91664f4ed4b17d998115f8e2eb0f202	Some of the children were sickly or weak, and Charles Darwin was afraid that the reason for this was their kinship with Emma, which was reflected in his works on the morbidity of descendants from closely related crossing and the advantages of distant crosses.
bf8c1247b480bce650f8f3962353f15316e348fe	"Darwin Awards" or simply "Darwin Award" is an annual award given to people who died in the most stupid way or lost the ability to reproduce and, thus, faced with the inability to contribute to the gene pool of humanity.
781cbd183784bd73487381236c4fb885ea992074	The gene pool only gets better from this fact.
792801791720d537584e3058da5369cdb532e137	A prerequisite for receiving the award is the complete absence of direct descendants.
870fd6717b2df4dca64ddd7b219cfb202586147a	As the official version says: the prize is awarded for "the exclusion of defective genes from the gene pool of humanity", i.e. it can be awarded to living people who have lost their reproductive function as a result of a ridiculous idiotic accident that occurred due to their own stupidity.
f0c04fd76d9bf6fd6c6601cf0fafec5698beef38	But still it is worth clarifying, it is not necessary to lose the reproductive abilities of a person, only the loss of the possibility of using them is sufficient.
f257b61be0c51ebc537867f0eb4a389236bb6ad6	For example, there was a case of" handing over " an award to a criminal who was hiding from the chase and inadvertently climbed over the prison fence.
77de76d1cfd4fb8fe1bc797f9cd945179e6cbcde	It is clear that after he climbed over it, he found himself inside the prison.
6c7edf00a8562bb1a20db1cee4117341f7f4bf8c	Nevertheless, there are also exceptions, for example: an old Belgian citizen who died so absurdly that even the presence of grandchildren was forgiven him.
5d525094c3aceabe8560aa9b3615a3dd75b8bebc	It is noteworthy that there is a film "Darwin Award".
33da7f64182b8cfd535d71098a6bd21bf6b70860	This movie is based on the work of Dan Simmons.
a0f34bbc036980268dc4da3c5ecb1bf081bd24a9	The film was released in January 2006.
03547f6a7907c2c63a87f1ebbaa0308533a31be7	In the story, former police officer Michael Burrows, who suffers from fainting from the sight of blood, and Siri Taylor (an employee of an insurance company) investigate the cases of people who have become Darwin Award nominees.
85d04575ec58023f6f3797ffb6c0d657b9a65a05	They are going to various cities in order to find out whether the company should pay an insurance benefit for these deaths.
0c8c0df3061f3ecf618360ee38ce5e8803aacf82	Among their clients: a fishing enthusiast who accidentally killed a friend; an office manager who died under a fallen candy vending machine; a man who put a rocket engine on his car, and then took off and slammed into the mountain with great speed, and many others.
88f0b52d28d9285b1e57967e833213ec11746e9a	The main characters are accompanied by a cameraman who shoots a documentary film, but does not interfere in anything because of the ethics of the documentarian.
b9055592d77e2b4d0e958dcfd37c7946bd019624	For your information, in the film, several cameo cameo roles are played by members of the Metallica group and writer Lawrence Ferlinghetti.
41d4829097778ed6ed6f910ad49d4ac6b835070d	Also in the film starred Jamie Heineman and Adam Savage, famous hosts of the TV show "Destroyers of Legends".
0b56d73f47228ad5c079ff7b74482cc74cac2657	They got screen time in the part about the rocket engine.
5ec4f2b8cb12e01f3899a96763b9bad9ced01d7e	Charles Darwin became one of the most prominent scientists of all time.
fc2788b9350efbe51a31ae96b24a63a3ba6971d8	His works proving the origin of living beings from common ancestors are the basis of the modern synthetic theory of evolution, biology, as well as genetics.
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2e6d5d59ddd56a87133f81a07a70b169502b666a	Biographies of famous people "Scientists" Biography of Charles Darwin
0cc5bc7eee54dc0a223a2bcd462e067f08c202ba	Biography of Charles Darwin
c1c9ee362a18243748b22cb8e5c212bbfdfc8485	Date of birth: February 12, 1809 Date of death: April 19, 1882 Place of birth: Shrewsbury, Shropshire, family estate Mount House, England
904ddf76641abd3506b62810683a8108fd168a75	Charles Darwin is a scientist and traveler.
8ebe7e08a7dcdc7948448788f172c0af7874e43a	Charles Robert Darwin was born on February 12, 1809 in a wealthy English family in Shrewsbury.
62e9644eb3fef4a7beac54cccbae84655b0b5cf2	Robert – the father of the future traveler and naturalist was a successful doctor and financier, so the family lived in prosperity.
0ae267582c22147663b6d25616f1985d8ba62a6e	His mother, Suzanne, died when Charles was only eight, so he hardly remembered her.
77c4bf0b40918ea86eeb97f0c5a96a14a38a5993	The school years seemed very long to the boy, since he was not interested in the school curriculum and the subjects there.
0c0bc7c2f4a85df48e2cd2278b17f565e7c77ae5	He studied reluctantly.
c318e52f26c4531afec2ad1da5dd9e331d13441e	But since childhood, he was interested in nature, the world around him, various studies.
754127e1672e450265f42ee87a44b28183059400	He had collections of shells, insects and minerals.
b55555c1fa74d5a51ff06a5bec7f35281c2be8ae	He loved fishing and hunting.
8bf386c5a72858d75df2a796a85518cae737e105	In 1825, Charles ' father realizes that the school does not give an uninterested son absolutely nothing, so he sends him straight to the University of Edinburgh.
5e9a502f50df48020019bae806c250a2aff9a4df	His father did not abandon his efforts to give his son a good education, and later – in 1828 Charles entered the theological faculty at the University of Cambridge, but here he is still haunted by the same problem: lack of interest in the subjects studied there.
635cdaaf5ceada10b4abe642ecee79c32b817ead	The expedition began in 1831 (departure on the ship "Beagle"), and it lasted for five years.
7e3a7c65335e834e2a6a4dab5d82fc3271ba95dc	They visited Brazil, Chile, Argentina, the Galapagos Islands and Peru.
28a7650cba047b5d299e7fef9cf016940684c402	This was exactly the kind of work to which Darwin gave himself completely and without a trace.
06bf4ec1e3c4d598bf7dab71465b3a7c5ffa87f6	He performed admirably the duties assigned to him as an explorer and an expedition naturalist.
996bdc6d0a6f46d57794ac81ed4a4a0db0b9d740	He carefully studied the flora and fauna of the areas visited by the expedition.
3d19afb50f3fb45448d9cccfd7678e41282e4b28	His collection of minerals and fossils has been greatly enriched.
b4cd6fb483f8f0debc8a03cb2f541b4faf99da82	Darwin also compiled a number of herbariums.
ac309c13ccac44c9813b68dd2acd55ee3d801b57	He recorded every day spent by the expedition in these lands.
150a43684a9b497f3d713c457a469cda94220081	It was his diary that later became useful to the researcher in writing his scientific papers.
2423a3ffe736508e0261b2574447511e6f8d1361	In the autumn of 1836, the journey was completed.
5ed4fbf819c82498651849c62f1380b74d7174cd	Darwin collected a huge amount of material for his further research, which took as much as twenty years.
0d42ad314cd53463e913dc7682c39893589c06d9	A little later, he released a diary from his journey, which turned into a popular book among the public.
449834117ac9d922eef3336324a6c32a52a0fdf1	Darwin lived in Cambridge for a while, but after a few months he moved to London.
eaf5ed6bf3f4a8b09dd42abcfbb7347ded1e8a45	He becomes a member of the scientific community and for five years prefers to communicate exclusively with scientists.
31d0d9fed709ec5aa2c7e3fcab1cfe80bda3d17d	However, the freedom loving Darwin is oppressed by the city.
6304ba92b8cf61c4653a60841aa28016fa4e6e9c	Despite this, this period of Charles ' life has become very fruitful: he works hard, conducts discussions and speaks in the community of scientists.
08600b7f0dd38a30ec20e2dd75130337eb712f3c	Soon he was elected honorary Secretary of the Geological Society.
0cfb856c4f15e24f4ffbcd02c3f3bf6d5dfac23b	In 1839, Darwin married his cousin, Miss Emma Wedgwood.
d0f054951a4e197ceb0aef8389ae528663951f99	However, Charles ' health begins to give way to diseases.
474632c477e6588d324a4c7d1149e70c7a5b370e	He's getting weaker.
af5337a9000c264a49eb1a52d92f9eb96fb4576b	In 1842, he decided to leave as far as possible from the oppressive city and move to the Dawn estate, which he had recently acquired.
156d091ae86b400415e1aa11dc5f83f1f6fee874	It is here that he has been living calmly and steadily for forty years.
2f7ac12b7ed109a0bd49a50b0b14249ced387f3c	Charles communicates with relatives, walks, observes nature, studies it, reads letters.
8cac997cf2cba1c37e41004b7212435996653075	At the same time, he does not leave his research and continues to work.
663b980f5c1482120457fc5fc728a7c905a63963	His father's inheritance fully compensated for all of Darwin's expenses.
61a288ad9719909cd12fd2c2ae8d9c2a4114a2be	This money was enough to completely devote himself to scientific works.
8353ad5cfef5b67c2ce80ee36588dd3b1f4d02fa	However, Charles also received good revenue for the books he wrote.
b505169750443c3e64902f06ccb9daa4f9028fa9	He develops science in every possible way, investing money in it, financially supports scientists in need.
9776081abafd9c0750a7c123afe1899e36e6966d	Thus, a lot of money went out of the family budget.
fd3997d9bd61cee45979c83496d402a8bd549553	In 1859, Charles published, perhaps, the most famous work: "The origin of species by natural selection".
986161be8a4b88956a77a7b7189b92487cb63c51	Many scandals broke out around this book at that time.
c90286ba02973034e1532c236857bd354ffbb20c	Until then, it was accepted in the world that everything on Earth was created by God, as it is written in the Bible.
d7319c7deff14234e64a8124eb45445d6657f110	Darwin was the first to suggest that nature and various species evolved over millions of years.
3a707133fc3ad1ef4e8f67773f7a97faa0a9e564	However, despite the public rejection, the book became a success.
657fcf4d8bf0cc4dfdd5473a594a75869e2d25f9	For a while, Darwin focuses exclusively on the plant world.
290b96eddb12084dbb0079bd985d1de1af5970bd	In 1862, his book "Pollination of Orchids" was published.
32b759b7d51d13b2f59c3d84d31f28d6037f138d	A little later, he works and publishes his works "Insectivorous plants" and "Climbing Plants".
7f67555b1c3117526e587bdec1a60e53e8e0542b	His works brought considerable popularity, and society began to treat these studies and discoveries more favorably.
2c5d8d386aa45b29d6ff0d1b3adb76f039daafd0	In 1864, he was awarded the Kople Gold Medal, and three years later he received the Roig le merite the Prussian award.
4323bbf498b11d32430aef6500df1da62c45d89f	In addition, Darwin becomes an honorary correspondent of the St. Petersburg Academy.
49f99fd0a361f81f420308df939f6323fe7a30d5	Charles was a doctor at the Universities of Leiden, Bonn and Breslau.
e6ee79966421d889984e390be955acce344ca117	He becomes the owner of numerous awards.
4d47593254c06cbaca37c7484c0920bb60ef61d3	Towards the end of his life, he really got rich, thanks to his books.
10ed396867a99cf87b1ae476fb3e791ea559687d	But the more money Darwin received, the more he spent on the needs of the world of science.
94ada643095618cc94cec4e1ae949ef148d0803b	But I was completely indifferent to the awards.
8d6024986aaf769250d884ee538daf97695f7ff7	In 1882, Darwin died.
d9d8b5026f9bdd021d30eb2a12218bc9093868ee	Achievements of Charles Darwin:
dcd4bc459a17872c6d751c6ddad83a846c621ffa	The first one who put forward and justified his assumption about evolution and that all living organisms, one way or another, have common ancestors in their roots.
3fa3beded22df914625a903063393611744863d5	Significant financial and scientific contribution to the development of genetics.
6a2c409077cd2776469c84f52a47dcf0517bcdc1	It was Darwin who proved that it is possible to change species by artificial intervention.
35ec8fa6e4ff41edf42f9b9ed128f432496f7636	The scientist's ideas are the basis for modern biology.
2f0dd99ec306e18bc68de72b9e258d2140fb11e9	Although his theory about the origin of man was rejected, but its essence lives to this day.
d9c295a7af3b118e97ecd355a0a1a111acc23e9b	Many continue to adhere to it.
003d1788aed2d96e789e4aebe2ec6cc83199fb12	Dates from the biography of Charles Darwin:
4a549a6514391060051a2b691bc1e38cf9ec0246	1809 birth. 1817 enters full time school. 1818 enters Shrewsbury School. 1825 Edinburgh University. 1828 – in search of a purpose for his son, his father transfers him to the University of Cambridge.
10611baafdb734c7815cbaac61bc7c5ed2b8d28e	1831-1836 - expedition on the "Beagle". 1838 he was elected secretary to the London Geological Society. 1839 marries. 1842 moves from London, which bored him, to Down, where he settles on his estate.
3659ff45a515a113ed0e5d5889d56c2519bcbfb2	He writes and publishes the monograph "Zoology of Travel". 1859 publishes "The Origin of species by natural selection". 1868 the book "Changing domestic animals and cultivated plants".
7d777778d0a02f216cb069ec9707b19afa036e62	It is called a supplement to the work "The Origin of Species". 1871 the work "The Origin of man and sexual selection"is published.
23bc8d4c54a3b9f80e2239c7ac61a028769bd7e0	19.04.1882 - death.
b8e93ec80f49bbb1126c746ff4c3604f40a42634	Interesting facts about Charles Darwin:
880ecec37097b4db3fabfc58213b7db7afa145ea	The clergy called Darwin a blasphemer and held lectures in schools, trying to find the most reasoned accusations against the scientist.
15cf83190e9db0d3fbb6e7a1978678b131c7f100	Victor Pelevin introduced Darwin as the main character in his story "The Origin of Species".
1983dc77bf4aa794ab19496154c7c18bf22fa8ee	Darwin was defended by many enlightened people of Russia at that time, including Alexey Konstantinovich Tolstoy.
b6bb0b5ce3285a371a5f2acf2d1bf25b25481635	Charles is recognized as one of the most outstanding Englishmen of all time.
f933090793ac2312867551ecda1b904dab2668fc	Darwin himself never tried to convince supporters of other views, because he doubted his own discoveries, calling them only hypotheses.
7190bbef7386fa43449cd0c5e0506ef7f3397ca6	In 2009, a film about the life of Darwin was released under the direction of director John Amiel.
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0f2559cf65f9eb1a42ba7d8d5a5fb9f0a076c8d4	A. Tolstoy, A. S. Pushkin, E. Lenz, S. V. Kovalevskaya, V. Roentgen, A.M. Ilyin
c82b3ad9d314497c01efa317bed90214138fe268	Charles Darwin Your Famous Namesakes / Names / Patronymic names / First Name / Middle name / Horoscopes / Tests / Events / Table of Contents / Names home Charles Robert Darwin biography
d38de383dde0b79900c7c0745fccf9cccd7b2469	Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) was an English naturalist, the creator of Darwinism, a foreign corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1867).
94d5050c9b968623db36ca03764e519a6418fd5f	He is known as the founder of the evolutionary doctrine.
2ac389e5a08a55228e8f7f4848932e4153a704b5	Scientific field: biology and geology.
e211f5d1101f6ed48a4e7b9a8e4ee2458b090651	Academic degrees: Bachelor of Arts (1832), Master of Arts (1837) and Doctor of Canon and Civil Law.
f04df583bd5afb7fdbcda119ba8f8b9d603b50a3	In the main work "The Origin of species by natural selection" (1859), summarizing the results of his own observations (sailing on the Beagle, 1831-36) and the achievements of modern biology and breeding practice, he revealed the main factors of the evolution of the organic world.
db3b1602bbcf2578ae5e2ac16b16908780bb2081	In the work "The change of domestic animals and cultivated plants" (vol. 1-2, 1868), Charles Darwin outlined additional factual material to the main work.
3757f4266c53433060a3a81ab3af45d3a373e901	In the book.
406914960494c1999c9c0cf351827af6a9d58b3a	"The origin of man and sexual selection" (1871) justified the hypothesis of the origin of man from an ape like ancestor.
e269696a29555237c54548299dec547755fc90d8	Works on geology, botany and zoology.
77bd5335a7aed575348c365fe703ed16c5395ed5	The zodiac sign is Aquarius.
5ae55e3ce334473610423a1991f6929082867570	Darwin's childhood, education and family Charles Darwin was born on February 12, 1809 in Shrewsbury, England.
bb32c0c84eed734686ccbc7b3837dab9e65e0ad6	He was the son of Robert Darwin, who successfully practiced as a doctor in Shrewsbury.
02b44ecdbed6052988d621dadf3aa6dd8e7341b8	Mother Susanna Wedgwood came from a rich family of owners of the famous porcelain factory.
1943dd499004f5862020f96c5ee88fb2351c8b61	The Darwin family has been associated with the Wedgwood family for several generations.
f5a13350a0cd8846cf1069f691aaf84caf5c1a0e	Darwin himself married his cousin Emma Wedgwood.
726bc4852d417059be19d728bb18fb7189e39471	Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin was a famous doctor, naturalist, naturalist - scientist, researcher of nature; young naturalists( young naturalists), schoolchildren who observe nature and protect useful plants, animals, etc., a poet.
f9ee42cbc25970f47b28b1bec0cbef4d8ef07d29	In general, representatives of the Darwin family are characterized by high intellectual qualities and broad cultural interests.
28bc3b51a0e7d77e86c88948cf34684d0d4918c2	After the sudden death of his mother in 1817, Charles Darwin's older sister Caroline took over the upbringing of Charles Darwin.
10dc93752163e01e18a8d30441038e2461f9d5b6	In the same year, Charles began attending a school for incoming students in Shrewsbury.
af2448ef2c2829f4a530373dd2595f53f77a5b6f	He did not shine with success, but even then he developed a taste for natural history and for collecting collections.
a2cc1bcf8b9767341b0fe0928c38b847fa6c6f50	In 1818 H. Darwin went to Shrewsbury to a" big school " with a boarding school, which was "just an empty place"for him.
8b4936be479b9c859376dd8bfdae60ff4dfb3ef8	Darwin studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh in 1825-1827, and theology at Cambridge in 1827-31.
76aa244e8a66bea12db7752c80dd26f90f90cb6c	Darwin managed to take with him the just published 1st volume of Charles Lyell's "Fundamentals of Geology".
90be0d7ff9ee92c0a68798aa7e36d772eee0cdc8	Darwin showed that both continental and island volcanoes are associated with large faults of the Earth's crust — the uppermost of the solid shells of the Earth.
343899a5c188de06481df9265abce100bb5bc96a	The lower boundary of the Earth's crust is considered to be the interface, when passing from top to bottom, longitudinal seismic waves abruptly increase the speed from 6.7 — 7.6 km/sec to 7.9-8.2 km/sec).
f73c7187f2dd8c8c103f1f43fcd9eb4ba29bba2f	This is a sign of the change of a less elastic material to a more elastic and denser one, with cracks formed during the lifting of mountain chains and continents.
dd0ef2afa6f0700617d8914e553cdf5f861cade2	Paleontological and zoological research Research by Ch.
6e77e385308d3cc640768afa1958cb6f870b4c22	Darwin's work in these areas has been widely recognized, regardless of the theory of evolution he created.
62982e1c1ed8e63b8c8a412d6c00c32163f86dae	He also found fossils of a huge hoofed animal a toxodon, whose teeth resembled those of rodents, a giant camel like animal a macrauchenia, similar in body structure to a llama and a guanaco, a tooth of an extinct horse and many other forms.
0c9e28aaa1954f7820895e7c866aa4c3573899d7	Darwin discovered a small sized ostrich, the so called "Darwin's nanda", which lives in the southern part of Patagonia.
fee9e7c4bf3789afff5c26b74c375afb44b1392b	He observed intruders from North and Central America (spectacled bear, maned wolf, Pampas deer, hamster like rodents, and others.).
fe397cbad4d29b7af09afbb3f7e05241724cfa17	Darwin's evolutionary studies After the journey, Charles Darwin began to keep systematic records on evolution.
15e95bc3892887335ea33b415439d3cafd9d5b81	From 1837 to 1839, he created a series of notebooks in which he sketched in a brief and fragmentary form thoughts about evolution.
a605425a11e051afacef6cd262502de12b2425e3	In 1842 and 1844. in two steps, he outlined in a brief form a sketch and an essay on the origin of species.
80f731c6904c3cba3d222984ba64980d67819ea8	These works already contain many ideas that were later published by him in 1859.
5c8559f213d8dd4fcbf9eb786c56b4cd8095d859	In 1854-1855, Charles Darwin began working closely on an evolutionary essay, collecting materials on the variability, heredity and evolution of wild animal and plant species, as well as data on the methods of breeding domestic animals and cultivated plants, comparing the results of artificial and natural selection.
80e24398191c4e4a1959a7c86a736ed3600e7817	He began to write a work, the volume of which he estimated at 3-4 volumes.
60995c226005b93395d17ee7c583fcb23ba28cde	By the summer of 1858, he had written ten chapters of this work.
4e4c9e982c79fc7fe946d6ba1e931608d1e31c0d	This work was never completed and was first published in the UK in 1975.
e264eac597f3f4b17420d4323e973f42f7b2568a	The stop in the work was caused by the receipt of a manuscript by A. Wallace, in which, independently of Darwin, the foundations of the theory of natural selection were laid out.
c1978c2d469912317a8f3d0e5a89d283b946e192	Darwin began to write a short extract and with unusual haste completed the work in 8 months.
1acafa8b17924569444693778366e123b01cf838	On November 24, 1859, "The Origin of Species by Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Breeds in the struggle for Life"was published.
b3c912ea80c54329907ed87d09d29f813869a99a	The historical merit of Darwin is that he, together with Wallace, revealed the driving factor of evolution — natural selection and thereby revealed the causes of biological evolution.
8e6085a4bbbd495972dce246fe08de8e23f50d88	Passions were raging all over the world, there was a struggle for Darwin, for Darwinism, on the one hand, against Darwinism, on the other.
e47162f498ceccf60e4e2ffa54a2f09d1a7013da	The audience was buzzing, scientists and publicists were worried, some branded Darwin, others admired him, and Charles Darwin continued to work in his Down.
eb2ea4f932ebb22cd229bae900683ce5f746acd5	Darwin wrote three more books on evolution.
907769ef055a8ebcbb418b22e0c697cd91db5f68	In 1868, a large work on the theory of artificial selection "Changing domestic animals and cultivated plants"was published.
87b6d716ed1976dc525dffe00c6a2df07dbf6013	In this book, not without the influence of criticism, Darwin asked the question of how favorable deviations can be fixed in the offspring, and put forward the "temporary hypothesis of pangenesis".
5d0f724f55c5c3efd65d2fa4f022d47f2cdbfd18	The hypothesis assumed the transfer of acquired properties from the organs of the body to the germ cells with the help of hypothetical particles - "gemmules" - and was a tribute to Lamarckism.
2c526e715e167818e46906485b90ed523d3f0a58	Darwin and his contemporaries did not know that in 1865 the Austro Czech naturalist Abbot Gregor Mendel discovered the laws of heredity.
331da58678b42416fcb872988a6908366811828b	The hypothesis of pangenesis was no longer widely needed to be created.
b6525994feff3c0c730f58c7eb2bd48f5ca4b081	In 1871, when Darwinism was already accepted as a natural scientific concept, Charles Darwin's book "The Origin of Man and Sexual Selection" was published, which shows not only the undoubted similarity, but also the relationship of man and primates.
1c7e9ae4be9c0edc3599bffbc5f13ca6cc620152	Darwin argued that the ancestor of man can be found by modern classification, among forms that may be even lower than the great apes.
03be439e17c685b78a2bdf3ea2371effddf28c40	Humans and monkeys undergo similar psychological and physiological processes in courtship, reproduction, fertility and care of offspring.
724a6d5cadbb5b323efae0f166e7e1adca510fed	The Russian translation of this book appeared in the same year.
84159845326c0bfdd28713b89822c5d6d3cfe77b	Next year, Darwin's book "The Expression of Emotions in Humans and animals" is published, in which, based on the study of facial muscles and means of expressing emotions in humans and animals, their relationship is proved by another example.
7b1e9a7be42b5f5a401fa194d12576fdb9ebe512	Botany and plant physiology All Darwin's botanical and physiological research was aimed at finding evidence of the natural origin of adaptations under the influence of natural selection.
5f332a3dfa8fec176363421e0dab7b7a988632e0	He found that trees tend to have a flower of the same sex, and the appearance of cross pollination leads to an increase in hybrid power (heterosis).
37760f639186b1dd4a2a0e72c5ec1407c951d6b9	The role of cross pollination and the evolution of species (plant — insect) was studied in detail by him in orchids.
7160bcf91745a9767cb418ac029b14f2987ec883	Charles Darwin developed the concept of the ability to climb as an adaptation, as a result of which the plant reaches the light very economically.
edc99aeb3ef56a3d729ccb7d4314cca15a4f688b	This adaptation was acquired by climbing plants during the struggle for existence.
fa77361e65f66c82bd7b28c59b9beb51e744cd28	Darwin traced the gradations (transitions) between various adaptations in plants to the climbing lifestyle and found that the most perfect group among climbing plants are tendril bearing lianas.
3659a591763df60fdd8506f2f3e78d078882a59a	Finally, in 1881, a year before his death, Charles Darwin published a large work on the role of earthworms in soil formation.
9793277b1388bd20c592a8deb8debb38b9847f69	Encyclopedic Darwin, its exceptional reputation as a naturalist, correctness and diplomacy shown by them in the discussions, attention to the points of view opponents and critics, the friendly attitude of the disciples and followers deference toward senior colleagues and other "high inimitable dignity" (Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov) largely contributed to the rapid spread of the teachings of Darwin around the world.
68ba3579e9c908033e42b77cfb4879294e60a008	(YM Gallons) More about Charles Darwin: At the age of 9, Charles Darwin entered elementary school, and a year later he moved to Dr. Bettler's gymnasium and showed very mediocre success.
2309681b5c82b40e7d199e916f19ddf8d76b0387	Here they mainly leaned on classical languages, literature, etc. subjects for which Charles had neither the desire nor the ability.
a971fa22fdfa3361dcd9096bc2f446b960728473	But very early his love and interest in nature were awakened, which was expressed first by collecting plants, minerals, shells, insects, birds ' nests and eggs, fishing and hunting; however, the boy also collected seals, envelopes, autographs, coins, etc. These classes, in connection with mediocre school success, caused reproaches from respectable people and from the father.
f20565c6a7a66573b7ea39296f66e47dcf9babcf	In 1825, Charles Darwin entered the University of Edinburgh, where he remained for two years, preparing for a medical career, but without success.
23f2c82688b100d90cab84d282076d0ec6503425	Then he decided to become a priest, for which he entered Cambridge; but here he graduated without any distinction in the number of "oi polloi" (many).
91212075c24130b58e522b30d0f7621276ae6615	For him, personal acquaintance with naturalists, visits to scientific societies and natural history excursions were much more important than book training.
534cedc5fc7167f9fced388dd98b47837e0b3efd	At the University of Edinburgh, Darwin met geologist Ensworth and zoologists Coldstrom and Grant, whom he often accompanied to the seashore, where they collected marine animals.
1be4a39f68e1c90965e90324b62e363578b31dac	The first (unpublished) work of Charles Darwin, which contained some of his observations, belongs to this time.
7b8a1b0abbe622f17b2daeb469c28bc57b1db4f4	At Cambridge, he met Henslow, a botanist with extensive knowledge of other branches of natural science, who organized excursions in which Darwin himself took part.
b8e067014d2711590bc8613141117c77026eb0a6	By the end of his stay in Cambridge, Ch.
4fdfc1e8b36f218d32e6bcb3e2eb95907ba52a9c	Darwin was already a naturalist collector, but he did not ask any specific questions.
101bd19ccbc1f148ca16d7a72a990e6058eea733	Henslow recommended Darwin as a collector to Captain Fitzroy, who was undertaking a circumnavigation of the world on behalf of the government, on the ship "Beagle".
536e6f1d109e700a3069bc94b7d35781f3187207	Charles stayed on the trip for five years (1831-1836) and got acquainted with nature in all its infinite variety.
e75473f328f92e4f52136bba6ecf462d53c14927	The collections collected by Charles Darwin were processed by R. Owen (fossil mammals), Watergause (modern mammals), Gould (birds), Bell (reptiles and amphibians) and Jennins (insects); this general work is published under the title "Zoology of the Beagle's Journey".
b2db835d9c67094996141b4e2849fbe1934ca59a	Darwin himself took over the geological part of the journey.
ad1eaea27701b8bc5a56108dc6a19e036f316f04	The result of his research were: "On the structure and distribution of coral reefs" (1842), "Geological observations on the volcanic Islands" (1844) and "Geological investigations in South America" (1846).
b6b94793e0d2ff6d3db02cb369f926b81852533c	Darwin explained the origin of the various forms of coral reefs gradual lowering of the seabed; in the highest degree simple and ingenious theory it quickly established itself in the Sciences, but in recent times has caused opposition from Murray and others.
010dff182a2d3e6bb3640da943f0f285e2a236e4	Charles Darwin's geological studies, regardless of their actual value, provided a number of important explanations in favor of the new, for that time, theory of uniformitarianism, laid by Lyell at the basis of geology.
272f5a0b5861d8733c1c6fc0d48c53e9a69d351e	In addition to these special works, he published a diary of his journey ("Journey around the world on the ship Beagle", 2 vols., translated by Andrey Beketov) — a book remarkable for the richness of observations and simplicity of presentation.
a1f7c28ec4fc1899161d98c44ee785fee353eb03	These works brought Darwin fame in the circle of scientists.
9847b38377b64071a6d1696be5460a48e1058d3d	Since then, he has devoted his energies entirely and exclusively to science.
48fee0e5049f86955ba8ade98a875fa752863072	Upon his return to England, Charles Darwin settled in London (where he married Emma Wedgwood in 1839), but poor health forced him to flee the city.
b356994254e8d70a25ba2c3ffe6b3f95b5d5204b	In 1842, he moved to the Doane Estate, where he lived almost continuously until his death.
0d36efd76996a5221711375d853f54b7de2b0da5	The geological works mentioned above were followed by a number of special monographs devoted to the systematic treatment of the subclass of barnacles ("Monogr. of Cyrrhipedia", 2 vols., 1851-54;" M. of fossil Lepadidae", 1851;"M. of Balanidae". 1854), precious for the systematics of this group of animals.
fadec8f79af8e2e051a543791a5bd23c1ff12fe8	Already during the trip, Charles Darwin focused his attention on such phenomena that cast a bright light on the process of development of the organic world.
2568b01bccf38041b52cc4f96b3458747df5beb8	Thus, he was interested in the animal population of oceanic islands (the Galopagos Islands, especially carefully studied by him in this regard, became a classic land in the eyes of naturalists), the geological succession of species.
5194be91c0179c1c3673817efdce6dfb4daad9db	His research in South America is especially important, thanks to which the relationship between the living South American armadillos, slow walkers, etc., and the fossil representatives of these groups on the same continent was clearly revealed.
f826b5f17561c5feef60f3879dbc8702c4d58bc8	But it was still only an unaccountable desire of a broad and inquisitive mind, involuntarily rushing to the most difficult and mysterious problems.
36cd494a2dfcd7610f73344ca850c8c93da5d62f	Only on his return from a trip in 1837, he asked himself the question of the origin of species and decided to start developing it.
604644093e52e4fe487b12964954cd0fd1ce1035	In 1839, after reading Malthus ' book, he quite clearly formulated the idea of natural selection.
c84fa0ac95adcd9d9d8018d27b80063b79b9efa3	In 1842, Charles Darwin drew up the first draft of his theory; in 1844, a more detailed essay, which he read to his friend J. Hooker.
0cb46796edc3662109d6dc7112709570e1fe3530	Then 12 years passed in collecting and processing the material, and only in 1856, Darwin, on the advice of Lyell, began to compile an "extract" from his work for printing.
56613bff988e5199e93981b4d74bc23fbf1c57e1	God knows when he would see the light it's "extract" (designed for 3 to 4 t) if, in 1858 A. R. Wallace, engaged in natural history studies in the Malay archipelago, sent Darwin an article — contained in a concise and fluent, but distinct form, the same idea of natural selection, with a request to publish it in the journal of the Linnaean society.
c103e6175f132662c3bd71fa90c25979ebd15b41	Darwin consulted with friends who urged him to print along with the Wallace article is a brief extract from his work.
9ee3aa0121cdd03b2f878a6fcb98052d987cbfd5	So he did, and then began to compile a more detailed essay, which was published in the following year, 1859, under the title: "Origin of species by means of natural selection" ("The origin of species by natural selection", transl. Rachinsky, 2nd ed., 1865).
01853b9032c5aabdea6d95b7120732b6cdd73ae0	The theory of Charles Darwin (the nature and significance of its laid out in article View VI, 24) was developed as thoroughly relied on such a mass of facts, and explained so many mysterious phenomena, finally pointed out so many new ways to explore, that is established in science with remarkable rapidity, in spite of fierce attacks from opponents of transformism.
d57f5076934283dac879431b25a9f31ffdcd6e5e	She met the most hostile attitude in France, where she triumphed only by the end of the 70s.
40d31c1c4a83820b1b74f4ecc27c21407f30c1cc	Touching to the quick the current ideas about man, his origin, and so on, it naturally aroused talk in general literature, in the daily press, among theologians and others.
4d67fd5c600ab071b767bfe5a9a389e72206a023	The terms "Darwinist", "Darwinism", "struggle for existence" became commonplace; the name of Darwin gained such popularity that no scientist ever got - in general, his theory made an unprecedented impression in the history of science.
e621f14432484d92931543ae6642eae20bcd1101	The culprit of all this movement led a quiet, monotonous and secluded life on his estate.
ae3de3ebc22af194de49e277e57f54a1d84d52ca	The slightest fatigue, excitement, lively conversation responded extremely harmfully to his poor health.
d2838a690f158c5b09f135e686c6ba0a835271d9	It can be said that during the 40 years of his life in Down, there was not a single day when Charles Darwin felt completely healthy.
ddc1cd64acefa8a3257e0f297ddc41c02a482f91	Only extreme regularity, caution and moderation in habits allowed him to live to a very old age.
d0342d1a81af5d43166b277d3ddf6b8d5a79914d	Constant indisposition did not allow him to work much; but extreme accuracy and methodicality in his studies, and especially the perseverance with which he conducted his research for decades (for example, one of his experiments on earthworms lasted 29 years), compensated for the damage caused by the disease.
cdb3ee22d846fcb821bb99e11ab2c7a117049072	The hermit life of Charles Darwin was occasionally interrupted by trips to London, to relatives, to the seashore, etc., for rest and health improvement.
f16842ef6e5d71e5697dbed98330c0696b2be55b	Often friends gathered to him Hooker, Lyell, Forbes, etc., and later, with the triumph of "Darwinism", Dawn began to attract visitors from the most remote countries.
40af09a9795dbe052e845996a9618116f2abfdd8	The charming impression that Darwin made on the guests with his friendliness and simplicity, childlike kindness, deep sincerity and modesty, contributed no less to his popularity as a person than "The Origin of Species" and other books contributed to his fame as a scientist.
ecd72babbbdc76d06425d3e3a34099fa694fd979	However, his moral personality was also reflected in the books: extreme leniency towards others and inexorable severity towards himself are their characteristic feature.
0777211d067c0551c901dd2c0569f28be21b58d3	He himself was looking for weak points in his theories, and all the essential objections to natural selection were foreseen and analyzed by him in advance.
7888728f4348cf8d51aad7273e0cd94c69f9a36c	This scientific rigor and honesty of Darwin contributed not a little to the rapid success of his teaching.
98daaf7c03f5d39ea95454f150ec50a697f71a13	Almost all of Charles Darwin's studies that appeared after the "Origin of Species" represent a further development of his theory in application to various questions of biology.
4aeeb9a80fc068f4919d4bbebe79cf5404a8df2d	Let us list them by subject of research: the books "Adaptations of orchids to fertilization by insects" (1862), "The effect of self pollination and cross pollination in the plant kingdom" (1876) and "Different forms of flowers in plants of the same species" (1877) have clarified the biological significance of the flower and the mutual relations between insects and plants.
eaa498ab6f485adcd879a6c77e0a3274287840e7	In the first of the named works, he showed that the bizarre and diverse forms of flowers in orchids represent the most amazing adaptations for fertilization with the help of insects transferring the bloom of one flower to the stigma of another; in the second, he proved experimentally the harm of constant self fertilization with respect to many plants and the need for cross pollination, which in most plants is performed thanks to insects attracted by flowers; in the third, he pointed out the existence of flowers in many plants of two or even three forms, representing a very convenient adaptation for cross pollination with the help of insects.
2d2951aeed2c23d7d365269624256b4fcfaa3775	These works of Charles Darwin explained a whole world of phenomena that had remained incomprehensible until then.
7950609ef87fd032706863197563496d7ea1408c	What is a flower, why these bright, colorful petals, bizarre shapes, aroma, nectaries, etc.? — There was nothing to answer all these questions.
744349a7ec4b59f1a70bb9a7f0a4d6e56e91ff3c	Now all this was explained from the point of view of the benefits of cross pollination with the help of insects.
8c662f104742a8407b3677d24cc7a8d82afa5163	Darwin's research on cross fertilization has generated a huge literature.
5b6eb1e7834ea761fc3a2ec3cc377f53e84d4cf0	Hildenbrand, Hermann Muller, Axel, Delpino, Lubbock, Fr. Muller and many other researchers have developed in all details this important chapter of biology.
c8193d799357f4281b2e199c5bcbeba1f28be205	In 1883, D'Arcy Thomson counted 714 works devoted to the fertilization of plants and caused by the works of Darwin.
9c86f337a4296c7d615b4982eb9ba79430c7e67f	Two voluminous books: "The movements and lifestyle of climbing plants" (1876) and "The Ability of plants to move" (1880) are devoted to the movements of climbing and climbing plants and the devices they possess for wrapping other people's stems, for attaching to walls, etc. Charles Darwin reduces the various forms of these movements to the so called "circumnutation", i.e. the circular movement of the top of growing organs.
b558baed2436d31548da804ef4946e2ef51d46bf	Circulation, imperceptible to the eye, is a common property of plants, and such phenomena that strike the eye in their expediency, such as the movement of the tops of climbing plants, the folding of mimosa leaves, etc., are only more developed forms of this elementary movement associated with it by gradual transitions.
9d416301c5422d46aa708d39caf8e36ef0c6c43a	Similarly, Charles Darwin was able to trace the transitions between various adaptations in the genus of tendrils, hooks, hooks that help a plant to hold on to foreign objects — and reduce them to the simplest form, from which they were developed by natural selection, which accumulated useful changes.
891b1c54e4d04734461b8180f9b1928419c10037	Next to botany include "Insectivorous plants" (1875).
d85c800f53a2d2392efc3c00e911b1e7420e795f	The existence of insectivorous, carnivorous or rather (as some of them salavova and also eat small crustaceans, fish, etc.) was just installed Darwin, and explain the importance of a number of adaptations, what are foldable sheets flycatchers, bubbles Utricularia, glandular leaves of the sundew.
aff73f19f6aa0a93c1a6fe3bb40ee6406ac413c9	These works brought Darwin one of the first places among the botanists of our century.
e1572e3c410661c8cef6985aeaba1610c0fd93a8	He illuminated whole areas of phenomena that seemed dark and incomprehensible; he discovered a lot of new and striking facts.
2ed23639d3fb58a625f1303cb7342ea00b7e769c	In 1868, Charles Darwin published a huge labor "Domesticated animals and cultivated plants", ("The variations of animals and plants under domestication", translated by Vladimir Kovalevsky, 2, etc).
969810301c3167a217e43f0d7befa8fc67801515	The first volume is a collection of data about artificial selection, the origin of animals and plants; the second describes the General issues arising from the data: the laws of heredity, the phenomenon of atavism, the effect of crossing in close range and etc., and the least successful of the hypotheses of Darwin's hypothesis of pangenesis, which he thought to explain heredity.
150efc4ed5fb0c4bf96363813cf1b1f88b1c7d17	In 1871 Charles Darwin published the book "the descent of man and selection in relation to sex" (translation Sechenov, 1871).
e7bc752729583740d9cd1288df982568c990ec67	In the first part of this book deals with the question of the origin of man from a low, APE like forms; the second was the theory of "sexual selection" according to which the features peculiar only to males — such as the spur of a rooster, lion mane, bright feathers and the musical abilities of birds, etc. — happened because of a fight or competition between males, as the strongest or the most beautiful have a chance to master the females and reproduce.
b3c0e9e05694a86a0dd1728c36325ebee45dc978	The book "On the expression of sensations in humans and animals" (1872) is an application of the theory of natural selection to such a seemingly capricious phenomenon as the play of physiognomy under the influence of various sensations.
0e9c3909657822d958ac420c2e60a440b6820636	Some expressions depend on known physiological processes and anatomical features of our body; others are adaptations inherited from distant ancestors; others are remnants of habits observed in higher animals, preserved in a semi — erased, rudimentary state, as some rudimentary organs have been preserved.
3559fb7891b225e313cb4678cbf5910bb1ac8bd9	In his last book, published not long before Darwin's death, "The Formation of the vegetable earth thanks to worms" (1881, Russian translation by Menzbir), he showed by experiments, measurements and calculations what a huge work earthworms do on our soils and what useful value they have for the plant world.
33b36d1f858c7ce29172c47e1c1b16269c5abbfc	As the theory of Charles Darwin spread and the result its results were found in countless works, in the rapid transformation of all branches of biology — - awards and distinctions from scientific societies and institutions were presented to him.
835650e84032fd5abd8cff883e37a01f3b255bd3	Darwin received (1864) the Copley Gold Medal from the Royal Society of London, the Prussian Order "Pour le merite" (1867), established by Friedrich Wilhelm IV to reward scientific and literary merits, honorary doctorates from the universities of Bonn, Breslau, Leiden, Cambridge (1877); he was elected a member of the St. Petersburg (1867), Berlin (1878), Paris (1878) academies (the latter awarded Darwin this differences in respect for his actual merits, and not "problematic hypotheses"), an honorary member of various scientific societies.
c77d7b223b265cc2c7bfadf914214c81a994ed40	Meanwhile, his strength was weakening.
cffbc02a7a08f568f6a193818100e36d43759456	Charles Darwin was not afraid of death, but of senile decrepitude, loss of mind and ability to work.
8461178bd98187a209df33d7a5b996c9d9688365	Fortunately, he did not have to live to such a state.
05463ccff26962cbca158fcc15261cf4439a5caf	At the end of 1881, he felt very ill, soon he could no longer leave the house, but he continued to study science and on April 17, 1882, he followed some experience.
19e80dd87c0bc9733ebad35ea34ccff2f83bd2af	On April 19, Charles Darwin died, at the age of 74.
10c1c6c47bb28dd45fc32fc66c127a1005c6456d	His body was transferred to Westminster Abbey and buried next to Newton's tomb.
216cfc7e80f5b025849796ceb05dad1a97b4e908	Of the scientists of the XIX century, hardly anyone had such a deep and universal influence as Charles Darwin.
fdb8eaaee55a27e135147e43ee97f41f93d92fe5	By explaining the process of development of the organic world with the help of the theory of natural selection, he thereby brought triumph to the idea of evolutionism, which had been expressed for a long time, but had no place in science.
10f2fa0d45c79633e105c54fc218cc9465667e8e	Whether the factors indicated by Darwin (the struggle for existence, variability and heredity) are sufficient to explain all the phenomena of development, or if further research will find new ones that are still unclear, the future will show, but future biology will remain evolutionary biology.
89be974e30f239e7ccfd7442a979213b0044a2a4	And other branches of knowledge, social sciences, anthropology, psychology, ethics, etc., have been transformed and are being transformed in the sense of evolutionism, so that Charles Darwin's book marks a new era not only in biology, but in general in the history of human thought.
65991b05324841cfb29c0ca04c8ea7022a473440	(Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary")
aeed0532c44bbd6b82baae15ea5c9e00054f1cc7	Royal Medal (1853);
dced903cf71a7fd47cd76c61b6dec5763e3a2078	Wollaston Medal (1859);
ac446f88a3abf737a9fe5654d4da15733e7cd61b	Copley Medal (1864).
e2654ab684bf10dca2335ae3258f1d1f07850901	Read more about Charles Darwin from another source:.
93e31b3da060ad55bfe7a8adde67bca3502c0bef	At the age of eight, Charles discovered a love and interest in nature.
701898177410549a9ff36dda2bb57921f8fc596a	He collected plants, minerals, shells, insects, even seals, autographs, coins, and the like, early became addicted to fishing and spent whole hours with a fishing rod, but especially loved hunting.
5326a0ec7185e16e4061ebe8effd38e6adc51582	In 1825, convinced that Charles's schoolwork would not be of much use, his father took him out of the gymnasium and sent him to the University of Edinburgh to prepare for a medical career.
c13f63c7908af181ebcd91f1f32ab9f064e083ad	The lectures seemed unbearably boring to him.
75795b1195c09b3818c40fb1be05e94e7a2df9d4	Darwin remained in Edinburgh for two years.
92d03780b46ae8f5f3a31f616aaf3c4ad0b7eb27	Finally, when he was convinced that his son had no aptitude for medicine, his father suggested that he choose a spiritual career.
94c3124a39fcaa12955a4df1b20bf551f211d191	Darwin thought about it and agreed: in 1828 he entered the theological faculty of the University of Cambridge, intending to take the priesthood.
ee6b55a1f99cad03ca82e2e5d50c65c37c7c6912	His studies here also retained the same character: very mediocre success in school subjects and diligent collection of collections — insects, birds, minerals, as well as hunting, fishing, excursions, observations of animal life.
d0bc977c225ea7bd59c3d694b681cd959c050cdf	In 1831, Charles Darwin left the university among the "many" - the so called students who completed the course satisfactorily, but without any special differences.
b359d748dcb99d5bfaf11a821530a5dfd1771dae	Professor of Botany John Henslow helped Darwin to make the final choice.
f68dfde6e9d5df3844a977c9b47666144e6eb72d	He noticed Darwin's abilities and offered him a place as a naturalist on an expedition to South America.
204a4eed1b24fe3ec48b99ad4bc0ce57da323ebe	Before sailing, Darwin read the works
51310d0541460110996820e9480fee5d2c384a2e	Darwin, Charles
b2add8a471410a7c1ad88dcfeb70c3018e7483bf	Charles Robert Darwin
e61f8e26b2422df043afdb2af213e2b474657f75	Date of birth: February 12 1809(1809-02-12)[1][2]
c1a7eab3c9df2f903eb74a29c144a9b52efffe10	Place of birth: Shrewsbury, United Kingdom
54f0e3ec2f23c854c71b95198441e950d61fb4bd	Date of death: April 19 1882(1882-04-19)[1][2] (73 year)
55e842361b7598df42b2604844eb1f54cfe09405	Place of death: Down[en] (today part of London), United Kingdom
6327289b6920e0e9bd2183f5b020bd8857e1a864	A country: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
68a1ca5d1fe2ce99c2451fa4878395ea8f738c9d	Scientific field: biology, geology
e462d78e2b35c53aad80061744a3860212b84d02	Place of work: Royal Geographical Society
6fea679d3c8a2aa33cd784e82b4d26638fe93fc6	Academic degrees: Bachelor of Arts (1832), Master of Arts[d] (1837) and Doctor of Canon and Civil Law[d]
dfcad546e5839f9a310b69a0f50398647ea82864	Alma Mater: University of Edinburgh, University of Cambridge
c3f18af78e9c24b39dee7b037904dbc1c906af90	Known as: The founder of the evolutionary doctrine
b4958e2a2f36e6d67086867753365268a6ded0f6	Awards and prizes: The Royal Medal (1853)
caae6c081faaf7cd936b15a7241dc9227568e95e	Wollaston Medal (1859)
46e00f33f8fa21e6e637e034de84edfdb4feb0ae	Copley Medal (1864)
c090e2def79c9e9bcab94488a405570d4bb68774	Quotes in Wikicitatnik Works in Wikitek Charles Robert Darwin on Wikimedia Commons
32d472ebd881911c393d143cac8cc976be3f4378	There are articles on Wikipedia about other people with the surname Darwin.
7f3a3ec2c53c39e37d1bf7f16698085baab18391	Charles Robert Darwin (tʃɑrlz 'dɑː.wɪn);
0d5e3a3e7c1db9cdbe3d4388ada848bcf32088d8	February 12, 1809 — April 19, 1882) was an English naturalist and traveler, one of the first to come to the conclusion and justify the idea that all species of living organisms evolve over time and come from common ancestors.
f8d2766e2abf2c0ae3acc775b777f44778725f06	In his theory, the detailed presentation of which was published in 1859 in the book "The Origin of Species", Darwin called natural selection the main mechanism of evolution.
e7b85f30e56327729ce8509449926ee17e76a631	Later he developed the theory of sexual selection.
2037e6673ee700ee5bf37edf4fb8a4b8fee3831a	He also owns one of the first generalizing studies about the origin of man.
e74cf6468287232bf2b76e757a55acacaf929fb6	Darwin published one of the first works on ethology, "The expression of emotions in humans and animals".
03656af454f9fa563cfb2456a6ee7962d4cc5ef2	Other areas of his research were the creation of a model of the origin of coral reefs and the definition of the laws of heredity.
e218878292b49d68e341f27776bb3e22faaa4e0b	Based on the results of breeding experiments, Darwin put forward the hypothesis of heredity (pangenesis), which was not confirmed.
dc428fd655297c869da9a6b672bb7e0d4e74d22e	The origin of biological diversity as a result of evolution was recognized by most biologists during Darwin's lifetime, while his theory of natural selection as the main mechanism of evolution became generally recognized only in the 50s of the XX century with the advent of the synthetic theory of evolution[3][4]. Darwin's ideas and discoveries in a revised form form the foundation of the modern synthetic theory of evolution and form the basis of biology as providing an explanation of biodiversity[5].
5e8274d1777619f59c30712180c394bee9b51ca1	The term "Darwinism" is used to refer to evolutionary models that are based on Darwin's ideas, and in everyday speech, the evolutionary theory and the modern scientific view of evolution as a whole are often called "Darwinism".
82dd0ac5226475dd418a352f5af9130d6d46188d	1 Brief biography 1.1 Childhood and adolescence 1.2 The Edinburgh period of life (1825-1827) 1.3 The Cambridge period of life (1828-1831) 1.4 The naturalist's journey on the ship " Beagle "(1831-1836) 1.5 Darwin and Fitzroy 1.6 Scientific activity after returning
9c30e3c68190140251d15c176167e3c1810afda6	2 Darwin's main scientific works 2.1 Early works (before the "Origin of Species") 2.2 The history of writing and publishing the "Origin of Species" 2.3 Later works (after the "Origin of Species")
6217b3dfd0db2d98b0cc1fac2bdf92532030d1aa	3 Darwin and Religion 4 Marriage, Children 5 Awards and Distinctions 6 Named after Darwin 7 Quotes 8 Interesting Facts 9 See also 10 Cited Literature 11 Sources 12 Bibliography 13 Literature 14 References
89402a66625400eab48dab5030c9f9b82b16c62d	Short biography[edit / edit wiki text]
ae4b119030495953a26134a0f73c8fc40857a2b8	Taxonomist of wildlife
ade38b4276db7ec35cd7dd106f5db378941a7173	The author of the names of a number of botanical taxa.
da50f2ffcdc82e7389bfe13d6e7712aebc729a76	In the botanical (binary) nomenclature, these names are supplemented by the abbreviation "Darwin".
db2089e9493f8f553e395441d4062825a951c9b8	A list of such taxa is available on the IPNI website
c6d289079692d79d38c4e72efd66b44b2b64354d	Personal page on the IPNI website
8a05697b7f40b087c7abb4401607dadae6729b8e	Childhood and adolescence[edit / edit wiki text]
7efd886aab6b56c7c28d15c6be9d0a979289c65c	Charles Darwin at the age of seven (1816), a year before the untimely death of his mother
085aea5f8aed7acef15ab7d2427a689cb262e407	Charles ' father is Robert Darwin
e4f77f621be11255af266a7b83938ffe414b2317	Charles Darwin was born on February 12, 1809 in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, in the family estate of Mount House[6].
0bb2eba419e5316064e021259bd158aba4d2b3cc	The fifth of six children of a wealthy doctor and financier Robert Darwin and Suzanne Darwin (English)Russian. (Susannah Darwin), nee Wedgwood (Eng. Wedgwood).
5a60652f5eb959af049dd13c7fb004b1c6533b72	He is the grandson of the scientist naturalist Erasmus Darwin on his father's side and the artist Josiah Wedgwood on his mother's side.
a782f2164b60782e78ebc6c5847d3aec34959aae	Both families were largely Unitarian, but the Wedgwoods were parishioners of the Church of England.
9d829048048a3848d600301e8bfc0c43c9849001	Robert Darwin himself was quite free minded, and agreed that little Charles should receive communion in the Anglican Church, but at the same time Charles and his brothers attended the Unitarian Church together with their mother.
8c29f162a44484728644123a219ee1e5d071850e	By the time he entered the day school in 1817, the eight year old Darwin already had a taste for natural history and collecting.
b23647c2f5534241dc0e87b0ca6031a0c5e1aa33	This year, in July, his mother dies, and the upbringing of an 8 year old boy falls entirely on the shoulders of his father, who did not always listen sensitively to the spiritual needs of his son.
d6fbc522362cfe3c565b46b5d1e94b00a2632797	Since September 1818, he, along with his older brother Erasmus (eng.)Russian. (Erasmus Alvey Darwin) enters the nearest Anglican School Shrewsbury (English)Russian.
e50871d638e1ab0b22d9b5d9b2bd5361a2951083	(Shrewsbury School)[7][8], where the future naturalist, who passionately loved nature, had to study "dry things for his living soul", like classical languages and literature.
7654ce8729cd46263a0e93ddbcfff036b32cc571	It is no wonder that he discovered a complete lack of abilities and forced his teacher and others to give up on him hopelessly.
3af5803a881ee06f78502b7f9695ec075e68ac7b	An incapable elementary school student begins to collect collections of butterflies, minerals, shells after a year of high school.
0bac041daf4ac06213d9274f2ef64ba6f2847cc9	Then there is another passion hunting.
8c9434efd48ec36746b5fc26e1bec9f7eca5f494	His father and others considered these hobbies to be the main reason for Charles ' failure, but their frequent reproaches and even threats taught him to listen only to his inner voice, and not to external instructions.
5ba6839703bc3c3ba39d7fbaab70802a52433aee	By the end of his school life, a new hobby appeared — chemistry and for this "empty pastime" he received a very strict reprimand from the director of the gymnasium.
4d7f175e15ec2e26e0a39680b267dbc8e2f9f498	The gymnasium years naturally ended with the receipt of a mediocre certificate.
c8bf177485db327f643c5d8f5db50a975792d176	Before going with his brother Erasmus to the University of Edinburgh, in the summer of 1825, he acts as a student's assistant and helps his father in his medical practice, helping the poor of Shropshire.
927714110a9a9d70280e9f5336be88134fde543b	Edinburgh period of life (1825-1827)[edit / edit wiki text]
4cb80ac4f912dd3f03ebef57e9a04d3909c859c1	Darwin studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh.
1d079ceed1174db23fb6e9e4b8f7550d8ae9fd16	During his training, he realized that lectures are boring, and surgery causes suffering, so he gives up studying medicine.
a7da5262bdef6280f4e8bd13375f8f26272d6973	Instead, he begins studying taxidermy with John Edmonstone, a freed black slave who gained his experience while accompanying Charles Waterton. during an expedition to the rain forests of South America, and often spoke about him, saying: "a very pleasant and erudite man" (English: very pleasant and intelligent man)[9].
f6a7d074cb8a210b2acedb006b1c2de29551d48e	In 1826, as a student of the natural history department, he joined the Pliny Student Society, in which radical materialism was actively discussed.
cc1ddff0fbe586df3ec2dbeaaae586b4e4e13b53	At this time, he is assisting Robert Edmond Grant in his research on the anatomy and life cycle of marine invertebrates.
aed6057693444be2bed77817bf18d403c65d048b	At the meetings of the society, in March 1827, Darwin presents brief reports about his first discoveries, which changed his view of familiar things.
eb3c474e6e49f2688246cd61c666319b38a7822d	In particular, he showed that the so called eggs of the fly fly Flustra have the ability to move independently with the help of cilia and are actually larvae; he also notes that small spherical bodies, which were considered young stages of the algae Fucus loreus, are egg cocoons of the proboscis leech Pontobdella muricata.
1862dc76db885ed5c999e928e42556ddb99092f8	Once, in the presence of Darwin, Grant praised Lamarck's evolutionary ideas.
7d648ace9db3b463235f54f480acb73210b87a4c	Darwin was surprised by this enthusiastic speech, but remained silent.
f50899d02d51a56fa91609366345103bc49ba65c	Shortly before that, he had learned similar ideas from his grandfather, Erasmus, after reading his "Zoonomy", and therefore was already aware of the contradictions of this theory[10].
86f9b8852b7d30ac217bd3907b6bfec78d301741	During his second year in Edinburgh, Darwin attended Robert Jameson's natural history course, which covered geology, including the controversy between Neptunists and Plutonists.
ba5809c419252d497f92d744ee6b91a902d5c8eb	However, at that time Darwin did not have a passion for the geological sciences, although he received sufficient training to make a reasonable judgment about this subject[11].
397897fea18531075e3649923ba7857c42b3d595	In the same year, he studied the classification of plants and participated in the work with extensive collections at the University Museum, one of the largest museums in Europe of that period[12].
9be6016bee725c64f62af81b95a6875c08757da1	The Cambridge period of life (1828-1831)[edit / edit wiki text]
ebeed3e2303632c870befe80f47d58ca9831b303	While still a young man, Darwin became a member of the scientific elite.
484e2a726b88b28624c3ca16193452863012b388	(Portrait by George Richmond, 1830s)
856c8a6aba7886a009cf210c03bfc29a8de1a02a	Darwin's father, having learned that his son had abandoned his medical studies, was annoyed and suggested that he enroll in Christ's College, Cambridge University and become a priest of the Anglican Church[13].
e8a8b67b2680a0f8f78b5c56b3106d6f154ecc94	According to Darwin himself, the days spent in Edinburgh sowed doubts in him about the dogmas of the Anglican Church[11].
048c2d532b7e736dcfa62188e9e44d7dc314ab99	At this time, he diligently reads theological books, and eventually convinces himself of the acceptability of church dogmas and prepares for admission.
5e324d23a1bda46a27717c81812310a9ed12d72d	While studying in Edinburgh, he forgot some of the subjects necessary for admission, and so he studied with a private teacher in Shrewsbury and entered Cambridge after the Christmas holidays, at the very beginning of 1828.
9ff63ec48415d5635a89b15b9814e1df08fe9e17	According to his own words, he did not go too deep into training, devoting more time to riding, shooting a gun and hunting (fortunately, attending lectures was a voluntary matter).
cfeabd795c800c742c402d0972e8d29f17fdc402	His cousin William Fox (English)Russian.
bcb84bf018a2e1307e91559fe405453da0412e14	I introduced him to entomology and brought him closer to people who are fond of collecting insects.
77bf396d82ce178d419c763c74d3e7fbe9530d78	As a result, he awakens a passion for collecting beetles.
8dc9f3aaa00d5dff9083827a59be8b5dfbfd5846	Darwin himself cites the following story to confirm his passion: "One day, while peeling a piece of old bark from a tree, I saw two rare beetles and grabbed one of them with each hand, but then I saw a third, some new kind, which I could not miss in any way, and I put the beetle I was holding in my right hand into my mouth.
e127e95abc5a249c55f7b36647e57864a0cfcf0a	Alas!
d9a89e418f9c118a1189ee2a66f3142749cc8dd3	He released some extremely caustic liquid, which burned my tongue so much that I had to spit out the beetle, and I lost it, as well as the third one."
a2ff69b434558d634d09463f725a4c12bff78013	Some of his findings were published in the book of Stevens (English)Russian.
2dc41a638f775250f1e278d21352c0b1c47b4339	"Illustrations of British entomology "English " Illustrations of British entomology".
2229959fe8d6b5ae72abf24c0f646689f61460e5	Henslow, John Stevens
76d85742b8046aa30104e5b394b5c2d376f11d38	Darwin becomes a close friend and follower of botany Professor John Stevens Henslow.
72ee2d7380b9a3ba9354fab803e836585351bbaa	Thanks to his acquaintance with Henslow, he also met other leading naturalists, becoming known in their circles as "The Man who walks with Henslow" (English: "the man who walks with Henslow").
f940f96403a781154a19123893f312a6625d0566	As the exams approached, Darwin focused on his studies.
e1b631d6493660a93727845a16e448deb75c6119	At this time, he is reading the "Evidence of Christianity" by William Paley, whose language and presentation delight Darwin[14].
7610bbc4fbf44de5e9f1e3bb9adb6b6e0c826e15	At the end of his studies, in January 1831, Darwin made good progress in theology, studied the classics of literature, mathematics and physics, and eventually became 10th in the list of 178 who successfully passed the exam[15].
5206f9390cef31a25eeb20c639fe96f773be057f	Darwin remained at Cambridge until June.
9d6649cae1b5ecb3c6956629c45462e1e420ae50	He studies Paley's work "Natural Theology", in which the author gives theological arguments to explain the nature of nature, explaining adaptation as the influence of God through the laws of nature[16].
0db8e8b37f21e1cc2dc868f9f5852aa400de4cb8	He is reading a new book by Herschel, which describes the highest goal of natural philosophy as the comprehension of laws through inductive reasoning based on observations.
6e9e8c151345eaece40b9b2a6b1b7d11d2ead676	He also pays special attention to the book "Personal Narrative" by Alexander von Humboldt, in which the author describes his travels.
8300c41ee07ee670939b80b70852c75b0a7b4a79	Humboldt's descriptions of the island of Tenerife infect Darwin and his friends with the idea of going there, after completing their studies, to study natural history in the tropics.
bc8546a040cd25ee8c2d6dd1543780a80bcba6df	To prepare for this, he is studying at the geology course of the Reverend Adam Sedgwick, and then goes with him in the summer to map rocks in Wales[17][18]. Two weeks later, returning from a short geological trip to North Wales, he finds a letter from Henslow, in which he recommended Darwin as a suitable person for an unpaid position as a naturalist to the captain of the Beagle, Robert Fitzroy, under whose command an expedition to the shores of South America is to begin in four weeks.
45ab3b04f9f2113497783003e80a190d52a15ba6	Darwin was ready to accept the offer immediately, but his father objected to this kind of adventure, because he believed that a five year voyage was nothing but a waste of time.
080e45d6892a2b78e67569097d94896abfe5477f	But the timely intervention of Charles ' uncle Josiah Wedgwood II (eng.) inclines the father to give consent[19].
3c1c364760ca03ae417e63d23249dae046a5491f	The naturalist's journey on the ship " Beagle "(1831-1836)[edit / edit wiki text]
7edcc0e6dd6269a5b8ae445b4464db58c444d2e3	While the Beagle was surveying the coastline of South America, Darwin began to build theories about the wonders of nature that surrounded him
b90af4cb49e26bd760105916faec7e8961894d20	Main article: Charles Darwin's Round the World Trip
9cec03961f514ed78197a0d613529c0628e0c0b6	In 1831, after graduating from the university, Darwin, as a naturalist, went on a trip around the world on the expedition ship of the Royal Navy "Beagle", from where he returned to England only on October 2, 1836.
5d6eaf6884af56f93281ceab1159819ccf1ef925	The journey lasted almost five years.
ff28e24b357eede509213fd92d7abbeb56e365b0	Darwin spends most of his time on the shore, studying geology and collecting collections on natural history, while the Beagle, under the leadership of Fitzroy, carried out hydrographic and cartographic surveys of the coast[20][21]. During the journey, he carefully records his observations and theoretical calculations.
b336f48e0282e2f78a52e3aaa9ae652a9bf596ed	From time to time, as soon as an opportunity presented itself for this, Darwin sends copies of the notes to Cambridge, along with letters including copies of individual parts of his diary, for relatives[22].
d24f35e5b86b4e2580f18f36f6cea5feab7a601e	During the trip, he made a number of descriptions of the geology of various areas, collected a collection of animals, and also made a brief description of the external structure and anatomy of many marine invertebrates.
b3d3ef5f52af464e910e14c6431395cb08684b44	In other areas in which Darwin was ignorant, he proved himself a skilled collector, collecting specimens for study by specialists[23].
223b670019ac8c51f42a9df2207b0e60b2a9c2ff	Despite frequent cases of ill health associated with seasickness, Darwin continued his research on board the ship; most of his notes on zoology were about marine invertebrates, which he collected and described during times of calm at sea[20][24]. During the first stop off the coast of Santiago, Darwin discovers an interesting phenomenon — volcanic rocks with shells and corals, caked under the influence of high temperature lava into a solid white rock.
067efa1818bd7295666508071d1592bb34f6fed9	Fitzroy gives him the first volume of Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology, where the author formulates the concepts of uniformitarianism in the interpretation of geological changes over a long period[II].
d07caeb2decfb9fa169e91bb0d1f20d7b000a9d8	And the very first studies made by Darwin on Santiago on the Cape Verde Islands showed the superiority of the method used by Lyell.
ce6a5adc6af02f840114ffeaaa170a017de6b763	Subsequently, Darwin accepts and uses Lyell's approach for theoretical constructions and reflections when writing books on geology[25].
d15720842e1ab725764d0b105f59e802ec251897	Voyage of the ship "Beagle"
c8fe00e4051d319643b3b96d0e7d69bf14a1bf86	At the place of Punta Alta, in Patagonia, he makes an important discovery.
6203bc6a6186aca448f106562224455aed1e4909	Darwin discovers a fossilized giant extinct mammal.
51d07b13a63ad864d775cdf396bbabe5e14c603c	The importance of the find is emphasized by the fact that the remains of this animal were located in the rocks next to the shells of modern species of mollusks, which indirectly indicates a recent disappearance, without signs of climate change or catastrophe.
ef4eb17b56e8eb9b8e3442bca0a7c42fa0073848	He defines the find as a little known megatherium, with a bone shell, which, according to his first impression, looked like a giant version of a local armadillo.
4a10742b17fb5edababf58534051ed47f902ac33	This discovery generated great interest when it reached the shores of England[26][27][28].
60296f0d7c604ce18abdffec06fcbeb98dca60c3	During a trip with local gauchos to the interior of the country to describe the geology and collect collections of fossil remains, he acquires ideas about the social, political and anthropological aspects of the interaction of indigenous peoples and colonists during the revolution.
aa9aa3905d77a655062a0724bd71eea5c0ed2c32	He also notes that the two varieties of the nandu ostrich have different but overlapping ranges[29][30]. Moving further south, he discovers stepped plains lined with pebbles and clam shells, like sea terraces, reflecting a series of land rises.
8f4d27299b19378a61083b40044e58c8fbf58ec4	Reading the second volume of Lyell, Darwin accepts his point of view on the" centers of creation " of species, but his findings and reflections make him question Lyell's ideas about the permanence and disappearance of species[31][32][33].
bbfe1e82f4a8c9f902305d78b220d8a157820577	On board were three ognezemeltsev, who were taken to England during the last expedition of the "Beagle" around February 1830.
a41fbb044fb707b7b36a9c22df71d3722ad494c4	They had spent a year in England and were now sent back to Tierra del Fuego as missionaries.
eb61117ffe16bb0b9067c8c67cff95365927f4d1	Darwin found these people friendly and civilized, while their fellow tribesmen looked like "pathetic, degraded savages", just as domestic and wild animals differed from each other[34].
f5e35022808035929038e0ec71e747c9a39a9eca	For Darwin, these differences primarily demonstrated the importance of cultural superiority, but not racial inferiority.
8f97a6a9492b0461943e66bfa80bf62f330d8a3d	Unlike his learned friends, he now thought that there was no insurmountable gap between man and animals[35].
3b6463fdf201b2d2b66e42d7132faa65f9589449	A year later, this mission was abandoned.
3b079858f91bd6eb1bb28ffb27b7ec7ecce004de	The Ognezemelets, who was named Jimmy Button, began to live the same way as other aborigines: he had a wife and had no desire to return to England[36].
68ef21a32b012c66e54bae6ef0bc1dfb2ae8f968	In Chile, Darwin witnessed a strong earthquake and saw signs indicating that the earth had just risen.
8c5a1dbf8ed89f0af44e850ddf2121137106f597	This raised layer included the shells of bivalves that were above the high tide level.
bc1ae132a0428b3c9609df61a9f4aa180902e33e	High in the Andes, he also discovered clam shells and several types of fossil trees that usually grow on sandy beaches.
66a1880930120275017542d148b19751c388590a	His theoretical reflections led him to the fact that, just as when the land rises, the shells are high in the mountains, when the sections of the seabed are lowered, oceanic islands go under water, and at the same time barrier reefs are formed around the islands from coastal coral reefs, and then atolls[37][38][39].
67d09fe87134c88a96379930afeac0cc96503962	In the Galapagos Islands, Darwin noticed that some representatives of the mockingbird family differ from those in Chile and differ from each other on different islands.
962df833fcad629d74b5f791a0d71df1698ab2a2	He also heard that the shells of land turtles vary slightly in shape, indicating the island of origin[23][30].
b5102f48f36630683d5c44375e918b6204df4c23	The marsupial kangaroo rats and the platypus he saw in Australia seemed so strange that it led Darwin to think that at least two creators were working simultaneously to create this world[40].
cdef39323a307fbb34af69bffe6410f34125d6de	He found that the aborigines of Australia are "courteous and nice", and noticed a rapid decline in their numbers under the onslaught of European colonization [41].
e7a95803a75e77f1efd269fe8fd74e81c1e48216	"Beagle" examines the atolls of the Cocos Islands, in order to find out the mechanisms of their formation.
44767abbc1a778fd4968a78a5fe1cb3250045491	The success of this study was largely determined by Darwin's theoretical reflections[39].
ddd2d8d872e534d72021f8c38ceb5f12e9a7d1ba	Fitzroy began to write an official account of the Beagle's journey, and after reading Darwin's diary, he suggests including it in the report[42].
a01e733b9c368abeca80332b207d479b6fcc1d7a	During the trip, Darwin visited the island of Tenerife, about strovakh Cape Verde, the coast of Brazil, in Argentina, Uruguay, Tierra del Fuego, Tasmania and the Cocos Islands, from where he brought a large number of observations.
8a64da781b41d132a4c32112e7c524be90c9681f	He presented the results in the works" The Journal of a Naturalist's Research "(The Journal of a Naturalist, 1839), "Zoology of the Voyage on the Beagle" (Zoology of the Voyage on the Beagle, 1840), "The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs" (The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs, 1842) , etc. One of the interesting natural phenomena, first described by Darwin in the scientific literature, were ice crystals of a special form of penentes, formed on the surface of glaciers in the Andes.
10e7268c0c506886106a6ceb48b7ee88dbad0465	Darwin and Fitzroy[edit / edit wiki text]
5622d0b9eda6afacb4056325d5d10dcddf239f87	Captain Robert Fitzroy
b1d8680b41498824a12d13b91da8d4c44513f8ec	Despite the fact that" Fitzroy's temper was the most obnoxious", "he possessed many noble traits: he was faithful to his duty, extremely generous, brave, resolute, possessed indomitable energy and was a sincere friend of all who were under his command"[43].
34724196f8212de43988e8c17a0e1dd05b8f6a9f	Scientific activity after returning[edit / edit wiki text]
ca679751db218cd011007bbd1db40f26b552aa92	In 1838-1841.
fbc1b6f4eefdd32609dea8ac404248de49d7747a	Darwin was secretary of the Geological Society of London.
4adc073e814c187190b0a6caa2930d26de9dbfe8	The main scientific works of Darwin[edit / edit wiki text]
f42e53e10b3646563dcc4f6a94b6c94536667c47	Early works (before the "Origin of Species")[edit / edit wiki text]
427bfaf87ea4c6b9bbb8cc8fae805873a0aa1a96	Darwin also took part in writing a five volume monograph "The Zoology of Travel" (1842).
ed1000131526854c127181a6f3cd166a6222d786	He wrote and published a four volume monograph "Barnacles" (Monograph on the Cirripedia, 1851-1854), which zoologists still use today.
bafc3bb9cc3435b66cd90a5c43035020afcd2ff9	The history of writing and publishing "The Origin of Species"[edit / edit wiki text]
0623b3011c66ade1835590ed1035fa186b7f75b9	Under the influence of the English geologist and naturalist Ch.
400ca44b83eaa055be1c25751d570f29e1a076a2	In 1856, Lyell Darwin began preparing a third, expanded version of the book.
af0893dd076a9ad980299403efea21969f86c120	Photo of 1868
e15a7e5bd71697b75dfdf90f8094ffa5312537e4	Later works (after the "Origin of Species")[edit / edit wiki text]
ef1324faf4829ca121c362cd29a692b648582c75	In 1871, another important work of Darwin appeared — "The Descent of Man and Sexual Selection"[44] (The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex), where Darwin argued in favor of the natural origin of man from animals (ape like ancestors).
9c9ed550c68c60e4668dba54adfd3cc471f40ec6	Among other famous late works of Darwin is "Pollination in orchids" (The Fertilization of Orchids, 1862);
be312b798cd8eff1e755833a2ac67aa4f254bc31	"The Expression of emotions in man and animals" (The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, 1872);
f3b5abbc7613d80d5992700f7be942eccbca8a54	"The Effects of Cross - pollination and self pollination in the plant world" (The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilization in the Vegetable Kingdom, 1876).
05b9032e2c9279a88ad263dc14cfadfb46bd9441	Darwin and religion[edit / edit wiki text]
fd2e7886bad5f903fb07f919a191ad626fd8be37	The death of his daughter Annie in 1851 was the last straw that turned the already doubting Darwin away from the idea of an all good God
54e353fb0eaab3f135d725c2e22e5682a3451a68	Darwin questioned these ideas, marveling, for example, at the charming deep sea creatures that live in such depths that no one could enjoy their appearance; shuddering at the sight of a wasp paralyzing caterpillars that should serve as living food for its larvae.
29cbbee210063ac6744b1fd345c52fd1fa537fae	In the latter example, he saw a clear contradiction to Paley's ideas about an all good world order.
98f3b92bd6c6c360ae0f8eb33c4a247ecaf8d378	Disgusting teaching!"[45] In his biography of his grandfather Erasmus Darwin, Charles mentioned false rumors according to which Erasmus called out to the Lord on his deathbed.
61d39dae702df260709322e138f57e908eab2ad0	The most famous of them was the so called "Story of Lady Hope", an English preacher, published in 1915, which claimed that Darwin underwent a religious conversion during his illness shortly before his death.
e4e497c2f075041a28cdb9b8c937f09f3ff2979b	Marriage, children[edit / edit wiki text]
b75812118ec41ab937f5e7ce34e701640810f29f	William Erasmus Darwin (December 27, 1839 September 8, 1914).
5998d7c1fcf0332cf512fd60e3ca6b19632d0a3c	Darwin's eldest son.
70d99fd9915406bbfabde2d0ca53a820065e8254	He was a graduate of Christ's College, Cambridge University, and worked as a banker in Southampton.
ea6998ed399cdbece5f9db1fe9863dace1526ad5	He married Sarah Ashburner, originally from New York.
9794e6ca9130bf43b10becd3910f342fd72521e2	There were no children.
70de2e3527bc59c71d5738a057c334c0b00d11d1	Anne Elizabeth Darwin (March 2, 1841 April 23, 1851).
1fc8f544b44e5c734c5889d7b5edd562dec43496	She died at the age of ten (probably from tuberculosis).
86ec7caa9aa03abffab0f0e883d62bd1408bfc7c	Annie's death radically changed Darwin's views on Christianity.
6067cc7f348bf691f29b8e39e6c362f316e63e47	Mary Eleanor Darwin (September 23, 1842 October 16, 1842).
49443296054813fdb8a96d663d6068af97449b0c	She died in infancy.
dfedc8d6fb064e08fab1d5b5adf2ac34267f535e	Henrietta Emma "Etty" Darwin (September 25, 1843 December 17, 1929).
c76a953846c54ea3863f7dc57275a0de2fa54b2f	She was married to Richard Buckley Lichfield, had no children.
3ca9b84bea81480964062da6612b08b2f8ab6823	She lived to be 86 years old.
9c3ac26f71c44f89fdee00022ceb60257e3ff506	In 1904, she published personal letters to her mother.
fca0ea38d6472ce58976a6b110ab4cdbc69b351f	George Howard Darwin (July 9, 1845 December 7, 1912).
298c3b3832ea0c62b70297032deed2dd1d8c5aaf	Astronomer and mathematician Elizabeth" Bessie " Darwin (July 8, 1847-1926).
426d1aa3ab35cffa721219e3e0fa153600749563	She lived to be 78 years old.
2a48b8982128a055f37c8de9f6a03dc5d5b7435a	She was not married, had no children.
032bd28d6e2fee1db08770b4c67d17fd892b502c	Francis Darwin (August 16, 1848 September 19, 1925).
50b7d20ae1f685f102feb5cd7240e037261aee7b	The botanist Leonard Darwin (January 15, 1850 March 26, 1943).
422cb25a427e7c371405889cda5f24cae74346b7	Chairman of the Royal Geographical Society.
630d80cd98ac2edfb2af50f93237249be5599250	Horace Darwin (May 13, 1851 September 29, 1928) was an engineer, mayor of Cambridge Charles Waring Darwin (December 6, 1856 June 28, 1858).
f54f724de9fe6c6120b4dce75b03a2d831ac1b6d	He died in infancy.
ec619b3e97c7b807ff945c5e895d4b441d354f44	Awards and distinctions[edit / edit wiki text]
985bf6b6a92f85db465f1091b0f24ad8c1ef99a3	Darwin has been awarded numerous awards from scientific societies in the UK and other European countries.
5de18a9f4de717acbb7eb21029724484cbb26d3c	Darwin died in Down (Kent) on April 19, 1882.
a440c804a42b8328cbf7e31e41d2dd975d1b11d7	Named after Darwin[edit / edit wiki text]
8e91444e2af0b5994810637cfe4575bcfc3b56b1	Postage stamp of the USSR, 1959
69ec74031139151b4a9aada6e9192bd874714531	In honor of Darwin, the following were named:
969581a153d8ce6c12017315b0485d13ca7ce16f	Geographical objects:
893b3e8d6c555df084c3019df7f0cdb314ba3faf	An island in the Galapagos Archipelago A volcano on Isabela Island Mount Darwin [en] the city of Darwin in northern Australia The crater Darwin on the visible side of the Moon The crater Darwin [en] on Mars
7c5369fba1f24ed80c8f87608432d1cdf60d255a	Animals:
2b7cd9ef6f095b1b09c312958fdcd1af3da3ef5a	Darwin's nandu Notura Darwin's termite Darwinius masillae a fossil archaic primate from the Eocene of Germany Puijila darwini a fossil seal like predator from the Miocene of Canada Darwinilus a genus of beetles in the family staphylinidae Ovis ammon darwini — a Gobi subspecies of mountain sheep
a01ae5c2fb4d66c2fa7963d3c06d711ff5eb39af	Plants:
a3186ae2a9982f798117d57aad3b00e33f71f426	Darwin's Cable Car
f3ae2bd388857073ea5ef2880379bbf320d95248	Darwin Medal Darwin Plakette[de]
22e40c8ec690c46832273f5038cdaea270966659	Quotes[edit / edit wiki text]
ea8b69b8705dddcaa4cd8e060ba767c34f14ca68	"There is nothing more remarkable than the spread of religious unbelief, or rationalism, during the second half of my life"[45] "There is no evidence that man was originally gifted with an ennobling belief in the existence of an almighty God"[48] "The more we learn the unchangeable laws of nature, the more incredible miracles become for us"[45] "There is greatness in this view, according to which life with its various manifestations was originally breathed into one or a limited number of forms; and while our planet continues to rotate according to according to the immutable laws of gravity, an infinite number of the most beautiful and most amazing forms have developed and continue to develop from such a simple beginning"[49].
fdbc1fce866bd3af6447ec176ec68e65db274d15	Interesting facts[edit / edit wiki text]
09ecf0372dc9f6d40256ac5830af41d6d609df4d	In 1872, in Russia, the head of the press department, Mikhail Longinov, tried to ban the publication of Charles Darwin's works.
6a4a550416fa5d45da701de46e30d80f29323cb7	In response to this, the poet Alexey Konstantinovich Tolstoy wrote a satirical "Message to M. N. Longinov about Darwinism" [50].
eca4a9a618e7482c862e38631a0e0a30bf3c1437	In this "Message..." there were the following lines:
47a5c7b4736549ba2bdf3fa38e9c23f9bd18507e	...Why not a little bit
a8e8090c4e6cfa45fda99017938bfaf756d41fbc	Are we brought into being?
a88914d00a6b6fa4c9a1fbd70be9e43ad4b4dc6f	Or donot you want to go to God
3ec6304bbf4fbef2750c1d15e7e6fabecf993188	Do you prescribe techniques?
3cd280ef78ddbcdf6729ef9928ecc61c75d9c8ad	The way the Creator created,
1350aa784a186a6f7378c80e00bc5b91cfb3c940	What did he think more by the way, —
d0c07d833ea8c73611b7a6299f9a6ad877246915	The Chairman canot know
a373c099f7fc00085e9b2f392ae10178068d6a78	The Press Committee.
6571831b162810c18ab71f9cb5340dd63e1070a1	To limit so boldly
eb4e61b59fda6a2c6f1dc765482407549dbb0b2c	The Comprehensiveness of God's Authority
9570a22d213461bd55488f01dd3695d16f4cd29e	After all, Misha, this is the case
dd505015587b16b2e1a9b6e8f00465e0972b87d2	It smells like heresy in part…
ebd6c986a4472e419681c565a429864c4fa1d4ad	According to a survey conducted in 2002 by the BBC broadcasting company, Darwin ranked fourth in the list of the hundred greatest Britons in history[51].
49a4e22f9fb714dafcdbc2a699ed9dc102d2639f	Charles Darwin won 4 thousand votes in the US congressional elections in November 2012 in the state of Georgia[52].
86976cf779579177068e90f03e98f0eb71f464e8	The portrait of Darwin is placed on an English 10 pound banknote issued in 2000[53].
24b9dc675e5a06f22ddc37d7ee61ef871163ba6f	In 2009, a biographical film about Charles Darwin "Origin" by British director John Amiel was released.
cdddff94ee2b1fe0f6030949def7804b2df09140	In Victor Pelevin's short story "The Origin of Species", Charles Darwin is depicted as the main character.
c31ed4a81d45f9d34278a85f7d9c658f8715324e	Social Darwinism
a3270b92646500c4cb8c6eeaf68e15a22d93e9ea	Cited literature[edit / edit wiki text]
241d611e7339a4b3cd959d41d780acbbfa74d13e	↑ 1 2 German National Library, Berlin State Library, Bavarian State Library, etc. Record #118523813 / / General regulatory Control — 2012-2016.
908cf1feff533b202292e4e6d8f90be4c2d5bc07	↑ John van Wyhe.
3db972dc7b4edf6cf0a06ecb56b06ca3a09936bb	Charles Darwin: gentleman naturalist (English).
74f12dc8bfdc34cc1bcc7ab7b1b64789437b87a7	Darwin Online.
f8441624c5cf5ef5cd0811d3ad9343fef1c259aa	Verified on April 12, 2012.
f5fba3a95a604ad4ad28168523d44eff8b2eb4a0	Archived from the original source on May 28, 2012.
47bf88e50eee5c6409f9333562853844e611302f	↑ Bowler, 2003, pp.
37700aa933d45cd1f2dcb601c0c6e2abf26fbb17	178-179, 338, 347.
55f51c3998562c4e525d3e961ff76257a8673167	↑ Dobzhansky, Theodosius Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution (English) // The American Biology Teacher.
3ceb21a6bcfb2202b48902c431e088497c3f648e	— 1973.
cd08a6648b16056f53261f3db18022487014b45f	— Vol. 35.
66ecda77a8d731ba39360706cda6cd31bc323986	— P. 125–129.
68b8d42d10522a8d526996f79fcdfd12771fef7c	↑ John H. Wahlert.
ca6f04478dcfbd390a06e2f9e93b4523f9aec479	The Mount House, Shrewsbury, England (Charles Darwin).
4ff06546fc7665ad5c82c0c08f4575d86754bc68	Darwin and Darwinism.
a54ac690d9295668f50ea0279765ec77b3732159	Baruch College (11 June 2001).
34cb793d13896b1322b76a8221d2009efc8595fc	Verified on November 26, 2008.
fab1f53172e4043192fed40f9e154e69674421ec	Archived from the original source on June 22, 2012.
03fec9cec4833a800757175c034421abf9561932	Des Desmond & Moore, 1991, pp.
cfa70cd147565acd2b25f6137b683aa14acf67a2	12-15.
1f796af4154696653986075556cb9c73fadcde6a	Dar Darwin, 1958, pp.
d621e8b690ba8bd466e9df0a369a27a69204b50f	21-25].
99d6469686c256fe322423184dfcb47299527553	47-51.
dfbeae85b3cef4f85022877a3b6d38dc4b3654d3	↑ Browne, 1995, pp.
b25b66ee8d0c7296b1f9660302d33035700c3aad	72-88.
0672242ae831ce673b3d167251533987493cb20f	↑ 1 2 3 4 Darwin, 1959.
84f70c1fc60efcf5e7d57bde840863b6cba498b0	42-43.
554d059e97e82fd05e31803cc079fa756a0eaa30	47-48.
ac470e8e1066bc52446184369eaa1430ecb288fa	Darwin, 1958, pp.
ba29fbe13f110514455f93df32e750333e6635dc	59-67].
66ebe678bb46ce5ed8cdfbcc791cf019c51907fe	Brow Browne, 1995, p .
8c347ae6117b5c01864cff024af4b1618e9e91f9	97. von von Sydow, 2005.
e5314ce38d8efc3fd16159f824e4a3f2ac7c6fc2	67-68].
dedf41b93f8282db1084c1263b4a966ee83b7467	Brow Browne, 1995, pp.
9b57db8ffc1dc6a1f936f77af8d6b00aa2904fce	128-129, 133-141.
ca21da0125c196348c3627f398317f297de78515	94-97.
0630514132aa6cf2e201c9e2114f96cff2084746	↑ 1 2 Keynes, 2000, p.
b7d8dfff6026a745af1520e2ed09dbda1106aadf	9-11.
be545645018422c93fdac5aeea983ac0d1f3a0a3	↑ van Wyhe, John.
190ab1dee9d3ad2da69a9b4bdcf72b49d4002734	Charles Darwin: gentleman naturalist: A biographical sketch (English).
cf582530d45f7ff1780f41095101a1f719ea75d6	Darwin Online (2008).
cd244e8d92699adbc0f455ca1d660a6521507234	Accessed July 15, 2012.
504fa9a4002f2c70bbd2e28199baf6e35d897a73	Archived from the original source on August 4, 2012. van van Wyhe, 2008, pp.
b3d8f3303b748db0838da9f3c299c1e6c1e039c4	18-21.
bcaee7031b45c9aba5f84bf8d54346f3b3fe02a9	↑ 1 2 Gordon Chancellor;
e3e9036c5698557b6bc34f4b4c89f492c3591470	Randal Keynes.
1b0c9e2f6f1a6e0e6c955579bbe23831a6f9940e	Darwin's field notes on the Galapagos: 'A little world within itself'.
e9bd8f803393136f4e2684b52b85b455a70fc5b8	Darwin Online (October 2006).
67423b79ba6824e5b9dce1c0a9f02de20136d2ae	Archived from the original source on August 22, 2011.
a2ee8198874a626e468cc6ff97acc49d49a41be9	Key Keynes, 2001, pp.
9317cdc72aeba90ea7c91c78f079831a7d27d0da	21-22.
7ff1e06b07a5d203e6365cbf67d79c89613009bb	183-190.
cc86400ddc74d9b70bf617e4de9f12dc75163ba4	223-235.
2ac011053d751765abffaad4a22372abc690c88e	Dar Darwin, 1835, p .
5cd5b5f7e51fdd2bdc213fcb425190eeddc556e8	7 . Des Desmond & Moore, 1991, p. 210.
a021f670a1ec26f3e13cedf3452d2966469c29f1	↑ Desmond & Moore, 1991, p .
f08328166826972471498e75463a768e8346f142	189-192, 198.
16ab04b8c717b14a423f00a1f413a3e66e6846fd	↑ 1 2 Eldredge, Niles Confessions of a Darwinist (English) // The Virginia Quarterly Review.
c85dd2f5e6754847285bd42fc6968f241c637d49	— No.
b20cdacd6695d92f0a028b3d907f11f3e0afb738	Spring.
906aeac8932c1069c61ce4b7e0850f14f1c5a26a	— P. 32-53.
0b42661598bf0bbd4b2cb82763afe3672b5ec298	Des Desmond & Moore, 1991, pp. 131, 159 .
262c8b19ff775020009e62ac8d45cb4927840ff4	Her Herbert, Sandra Charles Darwin as a prospective geological author / / British Journal for the History of Science.
8ec4a29f9ff4630e6416f4615ca4eadc30166316	- 1991.
7351f17764d577f0c62de0385737dc0fbf1a834e	159-192.
57e9b6431d103d4b0e7e924d2ea92ddec690eb09	↑ Darwin Online: 'Hurrah Chiloe': an introduction to the Port Desire Notebook.
a1b4afab69a9d7dd86ef894e3ebfbe6ed8f264be	Checked on October 24, 2008.
1a40ae5a8805f0151b002bf04f38e996f6f4978f	Dar Darwin, 1845, pp.
d79e90c3846f9b553233adc47fcf9dabb84579a4	205-208.
fe5e19f7c61b11a01d3f788b0011c347d28c28f9	244-250.
854361177a62143abba79e0cb092431f503a2ebc	226-227.
359c26a881e880cdcabaabff888e9e1507157b27	Des Desmond & Moore, 1991, p.
4cc20b622d38bd7d5fd19b0cf0e9d5336e0ba1a3	160-168, 182.
636bd271de41e20b6d0a7155d0528cc08eb9af44	Dar Darwin, 1887, p. 260.
e61851ba1f44081843d16fc2bc90c0485483918c	↑ 1 2 Darwin, 1958, p .
0cc7bdf16d050e652df239e96220b6aba7496032	98-99.
0ed89f385464a68cdc388265b0e449ea3f2f2b7d	Dar Darwin, 1839, p. 526.
0db450c71be1a571dd522cd88942e317f148ea38	↑ Keynes, 2001, p .
11ed132a3f8f8d87d9455b494f8b45c4d5e84c56	398-399.
13522f9c7740bf9cafcead598e6fb933aaf4b8a6	↑ Darwin Correspondence Project - Letter 301 — Darwin, C. R. to Darwin, C. S., 29 Apr 1836.
80e08abbe457a273d8684ee0d8c0f7a05c0cd463	Дар Darwin, 1958.
b5cf1b59bb4c264263bf276b565a06909d51d31c	↑ "The origin of man and sexual selection" ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Darwin, 1959, pp.
a2d568c5bfa33a2dcc885df8fed2ae781179e7bb	166-242.
8be34fadedd9be2e9e14c260410c9332c3d08292	↑ The Lady Hope story ↑ Volobueva T. I. Charles Darwin's religious views.
dc41553b9d4b50aca712973e949350f9fc1e5963	Did Darwin profess the existence of a personal God?
144b576963358324acd24a99a89be4ecfa3091aa	↑ «There is no evidence that man was aboriginally endowed with the ennobling belief in the existence of an Omnipotent God».
453135426d7243b180ebc848c7dad057638374d0	Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man, ch.
c7af29d3f8730a631183c7387885fc576637be13	3 ↑ H. Darwin.
453bf656b8de4d5e20c72b3fd242b0dc76665bc9	The origin of species by natural selection.
a726d5031d1266b2055d94f5b610b865d4609793	- St. Petersburg: Nauka, 1991.
8b9ea14befb222c264a37c79666ffb68d2e3db87	- Chapter XV Послание Message to M. N. Longinov about Darwinism ↑ Poll of the 100 Greatest Britons ↑ In the United States, anti clerics voted for Darwin.
1939390411dcceb0cec5c22c4d1275e2729befe3	Finam 09.11.2012 Чарль Charles Darwin was awarded 10 pounds (Rus.) (August 2, 2003). Archived from the original source on May 24, 2013.
ccc0c90eb8a07cc6c0bdc329a358a3ac762ffe1a	Bowler, Peter J. Evolution: The History of an Idea.
3dc16cfd08bb71c677e45aa98ad28ffaebb71544	— University of California Press, 2003.
5d516476d8a88034a1013ee0d61759a5792c2c56	— ISBN 0-520-23693-9.
285cc96e772160ff42fb7b6f4916090c42b05286	Browne, E. Janet.
e5525f5dce04bb3f208b4f1c7c77069a1b0d968d	Charles Darwin: vol. 1 Voyaging.
fb5d3d85ada2c22f3496477f01c9d7744a8cc603	— London: Jonathan Cape, 1995.
134cbee33b1c0f98f3832bb1992fc7408e70c578	— ISBN 1-84413-314-1.
ea88aa3307bce12bbc11ad9ff36e1015a776f9ab	Darwin, Charles.
38bf5c89718c58c8f604a8f621dd20626ebb7cdb	Extracts from letters to Professor Henslow.
8daa01aaed29f5b907f209f26cc5ca3c05c6c041	— Cambridge: [privately printed], 1835.
8f33a167a3092f686b87094130b847da0acb7f54	Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation of the globe.
a16cddd2b6ec1a51dde8dd0bb2be90c6cd4f4bc6	Journal and remarks.
bb7888aa2429da61e2f1287d9c2e423423dcaadb	1832-1836..
f915df5641d4445bea300833ec57681e8d9e0fe8	— London: Henry Colburn, 1839.
842bd00195b2016f25e14d25a7338aa858dd191d	— Vol. III. Darwin, Charles.
782b8a58a80f0168897f7c0f71aad9f1556ad85e	Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the Command of Capt. Fitz Roy, R.N..
15acd9ec343bff2ad2fefe3371ac8d14e2f0e919	— 2d edition.
8fd9b32889c4cd5cd8a012a121c3d190fe27c8df	— London: John Murray, 1845.
27b2f6874f7582f63cff49022d515890aa0615a1	The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter / ed.
ab5c644a5480efce0b16693ccf0d78071898ccf9	Darwin, Francis.
83cfe0ccc2e1b38afb7919a4ef5d5ab78881f890	— London: John Murray, 1887.
7b7265c21e0f5dea49a75c97af35be5e771fe667	The Autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809–1882 / Nora Barlow.
e23c2f80fcebaaf356632f9a644d96c9a394ac83	— London: Collins, 1958.
9e7376fb10a949921d96448f267097033ca0289c	Desmond, Adrian;
8c24c1d43492f4f5a99ce2a623e2a0e1cb5ef821	Moore, James.
8aa8c0500b22b257136b2da4af955635df7db944	Darwin.
eafad16781a30bdae6504e2c2486bc9d46555cf0	— London: Michael Joseph, Penguin Group, 1991.
fccf60c6ed07c533f45491d01b27659410d46870	— ISBN 0-7181-3430-3.
0ea704bd103365a8a90b84dc6c57adc550fa0189	Keynes, Richard.
e3c900d56b6b403b1e4bb04891ad7500ae183bc4	Charles Darwin’s zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle.
108e56af01c4a187c35e34fb651ba4a08a5d8849	— Cambridge University Press, 2000.
a9b42b879d030edec085fd340109158093356fcb	Charles Darwin's Beagle Diary.
ff034541fa49ed63c0fb8e939b35c17978874801	— Cambridge University Press, 2001. von Sydow, Momme.
198d71af2b7e6509f81e03ddeb508645190c0cbe	Darwin – A Christian Undermining Christianity?
0a9787ceddde96352fbe4bcfb912c9863e27dc2f	On Self Undermining Dynamics of Ideas Between Belief and Science // Science and Beliefs: From Natural Philosophy to Natural Science, 1700–1900 / David M. Knight, Matthew D. Eddy.
5909d38c82abc80fa8f46f564e203411eee510ff	— Burlington: Ashgate, 2005.
4d6234079645f9c4e60155ee47c99cf4ee4530da	— P. 141–156.
df8e3dc8613580259a01347e26dfee4bc8a4d1a5	— ISBN 0-7546-3996-7. van Wyhe, John.
b96a984bd2fbc1f705c439a0f871bc9e01404cd5	Darwin: The Story of the Man and His Theories of Evolution.
74195a1ede0996f1065e232265ed61a2e17e3812	- London: Andre Deutsch Ltd, 2008 — - ISBN 0-233-00251-0.
00f2958ed6678681e2ea572c24546b47a1f2fcaa	Essays / trans . by S. L. Sobol, ed. academician V. N. Sukachev.
d9cee0f8c1b3abaac7da78a155a9c56084ca6630	- M: Ed.
5984d3cf5da5ee40d8f21e6d3752ee589dfdf78a	USSR Academy OF SCIENCES, 1959.
8f739f535a70d056c148ec7c80ff7624f5281701	- vol. 9.
e49f648a6887f31f166d30ebce81845b98bec98b	There are texts on the topic in Wikitek
7e924144f742e6359ae6f51f99fcac84802835a4	Original texts (English)
3a46c622c912efbe79d11a9c2475f1d6a43d5c65	According to the article by Charles Darwin in en.wikipedia.org
03fbe05ca25c558986890c255fdcb3d1eb901a07	1836: A LETTER, Containing Remarks on the Moral State of TAHITI, NEW ZEALAND, &c.
f6d6faff5562da0ef73c20db9166e11d5a76c89f	— BY CAPT.
c57a6a1e68ffac8892c4454f44c773f2544d6021	R. FITZROY AND C. DARWIN, ESQ.
851737d3fc6652b1679941bacff6df00c1e270f1	OF H.M.S. 'Beagle.'
b5e658767a3911ded2ddcd267535db10b5406b99	[1] 1839: Journal and Remarks (The Voyage of the Beagle) Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle: published between 1839 and 1843 in five volumes by various authors, Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin: information on two of the volumes —
c8eb8940448075225deab18579b246c58a7de964	1840: Part I. Fossil Mammalia, by Richard Owen (Darwin’s introduction) 1839: Part II. Mammalia, by George R. Waterhouse (Darwin on habits an d ranges)
0c05cad7f896b374fa0d50e41ac7a9e7f48d129c	1842: The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs [2] 1844: Geological Observations of Volcanic Islands [3], (French version) 1846: Geological Observations on South America [4] 1849: Geology from A Manual of scientific enquiry; prepared for the use of Her Majesty’s Navy: and adapted for travellers in general., John F.W. Herschel ed.
8aa52259f0b94bfb5836a1df0273784e6493e35c	[5] 1851: A Monograph of the Sub class Cirripedia, with Figures of all the Species.
81e095b532e2e85cf84d6b18258fe21b9e8f32fe	The Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes.
7c1d926967395097d55abfd33330319f88bca8f7	[6] 1851: A Monograph on the Fossil Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes of Great Britain [7] 1854: A Monograph of the Sub class Cirripedia, with Figures of all the Species.
a11fab0c4caf93337eeb18a3dbdc2c32b69d0153	The Balanidae (or Sessile Cirripedes); the Verrucidae, etc. [8] 1854: A Monograph on the Fossil Balanidæ and Verrucidæ? of Great Britain [9] 1858: On the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection 1859: On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life 1862: On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects [10] 1868: Variation of Plants and Animals Under Domestication (PDF format), Vol. 1, Vol. 2 1871: The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex 1872: The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals [11] 1875: Movement and Habits of Climbing Plants [12] 1875: Insectivorous Plants [13] 1876: The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom [14] 1877: The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species [15] 1879: «Preface and 'a preliminary notice'» in Ernst Krause’s Erasmus Darwin [16] 1880: The Power of Movement in Plants [17] 1881: The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms [18] [19] 1887: Autobiography of Charles Darwin (Edited by his Son Francis Darwin) [20] 1958: Autobiography of Charles Darwin (Barlow, unexpurgated)
c53b071cfe1e717ed50ef8aace5798dbdc01c9e6	Литература[править | править вики текст]
79d8c908c152cde6246de82491d590f6e937930a	Дарвин, Чарлз Роберт // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т.
3044eb426b3dc4c080d05decbc5c3d3ccc188fec	(82 т. и 4 доп.).
4679168ea4805c8ccef0cabd4bf36deb856fad34	— СПб., 1890—1907.
8b88f2b823548e4909545c66a9cd0418ddf975ab	Дарвин Чарлз Роберт / Л. Я. Бляхер // Гоголь — Дебит.
9e7f818f74957cb91caa0a9063d3b2e3101506fa	— М. : Советская энциклопедия, 1972.
bc7c4b7fd39fa7e01fdab0b58a8587979125e9a2	— (Большая советская энциклопедия : [в 30 т.] / гл. ред. А. М. Прохоров ; 1969—1978, т. 7). статья // Столетие рождения Чарльза Дарвина 1809-1909 г.. — журнал Пробуждение №5.
55c03233e5eb0ec4ee50f16d913fbd3ac5f5305e	— Петербург, 1909. 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Darwin, Charles Robert (англ.) Anonymous, "Obituary: Death Of Chas.
2f22b3551e852a828400a5748a0447ca238ce0fd	Darwin", en:The New York Times (no. 21 April 1882), <http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0212.html>.
40185b85deebcb3f4d733fdf83bf0d006a29deb2	Проверено 30 октября 2008.
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2b5bb16e3522bd59cbc2a506d90593109661ed9f	Проверено 15 декабря 2006.
c69cfdb6da431d10bcdf3d95522476e0e5aa2be2	Balfour, J. B. (11 May 1882), "Obituary Notice of Charles Robert Darwin", Transactions & Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh (no. 14): 284–298 Bannister, Robert C. (1989), Social Darwinism: Science and Myth in Anglo American Social Thought., Philadelphia: Temple University Press, ISBN 0-87722-566-4 Bowler, Peter J. (1989), The Mendelian Revolution: The Emergence of Hereditarian Concepts in Modern Science and Society, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0-485-11375-9 Browne, E. Janet (2002), Charles Darwin: vol. 2 The Power of Place, London: Jonathan Cape, ISBN 0-7126-6837-3 Darwin, Charles (1842), "Pencil Sketch of 1842", in Darwin, Francis, The foundations of The origin of species: Two essays written in 1842 and 1844., Cambridge University Press, 1909, <http://darwin online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1556&pageseq=33> Darwin, Charles & Wallace, Alfred Russel (1858), en:On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection, Zoology 3, Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London, сс.
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fee76d6002f4929daa8874ea526246dd3515ae28	Darwin, Charles (1871), The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (1st ed.), London: John Murray, <http://darwin online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman TheDescentofMan.html>.
8fd61b7c8e2b3560d1c6d128e71ff0a512a04558	Darwin, Charles (1872), en:The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, London: John Murray, <http://darwin online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1142&viewtype=text&pageseq=1>.
3ff39c8a20d60bf7f2d50d25ba38e773881926f7	Проверено 4 ноября 2008.
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83804421393352dcf0bceda69cb1a66528b004cd	Freeman, R. B. (1977), The Works of Charles Darwin: An Annotated Bibliographical Handlist, Folkestone: Wm Dawson & Sons Ltd, <http://darwin online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=A1&viewtype=text&pageseq=1>.
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035f7df2cd069ad62d3724d901ccbfa003494dd7	Проверено 22 ноября 2008.
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76f4db1c808fc40c17582ec33d98209695a1c1ff	Leff, David (2000), About Charles Darwin, <http://www.aboutdarwin.com/darwin/WhoWas.html>.
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315b83cf442cd45de4a587a8325858637adbee40	Miles, Sara Joan (2001), "Charles Darwin and Asa Gray Discuss Teleology and Design", Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith Т. 53: 196–201, <http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/2001/PSCF9-01Miles.html>.
f3b72bd9993d7a7ff720e640c6b3e3008ab1dd8e	Moore, James (2005), Darwin — A 'Devil’s Chaplain'?, American Public Media, <http://speakingoffaith.publicradio.org/programs/darwin/moore devilschaplain.pdf>.
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382ba1eb71e36450c887b7eb1ea32cb02c7b742e	Owen, Richard (1840), Darwin, C. R., ed., Fossil Mammalia Part 1, The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, London: Smith Elder and Co Paul, Diane B. (2003), "Darwin, social Darwinism and eugenics", in Hodge, Jonathan and Radick, Gregory, The Cambridge Companion to Darwin, Cambridge University Press, {{{PagesTag}}} 214–239, ISBN 0-521-77730-5 Smith, Charles H. (1999), Alfred Russel Wallace on Spiritualism, Man, and Evolution: An Analytical Essay, <http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/essays/ARWPAMPH.htm>.
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9dfb2767b0df72c36af5b56750fe2176f6c6a67a	Проверено 9 декабря 2008.
423f0a3da8b95ba909b43f7892875989e6c8b03d	Sweet, William (2004), Herbert Spencer, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, <http://www.iep.utm.edu/s/spencer.htm> Retrieved on 2006-12-15 Wilkins, John S. (1997), Evolution and Philosophy: Does evolution make might right?, TalkOrigins Archive, <http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/evolphil/social.html>.
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2a53ad073ee92c5fba8e941c5dadb7820b1978a7	405–415, ISBN 1-4051-4908-6 van Wyhe, John (27 March 2007), "Mind the gap: Did Darwin avoid publishing his theory for many years?", Notes and Records of the Royal Society Т. 61: 177–205, doi:10.1098/rsnr.2006.0171, <http://darwin online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A544&pageseq=1>.
83a5d8fc8fdc1aaae8a5651fc4d49726d1a66ca3	Проверено 7 февраля 2008.
017cc76ddb24300f728a3334ba83b8967459411a	Yates, Simon (2003), The Lady Hope Story: A Widespread Falsehood, TalkOrigins, <http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/hope.html> Retrieved on 2006-12-15
3b77d84c5096397b00fdb77fa305790ed8fe7d3c	Чарлз Дарвин в Викицитатнике Чарлз Дарвин в Викитеке Чарлз Дарвин на Викискладе
6698092241b03fe4da18db921b0bbbacc2cbf7d8	Дарвин, Чарлз на официальном сайте РАН
24726d224f5ffa748cca0523d91f956bb7e9858b	Charles Darwin в каталоге ссылок Open Directory Project (dmoz).
52f7f3eac0aefef72bb6fecf60390b0812fa5723	Тематические сайты
1058150a7b363ffcd3a1b2b51bf7301756d3ac9e	Notable Names Database · Discogs · Internet Movie Database · MusicBrainz · Проект «Гутенберг» · RKDartists · Родовод · Open Directory Project (англ.)
499cb8bba58a12b464027482c3456bddbee7e050	Словари и энциклопедии Большая каталонская · Большая российская · Брокгауза и Ефрона · Кругосвет · Ларусса · Ларусса · Малый Брокгауза и Ефрона · Православная · Appletons' (1887—1901) · Britannica (11 th) · Britannica (онлайн) · Dictionary of National Biog raphy · New International · Oxford Biographical
8ec4bbdfc29652647e03a31cd5a504ea53974672	Regulatory Control BAV: ADV10005768 · BIBSYS: 90066479 · BNC: A10453854 · BNE: XX990809 · BNF: 11898689q · EGAXA: 000990847 · GND: 118523813 · ICCU: IT\ICCU\CFIV\003045 · ISNI: 0000 0001 2125 1077 · LCCN: n78095637 · NDL: 00437248 · NKC: jn19990001631 · NLA: 36115292 · NLG: 158536 · NLR: RUNLRAUTH7756360 · NTA: 068364229 · NUKAT: n93 90031 · PTBNP: 26370 · LIBRIS: 231727 · SUDOC: 026812304 · VIAF: 27063124 · ULAN: 500228559
dcae78f20f6084002cafa251e3ce16c754f73d4e	United Kingdom Personalities Evolutionary Biology Geology
8eefc4147768605d0b110ee69ca9008f88409577	The article contains short ("Harvard") links to publications that are not specified or incorrectly described in the bibliographic section.
f02fb4ff1a2676edc18dd8133440cee2d71b78d9	List of broken links: Darwin, 1958 Please correct the links according to the instructions for the template {{sfn}} and supplement the bibliographic section with correct descriptions of the cited publications, following the guidelines of the EAP:Footnotes and VP:Links to sources.
fa9442099df0c05adeb0f538208799500e4f043a	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darwin, _charles&oldid=83427450"
aeada1e3e73ff531d624a6a5b6a4cf6873e4c636	Categories: Born on February 12 Born in 1809 Alphabetical personalities Born in Shrewsbury Died on April 19 Died in 1882 Died in London Alphabetical scientists Authors of botanical taxa Charles Darwin Members of the Royal Society of London Biologists of Great Britain Evolutionists Travelers of Great Britain Biologists of the XIX century Participants of world trips Botanists alphabetically Awarded the Copley Medal Awarded the Wollaston Medal Awarded the Royal Medal Corresponding members of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Members of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Personalities:Agnosticism Members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Members of the French Academy of Sciences Buried in Westminster Abbey
097b08c72f0042f3dd8012bc7d45c36a128ab1e6	Hidden categories: Wikipedia:Articles with redefinition of the value from Wikidata Wikipedia:Articles with sources from Wikidata Wikipedia:Link to Wikiteca directly in the article Articles with links to Wikiteca Articles with incorrect use of the Harvard citation system Pages using magic ISBN links
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24d103c21f38437ac80baf21feac6814e9a9ef02	15 cats that look like popular characters
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04ddf595df7d4d4a29fde03fdc34b4bbafad5e4c	Such individuals can terrify everyone
906a3228fdb2b760cffa400401e8da861458a92d	What mistakes in makeup add age to you?
331b7b5a1633c607a4ae194a5ce85a153c670597	6 coincidences in the story that seem incredible
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0a5951437a9f38e212fa074eecde5a6779b71194	Home Education Science Scientist Charles Darwin: biography, theories and discoveries.
bde75f44ccf84f8e0bf72b1c740132f43d60cbf4	Charles Darwin: a brief biography
fcd9bb4cb34653f8baf7dd397095aafe223955b3	Scientist Charles Darwin: biography, theories and discoveries.
e0b4ca43d4d4a3ea244f0880bc8a555374094349	Education Science
b71e058a2dde0d581e77c687c96c2bdf892a9923	Vladimir Murashkin
1d0ccab98b20542fbbcf07cd321a6c9885ccdd7c	October 31, 2015
d631ff0e124cf91328415c5298dd02d97d06399a	Charles Darwin is one of the most versatile researchers in the history of mankind.
f04314b1ce25486b16de43167c609c903acfb652	A naturalist, a traveler, an author of the theory of evolution this is a small part of his extensive achievements and merits.
ce46a7089e9632602ce3f966feef41fcad412016	Childhood and youth A brief biography of Darwin will not describe the scientist's huge contribution to the development of modern disiplines, but it begins in 1809.
5bad96b37ec44348c07dfca2aa00c370115feaa4	The scientist was born on February twelfth in an English large family in Shrewsbury, Shropshire.
528bbdc57d05eed2f0f5af1d90d161f0b8f895b8	According to the data that Darwin left about himself, the biography reports that the boy's father was engaged in finance.
a9957f8f87bb473033db9a401663cfa5e5c861e2	He was also a successful doctor.
d25f38ef35a80cc0b844d0b86f9b48762ca31d08	The activities of Robert Darwin allowed the family to live comfortably.
ff045b3ae8437ee3e47b124329128d8bf4e9b9f6	Subsequently, the father was proud of the fact that his son - Ch.
4483009ba4f21546e90ae509addafc5de1666565	A brief biography of the scientist confirms that the father and son supported each other all their lives.
4b37a3de666731b73aeb9fb3c1f67068dc672d5f	The boy's mother left our world in 1817, and very little information has been preserved about her.
14058e0ed56aa6d9530d5d7f915b6f85fbbed4fd	A brief biography of Darwin tells us that Charles ' grandfather, Erasmus, was a doctor, philosopher, and writer.
135a701a53dce4560a8300511abd273acf963bd9	In general, all the family members were people with a high level of intelligence and culture.
a0bcce3258c08788c6539c53364cd7eb3e4e8ea8	What kind of education did Darwin receive?
bfe4e238a7623ec2690f06fbb6695963d6abc024	The biography tells that in 1817 he began a course of study at a local day school, and a year later he was transferred to an Anglican one.
05d77941fd0cbaa63eb11d89fe0f8d05380dbb26	Charles Darwin.
3d31d138fc14a59b579a01cb717a1c39bebc1230	A brief biography.
e5c7006be63f476a012626d9fe1d4d084fc43226	University education In 1825, his father heeded his son's requests and sent him to study at the University of Edinburgh.
855a5cecf1bf8dae2e6b13b0e8c10a078ea21225	After two "terribly boring" years of training, he abandoned his studies.
ede56ce1cf90a99500ee2de42628a73429d6d905	At the insistence of an angry father, he decides to transfer to the theological faculty of Cambridge, where teachers will be able to learn the name that later thundered all over the world - Ch.
3f46a2fd4925b8d7307d01d003955b5afae277cb	The biography mentions that the applicant thoughtfully reads church books for admission.
0f0664a2b289442cd95a08c1aefd09045ec3f825	He studies individually with a teacher in his native Shrewsbury.
7d216ec62215b2157af9091d6821a693720c3a07	Darwin opens a new page in his life.
481762e653b6b3a071eeb6589e0172a1ec15dc54	The biography tells about this period of the great scientist's life: immediately after the end of the Christmas holidays in 1828, he successfully passes the entrance exams.
2817ad95bd2c4cff1d3cf34a1f64a0e8453ebb0e	The years of training were remembered for riding lessons, hunting, collecting beetles, studying literature, mathematics, physics, geography.
cd036887365fbbf8fe6a6e661950de2843f3f660	He graduated in 1831.
33636fa1bb89c993caadcc7077090c5c4e3bd9a9	Despite the fact that he did not shine with special success during his studies, the knowledge gained allowed Darwin to be in the list of the top ten graduates.
2e522568b606cdaea23c499a2be68f2beec59718	After graduating from the university, he began to doubt the truth of the dogmas of Christianity even more.
5c17d295ae3d36c6a0ea74814840e98b910939dd	Charles Darwin: a brief biography.
a6abdc26034834d93faa8cb6ecd088d96304d131	Naturalistic activity In the endless search for the realization of potential, the scientist meets the famous botanist John Henslow, who accepted the graduate into the team of researchers of the nature of South America on the ship "Beagle".
4e25f2050ba2bb079aa8f5011473937b43c97018	Subsequently, the eminent scientist was very happy that Ch.
4815bd9a18cf2f913a5f31fcb14b70c42b3b2400	The biography, studied in detail by historians of science, confirms this statement.
7d3755e180456576adb2f31d9d79b470167f174b	Charles ' father was against the trip, considering it a waste of time.
77ccb3a07e2d3b94274bbf53a50fdcea13e8886e	Only thanks to the intervention of his uncle, Josiah Wedgwood II, Robert Darwin gave up and gave a parting blessing to his son.
383775d082e3f024b7f590bb317e5da5ec4290eb	For more than five years of travel, the team has visited Peru, Argentina, Chile, Brazil, Europe, Australia, and Africa.
4edb086ed138f8e47418e763851e4e64c287f7ff	In the Galapagos Islands, the researcher was particularly interested in mockingbirds, which were somewhat different from those living in England.
e87973c62b8ed01f07df9677cbc2aa2982fde92e	He studied turtles, the species of which differed even on neighboring islands.
5a01b2b9e10d8e535c7510d108a0f5553a4b01cf	The scientist studied the local territories, flora and fauna with interest.
a42af8355253cb35dda935d225fb3ddfeec83d47	The result of the expedition was a huge collection of stones, minerals, herbs, stuffed animals and birds.
1dfb8a33b96a3ecbf44ab1fe471d8e39a481c102	Descriptions of the appearance and anatomy of many invertebrates were made.
a0923354ad4d80b5ac15b9c34c42c3cf0acc679e	All the observations were recorded in a diary, on which Charles relied when writing scientific papers in the next twenty years.
552c869ef3ab989c53ce44bca5855cc0f9daa3bb	The research was published under the title "Traveling around the world on the ship "Beagle".
e64c98fed59d384b0eae4568073fa1d399142811	The scientist has gained worldwide fame both in the scientific community and among ordinary people.
9dac80330c255f1e95897a1de34ea038594ec3b9	In addition, Charles formed a vocation and meaning in life – Darwin did not see life without science.
242b1513074c86f52d6613b9acf29f245df53a68	Scientific activity In a five year journey, he grew up as a scientist Darwin.
aaf5589103cdd6e240b50759bad7402be4501834	The biography reports that after its completion, Charles moves to Cambridge.
1d4ee218bd5b32fd98fb2ccf285f0e917ec6bcf4	But very soon he moves to London, where he joins the society of scientists, with whom he mainly communicates for the next five years.
c0f1c807aa672579b78968b46767d73f38c13d7f	This period of Charles ' life was marked by a stormy, fruitful activity – fundamental works were written, many hours were spent in heated discussions.
0cd7f2d7e57a25de03f8e402b95fe4919bcfb79f	For the love of persistent striving to prove thoughts and ideas, the researcher is chosen as the chief secretary of the Society of Geologists.
069a96bbe6e21e614c25bbd91ac6a9999a04176b	The desire for change Life in a large city puts more and more pressure on the scientist.
24ea55aaf7c437b10bdcdda99ca5bccf5d6efb5d	And the body is getting worse at coping with attacking diseases.
2f9257fad5daa5f7b06499ac03ca571203258a5b	In 1839, he married Emma Wedgwood and in 1842 moved to the acquired estate "Dawn".
291dbff7469db1b18353b56092f055ec3db345a7	Subsequently, his wife would give birth to ten descendants to Darwin.
36d3f11ed35bb272d7aefcb6ab33bbe6536d8ce3	Away from the hustle and bustle of the city, Charles can fully devote himself to his favorite activities – walking, fishing, hunting, observing nature, a solid inheritance and income from written books allow you to plunge into your favorite things.
8a622f217954d5115efe1f384da6fff914127de4	In 1842, Darwin's work "The Zoology of Travel on the Beagle "was written.
ac5cf7952c734e64c8a16d1bc3555e357f6d19ca	In 1859, the revolutionary book "The Origin of Species by Natural Selection"was published at that time.
6e03ad1e810b62ad4add4805dffe558fc173c41c	The author's arguments contradicted the accepted opinion in society, supported by the scriptures of the Bible about how the world was created.
f23daf4a7c5af143b39a35402286495305e94cd0	The works described in detail why it is worth considering the possibility of millions of years of independent development of nature – plants, animals, and humans.
36ba8c1a6f5ca09fd3741e427ad0e1d11f569b4b	Subsequently, the theory was named after the researcher – "Darwinism".
3def08dc7ee17fbfbe1263dfef66a1a2d9308286	The idea was carefully supported by the material obtained during many years of observations.
936f297f5c486dba0c7b1005cc99766631acd9bb	"Darwinism" became very popular and, despite the scandalousness, brought a good profit to the scientist.
bafbf4c5e46bd2f0c9e133704a3ac24b5ef8c25b	Further works and achievements In 1862, the book "Pollination of orchids" was published, then - "Climbing plants" and "Insectivorous plants".
2046f549cbb6ffecd49746925d3b0b65cf99ab07	In 1868 - the continuation of "The Origin of species..."
ee8a96a94f2fe714d70c319d4f8f98d5078d1195	- "The change of domestic animals and cultivated plants".
01dec85cb99ddcb505422b0af47b756fe10a23aa	In 1871, the book "The Origin of Man and Sexual Selection" saw the world.
3697a999f7ff2372fdd394fb2c515eedd60d2a4e	And in 1872 - "The expression of emotions in humans and animals", in which the scientist considered the origin of man from ape like ancestors.
c913c3fe5ae3f770bc33311ef648cde6e3a0c4fc	Of course, they did not have such popularity, but they allowed the scientist to receive several prestigious awards, including the Kople Gold Medal from the Royal Society of London.
c02fc3f039fa705748a60440ea4f53653f9a3634	In the following years, he became an honorary doctor of Sciences at the Universities of Breslau, Bonn, and Leiden, as well as a corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy.
44f2a398be0efa9cf1f89cb7278d93de66353b74	It should be noted that the Russian Orthodox Church did not favor the works of the scientist and tried in every possible way to denigrate him.
ba4da4e0fff9400de03eb3ee2532f3d96de6efed	Many representatives of the intelligentsia had to stand up for protection.
051a3e59d53f1a3198627f73adfb8e3372d7c78e	Alexey Konstantinovich Tolstoy actively defended what the scientist believed in.
bb5f7592e15eaf095f585816d2e47c3dd9f39ac6	The biography confirms this data.
c9abc82608236d39ee11bb3760971638f8b503df	Memory The famous scientist left our world on the nineteenth of April, 1882 at the age of seventy three.
76d717a05153f8b36ebac69a03ceed6a06aaf5d3	Despite his worldwide fame, his descendants remembered him as a modest, friendly, tactful person.
57d5e582c3155f33974af25fd6c3c508e6d544dd	The scientist Darwin, whose biography is studied in all modern universities, is buried in Westminster Abbey, near Isaac Newton.
16f3985bfcc5d4740272fdca38beaf69c8b23b6b	Conclusion Charles Darwin became one of the most prominent scientists of all time.
3a7b197c149e5ed95a98df9757eb7a0d4aadc68b	Directed by John Amiel, a short autobiography of Darwin was shot the 2009 film "The Origin of Species".
bb61432d3cb965344662b4f3c4bb92d6dfad462c	Recognized as one of the most outstanding Britons of all time.
29d6c5c688c667ab3373ac53065d031c8f28891c	Words that program unhappiness, or Never say it, Do you realize that you can unwittingly program your own life?
c35a5f4bb991ca1b3edff20a69e989a66c9134c6	It is only necessary to get used to the use of some resistant substances...
3152706af62a9c684f10b7ae1cf9a0d06346e1c3	The Law of attraction
7befe53b7db4b6561dc37020bbe0c7c202812197	7 body parts that should not be touched with your hands Think of your body as a temple: you can use it, but there are some sacred places that can not be touched with your hands.
1ec4a3b3db3ae3d2e54affa1c829495ffecb4b02	Research shows...
5bcc4c6303110423fe7c88e4f537345f9f6355b8	10593 0
98661d933027551a9dbb74931d3a1c05e7ace167	Diseases and conditions
022f21fc64536e83b637913dc70790e8b0302024	Why do you need a tiny pocket on your jeans?
49536f1bd5effdedb6dc9fbe8c65ef5d2aa29cfe	Everyone knows that there is a tiny pocket on jeans, but few people have thought about why it might be needed.
aca410f6155bf53291c7295bae85c9efa5cc4b42	Interestingly, it was originally a place for xp...
0ac111125c7cb3c671ce242c2b425d48a0d3c94c	Clothes
bc94c5ce916550a43790e498cf56c015df04de54	20 "smart" ways to use hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen peroxide (3% solution) is the only bactericidal agent that consists only of water and oxygen.
8f276575c7dcf022677557e4232b059e67802e8d	Like ozone, it kills b...
d917c7b20d8c75a236fa72af49c3e39d74f9b9ca	Medications
3fc4c5a52bf59fc05a9a1b34c982e053e600df88	Darwin's contribution to biology is brief.
13f1891f18b039ecbb7e6b3c26bbb65d8c35f335	What contribution did Charles Darwin make to the development of biology?
ef6c6083b54e1923d7f56cf1ac92975b088a28ca	Ekaterina Fomkina Charles Darwin's book "The origin of species by natural selection, or the Preservation of favorable races in the struggle for life" Maxim Novichok Darwin's Theory of evolution Ekaterina Makarova Famous and famous people of England.
ee3791f41998a68e40222851b74c1b42494ca8fb	Who are they UK celebrities?
c71e9bc0c6994176cf18d181742bcfd170f97dc3	Ekaterina Fomkina Famous biologists and their discoveries Lyudmila Frolova Prerequisites for the emergence of the Darwin theory.
bd2ae3d0a7e74efc4e86969491ab7617a70518c5	The theory of the origin of species Maxim Novikov Social Darwinism.
95dd4ae2916c04f65236f6fce86b2823bad88bbd	Features of the theory Ilya Filatov Darwin's Evolutionary Theory Ilya Filatov The main provisions of Darwin's theory Anna Dyakonenko Karl Linnaeus ' contribution to Biology (briefly).
6bba9bfca34d9a3a7928710d223b91278609493c	What contribution did Carl Linnaeus make to the development of biology?
6e6be3b73182446986916f64da40563d559e745d	Maxim Novikov Scientist Georges Cuvier: biography, achievements, discoveries and interesting facts Stanislav Senyukovich English researcher, geographer, anthropologist and psychologist Sir Francis Galton: biography, discoveries and interesting facts Sergey Prots Social Darwinism: a sociological theory or a dangerous myth?
f17cad13b5d0c50170a43ac21ec9c2fbd12e1ad2	Varka Svetlana Gennadievna Darwin Prize: the most ridiculous deaths Staborn Maxim The work and biography of Ray Charles hanna lugovaya
233efe69aac9cc889bf5bf4c0bfa174b2aeee2cf	Charles Darwin
335e5855d15d9060eb0321b2dd6d35e41041594f	Biography and Theory
80f27a684b4e50ed5a13be7a250f5f79009d2f8f	All about Charles Robert Darwin Biography of Charles Darwin Childhood and adolescence Edinburgh period of life (1825-1827) Cambridge period of life (1828-1831) The naturalist's journey on the ship " Beagle "(1831-1836) After the trip
637d5c5f8df43017c0bcb9825b42fca3dcc1ec6a	Main scientific works The naturalist's journey around the world on the ship "Beagle" PREFACE Chapter I Santiago in the Cape Verde Archipelago (Bahia in Brazil) Chapter II Rio de Janeiro Chapter III Maldonado Chapter IV Rio Negro Chapter V. Bahia Blanca Chapter VI. From Bahia Blanca to Buenos Aires Chapter VII From Buenos Aires to Santa Fe Chapter VIII Banda Oriental and Patagonia Chapter IX. Santa Cruz in Patagonia and the Falkland Islands Chapter X. Tierra del Fuego Glavakhi Magellan Strait.
31327b041351277dcc5c075d8e31e8c6635c2c5d	The climate of the southern coasts Chapter XII Middle Chile Chapter XIII. Chiloe and the Chonos Islands Chapter XIV Chiloe and Concepcion.
8784a43293b5c32da7ba1baad74a59a701393984	A strong earthquake Chapter XV Crossing the Cordillera Chapter XVI. Northern Chile and Peru Chapter XVII. Galapagos Archipelago Chapter XVIII Tahiti and New Zealand Chapter XIX. Australia Chapter XX Keeling Island.
c4de9208bcd7e1ce54074204b8a6d5adb0f424b7	Coral formations Chapter XXI From Mauritius to England
21f1c6e879928b3ee3a1564d93da54b47bd0dd92	The origin of species by natural selection, or the Preservation of favorable races in the struggle for life Change of animals and plants in the domestic state TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I. DOMESTIC DOGS AND CATS CHAPTER II. HORSES AND DONKEYS CHAPTER III. PIGS.
c03d037614f6346d1fd3e4ef4ccb740c98d75c4c	CATTLE.
4da0eff91ef30fc065800d971a3b6a99cede9658	SHEEP.
832f5ef57256f20837fdf657ed3be167c38302ee	GOATS.
cd1c40b538a70798ace864fe5c6fcc1a59622a57	CHAPTER IV. DOMESTIC RABBITS
45d4820375cd06dbdacbaed54e52258ac29f0d06	Darwin and Religion Interesting Darwin Prize Ancient Times
4a5df247f2b385b9b5085cae37ab906ddca69897	Useful links:
34c99aa60652dfcb71431dabf3e97f850a4fd16e	You are here ✏ Darwin Award 27.05.2015
2ef5492a3fad1dd1158824eb1065e22a50c9f955	© 2017 Charles Darwin.
0fb2679306f80e875ce8a9e03ddb56355e633517	Biography of Charles Darwin Darwin's Theory
713791beb733e7f5f9f1bf4934116bb81faf9ec8	Website development in Krasnodar
9f7964d8024bcc6af9f674819df727473d71043b	Darwin does not approve of the use of AdBlock on this site
bc7adfd3804f3cb5c42ca852f96733cc9efcef4f	Dear friend, I understand that you have evolved enough to use AdBlock, but the developer of this site wants to eat.
06051488db520c4825ea0466c447ae60f6d7fc31	And he really asks you to disable this extension.
bbfa773e5a63a5ea58c9b6207e608ca0120e592a	Close
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5d43d55368d263ab7fd329732a474ed0fc56a7e2	Biography, life story of Darwin Charles
6ca622c7fae73d4c64c35ccf904c84ee409477b6	After successfully graduating from boarding school, Charles Darwin began studying medicine at the University of Edinburgh in 1825.
83a8121ab45be6c6a71313bdd7809d4a6196a042	However, the young man did not feel predisposed to this profession, he stopped studying at the university, and then, at the insistence of his father, he entered the University of Cambridge to study theology.
b50bf905568727cd31b06a44ef578a64084df363	Not being completely convinced of the truth of the postulates of Christianity, Charles, although he graduated from a Christian college, however, left its walls in 1831 not as a theologian, but as an established naturalist collector.
7f41e3ed6bfc2b5701243365a3d2481695646426	This was facilitated by the active participation of the young man in the life of scientific societies in England, as well as his natural inclinations, as well as close acquaintance with zoologists, prominent botanists and famous geologists.
4aba63d86033ea9fcce929a6b2963118656170d0	The life of a naturalist
224330f0265d346da9c647c4b4989eb2363c459f	As a naturalist scientist, Charles Darwin took part in the famous round the world trip for five whole years (in the period 1831-1836), having got on board a ship called the Beagle on the recommendation of friends.
7d9845d3a3c299accfd1f346b9a92d8861847a65	During this long voyage, he collected truly remarkable collections of plants and insects, and Darwin presented his impressions and rather subtle observations in a two volume book that made him famous in the world scientific community.
8ab69ea7cdd2ade97b3a6fcd5e8134a9968c6c42	Charles Darwin returned from this voyage as a well formed major scientist who saw in science both the meaning of his life and his own vocation.
805c9660b735879fbc315a89821f71910bb90185	After returning to England, Darwin worked in the period 1838-1841 as secretary of the Geological Society in London.
ee165bbbfb063469bb84ad8580169b8809645b20	Charles in 1839 tied his life by a legal marriage with Emma Wedgwout, and this woman later bore him ten children.
fcef525a090f69a075a3c007a678b616e1db0ea6	In 1842, the family of Charles and Emma left the capital of England, citing the poor health of its head.
b16b1d4724daa45a38b9912bcc81cfc73f7637bd	They settled in the estate of Down, located in the county of Kent.
9da76bb4da946a4a433e390ed587b1ab5605b4ba	Darwin lived in this house until the very end.
2d6654b6739e003183559e6ef693d782d21b55d2	Darwinism
7050c9789d6fc9b62027f3c39f45b96440b522bb	Enjoying a measured and secluded life in the bosom of nature, leading an almost hermit existence, Darwin devoted himself entirely to scientific works.
732622cdf7a3b344a1cbdf90784c82b57b02a4c3	He took up the development of a theory of the evolution of terrestrial organic forms.
47115d36536d46c1ba115d02929ad55963bb1c49	The most basic factors that testified to the evolutionary development of all living things were reflected by the scientist in his main work, which was published in 1859.
93ac008c8224fa18c6fa6362d710620c062f4265	After the publication of "The Origin of Species...", after almost ten years of hard work, a two volume book was published in 1868 entitled "The Change of cultivated plants and domestic animals", which supplemented the main monograph with a variety of factual material.
af0f2f9a5212fa3bf14a4fbd14c12299db2c0c44	The third book, which supplemented the ideas about evolution, was published in 1871, it was called "The Origin of man...", and in the 1872 supplement that followed it, entitled "The expression of emotions..."
354905d53e491ab73b1f1934fb52282d9a8733e1	Darwin, for the first time in the history of science, elevated the origin of man to ape like ancestors.
d7d1cc378f2ccbd2315f7897b038e288afda5bca	Thus began the victorious march of Darwinism on the planet.
c0cc228f50af7fcf66bb8212628e5c325c01e218	The scientist received fame, recognition of his services to science, and with it a large number of various regalia established by scientific societies around the world.
9fd99b133fb9b6f8149a7d6a90ced44021080dd9	The beginning was laid by the award of the Copley Gold Medal to Darwin in 1864 by the Royal Society of London.
8ca5dbd3899a3e92799b7c877eba4b8a2ea8dd38	In 1882, on April 19, the world famous scientist, who made an unprecedented revolution in the science of living species and man, quietly passed away in the Down estate.
94f2dcea208b64f59b3b13c6fb74d7fbde409ad9	The body of Charles Robert Darwin was transferred to Westminster Abbey, where the father of Darwinism was laid to rest near the grave of another great English scientist – Sir Isaac Newton.
021778681451286c5a43d44b8b97bdb90f40acfb	Gianluca Vacchi (Vacchi)
d6156eff43bde40251de20390741c21233749203	Zakharchenko Dmitry Viktorovich
57832f4b01c326ee3d6c762cb39f721baa63ae34	Bazhov Pavel Petrovich
856539d02b921f38b0ad4508ae195dd33bc94227	Mustai Karim
40bf36a9982beb912eaee4c35c2043de579714f2	Vlad Kadoni
84ed4efec7a1cbaca7e6b45bff51a13d40813ea2	Schnittke Alfred Garrievich
2b4a63b49b61ba15d7eb99bcbf3f317f9098714a	Anufrieva Sofya Evgenyevna
a6f5a423b158b85ef326d089be28b276ffb7aa87	Elena Ivanovna Kondulainen
ccf5f55a4c472e2802254c9aa80eae563b0cf4a6	The group " Hands Up!"
953dd7798060f5c9a4ebc29f087a9a6935e6086b	Kituashvili Eric Davidovich
7eda7db084a5831c0a0036ace3000f11a6d1ff4b	Prokopyev Vasily Andreevich
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143d15ff0bdab78ca21fe8549d0ee5aaafefec23	Nastya Zadorozhnaya decided to join the blogosphere
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b93316719daa70c7dda45f0cdacf92fb4c23c00c	Contacts Add News Add Biography Advertising
ecd682d3f1e286761749eaefeabf86ad4a8af6b4	2006-2017 Mega Stars.ru
1676c86a72431729c32862fee30e7bed21a03a26	The composer's father-Nicolas Chopin (1771-1844), from a simple family[12], moved from France to Poland in his youth.
fe6765d9c94c6952f44d236128add5b59e669a9b	Since 1802, he lived in the estate of Count Skarbek Zhelyazov Volya, where he worked as a tutor for the count's children.
59b75092d6c949fd8bb70d5ffc805183f7fa5f3a	In 1806, Nicolas Chopin married a distant relative of the Skarbeks, Tekla Justina Krzyzhanovskaya[13] (1782-1861).
04295f11af975ded75f7277dcb96cdaaa837fce8	The Kshizhanovsky (Krzhizhanovsky) family of the Pig coat of arms traces its origin to the XIV century and owned the village of Kshizhanovo near Koscyan.
801a6cf5aa266ecff9abd08dcbf97ac42f6cd447	Vladimir Krzyzanowski, the nephew of Justina Krzyzanowska, belonged to the Krzyzanowski family, among others.
294fe4c6a763c7e15b3afb136ff3fb2cae987700	According to the surviving evidence, the composer's mother received a good education, spoke French, was extremely musical, played the piano well, had a beautiful voice.
61b2d1421d0054a3121d721f3856fde61129ce4a	Frederick owes his first musical impressions to his mother, a love for folk melodies instilled from infancy.
ee27b11d85d6daa99e6185080c96892a25000f8d	In the autumn of 1810, some time after the birth of his son, Nicolas Chopin moved to Warsaw.
a80d9831ddac875fefdd330da7ccf7f206abea1b	At the Warsaw Lyceum, thanks to the patronage of the Skarbeks, he received a place after the death of the teacher Pan Mahe.
bc3f297dc61173b1b76c6b746eddf58435bc8060	Chopin was a teacher of French and German languages and French literature, kept a boarding school for lyceum students.
1d9a965263b3fbff8c0c4004e3e4f164bbffec4c	The intelligence and sensitivity of parents united all family members with love and had a beneficial effect on the development of gifted children.
480c07beb4866c76c11c4f36c58067f9954f92b5	In addition to Frederick, there were three sisters in the Chopin family: the eldest is Ludvika, married to Yendzheyevich, who was his especially close devoted friend, and the younger ones are Isabella and Emilia.
1d24f5e631f1aae65cd731124568197eedf9c0bf	The sisters had versatile abilities, and Emilia, who died early, had an outstanding literary talent.
df40f79e9b995891d9007c3ae8dc87054348c4ba	Chopin (Chopin) Frederick (full name – Frederick Franciszek (in the French version – Frederick Francois) (March 1, 1810, Zhelyazova Wola, Poland-October 17, 1849, Paris) was a Polish composer and pianist.
c3cd2a64fd10d212e29fd4ea6f869311f64fb660	The young genius was born on March 1, 1810 (according to other sources-February 22 of the same year) in a mixed French-Polish family; Chopin's native language was Polish.
955307cb2cee428a046115eaaf169c5c443afb71	Frederick's father was a French teacher, Nicolas Chopin.
b7909f64c88981b7c3fde98f50035e9af5e0347f	Frederick was the only boy in the family.
8ef5349ccc34dce1958328f717659183942d53ef	In 1816-1822, Frederick studied piano with Wojciech Zhivny (1756-1842), whose teaching was based on the music of J. S. Bach and the Viennese classics.
386e14b07c804a307f58dc33898107b20d795e49	Apparently, at the same time, the future composer's first acquaintance with the Italian bel canto took place.
b853a1c8efc600827f6eb40e705546ca99e0c240	Chopin's unique melodic style was formed under the combined influence of Mozart , Polish national music, in particular, the salon pieces of his older contemporaries M. K. Oginsky, M. Szymanowski and others, as well as Italian opera.
21ce0e9a66e9f4bcaec6a08fbe772fdf40c13853	Chopin's first compositional experiments (two polonaises) date back to 1817.
266c32611c4f1a7c15b8cf4e0914e42d6738949a	Since 1819, he has performed as a pianist in Warsaw aristocratic salons.
7cca130e38ed31af07b1df269cf04147be23d45e	In 1822, he began studying privately with the leading Polish composer Yu. Elsner.
a6e49fa6e5a705514bddea0015cc13f09c942840	In 1823 he entered the Warsaw Lyceum, shortly before graduating from which he published his first opus-Rondo c moll (1825).
dca0f2704eafb724db2c09a4560178cd6c75e608	In 1826-1829, Chopin studied in Elsner's class at the Warsaw Main School of Music.
aa884af8e55fcb8a118affdd6a05918d8ca9a1fc	Variations on the theme of a duet from Mozart's opera Don Juan for piano and orchestra, Op. 2, First Sonata Op. 4 and a number of plays.
bba24dbd27ba0e096842241b2da0a0906dcb3b31	At the end of the conservatory, Chopin was officially awarded the "musical genius"characteristic.
e4d88df15e57b75d465f646f978be9c82105c974	Self-imposed exile In 1829 and 1831 Chopin successfully gave concerts in Vienna.
95732de1eebe4f2e31847de0e246bc196295c68c	At the same time, R. Schumann enthusiastically responded in print about the Variations of Op. 2 " Hats off, gentlemen, you have a genius in front of you!".
596018c92acea6acc114c22e29861c4bcbeeca59	The news of the defeat of the Polish uprising of 1830-1831 caught Chopin while he was in Stuttgart (according to a popular legend, Chopin responded to it with a play that became widely known as the"Revolutionary Etude").
4bd1af835e6864aa781008f526f3388263d21b99	A staunch supporter of Polish independence, Chopin refused to return to his homeland and settled in Paris, where he soon gained a reputation as an outstanding teacher and pianist.
f69f8b41e12c1bc0059092ae5c7fc2d691d9c4ea	He was accepted in the highest circles of the Parisian aristocracy, met the popular virtuoso pianists F. Kalkbrenner and K. Pleyel (who provided him with practical assistance in the first period of his Parisian life), musicologist F. J. Fetis, composers F. Liszt , V. Bellini, artist E. Delacroix, writers G. Heine, V. Hugo, and other prominent representatives of the Parisian artistic elite; among his friends were also representatives of the Polish emigration.
28f6f2452183410642fd3dd784a229b39572ac8e	Since 1829, Chopin's artistic activity begins.
8ff3bd67c2b38c3372d322936180f805fe8d29dc	He performs in Vienna, Krakow, performing his works.
abfe555dd0fb6e2e89083cc61ec820903d136d21	Returning to Warsaw, he left it forever on November 5, 1830.
701ec049046cecb807ff68815d3822c76ce3594f	This separation from his homeland was the cause of his constant hidden grief-homesickness.
a6a2f9256a077907ebe3f8d7826133d66c15d6fe	To this was added at the end of the thirties the love for George Sand, which gave him more grief than happiness.
27e33239d4c60bc75e0cd5e5843763c68f7e7e71	After passing Dresden, Vienna, Munich, he moved to Paris in 1831.
ce2c9670aa1ce806f94bdb1075c017367cdd45f5	On the way, Chopin wrote a diary (the so-called "Stuttgart diary"), reflecting his state of mind during his stay in Stuttgart, where he was overcome by despair over the collapse of the Polish Uprising.
3cbed9966b4a4f43519ddf4f23c36b0ba1c8813f	During this period, Chopin wrote his famous "Revolutionary Etude".
c24e83b1398838e0e8dbc86a54ae0592ff2ff08e	Chopin gave his first concert in Paris at the age of 22.
0f16659aee58389e965b1154eff00e5d29728ce3	The success was complete.
4f8b0c328c2e45282adb5f4388dbcf19f16aa23a	Chopin rarely performed in concerts, but in the salons of the Polish colony and the French aristocracy, Chopin's fame grew extremely quickly.
2e474eb6268bcf09b67e6d554c8eacef13e5c794	There were composers who did not recognize his talent, for example, Kalkbrenner and John Field, but this did not prevent Chopin from gaining many loyal fans both in artistic circles and in society.
afa4efdc2678ca312b9f0200ca0efbf0122cf889	The love of teaching music and piano was a distinctive feature of Chopin, one of the few great artists who devoted a lot of time to this.
7650a5f24e1f034a015b2fe2eaa32685bfa8aaac	In 1835, the composer went to Germany to meet Felix Mendelssohn, as well as Schumann.
0cfe706fbbe78e2bed045f0f94486c274bc402ed	Later, in the summer of 1837, he went to England, to the city of London.
2cfc8b71d8c9ab6c212d608b2fb201df1c1249a7	Then he finds his life partner, this girl becomes the most famous French writer, whose name was George Sand.
9618bcc6b6633ca364ae43e1aa2f8c755cf58cac	Frederick is six years younger than his chosen one, Georges was divorced and already had two children at that time, she wrote beautiful stories as an author.
f4e5a60c945a963baf7ae0e3024dbfd38e1e11bb	Chopin found in this woman everything that he lacked so much, Georges was gentle, caring and faithful.
28ab98f0a6f5f603fe641d86ea8a5ebf8e3f036e	In the winter from 1837 to 1838, the lovers live in an old monastery right in the mountains, which is located on an island called Majorca.
6a9f44e1a658e60e99c4860216614b3ea1ac0bab	Fate presents the composer with a very unpleasant surprise.
71e89a85c966d35c2492a4c6fece5bed5a7d9da1	Frederick becomes very ill.
4f980febe470716e660b663823acacf11ea2230e	After a while, Chopin learns that he has a serious illness, tuberculosis of the lungs.
d50b39d5dea15dd17ca0f909f5f02d766f3f6d18	Every day the disease progressed, so that the musician became very weak and could hardly even leave the house.
f1cd63dc0fb3c9a7ebb94ddce66e7b3440ed8ffe	All this time, his beloved, Georges, was next to him.
391e187d9363b104962cec0d99b11a621051e547	But, even despite a serious illness, an insane weakness, he still works hard and creates his wonderful works.
629f77e729012cf1f686f297b596ebfa361be74d	Among them are the cycle of 24 Preludes, the Ballad F dur, the Polonaise c moll, as well as Scherzo cis moll.
3a0afe9b787843f5ed0b0ac7ac900e96b53f29ba	After ten years spent together with Georges, they decide to separate.
fd067c0918665c417365e9a1990aafddda10f41a	After that, the health of Frédéric Chopin deteriorates sharply.
681c443df6afec6802ff9a6b48e603faa13c4ba5	In March, 1839, the composer was treated in Marseille.
d047b4b5474015df396d9603beb6d7ec07d11683	In February 1848, he gave his last concert in Paris.
4551d3525e04d5b09bf2334eb9d0e7380e54ac21	The revolution that began a few days later forced Chopin to leave for the UK, where he spent seven months playing in aristocratic salons (including for Queen Victoria) and giving lessons.
59ac26ea30c7c594339cdfe81732d51fd64ab688	After returning to Paris, Chopin was no longer able to study with his students; in the summer of 1849, he wrote his last work — the Mazurka f moll Op. 68.4.
e8a2ef651eb46b23289caf4a3f67b1cccdf8e8ff	Almost all of Fryderyk Chopin's music is intended for piano (among the few exceptions is a late Sonata for Cello and piano, dedicated to the composer's friend, cellist O. Frankommu, and a dozen and a half songs based on the words of Polish poets).
cd1b7af575dd528c7dab83caa874ca40e9d137d4	According to contemporaries, Chopin was an inspired improviser.
886c46855e928af5766f8183796c140f67605576	He composed while playing, painfully trying to fix his musical ideas in the notes.
d9c6b92041c72e2bd56af9dbd90934ab7733e4b8	Chopin's legacy is small in volume, but the artistic world embodied in it is universal.
1278195364a2464ab2eb8820e1031004d734cfec	One of the poles of Chopin's creativity is made up of young virtuoso pieces (including rondo) and works for piano and orchestra (two concertos, 1829-30, and others), in which he still adheres to the traditional forms of romantic pianism of the "grand style".
c922c95abb9f159d470f255011a61998fd1ca862	At the other pole are the monumental Third Sonata h Moll (Op. 58, 1844) and the surrounding Fantasy (1841), Lullaby (1843-44), Barcarola (1845-6), the Third and Fourth Ballads (1840-41, 1842), the Fourth Scherzo (1842), three Mazurkas Op. 56 (1843), three mazurkas op. 59 (1845), Polonaise fantasia (1845-46), nocturnes op. 62 (1846) — works of great expressive power and nobility, innovative in form (the late Chopin is characterized by a free three-part form with a long-prepared abbreviated reprise, which usually turns into a compressed coda), texture, harmonic language.
9620a7545b92adeddfc3554830d7e5bab49c5e48	Between these two poles are etudes, preludes, nocturnes, waltzes, mazurkas, polonaises, impromptu — invariably perfect in all details and diverse as life itself.
4e2bd7f169928ffacae1d72f45d475d1a65c3f94	The poet and musician Boris Leonidovich Pasternak considered this diversity a distinctive feature of Chopin and called his work "an instrument of knowledge of all life".
824b5c8bf217d9694c32be772481a5efb86335a1	Chopin's music is almost entirely sustained in a homophonic harmonic warehouse; the lack of counterpoint in the usual sense is compensated for in it by the rich play of accompanying voices, creating the effect of the finest sub-vocal polyphony.
8c2757fbbdb43ec2f9888f8697178661965815b5	Many of his plays are written in popular household, salon, educational (etudes) genres, but under the pen of Chopin, their genre prototypes acquire a completely new scale.
b489c9e485f5551af7b456f6067362c02e4823b5	Schumann's words about one of Chopin's etudes (Op. 25.1): "This is not so much an etude as a poem" are applicable to all other etudes, as well as to most mazurkas, waltzes, preludes, nocturnes, etc. (the genre principle prevails over the poetic one only in some of Chopin's early plays).
f8160e74740fb485dabaa715712a20f73d224715	His harmony is characterized by unusually bold tonal juxtapositions and modulations (often taking the form of sudden "slips" into distant tonal spheres), excursions into the sphere of pure chromatics or modality.
81af5a145d7477b62a4ba4458f79d055b43727f3	Fryderyk Chopin died on October 17, 1849, in Paris.
4d93e2a582293632f82b90511eacec9185b1ee71	About three thousand people attended the funeral service in the church of St. Mary Magdalene in Paris; his Preludes e moll and h moll from Op. 28 and Mozart's Requiem.
66e10d7160b2012942fe6a34bd7b2918bd0bd68c	At the funeral, the orchestra played the funeral march from his Second Sonata b moll Op. 35.
fe4afa6c2760246094e90cc9d92792ede549dacb	At Chopin's request, his heart was transported to Poland; it rests in the Warsaw Church of the Holy Cross.
333da10f32cdc4375d3a02b5ce2b3878385ca16b	Never — neither before nor after Chopin — has his homeland, Poland, given such a musical genius.
71abeb7a2fc4c7e7b9e633ec7a550db88dfad2fb	His work is almost entirely pianistic.
0dcd604daa454db1a6efdffdf0775b0a6c19a684	Although Chopin's rare compositional gift could have made him a remarkable symphonist, his delicate, reserved nature was content with the limits of the chamber genre — except, of course, for his two wonderful piano concertos.
1875bbff1ddb8c3e3a0a87577dbaeb2ef18c4494	In polonaises, ballads, Chopin tells about his country, Poland, about the beauty of its landscapes and the tragic past.
a69088cd151fa0a4900f2a9c0274acc73ba66c5b	In these works, he uses the best features of folk melos.
c7319d1110841f4e140ae8beae2d04613edb1c04	At the same time, Chopin is exceptionally original.
785fd38fa635431ddd1f61cf9515c8dec3d2377d	His music is distinguished by bold depiction and does not suffer from whimsicality anywhere.
33ab969e2d728aa7456aea3fcff9b24b4d357a7b	After Beethoven, classicism gave way to romanticism, and Chopin became one of the main representatives of this trend in music.
a8a5caf56e0ba7b094bfe14c950294a468902d0a	If there is a reflection somewhere in his work, it is probably in the sonatas, which does not prevent them from being high examples of the genre.
3da4bb93403271af2bb64f1b916d6079cba59cb4	Chopin often reaches the heights of tragedy, as, for example, in the funeral march in the sonata op. 35, or appears as a wonderful lyricist, as, for example, in adagio from the second piano concerto.
4ece666574434c56a2eb12dc4842057546335c39	Among the best works of Chopin are etudes: in them, in addition to technical exercises, which were the main and almost the only goal of this genre before Chopin, an amazing poetic world is revealed to the listener.
8d58901476988f6b22940c3d620f85fdfccb1bac	These sketches are distinguished by a youthful impetuous freshness, like, for example, the ges dur etude, then by drama (etudes f moll, c moll). They have wonderful melodic and harmonic beauties.
c06b57bd20becc0cc94692724fa74c0efd736fc0	The cis moll etude reaches Beethoven's heights of tragedy.
1947da789453ef7f53999df3903d444e571dfaa5	The most intimate, "autobiographical" genre in Chopin's work is his waltzes.
1200347f824b92103594e8fa816fdd8bdb26019b	According to the Russian musicologist Izabella Khitrik, the connection between Chopin's real life and his waltzes is extremely close, and the totality of the composer's waltzes can be considered as a kind of "lyrical diary" of Chopin.
cc873a3a4d819a9c1ba8a3f0b4f9e3a16d7436a1	Chopin was distinguished by his restraint and isolation, so his personality is revealed only to those who know his music well.
ebf93fabb0e36a72b776a081ac2c6486480b48a3	Many famous artists and writers of that time worshiped Chopin: composers Franz Liszt, Robert Schumann, Felix Mendelssohn, Adolf Meyerbeer, Ignaz Moscheles, Hector Berlioz, singer Adolf Nurri, poets Heinrich Heine and Adam Mickiewicz, artist Eugene Delacroix, journalist Agathon Giller and many others.
22c3d936df3914f2337d75cf5b0837b4774c1b15	In 1949-1962, the Polish musicologist Ludwik Bronarski published the complete works of Chopin — " Fr. Chopin, Dziela wszystkie», PWM, Krakow.
9189d4d0967ed2d7e3f9955bf20d44aa6449e16b	A crater on Mercury is named after Chopin.
9006d257566ece277e35f728c4b3c2b34d9e7c22	Chopin is one of the main composers in the repertoire of many pianists.
eefef940670d60f71a954c85dee920f891557f7a	Recordings of his works appear in the catalogs of major record companies.
4094afbde1bb70d5c2eb82aa3ac3cfb6266cacec	Since 1927, the International Chopin Piano Competition has been held in Warsaw.
86751dfe4aaee9e15470899dc8f83fe60b961f5f	Among the winners of the competition is the famous Polish pianist H. Shtompka, who was a fan of Chopin's work.
89a91fffd06b2419f4b47ad2fc6d35d2c9c3df04	In 1934, the Chopin University was founded in Warsaw, which was later transformed into the Chopin Society. Chopin.
b6f07f4736f627d3ad19930ffca6b3e4f65b96a9	The society has repeatedly published Chopin's works and articles about his work.
365b8b3d6abf78dceab3c4cfb54ed48500eab3c3	On March 1, 2010, the most modern and amazing biographical museum in the world — the Fryderyk Chopin Museum-was opened in Warsaw, the capital of Poland, after reconstruction and modernization.
20f61c7f48288b555edcb9d0a0b01002553d5671	This event is timed to the 200th anniversary of the birth of the famous Polish composer and musician.
98b98c830d51a2b93111ef145f1909e3e769a025	By the resolution of the Sejm of the Polish Republic, 2010 was declared the Year of Chopin[6].
c3ea9eca0b22097dbd5d8c6449482104f09a7494	In 1960, a postage stamp of the USSR dedicated to Chopin was issued.
6d3607e289715862a73a5baf096bf8716b9ed877	In 2001, Okenche Airport (Warsaw) was named after Frederic Chopin.[19]
b66dc33120df3b61e1abb30070bf82a027001c3a	In 2010, a memorial plaque was installed in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan and a street was named in honor of Frédéric Chopin.
31a348699279e92f9f7ef0c416cf9636cfeffeae	December 2, 2010 In Almaty at the Kazakh National Conservatory. Kurmangazy The Polish Embassy opened a concert hall named after Frederic Chopin in honor of the Year of Chopin [21], and "Kazpost issued a commemorative postage stamp dedicated to the 200th anniversary of Frederic Chopin.
fa1724b82d5ac77ff9740014ce7f2fc0a5625470	In 1998, the Moscow State College (then - the school) of Musical Performance, and in 2011, the Irkutsk Music College began to bear the name of F. Chopin
7aa926719d64488f79418ea943be07768a9fddef	Monuments in honor of Chopin have been erected in many cities of Poland and the world (including Warsaw, Poznan, Zhelyazova Wola, Krakow, Paris, Shanghai, Tirana, etc.)
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6ac43254136641aff46eae4bd8ba36d5b89bb5a2	Frédéric Francois Chopin
8aca7b1bece70c2cb79733cd864052d854ab7f96	12.10.2012, 10:39
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c2133b44edc93afe8e3b6787ac11436f7691532f	Fryderyk Chopin biography
a8b17a6dcb39bdca043e7b7d897dda0d4c1fd312	Fryderyk Chopin
6d0a794e6dd4dc078ea233bcc2e0d55b47a29b2b	(full name and surname Fryderyk Franciszek (in the French version, Fryderyk Francois) is a Polish composer and pianist.
4825dbabd2a75d3e80be2a53aa7d7f86167feb0c	Chopin's music is characterized by lyricism, subtlety in conveying various moods; his works are distinguished by the breadth of national folklore and genre connections.
ee2eb23bb6b36726afa920e1e36d477623d43b64	He interpreted many genres in a new way: he revived the prelude on a romantic basis, created a piano ballad, poetized and dramatized dances mazurka, polonaise, waltz; turned the scherzo into an independent work.
f949dce7e2f43712827fec8c37753b8ef1763333	He enriched harmony and piano texture; combined classical form with melodic richness and imagination.
203f4c212b0c98a05195a505377eecf507f659ce	2 concertos (1829, 1830), 3 sonatas (1828-44), fantasy (1841), 4 ballads (1835-42), 4 scherzos (1832-42), impromptu, nocturnes, etudes and other works for piano; songs.
72746bbe15d6583fc9e4321492a8801029082f83	In his piano performance, the depth and sincerity of feelings were combined with elegance, technical perfection.
eb6ced721af59c4fdd0608610dd05cf2a6b56354	Young genius
5eb69453d8fa61c21adb80fccbcb069f69aaf527	Fryderyk Chopin was born on March 1, 1810, in Zhelyazova Wola, in Poland to a mixed French Polish family;
d7e79a14ce7443048b60ddb2d697dca478dcd4aa	Chopin's native language was Polish.
9fd65c0902f92c8732297e6a1c8e7b7ad2780724	In 1816-1822, he studied piano with Wojciech Zhivny (1756-1842), whose teaching was based on the music of Johann Sebastian Bach and the Viennese classics.
827ddf0c5cdfef350f2248701c79d50f40416e70	Chopin's unique melodic style was formed under the combined influence of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Polish national music, in particular, the salon pieces of his older contemporaries Mikhail Kleofas Oginsky, Maria Szymanowski and others, as well as Italian opera.
66e34b10a362bc5261e1c64c81cd395c9dd6c378	Since 1819, he performed as a pianist in the Warsaw aristocratic salons.
14a7de587ee0aee6c562948732778debfb5f83b7	In 1822, Chopin began studying privately with the leading Polish composer Jozef Elsner.
e42057def3ee40492d1e56a9c33468740c24b2d5	In 1823, he entered the Warsaw Lyceum, shortly before graduating from which he published his first opus, Rondo c moll (1825).
c1066c97f766fad59db1d9a67fc5f82d5c00fe8c	Variations on the theme of a duet from Mozart's opera Don Juan for piano and orchestra, Op.
d39952a39a14a816372bac5988a35fa4a32eb3e3	2, First Sonata Op.
2c2713be1d6db32e1ca03798667d76d3a617f8ea	4 and a number of plays.
3e9fc0fbad28e36b53a62bea8987863422ecf94b	Self imposed exile
915bb228094e83b153a3e55f839fd211d8e17cf7	In 1829 and 1831, Fryderyk Chopin successfully gave concerts in Vienna.
c9c3add8a6e8584c519c53566999cc1abd6f03f2	At the same time, the German composer and music critic Robert Schumann enthusiastically responded in print about the Variations of Op.
7aaad5ded412c46b4fe1f78d91c4939af61399a1	2 ("Hats off, gentlemen, you have a genius in front of you!"). The news of the defeat of the Polish uprising of 1830-1831 caught Chopin while he was in Stuttgart (according to a popular legend, Chopin responded to it with a play that is now widely known as the"Revolutionary Etude").
678cd62b1500834ac875350a416a4b8a5b793ec6	Being a staunch supporter of Polish independence, Fryderyk refused to return to his homeland and settled in Paris, where he soon gained a reputation as an outstanding teacher and pianist.
eac87f9321c91da524378d1fd9bdcf630b0f838f	He was accepted in the highest circles of the Parisian aristocracy, met the popular virtuoso pianists F. Kalkbrenner and K. Pleyel (who provided him with practical assistance in the first period of his Parisian life), the Belgian musicologist and composer Francois Joseph Fetis, composers Franz Liszt, Vincenzo Bellini, the French painter, graphic artist and artist Eugene Delacroix, writers Heinrich Heine, Victor Hugo, and other prominent representatives of the Parisian artistic elite; among his friends were also representatives of Polish emigration.
2c61c96c91a5f26f9160c63658bfb3b4f61d8aaf	In 1835 and 1836 Chopin went to Germany (where he met, in particular, with Schumann and Felix Mendelssohn), in 1837 to London.
9822eebbe382d6f92e7ed02933d5017f0ef5f8d2	Meanwhile, he developed pulmonary tuberculosis, the first symptoms of which were discovered in 1831.
776ad1dedc5a2a5288ea6992629cef398824bb76	Soon F. Chopin actually abandoned his career as a virtuoso, limiting his concert activities to rare performances, mainly for a small audience, and focused on composition, publishing his opuses simultaneously in Paris, London and Leipzig.
58add2641faffb2bba21c21e1b6aced05a5c4853	Near George Sand
ec4bcd6191a355a7416b7e83eb0ae77bbe73ff72	In 1837, Chopin began an affair with the famous French writer George Sand, who treated Fryderyk Chopin partly in a maternal way, as a fragile and immature creature who needed constant care.
b99bd4e48d5d470e1165b512d7f145c14f76f8e1	During the winter of 1838-1839, Chopin and J. Sand was held on the island of Majorca (Spain), which had a beneficial effect on the composer's health.
c3028f73a89d3ed649e31d5eaf766ba943de4309	His relationship with the writer lasted about 10 years.
7438c83b71ce8a408f492b3122cece7debca8c41	After breaking up with Zh.
90e9864088373b9bbc6de9a43e80d51736e89805	Sand (1847)
4033a211095a91aa751be91a5a69fbf32e11d716	Chopin's health deteriorated sharply.
44bcfd589f1a2fc01741d81b3da7e06e5ec48938	After returning to Paris, Chopin was no longer able to study with his students; in the summer of 1849, he wrote his last work — the Mazurka f moll Op.
94bbbeaa9a50135df9ada03112243b0db1783154	68.4. Almost all of Fryderyk Chopin's music is intended for piano (among the few exceptions is a late Sonata for Cello and piano, dedicated to the composer's friend, cellist O. Frankommu, and a dozen and a half songs based on the words of Polish poets).
57014a017659b2f90c6d8c911f9e8cc874a84326	At the other pole are the monumental Third Sonata h Moll (Op. 58, 1844) and the surrounding Fantasy (1841), Lullaby (1843-44), Barcarola (1845-6), the Third and Fourth Ballads (1840-41, 1842), the Fourth Scherzo (1842), three Mazurkas Op.
1b71b546e8caa739b0196a05ab3e167bd8818398	56 (1843), three mazurkas op.
3d1d91905bdd8e37168e2744efe5ea609ddeeab7	59 (1845), Polonaise fantasia (1845-46), nocturnes op.
a3667904601907bb80fd8a33e5123ea671520d64	62 (1846)
20423300fd050ab9e448fd53ac870d02261e07ec	— works of great expressive power and nobility, innovative in form (the late Chopin is characterized by a free three part form with a long prepared abbreviated reprise, which usually turns into a compressed coda), texture, harmonic language.
cd1f6731252c342fd4db1e02a773e1062c878e46	Chopin's music is almost entirely sustained in a homophonic harmonic warehouse; the lack of counterpoint in the usual sense is compensated for in it by the rich play of accompanying voices, creating the effect of the finest sub vocal polyphony.
400361075adfe974e67177eedec0d3ed0ba3454f	About three thousand people attended the funeral service in the church of St. Mary Magdalene in Paris; his Preludes e moll and h moll from Op.
b4f10f7c86cf35ad24c61b9bdecb17aadde47fdf	28 and Mozart's Requiem.
aef033b5bc442265e2186942831d698e504e300e	At the funeral, the orchestra played the funeral march from his Second Sonata b moll Op.
50063e416caa9cad4ffb7ba290c11b5768e359fd	The influence of Chopin's harmonic and melodic language can be traced in the works of such various outstanding people as: the Hungarian composer, pianist and conductor Franz Liszt; the German composer, conductor and music writer Richard Wagner; the French composer, one of the founders of the National Musical Society
1ed03942803ff897527f474daaafc7adbe6868c0	Russian Russian composer and pianist Karol Szymanowski, Russian composer and pianist Gabriel Faure;
820b8ebe958444e283251ba6618f7fcbb69379d4	French composer, founder of musical impressionism Claude Debussy;
4c2d9582cb2061fa344b442625e1f4e7f37ea0b8	Norwegian composer, pianist and conductor Edvard Grieg;
ecd9dcf9bc27a0238f3e23eecabf291cc01b51ba	Spanish composer and pianist Isaac Albenis;
f51d6e6c400392e23e8b10c73fe274dfe9577fd9	Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Russian composer and pianist Alexander Nikolaevich Scriabin;
6c670d9b23e302abb57c8d8f02d5ea327a45692a	Russian composer, pianist and conductor Sergei Rachmaninoff, Polish composer and pianist.
f0d3cef7490625caad66d2cc6ff3e160f6becff2	Since 1927, the International Chopin Competition has been held in Warsaw.
83e30b7634a1adeed0a54fb507f154eba0250315	Category: Western European Composers / Added: yingying
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7f246c3fb5576c9f7d1459c08651ed9a7e27550d	Chopin, Frederick
aa83c4c48906c6b85f46dfac072ee4ba531c4f77	The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on December 3, 2016; checks require 32 edits.
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82f231ff06c577fcf64a02139285483f8b48a61e	Frédéric Chopin
2ce125c00b0a21b0e1070882c03c4aaeddab6116	Fryderyk Chopin[1]
4425779440cc5d7c2b5f4b2307479a0ba9c15d71	Chopin, 1835 Basic information Birth name Polish.
7d2e8109edee1d771f4aca2f8d0fde9c3fc90fc5	Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin
e47e0d3eb76235eff03fe53bbe43b9c86ce956dd	Date of birth March 1, 1810(1810-03-01)
3fbec062eab636bb867cb498c82510b695e35057	Place of birth of Zhelyazov Wola, Duchy of Warsaw
731438360f23e90e35428fc230bf5e1b7f6d75ae	Date of death October 17, 1849 (1849-10-17) (39 years old)
ba0c23ebd265e134e685893229eba17ab94d59d7	Place of death Paris, France
777eaf93d067a8c66c8755a9d2534ebeecb30b3f	Country Poland, France
6be6e9db7c7883f309b6f2a90a7553a33bfd2ee7	Professions composer, pianist, teacher
f4892ae41d26e98fec57feed3b40e449a0b977a2	Piano instruments
5a21ab5e16eafd40cd485bf9a2d516ee9c20fb83	Genres classical music and music of the romantic period
26384a6dd6dd2bb0287bd0bf045bd4bad1a5be08	Audio, photo, video on Wikimedia Commons
060b0f035ece5cedd1ef99e4eb1fd155c45bb275	Frederic Francois Chopin[2]
4dad8a895567accb85fa569da63445fe40034031	(fr. Frédéric François Chopin [ppɛ] [3]; Polish.
1dab5ef8b6819beab4d18e13bd332ae820770f2f	Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin[4] [ppɛn], Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin [5];
dc8f3dfec7f3a5670ae16f8c457334552f1f4a0f	March 1[6][7]
1a82a96d440364f2ae401a952e5f8d493adad3ac	(according to other sources, February 22[8]) 1810, the village of Zhelyazova Wola, near Warsaw — October 17, 1849, Paris) was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist, teacher.
c1758f889d8937236d899147b84e3079d983a0a1	The largest representative of the Polish musical art, became the founder of the Polish National school of composition.
ecf431bbb79e5a6333fbfc254314fd6f9ebc6f1e	Chopin, before leaving for the west, lived on the territory that is part of the Russian Empire, due to the fact that Poland ceased to exist as a state in 1795[9], and Warsaw, following the results of the Napoleonic Wars, was on the territory that was ceded to the Russian Empire.
a32158809506fea4a5baf93b9a89f30b57283e32	The exception is the first years of life, up to May 3, 1815[10].
b88e381d873ad08cd484d1bdf09122e7995bc829	At that time, this territory was part of the Duchy of Warsaw[11], a vassal of the French Empire.
e943e5cdb010a3525182d45a25cff7e8f23dbe61	1 Biography 1.1 Origin and family 1.2 Childhood 1.3 Youth 1.4 Mature years.
bd5c1c1f2f06d66ad47859a60bc25fded74c6c55	Abroad
3ba7625a633be534a54e2a85d262016b8d69d6d6	2 Creativity 3 Works 3.1 For piano with ensemble or orchestra 3.2 Mazurkas (58) 3.3 Polonaises (16) 3.4 Nocturnes (19 in total) 3.5 Waltzes (19) 3.6 Piano Sonatas (3 in total) 3.7 Preludes (25 in total) 3.8 Impromptu (4 in total) 3.9 Etudes (27 in total) 3.10 Scherzos (4 in total) 3.11 Ballads (4 in total) 3.12 Others
de135636bd1e91a5932979ca743a1495ca0c13ff	4 Arrangements and arrangements of Chopin's music 5 Memory 6 Notes 7 Literature 8 References
4910dda1d51089f991b35c2f28bf8c19bc44c273	Origin and family[edit / edit wiki text]
1daf5f76dabc0069a2fd0b255a0e638a73ff9d5e	The composer's father Nicolas Chopin (1771-1844), from a simple family[12], moved from France to Poland in his youth.
fa2a4fa162de22b65cc7e6d872161e67c18e3643	The house in Zhelyazova Volya, where Frédéric Chopin was born
5f8160c41c9d28a51f9faa19ca8a239d00c0d355	In 1806, Nicolas Chopin married a distant relative of the Skarbeks, Tekla Justina Krzyzhanovskaya[13] (1782-1861). The Kshizhanovsky (Krzhizhanovsky) family of the Pig coat of arms traces its origin to the XIV century and owned the village of Kshizhanovo near Koscyan.
406b5847f38d6c452fb0961d34b2770e3aa1d4aa	Already in his childhood, Chopin showed extraordinary musical abilities.
3f3ec0539ff721c56a4b83bb57d5fe31f7ea3709	He was surrounded by special attention and care.
b835c5f3fcb8ff77a1f15202ef2c55da767b2ba5	Like Mozart, he impressed others with his musical "obsession", inexhaustible imagination in improvisations, and innate pianism.
75d299ff989109c3c59105fa2ed504c64e6602cc	His receptivity and musical impressionability manifested themselves violently and unusually.
26dc7e2553ca3a72996cbae5f02d1fc0c376fd66	He could cry while listening to music, jump up at night to pick up a memorable melody or chord on the piano.
9fd3e9517fa442195719f6a3e23731c913bbb714	In its January 1818 issue, one of the Warsaw newspapers published a few lines about the first musical piece composed by the composer, who was still in elementary school.
a5f9107c87d3998c7bc1d8977804306ae0e5f97e	"The author of this "Polonaise" - the newspaper wrote — is a student who has not yet turned 8 years old.
d38e0813bf4d34a3bdaa6ff88639a155642b7caf	This is a real genius of music, with the greatest ease and exceptional taste.
aaa46a908dd83ca07a84a5d962fd4730569a2207	He performs the most difficult piano pieces and composes dances and variations that delight connoisseurs and connoisseurs.
8159411ddb0dc23ebdb5160e50ea94851c1b0219	If this child prodigy had been born in France or Germany, he would have attracted more attention."
733235544e96e1c4ead2a5ac4911b97b4e800f63	Young Chopin was taught music, placing great hopes on him.
9c5703224dcbfc8ea0c7715a7968be920a0a891b	The pianist Wojciech Zhivny (1756-1842), a Czech by birth, began studying with a 7 year old boy.
f0167752a0b32329a3f2eea41676d7d501c611df	The classes were serious, despite the fact that Chopin, in addition, studied at one of the Warsaw schools.
8cb2ca48aeb02dbc23122f6a7582639c802a1aac	The boy's performing talent developed so quickly that by the age of twelve Chopin was not inferior to the best Polish pianists.
d63efa24293151826dcaaa337fc9a54bf82b3dfb	Zhivny refused to study with the young virtuoso, saying that he could not teach him anything more.
d6f154a8202d90107c51e90600fc38397ee7e6b2	Youth[edit / edit wiki text]
913e987392913f199d3df655cdb97a600eaf196c	After graduating from college and completing seven years of classes with Zhivny, Chopin began his theoretical studies with the composer Jozef Elsner.
9d60275b4ab9573f476548a3f5bd012594595b3d	The Ostrogski Palace is the location of the Warsaw Chopin Museum.
06e3a6380e1b204b091caeeffb1d3a1c6f27463c	The patronage of Prince Anton Radziwill and the Princes Chetvertinsky introduced Chopin into high society, which was impressed by Chopin's charming appearance and refined manners.
1b2f09f0e88a779cdd92e43c547f0d7627e4b159	Here is what Franz Liszt said about this: "The overall impression of his personality was quite calm, harmonious and, it seemed, did not require additions in any comments.
3373b6d38620787f3470d9c2ef331db94b12c011	Chopin's blue eyes shone with more intelligence than they were tinged with thoughtfulness; his soft and subtle smile never turned into a bitter or sarcastic one.
28c2b7436c7da9fd12352049de9ed8e99ed42b20	The subtlety and transparency of his complexion attracted everyone; he had curly blond hair, a slightly rounded nose; he was of small stature, fragile, thin build.
ba468823e13af02126b3ac79f878ac50c363fdda	His manners were refined, varied; his voice was a little tired, often deaf.
c30e8609da3e678a0eb6f3f70f6513d6f8db7180	His manners were full of such decency, there was such a stamp of blood aristocracy in them that he was involuntarily met and accepted as a prince… Chopin introduced into society that evenness of disposition of people who are not bothered by worries, who do not know the word "boredom", are not attached to any interests.
518684059fe4601d4483803d1fdab060d1129cde	Chopin was usually cheerful; his sharp mind quickly found the funny even in such manifestations that not everyone catches the eye."
aba03f7e2c5c28a727e17be0aa3f5b96654a2a7d	Trips to Berlin, Dresden, Prague, where he attended concerts of outstanding musicians, diligently visited opera theaters and art galleries, contributed to his development.
52a2ac8450e7799fd22f868436c2cd3036dad34f	Mature years.
ee76773083938febb0c914a4af18f86b21dc27f0	Abroad[edit / edit wiki text]
c18620c691dd25da34d6f5baf5a62fdd0ae21ca3	Chopin on the postage stamp of Kazakhstan, 2010
b0c05bf6b24db7764f1b26aeb18a50256db29fcf	This separation from his homeland was the cause of his constant hidden grief homesickness.
7c4c62fcf546d9dc5aa10831a9363714e993fadc	In 1830, news arrived about the outbreak of an uprising for independence in Poland.
ee5073f11fe2e2df2ad08e9627651a70f2901dab	Chopin dreamed of returning to his homeland and taking part in the battles.
c6ccd82811c313b5cec15655348507fdd0b1e2ca	The preparations were completed, but on the way to Poland, he was caught by the terrible news: the uprising was suppressed, the leader was captured.
57f7f5ac994fa946a858143e3480a0651a9b3c37	After passing through Dresden, Vienna, Munich, Stuttgart, he came to Paris in 1831.
9f6f016e14b03222fdd89b217e6367b0201d9d5c	On the way, Chopin wrote a diary (the so called "Stuttgart diary"), reflecting his state of mind during his stay in Stuttgart, where he was overcome by despair over the collapse of the Polish Uprising.
e02be85a6e2a77fcc290fafa7ffb4ebab6122a40	Chopin deeply believed that his music would help his native people achieve victory.
9b07f36db9b86e2d26b908ecc71f1a25be502dc4	"There will be a brilliant, powerful, independent Poland!"
41fe65a94fdd7f06095d643d9472747b977b18c7	- so he wrote in his diary.
dbef810f788cb67d5aa7cdc2f4aacbd1dca42040	Chopin rarely performed in concerts, but in the salons of the Polish colony and the French aristocracy, Chopin's fame grew extremely quickly, Chopin gained many loyal fans, both in artistic circles and in society.
1344b6931e5fdec6bb3dba274f78e81b5f8dc664	Kalkbrenner highly appreciated Chopin's pianism, but nevertheless offered him his lessons.
de63508531a49bff7a193671db2ad80ad54fd8b6	However, these lessons quickly stopped, but the friendship between the two great pianists lasted for many years.
f8b287a7b77da9f205dfc57d6665fb1d61f5bfa6	In Paris, Chopin surrounded himself with young talented people who shared with him a devoted love for art. His entourage included pianist Ferdinand Giller, cellist Francomme, oboist Brodt, flautist Tulon, pianist Stamati, cellist Vidal, violist Urban.
36eeed06067d8e5fa1c77bd1be0472ec81c5b986	He also maintained acquaintance with the largest European composers of his time, among whom were Mendelssohn, Bellini, Liszt, Berlioz, Schumann.
c3fbb80f140e4160d28ee9842a159da2165adaa0	Over time, Chopin himself began to conduct teaching activities, the love of teaching piano was a distinctive feature of Chopin, one of the few great artists who devoted a lot of time to this.
4a72356298df19c3297f42ba291675a0000c46a2	In 1837, Chopin felt the first attack of lung disease (most likely, it was tuberculosis).
e8431fd5e5fc79f14ec8d1c1d475a1b148f72379	A lot of grief, in addition to parting with his bride, was brought to him in the late thirties by his love for George Sand (Aurora Dupin).
27f2e6b6e267b6d0e5744bf3ca877c1bc5487b6e	Staying in Majorca (Majorca) together with George Sand had a negative impact on Chopin's health, he suffered from bouts of illness there.
c6d1707254ec8799d5e713ec0f126f17e94c1c47	Nevertheless, many of the greatest works, including 24 preludes, were created on this Spanish island.
b2f7296381109f37aab3c545f9d6d1d083634e82	But he spent a lot of time in the countryside in France, where George Sand had an estate in Noane.
8a7fef2f3f436fb782b2a88cb7d44c745e46278a	Ten years of cohabitation with George Sand, full of moral trials, greatly undermined Chopin's health, and the break with her in 1847, in addition to causing him considerable stress, deprived him of the opportunity to rest in Noana.
be40a3a18e6dc2908518485c65386c283edaa7a1	Wanting to leave Paris to change the situation and expand his circle of acquaintances, Chopin went to London in April 1848 to give concerts and teach.
414ffc15dfa5bd27171f7b1024bd6c259d640991	This turned out to be his last trip.
d273a7922fe70589c4a0f0a75d016a5e77bb9821	The last public concert of Frédéric Chopin took place on November 16, 1848 in London.
ad2ea53093b9c0b88b65586ceab107d872b227fb	Success, a nervous, stressful life, the damp British climate, and most importantly, a periodically aggravated chronic lung disease all this finally undermined his strength.
5bd9c18125105e53ea44a84aeec2c72242e87f31	Returning to Paris, Chopin died on October 5 (17), 1849.
e256c4df5d99b2daa1b31c7da5159cbded4ffee0	The entire musical world deeply mourned Chopin.
dce1022cd0b681c160422e148fb12d8f8fd5eea9	Thousands of fans of his work gathered at his funeral.
21a48a91b57f23c72143cc47865b7cfab8b86ca1	According to the deceased's wish, at his funeral, the most famous artists of that time performed Mozart's "Requiem" - a composer whom Chopin ranked above all others (and his" Requiem "and the symphony" Jupiter " were called his favorite works), and his own prelude No.
6464db05169d1279e96eed6b6b961e7b26f413ce	4 (in E minor) was also performed.
d2d1ac0160901116143f33d49dfb9df8952983c3	In the Pere Lachaise Cemetery, Chopin's ashes rest between the graves of Luigi Cherubini and Bellini.
f4adadb9ba0a386e47978fd1757db658b57ad780	The composer bequeathed that his heart should be transported to Poland after his death.
4bb377d5e96dc5e7e7192c8af665e5d51b7ed70d	Chopin's heart was, according to his will, sent to Warsaw, where it was immured in the column of the Church of the Holy Cross.
59c84f32d07d88d81adec00b7610d789c96dbb2d	Portrait of Chopin by Eugene Delacroix, 1838
504f155d3dae836dfed7ab9042617ed053b231fe	Chopin, 1849.
4beaa33c7e0137573b6345411fd923c4980b8b3e	This is his only surviving photograph
b0d077dd918fd2c4d66d44cc080a0d94c16acadd	As N. F. Solovyov noted in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron,
ddd660411e292f3b24665a52f06b33ab12221a35	Chopin's music abounds in boldness, figurativeness and does not suffer from whimsicality anywhere.
d68059474d0852fc4d6eb143546041e23e0bc3b6	If after Beethoven there was an era of novelty of style, then, of course, Chopin is one of the main representatives of this novelty.
6dd48cda9c112b6f738c706ada741931d02251e0	In everything that Chopin wrote, in his wonderful musical contours, the great musician poet is visible.
b4757014ce9742260051676dfa863c76ed7d062d	This is noticeable in the finished typical etudes, mazurkas, polonaises, nocturnes, etc., in which inspiration flows over the edge.
6f6e8e0b8c6cbd1d4020d8e06d8bd741f85ad63b	If there is a certain reflexivity in something, it is in sonatas and concertos, but nevertheless amazing pages appear in them, such as, for example, the funeral march in the sonata op.
36bf6a8b0cc3a776f96fcf460594d3817b926bf4	35, adagio in the second concert.
2f8599bdf797c6ef4feb4986aff35cffd4cf056f	The best works of Chopin, in which he invested so much soul and musical thought, can be attributed to etudes: in them, in addition to the technique, which was the main and almost the only goal before Chopin, he introduced a whole poetic world.
475e6b6a74db0b55e0adc34ced5f164558e0a593	These sketches breathe now a youthful impetuous freshness, as, for example, ges dur, then a dramatic expression (f moll, c moll).
f03c4e3f1923204a979393a931785cd5a29de6cb	In these studies, he put melodic and harmonic beauty of the first rate.
c399a5136b9c16ce0d0484b653087607d163fec6	You canot count all the etudes, but the crown of this wonderful group is the cis moll etude, which, in its deep content, reached Beethoven's height.
4b1d5a68c003fbe759373512db88fd67968c645e	How much dreaminess, grace, wonderful music in his nocturnes!
1c24baea1235b59690ff0787f78ab92fa8239da1	In piano ballads, the form of which can be attributed to Chopin's invention, but especially in polonaises and mazurkas, Chopin is a great national artist who paints pictures of his homeland.
233b04f5b12d0188a3f8d521d28279836521883f	He is the author of numerous works for piano.
346b287d683b7186db422a4e0925fa558cbb2172	He interpreted many genres in a new way [source not specified 301 days]: revived the prelude on a romantic basis, created a piano ballad, poetized and dramatized dances mazurka, polonaise, waltz; turned the scherzo into an independent work.
df8e0a499afb6504439846ac3a2d0461c847d996	Enriched [source not specified 301 days] harmony and piano texture; combined classical a variety of forms with melodic richness and imagination.
4ab963c61aca7798a54f5639e751ab1776602c38	Among Chopin's compositions: 2 concertos (1829, 1830), 3 sonatas (1828-1844), fantasy (1842), 4 ballads (1835-1842), 4 scherzos (1832-1842), impromptu, nocturnes, etudes, waltzes, mazurkas, polonaises, preludes and other works for piano; songs.
a87afc99d81753d7abb52f9888fd63c4c8640957	According to the Russian musicologist Izabella Khitrik, the connection between Chopin's real life and his waltzes is extremely close, and the totality of the composer's waltzes can be considered as a kind of "lyrical diary" of Chopin[source not specified 310 days].
aabe3a3d7ac88f345839df4ef0013002162de75c	Many famous artists and writers of that time worshiped Chopin: composers Franz Liszt, Robert Schumann, Felix Mendelssohn, Giacomo Meyerbeer, Ignaz Moscheles, Hector Berlioz, singer Adolf Nurri, poets Heinrich Heine and Adam Mickiewicz, artist Eugene Delacroix, journalist Agathon Giller and many others.
2a32a28ab2520f5951747c0b92247c5011bb4cf5	Met Chopin and professional opposition to his creative credo: so, one of his main competitors in vivo, Sigismund Thalberg, according to legend, out on the street after the concert, Chopin, screamed loudly and to the bewilderment of his companion replied, the whole evening was one piano, so now you have a little forte[14].
35985e3eb6e7faf2a62c6b696c9981f27d4b180d	(According to contemporaries Chopin could not play Forte, the upper limit of its dynamic range was approximately mezzo Forte[15].)
29e3ddb483c71abf2219120753ce242c92b60c88	This section is not completed.
15961bf1691a879689fefa9fbd7d0e326608f680	You will help the project by correcting and supplementing it.
91587fb835eeb66b6ad6d2825b5bd2166127db8f	Works[edit / edit wiki text]
e67cda67bcc8ef6ee64db778039d36e79686edbf	Main article: List of works by Frédéric Chopin
c8954b48959b85da3cd88117fc0b3f97bdf480d3	It is necessary to transfer the contents of this section to the article List of works by Frédéric Chopin.
23ffcd4c4123adcc540f40a87adf0efd2a76d99f	After the transfer, replace this template with the {{main}} template or a link to the article.
9d046465e1dd48beff416dedffa136e19b381352	You can help the project by making this transfer.
cd65642d1bd393a6dc6f3f761254604ab60c7608	If you need to discuss the feasibility of merging, replace this template with {{amerge}} and add the corresponding entry on the VP page:COB.
36a5a74da404e70bb6da097a7d747c6085d4dfaf	For piano with ensemble or orchestra[edit / edit wiki text]
6c7dd08480815899f306640b0c66bd591f468dfc	Trio for piano, violin and Cello Op.
5f7d3f15f3a0e742b3a446166d5986293075836a	8 g moll (1829) Variations on a theme from the opera "Don Juan" Op.
96a8ddaefe560e0eb9340bbaef133670b744e864	2 B dur (1827) Rondo a la Krakowiak Op.
323fd77110e09876a28dec47b95c817e53dfcdbd	14 (1828)
914007842db7879aee7665bba9311874e7d7feda	"A great fantasy on Polish themes" Op.
bb085e85da86ca4809d11edd75e783eb2160c2ed	13 (1829-1830)
e03eed5cad5ce4e07812781d8bd2c5c27bfcde23	Piano Concerto Op.
b92e9ee06d7ebdeb3ca7937cc21a929036b29901	11 e moll (1830) Piano Concerto Op.
b36ba616eaa6bd6c3d307039c1c641a8a5052a53	21 f moll (1829) "Andante spianato" and the following "Big Brilliant Polonaise" Op.
bca3b5f65b4e316a0cba03e9311cd94bdf4c6e2d	22 (1830-1834)
d33b2e09c4e20d4c90c1462a4a8e0dafa41d1edd	Sonata for Cello Op.
d0a748d68eab88c34543e502f942d1409cd893a6	65 g moll (1845-1846) Polonaise for cello Op.
0440891f9bde4e037eeca563be0e041218621693	Mazurki (58)[edit / edit wiki text]
bc12e78fdae23df7349c164d7bf73199e1ef5fe7	Op.
c99a6a788e2e9fe9c2fa06132ff6c17af39654cb	6 — 4 mazurkas: fis moll, cis moll, E dur, es moll (1830) Op.
c1a5a2dacd1a799be62b731c06ad1e29c8f766cc	7 — 5 mazurkas: B dur, a moll, f moll, As dur, C dur (1830-1831) Op.
ce1c6b9427471ce61eec8661edc591d5d89deeaf	17 — 4 mazurkas: B dur, e moll, As dur, a moll (1832-1833) Op.
7cd8c7cdb4489f99acb787c321b1e710bc0bb481	24 — 4 mazurkas: g moll, C dur, A dur, b moll Op.30 — 4 mazurkas: c moll, h moll, Des dur, cis moll (1836-1837) Op.33 — 4 mazurkas: gis moll, D dur, C dur, h moll (1837-1838) Op.41 — 4 mazurkas: cis moll, e moll, H dur, As dur Op.50 — 3 mazurkas: G dur, As dur, cis moll (1841-1842) Op.56 — 3 mazurkas: H dur, C dur, c moll (1843) Op.59 — 3 mazurkas: a moll, As dur, fis moll (1845) Op.63 — 3 mazurkas: H dur, f moll, cis moll (1846) Op.67 — 4 mazurkas: G dur, g moll, C dur, No.
49404041f7f33be72d1523eab134294ef2d7575e	4 a moll 1846 (1848?) Op.68 — 4 mazurkas: C dur, a moll, F dur, No.
7f2fff41f0780f73bc3abd6349da565853aa39ec	4 f moll (1849)
8d592abfe2ec008f5f1b39cc1b55d9f0a8c24deb	Polonaises (16)[edit / edit wiki text]
45740214a72d237a2042b82190940d9082ca8f14	22 Big Shiny Polonaise Es dur (1830-1832) Op.
ac7563260188dc42a599c4d9ad150b6e529416c6	26 № 1 cis moll;
554eebd27985e53993325fd3bf226ae998184830	№ 2 es moll(1833—1835) Op.
da3bab11d47e5ac7382f98f84d698d50af13d4aa	40 № 1 A dur (1838);
310883c512c1206b08c6bdbfba941724d8be3515	№ 2 c moll (1836—1839) Op.
456761d6e16015ac135ec9ada04c360280b5960f	44 fis moll (1840—1841) Op.
556339752218fa91aa7ea73f9e261b42ecd03d90	53 As dur (Heroic) (1842)
3650cda4503f2d06f7c135d0ced7b3e65db6f3bb	61 As dur, "Polonaise fantasia" (1845-1846) WoO. № 1 d moll (1827);
320bed0d95c5fed45c6c38b9836165ffc4297433	№ 2 B dur (1828);
c271e3b5b3c1724eaa9f08d8a82f2fe245cd7ca6	№ 3 f moll (1829)
4de033d7a674fd742a9934a4be4716b4390a7a70	Nocturnes (19 in total)[edit / edit wiki text]
0c5992faa5abc157760cf2df4c1df5ec61116604	The beginning of Frédéric Chopin's Nocturne No.
a74c1b748c815e37bdc1865dffa01cdb336b8cd8	18 in E major, Op.
23d0353d079bddcaa1b0ff2738a378c6d0b65b20	62 No.
b5d258a6ee51b57b10db4c93d5d9a946f9b93621	2. Listen to an audio example in MIDI format: The first bars.
7ebdd413591165d8218a109c6c6020e76256bdb8	9 b moll, Es dur, H dur (1829—1830) Op.
4dde338a53f4d829d8ad7d2a97815d7df9965b30	15 F dur, Fis dur (1830—1831), g moll (1833) Op.
8571240fbcbb00c8a40f3bf8f7f3c04e4dee0995	27 cis moll, Des dur (1834—1835) Op.
ca382ffcf0afda048e29284a915c9451c59a9840	32 H dur, As dur (1836—1837) Op.
79398eab1a3e5e7336ed18a63a454f220c5cffdb	37 g moll, G dur (1839) Op.
68d625bdf64c3b5bada820cbdeebefc8f9faa19a	48 c moll, fis moll (1841) Op.
a1834cdb48f80fca9550c57570a844d54d93947a	55 f moll, Es dur (1843) Op.
eee339c190657190f02cd5d4f220ca61714ccb8c	62 № 1 H dur,№ 2 E dur (1846) Op.
a0111159ca8425f84b0ce157b43eb902a5530ea3	72 e moll (1827) Op. posth. cis moll (1830), c moll
f08f7cf7cc0ceb0d9c3de584da2a4a571257a755	Waltzes (19)[edit / edit wiki text]
862af68bf5aa1aef35172bc0afc72cb3b163192c	18 "The Big Brilliant Waltz" Es dur (1831) Op.
cfbaedf5eca077b92f6cd8354d7c3c8a59c4b242	34 No.
288ac3e6119b4e2235cf641873f299a99e4c0f9c	1 "Brilliant Waltz" As dur (1835) Op.
80e6ce32a99ab9bfabee0673844af6153e56264a	34 № 2 a moll (1831) Op.
d9ff1e607aa8a5532ade14733699e39438de7556	3 "Brilliant Waltz" F dur Op.
3f0a151798d318cb1b734176d91f4fb5db6811cb	42 "The Big Waltz" As dur Op.
d0eb012b67c98aa60c97ba104ccf4de9991b1b69	64 № 1 Des dur (1847) Op.
0540e33430bc46f99d734566d116c30ecaaac831	64 № 2 cis moll (1846—1847) Op.
829bba38e51d505b73f6da97e3f7b61909e7b972	64 № 3 As dur Op.
509f89b6d1c59c09d76a906e23fa0a48939b1cba	69 № 1 As dur Op.
e13eea678c4d26458d042b47f5e1a83001b4be05	69 No.
16f58daf08a0c509cf0e16a97f2a02bda61e6d5b	10 N moll Op.
a6191b1dd2c7959b9e98212edfe2fb6c01fe58e5	70 № 1 Ges dur Op.
7d5284149f304371bcbdb38685d4150c70db13e4	70 № 2 f moll Op.
fe2a9f14dabb02ecd5e8229ad5a0c4ae53453a53	70 № 2 Des dur Op. posth. e moll, E dur, a moll
67f57ae413306a2d86e715157348d173c5e0b00a	Sonatas for piano (3 in total)[edit / edit wiki text]
28e4b3aec1f51f8e47d58d5d391da9a70fa8e381	The sheet music cover of the Funeral March of Frédéric Chopin, released for the first time as a separate work under this title.
4b5a45337471be12c516c094fa111d94885085d1	Breitkopf and Hertel, Leipzig, 1854 (printed board of Breitkopf & Härtel No. 8728)
2888aa1a1307da4695435b2ade8ed3de045ebe3b	4 № 1, c moll (1828)
0067b42a49fcedb6bbe363471073b26e05440e45	35 No.
34648692d70446316364a6e21070f560b864a918	2 b moll (1837-1839), including a Funeral march (3rd movement: Marche Funèbre)
629bbbfa19ff276b7ef59539eca51e2d90869222	58 No.
7508937633d9626ed27e4cec48609005c0c4c9e8	3 h moll (1844)
9e11b6a620a392e37a91cffeb73bc46c446dd6d7	Preludes (25 in total)[edit / edit wiki text]
5e193ea4d62baabbaeac05f2a9431198cfbb8eeb	Chopin Prelude Opus 28 n.4
9055ff5ba725e241b06641743ced6d4abaa686ad	Help with playback
6476f8ddb9ddc1a0defb7b44e11cf452fc147d88	24 Preludes Op.
69909353d6f9ae340999fa84aebea7157beb5f36	28 (1836-1839)
931edc6f00b845810f11fde6daebb825174f48e3	Prelude cis moll op', ' 45 (1841)
2dfaaa0b5f9700e5e83e33a6012ea3d175b61dce	Impromptu performances (4 in total)[edit / edit wiki text]
edfcfcad4fc94b47181310467feeacf7fb61c357	29 As dur (circa 1837) Op, 36 Fis dur (1839) Op.
651144c91e34703710f1476ce1dfb645738e90aa	51 Ges dur (1842) Op.
56b7173022f1d9771c48372e2ed9e81226994ea7	66 "Fantasy impromptu" cis moll (1834)
3069cc3506f5ad8b34a9b4cc5e50773fdea8ed28	Etudes (27 in total)
13c117adef500e81a35d0c0ed76e8408b64fd0c6	[edit / edit wiki text]
b915738c8738d3ddd99232ce4fb7d3435a1132bc	10 C dur, a moll, E dur, cis moll, Ges dur, es moll, C dur, F dur, f moll, As dur, Es dur, c moll (1828—1832) Op.
f1101b204c481c803236751656781a3415ac9d07	25 As dur, f moll, F dur, a moll, e moll, gis moll, cis moll, Des dur, Ges dur, h moll, a moll, c moll (1831—1836) WoO f moll, Des dur, As dur(1839)
f039f865f98e1da385319d69fe7b9e73c4ec5d25	Scherzo (4 in total)[edit / edit wiki text]
9283a0920c0becce5e998f375571a811e2d99cfe	20 h moll (1831—1832) Op.
8f25ae134c1b974203f0494c115b48dd59eabb07	31 b moll (1837) Op.
0f492ed13e4c384178f3039b2e561c6804c8f57d	39 cis moll (1838—1839) Op.
7406838510e590d8fd3f3823c8fa6f3cf48371bb	54 E dur (1841—1842)
8ca3c1c30864a6a849d873a4dff39eed6ce6fb0a	Ballads (4 in total)[edit / edit wiki text]
315d34d1ee152484259d92d35f0f9cf9dbb81052	Ballad Op.
2b814347cb14fbaafe2a316e25aec46b0adb9027	47 As dur
7abb191ed9f38f92ec26de624d1a252a8717c941	23 g moll (1831-1834) Op.
3331b671d7f885647d9c0d517730eabd2bd1dff2	38 F dur (1836—1839) Op.
4d22891dc985c1ddcbc9293395f0062775e16bc2	47 As dur (1840—1841) Op.
e050e07d595d2db7db627d56d3ce5b08c8b24252	52 f moll (1842)
02aedf40500f71ba4c6a5e53844179f1de44376a	Other[edit / edit wiki text]
0943374e3b23d468094b80e7f922af3b652a7f30	Sonata for Cello and Piano Op.65 g moll, first part
949f3a8177fe0ed2f1edd53de2badd47c27f9ab0	Fantasy Op.
9f7898772184a2e6542d7121ed42db83bf340c53	49 f moll (1840-1841) Barcarola Op.
3d752892f26fbba7608e36e787c1a527aca5e5a2	60 Fis dur (1845-1846) Lullaby Op.
c5dac5838ba17191ae2dca4f562aaea39ba81200	57 Des dur (1843) Concert Allegro Op.
5ccf6799a18984fc9de20eb3d3d5a7e3d2170e4e	46 A dur (1840 - 1841) Tarantella Op.
03d0242fee2320289e366c7e75af00e19f1128ed	43 As dur (1843) Bolero Op.
842c354ea1c126ff75a0912fce0ae035fb7164a1	19 C dur (1833) Sonata for Cello and Piano Op.
5f975da5b4c0032a4e46e6eaeec759698e27a3f1	65 g moll
c101101787e388153195f91888ac40d68e56b2c1	Songs Op.
4db0424cfccd2d4baadf3b968593331c9d644cbc	74 (19 in total)(1829-1847) Rondo (4 in total)
7377eaf4ed78fa970f042211784bb56ecbc7bc6a	Processing and arrangement of Chopin's music[edit / edit wiki text]
d10ee9beae27bce01fbaf101bcb09b2a35c620cd	A. Glazunov.
f5f21d3695320ffd4905d2d9413d884fb9b8b2de	Chopiniana, suite (one act ballet) from the works of F. Chopin, op.
1bac7b411a52f2aab693e09f961b43b8516223da	46.
1d729275fe764f60ac45f2d90a578e84b693e6e3	(1907).
14601573ff72c0b0530bd2b58cfc0776ef6bd2d9	Jean Francet.
70da96f4845f49f15256ff5913170b6f9d0b98d5	Orchestration of 24 Preludes by F. Chopin (1969).
5e06281fd91fb763390b2dc164b2784f81f6076d	S. Rachmaninov.
d8dca5a260d743c5b330048b602bc2366499c11f	Variations on a theme by F. Chopin, Op.
babb00fad2f4163a30bb925e060f90f0135cc2a4	22 (1902-1903). M.
660480385197bf3d064448d2e8f38891b09b4281	A. Balakirev.
0f786f338fadea4dd20de413f8badc0e34d6b1ae	Impromptu on the themes of two preludes by Chopin (1907).
765db9e7545e39747fb23fab86d7e37144b9da5d	M. A. Balakirev.
86b077eb609a7bbe674a702d9c883aa9b415f642	Re arrangement of the Concerto for Piano and Orchestra e moll F. Chopin (1910).
617e4bcb7b212e230a43fefbe43eb1d13120ecfb	Suite for orchestra from the works of F. Chopin (1908).
77615229aca392c8b26a9ce5b172d1f7cafbc5fa	Postage stamp of the USSR, 1960
f30c970fdf73680ab95efd4a8beb20cc0694c62b	Commemorative banknote of Poland with a nominal value of 20 zlotys
dd22ed4c9839913e227fae07294fd8cb1c56b96d	Recordings of his works appear in the catalogs of the largest record companies.
d8b7052e83d94af7436e48104f9d4c360c05b92c	Among its winners were outstanding pianists Lev Oborin, Yakov Zak, Bella Davidovich, Galina Cherny Stefanska, Maurizio Pollini, Marta Argerich.
45a94a3dd658ace7decbf5e132f128584a908c64	In 1934, the Chopin University was founded in Warsaw, which was later transformed into the Chopin Society.
74c4032656543b86610dc33ed1f9df8cf17f6a52	Chopin.
55b6b28c5abaa310f99d0f1eef7d594758052bf9	The society has repeatedly published Chopin's works and articles about his work [16].
6670958681ba9852c4265a968b01fdc0e304f05e	In 1949-1962, the Polish musicologist Ludwik Bronarski published the complete works of Chopin — " Fr. Chopin, Dzieła wszystkie», PWM, Kraków [17].
412d4ea204ed5c09fddaecc8d6d19d5a8864e082	A crater on Mercury is named after Chopin[18].
569f52238259366fd936c0d3e95fa6a417a89109	In 2001, Okenche Airport (Warsaw) was named after Frederic Chopin.[19] By the resolution of the Sejm of the Polish Republic, 2010 was declared the Year of Chopin[20].
a42e7a624991923202902be13a01d1ce3f8c9e78	On March 1, 2010, the Fryderyk Chopin Museum was opened in Warsaw after reconstruction and modernization.
163261e034a3a9546082abd309ad447adda0a367	December 2, 2010 In Almaty at the Kazakh National Conservatory.
42243b81de4c7578c352f1c66ceef4f3c3d2a1f8	Kurmangazy The Polish Embassy opened a concert hall named after Frederic Chopin in honor of the Year of Chopin [21], and "Kazpost issued a commemorative postage stamp dedicated to the 200th anniversary of Frederic Chopin.
476b48f86b624a70937ae1b377a69045c6f91289	In 1998, the Moscow State College (then - the school) of Musical Performance, and in 2011, the Irkutsk Music College began to bear the name of F. Chopin Monuments in honor of Chopin have been erected in many cities of Poland and the world (including Warsaw, Poznan, Zhelyazova Wola, Krakow, Paris, Shanghai, Tirana, etc.)
5b1b5cf0c9e26b5ee390750e3ac4b5114a1b5fd3	Sz Sometimes in sources, most often in Polish, there is a transcription of Szopen, see for example.
52663b6e42c97d9a9c4b1a76ef946664a570de00	Sikorski J. Wspomnienie Szopena.
a8ed7c5eef16077b78d17f19bd0fcd3a536ccae0	/ Biblioteka Warszawska t.
7b8d3354a7655ac04336d500138e6fde5517ac64	4, z. 108, 1849. s.
5a2b7de6499af8b442f7c80e50e83195977b15be	510-559;
dcb697caf98c26b0690ab6b08cd46be4a7401f1a	Przybyszewski S. Szopen a naród.
1c261b5bb0a26a717d04f8063afef1e66849a4ac	— Kraków.: Spółka nakł.
e0536d5eb9b37ce4fbc72e93098006761a316ba9	"Książka", 1910;
46d91a4f088cf7c1bb1cd288919b15c0bf091819	Paderewski I. J. Szopen.
b96a7f8ec932033a49b56d9ee572cfe4c0432ab9	— Warszawa: Muzyka, 1926;
6bcf206a46d1b7760313786dd824a3abca4a9705	Gliński M. Szopen: monografja zbiorowa.
558d21c1211ce5db888775a67476032c4d5d918f	- Warszawa: Muzyka, 1932, etc. ↑ In Russian, unlike English, the French pronunciation of his first and last name — Frederick Chopin, and not the Polish Frederick Chopin, has become fixed.
6115c69688ee7d7854d182c6a274c33ece0ff3e9	↑ The French spelling of the surname — Chopin stems from the surname of his father, a Frenchman by nationality, see Wincenty Łopaciński Chopin, Mikołaj / Polski słownik biograficzny, vol. III — - Krakow.: Polska Akademia Umiejętnosści, 1937, pp.
b099cc6ec108f0498230b69b398cedaa0582231b	426-27.
a673a43fdca165859759175adfd154518b8be55f	↑ In Polish, the French spelling is used (except in rare cases), while the pronunciation is Polish Szopen [ppɛn] ↑ Polish.
1b0f8d3bcd125b4c5d034dde077532765ca816d8	Methodical instructions (Emphasis), A music box from Chopin ↑ Brief messages.
5cf91d79a50df500151efd1beb5184565725c107	Volumes 7-13.
de096e67574db0ef1650cb5a140226e2d60b8f8d	Institute of Slavic Studies (Academy of Sciences of the USSR).
4ab097086fb0aa784887259904d9ab52d46cf460	Nauka, 1952 Биограф Biographical Library of F. Pavlenkova: the Lives of remarkable people: 3 T. 3, p. 283 ↑ Chopin Complete Piano Sheet Music ↑ Third partition of the Commonwealth ↑ the Congress of Vienna ^ the Duchy of Warsaw ↑ the Fryderyk Chopin Institute ↑ the Fryderyk Chopin Institute ↑ William Mason.
58eaf50b36f07980b29475063ef331829dcf1740	Memories of a musical life NY: The Century Co., 1901.
477f5c15d1dc2fad88f3794bbe5b38d1148100b6	- P. 75-76.
1b7813f0e08b0829ff0aec528df36be0d967cd88	(English) ↑ G. Neuhaus.
915ea81ddc819552c101cfc4f1850f0573d4eb72	About the art of piano playing.
c2ef5aca0a0e6d06f68cb2671ba71739f020e751	// State Music Publishing House.
40d8b72b898d1b1411308de2f1629c7e4aa3bae6	Moscow. 1958 ↑ Organizations engaged in the popularization of Chopin's work ↑ Ludwig Bronarsky ↑ Planetary Names: Crater, craters: Chopin on Mercury // Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature / International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN) Варш Warsaw Okenche Airport/Okencie / Port lotniczy Warszawa Okęcie.
6b325f800713604cc4e55c964dcd06175ea90ed0	WAW/EPWA :: Airports ↑ 2010 — The Year of Fryderyk Chopin ↑ Concert Hall named after.
700502640cd457f9325187fe1baffb17b5874478	Chopin has 140 seats and a total area of -137 sq. m.
c37a339c3cf845f59ebb76fcca7fc09dd702ddb9	In early December, during the OSCE Summit, the Polish Embassy in honor of the Year of Chopin in Kazakhstan, the Small Concert Hall was officially named after the great Polish composer (unavailable link from 14-05-2013 [1368 days] - history)
8e8c136aac2b8304c0b1f98cb48ed405c38be649	Asafyev B. V. Chopin (1810-1849).
16047e3813d7a0bb734533ebc48da513e1a38b5c	Experience characteristics.
41ed48c2d91b4cc1a4e6696bea2dcc2b8d6ff2cb	- Moscow, 1922.
a2f41c90a1a01053ebd1e30e8a213ff43d42ead5	Bogdanov Berezovsky V. M. Chopin.
e00b04ca11bbe7e5c8108117230a110545b4997d	A brief sketch of life and creativity.
db89629fc4d7a51a64e92f4c466f7ce22c3598cd	- L.: Triton, 1935.
139ce1e0049552d6cee752ad9116cdfd39a51688	- 46 p.
75a0f7a9d732da04f0edb30f2393fa6a25e7c319	Belza I. F. Chopin — - M., 1968.
3a57f6c755f5cf03e3dfcb8fbef8a00b6d17915f	Vakhranev Yu., Sladkovskaya G. Etudes Op.
4b8e96468518473c0d483238a53b44cd8ee486c2	10 F. Chopin.
6031a857632ab970fd6aef5c12288b17ea9bfd45	- Kharkiv, 1996.
a77ce9d37a05e8e4efa5b43cd4abf749f19613ba	A wreath to Chopin.
e2ba9a16dd8079042b57d2966013fae113dd9cc7	- M. 1989.
1ad9e7da9de1dd79d9883454d79365863405c23c	Egorova M. Chopin's Sonatas.
367a443c5286002aaf8bedea6b9e3d131d7dba49	- M., 1986.
44759484a141ce99d51c145d14edc13163a5b334	Yezhevskaya Z. Fryderyk Chopin.
eb66f501d7ee1bda378ca5b81bf9c5f40ad95ab5	- Warsaw, 1969.
7ee31d55d3b9a4dbc42cf226bc4fc53d5dbd4d55	Zenkin K. V.
daaa66e08537ae981110c0a15ba510ea2b7cff8e	The system of genres of Chopin's piano miniature — - M., 1985.
4df144c1e7b8b7f6805a04b7db2d483c00ba0f36	Zenkin K. V. Chopin's Piano miniature — - M., 1995.
355d69e734380ed4f12351db98e4d8036200fdcf	Ivashkevich Ya.
77ff97000cbfaa4acde1c9ec8069d66c01e2dfd6	Chopin — - M., 1963.
2d47973201aca02d76d9fca8fdb060241dab6caa	Kremlev Yu.
e7f589378bed5107c76811c657146b936548e751	A. Frederick Chopin.
af130a5e3fe7613c736407d14688e0decf7b00c6	- M., 1960.
08ff737ac2ef3e6476dcb66a496c65b98cb0747d	Liszt F. F. Chopin — - M., 1956.
1c52d1c6cd22bc7ba1de7ce8fc763c92e8813e20	Mazel L.
f7c9ac46b7f66d8b79b132df72d88ba668c5a4ac	A. Studies on Chopin.
414b23e02e1d9938dd88a667fc5a0329213e3c88	- M., 1971.
c54941d96ddfc45a2b125ace373c405178cbf485	Milstein M. I. Essays on Chopin — - M., 1987.
d22afdfb4b039b2e4e62754737950a520f08c0cb	Nikolaev V. Chopin teacher.
834e9ccab7a8e3868a2ff37a096c4f8337399f8c	- M., 1980.
d685a20a5c833ce0c0ae1d60e0c7c0679b1c707e	Rakovets T. Chopin's Etudes — - M., 1956.
7252faa9cbd7d3a2fbf915db7d8d9128931db1bc	Sinyaver L. Chopin's Life.
32d593e527ec715dbb5a3f188e14b22f723f9d9a	- M., 1966.
018c152f5a08cfef260d644faf70289d376c3daf	Solovyov N. F.,.
ef0db0b84b5e6e69b8689c6cdd4861a9fb77e136	Chopin, Frederick // Brockhaus and Efron's Encyclopedic Dictionary: in 86 vols.
5b6ddb6d572c36a50c9e80ecb9acd67519f5d528	Solovtsov A. Frederic Chopin: Life and creativity.
227c81810ae17597ba4a372d1147b96cd9f24bad	- Moscow, 1960.
fa57544c29083f97a32af5d34329ceca9b6f2ae5	Tyulin Yu.
9c0479b3190be1ac45e3117c2b1bada394468284	N. On programming in Chopin's works.
4cc547c5ab64038816d37dc904813f9562684532	- M., 1968.
49cf6d98cdc80c9afdb756d7431031f4767e2128	Fryderyk Chopin.
91cca6d514ebd60b601a368d481ec9d635f21e67	Articles and studies of Soviet musicologists — - M., 1960.
47fd23f8fe67fc223f2824d3f2d8641e107e1c73	Fryderyk Chopin: Zbirka articles / Ed.
0974f04262fecb7a9ff40a106043d4e24b4442a1	- uporyadnik Ya.
b804934b43715df62b425d3a76b253ecb0a5976e	Yakubyak.
a1d43d7f444d79905c8f39083ecd2fa535315809	- Lviv: Spolom, 2000.
e1ca29305bbe381a28c79f7081afe4daa8eb9700	ISBN 966-7445-57-7 Khitrik I. Chopin's Lyrical Diary: A book for musicians and music lovers.
d6d1c8af04ababf4c7b7baae975487a9ac5f5252	- Moscow Paris New York: "The Third Wave", 2001.
b020128881390cb6ae1c00d9a00f370049f0aa58	Tsypin G. M. Chopin and the Russian Piano Tradition , Moscow, 1990.
beac7318eea0cfd0fbaeeaa95f6788a76f5e2e5b	Chopin F. Letters: in 2 volumes.
ec5a2bf49f640cf30f6dfe15aa7e5116579f1412	/ Comp.
791ab468abd9bd0df3f12e5b3fbd86d838e978fd	G. S. Kuharsky.- 4th ed.
8658d55833e8e315c83b77df78dd4f28ef9cd93e	- M.: Music. 1989.
5195074278d47bb6acbfd57bd298d9ed6786225e	Chopin as we hear him / Comp.
4a5c7bca0bccfd3f68df32f3c886848d3d1f1695	S. M. Khentova — - M., 1970.
5120dbd019564131e7270a5a40c0d50fa3fbb642	Echoes of Chopin in Russian culture / Ed. by N. M. Filatov.
1fa5c63b0f6e184b201062140c58b63109e0740f	- Moscow: Indrik, 2012.
17a500cd6393a0ca23b9a7609f380993e39181bf	ISBN 978-5-91674-173-5
e4ca98a83c3172fa432ecbb2badccefb370158b4	Chopin, Frederick in Wikicitatnik Chopin, Frederick on Wikimedia Commons
e79327f476315d1fca0df8ed689b2b17bacb2e33	Chopin's family and childhood A detailed biography of the composer.
e0d70afb02896911bffbbfa166bbe471d33e4e47	Analysis of his waltzes Biography of the composer (Polish) The monograph of Isabella Khitrik "Chopin's Lyrical Diary" by A. Zolotov.
e16fcfab2f8d1b12d16af83d46fa6502be93d3ec	All day immortality. mp3 recordings of chopin on the website ArtOfPiano.ru Frederick Niecks.
06435693c06c49fcfb831db8312566f651d07a13	Frederick Chopin as a Man and Musician.
0d52491d2fcd77d0789e4ae498bc48794d86622c	— Plain Label Books, 1888.
043e9e48d9b83dd107ae812132452e988fd3baa8	The Fryderyk Chopin Museum in Warsaw.
3ae50cd25ec76112e2e5852da045034f804f6b2c	Photo Chopin's Nocturnes, a chapter from the book Chopin: sheet music of works on the International Music Score Library Project Andrey Chebyshev A Sigh about Chopin Etude in F minor for two pianos The Gentle genius of harmony … Boris Pasternak's article about the composer's work
0c894ac2c282f241e6d825c458ae1e7fb48da2fd	Photo, video and audio
953b267a389d7f60304f4642dac5d03ab5f43a3b	Wikimedia Commons · Musopen
7f954a0eb73e70c83d90c65004517c95d1e83f3f	Thematic Sites Notable Names Database · AllMusic · Discogs · Internet Broadway Database · Internet Movie Database · International Music Score Library Project · MusicBrainz · Project Gutenberg · Find a Grave
f5d9a91f0f9cbc451e4fcdbe730992c662e14d5f	Dictionaries and encyclopedias of Big Catalan · Brockhaus and Efron · Small Brockhaus and Efron · Britannica (online) * Oxford Biographical Dictionary
539a7ac07362332ef4665767e5fc051434bb0a59	Regulatory Control BAV: ADV10098235, ADV11279170 · BIBSYS: 90063786 · BNC: a10430544 · BNE: XX1001710 · BNF: 13892469c · EGAXA: 000876901 · GND: 118520539 · ICCU: IT\ICCU\CFIV\025015 · ISNI: 0000 0001 2138 5649 · LCCN: n79127769 · NDL: 00435950 · NKC: jn19992000131 · NLA: 36588280 · NLR: RUNLRAUTH7758499 · NTA: 06962173X · NUKAT: n95018941 · PTBNP: 284746 · LIBRIS: 181559 · SUDOC: 02728591X · VIAF: 71319254
419217cf4755dbd9cc747b817b5dd290a3d17626	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chopin, _Frederik&oldid=83586430"
ff47daa52f24f44875b08daffbacdeab2e0eb966	Categories: Born on March 1, Born in 1810, Persons alphabetically Born in the Masovian Voivodeship Who died on October 17, Died in 1849, Died in Paris Musicians alphabetically Composers alphabetically Composers of Poland Composers of the XIX century Pianists alphabetically Pianists of Poland Pianists of France Pianists of the XIX century Teachers alphabetically Music Teachers of Poland Music Teachers of France Music Teachers of the XIX century Graduates of the Fryderyk Chopin University of Music Academic Musicians of Poland Who Died of tuberculosis Romantic Composers Buried in the cemetery Lachaise Frédéric Chopin
67a82d77be1230066e8e8ad07b0502f25cf25ef8	Hidden categories: Wikipedia:Articles with non working links from May 2013 Wikipedia:Articles with redefinition of the value from Wikidata Wikipedia:No sources since April 2016 Wikipedia:Articles with statements without sources for more than 14 days Wikipedia:Articles without sources (type: person; occupation: composer) Wikipedia:Articles with incomplete sections Wikipedia:Articles to move ESBE materials Articles with links to Wikicitatnik Wikipedia:Articles with links to Wikimedia Commons Pages using magic ISBN links
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f29cece553517e3001606f826183e4389c4a4340	Last modified on this page: 13: 18, February 10, 2017.
62835d946ddcd1e9baf0e7fd451f066d733db0d2	Wise Thoughts Biographies Are Interesting Videos Photos Of The Day Tips Humor INFORMERS
94be8351b143ed03164f739dfe3bb6e29b96ad3b	Frédéric François Chopin
6c5086dfe2d4a22fe02eafab5e1be45558bdbe73	(February 22 (according to other sources March 1), 1810, the village of Zhelyazova Wola, near Warsaw — October 17, 1849, Paris)
f7a698e141069cf2ab9de01379bef70930294386	Frédéric Francois Chopin in our quote book
9b8c66b215b46311976ca63006488606864462c4	Monument to Fryderyk Chopin in Zhelyazova Volya (1955/1969; author: Jozef Goslavsky)
ceeea5eb62290ba73084c575e2a3ba9968781bb1	Chopin Monument in Warsaw
c5f76d23f44db6f93ab64c31922dd0304e03a724	Frédéric François Chopin, 1849
bec71cddc20e02ac96cfe7b2d8702aee64117508	Portrait of Frédéric Chopin.
5ebec8f2e5b135da3479c87bf43548abe8d0b1ca	Ari Schaeffer.
04ef0696b304631290f2e48c1d40ed306201cac8	Oil on canvas.
71c0b29ba7b4d200b3e8455b93f777e5762144fe	Biography (ru.wikipedia.org)
13055d94d6de6e3abbae59bfcf4f57cb86d317a9	Origin and family
f9817349fd1321dce2af3c1194b9fce15a53fa98	The composer's father, Nicolas Chopin (1771-1844), was a Frenchman, the son of a Lorraine peasant, who moved to Poland at a young age.
29bc040f8ed2c11c374f90f5a2222cfb6aebb7d7	We cannot say what made him leave France, but in Poland he found a new homeland and took an ardent part in its fate.
e6817881854b6a0a18205cac9995c223d6f7ac9f	Nicolas Chopin, together with Polish patriots, took part in the struggle for the independence of Poland.
dfc2cc78e04e9f2892a1648aa40a82f1582dea71	After the defeat of the Kosciuszko Uprising and the final partition of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth (1795) Nicolas Chopin, captain of Kosciuszko's army, despite the precariousness of his position, decided to stay in Poland.
1914fed4809740533e550db5cffdb43d8c35a005	A man of broad intellectual outlook and education, he took up teaching activities and soon gained a reputation as one of the best teachers in Warsaw.
7d74e8642328d0838d98a8c6c38b1833541551df	In 1802, Nicolas Chopin, invited as an educator to the children of Count Skarbka, settled in the Skarbkov estate of Zhelyazova Volya.
1cac97768595a6c2a38d20e180b868860437301a	In 1806, a marriage took place with a distant relative of the Skarbks, Justina Krzyzanowska.
7ea2a4ddf7161036688746cc6e3a31f4bd17f826	According to the surviving evidence, the composer's mother was extremely musical, played the piano well, and had a beautiful voice.
c193dab94f0ea152647867ccc2f5b8202f014895	In addition to Frederick, there were three other sisters in the Chopin family: the eldest is Ludvika (married Yendzheyevich), who was his especially close and devoted friend, and the younger ones are Isabella and Emilia.
cff9a1fa51ea94bef24ca68a45158a5386eede74	At the Warsaw Lyceum, thanks to the patronage of the Skarbks, for whom he was a tutor, he received a place after the death of the teacher Pan Mahe.
578fdccb30ac943e9772277692649b61cafb9446	Chopin was a French teacher and maintained a boarding school for lyceum students.
e364f5a5db48fc34a18e9c3ba2817241c1a931d1	He is a true genius of music, performing the most difficult piano pieces with the greatest ease and exceptional taste and composing dances and variations that delight connoisseurs and connoisseurs.
e3aca0df7b12d1eed0579bd02f33d743af92ecee	The famous Catalani seemed to foresee a great future in the ten year old Chopin, giving him a watch with the inscription "Madame Catalani a Frederic Chopin age de dix ans".
eb5c6b28532ec1a3706c64ef7b217baaf8f65d94	The pianist Wojciech Zhivny (1756-1842), a Czech by birth, began studying with a 9 year old boy.
0ffac2bb8bd0147bc771b3b0d61ec24207889527	Wojciech Zivny was Chopin's only piano mentor.
5e3037efb7d16577267f573d2fc2aa7eedad4ac7	After graduating from college and completing seven years of classes with Zhivny, Chopin began his theoretical studies with the composer Josef Elsner.
1ea8f35fb84b419d19da7c7596952bf41a6ca507	His manners were full of such decency, there was such a cachet of blood aristocracy in them, that he was involuntarily met and accepted as a prince… Chopin introduced into society that evenness of disposition of people who are not bothered by worries, who do not know the word "boredom", are not attached to any interests.
90b3976786d5e51a3f4cb818b1e1e0562d00d287	Trips to Berlin, Dresden, Prague, where he attended concerts of outstanding musicians, contributed to his development.
b4ddc80f9a9584a0eeeb990b592d82665f84d96e	Artistic activity
b371277267e5ada25beb25ad8ad418269aae298e	Returning to Warsaw, he left it forever in 1830.
610e5afec6882ba0b3078d9b6212bf3feccd922c	He moved to Paris, where Chopin was waiting for a new life and fame, in 1831.
6bb98801131a702482ac9a4ac571ac2cd7499d91	In 1837, Chopin felt the first attack of lung disease.
808456b4fc4f708033adb556ea387f8c23ce5ef2	The connection with George Sand coincides with this time.
6cc5ee71c61403dc3ebcb3a6b7e5e41ea37dd956	Staying in Majorca with George Sand had a negative impact on Chopin's health, he suffered from asthma attacks there.
0d32a1addf0c89abc4857f70161d7fbc8f5663d8	Ten years of cohabitation with George Sand, full of moral trials, greatly undermined Chopin's health, and the break with her in 1847, in addition to causing him completely unnecessary stress, deprived him of the opportunity to relax in Noana.
168f75e79f5b5fd2c662fb0e1147c4c983ffc04a	Returning to Paris, Chopin fell ill.
8816c1bd45fb35dc26d63295a6f2e1050fb496c2	On October 5 (17), 1849, he died.
4ee34fe0f5c33aeb173bd127c5f09fb8b406c5a1	According to the desire of the deceased, at his funeral, the most famous artists of that time performed the "Requiem" of Mozart — a composer whom Chopin ranked above all others (and his "Requiem" and the symphony "Jupiter" called his favorite works).
847bf13ac52a7adddd2b1a20c1546db5b5a08e4d	In the Pere Lachaise Cemetery, Chopin's ashes rest between the graves of Cherubini and Bellini.
0198496e21b055bf93c497fadb369fde14d451b3	Chopin often reaches the heights of tragedy, as, for example, in the funeral march in the sonata op.
7e3087978af1f96201c080e596beea4f1c5c14b7	35, or appears as a wonderful lyricist, as, for example, in adagio from the second piano concerto.
064083d9e28d265b5cf01b15a3ce619c7e06b1b7	These sketches are distinguished by a youthful impetuous freshness, like, for example, the ges dur etude, then by drama (etudes f moll, c moll).
92420a7d7286cbcf4246510b468d04039245bb9a	They have wonderful melodic and harmonic beauties.
c6288b33c1eaaa7ec6281965be4f872d2a9c25b9	On March 1, 2010, the most modern and amazing biographical museum in the world — the Fryderyk Chopin Museum was opened in Warsaw, the capital of Poland, after reconstruction and modernization.
083bde7750643618f7dbf51c2acac79150af53a6	The main works of Chopin:
da495c6273629aa388a552be5a792f47158774f0	Piano creativity
5ce91f9662ac8a9299d32df26a6bd8e57be7f112	* 2 concertos for piano and orchestra No.
04137e519faf6ab3b681368bca091d2f68a9650d	1 e moll Op.
3fc0d2d919410fe14084bb75f44ffcc533682327	11 and No.
94c94903e918c1632b20cc4023c57f577de59eb7	2 f moll Op.
2a58c6d459664e438cb95496911059a4a0eeac18	* 3 sonatas (No. 1 c moll Op. 4, № 2 b moll Op. 35, № 3 h moll Op. 58)
ff52298b6b14b5ded79a34d1fca1c83110d79ac5	* 4 ballads
5597568f09b24b3d5e1405c20176832df0bd672f	* 4 impromptu performances
ffee1bd7159f10cddc55d83fbd01c29c1f31e757	* 4 scherzos
25ab9f0d17628719e85e4aed20139de613de5f07	* 3 rondos
99cee48befccc3695cef6f4ac3da84e3d8aecc26	* 18 waltzes
3693843bb794d5823b1b215906c42d4cd2685c04	* 58 mazurkas
4347b510401dcdfc128df6a052738174a3a32dfa	* 21 nocturnes
74156220217c0e0ac76bcde9b8e006f0d83f351f	* 16 polonaises
c197a8a84da31859584f319919caacd3d8100af7	* 24 preludes Op.
e5e2f41a1ec630e78316143125ce3b03b330964f	28 and the prelude cis moll Op.
fb644351560d8296fe6da332236b1f8d61b2828a	45
397e891d0d8f85bbcaf68b8bf400c215c1156bb2	* 24 etudes Op.
f614e48bfe33f277cff58f7480fabff0d16eae62	10 and Op.
d43ad2963a22262bcbaeb7ff36c4cce3362ac4fd	25 and 3 posthumous studies
66ecbe2ba7451c069b5d8fd0655a26a33c81e5d4	* Variations (including "Brilliant Variations" Op. 12)
ffdb2c220eea3a0aa3115e30fe4bf64b1f8cba91	* Dance pieces: Counterdance Ges dur, 3 ecoseses Op.
d0eaf2c9265774ff2d5ac0802edbeea8c99b735e	72 № 3
7401c7ccb1006cf6f0cfbf2ed62521c2bb76f1ef	* Other works — "the Big fantasy on Polish" Op.
3e86ec235ca7176399506b00b0015532246ba4ea	13, "the Krakowiak, Grand concert Rondo" Op.
18906a4a239e94ada88eb0935cf2a6dda325388f	14, "Grand Polonaise brillante" (or, as it is commonly called, "Big Andante spianato and Polonaise brillante") Op.
65b3cf6b7941a90b044f9d2634cff45bb7891584	22, Tarantella Op.
acfbfc3978818a7d5bd2a4bbb73f762cf2c2529c	43, Concert Allegro Op.
9836cde514f2c4b1d2ab2fa278c9c83425b72429	46, Fantasy Op.
95b9f254178db9e67d3ba6fdc3824539df40af3d	49, Lullaby Op.
f75660fa401ff5796a2e37ccfa9d87cf89a24d97	57, Barcarolle Op.
ede4013aaae98203f2d5acb58986447975f7e9a2	60, etc.
e479cb7c814490b6cede41a7a874f64839e8330c	Chamber art
2f90e7c4f2cabfe3121bd27bb6a72b2c158a2a77	* Piano Trio Op.
430a70f1792f9abca0782525554f911a448853ab	* Sonata for Cello and Piano Op.
2a459380709e2fe4ac2dae5733c73225ff6cfee1	65
c40a5963421f497198f79f8f080b999db0ec9000	Vocal creativity
51d09c491068199232cf84dbc6e59e2964ed8f7a	* Songs of Op.
1f1362ea41d1bc65be321c0a378a20159f9a26d0	74
9ce7b6d3dddc708f25d8d1d4c7deff81693e1bf9	1. Sometimes in sources, most often in Polish, there is a transcription of Szopen, see for example.
adf46ed2e66ae001dabe357b1d8fcf19b94ffe07	Przybyszewski S. Szopen a narod.
e2d6a41a4f467dfc1acc2ef13d7479dd0836307e	— Krakow.: Spolka nakl.
64e425a053b589ae74874cb2b687ffeaf29e0f7d	"Ksiazka", 1910;
1da7cf761c4ecce7efd8f630577714385be4b9cf	Glinski M. Szopen: monografja zbiorowa.
b79bbe9c2a5958fa0356bc369db18441463b5db7	- Warszawa: Muzyka, 1932, etc.
0d1dcc1275e060cfc95f81905d4f16e2fefa2308	2. In Russian, unlike English, the French pronunciation of his first and last name — Frederick has become fixed?to the Shop?n, and not the Polish Fride?rick Shaw?pen.
09ec6240d35d7aef970b0ebe55de7bb0d0165ecb	3. The French spelling of the surname Chopin stems from the surname of his father, a Frenchman by nationality, see Wincenty Lopacinski Chopin, Mikolaj / Polski slownik biograficzny, vol. III — - Krakow.: Polska Akademia Umiejetnossci, 1937, pp.
f500ac593c9c3eb8ade2cea9e9ec6c2c154f10f3	4. But Friederi?a little more?ka Shop?in, Polish.
8b30e294355419faed9949cdc75e4b64db3bb2a5	Methodical instructions (Emphasis), A music box from Chopin
5894eb3691bfb2be0a2b672d61628a9a16f1300b	5. oldict.com Online Dictionary
3070b5795e9ce1ab4755289c6df55fc65855b83a	6. 2010 - The Year of Fryderyk Chopin
db8574399dcb77e16108835cba5a476ff876f919	* Asafyev B. V. Chopin (1810-1849).
4a45e2758a8fe12529663b74612453cf067e0a98	Experience of characteristics.
9f43a052e1da0d927e3de5594b74bd90cafbfc57	- M., 1922.
06595a1ce005e4d63802ff3c29dfaaaa87dc1763	* Bogdanov Berezovsky V. M. Chopin.
ffe80451fe4bf9de5a46743c20db392ecfe4ce04	A brief sketch of life and creativity — - L., 1935.
ddcb9965c8bf9792ed9f64d7c6d818e0561756cc	* Belza I. F. Chopin — - M., 1968.
47a1f9bf0712796335f7aa80237776cbece369fe	* Vakhranev Yu., Sladkovskaya G. Etudes Op.
889bdde853241ce6e953921458eb946e5914a2cf	* A wreath to Chopin.
1eb74b306172da2c8d3be76c0bad636dc3fae603	- M., 1989.
f733ee910abc5776411aaee5fa7ae208b31608b5	* Egorova M. Chopin's Sonatas — - M., 1986.
b0f989fc69597e1f02d96590b7f41ee0e6e2ceee	* Yezhevskaya Z. Fryderyk Chopin.
a76f365660f9bdba57af725247dc971985272ef4	* Zenkin K. V.
15731c70675423b074b7543dd30f80e91b878b0b	The system of genres of Chopin's piano miniature – - M., 1985.
bb003a142a1f4ef236edbd6484a196f2f4ed795f	* Zenkin K. V. Chopin's Piano Miniature — - M., 1995.
b4710d20afe76ed1724183771b69488dfba18cab	* Ivashkevich Ya.
0d5df7c86f909f39f7b5bfa25fa290f7f6d4b30c	- M., 1963.
ae1486e02324430aa643aa0193105b78464ccbc2	* Kremlev Yu.
bc9bfa13f2c8a5975f813503ea328d92f0cde21b	* Liszt F. F. Chopin — - M., 1956.
5f1eb4cbd9c944d344059f493a73a543fe1f08b0	* Mazel L.
e0c8e86604b4730f787e3293e02238ddd47742f2	* Milstein M. I. Essays on Chopin — - M., 1987.
7af8b6f2ee47aad51a8736a336a2b995c7a970a4	* Nikolaev V. Chopin teacher.
8a7da878ab558cecd14a79e2d794ffc7f83ee18f	* Rakovets T. Chopin's Etudes — - M., 1956.
55d2a6ffe92826d33f608a2db20575eb4c2bb2a7	* Sinyaver L. Chopin's Life.
bd0bc662b9a6dbd6685a9598f5eb9c023f709d03	* Solovtsov A. Frederic Chopin: Life and creativity.
f65f347b101fc3224cd9f1d35aeecef40092a33d	* Tyulin Yu.
3fad2c3a9ee8e20bcfaf14275fb69f49de0b5cdc	* Fryderyk Chopin.
b855d05b311b8533127c6e445f3f021069588045	* Fryderyk Chopin: Zbirka articles / Ed.
d0127ca0d27571dfdbe22d13dcf29f62de3edad9	ISBN 966-7445-57-7
213acaebb263c033f7e6a2abe0daf6c35e1089b1	* Khitrik I. Chopin's Lyrical Diary: A book for musicians and music lovers.
8567059c9f180b9adc7df9cbb65c09d1f2b05576	* Tsypin G. M. Chopin and the Russian piano tradition.
d214a6fd5bbe2c66a2a53db0b3b7e98c3a171be1	- M., 1990.
3da19f2cc6f0b892dac09058803a56816abacaaf	* Chopin F. Letters: in 2 volumes.
d88b9ed3952dd8e0b8e22c023cbfba64f1b73044	* Chopin as we hear him / Comp.
34eeb3b5960ba0a9e492552fb274e91bd86aec7a	(Polish.
5843f3d2837ebb2e86cc7c34a9f500b6948a0700	Fryderyk Chopin (born in the village of Zhelyazova Wola, near Warsaw) is a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist.
a5607b81055d893b7f32c07cfeb7ce40e279caba	The largest representative of the Polish musical art. He interpreted many genres in a new way: revived the prelude on a romantic basis, created a piano ballad, poetized and dramatized dances mazurka, polonaise, waltz; turned the scherzo into an independent work.
b32864ba7d19a80c12764995d0c5ba75e793f011	Brief creative biography
4de1fe6b14786048495720c4baa79e35bbc23f7d	Fryderyk Chopin was born near Warsaw, the capital of Poland, in the town of Zhelyazova Wola.
d49ae054d15fe9f21c51383e894e753de8c50aa9	Chopin's mother was Polish, his father was French.
a9469771558208755525847c87b17f8766d51d8c	Chopin's family lived on the estate of Count Skarbek, where his father served as a home teacher.
f2231502916f5d64eba08d0fb9b957f88bcd9ccf	After the birth of his son, Nikolai Chopin got a job as a teacher at the Warsaw Lyceum (a secondary educational institution), and the whole family moved to the capital.
ff28f96e4f47d2ee4818eeff57d51aa5df0aeded	Little Chopin grew up surrounded by music.
d95774afc0d18a3b53d5c650d6d48af1754416cf	His father played the violin and flute, his mother sang well and played the piano a little.
670a13156e368a5042c16c340a426255ef1b43fb	Not yet able to speak, the child began to cry loudly as soon as he heard his mother singing or his father playing.
d6d717ec51c1a63cc64b70839213ca0a7f39d56c	His parents believed that Fryderyk did not like music, and this greatly upset them.
f53723d409980f92f85ad368a97dcf8409e193d5	But we soon became convinced that this was not the case at all.
8e77487291058a7d02b85a1bcc5095f9e3d753bb	By the age of five, the boy was already confidently performing simple plays, learned under the guidance of his older sister Ludvika.
bdffb4f00941c81815ebd4eda09ca2c1f9f9459b	Soon, the famous Czech musician Wojciech Zivny in Warsaw became his teacher.
d45028a357a77d720f31a87a9a140ed0fe11eb69	A sensitive and experienced teacher, he instilled in his student a love for classical music and especially for the works of J. S. Bach.
8f61112d3438d50302f61a135b02ba1f4fadcf1e	Subsequently, Bach's keyboard preludes and fugues were always on the composer's desktop.
e2325483ba054d8efc67b8753def3839fe59b53a	The first performance of the little pianist took place in Warsaw, when he was seven years old.
5078bf6c90f86d22c110ec24ca08017e80cd9c0e	The concert was a success, and the whole of Warsaw soon learned Chopin's name.
d3f381922633ff6ff567b18b631281406ab56a66	At the same time, one of his first compositions was published - polonaise for piano in G minor.
21568d22921eae9c1e577718a3b650ffdcb968a7	Simultaneously with music lessons, the boy received a good general education.
71a43da5298a1a9d8f01a0526cfb7c6c38aa490e	Already as a child, Fryderyk was fluent in French and German, was keenly interested in the history of Poland, read a lot of fiction.
38fadebc833ded444342003009f2e7e47aa13efe	At the age of thirteen, he entered the lyceum and successfully graduated from it three years later.
b94accff9ad2c368ae7616aa19db021ce1572d40	During the years of study, the versatile abilities of the future composer were manifested.
af6f22a2a76f80be4bc067e3eaee45b79a155411	The young man drew well, especially he was able to caricature.
4c64667f5b3c8711dfa207729c1a4c3d3cdb621a	His mimic talent was so bright that he could have become a theater actor.
0103b7798d5a5640a6bfab63a48872f159153186	Already in his youth, Chopin was distinguished by sharpness of mind, observation and great curiosity.
6117e0b842c440e0574a0a67d27de92d51f8e1a8	Since childhood, Chopin showed a love for folk music.
89745425d4cd2caa6a916cc99a53129957ee4559	According to the stories of his parents, during country walks with his father or comrades, the boy could stand for a long time under the window of some hut, from where folk tunes could be heard.
db5c62e93ebf319068c627d9bac0cc474b0a441a	When he was on vacation in the summer at the estates of his comrades at the lyceum, Fryderyk himself took part in the performance of folk songs and dances.
9775f3223f4249b2500f717a0ca1bd6dc6db642b	Over the years, folk music has become an integral part of his work, has become akin to his being.
30f101080b57111953e6a2fc2277c7aba3481542	After graduating from the lyceum, Chopin entered the Higher School of Music.
6686ff3636031ab01f62b66ac10d2b95583b0109	Here his classes were led by an experienced teacher and composer Joseph Elsner.
1cb59318817e03fec2e7788ddf5e351566a25c8c	Elsner very soon realized that his student was not just talented, but brilliant.
b92293417903007d77293efc7e709e15153e98d3	Among his notes, there is a brief description given by him to the young musician: "Amazing abilities.
6675d79e3d20a336c353b2afa1a5719b78e7f733	A musical genius."
b8252aa64e929d27d43280ad3ce8d936175ac717	By this time, Chopin was already recognized as the best pianist in Poland.
e0350cbf118b97f3afc148abb3cc151ba93f3a69	His talent as a composer has also reached maturity.
caaaabf7ec3aeb2282b8b5e66b5748878e251d1d	This is evidenced by two concertos for piano and orchestra, composed in 1829-1830.
ed96452c6991881758528a2389ad7cf2b4a1132e	These concerts are always heard in our time and are the favorite works of pianists of all countries.
c4b8029b49f29835ce481818192eaee769d608a3	At the same time, Fryderyk met a young singer, Constance Gladkovskaya, who studied at the Warsaw Conservatory.
21e98ca68fd0f3c4976c1e7112be1dabd7d8e967	Gladkovskaya was destined to become Fryderyk's first love.
ed6977cf158b046ae33720824465258c70ccc38c	In a letter to his friend Wojciechowski, he wrote:
3cf857d8d77a983bb1e4e88c86b256930b5155e0	"...perhaps, unfortunately, I already have my own ideal, which I have faithfully served, without talking to him for six months, which I dream about, the memory of which was the adagio of my concert, which inspired me to write this morning this waltz sent to you."
db7a4ede35db402a29b25e84ca482666a9449ed0	It was under the impression of this youthful feeling of love that Chopin composed one of the best songs "Desire" or "If I were the sun shining in the sky".
7d3353422c4ec618a5f0fa3e942fcec2e58ef7b2	In 1829, the young musician briefly went to Vienna.
98495078f7a1273fbbafd4b94bf5d8df91c0199d	His concerts were a huge success.
2d48ea606fbbf2181981cb43c77f110d143eb8b8	Chopin, his friends and family realized that he should go on a long concert tour.
742850dbb7a047b1eb547606b2a74dc55dbfdc48	Chopin could not decide on this step for a long time.
d5e59cf98361ee081d44ff76deb6b65bd43b26f1	He was tormented by bad forebodings.
42008bef1d25c5a72a101b514e4972e6cbc5a137	It seemed to him that he was leaving his homeland forever.
bbdd775d807840c19a90bb4366565b376bdd8880	Finally, in the autumn of 1830, Chopin left Warsaw.
36419045fd6e7442e1020e778c3b479a4e515188	His friends gave him a cup filled with Polish soil as a parting gift.
1beb889c35cd28c6516cee2ff9141ba4c2782071	His teacher Elsner said a touching farewell to him.
aa44a71a9e73ff3cf4030a390c8dfecf09f01a63	In the outskirts of Warsaw, where Chopin was passing, he and his students performed a choral work written by him especially for this occasion.
6d9ce831cb24de05afaad05f89db5e57df5a643a	Chopin was twenty years old.
7857fd735439a4a3874422c306e53379ec7ed1fd	The happy youth time, full of searches, hopes, successes, is over.
81f84c90659ebbd12b2eed10f29b168989d7393d	Chopin's premonitions did not deceive him.
7fe130665ae16fa5fd1c9112517000fc01ce783d	He left his homeland forever.
b373fac368a7a149be2bea620a90779f65c3b754	Remembering the good reception he received in Vienna, Chopin decided to start his concerts there.
cb0da15cc719f5e9412d8315d3c8d92a353f492d	But, despite the increased efforts, he never managed to give an independent concert, and the publishers agreed to print his works only for free.
5c9e6510768219efd717f04c4494f4f4390a086d	Suddenly, an alarming news came from the motherland.
d757d21f2b30718dea4745c49c65b787cedc08ed	In Warsaw, an uprising against the Russian autocracy began, organized by Polish patriots.
ea98f40aaa06dab8f01218fa5d8184613b84c08d	Chopin decided to interrupt his concert tour and return to Poland.
9eb3622f64967149da88270fe238c4588667925a	He knew that among the rebels were his friends, maybe even his father.
578d4abf61419e8bd17f51f6526b5320cb0f0f59	After all, in the days of his youth, Nikolai Chopin took part in a popular uprising led by Tadeusz Kosciuszka.
6520dc926997d6eef4a72fb8cb280ee9cd9ce95f	But relatives and friends strongly advise him in letters not to come.
8d4931e6d040477cc0a12e063039258e2ce43b50	People close to Chopin are afraid that the persecution may affect him as well.
62442ce8023aaca83e3059180c7a7ee9d9dfb3cb	It is better that he remains free and serves the motherland with his art. With bitterness, the composer submitted and went to Paris.
bd9e670f5179beb6a222bb99884f44cc0273eda2	On the way Chopin was overtaken by a shocking news: the uprising was brutally suppressed, its leaders were thrown into prison, exiled to Siberia.
f2d24d6d33daadbd3f57d12c9b14aa46af4d21b6	The most famous Chopin etude, called "Revolutionary", created before arriving in Paris, was directly connected with thoughts about the tragic fate of the motherland.
0b00f736081ff8fb68fefed6ae081e94fb83eabb	It embodies the spirit of the November uprising, as well as anger and grief.
631418a407aed632e654cbd75cdc425a66dc2569	In the autumn of 1831, Chopin arrived in Paris.
3ecb9d5a2807f10826fba0f85fb940b9fde3d0a3	Here he lived until the end of his life.
ad5b1d6920a9a91d86eed933eb1b6bea1e039e6e	But France did not become the composer's second homeland.
8b2020c3ef1ce1fa801d4a630405ff863c66d683	Both in his affections and in his work, Chopin remained a Pole.
d4c2686d6b70c9452488ea35037616277c50e8cc	And even after his death, he bequeathed to take his heart to his homeland.
776d13d490ad8074b49db236b2426a116b99ed40	Chopin "conquered" Paris first as a pianist.
41c8fb0803d22c1973fa4cd7b9df55d8121541df	He immediately struck the audience with a peculiar and unusual performance.
ce8e054df65aa2824aafce7b42297423047c895f	At that time, Paris was flooded with musicians from various countries.
fc1cb95a6f0a7ea1c50689230ea92a78eed11ab0	The most popular virtuoso pianists were: Kalkbrenner, Hertz, Giller.
151ee07ba43e29de4b048694a05500f353315877	Their game was distinguished by technical perfection, brilliance, which stunned the audience.
e18069e2343663c2c6b4eeda094af3330c012b15	That is why Chopin's first concert performance sounded such a sharp contrast.
47804a6c4e9603c777693642e146b7a37a95c3ce	According to the memoirs of contemporaries, his performance was surprisingly spiritual and poetic.
824a97f468a5431658111ad45685cfa4e3eaf8d0	The memory of the famous Hungarian musician Franz Liszt, who also began his brilliant career as a pianist and composer at that time, has been preserved about Chopin's first concert: "We remember his first performance in the hall of Pleyel, when the applause, which increased with a vengeance, seemed to be unable to sufficiently express our enthusiasm in the face of a talent that, along with happy innovations in the field of his art, opened a new phase in the development of poetic feeling."
2a6d49e264c2be4ff056e5febfe0af82fcfb8969	Chopin conquered Paris, as Mozart and Beethoven once conquered Vienna.
ec80c97d1c1535917fe40e02ecfdb7d7c813dfe5	Like Liszt, he was recognized as the best pianist in the world.
eb7da32516dde20f37e8651fbb0c87ba66f66f62	At concerts, Chopin mostly performed his own compositions: concertos for piano and orchestra, concert rondos, mazurkas, etudes, nocturnes, Variations on a theme from Mozart's opera "Don Juan".
ab6fee11f22839adeee9023f05cb43e0ff5e554a	It was about these variations that the outstanding German composer and critic Robert Schumann wrote: "Hats off, gentlemen, you have a genius in front of you."
b07fe57c5dcf267cc8d46bab2d84a2984fdc9ad7	Chopin's music, as well as his concert performances, aroused universal admiration.
88ac9e88a25ef7d8c74e94675afcdb9326bf9ab1	Only music publishers were waiting.
fce0e5ff6e363eba875e81f4af60eb11fec7b083	They published Chopin's works, but, as in Vienna, for free.
34bb0e9ebd6ec0a85db1d83b6ac881b3c233ad5a	Therefore, the first editions did not bring Chopin income.
312e7736b874cda2373cbf80a8aba265ffa66bef	He was forced to give music lessons for five to seven hours a day.
4024aee83febb4e98b9d023c57243a84feda1509	This job provided for him, but it took too much time and effort.
55feecb88b79475c35fe8bcdb60ee91785a90b7c	And even later, being a world famous composer, Chopin could not afford to stop these classes with his students that were so exhausting for him.
d01d701015e71b491aee5226c7f18a22922aa698	Along with the growing popularity of Chopin as a pianist and composer, the circle of his acquaintances expands.
72143417fd76e8b29852784210f25db6cb4743b5	Among his friends are Liszt, the outstanding French composer Berlioz, the French artist Delacroix, the German poet Heine.
0ee43757b00ee159722903bb759033fe64c96d45	But no matter how interesting new friends were, he always gave preference to his compatriots.
1d21c2658cdfde288f6a258e6935ece89885f93b	For the sake of a guest from Poland, he changed the strict order of his working day, showing him the sights of Paris.
9af689d18a353b0626d48e3e01fa9e8032ae001c	For hours he could listen to stories about his homeland, about the life of relatives and friends.
22f74d319fc5743d2559b1783e26a40285f1ccee	With youthful insatiability, he enjoyed Polish folk songs, and often wrote music to his favorite poems.
baedc4d052c99870368412ea8e0d1fbbafea8986	Very often these poems, turned into songs, got back to Poland, became the property of the people.
97d860d1c09f3121413fe0072f1af8b34f677b35	If a close friend, the Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz, came, Chopin immediately sat down at the piano and played for him for hours.
e166f7bd295d4f009f77a48a86255860654f5b6a	Forced, like Chopin, to live far from his homeland, Mickiewicz also longed for it.
d9ed14d0aa983b8bdf548f965a50225b53eb0194	And only Chopin's music slightly eased the pain of this separation, took him there, far away, to his native Poland.
f2005c9d582e453fed19e0f69ae0aa3e5bd34d50	It was thanks to Mickiewicz, the frenzied drama of his "Konrad Wallenrod", that the First ballad was born.
8601b0a43fcbffb8af74d43e2f4d3370dc5b8d60	And Chopin's Second ballad is connected with the images of Mickiewicz's poetry.
89338d2cc1332e35acb7aff3c582a28ba5701e0f	Meetings with Polish friends were especially dear to the composer also because Chopin did not have his own family.
36046eed11c4c7226c093016781270a272c4a49d	His hope of marrying Maria Wodzynska, the daughter of one of the rich Polish nobles, was not realized.
e0ee85226ab2e27b8b9cd8bf3d96547a898b2465	Maria's parents did not want to see their daughter married to a musician, even if he was world famous, but who earned money for living by work.
b78de77c96ffadf562d9c1e6d8ae36c41cae519e	For many years, he linked his life with the famous French writer Aurora Dudevant, who appeared in print under the pseudonym George Sand.
ff45e00c242cc060ece0255485a312fdfa9bffa0	Judging by the" musical portraits " of Constance Gladkovskaya and Maria Vodzinskaya, Chopin above all appreciated in them the charm of purity created by his imagination.
e930a74c0a77aebf23d3003530a9d92666e2f7c8	You could find anything in George Sand, but not this.
b5eaf6a8418da7d67f0d5da77fef48c0698369a9	By that time, she had a scandalous reputation.
174e12905be9f5295e209cc3317e83284bf02637	Chopin could not help but know this.
e45f03cde68cbc42265f18660cf61350890caec7	But Liszt and his girlfriend Marie d'Asu highly appreciated the literary talent of George Sand and talked about this with Chopin and Mickiewicz, emphasizing that they appreciate her primarily as a writer.
26d5b28c4fca9d1211b4c67b281e386a462f543e	They also contributed to the appearance of George Sand at Chopin's musical evenings.
8cc77f20196c7492e378fdc23c0f41e2105c6c67	I must say that there is not much reliable information about the history of Chopin's relationship with George Sand.
dc17a45cf142df60cc7e8b45edb9dd9b12ff7e33	Not everyone agrees with George Sand herself, who portrayed Chopin's guardian angel in front of his friends and described to them her "self sacrifice" and "maternal concerns" about the composer.
8eae9efce0cb4631880c337623a4d305e253fa8a	Liszt, in a book published during the lifetime of George Sand, very unequivocally accused her of being the cause of his untimely death.
50fc75fe71286aab4eea3ff5936eb21007913c73	Wojciech Grzimala, one of Chopin's closest friends, also believed that George Sand, "who poisoned his entire existence," was the culprit of his death.
4d516fd3e6f06202830a32a7c38457059f2d77d0	Wilhelm Lenz, a student of Chopin, called her a "poisonous plant", who was deeply indignant at how insolently, arrogantly and disdainfully George Sand treated Chopin even in the presence of strangers.
e80049e275c9b628f3bb0174d5f40d8ebd30f9f1	Over the years, Chopin gave concerts less and less often, limiting himself to performing in a narrow circle of friends.
78e2e88353077c14fd42ac691d47d94c4d5b3c98	He gave himself entirely to creativity.
c431ce96b43fd7942a638256d27ddae2bf3ed912	There were his sonatas, scherzos, ballads, impromptu performances, a new series of etudes, the most poetic nocturnes, preludes and his still favorite mazurkas and polonaises.
350a526a1b71da6b1cf2d31179f97c41b935b957	Along with light lyrical plays, works full of dramatic depth, and often tragic, came out from under his pen more and more often.
050fcb101998c4a3e04610fbe639466766f8ca99	This is the Second Sonata, with a funeral march, which belongs to the highest achievements of the composer, all Polish music and romantic art in general.
1b3ff26da98f9b2ff9045d522fc01de8b7d9fc8c	Jozef Khominsky, describing the first two movements of the sonata, said: "After a heroic struggle, the funeral march is already, obviously, the last act of the drama."
14fd2550f85d7c9b8590af503739f9e69df605cd	Chopin considered the funeral march as an emotional outcome, dramatically completing the development of images.
bed2ebd90fb153078d062cbee1152bf96cce741d	We have the right to call this drama, the images of which unfold in Chopin's sonata, a national tragedy.
e1e16a3e4b6a49fd48b0ec65254442dca3bee8a2	Chopin's Funeral March is recognized as the most outstanding work of this genre.
9bdd517b80a142a2a0202a6eb52b4d61f43e60b4	This march has taken a special, exceptional place not only in musical literature, but also in the life of mankind, because it is difficult to find a more sublime, more beautiful and more tragic embodiment of the feeling of grief.
966fea8c54e9ec692c9cd3eb2c6e08f190e27085	Chopin's life in Paris was, if not happy, then favorable for creativity.
35601b46471e0fd5fb55b3a415de432dfb69353e	His talent has reached the top.
7003b696a4d5a3bf5a6d20601e103f6c4b22a5be	The publication of Chopin's works no longer meets with obstacles, it is considered a great honor to take lessons from him, and to hear him play is a rare happiness available to a select few.
08d52df39b1656791c4850d46344a53801816cfa	The last years of the composer's life were sad.
5160aa591a3001c0d252558f8a62d56befe95a87	His friend Jan Matushinsky died, followed by his beloved father.
f7912d3b5254fe582992b7373877d03b8a79b067	A quarrel and a break with George Sand made him completely lonely.
4ad9bbe4771d4ff548117d4c17cf194b8e74ff4a	Chopin was never able to recover from these cruel blows.
cfd97d580b1a520453ffcc5bde3c3023adfba2bb	The lung disease, which Chopin suffered from from a young age, worsened.
58966a299c032a7b73091cc71503901fc5413fb8	For the last two years, the composer has written almost nothing.
6d785ef1906d2f9ce5ed74f30823b55b2258f2f5	His funds ran out.
803a597b0b42cc76f797a485976e38535b56771c	To improve his difficult financial situation, Chopin took a trip to London at the invitation of English friends.
06b9ab40cc7639a22e8db5059e7ad0a4bbd52722	Having gathered the last strength, the patient, he gives concerts and lessons there.
b0f0badc55410c8face97b213fe110568b13cd9c	The enthusiastic reception initially pleases him, inspires cheerfulness.
1beccf72b7cfa51c3667631c6e0ae1d288f1153b	But the damp climate of England quickly had its disastrous effect.
54f93507fd8560243a6b2cd5092153dd4b229848	The restless life, full of secular, often empty and meaningless entertainment, began to tire him.
96b48fe548f7a737520032fa2858301404587f22	Chopin's letters from London reflect his gloomy mood, and often suffering:
ff81f04476d25c0fea4e7f5e4b903b7cfc5e06c9	"I am no longer able to worry or rejoice I have completely stopped feeling anything - I am just vegetating and waiting for it to end as soon as possible."
fec3b739fd325460d182c6e2512d21d4e4a3a633	Chopin gave his last concert in London, which turned out to be the last in his life, in favor of Polish immigrants.
76f7d62c1121b685a3b7f78f6678c9aa5d947bbe	On the advice of doctors, he hastily returned to Paris.
86ff2beec23fcedafa6aa013c2ef856ce25b17d6	The composer's last work was the Mazurka in F minor, which he could no longer play, he recorded only on paper.
22661001ca182061a9116afedd7bc6be81dfaa10	At his request, his older sister Ludwika came from Poland, in whose arms he died.
187be118d5c630e683512dd274e8465c88875e4e	Chopin's funeral was solemn.
209b8e76264519d28ab6a033e1b969cd42edc4d0	The best artists of Paris performed the Requiem of Mozart, so beloved by them.
458d9106bcb70880ad3b4aed080f14d203837d0e	His own compositions were also performed, among them the funeral march from the piano sonata in B flat minor performed by the orchestra.
05cd058a5a8a0db2369adcab0fd4564fb275f5e6	Friends brought a cup with their native Polish land to his grave.
d318b578f5945a5ad2da1e35bb4159a4da9798ff	Chopin is buried in Paris, next to the grave of his friend Bellini.
c021f77dbe2f0aebe8049b8e2dbd797e035c73da	And his heart, as he had bequeathed, was sent in a vessel to Poland, to Warsaw, where it is still carefully preserved in the Church of St. Nicholas.
908f83159a28772b07a8e4e1619d2aa17c89261a	The cross.
d0a804e823e0425abd95350ef02d7315bd15dc06	Unlike many of his predecessors and contemporaries, Chopin composed almost exclusively for the piano.
0bf2159422a1e89eb070fb380a5e84da9157de56	He did not leave a single opera, nor one symphony or overture.
e3855479bdd9929c7d95d6ee0acc2eb79304674b	All the more striking is the talent of the composer, who managed to create so much bright, new in the field of piano music.
bbf0040f2df94da5ee609f1e5a1e649693153182	Fryderyk Chopin was born on March 1, 1810, near Warsaw, the capital of Poland, in the town of Zhelyazova Wola.
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907a380859aa0252cbd27b50d3f3f343c73f1d0b	A person dies not when his heart stops beating, but when those who loved him forget about him
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92f10f79aae47043c4e6c821bc0f2ccd5af532b4	Date of birth: 01.03.1810
aa285f6b718f07bd273a3d7ca78bf99fad720340	Date of death: 17.10.1849
765fa2f10c6d2495a39ae51cccce74cd2d025198	Birth name: Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin;
5bf153d0ccb7a48591db1cfb718a31f8dbfb4fda	Frédéric François Chopin Additional names: Frederiks Šopēns, Frederiks Francišeks Šopēns;
ef09f127b7f2f4c61a46f6123a31778b738d3990	Frederik Francois Chopin Categories: Composer, Musician Nationality: Polish Cemetery: Pere Lachaise
f77e7a248356b73e6084486f869a55b45150b17e	Frederic Francois Chopin (fr. Frédéric François Chopin [ppɛ]; Polish. Fryderyk Franciszek Szopen [ppɛn], Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin;March 1, 1810, the village of Zhelyazova Wola, near Warsaw October 17, 1849, Paris) was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist, teacher.
41b19e7c858d59156f867566587066f1138adfd7	The largest representative of the Polish musical art. He interpreted many genres in a new way: he revived the prelude on a romantic basis, created a piano ballad, poetized and dramatized dances mazurka, polonaise, waltz; turned the scherzo into an independent work.
81d063e6e13c146e2cd162f0744d0380de6650ee	2 concertos (1829, 1830), 3 sonatas (1828-44), fantasy (1841), 4 ballads (1835-42), 4 scherzos (1832-42), impromptu, nocturnes, etudes, waltzes, mazurkas, polonaises, preludes and other works for piano; songs.
d7432ce5bac6fb490a65a64bea4f9d057a87e199	Chopin dreams of returning to his homeland and taking part in battles.
cd3700018b9985e8999c8a7f20669f490887a162	The preparations are over, but on the way to Poland, he was caught by terrible news, the uprising was suppressed, the leader was captured.
8869e49461165c3b393e1ae03724460fdc52206a	The composer's father, Nicolas Chopin (1771-1844), married a distant relative of the Skarbks, Justyna Kzhizhanovskaya (1782-1861) in 1806.
98f3dc248f23fb0a929c9164858434f70647e696	Chopin was a teacher of French and German language and French literature, kept a boarding school for lyceum students.
7cd8703e9afbc612c70c3ea205c6fd72959ce4a4	In addition to Frederick, there were three other sisters in the Chopin family: the eldest is Ludvika, married to Yendzheyevich, who was his especially close devoted friend, and the younger ones are Isabella and Emilia.
cd971080f3276bab79de33ba3973d9c6bc54f5d1	He could cry while listening to music, jump up at night to pick up a memorized melody or chord on the piano.
0b1cb5a4bed5682567c73f73ff3ff26679b059a3	Wojciech Zivny was the sixth mentor of Chopin pofortepiano.
419019987d1d8b4e166a018ef0ab91e703872afd	Trips to Berlin, Dresden, Prague, where he attended concerts of outstanding musicians, contributed to his development
ca9e8e61f52b98b2adbd7a787c88545d6956137f	Artistic activity The Ostrogski Palace is the location of the Warsaw Chopin Museum.
5d931f0cc3c38c24b3b2ebff7cb7c3657313b234	Nevertheless, many of the greatest works, including 24 preludes, were created in Majorca.
fbb292a31e249a57ae2331065248aaf03469364a	But he spent a lot of time in the countryside in France, where George Sand had a Manet estate.
dcfb659d4da7bc2ed195f67a51476df701c8c0fd	After returning to Paris, Chopin died on October 5 (17), 1849.
2b41ad7b7b11169a95e8bc78e8322a6af6bcb97a	In the Pere Lachaise Cemetery, Chopin's ashes rest between the graves of Cherubini iBellini.
78a7e8c4807afb88a06aaccca4493677e01123de	Portrait of Chopin by Eugene Delacroix, 1838 Chopin, 1849.
5f928b11397fc4e04eb0fcc1ce3f93db9e33036e	This is his last lifetime photograph
9897d60db0c2bc707d746194858c50f2d0771abb	Never before or after Chopin, a musical genius of this level was born in his homeland, Poland.
1754c01b8d914602437b2d109147e5b628f9ac25	In these works, he uses the best features of the folk epic.
cba61a438ff40ce5a9c581c8f00523fa7804f029	After Beethoven, classicism gave way to local romanticism, and Chopin became one of the main representatives of this trend in music.
9b9fe752b616b78da12fcddd2138fa7572301997	These Studies are distinguished by a youthful impetuous freshness, as, for example, a study of ges dur, then by drama (studies f moll, c moll).
6c7626c5b8b9eb023a35b6eb268438cf0cdb3483	Chopin also met professional opposition to his creative credo: for example, one of his main lifelong competitors, Sigismund Thalberg, according to legend, went out into the street after a Chopin concert, shouted loudly and answered his companion's bewilderment: there was only one piano all evening, so now you need at least a little forte.
2cd87a3314860c31928357f7bd6dca7d93b8ea87	In 1949-1962, the Polish musicologist Ludwik Bronarski published the complete works of Chopin — " Fr. Chopin, Dzieła wszystkie», PWM, Kraków.
22d9a6dd0cdcbf318056e96d734a3aa65a6e325f	In 2001, Okentse Airport/Okenche (Warsaw) was named after Frederick Chopin.
619a7081da3217ebe28460f59a569a250ff18f60	On March 1, 2010, the most modern and amazing biographical museum in the world — the Fryderyk Chopin Museum — was opened in Warsaw, the capital of Poland, after reconstruction and modernization.
fdd3e05d776dccc2ad624d83f04c88a70b5f93dd	By the resolution of the Sejm of the Polish Republic, 2010 was declared the Year of Chopin.
bfe49afa48dc343658900d7b805d366dc1771731	On December 2, 2010, the Embassy of Poland opened a concert hall named after Frederick Chopin in honor of the Year of Chopin at the Kazakh National University of Arts.
a11d2479e613d25c51ad64dda224138d1b83be26	For piano with an ensemble or with an orchestra
4f0fcc7c5c44fff3b84d024bbeb6111252486162	Trio for piano, violin and cello op, 8 g moll (1829) Sonata for cello op.
18ce19d811c779e23e1baeb16a12f73de3553547	65 g moll (1845-1846) " Variations on a theme from the opera "Don Juan" op.
324148eed7ebb04a8d53f6be778252f4133fa390	21 f moll (1829) Piano Concerto Op.
963e31c4d95d21bb5cd36c3b9cc2f576b6cee798	11 e moll (1830) "A large brilliant polonaise preceded by" Andante spianato " Op.
a47b1709ecef2b76421baf0bfd1923f4e79386d1	Polonaise for cello Op.
b75366d5d68abb64d82da82972286b2d9ead8c3e	Mazurkas (about 69)
803b8a75cb5406d7a70153bbca3167ea2c610850	6 fis moll, cis moll, E dur, es moll (1830) Op.
d5e0edaf86cd84ad7f5ade802965347784b6d48a	7 B dur, a moll, f moll, As dur, C dur (1830—1831) Op.
471bd386c86b81ffdde8f74366806fabe9be0be9	17 B dur, e moll, As dur (1832—1833) Op.
48059e5063c4d9cf2adad8e6ff58da248b6a589d	30 c moll, h moll, Des dur, cis mol (1836—1837) Op.
557201dc30e78615f991fbc084521aa0cb554ce4	33 gis moll, D dur, C dur, h moll (1837—1838) Op.
7f63ac98ca3e83b9047a58f1a9d446bee3d8bd49	50 G dur, As dur, cis moll (1841—1842) Op.
797285a532b9737543c1c0ba88795e6ad5717112	56 H dur, C dur, c moll (1843) Op.
35b9bce7968518cade0a2e0b647762595b203631	59 a moll, As dur, fis moll (1845) Op.
439c7c9a77fe42c85255b0b4125692f6cea4eb95	63 H dur, f moll, cis moll (1846) Op.
f19f238133b7cb8f6575fe9416f43b8dadc02790	67 № 4 a moll 1846 (1848?) Op.
67c95e26e348bf890a29c5f8ef5af240c2ef3bc2	68 № 4 f moll (1849)
1aa3538c02a37db6bf691a305285ef2253ba195c	Source: wikipedia.org
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fa03751a7752286662ee8b0295759e3689191fb6	Images Place Name Kinship Starting from To Description Language 1 Warsaw, Presidential Palace de, en, pl, ru
219519c3599612cbd7e884b244d227d9fad13b53	Condolences
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90a97f89a9430692a806f4b322c232ddb1c8a49a	Connections Name Relationship Date of birth Date of death Description 1 Nicolas Chopin father 15.04.1771 03.05.1844 2 Tekla Justyna Chopin mother 14.09.1782 01.10.1861 3 Emilia Chopin sister 09.11.1812 10.04.1827 4 Jakub Krzyżanowski grandfather 00.00.1729 29.10.1805 5 George Sand common law wife 01.07.1804 08.06.1876 6 Stefan Witwicki friend 13.09.1801 15.04.1847 7 Napoleon Horde friend 11.02.1807 26.04.1883 8 Tytus Woyciechowski friend 31.12.1808 23.03.1879 9 Leonard Rettel acquaintance 06.11.1811 21.03.1885 10 Vojtěch Živný teacher, teacher 13.05.1756 21.02.1842 11 Jozef Elsner teacher, teacher 01.06.1769 18.04.1854 12 Karol Mikuli student 20.10.1819 21.05.1897 13 Delfina Potocka student 00.00.1807 02.04.1877
34de0258bad2456d86972baa66a1a2f83cfe16e6	24.02.1818 | W Pałacu Radziwiłłów w Warszawie (obecnie Pałac Prezydencki) odbył się pierwszy publiczny koncert 8 letniego Fryderyka Chopina
f7bdc81943d0d83d25375620eb4e9bb8854a71c7	Add comments + Read more 24.02.1818 | Pierwszy publiczny koncert Chopina W Pałacu Radziwiłłów w Warszawie (obecnie Pałac Prezydencki) odbył się pierwszy publiczny koncert 8 letniego Fryderyka Chopina.
e0be35f9307c03290857869aacfc63d92ceb48e5	Add comments + Read more 17.03.1830 | W Teatrze Wielkim w Warszawie odbył się pierwszy biletowany koncert Fryderyka Chopina.
6304f0682e8efe85f8d430931bcb8aa8e1a727a8	Add comments + Read more 26.02.1832 | Odbył się pierwszy paryski koncert Fryderyka Chopina.
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9a436e0b99d35ceb83654b4e6edbec16f3340016	Contents 1 Biography of Frédéric Chopin 2 Education of Frédéric Chopin 3 The life path of Frédéric Chopin 3.1 Share a link:
4f74b5355e8cdf0ce76e4490caee44e8801ebe5b	Frédéric Chopin is the most famous musician, composer and pianist, not only in Poland, but also in all countries of the globe.
c7a8d6aef5942e29852a5103335b5f1aa440ea1c	The full name and surname of Fryderyk Chopin sounds like Fryderyk Franciszek, and in French Fryderyk Francois.
9f7482e82dc4523b221c75cf03d620ac2d2dfb1a	Basically, Chopin created his musical works in a lyrical style.
8e17ddd6a376952bbbf82747a03b05d357772bfd	Frederick very subtly conveyed any mood in music.
4af4928e12401e742a53e9a78161b26063f8c946	Biography of Frédéric Chopin
cfade191b469bb9979f0a3eb5c0b089b2e1605a8	The famous musician was born on March 1 in 1810.
0d56a8369d3213f61036ce315066e933bda401d1	In a small village called Zhelyazova Volya near Sokhachev.
9d7b3ff5048fbd7dd68bcc6fc7e7bf23849fad81	The boy's family had Polish and French roots.
f7b7268dd37c826163ded61dab682deeeb303e07	The father of the family, whose name was Mikolai Chopin, was a Frenchman by nationality, but when he was sixteen, he decided to move and completely connect his life with Poland.
0c25570ef583f53f3cc5163d9234272589155ef6	And Mikolai never returned to his homeland, moreover, he did not even keep in touch with his French family.
320a3d510982de9fb78d2beb9f6fe9213eaad74c	And he raised all his children as Poles.
31e15bb7f2d3925e4d8a734cf20ae8d2e74db505	The man worked in the Estate owned by the Count of Skarbek.
101c28f787f242a9a47d32e8a75e1e85b0132084	His job was to teach and raise children.
9dd990eada7cef8eca2728ea92372df4f6e0f5ba	The Education of Frédéric Chopin
c42b018b236fc4aef326a898980968941d269cfd	Frédéric Chopin began to show his interest in music at a rather early age.
1497f9415ce46afc6c27f91f4b4ef79bf4e45561	At first, the boy was even called the second Mozart.
90e6e2979414b24395662874f6625950e91a702b	When Frederick was only a child, about seven years old, he had already written two whole polonaises, one called g moll, and the second B dur.
3aeca7775e9bef0627cec621d526febe8c91f1a7	The first polonaise g moll, was published immediately after writing.
276d8dd113ae6790c0a78dc29d4a4086215bcd24	Articles in the Warsaw newspapers about the new talent that appeared began to fly at the speed of light.
7f6f49c00e75616f61b30d9c7b8c348d573eed2c	"Mały Chopinek", which means Little Shopinek, becomes the main highlight in the richest salons of Warsaw.
be0112c3ccf37fe139f124f811d97c9b3dcd24d8	Frédéric Chopin often performs at various charity concerts at a young age.
3620d45aa5a28963a18697689c5e0fe276a782c2	In 1816, for the first time, Frederick received professional piano lessons for six years from Wojciech Zhivna.
106060ff17c7a0d3bd4661e3be011c89d2c10baa	Wojciech taught based on the music of the legendary Sebastian Bach, as well as other Viennese classics.
78b9a543bfa587937bd0e8182de900e8f2bf6580	Then in 1822, Frédéric Chopin took private lessons from the Polish composer Jozef Elsner, who was very famous at that time.
d86ce5fd2a024e2f2c2b280de9ad61744a2de9db	In 1823, the guy entered the Warsaw Lyceum.
01c597146917c0aefc6f01f5fd6bac0961f0d14f	While studying at the lyceum, he wrote his first creation, a sonata called c moll.
9c6812adf15d30ebdbdb3add6e0fc2681135d30e	Later, three years later, Frédéric Chopin continues his studies at the main music school of the capital.
438f25dd5317a94d65b1067788343696f3827f61	He chooses a faculty where music theory, harmony and composition are taught.
5e1307cb44d02b45fead484e733c337d11168d81	Chopin studied at this school, also for three years.
e4aebc785a7aa586adf622c5dec75a90402f5894	During his studies, the still quite young composer writes a Variation (for piano and orchestra) on the theme of a duet, from an opera by Mozart himself, called Don Juan.
1205f3eafd9eb86dae9aff3300dd4c3bb2b282aa	He also writes a Fantasy Op.
739d4a51e2000f3151f38e3306a6f477067d9cf2	13 on the theme of Poland, and the famous g moll.
5ee1a997a3050f796973ab46f42524721796593d	Chopin graduated from the music school with excellent marks, moreover, he was even officially awarded the characteristic "musical genius".
c363abcd06277babe9c237497f41eb07a7fa4b41	The Life of Frédéric Chopin
155181dab11bcad6e541e21a18968a709f0811d5	In 1829, immediately after the guy finishes his studies at the school of music, in July he leaves with a group of his friends for an excursion to Austria, or rather to the city of Vienna.
8830de3e3b6f8e23d6aadeaf64fc706ad755d52a	Wurfel invites Chopin to a musical society.
2a05c58397146a63578323801dee93976bad4944	Thanks to this, Frederik gives concerts twice at the Kartnerthortheate, together with the orchestra he plays op Variations.2 according to Mozart, as well as Rondo a la Krakowiak op.14.
d72a324ca7000113ec2abe757d303a44dc98f0d7	And now Frederick is already beyond the borders of his country, gaining the appreciation of the audience and creative success.
4300655c36fb839d4fad003f8ef866dfc0df9772	Although Chopin was criticized, but only for a weak sound delivery, and the most serious critics were simply delighted with his compositions.
00a9dd05ee6a7457217563b707e972a3011bca89	After such a success, in 1830, the famous critic Tobias Haslinger decided to publish Variations on a theme of Mozart.
f5487d46399e425ab49c322fe3759edfe98ae249	By the way, this was his first foreign publication, previously Frederick's creations were published only in Warsaw.
71d46eca33f16781f8ed272f76319138f21df854	The publications are noticed by a famous German composer, as well as a part time music critic, whose name was Robert Schumann, he speaks about Chopin with delight.
4ab49c3303467d52b69d1f4aeed31b7f62aa4848	Then Frederik returns back to Warsaw, he has a lot of free time, which he previously spent on studying, and the composer is even more eager to write new masterpieces.
17ab79ae3b6e0c36acefaee30cc599ad5d188189	He writes many works, among them two Piano Concertos with the orchestra e moll, as well as f moll.
6af3e056c57ed2f57a1329caedf8edb238ee0fe6	A very big inspiration for Frédéric Chopin was that the guy fell in love with a student of the conservatory who was studying vocal, this girl's name was Constance Gladkovskaya.
125db16d48c2433c93215cb0d9a2409e47bc678a	Having strong feelings for Constance, the composer writes a Concerto f moll.
459277834f5c9b6742863188883f55cfc5e9a6c5	Also inspired by his feelings, he writes nocturne, various etudes, waltzes, as well as mazurkas.
7a45c3bc18e934b4bc320173a2c47c83d672d0ce	Even during this period, he writes songs, the words for which were composed by Stefan Vitvitsky.
f113b1a78d7e18e62adb58bf503feb8dc3718f3f	In the autumn, in October in 1830, Frédéric Chopin performed his concert e moll, at a solemn farewell concert that took place at the National Theater.
6ac0ec9ccf7edbf2c54c20636b9a3dedb2cfc588	Frederick's beloved Constance Gladkovska also performed there.
521e474da43ca28b80019c8ad9579203adb6eca4	About a month later, in November, Chopin, along with his friend, whose name was Tytus Wojcechowski, decides to move to Austria, with the intention of then going to Italy.
871418b5f9c4d450d67fecea8c33428287a31035	Frederick, being in Vienna for only a couple of days, learns the unpleasant news that the Polish uprising (also called the November Uprising) has begun.
9583998752a5e991e2ec1b767673e18a6e933519	This revolt was against the fact that the Polish kingdom was dependent on Russia, and the people also did not want to see the tsar on the Polish throne.
557111f24b8473512725e3d2f3fb7b734730c033	Chopin takes these events to heart and he pours his emotions into his new play, which is known to everyone as "The Revolutionary Etude".
7b2db628c2b08b4a780c199b978fa876990abd34	The composer does not manage to go to Italy, as he planned, because there, at that time, there were military operations against Austria.
c14adc094d0d5d778520648c392c64737fc1bb63	And since Frederick strongly supported Polish independence, because of the events taking place in Poland, he also did not hurry to Warsaw.
188f20e59ac40d0be61905c97395aa91c1b9e809	Therefore, he decides to go to France, to the city of Paris.
2e8365fdf3bcab8c0a2d46c1402f7a7262c7269d	And in the autumn of 1831, Frederick gradually settled in Paris.
e1b833752005e28de7c1ca471964880865c3a1fd	There they will learn about him as a famous pianist and a talented teacher.
c47e2dfa1389b8cd82e5db013a1e0fd54e4adb80	Chopin falls into the highest circles of the metropolitan aristocracy.
70d7f4c7e4e07d256862936371e615d8a5c99904	He meets many great pianists there, among them, Pleyel and Kalkbrenner, they help Chopin settle in the city.
b82c982e3876f6af83e37bbab86b8be21c41a339	He also begins to communicate closely with Francois Joseph Fetis, this man is a well known musicologist and composer originally from Belgium.
c558231861191f848902dacc408bfc9e4d578f65	His social circle also includes such famous personalities as the composer Franz Liszt, the painter Eugene Delacroix, the writer Heinrich Heinu.
359a649a15964b99932c7470ef0c739c746180c3	The Polish composer also met and subsequently became close friends with Prince Adam Czartoryski.
30c658d9c1f5a520365428cfaa8dad1ac0ca0744	There, Frederick joins the Polish Literary Association.
000dbc992563da6c32333c50ed2ba13809b50fd2	In the winter of 1848, Chopin performed for the last time, with his concert in the French capital.
ed3807d5d9aa6c68229c759ad0eff4ea3a21ad06	Then he has to go to the UK.
e5bffaa926c6541eb531b9f6fd82fc3ff5969c40	He will be there for about a year and a half.
46f38690308c6e8863e886e325c6868de595f3b3	To occupy himself somehow and distract himself from a serious illness, he performs in aristocratic salons, teaches lessons there.
0e39be35b2b7791883404e20e2f31086546b7e69	He even plays even for Queen Victoria herself.
f391cad8ac74a020379a7331f606467431c0b78a	Then he returned to Paris again, as his strength began to leave him altogether, there he wrote his most recent work called Mazurka f moll Op.
af03ae9fae3ddf27ca08da8f53bf8ba7d2d0bfc9	68.4.
0c853da3b7475fca4867770328a772d58cfa388a	In the summer, his sister Louise Yendzheevich moved from Poland to Frederick, in order to help his sick brother.
da93e54926c6419322002b307cc1f413e0a47722	Chopin's Grave
5a3723c6a154d3d4e367b34e25ebed8ca4be1423	But in the autumn of October 17, in 1849, the irreparable happens, Frederic Chopin passes away in his home, which was located on the Place Vendome.
33a2ce4036ae8c2b7e64c90e28df6836e9c80611	The funeral service of the great composer was held in Paris, in the church of Mary Magdalene.
389e139942f891cfa63ecb7d05760d2b68af3c19	There were three thousand people at this sad event.
43fe7798390dd1842ce00fc9ce0160d3500f79ef	He was buried in the Pere Lachaise cemetery in the city of Paris.
78e7111a6431ee8dc25b8b4a1e8f79a8ef002428	At the funeral, his preludes h moll from Op.
436d6cdcec642fd90df7cff57763f07ac6a17a6c	28, as well as e moll.
1aab1aed882ef3e3a49877d9978f0e4b6f671b40	The orchestra also naturally played the funeral march of the great Frédéric Chopin.
07bcd2cd7ef4f8694885f14c1839acf7fd4ae5e1	The last wish of the composer Fryderyk Chopin was that his heart should be buried in Poland.
d3661b677e65f19aa406246b272d027d77b6e31d	This wish was fulfilled by his own sister, she took his heart to Warsaw, where it was immured in the walls of the Church of the Holy Cross.
05e54a66449e44aaeebdb26b13cfdc9d560dbf45	Jan Hevelius Vladislav Reymont Jan Twardowski Brzezinski Zbigniew Kazimierz Zenon Kosidowski John Paul II
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134064e3f0c5712c40e3c3f550e800c9f5109abe	Я Jan Twardowski Brzezinski Zbigniew Kazimierz →
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24162630505a37a0ecf1b47432e4272eb01e56d0	Stars | / Celebrities "Composers" Chopin Frederick
bf68c9c06cc438c2495a6bc55cbfa11cc5fe878a	Biography of Chopin Frederick
aa60df4f1b8e304fef2dbcd60137aa23824a6012	(how does it count?) 204 increase the star in the rating
43babcf964789f1b77e35e67b85528782b85f969	YouTube videos of Chopin Frederick (>1000)
23958f976957507cd8c9d1d2737085295000653f	Photos of Chopin Frederick (7)
13678d1375f5bfe0fa24d2bfc42f8b7bf5b52442	The current number of points for this star (Chopin Frederick): 99
5e5518d6b8e4a668d89de30297367c940073a2d5	How the rating is considered
a6006efa1001a91811aa7b6ad128a5c0e05b4933	◊ To vote for this star (Chopin Frederick), you must send an SMS with the text "PAYY 2621 star2628" to any of the following numbers:
0d36a776ed82f33d79e01a2519ebf70b2a417498	Biography, life story of Chopin Frederick
d241822addb3152a6c31cc5e825d4677d3ed1fe2	Chopin (Chopin)
2c18b7ddf23e855909f2f5ac34bbe21d6211fa4b	Frederick
151da20e1e657b5503f7e492d3b362b46f1a3211	(full name – Frederick Franciszek (in the French version – Frederick Francois) (March 1, 1810, Zhelyazova Wola, Poland October 17, 1849, Paris) was a Polish composer and pianist.
458bff9f853e90486e9a654a5740e60a27222cdf	The young genius was born on March 1, 1810 (according to other sources February 22 of the same year) in a mixed French Polish family;
bf2e4e56cc69a79b3270d1df789b3f511e3786f9	So, the composer had three sisters the elder Ludwika and the younger Isabella and Emilia.
4ac6d92c7daf38cfb50876889ec16decdb2af5d9	In 1822, he began studying privately with the leading Polish composer Yu.
0ea171b47b34d27cd5cb6857d93f64daabab1047	Elsner.
3fc3b81a4217a5f6ead8744f253eb964444abf93	In 1823 he entered the Warsaw Lyceum, shortly before graduating from which he published his first opus Rondo c moll (1825).
905ab88fa97441c44bdea01437ecaf46ff124e4b	Self imposed exile In 1829 and 1831 Chopin successfully gave concerts in Vienna.
e189144c1d6b8f4a7f251d8b5333f1f31df33182	At the same time, R. Schumann enthusiastically responded in print about the Variations of Op.
098375baca5fa8410a55e16db4846497f5201472	2 " Hats off, gentlemen, you have a genius in front of you!".
7b74f75c672022f5f4dcbe656f6cc8bbd2c2c645	In 1835 and 1836 Chopin went to Germany (where he met, in particular, with Schumann and F. Mendelssohn), in 1837 to London.
e2cbdec0910bdc2c5e742243dbd38e96d428abe9	Soon Chopin actually abandoned his career as a virtuoso, limiting his concert activities to rare performances mainly for a small audience and focused on composition, publishing his opuses simultaneously in Paris, London and Leipzig.
ed2f54dfda10e0b9208a0ef444fb6852f556f727	In 1837, Chopin began an affair with the famous French writer George Sand, who treated Chopin partly in a maternal way, as a fragile and immature creature that needs constant care.
c20fc5b4c57c96fca2ed31c55313448757b9bbd2	The winter of 1838-1839 Chopin and J. Sand was held on the island of Majorca (Spain), which had a beneficial effect on the composer's health.
69ef06fda6cb72cb3467729439fdde886cef706c	Before Georges appeared in Frederick's life, the beautiful Polish woman Maria Vodzinskaya occupied an honorable place in the composer's heart.
70fd774411a08a85188e23d2ed6c566f4d08a5f0	Chopin and Vodzinskaya even got engaged (though secretly), but it did not come to the wedding.
d11f55a993d9ff5affdc44015a970a75293d071e	Maria's parents were against the marriage of their daughter with a man who did not possess untold wealth.
e42984b794e011eedcef569209c1877b98758ef0	As soon as Maria and Frederick parted, Georges literally attacked Chopin, tied him to her, and then... cruelly abandoned him.
846bbcdd75037ab77fe3c88d26aad3b5e5313661	After returning to Paris, Chopin was no longer able to study with his students; in the summer of 1849, he wrote his last work – the Mazurka f moll Op.
d1568d0e6c5918fd3f01158c832fb83342937549	68 № 4.
eaa4b93d372f2aeadf7fe4bce469441e57047a83	On October 5 (17), 1849, the talented composer died.
ba13d9f5e86e98a6ea57a2328a1f00f06471adfd	About three thousand people attended Chopin's funeral service in the church of St. Mary Magdalene in Paris; his Preludes e moll and h moll from Op.
7d78de2de04c1b285e5eac970cd38d1e143f3336	At the request of Chopin, his heart was transported to Poland; it rests in the Warsaw Church of the Holy Cross.
7505dcf8079aaa415fd10db9eff9a8fd903a9821	Virtuoso and improviser
6a351a2f21de3cf1ceafbcae80ddd5b589c13c0d	Almost all of Chopin's music is intended for piano (among the few exceptions is a late Sonata for Cello and piano, dedicated to the composer's friend, cellist O. Frankommu, and a dozen and a half songs based on the words of Polish poets).
36b755db5d4f7fc782abc0d59aa6b71bc54dda1a	One of the poles of Chopin's creativity is made up of young virtuoso pieces (including rondo) and works for piano and orchestra (two concertos 1829-30, etc.), in which he still adheres to the traditional forms of romantic pianism of the "grand style".
e2bd4277bb3705402cb21828719dd2f2e75530ec	– works of great expressive power and nobility, innovative in form (the late Chopin is characterized by a free three part form with a long prepared abbreviated reprise, which usually turns into a compressed coda), texture, harmonic language.
e59f41bbd6acaac47bb2c678919aafd65f6d1ff3	Between these two poles are etudes, preludes, nocturnes, waltzes, mazurkas, polonaises, impromptu – invariably perfect in all details and diverse as life itself.
862ec45ed37bc696f722ef338aabdbd923fddebb	The poet and musician B. L. Pasternak considered this diversity a distinctive feature of Chopin and called his work "an instrument of knowledge of all life".
21cb0694d032bbb3609ee00a1c46c4c6dc9f5f8e	Schumann's words about one of Chopin's etudes (Op. 25 No. 1) "This is not so much an etude as a poem" are applicable to all other etudes, as well as to most mazurkas, waltzes, preludes, nocturnes, etc. (the genre principle prevails over the poetic one only in some of Chopin's early plays).
e3fa995fb28a4a0f689d78ccad8ccfb890832d99	The influence of Chopin's harmonic and melodic language can be traced in the works of such different composers as F. Liszt, R. Wagner, G. Faure, K. Debussy, E. Grieg, I. Albenis, P. Tchaikovsky, A. Scriabin, S. Rachmaninov, K. Shimanovsky.
d70a2cd3b24c87adba41dcac27911551a9f992f9	He interpreted many genres in a new way: revived the prelude on a romantic basis, created a piano ballad, poetized and dramatized dances mazurka, polonaise, waltz; turned the scherzo into an independent work.
9a9023853e92cfed691918bd68c39b54800aa640	Video of Chopin Frederick
cd7f25419eea0e45e353be3c887c1736a6914f4a	The list of videos is formed on the basis of data from the YouTube service.
5a401c70d599ee59c551009a392f839847655dff	05:42
6b16d95b73d459f363fde89799506f8d72f06de9	Prelude in D Flat Major, Frédéric Chopin
497c814e7597ef025edefc15ea93cd1322e55289	"The Magic Flute" - a collection of cartoons based on works of classical music Year of release: 2008 Country: Poland Visible music!
9b00ab32b5451f11dee14bb335443e9f11048b67	Wonderful classes...
cf42561ba9eede431c8632056a9493174cdcd033	01:48
9e23a584bb4c2bd1c30752db61f78635107f1d6a	Frederic Chopin "Waltz in A minor" - Frederic Chopin " Waltz in A Minor "(The Forgotten Waltz)
57a5c7ab05609f5dd0f9660abf521a31fff478be	Chopin's ever beautiful music is "The Forgotten Waltz".
27308a1e264646761c6d41935c7263d90f70506b	all videos of chopin frederick
e1718e0f5c507c505a02b265af970e9d4d481cdd	Photos of Chopin Frederick
91e4c6842976a1e95b2129e54913bd80b9c51f58	all photos of chopin frederick
8fc88b7fc14369c8b03b6fb48bc8e97b47a7b70e	Vasya (Tyumen)
736d29a4ae3ae7e7a1fc30edc48a0d2037eabf2c	2017-01-15 13:14:28
fcdf0bab19ddb8fadd074a0351d8156410ff67db	Stepan (Orenburg)
5a20f4b5cbf073e19d0a327af060a2e7730ac6a3	How boring.
6c5a7105574fa9a573d6679321caa238e2363546	2016-10-09 17:48:05
90505bc536de765a3c86a6c309432e501b069815	Navel (Novgorod)
c1ef99ad95722131330765b25c3353912da6dbf2	La la la
33bd445ba5bd45c78af1d9fa71c23217d438bf6a	2016-03-13 18:49:31
e65cae1e3d7d5125116f14bcdb579c07592a463b	Sashenka (Maiva)
f47a2b1fc369098bc1549e29ceca5c87d5cb47ab	2016-03-01 20:09:15
04d843672160f04b9ca13ad37a382cc7681d1f16	Dima
0251e1103b84403da925102aa2921474b9768150	2016-02-16 18:22:27
3ef93f5513787247290d9c62e8f76efc2d34c4f6	Natalia (Sevastopol)
1dfb1ed672d1f4f692b4b5f1f5ff317dd0a7a2c7	Tough guy
b3003601e6067c2fee8d94587b65d8378cda23ff	2016-01-29 17:21:09
603209ee5bc07a16afcb68fbc3eceb9340030d29	Akaka (Kaluga)
80b7efb4f2752db0b9d1300618ae05d10f94f745	2015-03-09 20:06:30
91a86f034312521dd70f51ffceb8906c5a67a7ac	Sofia 155 (Seversk)
08a9c6bd9f8fdaaac296b35e3860713eec13c33e	I like this composer I got 5 for his biography
0bd04c9391785e0ad5b3296efc1403cdd899d9c5	2014-11-27 15:27:34
08357ae74980fcb317432dba103a7fd2be156a98	Shoppen (Moscow)
f933b64fe6fdc4eee8e71ce276b26ed73bcf572c	2014-03-04 14:58:43
37b8fc2282fdb452aa740fbc9097f40196a5ebdf	Lisa (Tehoretsk)
70bcb801614dfb0f5248ad5c5988182ce7205818	Cool composer
bb864016237dfe9a3b9a48daada068a4d5769282	2014-02-09 19:43:11
76c6d63b16370b0c063eb349c5e8ecec3c732246	Thank you very much for Chopin
a05612f2bbae48353a9e6398e01a6f7559e39866	2014-02-09 19:41:42
a76c8b038f01385978dc51f33ddfbf760977e13a	Karolina (Moscow)
27a1472d462488e96ce678cf1e9c831e170aa4ae	Yes, it helped me, I learned, I got 5.
a33c5d15e074a674dd4b3526b5af051670d633f9	2013-03-18 21:44:50
264055b4d2ced7b79b382224c42fdb18d3bddac4	Cool person
528f07dab5b3e545ab512450b784f23d0d9ce501	2013-01-23 19:31:57
11301e37b10d545b8e3564278e404691197f0911	Sasha
689da24964927731b12c462ccb6d7585f6223038	It helped me a lot, I passed the presentation for 5
9c6179833185c6d190fdcf48f53fa105dd93c5c8	2012-12-14 13:33:24
5522a47041a49001886190567adf81b872418c26	Masha
2a1b875b84fa7245c2d4dfa761170884db7b31d9	fine
6df4a091e8b7ea7a0ec1ebdf6f23ad09eee52c33	2012-11-30 17:24:32
856f142a4ae7992169c4fc05c4438a0c0c1fedb4	Natalia (Belgorod)
99dd6db827c27125dccaf29c8c02482ca7331776	Just a genius!
7849814c53cc243ab9391cf42cbc9858c8348ce4	2012-05-16 03:14:23
d338807952a0f8dbd9591511ef543777c1cc74de	dmitriydarko (Moscow)
b92ab5798f539ad97adf2fe077279a73bbc58b6a	I love classical composers) it's a pity that there are no such talents now(((
ef66a0299c5974b75a5e5c7293862d13efd04c0d	2012-01-24 23:20:32
c96eb9ccca0c3dee2138dfe8dae9b67cce3e17ca	valik
2abfb1ebee1f5723ea2587d62c2c4f52ab1c2b52	A great, romantic composer with a bitterness about his life.
e892a90a6bd8e02d06dc9b29a817f14af3813557	2011-07-25 07:28:36
72c9489e9d79d30eb287b5489d83005a3cc15041	Swami Dashi
50486875e323af65c8a6ac71b1f11fd12c6fd855	Fefelov Andrey
f7d305efa56f1ea0b40f4323e402957477e426df	Bagdasarov Semyon Arkadyevich
336f0105d59ce63f2ae8eb31d7c52e4672931e74	Ulyana Suprun
131aef110895a0ed961ae876919e1ad1e16d6bac	Julia Taratuta
ab71788359f557fbd6e027f10676d4dd78a59c9e	Zhuravleva Marina
7f3342f30bf4c3977d537b68719b3f6636e25cb1	Athena
e754388e0d03d72408d90d1a313e87f2a619bb13	Zinchenko Ekaterina Grigoryevna
752b7f9f2bcafb2fac5426d74dea9b8bcab5edad	Kochetkova Anastasia Sergeevna
dec1909782dd58b04b29cd51bec08164715157b6	Volgin Ruslan
8fa95fff63da4bdbb0d74947b42caaac0483da90	The aggravation of the criminal situation and the increasing demands of society for the activities of the law enforcement system in the conditions of building a democratic rule of law dictate the urgent need to bring it into a state that allows for reliable protection of the individual, society and the state from criminal encroachments.
a141d7b0c40fdae2152f192617d6f33e132b5cc3	In this regard, the historical experience accumulated over the years of the existence of the oldest law enforcement agency, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, is of particular value.
25517de36bc48c968a8bf820bc325cba84c68bfa	Long before the period when the Ministry was formed, you can find historical data on the organization of public order protection.
63ac4ab3e7085d791f4c99d15c6e4749a444d352	So, the princes, and on their behalf – vigilantes and servants were engaged in the fight against crime on the territory of the principality during the time of Kievan Rus.
f405f6ef013b03ac1735ac87aed494a46101dd60	Free people – community members were also involved in this work.
1fbad53adaeca88a1ff083a8344085120f97af86	As methods of exposing criminals, “zaklich”, “vault”, “chasing the trail”were used.
dadb48d7eeeaa1556b4a5fcbd8fb1e6f87768f46	Ancient Russian law provided for a certain system of evidence.
dbd67d0a6496ccedd2aba0c98a1124fc7e485f40	First of all-the testimony of witnesses: vidakov (eyewitnesses of the fact) and poslukhov (they heard about the incident from someone, or could give a positive characteristic to the defendant or the plaintiff).
c106bfbda9a40f8bc1776fccbaaea617c58d2a81	In addition, God's court (“field”, ordaliy, etc.) was used to expose criminals in Kievan Rus.
8f6c82c1395961d10d1c5972aeab3f76606fc900	At the same time, such a form of crime investigation as a search or inquisition process begins to take shape.
686529241931e2149a2b3b3e25afc73a81aa824c	It was used, as scientists believe, in the church court.
e5df4bb329b728b5a0c02f877f8d802dfb7233ac	During the development of the Russian feudal state, the fragmentation of Russia, the further development of structures responsible for ensuring the protection of public order and the fight against crime is traced.
86c7633cb8a54dcca2313690dfde0b1cdf444db4	On the princely lands in the county, the police functions were carried out by the governor, in the rest of the territory, in the volosts – volostels.
2f40388ae3e69866a541f1f1212f0424982f3df0	Each of them had its own staff of employees: tiuns (conducted the trial), closers (called for the trial of the participants in the process) and law enforcement officers (bailiffs).
6d2b295598c52a7108eabb356e02f515c9cbcd6e	At this stage, the adversarial process was significantly displaced by the investigative form of the inquiry.
f65d814fab0eff3a6aea2bbe4ea88895187ae483	In other words, at the initial stage of the formation of the Russian statehood, there was no police apparatus as such, the same governing bodies regulated relations in all spheres of life.
343151c83dd175f1c38c6bc5da27274604c34262	In many respects, law and order was provided in the territories by the residents themselves.
7fcf23b97357603273ac56ece08261fa280bbde3	The first third of the XVI century was marked by the creation of provincial huts in the counties.
feb0ebd72d8703ced8710772ccda861da7d6bc03	In addition to the originally introduced positions of elders and tselovalnikov (who were elected at meetings, and the execution of the position was preceded by taking the oath with the kissing of the cross), they are subsequently replenished with clerks, hundreds, and fifties.
a2eaebea4bfc5c1d2f95d5bb655cef6bd06c6000	In the next century, lip huts are becoming ubiquitous.
551784d4072185b8c9b16718aa712dc41f1a2027	At the same time, they are transferred to the jurisdiction of the voivodes.
fe005c8956af13f5142629afc57fa15dfa4365d8	A wide range of duties required the expansion of the staff of provincial officials: watchmen, birichi and executioners appear.
01b42daf9cede25e892d37de50f80fa34289f177	The headman involved not only his assistants in the fight against crime, but also the local population (by way of conscription on a gratuitous basis).
2de52f6ba5c792f12cedea01c8aa6656a48a7a46	The activities of the provincial huts were supervised by a Robber order (1555), which included a boyar, a ringmaster, sometimes a steward and two clerks.
efc77f79cc347d0c99dd89e4c26a06cd4c41f0f2	Among the many types of inquiry used at that time, a special place was given to torture.
abddbb4e0c370c2a4647cd08ce615b227280d5e0	They were considered a legitimate, fair matter and were fixed by normative acts, in particular in the Cathedral Code of 1649.
90ef8a2ebc690bce9c252e09caf74ed458f1fef1	Ivan the Terrible introduced the Oprichnina (1565) to fight the boyar aristocracy.
46654d0f15cbc6267e4a39c02beb3d85efd810c9	A kind of "secret police" was designed to identify and exterminate traitors.
6f0e276c1b9b840e65a0ff0c9e067911e9abb262	The eighteenth century introduced the concept of "police", which at that time defined the urban state structure and secular management, which included any activity related to the publication of regulations, ensuring security, improving the welfare of society, supervision of fire safety and in other areas.
72869880da41f8b77d3d7bf7cf8714164f7d78a6	After 1733, regular police appeared in 23 more cities, where, depending on the significance of the city, a captain or lieutenant was appointed as a police chief, who led a non-commissioned officer, a corporal, a dozen privates and two clerical servants.
1052b898de23ca45686ef909173fe15512a7c88f	Under Peter I, the Preobrazhensky Order acts as a special body of the political police.
df7649b9f5cd3dab9a85f4364567f298bbec5b79	It appeared in 1686 in the village of Preobrazhensky near Moscow to manage the Preobrazhensky and Semyonovsky regiments.
b608d8ae490be335085d8884cfe69f2696a17e49	Thus, in Russia there were several institutions specializing in political investigation.
b7991bb615d226e66a9b01a47e579c71c338142c	The scope of their activities was divided geographically: the Secret Chancellery conducted cases of political crimes committed in St. Petersburg and the surrounding area, the Preobrazhensky Order – cases coming from other regions of Russia.
938e208304ab359e74c4fec5b20befecff3146a0	After the liquidation of the Secret Chancellery (1726) and the Preobrazhensky Order (1729), the Supreme Privy Council and the Senate carried out political investigation in the country.
6f85b0b5ed1abe12ba19720fa5a27cf361323b8d	However, this order soon changed.
b20322c3ba722d1ba238b5dfa9aaa242cf66b49c	In 1731, Empress Anna Ioanovna, the niece of Peter I, established a special office to investigate political affairs.
a9525afd3b3c862b71a85bb93cfb85b9d2be25fd	In the future, it became known as the Office of Secret Investigative Affairs.
e38e6250b8823eee4dbc3824a526f6a2f3054e49	But in reality, the body of political investigation was not liquidated.
b5c417fac6f589c4222101bc345d7451feee8a31	Just instead of the office at the Senate, a Secret expedition was established.
78f7ebec03582b56da6ebc2e77f1c6c293ab6eda	The main way to obtain information about political crimes in the first half of the XVIII century was denunciation.
d4e9fdfe8c9abdd860997a3d5f6b079b9e6ec0ef	The main means of obtaining information from the accused was physical torture.
c64f3e31f04436e82771e8ba4d78918418b0257c	So, by the middle of the XVIII century, despite the measures taken by the authorities, there are no specialized police bodies in many regions of the country (the rural police does not exist at all yet).
55e3ca509dd945ae8217f56a8d99cd81869b6ad2	According to this normative act, a rural police is created in each county in the person of the Nizhny Zemsky court.
ec21f13c49f44abb52af12196e93e4fae2ebfd9b	In the direct subordination of the lower zemsky court were sotsky and desyatsky-police officers elected from the peasants.
135ef8169ccb298deb9359ec050818f97abfb45a	For poor performance of their duties, the police leadership could subject them to a fine.
1e6ae75e8012f2c780b7909de4b1f41b3c10272e	In addition, the captain of the police department was responsible for the condition of roads and bridges, fire safety, fighting epidemics and epizootics, carried out the decisions of the judicial authorities, and the noble guardianship.
f820fddba6f7013a201fc7b0988ed451c98c32af	In the city, the police department was entrusted to the mayor, who was appointed by the Senate on the proposal of the provincial council.
f11df633bce74f7e2e5cf5f60602335a398f01f7	The mayor was subordinate to the provincial government headed by the governor.
4b1b642956d5f05309a18c88e7633013ac07fca0	In the cities where the military garrison was stationed, military personnel headed by the commandant performed police duties.
a9c76bcbc7189044dbbc50e33168a47da96b4033	At the head of the Council in the district cities was the mayor, in the provincial-the police chief.
bc8492af71537ff5da81c31da22a9cd8c766acb9	Two bailiffs were subordinate to the chief of police: one for criminal cases, the other for civil cases; and two ratmans (assistants), who were elected for three years from the citizens.
dd1af363761cbfdfd92a248fda22a9a8919225db	The Administration of the deanery was directly subordinate to the provincial government.
6a571582951fb9b7758f92197307e4586878b14e	According to the Charter of the deanery, the city was divided into administrative and police units (200-700 yards) headed by a private bailiff.
018200c4f18a9a1ceb547b284646280c6fffed70	He had two police sergeants or a police team at his disposal.
644253500e7ea4e1612970eb18fca9e384a50bc8	In turn, the units were divided into quarters (50-100 yards), headed by a quarter supervisor, who supervised all the guards of the quarter, as well as quarterly lieutenants elected for three years from local residents.
24afbcbc9c72679f07365b6919bdc7972ff3743d	The Administration of the deanery was also entrusted with administrative and economic functions: supervision of the serviceability of urban structures, the cleanliness of streets, monitoring compliance with the passport regime, monitoring the activities of public organizations.
0a40e120c41e141a44bf109fcf2290f554fc6724	The further development of the police was associated with the short period of the reign of Paul I, by the end of which the police of Russian cities began to be built on the model of the Gatchina police, and the deanery Councils were liquidated.
0f55ee3a625e0d0a7d8d57f1fafc4e39eab06e85	The end of the XVIII century is significant for the creation of secret agents – a new phenomenon for those years, but, as time has shown, very promising.
c0040ae3072a08aff527cb40dfd3f4e62838a653	But corporal punishment, especially medieval torture, is practically not used anymore.
4c7b9791841098c97b91adf050bb8c983633afee	The system of supreme and central state bodies created at that time existed with minor changes until 1906, when the State Duma was established, the State Council was transformed and the "Basic Laws of the Russian Empire" were adopted, which essentially became the first Constitution of Russia.
9cd725a1c1852a4de7ef7e34dfe7d687cd2f127a	The reform of state institutions was determined both by internal reasons - the need to bring the management system in line with the changing socio - economic conditions, to ensure the active participation of the state in economic and social life, traditional in Russia, and by external circumstances-primarily the wars with Napoleonic France.
de07163e5e74bf3235755f79c2dc230ed2ef4347	It is also necessary to take into account the subjective factors of the reforms at this time, which played an important role in the history of Russia, namely the political orientation and transformative plans of Emperor Alexander I, who ascended the throne in 1801, and his inner circle.
4430e288d5e7926f2adc1e963bc956e499391d78	The reforms of the state apparatus aroused hopes in some and fears in other circles of Russian society, who regarded them as the beginning of a movement towards limiting autocracy, towards a constitutional monarchy.
329ee77d9ea4142a0c9cf60667a700bc12e12805	Before the reform of 1802, the main body of internal administration was the Senate, and practically power, especially in the leadership of law enforcement agencies, was concentrated in the hands of the Prosecutor General.
ab8f837758f968d5d60e9d70b6defb343b4a991a	The creation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs meant that all the functions of internal management were completely concentrated in this ministry.
d3a5eae16127ef814ed845d101329abc28d31bfd	The competence of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the tasks facing it were defined in article IV of the Manifesto on the Establishment of Ministries.
b70ca6d47a9da66453878ea3f3f99fcdca47c246	The Ministry of Internal Affairs was entrusted with the supervision of the improvement and sanitary condition of the country, the functioning of communication routes, the supply of food to the population, the organization of postal communication. The Ministry of Internal Affairs managed all branches of state industry (except mining): state construction, trade, etc.
f667e3a971257a5875fdcbe5023516ab08c53bf1	In addition, the Ministry of Internal Affairs supervised the activities of the governors, who were subordinate to the entire local police.
878a42937bfb5623a449101fbbd17146d6ab60db	Through the governors, the Minister of Internal Affairs led the protection of public order and the fight against crime.
1ab31abe15878f2cffac036cf506df35f8722b5b	Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey (1768-1834), a close friend of Alexander I, became the first Minister of Internal Affairs.
461325954a65b12a59c8448d78c1510cd56d14cf	The leadership of the police was concentrated in the second expedition of the Department - the expedition of tranquility and deanery, which consisted of two departments.
030ebfffc69037a2e6b8dec79000711c42bec0f7	A brief historical sketch and basic documents. Textbook. - M.: "Shield M", 1998. p . 77
667996879aff2983c56d5145511bb7d106825d1a	The competence of the second expedition of the Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the distribution of functions between the two departments that were part of it, its place in the system of other structural divisions underwent changes in 1806.
bf00d62431596be39ebb11c0b9660821d6a065d3	The administrative police apparatus, prisons, recruitment sets were managed by the executive police department, food affairs and orders of public charity were handled by the economic police department, and the medical police department was responsible for personal medical personnel and the supply of medical institutions.
1cb9983cb812918002c975dbe35d8953f2525644	The main methods of the new ministry were espionage and provocation, which were successfully used in France by the famous Fouche.
f66e679ed12b0f5cac848570925acae3652d6973	The Ministry had a Special Office that carried out counterintelligence functions along with police functions.
bac8ff13a2b79a87fabc0a1a7738325e1afff646	In the first half of the XIX century, the police in cities maintained the organizational structure defined by the" Charter of the Deanery " of 1782.
73b8137f96c69805c9618de6084a5133149fa87c	City governments were established in large port cities.
4d64727e1426cb23587ce9fed36b367bb14a66e1	There have been some changes in the organization of the county police.
4656886795e330f48ce525b31ab0fca5acdef290	In 1850, a kind of significant event took place in the history of the Ministry of Internal Affairs – the first reduction in the staff of this institution, aimed at strengthening discipline and improving the efficiency of management.
070c0cf75f34d25874e08655773abfea29208ef6	At the end of the 19th-beginning of the 20th century, the central apparatus of the ministry included 21 institutions: the Council of the Minister, the Main Directorate of Posts and Telegraph, the Main Directorate for Press Affairs, the Police Department, the Economic Department, the Department of Spiritual Affairs of Foreign Confessions, etc.
41849ec0c44bdf971dec8ff7e2200a64340ea181	The revolution of 1905-07, the Manifesto of October 17, 1905, declaring political rights and freedoms, the establishment of the legislative State Duma could not but cause changes in the state apparatus, in particular in the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
d9557fa5cac208858ee14ddab6683d2370b07206	It created a Special office for the elections to the State Duma and the State Council.
ae0bfe95c748b4627b11a74e006d9a0201af3b91	It coordinated the activities of local authorities in the preparation and conduct of elections.
f3a289d5ddb669df0e2e7382494b664b4de88129	The abolition of preliminary censorship, the proclamation of freedom of the press served to
90b533735b493dd301e4b33425a27ea7a9d53865	The creation of an information bureau, which transmitted official messages to the media, compiled reviews of central, local and foreign newspapers for the Minister of Internal Affairs and heads of other departments.
1e79e3220c100bf271cd07d9855b87119fb019a1	A whole galaxy of brilliant detectives has grown up in Russia, whose names were very well known in society before the revolution.
5203c4c39e243bf05392bd6d4ef206400e205bb9	Books and legends were written about I. Putilin, A. F. Koshko, V. V. Lange (who led the detective police at different times, respectively: St. Petersburg, Moscow and Odessa) and other remarkable masters of Russian detective work.
4f1c8ba88fc71b4e18e753c343795bf6e74f9b18	Some operations to detain criminals by detectives of those years and now seem amazing.
c51c93173c1bc11974769fc36c22b206374dce54	During the First World War, the most important task of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in addition to protecting public order and fighting crime, was to participate in solving the so-called "food issue".
024e02bd0c935370126d6c8f0e06eda2cbea9eed	The lack of food was largely caused by organizational confusion, transport problems, and speculation.
9899325fcee73fbaf8cf9b485f1471ad5d67948c	But the main problem for the Ministry of Internal Affairs since 1916 was the problem of staffing the police.
67df57b95bacad93a025644d5f9155a33cc1dfad	The war, rising prices, falling living standards led to the fact that the leadership of the ministry came to the conclusion that if urgent measures were not taken, "the police would simply run away".
64880a27d499a63b1cb6a6d50a193cc4512f9ce0	The Council of Ministers adopts a resolution "On strengthening the police in 50 provinces of Russia and on improving the official and financial situation of police officials".
f2aa36e1c4b2fd01e440a9db3fb7091508103846	The February revolution broke out.
d0bcfed7718eff3cadf0d3aaabf0aed6ef33c45d	Summing up everything that has been said, we can conclude that the electoral law for elections to city public administration bodies was far from perfect.
a1cf35fe2b9dab093216bcfed3f39a1c4ccf2b51	The central government, aware of the small number of voters, made plans to introduce representatives of the educated part of the urban population into their circle by introducing an apartment tax.
b9b6e8d243c59dd7324e2908132761eb334b7b80	And at the same time, she tried to exclude the least propertied part of the urban population from the elections and weaken the influence of bourgeois elements in the city administration.
87d871e0fcf7ac597b04e25220a3eb37fd5081f7	The Duma was dominated by representatives of the merchant class and the bourgeoisie, there were only some representatives of other estates.
23efd37311404876963c1d374236300119a20c43	Thus, it is possible to speak about the omniscience of the city administration only with a big stretch.
9d0a45c6c9e3f944e14930c920618d1e3daa3742	This state of affairs reflected the real picture of the socio-economic development of cities.
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d9661407e64822de6b9f2317040f9213f30b857f	Main Collection of abstracts "Otherreferats" State and Law Creation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
bebe6be9a547401a915b7492e0a6e674c624fa23	Creation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
75d8ca8a339826c47abbaa40bb6fb4a3afa5f930	The reform of State institutions and the creation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
f2b9a4e4d8a8d113633d0007bcec2a5be14c1fc6	The subjects of competence and structure of the ministry, its place among other ministries.
8cd0890f6ba2182a91146aa849b7d95632b77c52	Formation of the Ministry of Police (1810-1819).
43e6c567607ad9cc64a13e69d2fbbd4cc8dd0c0f	The Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia during the second half of the XIX century.
77f5ca1ca678d1984a7d9373507c6c214e1071a4	Category State and law Type abstract Language Russian Date of addition 18.12.2008 File size 24.1 K
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895e6c003845d148a911cff407c044411c24761c	Introduction 3
aa35ae814ac63edc648049a2791f608c27894db2	1. Creation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
a6ae09c99d5428021c5851f5ece730a606f3849d	Subjects of competence and structure of the Ministry, its place among other ministries 5
a525f527cbc322f96e167ecb994df51765c95f94	2. Formation of the Ministry of Police (1810-1819).
6733b5e19e954daaae2b529d1f823c0e08f464e3	Subjects of competence and structure of the Ministry, its place among other ministries 9
a9603420130327e8afe35389b2eed9421d793055	3. The Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia during the bourgeois reforms of the second half of the XIX century 11 Conclusion 17 Literature 19 Introduction
6d110d9764c67ac4739b4f5951461b161cfa3439	In the first decades of the XIX century in Russia there were significant changes in the organization of the state apparatus.
ed4bce5f6a96e1625c036e4dccd9753eac2cf447	The reform of state institutions was determined both by internal reasons - the need to bring the management system in line with the changing socio - economic conditions, to ensure the active participation of the state in economic and social life, traditional in Russia, and by external circumstances primarily the wars with Napoleonic France.
b16d38f5b0898d7e821dcae78a997601a2093b8a	An important part of the reform of the system of state bodies, an event in the domestic political life of the country was the formation in 1802 of new central government bodies ministries.
8333e5253e47e37defff378e330e5f2b5ca488f3	The Manifesto of September 8, 1802 on the formation of eight ministries (the army, naval forces, foreign Affairs, Internal Affairs, justice, commerce, public Education, the Ministry of Finance) defined the functions of each of them, the principles of their interaction with each other and with other state institutions.
950ae1f247216e9e3d338fb10ec84302edefbb88	Subjects of competence and structure of the Ministry, its place among other ministries
b6d38481708e2ecf037c860d6c32503fb7de5efc	The Minister of Internal Affairs was obliged to take care of the universal welfare of the people, peace, quiet and improvement of the entire Empire, which determined the concentration in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in addition to the leadership of the police, the execution of a large volume of internal functions of the state.
b45669d01f6a8ef110f4a75359c4dfa28a767831	The Ministry of Internal Affairs was entrusted with the supervision of the improvement and sanitary condition of the country, the functioning of communication routes, the supply of food to the population, the organization of postal communication.
d3b7e2cb60995e1c4da4af74174c6410a0d848ad	The Ministry of Internal Affairs managed all branches of state industry (except mining): state construction, trade, etc.
f90bbb2e638128a91ca7190ee2434c317ab211c5	He invited M. M. Speransky, who headed the main structural unit of the Ministry of Internal Affairs - the Department of Internal Affairs, which included four so called expeditions, to serve.
ea3c14c046fe9aaa6a8bfaac29d853ce501e601f	The first department was subordinate to the rural police, the second - to the city police.
be23468d0af789719477563c2c57344895256c36	Kuritsyn V. M. History of the Russian Police.
8907ea28104cbb9a0816ca9af28d1737f9f47899	A brief historical sketch and basic documents.
c54dfeb441ed0630c7192c500399f08b44eee6cf	Textbook.
01f4c839c7a8c75e77d91d6ffd2830aab1dc9a05	- M.: "Shield M", 1998. p .
d321d6f7ccf98b51540ec9d933f20898af3bd71e	77
07412b5c736ceffd93ff6e7294471eef9ec2c166	The first department was entrusted with the following functions: collecting reports on incidents, preventing "false rumors" of letters, heresies, and most importantly, monitoring the disobedience of peasants to the legitimate authorities.
30e885b251606a669e48d6b53a92155ec661b977	The second department, as the head of the city police, was essentially engaged in monitoring compliance with the Deanery's Charter, as well as the condition and maintenance of police and fire brigades.
a12f9cc6c72c439575aa18d3f8f53d0b7b09c7a7	The first department collected information about all incidents in the provinces, was engaged in "censorship cases", controlled the holding of mass spectacles, public meetings, as well as the recruitment of police teams, the appointment, dismissal, and awarding of police officials.
fe2264ad8140d85dfe7476b455d71a278174acf1	The second department considered complaints against the police about "slowness, procrastination, personal and property violence", as well as issues of direct disobedience to the authorities and the restoration of order.
be218ea9d666e5d21d9ebacfd4a06f56ff69c371	Thus, the management of police personnel was centralized, the issues of service by police officials were resolved in the ministry.
d8a772b9f29aad7bc2d8177a37af7d4e2afdf450	In 1810, the tsar's manifesto was issued, which indicated that the internal security of the Empire, which was previously within the competence of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, should be carried out by a special Ministry of Police.
f962ea65582b368601287bee584b59b435c6677c	At the end of 1819, when the functions were redistributed between the ministries, the Department of Manufactures and Trade was separated from the Ministry of Internal Affairs, then the Postal Department, and the Departments of Economic and Executive Police were again transferred to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, as well as a special office and a censorship committee.
4e4abfb85864dcbe3a442086f9608d4bdadb2296	During the reign of Nicholas I, who recognized it expedient to strengthen personal control over the activities of the central and local state apparatus and bureaucracy, in 1826, all officials, headed by the director of the Special Office of the Minister of Internal Affairs, were transferred to the service of the III Branch of the personal Office of the Emperor - a new body of political police.
f8ea92258597cd32e5dbc79d4a0f5c4f52d7d0ac	The tasks of the Department included the leadership of the police, the fight against revolutionaries, sectarians and dissenters, the expulsion of "suspicious people", the management of prisons and monitoring of foreigners Vorontsov S.
9514ca80d32079afe148905e325fbd2cdbd62ec6	A. Law enforcement agencies and special services of the Russian Federation.
5f434b14bbc423002e7363fd514ca6feca5661af	History and modernity .- Rostov n/A: publishing house "Phoenix", 1999.
70e5d5329e16bd01d1159832852d4713122634eb	P. 123.
5ff392e61d42703e148b7f3cead5c8c7bcbd0a75	The structure of the third department included 5 expeditions:
42b29f049d41b29aeb6d25149d4022da20dc093c	- the first (secret) one led a direct fight against revolutionary movements, carried out investigations on political cases, observed the activities of revolutionary organizations and individuals;
0ca9aeeab885ff9f89ff21e55974fa09b3b7c86e	- the second expedition fought against religious and official crimes.
f3316490c905ecf32c8f10a09da4feca12a1e74a	It was in charge of political prisons;
9963bb5d4808cb185cd5956703c1da2717376421	- the third expedition organized observation of foreigners;
57d55bb9fda7021875f11372cfb94eb34d08c49d	- the fourth expedition determined the censorship;
ed0001853a71b18435cc539f699e5aa509f4008c	- the fifth expedition carried out censorship.
676e942453f9a50b9dd39f0b2048c8ae227dfe89	Thus, the functions of the political police were removed from the competence of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
9873d454385dedf8a8a13ff05f9d1e6a31479a21	The management of local police bodies remained in the Executive Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
8c11a0b0fb0fa73493281cffec092b0ea34647fc	Its role in the system of police institutions has increased, because in the order of centralization and bureaucratization of management, the solution of many issues was removed from the competence of the provincial authorities and transferred to the ministries.
da16603659cd967acacc8d8642e18979ca21f126	In the police sphere, this is, first of all, the solution of personnel issues, the determination of the staffing level, the formation of new police bodies in cities and rural areas, and especially - control over the expenditure of funds allocated for police needs.
f9ea3a6bed33748cf0951c12f92be9317c31b38e	Thus, the control functions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in relation to local police bodies were significantly expanded.
e7c8dd9bac45dcdce73c67006b1f5d2d322f6c8b	Since the 30s, the practice of official business trips of officials of the Ministry of Internal Affairs began to expand in order to familiarize themselves with the activities of city and rural police bodies.
1dbf9208c142c681e0fcbf478aa57b6ddae0f1f6	The Ministry of Internal Affairs received the right to "observe" the correctness of the service of the military units of the internal guard corps stationed in the provinces.
350bf432b34f5c3b5ce359870a3786b9cc6e6ab8	The Ministry of Internal Affairs and the governors were given the right to involve troops and above those parts of the internal guard corps that were already under their operational subordination in measures to protect public order.
06495608430df0bc6fe2d845033d0e9b0329ec77	The law gave the right to the Minister of Internal Affairs not only to make such requests to the military department, but also the right to give orders directly to the commanders of military units stationed in the provinces.
79bdff508480506af0a831b12fff9481d76c1eb4	In the 40s, the Minister of Internal Affairs achieved an increase in the staff of the institution entrusted to him and made its structural reorganization.
dff94c3e849e6e33796e578ecaa2d70cf2b25a0b	The Department of General Affairs was created, where numerous documents from local administrative bodies flocked, and a special office of the Minister of Internal Affairs was created, but not as a political police body, but as an institution for conducting secret records management, analyzing data from secret audits, materials about abuses of police officials.
8c4946f1ef574cce53aac6e0c2848c301ea8adf7	In 1847, the Ministry conducted an audit of police institutions, the result of which revealed dissatisfaction with the work of the police.
a53acdde7b1a7300329f91578d6d4d37abe1cd1d	The most typical disadvantages were the low efficiency and efficiency of the rural police due to the small number of police officers.
3e00f7ecbb8f5e387abbbd995d8ac03be29cc68b	In view of this, the issue of police reform began to be considered, but since its implementation was supposed to affect other areas of the state legal system, its implementation was started much later - in the early 60s of the XIX century.
0cf3b708243455c55ffd680b6272c3fe9f67d2d8	The introduction of a new regulation on ministries in Russia and the creation of the Ministry of Police was announced in the Manifesto of July 25, 1811, "The General Establishment of Ministries".
37814d7179257046c1963cfbaa91060e95624239	In addition to fighting crime, its tasks included: conducting recruitment, protecting state food supplies, customs control, keeping and labor use of prisoners, catching fugitive serfs, ensuring the serviceability and safety of communication routes.
f1164f61e7bdf56d596dd75b1b4e5e223c7b6570	The Ministry of Police was also supposed to carry out explicit and secret supervision of foreigners living in Russia, perform censorship functions.
0884517592bb516c67d7a7c091cee11307edab39	Borisova A.V.
b8a45a959bb8701e753c66d50eba084c7a5d4c5b	The police of Russia on the eve of the reforms of the 60s of the 19th century / / Police and militia of Russia: pages of history.
9346f50fd741c2e7941a386a66a937a9b50f7838	- M., 1995. p.
063a196a76fbce285e8df22ab51c03edd6ff5285	78.
7e229782979dd153509a3e498a1b29c2ac06db2a	The Ministry of Police consisted of departments (the Economic Police Department, the Executive Police Department, the Medical Department) and two offices (general and special).
7289bf82a6d6e1453029fb8d87d77ff58a0d5b1e	The economic Police Department controlled prices, the food supply of cities, especially St. Petersburg and Moscow, and suppressed speculation.
9915e6f99394b1cb9c2c9e5c9eeccc0cd62bdeb0	He also managed straitjackets and workhouses.
026c9625b15729c28d8ed1df624108ee5e550a6c	The largest, main division of the Ministry was the Executive Police Department, formed on the basis of the second expedition of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Department and reorganized in accordance with the new Regulations on Ministries.
f123864e3d06c469875f1613096995990dcf8374	The executive police Department controlled the work of the local police, supervised the conduct of criminal investigations, was engaged in the capture of deserters.
e5417b6ffd12b1ffee6f895a67eb84e07c0a5bf0	The executive Police Department consisted of three departments.
c3f506690b070c4bd37597c11950852b94a65fab	Along with solving the issues of personnel formation of various police services, the first department collected statistical data, was engaged in registering incidents, facts of birth and death, for which special accounting forms were introduced.
a96cea878090ed81df97671af2538386bc512bd4	The second department supervised the conduct of investigations in criminal cases, as well as the "police for court cases", controlled the execution of court sentences by the police.
c302b3c2cdf414e169af3a3c6158d10ce883792a	The third department was charged with assisting in the organization and conduct of general audits of the provinces, it was also entrusted with the maintenance of the zemstvo militia (militia), the capture of deserters, etc.
55b2e981eb20d15d9ebf6182a778deab1fa7a680	The Medical Department was in charge of sanitary supervision, the organization of measures to prevent epidemics and epizootics, and the supply of medicines.
5f4c7b0d6b15754696e7cd5782f85198b49b3193	A Special Office under the Minister was formed in the Ministry of Police to conduct secret records management.
67212a141e0c2083dc67b6d681d58dae1081ec26	She issued foreign passports, registered foreigners, conducted a constant censorship audit, carried out personal orders of the minister.
70182ee6f774879afc1b552b92a8ea8deb4c1c32	The Special Chancellery also performed the functions of the political police, which led to its transformation from an auxiliary, technical body of the ministry into one of its most important divisions.
775439f5a1d4ef9abd4b907fe25b0b5f898373be	The formation of a special office of the Minister within the Ministry of Police later became the basis for the creation of a specialized body of the political police - the third Branch of the Imperial Chancellery.
88ee724bb9871fac7d82b7b2a5ebadc155271e5f	The formation of the Ministry of Police was perceived with displeasure by a significant part of influential state and public figures.
8de88cdcb1e7bf9d47bc3fd42eb942fb462155c8	The dissatisfaction was that the Ministry of Police was given the right to control the local bodies of other ministries, which put it as if outside and above local institutions.
a824063a3a234bc8379de06ce09ca898b5550f00	The practice of functioning of the Ministry of Police proved that its establishment did not give the expected result, on the contrary, it complicated and confused the interaction of local authorities.
a28501489af50defca4fc3e0b4ce5d4449d3af66	The Ministry of Police could not and did not give the expected improvement in the activities of the local administration, which led to an increase in the flow of complaints and traditional accusations of bribery.
591a8ffedd9cb1174231fe783d8fe923e84331c8	However, it should be noted that the creation of the central office of the police department allowed us to develop the system of police bodies, taking into account the complexity of socio political processes, the peculiarities of the police service in cities and villages of various regions of the country.
b384e92252df33a202d844061dfcfc667ed8861e	The development of the local police, which has a single central management body for urban and rural police, has affected the increase in the independence of the police in the system of local bodies.
6e6fd2bbaa3e5cac617a9fae5912a622f7c94d27	In 1819, the newly appointed Minister of Internal Affairs V. P. Kochubey managed to justify to the tsar the need to liquidate the Ministry of Police with the return of the functions of the Ministry of Police to the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
61f273b8fd5431d7aa4dbb58fa4d922b1d178845	The history of the formation of the internal affairs bodies of Russia: a view from the XXI century: An interuniversity collection of scientific articles / P ed . by L.
f1109d33239d9ff99387ed78b69975d5a1ee6844	A. Vishnyakova.
0b5d356935744df6d0365911e0453e4af07330ad	- Barnaul. 2001.
cc200a92bd98d2ffdda28760ac92f74279fcacd3	P. 67.
44f908cfe407299f27e169ccd8f7b03a6205a834	3. The Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia during the bourgeois reforms of the second half of the XIX century
fb456335bb5a3a42c447eff893b3b30da97c390b	The second half of the XIX century was for Russia an era of liquidation (although far from complete) of the historically obsolete serf system, involving a huge and at the same time very backward country in the orbit of capitalist development.
4f63e19d5157408eb9b3d79044c90512b4bd9165	The reforms of the second half of the XIX century caused profound changes in all spheres of the country's life.
36ae04bd57cdf0727fb479ed4f970f22cfa4a810	The negative side of reformism was the increase in crime, which, as historical experience shows, is an ominous companion of all Russian reforms.
75c068e74d272a519985874f0ec692703594a247	The reforms of law enforcement agencies that began in the 60s of the XIX century, carried out in the context of other transformations in the state structure of the Russian Empire, ultimately aimed at moving towards a rule of law state.1.
b224f23069a56e1c2896170eb362af39850fa450	The development of the police bodies of the Russian Empire in the second half of the XIX early XX century.
e48dbfb9878d8732c7d5b675c64e19fec43514a4	Textbook / Zavodyuk S. Yu.
90670be0159677ae526cf7312e214ba2d95e113e	- Saratov: SUI of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2004.
3ede14c4c09fb767267c731b8348f40c43651bcb	P. 73
30047e54b3c72782fba9c63f7ee15ad683331802	The reforms of the 60s of the XIX century in Russia and, above all, the abolition of serfdom contributed to the acceleration of the socio economic and industrial development of the country.
a4bb2104dedf361f0b5497712bce5af97290dfb9	This process was accompanied by the disintegration of traditional ties and relations in the countryside, the deepening of social stratification, the increase in migration flows from rural areas to cities, the lumpenization of part of the population, which became the basis for the growth of crime.
784de260597b4fb1cc7681092b82aaecbc5b3cc4	This was typical of all countries undergoing a stage of rapid industrial development, the formation of new bourgeois relations.
c6737beffb3465a10a7a8358f7c8b17dfebf1e88	The police began to adapt its structure, forms and methods of work to the most effective implementation of the tasks it faces, including in the framework of criminal proceedings.
f3179084252e7e1329e2532dd7e3336039ac02fc	A special law in 1866 created a detective department in the St. Petersburg police, and later in other cities of Russia, as a specialized criminal investigation body.
3f6c87d90971ef906fbeeb12ccd5e46a1eb5377b	The growth of the revolutionary movement and the insufficiently effective activity of the Third Department led to the reorganization of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, carried out on August 6, 1880.Its essence was to unite the political and general police under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
cb6782cdbcd5f263ae9e5dd72f69557df2ddc0ee	The police department began to manage all types of police directly.
f931aa2392c16bbcb056fbaa725fee7b2ace5077	The third Department was abolished, the general management of the gendarmes corps was entrusted to the Minister of the Interior, who received the title of Chief of gendarmes at the same time.
92d5b7895dbf032c5d5efdb73bbb944b66b4d238	On November 15, 1880, a decree was signed on the merger of the State Police Department (the abolished III Department) and the Executive Police Department, while creating a single State Police Department (since 1883 - the Police Department), endowed with the functions of political and general police.
d07bbe3baefee15234cf50236b550455feea1716	The reform of 1880 turned the Ministry of Internal Affairs into the main link of the state apparatus, in the role of which it remained almost until the fall of the autocracy.
626a14c08865e995078de02e03cb9d0f379b066a	The Minister of Internal Affairs turned into a key government figure with a unique competence (in addition to managing most of the economy, the minister's primacy was confirmed by the concentration of significant power in his hands).
b54b7fccfda3d7f473d266a3d1317765be9710e4	The leadership of the Minister was legally consolidated in the later practice of giving him the powers of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers concurrently.
12abe70e829e072b007efbafe7e1ffd820152e8e	Demin V.
55f25ef3301d3a0afb9fae993774e829377c3422	A. Essays on the history of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian state.- Yekaterinburg, 2001.
04706249aad4c195d5bf19916b70122ca7bd2f81	P. 30
48522eddf505963325e59b935932021e707ff79a	The Regulation adopted after the assassination of Alexander II "On measures to protect state order and public peace" allowed him, if necessary, to declare the territories of the Empire in the position of”enhanced protection " 1 (up to 1 year), and with the consent of the Committee of Ministers - in the position of “emergency protection”1 (up to 6 months).
882a646e9fbb2665822841245c2377023411ed12	Due to the huge workload of the minister for the management of subordinate institutions, the functions of the security police department were performed by his deputy - a comrade of the minister, the head of the police and the commander of a separate corps of gendarmes.
6cee5c2558e6158c9552e3060d0baf06c9c45070	He was in direct charge of the Police Department.
d47a7f69b025561d75fa0bf659f00e4756a60082	The department, which included the Director, Vice Directors, officials for special assignments, the secretary, clerks, their senior and junior assistants, the treasurer with an assistant, the head of the archive, in accordance with the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire, solved the tasks of combating crime and maintaining law and order, ensuring border communications, demarcation of the state border, caring for orphans, supervision of trade rules, registration of organizations and societies, monitoring compliance with the passport regime.
3cbe70263229ae5402403e2cb96f8b2bcabddcee	Organizationally, the Police Department consisted of seven clerical departments, two departments and an agent part.
587c8a4a5d485de4b9c71053796af50c20e1406f	Administrative records management conducted personnel work.
a053b58737c287978ac0b9bfee36c1ec2dd0f565	The legislative branch was responsible for the construction of police bodies throughout the country, the prevention of antisocial behavior of ordinary people (drunkenness, begging, “debauchery”).
54653fb65830682841483008229fda64f42d97c2	The third was engaged in the secret collection of information about citizens who want to enter the civil service, as well as about those who are active in public activities.
b682608b7a004c118a2d56a2178e90af8e26c3a2	In addition, he was assigned control over the search for criminals.
058745b0ad4bf084fcb8c230034af9037f7318c3	The fourth controlled the conduct of inquiries in cases of state crimes.
19cf0c38edc09ab7efb759905b633e50a00e2221	The fifth supervised the execution of decisions taken against state criminals.
4ece90a9585b72be6ed1504c09745bb4e996dc3d	The sixth supervised the production and storage of explosives, monitored compliance with the laws on the wine monopoly and Jews, regulated relations between entrepreneurs and workers.
f7e8f678b98a4c480fb8c20f5521f328b877a4cf	The seventh led the activities of detective departments.
d8fec301a084c19455dadd683a205f14bdb257b4	The Regulation on the Corps of Gendarmes of September 9, 1867, which survived unchanged until February 1917, determined the structure of the corps:
eced1c5733abae4d36a90be894678d4e2ada9fb9	a) The Main Directorate of the building,
b82cc4e7d6419a39f37d46a16e4155ed3f591102	b) The departments of the districts: Warsaw, Caucasian and Siberian, c) The Gendarmerie department of the Moscow province,
b7530ebae5af47c4970970065efb3fd7eb397b78	d) Provincial gendarmerie departments of 10 provinces of the 1st category,
f417507462bfcf8c5beb628e859bfc34e22781b9	e) Provincial gendarmerie departments of 43 provinces of the 2nd category,
96477ffb3567b2fde53e80fe24000d7b4fb59162	f) Provincial gendarmerie departments of the Bessarabian region and Astrakhan province of the 2nd category,
505e5d3670c3a77faa454b9db77aeb98c04710c2	g) 50 district gendarmerie departments of 6 provinces of the North Western Territory,
1f215be9c83178213c19651e3f67e0cf35d6908f	h) The supervisory staff of the corps,
09d97fb14dd0a6c48169c4df8d3dcd2f89a61000	i) St. Petersburg and Moscow gendarmerie divisions,
034c437fccea2a02700b51f6b98b4ab7306e3536	k) 15 equestrian teams of cities: Vilna, Helsingfors, Irkutsk, Kazan, Kiev, Kronstadt, Nizhny Novgorod, Odessa, Omsk, Riga, Saratov, Kharkiv and Tsarskoye Selo,
34adef4f2077f06331d32a26aa9b1c5cafeb4c21	l) Railway police departments.
96e272d6590ba6407e868e5c6d1e5e7f2a64575f	The Ministry of Internal Affairs.
7e8620a459f7fb61376643f02f258546dc490642	1802-2002.
2a1f12aeaec03a54091acb6d0b473090311e5c85	Historical essay.
cbc0556f58b8e0b6da79376c240e8fc8037c7539	- Moscow: United edition of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2004. p. 120
e0906794a4f9142769a76d3983fc01f064fe8994	The same act referred to the legal status of the Minister of Internal Affairs himself as the chief of the gendarmes corps, and the structure of the Police Department.
2752e0895e74895c7d0d4028b2a3c1558917741b	On November 15, 1880, a Judicial Department was also established under the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which was responsible for the administrative expulsion of "unreliable" persons who did not have sufficient grounds for bringing them to trial.
bc03ab16281d41014a91ce54d5d9a15111e81e47	Such a right was granted to the heads of the provincial gendarmerie departments as early as September 1, 1878.
6e06acf5fd0794220234eb430c77e2012709ab30	Since February 13, 1883, this department has been integrated into the structure of the Police Department as its 5th office.
6e935aef98b5a4c94a054fdf51eca86324486706	In the normative act "Establishment of the Ministry of Internal Affairs" of 1892, for example, the entire structure of the Ministry of Internal Affairs was clearly defined: Epifanov A. E., Malygin A. Ya., Mulukaev R. S. History of domestic internal affairs bodies.
0201f116be7f126c62fe2648317e04baab7ab9eb	Textbook for universities.
0026c5b7c88e7ed85bec6d58b9550518b8bf12cf	- Moscow: Nota Bene, 2005. p.
0ea86318c8d09d5709a14f77f177c3def6a61312	1) The Minister,
60fc293cd03e5343d2fab31cbd69ab3dc40abb1d	2) A friend of the Minister,
28585f5ec637ff37c61068da09c896bc93a078c4	3) The Council of the Minister,
97c29624f3ab0e1054d669e6e59981bbebefba54	4) General Directorate of Posts and Telegraphs,
c3cc52a11fa932c9793c834add2915a48e686422	5) The Main Directorate for Press Affairs, 6) The Main Prison Directorate,
8cee98eb231e6ec61d90ac6dc536290d5941266e	7) Police department, 8) Economic Department,
ba94e75b7f79d32196173557fee27b877c76f87b	9) Department of Spiritual Affairs of Foreign Confessions,
ef16be9ec7bc79f8db3c50e5b9df83a222b2d445	10) Medical Department,
ae6c810bd06897c7a2284a26ed5074fb9b1042e7	11) Department of General Affairs of the Ministry,
95ea84e61c588a623bf2e3aba765fabcab5c612a	12) The Zemstvo Department, 13) The Office of the Minister.
0a40e915b643e8518698a8d29364d3d90d267300	Due to the constant increase in the work of the 3rd clerical department, a Special Department of the Police Department (OODP) was formed on its basis in 1898.
14c665bf7483b22d83ec08cb9bfc8a0d69c30439	In addition to the direct organization of operational investigative work in the empire and beyond - through the institute of Foreign agents it concentrated materials of observations of all social processes, whether it was the opposition political, student or labor movements, or the activities of the All Russian Teachers ' Union, the Congress of factory doctors or the Pirogov Medical Society, the Union of Zemstvos and Cities, the Society of Women's Mutual Assistance, the publication of the Pavlenkov encyclopedia, or other manifestations of civil initiatives that arose without "the highest permission".
79d1ff574514d37ab12992a1cff636b7fc019f83	With the formation of political parties in Russia, it is divided into two independent divisions: the first department (collecting information about the activities of parties) and the second department (collecting information concerning public organizations).
bab5a6324024330205f55877b233fadb7354c1b2	Since 1802, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia has concentrated in its hands all the threads of internal governance of the country.
b176226c2129f4a7a183067a6acb9aa6c45e8ceb	The Ministry of Internal Affairs, through its subordinate governors, exercised administrative and political control over the population and territory of the entire Russian Empire, protected public order and security, and fought crime.
3baa6e0ef705e7ccdb9df83b75f7f2262df89c3c	But the tasks of the ministry were not limited to this, it had to take care of industry (with the exception of mining and military), trade, take measures to prevent food shortages and control the prices for it, control construction and architecture, road serviceability, sanitary safety, medicine and veterinary medicine, urban improvement, take care of the development of"good morals".
204e8da04232293cd3ca396fc836594228a092b6	It is clear that such numerous and diverse responsibilities as the economy develops, the population increases, the cities grow, and the complexity of the they made the Ministry of Internal Affairs an excessively cumbersome and difficult to manage department.
57817a69b716a9a5f282e23b9868113e01f78e30	Therefore, the Ministry of Internal Affairs was gradually relieved of numerous side duties.
66bc7170f02fa9e2fa962312779a58baa158d6e9	The Ministry of Internal Affairs was the main "power" agency that carried out the necessary state coercion, without which it is impossible to ensure the implementation of laws and legal regulations of the authorities.
ec83efcabe80e42e956cced04f3e5c23750435c6	But even after being freed from a number of side functions, the Ministry of Internal Affairs retained its role as one of the most important bodies in the state mechanism, essentially the main lever of internal management in tsarist Russia.
5cec1ed0e9bf94e99aacc402f0936b28525dfff3	The Ministry of Internal Affairs took an active part in the preparation and implementation of the peasant reform of 1861.
b4b3b8393faeb3790e4d6b4b9604c9387a498508	In the office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and under the leadership of the Minister of Internal Affairs, draft laws on zemstvo and city reforms of 1864-1870 were prepared.
94297c28ff87887f4b39ebdbf6be706da1f2ef1d	At the initiative of the Ministers of Internal Affairs P.
89d8141daa34fd3c00dff8a37b64f35adad0154b	A. Valuev and M. T. Loris Melikov, in the 60-80s of the XIX century, draft constitutional reforms were developed, although they did not get their implementation due to various reasons.
579ea7c501bee77795b1b1dc4d4070610120ea05	1. Borisova A.V.
4f0c2d2dbee42a5e1cbe3a571ddc76f2d1ee55f4	- M., 1995.
611c8c9cadb7652f75c6774c2da919365a10bcc3	2. Vorontsov S.
6ebb4b10337e8b3550012445ba5aee65639ee0a9	History and modernity.
37006cb5326f72c314b57a285a30279257897ce1	- Rostov n/A: publishing house "Phoenix", 1999.
5129e73d6624a5cff1926fb32afe4c1e519fa8b5	3. Demin V.
63ca6e0e3205fe7ebd23493e1bd9bd9b863fc892	A. Essays on the history of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian state.- Yekaterinburg: Ural Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2001.
6a3e2eab054113690caea5e94f77a3f032d384c2	4. Epifanov A. E., Malygin A. Ya., Mulukaev R. S. History of domestic internal affairs bodies.
f57f7ab1ea3caa3bd5a6de6fea86588a248a9228	- Moscow: Nota Bene, 2005.
c17c50aec5c9ffc6102eb5b624f4f08670a27d82	5. Ivanova E.
d2660962f8588d543a25d7f1e4b04c4d5ddd5e54	A. Legal bases of the organization and activity of the general police of Russia (XVIII early XX centuries).- Krasnodar, 2003.
92bbe49c4f47c766b09c42883175fbb17c619286	6. The history of the formation of the internal affairs bodies of Russia: a view from the XXI century: An interuniversity collection of scientific articles / Edited by L.
ac93469765a6f7e25bcc5cb67452652746a11c7a	- Barnaul: 2001.
dd017107f726bbf609f8768ef03cfa7c7407a879	7. Kuritsin V. M. History of the Russian police.
988bc0dd65da8cfe860652febe46cf1504c7209e	Textbook - Moscow: Publishing house "SHIELD M", 1998 .
5e5bb41ffd762b6c2c7d1d3563b98263f23cbd90	8. The Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.
231d5d564bf19c9b071f56732283cc47a0d55816	Encyclopedia.
ff3a1fc30ad167036975e37233ae347f441dc9d4	- M., 2002.
60e3f83695a90481d47c8d0686e4e85d0f6337f8	9. The Ministry of Internal Affairs.
fd2140a752c0595ee21f92f937435c6eb8fd06c0	- Moscow: United edition of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2004.
8187890d6fe57bd0692ad1d7520f9ab4a8e7ff54	Bodies and troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia: a brief historical essay.
3474c8542a830c269a7f7ebb794a9b0c20fcd82b	- M., 1996.
21c3b21091fafec29829c18f996f5bf13c715266	abstract "Creation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia" download
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a4c8a372561f3a518b619f471bf3ef0da4985f46	History of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
1f6c35c08d64ebc207cff233d72662c3d02c0ec9	The beginning of the organized activity of special services in Russia, apparently, falls on 1565, when Tsar Ivan IV (1533-1584) created a prototype of the future political police.
3abea8cf492d7f3ac18389565b3c1804b448e0eb	In a short historical period, a huge, uncontrolled army of oprichniks grew out of a small detachment of bodyguards.
5f67020c40b5e8b22cc225c2ab9d4936d7fa1c4b	Thanks to the latter, Ivan IV, the first of the grand dukes of Moscow to take the royal title, went down in history as the Terrible.
9023ed3ec570a78f155bf7c1c66e537c17475ddf	To combat "treason" within the state, Ivan IV created an oprichnoi army, mainly consisting of nobles.
4563e30ee477ffae1e936623b5be1c768818b05b	Ivan the Terrible laid the foundations for using political investigation to form the closest circle of the leader of the state from politically trustworthy compatriots, by providing the latter with the most favorable conditions for existence, sufficiently broad rights and freedoms, as well as exile to remote areas with less favorable living conditions of people whose loyalty the tsar had doubts, and often unjustified.
9dc2590ce07964884dc12731a88d1dbfa084145e	The principle of dividing Russians into trustworthy and unreliable subjects was characteristic of all subsequent rulers of tsarist Russia.
4e73c173b1d41c0c3ca269afaf6825cd297f39cd	In 1572, the oprichnina was abolished as unexpectedly as it was introduced.
77f4c58406a8598d1b803a26aba0bc4f053a5fea	Under pain of execution, the very use of this word was prohibited.
b3a1aaee0b75527224146e0d40e5e50f97e0766b	In 1649, the Zemsky Sobor adopted a Code in which state crimes were separated from criminal ones for the first time, making up the 2nd chapter of the document entitled "On the sovereign's honor, and how to protect his sovereign's health".
cb28b192d6c40ffadc062ed0ea59807cfb440e61	This chapter deals with the following types of crimes: high treason; an attempt on the life and health of the sovereign ("intent on the sovereign's health"), a conspiracy to seize power ("To seize the Moscow state and be a sovereign").
87c247daecec42293317874666ccd920ef2500f4	The Cathedral Code introduced the principle of individual responsibility, which was a step forward in comparison with the legal practice of Ivan IV. At the same time, the Code could not get rid of many norms of medieval law.
a59d6c77fefe04489729ebf5454ecad710ee642c	In particular, the line between intent and deed was never drawn.
bbdc31c942a304edb8bcce86a7329b6a9e337acb	There was no central body dealing exclusively with state crimes until the end of the XVII century in Russia.
b6f0168b4006e6843d3e67f36b14334ea7deee51	The most important cases were considered by the Boyar Duma, specially created commissions or Moscow orders, which by the middle of the XVII century were about 80.
32244ff0ece6c2202b1669a2aa08fd06b335df58	The political search was only one of the numerous functions of the orders.
c377072b5e0edfccbb370830940eba5e8654e36e	In 1654, an Order of Secret Affairs was created, the leadership of which was assumed by Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich.
537e24649791799700d19899a208ab1d501a8676	The clerks from this Order were seconded to the voivodes during military operations, were introduced into the embassies.
b371f3cba6b0c003e7d47a6c4374db3a7c8e6423	However, the investigation of State crimes was not the main or only task of this body either.
cac07f9e505754a7426dfb12f4585015e9e328de	The duties of the Order included the management of the tsar's estates, his factories, etc. After the death of the tsar, the Order was abolished.
b3fddcbf317f33838054f0f3a011fa88235c9648	The formation of law enforcement agencies in Russia, which began under Ivan the Terrible, was continued by Peter I, who laid the foundations of centralized criminal police structures, whose functions far go beyond the traditional competence of the department (up to interference in the upbringing of children, household expenses, the cut of clothes, the shape of the hairstyle, etc.) and political police.
1f7d51522d8cf0ec4e399d43b16b3e3ef55e70b4	Gradually, the political and police function of the state came to the fore.
c335c4742334714951d2fe5c18e547586590ead1	The suppression of the discontent of the masses of the people and the resistance to the reform policy on the part of the conservative minded boyars became one of the most important tasks of the government of Peter I, on the solution of which the success of its activities largely depended.
07c3424204a2fa053fb7eeff8f9a876781cdb681	The Preobrazhensky order was originally an ordinary judicial and administrative body.
791299c45648377d51179622c56466d7ea9d2130	The decree on the transfer of the exclusive right of investigation and trial for political crimes to the Preobrazhensky Order was issued by Peter 1 at the end of 1696, after the Azov campaign.
c6d2b40e8678b3857274afb13f66d887f4facc0d	For the first time in the history of Russia, a state body received powers in terms of political investigation, which extended to the subjects of the entire state, without distinction of classes.
f89ce14a67c11934b8f19f0c0146f394315e6f97	The tsar's decree of September 25, 1702 legally fixed this practice.
3f0a74fab9f018e1db69db181d6a4c5c752f63a8	Prince Fyodor Yuryevich Romodanovsky, who was called Prince Caesar, headed this institution and led it for many years.
dba4fbe88320dff03c8e932ba7c5f6448d8f884e	To help the Preobrazhensky order, Peter I formed a judicial board of boyars, whose functions included assisting the chief judge in considering cases and making decisions on their individual categories.
7c25673f79f81ce9ea3720ffec284494e3ed6fca	Along with the Preobrazhensky Order, which was in force in Moscow, the Secret Chancellery, established in St. Petersburg in 1718, was engaged in investigating the most important political crimes..
f92acd903e2f28f1c54d20139552e605059df0d5	Peter I to conduct an investigation into the case of Tsarevich Alexei, the tsar's eldest son from his first marriage to Evdokia Lopukhina, who was accused of high treason.
43810081d8c5ef1c3decaffc3eac64f5e120b38d	The tsar entrusted the leadership of the chancellery to Pyotr Andreyevich Tolstoy.
25d197a8f954531116ca5e509b6f2a80841b4082	After the completion of the investigation into the case of Tsarevich Alexei, the Secret Chancellery was not abolished, but turned into a permanent body.
570f33dd3e2a6630c9a2ee72753ac31b0dad5066	The Preobrazhensky Order and the Secret Chancellery were endowed with equal rights.
b7b0018ac719973c6327354052f807195008abe2	The first took cases from Moscow and distant localities, the second from St. Petersburg and the nearest provinces.
ef22098c409da09d3e92151aca332d57932de64d	The essential difference between the Secret Chancellery and the Preobrazhensky Order was that the activities of the Secret Chancellery carried a greater element of specialization.
33fda407d06f2587c0113d5e28483a0cb37104a4	The Office was engaged only in investigative and judicial activities, and mainly in political crimes (about 70% of all cases).
2d15ebd57f70fdc9d46e9f201124d31299911528	In 1724, Peter by several decrees ordered the Secret Chancellery to transfer all cases to the Preobrazhensky Order in order to exclude the existence of two parallel and independently operating institutions.
9c2f764a3b4c1b620f0d4905c6f27b028d5174fa	The Preobrazhensky order or the Preobrazhenskaya Chancellery, as it began to be called, was subordinated to the Supreme Privy Council in 1726.
d75886e606e48b51b4d93feaa31d104062fcf64d	From this time on, all activities
4e531537c88cd60d258818948fb64c41a46e71d0	The next step towards further restructuring of the political investigation apparatus was taken on May 24, 1727, when the Senate was involved in the investigation of political affairs.
14c42a3ba914c90639d254f2df4e92ccc5a2e24c	April 4, 1729 The Preobrazhensky order was liquidated.
3af9935b3729218dd94ab0bc9e06743b3db9e0a5	The investigation of political crimes was transferred to two higher bodies — the Supreme Privy Council and the Senate.
101609045b996f6d4158aaef08c64898b6333df0	The Privy Council dealt with matters of greater importance, and the rest — the Senate.
bd293870d80720787b954b93879eb6b706709400	On April 6, 1731, Empress Anna Ioannovna, by her Decree, restored the Office of Secret Investigative Affairs.
33381d8c4c7485eeb710987e901282c95f4fc0a5	This time it was headed by Alexander Ivanovich Ushakov.
32575acf3042044efe703cd8d56805d80cdceeb5	The Office of Secret Investigative Affairs received the right to investigate political crimes throughout Russia, which was expressed in the order to send to the office of persons who declared "word and deed".
25fd8ddc6e21bb188198aac28b17c44bbfb99da4	All central and local authorities had to unquestioningly comply with Ushakov's orders, and he could fine any official for a "malfunction".
cd0f38bc24a4c8aa2b77a4abc13d1e7f244cbfd9	The police function arose simultaneously with the emergence of the state.
8e21d645e68e7507d06fb7475b9a8c8c44c09200	Already in the first state formations of the Eastern Slavs (VI VIII centuries), later in Kievan Rus, the functions of the police were performed by the prince's squad.
6b167dd0374c2ec8c96efa2ed1a9627f37b2c44f	As the state developed, police functions were implemented to one extent or another by posadniki, volostels, tysyatskiye, sotskiye, starosty, virniki, etc.
c15638375c5232010cda275ccf51f9c62458ee62	However, this was not their main responsibility and was combined with another kind of activity.
5abb4706a5c47892e45d8a4fec9caf8b4e33130e	During the formation of the unified Russian state (the second half of the XV — the first half of the XVI century), police functions were carried out by the bodies of the palace patrimonial administration (in the center), as well as governors and volostels (in the field).
bd26e75671f4cd6a19665dae6ab6ce58c870b6c4	Since the end of the XV century, they were joined by temporary commissioners of the Grand Duke, sent to the places with a variety of assignments, including to combat robberies.
a1a3257a6d32645f4735537e478ddf22e84b78d2	In the era of the class representative monarchy (mid XVI mid XVII century), under the influence of exacerbations among the peasants caused by the development of serfdom, the network of bodies performing police functions significantly expanded.
096d75a88b0426627b534b4c7ab5e3161634e6ce	The palace patrimony was replaced by an ordered management system.
be714c0c09f1aff67d1c0c484719afd42f46b333	Despite the uncertainty of the competence of these bodies, among them we can distinguish a group of orders that performed mainly judicial and police functions.
6a372323e20cdc439f7d223aaed2e490e7ff2a6a	Thus, the Robber Order was engaged in the investigation and trial of "robber" cases and through the bodies of the provincial and zemstvo administration carried out the leadership of the local police - In Moscow and the Moscow district, the functions of combating crime, fires, etc.were assigned to the Zemsky order.
d26c858b31b20e0c6dedfe05cd5e2335b8a29764	The zemstvo reform carried out by Ivan IV in 1555-1556 led to the further development of the system of "provincial" self — government the noble estate representative bodies of local government.
970dc450b120f669eee3ff097eb70f6610675652	Labial organs existed before, but since the middle of the XVI century. their role has increased dramatically.
23b047b953bd585a60d2bd397183824d9d19e750	The provincial prefects carried out general judicial and administrative and police supervision of the counties: they fought against robbers, dealt with cases of murder, arson, etc., managed prisons.
06c943f7a7488a5e871564d8a82966422f111afb	In the first quarter of the XVII century.in order to strengthen local power in 146 cities with counties, voivodes were appointed.
74699722f1dae142ff1ddfc05076089f51be7f5e	The scope of police duties of the voivodes was not clearly defined by legislation and instructions.
4d40a519781333f049833cc587efcc1058385830	The main police functions were reduced to the protection of public order.
a35972e08e89f7be112c776325e62f8a7930bfda	Where there were no provincial elders, the governor was entrusted with the capture of thieves and robbers.
3a1267e3c8bd14e5b6e6cae6b8558fde7290ec4f	Among the duties of the voivodes were the control of sanitary safety, compliance with the rules of trade, control of weights and measures, road business, postal communication.
3c1cbc856461b4aef8f66228620871a105b766e7	They were also obliged to observe the mores, implementing this function together with the spiritual authorities.
4197ba339ad28fca7735b474f8c9dcafbd9e3971	With the final registration of serfdom, the patrimonial police is further developed.
4a24bb14dbe5bae8a8411628ce2abf456a885b32	The feudal lord exercised a police function in relation to his serfs, relying on a special apparatus led by him.
a4b224d826764362e809355b5df9ae56be46a5c4	There were no investigative police bodies in Russia in the X—HOOP centuries.
d14d95c526a40c70bd8d1e273eb886ab2f8be59e	Police duties were performed by the majority of state bodies both in the center and on the ground.
957f23a71f29823aab7d61705fb9d07f4bc23b4c	Therefore, the term "police" can be used in relation to Russia of the X XVII centuries.
e6710306b1f509392702adbece30a1ea3cf10515	It is only conditionally more correct to speak about the bodies that solved the issues that subsequently formed a special police function, which was deducted from the general protective function of the state.
65405b2420e8bd11ffea6e018194a43c5c71b22c	In the second half of the XVII — beginning of the XVIII century, an absolute monarchy was established in Russia, which is characterized by detailed regulation of the service and life of subjects.
ea01cbb53a331f46d3a7fee80a5532faf8586afb	The general police function of the state becomes very important in the era of absolutism, which causes corresponding changes in the mechanism of the state.
50fde65a21d59e2a4d53003d0a6a796d171efe33	For the first time in Russian history, the police is becoming an independent part of the state apparatus.
f37fb1da48ece1d0a40791a58d2cadca7ac9466e	Peter I, in the Regulations to the Chief Magistrate (1721), outlined the tasks of the police bodies quite broadly: the police promotes the exercise of rights and justice; gives birth to good orders; provides everyone with security from robbers, thieves, etc.
c07c694c84bd332a249f9ee2dd05f54d3dff9adb	During the XVIII century, there was a search for optimal forms of police organization.
21560c0e5f7bfa249d96a106bee08937bd754c2c	In 1702, the provincial self government bodies were abolished.
4677dda32158563024ad54cd5267767a2eb9ec49	Their functions were transferred to the voivodes.
9c474d7c776bba2d780cfe6b9dc7d91097dbad94	After the formation of the provinces in 1710, police functions (prosecution of fugitives and passport free, inspections of minors, etc.) were assigned, among others, to the governors.
1b39349366bffca22e088569c48f9d669cfd06ee	After the establishment of the provinces in 1719, the voivodes placed at their head, subordinate to the governors, were also endowed with police functions.
fea6d075f3f4e4f5203b70636130c0ff518959b7	According to the voivodeship decree of 1719 they had to take care of the protection of the rights and safety of local residents, pursue "walking people", take care of the serviceability of roads, keep the correct weights and measures.
60dcf56daa782b5adaf8438964990d4ec836d917	The voivode shared these functions with the zemstvo commissars, whose main occupation was the collection of "all income".
6de494e00795f27d79cd629c51265a6ef6e6a82e	The voivodes also instructed the commissars, among other things, to monitor the serviceability and safety of communication routes and inns, to pursue fugitives and robbers, to promote the administration of justice (investigation, execution of sentences, etc.), as well as to take care of the morality and religiosity of the inhabitants.
4f58e25f9eadaac5d5cda13ad2dd43a298a1cf9f	In cities, police functions were within the competence of magistrates city self government bodies established by Peter I.
71c077b9719714bdcdfcb297862cb9263e722d70	The first special police post in Russia appeared in 1718 — a general police chief was established in St. Petersburg.
7405ebba83fc60bc8dc175ce3951dec7dd63debc	By 1722, police officers appeared in many large cities (in Moscow — an oberpolitsmeister).
2a6be13f46da16455f4b4d51ed12f7c2d77f1316	Under them, the offices of the police chief's affairs were created.
0473fab389175be5fe2e6c4c5edd3db4c81decde	In their activities, the police chiefs relied on the elders elected by the townspeople, who were in charge of the street, and the desyatskys, who supervised ten houses.
ed0e6c5e1d8940255b23fcc14ab0d91cb3c7fb1a	The functions of the police bodies included the protection of order, peace and security, catching fugitives, food and fire fighting measures, solving issues of urban improvement, etc.
fdd346643122955ef1af9dadf39150b8e3d96f9b	After the death of Peter I, the Main Magistrate was abolished, and the city self government bodies began to obey the governors and voivodes, who took over the administration of the main police functions.
ffe2c593d392f2664af977018143f5ff9606a748	In 1733, police master's offices were established in 23 provincial, provincial and some smaller cities, headed by a police master from the officers of the local garrison.
bca9c6fd4db0182c3bc2b1206d39f47e29e8665c	Each police chief was assigned small teams (an officer, a corporal and 6-8 privates) and clerical servants.
2a5e4a032761cce3adcfb2864b263e3126e94746	The competence of the police master's offices was quite narrow, since many police functions (catching fugitive serfs, recruits, fighting robbery, etc.) remained under the jurisdiction of governors and voivodes.
45183e626282b023507ba750b40bd3cbf220785e	The local police were supposed to monitor the external order and "deanery" in the city.
4a3c99421e0e886486972e2b4d746443c8401e8e	By the beginning of the 60s, the number of police institutions decreased, and the remaining ones fell into the subordination of governors and voivodes in 1762.
0ae2d2d6f62cc3ea6b0a308f6e76d63eda45fd73	The dependence of the police authorities on the Main Police Chief's Office has become formal.
a682ae0725caf7d6dcfffd59aa06d7d9c7664cf6	The general police in the XVIII century worked poorly.
2304858500d1ca01757a9c0d758cd249145b5eb7	A radical restructuring of the general police was carried out during the reign of Catherine II.
ebcda79437b42b76f2d8cbd192b65a77031a0861	In his famous Order of 1767, Catherine defined the police as "an institution to whose care everything belongs that serves to preserve the deanery in society".
cad5d1ae38974889c80693660b60f331ce362e8c	The reorganization of the police bodies was connected with the provincial reform of 1775.
d1a920e90654f7e13a44c2df323d53343157c6ac	In accordance with the "Institution for the administration of Provinces", the post of a zemstvo police officer(captain) was introduced in the uyezds, who headed the police body — the Nizhny Zemsky court.
350d78353a41d236dc02ab0d1ffa987f5b7e3644	The captain of the police department and the assessors of the lower zemsky court (there were 2-3 people) were elected by the nobility of the county for 3 years and were confirmed in office by the governor.
c01cb8d562f54cde4f05ce3c9f3da97ee78b3237	The Nizhny Zemsky Court executed orders of higher authorities, as well as court decisions, conducted preliminary investigations in criminal cases.
a2e9a943d76eb595fa8c48731a67215a4990c972	He was assigned the main police function — monitoring the order.
50a09115fe34468e3331293c7230fde5c7906f35	At the same time, prosecutor's offices were created and further developed.
fdb7184f634536c8815248fa8984861decc0d3b2	Implementing radical state reforms, Peter I attached special importance to the creation of effective control over the activities of state institutions from the Senate to local authorities.
1d56b94c4701ff0d3f1f360036fc1d2a1c131a87	On January 27, 1722, Peter I signed a decree on the establishment of a permanent post of Prosecutor General of the Senate, which the emperor considered as the tsarist controlling body for the activities of state institutions.
aff87c5739a1325ba4f3002ccc4ddc46ffa5aab6	From this day on, the Russian Prosecutor's Office conducts its chronology.
7b70acce5314add19da1b851f6047e7f0fd597f0	After the death of Peter I, the posts of prosecutor general and prosecutors of supervisory courts, as well as prosecutors of most of the colleges, were abolished.
7a310632509e6cf1249ce38a0d32889200a5cac4	However, already during the reign of Empress Anna Ioannovna, the revival of the prosecutor's office begins.
52dc93171a5ec1bdbdb7a1d9d82325db2d574a4e	By her decree in October 1730, the abolished prosecutor's posts were restored.
bd827b727de4add416820666ffe914005909764d	With the adoption of the legislative act "Posts of the provincial prosecutor" in 1733, prosecutors were granted the right to bring protests against illegal actions of local authorities and courts with simultaneous notification of the prosecutor general.
f480da0d858212b28996df196fb347862d069a04	On February 21, 1762, Peter III, who replaced Elizabeth Petrovna on the throne, issued a manifesto on the destruction of the Secret Chancellery, justifying his actions by positive changes in the situation that had occurred since the time of Peter the Great, when this institution was created.
178c1b7dbfd58f2f5eac2a52e555b653613c831d	But the body of political investigation was not liquidated.
9e2d621e00cfb97bba3c3a9f86826ef77346a3e1	Even before the publication of the manifesto on the abolition of the Secret Chancellery, it was decided to establish a Secret Expedition under the Senate.
c62cc97386b61781f561c1aa28ad7aa2e260e5dc	Catherine II, who came to power after the violent death of Peter III in October 1762, repeated word for word the manifesto on the destruction of the Secret Chancellery, made significant changes in the organization of the new secret department.
770a7bf0796d9888b78bde92643122736463f4a1	According to her order, the Secret Expedition was subordinate to only one prosecutor general, whose post in the reign of Catherine II was one of the most important in the state.
871fb638c69746e185c09ed2458bcef8ddeb1868	In the summer of 1763, at the request of the Empress, the Moscow Secret Expedition was subordinated to the Moscow Commander in Chief P. S. Saltykov.
76879312a5b8e95ade60f4eef4d4895f051467b9	The transfer of the Secret Expedition to the jurisdiction of the Prosecutor General ensured the maximum centralization of the political investigation bodies, independence from other institutions and the preservation of the most complete secrecy of investigations.
cfcd837675d3b4e27426f367049879e3a84e8641	All the activities of the Secret Expedition took place under the direct control of the Empress, to whom the Prosecutor General systematically reported on the progress of affairs.
c98a5a464b134ba6269402d933131ead63419077	She also approved the most important sentences.
8975ab9431822d7662e6aad8cbaa5cff3318280f	The period of the reign of Paul I is characterized by individual liberal gestures.
8c773d03abeb59ad57bf793a75f030f84fa31e46	At the same time, the tsar kept a Secret expedition, which was led by A. S. Makarov.
9139a520e6d91c4417bb9dbd4a348f9084717096	Paul I tried to revive the practice of written denunciations by hanging a box on the wall of the Winter Palace, where anyone could drop a message for the emperor.
5645780cb7b0877bbbe81ef0446e99eb15828481	However, this idea had to be abandoned, since apart from insults and insignificant gossip, no other information was received.
7146249519abea5207ef8ddb4167af8b0e4ffcd8	In the historical period under consideration, the Secret Expedition no longer played a serious role.
252399d4b1d8ee80376b402652f46f490ceb8747	The emperor himself and his rapidly changing entourage were engaged in the political search.
80294d14e30fd8d078c6674a93e52f91220dc68a	Insufficient professionalism of the royal guard did not allow to uncover the conspiracy that led to the death of Paul I on the night of March 11-12, 1801 in the Mikhailovsky Castle.
8aba80d3df9038d3d7b1d6fe32e240f56a611b2e	Alexander I, a month after his accession to the throne, ordered the Secret Expedition to be destroyed forever.
b1f4704fda8c9e7cb78016600ec99ef24fd8b763	He independently came to the conclusion that absolutism cannot exist without the secret police.
cceb3b2d421bceef74f1e5848970480950da0d1c	In search of the most effective varian numerous committees, offices, and expeditions were created for the political investigation department.
ca73ab65568cd125c2d27a22bbd9e863c10b675d	I
ce48ae795a549f7975087b2a9637ae9ffe9ed3f7	Thus, despite the manifesto, the organs of political investigation were preserved, but they were decentralized.
0c2a6d359c878d8a86554648fdffb5f5411cd7fd	New measures to strengthen the state apparatus and establish a strict military police regime in the country were taken during the reign of Paul I.
cf6c02a6761819c90e0740a9762e9ebba7969a07	The city estate self government was merged with the police.
d0becd6a9b100095acbb95ad98aa0a0c28adfe52	Instead of the offices of the deanery and city dumas, city boards — rathouses were established. combining administrative, police, financial, economic and partially judicial functions.
4966ecabccafe21dc39b088fc7c33204fe420743	In St. Petersburg, the rathouse was subordinate to the "Commission on the supply of the residence with supplies, the order of apartments and other parts, up to the police," headed by the heir to the throne.
3e7567d204b006c87f9d8ca5245fac352c117aad	The department of this commission in Moscow was subordinate to the military governor.
5aac2f9e180531ba23568230b11889120abfbd3a	But the Government considered these measures to strengthen the police department of cities insufficient and took a step towards the militarization of the city administration.
eed17abbba8627d0d8214e149c543f7afdd770a2	First of all, in cities with significant garrisons, and since 1799, military police bodies began to open in all provincial and district cities — the ordinance of the gauza, each of which was headed by a police chief, a mayor or a commandant, had a military court and a prison.
c5d7e1d267ee65cb8cacb3434f2c13fd71211cda	At the end of the XVIII century, the government streamlined the management of specific and state peasants.
e5c82109ea5b73441c1ebb0db313f9bc69dc6fb5	So, in 1797, a Department of Allotments was created to manage the specific peasants, and an expedition of allotments (one for several provinces) was created on the ground.
aa7633d0164d8c4a5680cd25eedb4030a64cab3d	In each specific volost, the peasants, under the leadership of officials, elected a village order.
273368f1d02c2fcd5b5aae8adc818ac1105f985d	It was a police and financial body that supervised the "order", the execution of orders of government agencies, carried out the distribution of taxes and duties, collected taxes, sorted out misdemeanors and small lawsuits of individual peasants.
6d5ac0d5b910ab7d02eabc5492a919c770164883	The transformations of Paul I did little to improve the activities of the local administrative apparatus.
f51808f36b62604fd6eb70e366d86634559f065b	Most of the new institutions turned out to be unviable and by the end of Paul's reign were not opened everywhere.
2f919f210097ede1b3822a758dc36216f482caa4	Alexander I restored almost all the institutions of the court and local government, as well as the estate bodies created during the reforms of Catherine II.
fd2f34305a360022468133c499cd8d48c63c6269	Along with the reform of the political police in the first quarter of the XIX century, significant changes also took place in the organization of the general police, which was expressed in the transformation of the general police into a centralized system of bodies.
82aef13296350f8c0700d8954f5cc301ae6a79b7	In 1802, the Ministry of Internal Affairs was created, the main task of which was determined to take care of "...the universal welfare of the people, peace, quiet and the improvement of the empire".
6328d85376c9addf3ed69699396169995e5b4b95	The Ministry of Internal Affairs includes various institutions: local administrative and police bodies and estate organizations of the nobility and citizens, charity bodies.
70de023cfdbba19cea59f7a9d4b263030a637878	The General Post Office, etc.
b18424b5abf9bfa2c0ce7a2ca212de0df62baeae	In 1810, the Ministry of Police was created in Russia on the French model, which consisted of two offices (general and special) and three departments.
8641290a2c513a72e54e268c169846c22340ecbe	Due to the common tasks of the Ministries of Police and Internal Affairs, as well as the financial problems of the government, in November 1819, the Ministry of Police was abolished and its apparatus was transferred to the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
d7541c16830c9f86d3b3051110207df1ca9c8eab	The increase in the population in the counties and the growth of peasant unrest caused the need to divide the counties into smaller territorial police units.
ee9112487babe0ea2221231404f09dd7bba724f8	In 1837, the camps were established, at the head of which were the bailiffs appointed by the governor from among the local nobles.
58c8aa027cbfe6a641c1d69f239e9e7b2dd70f6b	In the administration of police functions, the bailiff relied on the rural elected police of the state specific peasants — sotsky and desyatsky, as well as on the patrimonial police of landowners, whose importance increased due to the general strengthening of serf oppression.
c296e4f7ef4cc78ff489ddbd65ca5a193fcc9f02	The Code of Laws of 1832 did not precisely establish the boundaries of the police and judicial power of landowners: they were given the right to use "domestic" means of punishment and correction at their discretion, as long as it did not entail injuries and danger to the life of the punished person.
9724e13e4c50f1e5aa06167b6790aefb51b53fe2	However, in practice, this was equivalent to the death penalty.
6696162f697833331dab18d3307f64d9fbe0b3d1	In December 1862, the district police was merged into the city police.
dfb9b8e45532144ca11be0e7a312f66930e390b6	A single district police department was created, headed by a police officer and his assistant.
0fcd50f1aae7edce3cef98901a1b9275588ffd2b	The police officer was appointed by the governor, and not elected by the nobles, as it was before.
46f13f4a47828852cabcd54d984e6bd451bb4577	A separate city police in the form of city police departments was preserved only in provincial, some county and other important cities.
181f710d8832887935e2290da12f424320287165	The city police was headed by a police chief and his assistant.
2473de7c89a3a49885d41ad3260f98155a73bc6f	Each police department had an office under the direction of a secretary and messengers.
81deba277511e4dcdd84ee01864d68f454f41961	The composition of the county and city police consisted of "executive officials" (in the counties they included the bailiffs, in the cities —district and city bailiffs and their assistants, as well as police supervisors) and "other police ranks" (in rural areas — sotsk and desyatsk, in cities — district supervisors and policemen).
7a42e3c96b548a12bda0bfcb40653beff3fe03b4	The police departments in the cities consisted of fire brigades led by fire masters.
a135378c276dac08bb209af0fbf866f947c9ad1a	The Minister of Internal Affairs could, at the request of city societies, approve new, supernumerary police posts at the expense of cities.
bce46a07e823d9e20bf7cbf1dc5c0e1f6eb6cc14	All the provincial police were subordinate to the governors (or governors general), to whom the law prescribed "by the action of the power given to them to protect public peace everywhere, the safety of everyone and everyone, and compliance with the established rules, order and decency."
99b79dd794abdb79073d4f5926ca680464b82765	The structure of the police apparatus in the capitals has become more complicated.
0d0980125d9aa4f70b4378915c44d5bbe30dca8f	The St. Petersburg police was headed by a mayor appointed by the emperor.
3ac17a6e7df1bf8d6c963c98e38235a349257bec	The department, in addition to the mayor himself and his two assistants, included: an official for special assignments, a secretary, an office, a medical department, a technical part, an address desk, a general police archive and a department for the protection of public safety and order.
08aa0d8f91d41022c31235c7f31c5244cc0905ea	For" police surveillance on the waters of the city " in 1867, a river police was created in St. Petersburg, whose leaders were appointed from among the officers of the fleet.
6082f1eef9b55419fc7ce397b72a11cceca25bf3	In Moscow, the city police was headed by the chief of police (later the mayor).
ece438c8550e154f2841c193138d6a3bce90cd8e	The Moscow police was built on the same principles as the St. Petersburg police.
e11d0501787072cca9605a267b489b07abc184ff	The scope of duties of the city and county police, being very extensive and complex, was set out in a number of legislative acts.
7ae2187bfaadc310ef2782dc13d2be96abe57f44	The competence of the police bodies was mainly fixed in the "General Provincial Institution" and in the " Statute on the Prevention and Suppression of Crimes.
ebe8d58af43a2272e4d5d09fef97ba50222a488e	By the end of the 70th century, the autocracy was experiencing significant difficulties in managing the empire.
c8f595ef82f2480440afe7178e76353e26b66d1a	On March 21, 1878, by the decision of the newly created authority - "A special meeting to find measures for better protection of peace and security in the Empire" - the institute of police officers was formed, which was introduced on August 1, 1878.
c6cdafa71b7865ae2234fd65e68f6ca9b1a4c724	The explosion in the Winter Palace on February 5, 1880 caused complete confusion in government spheres.
23c04b2de0f27062e3ac225ee1d885101fee5105	By a decree of February 12, 1880, the Emperor created a new extraordinary body – the Supreme Administrative Commission headed by Count Loris Melikov, whose functions were limited exclusively to the fight against the revolutionary movement.
a76c31c2d6fa41ac0553f444d902fdf4add152b5	On November 15, 1880, on the basis of the submission of Loris Melikov, the tsar issued a decree on the merger of the State Police Department (the former Third Department) and the Police Department into the State Police Department (since 1883 –the Police Department), which combined the functions of both political and general police.
b0175f050ba60a5e3334e0d4782ee2ba83ccc5b4	It was divided into two major departments the administrative police and the State police.
eaf657e38ffbde60df82b26e557b2635987d8e71	In the new structure of the political police there were two main divisions, closely related to each other – the police department (the central body of political investigation) and a Separate corps of gendarmes (the body of forceful suppression of the revolutionary movement).
32638a12768cca92c0b027ec605bc2d89642dcb2	The Minister of the Interior simultaneously became the chief of the gendarmes.
fe22f1af8eba9ab837b5fa3a9d2bfcf6d7e527aa	In order to carry out the tasks of detecting and preventing state crimes, as well as investigative activities, a network of law enforcement and public security departments is beginning to be formed.
f94f321c30a08a6f4fbef24d8a1c6024bbe1cfe9	The central investigative body of the Russian Empire became the St. Petersburg security department.
1edc4eb72cc0981882eaeaf23ffddd0555dd4a22	Since December 1906, on the initiative of the well known jurist M. I. Trusevich, supported by the head of the government P. I. Stolypin, district security departments begin to be created.
08e3843a3a4d5237ad3b258b94ba0c6246695321	This was an attempt to align the boundaries of the activities of the political investigation bodies with the boundaries of the activities of anti government organizations.
a50eddac6ea551f1808e05e829891744039261d2	Thus, the main changes in the system of police bodies of Russia in the second half of the XIX century should be attributed to the unification in 1880 within the Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of both general and political police, which was caused by the need to strengthen the apparatus designed to protect the foundations of autocracy in the conditions of increasing activity of opponents of the existing system.
9e54c7e7a1b7a2d0dbe10a6315ad47815648017c	Another important change in the organization of police bodies was the deepening of the specialization of the department, the liberation from economic and forensic investigative activities and the concentration of all forces exclusively on the implementation of police functions.
170024704c04c28db7cecbccb2376b3f31744a3a	At the beginning of the XX century, the Government took additional measures to strengthen the general police apparatus.
ac7eb6755dbfd95b53d0a4a64e07bc68b7ec7e72	In 1903, the police guard was created, which was an armed support for the actions of the bailiffs instead of the elected rural police, which had become unreliable.
205c5b04157e5efe409deaef29c63477c848c3eb	During the same period, the development of judicial bodies continued.
b490bdec1314c7da68565243a4455ec5a10b46e2	It should be noted that until the middle of the XIX century, the national system of courts, created during the reign of Catherine II, was preserved in Russia.
221573c8ea48213f0b8d069903c425a64b12aaf3	The development of civil turnover required new judicial procedures.
ee34777ba935bcbf455202fbf1ee5e717102495f	Judicial reform since November 20, 1864 with the formation of the State Council of Judicial charters.
373303a75e7669c043f04580edc126c6553763b5	As a result of the reform, two independent judicial systems were created – local courts and courts of general courts.
af28fc8db50878ad6eb2ed264efa1d59f7b0569b	The local courts were the magistrate and parish courts, the general ones were the district and judicial chambers.
68c2d58f3b23d2fc6901c5e1da70cdd75b4f6d8c	The Senate continued to be at the head of the entire judicial system of Russia.
eb3d7818f77b3e4bc3ec26d10a17d276ba3e5877	The Senate was the highest (and only) cassation body for all local and general courts of Russia.
e82935be5c1537ac24a4319a38e18291fb8f9b9b	At the same time, the development of the institute of jurors began.
c7370ca247d1257a67b83d438d619d98db932ff1	The positive significance of the judicial reform was that the separation of the court from the administration, the creation of an all theological court, the equality of all before the court, the jury court was established, the election of magistrates and jurors, the irremovability of judges and investigators was proclaimed, prosecutor's supervision was introduced, the bar was created.
c193e06e1d76223efea8d7872f293fae87a54925	At the same time, the separation of the court from the administration was inconsistent.
70ca3b66df269770bc1de21a591e9433e3f6765a	The Senate was not only a judicial, but also an administrative body.
94f7fe0a8b008b439363df2c713822917a1eb811	Local courts were controlled by the Government administration.
f2cc2ca325eba12eb15342c02a7158daca826cf7	A large number of official crimes and misdemeanors were seized from the court and dealt with by government officials in an administrative manner.
22ce50b892061ac7e81335fcf8b01398377dbbde	By reforming the court on bourgeois principles, the government pursued the goal of forming an extensive judicial and investigative apparatus that would ensure the inviolability of the state system and the possibility of reprisals against its opponents.
61cac31cc741505998cddcc9005b64145eebeed6	Thus, in Russia from the end of the XIX century to 1917, there were two prosecutor's systems in parallel: the prosecutor's offices of the courts and the provincial prosecutor's offices.
e02f04361639961d4056a7eabfd8ce8ad66c4469	The same principles were laid down in the basis of the legal activity:
e3fec7607c39b0f76543f0b945bc19e44c2397c7	- unity and centralization of the prosecutor's office;
9bbedcc8b25392192b918f2caf80e2f9fbe6dd27	- independence of prosecutors from the influence of the local administration in decision making.
8ac0ed60afca06b363ca38d97fd5ed02dfe737ff	The period of the Japanese war (1904– 1905) is associated with the birth of military counterintelligence a body that counteracts the collection of information from the enemy about armed information.
312af6d029be9a580eda43118d527f5489f1f030	On the eve of the February Revolution, Russia has developed a fairly well organized system of law enforcement agencies and special services, including judicial and prosecutorial bodies, military intelligence and counterintelligence of the General Staff, general and political police of the Police Department, as well as the gendarmerie corps.
30385d7f18584cc6922ae8ba7a6665850c7b681c	Secret agencies have accumulated solid experience in operational investigative activities, formed a widely branched agent network that permeates almost all layers of society.
7de02d4ac946c66b925691ba1536072d6a30731b	Law enforcement agencies received very acute information indicating an increase in social tension, "unreliability of individual ministers" and even the threat of the government's removal.
7383a9fa85a638a623fef18f2e002fd627c92a3e	However, the leadership of the Gendarmerie corps, the Police Department and the Ministry of Internal Affairs smoothed out the sharp points in the conclusions of their analysts, realizing that objective information would inevitably have a negative impact on their personal career.
b000874553ce7bda05b012e5df780953c8960b02	In the first days of the February Revolution, the Minister of Internal Affairs of Russia, A.D. Protopopov, informed the leadership of the empire about the unrest associated with interruptions in the supply of food to the population, which in themselves e will stop with the delivery of products.
20fd40ae02bc0177bb2031377417c3df72b6cc4f	Nicholas II had no doubts about the reliability of the military units of the capital's garrison.
d25b479a187819be02200cc14624764066ff056b	Both the government and the emperor realized their mistake too late.
2c358b72b983b056da5d7c21c6e2cf1333e96b2d	On February 27, 1917, mass demonstrations began, which could no longer be stopped, since the military units were out of control.
a20fb52a5315c65d81101cc8263ebd2c51c4e7c8	One of the main objects of hatred of the rebels has traditionally been the police.
397e263850cbfcec669bd8f553b04a678765ae07	The Department of which was attacked by an excited crowd one of the first.
5f9b31b443c85cc5167e7b04d9717060c8507984	The secret police did not offer any serious resistance.
b934485b59946ac617902753655a4739ad67f116	The employees fled, the property was looted, some of the secret materials were burned by unknown persons in the courtyard of the department.
2dcee56754609a76d7879a277f731af60f21627c	The new government abolished the Police Department, the gendarmerie Corps and their local units.
b0f51ed1531b4b9a6d3b72a94f30fd8111460c2f	The People's Militia was created to maintain public order.
feb51b01ebaf1b5e68fa93549e6594bef75a9a4e	The officers of the latter detained and arrested policemen and gendarmes, handing them over to the Extraordinary Commission of Inquiry established by the Provisional Government to investigate the criminal acts of tsarist officials.
18306b881a070bff015feea6fe257178d669e036	Having failed to preserve and use the former special services for their own purposes or create new ones.
9f88dcd0c1c567e408f6f8a7178308b7135c8018	The Provisional Government has lost control over the development of the situation in the country.
df0a4072a2aa4b3975f348c9bce5a3f1e149db3b	This allowed the Bolsheviks to carry out a coup d'etat without any problems and come to power in October 1917.
79f6aefc4fb4233d68127e677c39aa82944278ac	The first organ of the new government's struggle against counter revolution and criminal crime was the Military Revolutionary Committee, formed by the Petrograd Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies on the eve of the October events of 1917..
70d96704052e54993772d0c3f90b19aebea24832	The VRK assigned the investigative, judicial and administrative functions to the investigative commission formed from among workers, soldiers and sailors, which was legalized with the adoption of the first decree on the court by the Soviet government on November 22, 1917.
6208fd2b7899195baff3b57eb6f5a9bd7f093c4a	On December 7 (December 20, new style), on the basis of F. Dzerzhinsky's proposals, the Council of People's Commissars decided to form an All Russian Emergency commission under the SNK to combat counterrevolution and sabotage.
fd27973d7cb8c0ca91c34fb9a6fca43a21c7002a	Later, the Cheka was entrusted with the tasks of combating official crimes, banditry, ensuring the security of the Red Army, railway transport, and protecting the state border.
286638955812727ff5e30ad6a812d58882b64a06	The Cheka was given the rights to conduct an inquiry and preliminary investigation, confiscation, expulsion, deprivation of cards, publication in the press of lists of "enemies of the people" , etc.
ed606094720e3f12593401ff6892648196475d03	On January 7, 1918, the Council of People's Commissars approved the Board of the Cheka with the chairman F.E Dzerzhinskiy.
6fffb9d34fdde1818ed90144e261f5fabae6714d	Thus, the first Soviet secret service was created as a party state body, which had a clear installation for suppressing ideological opponents.
e0bd79d8a634abf26abb40a85df1bf51c885f3fe	In addition to the functions of tracing, suppressing and preventing counter revolutionary crimes, the special service was given the right to develop measures of struggle, to carry out administrative functions.
db42122da2883e986bcd90e915cbb57a1159d3fd	In the judicial field, the CHEKA was assigned the role of an inquiry body.
8979b165f2e459e05c5b874594a1e53870d335f1	FEBRUARY 21, 1918 The Council of People's Commissars adopts the Decree "The Socialist Fatherland is in danger", prescribing the need to implement the most extreme measures to ensure the security of the state, which was the first legal act that granted the CHEKA bodies the right to extrajudicial execution.
176aea0889ec758d7222f86c7cb768ebf7dafeb1	Since the use of extrajudicial repression– execution, the CHEKA has turned from a body of search and inquiry into an organ of direct reprisals against the most dangerous state criminals.
5e39f2339a04dacc4d7dd44dc70a6bd3c462a105	On February 6, 1922, due to the change in the situation in the country, a resolution was adopted.
d476d729d1ef1d408d5cc765d1187ff36f83b6eb	According to which the Cheka and its local bodies were abolished.
c5cdda189fe8e68da73eb5babb67bba8c106f463	The tasks previously performed by the special service: suppression of open counter revolutionary demonstrations and banditry, the fight against espionage, protection of communication routes and borders, the fight against smuggling and the execution of special orders of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee and the SNK — were assigned to the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD), for which the State Political Directorate (GPU) was created under the chairmanship of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs.
b8118447ce5e6962a1b11160f88b801a9afe068b	On the ground, instead of emergency commissions, political departments were created: in the autonomous republics and regions under the CEC, in the provinces under the provincial executive committees, as well as their commissioners in the counties.
cb71c545eb71fd0c55a1a050fa567f04aeae2c5a	As part of the GPU, special departments and transport departments were established to combat crimes in the army and on the railway.
f2ea128e025937885915e6edcb2ec3f5bd63bfdf	By the resolution on strengthening the fight against banditry of October 16, 1922, the VTSIK granted the GPU body the right to extrajudicial execution, up to the execution of persons caught red handed at the scene of a crime.
3c8461b1d903369b234a8f4a7e2ea6a35ef9284d	The functions of the prosecutor's supervision to monitor the investigation and inquiry in political cases and on charges of espionage were limited.
142b5e776b07d194f525b1d503d7d3edd5816894	The name of the special service - "GPU" - did not last long.
8b46ed424344c745f2bf5339872950cc3185fc0d	On November 15, 1923, in connection with the formation of the USSR, an independent department of state security protection, the United State Political Directorate (OGPU) under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, was created for the entire Soviet Union.
bdbd84d8424cfe2d430845173d4d7c6243ae6926	The main activities of the OGPU were identified as: a) management of the work of the state political departments of the Union republics and their subordinate special departments of military districts, as well as transport bodies of state political departments on railways and waterways, on the territory of the relevant Union republics; b) direct management and management of special departments of fronts and armies; c) organization of border protection of the USSR; d) direct operational work on a union wide scale.
c0bd3611c29886150dfa30312f8b366fa6b41fbe	Let us note the development of the judicial bodies of Soviet Russia.
081f6d0eca62926423543079855282a32c042563	In the first decree on land, according to which new elected Soviet judicial and investigative institutions were formed, organized on a broad democratic basis.
80c3219516db27fdf82bcf36f41df20bf8da5368	It also provided for the creation of special judicial investigative institutions to combat the counter revolution – revolutionary tribunals and people's courts.
e2aa82db49db181356b7b22e9c622ff9f7d43eb4	As a result of the judicial reform of 1922, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation was formed, and after the formation of the USSR, the Supreme Court of the USSR was created.(January 3, 1924), republican, regional, and regional courts were also created, and the Presidium was formed to consider cases on protests in the order of supervision of decisions and sentences that entered into legal force, issued by lower judicial instances.
b321785059f8ed47c87945eaaf65665e75a72b6b	The third session of the ninth convocation of the VIC (May 12-20, 1922) adopted the Criminal Code, the Criminal Procedure Code and the Regulation on Prosecutor's Supervision.
ede10edbc10a8efa8626cd8f567dcd0225b5df85	On May 26, 1922, the State Institute of the Prosecutor's Office was restored.
4427b056235ed24013cd04ca2e23a6b7d73159f6	The GPU became a body of inquiry, supervised by the prosecutor.
ee0b20f8dd447c1c4cc2dc693d0839fbfda567fc	It should be noted that during this period the Institute of the Bar did not receive proper development Only on August 19, 1939, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted a Regulation on the Bar of the USSR, according to which bar associations were created that had the status of voluntary professional associations, which were charged with the duty of providing legal assistance to citizens and legal entities through legal consultations.
b5917be3668991a9e12061e12986972fb64fc903	In the Soviet Union, on July 10, 1934, another reorganization of special services took place.
9ac526673ce73165de5d819f224db9b3a64c9bcd	The People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD) was established by a resolution of the CEC of the USSR in order to combine efforts and centralized management of the activities of bodies engaged in the protection of public order, the protection of state borders, fire protection, cartography, resettlement, correctional labor institutions, passport system, civil registration, etc.
2e13f8646bbc9fb787f62a5aef6129a415e85dc6	This union Republican People's Commissariat included the OGPU as one of the structural divisions, which after the reorganization became known as the Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB) of the NKVD of the USSR.
ac5c725aa3142046d5b90a1ac1d5db860c0ccaf5	The basis of the GUGB was: the 1st Main Directorate (foreign Intelligence), the 2nd Main Directorate (counterintelligence), the 3rd Directorate (secret political).
419dbd5b7a60f98ac300120821c7c54aae86536e	The Main Economic Department, the Main Transport Department, the Department of Special Departments, etc.
e84419049da295ce56ad13c3c6e6ea8d9a2a7d61	The NKVD of the USSR also included the Main Directorate of the Workers 'and Peasants' Militia( GUM), the Main Directorate of Border and Internal Security, fire protection, the Main Directorate of Camps (GULAG), the Department of Special Construction.
9ebfc58cf17926f731e1108fc8d4158e40013942	The Main Department of State Survey and Cartography.
223f1928fedc84a730eb1b887a18066a07622406	The Main Department of Weights and Measures.
5776f8343900ce3cbfc0e52e934d273b51c5a9ba	The Main Directorate for the Construction of Highways and Railways (GUUSHOSDOR and GULZHDS), the main Directorate for the Construction of airfields, etc.
2a05bec93d3a6fe730063e5380e65fc80282456b	It was in the 30s of the twentieth century that the NKVD of the USSR turned into one of the most cruel tools of Stalin's repressions, which were a manifestation of the authoritarian power of I. Stalin, who came to power after the death of V. I. Lenin in 1924 and who set a sharp, irreconcilable tone to criticize his political opponents.
1424099b9af58fda4b28a04a7e72715a594029a0	With the formation of the NKVD, an extra — judicial punishment body began to operate in its composition- a Special Meeting at the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs, which was granted the right to pass sentences on imprisonment in correctional labor institutions, exile or expulsion for up to 5 years, or expulsion from the USSR of persons recognized as "socially dangerous".
8258ae1bc9b26a4827aa85030b0048aa7037eb8a	On May 27, 1935, by order of the NKVD of the USSR, "troikas" of the NKVD were organized in the republics, territories and regions, which included the head of the NKVD Department, the head of the Police Department and the regional prosecutor.
bb16208e34fae576d946bf7c2db8a0e29f76e6ee	The "troika" made decisions on expulsion, exile or imprisonment in a camp for up to 5 years.
d0ea18d9b762a914687e7d47d9f3e069c3035231	Cases against persons accused of counter revolutionary crimes were considered by the extra judicial authorities according to four lists.
2c4122a8975e7e40d8998aaf5ea28d7e591fd1a6	The 1st list included responsible party and council members Soviet workers, in the 2nd — soldiers of the Red Army and Navy, in the 3rd employees of the NKVD and in the 4th relatives of the repressed "enemies of the people".
c45edd2e064e21d00ba8b8e68d10e32569464c0b	The repressions continued until the beginning of the Second World War in 1939, and the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, causing irreparable damage to society, the army, worsened the economic situation in the country.
f428dd0d6e68c2305edcd84d3c512e45844f74ec	On the eve of the war, another reorganization of the law enforcement agencies was carried out.
8e25641271227c7e9c11125f9e0225ac647ac754	A special resolution of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU / b dated February 3, 1941 explained that the changes were being implemented "in order to maximize the operational work of the state security agencies and the increased volume of work carried out by the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR".
81380b2c0efe28a2c388a009f58e9081d273f2c3	On the same day, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the NKVD was divided into two People's Commissariats — the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR (NKVD of the USSR) and the People's Commissariat of State Security of the USSR (NKGB of the USSR)7'.
ed26db682cfb5a8bfc67769011c746ab2e2fcc9b	Thus, the agency that ensures the state security of the country has regained its independence.
e66eb2f6936a22783c10b0ac8bb4e62055c8acd3	Among the main activities of the NKGB of the USSR were::
2e928f5dd38c56b905f92e53d3c1a50acc471ea7	- carrying out intelligence work abroad;
9cb0b3f8bb1c288a5381bbb321333a0182b75393	- combating espionage, sabotage, terrorist and other activities of foreign intelligence services within the USSR;
254be3b42b235123cd04ed66fab4b4b11b5b59c7	- operational development and liquidation of the remnants of all anti Soviet parties and counter revolutionary formations among various segments of the population of the USSR, in the system of industry, transport, communications, etc.;
bf3a00be494702748a156812da2a3581f0a1e4db	- ensuring the protection of the party Soviet leadership.
e77ab03c74e8b634fc85bebab512bf362aaac0f5	In the republics, regions and territories, the central department relied on the people's commissariats and state security departments.
425137d8f036d6af16c8cd3bd4b044b720e058c6	On February 8, 1941, the Central Committee of the CPSU/b and the SNK of the USSR decided to transfer military counterintelligence units from the NKVD system of the USSR to the subordination of the People's Commissariat of Defense and the People's Commissariat of the Navy of the USSR (the third departments of the NKOs and the NKVMF).
024250763cfc07c1114ca744e9c10db4a8fbc996	The tasks solved by military counterintelligence included the fight against counterrevolution, espionage, sabotage, sabotage and all kinds of anti Soviet manifestations in the Red Army and Navy; identifying and informing the People's Commissariat of Defense and the People's Commissariat of the Navy about all the shortcomings in the state of army and navy units and about all the compromising materials and information available on army and navy servicemen.
4c128aecf1b1428d5a069873b4d600c9f1b15421	Thus, as a result of the reorganization of the NKVD of the USSR of the 1934 model, four independent bodies for the protection of state security, public order, counterintelligence support of the Red Army and Navy began to function in the country at once: the NKVD of the USSR, the NKGB of the USSR, the third departments of NGOs and the NKVMF.
1e9d963fd589cafa49656d98b9f2ec54ead0a7fa	For the coordination and interaction of these bodies, the Central Council was formed by the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU/b and the SNK of the USSR on February 8, 1941, consisting of the People's Commissars of State Security and Internal Affairs, the heads of the third departments of NGOs and the NKVMF.
2c55f1731e6e0c7a84b2a0b22637221090b28f2a	Similar councils consisting of the heads of local bodies of the NKGB of the USSR and the NKVD of the USSR and the heads of the corresponding peripheral bodies of the third departments of the NKOs and the NKVMF were formed locally in military districts.
a2a07c756b96ad8a8a069436b8033924007ff20c	The allocation of organs of state security of the NKVD of the USSR sought to release the intelligence agencies of functions at this stage of development of the state and of society come into conflict with the main objectives of security (opening faults at the industrial enterprises, transport facilities, agriculture, etc.).
8c7efc90832f596c5f11a1751917a67ff743f153	The transfer of military counterintelligence of the Soviet Union NUVD to the submission of the NDA and NKVMF created the conditions for a more effective implementation of the functions on the counter
aa09254df559ecd5187111810303b1c6ae7733bb	the police are undergoing a severe test of strength and maturity during the anti terrorist operation in the North Caucasus, in the fight against extremism and terrorism, which have brought many troubles.
d7b836bf4e613f68d7c335f5a7da60262a5a2511	It is enough to name the terrorist attacks in Makhachkala, Kaspiysk, Buinaksk, in a number of Russian cities and, finally, the October tragedy in Moscow.
f9bdaa03ad058af5c3232f5a047a221f1bd9d120	The situation in the Chechen Republic has become so complicated that its territory has become a springboard for the escalation of international terrorism into Russia.
c12e51a146f0a2e8d130cdf1ae45fac1dc4c8fca	Only the counter terrorist operation was able to avert the threat of the collapse of Russia, to preserve the dignity and integrity of the state, which is a considerable merit of Dagestan and the Dagestan police, as President Vladimir Putin stressed, while in Dagestan: - "Dagestan saved Russia from collapse."
f8f53a97832ffab89640ee04457fdd34466ee17c	It was the Dagestanis who, with their courage and perseverance, once again demonstrated their loyalty to the Constitution, duty and the Fatherland in the harsh hour of trials in 1999, when an armed attack was committed on our republic.
1325b6470d191452da50e380f293226534eadbdb	More than 5 thousand employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Dagestan participated in the fighting against international gangs, four of whom became Heroes of Russia, two of them posthumously, 1,168 people were awarded state awards, 55 laid down their heads in battles with bandits.
db338a8949d54f3f5cd27aa11aecb0150e8699ab	The history of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia is inextricably linked with Dagestan.
30108e7cc9e15bfd3922af47106412b1dc8da872	Information has been preserved about the military governors of the Dagestan region, who also solved law enforcement tasks.
8aa4ef338831948c0b5d4da588b64953af208fcc	These are Lieutenant Generals Princes Chavchavadze, Baryatinsky, Volsky, Tikhonov, Major Generals Alftan, Ermolov, Colonel Dingizov Dzhansakh and others, who in different years were responsible to the tsar for law and order in Dagestan.
6a57f5c4b05f63072d65701cc0a24dcbaa7ef151	With the establishment of Soviet power in the republic, a new stage of law enforcement agencies, including the police, begins.
599d07b8fd107d4840dc878d9ebb5af405297ade	At the origins of its formation were prominent figures of the republic D. Korkmasov, N. Samursky, M. Ataev, S. Dudarov and others.
59b4d5825070eb840bc00de79a7364028fb5c530	The first police officers saved human lives, national property, without having special knowledge and work experience.
322f79d63eaec6817c6cb5ba661860456ec98f3c	They opposed the well armed criminals with faith in justice, strict compliance with the laws, hope for a bright future and everyday mastery of the subtleties of a difficult profession.
8ef59cf34eedf0d557b2d9306eded67b0a8b6b92	The protection of the rights, freedoms, and health of citizens has been and remains one of its main tasks at all stages of the formation and development of the police (militia).
60645a1b4a8783c2b57bf253434782f39a259218	Today, in the context of the reform of the Ministry of Internal Affairs system, a course has been taken for a consistent reorientation of the internal affairs bodies from a predominantly punitive to a socially servicing function in order to form a qualitatively new relationship between the population and the police in terms of character and content, to restore the trust of citizens in law enforcement agencies lost in recent years.
9db61050b7d510a17ede6769bec7c9070ad9c99e	It was this approach that determined the ideology of the reforms of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia itself.
e7dafe44a5c0dd26440dad85696077d1a9e9068c	We will be able to gain true authority and trust of the population only by increasing the efficiency of our work.
fff7f7efe5804bdadc9d9293825964a018fed86b	First, it is the prevention of crimes.
419b17d23383e203feb2d7bd671261c34ce49bc4	Secondly, the disclosure of as many crimes as possible.
c5c638253fd7a4cf53000f95737cebe3f47130ba	We try to be as open to society as possible: this applies not only to our successes,but also to our shortcomings and miscalculations, which, unfortunately, are still many.
f7c92382bf74b36636f6073116eb7cdc133c8bdb	We have good relations with the local media.
48eea951baf234d03055bf2c153ec80dc188cfdb	We have close cooperation and cooperation with other law enforcement agencies: the FSB, the prosecutor's office, the courts, etc.
7fd4eae968b255ebae6ff0a0a32a476130781d1e	The leadership of the republic supports and helps us in everything.
1f39381fb88eafb37d9a31d9ff3ad8738980d400	We can rely on the people.
4321ee9217914f043dc08b185be5aaa7b206776b	But the authority of the police in the eyes of the population is directly related to how the personnel issue is resolved in the internal affairs bodies.
721173c6b204c9631f841395fc6e03efe1281cfc	Therefore, the main thing today is to purposefully form internal affairs bodies from professionals.
d60f0ed51d6dfcd5064a8a208390fd8bd40fac8a	It is the professionalism and excellent moral qualities of police officers that will determine the police of the future.
ba757c971366066b6aacdc0c4eb73775ac5cfe3b	Because without this, it is impossible to reverse the current criminal situation, to really protect the rights and laws, the interests of citizens.
c582e7d29d933d5ea3a98fa30bb2eeb0f9515ec6	Today, among the priority tasks facing the internal affairs bodies are ensuring the security of individuals and society, actively countering drug trafficking, strengthening the fight against terrorism and extremism, and monitoring migration processes.
361a986b91dc1e77c3b3654ccd22f4f274c1d10f	Unfortunately, as long as there is humanity, there is also crime.
8790fdf4f1854969a963bf7c1e7e7bab91e479c6	And there is no nobler cause than to fight this evil, protecting the innocent victims.
bd80233777ec1d1f18f24e95c4732c2de081b3f4	And a round date is needed in order to turn to the past, to see that your grandfathers and great grandfathers worked the same way as you, to feel the connection of generations, to feel proud of the choice made once.
adb5393048d3a739849f6e5028cde86710387f2d	Over its 200 year history, the Ministry of Internal Affairs has repeatedly undergone reorganizations, transformations, and renaming.
3f3e91a2a806320d13471dca51365e270905d315	Its structures and individual functions changed, traditions and tasks were honed, embodying all the best that was in the past and in the present.
56575688b176935c1238d581f04d998e8d4ef74f	A lot has changed in two hundred years.
87adf0c097c5939469e3b79ec57e557bd9ac955b	One thing remained unchanged - the Ministry of Internal Affairs has always been the guardian of state power in Russia.
d54dbb103ba42bd526c9c03488cff89f1afe79f4	This was the case in 1802, when our ministry was established, and it was so at the time of the Peasant and Zemstvo Reform of the 60-70s of the XIX century.
f8debe2385f74cf628e2dd82e1c69d8d5b40059f	This was the case in the early 1920s, when, on the ashes of the Civil War, the Commissariat of Internal Affairs was engaged in the creation of local Councils and the fight against homelessness.
4388d0a61a0e2a0c9914b02d568bedc998848a5d	This was the case during the Great Patriotic War, and it was so in the future.
67d79e76fef6abc8e778d360e81c57bd75294556	The history of the country is the history of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which together with Russia passed the years of victories and defeats, periods of prosperity and reform of public relations, survived all the cataclysms and shocks of the twentieth century, together with our Country entered the twenty first century.
f38cbe661c604299751f886899673f7d94d1c093	Recent history has put forward its priorities.
4546c3321d37a3adc58110fea3d91fe961315428	After the events in Russia, Yugoslavia, America, in the last days of October in Moscow, which shocked the world, everyone realized that the security of the population has become the main task to be solved in the twenty first century.
d09c996376593610b33c96f7305fdd2293ab2075	Today, the role of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in ensuring social, economic and political stability, in building a responsible and effective state cannot be overestimated.
38ff418d0a39d06253ce0fe1dcb8a0ab0305d9da	2. The place of municipalities in the system of public administration
cc520419c7654dbd511dc596945db7ed836e8558	One of the goals of the introduction of the City Regulation in 1870 was to free the city administration from the oppressive guardianship of the administrative authorities.
39a0e3e7355efd0528accd8a15f9a25a308e4c7b	One of the ideologists of urban reform, A. D. Schumacher, who was well aware of the affairs of urban economy in Russia and Europe, realized the need for the independence of municipalities.
00b3c6b15db3f29cf24dfc8d10538286f9b27092	From the note he compiled, it follows: "The establishment of the correct relations of the city public administration to the administrative authorities is a very important condition for the transformation of the entire administration to have proper success.
5ac91e26cde431bec33892239061b63ac3b79521	It cannot be denied that, regardless of the strict guardianship on the part of the government, to which it is now subordinate, especially in economic matters, the uncertainty of these relations, which gives rise to all sorts of misunderstandings and quarrels, is partly the reason for the indifference to public affairs that urban societies are usually reproached with."
4c2132c256a963cecef86af66048c0d6b2f05cce	It was necessary to find a balance between independence and guardianship.
7f017d432693c812d714b50320f560bed59aadef	A. D. Schumacher wrote about this in 1858: "Since the administrative provincial government is essentially the guardian of state benefits and the universal accurate execution of laws, it must ensure that this administration does not go out of the circle of actions provided to it and does not allow violations of the law.
fa163c43f9b271e91a960ed11a58c0b978cdbd16	But in order to protect public institutions from the wrong actions of the administration, it is necessary to more accurately determine the very order of observation.
ea2a90328aa6dd364efa138eab76475c88584f39	" The well known figure of the municipal economy M. P. Shchepkin considered the introduction of the provincial presence for city affairs one of the best innovations of the Regulations of 1870: "The establishment of such a presence on a purely collegial basis can not only serve as a bulwark against the individual decisions of the governors, but also teach even them to be more subordinate to the voice of the collegium; that is why in this new institution it is impossible not to see guarantees for public independence."
747820ca0203449df24d6fca5cf5b0455684fd53	The City Regulation of 1870 provided for the following order of relations between municipalities and state administration bodies: "Government institutions, zemstvo and estate institutions are obliged to assist in the fulfillment of the legal requirements of the city public administration, which has the same duty with respect to the said institutions and institutions.
a8bcfda6101c39a9604607b388bb6c340170b4d5	In the event of non compliance with one or the other legal requirements that the complaining party is drawn to the Governor" (article 6).
eb830b8bc5355f79654d7eebec24dc434492a10d	For the consideration of controversial issues, complaints about the illegality of the definitions of city councils in each province was created by the Provincial municipal Affairs presence, which included the Vice Governor, managing the exchequer, the Prosecutor of the district court, the Chairman of the world Congress or appointed by Congress, his cock, the head of the provincial Council and the mayor of a provincial town.
3cabc000516d04aee7e7fa9decd0b5da13f6cdab	In addition, when considering specific issues were invited relevant officials (article 11).
6b117a1fe22e4d3b90ff24e866953eeaa4649649	If urban public control is not performed mandatory for city duties, the Governor is first reminded of this, then passed the issue to the Provincial urban Affairs presence, and then he assumed the disposal of urban Affairs and promptly reported the issue to the Minister of internal Affairs (article 12).
dcb091aaa5d93bf7bec920fb4815d70b6911dfb9	The composition and activities of the Provincial presences for city affairs in Siberia had some peculiarities in comparison with similar institutions in European Russia.
fadfa6dcd6807a6cc5dba15ddf6abd0dcebbd8c5	In the Siberian provinces, where the P was not introduced the decree on zemstvo institutions, instead of the chairman of the zemstvo council, the composition of the provincial presence for urban affairs included a selected member of the provincial presence for peasant affairs.
94741331bce65ebe84d6270e86a68e4f825518e1	Thus, these bodies of Siberia included more representatives of state institutions .
7c4340cd7042fa7c6af0097b6b19675dc065857a	An important "shift" of the reform of 1870 was the granting of relatively broad independence to the city public administration in the conduct of urban economy and the solution of local affairs.
63970feea7ccfe423b3b8bca59d16ec56b2d1a60	Only the most important decisions of the Duma (as a rule, financial ones) were subject to the approval of the provincial administration or, in some cases, the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
c8254e96bb2e32287baf674b64d5e6238dd3319e	Most of the cases, including the annual estimates, were finally decided by the Duma and did not need anyone's approval.
5cee13f05e24cfa56dcd589402f1d39efe9a6343	The governor was entrusted with supervision only over the legality of the actions of the city self government bodies.
002f70f2fc1ac42bf324b06d405f9fb089343391	Judicial protection of municipal government were to provide the provincial urban Affairs presence.
025c07dbeee78385f97b8f463d8c77b5adcbe657	A. A. Golovachev has commented: "we Have considered all the necessary issues in administrative practice, to allow the administrative procedure...
ae636537efcc14e6f22c3873994585f52cc9801b	There is no need to establish a special presence, as all the issues in the case noted the illegality of the actions of the City Administration or complaints and wrangling, could be considered by the court in General terms, laws prescribed" .
36678e1b17271b8816a73463fbbc95aab21c322e	And yet it was the presence that accepted complaints and exercised control over all the economic activities of the city self government bodies.
3cd3ad5242cdc5806f170273553fc75cf3304c94	At the meetings of the presences, the reports of the city councils on parishes and expenditures, the resolutions of the city duma, the legality of the construction permit in the cities, as well as the conduct of business on economic activities were considered.
44ff94b832450a895d3d35da8e00d5cb57e330eb	Among other problems, under the control of the presences were cases of the opening of drinking establishments, in connection with which many abuses were found.
f05845c3ab10d4068aded2ca15874d753f0de910	In May 1890, the Ministry of Internal Affairs confidentially notified the Ministry of Finance that in Western Siberia, city administrations, under the guise of donations to the city, take a fee for a permit to open drinking establishments .
746029a501dddd6f73ecfbbafb046783e4d30581	In Tyukalinsk in 1878, the Duma introduced a special fee from wine merchants.
04a9b97b09ccfc400c6bf45ad1e92bceaf6433f4	To cover up the illegality of the collection, it was taken in the form of payment for the city lakes leased by wine merchants .
511ae37c064e2c20e53a32bb0cd983eed379b07a	The provincial presence on city affairs, knowing about these not quite legal facts, often helplessly admitted that" it is very difficult to expose the illegal actions of the Duma by legal means."
a8cf25225f70e0fc74f9ad5cca74d5c3c2e9f398	By such" illegal " actions, encouraging wealthy citizens to help the city, the duma tried to find means to solve problems in the social sphere.
3dcb6f3e89aef28c2e94ea80ec59badc8e087554	As already mentioned, the central figure of the new city public self government was the mayor, who, having been elected by the Duma, was confirmed in office by the governor and the Minister of Internal Affairs.
eeecfc00d4e93b41ad2415bb1f8baf551273401a	This largely made the city's public administration dependent on the provincial government.
2368bfca12dabc96fcc7d60a4c18f1d67c11ce88	On this basis, conflicts have repeatedly arisen.
68443e19fc7e59e22644089e482340121b30e2a7	In 1879, for example, there was a conflict between the Omsk city government and the governor of Akmola.
c2c11ddd21f6a6cc58e3b044c40892813182ee38	The City Duma elected the court councilor N. F. Sokolov to the post of mayor.
de614e960ea717373214ae02dfca7463edb77159	However, the governor did not approve him in office and proposed the candidacy of state councilor A. S. Alfimov.
483074b5320703a6ef0ae303a8e56ff1d97d8d1a	In response to such actions, the Duma voted against the gubernatorial candidate.
0c7afab09d8430b6dec5af408f819418a613d73b	In the end, retired Major General V. V. Maslov was elected mayor.
8acd30b80f47b5b6e1977c0859f927548385d36b	24 members of the City Duma voted for him, 14 against him .
329296960ea7317a22d8758d68479477c9a89384	Despite the guardianship, the Duma enjoyed a certain independence in solving economic issues.
82fc305a1ee6674dc05f3d83880e35e8d9bda7d7	Conflicts arising between the governor and the Duma were not always resolved in favor of the former.
855c61af08bd6c17f25e0c065e49c225415e233f	D. A. Alisov gives the following example.
8de30e51236a28653b9d2ce9e519b62783049a00	On the basis of the circular of the Governor General of Western Siberia dated October 21, 1875, No. 1866, prohibiting the removal of garbage to the banks of rivers and lakes, the Tobolsk police department allocated a place for this purpose in the Tyrkovsky suburb.
72a0e65cf70cec03d15615ed89de8e333b6b5fd4	However, this " aroused grumbling and discontent in the townsfolk, which has the basis for their fears in the development of the infection.
ea05e36883ca379828cb462ed18874c140ad1e75	Taking into account this circumstance, as well as on the basis of Article 2 of the "City Regulations", the Tobolsk city council asked the local medical council to inspect the area designated for a garbage dump and give an appropriate conclusion about the threat of possible spread of diseases.
9057c886f408d8f6135305e5780465f312205356	The medical board, in turn, in conclusion recognized that " the area called the Tyrkovsky suburb cannot be recognized as convenient for dumping urban sewage in the sewage disposal system and even over time can serve as a constant source of epidemics and epizootics."
5597ca13ff16bcb3753079d2b4023042a505d126	As a result of the actions of the city council, the previous decision was canceled and the governor suggested that the city Duma choose a more convenient place for the dump, which was executed .
89497ddc75451c424eee104dbbddbc75c8cc63c9	There were cases of disagreement of the Duma with the decision of the provincial presence on city affairs.
a2c2a1b6a76868c64c89bcf98eef57b94ac4f814	The Tobolsk provincial presence for City Affairs canceled the resolution of the Tyumen Duma on the appointment of a salary to the mayor and members of the council.
b2c8c55059e40c2d419cb0345b3867dd79abfe12	The reason for this was the lack of an explanation about who exactly presided over the decision of this issue at the Duma meeting.
4218a7361214ea25d36e2fb98f9a0cccdb93a7d4	Having re examined the legality of this decision, the Tyumen Duma decided: "the maintenance appointed by the decree of October 21 (1874) to the mayor and other persons, on the exact basis of 55 art.
cda43b52c996e5c4a7534a3b83db024a6e90ea90	The city Situation, to leave in force and to inform about it to the gentleman acting as the governor of Tobolsk...".
d2e597df6edaba0b9a7f2a1d76d07a8f7f430592	K. V. Len notes that in most cases, the intervention of central and local state institutions was justified against the background of the amorphous state of city representative offices and was determined by paternalism towards municipalities .
4eb65ea48ff7df325c921872499bebc719020ecd	Indeed, the activities of some government officials objectively contributed to improving the life of Siberian cities.
a241167553bdcc68a7a05f6ba37914b7bd0f2ce9	According to art. 16 City regulations 1892 in Siberia at the provincial municipal Affairs presence was prepared under the chairmanship of the Governor at Tobolsk, Tomsk, Irkutsk and Yenisei provinces - from the Chairman of the provincial government, control of the exchequer and the provincial Prosecutor; in the Yakut, Semipalatinsk, Semirechensk and the coastal areas of the Deputy of the Governor and the local Prosecutor's supervision; in the fields of Akmola and the Baikal - of the Vice Governor, the control of the exchequer and local Prosecutor's supervision; in the Amur region - Chairman of the military Board of the Amur Cossack troops, and the local Prosecutor's supervision (article 16).
27be9eb0be97895ca70db35e35264b9b60e3d273	After the adoption of the" City Regulation " of 1892, state bodies strengthened control over elections to public administration bodies.
76e07182f95bb629dc0791b1c3ba0af4786cda64	A.V. Lityagina believes that such facts occurred due to the attention of the administration to the denunciations of the district police officer, the prosecutor and other interested persons about the behavior of candidates, their moral appearance, etc. If in the 1890s, as a rule, there was no political background when not being approved for the post of city self government, then since 1905, one of the decisive characteristics of a city figure is his political reliability.
0e1dff84fa86c650f58253d32d1fe4b2bdbaad79	In general, the administration actively used the right granted by law to control the process of forming a new composition of the self government.
509ee3afdd2b0ba9e96cd9b21e15d4133e5dc06d	The non confirmation of those elected to the Duma and the city council, to the post of mayor, chairmen of commissions, etc., was a constant phenomenon.
61cd3619c56bf31bb45b8fd385e01515b7f10719	Here is another example from the history of the Barnaul public administration: "The Tomsk governor, by telegram dated June 2, notified the acting Mayor that from among the elected City Duma for the 4th anniversary since 1907, the Mayor, Members of the Council and the City Secretary were approved by him by the Mayor I. I. Polyakov and a member of the Council S. I. Zudilov, the second member of the Council A. P. Peshkov and the City Secretary Ornatsky by him, Mr. Governor, were not approved."
74f4fa43655573c62fb34b66de9a8ff2f54874b9	In some cases, officials used the right to appoint city leaders based on their own preference .
b5cee10cd9d2b82ebb9f8b67b8c92f44aaf8cf5c	Despite such decisive steps to ensure the relative political reliability of the city's public administration, the City Regulation of 1892 established strict supervision over their activities.
454b416b3296c3eb8ea12e3c9213eb19041a51d7	All any important decisions of the City Duma had to be approved by the governor or the Minister of Internal Affairs.
0da04744556eb3bea613ebbcc3cb51fccbc0b88c	This category included, in particular, resolutions on the issues of the city budget and excessive expenses, on the transfer of natural duties into monetary ones, on the municipalization of enterprises, on the alienation of city property, on loans and guarantees, on the amount of fees for the use of city enterprises, on the layout of the city.
b8a75eab04642010e5bde6549cc3f8697c00e326	In addition, the governor had the right to suspend the execution of the Duma resolution if he sees "that it does not correspond to the general state benefits and needs, or clearly violates the interests of the local population."
d7edc344a64d38dcd76cd7630e263728eaf3823b	The resolution suspended by the governor was passed from the provincial presence for city affairs to the Minister of Internal Affairs, the Senate (in case of a complaint from the city administration), and in some cases - to the Committee of Ministers and the State Council.
7d99528d38fa80d7b3b4cedfd4c70d60ac941992	The strengthening of the centralization of city administration and the weakening of control functions on the part of the elected authorities of city self government has led to frequent abuses by the state One of the examples is the criminal prosecution of the Omsk mayor N. P. Ostapenko and members of the commission for the construction of the city theater Vetokhin and Krekov for financial abuse .
8354109027182330a1973705ec434aefdb56a646	Unsolved social problems prompted the city self government bodies to find ways to interact with class organizations: merchant and petty bourgeois societies.
4a48a864e6d1b9c95e24fac5be08ae9def81f500	The most numerous among them were petty bourgeois societies, but they were not ahead of the merchant councils in terms of the size of capital.
9abacb115ca0d812747a05b13789ba8d115da8d3	The meager budgets of the city duma did not allow solving the entire complex of urban economy issues.
4e9ed17cc8a945ce8c6a7298d1e37be58175c31f	And class organizations did not have enough legislative powers to solve the social problems of their class.
1c95e7c69d9556ebc0329441724abc87d0ec2ede	The funds of the city dumas, petty bourgeois and merchant councils of Western Siberia contain correspondence of the elders with the city councils, from which it follows that the city self government bodies often turned to estate societies for help.
855472c155ee34fb424d3482c017f9bb801e8195	The Tobolsk City Duma in January 1898 appealed to the petty bourgeois headman with a request to provide financial assistance for the maintenance of a temporary typhoid hospital.
735285be02dd5c9a3acc539bebba3d164afc0ae5	In the same year, the Tobolsk Duma asked the petty bourgeois and merchant elders to help organize a dinner in honor of the arrival of the Minister of Railways in the city.
7af360415da487bb67fa1768cb2536960e66bd34	In Biysk in 1911, the mayor turned to the petty bourgeois headman with a proposal to consider at a meeting the issue of accepting a lower craft school for the society .
e6d07bd99fc0a244e1020c6a73b12a3d8e5df3fe	Merchant councils, unlike petty bourgeois ones, took an active material part in the economic projects of the Duma.
c177614f6b8e4f93f3f434ffd883e5911ecbd732	In particular, significant funds were spent by them in response to petitions for the construction of railways in the region .
b378e48bf801ec2fdcd04a6394cdae333832a527	Independently solving the social problems of their class, the societies complemented the work of the developing city self government.
aeac83d62aa5b80299ebd8c5e801c6690f82a74b	In general, the Siberian city public administration was characterized by active communication with various state and non state organizations to increase the efficiency of its activities .
90611f1a7e13b60a17af99186d3fa51b6ed185ef	Representatives of the city's public self government were dissatisfied with the excessive guardianship on the part of the governors and the central government and tried to achieve greater independence in their actions.
6cbe85bd98e388b0f078bb631ec4d1b4c50cf69c	In the "Report of the permanent audit commission on the review of urban economy and on the audit of the financial report of the city council for 1912" (Tomsk, 1914), it was noted: "by joint efforts, it is necessary to ensure that the hands of elected representatives of city administrations in the circle of their powers and competence are untied, it is necessary that they are freed from the burdensome supervision of their activities from the point of view of expediency."
38eee055cbbd8ce9d21bffbfad023de84198c7c5	According to the City Regulation of 1892, city public administrations carried out "mandatory expenses", which included the maintenance of government institutions, the police and fire brigade, the organization of city administration, etc. Participation in the maintenance costs of government institutions required the allocation of allocations for the maintenance of the central institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the provincial presence, allowances to the treasury for the maintenance of police institutions and pensions to employees of the state administration.
662d2e3be1ffb4f2889ea3c42f97d1620a085d76	Urban settlements with simplified public administration did not participate in the costs of maintaining government institutions, in exceptional cases, the share of the expense was one hundredth of the total budget.
272225c431aa6be76b9b8f70b39fc4e69952b46d	Despite the fact that the absolute amount of expenditures under this item in the cities of Western Siberia increased during the first decade, its percentage ratio to the entire budget is insignificant - from 0.5 to 2 % .
fb8f803f1d066bee3ada12940d7bd4e07e020b7c	There was no question of any universal suffrage.
ca298659bb3392eea816cd4da5e250d4d2da25d4	This state of affairs reflected the real picture of the socio economic development of cities.
98af86fd2643644ad5a9d988921c0b2eb361865f	The poor development of the electoral legislation gave rise to various kinds of abuses, especially with regard to the voting mechanism itself and electoral powers of attorney.
cb0786b9349d3de465621ff469835450a3595e4f	3. The history of the volunteer movement from the middle of the XIX to the present day
792e120f0ef746d0ada1ed3eb631c07637501239	Until the 60s of the XIX century, public and private charity developed slowly.
4bda2db8f02d7634b5162268d3631ef560b22614	Only since 1862, permission to open institutions was granted to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which significantly reduced the formalities.
e04a4d13229ec6880873a14820a4fc736fbb4ee8	In the second half of the XIX century, 95% of all charitable societies and 82% of charitable institutions of the Russian Empire were founded.
7f9c4126b59f10edecef1938386ae0c84dc5dcbc	Active positions begin to occupy since 1867.
89aa1fc1ed29bd791716a6e6827a4a32fe7e0f2c	The Red Cross Society and since 1895 the Guardianship of the Houses of Diligence and Workhouses, later renamed the Guardianship of Labor Assistance.
89dcf63beec969a7d1fa87f0135b4c752b0758ca	The Ministry of Internal Affairs (6895 institutions) and the Department of the Orthodox Confession (3358 institutions) should be considered the most widespread organizations that were subordinate to charitable institutions.
7417f107af9eaa06863b4da648c1dc5097dfad94	After the abolition of serfdom in 1861, a rapid growth of volunteer philanthropic organizations and institutions began in Russia.
a35e533e114ed631e83a8b9989edfdb0287f110c	There are many institutions that are focused on solving a specific social problem, for example, "Society for the Salvation of Fallen Girls", "Society for the Protection of Children from Abuse", "Society for the Care of Young Criminals", etc.
e923981b3521cedc04f936349140773d0c169b84	In the second half of the XIX century, members of charitable public organizations, societies and trusteeships appeared.
52a10c932c5211f47be7e328b181e21720ba8599	Representatives of various professional groups, volunteers, volunteers, employees of social institutions performed the functions of social workers.
ef0945637f26c7a080a368c11dda7a28703a7dd2	So, in 1844, in St. Petersburg, for the first time in Europe, Princess Teresa, the daughter of Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna, created the St. Nicholas women's community, which began training ward nurses.
d4a64ab32e780f934d867440cfdff64a2a51455b	The direct management and organizational activity in the formation of a new social institute was carried out by a well known doctor, the founder of field surgery Nikolai Pirogov.
ecd33efc8ed40e1b360a18b8bbaf11d2e501469a	Ten years later, when there was a need to provide assistance to the wounded and crippled soldiers of the Crimean War, the Holy Cross Community was formed, which began to train sisters of mercy to provide assistance to the wounded on the battlefields. 120 sisters of the Holy Cross Monastery worked in the besieged Sevastopol, 17 died in the line of duty, and Baroness Yulia Vrevskaya died of typhus in the field infirmary.
157878576734755fe70bc84df92893e3abbb378d	68 of the women who arrived at the front were awarded the medal "For the Defense of Sevastopol".
039ad88cc7d9c352b6ae76888a61549af333708c	During the Russo Turkish War of 1877-1878, the Committee "Christian Aid"was formed under the Russian Red Cross Society.
a2d1c73fc43bb12c140b96f0e8ecfd115d583162	In 1882, the Committee created the first community of sisters of mercy in the World Red Cross System.
e99c72734caf2f42481a28bd4eed03892bb4239a	The activities of the communities were not limited to helping the wounded during military campaigns.
303f677b7ad9a965286da6a012bbe3ec3cbc6f14	Within their walls, the communities opened specialized hospitals, where a quarter of the places were always intended for the poor.
07e271e03752fce7b9a762927972460e53d22143	They maintained child loving orphanages for orphans and children from low income families, constantly visited those in need in night shelters and workhouses.
cda662504d90ca94aade0b15f55a68c83a2a2f5f	The activities of the communities of sisters of Mercy of the Russian Red Cross Society directly solved the tasks of social support and assistance to the population, becoming a kind of testing ground for the development, implementation and analysis of educational and practical technologies of medical, social, socio - psychological and pedagogical orientation.
cbfe51f1e9cea4bc6a3053c9575c07de8bfc8d23	The members of the public charity organization themselves not only assumed the functions of social workers, but also sought to study and be among the first to professionally perform this difficult work.
b529afa75da1c4f6b37acddf3e59cbf75e4338ad	After the Zemstvo reform of 1864 in Russia, the zemstvo commissioners for the care of blind, poor, street children, rootless and homeless elderly people, as well as zemstvo doctors and teachers, began to act in a similar way.
90b8c6eba461f6d91ab23c21eb3a7cd2bbbc4434	It should be noted that the work of the zemstvos and city dumas related mainly to the sphere of social improvement of the poor and the disabled and was proclaimed a public cause in this direction.
5985bca7a48d3be51fcafc5bf5021e027e2f79d1	In addition to traditional types of institutions, zemstvos have deployed innovative forms of individual assistance of an adaptive nature.
7e7c2f97e82ea5e2212c75354ea7bc9c3c3dd70e	These include the organization of legal consultations, the appearance of zemstvo agronomists.
bc1e6f6d1ccd3f6850ba3b8895ccc5da53dac824	There was a desire to introduce open forms of charity in the village, using any opportunity to leave the person being cared for in the family circle.
1c03a88f6b63f67790e710c1045229b936ca650b	Especially creative in this direction was the activity of zemstvo psychiatrists, who managed to create several settlements for families with mentally ill relatives at the beginning of the XX century.
f040511b50a99ae8e467c88c6c3731abbf2c28d3	Thus, the Buratovskaya colony in the Tver province under the leadership of Dr. Litvinov, settlements in Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow headed by the zemstvo doctor P. Kashchenko showed the effectiveness of such a humane approach based on methods of attracting patients to work, art therapy, social security in combination with treatment.
f0fc39331cf4fdc1d584edd2ae3ffae1ee03a35a	Zemstvos opened shelters for the blind, deaf mute, and paralyzed people, looked for foster parents for orphans, and organized shelters for the elderly.
5dd3d1f86f093875df1eb5a7e1f7d4cbfac50f84	The participation of doctors in various charitable societies was very active and left a bright mark, thus proving the correctness of the statement that the scope of the doctor's activities far goes beyond his direct appointment and the doctor is not only a prominent public figure, but also an indispensable participant in charity affairs.
978695877a9450a4215aa58da076272fda802d48	Charitable assistance mainly covered the following groups of people in need: children and adolescents, adults who are able to work, adults who are unable to work and disabled, the sick, the elderly.
3f2c963620e3be3bceb387838b8f2875912041bf	The history of Russian society preserves evidence of charitable deeds of representatives of such noble aristocratic families as the Sheremetyevs, such merchants and breeders as Tretyakov, Bakhrushin, Soldatenkov.
8b878974f015a643e464246f688a1f867dc3522b	To this day, the hospital buildings of the clinics of the Moscow Medical Academy, built at the end of the XIX century with the money of the Moscow merchants, which were the best hospitals in Europe at the time of their construction, serve people.
ce34241a8f9d5ad7ca7b59a10d84fd87848b17ab	Charity as a whole belonged to a few areas of legal civic activity: before 1905, there were no representative authorities and electoral law in the Russian Empire, trade unions and parties were banned, and various societies and associations aroused suspicion.
cc98dadaa72906ffe6a29c53a5c8fb3cdf47f6f1	Charity served charity and at the same time expressed the civic position of the democratic intelligentsia, and therefore often had a complex character.
3bf23c95e4c4b09a5ef5e2735b372ac79aa390b6	For example, at the beginning of the century, the structure of the Russian Women's Mutual Charity Society included courses on education and professional training of women, a bureau for finding places and classes for women, a council for the establishment of a hostel, a legal commission.
05336e9bfcc29f7d6a0ba473e5b7c7d67d88542e	In the 70s of the XIX century, Higher women's courses began to work on a voluntary basis in Moscow and St. Petersburg.
d770be9f92fcb542b840428fab275da5ad0183e9	For its charitable activities, the Russian Women's Mutual Charity Society received a gold medal in 1900 at the World Exhibition in Paris.
1f42e111ae24eeadf6c8da50efc758dcaadbb2bf	In one of the largest Moscow charitable organizations, the Society for the Care of the Needy, volunteers were fundraisers and visited the poor.
1a04731641b1edb7c662b961ed2ff636f57b9586	The unstable socio economic situation in the late XIX early XX centuries and the aggravated social situation with the outbreak of the First World War required both the Russian Empire and other states to more clearly raise the issue of conducting social work at a professional level.
e4d88289a3547dcf58f681b2e1811b24b19c5598	This was required by public charity and charity, which underwent qualitative changes and moved to new principles of organization and activity of societies and institutions, the number of which was actively growing due to the decentralization of management and the development of local self government.
5c7a104f7f782fae1933612a60ff4db878fb4793	In the cities that were most visibly exposed to the onslaught of new economic relations, the authorities tried to reduce social tension by distributing various forms of "labor assistance" among both adults and children.
43527509a54f38d481494cdde752573a63bdf1bd	At the beginning of 1913, bureaus for job search, labor exchanges were created, houses of diligence were opened, public works were organized.
c8d6f513346003b39c0037af0a07a11f4136e787	The construction of flophouses and cheap apartments began, for which, as a rule, benefactors and charitable societies gave money.
e45b66f085c69708220d32eac88d844895cd913c	In order to coordinate the work of the social charity system, "to streamline and unite the charitable movement in the country", which was growing more and more actively, and also to raise the question of supporting social work professionals for the first time, in 1909 the regional branches of charitable societies merged into a professional society – the All Russian Union of Institutions, Societies and Figures for Public and Private charity.
e089d02a37288553baf03efcddaf7041585febdc	The purpose of this union was focused on the streamlining and unification of charitable activities throughout Russia.
3233b2db99b1c5360069222439dd16d918b7052b	The "open charity" came to the fore, special attention was paid to labor assistance, patronage, vocational training and retraining when looking for a job, upbringing and education, medical care, housing supply.
498318354e9734970b763d5ae51cf489a0e2f29c	The process of formation of the profession in Russia at the beginning of the XX century was rather socially charitable than state in nature and could not be formed into a system of training social workers on the basis of higher or secondary educational institutions, as it already happened in England, Germany and Sweden.
d7c0abd0fab3aca67de35a9d0c38ea630ca1bd80	It is possible to talk about the participation of young people in the volunteer movement only since the XX century, when the Scout movement came to Russia (the first scout was Tsarevich Alexey, the "Society for Promoting the Organization of Young Scouts (Scouts)" was created under the patronage of Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna).
077af96128af7b76f5751467b45b936452a70230	The All Russian Congress of Instructors and Persons Interested in Scouting (1915) defined the goal of the Russian Scout movement as the preparation of a new generation of Russian citizens, physically and mentally strong, strong willed, inspired by the nobility of the upcoming service to the Motherland.
3a5d3ed7397e0e64506512ef7bc1bef2795066a7	The Scouts share a respectful attitude to God with another first youth organization in Russia – the Russian Christian Society of Young People "Mayak", officially registered in 1905 by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire.
d25d1e6bd02fd5de199b99e4d62744268ef8896d	The society of Young Christians enjoyed popular support, but did not have state subsidies.
30316e5b553e5e0dde9c120152030183bbba29b3	Its trustees were N. Berdyaev, S. Frank, V. Rozanov, G. Fedotov, etc.
1d9facde0f318fb1dc16be74d17d37f10b85c47f	The society was out of politics and was engaged in charitable cultural and historical evenings, educational lectures, socially informative and social events, performed the role of a labor exchange, organizing "bureaus for finding work"in its branches for young people.
a65d085e939cbd90e85a3436f5f6214242d24ee7	All the events of the society were free of charge.
227b5a1c684df0897be310104f66acb417c71ac5	The company's employees worked on a voluntary basis.
41399da8a9ccbb3e6fc7016688df08535aca99d9	The formation of the Provisional Government and other political events did not disrupt the activities of Russian youth organizations in the field of charity.
120595f68ec16fb7cf1fbf74e222f5e59019db79	With the establishment of Soviet power in 1917, charitable activity as a form of social assistance ceased to exist.
d80bf1a6a0bcb25ace4e44444bca861287f7341c	The public organizations created in the state are either part of the structure of the CPSU, or were semi state, semi public entities.
1ce4c6bcf194fa51ce3dda15a75415aacd2e2342	The most striking example of youth and adolescent organizations of that time carrying out volunteer activities is the Timurov detachments.
727a17e3d364efd2381ee8142df1434c614ce5d6	During the Great Patriotic War, there was a revival of the custom of voluntary donations for defense needs.
f5f1713428122c4b8cac220fa30916eb2afc2ef9	In the Soviet period, the concept of "volunteer" had a pronounced ideological and patriotic coloring: this was the name of a person who voluntarily volunteered to serve the interests of not individual citizens, but the party, the communist idea, the socialist state.
6e8a0fe5312963cefe219c1ec3dab173234af982	An example of this is the development of virgin land, the construction of BAM.
523779675a2c7e9fbe612b07fa6577f5b174127f	During the years of perestroika, the state leadership of Russia recognized the need to provide citizens with the opportunity to participate proactively in social mutual assistance, seeing this not only as a way to partially exempt the state budget from spending on social needs, but also as one of the mechanisms for the formation of civil society.
7b66adc61dc7b90b6a6af1e8eda6f0bbe268c086	The creation of several funds covering the entire territory of the state was proclaimed: the Culture Fund, the Children's Fund, the Charity and Health Fund.
8da6fb732061ae3d22989bd6ac1e2b447235ad7c	According to their charters, these funds were considered charitable organizations.
5012a749e1fb6b09cbd20632f3a5c7a79c4778e5	The Children's Fund, established in 1987 by the decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, became one of the first public organizations that focused their activities on collecting donations and implementing free aid programs at the expense of this.
c70f29d2b235b1db8b5b6a32bdd39f8d5df063f3	By the end of the 90s, the situation changed: there were youth and adolescent associations of various directions, non profit and public organizations that aimed their activities at attracting young volunteers to solve social problems.
a42474a4baa9225085b06d126dc1c3d52e854b78	According to most researchers, the period of the late XX early XXI centuries is characterized as "the era of the revival of charitable activities and the beginning of the formation of the volunteer movement as a factor contributing to the development of civil society."
f537e6ade984bd0eda984b4f7cfc4bb9a59f3b8e	Currently, the Union of Charitable Organizations of Russia has been created, which unites about 3 thousand charitable organizations and foundations.
ab79671d03e89d50db26bb49e3444df036cec80e	There are about 70 large foreign charitable foundations operating in Russia.
d993c966af0bdf667cec09f28905c4bc54e3d21e	The first legislative acts of the post Soviet period regulating the creation and activity of public organizations appeared in 1990.
f69e39b24730a0684c7734fabd19df6770c0f25c	The Law of the USSR "On Public Organizations" legislated the emergence of a voluntary non profit sector in the country.
a5eeb766125bd39c2b0de07a35fc52d7d632d816	Today, the Russian voluntary sector is represented by a large number of public associations and non profit organizations: about 600 thousand public organizations are registered in the country, one of the forms of which are volunteer associations.
6df878136be3fad3f4c356eaf9c9e40c4e2a53e9	1. City self government (City regulation of 1870) G.
265a7cf6a1a1bbeabb4c2a90565442cee8bf5b38	A. Dzhanshiev.
6ea75c111b80b849b3a28ed683db8c01512bf00e	/ / The epoch of great reforms.
e4b3b8242cc6d5b12bd19a824a899f5eab99eca9	According to the 1900 edition;
6e606eb0a259d6d27db5bb97e69d7a6f34d5f273	2. Len K. V. Preparation and implementation of the city reform of 1870 in Western Siberia;
98ce40be8ca8de2bf1fa652ce59562a3ba219c09	3. Golovachev A.
07c68a9e7030271fd4761ba253db679cf031ff19	A. Ten years of reforms.
795b3a89d2a90da65b3632501e25f59a57c1aa1a	St. Petersburg, 1872 ;
5ec1e8bad7eca3acb1301a796d7a93eb594b1b6a	4. Len K. V.
47b99faa264dd73d1f51cb261d289ec3e1086cea	The role of urban self governments of Western Siberia in the development of the social sphere (70-90 ies of the XIX century) / / Actual issues of the history of Siberia.
6206f9f19bb402bb3ebfd497b1511fa27714b9d9	The third scientific readings in memory of Professor A. P. Borodavkin.
fcaa189e8e56a0a3fbe642e76bddf617289c0d1b	Barnaul, 2002;
ad9b07db7812e693e4af330e1eee82f0b8806715	5. Alisov D.
1f451d9b54f20583e8c6126d638b1dd39be11ac1	A. Provincial power and urban public self government in Western Siberia (XIX early XX centuries) / / Katanaev readings 98.
ba7a386703b15703eb6fce07645b760852dedcd0	Materials of the reports of the second All Russian scientific and practical conference.
788a37182c14fec8901f48f4b827d5a3047515fb	Omsk, 1998;
d399a73964a080eb66fb88e66bff2d92298534d9	6. Resolution of the Tyumen City Duma on the appointment of a salary to the mayor and members of the council in spite of the cancellation of his provincial presence for city affairs / / Organization of self government in the Tobolsk province (the second half of the XIX beginning of the XX centuries.);
56f2bb5917fc0f598f9755e2497cabe92ac76a0f	7. Len K. V. Preparation and implementation of the city reform of 1870 in Western Siberia;
d4e4808dfcb60f8fd2933a31f390a8fef0ca70f8	8. Lityagina A.V. City self government of Western Siberia in the late XIX early XX centuries (based on the materials of the Tomsk Gubernia);
247fd16849ab5527b13f468e40ad0d94436a6120	9. Resolution of the Barnaul City Council of June 4, 1907 "On the approval of the Mayor of I. I. Polyakov and a member of S. I. Zudilov and the non approval of Polyakov and Ornatsky / / Barnaul City Duma ;
ade5782ff2955e3029c9101486115d523bf9c715	Lityagina A.V. City self government of Western Siberia in the late XIX early XX centuries (based on the materials of the Tomsk Gubernia);
7a25acb4df129db33d30cbd995ef690afb456009	Alisov D.
3eeac5564718d15c5e27f7b23ea8d5c59d2f0e36	A. Provincial government and city public self government;
fd6520a633352ddf7c8122eebd6bca9c02812a21	Lityagina A.V. City and estate self government of Western Siberia in the late XIX early XX centuries .
f88a92fc89f265e2795640ac9010e0cfd389a9b5	/ / Actual issues of the history of Siberia.
5b5039cc932d843e400fd23db5a56366fee78a44	Lityagina A.V. City dumas as representative organizations of trade and industrial circles of pre revolutionary Siberia (based on the materials of the Tomsk Province) / / Entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship in Siberia (XVIII century 20s of the XX century).
b17e6735967eafb5a0251915164a067c51a075e2	Barnaul, 1997;
a9783dd62ce5006656dda5115f91cc6454f1620a	Lityagina A.V. City and estate self government of Western Siberia at the end of the XIX beginning of the XX century. ;
9fa34912686c41c3136e3f1049bfb27a106b432d	Eremina L.
db93b09d31a876af979123d3efbf52c3230a3968	A. "Mandatory expenses" of the cities of Western Siberia at the turn of the XIX XX centuries .
4c4b70d78185bd8c8c952db06f5838f8c64bb635	Barnaul, 2002.
30dc2cf86470683be71ed488083382163230a689	Estimate/Add a comment
70ce33646a6871b53eb002f29fbe16a72df598c9	The rating is bad averagehoroughly
d835ca487da541c17100c24851021f1a76ea822e	Works similar to the Abstract: The history of the internal Affairs bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the XIX xx centuries
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5f97c0251ea3976d78c941b5b49b451539d79f93	viktor Pavlovich Kochubey - the largest statesman of Russia in the first half of the XIX century, one of the initiators and authors of the project to create ministries.
ddc507aa2e9eaafb02f578f471cd4f6e3b4da795	According to A. S. Pushkin, no one like V. P. Kochubey "solved difficult issues so perfectly, did not bring opinions to an agreement...".
c3ea6fda8758057b440574127a5c272e30b32f16	Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky was appointed Head of the Office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
318459a4183d4d709f4beb7c44bdea87e2b3a6c3	As head of the office, M. M. Speransky " showed the strength of his creative mind, brought life, animation, and initiative to the actions of the ministry."
da21a13578735110bbf2364494cd22b95ba6b953	One of the first issues that the leadership of the Ministry of Internal Affairs had to solve was the material support of police officers who "could not live within their means due to the meager salaries they received, which often led to the realization of the opportunities that the police had to receive "not infallible income".
c42507b663d54fb634e2410739bdeb1803c66e26	At the initiative of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, special items for the maintenance of the police were included in the estimates of city expenses: "on the salary of the state, the Interior Ministry officials have provisions and uniforms, forage, the maintenance of fire equipment, firewood, candles."
d9d1cea7b848543cdac691e68a40c829c42499ac	Jacket, winter coat and police coat (in two versions)
639e94b05ab2d430f8b47e727839c7c48084ab22	A notable phenomenon of the socio political and cultural life of Russia at the beginning of the XIX century was the publication by the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1804-1809 of the first official periodical in the history of the country.
2d98593956f397f761676168be5dea7251b4f6a3	It was called "St. Petersburg Magazine".
b9d5cd1c303d264ab5f0cc0b604109453ee18e6d	The Minister of Internal Affairs V. P. Kochubey, M. M. Speransky and even Alexander I himself took part in its publication .
1cb039d8b2b45060fcb44170df6cad976998bb69	From 1809 to 1819, the Ministry of Internal Affairs published the official newspaper "Northern Mail".
7f042c8117773893b394282876c0d95574a1133a	It was published twice a week and was the most important source of information for most citizens about events taking place in Russia and abroad.
6590457b86ca8b3c741f5ab2f152cefaa31b0f4b	Difficult tests fell on the newly created Ministry of Internal Affairs during the Patriotic War of 1812.
e4b7db6c9be9fe07c295659dd4c611d643cd4463	Its employees ensured order in the rear of the active army, were engaged in escorting and detaining prisoners of war, as well as fighting desertion.
9ed585a2399001ffcf9400743f2c31072e1afb61	After the Decembrist uprising, in June 1826, the 3rd Department was created as part of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery, which soon became known as the body of the political police.
1320efe96c0deea413e2e487704ba2275f08e101	Count Alexander Khristoforovich Benckendorf was appointed the head of the 3rd Department, who also became the chief of the gendarmes.
86f3095bf75cb69d0414a89bec3d160d49aa5b19	The 3rd Department was declared an organ of the "supreme police".
55cf11ea8cd5e16311bb776911f075899b0866fd	This meant that his tasks included issues of ensuring State security: collecting information about religious sects and schisms, about anti government organizations, spying on foreigners, combating counterfeiting.
43e88fe9cdc09f7116b03584c34931517971d44a	The functions of the 3rd Department included: drawing up reports for the Emperor on "all incidents without exception", as well as statistical information "related to the police".
6f703f3e6970dfd16ef730a484e8fbad80a14de5	For more than half a century (from 1826 to 1880), the parallel existence of the leadership bodies of the political and general police was accompanied by constant rivalry between the 3rd Department and the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
9a5b617f0b9da078060f9ff7a20963ea695c19c0	In 1832, officials of the Ministry of Internal Affairs had a new uniform – a dark green uniform with a black velvet collar.
296ffccb7dfcdebc4030a49adde7382e28349e4d	But the change in the appearance of the police did not make their work any easier, which has always remained difficult and dangerous.
3869822fb86d153b59853a82c82df8bd7e5c1a6f	In this regard, it makes sense to recall not only the history of the formation of the Russian police, but also the history of what they had to fight – crime.
35de142dd5b6a83f11cbf178c458a5824dd5e230	The Central Office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs actively participated in the preparation and implementation of the peasant reform - the abolition of serfdom in Russia.
f3328a56090a0799c708df533784592d03bca323	As part of the central statistical committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, a zemstvo department was formed, in which many important materials for peasant reform were prepared.
8a140bf2f134eee12b11614d602104250feb0198	A significant role in its preparation was played by some senior officials of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, especially Deputy Minister Nikolai Alekseevich Milyutin, Minister of Internal Affairs Count Sergei Stepanovich Lansky.
665cd53a741aa8820b27571d880c129b7fb8b6ed	The high level of crime in Russia of the XVIII century was due to a number of factors.
2d898504972cc96829f38e093772705982bf4750	The difficult situation of the serf peasantry led to the fact that, on average, about 200 thousand serfs fled from the landlords every year.
b9671b5bb151a308011316eb073a21c151455ae4	They became vagabonds and often got together in gangs, earning their daily bread by robberies and robberies.
20edc3a7729bfe37aa4030b75aefc1ec577677d7	The brutality of punitive measures also had a negative impact on the situation.
8d8ae4d4505dec5adff21e7cb97ce5b7d226a3a1	Those who once violated the line of the law, were waiting for a heavy physical punishment, the fear of which did not allow many to voluntarily surrender to the authorities.
291f94b23cbe14fbc8f0d26173a68af5f264b8a0	The worst Russian disaster – drunkenness also significantly influenced the state of crime.
4bdb027d5df29045c75437960a99722d56063b08	The peasants of the Ustyuzhsky district complained in Moscow about their fellow villagers, who, having drunk in the circle yards, then gathered about 20 people and engaged in robberies, imposing a huge ransom on the villages.
f194904b7e609fad7b52c783e76e5656072c9b17	The creation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the regular police has significantly improved the state of the criminal situation in Russia.
325f5969c6c4f8ed6b431ca6e31126725b4808a0	The middle of the XIX century, perhaps, was the quietest period for the population in the entire history of the state.
9ed243bc106f9f8a3678c129c1ca8dc3922294ec	The dashing raids of bandit gangs are a thing of the past.
a08212365e08771b3124d962aac262125230c2cf	The structure of crime has significantly shifted from the forcible seizure of someone else's property to its secret abduction.
d40f87cb1047462f143d1f44775d24a2cd4db85d	In 1853, there were only five murders, 6 robberies and 1,260 thefts for half a million people of St. Petersburg.
ca462f4228eda58728afc6a01c8805605785dabb	In Yekaterinburg and other Ural cities in the middle of the XIX century, murders were generally a rare phenomenon.
2a30983fc1e7951b3cf2b60676f7b28db6d41a4a	In general, the crimes at that time were mostly simple, and the punishment for them was also simple and quick.
b69c2401ae5b7b60592a9cde372fadca714bbb5e	The policemen dragged the brawlers and hooligans to the quarter, where the quartermaster or his assistant immediately listened to the accused and the victim, after which they passed their verdict.
f2e9879780d56f09a8774f8432893894f4a17b9a	The punishment was mainly expressed in strict oral suggestion or in" education " with rods.
cae91471adef7f5e1b3f54ecbb8c1c7fb7283aa6	Usually 10-20 blows with rods were appointed, which were immediately carried out by the firemen of the police station.
8dcfb012beadb2fd7460570e6db6b497672a2aff	With small thieves, it was even easier to deal with.
fc2656568fa7d24e625406f58d55b4609ab0b195	The policeman didnot even have to lead them to the block.
24c12311a54436bf27637626f32d0f7631545399	It was enough to draw a circle on his back with chalk, give him a broom in his hands and make him take revenge on the sidewalk near the place of the theft.
4c47b7124ed93ef027a53756c88ab9f1f023d481	A crowd of onlookers usually gathered around such sweepers, who tried to "tease" them with sarcastic remarks.
3e77638fa0ed0d0b32bb2c117172b25bf3d4e34f	And such a shame often became the most effective preventive measure.
8434fb0594b03799ec680022e2185b946ff7b0f7	With the abolition of serfdom, vagrancy has almost halved, but the number of property crimes has sharply increased.
77dc5cc10c179f53860387e886f33f60216a50f0	Emancipation gave the peasants personal freedom, but at the same time worsened their financial situation.
e7704cc4dc3227a738422faabe2a1946f994f0c5	A large ransom for a land plot made it impossible to feed the family, which often led to the ruin of peasant farms.
1f0909a05012815478c18b96403faf8d437af8e3	The reports of the St. Petersburg Police for 1688 show that the number of all types of crimes has increased dramatically over the previous 15 years.
6246916363a0cd6b91b5872744e82ba85e3020ed	And in the future, until the First World War, the crime rate continued to steadily rise, outpacing the population growth rate.
d1d1c2faf262c9a2808da610335a5ce7c4ba71d5	And yet, in general, in the XIX century, the state of crime did not cause much concern either among the population or the authorities.
168d2002bda3e2771b9bd0a4c8607f4f7200cf49	Therefore, the government did not spend much on protecting public order.
a99382658e8ce62d3d7fcca6c2cb1b84e79306c2	In principle, the entire law enforcement system was largely based on the fact that the state saved on a professional police apparatus, shifting part of its functions to the population.
1bb5c8710cde9f73800b31504f0ae901b3cb5235	In the XVIII XIX centuries, watchmen, guards, desyatsky and sotsky actually performed the roles of the lower ranks of the police.
f50cb02e65a91e718887aafa82037550178377bb	We can say that they were on patrol duty, but they did it completely free of charge.
f5518cc935cc58fd013fbf4fbfa3f515df964ba2	Among the other "natural duties" that citizens had to bear, one can also include the duty of keeping, lying in wait and escorting the arrested.
a7e120c482be7cac34b0a44b78f1813edd87167e	This situation was especially pronounced in rural areas, where there was no regular police at all and it was replaced by elected desyatskiye (for 10-20 yards) and sotskiye (for 100-200 yards).
e9e6fd58bf259d65f86f96659134c3e571c901a3	By the instruction of December 19, 1771. the sotskis were instructed to " take charge of the local deanery, arrest violators of the law and present them to the office.
7d42564a217de32e7f02be3ab2d242b0dc77c3a9	When a corpse was found, Sotsky had to "describe the battle and the wounds", put a guard and use all means to search for criminals.
0ff4b100a4a2ef744c4f405feed01d7a8bcecfe1	Such work, and even without a salary, was quite burdensome for the peasants, so they took it in turns, first for a month, then for a year, later for three.
e5fea2de75412bc5d64b9fa03bc32695f947cc14	The situation of the desyatskys and sotskys was not greatly facilitated by the introduction of full time police officers in rural areas in 1878.
26838f7f8452d16bb77e3cc1282ec93b3bbc1844	The free law enforcement service did not particularly attract the peasants, so they did not bother with it particularly.
aca697f509ee14cb94064c6ff75d3b559e015497	In addition, the situation of police assistants became more complicated when they were assigned the duties of knocking out debts from fellow villagers and confiscating property to pay off arrears.
f8dfa2b8d563d5b307cf3e015fffb64ee659a08b	Therefore, wealthy peasants tried by hook or by crook to evade service for the benefit of the state.
1349f7919cb7e4d2eb1cb509d875ba2cbce3e591	The current situation caused constant complaints from the guards, who reported to the authorities:
ee7715a38c39e1a88ff98c556a9f421c42af2fba	"The sotskys and desyatskys are elected for the most part from poor peasants who do not enjoy influence and the right to vote in societies.
aa97dbca03cd7c2b16b59a53b2fd93413ff0e55b	As a result, the requirements imposed by them are almost never fulfilled, which complicates the activities of the police officers."
e61d74af4eb2734826c7d5bb76e6bb6f204b39cf	"The police officers try to lead the hundreds and tens, but very few of these free police officers are welcome performers of the law."
c5f691a53c4845deeff3a8dffb6cdce1004f2737	"The local population in the hundreds and desyatskys, who faithfully perform their work, sees enemies for themselves, and after the service tries to take revenge."
5821e86d9d94bcdbb5bde2d46e790f33e86734b9	The imperfection of the structure of the police bodies in the middle of the XIX century did not allow the guards to organize a high quality fight against crime.
c458e13dc83113774b83fb99220d37dd27ce377b	In the absence of detective units, the ranks of the outdoor police – private bailiffs, local police supervisors and their assistants were engaged in the detection of crimes and the search for people.
e3a203da3f3ca579fa670da8326efc8776e255e0	This often led to the fact that the victims often had to rely on God more than on the professionalism of the police to search for stolen goods and intruders.
c567060495cb97ebb96df8f607f20b0716517a6b	However, it should be noted that the authority of the police among the population was at a fairly high level, which can be illustrated by one example.
8729b0001f32ecfccd7032773a842c768d6cec81	Once the Minister of Internal Affairs Alexander Timashev himself became a victim of criminals.
1c08198cfd509c6f3981d4195a72731a849ddd96	He came from St. Petersburg to Moscow to see his old mother, and decided to attend mass in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin.
2caf67055091fe8316f19fc30c64960edde63896	Returning home, the minister discovered the loss of a purse and a gold cigarette case with a diamond monogram.
5a942e27d00ffcb7c77ec97a6af4ae942d033ece	The bailiff Khotinsky helped to return the stolen goods.
786c489339ecc6a9c9fb751314234515fbbd5787	Knowing the criminal world of Moscow well, he found out that pickpockets Nikolai Tsygan and Yegor Istopnik were working in the Assumption Cathedral that day.
96d29bacfca94e5ab40c11cd0350d8f9eb0f110e	Having found Nikolai, Khotinsky warned him: "You know me well.
c60abef5ba7f649bbcdcb0fa870f67a7b7a4684b	It wonot be lost on me.
db7115ee89eb994ec05952b97414d74730b9a928	Return the stolen goods in two hours.
12a5fec4799bbab9445413384fe8f4e0b85159f7	If you do not return it, you will repent."
f21534d52843f86954dbbcbf189ddd83e16e6c04	Soon Khotinsky was already handing a purse and a cigarette case to Timashev.
1298e38dd03cf40741e80e12d5f20796e3a149e2	The minister praised the bailiff: "You work better than the London police, which is considered exemplary."
2939bdec2f9b0cb65538cdfa308c86e27b41b10e	However, the need to create a detective police to combat the growing crime became increasingly clear for the leadership of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
a942de6f824a01a3f768940e5dd447f4977ee1fc	And in 1866, on the initiative of the St. Petersburg Chief of Police, F.
7ef6f8b7367f152971b0c0e6799e4b4cb4005f12	The first detective department appeared in the capital of Trepov.
511669ab4109265be2deac65acae717f8d53767e	Its number was 22 employees, despite the fact that 517 thousand people lived in St. Petersburg at that time.
69a6970c1da93d5aafa2784638661a5c3deb54ea	And the first head of this division was Ivan Dmitrievich Putilin.
44592022d807b7adc8f52ae5aef02f545dfbd1ea	The second half of the XIX century was marked by a significant deterioration of the situation in the country, including the criminal situation, due to new political trends.
24bab264b016e3b47782ef04f271257f8a903d10	Several organizations appeared, whose members, believing in the ideas of a socialist utopia, did not want to be satisfied with the smooth flow of liberal reforms and sought to solve all the social problems of the state at once overnight.
f43f490e0d83fd4b94c5eea558a34deb82362fa9	Alas, they chose a destructive path for this.
167425c4f3684818f27a5b802d44cedaa4617035	Extremist anarchists and populists have raised a wave of terror in the country.
b13efdc06ef540929752c6abebf58855d9c342dd	The authorities tried to suppress it through repression, but this only increased the confrontation in society.
eaab2cd4b8c42c3024427b222d7c20d5e06d7077	The trial of Vera Zasulich played a negative role at that time.
5d501ace7fb72b18e8659f2ceb2432827f98d9f6	To the applause of the audience, she was acquitted by a jury after the attempt on the St. Petersburg mayor F. Trepova.
9a4a198b4387998bed4e6ce3ec87ab8dbfc6bd04	Extremist revolutionaries decided that the people sympathized with terror.
d01c8f1ccd3faea9b37fce2e86596740a875c7fa	After the shooting of Zasulich, a wave of terrorist actions swept through the country.
f8482eb0f4a19af1071b3c5055f20445a2702326	The executions of the revolutionaries involved in them only added fuel to the fire.
528cac973ac0c2622525a27ad008a1f47ddc3a69	Very indicative in this regard is the real hunt unleashed by the People's Will on the tsar liberator Alexander II.
00607e68eda0bd71a600efe81ead92ee48930946	The first attempt on the sacred person of the monarch was made by a member of the organization "Earth and Will" Solovyov.
71ed727cd6bb93ee943927132f3264d20e8b1578	April 2, 1879. during the tsar's walk on the Palace Square, he rushed at him with a revolver.
415c5320d2c43e59c19a5c256727c1bc45a83a97	At that time, Alexander II was not injured, but a policeman who came to the rescue was injured.
d25e644c58b28c08c87bcd3940fe28f9a81c076c	Then the Narodovoltsy twice laid mines under the railway rails, waiting for the tsar's train.
501e2cca36d7250da0be160c4d3863a62ee831e7	One time the explosive mechanism did not work, another time the wrong train was derailed.
d507560f9e0c3a6a39be28fb6206503104d94a36	On February 5, 1880, the Narodovolets Khalturin laid a huge charge of dynamite under the royal dining room in the Winter Palace.
3a340b03de1acb2e3830b54d1d1ef54420822107	The explosion killed 8 soldiers.
2cf038a38c99cdac8f5815b09460ab845241c97b	The new Interior Minister Mikhail Loris Melikov tried to put an end to the bloody war between the government and the revolutionaries.
ca71d10a226794136e029922de3fc8b89f421495	Moreover, a week after his appointment in February 1880, an attempt was made on him.
5bba5f3ed288918728644bb4d5e3e744ad1471a2	On the initiative of Lores Melikov, several unpopular ministers were removed from the people, censorship was restricted and the Third Department was disbanded, which was especially zealous in carrying out repressions against revolutionaries.
7d7ade835be6d262356fd7834b0a2da9b8db3bfd	Under the leadership of the Minister of Internal Affairs, a program of liberal reforms for the coming years began to be developed.
f59ad3406feed8fd5159901efbc67b9e633fd8c5	However, these reforms were not destined to be implemented.
4e43efda6e5ab6df6aac1acc4272c192e153a9f1	The People's Volunteers did not want to stop and still achieved their goal.
bdc9257dc1cdcb4408e4d903c1f1240f0a49babb	On March 1, 1881, at three o'clock in the afternoon, Alexander II was returning to the palace.
a7c4449cb6ea878dc45bd371e96a3c80e3738b1b	When he and his entourage left for the Catherine Canal, an explosion was heard.
73f0fc9096b4040c47349918de1dd7569f6d33e1	The tsar's carriage was shaken and shrouded in smoke.
0dd1266b1a6bcf9e5d19e6c966b6b5d8033417bd	The coachman accelerated, but Alexander ordered him to stop.
f67daffcaa4f77e1a3a18484ae801d85de3ce717	When he got out, he saw two bloodied Cossacks and a boy who happened to be nearby, writhing in pain.
0e814fd3a5b8f7322ed4bd16007499271d10e18f	A bomber, detained by passers by, was standing at a distance.
8fa6336c7cbb0ae7775a61de0f6f4e728b904d5f	Alexander bent over the silent boy, made the sign of the cross over him and went to the carriage that had left.
e77669cdc611c77ae6c14269c3554bd0045859d0	Suddenly again like a shot from a cannon, a thick cloud of smoke.
22c9114b37288a2ac9d6956cab21018d4fd565ec	The smoke cleared, and those who remained alive saw about twenty bloody bodies, the tsar leaning against the grating of the canal, in a torn overcoat and without legs, and opposite him in the same condition, his murderer Grinevitsky.
1528d50239d350812193d081fb1b149f2207871c	"To the palace.....There to die.....", - Alexander II said in a barely audible voice.
b4102155d01a10e7afc2fb496991a09811301e0f	A little over an hour later, he died in his office in the Winter Palace.
7cede4740c7a5c8fe02185839ac6387a72c7f598	The new XX century was marked by the intensification of the political struggle in Russia, which spilled out into the criminal sphere.
289fdae043165e958f9e7c095b0089ad371f7520	A wave of terrorist attacks against officials and expropriations carried out by militants of various parties has rolled through the country.
ccbb758764d208bd6cebb8b3bc70895b58fb195a	Often, ordinary bandits robbed houses and banks under revolutionary slogans.
6832388980fd84dc052acc46dd7c592615955029	The first reports of raids on trains appeared.
2ab35adb47830f3ec4d04724787e4778ae24e231	In these circumstances, the police faced the task of responding more quickly to such crimes.
f246b3299a3174eb880226c0739428078c30234f	In 1903, the head of the criminal investigation department from St. Petersburg, Vladimir Filippov, created the first "flying squad" in the country, which rushed to the scene at the first signal.
83e2636c09d7b27b125668a55c3998f141830374	Later, such detachments appeared in other cities, and in fact became the prototypes of the current OMON.
994e2e68f605fe3e20bcd26bbf76da35c8d44323	The actions of the terrorists were often directed specifically at police officers.
3c713a01990d0d339b2ce6766ec7de58fe28b4d8	In 1902, the Minister of Internal Affairs Sipyagin was killed, a year later – his successor in this post Plehve.
dddbdde5c8d2bbcec7704f4fb37fb15fb6cf373a	But at a time when the fire of the so called "revolutionary terror" was burning in the country, there were continuous strikes and strikes of workers, the authorities actually abandoned their law enforcement officers to the mercy of fate.
ac57a5e5bfc63418e6e59f98ca1ad40b1c3ce63c	As a result, dissatisfaction with their position was growing more and more in the ranks of the police.
a82f3feea1a55405a0be6a2eaef1c79cfe25f0c1	In some cities, the district warders and other police officers themselves gathered for secret meetings and prepared for strikes.
edf62c54322e4d2f78e090cbd2eb93e3929929f4	In Kiev, proclamations were printed on a hectograph, signed "Kiev City Police".
cb5ca50cd1fb87ba09aa01e38adb85b34148e363	They poured out all the bitterness and pain that the guards had accumulated.
422bedc48b77a0a760fb31eda27b1e11faa5b505	The proclamation read:
4aa62013a06b5c2061ee87e6b3bdaf239844fe74	"Hard times have come – there are strikes everywhere, troubles everywhere, riots.
036725d39768709c5fdc72103e858a239b088b38	Students, employees in the Railway Administration, pharmacists, typesetters, clerks, artisans, workers are on strike, even an unheard of thing: academicians and seminarians have gone on strike, even the servants are on strike.
227b941aec6679c73b117b707d96ed6518665908	Everyone is dissatisfied with something, wants something, achieves something.
977d726a356344b91d30a8ae98924e44551e38dc	Any strike, demonstration, etc. requires the intervention of police officers, whose life and health are not always safe.
b6d8f6f9e3a58ff4bb67a092d947342bbb2203cf	The present police replaced the former oprichniks.
9fb8aa2b2cf8d6e479a5af896546f1a298dc9283	The oprichniks, serving the sovereign, were, it is true, despised by the people, but their personality was inviolable, and they used everything necessary in material terms for their service and did not need anything.
a4134af203a59fa2441378001b3d25aa51a42461	The current oprichniks, serving the government by faith and truth, not only almost need a piece – they are exposed to dangers from politically unreliable persons...
9b9193cb43b32041f9a9de02cdac818f944dc6be	A simple railway worker or foreman who has been injured at work is awarded 3-4 thousand rubles, while a district supervisor who has been injured, depriving him not only of working capacity, but even of reason (for example, Shrubovich) receives 400 rubles.
f670db63bbfa3ef34aac81dba1af3efbf4016ab5	Until now, the ranks of the Kiev city police have been faithful to their duty and carried their cross with patience and hope for a better future, but the hopes of honest workers have not come true.
0a8806b9791678a12b3d341e1828c7ed89924a40	To the poverty was added the arbitrariness of the authorities, poverty and fear for life."
37513a20fe1eabd2bd8eb4a3c12b2c2082ed5f72	Alas, the authorities did not listen to the voice of the "support and reliability of the state" and actually abandoned their law enforcement officers to their fate.
646306bc176e533db477fcd3f6289952aa1de381	Such power is doomed.
3d8865f2485892b3f6118deaee3c3e03a3b609f3	It eventually collapsed in 1917.
1a41ac51865acef371bc795a5b36480af29bc09c	But this happened a little later.
546b70d35d279f61e430f3fad6bd490153b68afa	In 1905, the police protected her.
98e7d53b7afb24b63bf3655b548c30359e8270eb	It is possible to evaluate the actions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs employees in different ways during the first Russian revolution, but it is in no way unacceptable to expose them as such "stranglers of freedom".
f5e6c075edb48444375adb427c8c53817c1cf05c	Yes, it was the gendarmes and the police who were mainly engaged in the brutal suppression of workers ' demonstrations.
36de364da2636d5de81b8a4ba92ae5b1549f3779	But on the other hand, they remained faithful to the oath and honestly fulfilled their duty.
9842afdb750e88ddc8fc9490254d577f6132d266	Although they themselves suffered considerable sacrifices at the same time.
f444124e62047d663db953c23d002de12e241c73	Moreover, the first wounded among the police officers appeared during the events of January 9, 1905, on the so called "bloody Sunday".
e457f78467c67b65b5667cd09c67fb1ccbfeadc1	Volleys of soldiers wounded the assistant of the bailiff, Lieutenant Zholtkevich, who accompanied the column of demonstrators, and one of the district guards.
7d75c7087eac22d5d2c155cd61e3322d21486a0e	However, that was only the beginning.
584007a31dd2219fb55a9156cf7f1fd02cbb3770	From the records of the police Department of the revolutionary movement in Moscow in December 1905.: "Special bitterness of the rebels was directed at the governors of the persons and police officers, which they decided to exterminate all ways...
9f2712eb3489fc51474b6057b3821d6dbb1a47d0	On the night of 10 December, an unknown attacker, passing in the car, was thrown two bombs in a room occupied in the house of the mayor of the security Department.
6ce7082913c1e4e09666a3142701e64b8cac5017	Their explosion damaged the entire front facade of the building and killed the police officer on duty and two attendants.
12fb25c2f99292706232f31b9cbfe92c828bc5e5	Revolutionaries attacked and on separate departments of police stations, and in the 1st Presnensky district they even managed to arrest a bailiff and, breaking into the premises of the district office, destroy business correspondence, in other places they were repulsed."
f88c4f6d91d4ee47746a6941dd8fafa84ce1d0fd	The manifesto of October 17, 1905, announcing political rights and freedoms, the establishment of the legislative State Duma, could not but cause changes in the state apparatus, in particular in the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
5d6874f0b68ce2e5bc5d00887d14776a41e393a3	In the autumn of 1905, a Special office for elections was created in it.
56a0aefb88d27b52c5882fdf12ed87976a6087c4	In 1906, at the initiative of P.
7eed69937bc677388fd220532b6abe77172da471	A. Stolypin, the police reform began to be prepared in the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
cba1784c2a4204c0e7c2808ba6ebb7ff83830879	Stolypin understood that the adoption of the "Basic State Laws" in 1906, which became a kind of Russian constitution, the formation of an essentially bicameral parliament in the form of the State Duma and the State Council, changed the conditions for the organization and activity of the police.
84f57fb924a406b3072f7fb637c4520f39c66dbb	Therefore, it was planned to release the police from performing functions not related to the fight against crime and the protection of public order, and to protect them from interference in their activities by various institutions and departments.
72a15ad714d81c791fbff9d14772a2b8c24cfcc4	The Police Charter was being prepared for publication, which should have clearly defined all the rights and duties of the police, the order and conditions of service of its employees.
06f9304e9405c83e95694b1efc6a87094f3ff4da	The government planned to " improve the material life of police officers in connection with the need to increase the staff and raise the educational qualification of police officers."
490d405f6573a5fc339ef60e9e63b568f4a7187d	The salary of police officers was to be increased by an average of three times.
e5ecf3f609eae59c663ccccf46e901c884a16f5c	For every five years of service in one position, it was envisaged to introduce a 10 percent supplement to the salary.
48c3cdcf00d98ff720e96254bb56def51f95c0d8	Measures were sought to increase the "level of public confidence in the police", to raise the prestige of the police service.
b85a524998d2ea4f74be104f94711b41ac42b124	It was planned to create a network of special educational institutions for the training of police officers, the completion of which was to become one of the important conditions for promotion.
7ffb1cd5eed126765b198197be84dbdc1dd061b3	It was planned to introduce a relatively high educational qualification for those who want to join the police.
e30983ea9159eb596f91d6765b015a82207fa2b7	The question was raised about police ethics, about the establishment of honor courts in the police, the creation of police clubs.
f7e72d693058137944e97f110934cbcbfe021985	According to P.
82533355c0c599a6d97ffecdd10b6c174398a37a	A. Stolypin, the improvement of the level of education, the formation of new moral and ethical principles of police activity were especially important in the conditions of the country's transition to a constitutional monarchy, when the corresponding political culture had not yet developed, " certain legal norms had not been developed, and therefore the center of gravity, the center of power lies not in institutions, but in people."
685d9de9261b5ab43841727160e39f87470c30fc	The commission of A.
68a7fd59411e8d5b48228ca149dd4f6aefcfe550	A. Makarov, which developed the reforms of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, worked for 10 years - from 1906 to 1916, but its activities were almost fruitless.
b65aa1b1d4e3f123f5f8856c15cbe78cc4a4a57b	The reason for this was the weakening of the" reformist impulse "of the government after the death of P.
badebc610aa353b65d58aa6ca58c81b4e5dd7797	A. Stolypin, the "braking" of the police reform project in the State Duma, the disinterest of representatives of the local administration in it, as well as the position of certain circles of the public who believed that the adoption of laws "guaranteeing the rights and freedoms of the individual"should precede the police reform.
91bbc2d255a9e10fb16cc8ab996f2a9f53dcff9f	The question of tripling the cost of the police turned out to be insurmountable, since it was assumed that an increase in the salary of police officers would lead to the need to increase the salary of other civil servants.
b6c748af0b9ddff1adf92a783a57961da556c9a2	Arguments that " police activity... the most burdensome of all public services, and the danger associated with it for police officers is not much inferior to military service, " were not taken into account.
393430795c36f38764b91346da0f3b41d1a8a6be	Despite the accumulated lump of problems in the police department, at the end of the XIX – beginning of the XX century, the work of criminal investigation continued to progress rapidly.
6e7b9b56a7c9c33a169e3f50eee83283df49ef75	For example, one Odessa swindler who escaped with the stolen money to Italy, Russian detectives got there too.
b05180301aa1a4793109242fd71d4f6af4eb6e1d	Having established his whereabouts in one of the villas, they neutralized the guards, seized the swindler and took him home in the hold of a merchant ship.
96bebd7ca645faf6b95666ce15b5c500facc923c	A real celebrity was Ivan Dmitrievich Putilin, the head of the detective police of St. Petersburg for 23 years, from 1866 to 1889 with small interruptions.
fa257611090d0300175974cc2683217b444771b7	And Ivan Dmitrievich began his career as a detective as an assistant to the quarterly supervisor at the Tolkuchy Market.
99753a857782715fa70b80bbef3e208079bd9443	Working in this troubled place gave him a huge professional and life experience.
86f79112c5959ea9fb25f1ba47ce158baad4e7ff	In addition, Putilin often disguised himself as a laborer in his spare time and went to study the mores of the social bottom, mastering jargon, memorizing faces and nicknames.
eed9cfc982486f97c79ebf1fe71c4d6a71be22b5	Soon he successfully learned to pass himself off as one of his own among tramps, priests, and merchants.
a6a38cb1edf964f83fbb74efe882febb88c23228	The ability to reincarnate repeatedly helped him in his further work.
75aef3d9bd32a7f87bdb15aa3aac9bcde18bfefe	For example, once in the role of a sexton sent to Moscow for obedience, he managed to expose the counterfeiters of the Pugovkin brothers.
d7dd2d67e7b040aaa784f43ad7c38e67e3e94201	A well known judicial figure of that time, A. F.Kony said: "In St. Petersburg in the first half of the seventies, there was not a single large and complex criminal case in which Putilin would not have invested his labor."
8b3e5febdcacecd9a21bf971cca460f6518e130a	After retiring after 40 years of service in the police, Putilin decided to tell about some of the crimes he solved in his memoirs.
cc3e6817f0dd4d9576345d3d098b06b77834fee8	The writer M.
966f8c720282251aba0389aa99b2f8564ee0a4df	A. Shevlyakov helped him in working on them.
b95083f4def508f88c6e53ee66bc349061665c27	Alas, the memoirs were published only after the death of Ivan Dmitrievich.
d89ecc4efc074f937055a835ce6d701e0b637ec3	But his name quickly gained great fame throughout Russia.
fd0953dcfa5ef25695411e2745fec58c518691e1	Shevlyakov wrote a series of documentary stories about him.
38340318d60c125811f2c51b27ca25f5e204bb31	And many authors wrote tabloid detectives, the main character of which was Putilin.
95d736449e41ee8cd173b9c9cf9bce72003180c6	One of the most talented was the "Putiliniad", written by A. Dobry.
50ce8ea3facec4f42dd90122113a1f1edc1562be	In general, before the revolution in Russia, the common name of the detective was not "Sherlock Holmes", but"Ivan Putilin".
9eaa13ff71b13981d4953385c286c6f0dfc1f9bc	Arkady Frantsevich Koshko became a worthy successor of the traditions laid down by Putin, and even surpassed his famous predecessor in many ways.
dc190e82e49729743ee37396000c44e355e97344	Having started his work in the police as a criminal inspector in Riga, he also often disguised himself as a tramp and wandered through dens to better understand the bottom of society and the criminal world.
81dff474279bb923024dda347794e248b1db7100	And the crown of his career was his service in Moscow as the chief of the detective police.
98170bd3ba5bf1548572d47ef003527c39369117	However, this period was not easy for him at first.
b772ff16d715bf19c6065e1969b3e074ff64fe64	Quote from the memoirs of A. Koshko: "I remember in the first year of my stay in Moscow, I almost went crazy with frustration at Christmas.
8448c0d2d4e8ab00c68a7fd3745163dd583c4b65	On December 27, up to sixty major thefts were registered with digging, hacking, fishing out fireproof cabinets, etc., and there is nothing to say about minor thefts: there were more than a thousand of them that day.
69d265c9096f29dcd2883591d488a8e1f17ddf58	From these figures, it followed that the city is flooded with Mazurya, and I must sweep these parasites out of it."
6e3e328b77345e9f6380950c6553c40728740e10	Then Arkady Frantsevich tells in detail how he managed to achieve this.
77bdca28e4e3b2ecf646cc7428cce6631d16eceb	His main trump card was the grandiose raids, in which more than a thousand policemen and other police officers were involved.
c2d6b9c26bf5076c96c82ded4a019ad34ed97828	Entire districts of the city were cordoned off in the strictest secrecy mode.
78923188e065fd1358e95647db68223fbeb6ab54	Koshko wrote: "When the areas to be examined were already surrounded by the police, a car was brought to me at the appointed hour, and I, accompanied by three or four chroniclers, went to the scene of action, and the very next morning detailed melodramatic reports appeared in the newspapers, not devoid of horror, imagery and fantasy, according to the individual characteristics of their authors.
0518493f9ca921c0f55bedbeaf7890f4c8aab0a5	I remember several such trips to the Khitrov market, to the so called Kulakov houses.
4b4971b9b710427ff4ef04433e2b41e0f0b82b6b	These nativity scenes, these cloaks, these foci of physical and moral infection, are worthy of description.....If we made a chemical analysis of the air of these rooms, we must think that, contrary to the laws of nature, there would be no oxygen in it at all.
a6e5f694070599fe29f816ef760fc4c86578eefe	What were the inhabitants of this lair like?
a31c4ac78d96d5007cf6ca62371edf289ec1b8e3	It seems to me that summing up the heroes of Gorky's "Bottom" with the heroes of Kuprin's "Pit" and building this company into a cube, one could get only an approximate idea of the inhabitants of Kulakov's flophouse apartments."
397f0162b03f2488802f1b954afff0a543d02ffa	A. Koshko's words about how the police treated the detained "scum of society" in such nativity scenes and cloaks look very interesting: "Those brought to the police stations were given hot tea at 6 o'clock in the morning, everyone was given a pound of bread and a piece of sugar.
bf0ceec10e8a810108180a1cd7b11c33e0394d05	The very next day, prison underwear, shoes and clothes were distributed to them, and, warmed, clothed and fed, people were taken to the detective police, where we began to find out the identity of everyone."
0fbbc467721d0af66b70339e42b368e0a153c6a0	Arkady Frantsevich achieved his goal: "The pre holiday raids gave excellent results, and I remember that in the fourth year of my stay in Moscow it was Easter, which was not marked by a single major theft.
5c2b5a42104dc5e985f13fa522931afacc725dad	The record was broken, and I was happy!...".
abbf02c68240ddd0b1122f9d676e3c8ec9dcd8ca	Under Koshko, the Russian detective police, led by him, became one of the best in the world in terms of organization of work and results.
319cf09e7394f7ae198caa41dfcad8aff9dd22d8	Arkady Frantsevich developed the use of forensic achievements by the detective police: fingerprinting and the Bertillon method.
2cd2ecc186201487f2e4be1e50e428c5e236012b	Under him, operational work has significantly improved, and sometimes detectives themselves have successfully been introduced into the criminal environment.
96a41512dc08e9f7ff687304ea9d0c259af5adf0	A full time make up artist and a hairdresser appeared at the Moscow detective police.
98707945752bf1d09361a6c393e4c23383882f55	Koshko managed to improve the work of the police apparatus by creating a "personal security service".
2b1cfb893fd60f130138925d40db453e0fa21b2e	20 "super agents", whose names and addresses were known only to him, controlled the inspectors.
0a9972eeab40348cef5c821f234274f94d8c7489	Some of the innovations introduced by Arkady Frantsevich were adopted by Scotland Yard.
7b24e722b9357bb1949f312ffd827b40daf1b5c2	And the real triumph of Koshko was in 1913, when in Switzerland, at the International Congress of Criminologists, the Russian detective police was recognized as the best in the world for solving crimes.
616f46ce3fd97a1d75ce2628a42dcd5c3b182e25	After the October Revolution, Arkady Koshko was forced to emigrate.
e9b8737a5784b37ffad54584362248749cc4d20e	Torn away from his homeland, having lost many loved ones, having lost his means, after long ordeals and wanderings, he found himself in Paris, where he led a modest and gray life.
6065570d2dd1f6a58c2b62d6091fd740981086b3	But there, in exile, he wrote a book of essays about his work in the police.
16c8a7b0823e22552cdad6284f60a3a13fa874bf	Recently, it was published under the title "The King of Investigation" in Russia, which he faithfully served for many years.
2c389b65bcf200bd72a29b37baea3cdf3ed95912	During the First World War, the most important task of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in addition to protecting public order and fighting crime, was to participate in solving the so called "food issue".
cc7aa0673d34e6f122e4fefcc86c85314106672e	In 1916, the Minister of Internal Affairs A. N. Khvostov created a Society to combat High Prices, which acted with the support of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
9902a503f2893a5dc8cc0c9fbfac4dd491f62ca0	At the end of October 1916, thanks to the efforts of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
ce7db5943586a747d0c30374d96275a352bc22ab	But the government and the Ministry of Internal Affairs have not had time to implement this resolution.
0f5563ab8b266a12f38cc854377b3f1b2e4a4c17	Go to the top of the page
9141882912dfecf6e8d95560918d3231545a5dda	Copyright © A. Zakharov, O. Loginov 2012-2016.
60478e01da5c70a0ae1ace3650a7d9dfbf4627f3	Last updated: January 24, 2016
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55d55f1e300ad74463662b100b654d1af31c5742	History of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
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1bc8a980f09f6de78b1fb93614685ebf63272303	HISTORY OF THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF RUSSIA (review of publications of departmental publications, scientific and educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia) The changes taking place in the economic, socio political and spiritual spheres of the life of Russian society are radically reflected in the structure and tasks of law enforcement agencies.
8c70523880415493e053edede2821a87f2d5817b	First of all the testimony of witnesses: vidakov (eyewitnesses of the fact) and poslukhov (they heard about the incident from someone, or could give a positive characteristic to the defendant or the plaintiff).
b38b901c4b2f75f9d9228d4f5db88175128e4fde	Their appearance is connected with the need to create on a permanent basis bodies that would be called upon to catch robbers, conduct investigations, and execute sentences.
2ba57ff65cb6f6ed7017aadd463262dae50a28b2	The opening of each gubnaya hut took place on the basis of royal letters addressed to the population of a particular territory.
98cea12494eaa6ce5a53a2dbf7cbaae61a725653	The competence of the ISB was continuously improved and included the fight against " led "robbers and jews, the investigation of "murderous" and all sorts of other cases (rape, pandering, arson, insults to parents by children), bringing to justice people who turn people away from the Orthodox faith, preventing and suppressing any "evil", compiling bonded books, overseeing fisheries and fishing, conducting land affairs, controlling the movement of the population, etc.
ed67f89c18382d3433478363093e682c17449a34	Another notable milestone in the history of law enforcement agencies of that time is the establishment of the Secret Affairs Order by Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich in the middle of the XVII century, who was in charge of the tsar's personal correspondence and issues of control over the activities of other orders.
060dc40c9cb512bc71876527a10320b915ad205c	In 1730, to improve the organization of the fight against crime, the Detective Order was restored.
3a8f50fbba9024bc2cf467042cd2e6f435c6447f	Initially, the police was formed in St. Petersburg, and only a few years later – in Moscow.
1cc9c6b2b4e34dc74aae47aaad2f7e32105b01a7	After 1733, regular police appeared in 23 more cities, where, depending on the significance of the city, a captain or lieutenant was appointed as a police chief, who led a non commissioned officer, a corporal, a dozen privates and two clerical servants.
c99d2b3f6f4431930e3c3bc7c4edc1cf8f7bfd99	Since 1695, the order has been responsible for the protection of order in Moscow and (since 1697, after the Streletsky riot) the investigation of particularly important court cases.
9b14712e03bd4124a38e242bd2cfbad2a32e9427	In 1718, a new structure dealing with political investigation was created – the Secret Chancellery.
3010b1dce8824c9b8583fd95c6b46e8e3cdc8f0d	The history of this institution is connected with the investigation of the case of the heir's flight abroad.
d3b77da21ec9c929d9df59a552ab84afc14ed729	By the middle of the XVIII century, the service had passed the period of formation and was capable of conducting complex operations, including using agents recruited, among other things, from criminals sentenced to fairly strict penalties.
0c6ec03cc8386c6d5ccaf70ed077152b4b40a9c7	The Office of Secret Investigative Affairs existed until 1762 and was abolished by Peter III.
b3b7684575691f3b9ab26441fe1a7663dabd18ab	All the cases and materials of the office were transferred to the Senate.
2b01bfb6e82807cc379844574022fa6723566003	To encourage denunciation, part of the property of the convicts was transferred to the informer, and the serfs who filed a denunciation against their masters received freedom (if it was confirmed).
b88347aeb69812ddc87e61112f2db8f02159ec5e	Anonymous denunciations (anonymous letters) were very widespread at that time.
fa71fdfb9e9bf0093a6d19a343f50c56ec7bee6d	The situation with them became so complicated that in 1732 the emperor ordered them to be burned in front of witnesses at the place of discovery without reading.
9cb169727bffffc6a8a6008b1734beff3dc69360	It should be noted that in the XVIII century, a number of innovations appeared in the conduct of torture, fixed by a special document of the Secret Chancellery “The Rite as the accused tries”.
a4306eba89507a328965ca30e9762840b22e72df	Russian legislation mentions several types of evidence.
24bd344ba4e0b34744bb214b9328a4c5bb72c35c	The first in the degree of importance was considered to be his own confession, provided that it was complete, unconditional, evidentiary, made only before the court.
ecaca0ed8188c329ec70a0db3e0e660455312f9c	Only in this case it could be used as the basis of the sentence.
a7fbcb232b2fb888e2445dd717b4d2154c8178ce	Other types of evidence were witness statements, as well as official documents, private correspondence and an oath.
236a830634b640208b876c55927846ab462f07ae	The practice of involving officers and soldiers of city garrisons in the police service continues.
b0f492610443dd228df177976f48fbf259bff17b	The situation in the law enforcement agencies no longer met the requirements of the time.
99b189ce4a4078a8a26bbfebe529d0dd9d798c36	After the suppression of the uprising led by Yemelyan Pugachev, the tsarist government realized the need to create a strong system of state bodies on the ground that could effectively resolve emerging conflicts and problems.
74d8f233a5514342cfd5ad3a9a32ca67e990725a	In 1775, a reform of local government bodies was carried out in Russia: the country was divided into provinces and counties, with respect to which a network of police institutions was being built.
c56674d7e1d5ac5bb98466e9213bd75148e21c14	The main normative document defining the organization, functions and competence of the police was the "Institution for the management of provinces".
16823d0334266d45215c64b61dee149e4c872539	The district police consisted of the chief the zemsky district police officer or the captain of the district police officer and 2-3 assessors.
2cddb85ff66414594af9055d6539b3657015cfe3	The chief of the rural police was chosen by the local nobility and approved by the governor.
fbd26d987191f52c80cd08e37fb0c9d3ebe89c40	In the direct subordination of the lower zemsky court were sotsky and desyatsky police officers elected from the peasants.
b10a3e5d511f8d8d9e028f52571c46e136f101b9	The duties of the lower zemsky court were numerous and diverse: to monitor order and “deanery” in the county, to execute decisions of higher authorities, to conduct preliminary investigations in criminal cases.
db094062f0ab6cdec541d12718422dfbcbac2c0a	The city police has also undergone some changes.
f34165f3d47241fb6714d8a2e56d7a75e97f118a	The reform of 1775 focused on the creation of an administrative police apparatus in the county, and practically did not affect the city police in any way.
b73a1b7589fcf4f6709257e6aabb564d1f9af171	It is to solve this problem that in 1782 the “The charter of the deanery or the police”, according to which a new police body was created in the cities – the Deanery Council.
4c0b6c1a85a7b0d5ff0f4217815866f3b3e5327d	At the head of the Council in the district cities was the mayor, in the provincial the police chief.
3f62b588a148fa1e2d32c339e043843823162f14	Under Paul I, the competence of the police was expanded by assigning to it the functions of monitoring the proper performance of service by officials, their fulfillment of the instructions of the authorities.
774becfd1b6e293c6950cc1923f4714441ef660e	To strengthen the effectiveness of the police, governors, commandants, police chiefs were held financially responsible for undisclosed theft and theft of state property.
6bdfd7598b844875cefa958f9d32992dc9eb422a	As before, the Inquisition process continues to dominate.
d51184a53a2bf2b1090a5af6ee6a92fe8d6c381c	But from the defendant, first of all, they began to demand repentance, which turned into the highest form of confession of guilt under the influence of religious feelings.
17287c9a717e053981fb691f730f458a0faae261	The investigation, especially in political cases, proceeded in an atmosphere of great secrecy: the defendants were taken on subscriptions not to disclose the investigative circumstances that had become known to them.
ccd8457b2ed54f6160eec572042f4a949c53d804	On September 20, 1802 (according to the new style), Emperor Alexander I created eight ministries instead of colleges: military land forces, naval forces, foreign affairs, justice, internal affairs, finance, commerce, public education.
f0064cf916ba0e417fe001d152f35a3e407068b5	A Committee of Ministers was also established.
5622415c83290b419549bc4cf2aba21c5caf0d9c	The government of the country was divided into two large spheres: internal and external.
9556d1ed789ce2d197d3ac770221e660a647669e	External activities were mainly carried out by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and during the wars — also by the military and naval departments.
f412290792e7de84fb123d1f993aee1ff533ecbb	Internal tasks were solved by other ministries, of which the most significant amount of work fell on the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
ddabd223fdb335b321b6e00ccff210096669a1ea	The duties of the Ministry of Internal Affairs included concern for the universal welfare of the people, for civil order and the improvement of the empire; it was responsible for all branches of state industry, except mining, the construction and maintenance of all public buildings in the state, "averting the lack of vital supplies and the necessary needs of the hostel" — that is, providing the population with food and consumer goods.
83396ea4f65e3d0fb153e58beb741a291e2065b1	The Ministry of Internal Affairs was engaged in trade (fairs), crafts; allotment of state lands; implementation of all measures first to strengthen serfdom, and then to free peasants from serfdom; resettlement (including foreign immigrants); maintenance and arrangement of roads, as well as navigation; medicine and veterinary medicine throughout the country; statistics; mail; censorship; arrangement and management of annexed territories; orders of public charity; implementation of city, zemstvo, recruitment duties; collection of taxes and arrears.
a89e1f335be3ed012a7177e328fe5ad8553df7ad	The affairs of Jews and Gypsies, the management of spiritual affairs of other faiths (Protestantism, Islam, Judaism) were particularly highlighted.
904a3ff3eb3b06663e06045a866c00e22735f174	And only then were purely police tasks set: establishing and maintaining calm, fighting fugitives and deserters, taking into custody, etc.According to the tasks, their nature and scope, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of that time significantly differed from the modern one.
0a9d14661ccfc4f0d975c0f48f31e0f0c98221dc	A prominent statesman V. P. Kochubey was appointed the first Minister of Internal Affairs.
0ec2eac3ab914e0181c3bf22c5cbbf0dc377ab44	He had the opportunity to work as Minister of the Interior twice: in 1802-1807 and 1819-1823.
154bc50ce4868a42f3053f43eb9bfd8efffde12e	In total, 63 people have served in this position for two centuries.
aa84efd393fca8d1a6796a031ba739a3c0b3992d	From the moment of its creation, the Ministry of Internal Affairs controlled the administration of the territories of the whole country through governors, who were also senior police chiefs in their provinces.
aa574499bb9915871cffb1c6c860f6521c7cbb63	Prior to the creation of the ministries, the governors reported directly to the tsar and reported to him on the state of affairs.
86c8ae9dfcaedece147ac575ded2692662905b6e	This order was maintained in the future, but with some changes.
d30b9c2bbaed909e88ee503c43c37a77c74b8e69	All military and civilian governors were instructed to " treat the Minister of Internal Affairs as if they were personal duties... and in general, on all matters of the provincial government that are subject to special consideration and permission of the Imperial Majesty, and to deliver reports through him to the Sovereign Emperor, both ordinary and extraordinary incidents."
89d18c69a7a1741117920c5ef905e76645ea16b6	The provincial leaders of the nobility also coordinated their work with the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
07c8e6e1d978316e3018d175675ca308feb0517f	On April 30, 1828, an order was issued ordering civil governors to annually submit to the Ministry of Internal Affairs reports on all actions for the management of provinces and proposals for improving their structure.
4d634aa34e47f46f4fc3cbaee9f121505cd12e1d	The Ministry of Internal Affairs was obliged to consider them and bring information to the tsar "about the subjects contained in the reports".
ae3d5bc09efbe5a9e6cffad7df0d858313ce1e8c	To implement the above mentioned tasks, certain structures were created or abolished in the Ministry of Internal Affairs: offices, departments, main departments, expeditions, committees, offices, tables.
bece574f1294a61d68baa7a6fb2966facb1ab84c	Under the Minister, the Department of Internal Affairs was formed with a division into four expeditions (similar to the current glavkov).
d4c9837c58bddd8669164493eed8454902dddf31	The first expedition was in charge of the affairs of the national food and salt part.
2850d53351c9535e64a7a178caa1251c5c977ddd	The second was the affairs of peace and deanery (police officers) and consisted of two departments.
78f400fa08574fa28becd2a608849fe52c5155b7	The first was assigned to the affairs of the zemstvo (rural) police, i.e. information about incidents, orders on the safety of traffic on roads and rivers, the obedience of peasants to the legitimate authorities, cases of heresies and the dispersion of false rumors, information about the zemstvo duties of peasants (money fees for the maintenance of posts, road repairs, accompanying kolodnikov and other items in this part that are not related to state revenues), protecting peasants from arbitrary demands.
e0ad3d0ee60ffe503c46f4f54aa95aab618f0d7b	In addition, the department was engaged in general surveying for the allotment of state owned peasants with land and registration of all land holdings in general.
419d696167a986d664d3f5051078b57cd3977914	The second department was entrusted with the affairs of the city police: taking care of the safety of streets and houses from fires and theft, maintaining a police team, maintaining public order, monitoring the circulation of prohibited books, monitoring suspicious communities and people, information about city public revenues, fees and duties, ways of working in the post, about lighting and maintenance of bridges, night guards and fire attendants, about the state of provincial companies and staff teams.
609ca9a083896a8eaa3495ad627f584cf55b2263	The third expedition was engaged in state economy and manufactories, the fourth in the affairs of the medical college and the orders of the public charity.
cef81f6d2d8439f2704c09e1627f992c924e5367	In the pre revolutionary history of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the income of all officials of the Ministry, starting with the leadership, was declared.
74f7ae28fb132b5658bf51f7d1d109c2ec950103	The printing house of the Ministry of Internal Affairs periodically published lists of the highest ranks of the central and local branches of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which indicated information about the service, awards, income for each governor and mayor, who, as already mentioned, were in the personnel of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
bf29f6b5909f8d25206a20d751eec92031ae06cb	According to the same scheme, the book provides information about all the highest ranks of the central office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
ea992a9827080ae5005ca9414a5fbf197e5bcc5d	Neither in the Soviet nor at the present time was there such a degree of awareness about the leadership personnel of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
4fe941cd59a8791b4079fb473020fe7ad849440e	In 1806, the Postal Department was attached to the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
1baba1fdf875263d5b12aee368c6302414611ac4	The Ministry of Internal Affairs has done a lot for the establishment of post offices and telegraphs.
18862529a92c6f567e4e6a24b98c410d5bc2a62e	Subsequently, this direction, as well as industry, construction, food business, trade, became an independent department.
a551f9c42b6fee68b594aa9e68857f3327dfc76d	Many structures operating in the Ministry of Internal Affairs to this day were created either immediately at the time of the formation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, or some time later.
90ddccd193b7cb6a35d544a4a8ff692d26d12957	Meanwhile, many glavki of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and other services have been counting their existence unjustifiably and historically inaccurately only since the Soviet time.
6937799bbeca3e978e6cb076821056f10cdb013c	Immediately after the formation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1802, such services appeared that are still operating today, such as , for example, the office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the archive and statistical units (now the administrative department and the Main Information and Analytical Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs).
da236d7077124e266d972ad5809a91920362a052	All organizational management of medicine in Russia, as already noted, also began from the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
0d1c13f26de3006e3a3c8573a43cece1754efec0	An important event in the socio political life of that time was the publication by the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1804-1809 of the first official periodical in the history of the country, the St. Petersburg Magazine.
e09403ad3a15d5d0868696550cedbfb7f68f0917	In 1809-1819, the Ministry of Internal Affairs published the official newspaper "Northern Mail", and in 1829-1861 - "The Journal of the Ministry of Internal Affairs".
fd6f44a3c9d17033a623eb8183e3df70894dac16	From 1894 to the present, the magazine "Fire Business"has been published.
d2b253e853888c0bb4f4cd3ea5c9bc818f8e3c09	On August 17, 1810, according to the project of M. M. Speransky, the Ministry of Police was separated from the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
80dcf6509ea5c59e69c1c8c5e24095b8444b0295	After the division of the Ministry of Internal Affairs into two departments, factories and factories, trade, crafts, agriculture, the implementation of measures for the serfdom of peasants, resettlement affairs, construction, and postal administration remained under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
57b59e8f342511d4109ca5ca3a206e0191ebd1fb	The Ministry of Police took over the food part, the provincial administration, the observance of order, the leadership of the police, including the political one, the improvement of roads, villages, cities, the orders of public charity, the medical part.
e01676742647c12f10b9352de6828262a050cd65	However, the creation of the Ministry of Police was considered unjustified, and in 1819 it was abolished, and its apparatus was re incorporated into the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
d2ac80e081f495efbe9b3ced2f7bdd1233d02cb2	The Decembrist uprising in 1825, the political mood in society forced the authorities to carry out a new reorganization.
b80e61110406d1564568b0bf4a51102425309848	After the suppression of the Decembrist uprising, the Third Branch of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery becomes the body of political investigation.
3640adef2ab1ce19f43509b07c1acb1a2e963106	When the Department was formed, as initial components, it included a special office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, secret agents and a Separate Corps of Gendarmes.
db8ec1260bc141a959af9aa1e61c7ef12c3041cf	The duties of the gendarmes were not clearly regulated: they were ordered to monitor the execution of laws, the prosecution of robbers, the dispersion of prohibited gatherings, the suppression of riots, the prosecution of secret societies, the escort of arrested persons, the conduct of searches and inquiries, the execution of sentences.
ca9397aa59d4912cfb35a09002df604f2bba8d3b	The activities of the gendarmerie were not legally limited and were regulated by the orders of the leadership in the form of oral and written instructions.
f8e1e8fbf78b7ebd398ffeaf51bbb7bf7fa05b49	Criminal proceedings were then divided into three stages: investigation, trial, execution of the sentence.
cae0ca3b1a478bb13933385e06f5212a498a4510	In addition to the investigation and execution of the sentence, the police were also assigned judicial functions, although for minor, unimportant offenses.
faef959deece7e809ab9c83dd33644aa31521af8	The investigation as a stage of criminal proceedings was differentiated into preliminary and formal stages.
de30be616ddfa98d2a3de9807b7d5495266098da	The preliminary investigation began on the complaint of the victim, the report of the prosecutors, the confession, as well as at the sole discretion of the police.
cafe1927b68e77f7cf1e662611c8095c8c10ffdb	In the course of it, the police had to establish whether there were really acts of research institutes that contained signs of a crime, and carry out the necessary investigative actions.
a9b368b36ddefbb663589e832f04531a18450f97	At the formal stage, the identity of the criminal and the circumstances of the crime were established.
49c1c84d7865a691d9280b0042f477368ab09cec	The evidence was recorded in protocols signed by the person conducting the investigation and the accused.
7c4a39c2b75bc6c295c29289ef46aa365849ee19	At this stage of the investigation, the presence of deputies from the estates was allowed to monitor the legality of investigative actions.
0ab2f452f162a37ca4165b9a4b0f1cf85855cefe	Important importance in the investigation process was attached to obtaining the suspect's own confession, but torture was already prohibited by law in 1801.
274690654311b7229e71896e6b20c5b97bc755d0	At that time, the right to conduct criminal investigations was granted to a very wide range of officials and bodies.
5a9fd067a24b99ec658eff2054b518a3589d0846	It could be conducted by the lower zemstvo courts, deanery councils and various presences, consisting of police officers, private bailiffs and investigative bailiffs of criminal cases.
1c5e0126104fb8934e6de170d3a7fbc17d404d3b	The investigation of unimportant cases was carried out mainly by quarterly supervisors.
67988df7f15082460e6ef17c8efb0dc4bbdec139	In more complex cases, it was entrusted to special officials allocated by the provincial authorities or the Minister of Internal Affairs, or to special committees consisting of ranks of various departments, but with the leading role of officers of the gendarmes corps in them.
343e745d55b71d744af3929baf52965abcc1e3a5	In the 30-70s of the XIX century, the Ministry of Internal Affairs did a lot on the assigned sites.
25fdb98c12b9b2b12c10a69d3e9d32d9e582877e	It is particularly necessary to note the active role of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the preparation and implementation of the peasant reform of 1861 and the abolition of serfdom.
a1e2b7387173e1c11132c32504a7003e433a1647	At the same time, the situation in the pre revolutionary police was most often assessed critically.
9540eeef43411a698c8c94063b72d151833b11c9	The inspections of the city police conducted by the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1847 in 27 provincial cities showed that only in three of them (Vologda, Vladimir and Perm) it was in proper order.
d9fcd9adc282f2442ca2acb5f84c7a73f83afc72	In other cities, the state of the police was considered unsatisfactory.
e9b99e62e6ca387c62b4fb2bd989758fd1f50f3a	As the report of the Ministry of Internal Affairs for 1845 testified, even the St. Petersburg deanery board (a police institution) worked extremely poorly, as evidenced by the daily complaints of the population, the reform of 1880 turned the Ministry of Internal Affairs into the main link of the state apparatus, in the role of which it remained almost until the fall of the autocracy.
e53ec14064529dda20526b93af5a94825fd181ee	Download the document
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d21ece10d80316871d9473c306baa64efa860b76	Ministry of Internal Affairs Monographyprofessor of the Department of Criminal Law and Criminology of the Law Institute of the Krasnoyarsk State University Candidate of Law, Professor Yu.
940b364b45e6ba60f7fda1aa86fccdc63494e119	Reforming of the system of internal affairs bodies of the USSR in 1956 1968 Abstract of the dissertation Defense will take place "" 2008, at 14 o'clock.
ddc6c58aa2f8692321e02af6cb008295c7685308	30 min. at the meeting of the dissertation Council D 203.002.06 at the Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia at the address: 125171, Moscow, ul.
49f4ef1b79cbb02f3e068f43ef23a882d920a924	The Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation Legal Department Reference materials Law These reference materials have been prepared for use in explaining the main provisions of Federal Law No.
ede22ff95a6154f41b7d452f47331eec3b0a4be5	3 FZ of February 7, 2011 "On the Police "(hereinafter also referred to as the "Law on the Police", the "Law") in order to form a uniform
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01236d524894bb17198a899be09628da93055a32	History - MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS
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0ca773d238dd015040f0e475200c8681683fb0c3	The MINISTRY OF Internal Affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs traces its history back to 1802 – the time of the creation of ministries as new centralized management bodies.
25b5c5d3df97ac239395d6f394bc178813649c43	The predecessors of the ministries were orders that existed since the 16th century and replaced them in the 18th century by colleges.
dc58e551fed92ff901befa3c412635b48aa4fabb	On September 8, 1802, the Committee of Ministers and 8 ministries were formed.
9ca5e76245b68e37d1a36a425941bd94d46a72bd	The ministers were personally responsible for the state of affairs in their departments, had the right to legislative initiative.
bb9757dbbf1ac67de1c13b5d01e6cdf31bdbe4b3	Every year they had to submit reports on the activities of the ministry to the Emperor and the Senate.
d4cbc90790d57d22291938804c4e6920282a069e	Initially, 4 main structural divisions were formed in the structure of the Ministry of Internal Affairs – the so called expeditions.
243ac895bf1542982384873c71c87633d5db8619	The competence of the first included "managing the affairs of the national food and salt part", the third zan she was engaged in the improvement of agriculture, managed state factories and factories, the extraction of peat, coal, ensured the resettlement of peasants to new lands, monitored the condition of roads.
17842ae393152a3d959df56efa2e38d3bd905c27	In 1806, these two expeditions were united.
a10c728a7cdcba222d027215c66b450b6b77d70d	The fourth was the expedition of the "public charity".
3c89ec005f90f5690d2a0becc87452be14fb0e53	It was in charge of hospitals, prisons, "God pleasing institutions".
71b3431883fd4902b6b830fd5bee2dd10e0d5f13	The police were managed by the second expedition - the expedition of tranquility and deanery.
c7a2308dfc9abac09ca58a95ee47feec6afd45d9	She was engaged in collecting information about incidents, preventing "false rumors", and most importantly monitoring the obedience of peasants to the legitimate authorities, and also led the city police and fire brigades, considered complaints against the police.
3d8254f2b357619a3af40ef7d17842f4a656b52b	Count V. P. Kochubey, the largest statesman of Russia in the first half of the 19th century, one of the initiators and authors of the project of creating ministries, was appointed the first Minister of Internal Affairs.
5f54e87583ef46865a9b030005949624fecb0824	His comrade (deputy) was a member of the Secret Committee, a personal friend of Alexander the First, Count P.
3f5c39e0ca01b55fc9fc8aa1a0d00a61be5a947f	A. Stroganov.
c315d4c490fb9e96c6c8b6f1049472fc40dfcefa	The Minister's Office was headed by M. M. Speransky.
8e602b94df633aa4ded40cd5ff0726b3bf134a8e	One of the first issues considered by the leadership of the Ministry of Internal Affairs was the material support of police officers.
ff96b60766179882d24a0e68dc29e15a634446e7	At the initiative of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, special items for the maintenance of the police were included in the estimates of city expenses: "for the salary according to the state, for provisions and uniforms, for fodder, the maintenance of fire equipment, for firewood and candles."
5440a38387e0e2de90cf31bac6e5fecc0ce2a900	In 1806, based on the generalization and analysis of the activities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Kochubey and Speransky prepared a project for its reorganization.
2910d7b603237c743cede286c46284f65114845d	Some functions for the management of the state economy were transferred to other ministries and departments.
8a18982d3368e5890537274319330c11216fffcc	The Postal Department became part of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
645a2e0484d9de123f14f0a2cee4ae7c3b315ec1	In addition to the expeditions and the departments that were part of them, new structural divisions were formed, the so called tables.
0f88048d09f9e5659c8b4538740d320049da0050	In each department there were several tables, led by the heads of the tables.
99360bb7676c256390cc650ae2426ebd6f271dc1	The structure of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the range of its tasks remained unchanged until 1810, when another significant reorganization of the public administration system took place, as a result of which the Ministry of Police of Russia was formed.
8e814576301bf45542258ae6d0e49a55fa17b2ee	In 1811, the Department of State Economy and Public Buildings was created in the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
234aa3be1e7768410a07849d0cca919382c27ec1	In 1812, a Construction committee was created under him.
c53fd2441b2408cb999489163de9065c547eab36	Thus, after the creation of the Ministry of Police, the Ministry of Internal Affairs included: the Office, the Department of State Economy and Public Buildings, the Department of Manufactures and Internal Trade, the Postal Department, the Construction Committee, the editorial office of the official newspaper of the Ministry of Internal Affairs "Northern Mail", created in 1809.
f78f8af61eb628c78219df078018e409314dacac	In 1819, after the liquidation of the Ministry of Police, a significant part of its functions was transferred to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which led to another change in its structure.
604872825259ac4cb1af6043e3a294cba257e107	The Department of Manufactures and Internal Trade and the Postal Department are withdrawn from the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and the Economic Department, the Executive Police Department, the Medical Department, the Medical Council and the Special Office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs as a political police body created as part of the Ministry of Police, and the Censorship Cabinet are transferred from the liquidated Ministry of Police.
5f160a623403ad0deb037ca61fd3c2bf9b298a19	The main structural unit of the Ministry of Internal Affairs was the Executive Police Department.
ab83444d3df85b91d72fc551566fbfd3da268659	Its functions included the issues of determining the number of staff and the formation of police bodies in cities and rural areas, and most importantly, monitoring their activities, especially the expenditure of funds allocated to the police.
f6ce72aaf7998790a75a7267abdff334009cdf37	The reorganization of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in August 1880 made it the most important link of the state mechanism.
5cb53ea4fa858a7b60f8e88ddcd768b189ea7f84	At the end of the 19th beginning of the 20th century, the central apparatus of the ministry included 21 institutions: the Council of the Minister, the Main Directorate of Posts and Telegraph, the Main Directorate for Press Affairs, the Police Department, the Economic Department, the Department of Spiritual Affairs of Foreign Confessions, etc.
10723897df5782e93f8e7be49278f5d2a22838f1	The abolition of preliminary censorship, the proclamation of freedom of the press served to The creation of an information bureau, which transmitted official messages to the media, compiled reviews of central, local and foreign newspapers for the Minister of Internal Affairs and heads of other departments.
a276a383db7694909d2aa5590652722fc7326201	In 1917, instead of the Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, a temporary department for public police affairs and ensuring the personal and property security of citizens was created.
6eba8b1102190a13354059e029b2d0f1f370d5f8	The Department was mainly engaged in preparing the organizational and legal framework for regulating their activities.
e19e6921b5b84fafb5d137d28cd835782d761065	Similar functions were also performed by the Department for Local Self government affairs created in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
bbfe32f75f0e71c46ee38546442baf544dd7f3db	In April 1917, the Provisional Government issued a decree "On the establishment of the militia", in which it was declared the executive body of state power in the field.
41a5a2c4ded13f24cd46ac3b6bbfb811cb2ec09e	The police chief was appointed and dismissed by the city or county zemstvo council.
ddaf987894a291f82b5f83a6b83d230834dfaee8	Persons who were under investigation and tried on charges of a crime, insolvent debtors who were under guardianship for waste, and the keepers of brothels could not become policemen.
f92ff2e790a83bae4fb1bf6fd9f04e8b4b216b98	However, persons convicted of theft, fraud, concealment of a stolen person, or forgery could be accepted for service in the police.
9585962b2306971db17594c50fadd30d77056611	Persons with at least secondary education could become police chiefs and deputies.
c1131ed602652933093577aaeeb5e97ad27e7191	The police chief had to report annually to the State Duma or the district assembly, as well as to the commissar of the Provisional Government in the given area.
40c592f792f05a3b69ba3c0746754b7483ec1e32	On June 15, 1917, the Temporary Department for Public Police Affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs was renamed the Main Department for Police Affairs.
13d9ecbd93e5ca50c9bfee79fa71e70c251a38ab	However, the difficulty of creating a militia and leading it was that the February Revolution, having destroyed the old one, did not create a new, effective system of administrative management.
2bb97499cb57225db285acf27da9fd980ed4b7a1	The Ministry of Internal Affairs was losing control over the police.
a191f6fae71af24bf65eabfef4857ba785cabc9e	The militia of the provisional government was falling apart, and in many places it was not actually formed, "which played a big role in the general process of disintegration of Russia," according to the manager of the affairs of the Provisional Police, V. D. Nabokov.
8b827bd92b7b9187e669431aec375d1211329aff	The history of the NKVD of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR begins with the time of the October Revolution and the formation of the Soviet state.
cf679a8fbd2763afa129bb096f466463691ba87e	In October 1917, the Second All – Russian Congress of Soviets was held in Petrograd, which consolidated the transfer of power into the hands of the Soviets and formed the first Soviet government the Council of People's Commissars.
5430b79d3abe515b15f7358cdfb337cf0f92b594	G. I. Petrovsky was appointed People's Commissar of Internal Affairs.
e2dd085c4d8cd6d3fb42fbe7abf6405c4cc79464	In June 1918, the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the RSFSR had 11 divisions, the total number of employees was 400 people.
85f469c42b0bcfccfac188e359ebb55b7ba26cdb	The organizational structure of the NKVD was based on the branch principle.
517a26aeb8cfcb761a5c7b2fba670483fa139c0a	In 1919, the Central Administration of Forced Labor Camps was established in the NKVD apparatus.
c9f47935d2670293f2150ee7134df6d7f0a5e9c2	Subsequently, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR transferred all places of detention to the NKVD system.
8038d9add25935861264e2d0af975f0540dad639	In 1919, the internal security troops were transferred to the subordination of the NKVD.
d3e96c6211347bdef054bbf0b5a9ea1b5ab88521	In 1920, the Central Fire Department entered the apparatus of the People's Commissariat.
b76e33d2861445cbb0b13f7baa159953ffb625e3	Another important function of the NKVD was the protection of public order.
2ebadb7b18ffce89e7b6c1674fccd77716368f88	The organizational formation of the system of internal affairs bodies of the RSFSR was completed with the adoption in May 1922 of the Regulations on the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs, which legally fixed the structure of the People's Commissariat and the internal affairs bodies as a whole, defining their rights and obligations.
38b91d6915a17121df1e03805b0a084806ef5780	The final centralization of the system of internal affairs bodies occurred with the creation of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR in 1934.
cc0f179be1c71993ada3fc1a8bed539e2263e500	In the Constitution of the USSR adopted in 1936, the NKVD was fixed as the Union Republican People's Commissariat.
c56be83063ab965a4223668e830725232962b4bf	At the same time, there were a number of changes in the structure of the central office.
95562f8e19aaf98fcb39de1a374ca6acae924bb4	So, as part of the Main Police Department, the State Traffic Inspectorate was formed in 1936, and the Railway Police Department was created in 1937.
3811542522955783af036c6ef3007728afb46cef	With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the tasks of the NKVD for the protection of public order and the fight against crime became significantly more complicated.
d70e8f06ced64cc58631970c5888d3be79e127bb	The fight against military and labor desertion, looting, and alarmists was added to the functions of the Department of Internal Affairs.
444ba402afcc8a86f4fd964cd6b06a00b179bb83	During the war, the search for children who disappeared during evacuation and other circumstances became important.
7b70e440497877c242713ae60bc0580be9ee4308	As part of the GURKM, a Central Reference Address Children's Table was created.
b256263d4653ed5f343a93d8b640e0385910bddf	In March 1946, the NKVD of the USSR was transformed into the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR.
ac0359c2bd787238f79cbbe0ffd7d893060143c2	It consists of the main departments: correctional labor colonies and camps, industrial construction camps, police, archival, management, fire protection and others.
aadc4d3f97af3c4d60765427c7e3609711d75609	In March 1953, the MGB of the USSR joined the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR.
cbe6d36b72fdbe2dc0d6a39f4e0f57ffe33053ee	Since 1953, industrial headquarters have been removed from the Ministry of Internal Affairs system and transferred to the relevant ministries.
f66c614032f965a3e266f006ee6255561aa897e9	In 1955, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the RSFSR was formed, which manages the Internal Affairs Department on the territory of the Russian Federation.
56f3314fd896165d96aa49563929e4653f3e0465	In January 1960, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR was liquidated and the management of internal affairs bodies was transferred to the jurisdiction of the Union republics.
34c2b2bbcdf187b57cbbeb0578dc1914ff80ed92	As a result, the unified all Union system of internal affairs is being violated, which has led to more complicated coordination of the work of republican bodies, the inter republican exchange of experience in combating crime and the use of scientific and technological achievements in this fight have been weakened.
4884171e7f07bba54c736065e9becfadcc0cad8b	Since 1985, a new stage in the development of the ATS system has begun.
6223651e03f16ccca2f3c2b8ab1b24c11a4da9b5	The Ministry of Internal Affairs of the RSFSR was removed from the subordination of the union ministry.
6da7d34f0c12ec1c3fc786dc1fec4e6041518389	Since December 1991, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia began to act as the central body of the branch management of a sovereign state.
9dd4137639fd06354391f0c92e9ab51884e394de	The Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia carries out, within its powers, state administration in the field of protection of human and civil rights and freedoms, law enforcement, public security, and heads the system of internal affairs bodies and internal troops.
52a9ba3c4b224687f62c47b986c160f13b7ba9ce	The system of internal affairs bodies includes: district divisions, ministries of internal affairs of republics, departments and departments of internal affairs of territories, regions, cities of federal significance, autonomous regions, districts, districts, cities, departments at particularly important and sensitive facilities, preliminary investigation bodies, district departments of logistics and military supply, etc.
2a0da6673a86dbd2b60308a7411d64500deb61cb	In its activities, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia is guided by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws, decrees and orders of the President of the Russian Federation, resolutions and orders of the Government of the Russian Federation.
4cf8290502e4e8ef4c921c4f47a3fbafaf36f7f0	Generally recognized principles and norms of international law, international treaties of the Russian Federation and the Regulations on the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation.
d54cdee231733a5ab53cca526d85d1d0ae3fa1dc	For two centuries of its activity, the Ministry of Internal Affairs has made a significant contribution to ensuring the internal security of the Fatherland, organizing the fight against crime, protecting order and important state entities.
43499628cff5d8b673c5b1732cd4b17f513cb82d	In its development, it has passed a difficult path, having accumulated a rich, versatile work experience that deserves the most careful attention.
1ece9395dfe52151ba83a6e16ae5c0ea91274fbb	At all times, the Ministry of Internal Affairs has been one of the leading links of the state mechanism of Russia, ensuring the internal security of the state and serving as a guarantor of the stability of public life.
cf4589a129cf5ef079420bf7b785b246339d24a8	CREATION OF THE YAKUT MILITIA
07ae2e2465605c3556c355ba501ccd08a17f8d7c	The date of birth of the Yakut militia is considered to be July 10, 1918, when the Yakut Council of Workers 'Deputies abolished the White Guard police, creating a workers 'and peasants' militia, defined its new tasks, the order of formation and material support.
77e544ced6a8490a2c3439928d31b05e1572fc33	Only volunteers were accepted for service and the initial staffing was limited to 35 employees.
dd8eeef83bae9c274fb127bbe3f4f17231760e8f	Among the first policemen are called Yu.
104037c956f3b425ebdc739a6d922bf3eac9c464	Paryukov, K, Kitaev, F. Novokhatsky, B. Chizhik, P. Kochnev, I. Vasiliev and others.
fa48a12c3a7723f16e1a02cff4b91a192399d25a	The first Yakut policemen had to work in very difficult conditions, there were no special instructions, a single uniform, there was no communication with the center and qualified personnel, there were not enough service weapons.
1b2bc64ca6390501e2a46edb9ce418180e7eb31d	Many died of cold and hunger.
4a535153d08f571c6cccd8546fb675f8cea6c21c	The history of the Yakut militia is rich in heroic and tragic events during the confrontation with the white bandits.
00def5ee6e52537d6158f2ef055791c8a47c724c	From the first days of its creation, the new Yakut militia acted as a people's militia, as a defender of the rights and interests of the working people.
2bc731d6676b8316b12f2ce942b1bcba00b76cc1	As the years passed, new police units and services were created, the staff number of employees grew, and at all stages of development, the police faithfully served the people.
ed8c284155d1bc254d13d8f4b03b50bec61e300d	The first duty and direct duty of a law enforcement officer has always remained unchanged: to vigilantly protect public order, steadily protect the honor and dignity of a person, the legitimate rights of citizens, protect the national wealth and faithfully protect the interests of the state.
b7d4ddb8a1d33f9ce23497c7b5f1718f51f7d382	In April 1922, the Yakut ASSR was proclaimed, and the police became part of the NKVD as an independent unit.
145226055b1fa1ae4f06a1b08a0a13bb57b6cb3e	Then the government introduces the post of People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the republic.
d6679a6d11482bf8814834cffa6ea340db64ffa4	Stepan Maksimovich Arzhakov is the first to be appointed to this post.
900a35f02b36259b67a8fb1cc190fba27abef61f	Under it, such new services as the political department, the state automobile inspection, and non departmental security are being created.
965bad6853177642817997a2bd59ffba5385fbdd	The name of Vasily Stepanovich Sedalishchev, who served in the police for more than 30 years, became legendary in the history of the Yakut police, he carried the proud title of a policeman with honor and dignity, was awarded the Order of Lenin and two Orders of the Red Banner.
055927e509b4053da3f854343efbf7a036a934f4	Another legendary man, Pavel Filimonovich Polynsky, also served in the criminal investigation service for forty years.
2805f50a7e4d6356419e63ebadb9f767c36bb012	Police Major Polynsky was awarded the Order of Lenin, the Red Banner of Battle, and two Orders of the Red Star for his courage and impeccable service.
f69e07decd55037a105febdec1014fe2d16f1d3a	Subsequently, he was awarded the title of Honored Worker of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR.
7b5cbaef5a5d682a046437cdebb4686763991631	The Yakut police faced a number of problems after the war.
77a6ed83f26c47f1f32e4557aad1054df9727000	All forces were thrown at strengthening the criminal investigation department.
00870eddb5401f1d25801aacf049d638d1ef10be	In July 1946, the Department of UR GUM of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR was reorganized into the Department of UR, its staff increased significantly.
022dda11a885617fea16b0db3b05c4c62f7075fd	In 1952, the police was entrusted with the protection of trade objects, as well as some institutions and enterprises.
0ef4cf5c93eb7eabd4354273fc29f15bfc9c5615	As part of the Police Service Department, a department of non departmental outdoor guard protection and relevant structural units on the ground were created.
42b879e9a9d1c4603053f97e0458adc01e79f217	In March 1953, the police was transferred to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in connection with the unification of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR and MGB OF THE USSR.
557857b758c02a7013d7932c0f3227da69e9d1e2	In October 1956, the regional and regional departments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and police departments were reorganized into the departments of internal affairs of the executive committees of the corresponding Councils of Workers ' Deputies.
2a287359ea20594894d82a76480e90b080e38416	In August 1962, the Regulation on the Police was adopted, active measures to strengthen the internal affairs bodies and improve their work began to be taken in the late 60s early 70s.
3d2ead283ade1eed5392a3ecb069c07f13b0b177	In the early 70s, independent supervisory and preventive units were created.
f567afcb53c78aae0a20d8bc2ef5ea3897b10b1c	The Yakut militia can say with full right and pride that it has always been, is and will be with the people, serves them faithfully and is ready to help in difficult times.
f139f3fb02cb8239fff0d4c536b9afd367d7223f	This is evidenced by the facts from the history of its formation and functioning over the years.
e470841aeb45af085bc487777fa2917e9984aa1a	Military deeds and impeccable service, a lot of glorious names standing at the origins: G. R. Desyatkin, V. S. Sedalishchev, M. G. Khabibullin, A. Ignatiev, V. Santuev, N. Molchanov, G. Sergeev, V. Popov, M. Kostetsky, F. Donskoy and many others.
51cb488aad514fd4133071b955f34223cbe63063	Personal courage and courage, professional skill and selfless work of employees of those years multiplied and enriched the traditions of the police, forever laying a powerful foundation for its further development.
f2147382c00b16585af92c2c8bf61e1f95605457	Despite the bright military exploits of the Interior Ministry employees, the problem of personnel for the police remained very serious, both in Yakutia and in the country as a whole.
4bafe10110d88b9983cc0fd816e99ae4c794709e	In order to develop the professional training of police officers, training schools for junior and middle commanding officers were established.
16b423e81ef7bad91ba25fe6d03d0fdfeab90515	The number of secondary specialized institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs system has increased by more than 2 times, the network of schools has expanded, at which faculties and advanced training courses for senior personnel were opened.
2d5976c626c2d328fcba5cd909c92d3d8bb65afe	By the decision of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of September 21, 1973, the Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR was formed, which many of our fellow countrymen also graduated from.
e47358ceec6f9039161f6ba6d9c5d5eeabcdb5bc	The specialization of the criminal investigation department developed, units were created to combat drug addiction, especially dangerous criminals, group crime, etc., the patrol and post service of the police was improved, much attention was paid to strengthening the service of district police officers.
425cd71de532aaa796a4e65e9c2a054dd10e50f8	In December 1991, the Department for Combating Drug Trafficking was established in the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.
dee788ecb26a2bda381a01279cf3983c4076c57f	The Law of the Russian Federation "On Militia" of 1991 was of great importance for the police.
46ef321f2a77b06e482955f8a46a3be279e2b7bb	Divisions, clear tasks and rights of police officers were designated.
ba423a14cff9be5695a6f011c34cbc84dec8b80e	In February 1992, the Main Directorate for Combating Organized Crime was formed, and at the end of 1992, specialized investigative bodies were formed.
5144d5b44ba9de2243aa45b6dcba79f0f0835a0c	For personal courage and bravery, for professional skills and selfless work, many employees of Yakutia were awarded state awards and awarded honorary titles.
7a06679e49376ae4e6176f2e30515219426cc59a	Protecting our peace, health and lives, law enforcement officers multiply and enrich the traditions laid down decades ago in the years of the formation of the service.
78f5bdd318923239185df71e700b70fbf5c198bf	THE HISTORY OF THE CREATION OF THE NERYUNGRINSKY MILITIA
29017152a740ba7a653981c5e0c892f2c0cae9da	Neryungri, one of the youngest cities in Yakutia, was founded in the mid 70s of the XX century.
67ab5ef62e077a7bff43128ccb051ee473efa337	Simultaneously with the foundation and development of the city, internal affairs bodies appeared and passed the path of formation.
6be8b8e27af8356eea1516b37a7b5a07c5f9dcb9	The Neryungrinsky militia was not born from scratch, the settlement police department in the village provided significant organizational and personnel support.
c2210a4fbf78d718c89c45d304268f11373f3e6a	Chulman of the Aldansky district police department.
7101d3df7def447c1c193dfd1accf527a4e5f52d	The geographical location of the city, which is the southern gate of Yakutia, determined the main purpose of the Department of Internal Affairs, and later the Department of Internal Affairs, - the protection of the southern borders of the republic from criminal elements.
ece27bc608e8d9aaf974875ba37b091e59042e2e	In February 1975, the Neryungrinsky village police department was established.
e71d9baddbd9eb6d330e3fd6256869d5b6e8c71a	The first employees of the newly created POM were the names that went down in history: Yuri Besedin, Vladimir Zakharov, Vitaly Kononenko, Eduard Popov, Boris Tarakanov, Nikolai Mamchuk, Igor Goryunov, Anatoly Ushakov, Kadyrbek Urazov, Anatoly Gorkovenko.
d51626031f15d7c0e1477d3689652787b2421cbf	Yuri Nikolaevich Besedin was appointed the first head of the POM.
a486117f412fd17c5a6fb3a5ff2783f3d0b7e332	Later, the settlements of Berkakit and Serebryany Bor were formed with their own village police departments.
c6dc4598acfc216e1f0b9677d989cd54591d88c2	They were headed by employees of the Chulmansky POM Khityanik A.
52c61a80062f7e261890a4cc249ef06d0f608060	A. and Podgornov V. D.
bf1423960842a18e561dde75818ba8d250535b68	Two police departments – Chulmanskoye and Neryungrinsky became the basis for the creation of the city police.
4c41f77c1904bc052fa7db1b3dc425cfca5d769f	In November 1975.
9db79562f110ccd34372af1b4d9a4fb78e604e9f	When Neryungri received the status of a city of republican subordination, the question arose about the formation of the city department of internal affairs.
c9fc71d48338534b33c724de8366541ddf84cb7f	The birthday of the Neryungrinsky Department of Internal Affairs is considered to be December 29.
ef79c1a39a32cd7624c8c24a5212dda45f260b43	On this day in 1975, by order of the Minister of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the YASSR, in accordance with the order of the Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR, the staff of the Department of Internal Affairs of the Neryungrinsky District Executive Committee was approved.
6b14e1db70861f7e382ac60f3b49cf743cbce61a	An experienced police officer, Ivan Konstantinovich Guryanov, was appointed the first head of the Neryungrinsky police department.
b778a65e9dea205dfa78fa3bf66b25da91429ff3	As the city expanded, the burden on law enforcement agencies increased in parallel.
0af957a2bd66c101c54c52f1275657ef272bbbc8	The staff of the Department of Internal Affairs has increased several times.
42d7e1529f45c51fe28385636aba7bce7d0b9b89	The first specialized departments appeared: criminal investigation, investigation, OBKHSS, traffic police, medical detox, personnel.
05e862078ab10ab48927d0c586a37eea6307f0e9	In 1980, the GOVD moved from a modest one story barrack to a new two story building, and a year later received another one at its disposal.
dc1ab850e05c60cc7b7d264bd5d8c38b47b2d2e4	The staff and technical equipment grew, the duty station was equipped, experienced teams were formed in the services.
a029080e211ee7140451d66a650a3a4f7634b818	In different years, experienced professionals stood at the helm of the Department of Internal Affairs, creating a powerful foundation for the development of bodies: Yu.N.Dmitriev, E. V. Turchinsky, V. M. Epstein, Yu.
6a2a4a4116019a86d95f52963b62dc885853cb76	V. Bezdnyakov.
0f8b90c90f8e83305c78e8fbbe14119d96c605e8	It was under Yu.
eeb886be4d9563e0de9b95851908841035ecc91e	V. Bezdnyakov that the construction of a new modern four story building for the Neryungrinsky militia was completed.
3c806686f25acb87c5a01fadf75d8234b213eb70	ATC received a powerful impetus to development.
8495a457b0bc4c20fb3019075ec3b93c55041e86	A Headquarters was created, a duty unit was organized, and technical equipment increased dramatically.
a48a64e266f960603d15b10fd7f90d16de306947	And today, all management services are equipped with computer equipment connected to a single local network.
5bebc9ce825017b9570d711cead2810e061471b0	The equipment of all ATC services with transport has significantly increased.
5e649a799351b2bcad62272bf9c70da5b8ed4b8a	Today, the management of the Department of Internal Affairs, as before, pays special attention to the selection and placement of personnel.
ea66c064a1c97a8fa1e559e663956b81abebd5a5	Employees of the Department of Internal Affairs are proud of their colleagues, such as A. I. Kutsenkov, A.M. Kim, V. V. Lysenko, D. P. Dmitriev, E. E. Kupriyanov and many others who have passed all stages of a police career from an ordinary employee to the head of a specialized unit.
e86679bb2dc016f914ea12414a35ade6d458c794	For more than 30 years of its existence, the Neryungri militia has its own labor dynasties: Kapitonov, Slepchenko, Hristyuk, Misuno and many others.
de17236fb6ba4155ae2c765c3acf6f339086dfde	In 1997, the Department of Internal Affairs was headed by an experienced and competent officer, a veteran of the militia, an honorary employee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Colonel Khityanik Alexander Andreevich.
ecd1e452267b33f4f965404bcaeb7a97510404a0	In 2006, A.
485f513ad6c2fda628cc16f8b6f6d844f8823a76	A. Khityanik finished his service as the First Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs of the RS (Ya).
0c9470512f81fa4387f6151198e46526888d68f2	He is currently retired.
5499462366c4a0ff24f83c9a1f077e4b202f9620	Artur Yakovlev became the next head of the Neryungrinsky militia.
97352270b9267e68dbdcefe96a41df1b547ff0ee	In 1986, he graduated from the KGB border military political school.
746fb72376ab1c4851242eac3f7544a03e3d7865	From 1982 to 1993, he served in the Armed Forces, and began his service in the Department of Internal Affairs as a policeman of the PPSM company of the Neryungri police Department and, having passed all the stages of police service, in 2001 he was appointed head of the Department of Internal Affairs of Neryungri.
6e3a107494ca19a6aa76af814a086c1b563b1b13	Participated in the provision of international assistance in the Republic of Afghanistan.
264055eedc179940e64d4e5ecac58ae2308c6e67	He was awarded many government awards.
b25a0b1385f85f8bb8aedb3f825a9be794e3d84e	In 2006, Rodion Valeryevich Mikhailov became the head of the Neryungrinsky Department of Internal Affairs.
f272ae368ad19b54aefc844e1b97cc60884b03be	In 1994, he graduated from the Irkutsk Higher School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
7bf842aa1b4272207bfd60b77551a465ebd928d1	During the years of service, he passed all the stages of police growth from a police officer of the IVS to the head of the Department of Internal Affairs.
3adcd5ad7c9c26feb8cd19bbfaf927b04a00f65f	He was awarded numerous badges and medals.
35f6ad949ebe9ce924d0236c0a9f133885d4f8b8	In November 2007, Rodion Valeryevich was appointed head of the Department for Combating Organized Crime of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic.
3ff2d26a301f80c9c80628dabf41bee3a10f9b88	In January 2008, a new head of the Department of Internal Affairs for the Neryungrinsky district was introduced – Oleg Anatolyevich Lebed, who headed the department from January to August 2008.
e23836479642c959f4cc5b6ea4f929b02f992ccc	He was awarded the medal "For the protection of public Order", "For services to the Patronymic".
ed4068835218b47f2a432d8ecdeba980fba861e3	In November 2008, Rodion Valeryevich Mikhailov, who previously held this position, was appointed head of the Department of Internal Affairs for the Neryungrinsky district.
08fbce3c2b2559b8a9863a24134a82fe4f00cbce	Now the Department of Internal Affairs of the Neryungrinsky district is one of the largest divisions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the republic, more than 500 people serve in it to protect the order.
46e344af5db4ff7f5dd00365c3c8985ce9f5d7b5	The personnel of the Neryungri police are determined to continue to honestly fulfill their duty to protect the public order of the city, the life and health of its residents.
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fc54b2b638e9d63a5b6b4ba50c2d32031cd20158	On the state and measures for further improvement of inpatient services for the population of the USSR.
07d1ffd7402285f1a6399c00f9168c00a100ac25	The Ministry of Health of the SSS In accordance with the Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR No.
2b5ae767ad4a776ad54abf3b17b872f9456a9d54	58 of January 14, 1960.... more
67af6dcb1863f1e9fff2d36c9c37b674f8ae53dc	The Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation, on behalf of the President of the country, will take a number of measures to revive children's and school tourism.
7cc9400ac1646aaf23010c1a0fa6144d7ba083c3	The problem is that many children from low income families do not go anywhere nowadays, and children from families with medium and high incomes usually go only abroad. ... more
d6f22e8dded840734693e8d56949a2e5a8f62954	6 Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Bashkortostan In order to improve the level of environmental safety, fertility and soil quality in the State Program for the Development of Agriculture and Regulation of Markets for agricultural products, raw materials and food for 2013-2020 [3, 4], an event is being implemented to support agricultural incomes... more
a3cbaccea72711ab53b334d114d9a2d0a3086304	About the approval of the norms of the load of bailiffs. the resolution. ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation.
2192ef1fd2b394a2a77ca0270e972b5698d3364b	15.08.02 6 ON THE APPROVAL OF THE NORMS OF THE LOAD OF BAILIFFS RESOLUTION MINISTRY OF LABOR AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUSSIAN Federation on August 15, 2002 N 60 MINISTRY OF JUSTICE ... more
fa3aeb20b707ccab7638c285fc4b77ae59931883	The Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation is a federal state budgetary educational institution .MINISTRY OF Agriculture OF the Russian Federation Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education Perm State Agricultural Academy named after Academician D. N. Pryanishnikov Department of Economic Theory ... more
cddf9929c483d14226c3956101dcd6ca522e30ef	On the system of measures to improve the quality of clinical laboratory research in healthcare institutions of the Russian FEDERATION On THE SYSTEM OF MEASURES TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF CLINICAL LABORATORY RESEARCH IN HEALTHCARE INSTITUTIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION ORDER OF THE MINISTRY OF... more
bdfa5d8f9f62c2d27c7c024bd036d3028e98d1be	Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Order No. 646 of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated June 9, 2014 "On the Reorganization of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Moscow State Technical University of Radio Engineering, Electronics and Automation", Federal State byud... more
7d628ba4161d1e37cbf452ef84bfc2d62f4e1445	About publishing activities in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. order.
4cdfc8f9368d8e27a62a5fca868e1da9da90bdc1	Ministry of Defense of the RUSSIAN Federation (Ministry of Defense OF Russia) ON PUBLISHING ACTIVITIES IN THE ARMED FORCES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION ORDER MINISTRY OF DEFENSE OF the RUSSIAN Federation on September 15, 1996 N 355 ... more
c1000e565578b1cd88ddb527fc7a38270d504c19	About the approval of the in
a3d918a563cb1d2b9d424c1f2ced52fd27dd4a13	And when the best figure skater of the USA, Jackson Heinz, arrived in Europe in the 60s of the last century, it turned out that even the most experienced of the ice masters had something to learn from him.
73e1c4354d3c10eee0783bf936060b363449e606	Heinz also performed in St. Petersburg, and numerous spectators, including, of course, figure skaters, took a lot from what this best figure skater in the world at that time showed them.
f77a6877eff32447341f43e5820b201118b89ccb	Among the spectators was Alexey Pavlovich Lebedev — the Russian figure skater whose skill has always aroused respect among the strongest foreign athletes.
b9a5083da4553e100987370d860c1c8702f9631e	It was Lebedev who was destined to become the winner of several major tournaments, including the competitions of 1890 in St. Petersburg, where the strongest athletes of the world gathered.
52e9db8519edaee57ab142a75442b789887954ef	According to its composition, it was actually an unofficial World Championship.
27d71442db9d66c47766b5eee6c7262559571f3f	The victory in it went to A. Lebedev, who showed not only calligraphic accuracy in the performance of mandatory figures, but also excellent free skating, rich in artistic finds and striking everyone with its harmony.
02437934b74cc115aac1fc8ed72e1d4d621613c0	The victory at this tournament allowed many sports historians to consider A. Lebedev the first unofficial world champion.
eda27df4b04c40fea607ca87f08d6e5a338ce607	The first Olympic champions in single skating in 1908 were M. Sayers (Great Britain), U. Salchov (Sweden), the sports pair A. Hubler — G. Burger (Germany) and N. Panin Kolomenkin from Russia.
206ade7cc6648c2123a0914321a75c97fa06fdce	The Russian figure skater, a prize-winner of the world and European championships, was unattainable in the competitions for the best performance of the so — called special figures-there were such competitions then.
8387e4f02b018802bb35dc89c2b9737687aa740d	The skaters themselves drew complex patterns for themselves, and then with the help of skates they transferred them to the ice.
497e3326fb45b6ee9690fe43816cec520cde6ebd	The figures proposed to the judging panel of the Olympic Games by N. Panin and Lomkin were so original, beautiful and complex that they were considered absolutely impossible (Fig. 3).
3be253867660cacb6e17aceba1535ff23503d645	And. when the Russian figure skater still drew them, he was awarded a well-deserved gold medal — the first in the history of domestic sports in general!
fdbfa7d96e9fc09517380628e1d359ed67a7a3d5	It seemed that after his success at the Olympics, Nikolai should have returned home triumphant.
22e3942ea27a4ded55dae7ff37818a23d1f93f3f	Moreover, on the way to Moscow, he won the prestigious international tennis competitions held near London, and then in Paris he defeated rivals from different countries in shooting.
ed14cf8d7736a7a2456d6fc286da4f59209d5761	But at home, or rather at work, he was not greeted joyfully.
45b441ef733d593944218459ad6d4691319d0531	According to the laws of that time, officials in the government service were forbidden to participate in competitions.
2a5eecf5994bc48a467be765fa35cc9c4ef29574	Panin Kolomenkin did not have to celebrate the victory, but quickly left St. Petersburg, away from the anger of his superiors.
bc799e525c9cb993b0ae1fd045af1fa05954141a	But he decided not to do figure skating anymore.
3b2c5e5963c679a7afdc4b45ce2eb3996be04cae	Although he did not give up this sport at all, he began to train students, write textbooks and judge competitions of all ranks, up to the world championships.
0cdeaca673383c42d35dd8c8d851d514234d74e8	He designed his own skate model, which, being modernized, remains in service with skaters to this day.
9368e7a1aa3270514400a6b7163bc26b9980b26a	The great merit of N. A. Panin Kolomenkin was the opening of the figure skating department at the Leningrad Institute of Physical Culture named after P. F. Lesgaft, which marked the beginning of the study of this sport and the training of qualified personnel within the framework of higher education.
d04fa437e0b225b03f4e0e74bf6cb91284e341f9	As an athlete, he decided to switch to other sports.
3e1f8981eaad368fcc833b43ff5b2557bfdc69f1	First of all - for shooting.
ffbdcafd3d22ba16215f9f1d397772412e4e59e5	He also won in other sports: he became a prize-winner of the St. Petersburg championship in speed skating, repeatedly won competitions in athletics.
6156d3df8c674865ff60133a3bbe4072afe31005	At the All-Union Spartakiad of 1928, Nikolai won in pistol shooting.
0f63f6f9942ce79a07854a3ac3cf0b7d70bcf0e3	And during the Great Patriotic War, he trained future fighters - after all, he was perfectly proficient in all types of small arms.
5286e517a38d3253679e4b8c24ce19a418cf3047	But during his lifetime, he was not really lucky enough to reap the fruits of his Olympic victory.
e2fd97fad024487d41748f2ee04ec91871fb10f5	In 1940, Panin Kolomenkin was awarded the title of Honored Master of Sports of the USSR, but not for the gold of London, but for his double success at the All-Union Spartakiad of 1928 in shooting.
141451711f9b6479d61a9dec2b43900fecec0b38	When at the beginning of the century Salchow, Lutz, Rittberger, Axel Paulsen invented their jumps and skaters in gratitude for this left their names forever in the names of the elements, no one imagined that someday all jumps would be performed in three turns.
c07ee2cbecd80a4600aed6e6316a9c5b17178b0a	Indeed, today, three-turn axels, salhovs, lutz, rittbergers, sheepskin coats, flips are already required to win, and preferably in a full range.
597100975b861aced3c7476a5592e70077094971	And even in combinations with other jumps.
3aa08d8fe5ba6b09dbc63b1afff3cba1b7ff32ed	We need jumps in four turns.
0703b1cd1aa2d44840b0c1e1a9b0dd16a5316e97	A figure skater should look harmonious, musical, plastic on the ice — in a word, have all the qualities inherent in artistic athletes.
74832b6bdd85ffb313a56a448684550f48e74a40	Soviet singles players had to catch up with their foreign rivals for a long time.
c621521319206830032b4a257ed7628692052efe	In the 50s and 60s, a brilliant galaxy of masters of single skating grew up in the USA, Canada, France, Austria, Germany, Czechoslovakia.
49d7f3f2d99a2a0ed504dfe9a86f620bd89a56aa	Soviet masters also took an honorable place among them.
65f6f831529241d5bfe2c1591a79bd52cd0e758c	And the pioneer was S. Chetverukhin, a pupil of T. Tolmacheva, and then S. Zhuk.
7555f36240a874094c6bed3e94ccb6f0f8b11e6d	It was he who managed to become the first among our singles athletes to become a silver medalist at the world, European and Olympic Championships (Sapporo).
cf298e196916de92586d474319c72587dbb165f0	Chetverukhin had in his arsenal many elements of the highest complexity, but at the same time he remained musical, plastic, and knew how to fight to the end.
2cb97a2e8808e71ad067377ba858ccecd1ea7b80	The next generation of Soviet singles managed to win the highest awards.
52012bdc4d4527811fdff0eb0cd23aa63167d85b	At the European Championship 75, V. Kovalev managed to do this for the first time, who was trained by T. Tolmacheva and E. Tchaikovsky.
74b126e73d73e7fb8f7e8476ccd25ccc897f1d63	And a month later, a pupil of V. Kudryavtsev, S. Volkov, came forward at the World Championship.
63ae1a6e1a9a7392804925e2c9cb58814c70c597	In 1977 and 1979, V. Kovalev became the world champion under the guidance of E. Tchaikovsky.
099cd45baec7e91a2e54688e4bbe6853ce986d4f	But after that, the Soviet singles only once managed to win a gold award at the European Championship •— in 1981.
b876c06c1202cf0b683fd7dc2435a0bd2fec8e73	This was done by I. Bob rin, who was started by the famous former figure skater Yu. Ovchinnikov.
b73f9f11358aad5db73f7b5fbe2a853a54dcbae0	Bobrin is one of the most original and artistic figure skaters.
c03f9f937d2cc4325135ccc5ffeec7967577d26d	He paid great attention to the production and music, creating small performances even in free programs (I. B. Moskvin invited Yuri Potemkin, a dancer of the Leningrad Kirov Opera and Ballet Theater, who was specially engaged in theatrical art with Bobrin).
52f49c033395e0d1ccb0e6fb750e46811f754fd2	In addition, improved the elements themselves, coming up with a whole series of steps on one foot in different directions, the combination of 4-5 jumps in different directions (in 1980-1982 played a unique combination of the four jumping in sex trafficking, and double Axel in different directions), the original spiral rotation; one of the world captured in five different triple jumps, the world's only played the so-called "Bobrinsky jump" (jump bobrin) with the first rotation in the horizontal plane (invented by Tamara Moskvina), successfully entering them into the program.
70f8d2811eb9c651f195cdb43e92149b3f4b3f4e	Bobrin performed the following triple jumps: lutz, flip, rittberger, salchow and toe loop.
76d20350ca95454f4c34574c0215fa93167b5065	Having a fine sense of balance, he was able to make a jump "on his teeth", that is, in the most unfortunate position.
ce795aa399ff07d47127835a43a654ce3b808893	His demonstration performances with the programs "Garson" (the original name "Waiter" was banned by the leadership of the Sports Committee), "Musketeer", "Sleeping Cowboy", "Man of a Thousand Masks", "Pair Skating", etc. have also gone down in history.
170484a5ac41457eaa0deaebcb9f4025e5d295c5	He graduated from the Leningrad Institute of Physical Culture named after P. F. Lesgaft, the director's department of GITIS.
b885c4cfe58c0523fb51b3663b441eb449f4d0a6	For 10 years he headed the department of figure skating choreographers at GITIS.
e524abd7af2b80035400d2c05d49ce17151b65c9	On February 2, 1986, he created the Theater of Ice Miniatures; he is its artistic director and director.
6c79d0fe459d2e767d43bce5822f08047c35698d	He helped to set programs for a number of figure skaters, including Kristina Chako (Hungary), which allowed her to become the second at the 1997 European Championships.
54ae1b45de1a69d4f7a677ab2c14f1ff9c3f6d22	As a choreographer, he worked with the couple Elena Berezhnaya-Anton Sikharulidze, who became Olympic champions in 2002; in 2005, he helped put on the program for Irina Slutskaya, when she became world champion.
c263fa80d9cd68b3d469a2d5963b3f7748695493	The remarkable figure skater Alexey Urmanov is ranked among the" stars " of the world class.
3ec321f022a364639badeb929b95e467c4038d8d	He is a bronze medalist at the 1993 World Championship, a bronze medalist at the 1992 European Championship, a European champion in 1997, took fifth place at the 1992 Olympic Games in Albertville, first place at the 1994 Olympic Games in Lillehammer, a bronze medalist at the 1999 European Championship, and was the first in the 1997 championship series final.
c87ccbc79febde4547d44be0d1ee6a92f10e073e	He was immediately lucky with the coach – Alyosha got to Nina Nikolaevna Monakhova, who became a second mother for all their motley company of four five-year-olds standing unsteadily on skates.
efcd1b4bfec626aa21c45f6cc80e219acb07ae71	It was interesting in the classes, and the coach found her own well-known approach to young pupils.
b08197d4cd8bcb85a7d65f462aa113e08defb6ff	Not only local competitions were organized for children, but also international tournaments, such as the Helsinki–Stockholm–Leningrad tournament.
c8cac0ca816ebf45a0d558fbe15dc3b82b819697	More serious the first starts began for Alexey when it was time to perform in the junior team.
c63ae048877a86d45bda8b9c2d4e2ea5d6fc2db5	And in 1990 he became the silver medalist of the World Junior Championship.
d60c9f9ca3bcc53adce82878f0b7eeb39a1d9c63	His childhood ended, in the same year he took part in the national championship among adults for the first time.
4bdfd2f5194648d998b98f41f77f175f4109a2be	The opponents were famous, but Alexey was determined to fight and for the first time in such a famous company he performed well, becoming the sixth.
5565d1e9169b82cdee0cfd773b773e55c84d63e1	In 1991, Alexey Urmanov joined the national team, rising to the third step of the podium at the national championship.
4d8cdb529fc247d6398353c69bfe2d018a991214	Even more persistent training and searches began during the preparation of the program.
8369d91f5f87b2efa908f557487aaefeb9f58804	Alexey learned the quad and decided to perform it in the program.
727983fa94ff71a9cef7dfc508e6ae637bbbc1ed	Alexey was going to fight at the Olympic Games in Albertville, but it was too early to count on a high place.
cff3c48527bcd882a223e04903fa1f1c02ff04b3	He understood this and worked out the Olympic tournament at the National Level It was in his power.
2e7d252460d512edaa37b1b3878cdebf8a2be907	Before the next Olympic Games – in Lillehammer, Alexey Urmanov has repeatedly surprised the world of figure skating with his masterful jumps at the European and world championships, even more disappointed with the instability of his performances.
fb0990199edae535f06bd9a1229befa9998ae614	By the 1994 Olympic Games, Alexey had acquired the confidence he lacked.
8a52d462e93ae46aca29fa011e73bb7752aced97	Ilya Kulik was born in Moscow on May 23, 1977.
002966e242de04db487e199d685106d7b82e7de5	He first put on skates at the age of 5.
75d4f0d06343f0a9f20c21d91b8dfc8ab8a9df02	His very first coach was V. Gromov.
5d69efae3473d76024f64340006c44550ca099e3	Then Viktor Kudryavtsev became his coach, who brought up many famous names in figure skating.
e6124967cfe5b7b8723c9c277d972c970eaba9d0	Ilya Kulik was no exception, having won his first award at the age of thirteen in Norway.
4c5b597268cd4d77a7269fae4d4f102e9a2815e3	In 1994, he won the junior championship of Russia and successfully participates in the" adult " championship.
3de5923260c87a2e10f39090d1fde7db471b8e9b	Where he rises to the second step of the podium, getting into the Russian national team
84f128524b515c9a723abc3b913845043bf4a3c6	The following year, in 1995, Ilya Kulik made a splash, making his debut at the European Championship.
e184790a30e814b9c8f4439990cfa104bbbee0c7	He immediately wins the gold medal, beating his opponent Alexey Urmanov, who was leading before the start of the short program.
1e1b58054ca083e6ff31ddadc57880261c1c4533	Before the 1996 competition, Tatyana Anatolyevna Tarasova gave him a new free program.
b581e657353509a82a1047648056555085f02c21	She makes significant changes in terms of choreography and complex elements.
a34b0e577846870d18e7a11501b95699108447ce	But, unable to cope with the excitement, the young figure skater Kulik fails the program with a bang in 1996 at the European Championship.
adddadc3c2e8745585e20644809e4bb56a492e56	However, in the same year at the World Cup, he performs it brilliantly.
2667cf26d9f11d52d6446d6243040c5a8f136ddc	Which allows him to take the second place.
eb422b31e841af58c713935a77f4d367bfebce32	And since May 1996, Tarasova has been taking Ilya under her wing.
74e6f4cba579f5604ab8c118739c5c8428cd6da8	However, in the 1997 – 1998 season, the skater did not pamper his fans with success.
1a5e47b97c1dfb464435dafd7c870f27fdb0f5d2	Together with the coach, they begin preparing for the 1998 Olympic Games.
5580c90fe329de16be1c8f2d243b3491d2bc8908	Tatyana Anatolyevna tried to make a program for Ilya Kulik, balancing its elements.
341effeb13715e6f03dc1c29b28b0d173f39ff4d	Already in the short program on the Olympic ice in Nagano, Ilya takes the lead by performing an exciting cascade of jumps: triple axel and sheepskin coat.
a958b432e811b7f8d0992aca1461bc8ccec5e1e4	A purely executed free program with refined choreography allowed him to achieve Olympic gold.
cf704e812833f64a36ba3af058e9a83c7a3ca74f	Since 1999, Ilya Kulik has been retiring from amateur sports to professional sports.
6112cda92ea312d626a7c9392b9a9de5cb4f5460	He takes part in the "Champions on Ice" and "Stars on Ice" tournaments, reaching the top step of the podium in both competitions.
bca3d200b37f4c2d139da37f58e7713d69ccede3	Alexey Yagudin is a famous Russian figure skater, about whose career a lot is known today.
3bdd3b1e21eed47954d41ddcaa464a514cc1f038	There were a huge number of different victories in his sports biography, and therefore today his name is firmly associated with figure skating and Russian sports in general.
ca644a4cbf06364529cdf233778268e4765decc9	At the age of twelve, our today's hero got into a group with a famous teacher Alexey Mishin.
efea149fa5c78d9d522974e5b191848f4c986dd5	Studying with him, the young guy managed to achieve serious success in sports for the first time, as well as get among the best athletes in Russia.
846cd892e57bf363be98e56a8ca12150099ac61e	In just a few years of his professional sports career, Alexey Yagudin managed to advance to a leading position not only in the Russian national team, but also in the whole world of figure skating.
b2a8d7f76e5e0ee2c5580f7a967d006e9e9c1c00	His bright skating programs with an abundance of connecting elements and corporate expressiveness have brought him many prestigious awards at various stages of the world Grand Prix, as well as at many other competitions.
5443b99f6aefbc2923af84efe8b916c661115b6e	So, in particular, in different years Alexey Yagudin managed to become a three-time European champion, a four-time world champion and a two-time winner of the finals of the world Grand Prix series in figure skating.
a183f8f22ef6c292d66a8754fd917f702b7a954b	1998 was a turning point in the career of Alexey Yagudin.
2e54e8b914581ae6a68c0731234ddb1115a9c7e0	He leaves his mentor A. N. Mishin for Tatyana Anatolyevna Tarasova and leaves to train in the USA.
b26a049a9f541529ecfd6b92af76cd35199b48ed	The discovery of Yagudin's artistic talent is the merit of Tatyana Tarasova.
38630821d6f0cee81b49abfe3fa9b0ce39847622	He becomes the first single skater in the history of Russia — a three-time world champion who managed to win this title three times in a row!
3b2af02fbbfc7ed9475ff973ad0f6894af2720fb	The beginning of the 2001-2002 Olympic season does not portend a triumph.
61182dce9624a70d7910a86a9a7ff1ff9db89edd	At the Goodwill Games, Alexey receives an unusual "bronze" for himself.
0376e0b6479da3eeef0e4d1f14e9b82c912cf89e	And the figure skater, who has been following the principle of Valery Chkalov all his life in sports: "If you are, then be the first!", begins to think about ending his sports career.
99923da78e9e4c9deeb89d99a9be18576146271f	Since October 2001, Alexey has been working with sports psychologist R. M. Zagainov.
e15c86d47ee2d1f88ff8f397ec399f136837a9f6	The victory at the Olympic Games in Salt Lake City is the peak of Yagudin's sports career, one of the brightest victories in the history of figure skating and Russian sports.
e1724e471abccb1d38205d6bca2c04e6a1e1d35e	The short program "Winter", brilliantly performed at the Games, staged by T. A. Tarasova and N. Morozov to the music of the band "Bond", is still considered a reference in terms of choreography and creating an artistic image on the ice.
2de01206231ad32aaf625d129b20166f12b9d2d7	The performance of the free program "The Man in the Iron Mask" brings Yagudin a kind of Olympic records — he is awarded a victory by all nine judges; he becomes the first Olympic champion to perform two jumps in four turns in the program, one of which is in the cascade, and the first winner of the Olympics in the category "men's single skating", who received four" 6.0 " marks from the judges for artistry.
c9c530ea4903cae5b5e7a246ecdd089b6e1639ca	With all his titles, Yagudin is the vice-champion of the country four times.
73d82abd8c5f12f00286ebf57d3f365ac4aadcc8	The career of the star Russian athlete had everything – victories and defeats, offensive injuries and triumphant returns to the ice.
00548ec8280bff7074c0f5fee8b374edad6d85c7	That is why the moment of the end of Alexey Yagudin's career was perceived by many as a real loss.
d91f30673fa40820a25f95f08fdfc2798542b32c	After completing his career, Alexey Yagudin participated in many different show programs and demonstrations.
55588385818ca8bc9ac80d092a2c6caee4c1ad6a	Because of old injuries, he often experienced pain, and therefore at one point decided to go for surgery.
c40189ec8a1d0a073004e12d0025962273b311f8	Medical intervention gave its result, however, despite this, Alexey did not return to the big sport.
0622c1d686ebe35f67d81db41712fa75c7184341	However, having left professional sports, our today's hero still did not disappear from television screens.
15d47fc07ff03ccf79dc893e933a463b53bc659c	The athlete still works as an actor and TV presenter today.
da12ef50608c8524bcfaad07d1c48bdadcd982ee	To this day, fans remember the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century as the era of confrontation between two "titans" from Russia — Yagudin and Plushenko — incredible in their intensity of wrestling, from which both skaters, of course, won, rapidly developing themselves and making a considerable contribution to the development of one of the most beautiful sports.
b65b3b4d6c155e0afe6202401ed13bc9255e2696	Evgeny started skating at the age of four.
cabc030a7e07322afd67664f7ec4e8d4add71c96	The boy was given to figure skating to strengthen his poor health.
3467ebf8415ad3f88ba2d533bbeded496ce23564	When Evgeny was 11 years old, the Sports Palace in Volgograd was closed.
055649bcc94ba060d25e9a02fc86bc0f5cd189ae	Forced to choose between quitting figure skating or separating from his family, he went alone to St. Petersburg to train in the group of the legendary Alexey Mishin, who had already trained the 1994 Olympic champion Alexey Urmanov and the future Olympic champion Alexey Yagudin.
37e15b9555c8db24d163c26e7d26fa669fe9ceca	Yevgeny's parents were forced to work extra to support their son, and several times there was a question about his return home.
54a8bb5891c4fdceda1c16b4db3accf9fef6d07a	But the will and the dream were stronger.
f7d23bf4c5818591698a5beb2801f3077c011d27	Plushenko made rapid progress on the international stage under the tutelage of Mishin.
cefb12ba6a800fcb06e8bc5410364130bdf0921c	In 1997, at the age of 14, he won the World Junior Championship in Seoul (South Korea).
8e4cdbaf3e3d8ca0a38a81458cf03d4ac6334080	The following year, 1998, just at the age of 15, he sensationally won a bronze medal at the World Adult Championship, causing a great stir around his name from the judges and commentators: everyone started talking about a new "miracle boy".
4c446ebf5658953185de04411938bafdab0ffe8c	His ascent continued during 1998 and 1999, but the real breakthrough came in the following season 1999/2000, when Eugene won 7 competitions out of 9 and established himself as a force to be reckoned with.
56a2b43c15070b8fe4f3b52c758d3056f62cccdc	The 2000/2001 season was the most successful at that time in his career.
f481f9b4041405718279c078a95dd0428e74bc22	Evgeny again won the Russian, European and Grand Prix Finals and was the favorite at the 2001 World Championships in Vancouver (Canada).
490f34594b33e8ffc7145fb7f17a123eb82bf2d6	There, he performed two programs flawlessly and won his first expected world title, becoming a world champion at the age of just 18.
24275d79a10a05d19655ef32c1f1ac510968a46a	The 2001/2002 Olympic season began with difficulties.
e9254f8f4da02ccef2924313f85b69aa89ae3d68	Evgeny won all the competitions and reached the Grand Prix Final, but two months before the Olympic Games, he suffered ankle and groin injuries that forced him to miss the European Championship
315ec9697d217de4ca00b0fed866bef0f590c5c1	He resumed training, and in order to better prepare for the upcoming Games, he changed the free program in a short time.
7dfb63a02d2af861962e93a5e93f59d1e17e5974	Evgeny arrived at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City (USA) as the current world champion and was the favorite, along with his compatriot Alexey Yagudin.
b075ac3a657c9bbedc5c796873bd38401b68420e	As a result, he took second place, winning his first Olympic silver medal.
421855a1b671fd14304c1dc5715f1e31633673c0	During the new Olympic cycle preceding the 2006 Olympic Games, Evgeny took the world of figure skating by storm, never missing the podium and winning 19 competitions out of 21.
0c78b6add3eee23d5e86f387a8f3468978210a2d	At the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin (Italy), Plushenko was the undisputed favorite, thanks to his dominance in the sport over the previous four years and the absolute superiority over his rivals achieved under the new judging system.
792c9da3cc82e5dfeb253d3f8ac8b4a57ffa4afe	Evgeny crushed his rivals, eventually receiving the sum of 258.33 (27 points ahead of the silver medalist), and realized his childhood dream of becoming an Olympic champion.
5faa41bdef486c6389cd2d0ebae1970feeb2c146	At the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver (Canada), Evgeny won the short program, skating to the music of X. Rodrigo "Aranjuez" , with a score of 90.85, thus breaking his Olympic record set in Turin in 2006.
cd3934fadc596ff2b57962596a243975136489fb	In the free skate, Plushenko skated to Edwin Marton's "Tango Amore" and took second place in a tense struggle, as a result winning his second Olympic silver medal with a total score of 256.36 points.
1d4e0b54379a1f1d403a6da909e6568b16c9ab24	He became the first representative of men's single skating in modern history to win medals at three consecutive Olympic Games.
9431533651daf9ddb78b31c4e97c17d2891a4bb3	At the 2014 Olympic Games in Sochi, Plushenko competed in the short and free programs of the figure skating team tournament.
47cde52f813f276048f5337266cce3685d11df03	Russia won the team gold, beating its nearest competitor, Canada, by 10 points.
9e5c85dae756a8da1b37fc36a689e7006fc46ba4	Thus, Plushenko became the owner of the second gold and the fourth Olympic medal in total, repeating the record for the number of Olympic awards in men's figure skating.
b96ca36df6e08a6a60a2941bf2254d133e98a3fe	Struggling with a back injury sustained in training, Plushenko was forced to withdraw from the individual tournament in the warm-up before the short program on February 13, 2014.
48616b336400682f4245689460e143c73a8a88ba	When asked by journalists about participating in the fifth Olympiad in 2018, Yevgeny answers: "Who knows, everything is possible…"
2242e7605369e68ab11ab3dca453cf8fc3385449	Celine Dion's luxury house is the most expensive in the province of Quebec, the most beautiful wives and girlfriends of football players made a new nose for the Afghan girl Aisha.
8f055566fae0ac7764964c09b31b0a53af2c3936	Today is Sunday, January 22
78dabd442bb37beb6d49d10f48b34bc283173d98	Alexey Urmanov
f127e6f34c24f561e90135955dde4ed15b7aae79	Birthday: 17.11.1973
df638df5752718e556e765d1a4150a4cd1a6bc16	Age: 43 years
104034ebc6503be11d948bd64678e1dcbd80d3f7	Place of birth: Leningrad, Russia
45ad3709cb91c96810ecfb666175980147879632	Citizenship: Russia
f752e5e73b167973a4c1c8dc26c61b74cbfef80d	Similar: Alexey, Urmanov, Alexey, Urmanov
4df456bb3bf78e478827ab67cc1f13c661286c47	He managed to embody all the best qualities of an athlete and an actor on the ice.
f2ae582636dcac4b6db3519f31971846cf6910a5	Alexey's performances were a small performance in the insanely complex world of figure skating.
3f8782bcbd274df71cd13d01619c324adf68fb4d	Alexey Yevgenyevich Urmanov was born on November 17, 1973 in Leningrad.
1322ffe0e7b3b9fc5aa1729bfa39a0be77656d65	Alyosha took his first steps in figure skating, we can say, not quite on his own.
8b2f3945f8ffa3a064eed8b75d6b589e9fff92d2	His mother brought him to a small church on Vasilievsky Island, where the ice rink was located.
538d89c9d4506f21a62c7650c74fb946ff48b0a1	He still did not know which sport to choose, but, like an obedient child, he did not resist and put on skates.
2a37e3811ba26e81dfb2d3ecf5233af1d15c2850	He was immediately lucky with the coach – Alyosha got to Nina Nikolaevna Monakhova, who became a second mother for all their motley company of four five year olds standing unsteadily on skates.
9826507fdf6b857d65cf9c8de458ddc87d62ddcc	It was interesting in the classes, and the coach found her own well known approach to young pupils.
eed3df2016fee2c11bb39c758c1417f15a1493aa	At the European Junior Championships, the so called "Friendship Cup", Urmanov won medals twice.
a14071c3894b9e6504d25f907ded4a92e27a9e46	In youth, everything is easier if you have hard work, courage, perseverance and luck.
4e7baf7328e44dd009ec22fbc1fd96e84fa77725	Jumping was much easier for him than skating.
884f3c1dd8b344a6c482f107eea07b33936e3b69	By that time, he was sixth in Europe and eighth in the world.
159be36329b2714ba2f3dea8d8d071d4f5f3aac7	At the European Championships in 1992, he jumped on his promising quad.
3094c67a2d0b0d2e4d91d4b39f36cca3024694fa	Every year, if not a victory, then medals and a place on the podium were expected from him, for sure.
76be2a205dd3dc29925abe3e9e52b1c91818f107	Probably, this expectation weighed heavily on the athlete, he also wanted to please the coaches, relatives, and spectators who were rooting for him.
522b13de82a85e003717074f307ceb85f07a6fc2	Finally, such a day has come.
9c450be0676b37fc67179eef625b38e84d356658	Any sport, when everything is at stake, takes a lot of effort.
3e127412149a580970081c8e13d0e7cbab17d955	And often leads to injuries.
90254f5996ac52c7bf4b829e67ebcebdf9821ea8	Alexey did not escape this either.
2ee0381a496a9743694ad6667037049f1125a65e	They were chasing an athlete.
55ef07c291f9a073ab2c57759e0104eb1f8431c7	It would seem that it is possible to leave – after all, the highest step has been reached – the Olympic podium has been conquered, but Alexey hesitated.
527207f423e4974d4fdaaf4dca2a55258cba48c7	He showed an enviable willpower, and 1997 brought the desired result – he became the European champion, he was also the first in the final of the championship series.
34a8ff8f0f77bb3fb566b9c837536ddcd760c16f	Then there were problems again, and the skater did not perform for a whole year.
a5c53291a246726cca921da6ca2cfdf39531e23e	Many people said: they say, there is no need to return, the rest have gone ahead, the technique has become more complicated, worthy rivals have grown up, but he has returned.
b0ac24967168388760ebc3dd289e5088fadab641	At the European Championship Urmanov hundred
e4555ac093103bb218c738d8316e6e765357b802	he became a bronze medalist, and at the end of August he already decided to go into professional sports.
5bf8a7727066946e4056880e97ef55f9f2158c33	Urmanov left.
4517236c19b552f2bfdc35f62f20dcb32f739c5f	More than ten thousand of his audience, who went "to Urmanov", saw off Alexey with incessant applause.
86fbe03ddf4a366b931e1d15c66548a7be2fdf18	He prepared a new program with special effects for this significant occasion, which was later appreciated at the World Championship among professionals, where he became a champion.
787ce85163d9a45f6c4f6e97721e8e753e4dc11d	There was a lot of music, flowers and gifts in the St. Petersburg Sports and Concert Complex that day.
504ffa4ec7a9d420f8866c6398190eec67ca4910	But he came back.
accbd8742683c5bc92f6274321b9571bd8129b35	Already in a new capacity, having switched to professional sports, Alexey Urmanov won in December 1999 at the World Championship among professional singles in Washington.
6fb78a31f65dce11a6aea7f8e37f5a87cdfcf7e6	This was his first start after the send – off ceremony at the Russian Cup ISU Grand Prix tournament in St. Petersburg.
a849b09351cebbfeba38c0976a66c86e6968c281	A whole era of figure skating has gone with this elegant figure skater, beloved by our and foreign audiences.
d46adf62e34be5b375aa8d2311a7c1d5d493d3a5	There were many wonderful figure skaters who left a good memory of themselves, but Urmanov is a special phenomenon in this sport.
f2a1bd942d2a508b5734f5ac773a245cf5a61b8f	Deadly cellulite Visited:125 Bankruptcy King Visited:121 Let's go to the inauguration!
5525d3ff9b478e2c0f83688a05aadf587bff1f7b	Visited:101
ba12385cf0bf0b8336cf63aa9e94ba53ba00c419	the best of the best
275c544128ea6aafb886b339db00f7eb5f5035af	immobiliare 2006-01-17 19:13:51
a93e431ea5ba36e88e3fcbeef31af5c5ebe333ec	One of the best, brightest, most beautiful figure skaters in the world!
656268dc4f12ba8cce72cb21ef725dbc565bd79a	All the performances are in memory, this is every time a show and the top of professionalism!!!!
f0fe7bbe62a9600388b8351f46814d62853bcca6	Vivat Leshe!
8f90255aa9355a0b58fddee2934047f52be4d348	Only now nothing is heard about him why(((
f66576c269ff1abeab68f27206101726dda453f6	Valya 2006-09-21 17:34:38
c819dfe71c5db48e671c8ad0a5e5310b063f3912	Alexey!
6ca92ab4606c0c6a8382935b0f3cc5a04871bf94	I only found out about you in the Dancing on Ice program.
58e43212310419b56be743c4437e02b39f7f6447	I belong to a younger generation.
12a59f9f65c9dc7a34cd4a392334675c2036a870	I got up on my skate quite late, like many participants of the project.
c4a110a9840a679f69e4f64fd9b4c789d32a8c84	I ride with pleasure. not very well, of course.
223dac0c132071a2cfabbf0620d70c69ae014a7f	After the program, the desire to ride becomes even greater.
47ccd80a4797f24ad8b506404fc5564f85b8ba08	If I had started to get involved in figure skating earlier, I would definitely have been your cheerleader.
ba9c166bfb964428f34ad429ab2300f4db84acd0	I really respect your creativity.
e294941be9402994d33bfc4bea00b7922fa7c97d	Keep it up.
8a70dbde754026f5594f70cdb59d61df8ee310b0	Teenage love
1d4b4bae25e980eb7341dece320e9dfaaadc835a	Maria 2007-03-04 18:10: 47
0140adefea38d36901f131d879b17f7ccd389c8b	When Alexey won gold at the Olympics, I was just a little girl.
ac2da3b86ec88f0d67d44910be8c5f0904a5f86c	But I fell in love with him for a long time.
dffcf8c1892b68820c347b25f39b9de6e61abe41	I was very worried when he was injured and stopped participating in major competitions.
0da7b768a5896ab128a3f80ffa9a125352804470	I still treat him very warmly, with sympathy.
bf010a80ef5a39ac1c06b6f8873495c0a2f0b936	TALENT IS POWER!!!!
8397aa5004912df093aa7359ffcab3b30ad3f6c0	KITTEN 2008-01-25 04:30:26
efc6c787a18adadd2eaf5375be7e505ba0298c13	I REMEMBER ALEXEY SINCE 1997...and I STILL LOVE THIS WONDERFUL MAN, A TALENTED FIGURE SKATER FROM GOD!HIS SKATING IS AN ART THAT IS NOT GIVEN TO EVERYONE ELSE TO COMPREHEND...AND EVEN ZHENYA PLUSHENKO IS MUCH WEAKER IN ALL RESPECTS, COMPARED TO ALEXEY.I WISH ALYOSHA ALL THE BEST, AND SUCCESSFUL WORK AS A COACH!
b0af31bd966bfffb2a5262d96ced711dbb1879d8	opinion
30c6f972ac464a3af0156f628ae6959f9781e30b	Adetta 2008-04-13 15:29:16
913acd36dcad3f37fe73e2e505060538e180bafb	It is impossible not to agree with the fact that Alexey Urmanov is really a rare person and a figure skater.
9ade676b3d160bc9c3a7be52ab3b194b43da2c15	It will count both a subtle analytical mind and decency, and inner strength and optimism.
87485d1d6ee86e09e7cf91af89f6a6058f2aa09e	There are really not enough just such people.
24435927a38cdf51a471c1a0476b193d9355ac69	These are individual copies.
cf07945c246abac8b3bb09a97bffc16aa582e0fe	God winds nymphs over their heads.
63b4e3446623c801b4d1fc5763f9dd5331b4d6b3	Let everything in his life will only get better and better.
7ca0baf2068aaa454cc6ec607dcdf2512fe98a54	At what age is it not too late to give birth?
46662383493aad67c4f243725fe71c10fc383ecc	Visited:705 Whiskey and beer as a way to a long life Visited:566 Fiery red haired Sansa Stark Visited:4993
becc2bbdc2d56dc4709ea1812436bf95c0e9138a	Alexander Zhulin, figure skater, coach Maria Butyrskaya, Russian figure skater, Honored Master of Sports Alexey Urmanov, Figure skater of His Own, rock band Andre, Football player of Dynamo Kyiv Kurt Suzuk, Professional American baseball player
48a9eac025dc9a6de8e08a1bd68b77f3759209c0	Phrases: alexey, bad, samos, helsinki, about, courage, nikol, musikia, vasil, countries, star, in, russia, a and n
92ac763b4e4a979941d2f96aa8da714765352c96	About the celebrity: Figure Skater
2f3c7e20cff3436f66fba5480efb4932779bc6b8	Photos [37]
26fab1a30ad37a964deadf4135dd0115c8058591	Video [35]
769965f72c36bb1144d3877a0f0cf1825eeba42e	Forum [17]
16246d936b7cbfb5783b290efbbba92fbff3a18d	speech error
723c3a9eb995afdd18d91fedc4d51f0632c64258	[Sofia Miller ]
ee25d3675db90480f40662fe6ae69cbcec0e4f7c	Dear author, you have a speech error: After the difficult path of the coffin to the homeland...
0a2827e9af3c530f9d42653bf8672f365615a0d9	- the hump has no homeland ....
88759247eab155f4128de624068fbb6032c53a41	- the coffin has no homeland ....
c5f5b0b6fad3a1b656a71213a62b061e9e48bc1b	Avraam Shmulevich is a genius.
9250ad7c49eaebcd943ed0069ee33f165fce291b	[ Avraham Shmulevich ]
559e75a2151dde4735916aab34bdcec34f641a87	A fragmentary history of the Jewish people.
29e3d314206c04d398c8e4c83ea6a2986f5180d8	Most of the peoples of the Planet have a continuous history.P....
4f41e7b9b7c2a97e91e2e8da0b2470ebc3af3514	Avraam Shmulevich Is a Genius.
614ec3a8a3208258f6512afd8ba7493624a2eeb1	Most of the peoples of the world celebrate Valentine's Day, Jews from the CIS countries celebrate den ....
67fc462e391150ee5af78f176c29545d4c450fc2	Jazz singer Nina Simon (609)has died
55b217e10cbf617143364af6eb798e5335131f0e	Biography of Edward Radzinsky (186)
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cc927ed1ce98afaf4a9f30c4e1e4a993af5fd293	Biography of Olga Sidorova (282)
079921ee0991ae929814b484ba76c076badfcd79	Na Na [53] rafael sabatini [50] Alcibiades [48] Amira Willigagen [47] bradley [46] chilly [46] lefler [46] kramer [45] david Stern [45] Kevin prince Boateng [44] Harvey Nichols [43] Tishinskaya Tanya [43] tolstoy [41] fuller victoria [39] miron markevich [39] HITLER [38] faidman [36] viktor slesarev [36] khalid bin mahfouz [36] simone [34] cossiga [34] niinisto [32] araki [32] Igor Ledyakhov [31] moroz [30] tsvetaev boris [30] gay [29] yunge [29] Yuri Zapol [29] xax ancrevi het [27]
c64e3ea8ab3ca037846fc339575c181ece134427	For 1 day: 6149
dc978a5074375fa5e461c0f233a64076df996596	hitler [190] xax ancrevi het [178] Putin [160] Pџcѓc'PeRS [148] P "SЋR±PРcЊ SРrРr" PРr° [124] PСC'R°R"RAR [122] Rres€RR° Srrrs‡RAR [122] SRR±C‡P°R [116] RRR [114] P§R RRR°C °P° [110] PќcЊcЋc'RSPs [109] Rires'R"µµµ 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 [101] Р Р Р° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° Любовь Любовь Любовь [100] Lyubov Sokolova [64] edward kelley [61] athukoral [59] lyubov egorova [57] Miklukho Maklay Nikolai [55] Geltser Ekaterina [54] goryacheva [54] forsythe [54] Na Na [53] Stefano Pessina [51] rafael sabatini [50] Villani Giovanni [50] difranco ani [49] prokopiev [49] metshin [48] Alcibiades [48]
29054dd18b18392ec478739bd0bc1034d8fd59db	For 7 days: 21580
09f5e7096ca69ac2524b92eb933a48d819a00fc1	Putin [83130]
2c23d2e85735aff14f7a22d6649425bc7e228f97	sobchak [48649]
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fe233fc8e0064ad2baaf02f30aba21d02518732a	Stalin [35976]
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47ee848188ef4740122977c335c3fbee67fea983	medvedev [24042]
08252283b50b696c457e7f85f981c9eda6d43504	Mironov [23644]
31a2036bc746a2158166fb569fc0c0949966758a	Newton [22215]
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ba64648172148cb8c37ef47c989af015a728ab7d	Tretyakova Henry VII Canaris Atkins Xinhai Zamperini Barch Branner Nozhkin Cam Whitehouse Krudener Berners Lee Garity Sivaeva Spiridonov Simpson Mamardashvili Grachev Timofeeva Letunovskaya Kuravlev Durov Craig Nietzsche Devereux Chicane Sabadash Sedykh Glazenberg Alphonse XIII Spanish Hargitey Sayers Shiryaeva Big Black The Saviris Family Paul Rapoport Packard Kiprianova Outhwaite Freed Bond Manson Miller Sheppard White Wernick Alexeitchik Wade Allen
c863e21c48da81dff64afed48075763212dcccf9	Changed the World:
7df9ddfff1dc3bf0263c68909985f40103300b18	[ 17.01.2017 ] Denis Matsuev;
0842e703fc12ece8e6adee3475fb18d6861d44b4	[ 18.01.2017 ] Rajo Lohan;
cfd0b22e6dfd9690ad91c6400e3fe1681bccf4b0	Alfred Merchant;
1342a4ae9b35585ebb5d0fa27f0cf80745342a3d	Mikhail Popkov;
e3d6d183985323aa172cec91c376e653fb87d1a7	Nick Balin;
4e9c81d7862608dbcf334b5cbe2ec7e0bd54c7e5	Sophie Turner ;
0bef81ff62b2b0c549a478397720596dfca2d065	Stanislav Makhov ;
8e989e364c55eee1a0ffb60afe6b536de4ff1d8f	Sophia Benoit;
9bfdff44b2747c3a0bbb7e5d362ed4a2e0dabba9	Oleg Nikitin;
2d6a4d5fbc4161ad51ad0c5119ffbc5ee0ed2913	Vasily Gor;
5fa17b4a4ada066b7b0a657f1bb75c2d407385f1	Jean Dominique Blanqui;
76a17101918461ae5e005cf259c8475c282a05f8	Beryl Margare Bainbridge;
86f461d2465d24e7b7d813a3a1bfc7895f4bb7a7	Mikhail Lebedev;
228c5e4693d754105cadfbed8b91b24f72f05924	Joseph Verbroek;
e021091141e43f1796b5f83c324130b0a5e0d4a8	Mohamed Kader;
9761c85082e56c11cb96b71c1f76bd6920bde8df	Kim Kirchen;
8795eb8281f08f6d3efb070fd8e06a5623cab3bd	Vitaly Averyanov;
c13b6e78d3586a035806fe6fd1740460865000f9	Alexey Zhilin;
96a5d0b660acc6636578718c776cca62c183cb46	Alexey Davidov;
5bd21f976dcb6fa14356656d029e47817b12bf13	Guillermo Amor;
06349840dfd122a8a27e26afbec26fe43ade15d7	Isabela Corona;
e67e6ced1d39c223ec34658655f98aa4a7af68da	Peter Anchutin;
1850001ca8014128140f33e1ed8dfa68b951a93c	Vasily Plansky;
a91bcd19653dc27edac124c60514c8597e3f08a6	Jens Arnold Dietrich Jensen;
9db7f3e3c0ffc4332d11574554e717baa14b140f	Yuri Eliseev;
6afbb8dcb6c4dac882b088c122ff557b0dd676cd	Antonio Caccianiga;
756120c7577977c152bc7e980c4f859845f4f7ab	Hans Gude;
2dc561f42922cf1b70f98b006a963545f36a3fd5	Alexander Guruli;
564006c0c6cfc706eba802b3280d60e3d633a09b	Rudolf Sieber;
9a0be2b5f9c4afb2271805d6a0d2edbb818e4971	Lyudmila Kudryavtseva;
7a29d8c50706928c1a39cf2764fcf21d5a2be724	Adrian Gunnel;
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98e7a362b66051e3c81b7680eaa4eba86fc3acff	Massimo Introvigne;
2e2fee14d8dd9db372b73820822b2b5d2cf059cb	Sergey Gaponov;
74b7f4ccc063e195c141a1a6d8f60c63b8b46faf	Stanislav Kochiev;
2b2787751b85664fdffb5b159fdc1dfc8d80d2cc	Andrey Akopyants;
a03980a63aa17bc8a57e230eb715c72d243b8658	Vladimir Evstigneev;
f1b979c0d7425a06cf5df85e7fb7a3c62de59fdd	Inca Garcilaso De la Vega;
5f7ac87e50a2e3e5708cde77cc52c6948d3ce8fe	Anatoly Kanishchev;
c7575049e624a72d5d23a7fc0fc08fb242d08965	Ekaterina Lachinova;
b11f05d21fc9b9425ddf1d282d82916f4bb50664	Alexey Kuleshov;
be5d982bea8eab611869c68317760c335eb7148e	Francois Henri Rene Allen Targe;
c14d7c4577abae480ee810b038f8ead7d5310609	Leonid Gurevich;
dbd1cea15afb6220bbabedd9bbee33dbd97f1b4a	Theodoric Bala;
fe97591cd49ad13c0e8d208f951f3ce30e9d4801	Martin Drushout;
dec58524d1a0d94e3f23ce2f32c0827912444b15	Herman Kremer;
a0ccae142b7ab27385532391a8d41a7fe6b3ed56	Leon Gruzinsky;
0606d46e85f4b0168c445e94bbd2c7a15c13c058	Johann Peter Susmilch;
dc970ac99d8f4643af994beb95da7ebed2d46761	Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach;
8554ca4e38b556049b24b7e4d805ad30e69a813c	Antonio Cavoli;
2673394dd57b0ba0f2a401ecfed3b30ad72bf66d	Jeff Stinko;
d4ee29507c4e4fdef346cabe37ff0860eaaa2a0a	Victoria Valois;
c9ddc399570c2bf66fac4b00d82dc83492eafebb	Henry Domercant;
ff73e34b056603e9ca4a5a965f02cd85d7072c73	Giovanni Filippo Ingrassias;
9f7ec5045e2315ba4d605c4b8e9301c8e763da0b	Louis Delaporte;
b96b32b46812da40c6a1a87a42ef830ebc26022d	Carol Martha Browner;
8ea6ceaa2815fbc77d859f397a49f6e4226749dc	Josef Kaisl;
e9de059bf7c4a16ef1f08e925f83d0a19bdf2a2d	Andrey Devyataykin;
68dbaca42cdcbeaab649dec14255a69113af00a5	Irina Kovaleva;
83b21d470dfd4cb46e6387c631d015484396efb5	Vladislav Bystrov;
d2067dab75ef62bf89829f0db9f8912137d0fb08	Yuri Kasparov;
eb298f8d8a288586d3ecb3db69bbea4436969022	[ 19.01.2017 ] Jack White;
ec92dfb4957024c4e3072825fb751c589d38b827	Paulo Machado;
cb22dd62e0a20fb9daed15334212c1baf3a930ad	Agnes Fenton;
399eba25249c5b6cdd7f673e30118874f07be77b	Milo Yiannopoulos;
83ece566fee0f94f84b94270143f432aaa253f62	Liz Smith;
3b2f4fb2149f409c2a71c6689019f09f2b99619f	Olga Voronova;
9ebdf3b35a0f7da5009f2a366428333433f543d6	Valentin Badrak;
35d5833f09c7a60977f219262ad38d2ff99ed8e2	Oleg Sinitsyn;
06cd43d41bfa884c7c020d202383c84aa68faa58	Larisa Wright;
b2284bb5c1e4956b7e93ba5b0a10e186b84061c1	Peter Kolesnikov;
7e4bbd08cd921340f08d18bc1aa9b9c689252abd	Ivan Arestovich;
9256389ec3b7222da4fda3bb021b9d80d43fba63	Nandor Dani;
8f469c553109ef1d9cba4322fead0ce029b51034	Galina Kozlova;
36b044f0fd83fd979a2a1e06481ccc6cde07167a	Kari Kahimi;
813071367d6beeaa78d492ce7e6546c98b2f6c41	Goran Konchar;
94ca24c688bfa353dbbcc9ab3091a8e9226fd442	Alexander Gerasimov;
6e6026e42edd982a6f9a07e6c6f96c6f2b9b5440	Ton Weimer;
423dceecc272ab8cb7696c9034d2c29e3e7f3082	Tobias Wendl;
7ee69e013f0f933d998848296877e787150c46ac	Abu Mashar Al Balkhi;
88ab6669adf6bb8115323647ab09b20df911f5b2	Margarita Kirichek;
63a717fe54995692815171c758d820d520c85b69	Grigory Dobrygin;
4b970e5a173a5bf3cfd11b3d79cb7488fe753fde	Heinrich Gunkin;
0ba21ffd5d13c04368a9c1b4847fcda2d0c50c22	Andoni Goicoechea Olascoaga;
45d37c9d6a48f7017a5408a2302fc1a994cdf794	Alexey Vadatursky;
1c1196fd33265b21503e540f10b7d74aad4d75b4	Wolfgang Butzkamm;
0b97a2a39e8ace241b2428a43194693d9b00e566	Igor Kralevsky;
b79e3a63e367cf599c4d3ff1101122465610b48c	Karl Alexander August John;
40859b4f14f8c794572cc8a9c799b1f01f0cd9dc	Dedi I; Jean Guienne Keira;
300ca41bff0b5360379e9933c4e9ea3e27199d21	Menachem Avidom;
74f62c962354a703a4f07f7d3a3a8e231a9286c7	Wilfried Westheide;
a2bfeec594e2395b8bbaa1e3bf3e9b8670e385fe	Svetlana Dikaanidas;
1554dd2191b5ad81705b008ca8bf0a8a1bfa6139	Eric Verlinde;
4b9e60b2996f25b63caba72eb58003a6d57064a9	Krzysztof Vengzyn;
bbf481add31a53db2cd4c2a704ef7f50fd69bb28	Lil Dagover;
551afab0d98f0b959b617d35837baf403bbafbc9	Blaze Bailey;
efcf7b8fb814f7bbfd195140225a77254bef8444	Boleslav III; Donna Burke ;
a4c1d16b9a723323574905b35ce58f5dee77f16a	Svetlana Vinogradova;
8d2f538ba7e4f8e453c20018dbfc4c02a3ab0a9f	Jewett Adams;
3a246ca3f7eeb35a34708cfd9a6440ee0ce94940	Willy Brokamp;
547d4a4bbb3fb3f432ef86d29e00f6f27e190e3f	Olesya Kurochkina;
ebcd6461c537000ec2738e9d2bc975936d6cd81f	Felix Joseph Henri Lacaze Duthier;
e205e35dacedbeb7afd33b63d13e243038cba027	Valentin Zavadnikov;
5ed34ea2feb1f3b1fabe5efd796d768ba90b07e7	Murad Lahiyalov;
0da97e55cae03694ae6865f25c6e85edbdd4591d	Ravil Bakhtiyarov;
c2aec7996e7890625f5d1a3cd960f4e69059d05e	Kalibek Kuanyshpaev;
cced81cf21e1244439ec2a720c8bb581dcfacd75	Victor Berezhnoy;
b30c788501c4db2e9f4bbe8925c1ba77e5c9849e	Jay Gordon;
d57d3ffc57d4e7f99414dd804cba0874d719599e	Maxim Kuznetsov;
83fc39cc60b835598ce2a63213c18d2de710977b	Bruce Kulik;
66fbee63cc0be7c9e32206778d2fe22e40bd372d	Gerard Devaux;
6624189bf7ab45cdbf96df104ac6d1bca0f995fb	Sergey Evdokimov;
bd303b00422438dbf3405e489241f42cc5c5585c	Anver Bikchentaev;
f26c95db424e230e023d9c250848f83e3d463eea	Grigory Langsdorf;
6655cbedd38f1a575d0c62a77a23ec443db30896	John Hutton Balfour;
4183a3fe94be02798dedbf192e2116857a226227	Karl Wirth;
ba55ae7780e2b287e3230307ca94f84efe1cc0df	Alexander Winkler;
a90aeb01ef2d427c7200f23b5c8d8be5831e34e5	Georgy Latsabidze;
2af37c549787235a913ff752fb929ca2f616cf8b	Alexander Kislyakov;
54e1afe60f07106320b40515fb46513bb5fd2624	Alexander Varavin;
40a91e576c4071bdc9c5a8f3467185213c8fffbd	Isaac Ancher;
48e378efaf9cac173ed6386c6572e358b38b3a7b	[ 01/20/2017 ] Courtney Love;
51bf9f36649db203adbfc09d74686f87e6504290	Sergio Goldvarg;
645755d57af502419184fbe63e8c4988ea5a7c06	Kirill Kyaro;
b1264b2c0c00fc9812ced56bb74a7f1e824feb45	Buddy Greco;
06d9cba52b4a3b3c14c6e20ef21e24bc5f0ce502	Lizzie Howell;
6d7a691cc528cd3e5a8b6f46802c8836a12f2440	Jason Siegel ;
da610b7236744d2458716f63112c8db3f842b989	Alexander Anin;
8506bb9908099bdfb34bb86aac36e2f57559a5e0	Evgenia Mikhailova;
ed0f1bdc7894b3dfe9f40ff56a9e6f92c3248b95	Nikolay Kalinichenko;
bf398c78dc8a98a13663bee62742c22d21e4ca3c	Mikhail Lantsov;
09a780bb2d83e9fbeb2fd630d80b9547e1b84e24	Pablo Cavaliero;
f4fdd93310b4f7dd382bee4ff633a4fc28308778	Maya Kopyttseva;
e18d633fa016698cd07138ac6ea6840b0be1ce08	Miguel Campins ;
d18423664f84201e8a2b9c5f79f9217c4c5568ec	Boris Dubossarsky;
a8a9a76fe20ed243506e85ac744e9013c11ffeae	Claude Vignon;
a57ee7a8e642b345f9c8ee5d62e2e59176aaa0a8	Alexander Balunov;
8b49e6e18fda5a2c74268a6ea5763d55565dd1f6	Victor Golant;
5d32689e86f0bb4f2bc683e0d5ce845ae40138be	Alexander Kazakov;
29b12c2d1c09b036f362bc27ffe8ec31f4ea97cf	Alexander Konisky;
e4e6b6dbd0c02515548013c09e77f60bdb3224f4	Rafael Cancinos Assens;
49e68fbea4c4dd71a6572a3b0f1192fdbe5977f9	Joost Leflang;
aae594bd8522061b7e022727df1fe1fae02ee18d	Tamara Daunene;
82c59eece76ef1f6390ce097fa047813da7b7fc2	Gandalf Alvgeirsson;
6b2ee294bebde36577e58239bb4119be6d451545	Alexander Derevyagin;
b6b418925eafd7aaba4e4e98f17b99a28d6f0b14	Lev Kropyvnytskyi;
9d3727c664491b9e88653dc11a5989a4d48a3607	Reinhart Kozellek;
aad6b889b178ecc775678870d98098d6325aaec8	Milos Vasic;
9007c6abc96142d1270fe05164ec8f90a79b12b7	Nathaniel Butler;
ad726e2063e3297d7386a58650ed76745ae8cb8f	Mathias Bernard Brown;
fafe05888348a001b8905e4eb47c1fe4758c812c	Vitaly Bamburov;
8ff8445286d7678caf23ce4fd25755ab10628cf0	Vladimir Kachalov;
e875d1b88eaba9a453a146705355bba12b2a857d	Jan Adam Kruseman;
2d560e8d4364e171c7d16b01e4b1fa1e0d7f1c79	Konstantin Zmirlov;
e71b8705dba21bf42d3c492d6bd8bc9ac1fb8778	Valery Vorona;
f0d441385c41b01a38cbb3b3cc6d2065cc1cf47d	George Gavasheli;
8c8137fe97ce04089c78699046373de4f7e25f1d	Oleg Bogomolov;
ff45f035baf86d48fda9d64c0d564e3e8bc6ef7d	Eduard Sievers;
275cba1daa8a8aa60fcf2bcae5309b7d0f322b7c	Francis Buchanan Hamilton;
a9ad555fec8ff344efa1d08bad0065576e549fd4	Nikolai Kaulbars;
f66972729cf48db045da209eaddfe0cf8677915e	Ramil Eldar Guliyev;
4953233b04d6b5aceacfc442adb1ec2911ad8cde	Vis Vitalis;
5bcc2c7e9baf0c91b55a26efbddd3c57f764082e	Vladimir Kostitsyn;
d716fe09b0f6e2786f9d040ee024beec03a2ef22	Louis Nicolas Clerambault;
398697cb5257860be25a9f166ab82edda1dd06b2	Lyudmila Buldakova;
4df4cc396a216e9eb0fb63a24247e16af8c1bcc7	Yakov Vadkovsky;
4ba4c4d85f63fb96513104d6132df7f93455a1e2	Nicolas Joseph Laurent Gilbert;
6154159469dbad8cb424afe93e81de45384b3e27	Vladimir Yermoshin;
f53d772da714516e017e0eb0840b28b1f821e434	Guy Montague Butler;
8bd72d309aea81f454dae7b91a89d087d1066935	Matvey Yelchaninov;
0b5f030ff649354d7247823fd6f43e8d0b1d6f8e	Otakar Kubin;
a8be0746e34773fccb8aa6d7b54f6968138a6c69	Iocund;
975299face586be5af7e971f9e7dabb1b7662d71	Philip Krismus;
878e9e3e1358ccdef024666532b58aa082e4694e	Vladimir Zhukov;
8f0548ccf8dd984951cc4aaf10ae15008883021b	Olga Akhmanova;
a9a26d8dbd710aff0ee7f4b4b4247521271f3766	Erich Valentin;
57fa03baf01347c42612ded530a9616392841e2d	Irina Dragunskaya;
26a013eefbfdd6a2f10895e96ab1409c124ad40e	Lusine Gevorgyan;
12d91d4213d692458876843c1d18dd67cb9b6d15	Mikhail Brodin;
935797d43fa575056820e25a79fe007d1a7e3b1f	Susan Kohner;
9b28f6837489a91a9d914634779fc7ee158b3308	Nikolai Ignatiev;
84bee202922110a037467216aea0f2dc09894c00	Marco Andreolli;
d57df1947f5e7dd321e87274d90f0b6ebd1da181	Louis Gerhard De Geer;
82b95ff2050507bcde07051569266a7f52e74cd2	[ 21.01.2017 ] Rolling Stones;
9b0856824373cdd8e87e4b6adeaf260771555d39	Amber Heard;
cc5fa25b979ffd17b51ba29eb69438277a4e1970	John Ernst Worrell Keeley;
79d27c00dcdd1d4c091ff53008b6da5714e2ed50	Anthony Victor;
50f8da6874d171b5a935278272170b6fa5054c52	Kristy Loyall;
f4129c792a6ff283cc4f2baea6971aea57eb198d	Anatoly Gonchar;
87344f9da7f19b3fa22dd5dfd482f085aecca70b	Anastasia Drobina;
1096865a3af3a24e6b8aaeddea28c2de7935698a	Andrey Loskutov;
4ee3bedb4dc12daaa57bfc0bbe1274c9d18cbdb5	Sergey Sadov;
ac3f345a61da1a434e4c56d10c56a0880b118eaf	Baruch ben Jonah Yeitteles;
f2a54ed715ea9ca575e68d61d98eae4083cbee13	Wenzel Robert Gallenberg;
d3362258be6ca8c2f2fa986c7adc8f916147d0a3	Alesa Kacher;
89cf013a7e30f68e012e81efd566615220683dc9	Chretien Francois Lamoignon;
754066050f540b52899e0220a9e52a36ad2d55ab	Konstantin Babitsky;
70aeb13769d2dc90d1be75fae718d2f90c1a8235	Kirill Gorbachevich;
de6ee7e8fa3e948ec6b73ebdd1526623b94b043c	Charles Bird King;
279bd6c435961300a5cfb273c1834e4b244e1099	Konrad Quenzel;
629062a4481ea5ab1aa2d66260641c51f46e65d3	Andrey Kazbiryuk;
d3dc7687e127767764395568b560d2687e72f25a	Dagmara Dominchuk;
4cb6e1d6308fd1afc4c8a578725f45cc6a7d3af6	Konstantin Vasilchenko;
4d62c0f965d2017ce1daabc02785fe2f913dad62	Samuel Dexter;
1c088b4e402d2ce6b3879be45b60163d11e6f1e9	Alexander Bulgakov;
faf1dc33c2c5eca225cb6ed84a8b66398c4c041a	John Kells Ingram;
33a17f92523f996e0b3ce177f1182f1710be2460	Jacob Van Kampen;
6cffbb4d1750907c604bd6abe1803dc9c8ac0cf4	Ivan Zasorin;
311a17708dc3783c4d7b9773b78ea10caeaf48f6	Alexander Labutkin;
b2f6352fb1ef249d898c488c8feccdb2b8a874a4	Oscar Arsignega;
3ef9a5f148eacc694e5eb5695e9f497d44a121fa	Dion Burton;
7664d4691e8715fb99cb249782e21817d1c9e48e	Francis Combefice;
865f2d65daf62a11c1feb7bde0690e97e2000ddb	Walter Kaufman;
b23627248a886b00754400561c3af11258ff83e1	Richard Weston Burgin;
8c0e05411bfcdc7b28b01c4c55ca470e82e0ab78	Hugo Colase;
6b33125d6f609b0307d8c9b74824328405751295	Vasily Kuzmin;
b223bd140af06b842a854beb88851c763d12efe4	Gennady Voronov;
768932d1bfa16359b4383d2c68b58a3f6271174c	Vladimir Bortnik;
7b7eadf49315b2e9a4237bfeb65b9e1033794f5f	Anita Garibaldi;
6aeb4b0c92cda9c6bc47c7209d90cbf1e843437d	Oyser Goldes;
1494066a70c1b43d276209dad6a59040ff7b49ba	John Arbuthnot;
ec685c9cd5da4957af497e73c17b2386df24660b	Bronislav Kukel;
84067f81f1e6a0562488a59508e12ebfa639699b	[ 22.01.2017 ] Zhanna Aguzarova;
b8e541f892db2871c05d20211f9db833965fe08d	Edna Shepherd;
658b273685652b6159ec87af1eea029b5aa18bb4	Salustiano Sanchez Blasquez;
a0404a764892c7296c9b0005555761c5bc2fbd07	Dorian Shainin;
9a28646b393f59cd746ffb38988361e4bee2fd83	Sterling Knight ;
638b9d15e556fcf475adbd326e16fd99c5229f53	Viktor Vakhstein;
9cead5306cd54bcd8c49a1472fa3bdceafd4fe57	Diana Balyko;
3e585b8aa32d0e8c0ace70b1e7045bb9d67ae383	Andrey Ulanov;
816e9a7e705a6470e2a26fc718bde56f499c6c23	Tatiana Danina;
7589c043f8d2b95dcc4b77f7b478f0fb3c95988a	Adam Glushkovsky;
5629b74e96ccb036b0e5b4158c9809bd0d27e752	Varduhi Vardanyan;
87dd20349cf6757ee32e4f9405e5adc7eb1fc6bf	Viktor Vinogradov;
355f3ed704cc887c5a166e21557f3731aac9b25e	Eric Dammann;
8baf64f03e441c1a22eb04dfa18c5211cfe18e2b	Yakub Grombirzh;
dc26de9f71cad9d0744006b131379e48ae17fd65	Juan Coolio;
74e8e6227807b882b795a042c4e39d9b8b71c14d	Frederick Seitz;
c22818361f59c70001d95b795e3d34c476bec0a0	Mikhail Voslensky;
83a18915e36db8210c96ea7ee4dfce2672b58628	Sebastian Abreu;
d93b2a7809f2a7c3e10a030c2fbd94fdb05bd246	Francesco Geminiani;
3749ff33d392dbac6b579f2c868b15edf1bd3018	Frances Day;
02ca512fa31a643eaa2382a1d5220f174a386565	Gino Colaussi;
03f787fcec7daee855d6a40fac995e2f03fa52a4	Avigdor Kahalani;
3ae1d05ec95a4f5e698efb530d56d1c26a24685e	Luigi Campidelli;
7a21a37783b92be12a1d1bbd9941288c554d43aa	Cornelis De Vos;
996367d4cf7069ab66eca86d7b1ec9575a18573e	Vyacheslav Zof;
52e859d1d39e3c443a042163340270870cc6971e	Alexey Agafonov;
bd1c1d582ed837bb77b5807a76ffb842261b7619	Andrew Jackson Downing;
9c51e6d4ea346e989eab8e5dee8c526da113398e	Marcelo Anthony;
da536e2bcb677e9c8c949b983edfcdb9bcc63221	Bayazit Galimov;
108e1ab1b99824c2f03823d5eafbd58b762bd0f2	Artem Dervoed;
b22a743321daaa56ada093c0ff13c93027946ea6	Jean Delfin Alar;
a0918bfdae79c177a24087bf7ccfffc0f6f9e4c5	Christian Samuel Weiss;
d3d0139fbc93ed26b28fae627f88d4bf9d1525c3	Jozef Koscielski;
2d4653bc240187fa5f4f4c394e21843a6fe0d1ed	Emmanuel Pears;
8439449e3fa6256002bba7f21b43fa0945d0d6f3	Evgeny Eliseev;
43ab953d60f6304b82cc4d66268c625a26d261a8	Mikhail Kulikovsky;
b4ca101b54c3f8e8102f9058360f3b4262b1bf92	Kirill Zabelin;
2f581341c2cd0f8e57363ad7fe4a421c2db4548d	Akhmet Aminev;
4bea344494c1c82b4f12b3258c4e5051bbe3c6fc	Vladimir Voskoboynikov;
36a484b09fdad866af43b12193dd96a2aa25d2c9	Deadly cellulite/Georgia Davis [125]
19ce80085a78f8abbf4a3bb98639fa8a116e35cd	The King of Bankruptcy/Wilbur Ross [121]
62ba0809a421472c2892c862a9aaa184e300ed9d	Let's go to the inauguration!/Harold Smick Jr.
0da4136a0da90456191ce33c25ea6eca12f12d76	[101]
15501d03c746675d45a853ae980141c7e4e014a1	Eva Polna: The path to success/Eva Polna [91]
95f13ed91c53557878cb0b24cd8554baf99003a4	New genres of science fiction/Vasily Makhanenko [85]
701a1c0f13c0ec66748703ad336f7abc683d1167	Creative tandem/Catherine Polanski [75]
b1b9ba8b7efcb4fe0c899b702af3a49bcf5c326a	A modern fairy tale/Pavel Komarnitsky [74]
1f785616de4a23884bbab00eb187b4311244c2f5	Actor and son of an actor/Ivan Kolesnikov [53]
2ee3bb5cbf49e50982657dad3a1c61147bd023ca	Repair with your own hands/Valentina Nazarova [50]
18199cea4df7ddaa87ef2ae2d6a1561ef5cbb9b6	/Alexey Vinogradov []
aeab439eac40091d2792014077a751271bcdbb06	/Yuri Vaksman []
0dd0abf27f3624970a81230655b2084720fa58eb	/Avit of Vienne []
1f5214829b3dd4bcfe747d07972697a6523eef4e	/ Jan Lashak []
6cf0d4acbb67c32c0cef3cb61acea0c63cadf5ba	/Samuel Inkum []
57ba806e3dc89bd33cfe0fb5b529c8860b0a61d6	/ Ibal pi El I []
d75419443ce81aef6f74f0c9394e132b09a4b9b4	/Nikolay Epanchin []
cca87b0f1b6f1b24a39f19d2df1258696fc93768	/Arthur Hugh Clough []
43bfaab3a69a4ec4d730e143203a7ef431b81ec9	/Eldar Ibragimov []
d579801715b56bf93ea570ee1b26851804e46f5b	/Jay Clark Bucky Jr.
97d170e1550eee4afc0af065b78cda302a97674c	[]
40dfd93bd9db98d916780c053d4636eb788bf2fc	Fiery red haired Sansa Stark/Sophie Turner [4994]
967ad6b1df2a0bca892c873c2d77ee7bfb950f26	A young ballerina in the body/Lizzie Howell[746]
52d09231e4dcfe487f51791ef5aa2d1907b82f81	At what age is it not too late to give birth?/Rajo Lohan[705]
5483cf0b2dce3d1b6f77f1a08de0dc6971dfed05	104 years - the time of records/Stanislav Kowalski[619]
6ca04d1fa1b59f964c35993f5e1659afd64c5ffa	Nika Balina and her extreme inspiration/Nick Balin[581]
7ef9ff3e1463c0254d6db2e6f7750468491bf1dc	Milo Yiannopoulos: The King of trolling / Milo Yiannopoulos[570]
0b553c36d592fb56263d81dff7a0857af9698bfd	Whiskey and beer as a way to a long life/Agnes Fenton[566]
bbab58874ec0ad56ced216b33bc7a3b82064f2d6	Inventor of the internal combustion engine/Etienne Lenoir[524]
2092dca611c58e81fd4994f60e9cc70037a93170	47 years in a hospital bed/Paulo Machado[504]
31c5968b5a16c40ef158700837bd8955824c596e	Three meters above the sky/Federico Moccia[495]
eced31478789c3446e3d2e4d417fe348838f9a3d	The Golden Tenor of Nikolai Baskov/Nikolai Baskov[487]
c242ebc52bf9d98c614c9ae3518a646c9869054e	The cleaner: The Angara maniac policeman/Mikhail Popkov[458]
faf20fb03395ed0f23ef9185a6a12ee128aa7c1b	Princess Leia Organa from "Star Wars"/Carrie Fisher[457]
924072a0e993cc4b53e2fa8dee78d204afe28a52	Kurt Cobain's Big Love/Courtney Love[417]
f9429eaac7247b0bc12c01b645c4815d536265b8	American inventor of calculators / Alfred Merchant[398]
143d07589c96d4dd85cff833563c4703ec27ff54	The adventures of an amputated leg/Christy Loyall[395]
d05f0d83aa0268bba2058be5da425fcb597a8d62	Buddy Greco: 80 years in show business/Buddy Greco[373]
200af68e1207cf5ee4231966793a57520f38079b	Liz Smith: Breakthrough in adulthood/Liz Smith[356]
9b5caa960b06d39ff150760a672065eaa1becc0c	An actress who was glorified not only by a star marriage/Amber Heard[352]
51c7d836156f82f11cdb71f466ce96f88edaabfb	The driver of a real Batmobile/Sergio Goldvarg[352]
747046bf53ade9b0e1d8f579ce34ced58c09a7d6	A disease that disfigures faces/Jenny Yu [37130]
89610c98a414c843a2b6858dc8f35963e7b25a76	The youngest organ donor/Theo Ormondi [36668]
23d6f514dd1d1705d12ad2cbf60e091cb8a7e372	A small victim of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma/Tia Llewelyn [30565]
1bc7abeb57cfae3943390cc4b6e4d66035e2329f	Lymphedema: 30 kg leg / Helen Madden [16403]
8f37aa5a192d41799152f9b40eebfe7d652e2c96	Hand transplant to a person born without one/ Peter [14329]
a6161bde3b502bd78f235732ce4c82126e145561	SFFT: The struggle for the life of twins/Jane Sefton [12393]
3bbc5c6baade49d3309845018be6782f85dc2fca	Disney Star: Then and Now/Peyton Roy List [9822]
105b05df95ad52f0fe9a9de713eaef4e3faf1221	Arya Stark from "Game of Thrones"/Maisie Williams [6318]
6ada5b263cf7bcaa821e948896113355b308ae54	In actresses from the cradle /Bailey Madison [5010]
aa4cbda1270b3f458d50ba973bb833dcce74da0a	£60,000 for dying wishes/Matt Greenwood [4897]
d51300bef3c8886ee4914f4e77421bbfbdca79c5	International model of 2016/Gigi Hadid [3740]
f7cf3517bd662a0d95b0ce6acac26133daab7902	Thick eyebrows are a solid advantage/Natalia Castellar [3246]
310653db8d707d66b4a48d98237ea41de6edc5dc	Anatoly Galkin: Secrets of the Kremlin cuisine/Anatoly Galkin [3175]
5b12cb46e6d495432f0e4f0b74d61b663df0e087	The heaviest working bike in the world/Wouter Van den Bosch [2859]
4628c6697756ddefa29f912ac1fa8af06f7d106d	The 'alcoholic' secret of longevity of a 105 year old Scottish woman/Ina Carrafers [2805]
bb49c81904ab0563adb1639d7ee27c6d649013c7	Echo of the sixties/Maya Kristalinskaya [2503]
4d557889cc3d5bde18e197c967303e7916163224	'Demon' fire breathing / Gene Simmons [2453]
36bd6fee7c625970ea3848717905c1806ed19821	The Man who created Hitler/Edmund Forster [2387]
c62563fb9db11aad51b3e366f85d783388569dac	Small joys of vision/Patrick Heaton [2239]
665e1b0507f39c07d61587d70e770d1ccfdc72f8	[Robert De Niro · 20.01.2017 07: 01: 40]
b05a8bef02732fd78906c3bf97da1452a5ab8802	Robert De Niro went to a demonstration against Trump · Read more ...
be2dcada1786ee82dabd59b299f03a3c384ea7f4	[Miguel Jose Ferrer · 20.01.2017 05:01:29]
1f5963be0a1e53cac03bd970029836001d093904	Actor Miguel Ferrer died of cancer · Read more ...
a7ef95ff5676266c442e30c934476b5aeb2716b7	[Boris Shcherbakov · 19.01.2017 11:01: 05]
56e02c52dd3c133df95aa81f189ee82d92fd56e9	Boris Shcherbakov was taken to the hospital · Read more ...
37a171a50ca19b26e384493b4c046436076df3a9	[Venus Williams · 19.01.2017 10:01:33]
487f1ce873daea08b9a1372dcdaa1644485ac91b	Venus Williams was compared to a gorilla · Read more ...
173a6ae4adb00a2cc926e2905e82a346160718fc	[Paul McCartney · 19.01.2017 08: 01: 10]
b2136dedbca65ad1ab1d61e02519c19acc6a885e	McCartney will sue Sony · Read more ...
cada82a7faf8e9585d1300e6f32971005edbf475	[Ilya Kormiltsev · 19.01.2017 05: 01:08]
1ccfcf1466a2d7c891c46682547120a6827d4bdf	Actions dedicated to Ilya Kormiltsev will be held in Moscow · Read more ...
eb4ad4ebb405bf94147a9f70514308aca7bdd8bd	[Bradley Manning · 18.01.2017 11:01: 19]
ca8388bf435a6788c84a7a8735d98a93065acefd	Obama commutes Chelsea Manning's sentence · Read more ...
cb8eac01cd2c4e9d54cf00c9807b41a67045609c	[Jack Nicholson · 18.01.2017 10:01:54]
8696159a4884301d5582d5d6ca438c93822b0e4f	Jack Nicholson is retiring · Read more ...
3cff295b43f071afaa3a700f734485dabeeea9d4	The inventor of the internal combustion engine (Etienne Lenoir); (Alexander Baidukov); (Uri Avneri); (Wojteh Bradac); (Alexandra Kataeva Wenger); (Quintus Publilius Philo); (Viktor Grushko); (Evgeny Korsh); (Vagit Gabibulla Guliyev); (Vladimir Korban); (Robert Camber); (Mark Gleichengauz); (Lyudmila Alexandrovskaya); (Peter Kurasanov); (Vaclav Kliment Klitspera); ( John XV); (Eugene Emmanuel Amaury Duval); (Leo Weisgerber); (Arthur Grumyo); (Stephanie Graf); (Leonid Burlachuk); (Karin Jons); (Sid Abel); (Mikhail Gershkovich); (Tikhon Eroshevsky); (Vsevolod Zelchenko); (Emile Keruo Lamery); (Marie Denise Villiers); (Gerold Grosswalsertal); (Vitaly Anokhin); (Christian Brocchi); (Mike Connor Gainey); (Nikolai Lebedev); (Ivan Akulov); (Valentina Vagrina); (Nikolay Zubov); (Michael Witzel); (Grigory Grinberg); (Etienne Kleyrac); (Ilya Kitup); (Julio Baptista); (Epaminondas Zimvrakakis); (Ludvik Bronarsky); (Savely Kovner); (Hugo Gottfried Kraas); (Nikita Alexandrov); (Ibrahim Baramykov); (Marcel Granet); (Sergey Belyakovich); (Lia Dizon); (Joseph Kapul); (Yuri Barsegov); (Leonid Afanasyev); (Ivan Volkov);
e99a61ff719b8d0d7d0d4b26e7e482049b06e1dd	Cleaner: Angara maniac policeman (Mikhail Popkov); (Jean Dominique Blanqui); (Beryl Margare Bainbridge); (Mikhail Lebedev); (Joseph Verbruk); (Mohamed Kader); (Kim Kirchen); (Vitaly Averyanov); (Alexey Davidov); (Guillermo Amor); (Isabela Corona); (Peter Anchutin); (Vasily Plansky); (Jens Arnold Dietrich Jensen); (Yuri Eliseev); (Antonio Caccianiga); (Hans Gude); (Alexander Guruli); (Rudolf Sieber); (Lyudmila Kudryavtseva); (Adrian Gannel); (Juan de Tassis Villamediana); (Massimo Introvigne); (Sergey Gaponov); (Stanislav Kochiev); (Andrey Akopyants); (Vladimir Evstigneev); (Inca Garcilaso De la Vega); (Anatoly Kanishchev); (Ekaterina Lachinova); (Alexey Kuleshov); (Francois Henri Rene Allen Targe); (Leonid Gurevich); (Theodorik Bala); (Martin Droushout); (Herman Kremer); (Leon Gruzinsky); (Johann Peter Susmilch); (Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach); (Antonio Cavoli); (Jeff Stinko); (Victoria Valois); (Henry Domercant); (Giovanni Filippo Ingrassias); (Louis Delaporte); (Carol Martha Brauner); (Josef Kaisl); (Andrey Devyataykin); (Irina Kovaleva); (Vladislav Bystrov); (Yuri Kasparov);
efffec8ba1e625a9f713e3f2538e618b1d70b03e	Jack White: An Ambiguous Genius (Jack White);
3909bf9f28d8e726262d2341b9772ee5407218bd	Whiskey and beer as a way to a long life (Agnes Fenton); (Peter Kolesnikov); (Ivan Arestovich); (Nandor Dani); (Galina Kozlova); (Kari Kahimi); (Goran Konchar); (Alexander Gerasimov); (Ton Weimer); (Abu Mashar Al Balkhi); (Margarita Kirichek); (Grigory Dobrygin); (Heinrich Gunkin); (Andoni Goikoechea Olaskoaga); (Alexey Vadatursky); (Wolfgang Butskamm); (Igor Kralevsky); (Karl Alexander August John); ( Dedi I); (Jean Guienne Keira); (Menachem Avidom); (Wilfried Westheide); (Svetlana Dikaanidas); (Erik Verlinde); (Krzysztof Vengzyn); (Lil Dagover); (Blaze Bailey); ( Boleslav III);
36778bfdca8ec55bcc0a9edbef134bdea56fb073	(Donna Burke ); (Svetlana Vinogradova); (Jewett Adams); (Willy Brokamp); (Olesya Kurochkina); (Felix Joseph Henri Lacaze Duthier); (Valentin Zavadnikov); (Murad Lahiyalov); (Ravil Bakhtiyarov); (Kalibek Kuanyshpaev); (Viktor Berezhnoy); (Jay Gordon); (Maxim Kuznetsov); (Bruce Kulik); (Gerard Devo); (Sergey Evdokimov); (Anver Bikchentaev); (Grigory Langsdorf); (John Hutton Balfour); (Karl Wirth); (Alexander Winkler); (Georgy Latsabidze); (Alexander Kislyakov); (Ale xander Varavin); (Isaac Ancher); (Pablo Cavaliero); (Maya Kopyttseva);
1d0542c1b210c88d0bb7812a34738208bc8609a6	(Miguel Campins ); (Boris Dubossarsky); (Claude Vignon); (Alexander Balunov); (Viktor Golant); (Alexander Kazakov); (Alexander Konisky); (Rafael Cancinos Assens); (Joost Leflang); (Tamara Daunene); (Gandalf Alvgeirsson); (Alexander Derevyagin); (Lev Kropivnitsky); (Reinhart Kozellek); (Milos Vasic); (Nathaniel Butler); (Matias Bernard Brown); (Vitaly Bamburov); (Vladimir Kachalov); (Jan Adam Kruzeman); (Konstantin Zmirlov); (Valery Vorona); (Georgy Gavasheli); (Oleg Bogomolov); (Eduard Sievers); (Francis Buchanan Hamilton); (Nikolai Kaulbars); (Ramil Eldar Guliyev); (Vis Vitalis); (Vladimir Kostitsyn); (Louis Nicolas Clerambault); (Lyudmila Buldakova); (Yakov Vadkovsky); (Yakov Vadkovsky); (Nicolas Joseph Laurent Gilbert); (Vladimir Yermoshin); (Guy Montague Butler); (Matvey Yelchaninov); (Otakar Kubin); ( Jokund); (Philip Krismus); (Vladimir Zhukov); (Olga Akhmanova); (Erich Valentin); (Irina Dragunskaya); (Lusine Gevorgyan); (Mikhail Brodin); (Susan Kohner); (Nikolai Ignatiev); (Marco Andreolli); (Louis Gerhard De Geer);
f5f2a95e54f5100c6f89c3a1c159af4f54844f19	An actress who was made famous not only by a star marriage (Amber Heard);
91f892d5502b0721e7f679c193dd47b90279afc2	The fraudster is an 'inventor' (John Ernst Worrell Keeley);
ed0f083cee4719bea2b3072694d3da0862834b94	The Adventures of an Amputated Leg (Christy Loyall); (Baruch ben Jonah Yeitteles); (Wenzel Robert Gallenberg); (Alesa Kacher); (Chretien Francois Lamoignon); (Konstantin Babitsky); (Kirill Gorbachevich); (Charles Bird King); (Konrad Quenzel); (Andrey Kazbiryuk); (Dagmara Dominchuk); (Konstantin Vasilchenko); (Samuel Dexter); (Alexander Bulgakov); (John Kells Ingram); (Jacob Van Kampen); (Ivan Zasorin); (Alexander Labutkin); (Oscar Arsignega); (Dion Burton); (Francis Combefice); (Walter Kaufman); (Richard Weston Burgin); (Hugo Colase); (Vasily Kuzmin); (Gennady Voronov); (Vladimir Bortnik); (Anita Garibaldi); (Oizer Goldes); (John Arbuthnot); (Bronislaw Kukel);
03f741453aabf2536c3e586b16797b891871792c	Sterling Knight: A young actor with a great future (Sterling Knight); (Adam Glushkovsky); (Vardui Vardanyan); (Vardui Vardanyan); (Viktor Vinogradov); (Eric Dammann); (Jakub Grombirzh); (Juan Coolio); (Frederick Seitz); (Mikhail Voslensky); (Sebastian Abreu); (Francesco Geminiani); (Francis Day); (Gino Colaussi); (Avigdor Cahalani); (Luigi Campidelli); (Cornelis De Vos); (Vyacheslav Zof); (Alexey Agafonov); (Andrew Jackson Downing); (Marcelo Anthony); (Bayazit Galimov); (Artem Dervoed); (Jean Delfin Alar); (Christian Samuel Weiss); (Jozef Koscielski); (Emmanuel Grushy); (Evgeny Eliseev); (Mikhail Kulikovsky); (Kirill Zabelin); (Akhmet Aminev); (Vladimir Voskoboynikov);
052a67faa7c3290ed036b8ccf8d605cd1269a92d	Let's go to the inauguration!
f7c0850c4c17f10001f9e92c12bf1209afea5baf	(Harold Smick Jr.);
8f5c88881d162e56d0414a62a9d0727d9cc161f4	[Saddam Hussein ] News in one line: Saddam Hussein insured all objects, buildings and structures in Iraq with the largest insurance companies in the United States.
34a21faa7df385f332ba926edc5d0a396ff1ae83	[ 18.01.2017 ]
278b2edf5b3d8fcc8160f002672703a2bdabfdb7	47 years in a hospital bed (Paulo Machado);
9d50c2e6caa0d73782f1f5e1c53552ef39142ea4	Whiskey and beer as a way to a long life (Agnes Fenton);
e7e0d9674db03b73986da9152ba96ea1fd4432df	Milo Yiannopoulos: The King of Trolling (Milo Yiannopoulos);
99ec2d474f2eed25ad87c29c6d515f9cfda48897	Liz Smith: Breakthrough in Adulthood (Liz Smith);
d2b6f8f5779bce045145f4cbf2b75f735c123dd9	Design without borders (Olga Voronova);
3796eaad073e10b40db78c1c36ee204ef5d04d72	A versatile personality (Valentin Badrak);
2363010f5393965488a1cfdcbd5a7806085b2996	Dark secrets of science fiction (Oleg Sinitsyn);
f296a930d7409c847a5a13988e59e9706b75a141	Original plot twists (Larisa Wright); (Pyotr Kolesnikov); (Ivan Arestovich); (Nandor Dani); (Galina Kozlova); (Kari Kahimi); (Goran Konchar); (Alexander Gerasimov); (Ton Weimer); (Tobias Wendl); (Abu Mashar Al Balkhi); (Margarita Kirichek); (Grigory Dobrygin); (Heinrich Gunkin); (Andoni Goikoechea Olaskoaga); (Alexey Vadatursky); (Wolfgang Butskamm); (Igor Kralevsky); (Karl Alexander August John); ( Dedi I);
e4c2df97918c90a23942c44e72e60c8eae9234d2	(Jean Guienne Keira)
faef0c79201784396eb6454cb6a8264b0645384c	Evgeny Viktorovich Plushenko (Yevgeni Viktorovich Plushenko or Yevgeny Viktorovich Plyushchenko) was born on November 3, 1982 in the village of Solnechny (Khabarovsk Territory, USSR).
0f825c5bffbaec3eaffed154801c30ebbb7f8ab0	He is a two time Olympic champion 2006 in single skating and 2014 in team competitions, a two time silver medalist of the Winter Olympic Games in 2002 and 2010, a three time world champion (2001, 2003, 2004), a seven time European champion (2000, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2010, 2012), four time winner of the Grand Prix Finals (1999-2000, 2000-01, 2002-03, 2004-05) and ten time champion of Russia in men's single skating (1999-2002, 2004-06, 2010, 2012-13).
aaf9425779810d36cf411c39e73cba571f7cd77f	Honored Master of Sports of Russia, Senior Lieutenant of the Russian Army.
d4b3450714132fc6bd9f42e0ed89412724427010	He was awarded many state awards and prizes, including the Order of Friendship, the medal of the Order "For Services to the Fatherland" of the first degree, the medal "For Strengthening the Combat Commonwealth" (Ministry of Defense), the medal "For Labor Valor" (Ministry of Defense).
2f4d70dc2a91d96a3bc3117943117476f3d5457d	Holder of two Orders of Honor.
31acf216acc929a261e844a19b3e4cad9f8faf51	Winner of prestigious nominations.
abf2e209206096d693500f87c8db5245c29e9ec3	His first coach was Tatiana Skala.
6f56a3c7649e0caac41ffaf8162e6db838b2b1d6	Then he continued to train under the guidance of Mikhail Makoveev, with whom at the age of seven he won his first competition the Crystal Skate tournament.
bd4b632d9147eab1da6169f5820e0c7f5be4d66e	Evgeny faced difficulties during his first year in St. Petersburg, being a thousand kilometers away from his parents and sister, living in a communal apartment, in conditions unsuitable for his young age.
e34b05f1633717941efdd24dcff494215f8f9793	Over time, Zhenya's mother moved to St. Petersburg with him, and with the moral and material support of coach Alexey Mishin, life began to improve, so that Evgeny could focus on training.
0e2056c6835ea73b6c3c95b4f4eb6c9335777bd1	He was already the current and two time champion of Russia, won the Grand Prix Final for the first time and his first European champion title.
439c58865036345766aeaf6146047718ead55ac0	Evgeny won all the competitions and reached the Grand Prix Final, but two months before the Olympic Games, he suffered ankle and groin injuries that forced him to miss the European Championship He resumed training, and in order to better prepare for the upcoming Games, he changed the free program in a short time.
0c0d4945ac0cfd2ffa41a1e71416bc91e87b9f46	At the competitions, which became the brightest example of rivalry in the history of this sport, Plushenko showed a strong and risky free program to the music of Zh.
97ef0a36bfb641c2bbe3626bbd8809961875ea94	Bizet "Carmen", showing a unique cascade of a quadruple toe loop triple toe loop triple rittberger, a second quadruple jump and a combination of a triple axel oiler triple flip.
388d1c3a97d258252c59d8eec9d716dd5104ea0a	He took silver only twice.
2c3f3dc8ab290e3f5566517e116990ba0c0274e6	In the Final of the 2004 Grand Prix, despite the brilliant rental of the free program, he took second place due to the fact that he violated the rule of the international judging system IJS (which was applied for the first time that season), which prohibited the performance of more than two cascades of jumps.
eba20141c3681189290d6ad417521d6bfdd5b190	(Starting from the 2003-2004 season, three jump combinations are allowed in the free program).
96844a6d2d346250eb102f103c6afc4a92047f05	Plushenko also took silver at the 2004 European Championships before winning his third title at the 2004 World Championships (Dortmund, Germany).
0e762a2bf58164d4fcbc37722715a0880e2a03ac	At the beginning of 2005, Plushenko was plagued by serious injuries, nevertheless, this season he won the Grand Prix Final, the Russian and European championships.
614a80314115e748086894b8dceaeca32e735eb8	However, at the World Championships in Moscow, having performed in the qualifying round and in the short program, he was forced to withdraw from the competition due to a serious injury that required surgery on the inguinal rings, which he underwent in Munich (Germany) in the spring of 2005, just a year before the 2006 Olympics.
79f54183cea0f65862da77f996cbdc1d228d159b	On June 18, 2005, Yevgeny married Maria Ermak.
0418161c9f7a46aa4cce6b7a82a94ab9c77190f8	Their son Yegor was born on June 15, 2006.
89e5d8d95bdc5130b22835634a3f12227ee07afc	They divorced in February 2008.
95920809ce25eb8fe1b139f55ae7e4e2c67ccaf6	He already owned 7 out of 10 top results under this system.
61eafbb0ebed49148a6d7df5350fe545b408d2b2	He performed a short program "Tosca" to the music of Giacomo Puccini and was ahead by 10 points over his closest rival, setting a new ISU record (90.66).
6b5a36bc0268c9f1d119f201c729a8279ea7fb1b	The rental of any program was as strong and also received the highest score (167.67).
6de9e26712137469f722c2a7a0feb544a339a3a3	He skated to the music of Nino Rota's "the Godfather" specially arranged for him by violinist Edvin Marton.
a2e07809263a78d9010fa0afc5df5ea89d90c797	2006-2008: Break in competitions
252490aa0ccbfd57fccb3f32699dc68c7602452d	Plushenko took a break from competitions in the post Olympic season.
a20a5ff437b9f16166ff86dcf92b3a8963a7d72b	He said that the missed season will help him to rest and recover from knee injuries sustained during 8 years of continuous competition.
5184fc765d957369d1072ee6fafc8adc88ea1655	Evgeny performed in ice shows, organized his own tours "Golden Ice Stradivari" and "Kings On Ice" ("Kings of Ice"), with whom he toured throughout Russia and Europe, led numerous television shows, participated in the political life of St. Petersburg.
e0fe24d4eac159c5c7b7adf1a96fa6464fd41e0b	Evgeny was also one of the Sochi 2014 ambassadors who played an important role in Russia's obtaining the right to host the 2014 Winter Olympic Games – Russia's application was granted on July 4, 2007 in Guatemala.
1419d45bb17c92d69b5bcc236fc688338506e483	In 2008, Plushenko, together with violinist Edwin Marton, took part in Dima Bilan's number during the winning performance with the song "Believe" at the Eurovision Song Contest in Belgrade (Serbia).
c271d4e489d92ba4771cca428db9ed1e597a04e4	On stage, Plushenko was skating on an artificial surface.
11a36ba0dd1cdff578f8a2bcfc2e03a83ab65aee	Seeing the low results of Russian figure skaters at the 2007 World Championships (which were the worst since 1960), Plushenko was concerned that Russia was losing its dominant status in figure skating, and announced his return to the sport, which finally took place in the 2009/2010 season.
320a0cc27e0761a477c6117b7fbf35e1c8aad40c	2009: Return to sports
673d56c198786bb77de08cf505f2cf7de80ed1a9	In March 2009, Plushenko announced the resumption of training under the guidance of his permanent coach Alexey Mishin in order to prepare for the 2010 Olympic Games.
d476bf31396e32b75e29e183c991b1d9edb3c146	On September 12, 2009, he married Yana Rudkovskaya, director of a music production company, owner of beauty salons and fashion boutiques.
3fba30b94fb57b84bdc9dea250eb792fc5c6a78f	Evgeny was motivated by the desire to become a two time Olympic champion.
04656a6f3dd4502967c140ffdb45d652e7991e60	The return to international competitions, expected by his fans and fans of figure skating, took place on October 23, 2009 at the State Enterprise "Rostelecom Cup".
c5bc330b7148ecb21117a495ce2a6a4aa4f3f576	He took the lead after the short program with a score of 82.25 and won the free skate with a score of 158.40.
09837f7cd8e967cf4914615526054c120e819e33	As a result, he won the gold medal with a total of 240.65.
f8df933f15abe6ea777ff57be75d9957b85247fe	At the 2010 Russian Championships, Plushenko received 100.09 for the short program and 171.50 for the free program, winning the national championship for the eighth time with a total of 271.59 points.
29b69948470d51172ad36cec6f843cbd279c1bc4	At the 2010 European Championships in Tallinn (Estonia), Evgeny set a new world record in the short program (91.30) and won his sixth European title with a total score of 255.39 points.
1fd7073be602f1c43de1f9ac584ef85bc4623a19	2011: The King of Comebacks
4851ff8e5f130c45606ff5f35a056237a1b615e2	Plushenko said that returning to the competition at a high level is an extremely difficult task, both physically and psychologically.
3d37a19533d0f1fb16500a871cad24ed5d4f1459	Nevertheless, after a break of almost two years and knee surgery, which required a long rehabilitation, he resumed training in the fall of 2011.
f39e16c50414b3e76e189fa26fca94783a3e67aa	His second comeback began with the 2012 Russian Championship, held in December 2011, where he won and became a nine time champion of Russia.
2239a395a4e50e66cd26e8d1e3290435040250d0	The 2012 European Championship in Sheffield (Great Britain) was the first international start after the Vancouver Olympics in 2010.
cc80f99c716480532ba49d6af7534947b6ba3e08	In the qualifying round and the short program, Evgeny skated with knee and neck injuries, which forced him to exclude his signature jump a quadruple toe loop from the short program ("Storm", Yanni's composition).
655897497acddb8d365f41c775b7c231958eea4a	However, in the free program, riding to the song "Roxanne's Tango" (the soundtrack of the film "Moulin Rouge!", edited by Edwin Marton), overcoming pain, Plushenko flawlessly performed all the elements, including a quadruple and seven triple jumps.
3fd3ca1e12fbfafac4edc505fbac4962d33ce6fb	The audience gave him a standing ovation, and he triumphantly won the seventh European champion title with a score of 176.2 (total score 261.23), which is his personal best and a European record.
a27aea583697c1225fb47984f8086b292368f668	In November 2012, Evgeny underwent an operation for heat treatment of vertebral hernias.
9f29672e675eaa86afe4728c00b26e7ec90bb788	He resumed work on the quads only three days before the 2013 Russian Championship (Sochi).
1a88f8a1873efea860088bc83f68e33b0aab6a03	Despite this, Plushenko successfully completed the quadruple jumps in both programs and won his tenth national title.
c4e43d43a0a6f97ee05a43aebf5eb5f77b891365	On January 6, 2013, his second son Alexander was born.
f925c0ef72a4d4d9fea0269f0ad50307cc3bef9b	Unfortunately, Evgeny withdrew from the 2013 European Championship (Zagreb, Croatia) after a short program due to a back injury.
fb67aaad0ac8d489f701a3610d8e9cbcc1c84c15	On January 31, 2013, Evgeny underwent surgery in Tel Aviv (Israel)to replace the intervertebral disc with an implant.
61a398d3710e8b0f94d283f1b57f7f7869740df4	In the summer of 2013, after successful rehabilitation, Evgeny resumed training and began preparing for the fulfillment of his dream to compete at the home Olympics in Sochi, at the fourth Games in his career.
c3688e5c5ccdbe48199d17704f9c0bd53f4830dc	On November 7, 2013, Plushenko returned to competition, at the Volvo Open Cup tournament in Riga (Latvia), he took first place with a total score of 263.25 points.
22eb8435cdb79c6397d63e537ca2574601fb7b51	He completed 4T, 3A, 3A 3T in the free program and received the necessary technical minimum to be able to compete in Sochi.
8b9c4d2ce5c51d12be5e70abe59ebdf3f5daaea5	At the 2014 Russian Championship Plushenko won the short program and became the second in the free skate.
710e78d011691eb40f53a9b3a9f88427f3e4beda	As a result, he finished second, losing the national championship for the first time since 1998, when he finished third.
7f792f27c0f95ee939190b9b82bbacf09dc10494	Having received an offer to be the flag bearer of the Russian team at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games, Yevgeny said that it was a great honor for him, but he could not accept the offer due to the schedule of the competition.
5adb63da5b5674b75e0138ef192df32b6357e5aa	He took second place in the short program ("Roxanne's Tango" arranged by Edwin Marton) with a personal best of 91.39 points.
a4298ffb59a47edeedcb4848562aa976e03e26e2	In the free program, he took first place ("The Best of Plushenko", a medley of the best programs, arranged by Edwin Marton) with a score of 168.20, winning 19 points for the team.
afec25ce60349b8656f4a3a5cb036b5ff8057381	It was the first gold medal of Russia at the home Olympics.
8c89007fa8c3d68209dc5c30e5a070fa47669862	Struggling with a back injury sustained in training, Plushenko was forced to withdraw from the individual tournament in the warm up before the short program on February 13, 2014.
cd766e9611638543f96ae1cbdaae0d2b3d0b356d	March 3, 2014 at the Ramat Aviv Clinic (Tel Aviv, Israel) Evgeny underwent a second operation.
ef796251e31b38fc291fb68c0c804607b21888dd	The broken screw was removed, as well as the rest of the screws that supported the spine.
fd4f1229a3d9f3145575dae3fd0aa08a4912a1e1	In the summer of 2014, Evgeny returned to the ice, performing on a tour of Japan and China.
2050e592c17ddcdf59c3f083c5aa85d124b7144f	In the autumn of the same year, Evgeny performs in his show "Kings on Ice" and is preparing a new project - a world tour with the ice show "Snow King" (Snow King) - a fairy tale for children and the whole family.
1984f527db99927edad9cd3c7318d312ecfe726d	During his entire career, Plushenko did not get into the top three winners only once since he began competing in adult competitions in 1997.
5c3f7233d54307a602db7cbc2d7d4f47ade8a620	He tried to move figure skating forward, and his technical achievements, as well as sports records, are numerous.
b06aa2228d6a12ee5313a5e07060caab7762d916	He was the first in the world to perform the cascade of the quadruple toe loop triple toe loop double rittberger (4T 3T 2Lo) at the NHK Trophy tournament in 1999, and the most difficult cascade of the quadruple toe loop triple toe loop triple Rittberger (4T 3T 3Lo) at the "Cup of Russia" in 2002.
a27eeaf0e559e97f7bed99ac549a29849f3b954b	He is the first figure skater to successfully perform these jump combinations at the World Championships.
594fc02f8ad5ee867e85674fb817b82fe67754ca	Plushenko was also the first to make a combination of a quadruple toe loop triple rittberger (4T 3Lo).
f664e97839c3e78d726c512c662ca37e5110411d	He is the first and only figure skater to perform the extremely complex triple axel oiler triple flip cascade (3A 1/2Lo -3F) (first shown in 2002 at the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City). So far, no one has tried to perform it at competitions.
51833d34dd91764c6963ee893aa460f36047b63a	Plushenko consistently performs a quadruple sheepskin coat at competitions with almost one hundred percent success.
d34ad754122780b4296e1dc81a6a2652ba0c994f	It is estimated that he has successfully completed more than 100 quadruple jumps in competitions.
205d56225e1ba15b250f5e1208af03db42425a45	He also performed a quadruple salchow in 2004 in Samara (Russia) at the second stage of the Russian Cup.
3990c8b801531967d18c6ee5e487ade6d4483a0f	Plushenko is also one of the few skaters who performed a quad rittberger and a quad lutz in training in 2001, at the Cup of Russia tournament, he completely completed the quad lutz, but slipped on landing at the last second.
dd3ac2d8430929f6f99783106b348c2302341e60	In demonstration performances, he also performs complex elements.
c76db69001c6d8c1720da40cf78c722d9493d8b2	In 2005, at the "ARD Gala", Plushenko made a cascade triple toe loop triple toe loop triple rittberger double rittberger (3T 3T 3Lo 2Lo).
205ed13b140b90c0887c242d4688a28bdd762b74	At the demonstration performances of the 2006 Russian Championship, he made a cascade of six jumps (3T 3T 2Lo 2Lo 2Lo 2Lo).
47f35c93765235428410f4f8e3ef8040fc40c37b	At the demonstration performances of the 2006 Olympics, Evgeny said goodbye to the audience with a spectacular cascade triple axel triple toe loop triple rittberger (3A 3T 3Lo).
254f837e6cca524696cbd845ca006ce36b7f9765	In November 2009, Evgeny began training the triple axel quad toe loop cascade.
ed2f6d003bca861dc36c31f4631f477b2fe02087	Injuries prevented him from working on more complex cascades.
e981dbdc41865c59b53265fee7050a09ffbeb523	Evgeny is the first figure skater who performed bilman and "ring" (Donut spin) rotations at adult competitions, which were his signature elements at the beginning of his career.
ea1546c020c409fa0cd31d4dd380cb56b31a4352	At the age of 16, Plushenko became the youngest single player ever to receive a top score of 6.0 (1998 NHK Trophy tournament, score for artistry).
8aef4e3738aed0bebc120e022dba2782855938f0	In total, he received 75 6.0 marks before the new judging system was introduced, under which he also received some of the highest scores for both technical elements (TES) and program components (PCS), setting records in many competitions.
e930a2928f83eebbaf9e575396f0e8bb71a90cde	So far, he holds 5 world records in the short program and 4 world records in the free program and the total of two programs.
dfad8a05ab4a21522bbfa78566aa871037f5cc72	Evgeny became the youngest medalist of the World Championship in history, winning the bronze medal at the age of 15.
aa832f84c8207d43b605f7722e69107302826c8e	Having won the European Championship for the seventh time (2012, Sheffield, Great Britain), Plushenko became the third in the number of European titles won in the entire history of men's single figure skating, he is surpassed only by the Swede Ulrich Salchow (1898-1913) with nine titles and the Austrian Karl Schaefer (1929-1936) with eight titles who performed at the dawn of this sport.
44a8658d32cd56f4a0f993410c154755b6348038	Having won gold in the team event at the Winter Olympic Games in Sochi – the fourth medal at the fourth Games in a row – Evgeny became the only figure skater in modern history who won a medal at each of his Olympics: 2002 in Salt Lake City, 2006 – in Turin, 2010 – in Vancouver and 2014 in Sochi.
58eedd79d2c2cdfe9e1505ffd253368acbf42b8e	(Swedish figure skater Gillis Grafstrom won four medals in the early period of the existence of this sport, in 1920-1932).
72854ed1900802ce3c2406a6203c9bf5bbb2b932	Yevgeny Plushenko has 92 ice fights on his account:
67f4c914129ececce8461ef4ab888d15fd702735	- 63 gold medals - 16 silver 4 bronze
f3e322e77e1f2ee46e6171c7974c909b06724fe2	Olympic Games
9e0467bb931295810440d82dcb9ced5a41f35912	2002 — 2nd place. 2006 — 1st place. 2010 — 2nd place.
e7cf7fb23e8c10463230662d210c4f4a2292fd32	2014-1st place (team competitions)
fd7a3be343295b9befdeb1d94b12ee15553c423d	World Championships
09d56e611c3b6176416c62876aeee659b0b40c2c	1998 — 3rd place. 1999 — 2nd place. 2000 — 4th place. 2001 — 1st place. 2002 missed due to injury 2003-1st place. 2004 — 1st place.
3b583a85c927d363221036e0a19f89f35a34249a	I missed 2005 due to an injury.
9bdec4036293f7f1581bbcd30604fbf6283f03bf	2006-2011 did not participate in competitions
2ccc10431ad56e730e6021ff425996b6b5eca343	European Championships
eeef49ec96647b3371edda5dd730dc020f50da0e	1998 — 2nd place. 1999 — 2nd place. 2000 — 1st place. 2001 — 1st place.
bf97552b6ada97c94eb9db2474bd68a030c5dcf0	He missed 2002 due to an injury. 2003 — 1st place. 2004 — 2nd place.
51c98d1811e489756f9ed7aabe2ebdd39a867142	2005-1st place. 2006 — 1st place.
5e1a95f027d919dfde974526f92ef156f25c9c2a	2007-2009 did not participate in the 2010 competition 1st place. 2011 did not participate in the competition 2012-1st place.
a8557bfd3467f632899ed0360b3bbb64287e146d	ISU Grand Prix Final ISU Grand Prix Final 2005 - 1 ISU Grand Prix Final 2004 - 2 ISU Grand Prix Final 2003 - 1 ISU Grand Prix Final 2002 - 2 ISU Grand Prix Final 2001 - 1 ISU Grand Prix Final 2000 - 1 ISU Grand Prix Final 1999 - 3 Champions Series Final 1998 - 5
26d025539e1bd5d9a5ba09233e5a8e31c4c1bc0b	ISU Grand Prix
cf67031b66d5b4baf9afd6a3b1820dffb93041df	ISU GP Rostelecom Cup 2009 - 1 Cup of Russia 2005 - 1 Cup of Russia 2004 - 1 Cup of Russia Gallina Blanca 2003 - 1 Trophee Lalique 2003 - 1 MasterCard Skate Canada Int. 2003 - 1 Cup of Russia Gallina Blanca 2002 - 1 Bofrost Cup on Ice 2002 - 1 Cup of Russia 2001 - 1 Sparkassen Cup on Ice 2001 - 1 NHK Trophy 2000 - 1 Cup of Russia 2000 - 1 Sparkassen Cup on Ice 2000 - 1 NHK Trophy 1999 - 1 Cup of Russia 1999 - 1 Sparkassen Cup on Ice 1999 - 1 NHK Trophy 1998 - 1 Cup of Russia 1998 - 2 Skate Canada 1998 - 1 Cup of Russia 1997 - 2 Skate America 1997 - 2 Cup of Russia 1996 - 4
6d9f8517f4a50049b4799865afa94357d8af4a93	International Competitions
9840f2dd9f93a33daaf52d78f76732d1e04323a5	22nd Volvo Open Cup 2013 - 1 Marshalls World Cup 2004 - 1 Int.
97336186b55eea50f06fedb5de1c58178f4ff862	World Skating Challenge 2004 - 1 Int.
68514670a910f251fb9a79b33f0454488e6bf978	Figure Skating Challenge 2003 - 1 Campbell's Intern.
c041ec2574d4cca7b60dd9a2f603bb6e5113d55a	FS Classic 2003 - 1 Figure Skating Challenge 2002 - 1 Campbells FS Classic 2002 - 2 Goodwill Games 2001 - 1 Finlandia Trophy 2000 - 1 Goodwill Games 1998 - 3 Grand Slam of Figure Skating 1999 - 1 Finlandia Trophy 1997 - 3 European Youth Olympic Days 1997 (Junior) - 1 Pokal der Blauen Schwerter 1996 (Junior) - 1 Finlandia Trophy 1996 - 7 Crystal Skate 1993 (Junior) - 5
64f086378c83f56abf5c7f8041e6e8be55995f2b	Pro Am Competitions
99214ca77c84b33c9baa0a23b6b110a3be03e7ab	Medal Winners Open 2015 - 1 Japan Open 2001 - 2 Keri Lotion FS Classics 1999 - 2 Japan Open 1999 - 1 Grand Slam of Figure Skating 1998 - 4
9331cac547236169c691913b3dd1e3a486f035e9	Russian Championships
11eb37076e3c4ebb1da62c4d2f3db15f9f401121	1998 — 3rd place. 1999 — 1st place. 2000 — 1st place. 2001 — 1st place. 2002 — 1st place.
9adaa1e3a6c3eff749a1168e3cbc17a28a5b7deb	He missed 2003 due to an injury. 2004 — 1st place.
6726af4ed5825eb1f5b86280a649d5b00e3a6bfb	2007-2009 did not participate in the competition 2010-1st place. 2011 did not participate in competitions 2012-1st place 2013-1st place 2014-2nd place
4da0e2f2c497c84f9818781314f99eef910b13d9	Junior Championships
dccf374b320e83cd41ed586d528ca9d3df5a44d2	1997 — 1st place.
9958ea4895491c77017b4bbefd3fd845d572b178	- Since 1994, a student of the Youth Sports School for figure skating in St. Petersburg
ba48e50a4df29dbc284369deb0566e7e5be60d7f	- 1998 graduated from the secondary school No.
3b9f328edc270455d2c8bd4eab4854f6d4ff3b30	91 of the Petrogradsky district of St. Petersburg
3be03aab01231532b95537763fa56efccaefac3e	- 2000-2005. he entered and successfully graduated from the Coaching Faculty of the National State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Health named after him.
9896e3a8a3e3e8436cb8ab4f6b8912c13a1491cb	Lesgaft (ex. SPbGUFC)
909cfe79e8c0ba340fca4dfc3ad118173f4260ef	- 2004-2008 he entered and successfully graduated from the Faculty of Tourism and Hotel Management of the St. Petersburg State University of Engineering and Economics (INJECON)
c1190d1b68306a7fda94f6b9309193dc4f48ac6a	Awards and titles
28f557b01d839928303e1a930dedc5b966322849	- Honored Master of Sports of Russia
c1ad9daf95084597929524673aae00ba1181cab4	- Medal of the Order of Merit for the Fatherland, I degree (05.03.2010) - for a great contribution to the development of physical culture and sports, high sporting achievements at the XXI Winter Olympic Games 2010 in Vancouver
a98f948c0d534f2d72298898e23fd393f1373dc0	- Order of Friendship (05.05.2003) - for a great contribution to the development of physical culture and sports, high sporting achievements at the XIX Winter Olympic Games in 2002 in Salt Lake City
801d58b794d28d8e516257a7d023d6a8db3cbc29	- Order of Honor (22.02.2007) - for a great contribution to the development of physical culture and sports, high sporting achievements at the XX Winter Olympic Games of 2006 in Turin
bce3c024dbd194000f2176ff48327d867a4a2e0c	- Order of Honor (24.02.2014) - for a great contribution to the development of physical culture and sports, high sporting achievements at the XXII Winter Olympic Games in Sochi (one of three Russians awarded two Orders of Honor)
25476cdef5d3da164cd8a8cb89cdbe77ba422cdf	- Medal "For strengthening the combat Community" (07.03.2006, Ministry of Defense) - for sporting achievements and the development of military sports
0e994c106b8e07989eb53c94bf56c857d083440f	- Medal "For Labor Valor" (28.02.2014, Ministry of Defense)
55462fe556e5d8d5b222f3d3b94e23655b3e3715	- Honorary badge "For services to St. Petersburg" (09.04.2014)
efab7e4aae1ee4922eb4137b0bc8dff80b30e45f	- Honorary Diploma of the Legislative Assembly of St. Petersburg (2002 and 2006)
c243e758fd3b310860059ab577b0229e29ad8f0f	- Diploma of Appreciation of the Legislative Assembly of St. Petersburg (2004)
d136e9c1e8db6b937dbcd48306a667957e565d56	- Honorary title "The best in sports of St. Petersburg" (07.12.2006, the Government of St. Petersburg)
7fb63a1283d4523adadaf07f9872bdc1fb54b322	- Honorary badge "The best in sports of St. Petersburg" (08.12.2010, the Government of St. Petersburg)
00e2522c0626713c6880ba8acb30d70ffa0dec9c	- Winner of the St. Petersburg Youth Prize (2002)
0abc0235827fd35fc088489a1000765a55384f7a	- Honorary Badge of the Russian Figure Skating Federation (2003)
d366ae0b25d944bd52f0f609ca7bf7da6f89ec67	- Silver Doe Award of the Federation of Sports Journalists of Russia (FSZHR) - 2003
2dda1d209535b1486f2420128b9e7c27fff518a7	- Rambler Award "People of the Year 2003" in the category " Sports"
395dd02de27b36346e169686c5d33ebc259f54ec	- Silver Doe Award of the Federation of Sports Journalists of Russia (FSZHR) - 2006
b6bad3f0b9d777ccc8449f2cca142c968a512e40	- Eurosport SportStar Award 2006 the best figure skater (20.04.2006)
f0228295bbfebaf1e0aa4e8025ec149793c87bb1	- Winner of the National Sports Award "Slava" as the best athlete of Russia in 2006
a6099087e57f4d99a5e11f270ddb28db4d115e20	- Prize of sympathy of the Russian press SIMPRE 2006
1c12db7093fbaa54647fc8b8486d828d4638a036	- Athlete of the Year according to GQ men's magazine (2006)
1d621709fd2379c87d356378f4425e53bfd452d8	- "Diamond Men 2006" Award - "For diamond records" (2006)
945ee20d7e6b8bbbe6d0b7d7fb79f0962d5f39c0	- National Award "Style of the Year" 2006 - "Personality in sports"
4df15bb5e4bd8bf829058350a2802ed6d07be6ae	- "Faces 2006" Award - "Athlete of the Year" nomination"
a17908e70c9571e5418171bb9594283d12b57349	- "Athlete of the Year 2006" - according to the citizens of Russia, according to the VTsIOM survey
aa390579a892a0e44fde17b79833b1605b95d895	- Dog Award.
8475465da784c98bebd2ae498d2db45b41459a68	Ru "TOP 50 - The most famous people of St. Petersburg" (2006)
ec0b8e9c0ef11b108488422b7b2571ff16a780a3	- Winner Of The "Russian National Olympus" Award - "Super Star" (2007)
8d1e86a2ecb49d158ef3bae994a1736d35be9309	- Honorary Order "For Honor and Valor" for service to the Russian people (2007)
e7c8675012f1eed641e30fe765eb103a074daf7d	- "Golden Radiant Star" for the historical contribution to the development of domestic and world figure skating (2007)
6f731a9c5aa9e6053c1d9e06a86b504cb728c2a9	- Knight of the Order " For the Revival of Russia.
baad7d732845bc722e3b81d4410beb7477023cd8	XXI century" - for outstanding services that contribute to strengthening the economic power, greatness and prosperity of Russia
d92a0fe7c340c1ed9d82b1db9e3fdfcefcf6b581	- Winner of the international competition "PILAR" (2007)
82b988cbe5d9f3e54522af24f9d24b3fbece26b8	- Golden Skate Awards 2007 (Italy) - the most titled figure skater of the XXI century
27894707d1c301c8f793d10eb6327737d76dfa64	- The most fashionable athlete according to the Fashion TV People Awards (2007)
021509349280bcaa0de44cf257d39a4ea5906faf	- "Athlete of the Year 2007" - according to the citizens of Russia, according to the VTsIOM survey
c446ff892dd5b72a118b4fc7c7ca28c785f8c2a1	- "Fair Play Mecenate International Prize 2009" - Legends of the Winter Olympic Games (Italy)
5e04abe5f20fac91da72ce7eeab29848296fa3ea	- Ambassador of the Sochi 2014 Olympic Games"
ad93a324ec42356c6b9e888a107c0f36c152fc1d	- "Return of the Year" - Prince Albert of Monaco Award (20.03.2010)
e8beab87bbfa1338de2f3b423ea47f50799b2ae1	- Golden Skate Awards 2010 (Italy) - for competitive qualities and continuity of results
f802e329b3e9a33d7d5b744a2e23cdbc4951bacb	- National award "Crystal Ice" in the category "Overcoming" (2010)
7dcc9618cedbfc9d343bdf17a884bc10c7cade08	Ru "TOP 50 - The most famous people of St. Petersburg" (2010)
6887f6c16cf15fd08a38ad0e6ac6bf91b5a44f40	- "Google Trend" award in the "Athlete of the Year" nomination as the athlete who aroused the greatest interest among Google users in 2010 (01.02.2011)
04d11854b681bc3335f9e2fa63b6d6135f9b1a04	- "Topical Style Awards 2011" award
3c53cb4de80951f5c3df2284ab54be29f55d8522	- The "Most Stylish Man" award of Hello magazine (18.04.2012)
b5413824452c1f28710eb620ab6626f8f7a29be1	- "Davoser Crystal Trophy" award for outstanding performances - "Internationale Sportnacht", Switzerland (09.11.2012)
0d38db46f702b770886d38f5949af585675f878a	- Nikolay Ozerov Medal for high sports achievements and a great personal contribution to the popularization of physical culture and sports (2012)
977c2c518e9db9790edcb1e23c9728072919e60a	- Award "20 successful people of St. Petersburg" 2012 - in the category "Sport"
cc7c461e0b87791d65d9d17b61f6ed72591e22a4	- "Athlete of the Year 2012" - according to the citizens of Russia, according to the VTsIOM survey
013013e59b84f97f31b11188f7d4959c1e445a06	- Award of the magazine "Big Sport" - "For a special contribution to the development of big sports" (2013)
83889af803603664521d456ff1cc4927603ecb76	- "Athlete of the Year 2013" - according to the citizens of Russia, according to the VTsIOM survey
561ca608ac0b36242b6473df68741f512ba3b158	- Muz TV Award "For contribution to Life" (6.06.2014)
5bc04dece8f91ffb56306eb5f689713e40aad0d2	- Nikolay Panin Kolomenkin Prize of the Russian Olympic Committee (ROC) - as the best figure skater of the 2013/2014 season (2.07.2014)
fe713386410ffa9d1af42a6ae581f5a71d8b5194	- "Athlete of the Year 2014" - according to the citizens of Russia, according to the VTsIOM survey
46ef52625073594f1c1f68c9369a2d4054fd6d24	- "Person of the Year 2014 in the field of sports" - according to the citizens of Russia, according to the FOM survey
7f01d06655e84df50b7869aded7028dbf299bef6	Besides sports
2e302962a177bb5578201469b6cc67fd0eda6338	- Evgeny holds the rank of senior lieutenant of the reserve of the Russian army (a member of the SKA club)
601f26ac38179b3faab2b8548b30013069454950	- 02.09-16.12.2006 - together with Irina Slutskaya, he was the host of the weekly TV show of the First Channel "Stars on Ice".
16caf7ddc9df1542dbfa4c63f45aff7f287a3372	He also presented several demonstration numbers.
a6dd7c48502292f9d069abc018a9868dc841ddec	- In March 2007, he was elected a deputy of the Legislative Assembly of St. Petersburg on the list of the Fair Russia Party.
24fe3e0c390e20dab8d6591110d51b60ec7ec063	Since December 2011, he has stopped engaging in political activities
d98e5f52a8afe345740c81619c0f7d1f20f218ec	- In 2007, Plushenko's autobiographical book "Another Show" was published"
59528fea3b9315e079315d15234d75a94282e7b9	- On July 4, 2007, he presented the application of the city of Sochi to host the 2014 Winter Olympics at the IOC session in Guatemala
e274daec9eb269297c4520f5f4f983dcdeb39565	- In 2007, he was the host of the TV project of the First channel " The Lord of the Mountain"
3c1505bb2babf32718425533c4b2bed195fcc31c	- 20-24.
656103d16ec3bc8dd9e941edd0d209a60394aef5	05. 2008 together with Dima Bilan and violinist Edwin Marton, he represented Russia at the Eurovision Song Contest.
62a27467b6d1684b4e6ba5a2b729b8570b2ec791	Especially for Eugene, a platform with plastic ice was installed on the stage.
10765d31c8adf24d5a495104e5b190b845a749f5	The number "Believe" took the victorious I place as a result.
ba5026e0e1dd2c63e20a6f3c50924a65eb0d4fb6	- 27.09-31.12.2008 - he was a co host of the weekly TV show "Star Ice" on the channel "Russia", participated in the jury, and also presented several demonstration numbers
0ad2a7390f91b65e61649e43ca5a31789e0bf296	Ice show the Nutcracker fairy tale
327b17718f7fd3c0dd5fcd4a16480ce34a986ff0	Evgeny Plushenko comments on the most popular queries about himself
fa02b3f5eee7ebb83c381cd7942a3e4bb4af9faf	The audience stood up!
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2b01dfc18e65b0ad6442a61d69dc768b2dfc734d	The Snow King 2.
ea4bc98f377e55fbeb7303da22ea0d2014bcbadc	The Return (2 shows) 07.11.2015 Saint Petersburg
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fd2045252dd40dc079f057850bc2a05e0199836f	News Forum Dictionary Books Publications Where to ride Coaches Partners Inventory Links Photos Videos
699c8373af72a1f29863b2ca6c8cf9c1938859c4	Home → Books → Figure Skating (edited by A. N. Mishin)
17239f39d989912d0065234b88eaada04b3af133	Chapter 2.
b8f573a22234e621d75fb9336ebef3f72fb8662f	The emergence and development of figure skating
c1482b5295b6335962d5955d5dd9f48eb7e80f88	Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
61ed5a6c4c52e3c10690418671e577510c18f99d	There is a wise aphorism: "History is the future on the contrary."
e410eecbfb32ab68b62a256066e58bc94a3eeefc	This expression retains its deep meaning in relation to sports.
1a5aad7ac1166cf661a4a18e65066b33f3296f45	And indeed.
38c4f128a8e1aa45bf76671febcd6768db361abf	The better we know the history of figure skating, the more accurately and deeply we will be able to predict the ways of development of our sport.
0197cc656d23869fe9bbe46ed1bfbc92166805e5	THE ORIGIN OF FIGURE SKATING
953270548c2d0977de892c4c85f64b51dacf9680	Historians look into the very distant past to find the origins of figure skating, to get acquainted with its pioneers.
991577f56af81476a87dcedcce1c28df180c3974	Already in the manuscripts of the XII century. there are reports of primitive bone skates, on which the inhabitants of ancient London rode (Fig. 1).
52d9ba6e5832bd6aa3a0d1817a3f2af4e3f4722d	Here is what the Canterbury monk Stepha Nius wrote in his "Chronicle of the noble City of London": "... whole groups of young people go to play sports on ice.
44d29e648e2cd2115bfcc151bed0851b18e13a69	Some, walking as wide as possible, glide quickly...
c733f8af3fccf63e09332d6a1b04aee3a863ced0	Others, more experienced in playing on the ice, tie up the shin bones of some animals and, holding sticks with sharp iron tips in their hands, sometimes push them against the ice and rush with the same speed as a bird in the air or a spear fired from a ballista."
adf2dd2769f5cc77e1cc867464226985c1ae285a	Fig. 1. Prehistoric horse
04e324aa736060cb28866d5e9dffe3f50148fa2c	There are many references to bone skates in the Scandinavian epic.
aa84ad51bdc0037f085700565db1393f0db12747	Similar skates were found during archaeological excavations on the territory of many European countries, for example in Switzerland.
3abd156c47aa23e364a286809365f130fea9d201	Of course, the owners of bone skates could not lay the foundations for the future of figure skating.
6cfef4dedec83820ba471d88937aca8d17da42c2	For this, completely different skates had to appear made of iron.
d6a9cda0aa887c48aaf06af89f896c0b8309eb49	And the first mention of such skates is in the Icelandic saga of Fridtjof, recorded in 1380.
a154f8b372ccefeda25a98f69cabd34416f79f9a	In the Dutch book "The Life of Ludwina" you can even see what a horse with an iron blade was like.
de68725974dd4675980dbd943e2d1c5b309c1793	In an engraving depicting a group of skaters at the city wall, we see skates of that time.
5eb178e6541955d15441e01d1b1842540dda121a	There is no doubt that these are combined skates — a wooden block with iron blades (Fig. 2, above).
d48b9b65f206b27d37302b40d7f9cedf982d1132	The appearance of a new type of skates gave a powerful impetus to the development of speed skating and figure skating itself, which at that time consisted mainly in the ability to draw intricate figures on the ice and at the same time maintain a beautiful pose.
7b605da3d399450e62e19729210d432d478f0ffa	This is what attracted many people of art.
d1d54be521a63697e14f5147a8baee5037b9ff94	A passionate fan of skates was, in particular, the great German writer I. V. Goethe.
65d4568e88c908d2ffc27280bb17b2df83c5f103	There are even paintings that have captured the poet sliding on the ice in an exquisite pose - In general, there are not so many paintings, engravings, drawings and even caricatures dedicated to any sport that exists to this day, as skating and figure skating.
8febfed3a0797142fda991824dba78e84f9b237b	Fig. 2. Vintage skates
b66f536c479ca2651684954452335a657b0b12a3	A noticeable trace in the history of figure skating was left by the artist of the XVIII century Benjamin West from Philadelphia.
270c6cd5af78933ab32dbe2e28e7ae37b6940347	In 1783, he came to Europe and demonstrated great plasticity, grace and courage.
03e73427c7445467ebbb8ef84f67ec510dc0b9a0	It turned out that American skaters are not only not inferior to European skaters, but also surpass them in the technical skills of skating.
529f845f205b634611646da77cc5b88a69f94827	The appearance of the first figure skating textbook also dates back to that time.
4887e910020730d76c865ae0a62dee957435e202	The English artillery lieutenant Robert Jones, himself an excellent master of skating, published a "Treatise on Skating", in which he described all the main figures that were then known.
18245202a20736b6b35a895613f6f3b20e9d62cb	They already understand the technique of performing internal and external arcs, spirals forward to the outside, internal and external boats, eights forward to the outside and many other elements.
0172455974103e632e35dfd84576954f2b7b73ba	FORMATION OF FIGURE SKATING AS A SPORT
c9109dc2c355565c9e2116f72dd0e100b40255b7	It took about a hundred years to basically develop almost all the current mandatory figures and the basic techniques for their execution.
4f57e4153b8d99d0bf717161f88973d64c2250c6	In any case, the book "The Art of Skating", published in Glasgow and written by D. Anderson, president of the skating club of this city, and the work of X. Vandervel and T. Maxwell Whitman from London already contain descriptions of all eights, triples, hooks and other elements, without which today's figure skating is unthinkable.
92666b46f7c5a4326c5b07816110b68a25720a5c	The regularity of the fact that almost all the mandatory figures were created in the UK is explained by the fact that it was here that the first skating clubs appeared (Edinburgh, 1742) and the first official competition rules were developed.
6476e6402faae5f30e85f687c9b0bc21df71fcf9	However, the overseas figure skaters were not asleep either.
76b4088a7c825320b7cb6e385c6e09cf642ad095	In the USA and Canada, numerous figure skaters ' clubs were also organized, new models of skates were developed, and their own school of technology was created.
066aa86d03b7aaad3908a2f0a9de804649daf669	Here is what N. Panin Kolomen Kin wrote about Heinz's arrival in Europe: "Back in 1864, the American figure skater Jackson Heinz arrived in Europe, who was destined to become the founder of the modern art form of skating.
b1c45438b853c4b6ca9144aca086aaf813c17dec	His manner of riding, exceptional beauty and natural ease, rhythm and musicality of movement, developed, apparently, is quite original...
284cfe072199d6e90addc40831507ab011c12da2	In addition, in the technique he showed for the first time in Europe that the course does not only depend on inertia after the push, but with every turn of the body, associated with the stretching and bending of the knee of the supporting leg, you can get a new progressive movement.
f1cc302b0a25a34840a19e38e62d89fddd0c031b	This is an important principle in connection with the nature of all the techniques of J. Heinz proved to be an invaluable factor.
05ec25d6d2798f1234119c5542b4793d8bc4fb74	But the greatest merit of Heinz was that, as a true artist, he completely possessed a sense of proportion that categorically blocked his path to extremes; he understood that the aesthetic side should not be suppressed by purely sporting technical, that accuracy, confidence and speed should be combined with beauty, freedom and naturalness, and managed to raise his performance to the level of real art, irresistibly infecting the viewer with his emotionality.
30ab5eb05f6fa344d738ccbcdbcd2987c1491664	Thanks to this, he showed the astonished Europeans completely unexpected possibilities of performing coherent sequences, the fastest figures and elegant rhythmic dances in the most beautiful performances and the most graceful movements of the body...
ba7faa987ee7e0970be2d649f344ea2f41003daf	The influence of his art was enormous.
1f5e0eefe3433622cda8b7c6cf25f1134160830f	It served as the impetus that caused a huge qualitative leap forward and subsequently led to the formation of a new form of art manifestation — the international style..."
09b55a0d4542f1fe2bc3888ecf4c8c19397ae3ac	This tournament was held in honor of the 25th anniversary of the skating rink in the Yusupovsky Garden.
3219498b707ef6c61316b4868de80dd478d68fc8	It was attended by the US champion L. Ruben Stein, the German champion F. Kaiser, the best figure skaters in Sweden, Austria, Finland.
d3ecb115b45d2aa97ae445d2e3f3e059b1150d87	A. Lebedev did not hide that he owed his success to his friendship with famous artists, who helped to create an unusual free program with advice, a special vision and understanding of plastic art.
fe1856116dcf25ee5587635b5d3ab15d6033e680	The successful completion of the competitions in St. Petersburg largely accelerated the creation of the International Skating Union (1892) and the subsequent organization of the first European and world championships.
1b53382b07a5e46139ca3a45408c7da652337f41	For many foreign experts, the success of Russian figure skaters in the early 90s of the last century was a complete surprise.
8e2efebbbf50b877dac2decf10a52f1b2a13254d	But an attentive observer could note the fact that figure skating in Russia has been popular since the time of Peter the Great.
83a90b48b699d48dd0898c627db6d1bbb8dde557	It was the Russian tsar who brought home the first samples of skates after his trip to Europe.
c4df9bf8266f0675091f42e6fb0a3c2bef467251	It was Peter I, as it has been written more than once, who came up with a new way of attaching skates — directly to the boots and thus created a pramodel of today's equipment for figure skaters.
262afccecf0deaca5c782f73750db2fdadbc9c59	You can, by the way, recall the lines from "Eugene Onegin": "The joyful people of the boys cut the ice with their skates sonorously," where A. S. Pushkin leaves us living evidence that fun on the ice at the beginning of the XIX century. they have already entered the life of the Russian people.
dc10cdca7b1781ac2ea8ed4a5d6acb39b4ba1518	The appearance of the first textbook for figure skaters — "Winter fun and the art of ice Skating" - also belongs to the Pushkin times.
a817361445d3bf24bec31fb4c721cdc0787db4df	Its author was G. M. de Pauli — a gymnastics teacher at military educational institutions in St. Petersburg.
c3b227d1ad457cbf880dbea244ab5141ac1011f6	In 1877, the skating rink in the Yusupovsky Garden was transferred from the ownership of the Yacht Club to the ownership of a small circle of true fans of the skating art.
44a740c70118cb7eeaee52d1701acf57350ce630	It was then that the St. Petersburg Society of Skating Lovers was born, which was destined to play an outstanding role in the development of figure skating in our country.
b3c1041136cf371732e6aa372c04555b411a3b6c	It was at the skating rink of the Yusupov Garden that the first World Figure Skating Championship was held in 1896.
a7808e231ca707f6a6c9ed3b403486fce16c95f9	It was won by a figure skater from Munich, Gilbert Fuchs.
ef81d7518980888fdf7b0d191ec0632345f4e03b	Only men took part in the championship.
ffd3aab53f4294a536bf2a549c803e4ef8669fd3	There were four of them, and among them two Russian athletes G. Sanders and N. Paduskov.
99f2eff7fd492362ceea4983d2776f355489ac3c	The turn of women to play for the title of world champion came only ten years later, and even then the right to hold their own championship was officially recognized only in 1924.
deba6fc1165ac19716eee035025362110adf80cd	And M. Sayers was proclaimed the first champion in 1906.
90a182f653b5b94a1115c6f77a40add977f35fa2	The organizer of the championships was then (and retains this right to this day) International Skating Union.
06ffa2fd44e7f6eb9897339fa352b9ae7a4d36c4	Pair skating and sports ice dancing appeared in the program of the world championships much later.
8004691ce57dc9ddda2fa69a59f393c0d128b69b	It was only in 1908 that the championship among sports pairs was played for the first time.
b5e0dd04738b128b0644ac825eb3fe52082e84bf	At that time, the World Cup was again held in St. Petersburg.
3838cb72c3131adf3788263f5b0f83673b3680de	German figure skaters A. Hubler and G. Burger went down in history as the first owners of gold awards in pair skating.
f01fe59303cb9b16f3983bc2e9cdc819cea93b5f	And the dancers first played their awards only in 1952 in Paris.
7a3d2ed9f67f03eee20c7729ca39e4a3e73c299f	As expected, the English were the strongest — D. Westwood and L. Dem Mi.
6093454d848f0d3912dfd060f60d6056e41a36f7	After all, it was the figure skaters of Great Britain who were the creators of a new "genre".
f74dde75cfd8c55db5648585b54502f38f124b3a	At first, the world tournaments gathered only a few athletes.
f6ee692a680922e858006f87b0869539f29b5bb1	It was a kind of backstage competition.
157bf3233ff27e3cc0f09e1f2c273864f86bc6d4	But the popularity of figure skating grew with fantastic speed, and already in 1908, figure skating competitions were included for the first time in the program of the IV Summer Olympic Games held in London.
acf9a8637bf954299d25ef9ce6e58055a3edafc0	Even then, the Olympians competed on artificial ice.
672b081896af8825e3fa4419fb4563f0e720b1cb	By the way, the first ice rink with artificial ice was built in England in 1876 according to the project of D. Pictet.
46b6925f88a37c76ef24b8caeb6e7513f448ab68	Let us note in passing that in Russia the first ice rink with artificial ice in an enclosed space appeared on the eve of the First World War at the former Aquarium theater in St. Petersburg.
48e486d58a556bfb600aa00924f7cd365f157dd8	Unfortunately, the skating rink did not function for long, and the skaters could not use it for regular training and major international tournaments.
2c8cd2eac1458e9d015cbf9e71bba3671e7c6e61	The Russian figure skater, a prize winner of the world and European championships, was unattainable in the competitions for the best performance of the so — called special figures there were such competitions then.
1eb0136e42b2f070b07178c9550fd381fe9c860d	And. when the Russian figure skater still drew them, he was awarded a well deserved gold medal — the first in the history of domestic sports in general!
70f8d409ba5676943a67b8dd5661327d25f409a0	Fig. 3. Special shapes
18c98e8b469be9e3bd312779eb77a1a4cb4d48a1	N. Panin successfully performed not only at the Olympic Games.
95ece65286717d7ec0b1aee31ff7f3977b530af4	His sporting path is decorated with many achievements and awards.
87931ffa2b208ca798f6e9ff033de28b98722ad2	He was the winner of the silver medal of the 1903 World Championship in St. Petersburg, losing to the multiple champion Ulrich
873dc9c218dddec26b532fbe3ca78e36d40fe824	Salchow from Sweden.
7ab626a58710fdb848a935cd21b96f82645f7e77	His record includes a bronze award of the 1903 European Championship in Davos and a silver medal of the 1908 European Championship in Warsaw.
7b70bd26670eca35769650b1ed207bea0bbba36a	The awards were awarded to him in a very intense struggle, during which he had to overcome both the bias of the referees (as happened at the Olympic Games in London) and the obstacles imposed on the Russian champion at home by bureaucrats.
a977238d708d0e86f5745ca3adde4f7c15fcce4d	For this reason, he had to hide his real name and perform at international competitions under the pseudonym Panin.
7818863f8ec16056d64cae1c9d4a875b89acf1ce	This pseudonym took root so much that later N.
07c2bd3d246f5ddd83b23e4d81b345e9f5a00241	A. Kolomenkin always attached it to his surname.
c13d1a4ed87fa3df41a1f06d55b4d7d103ae72c7	THE DEVELOPMENT OF FIGURE SKATING IN THE USSR
c116c9d69450a6198683b58b8908155d00f33485	The contribution of N.
00f423f5d81b2d5ee8688003389af98992ddf847	A. Panin Kolomenkin to the development of figure skating is so great that many generations will remember him with gratitude.
bf4c8914b9f6d3229944bc60c140c72e0ca324ce	He created the world's first fundamental textbook, in which he outlined almost all the main technical, staged, educational aspects of modern training and competitions of figure skaters.
8d03eed5d8439e8e23cc7640d768fd08992f4029	Moreover, it was Panin Ko lomenkin who created and tested the system of sports categories that is still successfully operating today as a basis for improvement . and the growth of skill.
64957f29e09256099206bb36639d247e9b8f557c	The great merit of N.
3413db672df58bd1a70eab1d7d8303c3da0b987d	A. Panin Kolomenkin was the opening of the figure skating department at the Leningrad Institute of Physical Culture named after P. F. Lesgaft, which marked the beginning of the study of this sport and the training of qualified personnel within the framework of higher education.
42bd578ce49c460b7dbf96e05c5aa76da9a4a322	Within the walls of the institute, prominent specialists and experienced teachers worked, who created the scientific and practical base of modern Soviet figure skating.
518ea6f4a7706d86d6fc57ba97e9ef477f956465	Among them is the os.the second place is occupied by the two time national champion in pair skating, Professor A. B. Gan delman, a student of N.
d743d64507f30723280742c9095e8420ff7f3422	A. Panin, who has done a lot to preserve and develop the rich scientific and pedagogical traditions of domestic figure skating.
dcfec199cc9c18a78699d482564a81dd87bd1309	The institute has trained a large group of highly qualified specialists, coaches who have successfully worked in the national team of the country in different years: S.
35adea2fafc6876d7147e6a634126462bcb0f0bc	A. Zhuk, I. B. Moskvin, T. N. Moskvina, A. N. Mishin, etc.
802fc9449ec90b449c45664dca383dbb1704ca34	N. A. Panin, in addition to scientific and pedagogical activities, conducted active " work on the organization of mass figure skating, seeing it as an effective factor in improving the health of workers and the basis for the growth of higher sports skills.
f0f51b71fbfc3282dc39a40a65ea5305cc3726b3	N. A. Panin Kolomenkin and his students immediately after the revolution began to create the first sections of this sport.
8bc3d0e0ee6733aea1429916df5d09b18f44d890	Since the mid 20s, the championships of Moscow and Leningrad have been held regularly.
0da18073cd9a8b79fb5cb16d0ebd741efa54e3dd	By the end of the 20s, more than 300 people were regularly engaged in figure skating in Moscow.
ae7d822bc3acc6bc86df9a531ca76166e70334ec	Among them were such famous masters as Dynamo players Yu.
22db302ce7a15a13162c6d73ef5e55731dd485b7	Zeldovich, K Likharev, a sports pair M. Gaskevich I. Wonzblein, representatives of the section of the Union of Metalworkers T. Granatkina, Yu.
bb210c0a603b61633ecf425fb07bf9e077d352fb	Stankevich, M. Stankevich, etc. Healthy competition between the two leading groups of Moscow figure skaters led to a rapid increase in skill.
a85c401925eb3067bb81176c3a6cbdafd012f97d	Among the Leningrad residents, the active organizers of figure skating groups were athletes known since pre revolutionary times, K Caesar, F. Datlin (before the revolution they repeatedly won the titles of champions of Russia, and both were students of N. A. Panin Kolomenkin), L. Popov.
3fef876486740b0c6850b1b428e27210022419f9	However, the Leningraders were clearly inferior to their Moscow colleagues in terms of skill, and when in 1928 it was decided to send a team of Soviet figure skaters to Norway, only Muscovites got into it, and N.
a2a87e79a6e7f1a4d50e929f5c602a9025d584e5	A. Panin Kolomenkin was the judge.
2fdea239469fde3043e82a7bf8133f9b4f33d7ae	The Moscow Championship was held for the first time in 1923.
3740f4880b4cf8647bca328c3160563a9a53a2fc	The champions then became Yu.
4bc73365798df9fd82a5fffbcb32cfe24e741599	Zeldovich, A. Bykovskaya and the sports pair N. Bykovskaya — Yu.
fe725dd91af473e0d729a33189edd755c5429987	Zeldovich.
13808801e7034d3187dc531d442dbe2081fda24f	The Leningraders held their first championship three years later.
80c1398cba200196c84582fe722dc1589abcabd5	I. Bogoyavlensky won among men, and A. Yergina — I. Bogoyavlensky took the lead in pair skating.
b009f67ed38130e07e993e83c3d2062a694e7956	Ye competitions were held among women.
429962264bce09ddd5f8bbbf4e13882d6458ca67	The national championships in those years were held irregularly, with long breaks.
bca459cd6b046a29f56ab7df697be42c4081d67e	The years 1924, 1927, 1928, and 1933 were marked by all the union tournaments, and only then did the championships become permanent, especially after the All — Union Section (later the federation) of Figure Skating was created in 1936.
4c6b968d24bc7e31f0291fe4b706cf6c09b2442a	The first winners of the All Union tournament in 1924 were!
08601e59075c544b424ab9efaf22ff9bcb63a6be	Muscovites Yu.
15dd8bb440760065cf7a7bc1a72f60f8677fa309	Zeldovich and N. Bykovskaya Yu.
4ad6626369afa305069cb5f2e56a036d75839348	Women's singles did not play the championship.
9b36225943e2f346ef42ecd36e4494b7e35cfb83	In those years, such stars as R. and A. Gandelsman, P. Chernyshev, P. Orlov, R. Novozhilova, S. Glaser, K. Likharev, T. Granatkina (Tol macheva) were in the firmament of Soviet figure skating, who then, already in the post - war period, became coaches and teachers, made a huge contribution to the development of Soviet figure skating.
a26e36a6881c14bd53cb43425fdb0e2c76a5a332	To show in what directions figure skating was developing at that time, what passions sometimes raged on the stands and ice pads, we give a small excerpt from the book by N.
321865d8644f7778096edb68eb1ec2d6f02dfc92	A. Panin Kolomenkin "Figure Skating>, published in 1938 in the publishing house "Physical Culture and Sport>:
c1cabcc3f610aa3683f8f580de758f7d38010ba0	"The long struggle of two currents in our pair skating is not without interest.
e0c8cd2d6a982ac4b8d81a68984471625b0c8d07	Under the influence of foreign illustrations depicting the trick numbers of professionals in pair skating, we found imitators of them.
8a142024251eb589e48e5894a9c63bb97fecc191	But after all, all these lifts of a woman by a partner on herself, turntables upside down, etc. the numbers are not very difficult and do not require any ability to skate from a woman at all — her role here is purely passive; a skater who is firm on his feet can successfully do all this even with an inanimate object instead of a partner.
e2f07c0d58644e9b8268621611dde2b8e539da28	In 1929, the adherents of tricks were able to stand out thanks to the novelty of trick figures that give a striking picture.
32fbd7d4ae7b476f4fae36e214cb366c2e66f67f	But a year later, the opposite trend entered the fight with them, working in a different direction along the line of pure figure skating and having a great advantage in a more or less close level of general skating technique for both partners, allowing the best possible uniformity and generality of performance.
9e26ac86c78946cb2ad3435b3e7651a415cdd842	In stunt drivers, on the contrary, the woman is always weaker than the partner, and at the moment of separate skating it catches the eye.
1dc39dec2517785a77d09dccf20a0e77665454a6	Nevertheless, the struggle was at first quite equal and therefore interesting, and until 1933 the success was variable, but since 1934 the anti Tankists have taken the leading place."
021e5ccd98afe893b3d772d0e188498d4cffb3ed	The echoes of the struggle between these currents can be observed in one way or another throughout the history of figure skating, including all recent years.
d0df34ea66ed5ec3e0d53e799df6dc7e1016654f	The struggle for harmony, and not only in pair skating, continues tirelessly, and it is pleasant to note that it is the Soviet figure skaters who show the sample here.
5871f1e7abf767887d06f1ab564c3148bc95b9dd	In the pre war and post war years, a fairly solid foundation was laid in our country to start fighting in the international arena.
643ae2dd4ec060579f091c30462d68488403e5d1	By the beginning of the 50s, the best figure skaters of the country, who successfully performed in the 30-40s, became coaches.
b489e2a1d6f144ffa4f01409150c803dab831693	Full of creative ideas and energy, they were filled with the desire to prepare their students so that they could successfully compete for the highest titles at the European, World and Olympic Championships.
dd62fc0dd2ec1ecd0f6e3d79c52bff3e06b34d17	Among them, it should be noted such skilled educators as T.
7c7c48474c3181f8c7315274eddde77590266c65	A. Tolmacheva and P. P. Orlov — multiple champions of the Soviet Union.
f80ac4558bb6a2b357f904fca96d706196d33b31	Groups of young athletes formed around them, and became leaders.
7b7505e23a1ae831173e2a3dd0daf0b6b6d381a8	Such excellent coaches as T.
c8e2de486dc659c39c117dd5d806e223295860c1	A. Tarasova, N. I. Dubova, E. G. Pliner also grew up at the State Central Institute of Physical Culture, and V. N. Kudryavtsev, the coach of the first world champion Sergey Volkov, grew up at the Moscow Regional Institute of Physical Culture.
43870b529e041c95eece62f527563624e273afe5	An important role in raising the level of aesthetic content of figure skating was played by a graduate of GITIS, former national champion E.
da5d6e6637096f704249220fdfe82a3f67658beb	A. Tchaikovsky (Osipova).
18bddcc10e96ccccd945349062c8e6889f035569	The first success was achieved by the students of Pyotr Petrovich Orlov, who for many years passed the" course of sciences " under Panin Kolomenkin.
b3621ea5db2b9a3e71c6ab0ddc0f8534b7a02fa8	For three years — from 1958 to 1960 — Nina and Stanislav Zhuk performed brilliantly at the European championships, winning silver medals.
8cf91950a8310cac2ed62fbe6141731f6e1256f6	Their appearance on the international horizon was stunning, and the complexity of the programs amazed all specialists.
a668d0b1576d073ee911a38db90a233a241303e5	Unfortunately, the young skaters performed for a relatively short time, but this led to the rapid birth of a new coach — Stanislav Zhuk, who headed the Soviet pair skating school for many years.
8dbace4424db49996de1fe8a62c14a8676c020d8	In 1964 and 1968, Soviet figure skaters conquered the Olympic peaks of Innsbruck and Grenoble, and in 1969, I. Rodnina and A. Ulanov, students of S.
5668ffdb26a3dc6a308d28d4296cc7212f42d1a8	A. Zhuk, became the leaders in pair skating.
32b37c7061e7f06fbeec3a0c94bde5e32431aeb8	For four years, they collected the entire harvest of gold awards at the European and world championships and consolidated their success with an excellent victory at the Olympic Games in Sapporo (1972).
e65c8388d1f2faaf7ce17cc5a2ed92d9ec5e6944	Then A. Zaitsev began to act as a partner of I. Rodnina (if Rodnina is a pupil of the Moscow figure skating school, then Zaitsev grew up on the Leningrad ice).
1ebef937f6ef6c047616edc71423b1206e935404	Together they became Olympic champions twice — in 1976 in Innsbruck and in 1980 (after their family had a child) in Lake Placid.
9fb25e5c55f1f9063f7a834daf17db0a2400f918	In the same years, they won the titles of European champions seven times and world champions six times.
9fb53f19e0c16b5a3a34ed2a57829018dec82a0e	S. Zhuk led them to victories for two years, and from the autumn of 1974 until the end of their sports careers, I. Rodnin and A. Zaitsev were coached by T.
bf8872a162f708f1e7ae6e55ccb67fbb1de0f603	A. Tarasova.
1fb25b7180b500b74b5e83691bcc93560165c0d2	The distinctive features of the style of I. Rodnina and her partners were high sportiness, richness of programs with complex elements: jumps, unique paths of steps, supports, twists, rotations.
38b0b27bb2a40723dce90e47be8b7ee17dffd56a	All this was organically intertwined in programs that emphasized the cheerfulness, optimism, and open nature of Soviet figure skaters.
8d5bdf08cfa5da613e9e66208a7f2e1a6ec1a7c8	This is what brought them the laurels of winners.
933f8db397a26627f910539969f6136ce49a5cda	Representatives of the Soviet pair skating were the first to make their way to the world podium.
8dee525b0096ba972030ba62d0957a7bc2b94e26	There were years when five or six of our couples would fight for the right to be the strongest.
57257ef798c613d76d97aaa7dc11b2595ecc8f50	T. Zhuk, A. Gorelik, T. Moskvina and A. Mishin, and A. L. Smirnova Sarah Keane, L. Smirnova and A. Ulanov, G. and G. Karelin Proskurin, and later M. Cherkasova and S. Shakhrai, I. Vorobyov beginning with A. Vlasov, then I. Lisowski, M. S. Pestova and Leonovich, finally, E. Valova and Oleg Vasiliev...
c9f140c4a7b16906a7fe9620fa2805e6b35b5436	What a great list of Champions and prize winners of the biggest international tournaments!
82edf7857b3bae58400cbc0b10ae53de4f87d389	No country can now boast of such achievements!
8d82dcfa009c3250903149fb106b2afc76043100	In recent years, only the American pair T. Babilonia R. Gardner and S. Bass T. Tirbach from the GDR have managed to push, and even then for a short time, our athletes on the world and European podium.
65ab7216731902fa90f29d7f05e898fe65882dff	If we talk about the Soviet school of pair skating as a whole, it is distinguished by a variety of styles, an appeal to non standard solutions, a constant desire to create a memorable stage image.
7ea0f3bfce3a2411287919b2d0cf1890292bfe87	As is usually the case in the history of any sport, the appearance of champions causes an overall increase in sports achievements.
6a524da6920775bb2e108892a91e9f29f55965da	And in Soviet figure skating, following the best sports pairs, representatives of other sports began to make rapid progress.
e78980e5216e50c29865a499d103919e63125681	First of all, the dancers.
97172f882630141fe34e809af4f5a55e18d0f573	They were the last to enter the international arena and sharply lagged behind in their skills.
604fd437453ee80a59b18019c69ed9c7ef718fb4	But it took them only three or four years to get to the podium.
4d8ac6ad561eb7d741f9cf85c2f95d5f9212460f	The first to do this was the students of the former USSR champion in odi night skating choreographer E. Tchaikovsky L. Pakhomova and A. Gorshkov.
abad5e6231eee6fd8918b9f43aad3dcc4cfc1e81	In 1969, they became prize winners of the European and world championships, and in 1970 — champions onami.
028944c3ff039295f7fa5d51be17d049c483f31a	L. Pakhomova and A. Gorshkov, together with their coach, had to fight a hard struggle to strengthen the positions of the Soviet dance school.
1eab0199d5792748debc825bcb87d95806e9a5d5	And in 1976, they came to the most remarkable victory, winning — the first in history!
ea8fac468a956ddc6ff57ee84d60957033f3f2b3	- the title of Olympic champions in sports ice dancing.
cc90fa7489a17f18c2189e225b288395d9740a69	The winning baton was picked up by I. Moiseeva and A. Minenkov, students of T. Tarasova, and then N. Linichuk and G. Karponosov, students of E. Tchaikovsky, took the lead.
bc89a2fefded438244826b3be29945bbb365fa35	Both pairs have won the titles of world and European champions twice.
39fe3e2f4f3bc425b2ef8463656e159d4cd51570	N. Linichuk and G. Kar Ponosov became Olympic champions in Lake Placid.
55de5f2368703c85ab165afd97dd3331a7c49b5a	In recent years, the palm of the championship has passed to the founders of sports dancing on ice, the Englishmen D. Torvill and K Dean.
c31e4d5153661653aa1560f678902f63febbd274	But in 1983, when the British did not compete at the European Championship due to injury, N. Bestemyanova and A. Bukin, T. Tarasova's pupils, ascended to the top step of the podium.
f5c28587f879a1cfaf6bc2f70789a14fab645602	And the silver medalists were O. Volozhinskaya and A. Svinin, who are coached by E. Tchaikovsky.
049e38650850dbe07d756f4a1618231f32bf512f	Our best dance duets are invariably characterized by the brilliant use of choreography, the ability to combine achievements in the field of plastics with the technique of owning skates, an unconventional approach to solving staged tasks, an accurate account of the individuality of the performers.
5ad3ada91989707a9a3b2c97c69b6d5c605abbb2	The most difficult fight is always in the men's competitions.
ffa5a97d6a050fc229cb75e353b84a55ce8524d5	Today, they have mastered the most complex technical techniques, and the process of complicating programs continues.
d35f104dd3a5eb381bfcb11bcf4fd06c2f520307	Indeed, today, three turn axels, salhovs, lutz, rittbergers, sheepskin coats, flips are already required to win, and preferably in a full range.
f1c42bab344265d075b08f22869e6958f170a08a	R. Button, A. Jenkins, D. Jenkins, T. Wood (USA), D. Jackson (Canada), K. Divin (Czechoslovakia), A. Kalma and A. Giletti (France), M. Schneldorfer (Germany), E. Danzer, B. Schwarz (Austria) and many others won the hearts of viewers and specialists.
e6914f8d6ad799a872fcfb5ffa7827cd0bac21b1	They were joined by skaters of new generations: O. Nepela (Czechoslovakia), J. ' Hoffman (GDR), D. Curry, R. Ka zins (Great Britain), C. Tickner, S. Hamilton (USA), N. Schramm (Germany).
b8076353d0ca64cac73eb8f1ff8974706806ac1b	This was done by I. Bob rin, who was started by the famous former figure skater Yu.
b06a5087046a6b69cb93647bd065f5b59fe6517a	Ovchinnikov.
a92576280c8924151a06429651b639d5ea24bf55	The Soviet school of men's single skating continues the best traditions born in the pre revolutionary years and requiring high and harmonious performing skills.
e94d063a72a90e156b4f636356533d15c03d097f	But we must take into account that the best singles players of a number of countries are always from- . lich has a special temperament, the ability to fight with several very strong opponents at once.
257858a46ba8d4d06bc0b16d53af6af7e1d60378	It is no coincidence that for many years in a row, the male champions did not stay on the podium for a long time, and the exceptions only confirmed the rule.
45302be856bf619605a7acb1414da16c4a14f3e3	We had to wait the longest for awards in the women's singles.
b7aa814f05ff382ad7619ca8a9139736060ab118	Only with the entry into the international arena of the student of S. Zhuk E. Vodorezova's case has moved from a dead point.
57f1c952b664dbe8ef374dea0cbdfeb5b9a873e8	During 1976-1983.
a7612e732750c69336b2a31d18b62432f71a16d1	Vodorezova has climbed the European podium several times, despite the fact that her illness forced her to miss several tournaments.
2caa7148bb9c5c3a6f1cbf880dcb01b002d0df12	And in 1983, E. Vodorezova won the bronze medal of the World Championship for the first time.
fe8e26f5e5a3652b3e10986a97759e983be14416	In women's skating, progress is not observed as clearly as in other sports.
fa2ae96d17df4c0da99253d68f700777df01f68b	And although the champions and prize winners of recent years A. Petch, K Errat, K Witt (GDR), D. Hemell, L. Fratien, E. Zayak (USA), D. Billman (Switzerland), D. Lurz (Germany) and other figure skaters — had a rather impressive arsenal of various complex jumps and other elements, the fight was not particularly sharp and interesting every time and was usually accompanied by mistakes that reduced the impression of the athletes ' performances.
95533ebe52f5b3834282ca17f189ea00514f853f	Does this mean that it will always be like this?
3ff88283e120b72b59210fe456db1fc6a4c74fdb	Of course not.
b7acb12bd2ecc1efd19065d343c31adc3e45d7f7	This is evidenced by the entire history of world and domestic figure skating.
f96a4613028b93a88dada60f5756007598a8dd9d	The latest performances of Soviet figure skaters were also marked by new creative achievements.
23fef30d23946430ea68c01dfd95efcaa9b88e1c	At the Olympic Games in Saratov in France, the champions in pair skating were T. Moskvina's pupils Elena Valova and Oleg Vasiliev, and the bronze medals were won by Larisa Selezneva and Oleg Makarov, who were prepared for the start by I. Moskvin.
e7b28fd4df035626877d0277e9752193d227034f	Two sets of medals went to Soviet dancers.
a41f6d8a572c80d2aac1d169ee7eb16426acce84	Silver — to Natalia Bestemyanova and Andrey Bukin (coach of T. Tarasov), bronze — to Marina Klimova and Sergey Ponomarenko (coach of N. Dubov).
fc6433b42420c851109d6632c3ddffed80534fc2	For the first time in the history of the Olympic Games, the bronze medal was also won by the Soviet single player — K - Ivanova, prepared by two time world champion V. Kovalev.
c9b4a79d4923b6fcc69631910599eb3b93a20428	The record for the number of medals won was set by our masters at the 1985 World Championship, which was held in Tokyo.
53a5327f1e6bec23c12b4d948c1da7b8a9d5d5f4	The champions were E. Valova and O. Vasiliev, N. Bestemyanova and A. Bukin, single player A. Fadeev, silver medalists L. Selezneva and O. Makarov, M. Klimova and S. Pono marenko, K. Ivanova.
3c4bd0d04c8016f0099c1cf4a63d0128fa7289db	Concluding a brief historical overview of the development of figure skating, it should be emphasized once again that every major master of different generations has those grains of precious experience that is absolutely necessary for the success of both current and future masters.
7def7ef5d03ca4d886a8109c9969b6488c056e77	The study of this experience is mandatory for everyone who strives for progress, for the development of our sport, who dreams of contributing to it. ,
5c9daafa13e90cabe17eca7b2cdb6e46accc39dd	Figure skating: Studies for the Institute of Physics. a cult.
7e1a2ad11900d6a2d996ab20e92b9374ce0f2fcb	Under the general editorship of A. N. Mishin.
9f3a4ebe928c1738fe1efc424fc72a6c84df270c	- M.: Physical culture and sport, 1985.
c875c97bc729402612105c95763331de41e04b9a	- 271 s, ill.
63a061bd491268799a7283ca06cedbc97e51061f	Sections Figure Skating (edited by Mishin A. N.) Chapter 1.
e7212bdb4f79dc41fcaff985d6554cea023aa79e	Introduction to the specialty
640ed5cc5b77363ed36976a94a5d4920e42e3d5b	Physiological features of figure skating
d25282bb84813504b41f67b85d4b758fd18a85ec	Biomechanical basics of the skater's movement technique
4f7ce3ec1f2cb4b9980848ca3ff525e374a57af2	Chapter 5.
e4ac808fdf5dfbc906609df8d0fc710460fa3ada	Aesthetic basics of figure skating
d14f5f0725dfa9e03251f257b5b9fafe4a5694ad	Chapter 6.
84c3ec4554542228964604c2e19c280e60b48477	Initial figure skating training
68a3e6a3fe6526b7886b74ca90a24a0c95ca36d4	Mandatory exercises
8b4ea8050a775a0f3ea3c2ccd48f52d29c5611ab	Basic concepts.
21d278837034557e7a9b46210d42d6e7b8075142	Terminology
57b6cf25db73939c9fdef4ef88c577a91acb81f4	General provisions of the technique of mandatory figures
5b61c2315687a774d3da20120507b66974a50db1	Execution of shape elements
33dc5f7707ee216177a67aeb7474233b461d6319	Features of the methodology of teaching compulsory figures
f9507c21049641a24b61c669f73f2db8e1053fc2	Free skating
97788c61dbeacf49bf627fbcfac39a212b8c3fdf	Steps and spirals
57e9da1f6d1551e8c89b5f0d3c6cdb638964f305	Rotations
f59d8bfb9c3e7fe8d1f7d4992235458ad95620a9	Jumping into rotation
f0580a11a91cdb02446488645abbd4f1d48dd1c1	Multi turn jumps
3a6ca333baf2d912647d08732583f1b25067bc53	Technique of execution and methods of teaching basic multi turn jumps
ab8e098518b09a27b92e363c5091259673a4a734	Chapter 9.
acfc8a9d239e83afdc07f572e35955519d5c096d	Pair skating
79aaf3655d4f037ae593675111f16910dae04a2d	Chapter 10.
4cb4b65010457a3cc8560218a5d0f737bd7ee306	Sports dancing on ice
affaf91903c50d55987e1a32589455957425f40a	Tactics of building short and arbitrary programs
34d9291facfddf4abead558f40ac064daf34317b	Chapter 12.
6224b456421c9554d9cc83b0bd43711f94591d07	Methods of training programs
8736c68436d10eee1a84fbbff8fa30248d01a129	Chapter 13.
1469317dcc0a8a18429619e2b452a8d88ae9845f	Physical training
215b5ff8338bbce11356d1a807e032b4e2d2e29c	Chapter 14.
9f48b2a7ef0553c6ee000b729d3a7072af1f9fc5	Psychological training of figure skaters
44e6a0e40c200104bf3083d369e3370900110e11	Chapter 15.
3c7d8fd8e2aa4fe0f5a7e8fff8c0f96afd800bb0	Managing the training of skaters
eeb700c22edc26ae236eb982e0ed997593e72213	Chapter 16.
dbd19a4060099ec414e52a960c6758ce629e73f6	Organization and methodology of long term training of figure skaters in sports schools
416454550c04b76dce7a84dad984511afe42a5c5	Chapter 17.
ecd5749f3b215bbde6299a447695feb2a914db43	Mass forms of figure skating work
b877c98c1bc7670083e78b9a0edaa22c65681fee	Chapter 18.
9bce275863c0382dfa607b762fb440978f0e5aab	Judging of competitions
b98651a9040ee351398de4e7f6ad11e376840799	Chapter 19.
2c26e9b5fa98a2e59c9dd97795b3977ceec3ca8d	Research work in figure skating
9720e8bf18a280b3e2c4f25168d10d9d53f61935	Chapter 20.
84113c0bd46aca1ff55ea4dfaab40b2f6af129f8	Skater's inventory
684e47a05271b98e946e4e376be1cbd3efe2243e	© Tulup 2005–2017
17ada26c9f3dbaeda66d147e893b27ee35832b6e	Page preparation time: 1.013 sec.
52585c76830751833cc491d11865cf789efdff18	Alexey Yagudin biography, photos find out everything!
1a6cd7c156079f6c3ff50722eb3870df5c1e4b2d	Name: Alexey Yagudin
ab72bbfcbf6a64ead02f7911775e80d25894f1c6	Date of birth: March 18, 1980 (36 years old)
b7b47d83765f5979fbaa1630ebbd46169258bbcb	Zodiac Sign: Pisces
ba72c4e8415146cd536e536bda5f6cc62d54b9fa	Eastern Horoscope: Monkey
29b6043feaaecd9015abcb6d992f5a18d7c2060c	Place of birth: Leningrad
d2221c47068a8bb688573b8931b11d32c598bb30	Activity: Figure skater
d354a0128049e4e43c06237420c31e302718e5a6	Weight: 70 kg
77b7b75fc7d95fa040e3e7b11cf9b733a422b7e6	Height: 180 cm
aeb1ce2cdd8a22f8edba17837df338e47f36d5fe	Do you like Alexey Yagudin?
99569eb0eab220fd3f6b27833341d0bb8e01e38c	Photo: Alexey Yagudin
7c0fbfd3d5c4456afafbaa0e67aacccbd6167ef5	Biography of Alexey Yagudin
1ac8d0a61f3927fa77474fef50cd7cc9e720784c	However, after completing his professional career, our today's hero has successfully proved that he can prove himself well in some other industries.
01e69e48b90750f00bf7114f84158e0c9486201b	That is why in our article we will try to tell more about the career of a figure skater outside of sports.
e97771fdab3ffefdfee7cb61e33ffa225b6cbe40	After all, this topic, traditionally, remains a mystery for ordinary readers.
997dbe1ae5683d1074a3b28bbfc70e1df0c262e8	Early years, childhood and family of Alexey Yagudin
fbf7253692bcf80767500e27896a67acc02dda4b	Alexey Yagudin was born on March 18, 1980 in St. Petersburg.
e0ca5df374361987696d8c63f4bba044f3eb0022	His father left the family early, and therefore the mother was always engaged in raising the child.
7fe631a6930f3339b7ad2f9be2c987da89a73650	It was she who brought the future champion to the ice rink for the first time.
1beb8a3efe5f508abcccd54d993fd81f48786ca1	The reason for this was quite banal sports were the best way to improve the fragile health of a child and strengthen his immunity.
af6b7870c78929ed1ec2f38456e84a1d83dde6a9	Perhaps it is for this reason that our today's hero has been taking sports lightly for a long time.
89db44015c97da9867ce96cd81967ce258165a09	He regularly attended classes, but in his heart he cherished the dream of becoming a ... driver.
ba71f52f5c10757699e56617741900aa3ad8c2cb	As a child, Alexey dreamed of driving a truck or, at worst, a regular bus.
60e7919d1c072945e35bd99086387af508983300	However, fate decreed otherwise.
def99b3f994dd8e5d97eed96e67e2595828f4cad	And it is unlikely that Yagudin ever had to regret it.
06ac34d17136c0be41010fdeeb9916f07ba465bc	Alexey Yagudin multiple Olympic figure skating champion
82a9422aab421d339bef82b7104c2c8e6766d255	For thirteen years, Yagudin became the fourth at the junior World Championship.
6702887e9c4ae05b00cf8b1c09e9d5c5a199f8cc	After that, two years later, the young Russian managed to win this championship at all.
14218dc277eb9b0bcaaf721a711308717d49f727	At the same time, he achieved good results in other competitions.
79d9f558f7a7d62637e3a32e4ea8544c0602c3c1	In the same season of 1995/1996, our today's hero managed to become a bronze medalist of the Russian championship, and a year later to climb the podium one more step up.
7b254c69f5c8a4b671382eb49d7111aa3331a126	From that moment on, Alexey Yagudin was talked about as the main hope of the Russian figure skating team.
64fb2af7afa3294c6c842e4d67f509967fc369a2	Sports career of figure skater Alexey Yagudin
8eb4123568ca9cc477a341cdcc6182d993469486	So, in particular, in different years Alexey Yagudin managed to become a three time European champion, a four time world champion and a two time winner of the finals of the world Grand Prix series in figure skating.
8fca6717d7b6bd74f71f4ab50bd98e11f1809c63	Alone with everyone.
da35e9673f95ab3740eb95ac22711dafed3ae84b	Alexey Yagudin
456c409481339667136dc1eadf9ddf2202920f86	All these outstanding achievements have brought our today's hero the title of Honored Master of Sports of Russia, as well as the State Order of Merit for the Fatherland (fourth degree).
68a28dda4c6e1210c234d276041fdf28911e1f25	Alexey Yagudin's bright performances attracted the attention of the audience to him.
ecfe890c3cbb452e3cd2dc82196dfbf6bcf25816	He became a favorite of the stands, and also gained many personal fans among the stars of the world show business.
610be2f49c4a65f6f7e38e5613d407780e27d38f	The case that took place in 2001 is indicative in this regard.
e4657d5b8ad6ddd6fc5445031c7b0dd8a9d7ad9e	That day, right before the next performance, a photo of Russell Crowe with his personal autograph was brought to the athlete's dressing room.
99f86d7850c3cd2ea87221ffa1316eb723009f67	Alexey Yagudin "The Man in the Iron Mask"
34cdd7b22aee3b778e01a17c9f6e8e7c8ad879f9	Since 2006, the figure skater has performed on the projects of the Russian First Channel – "Stars on Ice", "Ice Age", "Ice and Flame".
512fe9e0e13c7f37c0a6e60ecb1278ea6bba00f4	In different years, Oksana Pushkina, Valeria Lanskaya, Maria Kozhevnikova, Victoria Daineko became his ice partners.
384324e3ddfc607acfa9748d5ef0c38a1de83dbe	With the last of these celebrities, our today's hero also recorded several joint musical compositions, showing himself in an unfamiliar quality for himself.
b35c6a9512700a04d8c4b0bce860d7239915867c	Alexey Yagudin with his wife Tatyana Totmyanina
3001050fc09e8d75872d989d90250e0ae3e2c757	In 2008, Alexey Yagudin also made his debut on the theater stage, playing in the play "The President's Vacation".
a714a82df8cea2e555ac36d4755e66488688ff3b	After that, the former athlete often appeared in entreprise productions, as well as in" ice " performances.
d7756aedaf5c9fcab40ee25ceafc099a4d09fba6	Our hero of today has also appeared in films several times.
ca7eb79b63489dcbfc802ee94d29749b70ff1d21	The most famous was his role in the TV series "Hot Ice".
42468b788568d7509d3fb888df8e9c248e8ec54a	During a certain period of time, Alexey Yagudin also began working as a presenter.
4be4a95b4c914479ff1266dd499732282ead90e4	In this capacity, he worked for some time in the program "Cup of Professionals", and then he also began to appear in the educational program "I Want to know", for which he recorded small stories.
ea63406c925c108d68c35404801fea8794a481b4	Personal life of Alexey Yagudin
107345b3ef661dce64d5591207c7cd78601a80df	For many years now, our today's hero has been in a love relationship with another famous figure skater Tatyana Totmyanina.
abfe04aa16898fc94a2ef5b77a5afeca0e2f7f92	Celebrities met in their youth, but a serious romance between them began only much later.
726f6effc72a56a4b6cd3e6c3d691d657608fbef	Today, the former athletes already have a joint daughter, Elizabeth (born in 2009).
506971a0bf529997388b3a25388e7671590587eb	Despite the presence of a common child, the spouses have not yet legalized their relationship.
da22204b03a32e12678df8d60ade9e5b8b31164b	Athletes
4ef49308f40dfaffa4a7eefcf6c990c0044dab40	Alexey Yagudin latest news and articles of 2016
bb5b2143206067eb130783aca78d1cfd63412ae0	Yagudin told about sex on ice
c30181bf273214add6657950c3d3eb5c4a7e3daf	The first photos from the wedding of Totmyanina and Yagudin appeared on the network
1753a4efc863e1987343c7ecb395b638fa352c93	Yagudin and Totmyanina got married
666101f432cc56ed50a1daf4b218d614106fc8f3	There were photos from the wedding of Navka and Peskov
bf3c4728bbed1e0936090f2722ef6a14dc0995b5	The little daughter of Totmyanin and Yagudin began to speak French and went to kindergarten in Paris
c8656377888d916a8bee0536e79075a6b1946c4d	Commercials make Russian stars more famous
2fda8cd3f134eaa02aec342f664a5535ad4b1cb1	Pavel Kolobkov
38dd099831a2695eea39e4a5e99c3ee8869e760b	Carles Puyol
41debadd133bffa59e822f28d933d8f7fcbcaf1a	Sergey Ryzhikov
2128b73edee3e6c915e3237f1d76d1ebc67f5164	Nadezhda Petrova
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c283e8bd2d49deef0e842fbf0d5dc8075aaa3e23	October 31, 2008
d8f4d49e51f7bf6bd98b70343773daaa629515f5	October 31, 2008 / Winter Figure Skating
ac5e9064f4d12e99be6f3f63fa1cf53892c33b85	FIGURE SKATING
4004be2a56090e001cc51a8a4fb324f5120848bd	Nikolay PANIN KOLOMENKIN
1af029b31125185f51b26e4873305dc0bfe78182	The FIRST 100 years ago, on October 31, 1908, Nikolai Panin Kolomenkin received the first Olympic gold medal in the history of Russia - for winning figure skating at the London Games.
47d5c9c27e141ca1453cd11ebf120f4440cbd1d9	DOSSIER " SE"
0248f39cccb20f7bcaa84d959f549d3e8c2a0607	Nikolai PANIN KOLOMENKIN is the real name of Kolomenkin.
d40f106b31d5f215e5a01fb363af3a870a57d20a	In figure skating competitions, he performed under the name Nikolai Panin (Nicholas Panin).
f3824fcadc3a0e0a4120148f9f8809d7f6e7efdb	The first and only Olympic champion in the Russian Empire.
d6f0dd18c80db3c6c19985f815cb5f60d8ca368b	He won a gold award at the IV Olympic Games in London in figure skating in special figures.
8c446065d9272ff6c6cff6be347ca96cc04b6c9b	Honored Master of Sports of the USSR since 1940, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences since 1938.
3e63cc14554729ea1c77b0d66e5fb6dbeb84e36c	He was born on January 8 (according to the new style), 1872 in the village of Khrenovoye of the Bobrovsky district of the Voronezh province.
7188cc86a652e6cdf49590569a5fc27337d90283	At the age of 13, he moved to St. Petersburg, where he studied at a gymnasium, and in the evenings he trained on one of the ponds of the Yusupov Garden.
7ba4641c17a329870b528d322bf91121104f0dda	In 1897, he graduated with a gold medal from St. Petersburg University, Department of Natural Sciences of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics.
5c1faa7c1a8a4422bb41410012edf9ab516c2641	He joined the financial department at the St. Petersburg State Chamber.
2c4237167ad881fe0352b7424b386734ad62dee2	In 1897, for the first time participating in long distance competitions, speaking under the pseudonym Panin, he took third place.
c49953ad15300fbe17444d7c3fb85cfe8e0a14d8	In the same year, he organized a youth figure skating school in the Yusupov Garden.
b345e28bdad17866c26d0127a272242f388ac34a	Silver medalist of the 1903 World Figure Skating Championships, silver (1908) and bronze (1904) medalist of the European Figure Skating Championships.
81352e01e2fb34cebd64dafd379ded677c807d7d	Six time champion of Russia in figure skating (1901-1905, 1907).
c13723048ba5581d71845a3769581934d87ccf20	The winner of the prestigious international competitions "Alexander Panshin Memorial Cup" (1908), where he beat the seven time world champion Ulrich Salchov of Sweden.
a89659edb73d5bb1ddb7e2e6a9df0e99274be581	The author of the first theoretical work in Russia - a book called "Figure Skating" (1910), for which the International Skating Union awarded Panin Kolomenkin a gold medal.
11273e3c369db341405230c7b397cb9ffb74d830	In 1935, with the help of Panin Kolomenkin, a figure skating department was opened at the Higher Sports School at the A. P. Lesgaft Institute of Physical Culture.
3efc2f28860e68a91bfc48a2192f32991deaaf3e	12 time champion of Russia in pistol shooting (1906-1917), 11 time champion of Russia in shooting from a combat revolver (1907-1917).
cb04fbd55c603818a9fa56f88995e885791709fc	Two time champion of the All Union Spartakiad of 1928 in shooting from a pistol and a combat revolver.
58e00319b923b79ac446139f7428fd9e72400932	Winner of the international tennis tournament in London.
1d141114f6f9eb3df3cb4cd5d9bcac968bab94aa	The third prize winner of the St. Petersburg Speed Skating Championship.
60d45caeaea81d566f4e5d065616369e4f1ea612	He also performed with great success in athletics, rowing, cycling, swimming, and skiing.
b0fdd69adf7fc08ca376c79ff56b01349d0f5b74	He was engaged in football and hockey.
419eee3cf8ba20ee80c4ffe83555cd2e487ebe4a	During the Great Patriotic War, he was an instructor of General Education at the Institute of Physical Culture in Moscow, where he taught the fighters of partisan detachments shooting, running, skiing techniques, as well as bayonet combat.
74773299eef41dbcab872a8ff919825de32d7f95	He wrote a number of manuals.
a3f607dd7c7414cf68318c583fd04dd1060b4d10	The main ones are: "Every scooter rider is a signalman and a scout" (1941)," Training of military scooters "(1941)," A rest for skiers and an overnight stay in uninhabited areas " (1942).
fe078c3905558d92470d966fe336c25a7a3a0c1a	After the war, he worked as a figure skating coach in Moscow.
03f052554ae331576db055ecc89652f93ebda7fe	On March 15, 1948, he took part in the opening parade of the final of the All Russian Winter Sports Contest in Moscow at the Dynamo Sports Center in Petrovsky Park.
60ab78eaefa8c6c8498f7493a20caa79857491a0	He died in 1956 in Leningrad, and was buried at the Serafimovsky Cemetery.
752eb1c02e100e0a553d528681d63e9b025ec1d2	In 1908, two significant events took place in the sports history of our country.
ea224148c4bbf9a3de90e9a4395169c16e866a73	Both were at the Summer Olympic Games in London.
d2390f0c650eff001750b5a98b1ceeca7b9294fa	In the summer, the Russian athlete won the Games award for our country for the first time - the silver medalist was the Greco Roman wrestler Nikolai Orlov.
0259ceba5ed341e1dbb605c8c787b3d311d7452c	And on October 31, Nikolai Panin Kolomenkin received the first Olympic gold medal in the history of Russia.
53034265dc2a251ddbc8280a68ca510454f1b8f2	The story of winning the first highest Olympic award is more like an exciting detective story.
0488a984d55afec238a228d33b2965f296e4eb31	Let's start with the fact that figure skating, in which Panin Kolomenkin performed, should not have been included in the program of the Olympic Games.
8b9f983505e4295815c336f0bcaa1c755a9a67d4	And after the victory in London, Panin was not greeted as a hero at all, but on the contrary - they wanted to send him to Siberia.
ac7942b1750b4f62939184a56e6be6a28591431e	Nikolai Panin Kolomenkin received the honorary title of Honored Master of Sports of the USSR not for the gold of the Games in figure skating, but for marksmanship.
d3aaf03acec955d2a75fe305a726440f1ed594f0	AS SKATES WERE CHANGED TO FIGURE SKATING WITH HOCKEY, the IV Olympic Games were to be held in Rome.
6d71b3c950b9d7b8e8dd6813d5b451307e9cfc3d	But suddenly, less than two years before the start of the Games, the Italians refused to hold them.
1286a26f62c68c3a75a169a431331ccfa9df9251	The British agreed to help out, who passionately wanted to hold these competitions the best of all.
8b28b00265667c59edc373f26aba22fb86002155	The Games in London were supposed to be a model for future generations.
ea6032af33ed713f49d648f1c475b4867ba5f806	And the members of the organizing committee decided to include it in the program... speed skating.
6aade79ba688b6e510972a989efc2f4da3a77b41	It sounds rather strange, because there were no Winter Olympic Games at that time, only one Games were held - in the summer.
d3a63065685a209f99ee5fbecdbb10f05138ec58	Speed skating and England are almost incompatible concepts now.
84af7504cea71f9824703a0282f05f959c6e45ca	However, it was the United Kingdom, not Norway, the Netherlands or Russia, that hosted the world's first national speed skating championship.
56c6f159ba3b8f1d85785c80ec2be529b90cac52	And among the first world record holders at the end of the century before last, the vast majority of runners, as strange as it sounds today, were from England.
65797dbb9d78407c7131e832417c59d996aad02d	Much later, in the foggy Albion, speed skating turned into a stepson, and then it was completely forgotten.
2fa3877367916a920b51f10370d3543b5a446cd3	But at that time it was the opposite.
b76b9cbe93960d0b38fb2feee9ff7fdd8a6178fd	It was decided to build an artificial ice rink and hold competitions, as they said at the time, "on speed skates".
ea768a112122812a5b3adfafee17d2384dd17516	But the leaders of speed running at that time - the Norwegians, Finns and Swedes opposed the inclusion of skates in the Olympic Games program.
3fa1be36ec0f87f3d342ac72732e4d85d3e0d9ac	Why did the Scandinavians so stubbornly did not want to include skates in the program of the Olympics?
e477c49b8e8830e5c3cce87e0d8b75342f094d1e	It's very simple - at that time, the so called Northern Games were popular with them.
d1d73326d36e7a9b1c08dbc5eb2b3e467d33aebe	These were complex competitions, and their program included popular winter sports, primarily speed skating.
39d81548cea1eaafd22e78496c9772d8a4e41e74	However, the British were sure that they would agree with the Scandinavians.
700c94828384d7f5fe90e9bef5fe99338cdf22b7	Moreover, at some point, an answer finally came to their requests from Moscow.
072a27adbe2723394e36fa73740d5247e56d2e36	It was agreed that one of the strongest Russian runners would come to London: either the unofficial world champion Nikolai Sedov (according to the rules of that time, it was necessary to win three out of four distances, and Sedov won two), or the future two time world and European champion Nikolai Strunnikov.
0ac1ff92113cf41f8151131599c24e40255ed46e	But the biggest difficulties arose with the construction of an artificial ice rink.
3fca570d355d89680387f1ad399891f6e4537f6a	The builders stated: "It is simply impossible to build such a huge ice rink, and never."
3afe70064e5111305ed06b632bc902d8086e2e63	The British had to abandon the idea of holding speed skating competitions.
f7aaf13242fb4a044d34c772838392cf20deb9ab	Then they decided to organize a figure skater competition.
17d8408511897a8739320d39c82481cc993f30ec	In London, they were confident that they would surpass the previous Olympic Games in all directions.
33bce390a891377aafaf1fca702f4dd0549cc22e	And indeed, the British set a record for the duration of the Games - from April 27 to October 31.
ad909b9a42b762409550e784cad411aba215508f	For the first time, the Olympic Program included winter sports: figure skating and ice hockey.
d2afb111adeba80f438e902ac775d0249fbf0be8	Yes, yes hockey at the Games first appeared not in 1920, but in 1908, however, as an exhibition sport, or rather a sport where no awards were awarded.
b478d0eb6ed12743b7d0a4ee2a684ffd0a4822af	SALCHOW: "SPORT IS WAR!"
5409b0188f714df514d54379d9f7f423147a4481	Swede Ulrich Salchow is a unique figure not only in figure skating, but in general in sports.
7056c5efb690fb8c15aa2cf594b99fd61535651b	It was he who came up with the jump, which was later named after him.
c2f7efc125abc09e8f63f76da7397398040b630a	In 1897, at the age of twenty, he took part in the world Championship for the first time in Stockholm.
bdda9ef2e1c7e7ff0ef87cb60b72148e3f244226	The debutant looked great and took second place.
3de79e474169817de353b85e2af02a1e7c22309b	After that, he won the silver medal twice more.
96f9293cfe5c7bea6b0b5821eb5ecefcc2f8a2f7	And then the period of Salkhov's undivided reign came in figure skating - in the period from 1901 to 1911, he won all the world forums in which he took part (he did not perform at the 1906 World Cup), and became a ten time world champion!
12e435c4dcdf925a63ca3f813fab774dddb3d098	Subsequently, there were many brilliant figure skaters in figure skating, but no one could come close to the record figure of the Swede.
ff98b509e1294dbf10aeeda13ac5dc49bf69f792	No less impressive were the successes of Salkhov at the European Championships, where he collected an amazing collection of awards: nine silver and one bronze.
b83ff03e5a284e9181bf458794e00eacf8a14c00	There could have been more medals, but the continental championships were not held twice at that time, as the International Skating Union failed to raise enough funds.
39901d6707d7ff489e3a8b853a6a06e881c8b05a	It was Salchov who became the first Olympic champion in single skating, and in at the age of 42, he took part in the 1920 Olympic Games, where he took fourth place.
197a6bdf49edcccdd849a14bfb738c7c724ec827	The Swede did not just skate brilliantly.
7cd316b246f365f7bf716706e5d858eb04d1b5c5	According to eyewitnesses, " Salchov was a real, unflappable athlete, strength, power and skill were felt in his every movement, and there was confidence that free skating was created just for him."
b82bd55f0d22e4f81216dc282a307dfc5d2d0600	Salkhov had a lot of fans, some of whom accompanied him to the main competitions.
8a93442315b86380b8428eda72bbf627eea9a031	He was favored by the judges, and the Swede used it brilliantly.
2beeb68bcd391033670047ebf3e4174bab177ac8	As soon as he had a strong opponent, Salchov began a strong psychological attack.
aa65078897354e6b5c4586b14e6c71669c1515ce	He was very successful in this art. Such a case can tell a lot about Salchov.
97ceb5b2b2dfc1d229180e6e7e2b7892acc45c62	In the first years of the last century, there were no rules governing the participation of women in competitions.
c4467ddcef7f77a38b5b514df305403e15fe2acc	In 1902, at the World Championships in London, an English woman, Madge Sayers Keye, entered the men's competition.
6842c37ddbfd0a5a1e4a27a8c64227bf0774dbc7	She competed on equal terms with men and brilliantly skated all the elements.
cc94820e0fdab569f0bc9284437e55694f772b69	The judges were confused - to assume that the woman was ahead of all the men?!
cdf5b6941decf8b162988bf89018cb106ddeb8a2	And brought Salkhov to the champions.
60765a5ae885894411ce6c1df3b83d34e4255ca2	Subsequently, many years later, the arbitrators and even Salchow himself recognized that Medj Sayers Keye was the most worthy of gold.
0b3056889bbc41d77db7f01c1686fc1928081b8e	But that was later, and then, immediately after the World Cup, Salchov insisted that women be banned from participating in the men's program.
df7699b1dabe3a1b224c7b99f72141bcf5db890f	Having a huge authority in figure skating and a huge influence on the leaders of the International Skating Union, it was quite easy for him to do this.
ea9152fd42faa21369713ae2f28071c8503960f0	Three years later, Salkhov relented and did not oppose the decision of the ISU leaders to give women the opportunity to speak, but separately from men.
a0e40943a5ac113063c76f50a1679ac1d26c1c0e	And soon the Swede had a new strong opponent.
33a9e50f2410dea830523a53125ea501b76070a4	From Russia, Nikolai Panin, or, as it was written in the protocol, Nicholas Panin, showed up for the World Cup in St. Petersburg.
2087f49af2879d20822ca72aa01fc6417aa4c5be	However, their first meeting on the ice took place much earlier.
c05500112f143cfe4c65abcc848f968e070e4713	In 1901, the St. Petersburg Society of Skating Enthusiasts organized international competitions in the Yusupov Garden, where Salkhov also took part.
2d5f7e5903aa55548cc8ed85a9da132ede802c93	Anatoly Tchaikovsky in his book about Panin Kolomenkin "The Magic Eight" writes about these competitions: "Externally, foreign figure skaters, and first of all Salchov, looked better in their smooth black tights and tight light jackets, and Panin understood that the jacket in which he skates, wide trousers and thick stockings do not make an athlete elegant, even if he has an excellent figure."
6336b95b52e0f5637e698c8a855afd2b47a4a8b7	Even then, Panin Kolomenkin saw that it was necessary to change a lot in order to succeed.
6c4f80937bbfcbe540957f18b63bb850ec906b61	At the 1903 World Championship in the city on the Neva, Salchov realized that it would be very difficult to fight with the Russian.
9d395ea36ff84b8ea5c39c7ffb587d70c8e28a94	And when five years later, in February 1908, at the prestigious international competitions, the "Panshin Cup Draw" lost outright to Panin Kolomenkin, he decided that it was time to start a "real" psychological attack.
03e30593d918dd0de94e33cfdf515caf25229217	As soon as it became clear that figure skating was included in the program of the IV Olympic Games, Salchov wanted to win two gold awards.
59b83398f20cbc664526ebfd7d9717817739fc19	He put pressure on the leaders of the International Skating Union, whose headquarters at that time was located in Stockholm, to include an additional type of special figures in the Olympic program.
96354daa3aa35e09c03a7f197dc3ad39f1b15fca	At that time, the president of the ISU was Viktor Balk, a Swede by nationality, who agreed with Salchov and immediately agreed with the organizing committee of the Games in London.
7883a7be32783dbfc4f21e41c679f04574563b1e	Strange as it may seem, it was much easier to include a new sport in the official program of the Olympics at that time than in the program of the World championships.
1c2137d51a2a1663f75ec9e1ebaf06647b1f8d59	Salchov was sure that he would become a two time Olympic champion.
4b88533df1f4445660b796be5950b8bc9f874d1a	But it turned out to be much more difficult than he had expected.
f6e01ff104b9bf3802e0e843ee4df2d21fbf761d	Panin Kolomenkin was preparing very seriously for the competitions in London.
e90888218b4f1d6d11ce04fda380017510122ed4	On the first day of single skating, Nikolai rolled all his figures perfectly unlike Salkhov, who did not have everything perfect.
5d31bd10eaff119e9ae77e67456d39dc3d3d9737	But the Swede mastered the art of exerting a psychological influence on judges amazingly.
4f6f5574d6d0c4962673c85891fba4a289bfeecb	So, after one not quite accurately executed element, Salchov blamed a piece of paper that fell under the skate for everything.
b3c40b01311f406bbf1759fd6a2850c15d9385ee	This was not the first time the Swede used this technique, but he performed it so artistically that he was believed again and again.
027fae8288bff6d3c68b6de4e9b42a309ea0813d	The judges crawled on their knees on the ice for a long time and after a thorough search came to the conclusion that it was just a small lump of snow.
758d3a3f44ddc18889b2a658889d006d54065f30	Being under the" hypnosis " of Salkhov, the judges gave him the highest marks.
fe93ed25cad4a772f37df560bc11068e2672e4a5	When Panin Kolomenkin came out on the ice, the Swede began to shout in a hysterical voice: "He has lost his form, he canot do anything, is this a figure, everything is failed!"
e960c813e0327e958c9bcfaeaefb2f1b1748c190	Despite the fact that Panin Kolomenkin had to perform under such pressure, he practically did not make "typos".
2082dfaf13547461835ede5a45382f317a1c1ea4	But the referees often listened to Salchov, and at the end of the first day of the competition, the Swede was in the lead.
82d1044cbd11e8f9983b25d567d6a8f1837fa2bb	Salkhov did not let up and insulted Nikolai at every opportunity.
4262c1905e6e0e589a084e9698392bc41954883d	In this regard, the Russian representative filed a protest to the chief judge.
b73110c052793b5969b99f4c761605873522b51d	In response, as Anatoly Tchaikovsky writes, he saw "a poorly concealed grin, a puzzled shrug of his shoulders."
9ecb61913f19c0844812b12ffdb239357ee426eb	Then it was decided that Panin Kolomenkin should refuse to compete in the free program.
a1644aa79c354cb4b3f97164951cdcb8aef928f9	As a result, Salchov becomes the first Olympic champion in figure skating.
3930e69194a17966d630bda0517ea1d5195b60c9	But there was one more type of program ...
4526a3d53856b10c051bb5f5b109dc01fc6243a4	Before the competition in special figures, all participants had to bring drawings of their performances.
83adb0805c6832e730e0a0561d101c472a7f3d41	The members of the judging panel were at a loss when the Russian representative Georgy Sanders (one of the pioneers of Russian figure skating, who owns the authorship of the figures that brought Russia the first Olympic gold) brought drawings of Panin Kolomenkin's figures.
40134fa08454cb009cb628bb3d2f6755abde401f	"Panin's figures are simply impossible," the referees stated.
95a21e2d6d93667dd750135268810250963217fa	Many years later, the famous radio commentator Alexander Kurantov offered his colleagues to repeat all the figures of Panin Kolomenkin with a pen.
c4bc60a96ee30afc5c6c3e0f5bff89d45d2b73f7	Kurashov said that even this no one could do, and even on ice skating ... fantastic.
50676febb635dbb4e9dee780190b5ce84dfbb99f	Salchov, seeing the complexity of the drawing, refused to perform in this type of program.
d6f3548f1c72fd14e2fc0637f5dd6b371899dfd1	Then several other athletes also starred.
67d968ad99efae903efbda2b9eb73cfda7a9c9a9	Panin Kolomenkin confidently won the competition.
43ff54ca56aaed8c2de8af1ae5d8e7057e40b956	But Salchov started shouting that it was impossible to award a gold award if there were only three participants.
f4e90ede8b2fc9d642ce929fc78c5bfd22573995	The ISU leadership was confused.
29ebbe35feaf6d3d0a88b38fa3826cb76b5a6094	But after much thought, it still decided not to follow Salkhov's lead.
c18dcdbc422e5f66738fcd42cb7f711a04213789	Panin Kolomenkin was awarded the rightfully won gold medal.
2893316f4694a8e77b73e9059cce557b952a9f76	However, this was done a little later.
fff9d3c1c579240d9175e155472b74bcc00bf33d	This happened, as the members of the International Association of Speed Skating Statisticians managed to find out, on the closing day of the Olympics, October 31.
abbbc7ce25dfe6aa30203c7a01839fd726fd0d33	After the Games in London, Salchov successfully continued to perform on the international stage, but he no longer met such a strong opponent as Panin Kolomenkin.
3c05b934312d4c032f6098325e829b23af51bda8	Later, the Swede became the president of the ISU and the organization headed by him never complained about the lack of funds for holding European forums.
3fe6b6c92e5f77c3c482a7a131e7b4550df39cbe	When one of the journalists asked Salkhov about the boorish behavior during his speeches, he smiled and replied: "Sport is a real war.
0866d125dbe609d8dcae423ace6db4471439a51b	And here, as on the battlefield, all means are good!
8b9c6597bd0d2e64f397f21365ce083568f17e4e	Choose any one."
13061511984d32352e05c511d0954d46785e62de	Interestingly, when Panin's book "Figure Skating" was published, it was Salkhov who initiated the International Skating Union to award the author with a special ISU gold medal.
6cacd8c59bd0ff4931b0d67f4cad81494e44b310	And one last thing.
fd5123a564eff3b19039db0373e5a7858189f4db	When the revolution broke out, Panin, unlike many, accepted it and did not go abroad.
fd165b1114fe741f0ca875d3a11a374feb1851af	But he did not receive any support from the new government regarding figure skating.
410156f9572532e4510a5d33089c8c5dc3520f52	Moreover, the Soviet authorities recognized this sport as "hostile and bourgeois".
93435a1a5ff943bd4c44b20e8019d571006bfe2b	That, however, did not prevent Panin Kolomenkin from growing a whole galaxy of figure skaters.
01b59e4f9af4cb26cc4c86db615932e301fa6475	After learning about Nikolai's suffering, his enemy on ice performances - Salchov sent Panin an invitation to Sweden.
fef625ff846089a5a8e2fdcb16628b02c3765dfc	He wrote that he respects Nikolai as an athlete and coach and is ready for almost any conditions.
3a8913c7548a656d5ac9049af4bb849942885e52	And most importantly, it will give an opportunity to open a school named after Nikolai Panin Kolomenkin.
71f6d3774aa94fb5942c6e09c5c46cba81be92df	The offer was very tempting, but Panin refused.
7afbb35af03e9a96674292472eacadacbc5cbaba	"I am a patriot!" he replied.
72b9507be740d89bc090df82bc70ef789bc6bf1a	FOR THE VICTORY...
23ab6ec72a1df5cec763570a215459e7050256a6	TO SIBERIA It seemed that after his success at the Olympics, Nikolai should have returned home triumphant.
b2254b459244384c3844a0a59d9cad1943582c14	After learning about his victory in London, a major boss called Nikolai to him and began shouting: "Who are you?
8cf1edbcff14d066ca90b90cfab10cbe0fe340a6	An official person!
88128caff35703c046d35ec8f108e35d04fbc90e	And not a buffoon!
47a8eb7e813ff93dc612419520f8f57ae4d9d3c8	What do you allow yourself?
0f47dda1b1d04289cee42aa2b9ee61aee05366bc	To skate on the ice, to swing your legs.
292c0d7db296890af04fd4c44a343f374dc26505	Do you think that everything is allowed to you?
1d59aef12a4ca164a928aff910b77fcf7bf27ec3	No!
3106700a8b43e23d538446658fc262f604cceba7	I got the "gold" - go to Siberia, to hard labor!
d4f79f6736ab908b07ea91b9600443c06c22cb7b	Your place is there, not an inspector in the capital.
15f60af3d341e0ef53cef43a50bc1d6a95ddfa53	You're a disgrace to the Imperial service!"
6ceaea20790f35b64a5b8c14555540ce932bd808	He also won in other sports: he became a prize winner of the St. Petersburg championship in speed skating, repeatedly won competitions in athletics.
e43a957f95146585254a9e6751ca4d7d63b8dba4	At the All Union Spartakiad of 1928, Nikolai won in pistol shooting.
c3f1b7b0ca8da1c60a82e91847702e33c2f0c0cc	In 1940, Panin Kolomenkin was awarded the title of Honored Master of Sports of the USSR, but not for the gold of London, but for his double success at the All Union Spartakiad of 1928 in shooting.
4a825f39cd153a4f91168244f00b1bab24dbb53f	The story of winning the first gold award is worthy of admiration, as is the whole life of this modest man.
d03e2cb4c4bc6ff224ab4efb4099b3b3393329d8	Until his old age, he worked with everyone who had a passionate desire to train.
68b07ba5485d92a9b73a6cc6779a00691002e935	Alexander LYUBIMOV
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01f8dc7ef554499e38d427c284be0c2f5c45b14b	Home Biography from 1991 to 2001 from 2001 to 2004 from 2004 to 2010 from 2010 to 2011 2011
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28054858d7546214b220e34082220624d31ac50f	Press about Sergey
70b058fad7a79ba730df197cc399b285f0dae75d	- Valentin Piseev says that Kovtun and Voronov could not show high results
d77a8dd08b8c8a13aea9d4e8154d1f3f8ad87dba	- A brief biography of Ilya Overbukh from our website
5458e0868908fca02affc7511461268ee117b96c	- Alexander Lakernik: "Voronov is a real candidate for a trip to Sochi"
c963b8d5c5192f50ca5f275e5c151e1fe62cb610	- Sergey Voronov: Lipnitskaya is a model for me
30fcc2fa252e40d4f02c5988019a6043b2e89b0e	- Russia is not united by Kovtun..Voronov and Menshov are also in the ranks
a31e73e69b19386f9289d33d5429cd021e70142c	- Sergey Voronov and Konstantin Menshov are both in good shape
3d3fb8a981e892a399c4b24195937593f24cd698	- Sergey Voronov: "I learned perseverance from Lipnitskaya"
b7bdde5a52dc4a9a4c589b6c056bf0aa70fa44ed	- What does the Olympics mean for Sergey Voronov
323f7fe49fa3f22cd945cde898c7395f66153621	- Men's games at the 2014 World Cup
b097f24d433044bca6609232902930e888c0558c	Figure skaters
d15575e67a6f9d5751f12b283354e46d1cb94c3a	[All skaters]
8e1cfa0d74779b8a7d9e6bda568ca75b6e18455a	Ilya Kulik
9a8180ef20e6f1ce2e7d90f9e54738c3b62adf21	Date of birth: May 23, 1977 Place of birth: Moscow Height: 174 cm Coaches: Viktor Kudryavtsev, Tatyana Tarasova, Leonid Raitsin Choreographers: Tatyana Tarasova Partner: - Title: Honored Master of Sports of Russia Photos: all photos of Ilya Kulik Video performances: all videos of Ilya Kulik
0cd29db0288978e1b1ec9444f58c8a8d38916c79	Ilya Kulik biography
331b2ee4376f132c9320181c8099d8860c58a938	His mother brought him to the figure skating section.
8771d19252b552963569dbefa175f9c9b9bcecb2	Where he rises to the second step of the podium, getting into the Russian national team The following year, in 1995, Ilya Kulik made a splash, making his debut at the European Championship.
c3e9ecc47ea05221eb691920c064adb19048a362	In particular, he did the triple axel twice.
cfdf4fa88dde401f7d131849e8977e7c1104ad53	Photos and videos of Ilya Kulik all photos of Ilya Kulik
e908da81625150bd0f01313faa36f8d65fa8d998	© 2008-2015.
2d02b2820ae0e897b65f0258b5158e4a5e996b91	Sergey Voronov is a figure skater.
1fa14bb1239c33f7b4aa308cd950e3cf1c4753bf	Unofficial website of Sergey Voronov.
47c6db2561cd6b892f282470487f6f711eb0e8a7	(Performance statistics, figure skater programs, press, photo gallery, video).
673df9ca56a5a1633e676b49e4be4905f35afebe	Please send your suggestions and questions to: info@svoronov.com
193d3ce0a050008067df3504254d355a01ba0ad9	Yagudin, Alexey Konstantinovich
c8a0bc7cf4f47dea85fe1f9f8669e0f34f1180e8	The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on February 14, 2014; checks require 62 edits.
03eb52d7a6cd6310b32313eba5a4d684c0f38cf1	There are articles on Wikipedia about other people with the surname Yagudin.
3d6adc90cd7bb61d5fd9e8e5116556364d9a4947	Wikipedia has articles about other people with the same name and surname: Yagudin, Alexey.
43ecbc70c0ea026dd53b890db0c06a0a592dcd20	This article lacks links to information sources.
5ceee046c6c17347d636fbbfd4773bebf5e8c5c5	This mark was set on January 23, 2014.
ed2b0fdd645fba5bb26456cb4ea5e1a0f366d7f3	In 2002, Personal Data Is Provided by Russia Russia
47ceb913ff4e7711194ce756d6588d024800cc47	Date of birth March 18, 1980(1980-03-18) (36 years old)
0c01bb3dae13a186b4a3dce0fed8d6bc3ce4b7cf	Place of birth Leningrad, RSFSR, USSR
6629bd71f382286d49ee84ad89ab0b9e2eb10632	Height 175 cm
10283d2f11e0e4d44118ea7b00939deba0559878	Former coaches Tatyana Tarasova,
f80547edb05ff2a8a4c86c4b27b59781018e3939	Alexey Mishin,
979207f1b4a8b8c28dd4811bbdd35123c7cadde4	Alexander Mayorov
239450f812c28808c4986b30b41cd89222c8fa10	Sports achievements The best results according to the ISU system
8224c976890dcbc055f751ff08b8ae99430a1776	(at international amateur competitions) Amount: Completed an amateur
c30b881b0b1dd80f1b23b6dc833dbfe6281a5d18	career before introduction
2fa7cde192241cdfab7d799661ad636bfd0c88a0	A new judging system.
c11b1949986e87fc359ae17d3971ac8a6002e54a	Olympic Games Gold Salt Lake City 2002 Single skating World Championships Bronze Lausanne 1997 Single skating Gold Minneapolis 1998 Single skating Gold Helsinki 1999 Single skating Gold Nice 2000 single skating Silver Vancouver 2001 single skating Gold Nagano 2002 Single skating European Championships Gold Milan 1998 Single skating Gold Prague 1999 Single skating Silver Vienna 2000 single skating Silver Bratislava 2001 single skating Gold Lausanne 2002 Single skating Grand Prix Final Gold St. Petersburg 1998 single skating Silver Tokyo 2000 single skating Gold Kitchener 2001 single skating
ec83c5c24d8a5f841abb3b5101e2c3af35c50960	Alexey Konstantinovich Yagudin (March 18, 1980, Leningrad) is a Russian figure skater, Honored Master of Sports of Russia.
f55cc4a5dd35acaa5a62238b859a2c1e2ba43700	Olympic champion in 2002, four time world champion (1998, 1999, 2000 and 2002), three time European champion (1998, 1999, 2002), two time winner of the Grand Prix finals in figure skating, two time world champion among professionals and world champion among juniors.
9cbaeb8fc0e3f8cdc1da5b5f73b91ccfa66d121b	1 Career 2 After the end of a sports career 2.1 Career in television, on the ice stage, in the theater and in the cinema
b5cf1b68547043cb62f31051baad6bf5977ead8b	3 Riding style 4 Personal Life 5 Incidents 6 Awards 7 Sporting achievements 8 Filmography 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References
a587eb51153a87b8e5bbce6365abe2018fe556e8	Career[edit / edit wiki text]
f6b3c8b75f075dca6e0eeabbcb750e90d199154e	The style of this article is not encyclopedic or violates the norms of the Russian language.
5c136b530bc25f229735bc351c45a7e671a42641	The article should be corrected according to the stylistic rules of Wikipedia.
ffcaa588b0a53165d273fcd66e841b5d2a63112b	Alexey Konstantinovich Yagudin was born on March 18, 1980 in Leningrad.
263dc5009cef629a2479a47fdba81180cf6d0a46	The beginning of figure skating classes is in the fall of 1984.
5f082ebcdea6c20a4e300f451383a9c64a7560b6	My mother, who played a big role in my son's first sporting successes, took me to the ice rink.
b7e1848c7fc6904e92c6418aafcb3ab3761e0047	Until the age of 12, Alexey Yagudin trained under the guidance of Alexander Mayorov, a student of Alexey Nikolaevich Mishin.
5f776e95483b617b1e222157f100a435907691b8	Since 1992 directly in the group of A. N. Mishin at the Yubileyny Sports Palace.
273e385d7222f2cd41d09ac71a03b5a61ce346ca	At the age of 13, Alexey Yagudin became the fourth at his first World Junior Championship, and in 1996 he won this championship.
47dba94371e0384a61876d8b25ae3c91dcd28d87	Under the leadership of A. N. Yagudin Mishina wins the world Cup bronze of the year 1997, winning the European championship in 1998, and the fifth shows the result at the Olympic games in Nagano became a champion of the world (1998).
5be8742dca7d25bf2df93a0ae7e2fadea9d7636a	And wins medals other smaller tournaments [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997 Finlandia Trophy Cup Finland], [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skate Skate Israel Israel], the Cup of Russia, and others, opens the expense of the awards won in the competition "Championship series" (the stages of the Grand Prix at the present time).
50b4049d39a4e660665ef6ed15fad2f1a2f06a7e	At the Trophee Lalique tournament, Alexey successfully performs the ultra c — toe loop jump in four turns for the first time in his career.
44e4aee329bf5117f5095609819ef2805864ae7c	In 1997, Yagudin graduated from school with a silver medal and entered the St. Petersburg State Academy of Physical Culture named after P. F. Lesgaft (now the National State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Health named after P. F. Lesgaft).
1c3ebc982a8b12e90a6769fba243ca4527798ebe	In the 1998-1999 season, Yagudin won 11 tournaments out of 13, including victories at Skate America, Sparkassen Cup( Nations Cup in Germany), Trophee Lalique.
53da06a3509adc093308df57e6aa0cc24112afd5	The victory at the World Championship among professionals, where "amateurs" were admitted for the first time, over Kurt Browning himself — the undisputed favorite of this tournament since 1994.
9f71874e0fa613a95d05e63e784fdb9174c01d80	Victory at the European Championship (1999), in the Grand Prix final (1999) and at the World Championship (1999), where Yagudin, having performed the "toe loop" jump in four turns, receives a "6.0" for technique from one of the judges and six ratings of 5.9 for artistry.
ff9bdcfd388862eaf0380db9dd550d91c865340a	"He is a real artist.
9dfe78161ff496380cf9fc188e3121d78f4fc548	He can bring the audience to tears, to the point that they will not get up, but jump up!
3ab07959aa81a0c04bffc4aaf7d3c4d49211bd09	" she says of her student.
3441f09b136a42901c7a2b4e0366df0fc81edf02	In the 1999-2000 season, Leonid Moiseevich Raitsin, a specialist in speed and strength, functional technical and psychoenergetic training of athletes, joined Yagudin.
073cb76aa7ccaec7fefb26c4b0cc4037e7e58ca8	And choreographer Vladimir Ulyanov is replaced by Nikolai Morozov.
574b9b10106b5aa63eb51bca5b10eddd8707eafe	At the same time, Alexey begins to cooperate with one of the largest sports agencies in the world — IMG, Dmitry Goryachkin becomes his agent for many years.
11411376defb6d8b17411d03a9dfb38854561cf9	In the fall of 1999, Yagudin won all the Grand Prix series tournaments for which he was declared: Skate America, Skate Canada, Trophee Lalique, but he does not take part in the Grand Prix final.
49ce1394de5a438f8310e1fa2ea07003ecf1e5c0	At the 2000 European Championships, Yagudin, performing in a cast, wins the short program.
94d51d51b9bbe7e56d0344c9dde61def26aeff59	However, he skates the free skate worse and gets a silver medal.
ac2db1a95806494cab80f9169f27fba1e679d268	A risky change of the free program shortly before the start of the world championship brings Alexey Yagudin a victory in this tournament .
adfa9fb1a96028b8fd7724b875479c6ac9312716	He becomes the first single skater in the history of Russia — a three time world champion who managed to win this title three times in a row!
80cf0d76cadeed97e38feb96d8e5892f53dc014c	The 2000-2001 season is notable for the appearance of one of the famous free programs of Alexey Yagudin "Gladiator", set to music for the movie of the same name.
370aaee5027d9f5e9ca92f2ea6088cf79d227b5e	However, it was with Gladiator, having won two stages of the Grand Prix series, the Open Championships of Canada and Japan, that Yagudin lost all the major starts of 2001.
beacd63824c523f55f9ddbb1a691a81593d354f6	Lyosha himself said about the program: "This is about a man who was strong, had everything, won.
0fb674b5faf196e949edd261e435e0024d633bc9	Then I broke down, lost everything and started climbing again..."
2b016d30871696d3c8ec862b7bdd3b84e38bc3ec	The 2001 World Championship in Vancouver began for Alexey, who was injured, with a failure of qualification.
048c2a1d5fc5c1fdadc584053c7a1e5dc718253b	After her, he was only the fifth.
d5171582a53e127c03a800f059d5e0a6d329705e	The doctors ordered the athlete to withdraw from the tournament, but he went on the ice and brilliantly skated a short program.
43d017044cdb49cdb77970f98c5fc312b1a68c1e	Before the free program, Russell Crowe, the performer of the main role in the film "Gladiator", sent Yagudin his autographed photo.
02fa37fd6808253a2d397d798e03794db0b8a5fa	Alexey fought to the end and became the second, losing the palm of the world championship to Evgeny Plushenko for the first and last time in his career.
0e766849ea93c2e77fe635fcd0c1ef01cb621b0c	After the end of the season, Alexey Yagudin accepts an invitation to take part in the Canadian show Stars on Ice, where he performs with such famous figure skaters as Kurt Browning, Brian Orser and Scott Hamilton.
2faa55a94235f51d46243de6e877894d5b6e1e14	He wins the semi professional tournament "Masters of Figure Skating", the Skate Canada tournament, wins his fifth career "Trophee Lalique".
07bf957f141b394d002f54c7f8cc71bbf23c50e3	The so — called "Grand Slam" of Figure Skating also wins the four biggest starts of the season: the Grand Prix final, the European Championship, the Olympic Games and the World Championship.
68b96c8d7e8177f2c7b6d1ebb7ff4fcadfce7784	The short program "Winter", brilliantly performed at the Games, staged by T.
1e4fba0359c9a7abefea2bab6398df91930e8265	A. Tarasova and N. Morozov to the music of the band "Bond", is still considered a reference in terms of choreography and creating an artistic image on the ice.
36c363fd750c5b7c391421979ce968ae1fc84c0f	In one of the interviews given in the mixed zone of the Salt Lake City Ice Palace immediately after the victory, Alexey will excitedly say: "It's hard to imagine, having won three world championships, two European championships, that I finally became an Olympic champion without ever being the champion of Russia!
ce3bb7172dd82dd61a0994a54ef5308b91ed8dd6	It's funny, but...
6549c215f0ec0801a827bc99f0ae472d4cbf3ecb	I just canot believe it's finally happened yet!"
e47d870055a7fc62ac6911d24ddfe9a0c1b888e3	With all his titles, Yagudin is the vice champion of the country four times.
d45a332bd5004c22534525f52cacf50be97075d5	Almost the entire sports career of Alexey Yagudin is a duel that has left a bright mark in the history of figure skating.
a7e11507f45cbf93342ad2e489c3c6453f554f24	It is noteworthy, for example, such a fact: in an Online auction, the cost of two tickets for the men's figure skating tournament in Salt Lake City, where the decisive Olympic duel between Yagudin and Plushenko took place, reached $ 11,000.
f8ee600a80fc4d79f4fe082a6877ae24fd956076	This is exactly the amount that one fan laid out to witness the" battle " of two Russians!
12a66268edc417ffdf9dc578edf701ee1d5d85ad	The 2002 World Championship brings Yagudin a new title — he becomes the only four time world champion in figure skating in the history of Russia today.
a88d69ed6b3b3a26397d14441138aa3bf1f08b39	And he sets a new record: he receives six "sixes" from the judges for the short program "Winter" — one for the technique of execution and five for the presentation.
282b318ae1adfb5c5f38f86c9fe7f91eb72a6b18	The post Olympic season of 2002-2003 also begins with victories.
e177407732a14dcb4aba8025dfb918c848cacb69	Alexey Yagudin wins a number of semi professional tournaments, the Top Jumps tournament, becomes a two time world champion among professionals (Halmark Skaters Championship).
8c6ffe2f1bc5671de85d1518f559ef354d3f0658	However, the pain in the hip, which previously could be somehow managed and skated, makes itself felt with a new force.
18c7a1217f7aa16079fe85cee4a2f22bafe4e583	And Alexey is withdrawing from competitions for the first time in his life: after performing the short program "Race" at Skate America in October 2002, he takes first place, but a few minutes before the free program is rolled, he is forced to give up further struggle.
8c35ad572f4e4cc59e9402a970f1a34bc123e248	The audience accompanies the skater with a standing ovation.
05516c43ff590e1a031c1675537fb7fbbb91da14	In November 2003, Alexey Yagudin announced his retirement from sports.
595ad928ce1e3907bbc719eb6ea1a549c7b0a1b7	After the end of his sports career[edit / edit wiki text]
2e6e7004afaa3857bfa422016c3b11d3300f4576	In the show "Stars on Ice" and at professional tournaments, Alexey performed through pain, constantly taking strong painkillers.
46103d481ac5e0f0bef23723384d78f64e3152e6	Nevertheless, he twice became the world champion among professionals.
1e746370ff4576d91829ca1cf08f5999dd5630b8	He participated in many shows and demonstrations.
83db6eade25783584107e61319805234b79104fb	Already in the status of a professional, he competed twice under the new ISU judging system at the Japan Open Figure Skating Team Competition tournaments[1].
28df1e0ec1f2b19a87d053fc37935a1595069b3d	In 2007, Yagudin underwent surgery to replace his right hip joint.
3eea155a985e12a00acb50bb0c10a31350b05794	After that, encouraged by the lack of pain, Alexey told the press that he wanted to return to amateur sports[2].
1cd241904cad544b123e6f8dfd41b6a575ade7ee	However, these plans were not destined to come true.
223d91c2791b24c8b7fddc8519337c8666f13b00	In the process of preparing for his return, Yagudin faced new injuries, he could not finish his performances at a performance in Germany and was taken off the ice[3].
cbec21e84eec032d4a41b6dc2310f1d2c2b52bc9	After that, Alexey parted with the dream of continuing his amateur career[4].
bc1f07fd4161137239f6b348809ee7516c0b170d	Even before the operation, Alexey Yagudin returned from the United States, where he had lived for the last seven years, to Russia and settled in his native St. Petersburg.
3a21fd1d7078b9f2832eea1d3cb8dbd1d4e7f75d	Career on television, on the ice stage, in the theater and in the cinema[edit / edit wiki text]
4f7edc1d8e8e8c9533ee2dcf2cd36ecb05c237f1	He participated in the projects of the First Channel: in 2006 in the show "Stars on Ice" paired with TV presenter Oksana Pushkina, the TV game " Who wants to become a millionaire?", in 2007 in "Ice Age" with singer Victoria Daineko, and in 2008 and 2009 paired with actress Valeria Lanskaya.
324e1aa7ab18f143343216ab1a17b858835065b7	In 2010, he participated in the project of the First Channel: "Ice and Flame" in a pair with Maria Kozhevnikova.
023a9f3b43da8fa85ee1e7058dfacd76e0d2560a	In 2011, he participated in the show" Bolero " in a pair with ballerina Kristina Kretova.
e4c0328266d0dbf45e3eb46302270b852225522c	In 2012, he was the host of the show "Cup of Professionals" paired with Irina Slutskaya.
03501f33d9d71b304eb107d1b0df6ee8e6f184b8	In 2013 and 2014, he was the host of "Ice Age" in a pair with Irina Slutskaya, in 2016 with Alla Mikheeva.
d818bac714e8fb6ff1dc152c92eda7f5cea18d54	Since 2007, he has been a frequent guest in the KVN jury.
bff3335d0fd29fb44d37f54b2d86a298bccfda9a	On television, he recorded many stories for the program of Mikhail Shirvindt "I Want to know".
5deb902f1018e9cbc17d1f0e521e032f99d7f8b2	In 2013, Alexey continues his career in television broadcasting.
0032b54d4bd4a0a72b3beecbf3e8f6d186df8b61	Together with Irina Slutskaya, he also leads the television project "Ice Age".
24537c29e3af474b6f4901edbc5eaf3fa1a90906	In 2008, Alexey played the President of the Russian Federation in the satirical play "The President's Vacation", which took place on the stage of the Satire Theater[5].
478eedfa4be5d3061f17327b5d79375ee98c2c81	He starred in one of the main roles in the TV series about figure skating "Hot Ice", shown on Channel One in 2009.
bd8153e497b3ab6123a7691c8268f7f82372bf22	In 2010, he played one of the main roles in the ice performance "Lights of the Big City" (directed by I. Averbukh).
c23e2e378f9902adf50d09d29a9a705eebfd84ee	He also played on the theater stage in the entreprise play "Donot believe your eyes" (Louis Lamar).
7786eb707e3fe01b94b510a9cea00449f119af25	In 2013, Alexey Yagudin, together with Miroslava Karpovich, takes part in a new theatrical production of "Stories of Adventures".
f21f7226a22646e86016bc2155b47b2679f4fde8	And also plays in the entreprise play "Panic, or Men on the verge of a nervous breakdown" based on the play by the Finnish playwright Mika Mulluaho (Leo).
2c48ca1b732f18c4a98eee6060933a54a3fa21e1	Directed by V. Mikhelson.
e6bbe807afd9f3fe0858239ca9f0cb5cb07913d7	He plays the main role in the ice performance "Hearts of Four".
1c20e598bafd340877bd4a87a3a784402632f2fa	He is acting in a movie.
f36560e526b5a9e376cf2305fa550feec4d831c0	Riding style[edit / edit wiki text]
5a7bf6dadb507a158b6d48a935a168c096398efb	Yagudin's performances were emotional, with a lot of connecting elements.
ccf737ffd4331f461701eabd5087b6d14c143aa5	Most of all, Yagudin is known for his " Yagudin tracks — - performed at high speed along an intricate curve, with a large number of jagged steps, complex movements of the arms and body.
c4584a53b872dc9efbf8e8e2e5f3ebb26332b628	Alexey's "business cards" are " The Man in the Iron Mask "(2002 FS Olympics) and" Winter " (2002 SP Olympics).
55dfd15e5983639bc1c4bf4c25bf464a4a612275	On November 20, 2009, Alexey Yagudin and the Olympic champion in pair skating Tatyana Totmyanina had a daughter, Elizabeth, [6] and on October 2, 2015, the couple had a second daughter, as Yagudin reported on the social network Instagram[7] The girl was named Michelle.
e387d7e509f4e924f3b468628bc5fc0062562a01	Since February 2016, he has been married to Tatyana Totmyanina.
6d24013cf089089f9ee7d88d190d14b3e68a1932	Incidents[edit / edit wiki text]
30b72c1e2a9dd119e51062711aa675c822fb5e3d	In 2003, Alexey Yagudin was detained by the police of the city of Avon, Connecticut, for speeding.
88f57cd3b16d6e1ebd4fdc0e7b29acead5b5ca56	After the examination, it turned out that the alcohol level in his blood significantly exceeds the permissible norm[8].
2b349c14b3eee17e63265db83b3d83ac998be343	According to the decision of the Superior Court of the city of Hartford, he had to undergo "a special program for first time convicted of drunk driving"[9].
d2173348b6d37bd6bbbf1b58c233f03446e8398a	In March 2008, while on tour with the show "Ice Age" in Krasnodar, Yagudin was admitted to the hospital with an inflammation of the appendix.
d254e8da86ff2d9f33c1ea3e7b5b239311747992	The figure skater underwent surgery, and three days later he was discharged from the hospital[10].
36cfb414a6e77f7eecec98795f4eff1bfa089a19	In June 2008, a Porsche Cayenne car belonging to a figure skater was stolen in Moscow by unknown people, the car also contained a gold medal won by Yagudin at one of the World Championships[11].
21f6335cf81cc0951fdc4a6b124313dc25fe5d30	Order of Merit for the Fatherland, IV degree (May 5, 2003) - for a great contribution to the development of physical culture and sports, high sports achievements at the Games of the XIX Olympiad in 2002 in Salt Lake City[12] Winner of the National Sports Award "Glory", "The Best Athlete of 2002"
a1dc9915e0eccd79c7e51a9cf8e99e976da37dab	Sports achievements[edit / edit wiki text]
7b111241ec6744942fad5ed684f2ad014976a570	Olympic champion of 2002 in single skating Four time world champion (1998, 1999, 2000, 2002) Two time world champion among professionals (1998, 2002) Three time European champion (1998, 1999, 2002) Four time silver medalist of the Russian Championship (1998, 1999, 2000, 2001)
e8bdb5aa2efb0dc89f0f4032f3c09f1849808870	Competitions/Season 1993-1994 1995-1996 1996-1997 1997-1998 1998-1999 1999-2000 2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003 Winter Olympic Games 5 1 World Championships 3 1 1 1 2 1 European Championships 6 5 1 1 2 2 1 World Junior Championships 4 1 Russian Championships 3 2 2 2 2 Grand Prix Finals 4 1 2 1 Skate America 3 1 1 2 WD Cup of Russia 2 1 Sparkassen Cup 3 1 Skate Canada 1 1 1 Trophee Lalique 1 1 1 1 1 Masters of Figure Skating 2 2 1 1 1
c626b3a84897edd8b47252971c015cd1433af433	2008-2009 — "Hot Ice" - Roma Kozyrev 2009 — "The heart of Captain Nemov" - Petelin 2012 — "Deffchonki" - cameo 2013 — "Masha and the Bear" - Ilya
67b038d9ff33803bcab9d566ce74735cddc0f39e	Figure skating at the 1998 Winter Olympics single skating (men)
0c920edf6137807cdcdc3431d209a67f4363e271	↑ The results of the Japan Open Figure Skating Championships all years ↑ Alexei YAGUDIN: "I'm BACK!"
762b0e787bc014b9c75c6315dfb9e51b234601d8	↑ Alexei Yagudin: "the Chance to return to the sport is practically zero" ↑ Alexei Yagudin was unable to return to the sport ↑ Yagudin will play the role of the President in the play "Vacation of the President" ↑ Famous skater Yagudin became the father of ↑ Alexei Yagudin and Tatiana Totmianina again became parents | StarHit.ru ↑ Olympic champion Alexei Yagudin will stand trial ↑ Olympic champion Russian Alexei Yagudin will attend alcohol courses ↑ Alexei Yagudin cut the Appendix ↑ Alexei Yagudin stole the car "Porsche Cayenne" and a gold medal ↑ Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 502 of May 5, 2003
2e545fc294aeb953fda310d431a2056b7bd7a42a	Yagudin, Alexey Konstantinovich on Wikimedia Commons
e1d77cf69f15d45cc561087ab49c54288ce323ca	Profile (English) on the official website of the International Skating Union.
0291751b46943f5eedf4da72d4653848df504110	Alexey Yagudin on the IOC website (English) Unofficial website of A. Yagudin Interview of Alexey Yagudin to the magazine Sex and the City Video confirmation of the official pages Official page on the social network Facebook Video channel on YouTube
92a90edb28914fa39cb1dbe5bfe3422b09d0edb1	Sports themed websites reference.com
622f14fd522b14417f62e2e9d5edd88f30d77b18	Regulatory Control NDL: 01001617 * VIAF: 262264436
c76312ed1dafb8435725bf8a115c195a3117a8e0	Olympic champions in men's single figure skating
a7861a4e2a1d6f024109cbc5d216642e935c7672	1908: Ulrich Salchow / Nikolai Panin · 1920: Gillis Grafstrom · 1924: Gillis Grafstrom · 1928: Gillis Grafstrom · 1932: Karl Schaefer · 1936: Karl Schaefer · 1948: Dick Button · 1952: Dick Button · 1956: Hayes Alan Jenkins · 1960: David Jenkins · 1964: Manfred Schneldorfer · 1968: Wolfgang Schwarz · 1972: Ondrej Nepela · 1976: John Curry · 1980: Robin Cousins · 1984: Scott Hamilton · 1988: Brian Boitano · 1992: Viktor Petrenko · 1994: Alexey Urmanov · 1998: Ilya Kulik · 2002: Alexey Yagudin · 2006: Evgeny Plushenko · 2010: Evan Laysachek · 2014: Yuzuru Hanyu
5ef79817c6ce02ddd0f3718594b2d8902fac0b82	World champions in men's single figure skating
f75602a55c8e1c1cca8619d23f2d7b8a7918ebfb	1896: Hilbert Fuchs · 1897: Gustav Hugel · 1898: Henning Grenander · 1899-1900: Gustav Hugel · 1901-1905: Ulrich Salchow · 1906: Hilbert Fuchs · 1907-1911: Ulrich Salchow · 1912-1913: Fritz Kahler · 1914: Gost Sandal · 1922: Gillis Grafstrom · 1923: Fritz Kahler · 1924: Gill is Grafstrom · 1925-1928: Willy Beckle · 1929: Gillis Grafstrom · 1930-1936: Karl Schaefer · 1937-1938: Felix Kaspar · 1939: Graham Sharp · 1947: Hans Gershwiler · 1948-1952: Dick Button · 1953-1956: Hayes Alan Jenkins · 1957-1959: David Jenkins · 1960: Alain Giletti · 1962: Donald Jackson · 1963: Donald MacPherson · 1964: Manfred Schneldorfer · 1965: Alain Kalma · 1966-1968: Emmerich Danzer · 1969-1970: Tim Wood · 1971-1973: Ondrej Nepela · 1974: Jan Hoffmann · 1975: Sergey Volkov · 1976: John Curry · 1977: Vladimir Kovalev · 1978: Charles Tickner · 1979: Vladimir Kovalev · 1980: Jan Hoffmann · 1981-1984: Scott Hamilton · 1985: Alexander Fadeev · 1986: Brian Boitano · 1987: Brian Orser · 1988: Brian Boitano · 1989-1991: Kurt Browning · 1992: Viktor Petrenko · 1993: Kurt Browning · 1994-1995: Elvis Stoiko · 1996: Todd Eldridge · 1997: Elvis Stoiko · 1998-2000: Alexey Yagudin · 2001: Evgeny Plushenko · 2002: Alexey Yagudin · 2003-2004: Evgeny Plushenko · 2005-2006: Stefan Lambiel · 2007: Brian Joubert · 2008: Jeffrey Battle · 2009: Evan Laisacek · 2010: Daisuke Takahashi · 2011-2013: Patrick Chan · 2014: Yuzuru Hanyu · 2015-2016: Javier Fernandez
a81aba65f58411358e04559f3efb9a805d5fbbe0	European Figure Skating Champions men
99935066e9d4c3c3261817d954a2214f6654b77b	1891: Oskar Ulig · 1892-1894: Eduard Engelmann · 1895: Tibor von Foldvari · 1898-1900: Ulrich Salchow · 1901: Gustav Hugel · 1904: Ulrich Salchow · 1905: Max Bohach · 1906-1907: Ulrich Salchow · 1908: Ernst Hertz · 1909-1910: Ulrich Salchow · 1911: Per Toren · 1912: Gost Sandal · 1913: Ulrich Salchow · 1914: Fritz Kahler · 1922-1923: Willy Beckle · 1924: Fritz Kahler · 1925-1928: Willy Beckle · 1929-1936: Karl Schaefer · 1937-1938: Felix Kaspar · 1939: Graham Sharp · 1947: Hans Gershwiler · 1948: Dick Button · 1949: Edi Rada · 1950: Ede Kiray · 1951-1952: Helmut Seibt · 1953-1954: Carlo Fassi · 1955-1957: Alain Giletti · 1958-1959: Karol Divin · 1960-1961: Alain Giletti · 1962-1964: Alain Kalma · 1965-1968: Emmerich Danzer · 1969-1973: Ondrej Nepela · 1974: Jan Hoffmann · 1975: Vladimir Kovalev · 1976: John Curry · 1977-1979: Jan Hoffmann · 1980: Robin Cousins · 1981: Igor Bobrin · 1982-1983: Norbert Schramm · 1984: Alexander Fadeev · 1985-1986: Josef Sabovchik · 1987-1989: Alexander Fadeev · 1990-1991: Viktor Petrenko · 1992: Peter Barna · 1993: Dmitry Dmitrenko · 1994: Viktor Petrenko · 1995: Ilya Kulik · 1996: Vyacheslav Zagorodnyuk · 1997: Alexey Urmanov · 1998-1999: Alexey Yagudin · 2000-2001: Evgeny Plushenko · 2002: Alexey Yagudin · 2003: Evgeny Plushenko · 2004: Briand Joubert · 2005-2006: Evgeny Plushenko · 2007: Briand Joubert · 2008: Tomas Werner · 2009: Brian Joubert · 2010: Evgeny Plushenko · 2011: Florent Amodio · 2012: Evgeny Plushenko · 2013-2016: Javier Fernandez
3f807a7186b0fd5ee19b419a8390792be288adba	World Junior Champions — men's single skating
a01b4e4bd18765fae8715d003f707784fe61f4f0	1976: Mark Cockerell · 1977: Daniel Beland · 1978: Dennis Coi · 1979: Vitaly Egorov · 1980: Alexander Fadeev · 1981: Paul Wiley · 1982: Scott Williams · 1983: Christopher Bowman * 1984: Viktor Petrenko · 1985: Eric Larson · 1986: Vladimir Petrenko · 1987: Rudy Galindo · 1988: Todd Eldridge · 1989: Vyacheslav Zagorodnyuk · 1990: Igor Pashkevich · 1991: Vasily Eremenko · 1992: Dmitry Dmitrenko · 1993: Evgeny Pleuta · 1994: Michael Weiss · 1995: Ilya Kulik · 1996: Alexey Yagudin · 1997: Evgeny Plushenko · 1998: Derrick Delmore · 1999: Ilya Klimkin · 2000: Stefan Lindemann · 2001: Johnny Weir · 2002: Daisuke Takahashi · 2003: Alexander Shubin · 2004: Andrey Gryazev · 2005: Nobunari Oda · 2006: Takahiko Kozuka · 2007: Stephen Carrier · 2008-2009: Adam Rippon · 2010: Yuzuru Hanyu · 2011: Andrey Rogozin · 2012: Yan Han · 2013: Joshua Farris · 2014: Nam Nguyen · 2015: Sema Uno · 2016: Daniel Samokhin
52a19fefb1ba65004577738b1eb170d8869696e7	Winners of the Grand Prix Final in men's single figure skating
8d31efb95f4e3881543dc8fef70854cc1431522d	1995/1996: Alexey Urmanov · 1996/1997: Elvis Stoiko · 1997/1998: Ilya Kulik · 1998/1999: Alexey Yagudin · 1999/2000—2000/2001: Evgeny Plushenko · 2001/2002: Alexey Yagudin · 2002/2003: Evgeny Plushenko · 2003/2004: Emanuel Sandu · 2004/2005: Evgeny Plushenko · 2005/2006: Stefan Lambiel · 2006/2007: Brian Joubert · 2007/2008: Stefan Lambiel · 2008/2009: Jeremy Abbott · 2009/2010: Evan Lysacek · 2010/2011—2011/2012: Patrick Chan · 2012/2013: Daisuke Takahashi · 2013/2014—2016/2017: Yuzuru Hanyu
20273286b6633ad09c48caa55bbbcf8497944ad4	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yagudin, _alexey Konstantinovich&oldid=82508619"
39e8c21410eb7bb44872e202a2ae0766c7bced50	Categories: Born on March 18, Born in 1980 Persons alphabetically Born in St. Petersburg Holders of the Order "For Services to the Fatherland" 4 degrees Honored Masters of Sports of Russia Athletes alphabetically Figure skaters alphabetically Olympic champions in figure skating World champions in figure skating European champions in figure skating World champions in figure skating among juniors Winners of the Grand Prix Final in Figure Skating Russian Figure skaters Olympic champions from Russia Champions of the 2002 Winter Olympics Figure skaters at the 1998 Winter Olympics Figure skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics Actors of Russia TV Presenters of the XXI century TV presenters of Russia Actors of the XXI century
8ff99a3948b59993e32fe38d4ea2a402b400371f	Hidden categories: Wikipedia:Articles without links to sources since January 2014 Wikipedia:Articles without sources (type: person; occupation: figure skater) Wikipedia:Articles with redefinition of the value from Wikidata Wikipedia:Biographies of contemporaries Wikipedia:Stylistically incorrect articles
f07637d6ea7bd8e21301698a51044c8b423a198f	Belarusian Belarusian (tarashkevitsa) Čeština Deutsch English Español Suomi Français עברית Magyar Italiano 日本本 Olyk mari Mongol Nederlands Norsk bokmål Polski Português Slovenčina Svenska Türkçe Tatarcha/tatarça Ukrainka 中文
ce451041e8252ac13dea90f93634133bbc8aec1b	Last modified on this page: 11: 24, December 16, 2016.
5f0510b84a56c9ac80624b18d6a1f2454ade6eb2	Bobrin, Igor Anatolyevich
adcf4844cbdc05bfab3fa3e98ceda281a9881344	(redirected from "Igor Bobrin")
3e3318ef0e58d70c1364ff4b27449675b8674ea9	Igor Bobrin Personal data Represents the USSR USSR→Russia Russia
930596200f13eadf1b943f2f8a32c707b960a950	Date of birth: November 14, 1953(1953-11-14) (63 years old)
d10d4285488af40c2f50884941b167d15aab5d87	Place of birth Leningrad, USSR
9c88fcfe39c758a6661463e78842f8164adf6db5	Former coaches Tatiana Loveyko,
51009c76665435c1c6dd3a274ab2a38be2b060ff	Igor Moskvin,
0c9abdff9b0b003a530f588be3fefec0c85603a5	Yuri Ovchinnikov
030e3aed96a1fb42667a72094e1a22e482fd3855	Awards ,
c40ca3db840244a0036cc5d1437d6866dacf6791	Figure Skating World Championships Bronze Hartford 1981 Single skating European Championships Gold Innsbruck 1981 single skating Bronze Lyon 1982 single skating
de6b3a4f488ad178b309692e0c510ae62388bc95	Igor Anatolyevich Bobrin (born November 14, 1953 (19531114), Leningrad) is a Soviet and Russian figure skater (single skating).
cf7f8ab9254afb7a20ccecd127a1d54f1253770e	European Champion (1981).
6884d2702e465a7bdd2f5dc9b11d6927cff7f85d	Honored Master of Sports of the USSR (1981).
9a48bd84d0fda0a3cbcdbe193fb085052573a508	Honored Coach of Russia (2002).
43d757d7d9745cb72235fde83191f8eff467430e	1 Biography 1.1 Achievements 1.2 Activities 1.3 Personal life
699d2a7a3ccf1a7ad50d52c83d852a7742550362	2 Books 3 Notes 4 References
3bbe39e5f51645d8dc19f3d3ba4b4be484664b7d	Parents: Maria Ilyinichna and Anatoly Pavlovich, there is an older brother Vladimir.
3e4eb4a415f6eed002fbbed8e42ab7e1ee3bd60b	At the age of 7, Bobrin was brought to figure skating (to the Izmailovsky skating rink in Leningrad) by his parents to improve his health.
9d6889e49d935c6e9c970e35ebb4dd4c346176ee	The first coach was Tatyana Loveyko[1] (since 1960), since 1965 he trained with Igor Moskvin (in a group with Yuri Ovchinnikov, Vladimir Kurenbin, etc.), from 1980/1981 — with Yuri Ovchinnikov.
5c76aa091791f2fad3db09b2521decf44e452be3	He spoke for Leningrad (DSO of Trade Unions).
378b7cc39ca1a610b900dccb2e47298e590dd9a1	Achievements[edit / edit wiki text]
c1920fba4a708ac2e75bfff49988b0a6f87c46c8	At the USSR Championship in 1972, 1974-1976, he took 3rd place, then became a 4 time champion of the USSR (1978, 1980-1982).
1fb52810a28d5eb73cb44e4232dd7426866d84d3	The winner of the USSR Cup in 1977 and 1979 (possibly in other years).
e65ce97d6baba5349fb16def00d87e15b46753b3	In 1976, he made his debut at the World Championship.
7dd6a03eec845a56f71b76b641cfb98dbfb9d9d9	At the 1980 Winter Olympics, he took 6th place, the American public was dissatisfied with the judges ' ratings.
6ec46b327364c3fed0807539aa93bc6467efdc9c	In 1980-1982, he performed for three seasons with one free program to the music of Rick Wakeman, in 1982, due to the reduction of the free program from 5 to 4.5 minutes, he was forced to cut part of it.
87282d02a404b869281e888f5fc5ca0bc30dd81c	The most successful year in Bobrin's sports career was 1981.
02e783ace379849e41026888b216cde4fb764b18	At the European Championship, he was taken out by Sergey Volkov, due to the ban on traveling abroad from Ovchinnikov.
fd10772cf320ac176d96268e69c24f6eed4e4e84	He took second place in the mandatory figures, in the short program (called "Shot Bird") he unsuccessfully performed a cascade and was fourth.
32137be9eec2f2c77e9964baf35ca6cd67064289	However, then he beat everyone in the free program, purely performing five different triple jumps, including a triple lutz and a rare triple flip in those years, a number of others. original elements, causing the delight of the audience and a long ovation at the end of the program.
f9766c451f996bd48ab5d28fa9d828fb47b23e0e	The judges gave very high marks, including four 5.9 marks for artistry, which allowed him to become a champion.
1399c62b822f5ba3f3ca7e9dc90fe6c66114b8ab	At the world championship 1981 was the fifth in the figures and fourth in the short program, but once again dramatically improved the outcome in any program, becoming the second (performed four clean triple jumps, including a triple Lutz).
9baa5ed09b2bd7e2818120e488472d2877f5bda4	American audiences are enthusiastic standing ovation, the judges for artistry put grades 5,8—5,9, with the exception of one 5,6, and eventually skater received a bronze medal.
9090a4e3de2640acae521f0a5e57f7cc65372202	There was an incident at the 1982 European Championship in Lyon.
e2f148b7c7533ec9631f4c18d05bd46807acfff6	At the end of the warm up of the strongest group, the first of which, by lot, was supposed to be Bobrin, a group of Poles supporting Solidarity came out on the ice (sources indicate that the protest was sanctioned by the French authorities[2], contrary to the rules of the ISU).
431c87636a942f2c3d7ee23b02e40b65d56c98a2	The French audience greeted them with a disapproving whistle.
595f021887fccef03970215a8090eb58e725f8ca	After about 1-2 minutes, the police, accompanied by the applause of the audience, managed to escort them off the ice, but Bobrin's start was noticeably delayed, which affected his performance.
437891900cb63aeb8c3d7ddabdb510f78bf6fe95	Igor broke the first difficult jump — a triple lutz, having performed only a double one, having hesitantly performed several other jumps.
16d850de666f1acca33903446d7b60f81f1eb21b	The judges lowered the scores for the technique up to 5.5-5.6.
bfeaf921ac974b30aaf3608feb8e11756f75ba41	As a result, Bobrin took only the third place.
5d3f4de0a8be26bbb65894cc8f49bbe16d721e83	In January 1983, he took 2nd place at the USSR championship, but the Federation's leadership, under the pretext of "rejuvenation of the team", did not include him in the national team, and the third vacancy from the USSR at the European Championship remained unoccupied.
8ccd34f63b7465f6f7ddf523c6aa8e68119648ae	In April 1983, during the demonstration performances of the USSR national team, Bobrin was sent off from the big sport.[3]
e1a07cf3586b1ac20a1fea3d3227dccd3888ae63	In addition, improved the elements themselves, coming up with a whole series of steps on one foot in different directions, the combination of 4-5 jumps in different directions (in 1980-1982 played a unique combination of the four jumping in sex trafficking, and double Axel in different directions), the original spiral rotation; one of the world captured in five different triple jumps, the world's only played the so called "Bobrinsky jump" (jump bobrin) with the first rotation in the horizontal plane (invented by Tamara Moskvina), successfully entering them into the program.
a30ca68bd9a6392e976da0cd0afcb6d5406615f0	After the death of Lyudmila Pakhomova in 1986, he was invited to teach at the Department of figure Skating choreographers of the GITIS Choreography Department, where he worked for 10 years.
f143c60628ba6eacfa2b5b64cfdbabbda9c1c580	As a choreographer, he worked with the couple Elena Berezhnaya Anton Sikharulidze, who became Olympic champions in 2002; in 2005, he helped put on the program for Irina Slutskaya, when she became world champion.
2806351ecc9bdf927a2b42a354c6dcf7d8238233	In 2011-2012, he was a member of the judging panel of the TV show "Cup of Professionals"[4] of the all Russian television channel Channel One (Russia).
1467d813d23a77aa79b5823d84a3480bbce2d2c8	Since 1983, he has been married to Natalia Bestemyanova, an Olympic figure skating champion.
4dcadf70a6337066dd13cb81f923bf40331e2284	There is a son Maxim (born 1977) from his first marriage with Natalia Ovchinnikova.
8431347084584e22e65bc733ba83a7b9e3393c90	Natalia Bestemyanova, Igor Bobrin, Andrey Bukin.
5c0a5177e214871b71d8738a8e6c5437474f99c5	A couple in which there are three.
a1b0b51d607a2699c8187b92ef9afcc99ab7f635	- Moscow: "Vagrius", 2001 — - ISBN 5-264-00650-4
457b186903970be0bb2e0f506389aeab93b82f0f	Лов Loveyko Tatyana Ivanovna ↑ [1] (unavailable link from 15-05-2016 [248 days])
249ec5c4e46cce340ee7b3bc43538c1fe6674ceb	↑ Sports biography of Igor Bobrin: The last season of 1983 ↑ "Professional Cup"
e705d8d8d058090526ca0422740619a040aeffd8	"The site of the Theater of Ice Miniatures" the site of the Ice Trio Interview with Bobrin (February 2002) Article by E. Wojciechowska Interview with Bobrin (April 2006) The Unloved revelations of a sleeping cowboy
7a517a54d25004a87acfd48fdc40ddc591f22bd0	Champions of the USSR in single skating
9478e482f1770c3f9faf5af1491eb7917634cd6b	1920: Fyodor Datlin · 1923-1924, 1927-1929: Yuri Zeldovich · 1933: Ivan Bogoyavlensky · 1937-1939, 1940: Peter Chernyshev · 1945: Sergey Vasiliev · 1946, 1947: Peter Orlov · 1948-1950: Sergey Vasiliev · 1951: Peter Orlov · 1952: Ivan Mitrushchenkov · 1953, 1954: Valentin Zakharov 1955: Igor Persiantsev · 1956-1960: Lev Mikhailov · 1961-1962: Valery Meshkov · 1963: Alexander Vedenin · 1964: Valery Meshkov · 1965: Alexander Vedenin · 1966: Valery Meshkov · 1967-1971: Sergey Chetverukhin · 1972: Vladimir Kovalev · 1973: Sergey Chetverukhin · 1974: Sergey Volkov · 1975: Yuri Ovchinnikov · 1976: Sergey Volkov · 1977: Vladimir Kovalev · 1978: Igor Bobrin · 1979: Konstantin Kokora * 1980-1982: Igor Bobrin · 1983: Alexander Fadeev · 1984: Vitaly Egorov · 1985: Vladimir Kotin · 1986-1990: Alexander Fadeev · 1991: Viktor Petrenko · 1992: Alexey Urmanov
15eebe01bde64ebb24a3045daa8826bb79d2104e	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bobrin, _igor Anatolyevich&oldid=79580323"
57d10b152a03e517a4730a9f46e0565fdf5c6376	Categories: Born on November 14, Born in 1953, Personalities alphabetically Born in St. Petersburg Honored Masters of Sports of the USSR Honored Coaches of Russia Athletes alphabetically Figure skaters alphabetically European Champions in figure skating USSR Champions in figure skating Figure skaters at the 1980 Winter Olympics Figure Skaters of the USSR Choreographers in figure skating
7675b68a6e182487a10ce0a88702d6772d5d6e18	Hidden categories: Wikipedia:Articles with non working links from May 2016 Wikipedia:Articles with redefinition of the value from Wikidata Wikipedia:Biographies of contemporaries Wikipedia:Articles about athletes without portraits Pages using magic ISBN links
adf8a7b7706f8d38d51a9fa734994349ad8f9fb3	Deutsch English Français 日本語 Português
e03990ca01134c6f0111199596ab5ab3a0ca14dd	Last modified on this page: 09: 02, July 15, 2016.
9f03092993bee7e9c9276ed513766e6fa9e41456	Stephen Edwin King (eng. Stephen Edwin King; b. September 21, 1947, Portland, Maine, USA) is an American writer working in a variety of genres, including horror, thriller, science fiction, fantasy, mystery, drama; he received the nickname "The King of Horrors".
ae738824887453915421f9711f334ce5c7bed23a	Translated from English, his surname King means "king". The writer owes his surname to his father, who changed his Polish surname "Spenski" to the more sonorous English "King"
9653c85859e2409d76dc5d348b92d761f9b4fdba	More than 350 million copies of his books have been sold[2], based on which a number of feature films, television productions, and comics have been drawn.
6790974c4ed9d2a406da6b0affd83a9f013c5871	He wrote about 200 short stories, most of which were collected in nine author's collections.
ffbc568359f9d44958a62ac0ca033726a5daf81a	Many of King's works are set in his native state of Maine.
133579dc4d176621ce96c8845ad561cd7d46d253	King has published 50 novels, including 7 under the pseudonym Richard Bachman, and 5 non-fiction books.
e00ad981ec85b61baeb446f29afba9471cce7d51	His main idea was to check whether he could become popular under this name.
2bcc1d6d59b66779323d9bcf48eb36575452d320	The author was gnawed by doubts that his success was accidental.
5a3fa007ea23ef1757898cbab53a57cf49e2c8f6	King chose the surname Bachman for a reason.
77d261c8c3d46124b96a001bd4e21446dfe4afbb	His favorite musical group was the band "Bachman Turner Overdrive".
618b9f5b1c82196f6a4cb2ca64542051b7047ac8	Bookstore clerk Steve Brown was able to expose King's pseudonym.
8f9a03aff0923e49cd05ea07b4d381e1db8c6732	The man noticed the similarity between the works of both authors.
d9ef7adf7d7134652fe0fc859439adb8e3192d84	A story was invented that Richard allegedly died of cancer. In 1985, King admitted that he wrote it under the pseudonym Richard Bachman.
f3676f85858cab7cb030082a4272146b95e6197a	King also used other pseudonyms, such as John Sweeten for the novel "The Fifth Quarter".
15ca0e2bae966f721e3aa3ea865e47eb66ecf03b	King dedicated his 1989 book "The Dark Half" to this story, about how the pseudonym became flesh and took the place of the writer, "dedicated to the late Richard Bachman", and in 1996, when Stephen King's novel "Hopelessness" was published, and with it the novel "Regulators", where the last name Bachman was indicated as the author.
5ca896f8e4b9f6a5eac53fa9ce97455cfed0dad2	Stephen King was born on September 21, 1947 in Portland, Maine, to Merchant Marine captain Donald Edward King and Nellie Ruth Pillsbury, who were already raising a two-year-old adopted son, David Victor
b0d5d05b3bbe2bca2f279e1f5e6c532858c55750	The Kings went to adopt a newborn boy in September 1945, when doctors reported that Ruth would not be able to bear her children; the diagnosis of "infertility" turned out to be erroneous).
08a4e3c1bc3ff2049993d7511b3bb80beb9d2a1a	In 1949, when Stephen was two years old, his father Donald left the house one evening for cigarettes and did not return.
9afb58f1b8f70e1be28d6356568e95129dcc94c7	The mother of two sons held on, not losing heart.
486748434467eba6f4e396cabb6ec27ddc3d4829	The woman was helped in the upbringing of boys by many relatives.
8cda410b1245637e7b3207b7fe7b266d6273080f	King, his mother and brother moved from place to place until they settled in Maine.
f142d819909d4cb7c6c0f58fa05cdd63acb9b932	His fate remained unclear for a long time for Stephen and David, until in the late 1990s they learned that their father had started another family and lived nearby with his wife from Brazil with four children, until he died in 1980.
e4d24f7d281ed4305051451aceaee9acdb7de3a0	In 1950, four-year-old Stephen witnessed the death of his peer who was hit by a freight train — a circumstance that Steve himself, according to his own words, completely forgot about, having suffered a state of shock, but remembered a few years later when he was told about it.
1330fc03d8bf9b823b7e00346eadc6c0bcc85e96	Due to frequent travel and poor health, Stephen suffered from measles, then acute pharyngitis, which eventually spread to his ears and turned into an extremely unpleasant form of ear infection that could not be treated with antibiotics.
cd3896fa4959ed27f4ed114dd654aad792f4860d	I had to seek medical help from an otolaryngologist, who pierced the boy's eardrum three times with a sterile needle to drain the infected fluid.
e5d189cb77d2d26a02d9dadedcf9fc7cdc62ba7e	According to King's recollections, more than the hellish pain of punctures, he was tormented by the consciousness that the doctor had lied all three times, saying that it would not hurt, and he himself did not even bother to remember the patient's name.
3a36f7eb52a5d5653fe63df54eb9abc9836ad55d	Due to illness, Stephen had to stay in the first grade for the second year.
d8c0888e4e58cca33b35cb36ddd2973e3f21cebf	Distracted from the pain, the boy, with the encouragement of his mother, began to write small stories from the age of 12 — the first of them was called "Mr. Sly Rabbit" and told about a white rabbit and three of his friends animals traveling around the city in search of children in trouble to help them out.
0e3d1de050dc2a2f0c87632e90cfb20c8025e217	At the same time, the boy is passionately fond of reading books, mass viewing of horror comics (such as "Tales from the Crypt", "Tomb of Horrors", "Crypt of Horror", "Madness", "Spider-Man", "Superman", "Hulk") and movies (especially black and white and second-rate "horror movies").
9f5f957f5daf50f116a088f4ae1c8ac03f1349ad	The very first horror movie that he watched was "The Creature from the Black Lagoon", Stephen was really scared after watching the cartoon "Bambi" — because of the scene of a forest fire, the boy had nightmares for several weeks.
faee1cbd49a2a5db5041cf869cd277bd386ad4ba	In the late 1950s, the attention of eleven-year-old Steve, like most Americans, was captured by a series of bloody atrocities committed by 19-year-old Charles Starkweather and his 14-year-old girlfriend Caryl Fugate (together they killed 11 people in Nebraska and Wyoming).
ec1dbbd3c6a8ff0c37e07fa3086e063bdf9d5d75	Stephen collected a whole album of newspaper clippings about Starkweather's crimes.
70b43be973810ee3e55cead0661e9b16d4988bb4	When Stephen was twelve, he and his brother decided to publish their own newspaper.
c154dff8ab0361eac593bd1b1fa7154b0d0dbb6f	They gave it the name "Dave's Mustard Plaster".
2f8f6123e8936180d3f5cd5a18fa85ffd0bd3d78	Stephen, on the other hand, wrote a story with a sequel in each issue.
ea6df8046a392228ddffddb54fe2f1951797af8d	The boys distributed the newspaper for five cents.
4552663835f60e9d09520c4c33a4f69adc9329a4	Their customers were usually neighbors and relatives.
405ce612c46e0038a59eab74d0b0d3919931b2ed	Dave was responsible for local news, and Steve wrote reviews of his favorite TV shows and movies, as well as short stories.
886e23332306a4f7edc34b0630228751ddc63185	In 1960, he and his friend Chris Chesley published several short stories in a self-made collection "People, Places and Things" (English: People, Places and Things).
7ad871ded660bd9c3ec365ed04d1d075fd273f86	In high school, King could not decide whether to go to university or go to serve in Vietnam on a voluntary basis, where he could collect interesting facts for future novels.
217219f22b19b182a0b77be2289bf2ff5552549b	Steve had problems with his eyesight, so his mother tried in every possible way to dissuade her son from the service, which she managed.
5fbe4f04f043ca58f320b89945ee9456652f2fe5	Thus, after graduating from high school, he entered the university.
4999cc8cf6dd3cd6c0c725b882db4f0c9ee0f8b2	To pay for his studies, King got a job at a weaving factory
817611d09085f94ed2a2afb23a2229e9b4960337	King began writing in his first year of study.
5ff635242116be2b8beb289908de79f2249fde94	His first work was the novel "Put up with it", after that Steve started writing a full-fledged novel "The Long Walk", which the author sent to the publisher, but King was refused publication.
918dd5831ef810be0695d93ac229fc8bd16a554d	The student newspaper did not remain without Stephen's attention, he wrote a separate column in it.
d0cf8e8bc6bd483d9674974fd24db6daad55192d	In 1969, as a senior, King began working at the university library.
5545fe38465f5aa4fa56e31a3df74ec22472d73d	It was there that King met Tabitha Spruce, who soon became his wife.
46d5e566163a4ae369945e99d4df7bb54755e506	Among King's teachers was the famous literary critic Carroll Terrell, who later published a book about his student, Stephen King: a Man and an Artist
e95e5b8ea9e9ad3d7681907669f9181c506ac82a	In 1970, King graduated from the university with a bachelor's degree, and he was declared unfit for military service.
c7d8ba244654a84ddd76f6322523d34e8b9b885c	After graduating from the university, the young man became a bachelor of English and had the right to teach at a secondary school.
6765b6941218ab8bc9847588ed82f42e3e0668a8	He had no experience, so it was not easy to get a job in the specialty.
c87c9be77ae2bbbd9943bd8fb18f93766457d682	At first, the family experienced financial difficulties, they lived on King's salary in the laundry, his wife's student loan and King's rare royalties for publishing stories in magazines.
465555db3b41c51f8b67757ee5480642606f2466	In the first three years of their marriage, Stephen had two children.
20a1d5910b5a8121a38770599cb026dd0b754514	In the autumn of the same year, he began working as an English teacher at a school in Hampden
664ad493b3f491a5a3959f8a87e776103072d123	On December 18, 1973, Stephen's mother, Ruth King, died in Mexico City, at the home of his brother Dave.
bdc2317e3c8192f4b18f84772991f5e666cc201f	His wife found a draft of the novel "Carrie" in the trash, which King considered unsuccessful, and insisted that King finish it.
a5a4bc249a3e1fe37d9f0cdcdd01ca7a69573d40	The novel told about a girl with paranormal abilities, who, to put it mildly, was offended by classmates.
54d97dacb9b8517c154abdae27da985612e0bb2d	In 1974, Doubleday published the novel Carrie, for which King received an advance of $ 2,500.
929501c34b8296d646ce76742483cb6df10d1df5	Then the publishing house sold the copyright to "Carrie" to the publishing house " NAL " for $400,000, of which King received half, which allowed him to leave his job at the school.
15e088fbd0981b2e4dedd97bd833bface2065e11	From that moment on, Stephen could not work at school, he took up writing daily.
c2f15f723d5582acf02b330dd1dff8cf5f148b91	Tabitha also began to write and publish, but she did not become so popular, in comparison with her husband.
0e545c1ad53b7ac17ed5d10feafa722605324f25	King worked on "The Fate of Salem" and "The Shining" and by 1975 he was able to move the family to his own house, located in the lakes region in western Maine.
8d6f8b868a061872f967dd750e1f27d885af4e56	In the late 1970s, King, under the pseudonym Richard Bachman, published his early novel "Put up with It" under the title "Rage".
8691d4d09bccdcee826144d7309e90017a0ffe26	The book was withdrawn from sale, after real cases of school shootings began to occur in Kansas, a juvenile delinquent who killed three of his classmates was found to have an edition of this book, after which the author himself decided to withdraw the book from sale.
6c4ed5eec1f3fc78207d267f5d4f3d2d30c91f58	In 1998, King became the author of the script for one of the episodes of the popular TV series of that time "The X-Files".
61b2df73217fc86a6e68e8393ecc2518d395afd3	In 2006, during a press conference in London, King announced that he had found another Bachman novel, called "Blaze".
68edea8215f83003d5d67c47dedf176fd940b810	It was published on June 12, 2007.
e79d3b7e2da3f2db49df892b908e2aafbb21090e	In fact, the original manuscript was written by King while studying at the University of Maine and was kept there for many years, and King was listed as an expert.
70f0fa864e0a2070d046c5414fd06107702dcdd4	King completely rewrote the original 1973 manuscript for publication.
a98663b6eb31556b10b0b536ece5575faa1745f9	On June 19, 1999, at approximately 4: 30, while walking King, in Lovell, Maine, driver Brian Smith was distracted by his dog, as a result of which he ran over King in his minibus, which flew into a ditch and rolled into a hole located 14 feet from the pavement of route 5.
488f18cab13693cdee2f9543b50657168828ceca	The author was first taken to the North Cumberland Hospital in Bridgeton, and then was taken by helicopter to the Maine Central Medical Center in Lewiston.
5305eae17a46831c08c37e30aee80147647b432e	He suffered a damaged right lung, multiple fractures of his right leg, a head wound and a femoral fracture, and was kept on an artificial respiration machine until July 9.
ec1147ebbb527c8c15ad9571988976aaf383a288	The damage to the leg was so great that the doctors initially proposed amputation, but they managed to save the leg thanks to a rigid fixation.
7c954a53e2a572fba91a91c080f794ba576dc4fe	After five operations in ten days and physical therapy, King began writing again in July, although his femur was still broken and he could only sit for about forty minutes before the pain worsened and soon became unbearable.
2ee1e031848ecbecb6df1e29ee8e442cdf850322	King's lawyer and his attorneys tried to prevent the sale of Smith's minivan from eBay and buy it.
88b413778f4931ddd0f8039df554cc51929372fa	To King's great disappointment, the minivan was later crushed in a landfill, he dreamed of smashing it with a baseball bat after he could walk.
a0bc8e0a688893ef551650e7b47074b1daca28aa	On September 21, 2001, the author's birthday, two years after the accident, Brian Smith died of a drug overdose.
2b2be8b8ffc710f8725130c97f9cb3794adb7297	In 2002, the horror author announced that he was ending his career as a writer.
421b77d12be17400cf65477e1ce83dcd9252419a	He ran out of ideas, and he planned to put an end to the "Dark Tower".
cf2c7b6b52061d0501f07e01b89879d47b022371	But King's creative stagnation did not last long, after writing "The Dark Tower", he began the novel "The Fan", followed by the books "The Story of Lizzie", "Mobile Phone", "Blaze".
5de49236088f8454a76b9af4de9cd403c8f60a50	The personal life of Stephen King is a bright and warm moment of his biography.
43d9ad30bac975ea87a07e1f369e8cdf397a247f	Stephen and his wife Tabitha have been living soul to soul together all their lives and are still happily married.
69673192c22ebae42861ac0602dc4f4d018984cb	King and his wife own three houses, one in Bangor, one in Lovell, Maine, and in the winter they regularly visit the waterfront mansion located on the Gulf of Mexico, in Sarasota, Florida.
157967a9b7509df7d78e2190cd2f158e54ecf6de	He and Tabitha have three children, Naomi, Joe and Owen, and three grandchildren. [7]
c978425530ece508eaea1eb25fa5f9c6f11eeef3	In 1999, a letter was published in the satirical newspaper "The Onion", allegedly from King, who stated that he could not remember how he wrote Tomminokers and several other novels, because "after the 50-60 novel everything merges"[51].
fc6e3c923646078304785ff4c57c86d648774bbf	Although the article was only ironic about his exceptional fecundity, "writing", nevertheless, King's problems with alcohol and drug addiction in the 80s were so serious that in 2000 he admitted in "On Writing": "I really don't remember how I wrote Tomminokers and many other things published during the decade."
0f0dda1fc9785c26395c9fbfb59e0d9c395c71f9	Excerpts of the book authored by Lisa Rojek were published in the press a week before publication.
be87d847089cabf1938e51d23627461358c4f23b	The sight that opened up to those who found themselves in King's office one day in the distant 80s of the last century truly resembled a page of his novel: a tall and thin middle-aged man was lying in complete unconsciousness in the middle of his office; his eyes were tightly closed, and his shirt was splattered with blood in the chest area.
94b059f1feb3b76c08268d81b55382b19cc1dd26	The reason for the comatose state was both drug and alcohol intoxication-the countless number of beer cans and the nostrils of Stephen King torn by cocaine eloquently testified to this.
5ee014ef0588404804d817936605ce9c13efda59	And this was not the first time that King found himself in an unconscious state, which was the result of his alcohol and drug addiction.
41111fa96169af6fa01e348dd1a852e1d29a9cf3	In recent years, the writer has repeatedly recalled that the 80s were almost completely erased from his memory, because at that time LSD, AIDS and marijuana were constant companions of his work.
4c4853f3c5139a49d19bd99e94ebef72a5869a4c	The author of 63 books, Stephen King tightly connects his literary activity with the use of various psychedelics, sedatives and tranquilizers at various periods of his life.
d63018d2d2291300782395f8aeb692f9eb2f53a0	It all started in his youth, when, spurred on by the fear that his mother would leave him just as his father had left the family, King began to write books to get rid of the nightmares that tormented him.
5052b0742c2d497db3be249de49be7fd230830c0	Writing became for him a way to get rid not only of fears, but also of aggression projected on his own children: "I wanted to grab and hit them. Even though I didn't do it, I felt guilty because of these cruel urges. I wasn't ready for fatherhood at all."
549e95fc14c3b77c41d370e7b5b88911521820cb	So, in order to no longer feel hatred towards his offspring, King composed a story that became one of his best and best-selling works.
4e032203f8048146feffd82d3d560afbc5397946	"The Shining" is about children being chased by an alcoholic father in the corridors of a cursed hotel.
5f6d2ee49c9eb01825a65e3fdbdfe8502d474ce7	This work brought King huge revenues, made him on the list of the most influential writers of his time, and Kubrick's picture with Jack Nicholson – in the top of the most terrible films of the XX century.
d5f378619ed97c42c6d871cdedba74bc6bf4bc5d	Creative activity saved Stephen King from some of his inhumane behavior, but could not completely neutralize his impulses and actions.
6c7dc7e7b6aae533f502bacee0413c505f4e777e	Then, as King later admitted, his usual phobias were replaced by the fear that without doping he was not able to create a sensible work – and the fear of rats, snakes, "squelching objects", small rooms and even the number 13 returned to him for a while.
e5b4bbc394fa16f1f45ce2c2f20ac54eeebf1640	But after that, faced with his wife's ultimatum, he still decided to go "to the tie" and did not return to intoxicating substances-although for this King had to practically learn to write again, word by word.
f162568bd024e6da692a8a2e1f24dd0352eaa566	The first novel he wrote after giving up drugs and alcohol was "Necessary Things" [52].
11354b6fca0f44fabe6496efea596a6205bb72dd	Tabitha King has published nine novels of her own.
78eab6c7d2a428dc4ebb3cf7c41d0cc0253ebfe0	Both of the writer's sons are published authors: Owen published his first collection of short stories, "We are All Together: Novellas and Short Stories", in 2005. Joseph Hillstrom King, who writes under the professional pseudonym Joe Hill, published a collection of short stories, "Ghosts of the 20th Century" , in 2005.
33401845c5e9bb4f0cf97551079f8797d3927bd0	King's daughter Naomi is still in a relationship with a woman named Tandeka, who works as a school theology teacher[54].
9400aa755062d9d1bdeca3444f653ecb72167ce4	King is a fan of baseball and the Boston Red Sox team in particular, he often attends the team's games, and sometimes mentions it in his novels and stories.
c5b765231f13bbcf4e5c6425069a26b324b2502b	In 1992, the King couple sponsored the construction of the Mansfield Stadium[55], and in 2002, Stephen made the first "pitch" at the opening match of the International Senior Baseball League.
f2a3e815d4a5428336cc39e5e10558d25ff12f4e	Most of the critics were favorable to King, with the exception of the story with the award of the prize to him.
f665520953482f3718d1460d6dcb90dfa756a493	For his work, King received the Bram Stoker Award, the World Fantasy Award, the British Fantasy Society Award, his novella "The Intermediate Station" was a candidate for the Nebula Award, and his short story "The Man in the Black Suit" received the O. Henry Award.
aa38cd704aad7985c9557beb8803c7d04d044e35	In 2003, the National Book Foundation awarded him the Medal for Outstanding contribution to American literature[58].
081884d6a38d153be814f6670f6acd93d1ffc84a	He has also received awards for his contribution to literature throughout his career, such as "For Contribution to World Fantasy" (2004), was awarded by the Canadian Booksellers Association (2007) and the title of Grand Master from the American Mystery Writers (2007)[59].
f584946446a5fc6f4edfdf33932b58d92c0bbf98	In 2014, he was awarded the US National Medal of Arts with the wording "for combining fascinating stories with an analysis of human nature".
0720d514a60369a03dd86ffc0740428f7ae3036b	King, who is known to be a fan of rock music, played rhythm guitar for a long time in the rock band "Rock Bottom Remainders", consisting of only writers.
a99488a6064d23a4ab1485411868f21ce9abc33a	Moreover, the group did not just gather in the garage of one of its members, but performed concerts, had its own fans and even brought a certain income.
5fda17ecddd7042aab8809546763caecf1a8726e	In addition to music, the writers discussed their literary achievements and ideas — such a versatile creative union.
91e0d69778973d4bb81783e8cfcaf3eae867c351	In many of King's works, there are "winks" to a Regular reader — a person who undoubtedly exists in reality,for whom Stephen King wrote and still writes.
377f5cd5a01f227bdd561f87da2e1ee981d2a8b3	The characters of one work, casually mentioned in another, the bringing together of various cycles and storylines, the unity of place and time-all these features of writing make the books written by him a single work-the length of the life of a man named Stephen King.
3dba80a4b55809b46a570d4ca13f3086813c0101	Wednesday, April 6, 09: 00
ddbb7c52a17943ec53e74bf714f6c2257a2cda0e	Main topics: The war in Syria The ruble exchange rate Western media
1c53d84c624cfe11effe74a99a3466e784e83e45	Writers →
abb832127b9931f5767b8a54d2708fb77ba59271	Stephen King
bcce7e4be478576533777959157082dfe5d7efcc	(biography, photo, video) Stephen King
3ab9af29d99b35c6ed69de8ce77f77f08b8c334c	Name:Stephen King
49441242d8c78a2d7811312fcc5e13b69b3d6d9a	Date of birth: September 21, 1947
e949ec7237455b9d90d6907a2352b1d6307793d6	Age:68 years old
cd95c17a4e43db15f1601ef5ea095d5579c4e72c	Place of birth: Portland, USA
6535556554a00c6c02194696c60fae42ad33be23	Activity: Writer
c74864f28555469d343d2857cbaac03d668bcb6a	Marital status: Married
cb5b37201eaf00f56c71febf8640cc9733a96eab	Stephen King: A biography
4e669520992db6b4d29125d9383e3d53d6f88a14	Stephen King was born on September 21, 1941 in the United States in the state of Maine, the city of Portland.
7435f198fbcc1e5a00b302b94a4dd6abda8ea202	Stephen's parents adopted a boy two years before his birth.
b7d4034212cd928e310760c5b39bcd5e0a625785	King grew up with an older half brother, David.
d6b284e1af65f1c004e889344e35cb8fd553d8b3	When Stephen was two years old, his father left the family.
494f6a2df6fd5ccb63be5d945bdf27ba8aafec04	King's mother looked after her elderly parents for a long time.
9ce2a60187155b553c7800f9d15a4ccd8f5b7d35	When the old people died, the woman got a job as a housekeeper in one of the institutions.
c2ccf34a421842a4f86d2b0aa44c9765433fc52c	The brothers went to school at that time.
95443595a8d99cc846fb8bb9ed6ec9b92eb74e96	At a time when the family had to move a lot, seven year old Steven found a box of horror and science fiction books.
c0bcefa5e5cd9cb44972c58c5f571c6e086f98c7	After reading the stories, the boy was very impressed.
812440550028a5a1b4b346d54fbc1ce79865e065	When King was 12 years old, the brothers decided to publish their own newspaper called "Dave's Mustard Plaster".
72d55dd594a2934088c60e00328ae3793278af5f	The content of the newspaper included stories that took place in his hometown of Dorham.
680ec99ed121fa78d7234bfaf85ac92d80e8cd51	In each issue, Stephen published his own story with a sequel.
84b9ed005a4c9b93a52ec6e43b9b6136c0569f67	The price of the newspaper requested by the boys is 5 cents.
52773b61cc3de71f0b732d48fbeba12591a294f7	Naturally, mostly friends and relatives bought the newspaper.
5196f58a635bbf633e7bbb9c7d66c44da4a3a0dd	Together with a classmate Chris, Stephen published a collection of short stories "People, Places and Creatures".
1196dea5da9a37d74d967da45a554f0738f17329	The first real publication of Stephen King happened in the Comics Review edition.
f38d32dfdcecec3f71d8febd19ca2cb679d9fe26	While still at school, King took part in the publication of the newspaper "Drum".
f34ca610d4c4a8a7c41cd91988f7dafacbe8ea5b	The guy never doubted that he would become a writer, having dreamed of doing this craft all his life.
82761e189dc76ea4216b0729328ddbe31e26f327	To pay for his studies, King got a job at a weaving factory King began writing in his first year of study.
9ffe5b596754c5e25f566b1c6ff1de0136b94077	His first work was the novel "Put up with it", after that Steve started writing a full fledged novel "The Long Walk", which the author sent to the publisher, but King was refused publication.
f34af5fc708e7cbc165c35e01314cf2f1a96be4c	That is why the "Long walk" had to be postponed in a "long box".
6be4b80c6f3b4d18b3a999d9e6a187481cf1b052	After graduating from the university, Stephen King received a bachelor's degree in English with the right to teach secondary school students.
63c6a1c67185caaa2f2996f704f25c55ea768124	Since the young author had no experience, it was not possible to get a job in the specialty.
19d6f086059fb063f682204877fb8ddfda7b1b5f	At first, King got a job in a laundry, but there was not enough money for living.
3ac9d40044a763cf062d033b2942df1020dffece	His stories were sometimes published in local men's magazines.
472ebc18ed5f07f8bdf5de174faac553e12809b3	The material side left much to be desired.
223a01d136c3e9475b511de97848ea9203a6819c	In 1971, the young King managed to get a job as a teacher at the school.
af2aa8e37ef841b18fb83913455e427d94051450	In his spare time, Steve wrote a novel, but all the works were rejected by publishers.
78761f1dc0de444db13cfed8734a37b837c9ce23	In the summer of ' 99, Stephen King was hit by a car while he was walking around the city.
4158ff38abb972d6442ec6f8d8088c36120e086a	He had very serious injuries, the doctors decided that the man should be transported to the Medical Center of Maine.
22e196aa12ca9b2044e27550bc18997fb480d835	King stayed in the hospital for about three weeks, and as soon as he was discharged, he immediately began writing new novels.
18594d98eef3f5d0f210a2a3eb93cc58d179ff3f	Stephen King: Books Once in King's life, everything turned upside down.
5443499a427fec67a1f30a235554e0d04ecacf43	Tabitha's wife found scraps from a draft novel thrown out by Steve in the trash, the author considered them completely ridiculous.
e708b5d5968f6399ebb8853e8d83c3060e87147e	Tabitha tried her best to persuade King to continue writing the novel.
e15ada26dca47d86cf615992858a79fe5b235fa3	Suprun was sure that the story would be interesting to both publishers and readers.
9b97f7548de344a906469e039e230ef432e9c26f	Steve's wife was right, the publishing house "Dalbey" undertook to print the novel "Kerry".
c5a446b74d7af020e7a80e35770671542b6a9272	The author was then paid two and a half thousand dollars as an advance.
358166abcbfe0b10acecf1f081f08a9fb32d8652	The publisher sold the copyright to another publisher, receiving 400 thousand.
b5b4fc995f6f75f5e0d0b54c1a4db4a2991ed10f	Stephen was awarded half of this amount.
09076e46e21a80c2b5408844be25cc77c6d26d9d	From that moment, King realized that the work at the school was not his, and began to write hard.
6e9c484665a3f702c9e97e61f64c83af29f73541	In the 70s and 80s, King began publishing under the pseudonym Richard Bachman.
9395bf13b38beec616a5c56ba6f51b2279e408fd	The books were published with a fictional biography.
c862b0c42c13b28bb755b9520a0a02172398f295	A story was invented that Richard allegedly died of cancer.
bedaddc6f5f643ce6e920c8d392dd01ba013aeb8	In 1985, King admitted that he wrote it under the pseudonym Richard Bachman.
8aba52282e458230b07c104f9ab9d78afabc5015	In 1982, the first of the seven books of the Dark Tower cycle, The Shooter, was published.
71440e2d49fecf49c864238ed008ce502ff21a9c	In the same year, Stephen managed to write a 300 page novel "The Running Man"in just 10 days.
5472ccc2276865abe38418942a04cb5f388ced98	In 1996, another sensational novel by Stephen King, The Green Mile, was published.
f9ce53e7bbeac354d8283ac35a9150176c9ea060	Since 1998, Steve has been the author of the scripts of the multi part film "The X Files".
c62fea8bbf1a498fb164390b80e97e2771ae5cb1	In March 2009, it became known that "The Dark Tower" by Stephen King will have a sequel.
9128a128bc72162bd87fa48b6bf5b8515a3c3fa7	The author still does not stop there.
30b55cc411fdf11d2bb5c5f3b732e7ef5a143474	It seems that there is still a lot of unreleased in his repertoire.
4a5e7c5e9697a79c500b79732e6ec6d9e8a2a9a0	Many books by Stephen King have been made into films.
3a004f80ac8ee11723aa66e2a8d16dead39c13dc	Stephen King: personal life The personal life of Stephen King is a bright and warm moment of his biography.
8351e4deb669b693cded8f53afce8e3f7eff968d	The King family owns three huge houses.
31d23bfc258077425933c394b2b64fae719c5722	One is in Lovell, the other is in Bangor, and for a winter vacation the family goes to a mansion located near the Gulf of Mexico.
4a7e50398e52dafbbdd7ea94beb2ce02194a33f1	The couple has three children, and grandchildren have already appeared.
55b9f282ce99b0fb67c182f7f34b2e239af48908	Tabitha has repeatedly tried herself as a writer, choosing a confessional genre.
3119032913d88e75d4c34a48b128067b356a8a93	The young mother could not devote proper time to her profession, her stories were not brought to a professional level, so they were not interested in them.
c0c95816d295d73fce246edbb74d83482da0f146	Stephen King: A bibliography
3932a8217913c81bf89279592e30b60c40d7dbb0	Radiance
d133a478ca917146dc0240ef2240edf9572abbd6	Dead zone
d7acc4a63bfa4b603392fb8adfd2d4ca89c11f46	It
16e048dd24f4cb456a042cfc5e2ad08f18cabdc4	The Green Mile
63781653dd11e4430bd13f24ac0e20111b7bef49	Dreamcatcher
e59c8a1b8866c68476de70d972eb0760bac59f6c	Mobile phone
51472debf79c7d8f367b7c2c6cd31afbde624ce4	Lizzie's Story
0fcebbbfc34b6181dc99e229fa38d6ca4867c312	The Dark Tower book series
203feebc23bd53e43e6750e0919955ec9c7c12c8	6 photos: Stephen King →
3742c59fac6e21df2e14c0e739de2cc2824f8f53	Asya Ashimova
28f36de20a6d0eb4a4342a46d41104947c731808	Victoria Isakova Victoria Isakova
68e9eba91e8e71ad5862c36c9e2f79e38959a267	Stephen Hawking Stephen William Hawking
072fc5a1d639881e5fa61ffdf6cacc71f890caae	Ian Somerhalder Ian Joseph Somerhalder
5f94a9cdf34bee1d562e737c6651ef349a8fe048	Tina Kandelaki Tinatin Kandelaki
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3cc0548fab40d758bbd0a5c4f4edbf148649e117	Stephen King biography, photos find out everything!
a150ad9861b0eae9e527164f8ecb2b39e7c23dfc	Name: Stephen King
1d3471676e19d735a687c215716bb7cfa1918832	Date of birth: September 21, 1947 (68 years old)
fc76219b35812f4bebcbe28d9e981906235fafd7	zodiac sign: Virgo Place of birth: Portland, Maine, USA.
d279241e518dcdea1641de1a4aa33a5139d89ff7	Activity: writer, screenwriter
c6c3d349e6e26c2add2eab30dfad08a27a4f4147	Weight: 90 kg
e77fbafcf0041520ba1488dfc404b24a35238236	Height: 195 cm
604b7c5e3ac0ce20068df1b42c0683dfb4810f60	Do you like Stephen King?
8756fa36d449bfc153d90cd8b44e0ce5b7987c31	Biography of Stephen King
d3e8b977f15dff402ec34672b6cd775c8d10b4bc	Childhood and family of Stephen King
08296c3ef9cf80fabeb06c319b2298eb1e5880ae	The future writer was born in Maine.
f49ec32aff030ae0741c2cdfcb962f89649c7e62	He had an older brother, whom his parents adopted two years before Stephen was born.
2c907623e73453f5e2dd3acac5faac83551dddd7	His name is David.
91565209c617b70156e8e3fdeb7b59981ec1f633	The boy was only two years old when his father left the family.
0a93be2ba332614dd7d84cecabfe93d7e7458443	My mother was a strong woman, she did not lose heart, raising two sons herself.
b64ba313e3e4cda7ee47b5c805cb4d5ce5dc2feb	Numerous relatives helped her in this.
2e169eb615e0939c997c20746d57fc87cb21f73a	The family lived in different cities until they settled in the town of Dorham, in his native state of Maine.
f72a589eebda73acc068776f4ceae93dba3ed2ba	There, my mother looked after her elderly parents, and after their death, she got a job as a housekeeper in one of the institutions.
0403cf42932682828f40a64053cb7636c75712ef	The brothers went to school in Dorham.
8ea991f2a3c69d3c485a6f9fca250a4dcacb9121	Writer Stephen King as a child
50a6a0078be36cf8fd8152991bafb3ffc7a36f81	Even at a time when the family moved a lot, living with relatives, seven year old Stephen found a box of horror films and science fiction in the attic of one of his aunts ' house.
dd66b312e0d6511508001704ffcf5b11ddbac94f	These books made a strong impression on the boy.
8a4bc58e4f9491b06710fb7fd11db7daedfe971a	The first stories of Stephen King
34e9b891d9b6486d6752edd56f7fe97f8ecf49d4	Stephen had a classmate, Chris Chesley.
b04a689a0746d53a204fff00e25fd64059968ece	Together they decided to publish a collection of short stories.
0311fb981d3453bb4d589a79f5ded3cc3421a5d6	It was called "People, Places and Creatures".
06c309375ff64d71669175bf1fd0601acb427471	The first story of an aspiring writer was published for real in Comics Review.
5354fd1d31c45dda131adfe7093af20d84e20bd5	During his school years, he participated in the publication of the school newspaper "Baraban".
ea40735d9e965230552a79c725f710b897fdaff7	He had no doubt that he wanted to choose the profession of a writer, he liked to write, and this is what the boy wanted to do all his life.
682ef5ac7b659d34a394bf17b150ac83a97b3ca2	Already as a high school student, the young man could not decide whether to go straight to university, or to go to Vietnam as a volunteer, where he wanted to collect interesting material for future works.
0f923f32582a411f93cce5d167eb08d7f84c9e60	Steve had poor eyesight, his mother dissuaded him from military service.
ff613722736f91170c58ad40e418010ce1350a03	So, after school, he entered the University.
60897a0c0063dc69faccb8197517e352ed942a2c	To earn money for training, the young man began to work additionally at a weaving factory.
9d21e85c18a67adbab67cf411ced1ab4bd7b83c9	The first books of Stephen King
f65c4beaffc041344586d3eb4e303df7891014f5	From the very first year, King wrote.
3d173032bc2567a69979a9e74a568d03ac2c1e6c	At first, he worked on the novel "Put up with it", then a full fledged novel with the title "Long Walk" followed.
537e8740cd9bbcb20d5d792a9e19d218cd8412ec	The novice writer sent the latter to the publisher, but he was refused publication, which is why the" Long Walk " was postponed by the author for a long time.
f0df73281d0b826b99df6e09adc2c87397fd677a	Stephen King terribly pleased the fans
f46fc62e4456e163d7070d23380c0f93ce29689a	At first, Stephen worked in the laundry, receiving very little.
76ef84952871ab77347732537197c4f819bba96d	From time to time, his stories were published in men's magazines.
986f51cafea9b5dfdb8afb599dc30593b20073d0	Tabitha worked as a waitress.
c853cf7e488f23ced7db0290c47b296f9a83c9d1	The financial situation of the family was not easy.
61629f3ec1254fbc33a2b97665c46bb26ba7a0e7	In 1971, the young father finally got a job as a teacher at the school.
9b06d8ab2e8887830639a040ae6528a7bb1798f1	The family lived in the town of Hermon in a trailer.
f131858ee48c65af1ab31d5bba4a7ada024076e2	On weekends and in the evenings, he wrote novels.
f0353da566fd09218825af527cce5fa8d8fd9608	King sent what he wrote to publishers, but all the novels were rejected.
e97662f2794fb789b11cb4da3df56a61cbc9b2c8	Tabitha also tried to write.
abfa6fa489b917b4583c97092d8ecf59ce58c525	She chose the confessional genre.
4ea6de864b4df778d0d11bdb571a8e77c280ab0a	The young mother had little free time, so the stories were unfinished, no one was interested in them.
ae23b53a1f08e98203ac3a56d36d4e1799084c82	The best books by Stephen King
c402d0b83e83210395992556711a16f854cc6a8f	There was a moment in the writer's life that in many ways became decisive for his work.
6670e90ff602dbc62f5dbacc534ae8deb539081d	Tabitha once found several draft pages of a novel in the trash basket, which her husband threw away, considering them unsuccessful.
d0a86759908989189eed2e3021a0b5140f700b9a	It was a novel about a girl with paranormal abilities and how her classmates" poisoned " her for this.
d6f288d822348de1f34429bbde3cde621accda17	Tabitha persuaded her husband to continue the novel, being sure that this story would be interesting to readers and publishers.
5971a4af9e7c52c3755153d20a92f61778de56a4	The writer Stephen King now continues to write horror books
48df25ad80508b9d5f259a2101fb7b1a92568ff6	The Doubleday publishing house undertook to print a novel called "Carrie"by the author.
0e8694bc46a24f1a777e8b4ba81b66584583a3f9	Stephen was paid two and a half thousand in advance.
42ff54b5006602cd09aafe73811380697b90a5ba	The publisher was able to sell the rights to publish the novel to a third party publisher, having received four hundred thousand, of which the author was paid half.
94fcf8ad1e0397eb59c3500556c84103aa566e24	The popularity that has come - the nightmares of Stephen King
c76b1d6206391ca5688bf3b87b38833d0ef261de	There he began to write "Confrontation" and "The Dead Zone".
971625d817bc54eec7cf3347befb1152b0bba1a7	Soon he decided to cooperate with another publishing house, which was called "New American Librarie".
a47ee4a10378230c4d08b0f292e2780901e00924	«
ce8f957147117d2ca6beaa9af1c2d881159ebdf3	How to write books" is an autobiographical work.
10b7c3fab22a457ac40ce0a28c376d761fd49e0c	In it, King talks about the years of his life when he drank a lot and even used drugs.
8656efa92d27bb660910090113962b5b93213186	There are a number of his works, about the writing of which he does not remember anything.
ff275fb4876b2d6ed2f076ca536455513e2665b9	Among them are "Tomminokers" and "Cujo".
d4ddacfe91b8481a218c7134aa1872fdf9185467	During that difficult period, the author wrote many bright works: "Losing Weight", "Corpse", "Running Man", "Kristina", etc. Only in 1987, Stephen was able to leave his addictions thanks to his wife.
16ea7def458285fcc5c5dad89f570ed7131c55ae	Maximum Acceleration 1986 film by Stephen King
cb38067cb8d3d42f1cfe0361b5e3f092dd81ef79	King published some of his novels under the name Richard Bachman.
42a9075978f1193c11da66220d64ec057b8eaf37	This Bachman "wrote" a number of books and even managed to become a cult author.
25504c7e2824dd8291fa658c361c90e565cf56a5	Only a few years later, this small deception was exposed, and King took it quite calmly.
5ad5b160440e884442c2b47c1ef92d9b7fa7def1	Some novels were adapted into films, but often Stephen did not agree with the vision and opinion of the directors regarding these novels.
d1f6771babed23a5af57d56db56b711d43cf2db4	Because of this, he himself took up writing scripts and directing.
dfd0b259a0ab29cadc95995bcfcf2cf8a9e0c494	It was the year 1985.
decc9216518c241fa77bed55e59b75f1f74fa7e3	A tragedy in the life of the writer, Stephen King at the present Time
82b64e8a2f8110264aeff9d8a8e63671a4674028	In the summer of 1999, the writer was hit by a car during his daily walk.
c84bc9c619a6051aa0bbdcc6b6b5267893fa6af8	He received very serious injuries, and local doctors decided to urgently transport him by helicopter to the Maine Medical Center.
4190435cd09d880e8dde1d93ceba752a66c997ec	King was in the hospital for three weeks, but as soon as he got out and recovered a little, he started writing again.
a11b09daf74eb4d63b0bdca5e16a1f478ad90d56	In 2002, he announced that he would no longer write, since he had almost no interesting ideas.
f8b7f1aca94985370291f99b6dc95d554645ee28	He planned to stop his literary activity after writing "The Dark Tower".
79eec5dbd4caaa79c28e4880d99749e01c278384	However, the creative "abstinence" did not last long.
3c6f4b51215fce7048bf53d6704ac53f44085874	After writing "The Dark Tower", the author began working on the documentary book "The Fan", followed by the novels "The Story of Lisa", "Mobile Phone", "Blaze", etc.
5f33cc1b5415c4400f697c5843fb2873c04ec602	The writer continues to work on new novels even today.
c8b8bbf4fc1e2fa11db1fb5f5701ccff5d96fdc3	The personal life of Stephen King
829fb829f9f8b8f34942cd93c06a10ee0709914c	King plays the guitar quite well and even performs with the "Rock Bottom Reminders", which is an amateur rock band.
e98675120f65ee5a001aa9c13c99a40d7dbf2fa4	Their singing and playing are not perfect, but the performers do it from the bottom of their hearts.
3bb7b282fbf05912fed46e50d98a964547b94f22	Because of his love for rock music, Stephen bought the radio station VZON, which specializes in sports events, and the rock radio station VKIT.
bb895cd36c48436406bc3e8227601003b798abb2	The novelist's favorite baseball team is the Boston Red Sox.
32b01034f3937778442850565739408017cb71ec	He often goes to the stadium to cheer for his favorite athletes.
7391bda6942d1f0046d4e6d4d0c8a7e89ca8ea17	The King couple own three houses.
9bb4c36eb549f534bb9d56cad8043f5d4b1652d7	They have three children and grandchildren.
1e398ff2abb6488d5470a5164855d8090c1f7831	Stephen King the latest news and articles of 2016
1092c5fd6025bd0a1b05c1d52e4cba953c278c37	Celebrities paid tribute to Harper Lee
10ef2ea2e776a38f1c4b3d01615a0cf04ad0a898	King's" Dark Tower " wants to be filmed
eaafd0b4c7d4c558395bbf5006e06cdbd1ed8829	The scariest books in the world
5234d47ba06f5d5751618e652f4646459d36c3ac	George Martin started his Twitter account
b04c6151a033ac5f6131bdba130e184b0e8bbb88	Maria Arbatova
eca3907ac24ec76fdbf19e749691720a0e48fb47	Arkady Strugatsky
64b72890725f492bf6f736571043149d8ea04af3	J. K. Rowling
feb5c203bd873d31be4692ef158c69b3ef33457e	King, Stephen
8fa1cf6b98c65b2784cba9483ea9cb97d6280168	The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on March 11, 2016; checks require 6 edits.
61df41aff5e20d8763ec6dbda6da3442a4c22016	There are articles on Wikipedia about other people with the surname King.
475975feb2bc1db8d80c924e38e0ca8c44103b53	Stephen King Stephen King
e7427d7d3ff8ac472fa8fa0f10d4fec7c1f8f1b3	At a meeting with fans, Birth name: Stephen Edwin King
a82fb28e68d55de081f31e15d8512d1ce3d18d2c	Pseudonyms: Richard Bachman
88d38ae5e5b1da12687fd63535a737d79a9ec129	John Swift
318710aa0e6696bb3651015b5e884bcf152fa720	Date of birth: September 21, 1947 (1947-09-21) [1]
3baaa28e9f7ac19ace88c479995edfe49067afe7	(68 years old)
6099b9c36ae9b4bc008fdf1a41b5fdee87192973	Place of birth: Portland, Maine, USA
75722e809f471e2c9b60b60ec1e52f6ada44804d	Citizenship (citizenship): USA
79623324e3a892e9036dd89358df47798c51a553	Occupation: novelist
d45cee17894ed898600fff43beb76cbe651d3795	author of short stories
4c7c612002c34742cbcd1318d775df3f71a75fa3	journalist
825da50a9fcd8f8b39be8927c85fb4f09f343567	television producer
1b96acebe9364f109e92373bf3433b2045af52e2	Years of creativity: 1959 present. time
2b17d9b2a67575104db5ef5b01603b032026026d	Genre: Horror
1d480af610a1812260c5294a27820fe51beddfc7	epistolary prose
7ced9218a7b0fc48a55585d4a70dbe6b889c78bb	gothic literature
9fd5d963317b6a0c1740887a42820502ecbcef1a	post apocalypse
952a08c42349df266ec361ea42ecec678fa220e4	thriller
3d3829014cefd102eb6a4763d2532f0534c62392	Science fiction
ec1e111db30c9cca1cca2958af3711a899cee873	fantasy
ef09700897d17119650233540d8788f00f72e649	detective
0b6a1b80d21e24eab3e9924d9d0904687fb16770	stephenking.com Works in Wikitek Files on Wikimedia Commons
7bf7bc6e00c2511a026e1466afff5f927482f56b	King has published 50 novels, including 7 under the pseudonym Richard Bachman, and 5 non fiction books.
56a55809de704ea6922e0995555e288f445f99ab	1 Biography 2 The beginning of his creative path 3 Success 4 Car accident 5 Further career 6 Film Adaptations of works 7 Filmography of Stephen King 8 Opinion about modern Culture 9 Criticism 10 Political activity 11 Personal life 12 Awards 13 Stephen King in popular culture 14 See also 15 Notes 16 Literature 17 References
e1548675d96e9f621b4b739ec5a7e66f88c45898	Stephen King was born on September 21, 1947 in Portland, Maine, to Merchant Marine captain Donald Edward King and Nellie Ruth Pillsbury, who were already raising a two year old adopted son, David Victor (The Kings went to adopt a newborn boy in September 1945, when doctors reported that Ruth would not be able to bear her children; the diagnosis of "infertility" turned out to be erroneous)[3]. Translated from English, his surname King means "king".
9438ae8cba950c866e1be9aefc8faf9893c67fa0	The writer owes his surname to his father, who changed his Polish surname " Spenski "to the more sonorous English"King".
1fb3ce578b1ab8393eab1cc8385fb22d8b4dadeb	In 1949-1958, Ruth, David and Stephen King spent several years moving from place to place.
b73a53243110b34b23353213a60c621a332169a0	They managed to live in Chicago, in Fort Wayne (Indiana), in Malden (Massachusetts), in West De Pere (Wisconsin), in Stratford (Connecticut), until they finally settled in West Durham, a town 30 miles from Scarborough (Maine).
e93204fbb0efedeb22bd0182ac1a5cf192db7570	As a child, Stephen witnessed the death of his peer who was hit by a freight train — a circumstance that Steve himself, according to his own words, completely forgot about, having suffered a state of shock, but remembered a few years later when he was told about it.
f0aa784dcde946895a38fb4fbcc021fcc01f5747	Distracting from the pain, the boy, with the encouragement of his mother, began to write small stories from the age of 12 — the first of them was called "Mr. Sly Rabbit" and told about a white rabbit and three of his friends animals traveling around the city in search of children in trouble to help them out[4].
6c6a00c601f8a23dcd1ee27472f4d04b4480a1e3	At the same time, the boy is passionately fond of reading books, mass viewing of horror comics (such as "Tales from the Crypt", "Tomb of Horrors", "Crypt of Horror", "Madness", "Spider Man", "Superman", "Hulk") and movies (especially black and white and second rate "horror movies").
02c39db4794a6cbe75bd80cc635d81b2f9782ea3	He also remembers listening to Ray Bradbury's radio play "Mars is Paradise" [4].
bcdd6308517ecd79d579e9afc4dc8bcf65f2fce7	In the late 1950s, the attention of eleven year old Steve, like most Americans, was captured by a series of bloody atrocities committed by 19 year old Charles Starkweather and his 14 year old girlfriend Caryl Fugate (together they killed 11 people in Nebraska and Wyoming).
ca521b4b50420982e57b378f083b95a6e57d75b4	The beginning of a creative path[edit / edit wiki text]
0ddfa931932985489f5a90da68cbb19d7f27d69d	Main article: Bibliography of Stephen King
50a66b64327a8d9e3a76fcb27e537d2b221a1549	Stephen began his career as a writer in January 1959, when, together with his older brother David, he decided to publish his own local city newspaper.
ca11b51305f81fb7f720bc4fbbcb642c6c93d5e2	The brothers created a local news bulletin called "Dave's Leaf", reproduced each issue on an old mimeograph and distributed it to their neighbors in West Durham for 5 cents per copy.
06aa97b6eea4de34e98fa67e079a5f77d9ecd9f8	Around the same time, the boy got acquainted with the work of Howard Phillips Lovecraft, who became one of his favorite authors; in an interview in 2009, King said that one day, rummaging through a pile of old father's books in the attic, he found a collection of Lovecraft stories in a soft yellow cover.
39bf5c85226957ab59d757d75262933eb0ef9af1	This collection was called "Lurking in the Shadows", and when reading all these sinister stories, Steve experienced a feeling of "coming home" [5].
673712880636f05b65db8cd73bfcb54420010154	... it happened when I was about thirteen or fifteen and I firmly believe that this is the ideal age for reading Lovecraft.
e7dbb9f7046ae920a4b7742d674129205bf0484e	Lovecraft's prose is ideal for people living in a state of oppressive sexual insecurity: in my opinion, there is something Jungian in the imagery of his stories.
77f5cba632faa6c469469d4e2020945066e7b1d8	They are all about giant impersonal vaginas and creatures with teeth.
34b772d68e978622d608d1193fd3ac8cb48c3fe1	It did at the time, when I was 13, 14, 15 — which I maintain is the perfect age to read Lovecraft.
1b785c36ee51023c92897d349db66c8f1ba9ecb5	Lovecraft is the perfect fiction for people who are living in a state of sort of total sexual doubt, because the stories almost seem to me sort of Jungian in their imagery.
bc156e35218635100fe57660eb6efe7ae9aedb08	They’re all about gigantic disembodied vaginas and things that have teeth.
846461c8b4c757861cfefa8cec926da68e621221	— Andrew O’Hehir.
5d5f5dd123b3f1ac88ef110d821a08f71f6e7357	«The Salon Interview: Stephen King»[6]
0efd84e11d6baab1e210edc4877661df24937178	In 1960, he and his friend Chris Chesley published several short stories in a self made collection "People, Places and Things" (English: People, Places and Things).
f8d78aaf2bfb3e9917626fe6c7d0b8fc9ebe9203	A year later, the second book was published, "Star Invaders" (eng. The Star Invaders).
18ab48b801497f462ba0fe14ae4bd2569f2958c8	In 1966, King graduated from high school and entered the University of Maine, where he met his future wife, Tabitha Spruce[7].
24483d53cd82cd6d62564e36321e9316782bc312	Among King's teachers was the famous literary critic Carroll Terrell, who later published a book about his student "Stephen King: Man and Artist" (English Stephen King: man and artist; 1990).
99fd0212ee5d4c8fca3c501ec341b1f646565832	At this time, they had a son and a daughter.
19895730f0896b8c3017f2567e7b2573d33b8fd4	In 1971, King married Tabitha.
0944313aff39837e125cb7ccbd68def3f4c71ed6	In the autumn of the same year, he began working as an English teacher at a school in Hampden His wife found a draft of the novel "Carrie" in the trash, which King considered unsuccessful, and insisted that King finish it.
b50c43b3188f2c53fa80c96076108f5ae61e6670	In the fall of 1974, King moved to Boulder, Colorado, where he lived for a year, and during this time wrote the novel "The Shining".
cc7a34874a8595721708e116a7edce81d7e64089	The book was withdrawn from sale, after real cases of school shootings began to occur in Kansas, a juvenile delinquent who killed three of his classmates was found to have an edition of this book, after which the author himself decided to withdraw the book from sale[8].
905989f97f2b72793ec6040a170f23eb60e2549a	When asked many years later why he was writing, King replied:
3d7d4db9c2f091fd7cfb39639d225fbfd3e687fb	The answer to this question is quite simple, there is nothing else that I would like to do.
281f984135ea755acbcd2043e8811a5ace83814b	I started writing short stories because I like to write short stories.
6efa69d2f8ee3344d6fec9a2896a263409c01aa0	That's why I'm doing this.
26b5f41ef918f6e3c95ea804052dd5ec206e7865	I really canot imagine that I will do something else, and I canot imagine that I wonot do what I do[9].
c7c0354c0649b0768c4cb4e1c979fe6addf99ddf	Success[edit / edit wiki text]
479514c41160d7cc908801eafb51d2703640d5c6	Stephen King at the Harvard Book Store in Cambridge
950323b88eac1c68aaff36771d20d494d1b99e28	Around 1977, it was time for young filmmakers.
64bf8c39dd2c00fe2eb7caf7c2ba2e814679f0f2	As a rule, these were senior students, many wrote to him that they wanted to film some of his short stories, such as"Night Shift".
0f7de61b18a578a535df6972f294c6bffecc422f	Despite the objections of the adviser, who saw a huge number of potential legal problems in this, King introduced a policy that he adheres to this day.
aeaa59b2d5daf721f24fe417cedae3dd2e4a58c7	He is ready to give any student director the opportunity to screen one of his short stories (not a novel, it would be ridiculous), only after he signs a paper according to which he promises that without the approval of S. King himself, which he will give, after viewing the finished version of the film sent to him, no film will go into wide distribution.
a0c0309528d65eb7f4038d5d662c9a02efe1db44	For this right, he asks for one dollar.
88f499012760a889dca5fd2c6f35f223c999025a	He called it a dollar deal.
f18593e36cea5c9d56e26d0910d1727aec9765bb	His accountant grabbed his head every time at the time of signing the contract, this has already happened 16-17 times [10].
3c0e6abd76528b53f843e4fc5147cc9e0173dda0	In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Stephen King published the books "Rage", "Long Walk", "Road Works", "Running Man", and "Losing Weight"under the pseudonym Richard Bachman.
559ade0db99342b2f93baa1bc543a9e3781b3675	The idea was to see if he could repeat his success again, as he was afraid that his success was an accident, a combination of circumstances.
2c1e0a124f026ce88fcb39c557025f617f4e36c2	There is another explanation, which is that the publication standards of that time allowed only one book per year[11].
14315c34c17f59136b3f947bdcaf666e9c631110	The surname Bachman was not taken by chance, he is a fan of the musical group "Bachman Turner Overdrive" [12].
252683aaef6f856c864ff602620c2d5316ba74e0	The pseudonym Richard Bachman was exposed by a bookstore clerk from Washington, Steve Brown, who noticed similarities between King's old works and Bachman's new works, he found King's last name on one of Bachman's novels in the Library of Congress[13].
4eb7fc29a53b496ab6fdda819d187d98690b3580	This led to a press release foreshadowing the imminent death of Bachman, allegedly from "cancer".
f036cc9014e71d8fdc95e56ba3f84532a54863a6	This pseudonym has a fictional biography.
58ce9052e9b214726d0252bc9ba79e609ed807ca	The books of Bachman, allegedly deceased (who died of "pseudonym cancer"[14]), were also published by his fictional widow, Claudia Innes Bachman.
9f39c9a4b922a335d18858122cc326fef4d2656b	Interestingly, Claudia is mentioned in the cycle "The Dark Tower" as the author of the book "Charlie Choo Choo" in the key world (in other worlds, the author is the fictional Beryl Evans).
4a084258d2b06df918583c88e98895f28a9c41ad	In the book, her name is spelled differently (Claudia and Innes Bachman — 19 letters).
70d54d16b900ba6bd864461345254c412d85f822	We can say that Claudia Bachman is also King's pseudonym.
b1188e90e13932437e1aa2216a662fa1fe6c76dc	In 1982, the book "The Shooter" appeared — the first novel from the series "The Dark Tower".
b52821b4be6303865b0c46e8cb746c91439cf9fe	In the same year, in just 10 days, he wrote a 304 page novel "The Running Man", which he told about in "Memoirs of the Craft".
5259f39be52361996e245437657c443c931ea47d	In 1985, Stephen King admitted that he wrote under the pseudonym Richard Bachman.
95253991be56ca3bbf12e42b80e7ed471922687b	In 1989, King signed a contract with the publishing house "Viking", according to which he was supposed to receive $35 million for the next four books, but in 1997 he terminated it, because he planned to receive $17 million for the book"Bag of Bones".
36969ab2f13a1ab96902785795cf15e56bcc60f8	To do this, he signed a new contract with the publishing house "Simon & Schuster", under which he received $8 million in advance for the book and 50% of sales revenue.
062b2c383b4cfa01cd2aae774e4189666fd90a6f	In 1996, The Green Mile was written.
8e0307a22ffe6ffa3c783b0a5ba6488c0fbf3909	In 1998, King became the author of the script for one of the episodes of the popular TV series of that time "The X Files".
b3eefae94a458e70608fdc1d3b17962d7babde22	The series titled "Chinga" aired on February 8 on Fox, starring actors Gillian Anderson and David Duchovny.
20d1eac3d319b5d6a5a8f672caf594a3bd16c14d	In 2006, during a press conference in London, King announced that he had found another Bachman novel, called "Blaze" [15].
93400d9cb5e239feb4c88cfbaad914208186bd9b	Car accident[edit / edit wiki text]
4997df8f1e1c7d1b4e5d156f231afd4a4470ddaf	On June 19, 1999, in Lovell, Maine at about 16: 30, while walking King, driver Brian Smith was distracted by his dog, as a result of which he ran over King in his minibus, which flew into a ditch and rolled into a hole located 14 feet from the pavement of route 5.
d0d565ce600bd691958ece6ed22ca9f67a3182f6	According to a statement by Oxford County Sheriff's Deputy Matt Baker, King was hit from behind, some witnesses reported that the driver was not speeding, he was also not drunk[16][17].
7d3b0ff1048020236dd4f210acc650a4e4a17120	King was conscious enough to give the family numbers to the deputy sheriff to contact his family, but he was in pain.
00a3aad6a8d6cc3d6b540915c54d5be57ffee8be	After five operations in ten days and physical therapy, King began writing again in July, although his femur was still broken and he could only sit for about forty minutes before the pain worsened and soon became unbearable[18].
043ba2134aaf4b1c5d2cbda01d839ce8947bcd12	He later described this event in his memoirs "How to Write Books "and in the seventh part of" The Dark Tower", including introducing the" sacred " numbers — 19 and 99 into the plot.
1c2870ce18e6c46a5b73dd273d553855ebe09414	King also took part in the creation of a mini TV series of fifteen episodes called "The Royal Hospital", which features a similar event.
31bddc18231d6b91596ff8a2d33ca1a52864c39e	Later, King's lawyer and his attorneys tried to prevent the sale of Brian Smith's minivan that hit him from eBay and buy it.
45fb5a80ce78bd2fd9c27759f2631c77b48e4bef	But to the great disappointment of King, the minivan was still sold, and was later crushed in a landfill.
1ac57817fa8b5fe558d741610cb1aff3035f9d8e	King dreamed of smashing it with a baseball bat after he could walk.
74f28bc9876d926b1664799a2889da72aa16aeb3	In an interview for the magazine "Fresh Air", given to Terry Gross, he admitted that after he would still like to completely destroy the car.
29165423f5b9fcc1aad6fd5666bc900a85296b5c	During this time, Tabitha King was engaged in the design of his studio.
bd9cae6764677a996d04e190d63053e89de3ccae	After King visited there, he said that he saw what his studio would look like if he died — this gave him ideas for the novel "The Story of Lizzie"[19].
bdf0cb222598b5b174581ae81790cbf367937cc5	On September 21, 2001, on the author's birthday, two years after the accident, Brian Smith, the culprit of the car accident, died of a drug overdose, which became known during an interview with King in the same year on the "Early Show" [20].
685b668aaeecbc0a333f3d28d480acae91effc78	In 2002, King announced that he was stopping writing — apparently, this was due to the injuries he received, which did not allow him to sit still.
381cc44f391d33d5eafa5ceff66ee8f78353d797	A lot of time has passed since then and he has started writing again, but he answers the question: - "Is it true that you resigned?"
f3766f5c63c14603c82db3ef5c9f5a64329c8fdc	- as follows:
c524cdf0f6679406bd9a3e0078b2492f6feb9d2f	Not yet.
4106a79cf4a0a73c04f5733cb86db131362e341e	I write, but I write at a much slower pace than before, but I think that if I came up with something very, very good, I would forget about everything, because it's fascinating, the creative process itself, its publication and reaction to it, the opportunity to let people read it as soon as possible, the opportunity to get feedback and the opportunity to talk about it with people, give them food for thought, but my productivity has fallen, partly due to age, but this is how it should be.
3c2ebd9a86d074b3e32af20f797a7456605006e9	I am no longer 25 years old or even 35, I am 55 years old, I already have grandchildren, a couple of babies in the house, and a lot of things need to be done besides creativity, and this is fine, but creativity still plays a huge role in my life and in everyday everyday life[21].
f2b2f3af31cedb57dd13ea6febcf5b816000ee91	Further career[edit / edit wiki text]
fd4fa462071fcdc6b7da836bcc65f165b10490e0	In 2001, the novel "Dreamcatcher" was published.
584cb20e4ce0dcfdcc04f469272d3ad41e04f937	In 2004, the last part of the epic "The Dark Tower" was released, which, according to the writer's promises, should be his last work.
5e0113f98c03c6d88191bc5d27b71c30e4260e1a	But King does not keep his promise and continues to publish books.
91b8b383640a3f8e4f25f694ca4ec1d0bc6ad94b	In 2006, the novel "The Story of Lizi" was published.
b41b1321095dbffe7bbe2187517b824815bac7a5	In 2008, a collection of short stories "After Sunset" and a novel "Duma Ki"were published.
dbc174c1ef82cd218b339a146a7eaf1844d25436	In 2009, Stephen King finally published the novel "Under the Dome", which he tried unsuccessfully to write twice in the 1970s and 1980s[22][23], and a collection of five adapted short stories by the author "Stephen King goes to the movies".
70b13005255994f4e849bb548a66674d9720d557	In 2010, a collection of short stories "Darkness — and nothing else" was published.
37cf02f2192a22770c3f58b465d37749cc3f023b	In 2011, the novel "11/22/63" was published.
0da215aea43728b14ee6a90711a6f857d254b892	In 2012, the eighth volume of the cycle about the Dark Tower, "The Wind through the Keyhole"was published[24].
6eed07d960a8059ab36b65b3444e814f3269a266	King also wrote two novels: "Doctor Sleep", the sequel to the novel "The Shining", and "The Land of Joy", written in the detective genre.
4bb21751d91fe4802d3fcfa38803c54997eaa52a	Both novels were released in 2013.
f94c477d8676310cc8f6222b93219ca2483cbc63	In addition, in 2010, King starred in the 3rd episode of the 3rd season of the TV series "Sons of Anarchy" as a cleaner named Bachman[25].
4cecc6ec7d421e1878263473edb09da41bb8f9a5	In 2011, he became the hero of comic books written by Michael Lent and Brian McCarthy, which were based on his biography[26].
b9e638d142ab6230c36991ce8471909075ed57f7	In 2014, the novels "Mr. Mercedes" and "Rebirth"were published.
802228031551138bfca6ad5ad95a9b7e03b55002	On June 2, 2015, the novel "Who Found It, takes it for himself", a continuation of the novel "Mr. Mercedes", was released.
e5c3f6e1afdaa04599f7c865ff20291960e4b275	In 2015, two anthologies of horror stories "The Book of Horrors" and "Evening Light"were published.
6e33742ecbbf668520c4fb06be6728e3f410e840	The" Book of Horrors "included King's story" The Little Green God of Suffering", and the" Evening Light "included the story "Summer Thunder".
a345b55c5a2e7bf1c243587bd67c27af1254a3ea	On June 7, 2016, the third part of "Mr. Mercedes" will be released, the new part will be called "The End of the Watch"[27].
fea553c6ec29e2bd779718597bc41837cc9251e8	Film adaptations of works[edit / edit wiki text]
1d49f6a8a3d47b4f60766f83596a26c98698ef54	Main article: Film adaptations of the works of Stephen King
25f57e19ce337936215ae515bc92709338fae6ed	Filmography of Stephen King[edit / edit wiki text]
c5d117b71b8ea3a79aa8899cc467213cb5ac27d5	Main article: Filmography of Stephen King
8642a96de78e47f20d0e1fe9e3ebf0b57a15e079	Opinion about modern culture[edit / edit wiki text]
c0a103ef527eadadd3e65f12f2d4fb37d9432cfb	King derived his formula in order to learn how to write well:
26e4d42f3b4ee5bf02239554d2a1988628544d01	Read and write from four to six hours a day.
23402435ce7fc066dd644ace92f6d246ebc43248	If you canot find the time for this, you canot expect to become a good writer[28][29].
c9574d41bc54f3e8dcd03eaad934e18946fc4b88	He has set a quota for himself 2000 words every day — and does not stop until it is fulfilled.
2f9154d0ec1117c3fb286deb03d64341de31123a	He also came up with a simple definition for writing talent:
5cc1098939cf3bfb3cb176bbe9879459d6567766	If you wrote something for which you were sent a check, and you cashed the check, and then you paid for electricity with this money, then I think you are talented![30]
768697bce1841adfcf2eecc02979d21a0208b87b	Shortly after he was hit by a car[31], King wrote the first version of the book" Dreamcatcher", using a notebook and a fountain pen from the company" Waterman", which he called"the best text editor in the world".
e211a216cef8a154dd23b5084494eb3fe26be999	King often uses writers as the heroes of his novels or includes references to fictional books in short stories and novellas, such as Paul Sheldon, the main character in "Misery" and Jack Torrance in "The Shining", he is also the creator of the fictional town of Castle Rock.
46861a9d184f7db405c714e2af407d7e3374f579	In September 2009, it was announced that he would be writing for Fangoria.
87c8ef6db50610c5cd384418e8497fc4b8428ce3	He is also often asked why he writes such terrible stories, to which he answers with another question:
2ff63db164e3fb4b9c14883fe116032c7ed6a064	Why do you think I have a choice?[9]
4d6123d5c74aa8df2a52b72f5291b32c6f6828dd	King communicated with the creators of the television series "Lost", their conversation can be read on the pages of the newspaper "Entertainment Weekly"[32] Rumors that King wrote a book related to the series "The Sinister Twin" under the pseudonym Gary Traup were not confirmed.
7e65077b74b0b3b1a2dae74c8de6e3ea5a03140d	The author" loves "the dog Snoopy very much, " mentions him in almost every novel"[33].
f3911664c88cf82ac7fb4b64792b2c3d1d4ac520	King is a fan of the punk band "Ramones".
261de20f1be5762d4bbf7d835e2204629a899860	The refrain from their cult song "Blitzkrieg Bop", "Hey ho, let's go!" became the epigraph to the second part of the novel "Pet Cemetery".
634bbe97c339b6994d5093c56a4286f99f7d9e92	As a sign of appreciation, the Ramones wrote the song "Pet Sematary" (iskazh. English "Pet Cemetery"), which sounds in the film of the same name.
2ebe09297cdd31aaba42a763eb958a7c4f1790fe	He likes the novel "Harry Potter"by J. K. Rowling.
196b7d69af96a2408a319cd2d5f447e8ace1e4bb	Once he answered the question "Will children and adults be delighted with Harry in 100 years or 200?" like this:
df096233608e7049263cb50644b6251ba1b80553	It seems to me that they will stand the test of time and settle on the shelf where all the best is stored;
566fdfbc62a19e6be791351c6283be69d2b793b9	I think Harry will stand on a par with Alice and Frodo, and this series of books is not for a decade, but for centuries...[34]
b01a12c219eb1026bffdbed65c36dd6efce2cbb0	Science fiction writers John Klute and Peter Nichols give mostly positive assessments of his work, noting the following: "The sharpness of his prose, attention to dialogue, a disarmingly relaxed and frank style of presentation, a passionate, furious denunciation of human stupidity and cruelty, especially children, all together makes him a truly popular writer."
cb09c8fa97685b1c80d10616ec5d0ab92b1b8414	In his 1990 book The Philosophy of Horror, Noel Carroll writes about King's work as an example of modern horror literature.
3472818f70d8510451d2829bc8715dc3046f7f12	Analyzing the narrative style of King's fiction and his other works that are not related to fiction, reflecting on the art of presenting his thoughts, he writes that for King, "horror is always a competition between the normal and the abnormal, in which the normal will again become dominant in the final."
6f0a5c2e0a1ed9177567f3d45a6e6eed192fb5f3	The critic S. T. Joshi, in his 2001 book Modern Fairy Tales, devoted one of the chapters to King's work.
77c1c503ba3ac7cb09c02bdbe3066a7225969808	Joshi writes that King is most widely known for his "supernatural" creativity, while at the same time describing his stories as illogical, bloated, whiny, prone to a melodramatic ending.
d7f38ec59dbf5e6f61774dfda851ac66cd17a0ea	Joshi believes that King draws strength from the experience that is available to everyone, as can be seen from his constant references to the pain and joy of youth.
6afc99a1fd4adefb9a754064a0b2555ed502cc26	Joshi considers the novels "Rage" (1977) and "The Running Man" (1982) to be the best in King's work — thanks to a well constructed plot and plausible characters.
002013409515e03ef61f0eb22370a103355a2c6d	In 1996, King's short story "The Man in the Black Suit" won the O. Henry Award[35].
5c0acddd03ddc05fc911adc24e9c0d01ced34549	Writer Jeffrey Deaver, in his collection of short stories "The Age of Great Uncertainty of History", noted that King "single handedly popularized the fantasy genre".
1c38aa6e3d689bdeb6c40122c0f8750964927170	Although there were many well selling writers before him, King, more than anyone since John D. MacDonald, brought popularity to the genre of the novel.
f4d255c5be415289677df36ebee0e57dbdd5572e	Thanks to the rich characteristics of the characters, careful and caring attention to detail, plot development and character transformation, he showed that writers can make such topics as vampirism relevant again.
cb3b0163017670b38da81f80f728b3d0722f9fc2	Many popular writers before King made their efforts to the horror genre, but, alas, they were not so good.
aa175bb69c9bda1db5fda559d39e8592662802ce	It was these details that made him popular, which is why he is a "master of masters".
e5d8c3c081f6509176d4d066e71151930875ceed	In 2003, King was awarded the National Book Award for Outstanding Contribution to American Literature.
a95843a41394ae9b26d3475ce8968df8bc1d414b	Some literary circles expressed dissatisfaction with this decision: Richard Snyder, the former CEO of Simon & Schuster, called King's works "not literature", literary critic Harold Bloom also condemned the jury's choice:
5850dbb8ed6ac077e7aca8e8b1af97e8b6d73d8f	The decision to award the National Book Foundation's annual award for "Outstanding Contribution" to Stephen King is incredible, another example of the shocking process of degradation of our country's culture.
cc58894b416bda864872320d33652b0b3308428f	In the past, I have described King as a writer who is "worthless", but perhaps I was too kind.
55e16c9ba1e54de6a8c237e22862df9fa6579893	His works have nothing in common with Edgar Allan Poe.
8b45919acc18c6053751e7e6766b0b648e634a67	He is inadequate, as is his work, and this is evident in every book of his [36].
df785428548147eff37a3f33fc298e55ea905f33	However, not everyone agreed with this, for example, the writer Orson Card expressed himself as follows:
df4ec525ee99e1e9cd913ebb953188e387449397	Let me assure you that King's works are certainly literature, because they are written for publication and reading.
5bcea49d43753407bbea98a6639536332aa3dd1a	What Snyder really meant was that this is not literature, which is preferred by the scientific and literary elite[37].
54a8e1895f2d90843f0151cf8eca247d3ec388f5	In 2004, film critic Roger Ebert wrote in a review of the film "The Secret Window" :
7b58cbe6559301418df45d72d4edd4f7a2726353	Many people were outraged that King was awarded the National Book Award, since a popular writer cannot be taken seriously.
a474b1208b5c12e35a389507c9745da42ac7f815	But I find his work "How to write books" more useful and informative than the book "Elements of Style" Stranka and Uwaita[38].
2edd70c10867df671764244df95350f7fae26ecc	Political activity[edit / edit wiki text]
be260ae899964219fcc30e2229b99a2931d1861b	In April 2008, King opposed bill number 1423, pending in Massachusetts (a law aimed at restricting or prohibiting the sale of violent video games to persons under the age of 18).
868ee613e611f68f72fd260df13e27ef272429bf	Although King stated that he has no personal interest in this issue, he sharply criticized the draft law, which he believes is an attempt by politicians to exercise control over pop culture, as surrogate parents for other people's children, which he considers "catastrophic" and "not democratic"[39].
93e1c2c1a93ebc3c8b673a0e093cf62fec675917	He also saw contradictions in the law, for example, how to prohibit a 17 year old from watching "Hostel 2", how to prevent him from buying or being able to borrow" Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas", which is violent, but less violent[40].
8bcb3870a2b9d5aed7bcc4f76573112386633a89	He agreed that he did not see any artistic merit in some violent video games, King also said that such games reflect violence that already exists in society and the law is not able to cope with it and would be superfluous in light of the rating system that already exists for video games.
a84f3cf8f4a0e32b6b397bdcd8570d64abe291cf	King believes that such laws allow lawmakers to ignore the economic gap between rich and poor and the easy availability of weapons, which he believes is the cause of violence[41].
8d304757f4fae88d134afe4bdf19d81a5855ee64	Regarding video games, he later stated that he likes to play shooters, arcade games, such as "Time of Crisis".
f66ab1950572894e0ca39dc7ccbbd8d67e97e61f	Interestingly, King himself and his work have repeatedly flashed in video games, so in the first part of the video game "Silent Hill" there are several "Easter eggs" referring to the work of King, and in the game "Alan Wake", the main character of which is a writer in the genre of horror and thriller, says that he was inspired by the work of the King of Horrors at a young age.
7501ffe5400b126c81a4c3c6bef8727d8570a256	After a conservative blogger posted a clip of King holding readings at the Library of Congress on May 5, 2008, a small scandal arose.
abb8ca5996ada625fc886e675776ff161e747575	King, talking to schoolchildren, said: "If you are able to learn to read, you can afford a job that you can come to later, if you could not even do that, then you always have the opportunity to join the army, go to Iraq or something like that"[42].
3a807e2cf62fd0638ca9b91055ed6b531e3a4d6b	The comment to the recording read "another bashing of the military by liberals", and compared it with the statement of John Kerry from 2006[43].
e703eead4f71fd6ede0f8ed90e68e9b2bc3a1f43	King responded the same day, saying:
1378eef9a855b105359f5638dc480ba8517b06b1	You question my patriotism, because I said that children should learn to read and be able to get a better job; thus, I live in the homeland of the National Guard, and I support our troops, but I do not support any war or educational policies that limit the opportunities of young women and men, giving them the opportunity to become only military[42][44].
aaf7390c765021962af18e2bde37174d8919b2be	King again defended his comment in an interview in the Daily News on May 8, saying:
d30123447cd9e05e46eb993a05f40a7d52506a17	I'm not going to apologize for the help that helps children get a better education at school, which means they get the opportunity to choose.
fc8f9aa63ffc6a873869c826cc369a18cf9107bd	Those who disagree with me can stay with their opinion, because I'm not going to prove anything to them[45].
94d88b03c07251a0a9c6e96e7cba4909e4b0dff6	King's website states that he is a supporter of the Democratic Party.
5685420804cd2f3936ee440f199023761b59b95a	During the 2008 presidential election, King expressed his support for the Democratic candidate Barack Obama[46].
cd226137e7fb4378d6caa7c9fb1cb3bd5ca0f4e7	On March 8, 2011, King spoke about a rally in Sarasota that was directed against Governor Rick Scott and his criticism of the"Tea Party Movement" [47].
39ecfdefca2fe0e5d7ae8babf29b4460b5e0b1ae	In November of the same year, King donated $70,000 received from the income of his three radio stations in Maine[48] to help pay heating bills for needy families in his hometown of Bangor, Maine, during the winter[49].
7654d259c46c40790fa592e0962e133a04fb794e	On April 30, 2012, King published an article in the Daily Beast calling on rich Americans, including himself, to pay more taxes, explaining this as "a practical necessity and a moral imperative, that those who have received more should also give more"[50].
cb57a5d5ad37b2a65267cd7572e6fb7744b79ffa	Stephen King's House in Bangor
9a06e0bcdc6195f718853f7cf38ff4356164b0e8	He and Tabitha have three children, Naomi, Joe and Owen, and three grandchildren.
4020b09b26d352d220d708cc2546ae08ec03a508	[7] In 1999, a letter was published in the satirical newspaper "The Onion", allegedly from King, who stated that he could not remember how he wrote Tomminokers and several other novels, because "after the 50-60 novel everything merges"[51].
8da5baf98e9ba90a609cccbb70e4776549b2fb62	Although the article was only ironic about his exceptional fecundity, "writing", nevertheless, King's problems with alcohol and drug addiction in the 80s were so serious that in 2000 he admitted in "On Writing": "I really donot remember how I wrote Tomminokers and many other things published during the decade."
50697548d6d578f56a2c5c7018fa88358b5045ff	Shortly after the novel was published, his family and friends staged an intervention, collected evidence of his addiction taken from garbage, including beer cans, cigarette butts, grams of cocaine, valium, xanax and marijuana, and dumped it on the carpet in front of him.
fbfb185d46ca1582eb22af5203a11cee0c900c66	As King writes in his memoirs, " after that, I turned to doctors, decided to stop not only with drugs, but also with alcohol," and since the late 1980s, he has remained sober.
043f2900aa544400014923c4fa2b0ccd030bee1e	Both of the writer's sons are published authors: Owen published his first collection of short stories, "We are All Together: Novellas and Short Stories", in 2005.
810bb26e9bf66a59ad4a81e307d334f4fd9825e3	Joseph Hillstrom King, who writes under the professional pseudonym Joe Hill, published a collection of short stories, "Ghosts of the 20th Century" , in 2005.
f629be40c3bf820d915317d6b26c81839138b64b	His debut novel, A Heart shaped Box, was published in 2007 and will be adapted into a feature film directed by Neil Jordan[53].
a34530f62f24f68f11bb8397734dc50e90782710	He helped coach his son Owen's Bangor West team to the Maine Minor League Championship in 1989.
b9a045a9d2dbd57cbd6961e79f10e95feeea251c	He talks about his experience in the New Yorker through an essay called "Upside Down", which is also presented in the collection "Nightmares and Fantasies".
3c73c3c821f56dcc291f6318fcd061d505d67577	In 2014, Stephen King took part in the famous flash mob "Ice Bucket Challenge", the meaning of which is to pour ice water in front of the camera and raise charity funds for patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis[56].
b865fe6cc957cf4d59ba3011ded433f7ba8c911f	For his work, King received the Bram Stoker Award, the World Fantasy Award, the award of the British Fantasy Society.
8804d01a6a2f394800ad7129f49d4c2c311465ed	His novel "The Intermediate Station" was a candidate for the Nebula Award[57], and his short story "The Man in the Black Suit"received the O. Henry Award.
209117f9bb34aac2c5dc613ae44dc106bb1a2edb	He has also received awards for his contribution to literature throughout his career, such as "For Contribution to World Fantasy" (2004), was awarded by the Canadian Booksellers Association (2007) and the title of Grand Master from the American Mystery Writers (2007)[59]. In 2014, he was awarded the US National Medal of Arts with the wording "for combining fascinating stories with an analysis of human nature".
a31bb0ed9e2e7b1d6a32bcb9f0948a88ceece6ef	Stephen King in popular culture[edit / edit wiki text]
a4a9a8bf6540caac6809c55e3504b12f61cc75a2	In the 5th episode of the 3rd season of the science fiction series "Quantum Leap", the main character, Sam Beckett, tells the young King the plot of the novel "Christina" Drawn by Stephen King appears in the series " Insane Clown Poppy "of the American animated series"The Simpsons" [60][61]. The fifteenth episode of the seventh season of the animated series "Family Guy" called "Three stories by Stephen King" is dedicated to his works: "The Corpse" (film adaptation), "Misery" (film adaptation) and "Rita Hayworth and the Rescue from Shawshank" (film adaptation).
2bae6778428c1acf7e0bd651fca385db525f3876	A drawn Stephen King appears in the middle of the cartoon.
f8eee16f7cc9fc71b4fec0d5038c7de1e0a13bbe	Bibliography of Stephen King List of Stephen King Literary Awards Filmography of Stephen King Film adaptations of Stephen King's works by Joe Hill
aeae81fb657a9fef7629f1f024c6d8edfe347c58	↑ Record #118813250 // Gemeinsame Normdatei — 2012—2016.
6ee4c3445b9a01ff7e6d875386e73f20ef82af0e	↑ Robert Morgan, Stephen King, BBC Newsnight Wednesday, 22 November, 2006 ↑ Rogek L.
b5502d9cafce2a41983b49d6242818992f31c03f	The Heart in which Fear Lives.
11a8568e4c73c4b9c76b6c192c71142a57b19efd	Stephen King: life and work.
3427f47d70284c9cdeeec85086d078d4611251bf	- M.: AST;
f16ce296345c8d88ae3490872f353f9dbc0c0ba2	Astrel, 2011.
2a6343814f169585bbc7324f54d48aef150700a4	- p. 405.
139355fe1f8a0ea88cf0c8cbb410699d4f0151c6	↑ 1 2 "An Interview with Stephen King" by Phil Konstantin ↑ The transfer of "Stephen King" from the cycle "Barnes & Noble.
ad087dfd019d7501dcc4e7af859d6c6a46f1f123	Meet the Writers (with Steve Bertrand)" (see by time 5: 45).
b5f11a8fd34bd5adbd73ea5422aecb955cf72d36	'Youtube' (November 3, 2009).
4dc0735f703b098e0c9fe40afec503f4d9e47504	Checked on November 14, 2011.
a3b2f1ca2e7adade94b3aacaefcc2a0ee134a8f5	Перевод Translation of the cit. by: Rogek L.
78a9fc5e0dfcdf23083f88c5942c40af064468b0	The Heart in which Fear lives.
840053fa3912d42d305a5befb19c7dd104722344	Stephen King: life and creativity / Lisa Rogek; translated from the English by N. Balashova.
6cf54d4d273b19a247656a23569fa9fe0d909ad6	- Moscow: AST: Astrel, 2011.
e2dd0da73d785ac45804b6d75916d9fd3142489f	52-53., original English text by Andrew O'Hehir:.
a928aba98ddf0dd091b67abdf10aabf8e678b1e8	The Salon Interview — Stephen King (English) (September 24, 1998). Checked on November 14, 2011.
d1e6c6f517422db243891a376148e3105f7a5a33	Archived from the original source on February 3, 2012.
50f39883c324766724a35280a84d24f50dbc1408	↑ 1 2 Stephen King, bio originally written by Tabitha King, updated by Marsha DeFilippo.
d0c51ccc4796072cc6cbf77468aa2bc9961e0d4c	↑ King, Stephen: «Stephen King’s Keynote Address, Vermont Library Conference», VEMA Annual Meeting, May 26, 1999. http://www.horrorking.com/interview7.html ↑ 1 2 Stephen King’s Advice to Writers ↑ Stephen king is often sells the rights to screen their works for one dollar ↑ Why did you write books as Richard Bachman?
f1e9e04b8d814fb34103cebffa74933484a165d3	↑ Bachman Turner Overdrive founder searched for Stephen King by Steve Newton on January 13, 2009 ↑ Steve Brown is the man who discovered that it was King that had written the Bachman book.
6ce1ca39516a63ae98b432faf835b1a3b25b32e2	Here he tells the story of how it happened.
4099bfbae41c91aec2ec85488932196026a1723d	↑ Stephen king, "Why I was Bachman" ↑ It looks like there will be a readin of Blaze in the UK ↑ What Is Stephen King Trying to Prove?
65d130a0cabead4b7570b6775f07c9be1116196e	By STEPHEN J. DUBNER August 13, 2000 ↑ CNN Horror author Stephen King was seriously injured when he was struck by a minivan while walking in North Lovell, Maine, Saturday, Maine State Police said June 20, 1999 ↑ Stephen King run down by distracted driver Monday 21 June 1999 ^ the Origin of Stephen King's novel, LISEY''S STORY ↑ King Video interview in 2001, he talks about his new novel the Dreamcatcher, the health and the death of Bryan Smith.
1f10e4cb8f2df6eadc14f69de8b1af57b9ac13d0	↑ Is it true that you have retired?
88aa0dbec8a9cf140b472efec2a6c99f418fe293	Not yet ↑ King’s Latest Cast Feels Real By JANET MASLIN Published: November 11, 2009 ↑ Stephen King’s Glass -Menagerie By JAMES PARKER Published: November 5, 2009 ↑ StephenKing.com is proud to announce The Dark Tower: The Wind Through the Keyhole.
59e447fd1f1cd7a26693557c111d3e9373f18b50	The next installment of the epic series is set for release in 2012.
dc081bc08fe16cdc41af58eda3d8fcbd6c492a3e	↑ Flood, Alison Stephen King rides in to Sons of Anarchy TV cameo.
afee6b07afb684a879fdd3d3609bd39f3bbf2d64	The Guardian (September 21, 2010).
3fe41d9b4d4766fe86e67c3a238a08503042e966	↑ Exclusive art: Stephen King—the comic book!
c3380181303ce67cc4418e1c3c952bea9017fdcf	↑ A new novel by Stephen King will be released in the summer of 2016 ↑ ["http://www.all science fair projects.com/science fair projects encyclopedia/Stephen King Writing Style Stephen King] ↑ by Stephen King, reprinted in Sylvia K. Burack, ed.
57abbc9062f3c4aa959f7e9b58df26259cfd9e8b	The Writer's Handbook.
2b1de3abe6e4b5458926a4aa0531fdb6fbf15904	Boston, MA: Writer, Inc., 1988: 3-9 ↑ Everything You Need to Know About Writing Successfully in Ten Minutes ↑ Horror master Stephen King struck by vehicle ↑ When Stephen King met the 'Lost' boys… ↑ Stephen King, the novel " The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon "(1999).
8de868fb28ac038d78879bf73494ddadfedaedcb	↑ Stephen King July 23, 2000 Wild About Harry The fourth novel in J. K. Rowling's fantastically successful series about a young wizard.
16587372f1daa45dedfbb0869c98bf036d4c744d	↑ Past winners list ↑ Dumbing down American readers By Harold Bloom, 9/24/2003 ↑ Uncle Orson Reviews Everything September 21, 2003 ↑ Secret Window BY ROGER EBERT / March 12, 2004 ↑ Stephen King Speaks Out Against Video Game Legislation Monday, April 07, 2008 ↑ Stephen King speaks out against anti videogame bill ↑ Stephen King on videogames By Stephen King | Apr 05, 2008 ↑ 1 2 Authors Stephen, Tabitha, and Owen King discussed their writing with Washington, D.C., area high school students ↑ Writer Stephen King: If You Canot Read, You’ll End Up in the Army or Iraq ↑ Stephen King’s Third Explanation Still Unapologetic to Military ↑ Stephen king I'm not going to apologize for the help, thanks to which children get the best education in the school ↑ Mad Man: Is Glenn Beck Bad for America?
355706dc7007895a8fb326ff798bdf3f414a9d8d	↑ King Speaks At Budget Cut Protest, Says Florida Governor Should Star In His Next Horror Novel ↑ Stephen King.
bd36c7eda44af32d7fb80e2777fdea9c8fc95c99	Everything is extremely.
0a8f141d1ae97acec661f9e287899fce5c5a10ca	- Moscow: AST, 2006.
d16058a64fd8c4c53e5b7160d47d35ef6e2d8696	8. ↑ Stephen King to donate $70,000 to heat Maine homes ↑ Stephen King: Tax Me, for F@%&’s Sake!
48730a2b262c2ec3ca6c2d32b99555658154d6ed	↑ I Donot Even Remember Writing The Tommyknockers ↑ Stephen King, The Art of Fiction No. 189 ↑ Neil Jordan To Direct the Heart Shaped Box ^ the King's daughter Naomi has entered into a marriage with a woman by the name of Tandek ↑ Built with funds donated to the city of Bangor in 1991 by best selling author and resident Stephen King, Shawn T. Mansfield Stadium ↑ Stephen King ALS Ice Bucket Challenge 19 08 2014 ↑ The Nebula Awards are given annually by the Science Fiction Writers of America, to acknowledge excellence in science fiction writing.
6fb0b7397098a1fd9a795ee1404402531fbc509c	↑ Distinguished Contribution to American Letters Stephen King Introduction by Walter Mosley ↑ FORUMS du CLUB Stephen King (CSK) ↑ John Updike and James A. Schiff.
382eb5697328ba2bd59fa34e784fc59443ae095b	Updike in Cincinnati.
e03e425e82d9026de9662a09ff7d97cb872bff45	Ohio University Press, 2007.
1221138f956b0b467be4db68c8e560f2ada54077	26-27.
a6a433e69f6a335f742712d05b8e749886107bfd	↑ Maxtone Graham, Ian.
8da1c773ee5a4e5e7953f2b3f654c9aee1061a6b	The Simpsons The Complete Twelfth Season DVD commentary for the episode "Insane Clown Poppy" [DVD].
9450e9d880b31f796cd46d60f484d4a5603dcefb	20th Century Fox.
d6aa64f58e98835c79f4753d4506beb0cc4289d6	Portal "Stephen King" Stephen King in Wikicitatnik?
e1fbb8889db42e919de6b73b67c19137d667c999	Stephen King in Wikitek?
2edd55679e6f681220eca45e8a8a3682bdbf66ef	Stephen King on Wikimedia Commons?
969db8e3eee1d7143286414e9cad241ac4c30489	Rogek L.
fd2f7f2b91fa3a78dfdf56a081e541b949521ec7	The heart in which fear lives.
e577c5222abecc00fe9f7d78d17f91c81bd75e68	Stephen King: life and work / Lisa Rogak; translated from the English by N. Balashova = Lisa Rogak.
3a1a6a286f8ad154b9225aca188d5c79ae4b4f08	Haunted Heart: The Life and Times of Stephen King (2008).
1fc4ea9b07785cd0edd38e01388c4e2c067ba7c2	— 411,[5]: 8 l. il. s .
332176c7cc614c2c34f0e1dc16e49c7b48ccaed7	— 4000 copies.
fe766a3dbf6f2395856b0c4dab9eb4fa7d8dcc35	— ISBN 978-5-17-070665-5.
5ced67c051986889b55f697ca870c57768a4dbca	Ehrlichman V. V.
90a0419516a9392e242cc373d96e5df1f2751999	The King of the Dark Side.
bfd7aa9fa17b834600d2a3e523e5629f60aeab75	Stephen King in America and Russia.
4adb595b178ae971a71cb1351d8aac5533e586c8	St. Petersburg, Amphora, 2006.
03d9a8b75110addc8ec982c0f73b614188a2c0f4	ISBN 5-367-00145-9.
3f7993d99e2803041c45d3bdc2535a7afd427862	The official website of the writer (English) The website of the Russian fan club of Stephen King Full bibliography of Stephen King on the website "Laboratory of Fiction" Stephen King's Keynote Address Article " American myth.
a874f4ee264d4e6fd9de3e6f3ce7cab770480d88	Stephen King "in the magazine " World of Fiction"
9113658f237090bf85c0c1574eabfe49b4a2ff3c	The Works of Stephen King The Dark Tower Cycle
c472814caeb5232a66475800739fc8eb28d8ed9c	The Shooter (1982) · Extraction of the Three (1987) · The Badlands (1991) · The Sorcerer and the Crystal (1997) * The Wolves of Calla (2003) · The Song of Susanna (2004) · The Dark Tower (2004) · The Wind through the Keyhole (2012)
f3f9d94852547a6ee972eda73e3250a7d1f77a06	Carrie (1974)
b8c02f628978e80edd8e50c95dc17685c5523d79	· The lot (1975) · the Shining (1977) · the Opposition (1978) · the Dead zone (1979) · Firestarter (1980) · cujo (1981) · Christine (1983) · pet Sematary (1983) · Cycle of the werewolf (1983) · the Talisman (1984) · It (1986) · the Eyes of the dragon (1987) · misery (1987) · Tomminokery (1987) · the Dark half (1989) · needful things (1991) · Gerald's Game (1992) · Dolores Claiborne (1992) · Insomnia (1994) · rose madder (1995) · the Green mile (1996) · Hopelessness (1996) · Bag of bones (1998) · the Girl who loved Tom Gordon (1999) · Dreamcatcher (2001) · Black house (2001) · Almost like Buick (2002) · the man from Colorado (2005) · the Cell (2006) · the Story of Lizzie (2006) · Duma Key (2008) Under the dome (2009) · Billy "the Blockade" (2010) · 11/22/63 (2011) · Land of joy (2013) · Doctor Sleep (2013) · Mr. Mercedes (2014) Revival (2014) Who found, takes a (2015) · End of watch (2016)
ba0ea2a9823096cc477440ff19eceb93ffab3533	Author's collections
c0d5e4e91686446a664983267c053b0f0dc49a08	Night Shift (1978) · Four Seasons (1982) · Skeleton Crew (1985) · Four After Midnight (1990) · Nightmares and Fantastic Visions (1993) · Hearts in Atlantis (1999) · Everything is Ultimate (2002) · After Sunset (2008) · Darkness — and Nothing Else (2010) Shop of Bad Dreams (2015)
5480b0aa3e1d098c7c667e437658fd86fb28ec37	Under a pseudonym
c0e2f35cec465f474d2909229aaf5c0ac1d8dd7e	Richard Bachman
e6d028185454e9e43dce287dbfc8c7caf6d2c9a8	Rage (1977)
19e5ded12dc9395870478ea5d13334fb1d0585af	· Long Walk (1979) · Road Works (1981) · Running Man (1982) · Losing Weight (1984) · Regulators (1996) · Blaze (2007)
7a31d25287414754152d869c3d8021e6c35b790d	Dance of Death
3583d4dce2fc9bfd1a589af42e2f1f5620691ddb	(1981 · * Kaleidoscope of Horrors (1982) · Plant (1983) · Nightmares in the Sky (1988) · Six Stories (1997) · Storm of the Century (1999) · How to Write Books (2000) · Cheerleader (2004) · The Ghost Brothers from Darkland County (2013)
8607d3850320852103244aab5c108cbe7b8024e8	See also: Stories and Novellas by Stephen King, Poems by Stephen King
bd1ec3292d0240f295dd057333ab40de49277279	Film adaptations of the works of Stephen King Movies
208982fbdbce3926d39513e48ca2c19a946b0492	Carrie (1976)
8626e54aff07757deb461f27e177850daf80e238	· The shining (1980) · Kaleidoscope of horrors (1982) · cujo (1983) · the Dead zone (1983) · Christine (1983) · children of the corn (1984) · Firestarter (1984) · Cat's eye (1985) · Silver bullet (1985) · Maximum Overdrive (1986) · Stand by me (1986) · the Running man (1987) · Kaleidoscope of horrors 2 (1987) · Pet Cemetery (1989) · Tales from the Dark Side (1990) · Night Shift (1990) · Misery (1990) · Sleepwalkers (1992) · The Dark Half (1993) · Necessary Things (1993) · Escape from Shawshank (1994) · Crush (1995) · Dolores Claiborne (1995) · Losing Weight (1996) · Night Flight (1997) · The Capable Student (1998) · The Green Mile (1999) · Hearts in Atlantis (2001) · Dreamcatcher (2003) · Secret Window (2004) · Riding a Bullet (2004) · 1408 (2007) · Mist (2007) · Dolan's Cadillac (2009) · Telekinesis (2013) · A Good Marriage (2014) * Mobile Phone (2016)
18b0021618dc960eb94ec16fb4630c273d1c35b9	TV movies, TV series
bf41649ac9a8b89f31e45e08ae200788d8308ff5	and movies for video
aeb30db0a00820f6f78f4c3effb08a35d5c827d9	The Salem Vampires (1979) · It (1990) · Sometimes They Come Back (1991) · The Golden Years (1991) · Tommyknockers: The Curse of Underground Ghosts (1993) · Confrontation (1994) · The Langoliers (1995) · Zone 51 (1997) · Freeway (1997) · The Shining (1997) · The Revelations of Becky Paulson
9c51431b8a7cc3b1498c4a3c9f13ea92d237d937	(1997 · * Chinga (1998) · Storm of the Century (1999) · The Red Rose Mansion (2002) · The Dead Zone (2002) · Carrie (2002) · The Fate of Salem (2004) · Royal Hospital (2004) · Doom (2006) · Nightmares and Fantastic Visions (2006) · Children of Corn (2009) · Haven (2010-2015) · Bag of Bones (2011) · Under the Dome (2013-2015) · 11.22.63 (2016)
f9205ef2da542b5a95c5d75fd3b943ccf403c488	Movie sequels
ca1531d51fad5dda245955d3ce2759facc44b406	The Lot of Salem 2: Return to Salem (1987) · Pet Cemetery 2 (1992) · Children of Corn 2: The Last Sacrifice (1992) · Children of Corn 3: City Harvest (1994) · Sometimes they come back... again (1996) · Children of Corn 4: Harvest (1996) · Children of Corn 5: Fields of Fear (1998) · Murderous Cold (1998) · Children of Corn 666: The Return of Isaac (1999) · Carrie 2: Rage (1999) · Children of Corn: Revelation (2001) · Crush 2: Computer Killer (2001) · Igniting the Look 2: All Over Again (2002) · The Diary of Ellen Rimbauer (2003) · Crush 3: Rebirth (2005)
3c48479d1ec6563bacd7a7f392a868ac27b76e31	Thematic sites Allmusic · Discogs · Internet Movie Database · MusicBrainz · Internet Speculative Fiction Database
fb7319e8a9d895acdeb3084758c2e7537a8e9fb6	BIBSYS Regulatory Control: x90054901 · BNC: A10330835 · BNF: 11909772T · GND: 118813250 · ICCU: IT\ICCU\CFIV\000568 · ISNI: 0000 0001 2144 6296 · LCCN: n79063767 · NDL: 00445718 · NKC: jn19990004346 · NTA: 068655193 · LIBRIS: 193552 · SUDOC: 028710355 · VIAF: 97113511
2ced3f8458c62e5e875f20625be3b4903b2c52b9	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King, _Steven&oldid=77398973"
93e0e3e70e3ff32f0225e87988172bbc83411fae	Categories: Born on September 21, Born in 1947, Alphabetical personalities Born in Portland (Maine) Alphabetical writers Stephen King Kings Science fiction Writers USA Horror writers USA Writers of the XX century Writers of the XXI century Graduates of the University of Maine
fd7de47d4712f2a41c8174ba8c449350c1488f9a	Hidden categories: Wikipedia:Articles with redefinition of the value from Wikidata Wikipedia:Articles with sources from Wikidata are now living
2ecdc94a4e5fa04316058d06e517598259f17aac	Afrikaans Aragonés العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca Belarusian Belarusian (tarashkevitsa) বাংলা Bosanski Brezhoneg Bulgarian Català کوردیی ناوەندی Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Suomi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી עברית हिन्दी Hrvatski Magyar Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Ido Íslenska Italiano 日本語 ქართული Taqbaylit 한국어 Kazakh Lezgi Latina Lietuvių Latviešu Malagasy Olyka Mari Macedonian മലയാളം Mongol नेपाली मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Scots Srpskohrvatski / srpskohrvatski Simple English Slovenčina Shqip Slovenscina Srpski / Svenska srpski Ślůnski தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Ukrainian O'zbekcha/Becca Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 粵語
bea6ef371612e1a81082c062a40011a8bd54046b	Last modified on this page: 00: 35, March 28, 2016.
373c0fc85caa42fa6d020150ad5a195e89780c85	PRESS RELEASES
2b301da2fd3afd63f894671af42cb3bad1d7e4f3	send a review!
6c6fee7095496a875983b9e629aad3e72ff4fae7	How the animals in the jungle changed their gender
d6deaeb1315124f1969d2d739d94365b5d08d21e	The "Jungle Book" – Kipling's old fairy tale about the boy Mowgli in a new, very new way is being released
cdbdd3cc7f31e21a54268998bb441c44033208b9	How not to destroy yourself in a relationship
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0011e07ab31852e8917bcea480ca19dc86f66b55	Wednesday, April 6
b323696f05a64899503f58c6a271dfc299368e5f	08:49
6801d265df27955f35c8692b59203014bc6660cb	In Kiev, they erase all references to Moscow
27d585f3474080e996d317a717aa0b30d1cd50e1	08:29
78a90532f7f4cbfa9472f6ef76c0a3738086eb6f	Up to 12 degrees of heat is expected in Moscow
a4b584c2482b400e3f6b8d5ecfc6193f9df73530	08:02
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888d83ddebe6bfca533291ef9ad90a531aac3d70	00:25
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a1b72dc3e9e48c769cf6fe34c06294dca5b420bc	00:05
9d226c1947077c957c86ee04008ab1adf093afb1	WhatsApp encrypted messages
1213136877e5365b74e265e67bde841448f33d34	21:53
9660f0b702c30a794ac1f46bb02934d29e5d23c9	Trump will trick Mexicans into shutting themselves off from the United States
4f818b586527e11a4a70945e9d0457fedcad81b1	21:48
b0fe5f46a2ee5e420e976b9bcc53941478070477	The United States agreed with Russia on the fate of Assad
200efb2abc8a22eecbbcfde247000ba4b06d2026	21:35
a4e9a749570577cf70a6bc6aada4027972081430	A bomb threat has been announced at the Warsaw airport
8439c1c7ac55a2e173e2cdb915f9e1eda997cb1c	21:05
92c21eeadfb9ca5d8d958a443b3504f6fc507c08	The woman who was raped by collectors was attacked for the second time
739bb5754ce55d5c2c664e097e0db1dab1ddcc53	21:03
5ec7612bab1bbafa2e0f98480313ddc431062c17	Bastrykin took personal control of the case of rapist collectors
cfe3f12123672fc6c65ec68c05d4206938fbe217	20:41
cbada4d079d8c29343930bf53a35046a76dbb035	The Foreign Ministry responded to the ban on the supply of Su 30
7a414fcac3970a3c7f3da14d17e3b82e06b93091	20:28
ee5169e85ada99ad01f5c320d1446badc60d0aaf	Why does Russia need the National Guard
403db5dc729614f9556ddf465619c0ebad10dcae	20:27
0ae4f03cf62c3e41fe7a929bfb016494b6b56bf5	The Kremlin called the outcome of the negotiations with Armenia and Azerbaijan
934d2eab86a77f6f6f0877f85f1ee223074da462	20:05
7f141c441d079d5c7e9075b27c40a4276cf9406a	Joseph Stalin has a grandson
96e50bb017376f0a27bbe8dce4eafa541ee2df7b	19:56
a81447d041551a59ca9e89a1fb4e454b331ff412	Sobyanin: Landscaping creates a comfortable space in the city
1bc6249602f6b3b84c367aefdb0fff19117d9810	Priluchny's wife abandoned herself after giving birth
17928e40750d32d5dadfddf6397b0af5c28b5f4b	19:55
8925b39106e6d9f1a0d8a00ba53e6cd690df0480	The Turks recalled Erdogan's humiliation in the United States
01b0863d1c2d6aea8e3f30087e616af09cd5d74f	19:51
4b60c9689fff56c577041aa916c4b293cf44dc2d	Collectors got into the house of a raped woman thanks to her son
b8872fc9d4459642bca957142e74b6ab2b9698ef	19:27
99f65ea577999b4ce910e9e01711cbb216c0afe0	The Foreign Ministry of England was asked to hang a gay flag
5cba1f0fac52bbb4c0afb2283eca9ccb62ff9068	Rospechat offers newspapers to live on grants
1e41699d7444f7577b6b4399f12fc27392aee520	19:09
425ad5e79f6d0edf71d00d06e8987c1270006c57	Natalia Vetlitskaya has stopped aging
a2ae8a24bdec123adb8dbfc256e30d22be7a5dd8	19:01
96c3963243f29606c4650297273e264a99cbf2f0	Russia will build a base on the Moon by 2035
889ced9de158c56b8409864e0782fbdc37b51a97	18:56
21f6c704ed238eea52a41d8d4ac854cad3e459d8	The National Guard has a commander in chief
7a661f0616dc2256cb596128c430d31d07cd9782	18:49
8e9ecfc5b86a78da860466e43ef5a7f65627d8eb	A war veteran returned love after 70 years
8d7b027a9f518d2e23ad55c564347e1b11ff596c	18:45
15459f50c6f52958a8db214dcb4f6caf66845f7b	A cafe is on fire in the south of Moscow
cf2b5ba02b5091ba70900685e99eedb2996a8491	18:34
6b102bdce6ba66c430f1158400c55fd41e1c686f	Poroshenko: Ukraine has united the American people
a1a0a9741e99bdd59d78592d667911d23fe1a143	18:27
c1c818d65ce7765c3dfa1c159a6233a42eaf13f4	Putin called the heads of Azerbaijan and Armenia
d910c373d88cb13232a909d92aa66bbfd809804b	18:26
c2ea5a129fc1016f8f8a0a1f908c07c5fbe0f083	Lena Lenina ate a cockroach (video)
e4aa9087e01fee1e046e03b4375efde9b5b1888e	18:20
2bf87807b7d39568f2da1532abb747b062e0c713	Volochkova is looking for muscular handsome men (video)
b550db2849494ce73c0d3c01aa26851aab04ab02	18:09
53c1e86ca34600c040979420d285588e3371abbe	An unspoken paper cartel has been created in Russia
545fad41704c1ac36c8e4e4dc8d548f82585201e	18:02
ed465aa6f155ee94750bfe26c752e609ca899f45	How much do Russians need for life
d1ccd5b992d1b0eba436f5f536b6c81361cb0981	A rocket exploded in an American school
2d778dbb4b32a0271b76f4eb8fc99de4709282da	17:51
37f40259a066db9100ce40e67d7c79a8addac3f8	The US will block the supply of Russian Su 30 to Iran
58c3feed3e1d024bb51606467c7c918a55f70ef7	17:46
640c379c4d1d903ccb5fd36024dbe20eafcb2e73	What happened to Angelina Jolie
46cf3c92fc631c0d0c7185fe2503539b6bb7dce4	17:32
5cb378aa76b65574b2642291bec33c1e8487cfe2	Julia Roberts ' husband ran away
e97b8c31306fb1f88e4ba6b51dcba382aabc8fa9	17:21
153641f13561abe997f2c22c7f8e3a0fe5423c4a	The Cyprus court has authorized the arrest of Yakov Eroshevsky
4a9c60e80057f7e5179bbf4373754da6d50af55f	17:12
1bc5978c80c8ce8f88a2c136d00bf9456f741757	Scientists were able to overcome paralysis
9578b0b7c5ebfd913c3e42a4d50c2019f0240156	17:11
79f8c03a07f563fb6dc457243f08dd5d767324ce	Putin announced the creation of the National Guard
d0c9f04f013e3c04b62fed7bb3765a7824e0c0ae	17:09
a11389a6dbadc7b126858ca22b4a9d73f643858f	Putin subordinated the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the Drug Control Service
55fe48c9776da90eb5de431528fadba55e5c0a47	17:03
955c09b7e84812572eceb95192397bc9615a2d4d	In Russia, they believe the local press most of all
deefd2bf796da87bf8679f11a07c4e2908027e5b	17:01
9d5a307de47650eb537f6ded68249033c8b8cbad	Social studies in Russia will be taught in a new way
a6b594d2d45a5092528dcff526d3459474fa5109	16:50
d73a1f67f355202c5f9a40e77e01ae6a6d2eaedf	SKA offered the coach of the national team 50 million
1724712809fdaabf1b982d800c3fe1602265c838	16:46
eb9d7450001cdd4b29035c77e998628371fa0ff9	Nikolaev came to the investigators because of love
0f2176babb27064f8e8680b7b93a9aeb3ad5dc53	16:37
1a776ede6033d08a73030546b69ede6b65545e3a	The future of online media depends on social networks
a5d46d1f4d9996ef83b54e6a9ef7ddfbb7962bbc	A planet with three "Suns" has been found"
76447cbfaee74003874080cd0f1779692b22cf26	16:27
46ef8a209d9a4dc9e15d026635b144d8cb6a8b77	A Syrian colonel was in the Su 22 shot down by the militants
c31b236d14ee7d9c47a0d928c06a1648ce4f01a5	16:08
d4cce0facd172d430e84bdd5899213df1a5cdc4f	Pitt threatens to leave the emaciated Jolie
f943f5ec22d312ae30986bcb15be3184c81bbb42	16:06
3ebcdfda2b074ce55cad4739919c409ddb47679e	Ukraine's new combat vehicle cracked during exercises
025a89814bacac2e834967f55e8627a2078dc6a1	The main problems of the press in Russia are named
cce729d797b66b1b596a853dee5d269aabd3fd41	16:02
d88c1b4fe4c3f4bdc4cc7ec5e1d374b8d6781a92	The Olympic champion from Russia was suspended from all competitions
98e182c7cde7a34bb383f964b7db3e20805416a0	15:50
c232d1e615038a47ddb5682c1178ff8ba7eb3cbf	Tymoshenko has moved to the opposition
79c2484dbc0aac19d70313917fc06333a853e63d	Bjoerndalen unexpectedly resigned
5e3dfcd8c5ded5e6ddf7949d3ec1608468ddf185	15:48
2d2bcbe785ed86d87d2a489f4f7d93798c5c12ce	The NSA Information Sewer
9408d56f1d6d7d8d1e488b053cc09e4eb15bfd47	15:47
0cf33dfa9b363fe2cdacbf296ce640fcec841ee8	The press is advised "not to sit on the priest exactly"
58ba362961e16c882c55cd05795df12e53c44cc5	Named the sexiest age of a woman
f9f4dcea76cd8552b2fa5e28dcb43375dcfcf94e	The number of dangerous crimes has significantly decreased in Moscow
d2760c0c827135a5a0cc705f314c4dabb8634834	15:40
299f398fb3243a2ac8342ebfc430b1aa0218378c	Poland has become a leader in the demolition of Soviet monuments
7b67786e520eef765c06fd960513b2877d848924	15:33
7bae7c3b80fd0ff65b1096382e0df4f1bffd59df	"IG" promises to arrange a terrorist attack in the Colosseum
488ed9c2761a715c789df81e2e41fbf06aeeb85c	15:31
672126d6bda3c30228d984217c26920e9e768b7a	A third of Russian families live without savings
c6f9458ab0a449a3b830978ad5bdb3ca7df7c80c	15:29
92caa82eecf32b72aa34bb482ab5d85fa39b8abc	Putin warned against belittling the role of Russia
ef8b764c170de73bb92d3b4bbada6a85a5d9fbea	15:18
6d794b6f093c79bdc0a83df27f9fa198406e4d38	Karpin was involved in a scandal with offshore companies
9069626be32abe89c905339cf1e250d5a810aaaa	15:13
45613781e1bf57aefb216de59e2cc4c02f37c877	Poroshenko tried to scare the West with stories
a32f2c491d8b4c975341e03ea1f9527268f16a31	15:10
cb284de58d9c8319549c10b1cc55bdfa89feaea4	The fate of television was discussed at the media forum
4cd9ac1a51557a27e9b03f51a1094fbb6673563b	What did Gref do with the "blue cucumber" under the mushrooms
98a421c279fcea60caec7d97db2a1fcf25c38580	The official euro exchange rate rose to 78.28 rubles
418c20b9ea0ab81974df4f8f7b0d1ce41e16f494	14:37
1522637c0a1152d76a7ca826c851297bb5c795e0	Neighbors get Lolita Milyavskaya drunk
61880470801cbd77b0b9fea14fffde8751a93108	14:36
7fb8be2892bce3d3ef19790d77a2ef1ff7372e23	The militants finished off the Su 22 pilot with their feet (video)
be2371a2f7d234172c340ddc1e2e8965509cde0a	14:35
d6d24b60b9bfe5ec65c2cc020e1c5e8252361859	The star of "Kitchen" got into an accident
16610d60a8e8f52cb1fe3520b5b710a73ae3c04b	14:30
f048f96d38d3c9c4afb27cf0fc7ce9884dd1c6c3	Spanish gays defended Ronaldo from homophobes
2589671b017b814150e4a32f1281ac0ea550570b	14:29
5612c68b1860316c8b2f76ddaecc30be3ae47b5a	Yerevan and Baku agreed to cease fire
4f19f8f1323c308db3a527611b1a69fd6f013bf6	14:12
ea276b06a5f9700e39362bf45ceb1d22f2c990f8	Russians named the most favorite ministers
d34097345700e2f66433f977ccb376ea2bd72920	14:10
e533b121914bd667646ab5c0f6c0290ab6873f2c	Millionaire Kusnirovich wears a shirt on his hands
fa4b277e5a5ef3cef3909ecb1aa4619d8b8f6fda	13:56
a533253c92a2bdf51b52f52b0734e88b80edb92d	The leader of Myanmar went to a monastery
06dc0da980e73dfe114810e890b182f8609637dc	13:49
eff19de0d00a8092b3efdbb0c242f0d4b920bd24	The West was struck by the bacillus of Putinophobia
39427c17f9eb58561ffb0df133c7fdcc83052f95	13:43
d2a89e54b3894d6fc9dee40fcc91cc04392ab93c	Reznik forgave Malakhov
48bd6c04afbffaf9d3770ce66d1d18d26a950024	13:42
82522e14ca4a857fedaa9fe0af183e67b73ebec4	A military plane was shot down in Syria
4f9438935f7d85dd3055e1edd239492107414f77	13:39
d896cebac25b7509d07c5b99657f3dd3b1fb51ca	"Immortal Regiment" has become a social network
7e4f2a8c9b9f509158b86e6cfefdf82805bda583	Ksenia Sobchak saved the life of a baby
7881f06575c44a8ba16b08c9fc031e22c7e92064	13:28
c105ea6967d0e6f8c16afed162bb84a25dae2eb0	Collectors raped the debtor with a piece of wood
d47e9aca60439a5845575f7d6d70e0e8c7ddaa2c	13:24
c6ed06a55a740886a0ecc3a687c1d56dba005171	Revealing outfits of Letuchaya and Fedorova
ebfd56f7ff59439e35315a146ce3c5a5b5684a1b	Pregnant Domracheva made a statement
683d5cf001f5cfbfda2a20bbb5d38f45c8cdf55b	13:12
e7bf6cc62b6966cf3f07df3ca7d311b4b4c9270b	Oksana Fedorova hugged her swollen stomach
9c76fdb0a510e9f16ac83f2be47275365535a76c	13:10
eea701e9a20e84a4e08757ef8c003c5aa3ffc8c3	Kremlin: Events in Karabakh cause great concern
4d66960643f7593350e49b98b7ef6e7583420f2c	13:05
3de72b556aa775414af636c62e0eda73c95e8ba9	Lenin bought Chinese swimsuits
187eefeb3092ef18a628b421ed0c5e576713e6fd	12:56
ead52f642cac01f0187ff9279e5e415141be9e98	Jealous husband caught the police for sex (video)
8852e5f30a7997f2662cdf523a3df14c2b66de4d	12:55
e578c07705b8c0702ce50bad21a731a0be69b7c4	Churkin refused to give a discount to women
00627989768d29f97887feae74fd2d786ce243a5	12:29
7af2c31723b9b1a8291ee9dbcc2430ac591af0e2	Klitschko's songs drove the Germans crazy
818a39d125b9206f7d6e4845a1d140950a28a381	12:20
a9e2b50e9c74550c755839ed28ba578cde485912	Malakhov showed his beloved mother in law
5f97ac508d1bd1fef6859309c742f8b67ac793fc	RuTracker is back in Russia
3494c1e12f04dfa70a7073f38cc84a133b793d8e	Skier fell through the ice in Moscow
ec714d0a80dfaef3fe84d351f6f3208b8d8f6e2f	12:09
dc054e9eb840c5e25488d0c4f170a1c399ced4ee	Odintsovo knew about Nemtsov's secret daughter
33fe52ea69186daae53c0710574585bf16a74b4e	12:08
58e6b96a8cf6dca0bbf0bec2c8344a74ad4c97ed	100 homes for the elderly will be built in Russia
948466cf3e7ccc9241bdded4f583b069b1c64f02	12:06
ecd8fe1b61f8f23d8753f2a98021e0e364c8060d	Putin instructed to create a new type of property
28a1bb41c34729a9a832ed247799e65c10497c97	An explosion occurred in the Sberbank branch in Tver
d1d95e7b3460968f85a273e6a30f7547a8c89add	11:45
4c4dc367fcb2d3492b4fc2b6c5aa0435246bb1e5	The debtor who was raped by collectors was saved by neighbors
781ba55856163930a96469bb7bf6244258148576	11:40
07e7215eb0207579fd1e16a6207f9e897ade138a	Domracheva is expecting a child from Bjoerndalen
7b97a478211ddfd11c9cd381a8c8e4ba892de48f	11:35
0fbbef6cea2184c0640c51fdfc3071dd352a19e2	Panin undressed in front of his 8 year old daughter
edd4df66e58a43519475b4b5377af78e45cecc4e	11:27
b2eae02b0d1b532586e36171e3517feacd0562ad	Rock art found on Mars
b9b6f595c2b1c8dde6b636dbdb2e275af76118a6	11:12
7f652f89e1ab7a030ddacfcf3721b49074a6385e	Azerbaijan has pulled kamikaze drones to Nagorno Karabakh
f88c7205b039a80ffb74f79e375123db52471c35	11:11
48a69f337ecd8b057b59457efe689e82c3e089ca	Averbukh about the difficult growing up of Lipnitskaya
dd89105c9ad4f3c60df264f9e550c40dea0b1658	The main thing for the Day
03e2403ac3c5ff12fc5cba0e4b022550af27fec3	May 7, 2009
ca4a60fcaaacd81a65467f418027addbed82e58a	views: 123
2eb9c1293259b0843bfbe451acd56029f2588e24	Drugs have erased the memory of Stephen King
5f6955d227a320c7f1f6c7da2a6d96a851a8118f	321
6643521711328a1e282daf5a5da43970eb11a089	567
6eef6648406c333a4035cd5e60d0bf2ecf2606d7	None
22715170a48ec127fe58c5076a4bb36ed546c857	Stephen King, an American writer, a master of horror and the greatest hoaxer of our days, was once found half dead in his own mansion.
18a9c94b94b9109cdb26812f724a295139abc452	Details of the years spent by the creator of "The Shining", " It " and other famous thrillers in a neurotic dope are revealed in his biography, published on May 16 in the United Kingdom.
a10ae8d8c55d31e0223fe4e5d50cf413619ed70b	A famous Russian writer has died in the United States
4669b3f353b552b4a74ebd2b502ce9c66210e074	The Moscow Riddles of David Lynch
9ef6134455f2a3b364500eac3dc175d1ecc28eb0	The Oscar winner was accused of murder
f2bdbb1584259e88019b254f7948a94c3362d57b	The sight that opened up to those who found themselves in King's office one day in the distant 80s of the last century truly resembled a page of his novel: a tall and thin middle aged man was lying in complete unconsciousness in the middle of his office; his eyes were tightly closed, and his shirt was splattered with blood in the chest area.
3e97e84fc8af6c8c6c3eac3bfe01649467e5fc3e	The almost lifeless body of the writer was surrounded by absolute silence, " occasionally interrupted by the shrill cries of bats flying into his Victorian mansion," writes Gmail.
b8714bfb04b304f66e413f9d96979ecb8254e5b2	The almost lifeless body of the writer was surrounded by absolute silence, " occasionally interrupted by the shrill cries of bats The reason for the comatose state was both drug and alcohol intoxication the countless number of beer cans and the nostrils of Stephen King torn by cocaine eloquently testified to this.
14b571bfe45b60dc0df7979d33f95107b43b12ea	Writing became for him a way to get rid not only of fears, but also of aggression projected on his own children: "I wanted to grab and hit them.
e1c0091abfb8bb0a225c8d077ff13f0ea9ab32d7	Even though I didnot do it, I felt guilty because of these cruel urges.
a821a2132d55f43202951ad5e5a337cb3fa3af09	I wasnot ready for fatherhood at all."
232e2abbdb4c4fa350add2ce8b29c032def20900	So, in order to no longer feel hatred towards his offspring, King composed a story that became one of his best and best selling works.
2814ededa9a9f6447d1da34175edae2cf0615ac8	His wife once drove the writer out of the house so that he would not cause trouble.
907e5a5aedf8005b095401e2dc29e55b1fea4a52	When he began to dive into the world of drugs, King fled from the realization of his helplessness in front of editors, from the thought of his mother (whose passing encourages him to contribute money to the cancer foundation every year), from reality.
7715d41b747957c27901c23c6ed50f9d2d73e3f1	But after that, faced with his wife's ultimatum, he still decided to go "to the tie" and did not return to intoxicating substances although for this King had to practically learn to write again, word by word.
bd914197e5b3f05464613c3518f76a93f28f29ad	On the fact of the incident, the police opened a second criminal case, an investigation is underway
c2f161be4331a28a0486a15b1cdf3d969f84c048	The biathlete said that she intends to return to the sport in three months after the birth of the child
035019b1343cde1adb910a04682ddf6c89416c6c	Horoscope Photo reports Press releases
9b5464a10776938e8c54eab5558eaf0384c1c83e	About the project Advertising Contacts Legal information
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da0766777c354186b0d2e604223c2d1360d4fb93	Retro Interview Propaganda Pictures Videos Music 18+ Feed
768972a11614c1e988eec162590d272d2a86da97	Forgot your username/password?
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7155e493740c6fffdd31778116410b3fc448a110	FastCult
a9abf5059bcb733d3773d0057ae7f731ee49d053	Interactive
b16ef1d3ef17d4b948bce6032983f4141b60382b	26September
eefdba186b97e3721b73b6c70d65619bd2553484	18+, literature
0716d9708d321ffb6a00818614779e779925365c	17
e87b0e193949c0b8d309c8046b3408e7457de47d	Stephen King: amazing facts from the life of the King of Horrors
a681a041b513a0028f68ccaa8132045d548a8d33	The other day, the king of horrors Stephen King turned 66 years old.
403829a55bb466f03a5a6e8bafa2d94fc2d8dde3	We have collected not the most famous facts that made Stephen King who he is — a living legend of American literature, one of the most filmed writers in America.
c6e6fd0379d344f721941151443eb1710e90dfc2	He has been married since his student years, he has three children, two grandchildren, owns three houses.
105f532919f4f4d19c1e08371ab8142834ba28f9	Regularly pays taxes and encourages other Americans to do the same.
0d55d4c2af6cd1dd9f808e615ab2f885b45018d9	These are all known facts.
344052bcefeb8b4bea73ee1942132fc0d3508fa9	But there are a few not so famous ones that have made Stephen King who he is — a living legend of American literature, one of the most filmed writers in America.
020896644a5f5c5055750da257330d55904982b9	The Prodigal Father
b7235a944b06ce7ff53e5a35772e06d89a0116a3	Many people have heard the story that Stephen King's father mysteriously disappeared when the boy was two years old, and his brother David was four.
b7e36586393c6b0daa6d322ac4000a75dd2c6c5f	He just went out for cigarettes and didnot come back.
3a207c687dd022bdf2ba026541fdbebb096e1bd0	Only when they became adults, the brothers learned that their father had started another family, in which he had four children and lived all the time near their old house.
304059a1a32d817d17e2a828a388b3b6feb85443	By the way, David is not Stephen's own brother, he was adopted two years before the writer was born.
51ef09fab43fd05416afee3035d266e66cc07c9d	But Stephen King himself never mentions this.
988e4bf11410c83a49f04daba79b1e1eaa545221	Children's diseases
bff4dccec18f413953f16dbe2bb77f9c93ed4966	Stephen was a sickly boy.
5f1a15cadafe789b52ca79b1010cd17c180e60a1	One of the most vivid childhood impressions from childhood is otitis media, which the writer fell ill with in the first grade (at the age of five) and the pain from piercing the eardrum, which he had to endure for three procedures.
8afe7512b0fa30c4fc9738824e1931d465a522ff	"My cry still stands in my ears," he wrote, almost fifty years after that.
1fe41d88d5531b5db6b10b7bc2e63b4016a593d1	During one of the serious illnesses, six year old Stephen decided to rewrite the comic with a sequel, just out of boredom.
6d4fe9c641b537518c8b445db5cf589e69bb02a3	This was the beginning of his literary activity.
584286cf1f268128d2eca31d34e8b18b9e233852	"My cry still stands in my ears," he wrote, almost fifty years after that
5a8c7268ea4d4c48afb4ee967c0f586d29600a31	The first dollar
aad2dff6db02f5f0a9197584fb009eae594502c0	King's first reader was his mother (it was she who suggested him the very opportunity to write his own stories).
9c79ded420f4214f52f22d73ce21dfc46d9a3ea9	When he brought her four of his own works, she paid the boy 25 cents for each.
761e9363e70eb1228608702529f1a5935100470b	"It was my first dollar earned," writes Stephen King.
a5df4fdb7825ec2ae85f2704c550ac9099f31024	The support of his mother and his faith in his son's abilities helped him later.
3f106e89d6526db63911123bfbec3177d3ad1b2b	Ghosts of the past
893c043ba246a65d06c53c843edb57383a2616e5	In the late fifties, a children's magazine "Famous Monsters of Filmland"was published in America.
9b3e6449f7ee2c5f8d19a609097f52ed35addcd1	Its editor, Forrest J. Ackerman, a literary agent and a fan of fiction.
80b319f746a4c368e55f09586ec8e843fdca48f8	This magazine was Stephen's favorite reading material.
452963ad15b7ccb7d2d9e93db3fb7a83474d4efb	The first issue of the magazine "Famous monsters of Filmland", 1958
49c2a13cda36545404c7dae3b2b9cdc7faef4e87	Later, Forrest began to publish another magazine - "Cosmonaut", to which the boy sent his first story.
4dd35d5611db6f53a1ae4b388dbd069424a4b6d5	The story was never published, and Stephen King safely forgot about it.
76159206cb7b882da9c3cba580ad66f470894ae4	But twenty years later, the famous writer had to face his children's story — he signed it for ...
ef691f8131012820221d49273d55f3a94fa16b4c	Forrest J. Ackerman, who has kept this unremarkable work all these years.
de857c351e1b3275d90476d259c8b02f2817878d	Printing business
be83a867e1da7157979c404b93a3d0307e1d8c3f	In 1962, Dave and Stephen King published a home newspaper called "Dave's Mustard Plaster", which was read by the whole town of Durham.
4a5c8d3d67652e27764a352a193055b8e2d273d8	At first, the boys made prints on a hectograph, and then they purchased a rotaprint.
2eeec1a17297385ebad15e12235981c04ffdb297	A little later, it was on this hectograph that Stephen printed the first book, on the cover of which was "the work of Stephen King" — a free reworking of one of his favorite horror films under the "edgarposh" title "The Well and the Pendulum".
4087a8df55a6c01abe857af1201597659e03aadd	Difficult times
7c8b87661d5a19345079483207ce1621aef5dda0	Stephen King with his wife Tabitha
62ebe87ee12d53189ff3891c3ab0523a71bf81a5	Stephen King met his wife in college.
b08098ce75a056021fb3b88469de3e72f2197a8f	After three years of marriage, they already had three children.
fe0909007ea000e2b1b5d269e7481c6eba54205d	To feed them, the writer had to work in the laundry.
a01562b8de737271eef0aa948c310a66ad5b85d8	During this time, he wrote "Night Shift" and "Sometimes they Come back" - at night and during lunch breaks.
daf349f2452bd7dc25bc667b7ae9c53d8babc612	Stephen King talks about writing: "A writer's work has as much to do with sweeping the floor as it does with mythical moments of insight."
3a1f45d396689b8a7a183d70ce86de4c618f091b	"The work of a writer has as much to do with sweeping the floor as with mythical moments of insight"
aa0aa8509d06d172cbdcc2d8a0fcc0d40db6bf88	Breakthrough to fame
4d78cb57789abf82d49e535a2dfcfc0ddffc9e03	The breakthrough to fame was the novel "Kerry" (1974), which King initially threw in the trash.
87a1d764b819c02e463746df562cfe23535f4dae	The drafts were found and saved by his wife Tabitha, who also forced the writer to finish the novel after all.
a5f81085fd33b0dcdd5fa436218a35509bbd35ff	By that time, "Rage", "Long Walk" and "Running Man"had already been written.
e776d7d0ffa8a1993711248d8cf70433b82f208e	The first edition of the novel "Kerry", 1974
e7384e2d5e79c17b50d3f448b6d3dea007655e6c	By the way, Stephen King does not like his" Kerry".
f5540f1fb00b473b3fe80cbba64b3e17c59dac3f	According to him, he does not understand the main character and does not believe some of the characters.
086161d8fe0df0ea4e3091865e640313618df890	The rights to this novel were sold by his literary agent to Signet Books for four hundred thousand dollars.
9f8f971f06e02478e319c9063f076abba835e39c	This money helped the writer's family to get out of poverty.
17e95df404fb1d4711b3e159cdba07ccc0a29679	Trailer for the movie "Kerry", 2013 Starring: Chloe Moretz, Julianne Moore Link to the original
35fa6a7b518a822ef300d3ac95936a0d4551ed5f	Alcohol
b5a9d767482ff468b88eb7b7add5e6f6f32a5d76	In the works of King, you can often find analogies with his own biography.
9264281af20e4bb8771ce458bc247c71fae42248	The novel "Misery" (1987), in which an abnormal nurse holds a writer captive (the film adaptation of this novel is one of the most successful adaptations of King, with the inimitable Kathy Bates, who won an Oscar and a Golden Globe for her role in this film), he wrote about himself in captivity to alcohol and drugs.
2ee242496f64ec375b1c516e31453dcf69f91c5e	Kathy Bates as the mad nurse.
b305149f260f3bf5a953d849f80a0bdbad6767d6	One of the most terrible shots of the movie "Misery", 1990
65f95159e8eb2899d8e55d3e907a04b1737884c9	"Tomminokery" (1987) - the novel analogy, a cry for help.
78bc3edde09ac7faacca1e50a55567757ba9a340	Voices in the writer's head, who took possession of her will and invisible alien rulers of the mind.
6c1af1a995cf3ffedb96a205ece39d568f7a27b5	King joked that he had been drinking so much that he did not remember writing "Cujo" (1981) — a novel about a St. Bernard who caught rabies.
c6c883e1b2ddbf3b6e41e5b89a381990406cab5c	Since the late 80's, the writer has not drunk a drop of alcohol.
35a83d848bfcf4575dfd39375c9ef74ed7fc9d5d	The movie "Misery".
f758c4df0ad0c14074c357c227d9ce3f0d521fb9	The full version.
be9accf15e5d9551bd56f4f665be3452b6541d8d	Russian language Link to the original
28626dc4fa2daa5abff93824a7c2d7c489dd03f6	In 1999, Stephen King's life could have been cut short in a car accident.
6338819b06d85261859875e5116512d49dceeb04	Rather, he himself did not get into an accident, he was hit by a van flying at breakneck speed, driven by a not quite normal driver named Brian Smith.
44f060d43976dc4bebc81639ef528a7d57c5ad71	At the time of the accident, he reached into the back seat to push his Rottweiler away from the meat refrigerator.
455edc2b39908289c790ea96252d660e0a82ce25	The writer was saved, and he even returned to normal life, although at first no one believed in such an optimistic outcome, especially the doctor who first examined the writer after the accident.
eda617aae25d90335aea2b54e4c1025cdfda0086	The most interesting thing is that Brian Smith himself is like a character who came down from the King's pages, who flew into reality to finish off the creator.
e9885fd6a084aa92eeb1e724c478b2e2d6c984bb	"He later told friends that he thought he had hit a "small deer" until he saw blood stained glasses on his front seat — they were torn off when I tried to get out of Smith's way"
e03a6973ee6b7edb21d21c9a33a762878141ee9a	"The dog's name was Bullet.
8ff377344bde065d266128419c5a42e94363b61b	Smith turned around and tried to push the Bullet's head away from the cooler, at that time he drove onto the ridge and knocked me down without turning around.
860b40df954e9973d851644ec929a87b5ba6420d	He later told friends that he thought he had hit a "small deer" until he saw blood stained glasses on his front seat — they were torn off when I tried to get out of Smith's way" - isnot this a quote from the novel?
7b917079ebf89504c3cfcc83feea4b96f3e3e8e9	Rock music
571bf815f9aed591cef34371b2d59073a1c25025	Rock performance by Stephen King Link to the original
8146108cb2ccac979b5a10ab2e96850ab8720ce2	Regular reader
2e0f1cc0322595ed6161be8abd0dad15a124abe3	The characters of one work, casually mentioned in another, the bringing together of various cycles and storylines, the unity of place and time all these features of writing make the books written by him a single work the length of the life of a man named Stephen King.
6b20cd063f254e44d57e7f8f33ce4a126336b8c2	counter: 0 / 1046232 counter: 0 / 1049643 counter: 0 / 1059195 counter: 0 / 1051405 counter: 0 / 1061722 counter: 0 / 1047769 counter: 0 / 1062863 counter: 0 / 1049551 not photo or video formatted img:
95b0ccedb94e52456bd956423e11b0af245a6ba8	print entry
e3ad72aecdcaf59325409646216b0f5569367aff	The most fun Israeli food stylist
4d9bb4ab5cc2c4e681d311f77d477c8438fedcfa	Meet Lital Rozenshtein - one of the most fun Israeli photographers.
5ee42fe5041d419155389b044e7a144c0bc4c537	She constantly publishes her photos on her Instagram and they cause great interest and resonance among her subscribers, the number of which has exceeded 10,000.
5f00e7252cf0a0a86d692ead15b90872d298a080	Let's take a look at some of her works.
9089c8c82512625aa475b7074a5ec983f8c9550a	( Read more...
e79c10058848a0608315a0bcdfaa3b6a3ac72e5b	Collapse )
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920606289fe5c6a87cde99f4cc41d142c84869fa	Comments 17 comments — Leave a comment
94783a63f44c97c6d0f89dedfc6c8f53f789d2ce	(no subject) - stranger from a
974cbcf38447053c375d7cb2dd16bea2a1706c94	fastcult
27836cbddb3a6de5f3aff9da3f3ad05a44ff3690	September 26th, 2013, 12:02 pm
81e8361d8a20c94cf9ba6f068f05584e5e00eac8	You're welcome!
a1ddb3d9273c109bca3157b5daa2e46a3a602447	We tried )
5f20a2792ad83b39a71168150e37900eb8f419c7	Reply Parent Thread Expand Link
ac7beab21e9433b6fd285e154cee37fb80bfff20	(no subject) - stranger from a Expand
4843a8f3df2b4cffab683c36c4f81d295a3770b3	bryouzga1
be6cba25192721fdc94f6c6ce81590d169e8ddb7	September 26th, 2013, 11:59 am
32bc6f2f6482f16fee4bba0cd48c727e6f5648e4	+++++++Thanks!
2d13e236ea18f3b66df77343fffcce4334ad18c2	I love the King of Horror!
341ae3f05b567fec094b800a875406ae41dc966f	Reply Thread Link
3ff0895b17ab97b3032b7a352da329d8de737f66	Any particular book, or in general everything?
5b4c75098316b8fcbef7fe3dc027297cbbde1378	Reply Parent Thread
a014954e3af6e70fbaf110d2ade54a7f5e8c58a0	witcher4712
1d9701977adc2633054daf8f617b08a415b2f865	September 26th, 2013, 12:09 pm
25b432f9ca30d033ee6b29ba88a5604cccd531ce	The story of the car accident found its place in the cycle "The Dark Tower".
d3f0c90e6d81e49952158e2cae5337c037346f17	Edited at 2013-09-26 12:10 pm (UTC)
2a5244c0053c8e2f157eb4fb1f0594bda24bc946	it my mind
c31e3fd0ea2e03d1f2092929098a3bfe01c0ac3d	September 26th, 2013, 02:38 pm
688b5565b3be82e3004e88f8e3fe9ddc5067baf2	yes, you could also write about this in the article))
f4f677051d3bacdb1fda2bfc3be0aac99061b2a8	milovaroff rm
7aa86964abd7ba9410dcb5b5370c701b169bbf84	September 26th, 2013, 12:11 pm
95eba2729d2b579e3bc0fb6e106ea6f7dd1e83ab	Well, it's almost a script for a new film.
2c9ddb4a70e07a1f7c8475ef89cc50f666680cbf	uldemir1
c6dd75414813fe15d195b399857167acece3714f	September 26th, 2013, 12:56 pm
91b3f04df3e32f2982b6093e175d5314883ae48e	For me, the most surprising thing was the fact that he still hasnot died.
58a764ffd43688d654b09657e99f535e7ea7f66d	This is shocking.
56c2b6ff2c77676b4d04202f96a468b6374f7fd5	rurke85
a48f1d3d7a7648a00d856b0a6ec12fd5dc849d85	September 26th, 2013, 12:59 pm
41ed3eae562e0812bd7e0dcb3400c7bf3872c0c1	talent is talent.
889b376b70d607253934aa46645c53f60c0bb344	What a power!
5f59cc140f22b09b918d0925fc6bd36dd045ab9f	sashok12
33b34563e6099dcb2c1cc25daae630bffcae9a38	September 26th, 2013, 01:01 pm
47aa18ee5762061a5a54902d4f299f7821d9b696	One of my favorite writers, but I always didnot understand - why the King of Horrors?
1c30b479bffb940b2089f872de665050f759abba	dmitrydreamer
e6b4e97202c28e2230633126ef9152207426fe74	September 26th, 2013, 01:52 pm
ac15ef11a824aca1e56574572aaa8471f0da0628	My attitude towards him recently deteriorated sharply when I learned that he had slightly more than completely plagiarized in his" Under the Dome "the idea of Clifford Simak and his "All Flesh is Grass", written, if my memory does not change, in 1965.
b917efcd7d39d90a0b8465eae6b19703eadc105b	Well, in general, a talented writer, what can I say here.
256ae66169017c51b975b1b020fb341196448fad	Edited at 2013-09-26 01:54 pm (UTC)
5a57e9c4a03ad94a8d652a7dd7c913539a88cb01	Alexander Orekhov
c44479dbf874cfd0b02e3f3676ff8fdbdec67922	September 26th, 2013, 06:30 pm
1b38db45cb87722e1972d7c4e68c83897595265b	First, not Saimaka, but Simaka.
df79b6ee599ab0fe9bb97a54f47a261c6bffe013	Secondly, if you had read both of these works, you would not have seen plagiarism there.
cf96eb90d61b3c00de15fd3cce0e3afeb5be8809	For King, in his novels, the scenery is always secondary, the main thing is the relationship between people.
ec7564b97aea58f0711505374b0bc51f45bca096	With the same success, the events "Under the dome" could take place in your shed.
12e4e652cece7dd426c3550bb9483190b8db1512	September 27th, 2013, 01:44 pm
db80e98d67378be09d577771f5085be8ab4ecfc9	Well, well... so secondary that he took someone else's idea without further ado and filled it with his own people, with his own relationships.
7ab32f50408011a29abfd7c71bce960f229e1382	In your opinion, plagiarism is almost a letter by letter coincidence of texts?
f8e9e21a39602c09896b4e7f9a14131273c28f29	majstavitskaja
d61b5c5a17912921289836a377f42e172323cca8	September 27th, 2013, 10:37 am
1daec180566cb1c61d951fe6cf12eae00b04172d	Thank you very much!
39568a4de424214b3b4141a166470d84bd2d5812	It was a great pleasure to read and watch.
9edd1693ce8a1dc9052d28a4e82cd1adab074128	And some of the facts you have given were completely new to me.
c19e68414f10c1d8e17e814c4b4b2653ac1d5a8e	An inspiring article.
382cf5e159a78e0d61b20b9815e3a14fcff5d28a	swimmer979
0f4c76c986bf6c6e0ca4a42845da791284bad87d	October 15th, 2013, 04:43 pm
a579ac728f77a13342677eb8945e39538b4ff23c	>King joked that he had been drinking so much that he did not remember writing "Cujo" (1981)
2ab0c09b0ef35627b0d1af36e21e8fcf718b6fa4	He wasnot kidding.
6aebf9282ae25ae60365534d4a5419a1fd25071f	albanec606
c7b15a77d09165490c17789bba16045cf3b8ea05	October 16th, 2013, 04:08 am
0328ac92f227fe4139938699db985b949f689b73	The Dark Tower.
e90fd1b5b2fff73e7949fc374471722595283727	My favorite piece from King's repertoire.
66ffe877654a61bb8be3e035a634dfd44e53da43	An excellent writer ))
df6fd53d7ffc7f11512a731b61665501f045a210	17 comments — Leave a comment
3d7aeb8b4cec9b0d90406c3153888f60c942611c	back to the beginning
9b8b7a62325d1b11f1521706b974a5c155a4ddfb	"I am annoyed by the endless identical beautiful blogs of beautiful young ladies"
915cf2190a0b93d07d37871f10f43284e2261962	"The main thing in the Israeli family is not a man or a woman, but a child"
f639f318658508d3d8540a3da284ba213c04d9a9	Nina Karlsson on her own favorite video, the fight against depression and pure art
616479aac4c587fd2b30b91e48ae729512b8282f	Video Photo
cb7ff86a2f7e24814ef5d973fbcaf51434422ea3	Video of the day
0ac14907e2d5ea5150525722b638897a8fbbf03d	The Russian athlete gave the best interview in the world.
8b04bb9c54f3eadf7c69d57800dabc389f6a71c6	Learn!
acbff581b93e0d425e7359ae4f7eeb06c60f4db0	23March The Russian athlete gave the best interview in the world.
8893b94c5bf9b203dddc639d8fc72e20d5a11e80	Russian master rider Alexander Nesyaev showed how to give an interview correctly.
62f6c339a0dcd72182f027105741c57fe35fab0a	The copy of Leonardo DiCaprio is found in Russia
3fc9da9d62b80f7bfc95ad9f47aa79379119d567	15January The copy of Leonardo DiCaprio is found in Russia
88f8e5983c96697469f018723fbf35b4fa48f5dc	He is leiutenant of police
1dbf7969953fdfe6a113394c458bd4285b8f8310	10March Crazy congratulations on March 8 to the head of the Lipetsk region
52f2a8d637c56376f2554a1ee6a274be1fb1a673	9March Vasya Oblomov's new music video - " Tragedy"
ba3df8f1d245298cdbcf5debf866b6c63c88edfd	8March Petya Privin - March 8
45ff3af8b1789e5efc34c782a0b97510c9b20626	3March to the Owner for a note.
8485d6e04aef0a7882e23827240a5dfbc24684c6	How to unscrew a screw with torn slots on the head
40e2b2f915387e5d8ab4815e3500e54889e13fc0	28February "Putin's Circus" was ridiculed in a Slovenian clip
07c4ec5cd21347b714f3ee46466df3b53a0c8099	22February Gorgeous Monica Bellucci
1be29db8f28d44b01ac1b937ac7a8f09b6eac48f	14December The Beatles show the chords of a new song to Leonid Brezhnev
61b706973d5e6d661c8deaad42a0047df368db5d	26November New sign
32a767e3fd9ef839e565fcf1905fe0b6a6c73b1e	23November In St. Petersburg, the driver replaced one of the wheels of his car with a log
5a35de7214ad867d8a4b9f2b5cd083e944773812	16September Mark Zuckerberg's workplace looks like this..
84cab919a02c159b5d2bfc12fdf9f524b30c3f7f	15September Putin and Stalin so we will win!
ab235fa01c920910b392695f36ff2827432825d6	14September Baron Rothschild in his famous zebra drawn carriage. the year is 1899.
fa9e634520e71ca21ab5bfc3a9e8a47ae98e4580	propaganda
51d35b8902c3662043278de52a5f54d461565bd4	The ad that scared everyone
e7a6ace55560a4fc1ac1f1be1197b94035052402	2May Advertising that Scared Everyone
3af2fdb5ddc0a035ec182afe543e48c726368444	Manufacturers of various goods and public organizations produce tons of advertising every year.
51ed1abbb3de85176644d61985e2ffaf9c358535	Some advertising becomes a masterpiece, some — will become ordinary which will not be remembered.
d4c320e6ad7da21ff04909372344d875ec7bb972	Some of them are terrifying.
247f0780523eafb3e65177c6b0704d3729943666	Collapse ) 26
25048e5980589944cdfbd941344914fab792577d	Statistics for adults.
4b3d990a728c290154364f11f813c479698a2ca7	23May Statistics for adults.
c9d6a844dd1b3a40dbcf8c5facc9fab27168f99f	Under what visual range do people in Brazil relieve tension?
b90ba7d7a75a5c8484b6a03de42f5c8ec5c32edb	Which of the porn consumers is the most patriotic?
5c6e8985c59369b4861cceee50b582d6d22cd7cd	Finally, which adult videos are preferred in Russia?
ff57b66f825293d2c6c1b363fc282271dbbf8a33	The answers to these questions are inside our material.
61b1dbf49da7a83add61acb6b834d54cd01be1c7	Collapse ) 4
4f468a6824d620bf0f58640c0bc423bcb35dc48f	art
a445178abf946b964f18744024ea8dff95fc6304	The story of a photographer
6da615588edcd9b790cf2a61ef5ff7e40c798c8c	26July The story of a photographer
c15782edd0737b6099946d069769a8b82bc41a09	Italian photographer Manuel Cosentino took a series of photos "Behind a Little House" (Behind a Little House), which captures the same unremarkable house ( Read more...Collapse ) 8
c876c282d12f456e0384071b196a2d61b829ecd0	ebay
5e35d399b0d6dcc7336330a7bd20a52b540ceb18	Why will Ebay be closed
a2d8f022364ea76728c7cc81a0075069361791fd	14June Why will Ebay be closed
2506fc8dec19d630c9b83bd831cfbe9f5b1a33d8	Since it is impossible to promote homosexuality on the territory of our country, let's take a look at how gay culture is promoted on the international Internet auction ebay.
2083f828448f875dc1d0580127e24cbd1c70b912	Collapse ) 0
789f03e38a06fec9faa7787f061bb5cec03b801c	About the Fastcult beta project Partner of Rambler
4f78282784ae47dfd34af467441034c63f4d4b91	Stephen King biography, information, personal life
07d0b15c396c248343165c21195f13b0b5ff0ead	Stephen Edwin King (eng. Stephen Edwin King; b. September 21, 1947, Portland, Maine, USA) is an American writer working in a variety of genres, including horror, thriller, science fiction, fantasy, mystery, drama; he received the nickname - "The King of Horrors".
135436850342eb25b618925b584889d4ca5fdf44	More than 350 million copies of his books have been sold, based on which a number of feature films, television productions, and comics have been drawn.
d425aaed3077906bdf94b6a7ec41bd8f45afec09	Many of his stories are set in his home state of Maine.
4d943da2ab48840043683f90d5304701a9deb0e2	In 2003, the National Book Foundation awarded him the Medal for Outstanding contributions to American literature.
40352fc7426da49832cb097d9621c385227cfcfb	He has also received awards for his contribution to literature throughout his career, such as the "Contribution to World Fantasy" Awards (2004), was awarded by the Canadian Booksellers Association (2007) and the title of Grand Master from the American Mystery Writers (2007).
eeff727eb7fa5bb5df8077ee4f8a49df9eb8dc9e	Stephen King was born on September 21, 1947 in Portland, Maine, to Merchant Marine captain Donald Edward King and Nellie Ruth Pillsbury, who were already raising a two year old adopted son, David Victor ( The Kings went to adopt a newborn boy in September 1945, when doctors reported that Ruth would not be able to bear her children; the diagnosis of "infertility" turned out to be erroneous).
dd1262e989b17bc9643d3957de5ed833585d7a39	Translated from English, his surname King means "king".
47bd8ac6e53a18068ff309d20b410359ff05c63b	The writer owes his surname to his father, who changed his Polish surname "Spenski" to the more sonorous English "King"
7de7b4ff4fc59833b2f92daac0c8d9b8011477d3	In 1950, four year old Stephen witnessed the death of his peer who was hit by a freight train — a circumstance that Steve himself, according to his own words, completely forgot about, having suffered a state of shock, but remembered a few years later when he was told about it.
4b21f1c83d4acea873d34b82ad9afdcf8b87d791	He also remembers listening to Ray Bradbury's radio play "Mars is Paradise".
41a3879183b639bf9cb63f96ab9c5c31b4a54917	This collection was called "Lurking in the Shadows", and when reading all these sinister stories, Steve felt a sense of"coming home".
1a0956280aabb23ad40fc7ac64247ffe04e2f289	In 1966, King graduated from high school and entered the University of Maine, where he met his future wife, Tabitha Spruce.
a30d0a9050d4e77a896c1e2e3f2dcfe6fa5738bb	Among King's teachers was the famous literary critic Carroll Terrell, who later published a book about his student, Stephen King: a Man and an Artist (Stephen King: man and artist; 1990).
b305ba3ddcda1e15bd95c4cc1fd02f3e1acf8ad5	In the fall of the same year, he began working as an English teacher at a school in Hampden (Maine).
f832c477345294c775c9b0c196fb5c904abf6de9	Around 1977, the time came for young filmmakers, usually undergraduates, many wrote to him that they wanted to film some of his short stories, such as" Night Shift"; despite the objections of the adviser, who saw a huge number of potential legal problems in this, King introduced a policy that he adheres to this day.
2f4fb707f675cdf08c92617587ad43b18c8743e3	He is ready to give any student director the opportunity to adapt one of his short stories (not a novel, it would be ridiculous).
b172ad48e0a6e4c6dadc18871c7d3ade51c08ced	He asks to sign a paper according to which the directors promise that without his approval, which he will give only after watching the finished version of the film sent to him, no film will go into wide distribution.
66e10faa01c7c2a5b04d03dda5568e7999d66a03	He calls it a dollar deal, his accountant grabs his head every time, this has already happened 16-17 times at the time of signing the contract.
bd647680fa4139299e8fe6a3a96c293f0697270d	There is another explanation, which is that the publication standards of that time allowed only one book per year.
3bd3c3960ff92048230ec17e45bfc09d9d226d74	The surname Bachman was not taken by chance, he is a fan of the musical group "Bachman Turner Overdrive".
233df0681fc63bacc461e22426b4e5b415c76b51	The pseudonym Richard Bachman was exposed by a bookstore clerk from Washington, Steve Brown, who noticed similarities between King's old works and Bachman's new works, he discovered King's last name on one of Bachman's novels in the Library of Congress.
7bf7fc8cec685a95873704253a073e0c63e9c886	The books of Bachman, allegedly deceased (who died of "pseudonym cancer"), were also published by his fictional widow, Claudia Innes Bachman.
f9886b957c948096ca06d694524388e1aefdf92a	According to a statement by Oxford County Sheriff's Deputy Matt Baker, King was hit from behind, some witnesses reported that the driver was not speeding, he was also not drunk.
8b2a57f9534b90b277ebeed3e3baf41b699a962d	In an interview for the magazine Fresh Air, given to Terry Gross, he admitted that after he still wanted to completely destroy the car.
6f9d0467c074706e45e1a9ea625e98b1b4825350	During this time, Tabitha King was engaged in the design of his studio, after King visited there, he said that he saw what his studio would look like if he died — this gave him ideas for the novel "The Story of Lizzie".
1407cee77ffb5c2a0cf906615530ea2ae62854b9	In 2009, Stephen King finally published the novel "Under the Dome", which he tried unsuccessfully to write twice in the 1970s and 1980s.
b87786baff3209858ba22767da7cf98db9559771	In 2012, the eighth volume of the cycle about the Dark Tower, "The Wind through the Keyhole", was published.
b8283561c6b74e545cc79badf288cdab7f484d44	In addition, in 2010, King starred in the 3rd episode of the 3rd season of the TV series "Sons of Anarchy" as a cleaner named Bachman.
9acd57212e8aa50982300e0f81f9c1574d4502df	In 2011, he became the hero of comic books written by Michael Lent and Brian McCarthy, which were based on his biography.
b2223da0d36219de616216977dfc2b2b3d50a84b	In 2014, the novels "Mr. Mercedes" and "Renaissance"were published.
107439e04dba4509704e30151c4ebcfe30099b63	The personal life of Stephen King:
31d43bd6726214ea4b69cbcdd3e07c9049a61e65	In 1999, a letter was published in the satirical newspaper "The Onion", allegedly from King, who stated that he could not remember how he wrote Tomminokers and several other novels, because " after the 50-60 th novel, everything merges."
ebfd708b2507ffc6d31e0d8dac9817b57a8a4023	The first novel he wrote after giving up drugs and alcohol was "The Right Things".
026d425cdef7f582e39143e2afae97c5103a3999	His debut novel, A Heart Shaped Box, was published in 2007 and will be adapted into a feature film directed by Neil Jordan.
e39cc0fb9013833ca29d150c34f83e6837ea4168	King's daughter Naomi is still in a relationship with a woman named Tandeka, who works as a school theology teacher.
6771c05441e9e01390cf9626ace522f647a178ac	In 1992, the King couple sponsored the construction of the Mansfield Stadium, and in 2002, Stephen made the first "pitch" at the opening match of the International Senior Baseball League.
85c30a3470276768c0ef88586bd86d45a48a8984	He helped coach his son Owen's (Bangor West) team to the Maine Minor League Championship in 1989.
484f79407efdd18b603c90e8d78eac34bca06438	In 2014, Stephen King took part in the famous flash mob "Ice Bucket Challenge", the meaning of which is to pour ice water in front of the camera and raise charity funds for patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
1cdf27e1311302016a49e39eb47f8f8d3d703903	Filmography of Stephen King:
ed500a3173f4a19b9f9138c2f92c97f2ba76d9d9	1982 " Kaleidoscope of horrors "(episode "The Lonely Death of Geordie Verill") Geordie Verill
c56f76e083f1d1045c139be042fd011d4b9974f9	1986 "Maximum acceleration" a person withdrawing money from an ATM
7da06436997ad783d1fc224df7a80185575c2a59	1986 "David Cronenberg: Long Live the New Flesh" cameo
10889ebab4167dfe3168b07fb24c28f981df94b1	1987 "Kaleidoscope of Horrors 2" (episode "Fellow Traveler") truck driver
f876398e5c632d16ad09065f478efd0bb06df172	1989 "Pet Cemetery" priest
877235b1f9ff89e8ca890a9b15f677bbc57a2b13	1989" It's a Horror " cameo
621195fa4b212996daf7a348a4d8b9e15fc300ce	1991 "Golden Years" bus driver
96dae4bb21952813464dd20d6bbbce73722ca37f	1992 "Lunatics" cemetery watchman
b0e4a615754f60f19deaecc55862c59ff7fcea1a	1994 "The Confrontation" (parts 3 and 4) Teddy Weizak
8ef4fcd2b4a216f5b622af80ae27496fe8f3eb64	1994 "Baseball" cameo (voice)
0f0c9d5ed1308ee82489cf8e4a3d111aed466e45	1995 "Langoliers" Tom Holby, Craig Toomey's boss
0c436fa068fc142e271af8553ca3a4143c4fdc62	1996 "Losing weight" Mr. Bangor, a pharmacist in a pharmacy
45d9a07f266d7cb30206d6999fbb5ef7f77cb104	1997 "Radiance, TV series" by Gage Creed, frontman of the Gage Creed Band
269bde82cde9df0d5293ec337cefe8ea8fc34289	1999 "Storm of the Century" lawyer in TV advertising
0eaadd0209b4bbd5906ebe5bc4c12696222ec486	2002 Mansion "Red Rose" pizza delivery man
0b34cc89653780f89a3d7cd42054d5cafb845b58	2004 Royal Hospital (TV series) maintenance Worker Johnny B. Goode
255c21cd88fc99532f78b29fb6ef9336a61b8219	2005 Breakfast at Cafe Gotham Mr. Ring
a608a44b58d4f3459d127025b032b5dcb65080cf	2007 "Diaries of the Dead" newsreader (uncredited)
660f62138d9db2b18271c538eb8f64686b1057e0	2009 "Sons of Anarchy" "Cleaner"
5bb4011604221bd6a4f3b30e9acbe0b3fe777624	2012 "Stuck in Love" cameo
b4e95567d5299e2efe584e8eec10d3407704ab12	2013 Under the Dome (TV series) cafe visitor
5f40db931af785fe1d1924965e77199cb8159124	The novels of Stephen King:
47986ce40382bed868ca950854b8d027f0988134	1974 Carrie Carrie (film adaptation: 1976, 2002, 2013)
bf0a39e0eff72b6118f55517bec23db7caf79da3	1975 Salem's Lot (film adaptation: 1979, 2004)
a4648bf9a113cbb46d169e30be8be8a14b4b190c	1977 The Shining (film adaptation: 1980, 1997)
a2cecc2cf500f20dc03c43ce033f9c0f47006951	1978 Confrontation of The Stand (film adaptation: 1994)
47d094fc10b745aceff8d87506693ca943e474fe	1979 The Dead Zone The Dead Zone (film adaptation: 1983, 2002-2007)
0cc470661b91f6a2b59f1dd669ca0b28037f7b2f	1980 Igniting the look of Firestarter (film adaptation: 1984)
9d1f2f7740cdb283ece5d4d173dc4795a0c75aae	1981 Cujo Cujo (film adaptation: 1983)
7affc2dc460151d60dafbc0923b36e86391d70e9	1983 Kristina Christine (film adaptation: 1983)
4c153e817ab76b2f63573f06ea71b06a5b20b6b6	1983 Pet Sematary Pet Sematary (film adaptation: 1989)
da0b2345b193d46d84e486098e7fda186cade776	1983 Cycle of the Werewolf Cycle of the Werewolf (film adaptation: 1985)
231ee062e999f36b7e326aff9065707e69d3d9d3	1984 The Talisman The Talisman
c313ba1a3b9543fb46d6dfc0c3496bf0b84de63f	1986 It's It (film adaptation: 1990)
79de87a6fd5de31f785393e0505b298b97180119	1987 The Eyes of the Dragon The Eyes of the Dragon
64ecf6020d316ade1334d9cf91ed1e212fb561a9	1987 Misery Misery (film adaptation: 1990)
a74afead33a4009e59ec7c715f769f494395dab4	1987 Tommyknockers The Tommyknockers (film adaptation: 1993)
c938bf9afb1bf3b9e14b003b2b4523b8a1567382	1989 The Dark Half of The Dark Half (film adaptation: 1993)
bb6dae0bb26aa341b6c2122cc6b058bba75790a3	1991 Necessary Things Necessary Things (film adaptation: 1993)
14639c198279d071a35fa22907116118303eaf04	1992 Gerald's Game Gerald's Game
8e8c5051de0de77d2f0f0b192fb3937cc46ef387	1992 Dolores Claiborne (film adaptation: 1995)
756f43433474985fb13081da520fc300d6e236c4	1994 Insomnia Insomnia
ec9e05f2dbb3764132ea42de04f1f84b2b0ab257	1995 Rose Madder Rose Madder
3e07738252255b2599653f4e9fad8e3a73cdc53d	1996 The Green Mile The Green Mile (film adaptation: 1999)
66a7d10582cc586edbbd25e696251b9269d2757e	1996 Hopeless Desperation (film adaptation: 2006)
0d987f70c737672a1000c5be5e8f6d52b5c6558e	1998 Bag of Bones Bag of Bones (film adaptation: 2011)
519b1e3caaaa184a596188224bcc3e0b7ea6aa6d	1999 The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon
a88878fd79850f4e2e0f9ca03de2241433515cda	2001 Dreamcatcher Dreamcatcher (film adaptation: 2003)
bcb1d2a299fec97c117a131b3e787c2b2efe75bf	2001 Black House Black House
05b4ab1a2c104ef81f38f5e3381a3a69c99e38f3	2002 Almost like a Buick From a Buick
6044c376419611c5d5739723bebea387e2c80d9b	2005 The Colorado Kid (film adaptation: 2010)
d885528a459eee2444dee47c8ca2d26c58c1d68a	2006 Cell Mobile Phone
86bedc4de64373e31c24abeb86a03b20265a4390	2006 The Story of Lisey Lisey's Story
ec175c6485c1c18aa0fe70eefe3ea4c01eeca61e	2008 Duma Key Duma Key
9111d6686444ca7e5e306f8ad1dc991c2664e33a	2009 Under the Dome Under the Dome (film adaptation: 2013)
febd10eb29692a3a9a339ee9cae1c24367842752	2011 11/22/63 11/22/63
1427a4e2200769cc4f3a8e53a7e05d4799247d66	2013 The Country of joy Joyland
7825b204eb90b9d721454d4b39f7ef794433beb1	2013 Doctor Sleep Doctor Sleep
91e1dbacd9ed72e7f91cad736e592a6de1f6dca9	2014 Mr. Mercedes Mr. Mercedes
9bb3e8d5cb8445bdc5a7fe0bf921a4e02cd104ba	2014 Revival Revival
3170636b9210718cb914b6aa050527026abffac3	2015 What fell is gone Finders Keepers
e370693860d11e465ea3e63aafea6cbbe123ea1f	Stephen King aphorisms, quotes, sayings >>>
313ee70294aa8468a059addaf3a7be86bac5bdbd	Michelangelo Buonarroti, full name Michelangelo di Lodovico di Leonardo di Buonarroti Simoni (ital. Michelangelo di Lodovico di Leonardo di Buonarroti Simoni( 6 March 1475, Caprese — 18 February 1564, Rome) was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, thinker.
6f792bd083b768e1958e8a2b14562848ccbab181	One of the greatest masters of the Renaissance and early Baroque.
b460a06814147ad0d59fe57c112065bd3fc15a7f	His works were considered the highest achievements of the Renaissance art during the lifetime of the master himself[2][3].
2f1131aaadee500b766a98777aa94f7d00a77c93	Michelangelo lived for almost 89 years, an entire era, from the period of the High Renaissance to the origins of the Counter-Reformation.
d4fabb46f99bc92976353bc32078bfd4c3c472ca	During this period, thirteen Popes were replaced — he carried out orders for nine of them.
53d5a1658f0b90451b40ed06ad4c79ea25a94a21	Many documents about his life and work have been preserved — testimonies of contemporaries, letters from Michelangelo himself, contracts, his personal and professional records.
f56e15860f1ffe0c8340d5812240e338c85bed61	Michelangelo was also the first representative of Western European art, whose biography was published during his lifetime[2].
0d630dbb5e5282e62be434a8bf2f2dc2b37b5bfc	Among his most famous sculptural works are "David", "Bacchus", "Pieta", statues of "Moses", "Leah" and "Rachel" for the tomb of Pope Julius II.
ad9bfdb1a1d1c758256845d1a4c30083819d5a06	Giorgio Vasari, the first official biographer of Michelangelo, wrote that "David ""took away the glory from all statues, modern and ancient, Greek and Roman"[4].
9650a4ef27ec5cb2f4aec4021b546f2587b8bd50	One of the most monumental works of the artist are the frescoes of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, about which Goethe wrote that: "Without seeing the Sistine Chapel, it is difficult to form a visual idea of what one person can do" [5][6].
74276da53e03ced516fdb305e1479efceae3b374	Among his architectural achievements are the project of the dome of St. Peter's Cathedral, the stairs of the Laurentian library, the Campidoglio Square and others.
afd7831969dbd9e435b578a4e67f8bd95258e0fc	Researchers believe that Michelangelo's art is an art that begins and ends with the image of the human body [7].
aecc46dd28542985581483a39566d6362b82b55f	Michelangelo Buonarroti was born on March 6, 1475 in Caprese Michelangelo, near Arezzo.
ef1bd352660535a380ab60bf7a25b1a42740c489	The birth name is Michelangelo di Francesco di Neri di Miniato del Sera and Lodovico di Leonardo di Buonarroti Simoni.
ffec296681989e307bcfed12f00b6e5824c30fe6	As a child, he was brought up in Florence, then for some time he lived in the town of Settignano.
04b0b91fca5fc8f14c2bffac6ef804125d84ad11	The boy received his initial education at a Latin school in Florence.
9cb8da914b1a9f8fd6e75d0bacafd4018b06a4a1	In 1488, Michelangelo's father accepted his son's inclinations and placed him as an apprentice in the studio of the artist Domenico Ghirlandaio.
1eee5647790207c31566b87202b96a5b7a0af688	He studied there for one year.
cc4e846851f3b114d5e22920d96172094291bc73	The Medici recognizes Michelangelo's talent and patronizes him.
e57c001674bf85ed7951db82e95bededf750406d	For some time, Michelangelo lives in the Medici Palace.
3d1fe6bba964e1d0758ea9bb1a4fca3603c29d42	Lorenzo de ' Medici's attention was attracted by the boy's talent, so he took him into his home and financially helped Michelangelo develop.
48034401d30e794522b478e3baf60212fbec8694	After the death of the Medici in 1492, Michelangelo returns home.
c9de9191fea13cead899ea5575ca51778143dd80	He copied the frescoes of Giotto and Masaccio, studied the sculpture of Donatello, and in 1494 in Bologna he got acquainted with the works of Jacopo della Quercia.
6bd5583b25876d00068e02d4391ee6d7ed5cd8ff	The attraction to the monumental enlargement of forms was already evident in his first works-the reliefs "Madonna at the Stairs" (c. 1491, Casa Buonarroti, Florence) and "The Battle of the Centaurs" (c.1492, ibid.).
99c98e20e3db34e65e9932380ca7a1745ac39f88	In 1496, Cardinal Raphael Riario bought a marble "Cupid" by Michelangelo and invited the artist to work in Rome.
83e2e68df355fa39c16e902c1a21076ee72bdfdb	Working in Rome in the late 1490s, Michelangelo paid tribute to his passion for ancient sculpture in the statue "Bacchus “(1496-1497, National Museum, Florence); he introduced a new humanistic content, vivid persuasiveness of images into the canonical scheme of the group” Mourning for Christ" (around 1498, St. Peter's Cathedral, Rome).
4507798fac6cd96e20a30a246a42c79f22a74e93	In 1501, Michelangelo returned to Florence, where he created a colossal statue “David” (1501-1504, Accademia Gallery, Florence), embodying the heroic impulse and civic valor of the Florentines who threw off the yoke of the Medici tyranny.
7bd6d4c6c0e9a46f4f2b0accd8b26f539e5e0b4b	In 1505, Pope Julius II invited Michelangelo to Rome and entrusted him with the creation of his own tomb.
5bd8a5a16f9e1c82a118bb3686831e53531a31b4	For the tomb of Julius II, completed only in 1545 (the church of San Pietro in Vincoli in Rome), Michelangelo created a number of statues, including the mighty will, titanic strength and temperament of " Moses "(1515-1516), filled with the tragedy of "The Dying Slave" and “The Rebellious Slave” (1516, Louvre).
126362b5b1879b833c2b81ea1769990940f689d3	And also four unfinished figures of slaves (1532-1534), in which the process of the sculptor's work is clearly visible, boldly delving into the stone block in some places and leaving other places almost untreated.
29047e89c846a947371b3c5b8dcbfbcb546acb16	In the painting cycle executed by Michelangelo on the vault of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican, the artist created a grandiose, solemn, easily visible composition in general and in detail, perceived as a hymn to physical and spiritual beauty, as an affirmation of the boundless creative possibilities of God and man created in his likeness.
f18f9708a021136ba46bd9e885b68c11e32cf88d	In 1516, Pope Leo X de ' Medici commissioned Michelangelo Buonarroti to design the facade of the Church of San Lorenzo in Florence, built in the 15th century by Brunelleschi.
a6351e4644f2c87020bc5fb6964f861264460838	Michelangelo wanted to make the facade of this parish church of the Medici family "a mirror of all Italy", but the work was stopped due to lack of funds.
4bf5f8a9707d66d2d098ade5c87804532fcc0f76	Michelangelo's poetry is considered one of the brightest examples of the Renaissance[30].
dfd62065d77837cd11c501754f20cf3738946359	About 300 poems by Michelangelo have survived to this day.
1cf4188fc1a834f201ff729d3c3e51fb4ec2c285	The main themes are the glorification of man, the bitterness of disappointment and the loneliness of the artist.
f7de33183610e3af04c7b2ab525a3bc8d08c31b2	My favorite poetic forms are the madrigal and the sonnet.
c88b1e6d5131a1fd2577d8203a4adcc187b2deb0	According to R. Rolland, Michelangelo began writing poetry as a child, however, there are not so many of them left, because in 1518, he burned most of his early poems, and destroyed some more later, before his death[31].
a71c66dbd030c0e379cb6d0433ca11c245b4591e	Work on this project, interrupted by the uprising against the Medici in 1527-1530 (Michelangelo was one of the leaders of the three-year defense of besieged Florence), was not completed by the time Michelangelo left for Rome in 1534; the statues he made were installed only in 1546.
0e4ce8f4e1098ba03657e73d88931dbbf047e57a	The Medici Chapel is a complex architectural and sculptural ensemble, the figurative content of which has given rise to various interpretations.
abc5ec670d729dc95c8f1d2db01caf7fb45e88f0	The arts have reached such perfection in him, which you will not find either among the ancients or among the new people for many, many years.
2d1fdbe62f5e6a387fa6eacdc9c4b85b41f451fc	According to contemporaries, Michelangelo was a closed and self-absorbed person, subject to sudden outbursts of violence.
eaca5ddfbdc5d58344490e1912ed5e45ea50dd7c	In private life, he was almost an ascetic, went to bed late and got up early.
cdcdd8547a76efb34eafcc906a30c36f5266e6ea	It was said that he often slept without even taking off his shoes.
e9a033c1fd3357abb5085d7034aea3267671a754	Some of his poems were published in the works of Benedetto Varca (ital. Benedetto Varchi), Donato Giannotto (ital. Donato Giannotti), Giorgio Vasari and others[32].
f6230d53fd1b5276952e35650ddab2b43b228c11	Luigi Ricci and Giannotto invited him to select the best poems for publication.
161371c710c926664f54a1eb9fcbfef59c6b1259	In 1545, Giannotto took up the preparation of the first collection of Michelangelo, however, it did not go further — Luigi died in 1546, and Vittoria died in 1547.
296b2be2268ea7115cd1d83930c5f54f199568f2	Michelangelo decided to abandon this idea, considering it vanity[32][33].
81a98f3de54169a806d2e928f556ef94c45a1160	Thus, during his lifetime, the collection of his poems was not published, and the first collection was published only in 1623 by his nephew Michelangelo Buonarroti (the younger) under the title "Poems of Michelangelo, collected by his nephew" in the Florentine publishing house "Giuntine" (ital. Giuntine)[34].
e945802f2044b8a96329ebc458b2a948295d0e81	This edition was incomplete, and contained certain inaccuracies[31].
7fd21117d2e16ea735fb72bd266e823d75b3621a	In 1863, Cesare Guasti (ital. Chesare Guasti published the first accurate edition of the artist's poems, which, however, was not chronological[35].
ee71c36173235ff2ff139bcbf7b93b06edadff5b	In 1897, the German art critic Karl Frey published The Poems of Michelangelo, Collected and Commented on by Dr. Karl Frey (Berlin) [36].
37e8006a878cd86011ac7d3830e9fffcb48d7ac9	Edition by Enzo Noe Girard (Bari, 1960) ital. Enzo Noe Girardi) consisted of three parts, and was much more perfect than Frey's edition in the accuracy of reproducing the text and was distinguished by a better chronology of the arrangement of the verses, although not completely indisputable[37].
0a408d1a5ea1976d9d9fec14cf6035f6441c3a3f	The study of Michelangelo's poetic creativity was carried out, in particular, by the German writer Wilhelm Lang, who defended his dissertation on this topic, published in 1861[38].
a41a4b7c058e358383f0f885b733675b30a40673	The fall of Florence, which threatened Michelangelo with the danger of dying, produced a serious shock in his soul, and also worsened his health.
9867cea4b58879f493641345e03f1b7f92836b55	And being so unsociable and harsh, he became even more unsociable and gloomy, plunging completely and completely into his ideological world, which could not but affect the nature of his work.
6813b0586e5604526b13e001abe842e2a9056a08	The last works of Michelangelo's brush were frescoes in the chapel of the Vatican Palace.
ff9f5139c6af02ae38e4cfac80c0e6ae19afe362	A little later, Buonarotti parted with sculpture, his favorite industry, in which he worked, being at an advanced age.
d61572cb88bcc71a768455c9f83e223d1a5bca12	The artist was engaged in architecture, living out his last years.
f21e4363e84359c9c60ca990c6d68eb2b17d8f70	He was appointed in 1546 as the chief architect of St. Peter's Cathedral, because Michelangelo was not only talented,but also experienced in construction.
797cf59bba185dc804b016e8b066219e217b492b	The last sculptural works of Michelangelo include the “Pieta " marked by the tragic expression of the artistic language for the Florence Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore (before 1550-1555, broken by Michelangelo and restored by his student M. Calcagni; now in the Gallery of the Academy, Florence) and the sculptural group “Pieta Rondanini” (1555-1564, Museum of Ancient Art, Milan), intended by him for his own tombstone and not finished.
b818b67a46b45f82d68b5404bc26d30899d61718	Michelangelo's late work is characterized by a gradual departure from painting and sculpture and an appeal to architecture and poetry.
90b2452bec12d5ef4658f05c6b07866a6e75a0bc	Since 1546, Michelangelo supervised the construction of St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome and the construction of the Capitol Square ensemble (both works were completed after his death).
58fb41ddc834469a0a4632aaf1a24f88b1d50ed4	The trapezoidal Capitol Square with the ancient equestrian monument of Emperor Marcus Aurelius in the center, the first Renaissance urban planning ensemble designed by one artist, is closed by the Palace of Conservatives, flanked by two symmetrically placed palaces on its sides and opens to the city with a wide staircase.
94032898f0827229379d196ee6f838626f31b5c8	In the plan of St. Peter's Cathedral, Michelangelo, developing the ideas of Bramante and preserving the idea of centrality, strengthened the importance of the middle cross in the inner space.
ef8be67c54adc28b60ec4902d8578a038023c50c	During Michelangelo's lifetime, the eastern part of the cathedral was built with the base of a grandiose dome, erected in 1586-1593 by the architect Giacomo della Porta, a pupil of Michelangelo, who somewhat lengthened its proportions.
98241e2ec6416ad0aafc7fba5ec9e1c1ede619e6	Michelangelo's lyrics are marked by the depth of thought and high tragedy.
e853c59fb4f2d9c3a5350701905cece8a96243e3	In his madrigals and sonnets, love is interpreted as an eternal human desire for beauty and harmony, lamentations about the loneliness of the artist in a hostile world are side by side with the bitter disappointments of the humanist in the face of triumphant violence.
50e68f7f268f8b43d5b06aa3616ad4f0da71e538	The work of Michelangelo, which became a brilliant final stage of the Italian Renaissance, played a huge role in the development of European art, largely prepared the formation of Mannerism, had a great influence on the formation of the principles of the Baroque.
2d91ab861a8de0c665deae5978b6165ce056f6fa	In 2007, Michelangelo's last work was found in the Vatican archives — a sketch of one of the details of the dome of St. Peter's Basilica.
d38e8d0b6b4e6fcd11d5000b5773e0d58cd59120	The drawing, made in red chalk, is "an image of a detail of one of the radial columns that make up the drum of the dome of St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome."
ddf5ab9df8205b9b6dd3bd1286fa2f0505d8f87c	It is believed that this is the last work of the famous artist, made shortly before his death in 1564.
7478578275a284ef472fafc46d5a9cdd41d63c2c	This is not the first time that Michelangelo's works have been found in archives and museums.
124a2fa065236e17cc860ddb3323ec613709d47b	So, in 2002, another drawing of the master was accidentally found in the vaults of the National Museum of Design in New York.
2c3fa4beb06ad93f4d11d55ab490ec15815c5546	It was among the paintings of unknown authors of the Renaissance.
9b1151173f1f80ea213acb975b6ab6f64046ff58	On a sheet of paper measuring 45×25 cm, the artist depicted a menorah-a candlestick for seven candles.
2bb6f97bfe901bd1fe7c6260671a9a695a1443cf	Michelangelo died on February 18, 1564 in Rome.
3e4485aa271265a2ff6a01e66df83cf1a449c0b1	His death was witnessed by Tommaso Cavalieri, Daniele da Volterra, Diomede Leone, doctors Federico Donati and Gherardo Fidelissimi, and a servant Antonio Franzese[22].
8d2be1799dfb50b4ff05200f0ea923ca515fcf9e	Before his death, he dictated the will with all his characteristic laconicism: "I give my soul to God, my body to the earth, my property to my relatives"[23].
f6a586f05d6d2997fd24570f3b3a042f06530840	A few days before Michelangelo's death, his nephew, Lionardo, arrived in Rome, to whom on February 15, at the request of Michelangelo, he wrote a letter to Federico Donati[24].
f69c52766caf1a5597686ff40e1a6f141f474e00	Pope Pius IV was going to bury Michelangelo in Rome, having built him a tomb in St. Peter's Cathedral [25].
6c5646b1f30a4533cce082cec2b8ac95044b85c6	On February 20, 1564, Michelangelo's body was temporarily laid in the Basilica of Santi Apostoli.
45eec61a3450063471db6b2f0a66a2b658838af7	In early March, the body of the sculptor was secretly transported to Florence[26] and solemnly buried on July 14, 1564 in the Franciscan church of Santa Croce[27], not far from Machiavelli's grave.
3fd1e432fe44c4976b311425f1e5657d5a8836de	1) According to the American edition of The New York Times, although Michelangelo often complained about losses, and he was often spoken of as a poor man, in 1564, when he died, his fortune was equal to tens of millions of dollars in modern equivalent.
bd0a24da3e2c191b61db90964368c8b2cbc49911	2) A distinctive feature of Michelangelo's works is the nude figure of a man, made in the smallest details and striking in its naturalness.
836d4cb5610584418c2891064877df7f5cebacc8	However, at the beginning of his career, the sculptor did not know the features of the human body so well.
09f1d6d48295ac76c70ca16d16a7ebf92d16ad7c	And he had to learn them.
ce5616eb5757a4f8b3ae1903e003e5668d32c561	He did this in the monastery morgue, where he examined dead people and their entrails.
718922c8062d3a8b72160ee80b071fd519a8f803	3) Many of his sarcastic judgments about the works of other artists have come down to us.
f4d0aacea572f742cdc6bb4261b61f6d65c13bf8	Here, for example, is how he responded to someone's painting depicting the sorrow for Christ: "It is truly a sorrow to look at it."
9ce0c85d3ccf687c4174bc083e2da7f182d735f7	Another creator, who painted a picture where the bull turned out best, received from Michelangelo such a comment about his work: "Every artist paints himself well."
bec5216d71a21b96fac00c432f13c6ec28e30f03	4) One of the greatest works is the vault of the Sistine Chapel, on which he worked for 4 years.
0b5106422792fe387cad545c113f474484f705b3	The work is a separate fresco, representing all together a composition of huge dimensions on the ceiling of the building.
c93256fbcd5080d5b214c6ae4a9c60a8a968654e	Michelangelo kept the whole picture and its individual parts in his head.
101f326d07abd3b362689dc571319e6df6af0613	During his work, he did not let anyone into the room, not even the pope.
6e8ed5f685daacd6ad0be0101bb6ad4b1501761a	5) When Michelangelo finished his first "Pieta" and it was exhibited in St. Peter's Cathedral (At that time Michelangelo was only 24 years old), the author heard rumors that people's rumor attributed this work to another sculptor-Cristoforo Solari.
3bb2356fab6f3c7b0a3cd8befaaf9f83651f8689	Then Michelangelo carved on the girdle of the Virgin Mary: "This was done by the Florentine Michelangelo Buonarotti."
c56d8b9eae5f8f6ef3bb858fb8c0e55f8cfdfff5	Later, he regretted this outburst of pride and never signed his sculptures again — this is the only one.
16e01fb121463505a1564f9d39ac8d152f190f6e	6) Michelangelo did not communicate with women until the age of 60.
2ca0b46b47b11999bbf4239d0b92fe5657f40d0d	That is why his female sculptures resemble male bodies.
1535a269a431c48a15663514b4dbb8f75717fc75	It was only in his seventh decade that he met his first love and muse.
fe62b984e94fa6df32de54e714773a88a3d551d3	She herself was already over forty at that time, she was a widow and found solace in poetry.
9e58e30030dc3f1aef9fc619d337ce53d81cd02a	7) The sculptor did not consider anyone to be his equal.
b2e2000a18bb6aaa5b6d275745582f1b4de1b6ff	He sometimes gave in to those in power, on whom he depended, but also showed his indomitable temper in dealing with them.
4b129c616071135027c28f8d9350ae54ccab46ab	According to a contemporary, he inspired fear even to popes.
ca5629f1f5206a860578d2d32c8569906a394672	Leo X said about Michelangelo: "He is terrible. You can't deal with him."
698a61d28d6e64e258d842852d9a7eb48553fb20	8) Michelangelo wrote poetry:
392c9fef03cfe9db9e0ed65264fa0f60291089c3	9) Before his death, he burned a lot of sketches, realizing that there are no technical means for their implementation.
0384e5448228dfc37a9c78b2bd2e6f679d780fd8	10) The famous statue of David was made by Michelangelo from a piece of white marble left over from another sculptor who unsuccessfully tried to work with this piece and then threw it.
8bdf9bf18fae34bc4ff71acfb907dbe4da6c9363	11) In the winter of 1494, there was a very heavy snowfall in Florence.
8a5502616c076557f4a3ea8c60fb4feac96b17c4	The ruler of the Florentine Republic, Piero di Medici, ordered Michelangelo to sculpt a snow statue.
6afabb8de3d5888b49284fe046116514b8e8d04f	The artist fulfilled the order, but, unfortunately, no information has been preserved about how the snowman sculpted by Michelangelo looked like.
fe33f91a84f69bdb7a606a80354ea99f983367c5	12) Having ascended to the papal throne, Julius II conceived the idea of building a magnificent tomb for himself.
08f4590b573706657f68161be7d4b9397830a460	The pontiff granted Michelangelo unlimited freedom in creativity and money.
ca20dc23ee39659fecdcb19d9f2c62e80ae6474b	He was carried away by the idea, and personally went to the place of marble extraction for statues — to Kararra.
8f277081e3612318675b0aa40265205ebf43710b	Returning to Rome almost a year later, having spent a lot of money on the delivery of marble, Michelangelo found that Julius II had already cooled down to the tomb project.
971089730c19f0095632af657aa9604293c5920b	And he's not going to pay the expenses!
7938441af2cef46154fb1529c735d682f351ee87	The angry sculptor immediately abandoned everything — the workshop, blocks of marble, orders — and left Rome without the pope's permission.
adef72ebe2e2f633d4da20451001ac2c1a36ddaf	13) There is the following incident in the history of art.
63ec6736716d2fb19574295925514d35ad11642a	Michelangelo made high demands on his works and strictly judged them.
5131cc65e0a7d12bb2dff3278eb223fa45151b9f	When asked what the ideal statue is, he replied: "Every statue should be designed so that it can be rolled down the mountain and not a single piece breaks off."
d3aff859c856e86b62dac08aae4d1d596a1399aa	There are several portraits of Michelangelo.
db47058e231d3b849d113b6c7d6ff55b94ab68d2	Among them are Sebastiano del Piombo (c. 1520), Giuliano Bugiardini, Jacopino del Conte (1544-1545, Uffizi Gallery), Marcello Venusti (museum in the Capitol), Francisco d'Olanda (1538-1539), Giulio Bonasone (1546) and others.
65152c65bafe6fb41713017f4d4049b17dd40f62	His image was also in the biography of Condivi, which was published in 1553, and in 1561 Leone Leoni minted a coin with his image[48].
84c41e7e50acdce14f48f73a6be8a89e471d68db	Describing the appearance of Michelangelo, Romain Rolland chose as a basis the portraits of Conte and d'oland[49]: "Michelangelo was of medium height, broad in the shoulders and muscular (...).
c2a78ebc46e58461f5fe8ef089535e6d7bac87e4	His head was round, his forehead was square, cut with wrinkles, with pronounced brow arches.
1330d15bda50b4620f490a9955a6dbef52572228	Black, rather sparse hair, slightly curly.
e73e996c129370feebb83ee9ca5ba265c5ee228d	Small light brown eyes, the color of which was constantly changing, dotted with yellow and blue specks (...).
3e576c58ef2b033eaf0f652ad726e9365778aaf6	A wide, straight nose with a slight hump (...).
6dd8c3309cec99946c3540ababfe082269c3def9	Thinly defined lips, the lower lip is slightly protruding.
5ed4f3862639c94a5f7ab85a7d35c9f7873e56d1	Thin sideburns, and a forked, sparse beard of a faun (...) a high-cheekboned face with sunken cheeks."
25a8bbf08a035d44a1eca60ab63d6e4840c134f2	Nevertheless, the cinema preferred to portray him as more attractive than he really was[21].
80c7580721c4c2ceaaa31f0091466a6d6c39d53c	Michelangelo did not leave behind a single documented self-portrait[21], however, a number of his works are considered by researchers to be possible images of the artist.
943550bd004543c13e9668c1017aadde79f613a1	Among them are "Saint Proclus of Bologna", the head of Holofernes in the fresco "Judith and Holofernes" on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, the loser in the sculpture group "Spirit of Victory", the face on the removed skin of St. Bartholomew (fresco "The Last Judgment"), St. Nicodemus in "Pieta II" [50].
eb593ee94f751603cdfafeb979252959c6a59f78	It is also believed that he is depicted in Raphael's fresco "The School of Athens" [51], although this statement is not unambiguous[52].
1369c35cbf64c1fc38512917ae1857e2184d5edc	After Michelangelo's death, Daniele da Volterra made a death mask of the sculptor and his bust[49].
338abf8d0e846345f4e5affae68698915943982f	Michelangelo was considered the most outstanding master during his lifetime.
e147f70ea7f383d94b3732861a828c20693ee5b7	Now he is considered one of the greatest masters in the history of mankind.
bce87bcfaf65dbde5c2c4f60bf313ee591a371ec	A significant number of his sculptures, paintings and works of architecture are the most famous in the world.
2c2f792b0562e74e7dec329d0957dcd04bcd0eb4	His most famous work is probably the statue of David [57].
2ce726bd426a7b08cf5d58a6173b685103867a20	About the Draft Article Inspiration Artists Trends in Painting FAQ (help) Contacts
6f689eeab092b4ba80f39587cf5b89bec63c993e	Add information
65c238bed24932f0f8b6f8be2bd3075853716aba	Contemporary artists
b50e62d304e63d29646a235176fd90e32ecbc1c2	Paintings in the interior Modular paintings Photo wallpapers Interior self adhesive
1f3bbb13e976f7f9c80f9f4b0e6cf80b31f9adf5	Michelangelo: the life and work of the artist
9f2fa537dfc269b6f8144feef5b4b0f27b982db5	Michelangelo di Lodovico di Leonardo di Buonarroti Simoni (1475-1564) was a great Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, thinker.
6188963f8659e551a45fde547f55b2f4fef14573	One of the greatest masters of the Renaissance.
238a131a3e8eb98d1fc5b27d882ca40b7618fd2a	CONTENT
9946b6b1100784f8ca1c340d663dccd12d95b4de	Biography of Michelangelo
c9747f92daada5bcbf59eb73402247fcc01f6b8b	The work of Michelangelo
208e4f5fa9605857d37d054a0e6f13fffd943e69	Interesting facts from the artist's life
83373e8f9514b79990899fba6df81ded8bd2a504	Michelangelo's paintings
d8cb589356b8f161b0bef035de8a67b6a5cb200a	BIOGRAPHY OF MICHELANGELO
3a8d4be94228339ed36a2e1eef05241bcbec4bc3	One of the most famous sculptors, artists, poets, painters and architects of all time – Michelangelo Buonarotti was born on 06.03.1475 in the city of Capres, where he studied in primary schools, and after graduating, in 1488, he began to study sculpture, being a pupil of Bertoldo in the workshop of the greatest painter of history — Domenico Ghirlandaio.
5a61c962d239a5acefada94102471de73c5dc694	When Lorenzo died, Buonarotti went to Bologna, where he erected a marble angel with a candelabra, as well as a statue for the church of St. Petronius.
67529ac785bb7800d17dec774af368f3ce0ecbe3	In 1494, he returned to Florence again.
4f2398614a1e6229c0c920568f8a88a7d941a78e	A new period of his work began, in which he boldly exaggerated the forms of nature in order to express his ideas and better convey characters.
971f58a223c4e7d2da6360d153f6ded7a7e9e2f8	In 1503, Michelangelo was invited to Rome by Julius II to build a tombstone, which Julius wanted to make for himself during his lifetime.
e9b3dd21517951b8cf1fe52281f5e692bad4e8d5	The sculptor agreed and came.
cb520b0ed51a6791d170cdd01a4dddf2efe6b451	Two years later, Buonarotti felt that the pope's attention to him was not enough and, offended, returned to Florence.
ba9b5eea9e874cdad05257529ba31e5dc4fef7d8	The artist was already in Rome in 1508, where he was again summoned by Julius II to continue the work he had begun, as well as to fulfill a new order – decorating the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican Palace with fresco painting.
dd83556668e47d3b7eb78a78ff19e8482327a57f	Julius II died a couple of months after the completion of the painting of the Sistine ceiling.
faa51d8f34f68bba72eb59d6169ff8bca9bf9259	In 1532, he received an invitation from the "new" pope to Rome to complete the decoration of the Sistine Chapel, depicting the "Last Judgment" on the altar wall, and the "Fall of Lucifer" on the opposite.
55c4085f1d8290f0b69e513525dcc02e30acbbf5	Only the first was performed by Buonarotti in 1534-1541 without assistants.
4d0deaea56593d70e89ff51e34b5640d391b349b	Michelangelo Buonarotti died in Rome on February 18, 1564.
7dc46259ad2314703b3fba8ee99c40d378af21c7	MICHELANGELO'S WORK
69e7453625dd35791edeac4ad8af562cbf9e4bd4	Michelangelo's work belongs to the era of the High Renaissance.
151d22dd38c10b919a3bd7d2cd9bfb1bcef6fafe	Already in the works of youth, such as the reliefs "Madonna at the Stairs", "Battle of the Centaurs" (both around 1490-1492), the main features of Michelangelo's art are emerging: monumentality, plastic power and dramatic images, reverence for the beauty of man.
d49da614fb27c253bfe7b55a51fff29f3180e829	Fleeing from the civil unrest that arose as a result of the reign of Savonarola, Michelangelo moved from Florence to Venice, then to Rome.
4fad771cd28db1832b8d1c8642dabaa8d7e9c662	Madonna at the stairs
9ffaa4aef59e2f5fd4b88a577f5f6b1e3a703fd1	Battle of the Centaurs
8fb01491a611cd3daf882a0205436db5265d6a5b	Bacchus
05fed3f9c6366df1953203c72de2db1149d2e17a	During the five years of his life in Rome, he created the first of his famous works, including the sculptures " Bacchus "(1496— 1497) and" Pieta " (1498-1501) in St. Peter's Cathedral.
b186f7d3f4085bbc487dfc81f842e5b272a3217c	In 1500, at the invitation of the citizens of Florence, Michelangelo returned to this city in triumph.
a95d6fce6f55fe35f4c858f6de9367ddd347120b	Soon he had at his disposal a marble block of four meters high, which had already been abandoned by two sculptors.
97657c5f74614f96da7a99ee8969a2a15dce22fc	For the next three years, he worked selflessly, almost without leaving his workshop.
75d730e842aa955a7813c71bb2523179cce846d5	In 1504, a monumental statue of a naked David appeared before the public.
786f7ac508d0e68711173d48b20e2266eb5d7224	In 1505, the power hungry Pope Julius II ordered Michelangelo to return to Rome, ordering a tomb for himself.
aa16fe28a8e5d64c0284ada654e878acf5fb84c8	The sculptor worked for a whole year on a giant bronze statue that was supposed to crown the monument, so that almost immediately after the completion of the work he could witness how his creation was melted down into cannons.
68f388d47acd6771cbe9b5f456b6b6fad3f83262	After the death of Julius II in 1513, his heirs insisted on carrying out another project of tombstone sculpture.
8d16c7d26e7344fcbab0b81930618da0d8fa2cd6	This, including numerous alterations caused by the whims of customers, took 40 years of Michelangelo's life.
ae32ec2dd9827d4bc701264d19b5ef7c6603cf86	As a result, he was forced to abandon the implementation of his plan, which provided for the construction of a tombstone as part of the internal architecture of St. Peter's Cathedral.
51ecf71f19dedf4d15626ce755b4a74c80c59fbb	The colossal marble Moses and the statues known as "Slaves" have forever remained impressive parts of an unfinished whole.
a8cd4ce2363662b64f72aff44e91d9ea70543fbc	According to contemporaries, Michelangelo was a closed and self absorbed person, subject to sudden outbursts of violence.
fa4b00f7815cd9fd54cbe3ccbf2f8c66aaac8446	In 1547, he received the post of chief architect for the reconstruction of St. Peter's Cathedral and designed a huge dome, which to this day remains one of the greatest masterpieces of architecture.
74540fb0525814227364fbdffbec7422eb63ce21	INTERESTING FACTS FROM THE LIFE OF MICHELANGELO
757204c2bc5e031f50748b72ec5af56450eb5996	Michelangelo was born in the family of the poorest Florentine nobleman Lodovico Buonarotti.
f232318596d56dda28174be587f6a9f173b6e6ed	Due to a lack of funds, another infant was given to another Topolino couple for maintenance.
8df46b4ff2c14447c7a4829ba7b027adfa8c4c82	It was they who taught the future genius to knead clay and work with a chisel before reading and writing.
ef71d377f30e14de412fef5d9ec5e1e57242a3ab	Michelangelo himself said to his friend Giorgio Vasari:
8ce56994814a728532676ee3dde4285b932b9063	"If there is something good in my talent, it is from the fact that I was born in the rarefied air of your Aretian land, and I extracted both the chisels and the hammer with which I make my statues from the statue of my nurse."
14e4b6ee8bf08bc022fefa5b26752b95d3441e92	Michelangelo created the famous statue of David from a piece of white marble that was left by another sculptor.
38af1e4dbaf8635be0cff0acf1d2c621e1ce3b9c	The valuable stone passed into other hands only because the previous owner could not do the work from this piece, and then threw it.
86c9aa13d9ca90a3371541d3c45e7065689e6bfe	When Michelangelo finished his first "Pieta" and it was exhibited in St. Peter's Cathedral, the author heard rumors that people's rumor attributed this work to another sculptor Cristoforo Solari.
93e333847d92a9338efacd7aed03442122339e45	Later, he regretted this outburst of pride and never signed his sculptures again.
df386137c002b24e24229927ea5a784eab4a6565	The great master often complained about losses, and he was considered a poor man.
c0b8175e270c3c7ec1e8f497f2fcb2b1478de29d	All his life, the master saved literally on everything.
946f3b9e947f3a13464084b13c32943612594070	There was practically no furniture and jewelry in his house.
8db6996fd4bbc8030934ef3484650aa6475d89cd	However, after the death of the sculptor, it turned out that Michelangelo had collected a fortune.
755a20439d7883aeb33422b707eb8e22bf602710	The researchers estimated that in the modern equivalent, his fortune was equal to tens of millions of dollars.
d5a462141599e026c21e8aef11c05ec6db34da1c	In the Sistine Chapel, Michelangelo painted about a thousand square meters of the ceiling and the far walls of the chapel.
5dfcf6dd16722c23ab15bba598b556cd08e6f8b2	It took the artist four years to paint the ceiling.
fb6518425b9f426ae3be49c2c16ab316b53a035c	During this time, the master's health deteriorated greatly – when working, a huge amount of paint got into his lungs and eyes.
ceeb1cb704419a53135e125026cd4e6c74c0ddc6	Michelangelo worked without assistants, painted the ceiling for days, forgetting about sleep, and slept on the scaffolding, without taking off his boots for weeks.
ea3554463d931107ca39fdc746d8a65dc0cc4411	But it was certainly worth the effort.
0253c8926eca2e2e0d59db79359883ef9ff5123f	Goethe wrote:
0f19c5412a99e7aea56d0ff8b2b241bc277b94f1	"Without having seen the Sistine Chapel, it is difficult to form a visual idea of what one person can do."
52cda316e0f8ec9c5eeb8eb69efa335c93c57493	In the winter of 1494, there was a heavy snowfall in Florence.
7934244004e426f1b6b7a0e12a2db733a16f4fe6	The ruler of the Florentine Republic, Piero de ' Medici, who went down in history as Piero the Unlucky, called Michelangelo and ordered him to sculpt a snow statue.
6ad9ba444510de148766ca2c8409c74c0b8ab964	The work was done, and contemporaries noted its beauty, but no information has been preserved about what the snowman looked like or who he depicted.
2bac7e0bde1e2587ffc9a8a32163c00b1f57cd91	Michelangelo depicted Moses with horns on his sculpture.
9fd031e6d3371d1fbb1f51598f37475350c2f33b	Many art historians explain this by a wrong interpretation of the Bible.
9d5b2ade08a12b7892b497700c6007ec2acac77d	The Book of Exodus says that when Moses came down from Mount Sinai with the tablets, it was difficult for the Israelites to look at his face.
a40ef26570f6459003ad038fb7369827fe267982	At this point in the Bible, a word is used that can be translated from Hebrew both as "rays" and as"horns".
904d832a1156c7749dd575a8787935a30709dd06	However, according to the context, we can definitely say that we are talking about the rays of light — that the face of Moses shone, and was not horned.
1a08453e327db72f3c4a2fde76111ae3a7f67b77	Somov A. I. Michelangelo Buonarroti // Encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 supplements).
187e69a2782123b64db2cfc4f97ca66d73c65293	Karel Schultz, "Stone and pain" (the text of the novel in the library of Alexander Belousenko) Dazhina V. D. Michelangelo.
1806146aa6e70da2446fad7887a21a676fea7e2e	Drawing in his work.
c1f0619d3f8eb5c548bc14c872466386d3913b58	- Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1987 — - 215 S. P. D. Barenboim, Secrets of the Medici Chapel, St. Petersburg, Publishing House of SPbGUP, 2006, ISBN 5-7621-0291-2 Barenboim Peter, Sergey Shiyan, Michelangelo.
aafb658db6104303c4107b7c8cc0521d86502dc7	Riddles of the Medici Chapel, Slovo, M., 2006.
66a17a67aec549546a5cdcbc3c721e551b84a429	ISBN 5-85050-825-2 Michelangelo.
e573ba34786326ad9ba69d5348c4fe6ae3c82f05	Poetry.
d4226db6117e33d2a8e805d410e8d95017f81122	Letters.
c41d76df80110cd3606bcb3b78e88ef61b7c8a16	Judgments of contemporaries / comp.
ac51dda04153e5cdf27f89ad38ec070d0e4cc226	V. N. Grashchenkov.
cfc2f56b028a5b2ad327f9a03a769cd52e61a17b	- M., 1983 — - 176 p.
64227c75eb1bba2988cad96324bb49bfa4285813	Michelangelo.
7b9488201ed7cf180cd9f77194e94e42412e2774	Life.
a3a5f88ace2dbfcb509e266a740ad209f236868f	Creation / Comp.
2f305c6b82d9b8f3d44f8287737b63949157e4a5	V. N. Grashchenkov; introductory article by V. N. Lazarev.
95eae63b890cfad6602f530297a11bfdc239a8c1	- Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1964.
4c68c7f394a497ddd9dd575566b08a6e033a222a	Rotenberg E. I. Michelangelo.
84478deb8f9d68d34b1998581146c3f064db7d62	- 180 p.
35b9bcce48b90aa3fa680a008523cb6caea264cf	Michelangelo and his time / Edited by E. I. Rotenberg, N. M. Chegodaeva.
49c301a20006701acdcb7f2c3bbd0208953c6f49	- Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1978 — - 272 p — - 25,000 copies.
b615b461ad8ba62946552458450882117f10a0d9	Irving Stone, "Torments and Joys", big library.info/?act=read&book=26322 Wallace, William E. Michelangelo: Skulptur, Malerei, Archtektur.
68f802e2fb160d39e6e94e602b0c0e2385cc5384	— Köln: DuMont, 1999.
862a5e6a881d24e6debdc3683223f5459fbe3797	(Monte von DuMont) Tolnay K. Michelangelo.
e8c938fc0a9798647526a767ab6ee471f4ae59d2	— Princeton, 1943—1960.
9c4b4b97b7ac8b08d6078db50541a3b4efb22733	Gilles Néret Michelangelo.
e3d213e62114450ded76331e88ddbddc96c7070b	- Köln: Taschen, 1999.
0fa3eb79068f9eb471135ff2cb5abe555a7f7e5d	- 96 p — - (Basic Art).
65d304735076c71808d56888cd1b1464f3e7ec34	Romain Rolland, "The Life of Michelangelo" Peter Barenboim, "Michelangelo Drawings — Key to the Medici Chapel Interpretation", Moscow, Letny Sad, 2006, ISBN 5-98856-016-4 Edith Balas, "Michelangelo's Medici Chapel: a new Interpretation", Philadelphia, 1995 James Beck, Antonio Paolucci, Bruno Santi, "Michelangelo.
f76fc49d723a6bed0cd746ebe7d7d374c2ee5efd	The Medici Chapel», London, New York, 2000 Władysław Kozicki, Michał Anioł, 1908.
cff038d0ec60ff48c2ffdd0b3e5b761044a7d784	Wydawnictwo Gutenberg — Print, Warszawa
5c5643a43ebcb500840469e4e46aa186dec4ddce	When writing this article, materials from such sites were used: ru.wikipedia.org, http://vm.ru, http://muzey factov.ru, http://citaty.su, http://muzei mira.com.
e167ac91d6ed6a07e1154469108d5298bd6ee43a	If you have found any inaccuracies, or would like to add to this article, please send us the information by e mail admin@allpainters.ru we, and our readers, will be very grateful to you.
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33426b052b360909af1ac9c851c89f60ac77b2e0	Michelangelo
15d97f073633e9867683899eb38b5a78d19e880c	The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on December 20, 2016; checks require 2 edits.
a92358098ffdfd9dcd492d658cbeb95c71a5db9b	There are articles on Wikipedia about other people with the name Michelangelo.
ce61a1831e1a8c1063a0875304dc67fe010221bf	There are articles on Wikipedia about other people with the surname Buonarroti.
13e12c6ddc6d4831c5727a24ece4297cf4342917	Michelangelo Buonarroti
da64311752c041e30780ae2fbd46924c3d416be9	Birth name: Michelangelo Buonarroti
fb8c92b12dc0530bc66e492f4a55a8569b0ffad7	Date of birth: March 6, 1475(1475-03-06)
33aa8d0b4f80882ce06442db0d57b7a460f786cc	Place of birth: Caprese Michelangelo, near Arezzo
5e99595bb7e73738567e21f5a9447a3dfef7dcfa	Date of death: February 18, 1564(1564-02-18) (88 years old)
1dbdb3c5ecd9461998218b9ddd10c744416c820f	Place of death: Rome, Papal Region[1]
64e57f5f30cace3fd04751609bf6aa6de716ed94	Country: Italy
fe58f34f64f7ea2eddbaf821e51922c71121390b	Genre: sculpture
36f2a10c9a7955ca1442fc06eac1b5ac0603b0b8	painting
f380cbcd9a79a4eadf3e8b625bfe9df4ee115aec	architecture
0e23246b5c43f521f267ce0e4e1f12bf6e47d647	poetry
6d570360990c763ed2d1187896bd2a6cf1b060ec	Style: Renaissance
1a02241094583c1ea89abbe39c0f44512405daa6	baroque
db0ff5825782b404860206d37b33e70068da7086	Patrons: Lorenzo the Magnificent
5cb76e0c79020388bf56ef1ceecf06b76d581dfb	Julius II
0057c32c20f32bcc97ee3f02936388200c2008bd	Paul III
6c23e6b91749d541d43b685aac36c74de404b31c	Works on Wikimedia Commons
4c3eb47baabc45ff444d8c273ab3935ef58b7449	Michelangelo Buonarroti, full name Michelangelo di Lodovico di Leonardo di Buonarroti Simoni
da2cddfe330994b6f693c92262f0703be078dce1	(ital.
c9427d0cf59a8d6b066701ee4b3f655ffee25c7b	Michelangelo di Lodovico di Leonardo di Buonarroti Simoni( 6 March 1475, Caprese — 18 February 1564, Rome) was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, thinker.
265817f3217ea2d3041e9fa94c610ff982224f43	His works were considered the highest achievements of the Renaissance art during the lifetime of the master himself[2][3]. Michelangelo lived for almost 89 years, an entire era, from the period of the High Renaissance to the origins of the Counter Reformation.
40ef89e6e5ad3c811faa27cc5586f9f32c523621	Among his most famous sculptural works are "David", "Bacchus", "Pieta", statues of "Moses", "Leah" and "Rachel" for the tomb of Pope Julius II. Giorgio Vasari, the first official biographer of Michelangelo, wrote that "David ""took away the glory from all statues, modern and ancient, Greek and Roman"[4].
79e320631a767b51918a92e3067e457ee0f4e527	One of the most monumental works of the artist are the frescoes of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, about which Goethe wrote that: "Without seeing the Sistine Chapel, it is difficult to form a visual idea of what one person can do" [5][6]. Among his architectural achievements are the project of the dome of St. Peter's Cathedral, the stairs of the Laurentian library, the Campidoglio Square and others.
7bf8451101389b3ef0b3fa7e2b532f0fa46a8777	1 Life and creativity 1.1 Childhood 1.2 Youth.
a5654775ad5a3354ade691e84a043fb4191fbb55	First works 1.3 Death and Burial
a1d7060b95f89fba172e621c69486e506bc72ef4	2 Works 2.1 Famous works 2.2 Poetic creativity 2.2.1 Use in Music
39bb10a733bf5cc54da72e660bcd3f7445f4c396	3 Appearance 4 Spiritual quest and personal life 5 Assessment 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Literature 9 In movies 10 References
a6f9fca426d86ee3a04c0ab530d7b1cd88db32f3	Life and creativity[edit / edit wiki text]
36f289d430536445c834fdba3bb4d0dd48c56fe6	A copy of Michelangelo's birth record
a18c4cc8ec6e6d4f5fa6bff5222a84f18fcbd1f8	Childhood years[edit / edit wiki text]
a06d85e3cf5c9756fa1cc500da857ed9b92a693e	Michelangelo was born on March 6, 1475 in the Tuscan town of Caprese, north of Arezzo, in the family of an impoverished Florentine nobleman Lodovico Buonarroti (ital. Lodovico (Ludovico) di Leonardo Buonarroti Simoni) (1444-1534), who at that time was the 169th Podesta [8].
4ed6fc1d084db4e6144b00c64a4997175cc7b1e2	For several generations, representatives of the Buonarroti—Simoni family were small bankers in Florence, but Lodovico failed to maintain the financial condition of the bank, so he occasionally held public positions[2][9]. It is known that Lodovico was proud of his aristocratic origin, because the Buonarroti Simoni family claimed blood kinship with the Margravine Matilda of Canossa, although there was not enough documentary data to confirm this.
38e178e1b503a3081329418afe771a8fb132297d	Ascanio Condivi claimed that Michelangelo himself believed this, recalling the aristocratic origin of the family in his letters to his nephew Lionardo[10].
fe806ff901031a727b1de3917b318d9af9af27af	William Wallace wrote[11]:
e3fe96a759d9a78cbfb12d2d4307ff1c79906d25	"Before Michelangelo, very few artists claimed such an origin.
2f87cb6701e85fd7c59266964439c6efef23c5e9	The artists did not have not only coats of arms, but also real surnames.
707db63483591939f3be3bf0016a096935978f62	They were named after their father, profession or city, and among them such famous contemporaries of Michelangelo as Leonardo da Vinci and Giorgione"
0660e92445be4d98b300f88bf7fb307579841b97	According to Lodovico's record, which is kept in the Casa Buonarroti Museum (Florence), Michelangelo was born " (...) on Monday morning, at 4 or 5: 00 before dawn."
a975f08c00b8d77785975beae1705337d03e9377	This register also indicates that the christening took place on March 8 in the church of San Giovanni di Caprese, and the godparents are listed[12]:
a27a955525f77f472a535ea33a726dd426fda33c	The Godparents of Michelangelo Name in Russian Name in Italian Approx. Don Daniello di Ser Buonaguida from Florence, parish priest of the Church of San Giovanni Don Andrea di ...
c5f4533a514a89acdfc0861ccd0547d29b5dedec	Don Andrea di ...
3e640561c85ab6eb6b39fc7d9e7b53e14fb04eb1	* from Poppi, priest from the monastery in Dicciano (ital. Dicciano) Giovanni di Nauri Giovanni di Naurii from Caprese Jacopo di Francesco Jacopo di Francesco from Casurio (ital. Casurio)** Marco di Giorgio Marco di Giorgio from Caprese Giovanni di Biaggio Giovanni di Biaggio from Caprese Andrea di Biaggio Andrea di Biaggio from Caprese Francesco di Jacopo del Anduino Francesco di Jacopo del Anduino** from Caprese Ser Bartolomeo di Santi del Lanse** notary * Unknown ** illegible
0dfebcd59b9672c1212ea4b102d1652bf7821002	About his mother, Francesca di Neri di Miniato del Siena (ital. Francesca di Neri del Miniato di Siena), who married early and died of exhaustion from frequent pregnancies in the year of Michelangelo's sixth birthday[13], the latter never mentions in his voluminous correspondence with his father and brothers[14].
e11314f2f41d8c4b6512f69a09b4096ef8e0ff26	Lodovico Buonarroti was not rich, and the income from his small estate in the village was barely enough to support many children.
e5de3de2b741258317fa8d3688cd905bc829fccf	In this regard, he was forced to give Michelangelo to the nurse, the wife of "scarpelino" from the same village, called Settignano.
e37a5741623638e92c3adea0e1cb8908abbeeab0	There, raised by a married couple Topolino, the boy learned to knead clay and use a chisel before reading and writing.
1b05637216e17710154802b8520f5bd1030fb70a	In any case, Michelangelo himself later told his friend and biographer Giorgio Vasari:
d4f80e0599e1ecf6c85fffe46411ca85c2afec9f	"If there is something good in my talent, it is from the fact that I was born in the rarefied air of your Aretian land, and I extracted both the chisels and the hammer with which I make my statues from the milk of my nurse"[15][8].
99f9d85d950319b348e3a0c8d6b11409861fcaa0	"The Count of Canos"
e7d187e28c2616414d7976153a16426086593299	(Drawing by Michelangelo)
df6e42f43b0c7b86a8e1e00fa25d1fd089bffac4	Michelangelo was the second son of Lodovico.
62d89b6f9849aaea953d9fc093feb93a880c0705	Fritz Erpeli gives the year of birth of his brothers Lionardo (ital. Lionardo) — 1473, Buonarroto (ital. Buonarroto) — 1477, Giovancimone (ital. Giovansimone) — 1479 and Gismondo (ital. Gismondo) — 1481.
bb08914a0ae45d162c0015e92afd811c18f89a73	In the same year, his mother died, and in 1485, four years after her death, Lodovico married for the second time.
53931f7e89115b23fdb5f3a6f3187129198595e0	Michelangelo's stepmother was Lucrezia Ubaldini[16].
a78bf882afee2cbab38ef4f4cf59aefb65118bab	Soon Michelangelo was sent to the school of Francesco Galatea da Urbino (ital. Francesco Galatea da Urbino) in Florence.
abd275cfa5513660c94dd6f46914c806e7d1aea5	The guy did not show a special inclination to study and preferred communicating with artists and redrawing church icons and frescoes[17].
74cda98a588144b248cfd2a899eec375ae44efb7	Youth.
6bdee463cb61d1475de0d70e5998b7cce573e7fc	The first works[edit / edit wiki text]
3bdbcfa531219850ccf0fe7d5e615d94775a819c	Cesare Zocci.
9f941e3fe1f3c25804a99605f84e7b4c60a505b3	"Young Michelangelo carves the Head of a faun" (lost)
28c444ae31eec4219deffd25c66e9c9d9e5aa64e	In 1488, Michelangelo's father accepted his son's inclinations and placed him as an apprentice in the studio of the artist Domenico Ghirlandaio[18].
1f6fb32a71810d3a6a0831a4f4b78c76dee8fa3c	Here the guy had the opportunity to get acquainted with the basic materials and techniques, his pencil copies of the works of such Florentine artists as Giotto and Masaccio belong to the same period, already in these copies the sculptural vision of forms characteristic of Michelangelo was manifested[19].
099c07b1c8a31d0edd40cc6dcbc7d63009390b67	His painting "The Torment of St. Anthony" (a copy of an engraving by Martin Schongauer) belongs to the same period.
08732eb1fde9a26f49e0e62ee31a27c30edcc195	A year later, Michelangelo goes to the school of the sculptor Bertoldo di Giovanni, which existed under the patronage of Lorenzo de ' Medici, the actual owner of Florence.
c967c4b1cdd1dea4c5e3dda50838bd8c941c5fd4	From about 1490 to 1492, Michelangelo was at the Medici court.
910748630ebecec99c04198f40c037504cfc537f	Here he met the philosophers of the Platonic Academy (Marsilio Ficino, Angelo Poliziano, Pico della Mirandola and others).
96bc21521fb6357549cfd4da9a2d877d6bdb0482	He was also friends with Giovanni (the second son of Lorenzo, the future Pope Leo X) and Giulio de 'Medici (the illegitimate son of Giuliano de' Medici, the future Pope Clement VII[20]).
d3cfbd40a1a6a19277efd074eafe32fc8270fcea	It is possible that "Madonna at the Stairs" and "Battle of the Centaurs"were created at this time.
5f1fc85111e13f73fc1693af92a595d30e074396	It is known that at this time, Pietro Torrigiano, who was also a student of Bertoldo, quarreled with Michelangelo, broke the guy's nose with a blow to the face[21].
c2478c04ae9e62faa872aaf55bb93bbefbe9bdde	In the years 1494-1495, Michelangelo lived in Bologna, creating sculptures for the Arch of St. Dominic.
c5d234d169fb9d9d500ca5273a5bbff97dc0447b	In 1495, he returned to Florence, where the Dominican preacher Girolamo Savonarola ruled, and created sculptures "St. Johannes" and "Sleeping Cupid".
1220b0cc427272a1e053abd1d4d1a7a7ffda120e	In 1496, Cardinal Raphael Riario buys Michelangelo's marble Cupid and invites the artist to work in Rome, where Michelangelo arrives on June 25.
24ac1022749ebbe2967a102d427cb0f71d0c1c78	In the years 1496-1501, he created "Bacchus" and "Roman Pieta".
65707dd6044a766b9d9e5fac151e518e85d2129f	In 1501, Michelangelo returned to Florence.
72c51c2efd5e99044b0fd6f4fdbf0f2ba056e31d	Commissioned works: sculptures for the "Piccolomini altar" and "David".
da63500f112d05145a0fa30b55ea6a6a6ed433b9	In 1503, works were commissioned: "The Twelve Apostles", the beginning of work on "St. Matthew" for the Florentine Cathedral.
07897495ad583630c4c19d64542cd3ada30401be	Approximately in 1503-1505, the creation of the "Madonna of Doni", "Madonna of Taddea", "Madonna of Pitti" and "Madonna of Bruges" takes place.
8b66c7028173b9d06fb6187b7a71129c64de6956	In 1504, the work on "David"ends;
8efe1fd2cfce9dfa8e96718f52eee80143d3f47c	Michelangelo receives an order to create the "Battle of Kashin".
0e24665d274487c615306de244ade17188f604cc	In 1505, the sculptor was summoned by Pope Julius II to Rome; he ordered a tomb for him.
51c7641bcc2b0ddc1c25645ebed17f5eb8955993	An eight month stay in Carrara follows, the selection of the necessary marble for the work.
ccc085ae50df71cf25ad70d7ce5e21b92009d9e2	In 1505-1545, work was carried out (with interruptions) on the tomb, for which the sculptures "Moses", "Bound Slave", "Dying Slave", "Leah"were created.
f7f50be70feac5d04c434ce1cf9acc351a261776	In April 1506, he returned to Florence again, and in November he reconciled with Julius II in Bologna.
c589d504186d904c9a5a6c64ee8ca8296a832474	Michelangelo receives an order for a bronze statue of Julius II, which he was working on in 1507 (it was later destroyed).
017eb2826fcdb162e3e751bf9bfcd468ca4163b4	In February 1508, Michelangelo returned to Florence again.
ea29f61c8eab6a3f87141ce8f779b8f728ff6e4e	In May, at the request of Julius II, he goes to Rome to paint the ceiling frescoes in the Sistine Chapel; he works on them until October 1512.
1b9cf645ed26b9305cad81fc52c016caeb728c74	In 1513, Julius II died.
a0e9e9a37a6f7a388e8882f7c193b3b4617d660a	Giovanni de ' Medici becomes Pope Leo X. Michelangelo signs a new contract to work on the tomb of Julius II.
0523323f8004dbea221e03a353dea41fe15adf61	In 1514, the sculptor received an order for "Christ with the Cross" and the chapels of Pope Leo X in Engelsburg.
3dadeffa17de5b112ef6c59e4a5b3ae1965b265b	The Tomb of Michelangelo Buonarroti in Santa Croce
08af0f48b1ed00d6bc7b9a2c0fb7b203576e5f78	In July 1514, Michelangelo returned to Florence again.
61a66d40e1754515a50a87bff368420710b2b876	He receives an order to create the facade of the Medici Church of San Lorenzo in Florence, and he signs the third contract for the creation of the tomb of Julius II.
48bb74edc33ea5c2827d9cd9096000b5b3ffd14e	In 1516-1519, numerous trips were made to Carrara and Pietrasanta to get marble for the facade of San Lorenzo.
33d276448190507ae7f7f10f59775c86a45fc3f9	In 1520-1534, the sculptor worked on the architectural and sculptural complex of the Medici Chapel in Florence, and also designed and built the Laurenzina Library.
3c04840455ef053815c0be973a8ce47f1c90fe59	In 1546, the artist was entrusted with the most significant architectural orders in his life.
38d1c75185cc8fb1745fba71662c367f1fc42251	For Pope Paul III, he completed the Palazzo Farnese (the third floor of the courtyard facade and the cornice) and designed for him a new decoration of the Capitol, the material embodiment of which lasted, however, for a long time.
a7595c2ecd44e8049bf77cd5f708ac72e6d91c37	But, by far, the most important order that prevented him from returning to his native Florence until his death was for Michelangelo his appointment as the chief architect of St. Peter's Cathedral.
c5f1bd7b3e2131fe23ea8c42ce3450479bb4519a	Having been convinced of such trust in him and faith in him on the part of the pope, Michelangelo, in order to show his good will, wished that the decree should declare that he serves in the construction out of love for God and without any remuneration.
e62cb3adffbde441191fcde0303baf5d10580f14	The genius of Michelangelo left an imprint not only on the art of the Renaissance, but also on the entire subsequent world culture.
faa3074146dcff3836f8b922a94171b4c4b2635b	His activities are mainly connected with two Italian cities Florence and Rome.
cba4c840799cd476307ea59b285ffd8d12c0277c	By the nature of his talent, he was primarily a sculptor.
a196e0c29d3f93eecb230aef49a85e2fa14de150	This is also felt in the master's paintings, which are extremely rich in the plasticity of movements, complex poses, distinct and powerful modeling of volumes.
b46d1149472b07041e545be984a0bca32e434bf3	In Florence, Michelangelo created an immortal example of the High Renaissance the statue " David "(1501-1504), which became the standard of the image of the human body for many centuries, in Rome — the sculptural composition" Pieta " (1498-1499), one of the first incarnations of the figure of a dead man in plastic.
cefc8b93f29ad7b98bfb1b38649a831adf7bfe60	However, the artist was able to realize his most grandiose ideas in painting, where he acted as a true innovator of color and form.
2249ade53718a111c651534ff53ab5cf314e1d82	Commissioned by Pope Julius II, he painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel (1508-1512), representing the biblical story from the creation of the world to the flood and including more than 300 figures.
395461926beeca6f9897ccd87058addfa3aed165	In 1534-1541, in the same Sistine Chapel, he performed a grandiose, dramatic fresco "The Last Judgment"for Pope Paul III.
cbda9be9cdb6cd790890fc44fe7066cebd83c083	The architectural works of Michelangelo are striking in their beauty and grandeur — the ensemble of the Capitol Square and the dome of the Vatican Cathedral in Rome.
9c60a5e0792d6d58406981c4e6ab4fa4a657be42	His imagination was so perfect and so perfect, and the things presented to him in the idea were such that it was impossible to carry out plans so great and amazing with his hands, and he often abandoned his creations, moreover, destroyed many; so, it is known that shortly before his death he burned a large number of drawings, sketches and cartons created with his own hands, so that no one could see the
7ec808fdf072944e58baa4d5fb00a0e04b786c6c	- Giorgio Vasari.
417e304b0d999be9891f74e7131f7a7a5f300cf8	"Biographies of the most famous painters, sculptors and architects."
5021016703c65e7f04e88d18828da825e515fb9e	T. V. M., 1971.
44337f9c2c5ad6586228fcc3a7084da8d1d861cc	Famous works[edit / edit wiki text]
6b718cfd3c81838822de9598a2b7f2786f6be6a6	Main article: List of Michelangelo's works
7791f6366b0509e63dc92860a7eaf9f546b73321	The Madonna is at the stairs.
7548d2a33592f8e4e84eeef6c37cc495ddb163c7	Marble.
99989e8925eb9f5fdee46ecd13e4a09bb68533b0	Ca. 1491.
94f243eb48c9b7c74908fbf9e6be2a8cbb7db71b	Florence, Buonarroti Museum.
ec03857b0e44f940c267ec404b6b9a081290d711	The battle of the Centaurs.
a15694be91e566287a65aecf8b81898e672a8008	Ca. 1492.
32b2c4e6c607acff93eb06fda65bb50ad3f8304d	Pieta.
7436fafc247cf61d14b27d1be51ffb8f43bf75e0	1498-1499.
704681310c729572e6cb2ba226fedad9e7bc869b	Vatican City, St. Peter's Cathedral.
d4a544601aa23406e1a4f68aceeace70edc88b6e	Madonna and child.
82ac95947d88e803f8ca0fe59b6d129003e55ffe	Ca. 1501.
60c4463f1ba9e8748194bd8803e6551aef8a2efc	Bruges, the Church of Notre Dame.
1eea5016a8373793f32f496423c3b86da2b0793d	David.
61c80aa950bde627183c86fcce99cdcfef447e4a	1501—1504.
7edfd9279273bb97b92b16460bd3d36c85b9c275	Florence, Academy of Fine Arts.
2269501dfeb327a368e5abae6c34ed2e73772aeb	Madonna of Taddei.
5c9e9e3ee3970b44203ffdd912b4905cfba4a5aa	Ca.
451985364df573df6ece838634195f2b2c4ca064	1502-1504.
15cb5710b4b4d86b14b1325d26c8dfeac8a3428a	London, Royal Academy of Arts.
1daafc6ab7bdee1228246080d15070d188c32154	Madonna Doni.
c9c20ea947cd31e012fe7a6794a3c427949b6ca1	1503—1504.
e15319df6d7dc1c5d92d38f6f11c0f765ba3e145	Florence, Uffizi Gallery.
9cfc5632ded325dcf2cbc08306f6dd6a6a454b81	Madonna of the Pitti.
e31c31ceafb65842b8d122c39c47f816a7d05c68	1504-1505.
eed05649faf8203be6498871cf4881ac5030a067	Florence, Bargello National Museum.
90df647008c27494c860fc8e71831644deb8dc9f	The Apostle Matthew.
495d0b4d098ed4ae81892ab1ee81c6ebb11d1854	Marble. 1506.
11213404a289bb2d6071dd2d012f544899b44286	Painting of the vault of the Sistine Chapel.
107ec133dec7a3817d4c347cfa0a2bd8cf1a93a0	1508—1512.
cf7af3f7dceeb4389a3da75892d3abb0ee1e1864	Vatican City.
3c8010ea9d1043e5263d812ef894e8fc5415a7f6	The Creation of Adam
59920ae47e4e2004636b0024a4959df58fbea464	A dying slave.
5a82832eceeac9b8ab5edb0f71a3baba6302d647	Ca. 1513.
f98fb4f1ea28567065fa1132093b7659468ae500	Paris, the Louvre.
eef0ae242ab4e46fec1864d27897c46b22f28947	Moses.
565408af34c54d65da991424a19624cfc2c8f0d5	Ca. 1515.
b2adab381b1fae2a27b927fbe48344b922c6adb1	Rome, Church of San Pietro in Vincoli.
98412e43eaae3d5747def996a8332b03b0b36d30	Atlant.
f84e6c0e160f50c24291ac8dad16b88412ded380	Between 1519, ca . 1530-1534.
a15d8782c0b57f21bfa09b3473476f07a5b0faa7	The Medici Chapel 1520-1534.
5d26ae5f73e057066e4b28cfd05cda8c46b7ea43	Madonna.
f1eeaceca92a0f209e46d487dd2016963fe95d2b	Florence, the Medici Chapel.
2c010fe3fe1e5d9e385141afb151aaad7da936ac	1521-1534.
9c1659ef60d2ae6b86d76eef3dfc8675f133cb20	The Laurentian Library.
ce0d47a0299a6bb361c44c49e90f97a5ae3dc2f1	1524—1534, 1549—1559.
62de41e669374a799e3a996e9830e4c6a95ced14	Florence.
d0673d7f75d682266a4b08371b7c57c82a343a7d	The tomb of Duke Lorenzo.
4681317b099644c6a468314e6b299c4a7a4127b7	The Medici Chapel.
b621f84c09a160339682c53da0186e66d566d4a5	1524-1531.
1bf87648d411cb54267585add84fb3390f1ba6c0	Florence, San Lorenzo Cathedral.
22f0a88a2140bc48d8adb23017c861e8db00fafa	The tomb of Duke Giuliano.
51c031cb304bd16229666320957821cf81366ac8	1526-1533.
af257d3d53540a4933fbb72617919c13eeb39e67	A crouching boy.
5da32c9d200af28d469b3dd23c7126162b87f6b1	1530-1534.
8ef4eddf33831ddec3ab6076e18f0f38fa3f3dd7	Russia, St. Petersburg, the State Hermitage Museum.
8ef243832ac8c77e88e367a02d618e8f9b047a92	Brutus.
a98924ded4289b2100c1a376540cd72ef2634d25	After 1539.
f3c79c1152d46718ce88cfa2827f1f170accd1c3	The Last Judgment.
973bc68adaa61483a8594eedfbdea9a23bdfb8a0	The Sistine Chapel.
fc7c51c647287dee2b37fbcca3f86cf949587742	1535—1541.
cc152658c478895b5d6584b36ad390a464cb4b9e	Tomb of Julius II. 1542-1545.
0a1362771c8ce220765307688199fce9f1ff2ccf	The Pieta (Position in the coffin) of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore.
aa6bd6d8a9f60590eb200b227049d7e11fc5943f	1547-1555.
3f62bf3e40058ccbb9b365be51eca3cc9790a274	Florence, Opera del Duomo Museum.
596b771fc9cddf5214668df0f31ed75a5d2651fd	In 2007, Michelangelo's last work was found in the Vatican archives — a sketch of one of the details of the dome of St. Peter's Cathedral.
846c518b3499497bcc50c4632fa5f4b0e9ae8779	It is believed that this is the last work of the famous artist, made shortly before his death in 1564[28].
56914fbc60e7a861ebda094c1b7ca226e56cb103	So, in 2002, in the vaults of the National Museum of Design in New York, among the works of unknown authors of the Renaissance, another drawing was found: on a sheet of paper measuring 45×25 cm, the artist depicted a menorah a candlestick for seven candles.
748dbed4c1f9ec767fb01d2e738a21981abb9272	In early 2015, it became known about the discovery of the first and probably the only surviving bronze sculpture by Michelangelo — a composition of two riders on panthers[29].
99a412ce87872cf4695d8664c2561c2219d1f04b	Poetic creativity[edit / edit wiki text]
8a4aa5fe8aa603e367b239b027876ed3d9eeb2b2	Michelangelo's sonnet with a caricature
58582925e6fa8a2fa3f5a1f6faeb67cc195dee03	Vittoria and Michelangelo at "Moses", a painting of the XIX century
ec3dfbb81f81e0a843f31622011ecde179b39a12	Michelangelo decided to abandon this idea, considering it vanity[32][33]. Thus, during his lifetime, the collection of his poems was not published, and the first collection was published only in 1623 by his nephew Michelangelo Buonarroti (the younger) under the title "Poems of Michelangelo, collected by his nephew" in the Florentine publishing house "Giuntine" (ital. Giuntine)[34]. This edition was incomplete, and contained certain inaccuracies[31].
0ea27edaa57682f812b30676431a5dbf872bfb07	In 1863, Cesare Guasti
f1b1852f515aff17f94bce79361610ab3dc54083	Chesare Guasti published the first accurate edition of the artist's poems, which, however, was not chronological[35].
67e6423221952632c97231b80c86d4ebe208bcba	In 1897, the German art critic Karl Frey published The Poems of Michelangelo, Collected and Commented on by Dr. Karl Frey (Berlin) [36]. Edition by Enzo Noe Girard (Bari, 1960) ital.
c623a7d8844afea980f11bb52d6be69b64db3c3d	Enzo Noe Girardi) consisted of three parts, and was much more perfect than Frey's edition in the accuracy of reproducing the text and was distinguished by a better chronology of the arrangement of the verses, although not completely indisputable[37].
38c4c87f5ddb8b0ffacda041cfafbae76c5053d2	Usage in music[edit / edit wiki text]
9860b2ade57f9709de7a5fcb499e138b99c854d1	Even during his lifetime, some of the poems were set to music.
4a2f3e5c0136822eacc7d66e00fc8e8fcb12210d	Among the most famous composers of Michelangelo's contemporaries are Jacob Arkadelt ("Deh dimm" Amor se l'alma " and "Io dico che fra voi") [39], Bartolomeo Tromboncino, Constanza Festa (the lost madrigal to a poem by Michelangelo [40]), Jean where Cons (also — Consilium) [41].
5c9f6a4ca5f8e42c2dfbb84398105a712bcd56ca	Also, such composers as Richard Strauss (a cycle of five songs — the first on the words of Michelangelo, the rest — Adolf von Schack, 1886[42]), Hugo Wolf (the vocal cycle "Songs of Michelangelo" 1897[43]) and Benjamin Britten (the song cycle "Seven Sonnets of Michelangelo", 1940 [44]) wrote music for his words.
ac33c1a8fea4a3eba8f254ce4481b5819914576e	On July 31, 1974, Dmitry Shostakovich wrote a suite for bass and piano (opus 145).
fe45d1b3b427cf3ba1f1460b2d3b930b6d455a7b	The suite is based on eight sonnets and three poems by the artist (translated by Abram Efros) [45].
03747d4896b7f3d207b4e62e0ded10ce42343635	In 2006, Sir Peter Maxwell Davies completed the work on "Tondo di Michelangelo" (for baritone and piano).
bcf726ae837e6d67a2768c4ea1565eb181e8b0f4	The work includes eight sonnets by Michelangelo.
b37791a28cea36b9e71cadb0c4b6664a90951143	The premiere took place on October 18, 2007[46].
61b4cf1f6fcd96915e78f654a7b1ec4268f7c3fe	In 2010, the Austrian composer Matthew Dewey wrote the work "Il tempo passa: music to Michelangelo" (for baritone, viola and piano).
f2f28f3a8d3aff86824c3b1b65369a54ada23896	It uses a modern translation of Michelangelo's poems into English.
b4d303688f95986945fda7229d6ff85ae7d16666	The world premiere of the work took place on January 16, 2011[47].
d00e32dcb5b065e50eb799e1097381c9706f5bc0	Appearance[edit / edit wiki text]
63a0c83a2b2b76454c735631c58da59129dcebb4	Engraving with a portrait of Michelangelo (Condivi)
5fbfde82ea06d2eae612e27c8e21bb5d83601180	Bust of Michelangelo
ea41871900df4bef49761943ab61dc49372dd1cc	(Daniele da Volterra, 1564)
f04a0ebd7c1abab1be8b181864e235c1855633b9	Describing the appearance of Michelangelo, Romain Rolland chose as a basis the portraits of Conte and d'oland[49]: "Michelangelo was of medium height, broad in the shoulders and muscular (...). His head was round, his forehead was square, cut with wrinkles, with pronounced brow arches.
5891ee9cff6b179e5362a93fb4dc5d607554eec4	Small light brown eyes, the color of which was constantly changing, dotted with yellow and blue specks (...). A wide, straight nose with a slight hump (...). Thinly defined lips, the lower lip is slightly protruding.
94e6ad9f8117ca5c338c16ed9bbd899c86fe6153	Thin sideburns, and a forked, sparse beard of a faun (...) a high cheekboned face with sunken cheeks."
4aff5fff9028c0b9b30c5c426f4f3e104726354d	Michelangelo did not leave behind a single documented self portrait[21], however, a number of his works are considered by researchers to be possible images of the artist.
0faa46c46679071240eff8873e51e0657914ab98	Spiritual quest and personal life[edit / edit wiki text]
4397b94fc1a7cd3a8b8eaa88492a45c55d819ea3	In 1536, Vittoria Colonna, Marchioness of Pescara, came to Rome, where this 47 year old widowed poet earned the deep friendship of 61 year old Michelangelo.
85034546f142156c5b2515ce22814d21e7ab4b0e	Vittoria is the only woman whose name is firmly associated with Michelangelo.
14b8a911f4211008577b1263051f0d7b3138644a	His poems to her... sometimes it is difficult to distinguish from the sonnets to the young man Tommaso Cavalieri, besides, it is known that Michelangelo himself sometimes replaced the address "signor" with "signora" before releasing his poems to the people"[53].
f4da2426dfb242124d19b65d510dd043e9188d0d	(In the future, his poems were censored again by his great nephew before publication).
514871da43cf3b92d6b36fba8764ac80b1dc6d88	Her departure to Orvieto and Viterbo in 1541 due to the rebellion of her brother Ascanio Colonna against Paul III did not cause a change in her relationship with the artist, and they continued to visit each other and correspond as before.
0d6d5994cfd6fe3c2aa2284949a7c45dcc8de69b	She returned to Rome in 1544.
45beeb6816392b5400a01811a54703e2936eefb0	Sonnet No.
a625f99b80f0e3945b9a6ab0ce22c8f37f473d82	And the highest genius will not add a single thought to those that marble itself conceals in abundance — and only this will be revealed to us by a Hand obedient to reason.
4b48637e10293ebdd51e35fc79625ff819406967	I am waiting for joy, anxiety is pressing my heart, The Wisest, good donna — I owe everything to you, and I am ashamed That my gift does not glorify you as it should.
92aa0a30912b749930d7e2f16c3521cee1935537	It is not the power of Love, not your beauty, Or coldness, or anger, or the oppression of contempt that bear the blame In my misfortune, Because death with mercy is merged in your heart, but my pathetic genius, loving, is able to extract death alone.
bf5fb6b24436f19103227111665d37b373109610	Biographers of the famous artist note: "The correspondence of these two remarkable people is not only of high biographical interest, but also is a wonderful monument of the historical era and a rare example of a lively exchange of thoughts full of intelligence, subtle observation and irony"[54].
69d9f4c9283d676ce323560a9801ed119488baf6	Researchers write about sonnets dedicated to Michelangelo Vittoria: "The deliberate, forced platonism of their relationship aggravated and brought to crystallization the love philosophical warehouse of Michelangelo's poetry, which largely reflected the views and poetry of the Marquise herself, who played the role of Michelangelo's spiritual guide during the 1530s.
15a7bb66142a1996084fb6d8a8ac8851fc818a92	Their poetic "correspondence" aroused the attention of contemporaries; perhaps the most famous was sonnet 60, which became the subject of a special interpretation"[55].
8e4f871c03656f6ace06881a099441ce6fdb3b5b	Recordings of conversations between Vittoria and Michelangelo, heavily processed, are preserved in the posthumously published recordings of the Portuguese artist Francesco d'olland[56].
c3e70bd024cb566c8d10b6e7acc03339b2044815	Rating[edit / edit wiki text]
04157922988d7edd1b8ab7502627f30c14810418	(3001) Michelangelo
6974fe3ce09725cecb7fbc4a8f9e842aaaf977b3	Немец German National Library, Berlin State Library, Bavarian State Library, etc. Record #118582143 / / General regulatory Control — 2012-2016.
ecb7d3df8d9db3d9fdbbc832023d5b0c7af7d095	↑ 1 2 3 Michelangelo (English).
f3691628ea75de4bc522d49c57e34db837fea4a7	Checked on September 18, 2012.
b16de27514ce61cfcbce3c53071443d7d757e518	Archived from the original source on June 21, 2013.
593cdec1b0d1d9c4a8b67dc218d351cf2ad52fb5	Wall Wallace, 2010, p .
e335f1593a7564627dc3081e91cbdd9aaab46bf7	5. Ва Vasari, 1970, p. 312.
676b07fdad2a980d5140975a8b8ebc272fda475a	↑ "... Ohne die Sixtinische Kapelle gesehen zu haben, kann man sich keinen anschauenden Begriff machen, was ein Mensch vermag"
00f47088813617576c3273be1be4581fa04cfacc	(Dorothea Scholl.
43728723b9304ad94d60b110fbf4d121ec07082f	Von den «Grottesken» zum Grotesken: die Konstituierung einer Poetik des Grotesken in der italienischen Renaissance.
49f856d911db5bfefe170dea6466084e114731ab	- LIT Verlag Münster, 2004 — - 768 p .) ( German) Joh Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Italian Journey (1786-1788), August 23, 1787 (English).
f334ce58fa8b128cd4958e97725df48afbf95287	Э Erpel, 1990, p .
64a22bd3c0883def87af94c5cd0a3eff16a17071	7. ↑ 1 2 Tolnay, 1943, p .
50bf01297523d9e386bb6f853dd626d35c12e2cb	↑ Brion, 2002, p.
a097d4ea53dc90267ef13b8ef90ab049ca49c3cf	6. Cond Condivi, 1999, p .
7ee20d926e5b956e8b975daa033db90865f47cfe	5. ↑ William.
42b690a130073f3e55a25ccb5e548de9af084b21	Wallace,Michelangelo: The Artist, the Man, and his Times, Cambridge University Press Wall Wallace, 2010, p .
521ed86f0d2da7373e2a368bc2e577ef2cba400c	↑ Brion, 2002, p .
ef6f3721318271a543c72f3d3bb3050ac789d99c	9. ↑ Charles Clément.
903adea44b3f8d50d20bcb8a0e295beff3f81549	— S. Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington, ltd., 1892.
558731b8ba5ce9b757778717a441f4c4722e0f17	— 5 s.
ecd44c8f535a974af40114b7e3a13b9daa7e8bfd	(eng.)
21f5a9e1337b12bb5e41fdde1c149492b539a522	↑ Vasari, 1970, p. 298.
f58c72c71c66e1b55e6e15a9053674aeeb1878d2	↑ Rolland, 1992, p.
283357edcedefc41f8dabdbac93bc791cd4790aa	91.
691c8b47136e0eacee98b1823dfa83b2c586ea9b	↑ Condivi, 1999, p.
7c82c409460e5e71e51945ce76aecdb2560184d6	9. ↑ Vasari, 1970, p. 299.
23af1227e9912e785d0da2b305854abcf1420516	↑ Sculpture — light painting (ROS.).
658beebc6ff4f53ccaa1177719349aaa8d880f25	Retrieved 20 January 2012.
0e85b34512c5dd148a6e8c8c0ee8081dfe1bd0bd	↑ Wallace, 2010, p .
056916ece48c253316c42d167b989e1dc88bab5d	↑ 1 2 3 Shelley Esaak.
f9d803650accb54433b1a42743576856e6105ef5	Will the Real Michelangelo Please Stand Up?
a29d10a29a2e4aaf1b038d9092cdc0b27b5d4896	(English) (July 27, 2008).
8faa17ea2867228c6807dd4057b88721b0e6a474	Checked on June 20, 2012.
5c99925ad43a88f700c50d35d484cf1a40d3c5fe	Ро Rolland, 1992, p. 196 .
6b4c7a56916c4494a577716543ced312c7277f33	Ва Vazari, 1970, p. 402.
9b750e0c9ddc8a89b9cd2a1133026b4d27fdbee9	Ро Rolland, 1992, p. 195.
63037e4d019872da851b7790773742f9625232de	↑ " The last day of life, the first day of rest!
261ab06d4e0efc7e85160e38b7fbfa81de722924	"(February 18, 1564) (Russian).
fd6648aaf170db328b6c9e601331dfb996e8a36d	Checked on June 22, 2012.
b7b9ccc3c4174f84201ec597563810bdfa28771c	Ва Vasari, 1970, p. 419.
affd29b8cbc72080ecd74150b576850aab323530	↑ Erpel, 1990, p.
ee3d1e80f4855a6bbdd9d0e6ebe7e83e0b7387ed	↑ Michelangelo's "last sketch" has been found ↑ Kolpakov, G. Michelangelo sent greetings after 500 years.
f2629d5f73d5f1d28b338bf1a0960ceb8e31d761	The only non marble sculptural composition of Michelangelo was found.
c9ea259410059ef3493ea1c249acb7b76d7d1282	Newspaper.
d4cf78f2cd9db6cfa240cfc383d132c1090132ab	<url> (2.02.2015).
e8dce97415833d7c758023d67f924ed7f7585a57	- "Scientists have even managed to establish an approximate date of the creation of the bronze pair between 1506 and 1508 years" Checked on February 2, 2015.
8791f2f2b3a699569d85d0eda951ce3509e52df2	Wall Wallace, 2010, pp.
5876b54001e006a7a33bc537c2e02a0a13fff29d	40-41.
c4b289c32e6642ddf2219ed6bca5fa62e0d51679	↑ 1 2 Rolland, 1992, pp.
4ed2131056e16e1f17f697feb3529007bd9644f6	112-113.
8aa5f106c9b565f058951f095e7b335ca7f6a944	↑ 1 2 Rolland, 1992, p.
9ed640772524551f64ccba43853e7b531d99b411	154—155.
74a8cc6022bd7b3a4498f1c1bc2b001bfd9c481e	Виб Vibrani poezii Mikelangelo (z komentarem) (English)
a51d1ebd9bb279de1832ec05dcb44b170107d556	(PDF).
ae9ba59fd5fce552616f821bde27e391176cff51	Checked on 22 September 2012.
3052294063736d8edda2489b5819ac3e1d9bd024	↑ Rime, Michelangelo Buonarroti (1623) (English). Checked on 22 September 2012.
d1383a07cd31e5e77fb2d1326c469e49c3b11268	Ry Ryan, 1998, p .
5e5577cd6c142320845c1289de95d6f38bf0de87	7. Die Die Dichtungen des Michelagniolo Buonarroti Herausgegeben Und mit Kritiscem Apparate Versehen von Dr. Carl Frey (nim. ta ital.).
cadc00605b20b733f9b23498fefaa72bbad1151a	9. ↑ Lang, Wilhelm.
3663717b6eb601b862e5bf5563ad4cc11d0e0096	Michel Angelo Buonarroti als Dichter.
1917f04cbab6bdbf28a0b100caa314b785d64d21	(German).
b531d88357759b2cd729b2d12c72fb2c5fc1781f	Mäcken in Stuttgart .
b576f864511ac1ea8731f956fbf998ad3b248131	(1861).
34bab8631ff9d17288d3570f3c426136f7384ea9	Checked on November 2, 2012.
23b5848398cc4a2319a71dc05434a951fadf7f16	Archived from the original source on November 4, 2012.
0ddae621bd502cf089ba2f5b13c5d4747915c915	↑ Albert Seay.
f5a3106cea3dbef7eb1df4cf7edaa3e3cc1e5a15	Arcadelt and Michelangelo, Renaissance news vol. 18, 4 (1965) p.
6a47820fcd958ab9fbc8dd9fc6600f5fda70c409	299-301 (English)
e89729cab1a920c1856fc2f320f1f2378f84a2a5	↑ Costanzo Festa ; edited by Richard J. Agee.
cf2ae10a47f715e62a22b32deba8307adbe81090	Counters on a cantus firmus (English).
705563f91cfc04de88d0e6bd034fdf8b2b624a61	A R Editions, Inc (1997).
48796e118e73b478ed0c57b8c0863985a5e11cf2	Checked on the 4th of July 2012.
64aa60b05920f17d7020535ace1f04ab981bb82f	↑ Early Musicicago: Jean Conseil (English).
de22eb5eedfa3f8d6d3ab6a44fc0683e0ba04904	↑ James Leonard, Rovi.
b98c1d20cd7a94f904fae1f8ce715d110012ddbf	Richard Strauss.
773d96bf9b8ed890c87f16f53e893592ca7b50a8	5 Lieder, Op.
cec269d2cc76e70623406bff609f7c2c9f060625	15, TrV148 (English).
3d61bd03d52b4c34fd592def9a3c92d6036a0a83	Checked on February 4, 2012.
082c3a42fa76b0b0d7588da1489b6519d30c0cee	↑ Iain Gillis.
0792165257620e28f68b9a66bdce6280979cc4f4	Grasping Towards the Light: A Reassessment of Wolf's Michelangelo Lieder (English) (PDF). Musicological Explorations.
63c1276c85e16bbc18b9c51c8dabff6abf466c2e	Vol 11 (2010).
721bbcc5effb30347048144bdd9bab2a53e6e1fb	↑ Benjamin Britten.
1751e695a8cdc94a5d76838397430f89259e6a59	7 Sonnets of Michelangelo, Op.
d893c4ff444edb245d36343f38be496632c197c2	22 (song cycle)
3c33f68dbc78c788d84c02f99abae2106401abf5	Archived from the original source on June 21, 2013 .
3c19a3c649746c3cde9af4db2ca62a907dcb73f2	Дмитрий Dmitry Shostakovich.
3aad48621796b01d3a6b7f7bf432a93a14161d54	Suite to the words of Michelangelo Buonarroti for bass and piano.
5b709cb228f89741b84bcf20f46c002407a576f2	Translated by A. Efros (Russian).
3d7e7640fc7cd1d0e5167417d5e799728781c290	↑ Sir Peter Maxwell Davies.
3d5c22773d3332083cf0e1dce1da7639d016beaf	Tondo di Michelangelo (English).
0939c97fb521936785d264075146f013bc8572a8	Il Il tempo passa: based on the poetry of Michelangelo / Matthew Dewey (English).
520fb81ac9c49317e30e683be560b5b6b6dd0980	Le Lead medal of Michelangelo, by Leone Leoni (English).
fc61a9c30d602a650037090447e3a672cb2025d2	The British Museum.
d8ba4f46963efa01af236a636624e59201f74f55	87-88.
258a5909541a88f7d9ee5d8018b79fa3f605e73d	↑ Yakim buv Mikelangelo?
7514175de9cbb9ca4e507b936fa1675d7d985b9a	↑ Carlos Hugo Espinel.
ccfd4e0c1a6ca9def9c8516be143d500ac15f509	Michelangelo's gout in a fresco by Raphael (English).
8ba480419913ad18e55498d01a56ad34b716c88d	Volume 354, Issue 9196 2149-2151.
41dc5394554ffa7171b1902ecd9d0847561424c9	The Lancet (December 18, 1999). doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)09070-4.
6df60cb2c146c0c11edfe7784d774cabe5cbffe8	↑ Wolfgang Kuehn.
1c1306e351c67618ceeeeb6181dc7227951f30b2	Michelangelo's gouty knee (English).
079ee2efadf3a5edac2ca767c06a79de570c74bd	Volume 355, Issue 9209.
938c747da83677f623d8847a34c327422e9ed763	The Lancet (March 25, 2000). doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)72230-3.
b4de9b0590fe5a9864703407782699ff152b2799	↑ Richard Norton.
c508bd18d2d49cfc3ea58b72be13ed18411363eb	The Passions of Michelangelo ↑ The diamond of S. M. Michelangelo (unavailable link from 14-05-2013 [1341 days] - history) series of ZhZL ↑ Poems of Michelangelo translated by Efros ↑ Francisco De Holanda, Dialogues with Michelangelo, Pallas Athene, 2006, ISBN 1-84368-015-7 ↑ Michelangelo biography // Encyclopædia Britannica.
737662f0f9699d60988fd8fc05796914a3987a20	Somov A. I. Michelangelo Buonarroti // Brockhaus and Efron's Encyclopedic Dictionary: in 86 vols.
a28bbfad919adb48fc0c748cc3e09539bda9294d	Michelangelo and his time / Edited by E. I. Rotenberg, N. M. Gershenzon Chegodaeva.
c035f09e47651b70cfe55a7c219e4c7238b98884	- M.: Iskusstvo, 1978 — - 272 p — - 25,000 copies.
dcbcd91b23f7c40f95a9909cf55eff4bb4521ad6	Gilles Néret.
982a82259845d9ef33c7ac8fe3569decfb47bd9e	"Agony and Ecstasy" / The Agony and the Ecstasy dir.
394adb31c2e70d7ddb98a8e0e71062e2d9026467	Carol Reed, (USA, Great Britain, 1965) Performance of G. Mackevicius "Overcoming" Documentary "Michelangelo Superstar" (Michelangelo superstar)
16618dcea1d3628492bcc477851a307936b38fa0	Michelangelo in Wikicitatnik?
56c586ed7ac61d86b0c4be499885f5dd70da7e85	Michelangelo in Wikitek?
e311db165bb4a2a05144d1ebe616283b795de0d1	Michelangelo on Wikimedia Commons?
a7836ec8bd5b1cc02f838414c012012a446a0968	Michelangelo Buonarroti.
f15d25d251a9cd5de4719acc7326090d19573d46	He could do anything.
fc84920df027399dc20e59bc1ebfea49397139c9	The program "Echo of Moscow" from the cycle "Everything is like this", Part 1 and Part 2 on artcyclopedia.com on wga.hu The poetry of Michelangelo translated by A.M. Efros Florentine Society Alexander Burganov "Michelangelo, Drawing, the Renaissance".
a5fff2c3bbff5a37fdc151a9d375660dfc3f970d	Tretyakov Gallery Magazine, #4 2013 (41)
309eb2415b92c1385234f1c83f0a18096328d0ae	Designations: 1 Probable authorship • 2 Lost
744ebdf27dcdd3fb896ae1282982a27fe9cfe016	Sculptures
80ca57f27d611a7c1218ba0b2f63f3f94b34ce42	Florence (1488-1492)
52202619556b47f54af397aa683507aca8e1cd63	The Faun's Head2 • Madonna at the stairs • Young Archer1 • Battle of the Centaurs • Crucifixion • Hercules 2
fd27386a2175ce13e0d5fe80fb6e9a49a17ab99d	Tomb of Saint Dominic (1494-1495)
bae5d053e22ad1e68d6ee7dd5dda13dbe37b59ab	Saint Petronius • Saint Proclus • Angel
cdf693c11f89eab0adc2e6a5b95e717791092f64	Florence (1495-1496)
22d6e0e1dc83c634ca047c3406d87cd62dbeb33b	John the Baptist 2 • The Sleeping Cupid • Standing Cupid • Gallino's Crucifixion1 •
9ec003b0c136025442b3197af2856aa85fa75808	Rome (1496-1500)
219bad4f296b2c9c13848bade0fe51cd40bbe6e7	(1496-1497 • * Pieta (1499-1500) • The Crucifixion of Montserrat
60acbda66ec0dd6ae628a87ea4c3bc573b424564	Florence (1501-1504)
936dc2608dd24dba6948390fa05506d171a71204	David • Madonna of Bruges • Tondo Taddei • Tondo Pitti • Saint Matthew
a5ac9a29a15e5fb08ecaf03872c69fd0d22ae775	Siena (1503-1504)
42cc805d6096b74b64b89891a96d2bd022adf580	Piccolomini Altar: Saint Gregory I • Saint Paul • Saint Peter • Pius •
033d2c3642b4d935f13ceecfbb9d2e06d4695a4c	Bologna (1507-1508)
582c60b11caf30c62bf09d34a46f73bbf76352f3	Julius II 2
08de5590ea5e1d6b10d357a464d3f87f22f6e58a	Tomb of Julius II (1513-1545)
8d504c91a9bf6c4efcef84af2b282854733c5ae1	Moses • Michelangelo's Slaves: (Rebellious Slave • Dying Slave • Young Slave • Bearded Slave • Atlantean Slave • Awakening Slave) * The Spirit of Victory • Rachel • Leah
24ab816ef1cd0a79c507a1a300fca7b8eb4ea56c	Florence (1519-1534)
0cf10c76d3aad0d9878d73493f09787acc2acaed	Christ the Savior • Apollo (David) (1530)
6523c88a978533763da67bdf6ced0ffadd7f77a8	* The Crouching Boy (1530-1534) •
7e37d5dea459afd3cdc634f89d2bc04992c62208	The Medici Chapel
53ad66e9f4886fc11c78432752a5d4a9879406ad	Giuliano de ' Medici • Morning • Day • Evening • Night • Lorenzo de ' Medici • The Medici Madonna
a546d23870fa223f966f00fed8da103e4d602153	Rome (1535-1564)
28cae7e63ed9d214eaad7e1f0c19f6eac9f84105	Brutus • Palestrina Pieta 1 • Florentine Pieta • Pieta Rondanini (1552-1564)
9eb958db0794dd7b2ad5099f51576025be1c1b9f	The Torment of St. Anthony 1 (1487-1488) • The Manchester Madonna (1497) • The Stigmata of St. Francisc2 (1500) • The Madonna of Doni (1503-1506) • The Battle of Kashin2 (1504) • The Burial of Christ (1505) • Leda and the Swan 2 (1530)
778e663f1576e26755fa6cfe9a09f224f9edd230	Frescoes
0c46845a11a04475fdd55f126daf42308f3debf9	Sistine Chapel
c09885ed71011a083171a9a2fe251dd4e0b5da7d	Ceiling (1508-1512; including: Separation of light from darkness • Sot the Birth of Adam • The Prophet Jonah • The Prophet Jeremiah • The Prophet Daniel • The Prophet Isaiah • The Prophet Joel • The Prophet Ezekiel • The Prophet Zechariah)
f1e2478810d128847e8412446c89e9bcc5968325	* The Last Judgment (1534-1541)
ff55d4865c9d7a8ba291e37c7219583af0a601db	Paolina Chapel (1542-1550)
be8b77830551bd9644caed5c0782a4050abd5e2b	The Torments of St. Peter • The Conversion of Saul
d80a665c4b08efd48f9102a9356585061f711397	Drawings
9a07d146ce04b0131f7016dd3cac546d4df3b84e	Sketch of a kneeling girl for a tombstone (1500-1501) • Epiphany (1550-1553)
2b9af7205de6b8d1d9d1e060c51fcccb376b3163	Florence
d604e70ac0a731887f74864353ea4246f81f3e89	New Sacristy
749f5d87de0276b45b32b6e73cd2f3d32cf08485	(1520-1534 • * Biblioteca Laurentiana (1523-1559)
da7705caa15608fea217326726ec6ed97a9c6c9d	Rome
5fa1d7d0b0906224f0802d3c49f0768e417a34d0	Campidoglio Square
12521c46b884277cdf4d77cf5cab34d95dbd420f	(1538 • * Palazzo Farnese (1546) • St. Peter's Basilica (1546-1564) • San Giovanni dei Fiorentini (1559-1560) • Pius Gate (1561-1565) • Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri (1561—?)
d443a1185575c125d61e0af393b044d7b06ef572	Environment
ce3f87eef1abbab109d8ee6a7ced4547c8ab71da	Cecchino del Bracci • Tomazzo del Cavalieri • Vittoria Colonna • Ascanio Condivi • Sebastiano del Piombo • Febo di Poggio • Luigi del Rizzio • Gerardo Perini
2cfceadda8f850ad205fc8fb3fe1432e37569fdb	list of works by * Casa Buonarroti
18ad3827e0cffe3a6af6f4307322e7d7292c8971	Mathematical Genealogy · Notable Names Database · Structurae · MusicBrainz · Project Gutenberg · RKDartists · Open Directory Project · Find a Grave
1b10eeecfd9d136866d79aa9e12af0ba727eae40	Dictionaries and encyclopedias of the Great Catalan · Brockhaus and Efron · Cyril and Methodius · Brief literary · Circumnavigation · Larousse · Small Brockhaus and Efron · Britannica (online)
947f9aed802f6317d0dcdb34eecaf847a5502b95	Regulatory Control BAV: ADV10205075, ADV11517899, ADV11517900, ADV12296493 * BNC: a10309603 · BNE: XX1161659 · BNF: 11885845q · CiNii: DA08122726 · GND: 118582143 · ICCU: IT\ICCU\CFIV\017291 · ISNI: 0000 0001 2124 3640 · LCCN: n80152368 · NDL: 00449952 · NKC: jn19992000718 · NLA: 36432281 · NLG: 97550 · NLR: RUNLRAUTH770153032, RUNLRAUTH779831 · NTA: 069228957 · NUKAT: n94208535 · PTBNP: 23554 · LIBRIS: 292503 · SUDOC: 026650800 · VIAF: 24585191 · ULAN: 500010654
e293042350a8f3bc9194701fb309377f802ff3ee	List of broken links: Brion, 2002, Vasari, 1970, Vasari, 1970, Rolland, 1992, Erpel, 1990, Condivi, 1999, Ryan, 1998, Tolnay, 1943, Wallace, 2010 Please correct the links according to the instructions for the template {{sfn}} and supplement the bibliographic section with correct descriptions of the cited publications, following the guidelines of the VP:Footnotes and VP:Links to sources.
5b9e09142d9debb46de7b5ce4d1e3b1ff9e14024	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michelangelo&oldid=82968032"
f1f8540c7185ed61f0d4e6f2745c47d0cc3137d1	Categories: Born on March 6, Born in 1475 Persons alphabetically Born in Caprese Michelangelo Died on February 18, Died in 1564 Died in Rome Artists alphabetically Sculptors Alphabetically Sculptors of Italy Sculptors of the Renaissance Sculptors of the XV century Sculptors of the XVI century Artists of the XV century Artists of Italy Renaissance Artists Artists of the XVI century Architects alphabetically Architects of Italy Architects of the XV century Architects of the XVI century Poets alphabetically Poets of Italy Poets of the XV century Poets of the XVI century Artists of Italy the muralists of Italy of the XVI century Michelangelo Buried in the Basilica of Santa Croce in Florence
8342cf0965780be12d78201127a2abf5626e5e88	Hidden categories: Wikipedia:Articles with non working links from May 2013 Pages using magic links ISBN Wikipedia:Articles with redefinition of the value from Wikidata Wikipedia:Articles with sources from Wikidata Articles with links to Wikicitatnik Articles with links to Wikiteca Articles with incorrect use of the Harvard citation system
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3968d544ac4a86ec85bf295b96d10f3d0f1006a3	Michelangelo Buonarroti (full name Michelangelo de Francesco de Neri de Miniato del Sera and Lodovico di Leonardo di Buonarroti Simoni, (ital. Michelangelo di Francesci di Neri di Miniato del Sera i Lodovico di Leonardo di Buonarroti Simoni); 1475-1564) was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, thinker.
ba50ae82eb526c120d7a964ff7e4c95f41ad56ce	Michelangelo was born on March 6, 1475 in the Tuscan town of Caprese near Arezzo, in the family of Lodovico Buonarroti, a city councilor.
25507af2f73d55193ada906a109ceeb54b706789	A year later, Michelangelo transferred to the school of the sculptor Bertoldo di Giovanni, which existed under the patronage of Lorenzo de ' Medici, the actual owner of Florence.
0d73effc12f01030058b779a548b1053b0710083	He was buried in the Church of Santa Croce in Florence.
a851ec7faf1856fccab27f730a086d966b2bf099	Before his death, he dictated the will with all his characteristic laconicism: "I give my soul to God, my body to the earth, my property to my relatives."
4b3946faa1020869e54ead5d6af449419529f063	Works of art
7fdb4fd92694317dab27a68c36e66bf71fed2fef	Famous works
7b7bcc3f2cbb313732d27fcf6ad3228150a6f0f6	* David.
260ec9fae77c30a0a9d1e234a7c08f0c2f58993e	1501—1504
0e9a3ca1e8174c1db8e8233f50ef17124552a0c8	* Madonna at the stairs.
1ecfe37244a0bb44905a874fbfc3b2b13ba56720	* Battle of the Centaurs.
986626d55fb616be6a124f45a64977c816636481	* Pieta.
77220018826e324a074ea2171ceedfbcaf8d3159	Vatican City, St. Peter's Basilica Peter.
6f69a99d471e0325835306c137c6180ba8c1c1de	* Madonna and child.
2980eef793ca2e4247fb6069fd91d93926c75809	* Madonna of Taddei.
5e807f6b8c748c74eb7e764214b007001b71025e	* St. Matthew the Apostle.
ac762a99d73ad2dd98672a9d1879a4588e1507fa	* "The Holy Family" by Madonna Doni.
88c0d49ee73ff3f92a79c4a98b81c5d4184adda2	The Madonna Mourning for Christ
4f5f3283e37918332b026f95556855c5918f057b	* Madonna Pitti.
dbf85ecb40bdc2a54bc55b2d56c119b618c9c0e3	* Moses.
e6c0699904639b1f5fb019ff63b7d9d11c8244f3	* Tomb of Julius II. 1542-1545.
a7e131b2d297153591d8106cb3e3b3ca7fd64be9	* A dying slave.
87ee0a2de21f30a2e515e5c5a28080b02c9a0ea9	* Winner 1530-1534
103daa9049a082acb6dd29934cdb73f42c0ce34f	*The Rebellious slave 1513-1515.
defd5a791d1427f524221bbbaa58b2941a64aadb	The Louvre
9770d57960ee7dd6b2ea424a3e26cf0de2e99ca0	* The Awakening slave. ca. 1530.
93c1f5c7650c0720f198e5d942acd0f339a23767	Academy of Fine Arts, Florence
736ad78e08997ea1e3067129a63009a06cb9b1fd	* Painting of the Sistine Chapel vault.
7e64c7a9540305200922b1058af83d1e7b60b568	The prophets Jeremiah and Isaiah.
b9d80c0fdf3d1b6ff39b0fcfdd19071656d96c99	* The Creation of Adam
54073ade684482a3033403cf67f9fcfb24a1e054	* SISTINE CHAPEL The Last Judgment
ff2774538ba85f2d9b3517af45006b8bac566b8e	* Apollo taking an arrow out of his quiver, also known as "David Apollo" 1530 (National Museum of Bargello, Florence)
9574f0305c52da003b8725d39b56b12e8c4a7f65	* Madonna.
3fadfe0e09c54e37faccb73505dcd04e595b8ea2	* Medici Library, Laurentiana Staircase 1524-1534, 1549-1559.
a80bb2c4806240a508145cc70eb3165666b807e9	* The Medici Chapel.
669ed847b612d07301b652b0bcf9a61c05796a98	1520—1534.
fad344f99c77fa8005f802614b799614a0f476d4	* The tomb of Duke Giuliano.
c10a6d98035ce0022d3c02a6b052227fe47e2326	"Night"
dce5d8ccf2456236e028a636e8e135887abcac57	When access to the chapel was opened, the poets composed about a hundred sonnets dedicated to these four statues.
b591043996c0778b48f26f7b2911c30ea9231256	The most famous lines of Giovanni Strozzi, dedicated to the "Night"
7840a65dac5944183a358d3fced8bfd913b9ccb2	This is the night that sleeps so peacefully,
7856b6019e489979a033764b208798c872b0872c	Before you - An angel's creation,
519db2ea17be9235540873f9086e17b755235e9c	It is made of stone, but there is a breath in it,
51ebfd3f1ea02d9c458286480f842f257212091a	Just wake her up and she'll talk.
018f6e35f4081bc6125483b9393d38438d0554f4	Michelangelo answered this madrigal with a quatrain that became no less famous than the statue itself:
db8e3bbdf09a77b04ebcba87829f8e9675f79db2	It is pleasant to sleep, it is more pleasant to be a stone,
4d3f661606a67f1b9263239d0a3e5c482c483e35	Oh, in this age, criminal and shameful,
4ee1a374a7901fb26e95c55e5321e9b371c97fca	Not to live, not to feel – an enviable lot.
78af10bac9745f49714871ef588e233087bc7a78	Please be quiet, donot you dare wake me up.
7d9880b8c1c423d495f1005fe0ba1024dc397f92	(Translated by F. I. Tyutchev)
a929a8d7b413f21dfab71a5ea5530787bf9dda0a	* The tomb of Duke Giuliano de ' Medici. fragment
7b89f45f0f961032ff736779348a5fde3e6b21d4	* The tomb of Duke Lorenzo.
6fbb18dff7b065785234c3b7cf570e15d3070df1	* Statue of Giuliano de ' Medici, Duke of Nemours, Tomb of Duke Giuliano.
c872ba809f4fd3f1ee85ed8adf54b2e5b9b16bd2	1526—1533
7064b7274742066e0ffb5514422eed7c35b0579f	* Brutus.
f579097b21cd25483b602e15ccb8c72c6a56e7d6	Florence, Bargello National Museum
b58a298d8fd2e29f7c5cf85d364d4d50606439b8	* Christ bearing the cross
98a93a676f38eb9515cb3523eb7ba2adb62870f7	* A crouching boy.
bfbd81ac40f307d6b05318afca9f755e09abb6b4	* The Crouching Boy 1530-34 Hermitage, St. Petersburg
bdb34a70f2032fb6101c4ec7e552f0531c74d24d	* Atlant.
c182f02755d8fc251892ab18895ad5bdf27fd615	"Mourning" for Vittoria Colonna
db1ada113c2a4fdee99974595a8f5bf3d66b8361	"Pieta with Nicodemus" of the Florence Cathedral 1547-1555
5bd06ef435b0a0f88b0770fe243af3f5a5e46b87	"The Conversion of the Apostle Paul" Villa Paolina, 1542-1550
acfa33cdda20748c1320ef73ccc862a56495100e	"The Crucifixion of the Apostle Peter" Villa Paolina, 1542-1550
96c5eaa5c20e7e485df42d30d054afcf1aedca93	* The Pieta (Position in the coffin) of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore.
bcc276450c436be8404af57585dd28c4dfe17f4f	On a sheet of paper measuring 45×25 cm, the artist depicted a menorah a candlestick for seven candles.
e805d66b52ca66e31b128f270ef66ec328feb1ee	Poetic creativity
1535230125a95886cd784b75eb0d39893f3a2611	Michelangelo is better known today as the author of beautiful statues and expressive frescoes; however, few people know that the famous artist wrote no less wonderful poems.
43edb7cecf8d37354fe8dea36f21e0c33aa5f043	Michelangelo's poetic talent was fully manifested only at the end of his life.
96d766ea13e5d822380995357793701ddeb72586	Some of the poems of the great master were set to music and already won considerable popularity during his lifetime, but for the first time his sonnets and madrigals were published only in 1623.
4041c5e47a7622ebf7091566741cc5c4e9a47e10	Spiritual quest and personal life
070710baf0335c7e97e27a04b62a797195a76576	In 1536, Vittoria Colonna, Marchioness of Pescara, came to Rome, where this 47 year old widowed poetess earned the deep friendship, or rather, even the passionate love of 61 year old Michelangelo.
7b5bd3765c5722f4523e0b0a1b285589af87b752	Soon enough, " the first, natural, fiery attraction of the artist was introduced by the Marquise of Pescara with gentle authority into the framework of restrained worship, which was only befitting her role as a secular nun, her grief for her husband who died of wounds and her philosophy of the afterlife reunion with him."
397e8e58a206103705717a33c422df0faf3ea4f4	He dedicated several of his most ardent sonnets to his great platonic love, created drawings for her and spent many hours in her company.
c433422a1f683dd9e8b168fdc24f6375a9bc6c77	For her, the artist wrote "The Crucifixion", which has come down to us in later copies.
9580274fd574c01112bc5871adf86f6b42ac8fcb	The ideas of religious renewal (see the Reformation in Italy), which worried the participants of the Vittoria circle, left a deep imprint on Michelangelo's worldview of these years.
e787a36160741d46f817109439e946d7f74066c6	Their reflection is seen, for example, in the fresco "The Last Judgment" in the Sistine Chapel.
abf1cf09a370e07bb1bca9ccb653888316a8217a	Interestingly, Vittoria is the only woman whose name is firmly associated with Michelangelo, whom most researchers tend to consider homo-, or at least bisexual.
eb71e1636aef9f6fe31031ade510e243efd39419	According to researchers of Michelangelo's intimate life, his ardent passion for the marchioness was the fruit of a subconscious choice, since her holy lifestyle could not pose a threat to his homosexual instincts.
18f6328763350c6cd9defe84a9d1b611a85dd723	"He put her on a pedestal, but it is unlikely that his love for her can be called heterosexual: he called her "a man in a woman" (un uoma in una donna).
eedbe762be63d921fcfd01366ec3680696f19ad0	His poems to her... sometimes it is difficult to distinguish from the sonnets to the young man Tommaso Cavalieri, besides, it is known that Michelangelo himself sometimes replaced the address "signor" with "signora" before releasing his poems to the people."
5460f140402afe3a81d482c7e52b1a156f3dba0b	A friend and biographer of the artist Condivi writes:
6a3cea35782948abb0b852184e2da471d9674f9d	"Especially great was the love that he had for the Marquise of Pescara, falling in love with her divine spirit and receiving from her a mad love in return.
9fa182533e59dd1a236de079d096cccce4e99f25	He still keeps a lot of her letters, filled with the purest and sweetest feelings… He himself wrote many sonnets for her, talented and full of sweet longing.
9d8a08a173a7f957eaddd4bec03a69d9f7b5bdfa	Many times she left Viterbo and other places where she went for entertainment or to spend the summer, and came to Rome only to see Michelangelo.
29688e5052e0a8effd47cead811d54801ea33d1d	And he, for his part, loved her so much that, as he told me, one thing grieves him: when he came to look at her, no longer alive, he only kissed her hand, and not on her forehead or face.
c7f1eeb3fbc56740a243bb1379ec97220a32db20	Because of this death, he remained confused and as if distraught for a long time "
1288894992aa7f41d46b95afae6dfa161e28d53b	Biographers of the famous artist note: "The correspondence of these two remarkable people is not only of high biographical interest, but is a wonderful monument of a historical epoch and a rare example of a lively exchange of thoughts full of intelligence, subtle observation and irony."Researchers write about sonnets dedicated to Michelangelo Vittoria: "The deliberate, forced platonism of their relationship aggravated and brought to crystallization the love philosophical warehouse of Michelangelo's poetry, which largely reflected the views and poetry of the Marquise herself, who played the role of Michelangelo's spiritual guide during the 1530s.
02cfed228b44897e3ad899a62cd4ee73c256b73b	Their poetic "correspondence" aroused the attention of contemporaries; perhaps the most famous was sonnet 60, which became the subject of a special interpretation."Recordings of conversations between Vittoria and Michelangelo, unfortunately, heavily processed, have been preserved in the diaries of Francesco d'olland, who is close to the spirituali circle.
ae7dee36d518bd4a5c03283c09e5e40da8e9596b	POETRY
86363f37284341a792b1c7d43ba4cc652d5bd360	There is nothing more joyful than a fun activity:
11dd9ba6cb26f0634094f1b27ad37827c759a0ad	On gold braid flowers vying with each other
4fc1fc3acc0dd7f73f7b8d3ca1e9c8cf8e4ba111	Touching a cute head
638562856f9520d354401171c9ed5c8058c565ee	And to cling with a kiss everywhere without withdrawal!
12f0da2706b6041256b7c928b934b6f814c4e55c	And how much pleasure for the dress
19d13dfea4121ed1ab1b5b74aaab54774c46cb51	Squeeze her waist and fall down like a wave,
695f0fcb6cc79142eacd1ca1fd5360527b13a167	And how gratifying the golden grid is
38f3599d9baa3725e56d26764a3373fa7b17b7ee	Her lanita to embrace!
7bcd2e662bc2009622664ba69afab4ca135a4f2e	Even more delicate than an elegant ribbon is the ligature,
2b5652025da3985c75c9da5476cc2ceab821fc00	Shining with its patterned embroidery,
f376808b53428573715af165c577994b30ec061f	Closes around the Perseus of the young.
8924688df2bbab46ba1be6f86ee433afac025136	And a clean belt, gently twisting,
c50845a5b8d1af7618195947a7ad1b6c7ad14558	As if she whispers: "I will not part with her..."
bcb89427d61cc93dde0553817fc4e6e9bfaa6e99	Oh, how much work is here for my hands!
f26e412394f7ed85ea4d7d24d4694d00978c457b	Dare I, my treasure,
4600bd9b9cd4ad643620ceb38e369006b048d55a	To exist without you, to my torment,
314f8a80d102ac09fe36d78bd216a0343f53985e	Since you are deaf to pleas to soften the separation?
23207eadf41b1fa59111dd776811432bfd2a82af	I donot melt with a sad heart anymore
c1ea48e71c45e84c3e51e9f416a0ebe4f884363e	No exclamations, no sighs, no sobs,
7c5224a45ca66db9c42e8faaa89cd9d269919335	May I show you, Madonna, the oppression of suffering
b15bb257c6ae7e1086246178a84c66e278873c85	And my death is already not far away;
757836616eda2e6bf74d847b138f718502c3e25b	But in order to rock my ministry later
f2960b4eef33e31ee695b7cc7be13ebfef73d2ac	I couldnot banish it from your memory, –
f7f2df7aa4c0ed600d15b8edff5e8afdd9577a46	I leave my heart to you as a pledge.
16731ce93924d55cf90a6130e465841ebc5a881f	There are truths in the speeches of the past,
e0bba8dc4a9cddb1bf0b7c9b3345712aedee4731	And here is one: who can, he does not want to;
932cfb285a22db318f9b2c667cc4163ec3122bb6	You have listened, Signor, to the fact that lies chirp,
7a911b50593800ddd4d41477d7f1f6f4f7152067	And the talkers are rewarded by you;
e1a760368a6e2e7eef811aa7213fcb8ea7ec0394	I am your servant: my labors are given
79dc4ad680ca00d07c39bee81974eae4166e7953	You, like a ray of the sun, - even though it denigrates
027e6edeee6364c6a4d57fa4e7c146a84ac03d4c	Your anger is all that my fervor wants to do,
4142e3bd9f6778143971e25ef7a53f5272e694f2	And all my suffering is unnecessary.
04d75a82d68cb9c4ac491dd3d14c48319803f122	I thought it would take your greatness
7421eb1e99e73172950e5b2aef96c5f26cf0f1f7	Me to yourself is not an echo for the chambers,
6528dfd8e4113b3c1f2f177f26f1919b83d22e55	And the blade of judgment and the weight of anger;
6aa225248017fdd92fde1cde4940784e9298293b	But there is an indifference to earthly merits
75a28dc2aefeb1cacf1a7bcbc1c6858bd639e67b	In heaven, and expect rewards from them –
4c02688b126a208e58ab3d9efa7d124e5994b7af	What to expect fruits from a dry tree.
613520223229e16bf534371b8be03eb0c1174520	He who created everything created the parts –
10485c6d8101e5bbeac0575dd22507f4ebe28005	And then I chose the best of them,
b87a17eec634d788188c6466b7566500c27e1671	So that here you can show us the miracle of your deeds,
5ee47894d23a8d8161ee76b9b6381b91872af719	Worthy of his high power...
1097b553dcf82285e0e684f487e2aa7023590c8a	Night
cbe96298503b85ee7178d331b3fea3b468879af5	It's sweet for me to sleep, and even more so to be a stone,
f74fdaa64e2af42b18015bb85214e76cea5e427b	When there is shame and crime all around;
3966bd8754782c51358b05f2366a6247d85a0791	Not to feel, not to see relief,
0de8ca8ad6b8039e40f31dffdfa5ac1d7abeae99	Shut up, my friend, why wake me up?
21589699cbc93433ce1eaa123584e59817aeed14	The last sculpture of Michelangelo Buonarroti "Pieta Rondanini" 1552-1564, Milan, Castello Sforzesco
7a9081db5ee44098828b4dd844da90504fd15ced	The creation of Michelangelo Buonarroti the Basilica of St. Peter.
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4db77b7ddfcb453f3c530819e0c1ddfe46b25d1d	Rrarr"R°&#769;RRR¶RR"Rs R'SРPSPs°C °CРPS&#769;S'RE
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266920410a444e2f387b18a8341dc2dce1b8ab59	Rrarr Rre R"RRR°&#769;SRR Rre R Srrr°SSR&#769;'re Rrarr&#769;
3bb329aa0d98442416b2e7ce640203a32212fddd	Rre, (RES R°R". Michelangelo di Francesci di Neri di Miniato del Sera i Lodovico di Leonardo di Buonarroti Simoni);
147a7ae9792af12b785f3f58d422b90d150d1886	1475вЂ"1564) â € " RES R°R"Ser№ RSR"Src RS, R¶Riess†, R°SS...RES RRS RS, RSS', RC"CR"RES RR"S.
1ebda415035e7741e15691cc9de51d954a3400dd	RER PEP· RRR"RES‡R°R№€RES...
0b62b4bbd0031475fd2c46d8e452a85a0f2b31ba	We°SS RRR SRRs...
3a7740b4e899cb84054a6b88de22b206fbad6f88	Re P RSR°RSR°.
87eb0128d845014e103ff2b8c3e0132865586871	R'rerspЂr°C " RESЏ
c0c2996e77a9d6591313f3b5c3cebe5feba59d9f	R °rerµR"R°RРr ¶r¶Rµr"Rs CРrРrer"CСcЏ 6 PjR°CЂC'R° 1475 Ri.
96931e1a8d835dd93e69166a8dcefec403a8d3ad	PI S RSR°Rssrrr RRR RR°RRR·R RRR"PS RSR†With†PS, PI Srrr R"R RRR Srrr°SSS Re RRR...
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b0d643ee2a3b89537b2414cf6b45b9e7d02c4bdd	Media > Interesting facts about Michelangelo Buonarroti Interesting facts about Michelangelo Buonarroti
b988dd5599ca0f3642cfde520f4ef3962417f732	05 March 2016 // 19: 41
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d1780fa369ec501e095a6a74a43286726f06879a	Isaac Asimov is one of the most famous and outstanding science fiction writers
7f9e264c212ca90c246a2ddaeb1a73ae4452d715	33230 7
ff71de1f1ad05a667b0b2b96f01e9d38f03c96d3	Michelangelo was born on March 6, 1475 in the Tuscan town of Caprese, north of Arezzo, in the family of an impoverished Florentine nobleman Lodovico Buonarroti, a city councilor.
764a2e2608211b5ff1ce0007c62f0503079ad23a	My father was not rich, and the income from his small estate in the village was barely enough to support many children.
47ed6756e674302aaca05f048133542aaec6b60c	In 1488, Michelangelo's father accepted his son's inclinations and placed him as an apprentice in the workshop.
b50ca23c304d351c9e86e30816b7cb706969b0ab	Thus began the flowering of genius.
85408170bc3b9775b6ce8b873e81c2110eb147e3	Today we present you a selection of the most interesting facts about the Italian sculptor, one of the greatest masters of the Renaissance — Michelangelo Buonarroti.
ea1b00a40e8e6c210c5d9657af99a6c0f295e06e	There were no preliminary sketches, etc. During his work, he did not let anyone into the room, not even the pope.
8b357a9fbbced8dcc5124b1a52148e516516836f	The Lamentation of Christ, by Michelangelo Buonarotti.
edd01662cf13980355ef1785eac0a87204977022	St. Peter's Cathedral, Vatican City.
f777dbd28664916f4d2dc658559da37daac71bd6	5) When Michelangelo finished his first "Pieta" and it was exhibited in St. Peter's Cathedral (At that time Michelangelo was only 24 years old), the author heard rumors that people's rumor attributed this work to another sculptor Cristoforo Solari.
dce3eb6afdb333c5fd700cf92377f010d35e4890	Leo X said about Michelangelo: "He is terrible.
5011c32eeaf1e5a0b046dac52f5bb9a7aece043c	You canot deal with him."
d4e05ff80cc2387dd1d24882f54f92bb7af8d8f9	And even Phoebus is not able to embrace the cold globe of the earth with His ray at once.
16dca9386b080fb7a812da66314bf8e91ddf7033	And we are even more afraid of the night hour, As a sacrament, before which the mind fades.
1fa868fe89279391e937b16a1b3c95ab2a2d8bc8	The night flees from the light, as from leprosy, And is protected by pitch darkness.
f192dc56821a7187b4e7b719b49d4cbf529a78e2	The crunch of a branch or the trigger click of a dry one is not to her liking — she is so afraid of the evil eye.
dd111e0a37d853b3e175f762e501d69e954b3b45	Fools are free to prostrate before her.
1027c2b59399af4471904fede3dbae399373ee7d	Envious as a widow queen, She is not averse to destroying fireflies.
253588bf5b7a456349ca6e09241bfd1dd2ea6eab	Although prejudices are strong, a shadow is born from sunlight And turns into night at sunset.
7febeb1434ea8f1d4dc4905c928c2338000079af	The Tomb of Michelangelo Buonarroti in Santa Croce 9) Before his death, he burned a lot of sketches, realizing that there are no technical means for their implementation.
79e0f0033d075115f20a5fe8d2ee6164d78fe719	13) There is the following incident in the history of art. Michelangelo made high demands on his works and strictly judged them.
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f2a1b33e0236dab87a6e711b3654195c75368017	Michelangelo Buonarroti Paintings, frescoes, sculptures
0715203c069615f55cf3163199ac8159185822cf	Michelangelo Buonarroti Sistine Chapel Flood (fragment) Michelangelo Buonarroti (Michelangelo Buonarroti; otherwise Michelagnolo di Lodovico di Lionardo di Buonarroto Simoni) (1475-1564), Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet.
505dc30796d2c5512846a7fc905f4451259fc79e	Michelangelo's art embodies with great expressive power both the deeply human ideals of the High Renaissance, full of heroic pathos, and the tragic sense of the crisis of the humanistic worldview, characteristic of the late Renaissance era.
f52812de79c2f4c38aacf5ee91504d6b6f82a7f3	Michelangelo Buonarroti studied in Florence in the workshop of Domenico Ghirlandaio (1488-1489) and with the sculptor Bertoldo di Giovanni (1489-1490), but his acquaintance with the works of Giotto, Donatello, Masaccio, Jacopo della Quercia, and the study of ancient plastic monuments were of decisive importance for Michelangelo's creative development.
691dc79c7ac2e71943390ca1673113858a77c7f7	Already in the works of youth (reliefs "Madonna at the Stairs”, "Battle of the Centaurs", about 1490-1492, Casa Buonarroti, Florence), the main features of the sculptor's work were determined - monumentality and plastic power, internal tension and drama of images, reverence for human beauty.
8739e2d1be1e91684c05026e3c3e405d0a7df51a	Michelangelo Buonarroti Sistine Chapel Delphic Sibyl
077894679681184a204c3d771d866c8b83263969	The Libyan Sibyl
293032f756db1dc6c7dd37cc86c6a880f2ae49be	The Eritrean Sibyl
275ef450fffae4d0681909a3db11bafc79b78c2b	The Cuman Sibyl
744d296ba9db6757a135f68cce7a79d37cf9fd18	The Persian Sibyl
af5dbc2cdbe828c07e7091659a55a6bceb6d3874	The fresco "The Last Judgment" In the most difficult conditions, for four years, from 1508 to 1512, Michelangelo worked, having completed the entire painting of the huge ceiling (600 square meters of area) with his own hand.
5924fb385c48fc1fbd20384e6cb52f849f2d2b84	In accordance with the architecture of the chapel, he divided the arch that overlaps it into a number of fields, placing nine compositions on subjects from the Bible about the creation of the world and the first people on earth in a wide central field.
09e0e0a5f36c30355479680627a0764a07d56986	“The separation of light from darkness”, "The Creation of Adam”," The Creation of Eve”, "The Fall”," The Flood”, " The Intoxication of Noah” , etc.
bf21226947d0aaebeb5c0a9d513c9ab64b7f4d24	On the sides of them, on the slopes of the huge vault, there are figures of prophets and sibyls (soothsayers), at the corners of the fields — naked young men sitting; in the sails of the vault, timbers and lunettes above the windows — episodes from the Bible and the so called ancestors of Christ.
79501a67849ffa5226fb7197014291ba5a41aee3	The Last Judgment (fragment)
2870e775b023cf0e23cb4955300dfefb84b0088e	Fresco "Separation of light from darkness"
71cb8ba2ab4ef37288ee5e365c8b0459ab5adcfb	Detail of the painting "The Creation of Adam" The grandiose ensemble, including more than three hundred figures, seems to be an inspired hymn to the beauty, power, reason of man, glorification of his creative genius and heroic deeds.
706cb5d2878643952adfea98a28d62740af429a3	Even in the image of God a majestic, powerful elder, the creative impulse is emphasized first of all, expressed in the movements of his hands, as if they are really capable of creating worlds and giving life to a person.
c6aa8c410bdd57485e0565d1c68ba460508202cf	Titanic strength, perspicacious wisdom and sublime beauty characterize the images of the prophets: reading the books of Zechariah and Daniel, the deeply thoughtful sorrowful Jeremiah, the poetically inspired Isaiah, the mighty Cuman sibyl, the beautiful young Delphic sibyl.
c9a7ab1210ed528eb91af9433c12568955833cae	A fragment of the painting of the Sistine Chapel vault, the characters created by Michelangelo have a great power of generalization; for each character, he finds a special pose, turn, movement, gesture.
1d6f8893ebc512ae1c87959e6a9449a2322ad14b	Sistine Chapel An expanded panorama of Michelangelo Buonarroti's painting of the chapel vault
d27937f914ebe99ee315f04449678eccfb658191	David
a3bdecc324e22df54316d88bbed680a7ffad61f4	Moses
3272be2788522d5e8a573bcefe243f1f688f3567	Pieta Frescoes of the Sistine Chapel ceiling, like other paintings by Michelangelo, are characterized by the clarity of plastic modeling, intense expressiveness of drawing and composition, the predominance of muted refined colors in the colorful scale of the chapel.
93f13d632b41a7ff950bb337853f4aae1fd4a6b1	Madonna and Child
e3767fb8fd343c119fe766947fe18b342f00a526	In 1516-1534, Michelangelo Buonarroti worked in Florence on the project of the facade of the Church of San Lorenzo and on the architectural and sculptural ensemble of the tomb of the Medici family in the New Sacristy of the same church, as well as on sculptures for the tomb of Pope Julius II. Michelangelo's worldview in the 1520s acquires a tragic character.
a05ed0ca2f8dabd1e1776a431a8c9ab6500d66db	The deep pessimism that seized him in the face of the death of political and civil liberties in Italy, the crisis of Renaissance humanism, was reflected in the figurative structure of the sculptures of the Medici tomb - in the heavy meditation and aimless movement of the statues of Dukes Lorenzo and Giuliano, devoid of portrait features, in the dramatic symbolism of four figures depicting “Evening”, “Night”, “Morning” and “Day” and personifying the irreversibility of the passage of time.
1d48556689186c868e0ea47f5288294b0e734973	In 1534, Michelangelo moved again to Rome, where the last 30 years of his life were spent.
297aa7fe55d8a4bd00a7c618800984a111cf05a9	The master's late paintings strike with the tragic power of images (the fresco " The Last Judgment” on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican, 1536-1541), are permeated with bitter reflections on the futility of human life, on the painful hopelessness of the search for truth (partly anticipating the Baroque paintings of the Paolina Chapel in the Vatican, 1542-1550).
2babe4b71b6158d632b0c0cc08455732ec598645	The Creation of Eve The Fall the Flood The Sacrifice of Noah
08a2487d97149aeb00ac71893595553791c5de5a	The Prophet Daniel The Prophet Zechariah The Prophet Ezekiel The Prophet Jeremiah The Prophet Joel The Prophet Isaiah
e1e591751854ee0b0a5d3d13e85354d9b156fac2	Bacchus The Dying Slave Evening (Twilight) Morning (Aurora) Chained Slave Victory
6d7b41de3b9eb5a329a68a0820326ca638c1491f	1. Click on the thumbnail of the picture → go to the image script page, adjustment from 25 to 200%.
a40292409abffba04184aabd467aabe43f6d06ae	2. Click on the name of the picture → go to the page with the maximum size image and description.
c8268bcb91fcd3d2051f9d1effe4f7fc1765f89e	History of Art | Painting | Sculpture | Photography | Library | Astrology | Magic | Sitemap
f5c63efc116586b7e4ac16f3497fcd441e0c7b8c	When using materials, the mention of the Virtual Museum of Painting project is welcome!
2a4d60a6f973eb56b16ae91889671db112ebaa7f	On January 15, Alexander Griboyedov, Sofia Kovalevskaya, Evgeny Vesnik, Maxim Dunaevsky were born[en]: Sergey Petrovich Ivanov, Evgeny Alexandrovich Ginzburg, Rimma Vasilyevna Markova died[en]:
95c8ef1a654e707ee8b37fd1ffaba9839709553d	Buonarroti Michelangelo Biographies / Great Namesakes / Names / Surnames / Patronymic names / First name patronymic / Events / Home Michelangelo Buonarroti biography
7d24a2bc8b1e0c8da2ffd9923c352c76d4911e9c	Buonarroti Michelangelo
d7fa32c4d8cbf673f270d26c47be77244b75bfa1	Michelangelo Buonarroti (Michelangelo Buonarroti) (1475-1564) was an Italian sculptor, painterthe painting is a type of fine art, whose works are created with the help of paints applied to any surface.
2792a1f0e9a1c2a9f47b74cc4b6ec08cdfaf9f77	Painting is an important means of artistic reflection and interpretation of reality, influencing the thoughts and feelings of the audience.
2261c481a69b62795042ca11f699de5871ce1cf4	The ideological idea of the works of painting is concretized in the theme and plot and is embodied with the help of composition, drawing and color (color)., architect, poetPoet writer, author of poetic, poetic works..
ce51e695073fbcd591b759519b306e3f6daa0fb8	The zodiac sign is Pisces.
42b0e4e605931b00601e904112d3b2b6f634a591	One of the leading masters of the High Renaissance, the High Renaissance is the period of the history of Italian art (Con. 15-1st chet. 16 centuries) — the classical phase of the artistic culture of the Renaissance.
649182fc772e8e3104aec3ae3fecce2bcec06cfe	In architecture, painting and sculpture of the High Renaissance (Bramante, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, Giorgione, Titian ) renaissance realism and humanism, heroic ideals received a generalized expression full of titanic power; the art of the High Renaissance is characterized by monumental grandeur, a combination of sublime ideality, harmony with the depth and vital brightness of images..
ba5384a88ddcd91fabdbb810172fef88774164b5	With the greatest force, he expressed the deeply human ideals of the High Renaissance, full of heroic pathos, as well as the tragic sense of the crisis of the humanistic worldview during the Late Renaissance, the Renaissance (Renaissance) — an era in the history of European culture of the 13-16 centuries, which marked the beginning of a New Time.
1f7aacb2dbc270a4990091d829bc453450fee2d7	It has become self determined primarily in the field of artistic creativity..
cea6a21b7f3dcd80c9db7c243ede6ea32bc8daf3	Monumentality, plasticity and dramatic images, the worship of human beauty was already evident in his early works ("Lamentation", CA. 1497-98; "David" 1501-1504; cardboard "Battle of Cascina", 1504-1506).
cff67d8f0ab8af1ce128e896a577cf037ddc1519	Painting the vault of the Sistine kapellekerk (late Latin capella) — Catholic or Anglican chapel: a small separate building or a room in the temple (in the aisle, in the bypass choir) prayer of one family relics.
c3b9bf77f4ec0bf8b1856f406fc6860d36431e87	In music, a choir of singers is called a chapel (from the name of the chapel or church chapel where the choir sang); a collective of instrumentalists.
84247490143f61a09a97936f21ef66375ccef204	Since the 18th century, there has also been a mixed ensemble of singers and performers on musical instruments.
c8694651d517ab39c287c4df02c06521be9717d2	Vatican City is a city state within the capital of Italy Rome, on the hill of Monte Vaticano with an area of 0.44 km2.
b6eb734e894cee3aaf423f4ef0d132e39f19efff	The population is about 1 thousand people.
6269c83c774c7eeb53f9805564651513b637bfc8	The center of the Catholic Church, the residence of its head the Pope.
d0542e9fc97e6f0404a0af9f943991bb7d20c822	The official languages are Latin and Italian. (1508-1512), the statue "Moses" (1515-16) affirm the physical and spiritual beauty of a person, his boundless creative creativity an activity that generates something qualitatively new and is distinguished by uniqueness, originality and socio historical uniqueness.
83f5f7e100e9eb555e881b8272d34569af4e856e	Creativity is specific to a person, since it always presupposes a creator a subject of creative activity. opportunities.
352a8d08c5cefcbc8c3a0e95efa1b4aca295f7b5	Tragic notes (from the Latin nota — a sign, a remark) — an official diplomatic document that forms various issues of relations between states (a statement of protest, notification of a fact, etc.). caused by the crisis of Renaissance ideals, are heard in the ensemble of the New Sacristy of the Church of San Lorenzo in Florence (1520-1534), in the fresco "The Last Judgment" (1536-1541) on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel, the Sistine Chapel (Cappella Sistina) in Rome — the former the house church in the Vatican (1473-81, architect J. de Dolci), now a museum, is an outstanding monument of the Renaissance.
128a7888d3144d28293b201cbed39be941a3acbc	A rectangular room with wall paintings (1481-83, S. Botticelli, Pinturicchio, etc.), a vault with lunettes and timbers (1508-12) and an altar wall ("The Last Judgment", 1536-41) - all by Michelangelo., in later versions of " Mourning for Christ "(ca. 1550-1555), etc. Michelangelo's architecture is dominated by the plastic principle, the dynamic contrast of the masses (Biblioteca Laurentiana in Florence, 1523-1534).
ad902ed819ded21ba663f52fbc1cc66cf2c22a6c	Since 1546, the cathedral was supervised by the Cathedral Council — in cult architecture, the cathedral is called the main temple of the city or monastery, where the highest clergyman (patriarch, archbishop) performs divine services.
8a151fe6e2392712697faa3c335a7e1fe33544cb	The architecture of the cathedral is usually distinguished by the monumentality of its forms, reflecting the trends of the dominant architectural style of its time.
d20d93dfdc13eae321bd9d304ef7aea762596ed5	The most famous are the Cathedrals of Our Lady of Paris, St. Peter in Rome, St. Paul in London, St. Sophia Cathedrals in Kiev and Novgorod, Cologne Cathedral in Germany.
aaf328104806f073b39f89d05f5a349d77853829	There are several cathedrals in cities, often the cathedral is called the great church of St. Peter, the creation of the ensemble of the Capitol in Rome.
1446b3ea438fa8b60fd05bc5c235d9d06ddb1d17	Poeziyapoeziya (Greek poiesis):
8928b1bbe92a699f2cc622486d2218a7917f8dc3	1) Until the middle of the 19th century, all fiction, as opposed to non fiction.
2cf23529a22897555cb1c5043d20e740940990f0	2) Poetic works, as opposed to artistic prose (for example, lyrics, drama or a novel in verse, a poem, a folk epic of antiquity and the Middle Ages).
f4b3eaf4c7749b05624aceedb2101753c7f2abc1	Poetry and prose are two main types of the art of words, which differ in the ways of organizing artistic speech and, above all, in rhythm construction.
7eb9d9e82b200939a1612ff1b9477a8d11ffc13d	The rhythm of poetic speech is created by a distinct division into poems.
a80b30d6f6160d0916452106c60149b641b1be4f	In poetry, the interaction of the verse form with words (the comparison of words in terms of rhythm and rhymes, the distinct identification of the sound side of speech, the relationship of rhythmic and syntactic structures) creates the most subtle shades and shifts of artistic meaning that cannot be realized in any other way.
874e2956e40f2ca60cac97bc6b455e4b83b9a3c9	Poetry is mostly monologue: the character's word is of the same type as the author's.
f6ca4758f5e14429c5500d989d33d7141e9f0d00	The border between poetry and prose is relative; there are intermediate forms: rhythmic prose and free verse.
4a1405cb9b8c8a25484ab826fb73b4241fe2cb76	Michelangelo is distinguished by the depth of thought and high tragedy.
f65e0cfbaf17ff6f7f876f6e5ddb30768b8e8646	Years of training Michelangelo Buonarroti was born on March 6, 1475 in Caprese Michelangelo, near Arezzo.
7e59790078f8186eda06a275767883d7dc39d4f1	He studied painting with Ghirlandaio, Sculpturesculpture (Latin sculptura, from sculppo I cut, I carve) is a sculpture, plastic, a type of fine art, whose works have a three dimensional, three dimensional shape and are made of solid or plastic materials.
6fe6309a2b9b56de2da9e346a7da6b04eab079fe	The sculpture depicts mainly a person, less often animals, its main genres are portrait, historical, everyday, symbolic, allegorical images, animalistic genre.
be4d508f1e14610c64aad023e58a7a12fdc66128	Materials of sculpture — metal, stone, clay, wood, plaster, etc.; methods of their processing modeling, carving, casting, forging, chasing, etc. with Bertoldo di Giovanni at the art school founded by Lorenzo de ' Medici in the Medici Gardens.
6143eecafffc4a68e3b3c42ad6f0fe79c7c80397	In the house of Lorenzo, where Michelangelo lived for two years, he became acquainted with the philosophy of Philosophy (from Phil... and the Greek sophia wisdom) — a form of social consciousness, worldview, a system of ideas, views on the world and on the place of a person in it; explores the cognitive, socio political, value, ethical and aesthetic attitude of a person to the world.
d5ac456d280b36f441fad3e9d875bf60e3591cd3	Historically formed main sections of philosophy: ontology (the doctrine of being), epistemology (the theory of knowledge), logic, ethics, aesthetics.
0699a67b0193089052347bba66a72ce224f8f5d4	Neoplatonismmaneoplatonism is a trend of ancient philosophy of the 3rd 6th centuries, which systematized the teachings of Plato in conjunction with the ideas of Aristotle, neo Pythagoreanism, etc. At the center of Neoplatonism is the doctrine of the super existent unified and hierarchical structure of being, developed by Plotinus and completed by Proclus.
f9975eb579b54ad89f3ed1528df49c2848eb475b	The main schools are: Himian (3rd century, Plotinus, Porphyry), Syriac (4th century, Iamblichus), Pergamon (4th century, Emperor Julian), Athenian (5th 6th centuries, Proclus), Alexandrian (5th beginning. 7 centuries).
cf0b758f120990e0568906960588bf2540e63454	Latin Neoplatonists Marius Victorinus, Marcian Capella, Boethius.
00d740357d15802fc617bc0695161f8d9cdcbb8f	Neoplatonism had a wide influence on European and Eastern philosophy, which later had a strong influence on his worldview and creativity.
22c502122181b413784dc31bc9b0b1a2945045f0	The attraction to the monumental enlargement of forms was already evident in his first works the reliefs "Madonna at the Stairs" (c. 1491, Casa Buonarroti, Florence) and "The Battle of the Centaurs" (c.1492, ibid.).
eaee04849b44ad6b08c0658bc5162824a58cae0e	The First Roman Period (1496-1501) In Rome, Michelangelo continued the study of ancient sculpture that had begun in the Medici Gardens, which became one of the sources of his rich plasticity.
14dd0f4139c817a6e4b39e82a5bc04a92bde6057	The anti Roman statue of Bacchus belongs to the first Roman period
4411c10995b995173dde3cf62ac2200481f295c0	(c. 1496, the National Museum of Museums (from the Greek museion the temple of the muses) — research and scientific educational institutions that carry out the acquisition, storage, study and popularization of monuments of natural history, material and spiritual culture.
854ed04d8d99778e7606ee76f9c8e0b10ae54f53	Examples of museums: the Polytechnic Museum, the Louvre, the Hermitage, Florence) and the sculpture group "Pieta" (circa 1498-99), which testifies to the beginning of the creative maturity of the master.
eb3ff1914e9617b721e19c399a8157fdda799348	Florentine period (1501-1506).
332ac5b838e6f0b42bfa040ef5c16c4303868987	Statue of David Returning to Florence in 1501, Michelangelo Buonarroti received an order from the government of the Republic to create a 5.5 meter statue of David (1501-1504, Academy, Florence).
4c8cdd2c6065c470ea02d89e6204d10d5f8498e4	Installed on the main square of Florence next to the Town Hall of the City Hall (Polish. ratusz, from it. Rathaus):
c3d850b3ec2ff4e53a23cee152b98752287b89c7	1) The self government body in the cities of the feudal Zap.
d069099751a29e1da5af4ab4f037fd0dfcd0a1ad	Europe; in Russia in 18 beginning.
9e13e26c9054cac619fff92ef723c28b55ed8f0a	19th century. also a class judicial body in small towns.
a34f588be2acb0277c90cf99e7af2117ce5bb78c	2) City government building; usually has a hall on the 2nd floor and a clock tower.
88d7de4066dc86230832075536da6f8cbf148fb6	Palazzo Vecchio (now replaced by a copy (from the Latin copia set) — an exact list, an exact reproduction, a repetition of something.), it was supposed to become a symbol of the freedom of the republic.
9e96f9f4360db907435b38752f91bd2df285d869	Michelangelo depicted David not as a fragile teenager trampling on the severed head of Goliath, as the masters of the 15th century did, but as a beautiful, athletic giant at the moment before the battle, full of confidence and formidable strength (contemporaries called her terribilita frightening).
366293bb29dc42a602917cbd39bff9ea8657b911	At the same time, in 1501-1505, Michelangelo worked on another government order — a cardboard for the fresco "The Battle of Cascina", which, together with Leonardo da Vinci's painting "The Battle of Anghiari", was to decorate the hall of the Palazzo Vecchio.
c66015e0567170d552d7cef3b26aa7e4c47e041f	The paintings were not carried out, but Michelangelo's cardboard sketch has been preserved, foreshadowing the dynamics of poses and gestures of the painting of the Sistine ceiling.
31c8bac204defb50032fd8fc74beaf647bf475c4	The second Roman period (1505-1516) In 1505, the Pope, the pope (Latin papa, from the Greek pappas father) was the head of the Catholic Church and the Vatican state.
7add7159cee4e06380aeaa4ca4f8c3d010e1c742	He is elected for life (since 1389, always from cardinals) by the College of Cardinals.
03f8a6844ca0ebe318c653e2099fbd37fc6b84e3	Julius II summoned Michelangelo to Rome, entrusting him with the work on his tombstone.
5df1f88549341a71f345e7e9ab6a5f0a5208a834	Michelangelo's project provided for the creation, unlike the traditional ones for Italy, Italy (Italy; Italian Republic, Repubblica Italiana) - a state in the south of Europe, occupying the Apennine Peninsula, the Padan Plain, the southern slopes of the Alps, the islands of Sicily, Sardinia.
ca903adceb147854f817bf361fb1dae4f9c467f0	The area is 301 thousand square kilometers, the population is 58.1 million people (2007).
23d3d002d7a8344a867f9498ea3819f65854b9cc	The capital is Rome, the largest cities are Milan, Naples, Turin, Palermo, Genoa, major ports: Bari, Brindisi, Genoa, La Spezia, Livorno, Naples, Salerno, Taranto, Trieste, Venice.
209dcf474522cf77cb182fc7bb28ae53212ce41d	There are two enclave states within Italy — the Vatican and San Marino. this is the time of wall tombstones, a majestic, free standing mausoleum decorated with 40 statues larger than a man's height.
7df362f3b1eef966a08cd1e142551124eb877a05	The rapid cooling of Julius II to this plan and the termination of funding for the work caused a quarrel between the master and the pope and Michelangelo's demonstrative departure to Florence in March 1506.
007d040de2029a119e5342824f281498b505a61b	He returned to Rome only in 1508, having received an order from Julius II to paint the Sistine Chapel.
beb2dc48c729cc7403fa0ab3d92aab3e08c0819a	The paintings of the Sistine Chapel and the frescoes of the Sistine Ceiling (1508-1512) are the most grandiose of Michelangelo's realized plans.
339b67d363278a87836215831bfd59dfd2802b02	Rejecting the project proposed to him with the figures of the 12 apostles, the apostle is in Christianity: a disciple of Christ, a propagator of his teachings. in the lateral parts of the vault and with the ornamental filling of its main part, Michelangelo developed his own program of paintings, which still causes various interpretations.
b06312348dc9905782699aabca1c9248b8afba11	The painting of the huge vault that overlaps the vast (measuring 40.93 x 13.41 m) papal chapel includes 9 large compositions (from Lat. compositio — composing, linking) — a musical, pictorial, sculptural or graphic work. in the mirror of the arch on the themes of the book of being, being is a philosophical concept that conceptualizes the presence of phenomena and objects (by themselves or as a given in consciousness), and not their content aspect; a synonym for the concepts of "existence"and " being".
0fa7521d973294b43ad09bd7e36264f8a76eaad2	It often acts as an element of a conceptual position (for example, being and consciousness, being and thinking, being and essence).
01ba9f309269de1e01678db0fdbc3c47856767c4	The problems of being are studied by the philosophical discipline "ontology".
a991da7fe83a7b06a32fe50725eaa924992db53d	- from the "Creation of the World" to the "World Flood", 12 huge figures of the Sibyl (Sibyl) - legendary soothsayers mentioned by ancient authors; there were up to 12 sibyls.
ec28f52cd9f073b94ad3243cbf2142dcd751d2d9	The most famous is the Cumaean Sibyl, to whom the "Sibylline Books" are attributed — a collection of sayings and predictions that served for official divination in Ancient Rome. prophets (seers, seers) are individuals in Judaism, Christianity and Islam who are endowed with the gift of perceiving the Divine message and the ability to communicate it to people.
d7bf4a9f00d01c9b9a404aad8eb657b2e9ca3955	Chosen by God (often against their wishes), the prophets were intermediaries between him and people.
d2def731b6cbece307419b428de6e6389f39299f	The prophets could simultaneously act as clairvoyants and predictors on behalf of the God of the future (droughts, famines, etc.), religious and historical events, as well as individual fate.
c4669221fbbff18aa7ec1584bb679dbc72f2a6ac	There were a significant number of prophets in the Ancient East, they played an important role in the life of peoples.
dbdc455fb5fa6f69d888c4d606dabcaa306bddc8	So, in Judaism, there are ancient and early prophets (among them Moses) and late prophets authors of written works (Isaiah, etc.) in the side belts of the vault, the cycle "The Ancestors of Christ" in raspalubki and lunettes, 4 compositions in angular sails on the themes of the miraculous deliverance of the Jewish people.
03f6fe6e5660872d9f0db09f4904f58750a92b5b	Dozens of majestic characters inhabiting this grandiose universe, endowed with a titanic appearance and colossal spiritual energy, show an extraordinary wealth of complex gestures, poses, counterposts, and angles permeated with powerful movement.
49d793b24b3fdf7f66f484221127363f5c5885bc	After the death of Julius II in 1513, Michelangelo Buonarroti again started working on his tombstone, created three statues in 1513-1516 — "The Dying Slave"," The Risen Slave "(both in the Louvre) and "Moses".
3c68b8de95edd6823d95238c622612f91b7a6ea3	The original project, which was repeatedly revised by the heirs of Julius II, was not implemented.
20ab2ae6b25555c04e2074e000907aa78d61c7b0	According to the sixth contract concluded with them, in 1545 a two tiered wall tombstone was installed in the Roman church of San Pietro in Vincoli, which included "Moses" and 6 statues made in the early 1540s in the workshop of Michelangelo.
8a294858bd95ff1e68b34f75e191301c9501cde5	Four unfinished statues of "Slaves" (c.1520-36, Accademia, Florence), originally intended for a tombstone, give an idea of Michelangelo's creative method.
7ea3660bd6863d95579ebf32a83dc3d6d358fd12	Unlike contemporary sculptors, he processed a block of marble not from all sides, but only from one, as if extracting figures from the thickness of the stone; in his poems, he repeatedly said that the sculptor only releases the artistic image originally hidden in the stone a category of aesthetics, a means and form of mastering life by art; a way of being an artistic work..
97f617ec8636f83fd023139bf5af144469db860b	Presented in intensely dramatic poses ,the "Slaves" themselves seem to be trying to escape from the stone mass that binds them.
d028ba3612d24b1fa766be588e855461743df094	The Medici Chapel In 1516, Pope Leo X de ' Medici commissioned Michelangelo Buonarroti to design the facade of the Church of San Lorenzo in Florence, built in the 15th century by Brunelleschi.
0aa74276354cfd5493ef1e6f1ad457969ef35f2c	In 1520, the Cardinal Cardinal (from the Latin cardinalis chief) was a clergyman in the hierarchy of the Catholic Church, following the pope, a step above the bishop.
9e7383a1eac2bc4c4589ba7c633f34bf2a47db9f	Cardinals are the pope's closest advisers and assistants in the management of the church.
be0fba54ac494b9cef66db398e94526dcc665b08	They are appointed by the pope.
4c64d97423418123f0c49300db2533a30cba8ddd	Giulio de ' Medici, the future Pope Clement VII, commissioned Michelangelo to turn the New Sacristy of the Church of San Lorenzo into a grandiose tomb of the Medici family.
5ea1b8fe79970d3c2bdcf7efe9024ce1db998557	Work on this project, interrupted by the uprising against the Medici in 1527-1530 (Michelangelo was one of the leaders of the three year defense of besieged Florence), was not completed by the time Michelangelo left for Rome in 1534; the statues he made were installed only in 1546.
a3d2b99966c19bd2f56bf155eeece60a6968d436	Statues of Dukes Lorenzo and Giuliano de ' Medici sitting in shallow niches against the background of an architectural antique decorationdecoration — from the late Latin decoratio decoration) - the design of the stage, pavilion, set, creating a visual image of a play, a film. and the armored Roman emperors Imperator (Latin imperator lord) is a monarchical title.
9c2bef7f8596d6d5e9c532686f34dbf2a2b81e41	Initially, in ancient Rome, the word imperium meant the supreme power (military, judicial, administrative), which was possessed by the highest magistrates consuls, praetors, dictators, etc.
f332f0cbb533379c31d7914ae2bdb013240decac	Since the time of Augustus a and his successors, the title of emperor has acquired a monarchical character in the Roman Empire.
4394e5e61a66ab4afe8250ad9a3c64786bd3e112	They are devoid of portrait similarity and, perhaps, symbolize an active Life and a contemplative Life.
42f399d0c15b769de552c0cbe49713804eefaf2a	With graphically light outlines, a sarcophagus (Greek sarkophagos, literally a meat eater) is a coffin, a small tomb made of wood, stone and other materials, often decorated with paintings, sculptures. the plastic power of the huge statues of Day and Night, Morning and Evening, lying on the sloping lids of the sarcophagus in painfully uncomfortable poses, as if ready to slide off them, contrasts.
36efd08034d320827059064b6967c792c5b51ca3	Michelangelo expressed the dramatic pathos of these images in a quatrain written by him as if in the name of the Night (translated by Abram Markovich Efros): It's sweet for me to sleep, and even more so to be a stone, When there is shame and crime all around: Not to feel, not to see is a relief.
bd6c71ef096c330bccad18017e679da70cf58a2c	The Laurentian Library During the years of work in Florence in 1520-1534, the style of Michelangelo the architect developed, characterized by increased plasticity and picturesque richness.
2f4611a48812ec1543ab8ae9c43fd5055781a3c6	The staircase of the Laurentian Library was boldly and unexpectedly solved (the project was carried out around 1523-1534, after Michelangelo left for Rome).
2ba673f9ccc625d5547bc0876650db7fcb1c2aaa	The monumental marble staircase, almost completely filling the vast lobby, starting right at the threshold of the reading room located on the second floor, seems to flow out of the doorway in a narrow march of steep steps and, rapidly expanding, forming three arms, descends just as steeply; the dynamic rhythm of the large marble steps, directed towards those ascending into the hall, is perceived as a certain force that requires overcoming.
29dfea19c9b850799c5fb74fea27ea3e9f9a145e	The Third Roman period.
0e2b45129eae19abc733d38cfeec0a9bbb1c516a	Michelangelo's move to Rome in 1534 opened the last, dramatic period of his work, which coincided with the general crisis of the Florentine Roman Renaissance.
9e25ac1e9c595293e23232c0fee883e91c9045ef	Michelangelo became close to the circle of the poetess Vittoria.
a208f729ca5dca4defe5e41bee0d9341a413cf6a	The ideas of religious renewal, which worried the participants of this circle, left a deep imprint on his worldview — worldview (worldview), a system of generalized views on the world and man's place in it, on people's attitude to the reality around them and to themselves, as well as their beliefs, ideals, principles of cognition and activity conditioned by these views.
8aceb11c4415c3c8a00879cebd42179ce34ff796	There are three main types of worldview: the everyday (everyday) worldview, which reflects the ideas of common sense, traditional views about the world and man; the religious worldview associated with the recognition of the supernatural world principle; the philosophical worldview, which summarizes the experience of spiritual and practical development of the world.
883ee789a23725315d03bda491bb215d8dbc7a10	On the basis of a rational understanding of the culture of philosophy, it develops new worldview orientations.
4662b25cc33a61b12a1eccaa0c232ed877e0e0f5	The carrier of the worldview is a person and a social group that perceive reality through the prism of a certain system of views.
ec31a9101a0818694e2964a9cb6735a50447d43e	It has a huge practical meaning, influencing the norms of behavior, life aspirations, interests, work and life of people. these years.
8799efbdc1a4e13df9796ca5f4c6af3e8e72d993	In the colossal (17 x 13.3 m in size) fresco "The Last Judgment" (1536-1541) on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel, Michelangelo departed from the traditional iconography Iconography (from the Greek eikon — image, image and "graphy") — in fine art, a strictly established system of depicting any characters or plot scenes.
282feb9ec5da68ac11ad766a1e4cfbdc3f09cfa9	Iconographic systems are usually associated with a religious cult and ritual.
c43cd3295f1b5d2628edfaf220bcc9361da5ff93	In art studies, iconography is the description and systematization of typological features and schemes adopted when depicting any characters or plot scenes (mainly in medieval art with its symbolism).
3f686105bbbfbadef38f13a2c2a698c7b4771653	Iconography is also understood as a set of images of a person, a set of subjects characteristic of the art of any era, direction., depicting not the moment of Judgment, when the righteous are already separated from sinners, but its beginning: Christ, with a punishing gesture of his raised hand, brings down before our eyes the dying universe — the entire existing material world, boundless in time and space and infinitely diverse in the forms that matter takes in the process of its development.
ec9c1dbc1f846fb24f8189ef83d2859d5b60e525	The universe studied by astronomy is a part of the material world that is available for research by astronomical means corresponding to the achieved level of scientific development (sometimes this part of the Universe is called Metagalaxy)..
6ad91d6cae6cda6278ce60fa9527dc7511140a82	If the titanic human figures were the source of movement in the Sistine ceiling, now they are carried away, like a whirlwind, by an external force that surpasses them; the characters lose their beauty, their titanic bodies seem to swell with bulges of muscle muscles (muscles) — organs of the body of animals and humans, consisting of muscle tissue that can contract under the influence of nerve impulses that violate the harmony of lines; desperate movements and gestures are sharp, disharmonious; the righteous, carried away by the general movement, are indistinguishable from sinners.
fe7b43bce3678f04cf9444fe95c4339aa8ea2e49	According to Vasari, Pope Paul IV in the 1550s was going to knock down the fresco, but instead the artist was an artist:
918d448dbdffd780fe79a0bde4b8b1abd503ecee	1) The same as the painter.
d8ecaf1782b7c815e7354677383b7ac5d1cb2c5c	2) A person who works creatively in any field of art.
c8667840fb4d63053acca89eb8d089095852bc8f	3) A person who performs something with great artistic taste, skill.
4179a65839f7a5ae80e5e1a96238f86b9ac32f07	Daniele da Volterra was commissioned to "dress" the saints or cover their nakedness with loincloths (these records were partially removed during the restoration, which ended in 1993).
9f9b3b42d99f56bc4222d9658da49d0d4e057f95	The last paintings of Michelangelo are also imbued with tragic pathos the frescoes "The Crucifixion of the Apostle Peter" and "The Fall of Saul" (1542-50, Paolina Chapel, Vatican).
a3192c9fc59ecce6f67d74ef5405a8c9b114fb44	In general, Michelangelo's late painting had a decisive influence on the formation of mannerismaManierism
57e087408a05e8dda7e1503fb5345291801f19c9	(ital. manierismo (from maniera manner, style) is a trend in Western European art of the 16th century, which reflected the crisis of the humanistic culture of the Renaissance.
af5ccb6fbf5454e5474f91bae61058e62d4a13f2	Outwardly following the masters of the High Renaissance, the Mannerists (in Italy, the painters J. Pontormo, F. Parmigianino, A. Bronzino, the sculptors B. Cellini, Giambologna ) they asserted instability, tragic dissonances of existence, the power of irrational forces, the subjectivity of art.
ee40faafe0a3b5952bfc153f1ec68db17bde4d2c	The works of mannerists are distinguished by their complexity, intensity of images, mannered sophistication of form, and often by the sharpness of artistic solutions (in portraits, drawings, etc.) .. Late sculptures.
e4a698d259f9a38abb1b2ab45373e94dfd9b8d06	The dramatic complexity of the figurative solution and plastic language distinguishes Michelangelo's late sculptural works: "Pieta with Nicodemus "(ca.1547-1555, Florence Cathedral) and" Pieta Rondanini " (unfinished group, ca. 1555-1564, Castello Sforzesco).
c3a074d4d0c29854a80af3a7a15d344fce095c52	In the last Roman period, most of the almost 200 poems that have come down to us were written.
0055795979c83298294bfa84a6a96978f72e5afe	A poem is a literary work of small volume written in verse (akin to a poem); in the 19th and 20th centuries, the predominant form of lyrics.
2be9bebe639f6b51384ef4a5962ca696dc61d4b1	Michelangelo, distinguished by the philosophical depth of thought and intense expressiveness of language.
e990be5e2e253eb94b72d499aa88df30d9609de9	The Cathedral of St.
69d9f0f1453e78cf81017f01c4813e20946f2d90	In 1546, Michelangelo Buonarroti was appointed chief architect of the Cathedral of the Holy Virgin:
6545d06f6617b47b41e54f7819711201eccf873d	1) In religious representations: having divine grace.
cdc672e0951866b7eeca8688a0275f740c6f49ba	2) In Christianity and some other religions: a person who has devoted his life to the church and religion, and after death is recognized as a model of a righteous life and a carrier of miraculous power.
9315bfc9807f80f236814c3aa85ad5d8a684a59a	Peter, the construction of which was started by Bramante, who managed to build four giant pillars and arches of the middle cross, as well as partially one of the naves, at the time of his death (in 1514).
530e74bcfa147acb2bbbcdf181427b248c67d0bc	Under his successors — Peruzzi, Raffaele, Sangallo, who partially departed from the Bramante plan, the construction almost did not progress.
b9fe439b0f266769bab1fd1b37e98a6b66c06eba	Michelangelo returned to the centric plan of Bramante, at the same time enlarging all forms and divisions, giving them plastic power.
077efc31bc9fabf91fece12b60b13c8c2bee1aad	Michelangelo managed to finish the eastern part of the cathedral and the vestibule of the huge (42 m in diameter) dome, erected after his death by Giacomo della Porta.
71632d9044284bf687ad8936f6d8a7d9e8b477e9	The second grandiose architectural project of Michelangelo was the Capitol ensemble, completed only in the 17th century.
9a9cff9c7e7bcfc1c0fe0c992cdca188caa84c60	It includes the medieval Dvoretsdvorets (from "prince's yard" — the prince's dwelling), rebuilt according to the project of Michelangelo, a monumental ceremonial building.
a24020855b063ecde443a45153f50b52721ae7a3	Originally the residence of the ruler, the highest nobility, from the 13-15 centuries also the building of state authorities; in the 19-20 centuries, the most important public buildings (the Sports Palace, the Youth Palace, the Palace of Culture, etc.) were called the palace of Senators (the Town Hall), crowned with a turret, and two majestic palaces of Conservatives with the same facades, united by a powerful rhythm of pilasters.
24a0aea2131448dc70de6921a7be57ac6236db75	The ancient equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius installed in the center of the square and a wide staircase descending to the residential quarters of the city completed this ensemble, which connected new Rome with the grandiose ruins of the ancient Roman Forum located on the other side of the Capitoline Hill.
110841da47fcd1cfcbf599ce1c62f88e2786fb9e	Funeral in Florence Despite repeated invitations from Duke Cosimo de ' Medici, Michelangelo refused to return to Florence.
e5f49d358e25fcf17968169aa663fa00aa972efb	After his death, the body of e go tinatina was something hidden from others, not everybody knows, the secret exported from Rome and buried in the tomb of the famous Florentine Church of Santa Croce.
451c53c83c8a7c5cc15491e5bf8a074fad71c8fc	(I.
122b87ac6bd0112ecafe203f7a3c595c83732ffb	A. Smirnova) Else: Michelangelo Buonarroti (Michelangelo Buonarroti) — one of the greatest artists of all time, a genius sculptor, painter and architect, a skilled engineer and a talented poet.
2314c4dec23e6a9a53e40f062f0c14d3f7995f0e	The boy was born on March 6, 1475 (according to the old Florentine reckoning 1474), in the mountainous Tuscan town of Caprese, where his father, a scion of an ancient Florentine noble family, held the post of podesta (city administrator and judge) and from where, soon after the birth of his son, he moved back to Florence to live.
a29132ef2d1c9594d15e7332056276366b5bb9ea	Here Michelangelo first studied at an elementary school, and then, in 1488, he entered the studio of the famous historical painter Domenico Ghirlandaio and, having received permission to study the monument, he remembered:
87950ea2d1a19814d2d797f5e0591a7a64293afd	Antique antiquity (from the Latin antiquus — ancient) is a term in the broad sense of the word, equivalent to the Russian "antiquity", in a narrow and more common sense — Greco Roman antiquity (the history and culture of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome). the sculptures collected in the Medici Garden, in St. Mark's Square, became addicted to sculpture and from 1489 began to study it under the guidance of Bertoldo, one of Donatello's students.
0d69e2bff98f3aab016deb7f32cd647ba10db2d4	The extraordinary talent of the boy attracted the attention of Lorenzo de ' Medici, who took him into his home, allowed him to be brought up with his own sons and generally contributed to his further development by all means.
0296239c3e57168a11c0875d86b5c823ea07e528	In the luxurious chambers of the Medici, in the atmosphere of the newly discovered Platonic academy, in communication with such people as Angelo Poliziano and Pico Mirandolsky, the boy turned into a young man, matured with intelligence and talent, talent, abilities — individual personality characteristics that are subjective conditions for the successful implementation of a certain kind of activity.
c48640cb146f6c2e54068019b9f2856a6b0c9cee	Abilities are not limited to the knowledge, skills, and skills available to an individual.
5923bff50bf048eaca1e2587effaa2b380a1748e	They are found in the speed, depth and strength of mastering the methods and techniques of some activity and are internal mental regulators that determine the possibility of acquiring them..
21cf31f536fdf863a3c2502dff117003e9108656	His first sculptural works based on the study of Nature in fine art belong to this time — real objects of reality (a person, objects, landscape, etc.), which the artist directly observes when depicting them, but executed completely in the antique spirit, imbued with classical beauty and nobility: the head of a laughing Faun (located in the Uffizi Gallery, in Florence), the bas relief "The Battle of Hercules with the Centaurs" (in the house of Buonarroti, there) and "Madonna nursing a Baby" (there same).
848a33103d7b0820c16df3f6cf22cfad4ce3d2bb	After the death of Lorenzo, Buonarroti went to Bologna, where he performed, for the arch of St. Dominic in the church of his name there, the most comely of his works, a marble angel Angel (from the Greek angelos messenger) - in Jewish, Christian, Muslim mythology, disembodied beings, intermediaries between God and people., holding a Candelabra (French candelabre) — a lamp with branches for several candles or electric lamps.
68a23f86fee2104ca39ac3b97a47f52c7336e620	The first mention of candelabra is found in the Etruscan culture, where they were a stand made of wood or metal (bronze, silver).
339ba2b4070fa7c9f6e9d0ac04ed92f39e89ca9f	The height of the candelabra reached 1.6 meters, the rod was mounted on legs (often in the form of animal paws).
4ae59f795149bef5ba29d84aa0c7c19cfbd209b1	Usually the candelabra consisted of four candlesticks.
e7baf14150ae54cc2d4d7442a89261e22d649e2c	It is believed that the ancient Romans adopted the candelabra from the Etruscans.
f5fb99df350bba39d44e7b73d6f75f2d6f4efccd	In ancient Roman art (the end of the 1st century BC – the 50s of the 1st century AD), candelabra were very popular, were a key architectural technique (candelabra style)., and for the church of St. Petronius a statue of this saint.
8946a933a54dfcdd5a68e3d5b8536204f4d001ba	Then, coming back to Florence in 1494, he produced a statue of St. St. John and the sleeping Cupid, of which the second was sold in Rome to Cardinal Piapio for antique and gave this art lover a reason for art artistic creativity in general literature, architecture, sculpture, painting, graphics, decorative and applied arts, music, dance, theater, cinema and other types of human activity, combined as artistic and figurative forms of mastering the world.
231d167a038a720ff68002e99e0fbcde90ac79bb	In the history of aesthetics, the essence of art was interpreted as imitation( mimesis), a sensual expression of the supersensible, etc. to invite a young sculptor to the eternal city.
ae7270ef777342b20b6fe8e25575e4c2d3affde0	Arriving here in 1496, Michelangelo Buonarroti sculpted a statue of an intoxicated Bacchus (in the Palazzo Borgello, in Florence) and an incomparable group of Our Lady mourning over the body of the Savior taken from the cross (in Peter's Cathedral, in Rome).
a382938308d420e62f16df6e6f401db778805691	In 1501, the artist returned to Florence.
cecd6d06049300c76502225065dde6b00aa04bbe	Since that time, the second period of his activity began, in which he gave full rein to his naturalistic aspiration, but did not consider it necessary to reproduce nature with accuracy and boldly exaggerated its forms for a better transfer of charactercHaracter in psychology, (from the Greek charakter — a distinctive feature, a sign) — an individual warehouse of a person's personality, manifested in the peculiarities of behavior and attitude (attitudes) to the surrounding reality. and to express their ideas.
6fd268dde8f371cd16ed7e7a7346aa428c849890	The first of the works of Michelangelo Buonarroti, belonging to this period, was a colossal marble statue of David (now in Florent. academy of Arts).
2e9650e3d67f5daceb21e9d6467d5863dd65ff22	It was followed by a statue of the Apostle Matthew, carved for the Florence Cathedral, a group of the Madonna and Child (in the Bruges cathedral), two medallions also depicting the Virgin, the now lost cardboard "Attack of the Pisan soldiers on the bathing Florentines", which has long served as a school of drawing the human body for artists, and the painting " St.
a13333ef14a2c3b476385227431d66db2b977b39	The family", known as the "Madonna of Doni" (in Gal. Uffizi).
0479000a012352e6b12db51af1fbb508daab0406	In 1503, Buonarroti came to Rome, invited there by Julius II to build a tombstone, which he planned to make for himself during his lifetime.
ddf46fc78cda11096ad4736b5d32d97671ec3f7c	An ambitious project of this momentaneamente (from Latin monumentum) — a monument of considerable size, involving large scale, ensemble artistic decision., composed by the great sculptor, due to its boldness and complexity into, was carried out not in the form as expected: working on it for years, but intermittently, the sculptor had made for him only the figures of two related captives
1be2922cf670c20884b1004c08d00b1b17c7cacd	(now at the Louvre Museum, Prijepolje (Paris) is the capital of France on the river Seine, the main city of the historical region of Ile de France.
c69c916f9cfe2ebf4b09e63b50d63deb3e7878f1	The population of 2.1 million people (2004).
377fdc89e0048ac09345457c2237048fcef20cfb	Together with the suburbs (Versailles, Saint Denis, Ivry, Argenteuil, Boulogne Billancourt, Drancy) forms the urban agglomeration of Greater Paris with a population of 11.4 million people.), a crouching young man
3a31a5f06de69aab411a82ae9fe64c03e9c3f651	(in Imp.
ffbfb3dbf9df165f85560a4ef4eb83980eb94477	The Hermitage in St. Petersburg (from the French ermitage — a place of solitude) is one of the world's largest art and cultural and historical museums.
e50e5bdce35f349e6459f7eaa9385cf7f51bac17	It appeared in 1764 as a private collection of Catherine II, opened to the public in 1852.
34c4c51818fda8915fd454b3f4aa8d648df24130	The richest collections of monuments of primitive, Ancient Eastern, ancient Egyptian, ancient and medieval cultures, art of Western and Eastern Europe, archaeological and artistic monuments of Asia, monuments of Russian culture of the 8th and 19th centuries.
19d3178dfe2a4a1ab2cef60d1ef66d3cb63ba273	Restoration Department., in St. Petersburg), statues of Leah and Rachel and the famous colossal statue of Moses; only the last three works were included in the relatively modest mausoleum, which was later erected in 1545 to Julius II not in the Roman Cathedral of St. Nicholas.
581e740b7c0e7756681929fa80f1ec458d444769	Peter, as it was supposed, and in the church of S. Pietro in Vincoli, and in which the other parts are the work of other artists.
1118ebbc45662d7d39c58f91241b2af6230943c1	To this stay of Michelangelo in Rome belong an excellent unfinished statue of Apollo (in Gal. Ufizzi) and "The Risen Christ", more like an ancient hero than a Savior.
18b576f1f6142e96b46c132b5cd09fa32b99b966	In 1505, offended by the pope's lack of attention to him, Buonarroti hurriedly retired to Florence, but soon met him again in Bologna, where he executed a colossal statue of him in bronze for the church of St. Nicholas there.
5268a62c801f7846dbb5198f0d05701feb322b97	Petronia, who later died during one of the local people's troubles.
4c2bb2762f11b8def5ae12e235f996d9e9c1f829	In 1508, the artist was again in Rome, where Julius II summoned him not so much to continue work on the tombstone, but to fulfill a new order — to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican Palace with fresco paintings.
e36b3ee66c571539de0fefa437366518822aadbf	At first, Michelangelo Buonarroti tried to reject this order from himself, which interrupted the aforementioned works and, perhaps, seemed beyond his strength, but in the end he had to submit to the insistent will of the pope and take up the task offered to him.
8e63cba8a5b72d6a34a89bac7c5f2799b29e24e7	Having made the cartons for the ceiling painting, he intended to entrust its production to others, and for this purpose he called several of his former comrades and friends from Florence, but soon, finding their cooperation useless, he sent them back and set to work alone, without any outside help.
e356d3f004670aa0198ce479348cb530369e9d23	Having given himself completely to the enterprise, he, for twenty months in 1511 — 1512, covered the huge ceiling vault of the chapel with images an object, a drawing depicting the wow or something; visual reproduction of something. the creation of the world and man, the fall, episodes of the initial history of mankind and its redemption, the prophets and sibyls who foreshadowed it, located in an architectonic frame and among the figures of young men and children, as if carved out of stone.
7912e30c1af65105a61fc63bb6b1f091de21478b	The totality of these images, each of which is full of high artistic merits, forms an extremely beautiful and majestic whole and can be considered the most remarkable of all fresco works ever executed, and at the same time the most perfect among Michelangelo's creations: his powerful genius was expressed here in its entirety in brilliance and purity, undisturbed by the arbitrariness and extremes into which his colossal talent often carried this master.
ff16bcb9d744c3ac858c8c2e77d895933583965e	A few months later, after completing the painting of the Sistine ceiling, Julius II died.
01edf78e9c11f492ce1dc3dbbb3cd164a703a043	His successor, Leo X, entrusted Buonarroti with the construction of the facade of the Church of St. Lawrence, in Florence, where the brilliant artist moved.
9e8e3cbeeaa729599577d91d7ddb57cc33740885	He spent a lot of labor and precious time on this matter, but it did not go beyond making a model of the facade and preparing materials for its construction.
f64e688cedef82e3b1bd2753d80dd0ef251db996	Then Michelangelo continued his studies on the mausoleum of Julius II, from which Pope Clement VII soon distracted him with an assignment to build a library, a sacristy and a Medici family tomb at the mentioned church.
5cdba2c2bb1d74242f3f34c24ccc45f2c9eeaa4e	The expulsion of the Medici from Florence in 1527 stopped these works: Patriotpatrioticism (from the Greek patriotes — compatriot, patris homeland) — love for the motherland; attachment to the place of his birth, place of residence. and a Republican at heart, the artist joined the popular movement, was appointed chief inspector of the fortifications of San Minato, Pisa, Livorno and Ferrara, and although he voluntarily left his post, he went to Venice with the intention of retiring to France, but returned to his native city and rendered important services to it during its siege by imperial troops.
390ac33050d4eff8b0f5fd29ba0fcd32c38b6842	The fall of Florence threatened the artist with a deadly danger, from which only the general respect for his talent and the pope's desire to finish the construction of the Medici tomb saved him.
2e523c6c155d2c82b430ab1885a0d3fbaaf1b8c6	Experienced eventsevent — what happened, this or that significant phenomenon, a fact of public, personal life. they produced a deep moral shock in Michelangelo Buonarroti and broke his health: and before that, harsh, uncommunicative, he now became even more gloomy and unsociable, completely immersed in the world of his ideas; there was also a noticeable change in the nature of his work: the freedom with which he treated nature already in the second period of his activity, reached in the third and last period of it to the point that in order to say what he wanted, he raped nature, as if deliberately avoiding visible beauty, did not care about whether the figure is natural, whether its pose and movement are true, as long as it strongly expresses this or that idea, and in the end came to forms that are repulsive with their rudeness, but nevertheless highly expressive.
614f0275f0fbad72b02d7d1da7a66196f62a4d6b	The transition from the second to the third period of his work is represented by sculptures of two tombstones in the tomb of the Medici family, namely two statues of Giugliano and Lorenzo de ' Medici sitting in niches, known as Taciturno and Repsiegoso, and four allegorical figures lying on sarcophagi under these statues and personifying day and night, on the sarcophagus of Giugliano, morning and evening, on the sarcophagus of Lorenzo — works of which "Night" and which, in all fairness, are considered the best plastic creations of the master.
fecbe53f22213c0b29e31249ce2e6c80f4fd8486	In 1632, the pope invited him to complete the picturesque decoration of the Sistine Chapel with an image on its altar wall of " The Terrible
b2ebbd4e7eb4a20878a2a85de4b7d1a769dccec6	Sergey Donatovich Dovlatov (according to his passport - Dovlatov Mechik; September 3, 1941, Ufa — August 24, 1990, New York) was a Soviet and American writer and journalist.
64ba2085b1e0a128a2a46f301439735fc43494bc	Sergey Donatovich Dovlatov was born on September 3, 1941 in Ufa, where his parents were evacuated during the war, in the family of theater director Donat Isaakovich Mechik (1909-1995) and literary proofreader Nora Sergeevna Dovlatova (1908-1999).
348601fbfb9e80558113628e5f23bb70421b1106	His father Donat Isaakovich Mechik was a theater director.
27e6ce33fef98ed8d8390350569cbe6d7489f883	Sergey's mother, Nora Sergeevna Dovlatova, also worked as a director, but later became a literary proofreader.
cbec67927a2228730f9b139642d9047b9c3c41da	The family spent all 3 years of evacuation in the house for NKVD employees.
bebb0fa307b561e7266c100fee5e1636fe70a3cd	There, Sergei Dovlatov's father left the family – to his son's nanny.
1e256b46351df798b32c2d047c59ebd8e444dfc2	They rarely communicated – mostly through notes.
31de960e5e564f87950d51170b676f559040cd36	Since 1945, he lived in Leningrad, where he graduated from school and entered the philological faculty of Leningrad University, which he failed to finish: he was expelled after the third year.
2f610f7069653f4761181ec911198d6bbd8084fa	At school, Seryozha studied mediocre.
a881c3b7110e3b652874ea0ae9484fd77d681e98	The teachers spoke of him as a dreamer who is always in the clouds.
9dd85de8ccc735e2066a8f787381cead18073404	During his studies, he became friends with young Leningrad poets Yevgeny Rein, Anatoly Naiman, and Joseph Brodsky.
597299c9b4da09ab7ef5ddb5e35165f5f332a736	And in the same year, 1962, he was drafted into the army.
0fe8c54f8efd46ac959119fb45d77522615d837c	He gets into the paramilitary guard.
981148997cfa11a06667a134c50f7dabf2c91fc0	He served for three years in the internal troops in the protection of correctional colonies in the Komi Republic (Chinyavoryk village)
4e515482009e192ca31108480c37c5069dcc18bd	According to Brodsky's memoirs[8], Dovlatov returned from the army "like Tolstoy from the Crimea, with a scroll of stories and some dazed look in his eyes."
6c3c4c70899e01fdf78e6f412e1c0a6d9cb0432f	The experience of army life with constant monitoring of prisoners on the one hand and their guards on the other gave him a rich material for stories that later made up the book "The Zone".
e6edcc6a2c1fffbdc1224dcc2de950bff7fe5d6d	After demobilization, he entered the Faculty of Journalism of LSU, at the same time working as a journalist in the multi-edition of the Leningrad Shipbuilding Institute "For Personnel to Shipyards".
4ad428c1e881780ba2954daf1b901def3e706ac8	After a short time, he stops classes, not feeling the need for them.
3cd83164fbf3285d2c6710be99099ca7ae426d7a	He was a member of the Leningrad group of writers "Citizens" together with V. Maramzin, I. Efimov, B. Vakhtin, etc.
517c3fde978077dbe1996f7081572ea76b8e27c2	Gradually, Dovlatov makes acquaintances among writers and journalists.
f92e0f9d073b7d1a781a8bbf302a9692b00154a1	Later he worked as a literary secretary of Vera Panova, from time to time he writes internal reviews in the magazines "Neva" and "Zvezda".
2013465509233bed53157b5533e4896ac8e01fd3	In 1972, Dovlatov moved to Tallinn and began working as a correspondent for the local newspaper "Soviet Estonia".
6c681ab86b0e4fea8c7a5eb6d2bc6be5834e317f	Then there was a job in the newspaper "Evening Tallinn".
57b7d5717babe8b84cdc92ea5e436aea02f164ed	To obtain a Tallinn residence permit, he worked for about two months as a stoker in a boiler room, at the same time being a freelance correspondent for the newspaper "Soviet Estonia".
a244456598e695ac469caa7c9d8a0084b8c00e4b	Later, he was employed in the weekly newspaper "Sailor of Estonia" published by the Estonian Shipping Company, holding the position of executive secretary.
8aa7c5664d6dad3785aea31dec196599e62a2d71	In his stories included in the book "Compromise", Dovlatov describes stories from his journalistic practice as a correspondent of "Soviet Estonia", and also tells about the work of the editorial office and the life of his fellow journalists.
428473eaba05c2f2ab6cc3ec0b2364fb79f14a67	In Estonia, for the first time in many years, Dovlatov has hope of publishing his own book.
504d52c66b7933a5fdea02ff36e731db22d18f8a	The publication is approved, the work is underway, the book "Five Corners" has already been typed in the printing house.
17e41b70036c3bb6f2b8f8fdff1b41349685576b	He wrote prose, but nothing came of numerous attempts to be published in Soviet magazines.
f1fe336fe45750eff56d19f534a09f4643ec888a	The set of his first book was destroyed by order of the KGB.
73b6bbe0e92107889de26badee8438a29472e39e	And then, during a search of one of Dovlatov's acquaintances, the KGB finds the manuscript of the "Zone" - and everything collapses.
e8691fa9d859a6ee51e6d788411eae433192e94b	The publication of the book is prohibited - the printing house was forced to scatter the finished set.
b00cc0dc5dc9baf8a5ceab18be966fa150b5c771	In "Soviet Estonia", a devastating meeting of the "labor collective" is held, which is traditional for such cases in the USSR, and then Dovlatov is fired.
458653d15d33ba95494c5c1077e05476c9ef7c78	He is trying to get an explanation from at least some official - whether a party official, the KGB: why was the book destroyed and for what exactly was he punished?
ba05bc5c7a683db76597d5f9e172b76a166c4101	Dovlatov spent the summer of 1974 with his mother and Katya at Tamara Zibunova's dacha near Tallinn, but troubles at work and the refusal to publish the collection "Five Corners" forced Dovlatov to return to Leningrad to Elena in 1975.
b91c12916f576e94210fb38fb0470bcb07aec18b	In 1975, Dovlatov returned to Leningrad.
13c7bfcb15b0c5924cd42ab3b41d56e4e97af606	He began working in the magazine "Koster", and then as a guide in Mikhailovsky (Pushkin Reserve).
71523a0cf7b38c02fb34960a972b15e0e786fc89	For some time he worked as a guide in the Pushkin Nature Reserve, later he will write about it in his stories.
8d7afaabcecadb35c1f4323a8dfe8fe7ea186df4	Five days after the death of Sergei Dovlatov, his book "Reserve" was put into the set in Russia, which became the first significant work of the writer published in his homeland.
2838a87dc5acdb0067ce178169c38badb722f32e	He rents a room in a house in the village of Berezino, not far from Mikhailovsky.
b9ad30547f1c0900140cc7532e9ab5641abd7961	Later, in the 1990s, a retired Moscow teacher bought it from its former owners.
e61f3f6a97bbe0ceae5fa37d1b6c28c1df3952e4	Since September 3, 2011, the house has officially become the Dovlatov House Museum.
3fc29ab92b6dd6b5b4f78887bce0bcc5cc24b74e	And in 1976, Dovlatov's stories were published in the West in the magazines " Continent "and" Time and We", after which Dovlatov was immediately expelled from the Union of Journalists, and in the future his works could be read only with the help of Samizdat.
894a208c034746a925af502355aa6506f8ce960a	As before Tallinn, the reviews of the publishers ' internal reviewers were very benevolent, even laudatory, but they ended with the same verdict: refuse.
9be03af0308502807a7d7852dbe114c78085843d	In 1978, Sergey's half-sister Xana left for New York to live with her fiance Mikhail Blank.
d855be0db36e46a86b8f8fd01dd9b00dddb9517a	At the same time, Elena and her daughter Katya left for New York.
fa397f0ee8f5ffe9635c0ea625cde725bf3d450b	He didn't want to leave for a long time.
a3104b76e15d74f9cc99ee863781b5bfb65211d8	He was very slowly approaching this difficult moment for himself.
8631e442601ef214c104fe73d11006efdc13dd90	Constant persecution, financial difficulties, and the inability to legally print his works pushed Dovlatov to emigrate.
5047e54eb340238f94901ceaaea416d77468b80a	They caught him during one of the exits to the store — and in prison, a KGB colonel started a conversation with him from afar: "Sergei Donatovich, do you love your wife?
6256fef458f1e8801b2e28a63689224f87ecbccf	If you don't want to leave — we will help you…
ba9930c987ec447cce6c09acd3ac6ff14cf3a85c	In August 1978, due to the persecution of the authorities, Dovlatov emigrated from the USSR, settled in the Forest Hills area of New York, where he became the editor-in-chief of the weekly newspaper "New American".
f8d90d513fce61eb1eb5276b7595a8a7e1a17de9	Members of its editorial board were Boris Metter, Alexander Genis, Peter Weil, ballet and theater photographer Nina Alovert, poet and essayist Grigory Ryskin and others.
43fe4e231f78dd89297e5d410dabcddfc1df4f70	The newspaper became popular among Russian-speaking emigrants.
df2fcf12d3b36c570a23f0ed94f4a63910cb363c	Meanwhile, readers in the USSR were familiar with Dovlatov's work on Samizdat and the author's program on Radio Liberty.
7e25010cfcf98fcc40985d7a21ca957651a8e404	Dovlatov's columns from The New American were later published as a separate book, The March of the Lonely (1983).
5a5df45033c5a63134168aa4664970fdd9a82cd6	By the mid-1980s, Dovlatov had become a popular writer in the United States, his works were published in such popular magazines as Partisan Review and The New Yorker.
62eb093b1aa5dd81096e4d941695aa81498177a6	By the mid-80s, he had achieved great reader success, was published in the prestigious New Yorker magazine, becoming the second Russian writer after Vladimir Nabokov to be published in this solid publication.
8416ec966d6534d4984197e1c90ff69640d7ec5f	In the United States, Sergey Dovlatov's stories are regularly published in the New Yorker magazine, which many famous American writers dreamed of-such as Kurt Vonnegut, who sent Dovlatov a short letter about his publication in the New Yorker.
d0ab0fee98f22263ce9f0c6addf8675c9c5a367a	He has published twelve books that have been published in America and Europe in five languages.
4764a590ac53ef4a19ba3b9b0f2af75f8bc46e4e	From 1978 to 1990, twelve books by Sergey Dovlatov were published one after another in the USA and Europe, among which were "The Invisible Book", "Solo on Underwood", "Compromise", "Zone", "Reserve" and "Ours".
8b7c6fed23478a54fef55beddf8f6b3345fd7db8	The rest of his years Dovlatov lived in Pindustan, where he wrote an amazing story "Branch", in which he maliciously stood up the process of Soviet emigration of that time, the first years of his life abroad and the foundation of Radio Liberty.
69128d163d21f0faf62de5ff2621f936ad5c5d1a	A distinctive feature of Dovlatov's work is that in the vast majority of his sentences, all words begin with different letters (for example, in the story "A Donkey must be thin" there are deviations from this rule).
c3204a613232b0ddfc1a964365d1e8bab84c8a69	This professional feature was used by Dovlatov in order to keep himself in the strictest discipline.
02a7a3b474d69b10f1fd2aff33db29ba9a164881	Of all the characters inhabiting the prose of Sergei Dovlatov, I am most interested in the writer himself.
478c83547e4086ca92895d9c4be4389580a61d73	His look, his point of view, his reaction, his endless humor, turning into sad satire.
6b63a28e69216884d3ce2d3d91a59001257c2320	His love for short sentences, the absence of metaphors in the text — all these are characteristic features of Dovlatov's prose.
dcb01c019f278c02d1726f30b48cdddf2eac9b0d	That is why, by the way, it was so easy to translate Dovlatov into a foreign language.
9b1ef5f8a581675d6a45be28287bef1d0ec3abe5	His texts instantly diverged into sayings and anecdotes, returned to the environment that partly gave rise to them.
63233288274edbda8d67069b0c9fe23518fb5b25	In a similar function at other times, only "Twelve Chairs" and "The Master and Margarita"acted.
e5e48ee369466937d01784684a6c6a58c8b0324d	In 1986, he became the winner of the American Pen Club for the best short story.
339c55576965301fde2804a238325f524555e0fb	In New York, the Dovlatovs occupied a small three-room apartment, in which they lived together with Nora Sergeevna and the dog Glasha.
2b32c469af3325942ce6653e77bda2ef6931d331	The writer's personal life was not easy, and relationships with women were quite complicated.
2595f286814c469c0975d7094a5ac55b1dbfd2d9	He was considered an incorrigible philanderer.
c2fe9bb09b31f80c5684b3edd300451e8ecc1a50	One of the most common myths about Sergei Dovlatov attributes to him don juan tendencies and as many as 200 passions in Leningrad alone.
6d379434e0ad6194f176d1eb4d562baa5f5a4f39	However, according to people who knew him intimately, Dovlatov was... afraid of women!
7973ebb89d0acc807461aee5a8cdd6895dc095e9	And in the life of the writer there were only two passions: he loved one — Asya, and the second — Elena — he owed everything.
716258080cf991e6a799e150ab551bedb5ed4fbd	Dovlatov was officially married twice.
6337592197cbf4e68526a5987387986a4669d7a8	From his first marriage with Asya Pekurovskaya, he has a daughter, Maria (b.1970).
2625040b23d348036434a4f41b2810163ef95493	He met Asya Pekurovskaya on the filfakovskaya stairs.
ca3502c811d67aeb317966447c5e7224a985e00a	In 1960, they officially registered their marriage.
51640b99c4a05253775b4a4bc735ac81bce02ca1	But later Asya preferred to Sergey the more successful Vasily Aksenov, whose novels were already published in the magazine "Yunost".
6255e76b39b0c4b0afd584e6a3d76985f92fdafe	When she announced to Dovlatov that she was leaving, he initially threatened suicide.
354d38204d5a2483574f3611b2a39f22075421ef	Seeing that this did not help, he locked himself in a room with his beloved, pointed a gun at her and shouted that he would kill her if she did not stay with him!
8e93f55d84bdb7990f70af7ee12a60b83b1d54b1	But Asya was adamant — and a desperate Dovlatov pulled the trigger…
4d73226664e2a13332e93c0306569733a04820e8	Fortunately, his hand shook, and the bullet went into the ceiling.
33346a354be0ce5e7a9c49e383488f766e087eeb	Only after 18 years, Asya decided to show Dovlatov her daughter, but he treated his child coldly – Masha was too similar to the mother who once abandoned him.
dc6b36fc9481b8843231a5326db6e09bde437d38	Now Dovlatov's eldest daughter lives in San Francisco and writes slogans for posters, earning for each as much as her father did not receive in his entire life.
6e01887d7eb965cc7f9e24d3b423408491dccf15	Two children — Ekaterina (b. 1966) and Nikolai (b.1984) — from his second wife Elena Dovlatova.
b94501083b0f570c9ebcc75721f4247bcbce59c6	They say that he would never have realized himself if not for his second wife, Elena.
f9283f1eadc13730ea275fbc017922a8e809aa18	The reserved and taciturn Elena had a masculine character that Dovlatov himself lacked, and although he wrote that his wife was not interested in his prose, it was she who typed the complete collection of his works on a typewriter — and one movement of Lenin's eyebrows was enough for Sergei to understand that the story needed to be redone.
6064481aa9a4cbf7ec05d46adbcfe689a9719fff	It was she, according to family friends, who made all the important decisions in his life.
4760146baf545c4fde43f7caac0db9e7df9a7379	One movement of Lenin's eyebrows was enough for Sergei to understand that the story needed to be redone.
498e7369c081111bae67499cfc8ddd09a6d6c938	One day Lena said to Dovlatov: "Here's a poplin shirt for you, and sign on a piece of paper that you don't mind your daughter leaving for America."
390aef4170609836cd4ef6a76690f518a96735e7	And he signed it!
9d05a278f9989364b2d1540aadebe8bcc9b41f4d	Five years later, his common-law wife gave him a third daughter, Alexandra.
34b52f13b3b6c6a1fc0cb730678e8e44d9e5f7f4	Sergey Dovlatov wrote about himself and his children sadly that his children are reluctant to speak Russian, and he is reluctant to speak English.
d0710df518293553aa2ec9a1b989278b33df6909	On August 24, 1990, Sergey Dovlatov died suddenly in New York at the height of his creative fame.
babc7878be3048fb77158688006143928dc34453	That day, Dovlatov called his colleague on the radio and friend Peter Vail at work and said that he saw cracks in the ceiling, that his stomach hurt.
70d007a6571f4a57042a903e440e84b6d679e62c	Vayl called an ambulance, which toured five hospitals, and where Dovlatov was not accepted due to the lack of an insurance policy.
05923f16ff1cf5a3491cf8bed85d245ce3785cde	On August 24, 1990, Dovlatov died in a New York ambulance on the way to Coney Island Hospital.
de7747d7ab81e9dd6b2a6773c8b5d140c33fd3ca	Sergey Dovlatov died on August 24, 1990 in New York from heart failure.
7ade437797e4a545cf9a36224cd6be95bb5216d7	The book "Reserve" in Russia was published two weeks after his death, and Andrey Aryev had to add an obituary to the cover.
5ae9357df18af5d39e4ceea3fe0a0bdeb516fb35	He was buried in New York at the Mount Hebron Cemetery.
96652391707f7aafe26d4545ebf3f53c74a43090	A tombstone by the New York sculptor Leonid Lerman was erected on his grave.
085168ec1893aa209b7cf9606b415127b1e1b76a	In 1995, in Dovlatov's hometown of St. Petersburg, a literary prize was established in his name.
4cf22bf41a9645699b9c9a9659396a437b57bb45	It is awarded either to a St. Petersburg writer for the best short story, or for the best short story that was printed in St. Petersburg.
d164942e452b34cc08f9b26ca8dd9e119a9d203a	At the end of 2013, someone filed on change.org a petition to add to the name of the 63rd street of the New York borough of Queens — about which the writer wrote, and on which he lived- "Sergei Dovlatov Way".
501e65fa97ff0283e9ad9dd616d9b72dceb6b962	On November 26, 2011, a memorial plaque to the writer was installed in Ufa on the facade of the house No. 56 on Gogol Street, where he was born and spent his infancy years, which he mentioned more than once in his works.
50720f64062449cd92a119b53db87887b9af3f6e	On September 3, 2007, at 15: 00 in St. Petersburg, on Rubinstein Street, house 23, a solemn ceremony of opening a memorial plaque to the writer took place.
3d629a708c2d57da1ccbf1b9d39390665f3d8427	On September 4, 2016, at the house 23 on Rubinstein Street in St. Petersburg, within the framework of the three-day festival "D-Day" dedicated to the 75th anniversary of Sergei Dovlatov, the opening ceremony of the monument to the writer by the sculptor Vyacheslav Bukhaev took place
8288e03134261e2c73717d22dcc7d154c785db3b	Shortly before his death, Dovlatov left a literary will, where he indicated in which year to publish his works, and Elena faithfully fulfilled his will.
3ae7f3374ca1897f296c1e975f7486da782f24bf	After some time, a scandal broke out in Dovlatov's homeland.
3a5c29811cf2f720d8a9075f493fa7373a5b3721	His widow sued his friend.
3647faa244b06f9c38a650db1de8b8ddaa0d708a	The fact is that in 2001, the publishing house "Zakharov" published the book " Sergey Dovlatov-Igor Efimov. An epistolary novel".
4d10711614e389017188db7f8f0c49063cad5397	The book covers the correspondence between Dovlatov and Efimov from 1979 to 1989 and is both a vivid testimony of the era and a valuable source for all Dovlatov's admirers.
03929c5c36e40e85ef905d14b132c366b07bebad	Zakharov's publishing house decided to publish the correspondence, arguing that the publisher's responsibility to readers is greater than its responsibility to the Dovlatov family.
a83c6079f9a67252fc2996ce8547eb98d1a889a3	Nevertheless, the widow of the writer Elena Dovlatov, even before the publication, repeatedly stated that under American law she is the owner of the copyright to all letters ever written by Dovlatov, and that she does not consent to their publication.
ff5c6e5bcbef663a1c71b2a8c22770b8e250b550	Together with her daughter Katerina, she managed to prove her rights to correspondence in a Russian court and get a ban on the publication of the book-however, only a year later after the entire circulation (15 thousand copies) it was sold out.
5ae9102f00cdd0b63cc22b2b9325a11cec1dc578	The court refused Elena Dovlatova's demand to destroy all the released copies of the book.
b832e0f0120bd3e9177544ba2f493f13ec7c5048	Sergey Dovlatov, a genius of average taste, who is not cold and not hot, but just so warm that everyone likes it.
4f41142ff5210ae99bf7c938e91b8299963cc3a3	This angel of the Laodicean Church of the model of the eighties embodies that ideal, perfect mediocrity in its own way, the biography of which will not upset anyone and will comfort everyone.
0182656a707c392717df6128076cca3a1925d873	That the solution of his prose is not strong and not burning.
a7b7a3210bdd8a0cfdfb43004a7089c23a5a0780	Anyone who does not work in the genre of tragedy is doomed to be secondary, even if you publish it and republish it to the holes.
1880aad6d6cb77dfa9ffeeeca2e14f24baac8edd	Sergey Dovlatov, according to critics, was perhaps the last cultural hero of the Soviet era.
13cf901da00c22d8ce79d9f4e430c26d6f5b478b	"The greatest benefit that can be extracted from life —
ea71228ec7f6607c288fa66311648a28fc312691	to spend your life on a cause that will outlive us."
cd0a628304a8f30c3812be013059b3782964e401	William James.
70d277a16a79875629d899119ea49241a684601b	Sports Mountaineering
1dfec7a73fcc274a31a534fd8cc28b7a43b6f3a1	Speed skating
cf2d86816099b3b69cc9aaee00f4155667f8a1f3	Motorsport
3c96da636a53def4e8faa74febe0a5c56ed90596	Science Researchers
60a5c966a71a24034f9238685790a526710ef75d	Constructors
822467b4bf1b90ee84ece7dfe0171e0c381e11fd	Scientists
80c799f97820a01fef22eddca06ecce682b90789	Philosophers
29d440e5dfbd283b9d4792485fc32154d23321e5	Public and state figures Starovoitova Galina Vasilyevna
a23e57790999b9cf8b6d2e3831b45ef32e70402e	Hammarskjöld Dag (Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld)
79f0c22cb9981563e106a2f3e497cba1e2256653	Stolypin Pyotr Arkadyevich
2441ece54519ec31f6980e28bb76eae62ab401fe	Wang Guangmei
4df9b39a3c0c8ce50b3cb92f26382fd5b34c8ef8	The life of wonderful people Travel
8676df96e7f2f56c857467a1a7070013cea6d6ff	Royal families
3ca0a4d60502dab798be31b421eb24cf94bca2f6	Patronage
69f6fddc3b56aef23b7aab8954ff3a5c9d64c77c	Heroism
f4a7cb8f71e0c83e1a9321a35c82dd6fd8921446	Asceticism
74461412e777684d911192e487bf69e596b3b4bb	Unusual achievements
ad02d8c448bc1b1a4d004ef16fe5c9b2bce8d910	The Circus of the Eccentric
95fcf4971f05955778b612134a130b47f7d33097	Clowning
3bdd95be3efa5870a14588d0d84c1d9d1682060e	The Illusion
b6fe7f5e79177b05f6d251ecb9c162d45455045d	Training
a44297434321137fda89c296815ecd275d9cdc13	Journalism Journalism
b257869825525ae0bbfaa403e456b2ce8c425573	Fashion Models
ecd05348c2a555579030121c949156cb499534b0	Brands
beac77dd1c0ca989ba7f193ccae3c01c678a6ef0	Medicine Semmelweis Ignaz Philipp
3003c97e4f893cbfb7529ce26c8baa7717b16a7a	Pirogov Nikolay Ivanovich
286bb4804e6dad6da6204ac26675b42e282e010d	Architecture Shekhtel Fyodor Osipovich
e1df046b29e9b1d7b602c2b6806a5c8d1d734def	Disasters Terrorism
c023e41039063552c6ffb27aff998cab94d52eb0	Accidents
6e4b0398890cc38de1d66b36ac4d0dd515f3e9c9	Military affairs Aviation
415267edeafed0c3ef127d4fdd619650626f47e6	Military leaders
5b9f1f08f77a18f17656419324615770e9bf9b42	Guerrilla warfare
e1991511907c623ad95afe9d4196a019c017fef9	Fleet
78854a7c5a9631e9a87231241cf4ae92bf0a3c77	Women at war
ab39eb71d145e12c93e78f6a9b79c9c8dc7f8419	Intelligence activities
ab94603f9dbf62f9531a28b7bda2d9962d9571ac	Civil War
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709b75a7428527a89b90a9a3885de4ea0de87e34	World War I
74c36cc95bbbf4bba03f0ef81bb8629e5ec81852	The Great Patriotic War
d6e248882ef015f738ab04b4a2554fc1d9274430	Religion Men Alexander Vladimirovich
b942fc61e95bc5989627e8b7368d9c6e480d7d2d	The cycle of programs "To remember"
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5430330efd8f8ac0a941386791c33787a526c5cc	The series of programs "In search of the lost"
89dbb691341fc4744df950650cd12a44f9618289	The program cycle "Motley ribbon"
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ab4ff5bc608966d2d77a36babe353e86f96eef20	The series of programs "The History of Russia of the twentieth century"
715b5435e50e43e56821c91dd0b74f46bb5878be	About the resource
12d9b34d25f22566a73fdd3c9444c044e9316a54	Reviews in LiveJournal Reviews in LiveJournal
cb9c6493ca7bffee1bc653ec1ebd1409ccc2f5c5	Art | Literature
243624e1f4ad193b54dee5b6ffb7866fc1657180	Dovlatov Sergey Donatovich
5f435830a7c07f19c4072a88821b38028c3f69e6	Writer
d9410e46da254fbacea59e0ff7b12ff0e9d84193	“My main mistake is in the hope that, having legalized myself as a writer, I will become cheerful and happy.
c441e57884c09caf1f74cbc59f0dcd8c3b82c7ce	This did not happen…"Sergey Dovlatov.
c50c14f7a56a9ddeb55d687eca57d973166f3025	Sergey Dovlatov was born on September 3, 1941 in Ufa.
d59b9cd9639f4689f6147419a09d3a2506613aa1	In 1941, after the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, Donat and Nora got to Ufa, and in 1944 they returned from evacuation to Leningrad.
9fdc9e27f6c22e2b5589a1aa1908875713ceae09	Later, Dovlatov wrote about his youth in Leningrad in the book "Craft": "I have to report some details of my biography.
9547eba5e569824ea489f220d1468626bd74cdfb	Otherwise, much will remain unclear.
b3f1f354c931edc7a8e7f5a2132c013656c7c057	I'll make it short, dotted.
600ff5763d30db4aad91920f5c692504a1559713	Fat shy boy...
d2e63ac150a22cdfd0f31e9598346e0d8d06ee25	Poverty… My mother self critically left the theater and works as a proofreader...
611d9ece2e174650db96619ad7992c3aaf5ad9bc	School...
2e1bd5e4f1cfad7d5a8044cdeab5fbad18954c40	Friendship with Alyosha Lavrentiev, for whom a Ford comes...
9284dbf335fdac3e16373a50199d296186d87c38	Alyosha is naughty, I have been entrusted to raise him....
8fd4ef342544f8beb5ecaf93352a885639b82b8a	Then they will take me to the dacha....
d1ccb346a5a46c70d71ca12547bc970e5a187032	I'm becoming a little tutor....
5d036db387c397bf8a5b7334464b12a450a34f66	I'm smarter and read more… I know how to please adults ... black yards....
c86769d745cc588edc076d1e378e818c57e2a086	Dreams of strength and fearlessness ...
a8588092da8e73d8a3f0dce43b981c71746d84fa	Endless twos...
4ef8cf19f34710402eefb2e2dbd3fe7c784dcde4	Indifference to the exact sciences....
0d376dc3a3b3ca37455bd0748e5632a26871524d	The first stories.
3436eec8fdeb8c3de976d257d640569e98b9103e	They are published in the children's magazine "Koster".
049306352c270c22a9f411a9cf100bc19840a382	They resemble the worst things of average professionals....
9a096f9b4e9cef416162d0492b40948f20d2e16f	It's over with poetry forever.
b34557a9636aa1bf1ad71567454a7f3a571733c0	Certificate of maturity… Production experience… Printing house named after Volodarsky… Cigarettes, wine and men's conversations... a growing craving for the plebs (that is, literally not a single intelligent friend)...".
8e38c370d69973a3b4dfc1495dd26d5ab8c435f6	In 1949, Sergei's father left the family, after which Nora Dovlatova left the theater and got a job as a literary proofreader.
e909edcf362dda4e8f86fd10fa298d94d6819520	Since that time, Sergey Dovlatov was left to himself, and after graduating from school in 1959, he entered the philological faculty of the Leningrad Zhdanov University, where in 1960 he met a student of the philological faculty, Asya Pekurovskaya, whom he soon married.
09f9098258963a0797de0b004140e4702aef4391	When she told Dovlatov that she was leaving, he replied that he would commit suicide, and then threatened to kill her if she did not stay with him.
c4f8718b233ffc291309ec01d483713770ccb74a	But Asya was adamant, and Dovlatov shot at the ceiling.
324f1145fd61fde914e43d174e396e3a37f488e3	Hearing the shot, his mother entered the room, after which Pekurovskaya ran away.
492b43e3dcd89b2691c315500ef017c94c434179	In 1961, Sergey Dovlatov was expelled from Leningrad University and in mid July 1962 he was called up to serve in the army, where he got into the system of protection of correctional labor camps in the north of the Komi ASSR.
e67f85a75f08a85bd94ae9cd834eca49f9948025	Dovlatov wrote: "... Zhdanov University (sounds no worse than "Al Capone University")...
fd3cb3fecf0fcf4f80e26bb481b88dccfd13383d	Phil Faculty… Absenteeism… Student literary exercises...
62ed69bd310eb3d47afda6bc1c7bd8108b701f38	Endless re examinations… An unhappy love that ended in marriage...
2cade9ec06602b37d8f0a9b59145110795082ee6	Acquaintance with the young Leningrad poets Rein, Naiman, Wolf, Brodsky ... 1960.
7d5163bc9a727bc18be14ae3a50c69d82af81913	A new creative upsurge.
4a5a5a99017b6b45f57f9aca3f80724f11b3acda	Stories that are vulgar to the extreme.
9f159d492608cff04ca1fa04e2665b108450e9e2	The theme is loneliness.
03126bdb542908e21ba4969195eedad4662c7f59	The invariable entourage is a party.
da140ff9b9181e5b9cfdf278450ca1723bb743e7	Hemingway as a literary and human ideal...
22550bc33066eb82a6134fba187f26c7c2dc9941	Short lived boxing classes...
71d2c7a399001cb389350628b105a9db8f554af6	A divorce marked by a three day drunkenness...
f1ed8dfc9316db13e4d6d52c359e00bed0063a13	Idleness....
45d06bd38f9f192328115e7642d388162c44eb52	A summons from the military enlistment office.
4b7dba19eca23ec3eca95fc36be5a07264bf17ae	Three months before that, I left the university.
8d4f6b25635e75cb52819167e8295b85b83c83de	In the future, I spoke about the reasons for leaving – vaguely.
94a88b45f7be36c7b2f87b33dafc2ac919f148d2	He mysteriously touched on certain political motives.
9f2eb1f980d640f55190fe5f0e4d1e9c964d33de	In fact, everything was simpler.
ab9f682735af06f7ff74c92039ffad04f55f4d3f	I passed the German language exam four times.
91653f8eb80daf98846f3bcd5caa25018fe8d4ad	And every time he failed.
3d743562d633fc14cb4951e5f33328484e1f645f	I didnot know the language at all.
f9e9e19205ba7d40be663b4d4293068bdd6d1383	Not a single word.
1172b72ef70887d82352a4b51f1fbbaee8c35f82	Except for the names of the leaders of the world proletariat.
f90f1931548de4b349d36b4dbcd7c372e74d09d9	And finally, I was kicked out.
81b49d11eba99c1a74daa6ce5fe678e0f0ad8e40	I, as usual, hinted that I was suffering for the truth.
55b9231762a963c8181560669f38fd93ce506fee	Then I was drafted into the army.
027ba5050310f8b611e4bb0e8ee2568b6e7b800a	And I got into the convoy guard.
17a1d1631bee1d4672035b4e037706cd9793f2b8	Obviously, I was destined to go to hell… The world I found myself in was terrible.
b71d1d00c4697801cf69af37714fa89a3dfcc329	In this world, they fought with sharpened rasps, ate dogs, covered their faces with tattoos.
f954711c46405c7ebf77422abcdc7ad7dccb952d	In this world, people were killed for a pack of tea.
303ad98a0f8c13f15e1575e36d1ff025678cf469	I was friends with a man who once salted his wife and children in a barrel.
b8af1c987dbc4a08a639e038e8d4477e330039e8	The world was so terrible.
095a19db28f893caebf5cba3816eb3396ec8ce28	For the first time I understood what freedom, cruelty, violence is....
2d0d29234bf5e32e7e7259f20e8327d679722db3	But life went on.
3fdcacdef2457f7c18ecf5d24b01fc01750a1a08	The ratio of good and evil, grief and joy remained unchanged.
7d66a22f7fcdcd48b5e6f42698840570e4b3dd77	There was anything in this life.
49307aae819656bffa68f18a4aafb65c01d1f7d6	Work, dignity, love, debauchery, patriotism, wealth, poverty.
0c53e36dc6cb13131d61e4acd05bd6ceca9fdf2d	There were careerists and life seekers, compromisers and rebels, functionaries and dissidents.
26901584312c17d2a4a1ce3ea2482715c0d56d00	But the content of these concepts has changed dramatically.
f32f306e1ca71b6bd4b2e4e1c452fd5d5afa9f46	The hierarchy of values was completely broken.
81fae7b2b5de04ffaedc6595d5f64621bfb707b9	What seemed important has faded into the background.
78653788ba68929b949f2c7d698d9ba6704ecb83	My consciousness has come out of its usual shell.
32e297c481de6951a57566c94488ba1aa6cd40c2	I started thinking of myself in the third person.
61c6e76356c02470363f45409517323021a382e5	When I was beaten near the Ropchinskaya forest exchange, my consciousness acted almost imperturbably: "A person is beaten with boots.
3242ea05cf39878d1e2036270c1b6c6ed48fc6c9	It covers the ribs and stomach.
2703a8de7de319803c52d0e4498e7660a3d4ae37	He is passive and tries not to arouse the rage of the masses...".
e719121222c6ed8a848e71e234883313d720ad2f	Terrible things were happening all around.
390692c126cc161d6b03aeb0bed40188989c8a42	People turned into animals.
e6b3ca421c407d4d0e9e07b45df7e07bc789e35c	We were losing our human form – hungry, humiliated, exhausted by fear.
5f1e6a74e86546c99e7a6561bb7a9cd3e3f09926	My carnal composition was exhausted.
a4126be530da8276eef3bbfd312b20725bda292d	Consciousness did without shocks.
e5fe099c4db4907f31d522dd91bffc34ec2653c6	If I was facing a cruel test, my consciousness was quietly happy.
7a61031b45a60ff35dbcae3f9840e65d18c4fe5f	He had new material at his disposal.
9269ec7ea72726fae75d288c7866e71a70a77980	Hunger, pain, longing everything became the material of an indefatigable consciousness.
e1c9debfccd62f37a90b89127071211239578e9d	In fact, I have already written.
d4dd30591ed9ff498dce4a50ab622c57e3e46a39	My literature has become an addition to life.
a44e368ef9d3b7b41a29b979dea8c405bdce733b	An addition, without which life turned out to be completely obscene.
0ac219130dd77128a49125455ad9ee4b6eddb398	It remained to transfer all this to paper..."
5aef213cac272270099df0b0859e6755fd5e910c	In 1965, after demobilization, Dovlatov entered the Faculty of Journalism and began publishing his first stories in the children's magazine "Koster".
31836a527beac31ffe54050a9a2434a772c9a167	Earlier, he met his second wife Elena, who later told: "We met in a trolleybus.
08e31a201eea978ea025bcccc6ae6e951a94232e	Sergey started talking to me, we drove through two stops, then walked along the same street for a while.
5c5547e4236eaa0aca22b44f88d5d00bdaa27d12	Before reaching the Maly Drama Theater, we said goodbye - Sergey went home, and I went to visit an artist… For three years, we met by chance on the street.
d86d696196ea43dfa2bb1944efb0da5699797f57	However, this happened quite often - after all, then the whole youth evening life was spinning on Nevsky, we all lived close to each other.
411d453fbc67aba39ff24840fd477384c99ea9f6	Once Sergey even dragged me to my friend's house and really tried to persuade me to go to visit him later, but I refused.
103ccd5f9af99ae2723848d9038b6c28aa354960	Then Sergei was taken to the army, he came on vacation and went with his sincere friend Valery Grubin to the cafe "North".
d48152122f36caba728001c4842310de6760dc74	I was sitting there with my friends.
ff6efafbaba62c1b7f426e375a3559b61523ed43	I go out to call - and I run into Sergey.
5574cd94fce4ddfc42a680b862d03678fc7def34	The meeting turned out to be fatal.
e279911fcf6e89783b94e743cb549c3d4b6cdaae	Our relationship began with her.
e40e9c6f86daf4a456d1f770cc0785bc282f1eb4	However, we signed it only when he returned from the army..."
44509d1f6ef2e403262e54c18b26bcef10a6ffb9	In 1966, Elena and Sergey had a daughter, Katya.
f2ad4332d111ef497564cfd1bb02423a5297aac2	Elena Dovlatova told me: "...When Katya was born, we all moved to his mother Nora Sergeevna… She immediately liked that there was a girl who could be commanded.
c3ef24475b65a2e57bf1796c9edf99e86860c5cb	She liked to dress me up, watched my appearance, demanded that I put on makeup when going out to the city.
51afd5e3906d4a9fb3e00dcbb59d36f3e3c16ebc	"Dovlat" in Turkish means the power of the state.
b0661836c1e4bfc9e52a2760471398dacb91b3e7	They both - both mother and son corresponded to their last name.
49cc22721152fd51fe997b766f98322cdc9ac8cb	Sergei often repeated that I should be given an order for tolerating both of them.
c8747786a9af186de2721c84a61960b748b0a3fb	But the difficulty of their characters was partly redeemed by their giftedness.
de0d5d9848e0918ec046227b692f994585fa0c14	Nora Sergeevna is an excellent storyteller, with a brilliant memory.
ea925213a5e2610e7ae24bb5d43e15ec50bb3350	Seryozha often asked her to remember some story that he needed to tell.
7a57807d34d3244f9c1f111cb9c0479b17f72512	And she always told funny and bright stories.
c3c3de7a631502599d2e6c2028708de45305b4d2	Now, when I was going to St. Petersburg for a conference, she asked me to say during my speech that Seryozha was friends with her, appreciated her humor.
eb7c2501d8109b824c20a99135a1d5766bdfff30	It's true.
a73b661af0a1e81bfcf9654be34a9d53fbbbe9b0	He generally appreciated close people..."
79063305dd7d4b2bcbf994db296eb73e81fa1e59	Sergey Dovlatov himself also wrote about his daughter: "Our children are growing up so fast. ...I remember the nursery on Rubinstein Street.
4d186abc74a2b56cb9cf35460112b3d5ccea82e7	A white bench.
1db245b6be12397e3879538f661f40f0e4434400	The turned up back of a tiny shoe... we're going home.
409c7912e303629d14b5c11646369e33cc0c419c	I remember the feeling of mobility of a small palm.
edfa245ef5b62e63677c46df0373023049de20fd	Even through the glove, you can feel how hot she is...
073ccc8d3a5933174d6e105d3391b63748dd6462	I was struck by her helplessness in my daughter.
74e4c781ca59b3caaf59fe574e95a133e80f7ab4	Her vulnerability to transport, wind... her dependence on my decisions, actions, words... my daughter grew up.
6a719f594775c1a8e30dc821c231b87bef50180d	I remember she came back from kindergarten.
4571c590a4226e67fbcd2f67b2162318dc514c4f	Without undressing, she asked: - Do you love Brezhnev?"
f8dc3a17efa3f865ebe71248b03d51c691c45636	In 1968, Dovlatov filed for divorce from Asya Pekurovskaya, and in 1969 he officially registered his marriage with Elena.
64512b79efd25007d9d6693837a5f51fe224eb5b	And in 1970, Pekurovskaya had a daughter Masha from Dovlatov, whom she decided to show Dovlatov only after 18 years, but Sergei did not show any interest in the girl.
e5236943a1e47a8d108bf31d5a4136fae4978037	In the early 1970s, Dovlatov worked as a correspondent in the large circulation newspaper of the Leningrad Shipbuilding Institute "For Shipyards Personnel", wrote short stories, joined the Leningrad group of writers "Citizens" together with V. Maramzin, I. Efimov, B. Vakhtin and other writers.
ab07f4f52bb8506fb4f2657a4e96cd282683e7f7	Elena Dovlatova said: "... Our life in accordance with our concepts was, in general, arranged.
1947226d74abd6c41001b7540e6d85b27014da4d	This was how most of my friends lived.
63e5ce6349abdb1bbfaa30d3dc7388c23069eeec	Of course, we could use extra money, but we have never had quarrels because of their absence.
ad585825d645365d80482093d60044003bc265ee	And he was always trying to do something.
55305a4d9f93543dc26aed7cb7b87f87f1f5face	At one time he served as a secretary to Vera Panova, who became attached to him mainly because of his extraordinary dexterity and lightness of hands.
142cd89fb55e199ff07e7a0d47bf5a10eb35ce14	When she was ill, she only trusted him to arrange her in bed so that she would be comfortable.
c977c7e5e42f0e6172148880c2541c4cc5c38f49	He read aloud to her a lot, they talked about literature, and returning from her on the train from Komarov, Sergei wrote his first novel, which was not finished, but parts were distributed according to his other works.
6a62e30e7d963612d48d9a035de2230280ff9659	For some time, Sergey worked in a large circulation newspaper, received 85 rubles.
6e65bfeecfc53c0279a0affdb9b042d654fd291c	The editor there treated him very well, did not really load him with work, and in his spare time Seryozha began writing short stories.
a7ad2eac68319c6ba7a32d9df58080431664bf1d	When he gave them to his friends to read, they immediately went hand in hand, his creative evening was included in the work plan of the Leningrad Union of Writers - despite the fact that Dovlatov had not yet printed a single line.
1e4940eee370654df093400540fb2612c72b8d6e	The course of events promised him a fantastic career.
2be87023427e21559276f0654b2ecbb11dec3829	However, this evening, which was a great success, everything ended..."
191514668f76441778bfde363f38b95ad53cdc6b	In 1972, after quarrels and discord in the family, Dovlatov moved to Tallinn, where he worked as a correspondent for the Tallinn newspaper "Soviet Estonia".
3064bf0bba1afc66d3a9113e0a06c71b7c39fc06	In Tallinn, Dovlatov prepared a collection called "City Stories" for publication, but, despite the contract, the book was banned.
f68e2cb2d53f451a2ad2835f5f46b24c271d68ac	Dovlatov wrote in The Invisible Book: "I was waiting for a signal instance.
bbed614412d3226f8b9a0ad2a4e13c128deabb77	Suddenly a call: - The book is forbidden.
be761f041b60eaf149dc8510b7b0f31481c9fd2d	Everything is gone.
f636586253b118c48ee080ccb26881349675c582	It was pointless to stay in Tallinn...".
4e56bda806ea9896a952be5700fc631efe606159	Meanwhile, in Tallinn, on September 8, 1975, Tamara Zibunova had a daughter, Alexandra, from Dovlatov.
8f12510327291e6b65f11be505033be234ac5888	In Leningrad, Dovlatov again worked in the magazine "Koster", but nothing came out of numerous attempts to be published.
9caef5ece70ab4079ba1dadf425ff13b79e46dba	In the summer of 1976 and 1977, Dovlatov worked in the Pushkin Mountains as a seasonal guide.
7d6d52287f4f6a995a457bd3a95745d07a9abd93	The atmosphere that prevailed among the philological youth who visited the museum contributed to creative pranks.
a560ce4e2c76e531dd12cb61c8da76d9031a6e03	In particular, Sergey Dovlatov was engaged in the fact that for a fee he showed the real grave of Pushkin to the tourists under the "big secret".
21640d8f809fd9968e5de8db23a45b993e2b900b	Impressions from this "reserved" life formed the basis of Dovlatov's almost documentary story "The Reserve".
81f5a17e09d3d0da2744941651bdbbf348ee9b44	In 1978, Sergey's half sister Xana left for New York to live with her fiance Mikhail Blank.
11a43f273331231ea43013f5da38c3fb47add534	Elena Dovlatova told me: "I couldnot wait any longer for Sergey to decide to leave.
aedc828ed87acc02000ea1fe3ddb922a89b901b9	I had no doubt that it would be difficult, but it couldnot be worse.
bf663ec18f2883d8aecfecc7b8aa259843ce2bce	I was ready for any physical work, for any everyday difficulties, just to get rid of the feeling of hopelessness and fear of the KGB, which was getting closer to Sergei...
111a7f2c4e95f21272c6b22f7be69e9b699f2899	If I decide something, I will break through the wall with my forehead, but I will achieve my goal.
402f0aef27d05829c67452b2064474346a5948a9	However, I could not overcome Sergey's indecision for a long time.
cf84788a424992cd3d8373ee48deb2e93e8ce434	Of course, I understood how scary it is for a writer to be in the atmosphere of a foreign language.
8fd3aeb35c818fbf187fadd31b46863c96cae8f7	And I knew very well that he would never give up his vocation… In short , I understood his doubts about emigration, and yet...
d8770b28c789565172016077632e160ba9269050	I wasnot sure that he would follow me, but I didnot care anymore.
c7f682a36c0edf480146cdaf5ec217ea247f7828	I got permission very quickly, after three weeks.
0d9977b21881f77188b6318e37ac1b8a03cfd494	And here it began.
5c015dae0978d608b0e3e37c5c249fb053d89eeb	At first, Katya got sick, she was generally a very sickly child.
77f90ab779717ead0dc08e23d8e626a560b5132f	When she recovered, I discovered health problems.
54db3a0811ca371b3e8e2b9fc8f8e5d4178eaf20	I recovered - Katya got sick again.
c0832bd3416e492591c11fbb09860e77f0b03a33	This went on for quite a long time, and nevertheless the day of departure was set. I went to say goodbye to a friend and, returning from her, broke my arm.
35a41be2cc53fccaae611c4fa4717954a210b657	So, in a cast, I went to emigrate..."
158fab6fbdcaf5583cb23f77f49a2d5fae87f10e	It was Elena Dovlatova who made all the important decisions in Sergei's life.
e514302637d4cb95e96dde47c85b7e47ad58d11c	Despite the fact that they separated, Lena continued to live in his apartment with his mother and daughter Katya.
96cb417be67dfed225e59c32799599892a7735ef	And unwittingly it was Lena, with whom, as Dovlatov thought, he parted forever, who contributed to his emigration.
aad7edbe6bd145166ec7e2d9349735d078d5805b	It all started with the fact that Sergey went to see off Lena and Katya to the airfield, where he waved his scarf after them for a long time, and because of the cold wind, his throat hurt.
53242a90f35db7669768faae3878bc1feafe151b	He called the self propelled barge "Altai", where he was working as a watchman at the time, asked to be on duty for him, and went home, where he started self medication with vodka.
030637cd7b64711b787355639d349ee371474128	Therefore, the doctor who arrived, instead of the hospital, stated that Dovlatov was intoxicated.
455b0dd0046abfe62e5c54b8c337fb8e5323334f	At this time, on the barge, they were on duty for him and recorded working hours in his name — this was a forgery, for which the authorities subsequently deprived Dovlatov of his job.
3a54938498dc2fed3c6e8d9d56f0009ccb53a015	After that, Sergei was threatened with being arrested for parasitism, from which he escaped by bribing a friend of a journalist for a bottle of vermouth, who was sitting on the first floor and looking out for the policemen who came for Dovlatov.
164756aa22c11f3cfddd51b56a81c770a83f19fb	As soon as they came, the journalist picked up the phone and said to Sergei: "The bastards are coming."
24c7e37f29e120c8ca4e9c605707a655a2a2a530	At this signal, Dovlatov closed the door on the latch and climbed under the blanket with his head — so he managed to hide for a long time.
80865c66715f21406f6b53951f9a1b2dc323441e	However, in addition to the police, KGB officers were interested in Dovlatov, who took him during one of the exits to the store.
d12666c49b42d616ce4f70f862ee094e89c4f485	During a preventive conversation, a KGB officer started a conversation with him from afar: "Sergei Donatovich, do you love your wife?
05e4d03675be78e3082b01b3f878c001c955c3f4	Your daughter?
e6b7bd8339075156d1efb0e82734736a56f550a5	You are published abroad, arenot you?
595119e5408dd9162e28df03c7c93636328a2194	If you donot want to leave, we will help you."
dbb6dec8876f5043a91e1b2559aa55d9933a4966	So, because of Elena's departure to America, Dovlatov himself went into exile with Nora Sergeevna at the end of August 1978.
2c3c76a189ce7489985fb58cf45e693de66aa9fe	They flew through Warsaw, Budapest, Vienna, and from there to the United States.
991eea3aff36acc503dfcc1a2166e8c734cab42c	There was a distributor in Vienna, where emigrants from the USSR could change the original route and instead of going to Israel, applied for entry to the United States.
47451ed33d624d2cf3965bce538dcdeb26289e8f	In anticipation of such a resolution, Dovlatov constantly wrote.
68a455494ff09684c9534708af4d2f51a053c088	And in New York, Sergey, Elena, Nora Sergeevna and Katya began to live together again.
dd58e2dab8f94cc86951c7eaa090fdb7c45624d3	On February 23, 1984, Kolya's son, Nicholas Dowley, was born in the Dovlatov family.
e1b2beefce920f2973e7a7af66946cc3bc75178b	Elena Dovlatova told me: "...I worked as a proofreader, then as a typesetter, but I didnot have to work with anyone.
ad790cd10a9708918bae7f2c503b4b3a8e0373ea	I was the main earner, so I worked from morning to night.
23aa65ccbb3e3883274aa84bba1c68fe1499ea1d	When Kolya was born, she took a job at home, and Seryozha by this time began to serve on Radio Liberty… I think he would be very happy if I gave birth every year.
a90eb936e49716f26f009583c5c8cc139f9efcc0	He liked being in charge of the house.
75ad60a984794731ee3935801624d066becadaf0	It was felt even when he was walking with the dog.
0b670fc3c60d84ba3537f9950b0e10c64779f88f	He was walking so big, the dog was small, and there were a lot of children running after him...
e18326facd4dda1b0b83893fda91b65717acb7a9	Perhaps Seryoga really left Leningrad, but the writer Dovlatov had already arrived in New York.
fc07eec2a27cb857018541acc90921360e8b69f0	During a couple of weeks of the Austrian transit, he wrote several wonderful stories, which were later included in the "Compromise", he became immediately known in emigration, who read his publications in the " Continent "and in the magazine"Time and We".
67bc5f4a7edc5968d2841b2a5f48b7108b380130	The publisher Karl Proffer, an undoubted authority in the Slavist world, became interested in him.
8805575ed42ac55e2a02c063964810157c70ef51	In his publishing house "Ardis" Sergey's book was published quite quickly.
27701e75895e2fefd11f3a2ecd449d74376ab533	But, of course, there could be no question of existence on literary earnings.
db4aa38fa1d56abbd9cbb0e31bd51e84fa8359e9	Like all emigrants, Sergey expected to earn by physical labor.
f630e3c694a3e099693c1e32cb76b9548acaa683	He even took a course in jewelers.
cbeb94e6eb466a3625cc884412b26b476b08f635	However, nothing came of it.
a8677b0649c5905f4f9ad8182a617544d5af2d8f	But it turned out to create a newspaper "New American".
6df244d2ef713a138fc263bbda2f490d6e8cc8e9	It was the most rosy and lively period of our life.
f61979e755dc91e19e88b4ad34de5457f9f19a35	Very quickly, the people who made the newspaper became heroes and favorites of the emigrant people.
f973651f8a24cb0c893418340e10a6ba7dbd6003	They were recognized on the street, our phone rang incessantly, a kind of club was formed in the editorial office, where everyone wanted to get to.
58c3ed6f7ad937603ce9263a5a854943127b2bcc	The newspaper was so different from both Soviet and emigrant journalism, it was so permeated with fresh ideas and stylistic elegance that the best hopes were associated with it.
c139b8067ac9be26eed6b36874d7225cd6ff9bb5	Unfortunately, our newspaper lasted only two and a half years.
0facd4da5d88ce453d92e141154bb2a7776be3fb	It was made by brilliant writers, but useless financiers..."
8e883ac4847eaa2deed8d4275090d472c2bae4b7	In the mid 1980s, Dovlatov was also published in the prestigious New Yorker magazine.
63da75b433251fe973c6d16fe9b53d1a7557a963	Dovlatov wrote about his life in America: "My drunkenness has subsided, but my bouts of depression are becoming more frequent, namely depression, that is, causeless longing, powerlessness and disgust for life.
064cd24f305153b27edecd29b38ab3aeb3330a6b	I will not be treated and I do not believe in psychiatry.
461c553ae81e10eaa2c87c8440f6ed6c9e6062dc	It's just that I've been waiting for something all my life: a certificate of maturity, loss of virginity, marriage, a child, the first book, minimal money, and now everything has happened, there is nothing more to wait for, there are no sources of joy.
a697b521bceafaadd22e4438bd70b384195d3cde	I am tormented by my uncertainty.
53a4d3123b89a1e8eaccd4d6767f829c7dfab482	I hate my willingness to get upset over trifles, I am exhausted from fear of life.
f12165aeb39825d964a3ada5658c28ca15783fe5	But this is the only thing that gives me hope.
8fc5ee13b698680ccd8533bc90be046cc344e706	The only thing I have to thank fate for.
461291110921e524a7bfe24a374138a37f7b03c2	Because the result of all this is literature."
f9746d3efd3bbc8552d5a01b7c954caa21851e1d	In New York, the Dovlatovs occupied a small three room apartment, in which they lived together with Nora Sergeevna and the dog Glasha.
b3a2ff32c03f7a85ac92655a212718e4d18071d2	Dovlatov wrote: "Two things somehow brighten up life: good relations at home and the hope of someday returning to Leningrad."
0fd9f2d4a924eb73161cea70541e2a01d1955ca9	Dovlatov's literary activity in the United States did not bring much financial prosperity - he was paid only $ 200 a week on Radio Liberty, and the books were published, according to the publisher Igor Efimov, with a circulation of 50-60 thousand copies, for which the author received a fairly modest remuneration.
a86347f14f357fe65116d96376fe240cf721a026	Dovlatov did not even have an insurance policy, which was the indirect cause of his death.
9bd42d012b3fa9ae47b74fe3384b258c522c5673	In addition to the will and prose, she was left with debts of 87 thousand dollars for the magazine "New American", which was edited by Dovlatov, and two children Katya and Nikolai.
6620b68dc8ba6c2969c1459da93f1def2cc3e19f	Alexander Genis wrote: "... In America, Sergey worked, was treated, sued, achieved success, was friends with publishers, literary agents and American "young ladies" (his word).
a86673da27098d14491527f321d141b18b781acd	Here he raised a daughter, got a son, a dog and real estate.
c0c16d8aaf48509ae3200e7ecff89f123dea6b0c	And, of course, twelve American years is a dozen books published in America: an abbreviation of a writer's life.
7f2ee78635123b0254b5ed3a5bf3e17bbea1728d	And all this without going beyond the circle outlined by those American writers whom Sergey knew long before he settled in their homeland.
ff2f790ff009bc00e7d71e398ef45212b8f97589	Dovlatov lived with ease and convenience in the read out America, because it was no less real than any other… In America, Sergei found something that was not there in the fatherland - an indifference that fosters such hopeless modesty that it should be called humility.
d7ce231497f5990cd2a232bded61ce5fa9ebeb40	For a Russian writer accustomed to the tutelage of a jealous government, the condescending absent mindedness of democracy is a difficult test..."
c7680bcf936745c436153f83de8ade3065c10007	Sergey Dovlatov was buried in Queens at the Mount Hebron Cemetery.
7519c84bb6a48ee02689ebacab3181034e636d63	Joseph Brodsky wrote about Dovlatov: "When a person dies so early, there are suggestions about a mistake made by him or others.
484772ec587bd71f81052b8c64534b85479389dd	This is a natural attempt to protect yourself from grief, from the monstrous pain caused by loss....
d6bc388b43e791d114d8cbb5d137bc33bc7302ac	I donot think that Seryozha's life could have been lived differently;
fbfbb7b2399f72f6b9f34467d4895c59177eaf79	I only think that its end could have been different, less terrible.
425facd46e235f38c4a0304afdea24d29ea3076f	He would never have written such a nightmarish end – on a suffocating summer day in an ambulance in Brooklyn, with blood gushing down his throat and two Puerto Rican jerks as paramedics himself: not because he did not foresee it, but because he had a dislike for too strong effects.
a4c9614f1b6d1e466087125738422fb2f582bd2a	I repeat, it is pointless to defend yourself from grief.
bd2f8166be36e4229fb43e8379cf09c29b364084	Maybe it's even better to let him completely crush you – this will be at least somehow proportional to what happened.
dbd7430e744dd0d95c34d7300f298426bd240eb7	If you later manage to get up and straighten up, the memory of the one you have lost will also straighten up.
1bbd501d80c7ca6a94c127475c0046258d536bfa	The very memory of him will help you straighten up."
847cb3215d28f3d279893ad68792659b1b2c13d4	Sergey Dovlatov's favorite poem "On the death of a friend" by Joseph Brodsky.
06d96863788fb9600773fc3596c4e3162cca8d7d	... Maybe there is no better gate to Nothing in the world.
8cb03433a5183218bd66dca1648985439fda1540	A man of the pavement, you would say that you donot need a better one, Floating down the dark river in a colorless coat, Whose clasps alone saved you from disintegration, In vain a sullen Charon is looking for a drachma in your mouth, In vain someone is blowing his pipe at the top with a long drawl.
513455a06e6f28f594ead7e80ce70fa608da9bc0	I send you a nameless farewell bow From the shores of who knows what.
9ab11631eff130bc947be3cda3efc1b092244891	It doesnot matter to you.
f7e7f93232860fdc5d7b2b95b94f0809d689092f	The author of Dovlatov's biography, Valery Popov, mentioned the words of Sergey Dovlatov's sister, Xana Mechik Blank: "... Sergey was, first of all, a writer, and only then everyone else.
a2bc947ce1d106aec384a6c1b054101c9479cebe	And as a really good writer, he transformed the events of his life into beautiful prose, which, however, had little to do with reality.
9de5f9736525c953618badbd56df219cbe6439a6	In fact, Dovlatov created a myth around himself with his own hands, in which everyone believed.
eb0845dab951745632a65e1014b409fef68bf865	But this was not enough for him - he spent his whole life trying to match his lyrical hero in life.
97cb728d54ab02d66fce8a3cf4b9bdc77e7fee9e	It may seem strange to some, but it was largely self destructive work.
5a78adf833d76d753358320ae2c7df168bec1a41	In his prose, after all, he constructed the image of such an outsider who ironically looks at everything from the outside.
26138ff91634ff3d61a87b097a15de6538c000dc	In real life, of course, he was almost the exact opposite of this image.
4a17c36e36d5519aeb25203cd3491e6ff0b795ed	But closer to his death, it seems that Dovlatov still managed to turn into his literary alter ego.
f0f8f1b5d73147d5bc97c0e7ebbf00fd17a4d352	And this ultimately ruined him...".
18ea7a98189f2a822cc6050613f32f82809ac99f	A documentary film was made about Sergey Dovlatov.
285db9084bf572402b9e6dafec8fd685cd21df8f	Your browser does not support the video/audio tag.
649a85750c04eecd3c3e8518339e94f0c372e430	The text was prepared by Tatyana Khalina.
df8f6c54938ecd98e5f96052aece7baec08a43cf	Materials used:
534e0b441f8752c5c7865374389c50c4f9193ece	E. Dovlatova interview to the magazine "Ogonek" Katya Dovlatova interview to the magazine "Ogonek" V. Popov – "Sergey Dovlatov" ZhZL Materials of the site "Wikipedia" Materials of the site www.sergeidovlatov.com
528ea545af75bb68f027ffc3f0f8c911eaa563ba	September 3, 1941 – August 24, 1990
201aa8d82f50292d8fd0dc37eec0e017046103b0	Related articles and materials:
dce108199c3857768e5e3382ec1127d04e044f0b	Sergey Dovlatov (Documentaries)
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698a367e1d9dfab4636257a9c3e3b39b85d4c846	Dovlatov Sergey Donatovich (Literature)
ed9995d4ff489f107b3e072b7692343d297dcdcf	"...Elena had a masculine character, which Dovlatov himself lacked so much."
f8d0f30ae811efdd9f097c5d8d312ed8d4a603d3	In my opinion, terribly unfair words (about the lack of character) in relation to a person who put everything in life on the line for the sake of one main goal - to become a writer.
4a2408f9f0282ff63654f1f53ede41a495947c8b	And to write as he himself wants, and not to someone (censors, the party, neighbors...) And he became one.
1f21b2f899f111c9e481c01211e2d1165240dba9	I didnot get drunk, being a drunk.
38b437b0ad697f16fa73ba7438c428a2d30e6c38	He did not change his profession, although everything pushed him to do so.
b2fcd82608fa3114492ebb78550482bd9f987ef1	He did not compromise with his conscience and did not become a "co writer".
73af1049dabde1e1c4cff5b4dc4f187edf089fb8	I didnot buy any benefits.
a752d58c504fbc51eb505b752df0578748aea554	This is not a character?!
233a45ace61248bbe359b6d68306feeef8a37b23	Not a man's?!
f54d4c092aac4f6f49bd6bdfa0e598ef39f0e9c8	Not enough?!
84546783151ff166d0dc44e4e6272248ac56b86d	I wonder from what source this phrase comes... probably from Popov's book.
f03e1abe8c2ab8ae1e1a280ec3fe9c8053577730	All of them, brothers in the shop, envied him, and even in the biography they did not consider it a sin to "kick" at least in something...
3a2013214154e9451ba68b0997ced4fca742a755	Boris Zimin [2013-09-03 21:15:38]
1f88950ed55918375b5e1ed469cc2ce9580f8dfd	Everything happens in life.
2aa296289e1a7734b66e1b6c1fcdffcf9e5196e4	Andrey Goncharov [2013-09-04 23:14: 58]
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6df0a1df067cff0ecbc842b8645d390488f6c135	Home > RU > About the Festival > Biography of S. D. Dovlatov Biography of S. D. Dovlatov
908c0d4be5c63362cb3d723ed6528c03ff8986f6	Sergey Dovlatov was born on September 3, 1941 in Ufa, in the evacuation.
f59ac971d8f475d493c938ecf00a48d2cdaeb450	Since 1944, his parents returned with him to Leningrad.
e0a0802afd2044868125f336056ea975885e693a	In 1958, he graduated from high school for ten years.
e929c6df01f073cb052055f320abf8fe3fc60152	He worked for a year in the zincography of the printing house.
74e64aa47873877c8f9fbee764b3020d323117be	Volodarsky for obtaining work experience.
2b41223c302e24b0a658bdbd2a7db9f21cca62a5	After that, he enters the Finnish department of the LSU Faculty of Philology.
64f258dd5b319dced0623e508d5577867884b9b4	In 1962, he was expelled for poor academic performance.
89859e5b772d0ba3003a57ba92f9829c22714822	The first year of army service was spent in the North, in the Komi Republic.
8e4b5d7d4f8455725237f19ab8a05ab4ebfe960d	The remaining two years were spent near Leningrad.
2f46757ff134aae0778ccd33b6a7f11989d092c6	Brodsky in the essay "About Seryozha Dovlatov" wrote: "Then he disappeared from the street, because he joined the army.
989afc4a9f92f887ffa5700564008ccfbfc093b1	He returned from there, like Tolstoy from the Crimea, with a scroll of stories and a certain dazed look in his eyes."
68848c961504742bc032293f71d55b2069bde182	After the army, Dovlatov enters the multi class Shipbuilding Institute "For personnel shipyards", goes to the evening Russian department of the phil faculty.
e6f0d17fe625c94aba763d02a657a5600bde101f	But very soon he will be transferred to the Faculty of Journalism.
bea78057024dcd7db0a35fb954ea65acc3b5717d	He writes stories all the time, communicates with other young writers and poets from Maramzin to Brodsky.
a1e344154f07258ca25f71d36dac8e237dc9530e	In the autumn of 1972, Dovlatov left Leningrad for Estonia for several years - to Tallinn.
50df04b908662440c69e9b21273c3f43ab0bdf45	There he first works as a stoker.
b02a0b78cf3544efe49cb415bfa9cc04277f8d7c	The work schedule is convenient - the two of them once every four days, but he does not like the work itself.
9f5b06f8a2c2415591470747dcad6fda35e69cc9	Then Sergey Dovlatov becomes the executive secretary of the newspaper "Sailor of Estonia".
fcb45d73a97d410f9539f221e5ebef9ce8e0030b	Later, he got a full time job in the daily newspaper "Soviet Estonia".
8da5c01bd461a7b4c8f0e2cc8e3209169af69e65	But there are no responsible persons.
191f1c3ee9950d45180fa823c7ed6c2a9f2da09c	Having failed to get any answer, Dovlatov returns to Leningrad, where he later manages to get a job at the magazine "Koster".
13a3ccf13db4f952e680220d06b2bac308cf1a4d	In 1976, Dovlatov's works were published by the Western magazines " Continent "and"Time and We".
7e42d67a25ebeadf14541b2ed0e20f0e2d0207c8	This is another scandal for the Soviet government - and Dovlatov is expelled from the Union of Journalists of the USSR.
2b5650a8b5aa1c46e0b0f7df14ccb86cfc7aa4e6	In the USSR, his stories were still not published.
45235e1e8f8b26222c32e1692b8d815215c6b9e5	And after the publications in Western magazines, the pressure of the KGB gradually increased, approaching the fact that the writer was faced with the same choice that the most determined dissidents faced: to sit or emigrate ("I left to become a writer, and became one, having made a simple choice between prison and New York").
2808b8f7cd6b3d3b3a05f65b720c18acd6b4bea6	But Dovlatov was not a dissident.
79d37630d5fb06af4fbdbc7777bc6370e82b0f26	He was an artist.
516c09af4081fb18a8cc56e0568ac5f783ad9454	He wrote ideologically alien stories, but did not fight the regime.
cadbe327b62702ff2ca16f1b9c89dacca66a5fe4	Later he thought about Pushkin: "His literature is above morality.
3bc88246547aa0f210a136fe3af58c21fd46eb24	It defeats morality and even replaces it."
ef6fa94d1d65fce01b4656b4b2a3cc6ec35a822d	"He generally believed that literature and politics have nothing in common," Aryev writes in the introduction to the collection of Dovlatov's works.
b939a4e2a5993c5785e871168323e623f7d5406f	Sergei believed that Brodsky's line "Even wicker chairs are held here by bolts and nuts" was more deadly for the Soviet government than the publication of detailed investigations about all Beria's crimes.
5ea67507105692b92895dc89857c345f39290bba	It is possible that this was the case.
e53ba21da7b140afb1266675fb622c1e05cf659e	On the recommendation of his university friend Andrey Aryev, Dovlatov comes to work as a guide in the Pushkin Nature Reserve for two summer seasons (1976 and 1977).
e99e3d9f3239b162c5c79c6a1f5a79e7f4fad722	There are no things belonging to Dovlatov in it, but the situation is recreated, reminiscent of the 70s of the last century.
303e39f9caf2f2c31f4921dc295a891acdc673c2	Dovlatov was very sensitive to the work of Pushkin.
1f5e34247b8d256864912fc80786680650c59c30	These Pushkin places have now become partly Dovlatov's: Dovlatov wrote the book "Reserve" based on his stay here.
3417876395694fb8e184297a6a9f9600859832ab	In 1978, Sergey Dovlatov emigrated from the USSR.
17efacafeddaa098388880b905db759befcd92c2	He didnot want to leave for a long time.
be1b4f30dd04787714c85581e517a1ff2f915e31	His wife Elena Dovlatova and daughter Katya were already living in America by that time.
731aad3c5c707b58adde6111284c0ec02269c9d1	"Sergey has been going to leave for a very long time.
11b8e4898b7d158eb284bae1eccfb5a95db6354b	I think he decided that this is the last frontier of his life and he will never see this world again, " suggests Andrey Aryev, a friend of Dovlatov (now one of the chief editors of Zvezda magazine).
9a2c3b13b7fe7ae0fbd6b3c17307cfb6cdb58463	Dovlatov left to become a professional writer - and he became one.
372da16e9175f7a36dca4189e6b5c9067f24eaa6	During the 12 years of his life in exile, 12 books by Sergey Dovlatov were published in Russian.
593d0f293bddb2a9ce51f0da2ce96955c122d059	He also wrote the book "Demarche of Enthusiasts" together with Vagrich Bakhchanyan and Naum Sagalovsky (1985) and a book about Russian culture in portraits and anecdotes - "Not only Brodsky" in collaboration with Marianna Volkova (1988).
1d1892645067c6b32b0be16d29869e9f2d73ba43	In the United States, Sergey Dovlatov's stories are regularly published in the New Yorker magazine, which many famous American writers dreamed of such as Kurt Vonnegut, who sent Dovlatov a short letter about his publication in the New Yorker.
14ee09ab5cacbb2403362ea17cf21f6bf3dbc21d	"The Invisible Book", "Solo on Underwood", "Compromise", "Zone", "Our", "March of the Lonely" - all these books are published for the first time and are translated into English, German, Indian, Polish and other languages.
cdb00c5dbbb8422a682eba89a66f136f556d52c4	In the United States, Dovlatov received recognition as a writer, but he reflected on it like this: "God gave me exactly what I have been asking him for all my life.
49768bd68cdbd023855e8442eacc801056cb0589	He made me an ordinary writer.
614e48773ffe6a77337229a7704ebd3d55020013	Having become one, I was convinced that I was claiming more.
4c632b7383f3944fc68340ec1040d520d5b160d3	But it was too late.
2b543f2bf1276f7bda7b44814d43f5623992b092	They donot ask God for supplements."
28a91b16fc0e6c62414e5c3f653157256b11c8f1	"When I met him, I thought that for Seryozha, the main thing in life is girls.
dd56dbc8d71eab53a0890e5108c121e86988f430	Then I thought it was booze.
834d4d508f71fc7f667ab9536b9ded819fcf4552	And only then I began to understand that the main thing for him is literature.
5fced6d3ea06a69134580e53b87bea1c8df0f68c	He himself recently claimed that the main thing for him is family, " Aryev recalls.
08774908f98afaf70c49d32deb7e47f61df48b27	Dovlatov became one of the four people who created the newspaper "New American".
359fa9860c1e9c6be3d194922200ff5196f89e99	Later, he became its editor in chief, although in an interview with Viktor Yerofeyev, he emphasized: "It was more of a protocol position, but in fact there was a collegial leadership."
a2e032ac1db5a429a67b5cb46b03ec16308a14bd	The newspaper became popular among Russian speaking emigrants.
48fd824894bfbf3756f9fcb6ec40f2fb181f208a	At the same time, Dovlatov works as a freelance correspondent for Radio Liberty.
9334d2686889a6444cea38111b83dc1b9a9e829b	Aryev recalls Dovlatov's words: "I can remember everything, but I canot even remember some places in St. Petersburg and the Pushkin Mountains, my heart starts pounding so much."
a1b8e6fe7cf1d3bbf638fd2908ccde72ff27a4d6	On August 24, 1990, Sergey Dovlatov died in an ambulance in New York from heart failure.
67652fc0de17896756cdffa558519ebbdc25fa50	Aryev also says something else: "The main dream of Seryozha Dovlatov was a very strange thing - he wanted the grandchildren of his enemies to read his stories with joy and a smile.
d8c467938c9d61144e4d5f4fc78c0aadccfa84ef	Grandchildren really read."
ec1aee5a88936da9bd1abfd94896335840f3d692	Tweets from @DOVLATOVFEST
1b57c09b49e391e517e412fbcf460ba6034f82cf	2015 ©: Sergey Dovlatov's Festival"Reserve"
dd35e63750d218b41ac07902c06f7dd71ddba4ed	Dovlatov, Sergey Donatovich
f74e849695cb8b4450db0420b00205e3daf8dc83	The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on November 24, 2016; checks require 5 edits.
914ac7f3abc784b8388329cca9016ffc4f0abcda	There are articles on Wikipedia about other people with the surname Dovlatov.
ca0579be06245d0b2dd5326357a583388e9fe1d1	Sergey Dovlatov
5501b1afd2cb3a58962f0e6a6909d2bf78b8906d	Date of birth: September 3, 1941 (1941-09-03) [1]
ced12b167af010b791e8b94a90e9c0feeedcb07b	Place of birth: Ufa, Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, RSFSR, USSR
d1da3e682ca1b5ed0c13b1d7dd7026dfe1e010f7	Date of death: August 24 1990(1990-08-24)[1][2] (48 years)
285ec39b24a5d73a08982ab81c6f752669e711eb	Place of death: New York, United States of America[1]
8c7adce85ce6ef084f594a7573a0f90d8158d578	Citizenship (citizenship): USSR
525c8369e5def4c8c077d98ab23cbd4c5dcf4c38	Occupation: writer, journalist
5d0d05311ab5039b4788291d2e77139ff90f12ff	Language of works: Russian [3]
fd3bda71c1fff3ef813e85b45694a4632c203cbf	sergeidovlatov.com Works on the site Lib.ru Files on Wikimedia Commons
98becd0d540d9cb2a2b865ac53769cd107307223	1 Biography 1.1 Personal life
4144b9eacc9e717af88c24eac320b26f92e8373c	2 Works 2.1 Lifetime editions 2.2 Some posthumous editions 2.3 Film adaptations of works 2.4 Correspondence between Dovlatov and Efimov
14fddbec3f008410ba7d9350eef31ab3a32d0106	3 Addresses in Leningrad 4 Memory of Dovlatov 5 Cultural influence 6 Alcoholism 7 Notes 8 Literature 9 References
614cba6671e2316e53bf0e4057edabff692d98b2	Sergey Dovlatov was born on September 3, 1941 in Ufa, in the family of theater director[5] Donat Isaakovich Mechik (1909-1995), a Jew, and actress, and later proofreader Nora Stepanovna Dovlatova (1908-1999), an Armenian.
b0e67642d745c06e33f9ecada4124dcd130865fd	His parents were evacuated to the capital of the Bashkir ASSR with the outbreak of the war and lived for three years in the house of NKVD officers at 56 Gogol Street.
1e1035e28b434537d3290975581d00d417bbe7b1	Since 1944, he lived in Leningrad.
07d4e091cce99c67f277848b4e111e2a96d8335a	In 1959, he entered the Finnish Language department of the Philological Faculty of Leningrad State University and studied there for two and a half years[6].
790923aebd8913999303f2cdb0730b195ed68a2e	He communicated with the Leningrad poets Evgeny Rein[7], Anatoly Naiman, Joseph Brodsky and the writer Sergei Wolf ("The Invisible Book"), the artist Alexander Nezhdanov.
24232c911f6700ac60eb9cf46a48cbd07acb3175	He was expelled from the university for poor academic performance.
d017ce90f13b8832e1c0b3c1839debaffbd61111	He served for three years in the internal troops in the protection of correctional colonies in the Komi Republic (Chinyavoryk village) According to Brodsky's memoirs[8], Dovlatov returned from the army "like Tolstoy from the Crimea, with a scroll of stories and some dazed look in his eyes."
ad8976ff4bc88002833d6007396552b8591eef9e	Dovlatov entered the Faculty of Journalism of LSU, worked in the student's multi edition of the Leningrad Shipbuilding Institute "For personnel to shipyards", wrote short stories.
d37a68d855b4ec52c90d44c7f748d1e81fe3c554	After the institute, he worked in the newspaper" Banner of Progress " LOMO[9][10].
e7ff958db5ece4fc55387808a7a186b10c5af1bd	He was invited to the group "Citizens", founded by Maramzin, Efimov, Vakhtin and Gubin[11].
eb4bcc26a41361c5aa42bd5ef59b048291ae75df	He worked as a literary secretary of Vera Panova[12].
8f9d8d068f725a89242bb81c378bc0c9e82762a7	From September 1972 to March 1975, he lived in the Estonian SSR.
7d874374bcda41e495bd53e20667aa84c1ff5c0d	He was a freelance employee of the city newspaper "Evening Tallinn" [13].
46e0802142b5f3559f418c31e441c386351001e8	In the summer of 1972, he was hired in the information department of the newspaper "Soviet Estonia".
fb40eccd196d42bf7204cf7c20efd8701198123a	The set of his first book "Five Corners" in the publishing house "Eesti Raamat" was destroyed on the instructions of the KGB of the Estonian SSR[14].
9bfe302e0dddbe416f4e1a86d6929fd6e6c6ee6e	He worked as a tour guide in the Pushkin Nature Reserve near Pskov (Mikhailovskoye).
0e0ce69786681f65e8871777292787c3d2d7ec4d	In 1975, he returned to Leningrad.
459a222ed68d935ff67317a41d3b2bdb620d7e48	He worked in the magazine "Koster" [15].
3b1f5b01f3909d4bde7bdba2027ebe9cb9bc630e	He wrote prose.
f5149bc83b98b8847d87cc4ccda386caa53833a7	Magazines rejected his works.
9dc970f7c7eaf4776bac1bb85dac06172540f0fb	A short story on the production topic "Interview" was published in 1974 in the magazine "Yunost" [16].
33b2ec1b14fcca91d78ace1827217fa095440820	Dovlatov published in samizdat, as well as in the emigrant magazines "Continent", "Time and We"[17].
3a137e37fecaeba3fdf86293b5c4e72b4ce5a8fe	In 1976, he was expelled from the Union of Journalists of the USSR.
4b860a3d721a74fc5a0b3ded23709072e1e18cd6	In August 1978, due to the persecution of the authorities, Dovlatov emigrated from the USSR, settled in the Forest Hills area of New York, where he became the editor in chief of the weekly newspaper "New American".
ac2a45db8308708032586efc7657b2ca7d88f8a5	The newspaper quickly gained popularity in the emigrant environment.
634d3d059305aff3e8fb16f4250536c8bb41a489	One after another, books of his prose were published.
6a4c05ef0bab7d139cd3b0731e35745f2549db90	By the mid 1980s, he had achieved great readership success, published in the prestigious magazines "Partisan Review" and "The New Yorker".
100e5af494242b7641fe1c5fec226d7ca328026d	During the twelve years of emigration, he published twelve books in the United States and Europe.
1f5e4611c910e135d10f79cd986d18b442f806ec	In the USSR, the writer was known for samizdat and the author's program on Radio Liberty.
a711103d495127e7a73eedfc91a7fd32a2320335	He was buried at the Mount Hebron Jewish Cemetery in the New York borough of Queens[18].
3fbb1c0b807d87722621d3a95a1905cade33e2cd	Sergey Dovlatov was officially married twice.
e42f360061f5130c3bcbcc02489623a5577d263f	First wife: Asya Pekurovskaya, the marriage lasted from 1960 to 1968.
cd9217284fd386d17c0300cf6e5b46434600fbc1	In 1970, after the divorce, she had a daughter — Maria Pekurovskaya, now vice president of the advertising department of the Universal Pictures film company[19].
45c079c961be5f09b8414f2fae855ca0ddbd5324	In 1973, they emigrated from the USSR to the United States.
b4012f6ea2801722f3560a4bc072fb211d9b338f	Actual wife: Tamara Zibunova[20].
488618a915e6582633f703d81d77fa6735a2de92	Daughter Alexandra (born 1975).
42915ecdb5f6663cc24784a509266c2476e51402	Second wife: Elena Dovlatova (nee. Ritman)[21]. Daughter Ekaterina (born 1966).
21e056e515e7323d6a93de9fb7ecaf93b610a531	Son Nikolai (Nicholas Dooley; born 1984), was born in the United States.
9beed290f7257b0965241296549ba440f4787a05	Lifetime editions[edit / edit wiki text]
838d22a9e5701727d5b384b07a64a87fe970c7fe	Dovlatov did not allow any text published in the USSR before 1978 to be reprinted under any circumstances[22].
d43348fbdaef0340f6e824ed104402948db18d0d	List of books published with his direct or indirect participation:
e2036d38b22248dd648933589c74f9a11744f3a5	The Invisible Book — Ann Arbor: Ardis Publishing, 1977 Solo on Underwood: Notebooks — Paris: The Third Wave, 1980 Compromise — New York: The Silver Age, 1981 Zone: Notes of the Overseer — Ann Arbor: The Hermitage, 1982 Reserve — Ann Arbor: The Hermitage, 1983 March of the Lonely — Holyoke: New England Publishing, 1983 Ours — Ann Arbor: Ardis Publishing, 1983 Solo on Underwood: Notebooks — 2nd expanded edition — Holyoke: New England Publishing, 1983 Demarche of Enthusiasts (co — authors Vagrich Bakhchanyan, Naum Sagalovsky) - Paris: Syntax, 1985 Craft: A story in two parts Ann Arbor: Ardis Publishing, 1985 The Foreigner — New York: Russica Publishing, 1986 The suitcase Tenafly: Hermitage, 1986 The Presentation — New York: Russica Publishing, 1987 He only Brodsky: Russian culture in portraits and anecdotes (co author Maria Volkova) - New York: Slovo, 1990 Notebooks — New York: Slovo, 1990 Branch New York: Slovo, 1990
678395ba94bedff92c25b7a06df0595b67336f70	Some posthumous editions[edit / edit wiki text]
f8d2038a39202b406437e9c68d6576d618761ec8	Nature Reserve L.: Vasilievsky Island, 1990.
e419ce05aca4766bfc7ffe5ce04999115fca0df0	Zone;
4919f76cfdaa48903261cb2f80b158be9fe566b1	Compromise;
e43759b12db18c01f05fa7bc30a50062d8e74c08	Nature Reserve Moscow: PIK, 1991.
c6b09f12e5eaa930cecc83ceb403392ba6c9b8ee	Sergey Dovlatov.
7b87bf7e63458379d173a723493410921d97d6bb	Collection of prose in three volumes, illustrations by Alexander Florensky, 3 volumes.
c871a8d69f6a3c7552820c283d3a9f8332fca8a6	- Limbus press, St. Petersburg, 1995 — - ISBN 5-8370-0307 X.. Sergey Dovlatov.
1e9740f32df39318852d8e290910683f5d97cfc7	Little known Dovlatov.
b78c7a2175fe4554deb1470b4bacaeee879e9f11	Collection, illustrations by Alexander Florensky.
707403e82de0a0643ed0056787c821b5c69ecc46	- JSC "Zvezda Magazine", St. Petersburg, 1995 — - ISBN 5-7439-0021-3 .. Sergey Dovlatov.
de8a22472123a5d75a1be976cfa380397a612f74	Collected works, 4 volumes.
2ca90c1ef81d252c7de52e53ec0650a367f19762	- ABC Classics, St. Petersburg, 2003-2004 — - ISBN 5-352-00079-6..
4ebf3140abca6b8c44b6d6dfdc8d8782dfc88f3a	Reading Lessons.
e64845b180d287136448a6244c691a5886b045d8	Philological prose.
5fe06d3a2d92d885b7334d22cad56aab30cd427b	- ISBN 978-5-9985-0845-5.
39b583785d2cfad6053d4b369d7c6a3142fc4eda	(The first commented edition of notebooks and essays on literature) S. Dovlatov.
6db54b597412510ab1f8bdb16c30e94d38bf2e8f	Life and opinions.
f394afe8b3a7e324f9923524f9d45495fc2e7ace	Selected correspondence.
d2b8558391ad4312fc6e630a42e352cf85fdcc8a	St. Petersburg: Zvezda Magazine, 2011. 384 p., 5000 copies, ISBN 978-5-7439-0156-2 Dovlatov S.
581f95a5d3463b6997f679717304184fee616e36	The last book: Stories, articles.
24b456b4d5f9e13dfe75097037b480a9b2463879	- St. Petersburg: Azbuka, Azbuka Atticus, 2011.
cf68b3ba5a00820373b05086e828a9c514d6c546	- 608 p.
d4754db279b389c675352278d0de0f437aee6568	+ incl. (16 p.), ISBN 978-5-389-02233-1
7db46e073fe5ba1b87d07ba457221fcf7ac0ee33	Film adaptation of works[edit / edit wiki text]
e7c0c29ee6f3e54d04d7e744dba5086f48b3e3b8	1992 — "In a straight line", dir.
5b3cf592b98fea28121b2ca74bec37c69d9181e8	Sergey Chliyants based on the stories of S. Dovlatov 1992 - "Comedy of strict regime", dir.
84245b7db31b898d399d257c4467bfc195d713d7	Viktor Studennikov and Mikhail Grigoriev film adaptation of a fragment of the work "Zone" 2015 — "The End of the Beautiful Era", dir.
902450f9e11e45ece3886a0a1ed535e5c0fd14f0	Stanislav Govorukhin — film adaptation of the short story collection "Compromise".
d7e560a750aec16e270bc569179fea05e0c06927	Correspondence between Dovlatov and Efimov[edit / edit wiki text]
04893c31385034d350ad9a86b40f7808734936d3	In 2001, the publishing house "Zakharov" published the book "Sergey Dovlatov Igor Efimov.
93737e58c9a5789b324e6dbfffa00608d7667d56	An epistolary novel"[23].
9f3d31a9f2e8429f48251840a94c1a2413722e1a	The book covers the correspondence between Dovlatov and Efimov from 1979 to 1989.
ac96255168116aec2f9a9cb939c6273008600194	Several publishing houses, to which Yefimov approached with a proposal to publish the book, refused to do so because of copyright considerations.
a57e6125cf6c5331a7dffc4e959af03f603b529a	Dovlatov opposed the publication of his letters during his lifetime, as he mentions in one of his letters to Efimov.
984fb45b900b845783969f1cb4565214532ab050	The Dovlatov family, first of all the widow of the writer Elena Dovlatov, who is the owner of the copyright to everything written by Dovlatov, in accordance with his will, also objected to the publication of letters[24].
b41117e37fe304b5ea0b3f5672c4e824b26d4010	However, Elena Dovlatova, along with her daughter Katerina, managed to prove their rights to correspondence in a Russian court and get a ban on the publication of the book a year after the sale of the entire circulation of 15 thousand copies.
30546819777a7b2b23eb31ceace67a1714b9eb2c	The court refused Elena Dovlatova's demand to destroy all the released copies of the book. the source is not specified 123 days]
6879918f78ba1e388480d078408637366bf7d92e	Addresses in Leningrad[edit / edit wiki text]
c98c8df90b36f83eacbb83d794ae2ced72ea1b1b	1944-1972 Rubinstein Street, 23;
140ea9bc5b9a10a80369d8eead10d4dafb0f8f9e	1975-1978 Rubinstein Street, 22.
b7601b533db3d7c12ed9baa4e24b6d9d0b3f9183	The memory of Dovlatov[edit / edit wiki text]
9698747354fa1e722ad0f6deaa352d31cddb60c2	Dovlatov's grave at Mount Hebron Cemetery in New York, July 26, 2010
1a8c4f98010f6ce3c5af9eda218ff1c107df6dcc	The author of the memorial plaque is Alexey Arkhipov, a member of the Union of Artists of Russia.
8f8b7ffb8eac321a416a71ff4a1eec80b3905c08	The opening ceremony of the memorial plaque was attended by cultural figures, artists, members of the city government.
7fd26686afc37e17cede0139bfb511fb1268083d	The widow of the writer Elena Dovlatov and his daughter Katerina, the head of the International Sergei Dovlatov Foundation, came to the northern capital to participate in the ceremony[25].
b279e696733d5fe9fe4415780d6598665ecfe9bf	On September 3, 2003, a memorial plaque was installed in Tallinn in honor of Sergei Dovlatov on the wall of the house No.
7670e614ef655f0a9333b898a743926960c3efd9	41 on Vabriku Street (until the early 1990s — I. V. Rabchinsky Street), where the writer lived in apartment No.
34fdf98788cca4cd1210fe373d3173b4ee459ec9	4 for almost three years (1972-1975).
bfc47d1d7850c01a646357f0329acf8a5377f1ec	The bronze cast board is a book spread, where on the left there is a through text, and on the right there is a through stylized image of the writer taking his beloved fox terrier dog Glasha for a walk.
c2fbc629b9269b3740cd60ca3f34a91318cfc73a	The image is based on a drawing by Alexander Florensky from the famous St. Petersburg group of artists "Mitki", who illustrated Dovlatov's" Collection of Prose in 3 volumes "(Limbus Press publishing house).
1d2cabf0057f4719fb8bd6dc5bfa422c2a84fd83	The memorial plaque, made by the Estonian sculptor Irina Ryatsepp, was installed on the initiative and at the expense of the Estonian public committee "Dovlatov memo" with partial financial support from the Moscow government and the Yuri Dolgoruky Moscow Foundation for International Cooperation[26].
4afb8d0d82e5d99fb8b5383afaa467515fe69005	The literary Dovlatov Prize, awarded by the Zvezda magazine, is named in honor of Sergei Dovlatov.
c134660dce987ae44cf53daa8414c6780c4785c2	In 2008, the gallery project "Nevsky Tower" and the studio of manual printing "B&F" released an album of prints "Drawings by A. Florensky to the works of Sergei Dovlatov", dedicated to the 15th anniversary of the publication of the first three volume writer with illustrations by Alexander Florensky.
07489899d258f0af9f4dcd066b21d7a722f27e10	This three volume book, which was printed throughout the 90s, became a symbol of the writer's mass popularity.
c1a2645587a9ca19eabd471bb7415fb095aa9109	In 2011, for the anniversary of the writer, a series of prints "Dovlatov's Neighborhood" was released based on the dust jackets for the same publication.
24197784bc02e4de46eb8e0655f0a1310342d515	In 2011, the Azbuka publishing house was preparing to release an anniversary album of photos dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the birth of S. Dovlatov, compiled from the works of Nina Alovert, but lack of funds postponed the implementation of this project.
4158bf9427ae847a4dfd318eb287614da778d190	In 2011-2012, as part of the Dovlatov Days — 2011, an exhibition project "Dovlatov's Neighborhood" was held, dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the writer.
ee5cd4a6db475e8ceb66cd9d238a78c43830b963	Exhibitions of Alexander Florensky's prints for the first three (four)volumes were held in all Dovlatov places: Leningrad, Tallinn, Pushkin Mountains and New York.
2b174bf425ffdf66492cff89eb45bf81d3f302ff	In one of their songs, the Russian band "Ellipsis" mentions the name of Sergei Dovlatov as "not willing to put up".
c84b93bdeace7527fd5b1f6b98e39eff245121af	The house Museum of the writer Sergei Dovlatov in the Pushkin Mountains opened on September 3, 2011.
81ee1d557d988c397906fad6cc2a46fc3aeda348	On November 26, 2011, a memorial plaque to the writer was installed in Ufa on the facade of the house No.
9bb4659c328a8e0816d6c9c47a639f84ec061786	56 on Gogol Street, where he was born and spent his infancy years, which he mentioned more than once in his works.
51ed6f14e5fa3dbe4350e04df95325a95a63b5f5	On September 7, 2014, Sergei Dovlatov Street was opened in New York[27].
3bb611234e7999ca3e85ae11cf768c2fc97c043d	In Russia, a street in the city of Ukhta, Komi Republic, is named after Sergei Dovlatov[28].
0ba8b7f365caa265310e64d1772977befdfdd990	On September 4, 2016, at the house 23 on Rubinstein Street in St. Petersburg, within the framework of the three day festival "D Day" dedicated to the 75th anniversary of Sergei Dovlatov, the opening ceremony of the monument to the writer by the sculptor Vyacheslav Bukhaev took place 29][30][31][32][33].
07009b14d420b8233115bc607cefc75121bbc2c5	Mina Polyanskaya.
5071e2823f9927ae54ef09a13a3dd88dde5fc66f	"Dovlatov and others".http://www.peremeny.ru/blog/19997
7bc0db9a6b9a871e631b702a55861770e4a0092b	Cultural influence[edit / edit wiki text]
b0064c33a39997fc14f903bf7723a5772c5e500c	In 1994, Peter Stein staged the play "The New American" at the Chekhov Moscow Art Theater based on the life of Sergei Dovlatov and his works "Zone: Notes of a Supervisor" and "Reserve".
8335e05860852004d4e867921febe095b8144726	Sergey Dovlatov is played by Dmitry Brusnikin.
07efd2661f157b7dd08eca4a076599326a215d37	The performance has been successfully performed on the small stage of the Moscow Art Theater for more than 20 years.[34] Mikhail Weller called one of the autobiographical stories "Seryozha Dovlatov's Knife".
bc9048a2c6dd7524c702482e94efc8f4d0265434	S. Dovlatov's books - "Zone", "Suitcase", "Reserve", "Stories" - are included in the list of 100 books recommended by the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia for independent reading by schoolchildren.
7b4f4a3be8d63987cece661bcb78e600e0a65677	Dovlatov has been one of the most widely read, frequently and widely published Russian writers for a quarter of a century.
30bf51a92f2e1132f2f20bd71d40f38cbe6f0625	Along with Joseph Brodsky and Alexander Solzhenitsyn, he is one of the three most famous Russian speaking authors in the West at the end of the XX century.[35] Dovlatov's works have been translated into more than thirty languages of the world.
e9a9403fff9514554a9fd21281c50a202b6374b0	He is the only Russian speaking writer whose ten stories have been published in the elite magazine "New Yorker".[36]
1525cad9f8578ab9e15a8ab27a48067ff25c2116	Alcoholism[edit / edit wiki text]
755f6d553e9713e1306ddf687f43eb84a3a5bfe0	S. D. Dovlatov suffered from alcoholism.
5e2b522cae037b3842b97e9fcf2ffa355b0854ea	According to the literary critic A. Y. Aryev, who knew Dovlatov well in his youth:
eae2599449035206da7345b4910b0a02a5789878	It was more or less a mass phenomenon, because, in general, we all drank quite a lot, And although it was a common phenomenon in the bohemian and simply literary environment, but the way all these Stalin Prize winners and masters of socialist realism drank is so incomprehensible to the mind.
76b408805bb9fc752d7cc1a17ef22b68adedcfc0	We were no match for them.
f3ed1f1b624310431b33d9cec7254de3e9bd5b8e	They just drank somewhere behind their blue fences to the point of stupefaction, and we had to move from store to store, get money somewhere and everything else.
da9536b0c89d1c4574a997e3d94e9f93a0ce1345	- "Andrey Aryev about Dovlatov:" He just wanted to be published""
983c2564fdc4aa39133b85fa15910740e15c049e	Alexander Genis, who knew Dovlatov well, wrote[37]:
4a96a065e98965bfd20be189110d4df5b95e0bf2	Sergey hated his binge drinking and fought furiously against them.
8de9c851b77e236d3e4f83d09d685d01b96107d2	He hadnot drunk for years, but vodka, like a shadow at noon, was patiently waiting in the wings.
4440bbb0e72c757110fe41178d94e17fd0985cbc	Recognizing her power, Sergei wrote shortly before his death: "If I donot drink for years, then I remember about Her, cursed, from morning to night."
71c8c301bd1b19b3d3542dbd09df7d925d445d5e	↑ 1 2 3 German National Library, Berlin State Library, Bavarian State Library, etc. Record #119538156 / / General regulatory Control — 2012-2016.
c75054978808bb5f700ed336d2c89ab5cc3d0c67	↑ http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125104238
1c4abf646952468aab12630f63ab84e05ea893f6	↑ In New York, the issue of assigning one of the streets named after Dovlatov will be resolved ↑ Relatives and facts of biography ↑ Sergey Donatovich Dovlatov. www.ozon.ru. Checked on August 19, 2008.
92c79ef6f956a77598e9c3723d11cadbca55b052	Евгений Eugene Rein.
f8a333b215824d5caf4bd92c189f4522f1fcaa3f	I'm bored without Brodsky and Dovlatov.
bc15d233737f14687def735bdd3558a262d61705	"The Case" (January 19, 2004).
a4ca3b13c6c4bb1ec80f50b41556aff0c4a496c4	Checked on August 19, 2008.
4324c68b8d12f6bb1565d837b3d94639c4bdc7f2	Archived from the original source on August 24, 2011.
d92a5ad6fab2e7a4521e8ca9bf1e8f81aaf8f0dd	↑ Joseph Brodsky.
456b600c44c3d584d98a889e275a1f7ed44f9a57	About Seryozha Dovlatov. official website of G.
c6ae66283988c7494f44e931f7aa1db613bf013b	A. Yavlinsky (September 03, 2003). Checked on August 19, 2008.
be4968af92d836ba48e0d9d8ba2b6a4300130a57	↑ What role did stuffed pepper play in the fate of Dovlatov ↑ Sergey Dovlatov.
a0d2638159ad60f6e20d264b2b25ad49c0a54c3a	From the unknown Игорь Igor Efimov.
97f5f3c0ce969d8422caa924e7bdefad5176dfbc	Expanding the boundaries of the possible.
e405b7a1097cf2d256111cabfe8a0c733ad32f27	Novy Bereg magazine, No.
5bf69ce1cb473e5e90dbfea4daed426b58e9296f	10, 2005.
0c13f89460d94c452a1cfe5ffd2fbd1a9267df3c	Archived from the original source on August 24, 2011 .
6d88d24a59461d11170c2dd4d8334853169953b8	Сергей Sergey Dovlatov.
0f15f0bbbd613858e1b3cfe8c8fb4a0e5abaaaca	Solo on underwood.
08e1a0c598204ff7683d75cc955f350e00a049ca	Татьяна Tatiana Scriabina.
8d65522abd9fbc4517678656b955b4e44e5eddf2	Dovlatov, Sergey Donatovich. encyclopedia "Circumnavigation".
a45bdb895474d4b43012f415c9997f405939b0f5	A few words after that.
1a22f460048dc4edbcf162138e18eb8723319265	- Zvezda magazine.
d40b7ebbb5289472e33555fc87919e363abd17bc	- St. Petersburg, 1994, No.
6c79db4046ea45cfe0c7ac1eba824383ca1e82e7	3. ↑ Dovlatov Sergey Donatovich. www.sem40.ru. Checked on August 19, 2008.
dfc455e87a892a691ec8548e429323d343af091b	Там Tamara Zibunova.
0661c10bfff9a7c89a7dcdfb3b83ab80f83d20af	The vacuum cleaner is still working.
c357a6be1a2d5e21f85ccf6fc7dabfa67a0d05c3	"Novaya Gazeta" (August 22, 2002).
37963e58f87cde51da165cced7bd1114bfe7555d	"The gift of organic non malice", an interview with Viktor Yerofeyev.
0a65b1c26c831c93f1bef078c1aed15b391ad875	↑ Dovlatov and the surrounding area.
964e1b78aac226bee80d3b9ee57919b3b9355d3a	"Death and other concerns", Alexander Genis, Radio Liberty, April 18, 2007 TER TERRA NOVA 2005 04 03 Pekurovskaya ↑ Life (biography) :: Sergey Dovlatov ↑ Sergey Dovlatov Biography ↑ Here and further information from the Bibliographic reference in the third volume of the publication "Sergey Dovlatov.
635dfe47ffcd0b40ce220fa5d223d21ed2ba7ea2	Collection of prose in 3 volumes".
db7a6775a2665f5fc45484fa99fb03d4000cd82b	- St. Petersburg: "Limbus Press", 1995 ↑ Epistolary novel, Igor Efimov, Sergey Dovlatov, publishing house "Zakharov", 2001, 464 pages, hardcover, ISBN 5-8159-0069-9 ↑ Do not read other people's letters: S. Dovlatov — I. Efimov.
ea5328667634c08f0e5bc61b87dc9e5509e0ad93	Judicial novel, I. Tatarintsev, Novaya Gazeta, No.
0a0361b374c17904bc8474449a5ed41c20570cd8	55, August 2, 2004 ↑ "Dovlatov's house will be decorated with a board" "Business Petersburg" ISSN 1606-1829 (Online) with reference to the press service of the Government of St. Petersburg, August 28, 2007 ↑ The Return of Dovlatov / / Youth of Estonia, 02.09.2006 ↑ Sergey Dovlatov Street was officially opened in New York ↑ The new Ukhtinskaya street was named ↑ Opening of the monument.
bbd0fd3c5b3d7700e00c272ca8a843daa14dcb9b	Dovlatov's Day (3.09.2016).
e9c11fb5ea315aa49153299bdf524011f899ce97	Verified on September 4, 2016.
287692326c36a7aa43f58376f2eedeefc61ac946	↑ The opening ceremony of the monument to Sergei Dovlatov was held in St. Petersburg.
c9d74b3d44f77b04e8743d685fbd382d1b58e84f	Radio Liberty (4.09.2016).
46eb0f3fa453b9c0a707d5b20796ae891e9828ed	↑ A monument to Sergei Dovlatov was opened in St. Petersburg.
474cf771e3b76232ae1ea3ce89e0ea088d43681f	Verified on September 4, 2016 .
50b1ef5591850e6722673fd46ef2a30c41fa85f5	Открытие Opening of the monument to Sergei D. Dovlatov.
0502f20811af23cc5379e6409aca34d68fd431fd	Konstantin Dubrovin (4.09.2016).
47ae471d698e98c69dca34059b5d972ba7a2a347	Памятник The monument to Sergei Dovlatov is open (photo).
2ecee62e5f57b463163ddcc8e6b122b986c4b724	<url> (4.09.2016).
de6db762f5fed5a205298ff3a3a42ebda9c51200	↑ Chekhov Moscow Art Theater: A New American ↑ Sergey Dovlatov's Ship Harbor, August 24, 2015, SMTU ↑ How the "New American" captured the minds of emigration, "Moskovsky Komsomolets", L. Fedorova Ford, September 1, 2016 ↑ " Dovlatov and the surrounding area.
c4553a21f23fc4d34cfa024433d1e1d12fb48703	"Death and other worries""
34df6e0867d8d31ff54c5dee5fca8c956d6ccdbe	Genis A.
02a7423baf1b362ce1e3e90ffea5da8ee2bfe3e4	A. Dovlatov and the surroundings: a philological novel.
f05d4002abd0d8535c7c254692f6a802afad9014	Moscow: Vagrius, 2001.
21049f67e71fc05585d47467fcab2a7c5f40d25b	- ISBN 5-264-00541-9 Kovalova A., Lurie L. Dovlatov.
00e3952a0ab6511aae08adcc492b3ae48ee6e892	St. Petersburg: Amphora, 2009 — - 441 p.
921a37757af5db0c270564b3c56730a0ba52a2c2	- ISBN 978-5-367-00943-9 (Series "Main characters") Pekurovskaya, Asya.
4119d492d9a6264a7f695cfc72f80b4bafbf7dba	When it happened to sing S. D. and me: Sergey Dovlatov through the eyes of his first wife.
bf4eccbc3a5243635b8e54afaa9ac80a517305af	St. Petersburg: Symposium, 2001 — - 432 p.
c2b1f0c8f96e699b7c5d2318fc84bba586c94ed4	- ISBN 5-89091-160-0 Salmon L. Mechanisms of humor.
a840923ce7e903e7acb30f0d562e27b5b5ee205c	About the work of Sergei Dovlatov.
4f57affcef9c0385e3542dbb88b8fd64b09b9f0f	M.: Progress Tradition, 2008 — - 255 p.
ffc21d069d566a1a9378925e723028aac28a187d	- ISBN 5-89826-294-6 Sukhoi I. N. Sergey Dovlatov.
a06c80961307d587c068274589a37db50ffb58e9	Time. place, fate.
2069971cfd2ba4f20a1d8466d2d95c6ea359acbb	Ed.
a0d6dfbb50caa87399d6c00002db318342660226	3 E. St. Petersburg.: Azbuka, 2010 — - 288 p.
1bb5916d0ac0c7c398b7c7d8fbf19255e29a73e1	- ISBN 978-5-389-01083-3 (1st ed. : 1996, 2nd ed.: 2006) Popov V. G. Dovlatov.
d0f8e0265a23b4d332a2735255113ca81505ab34	M.: Molodaya gvardiya, 2010.
465df6f689c5bbd962a6322d12e7fd2e103cd88c	- 368 p.
f4e2f4ab203e97b53eacd1fa911c268acbb9a19b	— ISBN 978-5-235-03358-0 (ZhZL);
9b588049259290ac3567eec1c3a4bf7d929d203b	2nd ed.: 2006.
c53c960dca48a3b4e89eb608bf7dce0fa9ce4ba6	Sergey Dovlatov: creativity, personality, fate: The results of the First International Conference " Dovlatov readings" / comp. and prepared by A. Aryev.
0d6ce5b6dbe95cebcfa1b76c92c626b83a252ffa	- St. Petersburg: Zvezda, 1999.
1be1370567e5a639d049764a63eb5b7bbe0ef806	Lanin, B.
06c82b83baf6d58e9fdd3f722870a3e6c677ac2a	A. Sergey Dovlatov / / Prose of Russian emigration (the third wave): A manual for teachers of literature.
045d7bbec53f4caf176b0040f6ddfe4b77a15cce	- New School, 1997.
36ca87f0138fc1c4c755129a6da4ab687e57739b	101-113 — - 208 p — - 20,000 copies.
3aecbb24edce20a02b4596f0d47d7078e52d72a4	— ISBN 5-7301-0275-5.
fbd6ec5fe55c02ebb73c2fa511f6552a6419af78	Website about Sergey Dovlatov Memorial page of Sergey Dovlatov, boboshka and marzana of Methodius Kobylkin, Shop of Languages.
5bdd1aee131ba460f223c7959f1edec0fdddec86	Sergey Dovlatov in the Pushkin Mountains Dovlatov Days in Tallinn, August 25-27, 2011 Sergey Dovlatov's autographs on books presented to Viktor Nekrasov, correspondence Website "Solo on underwood" Decree of the Government of St. Petersburg No. 297 of 21.07.2007 on the installation of a memorial plaque to S. D. Dovlatov.
d7d60759d850dc67f59529bd45194b507d542901	Memories of friends of Mina Polyanskaya.
62c3015095015f8dc7333a252077f5cda8af23d0	Others and Dovlatov.
d34d77bfcb11066fd8a8f101752a0df4e9eb99e6	Blog of changes.
7fbb46163243000b31fe989404e2b823b4e3ad51	September 8, 2016 http://www.peremeny.ru/blog/19997 Barsova, Natalia.
b96fc157b0fadda993d8444703c7d0f8288c4d51	The whole truth about Dovlatov: St. Petersburg researchers debunk common myths about the writer / / MK in St. Petersburg. 2006.
a82203ce8918d9939a33268c8924c5bb6f0bff7e	September 6, - testimonies of Vladimir and Natalia Evseviev.
9155e92c2147a303849f186de8f099bb6e088b01	Kubersky I.
77f1670f25651c2219d5e86101991240d8cb6783	The little iron dog from Seryozha Dovlatov [: essay ] // Network Literature. 2008.
08d438cdc7673d322b10f1f6857e3644f9182135	Laidinen N. Grigory Ryskin: "My Jewish mother was a bath attendant" [: interview ] / / Alef. 2008.
b96b2e4d71e270b63851b5383feaf7246d4604d7	December, - recalls, among other things, about the joint work in the "Russian American".
b078e47d27d9a376b29bfd7306325c470e768b1d	Zibunova, Tamara Nikolaevna.
d5bfaf3f74d5b6a903df295834997e84815bdbba	Sergey Dovlatov in Tallinn: September 1972 March 1975, - memoirs of a close friend Blomberg, Svetlana.
442325246e7b820aea6965882306703b856ce5ae	"Memory beyond memorable dates" - about the Tallinn period of Dovlatov's life
1d96f08da5722a1ee7cfc3c7830fcb08631af79b	Internet Movie Database · Rodovod
b2811a506e23cd64b5dcb58bfa7d772e303d12c8	Regulatory Control BNF: 125104238 · GND: 119538156 · ISNI: 0000 0001 2276 291X · LCCN: n79068738 · NDL: 00746185 · NKC: jn19990001838 · NTA: 070239320 · SUDOC: 034339256 · VIAF: 9954395
b45f6ec6fe9e1b2a14fe42108d7a0c0315d7d70e	Radio programs dedicated to Dovlatov
be072efa99a663920cf4918666d5e98cc0a99bea	In honor of Sergei Dovlatov, Anna Plotnikova, "Voice of America", 2004.
21bb17448bc20fc43004d6d9139329111810945c	Dovlatov and the surrounding area.
8066b1ab0bde9e612bd8f985840f1bd8fce1ab8e	The series of broadcasts by Alexander Genis on Radio Liberty, March April 2007.
0bfb088e3fe286ba4945edb61251a9e2bf675d10	Humor is the decoration of the nation… Sergey Donatovich Dovlatov, a genius with a wide chest and a big heart.
bea5b64fd41c2a18046ab61f5beb5baa1fbfdad4	Sergey Dovlatov on Lib.
a9c7b2f6d383a5d6ccb482ab70055ff6d61cfc01	Ivanova N.
ad7fe7ad45b37444468796f1e497451160bb4f09	It is recommended to read other people's letters: Sergey Dovlatov Igor Efimov.
225a322ea662c2834d50ebf7dd95217201c5f9b2	Epistolary novel.
3d6ff4c3a7ae6117b828845a7e94e01a1253a9dd	- M.: Zakharov, 2001 — - 463 p.
b20482452a14cd8bd440a30ec3c30ee9ba556124	// Banner. 2001.
f8c4cc486be31ba77cd20597225ad3e066edc24e	№ 5.
6edd6480815414715d7df00da1cb0ed2ebef4740	Sergey Dovlatov would have turned 70 today, "Russia 24", August 27, 2011.
086926f0df3255bdaec4555e23a9f989d3fa33d7	Life is not easy… Your Sergey Dovlatov, directors: Alexey Shishov, Elena Yakovich, 2007.
5b3579d6203768abff689ccf345d801e92934aca	Dovlatov.
29924a0dabeed8f02e2609f4ee52759ab7f619e8	Part One, directed by Lev Lurie, 2007.
5dd4363ca7403462d5e135b6b772434f45bbb92d	Part Two, directed by Lev Lurie, 2007.
2fd9ac8772970b91406329f653c2f8125b1b6c11	Opening of the exhibition key of A. Florensky "Drawings for Dovlatov" in the Library named after M. Yu.
316417dcfb693604bfcbbfe42bb5be4a220b65ec	Lermontov.
f2b3d7e5b3168f32226d3868b8fb9df69e3680e9	Saint Petersburg TV Channel, September 1, 2011 Presentation of the Sergey Dovlatov Literary Prize.
de68d8c4df8e09c2aaff9f035c556d1ddfbbd44c	Saint Petersburg, September 4, 2011 Trailer for the documentary animated film "Written by Sergey Dovlatov", 2012
c72257e5a60871a67dd7c1dbd2c992b9c4581557	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dovlatov, _Sergey Donatovich&oldid=82302418"
849a51618139c66952b12c182535e091487c9b4b	Russian Russian writers of the XX century Writers of Russia Publicists of the USA Russian writers of the XX century Russian writers of the XX century Russian emigrants of the third wave in the USA Russian writers of the third wave in the USA Russian writers of the third wave of emigration Personalities: Born on September 3, Born in 1941 Born in Ufa Died on August 24, Died in 1990 Died in New York Personalities by alphabet Writers by alphabet Sergey Dovlatov Writers of Russia of the XX century Publicists of Russia Publicists of the USA Russian writers of the XX century Russian emigrants of the third wave in the USA Russian writers of the third wave of emigration Personalities:Saint Petersburg Personalities:Tallinn Vera Panova Died of heart failure and was buried at the Mount Hebron Cemetery
267b84e344251eef087519c5677e771b73b638b6	Hidden Categories: Pages using magic Links ISBN Wikipedia:Articles with redefinition of the value from Wikidata Wikipedia:Articles with sources from Wikidata Articles about writers without a link to Wikiteca Wikipedia:No sources since August 2016 Wikipedia:Articles without sources (type: person; occupation: writer) Wikipedia:Articles with statements without sources for more than 14 days Articles with links to Wikicitatnik
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d4da99fb3b42191628eb49bc4b991589bbe9d43d	Last modified on this page: 07: 54, December 5, 2016.
d4a6193fe581762d63ddc58afbc110d38827f0fe	Sergey Dovlatov biography, photos find out everything!
c81181208bc11d262c67497991292367b5fa4d0d	Name: Sergey Dovlatov
3a16822810c48fe3decb42473299d2ed2774152a	Date of birth: September 3, 1941
457af377176d2c5a9cbfe0518e95fa0b0a1d5c10	Eastern Horoscope: Snake
51f64c9faadc361f9264f78be5c52f784048da28	Place of birth: Ufa
af6b4533270044e25f28b0521ba273daaefbb094	Date of death: August 24, 1990 (49 years old)
cfab28cf227fedb35851b5968e9504217012f480	Do you like Sergey Dovlatov?
bbfa1316cd11c95f745175fce712a87d15d294d6	Biography of Sergey Dovlatov
06c766b2afd616c31a55737879eeccd5183e0963	Sergey Donatovich Dovlatov is a talented writer and a well known Soviet journalist.
d476b88b32fd58c9c6cc6fec36738896b20528a7	In his works, he set a super task – he tried to make all the words in all sentences begin with different letters.
55162ef0ac7ec788b629615d410b19ac1186cd7f	The beautiful style and the absence of metaphors makes it easy to translate the writer's works into any language.
20da230ed0b3830b3e1d2440f6dab9a865c8fe8c	Most of Dovlatov's works have been translated into many foreign languages and are deservedly popular all over the world.
af01c1135b24e3dd15b126a642c9e87956951ed6	Childhood and family of Sergey Dovlatov
55924d942ddc9887c5a641ff82465ca3e57418db	The future writer was born in a typical Soviet international family.
0085eb9f3dd65cb9fb61342bae9f1b92eee2c563	Sergey's father (a Jew by nationality) is a Mechik Donat Isaakovich, worked as a stage director in the theater.
bacc00c93b47553945ffacbe999815a1794a8782	The mother of the writer Dovlatov Nora Sergeevna (Armenian by origin) was a literary proofreader.
65c4fa022c323340bf98f0a1a14190ff8e9f488f	During the war, the Dovlatov family was evacuated from Leningrad to Ufa.
5af6b9391d83190e38be74407038db7410ebd887	After returning to Leningrad, Donat Mechik left his family and his further communication with his son was limited to correspondence.
6992d459a1a54750f878b3e5f338935d5d47d496	Sergey grew up a calm child.
eecb8ed05a4c468a29bc84f241b3f995efde0110	Being noticeably taller and stronger than his peers, he never had a reputation for fighting, on the contrary, he was often offended by classmates.
25ee83165279df62211e2c65d485f7fd44523fd2	Sergey Dovlatov's biography was not easy
6db3e2595f3db0bbf7a1bdec59c176b90a5c85d1	Sergey Dovlatov's journalistic career
49201ee4690bfa2b742861d4a521f215d11e3786	After graduating from high school in 1959, Dovlatov entered the Faculty of Finnish Language and Literature of the Leningrad State University named after Zhdanov.
c6874c55b6058695cfe558dace9eb89453c3f01b	For constantly skipping lectures, ignoring the requirements of teachers, Sergey was expelled from the university from the second year.
f571dfa9414072dc7b03702dc0dc2c05793226ad	In 1962, Dovlatov was drafted into the army, where he served until 1965.
02988a3b4e50aeca044040e9189c06f98e0b0b98	After serving in the army, Dovlatov enters the Faculty of Journalism of LSU.
0e4ec4704d2149a92eb62e50385605ad701dc2a4	Financial insecurity forces Sergey to combine his studies with work.
f6416fce04c665141b1e9721345ea9977b354fdc	Dovlatov's journalistic activity begins with working in one of the Leningrad multi circulation magazines.
a5bb67d4bd6898d07093ec8b81cf507b42ed8d1d	The writer Vera Panova invited the aspiring writer to work as a personal secretary.
84d896b1338dd3771ad91b8aceaeb12beb5a3adf	At the same time, he sent reviews to the magazines "Neva" and "Zvezda".
298522f453447d5d77d63a54649098810942b599	The Tallinn period of life is significant for an attempt to print a collection of "City stories" in the publishing house "Eesti Raamat", but by order of the KGB of the Estonian SSR, the book set was destroyed.
f2a0d593f80a129bedd832046e9a1a5c4807cd99	All rare recordings of Dovlatov
7bcb2afb19a1d87beb059003dfa6dbece3504f2c	I tried to publish my stories several times, but the magazines refused to print them.
8dff5078d22c912765f9acdf233e88edeec1653d	The writer's works began to appear in Samizdat and emigrant magazines.
f02e89a836a8bacfb3fd17556c73c77cd6a47389	This was the reason for the exclusion from the Union of Journalists of the USSR.
26d45c12d17f07b33d3cb8772a3e180d03da135d	Sergey Dovlatov in exile
ea2b9b4c32ea651b5c72d2b85e417e144a886aa4	Following his wife Elena and daughter Ekaterina, the writer first left for the Austrian capital in 1978, and then moved to New York.
a9ac12bc0cc98c0679bf356cdd14c155735f3dfc	In New York in 1980, he headed the newspaper "New American", published in Russian, and at the same time worked at the radio station "Svoboda".
2db23bf8dea61e8a6d580de125c69c4dafdac391	Sexuality in literature
02a5a4a7bae9fa6184f94714bad61e753da9967a	In America, Dovlatov began a completely different life.
ff8bef3293a5b9bf7c0df8d95748f58a3c4911cf	If the writer could not publish a single book at home, then in America his prose books were published one after another.
cdb788cf8354a2ee7b0172d46f521477d085e993	By the mid 1980s, Dovlatov had become a popular writer in the United States, his works were published in such popular magazines as Partisan Review and The New Yorker.
c37d7b574a5669aa068acff669f8c402692456e3	During the years spent in exile, twelve books by Dovlatov were published in the United States and Europe.
6560ee767cd5431414416179031d17892925a98f	Personal life of Sergey Dovlatov
48a42853f598a8eab081900db49e3b9d006efa25	He was officially married twice - to Asa Pekurovskaya (1960-1968) and Elena Dovlatova (1969-1971).
ad782abd7f0b41bcf337cb546200ab4d74a7eec0	He was once in a civil marriage with Tamara Zibunova (1975-1978).
47a3e39d723da0db2efb47b439533eb92ba0acc0	Sergey Dovlatov with his first wife Asya Pekurovskaya (left)
e84dc3353aeead3da6ccf3c6672060c53ac63648	It is interesting that the first daughter of the writer - Katya was born in 1966 from the second wife, and the second - Masha – 4 years later - from the first.
78c325601f1720f5c948b42e05ba68f801d1f357	Five years later, his common law wife gave him a third daughter, Alexandra.
aaf5e0e2908ac160c902625877eed89842727f2c	Already in exile, in 1984, and from his second wife, Elena, the last child was born a son, Kolya (Nicholas Dooley).
22802646b57caafbad3b930f27fe6609f5e139d7	He met his first wife, Asya Pekurovskaya, when he was a student.
4867938864940284fa416bf16c0a89ff349f5af8	We can say that she was the first true love of the writer.
c5bf015db3a11a28ce226a055d487e60b7d6d3be	The second favorite woman of Dovlatov was Elena Dovlatova.
847d25330bd0c791675588c8215d6652a354beed	He met her in 1965, and in 1966 their daughter Ekaterina was already born.
b26b8871346ab7bb630083fd5b22259cd6c2109c	And only two years later, in 1968, Sergey divorced Asya.
a9c335dd15cf3a6887c44971f5fc15ea2102dbde	In 1969, Elena and Sergey Dovlatov got married.
64803b4442274b84ae030c1a2718ea9a9b3a9afa	But until the end of his life, Dovlatov could not determine which of these two completely different women he loves more.
4de6cc946be06d366845e5d1d067c610e58a0bee	In August 1990, the writer died of a myocardial infarction.
5be30ca69b46b813b883df6e7c61a677a3fc75a5	He found his last rest at the Mount Hebron Jewish Cemetery in New York, in its Armenian part.
d0a4f6dea4e3fb9d524f2f9dbac2733dcdc61d29	olgerd
2ee167f804a07a1a8cf7294f51cf55a17fefe360	Well, what?
fc919ca378e54e53391d73004cdb14c782c562dc	The usual Jewish biography.
88e20b0224e7a9264435346702b1f7c290aca3d7	Konstantin Guba
e8757ae89f141e1fc6b22efe4c1dfd52314fd66c	Nick Nick
4c93f9198d28aa47c75799a66c63ac1ee8251c27	the myth of Dovlatov the writer is inflated by emigration. he is a weak writer, has a poor command of the language and it is right that he was not published at home. please note, even in this complimentary article, they point to the "lack of metaphors" in his language. in general, a primitive.
0d62466a0469f665059f2e1dcd18d6542b044640	Leonid Sokolov
5a5bd331ed553884124d778414021376dd2c4d38	+1, - chernushnik
a8e6c0b5de1272114aaa0634d8fbc1e8ea177908	Nataly Kaneva
d6bf4df539cf1e200b6dad889dab92e4c2006dda	Of course, it can not be compared with the Russian classics!
068c09120a6826ab312e41f02d388449941e6344	But he writes easily, interestingly, and most importantly, everything is fine with his sense of humor.
634468fee4e27ddd239c3768f02af4c9560595de	His books are akin to the issues of Anna Gavalda, which are intended for exciting leisure, and not for active intellectual activity.
bbd4a32a63a6397b276486dd6fa391c651b085c8	Sergey Dovlatov - latest news and articles of 2016
4c281bc6dc406ba42af27a64dd7e43b2dcee86e2	Khamatova can become Dovlatov's wife
9f136aa30f5f555621d3b607995bc9da9ea51986	Tatyana Ustinova
fb42a58534c3fde10fe03f8c18b468cebe9b2fc9	Oleg Roy
dabf699534e7af60546723ff9ae878c552223ed6	Leonid Filatov
716b3d56ca8e735d6df9e5ac238d3f64e21fac59	In 1944, the family returned to Leningrad.
9281064dc01f69591b4751f9fd6cd2a55afde0c5	Soon Sergey Dovlatov's father Donat Isaakovich left the family.
90bb0fb87ef60c899e6b804756ac5d1322a18fe2	They rarely communicated, mainly through notes.
9dc7dcbecde0cdeeba43ccb3a66323b75d2027d6	In 1959, Dovlatov entered the Philological Faculty of the Leningrad State University named after Zhdanov (Department of the Finnish Language).
52b218ddc4146cce7fa552e1b183cec2e40fcbc9	However, he had to leave the university after two and a half years of study (he was expelled from the second year for failing).
ffbc3c545a774cb4862ecda4a115f717387a0388	From 1962 to 1965, Sergey Dovlatov served in the army, in the system of protection of correctional labor camps in the north of the Komi ASSR.
df0459f527792a6c7a8a680ffa9242be722451a6	After demobilization, he entered the Faculty of Journalism of LSU, at the same time working as a journalist in the multi edition of the Leningrad Shipbuilding Institute "For Personnel to Shipyards".
bdbd266a3527aa63256e22d854e7d8e1e75711c3	He was a member of the Leningrad group of writers "Citizens" together with V. Maramzin, I. Efimov, B. Vakhtin, etc. At one time he worked as a personal secretary for the writer Vera Panova.
ce29fcd996b066a7339034962bf2d0bba17280be	In 1972-1975 he lived in Tallinn, worked as a correspondent for the newspapers "Soviet Estonia" and "Evening Tallinn".
9876311eebf09b0bd1623f43529d3b6cfcf2bae3	In 1976, he returned to Leningrad, was accepted into the staff of the magazine "Koster".
bfb13c594ea4a3ba04f0bf48353bbaa4cc330af2	He wrote reviews for the literary magazines "Neva" and "Zvezda".
7f99417375d462c82de9a845a30744a0fd513250	Since the late 60s, Dovlatov has been published in Samizdat, and in 1976 some of his stories were published in the West in the magazines "Continent"," Time and We", for which he was expelled from the Union of Journalists of the USSR.
9686fbf7f9a7dd4ef33c31933bb85f58f378b9ba	In 1978, due to the persecution of the authorities, Dovlatov emigrated to Vienna, and then moved to New York.
ff6f86cc71a167856715a016f95a871c4369823b	He published the" dashing "liberal emigrant newspaper "New American", from 1980 to 1982 he was its editor in chief.
eba445782b9387bd05cd1a5f4045aa4463a5c69c	One after another, books of his prose are published — "The Invisible Book" (1978), "Solo on Underwood" (1980), the stories "Compromise" (1981), "Zone" (1982), "Reserve" (1983), " Our " (1983) , etc.
1911886bdc32ef532ec725fe31b59703c0f439d0	By the mid 80s, he had achieved great reader success, was published in the prestigious New Yorker magazine, becoming the second Russian writer after Vladimir Nabokov to be published in this solid publication.
f8c4161db8b26472612f4edbec5c7ba124a64c31	During the twelve years of his life in exile, he published a total of twelve books that were published in the United States and Europe.
a574c21d6bbb752ca742ac9678a1ff9a6405690e	In the USSR, the writer was known for samizdat and the author's program "The Writer at the microphone" on radio Liberty.
6844e758b921c6f8c349cf876933346b729e4232	Daughter of Alexander (b. 1975) - from his common law wife Tamara Zibunova.
bb9d96fb3197d43c1828d87e0535707e20288d59	Sergey Dovlatov died at the age of 49 on August 24, 1990 from heart failure, in an ambulance on the way to the hospital.
d1d8f0e2a6266e72cb552c0f7f3e64b9123e6ef1	The grave of Sergei Dovlatov
30f0113178cf5e64d905ff452ddac283f084c9cc	A tombstone by the New York sculptor Leonid Lerman (source).
303d981333083bd89973e1b5f61e66b36d9d7f42	Address:
54c8aeed18e0dc3569f1e5d9de76a3c217503b40	130-04 Horace Harding Expressway
f143e87505f127c9477e638ad29d8f335c3b7d44	Flushing, NY 11367
b75b5fabbc99945e6f9805ba409636ddda5cf554	Sergei Dovlatov
6e330cc08a88d82e7c88932a89634b28319c4c77	Block 9, Ref 20, Sec H, Line 14, Grave 4
a80e9161901c21b2b3ccac3eacd80d028284da0b	Cemetery website:
2311523f779745a486d4a8b7b6ad825395ec40dc	www.mounthebroncemetery.com
24417f7df7ddb780dbf4bc168a97bb66e5bdccca	I have to give some details of my biography, otherwise much will remain unclear.
c12c5e17d4a993b1446ac03bb8d9151a5d670d75	A fat, shy boy...
1310f7ef32aa1148d5caa737589e6b914acabd32	Poverty...
b4dfc1f81725c60a198067ee29899fbacb064c07	The mother self critically left the theater and works as a proofreader...
4305e85264650fbd22b1d0c449ccfc46c62141df	Friendship with Alyosha Lavrentiev, for whom a Ford is coming...
2ecbbf19f0baf90eb9048db36db80c58e9e76bd7	Alyosha is naughty, I am entrusted to educate him...
5c88f3ef3f05ef2e916d7a8acb0a0423365352c2	Then they will take me to the dacha...
8dc5f5b90ae8c915d6736ce0c8e44709c84449bd	I become a little tutor...
0fe7f6b0afb82abf82f28bf92abbfadbf97637f9	I am smarter and have read more...
f741bd6dd96666b4dd3ed93ef834054aac31c7b4	I know how to please adults...
827e8059a2fc330b6b73ac00c0f0ba95fb9f7232	Black courtyards...
29844cabc1d8fb71dc38c259c5aa4862497cb97e	The incipient craving for the plebs...
0b5cb48d50564d8ba841f201568c65ac0d10a377	Dreams of strength and fearlessness...
616e034807a8e0367c5452962407c1753b7c4d19	The funeral of a dead cat behind the sheds...
555592df7b772a4eed5ac0cf9b76d74eff0f0ba6	My funeral speech, which caused the tears of Jeanne, the daughter of an electrician...
e0d258abc340d997e58d0caea9789f1b7a7fc053	I can talk, tell...
37ae791529fb77f8850021e02c9b88b7abe4d15b	Indifference to the exact sciences...
7367a6bdcd88e38fc5fe0ccf3cd641aca3afe76d	Co education...
60b009d846f9feb40a02c7a00b9da27a0d6c74cb	Girls ...
31b42059160be8a74751c6949431f03d0904b064	Alla Gorshkova...
5c7bca177148b289aaecd93e03e992fe8cc63d2e	My long tongue...
1da6b5109089740f062863ef4cb86146d41a0692	Clumsy epigrams...
1081d15239113841eef5fea38b43130a6403e473	The heavy burden of sexual innocence...
be1bee2ff5aff58908d0fa7f9ad4ecb1df208ea7	the year is 1952.
11d4e44b61f1faafc0137192151eef139fb0a408	I am sending four poems to the newspaper" Lenin's Sparks".
adade9877104fc6b9df546f7418e5e5f804489e8	One, of course, about Stalin.
2d8842fdaa3f6d3064b88af5230ce802e3b849d8	Three — about animals...
4cd42ff6fffa8cea7e9b92e606e3e914d069f946	They resemble the worst things of average professionals...
606cea2ed5fbf8b3f7aed236bdb2fee0067e1503	Poetry is over forever.
fe30a9f6fd12201e58018e7040d80f8afe72cfa3	With innocence, too...
ed296b78b6935ebd3888e46344a4436959846a46	A certificate of maturity...
c3a78d96ecfcaa97b58995f9691fca08bbc41e51	Work experience... a printing house named after Volodarsky...
7176ebc4b751cf9e8fac5e284b9c56df66480b77	Cigarettes, wine and men's conversations...
6d444906ec03d757c5601ffdf8fea0907dc18969	A growing craving for the plebs.
8d5c1f3d696f2442c864bcbe7f14a3b77f74a7e1	(That is, literally not a single intelligent friend.)
7257a1ec8263c41b9edacb2f8db4472652273c20	Zhdanov University.
a55d03be15b809c4a9d7f5a14f213bd5eed08978	(It sounds no worse than "Al Capone University") ...
a2876013104e93c456cbf31481a6b22fc8f9c29c	Philology ...
9fe3ab25d9f8ad08ef0d2dfe480b3475d5466566	Truancy...
ddb358b6324bc9fd8d726c8f038639f5217adfb7	Student literary exercises...
91603c6fdc90db6f3540bc8f56d5a181400dae48	Endless re examinations...
018b384e44af0f55231407bd6a935754ac8d85bb	An unhappy love that ended in marriage...
9c870ef2ab9e42b892c4cdd4b8df7379e8d0aa43	Acquaintance with young Leningrad poets — Rein, Naiman, Brodsky...
19269310c42a6db1a78a2acc3829c90540d31a2b	. . .
ed170c33cd28b9a5fdbc54e516c7f48b9384d04b	1960.
7706c70465e0dbda09d3e1e66cd57adbf7818c79	Bulging edges of the subtext.
a27b3284693d4ce7f62da3334b5d2d7f519b677d	Short boxing classes...
3027393031532ad2581af5866e3d13c6ad1f110f	Idleness...
161efd20dd303d1cdca54f0a144293ffcaed2072	A summons from the military enlistment office...
aa0096f15bd4bc2ebac6467a474afa3ad6a20888	In the future, I spoke about the reasons for leaving — vaguely.
98a56a77f034c0ce4d27bbd0c40fe1067053c0b0	And finally I was kicked out.
30f0f69c6526796aa97bb262471bd07dfef9ea18	Obviously, I was destined to go to hell...
360646fcb0648fc3eaa10ff726bd233e0e2a445d	("Craft")
6d25ba777af558ebf7b4fe61afa2a8dabe4fb0b0	The fate of the writer was invented by his wife
6d03e4b14633106e16a57c363aacfedef6924e93	Dovlatov loved her madly, but Asya, who soon gave birth to his daughter Masha, preferred the more successful Vasily Aksenov, whose novels were already published in the magazine "Yunost", to the loser Sergei, who was expelled from the university.
176389b44d82424f5e7fa8d7fec999d9238fdc15	But Asya was adamant — and a desperate Dovlatov pulled the trigger… Fortunately, his hand shook, and the bullet went into the ceiling.
e44e25a7c88d166b77171ec479d2cdd191f1fdb9	Hearing the shot, his mother burst into the room, and Pekurovskaya managed to escape.
255add2b65e358183d3b3ea7939a6311f054e2bc	She never came back.
4e33c01ebc203a4d8d069a4a0ee16e8ca6292808	Dovlatov, as he wrote later, noted the departure of his beloved woman with a three day drunkenness.
1107b162df728c12de18d3cb58aff69696357f80	Only after 18 years, Asya decided to show Dovlatov her daughter, but he treated his child coldly — Masha was too similar to the mother who once abandoned him.
bdb2767336992876e7f8e5e3d241e6f11225971a	Reserved and silent, she had that masculine character that Dovlatov himself lacked so much.
d8fdf4df7fc5926e8f7d793fdee396a6239b2d5f	Although he writes that his wife was not at all interested in his prose, it was she who typed the complete collection of his works on a typewriter with her own hands.
13fb0758ce6659ba518b70ce394f16246509c8e3	Despite the fact that once they temporarily separated, Lena continued to live in his apartment with his mother and their daughter Katya.
d595364af006d5b565b78e4bca48f0656d8f8690	One day Lena said to Dovlatov: "Here's a poplin shirt for you, and sign on a piece of paper that you donot mind your daughter leaving for America."
bdd154d8973c81394e07b113edcc04a4a7fd887a	According to some reports, Elena also arranged the emigration.
6504a2e0b60677ae83e376c6da39b68fdd09e134	It all started with a small thing — Sergey went to see Lena and Katya off to the airfield, where he waved his scarf after them for a long time.
94e0bd856cad2739b3f879e78bdc49585f46bb78	Because of the icy wind, his throat immediately ached, and he called the self propelled barge "Altai", where he then worked as a watchman, so that they would take care of him, and he went home.
ab68ee4b94af28e9fdc082dd12475bd77c1c9d9c	Without waiting for the doctor, he actively engaged in self medication he drank vodka.
45c780d682f756f6eaa427887b87f7d7bcb6301a	Therefore, the doctor who arrived instead of the hospital stated that Dovlatov was intoxicated.
590fc9eff5d9fe7bafb4a4b11d6cb5966c2650b7	At this time, on the barge, they were on duty for him and recorded working hours in his name — and this was a natural forgery, for which the authorities subsequently deprived Dovlatov of his job.
7d310791e1e209ca8dafacbfa454887474dbc43f	Further — more: after his dismissal, he was threatened with being arrested for parasitism, from which he escaped in a very original way.
166d577f154c0fb3e628bc00d7b9e7cc0c632b11	He bribed a journalist friend for a bottle of vermouth, who was sitting on the first floor and was looking out for the policemen who came for Dovlatov.
483b2798e444e9f29a30833f008ab7befc73b60b	As soon as they were announced, the journalist picked up the phone and said two words to Sergei: "They're fucking coming."
f291ff7625a91f50e99716bfddfcb8f14e50c40b	However, in addition to the police, the KGB was also hunting for him, where they found out about the publication of Dovlatov's works abroad, which he himself did not even suspect!
31ba8ce1a2658eaadaabf15d7d8d891d2a0105dd	If you donot want to leave — we will help you… So Dovlatov found himself overseas, where he married his own wife again.
154d8a95f52cf648cb369fd77f5801ae514d38d3	SOURCE: Sergey DOVLATOV: "I was destined to go to hell"
5a1884850d6099b6414f3eab25ec7bacb661088e	news | life | literature | books | words | photos | videos | drawings | aphorisms | quotes | links | guest / forum
40f145beef6ed549a9205b10bae1e253e33cb7df	The site was opened on November 20, 1999.
77d5535a7296b94380ded03a15c4e21e04224dca	Design v.
a4f3ceebc7c39ae58b8f49107bdf3e0303299b40	The author of the site: Alexander Danilyuk
70116adfd45959b5169868428bf699929cadd146	Short biographies of writers
21f765795c359ffd4e18dc3eb8633609f316ba04	Opera content
4bd77c6f0e7bca08b29cb435cfd931e0cea1dc44	Cheat sheets
785055eb70b8e7b9b60649b052fd8c0e346d3b26	To order/Paid
432744d85b5257db1da0562d3ef91afb4cdb9b07	Brief biography: Sergey Donatovich Dovlatov
e9de95cbebc0e372d0b65c460e67ff84fd43cc1a	(1941 - 1990)
6eb43c89b001960a5c1cd8f0cae0aeec7a93c959	Sergey Donatovich Dovlatov (1941-1990), novelist.
38a79f2c5c42d59c7812e17789577bc2caa55170	He was born on September 3 in Ufa, when the family was being evacuated.
c2a12da124153da64c303c295311ecfe78c436fa	He was drafted into the Soviet Army, where he served as a warden in a special regime criminal camp.
83be0dcc8c58c7894d08cd96a934c080f8543213	"What I saw completely shocked me," Dovlatov will write.
ffd02c580d4a68765d5477d1cbaacbe104b872bd	- I saw how low a person can fall.
d0b69fbe06acd673cbe31da6afbc3d1987133c58	And how high it can soar."
91ec72be079985591f4522460394c9b6e59ff7b5	After returning to Leningrad, he begins to write "The Zone", although he understands the impossibility of publishing it.
d4731d6dc64a9d54cc6315e930266988f13bc981	He earned his living mainly in journalism.
4441cf765945da72d776cd780af965918fcf39af	For three years he was a correspondent of the Tallinn newspaper "Soviet Estonia".
406eaa68ce60c802c33410bf146c7ab25aac3df6	Some of Dovlatov's stories were published abroad in the Continent magazine in 1976.
fb755a36d759693a62f1d9c00cbb65a08fbb6cf4	For this, he was expelled from the Union of Journalists of the USSR.
66d778018bbb17255ce2db957d67708525bde4cc	In 1978, he emigrated to the United States (his wife and daughter left earlier), lived in New York.
fee5bfd9326bbe202701a54f547b553948712c45	Since the mid 1980s, it has become popular among readers, has been highly appreciated by Western critics.
60d716ceac0e9a3bc6a1a74408b02bd84da0025b	The main works of Dovlatov: "The Zone.
66ef3d5361c827fdbd826353d17a5e8a1af2b52c	Notes of the warden" (1982);
85f9b0760fd93352ae2ab2bc1c3b619ecef1f645	"Stories", " Our "(1983);
2b77864f573622c00e7b391f95a6c9fa874d2daf	"Compromise" (1981);
2d124bf844358891b058dc2098f7f9cb22e92dd0	"Reserve" (1983);
7f25a96230138a76d06221a6ff10382f4cb6c8d9	"Craft" (1985);
1beac1192c4594497fb75bd8263c4e0b8e5d4752	"The Suitcase" (1986).
5323e6b024faa16843ccea8f3d85bac07715be8d	A brief biography from the book: Russian writers and poets.
5928d58f00a3d98697973e3496de841ae740f7a1	You have read to the end, and the taxi companies UBER and Gettaxi give you 400 rubles each for the first trip.
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4d48e74430962644c82063264c763dd41e765d97	[14]January[2009]
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49bea7d42922de987ebd1effa9d2d41693cb22c1	"You tortured me to death, I didnot give up anything..."
18ac93117ce67c79d9f8d356199fe079afd8308a	*Vyacheslav MALEZHIK
c3de2994570ca276d65020ce58df6ce4ba8a5c8a	Alexander RODNYANSKY: "There has never been advertising in my films, neither in the "9th company" nor in "Peter FM"
62407d324758eca4430d88094c71c7b06c56f518	12 moments of the Olympic, leap year...
889244f02aa4167c8677b93632945c930f65fa32	(the most significant events of the past year)
eddc67e7ea1ce4affc0025cc49701affb6ed0a8a	Sergey DOVLATOV: "I was destined to go to hell"
a2349618ff6e835c356f48271596c3ce01984e7e	Russian Ukrainian"Gaza strip"
a71b2dc8f5c8b41ef2cd518a466dbe8d2d407ca3	Business news
5858e6447e38e0808d98b95febd8a45553cce41e	The stock market will feel a bitter aftertaste until the middle of the year
627998825dc906dad7e8f9ecca2981a6c3b4b11c	Rating of semi naked celebrities
d045fdf698aea95bead6e6f9ae5fccec15c8aa53	"Morphine": Bulgakov according to Balabanov.
ac8817382d67d2dc85f5b2d965d91aa45f502b8a	Fainting at the premiere
33df090b29dacc8bf35316001f39d7e30f647093	Elvira VIKHAREVA, 20 years old, model of the Academy of Beauty agency
366dbdb155acd32234465d8379b1ba95827308bc	! FRESH THOUGHT "There will definitely be resources and people who will extract positive results from the crisis.
b6e82d39c9012159b1eb9786d0a68dd348c9132d	I compare the current situation with a cold shower.
f928463528767ad7b2e1f5335fb58675a616816a	It scares someone, it helps someone."
be2b9789b7ea2138f85d55ef7b0eae629867cc2a	Valery Gergiev, artistic director and director of the Mariinsky Theater.
9836706657a979ac85d9793ac6095630f0825771	Sergey DOVLATOV: "I was destined to go to hell" Despised during his lifetime and crowned with glory after death, he always wrote about himself and his tragicomic life.
fb717253434e2f8719e32b5ee7d65eb4a04ef9f4	Among the reading public, there is hardly anyone who is unfamiliar with this name.
bedf09976ae48e0c9ef369784cd55edf6fdae35b	Having earned a reputation as a dissident, in 1978 he was forced to leave for the United States, where his books soon began to be published.
baddc087c2ee1da71dab263c6aacfa76f7571007	In the USSR, Dovlatov's prose began to be printed only in 1989.
171815a733a16dabd59366e792671f2cbd69400c	But the truly deserved fame came to the writer only after his death.
409269f3369fbc1102c984953da51d58c05a79f8	I am forced to report some details of my biography, otherwise much will remain unclear.
d7a14f787319b9321f16c7848c05ad156d8836bf	His mother self critically left the theater and works as a proofreader...
a4454a88ed2a2524e84685e703228bbefc43a62f	" This is how Sergey Dovlatov himself described his biography.
7ffe1d4925ea41913941a85ed92a1814c1c51bc3	His mother, Nora Sergeevna Dovlatova, was really an actress at first, his father, Donat Isaakovich Mechik – was a theater director.
897116fbfb4cb5c33726d435b0831057d40507b7	The future writer was born in Ufa, where his parents were evacuated during the war.
4a064f7d529e452aa95bbb746c7ae266b38bbfcf	Then they went back to Leningrad.
f64c1e9cdd14d8826e04f3ff633520f5e20ee5c7	In 1959, the future writer entered the Philological Faculty of the Leningrad Zhdanov University, the department of the Finnish language.
bb1ea1f7f0fceaf0e9a8558f355230ee558ec14d	However, he had to leave his alma mater after two and a half years of study – he was expelled for poor academic performance.
25eaf019dcf321c9dd37364eb7728d5d9f4bbfa4	Here is how Dovlatov himself wrote about it: "I passed the German language exam four times.
8d252c4849ea07a1afde1627af1bc71bf7651322	Obviously, I was destined to visit hell...
3a04d345abb4441955eed8590af3b82dadf9e1dd	" He had a chance to serve in the security system of correctional labor camps in the north of the Komi ASSR.
7b645e8abee3ead4317dcd8dd0e0193bcfce58b6	According to Brodsky's memoirs, Dovlatov returned from the army "like Tolstoy from the Crimea: with a scroll of stories and a certain dazed look in his eyes."
250543d80f171af1f52a10b5e8c42a4d992a58d1	And immediately entered the Faculty of Journalism of LSU.
7c3f84b8158e58d2179b39033743ef149753e78c	At the same time, he worked in the student's multi edition of the Maritime Technical University, wrote short stories.
81d84a9b61e13453f7b55a4ae412ef1671da9fd7	Scandal after the death of Sergei Dovlatov died in New York of heart failure right in the ambulance on the way to the hospital.
a3117b1fd5291fe03fbb6fa278f30ef65b85b1d6	He was 49 years old.
823ba92874ce2ed709ceac71eb4cc1799e57c524	The writer was buried at the Mount Hebron Cemetery.
1c2bcc7a36bd5f28f071cdc774cf7637cadb370b	The fact is that in 2001, the publishing house "Zakharov" published the book " Sergey Dovlatov Igor Efimov.
144d38409b9d05e1e119fdba63a1f6c1c2c07470	An epistolary novel".
4c065af4d41775821a9c310e4e400b2e9c6b2fad	Together with her daughter Katerina, she managed to prove her rights to correspondence in a Russian court and get a ban on the publication of the book however, only a year later after the entire circulation (15 thousand copies) it was sold out.
688f1b3e0ae4f0a3a665d5660711d095a4d905cc	The editor of the "New American" In 1972, Dovlatov moved to Tallinn, worked there as a correspondent for the newspapers "Soviet Estonia" and "Evening Tallinn", then as a guide in the Pushkin Reserve near Pskov (Mikhailovskoye).
8ae28fd8efa86a505037e064f67ff200d5b3ed37	In 1976, he returned to Leningrad, was accepted into the magazine "Koster".
5dea1de8ab59ae3850190beca86d6a8052508e4f	Since the late 60s, Dovlatov has been published in Samizdat, and in 1976 some of his stories were published in the West in the magazines "Continent"," Time and We", for which the writer was expelled from the Union of Journalists of the USSR.
04dbaf2af1df5de591d5226b4770705259399697	In 1978, due to the persecution of the authorities, Dovlatov emigrated to Vienna, and then moved to New York, where he became one of the founders of the Russian language newspaper "New American", from 1980 to 1982 he was its editor in chief.
8b8313205e985fec3fe6ed875d39d094b58a3d39	In America, Dovlatov's prose was recognized, published in American newspapers and magazines.
73b9662852a6ed3a51dc41c668c94f069f473c83	One after another, his books were published: "The Zone" (1964-1982), "The Invisible Book" (1978), "Solo on Underwood: Notebooks" (1980)," Compromise "(1981)," Reserve "(1983)," Ours " (1983) and others.
a3667d082a02d4d1d53e3d66029bde0f2025e563	During the twelve years of his life in exile, he published 12 books that were published in the United States and Europe, Dovlatov became the second Russian writer after Vladimir Nabokov, who was published in the New Yorker magazine.
025fae4180dde4ac329fe5ba50f0c3389876d520	In the USSR, he was known only by samizdat and author's program on Radio Liberty.
f7c101bbe803bcea32b455b1add3ce2c8f58bca9	The fate of the writer was invented by his wife.
f8847266977bfba8d4773722d886c93c485736b9	And in the life of the writer there were only two passions: he loved one – Asya, and the second – Elena – he owed everything.
81db70c1e8cebda3254237eb72218225c5068d12	But Asya was adamant – and a desperate Dovlatov pulled the trigger… Fortunately, his hand shook, and the bullet went into the ceiling.
8ec97254e996f5e744de8b41a0b5fe542db8a31f	It all started with a small thing – Sergey went to see Lena and Katya off to the airfield, where he waved his scarf after them for a long time.
db40b0a3c0194afba724b47d12ee17f0b3b57fe2	At this time, on the barge, they were on duty for him and recorded working hours in his name – and this was a natural forgery, for which the authorities subsequently deprived Dovlatov of his job.
5e68b3d3da815613bd147f1aacb29dc4e8eda6f0	Further – more: after his dismissal, he was threatened with being arrested for parasitism, from which he escaped in a very original way.
7276d791475200ae7f5337b27b01eb053570489d	As soon as they were announced, the journalist picked up the phone and said two words to Sergei: "The bastards are coming."
6cb8a54a6bf1f6770cd976d125985c2fccb1810f	At this signal, Dovlatov closed the door on the latch and climbed under the blanket with his head – so he managed to hide for a long time.
9b912d8748b56963874196068e0eb41881273d5c	They caught him during one of the exits to the store – and in prison, a KGB colonel started a conversation with him from afar: "Sergei Donatovich, do you love your wife?
f36e35948fb0a4aab2569ab8963c01c466c21d65	You donot want to leave – we will help you..."
7ebacfc7ebab647ef74948a375a2682adf61f64b	So Dovlatov found himself overseas, where he married his own wife again.
b349449290ad631985752381aa687616370cd0c0	"You keep talking with your tongue, and life passes..."
347f4d327f3936c659d81f585c36f1b7fd4fc6d0	Fragments from the stories of Sergei Dovlatov.
2aa1e33636dd65e08b361dbfaca1dad1c4f7d76e	She began to lie.
8f35e17961eea9768d440cb9b5de3365c180bc77	I am silent in such cases let them.
d15ed97e332c4159de432eff1fe4123bbfe792c0	Disinterested lies are not lies, they are poetry.
952b1bf964d465e6a0c706eaa90447ddd64d73cc	* * * – Are you an alcoholic?
270188196aae42f8be4b8c8800e70ddb1ade5183	- Yes – - Zhbankov answered clearly – - but in moderation...
83df508f05bd3cb0831ec96f0716ea07c813dc42	* * * – Do you have a car?
ea14d03acb2c41b8d71bd894edc0330a4504da0c	– You ask if I have whole socks.
7d3ac0afcd5e2ff9515f684f0ca415457019dbf1	* * * As usual, there was not enough alcohol, and, as always, I foresaw this in advance.
00296d45546c3155f63ff33313e64b8e8e8410ca	But there were no problems with the snack.
22b0ea2b4fffec3a4a8cb1584fc7add2b21af37f	And it couldnot be.
0713ea980ea0c6a98efe6ddf15ca135210b82dd3	What problems can there be if Sevastyanov managed to cut an ordinary apple into sixty four slices?!.
7ca2c47ed38d6c69eb0fd0a0e0f4e64a15407ebc	* * * In journalism, everyone is allowed to do one thing.
5643bdfc04681344a4602ccec5d97ac7eceb007e	In one thing, to violate the principles of socialist morality.
fa1cfb792e61da81efc1448b448973b1e91359e0	That is, one is allowed to drink.
82eecce5cb3ab22c0d4eab271ed8aa846a505b2c	Another – to bully.
4030254f1a1e04c78ebfadeeee5836464cac72c3	The third is to tell political jokes.
f5db4432bfc438cb844c6d44ecc5704465d71c9f	The fourth is to be a Jew.
9518ac60dd044ea08dfb6bde317c13fea695fb21	The fifth – non partisan.
c7d02bc8dee8ca7387b04b053edd06a0d38bea7c	The sixth is to lead an immoral life.
3e0adb51e88db164baaa3fd268ad64b534eb5476	And so on.
96183f63e74512d10c67e11fd93523b93400ddec	But everyone, I repeat, is allowed one thing.
ddfb214831c5afa5415e75133166be464a9401bb	You canot be a Jew and a drunk at the same time.
64f54faf38edb7869f40d20b6728d102ea4233dc	A bully and a non partisan...
ae73a43c96400da06211af6dcfb29c51c8123f69	I was perniciously universal.
0e76b1ed93261fdc000064bfd65f7abb7a0d490a	That is, he allowed himself a little of everything.
449744be2c2148daab1feda9241a1ff506a1bf14	* * * Bush was handed a glass of liqueur.
2505e4e1fdfd7179076721b354965e8c788faca3	Bush drank willingly and said – " I canot.
114c9c05749cdb95399b606c3f5679cf27b87cca	I'm on a mission.
0add18de6177e9f1713dcbb8385d58fb581c2c3e	* * * – There should be no Otsebyatina.
8e5b8596d1e2a6bc539e7843254d6fd059cc4b60	"You know –" I say, " it's better to have a little shit than a lot of shit.
2945f116bbd2484da453188a10e2cbe00ac24ef0	– How? the woman asked.
0e4bd6606fde36e368d0c2b7600e79dde56aecf7	- Okay – - I say – - everything will be fine.
d3214f8a3dc94a10489e043cacb8ee13872573e8	* * * Whoever lives in the world of words does not get along with things.
5cd5d567f10b5be135d63928b0eef348207cc59c	* * * – What does it mean – "got drunk"?
b1551121f85d36d68981c0a46797a72022c069b8	– Potocki objected.
0d73e9335a9f80c38d726ab7bf2a4af2a47d4bf4	- Yes, I had a drink.
7f14330b19b41ee7dc6615b66d079b4023265842	Yes, I am somewhat liberated.
8fd002dbc45f9e6aa15cf1110029195098e02241	Excited by the company of a beautiful lady.
eab1aed8f1af2f88776afac7b143815278dff357	But I am ideologically sober...
52be0c8219ffa46b1431278322989af4d2c91797	* * * He was drunk, but there was some cunning in this, too...
442d4a08c4f6644a57260ec1d135a18ab4955efe	Sergey Dovlatov and Joseph Brodsky.
62c97b2031430c1597da83e059589b331109fb3c	Alexandra and Ekaterina Dovlatov.
7f6ff151a303d75fcef9e96d701fbf960bfcc51f	Ekaterina YEVGLEVSKAYA, Administrator of the Seminar Department of the Progress Center for Scientific and Technical Information (Saint Petersburg):
76db564691993e413d7506dd3cbfd106ce67e862	– I first got acquainted with Dovlatov's works when I was twenty one years old.
68b8cb80c9d36684c67acca68c0802bdb2543a0d	My acquaintance with "Solo on Underwood" began.
f639be79e33ea543186a25f8600ae8579e4af1ea	Immediately after that, I read almost all of his books.
a67f3d8f32411c1d1bca59e59a7e5d42c9d0cc72	He is a very easy writer, accessible, but at times very deep, and it is this depth that does not allow him to be classified as a publicist.
f94629b95c64cec91caf15ca4cf273f6820cffac	Although many do it.
f8e8995407d0dcd8db4477d2248d7b03f8b117f1	I once had a verbal altercation with my friend, a literary critic, who claimed that this was very good, but journalism.
22b600791e21d325f9c6f29ea5ab766c2f31ba86	I understand why people think so.
41c55953e6e22a842be31d425eefee362c3820de	The language in which he writes could probably be corrected in places, but it seems to me that he did not do this consciously.
5b662f435edf26bd93b4b047a2f00145ef2f4785	A friend of mine said that Dovlatov is a writer for people with a technical education who are not interested in cultural life or literature, but just sometimes like to read something – something that comes to hand.
c554c7ef1533dffe0f93388e077c424eff75c629	And I also worked with a photographer who personally knew Dovlatov, because he was in close contact with his cousin (the writer told about him in the work "Relatives").
a811cb46bddf5dde10bea40ca99583a9357d93f1	This man, according to the stories of my colleague, was very extraordinary.
64cf51defa8e0c58484a9b31c10eeb7eb7df621f	Denis KRAVETS, director of the production center "Allies":
4a79e0320fa1fa3ff60d0d5de280b5a0c1d735e7	– "Donot write with epochs and cataclysms!
ba6485ff96656cebb6ed41969724cdf670f3da67	Donot write with passions and locomotives!
5bcdcd90c9c7ead30f06c63b3ab76a2ac78a4f87	And you write, you fool, with letters A, B, C... " This is one of dozens of quotes from Dovlatov that instantly come to mind.
8d9bdd7079954956eda19ffeeee7066bc44d1867	I read Sergey Donatovich's two volume book in a couple of days at the time.
621b9a1405797f1fae80bc2ab134ed61fd453002	In one rush.
b74e82d2b93790f3c5d984fcbbdb8e54a04b58bf	Only Dovlatov can put all the accents sharply with a short succinct phrase, seemingly simple.
4797d59e8d8fd467af2f8965a0cbf74bb4f1f7c8	No matter how much I reread Dovlatov, I did not stop laughing at the absurdity of the pictures drawn.
64dae208ccc77a3ab9d0c8961b173aa23de15954	In the center – always unhappy, somewhere flawed, not understanding and not recognizing some other people's truths and canons characters… And the constant feeling is laughter through tears.
2c3c1f97f46333554f9f250af521b8359724cbf3	There are no purely positive characters – there are no angels.
0d400fbce945d1b6f00ed98e014c32b0d691f33c	People are depicted with all their oddities and vices.
3ac4c62832b9363a82fb2f0f5d4285445618fc90	That's why they do not seem "cardboard", flat.
9d50e8468a65beb67204a361e3c3816db6179aab	Yulia NIKONCHUK, Chief Insurance Specialist of OSAO "Russia":
f1527e607b4ea7697671d144c7088aee206d344c	– We did not pass Dovlatov at school, so I recognized this writer not so long ago. I had a period of Brodsky's discovery, almost immediately I began to read Dovlatov.
52f6eb767e514b820636f9895e8085668b084afb	They were friends back in Leningrad.
611f18d116d39dc7bf62ef314ca292c5b259573d	Dovlatov is probably liked by everyone, because he is understandable.
e52c4dff88855d0123966a05d9ef893e3c570b76	On the one hand, this is an easy read, on the other many respected writers, writers and sophisticated readers recognize a real master in it.
00d4ebd77709692d026a4d449d3e97fbca9743fd	There is a very strong sense of journalism in the language of his works.
ea23f380aba4aeaf76fe1a191d39ecdad491cbe0	After all, he worked constantly in newspapers and magazines, in New York, even, as far as I know, was the editor in chief.
9bff2a74106be6203c372405b140ceacfa754b5d	Mikhail NI, producer:
b950b8b6e5b71f0fc7dec1e749a43172be748115	– You shouldnot ask me about Dovlatov.
d52bcd445fdfb44acbd858dd117bec10bc331f31	Unfortunately, I have read exactly one book from this writer – "The Suitcase".
711e086312d31d086190c07f4874994335de72a5	The book is good, it remained in my memory, but I did not take it especially for my soul.
6646f20e1ef7001d97326d81029217431ed2a729	Accordingly, I know a little about him.
ab9e8605eba1da327c7c5fb6eccfcd8b2d9f7041	Probably the same thing that everyone knows.
15a2d8221d410f561b7830c206107d4e581b2a0a	He left the institute, served in the army, then spent a long time trying to find his place in the Country of the Soviets.
e06af450575ed638c1095ad11a7c25496306c7a4	In the end, of course, America.
5a35f36e6209bb0b79ff5b9241c56d28b8017579	There, which is very pleasing, I did not get lost, did not drink, but on the contrary, I earned recognition with hard work.
3c3df2d614b60bde369157e5e638d7c5790fb33c	And not only among emigrants.
67a1002d5119b3a7f36fcfc3aedbb41055d2422d	In general, the standard path of the Soviet dissident of the stagnant period.
f6d16abb4fff5d101aaec287850b33fb335930aa	Only this one, apparently, was smarter and more talented than many others.
b1a5d072319495f42cf17513544896bfafb20738	So it remained in the people's memory.
da39cb24bebb48e4623d4b090c11bf4406e5a480	I myself perceive all this fashionable blasphemy against the "cursed scoop" very ambiguously.
21391f1f56fa78b9dbea0c2771698508dec72d5c	Here you read, for example, the books of the poet Makarevich, who also loves to scold the scoop with passion.
a97f8d2e7cb37739a912e28c0cdb6ad0cd48ae1c	And for what – it is unclear.
3d24c42bb6eec67c719a4ef5ed825108c6d7c155	The dude was rummaging around Moscow in bell bottoms and with a hair as tall as a house, in the evenings he chopped tax free loot at underground concerts (and he never got anything for it), and in the afternoon he slept at a "hated" job.
ea54537757b1293d24b0f12319d0e07b946c5e59	For which, again, he received money.
2a99897f14169b333d3c21d0f3bc486bf29a9879	Sometimes he also drank at Mikhalkov's dacha.
a296373185cf389a1f8df303672312475d18eaae	That's really, really, life did not work out.
d0769f7fc5fdc893c27c2f04722f0d2fd641455c	In this regard, Sergey Dovlatov, I think, looks more honest.
e6f42e2f3cd1fe870a192f101c82c4e089d11d70	It's a pity that I didnot live long enough.
11b019c23a28146a123c4c1bc4d09d7b2d1ffa0e	It would be interesting to know his opinion about today's scoop, about the one in which we live.
d29db66c0be16594bbaf1998c02ba1b379ff890c	How much does he pull on the living embodiment of the dissident dream?
9965ebfb5e3f18f715daaf67f02249195f2c04ec	Veronika KLIMOVA, Head of the Public Relations Service of the Vostsibstroy Management Company:
61a977e88f5690798a65c359efde3794ade2e1d7	- For me, Sergey Dovlatov is a great writer who managed to express all the advantages and disadvantages of the Russian intellectual of the second half of the XX century, with an abyss of irony and even more self irony, noticing all the absurdity and beauty of the surrounding world.
3c968717b4bb2e2198014a205f2bb45335a4c4fb	And in each of his stories there is an endless love even for the funniest little people.
8e971239441f7487b35882030210233d408a9097	Dovlatov is somewhat akin to Chekhov, only the hero became even more lonely after several decades.
68f588068637b992635756b4d7c559acc84d0eef	Perhaps that is why the memories of his friends are imbued with such pain: with his departure, they lost more than others.
82b21dc46296251eac6713a3cf66142cf7f8a07b	Until we stop reading such books as the prose of Sergei Dovlatov, everything is not so hopeless!
f5ef8806ccb58c3de6bd200f8c2b1b89be543b4d	The material was prepared by Klara ZAKHAROVA and Galina POZDNYAKOVA.
0494e2a6b2d2ffa6f5ac360001aa3a43a7249e9d	>Discuss the article
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f17c2ad3b966c9a1102a20d8801394a81f5eadc5	Article Discussion View Unchecked changes Edit History
5c382df3dbf3013416a5cc352457f8f8c61c8daf	Dovlatov
700330be1aad6d31b43f83f63e297d47d6198ec1	In this version, 1 change is waiting to be checked.
719a6cc4b5ce987be629990da4b326cc743c0a4e	The published version was verified on December 18, 2015.
8c45cb4dd9a9f193dcfa540290a9efc5d6ef8bdf	NYA!
ef0cee3d6e5ea6e56ae16e4c73ac411ea5c1d3bf	This article is full of love and adoration.
a9f483325e2b42a977f6df6cc2d543d9a2632927	Perhaps it is worth adding even more?
6fd67eae134c08826dd1e4edf534ab4dfe57a0da	"Glasnost is the truth multiplied by impunity
9aed1f182540ce107fa4100fb58d3a574fc7fb02	— - Dovlatov about Dvach
551275cecdab781377c621427467ed311babe7f6	Master, in person!
4334dd4872f1b83220878a83670b2ace84b1bcca	Sergey Donatovich Dovlatov (1941-1990, arm. Սարգիս Դովլաթյան, Hebrew. ras .ררייי מעֶצִ ׳ י י) - half YERZH (and according to Yerzh's laws, it's not YERZH at all: mother is Armenian), a racially faithful writer, among other things, who gave rise to a large number of winged expressions, popular, including in the blogosphere.
357b9bb39f06ff6f818f6a36f428da91d32e610b	According to the Minister of Culture Medinsky, "an outstanding literary phenomenon of the second half of the XIX century", which seems to hint at what kind of minister we have.
9fe3d0e194e287f7ccf0d6a28669d5e74675c670	1 Essence 2 Quotes 3 A Little Hate 4 Street 5 Notes
67a761189953b21d654836aad88ef113f45ebe26	[edit] Point
04c033c658cc30893d157d176f33fab5587591b9	Dovlatov looked at you…
5478187aa8e87e699284084040d89baf814de1b1	An ordinary kosher writer lived for himself, he did not bother anyone.
1f62237ea59c04b97e580d9b10691cde6f0ec3ae	And then, in the year 72, he was pulled to go to Estonia for about five years, and when he returned to the scoop, he suddenly began to viciously troll the entire party elite with his anti political vysers, for which, after numerous warnings (under Stalin they would have shot), he was finally cut out of the USSR.
17b1f062ca1b7045180e3a8328b341bed04e3b25	...and that's enough.
1229f6f219e61f4423f894fb490ccbbc36a75c9c	Unlike Nabokov and others, who repeated the experiment, he was engaged in anti Soviet propaganda activities outside the country, deeply implemented the principle of" red terror " and generally continued to troll our authorities of that time in every possible way.
34784752b4dd9f3445498fea920596d7cb3b720e	In 1990, without waiting for the collapse, he accepted the Abrahamic faith from cirrhosis.
8b49db6dbfe25456a90552af5cdcbb8e16996a77	For Sergey Donatovich did not want to write a lot, but he wanted to write stylishly.
2d0471d8fae6fc37e04ba168e08b469ea6825beb	That Dovlatov is an unsurpassed stylist is a fact.
ee0e3de564972ed892578a0c57a066eb76b988d7	Also, the author of two offline blogs, where he wrote exclusively lytdybr: "Solo on "Underwood"" and "Solo on IBM".
3eeb5395b7b1c59ceefe28d1cd0cbfcb5c42ec98	Fortunately, due to the offline nature, comments on blogs were impossible, so they reached us free from the endless "afftar zhzhot" and "repent, you vile hireling of Reagan".
b8049527ab315d951ccb0be63095d6d7aba3ec81	He served (unlike many other heroes of the humanitarian front) as a conscript in the internal troops, was on the turntable zone.
b2b0187fd391595d0d121dd5812d2e9b8434f616	Based on his impressions of the service, he wrote the book "Zone", which is very satisfying.
32b1f2f753ab0972090691b932a272cef0bb4c44	If you believe the text of the book, he once brought a mature convict to self mutilation, which, of course, characterizes Sergei Donatovich as an intelligent and good natured person.
f9d1a459edb1b8ca279b59d64af3f07d8b0c8a33	In Pindustan, Dovlatov went uphill.
461051efeb6575513b99ad75cae054d7bc91a0c8	First, his stories were published by the prestigious magazine The New Yorker.
1ce416618076d5841f5adfc7f5068c60a8b6349d	Many American writers did not publish there, although they really wanted to.
8e01075d32d8cd8128ec6bb0bc3dc00d8ce1ca6e	Kurt Vonnegut fucked Dovlatov about the publications in the New Yorker
fd7e0315f5852e34278223ef3693469f8907805e	Dear Sergey Dovlatov!
a142712f82b9c6dd061340eb52e0550bd7d24faf	I love you too, but you broke my heart.
7fcdb7d356b08460093ca52d9caf62d2eafa29ef	I was born in this country, served it fearlessly during the war, but I never managed to sell any of my stories to the New Yorker magazine.
a6bd3f85835f8465f25eea4cc0e9a3a045e576a3	And now you come and bang!
c9bcc2169c0df2d2e9ca3c2a5a31d185f8c922e2	— Your story is published immediately.
050941eeb97fa130488d2666dc67d0ad56a262c8	Something strange is happening, I'll tell you…
5f174de1cca9b7c2453793e2f986e006bc07ecce	Proof
072e1df10d1f75bb8a7ce9bb339dee97b354f63c	Secondly, in the States, Dovlatov realized his dream and organized the newspaper "New American".
6a385760e7be3ffdf014a7369aeefb10f7c6d561	[edit] Quotes
027ff28e2991e983284e50f81c679c377d8a29be	He doesnot even look at shit like that
e68d7979ca8daa8409540870ae758d7009a2867b	Resolute nonconformism coexisted in him with absolute unscrupulousness.
02e31ba42dbcc2591af036357767a92b8096b8b3	There are all sorts of satirists, fucking humorists…
062035a2b422adec156a944441499b618680e993	The editor of "Soviet Estonia" was a good natured man.
d5651c5f4f3a51e764e267e90b8be72c7076e8f9	Of course, until the moment when he became cruel and angry.
abde099efcffb0cce74d610b2bd4c587b8c219f6	The salary is good, but small.
eb1fe9561c9c942af4d8c8bd0cf8df328de891f9	Borka drunk and Borka sober are so different people that they are not even familiar with each other
2d8bbee5551412fc8495c67f1f86939e80899cc3	Fart
117eb67e2274a874427f6d161beb03ee635f255d	Born to crawl to fly... does not want to.
384c6f775fa58007ee61e9476854142d1442cb58	Abanamat
8142d54377d88eb195cc69c54962f3550c412e0d	Commander in Chief
2c39d5187f936a8537ecb33f7fe4934856ad4452	Personal belongings of the partisan Bosniuk.
8d4db3ec8a984abe1e79b70ce4a79478327ec58d	The bullet from his skull, as well as the nail with which he wounded the fascist ... the partisan Bosniuk lived widely.
eec6acf18a9b826c40d2905eed0e3fb1543b1cf9	Everything is different for Borya.
e9fd3fa8a57864d96b812b1393654c47d8acc066	He drinks every day, and, in addition, he has binge drinking.
d063daf60402b2f5e68f48e0f3c83fe3de435a07	We had a drink and lit a cigarette.
4f1549b2935b81baf3e99f96b07da1d6192a3bb5	Alcohol was ineffective.
cfa8acc03f7f74b83019e59a37f393116c357756	After all, getting drunk properly is also an art…
f3bef267a95cd00935b25e0c281eb71ca7e7f6dc	I only light a cigarette when I've had a drink.
cf2df0c7c171bfbed22ad6d1592335530499111d	And I drink constantly.
dac4ea9f49faabc52848b6421fc2604ce75d03f5	Therefore, many people mistakenly think that I smoke [1].
2d57caa36ea03f8df6ec20121dd0a1551cae71dc	And what, Jews are also people.
f36b032546a31d0f5dbfe92412bf8785b9d2b0c2	They sent one to us at MTS.
6ac60c81de56dcd47705bc33067b4218522339fb	Everyone thought he was a Jew, but he turned out to be a drinking man.
46fd470acc99372cb621f22924630ab807e152da	Not to finish for a long time is the advantage of a man, not a speaker!
2d1f4728c5e4c9349213ce3f99581496aa5df2a5	I'm a fucking Chekhov type writer.
95173f04fe50845c025bc8ea3ba29b72f7ac68e8	A fucking moral dilemma.
a4b4080fb16c98e00df02e21cde29c675735b8f5	A life size angel figure.
64772217f2499c422d0a291fad8138541a1e3544	I will not change the linoleum, I have changed my mind, because the world is doomed.
086d9336fd7530a20cfa723c385f5db8c38a139a	Frostbitten toes and ears of the head.
e3bccec92b216e3e2710db14f6ecd824daf4dace	"Have you been drinking?"
4501a4e2d89cc8d155f9c6dbe5b73860f33a0498	- no.
c627cd040549dc5006d1a70d18e63558e2d15513	Do you have any suggestions?
dedcba07650f4eeaf5621d0a206260924f73b826	What are the troubadours of the regime feeling sad about?
f549950a2af91ba85b5b72ec34a518b025dc0c9c	If we stop now, it will be artificial.
ab1e6c50af80428d7543ab73783db4d5857a76b5	We drank when there was no money.
7e21b65f02ba359923660460794093267ad565a7	It's stupid not to drink now that they are there.
1ec8f0573e57cdbae41536880b57ff069ea2160f	I am against people like them, I feel terrible anti Semitism.
c739887e2ef1cfaa66334e7d71f51eef691093d8	The cockroach is harmless and elegant in its own way.
644bbe970ed25cabe429cdb2a2eee553bd3eb783	It has the fast paced plastic of a small racing car.
d71bbe41fa2408f97a7602ac12425b04da82d0b2	I was disgusted, and I left.
d0bf636bcb388376240099f5f8d87a9f4d0a4a0b	Or rather, he stayed.
4303561ce1956f16451cec7340503d5273fa7a8d	It's boring — "Schlippenbach complained," and there's nothing to drink.
895d2a292176b0e2f802b145bea9f1ce574fd30b	I'm lying here on the couch alone, with my wife.
1f92155bf415e0b5818eca74bbc3d0259bca7ec7	The tsar shouts in horror: - What have I done?!
438bae11b3ec1ef7d37cdb247751c5fa3ea3569c	Why did you found this fucking city?!
52943a2a12cc5f9f85a6b29a20df0ac8efa4b354	I donot drink beer.
d09d0a9620fa5fdc824bced7df283d16c3724d08	But I'll drink it with pleasure.
a87efe36eed8d18d88c9be425d95964cc137c48f	— Are you an alcoholic?
76f834a3dd76df06438adf08c1027294fc78fa4a	— Yes, - Zhbankov answered clearly — - but in moderation.
072d22e6aa099320f27a5c0378703d5ba07531f4	Many people do not like feces.
bc6d2a612a5d9df1246e6857be7e737e67a75830	And you?
404f5e4b774592dc2a21e3155a8b3b3829017100	I'm late for the plane, guys… The taxi, you know, is waiting… The child is sick... the wife, the bitch, is giving birth.
dfdd24bb074c9a4ed6c076d42ff310b42a16c6ae	— Do you have a car?
a0c9d52f03a1b68d015bc0d7f0c54b60cc13622c	— You ask if I have whole socks.
26342f7732d8002127e88ef285fedd68a7fa1a4e	Bush was handed a glass of liqueur.
07b451f6ef6e97a5fbeff1784a8f449b4e32295c	Bush drank willingly and said — " I canot.
3b827055ed82302d4190b89e3ec95b14910864ba	The very idea of a binge was a harbinger of it.
018c1a28ce8be20d999a0f59228261a64152cad9	Neighbor, help me out, give me a five ... well, a three ...
ac7731882237c6676b0d33d5029087df7e30417b	I beg you by Christ ... you bacillus bitch.
5d7df7bf2f1ad9507c4a65969c63d302bf1fbb86	— How about this?
055687efde9462cf6b026f5fa9fb24649ad2f5ef	- About the plein air?
0fd2fca8fe616dde64ae75234a2b81e128936277	- About the port wine.
b7d547eefa9ebff59221344a81da438fd08bcfc0	Dozens of books have been written about the dangers of alcohol.
d75968bdb1be96ec40e1fed08ad99c4d52515969	There is not a single brochure about its benefits.
4aa5cd10b67e88e2d3c57dab003ed346671b83eb	It seems to me, in vain.
2a2984eb3eb31d8e2fe832deb518407f304aa9dd	He took out a bottle of vermouth with a green label from under the mattress.
7e7034a464fa272da34e17be0077003b1f1d9d9c	I hid it from myself… And I found it right away.
122ae9c820003464a82b77dd3967a80f1217a352	— And, fuck, the younger generation?!
af33802f24674c3843b73b46af9e22e4fd28cd76	- What kind of words are parasites?
035624ca21963257d98f9673264d1cc66449022a	Lenin is overdoing it!
0b9238cbe839617f0cdfbef20b8d9c5eb5657a3c	Timofey is a psychotic.
07a59880c4a5aac4214ca3af6885884d1d2d3799	Polina turns her ass around.
8ea8ae2159fef0f1ba43ef5063774aac06f4f1eb	And Dzerzhinsky generally looks like a bandit.
fd2cd0d9bdf84771be9b6d8d2e94f419fb394e21	I envy you, messengers of the future!
b41b8efe7cbf44ad1b99ae0fb3a8dc439eb98e31	We lit the first lights of new buildings for you!
66f3b78c93c4132c372001c5818876474766c436	It's for you… Listen up, you dogs!
86c8a6b8240072186a219ee0d594c4d220113ac3	Left with gulkin's dick!
d805d3b7d36793f1057b6819bca871f6a20be93c	Nadya, if you fuck around, I'll kill you!
c26f609e90ec446ba5abe1e4af8ce03ee4372f8a	I'll find you and maim you like a monkey… I guarantee that… And remember, bitch, Vovik loves you!..
eac56bded7f50da84280b4c5917256c10cb2c556	I counted the money without taking my hand out of my pocket.
aa24e6120078b83a9022123fe3d2b9079f6bf001	I write anything on paper.
f6b4c3cc1fc83a508af0d98e71e4ee2cd210bf1a	But out loud, in front of people…
e18be3a57ef484e1b63763c5caceb2f0820074fa	Will we get drunk when I get back?
676ee5a6066622dad376d55c5c0124ad5782039d	A kebab shop is the only place where a broken face is the norm.
dc4c65fb94c5867fc79b604508ff8bc8521ae9e7	You are a terrible shit, mon colonnelle, do not blame me!
3c02ac128c35e60116462d1c4198e1c78443c1c1	The salad had mushrooms, cucumbers,prunes, radishes, but pasta prevailed.
c116c39732666dd3165149d289976ab8523c1548	This is not a red haired, twirly tall woman.
842e24fe7fae0940c384c8f740a8091a4e831087	This is the metaphysical poet Vladimir Erl.
c0ef08d9e2b55465ef5dbd157f668230366cb241	The speakers, smelling of milk and manure, replace each other.
1ec0e2688e9588059db8b32d02e759f664d680ff	At first, we were shown a canyon, something like a gorge.
4f72bcc7382903f7916631ecd016cb41ea264b6d	Kovrigin, who had followed us, looked at us and said — " There are a lot of such canyons under Melitopol!
121af360a04c98b2694118e62fee6851c9ee8714	I keep the lost secret of making Tula gingerbread.
8376a3a05242b334b2c5fa6cebf3dab8bc556e09	Donot start talking too smart.
857dbba08ab03d1b5213a920123b2bb71c758b1e	Another time you'll have a drink with Shablinsky, and then the whole evening: "Hypostasis, hypostasis..."… Type — Sergey Yesenin, Armenian Radio…
47c8483a6323f4b31c5543e7564a93d950c72150	I've had a drink and I'm free for the whole day[1].
106e43fb6bd75b1383f74aab5dd1e77ada468569	Then a drunk guy with an accordion approached me.
0212a14a652c6ffdc6f3e7672cbd4f5aecd7675c	Her furs were turning an intimate pink.
9ccc380c6181705b2f51f731654c2707d356511a	Tears were rolling down the harmonica player's cheeks.
38202b6fd5e218ebf179f3285ba7732b8c9f5867	He asked: "Why did they deduct six rubles from my advance payment?
592827c997e1927c4acdcb677026a794fe73296f	Why didnot they give you a day off on the lute?"
a1fcfe87d444e6232027bc85c69937b4d77e34fb	I read so much about the dangers of alcohol that I decided to stop ... reading.
15e16669e663ae2b04044e4767222bfa303ca3b8	"The busts are shaking," Lebedeva complained, " and the legs are swollen.
e1209a67fea30d0b8873c75c857f62aab6f3d078	I always get better when I'm nervous.
4c2edc4c8b76878133d845fda3a66a4fd11aa391	And I eat a little, cottage cheese and testicles…
18e99b6e87911e1531e6c8e9ff46bb92dd6c84e5	If you donot smoke in the morning, then it's stupid to wake up…
0aa438f88f015b27fdfd78bd93a7d3a4d284df85	I hate only anti communists more than communists.
6e71f17156bac5d68347b0d9bed061d6c96fcfce	— What should I do?
2f358b3f2d563201af725526c0991680896f4ee6	- Donot think.
45f6598df7b243a8c343ff3560d88cb9d77ea9d3	Drink vodka.
0bc94b043e93aedb8cb0e6f97664a349b17f29eb	- Zhbankov took out a bottle.
af5011cafa3cb65666a6898d64f9390a61b783ce	— For seven years now… For seven years now ...
57ecc4f1b1b3068e753e49f872da685825a060b7	" the aunt repeated.
bd0e973af2062eee472618ae8e6d966c1a9627ca	For seven years now...
8118e193feaf8321ffc6bc72c3f95e99b2031874	" Aunt Aniela said in a stronger voice… And then my uncle's lively voice rang out in the hall: "For seven years now, Aniela has not been married…
dbc3502745bc22f797c423e47ceaabccbba3e511	Harmony is hidden at the bottom of the bottle.
20676a4fb53bb9bf3d9e7b2344f7240013cd17b8	I went and repeated: "Oh, how to live on?
de9cd31afb3b76f082abc73f1c5402b75b94dedc	How to live on?..
861ab9c8a3542c593955be7c9deeee23485ab3ba	You canot be a virgin at my age!
a02feb6d510add302d3cc152860dbfa3f30903c1	Where can I get potassium cyanide?!"
1a8988a9b7fdca7c184168c9847b2c159709c44a	The sun and Lieutenant Khuriev were rising from behind the hillock.
1332e1f124f0d2bcdedf289dc41da5b88428185f	Et sidor faggot boz where…
cccd737a61cbad1ce33cddf6c6c295823c0ad955	There are absolutely no men... many girls leave without having rested…
4f3b2d0b1fc3d091f145fb46b5579aaa38263527	— Do you know him well?"
5d5a6072ac58187b415ff7ab359af1a747b59886	- Good, on the bad side.
4f6627a074d67cfe2323357dd39a89ce0834acfb	I easily refrain from the first glass.
585c120af3b4db4c3c232c6e26ad5afa79abd7fb	But I donot know how to stop.
8daff13589ab0e0634393c8661789fa3482a0033	The engine is good, but the brakes fail…
c51aea4dc152071c89f751a5577bef4e091ae558	Against the background of Brodsky, all the other nonconformist poets seemed to be people of a different profession.
f1517279e510de96bc65bdd37473ab272d73b0c5	Talent is like an erection — it is difficult to hide, but it is impossible to simulate…
d70c4818d0e488dc121af98ae3c0ce5ac65ca64d	Captain Turner's life consisted of courage and drunkenness.
a323c08fd80a3d5222b2714888c0902c89664eb1	The captain stumbled along the narrow strip of land between these two oceans.
c7a1054409e59e23cfb15412a131915abe82d719	They donot ask God for supplements.
7495c4efb428530f96731a38ee7cee4965333eed	Geniuses, of course, have neighbors, just like everyone else, but are you ready to admit that your neighbor is a genius?
11ae70384a1eee414e75ed9185b8a18d6f98dde2	It is clear to everyone that a genius must have acquaintances.
2dab9304a4723b25a3e6b085c0e252b8eb36ae86	But who will believe that his friend is a genius?!
b88375efb63db69e95cfcd60e828f9e72ab75454	The greatest misfortune of my life is the death of Anna Karenina.
ef118cfd94329ead5d09e32476c86af9840f3c8b	Integrity is more often worried about those who are not bought.
8819993f4e9dfeb2b29601c8078a7996dc4de538	I have money chickens do not bite.
e9f970f455edb561f28ff80a39032a373661bf16	The slogan for shooting: "Knock out, your mother, twenty five out of thirty!"
be2bb4b3dafaf8e7886e551710ec8796139865e6	All normal people have complexes, only degenerates and skiers do not have them.
8980dc406305d27f3dafa8702f451f3f2a6a0ba4	Alcoholism is curable, drunkenness is not.
1796b0c4b2d060bc78d2b678a892dfa01f7da192	I love you.
966ae2b18efe966f6ba3529d25f4c52c7d3342b7	And even a possible clap wonot stop me.
d501a563ea7f7a5dd16d544c1cad35dc584405b9	Our memory is selective, like an urn…
3360d99e232f69d66db0eacbbadf27839bdfca16	What is the difference between a corpse and a dead person?
bdb6bdf630463a0c884b61d0e61bebf802cbfddb	In one case, it is a dead body.
41438f3349b585f5d5615845ef3e01087f1a378b	In the other — a dead person.
9770ccb5f17cfe6f4566ad4e573db0c9ae1a4300	I was ill for three days, and it had a great effect on my health.
2852ef4f888199f021e20b920451b21a7d7a5409	One of my grandfather's duels with God ended in a draw.
9de2d44ebb1859314c1a35b9d8d3084dd748347d	Man to man — anything you want… Depending on the circumstances.
f030879bf2d9da3180a260462a7529f403e83cfd	A person is used to asking himself: who am I? There is a scientist, an American, a driver, a Jew, an immigrant… And you should always ask yourself: am I not shit?
f268a67fb89b01ab7d5e5eff722048eeca5e95e1	He looked like a diver.
34a5ea5909aa031c1f8feb14be9be1a2ba2022f8	Just as lonely and impenetrable.
fc54de5878ba61574a8ced9673095643d5f3fa31	Life has turned my cousin into a criminal.
acfbe81f65460026ccd6c32ed10a909f3281c219	I think he was lucky.
738e453c8a6a5c5ad871417ca29e8ecc7784de9a	Otherwise, he would inevitably have become a major party functionary.
c1478f1c2410ba0ca55409a7d924687fc5013af3	[edit] A little hate
2896e6a8dab8d71c061ce0cbcf24bca3bf843561	... Dovlatov's literature turned out to be an ideal literature of average taste for the middle class.
3316f958a078d775f368ba80fafb177ddb75e380	... Dovlatov strongly and by no means for the better influenced his fellow countrymen, instilling in them the self worth of chatter, offering an anecdote as an ideal basis for the plot.
0e8a0db1f3e432570e93bf3223e2950d2b416df6	This may be how readable prose is made, but significant prose is not made in this way: it requires some kind of tension, passion, the scale of feelings.
5db1034f1ae0c5272fcf8954ce26e3023815e5b5	... "The soothing caress of banality," Georgy Ivanov wrote about such literature;
3545e957ea3d74e307c7e290fc8122930a9e5108	Sergey Dovlatov, who also tried very hard to orient himself first to the Petersburg, and then to the Brighton mainstream, caressed the intellectual subconscious with similar things.
ad7de0b095a728594fa7d0d3922fcd376530bb66	And in literature, there is nothing worse than the middle.
a7c608d01b1d8b44e47bc34f652b290326be3b20	… Sergey Dovlatov, a genius of average taste, who is not cold and not hot, but just so warm that everyone likes it.
ba519036fd3e64f4b6b02ba6730aa5b7eb58c873	People like to be complained to, but they complain wittily and not too hard.
7106b3c941257752d4f3bd378b0fffbb932c4542	People like losers who have everything more or less in order.
cf236549e44ad60022f6c5c5b6567e86a89c4e9b	Dmitry Bykov
5939d13e6bda8ee420ec7a6f4404ea29dc70e68e	What do I think about his work today?
0cb431e3f0a746ded604e1980389d718f0ccdc69	In fact, I think the same as in the 1980s.
c663df41a80d96bb7a54ed684813eb3834d72824	That the writer Dovlatov lacks degrees of soul.
114ade4531a7098b6fc637e7e32865ae5012c788	The most powerful literature ― this is tragic literature.
6cc35126c6b65a3259640cdb69017546f06f4fb4	And at least you will lay his grave with flowers.
e1613ef4054a6836466842f799ea509831144215	Well, that's fair enough.
4f6b782b8c80db1b1c87a2cc62a79a21c1dc7951	Only the most burning, the most terrible, the most striking will survive for centuries.
80d5d52ccf59551271429f2fc4b195d14e18335b	With weak lights in your hand, you can not cross the great forest of darkness.
89ded09b5f66c557b40cf3a1cc28530527c712e2	Eduard Limonov
d21822d6ea8cee86a7fc4d0055ee221df6d600dd	[edit] Street
d8cb96e414828611e67364bd85caa06c10939359	And still added.
66f6040396c9209cb2dcd87fac1c92bafc456174	The authorship of Sergey Dovlatov is not confirmed, there is a hypothesis that this is an expression of Gennady Shpalikov and it sounds: "I drank in the morning — I'm free all day!"
3f3f7667e8587cac31915cc54325b445a45600f7	[ + ] Dovlatov is our everything!
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7cda47918010689569cde0753352ea4ba175d425	[ ✡ ] Dovlatov.
150c4131fcf5f6dbf165b0c3c57ea5ad8bf5c525	Mategial from Lugkomogya the Eugene gas encyclopedia.
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adaef02500ebf8af3b2564b501fe04d54771ce6b	Landsknecht (German. Landsknecht) — German mercenary infantryman of the Renaissance
53c12c2869bd446d3eb4b8ea113a508e0c63a491	The term was first introduced around 1470 by Peter van Hagenbach, a chronicler of the Burgundian Duke Charles the Bold
f79d1103baae29182839830beb0955b29acf91e4	Landsknechts were hired mainly from representatives of the lower class (the poor) as opposed to knights-nobles, although the latter often held the positions of senior officers in the formations of Landsknechts
f50a06c76f5ee07cc0c412520d8d4c9229d3f9f2	In addition, the Landsknechts were a kind of" German answer " to the Swiss infantry.
d1b2d503e6a1b8233fb47ae4f6c4062aacf88b03	It is worth noting the hostility of the Landsknechts to the Swiss, as a result of which both of them, fighting with each other, did not take prisoners.
d454075703a2e21792a92b3701fcfb9874318c0f	Like any mercenaries (and often ordinary troops), in the conditions of war, the Landsknechts were not averse to robbery and robbery.
cb0f0d14071ba60d76e2c2e4904a9e3bde59f143	It should be noted that the looting was partly due to the lack of a supply system in the armies of that era, which appeared in its infancy during the Thirty Years ' War.
6dbbe67c89f127be222017b2a9d9d6650bff3aa8	Thus, the only way to provide the army with food was to withdraw it from the population.
89141c5202b07b30e8dbd9dfae1a725092856740	It was believed that a landsknecht earned more in a month than a peasant earned in a year.
f976a7672acc0fd4a4cfa9fbd5b1f879964a9a26	The Landsknechts who fought in the front ranks for double salaries were called Doppelholders
bf9820aecc31700b4b6bcd1e04b71d677f37a3c1	Troops of mercenaries-landsknechts and reitar, which became widespread in Europe from the end of the XV century to the beginning of the XVIII century. they were a transitional link from the knight cavalry of the Middle Ages to the regular armies of the new time, which were completed with recruits.
cc0b61a53f9755637ed54ab29247352d098ad2e4	The detachment of landsknechts was usually called a company, which in many European languages also means "company" (English company; French compagnie; it. compagnia; Spanish compañía; German. Kompanie).
a773aa8deb0ac72238e4be9d982a14406d891527	The number of these companies, unlike modern companies, could reach several hundred or even thousands of people.
4c9d8e6b7c97b0f9323be5b729ed15e569a760ee	At the head of the company was the captain, who was the senior military commander, as well as the treasurer of the company, whose task was to find an employer, conclude a favorable contract with him and distribute payment among the members of the company according to their position and merits.
d0fce14b4d308b7483d8edc419d1e65e3b1716a7	The captain established the company's charter — a set of disciplinary rules that defined the duties and responsibilities of the company's members, he was also the highest judge who passed a sentence for violations of these norms.
40800744c971278e1d1a5317a8c7d96d871a8a30	Discipline in the company was maintained by severe measures — corporal punishment (for insubordination), and in the case of serious crimes (fleeing from the battlefield) and the death penalty.
30c3496cf24a9c72b354c9229bd85e0b6de02162	Punishments were appointed by the captain and were usually executed before the general formation — they served as a means of educating not only the person being punished, but also the whole company.
d47a21db6b78a87a160425f2d30103135df74617	The robbery of civilians or prisoners of war was not considered a great sin, and sometimes a city taken by storm was given for several days "to plunder" the company, as an incentive.
228be41a41718dcb9b60facb99a5b16ce763407d	Sometimes the captain appointed himself one or more assistant lieutenants (from the French lieu tenant-deputy)
0eef30ec01daeac755a823d7b9a8e397518a3078	Depending on the size of the company, it could be divided into smaller units, headed by lower — ranking commanders-sergeants, corporals, field sergeants.
8d39f8f6e65fbe2f1c28e8e928f75aa699456a1c	The leaders of the companies were also called condottieri (from Ital. condotta — employment contract). Representatives of the highest noble aristocracy often acted as condottieri.
355a29d036746c5025cf1953f9971186a25df0bc	Monarchs, large feudal lords, and free cities acted as employers of landsknecht companies.
ec1cded02d362d261032a2f1d6def5fe05fe936c	The supply of the company was provided, as a rule, by sutlers — merchants who specialized in selling all kinds of goods to mercenaries.
4d13d2b2c5a77f2d467e5979615e880cbb54545f	The Landsknechts earned well and did not make savings, so this trade was very profitable, and there was no shortage of sutlers.
863a8641202905175d27f7f6fd51a653a82c7493	In the campaign, the company was followed by a large wagon train, in which there were sutlers with goods, artisans serving the Landsknechts (gunsmiths, tailors, shoemakers, barbers, etc.), mobile brothels, carts with personal property of the Landsknechts and even with their families.
ea13a6db018a54428ac4a53cdc474d769d793c36	Despite all the costs, the mercenary troops of the Landsknechts during the disintegration of feudal society proved to be more effective than the striking force of the feudal troops-the knight cavalry, and during the XVI century completely replaced the latter for the following reasons.
6b83a2d5e79603aa5371585af20b77ca926fb750	With the spread of firearms, the invulnerability of armored knights and the inaccessibility of their castles are coming to naught.
fa3389884bc0b250c6bb8b694f2b58980f1b99d0	"The cannon killed feudalism" is a saying attributed to Napoleon Bonaparte.
fe18735d7c884ee35736109e20da525374d28928	The knights 'cavalry consisted mainly of representatives of the" noble "class, which was relatively small, so the Landsknechts' troops, recruited from all classes, outnumbered the knights ' formations — the employer would have had enough money.
9582ca97e9e61fb5ec6ea5fcc5dd1c27dd9de021	The knights — the elite of feudal society-had their own political ambitions.
6c427371d9c79b00d6ec3237ad4e77963148d15f	They are indispensable participants in conspiracies and palace coups, and often they betrayed their overlord in favor of a pretender to the throne, while landsknechts served only for money and, as a rule (provided they were paid generously and regularly), had no motives for participating in political intrigues, and therefore enjoyed great confidence from the monarchs.
33fe81d55b696e7443d58a721c620178d2e78801	A suit with wide sleeves and trousers, huge hats with feathers — the clothes of the landsknechts were the most decorated and provocative during the Renaissance.
70685c7f5777183934f4ec6e7b0bae2662e3732d	Emperor Maximilian I granted the Landsknechts freedom from the laws governing the style and appearance of clothing that other subjects obeyed: "Their life is so short and joyless that magnificent clothes are one of their few pleasures. I'm not going to take it away from them."
1ba0b99ec8fd9203d6c5b12a0eb339c7792d8171	The style of "boofs and cuts" in clothing was also adopted by other peoples, becoming a common type of jewelry in some parts of Europe.
d1a2dd7988ecfbe80c8597e73d668f1e04fbae15	Some of the English nobility were fascinated by the "puffs and cuts".
6c926ff49f66824ec4196255438326159e534e74	Henry VIII began to dress in this style after seeing the clothes of the landsknechts he hired; in fact, the famous portrait of Henry VIII by Hans Holbein depicts him in a doublet decorated with puffs and slits.
6d900c015a2d7c336cf127cb395c47235a475711	Other portraits of Heinrich depict him wearing what looked like a knee-length skirt; he adopted this style from the German military skirts worn by some Landsknechts.
b2055bda68a1d08779928a714dcb38b9c6e11d82	Henry's children, Edward VI and Elizabeth I also dressed in this style.
9b224cd7b75f342c41be1ce680aaaa58de51222b	Initially, the Landsknechts were created as a support force by Emperor Maximilian.
5f2242329319cd3caa861db616e2ce703663789f	However, over time, detachments of Landsknechts began to be hired by those who paid more, excluding the enemies of the Holy Roman Empire (Germany).
3ec6ef5365a672a6bbd545ebd74f16b0d69bdd56	Hired from the common population, they were a counterweight to elite knights, and soon, thanks to new weapons and tactics, the Landsknechts became the best troops in Europe.
c6aefba16c64c1dce37db3ecb1743b8c322042b6	For the first time, mercenary troops showed their effectiveness in the Burgundian wars.
3781b7024dcdda87423659118e6f9cc749c00e9d	The new mobile infantry quickly became the main component of mercenary armies throughout Europe.
474a49588548d29920f3f76ee9f16a62ef34ce00	The main ideological opponent and competitor of the Landsknechts were the Swiss.
d5ad07c9452fc38831c21304bc43a2786b33809c	The Swiss reigned on the battlefield for about a century, until a new weapon was introduced-light cavalry and arquebuses.
4854e51c6b716cb1c966143a5060fff4a40d484a	But soon, in one of the battles, the Landsknechts destroyed over 3,000 Swiss mercenaries, using earth fortifications, exhausting attacks and a new weapon-arquebuses.
dc5e1507ae249c708d332fd9cc43a16f24f4d993	The development of firearms caused the decline of the power and glory of the Landsknechts.
d95fd9489eb45cca3421a1771157393cc672c6ea	They disappeared by the second half of the XVI century, and even the word "landsknecht" disappeared from use, now they were called Imperial Infantry.
e8900b848d444ef61c5dac056fe93476297b58a2	In large gangs of Landsknechts, there was a division into detachments, each of which performed its own function.
bf0aa52728e2fd0161b8ab01f2a2795e1b3806be	Pikemen — the main mass of landsknechts were soldiers using pikes and protected by a helmet and cuirass.
b27b1608c24d49de75c209c644ef8fa1af4a86cc	They formed the front ranks and covered the detachment from the cavalry.
853c78263e364c6beb2006458d3803aafedb6075	Shock troops-armed with two-handed swords or halberds and well protected.
595a6134a9aaedb9e041a31fa34bcef3ae1f7676	They went on the attack in the first ranks, breaking into the ranks of the enemy's pikes, breaking them and clearing passages for the main forces.
3b176db49cb14906845ce5258a33293dd46524d0	Arquebusiers-at first they used crossbows, but later they were almost completely armed with arquebuses and katzbalgers.
cff605348a43c3ff98da6db3e92dfaf67dd625b6	Almost no protection was worn.
1e3bbd8510f95ab04ca688003b3b5d1473d48aba	These are squads of shooters who cause damage in skirmishes, in fortified positions or before clashes of squads.
e3c00ce0024f1bd9bce9840fec82471b2a17e769	Since in battles, mercenaries often appeared on both sides of the conflict, who looked exactly the same, in order to distinguish "their own" from "strangers" in hand-to-hand combat, landsknechts belonging to the same company wore wide ribbons of cloth of the same color on their hats, on their belts, in the form of a shoulder bandage, or a sling over their shoulders.
255255a0d2d8d080f45d08bc7f7f0a76eaf5bbed	This gave rise to calling each company of landsknechts a gang of the corresponding color (from the German das Band-ribbon).
6c3d9301eda6d4f3f16cc2e59dc091627a92517a	And thanks to the behavior of the Landsknechts in relation to the civilian population, the word "gang" in the pan — European practice has acquired a new meaning-a stable armed criminal group.
10c69b7575c05a2c97aa7a45e9e2fde657b57749	Also, in the landsknecht costume, a huge codpiece is remembered, reflecting the fashion trends of its time, which some stuffed with cotton wool for size and to soften the blow.
acb77aedff6e5381b73764c463324410eee1687f	Also, a purse could easily fit into the codpiece, and landsknechts on a double salary had codpieces as an element of armor.
e863d787c23129ed0fc315d0ef761610137787ac	After the end of the Northern War, Peter I settled a group of captured Swedish landsknechts on the outskirts of the city of Yaransk.
55054a00382a30da531f4202c02485dd54202ed0	The settlers got families and became Russified, their houses made up a new urban area, now known as Lanzy (from Landsknechty).
73893c590d35b75c2dd4eef72a0667ddfce13476	The characteristic armor of the Landsknechts was the 3/4 armor (a special type of incomplete armor protection), also known as"Landsknecht armor".
b005af536761cbfc60515108f32a056f168dc2fc	The quality and degree of protection of the armor depended both on the economic status of the landsknecht himself and on his position in the ranks.
06fe72227c1e37ce89d20be85478554854fe59ac	Landsknecht armor — incomplete armor worn by landsknechts, the complete set and price of the armor depended on the rank and salary of the Landsknecht.
77077d86db28a5601b5b90a440361e233b081757	The typical armor of a landsknecht consisted of a cuirass with a necklace and loincloths, which were the only protection for the legs.
1a1cef909154f13391cfd02f52b8564e47b3cd1b	Often a part of the armor was a plate bracers of a simplified design.
12f0a61707dfe839f9f79129f6de9c27bd0d01f6	Shoulder pads that reached to the elbow were attached to the necklace.
1bd8d454fd9b71850f20a2ef04ce1eccfd09fbc4	By the XVII century, armor in the form of simplified cuirasses and helmets was used only by pikemen standing in the first lines and fighters armed with two-handed swords, whose task was to break through the enemy system.
ffcbd0fd308a46eef8dd2dee7d40c777b940884b	This armor originates from the "three-quarter" armor, which was widespread in the cavalry of the late XV-early XVI centuries.
f8957c51dc58e3fcc487ab06be4fb7db684d72e1	In addition to the parts shown in the photo, it was supplemented with either full loincloths or prayer books, but had no protection of the legs below the knees.
6591d495bb0a59004d7775d367beb7af960217b4	"Landsknechte" ("Landsknechte", the term was first introduced into use by Peter van Hagenbach, the chronicler of Charles the Bold of Burgundy) literally means "servant of the country".
22d5a5b25bb1f9e90d30cce82fb1fdb7c3f07752	Hired mainly from the poor in southern Germany, they became famous for their extraordinary clothing and effective combat tactics.
fc1a2e9a2180ba93516db30169e3700348f42e3d	At the zenith of their glory, they were the best military force in Europe.
d5b1a06dd503f058c59fb96d3df6ab1626856a59	The appearance of the war was changing, the Burgundian Wars (1476-1477) showed the complete impotence of the knight's cavalry against any well-prepared formations of pikemen and new hand guns.
1a695cf7ca0ed00d349bfc8d39bd374924c25a88	The new mobile infantry-landsknechts-pikemen in the best traditions of Swiss mercenaries, quickly turned into the main component of mercenary armies throughout Europe.
21ffc22b0d034a68962e0d2bea80b7185bd6b822	The battles of the Renaissance were sometimes like a chess game, in which victory and defeat were recognized very quickly, with as little blood as possible.
bae032b5a3c582fef3e634a520443c611ba83035	These gentlemen's agreements soon began to disappear from the battlefield due to the use of tactical tricks, such as ambushes, disguising detachments, disinformation of the enemy, smoke and dust curtains to blind the enemy before a sudden and massive attack, which first appeared and were included in the strategy and combat formations of European armies.
82753d6214f6438b57e91afb04c10bca7b1358dc	Using new tactics, they soon earned the respect of their enemies.
8bc9004a3a35ab51af844687d559accbab6e6c25	Impregnable and impenetrable square formations, bristling in all directions with pikes (copied from the Swiss), rows of soldiers armed with new deadly arquebuses, and a mobile artillery system have become the standard of these new deadly mercenary armies.
3e5d8a2976425697ab14d387353fc09c7ff98a15	The army of Landsknechts was terrifying by its very appearance.
85c54ea1fe9b412ca79da5e2eb534dca82fec9fa	At the end of the 15th century, Europe looked quite different from what it is now.
f093bd54d94f9e19d95f52b8183d30819b6295c2	The borders of the states that we are now accustomed to consider permanent and inviolable were anything but permanent and inviolable.
c5b072dff2b06b03b27cab5aa37c23cb94c4e99c	The borders were constantly changing for the same reasons: the death of the ruler, a wedding, as a concession, or a military campaign.
82ed7aa4bd48b6fbf7418772e0a6713daea5f8cc	The stakes in wars during this period were very high, so generals and military leaders were constantly looking for new ways to gain an advantage over their enemies.
48682021486ee74065f3d1df64c6a37ef46c4c18	The Swiss mercenaries were formidable warriors who considered a dead enemy a good enemy.
c7c4edad49ed227eecaa711ae577787808608409	The Swiss reigned on the battlefield for about a century, until a new weapon was introduced-light cavalry and arquebuses, which they ignored for some reason.
f53332b81a80c37b3597035ce2a1c045e6f0c3b7	The supremacy of the Swiss in foot battles finally came to an end in the Battle of Bicoca.
7530e96c3bad8f8c8b3e99dae3cbe1ba65ceb33b	Under the command of Georg van Frundsberg, a contingent of Landsknechts destroyed over 3,000 Swiss mercenaries, using earthworks, exhausting attacks and a new weapon-arquebuses.
2233b822b21cbefa5167cec0647b5438554fc3bf	Usually, the formation of mercenary units was simple.
728a58d87842a8f1cc4fa40b59e81d3f9577210f	When some ruler needed soldiers, he turned to some experienced soldier with a reputation and charisma.
1a3f8f9f5d1b5078b1965a8b5c68661be4a7ecfe	The reputation was necessary to attract the maximum number of contractors, charisma-so that the captain could persuade his flock of comrades with fables about the golden mountains in the future not to start mass desertion at the slightest delay in salary.
a20c5476c2258532fd8fe3ab5937dde2c607a524	There were no special formalities here — it was enough to arrange a recruitment point with a standard-bearer and a drummer in a crowded place, put together a gang and go to the right hot spot for a labor ruble.
4016e582a128e0f8f9392e9c02b6d597e1ca9573	At the Landsknechts, everything was painted to the smallest detail.
b80b7c98397fe038ca0efcbd042b98e6f508310f	Ordnung ist ordnung.
1faa55f126f7d69d52c69f6613849c57547b61a9	Recruiters were sent out centrally, each was issued a patent indicating the name of the squad leader (colonel), the size of the squad, its structure, the amount of salary, conditions of service and the period of service (usually from three to six months).
e99887d53243a2c8448c4c6caf45c54be6a9ec74	The salary of a landsknecht depended on skills and equipment, allowances, fines and a possible delay period were strictly stipulated in the contract.
620475e56a5680a358b57f23b32f0d63f0af98f4	For example, although a nobleman was automatically assigned a double salary, the emphasis was not on origin, but on the presence of military skills guaranteed by chivalric education.
75f3e23a82bdeac75084b29092021e6deedf9509	Therefore, any commoner could receive the same place of honor in the payroll if he provided proof of his skill, for example, belonging to a shooting guild or a fencing fraternity, or appeared at the review in full armor and with weapons.
5bd0ff31584f258070b88c5d5405cdc3b7db063c	The internal organization of the army was also clearly thought out, which was hierarchically structured and filled with an unprecedented number of positions that serve to organize the proper functioning of regiments as combat units.
6d4873125a04ddba956b0d274abefdc4d69779de	The rights and duties of the chaplain, clerk, doctor, scout, quartermaster, interpreter, cook, treasurer, flag bearer, trumpeters and drummers were exhaustively defined.
4f71b6ca251539d50936a211d96747fe5add1fae	The command ladder was also continuous from the emperor himself to the last captain with his deputy lieutenant.
e88f31a71fcf88ad0fd79d7a08326b5adb40e70b	Another significant difference between the Landsknechts was their own system of law.
73f70ecd83109c15147496eae541614c46fdaa40	Other laws had almost no force over them, but they were not needed — the life of the landsknecht was completely regulated by special "articles of articles", they are military codes, they are articles.
bb0af4cac38990c1e75f290afeed325a482f0563	The Landsknechts had their own list of what was considered a misdemeanor, their own punishments and their own courts.
d57dc99ea09118b370628ae0556b50355a9d24fe	Therefore, it is not surprising that there was a place for lawyers in their motley company — schultheis must have been on the shelves, who would have been able to navigate in conflicting regulations, correctly interpret articles and apply them in practice.
92c432d43ac4791b94fe377cb6f64fe7d126fc46	In general, the realization that they live by their own laws gave the Landsknechts a unique sense of freedom for that time.
f58bc5c9b6a3b88fc9547d5715e37219065b4f18	Here it did not matter what class they were from, here it was possible to ignore the prohibitions for the civilian population and enjoy special privileges.
654ca824fe8f31846bea39814a16c0306eb294fc	Naturally, this further united the Landsknechts as a corporation.
8f5f863151e22f44bfc7f90ba0dd1d784dc6545f	To give you an idea of how free the Landsknechts were from other laws, we can give an example of witchcraft.
8c39e33445211edab5b5d33879b2946c844be4c7	Superstition among the military has always been widespread.
958d4d79ee2044c1123f3d01d9911268fa6a6694	When a person finds himself in a stressful situation, he immediately begins to believe fervently, and in all sorts of nonsense.
a6138b5d0289fc9236c7f5079a4083903dd66662	For example, once the Landsknechts flatly refused to go into battle.
9eefe59eb445a066137f97c522f12f9e94b64c8b	Like, on the day of the Massacre of Babies in Bethlehem (December 28), it's not good to fight, it's a bad day for any undertaking.
faf0df0aa06c697770ca2d382b82bdd51f8d7651	Their commander, Rene of Lorraine, was forced to swear dirty and change the date of the battle.
d07e542a993558fb3dfc400126d6d060b1fe2d39	They also believed that after reading in front of the statue of St. Barbarians correct prayer, you can return from the battle unharmed, and the one who looks at the image of St. Christophora will not experience any misfortunes on that day.
650f9a422490f0eb9ce5594efbb56f813a832370	Back in the days of the Landsknechts, it was fashionable to get some kind of talisman made from a substance that causes vomiting today.
e643edf89d15d785615386c3f1b099fba157994d	The most chic was considered "das Nothemd" — a shirt woven and sewn by a virgin on the night before Christmas, in comparison with which the best Milanese armor was not quoted.
c5c8ddc2244ff95edba69ae87dc46130a2580786	According to experienced soldiers, the most reliable sorcery was a piece of paper covered with magic badges, swallowed and washed down with wine (which must first be crossed).
62fa45e28a57e34ec028cfd10cc292a815807ba2	The landsknechts also preferred to be treated with grandfather's methods, and not with regimental paramedics.
f743d040a91d2d008f960bf1ffc0097ca3b5ec37	In general, everyone was engaged in magic: someone for protection in battle, someone for the accuracy of the shot, someone for luck in the dice game.
6a29ecd71fdf441b0f055edbecb48add1291262f	And the Landsknechts got away with all this, like the Pope himself, despite the witch hunt raging around.
2d53042770900aef3fa3cca63f8eb517f3a6532a	And the "Hammer of Witches" especially stipulated the inviolability of the army, "finding pleasure in the accurate shooting of a sorcerer," and in practice the fathers of the inquisitors of the landsknechts also did not disturb them.
9c9df94a42daf19ce06f1290f0d0920ecb696c03	Moreover, all these superstitions were often welcomed by the command, which either raised morale in this way, or itself believed in the miraculous weaving abilities of the immaculate virgins.
2ead5be012f2f9d324eb04e68814700b897b3477	The idea of brotherhood logically led to the fact that the concept of corporate honor appeared within the Landsknecht community.
08a474e916ecba62f843c5861b01b00af1edae5a	The Landsknechts understood honor simply — it is loyalty to the given word and loyalty to the oath, that is, business decency, and not a chivalrous code of conduct.
df873cb112397f1372286f376e38e4345a468bae	If someone breaks an oath, his perjury (der Eidbruch, der Meineid) discredits the entire corporation, because the reputation for a mercenary is important.
3e5bfb9f84f2bcdf58012aa662ba71e2b73ad531	Therefore, the Landsknechts not only fulfilled the terms of the contract with the employer to the last letter, but also kept the oaths given to the enemy firmly.
f1bdcf28f2d9ffb777d142ec79af9042e4d5bb45	For example, they observed the agreements on the "good war", when the lives of those who surrendered were saved, they fulfilled their promises not to fight against the merciful winner.
a7a63ea3c6d01294d4c1e156a198165cab9adac8	So, in 1509, the Venetians released the captured Landsknechts in exchange for a promise made in the temple not to fight against the republic of St. Mark for one year.
4637f4319fd7f0d5ea3a7c3ca62ff7e705fb3e77	As soon as they joined the rest of the army, they received orders to go to war again.
ae23a57e2f73ca6a6b9b7a60b9b518e0c0d4d953	The Landsknechts flatly refused.
04cb8edc22a66d1f1c928056851e7889e05b16bc	They declared that they wanted to act like "pious military people", and sent their ambassadors to the emperor to notify him of the concluded treaty and their intention to observe it.
56bd61228a119442e951879aab77f0e698b3abdb	The Landsknechtov characterizes an episode of the Schmalcaden War even better.
704da2d283224f27ef7ad2a320267d1c60f0fc11	Often their sleeves differed in the palette of colors and the contours of the puffs even from one another!
7cd017b694082d83e4083403759105af8c5a2ef4	The pant legs sometimes also differed.
5082e8c0b02a95b20474bff44e5773d0ff92504d	They wore wide flat hats, of enormous size, often decorated with ostrich feathers.
1ef981f2a8c43428f560138493822b6baa66f405	Some wore obscenely huge pouches covering their genitals.
896c77993a5e6a716e2342639480d42a246edc45	Even their shoes were decorated in the style of slits and boofs.
4f099604f1b32597829e49418d0f73bcc8984a63	The external effect often led to a sense of visual distortion.
243e8626629d971f58043806516f0bee918d7b58	Men who joined the Landsknecht units usually brought with them a woman who took care of them - a sister, a wife or a daughter.
a064b6507a2118a074343d553d8baab56edf6c58	These women were called "Hure" - literally translated "whore" - but they were not prostitutes, but only camp companions (Kampfrauen).
d28d794f7bee5300e0f9a476b38042986cddee2f	They took care of the men between battles, and even partially participated in the battles themselves, following the fighters, robbing the dead and finishing off the dying.
e9c5a65b7fe7c59d8073d008373b149ddc920b37	Some even helped the gunners, dismantled enemy houses for wood, which was later used for earthworks and fortifications.
3f43b4b1b361552e035727ae7adfafc1cef79492	Women also adopted the "boofs and slits" style of clothing, although not to the same extent as men dressed.
ff47c791d6d3e505f3a39ce4783c8c8e0ed37329	Their hats were similar to men's.
3632ea6b86ab5bb988eee156683f72ede6a6e5ef	One characteristic aspect of women's clothing was expressed in the fact that they shortened their skirts, raising the border a few inches from the dirty ground and creating boofs from excess fabric around the hips.
0e55881c63b2dfd03a3249fa98d8572bc1101464	The life of a landsknecht was not easy - the punishments for violating laws and regulations were quick and cruel, the battles were bloody and terrible, and the living conditions were usually uncomfortable.
cc128bc345079daa6f00bca02216030bb7e3290c	The main (and only) benefit was the fee: the landsknecht earned more in a month than the farmer earned in a year.
152aeca82f344901ef5a9d6fde366e72fe53454a	If he survived, he could retire rich.
8856fa84b6032b5f42555f73a14e10599cca99a9	The development of firearms caused the decline of the power and glory of the landsknechts - dense formations of pikemen.
aa0f7bf782bcbecfbefeab6c77cb00440a8b3180	Thus ended one of the most famous periods of the military history of Europe.
c6131adcbea0a580f99c738527004076b817e651	Another theory is that the word comes from the German " balgen "("quarrel"), and means an intense melee, reminiscent of a fight between wild cats.
1af9d9fe4e54701befcc93ae8a4ff1fb3992bc0a	The most common translation of the term "katzbalger" is "koshkoder", with a hint of a cat fight.
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d44b6240aafabc13f2db263b5d72c2b9bfdf6c83	Balto Slavica > Main forum > History > High Quality/Late Middle Ages (X mid XVII centuries AD)
36d3ce660b67113641541e8d7c576935b6091ebd	Landsknechts
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23892290078e6b86a1479fe51d59db31189de52d	23.6.2009, 10:36
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6163e920038fc0e187800cdab2bc2ca4b1d77a17	Nationality: velikorus
391b84591f1f33626e44e73087d87400c3f2ca03	Phenotype: Northern Pontid
8d3a87f7e187cc4e06b8e76928ab8afa9f6100d9	Y DNA:R1a1a
bbef476bc4b9935b85baa7368ea3ce74f895fa1c	mtDNA:T1a1
08cdd84fa7eecfe9303e198c27e459a827c00a48	Religion: Agnostic
b041b9f6f516d574e99e6572f2f43f5a40526b6e	The appearance of the war was changing, the Burgundian Wars (1476-1477) showed the complete impotence of the knight's cavalry against any well prepared formations of pikemen and new hand guns.
b6d886ccb2bc3287b708a99e4e5cb88d19584274	The new mobile infantry landsknechts pikemen in the best traditions of Swiss mercenaries, quickly turned into the main component of mercenary armies throughout Europe.
12f9017da81f3233db9f99d71802fe72518a7a17	The main force of the Landsknechts were soldiers using pikes (a 14-18 foot long shaft weapon with a 10 inch steel tip), supported by "shock squads" armed with huge two handed zweihander swords
21c70b236ab965455144bb323305d0b190f228bd	(Zweihander, a sword 66 inches long, with a double edged, sometimes wavy blade, weighing 7-14 pounds; such soldiers were called "Soldiers on double pay" - Doppelsoldner - they went on the attack in the first ranks, breaking into the ranks of enemy pikes, breaking them and clearing passages for the main forces) or halberds (pole weapons 6-7 feet long).
0ea3b9567907ec874353eaf1bd68e273c93cefbd	In addition, detachments of landsknechts owned arquebuses and various types of heavy artillery.
1e303108ac4eb8625fb67fd6f0c6b4224893f19d	The Swiss reigned on the battlefield for about a century, until a new weapon was introduced light cavalry and arquebuses, which they ignored for some reason.
ab095216e5f1faef2b2514827a7be1eb727485c2	Under the command of Georg van Frundsberg, a contingent of Landsknechts destroyed over 3,000 Swiss mercenaries, using earthworks, exhausting attacks and a new weapon arquebuses.
0773a8d20e775135e5cb30979858dec608b03fbf	The clothes of the Landsknechts were the most decorated and provocative during the Renaissance.
925bf53ace60acfd874d79cd41c1f83bf9e5f2ab	The Landsknechts were free from the laws regulating the style and appearance of clothing that other citizens obeyed Maximilian granted them this exemption: "Their life is so short and joyless that gorgeous clothes are one of their few pleasures.
0488f2a166cc8ee9a89097a61030fe16dcd2ad7b	I'm not going to take it away from them."
844330206fe652ffda1d5961764668c39bd8b1b8	Their garments were famous for their decoration in the style of "boofs and slits", which arose as a result of cutting through the outer clothing and stuffing the lower layers through these slits.
75c09a1c74307e60e820c49e2de4d178a239f0aa	The sleeves were often theatrically inflated, as were the trousers.
a63fc97f5b076b7a68a668702c3a58172bf53960	The English nobility was partially fascinated by"puffs and cuts".
a78eda403fa39f6cc1c68c7ecf9f789af6325ab8	Other portraits of Heinrich depict him wearing what looked like a knee length skirt; he adopted this style from the German military skirts worn by some Landsknechts.
03e0446c37f5b947b0e7004b20066c17d1aa38af	Henry's son, Edward VI and Elizabeth I also dressed in this style.
6593eb93f44afd53f29319254d62587d9a92c260	The wild, unbridled clothes of the Landsknechts disappeared by the second half of the XVI century, and even the word "Landsknecht" is gradually falling out of use, now they were called the Imperial Infantry (Kaiserliche Fussknecht).
1c83a4cec30b3791d07e2dc016d58cc556feccd9	Zweihander (zweihaender, German for "two hands", also called bidenhainder or bihaender) is a two handed sword of the Renaissance era.
09de8ac4e82f26a4c55b0551e40c701178271f8e	Having appeared in Germany in the 14th century, the Zweichander gained fame during the 16th century as the distinctive weapon of the German Landsknecht since the time of Maximilian I. Zweihanders were supposedly used in the first Landsknecht front lines, where they were used to cut through the ranks of opposing pikemen and spearmen, whose spears presented a difficult barrier to conventional weapons, and especially cavalry.
3fe486ab02b9d7c63f0519f18b5ec8da8c7a6531	Perhaps the most famous user of zweihander was Pier Gerlofs Donia, who is believed to have mastered zweihander with such skill, strength, and efficiency that he managed to decapitate many people with one blow.
0769d2369e1c0fea1c7591ddae29dd6f3795c727	The Zweichander he owned is on display in the Frisian Museum.
117eab2bed4b5623b2cc591194e24f49b8139b48	It has a length length of 213 cm and a weight of approximately 6.6 kg.
c8fcaa80fb6153487b6897451ad15f4d21aa83f1	Technical characteristics of the zweihander The Zweihander was usually up to 180cm long from the base of the pommel to the tip of the blade, with a pancake blade 120-150cm and a hilt 30-45cm long.
c8954e327006cbee61df230b6a260d54c92bd448	The weight of the zweinhander lay in the range from 2kg to 3.2 kg.
ca84ce9a0b2e39e970f2b26d9c45e77a76cda09c	However, the ceremonial zweihander, which was unsuitable for combat, could weigh up to 7kg.
d6ad84b87a7f3b6d8b43755340b538b476da8bb5	However, some zweihanders were shorter.
eff6052eebbe4a61e870a7f2c1e30d31231e131e	In earlier versions, in particular, the total length of the sword was often about 150 cm, and the weight was only 1.5 kg.
38d137d9096eab0b468ded0550e629828965dd47	The features of the zweihander Guard could be simple or decorative, while the hilts usually ended with a heavy pommel in the form of a heart or a pear.
5bbe5944fedd927ac664f00aaf75b83c3b13282f	Sometimes the non sharpened part of the blade (heel), or fehlscharfe (German for "lost sharpness") allowed the second hand to grasp the sword below the guard, reducing the grip, as a result of which the zweihander was held on a semblance of a shaft weapon.
dd7ce2f0cee017d506dda39e6efeb4d94270ec3d	This allowed its owner to repel a cavalry attack.
49fe44744d8dd4da9b482f033ebb9c1fef4abd51	The zweihanders had side rings attached to the hilt, thereby increasing the guard to 35 cm in width.
788b38a83bda0fe5266798d7a0a49420f0e4cefc	Along the blade, approximately 10-20cm from the end of the guard, there were "parrying hooks" (parierhaken) designed as protrusions or ridges acting as a guard for the heel of the blade, preventing other weapons from sliding down the blade of the zweihander.
2c12da7166b8c84dcae9f5d704f007e31e540a60	According to the late medieval reports, previously, most types of zweihanders were used to "break through" the formations of pikemen, first breaking the peaks and then hitting the pikemen directly.
49c77a3435ad038b03eb6135cc9afdd403b5deeb	Some scholars suggest that this is a modern legend, and that the zweihander was mainly used for demonstration fencing.
e43059e214909251a32816b21d73edb9784a3185	But, at least as a legend, the concept of "zweihander" appears at least in the 17th century, if not at the end of the 16th century.
f003876f2b994f8fb1c2bcb8904eab11415e006d	A bizarre description of a zweichander used against a halberd in battle lines appears in a Polish chronicle dated 1597.
1186f2fc9b2f9d7c7a5f5c4c8fda15b2fe4594b2	The soldiers were trained to use the zweihander (the name Meister des langen Schwertes was provided by the Marx brotherhood), receiving double pay, compared to a regular infantryman, and were called Doppelsoldner ("double mercenaries").
2cc3a014107fcaed21707ccb44d6571c5155d4a7	These landsknechts were often used as guards of artillery batteries.
f33d3d58452c35edc2b7053102460f9a4e20b6fe	The work "Goliath Fechtbuch" (1510) describes fencing with swords that are comparable in size to a zweichander, but without parrying hooks.
c93601034ebe6be0c47e9871e29e4497e5cb540b	This creates some controversy as to whether Zweichander is depicted in the drawing or not.
687fa677401e99bfb3f9a0794e10211dcc61e22d	Swords are depicted and used in a style similar to the appearance and style of fencing with a one and a half sword.
3f4d9f976912746b5dba3de5eaa58cba9f7de9c9	Although this point of view could be considered controversial, given the fact that both the one and a half sword and the zweichander used the same fencing style, modified for the larger size of the zweichander.
71ae727fde51341dd03d173f18dd02b9b56113c6	Cutting spades
59fdeb5078b2ecdbcbadf520139eaf35a94e9f23	Katzbalger (katzbalger)
c384ebe07ced8e459a109ed85b02ae9085ebcb75	- a short one handed sword of the Renaissance, known for its robust construction and the characteristic S - shaped 8 shaped guard.
3790f8202f4f87e3fa0698b245b9f5bc9cb36598	Measuring 75-85cm long and weighing 1-2 kg, the katzbalger was the distinctive blade of the Landsknechts.
e188bb36f7d98471e9fe3b9231d1a54069308cc9	The Katzbalger was designed with a large guard in the form of an eight, which protects the hand in case the opponent's sword slides down the blade.
5adbe20b2c1d7af4341432b6be13d2ae62131c6d	There are several different versions about the origin of the name "Katzbalger".
e3c2871dd3e870cfb2d8d214978ea6a2d41ebb1d	One version is that there was a custom to wear a katzbalger without a scabbard, covered only with a cat's skin (the German word "Katze" means "cat", while "Balg" means the skin (fur) of an animal).
19461dae2059c0c52d886f162992f2a1e65458f3	In this case, "katzbalger" means a part made from the skin of a cat.
72e43fc44a9a6339729ae0e0283de8c220583628	However, this version is unlikely.
21d3d3fc991cd90df53715285645a85e7146139b	The katzbalger was often used by pikemen, archers, and crossbowmen as a "weapon of last resort" in case the enemy came too close, and bows and pikes became ineffective.
ada23ddd85136773595de4442a6030c18b855958	http://www.bsmith.ru/ru/katzbalger
9f4fb51c1ed3b42aa70589b7f5622c94d5cf3dc4	Landsknecht Soldier 1486-1560.
194198b03c59445b75838b1fb9542c2800b010ab	Osprey http://ifolder.ru/3204640
39df4ca22c476535efa6942e07d390fcefd22cc8	New Soldier 62 Landsknechty, 1486-1560
56bb5a02b68cfd2b5f3b7c3a68ef22f00178dcce	http://www.infanata.org/2007/08/04/novyjj_...y 14861560.html
20ffff705fc0bdd98de85ca0079db3e13f111acc	http://rapidshare.com/files/46803560/ns62.rar http://natahaus.ifolder.ru/2903955
1be25fa9a14d89372f331bf79e056c3d5aceee8d	New Soldier 127 German Landsknechts, 1470-1556
456dd48204e8bc050118c5df806676895cfb0221	http://www.infanata.org/index.php?newsid=1146086673
f9c9a7a3eeafd862e060f79177dd16f622b6c9f8	http://rapidshare.com/files/42393808/ns127.rar http://natahaus.ifolder.ru/2644873
b17ba0cb43d7c8b982a2e76376c2a6d4ede6d4fb	--------------------
ddea7e6eabf0dad2749f67a03dc366fb89b88398	http://folkvald.livejournal.com/
507b39933502174e67079defc509d508a0e00ff5	Might is Right
a261acf92f173d8245e4473265174e6691761d55	"The people of Moscow are by nature proud and arrogant; since they prefer their Prince to all Sovereigns, they also consider themselves above all other peoples" The beginning and rise of Muscovy.
9ff71f0272c4b69728ba6d97c2162b6be36c68e7	The work of Daniel, Prince of Bukhov
0b7f39b3133b14bf560fe2ac4b2fef7e287a0330	We have a White king over the kings, the king of the Pigeon (Deep) book
0bfced575606bf9ad05210752fcda3ea0520a650	Thank you said:Alaric, DaoiCarpates, Lynx, Magdalena, Volgost, Gloomy,
537dae067c4d09910f07fe48b95fff749ebabf24	23.6.2009, 10:42
ec3a4f969f2125f813dc4ff0c7a56b1c51d825cb	Message #2
48403292b9c548b40fe1f4c1e4f7d765e3844c3d	Battle of Pavia
a0aaddefb88339df6d4541d5825b975ece5ae0e8	New Soldier 180 Battle of Pavia, 1525 The triumph of the German Landsknechts
89201f81986fef825b7cdc79daea85183ab1b3b9	http://www.infanata.org/society/history/11...pavii 1525.html
1b77727f7c9a9ce307c3b9a512e77775327325de	http://rapidshare.com/files/91159369/vians180.rar http://natahaus.ifolder.ru/5333414
ca3d2d9fced1ed8c6d0fd1f93b97b508ab348107	Thank you said:DaoiCarpates, Skalagrim, Volgost, Transnistrian,
0faddd7e4025f7e0ba4eaa7cec21c8073e614b61	Pridnestrovian
f7d4cbb5df5ac4bc709a8343cbc7af12028701d7	23.6.2009, 14:37
e18b2ac90c6b210bca81605adfff876567dbbd8e	Message #3
ffd58289efcfb14bf5fba56a8334549b70e51d76	Posts: 8580
67befa8c54e2d0bdb7c421501ed2f97b2e8bbaa6	From: The Shores of Itil
5ad25f3ce850f64634b38d257781f3d051eb0958	User#: 13
ce4df5e1dc308dace3b977d6a87d5cb1b4f65603	Thank you said: 10312raz(a)
37d6fc58c3f0641ae03c2cf4f00b541150e25474	Nationality: Russian
59f5f57f8364536580093dbff31ce51f24e63fdc	Phenotype: Nordoid
fa00feacf438b05993e8b82189329f49a80ee997	Y DNA:N1b E
387ddcfd38ff24f403f0ecf41cfdb26ad763dcc0	Quote The main strength of the Landsknechts were soldiers using pikes
fb20f1dc1529e3e0c71a7c55493e78023ab4e9ea	(a 14-18 foot long shaft weapon with a 10 inch steel
1c744e188c2bd0cfbad37c82c578603b64abe99a	If you mean the English foot, then 5 meter peaks are impressive.
e4b9db1b594d6a08aa4047262f18d3dc079e7292	A situation defined as real is real in its consequences.
f236fa7a3d095b51147cd56f6b8a957fdfa56b3c	16.9.2009, 16:14
ff16a0051f5c01b1d4898f446edd0ac8d559c721	Message #4
69b1b3a955b5a424077618c7faf29d7860f93a2e	S. E. Alexandrov.
1e69cb069dab57c450a83dbdb8efa76893f27a60	German mercenary of the late XV mid XVII centuries: facets of mentality.
3c1f26b5559417c8d4210587964d4c47ec18d316	The object of research of this article is the group consciousness of the members of the mercenary corporation, their self perception, worldview, ideology.
e7c1937b6af497f09468a25935674bdd213b0437	The study of this subject gives an idea of the mentality of the German mercenary of the late XV mid XVII centuries, as well as allows you to imagine the actual face of the military community, formed under the direct influence of corporate consciousness.
faf27c888ebd9f9b1b77a5619bc884121b386204	Every mercenary, landsknecht, both in his own eyes and in the eyes of society, was first of all a member of the military community, a powerful, numerous corporation, outside of which he did not think of himself, and outside of which he was not considered by society.
f3c815aa980dd1bb79225e698618890d64be6f64	A vivid and illustrative example of the manifestation of the corporate spirit is provided by the analysis of the famous battle songs of the Landsknechts.
3eba9445829c6cfc77bd70b019e0e5cb9442da68	None of them contains any mention of the private military merits of individual personalities (let's compare it with the heroic epic of the previous period, for example, with the "Song of Roland", etc.).
3d36e41b6a16730e2f284186bd5d7b74238ecb6f	We are always talking only about the anonymous mass of soldiers who fought there and accomplished something.
88d4b2b39feff3e2bad3cc004c81dd6c355c1b43	Fame becomes depersonalized, becomes the property of the entire squad, and, ultimately, of the entire corporation.
55375096fc7968d554f1de9b79bc66257f0e7155	The early panegyrics of the most revered and famous leaders are no exception, since the military commander (at least in the songs) is always understood more as the "first landsknecht", a kind of symbol of the entire community, whose merits equally belonged to everyone, rather than as a specific person.
855daa0bb86903b0bcf54a1789cbac3c79d4ad78	The emergence of corporate identity is traditionally associated either with the manifestation of community principles introduced into the army by recent villagers, or with a similar borrowing of the guild principles of urban craft.
98accc2e59299c87a8e8f233e630f8725bebd026	Of course, the new structure in the strictly corporatized society of the early Modern period could not but take the same corporate form.
3081095e56d15b46d7cf95995d5bdb64d972d36e	The corporation, a kind of quasi ideology of mercenaries, adopted many other features inherent in traditional social groups of feudal society, and, in this sense, both sources of personnel had their impact, however, a much greater role in the formation of a specific corporate spirit was played rather by the tactical factor.
35148421383f7b8b62d2512b637edb30c1ab43db	The conceptual revolution in military affairs, which made wars large scale, and the military craft mass, required the introduction of rigidly organized tactical units in both infantry and cavalry.
d8f388bdd8ddf5b5f77393f9a4fb2863e4f83bda	Since the last third of the XV century, the conduct of war for the first time in several hundred years has again become a truly collective matter.
4410d55156d3d294c203cb5058cd0da1ac0edb04	A single kriegsknecht or reitar, unlike a knight, was not an independent combat unit and alone, due to much weaker individual training, was worth little, while together with his comrades, in a combat formation or at a general gathering, he could [83] quite successfully resist the pressure of both an external, "official" enemy and internal — his own military authorities, the struggle with which, similar to the struggle of any hired workers for their rights, required no less cohesion from the rank and file.
66140ba02e08acf6e3abe70020b9567d40f91abe	In such conditions, the German mercenaries naturally had to realize themselves as a single community with their own rules, customs and norms of behavior.
98dc71f3fec2c56ef022649e93906aeb3f54b1da	The corporate spirit of mercenaries of other nationalities was formed in a similar way, however, in this case, another unique circumstance had a significant impact — the long term presence of a partly systematically developed, partly independently developed ideology in the field of group consciousness.
986889abe3894af2b61e775deb37110d6b5bcb3e	It was originally based on four fundamental principles.
8eaa26c8908bfc3da266b6524ca9d59123dd3949	Maximilian I of Habsburg, creating a new military community on the basis of the Upper German militia, tried to find a strong support in it both in foreign and domestic politics.
c2df0d3f56e7b4eb22e32ced674c39203c02727d	Therefore, the first point of the ideology of the Landsknechts was the necessary loyalty to the empire and the emperor.
96fa6d9fbf36f1a4979d75beb6be14cd76260660	The second, since the new army had to be made attractive to the widest segments of the population, including the nobility, who treated service in the infantry with understandable disdain, was the idea of "chivalry" of these troops.
3f9fa5762f83a231e37468d5d377c40869a7733c	The third basic principle was the idea of military brotherhood, which is necessary to ensure the internal unity of a very diverse contingent.
9341bc64da4ea0458888364346fd7a0db4e371e4	The fourth was the declaration of" piety " of the Landsknechts, which was supposed to indicate the religious and spiritual unity of the corporation.
4e4944312a470ac7ab93b2880a2c54509968a5ad	These ideas were brought together by the concept of the "Order of Landsknechts" assigned by the Soldners.
33306b3ae8b1fb19b5fee418841291246500e3cc	The real Order of the Landsknechts the fruit of Maximilian I's unsuccessful attempt to create a secular knightly order had little in common with everyday military practice.
2431754564482e27b3de4c62ae4b98ec2ebd0087	However, he, or rather his ideal and very distorted reflection, existed in the minds of the Knechts, was the basis of their self representation and self identification.
8fc8e8d2328fc91383e9b3517ef3f1f952d671ba	It should be noted that the true essence of the real knightly order of the Landsknechts, mostly people of common origin, did not understand and could not understand, and its elite, closed character was perceived by them rather by a closer analogy with the usual spiritual orders.
c4a6a89392869657e1c6a14989d0bba7260f3b0a	Thus, the famous Nuremberg beggar poet and singer of the beginning of the XVI century, a former landsknecht who lost his sight in battle, Jorg Graff, in his "Song about the order of military People" very clearly indicated the connection of the latter with the monastic order, and the style of presentation of Graff is very similar to the style of the monastic charter.1) It was in this very peculiar way that the military initially represented their community, since they simply did not know any other classification options for a completely new education for Europe at that time.
6e81cfee7600746d3015244636ed2f633a854648	Such an understanding of the Order, which has been repeatedly sung in military folklore, albeit from a somewhat ironic angle, has so firmly entered the consciousness of contemporaries that such prominent [84] humanist scientists as Sebastian Frank, Johann Fugger and Paracelsus, when talking about it, clothe the ideal substance in flesh, understanding the Order as a "military estate", "a corporation of military mercenaries".
1a28f20185f9ca5ad08846e8f572aac9496aec1a	With the rebirth of the militia, as which the regions of the Landsknechts were originally created, into the troops of free mercenaries, the original ideology did not immediately and not completely lose its relevance, completely losing only the first of its four main pillars, namely, the idea of serving exclusively the interests of the emperor and the empire, in the specific historical conditions of Germany of the late XV mid XVII centuries.
7c5bd5445606f5bbea0132ea1a2dfbf5a17fa5b9	For the military, who are forced to sell the sword to anyone who wants y, it has become completely unacceptable.
1adcfba73ee4d3bfb5eb5729585aec3ffae7380b	However, in other respects, the original ideology, somewhat transformed, fully met the interests of the Soldners.
eb254af074b8763950e23f5954773c99065edcf4	The transformation of the ideology of the "defenders of the fatherland" into the ideology of mercenaries occurred almost imperceptibly and painlessly, although such a coup could not but lead to the gradual destruction of the order's idea as the core of the worldview.
aecc1c611209abe755f77cd4b6983b5bd675baba	The idea of brotherhood, which is vital for the very existence of the corporation, turned out to be especially relevant.
16c05cd5e77ba18bf09329483e640cb52e14b2f3	It was preserved in the first half of the XVII century, when the Order was no longer remembered.
2c034396a0049f194faf682d0050811f28c22f94	Even after raising a riot and expelling the appointed commanders, the mercenaries did not lose unity, maintaining the same organizational forms.
efacf328bbc95fa4b9979c39193ac6fe81d40200	Georg von Frundsberg, one of the first and most famous oberst Landsknechts, who was revered by them as a father, took the order's idea very seriously and called his soldiers nothing but "beloved sons and brothers".
84cee6c64852c8e4725d4554055bb7a94164b151	Before the battle of Pavia, he put on a Franciscan cassock over his armor, 2) to show both his fighters and enemies that he considers himself only a poor warrior, one of many brothers of the order.
09034fcb12d70ccf34ed542be1d722134be7cce5	However, quite quickly the leaders of the mercenaries lost fraternal feelings towards their subordinates, which was mutual, since the appetites of the former in obtaining income in any way constantly increased, directly affecting the interests of the rank and file, and both sides understood perfectly that the antagonism between the entrepreneur, namely, military leaders played such a role, and hired workers does not allow for any fraternal agreement.
872ab25d3b891993181351da15f9751bb67c16f4	Thus, the brotherhood closed itself into a circle of privates and rottmeisters elected by them, the lowest command staff.
60570d98d6739e0e22403b5f5dfee363845689e3	The leaders of the mercenaries, however, constantly appealed in their appeals to the army to the order, the corporate identity of the Kriegsknechts, believing in it, as Frundsberg believed, quite rarely, but much more often openly speculating.
0b7d8128c2fa51b223266a26602af51ecde6a5a5	In any case, they tried to ignite hearts by talking about loyalty first to the emperor, and, later, to any other employer, about military brotherhood, about the chivalry of battle and the honor of the corporation.
61fe5983a5a8f7256e5e251d4f188883b37caa2b	The words "beloved honest landsknechts "("liebe ehrlichen Landsknechte") and"brothers" ("die Brüder"), "pious Germans" ("fromme Teutsche") and"strong courageous Germans" ("starke mannliche Teutsche"), [85] and"conscientious honest military people" ("redliche ehrliche Kriegsleut") were the usual treatment in such cases.
c7fd5ac2588ab8f7c34f23b8997ea120c76a08e7	With the rebirth of ideology, a specific military rhetoric was formed with its own standard figures and formulas, samples of which can be found in almost every military treatise of the XVI century.
0e9822cfd903ff963a5f3ba30e3db90bc5f3abd9	Usually, both military treatises and other sources refer to mercenaries as "knechts" ("die Knechte")," ordinary knechts "("die gemeine Knechte")," foot knechts "("die Fussknechte") or simply" infantry "("das Fussvolck").
89c303a7e31f332ca0e6c551c055ed837a63c83d	As landsknechts, mercenaries were addressed only when they wanted to touch their order honor, however, the desired result was achieved less and less often, especially when it came to money.
70f6f0b254fce832000e97d5972acbc6d7f87d4f	The third idea of the order was also extremely attractive for mercenaries — the idea of chivalry, which is equally tempting both for impoverished chivalry, which is not able, from a financial point of view, to secure service in heavy cavalry, and for commoners, who are thus equated with the noble ones.
3cb6d1ca37fe49b8ca5bd590b46c68df4a40ae8c	To a large extent, this aspect of ideology contributed to the gradual formation of a single status of a professional military.
fc0f5fc4022de91f4a3ab477de3cf7c4c57d5212	For the first time in many centuries, armed commoners were able to consider themselves full fledged warriors, if not knights, then at least "fighting in a chivalrous manner"3) shoulder to shoulder with the nobility.
a043e95d60fe888704a8726ed847dfd4b11e68a4	Military honor and glory became equally accessible to everyone, and although a nobleman was automatically assigned a double salary, 4) however, the emphasis was primarily not on origin, but on the presence of military skills guaranteed to a certain extent by chivalric education.
469489a115aef6a6c14e0184132da99ab84fe597	In addition, any native of the common people, providing proof of his skill, for example, belonging to a shooting guild or a fencing fraternity, or appearing at the review in full armor, could claim the same honorable place in the payroll as a nobleman.
fff02f24f07668a6826204ecd65c076afa28a39f	In addition, the fact of leveling the social status of soldiers was also stipulated legally, already in the first paragraphs of the articles of articles (the predecessors of modern military regulations) for infantry and cavalry, which was reflected in the lack of words of military courts.5)
335a66cf2a7c0848202a91403f15a397eebe7d89	The process of equalization went so far that the nobles of the Landsknechts, in order to somehow stand out from the general mass, had to constantly focus on their high origin.6) And if one of the early articles of the charter still included the requirement of the rank and file to ensure real equality before the law of the noble and ignoble, as one of the most important and relevant,7) then later the class boundaries in the infantry became formal, despite the fact that the presence of the noble remained the subject of special pride of the Landsknechts, one of the justifications for their swaggering and arrogant attitude to others.
212d45d7e5c52ea259e079f84321078842b384a3	It was repeatedly emphasized in songs, and, as can be assumed, analyzing the poems that were supplied with numerous flying leaflets of that time, which fairly objectively represented the types of landsknechts in everyday life.
b56b7b6e8f0c1189b580a502dd219e31df8c5733	[86]
f2f3ccc55f22854660860e5d5bc9755947deb3fa	The influence of the nobles on the rest of the military in the sense of awareness of their own importance, the emergence of a sense of professional pride, is undoubtedly, as is their role in increasing the combat capability of the infantry, but also undoubtedly the presence of the reverse influence of the ignoble, who began to perceive war much faster exclusively as a craft, albeit ennobled, which was much easier for them to do due to the lack of illusions about the highest purpose of chivalry transmitted with their mother's milk.
72ace1e0277a28deda6bf47af9055cf5d3558511	Natives of the common people, in contrast to the originally noble by origin, appreciated the exclusivity of the status of a warrior as such, without burdening him with the accompanying duties defined by the chivalric code of honor.
67a13f468041f6b2f181af740f82350680a1b3a2	It was communication with them, the impact of their understanding of the meaning of war, as well as the very occupation of mercenary work, which dictated its own laws, practically destroyed the last remnants of the ideology of chivalry among the German belligerent nobility, and by the beginning of the XVII century ,there was no trace of" chivalrous feelings", according to the military theorist of that time J. J. Wallhausen, 8) In the period under study, "chivalry" as a concept in general makes sense only in relation to the self determination of the status of a mercenary, since the methods of conducting war, as well as the generally accepted norms of behavior in it, which have changed dramatically due to the loss of chivalry's dominant position and the development of mass mercenary activity, have extremely quickly lost even the touch of the former courtliness.
8f9523e099f15a2691ef40618d8736919dae7127	In the cavalry, the situation was different.
0a6943a54f0fccfa25afbb614de15fdb859d586e	Among the Reitar, the tone was set by the nobles, despite the fact that over time more and more people from the burghers turned out to be in its ranks.
028b4aeca9209f91566d0e601ae3b6f67a64e753	Here, at least in the eyes of the Reitar themselves, the very idea of leveling the status, a kind of equality, was formalized, as well as in the infantry, legally.
85ae2fd00da99cf07d43182d5f0240f154de4522	Nevertheless, despite the internal tension, the Reitars generally looked at the infantrymen disrespectfully, usually with mockery and contempt.9) They believed that their own military law and judicial system were direct heirs of the traditions of chivalry, as well as their native "noble" service in the equestrian system, as well as the traditional preference given by the military authorities, gave them the right to assess their branch of the armed forces as more "chivalrous" than the infantry.
e3da2ee6adb597a16bd4cd57851a585e6f14e397	In the German lands, despite the rather high reputation of the Landsknechts, service in the cavalry continued to be considered more appropriate to the status of a noble.
c952dab74a1d47210672eafebd25be420019d2d8	The nobility, who served in the infantry, immediately took advantage of the appearance of the Reitar as a new kind of troops (the middle of the XVI century) to join their ranks.
87cc7ed553e42ee2083cb0af510d5d782b2c9b90	Naturally, such views of Reitar could not but cause extreme irritation of the Landsknechts, who were distinguished by the presence of equally exorbitant ambitions, and relied on an ideology created specifically for them.
cb09d6c533bd3dc149c91413dfcf9805d9887e45	The bitterness and secret envy for the higher salary and privileges of the horsemen intensified.
8f24b7d0ed3a1e83fb6f07986cca07812ee87c53	This division of the knightly heritage often led to skirmishes and brawls, sometimes even escalating into mass carnage.
02a9430602dedc17ab3dd9b7c079501fd0032a6a	Many articles of articles specifically stipulated [87] the duty of Landsknechts to peacefully coexist with reitars in the camp, voluntarily giving the latter a place to accommodate horses.10)
98aa174e3d95f94690299c1d51b4b4ac737b0315	So how did the mercenary represent himself?
e4a224b6142636d0abb4f45be92125db8124c568	The basis of his self perception, psychology and, consequently, attitude to the surrounding world, regardless of the type of troops, was a clear awareness of his special position, his exclusivity as a member of a military corporation, from his point of view, the most glorious and worthy.
fd0958d9375919f401ae76491b73ef7810a21eb9	The understanding of the "specialness" of their status, however, had a dual character.
e9e46aa933cd1fc53b02836294ad3dcb15b7ce28	On the one hand, whatever the origin of Soldner, he, as a rule, belonged to that part of the German population that turned out to be "redundant" in the conditions of the monstrous social crisis experienced by the country in the XVI—XVII centuries and was, strictly speaking, one of the main reasons for the transformation of mercenary activity into a mass phenomenon; landsknecht could not help but remember that, in essence, he is an "extra person", an outcast, rejected by society, which has not found application in peaceful life, that all the difference between him and the latter a beggar beggar is only that he has found sre the money to acquire weapons and the courage to put your life in constant danger.
f5be1700dd182bb11aaa7103fb5c3ac0c7477352	Even if a landsknecht or reitar chose his own path in life, looking for adventure, fame or in the hope of prey, he still completely broke with his former life, as a rule, forever.
0306564efffe6812ac75a5865076b33a86811045	Naturally, a feeling of dislike for "normal" life in all its manifestations was born.
cf85795e788cefccd88fb2760934353fe4b5e3d1	Of course, the reasons for this dislike, sometimes turning into real hatred, the landsknechts usually tried to hide even from themselves, so they very rarely appear in their songs.
257f72beaeedb3dedda5e57996601194cf40f586	Hidden envy found its expression in contempt for all non military personnel, who were regarded as stay at home, lazy and cowards.11) Also, by the way, in order to explain and justify the way of life of unemployed mercenaries who live on alms between wars, the idea of a "laudable mendicant Order of landsknechts" appeared, 12) however, likening oneself to the Franciscans could not add to them either humility or meekness, rather the opposite.
b64378585fdfb16c63cb123f38246265e5ac700d	It should be noted, however, that the society itself did not remain in debt, contributing to the strengthening and development of negative emotions with its attitude.
e581ebebb4965008f988ae087c29ccc3b3b2a5e4	Thus, in one of the allegorical engravings of the XVI century, illustrating the parable of the good and bad son, the latter is depicted as a landsknecht, the first is a peasant who lovingly cares for his parents, and the artist, in this case only reflecting the general opinion, was absolutely indifferent that the "bad son", deprived of any hopes for inheritance by the right of the entail, simply had no other way out.
5a04f7695540cdd0037ffb1f1557a5d39731c035	On the other hand, the specifics of the special position of the mercenary corporation were determined by the presence of significant factors, both material (legal benefits, the withdrawal of the military from the jurisdiction of class civil courts, etc.) and ideal properties (the belief in the chivalry of the military community, which gave rise to a truly chivalrous [88] contempt for any work, etc.), which allowed them to put themselves above all others, at least of ignoble origin.
2dd8ebf36807e51daa078cacd5a56eb2ce75ce2e	So what other exceptional qualities did Soldner give himself?
3881aff6728ea5566230facd9379c7cf371ffd83	The main and most characteristic features can be found in the above mentioned standard formulas of treatment, which flattered the pride of ordinary people, and in their own songs.
f32fe51ac6836fbbecad5307ca471939db42cfcc	Along with the usual characteristics, such as "cheerful" ("frisch") or "old" ("alt"), such self definitions as "free", "free" ("frei") and "honest" ("ehrlich") landsknecht appear again and again.13) They are the key ones.
92bc29ce12739a5e56192f00db5030565be12329	What are invested in these definitions?
80c85eccc76d2c8a2ff797777185d7a431b05cda	Had no land, no home, no any other property, which could bind kriegsknechte to a certain place, tramp, leading a nomadic life, for which there were no boundaries, with the loss, in most cases, communication with the homeland and customary occupation, lost once and for all certain place in the traditional caste hierarchy was freed thereby from all involved, restrictions, freedoms, including restrictions in the choice of the Lord, and in the German mercenaries of the period — Mr. temporary.
8058ac230f2a6fbab86f7c0c5a2544c7d9c6c393	The mercenary actually did not have a certain citizenship, did not pay any taxes, did not perform any forced labor and did not recognize masters over himself in the usual sense for most of his contemporaries.
b9452c716d39b0730379c6c146e192c3432a5d08	The ideas about the" lord of war " (der Kriegsherr) — the supreme employer of the monarch or about the military commander were radically different from the ideas of the inhabitants about the lord — the feudal lord.
6e650dcde61eef4166c029303c4273506028494f	He was not understood as a God given oppressor and oppressor, to obey whose whims it was the duty of subjects from time immemorial, and to rebel against whom they could
6059ad2ef9b6def73b21e6ea88670f6786918f66	Landsknecht
ec7c6c74a2862984b1b43a6bd16e2c76b8b18901	This mark was set on January 21, 2014.
9634dd109a0e7997179fee1359c13f0b30e8c328	"Five Landsknechts", (Daniel Hopfer, XVI. century)
29503eb806ab5969c48907383f682499140396a3	Landsknecht (German. Landsknecht)
db893eed15e5445c8a13b132e5bf9003ec612ce4	— German mercenary infantryman of the Renaissance The term was first introduced around 1470 by Peter van Hagenbach, a chronicler of the Burgundian Duke Charles the Bold Landsknechts were hired mainly from representatives of the lower class (the poor) as opposed to knights nobles, although the latter often held the positions of senior officers in the formations of Landsknechts In addition, the Landsknechts were a kind of" German answer " to the Swiss infantry.
0805de7be27f494ad20b64ce06c6397515b9a62d	The Landsknechts who fought in the front ranks for double salaries were called Doppelholders Troops of mercenaries landsknechts and reitar, which became widespread in Europe from the end of the XV century to the beginning of the XVIII century. they were a transitional link from the knight cavalry of the Middle Ages to the regular armies of the new time, which were completed with recruits.
fe14cd61d6a3d04226668404f9ae7185798b6c9c	1 Organization 2 Clothing 3 Weapons and armor 4 See also 5 References
dc5965a5fc09a3af95b440fe75ce24b8699ea93c	Organization[edit / edit wiki text]
4834b6cdf83c1a95f872f6485c4b40561c023190	The standard bearer fights with 5 landsknechts.
3eded0c27b3ed3429a096aeb87924e5f6736ef21	By Daniel Hopfer
d0fc96fd69b5f3c03f87182304a5871dbe49b1c1	Sometimes the captain appointed himself one or more assistant lieutenants (from the French lieu tenant deputy) Depending on the size of the company, it could be divided into smaller units, headed by lower — ranking commanders sergeants, corporals, field sergeants.
bf735507779680f449c8ecaf1243bbb89efac3cd	The leaders of the companies were also called condottieri (from Ital. condotta — employment contract).
52ceb7bc775ef6044368cb16ed5b8d1fa3485b7e	Representatives of the highest noble aristocracy often acted as condottieri.
6ea0278554360f7273015de4f091d746c9f48455	Despite all the costs, the mercenary troops of the Landsknechts during the disintegration of feudal society proved to be more effective than the striking force of the feudal troops the knight cavalry, and during the XVI century completely replaced the latter for the following reasons.
7f02e1b8c69e6cbe1706b6cee2546f41f5ce8355	The knights — the elite of feudal society had their own political ambitions.
05f9b90d3d9e7d2f7681bb3df8d74fba6ebf7f69	Emperor Maximilian I granted the Landsknechts freedom from the laws governing the style and appearance of clothing that other subjects obeyed: "Their life is so short and joyless that magnificent clothes are one of their few pleasures.
76201d4ecfbca76d3133d1c34320ca4d58b5ee0e	Since in battles, mercenaries often appeared on both sides of the conflict, who looked exactly the same, in order to distinguish "their own" from "strangers" in hand to hand combat, landsknechts belonging to the same company wore wide ribbons of cloth of the same color on their hats, on their belts, in the form of a shoulder bandage, or a sling over their shoulders.
9204470c68e9c231e855c57ab788401e9e6db6b4	This gave rise to calling each company of landsknechts a gang of the corresponding color (from the German das Band ribbon).
30cae834c7525a0f8cf6a883422f38dda49c6864	And thanks to the behavior of the Landsknechts in relation to the civilian population, the word "gang" has acquired a new meaning in European practice — a stable armed criminal group.
eabf3885be2cf62be49de3cd834f2b27dfaa9265	However, the term "bandum" (from Lat. - "banner") was used to designate a military unit even in the Byzantine army, which gives reason to doubt the validity of linking this term to landsknechts.
e6e7916a696d79a78f41da57a92e1d242aacb34c	Also in the landsknecht costume, a huge codpiece is remembered, reflecting the fashion trends of its time, which some stuffed with cotton wool for size and to soften the blow.
6c3d05a9398e8823133797e7db5effa2f9a7f101	The appearance of the warriors (in a somewhat exaggerated form) is displayed in the paintings of Urs Graf.
c88361054b81b98d4d79c7351a34512802e91b86	Weapons and armor[edit / edit wiki text]
53f407e5957f3f547d0e00cdeda5e96583288d79	Koshkoder
bc69d1ec0e64a303848d8c6163da3227602da140	Landsknechts could be armed with the following types of weapons:
15c6befefc474e7a62f42842047730042f4a1fda	Bladed weapons Zweihender (two handed sword) Flamberg (two handed or one and a half sword with a wavy blade) Koshkoder
784f4fbe82bd64a50c99438f4489cbb043a53296	(or Katzbalger, its size ranged from 35 to 120 cm, although the standard version had a size of about 70 cm.
3ba1b063d8e91dd82795c957eb0c197085316e28	It was used as an additional weapon to the pike/zweihander/flamberg/arquebuse, etc. He changed the role: from a knife to a one and a half sword, but basically it can be classified as a short sword for close combat) Gross Messer (two handed saber)
5e513f0e3ab5a42ab41913f70059d9d3a347390d	The shaft weapon of the Pike is a Halberd
7eaff92c581e82c750af38dfe947c6ce8fa45eb7	Arquebus firearm Wheel pistol (only for senior officers)
b58c232999f0940eec0776d068234b880fca8210	Condottiere Landsknecht armor Galloglass Maximilian I Maximilian II Reitars Thirty Years ' War Looting
a75bfdeace80ec45a31e78d0915688596da3d199	Landsknechts // Brockhaus and Efron's Encyclopedic Dictionary: in 86 vols.
f280861335337647b126465c687d13cf3b028f19	Mercenaries // Brockhaus and Efron's Encyclopedic Dictionary: in 86 vols.
400a33ce3b0b461af59c7ca7eba9b63a6b4ec91c	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Landsknecht&oldid=82543335"
e6efc68a2d7bb2ae7e57ee31766b3b11412a8d01	Categories: Infantry Military formations and units of the Middle Ages Mercenaries
aeade28650dbb45f2536263e58118342bbc3c0af	Hidden categories: Wikipedia:Articles without links to sources since January 2014 Wikipedia:Articles without sources (type: not specified) Wikipedia:Stylistically incorrect articles
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2301f3a4ee4fbdf9636ae224a9c840f17508c632	Occupation:
02261afe5e3a1dd08696b137061994245fc95f55	Military assistance to the State employer
9303e5733864b12320044b849cae2f032fb49f89	Operation time:
809d1487d2ce5b96c8fbf39ad7040a16c6c8ef19	1487 - XVIII century
2c222cac15cb6f7d5f83aff41f0b1ca82656d774	Homeland:
962d1909e8d6994777f1174cb4cbb6fd78052d1b	Germany (Holy Roman Empire)
abfac078daa5bee9d5d493743b225e0511a99944	Location of the action:
576347ec826f38428d8c8a6f8ec4acb2bceab911	Europe
4144328e555f48792a3267c849dcba762f8017cd	Weapon:
367dc894a95e5512762fbd3136a60898f617bf05	Katzbalger, Reitarsky sword, Zweichender, Flamberg, Gross Messer, Halberd, Esponton, Protazan, Lucerne Hammer, Pike, Steel Crossbow, Arquebus, Arquebus, Wheel Pistol
c554efa37dd1635249457a5f1a487793025d619b	Armor:
c43d9312c1bfb6a173ac0a530ec334b9da9d63f4	Landsknecht armor, Bourguignot, Morion
0e1f141d7c1ffefefada80d64799ede041c23d0a	Enemies:
ebed2b38929e35876ad3f35e4093989c654c6532	Swiss mercenary troops, opponents of the employer's country
ab4808f5fcfe675bd8bccf0957449cd69b8b0c7d	Landsknechts are German mercenary infantrymen of the Renaissance.
7bf8d094eba7395b59e2db938b05c62395fbfdd6	The term was first introduced around 1470 by Pieter van Hagenbach, a chronicler of the Burgundian Duke Charles the Bold.
d1ec3e8ff4b545e7588583f2dbfeb1cf5ea4bdf8	Landsknechts were hired mainly from representatives of the lower class (the poor) as opposed to knights and nobles, although the latter often held the positions of senior officers in Landsknecht formations.
d011a56878f13e353dd7de5d0d09a6728163ecd3	It is worth noting the hostility of the Landsknechts to the Swiss, as a result of which both of them, fighting with each other, did not take prisoners, killing them.
c39c3b70d6c99c28bdc934287f2252306fc5499c	In this regard, during the Thirty Years ' War, such words as "gang" (a detachment of landsknechts) and "marauder" (the surname of one of the Landsknecht captains) became common.
8b8f1eb8e2652cfd9f2ffe152932e0cbb2f31ab3	It was also believed that a landsknecht earned more in a month than a farmer earned in a year.
0281f248036563e58f7d65e5441a48c4ae07b931	And the landsknechts, who served for a double salary, were called doppelsoldners (German. Doppelsöldner).
4ec8ab387db21c4e70644be3b61413a0cff8fffa	Troops of mercenaries landsknechts and reitar, which became widespread in Europe from the end of the XV century to the beginning of the XVIII century. they were a transitional link from the knight cavalry of the Middle Ages to the regular armies of the new time, which were completed with recruits.
54e54ab51e4d6f0ad170f1d87d63c52316337ac8	Content [expand]
aa4db940c6c63f129b6116c7e74d96640d165a93	History Edit
3f8f7b541e1e0da45f82b99bec522fb65f9ce697	The Swiss reigned on the battlefield for about a century, until a new weapon was introduced light cavalry and arquebuses.
e3436ef7843c1313c40f95cc04251ceff0bf8abe	But soon, in one of the battles, the Landsknechts destroyed over 3,000 Swiss mercenaries, using earth fortifications, exhausting attacks and a new weapon arquebuses.
8e9deec4ed4cb3c74840a82a0741deff7df08477	Organization Edit
ef88513ee1e19ac10792d6b1dc18fb89e0483413	Discipline in the company was maintained by severe measures — corporal punishment (for non compliance with orders), and in the case of serious crimes (fleeing from the battlefield) and the death penalty.
d7ae0a188a5c1fb4dde49dc24e2d65635a7b2421	<img src="http://vignette2.wikia.nocookie.net/warrior/images/b/bd/7b32c290ec3b94cead435d91fca1d623 full.jpg/revision/latest/scale to width down/180?cb=20120203165745&amp;path prefix=ru" alt="7b32c290ec3b94cead435d91fca1d623 full.jpg" class="thumbimage " data image key="7b32c290ec3b94cead435d91fca1d623 full.jpg" data image name="7b32c290ec3b94cead435d91fca1d623 full.jpg "width=" 180 "height=" 240 " > Sometimes the captain appointed himself one or more assistant lieutenants (from the French lieu tenant deputy).
521d950e3fda2b76a6e741d823d77e2d885883dc	Depending on the size of the company, it could be divided into smaller units, headed by lower — ranking commanders sergeants, corporals, field sergeants.
893132e6fe15c005a3a1f3fe04a76e599c9317c5	<img src="http://vignette4.wikia.nocookie.net/warrior/images/a/a5/Landsknecht fight.jpg/revision/latest/scale to width down/180?cb=20121122140948&amp;path prefix=en "alt=" Landsknecht fight.jpg "class=" thumbimage "data image key=" Landsknecht fight.jpg "data image name=" Landsknecht fight.jpg "width=" 180 " height=" 111 " > Two landsknechts are fighting with a knight.
7ba139678a02d4bb383dd53697dbfecff39435f8	The knights 'cavalry consisted mainly of representatives of the "noble" class, which was relatively small, so the army of Landsknechts, recruited from all classes, outnumbered the knights ' formations — the employer would have had enough money — and the Landsknechts were not inferior to the knights in professionalism.
37495c89f8be30b92086bd8f7605c778d0650fce	Military tactics Edit
f6f71dfe1b7ed92fee52447818475ccf92857086	<img src="http://vignette3.wikia.nocookie.net/warrior/images/1/1f/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82_7.jpg/revision/latest/scale to width down/180?cb=20121129104200&amp;path prefix=en "alt=" Landsknecht 7.jpg "class=" thumbimage "data image key=" %D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82_7.jpg "data image name=" Landsknecht 7.jpg "width= "180" height= "252" > In large gangs of Landsknechts, there was a division into detachments, each of which performed its own function.
3daf5eda8cbf947ef3e2a1e108f23ad62392aea1	Shock troops armed with two handed swords or halberds and well protected.
300714eb8d2370e95c5c124259da314f17222d0e	Arquebusiers at first they used crossbows, but later they were almost completely armed with arquebuses and katzbalgers.
7226b02ec41beb70d234d69884a2c831fcfee816	Weapons and armor Edit
703aa4e8179c4b5e65ee3019e8aeb2b60c8b4a75	<img src="http://vignette3.wikia.nocookie.net/warrior/images/0/00/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82_2.jpg/revision/latest/scale to width down/180?cb=20121122135639&amp;path prefix=en "alt=" Landsknecht 2.jpg "class=" thumbimage "data image key=" %D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82_2.jpg "data image name=" Landsknecht 2.jpg "width= "180" height= "286" >
d07e4a8d39b24bf48454082022f83a2d2a44526e	Bladed Weapon: Zweihender (Two handed sword)
3bfc3bb2cd1a14c0e38b7556309980c427806807	Flamberg (two handed or one and a half sword with a wavy blade)
155095dcc0488bb47a0974182984cb482a54e015	Gross Messer (two handed saber)
373af6de370bbc729b9a0eb79656d82dcf56030b	Katzbalger
9ac51e933b85594a6f37acc2129837f376ec1dcf	(or Koshkoder, its size ranged from 35 to 120 cm, although the standard version had a value of about 70 cm.
94fc234299f66f4966ce847295f259834587f984	It was used as an additional weapon to the pike/zweihander/flamberg/arquebuse, etc.
802466aac6fc66a29c76d94c8e8016d8f6812270	It had a role from a knife to a one and a half sword, but basically it can be classified as a short sword for close combat)
77e94c9d68ae91c4541b178ab0074fcbb9809c4f	Reitarsky sword (could be used as an alternative to katzbalger)
b80d8125cba0cf7c86010a8d62ad5727fe34b713	Pole weapon: Infantry Pike (The weapon of the main part of the Landsknecht Gang)
c858040fb8bc62e3c5b19758b4e733fe1d262fff	Halberd
b57bc2f39529033695346c31d16406424e18276c	Esponton
ab777fc3acd6ce11953075971b8a37e59c82aa15	Protazan
49705bebdfeb01ba8a3c33ff08e2b40baab1c23c	Lucerne hammer
32cb6c87e77eb1fef77dd2f0d0be02359e3a1c6e	Ranged weapons:
5522c006e1a737017a71b5c7c69cf7f6fcf53944	<img src="http://vignette3.wikia.nocookie.net/warrior/images/d/d5/9b030a51d52d2d97980b83f85f7.jpg/revision/latest/scale to width down/180?cb=20120203165759&amp;path prefix=ru" alt="9b030a51d52d2d97980b83f85f7.jpg" class="thumbimage " data image key="9b030a51d52d2d97980b83f85f7.jpg" data image name="9b030a51d52d2d97980b83f85f7.jpg" width="180" height="240" >
fe8c9639df6aa0042ccc3a64474d0841587d5e33	Steel Crossbow
913d7a8643bd4c383da0db5e4e45d7c82a5e4849	Arquebus (eventually completely replaced by arquebuses)
2480c01f5d677f4175f5aca8ad767c56ad6ed51f	Arquebus
7a4b94b64fca7566436a0c050cd889f77d568ec8	Wheel pistol (only for senior officers)
ee6d6e11011e68597666c8ae1ea3fe597bc8725f	Helmets: Bourguignot
4864450d38a0be0ee9a0b53e58bf89b241102930	Morion
16c043146491a50ffdf61af046460df5f101d410	Armor: The characteristic armor of the Landsknechts was the 3/4 armor (a special type of incomplete armor protection), also known as"Landsknecht armor".
6564ae37ba38b70d8118b1303a5ee4d6470e1227	Clothing Edit
dea65ce598c286ab59d91b1111265ffe1d91cf85	<img src="http://vignette2.wikia.nocookie.net/warrior/images/d/d3/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82_1.jpg/revision/latest/scale to width down/180?cb=20121122134944&amp;path prefix=en "alt=" Landsknecht 1.jpg "class=" thumbimage "data image key=" %D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82_1.jpg "data image name=" Landsknecht 1.jpg "width= "180" height= "309" >
1d62f37d57653d346771eb4ffac84de35a122504	A suit with wide sleeves and trousers, huge hats with feathers — the clothes of the landsknechts were the most decorated, provocative and tasteless during the Renaissance.
76dbe6b15ae748c77280c50eed3bede43f7a48e9	The Landsknechts were free from the laws regulating the style and appearance of clothing that other citizens obeyed — Emperor Maximilian I granted them this exemption: "Their life is so short and joyless that gorgeous clothes are one of their few pleasures.
32012ac09a4733ae087eb4734c9a3d6a53e0b20f	Their garments were famous for their decoration in the style of "boofs and cuts", which arose as a result of cutting through the outer clothing and stuffing the lower layers through these cuts.
ee96e66711b58773bca74c0088e4594fd222d4f1	And thanks to the behavior of the Landsknechts in relation to the civilian population, the word "gang" in the pan — European practice has acquired a new meaning a stable armed criminal group.
e235e550db69acc64de3f7cccda348d76e7d8c39	Галерея Править
a1c84f6792f649d83fda6eb6457b5f9d02e40210	Добавить фото <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82_3.jpg"><img src="http://vignette3.wikia.nocookie.net/warrior/images/a/a1/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82_3.jpg/revision/latest/top crop/width/240/height/240?cb=20121122135737&amp;path prefix=ru" alt=""></a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82_4.jpg"><img src="http://vignette1.wikia.nocookie.net/warrior/images/2/2f/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82_4.jpg/revision/latest/top crop/width/240/height/240?cb=20121122135846&amp;path prefix=ru" alt=""></a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82_5.jpg"><img src="http://vignette2.wikia.nocookie.net/warrior/images/9/9d/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82_5.jpg/revision/latest/top crop/width/240/height/240?cb=20121122140119&amp;path prefix=ru" alt=""></a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82_6.jpg"><img src="http://vignette1.wikia.nocookie.net/warrior/images/c/c2/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82_6.jpg/revision/latest/top crop/width/240/height/240?cb=20121129103838&amp;path prefix=ru" alt=""></a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:The New Year s Landsknecht by CG Zander.jpg"><img src="http://vignette2.wikia.nocookie.net/warrior/images/2/25/The New Year s Landsknecht by CG Zander.jpg/revision/latest/top crop/width/240/height/240?cb=20121129104356&amp;path prefix=ru" alt=""Новогодний Ландскнехт".
6aeae7ccf43bdca9c4ea400f4cbe997206fda150	Арт от CG Zander."></a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Landsknecht fight by guzboroda d3fpimw.jpg"><img src="http://vignette1.wikia.nocookie.net/warrior/images/d/d0/Landsknecht fight by guzboroda d3fpimw.jpg/revision/latest/top crop/width/240/height/240?cb=20121129104607&amp;path prefix=ru" alt="Сражение Ландскнехтов."></a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg"><img src="http://vignette2.wikia.nocookie.net/warrior/images/c/c0/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/revision/latest/zoom crop/width/240/height/240?cb=20121129105149&amp;path prefix=ru" alt="Отряд Ландскнехтов с различным вооружением."></a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:578d9647d7c90a5852243289ee2.jpg"><img src="http://vignette1.wikia.nocookie.net/warrior/images/1/15/578d9647d7c90a5852243289ee2.jpg/revision/latest/top crop/width/240/height/240?cb=20120203165832&amp;path prefix=ru" alt=""></a>
b68e26d93c1a6fbcc057ff7511c71b03299c2cae	"Новогодний Ландскнехт".
e15ac268127be66a376901bf88b58b72fce61853	Арт от CG Zander.
2dfdb5db6f851202897111fdb9d82bd3a4943243	Сражение Ландскнехтов.
2c93fd11a41a2b1dc79275d942fde440758cb54c	Отряд Ландскнехтов с различным вооружением.
a424a6b6d1c132a4001de2d137a91b1180e04831	Интересные факты Править
f12c536f801388e5824bccec67549d02ca73a717	<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://slot1.images.wikia.nocookie.net/__cb1484221222/common/extensions/wikia/ImageLazyLoad/css/ImageLazyLoadNoScript.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="http://slot1.images.wikia.nocookie.net/__cb1484221222/common/extensions/wikia/TOCimprovements/TOCNoScript.css" />
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a90ed3357338f605e50a085dc337a9047a332950	Загрузка...
8b95060156967fae8c3bc0bf97ab1237be4ea186	The Landsknechts, the German mercenary soldiers who existed from about 1487 to 1556, provided one of these advantages.
adb77abd6d18cda79326cca85ef4d9649b7b57b7	Initially created as a force to support the aspirations for the creation of the Holy Roman Empire by Maximilian, the heir to the Holy Roman Empire, they soon began to hire themselves to those who would offer the highest price (including Maximilian's enemy, the king of France - but this practice Maximilian very quickly stopped, ordering all Germans on the payroll of France to return home).
fb32cf9ecb81d53d792d4c59f49e8dc5fddcb457	The appearance of the war was changing, the Burgundian Wars (1474-1477) showed the complete impotence of the knight's cavalry against any well prepared formations of pikemen and new hand guns.
44a757e834468ccdd4b7099d7eb60c9b8c55686d	The reputation was necessary to attract the maximum number of contractors, charisma so that the captain could persuade his flock of comrades with fables about the golden mountains in the future not to start mass desertion at the slightest delay in salary.
1dd2ffd85a04b6bc621f27054120dc2aa93f5454	There were no special formalities here — it was enough to arrange a recruitment point with a standard bearer and a drummer in a crowded place, put together a gang and go to the right hot spot for a labor ruble.
e5a115a57e1c70b1b34d6e010886d91f18123a1d	Thus, the regimental profost was responsible for discipline, schultheiss — for the enforcement of laws, oberster feldweibel — for the maintenance of battle formations, the provost was assisted by hurenweibel, who was responsible for the organization of the wagon train and prostitutes, who was responsible for the stockmeister warehouses, who was responsible for the protection of prisoners steckenknechte, as well as nachtrichter or scharfrichter — the regimental executioner.
5f0d32969d2679ba7304a79e2c0eaf774109920a	At that time, there was a fierce fight all over Germany between Protestants and Catholics, or rather, between those who supported the Emperor Charles and those who rebelled against him.
bddec94e81e472ac78699337639acc4de0cd560b	And it so happened that in the city of Neuburg, on the beautiful blue Danube, a garrison of mercenaries serving the Protestants was blocked by the superior forces of the Imperials.
4241643148384547112c3f5acdd1354aae8c1ce1	The imperial governor Hans Schnabel proposed to solve the issue in a manly way, without a fight: the garrison surrenders the city and marches home with all weapons and standards.
732efe22371045212b6c9311bc20638b0aad01a2	The Landsknechts agreed.
b32f2814b296dbe9dbd809a952e50605568c10cc	But the scoundrel Schnabel maliciously deceived them he waited until they came out, surrounded them and forced them to disarm, tear down their banners, and take an oath not to fight against the emperor and the House of Austria with a three day hunger.
09dae3d7cca12644d2c7cde35529c27596b80bf3	The Landsknechts were offended and called this case a "Neuburg disgrace" ("Schmach von Neuburg") and "a new unheard of non Landsknecht custom".
6365730f1dcda99b7dc34a402a449d942a756b27	The double crime against oaths and traditions (i.e., the compulsion to swear) was such an extraordinary and scandalous precedent that the regiments of Shertlin and Heideck, which made up almost the entire Protestant infantry, were fully convened to discuss it.
03417d57e4d562f115feddd70a37a816daf99ada	The fact is that even such an oath could not simply be forgotten — it took the election of a special commission by the soldiers, who came to the conclusion that the Neuburg losers were not obliged to observe the forced oath.
3aae804ab4df9279a4387f49dd287149a5c27b66	The Landsknechts were free from the laws regulating the style and appearance of clothing that other citizens obeyed Maximilian granted them this exemption:
981ecc80777628ef83b57ffb7f3634f05a58b99b	"Their life is so short and joyless that gorgeous clothes are one of their few pleasures.
02b023a93367127d92fcbf23f72e67bcf8ad2424	Edward VI
db1482ff87a1746ecb6f6fb394569ec2fb86349c	The wild, unbridled clothes of the Landsknechts disappeared by the second half of the XVI century, and even the word "Landsknecht" disappeared from use, now they were called the Imperial Infantry (Kaiserliche Fussknecht).
789b72dacff44d44d15d41ab0776254637d7706a	Landsknecht armor
ca1ad81321d4c62d744bcb69b8842dec97a52dfd	Armor worn by both landsknechts on a double salary, and by poor cuirassiers
39732648c711001811e032b8127716aa4b1c3b6d	The head of the landsknecht was protected by a burginot helmet, a little later (in the middle of the XVI century) morion appeared.
200b193b122cc4d8276b7d05a8d319f5c2656b5d	The shooters often used a special kabasset helmet.
351135542ab8f8dcd1f944ae80caaf9ec8c0ad83	By the XVII century, armor in the form of simplified cuirasses and helmets was used only by pikemen standing in the first lines and fighters armed with two handed swords, whose task was to break through the enemy system.
3f1135f92b2371831f66d2ac00b44e747f0e397c	This armor originates from the "three quarter" armor, which was widespread in the cavalry of the late XV early XVI centuries.
19e39cc4bf51dbfbd128e7303e9a572bf45592de	This mark was set on June 30, 2011.
e984ba954adc9566232e30dbe203b6f7c60def6f	This is a blank article about armor.
a9dfdd4dafc674c4e5af5232d5851ddc731ee85b	You can help the project by completing it.
a297ff717f04567bff67c47c3866403f0f692775	[hide] Lat types
31630d17dfe08da042b839dcaa38f82e113de1dc	Full Armor White Armor • Milanese Armor • Castenbrust * Gothic Armor • Maximilian Armor • Greenwich Armor
0116c73790443ad5475e00e19666323af165ecd6	Dress and Tournament Dress Armor • Tournament Armor • Costume Armor • Grotesque Armor
bad115f5168224a09b593e4832f47d3e383a1e1f	Incomplete armor Plate Brigantine armor * Transitional armor • Landsknecht armor • Cuirassier armor • Hussar Armor • Reitar armor
9994eed096e0d183ad34ed6bef0ce29b7e43554a	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Landsknecht Armor&oldid=68772292"
28a5f8e1307996293e143c08653cb73b09ce0482	Category: Armor
4ad26f723acba30070f30adae976e80fc7d06a62	Hidden categories: Wikipedia:Articles without links to sources since June 2011 Wikipedia:Articles without sources (type: not specified) Unfinished articles about armor
ff5e181c38deb1482f55db259a5c495fb61d8654	Last modified on this page: 21: 10, February 22, 2015.
7412c11df7575a3a9d3a6ecd29d65088e56d2ca6	Leonid Viktorovich Slutsky was born on May 4, 1971 in the city of Volgograd.
967a0b63cd8ef60ad06fd8f324fde27b0674e230	My father was a master of sports in boxing.
404017a98f8ab92e40b2162a1158b39546724cab	My mother is a kindergarten teacher, then she became the head.
8abfc0d78606f4bd56a04b917200ea9f202d99f7	My grandmother is a teacher.
4983b33432c51892e20da1dee97787c15639619f	Lena was six years old when cancer brought her father to the grave.
ac7c1d33c9aa86db8f9bafc991bd5ca7849356b6	The care of the boy fell on the shoulders of his mother and grandmother.
9e725e14d3b1d75cc5a0e2652c56404870f60b87	Lyudmila Nikolaevna walked to and from work to save six kopecks a day, during the day she served as the head of a kindergarten, and at night she washed the floors in another preschool institution.
24c9fd07cd773ce2576a1b2428e8d8f1a57d2188	Leonid Viktorovich has loved sports, primarily football, since childhood.
aa36da5af78dbc2d65622eec2aae82eaa2a880d1	In the third grade, he enrolled in a football school at the Spartak stadium, which was near his home.
7f589de28d43846362ed0afae9850275888e81c4	After finishing school with a gold medal, he made an unexpected decision for the whole family: he entered the Volgograd State Institute of Physical Culture.
0f2d1b96fb54b2968f70487d28aa1ae2cf2ea860	At the same time, he was included in the main squad of the Zvezda team from Gorodishche, in which he played only 13 matches as a goalkeeper.
34ab35a3f906aa91d7524905917506941108fe0d	Slutsky's goalkeeping career has gained a good start, and they began to predict a great future for him, but suddenly the career of a football player ends.
2883f53a49ff3cd6226b99d9822108590e2eb4c5	Leonid Viktorovich Slutsky received a domestic injury: he climbed to save a kitten on a tree and fell from a great height.
29881a876daf747d69f3708989a6510e12b6076c	The fall fell on one of the most important joints for a football player – the knee.
fa7514f0cc197ddffcf957779bc2e7719b07fbc5	After a long time spent in the hospital, Leonid Slutsky was recovering for a long time, but it was not possible to get back into the gate.
6a53fd1d3c21f1f99fac92c05c6b2feae2156a0c	The injuries received were incompatible with football.
0807308ef044b4dc3d8d478c09f1975487fd9c17	It is difficult for a retired football player to finish his career.
1d6fb957b94ead34d443414285f82f252ca730e4	More than once we have seen players crying at their farewell matches.
cf00d2ba71d95595f345bc9574c3938ae6dfe30b	When a career is cut short due to an injury, and even at a young age, this is the strongest blow for an athlete.
381b2fa374d341ae0a345ae6de693a3150b8c111	But Leonid Slutsky was not the person who could be broken.
22fcffd08c05ac83e07269a95887ef16a1a5825b	The biography of this wonderful athlete, despite all the obstacles, did not miss football.
15b9c631ebac97ee6a0f8b23d98a98a930dc1bcf	After graduating from the institute with a red diploma, Slutsky entered graduate school.
4deaa301ee028fc3003d2b480938fe45f5ba6046	In the same 1993, he began his coaching career at the Volgograd sports club "Olympia", where, with the full support of the club's president Nikolai Chuvalsky, he studied with a group of 12-year-old football players.
70506d4d9228173aa4e343cb8b4a871861f62580	Among them were Roman Adamov, Denis Kolodin, Andrey Bochkov and Maxim Burchenko, with whom he went from a training group to a second division team in 5 years.
562e3a34f75c20eceb8d657aa47cd4cf8d178f88	With them, the coach managed to achieve the first success: in 1999, the team under his leadership achieved the right to play in the second division after winning the "South" zone among the KFK.
45d32131b9a6615b5804fba6a4e1473f6bb56cdb	In addition, Olimpia won the Cup among the KFK.
d360d1340a29fb5d5726f5220dc40f8a2e086456	At Olimpia, I dominated the players very much.
a9289ea8c87a9c9f60ad4b300015c95509d8a127	There was the most severe control, draconian measures.
d81292c10b13d444d8db2cc714e81b7dec3ad937	At ten o'clock in the evening, they had to be in their rooms, clearly go to lessons, get up, eat, sleep at the time calculated by the minutes.
fc52c202f36447a5b6997629e83849f3faf6f864	It was a difficult time, many older guys ended up in prison, so I followed them.
85b4ac3d63b6c7357843fd25a7bdb2d27b762f34	If they did something too wrong, they got a "bream" or a couple of pennies.
1cbe9159f0f3806062dd81f2b19886f7d697442a	This had a very quick effect: to explain what the boys were doing wrong, it took two hours of conversation, and the "bream" that flew out immediately did its job.
e36710417c576e75b14f6fd235e2ceffb5737ff7	Few people know that Leonid Slutsky is a coach who already participated in the education of several bronze medalists of Euro 2008.
5ef019bc3bc3511d0863f7b0ea83c173f86df2b9	"I have never been happier than then," Leonid Viktorovich admits.
10e086e84929d36040baccff6f43687ae87d67a7	"Olympia" was his brainchild, his author's project.
8e1abeb1111bd2421f63aa1110413128ba38e9bc	Tired of being bullied by referee Pavlov over his "Olympians" in Saransk, the young coach could not restrain himself and drove his fist into the referee's face.
34e6558133b59115ab92e559c913c1db55fd9888	The KDC appreciated the blow-disqualification until the end of the season.
3233ce229cfa79871b8a8fd0d84f3e1ada0932db	The referee was banned from football for life.
e3176e1be66977f8daec97d8ab13f9e7a9dc8d31	The penniless Uralan became a useful school of life for the novice coach Slutsky.
a19417719b7d1d6d0c663e5fe94633018299333f	At that moment, there were experienced players in the reserve team, who were temporarily withdrawn from the main squad and wanted to prove their worth, and young people who were quite skilled and ambitious.
6907ed28eb76e946b5553fded107821eecd246dc	However, this heterogeneity of the composition did not confuse Leonid Viktorovich, he managed to quickly put a game to the duplicate composition, which led the team to the championship title in the tournament of duplicate compositions of the Premier League.
922f875bb1940a12ab9cc11b2a57c686b5ca6d55	In July 2005, Valery Petrakov was dismissed from the post of head coach of Moscow, and Leonid Slutsky, a little-known to the general public, was appointed to his place – "the Russian Maurinho", as Belous himself called him.
cd1709534ac66bf7c4a764f45009ee8f48f4c34b	In the first match of the Premier League, he faces the hardest test – a match with Spartak Moscow.
d06848c0b26dc3f73afd6c1f0fbb34dfb2b022bf	And Leonid Viktorovich easily overcomes this test, winning with a score of 3-1.
6d00a223782e07b15ccbc6033e75086f8ee5b262	In fact, from that moment a serious career of a specialist began.
7608a9c56303f663c8a1b8e1c62396ca3e5ce813	In the first full season under him in (2006), "Moscow" took sixth place in the championship, and the next year it fought for the top three until the last, but in the end it remained fourth, and also lost in the final of the Russian Cup.
46cda0ad0566262d629c2527dee85c487bc4cadb	FC "Moscow" this season not only took the highest place in its history, but also set its record for points scored and the number of wins.
3e422b6474100b46e6a8e27e274bff6dc39daf4e	The team made a significant step forward, played well throughout the entire championship.
9c6a2189d52aa4e5a9b66d4d22490e33e3fdabab	Despite getting into European competitions, Slutsky was dismissed at the end of the championship.
c33bff7d43621069f614b7d788f9af5107b930f3	In 2007, the Samara club "Krylia Sovetov" changed its owner and management.
35edd6812fdcc9c152603c19bbb1d24e76ca6071	The new managers of the club wanted to see a new coach at the helm of the team.
e9d811a3bcf4bfb17b903d25a7164ea440c83221	On December 21, a contract was signed between the Samara club and Leonid Slutsky.
24881f4032bf060f43e59b35948527124b25051b	The replacement of the coach played, and in the debut season of Slutsk, Krylia Sovetov take the 6th place and get the right to play in European competitions.
27d8413407f62e108c64e681685a2418517d34e9	In the new season, the team even led in the championship, but in the 12th round a match was played, which, according to many experts, was of a contractual nature: Terek — Krylia Sovetov (3: 2).
c2bb5eefcb6eae9c6c071f99a3636233af6ce62a	After that meeting, tensions began in the team, and the results of the Samaritans began to decline.
16c41a5db90fcaed9b376ea9be0cfbf8ae7b7a09	Moreover, they failed to pass the modest Irish "St. Patrick"in the Europa League.
24972c29e76bd712021d06f0fbda1bfe7e443f79	Soon Leonid Slutsky wrote a letter of resignation at his own request, which was accepted.
833605856f6e1cdceb29a5dee85be8040635553b	Slutsky, who had already managed to declare himself in full voice, did not have to sit without work for a long time.
bf750eea9138bbdba4cd7fb7e421c8f17a483ac9	Two weeks after the departure of Slutsky from the "Wings of the Soviets", the grandee of Russian football CSKA announces that it is appointing Leonid Viktorovich as the head coach of the team.
47fde06edd30b650dc71a40311c44c66f52febbf	In 2008, when Valery Gazzaev left CSKA, Giner already invited Slutsky – but was refused.
ff0599d4ddf815793522a5d19130369bc63eb48c	I was so happy in the Wings then, " the coach told me later.
55a775450a6842428ac85499976e33123eba6396	- With such a relationship with the team that he himself assembled...
75b0b4facd568d74da8c64056206e34073814c16	It was impossible.
f85fbbb6281fa1f5b05361ee589d74a65d62ef12	Evgeny Lennorovich and I have met several times.
322034988b81535f11f7adbff800039757603548	And I knew perfectly well that such a proposal might not happen again."
947f1def59e98fe3247b19456628711159d7949d	Many years later, Giner confesses to me that he respected Slutsky even more for the previous refusal, although the main version of why it happened is still different for the president of CSKA
4e114d3b300a9f2bfd6fb04d60078370aa8cf49a	I think it didn't work out, because he himself understood that he wasn't ready to accept a top club yet.
baf0271602b0273a889a5a3bdbd37e6385567d3e	And when a person is able to give himself an account of this – it is already a plus, a huge plus.
8ec7375bbbce9fc3ddd5333812b4e113eaf9c7d7	Because when a coach has the opportunity to go from a simple club to a top club, work in completely different conditions, fight for trophies – this is a great temptation
88f48f8c611513b7cfbcf876937c282209261766	Therefore, less than a year later, when Zico failed and there was not enough money to meet the requirements of Ramos, the offer was repeated.
e33df6a4673d7b79fb8b8c86308a418b2d297537	Moreover, at a time when Slutsky, who had left Krylia three weeks earlier, had a morale that couldn't be worse.
6b49b53ea97df8697c14878e479bbdbf4856cf12	And at the moment when I was at the lowest point of my emotional state, I suddenly heard: "You are the head coach of CSKA."
03ed22df15054384c2465a3b59ed102677304c51	Here Slutsky signed the contract with lightning speed, barely glancing at it.
84c74229180349d8df3bddf1538681057635c2a5	When handing things over to Slutsky in 2009, Juande Ramos, to put it mildly, did not appreciate the players and the team as a whole.
028ce551ca66bfb5c1eebc30190c13c2c9ebfd06	And he concluded a two-hour conversation with his successor with the phrase: "And if something happens to the goalkeeper, throw yourself off the bridge."
825728059939c3c114e82b9d178251c419b05f4a	The debut in the new club for Slutsky was quite bright.
dca1eb8e44fcfc45e8af7973950ea1b239a1526d	On October 30, 2009, Terek Grozny was beaten 1-0 at home.
05d992ed7272ab52d1d3abba5b7549a8a4d74c17	Then there was a game in the Champions League with Manchester United at Old Trafford.
94ece65145f725b74706d20ec315ba47e715a486	Manchester United hosted CSKA Moscow on their own field in the group stage of the Champions League and managed to escape from defeat only in added time.
ce8121651ab4cc9427fdf0f84c73ad6578c7c446	We had to wait longer for success in the domestic championship.
6c543323d9eeba41a4444ebf94e5f79f333cf68b	Further in the championship, the "army men" were inferior to the future champion "Rubin".
c5ff87789c7f95cfeb79f4b33796dc3c424c4667	After a lost match, the team had to win at any cost in the next game.
3f6ebe93a7db68d3f44b8f02a747b66bbc6e195b	And CSKA succeeds in this, they won the Moscow derby over Spartak 3: 2.
162c238b5c04687004372a779b95be8fa907caf8	At the end of the season, the team, led by its new coach, wins over Saturn Ramenskoye in the Russian championship and Besiktas Istanbul in the Champions League.
5e0bb88639fc8d6a555b2e41bbfafe3d4f289569	In the same season, the army team under the leadership of Slutsky reached the quarterfinals of the most prestigious European tournament, in which they lost to the future owner of the trophy — Inter Milan.
9cd5d454eefa59ec9ac76be1e98930b9296804f6	The club did not achieve a higher result anymore.
d87c076b451370b3d393a954d82a1de282e8dab8	The 2010-2011 season ended for CSKA with silver medals in the Premier League and winning the 6th Russian Cup in the club's history.
eca038dd0c8d571bea7abbe935093165b45fb96d	This is how Leonid Slutsky gets his first trophy.
44b4d0e4b9ce250cda072a00aa28922e1ef0bef7	His biography began to be replenished with great victories.
910f2f35739e907bab13d1c43fffc2004f345373	The 2011-2012 season started quite successfully for CSKA, and after the first round the Moscow club was in the lead.
711cd09da43e0956ee612c4de475b79b232f6a1a	A number of key victories were won over the main rivals: Rubin, Zenit, Lokomotiv.
e2e2bcfd4839a4aaee7dc3badcc7c2f62473d62c	Only the defeat from Spartak overshadowed the first round.
e99730616af4b3dfd4e2e91373914a5bff41be73	In parallel, CSKA successfully competes in the Champions League.
6394801f9f7b2b1a946a631796c3a18e3482d602	In the last group round, the victory in Milan over Inter 1: 2 gave the Moscow club the opportunity to reach the elimination stage .
c0e9068a24d3747833945fa9b27251ab684086c4	In the 1/8 finals, FC CSKA met with the royal club from Madrid, Real Madrid.
626a9a15e99500a88f4a0af9759fe5e61efb8835	According to the sum of two meetings, "creamy" reached the 1/4 of the tournament, and CSKA finished its performances in Europe.
e593390df1ee2039e317100657ef25cc0d32377a	The departure from the LCH undermined the team, and in the spring period of the 11-12 season, the Army team won only 3 victories out of 11 matches played.
291be6e75bfda68d7b11cc38018c270317da6797	Having lost the starting advantage, CSKA took the 3rd place at the end of the season and lost the right to play in the Champions League next season.
70bd9d333294c867170c8c4477d4e1ef032c8811	Slutsky decides to leave the team, but the management does not allow him to do this, and Leonid Viktorovich remains.
871b0018f9257b240ef7d7de5608c9c49de3aca2	By that time, Slutsk had won only one Cup in two and a half years.
bb6cca59b603df6410c70dddcd009a70e7276967	Giner, considering the coach's statement nothing more than an emotional outburst, saw his hunger for trophies – and I think he wanted to prove to himself that he did the right thing by appointing him in the fall of 2009.
7ed1029ffeda285fca01c9c2cb726646087d9068	And the following spring, Slutsky took the first of his three championships.
a1351e2624f2c93c7ab13b7f3946b2851e72bd95	CSKA starts the 2012-2013 season very badly.
888c206de0c2a51605b3e41cb02146f8f37b3605	Crashes out of the qualifying matches of the Europa League, losing to the modest Swedish team AIK, but despite this, the club extends the contract with Slutsky.
bca2cbf153ce4999011511876aae6ce228716df4	The lack of pressure on the team in Europe made it possible for CSKA to concentrate on the national arena, and at the end of the season the team won the treble: the Russian Championship, the cup and the Super Cup of Russia.
c37785cfb7c716effc0df8ba16ad99332a39b9e5	Leonid Slutsky is a coach who became the 5th in a row, who managed to win all 3 national trophies.
b0417a2d468974fb66a7c833b1b184c2270f75a0	The 2013-2014 season was held under a carbon copy with the previous season.
fec7d17cbaf38ed9aa7ea47be7c42dc153f91dfb	A sluggish start, unsuccessful performances in the LCH and a victorious breakthrough in the spring stage of the championship.
d6df060662bc8083482f899e356a4ccc69cc8827	The result of the season was the championship in the Premier League and the Russian Super Cup.
ab4535d8cde1dd431138b68a7578d24240450804	The 2014-2015 season was less successful for the team.
720867b0b678c7716affc24d9d087858243e30be	In the group stage of the LCH, she was among the outsiders.
bb7d0c3cd6fdd712ee526d669305130eaed8d6b4	The Russian Cup was also lost, CSKA lost to Kuban in the semifinals, and was content with second place in the Premier League.
b7b9a1f3b1e306424d93251870563f1a46664a76	The 2015-2016 season was remembered for the team's poor performance in the Champions League and the defeat in the final of the Russian Cup by Zenit St. Petersburg.
c7f3f19e5d88af90b67508951908fcedcf36f66e	However, she became the owner of the" gold " of the championship.
fe2e60bfdf581c3e4b67a181eac13e062fab57c6	CSKA Moscow announced that the head coach of the team Leonid Slutsky will leave his post after the match of the sixth round of the Champions League group stage with Tottenham in London, which will be held on December 7.
d174914c38bf948889af2afb146a7667f2014b83	All these years, the specialist played with a short bench: the main clip consisted of 14-15 players, and the starting line-up could often be predicted with almost one hundred percent probability.
31e17b1411e619b51e69799c93e88dcf6f3e8567	For this, he was both praised and criticized, nevertheless, such tactics bore fruit within Russia.
8288aafc5a108b3d5b58640cbda5cd40c948b20b	In Europe, everything was more complicated.
f40a1e8162cd23ca324834aa33afa21e56944c01	Since the 2013/2014 season, CSKA has consistently been on the last line in its group in the Champions League.
a9dfaff54dc00e56c59ff7e980e1d89c91a7e036	At the same time, each time the army men could complain about the draw: with only Bayern Munich, the Moscow team twice found itself in the same quartet.
59b67be1fd45c593de9905be30a4c4a9fe753248	However, it was much more depressing that the unchanged champion or at least the winner of the medals of the Russian championship could not oppose anything to teams of the PSV level from the Netherlands or the Czech "Victoria".
f6b6d5b35667a02c85daf80b5ae891eccfb3c6b1	Now the team has problems in the Russian championship.
148d17d53f0d141b8f092be72e64836399706005	. It became clear that the separation of Slutsky and CSKA is becoming more and more likely.
ae5ddbf4237c0e7db13e07d5b40bfb8a9cef7eea	And so their paths parted.
36d103b5291b67bfb525a381699ff2eed292eca2	Since August 7, 2015, Leonid Slutsky began combining work in CSKA with the national team.
2fa37981d9577e07157be8092cf872b4aff26ca1	The coach was faced with the task of leading the team to Euro 2016.
3d5f25ee89d6823cccc21e3f9649e919043fa12a	Thanks to three consecutive victories (over Sweden, Moldova and Montenegro), the team, taking 2nd place in the group, received a ticket to the Euro.
d4e512715cf1d78cd92e44135486b4b4a3284794	The Russian national team failed miserably in the championship, losing in two out of three matches and playing one match in a draw.
5f5ba7d97fc8f2fcb480a704279bbad05c944602	Leonid Viktorovich Slutsky created a family more than 10 years ago, his wife Irina is far from football, but she always follows her husband's success.
ababc378b74c34c19bd35b2b4f3fe276ac65ad3f	Leonid met his future wife in Rostov, while visiting Roman Adamov.
f7a4245fe9049e662873b3b7070eb2172a2b3512	He was driving a car, she was voting on the road.
133c0f848e81507ee5d3b05217a035ebadafb78d	I stopped, gave a ride to Azov, exchanged phone numbers – that's how we met.
8adc0be2a8f99ae94a9648e617e8726e4a7ebfbb	In 2005, the couple announced the birth of a boy.
a73553c07a7d8d99094fbca35356df495fc64659	Only the son is allowed to disturb the head of the family after difficult, unsuccessful matches.
5c85ed1244f413c2974679965d67a855f1034ceb	Next to Dima, the coach quickly moves away from stress, distracts from painful thoughts.
49f00fcd3793d1d31e2dd17a5a613a50136df640	Slutsky immediately determined with his trained eye that his son would not be a football player.
a1654595af1769d5ceb71085e3a015c16517cc3d	Dmitry has other hobbies, and both are happy about it.
eb3e5426315bdc179431f8a7a25162e06625296a	Even colleagues are amazed at Slutsky's immersion in work.
f3efdda12546d36b9a921b4f007e3457750ad5d9	Sometimes it seems that he is engaged in his favorite thing in the 7/24 mode.
74528f40380a470e6777b4de59ccab87d55b57eb	I get very tired during the work, "he admitted in an interview with the"Championship".
3d2496c5b44826954ed63b6d39fe9f8c8980e368	It can make me want to, I don't know, jump out of the window and end my life by suicide.
df572a1576f9b990fe26ee7d3e89eee917c3f883	But I can't rest either.
8eebf877528f47b2b326ba1957ae28d2b6c19db6	And Slutsky is one of those who invests in work without a trace and wants to live for real.
b339e4f5e4d32df14bdb1a46e6074f046c34da52	And he is only 45 – for a football coach, this is often not even the age of maturity,but only climbing.
bd956b3ed5ff8ba569b05fb3369dd9145e1e4583	There is a lot of strength, energy, and desire to develop.
b2040dea6d1324ac51fd89e44c6cc23fda17cdb8	And if this is faced with the feeling that you have already won the national championship three times, and the objective conditions of the club's existence will not allow you to achieve something serious in Europe, one day the realization inevitably comes: it's time to leave.
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b4fb79cad505e9364d3bb19d696dcc6d6aad2dba	Slutsky's coaching career: from Olimpia to the Russian national team
106d98f09647ee736db86bebc897db0f31ed811d	Alexander Boyarsky 29 July 2015 13: 00
f898e8b1bb36539955091113abba10a9ff4cd8e0	It is highly likely that in the near future the RFU leadership will announce the appointment of CSKA coach Leonid Slutsky as the head coach of the Russian national team.
c5d8d90a0c95b8b31b2576bcf530caa833383c96	For now Sportbox.ru it reminds readers of how the 44 year old specialist climbed the Olympus of Russian football: having made the way from the mentor of boys in Volgograd to the best coach of the country.
3752c3e17cd997ca82d1d11001009ca1c2aeb64a	Leonid Slutsky / Photo: © Anastasia Kamynina
ebd824ddb8e5cfe5fe05cb7eae32a832fd67d848	"Olympia" (Volgograd)
defc573bf667374ad08c304f439bd621f1abc3ad	1993 — 2001
dabce3757ac63f97ee8da6a098ebc2eb9a5b6f8c	Age: from 22 years
0389d29d8077fc1ba7ece05a069a36507fdd3f3b	The story of how Leonid Slutsky ended his football career as a player is well known: he was seriously injured after falling from a tree.
71831294054170abe985490bd84a9158a3bd2f7c	At the age of 22, he graduated from the institute with a red diploma and got a job with the local team "Olympia" — Slutsk was entrusted with 12 year old boys.
e8b4598ceaa4be856ddba2f1dc0ba6d5ea450bbf	Of the 20 people with whom Slutsky worked, 17 later played in the teams of masters!
17f356b24946602eff5f0d6fe170b70a55895887	Among his pupils are Denis Kolodin, Roman Adamov, Andrey Bochkov, Maxim Burchenko, Vitaly Kazantsev and other football players.
a8c7ced580203b9ae810dce5ad5db8099960e9ca	Slutsky about "Olympia":
863f40842c36a75a5c09fb2901de25e20100fe88	— At Olimpia, I dominated the players very much.
d786b6eaad0b94f36ac41d4c21279674013ce1f2	I even had to beat many people, including Kolodin.
ee40f327e6824d0ee9779d53de1a1ac55b35dde3	"Uralan" (Elista)
808f3d9ac0ce24d41c132cddceb22c1613c943fa	2002 — 2004
d8fd8262e8be2922319cf28605692abe3d33ae52	Age: 31 years
6f67772e54be4b159ad35409186d769e6d797175	In 2002, Leonid Slutsky, at the invitation of a well known Russian specialist Sergey Pavlov, headed the reserve team of Uralan Elista.
22bed59993fe762bf15ae16325179c75fa806fc9	And in the first season of working with the team, he took second place with her in the reserve team championship.
c26a9c345e545ad4538c0140d6c7bfbb60178cc2	The following season, Uralan was relegated from the top division of the Russian championship, and Slutsky took over the team, replacing Igor Shalimov as head coach.
aa2580ac87563c13751ea67c3b4e6ce7ce3ae59f	Subsequently, the team from Elista was disbanded due to lack of funding.
d8131675a56ed10456b426e08550e2ca321d84dd	Slutsky about Uralan:
14803ba41967e0fcf24f257497ba1c4383e302fa	— I consider my work at Uralan to be good: together with the double, silver medals were won.
549eaa4e6760e9a8a43fd230c2f40f781d95884f	It was in our team that many now well known players started playing, among which I can mention Denis Kolodin.
782434a13e8eb8ffa680d078c965e9a7b14fd2cb	Uralan could have won a ticket to the Premier League, if not for the lack of funds.
0ac50c9fdd4720c32c2ad54c7ae3b3715523d8f3	All the coaches of the first division teams talked about this.
41685691ac068bc5ecf2c6be5f08972f57e7473b	FC "Moscow"
e713516a95f5be6da32d2c46eb0d0920030d42d6	2004 — 2007
19c8f9ae00d05bf75cb4585176a747e7d37397fa	Age: 33 years
f1e9ac77b13f921531f2c23e2501317a6e49c7eb	When it became known about the closure of Uralan, Slutsky was invited to work at FC Moscow — to train the reserve team.
0f1f58c440fddff23e367eb2708a0f6f1cf40538	The mentor worked with the youth of the" citizens " for less than a year, since in July 2005, the club's president Yuri Belous dismissed Valery Petrakov and offered to head the Premier League team to Slutsky.
39145b45a3391c197abd5a9e0e8c9813b9bc0663	In the first match under his leadership, "Moscow" beat "Spartak" - 3: 1.
c70a70b2f95348bef3034e3996a5d3ec2011fd14	In the off season, players were acquired who strengthened only the "clip" — Krunic, Epureanu, Hubnik.
eba220f390fe3bc676b26c3733316df079593c68	But Dima Kirichenko left us, which was a loss.
99ed9c16b81c2839a5ac2565177b767200b916ca	"Wings of the Soviets"
e3b45743c1298d442547cf6cf7870a99d2fd8f69	2007 — 2009
919feee48cdd0d58a0e2888b1cef904df470f5a4	Age: 36 years
2ee0dfc989870e38565b72db16d9c3a1680fcf96	The Samara period of work for Leonid Slutsky was not the most pleasant, although he made progress with this team.
7236081499a70100ce2a050c084ccbe6c00ef6c7	In the 2008 championship, Krylia took the sixth place and made it to the European cups.
723492e9fb7529f92dad0e3d99718c7d08663e94	Slutsky about the "Wings of the Soviets":
d14e31ed948d58bc16c9e47846849c58cffd44cd	— This is a great reason for pride — to create a team that played on an equal footing with the leaders, to bring such great players as Koller and Yaroshik.
901421c3e621f533f4f5bc0bd93fcedc37a88661	I think football fans will remember for many years that these players played in Samara.
8c005dfa7ee10ccb37f1c9cec5d56e723751ef19	CSKA Moscow
9ab9e9c42c8cf4d19ae11142d3bbdb8d3a04feec	Since 2009
c188bdb06b88571d923ce9b10f4cc89792d85536	Age: 38 years
fe98cb3c0816fcdbb66c1876b77f0c977850eb4a	For almost six years of working at CSKA, Leonid Slutsky has become one of the most titled Russian coaches.
0679614eb38364d0fb98d6449d4b4cf51d7fb8fd	During this time, he won the Russian Premier League twice, took the Russian Cup and the Super Cup twice each.
2c0307c65383c9b40b81c379d8db6e584b86c22e	He became a silver medalist of the championship twice and a bronze medalist once.
8ca17e4eeff08bbab7f061a568ad9166a2955c38	In addition, he was twice named the best coach of the country at the end of the season (RFU version).
9b3c5cd6f1d43f6fde16dbb5b613a23ad07b69e0	While you were reading, we have some fresh news
a940edbdda50402c0aa314269674dfa3effaa983	Comment (36)
8f66bef0f61367d409c81bd85068557c396d8db1	> Show Comments (36)
a155313a2ff974f1d9d82d0aaf02293b13567a2c	By topic
2cf899e5d06a931c518a6d9aa7101059a2c1ff6f	Wings of the Soviets
9c6becc28ebf266c5fab5835b1a445c71c56e269	Uralan
7c5624f72dd07f12d4819d6bc7cc28a24bff7b1e	Leonid Slutsky
8e03b9cb06ce89c8e30e173868855ea67e36d842	Valery Petrakov
2fabe6ccec478a19de51683b6f28f81169ab6a31	Jan Koller
3df87ec227d18e12d916aa8cb785b3513a6718ce	Roman Adamov
384b1f131ec5f08ff5ce97b93249a9ea71136ef1	Igor Shalimov
05207c62b09f07b21d97fdd284a85a399003af82	Jiri Yaroshik
ae95cbdc94e96e640269062eb6450250ffaf0bbe	Denis Kolodin
56c3f90316753fa83005a82b732b5248b60fa2f4	Maxim Burchenko
73e0c23a1a2579d2c9fb4379215c255ba191ac74	Andrey Bochkov
9393c4640da1c49b2ac5686aa2eae9acb347c3f5	Vitaly Kazantsev
bdb527f93c5ea3350d9cf9d51986e0697f94c90c	Sergey Pavlov
c7ac0dc78668c03d887cf457190a8c9d0cd13732	The double of the ex Spartak player helped "Loryan" to win the fifth victory of the season on January 14, 2017
48f3db51e4215f0be0f6b7aed87bb2897ca062a3	Spartak 2 goalkeeper Filippov is on view in Ufa on January 14, 2017
4ab90148e5a148ad6d42493231ee61adf55091fb	Arsenal signed Grigalava on January 14, 2017
1ba799ca32187cc7ba28702e7420099fa522f28e	Yoan Mollo: "It is important for me to learn Russian" January 14, 2017
e4e21fe8247649e78a7f7352cc84c50439d5a9d5	Shkuletich can move to AEK on January 14, 2017
6bb70ca983294feb6416bea2ffb92ad2e24cfd0a	Mircea Lucescu: "We canot talk about changes in the game with the departure of Vitsel yet" January 14, 2017
e96f9948b801f3a294afdd37d284fc24feb20334	The gold Fund.
3df3d67b4946a7f779accd3b5d98aeeb9689399f	The 10 best Zenit players in the Russian Championship on January 14, 2017
c324a7c4e7f552c0f8732dd76cab68d2f5f5c0d8	The first match of Zenit in the new year on Sportbox.ru. LIVE!
43cf3088d8067ef6a54a41ce49bf6fb1dedfebba	January 14, 2017
b236c24a4fdba2682e67e32ed74eaf9972841d32	Danny: "Finally I can work on a par with the whole team" January 14, 2017
5ba7c289c3e76a551f74c6917b9ea7b38bf664c5	Kirill Kombarov: "I joined the team at Arsenal from the first day" January 14, 2017
1649882ed91b065bd929e71043aecee8a8b6fc23	FIFA will consider the case of Azmun on January 19 January 14, 2017
eb2ea22b1fc6cd994b0a80e8451cee371f22017c	Sergey Ovchinnikov: "The decision of Slutsky should be respected" January 14, 2017
614c3173eff3c06c0526355f0af85f36c7ff50cd	UEFA will consider Yeremenko's appeal on March 2 January 14, 2017
92bb65f95d8e303dcad8aca67af9dc92c2f1a1fe	Tornike Okriashvili: "Increasing the number of teams at the World Cup will give Georgia a chance" January 14, 2017
8927be8d71de3b6fc005f2755ce606a7991a9475	Philip Budkovsky: "I have always dreamed of returning to Shakhtar on January 14, 2017
467cf681c3c1a68188b5c5ac63e361e47d3a0d37	Haji Hajiyev: "Often young players "mature" to the basic level later than they leave the youth team" January 14, 2017
6fd31735c259872b6c601bd640ac482706cf64c7	Earlier in the category Premier League: Nababkin had five stitches
ad086cf55b834c375e209972840f1342401d8c41	Read more
5ca64c6978419eba00ae9b318de8851a7faf5732	Villarreal drew for the third time in a row 08: 18
a44828c0d618c956629ac451687cc06dff29af32	"Inter" won the fifth victory in a row, beating "Chievo" 08: 05
3042afc3610d5cd147087398e2fcc742c378ff80	The results of the game day on January 14.
03c02b56632232b4d055f19d1faecac6a6ceb309	Portuguese Championship 2016-17 02: 30
0ef8c3e8c987bb8df73eb0dda3070780317b5409	Africa Cup 2017 01: 30
31662be6b0828ff9f80b553a131078c9f7212227	Test matches 2016-17 01: 00
d465c004a46d96c2c83e0a01a0bf64f94b19bf60	Inter Chievo 3:1.
fdcbb565dab282ba6e389bb76c3de2694ba869b7	Goals 00: 46
4d17b13fe483cfe1254a523638cda535d8ffd94c	Inter Chievo.
543ec4122c7238234becce4f125f108af460c774	3:1.
fa619f587ec61480d269b3e7b6d9ae58171e6229	Martins Eder 00: 39
10bfb4c7d10dd0c18241a05b4635a08fa6e73aa6	2:1.
82e7ed29c446fa32e036e9351f9bf8d4ab9f25b9	Ivan Perishich 00: 33
5d7923668e7859c64d077298ae67787c345d3a0a	1:1.
f89925842213897e8ea49c73801fbc43d5ae25b0	Mauro Icardi 00: 16
346c94d2241d46fb7060683b914515644b34515b	The double of the ex Spartak player helped "Loryan" to win the fifth victory of the season on January 14, 23: 56
9194a04ccf6347f555ed3b6fe682e2d474a9e33f	Chelsea returned the striker from Burnley on January 14, 23: 55
cc428122df726c457b73f174cebfbef2316bb0c2	Cameroon and Burkina Faso played a draw at the Africa Cup of Nations on January 14, 23: 54
c90164e7776b2ea58dc357ec1e4d2e3eea31bb29	Spartak 2 goalkeeper Filippov is on view in Ufa on January 14, 23: 49
57d953968a1822869e12544a34e5e3a2291d3a6b	Arsenal signed Grigalava on January 14, 23: 47
c0ff6f15873687eccfdab9f7cfa4fdd00ea37047	A Milan player can move to a Chinese club on January 14, 23: 44
3e058f3d4b372de5864cf419ad000d11830d196e	0: 1.
29284a90444aa18743f57b1a71c3a2a129397de3	Sergio Pellissier January 14, 23: 23
b7567b27cce17378ecd84164624857bd0074fa39	Max Bezushkov: "I know about the example of Neustadter, but I want to play for the German national team" January 14, 23: 03
96c939a9697cda129da27b200331c9f67a233afe	The Italian Championship.
d3ecfa3a3c4e48f996f829ec55da92163e319f9d	Inter Chievo 14 January 22: 40
071e7a71c40260312158d58edfc53cd544b9290f	Leicester - Chelsea 0: 3.
5f78bd9014f4eefce57f1f3cf481512884f0a09c	Goals and best moments 14 January 22: 30
f273f9136bad8ccbb80faaf73828e22dc5af2b46	Atletico beat Betis at home on January 14, 22: 23
5a50925d371cb638ce6d091588288ec29efdff9c	Alonso's double brought Chelsea a victory over Leicester on January 14, 22: 20
af75eab0d313841f71cf89cdf9a4faea623d8c9e	Benfica came away from defeat, losing with a score of 0: 3 On January 14, 22: 11
15494c42ae803de85918e524657ff2a7187762c8	Leicester - Chelsea.
30d9ec723b9085306a8f54adc6a0e9883d81b26a	0: 3.
daf3f1a3b9d8191c5d9e569ffbd9042ac73d19ad	Pedro 14 January 22: 00
2f87f97e1a1920c4a4a32d2dac1a303a888f29d3	"Bologna "beat" Crotone " on the road on January 14, 21: 58
fe207f6e6fdadd0d5578e87164ca3730c87092d1	Cahill's kick through himself on January 14, 21: 58
af583de833b958664cc4f2818dad69987d9f8965	Alonso almost scored a hat trick on January 14, 21: 53
4b8db4c03eace00b2f1a45d053abeadec281a346	0: 2.
c42ce14e9fb764810aa5d70ce8a66b0848b233bd	Marcos Alonso 14 January 21: 41
6b0f47e876834c86f6f5d51307cdae429c9904e8	Yoan Mollo: "It is important for me to learn Russian" January 14, 21: 40
a21cf08721aa776eb75779c4e74697625f059ead	Shkuletich can move to AEK on January 14, 21: 34
480e33728c1faa51094d04d88b9a9c4d6501703e	Crotone - Bologna.
8d7d87b08f02952bda132e0be0d6787337e17337	Blerim Jemaili January 14, 21: 18
e6a7a31f3f7f1c6836d12090ecb43c08f4c2d1f1	0-30 30-60
4abd1077f7f238b0f3d5041b37434eb7ee621f05	Villarreal drew for the third time in a row
c909a0e3e45622f68be5cb20a8ad648f5c36f80d	Inter won the fifth victory in a row, beating Chievo
2abb2758b7a23c8ada26006ba92ad7a6b63bcce5	Portuguese Championship 2016-17
c5dd2e670dd66c3d920a65daa3632e4b2dcae309	Africa Cup 2017
60492d3922b913a4f2a3b73db8bb85ab55f6a920	Test matches 2016-17
4017ca84df20061edc6f109babd0fe4c32591f39	Inter Chievo 3: 1.
916e9879371137ee74e6d7d49db6e374a6373701	Martins Eder
440c1db6dbb268d6dd6118ec1a6d8931c261f6ef	Ivan Perishich
7855011c6dc7ca5d27700cfd9a7228d01f56e654	Mauro Icardi
9934dfeb35dbc976b2f077532702ba1f51ae6f46	The double of the ex Spartak player helped "Loryan" to win the fifth victory of the season
9a3378968185396e9cc98f4a12c07da0a8343545	Chelsea have returned the striker from Burnley
cd2f48054f5cd0d29a07386a23868e0c52b75b3a	Cameroon and Burkina Faso were drawn at the Africa Cup of Nations
5fcf29158d766750e37473f4eda94a56d5f96920	The goalkeeper of "Spartak 2" Filippov is on viewing in "Ufa"
4301d61294bcaf8d1b7bfe32e689de95c2a9ccfe	Arsenal signed Grigalava
b81cc69befa07a645bf3d5759e5f85fb17c34b07	AC Milan player can move to a Chinese club
4880c3f3d6a6cde352da28a7677dbd311062d9e9	0:1.
cd63d30658b29208aa2ee4f286eb75e04bedff10	Sergio Pellissier
0d240c0e705bb5ad58e23435abf108579ed97c7a	Max Bezushkov: "I know about the example of Neustadter, but I want to play for the German national team"
6632aa8707f8b6709b030d6ffcdf876efa82c03c	Inter Chievo
24e6bd9f624b3912c9d1819bd8bd1dcce1e11f52	Goals and best moments
539d2318e8fafc9ee4d2a3a3ae0b832281230e23	Atletico beat Betis at home
bf6630edcf895d027f8f03d0b6a9f7de128f1421	Alonso's double brought Chelsea victory over Leicester
baac38ab69716b69f8d4ce24029be0ec2765ecc1	Benfica came away from defeat, losing with a score of 0: 3
2f792df00dd9d082b1270ca643fe81295b0179f8	0:3.
89b896402d8c3d208029b5b46597910af7e34a66	Pedro
c307c046e9a8fdbb643b8a8a1bb9ba4fac881024	Bologna beat Crotone on the road
b899ff159f88f35c29e4fe81d582d5b361362d56	Cahill's kick through himself
5cd818e00d9660188b96e08e4e2acc5d5cef91b1	Alonso almost scored a hat trick
19bf87774816456ca7645076cb148ea415e3d264	0:2.
340ff26d8e8c187a9c9e96edc3942b539fb66701	Marcos Alonso
e37cf1d0b27072b024a71437b06d5475960327b7	Yoan Mollo: "It is important for me to learn Russian"
62f7a3c96e5079987b2225635886e180b283444f	Shkuletich can move to AEK
cc2e18204a5e1f8483c9a769987ed0a4c9843f17	Blerim Jemaili
ac868d980956db3a59a3458070445bf90c5417cb	Dangerous blow by Pedro
bf395580c8107a2dfa752e3c22b07ffc3471a9e8	Schmeichel's mistake
72dce29c9d667ce33f07e2ffbc82db8c5d9ff2ae	Vardy's dangerous shot
6fc156a0655d88b62e8b7880dac9814bc96aa9e0	Obameyang's goal did not help Gabon beat Guinea Bissau
95cec3659afb9a01f684e6729ae32400e6ca47ef	Draxler brought PSG victory in their debut match in the French championship
b93c753ef93969b837a12aefcbb9973e9acd5f7d	The Russian Football Championship.
b2d90f98d2adc8dbd615b305bf84ad35de5ba72e	2016-17
d73013a5f68e837de89a78a5bdf9579a948cd1ff	Team No.
064b5253399230507243753c30ac82b13b249ac2	And In/N/N M O
73eee95203dccd44324903da0730d5f3f91af850	Spartak
221733f16d4e9f5f9921768e686457de1dd266d7	13/1/3
a37efdb8b3139a9abaa399df7f6599dd420066ef	26-13
af3e133428b9e25c55bc59fe534248e6a0c0f17b	40
ddf50f508c5f7a23541eb396660070cf0a8ea441	Zenith
3b3bafd25646f0ca4e9755c7fbd433329d5c9f43	10/5/2
79acfe943b8476c231bb23bc8ebe6da0977f179b	33-13
972a67c48192728a34979d9a35164c1295401b71	35
cfa78bb7f61438ed0c05d64324ed7f05ebfd0283	9/5/3
5efd689f5cb7bb246a20336e68cffaf511f6880a	21-11
cb4e5208b4cd87268b208e49452ed6e89a68e0b8	32
0bddae79cfaaf80703aa3f2fe47b59a749b73e9f	Terek
550568c2d0175b1038b23d5301fbd7e19c3509c8	8/4/5
e17c76d26a578c03e00b949c343b2f28de35e1c3	21-21
0a57cb53ba59c46fc4b692527a38a87c78d84028	28
39d0db43e3d8a4304a64fdc8881ab5b1f183b552	Krasnodar
82479db9105404a1bdd078d30aa1cd69f522e9a6	7/7/3
f159f7a6383b83de92f868a8640dd2ea25120cb1	24-14
f62ecf2aeaf42e121d064cb04ee1d656d1768019	Amkar
21014501e805437d5d26738144fc160cbf1ef109	7/6/4
978d483e023d46555839ac2056b9c0dc15e8afb8	16-12
7d60ea56d62201a067b72230594b648a4e44e961	Rostov
5ce0481c70a64a67b2932dcf51f0c74c54291b20	7/4/6
ad32bca1941ee82830b3ba6ffee869135c5813d2	19-12
aa88c12469aa608872f876078b538b45bf0f1d86	12-13
b217e98c3bf70f3cf4633a5447d6587eea974ba1	Ruby
749c5ce31bc1bf5600257974f6dcc963fa937842	6/5/6
c58a22b818ee825d18af1f67fa4700e45d4b7fb8	20-19
f4de471dfa8fbeb6d70e7f89beab69a864c39a85	Locomotive
04aeab9dd0f8f1ff888f56044b48d6818151e864	5/8/4
62c56b86625a561d1ab0885f5b3dc6b67aeedc96	21-13
3186f6ec7aee83f041cc78b565389e8cd9434c38	Anji
c81b11b308f3854ea200f07df502d320314372cc	5/5/7
51ec5f4eff1fd691d8ee2069237c0912784c622f	13-18
fbb20a64e8ee8e5a04212e5f1b5c4879a310758b	3/6/8
f3e326e98f82b9788e5c1bc40163f5f5f6591d60	17-20
b8777df3f9170b9311ad6f426b2d77aafa8c5fc6	Ural
5d584ad34d0ccdd2adb9edc4f6c6489307d7edf8	3/5/9
f14905fc00e5533c394583ab3ddc87eb54a3641a	11-25
3bb55a40ff8a0e8043a7a7bc0c3743ff43705ada	Orenburg
29c3fdbf737afcc6aedee820680d96afaa659f85	2/6/9
789025c81cec5a0bd17d92298880d255d6f04baf	11-21
a5017f4d86b394699e6d9baab217951d531e3971	Arsenal
d82d7300265848946b3e44384e330e2e01d68243	6-23
26d58cf3df0903a2298788b72fced5bca9ea7144	Tom
4878a3758bfb623b55a20413e6cd300f329e1966	2/3/12
d2da47b53e80fe6d129674c471163e544efbc890	8-31
8fbaa81c1703a738df8854be9857004bc1c0b2a3	Scorers
acd9153d0076766ac4a8321b16951f88ef4925f7	Player Goals
0eaf4d480b97705deb8e8b5d9e4d249ceaefd1b5	Fyodor Smolov
b38c5a035632d970be3bb212b436961fe29ed1a6	10 (2)
a87e384a3ed4cb2e1b9e94952d2ad79a36422e16	Balai Bekim
3acbbfb511700cdb12cc37c5015520411f4fe371	Dzyuba Artem
4412bed2d2728e45fdb0032b1de6a6196f61b2d1	8 (1)
6be80866e65195beed66957551a8304ee9a29355	Jonatas
02ded2f01509e0a2ec8f0ef03e20ab76b17b5c64	Juliano
d14e32ecec693afef0569226cfce29807923331f	7 (2)
63f82cbe5c570cc9bf6825555c616aba23a5a059	Promes Quincy
f22e093da62df84299acc32dab602c810e5e2c8c	Ze Luis
b8558a5b5265868f4fbd932c859a2771707c1bfd	Sergey Kornilenko
28042706bac5b9e0652dfb3c3c610df6e9869e60	Traore Lasina
04eb1ec3196aa374f00a3ef43f8187bd4ff78c16	Mollo Ioan
257d90794b03b7b836a742357ba0e3dc4cf17190	5 (2)
b3235fd440326bb1c0accc2ac400903554f5c034	The Guards
7f35bd549df5e439ab2353a99fa961e06679bdee	Player of the Minute / Matches
1f1c77584f9ec2085e0faaa3815f730fd15d866f	Belenov Alexander
d3ee7ebe0d0b34b7104c26c6cf3acbf8156bb36c	1530 / 17
76f118dc8fa012c27340ece5b9f61bab4121dc48	Vasin Viktor
0d02a23aba14839ea5614608dce01b98c107862a	Denis Kulakov
52b67f7367876546c682daccab0a08ec71c3ae33	Kutepov Ilya
ff116a46970d9fdcb94bdad0502ef33bc9c922d0	Loria George
f234f105d1d0442270d7d829df1a48ca834f1dc6	Oyevole Adessoye
2787658476e14c3e89ab0b851623332318025f74	Rebrov Artem
870abba367dbad1bde330a76c17d91c46a27cf7b	Alexander Selikhov
71f2ea7f6e929ddb24c9c48dfe8eb89aced91859	Utsiev Rizvan
0aff3eaa3f083934537a412e65787c0cd7556538	Rate of fire
f5982296f0383ec1dec94289ed7be7abcd0d1b31	Player M/G / Min / Goal
fe9f20e7c390cda3bf53cf45cbb04dc7d8f49e1c	104 / 1035 / 10
0012d4ac5929c4dc6c0ca64c007d74937c19bb59	132 / 1052 / 8
f40e52e0325eee535e8e032f2c71cbbd9f3511ef	140 / 1122 / 8
2d7c5ac858c12da0c6c526ab26b53077cd26bb9e	Fatai Kehinde
da53b2f2264a7ec6d647dfb02f2040bc951aa9aa	161 / 642 / 4
458238ba7d80affa0af1dcca382d71f681549483	168 / 839 / 5
e53bd9d4633eb73043dab2fdf5f7caf180ff3ba6	171 / 1368 / 8
04aec040dc9ea7ccae7d069e03f8a696e94e6459	175 / 1226 / 7
edd00cb61ef2170661dc9f5a058e9d82fe4a0b98	Ananidze Zhano
29e9bc616477b4837f12e31cbd8d5e08b2743e90	185 / 739 / 4
1c15bd91c397a7484bcba919d875ca35b4a10604	188 / 942 / 5
087c9849b93528e6ddac8f0f9067fd54b113300f	191 / 953 / 5
5b989fc7d673c6119fa1a0b95d815c4373101166	Goalkeepers
f6124d77fb54fe1195f8ab133e7ac729728e279c	Player Matches / Goals
fe77f16616b466ca4d425afc66e674363f92cd4f	Stanislav Kritsyuk
f890835c0bee7a775a31c5bfc0a68773cbf98732	16 / 13
ff4ae012f0f36f22c02be9f2ec798e0448e3b632	Igor Akinfeev
7f711f2004d9d9897eb35ce9cd331df5056485fa	16 / 11
c143f4f6c4b168cb91bd0c6e56514feec54ce7c6	17 / 12
c2e54c7844e5516ada55ae83c6a31d9d670900bf	17 / 13
aba860f78404c934850264fa2ced5df3b8d61e1a	17 / 19
3329d3fd11597481e01878aca3c29815aae3c43d	Andrey Lunev
228ae4677b0043b16430da74730b6f9b3a3fecde	10 / 7
e1c9762a5091068aa6e7a5d15ec68133d8b30e67	17 / 18
2e17a50bf19fdbdd6377f15e67e2f4a31cea4dc2	Guilherme Marinato
cd64e2653213102be17613cba606fde586b39b4d	16 / 12
9592bea7294898cf55c646f997f582a4b02ebe96	Shelia Giorgi
e6d6aebebecc891382eecaceca16ab36f92ce940	8 / 6
cc34695015752d0b4e2e127381b4f426981c63ac	Abakumov Dmitry
726a71e81f12cc44fa01ba2abe478613efe58ad5	5 / 4
99d637374f51ab8f607c22b55440ea3666d3fc47	popular
2fb7d5e99ec210a21f9582e9e4d47759068c774b	The World Cup.
d8846f58f868fdd475625c382df2adb254148e49	Sprint.
160fa5b9c30317367c1c401d7b8c942d5f79f225	Women "Spartak" and "Lokomotiv" have made a deal for the transfer of Samedov to the Russian scorer.
4ec6d586ab1c206b4b8ddfd06932cc06306e2dc9	As an unnecessary striker for his native football, he left for the Czech Republic in the Crisis of the genre.
a89c2ff57becb924db1d9174c949cc87571c57b1	Why is Barca so far behind Real Madrid
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b38b566358c6ab79d8826f1231df4ce65f6c5e82	Home About The Club Team composition Player biographies
7200c166944054b438017335c9a3c4150e6ba4e6	Daniel Carvalho Igor akinfeev Ivica Olich Chidi Odia Zhirkov Yuri Jo, alves jo, football player jo Ignashevich Sergey Vagner love Evgeny Aldonin Roland Gusev Vasily Berezutsky Berezutsky Alexey Milos Krasic David Yanchik Elver Rakhimich Dudu (dudu) Deivydas Shemberas Gazzaev Valery Georgievich Slutsky Leonid Viktorovich
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0dcdb2d246c728203a5bc09309c08429fec8a559	Leonid Viktorovich Slutsky
6d07fbce375d9b3ddbcc63428ed72ec44dd48c98	Share |
eed3b5ae66044954f8a23759d77d2185001b5438	Leonid Viktorovich Slutsky Leonid Viktorovich Slutsky was born on May 4, 1971 in the city of Volgograd.
7fc3e9bc485e74b3bfd70387536dfe0d3db41627	He died when Leonid Viktorovich was six years old.
489a253b4c01a61ed244645d48623fb04120f79c	A domestic injury prevented his further football career.
f86c3f278f64eb99d84ed0c8673a00cb544e0dfa	In the same 1993, he began his coaching career at the Volgograd sports club "Olympia", where, with the full support of the club's president Nikolai Chuvalsky, he studied with a group of 12 year old football players.
b502d07a2f7d7461ffd08b0be1fe549d6f95ba1a	Winning many children's tournaments along the way, in 1999 they won the KFK tournament.
ed972a64ecc7ce42235f90616e7207cf8fe41fd8	In 2001, Sergey Pavlov offered Slutsky to train the backup team of Uralan, and Leonid Viktorovich moved to Elista.
2a656853b98e6c96446f8d6e82851d952e9a4a73	With the double of Elistintsev, Slutsky took first the 4th, and then the 2nd place in the doubles tournament.
094da069dbf7ab3af344b6d97346ad1b3db172f9	When Uralan relegated to the First Division, he was offered the position of head coach of the main squad.
67ce5bd152ea77c860baab1470f71eadf3760f83	But the team was struck by the financial crisis, and Leonid Viktorovich had to leave the capital of Kalmykia.
f9fac2661830037c6d2e8e860c9010a4de298780	In 2004, at the invitation of Yuri Belous, Leonid Slutsky headed the backup team of "Moscow".
1191c7ce9c6bd78ac9758e27987bac9214bfc190	In July 2005, Valery Petrakov was dismissed from the post of head coach of Moscow, and Leonid Slutsky, a little known to the general public, was appointed to his place – "the Russian Maurinho", as Belous himself called him.
58f390b3ea6172771d1960424efe6cd3f0a88d7e	In the final match of the 2005 season with Saturn Ramenskoye, FC Moscow won 2-1 and took 5th place at the end of the Russian Championship, which subsequently gave the team the right to compete in the Intertoto Cup for the first time.
479dbe06f71ad9b1abc951fd348cadb9b4e91ec3	In 2006, Leonid Slutsky began to rebuild the team, but in the end – only the 6th place in the Russian Championship.
0dbb4bff9646548012d4238ffdad750bfad053e5	The team did not perform very well in the Intertoto Cup either: they lost the right to play in the UEFA Cup on the sum of two matches to Hertha Berlin.
53daf838c37a096bceaeb6a0442c2feefd1286fa	Due to the low results of the team, there was constant talk about the imminent resignation of Slutsky, but the Board of Directors at the final meeting did not make hasty decisions and left Leonid Viktorovich as head coach.
072e0f7480d0d7e29c75b086b4f7439e61b5d952	2007 was the most successful year for Moscow: the team reached the final of the Russian Cup, where it lost to Lokomotiv only in extra time, in the Russian Championship the team already missed CSKA in the penultimate round and took the 4th place, which guarantees participation in European competitions.
8351179a28dae1b04955c9fa01539dfbe19fc372	But the club's management decided to part with the most successful coach in the history of the team…
6dd98a13f23a5144103b7b13082c5f15901f1ec5	A few weeks later, Leonid Viktorovich signed a contract with the Samara club" Krylia Sovetov", which after a disastrous season changed its owner and was going to fight for the highest places.
5f5b57dc5a7295db87103c7cb59f4fa5acc8e77d	In Samara, he found a complete understanding with the club's management and received the right to assemble a Premier League team capable of solving the highest tasks almost from scratch.
3155c3d88d586aa98522f1bf8f4aef1baa62e426	Before the start of the 2008 season, Krylia Sovetov, led by Leonid Slutsky, made a splash on the transfer market, acquiring several famous players at once, such as Jiri Yaroshek, Andrey Tikhonov, Evgeny Savin.
337b9f167ff6c8e6b895e118f037a7c358730e19	After a fairly successful 2008 season, in which Krylia Sovetov took the 6th place and received the right to compete in the Europa League, the 2009 season did not go well for the team.
06619e623b27a9d77c9002a65675f0786433a844	After several successful games at the beginning of the season, the team began to show an unimpressive game and began to descend lower and lower in the standings.
84cd598b41081b7bdf97b11da7b12e6d3b8042a6	As a result, Leonid Viktorovich had to leave the post of head coach of the team on October 20, 2009.
b4b7cadff65440cf4fada0b156df4c8773922451	And again, Slutsky did not have to sit without work for a long time, a few days later, on October 26, 2009, he headed one of the leading clubs in the country - PFC CSKA.
bf89fd3b1cdfde1ac07f8fc9e026b1268819530f	Club career 1989 "Zvezda" (Gorodishche)
a4c3f61c11d5dcfcf3430004b5b692cc0c756aa4	Leonid Slutsky started playing football as a goalkeeper in the Zvezda team from Gorodishche in 1989.
29698aa22c92337c01914aaca843d54be3d580bf	But after playing only 13 matches, he was injured, after which he could not return to big time football
bdc70fbffdedf94460054180d27f3c9e98b1552a	Coaching career
f92e9d0594bd08d4547a5510c514def1b2eddb29	Leonid Slutsky began his coaching career in 1993, when he was engaged in football with children at the Volgograd "Olympia".
4b29acfe8d30d2f3659386de18122421f6875d83	Since 2000, Leonid Viktorovich has been appointed head coach of the Volgograd"Olympia".
78c20f4c43b0683b405c2b226343b275a92af1c1	In 2002, Slutsky moved to Elista, where he holds the position of coach of the backup team of the local team "Uralan".
01c65ab43e3e195cce23b4a1c6ce151d496524b3	In 2003, after the departure of Uralan Elista from the Premier League, Leonid Slutsky replaced Igor Shalimov as the club's head coach.
315649233c455d7b47687181686439ce14ec9bd2	In 2004, Leonid Viktorovich was invited to the post of coach of the reserve team at the Moscow football club, with which he won gold medals, and since July 2005 he has become the head coach of FC Moscow.
8ee4964866ac9094a0836cd80d6bfd0fda2f37a3	In the 2007 season, the team under his leadership claimed the first bronze medals of the Russian championship until the last round, and also reached the final of the national cup, losing in extra time to Lokomotiv Moscow.
20924f7bf17013e0fd76410401223f2292eed674	However, at the end of the championship, the management of the Moscow football club broke the contract, which was calculated until 2010.
bfe8b0e6fc9c4f08b5cb5d5784911dfa0332f0ea	This decision was made a week before the end of the Russian championship.
d5d4c528c859da1a2280a3bb243345913c8255db	In November 2007, after the change of the owner and the entire management at the Krylia Sovetov club, Leonid Slutsky was invited to the post of the new head coach of the Samara team, replacing Alexander Tarkhanov, who held this post earlier.
358c1c367470a210b75967b5ecfd3fbb180e844d	On December 21, 2007, Leonid Viktorovich Slutsky signed a three year contract with the Krylia Sovetov team.
b97eae7ae6427ccd75dc1a4c047fabae4b75071c	On October 20, 2009, Leonid Viktorovich voluntarily left the post of head coach of the team.
ef8176c58ca4f68167bcf278d5ca708f83a52512	On October 26, 2009, Leonid Viktorovich Slutsky signed a three year contract with PFC CSKA and replaced the Spanish specialist Juande Ramos as the head coach of the team.
cb931425b66c8876dd4ad91e3e24694d25423012	1994-2001 Olimpia (Volgograd) 2002-2003 Uralan (d) 2003-2004 Uralan 2004-2005 FC Moscow (d) 2005-2007 FC Moscow 2007-2009 Krylia Sovetov since 2009 CSKA Moscow
9e4b5368a1152dd84f0d63d9966e0ba7df111092	Achievements of Leonid Slutsky 1996 "Olympia" - the champion of the children's football league of Russia among young men in 1982.
f5543136bca7f510b9df0a10e5879e518d8133b1	1997 "Olimpia" - the champion of the children's football league of Russia among young men in 1982.
7f0dbbe91233b75f8fb29b2bac683abb59503d3a	1999 "Olimpia" - the winner of the championship and the winner of the cup among the teams of physical culture.
deec69d9d2a14568ab618f7d48e610bb13abb961	2002 "Uralan"(d) - 4th place.
cb6e54e837ac809683836737f1936894b0d1557b	2003 "Uralan"(d) - 2nd place.
0655a422bbec2067b772aea34b9c5f47a3546ebd	2004 FC "Moscow"(d) - champion.
b30e992e78778e77dc5d9857275f8f38dc6b1437	2005 FC Moscow - 5th place in the Russian Premier League.
b6ac609ca980a8e0004fa242569826be56f339cc	2006 FC Moscow - 6th place in the Russian Premier League.
8d95101a2a3c05c648a4520d01ddb136fe588401	2007 FC "Moscow" - finalist of the Cup of Russia.
cf8c29c3840f9ba9363271cabd3918ffcc821db8	2007 FC "Moscow" - 4th place in the Russian Premier League.
ecfe7b4b65a74158c4ba3c6664562406cd5a2fb5	2008 "Krylia Sovetov" - 6th place in the Russian Premier League.
e0893bd8193b3bad21870da3eee8cc5f2e2d436a	2009 PFC CSKA Moscow - 5th place in the Russian Premier League.
637c1346dee9b1e55e2e26e35e28037eb72868f6	2010 PFC CSKA Moscow reaching the 1/4 finals of the Champions League
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e1159e5b1b8c50c5af1e06dab6eb2793500d9893	Ovchinnikov: our behavior with Slutsky in the conflict with the fan was adequate Gadzhibekov: I want to show the best game in the Wings and get into the Russian national team Bezuglov: I guarantee Ronaldo minus 20 kg in three months, the Russian national team remained on the 56th place in the FIFA ranking Evdokimov: the whole country should fall at Ignashevich's feet — so that Akinfeev called Klopp the best coach of the year, Cherchesov — Santos Cherchesov chose the best player of 2016 Ronaldo, Akinfeev — Messi "Donot take me home!".
ed92147137ee8bf573835458ba710e44f9f090bb	The best football soundtracks of 2016 7 main intrigues of 2017: Spartak and the title, Russia and the World Cup The regulations of the 2017 Confederations Cup will be approved on January 10
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a3b59fe45d6a85e1ee9fc1d7425ca765d2398396	Latest news 16:02patrushev told about the frequent attacks on Russian information systems 16:37IN the Kremlin commented on reports of a meeting between Putin and Trump 16:11IN social networks, they laughed at the crying Biden 15:58 An Italian skier flew off the track at a speed of 100 kilometers per hour 15:55 Hooligans threw eggs at the Russian trade mission in Lithuania 15:54police detained a man who had arranged a shooting from a machine gun in the north of Moscow 15:01In VKontakte there were warnings about spoilers in the TV series "Sherlock"
dbd7a8c073f92a8bba763c6e32e4950931a5dcd0	22: 41, December 6, 2016 Retired Colonel Leonid Slutsky left CSKA Moscow after seven years of work at the club
83c3bc74a55c991c38390743ce4d9f16407d743c	Go to "My Feed" Leonid Slutsky Photo: Ramil Sitdikov / RIA Novosti
149a2044ac20b79bba57b66c143a1229b7d7f232	"The tape.ru " recalls what the club has achieved under the leadership of Slutsky, and talks about his possible replacement.
a5a7fdb7da576485e3f933a8af59ef8bde1544d1	During the seven years of the union, CSKA and Slutsky have experienced a lot: the coach was praised for his ability to squeeze the most out of fairly limited resources, criticized for a monotonous game, and the club, in addition to success in the domestic arena, experienced painful failures in the Champions League.
8fbe3c1b86e7d86ebd1062497ee4eaf8e5007067	The specialist reached the call up to the Russian national team, which he managed to bring to the European Championship in France, for which he was declared almost a national hero.
39d2726839e23a8694abfd07115f875bd24866df	Materials on the topic 14: 18 November 30, 2016 You canot leave you canot stay Why the best coach of Russia wants to leave CSKA
bc7df29cfb674026383e8882c61af83a941addea	As a result, it was the Euro that dealt the first sensitive blow to Slutsky's reputation.
58102657e44eeb53b7698d1b2eca572d13320a4b	If anyone has forgotten, the Russian national team under the guidance of a domestic coach scored only one point in the group stage and flew home.
d0695ad50eb8ad9982e6bbe739b43d3357fb6a62	Slutsky tried to apply the same model of the game that brought success to CSKA, but failed.
70c9053ff27a0ec5b5f37e6405acf4cf44b517e6	After that, he hastened to disown the national team.
21b2720221da363fa2ffec6d2c63919b29f07f33	At the same time, questions arose about the qualification of the specialist and his ability to bring CSKA to a new level.
7b6726231b2ed21e3ad88b2e5d6151caf80cf4f1	However, before the start of the 2016/2017 club season, the leadership of the army club was enough for them.
8f133120af81d2dd662b4e11c480ccf715b7a866	The first half of the new campaign provoked a new round of gossip about the coach: the team led by him stopped consistently producing results, it fell back to third place in the standings of the Russian Premier League, which could not satisfy the fans of the club, who were used to seeing football players in red and blue T shirts at the top.
8b6207fc385f8ab7cb9151554d886c3bcd322706	In October, they even demanded the resignation of the coach.
7890e938fcdbdf3ffb6316845a0bb382e2b38d0d	As a result, the Army team left for the winter break with an eight point gap from their principal rival Spartak Moscow.
a89bac3277dfeb71b8c8be05f79b2fba520750d5	Yes, Slutsky can not be called the only culprit of what happened, even the greatest teams periodically fall into depression.
193094ca0dde45e887ac5e1617cfdbff81260cc5	In addition, in the autumn, the personnel situation in the army camp was close to catastrophic.
7e065d53e39d3fd99a79700b0587ddc39e5deca3	The coach was forced to play without key players in the middle of the field Alan Dzagoev, who was recovering from an injury, and Roman Eremenko, who was caught using cocaine.
5dabf2b84bf238fb7adf7f62f0c865496ff67a6f	The striker Lasina Traore, who returned to Russia, was completely bored — 18 year old Fedor Chalov took his place in the base, who managed to distinguish himself in the first meetings only with a great desire, but not with effective actions.
9fa71d599afbac36db3f3d61cd70270ac2356ccf	Nevertheless, the fans expressed their opinion and came into conflict with the coach.
cfca662b5a0a3cff29172202d31b2d6c9469e7f8	Conversations about Slutsky's resignation became more substantive a week ago: on November 29, a source reported that the specialist would leave his post after the match with Tottenham; and on Tuesday, December 6, the club announced the departure of the long term mentor.
852b3df234513542f964df34a9d629d07cc6de61	Leonid Slutsky and CSKA midfielder Georgi Milanov Photo: Anton Denisov / RIA Novosti
517d048d0559634dfed7612900d661bbe2169e56	Slutsky held his post for a little more than seven years.
665eca6bc3cb68fd4dbc1b1764244779c7d77c2c	On October 26, 2009, he signed a contract with the army club under the 3+2 scheme.
7c6b277f424fc77ac2dca2422e3b33b579c9d1f3	The young specialist (at the time of joining CSKA, the coach was 38 years old) started with a victory over Terek Grozny, and in the next match he was examined by Sir Alex Ferguson.
56360057d27413827bcb54109e14c3bb1628942b	The first trophy of Slutsky at the head of CSKA was the Cup of Russia, won in the 2010/2011 season.
138cbba289175498c409980e1bd706948df418d1	And the army men tried on the gold medals of the RFPL after the end of the 2012/2013 season.
db52e8bf457ff1c7b3eb0d91a907008075feba32	Moreover, they scored a golden double, adding the national cup to the championship.
ebe7e9e751df71ce9f6418ea71b0b9256b9ab11e	Slutsky made CSKA the best club in the country twice more — in the 2013/14 and 2015/16 seasons.
1a328b0306ba82de194bc00fed974c3dd26db175	All these years, the specialist played with a short bench: the main clip consisted of 14-15 players, and the starting line up could often be predicted with almost one hundred percent probability.
4bc0fb59ca03f8d7419b3ad3c8ee290d2baeea68	By the way, this season CSKA also occupies the last place in its group and will be able to leave it only if it wins over Tottenham.
bb7ecacd558fe3a8ee4be60779db44e6b722e54f	Materials on the topic 15: 21 December 3, 2016 Sitting on a beautiful hill Why is it better for Leonid Slutsky to leave CSKA
b84b26998b6ca7c2f602dd0887c38c34950f2c86	Now the team has problems in the Russian championship. .
0d36fba2d59dce15690ef84352b93e949c719f10	It became clear that the separation of Slutsky and CSKA is becoming more and more likely.
059aa4135dd3f6d42028ca23f3db708704a944de	Now Viktor Goncharenko, who trains Ufa, will most likely take the Army men.
80c5239e1a2b2ca22f8af83323c6a0add716c6f3	Under the leadership of the Belarusian specialist, the modest club takes the eighth place in the RFPL standings.
dad0481e0b81ff70cb12d6d50f7903550486c83b	Moreover, Goncharenko is not a stranger in the red blue system: after leaving Ural Yekaterinburg, he worked as an assistant to Slutsky until the end of the 2015/2016 season.
f7052c12cbc077a9cdbd864e46554a8e0abcd7c3	The Belarusian moved to the capital of Bashkortostan in July of this year.
dfcc2b7f7b203961dacfa95511e632223a149409	And what awaits Slutsky?
e0e4c89575eff49602811c4c45f12703580524ac	Perhaps he will take a break in his career, after which he will go to Europe.
66a34840f0f66b77df0088eacf7bfeb1ac7b1980	The coach has repeatedly expressed a desire to lead the club in the West.
26097811dd531f05763d142aaa5263adcc456240	There are also less obvious options for the development of his career.
f2f7fa04eb7adadb3166199244342acc486b9a9b	In any case, we will hear more about Slutsk.
1e7b1b680611f5396fe99dbdc084e83bb075566b	Evgeny Bakin
965ff42bc196f9055b96a30ef9308146ded9b5d8	Go to" My Feed " To Discuss
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ebac7ac0c5eba0783d300dfce496076d7519d658	175 years ago 2016
bcbe914327b730dc2cd1ef8fe483355f890b630b	01: 45 Real Madrid will sign a contract with 17 year old striker Isak next week
7f039d85cd84a806e65547785a0a5868392fee6f	00: 52 Xabi Alonso: I sincerely think that the return of Liverpool's glory is already close
e090b05afec5e095d13033d1800ceeebe6fde296	00: 28 Witsel's representative: after football, Axel will devote his life to aviation
fbde946e98330bcb41304f336a431e9febb52761	00: 17 Agent: Ronaldinho wants to return to football in 2017
e686c7dc62647c6b9864e4e77fa99b446ba7888f	23:48 Carioca's transfer to China was disrupted due to Atletico Mineiro
808a3806cf00cb47d61141eba6ab9fa0e012fb9b	13: 21 Conte, during an argument with Costa, shouted at him to get out of Chelsea to China
d66b865d5107d2b8a33b4eb9f25f9f6d9b8e0aaf	02: 45 Spartak will sign a contract with Luis Adriano on January 16
ce14360f058b5cd9ba27d52fe6b47b90ba960b58	04: 20 Noboa's wife responded to the attacks of fans: I'm sorry for you
9c32487565842a4b82b43771c866a3d6383f6b7e	17: 52 Zenit drew with Eintracht in the first match in 2017
d2407f15b87422c2b02f6c2cfc976b1cdc12fa78	11: 15 Spartak and Atletico Mineiro have not agreed on the transfer of Carioca to China
61ed079a320fef3e462115e5c69d284333e10aa9	Events Yesterday Now Today Tomorrow
26de50550b66fd952d3032d887b11aa9a0e1c2d4	Photo: Pavel Tkachuk, "Championship"
058e61aba896cb497c8f62058cc5d1d9dfa05752	Text: Oleg Lysenko
33a9844767d4c18088d31fe5e6bd873ae7bc81d8	Slutsky from " A " to "Z".
a6664a671d1257c66741d9bfd0c634b0ab0926fa	The ABC of the life of the coach of CSKA and the Russian national team
af5ab74d3fc564831461baecf9132d9140b3f2f8	The 45th birthday is a suitable occasion to refresh the memory of the career milestones of Leonid Slutsky, the head coach of CSKA and the Russian national team.
18284fbd61cda10a4b64bfe186b7d5262f223082	Wednesday, May 4, 2016.
18aa04a2d8f9da9092843baa0bdf7b510b6c4fba	12:30.
c1c4b1d1cc221cdb56f190626d1f71b02b284d9a	Authority.
25959e065b72f2ef285f1102c85b666389d2468e	A great football player did not come out of Slutsk, and now, probably, we can add: fortunately.
0916559112364abaf38e95437db775428530c8a0	Still, great players rarely become outstanding coaches.
4c31ed415b63f2835e822b6688ec284e3c7c2dc0	Leonid Viktorovich himself, as a man of exceptional self – irony and self criticism, does not think of himself as a master of the profession despite half a dozen trophies won.
dcabbe261a4426e10b553628455d45e489ab18b3	His path to recognition was shorter (he started earlier) and at the same time longer than that of the stars of the past – through distrust, skepticism, disdain of the crowd.
85b04a77ddab609533839abb95497be6658380c3	Why the crowds – even the wards of the "army", the masters are more and more titled, the young commander did not immediately gain authority.
3e1b9d60fe784c6ef7d08d57a4305437df5f0604	According to the calculations of Slutsky himself, this process took about 3.5 years at CSKA.
31483681a814c84e8789018aea968e6731de2642	Along with the titles came self confidence and respect for the players.
74cea9179272a72ee0f2532c4cfdac3cdf70fb15	Brother.
5b92d3b9c173fb61fb0c18fb02f34c591ea5a47d	Leonid found out about the existence of his older brother a few years ago – he sent a message about himself on a social network.
f46f313f8353f2dbbf2e81a42cd277c41500eb3c	We wrote off, met.
10f9118b420a5c6b2d67c1794a93e2a4dbbe6421	Dmitry, the son of Viktor Slutsky from his first marriage, emigrated with his family from Odessa in the 1990s, lives in Germany.
33da665719b48f42ce6bd8018b401b46f5e94334	Calling his son Dima, the coach had no idea that there was already one Dmitry Slutsky in the family.
a0753b8bdb10a7135a9f88cd47188b181b220a40	There are also such coincidences!
e3b2fae4d4b3de53ead71093abce2c87aa860d30	The goalkeeper.
9fffa8c96f9b0510b8d1aad8dd5f3d8917b95b68	Until the age of 19, our hero combined his studies with football.
746e3b5bf17632c004fb4964a057208da5b37fe3	I was happy to catch balls, protecting the colors of the "Star" from the settlement of Gorodishche.
27fd6865e9ee3c8f1a850184d1faab3ee7c42e0f	But the goalkeeper Slutsky did not rise above the poultry farm team – a serious injury did not let him go.
340b6d85c23949c1f10006db917bcc8cdc47ea48	Giner.
dafbd09fc9eddcd6fe4ab45b27c92c56e7ae85df	The CSKA chief's bet on famous foreign names Zico, Juande Ramos did not work, but he hit the bull's eye with the "nameless" Slutsky.
0a0a1f3ca8ffae5369e25549a09604e0ea8d5e39	Did Yevgeny Lennorovich risk entrusting a famous team to a candidate with a dash in the "trophies" column in his resume?
0e1575eef88bc00ff3324a53df7cb74376fa5467	Without a doubt!
caf63f64da7ff4d49041c53130b2de335ea50eb7	But the risk was fully justified.
8c89be223eef4d3f2f524f91dff84099bd98a8cb	Giner continued to believe in Slutsky even when the others lost faith and massively pulled on T shirts with the call: "Lenya, go away!".
402904b5dd1a9a65fe53213a501d5f8d6eb7b31e	By not accepting the coach's resignation in 2012, the president showed amazing insight.
8f5b50a444096725507516f1e0bb8e96117fc5c4	For his trust and support, Slutsky repaid his superiors with medals and cups.
64f7a3c6683394cef1b17b166eaaf1be470e5a05	Disqualification.
d240624a1f0e61673f5ebe1cb626f5667d6f0be5	Unlike his father, Leonid never seriously engaged in boxing, but one of his hooks, in 2000, received a wide response.
72c8384b5e21a7a7fc9e051e591433fddd9b6ddb	The KDC appreciated the blow disqualification until the end of the season.
565409ccf35c4bc2ee259db272e0e9d6a09bfed5	> > > Slutsky: I relieve stress with boxing classes!
cd06f34edd6fe98b1eb6a9c7d7c928bf94dcb66e	Euro.
bd5f1e2a997ea4e0ce3b635eda16c385ce2a7cd0	The continental Championship in the biography of Slutsky appeared spontaneously.
8e52deb70bd36598c111ba96557cd3d131390df1	The national team needed help in the midst of the qualifying cycle, and Leonid Viktorovich could not refuse it.
39b3dd640fc0571867e5738cead6a73da6c42cf8	He successfully took the team out of the group – he (who else?!) and take it to the final in France.
1b1f62071ac307d3f42aec03e67ce4c227c8a70e	Wife.
b5be5b3e1ebd0d9793cbc65a0805783d8d9dd021	And soon they got married.
1893355302ed870cae64312d506b88538195f387	Unlike her husband, Irina is not a public person, she rarely shows herself in public.
9bc929240f0dd0d9716625f947805f177a9584e9	Gold medal.
4e2a3e69d6e8cc855dc96f64bc9324cced6b0f47	Slutsky was awarded his first gold long before he became a mentor, having graduated from school No.
6ffe578ac6176e44e9a4049d45b46ffe533646de	93 with one five.
9fad2b90bacae2b0570c03eb6162fdde40ec459a	Institute.
14417f6bbad3640e26cc45326320df2f874385be	My mother saw my son as a lawyer or a journalist.
5388ec998330ec5f7778c81220d1af99627cd2b7	He decided in his own way – and entered the Volgograd Infiz, from which he graduated with a red diploma.
a44721d98d5f21a276ce20fabae125ae62b4640e	KVN.
7593a9dd20862b74720a0e874ac1e3c203622866	In the life of Slutsky there are two favorite games football and KVN.
2303a4ada4f96f01e4ae0e2ac970e03d4dd4d1f2	He is engaged in the first professionally, the second at his leisure.
7895cf5a247c03b691d96b7c5903193a05e1593f	But both for a long time and with a soul.
8aafd2c6dd36011f98e93fb2df4ee1753573e56c	Leonid Viktorovich can still easily play along with some team on stage.
c94c481aa12d51f2d59547b51337ec4111589056	Now he sits more and more on the jury, but from time to time he remembers his youth.
38169e65badeb45e347404814898d307399043f1	Sing, dance, make a joke?
fef1fa08696e0cd525fcca1aec90b2b4148d8020	No problem!
a4b359fd663fa0b997dc7a0df58bf351f7402a24	Photo: Denis Tyrin, " Championship"
de0b6c5cb0c0adfb36c2f637eb2665392e8d8054	Leonid.
a71992302c1fa55c99ca869011a8f5e2c38d5c6a	"The name was chosen to sound soft," recalled Lyudmila Nikolaevna Slutskaya.
b3fb8cb41eb18cd88118cc29559c04e1949731a4	- My husband suggested it – I agreed.
849cb9aa178c20f7c36be39e1038cec967fb34b7	It was not very common at that time, I personally did not have any friends of the Leonids."
eba98dd69ec2ee4d5bd71eb157fe1ca33e66ee86	The name Leonid comes from the ancient Greek name Leonidas and translates as "descendant of a lion", "like a lion".
5d39e7ff7ea9b97dfc0b6dc20da22fdbdc4f1d56	Leonids are usually distinguished by a flexible, diplomatic character.
aa817617f06754417466fe22b22803d973b27e1f	This is, as they say, an" absolute friend", loyal and reliable.
84c6cec2f95ac08249b816ff70c2cdf07e5be73b	Accessible, unassuming.
49731ac3b93e84f0b0954e9cfe3f6d949a83277d	He perfectly adapts to people and circumstances, knows how to settle conflicts.
68d6078a1d634458076c9b363fb99abcb9b3ed61	But, if necessary, he will become firm, unyielding, principled to the point of cruelty.
8d44383deb0256270afeb7db66cae7041d829080	Mother.
512281a4adb19352d49ab18a316138fd84a773a1	And along with it – an outstanding loan for a three room cooperative apartment.
c025a727fa08f28819a6df51b2b75b6525674de7	Leonid Viktorovich carried a tender, reverent attitude to his mother through his whole life.
461ebf0819f7ce3d0bf7c3c60da3ef7263c85b11	She is still his main adviser on clothing and behavior in public.
4a4859ab5704aecc0263ef779bc292d122b335b6	At the same time, she has never been to the stadium herself.
a83546522f53d40bdcc61caa4ca6035a5650e548	He even watches TV broadcasts without sound – he's too worried about his son…
80933dcd756412c177883a80236253970e2409ef	The heir.
eef530929c3ab5a36766f31196a3b8cf8b7a5282	After the victories, they sing and dance together at home.
bc3b4d95906a3aa3503f947a8acb6a138b223c70	"Olympia".
2a397929855b69741d138e1627fc9203bac5c541	Neither the daily rises at 6 am, nor the shaking on the trolleybus to the place of work did not overshadow the Volgograd youth of the coach.
4a63108202c7e667290badba67a59b03c516d69a	Together they grew up, won in the KFK and stuffed cones in the second league.
8835a5485cac683d12cf4b072f016a1b80b9a126	Two" chicks of Slutsk " — Denis Kolodin and Roman Adamov subsequently became bronze medalists of the European Championship.
b9e4b3e2a7065eae2320650649ead1db3ca54095	"Letters of happiness".
d64a0bd07259061801678731cd0b48bf3bae0a81	" Wings of the Soviets " Slutsky was distinguished by a sincere, truly family atmosphere within the team.
0b10a2702c3a50f18ca909605b2e5117072af99d	To create it, the coach used a variety of techniques.
e34d8aa3455c3be58cd5cb4bc7809fdeffdc643b	In particular, he sent out "letters of happiness" to the players with individual wishes to everyone.
4e01b916047cfbc6fec1c1f4e9e0c59a556ba75d	"Russian Mourinho".
da359393be6c3e1e1e473c904d255ea1b125f00a	Donot feed our brother bread – let him stick labels on it.
c091d92493d046cb52af854a152722cb9b1c5cfb	Slutsky at home has long been haunted by obsessive comparisons with Mourinho – although they have very little in common: the craft and the lack of a game background.
1509bcfc2ff79d4115144d37130d100b060adaef	A significant meeting between Leonid and Jose happened in March 2010.
d635873c517efdd23c1ffb6629645d2c8644dca0	One, two.
4a57c48e9cb9ae38e341d3973e57dcd9ed144c70	In both of them, CSKA Slutsky minimally lost to Inter Mourinho, but he made a favorable impression.
ba6eb371f2e07ac419ee519799e3606a6f754ce4	That season, even Barca could not do anything with the Milanese.
10f3b53a382b05787f21cb7740d6bec8007d4590	Fear.
d6784ed3898095091f41b33feacce90d52c3adfc	Slutsky is close to Mourinho's thesis that the best motivation for a coach is not so much the desire for fame and honor, as the fear of losing, being disappointed in his ideas, being unnecessary.
93d0260670bf442b1d418b1ce475e4ad3badb612	Poplar.
018b471f7ad785c803c3b72ca6f0955d52ad331d	This legendary tree still stands on Karl Marx Street in Volgograd.
73a718ca6971714943e4f121ee18b8c2766f2df1	Perhaps someday a memorial sign will be attached to it: "Here the career of a football player Slutsk ended and the career of a Slutsk coach began."
e7d10dc39a5f21acdfa0d4154a010d4317c3c636	An attempt to save a naughty neighbor's cat turned out badly for 19 year — old Leonid a fall from the height of the third floor, a serious knee injury and a year in the hospital broke Slutsky's dream of performing at a high level.
6f9eb54834264a0da44a780b96aea5c22fe4497d	Photo: Alexander Mysyakin, " Championship"
085d4b91d5e81679dc348544fc5b255a89212568	Ukraine.
4c4c221450b2670731616ec9deb04dcf36540535	The head coach of the Russian national team has Ukrainian roots.
5729eeaecf871c1fdc5f3f2d27a15c6a47e9149c	My mother was born and lived with her parents and two sisters in the Vinnytsia region until the age of two, my father is from Odessa.
a8e5c667e5156843a4e9ffcacbf456bfcef3308c	Viktor and Lyudmila met and got married in Volgograd, and Leonid was born there.
a857597f1d07d90f70fd9133a36e9e9e09f12ef7	Fanaticism.
829126a98b5e9ea4ce0e73bf77acdf425849fc1a	It can make me want to, I donot know, jump out of the window and end my life by suicide.
e650108c210563e9e76ab5d1f381b5632e2b801c	But I canot rest either.
83e4f07b2914fb9904ba1c2900d4822f34265493	When it's time for a vacation, I did something with my son, went somewhere – and still after a week I start watching something, calling someone.
bbd0a56fc5e5cc54a27e4acfb4f842dcc1d5ed89	A vicious circle!".
c795c1fcaac5866f15148eba4574f11336f1213a	Personality.
cbd525ca0360293e42e8b118dadb8de311edbe20	According to the Zodiac, Slutsky is a Taurus and this sign is quite consistent.
0e235ce4c033c48d1fcf346f9cf875d3895955d1	Colleagues and football players unanimously note the perseverance and hard work of Leonid Viktorovich.
d4f84ba9d22d0a140758ad9bd8c4e1e492e6f9a1	For all his intelligence and benevolence, there are territories where he does not allow outsiders – in particular, to his creative kitchen.
b800eb49209a96056079c4a147f90b8d64f75e2a	CSKA.
eab1b8f8e9cc8d6aae611dc8c263265f13fae409	By experience in the "army" club (6 and a half years) LAN has already beaten Valery Gazzaev and is second only to Boris Arkadiev.
7df6aae650aac584b369d99df476b0e2dc76600d	The latter commanded the Tseskovtsy from 1944 to 1952.
dfcc2d30b812801d0d30ec3182305f3bc3c529a2	Quarterfinals.
84e5d5e1ad879bf21fa4cf0ac9674def31a3fc87	Having not yet taken a single prize from CSKA, Slutsky has already entered his name in the club's annals – as the first coach who led the team to the Champions League playoffs, and then to the 1/4 finals.
fef02c0653f85d0d9bf81583b05805b73b03ba9f	For Slutsky, Shustikov was more than an assistant, a like minded person, a combat comrade.
bfd8992ecf5d44942999be1a5bf948cf8350c7f3	They understood each other from a half glance.
fa578e78d58adb03c7abec66677620a0f18f8bb0	For nine years, Leonid and Sergey worked side by side – in Moscow, Krylia,CSKA.
239dcfb50fe2c578d67f416f789cc4b02fa372b7	In 2014, life divorced them, communication was interrupted.
0b27d044555c8b5afe78abf41ed854a4f555b451	Nevertheless, Slutsky perceived Shustikov's death as a personal tragedy.
34032db04ac22bc8de33ccd71ed198f3f98cc0ad	Elista.
c9e4c717a37dce250dad820b5bf3256be1f6d1e0	In the capital of Kalmykia, he won silver in the doubles tournament and tried himself in the role of the main one after the resignation of Igor Shalimov.
49a46c72b244c6a790a8ecbe201b8554eb21f012	Humor.
f3d064bafeb39be75cd3caf1320cadbbd45b371e	Nature has rewarded Slutsky with a wonderful sense of humor, so there was always a positive atmosphere in his teams.
1a157357d2e7ecd08d1f1a0be8c3e0670da8648a	He likes to joke himself, and does not forbid his wards to do this.
ef09c77d24a57d2cc5520d06cc8df5ccaafa8dc1	A skilled teacher and psychologist, Slutsky first of all liberated the players of the national team.
8a7b58f2f8ac9155bc274f916798b9a23b65367f	They responded to the coach with a series of victories.
f52245330ac59f422b3d91bfac03a15a4fd8e479	Yaroslavl.
0892c949cee3579241ffb7d81999accbb1fe7cde	The ancient Russian city witnessed the first coaching triumph of Leonid Slutsky.
1e2ca2e06bc62116ee0b7ecb7ee9be864e120424	On that hot May day in 2011, CSKA broke the resistance of the Gazzaev father and son "Alania" and took the Russian Cup for the sixth time.
da2d9c3fbcd217a48e334bd65abaebf9b26d873f	Two years later, the head "Armeets" became the fifth coach in history to win all three national trophies, and by the summer of 2014, he doubled their number.
69216e9545809c5d9f48388f02b91f25d9ba5a3c	The editorial board of the Championship joins the congratulations addressed to the birthday boy and wishes him happiness, health and new victories for the glory of domestic football!
a45684a493020367b64a19134425e2afcff96f06	Photo: Alexander Safonov, " Championship"
987620cc3d881b052d11b4eb6a44f2f91db260ab	Source: "Championship"
bcb722748c59dabec9d8924985432896a5857206	Total votes: 87
1edb482f6a9262447f7bb7f12be7f3b62804197d	News.
a12b9be7a1da60f599b9bffa95f4683c889d304f	Sunday, January 15, 2017
c5542b9f087f554688cda97874198a280a2ccb57	01:45
5b9e07c013a00115b4ca92f5edb036621199e28d	Real Madrid will sign a contract with 17 year old striker Isak next week
e88856ba96d130a76694dc3d1c0fde29f6738742	00:53
d153ab3de4a3ce3b7ce19e363a57a8e9b373c021	Neymar's son started playing football at the Barcelona school
28ccb87319d09bac7fb7f5a5488650be7a879975	00:52
b6ba3683b8259bb916646d73783d30a44a6bcdea	Xabi Alonso: I sincerely think that the return of Liverpool's glory is already close
3509eb9eaefe96bd11d0e6901e1ad9553fa10da7	Inter won their fifth consecutive victory in Serie A
eced0aecdb159e93d189ea1cab10b0d345f9e34d	00:36
b4b79e975b2d8d954502016b9738cb0babbec6f1	"Deportivo" and "Villarreal" did not reveal the winner
bbd7caa238b5559f7da91dc5f92f0128b2edcbd8	00:28
7f6ad88d9ac1e0c25384d97c984fb3a414fb60c6	Witsel's representative: after football, Axel will devote his life to aviation
1ab7283840c10243a1b36931dc39594b163f6f41	00:18
92b4dbc0a24ecce58643ce87f339eec35888a245	Grigalava: I didnot believe until recently that I could return to the RFPL
479ff97aeaad8099f10637c6f641bd4c4488d6f1	00:17
9c43272f049659c7f7b2a999ea0fdc2833f1b96d	Agent: Ronaldinho wants to return to football in 2017
4eba7ee79ffcaf1431c6f129a8c67890a87d5c49	Saturday, January 14, 2017
f6c4516841369bf200318cd9a2589a8ea2ee7afe	23:55
67a6b376ba4597ca84f0af769f37796948ec8ecb	The national team of Burkina Faso with Kabore in the composition went from defeat in the match with Cameroon
a602d5263e7fdbf616d11b441c16138ce5ec5e87	Waris ' double helped Lorient to win a strong willed victory over Guingamp
3a97137829ebae0a45efe5712adf6f1f7c6ec244	23:48
c6291d85d24e0774c99d0899ca501a180939fc4a	Carioca's move to China was disrupted by Atletico Mineiro
069828856bf3fc4153c9acdce4800e4842a05c0e	23:43
e9a9db3f6357fbfe1e289451c87aaa9ebc129db9	Clement: the referee did not put a clean penalty into the Arsenal goal, conceding a foul
3a9d5086b89800ab548bc28f97fe4eb06e7bd72a	23:32
3f2d7cacdbce28ce5b7a431fc8d61ec5a547f0c6	Borussia Dortmund forward Ramos is close to moving to Granada
e1125eb7fae63b9af19a4e4a0ece6f634e72594e	Arsenal Tula announced the signing of a contract with Grigalava
c025356848d09605220960ce430c67aa64acc69c	Mascherano: I have no doubt that Messi and Barcelona need each other
3aaad175216970398bb975ef89466a8223ba0c7d	23:13
42aef3c7a3692f967c729defe0771e35305ef524	"Sporting" could not defeat the newcomer of Primeira, despite the double of Dost
846586c27886088704ce8dcbe917fb0fc191da8b	23:05
1d17daf6f92f79f927670689db2212f07fb648a1	Conte: Costa finished training because of back pain, I'm not lying
df4803c16675ff44ba5803109d2709b0d5f3bdd6	23:00
59de2fe010f180f4180320f7aeb33627f0598b50	The lawyer wants to exchange Emenike to Dynamo Kyiv for Sidorchuk with an additional payment
a6b94220de5a175ded451953e3d2db1abf018605	22:54
da8cf26575070df970a9117d25be0a42f98ea647	Burlak: the general message of Gracia was that "Rubin" no longer has time to swing
c48fb93089bbcbc5be93b7116861d15af58126c3	22:52
69dee3640de529ef45d25a30dfa1409a1b4ebaa5	Ranieri: apart from two offensive goals, Leicester played with Chelsea on an equal footing
a85334288e2195b8bbd5a50355cdda76564d3602	22:41
e0893c33fd09e50102e611b5f4abc158520e85e2	Maria Alonso: The journalists made this story, Diego Costa just has a backache
bf53e086a3ac30eb8eeff785b073d441e032e48b	22:35
065ab275cb374214db52db0d6bce58b05039a03a	Enrique: this game was one of the best during my time at Barcelona
c7dbe897d159b3875d6bed65341611b54f7b01f1	22:32
90c4190a741769222aeb60e25154b7929b7619ab	Agent Drogba: We have never had any contact with either Corinthians or Marseille
9973a25b078df14525ebe07c068f79fc5708943d	22:24
8864ada0798ef1df7925463930b9011a7382105f	Chelsea scored more points in round 21 than in the entire last season of the Premier League
e404e4e30c5466a26b5e4f3d9a9a947f235a2fb5	Alonso's double helped Chelsea defeat Leicester on the road
0112c33963552ea2603e824e9bfac9f773945793	Atletico won the third consecutive victory in the Spanish championship
ee3b310dbff12472f0eb6efb607ffd59b22ce12e	22:11
e1630c8bc86a72ca74732fd498a4bf186b1a4e94	Zinchenko misses the PSV game due to injury
a3ec64b510e99fc089423af5344cffd31c929c97	Suarez: Messi is calm, he wants to continue playing at Barcelona
2dacedbc5a0448709ff66318e950667dc4747571	22:07
27677ff37bb356d8c134b88424876a8c9cc0109d	The Federal Penitentiary Service announced the readiness of production facilities in prisons to produce souvenirs for the 2018 World Cup
00992a3e6fbf4b4a4ce95664093fee758e8a0c32	21:58
e41bb64fe4a5846be80ebd9af8bb97f21289a24f	"Bologna" inflicted "Crotone" the third defeat in Serie A in a row
6f9a251e4a53b99af3c93c1a1ec0b800f0d7ac78	Chelsea returned from loan to Burnley striker Bamford
f621702a96b5de32f2520b412db52d350097928b	21:46
d5254c60dba08b7a2050e18b361fa69cb8c2665b	Allardyce: three defenders just stood there and watched Carroll's wonderful goal
07c387e5c5a3626f3230ce4e8c0ecc82716af854	21:40
7c1222ace19996366b7693c4d6af58e5e095976c	Chepchugov: I am very glad that CSKA will hold all three training camps in Campoamor
8677c928debd480ae43ea3715bc52a771bd78a57	21:36
cf62b508ecf23cf02ac09bf55fea4a2fbc2ae5c7	Bilic: I've said everything about the situation with Payet, I donot want to discuss it anymore
900bf82bb31edd894b259c5d433051656483776b	21:25
24378afd666554820a0395b9bb1880b63969a1b1	Moyes: Sunderland made three terrible mistakes and got three goals
be812080bc84d6ac74b5c4a79de70dc9c21e5572	Wenger: Everything is fine with Alexis, I just didnot want to overload him
0cd1b0d742c81655612034c22cd065ea6a580a72	21:17
d4ed3df63cc9495ab40bdf9797fa5e676feb7ebf	"Ufa" reviews the goalkeeper of "Spartak 2" Filippov
28bd598c9885d4ebac96e9404e469a105403e603	Carroll: I've been trying to score such a goal for several years
c5fe9e1a63d2dedcf4b9891f9a396d4a592745b3	Mollo: I want to speak Russian well in order to adapt to Zenit
c63c420a44cea90bec78cbf3aad1cf7e2d4c0ab1	21:01
15a7066e905ccca0a2b95e80c09141f5aa920d15	Benfica, losing 0: 3 by the 25th minute, snatched a draw in the match with Boavista
b7c2c62d04ad67e6e52f41867f41e26896e69b84	The national team of Gabon missed the victory over Guinea Bissau in the first match of CAEN
dfebd8b20ad9cc31280e296dfef9bc707217841d	Draxler's goal brought PSG victory over Rennes
5b5bd384a0aa439ec3162bc592b0ce701be6cb1f	20:30
12e49407bd4fbe30df9fdda643831e6590b036a6	Arshavin: it is unrealistic to make public money from the RFPL go away abruptly
c32ae3d7f082138d5fb96a3ce3eea6855cc6ae82	Messi scored for the 35th team in the Example and repeated Raul's record
9de1bf0f2a233af68eb3f2b582c376f2cda0e0d9	20:08
6daea44e99cf7364b3e858b84cb95754547e8fb2	Barcelona defeated Las Palmas, Suarez scored a double
1338957b894376bd8a5c5720e30fd665b902e02c	All RSS news
c988436000e6976e20f15426beafe6db7d052450	Will Spartak become the last Moscow club of Alexander Samedov?
e73144f89c0b5b8ef5ebcee717657c323cc65a5d	It will become
2a441cc0543ca17ab4a427009e005afa87649063	No, he will definitely play in CSKA again
575ad3557fa972f33348e409788f236fb84f5c0f	No, he will return to Lokomotiv after Semin's resignation
9802e4af2bcf1330706bcab68dbf4b0e83725ea9	No, he will play for Dynamo, who returned to the RFPL"
56b0d89837939f6294d8e2804f2f43552cd44202	He will definitely play for Atlantis with his friend Shirokov
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902ba41e3865dd805b8296f47439567799fe2b65	01: 15 December 8, 2016 | FOOTBALL — RFPL
1a95683e66993c6ba2d1c83caf0d9e11c64863b6	Slutsk Road
83c0b381348779bf249058339b3940cf1246f80c	Leonid SLUTSKY.
14407729aedac888d60de0948e74dd3ae277feec	Photo by Alexander Fedorov, " SE"
e8339383c77c587e95b015cec43965b3f0afd746	Igor RABINER
6fb84aed32facd1299ee1e77c8fd2b1a6352669e	96
e688a69cd7a140b623a6060362cc7f10924e6518	Our columnist summarizes the work of the head coach of CSKA, for whom the match with Tottenham was the last in this post.
7501df4d43b1127aefa972b72eeb7dd95f772f48	Evgeny Giner: "Slutsky is tired"
b7ce11f7319e842c19389d6b53ed5c28ddbd202e	from London
3c81588208735baf604fb7848450fbb412653837	"I'M TIRED, I'M LEAVING"
c93840dd74c19b3e5982d35ad221638f17442422	"I'm tired, I'm leaving."
ecdf12be599ebb51add2d7bed2b8059fc4573c83	The essence of Leonid Slutsky's decision can be put into this famous short formulation of Boris Yeltsin, pronounced throughout Russia on December 31, 1999.
e02623b3d9a2954302762a7d80908a29f8e50016	We should not look for any undercurrents or hidden motives behind the incident.
bd7b9eb63001917774665a72b757e46cd65f822a	There are none.
d348f20c92474d10c714a1fecfb63063b75d4661	Seven years at the head of one, moreover, the leading football club in the country, is more than a weighty reason for fatigue.
522f032a3594935dd9cb872a4dcb0444d1a61b59	In Germany, where neither managers nor coaches are characterized by excessive impulsivity, the average duration of a Bundesliga coach's stay in office is 16 months.
ed9f4ab6f8a18555992f31b49a3c88e039d58771	Slutsky, who only Arsene Wenger worked longer with his current club until this Wednesday, had eighty five in CSKA.
f71903bf0174f813b231c6408fd10e14b2f343d3	And also more than three hundred matches at the head of the red and blue, which no one has ever managed in his history.
06f6b4c4a467794f8f7b70c508802e00a4746b06	Neither Boris Arkadyev, nor Pavel Sadyrin, nor Valery Gazzaev – the gods and idols of army fans .
cffd209cad79e1e21617d834b5f3d029c639abd6	By the way, the coach, who won exactly half of his six full national championships at the head of CSKA, went undefeated.
2588977f3b6d6a532fc944c937bd94ab09a66a96	In the rank of the current national champion.
271d2a99625dbcb202ccdf82249707a30d2b192c	And this will also become part of history – because there were no more such cases in our country, if you do not take care of the national team.
a213d786fd138e98bc3d27f74f3138d670504937	Slutsky, the first champion of Russia and the head coach of the national team, who almost never played football at a professional level, broke the template here.
6ee638489b13848dfa99dc3dd37309162eae305a	Moreover, he left CSKA voluntarily.
395998b843cf783ec3726b7c1930279f9b1d1ab1	His fatigue, of course, is not physical.
f5771f37b05a362d472bf6d9d6bc0f1926c40060	You get tired of emotional emasculation, from the feeling that you have run into an invisible wall that does not allow you to move on.
c1b55313feca77a52e4527f3a096ef334f18a475	You can, of course, continue to work on the name you have won and the titles you have already won earlier.
ecfd3481d9224418c0df9be6d3c78000a089fcab	At the same time – by inertia, at idle.
470c2352e469112336ec2400a2e1a23311e51af9	But this is not real life.
fbf86b1e00a52c32602c32e6a89fd680a35031db	Even if it's for a good salary.
bcc66dbb88871308340dedb4e33bb6007f0a53e5	This realization also comes because they are used to it, all successes are perceived as routine, and they are painfully cheated for failures.
eee152a21ae9e4e04d54d120c5bd6bc01a9da1a7	The audience is quite cruel, and it has a need for fresh faces, and a bored face begins to irritate.
92cd97e88bb7bdc5cf8cf41d2611d4484a69124c	And if the coach leads the life of a cultured, educated person, if he is invited to the KVN, then to "What?
3764ad9301c4181b39e064a22f3bce68f2469ba2	Where?
abf959dd2718adef678c0bc2951d4d95f2c6bbc9	When?"
824f666212c0ea41b45baf757e56798b3ad68c42	- all the more so.
53f4282d8905dae3d33422cf2f1bcff784127928	It's necessary to train, damn it!
d56a09f449eb52a73b9338f30c0205dd55d9ef98	Whether in the evening, at night – - to drive these idlers, and not to engage in idleness!
db40aafd296c362d937648289b7bdc50918a4af5	The same is true for the press, which needs a constant supply of new Currers that excite talking and writing something new.
187f91042f52852699363e8de7cfbe9df353b07c	And what can you tell us about someone whose life and fate have been in plain sight for a long time?
5185105af13f657ca777749ce3754ec26f6ce144	Many people stopped thinking about what he said – and when talking about the Bridge, he compared the former bright players with people who came from the front and did not know how to apply themselves in a new life, they isolated and began to dance only around one word taken out of context – "dilettante".
a61c462cd16aad7932b5fb1724380452a83a69ca	That's why he stopped giving interviews – because he sees that he is not being heard.
240d2d1c429d63cd001dc37791a4c647d9d02c35	On the part of active CSKA fans, there was never any special love for him, a kind of intellectual, at all – it's enough to remember the T shirts "Lenya, go away!" at the start, by the way, of his first championship season.
305fcf6fa2ec5ca5ee502677c1904560a5cf61d6	And the promise of one of the wealthy fans in the event of the army winning gold at Slutsk to buy and keep a hippo in the Moscow zoo.
bf2e592e43bbf3e6e1b75b6cf4e768f222482f26	This promise, by the way, was never fulfilled – although the rate has already tripled in theory since then...
773d5c31c4422a22795e12bdb93f28fe010b6576	Slutsky himself has always said that he is immune to assessments that are not distributed from within the team.
db4a699968d2ed6678750264334a3632c3337cc8	But I do not believe that a person who has done so much for the club can not be hurt and hurt by the attitude of army fans, which was expressed in recent banners, boorish and offensive.
0716e4c05c11e298d1050d9c4f4bbbeee8fb550e	I do not exclude at all that this was the last straw added to the general feeling of impasse.
099ec3111012cff543c26fbe7c90b7de3d96da99	Elementary human ingratitude.
1cbf1d72eb21edc0fbdb6b81e77150f4568b7bc4	If you think about it, the championship of CSKA this season is a real miracle.
a9105afab5037c4b3beac21a1b18f7294b0566c8	After all, over the past three years, since 2013, the Red and blue have not bought football players for money.
5c23c1dee66cd02a098bf6dc68186dc9ae4ea898	Even before that, not a single active player of the Russian national team had transferred to them under Slutsky, with the exception of Shirokov, who was walking "from the bazaar" and was three months away from the end of his career.
b013cc9c3a63c021faab9d83efee7efd3d1e86a1	While the same "Zenit" ...
48c6b6442298f2208e8abd201ce58326e79bdfd9	But everyone does not appreciate it, they consider it a "duty".
cc39251bfc620b941031d66f18a79adfbdea8cfc	They see only failures in the last Champions Leagues forgetting at the same time that no Russian coach has reached the playoffs of this tournament more often than Slutsky.
b01f8659aef59c600a0ce304599329c5351a4d86	Moreover, when something starts to go wrong, they descend to personal insults in the form of visual agitation.
0a346343063d34df1a1a32048b468122e2a36831	If, when he saw them, he even thought for a second: "Yes, I've seen it all in my coffin," I will not undertake to condemn him in any way.
730eee1b16f3ca0075074b7f6e3fb91a91445917	Photo by Fyodor USPENSKY, " SE"
128b69f0baff879829e0a3b3ad272c140cc84403	Slutsky and CSKA: parting
775a2096e069631757b19379eecae8381e1cc205	EVEN GINER DIDN'T EXPECT SO MANY TROPHIES FROM HIM
4fbb68dd4e9f70daa3ff5f594fb444de48482ce9	And if someone thinks that Slutsky did only what he had to do for CSKA, remember the moment when he came to replace Juande Ramos, which was regarded by many as a transition to an economy class model.
d989440d2b951ec18f94d96f43cfdb59d74f0233	And evaluate the memories of Evgeny Giner in our conversation for the book " Leonid Slutsky.
39a5e0bdc8145c6496292ad27bf113f0d21bb34b	The coach from the next yard":
8dde72a4436868ebcad6d0adf60d5836a1440f98	"At that time there was an economic crisis, and a very difficult moment came.
8486d77389f68075fc81fc1971a681ea79f6e16b	Ramos, on the other hand, set such tasks that we could not fulfill... what did I expect when inviting Slutsky?
19263d1b9f1f46a61200644a6a40ef777f2ffd51	To assume that we will win so many more titles would be amazing for me.
b6914c406566a9eae8a8d61fc56dd5056fe00c06	But the fact that Leonid Viktorovich will work here for so many years is normal."
2db38a235af355eecf778b2bca4828659176f206	Many years later, Giner confesses to me that he respected Slutsky even more for the previous refusal, although the main version of why it happened is still different for the president of CSKA I think it didnot work out, because he himself understood that he wasnot ready to accept a top club yet.
1e057f35a6862d0297026a1563bc83404dba096a	The person himself feels whether he can do something or not.
bcfa4e606cdd38b1f5844c77152e463aacbdb575	This is a very serious and responsible issue.
8c406d31e97744b68fd4054f382afb1b8b7df2d5	Because when a coach has the opportunity to go from a simple club to a top club, work in completely different conditions, fight for trophies – this is a great temptation Therefore, less than a year later, when Zico failed and there was not enough money to meet the requirements of Ramos, the offer was repeated.
3e482e328ee457a22b9c1501ad8bb97af3b30904	Moreover, at a time when Slutsky, who had left Krylia three weeks earlier, had a morale that couldnot be worse.
20d170bceaab63ce31d8f0178375a900394b02e2	The team was not paid a salary for six months, there was a famous match in Grozny...
c507b32ec2569f33551578890040c63d38f9d7b8	Listen to his words:
9b29d7c637eceec33234e71ecf91d92dda10a8c0	"After Samara, I was so tired!
4ea1fac13f9f3d5225c5bdc89da1863fe01ba0f4	I was lifted up by some kind of the largest crane in the world and in one second they carried me to the most emotional top.
07430aca9b8ab3b456cd82abbdab6c433d442ca7	It was huge."
1c06617be371278866a85656cb055bbc188b232c	But with my sense of self irony at some point (I still donot think that when I was appointed) I told Giner: "I call myself the Black widow.
29365ecaed7d81af90f75fc989491dad4e0af6fc	There are two options here – either I canot be invited to the club, but if I was invited – I canot be fired.
54c753d92ee8df3218d41a7a98e47660b45a57a6	Because when I worked in all the previous teams, they existed.
ba85da68c9a8f7c6759ba6a7f0f6f32ef76f5dbf	And they were gone after I left."
12670c26630334deb579644351fc8f6f454a21c8	Indeed, Uralan and Moscow disappeared from the football map, and Krylia were saved by petitions to the president of the country at the time of uttering these words.
b8643fc05c9d33e7902e572ab6cd3ac164a67dcb	Giner, I think, has not forgotten these words.
43ddea8cc1d9981d619f08015896e349a40d4e4f	Because the current departure of Slutsky is not a dismissal, but the decision of the coach himself.
e4e39237ebbabd4396df33f3eb4a03e3fe228d6c	In addition, his friend and ex assistant at CSKA Viktor Goncharenko will probably come.
9beb40b0e48211b532232ba19cd3baca3d602753	Continuity in all its glory.
cf42251790480ea5a27fd2ea582dde6e561e8fef	October 30, 2009.
dc386b5d97dcebcf8f81f597350a0e0568242f63	CSKA – Terek 1:0.
c2c931012514007d79a73ed3fd148b3c63d06f60	Leonid SLUTSKY in his debut match for CSKA.
1132284830b10f58e2e0a10dcda38f5381224f34	Photo by Alexey IVANOV, " SE"
56f72205f13f01f211fedcea0ce8d35df98ae5c7	The Pride of Tsar Leonid: the best matches of Slutsk
d1ac0287aa57db885d44b5fb841f055f9c313764	NOT A SLAVE TO MONEY
97b9e4d7ebd7cee4407ad649f707437b2cd2ce31	The last thing I'm surprised about is that Slutsky left CSKA on his own.
93413d19a7ade77d87199f398f48c3713de12172	Money has never had a decisive meaning for him, which Yevgeny Giner accurately formulated in our conversation for a book about the coach: "In my understanding, there are two categories of people.
d55097e822eca6bf2c3c6a6491570ccb2b440107	There are slaves of money.
1275072c04efaf4d1741e0e99a8a0cffdd0e9cdf	And there are people who also want to earn money, and the more – the better.
f84ecd578a483008cfe7ec2fc7f0702132757280	But in order to make it easier to live.
86c0a6dd451e12fca1ef6f4290a5e92396327e5c	So that the conditional question of what to buy a school uniform for a child does not interfere with work.
3fe17af3fb24cdeb7c5e3f9b9bf5ce712885d4f6	Here is Leonid Viktorovich from such, and not from the slaves of money."
17ff27557bdac8714aad1a4952467f26f2cf6a28	And here are the words from our long ago conversation with Slutsky himself: "The stage when I coached Olimpia and rode a trolleybus was as happy for me as today, when I drive a good car with a driver to train CSKA.
7e4753826a4222f6e75b421d6490b60971fe6947	I think about something else anyway.
19d60fbaf8ffef9776056f25c77365caff2d1eea	And if I donot have at least a minimum of inner comfort or satisfaction, I wonot be able to work at this place, even if I am offered a hundred million."
30299693f1c4b3d7f26478d672546447e50527af	The fact that the first time he took a contract from the club just to see what it was written about at all, only three years after joining CSKA, says a lot to confirm these words.
3d2048c3e51cdcbdd79852f39943dfbef8e7d249	And that there was never a penalty clause in his contracts with the club.
5bfae97649155c77c37243daded630c2c390e6c4	So he left on his own, without clinging to a generous salary, which is typical of a considerable number of his colleagues.
7b151bc03b1ddfdb379cf012d73b13275806d85e	Moreover, more than once (at least two such cases are known), Slutsky tried to do this before.
7fb1b6cdcbaacfb6e26ea8df07ac3896df7b0422	The key story happened in the summer of 2012, after the bronze medal and not falling into the Champions League.
dc3bbe55371b09d5d7b851f53ac39c33bd90c9c2	And it was based on the same fatigue.
eaf5f58fec948bdd8db7506e5a699359d33540d4	"I submitted my resignation and sincerely wanted to be accepted," Slutsky said.
e6a994fd3ad36d2867d6a03db369c668b0364f3c	Giner first suggested that he return to the conversation in ten days, and spend them on vacation with his family.
add509a7849a036dc3e52394e26382f7e0e203c8	And when the coach came again with the previous request, he spent several hours several days trying to convince him.
a67e946553c934d765ed815190561a90978737ad	And then Slutsky decided: "Seeing this attitude, I realized that leaving CSKA would be a betrayal.
81212484e4a2e76a175a27ba04781575bb86b423	And he agreed to stay.
ad9030d5bb52c4206598626e8c2f689859f3cdb5	Although the decision was unrealistically difficult."
0680b8d23feb15e8294030246865cc514dfd2d3a	By the way, I would like to see who else of the coaches who worked with the same team for such a period, according to the results of any (!) season, did not fall below the third place.
ac794809de2dd848ba1b4e20766aeaaf281af5a3	Slutsk has taken his rightful place in the CSKA troika even now, when he is leaving.
ef3a5edef882d361c992b2a708e15ac13bda1423	And with only three points behind the Champions League zone, from Zenit.
805b2ebeafdb6dc88dc49e5bf0aa4a0c8386d12a	I think many of his colleagues would dream of being in such a "dead end".
8ebb40e82b08e299458b54686cbb09e35f4665f5	October 25, 2009.
ad17ce40d1e02f0dab77294788e105dcc96373d7	CSKA Moscow – 1:3.
61f611c37b401790a84564568ae84ba775fc8e7d	Evgeny GINER will sign a contract with Leonid Slutsky in a day.
9f2bd6c149e7cbd17d2f9e88643f89545472fa28	Slutsky leaves CSKA.
56fd7f8df00b4f9afdebf3e9a2dd9718b4eaedb8	Everything you need to know
8b514ca480eaf5b7f3318da01383b3814753508f	IS GOING ABROAD THE BEST WAY?
a3d5f16feeb33560c29747d5b09d62d176071a20	And he concluded a two hour conversation with his successor with the phrase: "And if something happens to the goalkeeper, throw yourself off the bridge."
b3c186c1724f66811a88c1a6de29bb25bec1074b	And it has happened to the goalkeeper over the years,and everything has happened at all.
c862596b1b5820590e8e718ceba1c218da068a68	But the final feeling of an impenetrable wall fell on him only now.
657d5d6bf8a7ef6567093b7340a36194984c6653	And now Giner himself does not seem to see how this morale of the coach can be overcome.
5ba979d174fb9634478494f08215699f1c3f400a	The arguments were exhausted.
cf5b7b039921e5e7b6f7ed2b312c7c4730b33307	Or maybe they really needed a fresh look and some new energy in order to build a new team.
3f60e01a2e0cd78b83a26571e5ec127d4e864112	History will judge.
28098daf389dcf86802c097434b342ca446cdc54	Perhaps this parting beautiful, peaceful, without breaking plates – will be better for everyone.
70c36410e345e208a0b7393265cae5f8a14f98f6	After all, when the situation does not mature, but overripes, everything ends in a terrible scandal, even between such worthy people as Konstantin Beskov and Nikolai Starostin in 1988.
137cebde7e9d8e5b8cc33df97bf26f0315433384	Giner, as a seasoned president, understood when the parties gave each other everything.
8f414753b29b8d53092eb1bdc8ee786ec122aa62	Slutsky has never been afraid of the unknown, something that has not yet been passed.
de67e9966252fa56a86fd41c62d08b274214588b	His age and outlook allow him not to be afraid of a rather serious change of circumstances.
c3728c2102c8907b19e0804fad8cda690519c695	Therefore, I expect a sharp turn in his fate now.
601f4c2b5277c7f4bb3d043ac91fe1ade5f353b8	And I have no doubt that it will be very interesting, and he is extremely motivated.
41ce1e6ffc9757f627786d787f515f53fd24a297	I wouldnot be surprised at all, for example, if he throws himself a tough challenge and goes abroad – for example, to a modest English team.
ba4735087ac514222b1140aba1ce344f7970fb78	Fortunately, it is known that he has excellent relations with Roman Abramovich – and, presumably, it will not be for his weighty recommendation.
8278fcd655903e4218def56972eb0633a9d6204f	If everything turns out that way, Slutsky will break the patterns again.
c3fa63eac804c58e0db1c8de2e9e35d1315eb2ad	He's no stranger to it.
3b87642e208750c943999cd5e349e53a7d2a392a	I may be wrong (the coach himself has never admitted this and I think he will not admit it soon), but it seems to me that Slutsky was quite strongly influenced by the failure in the national team.
e842c1378c43df6c75393ee923fc8873265715c1	In the sense that it made me think about a lot and internally reassess.
ce749dc950a1fe72da8b44555370567a7e889661	People with such a sense of their own imperfection as he has, matches like 0:3 with Wales can not but shake.
611652ea13d2771fe069dac2396c9035af2168f2	Lose to the Welsh, for example, in the same way as to the Slovaks – this can still be attributed to a combination of circumstances and the location of the stars.
9ed29312d78439c067954ec0bcc16d9b317174be	Wales no way anymore.
9095eeec08aea5f43e7eeaeb20b5f1c8ddc69172	After that, willy nilly, you have to look at your own country on the scale of world football as a backwater.
4d8c6c8e054e621cbe4fe7de338387f3be2e708c	And therefore, on yourself as an integral part of it.
49b311f8677445661affb8046b3c07c2ff86611f	And, if you have healthy ambitions, at least make an attempt to escape from it, this backwater...
16b927a1bd2daf2697266ffe7bac65f622fe3a48	And I was convinced that this sense of my own imperfection exists back in 2010, when we talked with Slutsky at his home.
8fc9155e1b0f85dabb193600ee45c96371dd2e24	Shortly before that, CSKA reached the quarterfinals of the Champions League (which, by the way, no other Russian coach has managed since Oleg Romantsev in 1995, and even then there was no 1/8 final in nature), and I asked when Slutsky had a feeling that he was ready to work with a Russian top club.
ec96f306d865ec56a5fdb28b17672c9132247c26	The answer shocked me.
28ccfcb5adf02413c039c0518dfd7c6784fd1928	The coach said: "And I still havenot got it yet.
0a5cc730f1e2f5bc3056b295ed4c7ff5145da834	I've never had high self esteem.
5d600c48b1d542344104dce91e2afb2e61793e28	What appeared is a feeling of great coaching happiness that I worked in the Champions League.
2c6398f018853546aa03ee9bb08c16fc8d54c715	It turns out that I was already in the profession for a reason."
af63fcefb7e5f1cfdf4e7ee4e7f74a78fd0b59f7	Not only for this reason, Leonid Viktorovich.
90abfa0515d472b78923267fff356cc08305ea9e	Also because you broke the most absurd template that reigned in Russia: they say, to become a successful coach, you must necessarily play football, preferably well.
8c60249f652a235c7f751c46480dcc29d9d1486b	Anatoly Baidachny put it particularly clearly:"For me, coaches who have not played football are unacceptable."
3edbad8c5925dd28e8d85a4a55a7c6e5805c8b23	The thirst for knowledge was replaced by the ability to hit the ball, which no longer had any practical value.
039b05a098d80e8f7021acacc65bde8c4af21399	That's why colleagues almost burst with envy in the mid 2000s, when the supermodel Jose Mourinho came out to them at that moment during an internship at Chelsea – and, seeing a number of thirty Russian specialists, suddenly approached the young Slutsky and hugged him.
bda652ce234dcb422b520f95956e0df78f372f7b	They already knew each other, and the Special One had the opportunity to appreciate the desire of this unknown guy for knowledge.
de3d990eafbc3d772221a6e68649dd1a4b9e2596	Years later, before the quarter final of the Champions League with Inter ,he will give Slutsky a package of three bottles of his signature wine...
19557219ca2eaff3c43c42ecb88babf0109c3ce4	Leonid SLUTSKY and Jose MOURINHO.
6a75e28725e58f949dbe37860c20137722488be6	The last battle of Slutsky
c931858949af2bd9d8827090ba2013b83bcf7fd1	FROM YOUTH SPORTS SCHOOLS WITHOUT CHANGING ROOMS TO THREE CHAMPIONSHIPS AND A NEW ARENA
c54e74809b209dc762042d990278f111455bad1b	And before that, Volgograd teachers learned about his thirst for knowledge.
fcd9b75585d47faa6b3184fda58d7b456451c252	Slutsky graduated from school with a gold medal and the Institute of Physical Education – with a red diploma.
7a9c7a3b816ec44a7d425c778c166fa4292b4170	Soon he will begin to return this knowledge to Volgograd children at the Leonid Slutsky CSKA school, which will open in the next few days in the coach's hometown.
3ecabd819f068d67944d8ecc2ac53cc68bed403e	Few people understand that for his current level, Slutsky had to go through a much longer and more difficult path than almost all of his colleagues.
c2578ac9c0626d0442686d82bef78d13d53a75d6	Because, unlike them, who played football, he started with the status of "no one and no way to call".
1e78a236879bca4ef2feeab81367b7b7e56724f2	Put yourself in his place.
d2e15d8109d6c0b6311282aed4485a2f4084bc5e	You are 22 years old, you are a graduate student of the Volgograd infizkult with a red diploma.
a6e99833f4ce80962a4bc5de0a41a8377dfc74b6	You come to train children in the shabby youth school 11 of your city, where you used to do it yourself.
085e94b452f70704c37df179bea61ff3d7edfca6	You find a destroyed stadium, there are no changing rooms at all.
ad97fe882317717661f65ed9841f4b40a6f0b833	To recruit children, you write ads yourself, and your mother puts them up on neighboring entrances.
9ab06d3b94b831722af9c0ca939556db53f74bd3	Presented?
65a3e9a6b1685233bc25536b180fe676585cd594	Now think – what are the three champion's title, what a team, what 2:1 at "San Siro" and "Manchester city" and 3:3 at old Trafford?
56a3a118b41d4db5b91e7687a6380fd54696b546	Yes, even 1:5 from Roma 0:3 from Monaco...
1b076ec1d4fa1cc8bd5d359f093df90e65ab71ef	What, finally, the team and even failure to Euro?
198f16b1d2deb4524ab93c8311920ecf6c879551	He fell down many times, got up and walked on.
b5280f15f134b5c3c48179acdcdccb38c1d8b413	From the Youth Sports School 11 with a destroyed stadium without changing rooms to three gold medals with CSKA and a new red and blue arena on the 3rd Sandy.
4281095f3987a46ddd495e8aad8314081a4c83e0	The fact that it was Slutsky who brought the team to it will also go down in history.
76912399e5683631a55b246ae5d856ca25fdf50f	And the current departure is not even a fall.
4de7b33c38016d1a099bb44a51bca2b9dd6bacb5	This is a rethinking and a respite, so as not to go further on the same rails, but to become even stronger.
cde164ae55e4fe37ac90258bb6d98a7fcd3ba30d	To come to a new club and, perhaps, a new country as a different coach than he came to CSKA seven years ago.
61661242530af703dfdee483f6f9095aaf0ee143	In order to build relations with the management and, perhaps, the players in a different way.
78962d331a8156c70a066190bd5b57ea2433263e	To already have a resume with which your new team will not think to ask a question: "And who is this?".
513cfd334286fee6b14f779b4d0b4cfaac9b9984	In order, perhaps, to become bolder and more aggressive in the strategy of the game, which many people wanted so much from him in the army times.
baa15045b6f0d125ee63782863747e5acec9201f	To finally regain the freshness of emotions that he had before and which, perhaps, was missing recently.
6e4bbff5c433dc6fe45c5b1f60368e67e3599484	In CSKA, Slutsky went as a man without a single adult (we do not take two championship titles in the DFL and a victory with Moscow in the reserve championship) in his career.
3a5985ff905267d60eee83037e207052b3a26e20	He reflected then: "If winning titles puzzled difficult relationships with players then, probably, I would not have made a choice in favor of titles.
8684d919f3176139968c9952d4410dccaaaa3715	Maybe that's what makes me a man without titles, at least at this stage.
7049274193a3b411b906c891b15b055731d55965	But I will hope that this is not the case.
cde51bcbc28444e2d6d1a23d74e13494c3382d3e	Working at CSKA will give answers."
ad4f6ae7cbe4ec323580228880e3818cc0f9c999	She gave it to me.
1347700d6bb6d9180373b34085ced40ecdac5e5e	He did not become a tyrant, and he won titles.
afa60b80b06fa63f6d3cc5b6bf66f7ea8f80b958	And he retained the ability, having read on the day of the away match with Roma about the dream of a disabled girl, a CSKA fan Elena Popova, to get an autographed Totti jersey, after 1:5, not to forget about it – and personally call her with the news of such a gift.
f5d77a941cfbdc439ae1fd54ddad6fc970d89178	I canot treat such a person objectively, whether he wins or loses.
21b87a9af74b4d45266de67691e711ba0773bbd0	And if someone expected a cold, impartial analysis of the pros and cons from this material, do not blame them.
4e1dee3b40169ca0c3dba6e92f49174cb8696906	In general, it seems to me that there is no real objectivity in this life – or it means indifference.
d5fd88618738b4771a1d49d100ecc81f009cbbf9	And that's why I'm not indifferent to waiting for the next turn in Slutsky's career.
d23b8f2be5f5e1e705533b5811df9c4158b62163	And if you want to praise or scold him at parting, I remind you of Rudyard Kipling's quatrain, recited by him at a press conference the day after the winning match in the Euro 2016 qualifying cycle Russia – Sweden:
e009c6fbd8a3554131a1c7030a59ec4d5078641a	Be able to dream without becoming a slave to dreaming,
110c4548b88a37f8576ae1551f121435cd670241	And to think, thoughts are not deified;
ef933e3963ea8d5678cd30a257afef3b1d10d1fc	Equally meet success and abuse,
54c8c6d9353f0ad1ecb48fc49e815ea0664e5011	Not forgetting that their voice is false.
25ec01d3943d63deaa87eaedbd3d5884980d2e52	Over the past year, Slutsky has tasted a fair amount of success and abuse.
cf8824b768c1a36ff6d610fb9056ca4d23f51e99	As it was in the career of any coach the same Valery Lobanovsky, who is now considered a god, and once the players from Dynamo Kiev tried to survive in 1976, and they were dismissed from the national team in 1983 with the wording of the State Sports Committee "do not involve the USSR national team in the future".
7ab5a2b8ff9ab1fff22743305830d24f67317900	And Lobanovsky continued to go his own way – and returned to the national team two and a half years later.
0bd583c496c8d7cac03dde0ecbcc2dead0686829	And twice, both times triumphantly, he returned to Kiev.
fdd3246bfa2f00868da1c879fda6eb05ca413972	We will find out where the Slutsk road will lead, I think, very soon.
4b5ba520b5834e7c6c5b526e0f80dfe9bbd51f4b	survey results
0d6f0ae9e10edc6a2dc27f0bea60660e9bbbcb47	48939 people.
d2e65c46f16a82ecac26ea787080768c63af1b9b	What will Leonid Slutsky do now?
0265a7c8b64fe0ca23435fea81e25f8c71c72dae	Will head " Zenit"
b248af7e6d0c161f08a7737721f2e4add715450b	6.3%
666dd65b9b0cf00501aaf3404db5a9aecf58d9e1	Will head " Krasnodar"
4e5278de3e7f2211465e173754c3fab9c20aad57	8.3%
7e2846c58747b4980b8871841c69eb62ee344ebf	Will head another Russian club
317167d3583d411303ab3f169ee8b39481e16153	11.8%
59ce1196a5177f4fc33ee92e3734d9336799334c	He will go to work in a "football" country
bc8fd6fe17df04bf5f43930a3f08dc134df7d5ce	46.6%
ddee361c723dfd35cd4e8bc5936afdeb70035f8c	Will become a TV expert
2a36d2a838b98d7cf760d5de8d178cf70e31a0f4	26.9%
af2e280252450675ca40aed8664278023f2a5aad	Krylia Sovetov Sm Anatoly Baidachny Leonid Slutsky Evgeny Giner Valery Gazzaev Zenit St. Petersburg Roman Shirokov CSKA (football) Russian national team (football) Chelsea Dynamo Kyiv Tottenham Arsene Wenger Jose Mourinho Francesco Totti Alexander Mostovoy Juande Ramos Pavel Sadyrin Roman Abramovich Viktor Goncharenko Sweden National Team (Football) Oleg Romantsev Konstantin Beskov Nikolai Starostin Valery Lobanovsky Wales National team Monaco Uralan Zico Massimo Carrera
a860674abdb44913676dc7061854baf2af425c37	Other publications of the author
08278b2aef96100425b55cf560afc73f216d0e7b	Author in social networks:
9ad722324aa97db4eedca6ff84c8b99c8f54d606	The Greatness and Drama of Ovechkin
29ef1e2514528daf85bd97fb5f82da6f0d90e5a8	"When I was 15, Tikhonov invited me to CSKA."
d79c4296995fe942826db042e56bd8fa51de3277	Interview with 18 year old Ovechkin
006e6fe5327f929a00b508990c44b2b55a466649	Why Slutsky and Shustikov quarreled.
44687fb3d5a25ff0cdb1852c7f587e9126f96977	Excerpt from Rabiner's book
4175b94f5909ac40e7ccb601bf4a6319944aabcd	Plot materials: CSKA: Goncharenko instead of Slutsky
9c5601e70fec84704cb949ae7c8c882f1ad89b2b	Sergey Ovchinnikov: "The fan who insulted Slutsky will never come to me again"
2c7a9a8bed6135fd80869c9e0a5d09c8cccc68a9	Sergey Ovchinnikov: "I didnot see any disappointment in Slutsky's actions"
8e80d272db09adb69b0473a92edc113b60754194	The conflict between Slutsky and the fan.
e4341e63e70fa911c87942c5a05e66d1764b9afa	Ovchinnikov's version
63f234ab67344c99536acc7a3c9f1ff5b89776b4	Sergey Ovchinnikov: "Is Slutsky tired?
5e573a10f171ce0c571da63c7cfc45eb9bc02a8e	This is a stereotype"
5f10602d9a32bccf682a2b4bf7e88142833b32ee	CSKA is waiting for Slutsky.
aba723f86b8cbfac58640dcbe610211a1f7b1a2b	Kazakov's column
6bb4410dcd06eaae4d4e8a1a38eda33c35407269	Oleg Yarovinsky: "Vitinyu is going to put down roots in Russia"
3419e0b81eee7d7baae8d1e614313dfbb6f8f75f	It turned out that so the last phrase of the Tu 154 pilot about flaps: 3D...
6ddafb65be83e106c078a1c55b7f1881a1c4e7a5	COMMENTS (96)
db4f56a4cee190070aa43aaa324b430bd4ed4bbe	anin
e6e636908fcc08ee2ef525cfb04be7f88e3b4a38	"the problem of the modern world is that a smart person doubts, and a fool is sure," I donot remember who said it, but quite accurately.
4082f5647c2b52cc80f9bbaf5c55b7d98db077d6	Leonid Viktorovich, thank you very much for the fact that you have happened in our football at all!!!
b796acf542e620109dc1c2d445241d05a216a302	19: 13 December 8, 2016
5288caf762d94c9d49e24545107fecfed859115c	Thomas Boy
fdc08c5d042b5243cad8f8d965bcda5c87ec0478	P o v a r __________ Without a bazaar!
d2a4647e576c6b63c05b83f28116a560a15d2158	"Spartak" is the champion!
16cdda64056c3365fd14ae15a3d58eaca6d3ae97	17: 06 December 8, 2016
99e2cd8dabf2dca41ae3d369dba0ff653535c9b0	P o v a r
d14a7e2540ae8f9fc5d5b60eb28e1b54cb5429a8	Thomas Boy - CSKA "EVERY YEAR they sue the whole season and pull out such a shameful club as CSKA in the LCH".
103162773f603960f413a8cca4b8dc527db8fb3d	Well, they are to blame.
0a209f78fa45d643c1d3b9812030584300a915c3	Well, we wonot do it anymore.))
f4462ed31b698d8df2091aef49b0918467a4d93b	------------------------ Honest, honest?
da660956e55fac5bf2ad9051b6af2c7e4fa13e5d	16: 53 December 8, 2016
516d1ce7981a8c346a0ba9944cb83d503f19f0de	blue white!
4bdf201f5c161e1a40772731a503c3638de0359b	Lenya will return to the Rabinerovsky yard and will train a team of local drunks!)))
0964a1d56769de2b612416d90135c510c2e6c2b9	16: 46 December 8, 2016
8b35cf448a88bf894855909bf830fa2034370846	Tree __________ About what else "Vitalka"?
07cddabdcf3870dc8b5519bb620aef700963c4ba	The hero of Russia should be called by his first name and patronymic!
daf81b626b54a677a19a919b81fffcf3cc1e12cc	16: 45 December 8, 2016
87ab62b42a5b7aae36cb159b561c29e2d0f7ea0d	Teacher __________ Well, I'm sorry.
ea05cf23a461fd4061997c91fa8254848b545c03	This is the same CSKA fans "EVERY YEAR they sue the whole season and pull out such a shameful club as CSKA in the LCH".
5816204e52ec4bda079595a4a97a86091457b95e	16: 44 December 8, 2016
99f5ff6378a0b48f815677894306b090ee036726	Tree
ece5c9b1e8731912b8dca696eab51564c3e6e75e	Thomas Boy Tree __________ You talk, talk, but donot talk too much.
91b4a2462f2893473ed57ce6c3011181117fce3b	I decided to drive at Vitaly Leontich.
6970be30d471068eea5d3924160ee66301c243a8	--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- and what is it weak for Rabiner to write a book about Vitalka ?
9d7ed71c7128ca236830dfe17cd52a119efeb23d	You can even write a novel or a play ...I even have a name - "ABYSS"....On the cover there is a group photo - Vitalik + Pryadkin +Ginner and a couple of redheads with bulging eyes ...
cc74493786d433451114fc160f6ac593b901da7a	16: 27 December 8, 2016
da33ddcb584a57879dff33155f40a4dde93f3480	Teacher
d180de4e41a147800e57d2b61fd1cbd2d0de558b	Thomas Boy It's you who are sick of Cska delirium !
9226ee4fd7525bb204ff139d3d2bbe5c7374b908	It is not necessary to sue the whole season EVERY YEAR and pull out such a shameful club as CSKA in the LCH !
2dd10bd7402e0c942d791fdf245dc62d926c8c68	Every year Cska loses everything and loses points to the Russian Federation !
745330c4327b339d4f6c9c695a34bddfcac514f3	Tomorrow we will have one club in the LCH and one in the LE !
5705081a30e86f537ec4fe0f6832066fe33070d7	Thank you Cska !
8e0331940d068e165830ff4d303ae5e4e0cb8834	16: 26 December 8, 2016
86f833ac0794c82b871e0deeb5af86d66a841279	P o v a r Listen, you are an ironic assenizer, I did not communicate with you !
d8d7f6c1efacbbdd244c19a582258b6ba695af7b	Do you want to chat ?
092cd9add040e5bd984d87aac5c4860dfc944e25	16: 17 December 8, 2016
623797932183dbb906d9ae21daca3aad76c589d3	Thomas Boy Teacher_________ Yes, anyone could have written yesterday that CSKA would lose.
f7899f9e472a38d6bfc78d16a5ddf05f69873aa2	This was clear to everyone.
fb577c33ce01ce79ef2832fd87be44bf3f223213	You donot know how to count: CSKA scored not 2, but three points, but it doesnot matter.
d7b3be5195deaf90c57ede4192c11fa1f82d3d53	The main thing is that you write nonsense mostly.
df603623c3eafb42efbbd3c5e4ae856b67702e22	Well, what kind of disqualification?
b5e18e98eb572ad9815c6e044eac820ba2281535	Well, what kind ... do you have to be to come up with such a thing?
616fae3911058a6419680a54ad24285129a4cff4	Let's shoot for unsuccessful performances and for crossing the street in the wrong place.
316dce632ed4478c1304fe888933f3a22d439432	Al4em1st88
9db2bdc72c6b15a08bb6499e9ff09025df256b24	Yes, let these pseudo sick people choke on their banners,true fans are grateful to Leonid Viktorovich for everything and hope that we are not always saying goodbye)
2939227c393ba7eeae7fe4333a10b1fc2e83c786	16: 02 December 8, 2016
d80ece0fc4e782dae15fdeacee2d35b80ec141c4	But it's better this way than as a Teacher.))
1a835ac35bdb6d97c27778879191c4e17bc7611d	Bgg.)
f249e06042bb872cd5f02f4c4826fa2aa6b8fa40	15: 58 December 8, 2016
c54eac3135ab4abafd39ffaf51e761ca4cbe8274	Professor Thomas Boy In addition to sarcasm, you probably canot squeeze out other feelings from yourself!
27e167cab85fb743b8d053509b0d917279595035	--------------------------- )) Damn, he infected me with this, too.
1796f5323d06dd9a5b3393b40bf6dbb508039641	I spent three days at home just talking to everyone like that.))
876523e750186376a00f3b4d2044f2abac88516f	15: 57 December 8, 2016
42bcec8056cd6ff1a9f00d4c6c30f242b6036e60	Thomas Boy What did I write incorrectly yesterday ?
3d9e50e4ebbf2704ca253c380630b28daed4a220	That Cska will lose to Tottenham ?
cb7dd0fccf8e4c7d78cb5ac81618aa2d8e2a33a6	That it is necessary to disqualify Cska in the LCH and in the LE for unsuccessful performances for the past five years ?
8b16050df66d23492576fec80b6f71fe368b7a13	Rostov earned 5 points in the group of death and Cska earned 2 points in the weak group and did not even get into the Europa League !
b1c7c901551d0e4c46f7a11a03ca7f65b6915ecd	Isle b back
d9a93c2eeb8e6dcecb80a28ecc7b5346cf8bcf0a	The advertising of Slutsky from Rabiner has already got it.
a3383a1f2edb2446f69c1caa44eaaccd15fe086b	Slutsky will not be able to work as a coach anywhere, anywhere.
20018c990601c7833b80717ef424396d029bff24	Only in the GVK with an administrative resource.
02982653862fa53716834a04276f752c616cc453	In 2 years he will be a physical education teacher at school.
e76e7940c3b2bda4d5de986f1baa5f8f0be031d7	15: 55 December 8, 2016
fc48d21d45b17547b16ba1608079f4cdd93b5fa6	Thomas Boy In addition to sarcasm, you probably canot squeeze out other feelings from yourself!
63b18b3bebd4d21de32fa1ed575ca91037c9739d	15: 47 December 8, 2016
a6f154749c8b8fe87250bdeef09cc3ac303daaef	P o v a r ____________ So let's see who is in authority in St. Petersburg: the common people are a hard worker in the person of Serge or a rogue oligarch in the person of Lexey Borisych.
31c7c3f64cfa07bf73ab7ec4e5c95e58b89c926a	15: 41 December 8, 2016
3805fafcf4d22cea9392f6a97951b86024fda86f	The teacher, Mr. Moderator, erased my comas again !
db5aa1b155b88d8222de1b682b565d3cfefb0afa	Unfair !
d22190be424137fecaff2646a509f22477c2cbb4	------------------------------ We are the tuta power!!!!!!!!!!!
d6a618d8bc665a46904eb9d4b8d60d1ff65b6981	Poshto wipe out the best people?
3d1d0a97f706c7c5932fc6a348ea6eea0f292f15	Kuchmiy come back!
7dd7a6df55b375207e4e96df3c3a10bce04a0d8c	15: 40 December 8, 2016
e46f4b575e2a6157dfdbb266ff42cee1ca4a4f23	Mr. Moderator, my comas have been erased again !
3b48eb002a015cd444ca0b4a44281c687f4f875c	It's not fair !
da77d7b7c9b132ad4b86f632969c6b3d7ba53878	This Cska will not help !
0a1503026ec90f9c65c14b28a95d3d7e07f5d130	A weak club that regularly loses points in the LCH !
9d658e3152a33aec0543a81e23664fdaead0850b	A weak coach who has never personally played football !
8f1049cea5afb870b551faf645b365198bc8164d	Weak patients who do not understand this stubbornly !
c0c25a7e14495b19785be3318b5c188315b4ef81	15: 36 December 8, 2016
b9a3e00fafdb1905cf4d55cbca49c18e74b9288c	It is RABINER who is the devil's deputy ...
50b06fc51a71f5a1d64ab30d3a7383ac1808ad53	--------------------"I thought it was Smokey."
d1b4302c993bdeebe70326b01b05866bc2fd85e1	Sps, that opened my eyes.
e9f559b35576df7087ce68835e2bd9798d34680d	Thomas Boy P o v a r ____________ Sergio will not let him into Zenit.
4f4802e0ea1d5c7b18fbee7dcc6129781a963967	--------------------- Pfft.
45da00ad26d85335245b980dcfa977d8656f4bf8	Alexey Borisych and Dzyuba are more authoritative than any Sergeants.
a21b5792694eac98cae513356b2ce1a960a2d2d6	And if you donot like it, let him go to... this very...
903c123094139be78765154714f30ff463f41915	Europe... no, not this case... to Tarasovka, in.
7f121fb9a6a24a726dc2afd005001d8b387376c2	15: 35 December 8, 2016
fd95f85ead55b3e00b4d92f859980206e4e6899e	Tree __________ You talk, talk, but donot talk too much.
61ab9b7b1f7c9fc8601e525744e32317ba872f37	15: 32 December 8, 2016
067bd3f58aeccad5b166c7502de0a6ca81dc48f4	P o v a r ____________ Sergio will not let him into Zenit.
46403c6fcc0ab6599d27d09200c8f988dc378c74	15: 28 December 8, 2016
a6f7b1a823110abf2f4a385eea0bde6499c307b0	negativ1271 Does NO ONE really understand that Slutsky , giner and Mutko have brought our football to hell ?! ____________ And they also destroyed the USSR and killed Kenny.
9515ffe83ee2c169fa17f05c057660da6f67c373	15: 26 December 8, 2016
869344272088135fba573c634c1833d093d4f2f1	Thomas Boy Thanks again to Slutsky.
673e5c25685280c3e363ebc2be5351ccdbecf23f	I hope he will come back again.
f579ad245191aa845d977f8a2bc9c1735d881501	-------------------------------- Donot.
ae418b7895cf8f9716b1a75c223efa96265c17b3	He went to Zenit, and then to the Premier League.
c91313d5f65f7f9bf88d0cb711f3854eca0ebf9f	Dexty 07
0386cf810feedb53ccc1be7a3fa308255765eb33	And a stingy man's tear rolled down the cheek of millions of fans from reading the article.
6c3b03d3e7e02266e3437de505331f0987b9d7f3	And they invited James Cameron to make an Oscar winning film in the future: Titanic 2 (about Slutsk), Titanic 3 (about Akinfeev).
b610e2ddbb093c3ed8a24d496dba12cf7ab50b1a	The end.
3c313906af074fbe50815d7c0407d5fbfe5ee652	15: 22 December 8, 2016
89172a68520561d07a88e88710c2f41b5b0a939c	and one more important fact.
a5f719ec846359da7bb6359373624e1644a5ffae	After writing a book About a fallen poplar tree....
95cbedd70de5e57c02b58162d66b51fe9a25ad6a	The curse fell from SPARTAK and they began to kill such fools, whom they had not seen for decades ...
65a6cf9dd7a656c7f19a66f966c50990f6c17c58	The same Glushak brought a minimum of 9 points by means of fools ...hit...a rebound in the goal .
64657c7ffe3edeaaa37ea26e21bf7a43e84bce88	Thus, the curse has been lifted from SPARTAK and he is not very deservedly leading ...But the herd will experience the RABINER's curse for a very, very long time ...until there is a fool who will order another book about himself ...and in turn, he will bear the cross of RABINER's misfortunes ...
558ba86ea133c659f02c9faaec3c973bf3b1a313	In general, the issue of evil spirits in the Czech Republic is not fully disclosed, of course ...but what it is and who represents it is expressed quite CLEARLY ....RABINER is the devil's deputy ...
c781a5a5a776a0c7362d4959819242ad06802523	15: 21 December 8, 2016
1c293197d7d6d64551dc2e1b49a37c1f28ae79ea	negativ1271
a2f31b3548d7a53f29a679c2cb0ef1bc45ff3999	Does NO ONE really understand that Slutsky , giner and Mutko have brought our football to hell ?!
a26c2525f1a5ca30a062aa4759cf13f683b9803b	Thanks again to Slutsky.
4ed2b0beeb13c541ba06794392965bf4996ce9c3	15: 16 December 8, 2016
b5b2d15bd52ccd818258ba82c470dfb84c3c5770	saiga
cd98b20eb6e9c7994f5420fc4210f11914cc61ae	The pseudo columnist Rabiner always goes himself (from the bazaar).
120b4c9cf57c71d1a37c54978c2f13ec302d944b	He doesnot even know that the phrase sounds in Russian - To go from the fair.
95b3b971ceb42131dc02155cb5cd6c605c618eb2	A sugary article, mainly to protect himself from further flagellation for allegedly football books.
48d00c6211b78af6182b22e3dcd54ea22a160130	15: 14 December 8, 2016
715346b795ea27232f5acf238a916b2fa899cf2b	1 2 3 4 Next To the end
55fa85f3d2e840ea32e20803bb9b5f0832dbfd27	08: 00/RFPL
dc62a9fb02c0f4af3d4112f5adcaa6cc46abb285	Transfer express.
a4376bff5144212d6f17f542b429b6ed1b0f725c	LIVE!
6b567f8f3d8102b53e936e0f8d0aa650df7cc38f	06: 45/RFPL
b3f8fae74f3ef8a36afa486535dac5a74078db7c	Taras Burlak: "Gracia is similar to Couceira and Krasnozhan"
15bef73da13876d297e9c31cdec3db9f2ab56f77	04: 55/RFPL
5b9a34a539ffdac9671e47602688640788b941fc	Taras Burlak: "I will not change my opinion - the Promes for the blow had to be removed"
0fc9e8ca0b63343cfb030a6627b1206f11280954	03:56/RFPL
56da01b100b7984f9c94cce9f14340f201973295	Taras Burlak: "I have a great desire to play for the national team"
6f9e571e36b90ba5904aeee70a0ee78171842cfb	02: 44/RFPL
0dd77a0e8ffe1b2fdd33feb900ab5f0df69c7842	Media: the transition of Carioca to China blocked the " Athletics Mineiro"
8a781f1a424fbf92fd5e6b4ae2a29ffd45aff0a6	02: 35/RFPL
b05e9d3bd582fdf2f2d4d73a815b0abb38390ec9	Slutsky met with Musa in Leicester
89dc4e2f5bd28a1132bc0c295a1588f5f78d88cc	23: 45 on January 14/RFPL
01c174828abdff4f82dcf425177dfc7ebe0108f4	Gia Grigalava: "I played with Semshov, and now he is a coach"
eb1c67d3e33470dd82021254b0d6ceb0e8fec20c	23: 23 January 14/RFPL
1460cad5834af96a161a9644b29fb3a33a4c6580	Gia Grigalava: "Because of the story with Anzhi ,I did not believe that I would be able to return to Russia"
dadbd10127f108ccccb224bc646affa34101aa8e	21: 47 on January 14/RFPL
5b44a04e30a5845fc0b8cb32fec50c81b57239d7	Grigalava became an Arsenal player"
b6b127f501193048b8608acf65730d0b52047d0a	21: 45 on January 14/RFPL
7c702d488bdde3c4907143a7c224290eb225a819	Andrey Arshavin: "Spartak players have no class"
c8306ae139ac98f432932286151dc0ec55580eca	102
9495b2baee01ca53ca3cee871dd4b1b4c560eb37	21: 30 on January 14/RFPL
e4c55e7b3824dab4d8c5e02793a9c943f716efe0	Andrey Arshavin: "If Rubin spent as much as it earns, it would never even dream of Miranchuk"
64a826fe9e8d8596ecf55e6d3370b438f912abf4	21: 19 on January 14/RFPL
26cbf41fab24418bbc9d704bd4706876bac946b1	Sergey Chepchugov: "Ilya Pomazun and Pavel Ovchinnikov are promising goalkeepers"
154bb8b11e3dd4f67c1dc6965ff0fb448f7083e3	21: 16 on January 14/RFPL
877405a4aff7c03e7f74aecc06b3d1bf06157a7f	Andrey Arshavin: "As a football player, I am against the limit on foreign players"
5a29982938ef52c19fe45a95391156db30120ff8	21: 11 January 14/RFPL
db21587d0f915da6f945e4d34a133321cb0bc08d	Vitinho scored a double in a two way match against CSKA
6a4a5c622da7f3ad83751064217a8840fbf79b9a	20: 45 on January 14/RFPL
431740da35c37d2cd8f523f9641324f8194df3be	The goalkeeper of "Spartak 2" - on viewing in " Ufa"
b9c4881b1a9a515ba7d5091b89f334176991746e	20: 27 January 14/RFPL
cf3ba181aaa888d3fe9732816009f253d913b205	Mollo gave an interview in Russian
8a914b930e839fec2f85a5edb2636bafdfa23a65	19: 53 on January 14/RFPL
a305b584756c21a0e0d02b5078895ed6259a8404	Yoan Mollo: "I want to learn Russian even better to adapt to Zenit"
87fa1d4fdc25abf2998981934f394ce58c01cf89	19: 43 January 14/RFPL
8ec2b21b440b640e392fa78648a1fa9e48b0902c	Mircea Lucescu: "It's too early to assess how Zenit's game has changed without Vitsel"
7d539124158d651f36c103a9a92bf35c01b7ec63	19: 37 on January 14/RFPL
6ead9a7af9c5dd4c0222c5e3413efddf26183461	Mircea Lucescu: "I am satisfied with the performance of Mollo, Hernani and Zuikov in their debut match for Zenit"
ebdd82bf3441159dbb9cf63c758a70e6ead12076	18: 18 on January 14/RFPL
91644a3e913e17905dcc59dc0e360ed1d116d804	At the Ufa training session, Semak performed a blow with " scissors"
3050b75cb44d5d20138c045692c761227bbec148	Bobsleigh Alpine skiing Biathlon Curling Ice skating Cross country Skiing Ski jumping Sledding Skeleton Snowboarding Figure Skating Freestyle Short Track
a721c99ef4bea6b9df34e96533d9f93c9e1ed19d	7 things that husbands hate about wives
6f8c57f81d98a3612789a12096579402352b69c8	How to understand that your man will never stop loving you
3e2fb060a97d483e129c3c15c1b35023b9ae9804	50 things that should not be worn if you are over thirty
d8cb6c027f3e30476da8fb57183de95c07c1ffd8	Why do doctors recommend sleeping on the left side?
b054ecd280d0a196a8b44038ee9f686dc350d10e	Men Secretly Love It when women Wear these 9 Things
23af370196f46aad0f1a3502cbcfaad5220b0274	Why canot I put dots in SMS messages?
4a097c53a714868d6f364f6e98d9c747dd81b92a	Home Sports and Fitness Football Leonid Viktorovich Slutsky, coach of FC CSKA: biography, personal life, sports career
371949ab6f248d90b69f938e6544f46bec21b91e	Leonid Viktorovich Slutsky, coach of FC CSKA: biography, personal life, sports career
d9417f6e56f946efbf12eef7dc6785ce9efde8a9	Sports and Fitness Football
5b6078ed8e37bbc31848c8dd984c8238bb7e0bad	Azat Abitov
432f931f73e9f84349179037be6d81d6c17eec47	June 21, 2016
c95b077410e7b1c904fc1a924a26fa3ace57f087	A football team is a complex system consisting of many interacting elements.
cb03634fbe1e40a939c54995c44f7b5c0c5a2712	The main parts of this system are the players and the coach.
276b74c6425e6548eebcba012b8551c160355121	Teams, like armies, go into battle, led by their commander, the coach.
849057fd8ad234d7271d8ef99839fb675a12e4a5	And the success of the team directly depends on the actions of the governor.
cdc334e5b306c7af3c3837b9022b17ec81b99fb0	Russian football has its own heroes, coaches, and one of the representatives is the coach of CSKA Slutsky Leonid Viktorovich.
0fd48841496c81b9ecda6897734c50c102dc83d3	Childhood and the beginning of the football career Leonid Viktorovich Slutsky was born in Volgograd on May 4, 1971.
77524406b4aad5b74a726e4b26d1b03c047f3888	The parents were very happy about the birth of their son.
f86a8d808208d650102aaf8deb7e082664dc3c3a	But, unfortunately, the happiness of the Slutsky family was cut short by a serious tragedy: the family loses its father.
74b86b96612cfb81ed45e4b5580c906824427e89	At that time, Lena was only 6 years old.
c1b33aa6cde90ddd9ed1fd095ee162b60e0d101f	His mother was engaged in further education of Slutsky.
9a66fea10e431e853d5f579a93de18b31d733fe8	Leonid Slutsky, like all children, went to school after kindergarten.
9c00f920a13ecbdebbc580745b6eed53e50b1901	In the 3rd grade, Lenya begins to study in the football section.
8c90329e29bca6feba16c4f46202695eed0f573f	After receiving a school certificate, Leonid Viktorovich Slutsky enters the pedagogical university in his hometown.
e67e50d76503eb13e2d2eab8bd45558436cee7f1	As a student, Leonid played as a goalkeeper in the football club "Zvezda" from the suburban working village of Gorodishche.
7e09a00b2be4f13a6826462c95d7f944f88242c0	In 1993, twenty two year old Slutsky began working as a coach in his hometown with a team of children aged 12 at the Olimpia football club.
936a73f3a1f1d7a8279c02d235cf6759f9bbe209	In 1999, Olimpia took first place in the amateur league in the South zone and won the Russian Cup among amateur teams.
e75e19ee0029713c06ca5a02401d59018df9b11d	Thus, Olimpia won the right to play in the second division.
f1265fdd3dfff743826848042938df1f68d388ac	"Uralan" Elista In 2001, a young coach receives an offer to lead the reserve team of the Elista "Uralan".
52af1b8dc903ea6866071d35231b5db47b4cc689	In 2002, Leonid Slutsky is a coach who leads the second team of Uralan to silver medals of the championship among reserve players.
c5e4ffcc7c47758cc1ac692b61ef0b5d7deb646d	In 2003, Uralan lost the right to play in the Premier League, and Igor Shalimov (the then coach) was dismissed.
7838481e08958fd007ea7028490dfd960ea3e764	Leonid Viktorovich Slutsk is offered to head Uralan .
4e0483fd52a09d4b7801cb19a31e3f0c59ac4213	The following year, due to financial problems, FC Uralan was disbanded.
0803198009d48d7ab7022e089de3029aa562522e	After the collapse of the Elista team in 2004, Leonid Slutsky received an invitation to FC Moscow as a mentor of the second team.
224088657dc4865e1c920102b465eeb935a85ce4	Leonid Viktorovich coached the double for a short time.
a60ea5421f0ae02d65f3e5b0dd69129410dbc003	The following year, he is appointed coach of the first team.
2a8a668e0d67d6193e65d8df77e305b752b3ac97	In the 2006-2007 season, FC Moscow, led by Leonid Slutsky, wins silver medals of the Russian Cup and takes 4th place in the championship.
d5cecf8bc829df7bde07bc61d80516bafadb7b0e	But the achievements of Slutsky did not suit the club's management, and it decided to terminate the contract with the current coach.
170f6b41850f64e08a786c55c01df65ac2473eb9	Samara Wings In 2007, the Samara club "Krylia Sovetov" changed its owner and management.
45dbdaa1c4519a249def9af74120c1daa9525880	The 2008-2009 season started successfully for the Samara team.
c3c55efea26551303ee5ac70436b61cad33ace66	Krylia Sovetov has been in the leadership group for a long time and has been in the lead for some time.
a1c0d15fd5bc515f1bd4109df0b1b388a221130c	But after losing 3-2 to Terek Grozny in the 12th round of the Russian Football League, the team began to split the team.
629f2cc40a25e09d3e42afba0285c7354f53942a	The most difficult that season was the defeat in the qualifying stage of the Europa League from St. Patrick's .
4a259b851b85759d337cdb864e5b7466953e6830	After that, Slutsky leaves the post of head coach at his own request.
89f8bd4f0fbb6df9a21bb02368049efdb50780d5	FC CSKA Two weeks after the departure of Slutsky from the "Wings of the Soviets", the grandee of Russian football CSKA announces that it is appointing Leonid Viktorovich as the head coach of the team.
9a884ef57f22034f01a350a872c1ccdcb8c6a660	The match was very tense, CSKA missed the victory in the last minutes of the meeting.
423e7072869eb271f108358967187292f98b376d	Result: draw 3:3.
c0e680abc3e124bc77f677336ea2876f8aa3595b	At the end of the season, FC CSKA took the 5th line of the Russian championship and received a ticket to the next stage of the Champions League.
3d47f2e1b17fb03f7c1a7f6eb007eb125656869a	In the 1/8 finals of the LCH, CSKA faced the Spanish "Seville".
be32c9439656ba2fb5f13256ef1faf005a53ad84	At the Luzhniki Stadium, the teams played 1:1.
826c1dca55838e10a373ce9e25a71245a62d0329	In Spain, CSKA wins 1: 2 and passes to the next stage of the tournament.
3046f60746f25ba232dca177d3de2a0415953300	In 1/4, the team faced the Italian grand "Inter".
addb920c1acb0d200f2c79bd67edff80f3e5edce	"Army" fought with dignity, but lost both games with a score of 1:0 and at this stage finished their performance in Europe.
be83b8d5e82af982096c92f4116cd42020b98c7d	As a coach, Leonid Slutsky, CSKA gave what Russian clubs have long lacked: self confidence in the European arena.
b9c0885a84db507bbe06844ffeb06382bb76eb43	The French" Lille", the Turkish" Trabzonspor "and the old rival in the LCH Italian" Inter "competed for the"Army" in the group.
7bede68d04fa08eb69a3dad545b330fc19a6ca78	The team is pulled out by Leonid Slutsky, CSKA is not left without prizes.
209d2d63e91b913c5594016942064d6c7cfc0669	Career in the Russian national team Since August 7, 2015, Leonid Slutsky began combining work in CSKA with the national team.
2919dd31ca614ef7537688d89db4cb0ba4662ecf	In his youth, Leonid Slutsky played in the KVN team.
195d6d875683c63e3837aa6c0bf6764ae8605968	Also, at various times, he helped KVN teams from the Premier League and the Higher League as a guest.
1407d217f207a7bcbf9879f5e2382b313ddb8e95	In 2016, in the 1/8 finals of the KVN Higher League, he was a member of the jury.
9fe1f2c4ee459b76371e59ca084d66bfcd7ba827	Scientists have found out what the Earth's core consists of: Recently, scientists have discovered a liquid metal "dragon" the size of a continent that moves around the outer core of the Earth.
4d9aa25d708d9f33724fdd6509556806316e99a2	Now, it seems,...
acaecd8b50601b0e9a16d122bcfb9d1e589cb9c1	4 signs that your mole is malignant, almost everyone has a mole on their body.
543c3aa41842b3efa05b5a5e8b708c7e5f694999	How to understand whether a small spot on the skin is dangerous?...
190fafd30bb14ae66c3bf6e8267ad5bf661a14b1	50096 0
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2b5f952843ce0624a3d8fc0495f57b068f1ed0b1	Almost everyone who lived in the USSR and who is at least a little interested in cosmonautics has heard about the legendary Buran, a winged spacecraft that was launched into orbit in a complex with an Energia launch vehicle.
d70fc8aa9573919ab5ee861b13db097529b85e53	The pride of the Soviet space rocket industry, the Buran orbiter made its only flight during perestroika and was severely damaged when the roof of a hangar on Baikonur collapsed at the beginning of the new millennium.
614c5cdbe269999f15252fb2b327b7ae58654b72	What is the fate of this ship, and why the program of the reusable space system "Energia Buran" was frozen, we will try to figure out.
128f0fd9311d827454b9640b279e7f6260c2eedb	The work on the creation of reusable spacecraft in the Soviet Union has its own history.
aa8e4642aa055f258fdcfcea9e78c48bf782234e	The idea of using wings on a returnable spacecraft arose immediately with the start of flights into space.
1b15dfc2df14e357dd79a610b1a9304f41f985d8	This was explained by the desire to use the potential capabilities of the Earth's atmosphere (first of all, controlled braking and precise maneuvering) and the aviation reserve with which the first rocket scientists came to cosmonautics.
ef45940f12ee945300c47f4928ff24c734252dad	In the second half of the 50s, TsAGI began to study hypersonic manned and unmanned aerial vehicles.
3011ee5bb347360aadaf18434aa4128836d98401	The first official mention of " spaceships "("cosmoplanes") - aircraft-type devices capable of flying at extremely high altitudes and in near-Earth space-appeared in 1958 in the plans of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR, outlining the main activities of the Soviet Air Force for the next 25 years.
53ef5e50be2ba34e37fb22e20fbb1787c351b90c	Although for the first cosmonaut, along with the Gagarin Vostok, Pavel Tsybin's OKB 256 designed a winged spacecraft of a classic aerodynamic scheme — a PKA (Planning Spacecraft).
75d1cb24410ceea295008c4f693e59f58e761c73	Approved in May 1957, the preliminary design provided for a trapezoidal wing and a normal tail.
24bf40a82eca1a4431eee368f758095814e1f764	A special feature of the project was the folding of the wing into an aerodynamic "shadow" of the fuselage in the area of intensive braking in the atmosphere.
6df85616a2c6414a7b709a7df6ff46a1b20bfcdc	The successful tests of the Vostok ,on the one hand, and unresolved technical problems with the cruise ship, on the other, caused the termination of work on the PKA and for a long time determined the appearance of Soviet spacecraft.
77304a89aae1d40d28b4f09af0b51c484214bf24	The work on cruise spacecraft unfolded only in response to the American challenge, with the active support of the military.
41c0af3780bb6407f90b4d43005c3c2e443fcb2f	The next milestone work for the Soviet cosmonautics was the development of a reusable space system (ISS) "Energia Buran", which ended with a triumphant unmanned flight and an automatic landing of "Buran" on the runway of the Baikonur cosmodrome on November 15, 1988.
bb81cfc78095851e2df1d753de38248dbb1588e4	Buran was conceived as a military system[1], which, however, was a response to, as it was then believed, the planned use of American shuttles for military purposes[2].
f7e2e717a68a6e02a17b9c7bf012575920bfc5ce	In 1972, Nixon announced that the "Space Shuttle"program was being developed in the United States.
f67e728e752d62df14792aec55ce13006221c70b	Drawings and photos of the shuttle were first obtained in the USSR through the GRU in early 1975[5][6].
04275819842fd8315760d1b4d728b7b23106942b	Two examinations on the military component were immediately conducted: at the military research institutes and at the Institute of Applied Mathematics under the leadership of Mstislav Keldysh.
9e3d2101aaf1e339ead5afdd6a5b4bf299e81cbb	Conclusions: "the future reusable spacecraft will be able to carry nuclear munitions and attack the territory of the USSR with them from almost anywhere in near-Earth space" and " An American shuttle with a payload of 30 tons, if loaded with nuclear warheads, is capable of flying outside the radio visibility zone of the domestic missile attack warning system.
afa8b88aa60dfbe8acce42d919ce70bc70a78943	Having made an aerodynamic maneuver, for example, over the Gulf of Guinea, he can release them on the territory of the USSR" — they pushed the leadership of the USSR to create an answer — "Buran"[7].
af705a34876031a3eb4d1737192a9ecf4ad36b63	In America, they said that the Space Shuttle system was created as part of the program of a civil organization — NASA.
7f9b2de86e3414f67ecdf8992036438ae307bd9a	The words of Yuri Alexandrovich are confirmed by the Deputy Chief Designer of the ISS "Buran" V. M. Filin: "The need to create a domestic reusable space system as a means of deterring a potential enemy was revealed during the analytical studies conducted by?the Institute of Applied Mathematics of the USSR Academy of Sciences and NPO Energia in the period 1971-75.
e68d46e1ebc062f6e7053768ffa9aa35e36cfb0a	In the decisions of the NTS of the Ministry of General Engineering and the Ministry of Defense, the task was set: "to exclude possible technical and military surprise associated with the appearance of a potential enemy of a reusable space Shuttle transport system - a fundamentally new technical means of delivering significant masses of payloads to near-Earth orbits and returning to Earth."
4682615a71e810ba69fa7f072d1bec941a90cdaf	In the Soviet Union, it was originally planned to create an improved copy of the "Shuttle" - an orbital aircraft OS 120, weighing 120 tons.(The American shuttle weighed 110 tons at full load) .Unlike the Shuttle, it was supposed to provide the Buran with an ejection cabin for two pilots and turbojet engines for landing at the airfield.
9dc852feedd9139cd4a96ed501f055abf122923f	Domestic hydrogen-oxygen liquid propellant engines turned out to be larger in size and heavier than American ones.
0cb1a5d726a8729f9ca272d19745f8fea48f5e84	Therefore, instead of three LRE, it was necessary to install four.
35d47ca1b9d4c9dbcf8db7ae733db067fd224383	But there was simply no room for four main engines on an orbital plane.
1cc80960acb2c323b7514cff276d72592f1040bb	According to the Energia Buran program, very successful kerosene-oxygen RD 170 were created, which served as an alternative to solid-fuel accelerators.
cd16869b1bd556e0754d1447d6dae2a595a3fe79	The cruise ship "Buran" itself became the third stage of the launch vehicle, like the same "Soyuz".
2302e019d5ed6b09306ba01c14386e51b1710b8e	Reusability was another problem of the Energia - Buran system"
27ef79e320832425fd203c47c99390a254ed41d0	For the Americans, the "shuttles" were designed for 100 flights.
b01b1d8c0611257687c72ed822f59a76d51e73ac	All the elements (except the fuel tank) were suitable for launching into space after prevention.
4b1afd5012f67c00c2bcf24bad44a8b0d716b98e	Formally, the side boosters were listed as reusable, suitable for ten launches.
1d3a7893ae79008d26702b75e076cf1a3907e743	But in fact, it did not come to this for many reasons.
5252077a1c46cf29d9881b2e3932a81fe2867890	Take, for example, the fact that American boosters flopped into the ocean, and Soviet ones fell in the Kazakh steppe, where the landing conditions were not as gentle as warm ocean waters.
411ec44ad1a3e53601c0dda866dbeb1f6044d686	The Soviet orbiter, freed from large main engines, received more powerful engines for maneuvering in orbit.
4bd289c910c305d348ab4dec6d48319635bfb3cf	Which, in the case of its use as a space "fighter bomber", gave it great advantages.
6df7b8f81ec21f05e0e80aae8ffd60a1a60286cb	"Buran" has a great external similarity with the American"Shuttle"
8fe2a6183ecc6403e8e759d9d811b6b7269fe910	The fuselage of the ship is conditionally divided into 3 compartments: the nose (for the crew), the middle (for the payload) and the tail.
a7fb8e0c6265310af34cb0e187cd9ba6d8788b0d	The nose of the hull structurally consists of a nose cook, a sealed cabin and an engine compartment.
ad37cc03f5cc5f2b1af3269be145a544288e0806	The interior of the cabin is divided by floors that form decks.
a50a465a1b7148885dee9b297562d1ed29c0faa2	The decks together with the frames provide the necessary strength to the cabin.
eb37ed84abb3f603c8865a72a9db951b712579c0	In the front part of the cabin, there are portholes on top.
aee90f13c01f7121d696585b25ba5daa2280bb9f	The cabin is divided into three functional parts: the command compartment, where the main crew is located; the household compartment - for accommodating additional crew, spacesuits, sleeping places, life support systems, personal hygiene products, five blocks with control system equipment, elements of the thermal control system, radio and telemetry equipment; the aggregate compartment that ensures the operation of thermoregulation and life support systems.
c3598ef47d1f8655d1def89eeaa14ad51a9c93de	A spacious cargo compartment with a total volume of approximately 350 m3, a length of 18.3 m and a diameter of 4.7 m is provided for placing cargo on the Buran.
c555a6c8f24e4815d3d6aca12699e32c74412d00	This compartment would fit, for example, the Kvant module or the main unit of the Mir station, while this compartment also allows you to service the placed cargo and monitor the operation of on-board systems until the very moment of unloading from the Buran.
2dff3559f2229e135afd824549d2811654c03676	The total length of the Buran ship is 36.4 m, the fuselage diameter is 5.6 m, the height on the chassis is 16.5 m, the wingspan is 24 m.
fa207ed2c34ec6bb742bbaf806d885211e8fb260	The chassis has a base of 13 m, a track of 7 m.
25a6164be91755460e6e8e78e709c0a1b4953f36	The main crew was planned to consist of 2-4 people, but the spacecraft can take on board an additional 6-8 researchers to carry out various works in orbit, that is, the Buran can actually be called a ten-person vehicle.
ab88f5cff0087acd5174081ce295b78d373d4d8a	The initial plans assumed the construction of five orbiters to achieve a frequency of 30 flights per year.
ac7e4254ce9d96784db8c6c2c806c9e8d6f134ba	The duration of the flight is determined by a special program, the maximum time is set to 30 days.
e8ca55be688e6072c11ef53669de6bfda0b63b05	The orbital maneuvering engines are located in the tail compartment of the Buran, and the control engines are located in the blocks of the nose and tail compartments.
b103a53f9eccded13fc1256b39e8f786c63b0816	In the early projects, two air-jet engines with a thrust of 8 tons were also provided for the possibility of flying with a deep side maneuver in landing mode.
44af1486c80953e264be54046636a5997f6a9e1b	These engines were not included in the later designs of the ship.
46ef211aded4b8aeed9a37b50990ed94c94e4370	Buran engines make it possible to perform the following basic operations: stabilization of the Energia Buran complex before its separation from the second stage, separation and withdrawal of the Buran spacecraft from the launch vehicle, its re-entry into the initial orbit, formation and correction of the working orbit, orientation and stabilization, interorbital transitions, rendezvous and docking with other spacecraft, departure from orbit and braking, control of the position of the apparatus relative to its center of mass, etc.
51136ebbf492c441b84091b7e03cb6dc565c24d4	At all stages of the flight, the "Buran" is controlled by the electronic brain of the ship, it also controls the operation of all the bot systems and provides navigation.
5aff4c0c5db04ebd2a9bc3f59798fcc81d9a0b91	During an orbital flight, it provides orbit correction, de-orbiting and immersion into the atmosphere to an acceptable height with subsequent return to the working orbit, program turns and orientation, interorbital transitions, hovering, rendezvous and docking with a cooperating object, twisting around any of the three axes.
24ec45b10e3664bcf67766e83cb2f87ee8635a7a	During descent, it controls the descent of the ship from orbit, its descent in the atmosphere, the necessary lateral maneuvers, arrival at the airfield and landing.
8858e5c76385f18e7fa6c1905c0c63bf6a19479d	The basis of the automatic control system of the ship is a high-speed computing complex represented by four interchangeable computers.
c63b5d37e9549414a6f5b1b357852eafc5a4dd4c	The complex is able to instantly solve all tasks within its functions and, first of all, link the current ballistic parameters of the ship with the flight program.
08de25718e0b412411011d7c82e117ad1b66a9c4	The automatic control system of the Buran is so perfect that during future flights, the crew of the ship in this system is considered only as a link that duplicates the automation.
0925bcdd4d9eae66f35f1cc0d250e28bdffa6827	This was the fundamental difference between the Soviet shuttle and the American shuttles – our "Buran" could perform the entire flight in automatic unmanned mode, visit space, safely return to earth and land at the airfield, which was clearly demonstrated by its only flight in 1988.
bbfd916aad43c83bb5d66362b94deb957c1e14e3	The landing of the American shuttles was carried out entirely on manual control with the engines not working.
729f967d55e81e35c6d9e5e3fd50ed834c125a39	In addition, Buran has developed a system for emergency rescue of the crew in emergency situations.
c10ddf472abc4a96febe87eb051cf3e787aa31fe	At low altitudes, a catapult was intended for this purpose for the first two pilots; if an emergency situation occurred at a sufficient height, the ship could detach from the launch vehicle and make an emergency landing.
65cb6c0d96e333f29a1e8f4056bed2b66099c68f	For the first time in rocket engineering, a diagnostic system was used on a spacecraft, covering all the systems of the spacecraft, connecting backup sets of equipment or switching to a backup mode of operation in case of possible malfunctions.
991407f035318fd5e7865c1cf8d499933e2559f1	When developing software for spacecraft ground systems, the technology of structural design of programs using the DIPOLE language was used, and the LAX language was used to solve modeling problems.
f3cc07b190a1c08b253f7f1890ce346f338c0237	The BCVM software and the Operating System (OS) were written in the languages PROL2 (based on the PROLOG language) and Assembler/370.
1703a1ec8718afe8d8c32b1b78fb15409f69d37e	The use of computer technologies developed in the USSR made it possible to develop software complexes with a volume of about 100 MB in a short time.
3c89252562d3e5b9af8f248fe07242896decd7a8	Its protective skin is of paramount importance for the successful overcoming of gravitationally caused thermal and pneumatic loads that occur during the passage of the ship in the dense layers of the atmosphere.[25]
15c4d0dd4f80eead7e5e555605b308044599a18b	A number of scientific research organizations of the country have received a task to develop refractory materials that meet these extreme technical conditions in the characteristics of resistance.
61c99712e7542c893c580874e4e161a0b4fa9da0	The Institute of Silicate Chemistry (St. Petersburg), among other institutions that performed these works, was entrusted with the role of their coordination, and the general management was carried out by the outstanding physical chemist M. M. Schultz. [26][27]
c482122ea1de6708b5ff46bfbdbb2f4584ad6887	The goals of creating the Buran orbiter were first clearly formulated in the tactical and technical task for the development of a reusable space system, issued by the Main Directorate of Space Assets of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR and approved by D. F. Ustinov in a festive atmosphere on November 7 (according to other sources, 8), 1976.
3e821d17e67ee2c7eda94d714c71e3f1a0ed8571	�?so, "Buran" was intended for: - comprehensive counteraction to the activities of a potential enemy to expand the use of outer space for military purposes; - solving target tasks in the interests of defense, national economy and science; - conducting military applied research and experiments to ensure the creation of large space systems using weapons on known and new physical principles; - launching into orbit, servicing them and returning spacecraft, astronauts and cargo to Earth.
b043a0fbf2e640099281234a2685d733e281093f	Combat space station with shock blocks based on the OK " Buran"
0d77dce68a1304374642323321a24bf8e3442105	The dimensions of the Buran payload compartment make it possible to place up to five combat units on each rotating ejection unit, as shown in the figure.
400b3226530203204a802130a366eaafc83c50c8	For the landing of the Buran spaceplane, the Yubileyny airfield on Baikonur was specially built with a reinforced runway measuring 4500x84 m (the main landing airfield is the "Landing Complex of the Orbiter" [16]).
707e91efff79f95d153b31e301774209305b44c6	The Energia Buran system was unlucky - it was born at an unfortunate time for it.
184487f12f5d160cc88015b624fe211d4db7e3ad	The economy of the USSR was already unable to finance expensive space programs.
ea54b0e1ff32760ba15ddbbf5925ba6c62ec7243	And some kind of fate pursued the astronauts who were preparing for flights on the "Buran".
c637a6311be1def5fa157c8cbe44a8cae0c1ab3b	Test pilots V. Bukreev and A. Lysenko were killed in plane crashes in 1977, even before joining the cosmonaut group.
1d844b0f2726a5d69492217cbdc861e0b69a288d	In 1980, test pilot O. Kononenko died.
a2d6718120556b275288ae19d6ccc84a8ecb3d42	The year 1988 took the lives of A. Levchenko and A. Shchukin.
07afee81dbb396110eaeeb5c19c41d96812126ab	After the Buran flight, R. Stankevicius, the co - pilot for the manned flight of the winged KK, died in a plane crash.
4a8b281bdcfffd32e1918283c257f234ce432a03	The flight took place without a crew in automatic mode using an on-board computer and on-board software, unlike the American Shuttle, which traditionally performs pre-landing maneuvers and landing on manual control (entering the atmosphere and braking to the speed of sound in both cases are completely computerized).
405eb2c89dddd61095041babc83e72faebe61f7e	This fact-the flight of the spacecraft into space and its descent to Earth in automatic mode under the control of an on-board computer-entered the Guinness Book of records.
1f92e121bcb0ea8933c466a9bd93c35b613c1eec	In 1990, work on the Energia Buran program was suspended, and on May 25, 1993[23] the program was finally closed by a decision of the Council of Chief Designers at NPO Energia.
44f492326d2d48ba4b7bc2e2eba32acf22e282cf	In total, there were five copies of the winged ship "Buran", including unfinished and started vehicles.
e6c2995775cedffe6c8c7aa42c6d024a820e0e70	The Energia Buran project was closed, among other things, because it was not necessary to deliver large loads to orbit, as well as their return.
6c39ad9bc0db84b5e414ed5882bd553da5e4aaab	Built more for defense than for peaceful purposes, in the era of "star wars", the domestic space shuttle" Buran " was far ahead of its time.
89f18d0b581b6e4904624f47e6272b897bb32a07	A number of technical solutions obtained during the creation of the Buran are still used in Russian and foreign rocket and space technology[21].
489f7d326532695425db202036367c40cbd35e24	Who knows, maybe his time will come yet.
c7c925c34f7b5f33c6334037fc208ed9c9e47309	When space exploration becomes more active, when cargo and passengers will often need to be delivered to orbit and, conversely, to Earth.
ab327a4002cb992f506f1a5bf8e6284f0bd2123d	On the night of July 5 to 6, 2014, the layout was moved to the territory of VDNH[45][46][47] to celebrate the 75th anniversary of VDNH.
abe3b3d7fa93dd743eb04a440888698192219cfc	In the Buran culture - a game on MSX, 1990 [1]
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9c1ebe1e3f9eaa12dd5294d5c8dad5cdaee0b503	Forum Open section Additional History The history of the New Time Buran spaceship
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acbe3f8ec010328508ccbc41ee23d132c2087b44	Buran a spaceship
5243cab6501498c14d1924c765cabb6e13af7b0e	Work on the Energy—Buran program began in 1976.
b4717eb1653080348d3724f21539846c5bdac29f	86 ministries and departments and 1286 enterprises of the entire USSR (about 2.5 million people in total) participated in the creation of this system.
65618190a954144c310b418ff53ebf0347dd0ca2	The main developer of the ship was a specially created NGO "Molniya".
9bd8cc1360865d9cfbf87bec957f94a64d84667f	Production was carried out at the Tushinsky Machine building Plant since 1980; by 1984, the first full scale copy was ready.
74ed3b2fb3fda0a0672caaafecbdd0decad61e05	From the factory, the ships were delivered by water transport to the city of Zhukovsky, and from there (from the Ramenskoye airfield) - by air transport (on a special VM T transporter aircraft) - to the Baikonur cosmodrome.
169ec25b2ca767973a6b1a60e68be253deb0b14d	Buran made its first and only space flight on November 15, 1988.
d8c86a5cd75949ca64888a022cf89b58ecb97926	The spacecraft was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome using an Energia launch vehicle and after circling the Earth landed at the specially equipped Yubileyny airfield on Baikonur.
271399c757ba9d4b58077bb19df74000f22e054a	The flight took place without a crew, completely in automatic mode, unlike the "shuttle", which can land only on manual control.
9f5b4da8f3ef54958ade240ec54ea0083e51fcc2	In 1990, work on the Energia Buran program was suspended, and in 1993 the program was finally closed.
e3b40f985d2229a8fdd8e64a4d5d76e37f806a0b	The only Buran that flew into space (1988) was destroyed in 2002 by the collapsed roof of the hangar of the assembly and test building at Baikonur.
858e7ba13082550a07d93904f43d28ce8dbb956a	During the work on the Buran project, several mock up samples were produced for dynamic, electrical, airfield and other tests.
ae3432525e1755c2bf034175417feba879640068	After the closure of the program, these products remained on the balance of various banks?�? and production associations.
75259545e9fe52efb01990e1e1e2d44538c25f4e	�?it is known, for example, that the Rocket and Space Corporation Energia and the NGO Molniya have mock up samples.
7ce92c7deb168b82284ea545a6b16ab21ca194e3	The length of the "Buran" is 36.4 m, the wingspan is about 24 m, the height of the ship when it stands on the chassis is more than 16 m, the starting mass is more than 100 tons.
af07f7dc15e04d8d7b96022b21aa1aa79f94f112	The cargo compartment accommodates a payload weighing up to 30 tons.
dac4bbcd573525c6c2fc5db0671f334dafb2ab58	A sealed all welded cabin for the crew and people for work in orbit (up to 10 people) and most of the equipment for flight support as part of the rocket and space complex, autonomous flight in orbit, descent and landing is inserted into the nose compartment.
069f2ca650e62716b201e5bb863419dcca1fedba	The volume of the cabin is over seventy cubic meters.
23d3748371905a307e590c4bd4c9375e7288d023	it has a triangular wing with a variable sweep, as well as aerodynamic controls that work during landing after returning to the dense layers of the atmosphere — a rudder, elevators and an aerodynamic shield.
45cc605b28b0356895d6d2c0b37c740b8a71d34e	"Baikal" is the name of a Soviet reusable transport spacecraft created within the framework of the Energia Buran program.
03a7c617be39895e675a9a147e687ad42c359d74	The launch took place on February 4, 1992.
5a96930e27c23656b46398b3458317692f726b36	The flight program included a seven day stay in space and docking with the Mir station.
532ae9b759340cfb26a7d8c46790f34b1088ca54	Unfortunately, at the very beginning of the flight, an emergency situation occurred and the Baikal made an emergency landing.
94aff467ec93d6c2212922e44e0b0b573668b83a	This was the basis for the curtailment of the Russian program for the creation of reusable ships.
fc447e08c151ad486328fa3ef6dbbae24851ab50	In fact, the inscription " Baikal "(in red in a straight font like" Arial") decorated the side of the first flight copy of the MTCC" Buran " almost during the entire time of ground tests.
12be258dfdd19f0a538675abf73811e338b6415a	However, shortly before the launch, the name "Buran" was put on board the MTCC in black oblique font, under which he went on a flight and became known to the whole world.
458e92d7c8909ec18e2ab0d8a0be04fc997a1e48	The name of the ship and the entire program - "Buran" - was known to everyone who had anything to do with them (including outside the USSR) from the very beginning of the development of the program.
edfff5a6e948c89479e2a9ae1f3e826f9e45a733	However, due to the all encompassing secrecy, this word was not recommended to be used openly, in connection with which "Baikal" was born (and later the open name of the Energia launch vehicle, known to specialists as product 11K25, was put into circulation).
e73bcb895d56906b9407eb1b98287c16619d4ae9	A total of 6 people were enrolled in the first group on July 12, 1977:
4de0bfb25b04770f225dc40a3408ec6b38cf1761	Wolf,�? gor Petrovich
57aa24cc558c97de570ebe983e82acaa6e7b35e8	Kononenko, Oleg Grigoryevich
185c6b869f1da18b97dfce4d24cd7cffa73fef86	Levchenko, Anatoly Semyonovich
c1ec7972a244e1d6c636655acb3d0f8cb2ae4437	Sadovnikov, Nikolai Fedorovich
55f66566638a0e37f1331f9930a70c86056545e3	Stankevicius, Rimantas Antanas
6d7c34f580bed1fae466e2e0ef25aec71e5bb9af	Shchukin, Alexander Vladimirovich
385724709428632a76c3b811a20f603c6894d9ed	Reply with a quote
71e4d60d53bea933d0742cdd10882df7acdcabf4	3 users said thank you to the Giant Kalinin for this useful message:
7d24d3550be3523a6162c0a44d8511ee33a8c4b7	Nigaz72 (14.02.2012), Vitalikk (13.02.2012), S. O. Makarov (12.03.2012)
15d1fccbb45830bcd4674a370b33924337e5616d	12.02.2012 03:19
702fb5d6ac373e5b4e2ed7adb2ac83acff57d1f6	#2
ec678eac37c85a5e66057aed4da5a4e0e278faa7	A brief history of the creation of the Buran reusable orbiter (products 11F35)
22dae294127d7f9e4ecd437a71276dd91a22049c	Therefore, the presence of wings on the descent vehicle moving in the atmosphere looked simple and logical.
e63dc37412fcfa44f4f6df00b9602fd5beae5ae3	The first projects of cruise spacecraft
b1df76b30ec578d5956a194d31992e8f71d39457	The first official mention of " spaceships "("cosmoplanes") - aircraft type devices capable of flying at extremely high altitudes and in near Earth space appeared in 1958 in the plans of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR, outlining the main activities of the Soviet Air Force for the next 25 years.
045e483b6a4cf1aedada2d485ff70eabd8e857b4	It was assumed that the developed devices would be able to reach speeds over M=10 and flight altitudes of more than 60 km.
c5d77ce96d42986cb1b8f87f0371f1927c1725d3	Soon, the OKB 23 and OKB 256 of the State Committee for Aviation Technology began developing projects for manned "spaceplanes" launched into orbit by a three stage modification of the R 7 ICBM.
024c15298c213a09944fb0a330da737520ab2fe5	word designations: 1 cosmonauts ' cabin;
11a4d20b4dc89e3fe2b705979270e18b4ef086d2	2 portholes;
1a41f97304d5f34b4f08deb77f2d527d882a4ce9	3 entrance hatch;
7fecd0c13ad306c4b65ff58ca07026217d7cfe21	4 instrument compartment;
0b18cb58f9ac469c90e209b4c63f50ae64f71dec	5 wing consoles at the entrance to the dense layers of the atmosphere;
48a67776b86897ca04a220fbb101feb69284b0ec	6 tail unit
d2609e4ca52a615a3bb731514726ee43fa7b2f92	In the OKB 256 of Pavel Tsybin, by order of the OKB 1 of Sergei Korolev, in parallel with the Gagarin Vostok, a winged spacecraft (CC) of the" classical "aerodynamic scheme was designed, the preliminary design of which was approved on May 17, 1957.
99ca3f6e618fce569ae9dcba1514d17ebf350d85	The gliding spacecraft (PKA) had a trapezoidal wing and a normal tail with a launch mass of 4.7 tons, a landing mass of 2.6 tons and a crew of 1 person.
21f9085bf83c67515e8f04b906b6c4225b2d1e64	The estimated duration of the flight reached 27 hours.
7f26f1597e08d1aaad95701f23b5ed55c4e181df	The CC had a length of 9.4 m, a wingspan of 5.5 m, a tail height of 4 m and a fuselage width of 3 m.
a1925444b8f3304dad5ee18e3316fa4c55856b9a	The descent scheme assumed intensive braking in the atmosphere using the lifting force of the main body to a speed of 500-600 km / h at an altitude of about 20 km, then planning was provided with the help of a folding wing.
0d254380e7b042cc65410c88dbb98ad59749c480	The cosmonaut had to eject before landing on the runway (runway).
2dfad1c28cf528869406fcc3520bf4eed70fa21e	After connecting to the work of the CAG�? it turned out that the problems facing the developers of cruise spacecraft are much more serious than was commonly believed.
329251a217e12d09757b0840f34c7b11c6a73084	So, after purging in wind tunnels, it turned out that the thermal loads on the heat shield significantly exceed the calculated ones, and the hinge joint of the wing consoles on the most heat stressed section of the descent is located in a" stagnant " zone with almost complete absence of a heat sink.
ba1004723f096d38cd1f09869a642e8f5caa5641	Technical problems associated with accurate orientation during descent, difficulties with thermal protection and successful tests of the Vostok CC determined the termination of work on the PKA.
f3cf905509c0d9889750c80f5db35f17ac3a32eb	VKA 23 V. M. Myasishcheva, the third variant ("49", 1960): the starting mass is 4.5 tons when launched into orbit at a height of 400 km, the payload is 700 kg; the crew is 1 person; the length is 9.0 m, the wingspan is 6.5 m, the height is 2 m.
06d5650e1023db97af60948d994bbe434de48b26	In 1957-60, air and space vehicles (VKA) The M 40, M 46 and others were developed at Vladimir Myasishchev's OKB 23 as part of the"Theme 48".
6c92cdbfb4707c03521d66c4040269cdd2763bb3	The latest version of the VKA 23 for the first time provided for the use of tiled ceramic thermal protection, was intended for one cosmonaut and when launched into orbit at a height of 400 km had a mass of 4.5 tons, a length of 9 m, a wingspan of 6.5 m, a height of 2 m along the keels and was capable of carrying a payload of 700 kg.
7f9fd10f12d4b98eded5b9f040c9014dd13a79bc	Rocket plane R 2 developed by Vladimir Chelomey
e13381cd48866d01a63974554728e3ca4eadfc30	In 1960, OKB 23 and OKB 256 became branches of Vladimir Chelomey's OKB 52, which continued working on rocket planes.
8b2ac0cf27ec98a98a8571f2ddb5c8daaddb237a	The result was a preliminary design of an unmanned rocket plane P 1 weighing 6.3 tons, equipped with an M shaped folding wing of variable sweep, and its manned version P 2.
a9820cfab3b47fb0eca62c74139901a222be38e9	The unmanned version of the P 1 was intended for testing and testing all units and systems of the rocket plane in orbit, including orientation and stabilization systems, thermal protection, activation of separation means with the study of the dynamics of the uncoupling process, clarification of the ballistic and aerodynamic parameters of the rocket plane with an assessment of the reliability of all onboard systems.
0389862bd5050579ee433b83dafc72fac049241a	On the R 2 rocket plane, the cosmonaut was supposed to work out control, verification, communication and observation functions from space.
965cedd08e95e6b83303eff78a7df7d6543a5343	The total mass of the R 1 and R 2 rocket planes was 6,300 kg each, the standard flight path was to include an elliptical orbit with a perigee of 160 km and an apogee of 290 km, the total flight time was 24 hours.
e045ff058199ac06b17d471090653a10bed873d6	The overload on the descent was supposed to be only 3.5-4 g, unlike 9-11 g on the descent vehicle of the Vostok spacecraft.
5c5e9d8cd9448cfcd7ef81ab2c0458a5264c5420	For the launch of rocket planes, the development of its own two stage A 150 rocket launcher with a starting weight of about 200 tons was carried out.
3cce7e53540fd3adea6ffd0c4008f1f0e17b1539	According to the program for the development of a rocket plane and maneuvering warheads in 1961-63, 12 suborbital launches of large scale models MP 1 and M 12 on the RN R 12 developed by Mikhail Yangel (the first launch on 21.02.1963) were carried out, but after Nikita Khrushchev, who favored Chelomey (his son Sergei worked at OKB 52), on October 19, 1964, all work was stopped with the transfer of materials on rocket planes to Artyom Mikoyan's OKB 155.
411bdfbd48ceb2e583b41abc16cb0730fe344414	The MP 1 was a prototype of a maneuvering warhead in the form of a 1.8 meter cone weighing 1.75 tons, controlled at hypersonic speeds by eight aerodynamic shields.
d30d8591d131e38f1618b7e60e3104789c673277	The ballistic missile lifted the sample at 405 km, it entered the atmosphere at 1760 km from the launch site at a speed of 3.8 km / s.
6879daf7860fb712d5fffb3dc335a8406e947e3e	M 12 - the same cone, but with four stabilizers.
7a2e6e116f0038abfdc49d146c9bff2e065640ef	If the work on rocket planes did not save the independence of the Myasishchev OKB 23, then the patriarch of Russian aviation Andrey Tupolev acted wiser, having created the "K" department inside his OKB 156 in 1956-57 under the leadership of his son Alexey, entrusting him with work in the field of unmanned aircraft and missile systems.
4e5c58a3e1cd35b5f732021e7a82b7d64cf05a04	In 1958, the "K" department began work on the "DP" (long range planning) unmanned strike complex, consisting of a launch vehicle (it was supposed to use modifications of the combat P 5, -12, -14 or P 16) and the last stage in the form of a gliding rocket plane with a thermonuclear warhead.
11de1870e5e2f399c425594fedba9f3ae384e8e7	It was also envisaged that OKB 156 would develop its own carrier.
d144af85a3f8fa9fab8f8b6c0600205d91e87bcd	The PH was supposed to throw the gliding device to a height of 50-100 km and give it a horizontal speed of up to 20,000 km / h.
151245b3dd972d70627220bff3025928c05546ba	After separation, the rocket plane performed a correction and flew to the target along the planning trajectory with a decrease in speed and altitude.
8a055c7ef06479dc74bc671fdbdb06261ee5bc76	The device was supposed to reach the target at a distance of up to 4000 km from the launch point, developing a speed of up to M=10 (~7000 km/h) above the target at an altitude of 30 km.
31caa5af992f185ee6bd06378d294d2e6a5d0f79	In 1959, the Tupolev team began working on the design of an experimental prototype of the DP combat complex the 130 aircraft (Tu 130).
4eee91e17192961a567b808453605e40c5bc8c08	In its final form, it became a "tailless" weighing 2050 kg and relatively small in size: length 8.8 m, wingspan 2.8 m and height 2.2 m.
a0195a91a272630680f03d7febb6dec93dd46ddf	In the pilot production, a series of five experimental "130" was laid, and in 1960 the first glider was ready to be equipped with equipment and to dock with the PH - modified P 12.
0ffbc27da9724f470e15e1b170b5ac16f90a4be3	However, according to the decree of February 5, 1960, work on the "130" was stopped - its fate was decided by the success in creating Soviet ICBMs.
085233d9caa6a1be0d681303e3319285e1d4d1f2	By this time, the final version of the DP complex consisted of a three stage launch vehicle of its own design with a starting weight of 240 tons, and a winged vehicle capable of delivering a thermonuclear warhead weighing 3-5 tons at a range of 9000-12000 km.
e2716b8e1d795f8e983ce2fb26e5b79d83416d48	The reserve on the topics "DP" and " 130 "was used in the projects of the rocket plane" 136 "(Tu 136," Zvezda"," Red Star") and its orbital version"Sputnik".
b8df07531b7aeced334412ded6b2cfa766a1e29b	The manned " 136 "was intended for a single turn flight around the Earth with a subsequent landing, and the" Sputnik "("137", Tu 137) for several turns with a subsequent planned landing on the airfield runway.
d768219a363e7aef5df969f6bb0f2f5bb889fe2a	The work on the topics" Star "and" Sputnik " continued until 1963, without going beyond the preliminary design.
a3f979917d32ac930cabafb4efd5cc1985561621	�?another interesting thing is that within the framework of Zvezda, a variant of putting a rocket plane into orbit was being worked out with the help of an aerospace system, the first stage of which was a strategic supersonic aircraft ("135" or "139"), and the second stage was an air - based ballistic missile with a rocket plane instead of a head warhead. this variant can be considered the forerunner of the Spiral air orbiting aircraft (VOS), the brilliant project of which was proposed by Mikoyan's OKB 155 on June 29, 1966.
20e26463932bd118b517f3d86690d1997877943a	We will not dwell here in detail on the Spiral project - a separate section of the site is dedicated to it, including its continuation in the form of unmanned orbital rocket planes ("HOG").
cd55f134013994968570af2db6afbde24166a8df	But you can learn much more about the "Spiral" and about the above mentioned projects of winged spacecraft in our book " Space Wings"
c36674b6f72b643be94f60871356797c39129762	---------- Post added at 01:32 ---------- Previous post was at 00:55 ----------
5c75d61c28026f9d50e1ae167c5fa8985ee1cbd4	The path to the " Buran"
8e3623ffb542d11d6be0310c7393bc0c879983bb	The creation of the Energia Buran ISS (fig. on the right) was the most ambitious and time consuming program in the history of Soviet cosmonautics.
52bbf969a94a224de8082962b29a6b8ba6c3190b	Suffice it to say that for 18 years more than a million people worked directly on the ISS in 1286 enterprises and organizations of 86 ministries and departments, the largest scientific and industrial centers of the country were involved.
c47b75d1e9859aa326be7b7420d89d07e4d9fb40	The total cost of the program as of the beginning of 1992 amounted to 16.4 billion rubles. soviet rubles.
944b69b8823af4f6ef3dbce86865e7543c5e2b3d	"Buran" was conceived as a military system.
71554999006e3e8472369cafd6efb8906058e215	This is how the director of the Central Research Institute of the Rocket and Space Industry recalled this in 1994?машиностро? mechanical engineering Yu.
a7c439cd17020120ac85425c01c2a4e0df7e4447	A. Mozzhorin:
73c714d3b5ff3a110503866d995045fe325637fb	"The program has its own background.
23e4802e9ba15cf2136a1c8144a1dd41a5878e6a	It was announced as a national one, designed for 60 shuttle launches per year, it was supposed to create 4 such ships; the cost of the program was planned at 5 billion 150 million dollars in 1971 prices.
f6076970462e64920831dde2139c2ae711ef0e09	In the future, they certainly grew up, as it happens with everyone, they reached 13 billion 400 million dollars.
1471ad1ebce15e5f823a0c7e7de6e8690305fecf	The program was serious, since 4 launch complexes were being created, at the Vandenberg base and at Cape Kennedy, special production facilities were being created.
4dc43a307865238d60c635beda99324a1abfe7e0	The shuttle put 29.5 tons into low Earth orbit, and could lower cargo up to 14.5 tons from orbit.
32cc921f62ccfa704a8920c2f701e624652a3c3d	This is very serious, and we have begun to study for what purposes it is being created?
cb583e7bbeb5c3b10da83cfb40f4464a451607c0	After all, it was very unusual: weight into orbit with the disposable media in America, not even up to 150 t/year, and there are thought to 12 times more; nothing of its orbit did not go down, and there was supposed to return 820 MT/year...
0d3664b04dbb8a74384eebdcc8e140274e572437	It was not merely a programme of creating some space system under the motto reduce the cost of transportation costs (our, our Institute study showed that no reduction will not actually be observed), it had a clear target military purposes.
8c33713f989b7d2d098828e3f325ebc780ced81f	indeed, at that time they began to talk about the creation of powerful lasers, beam weapons, weapons based on new physical principles, which theoretically allows you to destroy enemy missiles at a distance of several thousand kilometers.
32c90951ec75c5a1b3e6f65827c1489a2b4b275b	It was precisely the creation of such a system that was supposed to test this new weapon in space conditions."
f7343f309f56a3182fb45038e038091789814c89	It was shown that the United States, by putting into operation its reusable Space Shuttle system, will be able to gain a decisive military advantage in terms of launching a preventive nuclear missile strike on vital objects on the territory of our country."
2cdb11870678876888ce0d66615fc515bb7d68e6	In the decisions of the NTS of the Ministry of General Engineering and the Ministry of Defense, the task was set: "to exclude possible technical and military surprise associated with the appearance of a potential enemy of a reusable space Shuttle transport system - a fundamentally new technical means of delivering significant masses of payloads to near Earth orbits and returning to Earth." in principle, to exclude fuel consumption during flight in the atmosphere and the corresponding emissions of combustion products into the atmosphere.
be4727acface988e2c129b86f7b6521796cc6cbf	The final version of the device, which received the designation MG 19 (Myasishchev Gurko, M 19, "gurkolet"), was made according to the load bearing body scheme, which ensures high weight perfection of the device, and was equipped with a combined propulsion system consisting of a nuclear reactor and a combined direct flow hydrogen LRE.
85d313abad12b98197b1e19e3122e08374c90226	This image has been resized.
68a16553db0bef820172aa9f7b726feb8cf30501	Click this bar to view the full image.
8146ac307c62b176b40e9080acc790bd1afc2088	The original image is sized 800x387.
398c1666998424d17fac96912d9b6696252f7775	In the first half of the 1970s, MG 19 was considered as a serious competitor to the Energia Buran ISS, but due to the lower degree of elaboration and a greater degree of technical risk during implementation, as well as due to the lack of a foreign analogue, the MG 19 project did not receive further development.
81adf4e6c09db395e1eaf4559c5f4c9e04df6b96	Nevertheless, this project has not yet been declassified, and information about it is still extremely scarce.
3060276323af8571bc0c529faf4079ad04b78523	---------- Post added at 02:08 ---------- Previous post was at 01:53 ----------
4e790f4c60004438df67326f6023291481880a8b	"Spiral"
8dee2a4bbf22da10a1eafc2baf8bb58f203252d2	Step by step plan of work on the VOS "Spiral".
bf48d6a526a70f51724e02ed8db9514b0ed138ed	stage 1.
a3fdbf8ef8ac7e5c88614793afc34e286877aa05	Creation of a manned analog aircraft (product index "50-11") weighing about 11.85 tons, including a fuel reserve of 7.45 tons, with two rocket engines, starting from the Tu 95 carrier aircraft.
807b429d3c2b4a9fd51e123a126800222e33ab0e	The analog aircraft does not have a mass dimensional and instrument similarity with the OS.
614f9eb6a561962217f20a9c8addac8710643d4d	The purpose of the tests is to work out the aerodynamics of the vehicle, the gas dynamic control organs, the operating modes of the fuel system on the AT+NDMG components, the assessment of thermal modes in conditions close to space flight (the maximum flight altitude is 120 km, the maximum flight speed corresponds to M=6-8) and entry into the atmosphere.
f9ce06d367b9fd879a9363b0b4ef64ae16a2cbce	On an analog aircraft, the drive to the airfield and landing were to be worked out.
8802172d9669d1aa573a1aadf1792e74bbfd9e12	It was planned to manufacture and test 3 analog aircraft.
7cd3b1b8ae7a63db832dc5866a5c5f840a852840	According to the plan, the flight at subsonic speed and landing - 1967, the flight at supersonic and hypersonic 1968.
b7a4ced1e2f788a37647b575aab0305ffe9963b6	The cost of the work is 18 million rubles.
1f71c70d588f1f34ad9595daa2d5c89ad44d6dcc	This stage was essentially an analogue of the American X 15 project and was not implemented in metal.
b60d7b1c962ee6141b6085eb62deec0741a91b60	stage 2.
141dca75715b71d115d9a4ea96da872cb1ccbcbb	Creation of a single seat experimental manned orbital aircraft (EPOS, product index "50") - a prototype of a combat variant weighing 6800 kg for full scale testing of the design and flight confirmation of the characteristics of the main onboard systems.
d152e77fad55e78f2a6a970dc6098cb4df70c158	The launch is carried out using a carrier rocket 11A511 (Soyuz) with an orbit with a height of 150-160 km and an inclination of 510, where the device makes 2-3 turns with a gas dynamic maneuver (AT+NDMG fuel) in orbit to change the orbit plane to 80, and then performs descent and landing as a full size OS .
6d551a213c81366266902c0d3b36b18f750e2dff	It provided for a complete external, systemic and structural (in terms of structural and thermal insulation materials) similarity with the combat OS.
6df4d5efe8dd41e0a89c2a664cf9e03608a16c43	It was planned to manufacture and launch 4 aircraft in unmanned (1969) and manned (1970) versions.
24b9a4b34fbf25304728379c194ba044fdb06b50	The cost of the work is 65 million rubles.
7b58c5cff7abb4fb941fbbec3cbccc9e9d7ac922	stage 3.
254ffbace734338b72861c2eeca30ac45f614256	Creation of a hypersonic booster aircraft (GSR).
776f64dd5e84aef91035601fbc8408a0cb960d7a	To speed up the work, it was planned to create and test first a full size GSR with engines running on kerosene (flight tests of 4 aircraft, with the achievement of M=4 - in 1970, the cost of the work is 140 million rubles).
acc3c207fce9ecf7ed13e316c06c515fb464441d	After the accumulation of data on the aerodynamics and operation of the aircraft at hypersonic speed, it was planned to switch the GSR to hydrogen fuel, for which it was necessary to manufacture and test 4 aircraft.
954a1c40bddc8ea19f98b1fa9bb58e5a74b9bdb3	Flight tests of the GSR on hydrogen - 1972, the cost of work - 230 million rubles.
f2ad1d3f40149901fe6316e2def5622351b97eec	stage 4.
5295496271833eabcbb16c24f20de049e65026bf	testing of a fully equipped system consisting of GSR and OS with a rocket accelerator (GSR engines run on kerosene) - 1972 Since the capabilities of such a system are limited, it seems that the OS of this option is unmanned.
b2267a35f40b7c5932837943d920df297fcbd284	After comprehensive testing and testing of all systems, in 1973 it was planned to conduct flight tests of a fully equipped system with hydrogen powered engines and a manned OS.
5ed83ca0873902d201f9cdc3c3e315794f5e8501	Further work was to be associated with the transition to liquid fluorine (!), used as an oxidizer on a rocket accelerator and OS, and the deployment of work to create an effective reusable second stage equipped with a hypersonic ramjet engine instead of a rocket accelerator.
61045e1d349af6222f2f3ca248d239fe8fbb1266	Suborbital manned aircraft analog " 50-11"
595e88c4c638183cba6787b80dc56caa53dee9f2	To practice landing, on board systems, aerodynamics, gas dynamic control and all aircraft control systems, as well as to train the flight crew, it was supposed to develop an analog of an orbital aircraft that exactly repeats its shape.
d6d3480b67db594c8f8ae02ff0f4a3dfb0418390	Such an analog, dropped from the Tu 95KM carrier aircraft, with the help of its own engines, was supposed to continue the flight and allow working out the landing and flight conditions up to M=6-8 and H=50-120 km.
7f531bd4f0c9177502c560382719ef7a11942f60	Since the flight speed in the upper atmosphere of the analog was several times less than the orbital one, taking into account the gentle temperature conditions, it was planned to build it from ordinary structural materials (steel, titanium and aluminum alloys).
b66b460df73b8f9a56001c0154b29298086cff5b	According to the project, the analog was equipped with a power plant consisting of two serial rocket engines developed by OKB 117 with a thrust of 11.75 ts each (fuel consumption 81.8 kg/sec, specific impulse 319 sec) and one turbojet "36-35" OKB 36 with a bench thrust of 2500 kg and already existing equipment (on the first copies).
24b6b52cf9ea7a66421d096c47c80fa88502e385	The rocket engines were located with a half collapse angle of 11 ° 40" in the horizontal plane so that their thrust vectors passed through the center of mass of the device.
1ba3680686b5a03da4379e116b06f701e54590e3	The original image is sized 800x478.
9c20cd7f076f07fad17559b7f7c03d1fe1bc8384	the use of the units mastered in production should have significantly reduced the cost and time of testing the experimental orbital aircraft.
3e4770bad0278a50e745cbb9ae49e540fa501e38	In the future, it was planned to install accelerators developed in the OKB 2 MAP on an analog, allowing to bring its speed to M=12-13, and a number of standard EPOS systems.
4beed5f8c7d1778edffe95d8c7052616cba0f7b5	The suspension scheme of the analog under the carrier aircraft corresponded to the suspension of the X 20 cruise missile adopted for service, so the revision of the Tu 95KM was also not required.
16ac0ca57276789da8d8dd86e01581473bf01ffa	The planned flight profile looked as follows.
7cf234c92595326c8874cacddd344c071c0d70fc	After a joint takeoff, the Tu 95 carrier aircraft lifts the analog to an altitude of 11-12 km within an hour, where it is reset at a speed of 830 km / h.
4c5f0c63dbd719a98bcb43084134f0ef803bd949	The angle of installation V of the movable wing consoles at the beginning of the flight is ψ=20º...35 ° (respectively 70°...55 ° from the horizontal plane).
6a35834e922f3ea20b9c153cf39a82cfa91d61bf	Having turned on its own marching rocket engines (all the free internal volumes of the airframe are used for a fuel reserve of 7.15 tons), the analog aircraft accelerates to a speed of 8000 km/h in 81 seconds.
e7f1deb04ae3b17519042e90d9f437605cbb23b3	The active acceleration section ends at an altitude of 48-50 km.
60afbf5c5d07f5910e4c0c72689f483cc3f54c80	By this time, two LRE engines have time to burn 6625 kg of fuel.
6cc96ce240102786759d7e524ab89043c1552459	During the further flight, passing by inertia, the analog reaches a maximum altitude of 120 km, having at this moment a speed of 6800 km / h (M=7.5).
fdc6228e0fd80cd4e60f100dc408859efb08c43b	At the ascending point of its trajectory, the device can perform maneuvers with the help of two rocket engines with a total thrust of 1.5 tons and orientation engines (gas dynamic control systems).
985a5c59fb3949ff44ee1d34ee157ae61d572d11	Re entry into the atmosphere occurs at a speed of 7250 km / h, the maximum overload at the descent stage reaches 5.3 g.
dfd2268f9fc2b24d8ced99d07f860865139bde03	The maximum quality of the device at hypersonic speeds is 1.4, balancing is 1.0.
ba9d8781e55b24e9b7623b19f424eed4d2d23e35	In the most heat stressed places, the skin has time to heat up to 890 ° C.
64910f4c1a27975a1f381fafeb7c0e7ffa1231b9	After returning to the dense layers of the atmosphere, with a decrease in flight speed to M=2.5, the wing consoles are laid out in the position ψ=60°, and in the altitude range of 5-10 km, a 2.5 ton turbofan engine is activated, which with a fuel reserve of 300 kg can provide a flight range of up to 90 km at a cruising speed of 400 km/h at an altitude of 500-2000 m .я?meya maximum subsonic quality of 4.5, the analog switches to a cruising flight mode with a planning trajectory angle of 12 ° and a vertical speed of about 18 m/sec.
fc210a035bc8475af6bfbd39daa46dda0a22cc39	The landing glide path has an inclination of 18°, (since the quality due to the released landing gear is reduced to 4), the landing speed is 250 km/h.
5f956f00e97135dce317ba1a91b52f663b72ba54	With a landing weight of 4.4 t, the run length is about 1000-1100 m.
bd7b85982f287695295759fc0f0bf231fc154f0e	The program for creating a suborbital manned analog " 50-11 "was never implemented in the intended volumes, but the developed design solutions for dropping the Tu 95KM carrier from the aircraft were in demand during the construction and testing of the subsonic analog"105.11".
e6e985291e8907bc11924b632178e683c1000c16	---------- Post added at 02:14 ---------- Previous post was at 02:08 ----------
d14953d8cb972cd3b97c6dde9a9c21813614c513	The first flights into space of the epic (products "50")
708ad3504d416c0267eb5e492e093588c89da631	The docking of the EPIC with the 11A511 rocket was worked out jointly with OKB 1 and its Kuibyshev branch.
4688a375aa3890255f45134a2f5a68878ea5812c	The dynamics of putting the aircraft into orbit was calculated and the output weight of the aircraft (6800 kg) and the possible height of the orbit (up to 150 km) were determined.
0310545d4e0e777251baf6978ee5caf170e9ccdb	At the same time, in order to reduce the disturbing aerodynamic moments acting on the rocket, the aircraft must be equipped with a conical fairing, which is dropped after the separation of the first stage of the rocket.
d12d7b80311aefce4031013839d8156c712f25b4	In this case, no significant improvements in the strength and control system of the rocket were required.
082b60f4fbcf89795c22235f54aa8297fe4a8bf7	Only the launch and lifting devices were subject to revision, with the creation of ground based control and verification devices servicing the orbital aircraft.
219d0ff15dd631f9b0ba43c30b0b1a4be0ddcc42	In the first flights, the EPIC had to test the fundamental feasibility of a gas dynamic maneuver to change the plane of the orbit.
c5f3bcf507b5b3763373bca7d0bafd4dfec39248	This maneuver was to become a regular element of the flight program of combat orbital aircraft in strike and reconnaissance versions to ensure the possibility of re passing over the target.
0c969f164451436ee9387a26151e8a8cc449bd4f	The available amount of fuel for performing the maneuver was 2000 kg due to the weight limit of the aircraft, conclusion and it was launched into orbit with the help of the 11A511 rocket.
250df0e0fd182f2437ed56e392459f1fd1280079	It was enough for 7 minutes of operation of the main rocket engine and the rotation of the orbit plane only by 8°.
8e92b704ecfc219a5e1bafbf52b569b3510bf3b6	Nevertheless, the success of this operation on the EPIC would give confidence in the rotation of the orbit plane on the combat WASPS at large (required) angles.
16074e91f99b6972d3e14ab565e7a4580dd4e5e5	The first test orbital flight was supposed to look like this.
40a642c3fe9dcbbe06a65d51de9363635030a5a0	First, after checking Board systems of the EPIC in the Assembly and testing facility at the site of Baikonur N2 refuel EPIC high boiling components of the fuel are then docking with the Soyuz (11А511).
96bbb52142dea732891f36275bd7e8f944cbef94	To do this, fold the wing in the starting position ("the tent on the back"), and after rolling the head fairing of the rocket with the spacecraft with a total height of about 37 m (10 m of which is accounted for under the fairing, and power farm fastening to PH) is transported to the start where the last operations (comprehensive inspection, refueling PH, landing a pilot astronaut in the apparatus, a set of pre launch readiness, etc.), the familiar triggers other "Unions".
68634bb65c494f20ad426db1e70f3e649b41aed4	The launch takes place in the early morning (from 6.00 to 9.00 DMV - decree Moscow time) during a two to three hour launch window to ensure landing at selected airfields on the territory of the USSR during daylight hours.
d4c01147022f3527a8cee5b5f4eaf6fe475c9cc5	In the active section of the PH flight, the fairing is affected by a maximum velocity pressure of 3600 kg/m2, the cosmonaut pilot experiences a maximum overload of 4.4 g.
30a26bdcad109800141da2619ceb9c310315dda1	The rocket puts the EPIC weighing 7 tons into a low working orbit with a height of 130 km, an inclination of 51 ° and a rotation period of about an hour and a half.
69220db77a72e2a938ee2ecc3e5701ea32be209a	Then the device drops a 200 kilogram connecting truss and begins half hour checks of on board systems, during which the ground control center analyzes the telemetry information coming from the board, after which the preparation of the maneuver for turning the orbit plane begins - the orientation engines are checked, the EPOS is stabilized to issue a pulse.
46929fa70859a2eea7d714d5ecdf860400e1e2fe	At the beginning of the second orbit, in the tracking zone of ground command posts, the main rocket engine turns on, and after 7 minutes, having "lightened" by almost 2 tons, the device enters a new orbit with an inclination of 58 ° 45'.
9d49cee8c13a0b8e9e002c91c44a04ac6cc3cd77	On the second round, tests of on board systems continue, i.e. the implementation of the flight program for "peaceful space exploration", then preparations for landing begin.
b725cfbad158ce26aa32ae4e48800a2bd267b64b	The wing consoles occupy the position for entering the atmosphere (V=60°), the EPIC is guided by the engines forward, and over �?the Ndian Ocean (approximately at the point with coordinates 20 ° S, 50 ° VD, at a distance of about 14,000 km to the landing airfield), by turning on emergency rocket engines (for the purpose of checking them), a braking impulse is issued for de orbiting.
ac444feff0f0bf396f5a42b1aab0238c1951dd01	The cosmonaut pilot drains the remaining fuel overboard and orients the device at the required angle of attack to enter the atmosphere at a speed of M=25.
ad9258f34f32f501fa2dd852bdb2d5d9aa25a32b	Hypersonic maneuvering in the atmosphere with an average aerodynamic quality of 0.9 (at an angle of attack of 45°) can provide a landing zone of plus/minus 1100 km in any direction from the orbital plane by performing a lateral maneuver and up to 4000 km in the orbital plane.
c79662c5f8a5b4aaa56225800be376a55f4c6bfd	The passage of the maximum heat flow section is carried out using a change in the roll angle in the range from 0 ° to 60°, which provides the necessary longitudinal and lateral range and output to a given landing area.
dca1f77e0aa1f0d089522b5e0818d9f7a20bb38e	Roll maneuvering significantly simplifies the control scheme and minimizes fuel costs for gas dynamic control during descent.
ed5acdc0c3ede25c1ec77231cfcee68dc7197a1a	The maximum overloads experienced by the pilot on the descent section do not exceed -1.4 g on the X axis (in the direction of "chest back") and +1.4 g on the Y axis ("head of the leg").
9c5ff1f9b9a0b7195b5816ec97095eb811398467	After reducing the speed to M=10, the consoles are programmatically unfolded to 45°.
a44e3061574b47b31416cd2969abbb1d01cd1ad1	The next final layout of the consoles to the maximum position (V=30°) occurs at a speed of M=2.5.
b6aa56288048adb7eae86de549ba78b4e68d63c2	At a distance of 60 km to the airfield, a turbojet engine is launched, developing a thrust of 1000 kgf at a speed of M=0.35, and a planning section begins from a height of 2000 m, where the aircraft performs pre landing maneuvering (with a maximum overload on the turn ny=1.5 g) at a speed of about 400 km/h, descending at a vertical speed of 18 m / sec along a trajectory with an angle of inclination of 12°.
2653586888c10a212c3f6326e9632792ce0cefae	A landing approach is made from a height of 500 m.
3d0e3df356778a227826d5df29db94013737e0d8	The manufactured landing gear reduces the aerodynamic quality from 4.5 to 4, with a landing weight of 4.5 tons, the aircraft can withstand a landing angle of 14°, touching the runway at a speed of 225-250 km/h.
1bce2a85f70987d3d2b3d357a209011379aa1337	The length of the run of the still hot device along the dirt strip is 1000-1700 m.
a6ddcbdbb7ffb3bef47cb48c6c892926682fe8fa	At the end of the runway, the plane is already waiting at a respectful distance (after all, the remnants of toxic fuel!) greeters, and the plane has just returned from the plasma furnace, you need to give it time to cool down...
ce98beb866eecbdf17b781f568ce046ca6284348	Or maybe the landing team, dressed in chemical protection suits, is quickly deploying ground based means of cooling the hull and ventilating the internal compartments?
42401efed14c21192e90b6def3f0e3fd8559a44d	In any case it ends with the exit tired of smiling pilot cosmonaut, greetings and hugs N ish airfield in the Western part of the USSR...
16e71cb9478135c1ffbf3d63df83999221f15e0c	�?Menno the country's first real pilot astronaut looks both terms in the same flight...
24e19f7c65b6b3cb01c32127bb6b1a6fcfd85aca	(not belittling the accomplishments of our astronauts skazem that the few lucky ones, ketabchi into space on the U.S. space Shuttle, there was only passengers)
e89bb38db32cc860b1a98995c44f56094661c2fd	It wasnot ... but it could have been!
29a4e4b91edc1f8631cc67305927649006861915	Such a flight could really take place in the early 70s!
4d4814b0558b2d685ebc74c082b5c5ed1a30d1a8	After all, much later, already in our days, when all the emotions about the closure of the Spiral program were noisy, one of the designers said in an interview with the web master: "With the GSR, of course, it was still a question, but with the EPIC orbiter, there are no questions, it could really be built, and it would fly now..."
cee7ab0a88682c43a8262045902dcc6e23accfdf	We will add from ourselves - only probably, after all, with quartz tile thermal protection.
fb084306f48d1401530a00e73ad759966a44485b	The original image is sized 800x265.
5fbcedc7e28578ddc50c903f803c209acf4fd5de	In the drawing of the orbital aircraft on the Soyuz launch vehicle (11A511), taken from the Spiral advance project and shown above on the left, any specialist will see a fundamental error a two stage rocket is depicted, which is fundamentally unable to put a cargo weighing 6.8 tons into orbit.
13537640b39f66e93455de88cb289c7dc0ed4d44	To put an orbiting aircraft into orbit, a three stage modification of the rocket is required, which we have depicted in our reconstruction
86d3f8268733485bc93757fc5de6620d4ae418c1	The third stage is the most mysterious, and information on it is extremely scarce.
a1c21be8fd0b1022d5a6b5968181d919c4646199	But in the end, at the next, fourth stage, we had to get a unique aerospace system, getting acquainted with which even today, forty years (!) later, you feel legitimate pride and admiration for the engineering talent and the power of foresight of its authors.
f2db126dc1416f4649b7b1806c31370ec5af62a2	---------- Post added at 02:19 ---------- Previous post was at 02:14 ----------
0da3826f7a7dd7c4c9f1e7db4aa0270e596f76be	The combat manned single seat reusable OS provided for the use of a daytime photo reconnaissance, radar reconnaissance, a space target interceptor or a strike aircraft with a space to Earth missile and could be used for the inspection of space objects.
6860cee8c50caee44e2e8be6bd7ce330a337767c	The weight of the aircraft in all variants was 8800 kg, including 500 kg of combat load in the scout and interceptor variants and 2000 kg in the strike aircraft.
0ff37f3ccf9e5d8ffefdef7b0468d2e58008e3e5	The range of reference orbits was 130 ... 150 km in height and 450...1350 in inclination in the northern and southern directions when starting from the territory of the USSR, and the flight task was to be performed during 2-3 turns (the third round is landing).
78ca3199960b11d7e5c835ab46e2e1bcd497b650	The maneuvering capabilities of the OS using an onboard rocket propulsion system running on high energy fuel components fluorine F2 + amidol (50% N2H4 + 50% BH3N2H4), were supposed to provide a change in the inclination of the orbit for the scout and interceptor by 170, for an attack aircraft with a rocket on board (and a reduced fuel reserve) - 70...80.
02308dcf2c497a6f42fc570e2dc2e6b616a9dc8e	The interceptor was also able to perform a combined maneuver a simultaneous change in the inclination of the orbit by 120 with an ascent to an altitude of up to 1000 km.
ef02dc50e9512a919bed93518bd080871ce1aff3	After performing an orbital flight and turning on the braking engines, the OS should enter the atmosphere with a large angle of attack, control at the descent stage was provided for by changing the roll at a constant angle of attack.
dce19fadad3ade2f4ef1537fcd565b1491c42038	On the trajectory of the planning descent in the atmosphere, the ability to perform an aerodynamic maneuver at a range of 4000 was set...6000 km with a lateral deviation of plus/minus 1100...1500 km.
42a32fc96d335a156c3dc17210b314464abed341	The OS was to be output to the landing area with a choice of the speed vector along the runway axis, which was achieved by choosing a roll change program.
c41b6b267a3060f64a7fa5c59db6f5063d56d599	The maneuverability of the aircraft made it possible to land at night and in difficult weather conditions at one of the reserve airfields of the territory of the Soviet Union from any of the 3 turns.
140f74d8468fd05b2562847cab8f05dc494112d9	The landing was made using a turbojet engine ("36-35" developed by OKB 36), on a class II unpaved airfield at a speed of no more than 250 km / h.
09223c2bf06b59e6946020ee72c8f24975172bbf	According to the Spiral advance project approved by G. E. Lozino Lozinsky on June 29, 1966, the VOS with an estimated mass of 115 tons was a combined winged wide body reusable horizontal takeoff and landing vehicles - a 52 ton hypersonic booster aircraft (which received the index "50-50"), and a manned OS (index "50") located on it with a two - stage rocket accelerator a launch unit.
167538bbfdb35b83b94b65b37d1e69839f786e1b	In the main version, four air jet engines (VRD) running on liquid hydrogen are installed on the GSR.
3bf9578159d55f49c0db9357841f560f5e3504a2	The GSR was used to accelerate the VOS to a hypersonic speed corresponding to M=6 (about 1800 m / s), then at an altitude of 28...30 km there was a separation of the stages, after which the GSR returned to the airfield, and the OS with the help of the LRE of the output unit I was entering a working orbit.
3f67f25816445253abfbf2fa8a136318ff5dc2a3	To speed up the flight testing of the carrier aircraft, the installation of four VRD (P 39-300), running on kerosene and having approximately the same air flow, is provided.
2007a8dd4ae7c74739bc372c7fbe0c2435af80f0	The VOS made it possible to put a payload weighing up to 10.3 tons into a polar orbit with a height of 130-150 km at a starting parallax of up to 750 km when using a liquid hydrogen power plant on the GSR and a cargo of 5.0 tons with a kerosene power plant on the GSR.
355af39d9a4215818698ab3e6c548e6f09d124e3	due to the lack of development of liquid fluorine as an oxidizer to accelerate the work on VOS as a whole, an alternative development of a two - stage rocket accelerator on oxygen hydrogen fuel and the gradual development of fluorine fuel on OS was proposed as an intermediate step first, the use of high boiling fuel on nitrogen tetraxide and asymmetric dimethylhydrazine (AT+NDMG), then fluoro ammonia fuel (F2+NH3), and only after accumulating experience, it was planned to replace ammonia on amidol.
be0c7c13aa6419dadbff78c260713d7403f7cb0c	Thus, the team of OKB 155 A.�?.In the summer of 1966, Mikoyan began to develop an air orbiting aircraft, which, thanks to the features of the design solutions laid down and the chosen scheme of the aircraft launch, made it possible to implement fundamentally new properties for the means of launching military loads into space:
e4439278fd28742504f06e7cdb9b014b7c273c31	- putting into orbit a payload that makes up 9% or more of the take off weight of the system by weight;
d2e9d4df303350af0dbc5af1afb002d76d634d67	- reducing the cost of putting one kilogram of payload into orbit by 3-3.
9dc5fda66094339214cdff756e08557ef69a502b	5 times compared to rocket complexes with the same fuel components;
677c5a0ea80ae61ebc3a2599a5369fad78ec9816	- the launch of spacecraft in a wide range of directions and the possibility of rapid re targeting of the launch with a change of the necessary parallax due to the aircraft range;
dda6a1c0bda8f439ba30cb28ab2a60144853c06f	- self relocation of the booster aircraft;
8de501ee825bef012681e54faf049bb89b84ed82	- minimizing the required number of airfields;
097a9d8b23f10984eff3d066b9a8234d4d13382c	- quick launch of a combat orbital aircraft to any point of the globe;
9166e2f601499ce8c9d1f269a67f6bea5912d014	- effective maneuvering of an orbital aircraft not only in space, but also at the stage of descent and landing;
95c68c074d387bb7fbe7f2cdd6c419e72a721d9a	- aircraft landing at night and in difficult weather conditions at an airfield specified or selected by the crew from any of the three turns.
a192deff6dec6e37cbe8e989e8006765ef2c677c	At the same time, the designers already at the stage of the preliminary project saw ways to further improve the system.
3f36656d206bae9251b181b0a19ea14a1dba4d46	First of all, it was planned to achieve a significant increase in the efficiency of the VOS by developing a reusable accelerator with a RAMJET with supersonic combustion, which made it possible to create a completely reusable complex in the future.
5dcd48d252a3408de10fb22bc72d1cf4b85f0db1	Gorenje
73342434dcf28e09e4592f3c7ce874d3536c67c9	The designers hoped that these features of the VOS would ensure its economic feasibility, prompt solution of military tasks and effective use of near Earth outer space for military purposes.
99b8627c1174df07b422129a53aa68db079a992b	For the full scale processing of the design and the main systems that should be used on combat aircraft in the future, an experimental manned single seat reusable orbital aircraft was worked out in detail in the advance project, which, in order to accelerate the work, without waiting for the development of the GSR, was to be put into orbit using a Soyuz launch vehicle (product 11A511 developed by the Design Bureau 1 S. P. Korolev); and an analogue of an orbital aircraft launched from a Tu 95 carrier aircraft similar to the X 20 rocket.
f1e3d18541f0c60fbdbad90703a764deaf22cee8	2 users said thank you to the Giant Kalinin for this useful message:
9420b457cda5c702b7db1877431274369bc53c72	Vitalikk (13.02.2012), S. O. Makarov (12.03.2012)
1c25907fb3efeb91101db3ff254570d375656fcd	13.02.2012 15:51
831895038cd3287134053ddaa79a96949b736c57	#3
723d8f72c299d83ef613b1a479dba07588216127	Let's go back to the " Buran"
0ce6ca82a19c033631aea70e771d4783f5e90075	Application of " Buran"
b8fd7720c94a5753d484eccb43ac2c54646a38d7	�?so, "Buran" was intended for: - comprehensive counteraction to the activities of a potential enemy to expand the use of outer space for military purposes;
d414278049203bea26ff219e354336f4ae9af596	- solving target tasks in the interests of defense, national economy and science;
b292b94ba6af20577db4c9253d56f7b54b1fe1a8	- conducting military applied research and experiments to ensure the creation of large space systems using weapons on known and new physical principles;
4ef811543533504aec7761711b61909320412b51	- launching into orbit, servicing them and returning spacecraft, astronauts and cargo to Earth.
efc6103fc2bc39b9486f78e162ca96f0955aa46e	Combat space complexes
915adbea41aac50d1c507285c162864bd6c453a3	In the late 60s - early 70s, work began in the United States to explore the possibility of using outer space for conducting combat operations in space and from space.
f0dac07ce0dd41b59bdd82197f07c96214c069d3	The Government of the USSR by a number of special resolutions (the first Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On the study of the possibility of creating weapons for conducting combat operations in space and from space" was issued in 1976) entrusted the work in the country in this area to the cooperation of developer organizations headed by NPO Energia.
37337da14d1f3847c6d3fa330f1d1d7bfb33c228	In the 70s and 80s, a complex of studies was conducted to determine possible ways to create space assets capable of solving the tasks of destroying military spacecraft, ballistic missiles in flight, as well as especially important air, sea and ground targets.
1bb4cd30f28e6a525f8eb8ecce17883c1c98e8ea	At the same time, the task was set to achieve the necessary characteristics of these funds on the basis of using the scientific and technical reserve that was available at that time with the prospect of developing these funds with limited production capacity and financing.
d1aaab67d8f7107a5f611bd56ce15c464ba70d4c	To defeat the military space objects has been developed for two combat spacecraft on a single constructive basis, equipped with various types of on Board armament systems - laser (combat system "SKIF") and rocket (military complex "Cascade").
d9d544390bc803efecfafb8ac0aafaf314640f37	The basis of both devices were unified service unit, based on the design of service systems and units of space station series 17K DOS.
5e47b559d53e289ee76cb05ad0ae2c48791c55d6	Unlike the station, the service unit had to have significantly larger fuel tanks of the propulsion system to ensure maneuvering in orbit.
989e7eec9e1dcb0b37a989631422adef6b082775	Combat space complexes the payload of the OK " Buran"
a8cff148d78a0be0412b31e0a7d787dd8d20504f	The Skif system"
21e6d1b14d0d675e05b791c8badc6d13e7526101	Designations: 1 instrument fuel compartment;
833457248e5e5717cf24ca62de94885cfbd7ab22	2 aggregate compartment;
011b477b7c80486f932fc536917cfb7775880cd7	3 on board complex of special weapons
1b989d48a66060ea676b20f20d1eeee8c6ef2489	The Cascade system"
e21ed207c17e396079b339eaa9f1082bed123c83	Designations: 1 - the basic unit, which includes the aggregate and instrument fuel compartments;
0c911b2af010e8de22c17936428526056f80523a	2 on board weapons system;
8446055a90787525d57f709a0db82c77f473ba6b	3 - homing missile
2474dde9cd5f869b2ac123c125d5502eb6bcfba9	Combat Space Homing Interceptor Missile
3edf127713ed8e0bcd91a49e3288e52c60a8387e	The launch of spacecraft into orbit was supposed to be carried out in the cargo compartment of the ISS Buran orbiter (by the Proton carrier rocket at the experimental stage).
234a843128f7c7c1c1ab0c1f31fcb544617bfede	It was planned to refuel the tanks in orbit with the help of means also delivered to the vehicles in the ISS Buran OK.
fe633b2756dead9aa13489b7613a4d9fc80c8d32	To ensure a long period of combat duty in orbit and maintain high readiness of space complexes, it was provided for the possibility of visiting objects by the crew (two people up to 7 days), including using the Soyuz SPACECRAFT.
cecac3739881291a8a152048dd2bb95e494af6d1	The smaller mass of the on board weapons complex "Cascade" with rocket weapons, compared with the complex" Skif " with laser weapons, allowed to have a larger fuel supply on board the spacecraft, so it seemed advisable to create a system with an orbital grouping consisting of combat spacecraft, one part of which is equipped with laser, and the other with rocket weapons.
fc9364e6d2e4fabdf98a7f55da25ab15bf6e55cb	At the same time, the first type of spacecraft was to be used for low - orbit objects, and the second for objects located in medium altitude and geostationary orbits.
9f6f1c274e7777fd23784ae048abb6c2e873b129	To defeat the launching ballistic missiles and their head blocks on the passive flight section, a project of a space based interceptor missile was developed for the Cascade complex at NPO Energia.
215f43684e6757f39851c16be6aab358edef37b2	In the practice of NPO Energia, it was the smallest, but the most energy armed rocket.
b45eeac0c64a8114017586d195af22df3738c957	Suffice it to say that with a launch mass measured in only tens of kilograms, the interceptor rocket had a reserve of characteristic speed commensurate with the characteristic speed of rockets that put modern payloads into orbit?NW.
a3c1694a473473e17f8ca87ac22bdd8386a70121	High performance was achieved through the use of technical solutions based on the latest achievements of domestic science and technology in the field of instrument miniaturization.
88c787a2ab72301becc6757582eca032cc88fae7	The author's development of NPO Energia was a unique propulsion system using unconventional non cryogenic fuels and heavy duty composite materials.
4de16754b8802db85031c93325c741b565cf2cf3	In the early 90s, due to the change in the military political situation, work on combat space complexes at NPO Energia was stopped.
4eb1e5beb0527a2f7552143b3757f798cd0380de	All thematic divisions of the Head Design Bureau and a wide cooperation of specialized organizations of developers of the country's military industrial complex, as well as leading research organizations of the Ministry of Defense and the Academy of Sciences were involved in the work on combat space complexes.
d2ff3255fae6f743bb426588d45cee5441ab7343	According to other sources, the missile system for the Cascade was developed by order of NPO Energia in the firm of A. E. Nudelman, a well known designer of cannon weapons for aircraft and spacecraft.
a93e811cce9a1da8c63f360836150a4999482514	For the orbital tests of the rockets, it was decided to install them on the Progress cargo transport ships.
03640fbedc58fb2a6f9cbdee79e2ea600444b854	At the first stage, in 1986-88, five flights of such ships were planned as part of the Cascade program.
8a8a662aca3c031306001d3c64a60b5f9a41a2e4	The production of these ships under the side numbers 129, 130, 131, 132 and 133 began at the production base of NPO Energia - the Experimental Mechanical Engineering Plant (ZEM).
18ed730792c20b12b45df60b7eef7d5f80451224	However, it never came to flight tests.
65942e718628854465f176ba70709a4cf6d6937a	The ships were converted and put into orbit (already under new numbers) for their original purpose - to deliver cargo to the manned orbital station.
c53566e0d87da1b6c92741524dd6871e61704fc6	In the early 1990s, work on the program for creating the Cascade apparatus was discontinued.
1e0d075344565891141cccf7c2692716cea50202	The main company for the laser complex for the "Skif" was the NGO "Astrophysics" - the leading Soviet laser company.
7f72bd8a1a6db8f4e06b0c858f70ce80f371e878	After the transfer of the groundwork for the "Skif" from NPO Energia to the Salyut Design Bureau in the early 1980s, a new team developed a project for a space based heavy combat laser station "Skif".
99f9b55f45953847cb40f312d3af5e40f9ac2756	On August 18, 1983, the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov, made a statement that the USSR unilaterally stops testing the anti space defense complex.
dac01954697d78cd2f95ca6d72782ff8c339203d	However, with the announcement of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SO�?)program in the United States work on the Skiff was continued, and on May 15, 1987, a dynamic mock up of the Skif DM laser station weighing about 80 tons was tested in space during the first test launch of the Energia launch vehicle.
d32ad324c37b8d1508b0cc7c776f2c914280b091	To defeat particularly important ground targets, a space station was developed, the basis of which was the station of the 17K DOS series and on which autonomous modules with ballistic or gliding type combat units were to be based.
0deca4bf6c0223792638601f5836b5a4ef82832a	By a special command, the modules were separated from the station, by maneuvering they had to occupy the necessary position in outer space, followed by the separation of the blocks on command for combat use.
e1dc2eb6869370832c1c30ea577db049dd1f5d4e	The design and main systems of the autonomous modules were borrowed from the Buran orbiter.
25bfb0f5d143c40a0f1df3ae2d023a922368ee40	As a variant of the combat unit, a device based on the experimental model of the OK "Buran" (devices of the "BOR"family) was considered.
a3614a67e770c1529ec6c26d087141ae65008bee	The military target load for Buran was developed on the basis of a special secret resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On the study of the possibility of creating weapons for conducting combat operations in space and from space" (1976)
fedf86d29f23c101e7580bcd2d13cc73736927ae	---------- Post added at 14:51 ---------- Previous post was at 13:57 ----------
f85a036481a6704471bbf2d137db25322a86c247	The original image is sized 765x762.
bc0bf8cd6d22d9373e199741b56633a5ce669dca	Most likely (for obvious reasons, we are forced to use this phrase - "most likely"), the combat units, which were essentially planning nuclear bombs, should have been compactly placed in the payload compartment of the combat strike module with the wing consoles folded in three...four sequentially mounted revolver catapult launchers.
539814bbab74198a084e388e45e3ff339c8bf9cd	The figure on the left shows a cross section of the payload compartment with the warheads installed on one of the revolver launchers.
6d791b8e6dee15d5f761c3ae60373c3b4ab5b7b0	Taking into account the possible lateral maneuver of each combat unit during descent in the atmosphere of at least plus/minus 1100...1500 km one strike module could in a short time with its twenty maneuvering combat units wipe out all life from the face of the Earth in a strip up to 3000 km wide.
c66368ccbbeb8b40a6d9e8d6be81f81759cf9c3e	This is how S. Alexandrov describes the use of the combat space station in his article "The Sword that became a shield" ("Youth Technology", N4 ' 98):
6d986667ac65c4d20772a339c00ed1ea8e574b82	"...The same basic module as on the Mir orbital station, the same side ones
2bb6a2039e6dc696cd0577f984c344cc3219e7db	(it's no secret that, for example, tests of an optical system for detecting rocket launches were supposed to be carried out on the Spectrum...
f99298f0e36c33cdfb6614d0e5ac07cddc4205fa	And a stabilized platform with TV and photo cameras on the "Crystal" - what is not a sight?), but instead of an astrophysical "Quantum" - a module with a combat control complex.
09883c8551c73ebda7c013467c7465adaa61adcf	Under the" ball " of the transition compartment is another adapter, on which four modules (based on the "Buranovsky" fuselage) with combat blocks hang.
09227ba40fef871ccfb83939d3916da8eede61f7	This is ,so to speak, the"starting position".
4e39ed7ee2c11e3036e71db550c0aa751ceeb488	On alarm, they separate and diverge into working orbits, chosen from the following consideration: that each block will reach its target at the moment when the control center will fly over it.
3d2b80af63dd2afb009ccd24233f592dd94d5c3b	The fuselage of the Buran is used in this project on the principle of "do not waste the good": large fuel reserves in the combined propulsion system and a very good control system allow you to actively maneuver in orbit, while the payload combat units are in a container, hidden from prying eyes, as well as unfavorable factors of space flight.
2e2f6cc6f9e797f905d43e1836f80fd41ffe27c3	What is essential in the context of strategic deterrence is that this weapon system will deliver a targeted, "surgical" strike even if everything else is destroyed.
e0819424b4fb5a3e9822a892980bef60f6a03c02	Like nuclear submarines, it is able to wait out the first salvo!"
2a8084c3536ae928b950c65bf36de2b9ea9728da	When creating the Buran ,it was also assumed that maneuvering combat units could be placed not only on the attack modules, but also on the orbiters themselves, being located on revolver launchers inside the cargo compartment.
e035f9b80e3ca12e7ba3bcb7bdbe52ad0c88f1e2	It is possible that if necessary (for example, the cancellation of the order for combat use) the ship's onboard manipulator could be used to return the shock modules to the cargo compartment on the turret launchers for their maintenance and reuse, as shown in the figure below on the left.
188d31321a8918a8fee1bab4ddaddd527eff0e09	Another option for using Buran as a carrier of space to Earth class attack weapons provided for the placement on board of the orbital head parts 8F021 of the orbital ("global") R 36orb rocket (R 36 O, OR 36, 8K69orb), each of which consisted of a body, an instrument compartment with a control system, a brake propulsion system and a combat unit with a monoblock thermonuclear charge with a capacity of 5 MT in TNT equivalent.
11dc7be779e34ec811dab306998a1b1b5d6014e7	The blocks were to be placed in low waiting orbits with a height of 150-180 km, at the descent from which an autonomous inertial control system with a gyrostabilized platform ensured the accuracy of hitting a ground target (circular probable deviation - CVO) of 1100 meters.
c00d9eb2da483351c7f40c457c3f863fc4a74c22	With the weight of one complete block of 1700 kg, Buran could launch up to 15 blocks into space in one launch, replacing a similar number of R 36orb missiles (for comparison: in the USSR, as part of the only regiment on combat duty from 25.08.1969 until its liquidation under the OSV 2 agreement, 18 mine launchers were deployed).
4484bfbdd47b59d61acc39b5e9581e739570fbeb	In addition to the head parts of the R 36orb rocket, special Bolide missiles of the cosmos Earth class in nuclear execution were developed for the Buran.
ebd1af86cc923e5b992954087786912a272d4e1e	Presumably, the Bolid missile was created at NPO Mashinostroeniya either as a further development of the 3M 45 (P 700) Granit anti ship missile (photo on the left) with a 3M15 nuclear warhead (with a capacity of 500 kt), or on the basis of the 3M 25 Meteor cruise strategic missile (fig. on the right).
5cc54480c9a14e2d9fe1ab295c8047532893e737	The Bolid rocket was supposed to have an atmospheric flight range of up to 800 km at an altitude of more than 21 km.
832dcbe1e860a9d2a4ac60d068303ca3994751d5	"Bolides" were created for high precision destruction of protected targets (underground command posts of ICBM mines, etc.), so their concrete piercing warhead could be buried to a depth of up to 30 meters before the explosion.
f39be41346137bc07c3e94edb25b8959a881923b	In parallel, technical measures were being worked out that did not allow the enemy's spacecraft inspectors to detect (for example, by X ray or registration of radioactive/ionizing radiation, etc.) nuclear or conventional weapons on board the Buran.
f5e0d2626e60c7e788dbaa27491c0e66b294dd0a	There is fragmentary information about other military aspects of the use of orbiters.
a33f3b62b09febaee2c55654a75783c180bb2999	In particular, as part of the "asymmetric response" to the American "Star Wars" program (SO�? - the Strategic Defense Initiative) the issues of mining near Earth space with the help of a "Buran" with the creation of an insurmountable veil for the space segment of the SO? were considered.
5f7529b6bc7342593b9283c8e4af3fd7200d8370	The active means acting on enemy spacecraft were called " Fireplaces "(from" space mines").
28871163283332e38d1e76a308f3909d60609951	" Fireplaces " could be used both in conventional and nuclear equipment.
eae232cd474cfbe1e2c6a6821a8839cdf09ecd64	In addition, a third, special version of equipment was also provided for them: in the USSR (under the leadership of Nikolai Vetchinkin, the son of the famous aerodynamicist prof. V. P. Vetchinkin), research work was carried out with ground based experimental testing to create orbital high explosive clouds (based on high explosive sols), quickly and completely "cleaning" the entire near Earth space from spacecraft to altitudes of 3000 km.
3fe57ae55d28ca3a75d2107f853565f45f8bc98f	Of course, after the operation of this original means, near Earth space became completely inaccessible for several months, but these measures were supposed to be used only during (or immediately before) a full scale military conflict between the USSR and the United States.
a86d5a2dd28e02d7a4617998138e1b0d97910460	And as you know, "they cut down the forest - chips fly"...
e982c251c04a32f3db523df69ae0032e9c9ba2bf	All possible scenarios of combat operations in outer space with the participation of 11F35 orbiters were worked out, modeled (i.e. played), analyzed and evaluated at the head institute for military Space of the TSN????
44857c6019e4b54265f3163fedad9587ccee799c	-50 of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR.
6e6049305d25df5e76aac82cadd06b7eaadc3a4f	By the time of the launch of the Buran on 15.11.1988, the military scientific justification for its use was completely completed, and some technical samples of its weapons were undergoing ground testing.
9751ab8eb6e899aff1df531c82730b22ef660d20	But there were also less "radical" military plans for the use of orbiters.
9b72c3429da5b24f469895d033c6f5f0c0467719	For example, for breeding exclusively on the "Buran" in the Kuibyshev (now Samara) TsSKB under the leadership of D.??.Kozlov created a heavy (mass in orbit 24 t) orbital complex of multispectral optical and electronic reconnaissance "Sapphire", periodically serviced by astronauts during visiting expeditions.
4e8936d872986b5a5d255d5e1e883c62e169074a	The basis of the Saphir complex was to be an optical telescope with a diameter of the main mirror of 3 meters.
9566ca44d8e6c8938e4352bf2f1fd2b7de525d21	The development of the telescope managed to advance before the production of the first flight sample.
6d60da7ae9c2ac2453d86044e09884ea865474b1	According to the technology of manufacturing the main mirror, the glass billet was supposed to cool down slowly in the furnace for several years, but already in the process of its cooling, the USSR collapsed, work on the Buran was frozen, and the Sapphire was no longer needed, since with uncertain prospects for orbital spacecraft, the Proton payload was clearly not enough.
87a5e897761b0d96c347cfaba9c158b5aa9d4a10	Be that as it may, by accident or not, but after the collapse of the USSR, after a year and a half of cooling the workpiece, the technological process was disrupted and it cracked.
ccad71959d0458d2a99ccceab1e3cd90138ae82d	A domestic optical telescope with a 3 meter mirror in space has not appeared until now.
e4e0b7f5010fcce57b9b77e43832b22980b75a67	One of the possible images of the Saphir optical electronic reconnaissance orbital complex when it is placed in the Buran cargo compartment is presented on the right.
5c7afe3f2fd1f91c929f98097c1ce7d8be7efb8b	About the "Sapphire" complex, see also the article "Top secret space" in the newspaper "Volzhskaya Kommuna" from 26.04.2007.
3d3ebdc33239e1acc5cda2930312862b20571cfb	There were also completely exotic projects for the military use of 11F35 orbiters, about which very little is known.
e52f9c23d3dc95bb38fd4f87a101d9021df5a5f8	For example, in the case of a full scale deployment of the Soviet Star Wars program in outer space, the Skif combat orbital laser stations were to operate, the demonstration model of which (the Polyus spacecraft) the USSR tried to put into orbit on May 15, 1987.
75575c89eba617842ca9c1b00238d6426a60f346	The initial plans assumed that at first the combat stations would be equipped with excimer lasers, but in the future it was planned to use liquid fluorine as a working medium for pumping the laser.
5ca380d6f7b7ab97fd6e81ecd318a10d949fc09c	As the working fluid was consumed during the firing process, the combat stations had to be refueled - for this purpose, it was supposed to develop a modification of a reusable space tanker equipped with a self defense complex based on Orbita Orbita class missiles on the basis of 11F35 reusable orbiters.
a42ee68cf83a45770bb003316bb099e02e4e5bbf	Below we present a freeze frame (screenshot) of our screensaver, illustrating both the moment of refueling of the combat laser, and all the stages of the operation of the combat laser station:
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0fd8dcecd3d8b8faaef7b9bcec15f7936042e9e6	Popular Mechanics
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5d28c2226bcce8249bcc4ec66710d071da64c921	Made in Russia
3dbb57e9cfb25ed056d76dbe97257d33fc14d6ee	The Soviet shuttle: The storm around the "Buran"
6917e9b127972397bbd26d16f1b1013827479775	There are even opinions that the Soviet Union was destroyed by two things — the war in Afghanistan and the exorbitant costs of the "Buran".
ca601a52ed571afc3d75c0d4f47f45b1393f2fc7	Is it so?
b75fbff9824b4875839ca498b3f6932a54133ab3	Why and for what was Buran created, and who needed it?
0be2fced7ee60aeec8e3f7d8c079310ec7476fe4	Why is it so similar to the overseas "Shuttle"?
f0fed4224666ab2cd22937a8ba410aad57f597f3	How was it arranged?
2e2bc075878eb60e72c4e02f3419451f7a895e36	What is the "Buran" for our cosmonautics — a "dead end branch" or a technical breakthrough that was far ahead of its time?
1f646879aa2eece46504067f7c1d3ebfa4d96009	Who created it and what could it give to our country?
3af32352e03a929d34a8f38ff6f699fd3fac2185	And of course, the most important question is why it does not fly?
b8591dc097dc3e7e89d4f9afef6f302a78e35280	We are opening a column in our magazine, in which we will try to answer these questions.
542b92b6e10c6fdecb0537ef7c3d3907e88fc74b	In addition to the" Buran", we will tell you about other reusable spacecraft, both flying today and not going further than design kulmans.
7b7a12012446b3338e1f54c8946e832f5d20b62a	Vadim Lukashevich
6618c42cca495b82161dc4d0f7ebdd8f76f8c806	31.08.2007
3213febbe845959f3baa2b884292c4ae412585e3	August 30, 2007
19af1429817e291bce822f5a1fa1425e17e2e1d2	92007
9df54166cc68e1280add635e85058423b0287ee1	November 15, 1988: "Buran" over the planet
429bf1d4e1d21749744b8271f625de104b9a0a5c	The creator of "Energy" Valentin Glushko
de3a217b85974211530e15b4f900473d74dfc62d	"Father "of" Buran " Gleb Lozino Lozinsky
f364e9b0a5b8c5b6618dd1cd7fa4d1373898cbfe	KA "Bor 4" after the flight
1f2ae48af52d05858d9e13a9280c86f374ce9f83	This is how the Buran could dock with the ISS
734c749ff948299a4daf92d12a0667d8d7611093	The intended payloads of the Buran in the failed manned flight
9569c886d87916c697126f3e5c11398c1a78f1bc	Fifteen years ago, on November 15, 1988, the Soviet reusable spacecraft Buran made its flight, which ended with an automatic landing on the Baikonur runway that has not been repeated until now.
8ffc9f0d79509f7495c903271c5fb06e248e9a82	The largest, most expensive and longest lasting project of the Russian cosmonautics was terminated after a triumphant single flight.
44e08e3cd874b297eb1938d98fb5e28c1dc9e342	In terms of the amount of material and financial resources spent, human energy and intelligence, the Buran creation program surpasses all previous space programs of the USSR, not to mention today's Russia.
64dd60fe1a049fe6db3eb1369dec2e42bf428e21	Background
80e17b8fdf5e5e7810a6bf7903da72beffd647fa	Despite the fact that the idea of an airplane spacecraft was first expressed by the Russian engineer Friedrich Zander in 1921, the idea of winged reusable spacecraft did not cause much enthusiasm among domestic designers — the solution turned out to be excessively complex.
43aec2b28a42e26a48d96636d36d1da7856b08c5	The PKA was supposed to launch on the royal launch vehicle R 7.
b1440fc36f8604bda00d50ea32318b8ca8314f90	The device had a length of 9.4 m, a wingspan of 5.5 m, a fuselage width of 3 m, a launch mass of 4.7 t, a landing mass of 2.6 t and was designed for 27 hours of flight.
54b1a6f8cff813fd124c0bc598dd7cfd1abb194d	The crew consisted of one cosmonaut, who had to eject before landing the device.
25a8e97c809b3c2f82607a06996d5da4b767f851	For example, in the early 60s, work began in the United States to create a small single seat returnable Dyna Soar (Dynamic Soaring) rocket plane.
9abd5a2ca06b045406f4fd81fb55845b3c8fdc18	The Soviet response was the deployment of work on the creation of domestic orbital and aerospace aircraft in aviation design bureaus.
7a41c2721ed9cd8f680763e027cea9ec98f4796b	The Chelomey Design Bureau developed the R 1 and R 2 rocket planes, and the Tupolev Design Bureau developed the Tu 130 and Tu 136.
9f366579a4947837e2babd2df52f1e9989cd5978	But the greatest success of all aviation companies was achieved by the Mikoyan Design Bureau 155, in which in the second half of the 60s, under the leadership of Gleb Lozino Lozinsky, work was launched on the Spiral project, which became the forerunner of the Buran.
58e9e5972ddd810aa5cd0b62fdc18030dd881f53	The project provided for the creation of a two stage aerospace system consisting of a hypersonic booster aircraft and an orbital aircraft made according to the "carrier body" scheme, launched into space using a two stage rocket stage.
b50e10056ee8134ce838316c7b46d320a473bdc0	The work was completed with atmospheric flights of a manned aircraft analog of an orbital aircraft, called EPOS (Experimental Manned Orbital Aircraft).
bce0712faad0a0860e1c977f396421cc0605d404	The Spiral project was significantly ahead of its time, and our story about it is still ahead.
b151f7047f58c3d9c7cdd64fe2e4e3293d34f24a	Within the framework of the "Spiral", already actually at the stage of closing the project, rocket launches into orbit of artificial Earth satellites and suborbital trajectories of the BOR spacecraft (Unmanned Orbital Rocket Plane) were carried out for full scale tests, which at first were reduced copies of the EPIC ("BOR 4"), and then large scale models of the Buran spacecraft ("BOR 5").
1fd303cb9876ed72136acd6b75f400d8d55254a2	The decline in American interest in space rocket planes led to the actual cessation of work on this topic in the USSR.
e5a95b7fcdc22a1d947a2b1752069ae2272dea88	Fear of the unknown
2c3087cf7943ba560a109aeaf3ea6e12181e75dd	By the 70s, it became finally clear that the military confrontation would be transferred to space.
705817a48325fd4cfcb5c603ec8d6658abb0d43c	There was a need for funds not only for the construction of orbital systems, but also for their maintenance, prevention, and restoration.
6bfb6f69bd3c0474200e79bc17ec12aa96aca1d5	This was especially true of orbital nuclear reactors, without which the combat systems of the future could not exist.
c4f783fe536ae86200d20f68de849410a85471b9	Soviet designers tended to favor well proven disposable systems.
1535c85261baeba54b82e162f349d4c7891fc8ea	But on January 5, 1972, US President Richard Nixon approved the program for creating a reusable space system (ISS) Space Shuttle, which was developed with the participation of the Pentagon.
8a26b63f439d08600688ed54c6f5aafeb9fb32de	Interest in such systems was automatically aroused in the Soviet Union — already in March 1972, the ISS was discussed at the Commission of the Presidium of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on Military Industrial Issues (MIC).
5d3284b2d600f37e26fad381194a680a2312d49e	At the end of April of the same year, an extended discussion of this topic took place with the participation of the chief designers.
ac3b0f2223b268ab69d4ce01e969e9c34b2610f4	The general conclusions were as follows:
686d792ece510ff6ac9708b1e4187e1f087c9c30	- The ISS is not effective for putting payloads into orbit and is significantly inferior in cost to disposable launch vehicles;
6c52ad4e883665c565c87d28fcb2df1b8970cb63	— there are no serious tasks requiring the return of cargo from orbit;
4f0ebb340bd58a6361fc1082d2d7b75532350493	— The ISS created by the Americans does not pose a military threat.
7307a23a16b2f2e96741d3c56b8015230086bc1a	It became obvious that the United States was creating a system that did not pose an immediate threat, but could threaten the country's security in the future.
3d4990bff490c99cdf8c2de9f7ad3518ef9c98f5	It was the uncertainty of the future tasks of the "Shuttle" with a simultaneous understanding of its potential that determined the strategy of copying it in the future to provide similar opportunities for an adequate response to future challenges of a potential enemy.
3f4af02d9b8e3461ad827fd11b0f587747730a27	What were the "future challenges"?
a25e7a04045f8779638e08ff3a03af9e3b678d77	Soviet scientists gave free rein to their imagination.
0a950c0d5c1bbf98af5d98cfcfb0c0521f2e61ec	Studies conducted at the Institute of Applied Mechanics of the USSR Academy of Sciences (now the M. V. Keldysh Institute) showed that the Space Shuttle makes it possible, by performing a return maneuver from a semi - or single orbit orbit along the traditional route passing from the south over Moscow and Leningrad, making a slight descent (dive), to drop a nuclear charge in their area and paralyze the combat control system of the Soviet Union.
cb60f9cff5d60ee5edd043d4a2b25066fa5495a4	Other researchers, analyzing the size of the shuttle's transport compartment, came to the conclusion that the shuttle can "steal" entire Soviet space stations from orbit, just like in the James Bond films.
1e86103ef0229352e99a19db99e82376826be5c2	Simple arguments that to counteract such a "theft" it is enough to place a couple of kilograms of explosives on a space object, for some reason did not work.
bb97c481b7ac841998ead71ea46e36d006eb3755	The fear of the unknown turned out to be stronger than real fears: on December 27, 1973, the military Industrial Complex decided to develop technical proposals for the ISS in three versions — based on the lunar rocket N 1, the Proton launch vehicle and on the basis of the Spiral.
7a8e89ecf72b4d681d4c03c59ea63310cf6edbba	The work on the "Spiral" did not enjoy the support of the top officials of the state who supervised cosmonautics, and in fact were curtailed by 1976.
a62594dfdc303bd41c4e8b324475a156ca1a43dc	The same fate befell the H 1 rocket.
82c2148dd7a3f2fb84e1789b6b8c674325ae57fa	Rocket aircraft
1813e88a915741457670ba6c038b5cae72289889	In May 1974, the former royal design bureaus and factories were merged into a new NPO Energia, and Valentin Glushko was appointed Director and General Designer, eager to put a winning point in a long standing dispute with Korolev over the design of the "lunar" super rocket and take revenge, going down in history as the creator of the lunar base.
749803c94378836701f8b91c611ee2f1e6f17db3	Immediately after being confirmed in office, Glushko suspends the activities of the ISS department — he was a principled opponent of the" reusable " topic!
95f13b644060170e78a44dac2a363d8437c85866	They even say that immediately after arriving in Podlipki, Glushko spoke specifically: "I donot know yet what we will do with you, but I know exactly what we will NOT do.
c04ba1ca05ab677742906821fc7e0b51ee3be01c	Glushko reasonably believed that work on a reusable spacecraft would close the lunar programs (which subsequently turned out), slow down work on orbital stations and prevent the creation of his family of new heavy rockets.
cac892f0d26f5d43ca0ab2c8ca15cef29f2186c1	Three months later, on August 13, Glushko offers his space program based on the development of a series of heavy rockets that received the RLA index (Rocket Aircraft), which were created by parallel connection of various numbers of unified blocks with a diameter of 6 m.
adae3c6395d17412500066912c637614eca02255	It was supposed to install a new powerful four chamber oxygen kerosene LRE with a thrust of more than 800 tons in the void on each block.
f4bdcdbf10c1b07b6a1ba17382e9c1dbd0a97946	The rockets differed from each other in the number of identical blocks in the first stage: RLA 120 with a payload capacity of 30 tons in orbit (the first stage — 2 blocks) for solving military tasks and creating a permanent orbital station;
65b79edd3104007e5b605dcb9cc6bcef99258686	RLA 135 with a lifting capacity of 100 tons (the first stage is 4 blocks) to create a lunar base;
7194e555ed8f6f0b040f415c8fc84b1132a19949	RLA 150 with a load capacity of 250 tons (the first stage is 8 blocks) for flights to Mars.
7f5d67ba79a77f6d80abf17b0e54c90fbb2117db	Strong willed decision
6c57f04f4abcd19a88707713c03c5a86db9d23f2	However, the opala of reusable systems continued on Energia for less than a year.
f4f0b1d7801a30c474968549320c16d8f0224d31	Under the pressure of Dmitry Ustinov, the direction of the ISS reappeared.
982e0d984689507acd8929e3c12e8bbea0927357	The work was started as part of the preparation of the "Integrated Rocket and Space Program", which provided for the creation of a unified series of rocket aircraft for landing a manned expedition to the Moon and building a lunar base.
884f70769ea0593b24a8bb5f75b4b2e49ae7df05	Trying to maintain his program of creating heavy missiles, Glushko proposed using the future RLA 135 rocket as a carrier for a reusable spacecraft.
aa2dbae1076396957c9ec8c7a6e84032280751fc	The new volume of the program 1B was called "Reusable space system "Buran".
a73f5729e15c0bc1bfefec813b854625967265a7	From the very beginning, the program was torn apart by opposite requirements: on the one hand, the developers were constantly under severe pressure "from above", aimed at copying the Shuttle in order to reduce the technical risk, timing and cost of development, on the other hand, Glushko was trying hard to maintain his unified rocket program.
44277e9b857c6e0eb17bbca0e174acf654ab47c0	When forming the appearance of the "Buran" at the initial stage, two options were considered: the first an aircraft scheme with a horizontal landing and the location of the main engines of the second stage in the tail (an analogue of the "Shuttle"); the second a wingless scheme with a vertical landing.
9a0da0beb565692a1535c5064bbc212aadaac1e1	The main expected advantage of the second option is to reduce the development time by using the experience of the Soyuz CC.
f1030b7bfdc4e1ac1b402304e4ca246115a6a04e	The wingless version of the ship consisted of a crew cabin in the front conical part, a cylindrical cargo compartment in the central part and a conical tail compartment with a fuel reserve and a propulsion system for maneuvering in orbit.
d9d5df96f771358030f2730d1e6fcfebaf44aa74	It was assumed that after the launch (the ship was located on top of the rocket) and work in orbit, the ship enters the dense layers of the atmosphere and makes a controlled descent and parachute landing on skis using soft landing powder engines.
2f43cc8877a54e02914a94402f4d090e2ee574bd	The problem of planning range was solved by giving a triangular (in cross section) shape to the ship's hull.
7551644c37d7cc706d458b6516b56455cac9307f	As a result of further research, an aircraft scheme with a horizontal landing was adopted for the Buran as the most appropriate for the requirements imposed by the military.
33a2c55217adb33c021706499b670c344d2c2bc7	In general, a variant with a side mounted payload was chosen for the rocket when placing unsaved main engines on the central block of the second stage of the carrier.
65e347ce9943e29a800bab74dc269508eee1c14d	The main factors in choosing such an arrangement were uncertainty about the possibility of developing a reusable hydrogen rocket engine in a short time and the desire to preserve a full fledged universal launch vehicle capable of independently launching into space not only a reusable orbiter, but also other payloads of large masses and dimensions.
166835e0f6953abc96067487d91fb26e3c4643a3	Looking ahead, we note that such a decision justified itself: Energia provided for the launch into space of vehicles weighing five times more than the Proton launch vehicle, and three times more than the Space Shuttle.
bb386903b80862bbf49286ca0744fda5902a24f1	Works
e220f830bdd072f054ae0912860f2662e28d51cd	Large scale work unfolded after the release of a secret decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR in February 1976.
53d39f9f8067033bb28d949da9b053bddd9f2b83	The Ministry of Aviation Industry organized the NGO "Molniya" under the leadership of Gleb Lozino Lozinsky to create a spacecraft with the development of all means of descent in the atmosphere and landings.
0c7f2f43f0449f799ac21e0add6da6d48915414c	The production and assembly of the Buranov airframe was entrusted to the Tushinsky Machine Building Plant.
86038b43ec09fcceadfc2d88ecf5ddceebecd38f	The aviation engineers were also responsible for the construction of a landing complex with the necessary equipment.
e75716776be2ba708c243347f6398ffe51ddd820	Based on his experience, Lozino Lozinsky, together with TsAGI, proposed to use the "carrier body" scheme for the ship with a smooth coupling of the wing with the fuselage based on an enlarged Spiral orbital aircraft.
03ffd8dc3c1ad4a388f5f998871e1d9c76d67ff4	And although this option had obvious layout advantages, they decided not to risk it — on June 11, 1976, the Council of Chief Designers" volitional order " finally approved the version of the ship with a horizontal landing a monoplane with a free bearing low wing double sweep and two air jet engines in the tail section, which provided deep maneuvering during landing.
19e57494715305c629dcca4afdffa330c7d55d2f	The actors have decided.
43fd66876c6a644c4381fd19b2f0d943e3a7030c	It remained only to make a ship and a carrier.
72e73fc1c63904ba83bd8b3328777740909e6fba	The article was published in the journal "Popular Mechanics "(No. 16, February 2004).
584cfa9234a40fee56d53909068e709a6bf5c1d1	22 comments
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963813f6f88db635b82f80c90927198cb691e331	Buran (spaceship)
7ce65da2e566d440e211bac496bf07abfaf27bf9	[edit / edit wiki text ] Material from Wikipedia the free encyclopedia The current version of the page has not yet been checked
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fa42fb08abecd34d99528d64c0b7084f6829d129	Go to: navigation, search This term has other meanings, see Buran (values).
287e762ad478b59e56e3c4c8885871125ba5d361	* Buran* Buran The launch of the Energia — Buran complex on November 15, 1988 from the Baikonur cosmodrome General information *Country* Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
023758be2cb933b835e7242edad903fa08fd35d2	USSR *Purpose* Reusable Transport Spacecraft
f7d802af08ad9b4a4e8e56c4033c65c17775757c	* Developer* NGO "Molniya"
e145a0a1ac615d3d9efe142f3c5c990d4e8ea62c	* Manufacturer* Tushinsky Machine building Plant
a0d98b84be7ac4b75187f2d7619381e89ebabec5	Main features *Number of steps* 2 * Length* 36.4 m * Diameter* * Launch weight* 105 t Launch history *Status* Program stopped *Launch sites* Site 110, Baikonur; landing: Yubileyny airfield, Baikonur
13bdf26b5d3f97cfdf719fad5d87041c492622d1	*Number of launches* 1 successful 1 unsuccessful 0 partially unsuccessful 0 *First launch* November 15
ff2be9eb379aa36251c1c17b3489913d33d99216	1988 Buran on Wikimedia Commons
d61de390fdd747f66f863400d80c90785dec6896	* "Buran" *- an orbital rocket ship
6df32ee4e7828caedce2168bedeaa0680c554c70	the Soviet Reusable Space Transport System (MTCC) , created within the framework of the Energia — Buran program .
f08625d9067e2b11fe6868668392f11bee4b3634	One of the two MTCC orbiters implemented in the world, the Buran was a response to a similar American Space Shuttle project.
0bb06b6ada607af5c530a2deaef04c697e3bccb0	[remove ]
e3c9cf9f0436a6dd9e97c39fc7e04a13391c6e8c	* 1 History o 1.1 Airfields and flight tests
1b418ae64deb9df2f248a7d171c0bc59c2f1b493	o 1.2 The first and only flight
241e543bce782068ab8ff460256975730526c3db	o 1.3 Subsequent events
44e7770cbae9af7e9d3a48e9a6939c899ec11968	* 2 Technical Specifications
f7d681efee28fc6e99ab79b3ef1e4180b86209d3	* 3 Differences from the Space Shuttle
bd0c4e4bdf8db7e79959c0ecc16b74d05835853e	* 4 Reasons and consequences of differences between the Energia — Buran and Space Shuttle systems
e3fcf1e5c12c721fee7a59386178b760a01f1194	* 5 List of products
5994ea54f2f69adacc553a4594b9574802e28626	* 6 List of layouts
dd3e17d1beda1d1c259f7d539f57b1b7f59a5c48	* 7 Crew * 8 In Philately
01ac78ef4105c2c0d8811ed31ae1335836a19969	* 9 In culture * 10 See also * 11 Notes
5390448783db7d6b47671c3c74af8d0b4014f922	* 12 Literature
9022ac76a4117c2062e82e7738f532ebcafa8b5c	* 13 Links
0356c58b9601fd2d16ec857cd798ee8846d40556	History[edit / edit wiki text ]
082cfde8999bafaeeee5d844fbee051daecc029a	At the Le Bourget Air Show, 1989
9a6ca51e75380bdef0c39c86ed93e8086002ce71	An 225 and "Buran"…
67e47dae57d2fb3c61bacb236497109c3dbd6ed8	Buran was conceived as a military system[1], which, however, was a response to, as it was then believed, the planned use of American shuttles for military purposes[2]. .
02bfda306d93cdad5f4a71afec398870b72322cf	The tactical and technical task for the development of a reusable space system was issued by the Main Directorate of Space Assets of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR and approved by D. F. Ustinov on November 8, 1976.
c6a7c882ea1cf703de3c851f141f13c1697adbfd	"Buran" was intended for:
7fef8f77663b672edf036782780c076f9883c3e9	* comprehensive counteraction to the activities of a potential enemy to expand the use of outer space for military purposes;
1e591527e71c155cc2552d0a240c0dde99ccbbfe	* solving target tasks in the interests of defense, national economy and science;
560406ab56953cf59da1479d99d8d1463925148c	* conducting military applied research and experiments to ensure the creation of large space systems using weapons on known and new physical principles;
c71106c3d502d8b464520832e4e0cb2112a26551	* launching into orbit, servicing on them and returning to earth spacecraft, astronauts and cargo^[3] .
f27a9fc1825b6cdd7dc61fd26c552bda411c945c	The program has its own background:^[4]
cfa3fdce78a8a30c0dcc334b7f45d6184fd9782f	The shuttle put 29.5 tons into low Earth orbit and could lower up to 14.5 tons of cargo from orbit.
2fb7bb49beb2bfd0f05e5f0265230e7049e98538	After all, everything was very unusual: the weight put into orbit with the help of disposable carriers in America did not even reach 150 t / year, and here it was planned to be 12 times more; nothing descended from orbit, and here it was supposed to return 820 t/year… This was not just a program for creating some kind of space system under the motto of reducing transportation costs (our studies, our institute's studies showed that no reduction would actually be observed), it had an obvious military purpose.
69227a85961d973f2e13bd6769753f3732cc757d	- Director of the Central Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering Yu.
bb3270f73c5edb0bc95ba0a2ef0a9383c4f488ce	A. Mozzhorin
15278d06382e684ec5316eb7a7732b85fb631e44	Drawings and photos of the shuttle were first obtained in the USSR through the GRU in early 1975[5][6]. Two examinations on the military component were immediately conducted: at the military research institutes and at the Institute of Applied Mathematics under the leadership of Mstislav Keldysh.
baa6e8aee751eae9d04b1e26f28059274844d9e8	Conclusions: "the future reusable spacecraft will be able to carry nuclear munitions and attack the territory of the USSR with them from almost anywhere in near Earth space" and " An American shuttle with a payload of 30 tons, if loaded with nuclear warheads, is capable of flying outside the radio visibility zone of the domestic missile attack warning system.
9ee557c5fa43b547829e7d3c8d2e3f2044f281fc	Having made an aerodynamic maneuver, for example, over the Gulf of Guinea, he can release them on the territory of the USSR" — they pushed the leadership of the USSR to create an answer — "Buran"[7]. .
a8b18b6c666619682f09fea1405815afe616c8ff	And they say that we will fly there once a week, you know… And there are no goals and cargo, and immediately there is a fear that they are creating a ship for some future tasks that we do not know about.
9c921d021efc4cbdc87c0a1824b2f3c60ffa86ac	Is it possible to use military equipment?
0a9143d47fb8f5c8ce72c187dbb4f2c8bedf3de9	Absolutely.
88f225b8618cca924d31e3c40f9ded8c56919b64	- Vadim Lukashevich cosmonautics historian, Candidate of Technical Sciences^[7]
31548d253381d1c764dd0a6e2a00fb6fb9235c88	And so they demonstrated this by the fact that they walked over the Kremlin on a "Shuttle", this was a surge of our military, politicians, and so a decision was made at the same time: working out a technique for intercepting space targets, high, with the help of aircraft.
f0e3ce7a543d3455c7a09e478743ba544f5f49f2	- Magomed Tolboev, Hero of Russia, Honored Test Pilot of the Russian Federation^[7]
e34e6a35398dda5b0a45f3592e0b749df4871c53	By December 1, 1988, there was at least one classified launch of a "Shuttle" with military tasks (the flight number according to the NASA codification is STS 27 )^[8] .
7a60a32194c08b7e879baeee11c6d30eb2e7154b	In 2008, it became known that during the flight on the assignment of the NRO
2a91bbd1296fe6d1ba5f2533d3f91f7f9668ccc1	and the CIA launched the Lacrosse 1 all weather reconnaissance satellite into orbit. , who took pictures in the radio range using the radar method^[9] ^[10] .
5b1a3e5d33c418a4ee19e9b5c93d0c8892be6988	Space Task Force led by Vice President S. Agnew
9ac3918f71ab199121fee33b27d279e8a28fe629	in 1969-1970, she developed several options for promising programs for the peaceful exploration of outer space after the end of the lunar program ^[11] .
b0b7cfcd2e55ad54feed6cc833f7f11749fdeb48	In 1972, Congress, based on an economic analysis,^[12] supported the project of creating reusable shuttles to replace disposable rockets.
0f48f4e484fb7170b05b7f12115365dfa10f8518	The Space Shuttle program was closed on July 21, 2011, including due to unprofitability, since the cost of each Space Shuttle flight was from 450 to 600 million dollars.
0e552cc228f1413320159aac14bf9e53b05b61e0	Moreover, it sounds paradoxical, but the Space Shuttle program, which was developed as a self supporting one, in the end not only did not pay for itself, but in general, in the history of cosmonautics, it turned out to be almost record unprofitable (in fact, the most unprofitable of all) the space program.
c3ac26fd0ae6b6fef3ce618312bfeccbfcc7e67b	In the USSR, as in the United States, many space programs had either a military purpose or were based on military technologies.
b5da26eff0c319143c72d837d9a0276789e8b725	So, the Soyuz launch vehicle is the famous royal "seven" - an intercontinental ballistic missile
18738c33b85e78d4f521f6f1df0b8bad26ac0416	(ICBM) P 7, and the Proton launch vehicle is an ICBM UR 500 .
cc36650a89e6b2df82bdb7b6d90f46deffc7ede9	According to the established decision making procedures in the USSR on rocket and space technology and on the space programs themselves, the initiators of the developments could be either the top party leadership (the "Lunar Program") or the Ministry of Defense.
a27522c1e93e62582fca398df1d02b7e8d8e4e90	In April 1973, the MIC with the involvement of the main institutes (TsNIIMash, NIITP, TsAGI, VIAM, 50 Central Research Institutes, 30 Central Research Institutes ) was developed and sent for consideration and approval to the IOM, MAP
5b61e6bd7606957e0b2a92a4c3e97687f94b8c83	and the Ministry of Defense of the USSR and a number of other related ministries draft a decision of the military Industrial Complex on problems related to the creation of a reusable space system.
331ac86332cfa4d200204fba80963b8a71d856ab	Government Decree No.
1b1079387767fe725fa4c6d7f648da5185a6ec26	P137 / VII of May 17, 1973, in addition to organizational issues, contained a clause obliging " Minister S.
92314a13010bd8bbe5abdc0fd4095921bc20d049	A. Afanasyev and V. P. Glushko to prepare proposals on a plan for further work within a four month period."
66b0880c2d74fbafcf9b49020bb095b3ae48498d	Reusable space systems had both strong supporters and authoritative opponents in the USSR.
d4c4c796fba1f0735894a32b7aaf88d1450a5495	Wanting to finally decide on the ISS, GUKOS decided to choose an authoritative arbitrator in the dispute between the military and industry, instructing the main institute of the Ministry of Defense for Military Space (CNII 50) to conduct research work (R & D) to justify the need for the ISS to solve problems for the country's defense capability.
1c9fedec4e1b8cd077de15c6f93ece9d53facc0b	But even this did not make it clear, since General Melnikov, who headed this institute, decided to play it safe, issued two "reports": one in favor of creating the ISS, the other against.
ea9e9c741329bb2be452d28270407e3884cfc49e	In the end, both of these reports, overgrown with numerous authoritative "Agreed" and "I Approve", met in the most inappropriate place — on the desk of D. F. Ustinov.
901dcf5a28dc3f98a84bb347914aa1af36740877	Irritated by the results of the "arbitration", Ustinov called Glushko and asked to bring him up to date, providing detailed information on the options of the ISS, but Glushko unexpectedly sent his employee , acting head of Department 162, Valery Burdakov, to a meeting with the secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, a candidate for Politburo membership, instead of himself — the General Designer — his employee, acting head of department 162.
a5072066a4c7e6598bd439ca7e24e2f5b9634ea4	Arriving at Ustinov's office on the Old Square , Burdakov began to answer questions from the secretary of the Central Committee.
846b62636036ad542dc0a1c2c7306f6dca5fd079	Ustinov was interested in all the details: why the ISS is needed, what it can be, what we need for this, why the United States is creating its own shuttle, what it threatens us with.
0b18e6b314aa3f50f4934b823b1d48acee66c8dc	As Valery Pavlovich later recalled, Ustinov was primarily interested in the military capabilities of the ISS, and he presented to D. F. Ustinov his vision of using orbital shuttles as possible carriers of thermonuclear weapons that can be based on permanent military orbital stations in immediate readiness to deliver a crushing blow anywhere on the planet[13] .
9915f0a210d6f672e7c600d78fbdab9e2f7be13b	The prospects of the ISS presented by Burdakov so deeply excited and interested D. F. Ustinov that he prepared a decision in the shortest possible time, which was discussed in the Politburo, approved and signed by L. I. Brezhnev^[14] ^[15], and the topic of a reusable space system received the highest priority among all space programs in the party and state leadership and the military industrial complex.
47efa1f57f4feb8761df3e0df603850ae654ebf7	In 1976, the head developer of the ship was a specially created NGO "Molniya".
0f04d927986cfda24a463a3d7cbcb7c8b4538f75	The new association was headed by Gleb Yevgenyevich Lozino Lozinsky, already in the 1960s
b54e602062a126a17dcb745d5000dbb78214206d	he worked on the project of the reusable aerospace system "Spiral".
0a92193f9563110bb8efd195fb3c5672753f38ff	The production of orbiters was carried out at the Tushinsky Machine building Plant
7e4eb3fce1b5e8c9132a51b99a25919e39413044	since 1980 ; by 1984, the first full scale copy was ready.
a517046933b0f5ebca8bb3fb86110766f1459401	From the factory, the ships were delivered by water transport (on a barge under an awning) to the city of Zhukovsky , and from there (from the Ramenskoye airfield) - by air transport (on a special VM T transporter aircraft) - to the Yubileyny airfield of the Baikonur cosmodrome .
9386956dfe8b00336ec1eedc2550863c7c8a7276	Airfields and flight tests[edit / edit wiki text ]
8ad6cd4e6333f99f60d707e88b72db2b50b24a56	In addition, two spare airfields were prepared for the Buran ^[17] :
e64d02d89029ece844a5ffdd039fe157156155bc	* "Western reserve airfield — - Simferopol airport
b922f87d78eb3dcbaae10d176a8432bb3e93946f	in Crimea, with a reconstructed runway measuring 3701x60 m
4a20ba961e35bd4c0d2e98dc29e1e3284945213f	(45°02'42" s. w.
bfacb7f9ee1df9197e1f82be9d09abe729975510	33°58'37" v. d.
5520e17a88b1c34cd94222176e46b610e3a220cf	/ 45.04500° s. w.
9ceeb83aed39b66eea97c761a1f343f21acb24e0	33.97694° v. d.
855346564422e3a4be3be3ea9172b8c20188084e	/ 45.04500; 33.97694 ^(G)
ee901108faf88ebb18001572f23871162615917b	^(O)
1850d35a02912343c446c92ddcca2be4f041b30d	) ^[18] ;
190d898a794f3d664291150a4e955d0ddb1be5de	* "Vostochny reserve airfield" — a military airfield
2b823441c1f4c45c84424d18031f2b1e10a50a46	Chorol
136d6d8d45e8ff5c59fbb9ef8546707d4342bdcc	in the Primorsky Territory
d6c2728f7c863a5ef6dec42eff65be6ef7e0b916	with a runway size of 3700x70 m
bbf5f9ca10a1505940c9a5ede61f7b58778f5f62	(44°27 ' 04 "s. w.
6c5d6189b30c79098f4d5276abdb186f688c3d3a	132°07'28" vd / 44.45111° s. w.
d1c85ef515cd334222eb66d605f1fdedaa537bb9	132.12444° vd / 44.45111; 132.12444 ^(G)
ee2c941313d3c294784d01c2a77172066751c438	^(O) ).
c1e95b298f6f15cfdfa79f3b7ba7642078bd8658	At these three airfields (and in their areas), Complexes of radio technical systems for navigation, landing, trajectory control and air traffic control "Vympel" were deployed to ensure the regular landing of "Buran" (in automatic and manual mode).
e6f4da092ed0f21d9177646804a523f2c5f8fa0e	According to some reports, in order to ensure readiness for an emergency landing of the Buran (in manual mode), runways were built or strengthened at fourteen more airfields, including outside the territory of the USSR
e5423dd603192c3ac0d306289abba647b816d2ea	(in Cuba , in Libya ).
b898b20efcf9329b605ebadb0534cfd73ae49ce6	A full size analog of the Buran, which had the designation BTS 002(GLI), was made for flight tests in the Earth's atmosphere .
33f9e6bedc8ef2181ab6f7844bd02a63cf14c4a0	There were four turbojet engines in its tail section, which allowed it to take off from a conventional airfield .
ccec39914517672565118c0e916430c6bd443865	In 1985-1988, it was used in the M. M. Gromov LII
acadf0d14e22beacfd728a930abf10f1d5c7b294	(the city of Zhukovsky, Moscow region ) for testing the control system and the automatic landing system, as well as for training test pilots before space flights.
61145b188af0f4962a6f4df24ee7af72d81916ec	On November 10, 1985, a full — size analog of the Buran (machine 002 GLI horizontal flight tests) made the first atmospheric flight at the Gromov Institute of the Ministry of Aviation Industry of the USSR.
bfbf41367af21e222ffbae000af77911ecc2b342	The car was piloted by test pilots of the LII Igor Petrovich Volk
e4e91a1c1e821157fd85937e6e94e5e36d9b4f8c	and R.
2c5314cd6749edf6ef587d4332cd3c259e1bbf4c	A. Stankevicius .
35603b8da3d0b2ad7a8a683e31a64a5d3e518b76	Earlier, by order of the Ministry of Aviation Industry of the USSR No. 263 of June 23, 1981, the Branch Detachment of Test Cosmonauts of the Ministry of Aviation Industry of the USSR was created as part of: Volk I. P., Levchenko A. S., Stankevichus R.
59dacf0be42d3a607b9cefff130851575771eb9c	A. and Shchukin A.V. (the first set).
8d5079321e4b8fb05d88f42b18fb09a86b001a3d	The first and only flight[edit / edit wiki text ]
9d4e2885699074564abb4170a276ed47173bc4eb	Images. png External images Image silk.png Detailed flight plan of Buran on November 15, 1988
fb900908d2f205b44321b5c2d9d122ec34805d2d	Buran made its first and only space flight on November 15
34e946d2a88dafa3ccbcdc7750de72da34d95508	in 1988 .
4c79211217bdb68ca9d87be20b43b0d8e74bd06d	The spacecraft was launched into low Earth orbit by a launch vehicle
89a2d12b6ee82446718fc77ef0ba8dcf0155b6b9	"Energia", launched from site 110 of the Baikonur Cosmodrome.
ed7046cc28b1a7abc183d0b3bdb596da42b88631	The flight duration was 205 minutes, the ship made two orbits around the Earth, after which it landed at the Yubileyny airfield on Baikonur.
b81afcaecec7873ca7e62dbc27e5be509e7e3415	The flight took place without a crew in automatic mode using an on board computer and on board software, unlike the American Shuttle, which traditionally performs pre landing maneuvers and landing on manual control (entering the atmosphere and braking to the speed of sound in both cases are completely computerized).
2861f4c20a4c06696ae64a18acb22ca5d66d0bd2	This fact the flight of the spacecraft into space and its descent to Earth in automatic mode under the control of an on board computer entered the Guinness Book of records. .
b6f324235321e3de3ae9d27088b4ff1d68df430c	Over the water area of the Pacific Ocean, the Buran was accompanied by a ship of the measuring complex
a46dfa5cbad3a9c7ba9baf1a02b1a0ec5eac86d6	The USSR Navy "Marshal Nedelin" and the research vessel of the USSR Academy of Sciences "Cosmonaut Georgy Dobrovolsky".
61c5f7026169a917992102b69adcdddea6e8410d	At the landing stage, there was an emergency, which, however, as a result, only emphasized the success of the creators of the program.
92a54578add03e27b54e9f7af57c22d958d719e5	At an altitude of about 11 km, the Buran, which received information from the ground station about weather conditions at the landing site, unexpectedly made a sharp maneuver for everyone.
a2f6c95f7a2204b0536968afacab2cad5b1d0496	The ship described a smooth loop with a 180 ° turn (initially entering the runway from the northwest direction, the ship sat down, entering from its southern end).
951375a89663c95164cf165f0f3ef2d1407222d6	As it turned out later, due to the stormy wind on the ground, the ship's automation decided to additionally extinguish the speed and go along the most favorable landing trajectory in the new conditions.
d4a90f04792ef5201af2bac59170cccacc3d1bea	At the moment of the turn, the ship disappeared from the field of view of ground surveillance means, communication was interrupted for a while.
53a10a2c32e84e320ec660dc5ccf6d452bb7717c	A panic began in the MCC, the responsible persons immediately offered to use the emergency system for detonating the ship (TNT charges were installed on it, provided for preventing the crash of a top secret ship on the territory of another state in case of loss of course).
6124c55365f5cdfb8a513ea54b40007dc8092dd7	However, the Deputy Chief Designer of NPO Molniya for Flight Tests, Stepan Mikoyan, who was responsible for controlling the ship at the descent and landing site, decided to wait, and the situation was resolved safely.^[19]
a4bac9e8976481af84fb15acd91d636d8d0d77d9	During the work on the Buran project, several mock up samples were made for dynamic, electric, airfield
cb97987577de2c805d165ee50d3137d75244cc69	and other tests.
26b5d16e7dd140b02fdbd2ae24ccff5f8ae1ecd3	After the closure of the program, these products remained on the balance sheet of various research institutes and production associations.
89e89818b696ace9d680d629827e90793c266220	It is known, for example, that the rocket and space corporation Energia and the NGO Molniya have mock up samples.
5b6a199a29fc0c9ab2274f1eed436fc97bb0380d	Despite the external similarity with the American "Shuttle", the Buran orbiter had a fundamental difference — it could land completely in automatic mode using an on board computer and a ground based Complex of radio technical systems for navigation, landing, trajectory control and air traffic control "Vimpel".
475650998ca2a982659d9dbc583d1cb6021487e5	Initially, the automatic landing system did not provide for switching to manual control mode.
ad06c23aa105e632a64434bdba67fddd2acdcbea	However, test pilots
1ea1d4a0c7de8aabe93d848649f91cad20813923	and the astronauts demanded that the designers turn on the manual mode in the landing control system^[20] :
7ce950b1a3a1eaa20d79aafcde5b68539e0a9bb2	...the control system of the Buran ship was supposed to perform all actions automatically until the ship stopped after landing.
7bffbde0c415e26b082400915537cdd33260b7ee	The participation of the pilot in the management was not provided.
d286135e7901187b3bd08cd5068fc05423d26002	(Later, at our insistence, they provided for a backup manual control mode on the atmospheric section of the flight when the ship returned.)
7bbb0037a55e9f1afbdd4822e21199190a2585e0	- S.
a37cbd3a30d0218d7c8b8f6089ecbd6b9b22f0fd	A. Mikoyan
65c2ab883394b4f4b47270c6006dccff0eb7dd73	A number of technical solutions obtained during the creation of the Buran are still used in Russian and foreign rocket and space technology[21]. .
0d97593979dc7f23d37815fb020fdfc5e51d460b	A significant part of the technical information about the course of the flight is not available to a modern researcher, since it was recorded on magnetic tapes
a15c7dd85cd2c0711438570ab164bf96bae2e7cf	for BESM 6 computers, no serviceable copies of which have been preserved.
20484d1e08c4ac9b942d25bb1343564be7d20831	It is possible to partially recreate the course of the historical flight from the preserved paper rolls of printouts on the ADC 128 with samples from onboard and ground telemetry data^[22] .
f12549d8943fd7ef3e251eeea142f27f239d2ab0	Subsequent events[edit / edit wiki text ]
cd15c2ebc374050a2be08dcafa83e84d672f2abd	In 1990, work on the Energia Buran program was suspended, and on May 25, 1993[23] the program was finally closed by a decision of the Council of Chief Designers at NPO Energia. .
d5fd3d032a0b275e5eed6a25864a365a00c1c98b	At the same time, there is an opinion that there was no official closure as such — allegedly, only the president of the Russian Federation can stop this program^[24] .
c9bdb17e6267bff7ac2fefb83d4b2c21b61e52fa	In 2002, the only Buran that flew into space (product 1.01) was destroyed when the roof of the assembly and test building on Baikonur collapsed, in which it was stored together with ready made copies of the Energia launch vehicle.
0e819b24256601fd517846337b74080fd3d66e9e	Technical specifications[edit / edit wiki text ]
b897bf383aa485ba9052a8b6792daa9f8b10c268	Buran Donor. svg
2d5ddec8a99a1901dc3120c9ddd2c452ed7980c8	* The length is 36.4 m, * The wingspan is about 24 m, * The height of the ship when it is on the chassis is more than 16 m, * The starting weight is 105 tons, * The cargo compartment accommodates a payload weighing up to 30 tons during takeoff, up to 20 tons during landing.
1b4e9258794aa75ee6d1a4de44ad3998e44ae19c	A sealed all welded cabin for the crew and people, for carrying out work in orbit (up to 10 people) and most of the equipment, for providing flight as part of the rocket and space complex, autonomous flight in orbit, descent and landing, is inserted into the nose compartment of the Buran.
09f5fdaa83ce33daf2e8760d6e75c99012712c83	The volume of the cabin is over 70 m^3 .
83c486f99ee645831145d8748eb21f1114bc6835	Images. png External Images Image silk. png Space Shuttle Drawing (52 Mb)
bdc02a7728b9e61c7b84508673cf6322d36af033	Buran has a triangular wing
7f4e202fb5c6f8b066acb9b721a9b51be756ad72	with a double sweep, as well as aerodynamic controls that work after returning to the dense layers of the atmosphere and during landing — the rudder, elevons
50c772218cb55243744a8d2d294494d1f91f3c98	and an aerodynamic shield.
b71901ae52b639d05bbbc392183fb25eaf71011b	Two groups of engines for maneuvering are located at the end of the tail section and the front part of the hull.
12adb5374b2c4a050c21d8dc778e909d5f6d972e	A maneuver is performed to return or exit to a single turn trajectory.
f390b2e783051446bbde35a02ab0b7534ed200a3	For the first time in the practice of engine building, a combined propulsion system was created, including fuel tanks of oxidizer and fuel with means of refueling, thermostating, pressurization, fluid intake in zero gravity, control system equipment, etc.
d71318171cf2218974a5f1a962e7261244e6ad89	The onboard control system consists of about fifty software systems based on the IBM System/370 computer .
b646c4e6883257e40628414ff5de90c31c9510ba	Some of the system commands from the IBM S/370 set were not implemented, at the same time, many original general purpose commands were added that have no analogues in the IBM set.
04820fde47d75279ad9266426bc66b0fdf53a720	On board the ship there were two sets of BTSVM "Beads 4" with four hardware parallel computers and a hardware comparator that allows automatic shutdown of two computers in a row in case of emergency results (4 main + 4 reserve).
e1a838bf43b69a7b152accc22e74ad6a315676fa	By the way, KK
fc577bacf9e9d5931910afcf96354f4dca52848e	"Space Shuttle" has only a software reservation.
c3dcaac04dd84f60925a91867bb2515ebd08eee8	The BCVM software and the Operating System (OS) were written in the languages PROL2 (based on the PROLOG language) and Assembler/370. .
db4182dc177bb13b80aace07de0b8ff60b508507	The concept of R technology was widely used in software development
d0f9df4077522e7f6d37494c17c6aea7c4b66bf1	(R machine
68d7d15dd3ecadeed83e11e01b96fbeda98b6edd	and R language), using the SAPO programming and debugging automation system .
067620687fea27e4a98b6990107941656eec94f4	In case of failures of the rocket blocks of the first and second stages of the launch vehicle, the control system of the orbiter ensures its emergency return to earth in automatic mode.
5081155ab17c0284c88e42b75d33c98a40066f30	Its protective skin is of paramount importance for the successful overcoming of gravitationally caused thermal and pneumatic loads that occur during the passage of the ship in the dense layers of the atmosphere.[25] A number of scientific research organizations of the country have received a task to develop refractory materials that meet these extreme technical conditions in the characteristics of resistance.
e63069f06733e85e52787b5b04b28444b09991a4	The Institute of Silicate Chemistry (St. Petersburg), among other institutions that performed these works, was entrusted with the role of their coordination, and the general management was carried out by the outstanding physical chemist M. M. Schultz.
4fde03772c6ec5aa95c88aacc1e4a6e1818bfeac	[26][27]
a039a06c9031fac963ddb1e4f8af21742db64725	Differences from the "Space Shuttle"[edit / edit wiki text ]
8cfc44f67af7d27b414bc297160308595f902ddf	Despite the general external similarity of the projects, there are also significant differences.
f005bb23c3df2cd53c9e0529ef933e4ccecdb36d	Soyuz, Space Shuttle and Energia Buran comparison
d40da4be02087fc94b6188eda84026c7406a63c0	The Space Shuttle complex consists of a fuel tank (a cigar shaped object of red color in the center), two solid fuel accelerators and the space shuttle itself.
ce0a5902cdde763422099a996527d55f24b1fde9	For 6.6 seconds before the start (separation from the launch table), three main stage oxygen hydrogen acceleration engines are started
ec44abce0ac11b35c1b97846a0fd800c2d36074d	RS 25, placed on the orbital rocket plane itself (the second stage), and only then (at the time of launch) — both accelerators (the first stage), simultaneously with the detonation of the mounting pyrobolts .
270951cecbbe7dc6532203bbbaa49cf282cc12ad	Due to the need to use the shuttle's own booster engines, the complex cannot be used to put other vehicles or cargo into orbit, even less mass in comparison with the shuttle.
cd04d21b042314b5a2e487581115d3997452f5f2	The shuttle lands with its engines idle.
80a837560178e19d63dac5069fee22156a0fb9dc	It does not have the ability to land several times, so there are several landing sites on the territory of the United States.
852fab30fff685f65a1019ac3d93d19f85c1fa30	"Buran": the name of the complex "Energia Buran".
5952a167404a7d6bb43a07a0c523c2f24d541cb0	The complex consisted of the first stage (four side blocks with oxygen kerosene four chamber RD 170 engines , reusable), the second stage (a cigar shaped object of white color in the center; equipped with four oxygen hydrogen RD 0120 engines ) and the Buran return spacecraft.
4bfe9bc127adaf81de014b3e92c823ff3f10d668	At the start, both stages were launched.
89da89ef02f0520a34b463830226bbfde9ef0670	After working out, the first stage (4 side rockets) was undocked and the second stage was carried out.
973f394080ee4536c31e6a9acf96b024e4bf52d9	This scheme is universal, since it allowed the launch into orbit not only of the MTCC "Buran", but also of other payloads weighing up to 100 tons.
66ca5dd01d98b08b575cf799ada8f91a9cfbda0c	"Buran" entered the atmosphere and began to extinguish the speed (the angle of entry is about 30°, gradually the angle of entry decreased).
ce2b9bed07906bdb3692c9edbe3166b45cb152fc	Initially, for controlled flight in the atmosphere, the Buran was to be equipped with two turbofan engines installed in the zone of the aerodynamic shadow
ee93d61b05d0049abfe36c2993628cf3b4894a70	at the base of the keel.
9f5220ccc28c629c86d7108150043aa826f515dd	However, by the time of the first (and only) launch, this system was not ready for flight, so after entering the atmosphere, the ship was controlled only by steering surfaces without using engine thrust.
f3591c78b8d998f4eb6c989ea78bb3ef22222fc4	Before landing, the Buran performed a speed dampening corrective maneuver (a flight in a descending eight), after which it was landing.
c583afb9bdb53bc04bf7033fa5b908fef75f2020	In this single flight, the Buran had only one attempt for landing.
eea8896d47b274c347d913bb01e07e2e422f42a2	During landing, the speed was 300 km/h, during re entry into the atmosphere it reached 25 sound speeds
f24233ea316e89910eaf211c6fb4bb594a6579fc	(almost 30 thousand km/h).
73787abecf909cf84b4d658152af6a9e6cabf48b	Unlike the "Shuttles", the "Buran" had an emergency rescue system for the crew.
458d59afd51d2973e12296f849347f65c1eac1ed	At low altitudes, the catapult worked
61d0a2fb4a9b5cd93c0f98970999554f6b123cb4	for the first two pilots; at a sufficient altitude, in case of an emergency situation, the Buran could separate from the launch vehicle and make an emergency landing.
363d517e1d96d82b88cc6d640897fdee21407bb8	The chief designers of the Buran have never denied that the Buran was partially copied from the American Space Shuttle.
9c6b1be1361ecb002d5ce00e6044b0958f9577d0	In particular, the general designer Lozino Lozinsky
9056d5821bd7ecfa4df0398fa7b0b1cdf6d3c31e	I spoke on the question of copying as follows:^[28]
78ed2532e63f19f03b631a7e946d745c0bc8a6de	General Designer Glushko considered that by that time there were few materials that would confirm and guarantee success, at a time when the Shuttle flights proved that the Shuttle like configuration works successfully, and there is less risk when choosing a configuration.
73dbec0b4018fe854b4246aa31ee7ea4a20ebc1f	Therefore, despite the larger useful volume of the Spiral configuration, it was decided to perform the Buran in a configuration similar to the Shuttle configuration.
9d370ef781c8b49fe3957ec4448f9eb6f417ebe8	... Copying, as indicated in the previous answer, was, of course, completely conscious and justified in the process of those design developments that were carried out, and in the process of which, as already mentioned above, many changes were made to both the configuration and the design.
172205cf88c640587ec22089e3d18595766e78a3	The main political requirement was to ensure the dimensions of the payload compartment, the same as the payload compartment of the Shuttle.
3783a33ec6d60cacc1a4d6e1d9a0d0a35a70a870	... the absence of main engines on the "Buran" noticeably changed the alignment, the position of the wings, the configuration of the influx, well, and a number of other differences.
064c6d6970f1e117c48331fa724e63063a508289	Buran 17D12 booster engine
c1399399c1c4c730f349264e2a216e2e0b34cabb	Under the missing main engines
8e15b11cede332d65344c7cdc73decc1f51e772a	general designer Lozino Lozinsky
2210b2c49d29ce028359f012606f3d4d4db9bfc4	I understood exactly the acceleration engines.
d8850b1e03b043004e6b3e98d13f3e37697d37e7	But on the" Buran " there were marching pre acceleration engines
4a031dff7223088308486c7c99cafcd222ed0d70	the combined propulsion system (ODE), which provided the ship's pre launch into orbit after separation from the launch vehicle, orbital maneuvers and braking before leaving orbit.^[29] In the shuttle, the engines of the orbital maneuvering system were similar pre acceleration engines .
dcea8603d1d23530d1a87492f17b6022de9149db	After the Columbia spacecraft disaster, and especially with the closure of the Space Shuttle program, the Western media has repeatedly expressed the opinion that the American space agency NASA is interested in reviving the Energia Buran complex and intends to make an appropriate order to Russia in the near future.
2e752c6272027c3cc54eff334544b83526ce4097	Meanwhile, according to the Interfax news agency, the director of TsNIIMash
5f5fd053e8633276d723a7e43fe93e696ecf0db1	G. G. Raikunov
64c7503788de45cdd4987d3434006d086ed4e70f	he said that Russia could return to this program after 2018 and create launch vehicles capable of putting cargo up to 24 tons into orbit; its tests will begin in 2015.
dd5853248363e7414b7651eebc978f67c30ac3c6	In the future, it is planned to create rockets that will deliver cargo weighing more than 100 tons into orbit.
cb69dd2f911a684aa2c6085eb470de088c789ab8	In the distant future, there are plans to develop a new manned spacecraft and reusable launch vehicles.^[30] ^[31] ^[32]
53b2d5e6eaecc1db12fb19f7f576ba4993f5ddc7	Causes and consequences of differences between the Energia — Buran and Space Shuttle systems[edit / edit wiki text ]
f1fbc5ad4402b5100205bda88b4ed43988ef587f	The original version of the OS 120, which appeared in 1975 in volume 1B "Technical Proposals" of the "Integrated Rocket and Space Program", was almost a complete copy of the American space shuttle — three main oxygen hydrogen engines (11D122) were placed in the tail part of the ship
a18bd2c9d6eb1c955013b100988c289771898ab4	developments of KBEM with a thrust of 250 t. s.
e4c03732591174c195cf1ad2b9068789c1a0a28c	and specific impulse
e6d6b3cb22f65042f57103804a45e859240d10f1	353 seconds on the ground and 455 seconds in vacuum) with two protruding engine nacelles for orbital maneuvering engines.
ebf3e20a3747e1fac0cc0cf6515cd4fc7ae3eba7	The key issue turned out to be the engines, which were supposed to be equal or superior in all basic parameters to the characteristics of the onboard engines of the American SSME orbiter and the side solid fuel boosters .
64dc83b2f876282962363fc0797e07057cd427ad	The engines created in the Voronezh Chemical Automation Design Bureau were compared to their American counterpart:
e82742ae948b7107d62ce8c05bc794b96eca511e	* heavier (3450 vs. 3117 kg), * slightly larger in dimensions (diameter and height: 2420 and 4550 vs. 1630 and 4240 mm), * with slightly less thrust (at sea level: 156 vs. 181 t.s.), although the specific impulse characterizing the efficiency of the engine was somewhat superior to it.
14e4cd77015c8a745cc770dcaaf7b9851deea630	At the same time, ensuring the reusable use of these engines was a very significant problem.
f01345eb355858f5420860dd39416385df8d2024	For example, originally created as reusable Space Shuttle engines
af49461fba49bb03dfdb5478e511030df702e808	as a result, they required such a large volume of very expensive inter launch routine maintenance work that economically the Shuttle completely failed to meet the expectations for reducing the cost of putting a kilogram of cargo into orbit.
2d0704554b3a5714e4e75907b894e603fdc0e113	It is known that to put the same payload into orbit from the Baikonur cosmodrome, for geographical reasons, you need to have more thrust than from the Cape Canaveral cosmodrome .
ce707b1da38fa7ed361029849c1ad2387192f706	To start the system, the space Shuttle uses two solid booster with a thrust of 1280 T. S. each (the most powerful rocket engines in history), with a total thrust at sea level 2560 TS, plus the overall thrust of the three engines SSME 570 T. S., that creates thrust by separation from the launch pad 3130 TS This is enough to port Canaveral to launch a payload of up to 110 tons, including the Shuttle (78 tons), up to 8 astronauts (up to 2 tons) up to 29.5 tonnes of cargo in the cargo compartment.
72ae6730df9c90b17e09b0dd8ad005cbdfb0146d	Accordingly, to put 110 tons of payload into orbit from the Baikonur cosmodrome, all other things being equal, it is required to create a thrust at separation from the launch table by about 15 % more, that is, about 3600 t. s.
67cfc42d38ff40d52338feea0ce0290d68acafd6	The Soviet orbiter OS 120 (OS means "orbital aircraft") was supposed to have a weight of 120 tons (add to the weight of the American shuttle two turbojet engines for flights in the atmosphere and a system for ejecting two pilots in an emergency).^ [33] A simple calculation shows that to put a payload of 120 tons into orbit, a thrust on the launch table of more than 4000 t. s. is required.
f0d6f92a93bea5cc63c0516cc0de36e92987817d	At the same time, it turned out that the thrust of the main engines of the orbiter, if we use a similar configuration of the shuttle with 3 engines, is inferior to the American one (465 t.s. against 570 t. s.), which is completely insufficient for the second stage and the shuttle's re entry into orbit.
e47f5e999872ef8075db2f846fd5a6eaa023e178	Instead of three engines, it was necessary to put 4 RD 0120 engines , but there was no space and weight reserve in the design of the glider of the orbiter.
edeb9263d98431e634ca2adbaa759882b7790279	The designers had to drastically reduce the weight of the shuttle.
567908eca2f5cda44a516bc1cd62ab751abdc20d	So the project of the OK 92 orbiter was born, the weight of which was reduced to 92 tons due to the refusal to place the main engines together with the system of cryogenic pipelines, locking them when separating the external tank, etc.
633d191ca3636bbe9a720d9118ccfdf5c3f68a2a	As a result of the study of the project, four (instead of three) RD 0120 engines were transferred from the rear fuselage of the orbiter to the lower part of the fuel tank.
4eec18dbeb7b962a7618a48bb9700ba3c5eec094	However, unlike the Shuttle, which was unable to perform such active orbital maneuvers, the Buran was equipped with 16 ton thrust maneuvering engines, which allowed it to change its orbit within a wide range if necessary.
2e884ab8214043a1ed11ed6df8a023899115fa81	On January 9, 1976, the General designer of NPO Energia, Valentin Glushko
580556eebf32b37bded52c881dbfa051e9603e03	utverd il "Technical reference" containing a comparative analysis of the new version of the OK 92 ship.
006972e869e1c59d487dc9d57b5c589a44520140	After the release of Resolution No.
fd24c24d8127d6719777c64239afe5745642b700	132-51, the development of the orbiter glider, the means of air transportation of the ISS elements and the automatic landing system was entrusted to a specially organized NGO "Molniya", headed by Gleb Yevgenyevich Lozino Lozinsky .
cbe2e18334d776772736cca5bf7702b3c12e47c0	The changes also affected the side accelerators.
04ce3a7bf092ab7a78e99b3110ac87a022c1d620	In the USSR, there was no design experience, the necessary technology and equipment for the production of such large and powerful solid fuel accelerators that are used in the space shuttle system and provide 83% of thrust at launch.
992f4c7e4ec1f696d533d7801e74cb81e06060ce	The harsher climate required more complex chemicals to operate in a wider temperature range, solid fuel accelerators created dangerous vibrations, did not allow traction control and destroyed the ozone layer of the atmosphere with their exhaust.
517909b00e70b293634e735ad3d5011c00216b38	In addition, solid fuel engines are inferior in specific efficiency to liquid ones — and the USSR needed more efficiency due to the geographical location of the Baikonur cosmodrome to output a payload equal to the Shuttle's technical specifications.
4cfed192ef43e24dbe5b9fa0f1b9e8b5eb352676	The designers of NPO Energia decided to use the most powerful of the available rocket engines the engine created under the leadership of Glushko, the four chamber RD 170, which could develop thrust (after refinement and modernization) of 740 t. s .
a2412298b5569981678bfa3db9b7ac07534081a3	However, it was necessary to use four 740 t.s. instead of two side accelerators of 1280 t. s.
68141f710e21b9c014d1af3a799103ef0ea755bb	The total thrust of the side boosters together with the engines of the second stage RD 0120 when separated from the launch table reached 3425 t.s., which is approximately equal to the starting thrust of the Saturn 5 system with the Apollo ships (3500 t. s.).
737642c7ed1fec11736cabaf759aab0f7d6dadc5	The possibility of re using side accelerators was an ultimatum requirement of the customer — the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Ministry of Defense
0e8a1300179ffc24ec944cb7b71f21bc91c5aaa4	represented by D. F. Ustinov .
e8abe5f8ba7776fce1e6970dee5b886b36d7a4c4	Officially, it was believed that the side accelerators were reusable, but in those two flights of "Energy" that took place, the task of preserving the side accelerators was not even set. American boosters descend by parachute into the ocean, which provides a fairly "soft" landing, sparing the engines and accelerator hulls.
3ce4032e4155a60078eb9c124b391b6d03425ce3	Unfortunately, in the conditions of the launch from the Kazakh steppe, there is no chance to "bring down" the accelerators, and the parachute landing in the steppe is not soft enough to preserve the engines and rocket hulls.
43b1120ae53c7b579b7b8d6298044fa74eb71df1	Although a planning or parachute landing with powder engines was designed, it was not implemented in the first two test flights, and further developments in this direction, including the rescue of both the first and second stage blocks with the help of wings, were not carried out due to the closure of the program.
ab0e4fa9b75e9e8c92308adfc5cd5af8e2d23b42	The changes that became the differences between the Energia — Buran system and the Space Shuttle system had the following results:
5268945e864c899d2fa70f77566ec9e6c1ed2611	* in the Energia Buran system, only the orbiter itself was a reusable element in the first flight, and the first stage blocks and the central block were lost during the launch process.^[34]
dc27c48aebe58ec26d7f94c14a1b5e78ec57fd26	* on the other hand, a universal space transport system was created, which, unlike the Americans, allowed to launch into space not only the Buran ,but also arbitrary heavy loads weighing up to 100 tons, while the US shuttle is an integral part of the transport system and the cargo is limited to 29.5 tons, and due to the peculiarities of the alignment of the orbiter, no flight with a full load was ever made.
d757f493fa9ab0e39deea84aedbfab2294f0d416	In the United States, there were plans to create a one time only cargo system based on the Shuttle
c0bb5ef57ad6e3ea947f0b3a4c45c54892e804cc	(Shuttle C ), but they were not implemented.
a158f2ee0917ac07b113c1d21ddc267031e43b1a	List of products[edit / edit wiki text ]
a3847b892ef091240207a074868d8b2c753b0b4f	Flying into space * "Buran" 1.01* at the exhibition in Le Bourget, 1989
b2efc362b8b3e4ce1213a7b3bea88e2e947b6369	"Baikal" 2.01 in LII im.
9a4237b492b1047bbe9dd4c370f7fde4e50b361d	Gromova
6eb61a4d7cf8f947fddce3374cc6f05df40cc254	By the time the program was closed (the beginning of the 1990s), five flight copies of the Buran ship had been built or were being built:
8d463715310972668d8e2a28561aa2fdb502081a	* * Product 1.01 "Buran" * - the ship made a space flight in automatic mode.
bd63e5a915970b13998d7e7dd61abe611cf10d5a	It was located in the collapsed assembly and test building on the 112th site of the cosmodrome, completely destroyed
a0e521d0b421cce34d7f8ff8987ec28a7ff27af7	together with the layout of the RN "Energia"
ad347d3829405a41a95314f8aeb1b5d43a3b69d4	during the collapse of the assembly and test building No. 112 on May 12, 2002 .
658273446eba549426ef93393e6c70499abd7bc5	It was the property of Kazakhstan .
fbcf77eeccfca584e6765ebce4ce056589e4415c	* Product 1.02 "Storm" - was supposed to make a second flight in automatic mode with docking with the manned station "Mir".
81160140e1c3bd8deee31c1b3ac3889c8dc75dfa	It is located at the Baikonur cosmodrome and is the property of Kazakhstan.
e2a79f692eeb66e6c666bc295c9874f66f9edaaf	In April 2007
14ce889698dda821cb8625377e222b45849e488f	a mass dimensional model of the product, previously lying unattended in the open air, is installed in the museum's exposition
93cd8a71aba3798a8ecab0271fee84501590b9c9	the Baikonur Cosmodrome (site 2).
6b05f3c078c4b8b9cf213525fe90cd1acfa3231c	The product 1.02 itself, together with the layout of the OK MT, is located in the installation and refueling case, and there is no free access to it.
b92eab1f9a652333dc32e02f600ac4bfc5f2df73	Nevertheless, in May June 2015, blogger Ralph Mirebs managed to take a number of photos of the collapsing shuttle and the layout of the ship[35] .
627606614bd20a158e33d10a7ade5b8fa940aaad	* Product 2.01 "Baikal" — the degree of readiness of the ship at the time of termination of work was 30-50 %. Until 2004, it was located in the workshops of the Tushinsky Machine building Plant , in October 2004 it was transported to the berth of the Khimki reservoir
82d79711f39a5b31ba121e0e6f5c242bef201692	for temporary storage.^[36] ^[37] ^[38] 22-23 in June 2011, it was transported by river transport to the airfield in Zhukovsky, for restoration and subsequent display at the MAKS air show .^[39] ^[40] * Product 2.02 - was ready for 10-20 %. It was disassembled (partially) on the slipways of the Tushinsky Machine building Plant.
6cb1c1152aed81846e7733e7da45b158fcddf7c0	* Product 2.03 the reserve was destroyed in the workshops of the Tushinsky Machine building Plant .
796099d6042bcbecd17cd13b1e0c2fdaca200e95	List of layouts[edit / edit wiki text ]
c63b1e65b7d8f951730509b47f51a75ec6ab0d4c	BTS 002 at the Museum of Technology
5cafb7f28cacb02af54347aa18fe0ac8bf4cc5e7	Speyer
d4f67765674c39628ea4e5253f1de3cb1dbdfebc	* BTS 002 OK GLI
2ed2da6e3d2a2f417d59db7d9ba3a93f9093eb8f	(product 0.02).
5c351a2460e9dfa4155b0f82c0eaa50a70d72b84	After the closure of the Buran program in 1993, NPO Molniya demonstrated an analog aircraft of the Buran BTS 002 at the airshow of the International Aviation and Space Salon .
6f970fed8c46c962e889f47d79dee2c3d196833b	BTS 002 had 4 turbofan engines, which allowed it to take off from a conventional airfield.
ffb55078425d2cff38601ca4d26e3b28235c2da9	It was used for passing horizontal flight tests in the atmosphere.
7bf6d975a71b2036f67050e4b8145eaaa3608a37	In 1999, it was leased
0597477ab3fa3b32e2ad5473e3fc7c98902f93da	australian
e1eafbd1636abcb4103375bf1aaaaf53f9c16401	a company to be shown at the Olympic Games
a3963e9b4348303ff131b73a9f6a1fe4b00fde3a	in Sydney, and then Singapore
0246b19421e9095249f0837b8e964743405e17ab	the company that took him to Bahrain .
78e58abcff68db22077c11ebbb63539e59bf38d3	Now it is owned by the Museum of Technology
d69d4f711236f9ea370d23f160dabac815b11462	in Speyer
96395502dfd1f444f685e57fbcfb6d137314a5f3	(Germany).
8891a42329aecb65630d4b45c0df4d52f78e74b7	On April 2, 2008, the Buran arrived at the port of Rotterdam.^[41] ^[42] It cost the owner of the museum, Herman Lair, 10 million euros.^[43] ^[44] It is currently installed in the Speyer Technical Museum as an exhibit.
543862ab7cc2c5991238dda8c1e98c246bf10722	BTS 001 in Gorky Park
281f71568356ed6f34b051bf4adf5a65aec44102	in Moscow
2457ec9db0a89fa1831887fd56d2263144763a67	* BTS 001 OK ML 1
56bc107ca5471bcb84612750591ac24220356732	(product 0.01) was used for testing the air transportation of the orbital complex.
d3216b7243c5eba400793b3525454c1a26c4625a	In 1993
c2b23cb14de9d10f0e350ee1637440d3b8f21549	the full size model was leased to the Cosmos — Earth Society (President cosmonaut German Titov).
0b1862aa4bfda1bb05ef2edd3d1fa3bb10c618e1	Until June 2014, it was installed on the Pushkin Embankment
f415ca9ada45a26ef04795991dd721cb8075f57f	Moscow River in the Central Park of Culture and Recreation named after.
3ea1d55215b8b2508e7d07f3cabe138be7e0f24a	Gorky .
d854d338d622342d7f18f96e474262de7269a6c6	As of December 2008, a scientific and educational attraction was organized there.
82b4d887243b12afe9c3df7e5d6f94771dbf6921	* OK KS (product 0.03) is a full size integrated stand.
2df78a0cedb8266c18de633e8e3dea522827db8d	It was used for testing air transportation, complex software testing, electrical and radio engineering tests of systems and equipment.
532ec9e9e90c4ad5d7d2920fb4a52bc3273b3b7f	Until 2012, he was located in the building of the control and testing station of RSC Energia , the city of Korolev .
62382e31e89ebe1a9ab625e83f30887af92b1f2d	It was moved to the territory adjacent to the building of the center, where it is currently undergoing conservation.
127fc504468f412b416b5dc9b16996c688cbf87e	After conservation, it will be installed on a specially prepared site on the territory of RSC Energia^[48] .
84d7d78b92b4a8d93ae23d019f17efc7b18d6c1c	* OK ML1 (product 0.04) was used for dimensional and weight fitting tests.
09ed1637ad5d9667df070598dc1985d2f163ae40	It is located in the museum of the Baikonur Cosmodrome.
460a74085c8340e4c002f657e93158d2491263dc	* OK TWA
6e83716bd9141453633829bb3dd1256907f1d713	(product 0.05) was used for heat and vibration strength tests.
44e86c40192290c05212029a88ad321f30c52de7	It is located in TsAGI .
97dcad890bfd36549b0f8ba8a5d1bdab5775b6de	As of 2011, all the compartments of the models were destroyed, with the exception of the left wing with a landing gear and with standard thermal protection, which were included in the layout of the orbiter.
87509b945c55305c9dd70d5e2bb8b0cb130aadc4	* OK TVI
905f431b37216f297ae046dfcd1da111f33b7f4c	(product 0.06) was a model for heat and vacuum tests.
460f1ea50f5009e4fdbed8bf1069fbd9e1730c29	It is located in Niihimmash, Peresvet
640cd12439f621165f5176b9b6059bbdd447ecaf	Moscow region.
58ca10645abd5c1bda358ef2ce59877bbec7b519	* OK MT (product 0.15) was used for testing pre launch operations (filling the ship, the fitting connecting works, etc.).
7bb694c643f56470007ce698daa5403b496728b2	Currently located at the site of Baikonur 112A,
e3cf597a57ace690fcf37c8046a9e5d000330719	(45°55'10" n 63°18'36" V. D. / 45.91944° n 63.31000° e / 45.91944; 63.31000 ^(G)
3d36ebd280821d1758db787bb71dd2c1f1ac909d	) in the structure 80, together with the product 1.02 "Storm".
a9b4f0e1b7d32bf88bf56295c232b9eb91c6663c	It is the property of Kazakhstan .
50b21488819e7b42d1c388192f9d461a18025a8b	* 8M
82ead836062abe0184afdd151957b3c342316a2d	(product 0.08) - the layout is only a model of the cabin with hardware stuffing.
a4d52f5fa1599e66dc136e12ac646ca4ffe58238	It was used to test the reliability of ejection seats.
d139121a31c7ae038283aa23f67da62fd69c9ed4	After the completion of the work, he was located on the territory of the 29th Clinical Hospital in Moscow, then he was transported to the Cosmonaut Training Center near Moscow.
436f696f98b8d53e9082b3c6d91ff944e2674529	Currently, it is located on the territory of the 83rd clinical Hospital of the FMBA (since 2011 the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies of the FMBA).
85bec7f9bffd4bde240c2348434bc58e8fe03e9b	The crew[edit / edit wiki text ]
761af1280da2ecb3bfaeda9d8f3844fd66020158	In 1984, crews were formed at the M. M. Gromov LII to test the Buran analogue BTS 02, which were carried out until 1988.
5452964a210930caedc0690055a94a374124d6a7	The same crews were also planned for the 1st manned flight of Buran.
910f220ae7db1b1fa144f0020da38e66b88cc696	Main crew
a93baa1b658e26a25b935063767c43c860984b30	* Volk, Igor Petrovich commander.
bebf702bbdc71d6c8b84d0b007ed1e78c2269ee6	* Stankevicius, Rimantas Antanas the 2nd pilot, died in a plane crash on September 9, 1990.
2cf2159b1a5ad2f056eac28656de59bdf721f170	Backup crew
e5d0879dfe19b7db0301615382ebfc2abee7c8cb	* Levchenko, Anatoly Semenovich commander, died on August 6, 1988 (from a brain tumor).
1ddfae647c2186e3488c70bb76914ad030ac26bc	* Shchukin, Alexander Vladimirovich the 2nd pilot, died in a plane crash on August 18, 1988 while preparing for an aviation show in honor of the Day of the USSR Air Fleet.
ef8c42f06a1d056d2729d8e61e5076b56b5dcf4f	In philately[edit / edit wiki text ]
ac789105553590936e55b404f69d7ff65d2bceef	Mail block
c27da0c3d0b07946d7b62277f0f1b91b36aa2af3	The USSR of 1988
95c0fb46e18c26f99c21b216f26e03645ef31464	(CFA (ITC "Marka")
034a9f8032d97cad286413196fffede57ec5864e	№ 6036)
10f6cbc6a8bf7f958838566f619a32f12a9bdbe2	Buran on a postage stamp
2f36b6bb1852c24392fb3ee9a2879da24eb0750d	Kazakhstan
4aed419083766fbdd3b1afe0e670c8fe304f1385	in the mail block "50 years of the Baikonur cosmodrome"
997adcbfb4cdbd2481ea26dba84d1a3a7be4e5fe	Postage stamp of the USSR in 1991
40850560d742135cf48668e07cc9f2652f55a19e	№ 6300)
6ab92b9393fb33bcdcdde5ee2c891fa627a9d3c7	Postage stamp of Ukraine in 1996
59e11094da4443acff13cd51fbb413c178b2c5e5	See also[edit / edit wiki text ]
f7c20d80aabc817a0590bb40508b6e39e8149dbd	* Storm (rocket)
50e336364745735832075633030f8614398826bf	* Baikal Angara
e70edc2f6d2a953d06d88a39dab1a671703e236c	* Space Shuttle
e2673b5b32c96814113083c346e92a26e980f0cd	* BOR 5 overall weight model of the Buran orbiter
17f9a79c310f12cfae77da35cca2e4edbe31f625	Notes[edit / edit wiki text ]
8eff7757ceccabddc8b39ddc7643c43a347c494c	1. *↑ * /Paul Marks.
9fc6e4b903de28c6a982d6ead7333fe0bd8a4a63	/ Cosmonaut: Soviet space shuttle was safer than NASA's (English) (7 July 2011). Archived from the original source on August 22, 2011 .
9748b967a8bd85b9e68416ad0f1ec83bc8528da5	2. * ↑ * A quarter of a century without "Buran"
a8abd22ed49fe1d34de9d5303db79539fc34c1d3	3. * ↑ * Application of the Blizzard 4.
e7999b44acee8e2a9c09f82e7eb1ea9ae21ac631	*↑ * The path to the Blizzard 5.
57b3aff35ff0c1255bb8ae210094268135ec88cd	*↑ * http://www.buran.ru/images/jpg/tsagi1.jpg 6.
1e7528ce93a978634fdd7a84646cbe6a984b7f3d	*↑ * http://www.buran.ru/images/jpg/markov.jpg 7.
a779a486b6e646119211d2a2e56b412607c31ea1	↑ Go to: ^/*1*/ ^/*2*/ ^/*3*/ "Buran" .
17190085af1ed5d465e90bffe019b8c254fd6614	Kommersant No. 213 (1616) (November 14, 1998). Verified on September 21, 2010.
f17bcffc2e7392776099fd37d22ba78fdba355e0	Archived from the original source on August 22, 2011 .
67f37eeb0a06766209a173e009f5db28c06a4df9	8. * ↑ * The mysterious flight of Atlantis
e656136a5ba12f6d199e4a684c9b64cd3be833a5	9. * ↑ * /Vick C./ Lacrosse/Onyx (English).
91efa60d7c219d956a6a8d6f5c6b52056422ec5d	GlobalSecurity.org (9 November 2008).
81b77897764503013cde0c4d742adca73a0aecd6	Verified on March 21, 2011.
4960736ee13f58543910478eb385aad5dda6e56a	* ↑ * Lacrosse 1 (English).
0d8a1b1127b0c2762c34c5b8b2fee69791e81b3e	NASA .
ba249aabc672b96c7cd26fd8d80fa3501d1c5136	* ↑ * Agnew, Spiro, chairman.
ecedbad18119d459bdece3474f0d5f3e8846717b	September 1969.
8ff7f01e45331c36e739aeafe97cbe2f2f74b076	The Post Apollo Space Program: Directions for the Future.
b6e1b7eafe81738f38b19fbcef4383b78d9ba5ec	Space Task Group.
df3c8340e11324d28524f48f299b2756628b54b0	Reprinted in NASA SP 4407, Vol. I, pp.
8d1ab6282394c9bda3ee73622f84d2c4ce2bb0e8	522—543 12.
e502d80e79d20b22113e368ae9e5b3eb72cecfe7	*↑ * 71-806.
f5daaa05de3d9a18db0444b8f425e85041019438	July 1971.
78b6a360cbcbb361ba9a2ea75f22ca82d11fe20c	Robert N. Lindley, The Economics of a New Space Transportation System 13.
bb6e3d0495be3e3890a5466768717453abb2be1d	*↑ * Application of "Buran — - Combat space complexes 14.
7538239b63324badf265da4df8def3665a396b1f	*↑ * History of the creation of the reusable orbiter "Buran" 15.
e7cd9bb8022744637c19bc81ac365a898186ff79	*↑ * Reusable orbiter OK 92, which became "Buran" 16.
60634d572bd6575e492da1fb275d94f177e89f57	* ↑ * Landing complex of the Baikonur cosmodrome
390c2c9b9592b3fb850f38859a86b4933bacfc1d	* ↑ * Spare airfields for "Buran"
58f98e805ef1354e7675e0c2a10c63c78ff6d041	* * * Layout of the facilities of the Vimpel Complex of radio technical systems for navigation, landing, trajectory control and air traffic control in the Crimea
5a9e22f5a55e2c8bdfb5f8ab9e0b23b1b5830269	* ↑ * Flight of the orbiter 11F35 "Buran"
d4a3368963b042ecdd45f3487acecd385efc7ae0	* ↑ * /Mikoyan S.
e70099ef0106b01107ed49b61c9f10e90da7651f	A. / Chapter 28.
0ee88f0c94783a7b07868a5b76dbab22acbc3ad5	At a new job / / We are the children of war.
a03aa7769a6a26a23e250776a406a5c876c56bf5	Memoirs of a military test pilot.
bc368be580f5f92744d54f1c2ea3f2f09339a87c	- Moscow: Yauza, Eksmo, 2006.
ab4cb40fcff886c43113b88367bda2c363c81244	549-566.
7c7d120f33817fdb9a83e9b30a3a0d6fddecd5ef	* ↑ * Speech by Gen. const.
28b64672cd9a479c3fb37e28e720613375352e9f	NGO "Molniya" by G. E. Lozino Lozinsky at the scientific and practical exhibition of the conference "Buran — a breakthrough to supertechnologies", 1998 22.
72013ec03d9bb52ac248ae8a7679a44f3c224ac0	*↑ * /A. Ore/.
0d401ba875c8fb5f27e92596b1460a63eb69d28a	Cleaning the mold from the numbers / / Computerra, 2007 23.
14c306b9e4955d56ad9908b3536935ff0a19700d	*↑ * http://www.buran.ru/other/sgk 245-25_05-93.pdf 24.
7417fc6ecae19a94fda663dc4563243bf40e7385	* * * "Buran" will be needed again for the defense of Russia
d3904e2dfb24b426d7d90397c981a27c1be508d5	* * * The contact of any cosmic body with the atmosphere during acceleration is accompanied by a shock wave, the effect of which on the gas flows is expressed by an increase in their temperature, density and pressure — pulsed compacting plasma layers are formed with a temperature increasing exponentially, and reaching values that can withstand only special heat resistant silicate materials without significant changes.
7f9831fac2d9b2f9fca34e07e053279fa4fba306	* ↑ * Bulletin of the Saint Petersburg University;
5ade947009d6ae939572f1c616788de3554cfd95	Series 4.
e40268d15ebc2d06a63717d42104857895e9ddb8	Issue 1.
b5cc49974d549fbaff1e56aa99d6f7c3d15ebc2a	March 2010.
babdcb987401263ca9a347a5ecf4f92e86be9e7a	Physics, chemistry (the chemical section of the issue is dedicated to the 90th anniversary of M. M. Schultz)
d7d9187698ffa050692a3a022b5fd3f24c27b35f	* ↑ * Mikhail Mikhailovich Shultz.
281a1ec4d1f28ef45bba9b1d7bba4c525ee00a22	Materials for the bibliography of scientists of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
298593bbd29eb5549e2695e9b05b53e7026ce360	Chemical sciences.
f9728e5acff51d5eed8291747d90fe87351d8635	Issue 108.
a70373a1ee8d2211916fe707393baf5bd0f1f55b	Second edition, supplemented.
d12d3eb13bd03518360838da142b5c0765ceebfa	- Moscow: Nauka, 2004 — - ISBN 5-02-033186-4
d5262fe6cdab734f2028c20da234e32d057d39e5	*↑ * Meets the General designer of the "Buran" Gleb E. Lozino Lozinski 29.
b2be9bc77ff9ff27bef1e8d2e631317f6179dfb2	*↑ * In the same boat frost and flame / aerospace, No.
b20261ccde421892121490a0484688cd5ac8c9f4	1/1991 / B. SOKOLOV, Deputy chief designer of NPO "Energy", doctor of technical Sciences;
a6390014088c7252c9b527b6d307e73b0472cd16	A. SANIN, candidate of technical Sciences 30.
9dccd492058d323a1efc475d449d4dd1ef57cd66	*↑ * Russia To Review Its Space Shuttle Project / Propulsiontech''s Blog
aff01ffaf78510124db49afdb59b65f08c30225a	*↑ * /Douglas Birch./ Russian space program is handed new responsibility .
9d3e3af708e1e9ff5823af8482f26b816babcad3	Sun Foreign (2003).
d3274817801a5f6864ac9bcc099d0cbf9f798dcd	Checked on October 17, 2008.
e79f3ad8c1f553a3bfe8626688b375a1c3f19cc0	32.
0884297d384d7a97a194cafd586f3bdc9858a796	* ↑ * Russia To Review Its Space Shuttle Project .
30a67876995635d0795b1681d7828b9ed9250ea6	Space Daily (???). Verified on July 28, 2010.
0ceda33c81d42b3c56012f8d1b2ffa44da1e46f1	33.
fbb15e212de00ee5601afefac4b9109c6a7d7a01	* ↑ * OS 120 34.
3f86a4673e4d57d30b38db562f855012cbbf3ce5	* ↑ * B. Gubanov.
57eb5c4ce0ea98146b667235c05b0cdf80f3df27	Central Block C / / Triumph and Tragedy of Energy 35.
fe78fe302b9b92f830bb09e07fc7dbc60cecdd82	* ↑ * /Ralph Mirebs./ In the bedroom of God .
2d13365b9a9d6ab957b0c69c649227df8f573d52	LiveJournal (June 3, 2015).
669b1406572343291346ff5153fd62883d61b46b	36.
bf5517b4ecdb2152f7be05d2c57c90f7acd6d105	* ↑ * D. Melnikov.
1e7c4d99ef51a50c8160721238fdfd23608f4c02	"Buran" was left without wings and a tail to Lead.<url>, September 2, 82010 37.
5bb54c1c012768940f21de432f0852127bdb9e10	* * * The Tushinsky Machine building Plant, where the Buran space shuttle was built, disowned its brainchild of the Petersburg — Fifth Channel shopping mall, September 30, 2010.
2b73c323bc5da229c3f921ef034e5213e8d982a5	* * * The remnants of the "Buran" are sold in pieces
44e2f4eb5f708c75aaf98f9f2b7f7ee439a14f05	REN TV, September 30, 2010 39.
70fad281dee5aad4c67458e100378b4dc03acdf8	* ↑ * "Buran" will be given a chance
c7a997b45e9c1be56e715fe2358936917136a0bd	* ↑ * The "Buran" rotting in Tushino will be put in order and shown at the air show
2e22c2411f240d18c30837169ea03930937c5e4b	* ↑ * Russian space shuttle in Port of Rotterdam 42.
f9cba0b04ffd4b6e1f475295b563dd7c0ea1bd5b	* ↑ * The End of the Buran Odyssey (14 photos)
a801690d083cae5c08bc77f85ca2de92706f8b46	The end of the odyssey of the "Buran" News.<url>, April 5, 2008 44.
3bd5445bc9b264b20e1c89c6b0781fba8c16bce0	* * * The Soviet shuttle "Buran" sailed to the German Lenta Museum.<url>, April 12, 2008 45.
b1ba92eda33112f630c88ad084a62accda565bac	* * * "Buran" is being transported from the Moscow Park named after.
2c0fbbe51e8fb5ad9ceccf3a96b4c657016bc4e9	Gorky (photo report), June 24, 2014 46.
91caed0492858337f65264bd5859b51f546d3ccb	* * * Several trolleybus and tram routes will be removed due to the transportation of "Buran"
7232670a3f91ee399c6940d46d413d69f4ddc048	47.
8812c758d300c4f25b6f1119f87ef9366e7d8c86	* ↑ * "Buran" was transported from Gorky Park to VDNH (VIDEO) 48.
175bf8ee80554b18a6d8dc84b019e2ce98539f90	* * * The poster model of the reusable ship "Buran" of RSC Energia is being moved to a new place in RSC Energia, November 15, 2012
678ba0bd5b50f45b852e14a4fe93f3929194da16	Literature[edit / edit wiki text ]
e757be1c93b79b41cbd7960f2110ef290ef63297	* B. E. Chertok.
158ea96c8d9daec88943cb4c7366453c4a3b624b	Rockets and people.
23a3f96ec496020eac947bcc37c2c6d3fe3a9b7b	The lunar race M.: Mechanical Engineering, 1999.
1fd67c70a5da62445ecc0101ebf03c9bf8a39491	Chapter 20 * The first flight.
533542d426f6f90af52644c4c7ed53d0512ba1f1	- M.: Aviation and cosmonautics, 1990 — - 100 000 copies.
d1eff0123a119db5c431519c1efbb6d419b9def3	* / Kurochkin A.M., Shardin V. E./ The area closed for swimming.
6101987a64557356ff53ec8e27bd12589b56a54f	- M.: OOO "Military book", 2008.
42bb08e810d3da70cf217a9170bf283462edf2e1	- 72 p — - (Ships of the Soviet Fleet).
86a849b961da861a6f91c4f33ecfa4001762a177	— ISBN 978-5-902863-17-5 .
e486279477d5ad84f7ca7ceecb86e70aed8858d6	* / Danilov E. P. / The First.
c48aa47610c209865046b4bb2b261f4c73d0ae96	And the only one...
e864eb4a423ed1aba180b5df3b5ad7f7caab2f19	/ / Obninsk .
887ab3f970c07072fc5c3b04f746abfd9c14ded7	160-161 (3062-3063), December 2008
1ff7d9c5854ba7316a7cf063a1a7ba75897faa99	Links[edit / edit wiki text ]
a112bf6d7096e40f1d5d8159d55ce3fa6354f3d7	commons: Buran (spaceship)
30da1d0239ad12a54d251ad790bfc21552b8908a	on Wikimedia Commons^?
e01ef5209858e21dc303b65dd67c155e3cf48946	The Vikinovosti logo
a41e50ac0ab6c1ef35a1407c5cd0067f4721035c	Vikinovosti
1173e7227da3eaf417ea41571bbaecf2df8ac8b7	by topic: *The last Soviet shuttle "Buran" was transported to Zhukovsky *
7853aec2cbec7c36a2ca111af2a2a6352c33bc0f	* Project "Buran 68" * About the creation of "Buran" Website of the Ministry of Aviation Industry of the USSR
4e98b3b51046e3351af41e18918d3fd2acf8688b	(history, photos, memories and documents) * Buran and other reusable space transport systems (history, documents, technical specifications, interviews, rare photos, books) * English website about the ship "Buran" (English) * Emergency on Baikonur on May 12, 2002 * What did happen on Baikonur?
cee9deb2536729029b597d048a8c86a059f64d69	* The storm around the "Buran"
2935464d26366695089812746316b12fd40ce5db	* Who gave birth to the "Shuttle" and "Buran"?
f38ad4d31cb891e4be4ccd757cd41fad731b7f11	* Basic concepts and history of the development of the orbital complex "Buran" Baltic State Technical University "Voenmeh"
53c5efcc7779aa2f4dc06c7befaaa303e25ae8eb	D. F. Ustinov, report on the first work of the UNIRS * Gleb Lozino Lozinsky led the development
184bf0751cb65442faf7d8aa26b847504c60b002	* Gagarin and the prototype of the "Buran".
bfc315695c169c03bfcb95486776b0bf2734169a	Photo from 1966
9b77254ad43e3b7798f7d51593c323b632a56c30	Photo from 1965
c179c9ffedb4479fcde0ed36113bede0b065c767	* On a visit to the" Buran "Technik Museum Speyr, Germany * Pilots of the Buran Website of veterans 12 of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Aviation Industry of the USSR Pilots of the "Buran" * "Buran".
a432b90d63d54ad95a8fa98a5e198cbad8ecd800	The Constellation of the Wolf
9140cb678d69e9a0d588f14271470cc75a8195c3	d/f about the team of Buran pilots (Channel One, see the official website. TV projects ) * Takeoff of the "Buran" (video) * The last "Buran" of the Empire — a TV story by the Roscosmos studio
aa30683f137645a7d1b3958a4d701e38f821cf0c	(video) * Map of Gorky Park with a clearly visible layout of OK TWA
693a237bb79934576a9d1c8c922edd9c1bf7ffdc	* "Buran 1.02" at the storage site at the Baikonur Cosmodrome
9e846e983ddd66810e6f47fbff3cf59586ae0381	(since the spring of 2007, it has been located 2 km south east of this place, in the Museum of the History of Baikonur) * The Tushinsky machine building plant, where the Buran space shuttle was built, disowned its offspring / / 5 tv.ru * Pharmacists dragged the "Buran" along the Moscow River
a23558bd7841a0c736ce1c8b7e412ced6e975b1b	(video) * The Buran spacecraft was transported along the Moscow River (video) * "Buran" will return again (video).
9f82e2a1ed1975e4223404e31d756a9b72d6224c	The program Russian space, interview with O. D. Baklanov, December 2012.
1a3e866920323212c0eb7ee53e5f4b0fbbf52c0b	* The full automatic machine won — Kommersant, 09.11.2015
b7d2074b1d044da3d267d81090ebb42cebe8b659	* Logo YouTube por Hernando. svg Fairway for "Buran" (transportation of Buran from Tushino to Zhukovsky)
9f9909bf7285a868340d8bf984588060bd066120	[hide] Viewing this template Space program "Energia Buran"
1b1617fa6352a6dcc15224c056275c764eadf0b5	Components * * Buran** · Energy · World · Quantum 1 · Quantum 2 · Crystal · Androgynous peripheral docking assembly
f0b7453fc789dbd232f3148e812934d9f5a5efcb	RP1357 p189 Energia Buran.svg
9815065d3ee9cbae270bbb2d5eb7596b3bc4d91e	Orbital instances **Buran 1.01** · *Buran 1.02 * · *Buran 2.01 * · *Buran 2.02 * · *Buran 2.03 * Test instances and devices OK 1 ML (0.01; OK M; BTS 01) · OK GLEE (0.02; BTS 02) · OK KC (0.03) · OK МЛ1 (0.04) · OK TWA (0.05) · OK TWI (0.06) · OK MT (0.15) · OK?
8041e9f8f8f5950341f10296ccecee7ac9a99fba	(Product 0.08) · BOR 4 · BOR 5 launch site Baikonur
b0453fd41616dc06eab41e817359caa81748c2ea	Landing places main: Yubileyny
fb37ce652ae5561a01011757e50fdde32ea24566	* reserve: Bagerovo · Vostochny (Khorol) · spare parts: other
2941b46b4228b9804938a80994b4002bc46f4c56	Related topics Roof collapse of the installation and test building of the Baikonur Cosmodrome
9b439d12085ef6cf54e4a05d4c9520b46b14eaa1	[show] View this template Reusable Transport Spaceships
aad66195a249c4d3cf33a4189d523481f67e322f	USFLAG of the United States. svg USA : "X 20 Dyna Soar", launch on the PH (the project is not implemented)
7515e8bb2ddda4142596519a59771de8f05f1b0c	SSRFLAG of the Soviet Union. svg of the USSR : "Spiral", air start scheme
50961178a45657a4f657d004912b9b0cafa4ff4f	(the project is stopped) LKS, start at the PH (the project is not implemented)
b1eddccfcb4142e4c615b6aabaf2a23309234365	Shuttle.svg
0d0852a41717bf99acb482001961b5da5ce5863b	USFLAG of the United States. svg USA: The "Space Shuttle" program *Is completed*
4175850ae79d65c9760e3f3aab75db32ef980a54	SSRFLAG of the Soviet Union. svg USSR: The Buran program * Has been stopped*
d10c0aeb1a8589e4814925fe8c91202f44ab1b83	* / Enterprise / (OV 101, atmospheric tests, decommissioned) * /Pathfinder / (OV 098, ground tests) * /Colombia / (OV 102, *burned while landing in 2003,*) * /Challenger /
b2df503b88e95c7d55773166c3ec2f639d3403e3	(OV 099, *exploded during launch in 1986 *) * /discovery / (OV 103, completed the flight 09.03.2011) * /Atlantis / (OV 104, has concluded the flight 21.07.2011) * /endeavour / (OV 105, completed the flight 01.06.2011)
88bc41b5c86d5629f2dc0dc2585927dc0eb2f732	* / OK ML 1 / (BTS 001, aerodynamic model, park attraction) * / OK GLI / (BTS 002, atmospheric aircraft analog, transferred to the museum) * / * Buran*/ (1.01, decommissioned, destroyed in 2002) * / 1.02 / (95-97% finished, transferred to the museum) * / 2.01 / (built by 30-50%, under restoration) * / 2.02 / (built by 10-20%, partially disassembled) * /2.03 / (disassembled)
b4d29487332fdf3b2c03e998932b31badd4cac17	EuropaFlag of Europe. svg Europe : "Hermes" (project stopped), HOTOL
1dc2c50f22fc5e356bf86e868bb19fe5806b3399	(project stopped ), Skylon (project) Japanflag of Japan. svg Japan: HOPE( project stopped), Kanko maru
15734dba2bdcd20a7245b99ee32af93441ab4c23	(project), ASSTS
245f4794eee2e60a89b19e89ba14ec628d23f0d1	(project) KNRFlag of the People's Republic of China. svg China: Shenlong
8ffc9db5a39457050060c98d821fe6b3475306a1	(project) Ukrainflag of Ukraine. svg Ukraine: Sura
a7849d1355dae22df93bc14476fbd4870efd68f2	(project) Indyflag of India. svg India: AVATAR/RLV (English)Russian.
b55f1b0fca5f778e00ecda5c5bfa579c98c71be7	and Hyperplane (English)Russian.
b16970a2b6cea55ec5e0472933da7ff6119a5078	(projects)
e6824a43dee64abd5d6b03c08df9f65da4d80783	USFLAG of the United States. svg USA : NASP Program (X 30) (closed in 1992)
c88b39886233fccbf749dd927ed177fb538c3818	USFLAG of the United States. svg USA : VentureStar Program (closed in 2001)
1d487dc65e98219733dc55968dfafeabbe1e9066	SSRFLAG of the Soviet Union. svg USSR: "Zarya" (1987-1989, the release of design documentation has been completed) RussiaFlag of Russia. svg Russia : "Clipper" (the project was closed in 2006)
f189001eca96879627d6c4ba386b1ab81703cf8e	USA Flag of the United States. svg USA: Constellation program with partially reusable Orion CC (closed in 2010)
826b76abb23ed988502891a40d6977690d73431e	USFLAG of the United States. svg USA : ROTON
8211c2743a6b8afef2527dfe0eb3c2fe7f8a3ab7	(private project, stopped) USFLAG of the United States. svg USA: Delta Clipper
f87f2fe37338756d759d3e844c7a135795cfe98e	(private project) USFLAG of the United States. svg USA: Dream Chaser (private project) USFLAG of the United States. svg USA: Silver Dart (English)Russian.
a012fbeab96f4411e406bf5d50c9f5a03e057efe	(private project)
e6f46e80a169316f1bb275be3e0c1dd300c8e5d9	RussiaFlag of Russia. svg Russia : "Rus" partially reusable CC
a045cc4dcaf97f2d4b0143db4cf11f88af437cfe	RussiaFlag of Russia. svg Russia: "MAX ", air start scheme
59b952ac683227145953d0e887bc44c7f01a19df	RussiaFlag of Russia. svg Russia : "RAX ", (project)
c49fa616b91d2721d8d6b00e96121c1cbf6177fa	[show] View this template Manned Space Flights
5e2d485c2cdb2281e49e2e5d96c47f634a8a2f80	The USSR and Russia
b2c04928da3e0244987ed6bcb32c575b56d328a9	BP 190
6f01db4a1ad110a28d9e4ba6432401415d21b423	(1957-195912, ed.)
f68635d8c4e3cfe05cc60d8fc226863e93b645c1	* East
e07ccbb3d2fa129edfbe7dc0511accf5a140070d	(1961-1963 • * Sunrise
872e1aa9e47f845f1a6e40e44bebbc833e5bc1c9	(1964-1965 • * Union
4ae569a719fa11469f0e4d7515c4926e9aaad064	(since 1967) • L1 /Probe
a6f0f18953f0edc3488c1169923d326cd60b70ef	(1967-19701, ed.)
8e797715628610c0be727ba62d1d54d404f1b78b	• L3
a518bc18ac7b2aff486d57a6174f617b8db489e5	(1971-19721, ed.)
406c78ca94fab42b8aaec6bcf6f931d70a792622	• TKS
5343bfc0482a320310616772a85e46984238e4c0	(1977-19851) • / Zarya / • / Spiral / • /LKS / • * Buran* (19881) • /Clipper / • / MAX / • / Federation / (from 20211, from 2024)
606cb109e24d78205b205b9b6b7b2ac8d0838a63	Mercury
fc9e86d7c1cb5a2e994eedaaccc670559a10600a	(1961-1963) • North American X 15 2 (1963) • Gemini
ed698b2e74689400dd1bd780c6d0ee45314c4573	(1965-1966 • * Apollo
4151122b4c50576316b4a8610ec3adda48e31938	(1968—1975) • /X 20 Dyna Soar / • Space Shuttle
4f69bf93fbd1d2ce5b42b2b0a98492509a1dcd97	(1981-2011) • / VentureStar / • /NASP (X 30) / • /Orion / (since 20141, since 2018)
d2eaf2aa1512d6596e0a5bae633537c6b8e779a3	China
86447f3fb3b5dd30479c341cd3a9cf8b7aa6c666	/Shuguang / • / manned by FSW / * Shenzhou
5b7b92a1fe12edc446223423c3c07e291864c367	(since 2003) • / Shenlong / (c 201?)
967ce367d89dccc133d71049f1197d29561b3726	India
9d2e5aad61836cef4fd1fd06a0a9b125b842e38c	/ISRO Orbital Vehicle / (since 2016)
1e9cb061f252587dcf3faed28ca12220fe8cc48e	European Union
494a3280670c22c1d1704c7310edb8388d719b97	/ Hermes / • /Sanger 2 / (Germany) • / HOTOL / (UK) • /CRV / (from 2018) • /ACTS / (from 20??)
f1d9aacbcb828ed9323bcde7bc027539f2fb4835	/HOPE / • /Fuji / • /Kanko maru / • /ASSTS / • / manned HTV / (from 20??)
e80721793c24ae14edfca9b26ad406a9815cd3ff	private
108be1d6ae8fd4675662d2c99d040cf0359c5f88	SpaceShipOne 2 (2004) • /SpaceShipTwo /2 (since 2012) • /SpaceX Dragon / (since 20101, c 201?) • /CST 100 / (since 201?) • /Excalibur Diamond / (since 201?) • /ROTON / (since 201?) • /Delta Clipper / (since 201?) • /Kistler K 1 / (since 201?) • /Silver Dart / (since 201?) • /Dream Chaser / (since 201?) • /Tycho Brahe /2 (from 201?) • /Stabilo /2 (from 201?) • /M 55 (Geophysics) /2 (from 201?)
436e01c54577c4203dabc8af41f4e1be74781e8c	1 Only unmanned flights, although the ship was created for manned flights 2 Only suborbital flights
3262abd46fa5fd686d66b279933def8854eb34ae	[show] View this template Soviet and Russian rocket and space technology Historical RN
303759b5868cf7a86ffcab67bea5cdba409a247f	* Satellite
92890ef88188a6f5234d9a9e261de7415cf5ddb5	• East
4edfb9ec45a35bda04323137bb6369f44c33b202	* The Moon
a0229a162610c2c4849120dfe1a4fba840568558	* Sunrise
e30c047a730893f4583690ad2fca362d932df69c	* Union
ac59487b24d9f659b183410d81989f1550b2ecb7	* Lightning
d3db5fb24d6cdb1eae99ecee05c474a48a184fdc	• N 1 • Energy
b8d6e60753c707b33273fc2ea5fda49b2630d2c1	• Cyclone
c483b33dc2ff7afc92d783e7dbb48ed6a72326f5	* Wave
d1fda88c1c979ef44526cef2f630d5f006ab8cab	* Soyuz U * Cosmos
9d676ea169de893d8714172ea6a378ffdc02a0de	• Start
120c658e4fd5db138f1dca2b87da415be5638cd7	Soyuz TMA 5 launch.jpg
152347503be74053971dc40b0c7348584e3e2afd	Operated PH
9ff51320990b056c64148f68ac761288a3c8318d	Proton
343d41eeac37c53a6ddf0c3b4ddc1d4d39092f96	* Zenith
2dbeac2117faa41d24684eb0a07f0f1ca4304d85	* Soyuz FG • Soyuz 2
5cd6c3e0a0d11c2be2acd357cbe39eec714307e9	* Dnipro
ba706e43bb4ac219fe7b20de31fdad65094b74ae	* Arrow
f9109ecd693e2945cdbc784f4be36cd9c00e2aa5	• Rumble
afc1cb53d112ff03882395a0aaee5e0b182c0b85	Developed PH
f97c957619dca96fbe81d7d61e493bd70e071207	Soyuz 2-3 * Angara
3b1075e19d2c41190fb8874743454352df78d20b	* Taimyr
06be13f632de05f44e0d8914006b0f2083a2c9c3	• Russian woman
50659fd3fcd69de753d9b410e3fda29d56accfb4	ICBM based launch vehicle
33ec23db96b16085821b404cc8c2b54fbfda44f5	Cyclone
fb2f24732c99f9ba9f7e3c4962af6fde010f1e08	RN based on the SLBM
a24d601189fbbd8017b46b0693a45dcdcb5dff0d	Wave
92043b84253080aeb5f7db409dd21e3dae7d4a00	• Swell
afb539145d80c68fdfe4f864d8607d97ecb96025	• Calm
fec131fc7e3c60b3668696cc3f68fec97db50124	Overclocking blocks
07c2622f8862599ef7e7c0ea72e6cb6bdca48509	Block L
eb28f99b1640c2d1e04890df6f505b6e022511e2	• DM block
fb75abc3b5b0945b1add4515bd0db1c532106c7f	• Breeze
cb208aab99f0acf4aa9ed8b6d31d7c54008fe433	• Frigate
be1ef478602f9530423744d5c4bd3234cf25f43f	* Icarus
18e685ab68bef9f56779069a308224c49f1608a0	• Volga
7a005b370b6b51cdba461426e500adee8bd8dace	• /KVTK /
ffbfc6e769c0f8b4c02a6ac10ca3a0ae46c2fa67	Reusable space systems
cca67d7ce9f5969eeb150bcc40354259cb51cac8	Spiral
bef74f98748e03691c8052c0c5acb54f8d4664be	• LCS
fc4cc65891a7f1755697cb8e60b75af6bc42c563	• * Buran* * Zarya
dc8ccdeaaf1cd51dfe3ffe70db34464fb98b1427	* MAX
7e763d92025d619310240716b28ab942bdd2a886	• Clipper
ce9c319bd1ff7f8a4219c93d0a92ef8dc3040fc4	* Federation
b3a635d2d8dca0aaf5065bcc2f6fab326dd2138c	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buran_ (spaceship)&oldid=77887543 »
69ece144aaffb29190ff550f605f9e20be52ddb1	Categories :
00037aab42002cabcada2f9c0433fcd2fa8e6d22	* Cosmonautics of the USSR
e5295ede475261329dc7e89e9a284db5d22bc6a5	* Flights in fully automatic mode
24a9a4e174ad96e586fad2c253690484c4697e3d	* The Buran program
0c7e787391575e47980a04aed11f052424ccd997	* RSC Energia products
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cbb5980a8a89f400c517d4931bc83c3b6091e9de	Cosmodromes of the world.
3cbc52303fb9b514e7e0a2044e5421acc89587ac	Part 1 I
13f6f2ecd4bb4048cacc59af74d035e806591767	Next news
b252952b5038545c366f3813e227d0dd3f8631e8	Part 2 I
86ab37af7089959a866b25a95aea320ce395f6bd	"Technologies" Cosmos
f828071067b99269ab6dd06b649f316b977b4f4a	"Buran" and "Shuttle": such different twins
5ac323993f38529c7aff91c62fb5aefc89032dc4	December 30, 2013
2dc81f0f4d32be7115f3a1a54704e99bd3cb45f0	When you look at the photos of the cruise spacecraft "Buran" and "Shuttle", you may get the impression that they are quite identical.
b035c11a7ab5b428c2af5db9f5e4b634c587f0e4	At least, it seems that there should be no fundamental differences.
88f2cb62988533afda32001bd62e7110c88abcf6	Despite the external similarity, these two space systems are still fundamentally different.
044bfb11925ce81aaa82a4f1d979e323c1e4bd53	"Shuttle" and " Buran"
269c22804f9294e115e5e6cc05d4870d4d455937	"The Shuttle"
03dad59427d00ce12ae153ff8fc3cca224736231	The Shuttle is a reusable transport spacecraft (MTCC).
ad6f16e1cffc0f8c41833d8e48d05335fef7b8c6	The ship has three liquid rocket engines (LRE) running on hydrogen.
eaddc602c262a6509f0bda468cf3dee8c8239a20	The oxidizer is liquid oxygen.
0d29a04dcd5e2f40aa2fdd68376e598c4880f1ef	To make an exit to near Earth orbit, a huge amount of fuel and oxidizer is required.
37ce64f96d4ee470c9db255f5cc6f4c1bea14f7c	Therefore, the fuel tank is the largest element of the Space Shuttle system.
765280b5b9aecb6d5641dbd55e8d9d14115c459d	The spacecraft is located on this huge tank and is connected to it by a system of pipelines through which fuel and oxidizer are supplied to the Shuttle engines.
32db4d43ac46579447cea9695185bfdc45d083fa	And still, three powerful engines of a winged ship are not enough to go into space.
03f17099bcf7ae4a9755a2585ab705bf40bf35d7	Two solid - fuel boosters are attached to the central tank of the system the most powerful rockets in the history of mankind today.
86518316fa89a91e3eacc97510aaa165a25737b9	The greatest power is needed precisely at the start to move a multi ton ship and lift it to the first four and a half dozen kilometers.
1af805727545badc6d6375677337a30a00dd6dd8	Solid fuel rocket boosters take on 83% of the load.
ced5e97b1ae853e6bd2d65652ca56287479f96a5	Another "Shuttle" takes off"
5c4bdb3209a364e1e7a7d8bc36225a0ff8074fbc	At an altitude of 45 km, solid fuel accelerators, having exhausted all the fuel, are separated from the ship and parachuted into the ocean.
8b556c6621d915d10c6bf3a32791507edea86fbd	Further, to an altitude of 113 km ,the "shuttle" rises with the help of three rocket engines.
1b5deb715b4c3ce11fd2a2b9de2cbf0898c91c47	After separating the tank, the ship flies for another 90 seconds by inertia and then, for a short time, two orbital maneuvering engines running on self igniting fuel are switched on.
3c5a27bad971670b27ac9060d0c79d772fa0b0ab	And the shuttle is entering a working orbit.
992a8754f431d51da16e0eb62507e8dc2723bfe9	And the tank enters the atmosphere, where it burns up.
f3516d2151f959a4d0066c4b5bd50fd9a6a6cad1	Some of its parts fall into the ocean.
7d6bb3dfd090ce73230dc086970f3852179cdb99	Separation of solid fuel accelerators
a8f5c5ab8f4993baf420fd96f99b1410ae21c87f	Orbital maneuvering engines are designed, as can be understood from their name, for various maneuvers in space: to change the parameters of the orbit, to dock to the ISS or to other spacecraft in near Earth orbit.
404ccfa836c6b7287edb3d9879aa8175d3762a35	So the " shuttles "visited the Hubble orbiting telescope several times for maintenance.
3ba77b0608493ac94e9812b7a4f4883ddb33b3b9	And, finally, these engines serve to create a braking impulse when returning to Earth.
4ab202999808fff0deefb366505a8297861fc94f	The orbital stage is made according to the aerodynamic scheme of a tailless monoplane with a low lying delta shaped wing with a double sweep of the leading edge and with a vertical tail of the usual scheme.
1fb614db8ca7fa58cc7c7ec6f17cfdecf78c35e8	For control in the atmosphere, a two section rudder on the keel (here is also an air brake), elevons on the trailing edge of the wing and a balancing shield under the tail part of the fuselage are used.
91540e8bc5ca8c1bbddc75950e0712f926a34f45	The chassis is retractable, three post, with a nose wheel.
24fe3702f8b92050e2869a134e9799d452bcc0de	Length 37.24 m, wingspan 23.79 m, height 17.27 m.
f08d41eae28536054a761fac816554bca6b4a591	The" dry " weight of the device is about 68 tons, take off from 85 to 114 tons (depending on the task and payload), landing with a return cargo on board – 84.26 tons.
d94724c9cbd6944bcb227269f0bafd1e4662c35d	The most important feature of the airframe design is its thermal protection.
b13be6c5ed99b116cda94c859f93f5b5b12204a9	In the most heat stressed places (the estimated temperature is up to 1430 ° C), a multilayer carbon carbon composite is used.
4aaff3cdbe4bd2beade382b24acf0a4a8fa7eea8	There are few such places, it is mainly the nose of the fuselage and the leading edge of the wing.
72438163374109463bb7ed7986169952ca2e3677	The lower surface of the entire device (heating from 650 to 1260 ° C) is covered with tiles made of a material based on quartz fiber.
2844372bea5387d025c15e915e737bd1cdb3c202	The upper and side surfaces are partially protected by low temperature insulation tiles where the temperature is 315-650 ° C; in other places, where the temperature does not exceed 370 ° C, a felt material covered with silicone rubber is used.
11d2d3038d16eb459ea6de645ef9dd01d1dd9168	The total weight of the thermal protection of all four types is 7164 kg.
ef3ac847c75f96328ff9061885fb07d0ecb85d37	The orbital stage has a two deck cabin for seven astronauts.
88cb1c44b95c8868a33ebd96ad2aacf6646ee05a	Upper deck of the shuttle cabin
3c84cbed87e28c9c35dd9fc05c33c9e90a9677be	In the case of an extended flight program or when performing rescue operations, up to ten people can be on board the shuttle.
08f9dc3ac25774bb51c62d1232677ae3a2fead79	In the cabin there are flight controls, working and sleeping places, a kitchen, a pantry, a sanitary compartment, an airlock, control posts for operations and payload, and other equipment.
8697d6bf50110ab24c911b224e04d7db4217da55	The total sealed volume of the cabin is 75 cubic meters, the life support system maintains a pressure of 760 mm Hg and a temperature in the range of 18.3-26.6 ° C.
793ad0a0b568388ce48b33ad9f09460a10617ff0	This system is made in an open version, that is, without the use of air and water regeneration.
c9b919212a726dcdad3f24fcc43fe510b2d16248	This choice is due to the fact that the duration of the shuttle flights was set at seven days, with the possibility of bringing it up to 30 days with the use of additional funds.
da60879df5f1bb8809dea3296da008a9148d5fbf	With such a small autonomy, the installation of regeneration equipment would mean an unjustified increase in the weight, power consumption and complexity of the onboard equipment.
955966f469ac998050d2c59d1b6452a6174d3e00	The reserve of compressed gases is enough to restore the normal atmosphere in the cabin in the case of one complete depressurization or to maintain a pressure of 42.5 mm Hg in it for 165 minutes when a small hole is formed in the hull shortly after launch.
61321315cc9d46a000b8dfa00687d48701dfc1eb	The cargo compartment with dimensions of 18.3 x 4.6 m and a volume of 339.8 cubic meters is equipped with a "three wheeled" manipulator with a length of 15.3 m.
f35b3c6ba66de7163a58c99e361f3c45dc65b974	When opening the doors of the compartment, the radiators of the cooling system turn together with them to the working position.
969806d773055b6d5c2e4885479256f3c3a8bb01	The reflectivity of radiator panels is such that they remain cold even when the Sun shines on them.
75785023e2ed2b44dd7b881c36c83b386216c58d	What the Space Shuttle can do and how it flies
1c086de6fda24e2cd415dde79b83f48af0009927	If we imagine the system assembled, flying horizontally, we will see an external fuel tank as its central element; an orbiter is docked to it from above, and accelerators are on the sides.
1f48a6a6a87fb278749f5d705693b869a5a246a2	The total length of the system is 56.1 m, and the height is 23.34 m.
cf75f3f53f6ada41ba6a749dd3dc3e7f0abadff5	The overall width is determined by the wingspan of the orbital stage, that is, it is 23.79 m.
b6eb918b824212f77e37508a816a4bbbae907311	The maximum starting mass is about 2,041,000 kg.
b48847b71aafc29cc1688a13f99eb88266892266	It is impossible to speak so unambiguously about the size of the payload, since it depends on the parameters of the target orbit and on the launch point of the ship.
41954633bdd755ae8be6372dffcaa4c5767537ae	Here are three options.
eca0fcbaf6c8faca3997c91fb2c8d61c053ea297	The Space Shuttle system is capable of carrying: - 29,500 kg when launched to the east from Cape Canaveral (Florida, East coast) to an orbit with a height of 185 km and an inclination of 28 ° ;
5c9b60bceda862f3c27524324eebdb1e4af4ade7	- 11,300 kg at launch from the Space Flight Center named after Kennedy to an orbit with an altitude of 500 km and an inclination of 55 ° ;
e1055bf4dfc29df9396fd7aed3b3070571d2015f	– 14,500 kg when launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base (California, West Coast) to a circumpolar orbit with a height of 185 km.
ff990904708af9b418f00a7f746914029269a3d5	Two landing strips were equipped for the shuttles.
b569ed83059975c4ecceb3daa007fd49a1b27d42	If the shuttle landed far from the spaceport, he returned home riding on a Boeing 747
41637fd641078b362b17339ae9d589bc76ead695	Boeing 747 takes the shuttle to the cosmodrome
e97d3c597cc233e3669ffd32376383c582a31c15	In total, five shuttles were built (two of them were lost in disasters) and one prototype.
aabcfafb531714683572ca740b1726460b878960	During the development, it was envisaged that the shuttles would make 24 launches a year, and each of them would make up to 100 flights into space.
91cc7ee21746d325897a97abe8d9b25bb05398f1	In practice, they were used much less — by the closure of the program in the summer of 2011, 135 launches were made, of which Discovery 39, Atlantis 33, Columbia 28, Endeavour — 25, Challenger — 10.
26f818272a485b394345246c77f5d32cd059d48d	The shuttle crew consists of two astronauts — the commander and the pilot.
3ad49518fb06fb20aca9c73198e6fa18c4913509	The largest crew of the shuttle is eight astronauts ("Challenger", 1985).
10922e031e442406cea27727be54cea1a3251811	The Soviet reaction to the creation of the " Shuttle"
6af3bcea54092e6142dc3e8730e812281946b0ac	The development of the "shuttle" made a great impression on the leaders of the USSR.
377e9bcc3adbdd6a94760093abd5b03b2ba051b9	It was considered that the Americans are developing an orbital bomber armed with space - earth missiles.
47069d810019b3e73c73fa78090b1ac90fa6ba48	The huge size of the shuttle and its ability to return a cargo of up to 14.5 tons to Earth were interpreted as a clear threat of theft of Soviet satellites and even Soviet military space stations of the Almaz type, which flew in space under the name "Salyut".
ee923ea1c5ea44588914a305694e4414bf0c1eb9	These estimates were erroneous, since the United States abandoned the idea of a space bomber in 1962 due to the successful development of a nuclear submarine fleet and land based ballistic missiles.
e99e624f0b4ebede08d866c29368dabf93b11c47	The Soyuz could easily fit in the cargo compartment of the Shuttle"
2131d0c2ed782f5e5e061b9139b42023e423e71b	Soviet experts could not understand why 60 shuttle launches a year were needed - one launch a week!
7ae6fecde95416e504ebdaabe63427600856abae	Where were the many space satellites and stations that would require a "Shuttle" to come from?
c79d939905965a413678a9b2b10d765679017ca0	Soviet people living within a different economic system could not even imagine that the leadership of NASA, strenuously pushing a new space program in the government and Congress, was guided by the fear of being out of work.
7f5dda5dc09c29f05c9704aa708caf2ff88e8dd7	The lunar program was nearing completion and thousands of highly qualified specialists were out of work.
626ffe08ecb88778c1294b1c078300dd998f8e9a	And, most importantly, the respected and very well paid NASA managers faced the disappointing prospect of parting with their habitable offices.
e2270d01224744cfede6deec7b0dba22c6277876	Therefore, an economic justification was prepared about the great financial benefit of reusable transport spacecraft in the event of abandonment of disposable rockets.
00b3df644d8257cde012a27b874a767e8de654ec	But it was absolutely incomprehensible to the Soviet people that the president and congress could spend national funds only with great regard for the opinion of their voters.
c452cab2bab8f7519f0232765e48ab8b1b27de18	In this connection, the opinion prevailed in the USSR that the Americans were creating a new CC for some future incomprehensible tasks, most likely military.
95f726bed8c6b2a63a697c1434354720f86401ac	Reusable spacecraft " Buran"
c5ff88e38f4cd386b8131765a296af711df4a65b	In the Soviet Union, it was originally planned to create an improved copy of the "Shuttle" - an orbital aircraft OS 120, weighing 120 tons.(The American shuttle weighed 110 tons at full load) .
59d820cb060b99585f7412563fbb15d65a9a109d	Unlike the Shuttle, it was supposed to provide the Buran with an ejection cabin for two pilots and turbojet engines for landing at the airfield.
3830234bca4eb93520a2d6bc4ea58e457f628bd7	The leadership of the armed forces of the USSR insisted on an almost complete copy of the "shuttle".
34fcfacebbfc59ca8c4321d77bf3d19a4ec076ba	By this time, Soviet intelligence had managed to get a lot of information on the American CC.
cde24b420cc1198e15b2d3d3643afe93b9db06e1	But it turned out not everything is so simple.
aa257915238b7d755761e43e1d606b1516dd8f4c	Domestic hydrogen oxygen liquid propellant engines turned out to be larger in size and heavier than American ones.
2841c5d3577125512fd79c62e65afab3604bfb3f	In addition, they were inferior in power to overseas ones.
ff12e92b925e6a0bb00ee60fcf2f849e13debbff	At the shuttle, 83 % of the load at the start was carried by two solid fuel accelerators.
97145e307d31417d90e24b09c29da2fc65cece88	In the Soviet Union, it was not possible to develop such powerful solid fuel missiles.
a843260e066f7cac399b52518f8095d1f12bae40	Missiles of this type were used as ballistic carriers of sea and land based nuclear charges.
80a2622ba6468ca8cc121562238e55121f5a7602	But they did not reach the required power very, very much.
f45bad7a58d65769aeb2eac040ebbe1aa716a57b	Therefore, the Soviet designers had the only opportunity - to use liquid rockets as accelerators.
3fa32027cfd2c1f95ab0de41464c1c3fa843dfaf	According to the Energia Buran program, very successful kerosene oxygen RD 170 were created, which served as an alternative to solid fuel accelerators.
2aed1e34a5f08f5981b8072f19a85198e2219904	The very location of the Baikonur cosmodrome forced designers to increase the power of their launch vehicles.
819d74fcdffeef1efb2d0be47a6d125c381b6614	It is known that the closer the launch pad is to the equator, the more cargo the same rocket can put into orbit.
1c4f95b3de904080d8829f44c32e0994f72a7364	The American spaceport at Cape Canaveral has a 15% advantage over Baikonur!
28ecf60c2f090f804df3b18b222ac3c53a1d52a8	That is, if a rocket starting from Baikonur can lift 100 tons, then it will also put 115 tons into orbit when launched from Cape Canaveral!
b9de39b3305a8134900aff99e868ceb66869ab0f	Geographical conditions, differences in technology, characteristics of the created engines and a different design approach have had their impact on the appearance of the "Buran".
74f64a37212462f4423174d591c5bbc83dcd538d	Based on all these realities, a new concept and a new orbiter OK 92, weighing 92 tons, was developed.
31307c2a15e260e4bc75770e161efa497ae33d69	Four oxygen hydrogen engines were transferred to the central fuel tank and the second stage of the Energia launch vehicle was obtained.
bd835a6e75a4a4fff33d560e9418892288c77fae	Instead of two solid fuel boosters, it was decided to use four kerosene oxygen liquid fueled rockets with four chamber RD 170 engines.
acc45223036d109b138939a5c5e62882db534e25	Four chamber - this means with four nozzles.
2c28c37ebea2e0c3631618948d976585d983a728	It is extremely difficult to make a large diameter nozzle.
d32048e5dcf64c0d6b020b2a95b27e46012b920a	Therefore, designers go to complicate and weigh down the engine by designing it with several smaller nozzles.
6de775e806df64e71b040307d529134f4493e346	As many nozzles as there are combustion chambers with a bunch of fuel and oxidizer supply pipelines and with all the "vandals" .
b8728eb0593265fb7e558e06a9b15654833ca46c	This bundle is made according to the traditional, "royal" scheme, similar to the "unions" and "vostoks", it became the first stage of "Energy".
6559ad3280c4d88a2e9288e59d3b12f64d94cd6c	"Buran" in flight
a6d06f90cfb260e57c3edfe50dc97d3d0dfbbeb2	The only difference is that the Buran was located on the side of the second stage, and the Soyuz was located on the very top of the launch vehicle.
37577b53e605fe51c4c2426ac29e35ee3ab97738	Thus, the classical scheme of a three stage disposable space system turned out, with the only difference that the orbiter was reusable.
b9e5449bd4e880d6b3cc8ab8b10bbf6489d16c46	Reusability was another problem of the Energia - Buran system" For the Americans, the "shuttles" were designed for 100 flights.
cb439d4aad6ee21ed3f3f434c93270c9de97f3df	For example, the orbital maneuvering engines could withstand up to 1000 inclusions.
e2771186fbaf05e16c0b11a948cb36dbabc1acef	The solid fuel accelerator was selected by a special vessel
27eda1927c926beaaad84973f16c414870193c90	Solid fuel boosters were parachuted into the ocean, picked up by special NASA ships and delivered to the manufacturer's factory, where they were preventive maintenance and filled with fuel.
6d5e6e52b3f8a317d8eed650610118b1ebb137e8	The Shuttle itself also underwent a thorough inspection, prevention and repair.
c1f6ffe785d0df31ab20edd08c93f87514611243	Defense Minister Ustinov in an ultimatum demanded that the Energia Buran system be as suitable for reuse as possible.
a989aa31eb62700f8e796662bf5c5302ebb3719b	Therefore, the designers were forced to deal with this problem.
ded709dfefa8449fd3aa549daaebdeef1def29bd	And a liquid rocket is a more gentle creation. than solid fuel."Buran" was also designed for 10 flights.
42b54824063c542198fe79cdfc78b9cd37fc37a9	In general, there was no reusable system, although the achievements were obvious.
1e49e250cb2d9a256e32e179a91acdd4f1ea9a3e	And plus turbojet engines for flight and landing in the atmosphere.
68583e4673d58782d01c7fc3948b803352b6c218	In addition, a powerful rocket was created with the first stage on kerosene fuel, and the second on hydrogen.
7fa4c326e88145228a2f1c0c206c53af5ce4e985	Just such a rocket was not enough for the USSR to win the lunar race.
3972330c0c26631226dc0199514e1d5f9b21f453	According to its characteristics, Energia was almost equivalent to the American Saturn 5 rocket that sent Apollo 11 to the moon.
d45d72267373f6ccc2fb0005469e2d5ea78f4b08	The ship is built according to the scheme of an aircraft of the "tailless" type with a triangular wing of variable sweep, it has aerodynamic controls that work during landing after returning to the dense layers of the atmosphere – the rudder and elevons.
ca3b4e141f7b2d4fc2ae99b7299b20f7f4d2987f	It was able to make a controlled descent in the atmosphere with a lateral maneuver of up to 2000 kilometers.
b30f6f5b67df276d8371e902ba2731df0cf6d030	The length of the "Buran" is 36.4 meters, the wingspan is about 24 meters, the height of the ship on the chassis is more than 16 meters.
f5c17794a29a9da6f22cb446eb4614d0a3c41c6d	The launch weight of the ship is more than 100 tons, of which 14 tons are fuel.
30b6a03704315d311becc3584762c2c80b1b85ec	A sealed all welded cabin for the crew and most of the equipment for flight support as part of the rocket and space complex, autonomous flight in orbit, descent and landing is inserted into the nose compartment.
4266b91abb8d7e95134cae74f4a0a9d1597b30bd	The cabin volume is more than 70 cubic meters.
93da4ce53b28fb8b8bcf2c2fca458816ecb3e282	When returning to the dense layers of the atmosphere, the most heat stressed areas of the ship's surface are heated to 1600 degrees, while the heat reaching directly to the metal structure of the ship should not exceed 150 degrees.
6df9b583e82b2ff6dfeb90a1fb5382b68f09275a	Therefore, the Buran was distinguished by a powerful thermal protection that provides normal temperature conditions for the ship's structure when passing through dense layers of the atmosphere during landing.
7727147cf4826b36eed5a5df7d09e7763cb4d6bf	The heat protective coating of more than 38 thousand tiles is made of special materials: quartz fiber, high temperature organic fibers, partially carbon based material.
a052bd72c66f9b6c3fd13a37f80fdcbf5c7d87fe	Ceramic armor has the ability to accumulate heat without letting it pass to the ship's hull.
eae0171ab83bb3011423e9b73d95ba099ca58dc7	The total weight of this armor was about 9 tons.
7e3a553f973c9314a42bee0e8bfd11201d64e16e	The length of the Buran cargo compartment is about 18 meters.
2c3a95e32dcf7ac8a6f8c0f6649ec1143d9d11b5	Its vast cargo compartment could accommodate a payload weighing up to 30 tons.
5ad8168887d8247fd6d9286d510b5987cb22377b	Large – sized spacecraft could be placed there- large satellites, blocks of orbital stations.
f815f181e6c8d125274e032443bbefdda6f37328	The landing weight of the ship is 82 tons.
c6306079fbeaae1aac7acd53741b0b3c8d5080b7	The Buran was equipped with all the necessary systems and equipment for both automatic and manned flight.
aa709ff7be69cdad50d3bbeaaed45dab2a213de9	These are navigation and control devices, radio and television systems, automatic devices for regulating the thermal regime, and the crew's life support system, and much much more.
44ca953fd4ddb90fdd0b1c3ef98079e303251ad4	Buran Cabin
3c1173ecfdb261b7e7abc25fa832daf85709dff0	The main propulsion system, two groups of engines for maneuvering are located at the end of the tail compartment and in the front part of the hull.
2d80a77e5e070f0691d4c4ad5179ed1402de6f27	In total, it was planned to build 5 orbital ships.
60db76c0d94328bbed9d88fdbe63d88268b840ed	In addition to the "Buran", the "Storm" and almost half of the "Baikal"were almost ready.
224c17f6cdbd86395c40a19c9d503b58ad15a8c4	Two more ships that are in the initial stage of production have not received names.
166a77a89b70e6bc7564c59761d91ab80c90c0bb	I. Volk was appointed the first pilot.
69abb336eadaba37481fa33c2325259059ab338a	Buran was also unlucky.
eb127a5c6d546c8b1ad4a11fd99f7e4469016fc8	After the first and only successful flight, the ship was stored in a hangar at the Baikonur cosmodrome.
c39344d039867a9726876c38db268cc4a0179e9f	On May 12, 2002, the ceiling of the shop in which the Buran and the Energia layout were located collapsed.
75d01c535c232c3eccb0867dae5e41c40e5ccb65	On this sad chord, the existence of the winged spacecraft, which gave such great hopes, ended.
b245f4560cc1ac427f3bccaeb8fe68be0eef44c8	After the collapse of the overlap
b4cb3435d1834b19e4ee9565f4fb1a9c56be6798	Sources: http://timemislead.com/kosmonavtika/buran i shattl takie raznyie bliznetsyi http://gunm.ru/news/spejs shattl kak dostizhenie tekhnicheskoj mysli chast 6 poslednjaja/2011-07-21-359 http://www.znanijamira.ru/publ/kosmos/korabli mnogorazovogo ispolzovanija shattl ssha i buran sssr/39-1-0-1481
11e5397b18ad0697993fab509a87e8616e3aed88	Author Alexander Ivanov
82327ac30f52987c9bcb22af07bb50cc68c57177	Article rating
0e467cbe430412b91e1bae0a4b949c8a3f628855	–
c180ba73d1327441695400f10b7f7d68795be754	9420
c3187dc262f9c8c4dc2ddfbdf8717e08385adb1a	The opinion of the editorial board of the "Military Review" may not coincide with the point of view of the authors of the publications
8dd2b3086e75c64fb4e02496b6766fc1aa6f8921	If you notice an error in the text, select the text with the error and press Ctrl+Enter
2a3f6ae9b432f640310fa96b3ad07c210b43ac0b	New Nokian Hakka Green 2 tires.
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d37f97addaadb9d1873034cfffb4726a2fce0002	Energet1k_
0a3f846cadb2c2137d86f99c2b1dfba21fd9b491	December 30, 2013 09: 28
165847f6c876e9d292506f5dd2f002a28ec0fc88	There is probably twice as much written about the information shuttles as about the Blizzard.
5fc1e429d501b5882728f15ea4a803c9ddb509cb	And after all, the Buran is by no means an exact copy of the shuttle, many unique Soviet developments were implemented in it.
dfdad9c975484a7086a69efe8ba6348b298297d7	Well, there are great doubts about the need for such ships even now, there are no goals for what to use them for, and they will gather dust in the hangars.
b39fea29a8f6a5f671bd5407f21a0c23a7c55c2b	sledgehammer102 (2)
e7a127ae1f1ee840a0c2757a48081df5e3b6165a	December 30, 2013 10:41 am
ce8cf4f238d60e78d090d706e3c11c6013e5e09a	↑ ↓
93c4e17a9389fa345e56194fad89fc1277c5f735	Quote: Energet1k_ And after all, the Buran is by no means an exact copy of the shuttle, many unique Soviet developments were implemented in it.
a9899b178699458c2f10989990a3321c2211b42f	It was the most perfect drone, and its time will come.
da6e21f1edbd24a8c0dc6a130721428986913065	As soon as they learn how to launch ships into space from a height of 20 km.
3c98ee04812bad9bdc04ca317990f217e3590cd4	For great things are not so easily forgotten.
eab6eb6831ebe6acd1913fa096564de9a8fdad78	Canep (1)
9f662abbd3c4f5ebdee2eaae7bc1670d4fff66ae	December 30, 2013 11:52 am
38de2089ade1bcd5e9a0716e721045e4348de6c8	The shuttle and the Buran are similar only by the fact that someone in the Politburo poked at the photo of the Shuttle and said: "I want the same thing," and rushed, closed the spiral project, and rushed to create an analog of the Shuttle, not quite understanding why we need it.
1536525e5e3509fad77e72ab8fed3afc6effee04	We must pay tribute to the designers, they made the Buran in a very short time, for 12 years a ship was created from scratch.
662d7895f351d311103f48df6deaa8cbb727c63a	Denis (5)
66c96e4e4e04ba713c13badd4e17ca66dab04ea4	December 31, 2013 02: 44
ca45e83d83def6ce1c3c28a6bcb9910ab54fb89d	Quote: Canep project " spiral" And after all, the "Spiral" was before!
3ffe21b49bf33bdbce94243b098fd3503de60e7c	Work on the creation of the" Spiral", including analogues of its orbital aircraft, interrupted in 1969, was resumed in 1974.
6b3267d68a04332e1655792637aa8148e3ec2b65	In 1976-1978, 7 test flights of the Mig 105.11 were conducted, the head of the Spiral project was Gleb Yevgenyevich Lozino Lozinsky.
54cd19017df7e19549c4d936ed2684131c66e25f	If only they wouldnot interfere with him yet!
0dbfe805786171b4602a1aa278686884b2bd2535	And the orbital plane, as it was called "Lapot" in the program, flew There was a story about how the friction of his skis on the watermelon strip was reduced, and the article is informative,but more about " Shuttles"
0443e31deded0b0ec010dd4ce6fd3b8096f221a5	Uhe
ddb712293531b4c2b7f9a8afb906b5c3ee4a4a6d	December 31, 2013 16: 06
df3aa238f33a7c9fa64ecc939f8696b4a9e239b4	Well no.
9aa7ebcb34bea7da17ca4c7191e848aec92209e2	The Politburo has nothing to do with it.
94528c3c72bed52c9177edf0e5636b4089b7e0d1	In the USSR, the whole system did not work like that at all, there is no need to distort it.
c8dbbc8d72050794f0018ceeea270c0f3bae350a	The creators themselves admitted that they simply decided not to build a garden for the first ship, but to use the achievements of the Americans, so the appearance is similar.
ea74b529e8de605abf5d9dc8aa676c3677442ab3	Faster, cheaper, you can focus on more important things.
35291a4a1402ba5c1ac8b96aac0098093640e252	In parallel, we worked on other systems that are already excellent.
910a16c28b95bec539fedcdf8aae656660f7414c	The funny thing is that now the Americans are already copying our achievements of that time :)
494fc8ca517f7930826234531f8506b5ae8616e9	Kir
600ff80d4c7db076bfce5fd0e4c57a15a3616407	December 31, 2013 16: 32
1a0cc664a9654dc3a54e625de2f4e720a6dd1dfe	Yes, no, it's not funny at all, But it's Iconic!!!, but another thing is interesting: why do our people take outdated and bankrupt systems and technologies from there with a screech? it is not clear what is more present in these decisions of illiteracy ( more correctly a half wit) or what is more terrible.
e299bca76fbd7e2c2df8024791a31545510a7666	papuasimus
0f4771aa10ee567eedfba71c2c18703c93548684	January 9, 2014 14: 44
b6914e23dfae7d1564d1f398fdc7e40a05ecee51	The "Spiral" is still relevant today.
c78c26de1c2e2932b1755c97a9e1d1b7aabf995f	Ten years ago, I heard from the second hand (not from the first) from the PVOSHNIK (during the formation of the RKO system) that up to two 30mm guns were easily placed on the Spiral, not to mention the equipment for reconnaissance, navigation, maneuvering, and space space missiles in the cargo compartment.
b4540e453a4a81cd693464764ce5c96494234913	slavik gross
c46f4040c32820947007ad9e84be4458f9314951	December 30, 2013 09: 33
994c568c3dcc18ed62ed7262fee203cc026dc17d	Oh, such a technique was created, and so everything ended lamentably.
6a6617def72666209785048fbf1c8e5c1f8f6599	It's not even enough to shoot for such things...
2c91c1c8f1bd8e4def801d6659f0962e8876f821	The comment was deleted.
c2f28ac4a0ddcd32bead9123b93a02f49bca1a7d	January 9, 2014 14: 55
7609c733ba5731d4cfa76537cef1f6a6bb075acf	After the first flight of the "Buran" in automatic!!! mode (no one in the world has ever dreamed of such a thing, fully automatic flight and landing!!! on the machine) and clarifying a huge number of prospects for these systems (I will not list them, there are many of them), the guardian of the interests of the American people, Mikhail Gorbachev ("We are against the introduction of an arms race into space. Here our interests coincide with the interests of the American people" end quote) nakornyu stopped any attempts to use the Energy Buran system for military and scientific purposes.
f4b81d11932c6c3c3f44f7ec071b0752094e7212	For such things, it's not even enough to shoot ... who?
9ac324a221e217750ce87d8d6cadc5f2b2fb6737	There is still a question who?
f8687d32f78b70298d22bf69a32908b843d75463	avt (3)
c417d2ad658dfef1c546b7126517118c9f884791	December 30, 2013 09: 53
82489e8148065f5efb48d496841f0241bfc949b3	A good educational program for those who still think and doldonit that, "Buran" - a copy of the Shuttle .
57d8b6fbc9795159f2c52f24e0420e3851dd92d0	Vasia Kruger
0d2422864bd7af119214a32f52a59a29e8cdb76e	December 30, 2013 12:28 pm
32832bb67961550a66752a3317361e3cf0c18ef4	They are in no way copies.
1c214acf96d005ca9e8698c6c061cc49552a6770	Just the logic of creating such devices is the same.
60248d68b2ecadc78a580637eb3b68031e5332e2	December 30, 2013 20: 09
1c031249f17a866aa7f1ed8268c424c7dfd36075	Excuse me, but what kind of shuttle is the cabin given, what year of construction is this shuttle and has the cabin changed since it was built?
3f39adc6ca5806c7d1a211e6ab89ade912a8c673	This is one thing different, the fact that not everything is better - it looks more comfortable, better and safer, I'm sorry, but it was like that with the T 90 and Abrams, there is air conditioning and other benefits, but they have a larger dead zone, and the risk of breaking their spine is higher, so.....
7ff32c62d2817c277affc33382ed1962afef855f	vlad0
4dccdfb33aaf85270654d0e1055fbf4f96965b79	December 30, 2013 09: 56
8b813b00bc258bee2b710e2a3d79088bc971d995	We hope that we will see the launches of Russian shuttles more than once.
6f046819f917093925c86fd1019a7e026dddbd5c	"Buran" was only the first step, the development of technologies.
da6874aaf1590003aae8f087aebb3cef50e58cc6	We canot do anything without space!
57760d6e4b9ed6d3a52091015ff2c4b29ad3fa03	Ahmed Osmanov
7d5b55e04571421ea8040909fe500c1a4b752422	December 30, 2013 10:05 am
538c7f5e2c047e50f644aa1243fe293eb567add5	Beautiful cars, but it's painful to look at the last photo.
069aaeb0a79336e01bb91f9de7310e85b53f3d7d	poccinin
4de6a33f77e681dd0389139ee5fb7828c5b54128	December 30, 2013 10:14 am
5c2bbb789a706a55e164b68d675ddc879efda069	yes, such a project was ruined.
4da63a68dd2ac547de9bb8198e02031509a5f85f	"BURAN" was BETTER THAN a SHUTTLE.this is unequivocal.
226c1d6a78d9096368fcd8f525768c958e1f934f	Mairos
8df236d0d3ba1acfb48512f8bbbc037a0bc1fc1e	January 9, 2014 10:27 am
72981ca33c76b80eae15f32135fa27b1a0573fea	The fact, at least, that the Shuttle could only carry in space what fit into its cargo compartment, and the Energy could both a Blizzard with a cargo in the compartment, and in general any cargo of the order of 100 tons without a BLIZZARD at all.
9f12e9a407bef8a5ed805f4cdfc5fe6724397dd3	January 9, 2014 19: 08
c342aa5b823eac5114078cb9dda54749c8ec548a	And this is in the minds of some, although I would like to be wrong, just does not fit, look at how hard they are looking for a trace of borrowings in our aircraft of the Second World War, and not only this period, but when you point to borrowing from Us, they look at least as a complete zero, if not worse, as a mentally ill person, especially if it concerns the states.
8ce93f44145fc99bfe5c619671563ce623df60e7	January 9, 2014 15: 00
0804b900e14be33c0d81f5dce1ef0aababe4f617	At the start, the Shuttle uses its own engines burning fuel (the carrier's power is not enough), and the Buran does not, takeoff is only on Energy engines.
c2892f0745affafc67c3d697ce7e92ad70d82c32	The result is an undeniable advantage in the fuel reserve for maneuvering in orbit, even for a rescue operation, even for a military one.
5b7aeecefee8737c5a9c0ef436c223cb490c7915	El13
76420513a449ab5805a16ad52196cd24abfcd80b	December 30, 2013 16: 31
3bd2226d728b0c8fd7907b2322d3ad9a7c6482b1	They say that it was almost blown up because of this ...
58bbdbea1433fe036859399ca44109cbd7ed7889	The post flight analysis showed that the probability of choosing such a trajectory was less than 3%, but under the current conditions it was the most correct decision of the ship's onboard computers!
d3b5eb63c53c6f0ba3a7118c33939153b5606c85	January 9, 2014 15: 02
733035830961b4368d28cd0bdee2b43ef264c06d	Exactly!!!
3438b5ed2cfbfb7c42f6ed2b39da411054e7e68f	AUTOMATION!!!
a12221a17d04bd54d7e78e58e8cedfbbc79d2d40	1c inform city
38f7187d12573a17b7a9c84fb95e13d00632487d	December 30, 2013 10:30 am
5bfdcf0d4467287e6583b0dd563e984ca4bfc630	It is necessary to build an orbital refueling and repair complex.
1634d4e8925cefd6497f10f2278d984080fe1fa5	tolyasik0577 (1)
5be6b08523e3c11d0676a09aefff3980e19aa41f	December 30, 2013 11:20 am
da9b4565c543b78d907fcbdedd838a3234ab454f	Nothing is said about the fact that the "Buran" carried out the flight completely in automatic mode. damn, the amers were always lucky. both geographically and economically. the gain in everything is 15 percent and the soft landing of the modules in the ocean.
bb7c06adfe8c92516f55d95f50cafb762974fec3	Kuzkin Batyanya
8cdaac58a15aa8146bc5c38ec7c682c4000a35b6	December 30, 2013 12:03 pm
02beb9084f6bafa9fa06be156d0ec31bb06379bb	On May 12, 2012, the overlap of the shop in which the Buran and the Energia layout were located collapsed.
5fa3a6aeaa64f904f9e89309b50cd9b1389cf404	- A typo?
56d83b7fbd7288738f37197a9512e1c1d9b95528	ed65b (10)
451021834e4fd83a28c6a4210941a7ca7db3df85	December 30, 2013 12:21 pm
3684a9d24dab3b12d983f7d0c38e720be81eb700	the sad end of a beautiful beginning.
d449c9de9a0543276c8bc6d9dd13d6d6e93bbb10	Sorry.
568f12d37159f7e29accab749fcedddd806e94e3	kirgudu (1)
6393a7fe98737f9e5ffafe06eee5c427c8f29e24	December 30, 2013 15: 48
0d1242ad6f420fc09fc907681c1880341db6c380	Well, guys, with each such post, I understand more and more that the collapse of the USSR was planned and carried out from the outside with the help of our traitors.
d79e286aab8ac33422c4e2285ac9710be166041a	It costs a lot to remove such a competitor from orbit.
d2e5a6f044e2c0ca4461e371f09589d0237280ff	Falcon5555
e9ce827f6e2e5e43827d2afd1b688695929f97f7	December 30, 2013 15: 56
4dd37ca1141d944a46b67394a79cabc68b9ef704	"And plus turbojet engines for flight and landing in the atmosphere."
f670ce74f7f3be76392f64d7355b81be5f6fb686	- There were no them!
5bdbe2e92db6d34caa6fd07de5bd0adea7e2d4d6	""Buran" was equipped with all the necessary systems and equipment for both automatic and manned flight.
371e0568149ebcc9ea5dd32aed7da052b2b67167	These are navigation and control devices, radio and television systems, automatic devices for regulating the thermal regime, and the crew's life support system, and much much more."
21faf2b66e2f6b5f6d943da58002ef25d09fc884	- They were not equipped!
6bef89c3134b0b1e30b8161ac782970131c03538	There were no controls in manned mode, no life support systems!
e66b810d67a8045a4fbb0b2b069cd5e5490dc440	This, by the way, is one of the reasons why the project was quietly closed.
653a685463ac965a48580639545fd5bae911bb23	It is strange, but equipping them should have cost more money than was allocated after the "perestroika".
69f8291fe125f7ed7ea015f1d1be7ccff8140990	Interestingly, the article contains a photo of an empty cabin of the Buran - where are "all the necessary systems" there?.
412fa60b839cc3afe6f46ecb99029e104e704fec	Nothing is said about the stupid and shameful copying of the shape of the Shuttle and about how and by whom this decision was made, about the closure of the "Spiral", about the origin of Energy from the lunar project.
9776c2449e9e51cc48b823d383f3ed62d68adf32	A strange article.
9f7dbfa02214c0e0f08f7805336f567fccd0ee26	Lots of details .
6aa1a2ae2fd5d0f772fc04201577a1e92635e48f	For example: "Heat protective coating of more than 38 thousand tiles" (This is about a Blizzard - very important!).
760b0ff8f0c024c2866f660f18675bf8279982ce	And the more obvious circumstances are made up (TRD, form) or are not mentioned.
a78726c19b0237fc81fbc747db0b81f02a3a432e	As if its author just picked up material from the Internet in a couple of hours and posted it.
6a35971c221b0bd128511c9303b4f6b4e86d003c	December 30, 2013 16: 21
3d790bd6789610ec1503e2ee1ecde286776691eb	I absolutely agree.
147c517c12067d3f0c4f08002e698fa43d66374f	Who is interested in there is a great website, there is a lot not only about the Buran, but also about our cosmonautics in general: http://buran.ru/
56832d67c7a4e97e3dd6106fa6e440cb3e846d67	December 30, 2013 18: 54
820552e967d0ff13536b2db3098e3b9ff1adb373	By the way, the author of the article did not mention the fact that our thermal protection was superior to the shuttle, and immediately after landing it was possible to touch the surface of the ship without using cooling, as on shuttles, and with regard to the LRE, there are doubts that they had more powerful turbojet engines, but we were inferior to them.
32266581913134ff9791fbeb7eaf15630b2fd153	Then it is confusing that our resource was lower, I'm sorry, but we always had a higher margin of safety, and as a result, frequent losses to them in terms of mass dimensions.
d9536effc2ce2d499ea63f244811ed311439bc59	Then for which photo of the cabins was to bring, what does it give?, especially since there are several such things as their desire for comfort and ours for maximum functionality, they fly to work! and it's not a fact that the cabin (situation) would not have changed during further operation, and if there was a desire, it was necessary to bring the very first cabin of the shuttle.
c37f42a7a72178da1ba8ce8845bec4c2ec7bd983	askold
230f30a1fb0b2ab3ce61326b213e1726a7ccbf1b	December 30, 2013 18: 03
3e77e747f5532106e0c5badd125b0d16e15c784f	As it turned out, an extremely complex and unreliable system, disasters both during takeoff and landing.
dcfb8cb80f8f6e06b3fb824720077d57be9171e7	The death of 16 people is the price of her ambition.
2ea2883e68012accd40c73a81fa77abb6c2678bc	To return such a huge object from orbit, heated to the state of plasma, is still a task.
068b659477e6af41b9602865e7fc025f3f7d5789	It is easier to create an enlarged one for 6-8 cosmonauts (astronauts)the lander is of the traditional shape as it is now without any wings there.
f46092a8eabfc79dae3a75f35cbaa3f96f83e619	To take it into space, and already there to dock to another ship, sharpened for the performance of some specific tasks,and intended only for flights in outer space....Although, again, two missiles.
e2679f04567bccf3c494a68aeee3241c14699c7d	But I have a question:what is this payload in the cargo compartment of the shuttle and what prevented it from being put into orbit by a conventional rocket,is it really a Hubble?
0ad02e4c0b03fd2051cd53ea119224c97c0ff1b7	And in general, what is so valuable(weighing up to 14.5 tons) that can be returned from orbit, which cannot be created on Earth, during the time that this cargo was in orbit?
60c787da6d5d34642ac6826ce570c8cc867eae95	The cargo, at the same time, as I understand it, will also be radioactive.
2c9759e1509442264b087773c56cb7a7a2b63d90	December 30, 2013 18: 57
8a9ff19845eb4e08d79384c24e4ca0e5ce3a4f8a	Academician Alexandrov's bright memory had a project of such an engine, but there seemed to be problems with the "exhaust" of radiation, and the same problems in maintenance.
904313f533d0c2ade7ce6a113bc001e6e96b67f2	December 30, 2013 20: 01
d0cbd725822efed68163eb631a19713a250f51c0	But this miracle should start from the Earth, it's another matter to use it in Space, and now such people fly, but look at how many problems arise after the development of their resource, do not remember how much there was a fuss around one (like from the Cosmos series), and here the "fool" is clearly much more serious.
d7f4d936e94f4d51e901929a5a73731182313d36	Clutter up the Near Space?, or create some kind of burial ground outside the Earth.
def2a9afb79b43f8acb191f859b2680b0902b267	sss5.papu
6b5d791ade813c5745da553147a7057c6ecd2a2d	December 30, 2013 19: 08
af7c7a806667c98d4ca4793014b7f5d129202da6	Buran is an unusual cargo that had to be put into orbit with the help of an Energia rocket - he himself could not go into orbit.
3b9fae35118b3b051879635b30f8f48d89b70da0	As a result, a single use powerful and very expensive rocket put a landing container for cargo into orbit and burned up .
50c2bb7a8a5ee66d6540ae9cbcc9be2da7f0625a	Why this utter stupidity?
11247f268eca5acdfccdcc96fb2b45268f06ea8b	The whole world knew the true state of affairs ,and only in the USSR everyone shouted hurrah.
9a6077b2a1b3e6bf6659c66c9a9c47e49c664f0b	And what kind of money is wasted?
a261ba7dc1969d46c614f5d615b739ae64076eb9	One Energia rocket cost 3-4 Soyuz missiles.
660ef5380614017339fc5e01842e7754877f4d30	The shuttle is a reusable system that puts itself into orbit.
cc4109b10fb50d930aa63d8d8ec17dfcdbdf17eb	And where all the losses are this is the fuel tank.
b992a4d498ef58487a439365de39c84f9504d3e9	December 30, 2013 19: 30
cfceefe017d5fa5a9140fcf4c2288e4832da5fd3	Yes, for reusable flights with cargo return, the Shuttle configuration is an order of magnitude smarter than the Buran Energy.
d83ec2745e231fd025b68b2b64823864a0e9513f	But the Americans eventually abandoned the Shuttles because of the high cost of their operation.
d33394bbf9be2814e9ff6e9154c3cd4c34e829dd	And they turned out to be unreliable, as you know.
2fe8c0f0d1159f7f0c662fef2880f8fd361043d7	ABV (1)
21f6f6a924f730d3351903c57b9f0ea77078d558	December 31, 2013 03: 05
5efb7063fe317ecd751e7f536df6d701cb645dd1	that's what a stupid pseudo patriot stupidly ignores people who just express their opinion???
86fd1dba5707fe731ff5751d5a0839061052d266	After all, they write correctly - the shuttle is a reusable system, the buran is a little less...what is immediately a minus to throw??? where is the exchange of opinions??? what is the rejection of opponents??? like YOUR opinion is correct, and who does not agree in the negative???
0dfbab6f30bf5043d5868059d2f7ab5210f136ce	DRIVE SUCH XXXXXXXX FROM THE SITE!!!!!!!!!!!!
9be6ef03c8217d713c0b38bed7015d580e4ddecc	biglow
f8e1961ea3afb4532506d6408875f7813dc3da63	December 30, 2013 20: 07
be44e2e38ad9fddd37b513605fa57ac94b807702	Russians leave but always come back.....
5156a602ad30da9094b7320d25ead63de3510177	rurikovich (5)
5ea9a61aad488436e1164dc68498b7bb8f0090fd	December 30, 2013 21: 44
a98bfc28c0605c2faedb9567c1477a8da8e790d3	The article is more or less informative in technical terms(i.e. it will do to explain the differences).
2a18be770cad295835b1ed6ea9935ceb9b1ac124	I will only add from myself that the main difference, in my opinion, is the different approach of delivering cargo to orbit.
a169c89c2a1ddf0c6e2bb93f9f38d6609cc7bfd4	The American made "shuttle" is the rocket itself in fact.
ff84e66dce8509bd7b4417ab5f8462fd158524be	Our shuttle is the CARGO ITSELF for the rocket.
8fa246eb1f359da6042c1a13e26bb48281cf43ed	The rocket can be used to launch OTHER cargo as well.
a26e0214ab2953250c517355cba64e4b18419f98	Therefore, only an external similarity is not proof of copying.
77faf2bd247fdf38e6425f82c51f01cb2d058a21	Remove the "Buran" from the "Energy" - and it will fly.
e507133abd9b1ba4d59902ffbb0f9e216ac6cfea	Remove the "shuttle" from the fuel tank - and you will get NOTHING at the exit.
ba68383fb8da055a6bb4fe8679949410dff0532a	Another thing is that at the wrong time, all this was born to us... it's sad...
d770a8027f25a113c1d14184bc1d5dad798545b1	AlexA
aa600eb840e166ccb4deb380468249bc8dcd1ce5	December 30, 2013 21: 48
3eb94a7687ce956c2ebf1710b22207eddac7340e	Quote: sss5. papu As a result, a single use powerful and very expensive rocket put a landing container for cargo into orbit and burned up .
32c21c9d4f223ea1cf3ef9568314cf8c67cba9da	To show off in front of your people?
525680e74172cd03849be2988299e29a684002fd	You shouldnot be so peremptory.
375a1f4340394fef4c6d9958a7f4a12f6db2bc40	By the 80s, after the closure of the Saturn program, Americans were faced with the problem of delivering large, indivisible cargo to near Earth orbits.
af54b943018bab04d134f1460b08bf9cc94bbb43	The shuttle with its main engines on the bird and an external tank was able to deliver only a maximum of 28 tons.
c8429bcecee84a190d1ea77a3991a7680fd10d44	With the possibility of returning.
fc2aeda30f5f9978329b7344d4141791d650987b	There were such tasks.
341e48e2dafd3f580936ed4a57deb882c4dd87fe	Well, if it was necessary, for example, to deliver 100 tons without the need to return, then they did not have the funds for such a mission.
52829347f7f467a71a5ea865de305d78e2b0d05d	That's why they didnot build their own space station.
687e6fa13661e7bce39c2fcd1b32aacb39fa26f9	And in general, for the delivery of non returnable cargo, the Shuttle turned out to be, indeed, a completely inefficient system.
8ca0d3787b448b481064497ebcbdd0d7cfd9c20e	Excessively complex and expensive.
4bb3598cf5219e9006bd8e4702c3f99107929b48	But the Energy Buran system turned out to be more multifunctional.
4f30def967d70894cfdcf7eebe7bf48bee829cb9	For example, for the delivery of 20 tons of returned cargo, the main bundle "carrier bird" could be used.
39ab27bdb6001ca69a80b41bd7b2603c58d6d966	For the delivery of 100 tons of indivisible large sized non refundable cargo: "carrier with 4 sidewalls side container".
e498c4f7c77fe3434d87e073d44b4071aa216e31	This was demonstrated in one of their test flights.
a0f045438227a01a8d8ed90868b64fd75fe66130	For the delivery of 30 tons of indivisible non refundable cargo: "carrier with 2 sidewalls side container".
41ce071e6c9f7013cc16c584553e9a3d5e161acb	Moreover, in all cases, the optimal CRT was used.
0a823485300266e52ded72fcbc61932f258470e9	On the sides: Oxygen kerosene.
3e58d2a4a627127f77a2749c0fcb1303fe6f6dec	On the central block: oxygen hydrogen.
8f0ce1965295d91a1559b38e28f0dcc8fdeed96f	The main achievement: the technologies of very efficient LRE were developed.
04b8ab62f89e0a7d18612ade0e9fe4307e0520ef	And technologies of heat protective coatings of various types.
0339475d566363799775a057478540e5cb8d912c	Snide remarks about the "irrational" form are "philistine conversations".
b0e79d56ded6b94851840e11c6b7a8805fe80af4	We should not be so arrogant about both Soviet and American scientists.
e0752f543d7d912e16f25851b71a3caad3885dd2	The laws of ballistics and aerodynamics are objective and the same for everyone.
f203e75f9079b07ed207eed5af3aa13342a298b9	The form is optimal for the selected mission.
863b34895686db38d1eed4f93dea39eb61b12414	And there's no getting away from it.
bafa076b9283f482395b9868d9c43acb032568a3	And the Spiral was closed, because it fulfilled its task: it developed methods and accumulated experience.
7bf62c1abcc7c905802ef824c57f98c419024d9d	As a result of which, by the way, the form of a Blizzard was born.
ac9ced2852e09aad694bcabf3566647a58d9481d	And also about the reusability of the first stage.
d4755d03c26bf4343a99edd5d8a9e28e1af709d1	In the liquid stage, not all components are equal.
02b43fd9b12f5814cc0e4bf71c904d86d7b1126d	The most expensive thing is the engines.
b5dbc4e4a8b50533e1b5911b8e09d9c425964524	It makes sense to save only them.
11e200f31086939099f0b9ca1a93603d4eaf83f0	Rivet tanks - it's cheaper to use disposable ones.
5a748fb4838f53f5ed0f33117d529447f3c238a5	Therefore, the rescue system was designed in such a way that the tanks played the role of a deformable damper ( like hoods in modern cars).
098cd06273e62bfb81edae2ae878a377fc68bd65	So after the necessary routine maintenance, the engines could be reused.
d9ec211f41c915e1537c1a541c63c2923fe6870e	So the system was both conceived and executed intelligently.
6fd3b71a8630c790786573ec9bd5b4e4903c3516	It just fell under the political millstones of the collapse of the country.
d26304ef006cc6e36028f88a4714bc94bbc459d8	I say this first hand.
bca668fa9e4d69601dfe3aae843ee5cf111d7418	In the mid 70s, I was lucky enough to work in Podlipki.
dc02bef365077b648847048dd423a26f825f6a22	In the department for the development of Buran engines.
a56092c6846e6683c928566b478bd9f8e76a5665	It was a school for life.
01e167c4acb8e8b25b94979705dcef6cabf16241	Thanks to Buran.
96522dbbd283a7456dc7e6632f5d47ba8b59490f	He'll shoot again!
ea8114a361d5cc694e80d2917a36e1f0121aec06	December 31, 2013 14: 52
473c715f6222c9cb5f8bc06729e5ed4c214ce7f7	Quote: AlexA But the Energy Buran system turned out to be more multifunctional.
2f873b37871c59e229873051369bf144a046c9d6	- So isnot it better to withdraw 100 tons of payload , and not dead cargo in the form of a Blizzard - since if you donot need to return it , and at the same time shout -"Reusable ship".
b8fa42762730f29052b7d3c76d3a5b5c55ffe311	You really "separate the grain from the chaff", and do not write about the "advantages" of this huge stupidity.
1d935c11d96a85fedb0887f789cd34c7849f6b9e	January 6, 2014 15: 05
ed9efb0d655144b8c6d4080c58093bafeb35617b	He just wrote to you in Russian in white, what you are asking for now and again write your stupidity about "stupidity"...
470958435766708892d72b60a752b3af38d072e0	VMF7981
e580aad96b9d12f79cb7cfae4c42f2b46f1c6f27	December 30, 2013 23: 35
7669ae8ab833dccad87b7361b575a4acb191ba01	I wouldnot be surprised if the roof collapsed at the request of friends...
1e5adc714e6d6f2132feb726f3ef093b4cc0cd91	Danilych38
94fca501c4d5a04ffc28a901fa428c9efeac2637	December 31, 2013 08: 26
adc1b1c8ae9a284e40ed8fbd662acf5ab5403afc	Quote: VMF7981 I would not be surprised if the roof collapsed at the request of friends...
4b1043fcba96e1d7e9e9f01d1a8fb6c850020139	It is not necessary to justify your own sloppiness and clumsiness with the machinations of your enemies..
3cd22dd5688634b3b406bf7c894467cb443d7d3d	On the topic of the Blizzard.. yes, everything is cool, a lot of technologies, auto planting..
105640b03153070df4bc7c59f4f3939b03a4bb85	But at what price was this toy given ?
f00a91aee80e75603f06e40b58e8d67b64a9789d	GUR (1)
d898e9e8887fcafd7aaf26ead91c22dd60c6efd6	December 31, 2013 08: 50
d224b07e875199551b16b15f0d8c332390e40b7a	The article is a school essay, such a promising title and not a horseradish in meaning, what is the similarity? what is the difference? so the general data.. nothing interesting.
04873414794ea501df3375be97ad4cd42c13a392	December 31, 2013 16: 07
d7587ddd5bb5107516d7e50c35b934005268311e	Aha, the Blizzard itself arose, without the legacy of Ivan the Great and Stalin ;) I grew up in the field :)
17dac997c5bd2e5b71e6485c203387fdcdbe855c	December 31, 2013 16: 16
2aada31923704a97c307f6aa320bc44dcf77582b	Well, this is a favorite song of individual......., all the best from the People, or under the wise guidance of " pr avila" (in the opinion of the patriarch)managers, but how is everything the most ....... So immediately the Tyrants (the term itself was misinterpreted - the tyrant originally meant the one who seized power) are to blame Stalin, Grozny, Pavel 1, etc.
2532cd32a1dd67368d5f96b53f08a5c733978883	Vikmay16 (1)
f6a16118eebe94f483fc84c4bb8db902a4c9082e	December 31, 2013 21: 00
3986c288ad7f9b321dfc127b46ed35307742121a	It's a shame!
2653dd3d79b30a218ae96105e20b454896864fac	As always
e9beee69aae1b887b26fc11a504b775e0c429476	vignat21 (2)
ca61f871a32dfe7768f5954c742fe13929ca5d84	January 3, 2014 15: 30
def8d8742db4f861628d3fb47dc86fa093b291fd	http://abbreviator.ru/?p=768
f1c53b161dc59ef01ecd34138411bde1812e5825	January 3, 2014 16: 07
a2fb59e6e9441f21faa289f4aad02781ba4ea226	Sure the whole site still see People in this thread are enough at the time, firmly dealt, but contingent will say not much homogeneous from the Patriots to sit down next and pravokatorov parasitic on the subject of Patriotism, just minus the name, though in Italy even patrols with this arm patch is (or was?).
3a03ca3e496ff32f3851f7d2b19ae9e746da9ffb	For the link Thanks and happy New Year You wholeheartedly!!!
f8fd5fa7675349b5c4bdd55d271ca94e845580cf	russian
5e2124411a0d0f5d75d10fded5474c29a1d8596d	January 4, 2014 23: 39
438a96c80c8156a3ea9413577f65e83f8ae64337	The article is not bad but suffers from incompleteness.
fdea4481d5a785d8852507f9fd9b7a013ff5c91c	Specify at least what modifications are shown in the photo.
0fd32992d8a9566406ceccf18bbb5b68e80daef5	In the photo of the Buran, it is clearly a modification that has never flown into space and was used only for flights in the atmosphere when testing equipment in manual mode.
635410c5147a28ce41f3ce392e579b8d8a0144f1	By the way, they were going to call it their homeland.
c68d17fa1a9aa00d56b13b218fe4852da40eb23c	Donot be ashamed to be precise.
3703b68b6aa7d7b325cb43979ee18e208b6c68f8	Many people have seen the blizzard in podlipki on Baikonur and in other places.
3099c8316ac2ba62325c94c1cc5c76a1292aeebd	And the system was really unique in its versatility.
13bccbf20f1dd2d1c4d204052984560ce9181f09	The shuttle wasnot even there.
48ec379f4cef62b718f6439c1c179da0d75992ee	One military application is worth something.
fbb4d2f8388351c199793c50f9757db6f69722e9	The bomber .a scout .the fighter is a hostile satellite, you can grab and much more.
ea1c129dce1ded1fe38a86c2054173e4e5e99ac2	And civil applications.
f62bf865cc1b3585d85ab2cb01175dc9aa009bd0	And flights to the moon .
bf4a9e6a7ca1da15561633887ac51932b51ff954	Mars. launch of orbital stations .
b2ce609800682523c47cbf8e7f9b9f75a9813307	So, friends, criticize and think for what.
b6ac16fc8abe1cfdb858bb62d23c2e01f943a397	Happy New Year to all.
e80d6a26e477a2baa5000fa66b88dac4e37bfb7e	Sergei75
4f1e8263c26dee6b536b6a2d50088353589e5388	March 22, 2014 19: 18
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64ae93b126071a1c30d139eb7a945bd82f05c773	Mi 8 vs UH 60: bells and whistles will not help the "Black Hawk" In Tatarstan, a new generation patrol ship will be laid Russia and China will conduct exercises in response to negotiations between South Korea and the United States The intelligence Service of Somalia uses children An experienced 105 mm howitzer "Hawkeye" with a reduced barrel rollback Who cuts with what: Combat knives of various special services around the world "Watch B".
9aa4cd37c585ce4a040401d75fbbd4925ff4b8bb	Fight with the shadow of the Crimea.
074dba2a76fbb28695aa68e9cc8342b0969eeb70	Stones and ashes View from the "Tiger": the dress rehearsal of the Victory Parade A drone of Syrians filmed the explosion of a tunnel bomb near Aleppo Sisters of Mercy.
b058f71918129218873deaafc8ff3f8202c94b22	The courage of the weaker sex in times of war, Militant missile bases are burning near Deir ez Zor German media: "Russia is acting faster and more decisively than NATO" The history of the St. George ribbon and the St. George ribbon on Russian awards Jet "Swifts" "Raptor" and "Ruslan": back to the future?
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52086e21fbc3d665681e811c89885779d5775d21	About the project| Contacts| Advertising
c168f0c31cabb4631ce7dfce8fb97fe7d1970bd2	HOME ANOMALIES SPACE UNKNOWN PROPHECIES SUPERNATURAL SECRETS OF HISTORY PHOTOS I WANT TO KNOW EVERYTHING
81aaeefde2cff2f710a2ad1773b699d7e68678f0	Secrets of the world "Secrets of history ""Buran": past, present and future
ee3976eb2e01448e879ab1398f3ec9fa50b6a4bd	"Buran": past, present and future
257e9d5ee7b5b2c39560ce142be41bbce1fe929e	History of creation
eaac5dab2e255e0ef6b4502c8b2dfcbf5893428a	"Buran" is a winged space orbiter of reusable aircraft configuration.
c9a071c4c81e6d6cf7517bc4e63602e1a4437b73	Its development began in 1974-1975 on the basis of the" Integrated Rocket and Space Program", which was the response of the Soviet cosmonautics to the news in 1972 that the United States had launched the Space Shuttle program.
5cf7a7aeeb38f6667332bfd86543a698dee2f807	So the development of such a ship was at that time a strategically important task to deter a potential enemy and preserve the Soviet Union's position as a space superpower.
260fc9a99e4bfd277fac38fce07a0cba0239d747	The first Buran projects, which appeared in 1975, were almost identical to the American shuttles, not only in appearance, but also in the structural arrangement of the main components and blocks, including the main engines.
421d86775efe701f0e8969fe81465bb6a0fc9961	After numerous improvements, the Buran became the way the whole world remembered it after the flight in 1988.
e8b6083a4779ad541686f1defedef93f09dd78bf	Unlike the American shuttles, it could deliver a larger weight of cargo (up to 30 tons) to orbit, as well as return up to 20 tons to Earth.
7d22fd6214c3c6a79dc4c96f8ce983bccf7524fe	But the main difference between the Buran and the shuttles, which determined its design, was a different placement and number of engines.
1e183f642ff94ee9fe170495c42decfe3230a628	There were no main engines on the domestic ship, which were transferred to the launch vehicle, but there were engines for putting it into orbit.
03d2e34270f515853b65b15e0dba94c6efb3eb89	In addition, they turned out to be somewhat heavier.
1ed5a1c38ce3c1c6212d893971cd452c480448b3	The first, only and completely successful flight of the Buran took place on November 15, 1988.
1798928e01d2b58d6bde4d9ce87fadf03c56d6b4	The launch into the orbit of the ISS "Energia Buran" was carried out from the Baikonur cosmodrome at 6.00 am.
06812015c74126d65a7e48859754a16a49824742	It was a completely autonomous flight, not controlled from the Ground.
f8830d50adf66acece55451c088987120472e597	The flight lasted 206 minutes, during which the ship took off, entered Earth orbit, circled the Earth twice, returned safely and landed at the airfield.
aa3dbc632eb17004fda6ff84d3646422ce85086f	It was an extremely joyful event for all developers, designers, everyone who somehow participated in the creation of this technical miracle.
b94bf33cc8f703a92e8b0649809a51a8c611de4b	It is sad that this particular ship, which made an "independent" triumphant flight, was buried under the rubble of the collapsed roof of the hangar in 2002.
7522d6021b2f397ab5f891550050237788735f0c	In the 90s, state funding for space development began to decline sharply, and in 1991 the Energia Buran ISS was transferred from the defense program to the space program to solve national economic problems, after which, in the following 1992, the Russian Space Agency decided to stop working on the project of the reusable Energia Buran system, and the created reserve was preserved.
f20fc8805a98c4a42011a57505633800c3897370	The device of the ship
221727bea0f128a76f58f5ece01b1d589fca3daf	This compartment would fit, for example, the Kvant module or the main unit of the Mir station, while this compartment also allows you to service the placed cargo and monitor the operation of on board systems until the very moment of unloading from the Buran.
4eae856047a96f17ea0137455f9b9ee59ba0209e	The main crew was planned to consist of 2-4 people, but the spacecraft can take on board an additional 6-8 researchers to carry out various works in orbit, that is, the Buran can actually be called a ten person vehicle.
6b179f5a61db5b34bb0ae8efdc8f9bb811bd4447	In orbit, good maneuverability capabilities of the Buran spacecraft are provided thanks to additional fuel reserves of up to 14 tons, the nominal fuel reserve is 7.5 tons.
bac37f8f8313064d297967a54439dea61f26eb44	The combined propulsion system of the Buran spacecraft is a complex system that includes 48 engines: 2 orbital maneuvering engines for putting the spacecraft into orbit with a thrust of 8.8 tons, 38 motion control jet engines with a thrust of 390 kg and 8 more engines for precision movements (precise orientation) with a thrust of 20 kg.
feac274dbc51b0cf747353ddc65801c6f7796f47	All these engines are powered from single tanks with hydrocarbon fuel "cyclin" and liquid oxygen.
eaff742ab56b4f747cdb603a51e448ab9f307f84	In the early projects, two air jet engines with a thrust of 8 tons were also provided for the possibility of flying with a deep side maneuver in landing mode.
2ff528f1bd5066fcbfdf17fffd8c1b03f99ce4b4	Buran engines make it possible to perform the following basic operations: stabilization of the Energia Buran complex before its separation from the second stage, separation and withdrawal of the Buran spacecraft from the launch vehicle, its re entry into the initial orbit, formation and correction of the working orbit, orientation and stabilization, interorbital transitions, rendezvous and docking with other spacecraft, departure from orbit and braking, control of the position of the apparatus relative to its center of mass, etc. At all stages of the flight, the "Buran" is controlled by the electronic brain of the ship, it also controls the operation of all the bot systems and provides navigation.
5628faee8a0b28d787293742d443f116c349937c	At the pre launch site, it controls the exit to the reference orbit.
b4478c6409dff87241fa9439f29acd375d3c703a	During an orbital flight, it provides orbit correction, de orbiting and immersion into the atmosphere to an acceptable height with subsequent return to the working orbit, program turns and orientation, interorbital transitions, hovering, rendezvous and docking with a cooperating object, twisting around any of the three axes.
b1144bde709f4491ff31351e033f385deaf00c3a	The basis of the automatic control system of the ship is a high speed computing complex represented by four interchangeable computers.
e26f76e03b1ac04544a68c7e6870710be549df7a	Our car was much more maneuverable, more complex, "smarter" than its American predecessors and could automatically perform a wider range of functions.
17687b3dbc0c6a68c79fa7851ef0479ca8cb0716	The device is designed for 100 flights in both autonomous and manned modes.
4e9f7a31eef4c69e0aacb643f6856372cd6e3247	Present
3ae6d2d3f3b4e8252f99791360d25b0823d92ecf	The cruise spacecraft "Buran" did not find peaceful use, since the program itself was defensive and could not integrate into the peaceful economy, especially after the collapse of the USSR.
62b19d3841e9a87bed0a29a7c2dddc337641d4c1	Nevertheless, it was a great technological breakthrough, dozens of new technologies and new materials were worked out at Buran, and it is a pity that these achievements were not applied and developed further.
5387319a78c04afe995eef25c3daed9047d96642	Where are now the famous "Burans" in the past, on which the best minds, thousands of workers worked, and on which so much effort was spent and so many hopes were pinned?
d51472a71e65e4b3b59e8e017994b1917e32f234	1.01 "Buran" - carried out the only unmanned space flight.
253e88e63ce085e0f0a520abaddff2cb77e500e4	It was stored at the Baikonur cosmodrome in the assembly and test building.
857277eca16df09c5016c017d49a8724e510568e	At the time of destruction during the collapse of the roof in May 2002, it was the property of Kazakhstan.
62ff4dbd99019174cd1ceba7f1064bd27b4b6eb3	1.02 the ship was intended for the second flight in autopilot mode and docking with the Mir space station.
33aa9ded120bdcd00dd64e61bd28ec921adfc72c	It is also owned by Kazakhstan and installed in the museum of the Baikonur Cosmodrome as an exhibit.
cc51638e98e802c967b9beb21396c6224a88490d	2.01 the readiness of the ship was 30-50 %. He was at the Tushinsky Machine building Plant until 2004, then spent 7 years at the berth of the Khimki reservoir.
f5445aeaafd579f9ba8d18b7ac8c847a03422071	And, finally, in 2011, it was transported for restoration to the Zhukovsky airfield.
fa9e2bc9a0bc47f48ce4f4e1e02be4d17ef44d42	2.02 - 10-20 % readiness.
c0e23ae83610a3cdd0c59784563467232dab2442	It was partially dismantled on the slipways of the Tushinsky plant.
8b618d101a7d75c843a5b967a70270ee4e62693c	2.03 the reserve was completely destroyed.
1d1ae17b7a3dc37ed9009fe592875db6ae22da99	Possible prospects
026afa034124ecf2aa17851d6f4af65af1153cae	And when the designers finalize the part of the program that concerns the preservation and relatively safe return to earth of the launch vehicle stages, i.e. they will make the launch system more convenient, which will significantly reduce the cost and make reusable not only the use of the winged spacecraft, but also the Energia Buran system as a whole.
e547ac66f349a460f0e993024cc98160259652cd	13 April 2014 /
e7d372205ad03f14e6ec8ed319f9f4c58dbfeb9b	Secrets of History / Editor's Choice
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7722fa65ad11c38bc0dcccc9a5e1875a03d2cdf4	To configure the tools, the device received the first
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0014f357884ba6caf4e8d2d92af6e6d356ef3934	The description of two images of Saturn and its rings is presented.
b8d399de3f33470a2b8b374ed299aef05498aa8b	These are some of the last images published by NASA, obtained by the Cassini Space Station.
9838b44d3846a0e8efdf3d1d25977cf55aea8ddd	The Kepler telescope has discovered a very unstable planet
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23a6b1fbf1b2f9d7415ec87c0b476821205e98a8	In the mythology of various peoples, you can often find legends about the origin of the moon, and in these stories that have come down to us from the depths of centuries, the boundary between the pre lunar and post lunar is clearly traced
6569e8bc0c13f2448da4d83b30cfca361b1f73c0	The Moon is a spaceship
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eb37defa4f49959c04cc5bf203f421087844180f	The outstanding Russian poet Fyodor Tyutchev was born on November 23 (December 5), 1803 in the village of Ovstug, Orel province (now the Bryansk region).
37a03be15ffc8de2740d93394384b97ebd8a7667	His parents belonged to an old, but not very rich noble family (according to legend, the Tyutchevs came to Russia from Italy in the XIV century).
08e65bd33d540b8cdc5cfc6c5235b8d3a46033d2	Since 1804, the Tyutchev family lived in Moscow, in the house of Tyutchev's mother's aunt, Countess A.V. Osterman, and at the end of 1810, the mother of the future poet, E. L. Tyutchev, bought an estate in Armenian Lane, built at the end of the XVIII century.
9916c49b23cfed77553095078a1ca3bce76a9ad1	The Tyutchev family was a typical noble family of its time, in which the fashionable French language got along with strict observance of domestic traditions.
3c54576140061835562a9db55f88b8ee69779107	In addition to Fedya, the family of the court adviser Ivan Nikolaevich Tyutchev and his wife Ekaterina Lvovna Tolstoy had two more children — the eldest son Nikolai, later a colonel of the General Staff, and a daughter Daria, married Sushkova.
d1611f4233f8615d746a1357a7ecafdb5862e817	The poet, translator and journalist S. Raich (Semyon Yegorovich Amfiteatrov), then a student of Moscow University, was a home teacher of Russian literature and Tyutchev's tutor from 1813 to 1819, according to I. S. Aksakov, "a highly original, unselfish, pure person, eternally staying in the world of idyllic dreams, himself personified bucolic, who combined the solidity of a scientist with some kind of virgin poetic fervor and infant kindness."
c5373cba4b03be5aa0ff8e7552d75982e05481a6	He managed to convey to the pupil his ardent passion for Russian and classical (Roman) literature, undoubtedly had a beneficial moral influence on him.
fcdda8e4aaad9af133c99b0423ff425c7c223aa8	At the age of 12, Tyutchev was already successfully translating Horace.
21fbe703b0ab52b0cc620f9e8a2621fc562a4b88	Since 1817, as a free listener, he began to attend lectures at the Verbal Department at Moscow University, where his teachers were Alexey Merzlyakov and Mikhail Kachenovsky.
7f80d868a5b8344774eff6604f7b87a20ef6b540	Even before enrolling, he was admitted to the number of students in November 1818, in 1819 he was elected a member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature.
e979af0aff920d98719b06e3e1a64a611c22f0bf	In 1819, he entered the verbal department of Moscow University and immediately took a lively part in its literary life.
9f26e8ca8aa6c17bcfb8926b8696269fa74216a1	After graduating from the university in 1821 with the degree of candidate of verbal sciences, at the beginning of 1822 Tyutchev entered the service of the State Board of Foreign Affairs.
b12b07b513248e693bfa2b627d053d2f22a257cf	Tyutchev spent twenty-two years in a foreign country, twenty of them in Munich. Here he got married, here he met the philosopher Schelling and became friends with G. Heine, becoming the first translator of his poems into Russian.
aaa060389f264933f4cef3aa0e8ea7f4d1f33f88	By that time, Tyutchev (since 1816) had already attended the lectures of the poet and translator A. F. Merzlyakov at Moscow University as a free listener, and in November 1819 he was enrolled in the verbal department as a student, and graduated in 1821, in two years instead of the required three.
19d03378e6d692c7d98a5c9329f36b0d285a5989	Tyutchev received a Candidate of verbal sciences degree in November 1821, and in February 1822 his mother arranged for his son to join the prestigious State College of Foreign Affairs in St. Petersburg, although for a modest position as a supernumerary official in the Russian diplomatic mission at the Bavarian Royal Court in Munich.
13b1915571627df3ec620df6afeab08c9f6e74b7	On June 11, 1822, Tyutchev left for Munich.
687e67bfb89f973acf97f9112d015ff914f817dc	Since that time, his connection with Russian literary life has been interrupted for a long time.
612c79666c07df377bc2230dc70ceaeba7d8237c	Tyutchev devoted himself entirely to diplomacy, treated poems as a hobby and did not show them to anyone.
2dab5ec44831feac91a63b5df74386e1f769b07d	In 1825, he spent a vacation in Russia, witnessed an uprising on the Senate Square in St. Petersburg.
632637f5991705d50ffa30720860c288761fcda4	Despite the fact that in his student years Tyutchev was influenced by freedom-loving political ideas, he did not support the uprising, with pity and bitterness he called the Decembrists "victims of reckless thought".
ea97c9e9e16948240185003f26b3b7b982a6c268	Tyutchev's diplomatic career was not particularly successful, nevertheless, Tyutchev spent more than 20 years abroad, most of this time in Munich.
6843db0bc5fb7a5a6612d6701eff0e2e5daaa3ce	It was there that in 1826 his wedding to the Bavarian aristocrat Eleonora Peterson took place.
09ef2a644ed1835acff8e1388098a1b036c396d4	Returning to Munich, Fyodor Tyutchev married Eleonora Peterson (nee Countess Botmer) on February 21, 1826.
e25c5f264cb063d4813a5402bb6f665e23a230b6	After marrying her, Fyodor took custody of Eleanor's three children from her first marriage.
c4bfddcf5cca9f25e68669b1b451b56f2fd8b093	And then Eleonora gave birth to three more girls to Tyutchev: Anya, Dasha and Katenka.
37ab82dae69c51968317cef730d8230c7026ec0f	At the age of twenty-two, Tyutchev married the young widow of a Russian diplomat, Eleanor Peterson, nee Countess Botmer.
43e33f17d21eaf1b20b8d62dc41a93b8da03d503	Tyutchev was four years younger than his wife, besides, she had four children from her first marriage.
9e18a5e6cfa4bcbf82a5c4e9f3c79a1fceb66d5e	The beauty and femininity of Eleonora Tyutcheva are evidenced by her portraits.
0fa3979659cb69db9a37f65a942fa7e0116d573e	More than once she had to act in the difficult role of" patroness or guardian " of her husband — and always with the same success.
89960cb11ace1231f18ebbd57b36c604ffc72e94	Here, at the beginning of his diplomatic career, he fell in love with the young Countess Amalia Lerchenfeld.
0b2c306bb2b63541f2c0177ae8fb8e8faf915c20	The girl responds to him in return.
17441be826ffc611cf9c2559142c4e06632134ed	Fyodor exchanged watch chains with a beautiful woman, and in exchange for a gold one he received only a silk one.
ad773ff5cf1367f97ac2e0cc1a0c2012d1f6624a	But, apparently, at the insistence of her parents, in 1825, the "beautiful Amalia" married Tyutchev's colleague, Baron Kryudener.
31c6ffa442acc53daf7f0ed1a1b1e973c29b86fe	Subsequently, Tyutchev maintained good relations with the Krudener couple
326659048b80bb218d93b9c4e389b07666bc9f6f	In 1870, on the waters in Carlsbad, the poet met his former lover, who had long since buried her first husband and became Countess Adlerberg.
335d3e45ae2874af63833e0a3d33b6937ab68055	Thanks to this meeting, the famous poem "K. B." appeared (these letters are an abbreviation of the rearranged words "Baroness Krudener").
a793734d2f35c4394cdbd31663a23e0671b88dd4	The poem was set to music at the end of the XIX century by S. Donaurov, A. Spirro, B. Sheremetev, L. Malashkin.
2830a59e537203c00b7c144b1e09ddab3a883ad0	However, the most famous romance was arranged by the wonderful singer I. S. Kozlovsky.
f7ce73446e388000c0bd9146542e6343a7fbbb8b	Here he also met F. Schelling, G. Heine, whose works he enthusiastically translated into Russian ("In the gloomy north, on a wild rock...", etc.), L. Klenze, V. Kaulbach and other representatives of the literary and artistic circles of Germany at that time.
428e284c26704319615fbcb68f26fc7b7679f8e4	In the same year in Munich, he met the philosopher F. Schelling and the poet G. Heine, becoming a friend and the first translator of the latter's poems into Russian.
c6bf859d7f0a61dee249b663b1460cd309585a5d	In the first decade of Munich life (1820-30s), the most famous Tyutchev poems were written: "Spring thunderstorm" (1828), " Silentium!" (1830), "How the ocean embraces the globe of the earth..." (1830), "Fountain" (1836), "Not what you think, nature..." (1836), "What are you howling about, the night wind?.." (1836) , etc.
bcac671074606ed3e184daeb7a5494b5ef576ec2	In 1829-1830, Tyutchev's poems were published in the magazine of Raich "Galatea", which testified to the maturity of his poetic talent ("Summer Evening", "Vision", "Insomnia", "Dreams"), but did not bring fame to the author.
b391868311b8ca59bc0d5e1ade5b02f96d1e2e90	Tyutchev's poetry first received real recognition in 1836, when his 16 poems appeared in Pushkin's Sovremennik.
5a39a84829a6f9c0bd56698d5ca1ad22897baebe	Of course, Tyutchev continues to write his own poems, so in the spring of 1836, through his colleague Prince I. S. Gagarin and the Bavarian Baroness Amalia Kryudener, Tyutchev sent several of his works to St. Petersburg.
ce4a1fc2223a69e7b883684d922cc46d794a7304	They came to Pushkin, aroused his delight with the depth of thought, the brightness of colors, the novelty and power of poetic language and were published (in October-December 1836) in the magazine "Sovremennik" under the characteristic title "Poems sent from Germany" with the signature "F. T.".
46f1e496f4bd16c572853d14c609391ef9a5aa46	However, the poet became widely known only in 1836, when 16 poems were published in Sovremennik under the title "Poems Sent from Germany".
29064c0cff8688a019bd7a41a2d82973ab4b987b	It was the poet's first major publication.
3d79eb4b8c9b05e1fc36d476ff948ea43e4a5ab0	In 1833, his affair with Ernestine Dernberg began, which received loud publicity, the scandal that broke out caused Tyutchev to be transferred to Turin (1837) to the post of senior secretary of the Russian mission.
9b43c573d71cfab2017e9e730e427e5d3a8d6529	At the beginning of 1833, Tyutchev became interested in Ernestine Dernberg, nee Baroness Pfefel.
4470c5b92c3003d60bb6efe018dc761d0989efac	Ernestine did not love her husband, Baron Fritz Dernberg.
ee272b9f588fe6379b623adf9cffea6dc304fe70	A few days later, the baron died of typhoid fever.
a228d09c826eab62a752ef3de1878b415bd794a7	Much has remained vague in the history of Tyutchev's relations with Ernestina.
07d6d99e658ed7dc5cd11693d751174b4a31e3ad	She destroyed the poet's correspondence with her, as well as her letters to her brother — her closest friend, from whom she had never had any secrets.
6a6b9face1bdf9a4d2794c604ec68544f7936bd0	But even what survived in the form of mysterious dates under the dry flowers of the herbarium album, a constant companion of Tyutchev's beloved, in the form of hints not accidentally crossed out by her diligent hand in Tyutchev's later letters to her, indicates that this was not an alien "outbursts of passion", "tears of passion" passion, similar to the love of friendship for the beautiful Amalia.
faa20879192f0a239d610c6836a37ac49278e231	No, it was the same fatal passion that, according to Tyutchev, " shakes existence and eventually destroys it."
02f5e17b1ad8e164e3f31485fde61ff06a103f96	Probably, in the spring of 1836, Tyutchev's novel received some publicity.
068ec32295e3bda4feb40a67ea7d4292c5d8544e	Eleonora Tyutcheva tried to commit suicide by inflicting several wounds to her chest with a dagger from a fancy dress.
954df7220c92fe1aa466b944b006af7bbd3aad1e	The poet wrote to I. S. Gagarin: "... I expect from you, dear Gagarin, that if someone in your presence decides to present the case in a more romantic, perhaps, but completely false light, you will publicly refute the ridiculous rumors."
435606a6ab8960936953ec1bc8603470b68efd8a	He insisted that the cause of this incident was "purely physical".
2dd67c833c17b2bce406ff8753087a9857e31ad6	In order to avoid a scandal, the amorous official was transferred to Turin (Sardinian Kingdom), where in October 1837 he received the position of senior secretary of the Russian mission and even replaced the temporarily absent envoy.
ce8984a4cf77cfdacccfe6716c531522ef015fe4	At the end of 1837, the poet met Dernberg in Genoa.
5e8206b1a4ca2c48062b669312b1ade4943f2099	Tyutchev understands that it's time to part with the woman he loves.
4a6ebdf10a7dc3bb8b2184c0c00ea9b5a3fa2f9c	In May 1837, he received a three-month vacation, which he spent in St. Petersburg, and on August 3 he was appointed first secretary and charge d'affaires of the Russian mission in Turin.
581e779cfeb92bd360cbd94f0a6799dc062f97b6	Soon in Italy, the poet also experienced the first heavy loss - on August 28, 1838, his wife, Eleonora Peterson Tyutcheva, died in Turin.
87d5cdcdcc58630b05270fdeb1ae61f48bcc3c6f	The steamer "Nicholas I", on which the Tyutchev family sails from St. Petersburg to Turin, is in distress in the Baltic Sea.
5e672b50bd48e63ffb1d0d513a1f013da4e84279	During the rescue, Eleanor and the children are helped by Ivan Turgenev, who sailed on the same steamer.
92a6235c5b649e98fa45447b5614208231271c21	This disaster seriously affected the health of Eleonora Tyutcheva.
6d9611aa220cdb767547b149b30c678b70dddc16	Tyutchev was so saddened that, after spending the night at the coffin of his late wife, he allegedly turned gray in a few hours.
985898e2c9ea06586308ecf1866e08c1f644286b	A year later, on July 7, 1839, the poet entered into a second marriage with Ernestine Dernberg, nee Pfeffel.
a04b245c18260d70d334d19e0895d557d1f01d62	Tyutchev's official misconduct (unauthorized departure to Switzerland for a wedding with E. Dernberg) put an end to his diplomatic service.
84216dbfa45f1a05bbfa8be0aae0410bcefb0567	On October 1, 1839, Tyutchev was dismissed from the post of first secretary of the mission in Turin, leaving him in the department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
eaefe4bdbde53e3dfe7f3ddf9103bfd00f778193	For two years, he persistently searched for ways to return to service, but everything was useless, on June 30, 1841, Tyutchev was excluded from the number of officials of the Ministry "for long-term non-arrival from vacation".
73f7a5c9191fcc1315d92129d5c22693cb033721	The poet retired and settled in Munich, where he spent five years without having any official position.
b9fc2dad3d983e4507ef4bdfb0687038c0004bed	In 1841, Tyutchev met with the figure of the Czech national revival Vaclav Ganka, which had a great influence on the poet.
f1a664a4eccd8de452d1d623aa0183058e6c1422	Since that time, the ideas of Slavophilism and the unification of the Slavic peoples have acquired a clear sound in the poet's journalism and political lyrics.
5d0c5aa996d8a855b0dcee6eaccdc96acbe77904	Tyutchev's activities aimed at increasing the authority of Russia abroad won the approval of Nicholas I, and in 1844 Tyutchev was returned the title of chamberlain and a place in the Ministry.
73efa6bfbb3c7159c31faf1fc08ed76e39850b0d	In 1843, he met with the all-powerful head of the III department of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery, A. H. Benckendorf.
4ae71d1a629140ed6982dae8392c6c0e21eb389a	The result of this meeting was the support of Emperor Nicholas I for all Tyutchev's initiatives in creating a positive image of Russia in the West.
07ce077e1e5b4e7de72eb2fa5e471f1bceae8427	Tyutchev was given the go-ahead for an independent speech in the press on the political problems of relations between Europe and Russia.
3366adcf8519dd53246f53095f93cab90cc0fe64	The great interest of Nicholas I was aroused by the article published anonymously by Tyutchev, "A Letter to Mr. Dr. Kolb" ("Russia and Germany"; 1844).
9edb99b0047a47ed470e38b7e7de2c31bc4e76da	This work was given to the emperor, who, as Tyutchev told his parents, " found all his thoughts in it and allegedly asked who its author was."
f060a151cd40bb3ee3a07ca19714cdcd88a3d0c9	At the end of September 1844, after living abroad for about 22 years, Tyutchev, with his wife and two children from his second marriage, moved from Munich to St. Petersburg, and six months later he was again enrolled in the department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; at the same time, the title of chamberlain was returned to the poet.
1daf14a36d3d06dc46f5591deee0f89894d2d204	He served as an official on special assignments under the State Chancellor, senior censor in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1848-1858), then chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee, did a lot to ease the censorship yoke.
5ffb9b03fcdf7ed6a9f14bdeaeb43a200a0d805c	Returning to Russia in 1844, Tyutchev re-entered the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1845), where he held the position of senior censor since 1848.
3fe697325e2df4bccc21b726e994ee1be4fc1119	As such, he did not allow the Communist Party manifesto to be distributed in Russia in Russian, saying: "who needs it, they will read it in German"
166e49ce73c9a6c72e4f2cc1212aafaea3938fbf	Almost immediately after his return, Fyodor Tyutchev actively participates in the Belinsky circle[7].
186b5c6f6ce43d5ea83bf90ad1fc6f07216ff2c2	Without publishing poems at all during these years, Tyutchev appeared with journalistic articles in French: "A Letter to Mr. Dr. Kolb" (1844), "A Note to the Tsar" (1845)," Russia and the Revolution "(1849)," The Papacy and the Roman Question "(1850), as well as later, already in Russia, an article written" On Censorship in Russia " (1857).
a0d1af03746f738cbdaef08131e284e1182e4927	The last two are among the chapters of the unfinished treatise "Russia and the West", conceived by him under the impression of the revolutionary events of 1848-1849.
243a7a2ef63e78641e4f4503a4cf01cebf629526	In this treatise, Tyutchev creates a kind of image of the millennial power of Russia.
c83a053f56b9e24bc1150be5d512cf9862f4bbef	Expounding his "teaching about the empire" and about the nature of the empire in Russia, the poet noted its "Orthodox character".
7e4436b9abedc64f0791c836d77a50ca106c0a5d	In the article "Russia and the Revolution", Tyutchev carried out the idea that there are only two forces in the "modern world" : revolutionary Europe and conservative Russia.
facfb4d5b3598148cf8c06859303bd0e7df05c27	The idea of creating a union of Slavic Orthodox states under the auspices of Russia was also outlined here.
21ed03d264353eaa6fd37c5412d5cec8abc74693	During this period, Tyutchev's poetry itself was subordinated to state interests, as he understood them.
9e7f455765fdf1235b93efc9cccf500de9161d9f	He creates many "rhymed slogans" or "journalistic articles in verse": "Gus at the stake", "Slavs", "Modern", "Vatican anniversary".
f377bb07db9fccba1a0a26d706f46aef832028c0	Despite the lack of poetic publications and loud fame, Tyutchev became a prominent figure in St. Petersburg literary circles: N. A. Nekrasov enthusiastically spoke about his work and put him on a par with the best poets of his contemporaries, A. A. Fet attracted his works as proof of the existence of "philosophical poetry", the poetry of thought, which remains pure art.
0550d0a318edfd8b130d80e8c0db6689c4883007	In 1843-1850, Tyutchev made political articles "Russia and Germany", "Russia and the Revolution", "The Papacy and the Roman Question", concluding that a clash between Russia and the West was inevitable and the final triumph of "Russia of the Future", which he imagined to be an "All-Slavic" empire.
90edb49348fa2a855a9f574705f8cbf3a08f7f71	Until the very end, Tyutchev was interested in the political situation in Europe.
fa170d42517a8706ec81db603057a36bf3829259	On December 4, 1872, the poet lost the freedom of movement with his left hand and felt a sharp deterioration in vision; he began to be overcome by excruciating headaches.
c878065974d6c8509baee2e4805967e13a6671d3	On the morning of January 1, 1873, despite the warnings of others, the poet went for a walk, intending to visit friends.
a1251e4e60c3d0babfea6969c3b7e1ee6aa0d4cc	On the street, he had a stroke that paralyzed the entire left half of his body.
a36a50af7d00233a1eecadd7881d89fe2c33a186	On July 15, 1873, Tyutchev died in Tsarskoye Selo.
44971f0bd19e02d5f54b6150b2c8017216d0162e	On July 18, 1873, the coffin with the poet's body was transported from Tsarskoye Selo to St. Petersburg and buried in the cemetery of the Novodevichy Monastery[8][9].
48a80a22ab97143cdeeb5847ab372ab27ceda6b3	The signs of the external biography of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev are known quite well.
c7e178c9e48431f59dcf5c8fbbeff1bb0601859f	A hereditary aristocrat of spirit and blood, he studied at Moscow University, and since 1822 devoted himself to serving the Fatherland – primarily in the field of diplomacy.
d3d0955f3acafa6d2083e7a29e6b576c780dbfa8	He spent more than 20 years in total in Germany and Italy, where he successfully defended the state interests of Russia.
0217d95724a28822c284134c0c7ebd5d3c7ab4fc	At the same time, he represented his homeland in the highest intellectual circles of Europe, in particular, he was personally acquainted with Schelling and Heine.
40568898bc147f9ad7cb2c778d1f1149465b57a9	In 1836, the first selection of the poet's poems was published in Pushkin's Sovremennik, and Pushkin himself was delighted with them.
55faada985176977f6ddb10831755c51959e3f04	In 1844, Tyutchev returned to Russia, where he received the court title of chamberlain, and from 1858, by the highest command, became chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee.
8bd847af7a8724dfe05b59033b7ece8381c83cbe	Soon Tyutchev was promoted to full state councilors, that is, the rank of general, and appointed chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee.
b9321a01ce8fc945878d11300aff5b3607b6793a	He had a direct connection with Gorchakov, the opportunity to influence Russian politics.
f50752a6325a221eaf4dc5e1e411464dffa64055	Tyutchev played a significant role in shaping Russian foreign policy in the 1860s.
a7457d16020647b77d5eaa7cfb28b71a1d8171fc	He used all his connections at court (two of his daughters were ladies-in-waiting), among writers and journalists, to achieve the implementation of his ideas.
82a5549a1b732a5f7662abe832ac3ab344b1ef6a	In the socio-political articles "Russia and the Revolution", "The Papacy and the Roman Question", in the treatise "Russia and the West", which remained unfinished, T. shared Slavophil ideas about the defining role of Orthodoxy in Russian culture and was a supporter of "the formation of a great Orthodox empire" as a result of "the union of two churches — eastern and Western".
3bc1db607056eebf18daa4ae12010ae106a72614	In the philosophical worldview of the poet, they wrote Vl. Solovyov, N. Berdyaev, A. Blok, A. Bely, Dm. Merezhkovsky.
9f12d4b4b83ea129240b5e53b2090bec3529b25a	The inconsistency of the poet's journalistic and poetic texts was the basis for completely opposite assessments of his work, which saw both "the presence of a new historical era" (N. Berdyaev), and "nihilism and the bottomless horror of being" (Dm.Merezhkovsky), and "the embodiment of chaos in the forms of ancient Greece" (A. Bely).
60ba0349ca2af92fce57c270f05313f6e6393898	Having an excellent knowledge of contemporary German and French philosophy (T. was closely acquainted with Schelling, met with Heine, listened to Guizot's lectures in Paris), T. felt the inconsistency of the academic theory dealing with the abstract universal, the inner world of man.
c09f811fcfabdc42969a691d3eaded2017187d7c	For the poet, the philosophical categories of being and non-being, space and time, chaos and cosmos, finite and infinite were included in his everyday life sense of self and were experienced as a household reality.
dc0527e123cfe9247500fd8de794660227ad9797	T. distinguishes two independent worlds, spheres of life: the world of nature, living its own life, and the world of the conscious individual "I"; these worlds are similar in their internal dynamism, rushing out beyond the limits of the prescribed.
e39964886877051a028450fae45ae7ff49a47ee1	This is how the aesthetic pantheism of his landscape lyrics arises.
fa55f338fa396196a335b92c04a77159200905a3	The poet's entire work is permeated with the ideas of natural philosophy: nature in his works is never just a backdrop against which an action develops, or an allegorical embodiment of a philosophical concept.
778f0346963a005ea5d6eda95e2f0ba6c9c6f186	Tyutchev's nature is the nature of primitive elements, disorder and chaos, an abyss on the edge of which a person is doomed to live.
aa2c52700c4819858072d40f20fa1ba6c1a9d29d	At the same time, chaos is not perceived as an unambiguous evil, on the contrary, the element fascinates and attracts the poet, and the inability to merge with it becomes a tragedy.
99e50808a9f3d9e8287d03033b7af424967b3d5c	The tragedy of human existence lies in the inability to achieve harmony with nature, of which he is a part, in the need to continue the dialectical senseless struggle with the world whole, the feeling of painful discord.
fefde828b8c655f54c13b72ac7a2cf11b0ba6af4	Tyutchev, Fyodor Ivanovich
ca6283e426fafe9a6561fc6275eeb88d5ecdcf43	This is the stable version, released on March 8, 2017.
0d6e98d339bedbd10240a038f3e55aa0be7f60b9	The request "Tyutchev" is redirected here; see also other values.
bc42ea0db4ec4bdbfbe2adb9b21f3bcbf5ea7bfe	Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev
d39d15e656c6d3c79b126aa06fc5c870d3854611	Fyodor Tyutchev.
84a91ae1355a453e803d0be3dc9fb71b2b424ef9	Photo by S. Levitsky (1856) Date of birth: November 23 (December 5) 1803[1][2][3][4]
1b4dd1a3108711c84bc6585d0d4a8b27ba37afdb	Place of birth: Ovstug, Bryansk district, Oryol province, Russian Empire
2e81f9fb1b8bf5cc16f30d224aacc909a5ad7908	Date of death: July 15 (27) 1873[1][2][3][4] (69 years)
f1a210de8e6210c0902ac3a111c5d82d40d61320	Place of death: Tsarskoye Selo, Saint Petersburg Province, Russian Empire
fd1c3c5e4d1f28afae898965a2cfba39c4121b44	Citizenship (citizenship): The Russian Empire
7d89dd8b206fd0707394fd2c3ba1fef7525abac8	Occupation: poet, publicist, politician
74bbc42a7e624928ee98a7b29ceb26b3e75cb4d9	Creative years: 1813-1873
365acbe4884d0f1bcd873fe51e8374a73362354b	Direction: Romanticism, pantheism
4c7ed17ee33a5c66e1e1fd58ae3c680dacb59fae	Genre: lyrics
c3710defa7b31d9ecf349811567c70ec48dd126b	Language of works: Russian [5]
f5b32fd466c76a3b999f87f1beb12954a26762b4	Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev (November 23 [December 5] 1803, Ovstug, Bryansk District, Oryol Province — July 15 [27] 1873, Tsarskoye Selo) was a Russian poet, diplomat, conservative publicist, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences since 1857, privy councilor.
aafaaa4902e39a2d3fa6cd2ce4431387781c1002	1 Biography 1.1 The beginning of life 1.2 Career abroad 1.3 Service in Russia
2c84f21c21b95b1760fba0d3d5e9849d51d2e4d1	2 Poetry 2.1 Periodization 2.2 Love lyrics 2.3 Letters
137fa6ace6d81f654c0293b1e334c419fce996ce	3 Tyutchev and Pushkin 4 Museums 5 Memory 6 Family 7 Addresses 8 Essays 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Literature 12 References
157dcbe34ba263dd08d4f5be2739429becba3d12	The beginning of life[edit / edit wiki text]
265b16dffed8281acf2906edd5bcf2144ff95d01	1806-1807
83c85341b1ba4cb31dd3fb87340dc6023e6bc023	Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev was born on November 23 [December 5], 1803 in the family estate of Ovstug in the Bryansk district of the Oryol province.
cdb0f54d1b0424798a00d4a7874a1d0afa0a89e0	He received a home education.
eafe5a34e56ac22111d2ea065745e9679cdb087c	Under the guidance of a teacher, poet and translator S. E. Raich, who supported the student's interest in versification and classical languages, he studied Latin and ancient Roman poetry, and at the age of twelve he translated Horace's odes.
61e665dd6ac2dd257d0a4a17d53b7d727cdadba3	Career abroad[edit / edit wiki text]
e3e0d78130253abf7f21916d814f4ad6e2967b45	Having received a certificate of graduation from the university in 1821, F. Tyutchev entered the service of the State Board of Foreign Affairs and went to Munich as a freelance attache of the Russian diplomatic mission[6].
20aca37a5452278a23cfacddfea0f32e5a4113b0	Here he met Schelling and Heine and in 1826 married Eleanor Peterson, nee Countess of Bothmer, with whom he has three daughters.
ec303f2a17a9ec0411f191d81cb6c32c7b394d4b	The eldest of them, Anna, later marries Ivan Aksakov.
5db1d7acc006d93bf5c858e29a5aff4f5c6f6d99	However, already in 1839, Tyutchev was married to Ernestine Dernberg (nee Pfeffel), with whom, apparently, he had a relationship while still married to Eleanor.
bee79dc7f13d96aa38254f9ade7ce52ee047db8f	Ernestine has preserved her memories of a ball in February 1833, at which her first husband felt unwell.
3d118430b71bf90133dcea3ab1c5527a7cf61be4	Not wanting to interfere with his wife's fun, Mr. Dernberg decided to go home alone.
c6345d55e516073a6c8187cfb44746234cd72478	Turning to the young Russian with whom the Baroness was talking, he said: "I entrust my wife to you."
06d4bc552df1977a853f49de47cc49f0c50a40f6	This Russian was Tyutchev.
2632b8f8f275b2c7ab374d7bc9801f18b153ccba	A few days later, Baron Dernberg died of typhus, an epidemic of which swept Munich at that time.
81ba6caafc7a8a6bedb939818669719b4460d498	In 1835, Tyutchev received the rank of chamberlain.
12a164589dde957ccfbb3dd78b43ebcd329aa2a1	In 1839, Tyutchev's diplomatic activity was suddenly interrupted, but until 1844 he continued to live abroad.
f514b42475bc89f59ecd966c56ab89d381da6c0d	In 1843, he met with the all powerful head of the III department of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery, A. H. Benckendorf.
7878b4d3e775ad4f7d8e1de423c4c3f39904e1ed	Tyutchev was given the go ahead for an independent speech in the press on the political problems of relations between Europe and Russia.
2aa5710c1c664d01b3c32861fcc953201009c69f	Service in Russia[edit / edit wiki text]
bb9cc27f3a7f6ac2f2052de2e33767a1df91dd57	F. I. Tyutchev , 1860-1861.
6fed042da411c9d4241f80cb38caa6783c2b4449	Photo by S. L. Levitsky
6f03aed32f6b211e3c3fed18e5384c195b7cae2d	Returning to Russia in 1844, Tyutchev re entered the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1845), where he held the position of senior censor since 1848.
7df4ceab1d1720c871e31950fe3f4aaed4af3eb6	As such, he did not allow the Communist Party manifesto to be distributed in Russia in Russian, saying: "who needs it, they will read it in German" Almost immediately after his return, Fyodor Tyutchev actively participates in the Belinsky circle[7].
80ef6d4c0afef1f641453c90c611fd40d324cdcf	The grave of F. I. Tyutchev at the cemetery of the Novodevichy Monastery in St. Petersburg
cbe17f7c7deb7de6d7e79efdfa9b3c9b9015bdab	On April 7, 1857, Tyutchev received the rank of a full state councilor, and on April 17, 1858, he was appointed chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee.
300c516e4406985eeb7d411fcab5793993168152	In this post, despite numerous troubles and clashes with the government, Tyutchev stayed for 15 years, until his death.
81f70446a430fdb1ce96e868ecce95b65e0b8547	On August 30, 1865, Tyutchev was promoted to privy councilor, thereby reaching the third, and in fact even the second step in the state hierarchy of officials.
19a64b0f35f7bf2ac645b9cab12e24cb5a368f2e	During his service, he received 1,800 chervonets in gold and 2,183 rubles in silver as awards (prizes).
89e660fd3bc8c298b23c60216e78e10b6dc21abb	Poetry[edit / edit wiki text]
b8bed16cdefe77483dbbb3bf84b7e48c0d20e05e	Portrait of S. Alexandrovsky (1876)
3ae69af65ace7dc72e2dee8782044cc102fce52b	According to Yu.
b6d811f482b3be7244e3bcca2575553c86ab4b52	N. Tynyanov, Tyutchev's small poems are a product of the decomposition of voluminous works of the odic genre that developed in Russian poetry of the XVIII century (Derzhavin, Lomonosov).
37714c26366ba22830396a2571a79a7049d1d173	He calls Tyutchev's form a "fragment", which is an ode compressed to a short text.
70b3fd2ebe9b20e1b21994a3f930f76c39af81f6	"Due to this, Tyutchev's compositional structures are maximally tense and look like a hypercompensation of constructive efforts" (Yu. N.Chumakov).
6149611b3f47a53a7a5c8fb2cfc209eb5ac455b7	Hence the "figurative excess", "oversaturation of components of various orders", which allow us to convey the tragic feeling of the cosmic contradictions of being in a penetrating way.
cc09dcba0246d62ae6cdf67317e8ccf98c864abe	One of the first serious researchers of Tyutchev, L. V. Pumpyansky, considers the most characteristic feature of Tyutchev's poetics to be the so called " doublets — - images repeating from poem to poem, varying similar themes "while preserving all its main distinctive features":
b6b856990ac904010f7b99edefa2bd061963d390	The firmament, burning with the glory of the stars
43533a5c2b8df6c6b2aa558a2c91e273369d4b4a	He looks mysteriously from the depths, —
a8a314817cfc0c2b103bf0246c36a87be7b91a05	And we are floating, a flaming abyss
58272f9885d3654050dfee3bc62a1c89003bfd50	Surrounded on all sides.
bcf5f58cde37480f380278f6e3dd2856ddb8f399	— "How the ocean embraces the globe of the earth..."
f9ec95108bc41b1a2d0518a57b031c54c7836d1a	She, between the double abyss,
cbd0372d309567825bc817f37f1bc95e8da2f8cd	Cherishes your all seeing dream —
0e636b98f992e51ce6392adf589ad5fe1c80d378	And the full glory of the starry firmament
296ea280ab47b109ffd78c0972039c6f669da1df	You are surrounded from everywhere.
dd78c236fa98e64b9b7003e4393031a9beecc47b	- "The Swan"
c494425788e560cf71beda0e58d2c848a8639ab1	This determines the thematic and motivic unity of Tyutchev's lyrics, the components of which are just Tynyanov's "fragments".
fb1ac8117d53d63d2904f74f82775c627fe00fea	Thus, according to Roman Leibov:
614177650fd04760ba913d99c2641213fb33b7d9	... the interpreter is faced with a well known paradox: on the one hand, "no single poem by Tyutchev will reveal itself to us in all its depth if we consider it as an independent unit"… On the other hand, the Tyutchev corpus is frankly "accidental", we have texts that are not institutionally attached to literature, not supported by the author's will, reflecting the hypothetical "Tyutchev heritage" is obviously incomplete.
4e7d01e98a7ae76829b71781411ef3ccb20717df	The "unity" and "closeness" of Tyutchev's poetic heritage allow us to compare it with folklore.
60a85c34ac2aebccf350689df5a872c0f394b114	Very important for understanding Tyutchev's poetics is his fundamental distance from the literary process, unwillingness to see himself as a professional writer and even disregard for the results of his own creativity.
649546391e1648592eb9abe594eab45c6ca416af	Tyutchev does not write poetry, writing down already established text blocks.
94544bcfe6f542c50c0e3da9da5666ecbfc1896d	In a number of cases, we have the opportunity to observe how the work on the initial versions of Tyutchev's texts is going on: Tyutchev applies various "correct" rhetorical devices to the vague, often tautologically designed core (another parallel with folklore lyrics), taking care of eliminating tautologies, explaining allegorical meanings (the Tyutchev text in this sense unfolds in time, repeating the general features of the evolution of poetic techniques described in the works of A. N. Veselovsky, devoted to parallelism — from the undifferentiated identification of phenomena of different series to a complex analogy).
91130ce72bfe42894a29d9dd4965ac05f7dafec3	It is often at a late stage of work on the text (corresponding to the consolidation of its written status) that the lyrical subject is introduced pronominally[10].
2bf25151ad760e1bddc3cf2ee2d25ff7f2d27b36	Periodization[edit / edit wiki text]
0e49f02cbb9847e3e3307430a2e0d1740e040ddc	According to Yuri Lotman, the work of Tyutchev, which consists of a little more than 400 poems, with all its internal unity, can be divided into three periods:
46397094071ac8ee39d1f5ab5589c9d00fe39785	The 1st period is the initial, 1810s the beginning of the 1820s, when Tyutchev creates his youthful poems, archaic in style and close to the poetry of the XVIII century.
a5310f1c301d3de4c7edd49048145ad01c01578e	The 2nd period — the second half of the 1820s 1840s, starting with the poem "Glimpse", the features of his original poetics are already noticeable in Tyutchev's work.
ccc0a8b8b8beebd142e62e240b3c87bce748c65a	It is a fusion of Russian odic poetry of the XVIII century and the tradition of European Romanticism.
175a5a243aeae79539335de7f9d62289ae550531	3rd period — 1850s early 1870s.
cf417bfbf3ae771f9190590ad03684538981fa79	This period is separated from the previous one by the decade of the 1840s, when Tyutchev almost does not write poetry.
8a54306e226c923b7c47525e2c9680aed40eb896	During this period, numerous political poems were created (for example, "Modern"), poems "for the occasion" and the piercing "Denisiev cycle".
5beb7c0ae413714b2bc24bc5788875166fb3c113	Sovremennik magazine.
1eefb9b20c78b8b75bc112d366930d4f41fbdc64	Love lyrics[edit / edit wiki text]
7417aac7dadc1f8416fc17014439486ff7cea817	In love lyrics, Tyutchev creates a number of poems that are usually combined into a "love tragic" cycle, called the "Denisiev cycle", since most of the poems belonging to it are dedicated to E.
a770a8e343cd87ccaca928eecb315396a05a4dc8	A. Denisyeva.
bb9c1d8e2df50b21a9c7daae4e303cc6c8488142	Their characteristic understanding of love as a tragedy, as a fatal force leading to devastation and death, is also found in Tyutchev's early work, so it would be more correct to name the poems related to the "Denisiev cycle" without reference to the poet's biography.
3b84830b4a1b71a7c77b638c5f52093f4fdb8595	Tyutchev himself did not take part in the formation of the "cycle", so it is often unclear to whom certain poems are addressed — to E.
12ab3c8d73f124704e2572343f93763b0ba74861	A. Denisyeva or his wife Ernestine.
d3691c4e73fdc01345a989c26c287b13abb1340b	In tyutchevedenie, the similarity of the "Denisiev cycle" with the genre of the lyrical diary (confessional) and the motives of Dostoevsky's novels (morbidity of feeling) was repeatedly emphasized.
88e6e861e6285aede8cd1a0ee861ca95248d0d01	The love of the eighteen year old Tyutchev for the young beauty Amalia Lerchenfeld (the future Baroness Kryudener) is reflected in his famous poem "I remember the golden time..."
522ab4c9c803a24eacc8ddb91801a737f19a509a	Tyutchev was in love with the "younger fairy", who did not reciprocate him, but visited the poet in his declining years.
c185ea73d27c79d1cea1d00072da1ae36c391669	His poem "I met you, and all the past", which became a famous romance to the music of L. D. Malashkin, is dedicated to her.
7ec9ea3a82cd102112dcdadaf4aa01e73b18bb14	Emails[edit / edit wiki text]
2b064b5c32b36154dc0eceabb83da8c1fedf49c6	More than 1,200 letters of Tyutchev have reached us.
f07851c4ba523af599a592c533bfe39f6855da40	Tyutchev and Pushkin[edit / edit wiki text]
d2d53bed376f0c73adf67e6099f2a0665c6a4c49	The autograph of the poem " There is in the autumn of the original..."
4627c8740aba4af866db5719f2106e6fe6666ce9	In the 1920s, Yu.
f4a786be2a2bd8584e6909f3bdeffb62c31a8d2a	N. Tynyanov put forward the theory that Tyutchev and Pushkin belong to such different directions of Russian literature that this difference excludes even the recognition of one poet by another.
d6ed76b8fb31009a9c9ec584e2623334033cbb01	Later, this version was disputed, and it was proved (including documented) that Pushkin quite consciously placed Tyutchev's poems in Sovremennik, insisted before censorship on replacing the excluded stanzas of the poem" Not what you think, nature...
d31da05549b3fb4522b5ec0168428951aafd7538	"with rows of dots, considering it wrong not to designate the discarded lines in any way, and in general treated Tyutchev's work very sympathetically.
5f5d87adbb2ae07f263d3b4f16c838266d544926	However, the poetic imagery of Pushkin and Tyutchev in fact has important differences.
b00bd498974fe35bc1a8486b19301f716d80982a	N. V. Queen summarises the difference as follows: "Pushkin draws a person living bursting, real, sometimes even everyday life, Tiutchev — man out of everyday life, sometimes even outside of reality, sluchivshegosya instant ringing Aeolian harp, absorbing the beauty of nature and bow before her, longing in front of the "blind time moaning""[11].
d8baeb15b7aa6f0399a19043da45f65e770bb539	Tyutchev dedicated two poems to Pushkin: "To Pushkin's Ode to Liberty" and "January 29, 1837", the latter of which is radically different from the works of other poets on Pushkin's death by the absence of direct Pushkin reminiscences and archaic language in its style.
2f3dd178f01f3a2b0c92a683ad074ff7c8100697	Monument to Tyutchev in the Ovstug Museum Reserve
42b3d1bf3957228a7a9571932286528e647f4a5e	The manor house in the Ovstug Museum Reserve
c354eeac6ae818870610420662fb3487c1ebcb17	The poet's Estate Museum is located in Muranov, near Moscow.
ad14f4a2f183fb3b76e8e2a96c068c1fa100b837	It was inherited by the descendants of the poet, who collected memorial exhibits there.
12466e0c759e4b6daf52894e3ed85d3f013eb837	Tyutchev himself, apparently, has never been to Muranov.
4ec5122fbb98ed1da65c2e0f8bc4a2a3dd1638e1	On July 27, 2006, a fire broke out in the museum on an area of 500 m2 due to a lightning strike.
62f216b19482cc5b6228ae5a2afa8429d8a7d17b	As a result of the fire, the manor house was seriously damaged, but soon its restoration began, which was completed in 2009.
38dfd0d123425dde352304f9d0578b1aed00a2bf	Many exhibits were also damaged, but almost the entire collection of the museum was saved.
27b8aa991269105c63bf8f28c7b78c2cf4b39c7c	Since 2009, the museum has been restoring the exposition, adding new exhibits as they are restored.
7cb54da4fa629b239a2b84479454b085d4baa8f4	The full restoration of the exhibition is planned for 2014.
304bc8fa49b76dd2f030bb837709f5e0e2e38b26	The Tyutchev family estate was located in the village of Ovstug (now the Zhukovsky district of the Bryansk region).
61f4fb7e82ee18c2b3dad4723f4edac674cc7a90	The central building of the estate, due to its dilapidated condition, was disassembled into bricks in 1914, from which the volost foreman, deputy of the State Duma of the IV convocation Dmitry Vasilyevich Kiselyov built the building of the volost board (preserved; now — the museum of the history of the village of Ovstug).
b3dc94a125fb9dca7002f82aad53e05dfa415770	The park with the pond was in a neglected state for a long time.
e7f375bfa951145b8ae84883f68f29265aec9575	The restoration of the estate began in 1957 thanks to the enthusiasm of V. D. Gamolin: the preserved building of the village school (1871) was transferred to the F. I. Tyutchev museum, the park was restored, a bust of F. I. Tyutchev was installed, and in the 1980s, according to the preserved sketches, the estate building was recreated, to which the museum exposition (including several thousand original exhibits) moved in 1986.[12] There is an art gallery in the former museum building (the former school).
988dd19a87c0714eee1831f8f04212c3b0e49c4f	In 2003, the building of the Assumption Church was restored in Ovstug.
f5bcd7c5c79d4ad0112d3d72f1f239b32f5c3635	The family estate in the village of Znamenskoye on the Kadka River (now the Uglich district of the Yaroslavl region).
39c3b4c2a2575da5531e14fe6422d9b9e5b1b142	The house, the dilapidated Church of the Sign of the Mother of God[13] (built in 1784) and the park of extraordinary beauty have been preserved.
731e68467c441e4b7b8805c588369c216f796794	The brick two altar church with the St. Nicholas chapel was built at the expense of the local landowner N.
2766725eef85512765e1561b2f413ff4a9543353	A. Tyutchev — the poet's grandfather.
10c15deefb1d97ba6b5844cb78fd300d8b3ed129	From it, the Tyutchevskaya alley of century old pines leads to the very porch of the manor house.
131277c773db7953a5827c119635fb03673166ce	The reconstruction of the estate was planned, but no action was taken for 2015.
0e2c7a5ee0c794103af4d1381ffa6fad80ee25b0	When the war with the French began in 1812, the Tyutchevs gathered to evacuate.
25f311d3e50be420c1e7205614aacd70942252f3	The Tyutchev family went to the Yaroslavl province, to the village of Znamenskoye.
62e08eb5743e191a1b700c9bafe634bac5a652a5	Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev's grandmother from his father's side, Pelageya Denisovna Panyutina, lived there.
d7d9025a68a585c3ba7effaa533cc42546cfe581	She had been seriously ill for a long time; her relatives found her grandmother alive, but on December 3, 1812, she died.
c0be8244b25bc6050028e3bb52f0028e6751d8cd	The Tyutchevs decided not to return to the burned out Moscow, but to go to their estate in Ovstug.
3f86b4073809ff0f64ba80c9a12bb1419cc3723c	Raich, the future mentor and friend, also left Znamenskoye with them g Fedenka Tyutchev.
3c00ff9228fd7b59cc464e6fee1c6959462106ad	A year and a half after the death of my grandmother, the division of all property began.
944ab84b2550ff9e1a7b7b81f6b8ae37c882da39	It was supposed to take place between three sons.
1b1b1dc1fa83bbae69257ecc29246a83358da335	But since the elder Dmitry was rejected by the family for marrying without parental blessing, two people could participate in the section: Nikolai Nikolaevich and Ivan Nikolaevich.
16b4a04a7716fb72aaef928dd8ca68191bb955d0	However, Znamenskoye was an indivisible estate, a kind of Tyutchev entail.
c90afe370f8f67f06b31aeb963f0b8a449476d8d	It could not be divided, changed or sold.
88c03161dd3c06315bd9e502b3974b292a26c797	The brothers had not lived in Znamenskoye for a long time: Nikolai Nikolaevich was in St. Petersburg, Ivan Nikolaevich was in Moscow, besides, he already had an estate in the Bryansk province.
04313b6b1324d28f3435a5166b143a98a3f63fa6	Thus, Nikolai Nikolaevich received Znamenskoye.
890479af71e870de6212aae8972fe853cc62aa57	At the end of the 1820s, Nikolai Nikolaevich died.
3c739585c5ccb4edd44c61481c21e2b9fe91f700	Ivan Nikolaevich (the poet's father) became the guardian of his brother's children.
98ed83a00350279525e787f82e9a4616551d2725	All of them settled in Moscow and St. Petersburg with the exception of Alexey, who lived in Znamenskoye.
ffd78da5b02bc86d0032fcc846121ea9df230075	So the so called "Yaroslavl" branch of the Tyutchevs went from him.
f10f27ecd627937e1d4b05e20a412eae1a4b71aa	His son, Alexander Alekseevich Tyutchev, that is, the nephew of Fyodor Ivanovich, was the district leader of the nobility for 20 years.
3820e0a1da9fe0872023bd3ff18055df3ae57317	And he is also the last landowner of Znamensky.
ab67d4d9536e83c98b05c9250850445560ac77d9	The asteroid (9927) Tyutchev, discovered by astronomer Lyudmila Karachkina at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory on October 3, 1981, is named in honor of Fyodor Tyutchev.
0f1ffe11a87798543c994c481a7a39978cd4343b	Anna, Daria, Ekaterina Tyutcheva.
f3046cef6a1e0e431d27ba3880b1836535fd6887	Hood.
4a760560b94eb128f7db6758d9597af14d5e3a55	Salome, Munich, 1843.
10e945c9ae729a75728cd8f2ea7aa0373de647c5	Grandfather Nikolai Andreevich Tyutchev Jr.
cfc0e682b28825dbdfee0386ea85879524b5c06e	(1720-1797).
979337966f35c9a3bb241203d0a1189104e2cdc4	Wife Pelageya Denisovna, nee.
44ae73c8fd676eee219d9b7d76575ed273c3f7eb	Panyutina (1739-3 December 1812)
03ea4ba685a6c011ba90a34b17f8b7fded7ceba5	Father Ivan Nikolaevich Tyutchev (October 12, 1768-23 April 1846) Mother Ekaterina Lvovna (October 16, 1776-15 May 1866), daughter of Lev Vasilyevich Tolstoy (1740 October 14, 1816) and Ekaterina Mikhailovna Rimskaya Korsakova (? -1788).
2607053463beaba6eecf542bcfbecd92ecf4e5d7	She was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery.
d76a27fbee25d49df326c1cf5e0cf7371031a990	Her father's own sister, Anna Vasilyevna Osterman, and her husband, F.
392794bf30c3f3b4fb2fd67765efdc695e4d638c	A. Osterman, played a big role in the fate of her niece and her family.[14][15]
c8e7015be8bcfb513ab44e7b336bfc349351814b	The mother's own brother is A.M. Rimsky Korsakov.
46265cc9d424c0d61b7151a8a1d5879ee8c2d0a5	Children of Ivan and Catherine: Nikolai Ivanovich (June 9, 1801 December 8, 1870).
e5c1fd57046ce9bf2e66b4a1ea3769ab10264aba	Colonel of the General Staff.
ec56611a653e2bcc230ad3ff5cd29867e9183e4f	He died unmarried.
c8a45eb3569a4c321d443bc48a6eda3fd294b864	The last owner of the Tyutchev family estate: the village of Gorenovo (now the Roslavl district of the Smolensk region).
8cb2b8cd6ab00b616f6343400515ecc06e303f6f	Fyodor 1st wife: Tyutcheva, Eleonora Fyodorovna.
0abd61bad5b3c78a16b55540a093ee9a9360688b	Their children: Tyutcheva, Anna Fyodorovna (1829-1889), maid of honor, author of memoirs.
86936c58549b0a05dc3b3e01beb9263a6faa5680	Husband Aksakov, Ivan Sergeevich Tyutcheva, Daria Fedorovna (1834-1903), lady in waiting of Tyutcheva, Ekaterina Fedorovna[16] (1835-1882), lady in waiting
6e95c947d42db5b7a1f1589f07e0db3a38f496fa	2nd wife: Pfeffel, Ernestine.
8e1164bbdc25e4cb9a3e5d7f6159494b61b7d945	Their children: Tyutcheva, Maria Fedorovna (1840-1873), married since 1865 to Nikolai Alekseevich Birilev (1829-1882) Dmitry Fedorovich (1841-1870), married to Olga Alexandrovna Melnikova (1830-1913) Tyutchev, Ivan Fedorovich (1846-1909), married since 1869 to Olga Petrovna Putyata (1840-1920), niece of the wife of E.
020fcadcb41069feae159e39dc670d5769a9a804	A. Boratynsky, daughter literary critic N. V. Putyaty.
45a4d8fa9efaf300c347866849e51826ee006cea	Their children: Sophia (1869-1957).
cb5ee587fb256a322323c84d2b5c090487822621	The teacher of the children of Nicholas II. Olga
4fbf45d843cbe4b71883f8c68cf915a8a247c2b7	(1871 -?) Fyodor (1873-1931) Tyutchev, Nikolai Ivanovich (1876-1949), collector, founder and first director of the Muranovo Estate Museum.
84276f96725c8a1f07bfde23566b2c8e0fe288b0	Ekaterina (1879-1957), married V. E. Pigarev.
b6751379ba0a49064c990ebe545fd3ca107bce1d	It is from this marriage that the Pigarev branch — the modern descendants of the poet comes.
640945f8ed985eb6561e716f8980b1e5be19148c	Beloved Denisyeva, Elena Alexandrovna (the relationship lasted 14 years).
3d19fbfe6948a8ddc326f45399b53b8857f2ab67	Their children: Elena (1851-1865) Tyutchev, Fyodor Fedorovich (1860-1916) Nikolai (1864-1865)
caeb08bb6f1baa3726f8f9f2616482c49c979ed6	The beloved is Hortense Lapp.
f25f4a930742c1be20c7765b13c525747b41fde5	"The details of this long term relationship are unknown to us.
1e7e5d9805de7b997369a7ddadfc1072387fcf42	The foreigner came to Russia with Tyutchev and subsequently gave birth to two sons (...) The poet died in 1873 and bequeathed to Mrs. Lapp the pension that was legally due to his widow Ernestine Fyodorovna.
5e0c0a5a4058ec6d38d0206bdd76f561cfb262aa	The widow and children faithfully fulfilled the last will of her husband and father, and for twenty years, until the death of Ernestina Fyodorovna, Hortense Lapp received a pension, which was conceded to her by the widow of an official.
2f2dc3b2f14748011be05819f62674c3656a7bc5	That's all we know about this love story"[17][18]. Nikolai Lapp Mikhailov, who died in 1877 in a battle near Shipka, regimental doctor Dmitry Lapp, died a few months after the death of his brother and was buried in Odessa.
0f9d47c4be09092809a620def6807b9a01fc9566	Sergey (April 6, 1805 May 22, 1806)
84f0286377628de5449c929375aaa443e9d0850c	Dmitry (February 26, 1809 April 25, 1815)
ce5fbee4af104f70aa5adedeab63c8f81ae32b02	Vasily (January 19, 1811) died in infancy Darya Ivanovna (June 5, 1806-1879), married Sushkova.
c8e7c94405bd4034f5dd033c27ceb993058e09c5	His paternal aunt Evdokia (Avdotya) Nikolaevna Meshcherskaya (in the monastic life of Eugene) (February 18, 1774 February 3, 1837)
81cd1313f3eab258efa388c7eedf069a9f8c1697	- abbess, founder of the Boriso Gleb Anosin convent.
1c2a17959cc955bcaa0127e9db331e169a5187ec	Her paternal aunt was Nadezhda Nikolaevna (1775-1850), married to Sheremetev, the mother of Anastasia, the future wife of the Decembrist Yakushkin and Pelageya (1802-1871), the future wife of M. N. Muravyov Vilensky.
cad530969b028a4cc171815c22b97aa7028a86b6	Ivan Nikolaevich Tyutchev, the poet's father.
cd58ee05cad5eaedce577939d5130f3fd4690985	Ekaterina Lvovna Tyutcheva, the poet's mother.
5fa7213a866883a29855146f52092d4061e2bd71	Eleanor, 1st wife
601c4e234056e5dd07d278077edd8c48964fe9ba	Anna, daughter from the 1st marriage
d032c3af893bc3dea77de0559b5a16776c3a7bc6	Daria, daughter from the 1st marriage
e8108f27ec352f67a2dc32272d43d0d4da0bc602	Ekaterina, daughter from the 1st marriage
cfc32bce123fd719ac542e3a6d9f3e551bbe990a	Ernestine, 2nd wife
a71c36751ab93b016e6566b3037401425d872bb4	Maria, daughter from the 2nd marriage
1cf531a2eda958a66346cbefc8463e2558c62c93	Ivan, the son from the 2nd marriage
0d26dfbad86be29984a6d47d91991c9e6c07d172	Addresses[edit / edit wiki text]
b0cbc0a0cfa4dedde9c207190c91a16151993809	Stay in Moscow
8296c30edf8764fdc9d372cbaea0293cd56592b7	December 1805 early 1810: Maly Trekhsvyatitelsky lane (corner of Khitrovsky Lane), house 8 the estate of Count F.
abf02e5827984000ed887763e907eb08b0450aea	A. Osterman.
55f2ddb55bd64fd3faa6cbeea875dbf3287f27a8	The Tyutchev family were parishioners of the Moscow Church of the Three Saints, which is on Kulishki; autumn 1810: Starokonyushenny Lane (the house of the Collegiate Assessor Praskovya Alexandrovna Danilova);
21e33c9b4b55336cd2d151713b90c9f3ce9d0c07	December 1810-1821, 1825: Armenian Lane, house 11/2 (corner of Crickets Lane) (the Tyutchevs are fed in the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in Pillars). july August 1843: 25 Sadovaya Triumfalnaya Street, M. M. Kresova's house (not preserved)[19]. may July 1845: Tverskaya Street, 8, merchant Vargin's house (not preserved); summer 1863: Bolshoy Gnezdnikovsky lane, house 5 (furnished rooms)[20]. August 1868: Vorotnikovsky Lane, house 9/5 here, in the house of the clergy of the Church of Pimen the Great in Starye Vorotniki at that time, his son Ivan lived, who on April 27, 1869 was married in this church with Olga Putyata[20][21].
892d506fd22f3f4e4a756a6b2dfdd921094a3a11	Stay in St. Petersburg
a8ba9706af996af111b85508e8754ba6338f40c9	february — May 1822 — the English Embankment, now 10, the house of A. I. Osterman Tolstoy;
420f30c8fb3b46b30afc7f144bb00cf02184e409	August 1843 — the Demut hotel — the Moika River embankment, 40, then — the Tirak Hotel;
277343bb280a78781333d31da8695030515a368b	September — October 1844 — the Kulon Hotel on Mikhailovskaya Square;
837581a61b08a9b19b3bccd383cd57a134011bc2	October 1844 — May 1845 — the English Embankment, now 12, the house of M. Markevich[22];
8cfc3f90d3b7342580ea0278b472a28d1e852888	August 1845 — March 1846 — the Demut hotel;
d019d9aecf96315088858d87fd1da66fe1e94749	March 1846 — June 1847 — the Field of Mars, now 3, the house of E. I. Safonov[23];
7378167ea783bb2086db4dc498a9f17005887e76	September 1847 — August 1850 — Mokhovaya Street;
db9375fe3087ddef90ba1bccc9f0a6aa191b81c4	September 1850 — May 1852 — Nevsky Prospekt, 68 (Lopatin house);
8949bec5b7916782225c4e47a47bd02b42ff1fe3	September 1852 — Nevsky Prospekt, 54/3 (Demidov house)[24]; October — December 1852 Bolshaya Konyushennaya Street (furnished rooms);
bdd1b5287c449a9ea360b8ae2e394ef85803dd0c	March — April 1853 Field of Mars (Safonov's house);
6114f3a6798d11624343c70bdab4cd2f4fc01ab7	September 1853 Klee hotel;
aa4f2d61be7893ce8be6e67ad12622c2db6c37d4	November 1854 Dirty Street (near the Semenovsky parade ground) [25]. November 1854-1872 Nevsky Prospekt, 42 (the house of L. I. Lazarev, the house of the Armenian Church of St. Catherine)*.
bdb36034b62553a27670de424d8fa696e4bc1c3c	Stay abroad
6c4acfed60fffeaf2397f2e9708d4656604821ce	1822-1828 — Munich, Herzogspitalstrasse, 1139; later — 12[26];
7003083d282d1e82b126a3deb1ebdb3068d0631b	June — July 1827 — Paris, rue d'Artois, 21[27]; 1829 — Munich, Ottostrasse, 248 (later — 4); 1830 — Munich, Karolinenplatz, 1 — Maxforstadt square[28]; late 1837 — Turin, furnished rooms;
9987cd378dcd6f7fc30170379a13a2ce1b114687	June — July 1838 — Munich, Briennerstrasse, 4 (boarding house of Aunt Eleonora Tyutcheva, Baroness Hanstein), then Wittelsbacherplatz, 2 — Neisigel house;
8bcd8290cd81881b81daa6fc43844afddb3f63df	August 1838 — Turin, hotel;
3d53f95a545267a3bf1f2be10e6154a451cf05ef	September 1839 — Munich, Briennerstrasse, 18;
49683391a29dd00c49a15a58c8491a1dbfd5a4b9	February 1840 — Ottostrasse, 250 (later — 6); from October 15, 1840 — Karlstrasse, 54/1;
f5445495f298265807a83aabd3e4ce835d13f8a8	October 27, 1842-1844 Ludwigstrasse 7 (the house of the flour merchant Kopp); summer 1844 Paris;
d5d11d43705561619b05bdd8adaa31c2603a876a	Essays[edit / edit wiki text]
83732db04f63694944ba8b82282bfb548f9f5bfc	Tyutchev F. I.
c3be708aad36c8155bef9a4f78c3a4b37d7effff	The complete collection of poems / V. V. B. Ya.
c7291e1a878e681d2b662c400cf3814913ffc297	Bukhshtaba.
f283cce42b555fab84b26ccbf2ba989ceeb33ec1	- Moscow: Soviet writer, 1957 — - 424 p.
7c3896eb82ad6e97927f782a33f7a6081ed54071	(The poet's library.
0e6240a46b4a7c5805aef409292465e01fbb1cb8	A large series) Tyutchev F. I. Poems / Comp., article and note by V. V. Kozhinov — - M.: Sov.
493bcbfe18c43d8994b0872030e4add83653d85d	Russia, 1976 — - 334 p.
1cb7be0ff8122a927905571b54536b1edd55b844	(Poetic Russia) Tyutchev F. I.
9efff4b007c7c2498a3a05483e9fea3bedb591ab	The complete collection of poems / Comp., podgot. text and notes by A.
400984ee0cdd5c7da4ef5925b385ba30eceb0689	A. Nikolaev — - L.: Soviet writer, 1987 — - 448 p.
298f1c89dd947956c912e0b0d8535342c275a783	The circulation is 100,000 copies.
1b228c7a0cee21703c9696457546b150ae9f2977	A large series.
ddb52200d1a77da212307eeb8045f0b68b66766c	Third edition) Tyutchev F. I.
34b074514053594fa2aae48b986e141959faf789	The complete collection of poems in two volumes.
838242ef1f638796d28a6557dc70ea598d341505	/ Ed. and comment.
e02f82b024862deca96d632e8a1b3aff0c053284	P. Chulkov.
1d652bc3eb3ce9f2b8d37eeb1e903476a5c2494f	- M.: Publishing center "Terra", 1994 — - 960 p.
fdfa6fc023e07f7031a847f5566b5defe159649b	Tyutchev F. I. Complete works.
5627424e2a4a05a3e981243f62238ac16287e62f	Letters: In 6 volumes / m.: Publishing center "Classic", 2005 — - 3504 p.
7b552e81a76af16db36153005f397c057e358e0e	The mind does not understand Russia about the famous quatrain of Tyutchev.
9360e3b23b5b94013fe6914268dd22944b81252d	Category:Tyutchevedy Fet, Afanasy Afanasyevich Neman (poem) The Battle of the Iron Chancellors is a novel by V. Pikul.
093bb9a76d1c6ac0f320a64bb6425fa28eb50fac	↑ 1 2 German National Library, Berlin State Library, Bavarian State Library, etc. Record #11875839X / / General regulatory Control — 2012-2016.
7e238a156b24a7144fcf609a21d5eb119d7a61f8	Пиг 1 2 Pigarev K. V. Tyutchev / / Brief literary encyclopedia Moscow: Bolshaya Rossiyskaya encyclopedia.
b77efad0d8ebd443e290dd83ed0eb0504a8769f7	- vol. 7.
a00225e1113536e60f666fcca7a09b0bee8b6868	<a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q4239850"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q4362428"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q5061737"></a>
5bd8729193e483a1807fad0bfe9bb08a54e28cc8	<a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q2066 6306"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q54837"></a>
3c548f53dd104772359cde3575477ecddd7a87f0	↑ 1 2 A. Kornfeld Tyutchev, Fyodor Ivanovich // Encyclopedic dictionary — SPb.: Brockhaus—Efron, 1902.
d765af4e045737ae758199aedb2dbca6555cd17c	— T. XXXIV.
33ffb926357ff1b54a0164ca8b51df098627e771	— P. 370-374.
25e3129d8c8f7fdc181dd07c24f9465d3e9ba3ed	<a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q23892975"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q19908137"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q20683566"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q602358"></a>
3629cd2faae37aa7dab5d24fc1849b059db2bc6a	↑ 1 2 http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11990391p
d07c1b36dde2e755514f4c71c1e07786dfbe4779	Зачисл Enrollment in the service took place at the request of a relative, Count A. I. Osterman Tolstoy.
13febb85e91eb3aba39f77081ca8a62504721f2d	В. V. A. Panaev.
5d4d1076156919f6402118086efbfb3803b5a0a7	From "memories".
e68823e3b9b77909c610a08f35e70823c3c786d1	From chapter XXIII ... Saturdays at I. I. Panaev...
dc15625bd35c7ca0924fa18599b66f27aaa7f435	/ / V. G. Belinsky in the memoirs of contemporaries / compilation, preparation of the text and notes by A.
1f1ef8752aac9f7de697007eae89d0ac38ee2d94	A. Kozlovsky and K. I. Tyunkin; introductory article by K. I. Tyunkin.
746af72c4a211f85cf9f3b0e1305071b44d69842	- 2nd edition.
1044b7dfc687fb8d36646941f7888c40ae1fff94	- M., 1977 — - 736 p — - (A series of literary memoirs).
35dda5befa6b6251c4e02d77a6d6fda319780e1c	- 50,000 copies.
bdddc0d44a58fcff29fd7f77eec721af14724c64	Мог The grave on the plan of the Novodevichy cemetery (No. 75) / / Department IV // The whole of St. Petersburg for 1914, the address and reference book of the city of St. Petersburg / Ed.
122e740b49217bc664185f35e70703440f703463	A. P. Shashkovsky.
d8d52005c04f5da96d85cfc467a16f95bb302191	- St. Petersburg: A. S. Suvorin's Partnership - "Novoe Vremya", 1914 — - ISBN 5-94030-052-9.
b2cf0e1f837a5d1d59881adf58086771ffce843d	Мог The grave of F. I. Tyutchev at the Novodevichy Cemetery of St. Petersburg ↑ R. Leibov.
cadc808829f0d7df53ddc986e83c116458741123	""Lyrical fragment" Tyutcheva: genre and context".
3fa0eb314548fd1cf1873c8ecc696c9f03b35021	Королева Koroleva N. V. Tyutchev and Pushkin ↑ The page of the Ovstug Museum Reserve on the website "Museums of Russia" ↑ The Church of the Icon of the Mother of God the Sign in Znamenskoye.
1efe99aa652d7c9e86190414d2ffa15f8c943385	Фед The family of Fyodor Tyutchev ↑ Tyutcheviana ↑ Ekaterina Fyodorovna Tyutcheva ↑ S. EKSTUT TYUTCHEV.
dd1ba8c87d890a90e24541fb1018c2c1a225f1ac	PRIVY COUNCILOR AND CHAMBERLAIN Чул Chulkov G. I.
b301c0ee12843921a1b3ccb6a1072f7b92684f0c	The Last Love of Tyutchev (Elena Alexandrovna Denisyeva).
2c83c45d44919e0258b48308031d7ab9917f5075	Moscow: Sabashnikov Publishing House, 1928. pp.
dcbf8212e6f452deeca04cf8dfb5323e113c8410	30-34.
d55d3513daef5ddfb2b4dc7fd2e6c085345e52e7	The parents of F. I. Tyutchev also lived in this house.
52856af725af310d7e671ae5786f31bf32315795	Nearby, in Staropimenovsky Lane (the house of A. I. Milyutin; now house 11), lived Tyutchev's sister D. I. Sushkova ↑ 1 2 Romanyuk S. K. From the history of Moscow lanes.
068ee30a48b486899d3189919068eb86a548b575	Лет The chronicle of Tyutchev's life and work.
b6d5ffa613d620d9ec317fff3e2f158742924602	Письмо The letter of F. I. Tyutchev — I. N. and E. L. Tyutchev.
4a0d6229d41e5e0a09ed21df10ecd67f52488bdf	St. Petersburg.
5adb8f17cdc69a77adcae6713ff4a4b59178844a	October 27, 1844: "In view of the fact that we have moved, please send your letters to the following address: on the English Embankment, at the Markevich house, at Mrs. Benson's."
6503881be2fa76f58da643d1c7eddb021724922a	A distant relative of Tyutchev, Safonov did not charge him for an apartment.
ec699b15d24694b11b1fdf2f94e770f4f0613b7a	Письмо The letter of F. I. Tyutchev — E. F. Tyutcheva.
d6527a6b992c481e7e1c2d5f51a23d09ab45033f	September 27, 1852: "While I settled in Demidov's house on Nevsky ..." Письмо Letter from A. F. Tyutcheva — E. F. Tyutcheva.
08855a7266cca778d9ce86594131f509b2fe0998	November 13, 1853: "He rented an apartment on Gryaznaya Street for 700 rubles a year.
f11e48455ba8620b0c2aca44952739eaaf968672	I havenot seen it yet, but it must be very small and very uncomfortable.
80940ec47d539964dc40214966a34b1137d4298c	He already lives there."
d082e0717bfb698a04c8278d838121d1d9d11cc6	↑ The Russian diplomatic mission was located here in 1808-1828 Walking with Tyutchev in Munich.
97c2b28c1016e99a3b2169c7c8b2b7974cad51cc	↑ The address is indicated on his business card: "Monsieur de Tuttcheff, Gentil homme de la Chambre de S. M. l'Empereur de Russie.
82fe34add69ce3830ad3fdfc1ee06e8726c53650	On June 1, 1832, Eleonora Tyutcheva wrote to Nikolai Ivanovich, her husband's brother: "...you will find us at the Kirchmeier house on Karolinenplatz, where Uncle Nikolai used to live, and later the Kireevskys..."
99b17e55bae85b4befe2d552b63f1a604f14c4a5	Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev / / List of civil ranks of the first three classes.
3b9e75515e4887451d587be4c10908078b6c2e23	Corrected to the 10th of September, 1872.
7da5ea8f875bf6d976a92c5e312cdcc04a97337f	- St. Petersburg: Printing House of the Governing Senate, 1872.
ea06b59df054c222f1de3748582f859552b521d6	221-222.
fd27653017c3cf33bb14839c7e6052d6e4a95597	Pigarev K. V.
bf2f7b7be11246ac1be3618da7d515e109f33748	The life and work of F. I. Tyutchev.
ee1c50472e2b12a9b22708ed902411a9e1a31d45	- M.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1962 — - 376 p.
94f3d4e892630a1d2b70ba04e45ad055e0617455	Pitskel F. H.
87ca726e4ea5896f16d434b42a70c0cc0b1d5689	The poet dialectician (on the originality of the poetry of F. I. Tyutchev) / / Russian literature.
fbb43ffb44be9c18e166c812719174c62e106646	- 1986.
14b1ba85b3b0851441860e005407bb4a6f60c4bc	- N 2.
43c13ba9fa351e5aafdd3573e0ea74f84f1583df	93-109.
46675a2e5461fe2726bb5be2d5e64dc2322a7504	Karpenko A. N.
0e3dfcee768638df21ba384cdf5e929e43badb44	The Esotericism of Fyodor Tyutchev.
028c7024059eb37e73b463144aa1c60ea4290257	- Poetry.ru Laurel grove.
aaeb5ca2def39fdd819981ad9719ec05bd6d29e7	Essay.
3aa74f845dba18818ac7556edc2fb4eda802a6ab	Polyanskaya M. I. Fedor Tyutchev.
2b3a49b1799d355edb71653418e894fa0c2057ab	"What are the latest political news?".
218cd32b0fa1b52575876d3352639b8284bd338b	7 Arts, 2015, No.
6b5567e48d17e36a5d44fa1db9bb94fc6fb658c3	1. N. Ya.
6135b0f4df97bc5885f226cac8f7032d1bb3bb74	Berkovsky Introductory article/ / The Complete collection of poems by F. I. Tyutchev.
07e81b2f4f182aa542a65315db06b919cd2eb376	The Poet's Library
ddb435c8fe06acf771588bfc55b6bcd4b903f4ec	(Bol
7fb8e96b6efba8f6111354aa30dc3122ecaefef8	/ Biographies / Tyutchev F. I.
fefc84b3a20d8b3bfe29ee42aff1f1dd7f274a66	Fyodor Ivanovich TYUTCHEV [November 23 (December 5), 1803, Ovstug village, Orel Province, now Bryansk Region — July 15 (27), 1873, Tsarskoye Selo, now Pushkin, Leningrad Region], Russian poet, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1857).
64334e03bda7ad949413b896982c976256bdd8a6	He came from an ancient noble family.
bc6e63eb40d6e72969bc6e30847ef5c0806e4959	He spent his childhood in the Troitskoye estate near Moscow and in the Orel province in the village of Ovstug.
c963967b032b5999c4cac348fa9b8bc39d40c871	The family had a patriarchal atmosphere, which, however, did not interfere with the passion for the fashionable French language at that time.
86adc0736dfd79ebe385b61a924e4552fd3edd57	The first teacher of Tyutchev was a graduate of the seminary, S. E. Amfiteatrov, known by the surname Raich.
422c632c9a14a4355cdaea30d57d5973789caf72	He infected the student with his interest in the best examples of ancient literature, and at the age of thirteen Tyutchev was already successfully translating Horace's odes and writing poems of his own composition under the strong influence of Latin classics
1728b108105c791ddc74c8afcf5ef3dcb42df54a	("For the new Year 1816", for this poem, the young Tyutchev was awarded the title of an employee of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature in 1818; etc.).
20cea86b89d57558c072df768a3b7f15e25a6a24	In 1819-1821, Tyutchev studied at the verbal department of Moscow University.
4a007405da9f8bb1fa52e41488df1d1ea804df5d	Before that, he attended the course of A. F. Merzlyakov for two years as a free listener.
d416a3b1d5d173395ab2eb57b2fa378e12b27067	At the university, he briefly met M. P. Pogodin, with whom he had friendly relations.
4543a24f9917c88847241f473105ea3acf9c4a18	The poetry of his student years was marked by a passion for German romanticism ("Urania", 1820, an arrangement of Lamartine's elegy" Solitude", 1820).
b1391f2c076a93034a0de9bc0892f5c28f33f2b0	In 1822, Tyutchev was enlisted in the State Board of Foreign Affairs and in the same year went to Munich.
0d9a556db8661b3dd67a9e01f1c605c61f1208f9	In 1838, the poet's wife died.
b5cfd0df4bc5e7690b2c0c3fb4c4d97796310438	In 1839, Tyutchev was married in Bern with E. Dernberg and in the same year, for unauthorized absence, he was dismissed from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and lost the title of chamberlain.
01f376cb68ab066375a328c25e8c85ed1c360814	From 1848 he held the position of senior censor.
cff29d9a71cd135f3f46ed7282a41f49f3aca329	Despite the lack of poetic publications and loud fame, Tyutchev became a prominent figure in St. Petersburg literary circles: N.
6ebf991d7c4ab744f788ddd06f4362f9e7328c8b	A. Nekrasov enthusiastically spoke about his work and put him on a par with the best poets of his contemporaries, A.
2d1cbec04ab92f6d0f7424a4e626cd78d44e240b	A. Fet attracted his works as proof of the existence of "philosophical poetry", the poetry of thought, which remains pure art.
243dfaa260a54f4cfc1789ff06623b1b911dfdac	In 1854, the first collection of the poet was published, which, along with the old poems of the 1820s and 30s, included new ones written in the early 1850s and dedicated mainly to Tyutchev's young lover Elena Denisyeva, almost the same age as his daughter
600b86f1b8e4947c6a5c17990840cd3beb7bb269	("I knew the eyes oh, those eyes!..", 1851;
d2ca6b169a5fdabbf0809c8192b14ca1440d95c9	"The Last Love", 1851-1854; etc.).
dcf383a837524db771769a3c97e519df6f159b7c	Passionate and painful (the world openly condemned this relationship and refused to accept Denisieva) the novel lasted for 14 years until 1864, when Elena died of tuberculosis.
3e6b2425b3d8898747cb1be3302df550d5a65feb	Tyutchev was very painfully experiencing this loss, the response to the misfortune was the poems of the so called Denisiev cycle — the pinnacle of the poet's love lyrics
eda5c11381d0cf879336e86b659e1758eae2bf7d	("All day she lay in oblivion...", 1864 "There is also in my suffering stagnation...", 1865;
ebd176af46dae25c3db933b01f1cf6fe03056d81	"On the eve of the anniversary of August 4, 1865", 1865;
52f0ed54cabe79276a4670a7e99eaffd2403217d	"Oh, the South, Oh, this is nice!.."; etc.).
9fe003d2beb3e62bb96a0f355b08ded5d9fca222	The second half of the 1860's. was fatal to Tyutchev: in 1864, after Tenishevoy died they shared a daughter and one year old son, after a year the poet's mother, in 1870, the eldest son Dmitry and his brother, Nicholas, and in 1872 is the youngest daughter Maria.
5ed11bde5512d25ede425cbc18e7777768a0ecb2	In 1872, the poet's health began to deteriorate noticeably and in July 1873 he died of apoplexy.
db766b1ab5196b6e6b4296fddac5dbd6ee851c59	In 1920, a museum named after him was opened in the Muranovo estate.
39e5e3805504391cd9d768fcf065dad535a4e8a4	The poet tries to comprehend the foundations of the universe, the ontological meaning of being, to determine the place of man in the natural chaos.
855188a26eb16cb37cf50548cdc96fde29108538	The focus is on the opposition of chaos and the cosmos — nature and reason, the unrestrained element and the individual.
d22ec6d2227d9752bfb31ba24c7d78c1845e7907	See also on Tyutchev:
da108b2a39a4fa80245a1c1510a5eceba3b46e9c	Essays Full of content Critical articles
719334f046c2043cb57bb69d1315dfd6a1c61c65	Tyutchev detailed biography, Tyutchev diplomacy and interesting facts
bea1657d32a53eac44c795b25e52a5416cd6d986	Jun 19 • Success Stories • No Comments on Tyutchev detailed biography, Tyutchev diplomacy and interesting facts
44e39e4b70f7457e885e92b9532528d2be3b3c94	F. I. Tyutchev.
fa860cb2aa2678fe73d3d245a22d243b61b1932a	Devotional Spirituality
d776160e0900e87bc22dddd1013f841d11132bab	Russian poet, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1857).
f0d8cbe5963c4eb96b4e8f5dc44623b54ec4af4d	Tyutchev's spiritually intense philosophical poetry conveys a tragic sense of the cosmic contradictions of being. symbolic parallelism in poems about the life of nature, cosmic motives.
e8a929278cfac8d124c4d91f5e73b640542db2bc	Love lyrics (including poems of the "Denisiev cycle").
dea698f61d2f75dde54ba9ebff97c008d3897663	In journalistic articles, he tended to pan Slavism.
de7eab4e02ff13d158f0b88df7d4082f583e4d2b	Tyutchev was born on November 23 (December 5, n.s.) in the Ovstug estate of the Orel province in an old fashioned middle class family.
a70d5bd5d4fa6d4909188eab22da4b2fa138ab1f	My childhood years were spent in Ovstug, my youth years were connected with Moscow.
f117025d9b982eec326bc27cd0ae051871275d62	The home education was led by a young poet, translator S. Raich, who introduced the student to the works of poets and encouraged his first poetic experiments.
2c5b548801874c17ea40987d409ae6072aefa827	A few months later, he was appointed an official at the Russian diplomatic mission in Munich.
d0e427e1c0bb0d857aa6ec4033a3c127a3b90da1	Tyutchev spent twenty two years in a foreign country, twenty of them in Munich.
72345522f316c4ea2127b5fdd2f7e7af0c1dc245	Here he got married, here he met the philosopher Schelling and became friends with G. Heine, becoming the first translator of his poems into Russian.
205a52c44553f78cd26e8d4c1d459285d1d41f89	In 1829-1830, Tyutchev's poems were published in the magazine of Raich “Galatea”, which testified to the maturity of his poetic talent (“Summer Evening”, “Vision”, “Insomnia”, “Dreams”), but did not bring fame to the author.
aad7c582ef0db80c79ae9292dd7232793c2fd76e	In 1837, Tyutchev was appointed first secretary of the Russian mission in Turin, where he experienced his first serious loss: his wife died.
f7e2761ab050ef30e812e76fba59078b554eece1	In 1839, he remarried.
09815f9817effc393eed2fbd4316966e9e20d7f7	He resigned and settled in Munich, where he spent another five years without having any official position.
f110b2a884e167055d75f55173633844d3e33c9e	He was persistently looking for ways to return to the service.
20ea0cc9ff403aeb63826a2545fe47d53a821ef4	In 1844, he moved with his family to Russia, and six months later he was again employed in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
f7c0e398a3f09c1bec455183fd1561755f5b7738	In 1843-1850, he published political articles "Russia and Germany”, "Russia and the Revolution", " The Papacy and the Roman Question”, concluding that a clash between Russia and the West was inevitable and the final triumph of “Russia of the Future”, which he imagined to be an “All Slavic” empire.
4860e2a08ea051d75f44cdc25b3de8a7e55944a3	In 1848-1849, caught up in the events of political life, he created such beautiful poems as” Reluctantly and timidly...“,” When in the circle of murderous worries...“,” Russian woman", etc., but did not seek to print them.
a137511febfd91857ef1127237b163339b1c9ea9	The beginning of Tyutchev's poetic fame and the impetus for his active work was Nekrasov's article “Russian minor Poets” in the magazine “Sovremennik”, which spoke about the talent of this poet, not noticed by criticism, and the publication of 24 poems by Tyutchev.
e2a111d723526eea63bcb3603dcb8322427f5534	A real recognition came to the poet.
60384eca4235f5685f27f69deb7eccc7b5d3ea28	In 1854, the first collection of poems was published, in the same year a series of poems about love dedicated to Elena Denisyeva was published.
4f4dac37b0e15f592847cf2e27a36e21333f8526	“Lawless " in the eyes of the world, the relationship of an elderly poet with a woman of the same age as his daughter lasted for fourteen years and was very dramatic (Tyutchev was married).
dfe84e02e34fd82e7810bd8e953a1ea69fedaf9d	In 1858, he was appointed chairman of the Committee of Foreign Censorship, more than once acting as an advocate for persecuted publications.
79b489d1b6ef08932d206f2eaf7db42faedd18cf	Since 1864, Tyutchev has suffered one loss after another: Denisyev dies of consumption, a year later their two children, his mother.
ff8f27edb71af0278d62fed3c2f63eaf54107617	In the works of Tyutchev 1860? political poems and small poems predominate.
305e2c71d5ae28b5e5dbad359d01249bc32b45cd	— "for cases” ("When the decrepit forces...", 1866, " Slavs”, 1867, etc.).
f988ca8d6894872ed9ad43e5da87f1fa2d1dcaec	The last years of his life are also overshadowed by heavy losses: his eldest son, brother, and daughter Maria are dying.
0b13243998960124589f9391704471f96dd39b2c	The poet's life is fading.
07caad1a4c30641ff4d777cf2f469a3305938dc0	On July 15 (27 n. s.), 1873, Tyutchev died in Tsarskoye Selo.
2f0dc0239066ce4d12f7d7b365317acbe80c9f7c	You canot understand Russia with your mind,
7bbea360828a098b0871dafbed1a9d3e22eb7fee	You canot measure it with a common yard.
83b8a4dafcca987a69e6603bc0180fa2e6eadedb	She has a special personality:
2f5b633ad76e68f4d2df595677f58ad3ffbf26df	You can only believe in Russia.
ce1481107f7e3d661e061e458d01e09643c2b968	What is the meaning of the famous “you canot understand Russia with your mind”?
623a3ba9b9706fbd54e5b86027f711a4fc261002	First of all, the fact that " the mind is not the highest ability in us” (N. V. Gogol).
c8e9b88ec68c87d662013614c78e69a2e98f8d5b	To navigate in the multi layered Russian space of time, you need faith, hope and love.
4090e5fed395de53a82f618b085e723b3f88a5ce	If we interpret faith as "the denunciation of invisible things”" then Russia is in some respects not visible to everyone.
fd0ea28e10b28d11809901afdda77a392bcebbc7	Like the city of Kitezh, when approaching spiritual energies that are alien to it, Russia goes to the depths.
7370d9e844003042d6c85f516b62047b25a8b769	The outstanding Russian poet Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev was also a political thinker, a diplomat.
9e1d9249f0e8b653f9763da310f4dd5c1768f468	There is no need to specifically emphasize what the ideological and social significance of this high position was.
bef6ee7d6bf088ef5a630f33ba08095a8f22f747	In 1856, A. M. Gorchakov was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs.
a7b5de1e17e81cfae707cc4b7a30f4d821efec1a	He used all his connections at court (two of his daughters were ladies in waiting), among writers and journalists, to achieve the implementation of his ideas.
52aef174631fe7cacb229f5cfb28b90d5237c9a8	Tyutchev believed that " the only natural policy of Russia in relation to the Western powers is not an alliance with one or another of these powers, but their separation, separation.
8d9f23fc7169c0f40eccab384c3a94053eb99404	For they, only when they are separated from each other, cease to be hostile to us – out of impotence...”
c4229b572627e27a67f4657bd865ac791a18d8e5	In many ways, Tyutchev was right – only when the war broke out between France and Germany, Russia was able to throw off the humiliating fetters imposed on it after the defeat in the Crimean War.
8fa11aa4b21896623491e706fd6f3f39b168309d	In the early morning of July 15, 1873, Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev died in Tsarskoye Selo.
1640655f20009cf414ba0db64f27772692fded75	On July 18, he was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery in St. Petersburg.
05d61a418a8a56ec518692ad53790054bd40f618	As an analyst, he was ahead of his time in many ways.
846e93e7624be51d95962631ffd58ba15791ab98	His political assessment of events, prophecies of the future of Russia and the West as two separate organisms that exist and live different and sometimes internally opposite lives, remain relevant to this day.
5cb852e74e871071d2da699f561ca4aa4a5554ed	Tyutchev wrote his articles and an unfinished treatise both before and after the revolutions that shook Europe – in France, Germany, Austria Hungary.
69809241501d1296a3f3bf10c5b30d3eea56368c	In total, they wrote 4 articles: “Russia and Germany” (1844), “Russia and the revolution” (1848-49gg.), “The papacy and the Roman question” (1850), “censorship in Russia” (1857) and unfinished treatise “Russia and the West” (1848-49gg.).
cc89167e618e8326d7c19c2a1da2c16a8392ea05	He assesses the situation in Europe before and after the marked events.
51ebbf5dd57f9c28e813c900221c4eb466908177	Secondly, he introduces many new terms that later enriched both Russian and Western political thought.
bd17e054b30a0d11c7d2b59953c2e13d5ce4c1d1	Among them are such terms as” Russophobia“,”pan Slavism".
b1fac9c6f1a9f1289f7b7b8aa919bff261cb4ea9	The idea of empire was clearly expressed.
6f3d58f4ea37ca29f914272723f189727eae5fbd	In one of his articles, he says directly: "Not a community, but an Empire.”
539b7238538b63480c735406355609db5d24cde4	The most important issues raised by Tyutchev in his articles were the problems of” Russophobia “and the future” empire", which have not yet lost their relevance.
68ea9b59add4643375b5c2721b62e5677a436e3c	First of all, it is necessary to say about such a phenomenon in our life as "Russophobia".
90d1f472a28439db15013f233a8df8a875470e75	Russophobia is a painful dislike or even pathological hatred for the Russian people, for everything created by them.
64169f40237dbda893471285f7cfc5dc871ba5b2	One of the types of xenophobia.
bd0936168564c1468519a79ed40f546728597716	Depending on the worldview of the interpreter of the term or on the context of its use, Russophobia can also be understood not only hatred of Russians themselves, but also hatred of Russia as a country or state.
e00eb6048ee6e02f9b69d36142e5468c9c570f4e	For the first time, A. Pushkin drew attention to the problem of Russophobia.
172060bd0059f47d43269feff210baf0f11d2885	Russian Russian slanderers should not be forgiven, especially the category of people who, in response to the “Russian caress”, are able to “slander the Russian character, smear the linked pages of our chronicles with mud, vilify the best fellow citizens and, not content with contemporaries, mock the coffins of their forefathers.”
9c624cf29d1c2cbce9aaeadedeff75f0c8607f4d	Pushkin perceived the attacks on the forefathers as an insult to the people and the moral dignity of the nation, which are the main and integral feature of patriotism.
2f5a55eb3785494c952e4dc9dea2b5fe9c3af913	The poet recognized the originality of Russian history and believed that its explanation requires a " different formula” than the history of the Christian West.
f9e6cfa8fc212cfd2bd8f86c81adc37359f81049	In itself, this problem has always worried Russia throughout its tragic history.
3d52862b49b65148561f166e8d0505a1a58d3367	But Tyutchev for the first time in his articles introduces this term into circulation.
d5e247fb256c2e61acb44b7eb2a6f8bdf13c8593	This topic was poorly developed in our country.
feb786ad5ceb7fcce5c0f774d809a7a34dc6120a	The very mention of this word has been absent from dictionaries for a long time.
d5107b4458313eaf3516006a58e0ee2658e47e49	Changes occurred only in the era of Generalissimo I. V. Stalin.
97a0406ba103ff94eeffc6d6f7a8d757177e10da	In the mid 30s until the mid 50s, this term first entered various dictionaries of the Russian language.
676da72c8775258a011d8025d45dbf924148ce13	There are several dictionaries to note: Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language (ed. Ushakova, M; 1935-41), Explanatory Dictionary (edited by S. Ozhegov, M; 1949) and Dictionary of Modern Russian lit. Language (M; Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1950-1965gg.).
4ccc2237018a2d72f7e65e2ee1ee176215840923	After that, until recently, this term is absent in many dictionaries and encyclopedias.
93aed27ff40e95a8c59b22faa549471b42ca43d2	Tyutchev uses this term in connection with a specific situation – the revolutionary events in Europe in 1848-49.
4d36623be370af949819dfbab0d2b96decec9104	And this very concept did not arise in Tyutchev by chance.
cf9b9d4d00974ed1e74f27328c0eb8d416f05aea	At this time, the mood against Russia and the Russians intensified in the West.
0f84c40a2830b22e6fba332661958b97e428f5e7	Tyutchev investigated the reasons for this situation.
4691505f7049780550c52998dda1bfb55eda8803	He saw them in the desire of European countries to oust Russia from Europe, if not by force of arms, then by contempt.
68dc37ebf0a9639bbf2a7881ea063eb679918a32	He worked for a long time as a diplomat in Europe (Munich, Turin) from 1822 to 1844, and later as a censor of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1844-67) and knew what he was talking about firsthand..
a31ffa80d9446daae2d41b0b3e51f8ca7bf1e1dc	In this regard, Tyutchev matured the idea of the treatise "Russia and the West", which remained unfinished.
28784462735a0aa99ad6acb4e6ab9331dce77b1f	The direction of this work is historiosophical, and the method of presentation is relatively historical, emphasizing the comparison of the historical experience of Russia, Germany, France, Italy and Austria..
a9359414d7b8600b2187ea119e39b4d9d54f4854	Western fears about Russia, Tyutchev shows, also stem from ignorance, since Western scientists and philosophers” in their historical views " miss a whole half of the European world.
977d187c7f5e1b65e09fa851c6ef604d99891f0f	It is known that Russia was forced, protecting its interests and the interests of European security, to suppress the revolution in Austria, Germany and significantly influence the situation in France.
c865a0c662ad21726b968baedccdfb9ce22a34ba	In contrast to Russophobia, Tyutchev put forward the idea of pan Slavism.
0eb33aec0c6184867a55077221315408f89d8f7b	Repeatedly in journalism and in verse, Tyutchev outlined the IDEA of the return of Constantinople, the formation of an Orthodox empire and the union of two churches – eastern and western.
2163c5d3ce5dd2266ee065362b449d65fb30f4d9	For Tyutchev, the revolution in the West did not begin in 1789 and not in the time of Luther, but much earlier – its sources are connected with the papacy.
49fe34429bb3213dd1e85eee4bc5b4fbf6f9799e	The Reformation itself came out of the papacy, and a centuries old revolutionary tradition comes from it.
c160cee435c222b6a938432cdecbf4d97907d960	And at the same time, there is also the idea of an Empire in the West.
1670c82aa84026035a3c1afebaf22abb97242f9f	"The idea of Empire," Tyutchev wrote, "has always been the soul of the West”" but he immediately stipulated: “but the Empire in the West has never been anything other than the abduction of power, its usurpation."
befd7ff289a635c8a19eda62c091cd751bf0f6b8	It's like a pathetic fake of the true Empire – its pathetic semblance.
ded1f476b73dce7a1710b49a3cebc6fe22f30ccc	For Tyutchev, the Empire of the West is a violent and unnatural factor.
56c39349ba9496408daa6aa2280ff422dfb6c3bc	And therefore, an empire in the West is not feasible, all attempts to arrange it "fail".
4fe1e20e0c8d332ff5f05e79387fe8f0c797f17b	The history of the West is all compressed into the "Roman question” and all the contradictions and all the “impossibilities of Western life" are concentrated in it.
0654c2f876a3a0d9bf2380150a9e77501e522921	The papacy itself made an attempt to organize "the kingdom of Christ as a secular Kingdom”, and the Western Church turned into an” institution“, became a” state within a state", as if a Roman colony in a conquered land.
04274a71e822ac333a92d72db408b146102b461b	This duel ended in a double collapse: the Church is rejected in the Reformation, in the name of the human Self, and the state is denied in the revolution.
2befffd96948ee6b5926439e5159df8013b0ad70	However, the power of tradition becomes so deep that the revolution itself tends to organize itself into an empire – as if to repeat Charlemagne.
c37f1c0b3fb00d3a55f3eaea7b4968025a74b8b7	Tyutchev considered the main Russian business to be the storage and transfer in time and space of the great Christian shrine – the universal monarchy.
88fb9e7173226621fa77f290b9d1e77a5930a2fa	"The universal monarchy is an empire.
cee5168dbc6b0d1c2e1ec133d9b923af258479d6	The Empire has always existed.
94e873f29fc41910b98e74bf464e94ae3d15b050	It only passed from hand to hand ...
1883c8457757516a41dcee5a8f5c94d4c2cfee1a	4 empires: Assyria, Persia, Macedonia, Rome.
baab5c7d48f29db6a5bbc2cfcf638335a4aeabb8	The 5th Empire, the final, Christian empire, begins with Constantine”" Tyutchev's historiosophy obviously goes back here to the vision of the prophet Daniel, and to his interpretation of the dream of King Nebuchadnezzar, who saw a giant with a golden head, a chest made of silver, copper hips and clay feet.
dd3d7e82ec7d29d8d07e0337378d0eb36ce82541	Tyutchev gives an Orthodox Russian interpretation of it: "Russia is much more Orthodox than Slavic.
ad8cc7f76441abf72c187a23575e33b77a42c150	And, as an Orthodox, she is the pledge guard of the empire… The Empire does not die.
6aff6775a6ecf41896ec2ec3f8f82c279c946364	Only as the emperor of the East is the tsar the emperor of Russia.
9854aded79b0f0abab2068fc384d99be6e4a77c4	The Empire of the East: this is Russia in its final form”" The Church fathers once wrote about the Christian kingdom – but they did not yet know about the great northern country of the future.
f8521ed0778401e26203af9159253bee8a582a29	Perhaps the most profound spiritual and political work of Tyutchev is "Russian Geography".
1edfc658097e3c4cbcdf3b1c3fcc0b7a4de250d1	The poet draws in it the outlines of the desired " white kingdom — - of course, more mystical than physical, although spirit and body are inseparable in a certain sense.
bd56a3973e269cbd2a6a054be79e80e5cc8ec05b	Only God knows what the future holds for us, but it is absolutely clear that Holy Russia in its mysterious fate has already realized much of what the brilliant poet seer thought and hoped for in the middle of the XIX century:
a48bfc954bb1d35a927a470946d7b663c0520d3f	Moscow, and the city of Petrov, and Konstantinov grad –
526f92f606b1cb81f5781c5dc5aa6c69d62942e5	Here are the kingdoms of the Russian cherished capitals…
07de1cf632e5e61a8890553ebe9dc9c7ed60278a	But where is the limit to it?
55027f13018a5a1d911fca46674d1a2578fd3876	And where are its boundaries –
f3887b1708deefe21001bade488930f4b74bcde6	To the north, to the east, to the south and to the sunset?
c2ff27ebc6d160cafa2a510502fecdd62ed42942	Their fates will expose them to the coming times…
d189e59be06207b174e7e7f068e7e2d4fd349d57	Seven inland seas and seven great rivers…
51ba53dddfc13d6e6f9270e11757069c87b1f624	From the Nile to the Neva, from the Elbe to China,
1f13c4a27cfcf3db38d2a8319ea2fc180f933761	From the Volga to the Euphrates, from the Ganges to the Danube…
e39f16f56fe3cf631524a515f7e5417388451d25	Here is the Russian Kingdom... and it will not pass away forever,
9ccb372f56435ba2f0b49e24e2d962db024a3af3	Somehow the Spirit foresaw and Daniel predicted
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c1361ffb7b24d0b3824bdfb90a11f1a214cde64c	BIOGRAPHY
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f09350d615784ba1aa241bc32a4d826b035e88f4	Events of this day
2365f61a6e0e48879be8904adc46480412880638	March 08, 2017
a0e8ae5efa1b5fa8172486acc26fc95f49c73c06	in the History Book
36b30db66f34017c0f72f42effaf91a656f01455	A random joke: From a letter to Santa Claus:
2a380deb48f54e2e6a417b07910cc741d34cdf9f	Hello, Santa Claus!
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60cbbacc1ba34f66b288c4f495637bdd3325d3e2	BACK Tyutchev Fyodor Ivanovich
4122735c6cf9dcfb8fa48197591c6ba059989be5	November 23, 1803 – July 15, 1873
626f21794d6dbe0f595640ae758eb640048ae8c1	Life History The Tyutchev family was a typical noble family of its time, in which the fashionable French language got along with strict observance of domestic traditions.
e11c818d4f1fb9817c35228ae692adc8f7d2019c	Fyodor spent his early childhood in Ovstug.
a0958221cb6281bf24187ef20ce84e57bf1f74db	The boy lived in a fantasy world.
8b494f3a235a7c526626f73dc452495d44335448	In 1821, Fyodor Tyutchev graduated from the Moscow University, Department of Verbal Sciences.
36c578a3f5ce5cee4d433f95eebba91dc35d6c71	On March 18, 1822, he was enlisted in the State Board of Foreign Affairs.
ec1e05e001841b8ebf6be03e32d2a51ff789f64d	On June 11, he went to Munich, to the post of a supernumerary official of the Russian diplomatic mission in Bavaria.
a6d4189a1dd888b577c0df89cce3c50128f61d8f	"About his appearance," wrote one of his close acquaintances, " he generally cared very little: his hair was mostly disheveled and, so to speak, thrown to the wind, but his face was always clean — shaven; in his clothes he was very careless and even almost slovenly; his gait was really very lazy; he was of small stature; but this broad and high forehead, these lively brown eyes, this thin chiseled nose and thin lips, often formed into a disdainful smile, gave his face a great expressiveness and even attractiveness.
a6d0c0c38e3147efd72dbd2c6ee650fbf03a5236	But the charming power was given to him by his vast, highly sophisticated and unusually flexible mind: it is difficult to imagine a more pleasant, more diverse and entertaining, more brilliant and witty interlocutor.
8ec20d0ff6f8421b0adf627220307acbe10ba8c1	In his company, you immediately felt that you were dealing not with an ordinary mortal, but with a person marked by a special gift of God, with a genius..."
d779274483a0a1734cbca7f3dfa8bd656fe54cea	In Munich, he met and became friends with Heinrich Heine, often talked with the philosopher F. W. Schelling and other scientists from the University of Munich.
59f287e43c4a82bbe0fc3c494905656fe8607f55	In the diary of P. V. Kireevsky, Schelling's review of Tyutchev has been preserved: "He is an excellent person, a very educated person, with whom you are always willing to talk."
a760d66685e962869ea7405b899e366c6523dab7	Subsequently, Tyutchev maintained good relations with the Krudener couple In 1870, on the waters in Carlsbad, the poet met his former lover, who had long since buried her first husband and became Countess Adlerberg.
72f1ea4f899ba312cdec6f68d87c250adf1bfd4a	I met you — and all the past
f124a46c189ead8cfd8994c2f1bd81c4ae9dc0ba	In the obsolete heart, it came to life;
b564d1606d7138ffb73eaf4f0fe1556110c94230	I remembered the golden time
76b19c5effc8121298ab23a631ed514892121625	And my heart felt so warm
19f3e05dbac1f715d1c4df024f7fe0647ca96c92	At the age of twenty two, Tyutchev married the young widow of a Russian diplomat, Eleanor Peterson, nee Countess Botmer.
06b0834553f66d7bd8d7df7b5f471b36a418d16e	"...I want you, who love me, to know that no one has ever loved another as she loved me.
9c1a8e4040a296b04da453362326aa7471bb3b2b	I can say, having been convinced of this by experience, that for eleven years there has not been a single day in her life when, for the sake of my well — being, she would not have agreed, without hesitation for a moment, to die for me...", Fyodor wrote to his parents about his first wife.
c949d64373b9aee1d506e634d100a933ea43d1e6	In Munich, the doors of court and aristocratic salons were opened to this couple.
8806420a465aba847120ba225179d5b0a43bf10d	The young woman was among the first beauties of Munich.
3d89fb41a9fa637f2e444ab2ac6e7b9081405d5a	During the poet's first meeting with Ernestine, her husband suddenly felt ill and, offering her to stay at the ball, went home.
3bde9ef820a5ac10fdce525ac0bbd3f1b668608e	Saying goodbye to Tyutchev, he said: "I entrust my wife to you."
3e0c38e169809f013d5e4eb67406689cbb958435	But before that, in 1836, in volumes III and IV of Pushkin's Sovremennik, 24 poems by Tyutchev were published under the title "Poems sent from Germany" and signed "F. T."".
daf3f4c975b003251d267435340071e4586c063e	So here we were destined to be
a570a5240d20f556e2dc5e67a51705470f67e95a	To say the last sorry...
d7b13656c66b553367ba96a87dfe4fc925e4af76	But Eleanor died in 1838.
85df2465ae017702291a4822370bdc5a9763f85f	Shortly before that, she had experienced a terrible shock during a fire on the steamer "Nicholas I", on which she and her daughters were returning from Russia.
4521450ba84358d20a7a41598877b19c474def3e	Tyutchev felt the loss of his wife so hard that he turned gray overnight...
0b63cd620731e90f784b472eae4c2538aa17f67d	Time has healed his mental wound.
20b308a8a8e824d2a0becabb68336a7a7de04c5c	Tyutchev became interested in Ernestine.
f4d52cfb2c56d26a5862868f7e9c63eed322663c	The poet voluntarily left for Switzerland to connect with his beloved.
2b013e3d56d2280833990bae9a28b229e1f46542	In July 1839, Tyutchev married Dernberg in Bern.
d6793d742d10f540ae462b89d725f0fc0fce6bb1	The official notice of Tyutchev's marriage was sent to St. Petersburg only at the end of December and signed by the Russian envoy in Munich, D. P. Severin.
19f73fa2d71440708f420cd819b8d1d75765d02e	A long "non arrival from vacation" was the reason that Tyutchev was excluded from the list of officials of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and deprived of the title of chamberlain.
d9842374bfaa6770b9ff2d7d67996914a61e5a29	After his dismissal from the post of senior secretary of the Russian mission in Turin, Tyutchev continued to stay in Munich for several more years.
772e0ae8ea187e1640a64907f5a3d0bd84870030	"Tyutchev is the lion of the season," said P.
cc6c88770f1e2c65d38c5b4880f185abda463b48	A. Vyazemsky, an eyewitness of his first successes in the St. Petersburg social circle.
575fe24ab98e47d19defa6c74b2139ed2b04f909	Tyutchev remained such a permanent "lion of the season", a fascinating interlocutor, a subtle wit and a favorite of salons until the end of his days.
5b174d61b7f8ec55c6daefe0debc7d4f654b303e	It is not known when Tyutchev's passion for Denisyeva began.
407a9886093128c0dedfc02672cb6393774a6ef7	Her name first appeared in the Tyutchev family correspondence for 1846 and 1847.
c3f97686388849d6d2152205b2863319d3ba942e	Elena Alexandrovna belonged to an old but impoverished noble family.
11f7185f8127f11be891ddcf6d703e0f15684522	She lost her mother early.
1f99e738e4fcf47ac03c42e5f0c4dc36db6eedda	Her father, Major A.D. Denisyev, remarried and served in the Penza province.
fc304ca9fe297f98a484df312828019f9d221eab	Elena Alexandrovna remained in the care of her aunt, the inspector of the Smolny Institute, where Tyutchev's daughters from his first marriage, Daria and Ekaterina, were brought up after moving to St. Petersburg.
846b2f226407c3b5fe5eef44c017706cf65e6f6b	Denisyeva also studied there.
4e53b7df9f51fefb895e12cf50e4dd33c14172b7	She was 23 years younger than the poet.
be22d35b5054e9ab49a07f0f9a8cbeae7a373dad	Together with her aunt, Elena Alexandrovna visited the poet's house.
814235aee8f051195fea739fad1a5e8d3117ac43	Tyutchev also met her at the Smolny Institute when visiting his daughters.
527be0405b3ef22b682470c2f9c5a5709a399f18	According to the testimony of a relative of Denisieva Georgievsky, the poet's passion grew gradually, until it finally caused from Denisieva "such a deep, such selfless, such passionate and energetic love that it embraced his whole being, and he remained forever her prisoner..."
4c0d573ec21bafc77deea431ac15c91f140cdbee	In August 1850, Tyutchev, together with Denisyeva and his eldest daughter Anna, made a trip to the Valaam Monastery.
1e930409f918098a2394a284846fb09604474290	The poet's daughter, apparently, was not yet aware of the close relations that had been established between her father and Denisyeva.
5ffff744e29984942d021cb001a0fd1ebf93e100	In the eyes of the part of St. Petersburg society to which Tyutchev and Denisyeva belonged, their love acquired the interest of a secular scandal.
3626b388f1c153badd5c076ed1c4d06ccd62c22b	At the same time, the cruel accusations fell almost exclusively on Denisyeva.
a006fe6325602d1f72ee57bac98c25b2dce06861	The doors of those houses where she had previously been a welcome guest were closed to her forever.
b3b98661543995ec77fab6e6b10ec4983f5b977b	Her father disowned her, her aunt A.D. Denisyeva was forced to leave her place at the Smolny Institute and move to a private apartment with her niece.
e2765971f7b3171bbf492931b24f49ab9ce3a09e	The love of Tyutchev and Denisyeva lasted for fourteen years, until her death.
14cb0491670f9195662e5d36d32e23f1fb313c34	They had three children.
b7affca89366494eeb250f8c2339a09d1e104bf8	All of them, at the insistence of their mother, were recorded in the metric books under the name of the Tyutchevs.
acccede577b6af373b97cbccd47d0c5257ec504f	She loved the poet with a passionate, selfless and demanding love, which brought many happy, but also many difficult moments into his life.
293498f932628cc54120c83fd270a412a3abd34f	Fyodor Ivanovich wrote:"...
00d9654f505426db3bba51aa6981f1ee76e057f0	Do not worry about me, for I am protected by the devotion of a being who is the best that God has ever created.
f1c930c55e1248724acaea1de1f36fccc1c01341	This is only a tribute to justice.
4ba968143d69e9e5134628360c3f89bcc75ca0d9	I will not tell you about her love for me; even you, perhaps, would find it excessive..."
76f8bfc1025039c6502c8dd655a1b67a852e41bc	If Denisyeva was rejected by society, then Tyutchev still remained a regular of the St. Petersburg aristocratic salons, constantly visited the routs of the Grand Duchesses Maria Nikolaevna and Elena Pavlovna.
b51e5151fa5d61d925c2b65376ac82a66b2a4291	Tyutchev did not break with his family.
95f88691ddc959fc1153d3b7435383af56f3e177	He loved them both: his legitimate wife Ernestine Dernberg and the illegitimate Elena Denisieva, and he suffered immensely because he was not able to respond to them with the same full and undivided feeling with which they treated him.
1a415c6dbbaa4da83c0d286a2453d5f4dff0cd09	"The worship of female beauty and the charms of female nature," the memoirists confirmed — " was a constant weakness of Fyodor Ivanovich from his earliest youth — a worship that was combined with a very serious and even very soon passing infatuation with one or another special person."
7f437afd1eb51d1c9104f6e4ad58529c344838ed	The first book of Tyutchev's poems appeared only in 1854.
0d8db5658bb7f34b9d8ad952cfadcfd702f79bba	In February, I. S. Turgenev proudly told S. T. Aksakov:"...
eef02378d8a0d724ae488a4b4d225e756c794cb7	He persuaded Tyutchev (F. I.) to publish his collected poems...
c9d1f6044ffe2d9d2c8aa4c01bbd45aba463672b	" Since the mid 1860s, Tyutchev's personal life was overshadowed by a number of heavy losses.
dbcf3db409711ce3cc3cf2c759deea9fba1f9fd5	In the poem "On the eve of the anniversary of August 4, 1864," Tyutchev writes: "Tomorrow is the day of prayer and sorrow, / / Tomorrow is the memory of the fateful day...
91462805b8b5193952b5777d5522d388c4db419a	" On this day Elena Alexandrovna Denisyeva, Tyutchev's" last love", died of consumption.
36fda2eb01db74c2fecf57a3f0eab6a72bbbe246	The story of this love is captured in a cycle of poems, which is the pinnacle of Tyutchev's intimate lyrics
c3b972a5080dd9d3840f4f5eae7aaa34da6d4b44	("Oh, how deadly we love...", "Oh, donot bother me yoroi fair...", "Predestination," "I knew the eyes — Oh, those eyes...", "Last love", etc.).
c8949de65f5b3ec442acf670e41c72b416b29c9f	His beloved's death was a blow from which the poet could not recover.
17876fb0670cb46182462d0ebedbdebc7a80ff3b	"...Only when her and for her I was the person, only in her love, in her boundless love to me I knew myself..."
d97b92858de96d10ddbf29e670e2baf07e9695a5	Grief, remorse, late of regret, a sense of doom, hope for a reconciliation with life, all resulted in a very candid poems that formed the famous "Danishevski cycle."
d3e9066f3749f9dcc6f3bab2c3cc59311b91ba5f	Ernestina Tyutcheva's attitude to the poet at this time is best characterized by her own words:"...his grief is sacred to me, whatever its cause."
35c9d0053e4ccbc2bbf25c6b860ffc7a9a3c2426	Tyutchev, fascinated by Denisieva, could not imagine his existence without Ernestine, this holy woman.
bcf6b15af9cf5c0e0e0a1ec53eaef098c8146f73	He wrote to his wife: "How much dignity and seriousness there is in your love — and how small, and how pathetic I feel compared to you!..
77bad09f500e945747359967463ef89dedc3007f	The further I go, the more I fall in my own opinion, and when everyone sees me as I see myself, my business will be over."
dcc9e3917f58630934453fa1b37c8d39798d40c0	The poet survived his" last love " Denisyev by nine years.
8f14ad3779ea18713464fe19a35b12169fceeb2e	After learning about Tyutchev's death, Turgenev wrote to Fet from Buzhival: "Dear, smart, as smart as day, Fyodor Ivanovich, I'm sorry goodbye!"
82e1c099c58088db8b6ef3cba996dde1761dedd7	Reprinting of information is possible only with the indication of an active link to the source tonnel.ru
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e870791b197753be8296fb610ce1139fad9fe935	Childhood and youth of F.Tyutchev was held in Moscow.
f5375079a60b1a7ad6cce469aed2f75a18364d0a	He received an excellent home education; his literature teacher from the end of 1812 was a young poet and literary critic S. E. Raich (1792-1850), who encouraged his first poetic experiments.
22625cac67549f131d63494ac68c2bcd16ae5980	Under the influence of the teacher, the boy begins to translate Horace at the age of 12, composes his own poems, and at the age of 14 (March 30, 1818) is elected an employee of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature.
c3b3ae065582d783aa28bb74b734130a578d98c2	Despite the fact that in his student years Tyutchev was influenced by freedom loving political ideas, he did not support the uprising, with pity and bitterness he called the Decembrists "victims of reckless thought".
caca343872832d960ffcb2c9c5df84692d6c0046	In 1828, Tyutchev was appointed second secretary of the mission in Munich.
4b076f0bcf08e22fdf63fbfa4c51096b5c50e5ee	They came to Pushkin, aroused his delight with the depth of thought, the brightness of colors, the novelty and power of poetic language and were published (in October December 1836) in the magazine "Sovremennik" under the characteristic title "Poems sent from Germany" with the signature "F. T.".
a43e8422f667544a9dc675a823333282b88152b2	In May 1837, he received a three month vacation, which he spent in St. Petersburg, and on August 3 he was appointed first secretary and charge d'affaires of the Russian mission in Turin.
05b483d1f75f631b057b5abc03233b1a4e20d498	For two years, he persistently searched for ways to return to service, but everything was useless, on June 30, 1841, Tyutchev was excluded from the number of officials of the Ministry "for long term non arrival from vacation".
02de622eadf02fcf4f162a1a59e38798ea908128	In the summer of 1843, Tyutchev came to Russia, was in Moscow with his parents and in St. Petersburg, and a year later, in the summer of 1844, he finally returned to Russia, moving his entire family to St. Petersburg.
034cee7206fb2975ddb67bcaaa3cf762b73a1252	In March 1845, Tyutchev was again enrolled in the department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, received the court title of chamberlain, and for some time led a secular and court life.
0aec2756d4eab8fc7f3fd1c5ff8f5fa1cc2bb9d2	Continuing his career growth, on February 15, 1846, Tyutchev was appointed an official of special assignments to the state Chancellor.
2f28de035b3594f68c9502ac2766254e6587b260	On February 1, 1848, Tyutchev was appointed senior censor at the special office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, on behalf of the government, he wrote several journalistic articles in French against anti Russian sentiments in the West.
c9e60de3aa59b5e22135a7c60c16f9411ca257e1	He regarded the revolutionary events in Europe as the beginning of the death of European civilization.
8141f9d98cb1c760340b263abd97039a6d288281	Tyutchev shared Slavophile ideas and was one of the zealous preachers of pan Slavism.
7784ca733a0998620317b9b1573f65300817cc44	The poet assigned a special place to Moscow, which, along with Rome and Constantinople, he considered one of the three "cherished capitals" of the future world empire.
99dcf8444fca9abb479279de26fa0ab36051c62c	In 1843-1850, Tyutchev made political articles "Russia and Germany", "Russia and the Revolution", "The Papacy and the Roman Question", concluding that a clash between Russia and the West was inevitable and the final triumph of "Russia of the Future", which he imagined to be an "All Slavic" empire.
80d66979ac8dc08f31d2834fa94aca7e855186cf	Tyutchev devotes a lot of effort to his career and journalism, but as a poet, readers in Russia have already forgotten about him.
3942c91452d0d56730741d5de68c0a91dd82b1f2	In 1848-1849, captured by the events of political life, he created many beautiful poems
12bcf75095149c184e047843d0cb9a155141c87c	("Reluctantly and timidly...", " When in the circle of murderous worries...", "Russian woman" , etc.), but did not seek to publish them.
9cb3b4da85de19ebc75858e11fc3555f04dd9211	The beginning of Tyutchev's poetic fame, the impetus for his active work was Nekrasov's article "Russian minor poets" in the magazine "Sovremennik" in January 1850, which spoke about the talent of this poet, not noticed by criticism, and 24 poems of Tyutchev were also published.
2e85d56724212372e6c7963a41fbd60ab4740cdd	In March 1854, in St. Petersburg, the first collection of Tyutchev's poems was published in an appendix to the magazine Sovremennik, which was published in a separate book in the same year.
1bf062a92d6bd517fcfaf1c070b7f71324c4a6be	To prepare the first poetry collection of Tyutchev, a prominent Moscow writer N. V. Sushkov (the husband of Tyutchev's sister), who kept a literary salon, made a lot of efforts.
d9b1ec73cdf247732b3157e4002a2d1d6a8dd636	Tyutchev himself took practically no part in the literary life of both Moscow and St. Petersburg and cared little about the publication of his poems.
0a78b6b17e561f1cb484fd6df828281ce0d40c26	This was the second opening of Tyutchev's lyrics in his homeland, and this time the success was great.
e35efaf21608f559ce8c87f103bc024bed1b1914	The collection of poems, published in 1854, was dedicated to Elena Denisyeva.
0927b0d9041a35d5976e7e9d7d68201e831a5a5e	"Lawless" in the eyes of the world, the relationship of an elderly poet with a girl of the same age as his daughter lasted for 14 years and was very dramatic, because Tyutchev was married.
03046968d33453b8a6bce3faeadd096e6be17c6e	These relations began in July 1850 and ended on August 4, 1864 with the untimely death of E.
1dd686f5a89ca3754f6c43317ba1ded23ddde609	A. Denisyeva in St. Petersburg.
e975943c5484204bb47b6aeef3161a0ac8bb87af	The fatal and tragic" last love "of Tyutchev gave birth to beautiful lyrical poems of the "Denisiev cycle".
33bdbee3677131033961669eaddb37da0158a5d4	But it was hard not only for Tyutchev and Denisyeva… After all, in the same way, Tyutchev's first wife Eleonora suffered, tried to commit suicide and, in the end, died, who could not bear his beautiful and fascinating novel in Genoa with the young charming widow Ernestina Dernberg and almost ended with her and three young daughters dying from a sea fire on the steamer "Nicholas I", and in the same way the poet was tormented by remorse, turned gray all over, cried, expressed in disturbing images of his lyrics the inescapable tragedy of loss.
62e5b441a7cb4cabcdb934bb966eaef65882b5b7	His poem "Oh, how murderously we love" (1851) became the story of such a painful, sinful, condemned by society love.
8786f3f30b803ebfc8355ba09b4a7e1a59920fbb	In the autumn of 1857, Tyutchev was elected a corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in the department of Russian language and literature.
e85a9dfc9bfa5036352b4049269038ef978e67d1	In April 1858, Tyutchev was appointed chairman of the Committee of Foreign Censorship, more than once acting as an advocate for the persecuted publications.
7fd1512a7cbebd050a6b9cf3dd75abb9de954bb5	This position, which did not tire him very much, the poet held until his death.
2bd6806ddd5f99b2059d10dae98f31c8757fcbad	In March 1868, the second and last lifetime edition of Tyutchev's poems was published, prepared by I. S. Aksakov (1823-1886, who married Tyutchev's eldest daughter Anna in 1866) and the poet's youngest son Ivan.
65b27d85a72d304031a2bef8ae82aeb98b22f4aa	Not all of Tyutchev's lyrical heritage has come down to us, some of his poems were burned by an unfortunate mistake or negligence when parsing papers or lost.
d6173087a38ed592845206a0b0fd1481c6d4649b	The poems that make up the poet's actual lyrics are, in fact, few.
95359396e332f2902176bea0fcf60f6e80799331	Turgenev spoke about a hundred works, Goncharov counted several dozen of them.
79930cbc76ba2c473ce4bc9d26b64b9947962917	Tyutchev himself asked not to publish his poems "in case", he also has a lot of political poems and translations from foreign poets.
bbebea16a509188cea288719e89fddc332c4029a	Many of Tyutchev's lines belong to the masterpieces of Russian poetry: "Insomnia," "Summer night," "Vision," "the Last cataclysm", "Like the ocean encompasses the globe", "Autumn evening", "Spring water", "the Melody is in the sea waves", "These poor villages", It's famous, included in all anthologies, learned by heart, and pre revolutionary and Soviet students students with the poem "Spring storm" (1828).
13d8ef20b43cba6edd8c11f018c3f57ff86452a7	Each of us is well aware of turchesca line, his brilliant aphorisms, perhaps the most famous line in the Russian poetry - "blessed are those who visited this world In his fateful minutes..." ("Cicero"), "a Thought expressed is a lie..." ("Silentium!") and many others.
bc2444734b806aa9212e152321ff9f6e8a164591	Many of Tyutchev's poems are set to music ("Spring Waters" by S. V. Rachmaninov, etc.), translated into foreign languages.
ad3f84b144e8cbb3cb502d0e1b4598a47e8f885a	The best works of Tyutchev's love lyrics certainly include the poem "I met you - and everything that was" (1870), a love memory of great power, a great Russian romance about an unexpectedly returned love, written at the end of life by a small gray haired old man.
ca4560b811a593c953e71843102bd85438004379	Instead of the title the mysterious letters "K. B.". According to one version, Tyutchev, hiding the name of the addressee, deliberately rearranged the initials - "Kryudener to the Baroness", the same one who once brought Tyutchev's poems to Pushkin from Germany.
418af21782459dfa2f628c6385e697e607f613c6	Amalia von Lerchenfeld, married Baroness Kruedener, the bastard daughter of the Prussian king, a European famous beauty, flashed three times in Tyutchev's life: as a young creature who fascinated him in the first year of his work in Munich, as a majestic and very influential socialite in St. Petersburg (she was courted by Emperor Nicholas I, Benckendorf and Pushkin).
4c4fd5109513171cc95e5281e743a2f9689eca0f	The third time it happened, when the dying poet suddenly saw the still attractive Amalia at his bed, who unexpectedly visited Tyutchev to give him a farewell kiss.
549204f9363c93f4b44ab86feee55fba7aac40ff	Another, less touching, but perhaps more plausible version says that the poem "K. B." is dedicated not to Amalia, but to his sister in law Clotilde Botmer (sister of Tyutchev's wife Eleanor Peterson), whom he was infatuated with even before his marriage to Eleanor.
ee7baae951b5a73b44e6335229e987cfb7a71a44	The last years of Tyutchev's life are overshadowed by heavy losses.
4f9c5a8c7fb96209c37e2df705ba79496b95f4cd	He suffers one loss after another: Denisyev dies of consumption (1864), their two children - the eldest son and daughter Maria (1865), his mother, brother (1870).
b4d8023816c957867a546ca5a7077226134bd52b	In January 1873, a serious illness begins.
964c01ed8d44becc37a411e185f983ab0691302d	In May, he was transported to Tsarskoye Selo, broken by paralysis.
b42598b217f5c081a10c1e2fa4cdd376aeab434e	There, in Tsarskoye Selo, on July 15 (27), 1873, Tyutchev died.
dcebf92e1d3e35bb097b9ce525de8f4376f9e89c	The poet's funeral took place on July 18 (30) at the Novodevichy Cemetery in St. Petersburg.
4ba8a35eabcb6e6c2aa46b2ba1548fac898f6c53	To mark the 200th anniversary of the poet's birth in 2003, the graves of Fyodor Tyutchev and his relatives were restored.
19d91a878bcfd750404fbd22ad33a552f84e0f4c	You canot measure it with a common yard:
c3cfa2e1c4437a5a39558f2702ceed8208a4ee59	She has a special personality -
c7c2ec3283a95503198139bcaf645acf83a64a02	Russian Russian poet, who had formed apart from the main schools and trends of Russian lyrics, not only did not read his fellow poets, but also thought and spoke more often in French, because this was the generally accepted language of the diplomacy of that time, the Russian poet, who had never actually lived among Russians, was a loyal patriot of his homeland.
6d856473d2d2edfca2cee0edc90da09963d138db	In one of the letters to his mother, excited by memories, Tyutchev admitted that Amalia is perhaps his second greatest love.
51a3f7abbcd3670c4023fe5e6f381ec671408218	He did not put his wife in the first place, but Russia.
6a32186d729a15051aee703801da50d48cec9bec	And his faith in his country, which had revealed great moral truths to him, never left him:
0f7e13d74250dafda078e5925a16148afbbab3c4	> TO THE MAIN PAGE > BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX > INDEX T >
c40ebd5ddb03948273c8c69035ec28c445653396	1803-1873
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156027114c9f212857ae4f90b403f754469a4fdb	Alexandrovsky S. F. Portrait of the poet F. I. Tyutchev. 1876.
89ae3ce1c67526e310518ceaab624f4a6865fea6	From the collection of the Tretyakov Gallery.
5dc599ec613390284020588c71511620d148447b	Reproduction from the website www.agniart.ru
85c88d4f123d75a8ae998e100e03d977d10d100e	Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev.
7b5421d76b90850b0cdbb23518fe7325b21b61b1	A remarkable poet and philosopher was Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev (1803-1873).
7d9603208728685fe774649cbb7dc1a2463ca95e	He was born in the family estate of Ovstug in the Orel province.
5927f4eaa8d61e2ec88a7839a9c169aebb93ac39	He graduated in 1821 from the Faculty of Words of Moscow University, began serving in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and spent more than two decades abroad, on diplomatic work in Germany and Italy.
16acf240f8df4d1cff370cf41fedc99a7ac8845e	He began writing poetry in his youth, and the first success came in 1836, when A. S. Pushkin approved a number of his poems and published them in the magazine Sovremennik.
9bf2053aa466d8b64557ea46a6d7401154d4e903	The first collection of Tyutchev's poems was published in 1854.
185399a8cabe93c19264d539073cb7554999724e	The poet himself did not attach much importance to his work, although many critics and the best Russian writers spoke about him with delight.
83c9f58e28f33a08f5f35b52ee9391af7f319710	He remains an unsurpassed master of high lyrics, able to reveal the hidden essence of nature in a few words and accurate images, the depth of feelings and thoughts of a person who unsuccessfully strives to comprehend the mystery of being.
5e1408f74feb6b83e138ab462d4c3d148cd8e4fa	An imperturbable system in everything, a complete harmony in nature — Only in our illusory freedom Do we realize the Discord with it...
457040b204d99306436acb93bd6f64d806d4afd9	And who among us, children and adults, did not remember his charming lines:
b02eaa6d852c1c4c0465c3424e46efd9b21ead77	I love a thunderstorm in early May…
88f1029489b6e3c2fe74ec9a3b89d96c30a22389	Of course, Tyutchev with good reason should be attributed to the greatest geniuses, if Pushkin, Lermontov, Dostoevsky were not his contemporaries.
eb308ff0b20c20288da0db40546da9b281a5f5ae	Balandin R. K. One hundred great geniuses / R. K. Balandin.
98c2f9ac52e5675d46d44cb650fca8641ce825fe	- Moscow: Veche, 2012.
7a317fc3efd908564af988cd3ec45102b939b909	1805-1806
e2adffcd466fcd4ccae8c059933f3a8e623dc4c3	The poet
5749d7bbfa5ba2f1c550c0c58ed0e8627d44c89a	Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev (1803-1873), poet.
eb906dc2abef2f54e6a84c7cac1f24b79d63d421	He was born on November 23 (December 5, n.s.) in the Ovstug estate of the Orel province in an old fashioned middle class family.
9d9598de92936e3202ade9aed1e893f1694caf98	The home education was supervised by a young poet, translator S. Raich, who introduced the student to the works of Russian and world poets and encouraged his first poetic experiments.
f0162e52e6ac4a51264a4ee0c7dd1f5c0d5055af	After graduating from the university in 1821 with the degree of Candidate of Verbal sciences, at the beginning of 1822 he entered the service of the State Board of Foreign Affairs.
1d3b3e4d62d876d6ebf4778440f7cf2d91606d94	Tyutchev will spend twenty two years in a foreign country, twenty of them in Munich.
52f406ed47d22c84ec6703fcb511619037123c7b	Here he will get married, here he will meet the philosopher Schelling and make friends with G. Heine, becoming the first translator of his poems into Russian.
a0de1bbd89d077512503fecd7d10ed33ba7b8676	Ovstug is the Tyutchev family estate, where the poet was born on November 23, 1803.
fb6384554cb814edf3b52fbfbd8458aeb9ec32a9	In 1837, he was appointed first secretary of the Russian mission in Turin, where he experienced his first serious loss: his wife died.
8106daedb7a65b049425d0c42b9fb1d1e6d841f0	In 1839, he entered into a new marriage.
6f4eb27dccada1e00755ebfa6400a4ce3011ecee	Tyutchev's official misconduct (unauthorized departure to Switzerland for a wedding with E. Dernberg) puts an end to his diplomatic service.
f8972ed8263592e26131fafac3cc72fbfb178a3d	He resigns and settles in Munich, where he spends another five years without having any official position.
e2e824fdc529e22daded367ae79bfc176df07b72	He is persistently looking for ways to return to the service.
700021315a483be619390dd15fe5b88c86dd4b8e	In 1844, he moved with his family to Russia, and six months later he was re enlisted in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
43d38ee2f70786cd6bc6d925a39a1b3fd915b19f	In 1843-1850, he published political articles "Russia and Germany", "Russia and the Revolution", "The Papacy and the Roman Question", concluding that a clash between Russia and the West is inevitable and the final triumph of "Russia of the Future", which he sees as an "All Slavic" empire.
db09dc3cdd149e4ffc5ccd123a0f37b75797e594	In 1848-1849, caught up in the events of political life, he wrote such beautiful poems as" Reluctantly and timidly..."," When in the circle of murderous worries..."," Russian woman", etc., but did not seek to publish them.
5afe41332f234290c9a2bab9e0d57af57ca010de	The beginning of Tyutchev's poetic fame and the impetus for his active work was Nekrasov's article "Russian minor Poets" in the magazine "Sovremennik", which spoke about the talent of this poet, not noticed by criticism, and the publication of 24 poems by Tyutchev.
db7645340271d230065c0a04f3b40903a999c328	"Lawless" in the eyes of the world, the relationship of an elderly poet with a woman of the same age as his daughter lasted for fourteen years and was very dramatic (Tyutchev was married).
70b0352c4d0e8c07e3067d9af41bd4da623f8426	In the works of Tyutchev from 1860 to 1870, political poems and small ones predominate - "in case" ("When the forces are senile...", 1866, "To the Slavs", 1867, etc.).
c62d64dd7b6137eb474794f5f33df628f995fb9a	Anna, Daria, Ekaterina Tyutchev, the daughters of the poet.
8f0ab4e16ccc0a205d1ea4322a179b94275d53d8	A. Salome. one thousand eight hundred forty three
fc5e80b3bca9abadd30753bc1ad917c892672ced	Poet and thinker
85d2d7c7b7f591694e190971ca6feee13dfa330c	Fyodor Ivanovich TYUTCHEV (1803-1873) was a Russian poet and thinker.
dcc94c607c098253b1adb3e5777cf0d98870bb35	In the socio political articles "Russia and the Revolution", "The Papacy and the Roman Question", in the treatise "Russia and the West", which remained unfinished, T. shared Slavophil ideas about the defining role of Orthodoxy in Russian culture and was a supporter of "the formation of a great Orthodox empire" as a result of "the union of two churches — eastern and Western".
6fc39f31f7585562bc68ab519cee73eed59adca1	In the philosophical worldview of the poet, they wrote Vl.
040c4f7b2f33b15a12b033d02d670016b92162fa	Solovyov, N. Berdyaev, A. Blok, A. Bely, Dm.
8fe031baf4c21981bd7e49eac2c2cd7eb5ebc6a8	Merezhkovsky.
fa18e770cfc68767ce9d64c14dd1f0577c98cceb	For the poet, the philosophical categories of being and non being, space and time, chaos and cosmos, finite and infinite were included in his everyday life sense of self and were experienced as a household reality.
25b9aba0115c37c330b2b44c38d181526561839d	Therefore, the "sharpest mind of the epoch" (I. Aksakov) beats in the space of oppositions of life and death, memory and
231e180ca69086880db1c5d3abc85368e3a6e8ed	oblivion, conscious and spontaneous, love and hatred, which are the" unpunished " life of the soul.
10b5c17e25577575b3747a37a3e1229e5cf056d3	"Happy is our age —" wrote T., " to whom the victory /was given not by blood, but by the mind - / Happy is he who could find the point of Archimedes /in himself."
20d300cd09284872c5b5ef324183a8171ec20e00	The desire for harmony and unity of being in T.'s work required overcoming dualism, breaking these spheres.
c84b45dacbe30a69964e42d2e6a9574d7ddcec3a	The poetic intuition of T. unites the space time of nature with the rhythm of the creativity of his own "I", which, being super modern and super natural, defeats nature in the traditions of Romanticism.
ad35600340355c1675f7e2c49dc5fa42050041e4	As a result, the whole nature becomes a process of self contemplation of the poet's intellect, admiring his own "I", dissolved in the elements of nature.
b3ad270d3925839bef91e195d06006aab83d371c	"Not what you think, nature, / Not a cast, not a soulless face — / There is a soul in it, there is freedom in it, / There is love in it, there is a language in it..."
1df2a58215ad2f8c9ee6ff201672c642624c4c4d	But T. the thinker is critical of the image of nature born by T. the poet.
670a21adc6aa67d828664422549ef7a5095800b0	His relations with the world are more complex, not so harmonious.
c76f962aab864f4c57368be05deb9a39f451c10b	The unity of the spiritual and natural, the sensuous and the supersensible, the audible and the inaudible, the finite and the infinite is only a poetic image expressing one of the facets of the human worldview, symbolizing one of the states of his consciousness.
6196695484ba4341db9717209d02dfcb4060cf98	Returning to reality, a person is confronted with the intractability, incomprehensibility of nature and the incomprehensibility of the spiritual world of man himself; aesthetic pantheism comes into conflict with the desire to defend its uniqueness.
67f22c3eaf5a7c915c56211f303fb4e808ec2e96	Is it not because the poet's "soul does not sing like the sea and the thinking reed murmurs"?
4135c538e9a06b1f5b31bb2d4ea9e0e8a02af32c	Even thought itself as an object of reflection has an incomprehensible depth for us: "How can the heart express itself?/ How can another person understand you?/ Will he understand how you live?/ A thought uttered is a lie;
f0c031cabbe6aa04f2bb2edb9764d297630dae51	Blowing up, you will revolt the keys, - / Feed on them — and be silent."
285af4328f02fc1cd9b0ae154b1aefd62f5662bb	The victory of scientific thought over space and time causes the poet "a certain sense of pride": he admires the railway, thanks to which you are transported from one city to another, "almost without parting with the first".
b7f93ce855360f296b00837c24132706e37aeb99	But our success is incommensurable with the power and incomprehensibility of nature, which absorbs and destroys you, with body and soul.
361c80fba5ae5b964ed9025e22bfeca9ba7724fc	This is how the idea of the "double being" of nature and man appears.
627515a63f0cdb40eaad3a292d206f8986ea78b4	T. is no stranger to Kantian dualism, but he realizes this dualism through the prism of a mind that does not know, but feels, experiences, which "repeats in a language understandable to the heart about incomprehensible torment".
947d581bb741a758ca58eb598e787e9c35cd6b04	Nature, towering above man, is two faced and incomprehensible, but human consciousness, trying to understand itself, is even more incomprehensible.
cf67c0323a314f9d42329c518df975f9677efbb8	From the point of view of T., man is being in the form of becoming, realizing himself.
64eb9edfdd86c73cf2818afc849f0ac5f25d1921	But what is behind this desire?
7710337cdcf94601c214c71fdf68c7f82c1f11f1	The poet often talks about the chaos that "stirs" in the depths of his soul ("What are you blowing about, the night wind").
b04d20e82f3971fbd2628600259f09cc8862989c	The repetition of this motif in his lyrics pushes us to the idea that the chaos of desires, aspirations of the soul, which is realized as internal anxiety, attraction, excitement, that is, as pure potentiality, is the primary essence of a person's direct self existence.
84680bc1b1bacefe0a97865061ad76459f742c98	The essence of this "ancient native chaos" as the deep basis of the human being becomes the main subject of Dostoevsky's creativity.
a7a43d10cc0279ff05b31b96c19f9d52997d1609	The crushing dynamic force of "internal chaos" will become one of the central themes of various trends in philosophical anthropology of the XX century.
b5ee4f6c825cf08705c3379107ae3a3fbd61480b	T. did not find an answer to the question of what is the inner world of a "thinking reed" — a person.
559fe56233e82ab5139662f57b0812ee105daf72	The poet's creativity is the intimate experience of a person whose inner world is suspended between the" golden cloth cover "of culture and the" nameless abyss, the oblivion of chaos" of his own soul.
74c6496e8e7ca9bca3552a3a49f11a14eb574dcd	His thought is constantly beating "on the threshold of a kind of double being" ("Oh, my prophetic soul"), In contrast to the modern European philosophy of the poet, which defends the idea of the rational essence of man, i.e., with his creativity and life, he testifies that man is a being not attached to any of the poles of being, he is always "between".
abe7847d2a2c5f68fec16d4fcc6bfe40fac2c2c7	Kirilenko G. G., Shevtsov E. V.
09102e2793f6650161785ff26bc831e84f381f7b	A concise philosophical dictionary.
eed5b571a8503a2bf788f1f56ef9c7441bc00800	M. 2010, pp.
bf8d023adaa2757ad19c10249f1526966cf36ddc	384-386.
7709ba7ac3bf5182be139aa447083d9807f42963	One of the most prominent representatives of philosophical lyrics
051b84943ad0ba6f43598464dacd50034a81e7ba	Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev (23.11 (5.12). 1803, Ovstug village, Orel province, now Bryansk region 15 (27).07 1873, Tsarskoye Selo, now Pushkin) is a poet, one of the most prominent representatives of philosophical lyrics, in his socio - political views is close to the Slavophiles.
ec1f475d8ee77c54f33cb6788d8d8d56bbe14925	A well born nobleman, he graduated from the Department of Literature of Moscow University (1821).
648e90b1fd49283840cb27e75e347b0a3929697a	Then he became a diplomat, served in the Russian mission in Munich and Turin.
220ffeb7e31763fa5558d1f50e29ff746e41fed4	As a" Russian native of Europe " (I. S. Aksakov), Tyutchev was connected with her both in spirit and kinship (both of his wives came from German aristocratic surnames).
caad9e647a966b3595ce4568e10c063bd98f1a22	He was closely acquainted with the German philosophers Schelling and Baader, met with Heine, was interested in the works of Boehme, Goethe, Helderlin, specially went to Paris, where he attended lectures by Guizot, Cousin, Willemin, Tyutchev's political articles were written and published in French: "Letter to Mr. Gustav Kolb, editor of the Allgemeine Zeigung (1844);
1fd01edf86670213a905e1d589fe3005ff093197	"Russia and the Revolution" (1849);
eeba9786242c1e93a97efbdc4bdf7d3fb5870afb	"The Papacy and the Roman Question" (1850), published in the poet's homeland only in 1873 and 1886.
67a031d0ce000aebd4c56568e591c3d58a9da936	Tyutchev's sensitivity to the latest achievements of European intelligence was combined with an exceptional sensitivity to the fate of Russia.
d7c62e12ab1c384392567205ec8cf987d93bb53f	After his resignation from the diplomatic service and Tyutchev's return from Europe (1844), his Slavophile sympathies intensified.
9682d0a8d66a74cc429698f9e2270b7bcead1526	It is possible that the ideological changes occurred in Tyutchev at first under the influence of Schelling, who expected a great future from Russia and Russian thought, although Tyutchev did not agree with his idea of reconciling philosophy with Christianity, believing that the true Revelation was already given in the Holy Scriptures.
3dc0bdedd68e26df27d024d272c77adf0bca1932	Turning his eyes to Russia, Tyutchev first of all sought to show that Russia is not opposed to the Christian West, but is its "legitimate sister", however, living "its own organic, original life".
de3befca8a6883dc372e09021994b38b6ab1e63c	In his political articles, Tyutchev revealed and explained the phenomenon of Russophobia, analyzed the cause of anti Russian sentiments that have spread in Western Europe.
8d5e870b9ed819ed641e5d3b8f653e18485a8aff	He saw it as an effort to oust Russia from Europe, if not by force of arms, then by force of contempt.
5d05ee7b7220f67fdc38190ec7b618864029ef36	Tyutchev matured the idea of the treatise "Russia and the West", which remained unfinished (see the materials for it in the book: Literary Heritage. M., 1988. Vol. 96, book 1).
4f56c77d0da8b4d61afddb2d7be46339e6406f36	The direction of this work is historiosophical, and the method of presentation is relatively historical, emphasizing the comparison of the historical experience of Russia, Germany, France, Italy and Austria.
578b5db0af0425c3f4abc995974af7e5fab22307	Western fears about Russia, Tyutchev shows, also stem from ignorance, since Western scientists and philosophers"missed a whole half of the European world in their historical views."
7f4d709b667cb3301f739fba35d8d5170885af65	The influence of the Slavophiles on Tyutchev was undeniable.
7ae04bf9110b4302ae79fefec32d34a03405a6d2	Having been chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee since 1858, he strongly supported the newspapers " Day "and" Moscow", published by I. S. Aksakov, who was married to his eldest daughter.
5293858ce9bec443b351b7804d460b2bc799e6d9	Like the Slavophiles, Tyutchev recognized the determining role of religion in the spiritual structure of each nation and Orthodoxy as the main distinguishing feature of the identity of Russian culture.
94ae3ea4e65c5a9e69270b782268b2689d5870f9	He shared pan Slavic views and wrote a poem in an album to the Czech educator V. Ganka, which began with the words: "Do we live forever in separation?
1997bb0c2b1ac2ecee68ea3e5b5d6d6b6ac7553d	Is it not time for us to wake up...
c25af21ebc0e62f44c70eae7ece45c11a73d4e39	" (1841).
fec800e3758a6c6e7abc43f3ecabc76b6115215a	Repeatedly in his journalism and poems, Tyutchev expounded the utopia of "the return of Constantinople", "the formation of a great Orthodox empire" and "the union of two churches - eastern and western".
4d99df431a9c3f5627b5b9082abfc19b7e5816a7	The latter idea was actively developed later by V. S. Solovyov in his teaching about the "universal theocracy".
09f2f4ca3f3bd4f446ff83cd2fb8ace417e4fc7d	At the same time, in his treatise "Russia and the West", Tyutchev spoke out against "literary pan Slavists", and especially against the revolutionary pan Slavism of M.
1e830e0b7a31540d604d00456e172fac36b5c537	A. Bakunin.
cc3b71fa80b104b314dded9604bfea13adf62c85	"The tribal question is only a secondary one, or rather, it is not a principle."
daebf401dc6667f90c7b18c3b002abd14c9da701	In this case, Tyutchev is talking about spiritual straightening, the revival of the Slavic world, the preservation of cultural traditions not only of the Slavs, but also of Hungary and the whole of Eastern Europe.
3355d6db7ee045bf5327eb69586b8f0085bd789b	The geopolitical aspects of pan Slavism for the late Tyutchev recede into the background and hopes for a "conciliatory beginning" are put forward, which, according to Tyutchev, is destined to win "over all tribal discord".
a1e19f605371c748676e06b5691ede93bf3cf00e	They are embodied in the spiritual traditions of Orthodoxy, which could become an antidote to unbelief and nihilism, which are increasingly spreading in society: "Not the flesh, but the spirit has been corrupted in our days, and man is desperately longing..."
5861295ddaf1fc9b6c4837d0cb5853417d30c026	("Our century", 1851).
be457e9413ac3b22a796bc3cf90f2edf6a831cc7	A peculiar symbol of Tyutchev's poetry are his well known lines: "You canot understand Russia with your mind, / You canot measure it with a common yard: / She has a special life - / You can only believe in Russia" These lines were not an expression of some blind patriotism.
a32e1844bcc5a9719f6e378d1e79461e8e93abf5	Tyutchev sometimes sharply criticized the order in Russia, and condemned the highest authorities.
54b081a548fdf3861a38a85c06f1661410b60845	He responded to the death of Nicholas I with the words: "You did not serve God and not Russia..." and further: "Everything was a lie in you, all the ghosts are empty..."
0ce8b16cbf74d1fd2c5096942c66a8129dd72536	Russia for all of Tyutchev's work is something primary, primordial, which cannot be "measured and understood", but can be expressed, grasped only intuitively.
a2b9dc9140fa3b54fc57f8d114d49df9c6e1e970	This is how the religious and moral perception of Russia is reflected in his poems "Oleg's shield", " These poor villages..", "Will you be behind the fog for a long time", "Passing through Kovno", etc. T.'s philosophical lyrics influenced the noetic) Vl.
7f968ffae2fdc72200cba2d844f02643dc32224a	Solovyov and Russian symbolism, Bulgakov's journalism.
13b547295df911ea840fdaae11722af0d941052c	The Tyutchev image of the" inexhaustible water cannon " of thought was used by S. N. Trubetskoy in his definition of the subject of philosophy.
bcb664500997254b666edafb9376f44d1b85ab30	His rejection of revolutionism and nihilism, party bitterness, elevated to the principle of human relations, was in tune with the ideas of Dostoevsky.
b4a0efbf63141e94cbc096c9bc65804143ef0069	As a thinker, Tyutchev was a kind of mediator between Russia and Europe, and it is no coincidence that his views became known in Germany and France earlier than at home.
f2266ec0ee078570ffb050d4e54827e521fbed02	As a poet, he became famous thanks to Pushkin, who placed a selection of his poems in Sovremennik (1836).
78031888f432647417b2512e7cb6c6f930e546c2	However, he was really recognized only in the late XIX early XX century, when he was considered one of the outstanding exponents of the Russian idea.
5b8c7b1f3d9372eec34dfb4d6ecd732c2a40b920	M. A. Maslin
2fc9f0abf22c1eb2da8c5f3711a833a6b2af925a	Russian philosophy.
b9903982169359caf0d15043f2c55fb482524025	Second edition, revised and supplemented.
ef5e0d2a2d3e684dc7675be1ec0db8f92fd21770	Under the general editorship of M.
06ee68f04024cc03e1b209e9b3ed53414549f4c7	A. Maslin.
3af9153f7bcb82c230c6ec474b5b1cf4671605a1	Comp.
73432729d194405b1d55869b33c34ab2a3d19b68	P. P. Apryshko, A. P. Polyakov – - M., 2014, pp.
3353600e641f5c4b240d465aecaee95bb1b6eeab	655-656.
a9cbdd91f466679285483f6aea434a5358938cc5	Works: Complete collection of Op.
9319de506bf8715b2eadbbcff2f0985adcd708cf	St. Petersburg, 1913;
cce1a6d8539ad70671798092a61a2be7b73ff8c0	Op.: In 2 volumes (Poems and letters).
b270ef894ca89ae91b05885c5b33143228451f48	M " 1984;
9e6d7bcca6c81116841f999e2707eeb9d0d14986	Full collection of op.: In 6 volumes , 2002-2005;
79992acfc95478907161fc604995b16d9eafff47	Russia and the West.
72075150772f91698e812d656ced5a0457819409	M. (2007.
2153f39f93e4d3f999918ada7352bda5404e6076	References: Aksakov I. S. Biography of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev.
722e7f98dd76cfc3cc052f1248c1a17e13c1bd0d	M., 1886;
a847d77f51280f3edf19d6e2855e44dfd73326f7	Chulkiv G. Chronicle of the life and work of F. I. Tyutchev.
16199a3bdfe0004cb2e2cbefc71f9748c2b587f9	M.; L., 1933;
044129612ca449500c652974747b0c121274f422	Ligarev K. V.
819778bf48110c0c1338076ce05d6d9d7d6abcd6	The life and work of Tyutchev.
aad3826d99869512fb77e34ab5314b6cb0f4a655	M., 1962;
41c379e646d4d9c15b958823c0609d1502a01fcf	Literary heritage.
1a497ec6282e0da539d43f365a29e7da8e2d1670	Vol. 97.
737e7bd47ced8979a1eb78392a8110a51d8cad74	In 2 books.
96343b27a268588c96095dbe1a202d96804b62fe	M " 1988-1989.
6125502b829b7136ced6ac3e6e4d707f64446927	Kozhinov V. V. Tyutchev.
bc2c6e694c71930abe36f92c6a146d6f3b7493eb	2nd ed.
a00200b4ba683dd1bdb4d271c204b0d0436a93b4	M " 1994;
7bce236b0ec0f7a0d20cab98f0e76dd811069f9d	F. I. Tyutchev: pro et contra.
15e5bbd3ac15e17e24fa9bc4de5aba50d802636f	Spb.. 2005;
7bceb3ba70240c08962bced2cb593f41fae9ac86	Tarasov B. N. Fyodor Tyutchev on the purpose of man and the meaning of history / / Tyutchev F. I. Russia and the West.
02018667a438e1de3ce91548b435ef77ffeda9da	Moscow, 2007;
820169db111a5979fb201cb63acb19b704f402af	He is.
f3a0d9a84eadca9ed941a53b90de0086d05d09b0	"The Mystery of Man" and the Mystery of History: The Unread Chaadaev.
9d5303c55a59cee7ea00b47ddabb086f0869d461	Unidentified Tyutchev Unheard Dostoevsky.
552d88972eef158ca3bc6021dd871565ac574837	St. Petersburg., 2012.
06dfc277abef18a9eac5c14fff9a38640767b4b4	Read more:
4f11409538f542c2abbb38ec5cb8e9fbee19ae4d	F. I. Tyutchev - P.
669521d0ffbb7ee5355689d24085e391647c340c	A. Vyazemsky, [Petersburg].
29b2379e3b212438eda90652a1a03af089a1bc97	Friday.
e2cfee1632087df94aa51582c67421768dfa7f7d	[March 1848].
391802529721db4dd43208635225e63bf84cf395	Now you donot have time for poetry...
827feb9db3ff10a7e6cf0c0ff5484690af6ad4b8	Thoughts about Russia.
8775909bfdb20348b3afe45546feca351f329fc7	Vladimir DEKHANOV.
86cd090c5edac895094a96738b6077683c974f8a	A great poet and a great patriot.
40a86939437e7d9002df63827384fcdf10a05390	Vsevolod SAKHAROV.
c0d9974e41d4b0e1676b0f89fcfba775100bc530	The riddles of Fyodor Tyutchev.
8c757469c7f67d93a824c7778de444d817980857	Natalia DANILOVA - Under the sign of eternity.
6a8ce3bd8af5732a7f522ef0f35811256adf90b6	Valentina KOROSTELEVA.
e6962eec9822c7b9eed7f6062267c4cfe45669fa	"There is more than one memory ..." (Children's novel newspaper No. 4, 2009)
5dfebd9e3bc03c0d429ee4c9fc86803a32ed0ee7	Russian literary anecdote of the XVIII early XIX centuries .
df1aa509bc01d3873cc9d93eef809a7f8cf60a5b	CHRONOS: WORLD HISTORY ON THE INTERNET
5104cfcca2d27d578de69300f3a5f1523f1a9ee1	CHRONOS has been in existence since January 20, 2000,
973f083f240944f051b4f5d6ff25c886169779df	Editor Vyacheslav Rumyantsev
3d927560f7eacbd42e46c1cd303254f242774e7c	When quoting, let's link to CHRONOS
bfc440b670c9d61e257fe26bb8074466f3125893	It is known that the human body consists of almost 65% water.
6d44adbee08ff91b12b17834872f0b28f8fe5b8a	Water is part of the tissues, without it it is impossible for the normal functioning of the body, the implementation of the exchange process, the maintenance of thermal balance, the removal of metabolic products, etc
9b132f3ea422a44b1a7f4c918804e51a1afbfbf1	The loss of a large amount of water by the body is dangerous for human life
a8bdde011c1da2be97ebb3567dc61f7dd52b14bb	In hot areas without water, a person can die in 5-7 days.
e0f317f4b8af1f97db273e26dd1e5a706f76d31f	Without food, if there is water, a person can live for a long time.
1d0abedbd8a2a410d30ab4f96fac33d156bf3d63	Even in cold zones, a person needs about 1.5-2.5 liters of water per day to maintain normal working capacity.
1400981df3cf9228bbe1835b113a5c9812a8a752	If the amount of water that a person loses reaches 10% of body weight per day, there is a significant decrease in performance.
2deb9b4fd9cd1e9abc5898fbaed0d01fcbc4f689	And if it increases to 25%, it usually leads to death.
6804c3d75eff88dfb135c331023351655c653368	Household use: water used for drinking, cooking, ice, beverages, canned food, and many other food products.
993edc59ab0329c33ebc88a48d7b68d7120d99f8	A small part of the vast range of its applications.
7bde89c4cac6f2a07513e88311faae3508b887b3	Industrial application: The use of water in industry depends on the nature and volume of industry in a particular region.
35465cd65617df14a71ca81caa4f5e2925798302	These can be cooling and heating systems, food production, processing of industrial waste, etc
8ffd5102672b6a0668c8488b309d493e46ade07b	The lack of moisture serves as a limiting factor that determines the boundaries of life and its zonal distribution.
1a6681ee408a6bcb495b2e919abf3e3638492f18	When there is a lack of water, animals and plants develop adaptations for its extraction and preservation.
922ef7afc07588941e9468b264d340fc0d6d7b80	Water in nature can occur in three states: solid, liquid and gaseous.
c7651d4e1f2d3ab96d8d9eb82d8144e7ddd456d7	Water is able to pass from one state to another - from solid to liquid, from liquid to solid, from liquid to gaseous, from gaseous to liquid, turning into water droplets.
09eb2a05c68e3e98b14b1935b37b727415929e3f	Liquid water on the surface of the planet is of two types: salty and fresh.
e149d8c7fa1524f9ec5e1b34abfc007904cb3a90	Salt water is found in the seas and oceans, fresh water - in rivers, lakes, streams, reservoirs, swamps.
8d227331f9d2c4dfa196fc6facbd94486399d562	Underground water can be both fresh and salty.
0891dc4834b154a9df952194cd89b1b0ffa66aac	In this case, the latter are called mineral waters.
7811c3734d79bf5de8201dfb38ba18ffbe840f07	The area of the seas and oceans on Earth is many times larger than the area of all rivers, lakes,swamps and reservoirs combined.
f01eac20399c30e2c28c4e1705e1e2dc58525e4d	Therefore, there is many times more salt water on our planet than fresh water.
2e7b1017dc41e669fa1cf55463b241db906c103a	Water in a solid state can be represented in the form of snow and ice.
8ebceebbcb8b801fbe7ab1769e7c061e0c6cc5b9	The ice on Earth is located in glaciers. Glaciers can be mountainous and covered.
d6f6c4975fa6a3c0e023174ca02d4228eb95fe57	Mountain glaciers are located on the highest mountain peaks, where due to low temperatures throughout the year, the snow that has fallen does not have time to melt.
ba4cd50d5ae118355d24dbbe97f89fb2e430b8b1	The largest glaciers are located in the mountains of the Caucasus, the Himalayas, the Tien Shan, and the Pamirs.
17b515e495ef60c464a7accc88941e33f404dc64	Gaseous water is water vapor in the atmosphere, which we see from the earth in the form of clouds.
b340a2ca4c645becc735f148e647834b68a2f424	Clouds are formed at different heights, and therefore have a different appearance and shape.
365412d1098ac99b97b19707b2efcce3c5cf1b98	The science of water is the oldest of the sciences.
e3e3739a8adb2fd5d92828c16e29308006b8cea0	It appeared together with artificial irrigation.
e485c66339d2dc0a90c5e0803a34384f96c61fba	American hydrologist R. Neis believes that hydrology has existed for 5 thousand years.
624fd3ae03898b38ff11870039b3fe5d04da2b53	The first ideas about the water cycle appeared in China, then in India, where they began to use rain meters.
edfe7edd9176ec8ae2db93a4880711467491349a	Rain gauges are devices for determining the amount of precipitation, i.e., where a connection has been established between precipitation and water flow in rivers.
1b68effbeac09bba76f4faac50a30fc6cfe83f33	In ancient Greece, Ancient Egypt, and the Middle East, this connection was not realized, since the rains that fed, for example, the Nile fell somewhere in its upper reaches, and water was used in the arid lower reaches — in ancient Egypt.
7e967474de7c433ef94d989cf7239c989489d0a6	In the Middle East, rains and meltwater of the Tigris and Euphrates also formed far away in the mountains.
f87ec3e32d1570f38432d5d8ac3ab4c5704920d6	In Greece, karst is common, and therefore Aristotle believed that rivers are formed in underground voids.
e307f532e376d03913f1c29ccb45a41290d55532	In Europe, they learned about the water cycle only 500 years ago, and Leonardo da Vinci expressed the first thoughts on this issue.
fe3a8fcda5e80d145bc000710f19bce1b81ffe21	Leonardo da Vinci was interested in the issues of hydraulics rather than hydrology, but in some of his writings he expressed thoughts that are in tune with modern scientific ideas about the water cycle.
ebff61efbfca66fcc7b1c54a13dabbc77a9f47dd	He pointed out the importance of permeable geological rocks that form aquifers in the Alps.
ba6b4a86329852f506b10b74edadaabb8c1dd1d8	He explained how groundwater is replenished and how low-lying sources are fed with water.
51d0ec215bac64a055bf0e7c495f4515c3ace69a	Other scientists significantly expanded his ideas, but this happened much later.
5177994eeaad0b684a7969edc12bda878f668b4b	More complete ideas about the cycle were presented in a book published in 1580 in France by B. Palissa (1510 — 1589).
84f1f38dc7d6dc7602f76071835a2052fee4fd50	For the first time, he pointed to rainfall as the main source of river power.
66e345f2b56761cc4e3e26f2586973285eadf334	The founder of the doctrine of the water cycle is considered to be the Frenchman P. Perrault (1611-1680), who is better known as the builder of the water pipeline for the Louvre-the royal palace in Paris.
f448d49e915634f23dad16348cb81885530fb036	Much later, E. Darwin (1731-1802), the grandfather of Ch. Darwin, explained the mechanism of the water cycle and proved that precipitation provides the flow of water in rivers and some of the moisture enters the land from the sea.
71263a00e88f758c01c6c1f1d5a87357b35f51cb	English astronomer E. Halley (1655 — 1742) was the first to calculate the amount of evaporation from the ocean surface.
3f7dd6e215c033f11310794f52b9c3ec521405cd	There is a Large water cycle in nature and two more small ones – oceanic and continental.
906cbc898d7a6697f6954826815179b5157d4e6f	The large water cycle in nature is otherwise called the World cycle.
9dc82e05a2afd8d446c435d6535baca44c81218d	The water cycle in nature The source of water movement on Earth is the energy of the Sun.
dda2ea26b84c38d37cdb82e937137a047e73e461	The sun's rays fall on the Earth's surface, transfer their energy to water and heat it, turning it into steam.
3698234780155e8f0b3f932ce6b4f5ccb0bd872e	On average, 1 kilogram of water evaporates from 1 square meter of the water surface every hour!
f8b8898af7aa82f8432fcb5840ea13eefac1852b	Theoretically, in 1000 years, almost all the water of the world's oceans can be in the form of steam.
29f85fc936278aafaa2ee38b2029af592d7a8e4f	The natural steam engine of the planet creates huge volumes of atmospheric water, carries them over considerable distances and pours them on the Earth in the form of atmospheric precipitation.
91344a3469a3f7a79f01af1e172940cea16c66b3	Atmospheric precipitation falls into rivers that carry their waters to the World Ocean.
2354aeb3e55c97c330e8116d3bad9c817212a134	This is how the water cycle in nature is carried out.
1b1b6734c5be1f8722d0ded646d52969780707f2	The small cycle is associated with the precipitation of atmospheric water in the form of precipitation into the World Ocean, the Large cycle – in the form of precipitation on land.
eca52c96a796de82eb2d2d40c00499f9281ce5b8	Every year, about 100 thousand cubic kilometers of water fall on land.
0da80f06cb6f1346117c84b782610a7e95f30800	These waters replenish rivers and lakes, penetrate into rocks.
84ea9305c36434eae6bc6729c2c93759e041df5e	Some of these waters return to the seas and oceans, some evaporate, and some are used by plants and living organisms for nutrition and growth, i.e. to deliver nutrients from the soil to the cells, as well as to regulate their temperature.
f38217701e685884f74c085b2623c5761fe00c16	At the same time, a huge amount of water evaporates into the atmosphere.
3ee40c59b0a43dcd9d795782c3a2bda4bb3b9113	Most of the water is concentrated in the oceans.
001e792601b7bc438eed840148b90f74a8121b60	The water evaporating from its surface gives life-giving moisture to natural and artificial ecosystems of the land, the closer the area is to the ocean, the more precipitation falls.
d0da53bf2d6d7d38b32633179ccee3dd936d6aaa	The land constantly returns water to the ocean, some of the water evaporates, especially by forests, some is collected by rivers, which receive rain and snow water after their melting.
e392f10251d7e2806bed3f036745fb9e9bf98832	The exchange of moisture between the ocean and land requires a very large amount of energy: it takes up to 1/3 of what the Earth receives from the Sun.
eba809d62c30629e48562721209cddd01d6058e1	The water cycle in the biosphere before the development of civilization was in equilibrium, the ocean received from the rivers as much water as it consumed during its evaporation.
e0e0e73875b887d61f959a290c43931eebbba84b	If the climate did not change, the rivers would not be shallow, and the water level in the lakes would not decrease.
b272b9fdec15d64bc1ddaffb3be3f700435c48ab	Alas! With the development of civilization, this cycle began to be disrupted, as a result of irrigation of agricultural crops, evaporation from the land increased.
1404897ddc110f156188768f3497a0fbb4edebb7	The rivers of the southern regions have become shallow (for example, in the last 30 years, the Syr Darya and Amu Darya rivers carried so little water to the Aral Sea that it has already disappeared by half).
d7f214f048a7f70c90966bd2e96165b6c2e00162	Pollution of the world's oceans and the appearance of an oil film on its surface has reduced the amount of water evaporated by the ocean.
987243dc838da5a3a3152b92d873b558027fec5d	All this significantly worsens the water supply of the biosphere. And not only in the southern regions!
81d5ddd821a2175a276feff52f9284c02e412001	Droughts are becoming more frequent, and hotbeds of environmental disasters are emerging.
3a4d41b879fa7620986f31e9959e1a4fc95a0dff	For example, the hot summer months that have come literally 3-4 years in the previously mild climate of Western Europe, which lead to numerous forest fires.
963269fe36ec9822c74857977f2288a4f77b1efe	Out of 4 billion. in the geological history of the Earth, the land was lifeless for 3.4 billion years, since life existed only in the ocean.
848f5748e559f0c3c0e2245afe972dc90836525b	Life came to land about 600 million years ago.
617c0776ee361d86d924462aedbde8c88381bfe5	The land of that distant time is a bare space with an alternation of water-impermeable surfaces, rather similar to asphalt squares of cities or dried clay areas, and territories permeable to moisture, such as sandy beaches, stone scree or cracked hard rocks.
291d1da72dd62160264c1e6dba9e0f58c6371962	After rain or snow melting, the water on the waterproof surfaces quickly flowed into rivers or went into pores and cracks.
723fde72448428becd206e51fe6de35fd8ce5e55	The evaporation on the lifeless land was small.
a357eebfd32c09c555cbff603d70376dfc8c3b7a	Living creatures that came out of the ocean could not exist in such conditions, so nature "oceanized" the land.
6ed718690db2a9fa04807ad068412c84023990c8	Microorganisms have created a soil on land that has the ability to retain water.
90776329bd0fb72998f1d566228ba01e83a3f3b1	This "soil ocean" on land contains 11.5 thousand km3 of water, which corresponds to a very shallow ocean covering the land with a 10 cm layer of water.
cfd828c24d5959d8167cdd7c1e375ab5c00cf98f	In order for the soil to be replenished with moisture all the time, a large evaporation of water on land is necessary.
1e5daa36fc0624b3321d82eb042468e60dcf53f0	And this requires an increase in the area of the evaporating surface.
d0be0acd7188f912e15ef6e88b53b6798a9c3b20	This work is performed by plants whose leaves intensively evaporate moisture coming from the soil through the stomata.
e3715c78c0c4d2ca45d580f0ef4347748c2a4a0c	This type of evaporation is called transpiration.
4cb0e115eefb0616e8919606bbc8ef8c7c6dbba9	The area of all leaves is 3-4 times larger than the area of the entire land, i.e. it is no smaller in size than the area of the World Ocean.
8f191eae5418d43a69cb482fb8834a3f2ed38d14	Transpiration creates a continuous flow of water from the root system to the leaves, which connects all the organs of the plant into a single whole.
a5b69b2de05f15bf378c0d508343137f79169999	Soluble mineral and partially organic nutrients move with the transpiration current
cef84012f44455ab426cee0bebf48b757d7d82aa	At the same time, the more intense the transpiration, the faster this process goes.
ff4289504d33dcb2d17198dd4b1a31c8e0ae10cc	As already mentioned, the mechanism of intake of nutrients and water into the cell is different.
f24e267dc69d3ec430a465ec1804fde19444df24	However, a certain amount of nutrients can be supplied passively, and this process can accelerate with an increase in transpiration.
91b71eb759684226dbc7edb6614cb822c0988bab	The leaf surface of plants is huge.
c5f2a21fd5bfa57d46771e542bcb10a0cd9aed1c	In this way, the biota (the totality of all organisms) on land provided a more intensive water cycle.
9553040f38986cfa710e0978f110c684a58aa61b	Controls the continental cycle of vegetation on land.
818de04c3f2b8a39a24c9066585b4e1d0b4cb3e6	The water cycle in nature in different places occurs at different speeds.
cd2745c8adeedb7831e37a488c10fa896c7cfce6	The fastest water is renewed inside living organisms.
384f45d65d3b4507888ef2046756cb0aa36487ad	To restore the supply of clean water inside yourself, a person will need only a few hours.
5b6d2cb4991f2666f0824be794533ef2764c190b	The liver and kidneys quickly cope with this task.
4249aa96b97222be077b0622fb80a06bcabdb28f	Therefore, we can say that the fastest water cycle in nature occurs inside its walking, flying and floating components.
b2cff1c5c045a9b4abc2e82681573785ee2a0e6f	But the glaciers of the polar countries are completely updated only once in 9700 years.
5bfc7215159bfb61d16a7933d806fd35ecd72e88	The water contained in the soil is purified every year, and that in the clouds-once every eight days.
29c9d1befb6b34dd11d1ddd62fab40fc50b259a4	The mountain glacier will completely update its composition in 1600 years.
b18db02395c2621e2e1a0aa43a69c3009064d2e4	The entire world ocean can be completely cleaned up in 2700 years. This is a very long time.
0b7579c0d06096d7fe891e95a5b4ef1b19d8b350	Therefore, it should be understood that the more we pollute the water with industrial effluents, the sooner we risk facing a total shortage of clean fresh water.
8ece61ecdebd142be5402af99303fa45d1791c2e	The water cycle in nature itself cannot cope with the rate of pollution of the planet.
28eb50f44fd4e8b9e95554355b8e41fb730d078f	They reflect the slow movement and rapid melting of glacial masses.
af5b209095687c84975238f6f779b2e003b211ef	The slowest part of the water cycle is the activity of polar glaciers.
4f9d3deba3baf61fddeba2bf76cf7deaaf7beaff	The greatest activity of exchange after atmospheric moisture is characterized by river waters, which change on average every 11 days.
6c108764b3b9d72c1a2b480b63ff7cebb2246a90	The extremely rapid renewability of the main sources of fresh water and the desalination of water during the cycle are a reflection of the global process of water dynamics on the globe.
80e92af67ae2bcbcb27e56fcb864fde23ec722b1	The water cycle on the Earth's surface consists of 520 thousand km of falling and the same mass of evaporating water.
308f74d5ec01c396b2612b361af53076072b6fca	At the same time, 109,000 km falls on the continents per year, and 72000km evaporates.
c9e9efc8b269416863f8df81d8b5d817bf492208	The difference of 37,000 km is the digital value of the total river flow.
af57b2ff5ca3db9255ce12edcc4c46c7ab90a3bd	More water evaporates from the surface of the World Ocean (448,000 km) than precipitation falls (441,000 km).
75795a9ade0f44e25c02eaac0d184968a62cebae	The difference is covered by the flow of river water.
3b4dec9ca5b6cac7d98dfe9763f3eaf57a37ac0a	A huge water cycle accompanies the process of creating organic matter
087c2b1ce881b9fc11924ce182c7821512edeb69	The oxygen released by plants is formed during the photosynthesis reaction due to the splitting of water
ed0b20e1ce00188a00dabb54fe08470b712785ed	However, photosynthesis consumes only about 1% of the water passing from the soil through the plants into the atmosphere.
7d2e295aa4dc42bbf8e23a0185d0a5e4a3473aec	To grow 1 c of wheat, plants must pass through at least 10,000 kg of water.
7a1a170e3ff210fa51e90cda714c102f8d5d7e92	According to calculations, during the formation of the planetary biomass of all currently existing living organisms, as a result of photosynthesis, such an amount of water was split, which is 3.5 times more than the amount found in all the rivers of the world.
9d2295ca1051d401a9727d6eda5cb090dde462fe	The time required for the passage of all the water of our planet through the system of the biological cycle can be determined as follows.
ca0bb1dc7b9fc86a2ba874f475d36fee6f6276c8	The total mass of water in the outer shells of the Earth - the Earth's crust, hydrosphere and atmosphere is 160,000,000 billion tons.
f2bc6e3a7cc6f642e85418d2b3244eb6eeb7d3e9	The mass of water captured by the annual production of photosynthetic organisms is about 800 billion tons / g.
dee8c14e73887c7b2a9eb3b632861e80229cb099	The period of complete turnover of all water in the process of formation of living matter is approximately 2 million years.
af0b96b988f37b32ff46ef3cd1f4c0bdfc5478a7	Thus, the entire huge mass of the Earth's hydrosphere passes through plant organisms for 2 million years, the mass of which is negligible compared to the water shell
53615478e67ab950d485c939ee77ca75ef784f45	Circular movements of water are not limited to the Earth's surface.
ac56ee2eca71a5ef9f80a0c275d9a427d5a05748	A significant amount of water is present in rocks in the form of film and pore waters, and it is even more part of the minerals formed in the hypergenesis zone.
713e4ab7fce64b5a93144a2e5fd52148e7a59509	All clay minerals, iron oxides and other compounds common in this zone contain water in their composition.
86b1b478c802604eaa7d7ad0360f55a653a003f2	It is estimated that the 16-kilometer layer of the Earth's crust contains about 200 million km of water.
2b8125091b1982082eecebc1ac013a341f00964e	Entering the deep zones of the Earth's crust, the bound forms of water are gradually released and included in metamorphic, magmatic and hydrothermal processes.
500d56b3de5da99826ea5a37bc99e3f36b15eede	With volcanic gases and hot springs, deep water flows to the surface
5e0d340ce800dbe0bbbc972a75ea3cdf1301b2ee	Now there are a large number of environmental organizations fighting to save the environment in the world.
b172dda0a692a0056b85e0106d059c7abe52d317	The most numerous of them is GREENPEACE.
ad15bec76cf91cd4a8b06121bc0e5c91dcea93d4	Members of this organization are not only ordinary people, but also many celebrities.
9e0e901a4f66a9087421d1e30cbf852c144af224	These people make their contribution to the common cause, take an active part in protecting nature.
765e48fe0773c72ee7488458e530cc0dccc1535f	The world needs sustainable water management practices, but we are not moving in the right direction fast enough yet.
3505c722ad9baf37ba8affbbf9f834cdad497328	A Chinese proverb says: "If we do not change our course, we can come to where we are going from."
08fde21e59763888bd90a4ca78da883bce69e799	If the direction of movement is not changed, many areas will continue to experience water shortages, many people will continue to suffer, conflicts over water will continue, as a result of which many areas of valuable heavily moistened land may be destroyed.
34fa00dd3c5de2bc70283da2f0e29ca7958b3774	Despite the fact that the crisis with fresh water seems inevitable in many areas where there is currently a shortage of it, in other areas this problem can still be solved.
ffc13dcad7885bab21cd9934fec4df2c1c909b84	To do this, the relevant policy and strategy should be formulated, agreed upon and implemented as soon as possible.
0ee5570dfe0bc2d684cf8ed0731c0b1c70f0f0d2	The international community pays increased attention to the world's water-related problems.
77ca95d1d908c9fa7a4b3ae89e98a64eb70ecf3c	A number of organizations provide financial resources and help manage the supply and demand for water resources.
a8c95f744fe61f737dcaf246494fdb59cb48185f	There are more and more mechanisms that ensure a more equitable distribution of these resources.
234f1353a4f0e535d9f6de1a16c88c78b0e04b2c	Countries that are located in areas with traditional water scarcity are introducing more advanced tariff mechanisms, developing public water management systems and switching to catchment and river basin management regimes.
108c8b986c31aa49b3ae8effe8e8d9a16a21275c	The number and scale of such projects should be significantly increased
8b629d1e204bad9b736c1bc090ced7e2adb135c2	After all, as we already know, water is the sacred basis of life.
f3f0ddb81941b8eb7ea1b4208e0c59c526ee0587	The Apocalypse speaks of a warning to people that with such a person's attitude to the world around him, as it is now, this warning can become a reality much earlier than it could be.
897edda25c61d7aa44850bca3ca87a961ca22362	We must always remember that the ocean is our home, that we came out of it.
7da563651aee1c27cfb9c82845a5652a04b94498	And if we "kill" him, then we will kill ourselves.
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1c43c7cdb5d63a64aa26e0fca46e10b3a7741e54	The water cycle in nature.
e9bba1d967ea99baf924996c9635cf8b478b3eea	⇐ Previous424344454647484950
062b31bd5da46f25179eb6892306f65008cab750	Mineral exchange.
91e92df2081430cd20e91155f83c36d706cdda5d	Mineral metabolism is a set of processes of absorption, assimilation, transformation and excretion of substances that are in the body mainly in the form of inorganic (mineral) compounds.
8e45f49ade940d0c0090d86bcb0c7355fd17baf5	All the most important physical and chemical processes in the body occur with the participation of mineral substances.
1be585431794a3920ddb3326ad75ed647612821e	When animals are completely deprived of mineral substances, i.e. with mineral starvation, despite the intake of all nutrients and water into the body, there is a loss of appetite, refusal to eat, emaciation and death.
538e0def0016504290460f055dcb7475fa1b1173	The need for a constant supply of minerals is explained by the fact that the body constantly loses a certain amount of them with urine, sweat and feces.
cd6fb92dbb9551df69376a22d2cc28c60815377f	In relatively large quantities, the body contains macronutrients: calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine and relatively small magnesium, iodine.
6968fe9a6a98b046f70afca1499f46bf06325ada	In minimal amounts of trace elements: iron, copper, manganese, bromine, zinc, aluminum, etc.
84595c28404804ce4c417fc858f428743ea63917	All known chemical elements and their isotopes are present in the body of animals.
f476ee16019b53aaf81eb555a10e0b1b22befc04	The lack of certain mineral substances causes a violation of physiological processes, which leads to a delay in the growth and development of young animals, a decrease in productivity, the occurrence of various diseases (rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, dryness, etc.).
65926bd6cca07bc34c7ad2ec41bc721b0961fca9	Often these diseases end in the death of animals.
d55ad5975a69277f26f99de482b520b6b62ec6e4	The water cycle in nature is the continuous movement of water from the hydrosphere and from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back.
8a88cf3e84ecf653599793af0a7194cab9040289	The movement is provided by four processes: evaporation, condensation, precipitation and water runoff.
f6462856a5ad89e72366a11759c8eaf36b20aad9	The precipitation partially evaporates and condenses again, partially replenishes reservoirs (or creates new ones), and partially goes underground, forming groundwater.
5c0fcedd6750f4eae6f1e4a3f4767d9e7df0219a	Precipitation is collected over the ocean, the winds carry it to the continents, where it falls out and returns to the ocean with the runoff.
8af4fdd943b0b6cf30f5ce571c41c911ec6122e1	This is how nature turns salt water into fresh water.
2cc8737d765799b43a49e750ea4a7017026bbdfe	The small oceanic cycle occurs over the ocean – it consists in the continuous evaporation of water, condensation, the formation of precipitation and their precipitation back into the ocean.
73a4abf13a943668cfba1d54ab23a7a303fbbd02	The continental water cycle occurs in the same way, only above the land surface.
081cb15029a2dd7cd6b01db09796c035295bc939	By the way, the ocean loses more water during the cycle than it receives with precipitation.
b6da46a7b92bfe0f4dab0c65c109c8ab10ccd04a	And on land, the situation is reversed – much more water falls out than evaporates.
f05421a42dfe536a37a3f1542033028ff8bbb6af	All the water that has ever fallen on land in the form of precipitation will sooner or later return to the ocean.
87390bf7efc8708a8f9063cb6232afcabe8651cb	As you know, our Land is three quarters covered with water.
709779453fd24b53bcd9250f905ff4b7748e109e	And most of this water is salty.
8af8fc38af5bc1e90e534cdfebda3b38adecaa10	There are three aggregate states in which water can be: liquid, solid and gaseous.
0dc543fc7f662938e0f82cf119237daa0f17fa02	The speed of its movement, and, consequently, the time after which the water cycle takes place in nature, depends on which state the water is in.
cf6a69dd5d20f990a0adcc597275af82dd4f78c0	The steam is quickly transported by the wind, condenses and falls out as precipitation.
84b8f4306f87fe889fdbcd8273cb8adcc23a5a50	The water, in order to make this path, must first evaporate.
1f2fef3d5f52e5d624a0898f41ee7534eae2aac2	And the ice can also melt.
2d6c135dfdb1efd0ff04cb5b542fe95a24678bf8	Therefore, the water cycle in nature in different places occurs at different speeds.
9516fe255fb68a4b2f5634782d9610745c3ce6a4	The water contained in the soil is purified every year, and that in the clouds once every eight days.
f65f313df7ce642e4e1c231759235438232b6058	The entire world ocean can be completely cleaned up in 2700 years.
f61dd15e8d723e6bfe28376b5f51a22960076bc2	This is a very long time.
2fc6114d3704025118f89e40eabc8e281804966a	Date added: 2015-04-24;
b3e723be020fffa3cfa07e01286fc339c4e8ace6	Views: 276;
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c186cf1435c6b4cf9dd63d42d880c1259c3e710d	Was the published material useful?
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1c26ac0dfa4cb3a9c1010ba41f9e1cc0be39d8da	SITE SEARCH:
230ab4264d48080b4414613c20648b004ac86e89	A23 Bacteria, being included in the cycle of substances in the biosphere, Aerobic gram negative rods and cocci.
892e680e67d49518831d006a83e2c1b9dbf542fc	The family of pseudomonads, their role in nature.
0605fe11fa9a61cf70a742b160723211e485059e	The biogeochemical cycle of water in the biosphere, draw a diagram and explain the biodiversity of shellfish, their role in nature.
c3594f65697f0d6750bc6cbd5f23f5860fe94a43	The biotic cycle of substances is the constant circulation of substances between the soil, the plant and animal world and microorganisms.
79e6729e138c89eb9e480e9416beded7853680c8	Large and small water cycle in the biosphere Question 33.
a11d56ef726a0471164adb309624675c8995c46a	Ecological systems.
56006faa04b2516e6695d5a4381c67f28d461ac6	Food connections, the circulation of substances and the transformation of energy in ecosystems Question 45.The cycle of the most important biogenic elements (for example, carbon, nitrogen, etc.) in the biosphere.
a94cc68dc8eb6cd241a51309e3579c8739cc97ea	Changes in the biosphere.
633a9c8f59baf3d6527f50fe728118dce5a643ed	Recovery of sulfates by microorganisms, its causes and significance.
7dd459ae96c90204353908f010484a2f5851d3d3	The cycle of sulfur in nature.
412e307948393e2593b806ef34e024ef769e150a	The hydrological cycle.
922d00323b8f00ef0e6d00aaaf6e8c2af36dd047	The influence of anthropogenic activity on the water cycle.
437e243fd886335e70c66cb4c00d18e8a36c74fb	Gram positive cocci and rods.
ead5403736383d2760f457ee67a63fc6f79aca6e	Distribution and role in nature.
8bd244efb7d23062b5e580b463bb4d5cb8de2724	The law of acting masses is the equilibrium constant.
e2bcb44d9bb47acf0ebfe4426a503560e59580fb	Displacement of the chemical equilibrium.
72e1a4c28892bc535b13873f8e1400b6cbb25aa2	The basic carbonate equilibrium in nature.
d36e6947f6f307c5c3163ee08564c275045a55e9	studopedia.su -Studopedia (2013 - 2017) year.
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742b6f915bb699a53e45758d241c220d472f8ab2	All about water
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5c0c5a48570715bb78f58c249642762d00e616f2	Types of water
5c8ecee68c389a70737a90d32dcd43e37240ec51	Water in nature
67864246d7bdec587cbe5f5726a33959cc2cf521	Water and mysticism
26d94c9ca95aef8e8c5cc1ef245385f745df7e7d	Water and man
cdca369adaef4c6ab7ca4757c5fde92bc411ce06	Water brands
1c0187758f2815ca4d153c66fd9bb7e8f31f652a	Water treatment
93330fe5ff8f95c1381af0a0a0371944d26829bf	Not about water
92b6a7221672fdd3f046f7caa006ca8512db3ac0	Water purification
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c0818b2e09e0fea70642ceb65ad8e51532c38551	press releases
2fe1ef751080a256d5774b4413fe470fb99375b8	Water properties
e06742528ba2e5d223a7a0599675f0237894bcd3	Fairy tales about water
72793a2592c72a3bad90b100e938243c5adb83a8	Humor and water
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04f6f68c5e2aa1525ffb8aef9facb3ee4a8e8790	The water cycle in nature
896f0014d86022f05896b10cc1001f36c0a1856b	08.03.2010 | Author: admin
4ae76f9647f0984fd6e47064e17e0bcd183e3454	The water cycle in nature is the basis for the existence of life on Earth.
b4b9c1a26b308441c8bfb7136d2fd9ab84cab764	Without water, life is impossible in principle, because all organic chemical reactions take place with its participation.
e6a30e24726e12a537faeb03cb21cf31d296ac94	Therefore, all living things constantly need clean water.
891ec62514c8265bbff24093acf1159213e578a0	And the result of most reactions is dirty water.
265675364ef5a5cb6df345b66ff11de9bcba3026	Where does nature supply endless supplies of clean water?
07e335d4a6955f1637eeeae35394644e4b64dbb5	This is why there is a water cycle in nature.
6f4b954243faae7f3dafa4ee6a4f3235dc1b8928	The hydrological cycle (which is the scientific name of the water cycle in nature) is the continuous movement of water from the hydrosphere and from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back.
8fb416600ff834661c70c9a945d478574b60d6f1	Therefore, to The water cycle in nature in different places occurs at different speeds.
04ced4ffe6b0d92e0e2304a58a359ca639199f36	Category: Water in nature | Tags: circulation
f6a94d844c2e90cad4721b0c8f8fd7db9fa964a5	Comments (18) on " The water cycle in nature”
8cfbe033dec15dbefd82c90cfcd51b388ad14b96	Thunder BABA:D writes:
379cf700508d07a0b9a27a5c415f599ad0966bcc	October 7, 2010 at 17: 42
4a6e945c79fd041c4b6e11ad3b173136e8cb0892	och. it helped, sps!)))
1ac25a2f869046a2b2b17cee218aabd962a8390d	Naska writes:
b4ea227480afe5387d0165d44c53449bc1f33f15	December 3, 2010 at 15: 52
3b4155b3e3cee2aa7a58b7396198aae17a5f57e4	Thank you for the information I need!
959a377748b1ecbe2f16fa5955939922168109df	Victor writes:
aba2dbc1d14cb987ed3bef902f024a6a3b541f37	December 19, 2010 at 1:29 am
68c875c6555848c202be130864700a72df1b812b	thank you I really needed a great text
ab69472b0264690802a4cac62027fe86e3bb0ad9	Denis writes:
015c5fa747353d5d2fc1b8721afc1389945d79cd	January 24, 2011 at 6:04 am
7bd7f6fbcc5a7749d81f154c672171ab615ace86	I got a” 5 " for this work, thank you)
3ce3b03d17cdd2c540bab61dddbcb17d7876c5b7	Alina writes:
c52a671faf39f7ffca6a3aa0af6012963faf6426	February 18, 2011 at 11: 25
19ad8e33a7c125c2102c59379ce05255743f083c	Thanks)It helped a lot)
bb7f9b8086f9f11707ed9ad588ec8a7d57e05b51	Victoria writes:
d88d88f7b2790b95ab1ff7aa458b814e3c39a735	May 16, 2011 at 11: 26
777944ceb78ee6403170abaec95198b5285b4d19	Och helped)))))
89f4529b1ecef7ae6e0604c6519863439ec109f5	Marusya writes:
87ab2995b6911c2abe3e41507bd57ea18fdc2588	May 23, 2011 at 13: 18
f2e24f9ef3548f8105aa3a3d6fe39a529d7b4da6	Interesting,but I wanted to learn more
74690cc55caac56de239a09695be8c5cbe910ae7	rus xakker writes:
f93baa964038956371b81630f0d8a071dfa2be74	June 22, 2011 at 2:44 am
6149a9abb9e6192ba1b5dc36c549544c55e8d2af	Thank you very much. it helped me.
a06ba0a78cc2f90fdb30500e4c332aeb0c032fd4	katya writes:
4d62bd49a4fbe93d7d939efa1464b571a3dd5ecc	November 9, 2011 at 19: 24
3839fcd9ec437d5af9aa0d1de5c9e595a56f0e1d	excellent text...for the report....thank you...)
a7401c26cd512d92b8311e33bffb11ea523c990a	mxrzjee writes:
775532b78fbadc6d6ce7e2ccb8cdc6e18fcffb35	November 21, 2011 at 13: 08
2b5bdd7d8c6c658c8345895790d6c5d5a59ff1ce	Sonya writes:
52983c59a70350fd8433e9568c1e021f9f217e23	December 4, 2011 at 13: 09
860516c72f3b0ce70a83e9063c5d6080abfde705	Thank you)))
dbcde7a9ced269e9459995a0008a2437e7ce63d6	kristina writes:
e2026e860acf409b91e056b98ffc91d30d615ff1	February 2, 2012 at 3:54 am
3f82e1a3145f900f5fe1ca20e179c25f98ec4164	I got 5+ SPOSIBO
24d4904ceab68a6bfc78a146427f6e5a52e6c6cf	Elenka) * writes:
f2b76125c1f5516f23d66c201c6d72629bfd3ff5	November 5, 2012 at 13: 51
c73a1e3fcd39dbc0399c29229b0e599e09284870	Cool)) thank you) 5 was provided to me))
56d9e1142fe845e55892327ac1586953de3d4830	November 25, 2012 at 4:10 am
0a1411e9bd5212d098465ec1f7274b0c1b7cdb02	Thank you, it helped a lot,but unfortunately there is not enough information,we were given a report for 5 lists and this information is only for 2 lists(
8a61395a0ce5918fa614950f5da9c2dfe261cf54	Francuzik writes:
71e218b9e450252e21d3cf49eb10c8bf25731b4a	March 25, 2013 at 15: 13
29e27bea1ca15eac454d238303e1ba12ebbfaa39	BoardyMan writes:
0a01e56747d84bc22349a4be646762200c3a2c09	November 25, 2013 at 15: 49
93e26ddacccd88e11565d3f7a8d8857d06ea40c1	Sooooooo interesting but somehow abstruse) it would be easier) But everything seems to be clear and thank you for that)))
6bd2aef1b1d1089286acbe9ca4f0396f21568ae4	Oleg Khalidullin writes:
897e733e641508a9df2a9d1b70f4dcf77c784726	January 26, 2016 at 22: 38
cf7621ab2f1b40a6593d355a9ee006d2aa3c89e4	Climate change depends on evaporation.
749b2b8863ba91d3b29cc8c7bc52a98c523210b1	Man has taken half of the Earth's land from nature, using it for arable land, dumps, reservoirs, landfills, squares of cities and roads.
bc2339c4edf7bc07a8d751c94d242c810d5f77f6	Water evaporates from this territory without fulfilling its natural purposes – the link of the water cycle in nature has disappeared through the food chains of billions of living beings and plants.
c6b8dded64cfbef9e293e0e6bdc78170da6809d9	Such vapors, supplemented by vapors from technological operations of all mankind, have created a new phenomenon – uncontrolled water in the atmosphere affecting the climate.
5beed864668dc798708f8fe33f3854f7a18b8564	vitaly writes:
d27061ca205f87079165b616d1927885639a6e15	March 7, 2016 at 17: 37
ef7af98918cdca65c1469425f71304e55af6b848	sps is great!
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e5df4df71cfc7a7a21a564d5dee7d5214beca5d8	Research papers.
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8f6561982faf7563a7746d5f9b0b739c1a8027ac	Research papers on geography
9121450b6fb31fa7c46a161626d8a9d43cce7ede	Abstract on the topic:
c7974c3e809be17c36ececd3ca956abe1f4344bf	"The water cycle in nature"
2473e96bc614a911821242119918a241a41836d6	Introduction
a40ee38f17e3ea1f115f659ee4a88a5a64bf9930	Water is part of the tissues, without it it is impossible for the normal functioning of the body, the implementation of the exchange process, the maintenance of thermal balance, the removal of metabolic products, etc Water is part of the tissues, without it it is impossible for the normal functioning of the body, the implementation of the exchange process, the maintenance of thermal balance, the removal of metabolic products, etc The loss of a large amount of water by the body is dangerous for human life In hot areas without water, a person can die in 5-7 days.
301a1397977db5ca1f642149c37036031c3a6570	However, even with a large loss of water, all the disturbed processes in the body are quickly restored if the body is replenished with water to the norm.
bc0140f6504e0e637d6ea4942c6a3d27195077fc	However, this requires compliance with the quality standard for drinking water
5cafc8a8a14b96fd8cd5df085a0cd37505ef59eb	These can be cooling and heating systems, food production, processing of industrial waste, etc The lack of moisture serves as a limiting factor that determines the boundaries of life and its zonal distribution.
a6c38c5d736d5d4014e7adbfbd248440d13c190f	Water conditions
5c47db988edf8bc84065ebcd099899e58a56a5e5	Water is able to pass from one state to another - from solid to liquid ( melt) , from liquid to solid ( freeze), from liquid to gaseous (evaporate), from gaseous to liquid, turning into water droplets.
d99a24dc35283325651530ede13fa9f656ab8e84	The ice on Earth is located in glaciers .
ccea6df0074c61f4c603c6fc6c74f01163820700	Glaciers can be mountainous and covered.
9c29e370dcbc305f24d50420572b06b9184ccfcd	The largest glaciers are located in the mountains of the Caucasus, the Himalayas, the Tien Shan, and the Pamirs[1] .
ac6f1de4380102813d8c05c76efe1c48cf65853a	Depending on this, clouds are divided into layered, cirrus, cumulus, etc.
c31f6827ae1dd9655c8f70220f886b4dd18af979	The water is in constant motion.
bbc085bca3ea6609ab79941a8126df11157f77cf	Evaporating from the surface of reservoirs, soil, plants, water accumulates in the atmosphere and, sooner or later, falls out in the form of precipitation, replenishing reserves in oceans, rivers, lakes, etc.
7af190400db80bb269d9e0c4f95b5af648367c14	Thus, the amount of water on Earth does not change, it only changes its forms - this is the water cycle in nature.
34c4aa29a210be042e945f1d34e6f41e1d729fe3	Of all the precipitation, 80% falls directly into the ocean.
321963c9a3516748fd352fd172488af31c523d4a	For us, the remaining 20% falling on land is of the greatest interest, since most of the water sources used by humans are replenished precisely due to this type of precipitation.
73285b763a6abbf59326ac278b73b1abfd0bde90	Simply put, there are two ways for water that has fallen on land.
1abcebfa488e058a1fdbe41860ddf3f71ac23afc	Or it, gathering in streams, rivulets and rivers, ends up in lakes and reservoirs the so called open (or surface) sources of water intake.
156c43fce72fc96dacee1beb90eae885c63e94ba	Or water, seeping through the soil and subsurface layers, replenishes groundwater reserves.
4401530cd894c5a397037e2bdcdd498f40533940	Surface and ground water are the two main sources of water supply.
6362ff2aec609cab6fb7b72802962a0ba52d4a36	Both of these water resources are interconnected and have both their advantages and disadvantages as a source of drinking water.
0c6f2a774ab6a99033f1bca20a9b910db141dcc1	The water cycle is one of the grandiose processes on the surface of the globe.
1d4b30d362e1fc026e6efb5beee196591496507b	It plays a major role in linking the geological and biotic cycles.
3437f1fc6810c0828cb9bed20c8e14aeb6a1c2d9	In the biosphere, water, continuously passing from one state to another, makes small and large cycles.
691ff4bb5d1e07b00d8d0430d12383fbba8c7bea	Evaporation of water from the ocean surface, condensation of water vapor in the atmosphere and precipitation on the ocean surface form a small cycle.
d271da9b60b4039c2aa8b29467db556d7d9262a7	If water vapor is transferred by air currents to land, the circulation becomes much more complicated.
cd2bfbd02095e285580ce41d1e3975da15d2a3da	In this case, some of the precipitation evaporates and enters back into the atmosphere, the other feeds rivers and reservoirs, but eventually returns to the ocean by river and underground runoff, thereby completing a large cycle.
37391e0774ae6a77b8b248cadcdbe8dcf6cce5aa	An important property of the water cycle is that it, interacting with the lithosphere, atmosphere and living matter, binds together all parts of the hydrosphere: the ocean, rivers, soil moisture, groundwater and atmospheric moisture.
85c284205e88fd0d05b39ef6c94daf11f9576159	Water is the most important component of all living things.
956c3cf3734f985b523d92b29b6615a34b4c74d5	Ground water, penetrating through the plant tissues in the process of transpiration, introduces mineral salts necessary for the vital activity of the plants themselves They reflect the slow movement and rapid melting of glacial masses.
0f170864f865aadb1f50bb6b51d9432f6ac31277	The slowest part of the water cycle is the activity of polar glaciers. which reflects the slow movement and rapid melting of glacial masses.
d2400cdd758cd521216f5bfa0f6ccdb1123c9ac3	A huge water cycle accompanies the process of creating organic matter The oxygen released by plants is formed during the photosynthesis reaction due to the splitting of water However, photosynthesis consumes only about 1% of the water passing from the soil through the plants into the atmosphere.
a591ebbdc1064b3cc523a10557ee27b63f776441	Thus, the entire huge mass of the Earth's hydrosphere passes through plant organisms for 2 million years, the mass of which is negligible compared to the water shell Circular movements of water are not limited to the Earth's surface.
f933c1255bc9ad4946825b898e0a110f73e181b2	It is estimated that the 16 kilometer layer of the Earth's crust contains about 200 million km of water.
0a201a8d5460cb77ef58b1eddae817884d09d5b3	[1] Nebel B. Environmental Science: How the world works: In 2 vols .
9bd67ebec53a05c9bc31211db3af29315752a9c2	- Moscow: Mir, 2006.
e41e11f757ad38f3354432d1453181993812d53b	[2] Semenov V. P. Kashina O. M. Physical processes in nature.
f4ce6d4d9174476fe1a956304dac13bc947e5add	- M., 2006.
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cd1eb1bf730a9b45039de095727e2061eaf0461c	Home Dating
2248c0cce57795dfc5f6d72ed35e9469a6e3ea09	Transpiration.
57962a738dd7ef90e0860e840fb02947cb46ff97	Its types and meaning
d0d1b7803b0277f464f3b7a458a2f9ba9efb6cad	The basis of water consumption by the plant organism is the process of evaporation — the transition of water from a liquid to a vaporous state, which occurs when the plant organs come into contact with an unsaturated water atmosphere.
e14d02064315cd97e74a496a6aa1cb410cd3ae95	However, this process is complicated by the physiological and anatomical features of the plant, and it is called transpiration.
bb2eb0d2c69ad42deccc1e38e2c2af053a8a059e	The amount of water evaporated by the plant is many times greater than the volume of water contained in it.
e2f393d25bc0ce72fcb01690d187e5ef64978560	Economical water consumption is one of the most important problems of agricultural practice.
792168cc0ee9e838ff3707a4d8fd62a57fbcdd26	K. A. Timiryazev called transpiration, in the volume in which it goes, a necessary physiological evil.
9a5a15637fff1a36ec52cd5aea4c0e8843f2065e	Indeed, in normally flowing sizes, transpiration is not necessary.
e5734f1c67ebc1d334654cd0a9cb0d23153a4b88	So, if you grow plants in conditions of high and low humidity, then, naturally, in the first case, transpiration will go with a much lower intensity.
690f652051481e0540c7db52998371df68eff3da	However, the growth of plants will be the same or even better where the humidity is higher and the transpiration is less.
1a9aafee4b02972baa57e4233dd861ac0fef0795	At the same time, transpiration to a certain extent is useful to the plant organism.
82535353c3530bbdec0a88591dedf1abf4a0e76e	Fig. 1. Transpiration
4203a77e3bad8ebb5c9e322e2096c57ce8f1136d	Transpiration saves the plant from overheating, which threatens it in direct sunlight.
2cfc76ccbf79c4f059916d8d4a9bec38a55a3adb	The temperature of a strongly transpiring leaf can be about 7 °C lower than the temperature of a wilting, non transpiring leaf.
63704bd099b5f163b5104a30f07fd8518bfc12ad	This is especially important due to the fact that overheating, destroying chloroplasts, dramatically reduces the photosynthesis process (the optimal temperature for the photosynthesis process is about 30-33 °C).
c2bfb3767be192322f98366a0d5665f2f217fd90	It is due to the high transpiring ability that many plants tolerate elevated temperatures well.
231529beae4d0c900c3f9c0e70f62d1e4a140c6d	Soluble mineral and partially organic nutrients move with the transpiration current At the same time, the more intense the transpiration, the faster this process goes.
ab0752ad11cbda79c1a429db11fc53f72cbb30c5	There are two types of transpiration: stomatal evaporation of water through the stomata and cuticular evaporation of water through the entire surface of the leaf blade.
cf018ab534b71ca20019d6cef9343ee5a9766e54	For the first time, the distinction between cuticular and stomatal transpiration was introduced in 1877.
142eeab666c6159c37c994bf6e1147bbc171498e	It is easy to see that evaporation really goes not only through the stomata, but also through the cuticle.
18ca3f5ea6d150ca33184ad6603a467a8cb1edf8	So, if you take leaves whose stomata are located only on the lower side (for example, apple leaves), and cover this side with vaseline, then the evaporation of water will continue, although in a significantly reduced size.
838495760f60c3e72a993db969a839a7cd574eff	Therefore, a certain amount of water evaporates through the cuticle.
58777db2e0e5e61d5baddb4e90e0cba3d04c3450	Cuticular transpiration
2587c651707789f3d6cb58c165bbdb734517c5bc	Outside, the leaves have a single layer epidermis, the outer walls of the cells of which are covered with cuticle and wax, forming an effective barrier to the movement of water.
d3d6ee05062185de19b6db1970063e59d50002d0	Hairs are often developed on the surface of the leaves, which also affect the water regime of the leaf, since they reduce the speed of air movement over its surface and scatter light, thereby reducing water loss due to transpiration.
a1ca3d14a2a96034195fb4336c71fb3f93a181ed	The intensity of cuticular transpiration varies in different plant species.
d7453a4b2fee995ec7cc6e4685170f493f6ecb7c	In young leaves with a thin cuticle, it can account for about half of the entire transpiration.
007081bfa0ab9736ea300a11f0cea210e57579ab	In mature leaves with a more powerful cuticle, cuticular transpiration is equal to 1/10 of the total transpiration.
a2b18761656cd414c0c7a7295042ed21063468d5	In aging leaves, due to damage to the cuticle, it can increase.
f8bf92d2f09477d0d181ada1197cb177238d71c4	Thus, cuticular transpiration is mainly regulated by the thickness and integrity of the cuticle and other protective integumentary layers on the surface of the leaves.
8c4d1e05edc114331795285a88ed13e6147fc73f	Cuticular transpiration usually accounts for about 10% of the total water loss of the leaf.
f700f0b9ccacb535071c8d86352cd624f32e6e69	However, in some cases, in plants whose leaves are characterized by weak cuticle development, the proportion of this type of transpiration can increase to 30%.
23f49526a8b3ef7b42f47fc0c82cf2e7cc484ae2	The age of the sheet also matters.
53cf4cf803017b3310e3e82b97634d7ed6fcc98f	Young leaves, as a rule, have a poorly developed cuticle and, consequently, more intense cuticular transpiration.
d6c7b6447c48bbc7c24b61d61fbc5486a9d697f2	In old leaves, the proportion of cuticular transpiration increases again, since, although the cuticle retains a sufficient thickness, cracks appear in it, through which water vapor easily passes.
82072a490e73bfcf8f24e06338eadc42a7e25584	Cracks in the cuticle can also appear after the temporary wilting of the leaves, due to which transpiration increases.
236d37d01beda6582761cdb9a3e27b67647c3521	There is evidence that cuticular transpiration is less dependent on environmental conditions compared to stomatal transpiration.
865c01de60254ac64c10a4ccd7354e7d50442e52	Stomatal transpiration
d65ea367847fda439d7428011e9a38a8499762d5	The main part of the water evaporates through the stomata.
d427f5dcbdc75cdf48f12da523efa48359b74e2b	Stomata play an important role in the gas exchange between the leaf and the atmosphere, as they are the main route for water vapor, carbon dioxide and oxygen.
1e2a79899b8e2b0afe145570a4bf0b25d658164c	Stomata are located on both sides of the leaf.
4509cd19bb782258cd075f414781502760336df7	There are plant species in which the stomata are located only on the underside of the leaf.
cdf173d192aad54f593deb8988fbf045dd139622	On average, the number of stomata ranges from 50 to 500 per 1 mm2.
45402da45df14670da2b6a25b2abafef9b5237ad	Transpiration through the stomata proceeds almost at the same speed as from the surface of pure water.
3f70f24ae896e49105dafe2abd091276e80024e0	This is explained by I. Stefan's law: through small holes, the rate of gas diffusion is proportional not to the area of the hole, but to the diameter or length of the circle.
bb5fa50f07dc50eee4ef905ccc8a4cc6c04f36f9	Therefore, although the area of the stomatal openings is small in relation to the area of the entire leaf
3ff05ee0f7365f363bf15dd39f53e2ca3e7747e0	(0.5-2 %), the evaporation of water through the stomata is very intense.
cbd6a118c2f2353646176afe93c72ca1b2d2d0a1	Transpiration consists of two processes:
4ba15a7f58afa5fc95fbfeee2dab9c3e39e6d43d	1. the movement of water in the sheet from the xylem vessels along the symplast and, mainly, along the cell walls, since water transport meets less resistance in the walls
23e1a116aef40c076632d532471b15a0dbfc9713	2. evaporation of water from the cell walls into the intercellular and subcellular cavities, followed by diffusion into the surrounding atmosphere through the stomatal slits.
be87cf779e09bb6b803f6aadc62a7126f9faac27	The lower the relative humidity of atmospheric air, the lower its water potential.
bcfe4fe9aa86a34b936f593cab51bd9f709e037d	If the water potential of the air is less than the water potential of the subcutaneous cavities, then the water molecules evaporate outwards.
533c1be2d13730bc85841cec70c7d7da3dfccf97	The main factor affecting the opening and closing of stomata is the water content in the leaf, including in the closing cells of the stomata.
e9660e1ebe27fce1a8400320e464f6373137db42	The cell walls of the closing cells have unequal thickness.
e334759f69c56f7c365554cc0a9a244181a3d90e	The inner part of the wall adjacent to the stomatal fissure is thicker, and the outer part is thinner.
9c48470dac9b103bed53cfedff3fce818d37b791	As the closing cell osmotically absorbs water, the thinner and more elastic part of its cell wall stretches and pulls the inner part of the wall.
ec12082c8f5be59400806113a0b4b1c30dcfa06c	The closing cells take a semicircular shape and the stomata open.
c872cf8ba15e7655052fbf78dbd0b592233e003e	When there is a lack of water, the closing cells straighten and the stomatal gap closes.
c8420a2783e7555f5a6585c4bdf33e0880565286	In addition, as the water deficit increases, the concentration of the growth inhibitor abscisic acid increases in the plant tissues.
49b93cce25bb65512128f60d8a01f9b013ac5ee7	It suppresses the activity of H+ pumps in the plasmalemma of the closing cells, as a result of which their turgor decreases and the stomata close.
1171ccdb1183f3a6f3d4378eea42cf174e945273	Abscisic acid also inhibits the synthesis of the enzyme α amylase, which leads to a decrease in starch hydrolysis.
fdc97d659e3933769ae4109b38ebec2b8a7836fa	Compared with low molecular weight carbohydrates, starch is not an osmotically active substance, so the sucking force of the closing cells decreases, and the stomata close.
96c6510eb5c4b49d28cf860065b4762650329cc6	Unlike other cells of the epidermis, the closing cells of the stomata contain chloroplasts.
c938f51c32297d1a9784b0be1383e45fb694c91d	The synthesis of carbohydrates during photosynthesis in the closing cells increases their sucking force and causes the absorption of water, thereby contributing to the opening of the stomata.
e16061b67e350a1f795b563076ef6a27b69bcbef	The condition of the stomata depends on carbon dioxide.
67f221ea2be37ce70f6ea6459208615c4c4e168f	If the concentration of CO2 in the subcostal cavity falls below 0.03%, the turgor of the closing cells increases and the stomata open.
ad8c496d7c3d3ab74a53814b79a0dd52de916318	An increase in the concentration of CO2 in the air causes the closure of the stomata.
833a53ba6e5a4155d3465af070369a153fa58d55	This occurs in the intercellular cells of the leaf at night, when, as a result of the lack of photosynthesis and continued respiration, the level of carbon dioxide in the tissues increases.
e6d09d34c57e4c2e25ba7a7f2da563a4137d086e	This effect of carbon dioxide explains why the stomata are closed at night and open with the sunrise.
cccc84783f8f92a600ddfae1b49642ee7ae3e8b0	The pH shift to the alkaline side due to a decrease in the concentration of CO2 increases the activity of enzymes involved in the breakdown of starch, whereas at an acidic pH, with an increase in the content of CO2 in the intercellular cells, the activity of enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of starch increases.
36711f17b3be3c4869013630e8523fa6633e61f1	In the light, the closing cells of the stomata contain significantly more potassium than in the dark.
d80999d8856754f1f33adf24ef1409ad07db4bb5	When the stomata are opened, the potassium content in the closing cells increases by 4 times, while its content in the accompanying cells decreases.
cc68bf2d59cbb221d85ad6150af7df9afc0b6581	An increase in the content of ATP in the closing cells of the stomata during their opening was found.
e2f6f40407567abaf308a7eaf9f35b10403b493e	ATP formed during photosynthetic phosphorylation in the closing cells is used to enhance the intake of potassium.
be3c7bdd7705a0e9d1ddd16615f3879504bcedc3	The increased intake of potassium ions increases the sucking force of the closing cells.
dca700355ec13d5595363b8055f3bb55e30e3fc6	In the dark, potassium ions are released from the closing cells and the stomata are closed.
099bcc30fb38cf50abecb0abbf427810eab66007	The frequency of the daily course of transpiration is observed in many plants, but the stomata function differently in different plant species.
ed53c7a73317c93138e673505a2bfce13be5ee2b	In trees, shade tolerant plants, many cereals and other hydrostable species with perfect regulation of stomatal transpiration, water evaporation begins at dawn, reaches a maximum in the morning.
57d7d20c41fdba2d91316f7b1caa3b5f5b5cc9c5	At noon, transpiration decreases and increases again in the afternoon hours when the air temperature decreases.
4f5ea3142539149c275898e5225ae9ee5ff7c2cf	Such a course of transpiration leads to insignificant daily changes in osmotic pressure and water content in the leaves.
afd0c5569d9a5361ce95365023bd09a4e81229c4	In plant species that are able to tolerate sharp changes in the water content in the cells during the day, that is, in hydrolabile species, a single vertex diurnal course of transpiration is observed with a maximum at noon.
13e84053bb54fd9bcf73dd09506c6c4f726f846d	In both cases, transpiration is minimal or completely stops at night.
498433fc70cedbbda7cd72ca22ce5479fde021b1	According to the ability to regulate their water metabolism, plants are divided into poikilohydric and homoyohydric.
c7b2df9a06645306581b84ccd2b7a10e33ec6874	Poikilohydric (from the Greek poikilos — various, diverse and hydor — water) are plants that cannot regulate their own water exchange.
03e48137a4cb83894f639cbef1fa71ca6d770dba	This group includes soil algae, lichens, mosses, ferns and some angiosperms.
23f71a0a7abd0a82ae4fdee18c0f0eb472772fdc	Homoyohydric (from Greek. homoios similar, identical and hydor water) are called plants that regulate their water exchange.
9388cc8938fff9fb53d985ad8aa542290c6d0e93	Angiosperms are homohydric plants.
09bcfcb10fee7a57adade57cb411df0d20ed0bc2	There are two types of transpiration regulation: stomatal and non stomatal.
0bb8f040dc7edf7d8fdb56418712e1f9ef1b13bc	Stomatal regulation is carried out by opening and closing the stomata.
079715ac9eac9342cee016929056dab2551cf81c	Closing the stomata by half has little effect on the intensity of transpiration, which follows from Stefan's law.
167ac670fd206417b6eedd94ca93cddfb63e2126	Their complete closure reduces transpiration by about 90 %.
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4e975f5fefd4d4e2155b3223b6139ae08b66b3c3	The cycle of substances in nature is 93 kb.
d1e1bb0689b0b3f0a17da8051dc66b72ae0d7f07	The cycle of substances in nature is 18 kb.
abdae71eedb6c314515f4eef1bed22af8465812e	The concept and essence of biogeocenosis 40 kb.
e17fdcc485baa5abf87d1cc8a3d5af0ddcee9a98	Water resources of the Earth 23 kb.
d4c9b9da30fd8a02011cc9a8636bc6831a295e9a	Water in nature and human life 18 kb.
445ba053913d85167f6de85e67770b64cdb85534	Development of an elective course on environmental monitoring of water bodies 86 kb.
5572cc36fcf740a0086da683ef79f12b70c84eaf	The water cycle in nature is 10 kb.
b49354af841a357dc78c8d097a94cad46a41d84c	Ministry of Education and Science Federal State Educational Institution
82104e704131dbe1be3817241ec8db5339b18cda	Secondary vocational education
9c87360f4c66b5bd9efd43dc95f9f82998ac1096	"Chernushinsky Polytechnic College" Specialty: 130503 "Development and operation of oil and gas fields" Abstract
bcfc01d476e9697fbe4d89469427f7e8aeaf7bd0	The water cycle in nature was performed by: Student
da727678ad606b7bbf12c3868ca36450499a15f7	Groups # 15
7a99c317c753e4791b7d6549b708a69435e87231	Samiev Vlas
bc75320ed911d1ae69bad31363f972baa0b45cf8	Checked by: Teacher
5625a860dcfcac6b7b958d6dc6c5e0a470be6964	Gorbunova L. M.
1a49c5b0bf22c68b8871e252d34afb61222f95a0	CONTENTS Introduction.
f8a79483f2e97fd26eb5f23d745fe05af24373a7	1. Water conditions..
60ee38f97a4a905d283458e04ffc80c0c2dec6bc	2. The water cycle in nature.
cfd439fd01240d0c26a972002637203364418690	3. The circulation of other substances.
0ed8d20504725f940a243480a17e0ff18ef62a4f	Conclusion.
910f158c41f23ff4c0259daef41709911872be43	References..
dbd9126e29a32e0415c1a5aafad31e7ffc6ef388	Introduction It is known that the human body consists of almost 65% water.
0a0b4600af1f20f2e89c86bd08f709835e9b565c	Water is part of the tissues, without it it is impossible for the normal functioning of the body, the implementation of the exchange process, the maintenance of thermal balance, the removal of metabolic products, etc.
7dfdc92f6e314b700a348217234a158eb3709410	The loss of a large amount of water by the body is dangerous for human life.
564a3f6874a3e4f380c63ea845510337c7b8dd18	In hot areas without water, a person can die in 5-7 days, and without food, if there is water, a person can live for a long time.
1b4650cde4a9a1889968dc94e770fc59f24cd557	If the amount of water that a person loses reaches 10% of body weight per day, there is a significant decrease in efficiency, and if it increases to 25%, it usually leads to death.
483bb2ab479511ce71922180deb2a0b2f0b5b99a	Use in everyday life.
f47b1b06d923af2f22faf1843d49630bcfb5ba4e	Food and drinks: Water used for drinking, cooking, ice, beverages, canned food, and many other food products is only a small part of its extensive range of applications.
1db671c024eed1e0beb6d8315ef60fe5c6a6b1b0	Industrial application.
feac4c6c40719ba6c0f365941faf145748d13440	The use of water in industry depends on the nature and volume of industry in a particular region.
257b9f0a5e8045dfd512886a947c411750af35ac	These can be cooling and heating systems, food production, processing of industrial waste, etc.
74a49b04630039deecf0f88a8390a1632c196998	1. Water conditions Water in nature can occur in three states: solid, liquid and gaseous.
fd3303fd5c2604f64fa6296dc4d59f8fe46f4a6e	Figure 1.
dc73dd0e32043e43fc5ff8de2c9471e78f0861b8	Water states: solid, liquid, gaseous.
70600a79f57da6f19ef1332297d00b9cb057b4d6	The ice on Earth is located in glaciers.
925ee2048eb09d99d7a3068a6fb48fa0ace79343	Both of these water resources are interconnected and have both advantages and disadvantages as a source of drinking water.
dc59fff6c3b2d43cd48c97dd51fe44f9eb631ca6	In this case, part of the precipitation evaporates and enters back into the atmosphere, the other feeds rivers and reservoirs, but eventually returns to the ocean by river and underground runoff, thereby completing a large cycle.
cab01ae8911af47fd4578e5592ebc8cb152b1dc6	Ground water, penetrating through the plant tissues during transpiration, introduces mineral salts necessary for the vital activity of the plants themselves[2].
f684d0d8f6717dd56d9eef735141ee4c9af4365d	The slowest part of the water cycle is the activity of polar glaciers, which reflects the slow movement and rapid melting of glacial masses.
980d7556051fd168cebb075e978f0a87e90a20c9	At the same time, 109,000 km falls on the continents per year , and 72000km evaporates .
36805208942ede5951749272cb54b69a16607d51	A huge water cycle accompanies the process of creating organic matter.
c45d9a9f62ce1266fb09776d9df49dfc43e079e6	The oxygen released by plants is formed during the photosynthesis reaction due to the splitting of water.
cedc3dc95a0398f4fc7c5c8302f645277e77667f	The total mass of water in the outer shells of the Earth - the Earth's crust, hydrosphere and atmosphere is 160,000,000 billion tons .
e380174631db0b80879868150f307f504180b786	The mass of water captured by the annual production of photosynthetic organisms is about 800 billion tons/g.
cb8d928e667bda941c730485a8702d506a039a43	The period of complete turnover of all water during the formation of living matter is about 2 million years.
a2f29f88e2d43c907ea173f10d36fd4c708dacff	Thus, the entire huge mass of the Earth's hydrosphere passes through plant organisms for 2 million years, the mass of which is negligible compared to the water shell.
a7adfb02f85cc3d8c267d5a42d951adecbe77446	With volcanic gases and hot springs, deep water flows to the surface.
ddd67854fedda74e7960c93103af1b4e9b6c0085	3. The circulation of other substances
48695cf15bc957d041d1a27231e94cbc384981b4	Carbon cycle
c03f56974dbd42fd7337c6ae2fb457c025ae711f	Carbon in the biosphere is often represented by the most mobile form - carbon dioxide.
1247ea457dc8f613f0f1af249c24621f1cd5abd7	The source of primary carbon dioxide of the biosphere is volcanic activity associated with the age old degassing of the mantle and the lower horizons of the Earth's crust.
fc69bb19ecc4d07ebcc32cfd8acca35154ee4e5b	The migration of carbon dioxide in the Earth's biosphere proceeds in two ways.
75bde5a8fbf08ec44e6978efcaf4f528da191f1a	The first way is to absorb it in the process of photosynthesis with the formation of organic substances and then bury them in the lithosphere in the form of peat, coal, rock shale, scattered organic matter, sedimentary rocks.
1b28c4c2d74b66acc882967f353261a81eb9b3bc	So, in the distant geological epochs hundreds of millions of years ago, a significant part of the photosynthesized organic matter was not used by either experiments or reducers, but accumulated and gradually buried under various mineral sediments.
020db2ed179b7d89f793b580a94b743ee122a7d7	Being in the rocks for millions of years, this detritus under the influence of high temperatures and pressure (the process of metamorphization) turned into oil, natural gas and coal, which exactly depended on the source material, duration and conditions of stay in the rocks.
6ed4fa3e1144f1f173475ef824d5405f57d130fa	Now we extract these fossil fuels in huge quantities to meet our energy needs, and by burning them, in a certain sense, we complete the carbon cycle.
1255c79eff6f1e3d82900720956f5e0e3101ad85	If not for this process in the history of the planet, probably, humanity would now have completely different sources of energy, and maybe a completely different direction of development of civilization[3].
150a3a04cb8e59c8242c276f4b84f5937c118075	In the second way, carbon migration is carried out by creating a carbonate system in various reservoirs, where CO2 passes into H2CO3, HCO31-, CO32-.
c3e56d7f3c4129c946182ba00ea7b525d0f4ce09	Then, with the help of calcium dissolved in water (less often magnesium), CaCO3 carbonates are deposited by biogenic and abiogenic ways.
a6a97a5dd3a0004cdb0d9be15114fc44c626afcb	There are powerful layers of limestone.
6c786643027396fbb429c1f06f75c90206c88327	Along with this large carbon cycle, there are also a number of small carbon cycles on the land surface and in the ocean.
c9afc750fde9f70d7083b82db385a5bca6d40a03	Within the land, where there is vegetation, atmospheric carbon dioxide is absorbed during photosynthesis during the daytime.
432b8ef01a33f44991cf6653f6488c99a1b2d76a	At night, some of it is released by plants into the external environment.
f0a1d4b653d241a977b250c7dad7ee35a0ab51fc	With the death of plants and animals on the surface, organic substances are oxidized to form CO2.
9a7ef12edc74e9ceb6dab85f050486ed3df50ec3	A special place in the modern cycle of substances is occupied by the mass combustion of organic substances and the gradual increase in the content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, associated with the growth of industrial production and transport.
d6e10e7057fc946340126c1e314f347120f69c45	Figure 3.
c8435959ff2bde2115a94dbcb0b2b3f709777a1b	The carbon cycle.
04f13784d571715c569e903d517f5346289dfb79	Oxygen cycle
67a210322ef5ea594b8880468cf80f8df7991307	Oxygen is the most active gas.
c2e0a108bc4e0746796b8754068380358933e1f1	Within the biosphere, there is a rapid exchange of oxygen from the environment with living organisms or their remnants after death.
8f5ad8de1c98fd743fb663fd93a5d73d517bf2a1	In the composition of the Earth's atmosphere, oxygen occupies the second place after nitrogen.
d24d8e22d22b5166cf0dd3315207883dcd0c3536	The dominant form of oxygen in the atmosphere is the O2 molecule.
dc2922cb81c0cf793b35f7a3bdc6595135ea7201	The oxygen cycle in the biosphere is very complex, since it enters into many chemical compounds of the mineral and organic worlds.
e5eb779656c7c93944bb51606911a811fd5955f6	The free oxygen of the modern Earth's atmosphere is a by product of the photosynthesis process of green plants and its total amount reflects the balance between the production of oxygen and the processes of oxidation and decay of various substances.
a0dedcbde4dab47c58cc95e72154910d19a3fe71	In the history of the Earth's biosphere, there came a time when the amount of free oxygen reached a certain level and turned out to be balanced in such a way that the amount of oxygen released became equal to the amount of oxygen absorbed[4].
e5d58ec6561ca93833b7d102b5084787fad223f0	Nitrogen cycle
4019d028dcbc8948c57100a1486d862ef539d65f	When organic substances rot, a significant part of the nitrogen contained in them is converted into ammonia, which, under the influence of trifecting bacteria living in the soil, is then oxidized into nitrogen acid.
30f271278636debf8db4d0ef457962d22ece412f	The latter, reacting with carbonates found in the soil, for example with calcium carbonate SaSOz, forms nitrates:
021297fba951c86539815666430d662d5a442576	2HN0z + SaSOz = Ca (NOz)2 + SOS + H0H
6cfec30ee3a83b62356cba0e68bf18d0b3216dbc	Some of the nitrogen is always released during rotting in a free form into the atmosphere.
6f844199c02f0d78da64522b22fc8e7c2181401c	Free nitrogen is also released during gorenje organic substances, during the burning of firewood, coal, peat.
589d6dd40e3848576bdabf0db3f3ff7feb57f44c	In addition, there are bacteria that when .insufficient air access can take away oxygen from nitrates, destroying them with the release of free nitrogen.
02e509cfaebda28e4f8f2d49b211a0233fe8dfcb	The activity of these disinfecting bacteria leads to the fact that part of the nitrogen from the form available to green plants (nitrates) passes into the inaccessible form (free nitrogen).
3d4477956c91e8757c655b20a13c4b14c9e0e61d	Thus, not all of a zot, which was part of the dead plants, returns back to the soil; part of it is gradually released in a free form.
2a9ec8c4d02c994c9988612de6ad51ee7a180fa7	The continuous loss of mineral nitrogen compounds should have led to the complete cessation of life on Earth long ago, if there were no processes in nature that compensate for nitrogen losses.
6aae57007f7d530d98a03989a3ce597eb8952dc2	Such processes include, first of all, electric discharges originating in the atmosphere, at which a certain amount of nitrogen oxides is always formed; the latter with water give nitric acid, which turns into waste in the soil.
9b927ad7ced563ebd77c6a543b06e42d90225243	Another source of replenishment of nitrogen compounds of the soil is the vital activity of the so called azotobacteria, which are able to absorb atmospheric nitrogen.
a249fbdcb1a3acf22f0c8606c01c23bdb01b6542	Some of these bacteria settle on the roots of plants from the legume family, causing the formation of characteristic swellings — "nodules", which is why they were called nodule bacteria.
47a0c74f629c45729e0006dab4623dd797cbd2a5	Assimilating atmospheric nitrogen, nodule bacteria process it into nitrogen compounds, and plants, in turn, turn the latter into proteins and other complex substances.
53aeb76e05148f2ab4434c19ebfa06677c90e843	Thus, there is a continuous nitrogen cycle in nature.
3b964d772375163a81f39ab056f18e605402f7dc	However, every year with the harvest, the most protein rich parts of plants, such as grain, are removed from the fields.
68853af197d95f21cb18e3efcc289ec338c12d0d	Therefore, it is necessary to introduce fertilizers into the soil that compensate for the loss of the most important elements of plant nutrition in it.
9da6c666b1e5bc46d2d7b04a8aba08844b7ae0d8	Figure 4.
9b2cbe640ff738bca8931790bd0c0882a5aa630a	The nitrogen cycle.
e84acaf9b627e327560ad3f33a08c35f2ada8eff	Phosphorus and sulfur cycle
1012f90e96a8ec14e1e213b6e18110c6d2b62a1d	Phosphorus is a part of genes and molecules that transfer energy inside cells.
1d31d8aa5a08db3b429b5ccea6524516f4a471f3	In various minerals, phosphorus is contained in the form of inorganic phosphation
ba2badd1b407696127a7f83f589881ed70b24f9f	(PO43 -). Phosphates are soluble in water, but not volatile.
75c0b10b02d0758158d512fcb663fb417ae0f90a	Plants absorb PO43 - from an aqueous solution and include phosphorus in the composition of various organic compounds, where it appears in the form of so called organic phosphate.
8b3f04a0fbb5a5f2280cce253985489e7fd33871	Through the food chains, phosphorus passes from plants to all other organisms of the ecosystem.
538af89739c71973d09125057de9429a54092e81	At each transition, there is a high probability of oxidation of the phosphorus containing compound in the process of cellular respiration to obtain energy by the body.
2f455fb729520eb96b3e63f76590d0987627a7f5	When this happens, the phosphate in the urine or its analog re enters the environment, after which it can again be absorbed by plants and start a new cycle.
20fa0bb86da6d2599c98ca05c4301e7b13eea19a	Unlike, for example, carbon dioxide, which, wherever it is released into the atmosphere, is freely transported in it by air currents until it is again absorbed by plants, phosphorus has no gas phase and, therefore, there is no "free return" to the atmosphere.
0c73128dd2729662cdfca5e1b768f26b1b6fc54a	Getting into reservoirs, phosphorus saturates, and sometimes oversaturates ecosystems.
06b55ea873c36cab8571d8b373cc4d3bf6a1ae17	There is, in fact, no way back.
093dd0fd17702a18c701b558ee1a9198c28cd0c3	Something can return to land with the help of fish eating birds, but this is a very small part of the total number, which also turns out to be near the coast.
0fa594e36dfe160419141d699593385129dadd98	Oceanic phosphate deposits eventually rise above the water surface as a result of geological processes, but this happens over millions of years.
82525afeac69f7887f8fab06b8e5588c93fb4e5e	Consequently, phosphate and other mineral biogens of the soil circulate in the ecosystem only if the "waste" of vital activity containing them is deposited in the places of absorption of this element.
233c95ecf712218f4530eb9d5ac3cd39e6bc8e1f	This is basically what happens in natural ecosystems.
d444fa8122a2b59aa4d91afc141a9db78eecb5f9	When a person intervenes in their functioning, he disrupts the natural cycle, transporting, for example, crops together with biogens accumulated from the soil over long distances to consumers.
4db2eda2d41f50d96ad6fbf7d0ddc3fd9e0ec613	Figure 5.
8213f63f50ac526ed35aa54c9a8e3a9d9596f501	The phosphorus cycle.
5a3d69ca8474c7771aecfef4b9292723383fe500	Sulfur occurs in nature both in the free state (native sulfur) and in various compounds.
2a47f1b8ad076d2ef30308b1b33f4bcb3afb0a34	Sulfur compounds with various metals are very common.
357923e41f95dcbfe4eac5e928df2806a78132b9	Sulfates, mainly of calcium and magnesium, are also common among sulfur compounds in nature.
fca2a8abcf6d9a2c09c3b8e68d53fc08e24b4e2f	Finally, sulfur compounds are contained in plant and animal organisms.
17a0adc38b20fc684cea7e1d4bbb1582e31ef0f2	Sulfur is widely used in the national economy.
85f499898c1f4de4fea138c69abfa73f8fca6709	In the form of sulfur color, sulfur is used to destroy some plant pests.
7c456ef19fdaa33ee8ce19e830bec63f765e02a8	It is also used for the preparation of matches, ultramarine (blue paint), carbon disulfide and a number of other substances.
e08ed7eeba98a35596420a0e77af73d932507ffb	The sulfur cycle occurs in the atmosphere and the lithosphere.
9308b2c2859a9f1cb8147c74447a2776bba7a44e	Sulfur enters the atmosphere in the form of sulfates, sulfur anhydride and sulfur from the lithosphere during volcanic eruptions, in the form of hydrogen sulfide due to the decomposition of pyrite (FeS2 ) and organic compounds.
ce11408cc91962134266a702bab9a191fe676848	The anthropogenic source of sulfur entering the atmosphere is thermal power plants and other facilities where coal, oil and other hydrocarbons are burned, and sulfur entering the lithosphere, in particular into the soil, occurs with fertilizers and organic compounds[5].
9818e71abbc813b187ca2e15f6dd5fa6f8b64008	The transport of sulfur compounds in the atmosphere is carried out by air flows, and precipitation on the Earth's surface is either in the form of dust or with atmospheric precipitation in the form of rain (acid rain) and snow.
560ffafd78567ac61ba008ec4ade0ac08e5ff6b6	On the Earth's surface, in soil and water bodies, sulfate and sulfite sulfur compounds are bound by calcium to form gypsum (CaSO4).
228768f0ae602633c6bc61c3ea10266cac858619	In addition, sulfur is buried in sedimentary rocks with organic residues of plant and animal origin, from which coal and oil are subsequently formed.
03b8eb567919ca45c8522feb5a31513022e94f6c	In the soil, the change of sulfur compounds occurs with the participation of sulfobacteria using sulfate compounds and releasing hydrogen sulfide, which enters the atmosphere and oxidizes again into sulfates.
06dbfc1edb408b89d0ee80c44e11765e7510fa73	In addition, hydrogen sulfide in the soil can be reduced to sulfur, which is oxidized to sulfates by denitrifying bacteria.
eb17c084b38dadce0b7c8da67bbe291faabf233e	One of the remarkable discoveries of geochemistry is the establishment that the movement of many chemical elements is carried out in the form of circular processes - cycles.
dbfe33b9ada1f5bf64d38d85a5b4f9a79ed5bd83	It is these elements that make up the Earth's crust, the liquid and gas shells of our planet.
84663fee54b3322284e70cdb93ab9ad4dbb058ce	Their cycles can occur in a limited space and for small periods of time, or they can cover the entire outer part of the planet and huge periods.
27ece8fa35b49814f2cabbe14c333f878bf2c707	At the same time, small cycles are included in larger ones, which together form colossal biogeochemical cycles.
230dc4db81307eddfdc90cf73faf884d62cf3cc2	They are closely related to the environment.
ced663d97f92d32d702a8fa45a99526365653c72	In the biosphere, as in every ecosystem, there is a constant cycle of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur and other chemical elements.
e3aeeb571134badc72ff21d465be4ecdab994b1b	Energy enters ecosystems during photosynthesis, and is dissipated mainly in the form of heat when organisms use it for their vital functions.
b6ce1c05ddd1d9dd6e1897b11c6b235c1f5d8d41	Due to the continuously occurring energy losses, it is necessary that it is also continuously supplied to ecosystems in the form of sunlight energy.
d522c97c968eb4cac97b1c95fcc16e6600c9fed9	In contrast, water and batteries make a continuous cycle.
f7041391f0a4a8656983c900c5b07d4123429b52	The topic I have considered is very relevant in the light of the current environmental situation.
5c4216a5b731b62c74719a26fb9bcad3da362980	Water is the source of life on earth.
0d0fe95667edfbdde865f78ab2ed22ce4a093f58	But, as it turns out, it is not infinite.
4d4d093618452e3ddc1dff2d139497e85f75403a	The fact is that the pollution of the earth's water resources is currently global in nature.
32e0c48d1efc030b8e2479345e69b1f86963770d	It is very important to provide "nature" with the normal functioning of its basic metabolic cycles.
f7a908a39cdbacfa5c8fbde5838d3d312d84aea0	References 1.
6a2c978d99d335cf05e3b28106607495d02eba41	Zakharov E. I., Kachurin N. M., Panferova I. V. Fundamentals of general ecology: Textbook.
93f0e5d4e6f98ea15820c22683672a9d54381d13	- Tula: TulSTU, 2002.
733a9685066417d6a97a69bf5ef994b72ef15a50	2. Mirasov O. B. Physics around us.
16c55600f141e0560e1847f8a2263ddf3920c395	3. Nebel B. Environmental Science: How the world works: In 2 vols .
cbec0cd8f00fdf1434758729b6de30526c8fcaef	4. Odum Yu.
d613ce5f4d4ac34e82b1db67fea91a61315fb3c6	Ecology: In 2 vols .
c47a5b10e4518b4f1b63b6c6e5accc36a63f9577	- Moscow: Mir, 2003.
56b0a0f9d47c7e5849bd76c6304edc86b45f779b	5. Reimers N. F. Protection of nature and the human environment.
1c534f7bc8b2001f244158b4a39322e6044a3326	- M., 2004.
ae41222c4afde1377cd500ff770110dfabc6ff87	6. Semenov V. P. Kashina O. M. Physical processes in nature.
5eee8ca584f3a6edc5f0662b55204ae18f4ca6a2	7. Stadnitsky G. V., Rodionov A. I. Ecology.
15f4c06d954135141037befdd8e71ef7f570f1db	- M.: Higher School, 2006.
9a7189f3ba09c07fe0b7943eab0a43a643aa9ff5	8. Fazilov N. R. Physics of nature.
3e019f32cd73a37d5aa529a2de66e501940c63d2	- M., 2000.
b934f15e1c6f0703132f0bcd35c257229bd5e8f5	[3] Stadnitsky G. V., Rodionov A. I. Ecology.
2897ee21eb6c18e3a6767864779a965a4bc04ee1	[4] Stadnitsky G. V., Rodionov A. I. Ecology.
ea1bf40ba5f9182c99c4fab28658daf431c613f3	- M.: Higher School, 2003.
1adcc9e9e8fce47b0b52539ace55f1da02902f9b	[5] Nebel B. Environmental Science: How the world works: In 2 vols .
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2d04f077687b47cf6059e495f3381b5b3ac14b02	The main task is to find and solve a physics paper on the topic "the water cycle in nature"
0d98d783c4c0eba6d4a5956d0868c0ae52f4ae55	report on physics on the topic "the water cycle in nature"
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41b917e8eb1d91ab78d374eb665e99e139ffae68	Help me find a report on physics on the topic " the water cycle in nature"
c2b3c0696f636c813bdc8c9ad0674d91c708153f	The water evaporating from its surface gives life giving moisture to natural and artificial ecosystems of the land, the closer the area is to the ocean, the more precipitation falls.
d5b04c03cc1d55aa91dfee0b15c4af65f58412b0	With the development of civilization, this cycle began to be disrupted, as a result of irrigation of agricultural crops, evaporation from the land increased.
b00bdb1953e3d04dfe6692ad2263b0a486f3e2d7	All this significantly worsens the water supply of the biosphere.
e56d5bed98bb36bb77b6ce42e6f4cb7ba8890701	And not only in the southern regions!
73ed93fb30c7e1f5a4b6292b2f07aa2caa3d6e0c	The value of the water cycle is great, since it not only unites parts of the hydrosphere, but also connects all the shells of the Earth: the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the lithosphere and the biosphere.
771caa0702a33517850756247324a1408acc4da1	Water during the cycle can be in three states: liquid, solid, and gaseous.
da53f404efb95ec55b5b877b1c28c8f9ed319f6f	It carries a huge amount of substances necessary for life on Earth.
1c8972f6178bb55f24cb84b7d3d59a138bec68fb	Under the influence of sunlight, the world's oceans and land are heated.
79ca28efd0ac5dc31cf299c2be87387289163ac1	As a result, water passes from a liquid state to a gaseous state (steam) and rises upwards.
be55beb4c77052bac4a28d5ef29c273aa60b6875	The ocean supplies 86% of moisture to the atmosphere, and only 14% of the vaporous moisture is formed due to evaporation from the land.
bd035caf07686eb0f02c0e9b3e44be812b810f96	The water evaporating from the surface of the ocean is fresh.
8095aa789d7d4831b53b2a1bac85e0667289cead	Thus, the ocean can be considered a colossal factory of fresh water, without which it is impossible to exist life on Earth.
61aee018fd9052ea5c9070453b2a12dbcb8e7798	It is known that the temperature in the atmosphere decreases with altitude.
64432275905619f8dd82da9447d4622b5fb94ae5	Water vapors, meeting with increasingly cold layers of air, begin to cool down and form clouds.
45d00e23482fcb52e57d159a1ac25380b89e2b7c	On land, water evaporation occurs not only from the surface of streams, rivers and lakes.
5935dfdc6bb621fbad1e20884a4804d78cd89087	Water vapors enter the atmosphere as a result of volcanic activity, and evaporate by the surface of plants.
b03f5e94275ad4bce46fafabac10fb73490d7414	999 Next: Read the reports on physics: 1 How dew, frost, rain and snow are formed;
02e820b3ff236270197c965784474b5b8acf3731	2The water cycle in nature;
25f9014ebb104358330fa26373f4ef838d1eeab9	3 die Casting is a metal a Report on the water Cycle in the nature of geography Essay on water cycle in nature in Advance and Help you need to prepare a report on PHYSICS in one of the Essay on the Circle of water in nature As the water cycle in nature, the Question for biologists What is the importance of the circulation of substances in nature, the Essay on "importance of water in nature" THANKS in Advance About the WATER plz — riddles, Proverbs, poems Geography 7th grade test report on the theme "water Cycle in nature" Think of the original examples of water cycle in nature the water Cycle in nature Which means the upper and lower cycle cycle explain, describe How to measure the amount of precipitation How many oceans in the world the Unique properties of water as a chemical element necessary message about water class 2 essay on Where environmentalists have Read that for half an hour before meals it is recommended to drink a glass of water, tell me what kind of water is best to drink As precipitation is distributed on Ter ri Rossi Geography Climate is the full response : or link to the website source the water Cycle in nature exist or Is no longer in the name Galina Ocean tides What is the circulation of substances in nature asked in science class 5 cells Essay on oceans and seas off the coast of evrazi Geography grade 7 How to share and how obyedinayutsya oceans Report on the subject of geography on the topic "South America" need Aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa Need a essay on geography on the topic: Inland Waters of Africa "El Nino" is a warm current that occurs in some years in the Eastern Pacific ocean Question cm Need a verse on the subject: the water cycle in nature not Only long formed as dew, frost, rain, snow physics zadali I'll give 10 points essay on physics on the topic "how is dew, frost, and snow dojdi" what determines the complexity of the pattern on the frozen window I Have is exploding brain Child — an absolute mathematician homework grade 3 to come up with a tale about water essay HV the Theme "Water, as a source of life" Post a link to the Abstract on chemistry"Oxygen in the nature of" what is the science of the water cycle in nature What is the key of the nature of the task to the students of class 3 according to knowledge of the world interesting experiments in physics on the topic "properties of water" Shcho tak krugah VOD in prirod Mode of the Irtysh river Water environmental factor, or no Water at samarani is compressed or expanded What properties of water people use in everyday life and in gigienicheskikh order What is the Solar radiation and how it affects the Earth's surface on January 19 and July 7 — the birth of water, which one is dead and what is a living life Safety How useful protiva meltwater And how to use it do I Need to take breaks Geography have properties of water is to compare the properties of water and air
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e02d6e1225fe0e3b6cdc23447103034ba3bddb53	© Essay, 2016
df8c0b123de35d8ad372cf9d3827e9593dd2f450	it consists of 92% water.
8a20cfeedcc16c3bcfa119b3f869740ea0974c2c	The primary role of water in the life of all living beings, including humans, is due to the fact that it is a universal solvent of a huge number of chemicals.
4f90880d8e69a495f83150b4c11f78a7030d7d3e	Water is actually the environment in which all the processes of vital activity take place.
3b5283ebeda82b036d7ab060e27a25dd2525b01c	Here is just a small and far incomplete list of the" duties " of water in our body: it regulates body temperature; humidifies the air when breathing; provides delivery of nutrients and oxygen to all cells of the body; protects and buffers vital organs; helps to convert food into energy; helps nutrients to be absorbed by organs; removes slags and waste from vital processes.
b7c1caf0d5c7dbe05a5adef2e255fb5aac5784b2	A certain and constant water content in the body is a necessary condition for the existence of a living organism.
a16edc0431777248c616545c4ea6478d610e0bb1	When changing the amount of water consumed and its salt composition, the processes of digestion and assimilation of food, hematopoiesis, etc.are disrupted.
8a92ddacc435b44a9285e5767443bb9ab15c670e	Without water, it is impossible to regulate the body's heat exchange with the environment and maintain body temperature.
7b78f14551583b2b08a24fc3861afcc87fa93699	A person is extremely acutely aware of the change in the water content in his body and can live without it for only a few days.
c8fbc90843201773f82549fd4f0fb93e2a0522fb	With the loss of water in an amount of less than 2% of body weight (from 1 to 1.5 liters), a feeling of thirst appears, with the loss of 6-8% - a semi fainting state occurs, with the loss of 10% of water – hallucinations, swallowing disorders, and the loss of 10-20% of water is life threatening.
38273b02cfeaee9c447a2386d4091e2bd5d82e65	Animals die when they lose 20-25% of water.
831dcd25cecd8cac818107f205241dbd397e5fd6	Depending on the intensity of work, external conditions, including climate, cultural traditions, a person consumes from 2 to 4 liters of water per day in total (together with food).
ebc092deb854c70e93dd9149eca4e4e6a0788385	The average daily water consumption is about 2-2.
4372580140b1b53da112daeaab07c7c0fbd71046	5 liters.
77f404c09d3c11769fafcf077ff8b4d6e759b9ab	It is from these figures that the World Health Organization (WHO) proceeds when developing recommendations on water quality.
08597ba2723f76c24e0e44d73a51b07a62e93717	4. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF FRESH WATER.
c95c31ad037ead14c54fb148caa8c90ccfc45eb0	Fresh water reserves are a single resource.
2cb6e0897fb63551fbadae8b2e9846f608c4a130	The development of the world's freshwater resources, designed for the long term, requires a holistic approach to the use of these resources, requires recognition of the interdependence between the elements that make up freshwater reserves and determine its quality.
4f722b7ff83e0bc92676b5e66de8716b8248fc0c	There are few regions left in the world that have not been affected by the problem of losing potential sources of fresh water supply, which have not been affected by the problem of water quality deterioration, pollution of surface and underground sources.
0fec8617911400522c403c5a684652d57b6187ce	The main problems that negatively affect the water quality of rivers and lakes arise depending on the circumstances and have different degrees of severity.
128ecba850d070d6c3e114fc9974ee4144f5b1f9	Deterioration of water quality and pollution of surface and underground sources occur: as a result of inappropriate treatment of domestic wastewater; weak control over the discharge of industrial wastewater; destruction and loss of catchment areas; irrational placement of industrial enterprises; deforestation; uncontrolled fallow farming system; irrational farming methods.
b44632d69122bf53440b424b028f51aea9c2fdc8	This leads to the leaching of nutrients and pesticides.
82945ad1a640163e26a8c31f153a9084e7ad00a3	The natural balance of aquatic ecosystems is disturbed and there is a threat to living freshwater resources.
1af29d8cf248b480323a7dda928333ce4e8e9ea2	In various circumstances, water ecosystems are also affected by water resource development projects for agricultural development.
b3eb6b1351ec3b6f75b39ee208b541db1ff58b68	These are such as: dams, river flow transfer schemes, water management structures and irrigation projects.
2db0c4542a601c83c991f2e5645fe3434b6b8012	Erosion, siltation, deforestation and desertification lead to an increase in land degradation.
bf547a7572174906c2e4f2b29ff225929e230e7d	The creation of reservoirs in some cases has a negative impact on ecosystems.
cf22b6a186ebddb66edbccf4048bd9576b64a920	Many of these problems arise due to environmentally destructive development models and the lack of public understanding of the problems, the lack of appropriate knowledge about the protection of surface and underground water resources.
cdece64fd933c80efc84bdf800a7eda0b4fdc6fe	The problem of acid rain has become complex and difficult to solve.
cf81c4bce7a79ddadbbc9f184801fd00f295f7c8	Gracious raindrops a gift from heaven have always pleased a person.
9712838affdb15152bbac50a74839e2990cef9a3	But in some areas of the globe, the rains have become a serious danger.
e8e8180b15a280104b2c8d46be684d61b3f24914	The problem of acid rain at the international level was first raised by Sweden at the UN Conference on the Environment.
9008a406bc81e855846a98f636ddef025eb54f8b	Since then, it has become one of the main environmental problems of mankind, since acid rain has a disastrous effect on the nature of reservoirs, damages forest vegetation, agricultural crops and poses a certain danger to human life, to the life of all living beings on Earth.
c3b7ffe159f05750be35139aeeaa97d9ed999b90	The planet's water resources are a factor in the existence of civilization.
0f04a1975ed1ffeb13049e9cdc6a8f9851108279	Humanity uses mainly fresh water for its needs.
2fbe35375d86b2e7f27f16b91af8eb0ef2b3d2de	Their volume is slightly more than 2% of the hydrosphere, and the distribution of water resources around the globe is extremely uneven.
c20c8efc13632f38eff27608b3615ee77a889b86	In Europe and Asia, where 70% of the world's population lives, only 39% of river waters are concentrated .
bdca6e1767f6a35a95b4935714ad1441a6e06041	In all regions of the world, the total consumption of river water is increasing from year to year.
57dd5745d72be66a07271c13cb2169e27e0dcb1d	For example, it is known that since the beginning of this century, the consumption of fresh water has increased by 6 times, and in the next few decades it will increase by about 1.5 times.
58bbaf12d6864c5b6e0ea1049006b13b560d22c5	But the lack of water is also aggravated by the deterioration of its quality.
5c9698171146d9cc543f57dc4dae0693595c89e4	As we already know, the water used in industry, agriculture and in everyday life comes back to the reservoirs in the form of poorly treated or even untreated wastewater.
99bbc3d86c3244933f7f345d50e20149c843876b	It follows that as a result of the discharge of industrial, agricultural and domestic wastewater into rivers, lakes and seas, the hydrosphere is primarily polluted.
3ea41b40229c6da23c41ba2a159f78f0ff794097	And the main reason for the aggravation of the problem of fresh water is not in the growth of direct water intake, but in its quality.
c55211a362e5e50ae344fa83e1f4624fc46faf1c	The degree of impact on the environment and human health can be measured, although we know that the methods of implementing such control in many countries are very inadequate or have not been developed at all.
17b322587e295ad1ab933aa41acc6d77c37dfc73	There is a widespread misunderstanding of the interrelationships between the development, management, rational use and purification of water resources and aquatic ecosystems.
eaded0ac6df968911031f24826d0af9ad1a5c693	Where possible, it is extremely important to implement preventive measures in order to avoid costly measures for the restoration, purification and development of new water resources later.
1d19222b4e5c21ce83d81045203243d5f6041034	In most cases, water coming from a well or from a municipal water supply system needs pre treatment, the purpose of which is to bring the water quality up to the current standards.
7ae2417b82f7914d70a5de00d956ce8b32bb4215	It is possible to judge the quality of water and its compliance or non compliance with "Established standards" only on the basis of the most complete chemical and bacteriological analysis.
0c7126fac662c7636ac333b87b451b34aa29e3c2	Only on the basis of the analysis can we make a final conclusion about the problem or set of problems that we will have to deal with.
6ccd2440490a695dc7a531b642bb17e5a784dbc1	The main problems with water that users have to face are the following: a).
c690316532ae8cdd69c89066106e44c44a84e6ca	This is the presence of undissolved mechanical particles in the water: sand, suspensions, rust, as well as colloidal substances.
9bf9cb3f52b4ff58cb048e06d3ada413fc3f6c2b	Their presence in the water leads to accelerated abrasive wear of plumbing and pipes and to their clogging. b).
6e610d3ac7e8184c4eaae9bd4a6cc207c3dea19f	The presence of dissolved iron and manganese in the water.
ff05a3b51296f7e17c202bca3bc85e46aa17fcb5	Such water is initially transparent, but when settling or heating it acquires a yellowish brown color, which is the cause of rusty stains on plumbing.
0382cfb267714efab3913dab0142ab9cb6c08ecb	With an increased iron content, water also acquires a characteristic "ferruginous" taste. c).
7969def10d4ecf7e8cf729e39b3477709adc4d39	The hardness of water, which is determined by the amount of calcium and magnesium salts dissolved in water.
046d45b54bb1667434145230e7a055d072d49a32	With their high content, precipitation and the appearance of whitish streaks on the surface of the bath, sink, and so on are possible.
3b6b4f68640da5df2a83804baedf4e33beb37d0a	Calcium and magnesium salts, called hardness salts, are the cause of the well known scale.
9f5350be27fb2481d4ae013d3a78a3ddcdc64ddd	Relatively harmless in a kettle, scale disrupts the heat exchange process, especially when it is deposited on the walls of water heating devices, such as boilers, columns, and when it is deposited on the walls of pipes in the hot water line.
80a07afb4814f98ebe776d9f88f4d92eb11b349f	This leads to overheating of the heating elements, overspending of electricity and gas.
2472d30426030a63fc1da9823ece30759931d8a2	Scale deposition is the cause of up to 90% of accidents of water heaters. d).
54943514780054a2c98ccb58035f794609aedbe6	The presence of an unpleasant taste, smell and color in the water.
0afded314cfca563eb88a88a23b28180874d2f9e	These three parameters, which are commonly called organoleptic indicators, can be influenced by organic substances in the water, residual chlorine, hydrogen sulfide. e).
8370f48bdfa666cb0c651777c8995326843f5836	Bacteriological contamination, which is caused by the presence of various microbes or bacteria in the water.
702109ab70d8c0df39a084a2c018530db3d3397d	Some of them may pose an immediate threat to human health and life.
887e51bea1bd695431ef2ac333fc76e3e784b6b7	Even relatively safe bacteria emit organic substances in the course of their vital activity.
f6c0c5e6030485bae655bfcf25bc5ea0018a804a	These substances, entering into chemical reactions (for example, with chlorine), are able to create toxic and carcinogenic compounds.
92d13604f9caf9d885683410e94bedba73bb7379	Naturally, the above list does not exhaust the whole variety of problems that arise with water, but it introduces us to the main ones.
0ca91ba611e7605e4a8141c2193d19e3062acc48	5. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION OF WATER BODIES.
203461b3dd90cbe49d11ec7cc62d392f2de13933	Pollution of water bodies is understood as a decrease in their biospheric functions and economic significance as a result of the entry of harmful substances into them.
b861524b13f99b2d85b8fbc29b05a83623a3ca7b	One of the types of such pollution of water bodies is "thermal pollution".
e2885f114a3ac21d0b9058156f26cc980c1a9881	Power plants and industrial enterprises often dump heated water into a reservoir.
69d27a9f26536c2c8e093b1a9c80931bd5eb1d1a	This leads to an increase in the water temperature in it.
3661b62d9eb8e99e762f839034bd059596e4500f	And with an increase in temperature in the reservoir, the amount of oxygen decreases, the toxicity of impurities polluting the water increases, the biological balance is disturbed.
fc93a09b0084c4216c4d7fe00743c5af2b92a755	In polluted water, with an increase in temperature, pathogenic microorganisms and viruses begin to multiply rapidly.
c96ac731b4667948d8600e8eace594808d14e685	Once in drinking water, they can cause outbreaks various diseases.
72c414075b52060815e26a27860941c1fb10fb24	In some regions, groundwater is an important source of fresh water.
3ef0e261f8147d96b8b924923fe4994dc02fe35c	Previously, they were considered the cleanest.
f34ccb1945d4771f087f8b0a100232d8daa03fad	But at present, as a result of human economic activity, many underground water sources are also polluted.
1c6267ad516cd42e76c33f95457f73a1506e1942	Often this pollution is so great that the water from them has already become unfit for drinking.
a1997cae2383c1cdc2dc9b5c0e9db091252ca550	Humanity consumes a huge amount of fresh water for its needs.
7a5ceace2eb08644c6db76eacdb76f71b24dd8df	Its main consumers are industry and agriculture.
6c6ff0bae31124ad8275587190a6d17709e75fcf	The most water intensive industries, such as: mining, steel, chemical, petrochemical, pulp and paper and food.
03228114a510bd6b77485db5e3b3b846c49c1dba	They take up to 70% of all water consumed in the entire industry.
88fbde7fc1fa08d8a6e23ef6023c4fa8f4ca4b4f	The main consumer of fresh water is agriculture.
58150b54b1267559995146cda4c43f6f9fba23ca	It takes 60-80% of all water in general for its needs.
38dfb97b3e7a3df83fa5a8d2a4d3a63540c63afa	In modern conditions, the human needs for water for municipal and household needs are greatly increasing.
22fecd9a1cac2ab995d2c74f9098aeae6c564b9f	The amount of water consumed for these purposes depends on the region and the standard of living.
35b4386426d46fabc73cdb3db214bb2befbfbef0	It ranges from 3 to 700 liters per person.
deacd7cf4e8259bff685fb3bd3db195ae85a63c8	From the analysis of water use over the past 5-6 decades, it follows that the annual increase in irretrievable water consumption, in which the used water is irretrievably lost to nature, is 4-5%.
f7e0c4c02a5837d7479b6be740e341c5a5213c59	Prospective calculations show that if such consumption rates are maintained, taking into account population growth and production volumes, by 2100 humanity can exhaust all fresh water reserves.
e633bff4f538af2fcca3b1382648db2d60eb7670	At present, the lack of fresh water is experienced not only by the territories that nature has deprived of water resources, but also by many other regions that were considered safe in this regard until recently.
6b0ffa39804427bba8db5b419b3e437f95e22aa0	In the infusioncurrently, the need for fresh water is not met by 20% of the urban and 75% of the rural population of the planet.
159179fdfed337e48d0549aff81cfcf7544b1aa9	Human intervention in natural processes has affected even large rivers and seas.
cf8315e6e918852716ab4799fec5fe49bf5143a0	Such rivers as the Volga, Don, and Dnieper have changed the volume of transported water masses, that is, the flow of rivers, in the direction of decreasing.
696dfd8a2fd1db56df8c082a96b894d095da70e1	The water used in agriculture is mostly spent on evaporation and the formation of plant biomass.
55e243069d31993a96a34e0271a27b7432cf3a17	Therefore, it does not return to the rivers.
1c19677c5c335339ebd3aad3b53a9aa7bf18a05b	Already, in the most populated areas, river flow has decreased by 8%, and in such rivers as the Don, Terek, and Ural – by 11-20%.
efbaea8e8e6e7d943b99b38210094ff81cf8d54f	The fate of the Aral Sea is also dramatic, which, in its essence, ceased to exist due to excessive water intake for irrigation of the Syr Darya and Amu Darya rivers.
ee7712e1e6c03b255530771ecda6f432514a605e	Limited fresh water supplies are further reduced due to their pollution.
863718d96c07817bcb5d8e0819ff00d7576db267	The main danger is represented by waste water (industrial, agricultural and domestic), since a significant part of the used water is returned to water basins in the form of wastewater.
0c842dfcd41f32d636859e56b6015481a1d210d6	Among the heavily polluted rivers are the Rhine, Danube, Seine, Ohio, Volga, Dnieper, Dniester and others.
f7aba65f4218cba8fd5b9e0404298aa25bfde6dd	Pollution of the world's oceans is also growing.
696d69584f6a5e384136fbbffbd1378dc058969e	For the time being, man treated the seas and oceans with awe and fear, and then he began to dump all kinds of waste into the water – solid, liquid and gaseous.
2103f25d170b776c7fb1163a84dcda826c59cbc1	Steamers and barges take solid garbage away to the sea.
65dcbf0e4fcfba37c048fcad504eae7642263f05	Waste from the galley is thrown over the side of the ship.
8c36ea48226bb7ccb76cf9ff9d9e33558c632661	Water from toilets is drained directly into the sea.
a89ae0af98d98006cfe183e4b2a80b1041b5d74f	Rivers carry their cargo of sewage, biogenic substances and suspended solid material into the coastal waters.
9aa39a9ab2c772db4bacfea93f4ad282d709a222	Pesticides, lead compounds and many other pollutants, pollutants, are carried in the atmosphere, settle and fall out with the rain, adding dirt to the ocean.
a3587cdcd06b32e5ab1e0d146646f988062d23bd	Large amounts of petroleum products still fall into the waters of the seas and oceans, which is also very dangerous.
d45a8bef5279d6f9274496c72f9167917d604e61	The most polluted inland seas are the Mediterranean, Northern, Baltic, Inland Japanese, Javanese, as well as the Biscay, Persian and Mexican Bays.
6d798525905ec5a04df149f6dd5f2430898ae1a6	In addition, a person transforms the waters of the hydrosphere by building hydraulic structures, in particular reservoirs.
db1a0de819233d6bcf850787b8ed5c9c9eb770ff	Large reservoirs and canals have a serious negative impact on the environment: they change the groundwater regime in the coastal zone, affect soils and plant communities.
9e9cddc86a18fc7cb03616d6e1d8ff386a246866	Their water areas occupy large areas of fertile land.
cfacc241e725b65643888fb7ffc8328e3b6cb881	6. SURFACE WATER POLLUTION.
666895e260c54c45158539e1421480fb4e0a01c6	The water quality of most water bodies does not meet regulatory requirements.
f71f6e7da974676a250aef6daa581018321365da	Long term observations of the dynamics of surface water quality reveal a tendency to increase the number of strata with a high level of pollution – more than 10 MPC.
2100f90b16933ad8e9dad09e76d06b934ae3b360	Cases of extremely high content of pollutants in water bodies are increasing over 100 MPC.
e48096bb4105610d2e768ae810092fc05f1af051	The current state of water sources and the state of centralized water supply systems cannot guarantee the required quality of drinking water.
3da6b37063310b9f6ae0e37f0453ed2879017b41	And in some regions, this condition has reached a dangerous level for human health.
dc3bd598b4d143d4c03fc4418bdd55ae85fe6e5a	The sanitary and epidemiological surveillance services, conducting analyses, constantly note high contamination of surface waters.
0655cf8cf1a7ef2a6b5db2837d9f374d4a4d35de	About 1/3 of the total mass of pollutants is introduced into water sources with surface and storm runoff from the territories of sanitary unfavorable places, agricultural facilities and land.
d89a296ea1c4e79e152e14f78a00ab71fd4c3c9a	This affects the seasonal deterioration of the quality of drinking water, especially in large cities, during the spring flood.
e5c9267b720daccda8634fc49a8f37d1beb83f09	In this regard, water is regularly hyperchlorinated, which is also unsafe for public health, since organochlorine compounds are formed in the water.
14eaa02b17c5f5dc722c9ea8ee382c6b0dfbbad6	One of the main pollutants of surface waters is oil and petroleum products.
902e48071eb7650ec2c8e6c64a9e61782114d11f	In areas where oil is deposited, it can enter the water as a result of its natural exits.
23454db32d85a0e91e6fcc4d8c22784ab8f51150	But the main sources of surface water pollution are related to human activity: oil production, transportation, oil refining, using oil as fuel and industrial raw materials.
d7028354828fdea836962e939db4b89240299ce9	Among the products of industrial production, toxic synthetic substances occupy a special place in terms of their negative impact on the aquatic environment and living organisms, which are increasingly being used in industry, transport, and public utilities.
ac6ab48aa850c0ebfa5a2968c023fa311736cc5c	The concentration of these compounds in wastewater, as a rule, is 5-15 mg/l with an MPC of 0.1 mg/l.
8aee9b9e131504d4dc8a3b883bfbf7584f6de774	These substances form a layer of foam in reservoirs, especially clearly visible on rapids, rifts, sluices.
ce420c15e8be95cc23360aa5b305cba983fe8ed2	The ability to foam in these substances appears already at a concentration of 1-2 mg/l.
61b35674028002b9be34cd0f3467b6e488bd7c09	The most common pollutants in surface waters are phenols, copper and zinc compounds.
bb57d4759c54e47eabcffb9869027dd0eb6a7981	Phenols are easily oxidized organic substances.
60d70b80ce758af4a528f3f0a47f19300f3f25a4	In some regions of the country, surface waters are polluted with ammonium and nitrite nitrogen, lignin, xanthogenates, aniline, methyl mercaptan, formaldehydes and others.
0ee072db2cdffdc2322cd8c4281e10244d9e9647	A huge amount of pollutants is introduced into surface waters from the wastewater of ferrous and non ferrous metallurgy enterprises, chemical, petrochemical, oil, gas, coal, forestry, pulp and paper industries, agricultural and municipal enterprises, and surface runoff from adjacent territories.
005a38a38412faf652fc98dfe4fad1140571a676	The greatest danger to the aquatic environment from metals is mercury, lead and their compounds.
db8e4b8afbd89909562fb87e5b0912fa6afbc449	The expanded production of pesticides without treatment facilities and their use in the fields leads to severe contamination of reservoirs with harmful compounds.
cd3015465a03a052e0c96de390d4e2baed6899b1	Pollution of the aquatic environment occurs as a result of direct introduction of pesticides into reservoirs during their treatment for pest control.
cb87472701d4ca15a1c8925652e61b50e9ac197d	Pollution occurs when water flowing from the surface of treated agricultural land enters reservoirs, when waste from manufacturing enterprises is directly discharged into reservoirs.
1aef27e06e28f5b9d7eba7f76b00b7c640582df6	In case of poor transportation, improper storage of pesticides, as a result of their losses, water pollution also occurs.
3c061d4941e733c034dd11fb781bd91984a9ccae	Precipitation can also be a cause of surface water pollution.
c0886ed944a6c92842384b9740fc0a3a1519470a	Along with pesticides, agricultural effluents contain a significant amount of fertilizer residues such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, which are applied to the fields.
3711558a463f10f2b4b4831bfdf384db4202af0b	In addition, large amounts of organic nitrogen and phosphorus compounds enter with wastewater from livestock farms.
b698979e2a568ac5d4923bd26ad7786a08827c09	They pollute the water environment and sewage.
e201d03200ccca21a9e544bc237194f99a395523	An increase in the concentration of nutrients in the soil leads to a violation of the biological balance in the reservoir.
3daa5ef7c2361937f94b835eb2f7bd8dbfd7c4a1	In such a reservoir, the number of microscopic algae increases sharply at first, then the number of crustaceans, fish and other aquatic organisms increases, because the food supply increases.
0e28084026bc0c828d76aa039e4fd29e6d8b36b2	Then a huge number of organisms die off.
e4ce88613dfac9aed4d32747b81e9bf1464bfe8c	This all leads to the consumption of all the oxygen reserves contained in the water, and the accumulation of hydrogen sulfide.
2d2ce6825f816db74c6544f23540524a4f775aed	The situation in the reservoir is changing so much that it becomes unsuitable for the existence of any forms of organisms.
baaf3ec4b53f468c56005b427d9e90ab8f0f3f0f	The reservoir is gradually "dying".
891abfd4e1018ac9f95f56d5d309668461cfa437	The current level of wastewater treatment is such that even in waters that have undergone biological treatment, the content of nitrates and phosphates is sufficient for intensive eutrophication of reservoirs.
a52d795204fe2026efbaaf644d436fc1fe54e62e	Eutrophization is the enrichment of a reservoir with biogens that stimulates the growth of phytoplankton.
295bad6b02191e278d6118a81e44f9a7e48a78fe	This makes the water turbid, benthic plants die, the concentration of dissolved oxygen decreases, fish and shellfish living at depth suffocate.
5e842c8fe5683ebc95e912cbaa8cb89f97efaf8b	In many water bodies, the concentrations of pollutants exceed the MPC, which are established by sanitary and fish protection rules.
011ddc3ac379265977b552e6b80a6d19b236e1fb	7. THE PROBLEM OF WATER PROTECTION.
e115564672c4b54be1b5424bcfe098e5add78c88	The most important problem of all the problems that humanity faces is the problem of water protection.
00998a78fd7b607e9ce76f346011534ccd055e60	One of the main tasks is the regulation of water relations in order to ensure the rational use of water. meeting the needs of the population and the national economy.
7d276ffebc00bea714c4b7b3828aa69724af9b8e	In addition to this task, there are others.
49dddd409c09ca3556736560ec13b2dea91cf944	These are such tasks as: protection of water from pollution, clogging and depletion; prevention and elimination of harmful effects on water; improvement of the state of water bodies; protection of the rights of enterprises, organizations, institutions and citizens, strengthening the rule of law in the field of water relations; placement, design, construction and commissioning of enterprises, structures and other objects that affect the state of water.
bc6fe6a550220e489756f6e37db157514486f4a2	It is forbidden to put into operation:
8ec782874625dfd25a7361e8b7dadfa590257b7d	a). new and reconstructed enterprises, workshops and units, municipal and other facilities that are not provided with devices that prevent pollution and clogging of water, their harmful effects;
2f16cfa32cf491e84f27096b95b1fc979f639577	b). irrigation and irrigation systems, reservoirs and channels, before carrying out the measures provided for by the projects that prevent flooding, flooding, waterlogging, salinization of land and soil erosion;
d47157d9de6e35c47bb25ddaa23b22fa89becb78	c). drainage systems until the water intake and other structures are ready in accordance with the approved projects;
6bfad9f2d682707da2b998d2bf34fce161290262	d). water intake structures without fish protection devices in accordance with approved projects;
1fa785671d70c9c554bda71794132f22231ed7c1	e). hydraulic structures until the devices for passing flood waters and fish are ready in accordance with the approved projects;
399a9a44f9d2a5881d07c74c569a048df097c781	f). drilling wells for water without equipping them with water regulating devices and the establishment, in appropriate cases, of sanitary protection zones;
988b019c379efa4b41efe72d99d1c5c0b9ea30a3	g). it is prohibited to fill reservoirs before the implementation of the measures provided for by the projects for the preparation of the bed.
fb96c43e18b6693faad24f533bfef75b571579be	All waters are subject to protection from pollution, clogging and depletion, which can cause harm to the health of the population, as well as lead to a decrease in fish stocks, deterioration of water supply conditions and other adverse phenomena due to changes in the physical, chemical, biological properties of waters, a decrease in their ability to natural purification, violation of the hydro geological and hydrogeological regime of waters.
a3cb95e3286674bcd9d189665c4da49da8997d87	The discharge of industrial, household and other types of waste and waste into water bodies is prohibited.
4c5e642be14421d0225fe183a21132774eb1a2c4	In order to maintain a favorable water regime of rivers, lakes, reservoirs, underground waters and other water bodies, to prevent water erosion of soils, silting of reservoirs, deterioration of living conditions of aquatic organisms, to reduce fluctuations in water flow, water protection zones of forests are established, as well as forest reclamation, anti erosion, hydraulic engineering and other measures are carried out.
31ad319bba226d35052ca3ecc6bb3ef8a7e96ecf	The following measures are established:
e64323274126b12b755875d0bb0be42017311ba6	a). take measures to prevent pollution of inland waters and the open sea by oil, petroleum products and other substances harmful to human health or to the life of marine organisms, living resources of the sea, due to the discharge or loss by ships and other floating means of these substances and mixtures containing harmful substances;
2fa6d65052cf83b2c7d621256cfa9f2481ab8008	b). give mandatory instructions on eliminating violations of the established rules for dealing with substances harmful to human health or to living resources of the sea, and mixtures containing these substances in excess of the established norms;
9789e922062f76af3541c29a8ea9839141111a2b	c). carry out comprehensive measures to prevent contamination of water bodies with untreated wastewater from industrial and agricultural enterprises and household sewage.
34a3931bb0587b3f6c011a8221d0874100dd100b	The most important aspect of these problems is that it is necessary to disseminate information about protection among the population.
776b7511b96a154d39d772a84b3f46ee3b5c5bc2	For example, book publishers should produce not only brochures, but also various book publications.
d85310ef3d867ef99c2bae33c2f6ec1d3206cdc2	In addition to them, the media should deal with these problems, pay more attention, increase the airtime allocated for programs on environmental issues.
5553141af8e132d7b77502b54221ac00e9dc04b0	8. CONCLUSION.
4e27fae1b0d31e4614192f8c41649623bda55fe1	The international community pays increased attention to the world's water related problems.
222fc9eec047de40beaabb6be83fa9552f9d0ee2	The number and scale of such projects should be significantly increased After all, as we already know, water is the sacred basis of life.
2ea347f863e77c398cbc3788ec275eac8674e0e5	9. USED LITERATURE.
b9286ad187a46a8aadd4ebba000b1cf4ad0a9499	1. Our Planet: Moscow, 1986.
0ce25a7fcbc09cc076e63df5696cbc88ddef12ed	2. Gorbovsky A. Riddles of ancient history.
5f25680b696c3885fc0ef50609ef1d6462571d53	- Moscow, 1971.
6b9abfcfd30ae09dcdf250206276b6a291f01470	3. Pierre Agess.
8d73190d7d64bac9fa04ab048859b57959a4e10e	Keys to Ecology, - Leningrad, 1982.
00fd92b73b428364ef6e47c895dd665e3f5a9070	4. Dzhegrey V. S. Ecology and environmental protection: A textbook, - K., 2000.
d6c24e8a583b372680f59801db54cdd7691e6f43	5. Economics and ecology of water resources of the Dnieper/Ed.
b90634dd88d5ae39e6c8540f2face6cd8af0c9c3	Shevchuk V. Ya – - K., 1996.
9eb4cd2a5f4923251c5da38b01f4535f900c929e	6. Yasmanov N.
a671cf4e23df5967ab7487f741369b5241fdd7b0	A. Fundamentals of geoecology: A textbook, - M., 2003.
c2019304a822ecbbf1bcde123241db681d30ac75	7. Khoruzhaya T.
1af015de75c58cf3393ac0d38facec86f31896ce	A. Methods of environmental hazard assessment – - M., 1998.
aaab963b3bb2d9a7cdfb01766b33493b2b90b7f0	8. Natural resource aspect of the development of Ukraine.
25771b6ef720b3291b41303a479296df8c29bd4e	- K., 2001.
38674b77339ed99e121fad4b7948b09e886bfed6	9. Korsak K. V. Plahotnik O. V. Fundamentals of ecology: A textbook, - K., 2002.
44ca1ababd5a7a4b280ebc88074447f463662304	New arrivals
515b7948d0e0ef2ad9d2e66bd4481245bd16861d	The Distant Horizon of Infinity (science fiction novel) The distant horizon of infinity Governs the penny flows The psychology of incest The basics of sexology.
d7b9ccc385293de6794c34f40507bc6baa28cd4b	Sexual addiction (Sexual addiction).
48e019a9be84edfa3e5deed9a201ec0a3a7a0fdf	National structure of the population of the Chernivets region for the data of the pershy All Ukrainian census of the population 5 Grudnya 2001 roku Culture of the United States of America Control in Computer science for part time students Option No.
b6a88b3c3f3e8a74230072c253180c6c5220e3f4	3 Odessa Regional Institute of Public Administration of the National Academy of Public Administration under the President of Ukraine
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f26c5d358fa2fbd32eb9920ea3ca6200b28a1e2b	essays
2bc98382a7324931a7b561351126ce02ed23d0bf	Ecology
0cee75e5f30f83d143fd3f974d25542837b385de	Essay: Features of the water cycle in nature
5ab544cbeab4d6f6ac23845f1bc6cfc0ce814650	Contents The emergence of water science The water cycle on Earth The oceanic water cycle The continental water cycle The human need for water Transpiration Bibliographic list The emergence of water science The science of water is the oldest of the sciences.
3f985ac60b1045770359a851673760c2e772db73	He explained how groundwater is replenished and how low lying sources are fed with water.
b1c48122d76b6f6b9e129f3092bfcd099c07906e	The founder of the doctrine of the water cycle is considered to be the Frenchman P. Perrault (1611-1680), who is better known as the builder of the water pipeline for the Louvre the royal palace in Paris.
86d8c3438c9b921570d6ce5f3de4382181c2155c	Much later, E. Darwin (1731-1802), the grandfather of Ch.
2203cd8a8101acc2fbba888d10311cb2d76c3c3f	Darwin, explained the mechanism of the water cycle and proved that precipitation provides the flow of water in rivers and some of the moisture enters the land from the sea.
148a2c4d36b4d7ec25b566d6ee4c5acc32a32590	A great contribution to the study of the water cycle was made by the Russian scientist A. I. Voeykov (1842-1916), whose words "rivers can be considered as a product of climate" have become a recognized position. water circulation planet man is the water cycle on Earth.
96f7e0051245103eb4c34c421c07e5f3e8a5ed86	The water cycle on Earth, or the global hydrological cycle — is a continuous process of water circulation on the planet, the exchange of water between all components of the hydrosphere.
7769b837905805aebb1bb55a34faf2620595c85e	It involves the surface of the globe, the subsoil, the water column and the atmosphere.
8b7c9f8982e3364d7bb985e2a9c69202fa630cf2	The main energy engine of the water cycle is the Sun.
242cad0de0b837239bf0a53fff13610feedd57b8	The sun's rays heat the water, and it evaporates intensively.
cea489987add612474a88b7b724917bed92a36df	Water molecules end up in the atmosphere, and half of them are concentrated in the lower one and a half kilometer layer of air.
99a179505a2073c46fc41e9448bd5cd2d0dd54ba	With altitude, the air temperature gradually drops, so water vapors at a certain height are saturated and condense into water droplets or snow crystals, forming clouds.
067bb51a8fcf25c389746bdaae27313feb1795d4	Clouds rain down or fall out in the form of snow.
f99958e5f61cfed06b58c9639d0fe721054c3b8b	This process goes on continuously.
343f3b7939526c4979e1f12e86bcfda89b91d7bb	The evaporated water remains in the atmosphere for only 8-9 days, then returns again to the ocean, lake, swamp, river or the bowels of the Earth.
bcdf9f76938c16ccd3ac734d87311f36043e4b3e	The water cycle on Earth arose during the formation of the hydrosphere.
38ac467d38c7166e90490d3c636ae931a50ca49e	The ocean has become the main sink of solar heat and a supplier of water vapor.
9551883d1550b073264d765e23b950479895d22a	Part of the steam is transferred by air currents to land and after condensation falls out in the form of rains and snowfalls.
d744f74aef50f0fdcd373b67b4b73566a48360cd	Streams of rain and meltwater flow down to the riverbeds, and then along the rivers to the ocean.
9ad13b6970d3848d165ed546cfd92e8dbe9c230a	This is the end of the water exchange cycle between the land and the ocean, but the process itself is endless.
abd44f95b1cda13c4a2537c9164425790b189682	The global water cycle is not closed, since through rift cracks there is an additional inflow of water from the bowels of the planet, which increases the volume of the hydrosphere annually by 0.25 km.
44cd8fd25730eab5b5f2d2581568835ccd4ae58c	And part of the water vapor, falling into the upper layers of the atmosphere under the influence of solar radiation, decomposes into hydrogen and oxygen and goes into space.
023c336c7ab6cbb93d855517321ac44b5f2f9fb3	Due to the cycle, there is a continuous water exchange in rivers, lakes, seas, i.e. continuous water renewal.
5d97724dfe4ef7338ff8474084da19a8e843c426	So. in the world's oceans, water is completely replaced by evaporation in 2400 years, and river runoff requires 31 thousand years In polar glaciers, which feed on atmospheric moisture, and themselves, like rivers, flow into the ocean, throwing icebergs into it, ice change occurs in about 10 thousand years.
a4744ea12aea002060256bfddc00905f21595863	In underground waters, this happens on average for 5 thousand years, and in rivers — in just 12 days.
c38c8ea66663779b1ec1c4e45d286e3830af7292	Thus, the cycle ensures the delivery of water to literally all corners of the globe.
a4a2b24c95bd01819cada0532d6e2c103c057aec	As a result, water permeates everything, supporting life on Earth.
46fc36c138e1657106a980ddf26e59f1e88c57ab	Every living organism can be considered as a part of the hydrosphere involved in the water cycle.
5d9b9016cbdbd0274a53a9dc4da9b755b83d2c42	Thanks to water, the reactions necessary for maintaining life occur in organisms, and the body of the organism itself is formed.
1121f04ab8ea00b48d8bfd7462adab2f9ebe6746	Therefore, any organism must pass water through itself, carry out its own water cycle.
07a6a917eacf44c8a359f9a937e3594b93960543	As the Russian researcher V. G. Bogorov (1904 — 1971) wrote,"there is no water in the ocean that would not come into contact with living beings."
e247566874dc2b6635047121709ded6f1bb277a0	You can add — and on land, too, there is no.
0d805d35df9c28c5482a0d30a154d2a5697961ad	Almost the entire mass of water on land passes through vegetation and soil organisms, which means that the biota of the land passes the entire volume of the hydrosphere of the planet through itself in about 20 thousand years.
cbd33f7d415ad94aa620ee114822978e27aea980	In the ocean, where water is a habitat, a source of food and oxygen, marine organisms pass through the entire volume of the World's oceans in just six months.
410bffc05ed9629c4fa959fef3355b86cba269b0	Water is an ideal solvent, so any natural water contains dissolved gases and substances, including those necessary for life.
293ed9c8e7c4cea703074e7893b06b35dec9f843	Water flows in rivers, waves and currents in lakes and seas destroy rocks and carry particles and debris over long distances.
4265f53a8aa92a5a83c826d7de2ec9d5e27fa1cd	The main part of them eventually ends up at the bottom of the seas and lakes.
5792ffb5028374c34e8f71587cbaf9084d462cab	Thus, water forms the circulation of matter in nature.
edcc3e3ae429a5ab4dd2cf426f58e77d8e66836b	Plants use water, carbon dioxide and solar energy to create organic matter to support the life of other organisms on the planet that feed on this organic matter.
f4e86e1db77a6f43bc9b810982c8d5489de42bf5	In order to create a mass of organic matter, about 1 thousand km3 of water is required annually.
46536ee6a7fe45dce897524872eeaa10e7ed9b05	Therefore, it can be argued that the hydrosphere is a product of living organisms, an environment that they have created for themselves.
04bf9fce1c6d676b9e4b20a2c97ca215d376630e	Everyone needs water.
36f65423744bf5484f23ea09fc87dbdd3956b4bc	Animals also participate in the water cycle.
b775e2ffa7c87700c39d20dabf4d6ce4e0fa71bf	The global water cycle is divided into oceanic and continental.
9153a617068ced2c00c117fea44351870ddd6860	The oceanic water cycle is a continuous process of evaporation, the transfer of moisture by air currents over the ocean and its precipitation in the form of precipitation on the ocean surface.
d0757bf18d44d23ba158654c3fac5af6d9e72341	During the existence of the planet, the cycle changes depending on the area of the ocean and the volume of the hydrosphere.
8ad62347aa54991900ef7ae929a71352a3165000	Now 458 thousand km3 of water is involved in the ocean cycle every year.
a1120e88e62557e746aa961a377c6e3e14254d89	This is almost six such reservoirs as the Caspian Sea.
416cbcf7d2a307e8ff0bc38fb5b2c6910b5e4501	But 505 thousand km3 evaporates from the ocean surface every year.
79d3a8523acff506fe34501d2253ac42111a7875	The difference of 47 thousand km3 goes to the continents, falling in the form of rain and snow on land.
0810dd62c5925785e762d2006b13ce4d11c5431e	But thanks to this small part of the oceanic water cycle, a continental cycle appeared on land, which marked the beginning of life on Earth, and then the appearance of man.
0cde0db92312177e9f32bb0011ead08551339c03	The continental water cycle is a continuous process of evaporation from the surface of the land and its reservoirs, the formation of clouds, precipitation, as well as surface and underground water runoff.
72dcd41bbcd7cce40da6bccb9fedf1216ffb7e46	Not all the water brought from the ocean to land falls out in the form of precipitation — from 20 to 75% of it passes over the continents in transit and is carried back to the oceans.
f8e54c32df16d6e0c3e80894db53a26f91459bec	The larger the continent and the higher the mountains on it, the more it intercepts ocean moisture.
90f27075d686d35f502987a139d6daee064b227a	Therefore, the maximum interception is observed in Eurasia, and the minimum in Australia. 119 thousand km3 of water annually participates in the continental cycle.
974f31df24487f87bd6d65b316dedeb13a0ba43a	Of this mass, 47 thousand km3 is moisture brought from the ocean, which in the process of repeated precipitation in the form of precipitation and evaporation on land, in total, forms 119 thousand km3 of precipitation.
6909ddd5a76763c2e158091cd45db961e267fbff	During the cycle, 72 thousand km3 of water evaporates annually on land.
b451529262a93a683169b6021709d40a640567df	Precipitation on land falls unevenly.
9f29db718f0587ce567e638d9b9f79fca89a6028	The greatest amount of precipitation in the form of rain is observed in the tropics, on average for the year it is a layer of water 1 m thick.
fb9631f17be92a59385ad8bfe6c8c99ba63f4dd3	On the Shillong Plateau in India, 12 m of precipitation falls per year, and on Mount Maezi (Hawaiian Islands) — 14 m.
e5820068ab6f07cf4928ccd4bc90ad49e4004423	In 1861, on Cherrapunji (India) - 23 m of precipitation (a seven story house!).
df0f728aad2440f0977d9cc3f082d9c7722dd962	In the driest place on Earth, in Arica (Chile), on average, only 0.8 mm of precipitation falls per year.
35708ddc3bb61db5672190b4991fe2c4e17b53bc	The continental water cycle, like the oceanic one, has varied during its existence depending on changes in the ocean surface area and the volume of the hydrosphere.
51fb948f77c1e86f3ec458dfae53bf9c6a902cca	But in its geological past (not so distant) there were changes that dramatically intensified this cycle.
41ae8bda3485c941e1473f68aa03173ee76799b3	Human need for water Water is a resource, water is an energy carrier, water is a transport system, water is the basis of life.
af1e7e660ea4e83b7f4b623633d9610caaa982a6	Therefore, the calculation of water reserves has been conducted for a long time.
e180c12f76fac645695f2d25068653086ca9c976	Methods for determining the area and depth of water bodies have been developed, devices for measuring the flow velocity and other physical and chemical characteristics have been created.
b59eaffc2be2b9e15e52534607d489e7652e8779	All this allows us to estimate the water reserves on our planet.
c0e152f616304b8e88704b5dff5fd4151193a50f	It is believed that 70.8% of the earth's surface is covered with water.
9dc4b6391ac15447df847246d02ec25b915c258c	Therefore, our Earth can be called the Planet of Water, or the Planet of the Ocean.
969fe79d8e4fb8d7eda11cbfeec1c36f73b4e23b	Indeed, the ocean occupies 360 million km2 with a total surface size of 510 million km2.
e8353efef2c659851ffe6ca90a230e467134ef13	But in fact, the hydrosphere is much larger.
febf90befc8d71243142ee66ef9c794bb0fb53ab	Thus, glaciers cover 16.3 million km2, or 11% of the land.
6123b03d25d4879da3bba74ecabcbed6491d8c22	Lakes and watercourses on land occupy a much smaller territory — 2.3 million km2, or 1.7% of the land, swamps and heavily moistened lands 3 million km,or 2% of the land.
6e0c6ff191c8d6817472c3fb0b925a389bfc440d	Therefore, on Earth, not 360, but 380 million km2 of the surface, or 75%, are constantly covered with water.
c3d5c0e025e09585aee10ab64beb69b5b7660d0c	So, it is more correct to assume that one third of the globe is constantly covered with water.
3612aa01e68bdf69be74a962cc2402a91df60119	However, we should not forget about the winter snow cover.
6406221a0db89a5ebbbaa9df6ab92ef5534652e8	The largest area on land is occupied in winter by the snow cover of the Northern Hemisphere — 59 million km2.
c9f6382cd1d6ef94a9327b188f1f7cf01ce18c50	During this period of the year, the area occupied by the hydrosphere is 439 million km2, or 86% of the entire surface of the globe.
b1b3219398e40e122dd2c9df1c201dab06a5976e	Snow covers paths, roads, sidewalks, and people are forced to put up with the whims and whims of nature.
ffbe17f765eb6aa7b7f7debd05c3ab1a65776fe6	A person needs fresh water for life and production needs, but the hydrosphere is mainly salt water.
2d905739ed89781a6539c03e6b1103cf28f1b6d0	In salt water, 1 liter contains more than I g of dissolved substances.
8066ca3951372f847eb473e73accfc87666fa50b	Only glaciers always contain fresh water.
736a206d7f31cf85f023dbf7a7bc25bebeb8d203	There are even rivers with salt water.
79202d32f285cba56841fe0f944baa87e171c175	So, in the north of Russia there is the Solyanka River: it flows through the area with the exits of salt layers to the surface.
964a1cbb55b23d93763b35a38da7791658b44d9e	And in Central Asia, a river with brackish water flows into Lake Balkhash.
bf3d5e48282dc966b338a4ef806b965ae90be597	Data is collected regularly as information about water bodies accumulates.
bade72affbee9a235833cfd573c65844573b2b8c	They show that the share of fresh water in the total volume of water on Earth is insignificant: it is only 2%, or 32.1 million km3.
08d15cdfcb2056a393f3d5e2eb6bb25c806e1370	But the main share in this volume — more than 80% — is made up of fresh water from glaciers, which are inaccessible for use not only because the water in them is in solid form, but also because of the remoteness from populated areas.
20d7cf08ab3b098cc6f80a9394c497b4ca054d14	Fresh waters of glaciers are located either in polar regions, or high in the mountains.
c522330be554bfeed98cf229ca708759ca35984a	According to archaeological data, water pipelines appeared a long time ago.
91581d70d7dd0de77657153a5af3a0e3df438cdb	The well known water of Ecbatana in Assyrian VIII — VII centuries BC, built on the orders of the legendary Queen of Babylon; the plumbing in Jerusalem — VII — VI centuries BC and Carthage — IV — III centuries BC In ancient Athens, in the time of Pericles (about 490 — 429 BC), when the population reached 200 thousand people, there were 18 water supply.
1fd05c04dc4a45ec488b5aa4455d14a96a2271a1	The first water supply system in Rome was built in 312 BC during the reign of Emperor Trajan (98-117 years), when The Roman Empire reached its maximum borders, and about 1 million people lived in Rome, there was a complex water supply system that supplied up to 1000 liters of water per day for each resident.
d9cf66822b89ea9d9a6ae45fbf42a5fe084aad6b	(Today, there are only about 500 liters per inhabitant of Rome.)
56309e59d9556cfe7480bd2ca3107160d8a71c0e	The great achievements of the Romans in construction, including water pipes, became possible thanks to the invention (or receipt from the Middle East) of a recipe for making cement, as well as lead and ceramic pipes.
046211d227bdb34cb29960be681c8ecca9c92678	Water was supplied to the city from springs in the mountains through lined aqueducts (in the translation from Lat. "aqua" — "water" and "duko" - "I lead") — long stone bridges and canals.
17c1efef5cf560c33468fcbe7b85b47767461b46	Transpiration Out of 4 billion. in the geological history of the Earth, the land was lifeless for 3.4 billion years, since life existed only in the ocean.
908a342b97db82dbf5a23aee5b667fb7737408a0	The land of that distant time is a bare space with an alternation of water impermeable surfaces, rather similar to asphalt squares of cities or dried clay areas, and territories permeable to moisture, such as sandy beaches, stone scree or cracked hard rocks.
0e622bc5feafd9319d4bc35333ece4e3bc380aff	Bibliographic list 1.Kartashov A. G. Introduction to ecology / A. G. Kartashov.
0ce0de3ffc3d2cab2142aa67264213870613205b	- Tomsk: Aquarius, 2005.
ab67d27d712f8b9467fd8287ed8572067c8a1b9d	- 391 p.
aaa06680f994a489ee3ece593da6839dee833bd1	2. Ecology: a textbook for universities / ed.
e43f8d564473bdde2db6fb21c7604236a1ef9f4c	Denisova V. V.-ed. 3rd, ispr. and dop .
efa362b1a5e3824acf0c72d82bb719965e812a7b	- M.: MARCH, 2006 – - 768 p.
8f6658cf66ee740f172548997ee3d71d76140fd4	3. Shilov I.
0ba5d5ad5e49b44525c0a8750a9c97454c2d343a	A. Ecology: textbook for universities / I.
ca06a0919e1e7f47a3b15f67c18c45bfcc22ccdc	A. Shilov.
8701827801b11716725636e2b68bebe3b22c832e	- 4th ed. ster.
62f9490a4382dc1eb87c28e8f7cf4fa68c43a103	- M.: Higher School, 2005 – - 512 p.
ce7880324fc0273776282d6dca58c69f2f85d0b1	4. Danilov Danilyan V. I., Losev K. S. Water consumption: ecological, economic, social and political aspects.
61e082025a41a8a6003d0f07e79d94d1ebc63a30	- Moscow: Nauka, 2006.
aea4aa7ca59989eca10e5aa630022b597e7093cf	5. Faschuk D. Ya.
c0e6de8284d30823f6e49dc651c04a0485dd9d17	World Ocean.
299b5424008323e3e5cc224042ab51d443e34597	History.
c1b095322fcaa53f91c0721201be9b75cd0e3751	Geography.
baf32659f7a1dc9a494740ec2c896b9a3a3d4a5c	Nature.
ae526f8edf3a6f425da1a6ef3dd61af938ac721a	- M.: Akadem book, 2005.
1d3437ec765e0e69c05a0275f225bc5202f4cc22	6. Lukyanova T. S. Bottom life on the maps of the World Ocean.
5899f1d7ee8d917d225e6bb6eca4799e9d7cc4e4	Nature. 2006 № 12.
23f4283f5323f819471319954d55099e78c816c8	7.Will humanity survive?
28f015b37bbea7e52c24b81412b9a08bce4479e8	/ / Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
78c27e5fc2adc99cc1323afc9803dec18b088787	- 2007.
1f39b14cd914b5c6ad5214cd8c79f1f08efafe37	- T: 71.
8899a3bc359aa6545bb8dd90052e6c2c739df6dd	more essays More works on ecology
82ca22624b5002755147f04098736a3010a7783d	Abstract on ecology
c98a0a56b8d3e846ea85f763e334245806488ccd	Cleaning of industrial and surface waters
274b1d5a2a67e2d66c397d558d5eca643a6e2d08	July 15, 2015
b8f1e4431c39153b35b66062bf59de7c7ed9f9d3	The concept and types of administrative offenses in the field of environmental protection
e3e9a2b5c16d521f0503c4c591999feb7b2e4f81	The prevailing types of land use and zonal features of the background nature management of the Mangystau region
30c1d994586ada2922c082ebb4fa7ca8c80a944a	The problem of the international legal regime for regulating the Nile water resources
0926f9d3daacfc8fc72ee9dded38acc48c4c0330	© RONL.ru 2000-2017 For all questions, please contact this email: admin@otbet.ru Contacting users
767d0b1eed4e6670d570ecd40856edf25e696ed0	It will not be a novelty for anyone that the history of Ancient Egypt is very fascinating in its content.
374b039740896ade0f7d251a14169d6354de10a1	A huge number of different gods and goddesses have always attracted the attention of curious people.
2be6c95f35d6c817c55007473215f49ebd0b0326	First of all, it is necessary to make a first impression about this goddess.
d513b77975a8b39de957a62f3de0033fbe7a1e05	So, at the very beginning, it is worth saying that Bast and Bastet are two names of the same deity, you can call it both this way and that.
0cc193fcb1a6998c88a472276271c02b63b05995	Bastet or Bast is one of the most feminine and graceful goddesses of ancient Egypt.
6455cc65c9c18de57b4b7485cede90e668553cfa	She was the personification of the moon and sunlight.
5b027f18bd5ace4f591f50d08ee429ce3bd7cb52	Bastet is known all over the world as the patron goddess of cats.
9d5262e0dad0583864dca7c993f8473d8978466e	Bast was depicted as a cat or a woman with a cat's head.
d5f8ffd089d673f15ae67a94f8d2ed346ac20950	Some myths say that in the early dynasties she was depicted as a lioness.
4481b4acc8012787c8e7b9ebeab33dd702419c3f	She was revered as the daughter of the sun god Ra, was considered all-seeing and even took a place in his guard.
2b6d7c9de3523833fce5046c15e2a5c1ed784f6f	Her husband was sometimes called Ptah - one of the oldest gods of the ancient Egyptian pantheon, the god of arts and crafts.
0759a47c3ce85e6be82a8322320555c55eacda08	In some cases, she was identified with Mut and Tefnut, and in ancient Greece with Artemis.
f5b7c5df86d037c045b91273ba81b18b9960ba4e	It is often mentioned that Bast has two incarnations — a woman with a cat's head (a kind essence) and a lion's (aggressive).
c1109790bd7784eaed5a8a456e0bb07a0bc5d641	Myths about Bast create an image of an affectionate, elegant and caring defender.
2299bafdea14568c3bafb3aed153535dac0d628e	Since the power of Bastet extended to a wide variety of phenomena, her cult was accompanied by multiple symbols.
2511c31de9efb446acb18df14b46d6e4d0ae3b35	One of the important symbols was the four kittens that were depicted in her legs, they just showed her fertility, patronage of children, mothers and cats.
c5424efe9395976fe091122cd1fc9d812c0c4954	A special gift of the goddess was intuition, which helped her in many ways.
b964f2ca144fa4b1a4a1d12c43e92bf37bd2c16c	Most often, Bast was depicted in two poses-standing and sitting.
b7cd3c3103bfbec6bae14fec5dec2fece85ed117	Moreover, she was sitting, only in the image of a cat, having no other kind.
570fca929c82eb7d7f193db9d31343d3627fea4d	The hands of the standing Bast were not empty: she held a scepter or aegis in her right hand, a sistrum in her left hand, and a basket hung on her elbow.
f73d4c08614ea61b4816279f5f4fb9bef094d9e9	Each of these symbols is full of meaning and speaks about the character of the goddess.
3bb169ffe1dd4c1dbb780fd7623185c499d300db	It consists of a frame with a handle, through which 3-4 free rods with curved ends passed, the rods jingled when shaken.
10ba74541bd1d10219b39549ce5f5e73443b5696	The handles of the systers were usually made in the form of a cat with a human face.
c31ae0438e1ea2f9f65968781905e8c12e38f552	The sistrum is a symbol of fun, celebration, joy, happiness.
b2b08f39a50a1ab90b21d36e1ed2caf2573432f4	According to legends, the harmonious and mysterious sound of the sistra had amazing magical properties: it awakened a person to life, treated and calmed the soul and body, returned hope and joy, gave love, inspiration and happiness.
9dd52516a5958137211be2734889bc0e5471a299	The basket is not otherwise than for the harvested crop, which would be impossible without love, sunlight, warmth and energy.
ad5a2b73360723549c1192170946697385be8621	The Aegis or papyrus scepter is a symbol of eternal youth and happiness that await everyone in the afterlife.
da59f2b915258cc869e7dc62f8215fe5ce12e658	The Egyptians throughout the history of their existence treated animals with reverent reverence, honoring some of them as shrines.
c8cc4341c69a3af24b1d875eaa7f41591685e5f4	Cats in ancient Egypt occupied the first places in the hierarchy of such shrines.
8e1f87da20c2d51cddc637076f0c461ac7fe63fe	The Egyptians reduced the complex metaphorical meaning that the world mythology gave to the image of this beautiful intelligent animal to positive, pleasant concepts for the human consciousness – such as kindness, home, fun, love, motherhood, fertility, protective forces.
bfa1eedc5d9ef9b5c1136d9a8bb70a64d0f88b23	The goddess was depicted as a virgin with a cat's head or in the form of a lioness.
460c7679f94c85a4db52d230edf17a93894ab0b4	Bastet was considered the daughter of Osiris and Isis.
1e49de26808f64fa8b1c61f593300ed9c0ab0a6e	The process of domestication of a wild cat took a long time, which can be observed from ancient Egyptian iconography.
1a42a30974a2515fa01c1c9cd45129b60ab1fec8	Every cat in Egypt was considered the embodiment of the deity, instilling reverence and fear.
a53adc496cd971f43120ece872f3122d93d0780b	During the fire in the house, first of all, they saved the cat.
a6479271a6f3b9459c5394e02735057946f2b2ed	When a cat died, the owners went into mourning, and killing a cat, even involuntarily, was punishable by death.
d28f420a225a4858476d4d4f12e43401f2fa3fd4	Bastet is not the only goddess with a cat's head.
4050d696ea6fa9ae6c94d6d0d0a0b1c82652796f	Other deities were depicted in the same guise.
57244a66bd9f13e3b542873b9830aa616c51c619	Bast in Egypt was often identified with the goddess Mut, as well as with the goddesses Tefnut, Sekhmet and Hathor.
316b92ecca184ce5488565c045406a0d6680feb8	Since these divine personalities were revered as the Eye of Ra, Bast also acquired the functions of the solar eye.
ad094ad6b887ea32e865e993dbb8f3eeda67fe24	In this hypostasis, she acted as the daughter of Ra.
34c86f6db242edcc239bda0c8a9717f26a24b5d2	Ra has only one eye, but it has many incarnations.
3a7c59eedd0902d8506333ff8d0b3b52d553841f	It is embodied in the "daughters of Ra"; sometimes they are meek, and sometimes they are frightening.
bbfa23d31e24473b34a4d9cc677ecb4f99c06afd	They all became goddesses, and the Egyptians gave each of them special features.
8e17064308c4cd719106d4d5005e6e5ae5bd1626	The affectionate cat Bast is the most peaceful of the daughters of Ra.
80eee581ef9016e60dae621a83514027de0e4ffa	People loved her, so her images are very common.
e05069e2ef0faafda152f4e1b47b66cdc516afb3	Bast received all his kindness from Ra, and Sekhmet received all his cruelty.
f9a19e6217751a7c217899ec6296b8fa149dadb0	Nevertheless, the ancient Egyptians had great difficulty distinguishing between the cat goddess and the lioness goddess, because both animals are characterized by an unbridled temper.
4e5d48102d6418fe96f6baaf82617da8ac01cfff	Indeed, in the texts, Sekhmet is often called "furious Bast".
e2542e40d91ef22157a5c5d6153d91ebdd9ea1c8	Apparently, Bast began to be considered truly peaceful quite late, and only then did she finally separate herself from Sekhmet.
2eff3d26bbc867788da83545fcbca32bac233646	The daughters of Ra, whom the Egyptians respectfully called formidable goddesses, waged an endless struggle with the forces of darkness, constantly trying to take away the power of the sun over the world where it shines.
e985a13a45b43aa9b47237448589c027bdbf9b1c	However, these goddesses could also be meek.
b4a738c54493a12343a554341f28fc9a121d8b39	In this case, they turned from lionesses into cats.
70a9c04a785572483e525211fbc33e0f69e65a49	One of them, famous throughout Egypt, was called "Bast, the lady of Bubastis, the eye of Ra, the heavenly lady".
7f8c16e603a9913ba6642dbc8548fddafa7c77cd	She got this name from the name of her hometown, Bubastis.
7d84a5a62ef8b53dbd43113958a03087a802eb7a	Bast, as the eye of Ra, was inevitably associated with the "myth of a distant goddess".
2db6e13041be8177aa0e41fb9336460fe41cc159	This myth tells us about the origin of the daughters of Ra.
6a5542c70cbbce19875b8053f54ae21fdbd4b5e5	In ancient times, when people ventured to oppose the sun god, he, at the same time saddened and angry, could not decide what to do with the rebels.
c8bedad2510fb6986f11ee0719f4e3d1692de19a	He called all the gods to a council and announced: "(People) have been plotting against me.
bfb63023feb78977f6dfa7535cfbcc87f7b5c8a4	Tell me what you would do with them.
187c3ca417e97808074103cfbca5f6005baa7f8a	You see, I am full of doubts; but I don't want to kill them without first hearing your thoughts."
672cdee485910889b73559e5aca18e7fa02e8b0c	The gods advised Ra to severely punish the ungrateful humanity: "The fear that you inspire will be great if your eye turns to those who revile you.
3eed49854d0289605f33d4fe864b0ef80a109c9b	Send it to the people, so that it will kill the treacherous conspirators in your name.
d3e760f335cb328e09ec15c74cb356a777096261	Do not let your eye remain on your forehead, let it come down from it!"
aa86ee9bde472d001bded5479317417eba3a08e7	And the eye came down from the forehead of Ra, turning into one of the daughters of God.
29d0c749327fb94032ed009357acdd486695fe42	Some say that it was Hathor, others-Sekhmet, and others-Bast!
f5a8f9821849e16f5c73d38e38d28905b39b97de	Anyway, the goddess made a terrible massacre.
0010c9205c9dd24fa09da64538f9ccdcdfb2ed5f	But the lowered lioness could not be stopped in any way.
a3455c87243afc3876893789c7a4d44a58905495	To finally get her to return, Ra had to resort to a trick.
2cc74b7929a45f4241733417ea5a81722e3e8d90	He took seven hundred pitchers of didi (a kind of beer), gave the drink the appearance of human blood and poured it over the fields.
00486b9e69dbc3b4b09ef6f1b61573b64586c107	Seeing this ,the "terrible goddess" left people alone and attacked the beer.
e36a21760f8747270ee52adbb01ae25578d0104a	Intoxicated, she could no longer exterminate mortals and returned, meek and affectionate as a cat, to Ra who sent her.
23c444af130c76cdddd695fae4a9878c41cae720	So the goddess turned into Bast.
1ce23cd19cea036eea8b5a3e0c26fcc1f8979968	Domestic cats, which the ancient Egyptians called by the understandable word "miu", were, apparently, brought to the country only around 2100 BC.
6c93c490b7489cfbf50aef5a6527ff919b82e943	Since these animals were very adept at dealing with mice that constantly raided grain barns, they very quickly gained a reputation as loyal defenders of one of the main treasures of the country - grain reserves.
98148a141a028db7f79e051d3c50ebe21750300b	In ancient Egypt, these animals were considered sacred animals as the personification of the goddess Bast (and a number of other goddesses) even the moisture on the cat's nose was considered holy.
446eccfc631a6348e438c6a3ba1570c8c1350afe	This will not be surprising if we recall that the nose occupies a special place in the religious worldview of the ancient Egyptians – it is, in their opinion, an organ on which the life of the soul itself depends.
bb1f3a5ba79331702e38beba71b7b8a6a0041dab	No wonder the Egyptians, with some unrest and dissatisfaction, first of all beat off the noses of the statues that depicted the persons they hated.
b8709443d52ffa4bc3b6cbf29d202d23f73c73c5	In ancient Egypt, even the gods could suffer from the small troubles of everyday life.
20dc05d36432db92eec30cd499fb6627c7ea77ed	So, one day, Bast, feasting in the company of other gods, launched her beautiful teeth into a roast-and came across a small, but very sharp bone, which almost cost her her life - a sad fate for a god.
195ab748a3ea6d88b77de4cd3fc67bfc769615d0	But fortunately, the story ended well: the goddess cleared her throat thoroughly, and then unleashed all her indignation on the inattentive cooks.
13c6828996d20728fc532de79316aa82efcdbfc7	The sacred cats of Bast itself were black cats; the image of a black cat was placed on their homes by Egyptian doctors as a symbol of their profession.
16e9044c97e7297f76b495f641b4c4bbea893143	The image of a cat decorated the sistrum and, sometimes, the mirror of Hathor.
6b06f0600f52ed3d3f709af11711298f6471c2d1	The influence of lighting on the size of the cat's pupil was associated by the ancient Egyptians with the movement of the sun god on a chariot along the heavenly rivers.
105a8d4b19e17965685489d52bc8271c7153ff7c	And the cat's eyes burning in the dark, according to the beliefs of the Egyptians, emit daylight — the light of a chariot of fire.
6a506c58a2b45e38c48eea0c587417ef0d781576	The first hieroglyphs that were used to denote the words "cat" and" cat " belong to the fifth and sixth dynasties of the Egyptian pharaohs (about 2300 BC).
0c33e399e8bb8f4a33bbb52ab58659212ecb865a	Today they are deciphered as "mint" and "miu".
b711e6f9e1bf197476b52ef6a114edaba11f0c55	Transcription of the hieroglyphs " miw " for masculine and "miwt" for feminine (in Russian there is a similar onomatopoeia in the verb "meow").
c1a5f3774d1c77dc24984ce2bbc76611cc55c655	Numerous drawings and figurines depicting cats have come down to us.
6603bca2ed0a63d0e56203eea0f79e2c52602b11	In the Heliopolis sanctuary, the symbol of the supreme god was a statue of a giant cat, whose pupils changed depending on the direction of the sun's rays.
2b777e6c9c67e4d3b3d0af4518608aae4fcec1ef	The statue, which releases a jet of water every hour, also served to determine the time.
6b6dcc2eaf66c98b541e6472772575773edd72bd	According to legend, the statue of a cat depicted an animal that died in a fight with the evil serpent Apop.
e5b9659a01240a72ecf6c8113c854547e23e6caa	Presumably, the domestication of the cat occurred in Egypt during the III millennium BC.
fee96fbbaa91eeebdd44d975b69ab18274cb9ae4	Before becoming a pet, valued for its softness, grace and carelessness, the cat, first of all, became a protective animal.
878d53e01be4143dc0f908075fa6da40f26af0ac	The practical significance of the cat in ancient Egypt was so great that it was during this period that the cat was considered a sacred animal.
717e43996115b6bb78b1555c9906b8264bc4183e	The Egyptians deified cats, seeing in them creatures capable of embodying the images of specific gods.
7ef9cca47dd8dc16376a685478ac9d1e0c59534b	The appearance of a huge cat was taken by the great sun god Ra, who defeated Apop, the serpent of darkness.
c330a2eed49dc2a9940d27ffbe81d7539b706acf	His duel with the snake of darkness was depicted by artists as follows: with one paw the cat presses down the head of the snake, and in the other holds a knife.
872f4781cef5ff63bffb74fbe4d6cbb080d7fc2f	But the lion-headed Bastet became the true goddess of cats.
6c6a1f65441af5f3f54f92c2c2f977edee2d2340	The moon was a beholder in the night skies, and the cat was its equivalent on earth....
9e2018d26cd2622f8790d023500e49ca31aef8f9	And from this it followed that the sun, looking down into the underworld during the night, could also be called a cat, as it was, because it also saw in the dark.
2bab5b6269ad81c96a903e5a61e44eb970988171	The cat was called in Egyptian "mau", which means sighted, from the verb mau-to see....
ebe6616494a8468451218158606b4dcee769d5d6	The moon, like a cat, was the eye of the sun, because it reflects sunlight and because the eye displays an image in its mirror."
f765408b01f49819a2e0c20992bea1e97f320bdc	As at all times, women were looking for ways to preserve their youth.
b3b95bf72a194ae46ee6a3d0d370ffd5fca0398b	And in this they were perfectly helped by the goddess of Egypt Bastet.
bd2e07e5810abb93d221df8b2ce16e72c081a2c2	The priests created a certain number of exercises for women, which, in their opinion, were supposed to stop the fading of the lady's beauty.
fc231fb8c6357ac303665bd106849634dc009ee2	During their execution, it was believed that a woman was possessed by the spirit of Bastet, who awakened her grace, plasticity and hidden powers of the spirit.
fbb901264a365895d8f5545d980fd1c2fabe6fcd	After these classes, the Egyptian women believed that they would remain attractive and young for a long time.
37bf9cfa120bef4e56740758480837f19ce39185	In ancient Egypt, celebrations were held annually in honor of Bast, which were accompanied by singing and dancing.
aab62bbe5a2318d91630d0d8345515f2402fc5e0	Bubastis was famous for its holidays, where more beer was drunk in one day than in the whole of Egypt in a year.
a22c43fbab8cc6fa3739c8466f77f12391e52784	Therefore, Bast was associated with divine intoxication, dancing and music.
9dc98c6fb5e5a0c499be39e63cf39e6cfa702364	During the celebration of the day of the goddess, it was forbidden to hunt lions, because it was believed that on this day these animals become sacred, because they were possessed by the spirit of Bastet.
7098c044b05194efd32d3ad9be59c1eaf4bca647	However, over time, her features became softer and softer, and her appearance became more delicate and feminine.
390d667a5f6928edeb3dc4319a32c031efe33866	And over time, this goddess became the patroness of the hearth, women and childbirth, joy and fun.
e35c3be8b196de86d387675835ed7fe2a92c95e7	The center of worship of the goddess was the city of Bubastis, which was located in Lower Egypt.
1344d97f0e6844bfae56f4fcab068a22041c4b33	It was there that the largest and main temple of Bastet was built, which was surrounded by a large moor and decorated with beautiful bas-reliefs.
f83ebbd49c16deaa52077e8284ac56c9b4a79520	In the middle was the largest statue of her, to which a huge number of pilgrims came daily, bringing small figurines of cats as a gift, hoping for her favor and kindness.
524daf365e9ae6282452275c5a505dd21993c578	It is worth saying that a huge number of cats lived in this temple, and at its foot there was also a sacred cemetery of these animals.
cd9fddc9077a95a866c58dde3da8b1641b19632c	Like the pharaohs, cats learned to mummify, they were placed in sarcophagi specially prepared for them and buried with all honors.
3210b63e61e935eade235a47b26927b633ff5385	All family members took part in the ceremony of embalming and burying the bodies of cats, on this occasion regular pilgrimages were made to Bubastis, where the priests performed the burial ceremony.
d1109d4128cb78be432cdcfed87d9d368cb9004f	A huge cat necropolis at the foot of the hill, on which the temple of the Goddess Bastet stood in the era of the New Kingdom, was discovered by archaeologists at the end of the XX century in the east of Sakkara.
04a435e1290e6a9b5a67c719e18ccdc68e319f84	In the tombs of the nobles of the New Kingdom, carved into the rocks, archaeologists have found many skeletons and mummies of cats.
028d29aed6bbb40ee7aae3fa1f8f834183b22341	Tens of thousands of animals were buried in the catacombs of Bubastion.
7f4d808b5b18b06054d453600b32aee228e7d49b	Today, the temple is destroyed, only ruins remain of it.
00393beee38160dbf4b16ae6d5a328b31036ce4b	However, everyone who has visited Bubastis says that even from its wreckage there is strength and the former grandeur and beauty.
2a1d7928559fd058206933df691edfe4cca66daf	It is worth saying that Bastet, the goddess of ancient Egypt, was worshipped seven times a year.
4a581a56380b916810d31bd82b6580de31026ea3	At this time, a huge number of pilgrims gathered in the temple, who came to worship the goddess.
dc5120d7ffb30ba9d529ba1a90e04b01d5136c0f	Various prayers were read, special songs were sung, and sacrifices were made.
176be7b7e9138671428427562dcb4dbded55fdda	The spring worship of this goddess is interesting.
826b8f29bf2531789bda7d093d372697c4428ff0	So, at this time, her statue was taken out of the temple, placed in a large boat and rolled along the entire Nile River.
1ab78e1f0048ada94b62cbe4943a60921ab249bc	This was done primarily so that the goddess would protect the river from its disastrous flood for the Egyptians.
2c83defd06159f0a04651fcbb82c924fee1f8e06	"The cat is mysterious, mysterious and close to everything that is not given to a person to comprehend.
090372ea69958ba387e8def03e182e462ffe19a2	The Sphinx is her cousin, and they speak the same language, but the cat is older than the Sphinx and remembers what he has already forgotten" - so the American writer Howard Phillips Lovecraft wrote in the story "Cats of Ultar".
e47fb96de3e907c4750e505b9705a924c48a7ce6	The plot of Lovecraft's story is as follows :" A caravan of wanderers comes to the small town of Ultar.
693b718cc3fa7c6ead9289bf57930115113dd861	A boy from the camp, an orphan Menes, plays with a black kitten - the only creature close to him.
96bd4283c991cb3392593904ce60ed438b42ad47	In a remote hut, under old trees, an old man and an old woman live, who hate cats.
d165fe9141fb3d56fc9f2e1141f19b49346fc706	On the third day, Menes ' kitten disappears.
dd428b8a0bfe7b83950cc97ce369e0942494cbee	The boy in despair offers a strange and incomprehensible prayer to the Gods.
ef672fe4441aedaf1ac8b4b8fb5324faab4ae057	After the caravan leaves, the Ultar cats kill the sinister old men."
1a067dc1480e146f2cac3aed76ff11f573369361	The "dark-skinned wanderers", among whom Menes was, resemble the Egyptians in their description: "their carts were decorated with strange figures with a human torso and with the heads of cats, falcons, rams and lions."
24486376c402cdf49c265162361ffc17fa94f3ab	Who was this boy who bore the name of the legendary Pharaoh Menes-the founder of the I dynasty, who united Upper and Lower Egypt?
863764e9a9bbd313c9ad6dd201a1a55eff6133e0	Perhaps, since that time, the Egyptians began to honor the cat as the Goddess Bast, decorating the tombs of the pharaohs with hieroglyphic inscriptions with the meaning "cat" - "MAU" or "MIU".
b009472aeeb2424be9c102d9fdc2aead8c157543	Bast or Bastet was among the ancient Egyptians the Goddess of joy, fun and love, female beauty, fertility and home.
f6573813af0dfd154667d919ca4ed8e4cdf550b5	She was depicted as a cat or a woman with a cat's head.
e49a310340a076311ac35dcaa9b9ed901b7d1055	During the early dynasties, she was depicted as a lioness.
56b7c2694011aa58da0bab1cb309c112156c6e49	The statues of Bast were decorated with jewelry.
191473c6454bc4dc07ff0ebee43e19fcc9efb9ca	The sun, the mother-Hathor-the Moon, the sister - the Goddess of the Sky Nut, the brother-the God-healer Khonsu.
5ec6b2df14b53de234e7d032ccc48aa309883312	The son of Bastet-Mahes is the God of thunderstorms, storms, darkness and wind.
2412a847081c2d1eef346ca6b7eed7202647e121	The center of the cult of Bast, the heyday of which belongs to the XXII Libyan dynasty of the Bubastids, was the city of Bubastis - the "Sanctuary of Bastet" - the capital of the XX Lower Egyptian nome.
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f90945120f4c6e54a21a86ebcf52789c30089121	The goddess of Egypt Bastet (Bast)
a4c52cedcabb95a36d3778572ddebba41477fa9f	Bastet (Bast)
d0467c1f662a1d6e211e57a552811fadee15e7c3	- the goddess of joy and fun
261f54aa7e616c3b4ff227453124f7c004cd9730	Bastet - the goddess of joy and fun, was depicted in the image of a cat.
c3eca5c6a51698303068a72d0f06c5ff0653effc	An eyewitness told that already at the sunset of the Egyptian civilization, when Egypt was under the rule of Rome, "a Roman killed a cat, and a crowd ran to the house of the guilty one, but neither the authorities sent by the king to persuade, nor the general fear inspired by Rome, could free a person from revenge, although he did it accidentally."
072c504164903b9adc35c5a76b023208993e57c6	Mummies of cats are often found in Egyptian tombs.
5e180d83ef034d240d1fe4b1b4f63f7881486f4a	Bast is the clear eye of Ra, full of calm and serenity.
263f4d8233efe310be1c8287827f7299e09a684f	And in this she resembles a cat taking care of her offspring.
726feaeb59527ae4686614d5072c55faf6342030	Her images
fdde9c3ebcc60ccd2515b68540d7d230f3d6e158	In the early epochs, Bast was most often depicted as a lioness, which was the reason for her identification with Sekhmet: at that time, Bast was one of her incarnations.
287ab8ec031e3d797b884a2c8e59553905e6a5cf	This is how it appears to us on the bas reliefs of the pyramid of Pharaoh Sahur from the V dynasty.
27a4a33c77a948a59f84f03599f5d67d62fb39a4	We can see here how the ruler worships the goddess Bast with the head of a lioness.
dee5f5e00f60872f1ac47a1845217af6bf91ce2a	Thirty years later, King Mikerin, who built the famous pyramid, is depicted next to the goddess Bast in the temple dedicated to him in the valley, located in Giza.
fd3784ff211b2baae34b7bc417ca3004fe1aa7cd	The image of the cat Bast became more widespread in the era of the New Kingdom and in the III transition period (1070-712 BC).
3995fed11f48818b06608ed906bee3450186e8e2	This incarnation of the goddess is familiar to us, primarily due to votive bronze statuettes, which became more and more numerous as we approached the Late Period.
a3f2521215162c1d10686c34f2aa16fb91709e45	We see Bast sitting in an elegant pose or carefully feeding his kittens.
3d57c9b2c25695b9c2e4ccc20e4025d63c911919	No wonder the Egyptians made her the patroness of mothers and newborns!
04876e9a82604a87c5bf2cfb066f2bcb44acc5ef	Note that a significant part of these small figurines were found in Bubastis and in Saqqara.
42a8dd64400fd2559ab1c4599b748b0d66423fbc	Myths about Bast
9d7840a5f97a4056d40ff37ad8c6e91761ac2cf3	Bast is the embodiment of the clear and serene eye of Ra.
d0702e830ed1d145b036d6a7e89ce555c86331e6	In this, she is contrasted with Sekhmet, who embodies the formidable essence of the sun.
451e7faee41e030c0e8f27e6a80a3a3b1b81ac46	However, the Egyptians often confused the two goddesses.
ec8ecbcdd33813d1ebcd68c3eadb5021ec6ef3c3	Bast will give up the guise of a lioness late enough and finally become an affectionate cat.
28104f03a964488b7f5501cb0d4a182bafe0faa8	But cats are also predators!
ef84b857954c8f68f818385d63a242e2a213ce98	The cat goddess hails from Bubastis, a city in the Nile Delta, gained real fame when the pharaohs of the XXII dynasty (945-712 BC) settled in her patrimony.
7e5bdb89a58cae3142551bdda781359e69f72ddb	From the bloodthirsty lioness she was before, resembling the angry goddess Sekhmet, Bast turned into a calmly sitting cat.
3d787220fc74fd406dc1cb663fcaa877447ffa36	Daughter of the sun and the eye of the star
d0a3b672042b8b0bd66bfddbb0f12c5a0cb03e21	The eye of Ra, the solar disk, had several daughters, and all of them were predators with a violent temper.
f7f2195a9d6e717d60b3a9b38ed499deb091c06e	Two lionesses, Tefnut and Sekhmet, were reputed to be the most dangerous of them; these creatures were so indomitable and strong that even their divine father could hardly cope with them.
55d64a0621946dd8009ed2d18002be0f74a74106	The third transition period was in the yard, there were still about a thousand years left before the Birth of Christ.
e0743f6638e22702c590f13f2217be52182bafc3	The myth of the Distant Goddess
4032c08f7b3cfa2775f47be6f8f10cf8e36659a9	You see, I am full of doubts; but I donot want to kill them without first hearing your thoughts."
60522b62d9725c3e30816e9f7ef22f407c7d70c2	Some say that it was Hathor, others Sekhmet, and others Bast!
1b86ab3fc4e580612f6a4175f11eb52b890e37af	So, one day, Bast, feasting in the company of other gods, launched her beautiful teeth into a roast and came across a small, but very sharp bone, which almost cost her her life - a sad fate for a god.
def93641da47b70d43c27855fbf556dc29aec2cd	Meek, but unpredictable
42b411dc82ef6861a1ec18c0e1c8e0de662406ef	"I am the daughter of Atum," Bast declares.
dd40f0a7db595ac6f380a01d1364fbb8dfea6fc5	Her meekness, unshakable as the creation itself, is contrasted with the cruelty of lionesses called to fight the forces of evil.
485f3c9497ac51133d99458fa39131f55a7db87f	Nevertheless, Bast should still be treated with some apprehension.
aaf93d0a66fe0a9c0e6e2096339d76806fcc50d1	The Egyptians knew that the bloodthirsty nature of the goddess only slumbers.
f9bdf79872c6dbc981cfe8e284b2867b26d28495	Legend has it that after the infamous massacre, the wise One, calling for the help of Shu, deprived the goddess of ferocity.
580c29bb2a32c2bbed131834f233d7e9b0197b62	However, at the end of each year, on five epagomenal days, which were considered extremely unfavorable, Sekhmet's temper may prevail, and the "terrible goddess" with her heavily armed demons may again descend on the earth!
a30012a1b736c77fad22bafbcccdc6a250346781	Of course, Bast is a submissive daughter, but she should be trusted only with the greatest caution.
46b554ba2dcad34cf5a9694606d91e31d5f11042	This undoubtedly explains why so many votive figurines were left for the cat goddess in ancient Egyptian temples (especially in Bubastis).
0ba2db6dc25e3dfffe20a0f1cd6d2015e30d462a	Bast was just one of the incarnations of the eye of Ra, so it is not surprising that the Egyptians rarely surrounded her with family.
6ca6095dd30f0c5028d3edeba9bd40dabb2e62fb	But, for example, in the city of Leontopol, whose inhabitants revered Tefnut, another daughter of Ra, who was famous for a much more hot tempered temper, her brother and paredra Shu were also worshipped.
f7a7e567c5b4cacf10dad0e1058bc205b516b667	Bast and Basti
7f1463fe88245c73590ad71a8853b0afea86107c	In order for Bast not to be left alone, her clergy gave her (however, quite late) a spouse named Basti.
edf4d2796e4b065350395efd2ca12b14dc590894	Formally, this god does not play any role in ancient Egyptian mythology.
bd69c63f3e059c189b8531252f27932d8fef4997	However, thanks to him, Bast had a son named Mahes, in whose honor Pharaoh Osorkon II (924-909 BC) built a temple in Bubastis.
fdc27c9a744c20e1bbc01cfe7fb4cf9382185b28	The Egyptians worshipped Mahes as the god of thunderstorms and storms.
f544034deea8314fc81641a34079c17a575b8085	He definitely inherited his violent temper from the predator's mother!
298543464f8df7aedb589d537273235d05a6c573	The Cult of Bast
3d0e3c92d3516850798b2082f3341aec200de3e2	Temples, necropolises, festivals, thousands of bronze statuettes... all this gives us some idea of how popular Bast was, despite its by no means impeccable reputation.
d76e871195044f534d62dd1540a46e9468f5aac1	It seems that the Egyptians trusted their goddesses, including the most predatory of them.
cb21e717a09a1bf746011979dc7e7b99b8fbf803	Bast was the goddess of Bubastis, the capital of the XVIII nome of the Delta.
8c0d996844bc8527bf29ad8113825f637f79f5a6	The roots of her cult go back to the Ancient Kingdom, namely to the period of the reign of the IV dynasty.
2ee1dc074fe4d79f1640ede156fd11519911dde3	But a special honor was paid to the cat goddess by the Libyan kings from the XXII dynasty, who moved their capital to Bubastis.
324ca4367ec7e9e5fbf3259498994019d01b8026	Herodotus tells us that the annual holidays celebrated in honor of Bast in Bubastis attracted whole crowds of believers in the Late period.
94c05af1da7e351c947f741e131d660e52144d9c	Whole necropolises for cats
4598c00822a31639d3b0173a6698fdec2398c005	The scale of the cult of the goddess Bast is also indicated by the number of cat necropolises discovered by archaeologists in different parts of the Egyptian kingdom.
44acd199dd79ce8a5df19fd08ac8c258180041b4	Among the most famous of them, Bubasteyon, located in Saqqara, is particularly worth noting.
54bb78d380cd59fa8e2fe777aed7205bf053f50a	In this large cemetery in the rocks towering over the city, there are several thousand tombs of cats.
e3beb3d946f07fe31c3ae3b4026cae72c6302718	Some were embalmed and wrapped in bandages, while others rest in real small zoomorphic (that is, made in the form of an animal, in this case - a cat) coffins.
b5863502104ee9adce8bcab7c1affa55bd89d794	The rituals dedicated to the buried cats were worthy of the cult of the deceased ancestors.
ccf5f91b7195b0bd3d2168d2281d32617ff7e0ca	In memory of these cats and as a sign of respect to the goddess Bast, the Egyptians decorated small wooden plaques with miniature sculptures of cats made of the same material.
ca0bf129da5830b500e1ea4bd182bab4e998bb82	Hundreds of similar items were found in the tombs of Sakkara, as well as in the temple of Bast in Bubastis.
cd90b8c344b3d096c236b85b9361ff18138d244b	Archaeologists have discovered other necropolises, not only in Bubastis, but also in Tanis, Beni Hasan (the Middle Kingdom, where another lioness goddess was worshipped - Pahet), and, finally, in Thebes.
9f1a2c2f73329dc2cfcf017af8a8a4474269e0bb	Thousands of bronze statuettes
f9d9f465cea075c23dd3ca52b1532098adeae3b9	Ancient Egyptian sculptors who worshipped Bast made thousands of bronze statuettes of the goddess.
7635f917740f472c5bf2a6c0d7caf0a9eeabd8f7	A significant part of them dates back to the Late period.
e2eea1e88321f15c3f5252ef19269510da2e3318	Among these images, three iconographic types can be distinguished: a cat sitting in an elegant pose; a lying cat feeding kittens, and, finally, a standing woman with a cat's head.
df18cf66de542661b7a134a045080a973287ede9	There were so many such products that now at least one of the touching Bast figurines will not be found in a rare museum.
96e7c01aa9f34ec0f099b03a54f0fae5002aadd3	Bast Temple in Bubastis
78ea3e4532dd16fc34d416d2982c23c7e04a7bd7	Bubastis (from Per Bast (ancient Egyptian) - Possession of Bast) was the capital of the XVIII nome of Lower Egypt.
a9d1c9ceed2400cd383cb1f4d28e3a5c723e5224	It was very well located - on the way from Memphis to the Sinai mines - and did not stop growing.
c832aeb5ff2ac1893a4302338793cc10ab83d727	The Golden age came to town with the coming to power of the Libyan pharaohs of the XXII dynasty and famous of Osorkon II, who ruled from 924 to 909 BC From the writings of Herodotus we can learn, that near Bubastis on was built in honor of the goddess temple, which according to the historian, a special mention: "the other, of course, bigger and richer, but none of them did not look happy".
8b75b84d07869b7b50c764edea487bbb59b7fa22	This temple stood slightly lower down the slope than the city itself, and divided the sacred lake in two, resembling an artificial island.
1db06830f71a2b6f6c617f72b303836ac8fdbd5e	Here, the Greek continues, "a whole forest of giant trees surrounds a huge sanctuary in which the goddess reigns."
5b5775f9b733839adb852a96d04c59221fa42d6e	The building, excavated by the Swiss archaeologist Eduard Naville in 1887-1889, occupied from two to three hundred meters in length; inside there were several rooms: a large front hall (the creation of Osorkon II), the hall of the Sed festival and a large hypostyle hall, rebuilt under Osorkon III (883-855 BC).
7fb7c01e0a324e69f640d6b6f7aff49ca707bb4b	Unfortunately, it was not possible to completely recreate the plan of the building.
e13f2dd2bf395fd8674c35f09dd5b9fa389624cd	A few meters from the temple of Bast was the temple of her son, the terrible lion god Mahes.
43569fc9759e34f4bd709a24020d066dd505fb48	This religious complex was complemented by a cat necropolis.
263a3b28d69ed8de7b4052e8932feb2312c108b0	Worship of the goddess Bast in her sanctuary
897188d48009acdd857617e2f2266786a9855d9c	Herodotus, who described in detail the appearance of the temple of the goddess Bast in Bubastis, tells us about the rituals performed in it and, in particular, about the holiday that was celebrated during the Nile floods (in accordance with the myth of the return of a distant and softened goddess), on the 13th day of the month of Paofi (August September).
b56a5afb1d7eb1e66354f7648a2c1f10efd98887	Here is what he writes about the events of this day: "The main (holiday) and the most famous is celebrated in Bubastis, and it is dedicated to Artemis (this goddess was identified with Bast) [...] When the Egyptians go to the city of Bubastis, they do this.
754b46d7e98e1abfed85fbd6b1b59b4ae3ffe3ed	Women and men sail there together, and there are many of them on each barge.
24ad0866681c2a8b1ff06823900b2e7f3c4cc4c1	Upon arrival in Bubastis, they celebrate a holiday with magnificent sacrifices: they drink more grape wine on this holiday than for the rest of the year.
279f6ac9f1415bd34923b12f08726401155c132a	According to local residents, up to seven hundred thousand people of both sexes gather here."
00dc125ecf2283ebef117d2229697743f284249a	Although Herodotus is not very specific in describing the rites themselves, at least from his text it is clear how popular the goddess was.
70d96b80143cda31ad7a181a4d6de9a23be21c6b	It is also worth noting that in her meek appearance, the cat Bast, as a caring mother, was the patroness of the home.
c84e50f7873b76d21df62bb90d554c69be86c841	And, of course, first of all, she bestowed her favor on those families in which a happy event was expected - the birth of a child.
c89f72586cb289ed8cb6319ad594227e3209bca7	The patroness of the home
216989da90c0d3033b008c020b1f31f327f0a1f2	The texts that speak of "peaceful Bast, affectionate and joyful Bast" definitely prove that the Egyptians noticed with what tenderness cats take care of their offspring.
e349edbffdd684a8ec7e9aca2cdc031adc712966	It is not surprising that women revered her as the goddess of childbirth and the patroness of the home.
45146c5333ac8260585bbf5b0ec70efec07f8708	As we have already told, many bronze statuettes depicting a cat feeding kittens were found in the temple of Bast and on the necropolises dedicated to her.
ffbfde5003cb0336f8d3f6661213fce250c67e5b	Votive figurines were donated to the cat Goddess and they prayed that the whole family and, most importantly, the children would always be healthy.
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41e4d56a2b7f35c721224b6da31c1e8564c401c9	The main spiritual development is the religion of the ancient Egyptian goddess Bastet.
12fc49fdfe4358b9e09df743cc71db842180079e	The Egyptian cat goddess Bastet
0d3bbf224ba9107035aa9c51b05d27d7d30daee8	The ancient Egyptian goddess Bastet.
1d2e42a910265e5afed14ae0dd039a9474a9fa26	Spiritual development Religion
5c06583ebdccd6c684ec1b5050d100edf3df5619	Ab.
90dc748d87e0d7c227e2b11bd3a3e96c4c67ef10	Sadykova Tatiana
b5f868ab6ead260b20ca20556931765927ff51a5	May 6, 2014
d7fcc6d36e1c77d4336fc1ae2cab6bc9dda72b86	In this article, I want to tell you exactly who the goddess Bastet is, for whom she was the patroness and when people turned to her for help.
1fe9a9867b6aba516cadad98b233f7f186eeaf63	About the name First of all, it is necessary to make a first impression about this goddess.
069d3fdaffeb2d04699efff4127727e832bf803b	By her nature, she is the daughter of darkness and light, this is the embodiment of femininity, wisdom and beauty.
d282423d4c91566a7907e7ffe589495e2500b1db	The Egyptians reduced a certain belligerence and ferocity of this image, which appeared at first, to a more pleasant awareness of warmth, home, motherhood, protective forces and fertility.
09c72ecb2070b14869b46014b4591ba11c35aadc	According to various versions, the goddess Bastet was both the daughter of the god Ra (his Eye) and his wife.
e0516749964a479c4ce368bb1527c19c7855f7ce	You can also find information that Bast was the daughter of Isis and Osiris.
9dfa74bd2d709ab8effe91fb5c652513339d23a3	According to other sources, Bastet's husband could be the god Bes the patron saint of the elderly and children, bringing good luck and joy.
d07e4205611c5de045096cbf35850ccd24625aa2	It is also important to say that the incarnation of the union of the gods Ra and Bastet was the god Mahes – the fierce god of war and the boer, who was depicted with a lion's head (it was crowned with two Egyptian crowns).
a76fb1d5841ba2500d42cd19e03a84e8fe1ec20e	It is also very interesting how the goddess Bastet was depicted.
e0557bf8bc92a212830f90451a6d44ff26000a42	This is a woman either in the form of a cat, or with a cat's head.
d487308bc6ec8915e60c67ce3db1c9b31c6b6a14	However, in Ancient Egypt, there are no images of tamed, domestic cats.
0c3692826d40daa66ff0166621a5f24fcdff2e42	They were depicted only as wild animals, for example, as the cat of Heliopolis.
a0c9fd1ac17858883ccd091454b292ac4409f944	And only in the II century AD, this animal was firmly reunited with people and domesticated.
f388ec019cd3f22a364daa7209351ceeb343b72d	From that hour, cats were universally revered, protected and loved.
ec8f3de79649454d7e74d406b74d27b35868d930	After the death of these animals, they were embalmed, sometimes even deified.
a10afcd4288e77a09a256a556d2b2a927248e492	It will also seem interesting that the cat is considered a sacred animal of the Sun god.
35b37bcd44a6e3e1e5152125fb0a2a843ed74829	Cats were seen as his incarnation, and the eyes of these animals, according to the Egyptians, radiated sunlight.
8461f1bf5f3977863ba99fc30dab225701d581a6	So, who did the ancient Egyptian goddess Bastet protect, who did she bring good luck to, who could turn to her in case of certain problems?
b88a7b68a6147974be93467be55b3e473aaab6ad	So, there are a huge number of versions.
ba8cb1d3dc470f25200765e943b8d3b8527ebd72	First of all, it is the patroness of all women, because she is a catwoman.
9691c4bf69ef792cfe2845c81e48121d745ba9c6	They came to her with various problems, including when the lady could not get pregnant.
6721d88ead2d25a3f817d332c416a900bb0f8031	This is the goddess of childbirth and fertility in all its manifestations.
2ae703643e920922bf4c784b9c4d1d673832a5c8	Also, Bastet was considered a defender of the hearth, she brought fun, love and joy to the house.
0d2c1a54b2ab04c314fe04f00f4e54f6ad139604	The healers of those times also greatly revered this goddess.
bafddeb506a8a4eb02e47193333dca1115ed60ae	They everywhere painted her image on the houses – in the form of a black cat, in order to protect the patient from death and for his faster recovery.
5cef9d5e1650634bc4eaa8347476a248126c8cb9	But, despite all the above, the goddess Bastet also has her own dark side.
8fd39c2e73a1a5842ffe2e05a3ad09101b1c70f5	After all, she is the daughter of darkness, and sometimes she was depicted with a lion's head, glaring angrily ahead, and had a middle name Pasht, the goddess Bastet Pasht.
65295f6d5e5dcd5b4c678413ece9f0dd58493d08	About beauty As at all times, women were looking for ways to preserve their youth.
5b1a73efa695c316cc0ef46953b89f6e6a7db1e4	The cult of the goddess: the beginning When did the Egyptians begin to widely revere Bastet?
7cbd4ecd80af2c04c2c7e130ab7d7eeece736251	This happened back in ancient Egypt, when in most cases this deity was depicted with a lion's head (in the likeness of the goddess Sekhmet) and was considered the mother of the god of war and storm Mahes.
bbc26ebbb1fe2cc1aedf19ba8eb51e6d685b9dae	The cult of the goddess: the flourishing of the particularly revered goddess of the cat Bastet began during the prosperity of the Middle Kingdom, when the ancient inhabitants of Egypt finally learned how to grow grain and thought of storing it for the future in order to avoid starvation.
1a4fd71868747c64c83fe9e45d58902284ac7cad	It is not difficult to guess why at this time special attention was paid to the goddess Bastet.
410493361b11dfb2b2dbac3c23a0d1c5303b7e9a	This is because the main enemy of this grain is mice, and the goddess is a cat.
5be05e26df891a21894410e0e2bc12b103b3a088	At the same time, this deity began to be associated with the wealth of the country and was widely revered.
68abc8fb201a695547306dcf1bbc90910df6a51f	It was there that the largest and main temple of Bastet was built, which was surrounded by a large moor and decorated with beautiful bas reliefs.
fba11e6a8e8ec234fe6dc6e1eef3b527fbedc0d5	About cats, it is worth saying that the statuette of the goddess Bastet was necessarily in almost every house of the Egyptians.
569470e4be6a2af26bab7a6bac238185b39e2bb5	She was considered a strong amulet and a defender of the hearth.
7377cfaf1cbc628d47f6ab5c63fddbc6b8831a59	In addition, it was considered a good sign if a live cat lived in the family.
d3eea628374119f8f773ea02389c867e974884e8	It is worth saying that she was the most important member of the family, sometimes even more important and more important than the child.
ffc6510dc2557e772f40a0cd749189280d226cbe	The cat was always fed before the owners sat down at the table, she slept in a specially designated place for her or even a room that was necessarily decorated.
728cb1e217f8c4feeb380c8a1b33e6d3da5d78e8	Especially important was the event when the cat died.
496a180e2adf77822bc6400faf156c7b0a41cab9	It was a huge grief for the family.
f766275c2157817a8ae789a7cc9837365043c283	She was mummified according to all the rules, buried with great honors, food was put in the sarcophagus so that the cat in the other world would not starve, and also the mouse, so that she would not be bored there.
5a4a2d36560d85631b98b503fa4a1de314cf8adb	For a long time after the death of the animal, the owners still mourned the loss, wearing mourning clothes.
2365d0980de8b6d131b6843547553ef0e43363df	It should also be said that killing a cat was considered a huge sin and was punishable by death by law.
d91917155dc98ffccb796700df40e52938615b86	It was also impossible to export cats outside the country, but traders did it everywhere, creating a certain ritual of honor from this (thanks to this, cats spread all over the world).
f9b5122fe5088c4fd2129fa199e0325fa82e98ad	However, the love for these animals played a cruel joke with the Egyptians during the war with the Persians.
5900b280442ac60917ccb5dc1277fe4d0225d34e	The fact is that the Persian king knew about this love of the Egyptians and ordered his soldiers to tie a cat to each shield.
5f11f3555eb3f503ec0a5279d18741beac91be1c	The soldiers simply did not dare to shoot at the sacred animals, and were captured by the opponents without any problems.
721c8f7d4e2ef88aaa66f9f65b5a6156e9b5d87c	The cult of the goddess: withering After the Roman power came to the country, the Egyptian goddess of the cat Bastet was worshipped less and less, and already in 390 her cult was completely banned by law.
9d1afbe3e6675b59c422dab19747f027f96966c8	Over time, interest and respect for this animal subsided, while cats were kept in homes simply as hunters of snakes and mice, which at that time were quite a lot.
97fa354758d98bb9e95bf4c2e3c26a26392ec4d9	However, the cats who got to Europe were even less lucky.
9bb8b2a00ae8fe3d661319a01ce70ba3d0a38f20	For their love of walking at night and glowing eyes in the dark, the Catholic Church declared them a product of the devil.
5b3eb649cd0392de5e1214059f7827f10d4b0663	A particularly difficult fate befell the black cats, who were so revered in ancient Egypt, they were considered the assistants of witches and the receptacles of the souls of their deceased brothers.
07651156f0ec1fb81ca3a260a23611886a945416	Cats were killed, tortured, and mocked in every possible way.
172c5fdf952c79a671db5659dc903c6cb8d8d30a	However, as soon as the Renaissance came, these animals were finally left alone, and interest in them pretty much subsided.
bfcb9f0ff3eb695bd983c9da6f8228154fc84d5d	Today, there is no negative attitude towards cats, but so far no one has deified them yet.
6216f10af87100bc63ee69a6842fc00d5b4aef28	These animals, as before, live next to people, a huge number of different superstitions are associated with them, which people are still cautious of out of habit.
fbf8f8d37045db5410eebc06b74c4be9c9a1aa33	However, who knows, maybe the time will come again, and cats will be revered, as before, praising them on a certain pedestal.
d7ee6305e4930cbde447042ddb8dd83af75d44e6	Elena 21-01-2016 - 18: 13
f01db6ed9d95233f62c27f2dc0219bbe30d1a6f3	I have a live cat at home, I also named Nefertiti, she is the embodiment of Egyptian cats, especially when she sits down in half a turn, and it seems that the figure of a cat from the pyramid is sitting with me...
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ab934ea6ff3e33dd1eea718dcbd2ca12f31563b3	Beautifully and fascinatingly written.
a3d073d321cc8a2359dd67e10f1d2eb8789f512d	I have such a statuette.
7c55c80517503897db2a3894d1503de28d468470	I brought it from Egypt.
310bc24a0860f005cb5342df6c04279348724405	I wanted to throw it away.
87de248eb49badb4d7798057d90883881206b4ba	I will refrain.
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ee124a1e6de4e263f885a1ba11a1679747566cc6	It seems that youth is created for experiments on appearance and daring curls.
0647f07c9e12b1995c69aa3d2419d0cd5039c2eb	However, it is already posl...
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1633000356e0f1192c02cc4ab48533f587e3f97e	Hathor | Sphinx | Sakkara | Regi Dutey | Ra | Ptolemy III Euergetes | Menes | Isis | Howard Phillips Lovecraft | Heliopolis | Bubastis | Berenice | Bastet
0db9f10a6e8e7a6130aa5ae1321f96a409446214	The "dark skinned wanderers", among whom Menes was, resemble the Egyptians in their description: "their carts were decorated with strange figures with a human torso and with the heads of cats, falcons, rams and lions."
f320d8c71421892b8e72e8f2b9f3fcefd3454f66	Who was this boy who bore the name of the legendary Pharaoh Menes the founder of the I dynasty, who united Upper and Lower Egypt?
e99585f2d72262ca616d4492792008259d3b62c1	The sun, the mother Hathor the Moon, the sister - the Goddess of the Sky Nut, the brother the God healer Khonsu.
ec34a3caab7a9860091051f89bec4acac97d12b7	The son of Bastet Mahes is the God of thunderstorms, storms, darkness and wind.
ec844e28a69678348e061b9c03b11e112793e578	In the Egyptian "Book of the Dead" it is said that Ra in the form of a red cat under the sacred sycamore tree in Heliopolis defeated the huge serpent Apop - the lord of the underworld, who personified darkness and evil, and cut off his head.
e4c7f056788fd5ce19a67b1f21c0af20ef7c5523	The attribute of Bast was the musical instrument sistr.
e6af0ccb2afe723eef38f8fdd82449da79377267	The goddess of fertility was often depicted as a woman with the head of a cat, holding a sistrum in her hands, four kittens were located at her feet.
c12011d6db503782886179de76d8ddaea71efe4a	The ancient Egyptians identified Bast with the Goddesses Mut, Sekhmet, Tefnut and Hathor.
9d28d017e9b0b3ade4d407ec8a8ea77ebe09b07d	Like Sekhmet, Bast was called the Eye of Ra.
ec893c4b412be4da3ef7e57e360f907ca705f662	Bast Ba Ast - "the soul of Isis".
54888ea746d10e87b6d4f3a542f847e371b0cc98	At a later time, the cult of Bast became closer to the cult of Isis.
bf4c14d6b82bff155b151e1db9f8552b21853e5d	In the temples of Isis, cats were usually kept.
e6dada67fc3495c195463ad7fe943254458181d0	In Europe and the Middle East, cats appeared after the construction of the temples of Isis.
ce07d26355347bdaa130228d60364854c0d52b02	In one of the centers of worship of Bastet - Heliopolis, a huge statue of a cat was built, which expanded and narrowed the pupils depending on the position of the Sun.
bfbdc9cd452797d2d73a448eeb39f8c2c1612849	The pharaohs performed sacrifices in the temple of Bastet.
d4c64a2fcdda66d4fe1860ee2d70f34b0c596543	The priests took care of cats as temple animals.
c95189c3a77a5fc2702e7f90169e4fad7aeea6ff	During the Bast holiday, lion hunting was prohibited.
489be899523432109d2eb95021ee24bde88beacc	Since the time when cats began to be identified with Bast, they began to be mummified.
1959eeac9b714fcfae5519b98aeaac36d7de43d2	From the description of the Greek historian Herodotus, it is known that the Egyptians rushed into burning houses to make sure that there was not a single cat inside.
835f9f32e4a94f403b79012dd8bcfd68bfd8471a	In memory of the deceased cat, the owners were in mourning, shaved their eyebrows as a sign of grief, and the crowd threw stones at the driver who accidentally ran over the cat.
7c681ccfa9b7068d80675f0c8d064905d94f5526	In the grave of the cat, they put food and toys.
1614fd4a47c93245cee25919957ff62c7e483b04	The Egyptians treated the Gods not just as spirits, but as intelligent incarnations that could transform into any creature or object.
07a540a930c719ce0d98790505c374dd73e6c13f	This explains the historical fact of the capture of the Persian king Cambyses in 525 BC of the fortress city of Pelusium.
6dbfb093045313f80ba1f1a7f64023aab1284f43	The king for a long time besieged the city, which was called "the key to the Nile valley", and was forced to retreat, but a Greek soldier defector offered Cambyses a trick: live cats were tied to the shields of the soldiers, and the Egyptians did not dare to use their spears and arrows for fear of injuring the sacred animals.
2e67a2389b643ecfda36d61c9026928f81a92c61	The splendidly defended city was captured by the Persians without bloodshed.
cb40701e9f41245bc46c610bb84ab64fc71a0621	In 2010, during archaeological work in Kom - El - Dikka, a place near Alexandria, the remains of the temple of Queen Berenice - the wife of one of the most powerful rulers of Egypt of the Hellenistic dynasty - Ptolemy III Euergetes were discovered.
1320a817e9fe5c00b4be8788b2fa3ce21b124bc8	A cache was found in the temple, in which archaeologists found up to 600 statues of the Ptolemaic period, including statues belonging to the Goddess Bastet.
5fd81f8fc90a999c913a941ab9c2bef56e8aaa5e	The temple in Kom El Dikka is the first temple of the Ptolemaic period known to science, dedicated to the cat Goddess Bastet.
e5d8c5dca8b507bc15b7dbd5fa7044d8e00d06a7	The temple was built during the reign of Queen Berenice, with whom the legend about the origin of the name of the constellation "Veronica's Hair"is connected.
c7792af5ea7605dab573bd340c11d3fb243d2fa6	According to legend, Berenice cut off her beautiful hair and placed it in the temple in gratitude to the Goddess for her husband's victory over the Syrians.
a3cbe543bfb321813f4e3915a746477ff5010290	The next day, the priest astronomer Konon informed the royal couple that the sacrifice was accepted, and he observed a new constellation in the form of female braids at night.
3d138b00d307d03a1f784472c3162309becea177	So says an ancient Egyptian legend.
53e2425eb7b8268ae7225e57bff82007704efa6e	And such is the mysticism of the events of my life:
60a37821ab9e3944d7f108bea6a734a22ed7ad20	* when I visited Egypt for the first time in 1996, I felt the spirit of this ancient land of pharaohs and mysteries, realizing that one of my previous lives was spent in Egypt;
e618f1f1886fff554f320324e587f3cd32843f7b	* I published my first articles on the site under the pseudonym " Bastet";
6147a3484f1288ffd812ad781152a6a837c3c70b	* after breaking my right hand in June 2010 in Egypt, I cut off my long hair and burned it on the shore of the Red Sea, making a sacrifice to the ancient Egyptian Gods;
a0df466ae9c5359daa0af4c36d324ace126fed38	* after breaking my arm, I started publishing articles under my name "Valentina Zhitanska".
e9f2c815e9d3d808b183046938599d0768a269cb	Is it an accident or a pattern?
dc9552e650ae2a4b3297b1d4d24877f709565096	I think that everything that happens to us happens exactly when it is necessary.
a99546fccf7c5769d3b3531eacb1e62f5b429dd0	The French physicist Regi Dutey has developed a theory according to which not only the past, present and future are collected here and now, but also all our lives, previous and future, take place simultaneously with our current life in the superluminal dimension.
0a258d5a3b87ff72c8fcf9aab846696f472aab8e	To comment, log in or register 106973 views
8f33da4f4d8ef34848fe4d8cd4171fb1401f991f	Blavatsky on the cult of the cat in Ancient Egypt
33e97ba5e097ac3d5f67f85e3a4b38f67554c8e0	Skarlet - 23 Jan 2012-20:53
0086be2de81792baa5dd524f33290b2af0b72873	Elena Blavatsky in the Secret Doctrine (part II "The Evolution of symbolism") wrote about the attitude of the Egyptians to the cult of the cat:
4e0789db45a9bf8904b2be14ff9f74380ea005c4	"They noticed the simple fact that the cat sees in the dark, and that her pupils become completely round and especially luminous at night.
56df6ae73e136d797592314bf3fdc0acbf4d4138	The moon was a beholder in the night heavens, and the cat was its equivalent on Earth; and thus the ordinary cat was accepted as an expression, as a natural emblem and a living reproduction of the Moon… And from this it followed that the Sun, looking down into the underworld, during the night, could also be called a cat, as it was, because it also saw in the dark.
f258d7593385091caf618774b44762ac7ffd8931	The cat was called in Egyptian "mau", which means sighted, from the verb "mau" - to see... the Egyptians imagined a big cat behind the Sun, which was the pupil of this cat's eye."
8df82c180e4742c83ce177bd7ea96efa662ebb1d	To comment, log in or register
3183ad470cfbd0c534356d57cf4067a9a5bc3feb	A Buddhist cat from South Korea
258f574ba9c99ecc0db27058c19e0d07e4daf526	Valentina Zhitanska - Nov 19, 2011-22: 37
4cc8d56cf900d2d4ef540aacbbc95bacda69f1dd	A Buddhist cat lives in the Longxing Temple, which is located in the city of Shangzhou in South Korea.
2bfe00517b791a79c4a464b718b9e1b251bffcbc	The abbot of the temple found a wounded cat in front of the entrance to the temple, cured it and gave it the name Tseto (Liberation).
cf316e82f01b7e1fae1194748d78d7d282b20383	When the cat recovered, the abbot told her that she could stay in the temple, provided that she would not eat meat, kill living creatures and make loud noises.
74ebcb0786cf23b5b6bd4daaf8e0cf1b89754ff2	For 4 years of living in the sacred temple, the animal has never violated these rules.
94bdcf84f766a1d0f41ea1ff1ca2105afbed7e23	Tourists have repeatedly tried to seduce the cat with fragrant meat and fish, but she has never taken food from them.
e3fccd4ea9dae55247aac38f6a0d99b58f53b0ba	Several times on the territory of the temple, the cat managed to catch mice, but she always gave them to the monks alive.
06bc8ab9191997187e895bfd0ad71f269213ecc7	Every day, in the morning and in the evening, a Buddhist cat comes to the Buddha statue and lies down in front of it, crossing his paws.
23c14191d3224003b67f4a1df0cb868bf0be0e37	This pose of the animal clearly resembles the welcoming gesture of the monks "He shi".
f15b1248effa8ba5b93c32218273b6150c40193a	At each visit to the Buddha statue, the cat sits motionless for several hours a day and stares intently, almost without blinking, at his face.
e77e210bfbe681e4cfe121abdf13b44ddb4e65de	The Buddhist Cat (part 1)
e22919b647d02ef41f7038ce343d46bb9c9a8a16	Bastet
fce55682d2b40602f9c6a2cc1cc30b1a898457c8	geolo1987 (not verified)
133f1ab0d35b51ac7140060b4d606639a2feefe6	- 24 May 2011-01: 23
86e5b69ba1c579e7ca17223426863ab9f3db2c1f	I believe that the topic is not sufficiently disclosed.
118e9d663e882f634feda9a33c3b012bb957160b	I propose a discussion.
137ed00fdfe2bc8c0cc4964e765ebafbc94e3707	Bastet Sekhmet - the lioness woman
5c289b3334da800a4ef91b7236264556a47e3e50	alecs62 (not verified)
ff4c67ddaa388497d66fab8ffaae2639a1db0b5a	- 6 Jan 2012 - 03: 40
47aa71d09b00dc1c6a41afcf5f801f7bf2385874	And it seems to me that it is enough and in full.
0ed5c952c7165104d09e5d30bb832de936d8373f	Bastet has two incarnations — a woman with a cat's head (a kind essence) and a lion's (aggressive).
cd0be380285a6a849b3d1f60b4e526b01e012a80	It is believed that, being in the second form, Bast turns into Sekhmet a lioness (you remember that Bast was first depicted as a lioness?), who once almost destroyed all of humanity.
7bc7f474f6a5a77aa8a2b6ef79fdd557f24b6b37	It was believed that the father of Bastet was the Sun; the mother was Hathor the Moon.
d5275f475f34715de67a1d9690ba1171bb658a1f	Nut, the goddess of heaven — is her sister, and her brother is Khonsu, who exorcises evil spirits.
f91904070579bf87cb19a36fa3bb140c445b76e7	The word "Bast" consists of the ancient Egyptian word " bas-" and the feminine ending "- t".
4d89e9e7dcb37f8ad02e0c7a0d628a2b9ff4e97c	The ancient Egyptians did not record vowel sounds, so we will probably never know how the word "Bast" Bastet actually sounded.
af4f113464ca33db27d2249ad0893bb98900b384	The cat goddess.
888e6b077b84c33283b7bf0bd50b7eadd68d2d1d	Bast or Bastet - in ancient Egypt, the goddess of joy, fun and love, female beauty, fertility and home, who was depicted as a cat or a woman with a cat's head.
5d13a7ad35676f8be94135d90565e1bd12bc0b6b	Even before the cat was tamed, Bast was depicted with the head of a lioness, but everything changed when the cat became a sacred animal.
9528ae3ab1cef64b3f0cf1c73518c43657a7f809	Bastet was often depicted with a systrom a musical instrument.
b1090ffa3c8960f00bd010cccd5ca57bfd0d3cda	Bast was often represented as a woman with the head of a cat, holding a sacred sistrum in her hands, with four kittens at her feet.
bf4f38436fef78d9c2d4dd05a0df56a82f3a01bf	They even dedicated a temple to the goddess Bast in Bubastes (the city is named after Bast).
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44b0df113e818bdbbce2252f733d3f7848f4ceca	Contact with an alien civilization
3bb15466942be89cbe8cbda55c52d9c1e2838093	35%
d6c476a066ad10c28328075fa388477075dbc4d9	Cybernetic immortality
c4515eccbf4ad0f2530148002b6772b9a2c79f0d	11%
30eb5f9b51d4129e58299e4da4fb8ce8eaca8526	Creating a time machine
8ad9a20901a9cfb680ed377d6b7d0461a3f55354	6%
61a6ecf13083c1010589073c3c5c5f7526932c04	Colonization of the Moon
1df30ffd0729e9c97bdd38f75489a35ca353a13c	10%
0d2534af28142d7deb97bbf05eecd1a5b3eda126	Colonization of Mars
44652ad36760baac52e89356bf081fc4338ac7cf	9%
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554145fe554176e4c4fd1c0deac8c6bc3335b9ec	7%
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6e3ad6cf52649a54087341c135c9807744f6b2aa	The Egyptian goddess Bastet ( Bast) - the goddess with the head of a cat - The Egyptian pyramids forever!
2891cb279f33587c4c0f1de75715f6f626657434	The History of Ancient Egypt
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8c55195f799201200ee604dc224c80e2f1cfdbe2	Bastet the cat goddess 29.12.2010 19:53
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92e54522ea32bfcc618cfb53bda9784c846da5d5	Bast (Bastet) is the ancient Egyptian goddess of love, joy, fun and holidays.
9bc01159c8ab22464ac442fb11ef38017dda8f65	A symbol of fertility, female beauty and grace.
1356ac0e24686f8ac86bd0dc342408b3f2e2f991	Until the 10th century BC, it was often depicted as a lioness.
3ad017cc43e6f0ec3f3c5a50af446374fc88a5a1	Construction technology Who built the pyramid complexes
b5a1d3a6ca531751e17bf2f72d9dad7738a0c613	The attribute of the Bast was a stringed musical instrument the sistrum.
802e52a5816e9b5b26d18aa8f68524404e0e0906	The Architects of the Pyramids The Art of Ancient Egypt
edcabcdd51e429e8e07f963807c3ae66f8b08eb7	The goddess Bast in the form of a cat
913fec57f7671afe65e9cb9b16b89ef5df61d255	Myths of the ancient Egyptians
085c7ec2e9f07bcccdf84dfee56976c1a0baea6e	The religion of Ancient Egypt The secrets of the Egyptian pyramids Egyptian hieroglyphs Tutankhamun and his riddle The Pyramids and our time
6f911a96844b846c889f1249a3b715df71689b6b	Main articles
d3c3007f45ec7b79d6ed7df37975564f9236c98a	The cult center was the city of Bubastis (located in the Nile delta, now a small settlement of Tell Basta, see the map of Ancient Egypt).
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a6e7a36a150a21f453c44906799c7b3cc7f3468b	Evolution of the cult of the goddess Bastet The process of domestication of a wild cat took a long time, which can be observed from ancient Egyptian iconography.
f6dcca5af89218c99bab1d7229336ec90f5e9792	Gradually, these animals are replacing the Egyptian mongooses (ichneumons), which are traditional for these scenes, as hunters of birds, rodents and snakes.
d1548ca3607dd35f56d3a42a7f9a356ac8b69ed9	Having become pets, they constantly showed their usefulness, protecting the property and houses of the Egyptians from rodents and mice.
eadbf93c64a3d45d3a0c0b30ae9129b28479f1e8	Therefore, they were seen as a manifestation of divine care for people.
56aa4925ee63211c6cf8e4da8f38c3650d0ace5b	http://piramidavorever.ru/egipetskie bogi/126 bast bastet.html
803ab79310ab4c905d897e5b8b61272124906f8e	1/3
2f7ce9cd7c93224fe43fc310688682ef1be9b909	The heyday of the cult of the goddess Bast dates back to the reign of the XXII dynasty (Bubastids) and falls on the 10th 8th centuries BC.
b082bae6b178ef3175470fa9925f28827ef2bb58	The Libyan rulers did a lot to raise the worship of Bastet to a new level.
5861e57bf93685aeef66d1ab76f26dc157a13232	In Per Basta (Bubastis), which was the birthplace of these farans, a large temple was built in her honor.
5e3f92d983ea6bb858f56be2616f060f3e2daf74	It was during this period that Bastet turned from a local goddess into an influential deity.
6e59188d1fe9876d9c822d1978e2798071349ac9	In the era of the New Kingdom, the god Ra, who kills his sworn enemy – the huge snake Apop, takes on a cat's appearance.
0f3e44659635266cdce2cd2cd11695465e35698f	And she herself became revered as the consort of the solar deity.
ac9d8398cd8327725498d364fd34e0345c235825	Their son was Maches - the lion headed cruel "god of slaughter" - the defender of Ra and Pharaoh.
170dce31b33d2f22c1cef4588380ca5b70099925	The evolution of the cult of the "cat" goddess has led to the fact that the Egyptian goddess Bastet becomes a national deity, one of the most revered figures in the divine pantheon of the country of the pyramids and the pharaohs.
266d591987035e2472c9c64c6e611a5797149f47	In honor of the goddess Bast, annual celebrations were held in ancient Egypt, accompanied by singing, dancing and fun.
6b27af2dc3e97c240cbf997ef796ff578e4d3e7e	The great historian of antiquity Herodotus wrote that if there was a fire in the house of an Egyptian, then people first of all saved their four legged pets, and not the rest of the property.
d64085e571ac612aa40a3e703f4843bf80094ee3	If the cat died, then according to tradition it was
65232a39f1853b62e767ff846dcf2958f995f9a7	The sun god Ra in the form of a cat cuts off the head of the snake Apop.
80066706517b83b14a599d007c975118cefa33f8	1480-1070 BC Metropolitan Museum of Art, USA
8437e79311ed5d2247074028e132fd811b3891b7	the owner had to shave off his eyebrows in mourning and bury
1ce1964f4279b92ffe5ef36d6f0089d4be8b1ef9	Mummies of cats.
117803be25d65382efb7912d4e8c24ededf4e7a5	Metropolitan Museum of Art
dd9b04bbda39007b879829ca72b467bf0cddf8e1	a mummified animal in a special cemetery in Bubastis (modern archaeologists have found thousands of mummified cats there, as well as ashes that were left, possibly from their cremation).
3e117ad1b6b06d814d0f5a33778c9182b9b7dd76	The Macedonian author Poluenus said that during the battle between the Persians and the Egyptians in 525 BC in the eastern part of the Nile Delta, the cunning king of the Persians Cambyses II ordered a lot of domestic animals, including cats, some of which were tied to shields, to be brought to the front of the battle formations of his army.
cd4f02bad7b8c201536022922c0309a764e76007	The Egyptians, a goddess with the head of a cat.
38640dbefae40b86a006a2573499c36315ebe4f3	Bronze.
002969955ff43149a465f4f70213eb00202fb3da	26th showing excessive caution, the Dynasty, 664-332 BC.
b8907cbc319d52d5f544fca2202113560ed3e968	The Louvre, in order not to harm their sacred animals, lost the battle.
c8f2557c72bf7844a9015d1f57361edd1e33b226	The Egyptian goddess Bast is a symbol of beauty and grace Now in the museums of the world there are amazing statuettes of cats in beauty and harmony, which are a vivid testimony to the wonderful art and talent of ancient Egyptian masters, as well as manifestations of the love and reverence that the ancient Egyptians felt for these sacred animals for them.
3a6d00b4ca786411d15e3f767a683c1399bcefce	The Egyptian goddess Bastet is one of the most popular images in the iconography and sculpture of the ancient country.
b34a5b95e1dc6bf7d9b45a995435952697773888	Her images were symbols and amulets of fertility, prosperity, beauty and love, celebration and fun.
a8792c02824141504af55abd0bbe54ed6f5e38fc	2/3
942658b0a506c88e2ee2db354db39ec488772a08	A cat from the British Museum
ef77a9568cdd6d0ee0b3f5669fefc72857550324	Cat.
103b69565e5039df5169c0825aa6de4a4841522b	The 26th dynasty.
dad578b91a3c539400848bbfe9bc438ed83ae192	Liverpool Museum
ff9dbdf9b0dc8ff81b336f13842c326caa923477	The cat from the Louvre
63b6f6a8f9f976071b6c8a8f063ee9d927bf1e1f	Ptolemaic period, ca . 400-30 BC Metropolitan Museum of Art
0faffe44c7c58f5ee30b972c61541e2a605247a1	The canon, according to which her images were created, was finally formed during the rule of the Libyan dynasties in Egypt, originally from Bubastis.
b930a039d2d15fbc10005dfefc9209093bbc5312	In the form of an animal, it sits on its hind legs, the tail is stretched out and wraps around its legs on the right side.
bbed6c3007eef6be7e4efbb1633ed572b4999df3	When the Egyptian goddess Bast is depicted as a woman with a cat's head, she often holds a basket in her hand - her kittens are in it.
99ae5f32f7f7b168957da19d24d9cb53b90998c5	It was a clear image of fertility and motherhood for the ancient Egyptians.
123acb494cb128d8f35f9f9e97111c4b43bc4ba9	Almost three thousand years have passed since then, but this image evokes similar feelings among modern people.
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75bccc5da0c91cfe0f293c790e0ffa734604c4ff	The cult of the cat in ancient Egypt.
c3b2f3dcdf67fd19d030a17d6f4a9906faa70550	The goddess Bastet.
99bc09eb25066d3cc79a7c9c9131e51908031a66	Tuesday, December 27, 2011 05: 57
833e4388a099bce3de9c8ac089843964c7bf950c	Quote from the message Cat girl Bastet
b855f0dcd378208d6fc643f778cfbb675fcace45	"Oh, wonderful cat, granted forever."
6de1d5bd8caf0ed35b2d26587214399369d878a1	The inscription on the obelisk in Nebra, Ancient Egypt.
f11dc6cc1f6d0eecd757fa71ff9e32fe7062a54f	Nowhere is a cat more revered than in Egypt.
2e1bef9640ce2f4088c44ca43bd46bee7e198486	In ancient Egypt, there was a very significant cult of the cat goddess Bastet( Bast), who was also considered the personification of sunlight and moonlight.
14b1dda3cc25b7c133690a0ab35c1ab3a98c7015	Prayers were dedicated to this goddess: "She can give life and strength, all health and joy of the heart" or "I am a cat, the mother of life".
0d68132a5c5f8e2837ba477953a779abfd5fca7a	In her honor, cats were worshipped, they were mummified, a mouse was placed next to them, so that the cats had something to have fun and eat in the afterlife.
cf1a98dd56d1952c4915e02dc3e9ece2c82831b7	The cult of the cat appeared in the most ancient period of Egyptian history (the second dynasty) and lasted until the 1st century BC.
44e9483413723b46e6e93aedfa9836dbc04243f0	The religious center of worship was the city of Bubastis, where , according to the Greek historian Herodotus, there was the most beautiful temple in Egypt, dedicated to Bastet.
6fa599d936e3f13d27847c8c98b1ce94e84a533a	In the main sanctuary, there was a huge statue of the goddess.
14713ba80f50672f595b7037d3011db1e06408e0	Statue of the goddess Bastet (Bast) in the temple of Bubastis
e265e6d2cf0ddfd9096546a41f803313701af315	The great historians of antiquity, Herodotus and Diodorus, wrote in their writings how every year, seven times a year, one hundred thousand priests gathered in the temple in Bubastis for a great commemoration
df68708f1d2fcfc9b5e59ef7079b5d8f540f0a3b	the divine cat.
0eef4e0cf2db47b0bf77b7218e7f9ca71d86953b	During the annual spring festivals, the statue was taken out of the temple and solemnly transported on a boat along the banks of the Nile.
90cf283bd60265c2da9de59cff1e93289d366962	These sacred animals were also bred there, and a large number of cat mummies have been preserved there.
65e137bead27aba9d5c3317dac9611cc2bb859b6	Bast (Bastet)
7fc318f757a844a153f6c977de34ac2f83ffc5a9	The goddess of the sun, joy and fun.
dd604a3cd41df2684aa1fc38800ebf8f89045b2e	It represented warmth.
f23642de7e9714b7432fa1f21bdebcc34fb6f8f5	She was considered all seeing and took the place of a guardian under the sun god Ra.
af9a2dd2b64421157b9f8b5ccc6bd9578bc695e0	She embodied feminine and maternal qualities: grace, beauty and affection...
183a4ba64c92a4066eb470f490860f01b746e8c6	Often the goddess was depicted as a woman with the head of a cat, in her right hand she had a musical instrument a sistrum, and in her left a mirror, and at her feet were four kittens.
251db155d1c245fecf2fc21c8a066df12c9c8eaa	This is how the Egyptians personified the goddess of fertility.
b99bd2950a7eb4cb7ad896d10c37747504bd2cc5	Bastet (Bast), as a rule, was dressed in a green robe in the images.
f15793b4940147b21e09867787c7314d48179e3f	Traditionally, it was associated with the sun, fertility and successful childbirth in women.
4589a3938a7b57beb16e0aeaca62a8106aec6152	The Egyptians raised the goddess of fertility to the rank of a national deity.
8b7d800bbfaab37bf1542f54e12a74ea2c02a2ee	Bast was the goddess of fire, the moon, childbirth, fertility, pleasure, benevolence, fun, sexual rituals, music, dance, protection from diseases and evil spirits, intuition, healing, marriage and all animals (especially cats).
b6eae01433df9242af2f1632c8fbe237a768a210	Bast has two incarnations — a woman with a cat's head (a kind essence) and a lion's (aggressive).
ad7a53b899cb6accf4e114563539ed1a2cd1d0b7	According to other sources in Egypt, the cat was associated with both Bast and Pash (the Moon).
f02d146975ae38a28be686497e269b927326ff4a	Pasht was the dark aspect of Bast, the Lady of the East, the mother of all cats, the wife of the god Ptah.
24439a73a2970b99f6b274cd3f8e1ff7dd1b1341	Although she was considered the embodiment of the life giving energy and gentle warmth of the Sun, through her sacred cats she was also connected with the Moon.
91fc1a88c4314255df200eea4257431e33bf4e2c	Bast was also the patroness of children and the guardian of the harvest.
f16e3276e59dafd84af1e766ce7c0ee54a4fc497	Her statuettes were kept in the houses, which drove away evil spirits.
608623732a91e21b50dca997c6e82e6d37a3c294	The beginning of the appearance of the cult of Bastet is the Second Dynasty.
f908754d9fc4022720e1ff556a57dd8fce13bc92	They were worshipped until the first century AD.
f682a94adcab81ba7f45fcb4bf92e6d9aaaa4dfb	Genealogy: Daughter and wife of the sun god Ra, wife of Ptah, mother of Mahesa and Hensu.
346c4e6820c3a05a1c851ff769347d7f29020abc	Iconography: Depicted as a woman with a cat's head.
4fe0ca00f134d412ed89d9d7137daca70b1efe71	Attribute: Musical instrument system.
66d420c4974b9ea3d927f475c717db0fb7c2c11a	A sacred animal a cat, reflecting the agility and strength of the goddess.
e9e726a08f5235f8ece0b0b8fe67f9743307f5b4	This animal represented the moon.
0020679c6f695f3650cc948c5aa3d8ae83a1eecd	This cat personified divinity, inaccessible to a mere mortal.
60155ae5234cc7bbf5fe79c4033349af6e50e6a2	Even the supreme sun god Ra was called the "great cat".
a3f9e7735fb8c0bd1a13510e7e42a6ad969e0420	The rising sun was personified by a scarab beetle, which was necessarily present on the chest of animals.
f260f63ad4d3ffeef42e2b317279746e89552ad4	Hunting small rodents, they protected the barns where the Egyptians stored their provisions (first of all, wheat), which was vital for this agricultural people.
d484df8ba0862f0962b1bf541f8d71fc6457bb66	By hunting rats, cats eliminated the source of serious diseases (such as the plague).
5769a235598181b388cc80db4a0825bfe64fefd1	Finally, by hunting snakes (usually horned vipers), they made the surrounding area safer.
a7dc0ec54c805e7b76127d009bc162563b26786d	At the beginning of the historical period called the Middle Kingdom, Egypt grew into a mighty power.
8215efd90b3e51a35d009787e41dc841a4b066de	The basis of this power was grain storage facilities.
11b083cf573cf38cb0da10b968bb0ad543d601a9	As long as they were filled, the country could safely survive a possible flood of the Nile.
ddfcdde0586cf3a1794bcce8a564123efda5868c	This was the finest hour of the rodent - killing cat.
1569a44d285079de3fbf88c656474b0fbc89467b	But the lion headed Bastet became the true goddess of cats.
f3043f1faf45dd5884ac592b41b56585e7cbeab5	The Egyptians considered the cat a sacred animal of the goddess Bastet, personifying joy, fun, health and love of life.
54a173e5b8ba2eb047502b56aaba42114e712e0f	Here is what the famous philosopher E. P. Blavatsky (1831-1891) writes about the attitude of the Egyptians to the cult of the cat in the book "The Evolution of Symbolism": "They noticed the simple fact that a cat sees in the dark and that its pupils become completely round and especially luminous at night.
ef6e5989f0cc711fe6be8c2544e0e2ddf1305417	The cat was called in Egyptian "mau", which means sighted, from the verb mau to see....
dcf8899d7998a36f1544f353d3885caa8254fb15	The cult of the cat reached its heyday during the 12th and 13th dynasties of the Egyptian pharaohs (about 1800 BC).
93af9e62c8a3b7256cf87bcc6d9f586f55d155b6	The temple of the goddess Bastet in the eastern part of the Nile Delta became a place of pilgrimage.
7a86a86bccd2b0e9140c772bc23b71055bd9d563	The main center of the Egyptians was a huge necropolis near the temple.
45949365759719666b94b195d33f59802ddce139	Here they buried embalmed dead cats, placing them in decorated sarcophagi along with toys and food (for example, mummified mice) for a long journey to the afterlife.
a3c469b652f561248d685d232ed537059386135e	Not far from Beni Hassan, 180 thousand mummies of cats were discovered.
5e9f8aed2502c65a20ff18aee9398cf46fa19470	As a sign of mourning, people grieving for cats shaved their eyebrows.
d289ad33e61946e78368366c58d9809d86528fff	Egyptians from all parts of the kingdom brought as a gift to the goddess symbols of devotion in the form of small cat figures made of ceramics and bronze.
2f66126c1b6b88ea017f50973810c34ba5a5eb3d	Bronze figurines of cats are distinguished by the finest modeling of the surface.
b54666eecdfa27231043689a5fa50ea3201d7b67	Soft contours emphasize the plasticity of the body, an elegant silhouette.
ec7009ad7db4301d2449f11bdfc5aefd82a13191	The naturalness and grace of the animal are masterfully conveyed...
f2bf2a601eec59aebf71361fc8281833e1271c6a	Made with love, these figurines are exquisite and at the same time they are reserved, even strict... as if reminding everyone that Bastet is a merciful hypostasis of the terrible lion headed goddess Sokhmet, the daughter of the sun god Ra, who supports Maat universal harmony — and punishes those who violate it.
37bd084195e82c432b1477913738fc0023b5a4ad	Figurines of cats, as a rule, were richly decorated by the Egyptians.
f97ef284a5a0d4a703fff84123b9c9da17f0d1e4	The statuettes from the Hermitage have necklaces on their necks, scarabs on the crown and eyes inlaid with gold.
7d288aaa3b30cfb74fafca57c552e8c39aabbb6d	The study of mummies from cat tombs in Bubastit, Siut and Beni Hassan showed that the cats of the Middle Kingdom were subjected to selection (artificial selection): the skeleton, teeth and pigmentation of the coat were already significantly different from those of the original steppe cat.
dc04bbf46cd2c9e6661d2c40d7597138f5ad9f2d	Egyptian cats were deified.
c1dd0f8cda1a8620634629667a7cd94a91ce6f6b	Magnificent temples were built for them, their bodies were mummified, thousands of pilgrims from all over the country rushed to them.
06936dec76df03340ab3d5706b9d9f58b95bd3c1	Egyptian cats have always been surrounded by a mystical halo.
f6b28f397c6de988157c3c9b361a4da7583cc990	Their eyes were considered windows to another world, and, thanks to their changeability, animals were often compared to the Sun.
0252f6fdfd978789139819669cbc3517c3005038	The Egyptian priests found many analogies between the nature of the cat and the sun.
5480529202f520b92ca04799094ba8b986a2c796	First of all, these are the eyes of a Cat.
1fb89b45a9ae924d7268de4c6a46fdd888e00d3e	The sun rises, the pupils of the cat's eyes become smaller.
7cbf2d74ae292e2f72b296209a4062b6049260c5	The sun is sinking towards evening, the cat's eyes are widening.
15c14fdd52df7fc170f86f5fefe573b5bbb52b86	When the Sun has disappeared, the cat looks at the world with wide pupils, round and luminous.
22da3c8f1444c5fa477ba4eb01fa88ef330502b4	The cat's eyes are two reduced suns.
f89567cd95d30b3705f62a8b17c247b585aa559f	The cat's eyes are magical windows to other worlds, in which you can see a lot.
81ad3b4101fe9a4f20a8bd7f4f46bd9629dd101e	Cats are guests of the world of the dead in our manifested world.
ea01d9fe1a5f4af68d8bfe64b38b07e4821b290c	It is believed that a vampire or other dark entity will never set foot in a house where cats live.
dc62deba08c14cfdf8860dfc7347d64229ad7e8d	The fact is that cats see them...
0cc076b7ae4988391dd02be61b8c604ec56155b8	It is often possible to notice the "oddities" of the cat's behavior when it suddenly freezes and stares intently at some point.
8fe136b9ac90a390ea532428dfb037931924370b	This is how she communicates with the invisible world for us.
10c72f0681156b911f5f6b2d5bc8a752a1029e5e	In Bubastis, the main center of the Bast cult in Lower Egypt, sacred cats lived in the courtyard of the temple.
af4482a3d943a367a9788ac5f711aa0ee9e1e9b2	It was considered a special honor to take care of them, this right was passed from son to father.
553f39caf5ff3acfdabd07b56e76f8f6a4b3468d	In order to take care of the welfare of the cats living in the temple, a caste of priests was organized.
c3ef299d6455c0e429b0b9313e55a83a248d8a1b	Bastet's servants held the highest state posts.
aeae04dec03f42fb8e61a0e6cc53537683110fe3	A priest accused of unacceptable treatment of sacred cats was severely punished.
a7a46f64c2adfd9e13a465d7e9c8da14f0493df4	The priests carefully watched the cats, trying not to miss the slightest sign they gave... the messages of the goddess Bast, in order to interpret this message later.
a50b02d57b846c31e3c17356e8927614c7005b3e	A believer seeking the help of the goddess or wishing to make a vow, shaved part of his child's head and took it to the temple.
933f35a1a179507698d08f4b4976775c474e0296	The hair was put on a scale and balanced with silver.
5ca1a4f42cec48d677f973dbbf3ef8724291c203	Then the believer gave this silver to the caretaker of the sacred cats, who cut off the appropriate portion from the fish that served them as food and gave it to the cats.
81263faeb5523143c7c43b73b7cb90bf550a3cfa	In the families of ordinary Egyptians, cats were also considered sacred, they were surrounded with care and attention.
f290eafa33da8fd2c26da6c950d227add7842ea2	The Egyptians loved their domestic cats, which were depicted lying on the lap of the owner or under his seat.
455bbea3b056aaead488fc5ff87114691c0b0992	Plutarch describes how carefully the Egyptians were engaged in breeding cats, choosing suitable pairs according to their character.
269c525a80f912aa260f404e0dac2dc78b089b6a	The sacred cats were fed milk and bread, and fish without scales were specially bred in tanks for them.
7a071a5f3725c1f6017e088928f874eb728ee549	Those who attempted to kill cats were severely punished.
a20b8fb12ffac58dadf0feb42777df5ea8335fa8	The cat was protected by law and anyone who dared to raise his hand against her was threatened with the death penalty.
17c1a787c205cad214144d09a4a5e33d41e9d9f1	Cats were called "good spirits of the dwelling".
42cb72362ac79543e3490d61b0a183d97b90eb1b	People everywhere gave way to these graceful animals.
352dc39afad4bb6e58ded83cd1dcfd183b0ac1ea	Cats in Egypt were the first to be taken out of houses during fires, and the owners saved them, often risking their own lives.
4f92edc228231604b2c9134bd97e1537e27a8a3f	If a cat died, then its funeral was held with great honors.
76c00570beca2e18dc1d61d2f80df6075e348b5c	After the death of cats, they were buried according to a ritual resembling the burial of a person: the owners of the cat and their relatives shaved their eyebrows as a sign of mourning, and the cat's body was embalmed.
03675cdfdea9a9fbdfeacf92e6ee27142835e9fe	The Egyptians believed that the soul of the hostess of the house after death moves into a cat.
65a6618a698d185342914cf5f70df9653d66bfc0	The body of the deceased cat was wrapped in a linen cloth, anointed with herbs and mummified using a balm.
8aece2a882c3ce6ec1c88230f9c6eb39fde2da3e	To prevent cats from starving in the afterlife, mummified mice and shrews were placed together with them in the sarcophagus.
5b04d6efd5d7d2670fbb765d732efcc198393958	The cats of the rich were wrapped in colored linen with intricate patterns.
a43b96086cd44f024455d93bede26d1c51ba770f	A mask with ears made of palm leaf stalks was superimposed on her muzzle.
a867036e4547763ef49941098318280c90d3fbfe	The mummy was placed in a wooden or straw woven box, sometimes decorated with gold, crystal or obsidian.
50837bfb53bcc41d9bf1cdc4747c8205eff8316c	Even kittens were buried in small bronze coffins.
03ba120cee0d365f0d1b734618489842cafc9080	The most revered cats were those who lived in temples.
7b4950951014c5984827cb2551bddec9f46667c7	Their funerals were sometimes so pompous and expensive that special fees were collected from the population to pay for them.
5bfbea1e289dd771d1e82ee6701eb4598a76fa7d	The sarcophagus with the mummy was placed in one of the countless necropolises specially designed for cats and built along the banks of the Nile.
9f08012f90620cfb9745ef0c4ce8c94b647f5abe	The mourning lasted for seventy days — the time of the entire mummification.
e92b1dd307585b738b1085273c07f5bb6a8cb91a	Sometimes a cat accompanies its owner to the afterlife under the guise of a statuette (or a carved drawing on coffins).
ab021c6ad4672e8a163739915ae57239021b993e	Images of a cat can also be found on numerous vases, jewelry and dishes, as well as on drawings (under the place of a woman, as a protective symbol).
0be4741fd3a047d46d51aec3c0b862722b9d13e1	During excavations in the city of Beni Hasan, archaeologists discovered a whole cat cemetery, where one hundred and eighty thousand cats were laid to rest.
914ee600c5df6fcb00412d207f7b4415bae3b5f0	However, the large number of discovered cat mummies can also be explained by their small size (it is easier to bury a cat than a bull).
6db83a30e96959d417916e3723ceab78f656af66	The veneration of the cat did not end at the family level.
f37b1ba1867481f25e53b0476b9aa550d559d506	It was nationwide.
099da006eab9591084b3ddc56d832bad99f598b5	State laws protected cats as best they could.
b15c99e06cfe81d94b9ad17f55622be394388f5b	For example, it was strictly forbidden to export cats outside the country.
98c6b791506256c069d2aa9e1d9547f2a1a7345a	Probably, the Egyptians wanted to be monopolists in the field of cat breeding.
368904251a7294eb9fd4fae931ab86ba4f633e41	:) However, the forbidden fruit is always sweet.
dfc048d7eade9fec0c5abd05e0614f7262a3ba1f	And the stricter the laws were, the more hunters there were to take the cat out of Egypt.
8372e7a912a361e000c630df4612d5c6b018a4fc	For the Phoenicians, it even became a matter of honor.
1ac6e6b3f0f12126e1a3fade013adef924d85fee	Thanks to the desire to annoy the Egyptians, cats soon spread throughout the Mediterranean.
819f0fedaa26eb2f7e012338b48f3e4003bf92f6	The Egyptians believed that one cat could bring them 28 kittens in 7 years.
5d99323c4df3506e2bda9b2c644f92cbfef4712e	Even if we do not mention her "holiness", the fertile cat had a high material value.
de7f15f3346a321ff4be5c4d4b624586acc554b3	It was a symbol of the prosperity of the Egyptian.
64899803fcbb563729d809eb560cbf637c4e7e85	Such a love for cats once turned against the Egyptians.
a47b382c1d44158146355fcd612e8c483c1a32b0	Knowing that no Egyptian can kill a cat, the treacherous Persians used this in the war with Egypt.
f9750020a0275ea78492be540b32c9a2c2e12a7a	They covered themselves with cats as shields, thanks to which they won.
fd84067599af7a763731f46155b0769645ed32b5	Some scientists claim that even before the heyday of the culture of ancient Egypt, there was a civilization whose scientific and technological achievements surpassed even the modern level.
722029910b999c5f1b1978dc16b0bf031477c58e	However, after natural disasters wiped out a great civilization from the face of the earth, only legends, myths and superstitions remained of it...
f81fea75961d040ed411e0d8ea565290441e05f4	Perhaps many people, like me, are interested in the question of the origin of cats.
9d195c28f638ee7529d8cf44eeb3d6a568451e84	Where did they come from?
4aecdc9c7d08af28e7bfa056aafa1fe320931279	Where is their homeland?
78047cd748a08b28893c8b810f74cd542677ef88	The answer to this question may be here in our memories of the past...
42798c779ba49fa0b23a88b262a3767f1b5e204f	...945 BC.
dab5800eedddaa45a6e3d1ab873549edb2e62639	A small boat is sailing on the calm Nile...
a979f4f78a7c38070c46b21dcc55c0feb50436df	Two figures in white are visible in the boat, they are standing next to each other: a mature man, tall, fit.
ac9de5e537f4307ffa019a0d238cb7620a314dce	He holds on to the high bow of the boat with one hand, putting his other hand on the shoulder of his son, who is still a boy.
5e7eb1d0ab72a2c7db2c246b9f18e39da3245471	They are slowly approaching the magnificent city.
c5d3c502d8345dee043c806b97cbcdb9fff106de	"Father, tell me about this city and why are we and thousands of other people sailing here?"
ac32ba0f321cedc976c339e387ae534fc22e4256	- "My son!
2c3d2f61920f5645b2df01c59daa334d73e1230f	We are sailing to the beautiful city of Bubastis - our capital, for the annual festival of the cat goddess Bast...
784fb7e5ec1f62eff0fcf410b35d3cca86a5fabf	The soft hearted Bast is known for her healing miracles.
285d9590184101df3d65163e7943fa077bef378d	She is revered as a cheerful goddess of healing, music, happiness and joy.
dfadda563892ab4ab71d4ddb086246dc140bb742	Thousands of pilgrims are rushing to the Bubasis festival.
af73647e55047deba29ebe5e2aae73da381e9414	A huge temple was erected in her honor, there is a water channel next to the temple, all the streets intersect at this holy place.
9ff301e569039c6652ebad2dbc0ab7fb4cb553a7	I will teach you the prayer: "Oh, Bast, moon faced, powerful healer, beloved by millions.
dc71408fff8c310242cd1ee95477ccaabeff3c77	Clear in your temple, open your doors before me, illuminate my soul with your light, penetrate deep into my spirit, heal all my ailments...
e3c38466444bc5cb00226be6641332889ef1b8ce	" Well, here we are, let's hurry to the temple."
ceb86774acf9f527b85e2dc50b6eb5a418fc6f8d	The boy is deeply shocked by the extraordinary sight that has opened up to him.
7fb22643679352b639ea102eedde55960156551f	The magnificent temple sparkles in the sun, everyone admires its snow white columns, beautiful details.
f81ab46341b891c3daef3bffd2404fc1ace30952	Laughter and cheers can be heard all over the neighborhood.
225b69dd6c7e9516199d93c2b1df9e99cec9336d	With songs and clapping, the pilgrims ascend to the temple, shaking their rattles a symbol of fertility.
b5464042074c285ce9248004f3fee3e7221dfaf0	The spouse of the goddess in Bubastis was considered Atum, the son was the terrible Mahes the god of storms and fury, who was revered in the form, again, of a lion.
0eb6d98cc4b86d01a736422cbfa94bb49594319b	The goddess was also worshipped in other significant cities of Lower Egypt first of all, in Memphis, where she was identified with Sekhmet, and in Iunu, where she was the daughter of Atum, the solar creator.
d5e443738172adf0bb7b7a2a1f349e9376724ca1	It is known that the celebration of the goddess of the cat was held not only in Nizh in Egypt, but also in the south - in Thebes and Esna.
5a4fab5977b114d84d197ea643918522b80b7f7a	At the main entrance there is a statue of the cat goddess, a goddess who had the power of the Sun and Moon, bringing mental health.
5608865f99686543e7d93097b305ddd9a70ead6d	Bast is depicted as a woman with a cat's head, at whose feet kittens are located...
5490ce9facdcf6f96f5d27937ed64ccfdbe0c69c	They sell figurines of cats all around, and there are many cats living in the temple.
7b99a40dbc9396e8bfa9bc40436eb3ab31a302be	In order to take care of their welfare, an almost paramilitary caste of priests is organized.
3d236d496b5d8ac8ca09426b98079a93d1cf6084	Bast's servants hold government posts.
eea9c76a4db373b302c53b08dab08deeb6690f1b	The duties of the priests include healing, worship, mummification of dead cats.
fb76b085465dc2e885efe7231bbb5effa082c7be	Priests could be both men and women.
bd2fdb2aeb3f3cbfe9e482387f2532671c758031	One of the main points of attraction is the colossal necropolis near the temple.
861263ca3be1cd03f673a916a5085dc55e96c63e	Here they buried the embalmed dead beloved cats, placing them in decorated sarcophagi along with toys and food, which, according to the ancient Egyptians, was necessary in the other world.
7994464cbfffe88b0a700dd631c61601d353ce33	The pharaoh himself was present at the ceremonies in honor of the cat goddess.
fcf87a920b2effb56769491633572d66936850f1	The ancient Greek historian Herodotus in the V century BC visited the temple in Bubastis, about which he wrote: "There is no temple so pleasant to the eye as this one in Bubatis."
e663c1ad47395e6100b23f7b8d3b728a10adc0a7	The very first mention of cats is found in the hieroglyphic writing of the ancient Egyptians.
a0af2da2111c2eee51106085947b528fde74b3e4	Lions and cats already had their own symbols with the designation "miu" or "Mau".
65cb11d25a86e2b146012eba5c55d7b478bb4fae	About 2.5 thousand years BC. e. in the inscriptions of the pyramids of the V and VI dynasty of the pharaohs, there are symbols denoting cats - this was the heyday of their cult.
e7c99f35cc3ca118f12c563359fe4447ffce9168	The cult of cats was so great that it lasted for more than 2 thousand years and was abolished only in 390 AD.
a18b902e3cd9f39c1d000a82c0e080e12fb8514d	Each city of ancient Egypt had its own totem, i.e. the guardian deity.
b42853570b83e2fa478ef03dcf895ea0754f5390	The cat had several cities where it was revered above other gods.
2078d9c904ebeef88fa53a679bedcea216ba4de0	May dog lovers forgive me, but although the dog was one of the favorite animals of the Egyptians, it was never considered a deity.
ff03f17506dd51b51cfbc1c9f85be9808e35098c	And the Egyptian god Anubis the conductor of the souls of the dead - when examined in detail, still had the head of a jackal.
b66932a188cca5c726e4b5745fd25e224304f008	As for the cat, it was and is the real defender of man from invisible forces.
e5d9da96cf1915a8a796d9df4adf6ccdccf185ff	The ancient Egyptians, Tibetans, Tahitians and other peoples of the past, who possessed wisdom and knowledge, were well aware of this fact.
428a569d972178709ace127bb238afcf4245c621	Anyone who wants to look into the history of ancient Egypt will immediately notice special attention to animals from the cat family.
6482c785ac95a6293bba8ed47f75659769ab2777	An ancient legend says: "Shining Ra (the risen Sun) sailed in his solar canoe through the heavens from east to west, taking care to avoid meeting with the serpent Apop (the darkness of ignorance), who was later defeated by the daughter of Ra the cat goddess Bast."
dc42253410980261ea58dac47d19b1c6e27be1db	From all the above, it follows that in the thinking of the Egyptians, the cat gods, and, in particular, Bast, had a very special meaning.
f1597841e81f0bd58e6b455daa398a68fd0a0656	The Egyptians looked at the cat not only as a beloved creature, but as a representative of the deity.
3928f0bd0c9b4190824f0a70b2078333aedac3b9	And so they treated her with respect and reverence...
fbb1f7dc2dc63186ab27067b51ce3ce9de6c0c43	The God Anubis
8285309e5732bc0b0eb1cdba68347c3f149d8668	..then what they received from her had a different quality, carried more purity and light, she became a transmitter of divine energies for them.
19809330535050a0d855a59914fb792ea0332c7e	At the same time, these goddesses were considered as guardians of the area, property, and the carved statuettes had a deep symbolic meaning.
977d00c3bec3e91ff53d8acbbd20020bb1e2426a	The Greeks called these sculptural images "sphinxes".
43b16402874413afcfc6dd29f992a847fad693b0	This is the name of the immortal cat, which appeared in 1966 in Ontario, Canada, for its similarity to ancient Egyptian figurines and those cats that in those distant times "guarded" the pyramids and the pharaohs.
139999ec513811d78d4ebb4f1c2d0985b064f276	The cat, associated with femininity and mystery, became a favorite inhabitant of temples and houses for the Egyptians.
800328d0a1bbfce2d7d680196ea066650dd6db60	The cat was so popular among the Egyptians that among the populations of the Nile coast, theophoric names were widely distributed, which included the name of the goddess Bastet, for example, Padibast – "The one whom Bastet gave", Tashenubast – "The daughter of Bastet", Nachtbastetru – "Strong Bastet against them", Ankhbastet - "May Bastet live".
607ec6b508dd92257b4267447d57c85263208e92	The oldest images of a cat in a religious context (amulets made of bone or faience) were found in the Badari necropolis and date back to the end of the Ancient Kingdom.
fdb5b567829767eff17e20cb4f507d64dcf607e2	Wearing them on the body provided constant protection from any dangers...
e71ae810b7299d68ae0b88d1493fda60d3ba5282	Later, cats appear on the so called magic wands of the Middle Kingdom era, which were made from the bone of a hippopotamus and were intended to protect the premises and, especially, the pregnant hostess of the house.
8d3a668362a5941dfbf5d020f6b12b3077c4d622	Images of strange demonic creatures, spirits and animals have been preserved on their surface, among which a cat sometimes appears – the exterminator of evil, personified in the form of snakes.
04a3f2d7b6079d2e9244ed4171994c3a60997693	In its front paws, the cat often holds a knife designed to cut off the heads of enemies, just like the great sun cat in Iunu.
f631f85f42b3baff57626f639a163b7d9bce3fb1	Throughout the history of Egypt of the Pharaohs, the cat has never exhausted its symbolic image of a defender, sometimes also associated with healing...
75768d84fdacec66f695acb012aafce9f020de92	In these cases, the cat is depicted with some lion features, which clearly indicates its formidable role and that as a peaceful inhabitant of the house and a universal favorite, it got along in the guise of the goddess Bastet with the fierce lion headed patroness of the king, whose name was first mentioned on a stone vessel from Sakkara, which preserved the name of the king of the II dynasty Hetepsehmui.
d75fb9e198fab541a2ff1c4a965178cc593468c8	The symbolic connection between the cat and its fearsome fellow lion is present, centuries later, on the false doors in the Theban tombs of the nobles of the XVIII dynasty Kenamon and Amenemhat Surer, who guard the cats symmetrically depicted above the doorway to the other world, the guardians of the boundary of two spaces.
4fb6e702a2d600654d1c0d754090f924fe9b842c	This role in Egyptian art was more often occupied by lions or hybrid creatures with a lion's body sphinxes.
885e22b9ffec59ba91e089afe3dc328b997b179e	The consonance between the verbal designation of a cat (miit) and the name of Maat, the goddess of truth, may have led to the fact that in a number of late bronze figurines of sacred cats, the image of the goddess becomes part of the animal's necklace, and her sacred feather is a symbol, according to the shape of which the thin wool inside the cat's ears was stylized.
c1a8c6857b5443f373578e085e525af1b57b2eb3	Images of cats are often found on ritual objects associated with various hypostases of Hathor, in particular on the sistra, where she appears as the embodiment of the Heliopolitan goddess Nebetkhetepet, associated with the sexual energy of the creator God, transformed into a goddess.
21f5d218755485453cc5fdf7af22e72a3609d600	In this context, the cat clearly appears as a symbol of fertility, sexuality and attractiveness.
550dc9534ddb152c5eedd7805e1bcb3498744dc2	The connection between the cat and the lioness – two aspects of the formidable and predictable nature of the female deity was strongly emphasized.
1107b018ff03975abc54bc614d348a607113831d	So, one of the statuettes depicts a lion headed Sekhmet sitting on a throne and putting her feet on the prostrate figures of captive foreigners, while the cat Bastet sat on their feet.
9042e0fc34932d1c42eb988b0efdca6ec8e1748c	The childbearing functions of Bastet, often surrounded by kittens, and her sexual power were the keys through which the goddess became the peaceful and affectionate mother of the king, the protector of those lost in the night and, in general ,the" reverse "side of Sekhmet, echoing the words of the famous "Ankhsheshonk's Teachings":
55d2b4c413d7c710574a940a1429972b452bd2a0	"When a man smells of myrrh, his wife is like a cat in front of him.
2a17f46b122d0bd9f5d9fa9504e68aa9405e1cf0	When a man is in suffering, his wife is like a lioness in front of him."
0a3e26fc9f4504f0aa24dea51c58a20a1aff4313	The same Ankhsheshonk, probably hinting that the character of the cat is unpredictable and its transformation into Sekhmet is very fast, reminds:
ae0a02719111a01bf8bead87e2a54193111fe30f	"Donot laugh at the cat."
bc147bfce8440da2a11c46efdf54126793615383	The cult of cats that existed in Egypt also touched other countries.
c8d1002ff4e4418329c52efedd34b188fb0ab1ec	So, traces of its influence can be found in Gaul, in particular in Toulouse, where amulets, statuettes, musical instruments sistra with the image of cats were found (local archaeological finds date most likely to the I century BC), and in Great Britain: in Badbury, Gassed, All Saints and Danbury, archaeologists excavated mass graves of cats.
fa682a1c13caf24dd4f00f65a00ce6cbf38fe543	Egyptian artists have depicted hundreds of cats on tomb slabs and papyrus.
769126a9f6c8e2298c4a561d13e2363b44990081	They sculpted them from bronze, gold, stone and wood, made them from clay, carved them from ivory.
b8ccea92f300a3a44ae5dfaea8605aece9b4ec6e	Young Egyptian women wore amulets with images of cats, which were called "utchat" and were a symbol of fertility.
4a111b1bc1d108063f8e93f4fcfdd5b9df03c623	The girls prayed to the gods for the fulfillment of the desire to have as many children as kittens are depicted on their amulet.
101b918de48e5ce23ac9ae529d6413efbcc1f255	A cat is an amazing creature.
e9fba443496a47a6b97cb01830fe7512a169c732	There is no animal with a more complex character and such a contradictory and rich history.
18521f7fc645c4433671aa80e795db1fb9c13c27	At first she was worshipped as a deity, then they saw her as a servant of the devil, and now she is an idol again.
ace528d126e3f04d135620361b410218867aab69	In terms of numbers, the cat will soon become the most popular pet on Earth.
40d00b93e64b75e95eda8d4cdf920b0a5ebb7545	Even the laziest domestic cat is a natural hunter.
e2db5496278f53a25fba06be48b013a3c9bc5c4c	"I am a cat that walks by itself."
f099e9718078574f8a9edb1828733131bf5a8891	With these words, Kipling immortalized the inherent spirit of independence of the cat.
5090aa44d38c6752a6f6f1f5bb40c4b64872a5ce	Let her live in our house, accept our way of life, but she allowed herself to be tamed only on her own terms.
aedbb9633735e99092bcbc3128573279f17da9db	And was the domestic cat really tamed?
12e2f12af37ea33afef3e6191d1dc5287b0777b8	The Egyptian mau (mao) is considered the oldest natural breed in nature.
ddde558f697f6a323becc184970774dab294a4c9	It has every right to be considered a direct descendant of the first domesticated cats of ancient Egypt.
35a7db66819d4ee2526ebd6fc0ea147b60defe0d	In Egypt, a person and a cat are connected by a long standing bond.
124af7dd4cb9177613cace7610696086dba68ec2	She was worshipped as a goddess even before she became a domestic.
6215abb520fe54cf096bb182024b1b53814f6abf	For more than a millennium, she was a national deity.
ea3a397a04debc1fa2e9f08558215073b18dfc80	The worship of cats goes back to an era even more distant than the times of the sphinxes with their human head and the body of a lion.
0e08b0e1021e93da3676223baafe1bb882044a02	PS: Since I just adore cats and I really like everything related to the culture of Ancient Egypt, as one of the most mysterious countries of the Ancient World, I decided that there will be a lot of cats in my diary, various, for every taste and a lot of Egyptian themes.
613aadb0e7688ba7e53c946f19b4430d84a9e4b2	So do not blame me for some monotony of topics... but this is for now... since my interests are not limited to cats and Egypt.
d80ef276388fd41b32de59feb1333c7d5fbc5358	But, unfortunately, there is not enough time for everything you want yet...
ead9da8ca26de22a744897ca7a9277fea46cfb74	A series of messages "The story of a cat":
92833a81c21d190484811438d74fa98bcb8e374b	Part 1 The story of the birth of a small miracle Part 2 - The cult of the cat in Ancient Egypt.
777e2b7298e98de625a552ee4e07db7836efc450	Part 3 The Divine vennye cats in ancient culture and their mistresses Part 4 The cult of the cat in Mesopotamia Part 5 - The history of cats in the UK: success tragedy worship ...
2c0877659b33ff603d51b65badd4f88f89778e66	Part 6 - The history of cats in the East: is there no more ancient?
d4b1d5ef20415f03aa93f59df0ac85bfcf982118	A series of messages "The Cult of the cat":
96bbd10e0809037c33017a7bb8531fd0816106fc	Part 1 - The cult of the cat in Ancient Egypt.
a9d2b69148a729c37cd7ece3d13bcb8d2a18e3e2	Part 2 Divine cats in ancient culture and their mistresses Part 3 - The cult of cats in Mesopotamia Part 4 - The history of cats in Great Britain: success tragedy worship ...
d82f9ecc36a5e0a939ce1a401f64ecbd648a511f	Part 5 - The history of cats in the East: is there no more ancient?
caa811bb96f306203c06cfca4f64ab56df8c822b	A series of messages "Egypt":
73669654aa265e4310fa89193d890ed01deb9eb4	Part 1 THE SECRET KNOWLEDGE OF THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS Part 2 WILL THE SPHINX SPEAK?
b615317687eca64e202243085d5005df096efdea	Part 3 The Egyptian initiation ritual Part 4 - The cult of the cat in Ancient Egypt.
44301359e17822a12c7f1c3529233a08ba43d5d5	Part 5 - AND THE" KEY " IS FAKE..
1d2318bddc255992aeea4afced4b0e22b4093a01	(3.12.2012)
de743475310d16d5e7832fac4a4800de26079940	Tags: Egypt
8ebf601f8b808c32b8d2fb570c2e0fbdbb388add	cats
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e53ba781751988c67f06f47490ab7cd1b5c82be6	PR in Mythology An electronic encyclopedia edited by D. F. N. E.
0ca56f478fcf3a7d603486230debd22fd89ff980	A. Osipova
b66975ae33739eeea02e89dbc88407832b13b5b3	>>> Contents Alphabetical index
84f6b2c98a9ab56b23c61d47d283e2f49c0bcc84	PR in the mythology of Ancient Egypt
ccaa7250bd3a7b85be3d9b88a773b0d80d5f1a34	Korotkova Anastasia Frankovskaya Maria
99baeb51fd5889adf26e8f9180745cb77b4f60e4	Summary of the myth
04c3a088e4d7a0722701a5b0c4a30fa622061028	Bronze statue of Bastet Ouajit
4582b979dc0b2af7d8a1e2d6c08a6b39aa185157	The goddess symbolized the hearth and was revered as the defender of the home, family and children, and also embodied such qualities as beauty, affection and grace.
a0ea71e72ba87c84dfcb9f737ef409d6c063064c	She was revered as the daughter of the sun god Ra, was considered all seeing and even took a place in his guard.
82540854ad894ce4e50b47067655de04aeb3e3a5	There are several legends about Bastet, completely different and interesting.
65ddd786363ffd3426acff785de34e5cc3b8115b	In the myth in which the god Ra punished humanity for its sins, she accepted her other half and turned into a lioness who once almost destroyed all of humanity.
25e360f2b2d383b02240d0e4ca42edaa62669223	It was possible to subdue it only with the help of a trick — beer was spilled on the ground, tinted with mineral dyes in red.
26965834111b41f0915bcd7f3fd8a139b0e10313	The lioness mistook this liquid for blood, got drunk and fell asleep.
b2df4ee79240d43235a90636a3ada84b3532aaf3	The statue of the goddess Bastet is Bronze.
9ae6786ee849029cd629142c3ad9a8c2b7d5d3f5	XXVI dean.
69ec012f51f39b2c1976a7b268f2ed3df48a3988	London, British Museum
8cd5385d0e7f658702de3fa2322dffc9b033db43	There is another myth that tells the story of a butterfly.
cf205a9e4461e4cac8b0fed0ab694a3928ce8914	The goddess Bastet one evening in her palace lit a fire in the hearth and sat down to the fire, thinking about something of her own, divine.
8bb31c8fdcdb3608599d73d66ebcb9422c09bd1d	At this moment, a butterfly flew in, began to circle around the fire, moving away and again approaching the flames.
2f3043077abec271f8a13a977ffc10fb270e0d48	Bastet got angry, because she was thinking about serious things and decided that she had come to stop her.
cb29c5780199d00454d52c776cb96c3c54a00f62	The butterfly continued to circle around the fire.
ef94897790e44e3552e5988e8a6eef1e0e155628	Bast tried to drive away the uninvited guest, but she was afraid of getting burned, and therefore she could not do anything.
db0579a065c67cc709826670dcad648e7295987c	She called Horus, the god of dying and regenerating nature.
f13280a0e7baaee474aea07157cbe89dd13a3ad5	The goddess said that she was thinking about the eternal, about her divine nature, and a butterfly flew in and began to distract.
15ee646f79d897b68d7b133b236094499c734229	Then Bastet asked me to send her away.
2f78edb67fb46a2ea4fa7bb6f85cc5ae7e81cb96	But Horus, instead of chasing the butterfly away, thought about it.
0ae49048c1644d274accec12cf9ff180be02af04	He was silent for a long time, and then, looking at the goddess boiling with indignation, he asked her to tell if the butterfly was beautiful?
aa095e201c06ee684a29802214ba7462c463dbfd	To which Bastet, confused, replied that she was just a butterfly.
7fc733b2b6a885aaeb84679ebdca096c01cd522c	But Horus didnot say anything, he just looked at the cat, waiting for an answer.
c15ecaf95c55b6cb79088b4a10fb678ff153a419	Finally, Bastet turned to the fire and examined a butterfly beating dangerously close to the flame.
0efa442e410d4d8b36c68ecb25e0841088ac131e	Her wings were already singed, but she was still striving for the fire that was killing her.
de253efda54b57c3792cc5522595859a622577c0	Bast said that she was much more beautiful than this butterfly.
806df56e751e556929ed1ecef13b1b9a0eae9f16	Because she is a goddess.
19303fad8ae4fbb4afd760523af03c98d3c350d0	And the butterfly, even if it does not burn today, will die tomorrow.
f0274747b13dd3d2ed53d5e4a3f8618001f8f835	Her life is just a moment, she is nothing, beautiful, but nothing.
1f2668b97df8494af740da56590bebad2bf37284	Horus looked thoughtfully at the goddess and said that he could not find out the truth about the butterfly without her answer.
fdff899153e67ef1ba2f69fbcd908f0ef2cbf165	Then he closed his eyes and thought even harder.
13533b9c4826cebdea2c5e4bf421c584fa5623cf	He wanted to understand the truth about the butterfly.
ed842de18cfde3244d6ae057ced3beb311958de5	Bastet, looking at him, also closed her eyes and thought.
9f4d92162ad021051b16b30825b8819ed6e125de	She realized that she did not seek to comprehend the truth, although, being a goddess, she should have done so.
d960e21148cf7009de80b136081fc1c1783d4229	When Bastet opened her eyes, Horus was watching her.
6283e2af4feb286e77e2595eea5a1731112ea519	The goddess was ashamed: she could not find out the truth about the butterfly, because she thought about herself, about her divine nature.
778b64783685cce3c94abdb56c4e4f65daccc611	She asked Horus if he could find out the truth, and he replied that he could.
3bf9e5f1ce621501bf4632f62870f95d244088e7	Then she asked him again – what is she like?
b8be241fd2d10a51be728eed4ae0d56fae317212	Horus, instead of answering, got up and went to the exit.
af5c165df9a2d1bd68c540d2b07a02a405f09b93	Bastet watched him go, then ran after him and started telling him that he couldnot leave without giving her an answer.
2658ad43c9c15c9acb5d9629ef641b7614dedc1c	Horus stopped and, without turning around, asked why?
b5b0e804cd360be573a28f6d012a55ebc95e3fdc	She answered because she would be unhappy because she could not solve the problem!
8a54c1001290f7a7adecdbf3c48d2961edda9fae	Horus turned to the raging Bastet, smiled at her and said that she had learned the truth about the butterfly.
cf8fe66f24523e01e752330191f998561f85775e	This was her peace.
12600bf28f6cdfc19d2a2ebe9934ad359e4de8eb	At that moment, the butterfly, with a last flutter of its wings, fell into the fire.
a463c0a10c719d0a80880dc0139b105a89d21315	A small handful of sparks rose above the flame and fell.
f34d5403093e721bccb83157707f1a11e5e879fc	Images and symbols of the myth
dfb15a08a516a64f5107faff8679fc74815929b2	Statue of the goddess Bastet in the form of a cat
ffb597f42714cc1126927a1a1e1d4a3ac0dfbb46	Bastet was called the mother of all cats.
0610f8743d3b61f062c34200645f91e8168d6c30	Most often, Bast was depicted in two poses standing and sitting.
20e336fb1849688a877838cc11a4d27aede171e5	The sistrum is an ancient Egyptian temple rattle.
e11ced0c35cd1e623e3c17d97c6d4d726e5b8aa9	Monuments to the goddess were most often created from stone or bronze.
b02b152811a3f16159191475e29918378df62b5a	Also, the symbols of Bast were images of cats, figurines and " cat " amulets, which were supposed to bring their owner success in love and protect him from evil and dark forces.
11291c30654a733aa0f09e4cae5867064ffca245	Communicative means of creating images and symbols
bf3699de4a42d1221896054803e05f9c0923f4d5	Map of the Tell Basta archaeological Zone
a39d2feb3d5f237a982a2cdbb12febb71e374fc6	First of all, the references to the city of Tel Basta or Bubastis contributed to the formation of the attitude to Bastet.
abde01bb5debc8493535641c9508be0706b5ceac	It was once one of the largest cities of the Nile delta and was famous for the veneration of sacred cats, over which the local
2e0603ea9771e0551267f4cd3697f1ade089b565	the goddess Bastet.
cd70764f4d6a5130e95bf4843131b17e0fefbb3a	The city occupied an important strategic position: trading expeditions left it for Sinai for copper and turquoise;
fdd8ec5f6c1c04506b3e14750cf252597f0b37e4	Egyptian military expeditions also went from here to conquer Asia.
d5a35cc75537cb3897e537d3eca1635348254c92	The peak of the political significance of the city fell during the reign of the XXII dynasty.
f8c14d30eba82b52b7b455a75d42a7ba9d080cc9	A large amount of information was obtained when the temple of the goddess was found.
21386142df131be05c4bc1086bfbf860600fb60d	The entire sanctuary, with the exception of the entrance, lay on an island.
66bd25a765e74d5b1fa856a361d312394d089292	The temple was located in the center of the city and was visible from all sides.
8031da663f9fbe68ed9d6771718f7f878c040f72	Since this city is raised by an embankment, and the sanctuary remains in its former place, therefore it is accessible to view from all sides.
80d45d036963bbea0101fd34f8fb172092a5c205	The temple is surrounded by a wall decorated with reliefs, and inside it there is a grove with mighty trees, which are planted with a high temple building with a statue of the goddess.
a3942ccb89d0b7b0b5461c5f64bcf0be66778972	From the entrance, a stone paved road led through the city's market square to the east.
d683d50ade89501e0e073bd98b1daec272f1fb06	There were sky high trees on both sides of the road.
35bd1fa2032e3a489b371b2f0e35e78e2ef297f1	The gate is 18 meters high and is decorated with figures carved on stone.
44486abee5a21f4132ae2e367f57898fc9c342c8	In the shade of trees, two channels, each 30 meters wide and shaded by trees, approached the Temple building from the Nile River.
65a5823f4e79bea3c748dcffeb12582e83ead040	Panorama of the Bastet temple with fallen columns of the XIX XXII din.
891efc56730c70dd5213b0222c3f7553c616bcae	The holding of an annual holiday contributed to the strengthening of the cult.
f8d62886507d75fab550c55c144e6b552d4cd755	In ancient Egypt, the feast of the goddess Bast was celebrated on April 15.
cbaa711eaf5a6b523be80c34e89a822248a38282	In honor of Bastet, a huge fair was held annually in Egypt, and thousands of fans of her cult traveled along the Nile to the sounds of flutes and rattles.
aabf4ce061d03e7ea2a11d926c5e0e385ced78be	On this day, the goddess was asked for a blessing for domestic cats.
833bad769a669ad80850295bc335ce28357ab7c6	The famous ancient historian – Herodotus wrote about Bastet.
299a11d1852349a426937c69b9afbb482df5b28d	He left us a vivid description of the annual festival in honor of Bastet, during which " more grape wine is drunk than in the whole year.
69b0bdfdc1f042745dda2e42bff6d1a4f3290c10	According to local residents, up to 700,000 people of both sexes, not counting children, gather here."
05cb15baaf80e95592dacf91c50d50739d6aacb2	He also described the magnificent portico of the temple of the goddess, which was located in the lowlands, in the center of the city and was visible from everywhere, wherever the viewer was.
281b044bc78a3bc225c3f51feccea972ab3f079e	A block with the choral name of King Khufu From the excavations of E. Naville in Bubastis.
c1eb8aefc41297c1806263ba77a1cbd8d4a59fac	IV dean.
4b3d69dc32e2780014e3d9c252e2ba63998a2675	The role of the cult of Bastet is also shown by references to cat cemeteries.
cf026acf8bc0dab39270684bd8a1c52a01b303fb	In the 1890s, a whole cemetery of cats was found near Bubastis.
5e35c0cc0791f3bc01c9c8548b964051e7f04459	Among the numerous cat remains, the researchers found several mummies that were significantly different from the rest.
f048b28d75b7353ae2306d328ff2d68ad70103f9	They were mummified with special care and buried in solid stone or wooden sarcophagi.
f322a7c769aecd02941a3f8c169539330d2b4392	They did not go to the afterlife light, but loaded with jewelry, amulets and other expensive gifts.
6493dbf3c4a2930826dc272cc10dd71d25bddd4e	Archaeologists also came across several false mummies empty or incomplete cocoons, in which there were a couple of bones and some kind of inorganic filler.
b8f11d669f02e3b8638e07bca301d2f24437d04a	Apparently, the priests sold them at a cheap price to poor pilgrims.
cbb2067e614fbe82af60e29cda410ffe2530cc34	Having bought such a mummy, the Egyptian, nevertheless, had the opportunity to make a request to the merciful Bastet.
82a2efbe99f1666024c9ada24338e6c4a351368b	In addition to information from the city of Tel Basta, we were able to learn about other cities where the great Bastet was worshipped.
1ab874b99bea60f5f078d2e0488f8353d120032f	A significant settlement existed already at the end of the pre Dynastic period; later the city was famous and prosperous until the Roman time, when the star of the city of the goddess Bastet set, and a new shopping center, the city of Bilbeis, grew nearby, attracting residents of the old capital.
7025f74f6c3c0b4479238d1111eb0daee6cdae4c	His houses and palaces were built from the stones of the ancient sanctuaries of Bubastis.
163549e4e517fbcc9a9075f5c1e70dfacebc0936	The social significance of the myth
8a4d0159909665f29f03848d24417fb63c95f198	Statuette of the goddess Bastet in the image of a cat Cairo, Egyptian Museum
cd9447ec2f11269114055e61adfdc88eb3599d4c	In other countries, there were patronesses of cats, but the most famous and revered is still the Egyptian goddess Bastet.
9badfa7c804769e75d7dc2421bd89f94b4c5c0dd	Entire cities were built in her honor.
8ad4892aecf3597f1017e890af12b5c054a0d35c	Even in Alexandria, a temple dedicated to Bast was found..
c7dd57e4b2e21c1b21ba37c50cdc1de7ab76de14	It was the goddess who became a symbol of caring for cats.
6517480337f19161aecf1b4bdf235611d99a3f12	Almost every Egyptian had a cat, which was looked after as the most expensive creature.
0eff4a47160abb266c64e7dd4a940e82def1eb4d	Bastet has a very dualistic nature, she can be belligerent, brave, but also gentle, caring and soft.
7b359fd4136900c2f1ef43500d8b19e97b261342	She is the personification of the feminine principle.
788842573bc666c9b025a735ce3e9cb319049bb5	After all, this goddess was revered as the protector of all women, children and cats.
f70b0e608900b82bb7f3e40ec63857c0c683dfc6	You could turn to her with any request, and her role is very great as a keeper of the hearth.
ad87676b5b3cd47a6402845ebe9d75994873936d	That is why Bastet has become so important as a multifaceted image for the whole of Ancient Egypt.
7a4bbecd56a074eaf698a5d4b4e941066a5661bc	There were a lot of people at the holidays in honor of Bast and it was always very fun.
3111c41487cfb2e885837cd14e623a90ad4406af	The holidays were accompanied by the sounds of music and dancing.
4e23af95a6848474ffabdb6cc0a7d971d1a2b882	But they also did not forget about religious rituals.
be20bd26b11be48612d9f12e764c3721d7bbcbf0	On such days, Bastet was asked to cure domestic cats.
7b4a28c61fbe8bce298504019dfcc6d37c4fcd9b	During the annual festivals, the statue of the goddess was taken out of the temple and solemnly transported along the banks of the Nile.
a1c05139d7aed8c7ac09eb5c5246aa12eca030d8	Bastet represents greatness, feminine beauty, grace, kindness, joy, fun and love.
d5424709c3e2d0d4184f26cb12f118c4e2906bf4	At the same time, she is a defender and can show great strength.
9a2d32dc0a37bd411593ceb4d61c5ff8cb92db97	It was the combination of these qualities that could put Bastet among the most majestic Egyptian Gods.
7a7eb4268b0d2bf628b87de89a5e0d5ab264729a	This image is very attractive, especially for women.
4fa759d284a1eae17772cab5d6f9b0c00be3e118	© 2013-2016 Osipova pr.com
30702185413e0e88b0c286f3afb26e2c8b74a744	Coca Cola vs. Pepsi, Burger King vs. McDonald's-brands that users often perceive as interchangeable, have been waging a fierce information war for years.
9ed38e679f7014ca5430d8cf7279aa815c69d215	From the outside, their sarcastic reproaches towards a competitor seem funny, but the world of advertising is regulated by law, and it does not depend on whether the brands are funny or not.
57b29f4afc07fb69f01d07a3d9a7cfb6df2dbf0e	How far can you go in discussing a competitor?
d523afa059da578739cb3b5d4f360792afefeb84	Taco Bell forces Ronald McDonalds to confess their love for their burgers, Samsung makes fun of iPhone owners in almost every Galaxy ad, Windows does not hesitate to expose Siri as a useless application, trying to introduce fashion to Cortana.
95ef456fdf866133850fe5a061ea50421549ed26	How far can brands afford to go using the so-called direct comparison ads-attacks on each other?
6b27c864baf5726394d0046f6bad593815c5973f	The legislation in different countries gives different answers to this question.
5c400935792f72f5730ffd7b412eb36006d6d12b	The European directive allows you to" tease " competitors in some cases, for example, when both brands are involved in the same field and the advertisement does not contain information discrediting the competing brand.
0caa52492783ff82e54bfdd01a25ccac23ff98fa	American law generally believes that such advertising motivates the consumer, so that brands are protected only from very cruel and deceitful attacks from a competitor.
94b1c2782df5faffa9c867e7d7213cfb7a5e6bd0	In Russia, the law on advertising of 2006 calls advertising that "contains incorrect comparisons of the advertised product with goods in circulation that were produced by other manufacturers or are sold by other sellers" unfair.
e7a26bbc45f427d3608c9c928ee0c4fe67f1de60	It is considered that it " discredits the honor and business reputation of a person, including a competitor."
83aa6b4135449ad0515dd1390b71c332b18822b2	We decided to consider several stories of brand confrontation and ask lawyers to comment on the scope of what is allowed in the context of Russian legislation.
749cf4ee4449fcf56a138315ca2714894e835e69	Perhaps one of the most striking examples of comparative advertising is the long-running mini-series from the Get a Mac commercials featuring John Hodgman and Justin Long.
f3deffe018231bdf3ed0a9d32960f9ab2cd2d908	From 2006 to 2009, 66 "episodes" of the series were released.
0b217af961673032bdabab33278a8a47f0a95547	In them, Hodgman (PC), a sad office clerk, and Long (Mac), a fashionable young guy, discuss who is still better.
f8f293683c8128839cb3f17e89d228ea3e978090	Since this is an Apple advertising campaign, it is very clear what idea they are trying to convey to the consumer.
7ec67a5459b117789113ebcfb71abbcdd66fa902	The campaign even won the "Effie" prize in 2007.
b129a40cd4f3e4fe612adc16b48673136bf6972b	Get A Mac is a continuation of the Switch campaign, which was also filmed on an all-white background and told consumers about people who switched from Windows to Mac.
10bff622d6b1a13e0581610ff34af4a8d2279d8c	Microsoft responded to Get A Mac with a series of I'm a PC videos, where they debunk the stereotype imposed by Apple.
0e7a42a1a52ad5c38ac9eb29295ffc6120561f1e	Mac has been attacking Microsoft for decades, so the latter decided that it was time to respond.
aa457f3f785a79147416ecee2594d55d3a4ebb05	What is one recent Zune ad worth, contrasting Zune and iTunes.
74d25ffbc72364efa19b94200f8def180d575d62	Two companies providing car rental services, Avis and Hertz, declared war on each other back in the mid-1940s.
b3569309066521df5ba5ae0d408fc5edb5b3abf8	Avis employees didn't like the fact that Hertz called itself the number one in their field in any public references, so they launched the We Try Harder advertising campaign ("We try harder").
23017127b070f3daea2b58221885e9599974cd96	In it, Avis emphasizes that they are only the number two in their business, but when you are not the first, you try harder.
1cc3648c6ebed4c12cce97a98c753cc522fc54a5	The next move was the advertising campaign When you're only No. 2 ("When you're only number two"), which shocked the advertising world, accustomed to self-praising brands.
00ec855c55d9c3445e168081041882acdda6e7b2	The campaign was invented by copywriter Paula Green from the agency DDB.
996debc521808dab7b3ead3982c60fecd59cf571	The agency has since used the technique of so-called "modesty", for example, in advertising Volkswagen Beetle cars, which recognized: "It's ugly, but it will take you where you need to" (It's ugly, but it will get you there).
50999ae738407fd97a2c2c3604fd64fac492e602	Avis never called Hertz by name, but it was always very clear who they were talking to.
f0c1dc2787653af94fcfc14c0b57f9734360eecf	Needless to say, the advertising campaign was an insane success.
caf5384f3e94176e60dacb7a397d5b44fad01448	For a long time, Hertz silently ignored the ironic attacks, until finally, in 1966, they presented an advertisement with the headline "For many years, Avis said that Hertz is number one. Now we will tell you why."
9953dc6260114b7459e8e961b47a07eb5b2538a8	This was followed by " Number 2 says they are trying harder. Than who?" and " Hertz has a competitor who says he's number 2. It's hard to argue with this."
71e40eb8e6011c71e7d2b5bbf7d12a03f384eb92	The attacks continued, but over time they became more and more sluggish and good-natured.
a448089a7f5bcba6a77948dab4759d12d6cb11f0	Avis never became number one, and then both companies took a back seat to Enterprise, so the competitors had to forget their differences altogether.
a89b1ee1c9a8cafd9273a8ad1abc8aa000a8fd11	The young and daring brand decided to ridicule the Canadian advertising of Old Spice with Isaiah Mustafa, an actor and former athlete, by placing an advertising billboard with a sarcastic inscription to a competitor: "For men who prefer to be with a woman more than on a horse"
df4c0784460900461843eb31d6228d3bbb9af5db	In the spring of this year, an advertising banner of Samsung appeared in Times Square, announcing the new Galaxy S4 smartphone.
a53631659121b6a6416f5440c41bdc88cea9f6bc	Competing with it, the Korean company LG, whose outdoor advertising has been placed directly above the Samsung banners for 20 years, could not miss such a convenient moment and not advertise its novelty against the background of the hype around the new smartphone.
115528c6aaa2764c044d1ed03a06d305002dbcf3	Having updated its advertising in the style of a competitor's banner, LG offered to buy its new smartphone now.
16e83eab3791d6157c97e48bf1e6d2cc10f572eb	Samsung ad: "Get ready for the new Galaxy!", LG ad: "LG Optimus G is here for you now!"
e477af76761551462aa3ba4b699fc9d46409533f	In the Russian Federation, unfortunately, the mention of a competitor's brand in advertising is prohibited at the legislative level.
56668aeeeedec6b66fe295e0b8b4c91063fd250d	Moreover, even a hint of someone else's brand can be punished with a fine for violating the law on advertising.
c6e6516f51a69d6def94f08e772334dbcf33d949	However, this does not stop some companies: complaints from competitors, court proceedings, which are invariably covered by the media, serve as additional viral advertising, and the amount of fines, as a rule, is initially budgeted for such advertising campaigns.
802bfe0127df478ac1702977c373bc2b032ebce1	For example, at the beginning of the year, an advertisement for the Vedomosti newspaper was placed in Moscow with the following inscription: "Merchants do not decide anything until they read Vedomosti.
5718f728e2689cc507286fdd140e50dc119d7016	In 2009, the FAS received a complaint from the company "Wimm Bill Dann", the owner of the trademark "Miracle", against the company" Danone " for the fact that the latter placed the slogan "Do not rely on a miracle – drink Danone!" in the outlets of the city of Kazan (on the price tags near its products) "
3604c70b0358f1647833cf712e0535e66dbae799	In the spring of 2004, advertising posters of the Siberian Coast company, the manufacturer of Kirieshki snacks, appeared in Moscow, which read: "Real crackers will not be called crusts."
e717fd522bb9b5b469f0640c1427271ab05a93ff	International shipping companies periodically tease each other: either DHL will "pack" the FedEx cargo in a container with its logo, or vice versa.
de2503d125ab435c5ca09721ab1d9030e07608fa	The provocative outdoor advertising campaign "How to beat the Germans" ("How to beat the Germans") was launched in London by Nissan.
f639b102019744bea7ef603318b6ba06aec24956	A white Audi TT S car is driving around the city, which has the inscription "More expensive, slower and not as powerful as the Nissan 370Z".
2784002485d90bce84a71ec0c393e5a7d09bfe7c	On another car-a Porsche Cayman-also driving around the city, there is another inscription: "I dream of being as fast as a Nissan 370Z".
c2ff7ed00caf0cc197b28b4fa4521a8bf75259bc	The Russian chain of stores " Eldorado "did not even need to hint at a competitor – the company managed to play on the creativity and location of its billboard next to the billboard of the Technosila trademark.
34267b31597efa1cfe3fb2f927ae35ade9064519	Many are in the course of the ongoing advertising war between BMW and Audi, but few people remember how it all started ) let's try to fix it
9cbdd7fcc868db890f0dacbf57367f2f62e7d1fb	The advertising war was declared by BMW back in 2003.
49883e464228d46ba6846b1f328a1d90c81447eb	The first attack was made by Mercedes: a hungry cheetah BMW X5 hunts for a zebra Mercedes ML
741c088db8127fe5a09d535d609b61cb7fa85448	A new victim of the advertising attack was a long — time competitor-Audi:
8bfbc6891e200440ddb4819367c6feaa8acc09b0	It all started with a BMW print: the auto giant "milo" congratulated Audi on winning the Car of the Year contest -2006 in South Africa, signing " The winner of the Car of the World contest -2006.
1f879038d2aa5b42c9719f0e0d80a668766fc019	Such audacity Audi could not leave unanswered:Audi did not hide its grievances, having made a response poster: "Congratulations to BMW with a victory in the competition "Car of the World"-2006.
b774fc2aa76efdeaca5fa98129bb863de946205e	From the six-time winner of the Consecutive Le Mans 24 Hour races (2000-2006)."
8169b532122586b674aa43d57353856f7db0b1c3	Perhaps everything would have been limited to this, but other manufacturers, Subaru, decided to intervene in this war:
2450ab088b6aac2d3056ff8f7b9bde1226a839d8	The third in this story was not superfluous.
a28df327d54ebeeee40392c2da77ba5e8f0b3005	Subaru said that BMW and Audi are doing well, winning beauty contests, but Subaru, meanwhile, became the best in International Engine 2006 (The Best Engine).
b626dbb11bf400416c0ac319beff2612d8cee688	But the most solid answer was given by the same Englishmen:
2d69289de96831f9425443a3897eab916cc9dc7b	I do not think it is necessary to translate and comment on the Bentley poster, which silently put a bold end to this funny dispute.
b87ca4631bebe52ec0919026e7c7ad94d4cd9118	Since then, the war has subsided a little, until in 2007 Audi introduced a modern innovation to the Russian market — a Russified GPS navigator:
1ad90454f947bfdae20657c58cff33f4c6de684b	In response, the entire advertising army of BMW, not without reason, said: "While others were translating navigation, we made the best engine in the world."
4945f03dc3f22552eb0f309263ad4ee2f2624b69	Audi responded with an advertisement for its proprietary quattro all-wheel drive system:
8d044ed5f20bc917fb7eb0a5defa04c5465e9a27	BMW soon had the opportunity to respond: "This is what happens when you have a quattro"
0a7c3a45bed87f25276e8c0ff3a4c4da9ddc5a7e	In 2009, the ads became even more audacious and uncorrected – to the delight of fans.
5ebfcdae4bf6922442c09b35af487f059e72c45c	Another round of confrontation was marked in the United States by the release of an Audi billboard with the defiant slogan " Your move, BMW!":
1027f84d116b408572bf17eea6aeede23fc82e57	Of course, the advertisers from BMW could not remain without an answer.
7a30b48f707948a0110177a7d09fdf3616b3903a	Turning to the local advertising agency Juggernaut Advertising for help, BMW makes the same "Knight Move" by placing its BMW M3 billboard with the slogan "Checkmate" (Checkmate) directly opposite the Audi billboard on the opposite side of the street.
89e7d43fb2bbf9fb32a913f14514fca7d422f3c5	One could only guess what Audi could come up with for this, but no one doubted that the answer would follow.
065b0afb1bb4ffcb86bb730d314a955b383123d0	Although the Bavarian manufacturers have long been personal, it is unlikely that anyone could have imagined that the opponent's counterattack would be so "daring".
3e92bac14aeb34a7085a2ff80f1e77bfd30e74bd	Moreover, it is addressed more to marketers than to consumers.
373e0ca30899318e180f50e4d09cf58712322e65	This time, on the Audi billboard, they depicted their pride-the R8, and next to it the inscription ' Time to check your luxury badge. It may have expired.’ (Time to check your’luxury'. Perhaps it is no longer there.)
33cfb3b12699393d506cd515e17396840f0b2786	It may seem to an ordinary consumer that the warring brands are ready to tear each other's throats, but in fact this confrontation is devoid of any malice.
1bff3ffee8ffce706781d9fd6acb5e4712c0cf94	On the contrary, there is lightness, enthusiasm and subtle humor.
925c42151d88cab2c3d75655f7ebd4d8327504ac	As a result, the victorious struggle for the buyer's attention gives rise to creatives that are much stronger in terms of impact than ordinary advertising.
cfd7742c0fdf3137edd87b22954ed34e78f480be	There are no losers here — everyone will grab their share of fame and attention.
fe86ba135f78e564381cce97b0fd9d9cb1817029	"A friendly game of advertising chess", I think it can be called that.
2cf7285fa0418660eb1bb6492a6f9956d0263793	A quote from the popular trilogy "The Carrier".
6afd25edfb50d9eb0d2c164bc3efe6765a575e1e	The tough guy, as always, masterfully escapes from the chase.
102a21834c952878bf4ed669ab966c37c669ddee	However, this time with a certain amount of self-irony.
249b5f886fad379d7e6922827852c3b470719e35	Or, rather, irony in relation to Audi's competitors.
da09e1fcaede405c81ca2d3bef8ea5fa51663d23	Fleeing from the villains, Statham first jumps into an old Mercedes Benz, but after half a block he crashes into a garbage can.
66e650245363ab8ce3aaad8bc553a90a357c4f24	Then he throws the driver out of a slightly more recent, but also very vintage BMW and again tries to escape from pursuit.
bbf71e1f18e26226f0e75b4d8a067583dd65da0e	But luck does not accompany him here either: Jason barely manages to jump out of the car before it breaks through the guardrail and falls off the bridge.
17ddfd77081276bfae550f50036f284ce77c3029	After that, Statham sees a Lexus coupe and ... with a contemptuous grimace, does not even sit in it.
8c436ac8710ff82208daecb149a24b8567f69fe0	That's right, Lexus is not so good to drive it, even if a crowd of thugs wants to shoot you with machine guns.
0e5acead9831208d07e9f77fd0175485897fce0d	At the last moment, when it already seems that Statham has no hope of salvation, the tough guy's gaze falls on a brand-new Audi A6.
473f120137f668e896801cab2e9d8313b5bfa879	With which, of course, everything works out for him.
453ee554793f4b0f5ebfea717f8ff1dd91fc4461	A series of videos where Audi sees off the "old luxury" to rest is not opened by a video about Mercedes Benz at all.
7db20d9a1286b54e0c63bdb92b0a65f6ea1e8f58	Nevertheless, united by one motto, these short films lose all their integrity when viewed separately.
cd6177b333628914eaec2badfd02d8458abb0636	A masterpiece parody of the cult film "The Godfather" reproduces the moment when Don Corleone sends a warning to his opponent, namely, he wakes up in a pool of blood and finds the severed head of his favorite stallion in bed.
f17de7765936c8b4617c755a108abfcb82181982	However, in advertising everything is not so dramatic and cruel, environmentalists can be calm, the head has given way to the" muzzle " of the car, and its owner wakes up smeared with fuel oil.
89c73987ec2f33f02eb9372bbd37eebbdb8f3371	"The old luxury has received a warning," is read in the predatory squint of the LED headlights of the brand-new R8 sports car, which is carried away somewhere in the distance under the aggressive roar of the 5-liter V10.
452541e14c4e22b3f7b3e8fdce4e958e0870c3df	A mournful five-minute sketch about how a stereotypical American nerd decided to celebrate a bachelor party with friends with the same nerds before the wedding.
02b89d991caae204725feaeb86e150af76f21e58	Of course, they are going to Las Vegas.
66a2411a000317c19610c9515b28088fe69da604	And they go there on two "green" cars-electric cars Lexus CT200h and BMW i3.
5aba62a7c06a672aae20c4f395b1278f940d6d7c	According to the scenario, the batteries of the "German" are discharged almost every 20 km, and the guys trying to get to the US entertainment capital on it spend a lot of time near the outlet.
d4f3f0e2e327b22c06838baef79028ab921b1276	However, those who go to Vegas by Lexus organize their leisure time there so boring that it remains a big question who had a better rest - they or their friends hanging around gas stations.
35647baae898273757afb90b3dde3b4de22dc863	In the struggle between these two brands, Pepsi is leading an active offensive mainly.
57d15c811af5a1938f9f6a5f86dd7b16cca60f90	Pepsi's first knight move in the marketing battle was made in the late 30s.
f831ffd69b983040ca4ec2796af050caf5bd07df	During the Great Depression, Pepsi was sold in 340 ml bottles, while Cola was sold in 170 ml bottles.
3dc46fb65b532a6ae5cb273cd26539f21422858f	At the same time, the price of the drink remained the same — 5 cents per bottle.
a390678f18f0fcd6c29b625f50526b43d816c4ef	The dumping was accompanied by an advertisement with a corrosive song - " Pepsi Cola hits the target, 12 full ounces is a lot! Twice as much for the same coin! Pepsi Cola is a drink for you."
a9d37ea3a8ea7e21cb0e58188ad3a99408d20107	As a result, from 1936 to 1938, Pepsi doubled its sales thanks to such advertising.
c8f86ca04e6cdfed1a00bc60399f406ce61f32a5	In part, Pepsi adheres to the same policy of "more for the same price"even now - in Russia, Coca Cola is sold in bottles of 0.5 liters, and Pepsi — by 0.6.
a6dad5b24744576a9b39f42b449e11b895536ac4	Pepsi's active attack continued in 1995, when the video "Diner" appeared"
7c251b733bafe022fd20ed9d5db8a32d5e5456f4	"Lunch" tells about how employees of Pepsi and Coca Cola first became friends at a common table, and then got into a fight, not sharing a jar of Pepsi.
f36198aca9c4d6781d695e90146161b844640c2a	In 1999, another of the most famous commercials discrediting Coca Cola was released.
14f47ab9ee3a84e72143dddcf28e755dea86d9db	This is a story about a boy who could not reach the Pepsi button on a vending machine, but a can of Coca Cola became an excellent device for achieving the goal.
641606782809cf1e37b53c53b4219c9bf1ec32c9	Then Pepsi mimicked the iconic Coca Cola video "Mean Joe Greene", removing the story about"not Beckham's day".
78eb4fe88f0e9db2d114b4cdffc2438a8e03e271	In 2010, Pepsi struck again, re-shooting the video "Lunch" in 1995, the plot of which remained almost unchanged.
f15efcf5fd39d19a9d67bfdc10d3fefdb21f665c	However, now the reason for the fight was not the greed of the Coca Cola driver, but the resourcefulness of the Pepsi driver, who could not resist the temptation to post a video on YouTube about how a Coca Cola employee drinks Pepsi with pleasure.
3c4002ad6e306c01f788153e6d00ac9aa3925b74	Almost from the very beginning, the Burger King chain tried to take away a share from its main competitor McDonalds, so very soon the Burger King advertising began to attack the fast food leader.
ad6965df79a6e11ec69fb29dcb70283d20d21495	In the early 80's, 6 – year – old actress Sarah Michelle Gellar (the future Buffy the Vampire Slayer) starred in the most famous old Burger King commercial.
9773e3cfd65d4b5b9f2528ffda031f2fb1fae7df	“When I order a burger at McDonalds, they put 20% less meat in it than in Burger King, " says the baby.
bdb156f372f88a6b0c8a79efcf66d2fb7756b323	For these statements, McDonalds sued both the actress, Burger King, and the advertising agency that shot the video.
a00c25471658b27bf29a80c385300825a8e8d0f2	Soon, advertisers noticed that only at Burger King, cutlets are cooked on a grill, while competitors fry them in a frying pan.
df2f22796885b17325fa31a6b2ab42e3f7952254	So, a new funny video from Burger King said that “if people really liked the taste of fried food, they would put frying pans in the backyard, not a barbecue."
01e992ad24a4c407966d65540d3705762bef1d04	Sometimes the advertising battle between Burger King and McDonald's also took offensive forms.
d29c165ece5d4c064476b579ca95e1ed890e4d80	For example, in December 2011, Burger King complained about a video shot by a Berlin advertising agency for McDonald's.
6fd50669b2c84af5977ad89b4f73657f3084b501	In the video, hooligans constantly take away the food they bought at McDonald's from a little boy.
94ef883768a793d79d0e10a79b5b6795807138dd	But one day, the boy guesses to hide food from McDonald's in a Burger King bag, and the bullies leave the child alone.
2b4016644d7580828f3c292f56d7ed21f02f9e70	In the Russian market, the active war between competitors became especially noticeable in 2013.
387b9fbd96962cfce9d59c6cb0f6467dbfce5bac	It was then that a Burger King commercial appeared, in which the chain's flagship product, the Whopper burger, crushes a poppy flower, and the voiceover text says: "This is a poppy. Once he was popular, but his time has passed!".
54fcce7d94d2673aaf7265386be500ec5129f5fc	The ads were not broadcast on the main channels.
dcde34f5e905d7529873797f0969fb1e57640248	In the same year, in a new video, Burger King again touched a competitor: at the very beginning, a retouched image of fast food appears, in which the McDonald's color scheme is easily guessed.
1e6f4a9ebb29a2458253fb85a171425934839262	"Tired of old acquaintances? - says the voice-over, - it's time to try something new."
6e08eac65e41a5d0ccbd6e658aac71e3c8078140	"Something new" is a new burger from the Burger King chain.
6c7e43d856ebed0de386dc7941b3a3a7730ff561	Sometimes a Burger King poster appeared next to McDonald's restaurants, saying: "Feel the taste, not the taste."
bcd6241fe0494fdc169cdc3aec92ed469fe55dee	The story of the difficult relationship between computer geniuses Steve Jobs and Bill Gates begins with the 1970s, when, according to the head of Apple, Gates stole the idea of a "macintosh" and introduced Microsoft software to the world on its basis.
e234c346a1f9848a569cfcbfba35c54ed64f45b1	Today, the confrontation of the world's largest corporations continues not only in the framework of the struggle for user preferences, but also for the image of the company, which is formed through advertising.
af180aeaf36060978ad0892700beb437759cfd55	In 2010, Apple completed the "Get A Mac" advertising campaign, in which 80 videos were shot since 2006.
46cb550ccf2f2c413897ebaf9d41a67be7968f9a	The" trick " of the campaign was soft humor and the fact that the authors of the videos did not suck out the shortcomings of the PC, focusing on the real competitive advantages of Apple, such as the absence of malware, etc.
a530e4718a17fe96ee1c4492cbfd8ec30d852248	The plot of the videos is simple: a PC man in a suit and a Mac man in jeans and a loose shirt exchange a few remarks.
74ed8ef7198484fb114d30af93e77a8b91ed9b00	As a result, it invariably turns out that Apple products are better.
d9e5a263543cfffec0211498043538dea2b007db	Microsoft responded with very compromising videos called "Laptop Hunters", in which Microsoft offered ordinary people to take part in a marketing research, the essence of which was to buy a laptop within the allocated amount.
8868af30471c631045629753707d280e9c40fa06	In all the videos, the participants went to the Apple Store, but returned empty-handed, explaining their reluctance to buy a Mac in different ways.
6640f053017d3239312b16e0e587066e19a04cbc	Later, the chief operating officer of Microsoft, Kevin Turner, proudly announced that Apple had asked Microsoft to stop this advertising campaign.
32f66a3bb8b6e59aab976f95d26810fafdc305e1	"You should stop playing these videos. We have reduced prices, " he quoted competitors as saying, confirming that the prices for laptops have indeed been reduced by about $100.
da52b65025d363b49722bedc54faf41d737767b6	However, Turner assured that Microsoft will continue to "twist, twist and twist" its videos.
c33110e50bd7b3a9e0f5456aa2d21ce23662d471	Jaguar has effectively faked Mercedes Benz in a new commercial, effectively starting a new round of war in automotive advertising.
f5444a265e509c2d08f55a427a3c995bc43488af	Mercedes Benz's response came a few days later, but it turned out to be more restrained than Jaguar's attack.
8949767f70ed8a1f68ba41ee8c6a7e043fe4ca89	The American representative office of the British brand Jaguar has published a new video on its YouTube channel, which became a reference to the sensational Mercedes Benz advertising.
4059b8a84fc70235b66f8b754f42d00126bed358	The Jaguar video shows a man who moves a chicken in space, the position of whose head will remain unchanged, despite the actions of a man.
518d110b7d4b1f7352dac223b23549f89e8cc94c	Suddenly, feathers fly into the air, and the camera shows a jaguar that has eaten a chicken.
95e7d921f979b2bbfe96a583a35e1d8f86e9f46d	The final message in the video reads: "Magic adjustment of the body position? We prefer cat reflexes."
aaa73fd7f49fc5028e9ec5df579bc7b13544d62a	Recall that on September 23, Mercedes Benz published a video with chickens, where the birds, as well as in the subsequent Jaguar response video, moved in space, but the position of their bodies remained unchanged.
b5d75247939f22f3462af9cacd218812069def93	The video was dedicated to the Magic Body Control system from Mercedes Benz, with which the car's suspension predicts bumps on the road and adjusts the position of the body in such a way that the car's passengers do not feel discomfort associated with poor road surface.
7e5838ed5f7803ff3b059eea8ae3727588b4f149	Mercedes Benz's reaction to Jaguar's attack followed just a few days later.
9a9b3ad2ef1cc84de925e5b7279edf15188a7b3f	However, the company behaved quite restrained: the advertisement depicted a Mercedes Benz sedan moving through the forest, probably at night.
ee5fda23def5c634edf4cddbbb52d72b5ba949e5	In the light of the headlights of a moving car, there was a Jaguar, which probably did not see the car.
61dadc695088d054baa3213c0322bc0fb00beedf	"When the cat's reflexes are too slow," the sign advertising the preventive braking system says significantly.
438ac421b4584acc1d5c2aa25744e541c63060ce	Advertising confrontations are also common between other large companies, but often the fields of these battles are limited to the local press or TV channels, while the advertising products themselves are created on the initiative of local dealers.
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e4fccc16e1f2568be09f77c07236305003afb83a	The most striking advertising wars between car companies
ea5a8fcad1d20a04c652304125be464a122cc9d9	Sergey Gusarov
718bf16372ff8ff1dfb4e3706a94343734bdbb1a	21.12.2013, 12:45
b4298bccb4e70666bf37d811d5d1e173b34e7241	__is photorep included5812989: 1
330d7441c6f2b6f8adfa790c892e613a950eb05f	Under the conditions of Western legislation, many companies have been conducting a similar confrontation in advertising for many years.
c78b6c240892a9c41d1fcfd1df613ec0d2e21e7a	"Newspaper.
08f12ca09257313a7df541942af6ba41a0e432f5	Ru " considered the most striking examples of an unusual form of competition among automakers.
547dcf1fe833bc8fc43a470b8585536bde459591	"It was a priest with a thick chain and a cross"
6faa668998922fb09cd3ed5128b56fa1feb57f7a	The prosecutor's office filed a lawsuit to deprive Mara Baghdasaryan of her driver's license
2060847aefe38873412bac883c91a8ca517303ed	Ambulances may be allowed to ram cars that interfere with the passage
ccc4aa4f57ce4bddd3ecb595fec1341d4f689f3b	In Veliky Novgorod, traffic police officers who broke the driver's prosthesis during detention will be checked
afc84784d961b6be0775a17291a8ebc530a8acd6	In Russia, an unknown buyer placed an order for a Bugatti Chiron for 220 million rubles
4239597a4823853605d3e6683a227c834f4e6e0c	The contribution under the state pension financing program must be made before the end of the year
572da3fb3935f41d98e221b9aeb53f11681a57b0	Pay for a neighbor
a232775597830a2dc4f8cb85f14cd178403c4d94	The final message in the video reads: "Magic adjustment of the body position?
6919d9c72d7cd10c4640961c5c5e4f24c80940e1	We prefer cat reflexes."
e4575681c3ec8427787b31c573b48324af5dc543	In the conditions of Western legislation, which allows the mention of competitors ' brands in one advertisement, such confrontations are not uncommon.
6945d3fa47387feaacd9749df7d166a796abbf22	Billboards, print ads and videos of BMW and Audi brands, which made fun of each other in every possible way, have become widely known in the past.
f88737f25bf082847cd340c7c3dc481552f58e95	The most famous episode in the history of the confrontation between German brands was an episode that occurred in 2009 in the US state of California.
70075b1311bac4cc72cc3fa1f8b898a3c864ed50	The glove was thrown to the competitor by Audi.
2814e514f09c9a355663d10c6be0b02348bd3c1b	She placed a billboard on Santa Monica Boulevard in Los Angeles dedicated to the new A4 sedan.
8fd45764fd53689806921ba9c727d7d269ec9288	The inscription on it read: "Your move, BMW."
74b7407af104189dff41bdea041ff5a5c5c5c73f	The answer from BMW followed almost immediately: a California dealer of the Bavarian brand bought a billboard opposite the Audi billboard and placed his advertising there.
4a3b827387f7da6c36395a3d19ab612985ed623d	The print showed a BMW M3 sports coupe, and the picture was accompanied by a laconic inscription: "Mate".
19fde673043d0fcd8c95d33282ecec2975823480	After that, a discussion dedicated to the most worthy response to BMW's attack opened in the official Audi group on Facebook.
b58a6df88538eef67695d823fd25a574ec6b7594	Netizens offered several caustic options, for example: "Chess?
d84f1965db03f190a02db2a5e6b143dffb7acb3a	I'd rather take a ride."
cce57a69740566dc850a96785a80e9e83bbd36c0	Soon Audi replaced the print on its shield with an image of the Audi R8 supercar, the photo of which was accompanied by the inscription: "It's time to check your luxury nameplate: it could have faded."
39708ce28c5b31c936e815578cee9c61c19db12c	Although many perceived Audi's reaction as another round of advertising struggle, the New York Times managed to find out that the Audi print with the image of the R8 was approved for placement long before the exchange of barbs with BMW.
ee6c57ea9cf58ce24dad6a6e4a704266e4a263d8	Both companies treated the billboard war as a manifestation of fair competition.
b9de555618595031b6fb59ba9882cbd19887126f	At various times, BMW has also ridiculed Audi in television ads.
065f69c2c519a79df84525acf39e9de56dda5d66	For example, the BMW 3 Series (E36) sedan of the mid 1990s was equipped with a stabilization system, which became the theme of the commercial.
feecf9623603998327193af50a7eca3dcfa1814d	In the frame, the Bavarian sedan cuts round and round on the slippery asphalt, without losing the trajectory of movement.
f3dd7dc4f090b68bfd2da191ececcb0fee4b07c5	In contrast to BMW, the Audi A4 sedan rides on the same surface, which is barely recognizable.
c2a2c01b80d45cd0433477b1e1a09a5a7543ffed	The car constantly skids, it goes off the trajectory and loses speed.
1ae9cc6d8d5a3c85615da192f6febf176d9b8ad3	Later it is seen that due to poor handling, the car drew the Audi logo on the asphalt, consisting of four interlocked rings.
0699b9a86b26fc5c6f137f27442fa596affd65b3	In the more modern video "Jump for Joy", actors who allegedly use BMW cars in everyday life easily jump into the windows of various cars of this brand, not wanting to use a more familiar doorway.
74b99efa9919982c53bbdd2c8f5c681f4e22f0bc	They easily manage to do this, even if the frame is not an open car, but a traditional sedan with a hard roof.
95354c295342c498d45dbf39cb8a6757ac87e8e2	Later in the video, a man appears who is clearly trying to repeat the trick of jumping into the car, but instead hits the door and falls on the asphalt.
a22876b4c3f050cb398d74c0c866bde1fa8d6ca0	The camera changes the plan, and the viewer sees that the man tried to jump into the Audi.
2d9fc8db304988b7a7fb0cea3cb6a2df7698f788	Another episode of the advertising confrontation between Audi and BMW involved two more brands in the game.
e15051e5553cbc60751874658df075e853f29439	The beginning of this story was an advertising print from the Bavarian brand, which depicted a BMW 3 Series and the inscription: "Congratulations to Audi on winning the competition" South African Car of the Year — 2006".
8ece4a53f74baa2372fe4c68df6396b90e74b07e	From the winner of the award "World Car of the Year — 2006".
cead424f757bfb8c9217ca6528dc5ae8be857c3e	In its response, Audi preferred to continue the line started by BMW.
702c6664cb23ea097f5ce70fcb15805fdb8bf863	"Our congratulations to the owner of the "World Car of the Year — 2006" — from the six time winner of the 24 hour races at Le Mans from 2000 to 2006."
84fd1132f0497ead00d765a29116dfc3320401c1	After that, the Japanese brand Subaru entered the fight for an unknown reason, which released a print ad with the image of the Impreza WRX STi sedan.
244cc7ad7e7b4f2c3b9f3d4dc5970da9f4db9468	"Congratulations to Audi and BMW for winning the beauty contests from the winner of the "World Engine of the Year — 2006 "award," the inscription on the Subaru print read.
e80d6a3c47996ca7f2bf2baa57138b142e70d0cf	The British premium brand Bentley supposedly put an end to this round of the advertising war, although the authenticity of this advertising print is not confirmed.
84b597433c200e9ae60e231862378e03786caeaa	It shows a man with gray hair, who is dressed in an expensive suit and sitting on a leather, probably very expensive sofa.
bca3b02548b5498e051f24b6cb588a314e5589e8	The man shows the middle finger, and in the lower part of the print there is a company logo of Bentley with the" winged " Latin letter B. Whether any of the official representatives of the brand is related to this advertisement is still unknown, but the print turned out to be very popular on the web.
8d1c93e89ee1b708ab71f21639be393fb5b5c959	BMW is also known for other sharp advertising prints, in which another long standing confrontation is played out, this time with the Mercedes Benz brand.
f37da15cbd244786cb82fa30a9f207b4c60d2462	In the first case, two cars are moving against the background of the African savanna — a Mercedes Benz ML Class SUV painted under the skin of a zebra and a predator chasing it in the face of a BMW X5 painted under a cheetah.
6a15b16efd1e583c83a20e9ae5db31e8764d6688	In another, almost friendly joke, the topic that BMW often focuses on in its advertising was played out — driving pleasure.
1578e0c6ca7add75d5092812b159c9282a915594	The poster showed a Mercedes Benz car carrier fully loaded with BMW 5 Series (E39) sedans and station wagons.
559053f5e563be724ab8bb21c42b7868f172e33c	The inscription at the bottom of the print reads: "Mercedes Benz can also give the driver pleasure."
ead694530aa038cf5dfc48bef78670217c08a29b	In turn, Audi initiated a rather conditional confrontation with Ferrari, when in a video dedicated to the Audi R8 supercar, the theme of Maranello, the Italian city native to Ferrari, was played out.
a887072789401e60bd5919721673a17f1902e01b	The hero of the video drives an R8 around the city, whose residents are enraged at the sight of a German supercar, mixed with envy: even teenagers on a scooter chase the car with angry shouts, from which, however, the R8 leaves playfully.
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79b0df89276347b5ee9054c3bdc6a47b7b2443b6	Lexus IS 400 Eastline Garage
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51cfdef4098433bc4ba0bb1130c1c149ad1f27e4	KlROV "Blog" Audi and BMW advertising war: Others are smoking nervously
d3a0c15413902f07ca04bf184409bcf84981f5e0	KlROV was 23 hours ago
9221ad39edbbd159f169b85c10fd3c93fd3eb362	Mikhail Vladimirovich, 27 years old
810e0da3556d24f9ce4b33eec9d944b475749ce0	I drive a BMW X5 Behemoth 4.4 i (before that BMW 7 series, BMW 5 series and Lada 2110)
5a66400ad99dd43374e0122e0aa809ad23845a80	Kirov, Russia
9b17504a34f022458174398218bafe5d7e83c597	Many are in the course of the ongoing advertising war between BMW and Audi, but few people remember how it all started ) let's try to fix it The advertising war was declared by BMW back in 2003.
c125727725b0295a13d893c9750e91cd13391cb6	Then there was the following:
9eed245bc1264d264f24da12cf7600645626b1e1	"Mercedes can also give pleasure"Then came a series of other "Shark" attacks the Jaguar:
234adabd8bb7eb47e0e4d061b46d98c372bd3e06	The prim Englishmen, balancing on the verge of survival, decided to ignore the injection.
d778a59835d5655fafe08a6430be70bf0a964658	A new victim of the advertising attack was a long — time competitor Audi: It all started with a BMW print: the auto giant "milo" congratulated Audi on winning the Car of the Year contest -2006 in South Africa, signing " The winner of the Car of the World contest -2006.
bb71c7ed340b8a7db1376ce277447b1377b9c2fd	From the six time winner of the Consecutive Le Mans 24 Hour races (2000-2006)."
8eb4b86c39df70debb9d0aed0e6e5b2f8a0f8cc9	Perhaps everything would have been limited to this, but other manufacturers, Subaru, decided to intervene in this war: The third in this story was not superfluous.
2d51d3e00beafc2a1db6fe4eabcb18ad021a8118	But the most solid answer was given by the same Englishmen: I do not think it is necessary to translate and comment on the Bentley poster, which silently put a bold end to this funny dispute.
c393e01c98b0a49f220493178871fa97c71edf98	Since then, the war has subsided a little, until in 2007 Audi introduced a modern innovation to the Russian market — a Russified GPS navigator: In response, the entire advertising army of BMW, not without reason, said: "While others were translating navigation, we made the best engine in the world."
e5e0f7bf058f9b553b62567787581c653dfad017	Audi responded with an advertisement for its proprietary quattro all wheel drive system:
3aa9a86bac2b04d08290c51dcead20d78e533223	"This is what happens when you donot have a quattro"
479cfbe8a79a2fd9837f6ed35e4bdaec9ac2598d	BMW soon had the opportunity to respond: "This is what happens when you have a quattro" In 2009, the ads became even more audacious and uncorrected – to the delight of fans.
cf6977d57acf3514e435483da183398ff2e1e62b	Another round of confrontation was marked in the United States by the release of an Audi billboard with the defiant slogan " Your move, BMW!": Of course, the advertisers from BMW could not remain without an answer.
f22b9b26c6876e792cb8b47deda223c30cc41da4	This time, on the Audi billboard, they depicted their pride the R8, and next to it the inscription ' Time to check your luxury badge.
f2713fdea0be34226908ebf29719c7609d5e6aef	It may have expired.’
45f663c1e4053c351059a8a54fc062e7895c331b	(Time to check your’luxury'.
c20fa7c35d49f1e379a3534a0f565fed62469d3c	Perhaps it is no longer there.)
55546b17aafc38a84e716c481a6011021bd7859a	I would like to admit that the R8 is a bold and audacious decision, which the M3 will not be easy to fight.
6e34c9d0dc8be650aa0e89d5233103b65d5796dc	However, we will wait for BMW's response.
543adf482910ee89f167095dc24d43a629c2dc7d	Video advertising: First, BMW presented a creative video, not hesitating to openly demonstrate the competitor's logo.
4fafbd7dcfa85f20cb624f8fc52228cee7b14c8e	You canot jump in an Audi like in a BMW!Audi did not slow down with the answer – the new video is more straightforward.
e17c1c0b655729cc2e820870e40caebd780072a2	Another provocative Audi video
9f74c41675a0ee765f5881b0c4a492636e4c5f70	Audi Superbowl Commercial Starring Jason Statham
44cbeea1dbd0238088fe551fb997918c86a229ef	Audi wished Mercedes a good night http://rutube.ru/tracks/3983762.html?v=292f7720186a00df773c25d790fdf622 And finally, Audi could not help but attract its latest development of the R8
0b6ed89bb10fb279045bb80d04f087a609bd939c	BMW victory.
8d231749be6c06cfa4372e738ae01d1871e70360	I think that there are no comments here.
2e6aeb34345c63453ac5f80cb3026e9e0aefd275	Funny video.
d35e656b48bc0840ce1222e9a2280c14ce988e37	;BMW vs Porsche
775d7641d4801ed28fcfeba41e6d05344a450c15	BMW vs Audi
3a12a5d9268cbb474e7cf320afde35acef3975ab	Audi The Spell 2010 Commercial
668baebef97db785a55bf15976e65ed05229400b	Infiniti vs BMW Christmas ad
736d19e485be0a6b4257378d040307af9c742792	Continued www.drive2.ru/b/171239/
846f77d53f3e4af8812ca766501fb3cd38cd80a1	six years ago
210bbf050a1a4ea721525fa0e600b98a78babfe6	Tags: advertising war
135debd4837026bf06c7bfc5d1e0c6a31611af1d	210
ef468c1e6325180083364fdbb1a930495002d0f3	Subscribe to the author
82569062747ee29c4387687b5838d74d178d1349	Previously, Installing Wi Fi around the house is a very exciting activity:) Next, An Ad for BMW E34 + Crash Test maximum speed
756b24a2dea840cc59cc9acf9c2ed15c1a12a4e3	Toyota Camry .
bb30a5a3edf3a3da6008a0d2e78166c1e1f44470	A machine of backward time.
a5a3cbc0b807e5abfe82bc8715a0cd8b1a10f13b	Turbo Vesta.
41189fccf57e8b24a550a8aadd3b73d864491396	Very soon!
c9698dd9484d1f7d887acf5602e80e1b9023335d	Does the history of Peugeot GTI (RC) hothatches end ?
21d586375bb5ee4380f57207398d95e3bf55ced8	BMW vs Mercedes Benz: the history of the great confrontation
308dd254434bd2d3511b2cc5cc4928cc3f367126	Remnants of former luxury.
7d9f47e2d0ce291b0ba4ec6e549f8dbb1255dd3d	An abandoned narzan complex.
7b399615e1cbe7d1c51899047753248d1a5020b3	post 66 Discs from 50 camry !
3752b026509b9e0446ed592f17f7216ef3ae0eef	A small photo session...)
db90c1c91d20235139e4a0f83fc0e0d2688d94b1	Headlight washer (budget option or with your own hands)
3cd85e7355c220a36bfe85fcc9806dd525674bcf	BMW Premium Selection on winning terms in AVILON.
bbe376e5091442e79f65521d790b49212f7a4a76	cleaning of the Daewoo Nexia drosel
4e95a21763463a329d7e68fedc39c490672a806d	Photos…
55665a36f4c1067dcd656511040ec00cbd5fc8b2	When there is no choice, it remains only to lie…
79d9407cc51fea3b3535020e0c33bafd17ebc363	Comments 89
e43f865c946305fe9ac61e836f690132d5923aec	Only registered users can participate in discussions.
5de8825cf84b3075277be307faa535d537329cc0	Pelmenman
988b023bd0c8cb82ed360ec69a01eb6f9df5bf16	well, the kindergarten, only mercedes, infiniti and bently were pleased, briefly and clearly
47b82261c6110ef64f46704ae19a05c4da53bcef	two weeks ago
24b2bf572a762b30110585dcb2d1366e0a8fecef	BoomerMW
7491d55329926d2e276b67dc7ad3b4ffaa67497a	bmw as usual is the best car
4c3e77d75ae5d896c290fea23344341498003263	almost a month ago
307d70638cd9d42d94f951e7f8e81405ee7f5f6c	Oborzevatel
0c1da3506bc27d91d5220a1689899b8bf47cef23	class))) but we need to update the links to the videos. and add kamentov to them in Russian
8f2b40967f61e4072de21cbc6bc08072dea05d4d	six weeks ago
cf5436cbac3f46a8b3ab512d3b218ac65dee5b36	TheMummy
05da39c2cb3dc0b4b69b0eed1212d2891006709d	A terrible accordion.
57528c0379ed03a3e119b93db68909c8f6fbf0bd	three months ago
ff553c84c153d292f7b49394f00a33d2e0fe69e5	Dictator72
63d195d25ae6a495df333de8389fa3feba1e0c66	Uh huh, like they have a war… The market was divided a long time ago
37cc412a25e96cd533360bcc3f8968e94485697d	MalvinaKaterina
8bbddaeac7e1a64aedeede7f5ef2ae36f531cb20	six months ago
eaf390a48ef3db5bccb4a1d6874ea8acf8bea9f6	A INTC
a449943fee355f43e826c44c7d665e8e59d50dba	www.drive2.ru/b/1732634/?page=0#a167702189 Advertising is advertising, but such cases, unfortunately, occur in real life…
42be2d8377042593827458502b89eaff8f167fab	almost a year ago
b199756dc71c89af2732fe4224abfd23e7329094	Janfudr
ea60c5c582f95064d192af494e2e959413dc1d85	A couple of broken videos.
64fe5cea050f98c7c75cb696f9a96e7d6e437117	:(
a134808db2342a8ae02d9f76e199e9adb47b678e	Raceport
a85d3b3176386dbfe840b76251c97eaac1c5d3ea	The E92 M3 is not slower on the Audi R8 track.
dfa9760edf5f37ac1667de40e641e2f4c79c39b8	We know this firsthand.
23880ea63c580c6d9a8e8bc0d6353e9104b0c46c	The fight is only between the pilots.)
8bb3a499bb81541cb69d352998187de393c9e014	This is in response to the Audi billboard.
bb807e4178a1bad309bfac0e28c0f6b8b3def945	Although the P8 car is excellent both in design and in driving qualities.
3b36eb0eb37e03ecc9f8da14e55aee95610b91de	Editing History
9b25390b238d8466625627d7f2e2f39c748eebe4	Kuancha
f028e044040017f1eee361ee52e7a25bcb277b9f	How can I share this post?
31920d0dc441c2294916f0df873bc0b7cae2cf30	almost two years ago
8bf5ec675dff313c044af91c2f44a18d0627fbc2	KlROV
dd7e9cdb8342f973432bdbba66d139796b5e39f4	Click share)
d3bcdc07c98531e6d1c76d4901ec7d82690d4849	akamoscow
ab4b9c68d762330d5e4903571ecbf78d92f6505b	I donot believe that BMW placed a poster with a broken Audi on the Moscow license plates
c4959086fbf5b1dd7a923f5fe3faf6600a76c5e2	(poster : This is what happens when you have a Quatro".
2de0c71fc2ddf140c9bb2a53aeaeb542a4e08b6d	two years ago
b2b886fb9421f6f029925b3f61a73b721d774057	Perhaps this is a fake that walks on the Internet
777fd4844729cd23875df55a422085b2e9e2ec49	temish83
c7542350a51745becb643d2dc284c0fcacb2adcc	This is a beauty:
655099e83bf4108921b9e762c1033c194c1d5f9e	three years ago
25d4e8e1a5c67d87ec2fb60627a05955fd3b5abc	Yes, it's beautiful!
a57a254d437c4b9bfc947cd265f1096d03ef6cc1	WiselGuy
a2e5cc4b0f2b2000b5eb61b5fc30f9fb09aef736	bentley and the Japs are not in the subject at all. and so the war is beautiful
033123c5b3100b30774713393bf5aeab848c15bd	almost four years ago
7143c9852a6074ca9b23ae6fb11805d3850521be	V Vladislav
36d7a05f7b8a38dd284c7cde501d2696d33cf9d5	I did a great job.
6adc3cb6fc3bc7fc5d6bd8319ef3f5ae6b7096ea	EugenPit
01ff3e2416e16def51c203b83426c7f35f17f140	Thank you for the selection!)
3d171c229642627dbdda9a7f3e1cbd591c2aa32f	I'm glad that I liked it ;)
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b714e28e781b7cab9a75a8a35937c06e93a90709	Attention: We donot have many vacancies yet, but they are all very interesting.
09f8b6c9773af9c11918217e3c20a8b8e458a7dd	Researches
eccd8c22c73648e08b29c3f6bd2780570e754370	Cases
88bc3fe3daddee139809d036f18b985fbe165957	Reports
a4c6b41f555492220f50533677a1cdb2fa7e01ee	Digests
675660467b78ff9970a5b3115d9fafea2b71653d	Trends 26 August 2014, 14: 35 21218 3
1dc9f2184de63b0e522516d6c53756c0c57514dc	War of the Worlds: how brands improve their image by comparing themselves favorably with competitors
9ff6fd66c910729c9679cf23d4f12cc5e80fcd61	Karina Starobina,
4e81af823a6eb6e51d9d67d4d8d46a125e426499	Author of articles and translations
2f987f74f5e76a3627f735c1bfff95963df4396b	in Cossa
05f3bf0893a1b4ee4789d1709b2ce064f21f05de	Coca Cola vs. Pepsi, Burger King vs. McDonald's brands that users often perceive as interchangeable, have been waging a fierce information war for years.
bba9ec5834e26e4dae94971e16da474e384e3146	How far can brands afford to go using the so called direct comparison ads attacks on each other?
e3891d8c157bb49ced10aaf1ad3db82adfa3920d	The experts were Artem Ponomarev (Atra Attorneys ' Office) and Yuri Khabarov (L'Etoile Legal Consultant).
d077c3806109431d694a29662fc8cf8f6684dcc1	IS COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING PROHIBITED IN RUSSIA
adf3ccf361f1cf4937ba46bcb52b4684436745e3	Artem Ponomarev:
8f735223e617f760073cf07eee327f432f6cf686	"Despite the fact that comparative advertising is an extremely effective and successfully proven tool in the competition of brands, Russian advertisers, unlike Western ones, are much less likely to turn to it because of the well established opinion that direct comparison of goods in Russia is prohibited by law.
c079576c43187f373b44743b036110993e28d64d	However, there is no such prohibition in Russian legislation.
ebf9386221ae340803e6fb1baa53c84be147c4c6	In accordance with paragraph 1 of Part 1 of art. 5 of the Law "On Advertising", an advertisement that"contains incorrect comparisons of the advertised product with goods in circulation that are produced by other manufacturers or sold by other sellers" is considered unfair.
ef253c8c894a340881f07a9c98483991af66166b	Attention should be paid specifically to "incorrect comparisons".
2370c527675d230ec6305fc2945e03c43a639350	That is, the main criterion that this type of advertising should meet is the "correctness" of comparing products.
84db35c00fe3b426578d15148933a7d21db82d05	The absence of a definition of "comparative advertising" in the law "On Advertising" creates some difficulties associated with identifying advertising as comparative.
e884809ff55ac2a2c33dda6fee92a7c91c8f365f	For the definition of comparative advertising, it is necessary to refer to Directive N 2006/114/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of the European Union "On misleading and comparative advertising" (adopted in Strasbourg in 2006).
5f9cd76dbe3bbdb0f854c905e3068aa3972651a6	According to it, "comparative advertising" means any advertising that explicitly or indirectly identifies a competitor or products or services offered by competitors.
fefb6b5f06ccb516f3ea29fddd0cdad9322eb068	Avis vs Hertz
5e530440a577f456ee507e6c39875bf6b1ba7fe1	Two companies providing car rental services, Avis and Hertz, declared war on each other back in the mid 1940s.
2e6e1a0faab1716c31b5a8592e9268512425cbd0	Avis employees didnot like the fact that Hertz called itself the number one in their field in any public references, so they launched the We Try Harder advertising campaign ("We try harder").
b790de3db0e7e3ae3100920bd41d240a27ce9d82	The next move was the advertising campaign When you're only No.
2298df15c17caebc9ad9fc1e9c32c4ced139eb81	2 ("When you're only number two"), which shocked the advertising world, accustomed to self praising brands.
b58ec3db37f7cfc8625a9b0555c0378b240decd6	The agency has since used the technique of so called "modesty", for example, in advertising Volkswagen Beetle cars, which recognized: "It's ugly, but it will take you where you need to" (It's ugly, but it will get you there).
36bc0f10e6223aa97c0fa4c05a4e661a1b2c0b77	For a long time, Hertz silently ignored the ironic attacks, until finally, in 1966, they presented an advertisement with the headline "For many years, Avis said that Hertz is number one.
295607e0299dfea0fd1294adce77c7cd6919ca74	Now we will tell you why."
bbb13a966eb800f46c625707a351ef9bf84cd7db	This was followed by " Number 2 says they are trying harder.
bbf640a58f0520f4aa3a8e9253a4b921bc6d70d1	Than who?" and " Hertz has a competitor who says he's number 2.
c2bed93332cb9185e094a77f80311ea3fbc57aa8	It's hard to argue with this."
2f230a68a8aa254164170b905db0fbce4f448905	The attacks continued, but over time they became more and more sluggish and good natured.
a0fc21be81f4e4f858b01052d85f8d1d8f51f8fb	"In accordance with Russian legislation, the use in advertising of the comparative characteristics of the advertised object with other goods, for example, by using the words "best", "first", "number one", must be made with the indication of a specific criterion by which the comparison is carried out and which has objective confirmation."
110d7d1e823fa500914ff2b1f8810a73d47955f2	Cola Wars
04fa4fff70dc53836bc18f2506beb642af783075	Cola Wars or "Stake Wars" — the great confrontation between Pepsi and Coca Cola, which has not subsided for more than 50 years.
b6ff9a3b3e2a021b1efd77318a9e83e26035e969	Now the companies seem to have declared a truce, as Pepsi decided to focus on the edible products market, leaving Coca Cola as the undisputed leader.
c8d07c4d34395b0df6c497fcfc6a040badc0737e	Although the confrontation began with the very birth of Pepsi, the first serious clash was the launch of the Pepsi Challenge: consumers were asked to blindly try Pepsi and Coca Cola and voice their preferences.
3fd659a83133eea101d554ec5fddc18f3ae75be6	As it turned out, many of them chose Pepsi.
bfaab7216347ae9b15f6ab93e57afb8907673883	Coca Cola's response was to launch a New Coke a drink identical to Pepsi, since studies after the experiment showed that everyone who took part in it preferred Pepsi because of the sweeter taste.
0c0326220204b6f7f89dc5a8f6ae4ddd1d829871	However, the launch turned out to be a complete failure, which only played into the hands of Pepsi.
02e13ac05a066e3f6b325737bc4b175b40d41030	In the late 90s, Pepsi launched the most successful strategic campaign — Pepsi Stuff, which is a prize system.
38e92db7ea7d0c15e9eb55096eef610cbb686071	They repeated the campaign in 2005, and Coca Cola, unable to stand it, created a similar system of Coke Rewards.
20159896b6b466bbe4cbe38e598e3b2ebc283c48	For many years, brands have not let each other down, while endlessly entertaining consumers with funny ads demonstrating the superiority of a particular brand.
bc9dae90882ab5e9f8bf6d9168d9b1bd2e7aa3dd	In one of these forbidden videos, a little boy buys two cans of Coca Cola from a vending machine in order to reach the Pepsi button.
79eca0a14550c3540eff14d8244d6f95208ec7b6	On April 1, 2000, Pepsi created an ad for We Love Coca Cola, confusing everyone: did both brands conspire and simply promote themselves at the expense of each other, releasing viral videos, or are they really waging a cold blooded war?
c09afa7e0974536b6cc947fd2548ea45de2eafc6	In 2011, Cola accused Pepsi of using their "branded" glass bottle.
ff07267b8f690bd9e52ff98784497ae19c28cb8b	The court found the charges unfounded, since the form was not patented, and the logo clearly indicated the manufacturer.
8e7c78eabb84404cd0ead6f381ddd38444963d06	In the same year, Coca Cola declared a complete victory: if Coca Cola and Pepsi occupied the first two places in the carbonated drinks market before, now Pepsi has replaced Diet Coke in the second place, so that Cola actually monopolized the market.
45782348ed1bac651589abebe0975c4b3b4ad0ef	In the same year, Pepsi made another attack, but this was already the last attempt: in the video Summer time is Pepsi time, the brand mocks Coca Cola's favorite characters a polar bear and Santa.
872ce2f441ec51a38c91cfb30509d59151ca7b31	Yuri Khabarov:
0114a83fd120246884e4943ab0e6fe6b322f79b1	"There are certain legal prohibitions, as well as banal moral norms (for example, seniors need to give in), which brands adhere to in such battles.
861bbd8722a4f49adf817ab64cb1e25f3dd03e1f	But otherwise they are free to do anything!
fff458050820acd08aeca288e023c483937c2c89	It is not necessary to resort to slander or misleading the target audience about the properties of a rival's product (for example, Coca says that Pepsi is made of elephant dung), because this threatens with multimillion dollar lawsuits to protect the honor, dignity and business reputation of the company."
2297ddcb587e4eb6b63f9b64fc12144de0c3bbb8	BMW and Audi
2547d87a9808d2b749ec807588ce88126108c919	BMW and Audi are the leading German car manufacturers that are known for "billboard wars" in California.
8db0c6a6663cfbb4a297d9de10f9195f7442dd8a	It all started with a harmless Audi slogan, which beat the BMW logo: "Chess?
ee1214fb5f9d7cb842caf7d9f37febdf8c5d6eb9	No, thanks.
19b02f1ec92cb8242335afd87e38b09b347a8ea1	I'd rather drive my own car."
1f305cc2e7fe2c08caf92039d747c45c1f81ab51	A few days later, they openly challenged, replacing the slogan on the billboard with "Your move, BMW".
0d12f18e075d8efdb315b364512cefb287a63de4	As a response, BMW bought a billboard across the street twice as large and answered: "Checkmate".
2f58e329414a35cbcd24f18ca703b1ce08603d68	Audi has asked Facebook users to come up with a witty answer.
99f793bb3bf60260b05d23cdab7ee61c640bf762	As a result, the brand settled on the dubious phrase " It's time to check out your luxury badge.
0f768a84d1929565327c760427a2f72ff64621dd	Perhaps it has gone out of fashion."
c07b95a6f863008e27ae170647a477c39b10925c	After that, Audi moved the billboard to another place, ending this small and fun collision, photos of which are still wandering on the Internet.
87f155de30cffd8f32da51e648c471c6a5b29d59	BMW was inspired by the acquired experience and began to attack Mercedes and Jaguar as well (without stopping the clashes with Audi).
7c45f78e8e1c1bc206f21bb4970f55433d4d31dc	For example, in Hong Kong, BMW placed a huge billboard right on the building of a competitor's salon.
1c253cd178fe65550c12d878a913045c1dca3c9a	In addition to billboards, Audi and BMW almost every month release a funny video, making fun of each other.
9d6af484aa5ba134e193d237a2c2c5445459186c	It seems that representatives of both brands enjoy the confrontation no less than consumers.
2c3f23922aa096e999de94f0a47049038dd52fe1	Well, sales, of course, are growing.
c4c05f033570cac424e2f21b9ca35b1215151afe	"In Russia, such advertising does not violate the current legislation — the only question is moral norms.
d3bb79e774126c9e3bf4b14cb42ca6019f2ee405	The challenge that the participants of the battles throw to the established methods of advertising causes more interest.
f95b19acc09d9928338861e8a5b854d471da177e	The non target audience also begins to follow the progress of the advertising company.
3ea2c6c62fb267d763c69f280a2d093e440a3376	For example, as a young lawyer, I canot afford, say, an Audi A5.
a475f20caec604511a01cf14e25068d23ad67311	But I've heard a lot about this car, I've heard a lot about the brand itself.
5182417d5a5bc3cf66462a74d95d20c97fb58fc6	And my positive attitude towards him is caused, among other things, by the fact that they approach the issue of advertising with confidence, charismatic audacity and a sense of humor."
47ad2ad62677efe401e1ca12bc3dc8cd054296f5	Burger King and McDonald's
59074826345f053f3c2dfa201837497d3bb19427	Two fast food tycoons Burger King and McDonald's have been fighting since the middle of the XX century and, I must say, choose quite sophisticated attacks.
98cfa56634135afdee9ebc03ea299cc16a159ef4	Brands rarely directly address each other, but there are some exceptions.
e1d04a87956af4c1175827e97b83eed0df5945d8	For example, in an advertisement for Burger King Breakfast Muffin Sandwich, the King from Burger King steals a recipe from McDonald's at night, mocking the supposedly very intricate recipe.
eb1f4d1e8ffc457dca65eec0ae28c18f1b0736c5	An advertisement from 1981 deserves attention, in which five year old Sarah Michelle Gelar claims that McDonald's uses 20% less meat than Burger King when making sandwiches.
ec95e740f46315292f470ee144b86e3076f8981a	After the presentation of this video, McDonald's was outraged and sued Burger King.
07e7949382e1a77086c6e176a9b4038e7469289b	The Burger King Whopper Virgins campaign invited people from all over the world to try and compare "Big Mac" and "Whopper", however, was found to be racist and exploitative.
5fadf50eb75d510337e3110f9747468ed484c733	"In my opinion, such an advertising war is beneficial for both companies, because it favorably distinguishes two competing brands from the rest.
c96b22e6ab005100d86791988044df822be7569a	While others say that they are just good, rivals in such battles say with confidence and a sense of humor that they are not just good, but better than their principled opponent).
7451caa83763340073375e634c98c00f1c839c3c	And a sense of humor is the humanization of the brand.
a99d3a91bfaa29978a73e039d74d9d15382e5153	It is much more pleasant to believe in a company that humorously approaches product advertising than these "quality guarantee and low prices"."
25db915a2c75116569ecd10efce309e17d042c48	Mac vs IBM
7ff5fd80e7731377cd9af3a11329434f10b49ddc	Perhaps one of the most striking examples of comparative advertising is the long running mini series from the Get a Mac commercials featuring John Hodgman and Justin Long.
2e950098b6170e9376395a1013579f2b986cfd0f	Get A Mac is a continuation of the Switch campaign, which was also filmed on an all white background and told consumers about people who switched from Windows to Mac.
a040f8a83e66313a6a068395d5f0d5fe0ef24b54	WHAT IS NOT PROHIBITED IS ALLOWED
954095d16ef2e7f024093fbab34c1515118e1c4f	"All these wars are taking place within the legal framework, because the management of companies is aware of the price of their reputation.
5cf1dcf2f14ceeab271ab9378a7241592bd2eb52	They will not go to dirty advertising methods or violations, because it can hit their reputation, which will hit the value of the brand itself.
ae48787a5b49c072d0d342bc07b877963da87c7f	In this case, the right is dispositive: any advertising methods that are not prohibited are allowed (relatively speaking, you can not swear, mate).
d4d36ae2d8ba8f407826cfcc18b5fd237d7fa456	The norms of morality are losing their weight today, and in the field of advertising they are practically not a social regulator.
c971c548dcb3d7f513ecd909ecdd2a311ff1c558	By doing something that is not prohibited by law, you can mock your competitor in any way you want.
5b89853158f200248c2b97beafb151d372624045	At one time, it seems, the Just Russia party ("Free Russia", - ed.) was an advertising video in which they tried to make fun of their main competitors for single seats in the State Duma — the Yabloko party.
f0a59a8c7dcec3a74b4f45106709bb510d30481b	The video with the words " Donot vote for "Apple" — it's rotten" was taken with hostility by everyone.
faacdbe19a7289d8777ae2fa36d259d0347052df	Here you can also see an insult, in general."
00e3d47fc0b13f83fe6008810af4c5b613ac30dd	Brand wars, brands, image, competition, comparative advertising, prohibited advertising, Avis, Hertz, Pepsi, Coca Cola, BMW, Audi, Burger King, McDonald's, Mac, IBM
da5559d532e0007f4a5482bd8c7312cac4d2bccd	Donot miss it!
39230975588cc3219b745ed1d5e70c43ce6cea26	Life hack: How we found out the targeting settings of someone else's ads on Facebook
0e308dd38c3d1e19ce06a93f5cb6a92f93eb36b4	Pain and tears in pictures: 10 harmful tips for naughty customers
46a1e4e8c371a2ac939363c27e8768a2465a6399	5 actions, without which it is impossible to work with paid channels
493b048ead829ec4ff8009eef56ea231782ac1f9	Sergey Chernyaev #
086290f4bc38d54b4d084c86c941498a913b4810	26.08.2014 21:44
35f086abb9434f7f5d28c9eef4444dbf5e2a537d	And what do you say about personal brands?
a25400e0a8e401c8c74839f145cd718b2bfdf9fc	Now it is very fashionable to use your name as an expert as brands
c08a8945414eb7563500b9834ae606f451feccff	Alina Bazelyuk #
377c9be0b73a2c7a9f2170d6e49f3f59a4be0c4b	26.08.2014 21:52
123219affd278616ddc3c6d518f362061625793b	Sergey, please clarify the question.
776108e98825b9b8aff7948c8544f53ff0d7062e	Or give an example of the situation?
28a17794c32bd056d58d832fa61e14fb56196295	123123123123123123 #
eab2d68e5adac7bd6b12bbd5388c70fcb7612e95	09.06.2016 14:33
4f7406d4672f08711d51b8c303f8ca09d4a5ebb3	http://www.i media.ru/
4f6631e03ef5b67d9fae905c25b077228391a407	Reply?
3444d2bacbdf12407cbd4984c2ffac024f612e47	Create your own blog
e723ad1446d81df7f03d3c519d8b3e919141f7b2	Case study: how to sell hosting services using content marketing
22ec28a0e1eadb3a7ff63fa50f8db512e9369438	1194 9
31922d967d80892717967920eaba2c0d4972e39b	How the agency tries to convince customers to adapt the video to the Facebook format
d18401b1bb37c5d9297cf16fc43858b4fdb37825	847
b68b0449bf2f6cb7b28eafd121cb6992ca3ec719	How to revive social networks with the help of live broadcasts?
eab435cc23aa22b4d4a8b8e57a679df6e86ec878	1007 1
fd8ac823d967570b005f459aac5da3889256c47e	Mobile digest: the main news of the mobile world for December 2016
89d684a96ae53a197e5e626c99642503d471d3b2	5652
aaa4b3cce5b30fb7f45daabdc2c1570d75310d08	To hell with trends or what to do for small businesses in 2017
cb546be7a11a3c75944c9e2246c677eef8bf77fe	18222 7
097e421c53b9e91e963fc76ce1dd35fd004997c4	Case study: how to remind users about the danger of an epidemic using social networks before the flu season?
904718a99a4acf5a1a11ea6356ae4b4128a2c9cd	4545 12
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0c88ae600df6e68413795ba70cd1508e15c63ad2	Search by Publications Photos Videos Blogs
ec4e30606e36bd4691e25da341932f9696ea1cc1	spicemedia
f657993d71ebd2c18535cddf8ca9ce3ec4f6bc0d	Advertising wars.
baae5c439e0a89b1cfedea3a6f61b319f758c600	The most striking cases
427b81b29a62765ceb20b498f77a7b8f67db7213	Category: Creative, creative ideas, commercials
c61aae48dc022dabd385d70272c4c40375a6d71e	Tags: advertising, war, cases
e48ca36992a5a6f5e72c6a93471a88a6859f5ea1	Advertising wars are always an exciting, bright competition between strong brands, seasoned with brilliant humor and creativity of their creators.
51fa90e5787fc37eeca82bc643b196826d9a4f39	Such fights are interesting to watch not only for fellow marketers, but also for consumers themselves.
617c598ae71f0b62c13b180a1ffdd6f113e231c8	In addition, the advertising war is a great opportunity to draw attention to the brand and demonstrate all its strengths that distinguish it from competitors.
8dda34a95a2d2de3f08ff8aa17abe49056da6bc6	There are no losers in this war — each player gets his share of fame and attention to one extent or another.
104e3de00724ddbd1ee133beaa5cff51f3787d1a	BMW vs. Audi The longest and most gambling struggle in the history of the advertising market can be called the war of these two auto giants.
449f7a68353bf0c0ea1243fada415c379d7f0d5f	BMW has repeatedly tried to "catch" other well known car brands, such as Jaguar, Mercedes, etc., but only Audi surprised with its ability to always respond to the challenge of an opponent regularly and no less worthy.
9aa9270116ce80010677bb27a524f04797df11cc	The war began with a BMW print, on which the auto giant congratulated Audi on winning the Car of the Year contest -2006 in South Africa, signing " The winner of the Car of the World contest -2006.
56e8317041cb71a3869c7f7942de014cba971c87	Soon Audi posted a response poster: "Congratulations to BMW with the victory in the competition" Car of the World " -2006.
8863e20f7ffd2f02153c47ac67fe3dd64a7e82ab	From the six time winner of the Consecutive Le Mans 24 Hour races (2000-2006)".
422e5904951494597c4aab1a2c1030aa20816aa8	Other market participants also decided to participate in the" advertising dialogue".
9e75de119e981e65ab7bb0914f66a1f8cfad0735	Subaru suddenly intervened, stating on its poster that while BMW and Audi win beauty contests, Subaru became the best in International Engine 2006 (The Best Engine).
4df1923f13e8477bff71efb1e2f6846e0a11a8d8	Bentley, whose provocative print does not require comments, could not resist either.
2ecb850ad81ebc8eb72fbfe7ac63606218f52c09	In 2009, Audi placed a provocative advertisement at one of the busiest intersections of Santa Monica (California).
f41c13afe75720021a30e9dbfefbd1c69a9ef20f	The modest inscription read: "Your move, BMW."
4bf9cbbcb76d0fe5c90d9704dd984889931f2081	BMW was not at a loss and placed a poster on the opposite side of the street: "Checkmate".
ed28adbe4d30b3e0d5b87c34040bd6c229271af5	In addition, the rivals managed to prove themselves on the Russian market.
d4080db9448d30ece2c31c22745429c688efe594	In 2007, Audi introduced an advertisement for a Russified GPS navigator.
f62f2f34c8f8b9c8edf26a02255917e70eca86a9	In response, BMW, not without reason, said: "While others were translating navigation, we made the best engine in the world."
6864ddf878aacb99f65795f2181f3225d4322709	In 2011, in Moscow, on the Varshavskoye Highway, after a series of BMW "Delight plays big", an Audi banner appeared: "We change your delight to Audi".
44d5e7e0cbda6a327fd47f26c3b460c5c1b35097	Thus, Audi, once again teasing BMW, put pressure on the sore spot of a competitor — an unsuccessful adaptation of the international slogan Freude Ist BMW (Joy Is BMW).
8b15b00a9c5e9f5124da22484098812ff045a306	"Rapture is ready for the future", "Rapture plays big" and "Rapture creates record holders" — the meaninglessness and absurdity of the slogan, which is a random set of words, has repeatedly become the subject of condemnation by advertisers and fans of the brand on the web.
8c06939f3a0566a66989902773844dbd4c8ef0a4	"Changing your delight to Audi" was not just an advertising trick, but a real offer: by the end of July, you could hand over a BMW car to trade in, get an additional 50,000 rubles and buy a new Audi A6.
b3bddaeadd5ffda30b14c6fe963669a20c686d8d	Coca Cola VS Pepsi.
b918a17343770ca99cee011d4b25d105bc10b459	The dumping was accompanied by an advertisement with a corrosive song - " Pepsi Cola hits the target, 12 full ounces is a lot!
dfe60b373bb414a54eeb71b149eb6bacfd2df142	Twice as much for the same coin!
07efde092e9b416e8cc21d470312af707b096f7f	Pepsi Cola is a drink for you."
92e089d50569e030f9799ebdb2f6ca6701341164	In part, Pepsi adheres to the same policy of "more for the same price"even now - in Russia, Coca Cola is sold in bottles of 0.5 liters, and Pepsi — by 0.6. Pepsi's active attack continued in 1995, when the video "Diner" appeared" "Lunch" tells about how employees of Pepsi and Coca Cola first became friends at a common table, and then got into a fight, not sharing a jar of Pepsi.
ecf391fe2d32142deca76aa04664fef01215c9ca	In 2010, Pepsi struck again, re shooting the video "Lunch" in 1995, the plot of which remained almost unchanged.
ef6703a2b5f82037ddada6e964d9358f7ad3a63e	Sumsung vs. Apple In 2010, Samsung unleashed an advertising war, using the shortcomings of the iPhone 4 to promote its Galaxy S smartphone.
8fca1b409b9778ccc220c6525757468cef29167a	The company has started sending out its new Galaxy S phone for free to popular Internet bloggers from England who complained about their iPhone 4 on Twitter.
49103c28ac6c450e12947ec9fa60b11e5f6927a1	In addition, an advertising campaign was launched in the press, where the signal quality icon is used in the word Hello, instead of the letters L.
176d42cdaf81412e5d2d6af309b98b7eef76bf42	At the time of the Galaxy S2, an advertisement appeared in which people standing in line for a new iPhone choose Samsung.
33397331baad2002f5fecf6e3e8bb52de3847bbc	Since then, similar videos have appeared not only for each new flagship of the company, but also, for example, for Note.
4cecc8069829a0ca439be3d6fbe532543cd5851f	The video for the latter also became a self parody and turned into a real circus with a projectile man, a caricature hard rocker and a Black choir.
7ce256aa4e3b62f52cf7658e7bf79633196d0511	Apple reacted very melancholically to such challenges, but there was no stopping the Koreans.
9a5ffba61b3c35399afd741ef8cca6ec1b1c4b65	For the new flagship of the company, the Galaxy S4, they shot a video about the graduation party.
61b715a251ead01bd2e4f794e31040cffb27ef57	Happy owners of Korean smartphones are taking full advantage of the new features of their devices and make iPhone owners jealous.
d26506618f95c826e7924213faba66cbd0f1f0e3	The new message of the advertising campaign: young people at the party prefer Samsung — Apple remains the lot of parents.
ea5fc3281c11599195503a61a62c51d32bd83060	In 2014, Samsung again ridiculed new Apple products presented at a presentation in Cupertino.
2b53e85fc0d10ce8909cd42ccdae2f597d3774fa	The main characters of the videos were two unlucky employees of the Apple retail store.
bc22b42268e7df10f7761b65662174263b4b8ac3	In the first video, young people are trying to launch a live broadcast from the Tim Cook Company event at the Flint Center in California on a laptop.
754672defcff64dff6edb1ef229f23d763925114	It was there that the presentation of the iPhone 6, iPhone 6 Plus and Apple Watch took place on September 9.
2d288825e4531faf47c1e1e43ab3e2c751dcc4e6	Despite all the attempts of the store's employees, the video does not work.
8c893d5cab19c7768a8eefe2d09f176318a49a2a	Desperate to set up streaming, one of the heroes admits: they work in the field of high technology, but still can not cope with even such a minor problem.
d35f096c5a23422bab7d3208da173e9d74aa4a26	In the second video, Apple employees still manage to connect to the broadcast and see what their management shows at the presentation.
d43e582731532ef159c901416bddb29a5a184958	At first, young people are happy about the new enlarged screen of the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus, but then they realize that it is "just a big screen", and they are noticeably disappointed.
9258841ab539e597a697434204393be722f78620	The video ends with an advertisement for a Samsung Galaxy Note 4 smartphone with a 5.7 inch display.
8d9fda63a4ddaaa070d11c4e154ea021ff08a329	The third and fourth videos make fun of the lack of full fledged multitasking in Apple products, and also show the advantages of the S pen smart pen developed by Samsung, which has no analogue from a competitor corporation.
d7c095c0e088104def347d41feba9ea5be15a831	All videos are united by a common slogan #NoteTheDifference ("Notice the difference"), referring to the name of the smartphone from the Samsung Galaxy Note line, which is advertised at the end of each video.
402fa298699608c8d0c93d83c4f4ba30eeb240a7	In less than a day, the recordings collected an average of 40-50 thousand views on YouTube.
9eb26f80b1f86a127b5431d64a12b5ecd114efc6	Burger King vs McDonald’s Almost from the very beginning, the Burger King chain tried to take away a share from its main competitor McDonalds, so very soon the Burger King advertising began to attack the fast food leader.
ac9bb0524de7d5deb0de51a6771d8af9627272f7	It was then that a Burger King commercial appeared, in which the chain's flagship product, the Whopper burger, crushes a poppy flower, and the voiceover text says: "This is a poppy.
def5f5a347de28c130bdbb9ca2858d67561fc091	Once he was popular, but his time has passed!".
0c18c8c0399128515ad8a366b1406bcd551edc0c	"Tired of old acquaintances?
bc9badb89a2d3e03c75227b6a0e5bad3c6bd0ec2	- says the voice over, - it's time to try something new."
59c8678106684a2d3ff62c8f6d46ad3e84f7e7ca	In all the videos, the participants went to the Apple Store, but returned empty handed, explaining their reluctance to buy a Mac in different ways.
df48edf902e148753bab11191e4eed901c322952	"You should stop playing these videos.
16e7960189cad3e332d7b38efd959c3c3a637ba5	We have reduced prices, " he quoted competitors as saying, confirming that the prices for laptops have indeed been reduced by about $100.
742bfed3eb4efe4a087e5249afbf50effcf61421	Published: 06.04.2015 | 19: 39 | Views: 3945
3c1f3267b87232adfa97f1bb54f9eb6f3030cd5f	Comments (2)
f7f9dadcc1a2c822a2a93fd90b3305d79a0e5daa	Planet Nibiru
65fd8e641c5656e1223727a021dd0eaa1e2780fe	The Third World War will soon begin here (with nuclear weapons and there will be no advertising wars)
9a02c2d8133c893f6fbb19d99819ecfa843a4026	06.04.2015 21:38
53d99abcc671b818c7eacafc38d76bd4b13bdfcf	1 0
ee369392380c82969d71cb79b6022a643a83ee42	Movies Online
a27c8533231c76c53184e8d87147392ed1867d8c	06.04.2015 22:42
cf5ac7bb50413da8ae063cc7dfcc2e6b6ecb8c75	About the Blog
bfbc090a576161866d31fa6d8564c5bd9be59364	Spice Media Corporate Blog
1109367d836424c60ea4ff510d6121ec66078239	Types of activities:
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ff5143957389ee03145e2f16b5ccfdf76a574622	Our team is ready to make your business interesting for the media and "spice up" it with professional PR.
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7454989a4688b39c3e6d81fdcb6e04bcb6513b83	Spice MediaBlog for those who are interested in PR and advertising and for those who are interested in them.
36cd3c232d1f07c37eea3eb25e2ec0f95ae0259c	Created: 02.11.2012 | 16: 48
d5a984e71e4666dfe0b53c4074b92e49c79bd42a	Topics: 64 | Posts: 49 | Impressions: 94486
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1be0f2ea113f3eb35696d5f96b2b4e2399e40545	The news Became known, like an ear for music affects driving skills 11:46 In Myanmar, the militants took hostage 40 tourists 11:45 am the Owner of the collapsed Berdsk equestrian club pleaded guilty 11:40 fatalities in Italy were 16 people 11:36 In Dagestan, killed two militants 11:27 Brains helped the Lakers to interrupt the series of five defeats in the NBA 10:59 On fire in Novokuznetsk injured ten people, two died 10:51 the parade in honor of the inauguration of trump launched a Russian flag 10:34 Radulov was made assistant hat trick in the NHL game 10:33 Russian scientists have proposed to illuminate the Ground at night mirror from space 10:07 In Dagestan introduced a counter terrorism operation 09:56 Belarus has extended the duration of the tariffs for the transit of oil 09:48 In the Leningrad region the foreign car flew into the bus, one killed, four injured 09:35 a crane collapsed on one of the buildings of the Japanese nuclear power plant "Sochi" 08:28 an accident involving a bus with children happened in Italy 08:16 13 Boat with fishermen drowned off the coast of China 07:54 the Flooding in Thailand has claimed the lives of 80 people 07:26 Video: US President and first lady danced at a ball in honor of the inauguration 06:56 Russian Makarov reached the 1/8 final of the Australian Open 06:45 Airbus 319 extra villages in Vladivostok is 06:28, In Moscow eliminated threatening to blow up the grenade man 06:19 the U.S. Government called for the arrest of his brother ban Ki moon 06:04 From the White house removed the section about the LGBT community, 05:43 One man became the victim of a plane crash in Paraguay 05:23 Chilean Authorities declared a disaster due to fire 04:47
76d640b51b2c17e8f6fa8cb5fa5f6a4eb76137ef	• • •
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a074195eb8bd97fe8da3a11dde2ebf80de5ee75b	Our publications are the Russian Newspaper RG nedelya Rodina Thematic applications Soyuz Bibliotechka ...
896081bfac922ee6c93cbeee9f0fdf83e6193e69	In "RG" they will tell about the law against transport hooligans
6d3244695bfabbab6e3946600182f7830b79f1af	What will you be able to make good money on in the coming months
fc573b3f903275f8cc1335276e759c83c2de145f	Where we will watch: The most interesting sports broadcasts on January 19-23
68b936eeb9b7d886944fa2e2378286dd5c6ad2fe	16.03.2016 16: 15 Category: Economy Project: Auto
308f75f65d0d1e89562304bd988f0d802316ef1a	The most atmospheric advertising wars in history
3ec5c5d13f31df3ddde35600fe59c23049312088	Text: Viktor Smeyukha
f873b4cbbc505d83ca23ae5613f4cdd711844d3a	A week ago, BMW turned 100 years old.
484db88681f38d75144ba12d6162d9e1c2ef3992	The main rival of the Bavarians in the premium car segment, Mercedes Benz, in a peculiar way congratulated BMW on a round date.
1a522a7fd9528eed5042bfe7aecf1fc7012d36cb	"Thank you for 100 years of competition.
165ede6636ef204bd1c9084451536ac522cab6e4	The previous 30 years were, to be honest, a bit boring," the video says, clearly referring to the fact that it is the three - ray star that is the oldest automaker on the planet.
4c7a463547b7336c1feb8ccf3858d2bf2b2d857b	"RG" recalled the most vivid and atmospheric advertising campaigns, where car manufacturers teased their colleagues in the shop.
994b9f74a6b300a65dd69b1e365be57b87caf718	Audi vs all
06866027654f88836da338c625c39f48a6dad9b8	The Audi company is distinguished by the greatest advertising activity.
bc3a8d26d178e3249193aaf7db49be189372f525	It is easier to count the brands that the" Lord of the four Rings " ignored than those that Audi threw a stone at.
d0f3b1a7b57f1cbdfb834bf4ebdfc73d814d3977	Jason Statham and Audi
14fc257ef7363120cbda3a26f1d57d33399d18db	However, this time with a certain amount of self irony.
08a61d32e548a9be14c93cf4a27d9ecadd97ba6b	At the last moment, when it already seems that Statham has no hope of salvation, the tough guy's gaze falls on a brand new Audi A6.
649cf4a32a02c4f3be3a5b60245f648bd53299f4	"The old luxury has received a warning," is read in the predatory squint of the LED headlights of the brand new R8 sports car, which is carried away somewhere in the distance under the aggressive roar of the 5 liter V10.
25517587b0302cdc08b649e962a25258e63e7c1c	Watch in the following episodes: on a Mercedes Benz S Class, if you can go somewhere, then to prison.
0d7032b01fc3356d8d3c39a45bfc51e3b107e3de	And also: good night, old S luxury!
8a96521c374b3fd1a8856b2205682f8d85ce6f76	Good morning, innovation and inspiration!
7b0554d976ddea2fd5a29077cf515b53163ff312	Audi goes to the birthplace of Ferrari
c103e0ca6e473a5ef0b4717466333e0ec8d5de25	After Mercedes Benz, Audi decided to play a joke on the personification of youth, passion and very, very big money - namely, on the Ferrari company.
7909c9708c1e81eb0f0c238b926c29476890e520	The emissary from Ingolstadt, still the same R8, went to the Italian town of Maranello.
e033935149707a2367fbe47594e692364764d0b0	Here the Ferrari brand began its history.
7ed2c38c4595fa04835a4fe0ba554706bdd2c4ef	So that you understand, taking a ride through the streets of Maranello in a serious sports car without a Ferrari nameplate is like walking around in a Spartak scarf in St. Petersburg or talking on a Samsung Galaxy during the presentation of the new iPhone.
7461cb04cd0d60047b694fdeba3a7dbaedebd54f	And Audi has specially chosen a red car - to be honest, it does not go at all R8.
732ffb8c6b9722fe4572ac20098386731a4c7b70	However, this is not a mistake or a miscalculation.
843b27d7d414519475ff17c1877d781c5e087a0c	The fact is that red is the signature color of Ferrari.
b0b42efcb0c3bfe7e7e63219e3f16a92e9927d10	Watch the video.
4ff2eb1add71372915ad1dbbb44c5a774ecbe629	Other attacks of Audi towards opponents are not so cinematic, and the Ingolstadt brand begins to sand the everyday side of the life of those unfortunate people who had the stupidity to buy not a car with rings on the hood, but, for example, the products of one of the competitors in the "big three".
cd48d5acb0de3cd5f80a480f68b5728c57752071	Jaguar eats German chickens
53b0574ac94c80b2dbc72d4d0da12ab5d436aec0	A couple of years ago, Mercedes Benz released a very popular video about the Magic Body Control system, which minimizes the rolls and shaking of the car on pits and bumps.
65cbbbf494c5fa19e0493732d02e8e99960e3c0e	In the advertisement, the Stuttgart residents compared the work of the new intelligent suspension with how a chicken behaves when walking.
a86e1d068078fbe286c44161910e186cc3a2e790	Namely, with the fact that with any movements her head remains in one place.
d8d989e8c13d42342e4251e5476b5bad095b59fe	What happens when chickens fall into the clutches of a tropical predator, see the Jaguar answer.
a30da1478ceff95b409144ba92a4d979b6a299ba	Hybrid War: Lexus CT200h vs BMW i3
68738eac4438587736f59f1f8699f162664b8266	A mournful five minute sketch about how a stereotypical American nerd decided to celebrate a bachelor party with friends with the same nerds before the wedding.
1b3bacf516716389f819f43493c0d771fb28ec9f	And they go there on two "green" cars electric cars Lexus CT200h and BMW i3.
bef87c47beab4002efe6dd2cdcdb2e8477461b34	The most iconic BMW cars in the hundred year history of the brand
84ba7c0d6660cf2121ffd7c0cfebb9092b1ce783	The First Advertising War
592568337bea8ff0c39f73fb28464113f54bd97e	The oldest video in which automakers make fun of competitors and which could be found on the Web is dated 1987.
07e9c81efb87975bd3f73b7ef1e55f03d0ffa069	And again, Audi distinguished itself.
93985600526e242cc2efb49d1e9c07520bba9f7e	According to this video, you can judge how significantly the advertising wars have evolved in almost 30 years.
94ac3ee076a2ee37b6a5c536d38c1037dfc9d035	It is better to use public transport
7c379cd6d786130b546c4e5c9b40a994f81bf8e4	Talented social advertising from the Danish public transport authority demonstrates that sports cars are good mainly on the track, and in the realities of life in a modern metropolis it is much more economical and faster to travel by ... bus.
be6856247d2283587916502c3605438488dbfcce	And how about us
074ac4445381f83ef454631b3dd41adad2ca7b1b	In winter, the domestic giant AvtoVAZ launched an aggressive advertising campaign to promote its new model the Lada Vesta sedan.
68d72aa18b815396f8afb75ab889c18eb293ac23	The slogan "It's time to part with not Vesta"was chosen for her.
c4c74bf50d1273c555c601f14822ea7b56405a44	Subsequently, many car brands reacted to it - Hyundai, Nissan, Volkswagen, Peugeot and Audi.
78ca86af17e78aa15e62fbd0c6c3b22d71ebdb56	Subscribe to the automotive news of "RG" in Telegram: telegram.me/rgruavto
448115131b01e26f2207bd6168160688232cc2e0	Show comments
da0b7cea32d51f67bd980ffa7f9ab7f82acf6b32	RG Video Video: The US President and the first lady danced at the inauguration ball 06: 56 There was a video with a fatal accident at the Rally in Monte Carlo 00: 58 Donald Trump took office as US President 20.01.2017 Video: the date of return to the White House and on TV Frank Underwood 20.01.2017 was announced
bd3c8c26388205c810f104bd5fcef0ba52790c70	Popular on the site
0c3ec85cf19d64ca7cf3fbea82d99e44d24dea51	The main thing is that a man who threatened to detonate a grenade was eliminated in Moscow today Video: The US President and the first Lady danced at the inauguration ball Belarus extended the validity of oil transit tariffs The section about the LGBT community "Power to the people"was removed from the White House website.
9666bcf4f9f334854af7e10c01d3574e581de21d	Five key statements of Trump at the inauguration
85342fb43e90ce76ef75745aa4c3a4cb7fe4d99d	Goods and prices In Russia, a quarter of all food products are constantly forged by manufacturers
74c29d8c9334397e98dd308d5b2b97fb17e1baf8	Money What will happen to the ruble after Trump's inauguration
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3b1601ada87da86fff901c19112088aaac43fce0	Advertising wars between brands (31 photos)
14a54754a3bffc2ebe9b73302a1d85b961e7c1aa	As you know, some brands, in pursuit of potential buyers, arrange real advertising wars among themselves, using all possible means – even direct attacks against a competing company are used (direct comparison with competing brands, which, by the way, in Russia, unlike other countries, is punishable by a fine).
a1f152691ad88b91c2594e8afb8d6acf16354b3e	Sometimes brand confrontations last for many years, turning into real protracted wars.
b7926141bd6ad2c867e8e6bc9b4ae835c4546448	We will tell you about some of them today:
a22753cea65afc4f56a8065a9743a5b63ce86c66	Axe vs Old Spice
889e080d75bcb11e0c64a7c26ec351d351eabe64	The young and daring brand decided to ridicule the Canadian advertising of Old Spice with Isaiah Mustafa, an actor and former athlete, by placing an advertising billboard with a sarcastic inscription to a competitor: "For men who prefer to be with a woman more than on a horse" In the spring of this year, an advertising banner of Samsung appeared in Times Square, announcing the new Galaxy S4 smartphone.
a12c698068636731eb9598b9039812aae27ea222	Audi is one of the most quarrelsome companies among automakers in the military advertising field: either Ferrari will touch, then make fun of Lexus, then Mercedes will wish good night.
9fdda9518cda768ad02c7326c91b1a6b01b55582	However, most of all goes to BMW, which never leaves a competitor's challenge without attention.
ae7e7afb05ad5863c90570669dc09dcf1cc3db83	Their advertising battle began with an advertisement for BMW, which in its print "sincerely" congratulated Audi on winning the "Car of the Year 2006" competition in South Africa, "unobtrusively" signing "From the winner of the "Best Car in the World 2006"competition.
0bff3de4760b2ea6475c162a93950efe131c322d	Audi appealed to the rival in the response poster: "Congratulations to BMW on winning the competition " The best car in the world 2006", just below" modestly " subscribing: "From the six time winner of the Le Mans 24 Hour race (2000-2006).
fc97b3d33244223b60f5f3a50cf62214fff8927e	Subaru joined the verbal advertising battle of the two car giants, releasing a poster with the inscription: "Audi and BMW are well done that they win in "beauty contests".
0ffc775f2a5437ec68c91f5c6b851a668c42ec3e	From the winner of the international competition "Engine of the Year 2006".
adf5582a45f2d71c5c364d1f997033c59d06abac	In 2009, in Southern California, on Santa Monica Avenue, an Audi billboard appeared with an advertisement for a new A4 car with the call: "Your move, BMW!"
b7a9dc20d6d3fc259c58cca25d12673558d4db73	A little later, on the opposite side of the street, directly opposite the billboard, a BMW M3 billboard was installed – "Checkmate".
f6ce10ca50f337ca9ec5c0f1cf52f94ed960cbf1	In Russia, Audi went through the unsuccessful adaptation of the international slogan "Freude ist BMW" ("Joy Is BMW") – "Delight plays big", "Delight creates record holders", "Delight is ready for the future" – which has repeatedly become the subject of sarcasm and condemnation of advertisers and fans of the brand, and released banners with the words "We change your delight to Audi".
12f2b58f9e95dddbfce950faf58701176a8a4c85	The confrontation between the companies FedEx, DHL and UPS
74bb9d908e38ec8340f5e6ffe7e202f12657ca08	Pepsi vs. Coca Cola
414afc1851bbaaa80a7656d829f733eff21d2435	In this confrontation, Pepsi attacks mainly, and Coca Cola, basically, conducts an inconspicuous restyling of its logo and observes the activity of a competitor.
082a12e8cdb80045d7bc51775b177c9ea0ebaeae	However, consumers themselves are also participating in this battle of titans, divided into two camps and directing their favorite brands in the trajectory they need.
3e16d919a972a93a1a25019f15640be7e394c9f2	For example, hundreds of thousands of Americans have sued the Coca Cola company to return the old recipe.
47d1da360ee81730e3d9fb1ed5ddc433619b6b6e	Nissan vs. Audi and Porsche
f8be45c52aa939cc03c1cd88482d76a695173038	On another car a Porsche Cayman also driving around the city, there is another inscription: "I dream of being as fast as a Nissan 370Z".
7942a37bfb6ab75ec832f5b13bb2b65fd530bb09	Samsung vs. Apple
4aa95df34113c85d04592203ac743183737aeb2f	To advertise its Galaxy S smartphone, Samsung used the problems of the iPhone 4.
ec309ef37d0dc34d058ab9b7c40ebb2a29f1c140	The company began to send out its new smartphone for free to the most popular Internet bloggers in England, who complained about their iPhones on Twitter.
4e34f0857771d4ef126d9dff9b780e0a693cdda1	And on advertising posters in the word "Hello", instead of the letters "L", the communication signal quality icon was used.
30b1093ffa70445cbf2399ab9f5877787cd80dc0	BMW "ran over" Jaguar
a68a5fb8075d3171676f408daa240e2ca9fa022d	BMW vs Mercedes
5044738afea9c882d454803380dce3b684d1295a	In 2003, BMW conquered the international advertising festival "Cannes Lions" with a print depicting a BMW X5 chasing a Mercedes ML.
10eea9d814e9beaa26ae3c8f45b984fe8bfc47ee	"Mercedes can also give pleasure from driving"
03806301250a9694427f790779dc489046a00fa9	Bentley vs all
bddf94d87d832153d887fbdf3eb17b6c471dd6ce	And so Bentley decided to express its superiority among all this "childish" car skirmish.
cc92eb37de12f8ea83b4903df8c43e8f0372d6e5	In 2009, the FAS received a complaint from the company "Wimm Bill Dann", the owner of the trademark "Miracle", against the company" Danone " for the fact that the latter placed the slogan "Do not rely on a miracle – drink Danone!" in the outlets of the city of Kazan (on the price tags near its products) " In the spring of 2004, advertising posters of the Siberian Coast company, the manufacturer of Kirieshki snacks, appeared in Moscow, which read: "Real crackers will not be called crusts."
2e705c4828a19e9507651d6cae3ec6e1b10a987a	The newspaper "Moskovsky Komsomolets" against the newspaper " Komsomolskaya Pravda"
75d8d17b94580c8fed4cce27fbffe83e89471d83	An advertising "altercation" between the two publications was noticed in 2007.
5e11c22ba4a83678b87960ec5da9f9ffec8c168a	Beeline vs MTS"
00565e05bdb77cf7659731f055a0a92bd766ecda	Carl's Jr. vs. McDonald's
7c7796ccaed29009ffa07117d7d6bc69312e90dd	The chain of fast food restaurants "Karl's Junior" in St. Petersburg launched an advertising campaign in which it could not help but tease McDonald's.
d7088576d55a752eb1771d50ab90559ed2ca316a	Burger King vs. McDonald's
bf4974b45f4ca734bac3996909d48e7359b38984	An eternal confrontation between two competitors.
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c88aaf7e70613ec6f15cd81464d07907f883676f	The end of the XIX - beginning of the XX century was marked by a deep crisis that engulfed the entire European culture, which was the result of disillusionment with previous ideals and a sense of approaching the death of the existing socio-political system.
84890e719fc9bc9888380be0412dbb08a62d5395	Russian Russian cultural renaissance of the beginning of the century, one of the most refined epochs in the history of Russian culture, was created by the same crisis.
aa13f19e705ae4333decb7eb095d4be70cdd1f47	This was the era of the creative rise of poetry and philosophy after a period of decline.
ca925051ddf88f99d4a390ab82ba54d969e26be9	First, it is the mentality of a socio-cultural person, freed from thinking, permeated with politics.
8ccaa495b5cd226f382658f052d88e8bde69e4bb	Secondly, it is a religious and philosophical Renaissance, a neo-Christian search.
d69be62de1097995750e808e7fa531dcbccc3404	Thirdly, this is the era of total individualism, interest in the mysteries of the psyche, the dominance of the mystical principle in culture.
a40451d11b1ce36411ff2d9930c61891bc9c531d	Fourth, a contradictory position was taken in relation to the new trends of the silver age by writers whose work came out to the traditions of the 19th century: M. Gorky, I. Bunin, Kuprin, A. Tolstoy, A. Andreev, V. Veresaev.
404c96da98c527391b19a81b0c3c64c12b0b0f20	Sixth, the era of new trends: symbolism and acmeism, modernism, futurism, avant-gardism, antiquity.
b73b9eccf67b344563f2fea1afa7b0453a96df7c	The creative upsurge in Russian philosophy at the beginning of the XX century entered the history of world culture as a Russian spiritual renaissance, which had a huge impact on the development of philosophical science.
98113ec4f5811fc904c326eca3bd64952caaecf7	Art culture is characterized by the strengthening of its interaction with Western philosophy (F. Nietzsche, I. Kant, A. Schopenhauer);
818196890928972456d85066d9e29e42606c7355	"SYMBOLISM" is a trend in European and Russian art that emerged at the turn of the XX century, focused mainly on artistic expression through the SYMBOL of “things in themselves” and ideas that are beyond the limits of sensory perception.
218b2c7acba6a9a04fc0ce70e294cd42331aba8e	Striving to break through the visible reality to the "hidden realities", the supermodern ideal essence of the world, its imperishable beauty, the symbolists expressed their rejection of bourgeoisism and positivism, longing for spiritual freedom, a tragic premonition of world social shifts, trust in age-old cultural values as a unifying principle.
ab39cca3819ce1da8dda6555e986803f0fa8eeb6	The truths and criteria that were discovered and formulated in the XIX century were no longer satisfied.
ca11d65ae9c3d02a6a630aec343b3c88e56e61db	A new concept was needed that would correspond to the new time.
267d8cd36620cb707bf9fbbc4e2ac3f643940dad	Merezhkovsky became the leader of the older generation of symbolism.
3ed09e2aa7062eba4f5c786c4e5302069a34245e	His views are most fully reflected in the books "Gogol and the devil", "The Coming ham", the trilogy "Christ and the Antichrist".
19fc476938f0c856ae1b510f641a0aff94dd05e4	The breakthrough to reality was made by the young symbolists A. Blok, A. Bely.
fec4765705e7c858a51cbdde8a969317a8b747d7	A special place is occupied by the Russian avant-garde.
09a7f3cbe4edb50415d1b038795b7bd52a049c26	This is primarily V. Kandinsky, K. Malevich, P. Filonov, M. Chagall.
fd78f23f128ae2cc1bf3867bced60140acae193a	Russian fine art at the turn of the XX century was experiencing a period of rapid flourishing.
6e183e0fbbe9cfb56e1a2cb1a2d526e24acc064e	Among the realist artists, the first place, of course, belonged to I. E. Repin.
a3139e1979775daf87278c52476b048b660d95f5	Interesting original paintings were also painted by his student V. A. Serov.
bc2b5f7c2cdc0f7599f24b3cf732eb60a7955c2f	These years were also a fruitful period in the work of M. A. Vrubel, whose works are close to symbolist poetry.
5279ef6e7e20d3800ea94c2f698eada4bcffb2bc	The "silver Age" of Russian culture begins with the "World of Art" and ends with acmeism.
9af94c5914839a3f71bf7d4cfbdba9ff6178dbbc	The "World of Art" is an organization that emerged in 1898 and united the masters of the highest artistic culture, the artistic elite of Russia at that time.
bdf712f17d8de18bd546c3486772fc979ecba3af	Almost all famous artists participated in this association.
d325fa51b19c7cc2bff63a42ca5492e17e5c3e47	Russian Russian ballet and opera tours abroad, the so — called "Russian Seasons", were of great importance for the formation of the "World of Arts", the personality of S. Diaghilev, a patron and organizer of exhibitions, and later-the impresario of the tours of Russian ballet and opera abroad.
c62e8460244cfe0f84dc39dff400b3fe5adc4bce	Russian architecture at the beginning of the XX century is experiencing a bright period of prosperity associated with the emergence of a new style of "modern".
5bfc4ad8b47fcd92e0447127857729a3c304f539	Representatives of "modern" used new technical and constructive means, a free layout, a kind of architectural decor to create unusual, emphasized individualized buildings
2a6bc896814141e14f3e7231853b36c162b9c488	Flexible flowing lines and a stylized floral pattern are characteristic of Art Nouveau.
2bfa5f77d46d393f029ef7405800bff2887e75b9	The eccentric decorative style was used to decorate large stores, which at that time were beginning to be built in large cities of Europe and America, and world exhibitions, thus symbolizing the prosperity and power of trade.
b8286f4fa98be8b5db4d39dbb8111361d6c6e047	One of the most significant Moscow architectural monuments in the Art Nouveau style is the hotel "Metropol" (1899-1903). It is decorated with a huge majolica panel made according to Vrubel's magnificent work "Princess of Dreams".
d4be9902ed3d3440f089e2a7abaf19d506fd15c0	The famous Russian architect F. O. Shekhtel worked in the Art Nouveau style, according to whose projects the mansion of S. P. Ryabushinsky at the Nikitsky Gate and the building of the Yaroslavl railway station were built.
3ffa8c8897ceff795b09851b3549fecfed1757dc	The culture of Russian symbolism, as well as the style of thinking of the poets and writers who formed this direction, arose and developed at the intersection and mutual complement, outwardly opposing, but in fact firmly connected and explaining one another lines of philosophical and aesthetic attitude to reality.
e77e436beee5abb7ba322cdc7a8bde0e323e41da	Symbolists constantly argued with each other, trying to prove the correctness of their judgments about this literary direction.
ee5e65909733c130ffb26d0837f645e84553fb12	Thus, V. Bryusov considered it as a means of creating a fundamentally new art; K. Balmont saw in it a way of comprehending the innermost, unsolved depths of the human soul; Viach. Ivanov believed that symbolism would help to bridge the gap between the artist and the people, and A. Bely was convinced that this is the basis on which a new art will be created that can transform the human personality.
7d84871256999bb0d95b2c19f19a5d9e9a069438	The" Russian Seasons " are associated with the flourishing of the creativity of many figures in the field of music, painting and dance.
5360c26506e8cb873ba8fa79bdb73a53dfe7f988	One of the greatest innovators of Russian ballet at the beginning of the XX century was M. Fokin, who claimed drama as the ideological basis of a ballet performance and sought to create a psychologically meaningful and truthful image through the "community of dance, music and painting".
ccd741c425d14c0f447239149de32df9944d93a9	At the beginning of the second decade of the XX century, two new poetic trends appeared-acmeism and futurism.
af47991f3e83103c153dcddb25d0539cc2f54951	The Acmeists (from the Greek word “acme” - the blooming time, the highest degree of anything) called for purifying poetry from philosophy and all kinds of” methodological " hobbies, from the use of vague hints and symbols, proclaiming a return to the material world and accepting it as it is.
a889b8443dfca805af3d024a218f84c309027bf6	Futurists came up with different views on art in general and on poetry in particular.
2e042b12825a219a758405b70856f00720d5e479	They declared themselves opponents of modern bourgeois society, which disfigures the individual, and defenders of the “natural” man, his right to free, individual development.
8bc479352b732c122c3a119a3aa86a4003941e60	We can say that the" silver age " of Russian culture is the age of culture of high rank and virtuosity, the culture of remembrance of the previous national culture, the culture of quotation.
da37abba7c125cec65f8b40a0b40009c3475ea8e	The Silver Age is a complex, contradictory rise, of which there are very few in the world culture.
8743e9044897475060ef0011bf1ef1cd28970c37	Here are both religious and philosophical searches, and a new type of person striving for inner freedom of the spirit.
7beaede44e035571bafe1439f4de4803b40085ad	This is the beginning of the philosophy of nonviolence, the creation of a new type of cultural aura.
519112f5c2c50b3ed482ae55b1743fadf840f172	Today, two approaches have been established in Soviet culture.
8472255383a478f1865d6750a7c5d37e31661544	The first declares the entire Soviet culture Lumpen-marginal, which is of no interest, the second is a voluminous concrete historical approach.
8140ba1f812e8b7b6db43c14cd45511817b91c84	Soviet culture destroyed the culture of the nobility as a result of the revolution and the civil war, and the culture of the peasantry as a result of the coup d'etat of 1929. expressed in the policy of splitting up the village.
d44563514293619cffabdb7fd5abe31828d7aa94	After gaining power in Russia, the Bolshevik leaders centralized the management of culture, art and science.
99db3a60abc9fcec0f136bbe3c1e7aac05dad922	An important tool of Bolshevik propaganda was the political poster, which was characterized by laconism, conventionality of the image, clarity of silhouette and gesture. V. V. Mayakovsky, M. M. Cheremnykh, V. I. Kozlinsky, V. V. Lebedev, Denis (V. N. Denisov), Moore (D. S. Orlov) and others took an active part in the creation of the political poster.
a76d09ecffe42b63c2a34fad8816b73e1dd11e81	The culture of the 20s was distinguished by pluralism
b4a2bb68472f1f85bd8dcd09c31e412828ebc1c3	The culture of dissent was in full bloom: A. Blok, A. Bely, I. Bunin, O. Mandelstam, A. Akhmatova, N. Gumilev, V. Korolenko, V. Kandinsky, M. Chagall, S. Rachmaninoff, F. Chaliapin, I. Stravinsky.
186b152d9cf197e28876f14a8f29b9aac54d5a32	Another thing is 30-50gg.
d9d115f2eaa8359e16092fc9f4ba3fa00f02b1f2	It was during this period that the culture of totalitarianism was formed
5f8f8ee89b75b4dc94aebd9227875afc9a98da41	Any dissent was suppressed.
34e026a890d1276a60dbdb31b1703e01adbc3a90	To achieve the main goal of building socialism, the following tasks were realized:
091366d33be30a340d4366d60ff13cd82610c934	1. The cultural revolution, which includes the elimination of illiteracy, the creation of a giant system of higher educational institutions; Research institutes, libraries, theaters, training of personnel that meet the needs of the management and production system. 2. Creation of a sufficiently powerful corps of scientists, engineers, specialists who provide the country with scientific, technical and intellectual potential comparable to the potential of the most developed industrial countries. 3. Technological modernization, which provides the possibility of rapid re-equipment of the Armed Forces and the creation of a material and technical base for subsequent modernization in the field of economy and management.
0cd07e2e6314875537a96a4ab9f7b14f4c2c574e	Much attention was paid to the formation of the Soviet musical art.
76ca553370e8d0b97bc961c228dbdccc3340b099	In the decree of the SNK "On the Moscow and Petrograd Conservatories" of July 12, 1918, the concept of "state musical construction" appears for the first time.
c1352903aaa5da12f2edc4950721720e109a2a93	The Bolshoi and Mariinsky theaters, the Court Orchestra (State Symphony), the Synodal School, conservatories, music publishing houses, and musical instrument factories are transferred to the jurisdiction of the state.
5df29d1d2ebfbec850e24dbfcf278c323de8991f	The main attention of the Music Department of the People's Commissariat of Education was paid to the song genre, the processing of folk and revolutionary motifs, the creation of combat marches and military-themed songs.
01911f407f53c76ea90e7428aa7323b1b6bbd6e5	In the field of theater, the emphasis was placed on the opening of a large number of theaters and various kinds of studios.
14968c168824479198db077e34188e6552a27891	In the propaganda work, a prominent place was given to cinema.
d648c8a11bf9c7679f5d1b493ccecf459540b159	The leadership of the Bolshevik Party, along with concern for the development of culture and art, resolutely fought against the part of the intelligentsia that, in its opinion, was anti-Soviet.
03c23bee0e42cf122c6d63914109acf84ac428d2	In the autumn of 1922, about 200 prominent scientists, doctors, engineers and writers were sent abroad from Russia.
05bf7e702e7a616d90520b7c3fc7ec15c7a077ab	Among them in the "philosophical steamship" were N. A. Berdyaev, P. A. Sorokin, N. O. Lossky, F. A. Stepun, etc.
7acf66e5f2a9d91b3b86405a7eb7a9da247538a0	As a result of the cultural revolution and urbanization, accomplished in record time, and the powerful transfer of the population from the village to the city, an unstable, dynamically non-equilibrium hybrid culture has emerged.
cece3c4c2bac36bdc89bb172c5ad39ef1f8fc162	Its main features are the features of the factory system: 1) standardization, 2) regularity, 3) mass character, 4) broad regulation of activities, 5) labor discipline, 6) organization according to the military model, 7) tendency to concentration.
a85daf04ab599a19ff37fe053dbc177d2fa7bc2d	Artistically, in the 30s-50s, the liquidation of various artistic trends was carried out.
e79a19677433043b2408e3cb2503edb146ed8621	In 1934, the doctrine of socialist realism was officially proclaimed in the USSR.
b60b98911734af8dab9374a972379e9f84763102	All other directions were outlawed, independent groups of artists were abolished.
45f39c84fecfef68b9a8e1105c839e3b965a87f0	A year later, Kazimir Malevich, the head and ideological inspirer of the avant-garde, died in Leningrad, the paintings of avant-garde painting were no longer exhibited, the names of the artists were not mentioned.
1145b5a6ac7bfdef7d9bb4bdf2c5738412656138	What had already reached the museums was hidden in a vault, where access was denied not only to the public, but also to most museum employees.
2e3a5334801add3f12e5009e0e22d2951e999201	The creative heritage of the avant-gardists was officially treated not as art, but as trash, not worthy of attention.
9c844814219cda7f6dad3097043acbf53473b7d2	In the mid-30s, the "big style", characteristic of countries with a totalitarian regime, was established in the culture of the USSR.
c1f98e859d60048aaf098cf3f6a334c54757cffe	Its main features were its scale, splendor, hyperbolized optimism.
a75ba4c2b98bc65da2b26893b193d7af94e2b28a	The main task of the "big style" was to influence the attitude and behavior of large masses of people.
ab7eae8957c2deaf8bae1bc069daaa0a4802043c	This style was supposed to consolidate the stability and strength of the Soviet power in the minds of the people.
2382faa366a60c05e51341ab8323685fbecb9d2a	It was expressed in mass processions, parades and celebrations, where the achievements of the people under the leadership of the CPSU were glorified.
261bc204b3ae5e2fd987e6559c003c55642d4420	The Russian history was revised, which began to be presented as a series of continuous victories, the successor of which was the Party of Communists.
3ad7acb9f4486833bf618393f7f9883f8cd144ba	Special attention was paid to cinema.
816793a181ed00dd2014c28c4824632f3fb33855	A galaxy of talented film directors and actors created works that strongly influenced the consciousness and behavior of the entire society.
3797ec671266f50afbfd6f4333982fea61aa4eb5	The members of the Central Committee personally watched all the new films and were their censors.
89e197641c38e9a86f0b3d9b04d72f236b4bc45d	The results of the "thaw" were particularly striking in literature and art.
d967f1955c77f86f69313b0209f25ce9ac358677	The works of rehabilitated writers began to be published again.
d349d27c755a3769540a87a6e58055daf8ccd390	The revival of cultural life was facilitated by the appearance of a large number of new literature.
a8a4c4d9927933d319877f8fc74bca24149013ed	At the turn of the 80-90s, there were changes in government policy in the spiritual life of society
545acc37edfb3aa7be773d8ab8051228d0ae6fef	This was expressed, in particular, in the refusal of the cultural management bodies from administrative methods of managing literature and art,
12bbcfc757aa21b9a614bd53ce70067359caea8b	The arena of acute public discussions was the periodical press-the newspapers "Moscow News", "Arguments and Facts", the magazine "Ogonyok".
f08a524be77185a16fe868c82e27bef05268dd27	The publication of previously unknown facts of the national history of the post-October period caused the polarization of public opinion.
20fb53c2bcf5f0c24ba398ee25cbddff18cae772	The different attitude to the transformations taking place in the country led to conflicts in the governing bodies of creative associations of the intelligentsia.
9a251ee0e11e64f30a18de493aa3efad003a2de2	The beginning of the "perestroika" brought to life a powerful movement for the liberation of culture from ideological pressure.
126ecdf18b4051ed2d8c48c50c7dc9273b23d540	The ideological dictate disappeared, and the censorship of the press was abolished. The size of state allocations for the needs of the cultural sphere has been sharply reduced.
e9048f49029e40f8efb21567ce020db941734437	Private entrepreneurship is firmly established in all spheres of cultural life.
269aaaa218e641c7897d7e5e53a41d4713757c7f	There was a reform of the public education system: the alternative educational system that emerged during the years of perestroika became stronger.
8d7c7be8374f7ffeacdabb369dd3eef71024a41f	Since the beginning of the 90s, the federal program "Preservation and Development of Culture and Art" has been implemented.
3617fac7e91ca900be43e25b962fd3b5d3dedc42	The main attention was paid to the rescue of the most important objects of national culture.
98323539d84161ea5b2ed0b1b99cecea0fa83dd7	In accordance with the program, restoration works were carried out to preserve and restore monuments of the past in Novgorod, Veliky Ustyug and other Russian cities.
375c2651af813a68397a6e18d1551073ac7e8fd6	The network of non-state higher educational institutions increased.
2dcab54ca9833da0d97e5c27cf4e52bdd01b6444	By the end of the 90s, they accounted for more than 30% of the total number of operating universities in the higher education system.
251b742395dd29f9e60be3b8616b9027d25af310	New moments have appeared in the art culture.
f5aed1be660b2ec5bd5d8f4b1e299954b390b227	The democratization of society and ideological pluralism contributed to the emergence of various trends and styles in literature, painting, and sculpture.
15131c886bd4512300046054dbf2a179e2c7f4aa	A new phenomenon in art has become the creation of works of art with the financial support of foreign investors (for example, films by N. Mikhalkov and P. Lungin)
58b33418ac0236e667a257a34e20b69485c1692b	In 1999-early 2000, there was a noticeable revival in the cultural life of Russia.
9bc14efadf46ef7f0fe1740da57db96277fa74a9	Overcoming material difficulties, struggling with the dictates of the market and the westernization of culture, literary and artistic figures sought to preserve the best traditions of Russia's cultural heritage in their work.
098f0ab95618c573eaea5a1d071e333c3b045378	library map
5459fa18ef86beca2f37927af67c13b44e95cfb4	Library > Culture of the twentieth Century >Modernism
6aa9cf0b66fa87b93f2a47410781854ab70f4fc6	Let's consider the cultural situation of the first half of the XX century, which developed under the sign of modernism.
96e6e4866ccd987a1cc5c154e21041ec6ad072e7	Art historians understand it in two ways — in a broad and narrow sense.
fa6f1341633bcdc329161b5dc8f4bbec99df2356	In the first, it denotes the whole set of artistic trends, schools and trends of the early XX century, which expressed a departure from the cultural values of the XVIII—XIX centuries and proclaimed new approaches and values.
6d90e6baa8d35f8931b55f85525b2b1c8e2ab63c	Fauvism, expressionism, Cubism, Futurism, abstractionism, Dadaism, Surrealism — this is a far incomplete list of artistic search directions at the beginning of the XX century.
9fe4d7994d7343636fa232bf05145754754f666a	In a narrow sense, Art Nouveau means only one direction in art.
b884f7a726e8053edb2c1fc30384027f7b23577f	In this case, its name is taken in quotation marks.
42f64b209666a9a6642f5c3dda99f9561342e1f2	"Modern" (French moderne — the latest, modern, Art Nouveau, Art Nouveau) is a style trend in European and American art of the late XIX early XX century.
48cbb6044e11aba6611214adb8f786da2429e86d	The new direction spread throughout Europe and primarily affected architecture and decorative art.
55f910e98bbabd7c5ba1f3040ef76fb14b4aa688	Representatives of "modern" used new technical and constructive means, a free layout, a kind of architectural decor to create unusual, emphasized individualized buildings (X. Van der Velde in Belgium, I. Olbrich in Austria, A. Gaudi in Spain, C. R. Mackintosh in Scotland, F. O. Shechtel in Russia).
ac7ec07e5c8ab6d69fea00293e100d55740b199d	In Italy, it was called the plant style, or "liberty", in the UK — the "modern" style, in Spain — modernism, in Belgium — the Velde style, in Austria secession, in Germany — Art Nouveau.
8b8beae587c73f861a9b3419c98195e25708a7ca	The "modern" style emerged as a reaction to eclecticism and lifeless copying of historical styles of the past.
f5285843199160643e13160182561e28b5ca8eaa	When they talk about the broad meaning of modernism, they also use the term "avant gardism"In other words, the mentioned trends can be called either modernist or avant garde.
8b92584b02ab6472055e941d9e760ba81ce29ca6	Avangardism (avangard)
7b6f95b641f4e6a9a81775d02f4c7c5ab8b9ccdc	— a collective name for those artistic trends that are more radical than the art Nouveau style.
f728020e9e2f9084d6d37fe41ad7f8caf59512c4	This term, unlike modernism, has one meaning.
6a30f8e72b49f9079eabcc8dde6b1001f06d5ab5	Modernism (avant gardism) is associated with the departure of culture from realism, with the proclamation of the independence of art from reality.
520f8c5157bd261c4b9a6947982e10781d476203	The performances of modernist artists often took the form of an anarchic aesthetic revolt against established traditions and canons in art.
1effb72d9fb265ac2af1c7f25b601595a9aa202e	The avant garde meant those who were ahead of everyone, i.e., experimenting with artistic material, creating new, unlike anything else, style, language, content in fine art. Revolutions and wars, in which the whole world is drawn into, do not prevent experiments and the search for new things.
5bee01685f787863c7c15083d4d8f6c8fb3bbf4b	There is a revision of the previous ideas about beauty, color and space.
207ef9bc857742fe1e0e6536c516481f86312db1	Paris is becoming a place of pilgrimage for artists from all over the world.
702c33579c504512cf226f8f21b70720afd22599	The taste for sharp, destructive deformation turned out to be the banner of the new century.
dfcaab25ebf72364779fefd6c8a36b82e2893db5	Kravchenko A. I. Cultural studies: A textbook for universities.
8043ecc0774554e211101801a1e7717709fa1bda	- 3rd ed.
02db99e6073ed9b86808c8917688319fc597cffe	- Moscow: Academic project, 2001.
31dffc717748dc62ed52ce69dfc7202586e05311	If you want to publish your works (articles, theses, abstracts) in the library, send them to
035e61aac8ea1af1220a0dab8896bccac126c472	library@countries.ru!
3a1dae9b4e97532414d2996bf4a8f812912ea299	Sectional doors are a quality guarantee.
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a5962e654ef424c1e80b3eb20b8b767a5a2f06e9	History of Russia History of 1965-1985 History of Russia 1985-1990 History of Russia XVII century History of Russia XVIII century Russia in the XVIII century History of Russia XIX century History of Russia XX century History of Russia in the middle of the 20th century Mongol Tatar Yoke and the Golden Horde Moscow Rus The Formation of Kievan Rus The Primitiveness of the Slavs The Reign of Khrushchev The Time of Troubles from 1598 to 1613 The Stages of the Troubles
725ab14a1c14e4952058a51fb934a2646cc34e6d	Feudal fragmentation
140fc8937515d07195fb2a32ba8f9b28b880955d	Russian history Lectures on the history of the Second World War Military operations 1941-1945 Course of the history of Russia briefly A short course on the history of the state and law of Russia A course of lectures on the national history of the 9th early 20th century Russia in modern times World War II
f001e172141366d0942adabf3df560cef3e72c45	Course of lectures History after the middle of the 20th century Russia after the reign of Peter I Culture of Russia in the Time of Troubles Lectures on the history of Russia Peoples and the oldest states The Russian centralized state
3229eeff77c17b5944244ed735b6d73a50f5f67d	For Historians of the 17-19 century The History of the USSR A detailed course Culture in the 20-30 years The situation before the Second World War
ec057a5df3be0bdabe18572e0abf7137070197ac	Periods All materials Dictionary of terms of the Unified State Exam on the History of the Unified State Exam Questions and answers to part C
dd2a6b15145edd7a4576a22c8649ef193cb1dc93	Audio lectures Questions and answers on the History of Russia The history of Russia and the post Soviet peoples in antiquity Brief characteristics of rulers and the most important events The history of culture of ancient Russia and its neighbors Tables on the history of Russia in the maps of the History of the Russian state Byzantine and Ottoman civilizations The history of new Russia Literature and art of the second half of the 18th 19th centuries Books and textbooks on the history of Russia Schemes and tables on the history of the national state and law Ukrainian historiography
2069acce95dfdba3be0b2f0eb53e26f043acd2af	Culture in the second half of the 60s late 90s
de1fbee6afb04739d0d835cfce4d804894539f26	Conditions of cultural life (1965-1984).
1068719af99f9029ff17744c113b2ca58616ee9f	The development of culture in the period after the Khrushchev "thaw"was contradictory.
2bd03558107638c7da156a1974cfc9dbb01e323a	New schools and universities, cinemas and cultural centers were opened, research institutes were created.
4da97dbd4d8d3565b22f2107be1014868b59f877	Only during the period from 1965 to 1980, more than 570 new museums began to operate.
d275a27a2342be306055274ebc7a68c0611a6cf2	The mass media developed: radio, television.
cb6e0233c395b25366b0ac6b1bda78addc841e2e	Fiction and scientific literature was published in 89 languages of the peoples of the USSR and 66 languages of the peoples of other countries.
f9a2d1163b1b09056085743768d4f011ac55b949	At the same time, subsidizing culture from the state budget was constantly insufficient; by the beginning of the 80s, it was conducted on a "residual" principle.
76ca778ee658691e14b42c39f8821e1a51b25d4b	The administrative impact on culture and its management by state authorities, primarily the Ministry of Culture, has increased.
5211ebc4bb53c8bc9e9300e4e72127f5ee904b0b	In the resolutions of the Central Committee of the CPSU
464bcd3065134fe0785e320808bbf0217bd1de23	("On literary and artistic criticism", "On working with creative youth", etc.) the tasks of literature, art and science were determined, successes and miscalculations in their development were evaluated.
c800b1c2a202e86947063093beaf3307f867e3bf	The guardianship by the party and state bodies caused protests by many cultural figures.
fac745be4305682aa2d7a12e8e88c9decbc3bbcd	The strengthening of ideological pressure and the tightening of censorship led to the emergence of two types of artistic creativity.
d95a4ca3fce3afc82ed9b781942eeb8fce93195a	Only literary works that did not deviate from the principles of socialist realism and contributed to the communist education of workers in accordance with the guidelines from above were published and became known to a wide range of readers.
70a946ac6436c74203d918fcbc6c1377221d9b0b	Works that contradicted these principles, regardless of their artistic merits, did not receive official permission for publication.
8a04766ac9003c1f12e0ef74e3f7ece97606bbfc	Unable to be published in the USSR, some writers published their books abroad.
dc5ef46ee9824ba7ef3615616e231cbeb2ae486b	All such publications were considered by the official authorities as "betrayal".
c061a635c44e0cbc9ac6f31a92c82684eeb6f63b	This is how the appearance in the West of the stories of writers A.D. Sinyavsky and Yu.
c81d395908f22c49e88626a0acf79e672632103e	M. Daniel was regarded (the works of both were published under pseudonyms).
681baf07787a3403e3aec7222b71dff0a6b93f36	They were arrested, tried, and then sent abroad.
c8ea2698b68dc193e48cd8462ee4bbc3be9499fa	The trial of Yu.
681312bd6087fc44e92bca1fabc470902d35458a	M. Daniel and A.D. Sinyavsky caused a wave of public protest in the Soviet Union.
7a5642fb4cd4f95c6638b9195459524df5a8ac1d	The end of the "thaw" in the spiritual life of society was evidenced by the condemnation of the book by the historian A.M. Nekrich "June 22, 1941" organized by the authorities.
82b61729b9d9c8598171cb139030ec641ca1e988	In it, the author tried to show the reasons for the heavy defeats of the Soviet Union in the first months of the Patriotic War.
54382aa3a4ca86e7eef9d6d61c69fe307368e659	The book was subjected to undeservedly harsh criticism, and its author was expelled from the ranks of the CPSU (1967).
0c8b44ac438b94ce6425f4715b9e5187c341c4fb	In the 70s, the confrontation between the party and state leadership and representatives of science, literature and art intensified.
6e1a3c2acc072c8ca9d7f1e001f3fa94965159df	The deepening of conservative principles in the management of culture contributed to the growth of opposition sentiments among some of the intelligentsia.
e3d7eabefeda5512031caa3997ddd35b86d41338	The party leadership of the country regarded the awarding of the Nobel Prize in Literature for 1970 to the writer A. I. Solzhenitsyn as a" provocative act".
948e38eeaaf2422ca72ee62e112f4f59f9762029	The cellist M. L. Rostropovich and the singer G. P. Vishnevskaya, who were deprived of Soviet citizenship in 1978, were called" Ideological rebirths " in the official press.
b5f8b26bb02682f7073b2ac24fea6011a7193f45	The role of censorship has increased.
2a56af2f5b930f42d82a26bf38019186deca57b1	The publication of works, the staging of theatrical performances and the demonstration of films in which a special opinion was expressed, different from the official opinion about the events taking place in the country, was prohibited.
54cba77c9e433e253a8b6e4b8c8c7f95fc1ea0f9	The writers V. N. Voinovich, V. P. Nekrasov and the poet I.
f315743adcd8686804ed45fb57fb376bfad791f3	A. Brodsky, the theater director Yu.
9439f9dabeea7deff20c1bbd6b7dbfa8ac1b2b6e	P. Lyubimov turned out to be outside their country.
da457b7df879ae1c6e5d114764e538a19d49d9c0	Culture and perestroika.
24f19c7ce298f49c929078e767ccfb9e73a903d7	At the turn of the 80-90s, there were changes in government policy in the spiritual life of society This was expressed, in particular, in the refusal of the cultural management bodies from administrative methods of managing literature and art, The arena of acute public discussions was the periodical press the newspapers "Moscow News", "Arguments and Facts", the magazine "Ogonyok".
f3d8304665cb9385b3be17802370425168ef04d9	The authors of the published articles made attempts to understand the causes of the" deformations " of socialism, to determine their attitude to the perestroika processes.
94bca29da08e50b449758258f534c11c67a65a01	The publication of previously unknown facts of the national history of the post October period caused the polarization of public opinion.
ca067c8465bba72435845d5b2ccc278327a1791c	A significant part of the liberal minded intelligentsia actively supported the reformist course of Mikhail Gorbachev.
d11f12b3d21dc73dcb02dea21855f564df01bbb8	But many groups of the population, including specialists and scientists, saw the ongoing reforms as "treason" to the cause of socialism and actively opposed them.
60fd4ad636a93a60a938938a34fef31773e7b1ef	At the end of the 80s, several Moscow writers formed the committee "Writers in Support of Perestroika" ("April"), an alternative to the Union of Writers of the USSR.
37bfd3a232d0e35a2c7680204648c709da712757	An identical association was formed by Leningrad writers ("Commonwealth").
04d185291de0ec247421f95b2672ccd930df585e	The creation and activity of these groups led to the split of the USSR Writers ' Union.
4e9628bcef251035a6314275648de8d07b8761f0	The "Union of Spiritual Revival of Russia", created on the initiative of scientists and writers, expressed support for the democratic transformations taking place in the country.
90fd085f047e551e9676544a26e8f0916a753510	At the same time, some representatives of the intelligentsia negatively met the course of perestroika.
41773b3ca497007484f4e3abfa658d65e4bbe0d3	The views of this part of the intelligentsia were reflected in an article by a teacher of one of the universities, N. Andreeva, "I canot give up my principles", published in March 1988 in the newspaper "Soviet Russia".
c541e1288a73727ff687ce26da88e0c5a1dd2168	Education and science.
17b5d7ee1a2fa58c8ceacc17b17a8c2f82967b95	In the 70s, preparatory work was launched in the country for the introduction of universal secondary education.
4716099c9bdd3af29b75b0e7ffefbf4f6a18399e	New schools were being built in the city and in the countryside, their number exceeded 140 thousand.
de2897495ddad885fbdce69a07b406dcbee6a0a0	The number of teaching staff increased.
a053c0b5fe5ce591f4a20f0678879c9edb10dde9	In order to improve the general education of students, changes were made to the curricula.
419270852e0f0a117f78d79afbaff9e6b73faac2	Starting from the fourth year of study, students were introduced to study the basics of sciences.
ab2e2afeaaaf4fd99f740e00330defd7104ca9a7	In the years of the tenth five year plan, the transition to compulsory universal secondary education was completed.
ee3bd73301a927bc7a4690f2b4106d381b4a8d71	However, according to experts, school graduates were poorly prepared for independent work.
19a78144f3f4b2b94703117f7ee3e05db7606d5c	In this regard, the Law on the Restructuring of the school was adopted in 1984.
4639a3cefcede43e74ee421a21fce8a13e7723ac	It provided for measures to supplement universal secondary education with universal vocational education.
5a1cdd817d1d4a08b29c86be3afdb1513441e983	Mandatory computer training of schoolchildren was planned.
581683d3c4518b6fe4214022bcf131508d90f4fb	The reform, according to the plan of its initiators, brought students closer to physical labor, to subsequent work in factories.
a95bd07d8e6b571ea31929c601ca888ac0c0d144	The weakness of the material and technical base of the schools did not allow the implementation of the planned fully.
6338d1bcac12927885b050e08471de2fb06b8725	In addition, public education workers opposed the reform, fearing a decrease in the level of general education training of students.
6b22ff68fed4f87a480462aa71ec1241d630b0b7	The higher school developed in complex ways.
869bcaaff6f410b94a90528a7fc280370d0f2af4	The network of universities was expanding; many institutes were transformed into universities.
3ff64e634c1c33f0f72a89232788ebb80a89a4d5	To assist working youth in enrolling in universities, work departments were re created.
357ac76c9f223593df1216a8b69e12655347855e	The network of evening and correspondence education has increased.
5cfea541751d3be1b069a381b5c8a32183382445	In the mid 80s, 33 million specialists worked in the branches of the national economy.
255e3a16c82331da7f7d0afb6f56c9803e7d93b0	But the level of training of many of them did not always meet the requirements of the time.
9fbabf7878765cfee681b7b9bc5bfde38ed75f42	At the same time, as the number of university graduates grew, difficulties arose with their employment.
9dc32b1da6b1c93978b608d29dcda2e34b80a7ec	Many young specialists did not work in their specialty.
59552ad234e18c4cbf2d8c60dc90ed0eb4e10083	During the years of perestroika, contractual obligations between universities and enterprises for the training of specialists of a certain profile began to enter into practice.
4eaedb61ab3db0d7ded746ef1249df258e7dedf3	This innovation did not lead to positive changes in the development of higher education and its relations with production.
f7e89159587ee9747a2d9fb4c35e36d81e299e00	Domestic science was developing uneasily.
b4a7ab602601d76494090d44e4653f0618b24175	Since the late 60s, there has been a lag in some of its industries.
45ed8224e5d2bbce416909b071b0758333a07489	This is what a group of Soviet scientists drew attention to in a letter sent to L. I. Brezhnev.
2855f18e1c770a2c535dc95e069286d0ae80989a	One of the reasons for the lag of science was called the lack of freedom of creativity and obtaining information necessary for the activities of scientists.
890d48398cfc84c3bb7bd097583bf01974b547c5	Its development was also hindered by the weak material base, the underdevelopment of scientific instrumentation.
aaeaf03ed9516f7ce06c86db32fcbd6f3f5e89b4	In the 70s, investments in science were increased, which made it possible to overcome the backlog in some of its areas.
ad18ac51e91c36e5e6b7f967eebb96ab4fc0346a	The development of scientific programs started in the previous years continued.
e3aee50e38a54d9650ce01b13d7d05edcd88040f	In particular, space research was actively conducted.
ef4aa7df9157c4e7ab37706485c5941ad29949d2	Long term flights of people into space have become a practice.
545802ad406b8e3d6168b2246d18d98f34817463	The results of space surveys were widely used in the national economy, in particular in geology and fishing.
3c8af0acabec940862f53d8531204b6c160fea30	Research was conducted in the field of electronics and laser technology.
d08ce36cf223567b28990efef1820b17472c4dc1	Several nuclear reactors were built.
59ec69bd79f669d9d496b915502179b52cb2a8ce	The works of Soviet researchers in the field of radio engineering and electronics (V. A. Kotelnikov), thermodynamics (V. A. Kirillin), applied mechanics and automation (A. Yu.Ishlinsky) were widely recognized.
805cb5ace524c396d8ea04f2acf7796959974893	In 1978, academician P. L. Kapitsa was awarded the Nobel Prize for scientific discoveries in the field of physics.
6cc4a271235c71dd9c2a2762b6a96e64066a4997	The solution of national economic problems required a closer connection of science with production.
fc9129d0c3d1cec320d8fd622c6b6811d6832c89	The main form of their merger was scientific and production associations (NGOs).
bd3ca15d9668fee330e8e08ed2341d501120e757	They were created both in industry (for example, the Leningrad Optical and Mechanical Association) and in agriculture (for example, "Ethermaslo").
57ce745f92da0b635b84153d7584fde2175b61f5	NGOs united industrial enterprises, research organizations, design bureaus, experimental farms in a single inter farm complex.
368f24fbf25389c6cdb61ebf14f9c05a8420e9e9	By the mid 80s, there were about 250 NGOs operating in industry and almost 400 scientific production systems in the agricultural sphere of the economy.
a9c6b2146d26fa4a4da1ea15e5013d0951915e32	Perestroika and the collapse of the USSR led to the scrapping of most of the existing scientific and industrial structures.
5d0b960c9481f0aa7fc92d3409397b7c092c8473	In the conditions of transition to market relations, many scientists have changed the nature of their activities, moving to work in entrepreneurial and commercial organizations.
59c43032c636adc4ba4784090859d2168e0d89e6	Some representatives of the exact sciences left the country in order to continue working in foreign research centers.
e24c8b1093cb7eef9f94e9ce60dcb2c5e5738522	Literature and art.
1cdfc6b859e8d5bc1722ed44788e4e27135b26d5	In the literature and art of the second half of the 60s — the end of the 80s, two lines of development are clearly visible.
c8d4b259be97a6934567ef95e3ef1bc34ec483e9	The first one is officially recognized.
3abbffe5ae96452901db249913fc7f0a5855d343	It was represented by published novels and short stories, art canvases exhibited at exhibitions, dramatic and musical works performed from the scenes.
717688f1ff44a6a47f28f2829476ad928b3f8a64	In addition, there was an unknown or little known work of cultural figures, created not within the framework of the traditional method of socialist realism, unknown to most readers and viewers.
e37a4908ec1df673b0bc7f636954a344df105ec1	Some of the works of official art, highly appreciated at the time by the governing bodies of culture, turned out to be "one dayers".
5764239ad2af7a8befc2b0b6cbc347e3ef601fef	Conversely, many works of the second, previously unrecognized direction have taken a prominent place in Russian culture.
e0c82954cf149c65c2a0b22fdd0e74e50b80f990	In the works of many representatives of literature and art in the period under review, the theme of the Great Patriotic War was occupied.
d1785c95caa6e80dc742d4f177f4c1593b8bc269	Films about the war (including "Ordinary Fascism" by M. I. Romm) were shown on the screens of cinemas.
964f279f5c9b24b44567d3be80f2649e171fd892	Monuments to the heroes and victims of the war were built in cities and workers ' settlements (for example, the memorial to the "Heroic Defenders of Leningrad" by the sculptor M. K. Anikushin).
e0466b04eb14a4ccee2c94de8b6c63de9e1020f1	At the turn of the 60-70s, a large group of prose writers entered the literature, the theme of whose creativity was the modern village.
02730a97ff2f155f4eab5e573cb0773762aca337	In the works of V. P. Astafyev, B. P. Mozhaev, V. G. Rasputin, V. M. Shukshin, the fate of the Russian peasantry, the relationship between the village and the city took a central place.
15318bf33f93da2eecb74b5a906faefedc4080f1	A. N. and B. N. Strugatsky worked in the genre of science fiction.
ea2b100160cffc65807eac736554967030a36128	The interest of writers in the historical past of the country has increased.
c6005f9fd62e878da446f5133791fef23177afe7	The memoir literature was replenished with the memories of famous military leaders of the period of the Patriotic War (the books of G. K. Zhukov "Memories and Reflections", A.M. Vasilevsky "The Whole Life's Work", etc.).
08a4bfb199acf0f102010b08bec9b632c046825f	However, many talented works written during this period could not overcome censorship prohibitions and saw the light after a long time.
9119be2a6642b5689b86526499fac025f7b81316	The ideologization of public life had a hard impact on the development of painting and cinema.
e567e7fa786eb0d867992b234c6ec374a78ab738	The organizers of the exhibitions of one of the most talented artists, I. S. Glazunov, had to overcome great difficulties.
16d981efb8004e591865e01379c6e1c849d8a787	As before, paintings by avant garde artists of the 30s were gathering dust in the storerooms of museums.
e3dd320421248f90da2b278da4a13b15331615a6	Paintings and literary works on historical topics could see the light only if they corresponded to the established official views on the events of the past.
1cdf884929dec862c659939a7bb03704ed719c72	At the same time, the "green street" was opened for the publication of works that are obviously weak, but correspond to the ideological foundations of socialist culture.
21044bb76dc1b5b38ef450281b53292a32804f67	In the second half of the 70s, the books of L. I. Brezhnev "Malaya Zemlya"were published in multimillion copies.
e36409567a58c64b49df31508880f1572eb5c64c	"Virgin land" and "Rebirth".
765ebd5ddcf5b3de8cb53986199e3464897b8c11	The books of memoirs, written on the instructions of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU, were of a journalistic nature and were intended mainly for study in the network of party studies.
1bd5e7103f7b416942954a737b136bd4db796b03	However, the board of the USSR Writers 'Union considered it possible to accept L. I. Brezhnev into the ranks of the Writers' Union.
c2fd8126d03912ea9bea9b07b50e332d2bdd0a4e	Literary works banned by the authorities were published, as a rule, in samizdat.
dc983acc7ed89a5e73fa35e8f7afa11fcc017934	This is the way the books of A. I. Solzhenitsyn "The Gulag Archipelago", A. P. Platonov "Chevengur", B. L. Pasternak "Doctor Zhivago"came to the reader for the first time.
d9c352bc4d22edbbb65498f9303951d15ed2f51d	The years of perestroika transformed the artistic life of the country.
6770b683ef564220b9064e5330b2cb1ea12542c8	The works of poets and prose writers who died during the revolution and during the repressions appeared on the pages of the magazines "New World", "October", "Znamya" and other periodicals.
30be2da080817667b7764ecf66f8872fa4b6b993	The poems of N. S. Gumilev and O. E. Mandelstam were published.
a7d8d57a7efc1e4400c522579ccf9f6bd85451c4	The works of Russian foreign writers who left Russia in the 20s
c30202da80e42d6f32c47768dc0222fc784bf0af	A. Bunin, G. V. Ivanov, D. S. Merezhkovsky, V. F. Khodasevich, V. V. Nabokov, etc.) were published.
bb051226e55d17f5e24f657b60ef6eadc0c90bcb	More than 40 years after the adoption, the resolution of the Central Committee of the party on the magazines "Zvezda" and "Leningrad"was recognized as erroneous,
c687db8f24762eafb70a3c5e696b53661a509851	Non state (cooperative) publishing houses and publishing groups appeared.
3fa568d7166188e55ada58bfaa23f3b00477ca7c	Through their efforts, the works of people whose fate was tragically formed in the conditions of Soviet Russia were returned to literature and philosophy.
2dff0ecad7601ad7d8192cc96c9729d9623d00c3	Books of religious philosophers of the first third of the XX century were published— N.
be184dbae987317318c36af7fc97429dcf0d591a	A. Berdyaev, V. V. Rozanov, P.
1ed6ba5abcfd19cf75820e808ba739f67e4c586b	A. Florensky.
1480ebce9a2d18486f0281f14b3c8d244433ec37	V. Grossman's novel "Life and Fate", once confiscated from him by the state security agencies, was published.
f832770af7ea84c9653070f08e3c5a79b615fd91	The desire for a philosophical understanding of the past touched the art of cinema (T. Abuladze's film "Repentance").
b228b20a0fed5336b11892a7444a8b89c06cd2c9	Numerous studio theaters have sprung up.
e6d92580d2d1904c52fb4a30e7f6dc81e83bd2b4	New theater groups tried to find their way in art. Exhibitions of artists little known to a wide range of viewers of the 80s — P. N. Filonov, V. V. Kandinsky, D. P. Shterenberg were organized.
70be26639886bdd03be6b6ec0cf8279efebcd190	With the collapse of the USSR, the all Union organizations of the creative intelligentsia ceased their activities.
cc6138828790fa6640653a84481e4bcbbaba2575	The results of perestroika for the national culture turned out to be polysyllabic, ambiguous.
9fc3734583a54facb578c5c9b5034cf0cce4d957	Cultural life has become richer and more diverse.
832c7e85885dbff717faaac153dd7a0d1c683da2	At the same time, the perestroika processes turned out to be significant losses for science and the education system.
12f98cd6fc7abbbb436d2fc806d744a87018fbf8	Market relations began to penetrate into the sphere of literature and art.
c8abdeb65f3cc2880bf1240127084546841a9176	Cultural life in Russia in the 90s.
6fdfb433b5343eb4630ca30a9bcb626b58cb5fa5	The formation of new socio economic relations had a profound impact on the development of Russian culture.
641d2847740ee493a062247e1b0f8fffca95ecee	The ideological dictate disappeared, and the censorship of the press was abolished.
37acfd73c5fa24af986cb3d0ac28fcec72d5e2c5	The size of state allocations for the needs of the cultural sphere has been sharply reduced.
685c94f0881bb05cbca8e9684d0e079d5feb0c38	The legislation of the Russian Federation has assigned 2% of the federal funds and about 6% of the local budget to culture.
6442896822f0662b4907fa7aaad9704e452c83ac	However, in reality, much less funds were allocated for it.
4e008d4c673e7552885c5c5f07b42f103b9b7810	Non state gymnasiums, lyceums, colleges operated along with state ones.
69060a820c71ced46a417dc2a5ad31b9d47de392	Schools and universities gradually moved away from a unified system of education, from unified textbooks on the subjects studied.
55843ef729633f73807ef49464271aa481d3ae39	New programs were developed, textbooks on social sciences were created.
a70bc4f32aff0f632955ef1b19cbfc2fa4ec81de	The network of non state higher educational institutions increased.
2ca97024ad1c40b20561095efad466e29974cca9	5.5% of all students studied there.
c743904a9d4c4acb9959f7bef8e73abe6526a665	Innovations in the system of higher and secondary education had contradictory consequences.
4895b8a18da9f91c4025aa7629b4cfa91b526f0d	The lack of qualified teachers in non State educational institutions led to a drop in educational training for some school and university graduates.
743b6c7e1190472ef02a9f86c1c6c277c7e4521f	Russian science was in a serious condition.
d42e454807af5ca414f2fe3a03574f260963de0d	The Russian Academy of Sciences — the successor of the former USSR Academy of Sciences — experienced an acute shortage of funds necessary to support basic research.
106f10e8e1bc5c4eb9c3b028f16699892d84f036	Contacts with the former Union academies of sciences and scientific institutions of the former socialist countries were interrupted.
311efd2a6a13b980c19a121eb29a1aa5ea905043	In such an environment, Russian scientists have developed and started implementing several dozen federal programs in the field of science and culture.
c92a3d8acf495073f8511dcee9678d1d7ec07f33	The museums of S.
713609a1e1c8115cb77becbd429db8b64dd172aa	A. Yesenin in Konstantinov and the Decembrists in Yaloturovsk, the estate of A. K. Tolstoy in the Bryansk region were restored.
f6e6e95c306ce29217a3abf1184fa2e8e89253dc	The reconstruction of architectural and historical monuments in Moscow, the capital of the Russian Federation, has acquired a particularly wide scope.
ed33906ea64180180aa889eb0585830a60b71c1a	Gostiny Dvor, an architectural monument of the late XIX — early XX centuries, residential and religious buildings of historical value, was restored.
c51dab923dc114b77ab5f1304f7124a230c7f2c8	By the end of the 90s, the restoration of the Grand Kremlin Palace, the residence of the Russian president, was completed.
1ce6bfec4d13d0766d7eb3ca32d5efe976113192	Funds of private investors were widely attracted for the restoration of monuments of the past.
7bb7117f450ff1ce4d4b7598f35bff7dde8fb1bd	The transition to market relations of housing construction has begun.
cf87c41b62021cef5599b0577f5a2df3107c7889	This led to the appearance of office, business, retail and banking buildings in Russian cities.
3dae04dd7e12da3d87c64e0f70297eeb90176818	Low rise residential buildings and cottages were built according to individual projects.
36baee2ef12a145617aa14f04fab81b792c5c541	But often the culture of everyday life penetrated into artistic creativity, which reduced and impoverished the level of created works.
f3b33cdf18f0c5f386bdb9ac1d4b6c4565b3be52	A new phenomenon in art has become the creation of works of art with the financial support of foreign investors (for example, films by N. Mikhalkov and P. Lungin) In 1999 early 2000, there was a noticeable revival in the cultural life of Russia.
87ef7171334ae5237c1dc4dbb872ab918d55be02	The 200th anniversary of the birth of Alexander Pushkin was widely celebrated in different parts of the country.
a5a1224efd231e4cad6a5b1b36ba617671bcfd71	The annual Moscow International Film Festivals have resumed.
739c5f57a5c14d72747db55af75ba6f559647d48	Foreign tours of leading theater groups, individual stage masters — singers, musicians have become more frequent.
acf3f9782f3c8a9d5ed2ccb62f4cac0cb84ffac8	Exhibitions of foreign artists have re entered the practice; for example, an exhibition of graphics from the collection of the Museum of Modern Art (New York School) aroused great interest among the audience.
fb696685cbb6922db2885623283a98e90526af00	26-10-2014 Histerl
94021a9c96c4fe38e2f4641bd0643e486184570a	(3 votes, average: 4.33 out of 5)
7f3f4b24dd114558a8050928e14ecfc7f781ee0e	Similar entries: Russian culture in the second half of the XIX early XX in the culture and life of Russia in the second half of the XVIII century.
0b2f8245edbe9f5d38ddff323c52d1b89ed61556	Education, enlightenment.
399ea1413a33248f2d10f88e32d1ff54d90afb44	Science Internal Politics in Russia in the second half of the XIX century
06bb38c9ee4a46fa3545cee9b96bc568149fce40	Artem Ershov/Shatura/E 2 A 13.01.2016 at 14: 37
d9f5d9906f8cdb3f76ce3a6830cf22eacf79012d	Thanks a lot
1f0ce7691f9c54fd8a2930c30942f41618fb0899	Sandra 21.02.2016 at 15: 07
033c6de14afe644ad432a1ea885f97e4537d658d	The need for education and the spread of evening schools was widely reflected in the Soviet filmography.
929b5f9e85fdf1f04a9c63946af94027c9e7d574	In such films as" Girls"," Big Change"," Spring on Zarechnaya Street", a responsible attitude to learning is shown, especially among working people who stood at the machine during the day and sat at the school desk in the evening.
d034ad7acdad326bf0c86316df07459c8044f26a	Today, of course, this phenomenon is not so popular.
24a9a0c92c2d951a8f1cc8936f1191191fedf786	History "Course of lectures on the history of Russia" History after the middle of the 20th century
c48313d88a58976b53ab326fbf586666a421e354	Histerl © 2014-2016 ::
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c04d5d7fbb4156cddc1fd81b8a282b1d053f3aea	S t u d e n h e s k i e r a b o t s
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5d951beaf5e2d95fcb7b64ec7b8a961183de8af1	Culture of Russia beginning.
3b1cc8c67c6278a4475deba93a0c5d4f9b426069	20 V.
880e5aaa3c47da07aa86cb580fe41063cee5faad	Home - - - > Answers to questions for the exam in the discipline "Cultural Studies" - - - > Culture of Russia beginning.
f99e267b314a1da61009d4c0b316db9725d1b16c	The end of the XIX - beginning of the XX century was marked by a deep crisis that engulfed the entire European culture, which was the result of disillusionment with previous ideals and a sense of approaching the death of the existing socio political system.
681f118a321df983d928a24e7be6063cb97953b8	At the same time, it was an era of the emergence of new souls, a new sensitivity.
89f70a4e092ed39fd8627f6a4bb393c6fab599b8	Souls were opened to all kinds of mystical trends, both positive and negative.
d16ec23cb676323dff45eab82b1927ee3cd161dc	Never before have all kinds of seductions and confusions been so strong among us.
08205dafce0f9de91711bdf50c2520b119156dce	In the era of the cultural renaissance, there was a kind of “explosion” in all areas of culture: not only in poetry, but also in music; not only in the visual arts, but also in the theater...
c4b5cab56a6e65192043751d84eb48828ed01eda	Russia of that time gave the world a huge number of new names, ideas, masterpieces.
645fe46690039944e2f36014d5b05ee3144f56b6	Magazines were published, various circles and societies were created, debates and discussions were held, new directions appeared in all areas of culture.
5f5ae989862333f8edcedd21250099f3f63e5179	It was a feeling of unprecedented novelty of everything that the turn of the century brought with it, accompanied by a sense of trouble and instability.
263ef7795af9642f4bdc97db7a8bfa0709264844	We must pay tribute to the symbolists - they did not join any of the stereotypes created in the XIX century.
85e3526ce217c14fdb50e4229800d6c02aa03519	Nekrasov was dear to them, like Pushkin, Fet like Nekrasov.
edd8e64711e9796b5ce0fbca6b2176da2f1c65b4	And the point here is not in the promiscuity and omnivorousness of the symbolists.
4bb92cc57239d19471fe2d2344c4cc011b6d7dcf	The point is in the breadth of views, and most importantly, in the understanding that every major person in art has the right to his own view of the world and art. Whatever the views of their creator, the value of the works of art itself does not lose anything from that.
c6919a21e87c32430c3329ac22704194bbc98980	The main thing that the artists of the symbolic direction could not accept was complacency and peace, the absence of trembling and gorenje.
62d5ab2ba935904bc62a94cf75a7cee82407f5f3	Such an attitude to the artist and his creations was also associated with the understanding that now, at the moment, at the end of the 90s of the XIX century, there is an entry into a new - disturbing and unsettled world.
46e5e3ddfc9a6c74d3b23722e7f3d1e6c2e3dccb	The artist must be imbued with both this novelty and this disorder, nourish his creativity with them, and ultimately sacrifice himself to time, to events that are not yet visible, but which are as inevitable as the movement of time.
b5b3bf3d7394c1c57f4556430afa26dcaadf3d1f	In 1900, K. Balmont gave a lecture in Paris, which he gave a demonstrative title: "Elementary words about symbolic poetry".
46e17930dcd739cfb6e6a508b7b3be826e2f85c1	Balmont believes that the empty place has already been filled, a new direction has emerged: symbolic poetry, which is a sign of the times.
af45076f6d69b73aef9cc99cb702ae9b91e6055f	From now on, there is no need to talk about any “spirit of desolation”.
083a73af57344a170e9b2a0f70ecf5aa2308bfe8	Thus, poetic allegory is brought to the fore as the main method of creativity, when a word, without losing its usual meaning, acquires additional potential, meaningful meanings that reveal its true “essence”.
71cfbbd5f9fb504abe3483d921d7b8d27e3efb8b	Symbolism, which emerged in the 90s under the sign of the search for new means of poetic depiction, at the beginning of the new century, found ground in vague expectations of the approaching historical changes.
79101644a9f37314377d1d99644dcbc870b6d5aa	The acquisition of this soil served as the basis for its further existence and development, but in a different direction.
eb15dd75df15c3a68fe950b1930364065db2a9ed	The poetry of symbolism remained fundamentally and emphatically individualistic in its content, but it received a problematic that was now based on the perception of a specific epoch.
a8789062dc445cdca4eaf4973006799c3403c7ea	On the basis of anxious expectation, there is now an aggravation of the perception of reality, which entered the consciousness and creativity of the poets in the form of certain mysterious and disturbing “signs of time”.
647a7ae72853f36a0359f1d25a9a84c88f647530	Any phenomenon, any historical or purely everyday fact could become such a “sign”
e022a606e427b753186b768f4551df0f4e4afb4d	(”signs " of nature - dawns and sunsets; various kinds of meetings, which were given a mystical meaning; the” signs " of the state of mind are doubles;
e98f5abd9f155dde7fc93b986532e73a4286f0b4	"signs” of history - Scythians, Huns, Mongols, general destruction;
59e6a6fbf258898e01d5b70333dbf97d68700219	The” signs " of the Bible that played a particularly important role - Christ, the new rebirth, the white color as a symbol of the purifying nature of future changes, etc.).
6b7a614625df82f01f5486efeb4d7a70b01f9c5f	The cultural heritage of the past was also mastered.
3398fb5bb4dd51577cb1c9e3bdc9b8455bcc6b5a	Facts that could have a “prophetic” character were selected from it.
68bb94be58d54c8fe6c1b9912c9f839ee5e3ee9e	Written and oral presentations were widely equipped with these facts.
55df025b4559040811597fb317bdbe233d3f9b40	By the nature of its internal connections, the poetry of symbolism developed at that time in the direction of an ever deeper transformation of direct life impressions, their mysterious comprehension, the purpose of which was not to establish real connections and dependencies, but to comprehend the “hidden” meaning of things.
f7e394448596f129eb20703732dbe975361c12ae	This trait was the basis of the creative method of the poets of symbolism, their poetics, if we take these categories in conditional and general features for the whole current.
acf3c97c325816c12f0e97ef7c21db633b4d930a	The nine hundredth years are a time of flowering, renewal and deepening of symbolist lyrics.
b6226f4f465b742eceada2b5ceeca15f3c18e23e	No other direction in poetry could compete with symbolism in these years, neither in the number of collections produced, nor in the influence on the reading public.
beff22d7cafb24d19370caf10bca8c076d08f290	Symbolism was a heterogeneous phenomenon, uniting in its ranks poets who held the most contradictory views.
8b90787231c027aee901c6fb23eb54d396cbfed7	Some of them very soon realized the futility of poetic subjectivism, while others took time to do so.
9985b3271b8ffd1636e0d41c1d6cec3d95eb1dc3	Some of the symbolists, such as Nikolai Minsky, Dmitry Merezhkovsky, began their creative career as representatives of civic poetry, and then began to focus on the ideas of” god building “and”religious community".
9f02aae7d5583813a287ae872cb3bfd71f297410	Others - for example, Valery Bryusov, Konstantin Balmont (they were also sometimes called “senior symbolists”) - considered symbolism as a new stage in the progressive development of art, which replaced realism, and largely proceeded from the concept of “art for art” .
b4ee4d08344a0e4fdca1f2a2ab3a215b185d11f1	V. Bryusov's poetry is characterized by historical and cultural problems, rationalism, completeness of images, declamatory system.
4a57ad1a83802727486f7f4305d1cd2225753ef4	In the poems of K. Balmont - the cult of the Self, the play of fleeting moments, the opposition to the” iron age "of the primordial integral "solar" principle; musicality.
ef1c8c480fa4f85d0fe362147f2ceea45f3e53b7	And, finally, the third - the so - called “junior” symbolists (Alexander Blok, Andrey Bely, Vyacheslav Ivanov) - were adherents of a philosophical and religious understanding of the world in the spirit of the teachings of the philosopher Vl.
ccba9d9fce69ab770b01a269f6a6534cce035050	Solovyov.
8212ccf56dced07eddf2e4cc440c59536b9d8bc1	At the beginning of the second decade of the XX century, two new poetic trends appeared acmeism and futurism.
fe57b2cf1e7008c3f661ada3ece4d48d8616e090	The Acmeists (from the Greek word “acme” - the blooming time, the highest degree of anything) called for purifying poetry from philosophy and all kinds of” methodological " hobbies, from the use of vague hints and symbols, proclaiming a return to the material world and accepting it as it is. with its joys, vices, evil and injustice, defiantly refusing to solve social problems and asserting the principle of “art for art”.
80af971d0c005f9d0e0c89bbaf01175f5eaa3118	However, the work of such talented acmeist poets as N. Gumilev, S. Gorodetsky, A. Akhmatova, M. Kuzmin, O. Mandelstam went beyond the theoretical principles they proclaimed.
e6c64daec5813013583268a15ac90d6f6fb48ca7	Each of them brought his own motives and moods, his own poetic images, peculiar to him, into poetry.
66ea19bc614773106d875763d4e375b97fd3c3e5	But these statements were often reduced to an abstract declaration of individualism, freedom from moral and cultural traditions.
51f5f388e8c548334da29c8b57de7b8954a92390	Futurism united different groups, among which the most famous were: cubofuturists (V. Mayakovsky, V. Kamensky, D. Burlyuk, V. Khlebnikov), egofuturists (I. Severyanin), the group " Centrifuge” (N. Aseev, B. Pasternak, etc.).
a374fba71d8f4b4f3d383fab6e8507bd170245ac	In the conditions of the revolutionary upsurge and the crisis of the autocracy, acmeism and futurism proved to be unviable and by the end of the 1910s ceased to exist.
aeed26daa6724ed88c533b185d40f09b1c2debe0	Among the new trends that emerged in Russian poetry during this period, a group of so - called “peasant” poets began to occupy a prominent place N. Klyuev, A. Shiryaevets, S. Klychkov, P. Oreshin.
62c230b047b3e294c29d46fb09eadcd47f838c59	For some time, S. was close to them.
f6423a5736c8f34120f8dc92c56c8f33b0c33c5d	Yesenin, who later went on an independent and broad creative path.
63ddc1abbc093a4490c374029e321b117977af72	Contemporaries saw them as nuggets that reflected the worries and troubles of the Russian peasantry.
2aa48af5899464ecf64f1eae6f68eff08686ffc0	They were also united by the commonality of some poetic techniques, the widespread use of religious symbols and folklore motifs.
e9c3f767cb54bde956181456630fdb779f401c15	Among the poets of the late XIX early XX century, there were also those whose work did not fit into the currents and groups that existed at that time.
cb9a0337c4bffc67e37364772b94f0af398f7596	Such, for example, are I. Bunin, who sought to continue the traditions of Russian classical poetry;
dfe6c6dcaba18390f7f35cd721ef17c95f2d12a4	I. Annensky, in some ways close to the symbolists and at the same time far from them, who was looking for his way in a huge poetic sea;
5163217e0fe8eddd78b3495e429ea8c19e90c2c4	Sasha Cherny, who called himself a "chronic" satirist, brilliantly possessed “anti aesthetic " means of exposing philistinism and philistinism;
f009466733b361ed1b7baa9b48140dd7b56dc55b	M. Tsvetaeva with her " poetic responsiveness to the new sound of the air”.
d6df9e1143657c79f1b530e96657df5201d26794	The Russian literary trends of the beginning of the XX century are characterized by the turn of the Renaissance towards religion and Christianity.
dd3258e9826df9006952e2b46f2f4d3162a260c6	Russian poets could not hold on to aestheticism, they tried to overcome individualism in different ways.
ec6f4ff8cba89d0970d59820e3fef4ad9f6f0c0e	Merezhkovsky was the first in this direction, then the leading representatives of Russian symbolism began to contrast sobornost with individualism, mysticism with aestheticism.
0a6e70480c8a031aea2bae6b62ce88f73def4769	Viach.
ee8c14fe1eb20bbc8d9124eef2d2353eeb36e7b7	Ivanov and A. Bely were theorists of mystically colored symbolism.
c4c2547131089caf4e3a04b92cc4e9cf8bf0b43d	There was a rapprochement with the current that emerged from Marxism and idealism.
4f28f20ec4922acacc9e9c6c217fef02d7ac4065	Russian Russian history's split, the split that grew throughout the XIX century, the abyss that unfolded between the upper refined cultural layer and the broad circles, popular and intellectual, led to the fact that the Russian cultural renaissance fell into this opened abyss.
b67eb06e9a50e8e645f5f3fb6ee615a1639045b7	The revolution began to destroy this cultural renaissance and persecute the creators of culture...
d8a2b8d48151a168c0b4c4dc4e5f59458a8f00f7	The figures of Russian spiritual culture were largely forced to move abroad.
5c50daff16682584bfee3e4ed9a639f009b230a9	In part, this was a payback for the social indifference of the creators of spiritual culture” " Previous materials: Russian culture in the XVIII XIX centuries.
c5fb2b354042bea1d70a91b7f14dd2eb89b14c0e	The culture of Ancient Russia.
89f1fd95a1f203fe40a40a983fa6a710b24f5fa5	Modernism and postmodernism as a cultural phenomenon of the 20th century.
fb14fecc4f92ac6dc56861296639c92ce91c131f	Features of the development of culture of the XX century.
59fccf3491469ae33793ea397140de6117bfca66	European culture of the XIX century.
0d7efca32dc3cdb0588dad682ff635334b09305f	The following materials: Soviet culture: the main features and trends.
226e9d8a2466fa741cb60f8cf11b206e7192716a	Culture and global problems of modernity The concept of culture.
2cfbbb3c994e759e91bf3327264f8fd61329bb86	SCHOOLS, TRENDS AND THEORIES IN CULTURAL STUDIES PRIMITIVE CULTURE
5c7c42c813af78e940464272b8168906c0536678	Lectures on SKD Lectures on the economics of the socio cultural sphere Lectures on socially voluntary formations Lectures on educational technologies in socio cultural activities 55 lecture questions on the course Cultural studies Lectures on cultural studies Cultural history Control and problem solving
4365cab12d6cdc4d83cd5e165db34ef57b65829f	Ekamenational preparation
b9b1c36b4aeea6a81ac41cdbf3f4b571e1df5b41	Cheat sheets on the discipline "socio cultural activity" Cheat sheets on socio cultural service and tourism Cheat sheets on socio cultural activities 25 answers to questions for the test in cultural studies A brief history of Russian culture from ancient times to the beginning of the XX century Answers to tickets in cultural studies Answers to the test in cultural studies Answers to questions for the exam in the discipline "Cultural studies" Cheat sheets on the basics of cultural studies
cb2966236ed86285eed3dd8b7e88ad8eecd23b9a	Copyright © 2014 Sociology.
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11a4269854de9d16fa12c26a148d6beab5bc4e96	The history of Russia briefly
7ff4b122569062e7ed559d45bc562dd35bf0af05	The development of culture in the mid 50s 60s
98192fac17d533836b13e1065e86570d15564156	The processes of changes in the socio political life of the country had a significant impact on the cultural life of Soviet society.
ac0d38a85a18c0889a3c29dbeb185dbecd2ba098	The newfound freedom gave an impetus to the development of initiative and creative thought.
66287f844df6677bc7e231ff3d1e1d314f06b0c7	However, the legacy of the "Stalinist regime" remained and continued to operate under the supervision of administrative and party bodies.
15faf3f6c19b9930cd39ad6b5f6b3081d999599a	Khrushchev himself tried to exert a personal influence on the development of culture.
bb0123ae3343dad0cceb0b0c0ed300ee751346a7	They tried to put culture at the service of an administrative command ideology.
002663b9d146c711c0e7ecb0c6ea786ee3802542	The magazine "New World", published under the editorship of A. T. Tvardovsky, has gained special popularity.
9625eec789a6a16480bf196fd7805f38fc9c6db2	The magazine "Yunost", headed by V. P. Kataev, and later B. N. Polev, provided an opportunity to publish their works to young authors.
12aee34a190be0d81edc6df262c180146436ed28	The magazine "October" (prose writer and publicist V. A. Kochetov) published authors who did not approve of anti Stalinist sentiments.
68d504013f5b733bcb92267d6ae89790983a88e4	Young talented authors who were not afraid to tell the truth appeared in literature, cinema, and fine arts.
2e6ebca64201548c586e9e68735b9a2225970396	Poets p.
586436f14171f12bc7b0c3a2babda08253589729	Rozhdestvensky, A. Voznesensky E. Yevtushenko, B. Okudzhava, B. Akhmadulina, film directors A. Tarkovsky, G. Chukhray, sculptor E. Neizvestny received recognition and world fame.
d502e12aa5ad2cf36643bd4bd0916bd440159a87	A significant event was the publication in the magazine " New World "of the work of D. Dudintsev" Not by bread alone "and the story of A. Solzhenitsyn" One day of Ivan Denisovich", dedicated to the topic of Stalin's repressions.
94d23931c2532934d17386ebb8648600a49b3379	Since the second half of the 60s, international relations of Soviet science and culture began to expand.
5127156b16c315b652b152fdbc4d047156d5f6cb	The scientists had the opportunity to participate in international conferences.
c434d89c5f6ad19d43742ff16eb1d9321c98b55b	Soviet creative teams began to make tours around the world.
a68dc60525ad945056e58e522487171162440667	The State Committee for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries was established under the Council of Ministers.
e3d7b9aa96e797070b827b9aacb377cba93d60d1	The USSR joined UNESCO.
93b80326a953c636bba0e8f4831e5beb5dd2dda6	In 1958, the International Tchaikovsky Competition of Performers was organized.
359495a63484dab7a8988ec7cb232270792c032a	The Moscow Film Festival is resuming its work.
48a6efe4c9bb06190d4e95de058988ec916444d4	In the Khrushchev decade, science was successfully developing.
3200cb37cc180887558d3d838db8a1dbb61bf2d5	Huge funds were allocated for research and construction of scientific centers.
34d08258c6a59f107865188010dd0b40f258f820	An example of this is the formation of the largest scientific center - the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
fa5f6baf59c34ec3522461eea80a18416fedb839	Achievements in the field of fundamental research in various fields of science have become generally recognized in the world.
f020b32c3349b2624c010dd6511c98edb2293035	Achievements in space exploration have become particularly successful.
f9c6b8605f8df7d0bdf841ad9f58f38d43ed2aa2	On October 4, 1957, the USSR launched the first artificial Earth satellite.
0c1c6867cb22b449fcc0478ea535061370ff40eb	On April 12, 1961, the first man flew into space - Yuri Gagarin.
e3b050f551a2268232abe3cc2cfd3d39bb22c784	However, contradictions in the implementation of cultural policy increasingly led to conflicts with cultural figures.
93bb858c4b83652926c5b04890fe9be1b1bb0bc0	Khrushchev and his advisers from among the cultural figures took conservative protective positions.
b3c597b5dfce8f8f0ca563ec3a79868f10b6e7e9	A dramatic event in the cultural life of the country was the persecution of the poet and prose writer B. L. Pasternak for publishing the novel "Doctor Zhivago".
29e9df32247048ead849a467a146e197e3e580c4	He was expelled from the writers ' union abroad.
66fc32e298a1a01387e1144c48d3ebd96ed75255	V. Grossman, whose novel "Life and Fate" was arrested by the KGB, was also severely criticized.
8bdea5a7486af80d08f1212473942aa62bd22e65	At the exhibition in the Manege.
b99f01672775d269a0f6f943dea33423db16e74a	Khrushchev personally arranged a "dressing down" of avant garde artists.
7211e9ed09fb1b2d838933b6fbb5c557a78ec880	He demonstrated incompetence and inconsistency in matters of ideology and culture.
3865973cd655ee476b2ecb95b4c0b1336b24a8cf	The ideological dictate has been preserved in many areas of spiritual life.
329fbbd7d25f5b8bca9d6a1ffd6daf35b818bb50	This was especially evident in historical science.
fa88c51fd851b0d9d267d30d9f843a9e56fadc90	Even timid attempts to revise some problems of the history of the CPSU caused fierce condemnation and the beginning of the struggle against"bourgeois ideology".
c56c080bf215bf82631f97c444f87a19d502b36a	During the Khrushchev "thaw", the dissident movement began, which marked the beginning of an informal culture in society.
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8d140a3fba7891bf30d1c93bbbb5363586382458	1-10 century The formation of the Old Russian state Prince Rurik.
0e86afc71d490dc90bac7fbcd97c1bf16d647ec5	The vocation of the Varangians Prince Oleg the Prophetic Prince Igor Princess Olga Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich Prince Yaropolk Svyatoslavovich Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich The Baptism of Russia The Eastern Slavs The struggle against nomads in Russia The Pechenegs the Khazars the Polovtsy the Drevlyans The Rurik Dynasty The political system of Ancient Russia Polyudye Paganism Veche in the Old Russian state Serfdom and the rent State in the 2nd half of the 10-11 centuries The Culture of Kievan Rus
2242e5a41a4223b6c436a4dfe753997a05215a31	the 11th century The struggle against nomads in Russia The political system of Ancient Russia The State in the 2nd half of the 10th 11th centuries Russia in the 11th century The Culture of Kievan Rus Prince Yaroslav the Wise "Russian Truth" by Yaroslav the Wise Feudal fragmentation of Russia Civil strife in Russia Lyubech Congress
14210713c733d040fbf8772d7ef5050a63870d5f	The 12th century The struggle against nomads in Russia The political system of Ancient Russia The Feudal fragmentation of Russia Russia in the 12th century The Culture of Russia in the 12th century The Tale of Bygone years Prince Vladimir Monomakh Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich The Collapse of Kievan Rus Prince Yuri Dolgoruky Crusades.
5cfe316dc0a007cb36a452620e5575a165475519	The Second Crusade to Russia The Foundation of Moscow The Construction of the Kremlin Prince Andrey Bogolyubsky Vsevolod The Big Nest Igor Svyatoslavich.
da16803f0cb31af0604ef0bc0daff7a392f598b5	Igor's campaign against the Polovtsians Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich Russian Principalities and lands of the Mongol Tatars in Russia German Swedish expansion
1ce1eee9118b0e6b9aa75f5e885271d3bfe0fb12	13th century Feudal fragmentation of Russia Rus in the 13th century The Unification of Russian lands Mongol Tatars in Russia The Golden Horde Evpatiy Kolovrat Alexander Nevsky and the Battle of the Neva The Battle of the Kalka River The Ice Battle German Swedish expansion Prince Daniel Alexandrovich Kulikovskaya Battle
289ff8df391c2e241cc67b2572019f12f5a70b07	14th century Russia in the 14th century Prince Ivan Kalita The Rise of Moscow The Uprising in Tver Prince Dmitry Donskoy The First Stone Kremlin The Battle of Kulikovo The Burning of Moscow by Khan Tokhtamysh Prince Vasily 1 Dmitrievich Boyar Duma The Culture of Russia of the 2nd half of the 14-15 centuries
69f2fce7f7c3382cfa7d2a8606961231a1f8f34b	15th century Russia in the 15th century The Culture of Russia of the 2nd half of the 14th 15th centuries The Culture of Russia of the 15th century Prince Vasily 2 The Dark Prince of Ivan 3 The Sudebnik of Ivan 3 Afanasy Nikitin The Annexation of Novgorod to Moscow Standing on the Ugra River The Annexation of Tver to Moscow The Formation of the Russian state
647c6666c416c0fef4530abde367697b093fbaa8	16th century Culture of Russia 2nd half of the 14th 15th centuries Formation of the Russian state Russia in the 16th century Culture of Russia of the 16th century Reforms of the 16th century Foreign policy of Russia in the 16th century Socio economic development of Russia in the 16th century Prince Vasily 3 Elena Glinskaya Tsar Ivan 4 The Terrible Period of Boyar rule Andrey Kurbsky Sudebnik 1550 Zemsky Sobor Reform Policy of the Elected Rada Stoglav Cathedral (Stoglav) The capture of Kazan The Livonian War of 1558-1583 The first printed book by Ivan Fyodorov Oprichnin under Ivan the Terrible Malyuta Skuratov Ermak's Campaign in Siberia A Brief Biography of Fyodor 1 Ivanovich The Reign of Boris Godunov Tsarevich Dmitry Culture of Russia in the 17th century Russian Foreign Policy in the 17th century The Time of Troubles
7f4050671950f55514b600a04dafc93b04ce29ad	The 17th century The reign of Boris Godunov The culture of Russia in the 17th century The socio economic development of Russia in the 17th century Popular movements in the 17th century The foreign policy of Russia in the 17th century The time of Troubles (smuta) The reign of False Dmitry 1 and 2 Tsar Vasily Shuisky The Polish Swedish intervention of the 17th century The peasant Uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov The Uprising of Minin and Pozharsky The Romanov Dynasty Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich the Cathedral Code of 1649 The Church schism of the 17th century The Uprising of Stepan Razin Tsar Fyodor 3 Alekseevich Tsarevna Sophia Alekseevna Tsar Peter 1
8802b541d36f7d4f54e50ac11f8ff2f767e822ef	18th century Russia in the first quarter of the 18th century The culture of Russia in the 2nd half of the 18th century The Foreign policy of Russia in the 2nd half of the 18th century The foreign policy of Russia in the 18th century The Northern War The Foundation of St. Petersburg The Battle of Poltava The Reforms of Peter 1.
7f04dd9f012d18bbfd33b360b6f9d87e1e5b4cdf	Absolutism Table of ranks of Peter 1 The Era of Palace coups Empress Catherine 1 Tsar Peter 2 Alekseevich Empress Anna Ioannovna Russian Turkish Wars Tsar Ivan 6 Empress Elizabeth Petrovna The Seven Years ' War Tsar Peter 3 Empress Catherine 2 Emelyan Pugachev Emperor Paul 1 Campaigns of Alexander Suvorov Alexey Andreevich Arakcheev
a36a2ae25ab96e77c204c2a0691878abb671e6c5	1 half of the 19th century Emperor Paul 1 Russia at the beginning of the 19th century Russian culture of the 1st half of the 19th century Domestic policy of Russia in the first half of the 19th century Foreign policy at the beginning of the 19th century Foreign policy of Russia in the 19th century Foreign policy in 1826-1856 Domestic policy in 1815-1825 Social movement in 30-50 years of the 19th century Crisis of the feudal serf system Emperor Alexander 1 Mikhail Speransky Peasant Question Patriotic War of 1812 Partisan War The Battle of Borodino (Borodino) The Decembrist Uprising Emperor Nicholas 1 Socio economic development of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century Emperor Nicholas 2 The Russian Japanese War
b53f8a9400c5378cfee0d5f90ede848d4aa7648a	2 half of the 19th century Culture of the second half of the 19th century Domestic policy of the 2nd quarter of the 19th century Foreign policy in the 60-70 years of the 19th century Socio political movement Socio economic development The Crimean war Emperor Alexander 2 Reforms of Alexander 2 Abolition of serfdom Financial reform Bourgeois reform Judicial reform Zemstvo reform Urban reform Military reform Emperor Alexander 3 Reforms of S. Yu.
5556f4d7f0d797e764ccf16bfca762af3550d4bf	Witte
6257030f86741b56cb97b85f3dc653ee17a7ca2b	Russian Russian Culture of the early 20th century Socio economic development of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century Russia's foreign policy at the beginning of the 20th century Russia's domestic policy in the 20th century Russia's foreign policy in the 20th century The Triple Alliance and the Entente Emperor Nicholas 2 The Russian Japanese War The Portsmouth World The First Russian Revolution Bloody Sunday Manifesto October 17 1905 Stolypin's Reforms 1 and 2 State Dumas 3 and 4 State Dumas World War I V. I. Lenin The Bolsheviks The February Revolution The Provisional Government The choice of ways of social development Kornilov Lavr Georgievich The growth of the revolutionary crisis The October Revolution The Formation of the RSFSR The Establishment of Soviet power The Civil War The Conclusion of the Brest Peace War Communism Kerensky Alexander Fedorovich Kolchak Alexander Vasilyevich The New Economic Policy (NEP) of the USSR in general The Formation of the USSR Socio political life in the 20s Internal party struggle in the 20s of the 20th century
8eba97ad57e4b5d67d23486caaaedae3379eb860	2 quarter of the 20th century Socio political life in the 30s Soviet culture in the 20s and 30s The foreign policy of the USSR in the 20s and 30s Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich Collectivization of the economy Industrialization of the country The Constitution of the USSR The Soviet Finnish War Adolf Hitler The Second World War The Anti Hitler Coalition Nakanu not the warriors The Barbarossa Plan The Great Patriotic War The Partisan War The Beginning of the warriors The German attack on the USSR in 1941 The Brest Fortress The Defense of Smolensk The Defense of Odessa The Defense of Sevastopol the Defense of Moscow The Siege of Leningrad A radical change in the war The Battle of Stalingrad the Defense of the Caucasus the Battle of Kursk "Everything for the front, everything for victory!"
52038ced85a7886da890df3198b0e5e6dca360d1	The Defense of the Dnieper The Defense of Kiev Fighting in 1942 Beria Lavrentiy Pavlovich The Battle for Berlin The Leningrad cause the Liberation of Kiev Military actions of 1944-1945 The struggle behind enemy lines the Development of the USSR in 1945-1953 The Cold War
ea8f4371c71d2aeaa645e7772749acadb2a7ea41	3 quarter of the 20th century G. M. Malenkov Nikita Khrushchev 20th Congress of the CPSU and Khrushchev's report The Warsaw Pact Yuri Gagarin's Flight into space Leonid Brezhnev USSR economy in the mid 50s early 60s The period of stagnation in the USSR Kosygin and his reforms Political life in the 50s 60s Foreign policy in the mid 50s mid 60s Cultural development in the mid 50s 60s of the USSR 1960-1980 Foreign policy of the USSR 60-80s Cultural development in the era of stagnation
e132345869da7e3b501d832cf87be1e0e72d1747	4 quarter of the 20th century Yu.
9f41923f447a12df366861d8facb8aabd08c472c	V. Andropov Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich Perestroika in the USSR The August Putsch.
d013936247e733b080a3f1d5a857e0a8367a0f3c	GKCHP Foreign Policy of the USSR Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin Formation of the CIS The collapse of the USSR The October Putsch Reforms of the late 20th century Russia in 1992-1996 Russia's policy in the Modern World
511ff89fffff6d3a9b1ca1cb9a25529e502e89b2	Miscellaneous Share the task with us
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86231417dbad9d64d8f4e33b47b442059f80232d	Abstracts Abstracts on culture and art Abstract: Culture of Russia of the XX century
905d4fc62833108dad91e072c6e6b12948c60f30	Abstract: Culture of Russia of the XX century: An abstract on the discipline "Cultural Studies" on the topic: "Culture of Russia of the XX century" Table of Contents Introduction 1.
3627b50e82444edd3fff7727b09d782f055bf327	Culture of the Silver Age 2.
fe5d6c8b6ce59d7adef5271328e9be6b2052d096	Soviet Culture Conclusion References
dce9510c6605a46acd0520252f1c2001c3b6c6ef	Introduction The epoch making revolution in culture is a consequence of the global crisis, the symptoms of which are obvious.
c01cf71abf56d1858acb305d2ede482eb66db448	First of all, this is evidenced by the sphere of art, which is most sensitive to barely noticeable changes in life.
8f500651e3df7c591b6ae97388c4ba57ab2ab302	It is the modern crisis of art that demonstrates the destruction of the sensual form of our painting, sculpture, music, literature, drama and architecture.
f4d80942c786da287f1cff5eae78463903065425	P. Sorokin notes that "the style of sensual art is naturalistic, even sometimes somewhat illusionistic, free from any supersensible symbolism."
3ef1dee11bda202caf9001eacba9850a9b034c5f	This means that it reproduces the phenomena of the external world as they are perceived by our senses.
6c2c5776d0621d0bf316902277ab2379ed34a2e9	Sensory art is empirical; realistic art, because its themes are a real landscape, real events, a real portrait.
120fc8166867a842525c9db347ba15475d4df9a0	The crisis manifests itself in the disintegration, chaotic, eclecticism, primitivization and irrationalization of various types of art.
b89d9c955e5d6393feec213388c40aebe3d53e1d	Indeed, researchers (E. Grodzinsky, P. Sorokin, etc.) cite numerous facts confirming the thesis about the primitivization of aesthetic tastes, accompanied by irrationalization of thinking.
baf70b63f1aef9e595fd6a1ffb79a5eac3a8e99c	In other words, music, painting, literature and other arts and directly related areas of human aesthetic activity in the XX century were subjected to the pressure of irrationalism.
277533e262d2e2f5bbefd713f852c62c28407e56	This is especially evident in the field of painting (and adjacent sculpture and graphics).
2a08d35a0a8f56d473d6ee2be35d4300adbf2dc1	The relevance of this topic is determined by the ongoing crisis of Russian culture, the need for its thorough analysis and the search for ways out of the crisis state.
b46ecfeb7df1d38c81a2bf0b4ebd4f06736981de	The purpose of this work is to study and compare the Russian culture of the early 20th century and Soviet culture.
4dce4cf7e5550b0b597a8635a43639af4c65ff40	In connection with this goal, the following research tasks can be formulated · * to consider the features of the Russian culture of the "silver age", its characteristic features;
0262c0045e7242ad04c4c4d03b5cd41460a2be87	* identify the features of Soviet culture, its strengths and weaknesses.
661768a7bdf2aa1b6134c8a6d6b0a8b2a46ab6fc	The abstract consists of 5 sections.
b55c9296d25f630dc9800c990921949d4cfcfb2d	The first one formulates the purpose and objectives of the study, the second describes the features of Russian culture at the beginning of the 20th century, the third gives an overview of Soviet culture, the fourth draws the main conclusions on the content of the work, the fifth indicates the primary sources on the topic of the work.
228d312529715a6f77b333d46a4cd6e4bae3d5b6	1. The culture of the Silver Age This era is not evaluated unambiguously.
72b2b00411fdc31f6a4dcf807102aa785e1747c2	For some, this is the euphoria of filling in white spots, getting acquainted with basic names, absolutizing them.
68dd59b381bf6b6af60226c5e121defc5295e2d2	For others, it is an age of decadence, attempts at blasphemous Christian search.
3af1f6afe84e07454cd98fac8f134e1924549d4a	What is characteristic of the silver age?
0e48ab4b58b43baed3689cf60931d3c00daaedf9	First, it is the mentality of a socio cultural person, freed from thinking, permeated with politics.
af7f3fbcd6d03168520d3c8430ab4b2c06d90a37	Secondly, it is a religious and philosophical Renaissance, a neo Christian search.
a692dab84b6d2955379f0ebd3414f24452b9677b	M. Gorky was indignant at the domination of petty bourgeois culture, which the silver Age brought with it.
d4526db7e86534685ea129001a1a2e89032341a6	Fifth, the mentality of the Silver Age is a cult of creativity.
53648ea7d747ae02f757654b22ad497c0e71cdc7	Sixth, the era of new trends: symbolism and acmeism, modernism, futurism, avant gardism, antiquity.
776ddf4c8314bef3433a54faa68fb9d251e96d25	The twentieth century has not seen such a rise in any national culture as in Russia.
aa2dd3e4ecb8d2dabcba65a4c732dbff08ebfe26	M. Akhmatova, A. Blok, A. Bely, N. Gumilev, O. Mandelstam, B. Pasternak, V. Mayakovsky, M. Tsvetaeva – all of them were nurtured by the silver age of Russian culture.
14c2e2ffd709fc8cd2ad99d31bbc00e58feb8dff	Russian symbolism is painted in the colors of the unity of the intelligentsia, its break with the people and the appearance of the coming boor.
c4210137c759370a4b187573ea0e3315ad6eacde	On the unanticipated acmeic soil, a whole inflorescence of talents arose, first of all A. Akhmatova, N. Gumilev.
b93a648a1be190521d2c05b40dc3f3c118db6d79	A special place is occupied by the Russian avant garde.
6094fd25d696b28724eea0e7cc52a1aede875d4d	— A. Benois, K. Somov, L. Bakst, E. Lancere, A. Golovin, M. Dobuzinsky, M. Vrubel, V. Serov, K. Korovin, I. Levitan, M. Nesterov, N. Roerich, B. Kustodiev, K. Petrov Vodkin, F. Malyavin, M. Larionov, N. Goncharova, etc.
778ed4a21208abe3efd346e368f902ee45581a20	Russian Russian ballet and opera tours abroad, the so — called "Russian Seasons", were of great importance for the formation of the "World of Arts", the personality of S. Diaghilev, a patron and organizer of exhibitions, and later the impresario of the tours of Russian ballet and opera abroad.
3d81353c04d20e38d4b656b949fd302526464a39	Thanks to Diaghilev's work, Russian art is widely recognized internationally.
b77ce00727abc84f239ecd6c4b380ecf09af2e1b	The "Russian Seasons" organized by him in Paris are among the milestone events in the history of Russian music, painting, opera and ballet art.
1321eb54b5c20d94921f5228fa0044683a37c31c	In 1906, the Parisians were presented with the exhibition "Two Centuries of Russian Painting and Sculpture", which was then exhibited in Berlin and Venice.
b1b56f489953067574d2a2c1da4b49e984c7737a	Russian Russian art was the first act of the pan — European recognition of the "World of Art", as well as the discovery of Russian painting of the XVIII early XX century.
af0cd50886a8fefa659effdf2c4c39e5bde916c1	In general, for Western criticism, and a real triumph of Russian art.
8274fa124870f4851ae15e54593d8ea7d29abb25	The following year, Paris could get acquainted with Russian music from Glinka to Scriabin.
378a6d750af1d4acfb5a37709661e4e1426d8380	In 1906, our brilliant singer F. performed here with exceptional success.
207d00c199722ea80f3cc245a571ac25e106ac16	Chaliapin, who performed the role of Tsar Boris in Mussorgsky's opera "Boris Godunov".
e02861bff26c1c3f3d3923d58f3e5b65593ecc46	In 1909, the" Russian Seasons " of ballet began in Paris, which lasted for several years (until 1912).
63d875437369aeca6629993a3ac990e263fd3ba3	In many ways, Fokin's views are close to the aesthetics of Soviet ballet.
84bb017c9bd39a473fa55961a1b139329bd2c170	The choreographic sketch "The Dying Swan" to the music of the French composer Saint Saens, created by him for Anna Pavlova, captured in the drawing by V. Serov, has become a symbol of Russian classical ballet.
d4dc7fc8808f3f6d42af82f800b9691aedcdddf8	Under the editorship of Diaghilev, from 1899 to 1904, the magazine "World of Art" was published, which consisted of two departments: artistic and literary.
166b3dea1a81b012afc7b56011ef8cc0d3fc973b	In the latter department, works of a religious and philosophical plan were first published under the editorship of D. Merezhkovsky and 3.
049a95e84c2e97f75a9777f2f9919efba387f298	Gippius, and then works on the theory of aesthetics of the symbolists led by A. Bely and V. Bryusov.
0a292a020ee9a0634b7660f455a86f97a143504a	The editorial articles of the first issues of the magazine clearly formulated the main provisions of Miriskusnikov about the autonomy of art, that the problems of modern art and culture in general are exclusively problems of artistic form and that the main task of art is to educate the aesthetic tastes of Russian society, primarily through acquaintance with works of world art. We must pay tribute to them: thanks to the "miriskusniki", English and German art was really appreciated in a new way, and most importantly, the painting of the Russian XVIII century and the architecture of St. Petersburg classicism became a discovery for many.
afe245d69646e28ad3fe3c9d664131a7ed137ce9	The Russian culture of this time is a synthesis of the old noble and diverse cultures.
85ae453ca49548f8f2bf5a6e682506084c43ba88	A significant contribution of the "World of Art" is the organization of a grandiose historical exhibition of Russian painting from icon painting to modernity abroad.
324d6985fe8d05feace02a0760c7112f5c99f382	The Silver Age anticipated many cultural searches of the XX century.
f37494bb1befeb61468e7c48bbda171e8351a9b4	The first declares the entire Soviet culture Lumpen marginal, which is of no interest, the second is a voluminous concrete historical approach.
3c066c6736aa4f04c9fdca28ac97d936a70de386	The culture of the proletariat had not developed at the time of the destruction of these two cultures.
e83379412d6d620ddcb07b1870370253e2a6c617	Soviet culture is a complex, multifaceted phenomenon.
2fe1072cc5a09b72216346a0863eef074b49eb9a	It was formed on the basis of the culture of the military, the lumpen and the culture of the camps.
94c6cdebe48cea9d579c5240321bf95822f473c1	The ratio of these components at different stages of the development of society was different.
faa32acb3a663205d2ab98d7cd0154b9e8c5934d	N. Bukharin and A. Lunacharsky were inclined to a dialogue of cultures.
ddd8cbbb8f520e872e0c72ad205c757439cb4fe6	It was during this period that the culture of totalitarianism was formed Any dissent was suppressed.
25ebecb4b6d77fda725c48a0fab785e4d9ed5b2e	To achieve the main goal of building socialism, the following tasks were realized: 1.
7773f47fb95b7c0900685f77f339788634f644da	The cultural revolution, which includes the elimination of illiteracy, the creation of a giant system of higher educational institutions;
a08128ecfff9fd0d7a87893c6727302718e789d3	Research institutes, libraries, theaters, training of personnel that meet the needs of the management and production system.
ffef4e94308ffb3f7c8ab0324c82394b135697a9	2. Creation of a sufficiently powerful corps of scientists, engineers, specialists who provide the country with scientific, technical and intellectual potential comparable to the potential of the most developed industrial countries.
c58227b4ae446ab460851af9fd9a635a56b34fa5	3. Technological modernization, which provides the possibility of rapid re equipment of the Armed Forces and the creation of a material and technical base for subsequent modernization in the field of economy and management.
94d668a2cd7e3ad0372d16dcf498e1256b4ed490	As a result of the cultural revolution and urbanization, accomplished in record time, and the powerful transfer of the population from the village to the city, an unstable, dynamically non equilibrium hybrid culture has emerged.
5f65f9c573a4d6347f43809d840248a9bdccac60	Thus, all the basic features of the culture that was created in the ZO 50s are the characteristic features of the factory system.
249829ca5ca665f2bfb4305f5bbbfa131c5ce2fc	Consequently, the recognized source of totalitarianism - the factory system, which turns a person into a mechanism subject to fragmentation, manipulation, was cemented in Russia by an affective worship of statehood and undemanding attitude to strict legal restrictions on the activities of public institutions.
1c857b0bb470cc3d470f423e0660d30db21fe313	Artistically, in the 30s 50s, the liquidation of various artistic trends was carried out.
7e019b07cd974a20b18ffff5cd57d8157b6b90e3	A year later, Kazimir Malevich, the head and ideological inspirer of the avant garde, died in Leningrad, the paintings of avant garde painting were no longer exhibited, the names of the artists were not mentioned.
10582e4120d552d4256d0cd11a55d79619422786	The creative heritage of the avant gardists was officially treated not as art, but as trash, not worthy of attention.
c709f9a2ba9f5bff4fbbb8eb577c9e2cea697eed	Totalitarianism in culture has given rise to a socio cultural mythology.
ecbf4ca1c8b4493c5671ee88a4ded3cfd25187e4	It became the basis of Soviet mass culture.
d7587b5557269f3f23450523a73de0a097f0f4a1	Its features are accessibility, vulgarization of any phenomenon of history or modernity, two dimensionality and two color view of the world, deification of the leader, heroization of the population, pseudo optimism, a simplified form for the semi literate mass.
f2b6096fc20168acf6802385b032326e5b901b9a	The mass song from the movie ("Volga – Volga", "The Bright Path") became socio cultural phenomena.
2905f8edb256d76f748c1ac56130524fec13a430	At the same time, M. Gorky, M. Sholokhov, A. Fadeev, A. Tolstoy, N. Ostrovsky, etc. created their own within the framework of socialist realism.
5e4f356e8916694b58e900bf50c11fa4c058cbea	In the same years, the musical works of D. Shostakovich, N. Ya.
0f433f746137194dcc9b462da4a00c2171aa53f5	Myaskovsky, A. I. Shaporin became widely known.
4d30e6b7a6da533ba28e9d9e49bf2cd3c6959cfb	The films of Eisenstein, Vsevolod Pudovkin, Alexander Dovzhenko became the true masterpieces of cinema art. Often the works were deeper than their genre.
db68bc195f3b86089af1c039e0e6ff1ed468f667	So, created in the genre of Isakovsky's mass songs "Katyusha", "Enemies burned their native hut" expressed the pain, hope and joy of an ordinary person.
f2584f6f0570fe29ccaed8e019b3326ecfbe0d29	The culture of the 60s was called the thaw.
3efa0cd3c627baa4e53338ae3281cb64b4e9c038	By this time, the factory system had reached the limit of expansion and began to modify.
e6734d8305ba5c3b6c6f205c3e277aa7e6efd8bc	On the other hand, social inequality has not become the norm of social life.
e2b83517b01334efffc42e023c6c91526648bb14	All this created Soviet liberalism.
a8a04d5107db14de1880a6e6b2ba4521969c94d5	The beginning of the thaw is associated with the appearance in 1954 of the story by I. Ehrenburg with this name.
db5a8c52f4010da149d8f103c32f49dc7068bf25	And the end is associated with the political processes over S.Sinyavsky and Yu.
d644eaf82bf4f61130396f36d87e2a1d3ba8c0a6	Daniel (February 1966 year). The plays of Rozov, the books of V. Aksenov and A. Gladin, the poems of Yevtushenko and A. Voznesensky, the films of M. Khutsiev "Zastava Ilyich" became the moral and political position of the "children of the sixties" who rejected Stalin and the screw man.
94bfbc1e368f1b2cf90b13f593c4b92411ffead8	The beginning of the revolution in consciousness was the stories of A. Solzhenitsin "One Day of Ivan Denisovich", "Matrenin's Yard", "The Incident at the Krichetov Station".
79f09a710dd50f9356ae5f1097e444e62b07d3c1	They became a tocsin addressed to the people's conscience.
9b0e7a4b5b5f75cd1ca9e1c30047d43bdcd6d475	The centers of dissent were the theater groups "Sovremennik", "Taganka".
d78cac56aa7123d8cf94de283d0a4692fedb805d	The cultural priorities of the stagnation period were: 1.
e10f10281fa398d39f362456eb43cc567bd087d3	The way out of the problem of personal life achievements from the dependence on "feeding" or "saving the family" (as it became in the difficult 20s, 30s, 40s, 50s).
e09f347317ff92cfd665772a3dbaa5d277976a31	2. The sale of the party and economic bureaucracy of its power capabilities.
d6744652c19f9ff9691d5c38c878c0bac1ca3de3	3. A noticeable expansion of the scale of the shadow economy and its clashes on the one side - with the state bureaucracy, and on the other – with individual traders.
00b8a9b977e3902abb974d9fe347932bbfbfe70b	4. Establishing a system of double counting – planned indicators, economic interests, social behavior.
1e7562ed77c54ee9d16cf5838b3b93daa9a0c2a9	All this has nullified the citizens ' trust in the declared values and, as a result, has established ideological immunity to public values.
b518f7c16f10434452d77932744f1ad59647fec9	The culture of the 70-80s of the twentieth century in the USSR retained many features peculiar to the culture of the Soviet period, but it also acquired its own, resulting from the peculiarities of the time.
1a0a0383d2bd969537cc39be0a8075035cf57e68	Having survived the Khrushchev thaw, having had the opportunity to get acquainted with world culture more closely, many in the USSR began to think about ways to further develop culture.
74af8d29097c9ad27e742489e008cf8a191db2ac	The existence of an official and unofficial, dissident culture has become real.
e3709d04f0fc828bd1e8c3f6fffc16acee8914e3	The enthusiasm has somewhat diminished.
2c07bf711765c1a003ffdd0ba2869345713c8495	The inconsistency of culture was realized by the majority of members of society.
9f02c9ea4c2bf2f4f786eca224301a2dec8b6997	This was expressed in two contradictory trends in literature and art.
84d2ca988229d83ec3b10edd95185f0e1d2728b6	On the one hand, the appeal to revolutionary romanticism, attempts to find moral support there, on the other, moods of hopelessness, hopelessness, attempts to find an ideal in exotic creeds, a passion for Christianity were increasingly manifested.
dabc76b5482fc1888e2acedd51f563ea4486c570	The official culture became more dogmatic, lost the desire for search and renewal.
80b904879c471ce7c0a2e6c8618c603ecfffab25	This was especially reflected in the struggle of cultural officials with those works that, in their opinion, did not meet the standards.
a1608adbb7549cc08861c6202aace9790c01ec0a	Based on the above, we can conclude that in the culture of the Soviet period there was a "Soviet" core, which included the ideology of Marxism Leninism, which was not always correctly understood and meaningful, at the same time there were whole layers that practically did not experience the influence of this core, which continued the cultural Russian traditions.
986d3be5596b3389f6491f8893c19f546e04e928	By the 70s, the influence of ideology had significantly increased, since several generations of those brought up in the Soviet education system had already grown up, but since the mid 70s, it is possible to trace the process of rejection of the values of "developed socialism" by ordinary citizens and cultural figures.
ac4c8a17c8aa3da1f37618435d0f6b9a60fd44ba	At the same time, the 70-80 years also enriched Russian culture.
0b86885110335ce0108ca6077e5296457fe0b84c	The so called "village people" V. Rasputin, V. Astafyev, B. Nosov have brilliantly comprehended the problems of the Russian people.
16c8a23f22de823392d9c6fd71ee59fdbea444ae	The dialogue of the peoples of the former USSR was productive.
2765fd7aff315c1a763874f1fe93eb6b5556fab1	The works of R. Gazmatov, G. Aitmatov, I. Kuliyev, E. Mezhelaitis personified the phenomenon of Soviet culture.
21f89705415eeef84a8acaab9a1e52a276d18188	Soviet films won prizes at prestigious film forums.
7be1180406773edaab8dc07e53cc27a021e4720d	Modern Russian culture is going through a difficult period of transition to market relations.
3d16ee5aee3335cf95851dbf8720020dec236682	The reformers who came to power after the August putsch believed that it was enough to take only two steps to create a market: to release prices and give people economic freedom.
5277100568ba05b45689194dd828ba80134d2b03	The reformers practically ignored the peculiarities of the Russian cultural tradition, stereotypes and archetypes of the Russian consciousness.
a7377fd166f10a531d931847d9747ae7e0304388	Today we are again asking the traditional question for Russian history: where to go?
293524a4c9a1fdeb75a989016d3fa5a721db967f	And again, two polar points of view collide.
1c0fd5ecb3c7af2d895256a1d4b8986572b2d327	The first one proceeds from the principle there is nothing to invent already open, you need to learn from the West.
cfe1cbec133c149e47ab8da63e901a11c63f2127	According to the second, Russians should follow a special path, the experience of the West is alien to us.
7adeee6b3295df8482c158f204d52117d6e51945	With this formulation of the problem, analogies with the old disputes between Westerners and Slavophiles are easily traced, but this is not enough.
cb59cd14cb7250a2954a614e425b8fcf06ea4179	The Western experience of the civilized market was based on a system of basic values that were formed and polished over a long period, but according to European civilization, starting from the era of the formation of Protestant ethics as the basis of the "spirit of capitalism"analyzed by Weber.
4528b80af70ae28a821323a777841bc96ad55758	This system in its modern version assumes individual freedom and personal responsibility, rationality of choice and action, the rule of law and a single legal space as conditions for compliance with contractual relations between market objects, justice and equality are understood primarily as equality of opportunities; the value of earthly existence is recognized as an installation for a constant and troublesome arrangement of life.
07e007b57202141197ea90bc9aa3cb168e406ceb	There is a different cultural tradition in Russia.
fc39943ac444c577b58f36ee40489fad994ff84b	Since Peter's reforms and including the Soviet history, Russia has experienced several major modernizations (the reforms of Peter I, Alexander II, the accelerated industrialization of the 30s).
cfc3184711ff82a686c079d0c257c1bfad6e3bae	Each of them was carried out by forcibly transforming the existing way of Russian life by a strong state power.
419710020fd288a8d3b129563f327ff950ccfd9c	The Western experience did not fit organically into the traditional Russian soil, but rather looked like a transplant, like an artificial organ being introduced into a foreign culture, which it transformed when faced with traditions that contradict it.
f47ea8ddeec17ae2cb5397c4ff2852bc7ee0656c	The resistance of traditions usually led to a rollback after the reforms, and sometimes to troubled times.
59b443df12be6c0e0eb5e70106e43e66abc5cc64	But the new experience was not completely crossed out.
7105860c825a874e004615a0ffb13f4910a33907	After some time, the complex processes of its assimilation generated a surge of cultural achievements that enriched European and world culture.
24b4bc36e2d4fef69e19f5309f73ac2c2618dea9	The echo of Peter's reforms in Russian culture was the "golden" XIX century, the echo of Alexander II's reforms was the silver Age
d8d1da87477528f6981df15103253000b1bfd9c9	(late XIX early XX centuries ). The "inoculations" of the new European culture after their assimilation in Russia returned to world culture in the form of new achievements.
ba4947234fcd8bf82f3c9c12c533b85a53cc3f2c	The symbiosis of two opposite structures – the New European experience and the traditional mentality in Russian life was the source of all its problems, reproduced for decades and even centuries.
710e394e870e2b28919b279e950715dbe7094972	In particular, a similar problem was the confrontation between the intelligentsia and the people.
78075b47deddfaf5dafa54cdc9f6fa92737c7040	The intelligentsia, as a carrier of Western education and new ideas, often did not find support in the masses of the people, who were the guardians of traditional culture.
f25ff317940c17da82deec3bf1de1039e5f40f9e	In the Russian cultural tradition, the ideals of individualism did not occupy the priority position that was characteristic of the Western system of values.
12006c31dce240d3854b221c99dca48778593c33	The Russian spirit was characterized by the ideal of conciliarity.
47f2fe0c3a3c39590b452d7f67576e55656d4a1e	N. Berdyaev once emphasized that sobornost is different from communality, that is, such a state of collective life activity, which is determined by external coercion.
9e7ac02b45ff821b16bfb46ed15dd1e9153ef5c3	Conciliarity, on the other hand, involves uniting people with a common goal and a common cause, based on internal motives.
fd10f622894774f15b856866076ea76a26e88e7d	But in the real system of life orientations, these ideas were intertwined.
24affcbf0a0f007604d1fd9ed1ce8c331dd8d215	Their connection can be found both in the mentality of the traditional peasant community and in the Soviet ideology.
50ed78da09a30b2a179489d29442eaa2cdedd6a9	Having destroyed the community, the Soviet government recreated the features of communal life in the life of production collectives.
3bf69535a70207cb3bc8782e1e4acb00941f2532	These collectives were not only professional associations of people, but also served as special forms of communication and everyday human communication: people celebrated holidays, birthdays both in the family and in the production team, traditions of joint recreation were born, there was mutual assistance.
889bdb0ceb093766f90900334ccac18399e41503	In the conditions of totalitarian control and sociability, those elements of conciliarity that were preserved in the life of labor collectives became a kind of self protective mechanism for the individual and a specific form of manifestation of his freedom.
1d53cdbb13af08e72ebb4d62f8ec7db2c6ecac57	The special understanding of freedom inherent in the Russian spirit is closely connected with the ideal of sobornost.
9807420a71ba39c0b54767ce776e98590901eaf3	It is more focused not on individual freedom, but on collective forms of its realization.
763f6e501b027cdd9127801bde71e3be271ea67d	The complex Russian history in the pre revolutionary period did not create sufficiently stable prerequisites for the formation of the formation of the rule of law.
1f1493db549701e8a98161f25f286edb4ba9a231	The progress in this direction, initiated by the reforms of Alexander II, was blocked by the subsequent rollback of the reforms, and then finally interrupted by the revolution and the mass use of violence.
fc34a5d1f3962907d7b5b1d65801d87a02716bb9	However, one should not think that the practice of solving various life issues by illegal methods developed only in the Soviet era.
2d655bf51efc055aa3d8974cd65a5bdaf8206167	This practice had a long tradition in Russia.
921b10b0aabaa0a8e27dc358e2bb039ec33bb22f	It is worth remembering that the autocracy in Russia was deified (the tsar was the anointed of God) and stood above the laws; that a long period of Russian history was an era of serf disenfranchisement of the peasant masses, that different estates were endowed with different rights, that bribery and arbitrariness were characteristic features of the functioning of the cumbersome, bureaucratic apparatus on which the autocratic power relied.
6f69a37b7e0632127a80d423d1f5902a289efc4d	A special understanding of law and law has been formed in the country.
1678d4a625aedf2e3f333de08a5e6a39ec397307	In the archetypes of Russian consciousness, the categories " law "and" law "do not have a value in themselves and only act as a value when the adjective"fair" is added to them.
b8588f23978ad4e7d85d0128e09de92028063796	Justice, therefore, has always been superior to law.
911f53aaab18031bb177932a0474b7f72deba1f2	The very concept of justice included many meanings.
42dabb30c537d6247f3230f930f08880a1ca045d	Here we can also find an equalizing distributive one: an understanding of justice that has its origin in traditionally communal life, and was transformed into the ideal of a communist hostel in the Soviet era.
5e002428e382fd90bded8fe617bec78ae5452bb5	The concept of "just" also included the desire for the ideal of a strong centralized power personified by a just king."
51e28076b62df8224ebd86d4fdaa7628f5e5c7bf	At one time, V. Klyuchevsky noted as a characteristic feature of the Russian self consciousness its attraction to actions on the "maybe", to rationally not calculated actions.
e714643873ea1cacd25834a97603a5b81b8ff0e3	V. Klyuchevsky associated this type of behavior with the peculiarities of Russian life and economic activity occurring in the climatic zone of unstable agriculture, which includes most of the territory of Russia.
cab70b22b5b9414ae622008a888990addc3fcf68	In addition, the Russian people suffered from raids, frequent wars, and extortion by the authorities.
1eb5c04ad4bef70d4eaed67f8d4486d86e98e438	The popular consciousness reflected the unstable state of human life in numerous sayings, such as"do not swear from the bag and from prison".
0b6207138e3b60c65cd46c8a582c53bb40614690	In these conditions of uncertainty and instability of being, the value of rational actions decreased.
f6c01790e477da1146e3559a47e364b4c99e3e9d	Thus, modern Russian culture is characterized by a clash of Western culture with traditional Russian stereotypes of behavior.
f23689c22712a4a2a172ed0fcbcf40b7522db92b	Conclusion Many sociologists, political scientists, cultural and futurologists note the contradictions associated with the formation of a new global (planetary) civilization.
fe4e5fb03f83bca0772b11fc75c84061cd58e7f6	In the 20s of our century, P. Sorokin gave an excellent description of the inconsistency of this process, which represents a change of types of culture: All the most important aspects of life, way of life and culture of Western society are experiencing a serious crisis...
16d3a4e185a347a9f12df182162971e7a27f5718	The flesh and spirit of Western society are sick, and there is hardly at least one healthy place or normally functioning nervous tissue on its body...
be9a072cf681c2990d7234446b0a0280161356b5	We are, as it were, between two epochs: the dying sensual culture of our radiant yesterday and the coming ideational culture of the created tomorrow.
52bf600687632212aca53cf9e2981a912d2ca6f2	We live, think, act at the end of a radiant sensual day that has lasted for six centuries.
84cff3f4e2db3381bdfb551c3d03373dffd87814	The rays of the setting sun still illuminate the greatness of the passing era.
7575c9d2a0e05944e55f11d905f657e926536fd8	But the light is slowly fading, and in the gathering darkness it is increasingly difficult for us to distinguish this greatness and look for reliable landmarks in the coming twilight.
6e4d5c67efabc2f4b9ba612539e0a7c46c13d6b1	The night of this transitional era begins to descend on us, with its nightmares, frightening shadows, heart rending horrors.
dea0fcbcc5004cfc872f953780b9d81272389387	Beyond its borders, however, we can discern the flourishing of a new great ideational culture that welcomes a new generation — the people of the future.
dda889d356aa7b06f186ff89f1b026042b83e7bb	The distinctive, complex and contradictory culture of Russia in these conditions gives hope for a spiritual revival of our society, a revival based on traditionally Russian cultural roots.
59555ebeeb6b844ef7a13df754b5396b8d8fd11e	List of references 1.
59372861c777a6c541ef5b67a1ed23bf968de44b	Gurevich P. S. Man and culture M.: "Bustard", 1998.
aadaf2cf92d61b0e27efa9b00d9baf640886b6c9	2. Yerasov B. S. Social cultural studies: In 2 hours 1 M.: JSC "Aspect Press", 1994.
514d2d377db710e9c858fd81b28bf01c2532fec5	3. Cultural studies.
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f987fd76cdeb00baf0d0559b9fef526cdff097a7	A. Rodugin Ed.
f2e9a0e3699eed29a204d08d8ec6f699fff45137	"Center” Moscow, 1998.
43924da8dc7cd00ddf448a23a379e6650c63cc15	4. Cultural studies /Edited by A. N. Markova M., 1998 5.
2565d2667bf7ddf4655b1e41287d89c9392c99e7	Levinas E. Philosophical definition of the idea of culture.
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cce7763165bc7113a806b720fd01e10b90a0d324	- Moscow: Progress, 1990.
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bc97eec50bd607a97ed98b00ebc8ce12c190c92c	Polikarpov V. S. Lectures on cultural studies.
316159fb07c68cc0d66e5e1dd716ee103d3348c1	Moscow: "Gardariki", 1997.
7c2032c600222746820d8afcd8f5ca8d396c48cc	-344 p.
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2815ef73537404fd960a729717020f8fdcc9773b	Russian culture at the beginning of the XX century: Symbolism.
5acb81be0c39238389ce6b78e591637c73a7ca12	Religious trends in philosophy The author Distributed Philosophy Format Word Doc Document type Abstract 734 downloaded 58 Opis Study without a headache.
910fee18ad1ef8b83c38e2832d5fb896051bdf98	Ukrreferat.com Download / Zamoviti originalnu robot is characterized by historical and cultural issues, rationalism, completeness of images, declamatory system.
b97f2c7a07346df485271f73de6eebb582a8fb1e	In the poems of K. Balmont - the cult of the Self, the play of fleeting moments, the opposition to the" iron age "of the primordial integral "solar" principle; musicality.
372fd7842d59a6e6251dfe6e473ceeb964356f57	And, finally, the third - the so - called "junior" symbolists (Alexander Blok, Andrey Bely, Vyacheslav Ivanov) - were adherents of a philosophical and religious understanding of the world in the spirit of the teachings of the philosopher Vl.
af6e2d8961d0009503569579082ae5bbb0da9a66	If in the first poetic collection of A. Blok "Poems about a Beautiful Lady" (1903) there are often ecstatic * songs that the poet addressed to his Beautiful Lady, then already in the collection "Accidental Joy" (1907) Blok clearly goes to realism, stating in the preface to the collection: "Accidental joy" is my image of the future world."
9f191e01ab349f623595e4f1962c39b4e99da974	A. Bely's early poetry is characterized by mystical motifs, grotesque perception of reality ("symphonies"), formal experimentation.
130e3cb2c195461969fb1c3343cba137d961534f	Poetry of Vyach.
40c1196172c696f4e5c02df5dcf3120d389b1dbd	Ivanova is focused on the cultural and philosophical problems of antiquity and the Middle Ages; the concept of creativity is religious and aesthetic.
b82ddd4851d64a0fa4086241c0ba4b81dc8ea7dd	Thus, V. Bryusov considered it as a means of creating a fundamentally new art; K. Balmont saw in it a way of comprehending the innermost, unsolved depths of the human soul;
f3bb4005d05aceaa653aa68d11e6fbeab4a68b46	Ivanov believed that symbolism would help to bridge the gap between the artist and the people, and A. Bely was convinced that this is the basis on which a new art will be created that can transform the human personality.
1a0170e1ff12a6b354c10f585a475963622b02d6	Let us consider in more detail the work of A. Bely, as one of the leading theorists of symbolism.
6940f37845bc39af21df61c97898f83488d837ca	Andrey Bely is an original and original poet.
3b4d9ea94546ed4f736ba9c065030efb99cb9cbe	In his poetry, pathos and irony, everyday sketches and intimate experiences, pictures of nature and philosophical reflections coexisted in contrast.
77388bd2513b3e6fee8850d496f25af528f79d21	In 1904, he published a book of poems "Gold in Azure", in which he declared himself as a talented symbolist poet.
8a3b85b1d97745a6abe855dd397cb6e0a0c75e5e	Andrey Bely, as a theorist of symbolism, reveals the meaning of his platform in this way: "symbolism, accepting the slogans of historical schools, reveals them in ...he is the self consciousness of creativity, like criticism; it is blind to him: he opposes himself to "schools" where these schools violate the basic slogan of the unity of form and content; romantics violate it in the direction of content experienced subjectively; sententialism - in the direction of content understood abstractly; modern classicism (passeism) violates it in the direction of form.
90345b57d5d12e8d8506bfd4a75c61673efddca8	The unity of form and content cannot be taken... neither the dependence of the content on the form (the sin of the formalists), nor the exclusive dependence of the reception of the construction on the abstractly understood content (constructivism).
eebf09966a48844bb88cfe9d687be1ae39f3e421	"Realism, romanticism... the manifestation of the single principle of creativity "is in symbolism".
b1efb26c45c046d42dc2e67fb894b606569c3388	A significant place in the work of A. Bely was occupied by prose.
1c4f3d075710156f029b0125aebf388c64eb690d	He wrote the novels " The Silver Dove "(1909), "Petersburg" (1913-1914), "The Cat Letaev" (1922), the trilogy "Moscow" (1926-1932), which are characterized by time shifts, fragmented and patchy plot, - - - - - > Page:
1c2f9d0b27488da44221f6284cd0e7f4353d9399	[0] [1] [2]
cd2093d2f99ef542ceb367c0f82eea3d259eba60	[3] 4 [5] [6]
622d1336295518db13d58528ee797b441f9bea1c	[7] [8] [9]
5408e39aa9c2d5719855008318953862880d13b6	[10] [11]
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22b44d71e7f81be73274b7c58efdb815db35acb1	Full Version Home History History of Russia
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2409d434032a5f9f01dda8198542a48ac4938423	Lecture 21.
991ab052bdd78cf480b47d13f51669502a7bd7d2	Russian culture in the XX century
67dccef3a2d31b53252f305fd569e6f858e92164	Culture of Russia at the beginning of the XX century.
24ddfbf9988feda83014008b166e4eb7aa88b784	The evolution of Russian science and culture at the turn of the century reflected the complexity and inconsistency of the spiritual fracture in society, the inevitability of social conflict.
afbc8013d2a54fa0574aa6d2949ba813f4ab6eb2	The state of anxious expectation among the Russian intelligentsia was accompanied by intense moral searches, which brought a unique atmosphere of unprecedented rise of scientific and creative achievements into the public consciousness of Russia.
a44f0d9ac3595c6c0633846b7ce06a9538c589b4	It is not for nothing that the pre revolutionary era entered the history of Russian culture as a time of spiritual renaissance.
2b26d7be01a60f8f1da0388eb5d5030452625b64	At the beginning of the century, scientific research was widely conducted in Russia.
143ac6d1d53430a070a9851d364479deb636e1eb	The achievements of Russian scientists provided the needs of a rapidly developing national economy.
bcee11ed0380c180b51abfc916831e0da2d67189	As a result, in a number of areas - physics, chemistry, physiology, medicine, geography, aircraft engineering, Russian science has reached the forefront of scientific and technological progress.
b24e7532e8327881bba7e9ab9f2e123e1b760770	Physicist P. N. Lebedev discovered and experimentally proved the pressure of light on solids and gases (1907) and measured its values.
c1cffefe285880189c401e4d1188de0bcc03bd2f	In the field of chemistry, great scientists who received world recognition in the second half of the XIX century - D. I. Mendeleev and N. N. Beketov, one of the founders of physical chemistry, continued their work.
89e059d1d81c57a12d4b9b609f5826eccffabbb1	During this period, the activity of the world class encyclopedist and thinker V. I. Vernadsky was distinguished by a special breadth of scientific interests.
2c49d970129f8819214ef106c2d774c521a69559	He became the founder of genetic mineralogy, geochemistry, biogsochemistry, the doctrine of living matter, the theory of the biosphere.
7253bfe4d403e9f2a5f108c00e9d15fc24b3ff76	In the field of exact sciences, the works of the Russian mathematician II. E. Zhukovsky, who laid the foundations of modern aircraft construction, were of world importance.
0d5d1d5200bf51c7183e1c083af9e0d4c7958345	In 1910, B. N. Yuryev designed a helicopter (helicopter).
83d65b4a04de0a1e77eff7fddf117da05b85f90d	In the same year, Ya.
f0aa69558e380942654f03e47c2566dff69afff5	M. Gakkel built a biplane aircraft, which showed high flight technical data during tests.
1c43e645972234b829a68d032c63ce559de42773	In 1903, the brilliant self taught scientist K. E. Tsiolkovsky published the work "The Study of world spaces by jet devices", in which the theory of jet motion was presented for the first time.
790018046cc8c1c0df466f0f7702aa8f99f4374e	In the future, he developed the most important principles that later served as the basis for the implementation of space flights.
929c97e2fa5e815e04262cda3e7e24eb0b794e48	The most important studies of the Russian scientist I. P. Pavlov, who created the doctrine of higher nervous activity and founded the largest physiological school of our time, belong to the beginning of the XX century.
c005df8b8e7ebcb0fd3f61ac815102a41e77c756	And in 1904, for his work in the field of physiology of blood circulation and digestion, Pavlov was awarded the Nobel Prize.
6aedd11ec28b080f392bd311bfb667b2e3b0f3bc	In 1908, this prestigious award was also awarded to the merits of the scientist biologist I. I. Mechnikov.
f8b158a14bb1641260ab48f2ed0afeafe7e9e054	The main achievements in the historical science of this period are associated with the names of V. O. Klyuchevsky, P. N. Milyukov, N. P. Pavlov Silvansky, A. S. Lappo Danilevsky, A. E. Presnyakov, A.
977973b6e15fa66b4af1796deb877f5e2df5c7d2	A. Shakhmatov and other scientists, their works have received worldwide recognition.
eecf6afd0a1036734c3d132ea83853932c36519c	The call for the revival of idealistic philosophy as opposed to materialistic concepts was proclaimed in the program collection of articles "Problems of Idealism".
7051f4672b7c013e4f9b6e7bf60b2c1b10767fb5	It published the works of N.
884f95bb69805501ef1b0de0772b6e3c722ecb5b	A. Berdyaev, S. N. Bulgakov, S. L. Frank, who departed from" legal " Marxism.
599a12c8234cba1603f34a6e275db7b86eb21954	In 1909, the famous collection of articles by the Russian intelligentsia "Milestones"was published.
56dcc5285ab00cd0b737edb82b9f3f5595fb2ee7	Its authors criticized the views of the leaders of the Russian revolutionary movement.
ae376ad462ef0bf101fe33b7e0d058971876b582	On the verge of centuries, in the collision of opposite trends and trends realism and modernism a unique phenomenon has emerged that has entered the history of world culture under the name "Silver Age" of Russian literature and art. L. N. Tolstoy became a living symbol of the unity of Russian literature of the XIX century and literary processes of the early XX century.
5e380e158bf71e9d419c1277bcc641197b556534	His ethical views are expressed not only in literary works, but also in journalism.
dcc0173467292edb9ddaab106b991dfc0bd9b228	Tolstoy's article "I cannot be silent!" (1908), where he protested against the cruelty of the government, had a huge public response.
e331675896c18c08dd192fd4fd3c1dfa7ce4a49d	The works of A. P. Chekhov, A. I. Kuprin, and I.
bca710fbe2cd96fbc8cff7327609783cae0c506d	A. Bunin, who continued the classical traditions of Russian art, also belong to this period.
e6d6e77baf1fffa21e819191b57a4912694b0a93	Their works, according to contemporaries, reflected the general democratic ideals.
18de2e6a330b201680c193bd5629be4e072428b4	During these years, Fyodor Sollogub (F. K. Teternikov) became a popular writer, whose work combined features of modernism and realism.
c2a666e76b7b5dfebfb38a330f9db1bc38a66d97	Maxim Gorky (A.M. Peshkov) occupies a very special place in Russian literature at the beginning of the century.
cb8ad0127bb34f8257e9ffd38958c76a8a57de8e	The radical part of society enthusiastically accepted the famous "Song about the Petrel" and proclaimed Gorky the herald of the revolution.
a112d1b03c63ef1cd8a22ddf24c3c36c2dd3de7a	Symbolism was a bright modernist trend in art at the beginning of the new century.
747aff9d1fe5b70a7ef81900b3fbee06b1bda16d	Originated in the 80s of the XIX century. as a direction of French literature, he found adherents in many European countries.
86e6d220371d15da78ca2e92cd021c14cb61a1c6	In the 1890s, a wave of Russian symbolism flowed into this pan European trend with a fresh stream.
248c35e3dfec2eb830071025bb52b8b62bace297	He was destined to experience the highest creative rise precisely at the beginning of the XX century, when a new galaxy of poets appeared in literature- "young symbolists" (Andrey Bely, A. A. Blok, V. I. Ivanov, I. F. Annensky, M. A. Voloshin).
2f15e2583b97a8f350b2cbd24dbc917049b099cc	The most convinced supporter and theorist of this trend was Andrey Bely (B. N. Bugaev).
d1079b0608dec418cb6a2cbde6f8c565338659fb	He considered symbolism not just an artistic direction, but perceived it as a way of thinking and a way of life.
7e43a3936a541efc856c7eea89b9d4b5e701489c	Interesting original paintings were also painted by his student V.
a1c9e7d69db8ff0808ffad038ee725bc0bb2f14e	These years were also a fruitful period in the work of M.
c464aabebd3c695a3573cf709e4b1494300c5237	A. Vrubel, whose works are close to symbolist poetry.
ff294fe64342728dd0a4d0628b75d19f155dd204	A significant role in the development of Russian fine art at the beginning of the century was played by the association "World of Art", the founders of which were the artists A. N. Benois and S. P. Diaghilev.
dba5bec73907830dbbc5f7b295aa3c33e7f6f541	A bright artist of this direction was K.
7540eb193418441b9ee08b8f34c987e20f81e437	A. Somov.
23a5a3bcbfb6ceead520cbe025c98c698c16fa5a	Musical and performing art in the first years of the new century was on the rise thanks to the work of musicians who became famous in the second half of the XIX century.
8e3d27adad1e23542d868cfa96aaf6206fc5f556	The leadership among them belongs to N.
d6463a3fc7cb197c380cdd0021459d9c1a48e9ab	A. Rimsky Korsakov.
a87e3a73c26e53f23614994c3b7533836a59ec5c	During this period, he worked a lot with the collectives of the Moscow private Opera of Savva Mamontov and the Mariinsky Theater and created such opera masterpieces as "The Tale of Tsar Saltan" (1899-1900), "Kashchey the Immortal" (1901-1902) , etc. An important place in the galaxy of composers is occupied by a student of P. I. Tchaikovsky, S. I. Taneev.
87467b141cf29fde3e9fe76e965d6b93db8fd76b	He created a composer's school and educated many musicologists, conductors, and teachers.
6560fcf8884ca02c8abc2fc9b8df577ed03c1cae	During these years, the talents of S. V. Rachmaninov were extremely multifaceted; the talent of the great student of S. I. Taneyev, the composer and pianist A. N. Scriabin, flourished. 1909 was a turning point in the work of the then novice composer I. F. Stravinsky.
a15538d3a7692b755be2c21d3ae1ab3460e29038	After the St. Petersburg premiere of his "Fantastic Scherzzo", S. P. Diaghilev, who was present at the concert, suggested that he write the ballet" The Firebird "for the" Russian Seasons " in France.
2fa614ea886ec45bc8a713b0c236f8586dc27bde	The first performance of the ballet, staged by M. M. Fokin, was held with great success in 1910 in Paris.
a034dc343f338d13efc0e122bca9cf78f40f5fd1	In general, it is characterized by asymmetry and rounded lines, free layout and plasticity of forms, active use of the latest achievements of construction equipment and new materials (reinforced concrete, steel, glass).
54e3f2d0a8b9911110c27fa331ba21f60aab3049	One of the most significant Moscow architectural monuments in the Art Nouveau style is the hotel "Metropol" (1899-1903).
0d43f8c08532dfd97001771063fbb1c61a73a896	It is decorated with a huge majolica panel made according to Vrubel's magnificent work "Princess of Dreams".
571b2c2995ca2f78237eb1849f38d8a71785d8e9	At the beginning of the XX century, a new kind of art was born in Russia - cinema.
1eada0c7036ab42e98166a2fffcd5337c4f46881	The appearance of the first stationary cinemas (illusions, electric theaters) dates back to 1903.
c62b07693a3e6391bc5a54e9e2c15bc02eaff6f2	The first film show took place in St. Petersburg in May 1896 in the Aquarium garden.
2d33c33f025d18194d723bb151488df80a7b1c73	In 1907, the St. Petersburg photographer A. O. Drankov announced the opening of a film studio, and the following year the first Russian feature film "Ponizovaya Volnitsa" ("Stenka Razin and the Princess"), created by director V. F. Romashkov, was released there.
3fb2b6b1a564c88ab5702615e6488fea0c206beb	The greatest development of film production was received in Moscow.
faf81ae8f40c9a90d7208afc2293d37118f6b383	A. A. Khanzhonkov created the first film factory in Russia.
981bcbb61a9c9c3b4493889d8c5599807d73f7c3	A significant part of the Russian repertoire in cinema at first consisted of primitive illustrations for textbooks on Russian history, as well as film adaptations of novels, legends and songs.
9f9fa9b0b96529806a9977ebd7587c267fa1ee04	The most famous is the full length feature film "The Defense of Sevastopol" (1911) directed by V. M. Goncharov and A.
f255a41906fb42fa532f1b379df8fc4d165f43b6	A. Khanzhonkov.
155280ac5def5330e5d43255153e4d4135c1b955	The culture of Soviet Russia during the Civil War.
51b4521bdad2510ff1b7d5de01a6ec3b02f1b95f	On November 9, 1917, the VTSIK and the SNK established the State Commission for Education under the leadership of A.V. Lunacharsky.
f0b5ec906eeb385fde0b31721cf7f7ef750a8e8f	Its functions were defined in the Regulation on the Organization of Public Education in the Russian Socialist Soviet Republic, adopted by the Council of People's Commissars on June 18, 1918.
0ff471c921c6ab2a877b1418081abd28d5dc2813	In accordance with this Provision, the People's Commissariat of Education was finally formed.
bdbf9b8f3b5e78ef655d563f584f2927aa11f0f5	At the end of December 1918, the State Publishing House was established by the decree of the VTSIK.
e551ca0a0cf0294d28fab38a37daa8a0f459128b	Within three years, more than 1 thousand printing houses, paper mills, etc. were nationalized.
f787f8dafd2d3b3fe153f03934d8eee17114d852	Private publishing houses were gradually replaced by party, state, departmental and trade union ones.
81fa35e8f6e3bd9c2c26f1960f7e9e38de97b0c6	In 1918, they produced 38.4% of the titles of books in relation to the total volume of all printed products, in 1919 - 70.4% and in 1920 - 92.4%.
caa3a799e1d8ea174457a99166c1a392dca01bf3	By the beginning of 1920, the work on the requisition and nationalization of libraries and their transformation into state scientific and mass libraries was completed.
d42007500370547b06316991f1fff4ead2d4de11	In October 1917, the Union of Proletarian Cultural and Educational Organizations (Proletkult) was finally formed.
b2fc595021faa334c06d84c38cecdde80ea19611	The goal of the Union was to create a special proletarian culture that denies the legacy of the past.
35439af273889520de4423a759f6fb51ac29e2d6	Up to 400 thousand people participated in the proletkult movement only in 1919, up to 20 own magazines were published, including "Horn", "Glow of Factories", "Proletarian Culture".
ebf8927c7de28516ee5c801646576240317be1a0	The theory of the so called "industrial art", whose exponents were V. I. Arvatov, O. M. Brik, S. M. Tretyakov, etc., was connected with the ideas of this movement.
beb60b45c4793d52c78c3359bd10f141eeab3791	They denied the continuity of culture, ideological functions and the specifics of easel forms of fine art.
a21206daecdb84233ad999be031408c76a268ae9	The Soviet leadership also centralized the management of science.
d29ace0d64e8b2578319323a6966c6b0e388b120	The Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), headed by A. P. Karpinsky, in early 1918 declared its readiness to participate in solving the problems facing the Soviet Republic.
0195b4a6b601d09419f91a4168352180305eadeb	In 1918-1920, more than 40 independent scientific institutes and higher educational institutions (the Central Aerohydrodynamic, State Radiological and Radiological, Chemical and other institutes) were opened and were part of the Academy.
5460b1e523c965356f774ab7e3a9fa382e7d60f3	The Russian Academy of Sciences, with active state funding, was engaged in both applied and fundamental scientific research.
c46ed883426bda385d372dec3c3dd4846c9fabed	Under the leadership of P. P. Lazarev, the Kursk magnetic anomaly was studied.
e7996845643a6d815a50f0f47ecf543a61ca2505	V. I. Vernadsky and V. G. Khlopin headed the research and extraction of radioactive substances.
336c80b0e5892b50827805ef8908d338d65537d8	I. P. Pavlov continued to study conditioned reflexes, F.
d51d9bb06651788f4e3fb1cea2998441752c0fcb	A. Zander to develop the theory of jet engines, N. I. Vavilov formulated the law of homological series in hereditary variability.
0f9c777af0194861b18d71faba3775175c27a214	Problems were also solved in the field of probability theory, mathematical statistics, crystallography, etc.
3396de5ffd73b6ed0150c7b7b59cea7e38e108e8	In March 1918, the Scientific and Technical Department (NTO) was formed at the VSNH, where by the end of 1919 more than 200 academicians and professors (N. E. Zhukovsky, N. D. Zelinsky, A. N. Bach, I. M. Gubkin, etc.), more than 500 engineers and other specialists worked as permanent employees, consultants, experts.
6cca303940a2811535a3084cffbc0e3726718b53	As part of the NTO, there were 12 research institutes and a number of other institutions.
0c8cbfe185c861d61c8e6c2876a11210cfc32e59	Employees of the department organized experimental production facilities, stations, conducted scientific and technical expertise, published the journal "Scientific and Technical Bulletin".
55a05293707f15f9bb6326cfa9111ee45abf4415	During the Civil War, the Commission for the Study of the Natural Productive Forces of Russia, established at the RAS in 1915, continued its activities.
67d9c7b8a6b2d6c40571dda0d4d0dd33e9f88f1e	Academicians V. I. Vernadsky, A. N. Krylov, P. P. Lazarev, A. E. Fersman and others participated in its work.
33c3896e340b999a43d12cebb361a75edb28f93c	On their initiative, 20 specialized departments were created, on the basis of which they subsequently organized institutes, conducted mineral prospecting; the commission's developments were used in drawing up the GOELRO plan.
8f40b22a768db9a3f3f939351bb079b5fc0aab7b	In the field of social sciences, the new government set a course for the introduction of communist ideology.
143673f9d7fdc851a8e2dec6b70922d80dddcc11	On June 15, 1918, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR approved the Regulations on the Socialist Academy of Social Sciences (SAON).
eccb6df2a8547952f48d3fd480cf1ae7fb2e5885	Its activities were mainly attended by members of the Bolshevik Party V. D. Bonch Bruevich, A.V. Lunacharsky, N. K. Krupskaya, etc.
ea3a3beb51597b827d276838498d15737c1e46ff	The head of the SAON was M. N. Pokrovsky.
1cd676a705d8d3c6842fba0e3328c5d7c2483d52	The Academy was engaged in the study and promotion of Marxist theory, training of personnel.
546b878707194e00625cf7d0c94aaf9f075dea06	In 1920, in order to study scientific methods in all fields of knowledge in the spirit of revolutionary Marxism, the Institute of Scientific Methodology was opened.
44081a4938d87bd82cc59cdcc7f56ddb61d98ea0	In November 1917, a Department of Arts was formed under the State Commission for Education, which solved the issues of providing assistance to artists, poets, etc.
09aec9d5060e196a1fb9b6618619a81fe85b2f2b	The activity of the department was influenced by artists of the "left" direction, supporters of the creation of an"art industry".
db31360e45d9fd39dc74e92a6650c911c14f0060	In 1918-1920, according to incomplete data, 140 exhibitions were held.
1796fa962899af3ed024c5109766f25459ca1d1d	Artists V. M. Konashevich, B. M. Kustodiev, V. V. Lebedev and others took an active part in the work on illustrations for the mass folk library.
1dfe3c0e158be58bff505864dcba48e6372f3b14	Portraits of figures of the revolution and the creative intelligentsia were painted by N.
95681b7a6bd0a44eb3ca5703a0062711fdaca600	A. Andreev, G. S. Vereysky, B. M. Kustodiev.
1a3619ccecffa249dd1c4e391a95cdd009f46129	A. I. Kravchenko, N. I. Piskarev, V. D. Falileev worked in the field of landscape graphics, the image of future elements prevailed in his motifs.
845a4862a7d313f249f1157746ab513d90fe9f9f	Less often, specific images were created: woodcut "Armored Car" by N. N. Kupreyanov, linocut "Revolutionary Troops" by B. D. Falileev.
a6e968c98a8bcccb6b1166f2e55939da0baeec26	In painting, the main attention was paid to landscapes and still lifes.
c85d883ae678ce81039b32612e9c4cb31a20918a	Starting from April 12, 1918 (i.e., from the date of publication of the decree of the SNK "On Monuments of the Republic"), the so called Lenin Plan of monumental propaganda is being implemented, which provides for "replacing monuments to the tsar and his servants with new ones that should mark the great days of the Russian Socialist Revolution."
f5fd523b1c54aec3099848e8360183da1d009411	In accordance with the plan, about 40 new monuments were installed in Moscow and Petrograd in 1918-1920.
9cde78c93d3168d5e01c793f827a27a5c00c4b3c	An important tool of Bolshevik propaganda was the political poster, which was characterized by laconism, conventionality of the image, clarity of silhouette and gesture.
2991ba4bd468c9100620d7642be6ff111442858e	V. V. Mayakovsky, M. M. Cheremnykh, V. I. Kozlinsky, V. V. Lebedev, Denis (V. N. Denisov), Moore (D. S. Orlov) and others took an active part in the creation of the political poster.
1c0c7e6926f4b8867f652eb93632bbcd0d73d102	The main attention of the Music Department of the People's Commissariat of Education was paid to the song genre, the processing of folk and revolutionary motifs, the creation of combat marches and military themed songs.
f53ed261a4fb6021db5a27b9841b2cf87817f225	Many composers, performers, musicologists actively participated in the educational work - B. V. Asafyev, C. N. Vasilenko, A. K. Glazunov, M. F. Gnesin, F. I. Chaliapin, etc.
094d46044b8aabb411fff11082c50ed81c56b344	In 1918, 45 professional theaters operated in Moscow alone.
d432c633558fe6a35b121892566356e98654df4c	In 1918, a Repertory Section was created at the Theater Department of the People's Commissariat of Education, which included A.
e03a3f783c211a94bd8574e0ab10173eb44084ac	A. Blok, V. E. Meyerhold, K. I. Chukovsky.
3b9900bea3758b5b6498b2b015caf6d7cbb42a50	August 26, 1918 SNK
c53805f812a96d23814d102f93ea1c189478cadf	The RSFSR adopted a decree "On the unification of theatrical business", which provided for the nationalization of the theater.
c08d55c8ae4093d168697f98dcf54d7551575207	In 1918, with the participation of M. F. Andreeva, M. Gorky, A.V. Lunacharsky, the Bolshoi Drama Theater (BDT)was founded in Petrograd as a theater of the heroic repertoire, A.
7a542c2675cf68bb0dbde8dfc1e29fb903d4e518	A. Blok became its literary director.
e97570d4e032253ab3ffc2f3e46ad40731ab0c44	Only in 1918-1920, more than 200 chronicle and special films were released
120cd6f18fbd08f631ca4a1ab935d45c63608b63	("The Autopsy of the relics of Sergius of Radonezh", "Petrograd on the Guard of the Revolution", "On the Red Front", etc.). agitparokhods and agit trains became a specific form of distribution of films.
8319807dcb386b497b8f8e049bb627160537a2af	Since 1920, the Department of Agitation and Propaganda under the Central Committee of the RCP(b) began to exercise control over the cinema art.
92413189ad671d11541bd8376969f04e6d8fef33	The leadership of the Bolshevik Party, along with concern for the development of culture and art, resolutely fought against the part of the intelligentsia that, in its opinion, was anti Soviet.
abf9883abf247e4dd9b550fa5a2d1a8f3c90a290	Among them in the "philosophical steamship" were N.
5825dd306112a0acd549b271954484bfefef5f74	A. Berdyaev, P.
bf1861abdde26e31c4ac43fd8085293c0636ec0d	A. Sorokin, N. O. Lossky, F.
51d24643b2c514ba9922d1249950ac0c84a8ad67	A. Stepun, etc.
384d6caa2d6614467a19670c2dba4c5f43bcb0e8	Related topics Culture of Russia in the XVII century Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Culture of Russia)THE CULTURE OF RUSSIA IN THE POST REFORM periodthe specifics of the political culture of Russia The culture of the Russian Empire in the XVIII XIX centuries, the development of Western culture.
0281eca613cc26818ecea4b762e240892a0985a5	Artistic styles of European cultureculture of Russia at the end of the XIX century.
2c3e3d4ff186141f3abb01674b22d1c0b30dda25	Culture of Russia in the 30-50s of the XVIII century.
f41297f2dcc287708dc7d680eb8d2c165abbc158	The place and role of Russia in world culture THE CULTURE OF RUSSIA AT THE END OF THE XIX BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XXI CENTURY THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY RUSSIA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XX Century THE EVOLUTION OF STATE POWER AND MANAGEMENT IN THE XIX BEGINNING OF THE XX century.
ccbce88085afb449455c05d37ec58655894543b4	The INTERRUPTED CAPITALIST MODERNIZATION OF Russianthe beginning of the worldification of Russian Culturerussia in the early XX century.
e341db5ab46c448f10e7ec5d73bd92c34b9a6128	Russia and the European powers in the early 70s of the XIX centurythe TIME OF TROUBLES IN RUSSIA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XVII CENTURY.
e3e47398e12a5c6c2bfa8dc2239298c82b0fae44	THE CIVIL WAR AND FOREIGN INTERVENTIONculture of Russia in the XVII century
cb3f97382789eb2f91b3de0bae752dae3f2a7cbb	© Educational materials for students (info{at}studme.org) © 2010-2016
63f732b9696e21242d44fdea86550c513804df3f	<div><img src="//mc.yandex.ru/watch/25657865" style="position:absolute; left:-9999px;" alt="" /></div>
9d060f077815079ad87dd801f8713e61a830affb	Soviet culture in the 20-30s
fd7deabf3a1e519abf1fe0c681aded0be148347f	The revolutionary events split the intelligentsia and the creative environment into those who left their Homeland, and those who, having accepted the revolution, actively participated in the creation of a new culture.
8cd4a23bf446e7709c6edd2342612ac35225473f	One of the main tasks in building a new society was the task of educating a person.
0cf1c79e468d7905a7a62ada27bfd692a4b6a0b4	In September 1918, the reorganization of the public education system began.
3822c1006c5a17e5fa72a5ad0760469e62526877	Tuition fees have been canceled, a two stage labor school has been organized with a training period of 5 years and 4 years.
2848d1bef2ddd6e46ab11a9e5f168464c024f641	6, 1920, an extraordinary commission for the elimination of illiteracy was established.
89c1133d85f505cef675180ecc63520ee55babab	In 1930, universal primary education was introduced.
a4235a9ee2a9bd102f170e16818c2ca682a70626	The new school was organized on the basis of pre revolutionary traditions.
a92413adaa73675e9ef40b5b3944d06134ab4121	In the field of education, all experiments were prohibited, it was conducted on the basis of strict discipline, a schedule.
8c4eb125d4d468e675c9ac3d06816b7d60e60ca6	The history of the country, humanities and exact disciplines were studied.
1807e9713915c7ffce06a145d90e1e71e6fc442d	The textbooks were compiled in accordance with the state standard.
406c451da9ac58f9b855badc5c66727f3413b9c3	By the decrees of the SNK and the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) of May 15, 1934, an elementary school (grades 1-4), an incomplete secondary school (grades 1-7), and a secondary school (grades 1-10) were established.
6936dd9789e4909d3d8fed3ffd7b87aee2355d89	The ideological leadership was carried out by experienced party workers and Komsomol members.
1937cf84dff75d3117840f4bf6fde0785972c749	The technical revolution in production required an increase in the number of competent specialists.
b3ce77b2c10887cd8f96d37ad759b59232b3818b	For this reason, in 1933-1937, systems of workers ' schools and vocational courses were created to improve the educational level of workers.
a5e712b4f700e6db958371a42d54b69af22bcc5b	Technical and agricultural universities were opened, on the job education became widespread.
6586caf0f43d6318cb7509215b97500b7e2167b8	The practice of obtaining education by young people who do not have primary education for further education in universities was applied.
3606375cce61ebf9f29f128bc4cd333dabc02c79	In 1925, the Academy of Sciences of the USSR was transferred from Leningrad to Moscow.
d9e163c8d6697006180fa169305c11c5e95b9391	In 1929, the All Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences was established, headed by N. I. Vavilov.
60d257b5603c969730c2ac2aef9e739d8fd74819	Branches of the Academy of Sciences were created in the Union republics and regions of the RSFSR (more than 850 research institutes were created).
985a547e959f8a5c43d9eee4918b717c730c1292	The party leadership paid great attention to the defense branches of production and scientific developments in this area.
9039ec95a84f986050f9c4db6662504e802ac01b	In multiple design offices and research institutes to develop new models of tanks (A. A. Morozov, M. I. Komkin, J. Kotin), aircraft (I. A. Tupolev, Ilyushin S. V., N.N. Polikarpov, Alexander Yakovlev), artillery systems and mortars (V. G. Grabin, F. F. Petrov), small arms (A. V. Degtyarev, V. F. Tokarev).
5bdb0767b836b943d1c0f4aace143ba9f43626d6	A. P. Alexandrov has created a unique protect Navy ships from electromagnetic waves.
1ed9653173bc9b4db2219f7d01b927c1566e1fc6	Great success was achieved by Soviet scientists who worked in fundamental and theoretical fields of science: physics P. L. Kapitsa, atomic nucleus I. V. Kurchatov, G. N. Flerov, etc.), semiconductor physics A. F. Ioffe.
63eebdb2c9e278be7f92d03e643c4c17b78e74cf	In the mid 30s, the "big style", characteristic of countries with a totalitarian regime, was established in the culture of the USSR.
1a285763f4a30192ccd967175dc740d1a1bbc2b6	The new Union of writers, painting and sculpture were under the strictest supervision of the party.
4758fbde3734c08b2871752398cb3da19d425275	Exceptional benefits were provided to cultural figures, as well as to party leaders; the dependence of art on the state was formed.
3cf369b3fecd304e631bd3ad5a156d2088c1e906	2 quarter of the 20th century Socio political life in the 30s Soviet culture in the 20s and 30s Foreign policy of the USSR in the 20s and 30s Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich Collectivization of the economy Industrialization of the country The Constitution of the USSR The Soviet Finnish War Adolf Hitler The Second World War The Anti Hitler Coalition On the Eve of the warriors The Barbarossa Plan The Great Patriotic War The Partisan War The Beginning of the warriors The German attack on the USSR in 1941 The Brest Fortress The Defense of Smolensk The Defense of Odessa The Defense of Sevastopol The Defense of Moscow The Blockade of Leningrad A radical change in the war The Battle of Stalingrad The Defense of the Caucasus The Battle of Kursk "Everything for the front, everything for victory!"
e846555ed0c28b448fed5df04dd4c4f5d5eeb1e3	The defense of the Dnieper The defense of Kiev Fighting in 1942 Beria Lavrenty Pavlovich The Battle for Berlin The Leningrad affair The Liberation of Kiev Military actions of 1944-1945 Fighting behind enemy lines The development of the USSR in 1945-1953 The Cold War
75719660ab8198271847dc323a7374e8a4497197	dictionaries
5cd608586a682c56f3286712190f3e8bbc0a43a7	abstracts Log in
dd49cedf7cff56f972d016870b9cdf5ca7cb017d	Gufo.me
1814660635b2e894fafc511c360287aed07d3cfe	Symbolism In Bookmarks Print
a5bd9f1842cdf2c2c45bbed5ce936c5bab8b0fe2	- the direction in European and Russian art of the 1870s 1910s.
f619a6dc2fa3b0df01299dcf8f0666b7977dad21	It focuses mainly on artistic expression through the symbol.
4a56f9116c036353a61c63c8e18c09a6f79b773f	Striving to break through the visible reality to the "hidden realities", the supermodern ideal essence of the world, its imperishable beauty, the symbolists expressed their rejection of bourgeoisism and positivism, longing for spiritual freedom, a tragic premonition of world social shifts, trust in age old cultural values as a unifying principle.
71d18b458498a826867c00e4007aa8e5f8deabc2	The main representatives are P. Verlaine, P. Valery, A. Rimbaud, M. Metterliik, A. Blok, A. Bely, Vyach.
2edfd818367af732bb446f08d7dce16f32d0b349	Ivanov, F. Sologub, P. Gauguin, M. K. Churlenis, M. Vrubel, etc.
e165fc0c45626dea30a1cff06f4daae0afa6b431	Source: Historical Dictionary
c083f4d153fb97d9e8c65e2f34147eec636092ec	Values at other dictionaries Symbolism — the direction in European and Russian art 1870-1910 ies;focused mainly on the artistic expression of posledstviya...
5a78a7610f629e5c9ee53f25493e97f8259bf2c0	Big encyclopedic dictionary of Symbolism — the Direction in literature and art of the late 19th - early 20th century, imbued with individualism and mysticism and reflecting reality as...
b9e38d969ea330117ab5a7db1cc94188bb230a49	The dictionary of Symbolism — Often quite unsatisfactory defined movement in art and literature of the late XIX - early XX century.
e21d3654bec1555172773ac623b4682023c0df69	Similarly ...
5a3c1c50f281e6d9ecee1ea8ff1d0a58dae3295a	Philosophical dictionary Symbolism - (symbolism) - (in psychology) the process of representing an object or idea with the help of symbols.
502d9b1f4b9b2ab576f067dd5a68c38914fba112	For example, any abstract idea ...
1ef45a777c40f491b575233b5b5f22ab399fc544	Psychological encyclopedia Symbolism English symbolism; it.
f1b38e63bad8d43a37718bfa10ce59444aab4085	Symbolismus.
a4cc671eb824e7d5acac65cfa13c99946b6908ef	Art direction, philosophical and aesthetic concept of the late XIX century.
1371f41130ca87217272b5e951156d96c1ebcf81	XX centuries S. characterized by ...
4055a0585812c7677ac51d70a2101283ac5ce0e4	Sociological dictionary Symbolism a;
4854921904a8ec50d6fedc7393db8a7314c55a79	M. In European art of the late 19th early 20th centuries: a modernist trend that put forward as its artistic technique...
023ce8c3e4d2742a295e7a75f0078c4ef29670aa	Kuznetsov's Explanatory Dictionary Symbolism symbolism, many no, M. 1.
452feea0914f093750e3a6dd4ffe339b8b5b5361	The same as symbolism (book).
37960ba76e20e2820ff7aeb544fc8c1713ecb197	The ring was made quite intricate and ideologically - with symbolism.
c96a8e173bae7df7b05765152cfd9086166ac9d2	Leskov.
41d09d883aebe95796ab9f61097bd5c414f9936f	2.... Ushakov's explanatory dictionary Symbolism - (French symbolisme, from Greek sumbolon sign, symbol) - literary arts. and philosophically aesthetic. the direction that originated in France in...
6eca128e0761df17878ae32fd95a5258ff54a642	Music encyclopedia
47dc055c5484cf0831d2a457c0f2e7b9b86b7451	Link to the selected text http://gufo.me/content his/simvolizm 6930.
9e15d97a532ebc04db19ef92dec412ca9e2e459f	HTML right click and select "Copy Link"
edf3e4c4826601736f6d54d1f61f793086b783af	Dictionary search Abstracts
9fab6d6a2da127c010c93f25013398bc66985574	For users of Bookmarks
4a53109a3f6c34611498d23afe584b522a8ca50e	© 2016 Gufo.me
c59f1a666915bd69ec860d849b48ef1d47f2a758	The main thing that is worth visiting for fans of architecture and history in Astrakhan is the Astrakhan Kremlin, a monument of federal significance, a unique example of military engineering art of the second half of the 16th century.
0ff52d6f365783ee24a98bc388baf22ad2a758af	Secondly, on the territory of the Kremlin there is a high bell tower with the Prechistensky Gate, which can be seen from almost anywhere in the city.
6cd6c8a82b511fdb8b4f8c31b647c9b4c0142924	The construction of the Astrakhan Kremlin is associated with an important period in the history of our Motherland, when the constant threat of attacks from the east prevented the further growth and strengthening of the Russian centralized state.
b9741269eef1025d0fc2c53aeaee9174bfa28094	One of the most important foreign policy tasks of Ivan IV was the struggle against the Tatar khanates in the Volga region, the struggle for the annexation of the Middle and Lower Volga regions to the Russian state.
b55d8f389be20319047bfbbb860eaadc1468a985	As a result of the conquest of Kazan (1552) and the annexation of Astrakhan (1556), the Russian state captured the Volga along its entire length and gained access to the Caspian Sea.
6639133f8bb2bfe07aa3af3d3dd544c7358950ca	In 1558, modern Astrakhan was founded on the left bank of the Volga.
e2d3d55af750d4b8517b525fa25d05b091c76d86	The first wooden fortress was built on a high hill called Zayachy, or Long.
4573dbdad9ec874f8e77cb51504f8301db313b3f	The founder of the fortress in the new place was the voivode Ivan Semenovich Cheremisinov, it was he who chose the place on the left bank of the Volga, where in 1557-1558, under his leadership, the first fortifications were built and the city was founded
e25d5d1a079ba3bde3e39d1eae84c69a3a48dbef	A hillock, called "Hare", was chosen as the place for construction, and it was impossible to choose a better place - from the west and north, the Volga and its channels surrounded the hill, and from the south and east - saline lakes and swamps
57100fe1b2ee941463a526a87a525cfd812163f6	Cheremisinov sent a drawing to Moscow and, having received a construction permit, built a fortress in 2 years
f06ba6cb6d0230ca7f93a13b8526585ad7ca3b35	Here is how the English traveler Jenkinson described it: "...the city is located on an island, on a high shore, inside the city-the Kremlin, surrounded by a wooden and earthen wall and ugly and fragile
ac31dc79ba6a93970377b48404adecf98d555e45	The buildings and houses in the city, with the exception of the premises of the main chiefs, are very low and simple..."
b0256388f4d970c6ecbf64384e6b07373dc28f03	The existing fortress could not withstand serious attacks
9f6bb9df4bf7c45ce043f5f775c5fc8c0ddf49aa	In 1569, the Turkish Sultan Selim went on a campaign to Astrakhan with more than 60 thousand troops
1a74fa675e10071d42d702d4bb1e4b01d1a5f541	To save Astrakhan, an army was sent from Moscow, led by Prince Peter Serebryany, who was able to put the Pasha to flight
2007a99bf48f5d115b7c7fee2a67451a0e77e340	Realizing the importance of Astrakhan and its significant distance from Moscow, which created a lot of difficulties, including with the provision of military assistance, the government decided to build a stone kremlin
7b7a2e21488abff4dc90d3104d5a6944fd6cb040	Almost simultaneously with the beginning of work on the construction of the Astrakhan Kremlin, a Stone order was established, which was in charge of the city " sovereign's business in Moscow and other cities, where the sovereign orders "in terms of extraction and delivery "to the construction site by horse-drawn and river transport of stone, lime, wood, sand and clay, the device of brick" sheds"with firing furnaces, the appointment of work producers from among the most experienced architects."
4c930864141d66ca0b172004177009e2127724d5	State masons, bricklayers, blacksmiths and carpenters, who were close to the service people by their position, since they did not pay taxes, owned allotments of land, were at the disposal of the government, were sent to Astrakhan for the "sovereign city business" by special "registered" or "state-owned" masters or apprentices.
b57c4ed8c2f45b1a9d340cb176f144c5918ea8df	This service was hereditary and was passed down from fathers to children and other family members of state-owned masters.
144ca6fd5ce309ba3fc1911daf8eb4fba1fc2a13	In addition, they usually hired "willing people" for the "city business", stipulating with them the work with a special contract.
d36b73834c16de9875a7e337759024899149fb78	Among them were peasants, walking people, Streltsy, Cossacks and others.
5c86041677c1888c62873fa9c1265183c2b7999f	Their position in comparison with the" state-owned " masters was at the level of auxiliary laborers, low-skilled working people.
0e0001ae99a71e6f06f082df5653e8716f0d92d8	During this period, the organization of brick production in Astrakhan was very difficult, which was associated with a shortage of fuel for its firing.
579cb6092e9af69c94231134203ece9d527ad6ac	Therefore, it was decided to use the old Tatar plinth from the ruins of the Golden Horde cities for the construction of the Kremlin.
7982b6d03217c21669282934255a262ca4eb1649	The construction of the Astrakhan Kremlin was headed by Moscow masters of urban affairs Mikhail Ivanovich Velyaminov, Grigory Ovtsyn and deacon Dey Gubasty.
c1420acd69b3eff52d9f1d39b9ed6924e78625f5	They also supervised the delivery, the quality of the materials supplied and used, the progress of construction, the wages of master builders and workmen.
944cf5fe9c23e41bf44e4d1744b6044b130d7a96	Money for expenses on the stone city business was taken from local revenues, as well as from the sovereign's treasury: from Kazan, Sviyazhsk and other Volga cities.
636c30a7872eec5c11f6180885622aa1ec7a279d	The new stone Astrakhan Kremlin has retained the shape of a right-angled triangle, pointed to the west.
a3df508e080c74518bdbb81d6697b0d847c2c058	In general terms, its walls and towers resembled the kremlins of the central part of the Russian state that existed at that time.
98fc19cae7c3102ac54ed3d4e5fb1ebcf719a344	The walls and towers ended with two-horned battlements with two semicircles at the top and a saddle between them, the so-called "swallow's tail".
221b1ba0335287abc08b5c7ff63c1ffa86914bd7	The teeth were cut through with loopholes of "mounted" combat, from hand firearms.
77a778c1090d083eaee7a2b63de25f7b33138d16	On the outside of the walls, between the battlements and the platforms of the upper battle, called - "spinning" walls, oblique holes were arranged – "varnishes", intended for pouring hot tar or boiling water (var) over the enemy.
2efb8fea68f5206059f524a0f97fecdad56eea14	The width of the platform varied depending on the thickness of the walls, which were from 2.8 to 5.2 m.
b867983c82785ac0f0547527063a16e14fb44bcb	Here, if necessary, mounted cannon - mortars could be placed.
a76cfdac39c6def5d71aaadb8c188b4fdd861e29	The inner side of the walls of the Astrakhan Kremlin is cut through with semicircular niches and a large number of furnaces with loopholes for installing small and large guns.
5200bdf6ae51ee4e6b6cadee981555340679dcfd	The Astrakhan Kremlin was distinguished by the newest system of organizing a "fire fight"for that time.
f802d2f73073a80851fc677d244d1d707bd29789	In addition to the traditional lower cannon – "sole" battle, an additional line of medium combat, which was not previously used in Russian fortress architecture, was arranged in the walls.
855144198829a92bdb9dffad4a5ded9d5923e116	The loopholes of the middle and plantar combat were located in a staggered order, which made it possible to significantly increase the density of fire in front of the walls when the enemy attacked, and the rectilinear shape of the Kremlin walls and the strongly protruding combat towers made it possible to conduct flanking fire.
fda88769b0489b8df22b94d23ae0b568da75aaba	The battle towers of the Kremlin were divided inside into several tiers, which were connected by stairs arranged in the thickness of their walls and adapted for circular defense.
a5098742df82d06c325fe7848fe71651f80d585b	From each tower there was an exit to the upper battle area.
ff95fda815f18e6dde9bb897ce692ed1e1e0ceb3	The walls of each tier of towers had furnaces with loopholes for shooting from hand firearms and were crowned with wooden tents with guard platforms.
49429b833647a998557c30da059cb5d5ad928700	The thickness of the walls of the towers of the Astrakhan Kremlin reached 3-3. 5 m.
f58ed3808e3a4a0b12d33df1017f2f844f89e6ee	In total, according to the plan, the Astrakhan Kremlin had eight towers, of which three travel towers and four deaf ones have been preserved to this day.
1fa4365ebc87e293415c64d83d99a0e0ddca58d6	There were two types of travel towers: exit towers - for riders, horse-drawn transport and exit towers-for foot soldiers.
eaf2d60a136633ec5048dd9acc156ead21f5ca39	The battle towers that had exits only to the territory of the Kremlin were called deaf.
c6dff9ec2ed1a2e20fc093854cd68d1676bec8e2	Initially, the towers of the Astrakhan Kremlin, apparently, did not have names, the names appeared much later.
0a5c1fb9db0d2c045db9bfcc6dcac2d0eb3b31e1	The Astrakhan Kremlin, one of the first stone fortifications, was among the most powerful fortifications of the Moscow state.
b2e70d96b9b4f7f1dfd1fdf2ccfe30fe2c91b3d8	As the population of Astrakhan grows, a settlement with residential buildings appears to the east of the fortress.
690c3828c46ccfce9c0d64037d526fb1c19573d0	By 1631, this territory was surrounded by stone walls and received the name of the White City.
27bc454012143d626385536f523735dda85813be	On the south side, the walls of the Zhitny Dvor were attached to the Kremlin.
a14b9fd35f8f736c6a8cb2953d9483f35f107525	During its existence, the Astrakhan Kremlin has played a major role in a number of important historical events.
6590952d5ea6a99f47535b56a97636f95985400f	It was besieged twice by Crimean Turkish troops during a campaign on the Lower Volga in the 16th century
bab50e8f1fe941cd7e2e757431ea0013ec9f57b4	The Kremlin was the center of the Astrakhan uprising, which began in June 1606, during the peasant war under the leadership of I. I. Bolotnikov.
96361fa0549032ef6a2080766a03781632e42450	In 1613, Marina Mnishek took refuge in the Kremlin, occupied by the gang of ataman Ivan Zarutsky.
0dff42e2318f0904aabc2b44e2985f2dd6a831b7	In May 1614, the Astrakhan rebels stormed the Kremlin and expelled a gang of traitors who had settled here after fleeing from Moscow, led by ataman I. Zarutsky and a Polish adventurer M. Mnishek.
0f5a3d56698af4fd3a6b9cd73c34527d49638ff5	In memory of this event, a church in the name of the icon of the Kazan Mother of God was attached to the main roadway tower, and the gates were called Prechistensky.
13176af49afe7232c314995cc177042cd358205b	Subsequently, this tower was converted into a bell tower, which was rebuilt more than once, so that the bell tower that exists on this site now was erected at the beginning of the XX century.
caa8a222dc1298407eac5ea15907d19cbba4c245	In 1670, the Astrakhan Kremlin was captured by the army of Stepan Razin with the help of local residents who raised a rebellion.
14d3e2aa8fe39782e475b2791f73e41e3d3c5a27	Only 17 months later, the government managed to regain control of the city.
77fa91c6f10499afe4a4ad9bab7a974761b78f9d	According to contemporaries, all these events were accompanied by a"terrible massacre".
9e149a22f68b81c12ca7d56657cbcf2f83f126e4	Perhaps the most significant event for the Astrakhan Kremlin was the construction of the Assumption Cathedral on its territory, which began in 1698.
a23d1e00ae8c4df2cd35af16a7ea5c88c48d99f5	It was built by the fortress architect Dorofey Mineevich Myakishev.
1fc5a343a189b9d92b8c50932a3536149eee3709	This cathedral of a simple cubic shape with five gilded heads immediately attracts the attention of all visitors to the Astrakhan Kremlin with the restrained nobility of proportions.
df9012638b9514c1e8d71cf859d515d10451fe10	On the western side, the Frontal Place adjoins the Assumption Cathedral.
3a0dc2e3ef7e074cb21fc82d17b0d8e00729e416	Decrees and reports on the most important events in the state were read out here.
a3863cad8888e4931d4285497f423ed0dc7509b6	In the manuscript "Klyucharevskaya Chronicle" compiled by the clerk of the Assumption Cathedral, Kirill Vasiliev, there is a mention that Peter the Great, after a prayer service in the Assumption Cathedral, said to the Empress Ekaterina Alekseevna: "here is the temple creator, with whom I quarreled for money, you see what a building and the whole cathedral's babble, there is no such temple in the state"
d418a5d396355dec8343a5879510871437fa6c71	The basis of the Astrakhan garrison in the second half of the XVI-beginning. In the XVIII century (until 1705), there were Streltsy: on foot and on horseback.
89f6d6f020b09dabfb296b881acfd1b8e327cdcd	During the reign of Mikhail Fyodorovich, regiments of a new (foreign) system were created for carrying out border service, including in Astrakhan, consisting of soldiers who fought on foot, reitar who fought in horse formation, and dragoons who fought both on foot and in horse formation.
15b00a6141a19315b4449ffbb525f29e8e03cb81	The size of the Astrakhan garrison was unstable due to the arrival and departure of yearling archers, sending serving people to the fortress towns.
c5381ba47a24908126e1fb8d7c269abf90195d1d	But gradually the garrison increased, and Astrakhan also grew.
5c35cdcd4f76c213de5dc024d6f9863c8c30bb43	In addition to the Kremlin garrison, the Astrakhan city governor also had Tatar and Kalmyk cavalry at his disposal, which, if necessary, were to come to the aid of Astrakhan in the event of an enemy attack.
a61c3a6989ce7bc380e3981c63ae5c2006ea7fff	Tatars who lived and roamed on the territory of the sovereign patrimony - the kingdom of Astrakhan in the second half of the XVI-XVII century, were listed in the sovereign's service, which is why they were called "fodder service Tatars", receiving remuneration in the form of local, grain and monetary salaries.
31167603b2d45c0e6ea517b8bb47364f23082feb	The Pushkars in Astrakhan lived not far from the Kremlin on the territory of the White City in the Pushkarskaya Sloboda.
26e7685b2a9cbdbb0c368a7eae5182a653fdb157	Their role in the defense of the city and the region has always been decisive.
b46ab2344536ff0f027ba6ce8dc008e44d5bb26e	The tsarist troops took the Kremlin by storm, suppressing the Astrakhan anti-feudal popular uprising of 1705-1706.
0e1c4fefb228a23cb9c383f0f04a30612ddf9f7c	Many historians called the Astrakhan uprising that broke out in 1705 a "Wedding riot".
be2682618dbfbc1b6bcc700671ef81bb9a29697d	They saw the reason for the uprising in the spread of rumors around the city that they would soon ban weddings for seven years and order girls to marry only Germans.
a7700a51dc429a255ef1a706d97bb4a8a85438ec	Then, allegedly, they decided to marry all the girls to Russians in a hurry and played 100 weddings at once and, " getting drunk at those weddings, they were drunk, and they committed a riot."
cd562162b65c0fda41826ad6e691e718b9b994a9	In the summer, unrest in the city intensified.
e6e6dbaec0c615a9b6288b0d5878ee4f92416de5	The Streltsy, dissatisfied with the fact that they have not been paid their salaries for several months, grumbled.
7cbe72d997f196b4b317bf2b964ae3b4b69bef6e	Voivode Rzhevsky wanted to disarm the Streletsky regiments, but did not have time.
bee777bc5a70297decb81221b65d2c1fd035cf06	On the night of July 30, the rebels broke into the Kremlin.
c827eda5a2a184b8eee3fdd689b6757d08fce3ac	The governor was struck by a spear.
1e8738671bd8b7d5b353e012167b3cbb6d762964	A massacre was committed against the nobles, many Streltsy generals and foreign officers were whipped with sabers.
48f7d73698abbe4cbc4252b87534fdaf7fcccb39	After the suppression of the Astrakhan uprising by Field Marshal Sheremetyevo in 1706, the execution of over 300 Astrakhan residents and the exile of many participants to Siberia, Peter I "ordered Sheremetyevo" to give a gun to " mounted archers and send them to serve in St. Petersburg so that they would deserve their guilt there, and then on July 9, 1707, ordered that all the archers were withdrawn from Astrakhan...".
c55576dd51db165c415147535242ab564fc3116c	Since that time, their place in Astrakhan "was taken by a regular dragoon regiment of three-company composition ...".
e07618d1fa64fec4f58aa7da5dca9fd4dac77c78	After the establishment of the Astrakhan province by Peter I in 1717, its first governor, A. P. Volynsky, arrived in Astrakhan, who, having familiarized himself with the state of affairs in the region, in a report to the Senate in 1719, expressed his thoughts on strengthening the Astrakhan garrison: "...and in my opinion, it is necessary to have several field infantry regiments, also cavalry, in the Astrakhan province... and besides, a thousand irregular people."
924980a62dc93a59789ccf3602b6714b069d14e7	After that, the placement of the replenished Astrakhan garrison was carried out mainly outside the Kremlin, first around the city center, and then moved to the suburbs.
0b7b1c09f9447e9ba656843c0886e0381e2e022e	The territory of the Kremlin was significantly cleared in 1721.
2aca5df2f4face690bcfbad03e62c2c8f9f8bc1f	A. P. Volynsky was waiting for the arrival of Peter 1 in Astrakhan, in connection with which he gave instructions: "... the Kremlin is a city to clean and the wooden courtyard structure that is in it, whoever it is,. take everything out without a trace."
84306c36f6a89510a62d8d68eb027847ba3da465	This, of course, contributed to the reduction of garrison buildings on the territory of the Kremlin.
09224b999f20f5b456ec59cf9bbd03f21f498782	Starting from 1735, a number of city plans were created for Astrakhan at intervals of 3-5 years.
997b27f92101a49a2977652a20c8fc056fbd319b	Active redevelopment and construction inside the Kremlin began to be carried out only from the beginning of the XIX century.
8b7df6bccb24c0b86744633591747063426b162b	S. Gmelin, who visited Astrakhan in 1769-1770, does not mention the barracks on the territory of the Kremlin at all, and only names the guardhouse and powder magazines from the army buildings.
7a3e315279873e243586e3bf06da0d0245200c2e	The rest of the buildings listed by him belong to the administration, the police and the spiritual department.
2c5d54d2ddda96abb1d37904e25832906c7b6fda	Due to the introduction of European terminology into the Russian military lexicon in the XIX century, the Kremlin Square in front of the Assumption Cathedral begins to be called the parade ground, i.e. it is used for conducting military exercises.
7a671a4376fcc453691ed591745caa888eabe34a	Gradually, the territory of the Kremlin is conditionally divided into two parts: the buildings of the spiritual department are concentrated in the east, and the Kremlin garrison is concentrated in the west.
52a2dd02fe161c33906a33e6c50494ae52b0336c	According to the" Table of houses and streets of the city of Astrakhan " of 1884, the garrison buildings in the Kremlin include "the military infirmary building... administrative building... barracks of the local batalion... the arena... the guardhouse... baths, kitchens, tseykhauz, glaciers, a chapel for dead bodies, stables, carriage houses, a laboratory... artillery magazine... laundry room... a grocery store with a guardhouse... " - all stone.
ebbacbefe2748c932fb298bbb14d3cf60fe7b224	Very few of them have survived to our time.
6d89efcd77f9e58ab805f9753d9ceddfde869d10	Some of the buildings were dismantled due to dilapidation or low value in architectural and historical terms.
4f84b99cd78d702099b97923b67f76532e9be59a	The buildings built into the Kremlin walls in the XIX century were dismantled during restoration to restore the original appearance of the ancient Kremlin.
321cacadc755653a4605246e67ad73c65a40432e	All military buildings that have survived to this day on the territory of the Kremlin are architectural monuments of federal significance.
3f891a6034232d51f35d14da7f092e895bc68828	First of all, it should be noted that the officers 'quarters (the ober and the staff officer's house) and two soldiers' barracks (1805) were built in the classical style.
fecc39ac8d7e012d53a21246b2bface97e762c6c	It was at the beginning of the XIX century that officers and soldiers from 269 private houses, i.e. half of all those who had previously been at the "state post", were relocated to the Kremlin barracks at the suggestion of Governor S. S. Andrievsky.
6995a5001730bf5c7b330fc43f7b4e3cc0d6dff8	As you know, such a stay was a heavy burden for the residents of the city, since soldiers and officers were provided with heating and lighting at the expense of homeowners.
6a258e6f8a6c0744a7b8aa31cf6a686be4fa29de	Currently, the Committee for Physical Education, the School of Culture and art workshops are located in former military buildings that are not far from each other.
9a12c6a869f4007a2e20baa951e3431d263146d6	The preserved building of the guardhouse (1807) is interesting from an architectural and historical point of view.
c03eff47c873417c36bcf1b3ce18ba53a48a9f02	It was used as a guardhouse with a platform for building a guard.
9c21ff1740c61d282871a8d6bc09c2bf721895e4	In the building, in a special room, soldiers were kept under arrest for violations of the charter.
ec74569d7afdca5053bb41444d2e64de3ccfdebd	In 2011, after the restoration, the premises of the guardhouse were opened, the exposition of which tells about the life of the Astrakhan military garrison of the XIX century.
bf3407ce33a10f77274a69b9cc13a7ac5fc85bec	Next to the guardhouse is a building of the second half of the XIX century, called the administrative building, or the office of the military chief.
c5cb64b272dc8cf51a24b1151772ccae25916fdb	It was a military administration body on the territory of the province.
473565c844288521dea7bb5fb4e8a9c77a538097	The very post of "military chief" in the Astrakhan province has existed since 1874.
48422ca8c77c25ff6c87572cbd1ad71df8a5e374	Military chiefs exercised control over local human and material reserves and their mobilization.
4fe476841b50817d98c811fc181158723154c561	In 1918, the position was liquidated.
e29bffa5de63146fab197b7b768dfdaf3d7948b7	During the First World War, the Kremlin housed companies of the 156th reserve infantry regiment, which switched to the side of the Soviet government after the events of 1917.
81e04ba2c5416b649ee0d89d73829a8bea78d990	After the October Revolution, access to the Kremlin was closed, it became a military garrison, Red Guard detachments were formed here and the Military Revolutionary Committee was located
7b88638cfdaed6a771d836753fc20aceff15b51c	In January 1918, the Bolsheviks had to defend the Kremlin during a counter-revolutionary uprising, the fortress was subjected to heavy artillery fire, which caused significant destruction to its structures
fc2523bad602909058362059a2915bb92a86e72f	For 14 days there were fierce, bloody battles on the streets of the city.
2fcfc022c420e841c2aef6735295914282d9c74d	On January 25 (February 7, new style), 1918, the offensive of the Red Guard detachments began, ending with the victory of the Bolsheviks and the establishment of Soviet power in Astrakhan and the Astrakhan province...
aa9535ea18156e859cd69d247ffba5bf60c4432f	Since the same year, a tradition of honorary burials of fighters for the power of the Soviets in the central part of the city, in its parks and squares, has been emerging in Astrakhan.
a8ff617bb6d68190d5dc6aed0b1fab0e4581dd02	In the first years of Soviet power, Red Army units were located in many buildings of the Kremlin.
ed88db73f84db89a6f6e28fb4cc3ecb07764b639	For a long time, the Astrakhan Kremlin remained an object of military significance.
c31147a609b6d86c7c4b971218a1a4233759f9b2	The Red Army garrison was located here, there was a Red Army club, a playground for physical exercises.
1935cdcbdf33f066f26d4189bf4b921ba530d710	The Red commanders did not like the neighborhood of the parade ground with the majestic building of the Assumption Cathedral.
3439f29c0e2e14f4b0ebcd6cda57736b677c994b	The commandant of the military camp, Comrade Katyshev, on behalf of the party cell, submitted an application to the Gubernatorial Executive Committee demanding the demolition of the church structure.
79bd79b806bef55a06d9b73f08be3f7190c904d7	However, the city leaders had the courage to defend the cathedral, as well as all the other buildings of the Kremlin.
340036b44b3d56686114355ad7bc64487fd9b637	The temples also survived because they were dry and spacious, they were very convenient for use as storage rooms.
019ecc61ff40e0d4f64be5825753616146ff8a78	The Trinity Cathedral housed the district archive for a long time, and the Assumption Cathedral, or rather its lower temple, was turned into an ammunition depot during the Great Patriotic War.
205f495549177945a05419aca585f9d386007ddd	Even before the Great Patriotic War, infantry and machine-gun courses began to operate in the Kremlin.
681cd5801e672cc84b80d354241834a4db852905	In the summer of 1942, Astrakhan cadets took a heroic part in the battles on the outskirts of the city.
962a09187ad17cdd0c928c46d4d4639a4a1b79a3	Anti-aircraft batteries were installed on the Kremlin Square, reflecting the attacks of enemy aircraft.
6f81a4da61e4d33d26b8ad4f9db2af2b9a8a58cc	The Germans threw leaflets at the city from the air.
6b67f7e6e3afb3c156c0a6765f020a62ba9193ff	One of them showed Hitler with an accordion.
397a50ea48959e2266f8137e3426814de995c488	At the bottom - the inscription: "We will take Stalingrad with bombing, and Astrakhan - with an accordion."
45f843e4f1328110b3a7bd4d271ffee81f5df4be	Only after the end of the Great Patriotic War, in the late 1950s, access to the Kremlin was opened, and it ceased to be an object of military purpose
3b296ff4a5f56e1d3d38bcfecb4204706aceeb07	In 1947, the Astrakhan Kremlin was included in the list of architectural and historical monuments of national significance and put under state protection.
e7222b7688773f770079292c89dc75879d9027fe	In 1949, for the first time, the question of restoring the architectural ensemble of the Kremlin arose
a628da14319b6be88a4260cbed8d657dc73ff95b	By that time, the southern Kremlin wall between the Zhitnaya and Krymskaya towers had already collapsed
c0fd3d21c87772a51d5d79421df9aca54a7b5716	In the summer of 1949, a group of architects from the Central Design and Restoration Workshop of the Ministry of Urban Construction examined the architectural complex of the Kremlin on the spot and determined the degree of its preservation, as well as the tasks and volumes of restoration work.
e99ec35bf79482c78423328be6dc5ec7fb98db5c	Since 1959, work began on the reconstruction and restoration of the entire complex of the Astrakhan Kremlin, which continues today
c2cfe457387c384af02df002f12f201c8baddfad	The Astrakhan Kremlin Museum was opened in 1974.
411d925164e877d1ec573742c1aa66048533d4f9	Since the 1970s, the walls, towers and internal structures of the Kremlin were restored, and the complex itself was given the status of a nature reserve.
819bb1c19303762bc87f607572ee1b65d4eb1293	Today it is not only a monument to the Russian military fortress — there is a rich ethnographic museum (its main buildings are located in the former administration of the military commander of the fortress of the XIX century, the Artillery Tower and the "Red Gate").
a4295d98d1c39e94a6c39645218cfb8ce73f4f9f	Exhibitions have been opened: "The history of the formation of the city near the north-eastern walls of the Kremlin", "The history of the Astrakhan garrison", "The history of corporal punishment in Russia" and other expositions.
cd17c6e08c1a75fb51bd9b38c6d264f9a22cb751	There is also an opportunity to appreciate Astrakhan and the Volga in all its glory on the observation tower of the "Red Gate".
081f9de02999df286a4dc9864ca2becaf02a5e36	Despite the fact that most of the exhibitions of the Astrakhan Kremlin Museum and Exhibition Complex have a military theme, you should not miss the opportunity to learn part of the history of Ancient Russia.
e6a71e247443daaadf4061f2ae6581e159879c38	The creation of the Astrakhan Kremlin is connected with the annexation of new territories to Russia, thanks to which our country received access to the Caspian Sea.
7e44354dc74806f570de78be34d3f19e7ca3d3cb	Zeichhaus — (German: Zeughaus, from Zeug - thing and Haus-house) is an outdated name for a warehouse for storing stocks of weapons, equipment, uniforms, food.
7a6536e537f88253f0b2ad794eb4615b0e4f0ac0	From 2007 to September 2013, after carrying out the necessary construction and restoration works according to the drawings of the XIX century, the former building of the "artillery store" - "Tseykhauz" found a new life as a museum and exhibition complex of the Astrakhan Museum Reserve.
730673231f4f6f7755f7c0a0a008f1628f9c04c3	For a long time, the building of the zeichhaus did not function and fell into a ruined state.
ade5dcd6e1fb3a37bd467a874f9b757e2e28c358	HOME About VOOPIiK VOOPIiK activities in the regions OUR HERITAGE THE GOLDEN RING OF RUSSIA
a59a116bad57993ebe1c5828162d786534b302d3	All Russian Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments
7a387bba51c468075fcacbba23e015c244679059	Our heritage Memorials of history and culturearchitectural ensembles
4d4ba0747ee80f13f0a4918a1cacbb1809f7b6de	Astrakhan Kremlin
e9b5bce7a612a2508046d2471dc88cc7af8dc7a4	Architectural ensembles
0a5f6b4809edce1f2f87c43888659db127fd9ceb	Disappearing monuments
6d3518a2cf5858695b16a8b3e4594e6ca22fe629	UNESCO Monuments
f469e11fd75bf35bf53b0e8d15382bf55433ddc1	Popular monuments
cd03237269a1fc0e3944deb2393fdfd85d6b65ea	A unique architectural ensemble, a monument of military engineering art of the second half of the XVI century.
9627cc78789b2f216260677ad2c8b27277f91ac0	The Astrakhan Kremlin, built in 1620 (architects Mikhail Velyaminov and Dey Gubastyj), is a unique architectural ensemble of the XVI century, with white stone walls, 4 blind and 3 travel towers.
18b09e3b06fe7e59e6fcf0caa1a6c580440245ee	Since 1980, it has been a monument of federal significance.
7a9098ace9ec34192c25e816880f19b5c950afe6	The building descends along the left bank of the Volga almost to the embankment
75fe36c2319260567867545f018be445ea139ff0	On the territory of the Kremlin there are the five domed cube shaped Assumption Cathedral (1698-1710, architect Dorofey Myakishev), the Trinity Cathedral (XVI XVIII centuries), the Bishop's House (XVI—XVIII centuries) with a house church, the guardhouse (1807), the Cyril Chapel (XVII XIX centuries), the Prechistensky Gate.
97c745574ac1f9f32c9b954d1b948b88d65af407	After the construction of the Assumption Cathedral, in 1710, the first cathedral bell tower was built on the site of the gate church under the guidance of architect D. M. Myakishev.
ade6e20dc597d786febaa2228e561df43e84b1b2	Not only bells, but also clocks were installed on it.
9d4f0e9b23a3829640f60a6d436691184d4aa4bd	By 1813, a new bell tower was built by the architect Luigi Rusca at the expense of I.
dcfe9e08f5825b02c8a9d773ff77d4b82eb47631	A. Varvation, since the old one could collapse.
621f3c00ce0ba01bbb27196e76d8205b9e31d7e1	In 1896, it was discovered that the bell tower has a slope.
382215a201fe00db15c5bd7d6f91589fb329b0c7	In 1910, it was replaced by an even more grandiose four tiered bell tower, built according to the project of the Astrakhan diocesan architect S. I. Karyagin.
47ffb9bced2efccb606fa6a57b42768c4c918f9c	For the first time, the question of the restoration of the entire architectural ensemble of the Kremlin arose in 1949.
c96bbf89fc142d95cf88fdfbf41ed9095808bda2	By this time, the southern Kremlin wall between the Zhitnaya and Krymskaya towers had already collapsed.
7a153a35c46f7813335d7ac47ebe807273db0715	Since 1959, it has been possible to start practical measures for the restoration of the Kremlin.
ea414501c49086719b49447f0b35e04e7cc5334a	The restored architectural monuments were transferred to the Astrakhan Museum Reserve in 1974.
33bdf54c4fc1bc79edabf56901a2b3ee55484189	In 1992, the Prechistenskaya Cathedral bell tower was returned to the Astrakhan Diocese.
9972d114e69f123c2772367cbf54e0542235e0ad	The construction of the Astrakhan stone Kremlin was started during the reign of John IV the Terrible in 1582, and completed during the reign of his son Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich with the direct participation of Boris Godunov, who called himself and was called by his compatriots as "the tsar's brother in law and ruler, equerry boyar, and yard voivode, and the keeper of the great states, the kingdoms of Kazan and Astrakhan".
efc8c05de558b535b6140d2ec31edb028b07c504	Almost simultaneously with the beginning of work on the construction of the Astrakhan Kremlin, a Stone order was established, which was in charge of the city " sovereign's business in Moscow and other cities, where the sovereign orders "in terms of extraction and delivery "to the construction site by horse drawn and river transport of stone, lime, wood, sand and clay, the device of brick" sheds"with firing furnaces, the appointment of work producers from among the most experienced architects."
f7f4f24533cd7d894fbf75c3fe5aa585bf335d96	State masons, bricklayers, blacksmiths and carpenters, who were close to the service people by their position, since they did not pay taxes, owned allotments of land, were at the disposal of the government, were sent to Astrakhan for the "sovereign city business" by special "registered" or "state owned" masters or apprentices.
da109866b3e0e3bec7bdbe41b00b9b123698832f	This service was hereditary and was passed down from fathers to children and other family members of state owned masters.
f19b1c00052c1f800589f1bf4668a9abcd7d2105	Their position in comparison with the" state owned " masters was at the level of auxiliary laborers, low skilled working people.
bd87ca2ed886ce02b6b794a47c7b59debd1c0bd5	According to "Key rawska chronicle" when I was "drawing checked on the construction of the stone Kremlin, the circumference of not more than stood the old palisade bricks had been ordered to take Akhtuba", to make out the remains of the Khan's palaces and mosques, "the walls of the city, to put in the Kremlin, the output of the 8 towers, to the outer large place, where less trouble is smaller, but that all was about three loopholes; output where the city will, to the East to put taller and wider than the great tower, to be in it to pass, drawing specifies width: a city as old as they were, here and the digging of the pit, and that God will give, I wanted to primicati more in the Kremlin to make two potion of the yard, and the white city will bring drawing..."
ac3ea85feeeb4a366a674a6bc550befbeb18962a	(i.e., was already planning to replace the wooden walls of the fortress on the stone walls of the White city, the construction of which will begin in the seventeenth century).
82408a49e3385c968701378d00c6de6f3a20736a	Money for expenses on the stone city business was taken from local revenues, as well as from the sovereign's treasury: from Kazan, Sviyazhsk and other Volga cities. .
58689272a534035f236aef32ab0509c6006c216e	There is a description of the dispute between the voivodes of the builders, Velyaminov "with his comrades", and the Astrakhan city voivode Prince Fyodor Mikhailovich Troyekurov, who insisted on using"old lime, upholstered with Sarajevo bricks" for laying the Kremlin walls.
f2ba0b8670fa77db270782c30f8de2e6b1d0946d	Velyaminov and his comrades, after examining the lime, decided that if it was mixed with the new one, it would be equal to simple sand in its strength, and meanwhile it would be necessary to collect it, deliver it to the city and burn it, which would seem useless and unprofitable.
bed8ebbae5de3ceaaa96a0edbbd3435776027d63	Troekurov, he wanted to burn that lime for testing, but the construction governors, dissatisfied with his intervention, refused to give masons experienced in firing.
894977657bf7f2694b8ce31e89e74c50fd01e808	I had to do this with the help of a certain Sagittarius Ivanka Pechurka, who confessed that a bricklayer taught him to burn lime, "but did not say his name", fearing "from the Dey from the Lipped mutilation and death".
44ecd83ff041940268ad42abd543a28d0bd3c41a	Troyekurov showed the burnt lime to his comrades and the boyars ' children, and since they approved of it, he suggested that the builders put it into use.
326b20320598b5b4ca63f9ad2cb372aad6dddc0c	The latter insisted on their own, demanded that Troyekurov first lay down a few fathoms of the wall for testing, and his indication about the profitability of using this lime was allegedly said that "they donot care about that".
f87292329a5fdc0d1a1145f66a4d774fb21b5160	Both of them had to write about their differences to Moscow, where Troyekurov sent a sample of the old lime he received from firing.
9a467453542893802630dba2210e602e946ce074	In Moscow, Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich ordered to look at the sample sent to the famous architect - builder of the Moscow White City, the tent and church master Fyodor Konya and his comrades, and they decided that " only the lime mixed with the new, it will be useful in the city business."' The answer about the quality of this lime was sent "to Astrakhan in 1590", when the Astrakhan Kremlin was already built.
91d3af42d7f1f901b7c9e5e1c01e974a4c3de474	It is possible that later a mixture of old lime with new was used in the construction of any other buildings and city walls.
94de7a1024ec6b5049381b32778dc35a54179245	The new stone Astrakhan Kremlin has retained the shape of a right angled triangle, pointed to the west.
78c66cbb5189d4e500a7d364fb41528fbd71a32c	Both the walls and the towers ended with two horned battlements with two semicircles at the top and a saddle between them, the so called "swallow's tail".
6a0a93cfeed185076c01a7dfd1970c4923e6de2e	"Such a prong, which appeared for the first time on the walls and towers of the Moscow Kremlin, then becomes an integral element of the vast majority of Russian fortresses - both geometrically correct and polygonal, which figuratively spoke of their unity."
076237a66301957c5e4c23bbd1f67428c96843dc	The prongs were cut by furnaces with mounted combat riflemen for shooting from hand firearms.
f83895741167cec16d22cf28c49a9872cc292be4	At the junction of the prongs and the combat platform for the upper battle, oblique holes were arranged - varnitsy, intended for pouring hot resin or boiling water (var) over the enemy.
69b2d9b9270b31911e7be96c1a0b5b815ac01870	If necessary, mounted cannon - mortars could be placed here.
30c7b50502e912180b78adcaf487ee87b680b3a4	The inner side of the walls of the Astrakhan Kremlin had a wide spinning wheel with semicircular niches and a large number of furnaces with loopholes for installing small and large scale guns (this was the name of light and heavy artillery at that time), which was a ubiquitous feature of Russian fortress architecture.
d4381a5c2824210eb524ce29fdc3aab04b516e00	However, the walls of the Astrakhan Kremlin also had the newest system of organizing a "fire fight"for that time.
2ec58db132179725bee8d6cca5759e08f4f39fff	In addition to the traditional lower cannon - plantar battle, an additional line of medium pitched battle, which was not previously used in Russian fortress architecture, was arranged in them.
13f7cfc7c5cfee67cd6d7a0339e481f759065153	The loopholes of the middle and plantar combat were located in a staggered order, which made it possible to significantly increase the density of fire in front of the walls when the enemy attacked, and the rectilinear shape of the Kremlin walls made it possible to fire from all seven towers sharply pushed forward almost parallel to the walls.
3edb70a59f1a28056bbf06fabda4eb122e183a86	The battle towers were divided inside into several tiers, which were connected by stairs arranged in the thickness of their walls.
2840ee47b4a9309563135cec34c9886f9dbf73ac	The thickness of the walls of the towers of the Astrakhan Kremlin reached 3-3.5 m.
b5da97bc4a910b71ae4763eb826237a0a7035c15	The towers were designed for conducting circular defense.
17389b06e5f040105bfb60334b5c148138daa18e	Frontal fire from the walls of the Astrakhan Kremlin and flanking shelling from the towers created a zone of continuous destruction on the approaches to it.
721862c8c19544d66760a6c411802c8ec215787f	It is believed that the device of the loopholes of the middle battle in the Astrakhan Kremlin was carried out almost simultaneously with it in the 1584-1589 gg.
cf9f87615844d9b30e1509b8defaf1041c446de2	In the Solovetsky Monastery and later in the Smolensk Kremlin, which was built under the leadership of Fyodor Konya in 1595-1602.
9f94da21196688a5742e0f00ee1ca4bde3a60b9e	Along with them, the Astrakhan Kremlin was at that time one of the most advanced defensive structures of the Moscow state.
7b3959048c141a11a02a3a5e048f7723dd9ad6d2	In total, according to the plan approved in Moscow, the Astrakhan Kremlin had eight towers, of which three travel towers and four deaf ones have been preserved to this day.
0ca872365af8f86ef647712c5ac72740b587584b	There were two types of travel towers: exit towers - for riders, horse drawn transport and exit towers for foot soldiers.
5d9ca2dbd388623dedbb2226d373596fb47f2d10	The basis of the Astrakhan garrison in the second half of the XVI beginning.
67621ae43c50d0529a109f075471d025df2e28dd	In the XVIII century (until 1705), there were Streltsy: on foot and on horseback.
a7fdcd97fcb162d9a0da4592c91f91f30cdc1d5f	Usually, "boyar children" went to the reitars.
8986d9d1db6232a39caad91132718ef9eb0c6721	Sometimes Tatar cavalry was enlisted in the reitars.
b006bcc5fa8d5cd23d4a3d9113a3ddb1b24cf88b	In 1636, Astrakhan, according to A. Olearia, was protected by 500 metal cannons and nine Streletsky orders.1 A member of the Polish embassy to Persia, the nobleman Peter Zhikovsky, who visited Astrakhan, reported in 1672 that "...Astrakhan... the city of the great..., in a considerable fortress.
4a15c1092ca68cd3fdc9e748065a4703596a2998	And there are about 8000 people in Astrakhan of military rank under the boyar and the voivode...".
15f6e4bdc846d499d910175257f134ec724c58f9	Tatars who lived and roamed on the territory of the sovereign patrimony - the kingdom of Astrakhan in the second half of the XVI XVII century, were listed in the sovereign's service, which is why they were called "fodder service Tatars", receiving remuneration in the form of local, grain and monetary salaries.
5a7137a467e2dd88ad7ca8d9cfb8b35fd3213678	The traveler de Bruin, who visited Astrakhan in 1703, reports that " ... there is always a guard at the gates of the Kremlin, which is sufficiently equipped with artillery.
c46fa2ebc1227d60e2272d8c6bfa304b9b513cce	At the entrance to the Kremlin, in front of the gate a guard with its gatehouse, then a lot of guns...".
483afbadeec12350c0889ed73b70377f60b33bf7	He also notes that the Astrakhan garrison in 1703 consisted of "...3,500 people, of whom 1000 soldiers of the regiment"... and the rest by foot and horse archers, who, after the abolition by Peter the great in 1699 Streltsy troops were officially merged into the composition of the regiments of the new order.
23b0f12cb74a2c41b1b4697eee847edc2f493d67	The introduction of Peter's innovations into the life of Astrakhan residents by the city governor T. I. Rzhevsky was not easy.
dea13fadd637a759ebd965901d0d1a152fabd7f9	Russian Russian clothing was not cut off in accordance with the likeness and exposed to the people and any abuse of them and the maiden sex was repaired, and they were beaten off from the churches, and they were beaten, and their moustaches and beards were cursed all over the city by the order of the governor, as petitioners wrote to Peter I, "the Russian dress was cut off from the male and female sex in front of the people and any abuse of them and the maiden sex was repaired, and from the churches, and they were beaten, and their moustaches and beards were cursed they were cut off with meat."
2055c3feffee474c3922146e88741b54136dcbd2	In addition, the tension in the city gradually matured due to dissatisfaction with the appearance of new taxes and duties, the elimination of some privileges of the military and clerical classes, the long delay in paying salaries to Streltsy and at the same time due to the introduction of benefits for foreigners, higher payment for their service.
65df80facf144c7ebbe0e1da1c0e1a3fb8c42bf5	In the spring of 1705, the Streltsy and the Posadskys gathered secretly and talked that it was impossible to continue living like this, we must stand up for ourselves and for the Orthodox faith.
87f25a17e7a6cbcf916c92753f59af51ffa361d0	Since that time, their place in Astrakhan "was taken by a regular dragoon regiment of three company composition ...". After the establishment of the Astrakhan province by Peter I in 1717, its first governor, A. P. Volynsky, arrived in Astrakhan, who, having familiarized himself with the state of affairs in the region, in a report to the Senate in 1719, expressed his thoughts on strengthening the Astrakhan garrison: "...and in my opinion, it is necessary to have several field infantry regiments, also cavalry, in the Astrakhan province... and besides, a thousand irregular people."
1ff9184998b065b2f6aa22a17f7e8f431eae9f3c	According to the description of the city of Astrakhan, compiled by academician N. Ya.
b04603d656c03c57792f074b5bf0dcc49df7a9af	Ozeretskovsky in 1783, on the territory of the Kremlin there are buildings of the commission "military court and the victualling office, two powder cellars, six tseykhhouses, three wine cellars, two bast victualling stores, which are located in the Zhitny yard.
f086e2216cb80a23a14f0d0e54bf64f431d24b98	.."
573afe54fd0ad04e38072969d927c86d0696b056	In 1875-1876, this territorial division was formed by the device of an " earthen rampart lined with bricks in the Kremlin, in the interval between the battalion barracks and the Spiritual Consistory... to separate the black courtyard of the battalion from the parade ground of the parade square."
dd1f25965ce3f6f999275615ad9b513294b6aa62	According to the" Table of houses and streets of the city of Astrakhan " of 1884, the garrison buildings in the Kremlin include "the military infirmary building... administrative building... barracks of the local batalion... the arena... the guardhouse... baths, kitchens, tseykhauz, glaciers, a chapel for dead bodies, stables, carriage houses, a laboratory... artillery magazine... laundry room... a grocery store with a guardhouse...
9a1387f2448482487793b2089995852741759a76	" - all stone.
33de234fe47d6d3e1bc410244412bdc117de8d61	(This platform in 1867 was laid out with bricks "in the Christmas tree", was called a platform, 2 poles for a bell and a lantern were installed on it.)
b6a7f6b18d46f19c68a0c0ff850b0909baa01cb6	Not far from the Crimean Tower, you can now see the ruins of the" artillery store", or the tseykhauz - a former weapons warehouse.
423f28789f3e8d0d442800985abeb4a71b3cb4fd	The Revolutionary Committee, established in December 1917, was located in the former building of the military chief.
75751cc387c134d32391895e31eaaa981ac36f46	On the night of January 12, 1918, the Astrakhan Cossacks went on an open armed demonstration against supporters of the Soviet government.
b1065f269f1cb49212fd816d06e241cd5a46383f	The Kremlin walls also got it.
b731c373259f470fbedf131b985c70f43bd52642	The White Cossacks tried to capture the fortress with the Red Guards who were holed up there.
cd0df962b5de3fe8dbc7166fc83e5b521b74e2fe	The Kremlin was shelled with three inch guns and machine guns.
7b240bd63fff85296eb9f65d73187152d2afba95	Some of them were installed on the roofs of the Gostiny Dom, the Gantscher house and on the bell tower of the church of Nikola Gostiny.
b4c6fab668f97b5fe120854298cba2b161514380	All these buildings were located opposite the Kremlin wall.
107dec596adef314b55bafbaa10ec3a2bad5577c	At a meeting of the Kremlin Revkom, it was decided to set them on fire.
84d7ae61edbd55fd9215e35bf47783367a78ec7f	Soon the city center was ablaze, which was facilitated by a strong westerly wind.
c3a3a1fcd5cbbb761efbdb923c691fcabfa17935	The course of the battle was determined by the support that came up from the Lovetsky population of the region.
d74c24c3ed14f433fe967988f5303e02902ef1fd	The White Cossacks fled.
486ab11e6f726077c4739694719688033b2db7e0	On January 25, 1918, Soviet power was established in Astrakhan.
7d40dad177897f91008f9f5e76be0db2ca22b2b2	In 1922, the honorary burial of the head of the Astrakhan garrison, P. P. Chugunov, was made on the Kremlin Square.
beb4a1ac17ee09f6c0b928f228ed618f5d61ce8c	Later, participants of the civil war F.
e0f2c4bdf1030166462fbf24367727652685456a	A. Trofimov and I. E. Lemisov were buried here.
8f202de745467f175f6fbb5b63d1108090032353	In 1926, an obelisk monument, made according to the project of V.
a0ec12bf6bb3f8ba9d169ac94ad1d4ee2323c5a0	A. Tolmachev, was installed on this place.
c889c140d44a9be3e35b4b22a5e59668c021669a	In 1922-1926, it was called " the military town of them.
47fc45ee297c88c70fb969d02d9b56c852c1c786	Trotsky".
9ecb599b229e2d98f94d267cf8e98fae884ed477	Even before the Great Patriotic War, infantry and machine gun courses began to operate in the Kremlin.
6b5aa79f6b25e5aee40368e51571ff478c3455b4	Anti aircraft batteries were installed on the Kremlin Square, reflecting the attacks of enemy aircraft.
3edc8981ee26db5efabd64e4e8de1fdf8cad95af	But even with the bombing, Astrakhan could not be taken.
5db722812af5faea1a916dcc5de959ee73d58c3e	The Astrakhan Kremlin has stood up again.
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bf06e6f2b941c90c17a4dc6487d7d880eeb939c7	Subtleties of tourism Russia Sights of Russia Sights of Astrakhan Astrakhan Kremlin
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936638289871eab2980bce6522f1e9a42d5b4723	Astrakhan Kremlin Astrakhan Kremlin (Russia) - description, history, location.
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a45370321975fe37f7145d05512b192e914c610d	It is located on an island whose shores are washed by the waters of the Volga, Kutum, Tsarev and Erik Kazachy.
6d7abc65c6a2b0bffb3d5debb4a757c5e5390ffe	It is not difficult to get to the Kremlin: you need to get from the railway station by buses, the route of which includes the stops Lenin Square, Oktyabrskaya Square, or by taxi.
6ecec3ef7c0d71220b754c7fa179555f8298d673	You will not be able to pass by the Kremlin.
9c1da5ca48ea8a2d288214afacbb4e1820797bf2	Firstly, it is located on the highest hill of the island, called Hare Hill.
4abb6fa552e109c209574400017f2a3c6464eca5	Third, the territory is fenced with stone walls from 3 to 8 meters high.
59d9f6882d68b3ff36be8dc4e10435920cf234a0	Agree, a monumental structure.
480de60171976e4d0dfd2044dd00d9ccb45aa799	The history of the Astrakhan Kremlin
301ea549302392ab2e32d835b172ec88b1a9dbe2	The construction of the first wooden buildings of the Astrakhan Kremlin in 1558 was the beginning of the chronology of the new Astrakhan.
a77245677e472d267648a3d81870dfc45b394232	Already in 1562, there was one battle tower and a travel gate on the hill, but there was no high bell tower and stone walls yet.
18dc9b3168c21ece076934464fedc8fd7441b3ba	The construction of the stone Kremlin was started in the reign of John IV the Terrible, and was completed already under his son Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich with the direct participation of Boris Godunov.
3e6bf896652f57428f3733696a2a8898bd963dd4	It was at the height of the Troubles due to constant military conflicts and civil strife that it became necessary to build a stone fortress for defense.
04b87daa7887965a89a8b70f055ae36b22f26c37	The tower began to become overgrown with buildings — the very first walls of the Kremlin were built from the bricks of the former Golden Horde capital.
afc583801b0298fde2a76222add13a54360a3fd4	Buildings on the territory of the Astrakhan Kremlin
98ce89ede5894dff120ac04e940ca5ae9b51f185	The Astrakhan Kremlin originally had eight towers, of which three passageways and four deaf ones have been preserved to this day.
3e45d0c51dea378aa788919c7f1923b833a16c08	The thickness of the walls of the Kremlin towers reached 3-3.
e834d4f0f01298a16bcef9934d49dfea8792dce1	5 m.
0494053daa7683e6119a861c6166a804ba029ee0	Prechistensky Gate and the Cathedral bell tower of the Astrakhan Kremlin
c6cd50e6765988c45c3f233835830e3863ee4ed5	The eighty meter four tiered beautiful bell tower above the main travel gate of the Kremlin is visible to Astrakhan residents from almost anywhere in the city.
66c60cc3ef8ee758ec4dc5de86f3f5823de47012	The gates over which it is installed — Prechistensky have connected the Kremlin with the White City since the XVII century.
413773aa4347b8b4187367ea76dbb04d0def8cfb	The modern bell tower was erected in 1910, before it there were 4 more bell towers in the Kremlin.
eb37ab6cd3a65aedbd946486ed4243d492edaab3	In 1912, chimes were installed here.
1389fafb700ca39b436ce104bb6937fdee02d215	The chimes strike every quarter of an hour, every hour and twice a day (at 12 and 18 o'clock) they play the melody of M. I. Glinka "Hail".
e7e83584dda314e6f64f1e7fc656e9146d9e6c79	Bishop's Tower
568e2069a7452a4acc30c2774d1c04c7c2b2278d	The eastern corner blind tower — the Bishop's Tower is located to the left of the Prechistenskaya Cathedral bell tower.
c88ee1869cdcc5522ba86dd9947c88cf1661742b	It received its name after the establishment of the Astrakhan diocese in 1602, when a place was allocated for a Bishop's compound in the south eastern part of the Kremlin.
997d86aa96d888b26833ac6162f09dbd909a00bb	The current walls of the tower were erected during the reconstruction of the Kremlin in 1828.
1a174d68d8872d38053ac31aa34b005b06d009b3	Zhitnaya Tower
18e003c7e47c601e0aecd4ae01fa187b12c74254	The southern deaf Zhitnaya Tower is one of the few that has been preserved since the construction of the Kremlin — a small one, protected on both sides by the lake and the buildings of the Zhitny Dvor, it has always been in the safest place of the structure.
855e6a71eac037cf6d86932903ef52ffab43c4ee	It got its name from the "little fortress" adjacent to the southern wall of the Kremlin, called the Zhitny Dvor, that is, "the place where every necessary supply lies".
0ef5db1ae968fb720501b7583adc9a867b41dfee	In addition to towers, gates and ancient walls, the Astrakhan Kremlin is rightfully proud of internal buildings mainly chapels and temples.
d2e63f8aab6e7e718bae3b51dd2d0d483beeaced	Crimean Tower
4406c21a84e069daabd9753f4126fdd532b104f0	The Crimean Tower has always been the most powerful in strategic terms — the Crimean Highway led directly to it, from where the Crimeans raided (which is why the tower got its name).
4f5cd908872c904a28aa9c48643f841a354af5d0	Having repeatedly repelled raids, it was rebuilt more than once.
edf468293754759fb96ae5f29829c2ee3570f004	Red Gate Tower
9609338d2e6f4d2b3a15b508044cad5630cd86e3	The Red Gate Tower is the highest place of the Kremlin hillock in the northwestern wall, near the steep Volga coast.
599af12a1705c07a9de35a30657d528d0e11fc64	It is the only one of all the towers of the Kremlin has a vaulted ceiling and is 12 granik, which was extremely convenient for circular defense.
5b10fe3c4448e8dac4e31e0decdeb006ad66b0a2	There is evidence that the core from it flew at 200-300 m, shooting through two thirds of the Volga.
0c02786f3520ba10c92c1b202775276acf1c230c	Stairs that lead to the tower did not exist in the old days — in its current form it was erected in 1958 according to the drawings of the 16th century.
c92e6d30f487474685a36c69b9a3565c8628a41f	The Red Gate received its name as "the best, elegant".
bf7295f4a95507dc10b0b2944a63254feda0c6f7	Water Gate
b83a677254cb23af59c65aac7092ca9289cfbe52	One of the manuscripts of the 17th century contained information that there is a brick hiding place with a lattice gate under the mountain between the Nikolsky and Red Gates.
1b1a4a27e8236f7b5742a9203734185a8b5f0aab	During the reconstruction of 1970, a half filled passage was found in the fortress wall below the foundation of the soldiers ' infirmary just to the left of the Nikolskaya Gate Church — this was the so called Water Gate.
89ceb2adddecbc7a40a1f33c56c8478bd5723d59	It was they who in the XVI—XVII centuries were considered the gates of life: during the siege, only through them it was possible to get to the bank of the Volga and collect water.
34af5305500440cb651e99bee4e5c24116798bbf	Above the latticed gates, a metal grating was installed on a drum: at an alarm signal, it was lowered, blocking the path of the enemy, and balls and bullets fell on him from the fortress walls.
2c14f0435876b27d65edde6fa5a92afe1385008f	Nikolsky gate.
4797c0d9947ebec851830cc86a5f63eefe687178	The gate church in the name of St. St. Nicholas the Wonderworker
6ca81520ee8f93606f72ba01fbcb6530645d7e51	The Nikolsky Gate got its name from the Church of St. Nicholas.
6ffc3ed1438e07489b3b206636ad42a3568fa730	St. Nicholas of Myra on the northern travel tower.
ae8806fe685b46bed6cc7475039c70099fce6a94	At the beginning of the 18th century.
ca4e404dce6edf163b60e51d7bf72dda6184a061	The Nikolsky (Kremlin) gate met Peter I, but the current design of the gate and the gate temple was erected later, closer to the middle of the century.
fb9d9b1c38f5e935cb376b082afeb6a668b53562	The torture (Artillery) tower.
bdf8755033c435539567088cfc9ac52c56c63747	Zeleyny dvor
3e18967e77d959b9cf434ce50e027d1980362413	For a long time, the corner north eastern tower of the Kremlin remained nameless.
940c2d05a54bc54950d0683ea06c5664d0492ead	Adjacent to it was the Zeleyny Yard ("potion" in the old days was called gunpowder), where an ancient powder magazine, the same age as the Kremlin towers and walls, has been preserved to this day.
9c5cf7d0666ee68c9cba121c30cea1945becf6b8	The tower itself was used as a dungeon for conducting judicial inquiries (torture) at the beginning of the 07 century, for which the tower got its name.
94386488fa1b276fda032f25b5b9c512f6cea023	Assumption Cathedral
e43bd9399a35f1853455b5b033e799a3cc3fc56a	The main cathedral of the Kremlin is a fine example of Russian church architecture built in 1710.
de46beb82f3f15c45a71efa1ec5b4fa6ebb65e58	From a distance, when the city itself seems to be still in the fog, the silhouette of the cathedral with sparkling domes is already clearly outlined.
ec3eb6bf204c45c79c5da9c5b0fb690e85908c0a	The cathedral itself is two storied: the lower low tier is the tomb of the Astrakhan hierarchs, including the Holy Martyr Metropolitan Joseph of Astrakhan and the Georgian kings Vakhtang VI and Teimuraz II, the upper temple is clear and spacious, with two tiers of windows.
543c1a02431759f8786922fd6c1beb41e5fd893f	Trinity Cathedral.
afb58d6944d922b91a8e3fce3ac9a78b19d45b67	St. Cyril's Chapel
8290fa2fda7a75a1b789ccc89356d97ba013c437	The Trinity Monastery was the first to be built in the city, the main temple of which is dedicated to the life giving Trinity.
aae9cb1dbcfd2bb5f91a0d6bb91ab6bf2a25e5f1	The stone temple on the site of the wooden one was erected in the early XVII century.
325f6cc651dfcd37829f1bb6fc28bbd15cb99c4a	It consists of three churches on one subclass: Sretenskaya, Vvedenskaya and Troitskaya.
031edac87dc4e7f9f46e318ebef26dc0ed815170	Next to the Trinity Cathedral is the Cyril Chapel, in which the first abbot of the Trinity Monastery, Cyril, was buried.
cf06d53236301e6b97ab52e280399dda0c33433d	Astrakhan Kremlin as a museum and exhibition complex
092fb7c51923ebe516ec2b8668187e9c242733cd	Exhibitions have been opened: "The history of the formation of the city near the north eastern walls of the Kremlin", "The history of the Astrakhan garrison", "The history of corporal punishment in Russia" and other expositions.
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0e7405b7129a739829e295ed03c5af2c397b9ff7	Astrakhan region What to see: the picturesque and rich scaly delta of the Great Volga, the capital of the region — Astrakhan and its majestic Kremlin, as well as the unique natural resources of the Astrakhan region (caves, lakes, islands...) Finally, you can spend a great day at the ostrich farm "Baba Frosya".
559e6b5a047ef64922a1d882a56af4975e53cda6	You may also be interested in Greece, Turkey, Abkhazia, Germany, Finland.
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e21cf65df95d31b36a5a21dc64399245dcc036d8	Fishing in Astrakhan is also interesting
fc17ec8c2e1249f187fab217c67b9918a9a55d37	Popular excursions in Russia 2500 rubles for a group of 2 people or more.
12f6a16f4abf4b3390b6997110733a0ed46ff693	Sochi Olympic Heritage Price on request by bus in Kazan with a visit to the Kremlin 2500 rubles for a group of up to 50 people.
c0f98d31ed42a649c9e2acb2c3e5090749d04d52	Sightseeing tour of Tula
372aa0c43c38d779de2b5303003dc65d508cf9a6	Astrakhan Kremlin: popular hotels near Grand Hotel Astrakhan From 3 000 rub.
783ef97d05cf5a6cfa3fe1ba1199ccae700c733e	Astrakhan Kuybysheva Street 69, liter B
746df118c0ea7d333d6d8b0b3e75308df461fb1a	Victoria Palas Hotel 2 850 rubles.
b4d91e9bb69a7f823dbaee3fa1c2c07f07e4f0a5	Astrakhan Krasnaya Naberezhnaya Ulitsa 3
2154b587dac7f5284eba1f54e62d1b823ba984db	ART Hotel 1 300 rubles.
3de4eee83d645666833c0f2c9bf7e9541e36ce83	Astrakhan Kirova Ulitsa 87A
70d16df6bbb49026904e9653ba4a9ed2dcae2c23	Hotel Petr Iot 2 000 rub.
e1fdeedde20c2742c120f83ef248d32a64eccfc4	Astrakhan Prospekt Gubernatora A. Guzhvina 6
bb0c927b0af1333409ad56c1a117988a992e473a	Editorial Office
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d529d72b78d8e90bc894cbd34ef15e6ccbe1bd05	The State Hermitage Museum
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bd26d6c1b51256b16b12a10ddaff62ca8c788a94	Address: Astrakhan, Kremlin, Trediakovsky str., 2
ef2368476e704f8fd45ff3f4015914298d05dbd3	Phone: +7 (851) 251 18 22
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e304c0dd382f32b1ae130005a152c9233c49516c	Object passport
983f0c5593b35542849b45cbed35386a15224e96	The fortress on the site of the modern city was founded under Ivan the Terrible in 1558.
b8313d08c7356525d5f8f9826a35d7e1f14d9cc7	Here is the Cathedral of the Assumption of the Most Holy Theotokos — a perfectly preserved example of church architecture of the early XVIII century.
d22b21f5c51074c1c0968e25a6af875deb2f0613	Today, the Astrakhan Kremlin is not only a symbol of Astrakhan, but also a unique example of Russian medieval architecture, claiming to be a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
3c976e04a2f3ac13bf4ad359f0d3a592d81ce06b	Construction of the Astrakhan Kremlin
053d1c92333c860409c5a89ab9f0809bacd09b3f	The former Astrakhan was located about 12 kilometers above the modern one, on the right, mountainous bank of the river.
1b6306ed5ded62a31b3ba0e5dccb3fe45f1ff534	The city was surrounded by steppes, and it was extremely inconvenient to defend it in case of an attack.
0b364988a18a4b556082122fdbba0487ed5e8380	Voivode Ivan Semenovich Cheremisinov chose a high Hare Hill on the left bank of the Volga as the place for the foundation of the new Astrakhan.
47a5750d24ace3cb36eaf322005814e08f81959c	This hill, surrounded by the Volga channels and salt lakes, could not be better suited for the construction of fortifications.
87d764cef441d3d1e42ff5436425eb2bb2d20798	In 1558, the clerk of the Discharge Order, Ivan Grigoryevich Vyrodkov, built the first Astrakhan fortress on the Hare Hill — a wooden one with high backfill walls.
1edad6455fb81563e131b3159c84e848eb617998	In 1569, this fortress withstood the siege of the Turkish Tatar army.
bd7df336adccf77463673d930254fa9a13342fa2	However, no one doubted the need to further strengthen the city, and it was decided to build a stone Kremlin.
9adaeb27cb31cdf4a35ed2c20b19dfbfb0044c2e	For its construction, "state owned" artisans were sent to Astrakhan: masons, carpenters and blacksmiths.
bddd3a47d8ec9b7fe7bcb86feea25d749178fd4f	To speed up the construction, they decided to take an old, but strong brick from the ruins of the destroyed Golden Horde cities.
c58b4311cf0a19c1554f7365fa244560b4593c1c	The Astrakhan Kremlin was built in seven years.
b8b55932e7159a7b9b0f3e79011e85518feba924	The total length of its walls was more than 1.5 kilometers.
d3656ddc83e45437abf21171e1d590d1b7851e59	The walls were reinforced with eight combat towers, three of which are angular.
0dbab6a035d7821f24bf1e54e784d6e3c7179b84	One of the sides of the Kremlin faces the Volga.
c806db08d820aa596c7f666de51a30bea42a20c4	Anyone who approached the city from the river side could see the bulk of the Astrakhan citadel from a distance.
502de13b15a9d3ab27f0e26e00c86eb0c4acdcd5	The height of some fortress walls is more than 11 meters, the thickness exceeds 5 meters, and the height of the towers reaches 17 meters.
e2864e28078a6f104e81db6195cedc179492aeb1	During recent archaeological excavations on the territory of the Astrakhan Kremlin, ruins of dwellings dating back to the VII century were discovered.
aa71b34ecdb285d6a1bca9ff17014316a562c90b	Scientists call this find unique, because it was previously assumed that there were no traces left of the cultural layer of that era.
42ea63dc3972743b215983c9447eb0fda451fd61	In its main features, the Astrakhan Kremlin is similar to the fortifications in the central part of the Russian state.
9f485e55908f2e7de87ba609d6a76a605a790cd5	However, it was built in accordance with the latest rules of fortification of that time and became one of the most powerful Russian fortresses.
a96c7b602ebc21da2d36c7cb6844c88c5f57ca18	The innovation was the loopholes of the middle tier of the Kremlin.
437b61932bbe1ba92df78239bbc9ceefb2ee4c37	They were intended for firing from squeakers and light cannons and were located in a staggered order relative to the loopholes of the lower tier.
ef9bedb98fce34957bc58ae8ca370eb7c28d4a67	The towers, sharply pushed forward, allowed firing almost parallel to the walls of the Kremlin.
33fe541209f9bbcec80e85da7083860fc0d83e13	This combination of dense frontal fire from the walls and side fire from the towers created a zone of continuous destruction on the near approaches to the Kremlin, almost insurmountable for the enemy.
ee70ff37944fb29d34101a8586473e6617060f0a	Of the eight towers built in the Astrakhan Kremlin, seven have survived to this day.
f7891a28141725787e4d89055ef02dd231ef9359	Four of them are deaf: the corner Crimean, Bishop's and Artillery, and the Zhitnaya located in the center of the southern wall.
f64b42189c323b6f6b20e4b81764a8257bd262e4	All of them have access only to the inner part of the Kremlin.
30f914b6a88590c50bc071856d52243bb3d453ee	The other three towers are passageways: Prechistenskaya, Krasnye and Nikolsky Gates.
71b9a51c221c9ae6cf2b8c8b7ff329c7784c5140	In each of them there were massive wooden gates, bound with iron.
d5db042b1fd626532d0f00ca20f36e03938a0153	The most powerful is the Crimean Tower, which has remained almost untouched.
030163a6ec1227285efd16887902f856fd534ab3	The height of its walls exceeds 17 meters.
ef62368c808e77d466bf14f75cd7ac9c4e869778	This tower, located in the western corner of the Kremlin, was facing the Crimean Shlyakh, from where an attack was always expected.
dd2cc9e096e030f76dac0bf31cc21acff4c418f7	The Astrakhan Kremlin housed a garrison, powder and artillery depots, and the city administration.
d385989ab710fde6a856d57d3220707b70122be0	Several temples were built under the protection of the fortress walls.
2cddf0701806d9e7b319ca640836baf90cd7244f	The Astrakhan Kremlin as a part of the country's history
ebc297857cb18fd9d83c130fff5e53024a425458	The Astrakhan Kremlin almost immediately found itself in the center of very turbulent historical events.
d7ae68d9feb67ac2df7c072ba9db3478b288974f	The time of Troubles was marked in Astrakhan by a parade of impostors, riots and pogroms.
9d73aaa39608780b166a8a18bdfdb761d6211d6f	A year later, the uninvited guests were expelled from Astrakhan.
c887162495aa8670e6f97f5515c10c0d5b9275e3	For the Astrakhan Kremlin, the XVII century is memorable not only for uprisings and massacres.
f9f6019f4a22f51a4d00148557d1e4cbf34b6be4	In this century, the fortress acquired the first temples made of stone.
ed43d0e2313c977f921a630a099386d895907ae6	The Astrakhan Kremlin once again found itself in the maelstrom of fateful events in January 1918, when fighting began on the streets of the city between supporters of the Soviet government and Astrakhan Cossacks.
80def1023e6fd937efc8e6db6d1b4340d4df1dfc	The Cossacks fired at the Red Army soldiers who were holed up in the Kremlin from artillery guns and machine guns mounted on the roofs of nearby buildings.
b7741def2d1bd8bd091af73b1b76d0ee1c45a041	The ancient walls have also withstood this test.
c09d7341752cf87ef6ca3e769ab1f5edb4e091e6	During the Soviet period, the territory of the Astrakhan Kremlin was under the jurisdiction of the military for a long time.
5793db0c8108c91acbc2112ded927c2cf6527484	In the middle of the XX century, large restoration works were carried out in the Kremlin, thanks to which many of its buildings that required urgent repairs were saved.
6b3df16ea29eb7245c4f85809482b8d8ae02c5b9	In 1974, the Astrakhan Kremlin became a museum, and in 1980 it became part of the Astrakhan State United Historical and Architectural Museum Reserve.
a8fca70efb2529e8b3ee9f0dd24366bbda8a931c	Today, museum expositions allow you to get acquainted with the life of the Astrakhan garrison, see the everyday costumes of streltsy, fusiliers and bombardiers, elements of their weapons and ammunition, exhibitions dedicated to the history of popular uprisings and corporal punishment.
b639d9aa043ed97c98ea1fbd1576c6adbe6dfcf1	Open the original
c771b0f76b7ea1e5dd40aaf49a5faf2b7b5957a4	Virtual Museum
bd82949efc6516b8c42f0a3440469297e52e60e0	Photo Archive
e4dd8a3f00e999f798719337af6085d777f539d5	587
56af99c383539a478c3014f581eec123a2ecdb3e	Meanwhile,
72bfa97eb37727c94fe6e525bcbcb5ec048c84b7	"Historical Saturdays" in the Anthem
827060e6d075bc5f3dc45975f5c05e758d9002bd	On January 14, at 12: 00 and 15: 00, watch online lectures on the history of Russia
b6ca0ea2193fb0ab1c2c0b3dd592c3299c3ce69e	From Ancient Greece to the present day: 8 events of the city on the Neva
5c45ca6cf1e30894e2b83a905b144f87a79c79ac	We have prepared a selection of events, by visiting which you can learn more.
8721c004acd09a830c90b2f2b0da110af7ea12bd	January in Moscow.
747925155aef7a266a97347d6a6bb69da0c01a09	8 interesting events
c223876f5a48daf7606acfbb0bbf5fcdd38c350e	Read and choose what to do in January in Moscow.
87ab9420b7302bc559fc2f9063036b09e50e538e	Klimt's exhibition will open at the State Museum of Fine Arts in autumn
6057c154ab9562f2aadc0609885d7a16c50e8d28	The exhibition "Drawings by Klimt and Schiele from the collection of the Albertina Museum (Vienna)" will begin work in the fall of 2017.
aa4775723fe484245f72697b1b8226b00c3806b4	To the 80th anniversary of the House of Writers in Lavrushinsky Lane
629d5c4b20a19a512310f3c2039e5c995308c2a3	The exhibition "Lavrushinsky 17" is held at the State Pushkin Museum until January 29, 2017.
3267954eb2683ea862e5e668dd78fbc488418749	The Film Museum celebrated a housewarming party at VDNH
f2953cbfb7fc766a8e188fd20b4cfdd74046ab7e	At the end of the Year, the State Central Museum of Cinema found its home.
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00f322a2cdddfc8729c132ca6ad1a48182efe45e	Russian City Architectural and Local History Library
f87c43cfe06d5054fd578323ecd7eb4f67008ecd	A.V. Vorobyov Astrakhan Kremlin
5da374c616e4393cd4165a8eacff2d1b5d0b4590	OCR and preparation of text for HTML publication on the Halgar Fenrirsson website by
10a6c8ac5ed726a42a080ecf80be58c866a404eb	A.V. Vorobyov.
befd987937e2afe9def2017b50cd1e5861c6d976	Astrakhan Kremlin.
82a4ed97e1d4edf21156ad4e914f39082bdbdef5	Publishing house of the newspaper "Volga", Astrakhan, 1958.
64b5b7716c4a781f1a03c454393839a8bbb34e21	The pagination is saved.
708309b310e2285ba154968df09039e2007b710f	The page numbers are placed at the bottom of the page.
dee7fa8253879a67b0f2c33d397400b30e2b9a60	(As in the book)
b86a31033f5a11dd9b2dc488d5e8068d4bf7cb06	I. From the history of the Kremlin.
9a85ecd16ee99d39948da203f5c479746be9a838	II. The walls and towers of the Kremlin.
a21995ff650c6f169b72fb2d505c5f4919e9ddb2	III. Architectural monuments of the Kremlin.
e173b08500b70524fa2207d948bbec83ee123b64	[plans of cathedrals]
34b1594a2d7a2be60b1e47715af58aed8b956a19	A short dictionary of architectural and historical terms
01570fb610bd2456f76665f2fc318a24551de4da	I. From the history of the Kremlin
7b301ebc5bba232d9ed8d1f27b8d653fed5d9c63	The Astrakhan Kremlin is an outstanding monument of Russian military engineering art and architecture of the second half of the XVI century.
08e51ececaae4c14c4680c669403949e6ec188a5	The conquest campaign of the Turkish Tatar troops to Astrakhan in 1569 and other aggressive actions of Turkey and its vassal of the Crimean Khanate showed the need for a more serious strengthening of Astrakhan as an advanced outpost on the southeastern borders of the Russian state.
8753623c438ce7bb63124b24da24ed70678f87e9	In this regard, it was decided to build a stone fortress instead of a wooden one.
233104a77c62e390cb664e3152a638e9d9170ded	The chosen location of the stone fortress the Kremlin dictated the shape of its plan, a long and narrow triangle stretching along the Volga River on one side.
81d10e35b6b52ce9c436d8f1b3de4cd4868d4ca5	For the construction of the Kremlin, the-
3f95b3242c0ebae1a9437e29be12c94b821283ff	- 3 -
8027e35fc6cbb4360251730d1068ec140a13a25c	a brick was made from the ruins of the former Golden Horde capital of Sarai Batu, located on the bank of the Akhtuba River, on the site of the current village of Saltpeter, Kharabalinsky district, Astrakhan region.
0978a8989f979f94a4db8517df83ed863a804a69	The walls of the Kremlin at the corners and in the areas between them were reinforced with towers.
525867ada2d53cbad16ba0c5e9b395d278b04c54	During the peasant war led by S. T. Razin, the Astrakhan Kremlin was the residence and stronghold of the rebels for seventeen months — from June 22, 1670 to November 27, 1671.
646674c4cd16995bc9d977f8c0704064ebe3365d	The tsarist troops managed to occupy the Kremlin only after a long
c65422b7b263619eeeae151b7e1b757a1431881b	(siege.
cc1b24ba742973f0d2062782a8e8c2b9daf0e8de	The tsarist troops took the Kremlin by storm, suppressing the Astrakhan anti feudal popular uprising of 1705-1706.
d6b36bbb500df3c4d1f29aa412c8191beb1ecb3d	After the victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution, Red Guard detachments were formed on the territory of the Kremlin and the Military Revolutionary Committee was located.
c6d5ed176f54c17c8fed0bad9546b878729ee4bb	The Red Guard, led by the Bolsheviks, heroically defended the Kremlin during the counter revolutionary uprising in January 1918.
78f385eedaeba764ff15122a44364c5ea346108c	The Kremlin was subjected to heavy artillery shelling, which caused significant damage to its structures.
54245f8429b5a3ad7f8e1ee449d325a145ef7a78	On January 25 (February 7, new style), 1918, the offensive of the Red Guard otr began, which ended with the defeat of the counter regs. the establishment of Soviet power in Astrakhan and the Astrakhan province.
b9d93087cfa1cdfe24afefe485b98f0e75b59214	In 1919, in the Kremlin, under the leadership of S. M. Kirov, the units of the XI Army were reorganized to protect
17731b5d86201df192ed989e5e35c87b78190463	- 4 -
baa34afdf90acabc50168568d4533b1c90583697	Pyamyatnik to V. I. Lenin
3d247a20833490e9f16cb25bf1189427f1ac80af	- 5 -
df72fa9ca260be0c4ac359130b50978344b34cf8	the mouth of the Volga and the defeat of the White Guard troops and foreign interventionists.
03cd874297673e7459ad381c6c75ab4df566ffcc	With your comments and suggestions, you can go to the Tavern or send them by e mail.
dc4f916b325c846e41997f23e6edf6292359354e	I will be glad to receive your feedback!
3837c53cc7903d7d6e8b9deaea15c7fbbcde6e3b	Home page About the museum Branches of the museum News Poster It's interesting Library Virtual tours Photo Gallery Videos Museum relics Stock items and stock collections Scientific activities Projects Partners of the museum Services and announcements Feedback
349d59bf48601953519660075a76295c5c3c0671	Dear visitors!
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9674e622353dd13efd5cda445a370a5db281ee58	Local History Museum Historical and architectural complex "Astrakhan Kremlin" Historical and architectural complex "Astrakhan Kremlin" City History Museum Museum of Military Glory Local History Museum Local History Museum "Russian Watermelon" Museum of Astrakhan Culture
c143975352c8e82ff1dfa00009ac7b9c32abc18b	New Year's performances in the Museum of Local Lore All Russian action "Night of Arts" 2016
642492d792bdd8e558084ea79ff64485b2f1056d	22.12.2016
45781a6717df82a82516be91213d21b379e70c75	Historical and architectural complex "Astrakhan Kremlin"
ddd1e66fdf198e11a15d66072607908482ca11ff	View photos of the company on the map of Astrakhan
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6845b8c6b5d2d42dbaeff63405a7ad66bd0f0d7b	For centuries, the Astrakhan Kremlin has been an impregnable stronghold on the southeastern border of the state.
d32d79777bd02ad5df43147a1546706f78e0144d	A number of historical events are connected with the Kremlin: the Crimean Turkish campaigns on the Lower Volga in the XVI century, the "turmoil" in Russia and the peasant uprising led by Stepan Razin in the XVII century, the transformations of Peter's time and the Streltsy uprising of 1705-1706, the Persian campaign of Peter I and the formation of the Caspian Flotilla in the XVIII century, the strengthening of the borders of the state and the entry into Russia of the territories of the Caucasus and Central Asia.
05a2bbe4f47faa87e5893fb2047dde804a57fc21	In 1558, in the lower reaches of the Volga, on a high hillock surrounded by swamps and swamps, the first wooden fortress with powerful backfill walls, peals and towers was laid by the military engineer I. G. Vyrodkov, a clerk of the Discharge Order.
33fdb7c7e54d1164908c97c1ffe7d188e51bbf5b	The configuration of the Astrakhan Kremlin was dictated by the terrain, in the plan it took the form of a right triangle, elongated by the top to the southwest.
08f8ba1742274447b060cc3202f7d98a063d68bc	The wooden fortress was rebuilt into a stone one during the reign of John IV the Terrible and Boris Godunov from 1582 to 1589.
8819587a6bcab2865fad098f3326340c755a0cc5	"state owned" craftsmen were sent to Astrakhan to build the Kremlin walls and towers.
3d8a915ea99280127bad5344aee9ed3bb30bb836	The construction of the fortress was headed by the Moscow masters of urban affairs Mikhail Ivanovich Velyaminov, Grigory Ovtsyn and the deacon Dey Gubasty.
db9b847ecfda28e8644118dd0ca7fe42fdd0728e	For construction, they used an old, but very strong Tatar plinth, which was brought from the ruins of the Golden Horde cities.
6881b6209f4004712bf67e42135a6223469fdc48	The stone Kremlin was built according to the type of the Moscow Kremlin.
aea27c1210b28b97ed67b7892b8c61f2bbe3e17d	The walls and towers ended with two horned battlements with two semicircles at the top and a saddle between them, the so called "swallow's tail".
b5fb02845761ef1ae11af254580202a1b09cb668	The thickness of the walls of the towers of the Astrakhan Kremlin reached 3-3.
012b087852ff378c2e2753b5cd894e1c69f7cd3e	It is four tiered, has 12 loopholes, square in plan (8, 4x8, 4 m), the height of the tower with crenellations is 15 m, the thickness of the walls is 112 cm.
60f04d72e594e474625a66319a1aa88fa994104f	It was restored without preserving historical forms in 1843, on the site of the dismantled historical tower in 1825.
ce07ad746fd55e5f206e121ed1bcd3079b4212d7	One of the three towers of the Kremlin preserved in historical forms of the XVI century.
bf5a64f2564f7cdfe8774eeaee39024d6ecf8d70	It is five tiered, has 20 loopholes, in terms of a diamond shaped 12.8 x 13.2 m.
88b3344b16aab56cf3ff2a1061ea42d31a64bfa4	Its height from the south side from the ground to the teeth reaches 17 m.
75bfe6a08075808780b620728a45af6b785c241a	The entrance to the tower is arranged from the top of the wall at the level of the fourth tier, there are stone stairs inside the walls and only a wooden staircase leads to the first tier, which is buried underground.
937923af38b21b6888c85cab02843749d3b6960e	The tiers are separated by wooden floors.
88ffa8ddf8aac59b63dc0985cfd06b256c59a6c0	It got its name for its power and greatness, in ancient times it was the main command post of the defense of the city, since it was located on the highest place of the Kremlin and faced the Volga.
95eceae517e9e4f2a64489e2bf1c2044ff2c1ddd	The tower was restored in the forms of the XVI century by the architect A.V. Vorobyov in 1958-1966.
7cdfe5d93fb010dd51cba2b3dae93f34fb60562e	XX century.
951aeffb4acf3a62af15af9551c609156e90827f	It has a twelve sided plan, three tiered, with a maze for conducting circular defense.
4e32690bb2682c8fc3e7930f64e78072122b0d5c	The height of the tower with crenellations is 14.5 m, it has 17 cannon and 24 pishchalny battles.
601adf0e3cae9314e77593ebd78dcced49a16be5	Gate Church in the name of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker
446f0dcbdce3be191fefaeb00d821bf0aa574b7b	They were named after the gate church, built on the travel gate back in the XVI century.
9773f895f32c6764a9cb98604751e9376d1d9772	At present, the gate with the gate temple, built in 1729-1738, has been preserved.
55605edb1b1c5a3ac2c33df83e2987fe891df4ef	St. Nicholas Church has a bypass gallery, a stone porch on the west side.
f91992fcc357df9a8f07c6bea0b93b5f8fabbe99	At the beginning of the XX century, decorative elements were introduced into the appearance of the temple in the form of domes, kokoshniks, the roof is covered with tiles.
7698d9e662dd1661b057715a458439cca515c4b6	Artillery (Torture)
9a06a5f05f0b9e980bb264845aa94b805408313a	Tower
f0c31c317dfca9a292bbe464dcfe62ca2d0241a4	The northeast corner blind tower is the third surviving tower of the XVI century.
ae0fafde8ef9cc37d5d8d4d265604ebb582d86ee	In terms of diamond shaped 12, 7x12, 3m, height with teeth about 16 m, four tiered, has 15 loopholes, ends with five teeth on each side.
1b7ee9025d1ec44c5c3f2e1faef5f5d5323d6f7c	Powder magazine
737bffc672845a619d01008bb62e4c30ef191a4f	It is part of the Artillery Yard complex.
8fc00ca361dcc2602d3fd82309a0827802a4ca0d	It has a vaulted ceiling and is divided into three chambers with an area of 211 sq.m for storing the powder treasury, and later regimental banners and artillery "reserve".
5a714280422df78dee07029b7be2cce8d7eed011	Prechistenskaya bell Tower
8191861266e76c80847ae99a23f72e9ca9336679	The bell tower was built at the beginning of the XX century by the architect S. I. Karyagin, the height is about 80 m.
7c0ca680cff3699b15bc529e29f6183a6e232193	There are three passages under the bell tower, it has two side chapels.
2d477561d26096d62dd5400e45a505d1c42bcd23	The slope from its axis is 52 cm to the southeast.
8cb9bf782cdded555e5e8afb8cb949965abd2ba5	At different times, there were two other bell towers on the site of the existing bell tower, which were dismantled due to the subsidence of the soil and the fragility of the foundation.
ae933668907ccc9f50b12af9a7b8fcde2104b884	The height of the first bell tower was 63 m, it was built simultaneously with the Assumption Cathedral in 1710, dismantled in 1765, the height of the second 53 m, built according to the project of Luigi Rusca in 1809-1813, it existed until the end of the XIX century.
bb92211a948288eae0cb6274b0ca80f3634f9dcd	Since 1991, it has been the current belfry of the Assumption Cathedral.
d0c0f9e4e911c665454d8331b4551e30ed9e8ed9	The Assumption Cathedral was built in 1698-1710..
3a56692865f47075fd9b27181ff509e683972849	The construction was supervised by a Russian architect from serfs D. Myakishev.
67c001516ddcc22a2fa96338f7b1a3d84f58f557	The cathedral is five domed, has a cubic shape, on the east side there is an altar with five apses, and on the west there is a frontal place with a wide two step staircase.
072517ad7a5712900c8fdcfef9c695b267262771	The cathedral is two storeyed.
5bd530fdea6aaf31decbd349ebf18fc31b9f23e3	The upper church of the Assumption of the Most Holy Theotokos was intended for festive divine services in the warm season, the lower one - the Presentation of the Icon of the Vladimir Mother of God from 1714-1914 served as the tomb of the Astrakhan bishops.
8ff84ca78def7dd42834ee965893fb6e394ff9c3	The lower temple is surrounded on all sides by gallery pillars, at the level of the second floor the cathedral is surrounded by an open bypass gallery with a gulbishche.
2d9761497cea8550ea0972c7856299bfaabeedae	The walls of the cathedral are made of large sized red brick, the window frames, columns, capitals, cornices are laid out of shaped brick and white stone, the details of the bypass gallery were painted in several colors.
b54a4a57bf110725de5fa584d4bf4146ecd5feaa	The height of the cathedral with the cross is 75 m, the diameter of the frontal place is 15 m.
f37ceac2c08599b0d072a4f1ddcc3feb0b36ae10	Trinity Cathedral
cb33713c1353ad68b0288a98dd835b94189c37d5	The complex of the Trinity Monastery has been preserved in the forms of the late XVII early XVIII centuries..
f873727014a85792fc08b19f58541628ff9de171	It was built on the site of the first wooden monastery in the name of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker with a church in the name of the Life Giving Trinity (1576) by the first pilgrim Abbot Kirill.
105086b53b6e0b0009f2e76b004d1a6c1b7d312d	The monastery was rebuilt more than once.
b68cd68a55fd96ac28662094fade1fb3a36795e0	Currently, it consists of three churches located on the same basement: Trinity, Sretenskaya, Vvedenskaya and two Refectory chambers.
c355eedf2a4229a6dd71eb0cb11723ddb947bc5a	Kremlin Branch
8675c78fea69631bef5909a4e885d6b2ad31825d	In 1974, after the restoration was completed, the Kremlin was transferred to the museum for further use.
a40274feb31193400b82bfc737c457c4ebfbc0c8	In 1980, the Kremlin was declared a nature reserve and became the core of the museum association.
b6f496d8bb2a63344a0e4f6bb950ca402559788a	The Kremlin artillery yard represents the image of Russian wooden architecture of small forms and an open display of siege guns of the XVIII XIX, Kremlin evenings are regularly held here, Creative kaleidoscopes are held, in which creative teams of the Ministry of Culture take part, as well as interactive events of the museum are held.
0118deafa841b6efdfd58508b229df619deadc53	The branch "Historical and architectural complex" Astrakhan Kremlin " has opened and operates exhibitions and expositions:
db785404bf615d2da8a7d0af8f61725d6ea17249	" Zeichhaus — (German: Zeughaus, from Zeug - thing and Haus house) is an outdated name for a warehouse for storing stocks of weapons, equipment, uniforms, food.
2cbe1463d558fbfd9f87eb1fbe2c5c68905b53a2	The building of the Tseykhhaus of the Astrakhan Kremlin was built in 1844 in the classical style and was intended for storing weapons, ammunition, uniforms, and food for the units of the Astrakhan garrison.
3cc406d4a3728381ac0f68520b56626b8afa5676	Until 1918, the building belonged to the Artillery Department, and since 1862 – to the Main Artillery Department.
ee5871b28c97a752c4558f567abfa005a4fa004e	Since 1918, the building of the Tseikhhaus was under the jurisdiction of various departments of the People's Commissariat of Defense of the USSR, but continued to perform its former functions.
383a5bcc823ce03e50360a5fd837eb16e6acc017	In 1930-1940, infantry and machine gun courses operated on the territory of the Astrakhan Kremlin, the material part of artillery and small arms, its technical characteristics and combat qualities were studied in the building of the Tseykhauz.
fe90e64d0844d6e4056c4c5f60b6a5d55e7a0f64	As a military object, the Astrakhan Kremlin existed until the end of the 40s of the XX century.
45d153fead66dde0eb639a91994625c3270a12ad	An interesting feature, according to the description of the city of Astrakhan, compiled by academician N. Ya.
acac4fd254602e8068dcab3b1a039c823095d67e	Ozeretskovsky in 1783, on the territory of the Kremlin there are buildings of the commission "a military court and a provision office, two powder cellars, 6 tseykhhouses, three wine cellars, two bast food stores, which are located in the Zhitny yard...".
92765b857c70a0cad58075dc1e82a36226f76c4c	EXPOSITIONS OF THE MUSEUM COMPLEX OF THE ARTILLERY YARD
d93d659a9aa12a71b2689b3fbd60b3cbf2809b99	Tower of the Astrakhan Kremlin (16+) (seasonal exhibitions are valid from May to October)
f4f9a68ea2db7ce899316b85a366d0251c585712	- "From the history of corporal punishment in Russia of the XVI XVIII centuries."
309416b80872fcd4d4919cc14df99ec0aedd00eb	- "The Prikaznaya chamber - the center of administrative management of the Astrakhan Region".
2f86d7fe04d2c367b0372220063c9cd7bf9c6510	XVI XVIII centuries."
8d62b0d6c6425f2aa8ad96d202f0f1a63582354a	- "Troubles and popular uprisings in the region of the beginning.
7a95ed9e713bbebf357d75fe68b81ee5f6cd7b8b	XVII Con.
39c481b674b794c93914618070801b01afceea32	XVIII centuries."
8135f90e667d80c98ca3210e87e98c94fff8b8bb	Powder magazine (12+) (seasonal exhibitions are valid from May to October)
5eabee1b9a44a56f2451b24d40447b30c6bafbfd	- Interactive exhibition "Opening of the shot"
7935b6accd12770c0d6199bb998ff03649df1ec7	Museum exhibition "Secrets of the Astrakhan Kremlin" (6+)
b4c84ae757242ab867ef0808fb0d98b5c7f215e8	It was opened as part of the large scale Art Express program, which combines the exhibition space of five museums of the Southern Federal District into a single virtual multimedia network using multimedia technologies.
006e954f7c9be199700588e500294b0ae1cc49f0	The project is being implemented with the support of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation and the Mirasvet Cultural Foundation in Astrakhan.
82c52201847c688f3cbe8c690fe192f439b5fe7f	The innovative exhibition is located in the space of the Powder Magazine of the Artillery Yard.
d021f61dcf08ecba606476939a2882927c974142	The Astrakhan Kremlin in the XVII century was the center of management, administrative, economic and cultural life of the lower Volga region, the site of the first large urban settlement in Astrakhan.
ac5cd9eea56077f8d7719d2b0b6f9cf65dc09994	Multimedia tools help to open new pages of the life of our ancestors, creating the effect of immersion in the realities of the past.
daf4a84ebcffdc3b3f2f04498ea15c8d983c88a6	Here you can also get acquainted with reproductions of paintings by artists of the XIX XX centuries from the funds of the Astrakhan Museum Reserve and the Astrakhan State Art Gallery named after P. M. Guadin, reflecting the life and everyday life of citizens of medieval Russia.
f7d2052ba885dcb4cad3d93617ba0dbd182624d8	THE EXPOSITION OF THE GUARDHOUSE BUILDING
27ceac3798e899b9d400973e78ca9baf8830a7af	Exhibition " The guardhouse of the Astrakhan garrison.
91715cc7c30643d17f82285dd510f2241a81ab84	XIX century" (6+) - A new museum object, the building of the Guardhouse built in 1807, opened after restoration in October 2011.
effb971962d0e73a293a76b0be0dfc00d32ac079	Astrakhan residents and guests of the city will be able to get acquainted with the life of soldiers of the XIX century, their weapons, visit the officer's living room, the office of the head of the garrison, the guard room and the prisoner's room.
45a5ff7f636a66acb68fc216837fddd1e684096a	THE EXPOSITION OF THE RED GATE TOWER
d405ed933e6d314343cb444055ee8c4dc9faa91c	Visitors will get acquainted with the unique exhibition " Astrakhan the southern outpost of Russia (XVI XIX centuries)" (6+)
6dc02d61a18476768b5f195d4eb16987482a5a74	The exposition of the first tier of the tower "The history of the formation of the Astrakhan Kremlin (XVI XVII centuries)" is devoted to the theme of the development of the Astrakhan Kremlin and the White City in the XVI XVII centuries.
de42178f68fe24d5934982054e7113f106574003	At the exposition of the II tier of the tower "The development of trade in Astrakhan in the XVII –XVIII centuries." visitors will learn about the development of urban trade in the XVII XVIII centuries.
2c22f3e388e6bc3f950cf691ba975264aef1b6fa	On the third tier, visitors will find a photo exhibition "Old Astrakhan" - these are reproductions of old photo postcards of the XIX beginning.
10cd2474e7e4037d5894afc77eac31d7216f1cc7	XX centuries, and "The History of the Astrakhan Kremlin" in maps and plans.
96ef1e6b90352f1673981bb2bc78a00d6e3ce9b2	VISITING RULES
d1b6e9816a0850e478756fda4d9ea62570f31392	historical and architectural complex "Astrakhan Kremlin"
a0165646c4d6b75e4a05538a214d695e93ec1f44	Appendix to the order of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Astrakhan region dated October 27, 2015 No. 528 p.
41dba4abeb445b786df93cf31280f0ec425049e7	Entrance fee to the Astrakhan Kremlin IAC":
3c1a4a25ca89598434e0d201fb9375be4d43ae06	Visiting one exhibition.
6e7090e0df89b7758913ecf775ace51bcd687a40	1 ticket schoolchildren - 20 rubles, students 30 rubles, adults 50 rubles.
780dd1ca8a26e207e5fcbf7e513bcbf6c00b4634	Exclusive exhibition "SECRETS OF THE ASTRAKHAN KREMLIN".
5bf35412b9ce73b9a504cf69e79e6ecd896444a6	1 ticket schoolchildren - 60 rubles, students 100 rubles, adults 160 rubles.
99010b10dda40d9b408d3b20b6c55108c286071c	Excursion service in the IAK " Astrakhan Kremlin":
3347c8a8a17f094685b3b8bb6a729af469e98c82	Guided tour of the exposition, thematic excursion (paid in addition to the entrance fee) - 1 acad. an hour - 600 rubles.
d3cfccd47b290caeb03d6e2b2c93f892f2cd28e1	Sightseeing tour of the territory of the Astrakhan Kremlin 1 acad. an hour - 1250 rubles.
6c6aa37cd8ee1db67e988783bfa980f826b3e956	Sightseeing tour of the territory of the Astrakhan Kremlin with a visit to the complex "Artillery yard" - 2 academies. hours - 2300 rubles.
703fb445dc227361c4b5d34db3fb044e311fe3d8	Museum events and services:
f88fad86440641b58b2000db9e472d0d79a97d6b	Master class: 1 acad. an hour - 150 rubles.
aa6a34f8f9bebf7a4a17c62de79a7ba619836021	Viewing the panorama of the city through a telescope: 1 person/1 acad. an hour - 50 rubles.
240952eb2b1fb724282bf83cf7bc9aacd3788375	Photo shoot in costumes: 1 costume/1 acad. an hour - 100 rubles.
0cae7c8052fea74b6c11454b666530868cb83101	Individual participation in the museum event: 1 acad. an hour - 50 rubles.
527909566592f4587bcdeb9a933d7cae8eb66087	The event "Wedding in the Kremlin": 1 acad. an hour - 10000 rubles.
8db2e6a315c08f9ddde4de86f7837870987fda62	Amateur photography (except for exclusive halls) without flash - 1 acad. an hour - 100 rubles.
822f4692dd7e7c0220240d43d5c57d541cfe58e5	Amateur video shooting (except for exclusive halls) without additional lighting - 1 acad. an hour - 300 rubles.
83423c198b6099edba08f185f940042d5dba3b79	Note:
abed9d7dd061edfc16c4ea96cfceecf259a5af8d	1. The entrance fee is not charged from:
f506d850e635da113e9489dfcf906a402916fc27	• participants of military operations;
a68c827a55c9d4992fbed32a26e41d985cd271ee	* disabled people;
c5404b74523f003b12e306c291942dd830c2add8	* military personnel undergoing military service on conscription;
c2b6261abf30c4c6a936b1259eb17dc522a37e8a	* children under 16 years of age (except for exclusive exhibitions);
06273d7f928c860188b56f32045e6365bfeb8de5	* orphans and children left without parental care, who are in orphanages, boarding schools;
53c6b438e07b95f2e32cf150ae4937b3371160e3	* elderly citizens who are in boarding schools;
707200d213f6d26efc796240442eeb2cba5a09fd	* employees of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Astrakhan region;
ca3384f29e49ca79528e88c2079bec21cf9d1d21	• large families (upon presentation of a certificate);
ee301dd990cf2093dceb0f7b9d32a7cc2f94149e	and also from other categories of citizens in accordance with the current legislation.
6078906f5d8299a40f607b0ac2db0b588b6df3df	2. The entrance fee is charged in the amount of 50% of the total cost of the entrance ticket from visitors upon presentation of a pension certificate.
b6260de52cc37be7cd70ce68b8e4d124fd319705	3. Prices for exhibitions from private collections are set on a contractual basis.
aa855f9ba4cde9a2842bd3fc97af3045ad2e00c0	Also see:
d936875ceb50d42dfa5d31d586096c900e93863e	http://www.cbr.ru/bank notes coins/base of memorable coins/coins1.asp?cat num=5115-0046
5fd1ac5d09e3841fd04562d45a6870c901bab2e0	http://russia.rin.ru/guide/5/2.html
53b3da81c89ad068ed1539224e66fe2400af036f	http://www.astrasocial.ru/index.php?option=com content&task=view&id=1069&Itemid=154
36fe895fc09841c455e3f90727a2ca7ad3886048	http://www.kremly.ru/
b74653797226cae3026177e0526307be7b480e54	http://www.astrakhan.ru/?content=news item&id=33737
4d470d77c2cdb3218adaf2c82f4fe6761e046f8e	Home Page News Poster
9a71028af4d567a702a7c92a3f9a190002da21aa	It's interesting About the Museum Stock items and Stock Collections Photo Gallery Library Virtual tours Videos Museum Relics
8a930edf717717f8cd10646462cb250062c722a8	Local History Museum Historical and architectural complex "Astrakhan Kremlin" Museum and exhibition complex "Tseykhauz" Astrakhan Culture Museum City History Museum Museum of Military Glory Kurmangazy Sagyrbayev Museum "Saltpeter settlement" Museum "Russian watermelon" Museum of the History of fishing with.
0b6715903d1cdc6cd4115f3aff370ad30732aa3a	Caviar Museum of the History of Fishing c.
952f7e6fdee135fd4fd716cfa3cf6b67dc73ab67	Greenhouses Historical Museum of Local Lore c Cherny Yar Local History Museum P. Liman Historical and Local History Museum of the Enotayevsky district of the Astrakhan region Museum named after G. B. Samitova
24e4548ffa69d7719a9e7072a02af7064712f6d0	Services and announcements Friends of the Museum Scientific activities Projects About the Green Arrow project Feedback
3b3d03678f13a51664cbe821198bbfa34d26105d	© SBUK JSC "Astrakhan Museum Reserve" 2016 | e mail: astmusei@yandex.ru |
0c7be4e4925ed90805f030b4ac2e4340f1e6266a	phone: 8(8512) 511-822
c53747373b85d1c16c729c7b28d9c3b32100ef27	Website development, support and promotion of Logos Design Studio
4672e8c32821844a2bc09e495e5d7520b3153837	Go to the main page About Astrakhan Photos Of Astrakhan Sights Of Astrakhan Map Of Astrakhan
40627d58f9d087f2f5e625f1c2e5cbf045eb382f	Glavnayanome
7368a9248118ff55ffcf456930cc41109b943bbf	Photosphotos
a54128d61df2b455a0d095a7cb0bdacf0b7ee64b	Points of Interestsights
8c33b7c496c7a93f3a1af27915b982daf30e324a	KartaMar
26b2946ba1f41ca6b79a3d6ad5d7f28dc39861b9	Architectural monuments
4ec77ede788714d4bbb19fa4df0e41bf1758f1b0	Temples
1aa54d580e6eb42d72a0bbd97d08337f10449cb2	Theaters and concert halls
aa7c552a9d2b3d6a52ce9648eb2d249277273ed0	Parks and embankments
6eff4c61558e461e253cde6c762af7063483a87c	Monuments and sculptures
27d4bb6a81b036820f1b34ede0ce2a0d77810af1	Architectural monuments of Astrakhan /
597c7362ff94388ed4e588a2822cc642d4509cd4	About the complex
7cbf9faef60abc1e4c06b11aad8388b2c1b1ab3b	Full name: Astrakhan Kremlin Date of construction: Con.
be9ba7dff6e407827f45eb4fbcca29b2b6f636f8	16th 20th centuries.
42ac05a05f6b9b5bb9acbc4f15ce23ac4ca40516	Address: Astrakhan Kremlin An object of cultural heritage of federal significance
2d140cd26f8b02a7f859cbb58ca2aa2354e4ddf8	The composition of the complex
06ccead50db7a632d91c437b9f76e3908f2ae119	Prechistenskaya gate bell Tower 1903-1912
2f445542c9b245b5618316bd137d329647a9e129	St. Nicholas Gate Church in 1738 (beginning. 17 in.)
d0df93b386f3ad59775b952f38e8584981ec47b5	St. Cyril's Chapel, 1677 (17th century)
76c408bd5ec3576237cf9083dec3efff7342d0a7	Trinity Cathedral Con.
ca6c81bb2aa228ad403fec95f62f9c7b715d10e5	16 beginning.
5b2348e21c61820bac7f686ddbdb6b7761538628	17th century
acda9baba0c051b2373a6f472ac99350046906b2	Assumption Cathedral of 1698-1710
5417b093ab3edeb62f31c6bf9fb24154125b7ee1	The guardhouse of 1808
498791e3419f4884b4280de8e8dc39bf9c218281	Artillery yard of the 16th 17th centuries.
981c3da8b064c2fac698a4a21bd44c49faec24fe	The Red Gate Tower 1958-1960.
c8d0a28de3e61df4b2549c19ac5e534b3772d75e	Crimean Tower 1582-1589
95ebe4da4f1234673d835c808c42805df30ca03f	Artillery (torture) tower 1582-1589.
dc1f5b7b443134efe3ef1bdf8d84312f5ed94f13	The Zhitnaya Tower 1582-1589.
95d9a61af93ddded65f6b2d99e078e2f21ada3cd	Bishop's Tower 1582-1589 (?) rebuilt
c1647edbfb9d8bc352601d80172c0f7d1584b645	The water Gate (secret) 1970.
76227e8c4d0c9acd7dc76a9d6c5f5a17a268ee15	(recreated)
78c241be2ed472e7ec9d5d3cce4dc76884786561	Episcopal metochion of 1617, 1709, 1799, 19th century.
b90ab471623e8f7b0584fc629fe62f9d8ec1ac5c	Consistory of 1667, 1778, 1893
4e79d790310339a8cc53709e603b2d38bdac98ca	Zeichhaus (armory)
8b0b33006ebe020137da179899cc1e8666d5a44c	1872-1889, 2010-2012 (reconstruction)
580d2be86d00ce09f170a668d1d2d362e5251d6b	House of the senior cathedral clergy 1874
97ff486b486991381c8a7bf331d458ba35c5f03a	Soldiers ' barracks of the 19th century.
a0a8c6bacfb144b60d9bf4f19f3ceb4f069aad06	Administrative building (office of the military chief) 2nd floor.
a079c411bb783217d5580f05a26e34c5d9965405	19th century.
d41d1db20f09d32bdf4675c53122a6c17b001087	Soldiers ' barracks in 1805
b7d371e5348b0baba3984003e3dcc1f5e4bf8911	Officers ' quarters (headquarters and chief officer's house) 1805
5fd2bb47478686344917040e88c93a60cfe02d58	The restorers ' house in the 1970s
17b84bbac46d6cf3a0e59094c62aeded52d3e6ee	Monument on the grave of the head of the garrison P. P. Chugunov in 1926 (?)
a0c44c612224937ad6690e2ae25dc84c7b7f1fbd	The Astrakhan Kremlin is a remarkable monument of ancient Russian architecture, an outstanding building of military engineering art of the second half of the 16th century and the founder of Russian Astrakhan.
78307fc4b9311e9dce5d69f91206cc201e002fcf	This is a unique historical and architectural complex that has been formed for four centuries and has 22 buildings of the monument - military, administrative and church buildings, including one of the most beautiful cathedrals in Russia.
a0735472f871476942ee2c88fce5a6bd3d935de6	History The founder of the fortress in the new place was the voivode Ivan Semenovich Cheremisinov, it was he who chose the place on the left bank of the Volga, where in 1557-1558, under his leadership, the first fortifications were built and the city was founded A hillock, called "Hare", was chosen as the place for construction, and it was impossible to choose a better place - from the west and north, the Volga and its channels surrounded the hill, and from the south and east - saline lakes and swamps Cheremisinov sent a drawing to Moscow and, having received a construction permit, built a fortress in 2 years
9d17596fde5f0fadd7bc77d7bc30e40372722afd	The fortress was made of wood with an earthen rampart.
9ca9b4e0f9330d6069808408573fc6921e7ca75f	Here is how the English traveler Jenkinson described it: "...the city is located on an island, on a high shore, inside the city the Kremlin, surrounded by a wooden and earthen wall and ugly and fragile The buildings and houses in the city, with the exception of the premises of the main chiefs, are very low and simple..."
4d90bc39d41cb8fa19c1ee99110bf57c3cfc1253	The existing fortress could not withstand serious attacks In 1569, the Turkish Sultan Selim went on a campaign to Astrakhan with more than 60 thousand troops To save Astrakhan, an army was sent from Moscow, led by Prince Peter Serebryany, who was able to put the Pasha to flight
5b204fc0f86d6a2b1e4ee73e288d02517aca2d64	From the words of Anthony Jenkinson: "From Moscow to Astrakhan 600 leagues or so ...
dd7ba4a17adc6a7972af45c1cd2626a2064a92b3	Astrakhan is the most remote point of the tsarist conquests from the Tatars in the direction of the Caspian Sea.
ce38bd03884bff4b7779e188f1412c6e725fdde5	The tsar guards Astrakhan very strictly, annually sends people, supplies and wood here for the construction of the Kremlin...".
8f25e3033bf0011e89b83a6ee053782756f44f46	The construction of the stone Kremlin was started under Ivan IV the Terrible, in 1582, but it continued already during the reign of Boris Godunov, who carried out church and city construction on a large scale throughout the state, it is worth noting that it was at this time, from 1596 to 1602, that one of the most grandiose fortresses of Russia – Smolenskaya was being built.
80972bda09251bf7a26f85547bb1975740e6331b	The construction of the Astrakhan Kremlin was supervised by Mikhail Ivanovich Velyaminov, Grigory Ovtsyn, and the clerk Dey Gubasty, who were sent from Moscow.
2b25367d5ce822d7d9b6aac952c0062f4a1f015e	The stone walls and towers were built on the site of ancient earthen fortifications and were made in accordance with the latest achievements of military equipment of their time, becoming one of the most powerful military engineering structures of the late 16th century.
2047aaafb362653005cffdf67f5712cd5794e2be	The walls of the stone Kremlin were completed in 1589, but the completion of the construction of the towers was delayed until the 20s of the 17th century.
516acb2175074ba487165b3ce9693a5b1908e276	The Kremlin occupied an island position, it was protected from all sides by natural barriers: from the north — western side the Volga, from the east — the Kutum River with swampy banks, from the south — a deep salt marsh.
840c7988aaf045e93bdd56d0f32bb2ffe6e3dad1	The relief determined both the shape of the Kremlin and the location of the fortifications, higher and more powerful walls and towers were built on strategically important places.
d2f87f495484ebd097255be14265778c15faa231	In the plan, the Kremlin received the configuration of a right triangle.
0593887e3a8c9ce42c6f056268feff1c58ad6258	As the population of Astrakhan grows, a settlement with residential buildings is gradually being formed to the east of the fortress.
343e8eb11cb530d8269aa3bea1e4dafacc8d468d	By 1631, the posad was surrounded by stone walls and it received the name White City.
3956fe7d92be9d76a067e6c320e520aeb1c42150	On the southern side, the walls of the Zhitny Dvor - the "small fortress", in which food supplies were stored, are attached to the Kremlin.
7431b8d356d259b985ebf91599a6373781f01786	A number of important historical events are connected with the Astrakhan Kremlin.
1b1d8ffb78cf1dbc0206f018b7ff2abc96dfff76	In June 1606, the Kremlin became the center of an uprising during the peasant war under the leadership of I. I. Bolotnikov.
4be34780e705fb5cd18a3dafd6dc41bce0afddda	At the beginning of the 17th century, it was touched by events related to the Polish Swedish intervention, in May 1614, the Astrakhan rebels stormed the Kremlin and expelled the traitors who had settled here after fleeing from Moscow, led by Ataman I. Zarutsky and the Polish adventurer Marina Mnishek.
e37c2576a0283fd3db3aeecb58a3f02c43376895	During the peasant uprising led by Stepan Razin, the Astrakhan Kremlin was the residence and stronghold of the rebels for seventeen months — from June 22, 1670 to November 27, 1671.
ac3689fe88f57118f5d11dbf8e29848375195925	The tsarist troops manage to occupy the Kremlin only after a long siege.
02be87cad14ac48b97a91caabc25a2ce8b9b30bd	In 1705-1706, an anti feudal popular uprising broke out in Astrakhan and the tsarist troops again had to take the Kremlin by storm.
433bda0b2c6649bf19163d390be0dbc51e8d2ed2	And in 1722, the Kremlin already solemnly welcomes Peter the Great, who arrives in Astrakhan to prepare for the Persian campaign.
46cb362d93e98b69e26fc3fd4d23d3e998e588db	From 1698 to 1710, the Assumption Cathedral, one of the best works of church architecture of the 17th century, was built in the Kremlin.
3d53a5da67020f73bc80e60b9da126a6ba7eb59c	At the beginning of the 19th century, the Astrakhan garrison was located in the Kremlin, for its needs in 1807-1808, large works were carried out on the construction of stone buildings, an artillery tseykhhouse, soldiers ' barracks, a guardhouse were built.
b3fb1dec28249a89c866bcd4752cf8a10ed9640b	After the October Revolution, access to the Kremlin was closed, it became a military garrison, Red Guard detachments were formed here and the Military Revolutionary Committee was located In January 1918, the Bolsheviks had to defend the Kremlin during a counter revolutionary uprising, the fortress was subjected to heavy artillery fire, which caused significant destruction to its structures On January 25 (February 7, new style), 1918, the offensive of the Red Guard detachments began, ending with the victory of the Bolsheviks and the establishment of Soviet power in Astrakhan and the Astrakhan province...
e0a2a6de704bbf95db5afe8f9cca2b583b5dc505	In 1919, in the Kremlin, under the leadership of S. M. Kirov, the units of the 11th Army were reorganized to protect the mouth of the Volga and defeat the White Guard troops and foreign interventionists.
ebe481100e55768acf262e4286ad958a8eaa99e3	Thus, at the beginning of the 20th century, the Kremlin remains a military object, having received the popular name "Trotsky Town" (in 1922-1926).
19522958df576f2f58cbf64a2fd4502e727694f7	Only after the end of the Great Patriotic War, in the late 1950s, access to the Kremlin was opened, and it ceased to be an object of military purpose In 1949, for the first time, the question of restoring the architectural ensemble of the Kremlin arose By that time, the southern Kremlin wall between the Zhitnaya and Krymskaya towers had already collapsed Since 1959, work began on the reconstruction and restoration of the entire complex of the Astrakhan Kremlin, which continues today
b7677ebef0c4544339cda303dddf003dc5bcab38	The architecture configuration of the Astrakhan Kremlin was dictated by the terrain.
37b4ca2a8f8621b682370258ea47a96edff3b504	In the plan, it has the shape of a right triangle, elongated by the top in a south westerly direction, at the corners and on the sides of which towers are built.
f3b72f4d6bc5fbc811122beb14fdbce0892ea3a2	The length on the long side is 665 meters, on the short side 295 meters, the area of the fortress is 1544 square meters. meters.
094b4c571277dd78e23743cd966c2c896d6dca8f	The height of the walls, depending on the terrain, ranges from 7 to 11.3 m, and the thickness from 2.8 to 5.2 m.
5e64daaa78ac27d4f476dadd95fab26cdf631bfb	During the construction of the Astrakhan Kremlin, they used, among other things, building materials from the ruins of the former capital of the Golden Horde - Sarai Batu, located in the 13th 14th centuries upstream of the Volga, not far from the place where the village is now located.
d7626d9c3715858b73877277c7c2769ce05db5ee	Saltpeter.
03b91c37860b4b534438bf761940624e1f9a9f0c	History in faces Pavel Mikhailovich Smirnov (1908-1943) read more >
ecb0db57a7b8515983c4841fbaa0e4bf31470942	The bell tower under construction and the Assumption Cathedral 100 years later.. learn more >
68be0452b90676fb7347682f433127f595f8b62f	Do you know what the cathedral in Yaroslavl and the theater in Astrakhan have in common? learn more >
adaea4562c833aafd992d962009e8a3bab8a3a3b	Do you know what it is? learn more >
fabc261fe91d398c7f770cbf3cc3be4f630d37c1	Astrakhan which is not ...
92dac621767c1837eaf5802d4d0f036e1b6a894f	And do you know?
70f68c8efb6e363e1c4955960a1f455fc76cd384	Astrakhan 100 years later...
e559a6f3b69dc3f5a789ee982dbd9cc6477af930	Join us on VKontakte >
a11db2f38bfcf31105c07262e1b09844e007dd9c	On the main page of the website, write to us
f4143fab05e70ea3289e344ca54dd010364527dc	About the project Site map Support the project
79e80c5825bfdc0e9a6ff674929bb741d6cabcde	Copyright © Madyudya Denis 2008-2016 The use of text and photo materials posted on the site is allowed only with the written permission of the copyright holder and a link to the site.
da72d4cc6f727189de8b000c4d26d57dd00ec596	Astrakhan.ru
2b11a8b26f56a6042ffe7e6415bc7c05e98de224	The name of this man caused both admiration and hatred among his contemporaries.
c172ba89bd5d00f223b7052406c4451f3c03ff61	Nevertheless, he went down in the history of world science not only as a follower of Giordano Bruno, but also as one of the greatest scientists of the Italian Renaissance.
c3ec112a863b8675ba2b3a285d4748df1da3cecb	He was born on February 15, 1564 in the city of Pisa in a noble but impoverished family.
230b9f3e0b963427d93dd30d29add337c3041b58	His father Vincenzo Galilei was a talented musician and composer, but art did not provide a livelihood, and the father of the future scientist earned money by selling cloth.
0ab0aebdd50b55c31bdd4349cafc0a21ac16cbf5	Until the age of eleven, Galileo lived in Pisa and studied at an ordinary school, and then moved to Florence with his family.
75259715f18e082218aa2005cab58518bc3319e2	Here he continued his education at the Benedictine monastery, where he studied grammar, arithmetic, rhetoric and other subjects.
827e325de245d4d65f92d78fee3243e331f856ef	At the age of seventeen, Galileo entered the University of Pisa and began to prepare for the profession of a doctor.
0737d159c04b85d9e03b5dee93f9922db02b6b0b	At the same time, out of curiosity, he read works on mathematics and mechanics, in particular Euclid and Archimedes.
b6c1ac0665a3a540a34222d2e60004f3b67d465a	The latter was always called his teacher by Galileo later.
27b0576eaa4dd03a4ba6cf46fd64c92d78b1c618	Due to his straitened financial situation, he had to leave the university and return to Florence.
e922083e337b21e5a654504935dffd41b6efcfc9	Here Galileo took up the study of mathematics and physics.
25b64cb9b7a74ed1ff1af1ce1e9781d2fdd041b8	In 1586, he wrote his first scientific work, "Small Hydrostatic Scales".
5ba309ad4c52a2bd3024e98b7ca58710d40ae370	In 1589, Galileo received the Chair of Mathematics at the University of Pisa, where he taught mathematics and astronomy.
76a511861107a80a877dc684b7a15dcee7d11de7	At this time, there are experiments that he made, throwing various bodies from the leaning Tower of Pisa to check whether they fall in accordance with the teachings of Aristotle - heavy faster than light.
10441534135fbeab9d475ef6439f08ef2dec8d72	The answer was negative.
7c8c18e70cd1cdf29761f41bd40a4e40e8965205	In 1609, Galileo established the Law of Inertia, the Laws of free fall, the movement of a body along an inclined plane (1604 - 09) and a body thrown at an angle to the horizon, discovered the Law of Addition of movements and the law of the constant period of oscillation of the pendulum (the phenomenon of isochronism of oscillations, 1583).
cf9df64f44b463b8e31c2871cde3176da1094b6f	The transfer in 1592 to the University of Padua, where Galileo took the chair of mathematics, marked the beginning of the most fruitful period in his life.
f835b4ed67b6d6a30c90a37f3cba894e79e80d3c	Here he comes close to studying the laws of dynamics, explores the mechanical properties of materials, invents the first of the physical devices for studying thermal processes — a thermoscope, improves the telescope and is the first to guess how to use it for astronomical observations, here he becomes the most active and authoritative supporter of the Copernican system, gaining the gratitude and respect of descendants and the active hostility of numerous contemporaries.
7c776d727a3de0cbd41f84dba0f77c72f74ae6dc	The most important achievement of Galileo Galilei in dynamics was the creation of the principle of relativity, which became the basis of modern relativity theory.
f637376b6a11d42d465d7bc7d13f151343d70eb5	Having resolutely rejected Aristotle's ideas about motion, Galileo came to the conclusion that motion (meaning only mechanical processes) relatively, that is, it is impossible to talk about motion without specifying in relation to which "reference body" it occurs; the laws of motion are irrelevant, and therefore, being in a closed cabin (he figuratively wrote "in a closed room under the deck of a ship"), it is impossible to establish by any experiments whether this cabin is at rest or moves uniformly and rectilinearly ("without shocks", as Galileo put it).
74bfcd9cf1c355ab658ead6a0fbfe0350812dc0a	The thermoscope was actually the prototype of the thermometer, and in order to approach its invention, Galileo had to radically revise the existing ideas about heat and cold at that time.
051f74e0ee6343f788833fd1cea9b80f651c8946	The first news about the invention of the spyglass in Holland reached Venice already in 1609.
e1f49d103102e716f8716be9e37c22f9f778bb1f	Interested in this discovery, Galileo significantly improved the device.
b59998012fffa0335deb761b09fd1edbacedb495	On January 7, 1610, a significant event occurred: after pointing the built telescope (with about 30 times magnification) at the sky, Galileo noticed three bright points near the planet Jupiter; these were the satellites of Jupiter (later Galileo discovered a fourth).
38f3780bb9924735e97a8890b2ef940f50cf4570	By repeating the observations at certain intervals, he made sure that the satellites were orbiting Jupiter.
5d8e4e6cfd5f5cdf131f1f58ceda6a3d94739660	This served as a visual model of the Keplerian system, which Galileo's reflections and experience made a staunch supporter of.
90fecb5fe71211a54f1f7f8943c4808d248e8ea1	There were other important discoveries that further undermined the credibility of the official cosmogony with its dogma about the immutability of the universe: a new star appeared; the invention of the telescope made it possible to detect the phases of Venus and make sure that the Milky Way consists of a huge number of stars.
cadb8fd8520df44ea9fe88e18b546d3e43405831	Having discovered sunspots and observing their movement, Galileo Galilei quite correctly explained this by the rotation of the Sun.
862bdc91aa1b66768937db4bd8ff8971d857c304	The study of the moon's surface showed that it is covered with mountains and pitted with craters.
2709f89a54bf336621f37531cd84964241e18808	Even this cursory list would allow us to rank Galileo among the greatest astronomers, but his role was exceptional already because he made a truly revolutionary revolution, marking the beginning of instrumental astronomy as a whole.
17670435270dc397526ac08f9d3a8ff7d9484472	Galileo himself understood the importance of his astronomical discoveries.
76c58a310a7974faeb2f53301fb5cf3d8b025cf6	In 1610, Galileo was confirmed for life as a professor at the University of Pisa and moved to Florence, where he became the court "philosopher" of Duke Cosimo II de ' Medici and the "first mathematician" of the university, without the obligation to lecture.
09c20f6035011f70fcb1406bf3f49a8ca29c23be	In March 1610, Galileo published the work "The Starry Messenger" (Siderius Nuncius Latin), which contained an overview of all his astronomical discoveries.
4cf695bec70594365b262871bf9ce2edc0295b92	Although Galileo's observations confirmed the research of Johannes Kepler and others, his statement about the movement of the planets around the Sun drew the attention of Dominicans and other representatives of the Catholic Church, who adhered to Aristotle's ideas about the absolute immutability of celestial bodies.5
d89d3f4f294a09799ea5609c0be3a23494dbff93	Galileo's published treatise "Discourse on Bodies in water" (Discorso intorno alle cose, che stanno in su l'aqua, 1612) and "Letters on Sunspots" further strained relations between the scientist and the official church, and Galileo's famous letter to Abbot Castelli, in which he defended the views of Copernicus, served as an occasion for a direct denunciation to the Inquisition.
0ec697766e57b986508918c7d050f911dbfc8a15	In 1616, Galileo went to Rome and there defended himself against accusations of heresy with the help of influential friends.
63b7e467f3ecc1b6da18d642f7cf05219095173e	But the teaching of Copernicus was declared heretical and his work "On the rotation of the celestial spheres" was included in the"Index of forbidden books".
5af1153507fb37518fdb3a7d399fb7fcdb5d4c15	The congregation of this index did not make any claims to the writings of Galileo himself at that time.
649c3c6e76c71014eafc19e47a187c359880db00	In 1632, Galileo published his work "Dialogue on the two most important systems of the world — Ptolemaic and Copernican" (Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo ptolemaico e copernicano, etc.), where, under the guise of approving the prohibition of the Copernican doctrine, the Italian scientist managed to present evidence in favor of the theory of the movement of the Earth.
cc89851d51ecca881fa0aea5be3c463465b65c0c	This immediately provoked the reaction of the Inquisition, and in February 1633 Galileo came to Rome, where he was convicted, and on June 22, 1633, he was forced, on his knees, to publicly renounce the teachings of Copernicus: "I, Galileo, the son of the late Vincenzo Galilei from Florence, seventy years old, appearing personally in court and kneeling before you, most reverend and venerable cardinals, general inquisitors for the heresy of the entire Christian world... I renounce, blaspheme and curse the above-mentioned errors in heresy..."
6093e458e8ad514baed048f885b980d420a4c2ea	The Pope did not keep Galileo in prison for long.
00c6f1b70ccdedbc41464250242251834ad240fc	After the verdict, Galileo was settled in one of the Medici villas, from where he was transferred to the palace of his friend, Archbishop Piccolomini in Siena.
79aee4a25abda365951409bc88d6b10420e5ac0b	Five months later, Galileo was allowed to go home, and he settled in Archetri, next to the monastery where his daughters were staying.
424ea8f993e95235032b39b126af675873c636dc	Here he spent the rest of his life under house arrest and under the constant supervision of the Inquisition.
5a182e7fcefeb50eec8270a336e97a58955d9609	Galileo was not allowed to visit cities, although a seriously ill prisoner needed constant medical supervision.
bfae1662e66986b23f9bc29e20c6ee769923841b	In the early years, he was forbidden to receive guests on pain of being transferred to prison; later the regime was somewhat relaxed, and friends were able to visit Galileo — however, no more than one[55].
996d9d303ed4795de3acc3bec3dc8098d92bc48d	The Inquisition followed the prisoner until the end of his life; even at the death of Galileo, two of its representatives were present [56].
53f9046b526ee62aef6d99d8ac41e8344e21ce17	All his printed works were subject to particularly thorough censorship[27].
ed7692aaa3947b82ac9f5f4a67db7c13f3a4b947	It should be noted that in Protestant Holland, the publication of the Dialogue continued (the first publication: 1635, translated into Latin).
3d4bcfede3821b7bb5dd5adcd47675eb00492b11	In 1634, the 33-year-old eldest daughter Virginia (Maria Celeste in monasticism), a favorite of Galileo, who faithfully cared for her sick father and keenly experienced his misadventures, died[57].
119d7bfaf0e10d5e1ec93c24642701e9d6529949	Galileo writes that he is possessed by "boundless sadness and melancholy... I constantly hear my dear daughter calling me"[58].
dd4beffc034943456b085b83a5d1e6227d2e479c	Galileo's health has deteriorated, but he continues to work vigorously in the fields of science allowed for him.
232c8f0e4442b14d9676da60e847322aa7ce4322	The letter was sent through a trusted person, and Galileo is quite frank in it:
474b3fd5850c53f2b999e709fe6f1efd07cca6f8	At the end of the letter, Galileo ridicules the ignorant who "declare the mobility of the Earth a heresy" and informs that he intends to anonymously publish a new treatise in defense of his position, but first wants to finish a long-planned book on mechanics[60].
2c62c826a21e5dc8cb9fc4fd0851024682b620d9	Of these two plans, he managed to implement only the second — he wrote a book on mechanics, summarizing his earlier discoveries in this field (see below).
b7fc81633564883bd45cdd19793514e6c3382a6a	Soon after the death of his daughter, Galileo completely lost his sight, but continued his scientific research, relying on loyal students: Castelli, Torricelli and Viviani (the author of the first biography of Galileo).
82d96cb46caba4123fbdacf09501a9e242d3e849	Galileo's last book was "Conversations and Mathematical Proofs of Two New Sciences", which outlines the basics of kinematics and the resistance of materials.
c34e6250eb2d7b29a2e22ab567fd6f21b2b11d18	In fact, the content of the book is a rout of Aristotelian dynamics; instead, Galileo puts forward his principles of movement, proven by experience.
657a41cb74b27e337e691ddc0b9ee540f82b2a67	Challenging the Inquisition, Galileo brought out the same three characters in the new book as in the previously banned "Dialogue about the two main systems of the World".
31bdc21f671e6e23cf47eb3e6401a83544bea8ec	In May 1636, the scientist negotiates the publication of his work in Holland, and then secretly sends the manuscript there.
d6d52bd3c0729ef10d52d2a264b5568fb00765d9	In a confidential letter to a friend, Count de Noel (to whom he dedicated this book), Galileo writes that the new work "puts me back in the ranks of fighters"[62].
83a9ace7bfbc13d8d812557389fd0ab4f56aad6c	"Conversations..." was published in July 1638, and the book got to Archetri almost a year later — in June 1639.
521a87b33a7da0992888a883e871655d9b40c687	This work became the reference book of Huygens and Newton, who completed the construction of the foundations of mechanics begun by Galileo.
2012254d704d3c7f2a9b4e0e5dd78a1b5cd8e315	Only once, shortly before his death (March 1638), the Inquisition allowed the blind and seriously ill Galileo to leave Arcetri and settle in Florence for treatment.
6e65f9084e05f50cc4af7019d4fe973f6872c28b	At the same time, he was forbidden to leave the house on pain of prison and discuss the "damned opinion" about the movement of the Earth[63].
44bb6aec4eaa710d0b45e4298599f8b0233954d4	However, a few months later, after the appearance of the Dutch edition of " Conversations...", the permission was canceled, and the scientist was ordered to return to Archetri.
e7193dffc6ba8832ba33c3adb5dc319f66901105	Galileo was going to continue the " Conversations...", writing two more chapters, but did not have time to fulfill his plan.
c6b119f839e0aeac73e4c1eb365f6cdbd2522467	It is noteworthy that the works of Galileo are presented in a clear, very close to our modern, syllable with an accurate formulation of all statements and positions.
18e86737f0af75916fadded9129dcba044d83ffa	Thanks to the experiments conducted by him, the teaching of the great Aristotle was completely refuted, in which it was claimed that the speed of the fall is proportional to the weight of the falling body.
97e5093aa94e42f5a574968fd41f73b22285988d	The role of Galileo in mechanics is great, it was he who was able to give an accurate definition of the phenomenon of equidistant motion, and also found the laws of the route and speed fluctuations in it.
ecd1d7c5cb4c0c69033a9f63b82255c26b8343c2	Thanks to the immortal creations of the great scientist, the way was cleared for use by classical and modern physicists, for their discoveries.
8749b75083f6f735d2ba2fe9285db86629802731	A striking example of such was I. Newton.
58e5b7bf8477c5998a6e8f5f6fcafb9ac756e572	Galileo Galilei lived to the age of 78, and in 1642 he died in the arms of his devoted disciples — Torricelli and Viviani.
7d51448f98b5145927a21505cfa320ef21b36f3a	The ashes of the great mathematician, astronomer, physicist and mechanic rest in the church of Santa Croce (Florence).
6128b84bad7ed7553d44af3ad684c3d8785b7dc2	Galileo is rightfully considered the founder of not only experimental, but — to a large extent — also theoretical physics.
464d48e08da37c054791e01c31fbfb626587e507	In his scientific method, he consciously combined a well-thought-out experiment with its rational understanding and generalization, and personally gave impressive examples of such studies.
d2c34f572df3d44ffc1ef6d1a44193f11c80e818	Sometimes, due to a lack of scientific data, Galileo made mistakes (for example, in questions about the shape of planetary orbits, the nature of comets or the causes of tides), but in the vast majority of cases his method led to the goal.
c40718fc0ab3e6ceb4c61f83ea50fc8ed46c934b	It is characteristic that Kepler, who had more complete and accurate data than Galileo, made the right conclusions in cases where Galileo was wrong.
44fd3fb80acaa391a9b3f6c0d7dc9b5ecf0a0eff	Although there were wonderful engineers in ancient Greece (Archimedes, Heron and others), the very idea of an experimental method of cognition, which should complement and confirm deductive speculative constructions, was alien to the aristocratic spirit of ancient physics.
19d2a87f41c83788a792d80024f4422c5851a932	In Europe, back in the XIII century, Robert Grossetest and Roger Bacon called for the creation of an experimental science that could describe natural phenomena in mathematical language, but there was no significant progress in the implementation of this idea before Galileo: scientific methods differed little from theological ones, and answers to scientific questions were still sought in the books of ancient authorities[68].
9356b0c81545e2923ece5ae3366d8f58916c6415	The scientific revolution in physics begins with Galileo [69].
477fdc89d11a1a1a8029bf41049934abc0edc55e	In relation to the philosophy of nature, Galileo was a convinced rationalist.
b2e45074384e869f596aef4819ff0ef9547dda64	He believed that the laws of nature are comprehensible to the human mind.
ae87af1307d49c0449b1817e9fee96007f379636	Strictly speaking, Galileo's ship does not move in a straight line, but along the arc of a large circle of the Earth's surface.
72ec1ed966b8829c15a99f3a62ec6a6cd72f5329	Within the framework of the modern understanding of the principle of relativity, the reference system associated with this ship will be only approximately inertial, so it is still possible to identify the fact of its movement without referring to external landmarks (although suitable measuring devices appeared only in the XX century...)[88].
b632e05cd26b0262fbeaa3c03634578ccfdcab5a	The above-mentioned discoveries of Galileo, among other things, allowed him to refute many arguments of the opponents of the heliocentric system of the world, who argued that the rotation of the Earth would significantly affect the phenomena occurring on its surface.
417293aaf59456ac6d030b36d58b7b56ac87f46b	For example, according to geocentrists, the surface of the rotating Earth during the fall of any body would leave from under this body, shifting by tens or even hundreds of meters.
45ef459e3dea126512e6d7aa82e3110bb0b99c79	Galileo published a study of pendulum oscillations and stated that the period of oscillations does not depend on their amplitude (this is approximately true for small amplitudes)[90].
cc72cb45e3394b15cfeb8977f25340ebce5f6d46	He also found that the periods of oscillation of the pendulum correlate as square roots of its length.
d18e4cc72843884be9a3b1a9f502f74fa9c95665	Galileo's results attracted the attention of Huygens, who invented a clock with a pendulum regulator (1657); from that moment, the possibility of accurate measurements in experimental physics appeared.
86ac719273c8a84bebf0cfd996b26881ac2e5f2e	For the first time in the history of science, Galileo raised the question of the strength of rods and beams during bending and thereby laid the foundation for a new science — the resistance of materials[91].
ddb1a8b31a64189d5214be8283eed5e59184909b	Many of Galileo's arguments are sketches of physical laws discovered much later.
d1026764d377ce7c2653943a9a74846c5aa167d9	For example, in the" Dialog " he reports that the vertical speed of a ball rolling on the surface of a complex terrain depends only on its current height, and illustrates this fact with several thought experiments [92]; now we would formulate this conclusion as the law of conservation of energy in the gravity field.
a2c9d9324fb9a5be055f02b0fc44d18dfeadecd1	Similarly, he explains the (theoretically undamped) swings of the pendulum.
6f9ccd8f393ce709e95a8ceca97624f6079fe01e	In statics, Galileo introduced the fundamental concept of the moment of force (ital. momento)[93].
6d06162a6c39f9792ea0ccd54b44731d48a05968	In 1609, Galileo independently built his first telescope with a convex lens and a concave eyepiece.
b055f9b7b5122299edaac367530d3d6c03c4e94a	The tube gave an approximately three-fold increase[94].
82691561c3b7b155499a5691b86b5f0d7182631d	Soon he managed to build a telescope that gives a magnification of 32 times.
7d8ab596adb165f2387feed6635592a5c8fcb3da	Note that the term telescope was introduced into science by Galileo (the term itself was proposed to him by Federico Cesi, the founder of the Accademia dei Lincei)[95].
25c7518196e117f2cc116e573f15db9f1c80db0b	A number of Galileo's telescopic discoveries contributed to the establishment of the heliocentric system of the world, which Galileo actively promoted, and the refutation of the views of the geocentrists Aristotle and Ptolemy.
005828317bd33bf62799efec02f992adb3f001b1	Galileo made his first telescopic observations of celestial bodies on January 7, 1610[3][96].
49aacd9a99b808aeee6df18c9bdfa5c2e6c37a64	These observations showed that the Moon, like the Earth, has a complex terrain-covered with mountains and craters.
bf7a37493fb7b079eee56e550600b6f9d2c9e320	Galileo explained the ashy light of the moon, known since ancient times, as the result of sunlight reflected by the Earth hitting our natural satellite.
540dc01f83c21343913614f966c3132364a96416	All this refuted Aristotle's teaching about the opposite of "earthly" and "heavenly": The Earth became a body of fundamentally the same nature as the heavenly bodies, and this, in turn, served as an indirect argument in favor of the Copernican system: if other planets move, then it is natural to assume that the Earth also moves.
e7780f50f2c276fd2bb200490cd2ab786e7aa1f1	Galileo also discovered the libration of the moon and fairly accurately estimated the height of the lunar mountains[97].
3cd160b3e36441a8d4c13e71073ee03d9601d08d	Jupiter has discovered its own moons — four satellites.
5e8fc438ce174169a34a73aa62d29bef92b27c8d	Thus, Galileo refuted one of the arguments of the opponents of heliocentrism: The Earth cannot rotate around the Sun, since the Moon rotates around it itself.
d78a21d46cbccbf6cff74da319b8c346cecf5c8e	After all, Jupiter obviously had to rotate either around the Earth (as in the geocentric system) or around the Sun (as in the heliocentric system).
5e7966db06555d917407b43e7671c8a3baac8943	A year and a half of observations allowed Galileo to estimate the period of rotation of these satellites (1612), although an acceptable accuracy of the estimate was achieved only in the epoch of Newton.
a70c61ba6acbfcc51bddb8831b22a8990bb73089	Galileo proposed using observations of eclipses of Jupiter's moons to solve the most important problem of determining longitude at sea[98].
582c68a91c243a057fd3e08be603fa69a164d7cf	He himself was unable to develop an implementation of such an approach, although he worked on it until the end of his life; Cassini was the first to achieve success (1681), but due to the difficulties of observing at sea, the Galilean method was used mainly by land expeditions, and after the invention of the marine chronometer (the middle of the XVIII century), the problem was closed.
12af23f94408eab64670425e358395fb4bc62186	Galileo also discovered (independently of Johann Fabricius and Herriot) sunspots.
49e5f627dfe0d54a66c5fb4203c7f180b447fd16	The existence of spots and their constant variability refuted Aristotle's thesis about the perfection of the heavens (as opposed to the "sublunary world")[33].
a6acdce33adb738b28a602fe78cd61cae0b5a91b	Based on the results of their observations, Galileo concluded that the Sun rotates around its axis, estimated the period of this rotation and the position of the Sun's axis.
793ce377450c66766ce5478a1a0a535f2885ef1b	Galileo found that Venus changes phases.
d86d7ce9b0e8bee1e7d1ea6c200a9dfc58b0549f	On the one hand, this proved that it shines with the reflected light of the Sun (about which there was no clarity in the astronomy of the previous period).
209cf412fcfb570211e9f51e0a7f3b1b4049e25d	On the other hand, the order of the phase change corresponded to the heliocentric system: in Ptolemy's theory, Venus as the "lower" planet was always closer to the Earth than the Sun, and "fullness" was impossible.
7506b8a2584ed494414155ef6082aa7ca576df92	Half a century later, the ring of Saturn was discovered and described by Huygens, who had a 92-fold telescope at his disposal.
eeeddca704661bb05d096b31f1935d0f43cdf80c	Historians of science have discovered that on December 28, 1612, Galileo observed the then-undiscovered planet Neptune and sketched its position among the stars, and on January 29, 1613, he observed it in conjunction with Jupiter.
b8f1ba40733224eae1df49de7bac0e6dd39d7b54	However, Galileo did not identify Neptune as a planet[100].
91390459dbcb66eb8467bf7fe20e1744a78cfe56	Galileo showed that when observed through a telescope, the planets are visible as disks, the apparent sizes of which change in various configurations in such a ratio as follows from the Copernican theory.
4462eddcef9c0eb9f0ba9c537136c055317f074c	However, the diameter of the stars does not increase when observed with a telescope.
ce2322cc295801611809f205b6ca98414334e948	This refuted the estimates of the apparent and real size of stars, which were used by some astronomers as an argument against the heliocentric system.
53b9e68853a8fb9401096196f2203044e862f3a4	The Milky Way, which looks like a solid glow to the naked eye, broke up into separate stars (which confirmed Democritus ' guess), and a huge number of previously unknown stars became visible.
3c6217f5aca3dedcb167331eacab6666c3c46ad0	In the" Dialogue on Two Systems of the World", Galileo explained in detail (through the mouth of the character Salviati) why he prefers the Copernican system rather than Ptolemy [101]:
6369bbc54d1057b4dbb6000f35e976d59bcc6ac2	Venus and Mercury are never in opposition, that is, in the side of the sky opposite to the Sun.
2ecb28d1a1e3253c8660f528041a7c3f644e493a	This means that they revolve around the Sun, and their orbit passes between the Sun and the Earth.
e6789910329a7e8a23168c79319ed58052a0abd8	Mars has confrontations.
7878966d2147fc4e70389dbf9e24135b9e2c1205	In addition, Galileo did not reveal any phases of Mars that were noticeably different from the full illumination of the visible disk.
8a58461f92e1ca4482d8e15f0fa4ceec26b2db72	Hence, and from the analysis of changes in brightness during the movement of Mars, Galileo concluded that this planet also rotates around the Sun, but in this case the Earth is inside its orbit.
6d0d5c93aceef271c05425406e8bc11194097cda	He made similar conclusions for Jupiter and Saturn.
cc9529d09f185a789b5fe8c612d3faa9bc556d3a	Thus, it remains to choose between two systems of the world: The Sun (with planets) rotates around the Earth or the Earth rotates around the Sun.
ea5670706ffede850a218dcc39c20a85eb63379d	The observed pattern of planetary motions is the same in both cases, this guarantees the principle of relativity formulated by Galileo himself.
966ad38b77ffe5635cd84f99babb5ca421d0f33e	Therefore, additional arguments are needed for the choice, among which Galileo cites the great simplicity and naturalness of the Copernican model.
c09e69e9638ff50b54c59650d639f98876b669eb	Being an ardent supporter of Copernicus, Galileo, however, rejected the Kepler system with elliptical orbits of the planets[102].
a48b70c8b58c816ae431b6ca0c1a54b866a90ce5	Note that it was Kepler's laws, together with the dynamics of Galileo, that led Newton to the law of universal gravitation.
04795cbd4725cfe409ebd89cb14f45151dd01092	Galileo did not yet realize the idea of the force interaction of celestial bodies, considering the movement of the planets around the Sun as if they were their natural property; in this he unwittingly turned out to be closer to Aristotle than, perhaps, he wanted[85].
c7c21ba895d2d40904f8cf76aad70908376b889a	Galileo explained why the Earth's axis does not rotate when the Earth revolves around the Sun; to explain this phenomenon, Copernicus introduced a special "third movement" of the Earth.
028d334dfe82337ccd2a5ccd9243f9f98fa77dd1	Galileo showed by experience that the axis of a freely moving top retains its direction by itself ("Letters to Ingoli")[42]:
48346c7efe8a1d92185af3f03e2cc5527016c981	At the same time, Galileo made a serious mistake, believing that the phenomenon of tides proves the rotation of the Earth around the axis[75].
e23cc3d9e0c95ebf800089b31d792b496bda4621	However, he gives other serious arguments in favor of the daily rotation of the Earth[103]:
84492dd1d61ca32c66510c6bdb414964b764a820	It is difficult to agree that the entire Universe makes a daily revolution around the Earth (especially given the enormous distances to the stars); it is more natural to explain the observed picture by the rotation of one Earth.
f78b451df1f98a17ed00654cc4272941654fd8a4	The synchronous participation of the planets in the diurnal rotation would also violate the observed pattern, according to which, the farther a planet is from the Sun, the slower it moves.
2e3daca3ede89f849bf410c866c38d574686e7db	Galileo also describes here a thought experiment that could prove the rotation of the Earth: a cannon shell or a falling body deviates slightly from the vertical during the fall; however, the calculation he gave shows that this deviation is negligible[104].
4884b608296f838adf6f68b353a1e7bd7546a0bb	He made a correct remark that the rotation of the Earth should affect the dynamics of winds[105].
f8f13c89f000216132bfd6dffb9c4bafd10d274c	All these effects were discovered much later.
ff6e969c128138c1f3e32b9f9eb2e99c1575af37	03 February 2017
7a935892d556102ab45c45dab10410e196c09640	A random joke: Fellow students!!!
982090e23508171d2c59663772877ba13631d4d1	Please put your Jeeps tighter, and then the teachers have nowhere to put their bicycles!!!!!
e538872584f8e40e4a65f70751c6a5059ec02c65	BACK TO Galileo Galilei
3d71c43c570baf73d4589a058d93edfa21e856e3	Galileo Galilei
9d7a816472e90bdab11f6080b51cb840f88724b9	February 15, 1564 - January 8, 1642
a26d995baea7663bfa076a9dbed6dbe8bd8baae1	Biography The name of this man caused both admiration and hatred among his contemporaries.
08ee15e25b1e407e898ce2506208fdf93bf88604	Due to the straitened financial situation, the young man had to leave the University of Pisa and return to Florence.
e42847a63816652fb8081c9518adf65244b893cb	At home, Galileo independently engaged in an in depth study of mathematics and physics, which he was very interested in.
3fcec9a18c0c722f43eec5732af77578692fa72e	In 1586, he wrote his first scientific work "Small hydrostatic scales", which brought him some fame and allowed him to meet several scientists.
cdf42ceec1d01dc8d521ff742df3bfe156547e0f	Under the patronage of one of them — the author of the "Textbook of Mechanics" Guido Ubaldo del Monte, Galileo received a chair of mathematics at the University of Pisa in 1589.
68fff3d73f2544ae0f96d246b503197219340909	At the age of twenty five, he became a professor where he studied, but did not complete his education.
c8ae5fc8fa4c7fe6803161ce26b125752bb41d1f	Galileo taught students mathematics and astronomy, which he expounded, of course, according to Ptolemy.
a5c019c0437706d2cf7d6317b13f0417542bb488	It is at this time that the experiments that he set up, throwing various bodies from the leaning Tower of Pisa, to check whether they fall in accordance with the teachings of Aristotle — heavy faster than light.
5375bd25ed2151561dccdf64dbc3032fe9da04d0	In his work "On Motion" (1590), Galileo criticized the Aristotelian doctrine of the fall of bodies.
5a277b4cf04dbd3a13fd75ca8b696e278629618a	In it, by the way, he wrote: "If reason and experience coincide in something, it does not matter to me that it contradicts the opinion of the majority."
8a713a6ad77747b4fb4462691e520d0190878266	Galileo's establishment of the isochrony of small oscillations of the pendulum — the independence of the period of its oscillations from the amplitude belongs to the same period.
0a808cd122c20fa2ddda49d1ea52cbc6c97f11a8	He came to this conclusion by watching the chandeliers swing in the Cathedral of Pisa and noting the time by the pulse on his hand...
9844778b33c14cc2f4ab2f31c5a4834f283b5845	Guido del Monte highly appreciated Galileo as a mechanic and called him "The Archimedes of modern times".
374c80148ddadb3c74fd419a1091b4f7203e7435	Galileo's criticism of Aristotle's physical representations turned numerous supporters of the ancient Greek scientist against him.
e0f90256fa4a52cdcc270cd80cf5758fb01f465b	The young professor became very uncomfortable in Pisa, and he accepted an invitation to take the chair of mathematics at the famous University of Padua.
b6eabd18969b2ad1d7776b1e1479075489c6215c	The Padua period is the most fruitful and happy in the life of Galileo.
0744f51e1b7f71287f7e22061987b840dbf8dc15	Here he found a family, linking his fate with Marina Gamba, who gave birth to two daughters, Virginia (1600) and Livia (1601); later a son, Vincenzo (1606), was born.
047ba5be53cf37f7217c08ad4450758a2de2b77b	Since 1606, Galileo has been engaged in astronomy.
697f9fc11fc10b0d11d4d05b119297d07a698ce2	In March 1610, his work was published under the title - "The Starry Messenger".
c2a8517ea78392e47f26cbc77aba125a0c64f161	It is unlikely that there has ever been so much sensational astronomical information reported in one work, which was also made literally during several night observations in January — February of the same year 1610.
02e9fdbaaaa1df00923c5ecc591a76f6c39d83bf	Having learned about the invention of the telescope and having a good own workshop, Galileo makes several samples of spotting tubes, constantly improving their quality.
20015e3477c3c7d8e22fa62096ed1b42107559dd	As a result, the scientist managed to make a telescope with a magnification of 32 times.
67b6b036a52c207ce5ff5d908f78fcf0afeb8a1f	On the night of January 7, 1610, he directs the telescope to the sky.
9671c3c907ac83f91d9790ca68b9255e1b3278fb	What he saw there — the lunar landscape, mountain ranges and peaks that cast shadows, valleys and seas already led to the idea that the Moon was similar to the Earth — a fact that did not support religious dogmas and the teachings of Aristotle about the special position of the Earth among the celestial bodies.
56132ecaac6ac38ebcaa9a93726bcd0ee4e7a0cc	A huge white stripe in the sky — the Milky Way when viewed through the telescope, it was clearly divided into individual stars.
6f7a4d5a05c2898fb5fbcd4401ca15e1c31968b9	Near Jupiter, the scientist noticed small stars (first three, then another), which changed their position relative to the planet the next night.
f6235aed9a1f5020f535ab2245371672186b9be6	Galileo, with his kinematic perception of natural phenomena, did not need to think for a long time — before him are the moons of Jupiter!
2716d2a16146bc7de20127f8c88b948e2874d7b7	— another argument against the exceptional position of the Earth.
9d4972d0c33bfdff87e0faffefc398e96473b572	Galileo discovered the existence of four moons of Jupiter.
41d87f352127afc51870d3eb46bcfafaea454ca0	Later, Galileo discovered the phenomenon of Saturn (although he did not understand what it was) and discovered the phases of Venus.
f5a02280740244a0e2fc9811500a92d07b9b23dc	Observing how sunspots move on the solar surface, he found that the Sun also rotates around its axis.
049482be87decefa09672c67ca13577e69f1ab9d	Based on his observations, Galileo concluded that rotation around the axis is characteristic of all celestial bodies.
3ac8ee8254ce45168927045471e7b35c6037b4a1	Observing the starry sky, he was convinced that the number of stars is much more than can be seen with a simple eye.
8420781eb3391ea25441aecd32ef4d23777b6c70	So Galileo confirmed Giordano Bruno's idea that the vastness of the universe is infinite and inexhaustible.
ed28d19282be9d5f0453d69bee5fb2fac158f2c9	After that, Galileo concluded that the heliocentric system of the world proposed by Copernicus is the only correct one.
5b8b44edd6f6d7aa445facec2b8f0f98484e7fd7	Galileo's telescopic discoveries were met by many with distrust, even with hostility, but the supporters of the Copernican doctrine, and, above all, Kepler, who immediately published "Conversation with the Star Messenger", reacted to them with delight, seeing in this confirmation of the correctness of their beliefs.
cb8b38812b852cdd066c830c9ea8d260190dbe23	The "Starry Messenger" brought the scientist European fame.
9fa1f01d47dbd73718e5fc28185cac52d050e3dd	The Tuscan Duke Cosimo II de ' Medici invited Galileo to take the position of a court mathematician.
eeedc848bba2ecb43245233f676095d9dd4ca878	It promised a comfortable existence, free time for studying science, and the scientist accepted the offer.
863e5970628e3eb972e6779e5eaccebf46f8f13b	In addition, it allowed Galileo to return to his homeland, to Florence.
55ac8adca66a8d30f18d4f47cdb65a91f24642a8	Now, having a powerful patron in the person of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Galileo begins to propagate the teachings of Copernicus more and more boldly.
0cda1f7340d8d9bda1a4a2d5463a5912e3d1d27f	The clerical circles are alarmed.
a5db1684fefcbeff0e26ed6c4ce029d733f258ce	Galileo's authority as a scientist is high, his opinion is listened to.
26f106ec3a56053346454c1f54a7aee1d0f43758	So, many will decide, the doctrine of the movement of the Earth is not just one of the hypotheses of the structure of the world, which simplifies astronomical calculations.
c6937c215fbbb72e74c01c16f4e2ce29064b1c54	The concern of the ministers of the church about the triumphant spread of the Copernican doctrine is well explained by a letter from Cardinal Roberto Bellarmino to one of his correspondents "When they claim that under the assumption that the Earth is moving and the Sun is stationary, all the observed phenomena are explained better than under... according to the geocentric system of Ptolemy, this is perfectly said and does not involve any danger; and this is enough for mathematics; but when they begin to say that the Sun actually stands at the center of the world and that it only rotates around itself, but does not move from east to west, and that the Earth is in the third heaven and rotates around the Sun with great speed, this is a very dangerous thing, and not only because it irritates all philosophers and learned theologians, but also because it harms the holy faith, since it implies the falsity of the Holy Faith.
f42c7d855c5a7bfd65cb3b792ec92ef6093750e4	The Scriptures."
445e431388c8f9d0c67d699e210ae6779d53755d	Denunciations of Galileo poured into Rome.
122c62a996ac637c2d6ce7f154ae40c736f901f7	In 1616, at the request of the Congregation of the Holy Index (an ecclesiastical institution responsible for issues of permits and prohibitions), eleven prominent theologians examined the teachings of Copernicus and came to the conclusion that it was false.
7ba32372688dd42d198eaaca7d7a34cb7e2d0240	On the basis of this conclusion, the heliocentric doctrine was declared heretical, and Copernicus ' book "On the circulation of the Celestial Spheres" was included in the index of forbidden books.
0af58701f3d95cc66273f242747ba26f21de32a0	At the same time, all books that supported this theory were banned — those that existed and those that will be written in the future.
51f31029cf0d46ee23668f00d7a866b1b3e466ba	Galileo was summoned from Florence to Rome and, in a mild but categorical form, demanded to stop promoting heretical ideas about the structure of the world.
584151f1a09fb852ad0b4cf81363d282f6102f4f	The exhortation was conducted by the same Cardinal Bellarmino.
5e9fec6b08f1d6dfd606d3055da2d08e1ff3f83f	Galileo was forced to comply.
58a8ee45fe7aa4bfad461d5d24533425c93043c6	He did not forget how Giordano Bruno's persistence in the "heresy"ended.
52bcafe16d528e5d9b31fbff6c05746456057239	Moreover, as a philosopher, he knew that" heresy " today becomes the truth tomorrow.
dc7b39461347de026d3ef4642dfbf9a21c27c32f	In 1623, under the name of Urban VIII, Galileo's friend Cardinal Maffeo Barberini became pope.
72e5acee9d9b6ed8fe49c43ef0657012d1a195ff	The scientist is in a hurry to Rome.
6c598954f3ef319aa40e3f3868f8988b826e63b6	He hopes to achieve the abolition of the prohibition of the" hypothesis " of Copernicus, but in vain.
e99c8f874e3ab6734af6539fe77663ba4e15aa11	The Pope explains to Galileo that now, when the Catholic world is torn apart by heresy, it is unacceptable to question the truth of the holy faith.
6dfdc8fd77625114a5fe958cd272d5eac734d618	Galileo returns to Florence and continues to work on a new book, without losing hope of ever publishing his work.
36b2bc6ae8919f2885c2f627e93745ecf0c69301	In 1628, he once again visited Rome to scout the situation and find out the attitude of the highest hierarchs of the church to the teachings of Copernicus.
25aa1e07876b159fb06c12c2c52ecedf72612ed8	In Rome, he meets the same intolerance, but it does not stop him.
f82ce20a8f4c741c10e114ac12ceb3a31f43ca08	Galileo finishes the book and in 1630 presents it to the Congregation.
e7889eed3b12782feb4a46b261b845081c7697c3	The censored review of Galileo's work lasted for two years, followed by a ban.
8afd9de6b939b7da8fc2e70c4c0363bfb3269669	Then Galileo decided to publish his work in his native Florence.
5c937cc6ba227db0345be132ab336fe2abd86fcd	He managed to deftly deceive the local censors, and in 1632 the book was published.
21b467db134bbf87e0c000da375295f26ea62b8e	It was called "A dialogue about the two most important systems of the world — Ptolemaic and Copernican" and was written as a dramatic work.
a1af5ad5d7328560e71174a1386e2677d568e017	For censorship reasons, Galileo is forced to be careful the book is written in the form of a dialogue between two supporters of Copernicus and one adherent of Aristotle and Ptolemy, and each of the interlocutors tries to understand the other's point of view, assuming its validity.
c70156e8ee12a88c194527a2b862bf2c17d32948	In the preface, Galileo is forced to state that, since the teaching of Copernicus is contrary to the holy faith and is forbidden, he is not at all a supporter of it and in the book the theory of Copernicus is only discussed, not approved.
03e0c919c755e4c4a10d02dae5e459e54f08f56e	But neither the preface nor the form of presentation could hide the truth, the dogmas of Aristotelian physics and Ptolemaic astronomy suffer such an obvious collapse here, and the Copernican theory triumphs so convincingly that, contrary to what was said in the preface, Galileo's personal attitude to the Copernican teaching and his conviction of the validity of this teaching do not cause doubts.
e12175ca74bd8d49dd093b2d14f4b59f26914909	However, it follows from the presentation that Galileo still believed in the uniform and circular motion of the planets around the Sun, i.e. he failed to evaluate and did not accept Kepler's laws of planetary motion.
1c976a9ca0cb8f4f11fbd561fa14bedf64b41c2f	He also did not agree with Kepler's assumptions about the causes of the tides (the attraction of the Moon!), instead developing his own theory of this phenomenon, which turned out to be incorrect.
8cbc18b3b3347c9073f11519a43eacecd9b731f5	The church authorities were furious.
2a9bb8d4874dec7b022cef85fc3e4fb168418f7b	The sanctions followed immediately.
24cad1a29bd0dc9a4a71868486c902fd10bbbaaa	The sale of the "Dialogue" was banned, and Galileo was summoned to Rome for trial.
1521af7bb50208e7cb5588191c29fb02ac1a048c	In vain the seventy year old elder pr he presented the certificate of three doctors that he was ill.
c30bed29dd1f661439e0dc9bbd1c990e90b3ca5c	They reported from Rome that if he did not come voluntarily, he would be brought by force, in shackles.
7a211c7cae74da43eb2ca17e0ec8e8668c7607fe	And the elderly scientist set off on his way.
6724ab14f855e24e22b7ea7a91724420c06dc186	"I arrived in Rome," writes Galileo in one of his letters, " on February 10, 1633, and put myself at the mercy of the Inquisition and the holy father...
b862aa0784cf076ce58257aa19aa6fd24c987008	First I was locked up in the Trinity castle on the mountain, and the next day the commissioner of the Inquisition visited me and took me away in his carriage.
61b38f30639afb26389f5866b967a470583968e2	On the way, he asked me various questions and expressed the wish that I would stop the scandal caused in Italy by my discovery concerning the movement of the earth...
97a8eed15be6932c398694e5d382e42fcac59610	To all the mathematical proofs that I could oppose to him, he answered me with the words from the Holy Scripture "The earth was and will be motionless forever and ever."
17ec7a3576513eb6c5b819b23717711a3d38b80a	The investigation lasted from April to June 1633, and on June 22, in the same church, almost at the same place where Giordano Bruno heard the death sentence, Galileo, on his knees, pronounced the text of the abdication offered to him.
fa2d9d63b6137349edfa0769a63afae20a925e6e	Under the threat of torture, Galileo, refuting the accusation that he violated the ban on promoting the Copernican doctrine, was forced to admit that he "unconsciously" contributed to confirming the correctness of this doctrine, and publicly renounce it.
dbd0edbb20d56b5342ce09f884ebc9b45cbc7942	By doing so, the humiliated Galileo understood that the process initiated by the Inquisition would not stop the triumphal march of the new teaching, he himself needed time and opportunity for further development of the ideas laid down in the "Dialogue" so that they would become the beginning of a classical system of the world in which there would be no place for church dogmas.
f45ee15044a6c1040727bb4a7cb07168398f0fa7	This process has caused irreparable damage to the Church.
af01d4041f2cadfa9ae1f9ed817556ad7adbcf6a	Galileo did not give up, although in the last years of his life he had to work in the most difficult conditions.
79230516bc60b84e54ab6fb7c93cfad68a71eab4	At his villa in Arcetri, he was under house arrest (under the constant supervision of the Inquisition).
51d47ae0470c87daa44633b2aedeb1cc77e19331	Here is what he writes, for example, to his friend in Paris: "In Arcetri, I live under the strictest prohibition not to go to the city and not to receive many friends at the same time, nor to communicate with those whom I receive except in an extremely reserved manner...
3edac5ea8b8f905b10303b6b5b9f43e3e7203ac3	And it seems to me that... my current prison will be replaced only by the long and narrow one that awaits us all."
bca5ef8b5b226ab23c6eb25ccdb255dae87b1aea	For two years, Galileo has been in prison writing " Conversations and Mathematical Proofs...", where, in particular, he sets out the basics of dynamics.
7c5bc9e12d849f440427fb7f833eb244341b7f01	When the book is finished, the entire Catholic world (Italy, France, Germany, Austria) refuses to print it.
2b99f7fdce7481eb13ece84cf698302ecbea24a0	The Conversations were published in Leiden in July 1638, and the book got to Archetri almost a year later — in June 1639.
1cd60a2ed337e111165b1ac7af2ca86553943883	By that time, Galileo had become blind (years of hard work, age and the fact that the scientist often looked at the Sun without good light filters affected) he could only feel his offspring with his hands.
484b29026b88b3630b05ba8e0e73fead93d0ccd9	Galileo died on January 8, 1642.
443a6c39e619689c4bd551f6b1a2b297b9c300c0	Only in November 1979, Pope John Paul II officially recognized that the Inquisition made a mistake in 1633, forcing the scientist to renounce the Copernican theory by force.
ddeeb3782d2186be4772ea87aa3d3dfad5a66054	This was the first and only case in the history of the Catholic Church of a public recognition of the injustice of the condemnation of a heretic, committed 337 years after his death.
fe3a020ba9159422a4dbd06f067e35a790e0be4f	icae)[18].
a7098d17455011424344114505ffdf9db20ebbb0	Now they are more appropriately called "Galilean satellites".
fd3e8bec350b31d0284c4b33976975b84cd96b34	Galileo shows the telescope to the Doge of Venice (fresco by J. Bertini)
13b9eeda7a46429279b682afebcb524d1b9ae0ca	Galileo described his first discoveries with a telescope in his essay "The Starry Messenger" (Lat. Sidereus Nuncius), published in Florence in 1610.
ac8dc7301967f47387d5ab4fbd5bacdeeacf09d9	The book was a sensational success throughout Europe, even the crowned heads were in a hurry to order a telescope[19].
53b3736d430a2a1bcdd49b9045943bdff8fdbe67	Galileo presented several telescopes to the Venetian Senate, which, as a sign of gratitude, appointed him a professor for life with a salary of 1000 florins.
59ce48c15f989845ff3c02b5143a86d19294038d	In September 1610, Kepler got a telescope[20], and in December the discoveries of Galileo were confirmed by the influential Roman astronomer Clavius.
e34652321a2b3a43627e74c0b6c6b5eb83ecd241	Universal recognition is coming.
b9d1bf5fb2d81a6122a4b14b694aa3a9ddfbcc0e	Galileo becomes the most famous scientist in Europe, odes are composed in his honor, where he is compared to Columbus.
7b7d71a2b83477f1aa4fb7bb9dc05b22915d1ec3	On April 20, 1610, shortly before his death, the French King Henry IV asked Galileo to discover a star for him[21].
f121ca52ecb825929250f5f4580e660947ddde6a	There were, however, also dissatisfied ones.
e5431aaacd03c9b5deedc759d3fa98bdb13e9ddf	The astronomer Francesco Sizzi (ital. Sizzi) published a pamphlet where he stated that seven is a perfect number, and even there are seven holes in a person's head, so there can only be seven planets, and Galileo's discoveries are an illusion[22].
85ecb4b025f37fd51fde0a9f0656eca7b584532d	Astrologers and doctors also protested, complaining that the appearance of new heavenly bodies is "disastrous for astrology and most of medicine", since all the usual astrological methods "will be completely destroyed"[23].
9c072fd9d92cbb39e614da470aed5312ca3e0d6b	During these years, Galileo enters into a civil marriage with a Venetian Marina Gamba (ital. Marina Gamba).
aa022a9efc69f2a642411ebd436839fe5828db5d	He never married Marina, but became the father of a son and two daughters.
c6d2444a78ec72aca79c2aae8885f6d76afb2744	He named his son Vincenzo in memory of his father, and his daughters, in honor of his sisters, Virginia and Livia.
802e2a2bfc37d04a7f8694ba8492d58efe90613e	Later, in 1619, Galileo officially legalized his son; both daughters ended their lives in a monastery[24].
d7ac3a1db5f2c5914cda0c61fc620c8af5230b94	The pan European fame and the need for money pushed Galileo to a disastrous step, as it turned out later: in 1610, he left the quiet Venice, where he was inaccessible to the Inquisition[25], and moved to Florence.
cceb0d3a641afee72468f703587c98b003e83d48	Duke Cosimo II de ' Medici, son of Ferdinand, promised Galileo an honorary and lucrative position as an adviser at the Tuscan court.
f4ad3ea4066d1adca7adc1986725cb0792c9136f	He kept his promise, which allowed Galileo to solve the problem of the huge debts that had accumulated after the marriage of his two sisters.
1494f934d6bbc0d489840491464a2710f2f8b92d	Florence, 1610-1632[edit / edit wiki text]
2dae20b1d1915514d0ffc4c16e001de29883760c	Portrait of Galileo Galilei by Ottavio Leoni
8a5df14eb3604741d97b01451a3b4f8e81494aed	Galileo's duties at the court of Duke Cosimo II were not burdensome — teaching the sons of the Tuscan duke and participating in some affairs as an adviser and representative of the duke.
23e1d210320053f95daeb46af3bedbd9d9e4071e	Formally, he is also enrolled as a professor at the University of Pisa, but is relieved of the tedious duty of lecturing.
62558aa5a99bca74a8fcbf3d63ba38b51e31142b	Galileo continues his scientific research and discovers the phases of Venus, the spots on the Sun, and then the rotation of the Sun around the axis.
5af58dd2d05ce563de70d07ea973d2725701b57a	Your achievements (as well as your priority) Galileo often expounded in a pugnaciously polemical style, which made many new enemies (in particular, among the Jesuits)[26].
3c35e6be260ea122d70b5b987e1582cf8877233e	Protection of Copernicanism[edit / edit wiki text]
b0235737794ff7a39646dc552047047404081e26	Joshua stops the sun.
eae305f51cf0e6c39f2c580e8cf58cec571a5bcc	Engraving by Gustave Dore
bf0efe8097243e35ef7a691e2e10d98c1bdb0fe3	The growing influence of Galileo, the independence of his thinking and his sharp opposition to the teachings of Aristotle contributed to the formation of an aggressive circle of his opponents, consisting of peripatetic professors and some church leaders.
79fed8b6a4e68b389d6a0d2e9d10bd78211b091d	Galileo's detractors were particularly outraged by his propaganda of the heliocentric system of the world, since, in their opinion, the rotation of the Earth contradicted the texts of the Psalms (Psalm 103:5), a verse from Ecclesiastes (Ecc. 1:5), as well as an episode from the Book of Joshua (Nav. 10:12), which speaks about the immobility of the Earth and the movement of the Sun[27].
55062e30a5ee5137948b01a7c7c9e46c183144b0	In addition, a detailed justification of the concept of the immobility of the Earth and the refutation of hypotheses about its rotation was contained in Aristotle's treatise "On the Sky"[28] and in Ptolemy's Almagest[29].
a7a8704500681cab1463562d4e559aad23699b05	In 1611, Galileo, in the halo of his glory, decided to go to Rome, hoping to convince the Pope that Copernicanism was quite compatible with Catholicism.
c0374dde91ab9e4f51dbaafd802c0c007a041126	He was well received, was elected the sixth member of the scientific "Accademia dei Lincei", gets acquainted with Pope Paul V, influential cardinals[30].
8278401c7d712a0157d8c556a8a28377ee67ac48	He showed them his telescope, gave explanations carefully and cautiously.
4bb11f3f8a26529d8e1b51b92d6a8a90af0cd9cb	The cardinals created a whole commission to find out whether it is not a sin to look at the sky through a pipe, but came to the conclusion that it is permissible[27].
3baf6fb48b3bfb8f215ce0fa35d8e9fba61ffb1f	It was also encouraging that Roman astronomers openly discussed the question of whether Venus moves around the Earth or around the Sun (the change of phases of Venus clearly spoke in favor of the second option)[31].
392be9f6d21de46284d4a86f7a0f3116a82c2faa	Emboldened, Galileo, in a letter to his disciple Abbot Castelli (1613), stated that the Holy Scripture refers only to the salvation of the soul and is not authoritative in scientific matters: "no utterance of Scripture has such a coercive force as any natural phenomenon has"[32].
ff13a548eb4e1c0806ed371a2532dc3c7387c59c	Moreover, he published this letter, which caused the appearance of denunciations to the Inquisition.
561be63b8909f6a80320b24a32651b0cf9cbce8f	In the same year, 1613, Galileo published the book "Letters on Sunspots", in which he openly spoke in favor of the Copernican system[33].
a645fb35f87f2fe99c9f14e6b78204784ab6f036	On February 25, 1615, the Roman Inquisition began the first case against Galileo on charges of heresy[34].
b0caff14954e4cc4c3d3e9a353b3722815efe337	The last mistake of Galileo was the call to Rome to express a final attitude to Copernicanism (1615).
f8d6c9f212be2b1e92bb7af143e884595133275e	All this caused a reaction that was the opposite of what was expected.
ba894f0c5d5f8151bf57c9e3f79458b071dda3b2	Alarmed by the success of the Reformation, the Catholic Church decided to strengthen its spiritual monopoly — in particular, by banning Copernicanism.
45b28014227778f44e8d504fbefe8c6af667403f	The position of the church is clarified by a letter from the influential Cardinal Bellarmino [35], sent on April 12, 1615 to the theologian Paolo Antonio Foscarini, a defender of Copernicanism[36].
e4bf1e3ed229052fd41e49a203ed879fc0502c99	The cardinal explains that the church does not object to the interpretation of Copernicanism as a convenient mathematical device, but accepting it as a reality would mean recognizing that the previous, traditional interpretation of the biblical text was erroneous.
a4e84b935f3b86ee762bdf5c7d6467ac3c413ef0	And this, in turn, will shake the authority of the church:
71f51f312a7b683b480450701371c95fab34a62c	First, it seems to me that your priesthood and Mr. Galileo are wise to be content with saying that they are supposed, and not absolutely;
045dda6d5f1e8ac20f0891de9bc3dc98ae6fabe0	I have always believed that Copernicus also said this.
5365928d56d16c43f709b376539350b0dd476c74	Because if we say that the assumption of the motion of the Earth and the immobility of the Sun allows us to represent all phenomena better than the assumption of eccentrics and epicycles, then this will be said perfectly and does not entail any danger.
d1cdcbf0dbff8085f46db1ae364998cd7c1730e0	For a mathematician, this is quite enough.
3d3f222c6c1108ef9fbad65542eecb4203099481	But to want to assert that the Sun is actually the center of the world and revolves only around itself, without moving from east to west, that the Earth stands in the third heaven and rotates around the Sun with great speed — to assert this is very dangerous, not only because it means to excite all philosophers and theologians of the scholastics; it would mean to harm the holy faith by presenting the provisions of the Holy Scripture as false.
66020c75967d5c07ec3a5c49ad54fabce81bf24b	Secondly, as you know, the Council of Trent forbade the interpretation of Holy Scripture contrary to the general opinion of the holy fathers.
34a093ed1123c7b3723ad707a867b8ca493e0c14	And if your priesthood wants to read not only the holy fathers, but also the new commentaries on the book of Exodus, Psalms, Ecclesiastes and the book of Jesus, then you will find that everyone agrees that you need to understand literally that the Sun is in the sky and rotates around the Earth with great speed, and the Earth is the most distant from heaven and stands motionless in the center of the world.
a27508fcb59b99513a2bef58de42cb39e4cf67c0	Judge for yourself, with all your prudence, can the church allow the scriptures to be given a meaning contrary to everything that the holy fathers and all the Greek and Latin interpreters wrote?
5a84da36cb15ac0f4ed610ba31d0dac8b9a3e9ee	The original text (Italian)
8ca1c69e1c80976eb25f6c998c380fd3b15b3ddc	Primo, dico che V. P. et il Sig.r Galileo facciano prudentemente a contentarsi di parlare ex suppositione e non assolutamente, come io ho sempre creduto che habbia parlato il Copernico.
b82efa73af619b61f7727e0a727091147881c2e6	Perché il dire, che supposto che la Terra si muova e il Sole sia fermo si salvano tutte le apparenze meglio che con porre gli eccentrici et epicicli, è benissimo detto, e non ha pericolo nessuno; e questo basta al mathematico: ma volere affermare che realmente il Sole stia nel centro del mondo e solo si rivolti in sé stesso senza correre dall'oriente all'occidente, e che la Terra stia nel 3° cielo e giri con somma velocità intorno al Sole, è cosa molto pericolosa non solo d'irritare i filosofi e theologici scolastici, ma anco di nuocere alla Santa Fede con rendere false le Scritture Sante...
b91a4fc1bbb7db9caf8051d89a46a18f1dd0189c	Secondo, dico che, come lei sa, il Concilio prohibisce le scritture contra il commune consenso de' Santi Padri; e se la P. V. vorrà leggere non dico solo li Santi Padri, ma li commentarii moderni sopra il Genesi, sopra li Salmi, sopra l'Ecclesiaste, sopra Giosuè, troverà che tutti convengono in esporre ad literam ch'il Sole è nel cielo e gira intorno alla Terra con somma velocità, e che la Terra è lontanissima dal cielo e sta nel centro del mondo, immobile.
162fe020669c6c95bf4c93878adf0e1476145cc2	Consideri hora lei, con la sua prudenza, se la Chiesa possa sopportare che si dia alle Scritture un senso contrario alli Santi Padri et a tutti li espositori greci e latini.
09521171f84988952dd7bf4315de9935819018ff	- The text of the letter (Ital.)
53a54c8b4698e9cb959e53f6fe3996b9db17a34e	On March 5, 1616, Rome officially defines heliocentrism as a dangerous heresy[27]:
976c80439075cc15c1df83aeefb703a95d184931	To assert that the Sun stands motionless in the center of the world is an absurd opinion, false from a philosophical point of view and formally heretical, since it directly contradicts St. John the Baptist.
830c6742746c609796cde0140cca36e65357b68b	The Scripture.
a38ec36a1d058a202639ad0f60802562c0d2e57d	To assert that the Earth is not at the center of the world, that it does not remain stationary and even has a diurnal rotation, is an opinion equally absurd, false from a philosophical point of view and sinful from a religious point of view.
4c40b41b097dec975990f4543c7133ffefc988f6	Pope Paul V approved this decision.
3f3146a2d8f7256cb75ac204ab8b6c1e5c9986a4	The book of Copernicus was included in the Index of Prohibited Books " before its correction research institute".
0f883091e26a542539af95e58d64951470dc4f28	The decree of the congregation prescribed[37]:
c76b7ed0d7ba6757170cd985a910789a161189ee	...That from now on, no one, no matter what rank or position he holds, dares to print them or contribute to printing, keep them in his possession or read them, and everyone who has or will continue to have them is charged with the obligation to immediately submit them to the local authorities or inquisitors after the publication of this decree.
646f5f6e5faa3446980753d2c47a620863726d4b	All this time (from December 1615 to March 1616), Galileo spent in Rome, unsuccessfully trying to turn things in a different direction.
40f2f64c3b6e7205b0f4626fdc3bfa932de1ad55	He was only able to obtain assurances that nothing was threatening him personally, but from now on all support for the" Copernican heresy " should be stopped[38].
ad0a3bb77431aea32acec523f7758df9d3b6524e	The ecclesiastical prohibition of heliocentrism, in the truth of which Galileo was convinced, was unacceptable for a scientist.
ef471270ebe6019a5228c8840506f966f6e716c6	He returned to Florence and began to think about how, without formally violating the ban, to continue defending the truth.
b7b1a814d04337bfec86a68f64015c0a3929ba8b	In the end, he decided to publish a book containing a neutral discussion of different points of view.
1d2b41117598ac79d543457fff14cdf5e7969935	He wrote this book for 16 years, collecting materials, honing arguments and waiting for a favorable moment.
be81fcdcc27f4679385ed3b67db04d9449e7e53f	Creating a new mechanic[edit / edit wiki text]
a007d1359f7121e324a0b891ed3bff78d0b93fc2	Statue of Galileo in Florence, sculptor Kotodi (1839)
3b2689de82258d00fe02fad03cbe31db61da8d03	After the fatal decree of 1616, Galileo changed the direction of the struggle for several years — now he focuses mainly on criticizing Aristotle, whose writings also formed the basis of the medieval worldview.
dfc44f86b16f256be291f778d407a21a4ae0a324	In 1623, Galileo's book "The Assay Maker" was published (ital. Il Saggiatore); this is a pamphlet directed against the Jesuits, in which Galileo expounds his erroneous theory of comets (he believed that comets are not cosmic bodies, but optical phenomena in the Earth's atmosphere).
039f5e679a1a42df593a28de20ace4b2aee597c7	The position of the Jesuits (and Aristotle) in this case was closer to the truth: comets are extraterrestrial objects.
a043fdf0c246359724197dba7f703d16d6734425	This mistake did not prevent Galileo, however, from expounding and wittily arguing his scientific method, from which the mechanistic worldview of the following centuries grew[39].
e6c033af621f8710799885053ec3ccc285ade8ff	In the same year, 1623, Matteo Barberini, an old acquaintance and friend of Galileo, was elected the new Pope, under the name of Urban VIII.
bd4da966883f83553a722e1061c3bd389ec1a3c9	In April 1624, Galileo went to Rome, hoping to achieve the revocation of the edict of 1616.
f87c87bf4dca26ccadec0d7e87d4486e223edf7f	He was received with all the honors, awarded with gifts and flattering words, but he did not achieve anything in the main issue.
a20b8d7670f1ce8842c5a2da8ed98f7bfeda1f5b	The edict was revoked only two centuries later, in 1818.
e07ca50768fb2f28c5713756b8730cc998164f2a	Urban VIII particularly praised the book "The Assay Maker" and forbade the Jesuits to continue the polemic with Galileo[40].
a2e60031ff7f0b8659f158faee88fa1d158e5dc2	In 1624, Galileo published "Letters to Ingoli"; this is a response to the anti Copernican treatise of the theologian Francesco Ingoli[41].
bec10a9d6203ee237d34524ac8cffa0746a29583	Galileo immediately stipulates that he is not going to defend Copernicanism, but only wants to show that it has solid scientific foundations.
4e060abf42d97ef5ed7032800cc6cf0b78e277cf	He used this technique later in his main book, "A Dialogue about two systems of the World"; part of the text of "Letters to Ingoli" was simply transferred to the "Dialogue".
c4fccccf0c7e6c386ecc25e13a15c9684ad1422b	In his examination, Galileo equates the stars with the Sun, points to the colossal distance to them, speaks of the infinity of the Universe.
dd5b3f3de776ec0e1ad2af93d1d547413fcaae62	He even allowed himself a dangerous phrase: "If any point of the world can be called its center, then it is the center of the revolutions of the heavenly bodies; and in it, as everyone who understands these issues knows, is the Sun, not the Earth."
4db0f62b028102d132d02ad53ac12fa959768864	He also stated that the planets and the Moon, like the Earth, attract the bodies located on them[42].
a1506781f045332b7c583bd2d0de31e82818b6cb	But the main scientific value of this work is the laying of the foundations of a new, non Aristotelian mechanics, developed 12 years later in Galileo's last essay "Conversations and Mathematical Proofs of two New Sciences".
1d66f6749bc6f415c6c79bed87896e41ad8764a4	Already in the" Letters to Ingoli " Galileo clearly formulates the principle of relativity for uniform motion:
7862f8c004e3b63232a05cdbf1f365c49aadd954	The results of the shooting will always be the same, no matter what country of the world it is directed to... this will happen because it should also turn out whether the Earth is in motion or standing still… Let the ship move, and moreover at any speed; then (if only its movement is uniform, and not oscillating to and fro) you will not notice the slightest difference [in what is happening] [42].
f916485c9d3463a7150c74e351e7115cd9746921	In modern terminology, Galileo proclaimed the uniformity of space (the absence of the center of the world) and the equality of inertial reference systems.
e59f6e8100ace92e42f0ae8960c6e57a43f17cfc	An important anti Aristotelian point should be noted: Galileo's argument implicitly assumes that the results of earthly experiments can be transferred to celestial bodies, that is, the laws on Earth and in heaven are the same.
4c13da41b6e2b3cf793e2226528424f315cb0e73	At the end of his book, Galileo, with obvious irony, expresses the hope that his essay will help Ingoli to replace his objections to Copernicanism with others more appropriate to science.
5b6e5f613ea7892140838e8dccf937ddf615cf85	In 1628, the 18 year old Ferdinand II, a pupil of Galileo, became the Grand Duke of Tuscany; his father Cosimo II had died seven years earlier.
872ca31fa180f61914d0dc9ad00e7e5410e9c865	The new duke maintained a warm relationship with the scientist, was proud of him and helped in every possible way.
e4e74928a98a97d69fea820d84e140fd2f361534	Valuable information about the life of Galileo is contained in the preserved correspondence of Galileo with his eldest daughter Virginia, who took the name Maria Celeste in monasticism.
47c06ffa5fe76eab3cd70d0ca6cbebb86b54236e	She lived in a Franciscan monastery in Arcetri, near Florence.
e47313985374e2d70617aee708a7e678d510ec7a	The monastery, as it should be among the Franciscans, was poor, the father often sent his daughter food and flowers, in return, the daughter prepared jam for him, repaired clothes, copied documents.
c38fb5bcee1895f40541bc938ec87ad1ba68a775	Only letters from Maria Celeste have survived — letters from Galileo, most likely, the monastery was destroyed after the trial of 1633[43].
cb895f9747921b40c3db515987c2647b779db072	The second daughter, Livia, lived in the same monastery, but at that time she was often ill and did not take part in correspondence.
d28d9451dabdc7ddd8268187d27e96d6486432d8	In 1629, Vincenzo, the son of Galileo, married and settled with his father.
b23db8150992b6a9db1d2770ae9f0bc75679bc9a	The following year, Galileo had a grandson named after him.
f4bb1f38c4dfa7c985c959a6b0199421b6c4599b	Soon, however, alarmed by another plague epidemic, Vincenzo and his family leave.
167dd17dcafe883013de9ecda4572a92e86a885f	Galileo is considering a plan to move to Arcetri, closer to his beloved daughter; this plan was realized in September 1631[44].
ef7c64416abfa06cd162363a0c0808cff2092542	Conflict with the Catholic Church[edit / edit wiki text]
b74dcefc99dfc699f3eb1c8072d303265a7ccdcc	Main article: The Galileo Process
ab1adbfced9ae637c1227e7aca9a73b640b6844c	Frontispiece of Galileo's "Dialogue"
557806013ea73142d352b238fab5e56da5f89be4	In March 1630, the book "Dialogue about the two most important systems of the world — Ptolemaic and Copernican", the result of almost 30 years of work, was mostly completed, and Galileo, deciding that the moment for its release was favorable, provided the then version to his friend, the papal censor Riccardi.
e2144965f082ba4b06798eede9c5fd3037cf359a	For almost a year, he waits for his decision, then decides to go for a trick.
7c87624d5c245dee5a0d53e05b24890e47388229	He adds a preface to the book, where he declares his goal to debunk Copernicanism and submits the book to the Tuscan censorship, and, according to some reports, in an incomplete and softened form.
b3e87597f61e06acf7a2abab2464e0b9981854eb	After receiving a positive review, he sends it to Rome.
749d2f97dbe51a61618e732ddd1cc125eff4af93	In the summer of 1631, he received the long awaited permission.
90eabcf099826f91e42f7d68d3da4d440fa67326	At the beginning of 1632, the "Dialogue" was published.
17593319e1859c5cfcbdbf73b5c32e376a86c8ef	The book is written in the form of a dialogue between three lovers of science: the Copernican Salviati, a neutral participant of Sagredo and Simplicio, an adherent of Aristotle and Ptolemy[45].
69f54d2d620892aae82bb2cfe06ae7b893536995	Although there are no author's conclusions in the book, the strength of the arguments in favor of the Copernican system speaks for itself.
ccfaef9ba8ce4bd450d3dd4e94e5bf81e3935864	It is also important that the book is not written in learned Latin, but in the "folk" Italian language.
9388fba35f6d99f5a804fa91e8ab0dbdd39230ec	Pope Urban VIII. Portrait by Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini, circa 1625
e7c98cf5d8f16a45292e60975952c745c68beced	Galileo hoped that the Pope would treat his trick as leniently as he had previously treated the "Letters to Ingoli" with similar ideas, but he miscalculated.
0cd6d83a402da4f05b1abee3b3e351e0c1bf9ead	To top it all off, he himself recklessly sends out 30 copies of his book to influential clergy in Rome.
b484e6d6263a8bedcc3af5200ecea5777951d28e	As already noted above, shortly before (1623), Galileo came into conflict with the Jesuits[46]; he had few defenders left in Rome, and even those, having assessed the danger of the situation, preferred not to interfere.
672e84aa7f4fd217fa8e69d5b0ef50de7f5e81fb	Most biographers agree that in simpleton Simplicio, the Pope recognized himself, his arguments, and became enraged.
a1dd39889487d7a7a1722f41fa9244ebc3506a8f	Historians note such characteristic features of Urban as despotism, stubbornness and incredible self conceit[47].
9a6653dcd1eaffe50409acb87eb34c42870a43f7	Galileo himself later believed that the initiative of the trial belonged to the Jesuits, who presented the Pope with an extremely tendentious denunciation of the book of Galileo (see below Galileo's letter to Diodati).
dd6e4fdcf985a6c54b58fa0f3d556af5a3eeb399	After a few months, the book was banned and withdrawn from sale, and Galileo was summoned to Rome (despite the plague epidemic) to the court of the Inquisition on suspicion of heresy.
16e0b6e623b5af8d67e3445d8bd8e76e21d96122	After unsuccessful attempts to obtain a postponement due to poor health and the ongoing plague epidemic (Urban threatened to deliver him forcibly in shackles[48]), Galileo obeyed, served the prescribed plague quarantine and arrived in Rome on February 13, 1633.
f073a11ebc5a5e8a309987b587495617120c6b02	Niccolini, the representative of Tuscany in Rome, on the instructions of Duke Ferdinand II, settled Galileo in the embassy building.
c06aef32895fdb8202e4920acdf3c36a8d1a44cb	The investigation lasted from April 21 to June 21, 1633.
bb10082e6cae3455413e2a900e542afa9fc9b475	Galileo before the court of the Inquisition.
1faaca33c601eeef282104bf5c8e5f5045f140ff	Painting by Joseph Nicolas Robert Fleury, 1847, Louvre
a6b69741a93d3504be6ff91dcd1b64fac7c50d0e	At the end of the first interrogation, the accused was taken into custody.
6ac5afb8a40652bc6e968b11b0411bb0ee9fb489	Galileo spent only 18 days in prison (from April 12 to April 30, 1633) — this unusual leniency was probably caused by Galileo's consent to repent, as well as the influence of the Tuscan duke, who constantly worked to soften the fate of his old teacher.
9294438d50a1070b27a37f482ae704b66103b76d	Taking into account his illness and advanced age, one of the service rooms in the building of the Inquisition tribunal was used as a prison[49].
a933c0f1a08f2443b6370a774661b07bf337ffa9	Historians have investigated the question of whether Galileo was tortured during his imprisonment.
be53b5f43daad30cdc65577e77ad51c72a2f54fb	The documents of the process were not published in full by the Vatican, and what was published may have been subjected to preliminary editing[50].
ab81b073ea4a31266a72cf46557172e932d7fc20	Nevertheless, the following words were found in the sentence of the Inquisition[27]:
336aef4c576afa3466211e7286bf41cb4cb852f5	Noticing that you do not quite honestly admit your intentions when answering, we considered it necessary to resort to a strict test.
e07f385431f4ef8eab8ff8742d427ed2681acc10	The original text (Lat.)
f9c41faf716d659029e77c24a57e498eb7279f95	Cum vero nobis videretur non esse a te integram veritatem pronunciatam circa tuam intentionem: judicavimus necesse esse venire ad rigorosum examen tui, in quo (absque praejudicio aliquo eorum, quae tu confessus es, et quae contra te deducta sunt supra, circa dictam tuam intentionem) respondisti Catholice.
051dbb32883a8e414d144e021dca60276b616541	- The verdict of Galileo (Lat.)
9055a01af15703f0cbe8c8536553c1cb595476be	Jean Antoine Laurent.
49b7821dc9561e96c81338c1b8bc02d6cc66bd80	Galileo is in prison
508aa3f82511ad7fc6229ae12c8538d074374980	After the" trial", Galileo, in a letter from prison (April 23), carefully reports that he does not get out of bed, because he is tormented by "terrible pain in his hip".
16d0a0f3226e5f80c1dc62120618e3891bd3b3f8	Some of Galileo's biographers assume that the torture really took place[27][51], while others consider this assumption unproven, only the threat of torture is documented, often accompanied by an imitation of the torture itself.
d6d2c9a46eb23d02783fd2e76f6c4bff3b687cd3	In any case, if there was torture, it was on a moderate scale, since on April 30 the scientist was released back to the Tuscan embassy.
9fbae5e408a2d219555c6a7d9d56faa0e890fb25	Judging by the preserved documents and letters, scientific topics were not discussed at the trial.
cdadf06af56fae5fa5e5ab133377e8574e570c10	The main questions were two: whether Galileo deliberately violated the edict of 1616, and whether he repents of what he did[27].
c59a8fc6348cd47b49bf49866784c5e120de877b	Three experts of the Inquisition concluded that the book violates the ban on propaganda of the "Pythagorean" doctrine.
d199796ab18a4d8d6981c2d85a21ee26aba45e27	As a result, the scientist was faced with a choice: either he will repent and renounce his "errors", or he will suffer the fate of Giordano Bruno.
0e9cd8265d0d9a778b67a061a15487d6c4b2dd48	On June 16, the Inquisition held a plenary session with the participation of Urban VIII, where it decided[52]:
8336f7cf9dffab8686a497eb7ed956bcc644c291	After reviewing the entire course of the case and listening to the testimony, His Holiness decided to interrogate Galileo under the threat of torture and, if he resists, then after a preliminary recantation as a strongly suspected heresy... to sentence him to imprisonment at the discretion of the Holy Congregation.
28a12fad752c80d3552b2301c2ab14dc9b07b6c6	He is instructed not to argue any more in writing or orally in any way about the movement of the Earth and about the immobility of the Sun... under pain of punishment as incorrigible.
78ac01b6bf994a3b0fc7e152fb98d17b1a2eb44b	The last interrogation of Galileo took place on June 21.
d37ae73fc7662414b3e58aa188396e12ef4b24b0	Galileo confirmed that he agreed to make the required abdication; this time he was not allowed to go to the embassy and was again taken under arrest.
8019a7f69e5d0b1fa377803fd7631195b8997a66	On June 22, the verdict was announced: Galileo was guilty of distributing a book with a " false, heretical, disgusting St. According to the Scripture, the teaching " on the movement of the Earth[53]:
6be18cc15a1ccc51f0432df7f69f01675b2eb0c6	As a result of the consideration of your guilt and your consciousness in it, we award and declare you, Galileo, for all the above and confessed by you under strong suspicion at this Holy court of heresy, as possessed by a false and contrary to the Sacred and Divine Scripture idea that the Sun is the center of the earth's orbit and does not move from east to west, the Earth is mobile and is not the center of the Universe.
f531cc05697a7530eb1ac1235d3f4adfd9676793	We also recognize you as a disobedient to the church authorities, who forbade you to expound, defend and pass off as a probable teaching, recognized as false and contrary to the Holy Spirit.
33e4176c12475137261a4ac0db16fd75ace51730	In order that your sin and disobedience, so grave and harmful, might not be left without any reward and you would not later become even bolder, but, on the contrary, would serve as an example and a warning to others, we decided to ban the book under the title "Dialogue" by Galileo Galilei, and to imprison you yourself at the Holy Judgment for an indefinite time.
32a32bec37830eeeecfd556eb560130f65dd8f76	Galileo was sentenced to prison for a term that the Pope will set. He was declared not a heretic, but "strongly suspected of heresy"; this wording was also a grave accusation, but it saved him from the fire.
c7d5c11a3f3cf75801b0f799399cc2d59a81d250	After the verdict was announced, Galileo knelt down and pronounced the text of the abdication offered to him [54].
22048be3bb702394dcb8e88e4c703372ff894fce	Copies of the verdict were sent to all universities of Catholic Europe by the personal order of Pope Urban [55].
60930701fa9aea7409584437278a1c05012ecd7a	Galileo Galilei (c. 1630), Peter Paul Rubens
7c5cc1de2f3c6a0482e29283065d157a3db597b7	The regime of Galileo's detention did not differ from that of a prison, and he was constantly threatened with transfer to prison for the slightest violation of the regime[55].
15669c490698d542e7232b1ab41802ba87fb7cc6	In 1634, the 33 year old eldest daughter Virginia (Maria Celeste in monasticism), a favorite of Galileo, who faithfully cared for her sick father and keenly experienced his misadventures, died[57].
1192f8274e73b57f3a2ccf3ffbaf7e7f5d30fe13	Galileo writes that he is possessed by "boundless sadness and melancholy...
5fd9fe7d108a15de398388573bf5074176548314	I constantly hear my dear daughter calling me"[58].
a3320313222a71b2ecd58f17c575ff89c4668b8b	A letter from Galileo to his friend Elia Diodati (1634) has been preserved, where he shares news about his misadventures, points out their perpetrators (the Jesuits) and shares plans for future research.
e64143941ac6f9e17739f1c71762645c00a6e4ee	In Rome, I was sentenced by the Holy Inquisition to imprisonment on the instructions of His Holiness... the place of imprisonment for me was this small town one mile from Florence, with the strictest prohibition to go down to the city, meet and talk with friends and invite them…
5ec54f5deca75532610679b70dd0abf2e5ab4cf6	When I returned from the monastery with the doctor who had visited my sick daughter before her death, and the doctor told me that the case was hopeless and that she would not survive the next day (as it happened), I found the vicar inquisitor at home.
01bf00b6ca63ea5424a2759c5c4878c0df0c8d7d	He came to order me, according to the order of St. Nicholas. the Inquisition in Rome... that I should not have applied for permission to return to Florence, otherwise I would be put in a real prison of the Holy Inquisition…
b57e7d6a98951c4239cd48e560c90ebbf42a4c30	This incident, and others about which it would be too long to write, shows that the rage of my very powerful persecutors is constantly increasing.
d30cca1712122c21fc0895fb829b37f72ca7df90	And they finally wanted to reveal their face: when one of my dear friends in Rome, about two months ago, in a conversation with Padre Christopher Greenberg, a Jesuit, a mathematician of this college, touched on my affairs, this Jesuit said to my friend literally the following: "If Galileo could keep the favor of the fathers of this college, he would live in freedom, using fame, he would have no worries and he could write at his discretion about anything — even about the movement of the Earth," etc.
689fe83a0c79abe2a8c0abdd18eb71be2a9798d1	So, you see that I was attacked not because of one or another of my opinions, but because I am in disfavor with the Jesuits [59].
b516aea1a453967090ba50f94098aa4510d3becc	At the end of the letter, Galileo ridicules the ignorant who "declare the mobility of the Earth a heresy" and informs that he intends to anonymously publish a new treatise in defense of his position, but first wants to finish a long planned book on mechanics[60].
eab4d5317362433067e3a5a7a99dca33e8055a52	Tito Lassie.
ff2eb9424bcb25dfe119779184e5e26802613228	Galileo and Viviani.
86f42cf34b4b5e5fa808a50105e0f521bf841059	Museum of the History of Science, Florence
d941ca9790cdeebbdb7074709e736a2a577002f4	In a letter dated January 30, 1638, Galileo states[61]:
ef6c9e3544002aff66c62e5337fc8e7a6f415baa	I do not stop, even in the darkness that has engulfed me, to speculate about this or that phenomenon of nature, and I could not give my restless mind a rest, even if I wanted to.
0dc230df659ba3d7525b3b61eb0b7230801ee3c5	The tomb of Galileo Galilei.
a4c4d7bc68561bec4a93e1cf43a662d1a8bceb33	Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence
14e4eb512227735146108fa1c757cf92ff9b48d7	Galileo Galilei died on January 8, 1642, at the age of 78, in his bed.
9dbd290d7a60045ce602148f80a5c8a95e6f4f1a	Pope Urban forbade the burial of Galileo in the family crypt of the Basilica of Santa Croce in Florence.
dcc39a38c30e88080498ced0cc29d841f238043d	They buried him in Arcetri without honors, the Pope also did not allow to put up a monument[64].
8f52a2bed8127faa0417661878a4cda87357a97f	The youngest daughter, Livia, died in a monastery.
0d2b66076659b3237067e9d670f3a7b91c2c1e5c	Later, Galileo's only grandson also took monastic vows and burned the priceless manuscripts of the scientist that he kept as ungodly.
d5f5a7023f8274c135fed27e02bbdefe07fc03be	He was the last representative of the Galilean family[65].
f2142fad60c503eaef168ed030560c6e3ea77ff2	In 1737, Galileo's ashes, as he requested, were transferred to the Basilica of Santa Croce, where on March 17 he was solemnly buried next to Michelangelo.
f8f4d28a7f73af6c3b7561f0994a6367fa9a2bb0	In 1758, Pope Benedict XIV ordered to delete the works that defended heliocentrism from the "Index of forbidden Books"; however, this work was carried out slowly and was completed only in 1835 [66].
298ad5f49ba1b81f5bb46d08856ae2412123965d	From 1979 to 1981, at the initiative of Pope John Paul II, a commission for the rehabilitation of Galileo worked, and on October 31, 1992, Pope John Paul II officially recognized that the Inquisition made a mistake in 1633, forcing the scientist to renounce the Copernican theory[67].
12af95ecee5e6938744d79564252dd37a483e8b3	Scientific achievements[edit / edit wiki text]
0f77aecb6b2732fb6b54ed6640e8edd813bcc2cd	In his scientific method, he consciously combined a well thought out experiment with its rational understanding and generalization, and personally gave impressive examples of such studies.
be09dd3787a32ec21d695197c52e6a625b6e04f0	Philosophy and scientific method[edit / edit wiki text]
10139ef28f3bfe3e0f7e1a3ab74ac23c7429d20c	In the "Dialogue about Two Systems of the World", he wrote[70]:
ce15dc12be766f5ae725a403fcbb89437fd4f4c0	I affirm that the human mind knows some truths as completely and with such absolute certainty as nature itself has; such are the pure mathematical sciences, geometry and arithmetic; although the Divine mind knows infinitely more truths in them... but in the few that the human mind has comprehended, I think its knowledge is equal to the Divine in objective certainty, because it comes to understand their necessity, and there is no higher degree of certainty.
ad846cb67780f8bc17f508d317a1ca22e340ec63	The mind of Galileo is its own judge; in case of a conflict with any other authority, even a religious one, it should not yield:
74024da4123aee887cc34293cbd54fe87211a547	It seems to me that when discussing natural problems, we should not start from the authority of the texts of Holy Scripture, but from sensory experiences and the necessary evidence… I believe that everything concerning the actions of nature that is accessible to our eyes or can be clarified by logical evidence should not arouse doubts, much less be condemned on the basis of texts of Holy Scripture, perhaps even misunderstood[71].
600daef5da2f946729cbfa62fdffc3e1e399a1c4	God is no less revealed to us in the phenomena of nature than in the utterances of the Holy Scriptures...
261ed755d0d6ff516120fc9cdd887ccfb90cba92	It would be dangerous to attribute to the Holy Scriptures any judgment that has been challenged by experience at least once[72].
78144f93f1cdb4a82fc70edf962e3d82483b4b16	Ancient and medieval philosophers proposed to explain the phenomena of nature a variety of "metaphysical entities" (substances), which were attributed far fetched properties.
96c2529f96d7fce4b67ecb60d8ba8d460c6023f8	Galileo was not satisfied with this approach[73]:
6207cff4459765f4b9df74af42c3ec28a47a2fa1	I consider the search for the essence to be a vain and impossible occupation, and the efforts expended are equally futile both in the case of distant celestial substances and with the nearest and elementary ones; and it seems to me that the substance of the Moon and the Earth, as well as spots on the Sun, and ordinary clouds are equally unknown... [But] if we search in vain for the substance of sunspots, this does not mean that we cannot study some of their characteristics, for example, place, movement, shape, size, opacity, ability to change, their formation and disappearance.
db4ea131ff0ef14d11c3d3b6ac4d19323cc4e2fe	Descartes rejected this position (in his physics, the main focus was on finding the "main causes"), but since Newton, the Galilean approach has become predominant.
bf9859c0e24b224b7c161c4f7a8375b2d775e24c	Galileo is considered one of the founders of mechanicism.
6c6ad2d802889be01ca8fcf42fa1f3ddf3c8e3d9	This scientific approach considers the Universe as a giant mechanism, and complex natural processes as combinations of the simplest causes, the main of which is mechanical movement.
74002dd371a4bf96888f72d156b814198b76a290	The analysis of mechanical motion is the basis of Galileo's work.
b66bd2c7c87f17731b5f57e16ac9c1b4c3e1f096	He wrote in The Assaymaker [74]:
39d98285a1af553a80ffac5afeeeb8ea355df4ba	I will never demand from external bodies anything other than size, figure, quantity, and more or less rapid movements in order to explain the occurrence of sensations of taste, smell and sound;
70f0e46461468a856a5d861c086750944d86d438	I think that if we eliminated ears, tongues, noses, then only figures, numbers, movements would remain, but not smells, tastes and sounds, which, in my opinion, are nothing but empty names outside of a living being.
cf6de9195ebd8018522df19bb4016e1403d3caed	To design an experiment and to understand its results, some preliminary theoretical model of the phenomenon under study is needed, and Galileo considered mathematics to be its basis, the conclusions of which he considered as the most reliable knowledge: the book of nature is "written in the language of mathematics"[75];
f8c390d85a4a877f6cb0b18d032a3c98d79d30a9	"Anyone who wants to solve the problems of natural sciences without the help of mathematics sets an unsolvable task.
da2ba8b334d7509b7a6d21f0769e3f2223f7aa4d	It is necessary to measure what is measurable, and to make measurable what is not.
9940cbcd3ea01caa8efd92c567e8cf95d760ef1e	" [76]
c315ce627a639184bcf2d8dd6574904554d7b08c	Galileo considered the experience not as a simple observation, but as a meaningful and thoughtful question posed to nature.
5d6b801f7c1aa0029cfd90e60d5a6542258f4480	He also allowed thought experiments, if their results are not in doubt.
1f1a430c8ac1407ed9b65db5a04a80fcd81f8476	At the same time, he clearly understood that experience itself does not provide reliable knowledge, and the answer received from nature must be analyzed, the result of which may lead to a reworking of the original model or even to replacing it with another one.
bfbd142f54abee13ce27d7e89d7a972cb1edf434	Thus, the effective way of cognition, according to Galileo, consists in a combination of the synthetic (in his terminology, the composite method) and the analytical (the resolute method), the sensual and the abstract[77].
a4f32afc9bcbf69be77e7f228f15855b2d3ee672	This position, supported by Descartes, was established in science from that moment on.
610d01d40843407f85fcaf7b472308018ac55da4	Thus, science received its own method, its own criterion of truth and a secular character.
4b16b84fe040af32220ea05ca9c178d39fc9a867	Mechanics[edit / edit wiki text]
1547df6f55be5761948348c0dac99397c88ea0be	Galileo's last work on the basics of mechanics
e055f6f7718c2016416a5f68d1e9e865ce96954d	Physics and mechanics in those years were studied according to the writings of Aristotle, which contained metaphysical arguments about the" root causes " of natural processes.
53a01bec11adbba785e3d5d6341d39f5f413220a	In particular, Aristotle stated[78]:
6a0872fc75cba8ab6af506ed859c3010c9bca7fa	The speed of falling is proportional to the weight of the body.
d3356aef8d10cf2c517407e21927f256c788167b	Movement occurs while the "motive cause" (force) is active, and in the absence of force it stops.
6580b474f62e5147bd436e3186d45938fee3af94	While at the University of Padua, Galileo studied inertia and free fall of bodies.
b73f034e16f1b6af24ed881289dab3934506d538	In particular, he noticed that the acceleration of free fall does not depend on the weight of the body, thus refuting the first statement of Aristotle.
857ee62a363544cb1c240ac477816f8ff1ec4212	In his last book, Galileo formulated the correct laws of falling: the speed increases in proportion to time, and the path increases in proportion to the square of time[79].
58e6c1ee7f73b735fd05babc1e43df7d81583645	In accordance with his scientific method, he immediately brought experimental data confirming the laws he discovered.
951df9d6281be443cee17ec1b844cd1becde4394	Moreover, Galileo also considered (on the 4th day of the "Conversations") a generalized task: to investigate the behavior of a falling body with a non zero horizontal initial velocity.
da4df26bd6326329c530ca2c6a2fbd3a92fe23e1	He quite correctly assumed that the flight of such a body would be a superposition (superposition) of two "simple movements": a uniform horizontal movement by inertia and an equally accelerated vertical fall.
ee43b31ce16ad5e41ba3a06128b157dbc2b6877a	Galileo proved that the specified body, as well as any body thrown at an angle to the horizon, flies along a parabola[79].
95a2540d02bf6cc2b68343898562b5a1a65c69fd	In the history of science, this is the first solved problem of dynamics.
3e853a24540f7e1de88e6d7bbbbac2e3bb32fdd2	At the end of the study, Galileo proved that the maximum flight range of an abandoned body is achieved for a throw angle of 45° (this assumption was previously made by Tartaglia, who, however, could not strictly justify it[80]).
f6fcd4d6bb4ddaa28aa22ac78df246f8e7c2bc7b	Based on his model, Galileo (back in Venice) compiled the first artillery tables[81].
ba974dfe107a99e7103659145e9c259c7c6a6672	Galileo also refuted the second of the above laws of Aristotle, formulating the first law of mechanics (the law of inertia): in the absence of external forces, the body either rests or moves evenly.
2cab660637353d8e44bb101149bee24dd113b253	What we call inertia, Galileo poetically called "ineradicably imprinted movement".
ddcc736ab117ce6bd6a8b98e088f99211225771f	However, it allowed free movement not only in a straight line, but also in a circle (apparently for astronomical reasons)[82][83].
2e77e3088638d70cd3c2248d2d9aae908ea231af	The correct formulation of the law was later given by Descartes and Newton; nevertheless, it is generally recognized that the very concept of "motion by inertia" was first introduced by Galileo, and the first law of mechanics justly bears his name[84].
14ccfb30fbeb397e53549c6d3c6c3341b4f19607	Galileo is one of the founders of the principle of relativity in classical mechanics, which became in a slightly refined form one of the cornerstones of the modern interpretation of this science[85] and was later named after him.
d964a6b2dbffdfc65620e3b8bb8591877b16cdaf	In the" Dialogue on Two Systems of the World", Galileo formulated the principle of relativity as follows[86]:
1bd2648b35e521ebfc691b3f1d6e846bd80fd62e	For objects captured by a uniform movement, this latter does not seem to exist and manifests its effect only on things that do not take part in it.
2f579073121ad3deea5a1f5e2503ac89ee9e358b	Explaining the principle of relativity, Galileo puts into the mouth of Salviati a detailed and colorful (very typical for the style of scientific prose of the great Italian) description of an imaginary "experience" conducted in the hold of a ship [87]:
cce242948230e88172b57ac31fa2a988df781c89	... Stock up on flies, butterflies and other similar small flying insects; let you also have a large vessel with water and small fish swimming in it; hang, further, a bucket at the top, from which water will fall drop by drop into another vessel with a narrow neck, substituted at the bottom.
9561545455828d69c6de433ad1cb96cb6e24d8ca	While the ship is stationary, observe diligently how small flying animals move with the same speed in all directions of the room; fish, as you will see, will swim indifferently in all directions; all falling drops will fall into the substituted vessel...
6d432b5b673a0f2a026a7ade617f43834cffd880	Now make the ship move at a low speed and then (if only the movement is uniform and without pitching in either direction) you will not find the slightest change in all these phenomena, and you will not be able to determine from any of them whether the ship is moving or standing still.
26bf0e982186f928670640250a825303f7d2ef6e	Within the framework of the modern understanding of the principle of relativity, the reference system associated with this ship will be only approximately inertial, so it is still possible to identify the fact of its movement without referring to external landmarks (although suitable measuring devices appeared only in the XX century...)[88]. The above mentioned discoveries of Galileo, among other things, allowed him to refute many arguments of the opponents of the heliocentric system of the world, who argued that the rotation of the Earth would significantly affect the phenomena occurring on its surface.
15d38609bcfd7ace53eb04c3985861038c88d27d	Galileo confidently predicted:"Any experiments that should point more against than for the rotation of the Earth will be fruitless" [89].
375914b331fa0ddf0b028b89a99deb5066593a43	Galileo published a study of pendulum oscillations and stated that the period of oscillations does not depend on their amplitude (this is approximately true for small amplitudes)[90]. He also found that the periods of oscillation of the pendulum correlate as square roots of its length.
372e009ebdcc7d4d702db1e1249597fa6609d2dd	Astronomy[edit / edit wiki text]
449f9d575a4153853bc42fcfd17ea8b9e584c914	Sketches of the Moon from Galileo's workbook. 1609, Central National Library, Florence
75c9a616159c25e366e9680fa8783450eef8ece2	The tube gave an approximately three fold increase[94].
2e936dc21f2262d24ed29bbf6398dd438a87413c	Note that the term telescope was introduced into science by Galileo (the term itself was proposed to him by Federico Cesi, the founder of the Accademia dei Lincei)[95]. A number of Galileo's telescopic discoveries contributed to the establishment of the heliocentric system of the world, which Galileo actively promoted, and the refutation of the views of the geocentrists Aristotle and Ptolemy.
9e38f6ae53f83ea0212fd33e17df07c26e41992b	Galileo made his first telescopic observations of celestial bodies on January 7, 1610[3][96]. These observations showed that the Moon, like the Earth, has a complex terrain covered with mountains and craters.
158af2ff4748cf91162aea006b308c6714b99a9f	The Galilean moons of Jupiter (modern photos)
f1f34c0f0ba5073c3631743641fcb2b1621f748c	He himself was unable to develop an implementation of such an approach, although he worked on it until the end of his life;
0b01a5be01064480aabd0e2c6ccd53931f194493	Cassini was the first to achieve success (1681), but due to the difficulties of observing at sea, the Galilean method was used mainly by land expeditions, and after the invention of the marine chronometer (the middle of the XVIII century), the problem was closed.
906f96c53e597bbcce09f9acdfe7ec7b92189ed4	The existence of spots and their constant variability refuted Aristotle's thesis about the perfection of the heavens (as opposed to the "sublunary world")[33]. Based on the results of their observations, Galileo concluded that the Sun rotates around its axis, estimated the period of this rotation and the position of the Sun's axis.
880c440498b8b82ff2ee60ad71f876d608bb7785	Galileo also noted strange "appendages" at Saturn, but the discovery of the ring was prevented by the weakness of the telescope and the rotation of the ring, which hid it from the Earth observer[99].
12adeb4d196a0e461e88c1dc0e725459f155de76	Half a century later, the ring of Saturn was discovered and described by Huygens, who had a 92 fold telescope at his disposal.
092f05a6aa4199045fac207410bde5a2e75e2596	Historians of science have discovered that on December 28, 1612, Galileo observed the then undiscovered planet Neptune and sketched its position among the stars, and on January 29, 1613, he observed it in conjunction with Jupiter.
5e3b06a67ef8f4f4f14c48192256128bd2067877	In the" Dialogue on Two Systems of the World", Galileo explained in detail (through the mouth of the character Salviati) why he prefers the Copernican system rather than Ptolemy [101]: Venus and Mercury are never in opposition, that is, in the side of the sky opposite to the Sun.
fb962cbf1298e6c5817ce97bc1a319ae99584f2c	Image of the heliocentric system of the world from Galileo's "Dialogue on the Two main systems of the World"
3ca44b6332254d936e4ad275dbdcb747b44b5ad7	A similar phenomenon is obviously found in any body that is in a freely suspended state, as I have shown to many; and you can see this for yourself by putting a floating wooden ball in a vessel with water, which you will take in your hands, and then, pulling them out, you will begin to rotate around yourself; you will see how this ball will rotate around itself in the direction opposite to your rotation; it will finish its full rotation at the same time as you finish yours.
a1e7e3ef7513fb1f12e90cf4b85801e8a7bf9986	However, he gives other serious arguments in favor of the daily rotation of the Earth[103]: It is difficult to agree that the entire Universe makes a daily revolution around the Earth (especially given the enormous distances to the stars); it is more natural to explain the observed picture by the rotation of one Earth.
ad9865e370a074ee6ac6272743725d313afe65dd	Even the huge Sun has an axial rotation detected.
dc1121f3418a86cc7cb5da867d6e77506d4bd8c8	Mathematics[edit / edit wiki text]
1f9fcca9e09e8c2c5ad3115c52a5bf827fde5780	His research on the outcomes of throwing dice belongs to the theory of probability.
493daeb420b27d46474d6e1f80eb09639492ca56	In his "Discourse on the game of dice" ("Considerazione sopra il giuoco dei dadi", the time of writing is unknown, published in 1718), a fairly complete analysis of this problem is carried out.
18acbbbeab4bc87289a64ee119f52a4628ba681c	In "Conversations about Two New Sciences", he formulated the "Galileo paradox": there are as many natural numbers as there are squares, although most of the numbers are not squares[106].
66a88316c82f908089af2c312d0edcb25dc5b016	This prompted further research into the nature of infinite sets and their classification; the process ended with the creation of set theory.
76dbba587fca8e9ee3b5cae93718bbae85adfc14	Other achievements[edit / edit wiki text]
c1e45d844883d95aece869ecaeab2d6d6616fa2f	Galileo invented:
224140e0ce0a239ba377c9f15a502213180e386c	Hydrostatic scales for determining the specific gravity of solids.
1a671705ef63d47ae8f6aa6148c9efc6f719794c	Galileo described their construction in the treatise "La bilancetta" (1586)[107][108].
f6a1792bffcf2cf3879d261413039005d8737b83	The first thermometer, still without a scale (1592)[109]. Proportional compasses used in drawing (1606)[110][111].
279d8c0232fe696ffd1ac7e89663d7c1d7b47b30	A microscope, of poor quality (1612); with its help, Galileo studied insects [112][113].
94ad006995d090dfe22a716dd3c9bbec6d088288	—- Some of Galileo's inventions ——
d11aff6d8c5565cd951215aade4cafca50554dee	Galileo Telescope (modern copy)
3dcaff58240f417d7cade36849bfc996c0f5eadd	Galileo's Thermometer (modern copy)
276facf72df51d2515b9e613ae67eefc513de493	Proportional compass
cc0e824f028a2fd6c56ef51a106d59a28758a784	"The Galileo Lens", Galileo Museum (Florence)
2780f4a11f56844da648da0f9b3ee2d595249f34	He was also engaged in optics, acoustics, the theory of color and magnetism, hydrostatics, resistance of materials[114], problems of fortification.
2f17fb07089c11b9d565b7460064133a4f81ba06	I conducted an experiment to measure the speed of light, which I considered to be finite (without success)[115]. He was the first to experimentally measure the density of air, which Aristotle considered equal to 1/10 of the density of water;
5de1aa51e58acb9ea010ed38336b543a6c27e234	Galileo's experiment gave a value of 1/400, which is much closer to the true value (about 1/770)[116]. He clearly formulated the law of the indestructibility of matter[117].
60c6b31ab952654734cc2ae61c20530611f9f4cd	Students[edit / edit wiki text]
7d7849f8c49e6221ecda8c165ca8fb306f956785	Among the disciples of Galileo were:
e2e1d94b2262d64b23674469b5ff6f09890e6c1c	Borelli, who continued to study the moons of Jupiter; he was one of the first to formulate the law of universal gravitation[118].
fc4c84a3f96bdf7f6db87024d0979c02d02215d0	The founder of biomechanics.
fd480d0e496eb0bb2cb6d710a259cbbd0faf17d6	Viviani, the first biographer of Galileo, a talented physicist and mathematician.
5e7f20647e089e78a0903f8d58e60160de9796bd	Cavalieri, the forerunner of mathematical analysis, in whose fate the support of Galileo played a huge role.
15c30c77e8d52956d737796502ed0bdaffd51ff9	Castelli, the creator of hydrometry.
f1f0234e44ae0a8ec99df6a452a23970246a7e30	Torricelli, who became an outstanding physicist and inventor.
191c07762c6cb9bb38dc0c07bf7667efbcb8eadf	The Galileo probe explores Io, a satellite of Jupiter (figure)
5dc937b90106cbb2a718f7df703550e27af2f6a8	In honor of Galileo are named:
e91ed49494fa26039ef2518e665deccd42024123	The "Galilean satellites" of Jupiter discovered by him.
590ee1239311562fae853e3c239379f98d95f9cb	Impact crater on the Moon (-63º, +10º).
4aecb8daf5d5a95f291947c599ad853e5b57096e	Crater on Mars (6 ° s. w., 27 ° w. d.) [119]
0a49b5f9a2e949ad9719a09a2c068ee4ca61674f	An area with a diameter of 3200 km on Ganymede.
96959c51b7ba8edce6092d876fdf49d83397b07b	Asteroid (697)
1aefc90780723477adb2b46e7a8982fa6f36e373	Galileo[120].
a038a7e966f738fbf6765a2a077f5e0b2d540138	The principle of relativity and coordinate transformation in classical mechanics.
3af202beb4ad805c548951961086100643575520	NASA's Galileo space probe (1989-2003).
556ee1c19a9188bae9a42f63163d43ad8efd86a6	The European project "Galileo" of the satellite navigation system.
ff8f62cd4dbb232165059c324b65981abd5604b2	The unit of acceleration "Gal" (Gal) in the GHS system, equal to 1 cm/sec2.
8a46d8b1b2edab27b2fc166eddbbc46206f2bcec	Scientific entertainment and educational TV program Galileo, shown in several countries.
b2c625d0101e7517141be75ec15447f29d12273a	In Russia, it has been running since 2007 on the STS.
809aaa0433bf6564e0192934cdf21dca29db4896	The airport in Pisa.
963dcb4152832064d0c4521241297f7a21296020	In commemoration of the 400th anniversary of the first observations of Galileo, the UN General Assembly declared 2009 the Year of Astronomy[121].
a48ddd480f2bfeec2cd0c2aa5382d7a3a2f54f3e	Personality assessments[edit / edit wiki text]
5aab83fabc869f1c20af4b94a02003a9c872d178	Lagrange estimated Galileo's contribution to theoretical physics in this way[122]:
5fdfe8b7e910d60a184f60b5dd70a936d32a212b	It took an exceptional strength of spirit to extract the laws of nature from concrete phenomena that were always before everyone's eyes, but the explanation of which nevertheless escaped the inquisitive gaze of philosophers.
b6216ed6d1391324558430bb8741a3a3bb871d3b	Einstein called Galileo "the father of modern science" and gave him this characteristic[123]:
7c593d1c734d69afbf24e3d4582f151558eb8f06	We have before us a man of extraordinary will, intelligence and courage, who, as a representative of rational thinking, is able to stand up against those who, relying on the ignorance of the people and the idleness of teachers in church vestments and university robes, are trying to strengthen and protect their position.
c5e1a71497aa3d2d8072a8f175927547c0c37fe7	His extraordinary literary talent allows him to address the educated people of his time in such a clear and expressive language that he manages to overcome the anthropocentric and mythical thinking of his contemporaries and restore to them an objective and causal perception of the cosmos, lost with the decline of Greek culture.
4a7952e0ee2d5a95fbc64ec12b5437f5f1932392	The outstanding physicist Stephen Hawking, who was born on the day of the 300th anniversary of the death of Galileo, wrote[124]:
3cf8912ffe0d73708079f2dd3299734f3a9ac5af	Galileo, perhaps more than any other individual, is responsible for the birth of modern science.
a79c00eadb08da1b9d7a0ae7fab04de5563027e0	The famous dispute with the Catholic Church occupied a central place in the philosophy of Galileo, because he was one of the first to declare that man has a hope to understand how the world works, and, moreover, that this can be achieved by observing our real world.
b65f407c3b62eeaf15b9014d0fc5adf38c53e8ba	Remaining a devoted Catholic, Galileo did not waver in his belief in the independence of science.
a72f198fbb2d85ce523f8d3a258511e757314772	Four years before his death, in 1642, while still under house arrest, he secretly forwarded to a Dutch publishing house the manuscript of his second major book, "Two New Sciences".
15d23a3bcaca7b11fae5bb8a2144975565913304	It was this work, more than his support for Copernicus, that gave birth to modern science.
fce829d22c45cfe263b23a957e382f303b0d8a8a	Galileo in literature and art[edit / edit wiki text]
da245bf7f5a942b5636168c2664d522888d9653a	Bertolt Brecht.
a8ef41ddaf76f13e1a1a4b1744bf9d37f612a678	The life of Galileo.
6020b31b77aa4c951c31eba745a28d9c62bf4c53	The play.
435c7671c01b060be09c4f2cdbfb195190b95870	- In the book: Bertolt Brecht.
60c60d19738026e69a6c864ced60297a70d5776e	Theatre.
5544e80e8d850ad750d65d399dd80d4bf7e03244	Plays.
4c0efed5b8ce1321cddddfb2b18276fb5018b278	Articles.
4b7827a5552ab191d2c297cb6ddb2f7da3ee4048	Statements.
c8469ee406ecbbc44f329bc74316ae1e8edd89e0	In five volumes.
c04752359a628655dfbf3c3f464ce5589fe524e0	- Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1963.
9ee724fd50042084dd2b967398b70b0857349309	- vol. 2.
4111af18578234951bea96bd0a746f39da0c4d79	Liliana Cavani (director).
299654afca6c48391a7ca4246fe72bb4d5ec6407	"Galileo" (film) (English)
1318a2d8d70105e75a6293926d938de4d4620452	(1968).
8afcd841c8a3e880044353ee5d5777a73005b5f2	Checked on March 2, 2009.
4dcc7e5380e3a3ce4360ce36e0f46043dbbee21f	Archived from the original source on August 13, 2011.
4c61276787f5ea5cd57186c2a31a1dfc97d6c0b9	Joseph Losey (director).
c8614acc1de85c04f985ca5839b2fa169556e257	"Galileo" (film adaptation of the play by Brecht) (English)
3ad8c21ddb307c82cbd300329eeb113ef5cec1c1	(1975).
17ab14c4a3e854c047c6ddcbeeb9f8446105a2b5	Philip Glass (composer), opera "Galileo".
48a5fbb0092cfef2136a64ea01216d9caec19724	Galileo on booms and postage stamps[edit / edit wiki text]
fb4351c5e8a5f394f4ef0fc53b265bf8fc251dcc	Italy, 2000 lira banknote,
92e20537a221c61ecaa559800cdd61cb6754796c	one thousand nine hundred seventy three
52db82519adcd90ce0a18a486ab39ed0ebbf417d	USSR, 1964
0cbc590a9e0bbf57a0cc5cb4289fc2ce23a048b1	Ukraine, 2009
fbfcc84188eec41ec8d3c87a344885a8076b1630	Kazakhstan, 2009
6243ce19e8a437fcdef0e396b230f24a5b780d66	Myths and alternative versions[edit / edit wiki text]
d018db183cb5f823cc92ce1a9036fbd5b1a5fd22	"And yet it turns"[edit / edit wiki text]
321e5dbeda2fdc27cba5a88005e96840c3f4cc90	There is a well known legend according to which, after an ostentatious renunciation, Galileo said: "And yet it turns!"
3744b8364921cbc36f4faaadc021285a2018c3d0	As historians have discovered, this myth was put into circulation in 1757 by the journalist Giuseppe Baretti[125][126] and became widely known in 1761 after the translation of Baretti's book into French.
e2e3cdab014297735d2456ceb964bae9c44c9b0f	Galileo and the Leaning Tower of Pisa[edit / edit wiki text]
ce529549c9b18d7a2cac0296a229bae011c2313a	Main article: Galileo's experiments on the Leaning Tower of Pisa
7e34bb5f2e671d3f9e43a1c70285c251b916d1f6	According to the biography of Galileo, written by his student and secretary Vincenzo Viviani, Galileo, in the presence of other teachers, simultaneously threw bodies of different masses from the top of the Leaning Tower of Pisa.
a4c6c14b51666a5d0bf6d3bc11c45858839d3a11	The description of this famous experiment was included in many books, but in the XX century a number of authors came to the conclusion that it was a legend[127], based primarily on the fact that Galileo himself did not claim in his books that he conducted this public experiment.
47164ddd58426073e8ca0d24c0bfb270e84312f2	Some historians, however, are inclined to believe that this experiment really took place[128].
d888a65ab0dc1c8dbba0181405f577214d189ca2	It is documented that Galileo measured the time of descent of the balls on an inclined plane (1609)[129]. It should be taken into account that there was no accurate clock at that time (Galileo used an imperfect water clock and his own pulse to measure time), so rolling the balls was more convenient for measurements than falling.
76549cb27673f204f40e916952e2eb13f5bcaf91	At the same time, Galileo checked that the laws of rolling obtained by him do not qualitatively depend on the angle of inclination of the plane, and, therefore, they can be extended to the case of a fall.
a21ff7aa8d7a0f92d2370492bacc9637646023e5	The principle of relativity and the movement of the Sun around the Earth[edit / edit wiki text]
d4085b7ef6208305bb70c884f39eef1c483d3a63	At the end of the XIX century, the Newtonian concept of absolute space was subjected to scathing criticism, and at the beginning of the XX century, Henri Poincare and Albert Einstein proclaimed the universal principle of relativity: it makes no sense to assert that a body is at rest or moving, unless you additionally specify what it is at rest or moving relative to.
0b12d1294a4ae4003d091974fc982839fe78b87c	When justifying this fundamental position, both authors used polemically sharp formulations.
99087b8bf4f69621d9cc0f01ae60c196de573cc2	So, Poincare in the book "Science and Hypothesis" (1900) wrote that the statement "The Earth rotates" has no meaning[130], and Einstein and Infeld in the book" Evolution of Physics " pointed out that the systems of Ptolemy and Copernicus are just two different agreements on coordinate systems, and their struggle is meaningless[131].
826145d53ef740ae8992774d8c3729ddd5453235	In connection with these new views, the question has been repeatedly discussed in the mass press: was Galileo right in his persistent struggle?
7d7a1647db5b4515ba2a81d5f50705045976d2c8	For example, in 1908, an article appeared in the French newspaper Matin, where the author stated: "Poincare, the greatest mathematician of the century, considers Galileo's persistence erroneous" [132].
9de25d88fc5de481f81baae5b4118d75b3ccfaf9	Poincare, however, in 1904 wrote a special article "Does the Earth Rotate?" with a refutation of the opinion attributed to him about the equivalence of the systems of Ptolemy and Copernicus, and in the book" The Value of Science " (1905), he stated: "The truth for which Galileo suffered remains the truth"[133].
af6f47a0656f2d89d7834090c38197041fc61cd7	As for the above remark of Infeld and Einstein, it refers to the general theory of relativity and means the fundamental admissibility of any reference systems.
62bfaa4fc572ff58f4dc68ff46574d607f90876a	However, their physical (and even mathematical) equivalence does not follow from this[134].
74d7c241d83673d3e77c0826e60afcc07490ca28	From the point of view of a remote observer in a reference system close to the inertial one, the planets of the Solar system still move "according to Copernicus", and the geocentric coordinate system, although often convenient for an Earth observer, has a limited scope of application[135].
b9d6b7deeaba76357ed3d405a6ab8681a0009e0b	Infeld later admitted that the above phrase from the book "The Evolution of Physics" does not belong to Einstein and is generally poorly formulated, so " to conclude from this that the theory of relativity to some extent underestimates the Copernican case means to make an accusation that is not even worth refuting gat"[136].
594f6ba960034ee3ee4775f7a759aa47a3ea4c10	In addition, it would have been impossible to deduce Kepler's laws and the law of universal gravitation in the Ptolemaic system, so from the point of view of the progress of science, Galileo's struggle was not in vain[134].
8471211b9c617de8033428d9f54dbdb07f6a4f4b	Galileo and the accusation of atomism[edit / edit wiki text]
56b0b94c31a367c523b6bf46d0f2c7fef30d6c8a	In 1983, the Italian historian Pietro Redondi discovered an anonymous denunciation in the Vatican archive accusing Galileo of defending atomism.
450a35f8d5d6f644a726e736c851b4e4cffe9608	On the basis of this document, he constructed and published[137][138] the following hypothesis.
3ca444a7f326b28fb4668b8360214568a22fcd6a	According to Redondi, the Council of Trent branded atomism as heresy, and Galileo's defense of it in the book "The Assaymaker" threatened with the death penalty, so Pope Urban, seeking to save his friend Galileo, replaced the accusation with a safer one in heliocentrism.
d1c6b97432e18779252b80799a3ccdf057224d72	Redondi's version, which absolved the Pope and the Inquisition, aroused great interest among journalists, but professional historians quickly and unanimously rejected it[139][140][141][142].
fea6902a8f37fbc1dc7ad953ce5c3b4e1dc73931	Their refutation is based on the following facts.
18e0d1e0d045abbd708ea457e99f9dad4962b77a	There is not a word about atomism in the decisions of the Council of Trent.
6337d7ec7d359db965ad6a857e2e1ff90de8f713	It is possible to interpret the interpretation of the Eucharist adopted by the council as conflicting with atomism, and such opinions were indeed expressed, but they remained the private opinion of their authors.
0ae8f930a2a8a47e79e4d16e4608f79704a25166	There was no official ecclesiastical prohibition of atomism (unlike heliocentrism), and there were no legal grounds to judge Galileo for atomism.
815b2c97ea47514611b0454118a9958fbce92f7e	It should be noted that just during these years Gassendi freely published books promoting atomism, and there were no objections from the church.
6c7dc3ac999e7ca8466049b301c5175363a7f327	Galileo's book The Assaymaker, which Redondi considers a defense of atomism, dates back to 1623, while Galileo's trial took place 10 years later.
28e4f4da4dc2d205365e817604cc8137a4bf7808	Moreover, statements in favor of atomism are found even in Galileo's book "Reasoning about Bodies Immersed in Water" (1612).
e9947d1b114c57493075aa31ba8cff02d573e755	They did not arouse any interest in the Inquisition.
478e619f75b2d2a544f4e569323427c71b9ca2c0	Finally, after the trial, under the supervision of the Inquisition, Galileo again talks about atoms in his last book[143] — and the Inquisition, which promised to return him to prison for the slightest violation of the regime, does not pay attention to this.
3b01704261b4f1681efcfa46f1f85e8e875aa7ec	There is no evidence that the denunciation found by Redondi had any consequences.
38b2357c72acdb67081e0203c75c5c61286cdb17	Currently, the Redondi hypothesis is considered unsubstantiated among historians and is not discussed[139].
016aba3e6d6dae0c8f278f6efeec60bfecd34f28	Nevertheless, in Russia, this version is still vigorously defended by Archdeacon Andrey Kuraev[144].
3ae00a1a928b8a3046e1adf64674a0e045cb1e25	Scientific works[edit / edit wiki text]
7e069c7e7988c1bbf63bda2247138cca51732bb1	In the original language[edit / edit wiki text]
34e93a44ace7151b755783c8f36f3af4da3e6a2b	Original texts (Italian)
e206b026135a81f48790964e9bb56de2818eaf11	Le Opere di Galileo Galilei.
b55bbf0bfaf2a5618e106c925296d503712b8a2f	— Firenze: G. Barbero Editore, 1929-1939.
296b98dd64570f0c12d57d64cc16c719f402dae7	This is a classic annotated edition of the works of Galileo in the original language in 20 volumes (a reprint of an earlier collection of 1890-1909), called the "National Edition" (ital. Edizione Nazionale).
87d7fb69b51e9144eb2f04b26f2eee01a0bc2fde	The main works of Galileo are contained in the first 8 volumes of the publication[145].
0c8a4725992bcb1c8ff9cb77cb07e936118f8fe9	Volume 1.
056ac884d0e55bbe22cb48d2153e1e4f3eeb81bf	On the movement (De Motu), about 1590.
a74b5a9d69a5819e698747ecb4bf2957eca9f847	Volume 2.
831041d31558f60e81d936ef970f6bbd2566a9eb	Mechanics (Le Meccaniche), about 1593.
6fd00ec393e4f97c915cb4ccdd0c203f65cc16a2	Volume 3.
f04dd83ae44e81b12f8a1ab16ec30a425169cd28	The Starry Messenger (Sidereus Nuncius), 1610.
671ff1a2cae8b2c768436e92372e94a001fcb52e	Volume 4.
37623d8952bbab42a4d68be50a387e5c846b42f4	Discourse on Bodies immersed in water (Discorso intorno alle cose, che stanno in su l'aqua), 1612.
05c9147a5e488f1fa0e1e9b51274017d7cd47acd	Volume 5.
bd1c44c0d12f46079b5461d6faac21544896481d	Letters on sunspots (Historia e dimostrazioni intorno alle Macchie Solari), 1613.
15d8456a30ef925d47e4f4b75648e30821d2bafb	Volume 6.
10d3e2b7567802916a68bb86709d9afe97c5e6e5	Assay maker (Il Saggiatore), 1623.
f2b8f57b6bdc87953b3c79fd460b540fbc84a7c7	Volume 7.
58fb62877d60226fa27556083dd1b1bc5b14143e	Dialogue on two systems of the world (Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo, tolemaico e copernicano), 1632.
bb7995e4ac1f892cde955b80ba834052ea8ed645	Volume 8.
03a1dc59c1504c4aacec0aa8876ffb918dd6cabf	Conversations and mathematical proofs of two new sciences (Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche intorno a due nuove scienze), 1638.
9c402409469b044b2ef0c877b2c9360539831329	Lettera al Padre Benedetto Castelli (correspondence with Castelli), 1613.
7fe8316d5f88c947e4e36819cd0f849618da4461	Translations into Russian[edit / edit wiki text]
f5eaac2c40dac203c5bd5c78d69e0e9cbcbdc651	Galileo Galilei.
81edfa7c657cb74a9a21ba66508d6a2c951c8a42	Selected works in two volumes.
8cec2c053bdfbb840b3614c79277fb5f267eb6d0	- Moscow: Nauka, 1964.
9db0bf94b3b1035db4b44eccd92cf5321ef4c4e0	Volume 1: The Starry Messenger.
d6d9c1775c438375d419e906c6533f260089523d	The message to Ingoli.
3561a3349ca8d1a429aee76a4b21f2d27430acf2	A dialogue about two systems of the world. 645 pages.
5e7f6e85561a26602c2e31b50f8b95fd05b036d1	Volume 2: Mechanics.
059ff5d5e587c6484e8b2c74c06a3f042ac44bfe	About bodies that are in water.
88a72850282d84e576337f5286f4748ac946a7a6	Conversations and mathematical proofs concerning two new branches of science. 574 p.
6e2e3fe1aadf80f2f1229f94fb7ebfba6f1d0009	Appendices and bibliography: B. G. Kuznetsov.
6bb2b7307309c6b9264b50725133d33680e5eec0	Galileo Galilei (An essay on life and scientific creativity).
74e0234c83e6f962d2095ba48c58d522a011c1e6	L. E. Maistrov.
1e37de902ac64c53b92ecdbeec7848d661ac7659	Galileo and the theory of probability.
7f01bc6221ac317b464910066be7b26cbe1ec751	I. B. Pogrebyssky, U. I. Frankfurt.
de52008836e4d199eb7c34976384233fb9b93f81	Galileo and Descartes.
89c88d936349d643a4ca4df180494b0a2c9ea3c4	Galileo and Huygens.
2538ecb8cdf94ec6b2562822841e2affb458950d	L. V. Zhigalova.
f80a46d1daf973511fb1407eede903c8f5365a9d	The first mention of Galilee in the Russian scientific literature.
3f67d73323cdc2ba6413d5c0e8bcdfbc93d1b835	A dialogue about two systems of the world.
b170ab7b67eab496aa76e25da6fa8a9ab4702f56	- M.-L.: GITTL, 1948.
44335ab8fdc3442bee309d8d1bec35ea045754c1	Mathematical proofs concerning two new branches of science related to mechanics and local motion.
f0ffa4d2eaa8acab5e9c34478ecde1a469355e8e	- M.-L.: GITTL, 1934.
c250325beb084bd540e7cc79e5d4b124f6b9b83a	An epistle to Francesco Ingoli.
1def62066b9e585da60b963c7fb21f20f1875c5c	- A collection dedicated to the 300th anniversary of the death of Galileo Galilei, ed. akad.
73217421438c9b836e35c2ea60e5dc5983a1e1c1	A.M. Dvorkin — - M.-L.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1943.
ff1d2aacab94f511cb6e20846f3f3fdc05201504	Assay making master.
0cdfdd0c3522d0ea9867b79378fb6cc74e900180	- M.: Nauka, 1987.
ce7234576e7c57df78dd14d1718744155e8d0c2b	This book was also published under the titles "Assay Scales" and "Assayer".
c209880c220c6ae866b990003070af4ac7a8e896	Reasoning about bodies floating in water.
b2f824936247a8a94097edcf713ed9baec46e5c9	- In the collection: The beginnings of hydrostatics.
32703b6d7435bf6052ee6c1e10ef1e02ee4bb66d	Archimedes, Stevin, Galileo, Pascal.
197f9ef4d45c41ffe30276140a3a335d876f05a8	- M.-L.: GITTL, 1932.
3b9f27bd683f1a4b8333ac80710b3637b0874d08	140-232.
301bca2af80cf4c8a499e81349293eb548ddf6ef	Galileo's satellites Galileo (KA) The heliocentric system of the world Giordano Bruno The life of Galileo Inertia And yet it turns!
77e07c7e87430be135156b2c3674d4410be0328a	Kepler, Johann Copernicus, Nicholas Galileo's Paradox Galileo's transformations The principle of relativity The Galileo process Refractor (telescope)#Galileo Telescope The daily rotation of the Earth Chronology of the development of the microscope
19f75a5f64028fc58817c1ea23da89ef099f4966	↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 Berry A.
5981256e7a8c1d19a913ede715e557fb3b752bdb	A Short History of Astronomy — John Murray, 1898.
66a6a51de06154abc6812d89b9cccd32b7e33df4	<a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q19939115"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q19025604"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q1232629"></a>
1915eef3c20c804672ec672d5f67c30d97168222	↑ 1 2 Mathematical genealogy <a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q829984"></a>
8ef12b7a9020c8db95d9989a5ec061bac9fa3003	1 2 Thomas Herriot pointed a telescope at the moon a few months before Galileo.
df44ab7dc3986c2fb7482671fddb4ec34e838a4b	The quality of his optical instrument was not important, but Herriot owned the first sketches of maps of the lunar surface and one of the first observations of sunspots.
fc299cb507df6e82d9598200f2caab9320b5d9df	However, he did not publish his results, and they remained unknown in the scientific world for a long time (see Ashimbayeva M. T. Thomas Herriot the predecessor of Galileo // The Firmament, No. 2 (2009). pp. 32 -- 33).
20b097aaf47d7cf246f68bad75611dd8d99b877c	Another predecessor of Galileo may have been Simon Marius, who independently discovered 4 moons of Jupiter and gave them names that were fixed in science; however, Marius published his discoveries 4 years later than Galileo.
e31055c4bfe3cfe69862fcd2746cb64b21db000c	Ш Schmutzer E., Schutz V., 1987, p .
a72129651fbf51d2601b03355fd4b6a205d69033	↑ 1 2 3 Predtechensky E.
8da86a523edddc2ba8522cd279bd783ccfd2d445	A. Galileo Galilei.
be53eb2b6e7dcf9f0807a937ebbe59f142d8b463	Decree. op., Chapter 1 I. Kuznetsov B. G., 1964, p .
14deaf6b866cff81fd48997ca37d98e65e15a81b	Kuznetsov B. G., 1964, p .
b341c6fe85b500e738ca6d0a994ce406547cce30	Schmutzer E., Schutz V., 1987, p .
3b632597db969a46c48682ca064f778a61e4eed0	29-30.
d7c30dc3136f4e266e037937356de86f924915bb	In 1597, in a letter to Kepler, Galileo reports that he joined "many years ago... to the teachings of Copernicus" (see Antiseri D., Reale J. Western philosophy from its origins to the present day. Volume II. From the Renaissance to Kant. - St. Petersburg: Pneuma, 2002. - p. 206 — - ISBN 5-9014151-05-4.).
90f0688be3c87a71c99cac075594bc496a228751	Ба Baev K. L., 1955, p .
80dffb55fd23e1ad2def0ff5b0fcd31d02f463dc	95-96.
f2a51d286d789e395cd8271a153c053676d6456a	↑ Schmutzer E., Schutz V., 1987, p .
feedb883a661605985e43e1ae130b92f6c2b73b6	34.
f92374f26e77778fcbfbba121419cc62704c2c26	37 .
06098ffe682d5045ff706437d595bcf2db66f993	Gal Galileo's telescope reaches 400th anniversary: Galileo demonstrated the telescope he created on August 25, 1609.
e68bf6c7b533c7eb529689f7ecdf7a6c8c8947d7	Ш Schmutzer E., Schutz V., 1987, pp.
ed71685bc0b8cd7f8281b50890705331d0555114	↑ Sharratt, Michael.
9a4cf1810707233788c0023c974520487ef84b92	Galileo: Decisive Innovator.
fb51d056cd2bdbc7d2fa5ea03bccb0ac13c02460	— Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
c0c5cdb3ea29f9fbfbb6f07891be498b1a021291	— P. 18—19.
441b672a6edcdefa1e0abccf0ce4f125b366eedf	— ISBN 0-521-56671-1.
29ef5fc7329d658ce36e2bdcff470d67d984cf84	The term "satellite of the planet" was coined by Kepler.
6668ee0c267542867e1098b0471f31e07305e767	— P. 17.
539943314f5affa659ea70732a321222c166c481	— ISBN 0-521-56671-1. знец Kuznetsov B. G., 1964, p .
099d513ea7377728307fc8f20f186c4b7233f8e6	82.
262ad7c753df52f395544778c53e20e2cdabd727	↑ Kepler received a telescope sold by Galileo to the Elector of Cologne (1610), from which the instrument came to Prague.
33f942a9924c0626ce0f26009d65807543686d90	See E. Schmutzer, V. Schutz Galileo Galilei.
95580b604fe14e719f5897aa40c63646c66f56d5	Decree. op .
ef0da20a6bd72aa4caec3cdf9dc9a85e1518ef0d	Г Gindikin S. G., 2001, p .
4b9944629d42009b9d2545f74e98ee49bd8d46c1	75.
c3f909ffdfdfbc8d0c1da0a3d464ecf48f9fd086	Анти Antiseri D., Reale J. Western philosophy from its origins to the present day.
656b13e9c6ef347139e1d333ceb2f95d1602d052	Volume II. From the Renaissance to Kant.
2ced5b8b5852af189364ce9869d268cd7554b4c1	- St. Petersburg: Pnevma, 2002.
3d987d3cb1e2532e4c8511a7ed07152362fbdb68	- p. 206 — - ISBN 5-9014151-05-4.
2f21fd9e35fe13fa5ab2e63b7609b1827ab9ae8c	↑ Dava Sobel.
3db41e98d2fcf567fbbbe394e0308f4429fe2307	Galileo’s Daughter.
d3d0778ba1d60dff5f81738d3a48563908fed824	— London: Fourth Estate, 1999.
6746c00ef1e590def7753307f9794a9bb7d1c808	— ISBN 1-85702-712-4.
5e48f7e6db041cf8624c11f26d7719edfeee9dbf	Venice was the only Italian state where the Inquisition was under the control of local authorities.
ebc9a07f110cb6c68f311a9a37ca7c69c281d7f8	79.
67c9809e27293cf83da55bb1cdfec21920a7cd39	↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Predtechensky E.
91306d787282e407385c468e12a4efb92b0c1b02	Decree. op., Chapter 2 I. рист Aristotle.
2d139851a49f0e3a74312685cb51a10475df13c1	About the sky.
453a99b52ef784eac97589fdb3bf4c3511c73896	Клав Claudius Ptolemy.
36ffe9b981fa2c46c9bdcdc6fd977a056b539931	Almagest.
0d1f3d7f8b6576c5b89c3aedb98b48e856bf0b33	Book I, chapter 7 I. - Moscow: Nauka Fizmatlit, 1998.
0a115a1cf4767f87d69a0c3eec302f3642c0eace	51-52.
24cee46d0323e729a9097050c57817f0112c049c	^ A b Kuznetsov, B. G., 1964, pp.
c867dcd0e40fa7bff6724688c366ee39872100ae	↑ Chernov, S. G., 2001, pp.
ad8cf0cc4acc35a0082cc9af8e3ee2f6e9a7781d	↑ 1 2 Smetzer E., Schutz V., 1987, p.
a21d08e07a8488b7594d66fff332eab31a5ea8b9	53.
f8b1aaba651d15faec22245cfbbb7a631e27c55a	↑ Smetzer E., Schutz V., 1987, p.
6a4f852c0dad41b3bfed57993504f574a744bae2	↑ Cardinal Roberto Francesco Romolo Bellarmino (1542-1641), Jesuit, the head of the Inquisition, in 1930, canonized, and in 1931 m announced as one of the 33 "Doctors of the Church."
6d18f556fdabc0c82112936610cbb954ff2f4c81	↑ Kuznetsov B. G., 1964, p. 117.
3a6ab2f2caa9acb37926dd496cc4f5a0aa9eec8f	↑ Kuznetsov B. G., 1964, p. 121 .
5f173033089fb50058a021e3540b464ae89181bb	Fin Finocchiaro, Maurice A.
e7e545f0f7d10c835f951492eb495b0dfa1f5aaf	The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History.
d53079db4c854a1c196e5aaebfdc39eb792eea15	— Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1989.
7de549bfbfa25b91bb1dcefdb60356515c863429	— P. 147—149, 153.
8ef85171122f7972a02c9d39d8fc2ea7a4ef2a0e	— ISBN 0-520-06662-6.
4e9321627581248660a1598095b6b2f8030a5ec6	56-58.
ba2b915c7343658dad544d29215d09d400478f54	Kuznetsov B. G., 1964, pp.
13873d14e852e93d5a55d76823730616953d8f6e	129-131.
d929a92097c89053e14bdac679221eac1e9971df	↑ Christopher M. Graney.
54b1624643bf01e3f38fe3cc3342d7dd4b36d1f9	Francesco Ingoli's essay to Galileo: Tycho Brahe and science in the Inquisition's condemnation of the Copernican theory.
f4345673cb746df5cd913e5a1b2192c74abb8291	Verified on December 22, 2012.
57622c1589b12e7bcbbc7dd14a105a6f5d737a74	↑ 1 2 3 Galileo G. Epistle to Francesco Ingoli.
cc124439d3cd165d382e48a723354964c58d0253	Decree. op.
bd58e28fcb1384aaed36d2844336066f0d026690	Kuznetsov B. G., 1964, p. 142.
b819b5ef7daf3b4063a0003bde77b430a812fd95	Kuznetsov B. G., 1964, p. 143 .
407331c70281bde6d584c2a8a7d397e96ae4084a	In Italian, the name "Simplicio" means "simpleton", but Galileo himself claimed that he was referring to the famous commentator of Aristotle, Simplicius.
87f4f9b3dc070fb21b35f35685e40c7e6dac95b6	— P. 135, 175—178.
1f26c27f023514dd9517353b91c30f62146234e7	— ISBN 0-521-56671-1. знец Kuznetsov B. G., 1964, pp.
008211d904cad9d8239012d4298c684be1270a80	200-202.
299f83d0a966ffb9955ac67c6159103cf043d98e	↑ D. Antiseri, J. Real life.
c65549ac6c18e8794321317976d5b8b3aed6e64e	Western philosophy from its origins to the present day.
c14dc01c32477d72c2b0d08076a4936713aadb15	- Vol. II. From the Renaissance to Kant.
280c62e0926df4a9f8c35c8683080e38b3158c01	- p. 226 — - ISBN 5-9014151-05-4.
c53823dbdc4a15deeaf71e106dea64b51dc3bd1d	Kuznetsov B. G., 1964, p. 214.
1c966097853f0b41c57a5117ad69e68c4db8bfc0	Documents on the trials of Galileo and Giordano Bruno (publication history).
ffb956319b9e275bd8f95ff1af498082a655f8a0	Verified on March 10, 2009.
e78118cbabf4abf6ee16a989a3f1b67fe8f79d04	Гри Grigulevich I. R." Repentance " of Galileo.
65a8f24658dc2c5c18b5a891e80d3e5e8e13575a	215-216.
3c0f31e9a030543538aa6a2adcd772d7a1749321	Grigulevich I. R." Repentance " of Galileo.
eb6cd465c30e1a68189dcf409d21bd7e7ccc9bfb	The original sentence of Galileo (Latin).
83ede5c5ad2530df3701bf65f03912d88903628b	↑ See the translation of the text of the abdication: The Trial of Galileo#Renunciation.
674ce16a1f9a812e2c8efd8a8741fd2fcbf21b8a	↑ 1 2 3 Schmutzer E., Schutz V., 1987, p .
b251ca498b25e6b020453e7b75d839cac61b18cc	84 .
911bef24ef045c06a728e3c594f0cf493c55cc50	Спас Spassky B. I. History of Physics.
9b1ae99cd92f48ad587304716061eb83ad138ec6	- Moscow: Higher School, 1977.
c0576a302f2be7e6c45b05d91537d7be34c57429	- Vol. 1 — - p.
0c73a7a8e96a713ad8978daa5a0dfaec9ea4ead4	93 .
40e46f548980b4030d16caefe27d8b92d2e020a8	Дочь Daughter of Galileo (English) ↑ D. Antiseri, J. Real life.
be02a88f63610c610e2e849a041bf2852ea26b64	- p. 207 — - ISBN 5-9014151-05-4.
8cfbca847093a33f0ed9b91622b841cc9649a5b7	220-221.
c00b96ebf4616ea35930ce6fb9b123b5028fbb1c	Kuznetsov B. G., 1964, p. 223.
857b97e77fd8adc78427cf30562c569a5a058b2a	Schmutzer E., Schutz V., 1987, p. 129.
22c1b7fe98559232d90d48da2232ec78afe6f6ba	90-93.
82308a7dca30bc4640db2f0143febdd962b0293e	↑ Shea, William R., Artigas, Mario.
ac44e915e5b9fa0e56325afb7b896f960e6c39ec	Galileo in Rome: The Rise and Fall of a Troublesome Genius.
13a9f709c2746133cde16a8347dec31eea83e3c8	— Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
b0beee854e4a5e065b13d828e9ac24f92764da6e	— P. 199.
c031852198c01ea3ca6b33802d64b6c0b49a9605	— ISBN 0-19-516598-5.
9f3e319ebd75d498bbee2a28c959e0c8df0bfaea	Predtechensky E.
1af89402d515c54f1322e1f4b98eb4677e1cae89	Decree. op., Chapter 3 I, pp.
aeae3d52c0fe73598c26bc0d9ae10773fec29e01	141-142.
4460b8bec964b6f854beaa8b71a639aee3db12c4	↑ McMullin Ernan, editor.
06ebe222f50120298f2994f8040edb14cb0c4d1a	The Church and Galileo.
2616cea1dfa60e0ff2396001ce4b90e6992d3e6d	— Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2005.
b1fe1e6682da94d1681c4d1ee9fae7a20c39d122	— P. 6.
c6a9ca4974aff3d8cc0d9cdbc7c8d0fd4453fc2b	— ISBN 0-268-03483-4.
513c0ddad24d7cc494f256d679850183d6da2f91	↑ Discourse of His Holiness Pope Pius XII given on 3 December 1939 at the Solemn Audience granted to the Plenary Session of the Academy.
52ccef9f6865c9a3ba2564a42f7c8962289e38f2	- Discourses of the Popes from Pius XI to John Paul II to the Pontifical Academy of the Sciences 1939-1986 — - Vatican City.
34304ccdeb1a9715ded58912d18fd7e55bd21bff	- P. 34.
8612feabdbfbcb91c2656a9d63497928b1b03bc3	Зубов Zubov V. P. From the History of medieval atomistics / / Proceedings of the Institute of the History of Natural Science.
e947122b5005baae4514d00ebafe08da3180b7c4	- 1947.
6f0667339d62da0a5ecc198b17701172296bb194	- T. I.-P. 293.
e18f111679165cfa0bf0740b3747f9be30f5fa2a	- pp. 116, 147-148 — - ISBN 5-9014151-05-4.
c6436ef9f1e2c836df99492b467ea50310094f51	Гали Galileo.
aa7bb07ac3061231b5949ba3b179b47533f98eb4	Decree. op., Vol. 1. p. 201.
976d0b5586167eaf29459ef8b057d39625719d6e	Decree. op., Vol. 1.
37f5ed307dcc595fc04737028c25355a0bd535c6	Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina of Lorraine .
13e8561b81082f8ecfcbb2fa366d259dca56f6b2	Д. D. Antiseri, J. Real life.
512dee9059949f770dde7ad1aebce6b1ce312ac6	218-219 — - ISBN 5-9014151-05-4.
24212270a9b09753c8425fa07a49ebe97f2d45f8	- p. 150 — - ISBN 5-9014151-05-4. знец Kuznetsov B. G., 1964, p. 230.
e4d9fb0fcbe9e3aeb8677a214206b8a3a149fcfe	↑ 1 2 Schmutzer E., Schutz V., 1987, p. 116.
529e4b43528ed6e6d636754ce8b2aecf5d53bada	Kuznetsov V. I., Idlis T. M., Gutina V. I. Natural Science.
df7fe4fabfe2d060878f5c2f84d3b4c413d19659	- Moscow: Agar, 1996.
c9085908bc1a0d28f344511ab7a3da0b7c71330f	- P. 14 — - ISBN 5-89218-006-9.
c2dbe5ec235cef49e19ca1552f8c58fe9e7bc74e	The assay maker is a master.
f57f29ea928761dd5706a4d90f84227a36e54e70	Decree. op. рист Aristotle.
053a47da9c1e39bcd8d9a5f4b0cba54b582224d9	Collected works in 4 volumes.
5e9e1f828cb94c94dca134608dc61c7ab027f75c	Physics, book 4, chapter 8.
23598d7f9886a867ab34704710f6c5e3791c5a88	- Moscow: Mysl, 1981.
1b3a7a773628c844157367052459f87cca6a6a66	- Vol. III. ↑ 1 2 Galileo Galilei.
dc3e1365cd93d9eaf82973994d75b78093bb6d2b	Day four.
8362cc1c3c9ec38789d74a118236c556797040b8	/ / Mathematical proofs concerning two new branches of science related to mechanics and local motion.
7422928be3e0324252feb81b8bb25d77ac98f0c6	- M.-L.: GITTLE, 1934.
d80d18eaf98bde31bbd10f5125d4085c1ddd74c6	Г Gindikin S. G. Stories about physicists and mathematicians.
366419683ae39af1279ebb1dfafc0df62098db77	Гали Galileo Galilei.
032a0748eef795c356bbc8000213fd1df3d99e13	Conversations and mathematical proofs.
975ddf312caa1ccb4471dc5bda5f4bdac90d6597	- Selected works in 2 volumes.
6ef356304405cbe7b5afd4995dd8693f7fe9e57e	- Vol. 2.
3dbdc4f2f3b6c7097b67ca2e592bfb9cd1b07d05	- p. 314 . знец Kuznetsov B. G.
15857ac286357e3d382e40bda73899ae89925536	The problem of the true movement of the Earth in the" Dialogue " of Galileo // Proceedings of the Institute of the History of Natural Science and Technology.
22df7118fbe4ea3a5275889d90279e8390a22bd4	Moscow: Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1954.
d213479989fcacbba56fa52346da88ea40abe96e	- Issue 1.
25c8f49dd087b2bb3c4782c2ac598a81df3ae168	249-267.
69a6babb3c6327b4d83e8fe316d60b977945024a	62.
6560bc633d2d87a71d38c1264d07dfb36b57f0c1	106-107.
9d7a812dbe61211c80b04f6faab04804a96c7c2f	↑ 1 2 Ishlinskiy A. Yu., 198
b26531b63257563520207365f3651e4bd1554fb8	A kitten with its legs backwards had an operation performed by 18 beautiful transgender models 12 Hollywood stars with the highest IQ level
957d14e1a36db26e2add35503f6b98458aff64b4	Today is Friday, February 3
ffdf7dd29bd9b4ea498dcb33dda857a91a5ee0e2	Birthday: 15.02.1564
04cb651dbd74a1b0350d28836a7d130001b8a49d	Age: 77 years
b0ceee1900e9e30e13711a9deb6dee68aea29a81	Place of birth: Pisa, Italy Date of death: 08.01.1642 Place of death: Florence, Italy
fc6a763b64ef94a28b5f3a0dc91da49e406f4d79	Citizenship: Italy
e90cb605d7ffa9e4cb8a577e99a8d708a6a5d62c	Similar: Galileo, Galilei, Galileo, Galilei
5ead5c4e6ea47275b5ffff463fcc405af797726a	Since 1606, Galileo began to study astronomy.
66a701586241a7a47f8abe3b88753bf855c844fb	In July 1609, Galileo built his first telescope an optical system consisting of convex and concave lenses and began systematic astronomical observations.
12e18809f6ab1dfec3934d093b44a297f5899461	This was the second birth of the telescope, which, after almost 20 years of obscurity, has become a powerful tool of scientific knowledge.
53ec591b705bf85f283ab7eea1c4eb09b0b4686a	Therefore, Galileo can be considered the inventor of the first telescope.
658a567b7b29ea909f083b033c750e6d2b116d96	Galileo Galilei was born on February 15, 1564 in the city of Pisa in a noble but impoverished family.
d67b8ebb17ea260078fc5847e6ba6a391fffe522	His father Vincenzo Galilei was a talented musician and composer, but art did not provide a livelihood, and he earned money by selling cloth.
6b06c57e91279927e7021cb8ce3ed84f9353be78	Until the age of eleven, Galileo lived in Pisa and studied at school, and then moved to Florence with his family.
acc7578913bfeb44bfb6baeec90701a0cdd71676	Dynamics originates from Galileo.
4d40d117e8228996fb34b3e275c5d1e4568645cc	1592-1610 Galileo became a professor at the University of Padua, later he was appointed a court philosopher and mathematician of Duke Cosimo II de ' Medici.
8c7b1fe1830df07b9a68c23e33a90b0f3bab05b3	He quickly improved his telescope and, as he wrote over time, "he built himself a device so wonderful that with its help objects seemed almost a thousand times larger and more than thirty times closer than when observing with a "simple eye", the scientist created a telescope with a magnification of 32 times.
df2f5c729c4e135f9b6cfaeadb4c7a2cf87c647a	What he saw there - the lunar landscape, mountain ranges and peaks led to
85234fbee7e02f1a5317f2a8a12cd517e896571b	to the idea that the Moon is similar to the Earth and has mountain systems - a fact that testified against religious dogmas and the teachings of Aristotle about the special position of the Earth among the celestial bodies.
60c708b3b620af9d3d015726e812bfd1c6f0f3fb	Galileo discovered the four moons of Jupiter, which also did not correspond to the teachings of Aristotle.
1d79bbccb4c0989a86c27335e1798632a1a485f8	Galileo established that the Sun rotates around its axis.
ab2d10fde18ad6ac88b62ee7fa7a60ebb0445f2b	Based on his observations, Galileo concluded that rotation around the axis is characteristic of all celestial bodies and that the heliocentric system of the world proposed by Copernicus is the only correct one.
6f7ffc10d347e6dcd48c2b22226b8853a1458409	Galileo begins to boldly propagandize the teachings of Copernicus.
877d0ee353610e89e18a3484bc136de950f17bc9	In 1616, eleven prominent theologians examined the teachings of Copernicus and came to the conclusion that it was false.
69ec09d2ae99f3c952ea293b1f050af8b9293cc6	It was declared heretical, and Copernicus 'book" On the Conversion of the Celestial Spheres " was included in the index of prohibited books.
b6c71d5e408782f2a641fc19961c655bb9ddde16	Galileo was summoned from Florence to Rome and demanded to stop promoting heretical ideas about the structure of the world.
60e1345c022c957bcad458185f7c2e9628308464	In 1632, the book "Dialogue about the two most important systems of the world - Ptolemaic and Copernican" was published.
3c67417c8cb6c43e4f2aadeae795c320aec27376	The book is written in the form of a dialogue between two supporters of Copernicus and one adherent of Aristotle and Ptolemy.
aa7e94152ecac3bec4e92d22b115f207fe4f6ea5	Each of the interlocutors tries to understand the other's point of view, allowing it with
2adc3a7ebde9bc78ea6ee49ad3fbfceb3c23555a	correctness.
1e68741ae778ad482a3dd6f63f5492e97e04569d	The sale of the " Dialog.."they banned him, and Galileo was summoned to Rome for trial.
3923db3e4d4d52bf6c1143b1fbcb7e5859cec5d6	In the last years of his life, he had to work in the most difficult conditions.
5e16779e3b87b69f4da08d6a5da847fece3610bf	At his villa Archertree (Florence), he was under house arrest (under the constant supervision of the Inquisition).
e52dad28e0da2d646f704e1bae33215e9f4e41bc	There, for two years, Galileo wrote " Conversations and Mathematical proofs...", where he sets out the basics of dynamics.
6eacd39e3106486a20b20ffc4521b11acd31e349	"Conversations..."they are published in Neley de in July 1638, and the book gets to Archertry almost a year later - in June 1639.
ffffa9d653614737ad27236967682d9a1c750098	By that time, the sick, blind Galileo could only touch his offspring with his hands.
232c53c5bc3724518002464a2dfea6275687e23a	Galileo Galilei died on January 8, 1642.
95e66154e553873479bc35987246ab6e9e34fb56	He was buried in the monastic chapel of the Cathedral of Santa Croce in Florence without honors and a tombstone.
eaaf5910a63510e9e5b3e969926ee73393e20aa5	Lady Gaga's creative associate Visited:137 The oldest artist who was included in the album charts Visited:134 Electronics from the kitchen Visited:101
469931f010c83aac43d30a2fb4e23c34d694c343	galileo
dc5e60367c4ef01c92d10cde09b266e27c158715	Nikol 2007-03-20 17:20:32
8dc723ea0e6882950e40e1bef011f8f4c517d5ff	Galileo Galilei is a very talented and intelligent person!
7825e9ad1190c8261b3707e8b5c085d0394844ab	cool dude
c295623b73f2527dc7b6f9b54d1fe866fb5887c5	bart1k 2007-11-16 08:37:36
4efc11f2528b59349c739745064821d64607cc7f	cool chuva4ok)))) gee gee)
d6f443a46c408cb3e269da6e4f4e04b9b87e7fa6	40 years on the stage Visited:1008 Finance, wine and horses Visited:1118 A huge reason for pride Visited:654
6c9649ea71157963e82e73d6d7c20810be3e73aa	Antonio Favaro, Italian mathematician.
21500a138cf35ae79a8788406b39eab074f113f1	Peter Rubens, the largest South Dutch painter, Beni Begin, an Israeli geologist and statesman, the son of former Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin.
287dda3c4b7b36c92b806729d7d2bb8d13debfbf	ABBA, popular ensemble of the 70s 80s Nek, Pop singer Poko, country rock band
d2a0fea62d3407a09dffee56588851ff899f20c2	Phrases: m and o, giordano bruno, Pisansky, the last years of his life, and others, in, relate, oh, rabat, to teaching, and with n, thoughts, talent, truman, florence
9f79b99174007b85dc23cf2600c34e311a735d99	About the celebrity: Italian physicist, astronomer, one of the founders of natural science, an outstanding thinker of the Renaissance.
76d98597863850bb8cf532df9828f4f7fbda5c7d	And yet it turns!
117f0b24071fd08e87f3b4b19fcadd7db25d7d63	Photos [5]
958a57159153d9d6d29ce96663155e0aa2d364a6	Aphorisms of Galileo Galilei
f7a3ba2705f69351a96fb1172305c4c5dd0e9778	Galileo Galilei quotes
6e4db325d67f31e3cc39b5076c43cebc10105244	Video [26]
4f53926c0fa7c53e5dd570ea57ec422055738af6	Forum [2]
acf04e09d14dbc07c4509ed91072660d381e86d7	News [2]
95c72e0b5a64a0c49caa43fbe6af74de43314a19	Details about Pilate
1c824479c1490f7a517e860453dbbc4ca09e1362	[Pontius Pilate ]
e21a2f71b7b297b4364b04b900a6e159a66cf702	The latest details about Pontius Pilate are contained in the book The Party of Jesus
6767757c333d7eac5d8cb15e688b6ea2a5588efe	(you can download it on Ozone and on l ....
897a1c59876432ed1daf0b5c99acf2351d6418ac	thank you
fb4c32574f645180a468cdd8b56a474e90222ab4	[Vladimir and Yuri Torsuev ]
6d987d5409850ef986009ea5c907298f808c2976	Thank you for the article.
c4732bc4c57db128b84d4e987479ac3c92b6c2da	It was interesting to read about the life of actors and about the process of making a film.
cbd48a9eee6614dd5d60bdd26434fa37c434bbbc	The film pr ....
2c86a7325b5531af6c7393de9d2e426d0deda543	Request for help
0617b96c000de16748f4e16e326ce1741e7250fa	[ Mikhail Gutseriev ]
226dc4a54ed1cb48002c42c27542a8134defeaaf	Please help the child for the operation, so that it is more ubiditelno, I will share our and ....
07039ac36138dc025ad5769e1231c7cf93395931	Such people should not be forgotten.
92d07253cde007618f725e56e901d12ca97853c6	[Gennady Logofet ]
ce80464bc23e7d713786b5a510323c8dedd1a10b	It's even a shame that such people are not known.
f00ccd42a54708e49fc5d1cb70ad875f2fa02f63	Ronaldo, Pele.. and this is our Soviet hero!!Thank you ....
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97eca9bc94dd51053615d422db68978b63878934	hitler [407] Putin [200] wozniak [60] Baker Andrew [60] callas [59] Daria Charusha (Simonenko) [59] daj pistolet [57] Glinka Elizabeth [57] xax ancrevi het [55] Henry Miller [55] Anna Aksakova [54] lillian too [54] shulipa yuri [53] shayk [53] Mandy patinkin [52] buzzati [52] anthony edwards [52] grenfell joyce [51] elena pogrebijskaya [50] mike and the mechanics [49] brothers meladze [49] kutafin [49] Don Drysdale [49] werner erhard [47] casals [47] Marek Turowski [47] Jim Morrison [46] r2 d2 [46] bolshakov [46] winton [46]
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a20e455c1f49402803c41db8149681be10cf9edc	Oren Lavie;
aefc0b3c349002daf9de95508eaaf296da735f70	Ariel Gade;
4a5b39bfcc7f14604f420db1a655dd8f7390d4b0	Anton Burtsev;
4ca3b1495703e7a7e53652b0347c8a3521563019	Alexander Efremov;
62e69b0558eab26e507ab46559bc462fef24a747	Peter Grigoriev;
9373931f5ff567a88f754c379b49d41ad0166e55	Johann Heinrich Gustav Mayer;
4db1bb7d1adc380a6db1f18c89e2b652d6f5b913	Konstantin Seroslavich;
7c2b8cb08b15fa40c3fb995484434ccb32e3e21d	Beatrice Hastings;
8bdd168de9cbca48ccec59efe232cd7bc7e8ae46	Viktor Kuznetsov;
0ec1674e6824eb76ae95378ee3745d2e97b8517c	Kiko Akishino;
adb88c7099094a6e0fb315d5c4fddf342547e33e	Bruce Lai;
c7de779b3cb190fb6981b5df3b62e74d2aa00440	Ivica Brzic;
bddd98460ee20de34c365c1b142d97afd8d2e7eb	Mladen Dabanovich;
d827a0251a4fd2e6e5d067ee47705c34e61080c8	Carlo Bigatto;
d38d0d671ea8abe6e089154b16f59f4b2300def6	Kujula Kadfiz;
7c95eb4bcc5f05f1cc3eaccbfd43869b5afe6169	Vladimir Lazerson;
1f3b98c202d08320980194ffaa506eb7a5a7aa47	Archil Georgadze;
b794b5f4b19686acb346fe55b7a9ad69b8544bff	Victoria Alasheeva;
14d7939321ab4597f4fb7c044b07a029087648bd	Lakshman Sena;
0f3826f9b76e6b483bfa81aad56cc05d78a8dab1	Zurabi Arziani;
4044dbbe9946bbc7a1df9fa10ab09e8175751568	Maria Knebel;
a259cc5fe0214ba8107624fb7fa726039ea34420	Hermanis Albats;
80464991ad377d2ede59340a275f7d14e0b43bd1	Nicola Berti;
70848856c6ae0c72d24eb081624c69bae578e69b	Andrey Stakhovsky;
11647084f47f6236fd5466323482b3ff11492af8	Akhmar Zavgaev;
b724c74a39456462fed81c0e6c6a2cef56b70b28	Shlomo ben Yosef Ganzfried;
5fd53d5060ebebcc83fc9f8729edfffbd73c0876	Ivan Ilyinykh;
6fd2b6f4f5d592d7f8363ed99bdf409a4c1e1189	Pavel Ermak;
b2678dad1d71699ccfc609facd5ceafbaaa9d643	John Alva Kiel;
01c8ed0b2557f6a222dca144c0e2cad19c80fc77	Friedrich Christian Baumeister;
2d7cf5aa8233cab44b818f44efaa5bce4ab88899	Anatoly Kachugin ;
a68ea90922a0bb9191872abce079eefc4d7fb26b	Ivan Kukulevich Saktsinsky;
7957d6e39c22b37428599bac085d2d462164b1d7	Nikolai Vyalykh;
571bcbca6e623ebb225b44f669b7968a86d15cb1	Nilton Coelho Da Costa;
67a6f3e8b0781a53c838fdc787401e154371dcaf	Stepan Ignatov;
9b516800193b58aecb4791e09262225002b686ee	Stephanie Calegari;
1afc366a5ed9d2f874cadb8b2a2ba88d9bfcb9af	Evstafiy Azeev;
4c71497b6f3e4848a6db21419d8176bd7fed61a3	Marco Cohn;
dda89c6fb6e48a52c5c032a30fbb6643352d8117	Grigory Kroshin;
7e8b75bf0f9af8f4d2842b26dd77aa9b91861dc2	Jozo Krizhanovich;
9e0cdfaeb9b926467e584d5e49395597cad944db	Anatoly Konovalov;
dabd0b1178a0a37541a71d9462d23ee68dcb3122	Radoslaw Wojtaszek;
90804100fdb540db2d63554905885b45a826bc4d	[ 02.02.2017 ] Viktor Tsoi;
ad27bf843600716ed0b4d6c11f62215007a39bae	Viktor Buturlin;
0befa3f457126b399f1a79aa9319b1bea5ea6bfd	Kai Dong;
011f8c3fb2d0488c99f6e7af340a4e89826a51d0	Diamond Hand;
ea1ecb860a70ef6b6cff9fec64a5648e2a08dce1	Liliana Gasinskaya;
daca16332a33744453e19e14280366e2c397fac7	Ryan Zinke;
d3fce1ed099df06497d7505bb64da73bc43f2678	Joseph Golman;
17283a2b79fe642c34c8dca1d0452925dcd40430	Evgeny Golovikhin;
1d7f6ebf151068defa4113e634d67459ce7e2761	Andrey Ryder;
00a969c93b258c515ef66140de29d1de2623817f	Alice Clover;
16fe89ee720fa2b7be20885857749608b79921ef	Yuri Lastochkin;
185bb1b6e773de287f9bbeb7687d1a7923eed5eb	Temerbi Alagov;
c8c0438abc9ad4de2c6cbf04c170c77a997af560	Alexander Konviser;
e22b54afe3cbdb2f44cb0990221a6b3db301bf11	Mikhail Lavdovsky;
de3f2b502d7af57f318516311d99f2573111d505	Christian Keferstein;
725043a242bc9b7acfb87bd639475431072e3683	Wilhelm Kube;
9090bcb864107a835e4c4ed7d22a2eef82112e8e	Anthony Caesar Becquerel;
f4263768286b7d03204259c0a4053d66018fb648	Peter Dmitriev;
9e4adf8ce8736a55f7f321e0fbb622655c73e024	William Harris Crawford;
6d39e1ff099e93d9d39f51145724c1a93fd19240	Revaz Barabadze;
78d30ebde83b61d22afee992d2a63dee985699c9	Nick Firmian;
c6152bc52be89e1c314057656e19fa18242ad88b	Nadezhda Bogdanova;
bcb5801dc00cc35bf4ec99085ecaa05baca17384	Juan Manuel Alvarez;
b33fda4b08dc8c7f79f25995721a19682dce0d2a	Grigory Kisunko;
8852e67cf22cc4fa6bb91ea7b025404fb3118b83	Lubomir Guzar;
ce51b809e45fcc4f5ee4c35b23e20a4578141d5f	Andronikos I; Justinius Kerner;
f01a31bfaa18242b21598462952f8bdfe18ab6db	Yuri Zykov;
60bdc8627f869136ec61d934cabbe9e4b22ea7ac	Bernard Bakana Kolelas;
85a3c18cb9807731cb92b2882f02508d2d8cb2bb	Alexander Barsenkov;
00f9bce228575b5286b8d0266df95da14d3c27fb	Boyd Gordon;
2f20855f4959a6abfe13d3e69db8a1d8a042a168	Lev Allatius;
d496f0c1266d1ffccd42fa0fe54636cb5885efac	Natalia Vanhanen;
cb7792777bc32bf3f5330fdcddf1154e3298d085	Kaspar Kapparoni;
a14e24ba1739b2f571b4fba7344bc0c027a24b84	Said Amirov;
e38c2c5f0205b83d03b37abd051d0dd0ef90934e	Ahmed II; Dmitry Korsakov;
2cd14c8dedd35133d13ee7e91b185de5feca3a12	Alexander Deboa;
69a6df023a8a882ff2deea27f1c9c6fe68b1b860	Akiyama Saneyuki;
4c8743d67bdf547b5f385d1f4c87f1243e43f38c	Carmel Busuttil;
a6ee58894fbc35904ac65d724214c12c38b4655a	Anatoly Konyaev;
bc6158f8d4f35be53502d198a86f068719710880	Vasily Isaev;
737d2a9769151f7b845db7c3fc05efd7a5c59dcd	Ivan Golovin;
1b8354b51368af002bbac3efe43434ecc3b1c18e	Vladimir Korolevich;
187c8adb1a044ddfaecc71bc037367468f1efce8	Augustinas Voldemaras;
0ac31b920d32608b9b697a5da75dfe8c5164acbe	Graphite;
f07721c256e1bcf1468745d4fe2bb505d4349bd5	Zinaida of Tarsia;
111948303b0d35d8744f3c2edd2942f58a106fc2	Daniel Brailowski;
bd3f9e90052b18c8aa3c9167f9c68a83befdc36e	Hamid Gizatullin;
569b1ae42a03d32436efc52d88a39eb0976c161e	Friedrich Kalnins;
d75fa15dbbca0d4644398cab6f48a9bbc921abeb	Sergey Zagny;
6c44acc77a4908eed95ab510e00f64c32f4fde8a	Raymond Bord;
8d0633611ba224b3a6ed98d553ae7a61547ac1f6	John Bernthal;
a89bca6353c897ca31edbc009cbbdc2c8c092615	Alexander Ardi;
a140a6a808ddf3a3ca226c7488737afc6161410a	Guy Roland Demel;
8bb4fc809fda43a810884db3a5cc15463dcd8af1	Hernan Paolo Degliafiore;
9e75ba4934eaeffd609fed9c1e0caecf4e804bfa	Johann Castillon;
99fb9597293228230f1c58447532bef39daa83f8	Edwin Kengis;
7cc1cbe8118d0bfcea819bf7071fef6ccdb40e29	Vladimir Ageev;
c6af97dfeef2c594f4bfa97be60af571c1c08e5c	[ 03.02.2017 ] Jean Guy Lacerre;
63a8cfd246b76a420ab297ae07da89565da351c2	Jean Dujardin;
b18e03684709f936a833a10b4f4c92ec403cf4ca	Nelly Shaheen;
aba33ee4ecbf5ee605439d38de96be8069ec7902	Georges De Mestral;
c6e7e01f1e06e943b40aa8810f35cef203624742	21 Savage;
980f4003b343aa4d13bea0c749f92d3713f875e6	Anna Oduvalova;
8d1030d52e5c7ffc116ee7204dcffeecdaff2194	Diana Mashkova;
c95be6d056d176d64b5745fc704c351d71107005	Viktor Porotnikov;
f83ef7a5fdc20d04ad3b6bab978089e81a94452a	Mikhail Zaitsev;
244379596136d5c6fd7e527b249092b42c61249c	Serge Brusolo;
f143f8c0dbf06a7765d56938279ec86abd7056c3	Natasha Klauss;
f8f91c849da7420d91b13057c87069a090f8a642	Vladimir Gagloev;
8d10afd084ae4db6e6f8bce41733b0d6ad6e493f	Johann Jakob Haeckel;
7efff880409cf6f22e3836a23685a1e3eefb189f	Kim ;
621e3b065f62cb887e477916d646e61bbdbf704b	Fedot Krivda;
8ed084af7d75f7b6761357df793613506eaa8677	Vasily Zabashta;
73c1e4fb3a44d125c97c5e8263f511ce062be490	Giraut Rikier;
595886397c8e67cf582743f22d24887954fb090a	Capre Agensky;
9e273daf8e0102bd6f974e4875c89efb2e8600bc	Jean Daniel Colladon;
964fb3cfc3ca7f20c499b8e2b4a6bb7a5e60f32e	Anna Gurari;
8210f87d331ed28e8021100730c917ef0ea5f02e	Rinaldo Bianchetti;
ce173834a962186f292daa7f8f88aef2fa495c51	Maxim Gillelson;
77ccb12d09642eb3ae468fb180f4047269b2012b	Lyudmila Arzhannikova;
07c06d0b4b0a72a2f59a2c94da76bd70ffccd6f8	Timofey Glickman;
f41efc568e8e5f3105a11f73bf56500337b0e68e	Svetlana Bless;
61f983749ad1f0002b8a79e3f907eac10cab094d	Keileni Lei;
e4f791b0712d801c27d876bba7fcce8a7cd505a0	Andrey Bokov;
109bb3d8c5775d13a49adfcd2177b4b1535cabdc	Nabu Laye Kamara;
4f8a7eaf077372b51cc7aaa59b2b99a102aa3c2e	Antanas Venuolis;
5057c70282d531fb00211d5dd7134ab19ef9c16c	Baltrameus Vilentas;
22c808952cdddabfc73841a95e51148fccb43c61	Natalie Deshi;
e7cc3c0459f28fcab48530db5d8578b6cf528638	Moses Lang;
48b294187ab0b72736014127650b60dedde4bad0	Jeanne Astaire;
66e6d593458fef7b17d09e61c059ba27e813d8d7	Rafgat Altynbayev;
316fb16b92362dae81a6cd5a8250b9281da27593	Ayup Arsaev;
2c42e2e9fe592d4c140bbfd0621773a1340e34da	Baluan Sholak;
3d784cfa732df97cb6ba9eee9f7d9787c99c14f2	Katya Chilly;
577ae125d403e5ac3b0efdcf55c47dd5dce9c865	Ilya Bliznyuk;
b7040a93ccc4004c27b4f2172684dad96069abac	Vasily Penkov;
56ebd9c353bbbdb3d7a749bf1c2e680fc116698c	Len Karpinsky;
ab7db0fc362367bfcf05b5003452694f3455e7a9	Jean Goujon;
dda25fdcd1e1fed4e5e0350c389ed6f827a6e1de	Pavel Batyrev;
0512daebf19a799dd264ee007b513aa372cd3876	Anatoly Babko;
d0dfd82043219d5c1f44bfc62c447869de234198	Alexander Bryanchaninov;
e6173898f23a15181fc8ccdef1c9a1f946bd8803	Ivan Aristov;
14b4705d8b610f3e55b5ef6f071fd33a65bfa401	Peter Arefyev;
e6039da22e870672d2faeda1c6b0b4bd4554ac7f	Bernard Draver;
7d2598e09507f793e4f54911c2f8553b7c77b7e3	Adolf Zabransky;
ded1b014941706c5211bed7319854d27379e6060	Marie Julie Clary;
7e1e5794d8de461ca01a1e54da35cbaae9e368b4	Mikhail Kovalev;
181bb38fba66ca1bb30d22e4f9e461f38ab9729a	Igor Korablev;
a5b1c66dd4ff1c1982fca2b1102a9a5928b82a77	Heinrich Drake;
ebf8ff45a6784528b63cdeacbe903bc08a6b7490	Kazis Boruta;
bb1ff9d93264eeb767421cde935e754e8f20b35a	Temirkhan Dosmukhambetov;
638b0e681b2e6a5b354bb42b1f817f6c5f7b4a6c	Joseph Wax;
575d9de2f96900aea3b56f1b0c7bb07c051ec3da	John Collins;
9c98c68af537088a86460474180e87d16022903a	Karel Dujardin;
5e6346be9c48ffbffe698e04a327c431de04f6a8	Pietro Umberto Dini;
236972084db9c0b378bb6bee7c9b9b20576b3287	George Georgian;
594f5bacc27ab508a35938fbcb2f14152f953f8d	Mikhail Gershenzon;
8edcb920f001303e1ac80d18a1386df2a319eb51	Henri Gagneben;
14c302e4bd209e19dc9a7c4d9967bc4b5d191384	Vigen Abramyants;
c5478755782a8de0c9bf7b68a47ba8b66d2e9367	Carroll Quigley;
d4f8e3873085f21607e769f84297c2c7608d2fb6	Zdenek Vashichek;
eecc13059b4fea1ab133901723721197f86906c8	Lady Gaga's creative collaborator/Nicola Formichetti [137]
fb7156cd18052c393aa6b3ac22b0f96822574238	The oldest artist who entered the album charts/Vera Lynn [134]
649e6401298b76298afb376fbb7de2f1de278b95	Electronics from the kitchen/ Snakehips [101]
1da5b7ae46f8762822e4098f45e8da0d6158f418	Whoopi Goldberg: Eccentric and charming/Whoopi Goldberg [86]
2763f182249923dc2a25fc676ac1f54c7218f14a	Author of programs on personal growth / Olga Alexandrova [71]
4da2e21abaad951f46b4aea97eb2c5a6cf81eebb	Author and compiler of English Russian dictionaries/Vladimir Muller [69]
30b919f3134630fb3e8e446994787923789308e1	50 years without shoes and socks/Pete Mackenzie [66]
386e345df0b7873520bc54013241bf8914224c45	The author of manuals on physical culture/Grigory Pogadaev [64]
cfc727b0a0d73e75bc62fc6025794b81cdabe334	Abdessattar Zitouni secrets of simplicity/Abdessatar Zitouni [55]
3a0e122be916dbfd9f93ef4ad7f5267de0d95f28	Sacred Geometry/Svetlana Klimkevich [54]
a6041b50e61e7c65cee910bf77bfdb362a3b55fb	Liliana Gasinskaya: In a red bikini and without it/Liliana Gasinskaya[20276]
9ee07b5bbabb0fee2d81bb623a301d37e21e0986	Secrets of weight loss/Ekaterina Mirimanova[1940]
bf5ea3d7a0534de6e8a42538e1722fa29954e69c	Finance, wine and horses/Edward De Rothschild[1118]
20246778520b09c0eed7fbd72ab357ab3d36adea	40 years on the stage/Alexander Tikhanovich[1008]
10f9a62e6dccdfbe6bb90caf52d7764be0e085b6	Isabella Rossellini: In the footsteps of the Great Mother/Isabella Rossellini[993]
64314b356575d5836cd06726f708212436e58bd7	Daria Kasatkina: The new star of Russian tennis/Daria Kasatkina[819]
1c32e1eef6492e2bb17a532a17115e196b0b4770	The gold standard of heavy metal/ Metallica[682]
4075b4af86da16918be9dcc3cb9038c28516cbf1	A huge reason for pride/Roberto Esquivel Cabrera[654]
7b103eb634d6a6b39daf0cede3d01988ae85e99c	A veteran who participated in both world wars/Claude Stanley Scholes[631]
e5cabb3e1f64706d124dcfa1846110fd635438ca	An actor who definitely hit the target/Stephen Amell[542]
94b34eb1280a0934cc7f289c9c4e7a5150f92549	Ambitious Samara beauty/Nelly Ermolaeva[531]
d08f1d8a709dbbf528d7336245883f5470dedf86	Rare skin disease/Nelly Shaheen[448]
ab03548913638db870e5e89497fcb95152e81209	Victoria Poltorak – a difficult path to the goal/Victoria Poltorak[435]
4b2b9a6e6637ccd674a4efb15885efea7c7e33de	Spiritual instructions/Theophan the Recluse[426]
6102d7736236dde1bc9d3d519286ea497a109deb	Weneed1: The brainchild of a British child prodigy/Mohammed Ali[399]
1a095f5cf17ba76ac30cd353e7da6500194ecdc5	The Long lived Sisters from Britain/ The Latham Sisters[371]
3e08005cff95995ee3f0a8207df34a6479b13d7a	12 year old boy killed by brain eating amoeba/Zachary Reina[371]
8564688786c1c30f1a4c9555b724b47356b7a931	A star named the Sun/Viktor Tsoi[366]
3b8e67cad6993da97dbb32ff1762712ae4b478a6	US Secretary of Homeland Security/John Francis Kelly[365]
1cb8ac09b73ef89db859f2ad674f9385277cd212	'The King of Freaks'/Johnny Eck[345]
905dcb2b72e98ad69e989ce2a77bde11a0739395	Liliana Gasinskaya: In a red bikini and without it/Liliana Gasinskaya [20276]
b160109b34866739177456c73339a84f5abf81fc	Hand transplant to a person born without one/ Peter [14550]
7277714ad17833caea41d65527848daab577226f	The classic image of the ideal man /Aslan Akhmadov [6681]
1c75c2b2cd803b419bd5d65c7d692450b059429a	Arya Stark from "Game of Thrones"/Maisie Williams [6591]
9c5daf85c80d56960bc5a17f9dede7ca3693462a	Fiery red haired Sansa Stark/Sophie Turner [5650]
fc82c0e3f53d49b22165e9b89178842adb932dec	International model of 2016/Gigi Hadid [4036]
b9bdcc7683025890f211ef428861235e4fbc154e	The heaviest working bike in the world/Wouter Van den Bosch [3566]
8853ab3b215688ee17646282a328d76d9e8e6492	Thick eyebrows are a solid advantage/Natalia Castellar [3533]
beadbaeb0b5be9e7a5692d34cba67b26d83083c2	Maggie Green from "The Walking Dead"/Lauren Cohen [2258]
b19dc965a0526fba06839b4573a17f88b294643e	Grigory Leps: Sing only with a live voice/Grigory Leps [2148]
4fa5be5f9ce3abb2500421ae5f9206b23daed18e	Secrets of weight loss/Ekaterina Mirimanova [1940]
cca4a7bb968599d9a9223f9d9749ce45c5e6c1d8	The Ann Perry Story/Ann Perry [1861]
a143bd7884753b9dbfd77f948ece7fbb35333f32	200 operations of an American transsexual/Monique Allen [1633]
e8504277c27840298efa1e81f8c23ed22bbb74d1	The role of a frivolous blonde/Alyona Alymova [1627]
275a78f3fefe4b6e45dd4f5c74858d283de69474	A girl with a character/Tatiana Arntholz [1553]
bcb1ad45bbe05fd1ef96614539ebd5399026c3ac	A small victim of meningococcal sepsis/Kai Vincent [1379]
b12a48dfdde1eec9d7f9d76c7342a0f158032d17	Drama theater actress/Ekaterina Kisten [1317]
7f072739ff8a84a9aa4a2237f511a0bd3eb69dca	105 year old cyclist/Robert Marchand [1299]
177c883740da128992b44da5d6f5cf15e1bacd59	From a refugee to a Hollywood star/Milana Vaintrub [1220]
cceaa163803d3ad88745d7fdcf923bc053daca1f	A young ballerina in the body/Lizzie Howell [1197]
44862e21cde7b9b3a5820a52cc59a6ad11f8f0f3	[ Depeche mode · 03.02.2017 09:02:40]
2559ed0ff2267fe3de72aac372fe8385cc4be1cd	Depeche Mode released a new single · Read more ...
0dd1a4a12dccbaefb4cc86961802e05acfb38441	[Zoya Bulgakova · 03.02.2017 09:02:28]
5afb6580b60e39240f3cede34ca67cf2999f5845	Actress Zoya Bulgakova has died at the age of 102 · Read more ...
b0516acdb65b7c75b94662e768d1a2dc8f3ffde0	[Vera Lynn · 02.02.2017 11:02:55]
9f0f01eee6d630f6779214d874dbe2c079a5e48b	Vera Lynn will celebrate her 100th anniversary with a new album · Read more ...
92c20b00fd9ee3c3cec492b3c8a3a6aa8d3fae86	[Princess Diana · 02.02.2017 02: 02:44]
3bc754007528fbcabdc9c09d1dda9f2a12d9ede0	The Ukrainian couple put up for auction a necklace of Princess Diana · Read more ...
01c34c1627cfdd437b493536fb5ce13e930cff7b	[ Depeche mode · 01.02.2017 10:02:13]
a0505d90aaad3ccb7fcd4b5c5a875f0e8e813972	Depeche Mode's new album will be released on March 17 · Read more ...
fc0004f1d7faf2338749685037e36e6f0cc2cbf4	[Diego Luna · 01.02.2017 10:02:03]
3edc641f79ac6e39c1c2467fc10ae77350244e72	Diego Luna will play in the remake of the movie "Scarface" · Read more ...
f3b1ee986e8c4f8277909c5068dc69042681e8db	[Kim Kardashian · 01.02.2017 10:02:03]
92c7f149d2a714c33d6b686294d90f428598bb85	Kim Kardashian seriously took up her figure · Read more ...
051ea4d873570d7c58b0412ba10f88c4af003a98	[Sofia Rotaru · 31.01.2017 07:01:39]
afeaed3a001e9f25e8b2530eda5c7bcde997a3d0	An unknown person reported the abduction of Sofia Rotaru · More detailed...
5b824ac9e5e671173b7703d0b91da82b720c8f38	A veteran who participated in both World Wars (Claude Stanley Shuls);
bb5480f937fbd07c798b419e9e4f6ac9c05b093a	A 12 year old boy is killed by a brain eating amoeba (Zachary Reina); (Leonid Borich); (Gilbert Edmund Kaplan); (Jesper Grenkier); (Henri Grevedon); (Yunus Desheriev); (Kor Kee); (Jozefa Gurfinkel); (Boris Zapolsky); (Didier Conan Ya); (Arman Karamyan); (Igor Zbronzhko); (Stanislav Gridnev); (Vladimir Wagenleitner); (Tiit Kuusik); (Herbert James Draper); (Lyudmila Zhuravleva); (Jeff Lynn Green); (Ivan Gorsky); (Vasily Veretennikov); (Jeffrey DeMann); (Victor Dobrik); (Bishop Alipius); (Dmitry Kachin); (Saint Veronica); (Peter Kostelyanets); (William Congreve); (Noel Kuapel); (Metropolitan Barnabas); (Cecilia Dinere); (Francesco Bolzoni); (Bernhard Erasmus Derua); (Ara Harutyunyan); (Rudolf Degermark); (Vladimir Glotov); (Vladimir Zherikhin); (Jerzy Vujchik); (Oleg Zhenyukh); (Mikhail Voronkov); (Tamara Juraeva); (Maxim Zausalin); (Judas the Galilean); (Samuel Jones);
3dc4dc7280bd88554eb3d9c2d34c689da25e193c	Weneed1: The brainchild of a British child prodigy (Muhammad Ali);
a2db1aa36cc8958e37f8678e2ef5217917effef4	A huge reason for pride (Roberto Esquivel Cabrera); (Mikhail Grobman); (Wojciech Kopchuk); (Gerard Kokelmans); (Boris Ishkhanov); (August Friedrich Ebergard of Württemberg); (Ivan Gorokhov); (Vladimir Kornilov); (Pierre Beregovoi); (Matvey Goryainov); (Valeria Gapeeva); (Ryan Briscoe); (Ivan Averyanov);
036c6e500fcf032e27b22ca912a87be7756ed109	(James Logan Jones Jr.); (Lyrica Kurwitz); (Samuel Dyche); (Kazimir Kuratovsky); (Alexander Kugel); (Karl Gustaf Patrick Laval); (Mihai Laskar); (Diana Lewis Burgin); (Grigory Krestovnikov); (Archibald Campbell); (Arthur Kleinschmidt); (Ismail Abdulkhalyg Akhundov); (Guido Agosti); (Thomas Ken); (Henry Thomas Colebrook); (Nikolai Dobrokhotov); (Johannes Willebrands); (Sergey Kostitsyn); (Raymond Kull); (V. Volodarsky); (Georg Friedrich Kolb); (Jeronimo Carrera); (Raphael Iskhakov); (Eduardo Cesar Gaspar); (Gennady Kotov); (Karl Karls); (Mauro Bressan); (Franz Grillparzer); (Evgeny Gromov); (Ivan Volkov); (John Gottlieb Friedrich Bonenberger); (Laurentius Hartmann); (Tom Carpenter); (Sergey Zorin); (Dimitar Grekov); (Vilem Dusan Lamble); (Franz Klammer); (Yuri Krivonogov); (Jean Jacques Ayagon);
d9f35b33cb3bf07af21e5fd4b38aacedf705ce62	'The King of Freaks' (Johnny Eck); (Gerda Wegener); (Angus More); (Larisa Kuznetsova); (Gasparo Salo); (Viktor Kurochkin); (Ludwig Bertalanfi); (Alexander Barantsov); (Antonio Alsamendi); (Boris Yeghiazaryan); (Oren Lavi); (Ariel Gade); (Anton Burtsev); (Alexander Efremov); (Peter Grigoriev); (Johann Heinrich Gustav Mayer); (Konstantin Seroslavich); (Beatrice Hastings); (Viktor Kuznetsov); (Kiko Akisino); (Bruce Lai); (Ivica Brzic); (Mladen Dabanovich); (Carlo Bigatto); (Kujula Kadfiz); (Vladimir Lazerson); (Archil Georgadze); (Victoria Alasheeva); (Lakshman Sena); (Zurabi Arziani); (Maria Knebel); (Hermanis Alb pbx); (Nikola Berti); (Andrey Stakhovsky); (Akhmar Zavgaev); (Shlomo ben Yosef Ganzfried); (Ivan Ilyinykh); (Pavel Ermak); (John Alva Kiel); (Friedrich Christian Baumeister);
dcff9d3e62584a956634bffb653c90ad8cfaef1f	(Anatoly Kachugin ); (Ivan Kukulevich Saktsinsky); (Nikolai Vyalykh); (Nilton Coelho Da Costa); (Stepan Ignatov); (Stefania Calegari); (Evstafiy Azeev); (Marko Kon); (Grigory Kroshin); (Jozo Krizhanovich); (Anatoly Konovalov); (Radoslav Voytashek);
d8fca7c6428132ec9c569fdf4d0c945d75603aa7	Liliana Gasinskaya: In a red bikini and without it (Liliana Gasinskaya); (Yuri Lastochkin); (Temerbi Alagov); (Alexander Konviser); (Mikhail Lavdovsky); (Christian Keferstein); (Wilhelm Kube); (Anthony Caesar Becquerel); (Peter Dmitriev); (William Harris Crawford); (Revaz Barabadze); (Nick Firmian); (Nadezhda Bogdanova); (Juan Manuel Alvarez); (Grigory Kisunko); (Lubomir Guzar); ( Andronik I); (Justinius Kerner); (Yuri Zykov); (Bernard Bakana Kolelas); (Alexander Barsenkov); (Boyd Gordon); (Lev Allatsiy); (Natalia Vanhanen); (Kaspar Kapparoni); (Said Amirov); ( Ahmed II); (Dmitry Korsakov); (Alexander Deboa); (Akiyama Saneyuki); (Carmel Busuttil); (Anatoly Konyaev); (Vasily Isaev); (Ivan Golovin); (Vladimir Korolevich); (Augustinas Voldemaras); ( Graphite); (Zinaida of Tarsia); (Daniel Brailovsky); (Hamid Gizatullin); (Friedrich Kalnins); (Sergey Zagny); (Raymond Bord); (John Bernthal); (Alexandre Ardi); (Guy Roland Demel); (Hernan Paolo Degliafiore); (Johann Castillon); (Edwin Kengis); (Vladimir Ageev);
1e36ec12e4cabd4edc055f73d67fbfc86213e37f	Record collection of Santa Clauses (Jean Guy Lacerre); (Natasha Clauss); (Vladimir Gagloev); (Johann Jakob Haeckel);
e501f10e3eb0a3ef21d2fc4d9a2534e99b5247f5	( Kim ); (Fedot Krivda); (Vasily Zabashta); (Giraut Riquier); (Capraet Agensky); (Jean Daniel Colladon); (Anna Gurari); (Rinaldo Bianchetti); (Maxim Hillelson); (Lyudmila Arzhannikova); (Timofey Glickman); (Svetlana Bless); (Kayleni Lei); (Andrey Bokov); (Nabu Laye Kamara); (Antanas Venuolis); (Baltramejus Vilentas); (Natalie Deshi); (Moses Lang); (Zhanna Aster); (Rafgat Altynbayev); (Ayup Arsaev); (Baluan Sholak); (Katya Chilly); (Ilya Bliznyuk); (Vasily Penkov); (Len Karpinsky); (Jean Goujon); (Pavel Batyrev); (Anatoly Babko); (Alexander Bryanchaninov); (Ivan Aristov); (Peter Arefyev); (Bernard Draver); (Adolf Zabransky); (Marie Julie Clary); (Mikhail Kovalev); (Igor Korablev); (Henrikh Drake); (Kazis Boruta); (Temirkhan Dosmukhambetov); (Joseph Wax); (John Collins); (Karel Dujardin); (Pietro Umberto Dini); (Georgy Georgian); (Mikhail Gershenzon); (Henri Gagneben); (Vigen Abramyants); (Carroll Quigley); (Zdenek Vashichek);
cf0226dea8fb740bf65d3c995177c6364d9d9e47	Whoopi Goldberg: Eccentric and charming (Whoopi Goldberg);
3de80b23397cb3cc7ff2cd1dfb76dea4f9318c63	[Fyodor Dostoevsky] Once Dostoevsky's nostril became clogged.
b65d0990a2407004cdb41c1651eb62295b4377cc	I began to blow - the eardrum in my ear burst.
949b8c7771f0cd18cbaa44a942bee935efb77e9c	He plugged it with a cork - it turned out to be too big, the skull cracked...
c7c6dead67ab8326083831da1f4adbe4f5c1d05a	Tied it with a string - he looks, his mouth does not open.
f1dbe3436d288d6a93cf705abae56dd12d8f74c0	Then he woke up in perplexity, the kingdom of heaven be upon him.
c344c7da94d96d10eceebf861700c2b935591a08	[ 30.01.2017 ]
96a7cbf7117711db1e5ff8df537b4b7636747653	Elena Vaenga: "I have eyes of northern flowers...
e97479b32bbb94937e59f24a436838d9288c1f34	"(Elena Vaenga); The creator of the Minox camera (Walter Zapp);
c11a63330597baab626978eac6c31ecc5d12530b	Ambitious Samara beauty (Nelly Ermolaeva);
ec3c57dbf12423d81521d7137c32ee1ab4f69cb3	A huge reason to be proud (Roberto Esquivel Cabrera);
593ae1c9624c6e5fb7addc054d8082855a4606a6	40 years on the stage (Alexander Tikhanovich);
a2a4bce476607f9c7ecadba92618d037d6075316	"Sun Light' - or the rich also cry (Sun Light);
2cb26d579f459758e0b0961593eabd32cbe9425f	Secrets of losing weight (Ekaterina Mirimanova);
7dbb871b24f74d9aab26c7a15d33089188165fbc	Author of theological studies (Dmitry Shchedrovitsky);
a52964aea9cbd2ee0fc2c771f720346b07ee3083	In the genre of combat fantasy (Vladimir Myasoedov); (Mikhail Grobman); (Wojciech Kopchuk); (Gerard Kokelmans); (Boris Ishkhanov); (August Friedrich Eberhard of Württemberg); (Ivan Gorokhov); (Vladimir Kornilov); (Pierre Beregovua); (Matvey Goryainov); (Valeria Gapeeva); (Ryan Briscoe); (Ivan Averyanov);
594f03c76c880fbf9be571fcef5bb001e7b8a478	(James Logan
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636baa5e07afff8b82346de212a4d3b69e13cc68	A B C G D E E F Z I Y K L M N O P R S T U F X C H W S S E Y I
02fd44e70a44ebf68fdc4f151cd8d698b6c26f92	Today: 03.02.2017
4623e86098cfab2c12b691a7a04dd50c8a9559f1	1 Life and Works 2 Citations 3 Essays 4 References 5 Literature 6 "Around the World" about Galilee 7 Notes
31f820710f9d6c3e03e8b9e5996902c45a8816da	Title page
440f558b6946c513ee06b36b0197e60424fe1432	Recent edits
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9b4313a695a8a06cd99bc1630463ecd6e7f2e0a2	Introduce yourself to the system
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ea5e2415a44b0997920341d2fdaccc41db9cdb68	DISCUSSION EDIT HISTORY RENAME
1cb6282782e3a69ba3b3e0d140ba20689300aa0e	Galileo, Galileo
59b94cdd9a6f74583e39432f5e6e43254fe679eb	Portrait of Galileo Galilei.
340b40fc9615a6d887e496f7e7d4f271ab9155d5	Artist Ottavio Leoni
0542d491325ce5cb2c130094249fade6ebe00e93	Galileo Galilei (born February 15, 1564 in Pisa, now Tuscany, Italy; died January 8, 1642 in Arcetri[1]) was a famous Italian physicist, mechanic, astronomer, philosopher, philologist and poet.
448f7ad4b23cc5e3b59bc3b8a86bf2b2ad9dbd0b	The name of Galileo is associated with the heroic defense of the heliocentric system of the world and the tragic struggle against the Jesuits and the Inquisition.
faee7f3c076c5d0e3675510d892e80cb383080f0	Galileo is one of the pillars of the scientific revolution of the New Time.
da471463c0cc4d93a6f6fb7bbcd66f570f2eb14e	[edit] Life and works
4938d6438374a5599cde36f644b0326c8a2ded4c	Galileo was born in Pisa and belonged to a noble but impoverished Florentine family.
a1a128153dc83c578cac0ac235de400d6bf06cc3	In 1574, his family[2] moved to Florence, where Galileo was brought up at the monastery of Santa Maria in Vallombrosa until the age of 15, and on September 5, 1581, he entered the University of Pisa at the Faculty of Medicine.
9439f77ce7c412bfe690e4a6608254fcd9b98fad	During his 4 year training, Galileo got acquainted with the works of Aristotle, Euclid and Archimedes and, becoming interested in mathematics, began to study mechanics and geometry.
e4d449b7af9dcee78b8cd320769dfe6ada066f24	Due to financial difficulties, he left the university and returned to Florence in 1585.
00de94039e68836caa2dc88bde8d97eee62b7ba7	While still in Pisa, he met the famous mathematician Ostilio Ricci and the enlightened humanist Marquis Guidobaldo del Monte [3], on whose recommendation he was able to get a position as a professor of mathematics at the University of Pisa in 1589.
5da2208e86173cc2928e2d0c18e0c973fe491be0	It was during this period that Galileo wrote the work "On Motion" (De Motu Antiquiora Latin, 1590), where he first criticized the Aristotelian doctrine of the fall of bodies[4].
f2b3a147d1e7b8a59236f319cc55ac4437057a24	The essay expressed an opinion about the possibility of the existence of emptiness and movement in it.
477747cec25f21e0011cd9242abc51690a489016	After the death of his father in 1591, Galileo had to take care of his mother and younger family members.
b7d4a4ddb48739e6466ae8bf1274552daa329152	Again, under the patronage of the Marquis del Monte, he managed to get a better paid position as a professor of mathematics at the University of Padua, where he taught from 1592 to 1610.
dae7404b64ff1692dd2da9c1c8f27398efdf39d1	This was the period of the highest flowering of Galileo's scientific activity, when his main ideas were formed and resulted in the form of treatises and collections of letters, many of which, without being published, were dispersed in the lists.
42aa5dc3e212e70768f24d83b50930a0de384b17	In the treatise "Mechanics" (Le Meccaniche it., 1594), Galileo outlined the basics of the theory of simple mechanisms, putting forward the idea of the moment of force (which he called "vis secundum situm" lat.).
356d26fbdc63ea9bb8f8960107b7e6dfcf8d647d	In August 1609, Galileo learned about the invention of the Dutch masters of the visual lens tube.
37cf6185be7161044d37418f11ba0f46b33b8f86	He made, or rather improved, using his knowledge of geometric optics, the first telescope in the world, which he demonstrated to the Council of the Doge of Venice.
216e1ed53cc946b709684913f89ee941360708b1	From November 1609, Galileo began to observe the night sky through a telescope: he found that the Moon since ancient times was considered a perfectly smooth, in fact, like Earth, has a mountainous surface; that the milky Way consists of a "vast swarms of stars";
9e93cf4e052882f0e8afb88f194b3d1ecba41c02	On 8 January 1610, Galileo saw 4 moons of Jupiter and finally found that the Sun has spots.
c543b2fb2b52336bf145adef9c6a301ce0a65c77	Although Galileo's observations confirmed the research of Johannes Kepler and others, his statement about the movement of the planets around the Sun drew the attention of Dominicans and other representatives of the Catholic Church, who adhered to Aristotle's ideas about the absolute immutability of celestial bodies.5 Galileo's published treatise "Discourse on Bodies in water" (Discorso intorno alle cose, che stanno in su l'aqua, 1612) and "Letters on Sunspots" further strained relations between the scientist and the official church, and Galileo's famous letter to Abbot Castelli, in which he defended the views of Copernicus, served as an occasion for a direct denunciation to the Inquisition.
59fc04942ef04dff033af43afb75c9229036011a	Galileo Galilei before the court of the Inquisition in the Vatican, 1633.
f0e42e0920ead0a7da55a863f67ae36465340d15	Artist Joseph Nicolas Robert Fleury, 1847
0a4feaa8ccb5a4fda74a5f48840d14fd54691164	In 1632, Galileo published his work "Dialogue on the two most important systems of the world — Ptolemaic and Copernican"
bf61a39fd776b5ba2d328718487f6d3a686673a5	(Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo ptolemaico e copernicano, etc.), where, under the guise of approving the prohibition of the Copernican doctrine, the Italian scientist managed to present evidence in favor of the theory of the movement of the Earth.
b8ca8a7ea25ea1b353a30a537e998f83019f3ac6	This immediately provoked the reaction of the Inquisition, and in February 1633 Galileo came to Rome, where he was convicted, and on June 22, 1633, he was forced, on his knees, to publicly renounce the teachings of Copernicus: "I, Galileo, the son of the late Vincenzo Galilei from Florence, seventy years old, appearing personally in court and kneeling before you, most reverend and venerable cardinals, general inquisitors for the heresy of the entire Christian world...
4aef4aa98704b4e8239a894d59ce0c419bd1a8aa	I renounce, blaspheme and curse the above mentioned errors in heresy..."
2dcf8f787692847f7d04cabac0681421184b2d41	The life sentence was commuted to house arrest, and Galileo returned to his villa in Arcetri near Florence.
159c4ed40ea9416cf18c5d00dacc43c879d711ca	Here he wrote the essay "Conversations and mathematical proofs concerning two new sciences concerning mechanics and the laws of falling" (Discorsi e dimonstrazioni mathematiche intorno due nuove scienze attenenti alla meccanica ed movimenti locali it., published in 1638 in Protestant Holland).
b64293d13fbd0dec5cda6aa436726029f9f1fe44	In 1638, Galileo became completely blind, but continued to work surrounded by students Viviani, Evangelista Torricelli, etc.
d11dff8bcef4e41386ed16b5af68d904075d9c47	On January 8, 1642, Galileo died and was buried in the monastic chapel of the Cathedral of Santa Croce in Florence without honors and a tombstone, since the church authorities did not allow the scientist's body to be placed in the Galilean family crypt.
8627aecf048acf53ebf9905ee64c93bd2829738a	Only in 1737 was the last will of Galileo fulfilled — his ashes were transferred to the place of eternal rest.
9fefcfabbd634dec21fda08252d2607156ff4116	In 1979, at a solemn meeting of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences dedicated to the centenary of Einstein, Pope John Paul II officially recognized that the Inquisition in 1633 made a mistake, forcing the scientist to renounce the Copernican theory.
2de80b1bfc8c6f33dbad3482c7be3c7433602ccf	In the natural sciences... we must be careful not to defend the false, because thousands of Demosthenes and thousands of Aristotle will be knocked out of the saddle by any ordinary mind that is lucky enough to find the truth
2dab654c47f7f6b59c6a5aa35b8b1da78c77e67a	Philosophers fly, and they fly only like eagles, but not at all like jackdaws.
074c94b32a669e1cdc0bec4b9099deca57014b7e	Eagles are extremely rare, they are not seen much, even less heard, while birds flying in flocks resound the sky with shrill cries, chatter when they sit down, and shit on the ground under them
8f0cd78ff9911cac79a5bed796e1cfe662c198cb	Nothing great in the world was accomplished without passion
1c270f9264df59516b4bb6c3fb7d6496ecbcc0d2	I prefer to find one truth, even in insignificant things, rather than argue for a long time about the greatest questions, without reaching any truth
a1d8262bb4b0bd41fbf0337298508d73c8a6eb20	Anyone can speak confusingly, few can speak clearly
9922d1c5e939fc294975762fad0cff96e7db49d9	Only with the death of dogma does science begin
f493834106a25630664fdffa7cf8d8f1acaea408	Aristotle taught me to satisfy my mind only with what reasoning convinces me, and not just the authority of the teacher
8908350513ce3ac9db0dff0d976d0bff7756ee16	Ignorance is the mother of malice, envy, greed and all other low and gross vices, as well as sins
e9f1299a030dcc08fb231aa876974fa0781a5bba	To demand that people abandon their own judgments and submit to the judgments of others, and to appoint persons who are completely ignorant of science or art as judges over scientists — these are such innovations that can lead to destruction and destroy the state
745d93b1bcb5b2c97546b0d313e0200f6784a88e	Such is the power of truth: you try to refute it, but your very attacks elevate it and give it great value
81ef54818ae27c6ed74a3d11b0daa86b6dd0f9cf	(Eppur si muove! it.)
4a0a63ce33cc030f270c607ea7bf90a6717572bb	[6]
6fd34eac92c6b968371bc3ac78bfa8cd72359d0b	[edit] Essays
dfa91599e537f6ef6d137c194308065423bf6873	The Works of Galileo (digitized first editions and manuscripts of Galileo with English translation)
e3154573f1c1263edf0c7d6b1a62f18bbccf85d6	Le Opere. t.
f167fc607731a23cc59669ccb8783602f1dc2116	1-20.
4952ce06846754d5910f359c914f838073e91333	Firenze, 1890—1909.
992005898a2cdc7b748366a809141438bf6bb39c	Selected works M. 1964
28bc763d9501e05fc82980e9e01a9a6520140d65	Biography of Galileo and his instruments at the Museum of the History of Science, Florence
3db7059254397261a141fce3eaf06241f1c8222f	Project " Galileo "(dedicated to the life and works of the scientist)
94ab13b26a02a61e74a06c295e6f3ae049b93921	Galileo Information Archive
f09b1012b7486276ecd7e72fb9f557cfed207578	Galileo is again condemned for promoting the heliocentric system
3772e8d11e982c7a9fad3127e6a8f09825dcd15e	Gaidenko P. P.
1fe1158bcc977b9081f5fde6cd3b0f07293e4e96	On the question of the genesis of New European science (a new solution to the problem of continuity proposed by Galileo)
e6ce850bdfb0ec6c924520371968029baef83d9f	[edit] Literature
2fa901bdfa8f152ee6c66ddfaa1cdbfab0f6cacc	Fantoli A. Galilei: in Defense of the Copernican doctrine and the Dignity of the Holy Church.
ad7c5805b9b28dae54357ed7283d967ebca6a78b	Moscow, 1999 (fragments)
abe8dde2d70371c918d209260b441ef44610f6f6	Vavilov S. I. Galileo in the history of optics
5aab2f13986b703f288221e25c116a80d23c87ba	D. A. Bayuk.
fd07fb38e20d9609e2fd7d2a5d8a30cdd6a1a73a	Galileo and the Inquisition: New Historical Contexts and Interpretations (About the book by A. Fantoli "Galileo: in Defense of the Copernican Doctrine and the Dignity of the Holy Church")
dbbb4e0400fa10a0b315e88fd452b57c71ec1996	Kuznetsov B. G. Galileo Galilei.
3ac83ba5fcf885a2765455f897ec6fda3d52a68c	M., 1964
206e12c434a83f2c0160c42902580b23379cff16	Millionshchikov M. D., Ishlinsky A. Yu., etc. Galileo and modernity.
4f681c3de9053b869e1fa6e00a3107fc0f34d349	To the 400th anniversary of the birth of the great Italian scientist.
dfafdf1941cfcc7b41e2dc8bbddb0541ce35246b	Schmutzer E. S. V. Galileo Galilei.
30a8b1aba9998dd75eae32e4029d32629618583e	M., 1987
77b12f6b9b3c91621ea7d1bd0373884e3ffb0583	Sobel D. Daughter of Galileo.
558605a2d98593c7f477ed8d8c990e73cb3198d0	St. Petersburg, 2006
537be254f15fbedd3416fefd26047a78e8a48fca	[edit] "Around the World" about Galilee
66b97a9cd78a8038969ab8de67caf23adb72787c	October 1995 Italian Days (Galileo's life is connected with Florence)
691eea076511a335afe7f5657e17ef7a8df16728	June 2001 Troublemaker (Galileo was the first to discover spots on the Sun)
168f8dcb4e19b5e0b3d0af7e3b9344136976119c	November 2001 Reflecting stars (Galileo made the world's first telescope)
9ddaf31a2aee23642784114d4a9d2a4878ffd4f2	January 2002 Deception of vision (Galileo managed to achieve serious success in the development of applied optical devices)
b2e1e959d9b3cee2b0e7b94cf14f94e99579dae9	May 2005 Anatomy of the Great Spiral (Galileo was the first to see an "immense cluster of stars" in the Milky Way)
80f915669cc6d7d0c62bb6f3433d2fe906dc0f62	March 2008 Why do we trust science?
7b49c2788629695f1b30ab80cf3169917ebc01d2	(Galileo proposed a new methodology for scientific research)
9991f50bcaab02fbfbe566f78f760f835b18a4c1	TV programs
7096558915db1a72de289e88ce70ae80670b8d26	December 5, 2004 Italy.
104fe66cb8b3018ded647ffe29297bef6c9c519f	Padua (Galileo taught at the University of Padua)
ad880389d941c4d0d8c28f1188faf2dc1a5480f9	Materials of " Telegraph"
62615975134bd16b30f1c746ef2e31a5a1bcd248	Anarchist, inquisitor and prisoner (Galileo eventually became an iconic figure among those who began to be called "martyrs of science")
4a9fac8d0454a25e621e4e02b85f0cd194263e12	A farewell flash of Italian science (Evangelista Torricelli, 1608-1647, became a faithful successor of the Galilean cause in Italy)
c393fcba9d01e0aefd64c77db3e4693a670aa2d6	The Last Judgment at the end of evolution (Galileo used the theory of a native of Cordoba Averroes about the double truth, arguing that the Bible can not be read word for word)
56cf7fc2b640dd879c40a89e1bb7e132766200b3	4.3.2008 Galileo will finally be acquitted (the Catholic Church has decided to reconsider its official position in relation to former enemies: it is planned to erect a monument to Galileo right in the Vatican)
30a89085efdccfc797da0ffed970f342808268df	29.12.2008 The Year of Astronomy comes into its own (2009 was chosen as the International Year of Astronomy because this year marked the 400th anniversary of the astronomical discoveries of Galileo Galilei)
287176e9c0e271b1653ea7e9413183e976b373b3	↑ Arcetri, Arcetri — it.)
890d2a52aed013d9e5b19d55a738bf45c5caff0f	- the area south of the center of Florence ↑ Galileo's father lived and worked permanently in Florence, and the family was reunited.
279fca9b82ac2d1b0bee26f5a17287f1b795cbcd	Del Monte wrote a treatise on mechanics, was interested in fortification and a wide range of scientific problems.
7f86ec497eeec242415096268d0a37669e8fdcd3	Galileo later rejected some of the conclusions and proofs in this work, but here, without naming Copernicus, he gave arguments that refuted Aristotle's objections to the daily rotation of the Earth At the same time, problems began in the relations between Galileo and the Jesuits.
439759afcdafab9367274228c2fdf31ecf3ec4aa	The Jesuit Christoph Scheiner from Ingolstadt claimed the priority of discovering sunspots, which caused the quarrel.
188c6655940000517092a36b301729c8af5a5ada	But in 1610, everything was limited to this quarrel.
75c015ea23c9f70b4c2063f8e34d1ca3e38cab34	The legendary phrase of Galileo, allegedly said by a scientist after renouncing the belief that the Earth revolves around the Sun
7a621f786297f0ac627c949d212be5fef02b3173	-- Axenophontov 05:54, February 15, 2007 (MSK)
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20926f6c49fb8de3e096d6060ba6d11a0a2b6a90	Guide to the world of space → Biographies of scientists and astronomers → The great Italian scientist Galileo Galilei
efe15ef8863ca3f8bf6c2f43ed7e26029a2a7d4c	The great Italian scientist Galileo Galilei
0d8c5cff0ec1b67c0c168c67269aa0614cb69c85	On February 15, 1564, in the city of Pisa, the son of Galileo was born in the family of Vincenzo Galilei, later the great Italian scientist Galileo Galilei, about whom the whole world now knows.
f61b90ecc1c3727ca2b1ecf40cd96f0381525b52	About the Galileo family
553f8fe01d40fb8147c42061d6319a0bc5b26671	His family was not rich, but his father was a doctor in different directions: in mathematics, in music, in art history, and even in composing music.
585dcc2c274cd2cfd04c1afc77768d5d23f86ac1	At the age of eleven, Galileo and his parents moved to the Italian city of Florence.
cd2441f696d055c74d7e6b8c15e5f11033bce6d6	He was trained within the walls of the monastery, studying the works of the classics.
f29ab29ba6c8b895cb0c7391a8eb015ad53a227d	The father was against the monastic career of his son and soon took him away from there.
d71ec8dd3eac0fa10bba4831803ee8980351ffdb	At the age of seventeen, Galileo began his thorough study of philosophical and mathematical sciences at the University of Pisa, initially studying medicine, he retrained at the Faculty of law.
b40b45475720938fa93df8cb885a3113e528fae2	The young man is fond of the works of Archimedes, as well as Euclid.
cc41349a56b24246c882dda883d4e3790840d72a	Already in 1586, his first very small work was published, the topic of which was hydrostatic scales, designed by him personally.
ea33009b366956ec2bdcba75f17b15812c6871b2	About study and main activity
d34046b6bb1761ee76c3740305c664fefadb7a5d	The building of the University of Pisa
4508912fc76f1960f258b4d21b2d846b3abb5608	Just three years later, Galileo, who turned only 25 years old, is already a professor of mathematics at the University of Pisa.
fee6faa5cf254830c589436b99cff1cdb4952b92	There are many legends about this period of time, especially interesting are his public experiments with dropping human bodies from the tower of the city of Pisa.
29e6aa8fd3f86c5859dc047c4e07126f08c7ab15	The period from 1592 to 1610, when the scientist was appointed to the post of professor at the University of Padua at the suggestion of the Government of the Republic of Venice, is considered the most fruitful for all the years of his work on the issue of hydrostatics, mechanics, resistance of materials, as well as the theory of the simplest machines.
eeb78ec947251fdfa53fe64ee1d3b13ce0fb528f	Galileo was an opponent of the system of studying astronomy and mechanics according to the generally accepted scheme of Ptolemy — Aristotle, which led to the fact that by the end of his work in Padua he could already openly talk about it.
da547c75bbc1d99fbd87d7f899ea9545612375e3	Since that time, the scientist has a very difficult period of his life, this is the time of the Inquisition in Italy.
0c88f329f36014dc50b0429d8850dccad273ffc5	Despite the fact that Padua was considered a city very far from the inquisitors, Galileo still returns to his hometown of Florence and begins his new service already at the Medici court, thinking that he will be protected by the powerful there.
e89f0a668f0f511a3cf462a59d9fbee6d29973c7	Like every successful scientist, he had a lot of enemies, so, for example, obscurantists and ignoramuses spoke negatively about the results of his observations.
a32f6fc7663e0beb6452615434f0c7ff1768a35f	They arranged constant checks, as a result of which the validity of the scientist's discoveries was still confirmed.
4dcd3a1a9dcb63a0d7b19e20cf5a1f174eb49b24	About discoveries
16fdd8ea86811e54577e1772e4ae931f1e2e2e51	The device of the Galileo system telescope
37fab467e6800ba0610a441fed060b222c5c046a	After the invention of the telescope, the scientist began to design it.
fadaa3a421f38e7709cfaae232a08f7226f9e85c	And in less than a year, he created a pipe with a three fold increase.
4b671bc2721ee04ed51cf0e1a84b9f0ad68e918f	A little more time passed, and he achieved a stunning result — his pipe gave an increase of thirty two times!
4db175a2a9cc68b57886c278f9d15ed10b43a66c	The scientist had a unique opportunity to see the different phases of Venus, he discovered the presence of mountains on the lunar surface and satellites of the planet Jupiter (there were four of them).
761a99b4515b6edd7510fac183532b2b545af7f7	His greatest discovery is the multitude of stars that create the Milky Way.
1677f464658752864d8d945684656d9cbbe7105d	This completely refuted the views of Aristotle, but it was a confirmation of the system that Copernicus believed to be true.
ff792e0153fd756bf984f612f6319fb38568d345	After the publication of the "Star Messenger" (the new book of Galileo), where he personally, with his usual businesslike tone, reported on the observations made through the telescope and published the corresponding conclusions, a new understanding of his contemporaries ' work and discoveries takes place.
a2a58499ffc082e8de896b33e16fe05f7dd457d1	"Columbus of the sky" - so they began to call the scientist astronomer.
6af937d1b5407a72b0bbb7b5480048421fbcc9cf	Now it has become possible to explore the Universe with the help of Earth mechanics, and this is already a real revolution in the worldview and science.
a3d387ffb443bb3c788983bda167246a94dca01c	The moons of Jupiter discovered by Galileo
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cd52420f135bba886d9686a9eedffccbea0dab6b	The entry is published: 29.11.2014 Author: Maxim Zabolotsky
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ef89ff3060eb9b0fcf8a77d7a8c87c3b9371ba1a	Galileo Galilei Biographies / Famous Namesakes / Names / Surnames / Patronymic names / First name and patronymic / Horoscopes / Tests / Events / Home Galileo Galilei biography
74a9e5e02442d41acd535b8c88a750e09a4fc64d	True knowledge is the knowledge of the causes of Galileo Galilei
8ea7e0512f6bd69b947da292fa9262390b245717	Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was an Italian scientist, physicist, mechanic, astronomer, mathematician, philosopher, one of the founders of natural science; poet, philologist and critic.
1f06da41ce0c6cc6587348ea8b2fd6ea578b9b77	He fought against scholasticism, considered experience to be the basis of knowledge.
1818726af82aeb1a58e0024f4e41500cea632f00	He laid the foundations of modern mechanics: put forward the idea of the relativity of motion, established the laws of inertia, free fall and motion of bodies on an inclined plane, the addition of movements; discovered the isochrony of pendulum oscillations; was the first to investigate the strength of beams.
7b07d533e90ce4e9a4bdb5e1a2504c19d4eed383	Galileo Galilei built a telescope with 32x magnification and discovered mountains on the Moon [gor], 4 satellites of Jupiter[gor], phases of Venus [myth]/[gor], spots on the Sun[gor].
d42fcd3df685f9036b18c316ca14239217e83ca9	He actively defended the heliocentric system of the world, for which he was subjected to the Inquisition (1633), which forced him to renounce the teachings of Nicolaus Copernicus.
61a2038bdf7db4a8b7da9b336042d3685b8001c8	Until the end of his life, Galileo was considered a "prisoner of the Inquisition" and was forced to live in his villa Arcetri near Florence.
7291b0bdbd495fbdd999e158e23e7b35dacf2004	In 1992, Pope John Paul II declared the decision of the Inquisition court erroneous and rehabilitated Galileo.
20b062275775b09059f31599b6544d8d71953543	Galileo Galilei was born on February 15, 1564 in Pisa.
e06346bd1aa536c970cb27a4546e3c4b9c9f42ce	Scientific representations of the 2nd half of the 16th century.
c252fe79a3f8c701d2e85ed8133332a742797f68	The role of Galileo In the years of Galileo's childhood and youth, ideas formed in the times of antiquity almost completely dominated.
bca42b63f881d7ddda51696deaa8a782a4b6d53f	Some of them, for example, the geometry of Euclid and the statics of Archimedes, have retained their significance even today.
68075e21900412c9883ad4534fbf52b76838c1ad	The observations of astronomers also accumulated a lot of baggage, which led to the emergence of the Ptolemaic world system, progressive for its time (2nd century AD).
36cd0011e852d9cff8d119d708e4486cb12c6852	However, many provisions of ancient science, which eventually acquired the status of indisputable dogmas, did not stand the test of time and were rejected when experience was recognized as the main arbiter in science.
948231ecb262d3573072e9763a885006dffe1811	First of all, this applies to the mechanics of Aristotle and many of his other natural scientific ideas.
5cb5e45bbfe64fe406c695658f99b276ed98ef2e	It was these erroneous propositions that became the foundation of the official "ideological credo", and it took not only the ability to think independently, but also simply the courage to oppose it.
1feb97aa3566050c19f68af0dce2b5c9cff2ccdf	One of the first to do this was Galileo Galilei.
70c72eb947b79accf5e2ce81cc3f889baedb1b70	The beginning of the way Galileo Galilei came from a noble, but impoverished noble family.
05ba1cc06fb56f4b3fe164a813cd5797187ac296	His father, a musician and mathematician, wanted his son to become a doctor,and in 1581, after graduating from the monastery school, he assigned him to the medical faculty of the University of Pisa.
52f14d7cb9ef9375aa2e6b017d310c4c96f5b559	But medicine did not attract a seventeen year old boy.
58579f5bd3927455963241671d2cb17f3942e5cc	After leaving the university, he went to Florence and immersed himself in the independent study of the works of Euclid and Archimedes.
2af6b2e8c829049880cf2c23051104cc4a8820fe	On the advice of Professor Ricci of Philosophy and yielding to the requests of his son, Galileo's father transferred him to the Faculty of Philosophy, where philosophy and mathematics were studied in more depth.
2224ffee5949089bd978d587cad2a181a3f3a028	In his childhood, Galileo was fond of designing mechanical toys, making working models of cars, mills and ships.
36350a89454f823811181ce27948986b119aabd2	As his disciple Viviani later told, Galileo was distinguished by a rare observation in his youth, thanks to which he made his first important discovery: observing the swinging of the chandelier in the Pisa Cathedral, he established the law of isochrony of the pendulum oscillations (the independence of the oscillation period from the deviation value).
e019843b4b90539d59075974d3a54d5190ee7620	Some researchers question Viviani's account of the circumstances of this discovery, but it is reliably known that Galileo Galilei not only tested this law on experiments, but also used it to determine time intervals, which, in particular, was enthusiastically accepted by doctors.
b718f4dc5e09715ca5138338946af0b613de813b	The ability to observe and draw conclusions from what he saw always distinguished Galileo.
eeb127de93c116a66c70da517385baf6a01ab733	Even in his youth, he realized that " ... the phenomena of nature, no matter how insignificant, no matter how unimportant they may seem in all respects, should not be despised by a philosopher, but all should be equally revered.
4afd23376355fd4b80e6be9f19caa1442bab001f	Nature achieves great things by small means, and all its manifestations are equally amazing."
d4eadd709918fb7b0ecdca082b95d81fe365f98a	In essence, this statement can be considered a declaration of Galileo's experimental approach to the study of natural phenomena.
d1d4e112f1cade5ab4113f6323c2b3968fe23324	In 1586, Galileo Galilei published a description of hydrostatic scales designed by him, designed to measure the density of solids and determine the centers of gravity.
080c544c2b688a3361b1da3d1e97c10d75246248	This, like his other works, is noticed.
2d480e61cb2e7f3f63ce82bc7d0652eecded8339	He has influential patrons, and thanks to their patronage, he gets a professor's position at the University of Pisa in 1589 (although with a minimum salary).
b55c38e12cd9865fdc3cfea970472901756dc98c	After three years at the University of Pisa, having started lecturing in philosophy and mathematics at the university, Galileo was faced with a difficult choice.
2b2faa06d1a1e8df1f07c20ddb44176fdf45939e	On the one hand, the views of Aristotle that have acquired the status of inviolable dogmas, on the other hand, the fruits of their own reflections and, more importantly, experience.
4b118daa6da99c4af95a4cbebd2e0fdf56bd7555	Aristotle argued that the speed of falling bodies is proportional to their weight.
d23313a7b870247f0a0b86004d540ab17d52161c	This statement was already in doubt, and the observations made by Galileo in the presence of numerous witnesses of the fall from the Tower of Pisa of balls of different weights, but of the same size, clearly refuted it.
df03c5ff24be7099b12acbd7125a798f00e1fff3	Aristotle taught that different bodies have a different "property of lightness", which is why some bodies fall faster than others, that the concept of rest is absolute, that in order for a body to move, it must constantly be pushed by air, and therefore, the movement of bodies indicates the absence of emptiness.
d482628b512da75913cf4397f51deafee894b616	Already in 1590, a year after starting work in Pisa, Galileo Galilei wrote a treatise "On the movement", in which he made sharp objections to the views of the peripatetics (followers of Aristotle).
95cab57e3411434c8b446ac3d56e45457f416961	This could not but cause a sharply disapproving attitude towards him on the part of representatives of state owned scholastic science.
98a8c1ff60937dbe2c4bbe7b57b6eb5e5b71a721	In addition, Galileo was severely strapped for funds at that time, and therefore was glad to receive (again thanks to his patron) an invitation from the government of the Republic of Venice to work at the University in Padua.
68f8d0dde78a5d946c2847ba3962a23185d76161	The Paduan period The transfer in 1592 to the University of Padua, where Galileo took the chair of mathematics, marked the beginning of the most fruitful period in his life.
92ccf630aadd17d66afa5b10283efd5d619da08b	He described his observations in an essay published in 1610 under the proud title "The Starry Messenger".
83865bb3fba04862d23abdcbb811bcc518c6932b	After the publication of the "Star Messenger" with the dedication to the new Tuscan Duke Cosimo II de ' Medici, Galileo accepts the Duke's invitation to return to Florence, where he becomes a court "philosopher" and "first mathematician" of the university, without the obligation to lecture.
1c76bd9375fad9460dd09e17302e73df64b678bd	By that time, the fame of Galileo's works had spread throughout Italy, causing the admiration of some and the fierce hatred of others.
6725974dfab961b34987f7420574fb3be3c42f3a	However, for some time, hostile feelings did not manifest themselves.
5f359c63642620c64f7ce477200893e12a501373	Moreover, when Galileo Galilei arrived in Rome in 1611, he was given an enthusiastic reception by the" first persons " of the city and the church.
7f3ef6504d045b4e08a88fb2157a7d9636eb9aa6	He did not yet know that a secret surveillance was established for him.
9d4807ed7baca176c02b16a0b54c85cbbc38469f	By 1612, the offensive of Galileo's opponents intensified.
e46a1275ba8384a2027444398733fefaf60b4081	In 1613, his disciple Abbot Castelli, a professor at the University of Pisa, informs him that the question of the incompatibility of Galileo's discoveries with the Holy Scriptures has been raised, and the mother of the Duke of Tuscany is actively among the accusers.
57d4ab197ecb7cdef4368b1507c91207ac21787c	In his reply to Castelli, which was essentially a program document, Galileo Galilei gave a deep and detailed answer to all the accusations, making an attempt to clearly distinguish the spheres of science and the church.
8aecaec27dfe30b111fd5a725c4bf52ecf827e32	For almost two years, the church was silent, perhaps not having accurate information about the letter, although it was already known about it in Pisa, Rome and Florence.
1e010ebf31dc3e9991d10465a11204ded5bb9629	When a copy of the letter (moreover, with deliberate distortions) was sent to the Inquisition, Galileo, who learned about it, went to Rome in early February 1616 in the hope of defending his teaching.
20250a8fc495ce8e581a826cbf8f8a47914ea285	The first process of the circumstances and this time favored Galileo.
64355bfa7791cfaf519031f57511c6618722498a	Shortly before his arrival in Rome, an essay by a priest appeared, in which the idea was expressed that the teachings of Copernicus did not contradict religion.
5b07aa7341f0b5b1f15dc5bfc02cdf1c5fb83449	Letters of recommendation from the Duke of Tuscany convinced the Inquisition that Galileo's accusations of heresy were groundless.
76ff42da8a8cd689f83bf9a71cecc32b3b716838	Galileo Galilei, however, had to solve the most difficult task: to legalize his scientific views, and he began to act.
0a67cf856f0e47f41ade26d155a051e7d4f0dcc8	According to the memoirs of his contemporaries, Galileo had a brilliant gift as a popularizer and polemicist, and his numerous speeches were an undoubted success.
6205e7f57b437c6f4ae363ef3413bce8295c61a6	But he overestimated the power of scientific arguments and underestimated the power of the defenders of ideological dogmas.
00ad963e2fa8c763661cd145b4e6c6d5cad224a0	In March 1616, the congregation of the Jesuits issued a decree declaring the teachings of Copernicus heretical and his books banned.
058653dd075ba3fae3a06e17eeee3ace0b13ea63	Galileo's name was not mentioned in the decree, but he was privately ordered to repent to the church and renounce his views.
f1b6bec834894cd0274252f9cfed86f48881e756	Galileo formally obeyed the order and had to change his tactics.
9bd313bf5f0e11de2aa33119940622294faa7133	For many years, he did not openly promote the teachings of Copernicus.
6094341f239a0f4adb16dcc78da72da2ed35e1ef	During this period, Galileo published the only major work — the polemical treatise "Assay Scales" (1623) about the three comets that appeared in 1618.
4b85de78f39cea1e45f718509d8c2fecb96bbb66	In form, wit and refinement of style, this is one of the best works of Galileo.
ee9ad20b9aec14fbf990d1f81fe8f60fefbb7bf2	Although the open defense of the Copernican system was prohibited, the form of a dispute dialogue was not prohibited.
8e162f9395218c723ed7476ea4464f21d0eb08fa	In 1630, Galileo Galilei went to Rome with a finished manuscript of the "Dialogue on the Tides", where in the form of a conversation between three interlocutors, an idea of the two main systems of the world — Ptolemy and Copernicus is given.
b299e1eef4bf07ba06a8456c46842ad3c3654eca	After two years of fighting censorship, Galileo receives permission to publish the book.
009a777c1d547aeb532e48d844cb1af5f7bbf552	It was published in August 1632 in Florence under the title "A dialogue about two systems of the world Ptolemaic and Copernican".
99fee9a279bde0e230c4b6e32f1e5685c2a7ed30	The second process, the publication of the book, the news of which quickly spread around Europe, caused an immediate reaction of the Inquisition.
78dfe716f425fed6f0f29c47f02cf4a2575c2d4f	On November 23, 1632, Galileo was ordered to appear in Rome.
74e3ca2aa103e6125835045330c8d87e3dae2cd6	Despite his advanced age and illness,his request for a postponement remains unheeded.
5a3632891f76b4a2e23655a6e74aa2e754b6f753	In February 1633, Galileo was taken to Rome on a stretcher.
3ca0b56aa48062b1866a59054fb152e1649b1e50	Until April 12, he lives in the house of the Tuscan envoy, and then he is placed in the prison of the Inquisition.
2309b21a328ce420d16abefbafa755bd6f6de19c	Interrogations, demands for renunciation, threats of torture, and perhaps the most terrible thing the destruction of all his works.
c9211add1569387383f1d092e1bfde453e619f96	Galileo's attempts to justify that the "Dialogues" are just a discussion are unsuccessful this time.
1bd96bd641b141db8992d02fb15eb4c838d7aca0	They only increase the irritation of the judges.
990b606de526a786e8955ae34c70018b30d9946a	On June 22, Galileo Galilei is brought to the Dominican monastery of St. Minerva, forced to sign a renunciation and on his knees to offer public repentance.
10fce29ae5c3690a30241e2f8d92dec6c110b092	In the last years After the trial, Galileo was declared a "prisoner of the holy Inquisition", and his place of residence was determined first by the ducal palace in Rome, and then by the Villa Arcetri near Florence.
6eb48109187ece948e3ebd1def1e053465a609dd	Until 1637, when he lost his sight, Galileo continued to work hard and completed the preparation of the book "Conversations and Mathematical Proofs concerning two new branches of science related to mechanics and Local Motion", which summarizes all his achievements in the field of mechanics.
db456bfa0025e8415c854c45351614d7ebc2c52c	In this book, in contrast to the" Dialogues", the presentation is constructed as if the polemic with the supporters of Aristotle has lost its relevance, and it is necessary to assert new scientific views.
0f22a3020f731677295b8b9a235e093775399103	The book tells about four "Days".
8dd0a824c24f0c33d83c5a2a85dd4c17c1659632	The beginning of the first of them is devoted to the question of the speed of light; then we discuss the motion by inertia and the features of the oscillations of pendulums, which leads Galileo to wonderful ideas about the propagation of waves in general and acoustic waves in particular.
fb43b49a0ccfd290ae530e9cd394e4e6bcc18ae1	The "second day" is dedicated to the hardness and destruction of materials.
3a4f79414082e9c0d05033334e6085a02349db4c	The next two "Days" are devoted to issues of dynamics, including the movement of bodies along an inclined plane.
1ccef9dcf6ecea6cd17aae580f2a3718112a357c	Thanks to the help of friends, his last book was published during the life of Galileo, which gave him great joy.
69bfa2d582fa731992ff2fc29db201bdb4bbcb64	Galileo Galilei died on January 8, 1642 at the Villa Arcetri.
b3ee867c3b2b16aa91b8ec5b7a62aa45250c1a40	In 1732, according to the last will of Galileo, his ashes were transferred to the Church of Santa Croce in Florence, where he is buried next to Michelangelo.
b8b42d22658c626e1be7a854c6980a2ef7de6675	(V. I. Grigoriev) A brilliant politician, Galileo was not only a brilliant scientist, but also a brilliant politician.
77058f40c22199552b274f6df6f713a0287a0da3	Finding himself in a difficult financial situation by 1609 (huge debts after marrying his sisters), the astronomer successfully used his discovery of the moons of Jupiter, calling them "Medicean stars": "Instead of dividing the discovery among his patrons — giving one a telescope he used, dedicating a book to another, etc. — as he had done before, he decided to focus his efforts on the Medici.
d316003326149aefa9ee809b480a7dae3c5aba62	The Medici were chosen by him for one reason: shortly after Cosimo I founded the Medici dynasty in 1540, he chose Jupiter, the most powerful of the gods, as the symbol of the house of Medici — a symbol of power that extended beyond politics and money, power dating back to ancient Rome and its deities.
88c89e9afea07c9db96853d624cb3bfff1768afe	Galileo presented his discovery of the moons of Jupiter as a cosmic event celebrating the greatness of the Medici.
52b85ae83fe4b84028a6c03c81c62798412db981	Shortly after the discovery, he announced that "bright stars (satellites of Jupiter) appeared in the sky" in front of his telescope at the time of the coronation of Cosimo II. He stated that the number of moons — four — coincides with the number of members of the House of Medici (Cosimo II had three brothers) and that the moons revolve around Jupiter, as the four sons revolve around Cosimo 1, the founder of the dynasty.
622486a8566cb8b2571a3a07095959ce5fe3eb69	This was more than just a coincidence, it indicated that the sky itself reflected the rise of the Medici dynasty.
77daf7e129c5022572cbfe883bb8c82ed8a8dffb	After he dedicated the discovery to the Medici, Galileo prepared an emblem depicting Jupiter sitting on a cloud surrounded by four stars, and presented it to Cosimo II as a symbol of his connection with the stars.
747a208a88eda8a2d63872443c08c1fdf6990c63	In 1610, Cosimo II officially appointed Galileo a court philosopher and mathematician, on a full salary.
0de02a5d34f726ca3d29c8d9fb0d67575949492f	For the scientist, this was a vital success.
a3a27110a161385802317de9e1bd5a26ec212267	The time when he, like a beggar, begged for handouts was over" (Green, 2003, pp. 33-34) More about Galileo Galilei: The name of this man caused both admiration and hatred among his contemporaries.
62270c3d98dc22421f5fc0cb8e762c0b8f60baf3	Until the age of eleven, Galileo lived in Pisa and studied at an ordinary school, and then moved with his family to Florence, where he continued his education at the Benedictine monastery, where he studied grammar, arithmetic, rhetoric and other subjects.
14f352d164a71f662e020cd34a35b24f1ecb0f36	At the same time, out of curiosity, he read works on mathematics and mechanics, in particular, Euclid and Archimedes, the latter later Galileo always called his teacher.
2b2ac7118e1782dbd5542f3056dc0fd73a21d9c4	Under the patronage of one of them — the author of the "Textbook of Mechanics" Guido Ubaldo del Monte, Galileo Galilei received a chair of mathematics at the University of Pisa in 1589.
927031c56a29195e6accc5d6c492b2e18d64e6fa	In his work "On Motion" (1590), Galileo Galilei criticized the Aristotelian doctrine of the fall of bodies.
8bc6476a78b4398538394c5706bf57f149651e6e	The same period includes the establishment of By Galileo, the isochrony of small oscillations of a pendulum is the independence of the period of its oscillations from the amplitude.
3820e125fa9d9193b28b74c5f43696622101eb4c	Galileo's criticism of the physical representations of Aristotle by Galileo restored numerous supporters of the ancient Greek scientist against him.
923ad04ab441881273fde4b76a67539768dddd2c	Here he found a family, linking his fate with Marina Gamba, who gave birth to two daughters: Virginia (1600) and Livia (1601); later a son Vincenzo (1606) was born.
42ef336fe77967fcce0858d154108e2e51f41d33	Since 1606, Galileo Galilei has been engaged in astronomy.
839be744ca05ed5bbbaf2cc13fc9a0c6d43baaa9	In March 1610, his work entitled "The Starry Messenger"was published.
33360f7ed83150a96cb6fecf5b5fca10df84f66e	What he saw there — the lunar landscape, mountain ranges and peaks casting shadows, valleys and seas already led to the idea that the Moon was similar to the Earth — a fact that did not support religious dogmas and the teachings of Aristotle about the special position of the Earth among the celestial bodies.
095cad30fd4680083d9ec6b1b7518a3f4001099e	Later, Galileo Galilei discovered the phenomenon of Saturn [horus] (although he did not understand what it was about) and discovered the phases of Venus.
737dd2dec656246ecfea2ed6c6f8bf7056735269	After that, Galileo Galilei concluded that the heliocentric system of the world proposed by Copernicus is the only true one.
6a3a54f0ddbd8e48988073e0f9f35186223ced1d	Galileo's telescopic discoveries were met by many with distrust, even with hostility, but the supporters of the Copernican doctrine, and above all Johann Kepler, who immediately published "Conversation with the Star Messenger", reacted to them with delight, seeing in this confirmation of the correctness of their beliefs.
97f70e79e545ab59462a563e53b6d4cf7be70a67	Now, having a powerful patron in the person of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Galileo Galilei begins to propagate the teachings of Copernicus more and more boldly.
bcce1e9df9088797a4d9d19860e2518f43ca0e2d	The concern of the ministers of the church about the triumphant spread of the Copernican doctrine is well explained by a letter from Cardinal Roberto Bellarmino to one of his correspondents: "When it is claimed that under the assumption that the Earth moves and the Sun stands still, all the observed phenomena are explained better than under... according to the geocentric system of Ptolemy, this is perfectly said and does not involve any danger; and this is enough for mathematics; but when they begin to say that the Sun actually stands at the center of the world and that it only rotates around itself, but does not move from east to west, and that the Earth is in the third heaven and rotates around the Sun with great speed, this is a very dangerous thing, and not only because it irritates all philosophers and learned theologians, but also because it harms the holy faith, since it implies the falsity of the Holy Faith.
161d5ea4a93ce964166af808eaa9ab51aca1c738	On the basis of this conclusion, the heliocentric doctrine was declared heretical, and Copernicus ' book "On the circulation of the Celestial Spheres" was included in the index of prohibited books.
292c5d6fb3fdea47d743d102fe92f1c4897d4146	Galileo Galilei was summoned from Florence to Rome and in a mild but categorical form demanded to stop promoting heretical ideas about the structure of the world.
450a3f7d3200df80faa4caf84b0fd16142e162e0	Galileo Galilei returns to Florence and continues to work on a new book, without losing hope of ever publishing his work.
7feb2b91b43174da605dcf937d4484f2c0e91d83	The book was called "A dialogue about the two most important systems of the world — Ptolemaic and Copernican" and was written as a dramatic work.
677e36da84d6446eed70f4ec76342ca0f0c9e775	For censorship reasons, Galileo is forced to be careful: the book is written in the form of a dialogue between two supporters of Copernicus and one adherent of Aristotle and Ptolemy, and each of the interlocutors tries to understand the other's point of view, assuming its validity.
27fb86f0261f07ecab882aad1b2455134ec505d2	But neither the preface nor the form of presentation could hide the truth: the dogmas of Aristotelian physics and Ptolemaic astronomy suffer such an obvious collapse here, and the Copernican theory triumphs so convincingly that, contrary to what was said in the preface, Galileo's personal attitude to the Copernican teaching and his conviction of the validity of this teaching are not in doubt.
a2269a1de034a68a0ed19d102cfbab4eef50d096	However, it follows from the presentation that Galileo Galilei still believed in the uniform and circular motion of the planets around the Sun, i.e. he failed to evaluate and did not accept Kepler's laws of planetary motion.
d9cea731e3a6b7d0d33eed1bd26906b32d6d3e53	He also did not agree with Kepler's assumptions about the causes of the tides (the attraction of the Moon), instead developing his own theory of this phenomenon, which turned out to be incorrect.
db05626a4547af64c2d55b734dff6be094905fd5	In vain, the seventy year old elder presented the testimony of three doctors that he was ill.
475af584d4eb857b8f620001ca2120fbb6d5de9c	"I arrived in Rome," writes Galileo in one of his letters, " on February 10, 1633, and put myself at the mercy of the Inquisition and the holy father..
a71ceb1b4f271d0928cf6cbad92590bc4698bf3f	At first I was locked up in the Trinity Castle on the mountain, and the next day the commissioner of the Inquisition visited me and took me away in his carriage.
a83ce5f74bd316f03133f831590b43709a9ff811	To all the mathematical proofs that I could oppose to him, he answered me with words from the Holy Scriptures: "The earth was and will be stationary forever and ever."
2e9933039262a1f44f6105ab8646c55409331bfc	Under the threat of torture, Galileo, refuting the accusation that he violated the ban on promoting the Copernican doctrine, was forced to admit that he "unconsciously" contributed to confirming the correctness of this doctrine, and publicly renounce it By doing so, humiliated the famous Galileo Galilei understood that the process initiated by the Inquisition would not stop the triumphal march of the new teaching, he himself needed time and opportunity for further development of the ideas laid down in the "Dialogue" so that they would become the beginning of a classical system of the world in which there would be no place for church dogmas.
aa9f64a0a5dbaf26c4a3caa0dbaa7b130f01a801	Here is what Galileo Galilei writes, for example, to his friend in Paris: "In Arcetri, I live under the strictest prohibition not to go to the city and not to receive many friends at the same time, nor to communicate with those whom I receive except with extreme restraint...
17cf1c80940f780cd7c6a6b16bcdfdf738926dee	For two years, Galileo Galilei has been in prison writing " Conversations and Mathematical Proofs...", where, in particular, he sets out the basics of dynamics.
571a8e823f8f329d2d84dfecfc7c94d598d36f3e	(Samin D. K. 100 great scientists.
e3fd0abbb89b720627837dc0b9796bd03e7e2f8e	- Moscow: Veche, 2000) More about Galileo Galilei: Galileo (Calileo Galilei).
2cf080b5b434d11f9e92fda15d541f153390a47b	- The family of Galileo belonged to the Florentine nobles; the original surname of his ancestors was Bonajuti, but one of them, Galileo Bonajuti, a doctor, having reached the title of gonfaloniere of Justice of the Florentine Republic, became called Galileo dei Galilei and this surname passed to his descendants.
b0dbeead23424dcbfb1ba752f08293b145830876	Vincenzo, Galileo's father, a resident of Florence, in 1564 temporarily lived in Pisa with his wife, and here they had a son, who glorified his name with the discovery of the laws of motion of falling bodies and thereby laid the first foundation of that part of mechanics called dynamics.
16647cb71ca7dd1ab3db4710defb62191ddedbfd	Vincenzo himself was very well versed in literature and music theory; he carefully engaged in the upbringing and education of his eldest son.
df770445ce00a46bb5d04f89f98ce44741e1d786	At the age of 16, Galileo Galilei was sent to the University of Pisa to take a philosophy course, so that he would then study medicine.
6881e175f875bdeb032f5aab54790f70383ffd9b	At that time, the teaching of the peripatetics, based on the philosophy of Aristotle, distorted by scribes and interpreters, prevailed in science.
249b009236a4f9bc449aca0bb722a9c59cd8b1e7	The method of peripatetics for explaining the phenomena of nature was as follows.
eda14a6bd836ced436e45218e56cffd7a3825868	First of all, they proceeded from hypotheses or propositions directly drawn from the writings of Aristotle and from them, by means of syllogisms, they deduced conclusions about how certain natural phenomena should occur; they did not resort to verifying these conclusions by experience at all.
9ccf5433d55476c2187ecfda0fe841ff033b57c8	Following this path, the peripatetics were, for example, convinced and taught others that a body weighing ten times more than another body falls ten times faster.
ae22b299e3c7a80e94326f71899caea6d66e07ba	One must think that Galileo Galilei was not satisfied with such a philosophy; from an early age, he showed a desire to
ea3f0a5ea630f91a90016f0646d313579c5cf6d6	Henry Ford (July 30, 1863-April 7, 1947) was an American industrialist, owner of automobile manufacturing plants around the world, inventor, author of 161 US patents.
a791898b9ca6d210f8eac84de923c10935a0e39f	Its slogan is "a car for everyone"; the Ford plant produced the cheapest cars at the beginning of the automotive era.
9f7f81089774a957df1f6c2ddac06f4a0f39beaa	Henry Ford is also known for the fact that for the first time he began to use an industrial conveyor for the in-line production of cars.
81de565120a9d1962d5ec6dd00352e0c68f74862	Contrary to popular misconception, the conveyor was used before, including for mass production.
3885b806638a91162e93f5c8171f3810445c5ef2	However, Henry Ford was the first to" put on the conveyor " a technically complex, that is, a product that needs technical support throughout its entire service life — a car.
000071f6632eb624198d422d459e228cee0e3b90	Ford's book "My life, my achievements" is a classic work on the scientific organization of labor.
c37f95b1cb7dab4c201b047621797b84b79af60f	In 1924, the book "My Life, my achievements" was published in the USSR.
f540180f7e3a51b0fc159a2cf49c30a3b8b88b16	This book has become the source of such a complex political economic phenomenon as Fordism.
1573f2c742fd72393eba1176847a27722d233b30	He was born in a family of immigrants from Ireland, who lived on a farm near Detroit.
b8f0a8f013b43b70b408585b9a9e66b47aad28a4	When he turned 16, he ran away from home and went to work in Detroit.
d94522822631a196cb3115b95425d6e3da5f5bf9	In 1891-1899, he served as a mechanical engineer, and later as a chief engineer at the Edison Electric Company (Edison Illuminating Company).
d6ccbe31d72f5a0aa1dee70aaef59b44025513e3	In 1893, in his spare time, he designed his first car.
d149c865ecc55a1b31e83129f71cc6cbaddd935d	From 1899 to 1902, he was a co-owner of the Detroit Automobile Company, but due to disagreements with the other owners of the company, he left it and in 1903 founded the Ford Motor Company, which initially produced cars under the Ford A brand.
7725c0bceb07cd1e2db1429a31c6b2c0b83def14	In 1879 , J. B. Selden patented a design for a car that was not built; it contained only a description of the basic principles.
cfb0e59af53aaa8b2284a685384071706810d302	The lawsuit against the Ford Motor Company, initiated by Selden, lasted from 1903 to 1911. "Legitimate manufacturers" threatened to subpoena Ford car buyers.
db2110861f9fac0c13aa2e937dbba5b683e02742	But he acted courageously, publicly promising his customers "help and protection", although the financial capabilities of the" legitimate manufacturers " far exceeded his own.
ed7ad042abc753d12146e8799b28aa19d0cb1875	In 1909, Ford lost the case, but after reviewing the case, the court decided that none of the automakers violated Selden's rights, since they used an engine of a different design.
c6f68b06e08b0c3334f55ff7c326bf011db95fa1	The monopoly association immediately collapsed, and Henry gained a reputation as a fighter for the interests of consumers[1].
71bc4cc3b3dda0c864be47ca49394710ffc78cb7	The greatest success came to the company after the launch of the Ford T model in 1908.
9d3b9df7d85b623362d7c79cf1133596e2e9004e	In 1910, Ford built and launched the most modern plant in the automotive industry — the well-lit and well-ventilated Highland Park.
b5dd49f514cf1503aef065bd013c06df0188b193	On it, in April 1913, the first experiment on the use of an assembly line began.
d4754d0f1bfbe53400478ca29db9357eba87fcdf	The first assembly unit assembled on the conveyor was the generator.
9e35cb9910c29a265434badaa552d26d1fb28d38	The principles tested during the assembly of the generator were applied to the entire engine as a whole.
0882c12d2bf0d29498303b1d8723db4975b458fb	One worker manufactured the engine in 9 hours and 54 minutes.
e23e1041f7ca13148cc6d8d8f70dee25139a4d80	When the assembly was divided into 84 operations performed by 84 workers, the engine assembly time was reduced by more than 40 minutes.
2ca20c08928e310f0bffaa784ad8d43f0164a4ef	Under the old production method, when the car was assembled in one place, it took 12 hours and 28 minutes of working time to assemble the chassis.
fd4c93403bd2582e3ba3f2c7675ecd900525a08b	A moving platform was installed and various parts of the chassis were delivered either by means of hooks suspended on chains, or on small motor carts.
e9e4dd534acfa00228bef29f1125a95416e4b6a8	The production time of the chassis was reduced by more than half.
c658d06e89da76932db383cc1e748a313019e19c	A year later (in 1914), the company raised the height of the assembly line to the waist.
6f140cd13e4089c626761423b533f9832922d342	After that, two conveyors were not slow to appear — one for high and one for low growth.
e91b95bd6d687c769154786fc29e8d17fc0f6c17	The experiments extended to the entire production process as a whole.
80a9275cd8d44876e3537806c49bceed4ede95e1	After a few months of the assembly line operation, the time required for the production of the Model T was reduced from 12 hours to two or less[2].
d3725080f571358d89bd0f936c489058125b6a5d	In order to exercise strict control, Ford created a full production cycle: from ore mining and metal smelting to the production of a finished car.
cb3672acb144f2e3a1bb72d427d6bf76b39c4ff8	In 1914, he introduced the highest minimum wage in the United States — $ 5 a day, allowed workers to participate in the company's profits, built an exemplary work settlement, but until 1941 he did not allow trade unions to be formed at his factories.
ea093ae8029fecd3a5c22d0ff17f212762941466	In 1914, the corporation's factories began working around the clock in three shifts of 8 hours, instead of two shifts of 9 hours, which allowed to provide additional work for several thousand people.
1a572fad66554f2f7cca36d6a0f9072274ddb3d6	The "increased salary" of $ 5 was not guaranteed to everyone: the worker had to spend his salary wisely, for the maintenance of the family, if he drank the money, he was fired.
cb2f7bac27f6a7a32bee9ae6fee00fd79a4f929a	These rules were maintained in the corporation until the period of the Great Depression[3].
1cc05ab2c7cc14f4f9c1e7330b6219b134cf6a1b	At the beginning of the First World War, Ford and a group of pacifists on his own initiative sailed to Europe on the ship "Oscar 2" as a messenger of peace, urging everyone to stop the war as soon as possible.
6f88285e084accb01d9e8599e28efca990e708d3	He was severely ridiculed by European newspapers and returned to the United States[4].
4af8e94503b1d9125e853775252d4add6efe6848	However, in the spring of 1917, when America entered the war on the side of the Entente, Ford changed his views.
3d83efe1459e978905a7e30a82fb07750d59a112	Ford factories began to fulfill military orders.
f870ff8f83cccfbe1f0220f71aee4734ab8d2de4	In addition to cars, the production of gas masks, helmets, cylinders for Liberty aircraft engines was launched, and at the very end of the war — light tanks and even submarines.
45f5cf388769df1e99913de18b80f26a871a3c67	At the same time, Ford said that he was not going to profit from military orders and would return the profit he received to the state.
f7547dfa068f5cc799f37d0c53ce3d60d8aaa31f	And although there is no confirmation that this promise was fulfilled by Ford, it was approved by the American society[5].
390d4a21ee6732ba1fb8e089e1b318a17ebb1456	In 1925, Ford created his own airline, later called Ford Airways.
032923a4e720e89707b53df3a3f6e653f3394fb5	In addition, Ford began to subsidize the firm of William Stoat, and in August 1925 he bought it and began manufacturing airliners himself.
3af4e7c601e6f3bc5ed6b78cb2653d77aa407f00	A total of 199 copies were released.
2454ab5b98eb07f482d205d9b76c35d5602c480d	The Ford Trimotor was in operation until 1989[6].
c4e94109af93c442865d35aea979d2d6913dd1c2	In 1928, Ford was awarded the Elliot Cresson Medal of the Benjamin Franklin Institute for revolutionary achievements in the automotive industry and industrial leadership.
75b3aaf35266d03533922e08e9d5d7e3ea9a3227	He remained the head of the company until the 1930s, when, due to disagreements with the trade unions and partners, he transferred the business to his son Edsel, but after his death in 1943, he returned to the post of head of the company.
4045b38603106984647b751e000878f509d59535	In 1945, Henry Ford finally handed over the management of the company to his grandson Henry Ford II.
a3ebdd7213e828b7fd21594ff97d43c0140cd48c	He died on April 7, 1947 at the age of 83.
3cc04948c267a24eac9b181d039ae8bdfde07e5b	Henry Ford can be considered the first motorist in our world - it was he who made the first trips on his "gasoline cart" around Detroit already in 1895.
deb9f628c8ba8c300424746393405101e1e7559a	It is worth noting that at that time in America there were already self-propelled strollers driven by steam engines, and in Europe there were gasoline analogues of Ford's trolley, but Henry Ford was the first person to use this "great-great-grandmother" of the car for everyday trips.
a144ceb498688c1ea01a33532d498e4aa2085fb9	Moreover, Henry Ford is the first inhabitant of our planet to receive a real driver's license.
064fcceaf494743d9410ee0ee6d5b4cee524381b	Why, I find it difficult to say now, as far as I know, there were no laws regarding speed limits at that time.
25d9b4e8688387c448cb3712c18c34710688a812	Henry Ford was the first person to use conveyor assembly at his factories, which allowed 5-10 (!) times to speed up the production process of cars.
9a5b733b02e8e2903e7dd4127a4c47dad23c3de6	Also, this great mechanic was the first to think of raising the working area to the level of a person's waist, as well as using suspended transport systems (in the form of chains and hooks above the conveyor) to move heavy parts.
92793f55a5bea557d03c5f0e717f36b07535b958	The first company that produced cars based on Ford's designs was the Detroit Automobile Company, which Henry Ford left due to disagreements with the co-founders.
6f8541a092f483816f914967e548e77ecffa459e	And by the way, now this campaign is called "Cadillac".
3ec934fd651562c5e06355d80434e07277b92469	Henry Ford paid his employees an "inflated" salary.
57a1bc8b8bd50dd7bcdef81d9a209f0bb5f21283	But if Ford found out that a worker was spending his money on drinking or hiding it from his family, he immediately lost his job.
05dc7a7f990e546d8c995ce6799e9988e2f7ac24	Henry Ford made a special bet on the reliability of his cars, as well as the availability of spare parts and repairs, if there was a need.
2c989460cbd0a242c58ce4c742528511de1d971d	And at this time, competing companies proceeded from the fact that the car is a toy for the rich, and it is a sacred thing to charge them exorbitantly for spare parts and repairs.
6edd0976ffadd80f346003b195e97398f0d11aae	The founder of the plant, a young Henry Ford, raised his brainchild not only with hard work and boundless faith in success, but also with truly innovative solutions in the field of production and enterprise management.
87dd9ff62ca9e5dfa8c1546885ec954d7c9ccae6	An important role was played by Henry's wife, who, as Ford himself later recalled, " Believed in my success even more than I did."
1683defda0704abad120e3d480ab0cb40a392bf5	Henry Ford, with the exception of his childhood and youth, worked all his life in the technical field: first as a mechanic, then as an engineer, until the moment of the foundation of its production.
e451e1a641d2325e43a3fb21291a04ec7c1c5794	In addition to the effective innovations that Ford adopted in his production, he also engaged in inventive activity - Henry Ford has 161 patents on his account.
23e4f514df392d0612e32c301853da563212ca25	During his life, Ford wrote several books, almost immediately translated into other languages, including Russian.
c59017a9caa67f60621892460de67a6ec1a7050e	All his books related to the production and management of the enterprise, there were also biographical books.
119886fa53b18ddc5a51ecb3e04a71e395eeeaf6	By the way, Henry Ford's books were not just published in the USSR, they were positioned as a textbook for mastering technical specialties, his books were recommended for reading to Soviet engineers.
fff7b233fda6ce1fa74090b9a48c2ec46e94e16d	The Ford family lived on their farm near Detroit, and earned their living by farming
3855a22dac57bfdc84094d808980746fa0df8810	Henry, as a very young boy, helped his father with the housework, helping him to feed his family.
922811c259b4ef66de2d8705a4d3cf1ed25ac820	And the family was not small, Ford had several brothers and sisters.
c2bea3b4b2b50ebfc1b6c1ed93d9a5a73a6bab19	By the way, there is a misconception that the Ford family was poor and barely made ends meet.
86b9c13f6b9cc5ff07faf6111e58adc73cca7af1	Here is what Henry himself said on this topic: "My family was never poor, nor was it too rich.
823808c23d5f9b4d1e266512a344df768beeeb17	We always had enough money to live on, and among the local farmers we could be considered a fairly well-off family."
284ef2304b5161e23ee87ed85c192e1b17f10b95	But still, Ford was engaged in the family business only because it was necessary - he himself did not feel a craving for agriculture.
038c30ded50ee4430a47e77c3ddd737b8bee0f2f	Since childhood, the future car magnate felt an irresistible attraction to technology, but his father did not approve of his son's inclinations.
4013efa7af41878ef0625de45877fb29a99a59e2	From the memoirs of Henry Ford: "Even at the age of 12, when I had to drag buckets of water from the well every day, overcoming a steep staircase with a 20-kilogram load, I thought that everything could be made easier — just by adding 2 meters of water pipes."
49f11cb3d174926b9da6072fcb223ae9082023d4	The production of practical and inexpensive cars, which was organized by Henry Ford, made it possible to improve the lives of many people around the world.
984dd8c50796a213b37fe5dbce1e9543f6615d57	By introducing conveyor assembly, Ford not only established mass production of cars, but also directed the development of industry along a new path.
ed1c50dfa65bd87a8e835cad2164b5643e48b5dc	Henry Ford was born in the village of Springfield in Michigan on July 30, 1863.
53c62d33966cc41e1d2e9dbb88137798e7136df7	He was the eldest of six children of William and Mary Ford, who owned a prosperous farm.
3d3a60250928393dbef3e6e8169ad9e04e336437	Henry spent his childhood on his parents ' farm, where he helped the family and attended an ordinary rural school.
673e149f87f5861f63e7da9b2911a1a8bb6635f6	A huge interest in technology, which Henry showed at a very young age, and allowed him to become one of the most famous industrialists in the world.
e48be02420e7ef1afde6db113e6b36b74ba6fa0c	At the age of 12, Henry equipped a small workshop, where he enthusiastically spent all his free time.
fb402fe6b18393b3c52419701cdd6028183cbd56	It was there that a few years later he designed his first steam engine.
f924b6185a2126d1f3f3f5a9877c443604fb9dba	In 1879, Henry Ford moved to Detroit, where he got a job as an assistant machinist.
195ba204b5df68d0ddfa8b1c9cd5e6bb91eac658	Three years later, Ford moved to Dearborn and spent five years designing and repairing steam engines, working occasionally at a factory in Detroit.
9649eed1437ca29bd458dd98c8717c949c117716	In 1888, he married Clara Braent and soon took a position as a manager at a sawmill.
7d3a9bc623b6bd5fa359ce0d9217772e77db5e52	In 1891, Ford became an engineer for the Edison Illuminating Company, and two years later was appointed chief engineer of the company.
01b69e090f4f29edbdf50f5c1e987bf3105a93aa	A decent salary and a sufficient amount of free time allowed Ford to devote more time to the development of internal combustion engines.
4813a10220f70022b26aa3536b27faacf46246fd	Ford assembled the first internal combustion engine in the kitchen of his house.
d3d527613faef5b21bcbf2bca3c1761eb24fd339	Soon he decided to put the engine on a frame with four bicycle wheels.
0b25a3bc5a62468bcb955c335d05888ef6849ec9	So in 1896, a quadricycle appeared – a vehicle that became the first Ford car.
4e9220c1f092d303f558e3f564ddc371cb9c24c4	Ford showed interest in technology at a young age.
f858afb97d25e483fd92343cfd4028f8fbec52e2	At the age of 12, he equipped a small workshop, where he enthusiastically spent all his free time.
ed300d823f4874177bf9f280333bc34432c641b5	It was there that Ford designed his first steam engine a few years later.
5a7ffb35c7db45487ae357ec6047d0899e85039c	Three years later, he moved to Dearborn and for five years was engaged in the design and repair of steam engines, working occasionally at a factory in Detroit.
ea14bff985520235783e9e5bbedc096fe74a4e1b	In 1887, at the Congress of electrical engineers in Atlantic City, Henry Ford met with the inventor and millionaire Thomas Edison and told him what he was working on.
5bb4097431290fe80fb4aa9feef047a24313abac	In 1891, he was an engineer of the Edison Illuminating company, since 1893-the chief engineer of the company.
5948217c9e7c2ac5372a2ec4a1772da6d2d991db	In 1899, after retiring from the Edison Illuminating company, Henry Ford founded his own company, Detroit Automobile.
0252d3d5c43b1e3a2f9f3979dcdfe4140f28a260	Despite the fact that the company went bankrupt a year later, Ford managed to assemble several racing cars.
e1dba9940d7ae658886c2134c55c27a9f3240564	In 1903, twelve businessmen from the state of Michigan, led by Henry Ford, founded the Ford Motor Company.
14ba6a0e50457f517a0f9de10a94f3f980ddf1b1	Ford held a 25.5% stake in the company and held the positions of vice president and chief engineer of the company.
2e4f75ac7bcd1a3e8e5562f7bfe5057159b61a6e	A former van factory in Detroit was converted into an automobile factory.
1e30c9263b92a68f542decb7817c869e7775ad7f	Teams consisting of two or three workers, under the direct supervision of Ford, assembled cars from spare parts that were made to order by other enterprises.
6323e9cd906fb7c4262871a40b1c6582f7053d6f	Just a month later, the company's first car was released.
8f3740ce1aa236942f49ba49cb53134003d27a47	In 1908, Henry Ford realized his dream by releasing the model " T " - a reliable and inexpensive car that became one of the most popular and popular cars of its time.
9797040514d661779d7114cc0bd4616f3c22c4a7	Ford's car was easy to drive, it did not require complex maintenance and could drive even on rural roads, becoming a means of transportation, and not a toy for the rich.
cba13394d24abf49d75c272ae82eb87b0c9d7651	Henry Ford (1864-1947) is one of the leading industrialists of America, who radically changed the principle of operation of the conveyor assembly of cars.
dd7fa9590323427d38beecbd86d8f7d6a4b32d6b	In 1908, Henry Ford created the Ford Model T car and after that continued to improve his method of conveyor assembly of cars, which later radically changed the entire industry.
3d6f0ed79da1213b70a8b51c6ea78a6dfa6b769d	As a result, Ford sold millions of cars and became a world-famous company executive.
bfe038bbda83bc3b9191040f52737dee3c97c4cf	Over time, the company lost its dominance in the market, but had a huge impact on the technological progress and infrastructure of America.
ff32f08abae7d44174ffe0642b00e769517c4f34	The famous automaker Henry Ford was born on July 30, 1863, on his family's farm in Wayne County, near Dearborn, Michigan.
b269d286929b595d65a63ec3fd3b214a670e6cef	When Ford was 13 years old, his father gave him a pocket watch, which the little boy constantly disassembled and assembled.
3793f39cd0cbdc1cc886105530f2ebce604a3974	Friends and neighbors were very surprised and often made requests to repair their watches.
98c10374e3f634d3122bf53a4e3a3979a577c0f5	Unimpressed with agricultural work, Ford left home at the age of 16 to train as a robot machinist in Detroit.
e19431880475937b3fb8f63745c1034963c6da8a	Over the following years, he learned how to skillfully manage and maintain steam engines,and also studied accounting.
64cced9fae35c29f32c89c3881d28187456b3ed9	In 1888, Ford married Clara Ala Bryant and temporarily returned to agriculture to support his wife and son, Edsel.
4812fc01103d16f741f539f6b2062987fd3fa8e1	All the while, Ford hatched his plans for a horseless carriage, and in 1896, he built his first model, the Ford Quadricycle.
7db033ca7971f4fb4e478706a504e65b2cdfaf64	In the same year, he met with the leaders of the Edison Company and presented his automotive developments personally to Thomas Edison, who encouraged Ford to build a second, improved model.
9fe4dbe41cd20866a70be46ba9e8e468204a19f0	After several tests of the car's design, in 1903, Henry Ford established the Ford Motor Company.
e90de43701880ed998e4a6408b183b28b6e4222d	Ford became even more famous for its revolutionary vision of producing an inexpensive car made by skilled workers who earn a steady salary.
6c44bc8d04ce364d94edd315460f3857b2581a79	Easy to drive and cheap to repair, which is why half of all cars in America in 1918 were Ford Model T.
676273b505feb705af5d92d8a8f183357156b42f	Ford introduced the Model T in October 1908, and over the next few years, the company achieved a 100 percent profit.
13c6008a04496631dd5325c0619644c777170ff2	31.0131 January08:04 GMT
36adf2d1dd9d2aa752a89e3a4ffda59d80c9cb9e	USD60.16-0.16 EUR64.43+0.09
9040a94e375db59f9f2109b97cc3190beafa713e	The main thing is the shooting at a mosque in Quebec The war in Syria The reaction to Trump's decree on protecting the United States from terrorism The situation in the Donbass Oil prices The construction of a wall on the US Mexico border Sanctions against Russia The US withdrawal from the TPP The dynamics of exchange rates
9cdeaf2a1739a7253d7e174478c981007fe807f6	Biography of Henry Ford 09: 30 30.07.2013 (updated: 09:31 30.07.2013) 07064123
785542eef035a186aa59d32d481fb2504bb6faf5	© Photo: Public domain Go to the photo bank
d15955431997cb6dcfa58159003ed6f171a04b77	Henry Ford (Henry Ford) is an American industrialist, inventor, owner of factories for the production of cars.
98dfdbc4cdbc261e26ff5d8bcb9a132d1060708e	Henry Ford was born on July 30, 1863 in the village of Springfield, near Dearborn (Michigan).
b2c373bd0f469b76f24009cbaeb3ac4d4c5c3192	He was the eldest of six children of immigrants from Ireland, William Ford and Mary Ford, who owned a successful farm.
1905ab8517fb391fefd00483d34e07a69ec1e5ba	Henry spent his childhood on his parents ' farm, where he helped the family and attended a rural school.
8d014e229bd98bcc4b2dd19aed2a891d6b6c2bb1	Ford asked if, in his opinion, internal combustion engines have a future and expected that the scientist would burst into a eulogy for the glory of omnipotent electricity, but he heard: "Keep working on your car.
db09be2fe46aa3423b8f0b8a98828cbae363ab68	If you achieve the goal that you have set for yourself, then I predict a great future for you."
eff167294399f3d0b84b2d2bdef7c658b47fafae	Ford was elated, Edison himself believed in him.
855d80755a602df37932f3a99a4999c3d9010068	In the late 1980s, Henry Ford took the position of manager at a sawmill.
33e2e6ea76f7a3181ca5805f1c9bee1be37d0dbc	In 1891, he was an engineer of the Edison Illuminating company, since 1893 the chief engineer of the company.
97842ebabc990fbf14e50f136c1a535f5900305a	In 1905, Ford's financial partners did not agree with his intention to produce cheap cars, since expensive models were in demand.
1928b8f2b1e9fd1d0a1585aa1ac9f1ed6f08f9c4	The owner of the main stake, Alexander Malcolmson, sold his share to Ford, and he became the president and the main owner of the company.
4e58f19700a892abfbc4ebe573dbaff9d515662c	In 1913, the conveyor production of the model was established, which led to a significant reduction in cost.
60a5694287db40e1d179c9d8c26d58c998dce880	In 1914, the corporation's factories began working around the clock — in 3 shifts of 8 hours each.
69ac01a7769274a84137bf4588c96cc3ffb055e3	In 1909, Ford's cooperation with Russia began.
d5546b1736fd2af6cbc106917f2e0856a1aab348	The company's sales offices were opened in St. Petersburg, and then in Moscow, Odessa and the Baltic port cities.
db69886c718197fbd449ce047c15c3b0d2d3ca8d	In 1919, at the initiative of the Soviet Bureau in New York, Ford made a deal to sell Fordzon tractors to Soviet Russia, the cooperation continued later.
e66093958b11000f02fcb5ce9ad126848d4511b6	In 1919, Henry Ford and his son Edsel (Edsel Bryant Ford) bought out the shares of the company from other shareholders and became the sole owners of the company.
081a09f1e8407f7d7dafb7561ccdd341b3305f38	In the same year, Edsel inherited from his father the post of president of the company, which he held until his death in 1943.
a606497f4476a27e5b71240ad92868912a89c858	After the sudden death of his son, Henry Ford again had to take the helm of the company.
d3bad48df77cd53304775f08fd79d44eeca65b3e	In September 1945, Henry Ford handed over the powers to his eldest grandson, Henry Ford II (Henry Ford II).
468ad688fcb6884d170abe5d7aebfdc7bd1c1be0	Henry Ford wrote several books, among them: "My Life and Work" (My Life and Work,1922)," Today and Tomorrow "(Today and Tomorrow, 1926)," Moving Forward " (Moving Forward, 1931).
eb052e195070937573e9ffabefdf4e7a66d19fe4	In 1936, together with his son, he created the Ford Foundation.
c60a06fa682dab3f5d03e8764e466646c81f85e4	In May 1946, Ford was awarded an honorary award for services to the automotive industry, and at the end of the same year, the American Petroleum Institute presented him with a gold medal for services to the community.
47993d3b1c6c1183ee7cd0808a08d48c5f96d149	On April 7, 1947, Henry Ford died at the age of 83 at his home in Deeborn.
a48a1c9c0c55a4de8fab5aacb3e43a826c0dbb53	Henry Ford was married to Clara Bryant (1866-1950), they had a son — Edsel Bryant Ford (1893-1943).
ca38cae03f2dee0fa070e1b03c381aca2d556710	Biography of Henry Ford 09: 30 30/07/2013 July 30, 2013 marks the 150th anniversary of the birth of the American industrialist, inventor, owners of factories for the production of cars Henry Ford.
ec078b1273e31302e60e7e7ac133ec659ed8de5f	References #Henry Ford #USA
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63c5c976f0e90ecfaeb3ba8dbdc19fe5e1fcbae7	Ford, Henry
7d87a40b5009b9f146bc86a8f858235d085b1b46	There are articles on Wikipedia about other people with the surname Ford (surname).
ecb12d937cd01a6920fe26b4d7ce0875ff3f9414	Henry Ford English Henry Ford
a35737fb4a1686032207c354aa813fae5138fc8b	Occupation: inventor, industrialist
ae2dcf1e06760897ac70342b0193f3b0efb3aaf6	Date of birth: July 30, 1863(1863-07-30)
fc3466402a6792e45cd2bd7f3362cd9482c5c45a	Place of birth: near Detroit, Michigan, USA
c8ffaa9c2ec3d507fded15bcc4d9c5ef9177ddd8	Date of death: April 7, 1947 (1947-04-07) (83 years old)
2652304514780d6b04c57c889f14afaab7fa381f	Place of death: Dearborn, Michigan, USA
ee85ba1f4134ba42190b3b36d50197c255522100	Father: William Ford
3f844890eaa83963e7896173c8c996e5a3a00d14	Mother: Marie Ford
2dfbe0903c25b418db50048c916844619743aee3	Spouse: Clara Jane Ford
90e4f1b4aaad8b8c9622cb66dcd65bd82139eeac	Children: Edsel Ford
4b5ddec081cbef2b58623752971d160b617220c3	Elliot Cresson Medal (1928)
0df03cd1c03c8d6e4b0fee8c031bb0dcf6555d62	The Holly Medal(1936)
9cba6ce1a20bea4a21fb1355ab68f8c0d8d0fb27	Washington Prize(1944)
22dcc34a5a7e91daf2c1760269de1446b57723bc	Miscellaneous: company founder
b12e39cfc8738366dc2d486a323bf76c9ec4fd8b	Ford Motor Company
6926f7356a565b895847499add6f84c759f72d50	Henry Ford on Wikimedia Commons
9698e43548890a01d0e104facdb96543f6b21473	Henry Ford — 1914
124d7785a50b0217e732274a0c8192aefe8f94a3	Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 April 7, 1947) was an American industrialist, owner of automobile manufacturing plants around the world, inventor, author of 161 US patents.
1c4a2544d402638fdda702fe8bf30d14c3fc2aa3	The company "Ford Motor Company" exists to this day.
54d16c512dfa8623428149886852d173d7ad2c8d	Henry Ford is also known for the fact that for the first time he began to use an industrial conveyor for the in line production of cars.
32c96767b920b69383c25c79d3e4d6fad4dc4c5b	1 Biography 2 Views and beliefs 2.1 Economic policy at the enterprise 2.2 Attitude to trade unions 2.3 Anti Semitism and support for the Nazis
602929f6f0e11f03a8a6c0c9ad06cfcf25e28d6b	3 Cooperation with the USSR 4 Family 5 Additional information 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Literature 9 References
cdc521290d40c8b0bc57bfabb50c969afb4d2217	From 1899 to 1902, he was a co owner of the Detroit Automobile Company, but due to disagreements with the other owners of the company, he left it and in 1903 founded the Ford Motor Company, which initially produced cars under the Ford A brand.
eaba0d5157baf5ab1f2c0a2d532a0c301c30b439	Ford Motor Company faced competition from a syndicate of automobile manufacturers, which claimed a monopoly in this area.
4320bc1c663d0207b2bc6ac323e7ec764dc07524	The first patent infringement lawsuit he won prompted the owners of a number of automobile companies to purchase the appropriate licenses and create an "association of legitimate manufacturers".
3663ed6c4039ed2a76ec9974b783de5fe699b0de	The lawsuit against the Ford Motor Company, initiated by Selden, lasted from 1903 to 1911.
306747c677b836261caf96c5e74603a6b52e313b	"Legitimate manufacturers" threatened to subpoena Ford car buyers.
77111cc85dcd6b0013f1b468413746a5e3d4a2d9	In 1910, Ford built and launched the most modern plant in the automotive industry — the well lit and well ventilated Highland Park.
ee915cc6c5a2e122cdede72fea887f0630b6545e	an assembly line at the Ford plant in Detroit, 1923.
beddd5f1d32fac537e158f49110287979524aa83	The first product of his company was a three engine Ford 3 AT Air Pullman.
5d9de366b6f8f691dac67c33686175d54aaaf078	The most successful model was the Ford Trimotor (Ford Trimotor), nicknamed" Tin Goose " (English Tin Goose), a passenger aircraft, an all metal three engine monoplane, produced serially in 1927-1933 by Henry Ford's Ford Airplane Company.
647a4d1eab4f8a507a598b9cce1783e3eab451ef	In 1945, Henry Ford finally handed over the management of the company to his grandson Henry Ford II. He died on April 7, 1947 at the age of 83.
8c65f82fc1b85277e54f7250bf5b2ae66fba3e01	Views and beliefs[edit / edit wiki text]
74e93281eeb1f5648204faf081755f8024121ad8	Economic policy at the enterprise[edit / edit wiki text]
c4459e5e6e3474641fb45509c98969b93b807fd3	Ford was one of the first to put into practice the ideas of welfare capitalism, aimed at improving the living conditions of workers [7][8] and reducing staff turnover, due to which many departments hired 300 people a year to fill 100 jobs.
47fa635455c3b4f5b61e503a7ab70a9e2dd4a1ff	The emphasis was on efficiency — that is, on hiring and retaining the best employees[9].
e64b82493fd291b5757bc3de927cc3b5abac2634	In 1914, Ford implemented a rather radical solution for that time, setting the salary of workers at the level of $ 5 per working day (which, in terms of modern times, is equivalent to about $ 118); this increased the rates of most of his employees by more than half[10].
9682eab5032e474ba3da79f5b77cb8b943759de4	The solution turned out to be profitable: staff turnover was overcome, and the best workers in Detroit began to concentrate on Ford's enterprise, due to which labor productivity increased and personnel training costs were reduced[11][12]. In addition, the same decision established a shortened working week, initially 48 hours (6 days for 8 hours)[13], and then a 40 hour (5 days for 8 hours)[14].
a0c7d376a9c4ff4d50e5d943bf517fc613b1e039	At that time, wages in Detroit were already quite high, but Ford's actions forced his competitors to increase them even more, so as not to lose the best employees[15].
af85b2ddba4e1e5de0f16bfc0e528a129abe45a1	In Ford's own understanding, the company thus shared profits with employees[16], which allowed them, for example, to purchase cars produced by the company.
c0f9f61669d070bc98cd08d4120e9a79a6865c24	Ultimately, the mentioned policy had a positive impact on the economy as a whole.
2e6502dc887df45592e41d9a924fe6b5d7be4c1b	Employees who had worked in the company for more than 6 months and did not deviate from certain rules of conduct established by the "public department" of the company could count on participating in the profit.
71eda14289529400ada15e58d4936311f06995a1	In particular, the concept of inappropriate behavior included alcohol abuse, gambling, non payment of alimony, etc .
a7ca78d35469892117e50ec84b2d59c3323423d7	The department had 50 specialists who monitored compliance with these corporate standards.
72e12a09d157f532578a75115800cce079af88e5	Later, in 1922, Ford withdrew from the most intrusive forms of control over employees, recognizing that the invasion of people's personal lives, even if with the aim of improving their well being, no longer meets the requirements of the time[17].
8b6d86df99cc5ef167f36bec178c1da0c7ab4e3e	Attitude to trade unions[edit / edit wiki text]
cbeb231e1c41460b939a0119430130b83f2c81ed	Ford opposed professional associations of employees.
7a78ea21b9bdb53fff8a7464bd80ea46270e878e	He explained his views on this issue in the book "My Life and Work" [18].
972317fd9e612afd7b052370af4bb00973198584	According to Ford, they were under unnecessarily significant influence from some leaders who, despite their good intentions, eventually brought more harm to the workers than good.
ecf51fbdeeeed0fd830528de07a40bfd52b098e7	Many of them wanted to reduce labor productivity in order to reduce unemployment;
3aa7e68e8c9c2148c9f7789920aa4ade65711f52	Ford saw this as a contradiction, because, in his opinion, no economic well being was possible without the productivity of production.
775d4fd857e663d3e7dbfe3a07dd812542872698	He was sure that high productivity, even if it negatively affected the number of available vacancies, would ultimately have a stimulating effect on the economy as a whole, as a result of which new jobs would still arise — whether in this corporation or in some other.
cdc264161d8042bd869c82806fbfdbcba6ad7bb6	In addition, Ford believed that the heads of trade unions were led by a "vicious incentive" (English perverse incentive) to aggravate the socio economic crisis in order to maintain and consolidate their own power.
8cca45f3941c256f56759fe1f75e3b51e487c0a2	At the same time, he did not doubt that a reasonable managers, by contrast, will be motivated to correct the behavior, since such behaviour will increase their own profits (however, Ford acknowledged that some managers too bad management, to realize the above mentioned fact).
ec0cc2cae3be010a488e3906a2eeedcae4e11de3	In his opinion, with good time management, able to resist attacks from the left (from the socialists) and right (from the side of the reactionaries), would be able to form a social economic system, where neither bad management nor bad unions would not find a foothold.
e76483ea737ec5b17fc0cb1752c5778e10550315	Ford Motor became the last automaker in Detroit to recognize the United Auto Workers Union (UAW).
7be99ed66aa17d34a91ec86c0cea139066ed58f3	In April 1941, a sit in organized by the union took place, which stopped production at the River Rouge plant;
df267f7fd38471285a8a26fd1bcbe896f3521f6e	Ford's reaction almost had a devastating effect on the company, however, according to contemporaries, his wife Clara convinced the head of the company to change its position[19].
ffe7ce57384ded668f0cc5cdc6f93c101f969357	In June 1941, a very liberal agreement was signed between the Ford company and the UAW.
a1663fd49b1f2953d5f492ff9e395616272ae82e	Anti Semitism and support for the Nazis[edit / edit wiki text]
04f54b9865bbaf3e263d7252735b851f6b7b57d5	In 1918, Ford acquired the Dearborn Independent newspaper (eng. The Dearborn Independent), in which anti Semitic articles have been published since May 22, 1920[20], as well as the full text of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion in parts.
790fc72f27f0b74531221b954f60942bee070e2c	In November 1920, a selection of articles from the Dearborn Independent was published in a separate book called "International Jewry", which was later actively used by Nazi propaganda[21].
5527cb779749009449c86322942deb0a1fac654b	On January 16, 1921, 119 prominent Americans, including 3 presidents, 9 secretaries of state, 1 cardinal and many other US state and public figures, published an open letter condemning Ford's anti Semitism.[20][22]
8dd7ce3e4faa7f918a7ed55573782b5025f9a90a	In 1927, Ford sent a letter to the American press acknowledging his mistakes[20].
31a6d62fa98d86becc5a29b99e4adf2ff7843b75	As a man of honor, I consider it my duty to apologize for all the bad deeds I have committed against the Jews, my fellow citizens and brothers, and I ask their forgiveness for the harm that I have caused them without any reason.
cacf61c51cfbff1ce175b9a0b7fd70e5ddefc40d	I renounce the offensive accusations against them, because my actions were a lie, and I also give a full guarantee that from now on they can only expect from me a manifestation of friendship and goodwill.
2df2a4ba43bd7b335927d05a4ddf710efcb2be79	Not to mention the fact that the pamphlets that were distributed in the United States and abroad will be withdrawn from circulation.
a3aaeee39238f32fa09c9dee07abde4adb4736bc	Henry Ford provided serious financial support to the NSDAP[23][24], his portrait hung in Hitler's Munich residence[25].
802c7293fc643a10a9ab4d87de396b6b3353a5c3	Ford was the only American whom Hitler mentioned with admiration in his book "My Struggle" [21][26]. Annette Anton of the Detroit News interviewed Hitler in 1931 and noted the portrait of Henry Ford above his desk.
610916de3b32ce9d3d368997544903899a5ad57b	"I consider Henry Ford to be my inspiration," Hitler said of the American automobile magnate[27].
4a59279502b59fb914720573b82bc4fcc52bd6af	Since 1940, the Ford plant, located in Poissy in the German occupied territory of France, began to produce aircraft engines, trucks and cars that entered the Wehrmacht's service.
f8e505554b96d6b0c3a3134127d9c0d3c1e7a820	During an interrogation in 1946, the Nazi figure Karl Krauch, who worked during the war in the management of a branch of one of Ford's enterprises in Germany, said that due to the fact that Ford collaborated with the Nazi regime, "his enterprises were not confiscated"[28].
8d3e375a55846249417a3b337aea43bf88633222	The topic of the influence of Ford and his book on the German National Socialists is explored by Neil Baldwin in the book "Henry Ford and the Jews: The Conveyor of Hatred".
b7ba4b501c3ee198553d31a6b14a5e8e12819054	Baldwin points out that Ford's publications were the most important source of influence on young Nazis in Germany[29].
9ddc1e0c19b7992f46b1b7415ed68da7124394a9	A similar opinion is shared by the author of the book "Henry Ford and the Jews" Albert Lee[21].
32fdffbd47b9e15146ba7c13a2a306b4d66c58f8	Cooperation with the USSR[edit / edit wiki text]
d0777f58bd5bf7f90a9dffdf4a5b74f57ebfe680	The first serial Soviet tractor - "Fordzon Putilovets" (1923) - the Ford tractor of the Fordzon brand (Fordson), processed for production at the Putilovsky plant and operation in the USSR; the construction of the Gorky Automobile Plant (1929-1932), the reconstruction of the Moscow AMO plant during the first five year plan, the training of personnel for both plants were carried out with the support of Ford Motors specialists on the basis of an agreement concluded between the USSR Government and Ford.
480a5ca84df7556352e3ac4e07aca4548d707cb7	Father William Ford (1826-1905) Mother Marie Litogot (O'Hern) Ford (~1839-1876)
0f5d9126184b243d5d869ff6bedf4d27dc32550a	John Ford (~1865-1927) William Ford (1871-1917) Robert Ford (1873-1934)
45f1d733c17a98e77f22556c2bb0dcc28142f3f8	Sisters
9940ba508abbf2387389d69a6cfe66b58c09cc53	Margaret Ford (1867-1868) Jane Ford (~1868-1945)
4a4114199d0b4175c799f9af41140999c47cfb43	Wife and children
098c5e831e16ed1c81cce0ab472a148ba59efb90	His wife was Clara Jane Ford (nee Bryant), (1866-1950).
d1fea183083aea9b28ce328a95482ff479ec958e	The only son is Edsel Bryant Ford, president of the Ford Motor Company from 1919 to 1943.
32a48abc2e2de473b799867c164c98da56ee89a3	Descendants
eece51cbdca4c63b9c07f4181913eae21695f485	The businessman's grandson also had the name Henry Ford.
7eae76292529dc16d02eae7d2c681c39da32d095	To distinguish him from his grandfather, he is called Henry Ford II. Currently, the chairman of the Board of Directors of the Ford Motor Company is the great grandson of Henry Ford William Clay Ford Jr.
240777df4aa69d79a6699823f0928a7e9d657638	(William Clay "Bill" Ford Jr.)
97d17ca9c0ce7bc586b52a672b4ce1eb5d73f06c	(born in 1957)
43bb993c07b638ed16ac8c51bab7be0c530839cd	Additional information[edit / edit wiki text]
a9a7a3ecabee791adaaccb2b48a8f137c2221c4f	Ford's approach has been criticized for "depersonalization" in parody form it is described in the novel Huxley "brave new world", where society is organized on the principle of a conveyor Ford (the people are divided into five categories: alpha, beta, gamma, Delta and Epsilon) and the chronology is conducted with the model year of the car "Ford T".
06c649101c9fa06a725e59300ba0d1530da158b1	Instead of "by God" adopted the expression "her Ford."
bf8a4c158488ec8f975f9acbfe882a1d875dbe7d	It is customary to be baptized with the letter " T "in honor of the car model"T".
01c075eb46b18ad2796751dda9f6792e869d9f3b	The biography of Henry Ford is described in the novel "The Automobile King"by Upton Sinclair.
48ccc0314fe6017b49d6a9d7de7cb0c719025e51	Henry Ford was a staunch supporter of the theory of reincarnation.
d3ce4ac474588ad7ee37c9dd059bf340c6495376	In particular, he believed that in his last incarnation he died as a soldier in the Battle of Gettysburg.
17140678d7f34041989afd142ea58cd8d807bb77	Ford describes his beliefs in the following quote from the San Francisco Examiner magazine dated August 26, 1928:
b1a073ae5472e9a93a8921cbc46b826c2a48ec85	I accepted the theory of reincarnation when I was twenty six years old.
ec0ed7b509182ca5b433f8c0c9c59299cbfd4b2e	Religion did not give me an explanation for this phenomenon, and work did not bring complete satisfaction.
c06c5db2fbfb835cecd4705394892dd2ca68678c	Work has no meaning if the experience gained in one life, we can not use in another.
12662198358f052cbb5d1938d25326966733b68e	When I discovered reincarnation, it was like discovering the universal plan — I realized that now there was a real chance to implement my ideas.
3e6ebfb1e4e94c7984823c30c64b093ca9dd38e7	I was no longer limited by time, I was no longer its slave.
cf898d3e510b7ffe0106e09db65d1bf991801b37	Genius is an experience.
6c9b47818c2b55a00efe28bc6f1825ea46c1c9b3	Some people seem to think that this is a gift or talent, but in fact it is the fruit of experience accumulated over many lifetimes.
3f61c8ad4cf213ab78e33af3517a5d0427ef7ef0	Some souls are older than others and therefore know more.
9a3b6e033656b4063a70bf43841d73a195d69ad2	The discovery of the concept of reincarnation calmed my mind.
fdb4ed14fcedff73f04aeb9ea0a276dbc4899959	If you are recording this conversation, write that it helps to calm the mind.
3bf74e73070a2bc88542d5173a30d95173531534	I would really like to share with everyone the peace that such a vision of life brings.
50864170fb1b3a4cab2ef925bbbc39cc386b53d3	An inscription was posted on the gates of his factories: "Remember that God created man without spare parts."
29c301c34fdc937405d12284897a50f1ba2bdc5f	In his autobiography, Ford wrote:
03734599cbf0faab882c696cb487e34fafc72256	Each buyer can choose any color of the car, if this color is black[30].
e49b454a681d1434ebbc2f94e25ad5beb7e2aa04	Any customer can have a car painted any color that he wants so long as it is black.
5e09299a88ab1da85d4837c1d5c397deb7666480	Ford Foundation Fordism Scientific Organization of Labor Alfred Ford
ec87638e71f8bbb401c3a8e2e0cf5b16ce28470d	Шп Shpotov B. M. Henry Ford p.
7e1819304b6c97ed1b6d0ab7264530c0a053d644	58 ↑ Dobrotvorsky I. L. Money and power or 17 success stories.
6ae8b3e5f9db6aa149f6a4dbdf0067f1e732df58	Psychological portraits.
b354fb2bbf35c4914bf66a357f92097f6416113f	Moscow. 2004 ↑ Henry Ford and the first car for millions.
f743d2e39d8d5bb3dc34d1f1ba49d2712c73f3af	Radio Liberty Кл Klevalina, N. Henry Ford, King of All America / / Around the world.
92ff1ca73ef7935f09e35de97f4f57e0dbe4c5dc	— 2005.
1f0addea81d37d4603707c2eaf2033b97a70d29b	— № 2 (2).
bb701ebc120ed9de233bad491217e8f23e77812e	↑ Shpotov B. M. Henry Ford pp.
2bd81c8f8d092be32025c18503281372c1ae26d9	67-68 ↑ 4 AT Tri Motor in the Aviation Encyclopedia Фор Ford, 2014, p .
00adde53c8764d176eceb24b166caf76158fb9ce	An increase in wages is obtained by increasing production, and it is possible to increase production only by lowering the prices charged to the buyer. ...Produce things so that low income people can easily buy them.
e573dffdb3debc0fe63683120bfc803013e87960	↑ Nevins and Hill (1957) 2:508-40 ↑ Ford, 2014, pp.
261ab6450fb6c335296d898b7ae7de848203e6ee	^ A b Nevins, Ford 1:528-41 ↑ Watts, the People's Tycoon, pp.
822d5dd1df558e69a878df6d9f0305ba468c0fc8	178-94 ^ a b Ford & Crowther 1922, p. 126.
a995d038d017855e73c00626c835d21d95c54230	↑ Samuel Crowther Henry Ford: "Why I Favor Five Days' Work With Six Days' Pay" (dead link with 14-05-2013 [1357 days] — history), World's Work, October 1926 pp.
80796f1dc6506c34671b384559ae644b96f068de	613—616 ↑ Watts, People’s Tycoon, pp.
87b56ee19b1e46f242fe8e265c3c52d6004c9135	193-94 ↑ Ford & Crowther 1922, pp.
0ac84ed9b8fd29a56e1b515c51d068fe2f327f60	126—130.
c6255dd75afb8a8f6240e342e01612975c417b1b	↑ Ford & Crowther 1922, p. 130.
edec753c00ff9f95e8943f3c96485f5aa294e094	↑ Ford & Crowther 1922, pp.
7126a2c92bc085f63ff1c73c219a96b2cbf9aa78	253—266.
4cdbb9887085c6846477f2b1463fb43e09169502	Sor Sorensen 1956, pp.
47f9a89897abe3e1cc94c62b99ac49c41f2d6501	266-272.
f4c225898d529e6cd035259b49449fb3df922984	↑ 1 2 3 Henry Ford's Personal War against the Jews ↑ 1 2 3 Hitler's American Teachers (unavailable link from 14-05-2013 [1357 days] - history ) Бас Basin, Yakov Zinovievich.
e341510d634680c3f8d0fb99a4f356b08f9cd0fa	The Jewish question and the emigration policy of Germany and the United States in 1933-38.
9775b10e4c8f7caf8e966dc42e89ca511f04ed20	/ / Notes on Jewish History: A Journal.
965c0a62ea16146c9e3423a1f14f16d008e42aa2	- October 2009.
3f61551557bc50ef12dbd286983666a67f7b8fa1	- Vol. 16 (119).
f7badafe7dab31d44bc6ca14c5ea7eeb848d5d77	Хай Heim Ch.
df24f74f9a3d82041b7afb821bdb20d3b40811a8	"At the trial of Hitler in 1924, Erhard Auer from the Landtag of Bavaria testified that Ford provided financial support to Hitler" Бас Basin Ya.
313cfd139627e194e8d206d5e0138340fe5a6278	"Hitler was proud of his friendship with G. Ford, familiarly called him Heinrich and repeatedly said that he provided financial support to his movement" ↑ Henry Ford and the Jews: the Mass Production of Hate by Neil Baldwin.
41a2c0b4f04ece0d622ab9a7d77bc6392fb19859	Public Affairs.
43eb91d1cde456e6af4ab07ee6f57d9aa9540673	New York. 2001 ↑ Michael Kellogg.
165598c6ec4b8b06dbd771c82be540202969ad9e	The Russian Roots of Nazism White Émigrés and the Making of National Socialism, 1917–1945.
db2573d5ccb66ae0931f808771671b6ae147aac1	— Cambridge University Press, 2008.
e933ab4d09b966dcbea3555882a183442bec8bf3	— P. 203.
1fbf1977911bdcc2a9053c2fd34244d3696e9857	— 344 p.
eef2ea9c6c18b3e42546a40716f2d24011715a5b	— (New Studies in European History). — ISBN 9780521070058.
1320c8252fc675987bf3e597af4a9c18225d469c	Ford Ford and GM Scrutinized for Alleged Nazi Collaboration ↑ Heim Ch.
4f1a9c5fb23050bb6f48e3fdbee13cdf702f807f	Trade with the enemy.
aa368502eb39600f20f341ba5e57cfbc9582b89d	M., 1985. p. 129.
788f12504014e0e559b2fa4727d7c7610b824ba6	↑ Henry Ford and the Jews: the Mass Production of Hate ↑ G. Ford.
0c6db8f1dc8f4bf102fbf84458a615fa197076f1	My life, my achievements. lib.ru. Archived from the original source on April 14, 2013.
b8efdd6969a29563fde9fc446e329c519714be2a	Belyaev N. Z. Henry Ford — 1935.
72fbf20ad2d3a11b1de1713e3eb1fb742d60abd5	- 264 p.
fe2e32b2694c602ec7b8d12cf7859e7a2bbd7a5c	(The life of wonderful people) Sloan A. Automobile wars Ford, his family, and his company were dedicated to the biographical book of Robert Lacey "Ford: Man and Machine", published in 1986.
d8ab026ca47d878ecc0954c281a8a40b2dc32c51	Based on this book, a film was made in 1987 with Cliff Robertson and Michael Ironside in the main roles.
186c543ffa432fab409417d6536b9adced82e102	Shpotov B. M. Henry Ford.
f985fff0dcdffbb1f2a66015b3884ff4f2947643	Life and business., M, LLC "KDU", 2005, ISBN 5-98227-016-4 Shpotov B. M. Henry Ford.
a699c1159beb45c508157bc9dab81a0b6b2b9023	- Questions of history.
d712b4fe22086fca93e5f8974ae2aa82d11b0cec	- 1995.
9d2fb67526321a1d378f9a5e54105cba69fb3262	4. - pp.
d50271416e8122f9ef5f3cbe9d988693c3dcc279	57-77.
db0f25043e52e5b4881b71a8a4f5d5b0d5370ec0	Ford Henry.
1017fafb1452ec029a3325c92dc16956a2579d40	My life.
a13f8540dbc6498dc2ac4471f90099680070c6fc	- Moscow: AST, 2014 — - 352 p.
856460b186a8ceb17334c18374d0277e478bc174	— ISBN 978-5-17-087216-9.
339d782644623e034b183ac5c51c5e2cb5027af1	Henry Ford " My life.
cd8230c8f67cb0d7151998f6e9fa5aa9d4eb61a7	My achievements" (Soviet edition). http://reosh.ru/wp content/uploads/2014/08/Ford Henry My Life my Achievements 1924. pdf My Life and Work by Henry Ford in the Gutenberg Project.
1ff4092d0e296d8b32f5af374da840c2514ec871	Henry Ford is a documentary film of the American Experience (Public Broadcasting Service) Henry Ford Heritage Association
cc590cd76670ff9630a6762ba0f145d4bfaa2040	Protocols of the Elders of Zion
79a779b59c97da1fe66c5e48e1310efb61285ceb	Sources and prototypes Wilhelm Marr * John Ratcliffe • Maurice Joly • Ilya Tsion
9181c63816dc74bb4335eecaf8d4b149af5c0f92	Assumed
f5d411bbdea685cc9367d575ef52d70b79e91eef	authors and creators Matvey Golovinsky * Pyotr Rachkovsky • Georgy Butmi • Pavel Krushevan
33256f1368dcd2864b5178ffbafa067b924630a0	Publishers Geogy Butmi * Pavel Krushevan • Sergey Nilus • Henry Ford • Muller von Hausen • Theodor Fritsch • Julius Streicher
e1282b8dc588f76fdb77bd09bb12c54e55051654	Researchers Vladimir Burtsev * Boris Nikolaevsky • Sergey Svatikov • Hadassah Ben Itto • Norman Cohn • Cesare de Michelis • Michael Hagemeister • Walter Lacker • Vadim Skuratovsky • Pierre Andre Tagieff • Henrik Baran • Leonid Katsis • Mikhail Lepekhin • Janusz Tazbir • Savely Dudakov • Mikhail Zolotonosov • Umberto Eco
c95101899ff5a8ee518c0205a8445b9644a6cd18	Supporters of authenticity Alexander Nechvolodov • Julius Evola • Yuri Begunov • Oleg Platonov
8104258174ae7b06d44ddd7eb5f0e8880455b654	Other related
b02fe41cb7e6d0173ad745a3dee11e21320f569c	persons and events Philip Stepanov • Ekaterina Radziwill • Boris Brazol • Wilhelm Gustloff • Alexander Tager • The Bern Process (eng.)
46090324c98221930a366ccc030cdbf752706793	Notable Names Database · Project Gutenberg · Find a Grave
b1aa7d5b7f8a590b164cbedd6a03ad35778d8736	Regulatory control BIBSYS: 90543093 * BNC: a11024355 · BNE: XX930702 · BNF: 122359096 · GND: 118534300 · ISNI: 0000 0001 1150 9871 · LCCN: n79055385 · NDL: 00466601 · NLA: 35093247 · NLG: 295954 · NTA: 070407347 · LIBRIS: 357457 · SUDOC: 02922456X · VIAF: 76370475 · ULAN: 500236857
448ce9627e480ebaa336296bb674056951ef1a03	List of broken links: Ford & Crowther 1922, Sorensen 1956 Please correct the links according to the instructions for the template {{sfn}} and supplement the bibliographic section with correct descriptions of the cited publications, following the EAP guidelines:Footnotes and VP:Links to sources.
3c160333201bbc08029fc0ed9a5958e829fdd358	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Форд,_Genry&oldid=82900519"
60525419207c41a2df87d0904677aedee9f05ccd	Categories: Persons alphabetically Born on July 30 Born in 1863 Died on April 7 Died in 1947 Awarded the Order of Merit of the German Eagle Protocols of the Elders of Zion Entrepreneurs of the USA Industrialists of the USA Ford Automobile designers Self taught Engineers of the USA Personalities:Anti Semitism in the United States Henry Ford Machine builders Authors of extremist literature Members of the National Inventors Hall of Fame
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ab69675bdbc7af8e12afe5bf45fb6ec28550bf14	Henry Ford
7ea014de7bfb6a4e7c9a0ecd32b46d5a5e5e0666	Evidence
7b264759057eb6d08034aa9921aeca63084e0a89	1) Henry Ford can be considered the first motorist in our world - it was he who made the first trips on his "gasoline cart" around Detroit already in 1895.
83c9c66a7505bbc0ddc9db77c71727785d01c90c	It is worth noting that at that time in America there were already self propelled strollers driven by steam engines, and in Europe there were gasoline analogues of Ford's trolley, but Henry Ford was the first person to use this "great great grandmother" of the car for everyday trips.
1050a636abb2425f6ca2c838d926af3963b3c5b7	"...I have repeatedly had problems with the police.
deb992289caa6e04664768093451ba4c62807d8d	In any case, I had to ask for special permission from the mayor.
0eb84d831d943893c809a5b8caf865379794d2f6	For a while, he was the only person in America who has a driver's license" - Henry Ford, "My life, my achievements".
6c87fd28b57d505b71696b0ebf3edae25e51c056	3) Henry Ford was the first person to use conveyor assembly at his factories, which allowed 5-10 (!) times to speed up the production process of cars.
f59b70067bbed2981495b339abe2dd4ccaa06681	4) The now so famous Ford Motor Company is the second company in a row, which was founded by Henry Ford.
9ff876d5ed8a35adf92d47a176606cd721e46c75	The first company that produced cars based on Ford's designs was the Detroit Automobile Company, which Henry Ford left due to disagreements with the co founders.
95f873b15096dcc5a24cadd98081c0bdad8a9449	5) Perhaps you didnot know, but Soviet GAZ cars at the dawn of their era are copies of Ford's developments.
185e94b23c9a57c5d9c4431c8aeef8d63218a395	Henry Ford signed a contract with the leadership of the USSR, according to which: a) an automobile plant was built in the USSR using the achievements of Henry Ford, later designed to produce cars according to his drawings, and Soviet workers were sent to Detroit factories in the United States for an internship; b) the USSR signed a multimillion dollar contract for the supply of Ford cars and tractors.
52bcb79bbb4292dc979f338c7a1aa0cb88bf78ce	This fact was hidden from ordinary people, like many others at that time.
f1d5f21ff92dbed454306f7b545c845338b715cb	6) By the way, do not confuse: the correct English spelling of Ford's name is Henry Ford.
aaf3883c4d14c3fa2bf79bfa694e6c217723ef11	Not Genry Ford.
e7769454f7c6fbf9ff967ea273e5182dfcbf4fb7	7) Henry Ford paid his employees an "inflated" salary.
5833aa5ae2589e98ac0a5b055a6d4bd10bff3f2b	Did you like the facts?
5bf0b7cc15c85e6106415af4d1d57600c2b4def2	Then there are many more interesting things!
c9e01f3ec59460926a14ffa2360ea5b832ea3c0d	What is the reason for the success of Henry Ford
388ec8c0afd201655aeadf40c6c1bf27edd06106	"If you chop wood yourself, they will warm you twice" - Henry Ford
057272414703b5ae2a251464c51b0b4f33cbc215	(Which is quite unusual for the politics of those years).
c1b8eb83b53aa175f3b7c80d0fea01120fb81928	Biography of Henry Ford
3e4e2957e6e770b133a670ed877d7254ddb7a914	Henry Ford is an ethnic Irishman, his parents were Irish immigrants.
0279151d6a9d5f418be048915a51abfba71ee9f0	The Ford family lived on their farm near Detroit, and earned their living by farming Henry, as a very young boy, helped his father with the housework, helping him to feed his family.
bc7661239a67083da12e5895983781216dbe1bee	We always had enough money to live on, and among the local farmers we could be considered a fairly well off family."
1eb9836091a667b1e02d4a9b6971fbd684f4510d	From the memoirs of Henry Ford: "Even at the age of 12, when I had to drag buckets of water from the well every day, overcoming a steep staircase with a 20 kilogram load, I thought that everything could be made easier — just by adding 2 meters of water pipes."
7bcec0fb5fd71ce9f62a14e864ee815412b6901a	The desire to "make it easier" and "make it different" increasingly visited him with age.
c0177e644a49b107fe8df5282349b9a9733ff83e	One day, a father gave his son a brand new pocket watch.
d63443ce3894027525d870eb19247d17701a2c8f	Unable to resist the temptation, Henry disassembled them, and the abundance of transmission gears, levers and shafts once again proved to the owner about its purpose, striking the young engineer with its complexity and at the same time expediency.
950404e2606c6433e31a2bdc49fe6f7e87a94ea3	"Looking at the mechanism, I thought that the whole world is also a complex structure, and the impact on the levers and elements of the mechanism causes its operation, correct or not, depending on the nature of the impact.
d3cbb2b8bb9eef90669b92a6c64417dec7a321d6	And you just need to influence the right levers — then success is inevitable."
9c3372e0081c7d24e37b8ca3abb4674915253b8f	Henry was so interested in the clockwork that he understood the design of watches quite well, making watch repair one of his ways of earning money in his young years.
92688642ec8e6886c757cdc14011c2e7476f9feb	One day, Henry was traveling with his father to the city of Detroit on business, and their cart was overtaken by a smoking self propelled cart.
98571ddbd043a8bbc039a5b274998dcfa939e881	It struck and interested him even more than the watch, than anything he had seen before.
6e8f80ceb1cfbfc12f8a76fc10a5c8e911adf158	Probably this event was the decisive one in the fate of Henry Ford.
0c727c87e601509b7ad735537eb6064b3651941e	After that, at the age of 16, Henry left home, to meet his fate in the city of Detroit.
ee33ba152ba84516dabf17fd79f8e7cceadb2192	Henry Ford is the first motorist, the first owner of a personal car with an internal combustion engine and the first person to get a driver's license.
2f48256142d1129d47e1ade68460f0787f686251	The success story of Henry Ford
bff0df2dc65817a8e11c7f342b435582b8e9b358	Success did not come immediately.
9bc2da926df3d24a2108cc2a7764b2db7130a5f7	Henry Ford worked assembling engines for steam locomotives, then entered the service of the famous inventor Thomas Edison.
5e59c29fedaf0a00e8614eb35d2d8c5ce7affcbb	Surprisingly, that era gathered under its wing three, without exaggeration, geniuses at once.
9f8aa53ff5d9ed35785635eab26c9c2c69871d36	Henry Ford, Thomas Edison and the famous scientist Nikola Tesla turned out to be contemporaries by the will of fate.
4f4b5802f49e304e17b6f4e808d726f9aa963fef	Moreover, they lived and worked in the same country — the United States.
a955a373f18b67484b8b04c1aa38be5198440a40	But that's not all - Henry Ford and Nikola Tesla worked for Thomas Edison for a while!
c40f998d140df8731f57b392a73bcfba03677f6d	An amazing combination of events!
5eb513d6cafc34159c5d43395819f6dd26974f82	But let's continue.
776b68d110129236e4d0387053fc6deac562e530	Henry Ford worked at the Edison Illuminating Company Corporation, holding the position of mechanical engineer there, and then chief engineer.
6cbd158b8fa1efe97d4109f5351f9174a7bed82d	This company, by the way, almost from scratch provided electric light to the whole of Detroit.
17cef16d2f801f88286bba77c18c33a5fec59113	At that time of his life, in his spare time, Ford was engaged in inventing his first car right in his garage.
4d711236a008cb920b16d7caab7cb91d178f9691	The inventor on his first car, assembled in the garage behind the house
ca3d700ee8711e80d7522cf46e22d4e2d191596e	There are rumors that Ford was so interested in designing that he made the car too big for the garage door, and he had to break them down.
cdd550156e0a9dc85be1f28d8a2730eabb93db8c	Despite everything, the "cart" turned out well.
d8b1cab399c853aa7b0aa1c80ba56ee4d1b31a86	It could reach speeds of up to 20 miles per hour (about 32 kilometers per hour), cover 60 miles (96 km) without refueling and was quite light, which made it possible to make fuel consumption of only 12 liters per 100 kilometers.
a8c20b0bb8f8d5930e9a429c574bd2d766129f38	Despite a century ago, these indicators are not much different from modern ones!
554b994717d97896b0385c65aa3ac611dd1cb337	It was a success in its purest form!
da417d794bdfa1fd547792f85c4d00de59324749	However, success had to be wrapped up in a beautiful "label" of management and solid financial investments, which it took a lot to open your own company.
c72161ae9997f47bb9682f02b3ea4e573da8f8a0	In light of these events, after working for Edison for more than 10 years, Ford became one of the co founders of the Detroit Automobile Company.
68ad0708323e6f3c6fc74c0004b845eca6cae9e6	Ford acquired a financier in the person of an influential businessman, whose wallet and location he won by driving him on his self propelled wheelchair.
afddba06395b510d2d9379abfc6346015429db18	It would seem that this is the milestone from which the name Ford became world famous.
a58138865bc7332da6c71be80062aa03f658204e	But no, soon Henry left the company due to disagreements with the other founders.
8a8f7216ce9d3ea1d501b526819ae84c49fe8df9	The fact is that Ford offered to produce cheaper cars for the middle class, against the background of the general trend of popularity of cars among the rich, who perceived transport as an expensive toy and luxury.
00770aae109eb3a892bf14a62745d2fec82d9ef6	But it doesnot matter, less than a year later he founded his own company, which has been pleasing consumers with high - quality cars for 100 years - "Ford Motors Company".
06f638b351809f4c8c991edc7b769b7b2d8ee0fd	It was then that Ford began producing more affordable, but high quality cars, literally breaking into the car market with the Ford brand and popularity growing exponentially.
9779b013c9d93d32e284079d45615de5aac47c85	Innovative solutions by Henry Ford
09129c365f4413213a357d64a8fe22e6cbb9621c	It was Henry Ford who first tried all the charms of conveyor assembly, using it at his enterprise.
75ff1b4c9ee6e962c2297f9442e45061d25c33d8	The conveyor mode of operation existed before that, but it was Ford who first used it in the technical industry.
6090612ae230b4a1384d04577218ea1a51944b1b	Due to the availability of Ford cars, the brand was gaining popularity at an unprecedented speed, and therefore a conveyor assembly was required, which allowed to increase the speed of creating a new car several times.
94ee53c1614a7a12142e3ef1e1011e4e968d66d3	A few numbers: the Ford T car cost $ 800 against $ 1200 the prices of competitors, and $ 1200 is the minimum cost, sometimes prices reached the $ 2500 mark.
b5432636b28bf1108e43ceaeb0fcf92c36e43be5	At that time, the average salary of a worker was$ 100, and the price difference of several hundred dollars was very noticeable.
771a7e7dad40fa42e969757ddf2fcb3312b81d04	Thanks to the price and quality, the Ford T has occupied a solid market niche of 50 (!) percent!
6bcf41fffe1c48ede194ccee827c79423a828dc4	The popular Ford T, which conquered 50% of the car market
3b87364508fc94e99d6464e58c586a73c5a988b6	After the successful introduction of conveyor assembly (separation of operations between workers), Henry created another "chip" - raised the conveyor to the belt level, which greatly facilitated the work.
67a4c241879d429f0249bd3379bf2b864d12cb18	Also, it was at the Ford Motors Company enterprise that a variety of lifts and hooks on chains were used for the first time above the conveyor line, to facilitate the movement of heavy engines and chassis elements.
0817885c036eca26023c81c8b5d4ecbdc93c7c0f	For the first time in the world, Henry Ford set a minimum wage at his enterprise -$ 5 a day, which at that time was not bad enough.
ce7b8545b02d15f5a49be62a968b7b282b35b22d	The only condition was the correct distribution of money to employees - he bought the necessary things and supported the family.
e9b83b9da5bfc9f3e93452ed404ce89377fd3815	As soon as Ford found out that an employee was drinking his salary, he fired the drunk.
4966469c1cbd5c2708f599342e78d55ee09eb4b1	Also, Henry reduced the working week to 40 hours, and launched his factory to work in 3 shifts of 8 hours each, instead of the usual two shifts of 9 hours at that time.
620ba00ae0bf26fd90e0796d0beb5b4a222e5a83	Henry Ford maintained business relations with many countries, and it is no secret that the GAZ plant in the USSR was built under a contract obliging the purchase of cars from the Ford Motors Company in the amount of $ 4 million (article about the US dollar).
45909db518e5a2002aa195de57e0bd128eec74ce	In return, the USSR could send workers to the plant in Detroit for training, as well as use the methods of organizing Henry Ford's factories.
2b7e62b4b47941daab4204122841ee5a46fcc7b6	Henry Ford Public Life
690573d5c809fc52e6c38190ca57872a5f7f20e7	Henry Ford was an adherent of a healthy lifestyle and proper nutrition.
392724f6a7abc668f2598af7a7b9ac8b5a7c2e2c	He has written several books that have been translated into many languages of the world, including Russian.
8e2c5bab8fce97a7a125e8e5f775383acd138305	Books by Henry Ford:
1570e69601acdd7688023b3d32ffaa778911b48a	"My life, my achievements" (My Life and Work), 1922
a43debe3f8765a07bf3a9bc5cda26060a311ae5c	A good book, especially interesting for an entrepreneur
73c39fe147d8cafd3853982734c56a30f7467782	"Today and Tomorrow" (Today and Tomorrow), 1926
f4a0d452c56f145ba9b1bf2d3add6e863f4561de	"Moving Forward "(Moving Forward), 1931
a1ba8046c90f51c4cfb40104f4ce113313b70c7d	A great innovator, a talented mechanic, a man with an indomitable will, a successful businessman, an excellent manager...the first motorist and the first person with a license is Henry Ford.
60d4c5f22f51ddfcd9f80c71cded47db6b3c0f07	PS Make no mistake, it is correct to write Henry Ford.
6722b4bf4f5078f2fa6185f630526d5e7e727aee	Read more: The dying city of Detroit, Quotes from great Americans (Quotes from Henry Ford, Nikola Tesla, Thomas Edison, etc.), the most famous American rapper.
190bf3b7e28acee5186c4fbc21f634904fc9cc81	5 comment. to the article " Henry Ford”
aa23c2845ae1bd449a92df393d1687507ce35fd0	Artur (17.09.2012 at 20:41) wrote:
8672b6d83cecc295dcea63c95da7a67475e1a777	I read a book, I advise you.
d5f49b5b5cdea92b893f03f1c64134513a57b03d	A great man
7209f34a9ebbbbcb9cf154cfd64ec92b801d2ae1	serg (12.06.2013 at 08:56) wrote:
601d1021c5781e2d5a534e97758e4a91f1c00698	I canot find the book "Moving Forward" (Moving Forward), 1931, but is there any at all?
a5162c149f3ab62fb7e637b000e950ae63cd757f	admin (25.03.2014 at 19:28) wrote:
6d4292bc0bcd17e069a0ff426fe2626d69d9f2f0	Serg, it is there, but it was not published in Russian.
0c34ece720991b2350ed429fc468d21ec1b590f4	Kate (05.10.2013 at 10:37) wrote:
76145c935c4326034f19ac0b0ae0b7759d7ac419	The first two commentators verbalize the truth:)
b71d3fa08186786eb63a24cb66c36abd045b2b80	Lora (05.10.2013 at 14:06) wrote:
2974ca70f61ba50ba6f94021c66fcda997fcc5df	Thank you so much for the info.
60fd64eb8f911c7ce4a01631dc396fc1b41b9443	Respect and respect to the author.
88063d20221df5528c85ae063cfff16ebf76eb52	All articles about the USA Great personalities→ Henry Ford→ Nikola Tesla→ Nikola Tesla, part 2→ Thomas Edison→ 2pac→ George Washington→ Quotes from great Americans→ President→ List of US Presidents→
e46062b1e286b6e985250f2e5fb32be617521f52	About the USA→ Facts about the USA→ General information about the USA→ American Dream→ National Sports of the USA→ States of the USA→ The Great Depression, part 1→ The Great Depression, part 2→
b5ab7b4ca71a962bf9d04177367d9790920bc4b9	About cities→ Portland→ Detroit the Dying Giant→ Moscow or New York→ Interesting facts about Chicago→ Interesting facts about New York→ Little Italy, New York→ Interesting facts about Detroit→ Photos of Chicago→ Why did Detroit go bankrupt→ New York→ Manhattan District→ Brooklyn district→ The Bronx Los Angeles area→ List of cities in the United States How to leave to live in the United States
7b3fa8a0a219f761cda6aa95e799117ba1abbac1	QUOTES FROM GREAT AMERICANS: If you chop wood yourself, they will warm you twice.
a0ca5cc6664bdc42bd500f07eba9ce5664e34774	See the full list of quotes by Henry Ford here>>>
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010ca0942d07a1436439dc11fe15a73f5d83561a	Home Biographies Technicians Inventors
98a2cc48a93ee78de6b4d3add8e939be9c537078	Biography of Henry Ford Henry Ford (1864-1947) is one of the leading industrialists of America, who radically changed the principle of operation of the conveyor assembly of cars.
e42c9e8d80505c0a57dc8808aef9d2beb3d3b4de	As a result, Ford sold millions of cars and became a world famous company executive.
491824b311ba4259a03769afcb976148bdf79faf	But three years later, he was hired as an engineer at the Edison Illuminating Company.
b5ec8adb1d1e748c7ada2c426d0f838278610620	In 1893, his natural talents allowed him to grow up to chief engineer.
e44ceebf44022f438a0e04207a4ab23050807658	In 1914, he sponsored the development of a mobile assembly line belt for mass production.
4600689b192ec787f8c7ad51afa4f308e31b2c4e	At the same time, he introduced a salary of$ 5 per day (the equivalent of$ 110 in 2011), as a result of which he sought to maintain the loyalty of the best workers to his company.
008837c7708742d291114c11bb3de33098c623ad	Philosophy, philanthropy and anti Semitism
ba2182c74e80f53165511424c0701e3b5178c7d5	From a social point of view, Henry Ford had, at first glance, contradictory points of view.
21de25a70c8823d668f935bd2bab0ee73fbf6509	Ford has awarded a portion of the company's profits to employees who have worked for the company for more than six months and, most importantly, to those who have spent their lives in a respectable way.
f520d629edc95d534f4b7f55e286faad6b3049f8	The "Social Department of the company" studied bad habits, gambling cravings and other negative aspects of candidates when making a decision on hiring.
71ff2b1bd8d0217a50ff530721611d572142f0e2	Ford was an ardent pacifist and opponent of the First World War, even financed peaceful ships to Europe.
128c0d04f69f2c93d62a40a416bac82259aed736	Later, in 1936, Ford and his family founded the Ford Foundation, to allocate grants for research, education and development.
65504b3659baec276f711fc206b639ff099ae35b	But despite these philanthropic inclinations, Ford was also a devoted anti Semite, supporting in every way the weekly newspaper The Dearborn Independent, which held the same views.
f889ecd2d6a2c8ac3214750c2b68d75bc2be6d58	Henry Ford died on April 7, 1947, at the age of 83 from a cerebral hemorrhage, near his Dearborn estate, Fair Lane.
74c8d30a4042bbd488ba7a01f10ee7347604a02a	Henry Ford is one of the greatest businessmen in America.
6eda1c907503aec48da8f58219a3a7d088d5aea2	It is very difficult to overestimate his contribution to the development of the American economy during its formation.
72d7f58135285ab0d7927e540e728453afddfaa2	His legacy will live on for many more decades.
0bc11f60cae20bf2df6f5a7c4067a7d8c0e9b8db	Youth Early Career Ford Motor Company Philosophy, Philanthropy and Anti Semitism
f95fb2e84c5a4810fabdc385b9b397c1a38e057d	Activity Businessman, Inventor, Engineer, Designer
aea9525c19573f4843d7068ef481c75e24ea39cb	Date of birth July 30, 1863
1bb6c7889133f7554135930251cf89efbbf3f1ce	Zodiac sign Leo
b67b421c4ac43d9aba1c00c21f512d73e0bd0da6	Date of death April 7, 1947
d8decfbbb0996cbd75d2850bdb8a9c01e073acda	Place of birth USA, Detroit
c8fde91875d2d756b6e4bbe6d440d35326565c10	Full name (rus) Henry Ford
475e58bc7bd2702c52a06f8aeb997e8a5a8393f8	Full name (English) Henry Ford
34923f7d9f39a7b7dd5d68b4175745147655887b	Kristina Pak 152 2.
bb02f2ae1219bdd79792ed8739d3848fb48be017	Nikita Lipin 64 3.
70c6d2e6bf805777be105e40056afbca8d83c75f	Tima Saparbekov 59 4.
7b759cf174250b42f5702ef0bb71b9e3edd411dd	Artem Kashuba 38 5.
ef9f3fa9ae29c10307df74cf6157bdac6093df6e	Alexandra Zemtsova 33 6.
f021eb42286a728acf2edd69a495a498ecb64696	Artem Kasymov 29 7.
b4827afbee575af67a1ba23ee530ee555844ed4a	Ksenia Pintusova 28 8.
01e0a286cb862c8615789c52b98f50af6190a6cd	Dashulya Popkova 28 9.
8559525b72b9ad1368a09c8077c1a9009fca09bb	Vovchik Khokholkov 27 10.
3b6790fd3d5416a65bcbac23e660330618b29aae	Dmitry Makhov 26
e3740d214b70d025f156605fc23014c4c134ab36	1. Ramzan Ramzan 2,133 2.
85528246a5f898df75f8c1bb1c00f960d24bb1f1	Alyona Koshkarovskaya 1,886 3.
770acd30730065d174725151654211b46b801811	Elizaveta Pyakina 1,035 6.
fef9d6f6eacdac9038dffc95c49532e884e30fad	Elena Byron 931 7.
894d3ccccbb3a17c1871168b1a1a81750461060b	Irina Nalivko 677 8.
7511a895f62e9df0d99d0684a811b235e3402317	Asya Marzieva 638 9.
34a5896309cb1cffda31d060261017a6a78b4678	Daria Volkova 634 10.
69f5280ece0b37c54303357b2a68a612a45df42a	Kristina Kisenkova 607
f4d9cc9a1da218d357e2b1c8afb432d2f7eac335	Recent biographies
1f613c0e5481fe44be62695e3cfdb3bb197254db	Wilbur Wright Steve Jobs Mark Zuckerberg Mikhail Kalashnikov Steve Wozniak
67425ce346a45243216f2d9a997f7cbecbbca325	After retiring from the Edison Illuminating company in 1899, Henry Ford founded his own company, Detroit Automobile.
3e1a8eb98973c1724f738c7485f050228c3ca4de	Ford himself took part in auto racing and in October 1901 managed to defeat the American champion Alexander Winton.
45459d20d2a6a9f986ec0cbdc48e2a34af1fa8be	The Ford Motor Company appeared in 1903.
65153a0e5ccc4aa79a6d03930cfbd2fbc7b1f403	Its founders were twelve businessmen from the state of Michigan, led by Henry Ford, who held 25.5% of the company's shares and held the positions of vice president and chief engineer of the company.
5ea5c4e763f1d64da7c2a63c4dd417273c9f7d39	A former van factory on Mack Avenue in Detroit was converted into an automobile factory.
cd51d012dfdd490a5cc3c2baa29f12715721293d	The company's first car was sold on July 23, 1903.
a86329c97429b25bfbdfee3208cfc40018509227	In 1906, Henry Ford became the president and the main owner of the company.
0ac753ca89eea173c8e411bb4150a6b95d3e702d	It was the appearance of the "T" model that marked the beginning of a new era in the development of personal transport.
f0fad5331edba6aefc8e10f751c401f9e1611975	The Ford car was easy to drive, it did not require complex maintenance and could drive even on rural roads.
3efc0d457902bf2c184d40da8367cc6c0bc9978d	New generation In 1919, Henry Ford and his son Edsel bought out the company's shares from other shareholders for $ 105,568,858 and became the sole owners of the company.
96d0a49c6b1a2377126c399ccde9922b1df8e0d4	Retirement In September 1945, Henry Ford handed over the powers to his eldest grandson, Henry Ford II.
1ec8b7129d1a02e0d3d5daca5aaecc03e3f45ce2	In May 1946, Henry Ford Sr. was awarded an honorary award for services to the automotive industry, and at the end of the same year, the American Petroleum Institute presented him with a gold medal for services to the community.
1ba2f5a78af04fee6f27e38bf2f49b1b670f2765	The end of the era Henry Ford died at the age of 83 at his home in Dearborn on April 7, 1947.
d7f77a5ff7e024640cc9efecf17aedfb26d17fd6	Thus ended a whole era in the history of Ford Motor Company, which, despite the death of its founder, continued to develop actively.
ad81b44ab5a2102afeeec6290af8fbb97d22d305	He was born on March 31, 1685 in the city of Eisenach.
6e5f6c410514b64e7a3b04b32f0a278279865b54	Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) was a German composer and organist.
8361cada28e0c44a686a9fb5154fe70baf3d73c7	Of course, you can say that, but it sounds too depressing in the case of the person we are talking about.
17835bc71bdfdf02b8870434209065683f654e50	This is not just a great classic, the fruits of whose creativity have enriched this world and even in our time sound more than relevant.
9769f503480c06b8780d35f8cfe248cba1312664	Bach is rather a whole milestone in the history of music.
6433ce3a4a82f58fd91ca8b09941273fe7b47149	And this fact is absolutely impossible to hide, such a variety and influence of various trends as in the music of Johann Sebastian is not observed in any other composer (belonging to the era in question, it is called "the era of great composers").
bd2334b11bf3d9bb848be968fa57674fccbc81ee	What allows us to say this?
5a292fd3cf278d53630b166d7951d11f82b095f1	Bach's music is full of shades, it is very rich and there are many musical thoughts in it.
35890aa1a2c0c3a31fdc414be7b53da96cf8126f	During his lifetime, he was famous as an organist and harpsichordist; his compositional work was perceived by his contemporaries in connection with practical activities that took place in the typical atmosphere of a church, courtyard and city for a musician of the 17th and 18th centuries.
18cc430e6f58e3eb04e1e57babf50206174722c2	He spent his childhood years in Eisenach, in 1695-1702 he studied at the Ordrufei Lineburg.
91b9019c905348e03c6e4d3ea24a2b1dbfd9b117	At the age of 17, he played the organ, clavier, violin, viola, sang in the choir, was an assistant cantor.
e8d976bced77bfccf3f8123b84befbcc0170d075	In 1703-07 organist of the Neukirche in Arnstadt, in 1707-08 organist of the Blasiuskirche in Muhlhausen, in 1708-17 court organist, chamber musician, from 1714 court concertmaster in Weimar, in 1717-23 court kapellmeister in Keten, in 1723-50 cantor of the Thomaskirche and city music director in Leipzig (1729-41 head of the Collegium musicum).
53a775cbeeea4dfca953a5b0fa9319e988d54b76	Bach is one of the greatest representatives of the world humanistic culture.
9ca1e222d8bfee92d2dc1a6d654755028c65ce80	The work of Bach, a versatile musician, distinguished by the inclusiveness of genres (except opera), summarized the achievements of the musical art of several centuries on the verge of Baroque and classicism.
e7cc595d7681f2bdfa80c17fbb8164606e46faa5	A vividly national artist, Bach combined the traditions of the Protestant chorale with the traditions of the Austrian, Italian, and French music schools.
f53fdd4830e94babd160102ff091ddba3ab64635	Bach, an unsurpassed master of polyphony, is characterized by the unity of polyphonic and homophonic, vocal and instrumental thinking, which explains the deep interpenetration of various genres and styles in his work.
e0e6f6fdecc0317240ace161ac49bd72f46cfdb9	The leading genre in Bach's vocal and instrumental work is the spiritual cantata.
637956dd057e835c33c05a02c0c041c77665a675	Bach created 5 annual cycles of cantatas, which differ by belonging to the church calendar, by text sources (psalms, chorale stanzas, "free" poetry), by the role of the chorale, etc.
d6919deb6126a61309a293ec18f9577eae05bdeb	Of the secular cantatas, the most famous are "Peasant" and "Coffee".
1ce6b45194d92ebc709155d6f7151cb7ddfaa5c2	The principles developed in the cantata dramaturgy were implemented in the masses, the "Passion".
4975099b8dae1cd4ea247449c247f234b89ed212	Organ music occupies a central place in Bach's instrumental work.
05a4ddb61255ac87b3e66c2e0af90b5d59600a19	A virtuoso performer, one of the greatest experts on keyboard instruments in his time, Bach created an extensive literature for the clavier.
a0930c73819e6d55ef531b2db7f8fc47117b3ce8	Among the keyboard compositions, the most important place is occupied by the "Well-tempered Clavier" — the first experience in the history of music of the artistic application of the tempered system developed at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries.
426f37fd0cf58e5c2e295e281dd3723cd19ef77d	Bach's music for violin, cello, flute, oboe, instrumental ensemble, orchestra-sonatas, suites, partitas, concertos — marks a significant expansion of the expressive and technical capabilities of instruments, reveals a deep knowledge of instruments and universalism in their interpretation.
0361790106ec37e342ed01279494ba2ea07ff07d	The Brandenburg concertos for various instrumental compositions, which embodied the genre and compositional principles of concerto grosso, were an important stage on the way to the classical symphony.
4c887ebe0e3c0b5dc3aa9bb0c04bcb277e869a5c	During Bach's lifetime, a small part of his works was published.
957306f631f6a12a92505df2d71c802c0996ab9c	The true scale of Bach's genius, which had a strong influence on the subsequent development of European musical culture, began to be realized only half a century after his death.
d01bb0885b1e6997f7b495350d528ee2a1c40857	Among the first connoisseurs are the founder of Bach studies I. N. Forkel (published in 1802 an essay on the life and work of Bach), K. F. Zelter, whose activities for the preservation and promotion of Bach's heritage led to the performance of the "Passion according to Matthew" under the direction of F. Mendelssohn, 1829.
ceffc9a65603e8a06e905a066ff148a13532b613	This performance, which had historical significance, served as an impetus for the revival of Bach's work in the 19th and 20th centuries.
ebc85a3b5bd5d279a8cfd5411bf425aac5c2858c	In 1850, the Bach Society was formed in Leipzig.
a0638f79e96f11df2cd73e5ca7b970da4bb04f17	In Bach's time, art was mainly determined by the tastes of the court and the requirements of the Protestant church.
ca0e36f1f1fc421034e0674c1dd36c63e768681c	It was with such requirements that the great composer had to face and it was these requirements that he never adhered to, because any boundaries for such a freedom-loving person as Johann Sebastian were like death.
0ca641849eab4ae7bea01e33836d1e08dd888128	Because of this persistent non-compliance with the rules, the musician's life was very difficult and full of humiliations.
c3b74b87c903b6e99df72252dab94563a0b28853	His plans were grandiose, but they did not fit into the idea of what secular or spiritual music should be.
e78c6a5924bd202f0b52fbf67d17d1e117f0d850	Little Bach originally had a passion for music, because his ancestors were professional musicians.
c3929ff06e1e9a4607b65d16268068a78f2ad1dd	After the death of his parents, Johann Bach was taken over by his brother Johann Christoph.
6c0b8101f7dbc4864493e65732d1cf3792610f67	He taught the future composer to play the clavier, organ.
b245ce9d86a9722e9e14ec1af70c1a6e032fbda1	There he gets acquainted with the work of modern musicians, develops comprehensively.
615687afcd8014bff9d1b9b9a0f4f7bf70bf60f2	During the years 1700-1703, the first organ music of Bach was written.
b403baa9de9d6174832622d5ab5909d94c06190b	None of his teachers particularly influenced the formation of the composer's creative style, he himself found the necessary inspiration in the huge legacy that existed before him and existed in his present.
a0b3fb85dc3b1a458af6c4864a11efa5896c448d	Also, being interested in the work of Reinken, Bach often went to Hamburg to attend concerts of this famous organist at that time.
4d96d10a9233a7f779e9fad9cf745bfbeef0b36a	it is also very likely that the composer also attended the opera in Hamburg, which was then in its heyday there.
75d2d103d19629457488f1e45c3abb33da70589b	Among other things, Bach's work was undoubtedly influenced by communication with Georg Boehm (1661-1733), a famous German composer, whose teacher was Reinken himself.
5fa659df7c16e1062520fb4e66f1a07733e2d2d3	In this way, the years of apprenticeship for the young Johann Sebastian passed in Lüneburg.
e82d8b0953455a214c90188461dbf8793b355517	After completing his studies, Johann Sebastian was sent to Duke Ernst as a musician at the court.
8293ce60d56ee85991a4d4cbdbebd9fb2d6b030e	Then he was invited to be a caretaker in the organ hall of the church in Arnstadt, after which he became an organist.
d9e3f5140fabf2c0c562151af027811980f28c55	Later he became an organist in the city of Muhlhausen.
26283cb78fc5882db075bb22b5ec5c80ef2d2ef7	In 1707, Bach married Maria Barbara – his cousin.
86e15722afb1e715bb20c841f468d5be96ef8799	In the biography of Bach of those times, many positive changes were noted.
7d57af6cd19757e04606b21775700c13a6dca05a	The authorities were satisfied with his work, and the composer received a reward for publishing the work.
b292a755c476f330de5787f27c899ec6ffba10d7	However, Bach again decided to change jobs, this time becoming a court organist in Weimar.
e841b5ca78f0570d53a16dc7638228d55c079d68	In this city, three children are born in the musician's family.
0d572423bd1ffb681011797fde225ca7c733bce1	Bach's music is filled with the best trends of that time thanks to the teaching of other composers.
2e930fe617c1edd5d45d5655e32d08e0b98db134	The next employer of Bach, who highly appreciated his talent, was the Duke of Anhalt of Keten.
ba62bea58cf5b47240f79bf47369101c22f4400e	Bach found a new job as a kapellmeister at the court of Prince Leopold of Keten.
1c7214ef1b3cc28d6e4d5a3ddabc121edbb1df2a	During this period, Bach created instrumental works in which he appeared as the discoverer of the new age: "Brandenburg Concertos", solo concertos for various instruments, works for the clavier, including "Well-tempered Clavier".
10c88c3096cbcdfa579deb6ab6ca01aa07ace1cd	In December 1721, a year after the death of his wife, Bach married Anna Magdalena Wilken (a twenty-year-old singer), with whom he had six sons and seven daughters.
42fa9e09d11af3e6d8be8ac9af705ade86777138	In 1723, at the age of 38, Bach moved to Leipzig, where he remained for the rest of his life.
c00011f0038c7ad24a2f10092fff70e12c3bcea2	He won a competition for the position of cantor-teacher of the singing school of St. Thomas Church.
352dcc292f51783f2d620843f452a1616a106a28	His duties also included creating music for church services and city celebrations.
5d540615298905f8c49fec38b9dcb07d536f3d7f	In fact, Bach led the entire musical life of the city.
857ecf621a9e5056c3fa22262d8ecc2744e5cdd8	In March 1729, Johann Sebastian became the head of the Collegium Musicum, a secular ensemble that had existed since 1701, when it was founded by an old friend of Bach, Georg Philipp Telemann[21].
eedd4b1408538c20f604e25564b67f4653fc7483	At that time, in many large German cities, gifted and active university students created similar ensembles.
68f86961f9cf60902eed05643dbe9556fe922728	Such associations played an increasingly important role in public musical life; they were often headed by well-known professional musicians.
c7d1d396a2581c1b1fc5853cc8a6ff05da9228f3	For almost the entire year, the Music College held two-hour concerts twice a week at Zimmerman's coffee shop, located near the market square.
6f49a747d7adb196b19b016fca35846ccb8c3d57	The owner of the coffee shop provided the musicians with a large hall and purchased several instruments.
2c07889afd66f98f6a9e3c9a6a9edf42101034be	Many of Bach's secular works, dating from the 1730s to the 1750s, were composed specifically for performance in Zimmerman's coffee shop.
7a77b983297e9aee6ebc7db06394caf07f2df8b3	During the same period, Bach wrote the Kyrie and Gloria parts of the famous Mass in B Minor, later adding the remaining parts, the melodies of which are almost entirely borrowed from the composer's best cantatas.
facb9ffcaff30e3035f6dce05572557b36eb2f1f	Bach soon obtained an appointment to the post of court composer; apparently, he had long sought this high post, which was a strong argument in his disputes with the city authorities.
2cf7cfcd38e7e17c7a5b3eb8f6cc2c297e756884	Although the entire mass was never performed in its entirety during the composer's lifetime, today many consider it one of the best choral works of all time.
f1a850b2baa55bc598602802ae133cae982beca8	In 1747, Bach went to Potsdam to visit his son Karl Philipp Emanuel, who was a court musician for King Frederick the Great.
f0b07c4262acb216c38083152624fd5787d60675	He invited the composer to a tournament of all harpsichordists, which was held at the palace that evening.
6c0a3b3c6a51b507f7bbd327fd3a3a955b189bb1	The king, who was a good musician himself, played a part on the flute and offered to improvise several keyboard variations on this melody.
feb0a2077b7df3f8e47c665532d2956d2ad5760b	The performance of Bach pleased the king.
4eeeb88a847a8e3d16cb32caede3e564ca7645df	Returning to Leipzig, Bach wrote on the basis of this so-called "Musical Offering" and dedicated it to Frederick, sent it to the king as a gift.
24d57b5989ec950d87786bebd5a869ea5b6e2b21	The work consisted of a fugue, two ricercars, nine canons and a trio of sonatas.
12b646537d862e72c54264ed7fd496b865095db1	Bach reworked the royal theme in each of the pieces.
1ad375c0c420bc63b9ac57e1695b9c443d0615b4	Over time, Bach's vision became worse and worse.
08965ad63d50c2ecc7ad84413f10db906d3de2d3	Nevertheless, he continued to compose music, dictating it to his son-in-law Altnikkol.
daeeeecd0f6cfcfd8b1225540aa942271c8040f4	In 1750, the English ophthalmologist John Taylor arrived in Leipzig, whom many modern researchers consider a charlatan.
d048c9892d714e336a4b8334f18da0cffd638f70	Taylor operated on Bach twice, but both operations were unsuccessful[24], Bach remained blind.
3cc6a1ce4013415864bc03ad32728c7c7f77a0fa	On July 18, he suddenly regained his sight for a short time, but in the evening he had a stroke.
97e5b8e934f9dc8c770ad850fc2d97bf57fc88f2	Bach died on July 28; the cause of death may have been complications after surgery.
864eb418ce9781e01ca9b1d43fe277b210ea91cd	His remaining fortune was estimated at more than 1000 thalers and included 5 harpsichords, 2 lute harpsichords, 3 violins, 3 violas, 2 cellos, viola da gamba, lute and spinet, as well as 52 sacred books[25].
4e70275924449fe6d4302bfa2ad52cd0e1be8ea4	During his lifetime, Bach wrote more than 1000 works.
05b6d09f6f69b6bae30e61b738ec981c2d5d12c0	In Leipzig, Bach maintained friendly relations with university professors.
f1c2425eef32f4d9ac3ec3dfa728cd3e185d5549	Especially fruitful was the collaboration with the poet Christian Friedrich Henrici, who wrote under the pseudonym Picander.
6ea7436d3dbb1c93d118bcb4785cd0e54c3bd809	Johann Sebastian and Anna Magdalena often hosted friends, family members and musicians from all over Germany at their home.
a0479b0a6d0c91c451020010fa8fa51de541637b	Interestingly, Georg Friedrich Handel, Bach's classmate from Halle, 50 km from Leipzig, never met Bach, although Bach tried to meet him twice in his life — in 1719 and 1729[26].
77da4b73d17babc56f977b30b2e80997895ee491	The fates of these two composers, however, were joined by John Taylor, who operated on both shortly before their death.
8cd59e8c56ddd47f54067979fa0fde1a5e55838e	The composer was buried near the Church of St. St. John's (German: Johanniskirche), one of the two churches where he served for 27 years.
29b3ab2fde34b7cf93e6bad3b4893af6aec246b9	However, the grave was soon lost, and only in 1894 the remains of Bach were accidentally found during construction work on the expansion of the church, where they were reburied in 1900.
109e6eac04585bcbf6972916e46bf177ffe9f788	After the destruction of this church during the Second World War, the ashes were transferred on July 28, 1949 to the Church of St. Thomas [27].
3bc06d862514beaee4e45c6c213fe602f45f6240	In 1950, which was named the year of J. S. Bach, a bronze tombstone was installed over the place of his burial[28].
d1484c030209bb5c668a8241fde5cc0c541ee55c	Bach's works for the organ continued to be played in the church, organ harmonizations of chorales were in constant use.
c01c66c07bdce43e87b669c062f824ddfd5bb6ae	In the last years of Bach's life and after his death, his fame as a composer began to decrease: his style was considered old-fashioned compared to the burgeoning classicism.
e74e1bd928e93fb406d2c63c110c1f0bd9a2d241	He was better known and remembered as a performer, teacher and father of the younger Bach, first of all Karl Philipp Emanuel, whose music was more famous.
496129b84593db15d0ed4efe50d8551bf4f8325a	However, many major composers, such as Mozart and Beethoven, knew and loved the work of Johann Sebastian Bach.
c0d022be90942e61f8dccc753e2db27c272b0955	They were brought up on the works of Bach since childhood.
ece44296fb5da7da0886014d744c286db0df2cef	Beethoven greatly appreciated Bach's music.
e0c357753e5bee3d87f3eed1bacce88fc4341f8b	In 1850, the Bach Society was founded, the purpose of which was to collect, study and distribute Bach's works.
16024df077c8833775db810b9a27487d0687546b	In the next half century, this society carried out significant work on compiling and publishing a corpus of the composer's works.
7023dad9c722268393befd94e0af36c83176277b	In Russia at the beginning of the XIX century, as connoisseurs and performers of Bach's music, Maria Shimanovskaya, a student of Field, and Alexander Griboyedov are particularly distinguished.
6698a9e6a8b2a6457e4f0b451a00027f7bc4fe2b	Composers often used themes from Bach's works.
5223ae3c3710a4d5092a8d24bcfeea59bb215050	For example, in Brahms ' cello sonata in D major, musical quotations from The Art of Fugue are used in the finale.
f1b83b163085a291bdc33e4cef74980df967cbb0	Bach's music is among the best creations of mankind recorded on the golden disc of Voyager[35].
cdddb78edecd25e7991608201028ac423756a424	According to The New York Times, Johann Sebastian Bach led the top ten greatest composers of all time[36][37].
f02f1ff43cfdf7c4efa0bb50d769a0298248b3fb	Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) was a major German composer and organist.
e41c037441ee46481007bfcb49d8c859cc803592	His work is the completion and the highest point of the polyphonic era in Western European music.
087b15958b71368f8e1bba74a5ba8725e10849f5	Biography Johann Sebastian Bach was born on March 21, 1685 in Eisenach (Thuringia).
74f7f696bd7b318f45203a33605b35a0d361b8d0	He was the eighth child and belonged to the fifth generation of a family of professional musicians.
04082d0446173aea29ec826353cbbb4492b3da2c	Johann Sebastian received his first music lessons from his father.
55a02f1b90fb718c8f212ea837678abd4271d75a	At the age of seven, Johann Sebastian began attending a Latin school in Eisenach.
cd2c77a3d38f108a511f0397da8e13aae12f9ce8	He had an indelible impression of the organ art after meeting his father's cousin Johann Christoph, who was an organist and composer.
169e056013d9a66ec2ffcc68a668a28d8f5f850a	The boy's parents died when he was ten years old.
2aabe34b22cabb0e3e2440eb294c628ff1359557	Johann Sebastian moved to live with his brother Johann Christoph, who was a music teacher at a church school in the city of Ohrdruf.
2c1d5aacfad3989724ad638de7a26fd2772be1a2	His brother was 14 years older and began to teach Johann Sebastian to play the organ, harpsichord, as well as composition.
443430912648b70f61c4f1bce16b244c7e2a4234	Five years later, Johann Sebastian moved to Lüneburg and entered the boys ' school at the Michaelis Monastery as a chorister.
5ebb2e5df4cd2635a9c731393251104145e7302c	He sang soprano in the choir, and when his voice began to break, he became a violinist in the church orchestra.
28a51b6a9c0cb3b78cadc38b7f7d406c421bc9fb	Young Bach spent a lot of time in the school library, studying music on his own.
7cbae5003baa11c3484836e53ae49ef0a61d96d9	Bach received his first place after graduating from school in 1703.
41a4091b265e6d8571249e80d202eef27f298888	He served as violinist, violist and organist in the private chapel of Duke Wilhelm Ernst in Weimar.
2f5e9aa4af2bad751d57204cfe305233f2d30d71	In the same year, he moved to Arnstadt to take the place of organist of the New Church and head of the school choir.
129d848172f54e8eaa1ee80ab19434e255e83ba1	One day the church granted a vacation, and Bach, eager for knowledge, went on foot to a town two hundred miles away to listen to the great organist of that time, Dietrich Buxtehude.
713375b03a2c220668fdb2d24d770cd25d9c2ebc	In 1707, Bach got a job as an organist in Muhlhausen and married his cousin Maria Barbara Bach.
fe283efe16dfe95f33ff3c82e3f3fcfc6b2b4456	They had seven children, of whom four survived.
9486a639536b4b75f2f638fb2ef114e2e234c3b3	In 1708, Bach returned to Weimar and became a court organist and chamber musician, and in 1714 — a court concertmaster.
f10318430bbe22f85df8f45ad4e5bf0ced18a9c9	Due to disputes with the duke in 1717, Bach decided to resign.
8b630e898a70c1f698750040b4570df723dbd921	The duke was so angry that he even put the composer in prison for one month.
6b1a64f92da8d85d77e1e256b859b61b65bd993a	During this period, Bach created instrumental works in which he appeared as the discoverer of the new age: "Brandenburg Concertos", solo concertos for various instruments, works for the clavier, including "Well tempered Clavier".
df4d2c87f5802900bf3515b0db87366b93cbfa25	In December 1721, a year after the death of his wife, Bach married Anna Magdalena Wilken (a twenty year old singer), with whom he had six sons and seven daughters.
5db3857a4df2bf34c76581b83fa68cf92e6aee94	He won a competition for the position of cantor teacher of the singing school of St. Thomas Church.
273bf0ae9c3a84d61e5f2134ccc714863a065edc	During this period, Bach wrote five annual cycles of cantatas for each Sunday service and all holidays of the church calendar, and such famous spiritual works as" The Passion for John"," The Passion for Matthew"," The Christmas Oratorio"," Magnificat "and"High Mass".
d1617820494f16be93bb800b098a07504f90430d	In 1729, Bach began to lead a circle called the "College of Musicians", consisting of students and professional musicians who gave concerts every Friday at Zimmerman's coffee shop.
5e5d3d9097f09c001c1582208e738966ff02b6e7	This was an innovation, since concerts for the general public had not been arranged before.
73b9a73ce3db1effe12145b0c8dfef2da29185b2	Towards the end of his life, Bach's eyesight deteriorated due to cataracts, and in 1749 he became completely blind.
3a5a41e70d127a393785ba3b377499d5c4209da2	However, Bach continued to compose music, dictating his works.
d351e01e0e39f125b8c6e681d82fdfa708751fa0	Johann Sebastian Bach died on July 28, 1750 in Leipzig and was buried in the Johannis Cemetery.
b41a9feba9ee5d49f7e8a48c02a9f263d325c54d	On July 28, 1949, the coffin with the remains of Bach was moved to the choir of the church of St. Thomas.
86a7519791eaf83ef44c523357b5ee5b65da29ed	During his lifetime, Bach's compositions were practically not published.
f77b15ecdd0a539b3264bba9c17748edc5d577e9	Only a few keyboard pieces were printed at personal expense.
db68d1609df6885113e5bdf3c0076cdf34a620a6	Contemporaries admired him as an organist and harpsichordist, but considered his music old fashioned and boring.
419005e493137ea61a9551ca4ff03f696bb0e15a	Until his death, Bach was a "relic" of bygone days, children often called him "old wig".
0fef3a1496dbcf355e1b7a6aba5ce19d7bdc0f04	Bach's life was very full of work, and he saw in his work the result of patient work and study.
dd71b0be1dcd1c1bd73e250909966d468b199ddb	When asked how he mastered such a high art, he replied: "I had to study hard; whoever is as hard will achieve the same."
e86bd016bad7c7b13d55665e06e97826f64706ce	Bach spent a lot of time on the musical education of his children and students: "...in due time you will try to pass on what little you have received from me to other good people."
8f59e1db552d5d40416841a3c86d3e9272371678	Being a religious person, Bach adhered to the church canons in music and its performance.
310ca02e9c698d37a17ca23ab2f3082544af5a83	In 1717, as a dedication to his "Organ Notebook", he wrote: "For the glory of God, for the teaching of our neighbor."
69af4278fca6786f08948713fa384f844dbc4606	As soon as he arrived, the king happily announced: Gentlemen, old Bach has arrived!".
c30d570e690d5c961ab01ee9be6506bab58ac00e	Returning to Leipzig, Bach wrote on the basis of this so called "Musical Offering" and dedicated it to Frederick, sent it to the king as a gift.
33547fb5bbb9a36e3cba9b83fb9fe4899ec1fdef	Beethoven on Bach: "Not a stream (Vash (German) - a stream), but the sea should be called for its boundless, inexhaustible wealth of sound combinations and harmonies."
f5324dea10b50e4d2372f2a817d760b56e3e36ed	The last significant theoretical work that Bach worked on is called "The Art of Fugue".
15920f65ab7a7db6e66cfad5f41da1c489d20295	Illness prevented the complete completion of the work.
14cfcca2385bd19fcb4bd258aebcd1ccc20de950	With this work, Bach wanted to show how one simple musical theme can be expressed in various ways of writing a fugue or canon.
cdf8c12812a8cad971601fea1a1a68bee411f506	In the fragments of the preserved last fugue with three themes, the theme of the name V A With N. *** Bach — one of the greatest representatives of world culture appeared for the first time.
e98e62c3ee1972d06622572614e6c59414dc712c	His work, characterized by the inclusiveness of genres (except opera), summarized the achievements of the musical art of several centuries on the verge of Baroque and classicism.
aabc4f05f03af5d8ef06c1379301aff62597ac1b	The performance of Bach's works after 1750 was considered exclusively the property of professionals.
bcb6b818dbaa14a7f5c8acadcf9407c9cb950573	Composers such as Mozart, Haydn and Beethoven held Bach in high esteem, but for many years he remained in oblivion.
f3a09911b923dd5b5d1c71286933a572b4ac0fda	This continued until the XIX century, until they appreciated the true scale of Bach's genius and began to consider him one of the greatest composers in the history of world culture.
4cfdff0a508508252ea548dfda3797b5ba96b499	The composer Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdi (1809-1847) made a great contribution to the revival of Bach;
aa6a25fd817ab5391598acaaaa80e516912efd9e	On March 11, 1829, at the age of 20, he conducted a performance of the oratorio "The Passion according to Matthew" — for the first time 100 years after writing this work.
8e1fa7c80350f8d2ce3988871a8ea5c1fe5c5677	This performance served as an impulse for the revival of Bach's work in the XIX XX centuries.
48457f897df1af7361b173ac1e03889b12bcce92	In 1850, the Bach Society was formed in Leipzig, whose goal was to find manuscripts and publish a complete collection of works.
6d2bdd581e30529a2a7bf309a796d1aaec236ce1	The last volume was published in 1900.
eef220d586abff12dd074f0a47cfbd8be92c7f1f	All of Bach's works cover more than a thousand works of various genres for different compositions of performers.
f274b6337738349ed5122c2efe1b935e6ab93ecd	Only in 1950, 200 years after Bach's death, a complete catalog of his works was published.
6c663c22a5cc54d4da40590063101a9f0c125433	Wolfgang Schmieder systematized them in the Vash Werke Verzeichnis (Catalog of Bach's Works).
819a66edfb7a2514949f22853f53b0b4282aeb1f	Bach, Johann Sebastian
6d10b9e847b4a8d8be6d55975b6736e5f6f473c3	Johann Sebastian Bach
437657c05722d4181f48bcd4c94865654f2150ab	Portrait of Bach (1746) Basic Information Date of birth March 31, 1685(1685-03-31)
17711a020f6be73318bd2500cc00e112e0890786	Place of birth Eisenach, Saxe Eisenach
46cd3bb2d7d6baba1ca1c8d3978b3fa76878d135	Date of death July 28, 1750 (1750-07-28) (65 years old)
835f4c7bb9126e12bce750c268e9ae8c7dbc256a	Place of death Leipzig, Saxony
617242340781d013b4b47c1feeb459c95a332f06	Years of activity 1710-1750
1845e3631cdd203810cde25410023d4a97ed4e8e	Country Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire
e1a5303bfb4d2e4164067c80f96662dd0c4f726c	Professions composer, performer, teacher
8169ef52222c540f3ef8e4388f7061d427c7b93b	Instruments organ, harpsichord, violin
e2a4caa35e971f46b6a7e6bbcc4f5ba3472fea66	Genres baroque music
1873fe5c7896fed4f715b763aec8764401191d35	There are articles on Wikipedia about other people with the surname Bach.
aba7337bda1051f215cf1654e61744ca367a146c	Listen to the introduction to the article · (inf.)
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541aabfc2b2ead1524c300b0dc66b589dd3558a0	You can download a video clip or download a player to play the video in the browser.
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b5949b6b9b736f7265eee80c331d52759eb58849	Johann Sebastian Bach (German: Johann Sebastian Bach; March 21 [31], 1685, Eisenach, Saxe Eisenach July 28, 1750, Leipzig, Saxony, Holy Roman Empire) was a German composer, representative of the Baroque era, virtuoso organist, music teacher.
e6f7423abcc9705314d1244f531a9c83dab60e61	During his life, Bach wrote more than 1000 works.
def0b4f1b5054e8ba5b891bc4d6165687efebb81	All significant genres of that time are represented in his work, except opera; he summarized the achievements of the musical art of the Baroque period[1].
be164cd09587b29b6391bbf3f836985896551662	Bach is a famous master of polyphony, a continuer of ancient traditions, in the works of Bach, polyphony reaches its heyday.
3dade21e5f182c26481068ca49a3ac9e68995721	1 Biography 1.1 Childhood 1.2 Arnstadt and Muhlhausen (1703-1708) 1.3 Weimar (1708-1717) 1.4 Keten (1717-1723) 1.5 Leipzig (1723-1750)
68036e886aa4a01e7ea6b95196ffbd159ffdb023	2 Bach studies 3 Creativity 3.1 Organ creativity 3.2 Keyboard creativity 3.3 Orchestral and chamber music 3.4 Vocal works
8df990053041f07c9af6662a3cf5d2b9891721fb	4 Features of the performance of Bach's works 5 The fate of Bach's music 6 Monuments to Bach in Germany 7 Musical fragments 8 Films about J. S. Bach 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Literature 12 References
8669242cfc57282330768f680716eb0538b35599	Cities where J. S. Bach lived
3d6b56e6c96fee434840cac4d05f0d8cb9be1466	Johann Sebastian Bach was the youngest, eighth child in the family of musician Johann Ambrosius Bach and Elisabeth Lemmerhirt[2][3]. The Bach family has been known for its musicality since the beginning of the XVI century: many of Johann Sebastian's ancestors and relatives were professional musicians[4].
9de9abccf6467474bb3872d66f55ab96ac238156	During this period, the Church, local authorities and the aristocracy supported musicians, especially in Thuringia and Saxony.
0da42445c3fce1c3218cd8f2226a2b7b10c09122	Bach's father lived and worked in Eisenach.
4340aa2b9eb7f4a5138619806ef70f48700f449b	At that time, the city had about 6,000 inhabitants.
491b209daf6173f3648b342d150d13b972cc00e7	The work of Johann Ambrosius included the organization of secular concerts and the performance of church music.
ade81795a089754858a076fec62287ecc9617a9d	When Johann Sebastian was 9 years old, his mother died, and a year later his father died.
9f6a5f5e0d2a7d905ef7af12c2b9a87bc359e91c	The boy was taken in by his older brother, Johann Christoph, who served as an organist in nearby Ohrdruf.
5371bd602c08aba775ad653e1bc535ef9e67b3bf	Johann Sebastian entered the gymnasium, his brother taught him to play the organ and the clavier.
489a13559e88c6f2b9cd2b84082a65334b1979af	Johann Sebastian was very fond of music and did not miss the opportunity to study it or study new works.
573513b14581c2aed00d67161ee67dd10006c7af	While studying in Ohrdruf under the guidance of his brother, Bach got acquainted with the works of contemporary South German composers — Pachelbel, Froberger and others.
c55260cd05a7c3e4ef4ac4fd23bca03b2c96af09	It is also possible that he got acquainted with the works of composers from Northern Germany and France.
1e6def700d3a33c2d833124409da533762cdee43	At the age of 15, Bach moved to Lüneburg, where in 1700-1703 he studied at the St. Petersburg Vocal School.
2f62884db1b934c64b3cb40f1b2f2504d873fb2e	Michael.
39e08b051b3650823119072172983c58a605d75f	During his studies, he visited Hamburg — the largest city in Germany, as well as Celle (where French music was held in high esteem) and Lubeck, where he had the opportunity to get acquainted with the works of famous musicians of his time.
6269183395a12e038a8d4e3f03a3a33b9d88304d	The first works of Bach for organ and clavier belong to the same years.
84d453cc682a94d6470908c8743d3a49cddc8605	In addition to singing in the a cappella choir, Bach probably played the school's three manual organ and the harpsichord.
57afec71affcb7b39ce231af28d31612dc45cd4d	Here he received his first knowledge of theology, Latin, history, geography and physics, and also, perhaps, began to learn French and Italian.
8d05b23c4bc5649bfa1435969416ed3c2ca7107f	At school, Bach had the opportunity to communicate with the sons of famous North German aristocrats and famous organists, primarily with Georg Boehm in Lüneburg[5] and Reinken in Hamburg.
514a30d1b55732ff37f834370884738554331e5d	With their help, Johann Sebastian may have gained access to the greatest instruments he has ever played.
81fcaf43679cc4b29868d74783b094dd9ea9add8	During this period, Bach expanded his knowledge of the composers of that era, especially about Dietrich Buxtehude, whom he greatly respected.
87b0cffcfac7e8fe8d5e8d3999938c26cc4ee269	Arnstadt and Muhlhausen (1703-1708)[edit / edit wiki text]
77c8f4226e3ec033d505823be152aaa4f8837257	In January 1703, after completing his studies, he received a position as a court musician from the Weimar Duke Johann Ernst.
286198f148ce1c512b7e7e6b34612d7803ff28b7	It is not known exactly what was part of his duties, but most likely, this position was not related to performing activities.
6f9aae7e57fee8ea898f2056a0d404c5b767d391	During the seven months of his service in Weimar, his fame as a performer spread.
66f6ed6f0c013f72bd29f3dbd48d8169b29287ec	Bach was invited to the post of caretaker of the organ in the Church of St. Boniface in Arnstadt, located 180 km from Weimar.
d066ed882aae48527afcfbc85a012091304f2e9e	The Bach family had long standing ties with this oldest German city.
980c47d05df0ba05e45e539b2a2d93115e692a23	In August, Bach took up the post of organist of the church.
0eeace6b1e65e15f791e93e35a85afad0ce14aca	He had to work three days a week, and the salary was relatively high.
940ab30973423d6d40d45f8d71e13cbd0e211016	In addition, the instrument was maintained in good condition and was configured according to a new system that expanded the capabilities of the composer and performer.
24309d8634ffe1c96ee1aa83c87b263a994185bf	During this period, Bach created many organ works.
33fb3c1f22b52332847d7feb587f642a7f429ee5	Family ties and an employer who was passionate about music could not prevent the tension between Johann Sebastian and the authorities that arose a few years later.
ebb2e0829dfb4d4fac4b02118bc8481ae39eea68	Bach was dissatisfied with the level of training of singers in the choir.
36d5f40abd4bec19106c5d05c7e817e5be9f03ca	In addition, in 1705-1706, Bach voluntarily left for Lubeck for several months, where he got acquainted with the game of Buxtehude, which caused dissatisfaction with the authorities[6].
c0fdd2be17def259ec1f75156965c91ffbe4c48d	Forkel, the first biographer of Bach, writes that Johann Sebastian walked 50 km on foot to listen to the outstanding composer[7], but today some researchers question this fact[8].
abe37cb59119ac3202646a31302274ccc550b97e	In addition, the authorities charged Bach with "strange choral accompaniment" that confused the community, and with inability to manage the choir; the latter accusation apparently had grounds for itself[9].
3f3af484f8553d598a3c8e5d44e96b32ea4def20	In 1706, Bach decided to change his place of work.
91853e1ce7ce2db66b276294024377f75cdebf4b	He was offered a more profitable and high position of organist in the Church of St. Nicholas.
6d3c72da701ada86f952b26c641ffba225ef851e	Vlasia is located in Muhlhausen, a large city in the north of the country.
caa7e7d7cccbf1f6ad7d91708cd70fe05df1da91	The following year, Bach accepted this offer, taking the place of organist Johann Georg Ale[10].
3725de9bf5da246f0a1bb7c7f1b3b8b4b2c2ff5b	His salary was increased compared to the previous one, and the level of the singers was better.
b9b08fc92ecbfa8899fc0879fc011d029170f6d2	Four months later, on October 17, 1707, Johann Sebastian married his cousin Maria Barbara from Arnstadt[11].
872f2ab0abb889b4ff9ec74046262d5e96308843	Subsequently, they had seven children, three of whom died in childhood.
97760615ba46a53991c3413e518365b5475ef386	Two of the survivors Wilhelm Friedemann and Karl Philipp Emanuel later became famous composers.
b75115ca10130652b39b787e445c424e410ebc49	The city and church authorities of Muhlhausen were pleased with the new employee.
c899506a2f47392d53249cdac0c2ad80363988e5	They approved without hesitation his plan for the restoration of the church organ, which requires a lot of money[12], and for the publication of the festive cantata "The Lord is my King", BWV 71 (this was the only cantata printed during Bach's lifetime), written for the inauguration of the new consul, he was given a large reward.
0f83b338a854702a100e835af2def2b93698d087	Weimar (1708-1717)[edit / edit wiki text]
565121dc03f2c6485d53e3209f682803694b97f4	After working in Muhlhausen for about a year, Bach again changed his place of work[13], this time getting a place as a court organist and concert organizer — a much higher position than his previous position in Weimar.
736e59e33ed56c726f9d6ff8bb414714ecf1ada6	Probably, the factors that forced him to change his place of work were the high salary and a well chosen composition of professional musicians.
14fbda827201fa6c358261aadb8362a3a875c967	The Bach family settled in a house just a five minute walk from the ducal Palace.
c6f2f885a7fcd05080224cf7aedf16bbf7f8afa9	The following year, the first child in the family was born.
84f197b37fe78a75abbc807a56769cc5a23efa15	At the same time, Maria Barbara's older unmarried sister moved to the Bach family, who helped them run the household until her death in 1729.
afb50d5b5f2624035416707b99a0764cd4c52290	Wilhelm Friedemann and Karl Philipp Emanuel were born to Bach in Weimar.
f5535c616a908a78120af811cf88744b076a32ea	In 1704, Bach met the violinist von Westhoff, who had a great influence on Bach's work.
4cdc002a49dcc3dea10888f1097542be8c72da90	The works of von Westhoff inspired Bach to create his sonatas and partitas for solo violin[14].
41ed2b25dd1ed9f339acf232dcdbfcd6959a0d10	In Weimar, a long period of composing keyboard and orchestral works began, in which Bach's talent reached its peak.
7c7899cdf352ac6a7e1ba8e91f157bb0a0df6165	During this period, Bach absorbs musical trends from other countries.
a9909ce787bd7b4a98944fa2e72ee942a7732c68	The works of the Italians Vivaldi and Corelli taught Bach to write dramatic introductions, from which Bach learned the art of using dynamic rhythms and decisive harmonic schemes.
cbcda4ed99f912d89e3287f87e8cd34d05d3e6b3	Bach studied the works of Italian composers well, creating arrangements of Vivaldi's concertos for organ or harpsichord.
53166eb3f021a2eb3694e4db20d2d86a36ab007a	He could have borrowed the idea of writing arrangements from the son of his employer, the hereditary Duke Johann Ernst, a composer and musician.
51720bcbd6483dd737f1fc865b245ccc6b872f92	In 1713, the crown Duke returned from a trip abroad and brought with him a large number of sheet music, which he showed to Johann Sebastian.
e8f2311801754f56bf352c72c70be7e47b88d47c	In Italian music, the Crown Duke (and, as can be seen from some works, Bach himself) was attracted by the alternation of solos (playing one instrument) and tutti (playing the whole orchestra).
225737d80e95b0417d42a3707d38d8ae8a2c29d6	In Weimar, Bach had the opportunity to play and compose organ works, as well as use the services of the Ducal orchestra.
e0f245308978c47e50442d0eda1c6a52961da5e5	In Weimar, Bach wrote most of his fugues (the largest and most famous collection of Bach's fugues is the "Well Tempered Clavier").
6161cd874fd51ed25d975e3834e17586f4558270	While serving in Weimar, Bach began work on the "Organ Book" - a collection of organ chorale preludes, possibly for the training of Wilhelm Friedemann a.
7a7ade65eee2fbc9d23fee188a38ac13999bbd3c	This collection consists of arrangements of Lutheran chorales.
c625de14b8323937b8778b3c37f6e933b61a0f20	By the end of his service in Weimar, Bach was already a well known organist and master of the harpsichord.
79afc6c8e1fea094c60395e56d7480745190c567	The episode with Marchand belongs to this time.
909de2535979abee338283f694afacd721a392e5	In 1717, the famous French musician Louis Marchand came to Dresden.
7ed648d0782ce9400cbe39f9da2d8d47820c6ecc	The Dresden concertmaster Volumier decided to invite Bach and arrange a musical competition between two famous harpsichordists, Bach and Marchand agreed.
3ffc327966596d233106fd658921dd1878aec241	However, on the day of the competition, it turned out that Marchand (who, apparently, had previously had the opportunity to listen to Bach's playing) had hurriedly and secretly left the city; the competition did not take place, and Bach had to play alone[7].
53c95f515767bd3f261db879c8913900156f6e24	Keten (1717-1723)[edit / edit wiki text]
93623b0ecef03058404e048bc9f92a143ec10b33	The palace and gardens in Keten, an engraving from the book" Topographia " by Mattheus Merian, 1650
6783e4edff0f46358a223a70a060fc387dcc8265	Sonata for Violin in G minor (BWV 1001), Bach manuscript
4f07802d3bb05f9ddaac8d26f885e48099125706	After a while, Bach again went in search of a more suitable job.
976fa435cc0fdaf2eef19f7bfb850347768a7484	The old owner did not want to let him go, and on November 6, 1717, he even arrested him for constantly asking for his resignation, but on December 2 he released him "with an expression of disfavor"[15].
fc5be1285a9af46c7439044e176695c2da3be4d1	Leopold, Prince of Anhalt of Keten, hired Bach as a kapellmeister.
5956e78ed06259ba7ca320fb98937253da4ff3ec	The prince, being a musician himself, appreciated Bach's talent, paid him well and gave him great freedom of action.
b30b8e7165433e0356f42de775da870cce56c215	However, the prince was a Calvinist and did not welcome the use of refined music at divine services, so most of Bach's Keten works were secular[16].
59ce16c95f09ebccde690e5e553c4bd33c1b3a53	Among other things, in Keten, Bach composed suites for orchestra, six suites for solo cello, English and French suites for Clavier, as well as three sonatas and three partitas for solo violin.
e27b90d62753807883693956c4da182b152d8069	During the same period, the famous Brandenburg Concertos were also written.
73fab65658c8cd2907437021881800d90631c7a4	On July 7, 1720, while Bach was abroad with the prince, his wife Maria Barbara suddenly died, leaving four young children.
0b535d40c9bd960a989e6d8819148f590b41e9b7	The following year, Bach met Anna Magdalena Wilke, a young highly gifted singer (soprano) who sang at the ducal court.
aec6de9bf06943d4bf43e9eda6a3722fba3f69d8	They were married on December 3, 1721.
79d296fa3560481ffa2ecf2bbb302b4128658965	[17]
17e04b5dcf0ef6e3502e376fb2fe9a760b6ee472	Leipzig (1723-1750)[edit / edit wiki text]
83922ced20dac8930c6f14cb22e1b693abdc95a4	In 1723, the performance of his "Passion for John" took place in the church of St.
60d1164b189cc45522019bd304cfa6d172b93333	On June 1, Bach received the position of cantor of the choir of St. Thomas with the simultaneous performance of the duties of a school teacher at the church, replacing Johann Kunau[18].
578684ae23708912d41bb0fc71abe7ab748fe23b	Bach's duties included teaching singing and conducting weekly concerts in the two main churches of Leipzig, St. St. Thomas and St. Nicholas.
a55c88a519926d24af0e22de41535ed4c79b4b8b	Johann Sebastian's position also provided for teaching Latin, but he was allowed to hire an assistant who did this work for him, so Petzold was engaged in teaching Latin for 50 thalers a year.
8ceff82285cbc893f68acd1b8c4a3db0536aad6c	Bach received the position of "music director" of all the churches of the city: his duties included the selection of performers, monitoring their training and choosing music for performance.
839ee07442fb55aea6e91d2ca6d1d76bde0611ff	While working in Leipzig, the composer repeatedly came into conflicts with the city administration[19][20].
f101db17acd72946ac3faf3bd8a94ab30e435ad9	The first six years of his life in Leipzig turned out to be very productive: Bach composed up to 5 annual cycles of cantatas (two of them, in all probability, were lost).
2c4bb4481858340a7cd110bb82d3e0528c7f9952	Most of these works are written on gospel texts that were read in the Lutheran church every Sunday and on holidays throughout the year; many (such as " Wachet auf! Ruft uns die Stimme " or "Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland") are based on traditional church chants — Lutheran chorales.
56885bbee93aa0eefbb6bec92b77fcd8cc2e7956	During the performance, Bach apparently sat at the harpsichord or stood in front of the choir on the lower gallery under the organ; on the side gallery to the right of the organ there were wind instruments and timpani, on the left there were strings.
4b7f68c5a72f823a250af7bbe231b144c5816167	The city council provided only about 8 performers to Bach, and this often caused disputes between the composer and the administration: Bach had to hire up to 20 musicians himself to perform orchestral works.
fab1243d9a60d4abbf30bd803e1c9d3d02d3ca6f	The organ or harpsichord was usually played by the composer himself; if he led the choir, then this place was occupied by a full time organist or one of Bach's eldest sons.
442d5c70a1e9a9a679f091d4e74562c38c2d539d	Bach recruited sopranos and violas from among the students, and tenors and basses not only from the school, but also from all over Leipzig.
73cce9d1ad9bb413de35a240c25b476af780bb6e	In addition to regular concerts paid for by the city authorities, Bach and his choir worked part time performing at weddings and funerals.
ca5eaed5d2052751595719b66fcec7570956fe6f	Presumably, at least 6 motets were written for this purpose.
f29ac510b955142ee1922a8d1aa583a6747fb166	Part of his regular work in the church was the performance of motets by composers of the Venetian school, as well as some Germans, for example, Schutz; during the composition of his motets, Bach focused on the works of these composers.
b72bf67b14123b504d71222c62c6b3c1cd47c8de	Zimmerman's coffee shop, where Bach often gave concerts
4a247d77796d69c9a3b63044636fc2f1ac845f23	Composing cantatas for most of the 1720s, Bach gathered an extensive repertoire for performance in the main churches of Leipzig.
5f63e50cf04091f219ed34f558d205769169f95e	Over time, he wanted to compose and perform more secular music.
9793ab5fe27f7555c9c94db75da6d4fa8fb4bc1f	Such associations played an increasingly important role in public musical life; they were often headed by well known professional musicians.
251380fe3afd672dc18fcd51250761460b8b319f	For almost the entire year, the Music College held two hour concerts twice a week at Zimmerman's coffee shop, located near the market square.
cc3db8413ecd18374af402bf7eeba134a92c2b34	Such works include, for example, the "Coffee Cantata" and, possibly, clavier pieces from the collections "Clavier Übung", as well as many concertos for cello and harpsichord.
09419420fcb7b4d82a4f6e1a13833d71eb44a411	In 1747, Bach visited the court of the Prussian King Frederick II, where the king offered him a musical theme and asked him to compose something on it right there.
d6bdafce8ed0600837a747fe04f760f980ac4f7a	Bach was a master of improvisation and immediately performed a three voice fugue.
a83d3e894ab63b3dfb46f34d19847b9606d180dc	Later, he composed a whole cycle of variations on this theme and sent it as a gift to the king.
3a3569817ec0f5c147da7038dbf9f3dd368cea8d	The cycle consisted of ricercars, canons and trios based on the theme dictated by Friedrich.
b42d6fe058588fbef8163d02bfa26d82831aed2e	This cycle was called the "Musical Offering".
80684a4bd9bb11c7a744cd7d0ec52c6a2737c6c3	The beginning of a six voice fugue from the "Musical Offering", signed by Bach
e19e306aee05b85f91096d0b9e8541a01ee55c8f	Another major cycle, The Art of Fugue, was not completed by Bach, despite the fact that it was most likely written long before his death (according to modern research until 1741).
c9fd38065a2da0745110619ae86033caa1ae474e	During his lifetime, he was never published.
1251d5d98ef5472a64aec1b3e7e05d2bd0699f9f	The cycle consists of 18 complex fugues and canons based on one simple theme.
06da7de07689e276d61ffd3d68a3216cd9350cbb	In this cycle, Bach used all his rich experience in writing polyphonic works.
fd0eb344731544e6e2a1ca13e28ef3ca6aebaca6	After Bach's death, The Art of Fugue was published by his sons, along with the chorale prelude BWV 668, which is often mistakenly called Bach's last work — in fact, it exists in at least two versions and is a reworking of an earlier prelude to the same melody, BWV 641[22][23].
4d15a06ad982bb0cd5de0aef3d9657d4b54c21f8	Nevertheless, he continued to compose music, dictating it to his son in law Altnikkol.
f500b9f683572b55f83c2c0bb7bee24675c42695	The grave of Johann Sebastian Bach in the Church of St. Thomas, Leipzig, Germany.
812d6866371abdf560f6d39804bbcd2cd34f5d5a	August 9, 2011.
a4e1c3def2b919d56ac347fea25da7cb1241a1b7	Frequent guests were court musicians from Dresden, Berlin and other cities, including Telemann, the godfather of Karl Philipp Emanuel.
11232369690ff0f8824969aa0febf1a4c588c6b3	Bahovedenie[edit / edit wiki text]
1a7e63e7ca51924ed40aa59d08cbad13cb2b02ad	The first description of Bach's life and work was a work published in 1802 by Johann Forkel.
169bc5fdd02cd691de3394ec94410b8c39842517	Forkel's biography of Bach is based on the obituary and the stories of Bach's sons and friends.
5f564aeafbaf2303b910edd255e136b560b8c856	In the middle of the XIX century, the general public's interest in Bach's music increased, composers and researchers began to collect, study and publish all his works.
e0cb99a27089a1c785b419b20fb21d33504daba0	Robert Franz, an honored propagandist of Bach's works, has published several books about the composer's work.
6a4e84c9e531b3e9bc388b83ed9d1eeda6feb5c3	The next major work on Bach was the book by Philip Spitta, published in 1880.
0faab2eb0d34b7a70d465ad07344c90c9f2e88bd	At the beginning of the XX century, the German organist and researcher Albert Schweitzer published a book.
1ba26cd251c74c5ef6fc7a0e69d40baf831cb005	In this work, in addition to the biography of Bach, the description and analysis of his works, much attention is paid to the description of the era in which he worked, as well as theological issues related to his music.
b26cb9bce9e2f3492515c6a11934062b47e6ce8a	These books were the most authoritative until the middle of the XX century, when with the help of new technical means and thorough research, new facts about the life and work of Bach were established, sometimes conflicting with traditional ideas[29].
44bed73334109cf074c9d13bfd80cb11f50a8007	For example, it was found that Bach wrote some cantatas in 1724-1725 (previously it was believed that this happened in the 1740s), unknown works were found, and some previously attributed to Bach were not written by him.
fcdccdf973672dfcfb60f92b621402e37964522f	Some facts of his biography were established.
e7db6b5f0a85a324017a24f0755a001d9edabe97	In the second half of the XX century, many works on this topic were written — for example, the books of Christoph Wolf.
b4120d0ce9ad7da0f6098fb20b123a891837b89f	There is also a work called the hoax of the XX century, "The Chronicle of the life of Johann Sebastian Bach, compiled by his widow Anna Magdalena Bach", written by the English writer Esther Meynel on behalf of the composer's widow.
e5fe2a88f89484d6c54acd1514b4844a5299ebb5	See also: List of works by Johann Sebastian Bach
79787a12c8b3dac425c3e30466465bb53b7c6e05	Bach wrote more than a thousand musical works in almost all genres known at that time.
8b6d6db15f04ec3830c635b05a80f9d91a39ff82	Bach did not work only in the genre of opera.
11c2c4ac8aff6fce5fb5b4e84e73dd99130364d6	Today, each of the famous works is assigned the number BWV (sok. from Bach Werke Verzeichnis catalog of Bach's works).
f4e100e2c3cfae75ef899f3e0c5570f957a1beec	Bach wrote music for various instruments, both spiritual and secular.
9bec196882e2bfbcc8fcd4fb23340a12d01a0820	Some of Bach's works are adaptations of works by other composers, and some are reworked versions of their own works.
a120b22904366cea9e0598fce4d41ef9512d3f99	Organ creativity[edit / edit wiki text]
4cb071d9c60bc75a159d27eb037c86e16c4b5e64	Organ music in Germany by the time of Bach already had a long tradition, formed thanks to Bach's predecessors Pachelbel, Boehm, Buxtehude and other composers, each of whom influenced him in his own way.
24d44e701a878725aabbd4aab26501923998cf00	Bach knew many of them personally.
d9f8444a3227de4199449b029f713254343abfdb	During his lifetime, Bach was best known as a first class organist, teacher and composer of organ music.
10c6cc365819f08229fcd356dc1e867ee7e982c0	He worked both in the traditional "free" genres of that time, such as prelude, fantasy, toccata, passacaglia, and in more strict forms — chorale prelude and fugue.
1cf781eda6c266a69ef73fb93e1dab641110554a	In his works for organ, Bach skillfully combined the features of different musical styles that he had become familiar with during his life.
d9bbcc968ab4c281676b40e026de8944b019c517	The composer was influenced both by the music of Northern German composers (Georg Boehm, whom Bach met in Lüneburg, and Dietrich Buxtehude in Lübeck), and by the music of southern composers: Bach copied the works of many French and Italian composers to understand their musical language; later he even arranged several Vivaldi violin concertos for organ.
7f417c8ff3209f2b1fee3cc051fc1598d7fe7c76	During the most fruitful period for organ music (1708-1714), Johann Sebastian not only wrote many pairs of preludes, toccatas and fugues, but also composed an unfinished Organ Book — a collection of 46 short chorale preludes, which demonstrated various techniques and approaches to composing works on chorale themes.
2b33475a6ff64cfb453d93448a1339f71e7a99bd	After leaving Weimar, Bach began to write less for the organ; nevertheless, many famous works were written after Weimar (6 trio sonatas, the collection "Clavier Übung" and 18 Leipzig chorales).
a339a3ac6b38da969e76d98825117f74446934a9	Throughout his life, Bach not only composed music for the organ, but also consulted on the construction of instruments, checking and tuning new organs.
f369d864f658a6f51d2179c82007b109b3947837	Keyboard creativity[edit / edit wiki text]
533847267a74becaeb95162ae7fb0c0aca418720	Bach also wrote many works for the harpsichord, many of which could be performed on the clavichord.
bbb0a84c5b050fa6fdca9374379d11a5aa8d9998	Many of these works are encyclopedic collections that demonstrate various techniques and methods of composing polyphonic works.
b96a90778bc111745f4fb3e41b99e79fad4fad28	Most of Bach's keyboard works published during his lifetime were contained in collections called "Clavier Übung" ("keyboard exercises").
2128b92bf8111005fdfb1f5712a59daf9aed3f5c	"Well Tempered Clavier" in two volumes, written in 1722 and 1744 — is a collection, each volume of which contains 24 preludes and fugues, one for each key used.
8b79d5ae6eb943f7e8749f8cdfe1f527060dd1a9	This cycle was very important in connection with the transition to instrument tuning systems that make it equally easy to perform music in any key — first of all, to a modern evenly tempered system.
3f03e0090cbfe178e52964339a772222b42ac84a	"Well tempered clavier" laid the foundation for a cycle of parts that sound in all keys.
405a44377f463b8d214f02600a00cbefb8b69bdf	It is also a unique example of a "cycle within a cycle" — each prelude and fugue are thematically and figuratively linked to each other and form a single cycle that is always performed together.
05714c1daa25015dec2f26f2316a50fed06c41d6	15 two voice and 15 three voice inventories are small works arranged in order of increasing the number of characters in the key.
0e1af7be9762af33cae98d056763cd6c7039a0d7	They were intended (and are still used today) for learning to play keyboard instruments.
04bcf3d53b06830610eeef0b6f3dd33dc48464bc	Three collections of suites English suites, French suites and Partitas for clavier.
8f1cf3e8d4982c6819ed80c193d352296290cc90	Each cycle contained 6 suites built according to the standard scheme (allemande, courante, sarabande, zhiga and an optional part between the last two).
ddfa10b03609bdb09b3d3c9096a34e1a816d8938	In English suites, the allemande is preceded by a prelude, and there is exactly one part between the sarabande and the gigue; in French suites, the number of optional parts increases, and there are no preludes.
768bbab4611b17e4bb8eef133e27988446e535e4	In the scores, the standard scheme is expanded: in addition to the exquisite introductory parts, there are additional ones, and not only between the sarabande and the zhiga.
61b4495859e7f14fa546317ae9a2a4f91503f628	Goldberg Variations (circa 1741) - a melody with 30 variations.
11aa34a16e5ade9d8f2a4b4d4c6a6bfd81ba025e	The cycle has a rather complex and unusual structure.
c1a77212fc3e34d55ef03f83658a5342eca39483	Variations are based more on the tonal plan of the theme than on the melody itself.
3463339f47eb1df82214123422757a1d78d3fbda	Various pieces like "Overture in the French style", BWV 831, "Chromatic Fantasy and Fugue", BWV 903, or "Italian Concert", BWV 971.
7225917c39450420a3789a48898f97985a9858f1	Orchestral and chamber music[edit / edit wiki text]
db53195314c47b91acb51a126e888be49e835559	Bach wrote music for both individual instruments and ensembles.
db65f18a1a7e997d83480227367f33d64217e2f2	His works for solo instruments — 3 sonatas and 3 partitas for solo violin, BWV 1001-1006, 6 suites for cello, BWV 1007-1012, and a partita for solo flute, BWV 1013 — are considered by many to be among the composer's most profound creations.
bb6339b02032ac29351c95bf3f9f28545ab89032	In addition, Bach composed several works for solo lute.
33f24b1de8ff3e2e9fb515512852b2315d6cc5cc	He also wrote trio sonatas, sonatas for solo flute and viola da gamba, accompanied only by a general bass, as well as a large number of canons and ricercars, mostly without specifying the instruments for performance.
f3e34ab995eeda07ec22593b38ac5651358147d7	The most significant examples of such works are the cycles "The Art of Fugue" and "Musical Offering".
524329b574e5f7b07a1d1b53a72be2db73adb001	Bach wrote many works for the orchestra and solo instruments with it.
f6cde76eb919085556427b4bff15eb97931b5aea	One of the most famous is the "Brandenburg Concerts".
7a497c7feba472856c4253fc28f1edb048804984	They were so named because Bach, having sent them to Margrave Christian Ludwig of Brandenburg Schwedt in 1721, thought to get a job at his court; this attempt was unsuccessful.
d22a321c9e71b2d571c5dedc3a0c8432e2651ef8	These six concertos are written in the concerto grosso genre.
d77ed074c261d51107edd6568837862403ac6fe2	Bach's orchestral masterpieces include two violin concertos (BWV 1041 and 1042), a concerto for 2 violins in D minor BWV 1043, the so called "triple" A minor concerto (for flute, violin, harpsichord, strings and continuous (digital)bass) BWV 1044 and concertos for claviers and chamber orchestra: seven for one clavier (BWV 1052-1058), three for two (BWV 1060-1062), two for three (BWV 1063 and 1064) and one in A minor BWV 1065 for four harpsichords.
9973fe075c249c4f7fe9cb1a217aaa62327ec117	Nowadays, these concertos with an orchestra are often performed on the piano, so they can be called Bach piano concertos, but do not forget that there was no piano in Bach's time.
e147db097bb3202eaac9fe92e4ac4d180a0f75fc	In addition to the concerts, Bach composed 4 orchestral suites (BWV 1066-1069), some individual parts of which are especially widely popular and have popular arrangements in our time, namely: the so — called "Joke" (an unnecessary literal translation of the Scherzo genre) — the last part of the second suite and the second part of the third suite Aria.
0d3e675f720a509c85c8276127eff79e3a87bbf4	Vocal works[edit / edit wiki text]
0f5227404956498e21b2f54b2edf199ca4cdbbfb	German postage stamp dedicated to J. S. Bach, 1961, 20 pfennigs (Scott 829)
ec1feadb15ec097d436b5ed979603da2035c6605	Cantatas.
e8fd8ac50785d729e1b55ac019e1547ca654c2fd	For a long period of his life, Bach spent every Sunday in the Church of St. Thomas directed the performance of the cantata, the theme of which was chosen according to the Lutheran church calendar.
e951e6adbffc33db54ac740779ea090d880cb515	Although Bach also performed cantatas by other composers, in Leipzig he composed at least three full annual cycles of cantatas, one for every Sunday of the year and every church holiday.
a24105b39ba5fe1b5b142679e2bb96131758728e	In addition, he composed a number of cantatas in Weimar and Muhlhausen.
da94a9cfee90003e9bb60091a36c21c46c04e207	In total, Bach wrote more than 300 cantatas on spiritual subjects, of which only 200 have survived to this day (the last one is in the form of a single fragment).
65c4d23d7a178913ef9c35d068b6de61ea8b067f	Bach's cantatas vary greatly in form and instrumentation.
32c15333c539a1d2fedba69bdc6244a5d49bdeeb	Some of them are written for one voice, some for a choir; some require a large orchestra to perform, and some require only a few only tools.
5f93bc96633f1be0f1baf41d626b0977ffe6a52b	However, the most commonly used model is as follows: the cantata opens with a solemn choral introduction, then recitatives and arias for soloists or duets alternate, and everything ends with a chorale.
4a21f6beafdf5b61474c50bc6618801b8d531efb	The recitative is usually taken from the same words from the Bible that are read this week according to the Lutheran canons.
0710f58a94eab1a4fece20f963ac4ac5f48f67fa	The final chorale is often preceded by a chorale prelude in one of the middle movements, and also sometimes enters the introductory part in the form of a cantus firmus.
6b394142cbb819a9cc227fefeb8f732248c28824	The most famous of the spiritual Bach cantatas are "Christ lag in Todesbanden" (number 4), "Ein' feste Burg" (No. 80), "Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme" (No. 140) and "Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben" (number 147).
36252479692d03676c00e8883a7dedf6cc6c45fe	In addition, Bach composed a number of secular cantatas, usually confined to any events, such as the wedding.
9be8a946bef0119c049b028b2a7c21015f21e61e	Among the most famous secular cantatas of Bach are two Wedding Cantatas and secular Coffee and Peasant cantatas.
67449e77b6985741e364614bff4ebb9f6c46f01c	Passion, or passion.
a5b653f04ac67aab1cac63e5938b6fbc5f1edc79	The Passion according to John (1724) and the Passion according to Matthew (ca. 1727) are works for choir and orchestra on the gospel theme of the sufferings of Christ, intended for performance at Vespers on Good Friday in the churches of St. Nicholas.
57bcd457e46f5845e4193e3e5f8b73b8d2c97554	St. Thomas and St. Nicholas.
2de87f423c3fd2a5c8b9547574fe09ffe903337d	Passion songs are one of the most extensive vocal works by Bach.
15ba123f69dca6c627f89ae68460860d98c517cc	It is known that Bach wrote 4 or 5 passion songs, but only these two have fully survived to this day.
1e9fc45ca606d2b54bd43fad4447e6ed361ee712	Oratorios and magnificats.
a842412b562224e3a7712b3cf61286f45f677c7c	The most famous is the Christmas Oratorio (1734), a cycle of 6 cantatas to be performed during the Christmas period of the liturgical year.
ced2f362bd1d624e41db37518d634406841509a8	The Easter Oratorio (1734-1736)and the magnificat are rather extensive and carefully elaborated cantatas and have a smaller scope than the Christmas Oratorio or passion.
5a5c7768d34670cf54f1ef7de51453b692bb1f9c	The Magnificat exists in two versions: the original (E flat major, 1723) and the later and well known (D major, 1730).
4016aee6d0c19a121fc128e0c55183617a8e4c43	Masses.
3de06a2fdecc181fbb122e4d1480b3739e0a3d03	The most famous and significant mass of Bach is the mass in B minor (completed in 1749), which is a full cycle of the ordinary.
7437691d3e04f5468e1625b8a337c4f763922077	This mass, like many other works of the composer, includes revised early compositions.
fd5c2cfbaf2a996317bf99d59e6d841722bf3f30	The mass was never performed in its entirety during Bach's lifetime — for the first time this happened only in the XIX century.
4722dd29b0350caf66d72b7bf03ff23dc9584307	In addition, this music was not performed as intended due to inconsistency with the Lutheran canon (it included only Kyrie and Gloria), as well as due to the duration of the sound (about 2 hours).
8c09538c2f2e2fd3a8d93f52b266ac33ea072f72	In addition to the mass in B minor, 4 short two part masses of Bach (Kyrie and Gloria), as well as separate parts, such as Sanctus and Kyrie, have come down to us.
93134aafe72eec4a2968d682bb7482be28ecd762	Bach's other vocal works include several motets, about 180 chorales, songs and arias.
33abaeaab588b09e53a59c556250f2132bb6363a	Features of the performance of Bach's works[edit / edit wiki text]
c9090be5435fb99012d44e0fa270f29e6d97d318	Today, performers of Bach's music are divided into two camps: those who prefer authentic performance (or "historically oriented performance"), that is, using instruments and methods of the Bach era, and those who perform Bach on modern instruments.
7138f9def7669953d46355fd0023aa561a55a36c	In the time of Bach, there were no such large choirs and orchestras as, for example, in the time of Brahms, and even his most ambitious works, such as the mass in B minor and the passion, do not involve performance by large groups.
491375dcf23fb1b7e36cb8eba2c7189dd09ca41a	In addition, in some chamber works of Bach, the instrumentation is not specified at all, so today very different versions of the performance of the same works are known.
9a2e8648caf8e2744ab3c38f8583b4a91a083445	In organ works, Bach almost never indicated the registration and change of manuals[30].
835c549a93b94e0a77baee49b34c92724fba7f1b	Of the stringed keyboard instruments, Bach preferred the clavichord; now, more often, the harpsichord or piano are used to perform his music.
63426e8acf163c47cb51910b4ef9d84b7c4fd424	Bach met with Silbermann and discussed with him the design of his new instrument, contributing to the creation of a modern piano.
d3a5efc1df450140afc269fca3944278573d9109	Bach's music for some instruments was often rearranged for others, for example, Busoni arranged some organ works for piano (chorales and others).
8d5baa73e0bb064ef1dbc59a0f228e73cfe97aff	A very important milestone in the practice of piano and musicology is his popular edition of the "Well Tempered Clavier" - perhaps the most widely used version of this work today.
1ab03c9151451433843c7e134da20d369cb324af	Numerous "lite" and "modernized" versions of Bach's works contributed to the popularization of Bach's music in the XX century.
3c234e8a40958c1d4ef57d3b6c069cf465ac3fe8	Among them are the well known melodies performed by Swingle Singers today, and the 1968 recording of "Switched On Bach" by Wendy Carlos, which used a newly invented synthesizer.
a180ddb79fbe640a9873f11470e8b392c322dc2a	Jazz musicians such as Jacques Lousier also processed Bach's music.
a74eaa6b9641fbee0bdfd35e2aef25788a000505	Goldberg's treatment of the New Age variations was performed by Joel Spiegelman.
1ce2d31be97cb8209caa6d0199b4c22c03296d74	Among Russian contemporary artists, Fyodor Chistyakov tried to pay tribute to Bach in his 1997 solo album "When Bach Wakes Up".
60661d523a340a262e3a9e82f80ae35b48dc6fe4	The fate of Bach's music[edit / edit wiki text]
fe3237559b9a1cd41e377e6f08f8be6f97a4d0b7	Bach's personal seal
ae6f7189002dfd6faf19572824c4e61787fd1030	Contrary to popular myth, Bach was not forgotten after his death.
e953ea80eaeb9492b41fd5388833b43abeecd587	However, this concerned works for the clavier: his compositions were performed and published, used for didactic purposes.
08b507924eb4bf7bb628b4f6d106111c9e8636c8	Bach's cantata oratorio compositions were rarely heard (although the notes were carefully preserved in the Church of St. Thomas), as a rule, on the initiative of Karl Philipp Emanuel Bach.
65a772703f6e9c713210662742dca510b33691c8	In the last years of Bach's life and after his death, his fame as a composer began to decrease: his style was considered old fashioned compared to the burgeoning classicism.
5168841d81ebe8b306db2e4eed9558c34b9b286f	One day when visiting the School of St. Mozart heard one of the motets (BWV 225) and exclaimed: "There is something to learn here!"
fea51cf76cd3fe42ef24c0085cabbfb1fe524030	— after which, having asked for the notes, he studied them for a long time and enthusiastically[31].
5827386cffdb8793d979d8bd05a539291687f32e	As a child, he played preludes and fugues from the "Well tempered Clavier", and later called Bach "the true father of harmony" and said that "not a Stream, but the Sea is his name" (the word Bach means "stream" in German).
69877dd678f8af48741d2827247ccc267586a21e	Bach's influence can be noted both at the level of ideas, the choice of genres, and in some polyphonic fragments of Beethoven's works.
89a22a46ff524158fb1d20b7736b29862442cfaa	In 1800, Karl Friedrich Zelter organized the Berlin Singing Academy (German)Russian. (Singakademie), the main purpose of which was precisely the promotion of the Bach singing heritage.
feaa7462e86d1c7621229c39f8d370c3d7d4ffcb	A biography written in 1802 by Johann Nikolaus Forkel spurred the interest of the general public in his music.
1484c394ffbba75cec823fe2a93476201ca06618	More and more people discovered his music for themselves.
acc6a322012539c1c88366162bdaf2b965fbcd98	For example, Goethe, who got acquainted with his works quite late in his life (in 1814 and 1815 some of his keyboard and choral compositions were performed in the city of Bad Berk), in a letter from 1827 compared the feeling of Bach's music with "eternal harmony in a dialogue with oneself"[32].
dd18ef8076bc99e43b0f6545fc13dcd569a15fb2	But the real revival of Bach's music began with the performance of the Matthew Passion on March 11, 1829 in Berlin, organized by Felix Mendelssohn, a student of Zelter.
12b82e0ff5438349bce9af5b27b00d11b76010a9	The performance gained a powerful public response.
6440933dec65079aa616d34b62a4dd594587650e	Even the rehearsals conducted by Mendelssohn became an event — they were visited by many music lovers.
d56842e3c8985aa785f3a277dd2c5a06f21373cc	The performance was such a success that the concert was repeated on Bach's birthday.
e1c9924538a9e3f13b7fd0c8af0bb6a126f9f24a	"The Passion for Matthew" was also performed in other cities — in Frankfurt, Dresden, Konigsberg.
a24827a61beaaebdeae28814322153941213907e	Hegel, who attended the concert, later called Bach "a great, true Protestant, a strong and, so to speak, erudite genius, whom we have only recently learned to fully appreciate again"[33].
a9bed8d9c060408d4664083cc4b4f13575974e71	In the following years, Mendelssohn's work continued to popularize Bach's music and the composer's fame grew.
0dfa7f5dfb1394bbda3e96379ffe327f23705610	In the XX century, the awareness of the musical and pedagogical value of his compositions continued.
b31d0f5d62a5c4c1bf2ac806ea44bd0119596e01	Interest in Bach's music gave rise to a new movement among performers: the idea of authentic performance was widely spread.
9f2ea99ee929d3ab1278d182a022c148ef11d0e4	Such performers, for example, use the harpsichord instead of the modern piano and choirs of a smaller size than was customary in the XIX and early XX centuries, wanting to accurately recreate the music of the Bach era.
cf61556323ef9ceb23b074c53b74d26c2faf55a7	Some composers expressed their respect for Bach by including the BACH motif (b flat — la — do — c in Latin notation) in the themes of their works.
4de37e55532971f68f40df84fac27bb3ccd1254c	For example, Liszt wrote a prelude and a fugue on the theme of BACH, and Schumann wrote 6 fugues on the same theme.
365efcca90844eb1258edd2752016b255394864e	Among the works of modern composers on the same topic, one can name "Variations on the theme of BACH" by Roman Ledenev.
82ffee81bc2a4e7fe5f4064a53d12f1aeb2b7a06	It is worth noting that the same theme was often used by Bach himself, for example, in the XIV counterpoint from The Art of Fugue.
1e9d047719e393c80c91bce63693958d70e531b3	Many composers have successfully used the genres developed by Bach.
d689c89b923997fa90b0da6e0ae7536fb8d24acd	For example, Beethoven's variations on the theme of Diabelli, the prototype of which is the "Goldberg variations".
3c5e09dae261fc45681cf5e90e50957122d32e27	"Well tempered clavier" was the ancestor of the genre of the cycle of parts written in all keys.
9fee01b1f53e89f3ca0cbf8b53909cc6de6c14ad	There are many examples of this genre, for example, 24 preludes and fugues by Shostakovich, two cycles of 24 etudes by Chopin, partly Ludus tonalis by Paul Hindemith.
2494a4c1087a4e27e84ca7dcf436002897443211	The chorale prelude "Ich ruf' zu Dir, Herr Jesu Christ " (BWV 639) performed by Leonid Roizman is heard in the film Solaris by Andrei Tarkovsky (1972) [34].
e350301d4c6ed9c13e7968511f0ec10da86dcd83	Monuments to Bach in Germany[edit / edit wiki text]
8ea544eff0dd6d9ba93627caae1dbf2f6403204c	Monument to J. S. Bach at the Church of St. Thomas in Leipzig.
ac78a333d7ab030ee2fa9f57c1499d91688c427e	Monument in Leipzig, erected on April 23, 1843 by Hermann Knaur on the initiative of Felix Mendelssohn according to drawings by Eduard Bendemann, Ernst Ritschel and Julius Huebner.
dffab145ab96103c66fbd9bdcb0541ae12cd34bd	The bronze statue on the Frauenplan square in Eisenach, designed by Adolf von Donndorf, was installed on September 28, 1884.
2a4aca18ecdcb56f30a1d283684706e45e57e272	At first, she stood in the Market Square near the Church of St. Nicholas.
6762261f3eaa35fd465552c8712e7da12e464fc4	George;
cd45b09a5c03e236832b144ed32fd3697938ae76	On April 4, 1938, it was moved to the Frauenplan with a shortened pedestal.
8b13d58e9024cae35cc9ac032d8f615b99d9d6f1	The monument on the Bach Square in Keten, erected on March 21, 1885.
fa2e33cae9590d0559de283859628769ae12ff23	Sculptor Heinrich Polman Bronze statue by Karl Seffner on the south side of the Church of St. St. Thomas in Leipzig May 17, 1908.
0909a0a67300a9fcf22c4051ee4f8529be89cba2	Bust of Fritz Behn in the monument "Valhalla" near Regensburg, 1916.
3992d77b2aa62df5fdc0cccbc0d747bbe15e1a42	A statue by Paul Birr at the entrance to the Church of St. St. George in Eisenach, established on April 6, 1939.
111405010a2dc248d12fbb76d67688c40e3a20a3	Monument of the Arch.
90fc89e3f4da95415415066138ecba69b805defb	Bruno Eiermann in Weimar, first installed in 1950, then removed for two years and reopened in 1995 on Democracy Square.
7ec627835a5c0d45012cde9fbbe35b944b51bf1d	Relief in Keten(1952).
79d687016cbba2e84eb6b2292317f84305579c92	The sculptor is Robert Propf.
306029febe07961e0391bb539e81b7f491ab86d7	The monument near the Arnstadt market, erected on March 21, 1985.
d3fdee1106da8d0439bcf7cd4d22ec25d8c0fa5d	Author Bernd Goebel Wooden stele by Ed Garison on Johann Sebastian Bach Square in front of the Church of St. Vlasia in Muhlhausen — August 17, 2001.
4577f794fc25aea07c0f2894349caf1f80a5090a	The monument in Ansbach, designed by Jurgen Goertz, was installed in July 2003.
0d0d99ad4a02428c5b3bdb0bf03e908cee59d28d	Music fragments[edit / edit wiki text]
b2a0acc7e333b9d772578b91d30950786fe4d4f6	Concerto for Clavier and Orchestra in D minor, BWV 1052 (1) Allegro (inf.) Cantata BWV 140 (?), part 1, chorus (inf.) Fugue for organ in G minor, BWV 578 (inf.)
57b0ad60f957e91466e49090cb3d54551910f4e3	Films about I. S. Bach[edit / edit wiki text]
63d7f1957fc6c049ae5b24a61c3da84a6f484033	Bach: The Struggle for Freedom (1995, directed by S. Gillard, artistic) Johann Bach and Anna Magdalena ("Il etait une fois Jean Sebastien Bach") (2003, dir. Jean Louis Guillermou, artistic)
274475b7a9ae4d40d41d3fe82d20b654bd61a149	Johann Sebastian Bach (series "Famous Composers", documentary) Johann Sebastian Bach (series "German Composers", documentary) Johann Sebastian Bach: life and creativity, in two parts (TV channel "Culture", Yu. Nagibin, documentary) The competition continues (1971, directed by N. Khrobko, TV performance) My name is Bach (2003, dir. Dominique de Rivaz, artistic) The Silence before Bach (2007, dir. Pere Portabella, artistic) Johann Sebastian Bach's Futile Journey to Glory (1980, directed by V. Vikas, artistic) A Possible meeting (1992, directed by V. Dolgachev, S. Satyrenko, TV play based on the play of the same name; starring: O. Efremov, I. Smoktunovsky, S. Lyubshin) Dinner in Four hands (1999, directed by M. Kozakov, TV feature; in the role of Bach — Evgeny Steblov).
18f62f37c9c3b51ff9440bbf1c35120b18c63802	The Chronicle of Anna Magdalena Bach (1968, dir. Daniel Huye, Jean Marie Straub, artistic, G. Leonhardt) Bach Cello Suite #6: Six Gestures (1997, dir. Patricia Rozema, artistic) Friedemann Bach (1941, dir. Traugott Muller, Gustaf Grundgens, artistic) Great Composers (BBC TV series) - The Life and Work of J. S. Bach, documentary (English), in 8 parts: Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4, Part 5, Part 6, Part 7, Part 8 Johann Sebastian Bach (1985, dir. Lothar Bellag, artistic) (German)
5fa570addf8517397952f811c3490566dbae63e8	Johann Sebastian Bach Der liebe Gott der Musik (series "Die Geschichte Mitteldeutschlands", season 6, episode 3, dir. Lew Hohmann, documentary) (German)
d04f4ac44dbd009bb0914f85672abffd0bc5e1d8	The Cantor of St. Thomas's (1984, dir. Colin Nears, fiction) (English)
3aef9d8704cc604e7452239658db9587075d2555	The Joy of Bach (1980, documentary) (English)
0602223df8998060bdff3b7f71ac80261e7e53bc	Baroque the era to which the work of Bach belongs Bach (genus) — the Bach family, who brought up more than 50 musicians and composers over two centuries (XVII—XVIII centuries).
ed025154ebe9e2bda94b53eb48ae7b2bfd9ee8bd	BWV the generally accepted numbering system of Bach's works List of works by Johann Sebastian Bach Bach (crater) — a crater on Mercury.
087ca7affc5d049673aab303f5044f539f9cf6c3	Passion (Bach)
ed9ee3b67605ed01c8449a73b788ba789505d3c5	— passion of Bach.
ed0c713eeefa24b1f322bdc008619e95e7e1bc87	А. A. Schweitzer.
eea5c3c91ad3689ed2f5a69038f7f4e374685ee2	Johann Sebastian Bach.
0e466f5dd3c181e8ed363333cfe15962f65162eb	Chapter 1.
06dd38a1bec3cc00e3583479025033dd250b976f	The Origins of Bach's art. С. S.
2c6f53d7463cd0ffba6dfe039f671e482e3cd8df	A. Morozov.
29976a141d0d81931177a24f3b655ddd2b008613	Bach. (Biography of J. S. Bach in the ZhZL series), Moscow: Molodaya Gvardiya, 1975.
950a20025dc8cff2b6c157546256860bcc0336e4	(Book on www.lib.ru) ↑ Eisenach 1685-1695, J. S. Bach Archive and Bibliography ↑ Documents of the life and work of J. S. Bach genealogy of the Bach family (web archive) ↑ In Germany, Bach's manuscripts were found confirming his training with Boehm RIA Novosti, 31.08.2006 ↑ Documents of the life and work of J. S. Bach The Protocol of Bach's interrogation (web archive) ↑ 1 2 I. N. Forkel.
8ec3182cb3019e6ca51d528f69da259d76bc94c4	About the life, art and works of J. S. Bach.
8d37d3519cac5f64f781b8312002659f53979d5c	Chapter II. ↑ M. S. Druskin.
f5c22013a6a90060e28635bb7ae979567ef1f66c	Johann Sebastian Bach. p.
c8602711aac7d99ca3cbcbbcb6f095377be630ff	↑ A. Schweitzer.
f17c98999adf6c0405e663c1bd4f490f991798e8	Документы Documents of the life and work of J. S. Bach Record in the case, Arnstadt, June 29, 1707 (web archive) Документы Documents of the life and work of J. S. Bach an entry in the church book, Dornheim (web archive) Документы Documents of the life and work of J. S. Bach — Organ Reconstruction Project (web archive) Документы Documents of the life and work of J. S. Bach.
d46fc8f76004ed1de311152c7f18b532fb250260	Entry in the case, Muhlhausen, June 26, 1708 (web archive) ↑ Yu.
bfeda6db221f977ee0c63ce1e07cffe4febb7f51	V. Keldysh.
afb1bbf88f53b2d00db5435979041b3fcf224fe1	Music encyclopedia.
122c5b1bba8baf177a162155a38b69a524e4d25f	- Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1973.
53543865f86ef79a5f57156a9b4657239cf88a6c	- p. 761 — - 1070 p.
9352e356f8ec83bd88a589bcb76f591bd409586a	Документы Documents of the life and work of J. S. Bach.
974583d24fc4964055cee597354cfd110d3298e5	Entry in the case, Weimar, December 2, 1717 (web archive) ↑ M. S. Druskin.
1d446d50bdd7e322f4da6519eb3202ed929ffcd8	51.
d93acb73a8a5bba6f3f259d57dba2a164a2ca782	Документы Documents of the life and work of J. S. Bach an entry in the church book, Keten (web archive) Документы Documents of the life and work of J. S. Bach.
4220843c72922429e588b41270c28f6871193436	Minutes of the magistrate's meeting and other documents related to the move to Leipzig (web archive) Документы Documents of the life and work of J. S. Bach — A letter from J. S. Bach to Erdman (web archive) ↑ A. Schweitzer.
f2358ccbab539c93132dbc1b67422fb307a6c3bd	L. Mizler's report on the Collegium Musicum concerts (web archive) ↑ Peter Williams.
86c27ee6e15772bb911ee869859731cc3883b123	The Organ Music of J. S. Bach, p.
d6f1edd33e2a9e0ce87e675f73b9768b2b38a198	382—386.
1ae6680922e0b167469e020dcb7711b94d2ac335	↑ Russell Stinson.
a6f9f5bfd2482055d7b6dc5fe26fd44bf4d6f674	J. S. Bach’s Great Eighteen Organ Chorales, p.
8b0a370364f79a8f67d5ff1981e95521c2855b14	34—38.
339c5994b52d0e20a766738e0fba89d965d0d55e	Документы Documents of the life and work of J. S. Bach Quellmalz about Bach's operations (web archive) Документы Documents of the life and work of J. S. Bach.
68ea4e83a047d53693a360e479ddc2874ccd51ff	Inventory of the Bach inheritance (web archive) ↑ A. Schweitzer.
d11990c2887fda780b83b779e74a8724833ddc7f	↑ City of music — Johann Sebastian Bach, Leipzig Tourist Office ↑ Leipzig Church of St. Thomas (Tomaskirche) ↑ M. S. Druskin.
fefe540c738dec15d37d18c5548fde7fe55429a7	8. ↑ A. Schweitzer.
00925c42c920432212e73b69cb61f51eb00dae2c	I. S. Bach.
a893f3255399ee1529f05f88ef03652f315eeda4	↑ Documents of the life and work of J. S. Bach Rochlitz about this event, November 21, 1798 (web archive) ↑ Pressemitteilungen (German) ↑ Matthaus Passion BWV 244 conducted by Christoph Spering (English) ↑ "Solaris", dir.
fe8ad4f03fa10157e238a786a6772060f35a6c3c	Andrey Tarkovsky.
a367400ae2be8bcaf360fb23e09599517e5264d6	"Mosfilm", 1972 ↑ "Voyager", "Music from Earth" (eng.) ог The top ten greatest composers of all time was headed by Bach ↑ Johann Sebastian Bach — the greatest composer according to the New York Times
2845e6c32b09d5f9de55809d5cf1ae8dad4f9a9f	Bach, Johann Sebastian // Brockhaus and Efron's Encyclopedic Dictionary: in 86 vols.
2b4c6057761eaaf06b01eca07e02750eb4597d37	Documents of the life and work of Johann Sebastian Bach (Collection, translated from German, compiled by Hans Joachim Schulze).
e5b5b9706d9cd2d437f9accebc1c8e6118da71ff	Moscow: Music, 1980.
42160a64372178d1cceecc8a077a098317611c27	(Book on www.geocities.com (web archive)) I. N. Forkel.
59b4d6d6420b3bb4dfaece9cafe513acaaf4b47f	About the life, art and works of Johann Sebastian Bach.
6a58d5861c24f9a7c7e1a0186f422c9618022bd9	Moscow: Muzyka, 1987.
9ab5f15c892974ee1626d6c32aabb1fc1c8364a1	F. Wolfrum.
f5bde8a8caf21ffa0380f4d6f6b1b957c9550e40	M.: 1912.
6025fd5d452ba75d8a702eda72b633c14466bb07	A. Schweitzer.
6560d2292745053ab73c8353d35e76212b56bf6e	M.: Music, 1965, M.: Classics XXI, 2002, 2011.
57288ac7a1374b3374ad8b16f2e27f4f0103b1e0	M. S. Druskin.
3bebf97abfd4020e7e0d66c0612cdd73053b0710	M.: Music, 1982.
ec68763f995344a9e157a862e3d57eb848b7a684	Passion Songs and Masses by Johann Sebastian Bach.
a083e4aa46109f71166bc687ab350070f1da3887	Moscow: Muzyka, 1976.
58cbff352718bae60bdfce8a82f0d36eaaeab9f1	A. Milka, G. Shabalina.
674590021eaf16534c7823a514b9d3bd83ea95a2	An entertaining bahiana.
21d81c384b2567ff44adb779a33673dc6aff3699	Issues 1, 2.
9ace4b7ce0c603282ffccc8828dc2fcdf322ab1b	St. Petersburg: Composer, 2001.
11e6745c36f0772630da34401cf04ef67079f70c	S. A. Morozov.
6783a94f31b4b44be3e79f978f9f65a512fde41b	M. A. Saponov.
66ca8cef30ce80a557e5ec12565d84e091318b38	Masterpieces of Bach in Russian.
b866aad4531af2b6dd5880767c21ebc048e3fb14	Moscow: Classics XXI, 2005.
982553c12f7ab5035ffb2b5183677ee6f6a2bf0c	ISBN 5-89817-091 X Ph.
7e148c66ebf5308d271ef9cc65f4f6243b206ed4	Spitta.
3c08cef508c6d1840260a89a3a36954c27b1e061	Johann Sebastian Bach (two volumes).
d9ea2ba48734b64307b1efe38cee9b7c9489d712	Leipzig: 1880.
e4d1352d1e4c99ccb01b136f8ea893e852e7488f	(German) K. Wolff.
d4572aad84a970472140c7147dc5114653b34117	Johann Sebastian Bach: the learned musician (New York: Norton, 2000) ISBN 0-393-04825 X (hbk.);
7ec04faaccf10fcae5174c0935bb7047b03c1b7b	(New York: Norton, 2001) ISBN 0-393-32256-4 (pbk.)
b5a7b166acdafb0e2740bc074eec747861d9c761	(ZhZL series.
01b0c65c3ad84765b385be5c5b25645d7fa90d19	Small series) M.: Young Guard. 2015.
dc899cf2b12a49525a5ec8f9fe66eb3ea3795517	Johann Sebastian Bach in Wikicitatnik?
601d36421cde3d0ebdc3089e6bad80f1c9f7f3da	Johann Sebastian Bach on Wikimedia Commons?
8fc4ae656ba2acecfbf5a7233746a644872bf0d8	Bach, Johann Sebastian in the Open Directory Project (dmoz) reference catalog.
1b14352027b6982ad199529db6b14608c4b40289	(English)
16a2ad3be650adb9ace8d8932c1d086d4af6393f	Cantors of the Choir of St. Thomas
cb0a3e8776855cd34556cef7d26d4d53701af40f	... / Tidericus (circa 1295) | ...
42ed5560c928a210fe9aeefd45bb73cc5e82b73c	| Johann Stefan de Orba
dfae3e9d91059032e203df3e293efe92ec2214b9	(1436-1443 | / Thomas Ranstete (1443-1444) | Peter Seehausen (circa 1460) | Martin Klotch (circa 1470) | Johann Fabri de Forchheim (circa 1472) | Ludwig Goetze (from 1480) | Gregor Wessnig (1482-1488) | Heinrich Hoefler (1488-1490) | Nikolaus Seeler (circa 1494) | Johann Conradi (circa 1508) | Johann Scharnagel (circa 1513) | Georg Rau (1518-1520) | Johann Galliculus (1520-1525) | Valerian Huffeler (1526-1530) | Johann Hermann (1531-1536) / Wolfgang Junger (1536-1539) | Johann Bruckner (1539-1540) | Ulrich Lange (1540-1549) | Wolfgang Figulus (1549-1551) | Melchior Heger (1553-1564) | Valentin Otto (1564-1594) | Zet Calvisius (1594-1615) | Johann Hermann Schein (1615-1630) | Michael Tobias (1631-1657) | Sebastian Knupfer (1657-1676) | Johann Schelle (1677-1701) | Johann Kunau (1701-1722) | Johann Sebastian Bach (1723-1750) | Johann Gottlob Harrer (1750-1755) | Johann Friedrich Doles (1756-1789) | Johann Adam Hiller (1789-1801) | August Eberhard Muller (1801-1810) | Johann Gottfried Schnicht (1810-1823) | Christian Theodor Weinlig (1823-1842) | Moritz Hauptmann (1842-1868) | Ernst Friedrich Richter (1868-1879) | Wilhelm Rust (1880-1892) | Gustav Schreck (1893-1918) | Karl Straube (1918-1939) | Gunther Ramin (1939-1956) | Kurt Thomas (1957-1960) | Erhard Mauersberger (1961-1972) | Hans Joachim Roch (1972-1991) | Georg Christoph Biller (since 1992 as of today)
5a9526a4c6713eef37eef2d268bfe3bfc3ca50b7	Thematic Sites Notable Names Database · Allmusic · Discogs · Internet Broadway Database · Internet Movie Database · International Music Score Library Project · MusicBrainz · Project "Gutenberg" · Open Directory Project (English) · Find a Grave
30e4b2e5758e199f46692c470e7ddd933755c9bc	Dictionaries and encyclopedias of the Small Brockhaus and Efron · Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie · Britannica (online)
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2dcc98f75fde428f7734aca13229d8c76cd055f5	Ave Maria Prayer to Ave Maria • Greeting of the Angel (Annunciation Lk. 1: 28) and Elizabeth (Visit to Mary — Lk. 1:42) Music of Ave Maria by Schubert * Ave Maria by Vavilov • Ave Maria by Bach Gounod • Ave Maria by Saint Saens • Ave Maria by Palestrina • Ave Maria by Verdi • Ave Maria by Liszt • Ave Maria by Brahms • Ave Maria by Smarella • Ave Maria by Morricone • Ave Maria by Shpilevsky • ...
3967ca8ad55b67efa024901a7a3d2407176dd330	Graphics "Ave Maria (Ia Orana Maria)" Gauguin • "Hail Mary (Arseny)" Arseny Prayers Three " Ave Maria • * Angel of the Lord • Rosary of the Person of the Virgin Mary • Archangel Gabriel • The Righteous Elizabeth • Luke • Urban IV • Jesus Christ
325a07fb99e57a31e5160eeb23ce485c50d490de	Classical music
9f5f2173818171dbc0c006d51d3118c65d59046f	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Бах,_Iogann Sebastian&oldid=78040081"
b99c0366bf7f93861716f361353348fa497b921a	Categories: Born on March 31, Born in 1685, Alphabetical personalities Born in Eisenach Died on July 28, Died in 1750, Died in Leipzig Musicians alphabetically Composers alphabetically Composers of Germany Composers of the Baroque era Composers of the XVIII century Teachers alphabetically Music teachers of Germany Music teachers of the XVIII century Audio articles (introduction) Johann Sebastian Bach German Organists Who died of a stroke Blind Musicians The history of the XVIII Century Bach Personalities:Lutheranism Anglican Saints Buried in the Church of St. Thomas in Leipzig Organists alphabetically
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ca784e7c7c9ce2789c2663644c134e93bc08134b	Home Biographies Art Composers
4e4ea8bc6fc7f8e0935d1a4dbcfcad3429a8df2a	Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) was a great German composer and organist.
b11554b5b26406e36e1b17061bdb05e8e213582c	Then Bach went to study at a singing school in the city of Lüneburg.
206ecef08f9ef7ff94a58d068eddc6319a63a31b	During this time, many works of Bach were written.
a490292c3fae2ba359aec06da3d3655848746b54	During the period from 1717 to 1723, Bach's magnificent suites (for orchestra, cello, claviers) appeared.
8c75b8967f7a207416bc8e42a021a3bf3e2b7855	In 1720, Bach's wife died, but a year later the composer remarried, now to a singer.
27a269a3be95387c65d39b5e02b68c3701182992	The happy family had 13 children.
12aea4f11e466eb8e492b81b41c495a5f627fc91	During his stay in Keten, Bach's Brandenburg Concertos were written.
5f7f90659944144b0f611cd108833fe35bd8e65a	In 1723, the musician became a teacher at the church, then a music director in Leipzig.
84d90b1a76ae00eda73ff3eb75ad34be68edf8ad	Johann Sebastian Bach's wide repertoire included secular, wind music.
415f384399637db0c073de99b73f7c5d61e5fd3e	During his life, Johann Sebastian Bach managed to be the head of the music college.
278c9a19e24bb0b26b4db93bdb3a4219a0f91c3c	Several cycles of the composer Bach used all kinds of instruments ("Musical Offering", "The Art of Fugue").
10b4ac5bffa527bc9cfc10e854d01dff640f4a01	In the last years of his life, Bach quickly lost his sight.
550a13c1191633fb1586ecdf40cb61f4dc65c98d	His music was then considered unfashionable, outdated.
43ab91f9ecc6211d27b5088d15abab985e685198	However, now Bach music schools are open all over the world, and more than one generation has learned from the works of the great composer.
b712d411478c0dff8fc6d7d72c7acdab7423f68b	A few simple questions about a brief biography of Bach:
f1579b6b75f2616ded16c7f969490f8c73bcbc91	Average score: 4.6 points.
90df268c4dd68df52f5ccec5b906dc115954261c	Total ratings received: 773.
318347e2f24332435c00fc5a47439783ca800907	Download the biography of Bach
c7f1082adb7d526bb129bf9dd8d6dd3392c8fce0	Activity Composer, Musician
ab8ee3b3840b06e373a5d8c1dc947de46cbd97cd	Date of birth March 31, 1685
f1517c00d5970d5b511261051d5753c11e57038a	Zodiac sign Aries
78eee1a2a4f4ce64292a204ec22f58d01189de42	Date of death July 28, 1750
dd114cdbc95a26a8a07cfcec258b4e677cf1d198	Place of birth Germany, Eisenach
dd05c9b524756dbdf706dc2bb8d2dfeebcec2d8f	Full name (Rus) Johann Sebastian Bach
f821a912cdb36420bc8b3af8a7919798e1a767d9	Full name (English) Johann Sebastian Bach
bcc545016aaf389d3d3ab1c7755d10f28c0b78ad	Igor Krutoy Edvard Grig Sergei Prokofiev Modest Mussorgsky Frederic Chopin
1770acadc1e54df79f3222b4d2c0cf3696fa966a	Brief contents of the essay Presentation Ask a question
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0593ac3c1cc80baa1d09b45ddd5030fc2bdacfc1	Home Music Theory Improvisation Psychology Useful History Interesting
e63155764a878f77c6283e57851f8786ed714b39	Gorstorehov.com
4e68237ea0ab0830c3f17ccbc5406a348d341a64	Johann Sebastian Bach a brief biography
94f3d491d9a049675c90d7d2b92d556e40a06520	Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) was a great German composer.
174435131e5f42255d1552f5f86effb828d93785	This is the feeling that arises when you play Bach's works, it seems that the one who composed it thought for a long time and very seriously approached each bar of his works, each bar is a kind of small work of art, not just developing the composition, but bringing its own flavor to it.
b3397e5cf8442238a0850bcf7222c979f7d37623	It was with such requirements that the great composer had to face and it was these requirements that he never adhered to, because any boundaries for such a freedom loving person as Johann Sebastian were like death.
71ab1e76b31fb8ee1ec4a1f2f8ce71d90ab6bc53	Because of this persistent non compliance with the rules, the musician's life was very difficult and full of humiliations.
da9c8a742b0a7b4d1b8e302489617596fc107dac	Johann Sebastian Bach, was born in 1685 in a town called Eisenach.
318b10c6eaa83324abf7410a8cfea6546f6d7af7	The composer's ancestors were mostly ordinary workers, but they were also fond of music.
faa83c994af2b3733f1f06072cd2934836e7ff9e	A descendant of Johann Sebastian Faith Bach was a simple baker, but even took his musical instrument - a zither with him to work.
f1bb654ec6f837d7cc93dce1047cd005b8af5435	It is known through descendants that he was a very musical person.
9a10b82b5f311cbd305c4469ce9e4e87b5316419	It was probably he who became the starting point for the creativity of his offspring, because the musical gift passed in this numerous and branched family from father to son.
8ae6a064d5f68565708bc90f3e543c255b678a83	There are about fifty musicians, the Bach family, who in one way or another influenced the musical culture.
c645c0ca4884af736f3cf6931b65415dcc3b3886	But none of them ever achieved great fame.
b4ac34c642348dee584d7a65aeff7b45652c3a9a	The first hero of this article was taught music by his father, who was also a musician and played the violin.
a103d1058162337156c484735525deb07b80345f	In addition, the boy went to the school choir.
43c4d7c9b562ce425c1392c0528e6a07b0b053a8	At the age of nine, the future great composer lost his parents and moved to live with his brother.
2b7cdaaaaaa20df9415f7ba1edae21bdddd4d6dc	Johann Christoph was an organist and also worked as a music teacher.
336c13424a4e2daa8310c1f3c3e449d5f7e7aa73	Now Johann Sebastian was studying with him.
523108c25817b0ca1c1cf46ec9c839e921151d05	However, the lessons received from his brother could not fully satisfy the child's curiosity.
a7e81f3517835205b6d9dfd29f5fcbb8c28b8cad	Therefore, Bach was still studying independently, in secret from his brother.
74e73a628c2f0fd8b1c010643b0f288057dde751	When he reached the age of 15, the young man wanted to leave and he got a job in the city of Lüneburg, where he could have a small income from his musical activities.
ad92f70fd927458952590ed3b27133ca331c917d	At the same time, he studied at a school, which he graduated brilliantly.
8d90f3c46593a67ad48922b62a46de4b6f02ddb4	Now, with a diploma, he could go to university, but the realities of life did not allow him to do this - he had to provide for himself, and the only thing that could help him in this was the persistent improvement of his musical skills.
add48401d2f56acdb681edca46accb8ff7190f4d	During his studies at the Lunenburg School, he studied many compositions by various musicians from Germany and Italy, which were in the extensive school library.
d9fd0fe6947eb153db60a909062211eee9332245	Also, being interested in the work of Reinken, Bach often went to Hamburg to attend concerts of this famous organist at that time. it is also very likely that the composer also attended the opera in Hamburg, which was then in its heyday there.
6ecd5fcfc4998cf12ef4d25c75da90297987754d	Johann Sebastian Bach - Weimar and Arnstadt
a411a06aff809c804b40cd45cf4fa04a3679ac3c	After Lüneburg, Bach went to Weimar to work as a violinist in a small princely chapel.
c98c49beb181ce1b17fdca553db96edd931184f2	But this did not last long - the work did not satisfy creative needs.
8bafcaa3c53ebb0c054eaa0fbb91f8124ccfff97	Therefore, Johann Sebastian does not hesitate to respond positively to the invitation to take up the post of court organist in the city of Arnstadt (it was in 1704).
0196999930bcdc378fd5defd3e821f0e9103570c	It was in Arnstadt that the composer had his first encounter with the misunderstanding and stagnation of the church leadership, whose requirements were not met by the desire of the young musician to introduce something new into the cult church works.
bd0db4a8f0b1215ef7cf8b412c7ccbc6151e67ad	The fact is that a man like Bach simply could not restrain his creative energy, because he had a lot of ideas about how to enrich and develop the church music that existed at that time.
4a0b747f6e02eaa7c75b3750e3397e4afa64973b	However, no one in the Protestant church wanted to violate the existing dogmas and orders.
9f78736feb4bc2df40d83e29f1ccb31d0e7a7749	The variations that Bach played seemed to them just an attempt at such a violation, so unusual they sounded then.
fab8da9860e0dc7aa4aef7af47f6d3d626e527be	Due to the resistance of the church authorities, the composer's creative fervor began to cool down, so he decided to go to the city of Lubeck for a short time.
e5f6c0a02ff2a6c29df6028b6b143a1f483af214	A famous musician was conducting organ concerts there.
9279d741ac1ff78853dcc4c322528cdd2bb20085	In 1705, in the autumn, Bach still had the opportunity to implement his plans, since he was given a vacation.
d99cd622f121e41a4f549b29d13689e384f89cbe	The composer could not find money for a carriage to Lubeck, and he had to walk.
125ad573b8104cc2631ec70f74e856f1d85e3db1	But it was worth it!
becdcf9e35b5d423d4c7fcc1bc00fa090a025ca7	The delightful playing of Dietrich Buxtehude shook Bach to the depths of his soul.
0420cf4a12f6a03a53831229f2895c00e2ff0a79	It shocked him so much that he completely forgot about the time allowed for his trip - instead of the prescribed month, he spent four times more time there.
b9bf00ca7ecbc02c4640f30eb022b1d7bccb4b9d	The church authorities, for the offense committed, arranged a humiliating interrogation for Bach, and then made a formal trial over him, with charges being brought.
44afe6488183c9425e2800160b37bf6860378608	They accused him of adding a lot of alien sounds to the musical accompaniment, of improvising too long during the service, introducing many incomprehensible variations all this allegedly embarrassed the community...
ca8434017de4612d8258b05592a757df147451be	After such a "warm" reception, the composer had no other choice but to leave Arnstadt (he stayed there for only three years).
50951528cd2785aa82ba06a20dc09d68c13aed10	It should be noted that during his stay in Arnstadt, Bach was able to achieve very good results in his craft.
3cada1222377cb20fed77a98c38597037a8238d7	His performing skills have become extremely high.
f4bb4431f2ee8bafc2a6bb7c9fe1d3a7f27b972b	His first compositions as a composer also began to appear.
5cb6ae1ddde67f22e570f48251a5b96cd9409a1d	These first compositions show the musician's desire to convey human feelings and thoughts truthfully from the point of view of psychology.
b46e64e2ec1a467db8744e81fda75e77b9302f73	Here is some of what Johann Sebastian Bach wrote in the Arnstadt period: The cantata " You will not leave my soul";
111823ec532911c66db00e9025f99dd2c019119a	"Capriccio on the departure of a beloved brother" (a suite consisting of completed miniatures).
98e8d11d7e3728cc8f1d6494adff26f36c3cb4ba	Share with your friends
8e7ce3bf8539d9ee4077172ab10b772f7c590d08	SEVILLE 04 September 2014 at 15: 57
df53d4fe82c18556ef4721db8647315042953065	THANK YOU VERY MUCH.
0f25ca7a72dde68a3963da7dd84ca04e5476e056	to answer
12dfcfc8c35ef0c2eecadd33db73411147aeb0ff	Igor on September 09, 2014 at 11: 49
0fb1c9a2c693d0de19f94e102f8a447dda9fa592	You are welcome!
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d214f40d7081e31994a5d9f274bbe814b9d1e327	April 07, 2015 at 20: 40
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13110057f9203c6353b696357b945ea2ce7c442e	Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)
d7ba1a657daffacad78cf3da4d1104ac3321eb02	mp3 recordings of bach on ArtOfPiano.ru
9a5f8a17395742b20d2237f7b2a758fd0a07f617	HTK, vol . I, Preludes and Fugues (Gould)
aa6d985ce9a0aad8d1964cc19183d323fe98b297	(Richter)
6b1d88174b83c04d584286043937799b5d24300e	(Schiff)
b2eb0f7cea2fa701a4b0aec1bead243be5500b5f	HTK, vol . II, Preludes and Fugues (Gould)
19da2adb829f37c096b68a36923e42fc889d9cc7	Violin Partita No.
65fa5e0e6c81f60597402ede13f0691186f12716	2 d moll, BWV 1004 (Perlman)
78cef867d28cc8378c5b691305a0e94ad68ff632	Bach's music in Spanish.
9afbaf5874ad91d99fc2d3981a19d30f206d7e95	Rachmaninoff
ea81509f11ba3ae92e9c75bd54570d83e39260a0	Chubrika
b319dc3ac43cca77d0667e5e003a66bef87b378a	The" High "Mass h moll, " The Passion for John", "The Passion for Matthew" became the culmination of the centuries old history of these genres.
7423ab711de2d254257a763bbcb1f0d8a87832bd	Synthesizing the experience of organ improvisation inherited from his predecessors (D. Buxtehude, I. Pachelbel, G. Boehm, I. A. Reinken), a variety of variational and polyphonic composing techniques and the principles of concertation modern to him, Bach rethought and updated the traditional genres of organ music — toccata, fantasy, passacaglia, chorale prelude.
d16b4e736218aa3855e483646ba7146e462117eb	Among the keyboard compositions, the most important place is occupied by the "Well tempered Clavier" — the first experience in the history of music of the artistic application of the tempered system developed at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries.
c7c92ac36b316c8f033b24debed44b14c2b7ed8a	The greatest polyphonist, in the fugues of the CTC Bach created unsurpassed samples, a kind of school of contrapuntal skill, which was continued and completed in the "Art of the Fugue", on which Bach worked for the last 10 years of his life.
9be2cc2a09bb18c4a8cd64f0f7ed7442f385340f	Bach is the author of one of the first clavier concertos — the Italian Concerto (without an orchestra), which fully confirmed the independent significance of the clavier as a concert instrument.
427289db0c65e4efe2de3a91cd8a9171008021f1	Bach's music for violin, cello, flute, oboe, instrumental ensemble, orchestra sonatas, suites, partitas, concertos — marks a significant expansion of the expressive and technical capabilities of instruments, reveals a deep knowledge of instruments and universalism in their interpretation.
4c93942574a0f3bd04f8456e87e22c359384dd39	Essays: For soloists, choir and orchestra — The Passion for John (1724), the Passion for Matthew (1727 or 1729; final edition 1736), Magnificat (1723), High Mass (h moll, about 1747-49; 1st edition 1733), 4 short Masses (1730s), oratorios (Christmas, Easter, about 1735), cantatas (about 200 spiritual, over 20 secular); for orchestra — 6 Brandenburg concertos (1711-20), 5 overtures (suites, 1721-30); concertos for instruments and orchestra — for 1, 2, 3, 4 claviers, 2 for violin, for 2 violins; chamber instrumental ensembles — 6 sonatas for violin and clavier, 3 sonatas for flute and clavier, 3 sonatas for cello and clavier, trio sonatas; for organ — 6 organ concertos (1708-17), preludes and fugues, fantasies and fugues, toccatas and fugues, passacaglia c moll, chorale preludes; for clavier — 6 English suites, 6 French suites, 6 partitas, Well — tempered clavier (volume 1 — 1722, volume 2 — 1744), Italian concerto (1734), Goldberg variations (1742); for violin 3 sonatas, 3 partitas;
7d8fc524790f92879869d2f79c423a533b0c8de0	6 suites for cello; spiritual songs, arias; compositions without specifying the performing composition — A Musical Offering (1747), The Art of Fugue (1740-50), etc.
b4823518d36519f6d5b7678ff0bdd55db0c36237	© 2002-2016 Arkady Chubrik · SMS ·
c37896c7a864028a34af8d5520b579b52adf3e46	The company was founded in 1967 by Jung Joo yong.
18e7163ffe63b0a8c062cc081888765865287423	It was part of the Chaebol (group of companies) Hyundai Motor Group, from which it was separated in 2003.
2e9d55858e86a47c800ef1962578bec55efd4bc7	In the 1960s, the company was engaged in the production of several passenger cars and one truck model of the American Ford concern.
35f2303fa14836fe0bee3b6237e54c5a269367ce	In 1972, the South Korean government gave the right to produce cars to four companies, one of which was Hyundai.
fdea2a27c35594bb995e5892d8eaf0eb7d4749f6	In 1974, the production of a subcompact Hyundai Pony (English)Russian began, the appearance of which was worked on by masters from the Italian atelier Italdesign Giugiaro.
e5cf7120656cdd496e488e537453acee175b62f2	By 1980, the concern was supposed to produce up to 50,000 cars per year with the localization of component production up to 91 %, which was fulfilled.
2a12e704ce3b56d189b8a428a908c066391965fb	The first generation of the popular Sonata sedan appeared in the fall of 1988. in 1996, the sports model Coupe went into production.
544210b4b201462ad9d64a9cba0dcea3e5e3d0cd	In 1998, Hyundai absorbed the Korean automobile company Kia Motors
8764daaae53ca11fa2729638b63143d6ba467a0c	In 2000, the company entered into a strategic alliance with DaimlerChrysler, which existed for several years.
b8279a0ebb6b82ffbe641758a3b9e0c9a5818020	As of 2006, the Hyundai plant consisting of five enterprises in the Korean city of Ulsan was considered the largest automobile manufacturing plant in the world[4].
e6172766c911e8f2767a6c1006f72eb91bf57183	The word 현대(現代) means "modernity"in Korean.
a2b98d3a8d9e90656f3c67268b25ff38376e3a94	The correct Russian transliteration of this word is Hyundai.
f88dadf7cfffd03869012db29436768a7480a537	Since the brand is written in Latin in Russia, there are often erroneous readings of the Latin transliteration, such as "Hyundai", "Hyundai", "Hyundai" , etc.
820acc5bff345d774f94f946a49d0c7788b2a31e	Similar difficulties in reading Latin transliteration are found in other countries.
95c3cdb74b608fe4f2fa075bca358cad5cf0ec08	Among the shareholders of the company is the manufacturer of automotive components Hyundai Mobis (20.78 %), the National Pension Fund of Korea (5.95 %).
c34874a5656b4ca496ce897c10053d2241280be9	The company owns a number of car factories in South Korea (including the world's largest car assembly plant in Ulsan), Turkey, North America, China, India, the Czech Republic, Russia and Brazil.
42f88796737871dfa425d6bb76df48b36bec1b82	Between the workshops of the company's factories there are spacious aviaries with various animals, including deer, peacocks, rabbits, foxes, etc.
c254a17eed65b11d999516af9e0d853430a4e054	The purpose of this is to increase the productivity of specialists working at these plants[7].
e0c66fc5790efb6e5293730fc9bc27fb7f54eb12	The company's sales in 2010 amounted to 1.73 million cars.
68c109cd0e0cfed672f93144bdb99582ddb7ca6c	The company's revenue in 2010 amounted to $32.29 billion, net profit — $4.62 billion
2c8f26a7d5378943d3da6a6f0607c9a71015cced	The company's sales in 2007 amounted to 2.32 million cars, 624 thousand of which were sold on the domestic market, and 1.7 million-on foreign markets.
8a0f31454c811dd34af9f034af0cebf33533deef	In Russia, the assembly of Hyundai passenger cars of the Accent, Sonata and Elantra XD models, the Santa Fe Classic crossover, as well as Porter light trucks was carried out until 2010 at the TAGAZ plant in Taganrog (later the assembly of Accent, Sonata and Santa Fe was resumed[10])[11][12].
b7be862c1cdb6582da8028cc5f80047bc5daea95	In December 2007, an agreement was signed on the construction of a Hyundai automobile plant in Russia[13].
c5bdf47e127f9205146ee2481c940fe2926efbcb	The construction of the plant, which is located in St. Petersburg, in the Kamenka industrial zone, began in June 2008, it began its work in September 2010 (the volume of investments amounted to $400 million).
d01f9e1744b8a54a4376bcdc7b07a90993edac40	passenger cars per year, and it is divided between Hyundai Motor and its sister Kia Motors in half[12].
1d6a595213cf515cd1aa759030fe007f0f4b17c6	As of 2011, the company was producing a Hyundai Solaris car designed specifically for the Russian market (Kia Motors is assembling a Kia Rio car built on the same platform as Solaris).
d214007680e6fac184a1d4308e344c010e2f0716	Together with the automobile plant in St. Petersburg, a plant for the production of Hyundai Mobis auto components was launched[14][15], and later, in December 2010, seven more enterprises of traditional suppliers of Hyundai components were launched[6].
5739bb3d600197d477a09cb656bcd7eb71dd8709	Sales of Hyundai cars in Russia in 2010 amounted to 87,081 cars (in 2007— 147 843)[8][5].
9a56c5cd4211a07d41fe92ea2650960667a80559	Hyundai Motor was one of the general sponsors of the 2013 Universiade in Kazan, providing a fleet of more than a thousand passenger cars, minibuses and buses of tourist class[16], which are also supposed to be used at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi.
19a17c74a8fe0947412025413112a483ef99a0aa	Alexey Kalitsev has been the Executive Director of Hyundai Motor CIS since February 01, 2015[17]
dcde99596e5433e93180a86c98ed7be2631e9c1c	A young auto mechanic, Jung Joo Yong, who previously worked as a loader, handyman and courier, opened his workshop in 1939.
47ce0cea851ee68a1315be1f38e65f2d600f71ca	But Hyundai's ambitious name - "modernity", or "new time" - appeared later.
a8828650a4077b83be189d1f76b2574b4725825e	In 1947, it was received by the multi-profile enterprise Chong Joo Yong, which first performed contracts for the American military, then built houses, bridges and ships, produced machine tools...
e0ff63dd46dda8ba1fbe204a6ed94aed86eb4062	The successful company became increasingly interested in the automotive industry, and finally in 1967, the Hyundai Motor Company was established.
db7d26bd385ea7dcb6e6dc295403da658ec36532	She opened a car production line, worked in partnership with leading American and Japanese companies, conducted her own developments, built factories in Europe and Asia, step by step gaining authority on the international market and recognition of motorists.
57c56d74a01f24390413a1c11c0d9f482084fadd	By 2000, Hyundai Motor Company became the undisputed leader of the national market, in 2005 it entered the "Top 100" world brands for the first time, and in 2010 it was recognized as the fifth largest car manufacturer in the world.
e2d234e71b7c58026752d232d54925a343fc96c8	New thinking is going beyond the boundaries established by tradition, and new opportunities are advanced ideas and solutions.
54eeb14afaa8e172602086efebee0b1083d2d794	We strive to make stylish, high-quality, reliable and safe cars more accessible to customers.
4327eb110a4219e1690b931e10baa2ef6398224e	We strive to ensure that our business develops in a harmonious environment — ecological and social.
0604b4984b366b51f15bc903f5ac43ece935dc47	And in this sense, Hyundai cars are not just a means of transportation.
d7a00c52b4cbc89e903b98676f152a66f3d82e7c	This is an environment that unites people.
edcf7798c53cf47205186d38b9f5a4f5ce5db109	This is a way to combine business goals and social development goals.
515efe986c566e444d1e5e5e7f54b159b6fd7cc9	We extend this approach to activities under the Hyundai brand in all regions of our presence.
ec79f22b2e13ede3aa7d6207a4448e75038cd28d	Localization of production allows us to reduce the cost of products and increase sales, and at the same time we contribute to the development of national economies, help overcome social challenges, promote the introduction of international standards of responsible business conduct.
5e7cd435ed4378390b56da33a30bef96d1ff6499	The company was founded in 2007 for the import and distribution of Hyundai cars.
a8751f99cbcc4f34a612f6e51122843371654959	It guarantees the quality of products for Russian consumers, ensures that the customer service meets the high standards of the brand.
ccebe692dcef31fb81eebf119dedc4d496698192	By the middle of 2008, Hyundai's sales in Russia had doubled, and the brand was firmly established among the best-selling foreign cars in Russia.
fb0194c5da6501f2ab0b54be1ef2dce86a7e76b8	Hyundai has passed the stages of formation from a small car repair shop to the largest South Korean holding company specializing in various fields of mechanical engineering.
bfc5c7399dc3de359a30d41e164c9b10268c9079	Hyundai began to engage in the automotive industry in the late 60s.
493393f0111885323c92d33e6f0e1b5b573fb120	Initially, Ford cars were assembled at the company's factory under an agreement concluded with the British.
b4bbeaf3b1d936468d8cf4d2ef4f62d1429e1f48	Hyundai did not have cars of its own production at that time.
82b704c356d058c4b716ba3be24b93c780513f7e	The management of Hyundai was outraged by this state of affairs.
e6ede9dbd69dd52b9df5ecd2d369575575046743	It is not surprising that in 1973 the company began the development, and a little later the production of its own cars.
432af0bfe47f26e9bac57558e9c7350e4b7d2fdd	The Hyundai design department was opened.
b31cd7e3be196f9cd9fe960e6ffeeb3330b93d7e	In 1976, together with Mitsubishi Motors, the first passenger model was created — the Hyundai Pony car.
5873c4ce3dc86f645f07aaa14fab0cdd52f8ead8	The design was created by ItalDesign, led by Giorgio Giugiaro.
0e173c5a08efbd23925cda935ad2c6511ec00ac0	The model was first shown to the public at the Turin Motor Show, and caused a real sensation.
404264f1e46d250058880e578fe1a5a53dd6d7ba	Journalists in their articles praised the design solutions, noted the elegant design of the model.
3e3b0b581310b9ee1242199a0ca32f67c7b03581	Hyundai Pony was very popular in the domestic market.
836216cee4f1609647a322b18d9d91b8f9f95c5f	Hyundai Motor Company has taken a leading position in the Korean automotive industry.
a6974f2adfdac23d8cc321014c5d04144c84fdd1	A little later, cars of the Hyundai Pony model began to be exported to the foreign market under the name Hyundai Exel.
c9f792c07c6a349431b6eb12ffcbb1f0edb77859	In the following decades, the Korean economy grew at a record pace.
58de3e1835a79e7c5016db20489cee3b475e1ba6	All the world's newspapers wrote about the Korean "economic miracle".
b431c1e2a9ab9513aa82b6bb3771acdbcc3e49d5	Hyundai also did not lag behind the general development of the state.
479a37480796d829665ccf75de6351d717c643ea	The management of Hyundai Motor Company increased production capacities, mastered new branches of production.
88cd56e9188198e6bd1de2e48f7fe2244c108094	The shipbuilding division of Hyundai has brought Korea to the second position among the states engaged in shipbuilding.
4268b6847a9b037e007d0a7ab09362152b195c8b	This was the catalyst for large-scale production and the creation of our own technologies.
399c570f08a488ef68f838f6b9f6d32829d3db3c	By the mid-80s, the Canadian automobile market was mastered.
daf93cc1d37d69b93325b02008e33b8606bd4cac	At the same time, Hyundai Motor Company was trying to break into the most profitable, but at the same time the most demanding market — the US market.
050a3d95fa38558ee20903e09ab53b821b42b956	Along with this, the development of compact models did not stop.
120931a176c09c7b981465a6f47111cf5a263087	By the 90th year, Hyundai Motor Company got into the high society, took a place among the world players in the automotive industry.
f22d21760dcc2e5ba23c08f58406d3b5e7e8311a	More than a million Hyundai cars were exported to the American market alone.
52b69d54ea6a9502f6c279c8239f4283277f9ca8	In the fall of 1988, the Hyundai Sonata debuted.
7dcc945e9f5448ff152b5c64fc15c9eb8d0f1a00	The model was upgraded twice: the first time in 1993, the second — in 1998.
050ee24aeb838911272037fc4953acaa7eac6c23	The car was equipped with an engine produced under a license from Mitsubishi.
d7ae4bda883f6350a5dc2d274ffe194400819bec	However, the company sought to equip its cars completely with its own components and aggregates.
c1d671b007dd7168fdd11efe0375a5e0cd9bceaf	So, in 1991, the Alpha engine was released, designed by its own forces.
d3c4cfb7c8cee2747c4d41f60903f2400cd9bc2c	The working volume of the engine was 1.5 liters.
2beaa5368a7b100b0dfe68f5853ef71db84bcdb5	The model was a five-seat sedan.
08120f4bcc7656515c55ba81ae2624886173eeb2	In 1995, the model was upgraded.
13e211baf7488fe4be678de9657bed27f2a6706d	At the same time, the Hyundai Lantra Wagon model was created on the basis of the Lantra sedan — a five-door station wagon.
7c90a4b0c9d58c06394fa251e8c2f9310974d577	In 1991, Hyundai began producing Galloper SUVs.
488b902a30b332b9bcc40c797586dea5cc92aa74	The model was developed on the basis of the first-generation Mitsubishi Pajero.
e2c0e323f825e095713fa5b8b6ff1ddf1e1a6fd3	The company has constantly sought to strengthen its position in the automotive markets of the world.
bc3e8b598a46971eb08de7281c62c4c75e974555	In many ways, this is why a design studio of a company called Hyundai California Design opens in California, and in early 1992 shows the world its first HCD I concept car.
094ba9054c825bf4cbbab3516eec29fa735dbefd	This model was released in a small edition, and was aimed at buyers who are interested in prestigious cars, but consider the same European models very expensive.
0a4ecaa51584390c742fa7286f1e21f74b45ecd2	The history of one of the largest automakers began in 1967, when Hyundai Engineering and Construction Company (Hyundai Construction Co., Ltd.), best known as a construction and shipbuilding company, decided to diversify its activities by producing cars.
53749cad59f7d48bbb1460b6e7efc5c79c9d32c3	In fact, "Hyundai" is pronounced approximately as "Hyundai", although for our latitudes it will be permissible to "Hyundai" — so it is called even in official advertising, because of the dissonance from the point of view of the Russian language of the official name.
c5e837d4e3ee69641cb0e34b7be1b8929ba6b46f	By the way, this translates from Korean as "keeping up with the times".
e487108290af80156c6dd703340fda6a3267f1fd	In 1972, Hyundai became one of the four South Korean companies that were allowed to produce cars of their own design.
7f650766b0858d9ce890eb85df35b35b3e13badb	The first car of its own design was the Hyundai Pony, which was designed by specialists from Italdesign.
a9236a8156775a5a7293e1887e83a7db626e46ff	The model went on sale in 1975 and was produced for ten years, after which it was replaced by the second-generation Pony.
ccb37a4988e1d4a1297cbd482285e4bdcbdf1aa1	It was the success with a small Pony that provided Hyundai Motor with development, prosperity and rapid growth.
29ee1c1f29aa7dee8af79cbed4a229edb9335a62	Very good and, most importantly, affordable models began to appear.
8e91aa1a85a1ed311e6c5ebeb479c093868aa831	So, the Hyundai Excel model (created to replace the Rop) was even presented for the nomination for the title of one of the best products, according to Fortune magazine, and the main criterion was precisely the very low cost for a car with such characteristics.
00714269afc66228bd6022539577a2e73aa929eb	However, the manufacturer has always remained faithful to small cars, which still form the basis of its fame — the same Hyundai Getz, for example.
c4144f93fa4e7356252053c93135543c5d654e8b	In 1998, another Korean company, Kia Motors Corporation, was absorbed, as a result of which Hyundai Kia Automotive Group was formed, which now includes Hyundai Motor.
f185b17a7fff3678795e098c49e67d189404c8ab	The car has gained a lot of popularity in the domestic market and has put Hyundai Motor Company into the leaders of the Korean automotive industry.
56077c4a5a1ad7387500eafc0832b26934314ed3	After some time, the company began to export the Hyundai Pony to the foreign market under the name Hyundai Exel.
9dc9e1ac76dfc24804d3381ed3817023b03a1e87	Over the next decades, the Korean economy grew at a record pace, newspapers around the world were full of headlines about the Korean "economic miracle".
ea177c0d0e8646aee9b375f8098e3469ba9dfac7	The Hyundai shipyard has made Korea the second world power in the field of shipbuilding, and the Hyundai Electronics subsidiary has become one of the world's largest manufacturers of semiconductors.
9a3c1ca02958086fc02c0ec5a1b1c0eb82446e6e	In the wake of the rapid economic recovery, Hyundai Motor Company has made large investments in expanding the production capacity of its plant in Ulsan.
d182919a59ba3caf17b37076b1c071be9991886e	It was a breakthrough to the creation of our own technologies and large-scale production.
9009863d9a75f727340ac5948c5ca257aeeb651e	In the mid-80s, having mastered the Canadian car market, Hyundai began to break into the most demanding, but also the most profitable US market, for this purpose the car range was adapted to export markets.
e211c37b63196ab5f93c1da947bdc6eb10a4766b	By the 90th year, the company's efforts brought Hyundai Motor Company into the ranks of global players in the automotive industry.
837bc5ecf2680be06a9795971dfb136aee7f7f02	Only in the United States, the total volume of car exports exceeded one million units.
3ba6cdf4980c98bd6f9d95b807568869a5be0207	There were constant developments of new models of passenger cars, so in the autumn of 1988 the first show of the Hyundai Sonata car took place.
8dd8f4f4cd524c6cd4c7223485e133f925561894	This car used an engine produced under a license from Mitsubishi Motors, but Hyundai's management relied on creating a car consisting entirely of components and parts of its own design.
a96210fe9dd967b8fa05475e209f3e6a14797dae	By the early 90s, the company began to implement its plans to develop its own technologies.
033613ea3d82ec70e482e731fa054afc5c54d6f1	Two years later, using the accumulated experience, the BETA engine was designed.
072e189c0406c7c95d4204d0811b6b2462310ce5	Trying to strengthen its position in the global automotive markets, the Hyundai California Design design studio is being created in California, which in January 1992 issued its first HCD I concept car to the world community.
a117f68d1a7af23095a202f4d011f1604e7f8046	It was this concept car that gave the basis for the creation of original concept cars, including the HCD series, and became the prototype of the spectacular sports model Coupe/Tiburon.
b789efcde4dd38aea92c9c77079967248c40dec1	At the same time, the model range of Hyundai cars was already fully formed.
a503139442021fc655571b9323a102e0c7d3d302	In the autumn of 1990, the Lantra car was introduced to the European market, having the name Elantra on the domestic market.
6898b7369831585c17091b8aa672cd31ca16e2a8	In 1991, Hyundai launched the production of Hyundai Galloper SUVs, the basis for which was the Mitsubishi Pajero of the first generation.
9055308eda468df9fac5026c76e051018dadff77	The SUV was produced under the license of Mitsubishi Motors and after passing a number of modifications, it has survived to this day.
e725aa67c17a90346a2f75e6917c6540a2a753cd	At the Geneva Motor Show in 1998, an updated SUV was presented — the Hyundai Galloper II.
40909d81ac72f6dfafbbacf60277b1aaaee0e0f8	At the same time, the production of Hyundai Santamo (Mitsubishi Space Wagon) cars - station wagons of increased capacity was started.
0ecd3c2d18615e31a797193d89fc9c5ce663c2dd	The second important event of the year was the opening of an automobile plant in Montgomery (USA, Alabama) in July 2005.
eda719d38f452cffb904dcbb0210ef593c9ef713	This plant, worth $ 1.1 billion, has become Hyundai's most important strategic base and has allowed the company to firmly establish itself in the North American automotive market.
a6699e588bd3f577248062571db9e861b3d1c2b1	According to the results of the study of the quality of new cars (Initial Quality StudySM (IQS)) for 2006, Hyundai, according to J. D. Power and Associates, took the first place in the category of "non premium"cars.
949fa7a1f404508b5db565907854146271775bd8	Currently, the South Korean firm Hyundai Motor Company, assessing its prospects, is optimistic about the future.
a89d82e831d8ea79e951b275e03f1f570eb6f7ed	For more than thirty years since its foundation, Hyundai Motor Company has taken a leading position in the Korean automotive industry.
31e07c317bc98cdac9be9599a60516c528545df7	Hyundai Motor Company continues to strengthen its position in the global market, investing money in car production plants in North America, India, China, opening representative offices in Japan and Europe.
aeae74b8fa9cfe14b931c1ef8cb84b7adbb4d39b	BrandReport
da43c2eb4981de7c585679b44aefd400810f7cc5	Encyclopedia of brands
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6f78ae930fe85c40cff06c946da86f8611057e2a	August 24, 2010
ad1efb1f23b0c8b00c0da131e6a096420b4ce175	There is information that the oblique " H " symbolizes a handshake
3f24d9291826bf59cbda15a29fd7f8bd863d9511	Slogan: Drive your way
3af8e592c4e14d9585e5a69d5cf4cb22ba8a7ca9	This was how the Hyundai Motor Company division was organized.
e8eb821fe4dc4d521280110278920ccc3c66c868	By the way, there was a real confusion with the pronunciation of the name of this brand.
16d43d46d8af5a25d099122202dc6293c9dd633b	As soon as our people do not distort it, you can hear both "Hyundai" and "Hyundai" and something else, frankly indecent.
debc4ba2396e5676d266c3d8df2931a75dafa429	The first cars were produced under the license of Ford Motor Company.
e4669ffb543d2c5748883ba0193d51867146eaab	The model went on sale in 1975 and was produced for ten years, after which it was replaced by the second generation Pony.
25a3c2595cbb90bcc9457575cce2dbcc445befca	Hyundai Santa Fe, the Second coming
1e2ec8e3eae958fd4dd8b9fb3a91068e386f16f8	A successful start, as you know, is half the case.
85a0b2cbd56f1543611e2172d9f5fe60bf43fdfa	Success in the lower segment of the market allowed the company to start "climbing to the top", taking up more representative cars, like the Hyundai Sonata.
384c4fb47193f291474d7fd9ce65092b1a0ac79e	It was from this year that the formation of Hyundai as a global brand began.
d13a2fd233a5b476b5e46d5ed1df9e5b4c88d4df	A reorganization was made, significant funds were invested in the development of new models, and an aggressive advertising campaign was launched everywhere.
f378411225478c0e2eaa3602f1c7eac6e653080c	All this, in the end, allowed the company to become one of the world's largest automakers and the owner of the world's largest automobile factories.
dd7f06e2116b991c789af5597262bc2e864c310c	Another significant event occurred in 2000, when Hyundai Construction Co., Ltd. separates Hyundai Motor from itself, making it an independent company, headquartered in Seoul.
37fdc076b0995624305e269fa9496c859d8b926c	In the same year, a strategic alliance was created with DaimlerChrysler, with the formation of Daimler Hyundai Truck Corporation — an enterprise that was supposed to deal with trucks and buses in the Korean market.
52d3ec457b5c3a79c0cd5647e10f1752386e6a2a	This union lasted until 2004, after which the Germans decided to sell their share of the shares and abandon any business with the Koreans — they did not get along, so to speak.
7572c092dbb6ae9e7bce5d520c590f8cd07f529f	But despite all the friction with DaimlerChrysler in 2004, Hyundai Motor managed to enter the hundred most influential and valuable brands in the world.
005e21c279e38ad8d2c7d5d5768d11ffffe58dc5	Hyundai in the ratings
5127598801ef19dab875fcc7350fb09203a4643d	place rating, the year 2016 35 Best global brands (Best Global Brands), 2016 71 Most expensive brands in the world (The World's Most Valuable Brands), 2016 2015 39 Best global brands (Best Global Brands), 2014 40 2015 Best global brands (Best Global Brands), 2014 52 Most expensive brands in the world (BrandFinance Global), 2014 71 Most expensive brands in the world (The World's Most Valuable Brands), 2014 100 biggest companies in the world (Fortune Global 100), 2014 2013 19 Best car brands (AutomarxX Brand Ranking), 2013 34 the Most "green" brands (Best Global Green Brands), 2013 43 Best global brands (Best Global Brands), 2013 81 the Most expensive brands in the world (The World's Most Valuable Brands), 2013 2012 16 Most "green" brands (Best Global Green Brands), 2012 17 Brands that can change the world (Planet Brands), 2012 53 the Best global brands (Best Global Brands), 2012 2011 55 biggest companies in the world (Fortune Global 100), 2011 61 Best global brands (Best Global Brands), 2011 2010 65 the Best global brands (Best Global Brands), 2010 78 The biggest companies in the world (Fortune Global 100), 69 2010 2009 Best global brands (Best Global Brands), 2009 87 The biggest companies in the world (Fortune Global 100), 72 2009 2008 Best global brands (Best Global Brands), 72 2008 2007 Best global brands (Best Global Brands), 2007
a5b5c70d50610c39798169d6bf874854e818832a	Category: Cars, South Korea
dc9fd150008be6d0eb93e9eaeb71823c243f994f	Placemarks:Hyundai, well known brands
184d59e27529baa1e66bbc9e316ae62ba714ac00	Read more "Monopoly" invites fans to choose chips for the new edition The IBM logo has been painted in the colors of the rainbow Kodak is changing its approach to business and getting a new Netflix logo 10 of the most unusual McDonald's restaurants around the world
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8babadf91699088acf14987c35fa4db9e8e8f22c	January 20, 2017
5c101ddc3b34e7d5585726e4911291dbfd0ca339	"Monopoly" invites fans to choose chips for the new edition
2cf31fb358a5d3c70276cedd54b2a5a818c4bf15	The IBM logo was painted in the colors of the rainbow
865806bdc906a244a1adbc122788f8050bb3b504	January 10, 2017
57dd97ae2fd12dce0cd945cdf391131a8366dfdc	Asahi
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4ac524542c565581530e44683ff3742b67f0a331	December 15, 2016
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c4b2e04cccc728fb6b8e333e6b3348afb8b97d73	Hyundai Motor
2524846f0afe624fe2023f1f12dad1b8e5ffee6b	Hyundai Motor Company
07c5c7666a912f9d4c017715ddba514514035014	Type Public company
0803e8a6a14764e6c3b7edbb96526ecac7a0d357	Listing on the KRX exchange: 005380, LSE: HYUD
396d78677c96b9961cfd8eb7fcb610e652bcc497	Foundation 1967
8368803416a6203ed9f193faf01b9534c2578bb5	The founders of Jung Joo yong
eccb529f888a4273c362c369e844a12abcf4c64f	Location Republic of Korea Republic of Korea: Seoul
71fc568c184099e93d80afefd88172091b5a87d0	Key figures Jeong Mongu (Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer)
7837537ec4776ff126ea43d4ceddafc6d36daf65	Automotive industry
f96ae8728b81ad8fc63f1840d6d273763a9ad713	Products Passenger cars, trucks, buses
f349f1a905d1f30f8e9244fb4cf6423124ec975c	Assets of $134 billion (2015)[1]
09708670832c0386e4bd95c6d0e53cedb20b47fe	The number of employees is 75 thousand.
3b6b1c1e4142e7be1eacb20b59b46e56b1c9c905	(March 31, 2009)
3b0bdf43a3c6603420a6169f937dc1840a23d576	Parent company Hyundai Motor Group
524a67e4515aafc3a9833274f637fff355e224be	Genesis Motors Subsidiaries
ffb09fa980dbf26dee8c612519479bae0ea475ef	Website worldwide.hyundai.com
52745ae7d45e95c6b80721f2e2b614348d8af489	The "Hyundai" request is redirected here; see also other values.
bb973dce60fc8d9e2554709025ec95d47b37e9b1	Hyundai Motor Company (pronounced Hyundai in Russian[2] Motor Company, translated as "Modernity", cor. 현대자동차 주식회사?, 現代自自株株式式式社?) — a South Korean automobile manufacturing company.
bf08a4df1d31c0b539c9dd5fe67d6b93db820f0e	The largest automaker in the country and the fourth in the world[3].
fec554492f34a1f49b28b2718fa4756089938cc8	The headquarters is located in Seoul.
fad7943915e94c1d3f0be6c0922049ce95baa116	1 History 2 Name and pronunciation 3 Owners and management 4 Activities 4.1 Performance indicators 4.2 Hyundai Motor in Russia
8cedf13d86211013363d85a873176ebc43b35f22	5 Hyundai Cars 5.1 The model range of Hyundai cars presented in Russia 5.1.1 Passenger cars 5.1.2 Minivans, SUV 5.1.3 Commercial
a3c0e790b189f69c6bc1d24897222a5762165183	5.2 Model range of Hyundai Motor vehicles 5.3 Hybrid cars
b765b77603d8d216c04a6149e4a99dd3c644c0cd	6 Hyundai buses 6.1 Especially small class 6.2 Small class 6.3 Large class
453297356be7c1d76b7c83cf2b2ee4c69f3bf27e	7 Hydrogen fuel cell transport 8 Notes 9 References
71e2e3af6fe850706b2bcd312566847b7722b5a4	Hyundai Coupe model range 05-06
f8409b15d3312d3b290598eeb56d82cfa62675af	Hyundai Getz
a99294b1c361418275ff73dd8fa28bff3f1dd186	In 1998, Hyundai absorbed the Korean automobile company Kia Motors In 2000, the company entered into a strategic alliance with DaimlerChrysler, which existed for several years.
4fa3edf64bd0bb25b627eb7dc0ee1d5ef22f876f	Name and pronunciation[edit / edit wiki text]
5dcfef2e585172fececf2326fc402598d08ebc1f	The official website of the company uses the spelling "Hyundai".
5d5621fbbeb5faf4b2f3b4f26c204e7cd9840b19	Since the brand is written in Latin in Russia, there are often erroneous readings of the Latin transliteration, such as "Hyundai", "Hyundai", "Hyundai" , etc. Similar difficulties in reading Latin transliteration are found in other countries.
2d9912aea110d6676f5f48f8bd7b73e82f19ba28	The company is part of the Hyundai Kia Automotive Group[5].
9678594f76c9f4f343465f691ea3749c3fef2c3d	Among the shareholders of the company is the manufacturer of automotive components Hyundai Mobis
0cc2692510519a2f1d32f8a077bc9b4beefc9b53	(20.78 %), the National Pension Fund of Korea
d304335597214fd63a4ad87efc457bf4d680ed91	(5.95 %). Capitalization as of December 2010 — $34.99 billion[6].
f6583d156b4d6db42af8258e4da8181d917e7890	The Chairman of the Board of Directors and the chief executive Officer of the company is Chung Mong Gu (정몽구, Chung Mong koo).
d7d2cf68e4a58c9c7fc4d963bcae199b85679ae6	The assembly line at the Hyundai Motor plant
81956079ca3894b94554b89df3202bf57f93352f	The company's cars are sold in 5,000 car dealerships around the world.
ec725b686112829935379d262b56636924f6051b	The official slogan of the company is "New thinking, new possibilities".
2a31700bfad1f727a20de35e9cf9cf1b856633ef	Performance indicators[edit / edit wiki text]
1329f7194d225eeaf39cfc436adc54841ae56d49	The company's revenue in 2010 amounted to $32.29 billion, net profit — $4.62 billion The company's sales in 2007 amounted to 2.32 million cars, 624 thousand of which were sold on the domestic market, and 1.7 million on foreign markets.
4b947e0ec981b60cd4e300e17f5ea77e5fb627d8	Revenue for 2008 amounted to $72.542 billion, net profit — $0.780 billion[9].
8e0143601d2766e0265113f79010a3041482d1a1	Hyundai Motor in Russia[edit / edit wiki text]
1b70d697d425f4723d4be8d3343adf924de34073	Hyundai H 1
4be71a307325357bac4fa349159fdbe3a6099580	The design capacity of the enterprise is 200 thousand. passenger cars per year, and it is divided between Hyundai Motor and its sister Kia Motors in half[12].
4a579e1f43424e4f7f85dac72967854c63d2e6ce	Hyundai cars[edit / edit wiki text]
e4025a6cec1e636a4c02d385b05b4cff0a411b15	Hyundai Genesis
b533f084870def9725be89c03578781b7e452a4e	The model range of Hyundai cars presented in Russia[edit / edit wiki text]
d6150e7082df0aa40d7062e5b2d085517ac521dc	Passenger cars[edit / edit wiki text]
87651a5dc9fec37df89ccace4e8b76a4f06f7145	Hyundai Avante Hyundai Accent Hyundai Coupé Hyundai Elantra Hyundai Equus Hyundai Genesis Coupe Hyundai Grandeur Hyundai Getz Hyundai Ioniq Hyundai i10 Hyundai i20 Hyundai i30 Hyundai i40 Hyundai Solaris Hyundai Sonata Hyundai Veloster
39d5109f93497ad55c1eeda633bc2fee8f147df5	Minivans, SUVs[edit / edit wiki text]
e49998ee20fcb27e6d7f6d99d1fe2c711dd55fb0	Hyundai Entourage Hyundai H 1 Hyundai H 100 Hyundai ix25 Hyundai ix35 Hyundai ix55 Hyundai Matrix Hyundai Santa Fe Hyundai Terracan Hyundai Trajet Hyundai Tucson
46a22db95ac03c262528d1e704f7ca65f0300d43	Commercial[edit / edit wiki text]
3b0e9488ebe9d32df40aadfd9ffeeaa8c991e775	Hyundai Porter Hyundai Chorus Hyundai County Hyundai HD 65 Hyundai HD 72 Hyundai HD 78 Hyundai HD 120 Hyundai HD 170 Hyundai Universe
4e8d729bc5d9ac9a296c7a651db1dc0e647aa81a	The model range of Hyundai Motor cars[edit / edit wiki text]
0e27a8b64358b566ea4e3084678bb894357722f1	Hyundai Atos 1.0i Van Hyundai Azera 3.8 V6 Sedan Hyundai Excel 1.4i Van Hyundai Excel 1.5i Van Hyundai Elantra 1.5i Van Hyundai Elantra 1.6i Van Hyundai Elantra 1.9D Van Hyundai Galloper Van 2.5 TD Hyundai Galloper Van 2.5 TDi Hyundai Galloper Van 3.0 V6 Hyundai Highway 2.0 CRDi Hyundai Highway 2.7i Van Hyundai Santa Fe 2.0i Van Hyundai Santa Fe 2.4i Van Hyundai Solaris 1.4 Hyundai Solaris 1.6 Hyundai Santa Fe 2.7i Van Hyundai Santa Fe 2.0 CRDi Hyundai Terracan 2.9 CRDi Hyundai H100 Van 2.5 TD Hyundai H100 Pickup 2.5 TD Hyundai H150 Pickup 2.5 TD Hyundai H200 2.4i Hyundai H200 2.5 TD Hyundai H200 2.5 TCi Hyundai HB20 Hyundai HD65 3.3 TD Hyundai HD65 3.6 D Hyundai HD65 3.9 TDi Hyundai HD72 3.3 TD Hyundai HD72 3.9 TDi Hyundai HD120 7.5 TDi Hyundai HD120 7.5 D Hyundai HD160 Truck Hyundai HD170 Truck Hyundai HD250 Truck Hyundai HD260 Truck Hyundai HD270 Mixer Hyundai HD270 Dump Hyundai HD310 Truck Hyundai HD320 Truck Hyundai HD370 Dumper Hyundai HD380 Mixer Hyundai HD390 Tractor Hyundai HD540 Tractor Hyundai HD700 Tractor Hyundai HD900 Tractor Hyundai Universe
d0c7437a7b2503499ff5d5651f7d2332d637a6d4	In 2003, Hyundai Group plants assembled 92.5 thousand light and 144.8 thousand medium and heavy trucks.
37f8443895483e231f8e9101eb389ca5953c39f5	Hybrid cars[edit / edit wiki text]
1875ebd9dfe7eb1bffbe4d1bf6d43d9521737d48	Hyundai introduced its first Click/Getz Hybrid in 2004, and in 2005 demonstrated the hybrid Accent at the Guangzhou International Auto Show.
063021e07e30e88b419132ddc817dc012d01dc33	Hyundai has delivered 780 Click cars to various government agencies.
6dfba2b9acf534c9a6da79feb0d7af7b291b139d	By the end of 2008, Hyundai will supply another 3,390 hybrid cars to the government.
420b1a9d4964d3f2e6e386a2dba6feaacb978f87	Hyundai still has no plans for commercial production of hybrids.
71e7b586e5b1ad86fe89bacdeeb0029861fe4470	Hyundai independently developed a hybrid scheme using Enova technologies.
db50d472de4ddbff183429915fef278d5a9c711a	Hyundai buses[edit / edit wiki text]
74df7a0b2eddb413b5221632fd095d9fdca2440f	This mark was set on December 2, 2011.
dde4c07622413e43e6c77b68017a35c75c814c54	Since 1967, the Hyundai Motor bus department has been producing a diverse range of buses from a particularly small class to a large one.
10a695fecc33f932906e4692a6beb906274e7e70	The company has many assembly plants, in Russia it is the TagAZ plant from Taganrog.
70a9b34a17f09396657ef6874054d3818c44eb81	Especially small class[edit / edit wiki text]
f59a585db12c0e6251cf7c57c1dcf53067d21576	Hyundai H 1 is a minibus for transporting passengers and luggage on roads of improved quality.
b0d54f61a29b3629099e7e9e86aa42cbea3e5a01	Its length is 4695 mm.
067db036944a434d1a7115f98087a5a3868c7c2d	Small class[edit / edit wiki text]
02bf3458dff91b76711c4ff0ffa299001f36b1c8	Hyundai County is a small class bus, offered in two versions, depending on the length and capacity.
2101c78ce3b169dd2d3b1f739b9963df6a5e1fc9	The Standard body model has a length of 6345 mm (15-26 seats).
6b2b0e23de301239347b2bdf032b4dc268be5d32	The Long body model is 7080 mm long (29-30 seats).
23ee2aba9cdba87fe1b261689d83171b27a50129	Hyundai Chorus is a small (medium) class bus, offered in two versions Standart and Long.
08c873be6e92225ed972c642d879fe6f0af168e1	Hyundai AeroExpress
7adb64f2ed022d34481356e57b63788ec3b7a33f	Large class[edit / edit wiki text]
b7ad93ef54bb8d0d6a0480d88460d651a3b13002	Hyundai Aero City Hyundai Aero Space LD Hyundai Aero Space LS Hyundai Aero Express LDX Hyundai Aero Express HDX Hyundai Aero Queen Hyundai Universe
b7c3240f256e9cfa2f3a5a23097d432320fc1f2a	Hydrogen fuel cell transport[edit / edit wiki text]
780d937b5fdc6fd4aba7b1f73b27f3bd4e59b827	By the end of 2006, Hyundai had produced 10 cars and buses powered by hydrogen fuel cells.
4577596cfe32361748cc46329e5708e040f37a44	Hyundai Motor plans to start selling the Tucson SUV on fuel cells by 2010.
66809c42f2ac1a70007b029df880754b4de0c9ef	Two Tucson FCEVS and a hydrogen fuel cell bus are being tested in California.
e2174de8f2a6744a9795383cb8601217af4a1cf2	Fuel cells manufactured by UTC Power (USA).
267dec09ee6e0bc6cbbeff60d64ba6654a045b50	In the summer of 2006, during the FIFA World Cup, a hybrid bus powered by Hyundai hydrogen fuel cells transported tourists from Tegel Airport to the Olympic Stadium in Berlin.
9ad9f8dd8bacc040adf4a2194cb49e8667ac2ea6	The power of the fuel cells is 160 kW.
a21f8a4b271531f6757f6453e63be87c2e449c4f	The range of mileage at one gas station is 300 km.
3ecf83a867c6e700a75bee856f81bdcfdadeb5d0	The South Korean government plans to invest 48 billion won ($51.7 million) in the development of fuel cell buses and cars by 2008.
cf1e93d7386cdecb9e2410289c8cb9cb3c50a957	In 2007, tests of 14 Hyundai Kia cars will begin.
2e74f74e8a0aafba138425cd9cc43c5b311ced51	Nine fuel cell vehicles will be manufactured in 2007, and another 20 in 2008.
a56f5904e8df8489faa4ca22e099093e49debe8d	↑ The World's Biggest Public Companies List - Forbes ↑ See the following sources: Brands in Russian How do you say Hyundai?
224e9102a70f1cf025e5b31f512daf0b1b05fb50	— BBC News, 20.01.2014. Hyundai pronunciation: How to pronounce Hyundai, language: Korean, French (Russian).
172e8a98d39ffc42277dde7c7a22a23b0c15398d	Forvo HQ.
6cfc67ff1a2611243588ba656e7551bab664c6ce	Verified on February 3, 2013.
d0472a650683cc1da8676a6dc43aaacb01f8281f	Archived from the original source on February 11, 2013. review HYUNDAI NEW THINKING NEW POSSIBILITIES (Rus.).
62bc09dc4538c932a05cb5e105b7d39ec2da4abf	- Title from the screen.
ed3da243775f4bc680db4a5828358ad959a71a7b	— "On July 2, 2007, the formation of Hyundai Motor CIS LLC was announced" Checked on February 3, 2013.
b7051be5a43042ca4c123ef90a4ce20e51fa139a	Корей The Koreans overthrew Ford from the fourth place in the world rating of manufacturers!
1e9a4a946e3a90939cd75130f26fa872f4cdff7c	(Rus.).
9404a4318e6692a22ff9d6562ade395606e0c21c	AUTOweek.ru (19/08/2009). Archived from the original source on June 2, 2012.
1901296281abb6e320a29f7b1d92d786cafe3542	↑ History of the Hyundai concern ↑ 1 2 Gleb Stolyarov.
0d977102f809bc4f6fac5b66dc562274a1e19773	With an eye to the West // Vedomosti, No. 100 (2122), June 3, 2008 ↑ 1 2 Anatoly Temkin, Alexey Nepomnyashchy.
c8d52ec62a57fd419598c8dc97ca2baa86485e49	Hyundai believes in Russia // Vedomosti, 09.12.2010, No. 233 (2751) (Checked on December 9, 2010)
a77a3ef3a853d92e684ba5fa719f6405b5ef0c84	↑ Encyclopedia for children.
e359e362313812e9a8af9593adecb092b6beec14	Birds and animals / Editorial board: V. Volodin, G. Vilchek, etc . - Moscow: The World of Encyclopedias, 2006.
b240a348bc16b70fb95b58498dc931015ad69cd1	11 ↑ 1 2 Anatoly Temkin.
c2c248d6c79b59fd090b5fd589acc198440488c9	I chased after a hybrid.
f07065837f75559918706171c3282610ecaaef0a	// Vedomosti, 06.04.2011, No.
b639bdbc6b2e420fed4ff4aaed11c338b1977f0e	60 (2826). Checked on April 6, 2011.
d92f1de643ae5daa5b8c07ef1e2f3d47a150a945	Archived from the original source on June 2, 2012.
498c4f829a279d2dd08b9598426331d308cf43bb	↑ Company information on money.cnn.com Таг TagAZ: And again Hyundai Accent // 5koleso.ru (Verified on October 1, 2010) ↑ Anatoly Temkin.
80ed7809e34d0ef8437d902f0b5efd9bfa70b0e3	Korean Enclave in St. Petersburg / / Vedomosti, No. 239 (2013), December 18, 2007 ↑ 1 2 Alexey Nepomnyashchy.
3e7b18b90784b23f1ce1846cb4c161b10da46edd	Hyundai will no longer exist.
2292778b7b4361d19f82c12fb0c0cfec4841307b	/ / vedomosti.ru. Checked on December 14, 2011.
c34c57caa088ff94b90d64f554f3a38ec7f9c735	Hyundai The Hyundai plant in St. Petersburg will start working in a year and a half // Auto.lenta.ru, April 23, 2009 Андрей Andrey Zhukov, Irina Lapechenkova.
2a230d19dc95751df9d8b0da7caad91b3696c825	Solaris of the Russian assembly // spb.rbc.ru (Verified on October 1, 2010) ↑ Anatoly Temkin.
151b6a300bb99b2ad776bb95dfa35f82367e19bc	Hyundai has brought the details // Vedomosti, No.
92bb5741fe8f3efad9d68e34dbe20074a12ee77d	38 (2060), March 3, 2008 ↑ Hyundai Motor CIS held a solemn ceremony of handing over cars for the Universiade in Kazan ↑ Hyundai Motor CIS informs about changes in the company's management.
e7ddd5969beda7cd26936ae478aebeda82782e86	Hyundai Motor on Wikimedia Commons
df22452fe615c5f247f5eb023f20319a32f2a0fb	Official website of the company Official website in Russian Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Rus
273a3d0655c12a2563e2638073b22868d0a7421f	p • o • r
c413e71f6528fcf617231979afbd82bd0959543c	Hyundai Motor cars since 1960 Class 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 City car Atos Atos Prime i10 i10 Eon Subcompact Pony Pony Getz i20 i20 Excel Excel Accent Accent Accent (Solaris) HB20 Compact Cortina Cortina Cortina Cortina Stellar Elantra Elantra Elantra Elantra Elantra Elantra i30 i30 Medium Sonata Sonata Sonata Sonata Sonata Sonata Sonata Marcia i40 Business Class 20M Granada Grandeur New Grandeur Grandeur Grandeur Dynasty Genesis Genesis G80 Executive class Equus Equus Genesis G90 Sports car Genesis Coupe Sports car Scoupe Tiburon Tiburon Veloster Mini crossover ix25 Compact crossover Tucson ix35 Tucson Mid size crossover Santa Fe Santa Fe Santa Fe Full size crossover ix55 Grand Santa Fe SUV Galloper Terracan Subcompact Lavita ix20 Minivan Santamo Trajet Entourage Minibus H 100 H 1 H 1 Porter Porter truck Porter Libero Brown marks the currently produced models from 2016 under the Genesis brand
8623d8c96c9ca65db3ce6eea6b818b14c5b82861	Hyundai Atoz/Atos • Visto/Atos Prime/Santro • Pony • Excel/Presto cars • Accent/Pony/Excel/Verna • Click/Getz/TB • i20 • Avante/Elantra • Scoupe • Cortina • Stellar • Sonata/NF • Marcia • Tiburon/Coupe • Tuscani/Tiburon/Coupe • Grandeur • XG/Grandeur • Grandeur/Azera • Genesis • Genesis Coupe • Ford 20M • Dynasty • Equus/Centennial • Lavita/Matrix • Tucson/JM • Santa Fe • Terracan • Galloper • Santamo • Trajet • Starex/H 1/Satellite • Grace/H100/Satellite • Porter/H100 • Libero/H 1 • HD 1000 • Entourage • Veracruz
cc5df774f5c2545de751d4dd89f0137a12cc56e8	Based on Ford and Mercedes Benz D Series • DK Series • R Series • O303 Benz Bus • HD 160 • HD 170
e8f4f2ba60c984840595b69c4d4fd44ced4c57e3	Based on the Mitsubishi Fuso Mighty • Chorus • 4.5 to 5 ton truck • 8 to 25 ton truck • Aero City • Aero • RB Series • FB Series • DQ 7 • Bison
b84c8b5f047e68a5964dc3aa46fd08881d189c32	Based on Hyundai Mighty • Mighty II • e Mighty • Chorus • County (e County) • 4.5 to 5 ton truck • Super Truck Medium • Mega Truck • Aero Town (e Aero Town) • 8 to 25 ton truck • Super Truck • New Power Truck • Aero City • Global 900 • Aero • Universe • Trago
6fb4f6536ee734bf3e5d51cb2021b1c8c1a31c0f	Official website
cfed643cfcd3059d7576e98ee25084df8a7b9dae	South Korean Car Manufacturers
64469c8359ebfd940352cfa99fea9b32a81b0937	Hyundai Motor (Genesis) · Kia Motors · GM Daewoo · Tata Daewoo Commercial Vehicle · Daewoo Bus
69e63597fe37764051539a21d82638dd64f1366d	Ss angYong Motor Company · Renault Samsung Motors · Proto Motors
369f5e2f8aed93ff6a053b458caf8160e69b61ce	База расчёта индекса S&P Asia 50
9a4055d242509c5b8bddb1edf8bcfba7e6ff6e02	Asus • AU Optronics • Bank of China • Cathay United Bank • Cheung Kong Holdings • China Communications Construction • China Construction Bank • China Life Insurance Company • China Mobile • China Steel • Chunghwa Telecom • CLP Group • CNOOC • DBS Bank • Esprit Holdings • Formosa Chemical & Fiber • Formosa Plastics • Hang Seng Bank • HTC Corporation • Hon Hai Precision Industry • The Hong Kong and China Gas Company • Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing • Hutchison Whampoa • Hyundai Heavy Industries • Hyundai Motor • Industrial and Commercial Bank of China • Keppel Corporation • KB Financial • Korea Electric Power • KT&G • LG Electronics • Li & Fung • MediaTek • Nan Ya Plastics • Oversea Chinese Banking Corporation • PetroChina • POSCO • Samsung Electronics • Samsung Group • Shinhan Financial Group • Singapore Airlines • Singapore Telecommunications • SK Energy • SK Telecom • Sun Hung Kai Properties • Swire Pacific • TSMC • United Microelectronics Corporation • United Overseas Bank • Wilmar International
a7670f6937c8262567426ac90e93df0262d079c4	Производители автобусов Азии
f22bf1b108c43ecdc4bce4d3e7305742f197f9b7	Существующие
b6cec1502663f6b578ce89a6493f596c0b277891	Ankai Ashok Leyland BharatBenz Bonluck Bus BYD Auto Daewoo Bus(Zyle Daewoo bus) Dongfeng Nissan Diesel Eicher Motors Force Foton Гянджинский автомобильный завод Gemilang Coachworks Ghandhara GAG Bus HICOM AM Hindustan Huanghai Bus Hyundai Motor Group Hyundai Kia(Granbird)
2207fab42a9d47b8555bf6dbb31c97c182dc9068	Fujian Motors Group King Long Xiamen Golden Dragon Higer Bus
d7b14584fbf39176bed3b965046f9b4cd1bcf9f1	Iran Khodro Diesel Isuzu JAC Mahindra Mahindra Navistar SsangYong
40ac4535109ec242a596f8404172fe1e07ce6a78	Master Mitsubishi Fuso Mudan Nissan Saipa Diesel SHL Coach Sunlong Bus Swaraj Mazda Tata Tata Daewoo Tata Marcopolo
50c9ac38d25c11c21ad4ce8815f8da4f8b820b58	Toyota Hino Hinopak
ef148181fd95c3dfd3b4e97417ae34e86d8a9f71	UD Trucks Zhongtong Bus
cb4a6a513b70cf47d6e92bcbd64d16c488e5ead0	Закрывшиеся
679b44b1f829be451fb0c2e84711fdd2ba00bd4b	БакАЗ Changzhou Changjiang FHI Ghandhara Nissan Samsung
d08b7431d477e7c6f15b213f3aadb50052bba1d2	Источник — «https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyundai Motor&oldid=83183911»
4505c91c4cdebbae1e8e5e1f0477d6041b848bf0	Категории: Компании, имеющие листинг акций на Корейской бирже Компании, имеющие листинг акций на Лондонской бирже Компании по алфавиту Компании, основанные в 1967 году Автомобилестроительные компании Южной Кореи Hyundai Производители автобусов
645ffd0716e73692195a2639ae321524cd50032d	Скрытые категории: Википедия:Статьи с переопределением значения из Викиданных Википедия:Статьи с разделами без ссылок на источники с декабря 2011 года Википедия:Статьи без источников (тип: коммерческая организация)
997ad691bb98be7381865928fdf8582f021d2bfd	Afrikaans العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ Bosanski Català کوردیی ناوەندی Dansk Deutsch English Español Eesti فارسی Suomi Français Galego 客家語/Hak kâ ngî עברית Hrvatski Magyar Bahasa Indonesia Ido Italiano 日本語 Qaraqalpaqsha 한국어 Kurdî Latviešu Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Português Română Саха тыла Simple English Slovenščina Shqip Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча Tiếng Việt 中文
d6acb0b9dcf6f15a733d3c5d8d65d4a8ab3af670	Последнее изменение этой страницы: 16:59, 20 января 2017.
3da32380bbdc5ac8d94bdd083e54f42344fda272	The world of Hyundai
1f647f0a01b388176512f5e65b172a3c98f8e1af	Special Offers
2f0df62b946d5763a4992a2855308073b835bf8e	Signing up for the service
46e924b5464ad10c13d244d96d084dd20432cbe0	Customer Support service — 8 800 333-71-67
3e52796592a628fcf59438b832752579dd7f4cbd	To write
3aa1218dd6a58e4b3ec2cb37b278332f1c5f3198	Model Range Purchase Service Test Drive Configurator Find a Dealer
7f2fa35488f1cf747b38ac6954b7fba55cc3192a	VIEW ALL COMMERCIAL PASSENGER SUVS
36299425a8c39aef690b89ef3e2847be8f246373	Solaris Promo from 553,900 rubles.
1518fbb688d38c5e6cb21bb31679728bb16f7b88	Solaris Hatchback Promo from 553,900 rubles.
611971edcb2bbcfa30bbe4cee241c289dc890ce2	i30 3DR from 849,900 rubles.
4cb0a6e0c6520c173ca001b53b8a8cfc11aa81e2	i30 from 869,900 rubles.
54ac629744c6454096732f81d8a92b14e347b0a2	i30 Station Wagon from 919,900 rubles.
78a8234c7326115e231736f2ff1af63bb1601337	Elantra from 909,900 rubles.
df8cf34ab94d463bda544696f3888a73fdd37707	i40 from 1,124,000 rubles.
47c7ec9741eb839c7a52c4da658bb1257249f7bc	i40 Station Wagon from 1 304 000 rubles.
0f55331bee7ce2439398e82de3edb9cbdc747d2b	Creta from 749,900 rubles.
5a0beb80be160959fef78ea0170f35900cff41ab	Tucson from 1,505,900 rubles.
0692b33b1c10bd7c77d6afb79ad3dc6da75e774d	Santa Fe from 1,844,000 rubles.
b3d370aabafb373e907ddea5be98d798c74ae5fe	Grand Santa Fe from 2,424,000 rubles.
67253128fd4afca3bb854e3c0c706a1f8d759265	H 1 from 1,939,000 rubles.
670efbddcdc9a9039a72680c748f79798d3758b1	Genesis from 2,329,000 rubles.
d97fd79c42380b834f2ede0726f7009c4d49af61	HELP IN CHOOSING Special offers Create your own configuration Hyundai Loyalty program Used cars for Corporate customers
5a76341b56505413dcef6906fdb26ae60448abb0	Find a dealer
bd74dfd06e4bfd15e1b4b6b057eae5db980e3f53	Detailed information about official Hyundai dealers
4eaec4bc0f1df68ab2a7c896845068f9bba671b9	Owners
b820dd4e85e9801e9f97d41affe3c62ade004b4a	Guarantee
329cb8b6ba8c427be7c09b298295c655415c7ac9	Service
42dd1f9479c27f06408d033593baefd10d24a6a0	Body repair
4e3c73cd158dba5972cf5cf1735e232a2b46d705	Original spare parts
be782d8697e3818b1731ba68bdc4872d343a4b56	Premium assurance
dc66b3dd24ea44ab2203991898873a2670cb717c	Manuals and brochures
9fabf97f328ee4a19a3358e57a5e8a2fe80d7e81	service promotions
0fe8b10413885b12ddd0b0682f4ebfb7330d08a5	Hyundai Motor CIS Overview Career in Hyundai Partners Become a dealer Tenders HMSNG
d19b65045987ca35d6f47de940944db93e4b340c	XMMP About the XMMP factory History Awards Certificates
369de1225804f4db469e04c8b5cd8861c78d50d5	Production Vacancies of the plant Employment Fill out the questionnaire Contacts
f9f805c2172a7f7eb697de0fa90b46ea82bf232a	Social responsibility
b38bfe01454fd2ceb5945931e0b588ccbddbcbcd	History of Hyundai Motor Company
c99778a859df117e56742afecdfd8b72b59ac1ff	Hyundai means "modernity"
57f383479df595439744e2dbdffb1cf711421dd4	In 1947, it was received by the multi profile enterprise Chong Joo Yong, which first performed contracts for the American military, then built houses, bridges and ships, produced machine tools...
83c60319480b81d5a1e3d5725598bbb446842a13	New thinking.
97c424d9c7bb245a6b0e42a9617cae9581000049	New features.
6821093d0dce03ec7ae1bfae3436136bd114ab5d	Hyundai's Corporate Philosophy
c292916982655688dc46d0d9804bbb0590751338	We strive to make stylish, high quality, reliable and safe cars more accessible to customers.
1adc8af0bed9c3d23004518f697629012929c75c	The conductors of our ideology are local Hyundai enterprises.
3ee0cd5a376f319e70d4a151c2b89fdb9714dcaa	Hyundai Motor Company was founded 1967 Hyundai Pony debuts, the first Korean passenger car 1974 Hyundai Sonata comes off the assembly line, which conquered the international market with a price — quality ratio 1985 Alpha, the first 1.5 liter Hyundai engine is presented.
143956fc89e1769921e5ee5b5d8e5f8a21231971	Since that time, the company has been producing 100% Korean cars, and the first foreign Hyundai plant has been opened in Turkey.
84b42b2dca7a5735f85bd7904441eb515ed83d17	Now Hyundai plants are also operating in the USA, India, China, the Czech Republic, Russia, Brazil 1997 Sales of Hyundai Solaris — the absolute bestseller of the Russian market 2011 begin in Russia
6e8324b8831f2489b685b8671ccc02184061c1ad	Hyundai in Russia "Hyundai Motor CIS"
97f8e8c3e490f4a02a126e2448c89e09727a38b3	Hyundai's leading positions in the domestic car market are largely the merit of Hyundai Motor CIS.
a17dc29bf351e3066a9cbfc523f24b66fae26eb8	By the middle of 2008, Hyundai's sales in Russia had doubled, and the brand was firmly established among the best selling foreign cars in Russia.
ffdef7a80c54cc2f2044b48945ff458e151c5959	5 main values of Hyundai Motor Company
7eca1abf63d2fe23b0356e4f09c4cc1d4bdd7524	THE CUSTOMER AND HIS needs are our top priority
347c430deb4e2667e661d7292e62f5852bd92246	CHALLENGE We are setting more and more ambitious goals for ourselves and are looking for new opportunities to achieve them
f337bbda49a9bcac0b528b95ed4db46676254308	COOPERATION We do not just work together — we strive to ensure that our partners and employees clearly see the vector of common efforts and realize their role in achieving goals
023e311feda811978e001d00900ecf2b0df45f09	PEOPLE Our corporate culture is focused on the disclosure of human potential
3c5f2606172b9c28909eea3a5199da39cf6aa861	GLOBALITY We use best practices and create global standards
bcb57e7416a7f1f16d2e42fa93f6922f6ac64aae	The company's model range is constantly developing.
3dda0681c0203adbc7da86b5ffa0b5b8e219b6e6	In 2009, Hyundai began bringing the new i line to the Russian market.
a6d2dc96345082af0fe7307aac83595c15dae097	The I line is a truly European design, high quality and the most advanced technologies.
f37f273723b7b90d51c629d8da44ab9d109229a6	Its firstborn was the city hatchback i30, which showed high sales results already in the first year of its presence on the Russian market.
55436e4e3a99abbb2fabfe3f2bd24c5069c6971e	In 2011, mass production of the best selling Hyundai Solaris begins.
4bc3b33c1875349c44ff1e94a9eec63f2d1b9990	The car holds the title of the sales leader in its segment, and for the third year in a row it receives the title of "Car of the Year".
c386653a08ee7b1ae08eb2cbe53aaee2d8abdbd0	The flagship of the Hyundai model range is the Genesis luxury premium sedan.
28b914577df1ab039807a2807ab28ffc04f9d844	Hyundai Motor contributes to solving social problems both in Russia and in all regions of its presence.
db5a972aec97d164df70a123ea5a4939af169769	The company's priorities in this area are road safety, the development of specialized education, support for socially vulnerable groups, environmental protection, cultural initiatives, support for mass and professional sports.
eb41de039fb0eab84081ce0bc39f9d2e2ca85c98	Hyundai's Philosophy
bd68f1807762bbba8ffc05172bf2096da99f030b	to the buyer
1e604021f91d5674ac12b55fb1db8937b96b2aa3	Configurator Where to buy Hyundai?
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67f161eeb0b4d4a43887c5f15c7efc9058432886	about hyundai
e87acb87221fb94c7e5678a43e3f9ecbc2a1dd3f	Hyundai Motor CIS Social Responsibility Plant HMMR World Rally Championship Hyundai MotorStudio Worldwide
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2a581e9349b3c8b6bb698b27e0180c6918015f07	All information provided on the website concerning cars and service is for informational purposes only and is not a public offer defined by the provisions of Article 437 (2) of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
3d0e42ae4bb7b98e39829750b8b84f3b0a9a9f1f	All prices indicated on this website are for informational purposes and are the maximum recommended retail prices according to the calculations of the distributor (Hyundai Motor CIS LLC).
95bf0c151faf94c713a5bc9c37b814cee77076b8	For more information, please contact the nearest official dealer of Hyundai Motor CIS LLC.
bf6032f72c735a0172c794fc3294030812e3d045	The information published on this website is subject to change at any time without prior notice.
31fb744f42093b074bd34ec5c6dc83a50785a53f	2017 © Hyundai Motor CIS LLC"
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d84b6fcac7c145eee7786d68732581869bce766a	Such consent is given by me in relation to the following personal data: last name, first name, patronymic; contact email address( e mail); contact phone number; to determine the needs for production capacity, monitoring the implementation of the warranty policy by service centers; maintaining the history of contacting service centers; conducting marketing research by dealers, distributors, contractors in the field of sales, service and after sales service; for advertising, research, information, as well as other purposes, including by making direct contacts with me via various means of communication.
c5faa62f34a0bf2c477cc8c720121ca27cddc428	The consent is given by Hyundai Motor Company (Hyundai Motor Company, 231 Yangji Dong, Seocho Gu, Seoul, 137-938, Republic of Korea), Hyundai Motor CIS LLC (Moscow, Testovskaya str., 10), Hyundai Motor ManufacturingRus LLC (197706, Saint Petersburg, Sestroretsk, Levashovskoe sh., 20, letter A).
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a73e4acaf0479f15728f03968a5fed42b284a74e	Main Menu Main Company History News Contacts Photo Gallery Models 2005 Models 2006 Models 2007.
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d9a8ca59da14cea534088794a6110a9016b31142	Hyundai i40 Review Part two
76a59a4643ee9c736a28eb0464b35035a3b29c05	Hyundai i40 Review Part One
52efde45866024a2c59235791ee2d61771d4d7c8	The new Hyundai i oniq concept is presented
9dedd0b4360a910871b0fd725474fb875d2a3370	New Hyundai I30 Tourer
233064dd90bda7ca4c1a71b0aa16595cce74a940	Accent
d144e84e06b5af344e34019b9dc2819e02d4f8db	Accent II
9edd2c99377e6a28553aa44b8ac03588117f8cec	Accent Stufenheck
3b945559e6c46b4d5c381b403480225f88058c66	Accent Stufenheck II
36f5c036f296684bcbfff0be20acf74b0d4f0ba4	Atos
ff419d28d7a2d00a8356e7c1a197437c9b91f31a	Atos Prime
81a203e79f654467df15b43845b2c06382809e60	Centennial
3d56f9b76cd6e91a2159a8a4b0e616fdcf2b1f75	Coupe (RD)
669fbaced6679a831f18f4ef0ba62b62d4fdc580	Coupe III
50aef279671f4cfbb59f802a8c3430ffcd2a50dd	Dynasty
17410159478ecae8c2fafebf2edddeeaf6ff8931	Excel (Pony)
8a53f6f9263ab229906e53939650f4d69c88de1b	Stufenheck
dcea562f8f13866de894655266b990ccb56577eb	Galloper II
2a537de5148427d7642f2380f29a2d104001a4ae	Getz
9667e8ea57916e541aa28607221b2c49e22fd76d	H1
4f055204f552f0e5d6d4e404661fda2cbf71f97b	Lantra I (J 1)
c5c664baf3bd25b3c2101aa8c4dfd289dea18649	Lantra II (J 2)
58947ebc8ff43456c10a258659e8fb435561a3ff	Matrix
ce7db480a7039dac50c156317da5c1223967ecff	Pony X2
eb982466958c539cc7dffce2998442aa8f9d3350	Santa Fe
8e02533dd02d5d2e538b10342b40d75f1a47c230	Santamo
dc8d132d637eaa85f97b8a28c82cec51d9f0ef8a	SCoupe (SLC)
284b25baab010d4082d00a1624599ff19f3b17a0	Sonata I (Y 2)
e2ce730fd0180dcbdb08ea7bb24a4f5bb60900f2	Sonata II (Y 3)
5c18c67e7f694139bc537eb747fbbd371747e8bd	Sonata III (EF)
d8564f6d0ad691039c71f4fdbcdeb819e7efb6de	Sonata IV
f7d568b71fef0b2777166b1f59a8f1503782cc76	Sonata V
80ded0fd2e3f6ba73e3d9efd2dc261283624c255	Sonata VI
756b00bc82c7252547eb979f5069b6437061f528	Stellar
906237ea3ddb55eea27a2ed712fc79c59f62ab37	Terracan
a453eb33482dcb62469febefa3f3de93a83c2315	Tucson
e7c26124c373a4c29e71886f2df8837ce5f2136a	XG
01b0ce6bb26cb9bcf4d981f1403f245a019fc161	The history of the creation of the Hyundai Motor company
c6645b45ac6c7c0c8a9ac3e55a6610f536452be1	The Hyundai Group of Companies (Hyundai in Korean means "modernity" or "present time") was founded in 1947 by Jung Joo Yong (1915-2001).
c9658fc18e113c837d70c2c5fd8154e9c3c45e0b	Having passed all the stages of formation and development, starting with a small car repair shop, Hyundai has become the largest South Korean holding company that specializes in various fields of mechanical engineering.
9a5ee9ace4ddc59893aea2876a479388fa885378	At the time of its heyday, Hyundai Holding was engaged in shipbuilding, production of machine tools, locomotives, construction, petrochemistry, steel production, design and production of electronic equipment, automotive industry.
cfd32cb256361087a66822dd7c793417df8ff285	Initially, an agreement was signed with the British firm Ford for the assembly of Ford Cortina, Ford Granada sedans and Ford D 750 light duty trucks.
1fc32df98af1f6076eb8c7968c4c0a7644e35f48	Hyundai had not yet produced its own cars at that time.
8a62e582c4cadc22cb664de1b24d77e6158674bb	This state of affairs did not quite suit the management of Hyundai Motor Company, and therefore in 1973 it was decided to start developing and producing its own cars.
358309d515117bcbd1bd84ea0d68a6890e18c49f	In the same year, its own design department was opened.
c78d8b1bb8a58e3ec0468840b93a4117e3d56c4c	Three years later, in cooperation with Mitsubishi Motors, the first Hyundai Pony passenger car was created.
2266b0863b42aeb81cac00568de51b208ec2d58e	Giorgio Giugiaro and his ItalDesign participated in the creation of the car's design.
6848a793d595a0559e73cf57c05d13d28a01d733	These circumstances made it possible to make a real sensation at the Turin Motor Show, after which the press vied with each other in praising the design solutions of the car and its elegant design.
2e8902e90bcbf2e62cb1b0ae45b8029ae82cd413	Hyundai did not lag behind either.
1fd080f34746b593c5a142092954a0613c870156	Production capacities were increased, new branches of production were mastered.
5483842dd91be4a246c521ccf934d34df6329b66	It was a breakthrough to the creation of our own technologies and large scale production.
4760ab803c0011727bc611beb0d217bb05b64e77	In the mid 80s, having mastered the Canadian car market, Hyundai began to break into the most demanding, but also the most profitable US market, for this purpose the car range was adapted to export markets.
14c621de89d8174278879fa3cf2842f825154516	The first 1.5 liter ALPHA or G4E engine was designed, which used only its own developments.
fb0a72c287f47da3f2fbe406dd3b8dfb993eaf1f	In 1995, it underwent modernization.
a7a9adde4b72731a58ff6e4ecb82f1fcf3e0eb61	In 1993 and in 1998, the Hyundai Sonata was modernized.
93ee172f15f9bddcfdf8a908d4f65e6725cee5b7	At the same time, a five door five seat Hyundai Lantra Wagon is being produced on the basis of a five seat sedan.
600d68600fad04c86dd9534f61caf53fe8391940	At the Geneva Motor Show in 1998, an updated SUV was presented — the Hyundai Galloper II. At the same time, the production of Hyundai Santamo (Mitsubishi Space Wagon) cars - station wagons of increased capacity was started.
7d43b3eb4367c6770ae00f212906489baf98a760	The company marked the year 1994 with the release of a new generation of models of the X 3 series, released under the name Accent (in some countries of the Ropu).
c9d7affa8137c620e7ff5a871d4251b3bd131243	The design of the Hyundai Accent / Pony has undergone changes relative to its predecessor X 2 and even more significant in relation to the angular X 1, acquiring rounded sloping shapes.
01b302662d1d22a31529e8d8258cf4cfd55f3b11	In the autumn of 1999, the premiere of the Accent II car of the European generation took place.
46e6d0cf6dd9c8523754dd1b41675e455cce7e69	In March 1996, at the Geneva Motor Show, a sports coupe Hyundai Coupe, another name Hyundai Tiburon, was shown, which was based on the HCD I concept car.
37b79760665a43edfc87cd0f812a3d8edef2ed3d	By the end of 1999, the model had undergone major modifications, but the name Hyundai Coupe / Tiburon remained the same.
68a47d4709e7f0fb87c72d873540012ec9f61df8	At the end of 1997, the first show of the Hyundai Atoz car took place, which was modified in the fall of 1999 and received the new name Hyundai Prime.
93dd658f45d38a6f125ab1fb8cb4b9f700c86ec6	Hyundai Motor Company survived the Asian crisis of 1998 relatively well.
e808ea1f5345e36f1c940c34d02eead8a1eed3b5	And although there was a very sharp decline in sales on the domestic market, a number of new Hyundai models, starting with the Hyundai EF Sonata and Hyundai XG, received high reviews in the international automotive press.
3400a876ac7e0b1c46c978c59efab37ba33c5bd8	Having survived the crisis, in 1999 Hyundai introduced its four new models: the Hyundai Centennial, the new Hyundai Accent, the updated Hyundai Coupe and the Hyundai Trajet.
c1b1532af8f965d97590099168721b36720dbcc9	The creation of the Trajet model showed the desire of Hyundai Motor Company to get used to new segments of the global automotive market, and in particular in the MPV (comfortable minivan) segment.
b85b7a58ff3ea0b1edd8b36e83d6ae444bdf2c35	This model expanded the range of Hyundai products, and the Dynasty luxury model was upgraded in 1999.
9ecde7de3827478010a8715acf6cdd8c811154f5	In the same 1999, Hyundai Motors begins production of a luxury five meter Hyundai Equus sedan (another name is Centennial) of the executive class with a 270 horsepower V8 4.5 engine with direct fuel injection GDI (Mitsubishi Motors license).
9e2855c86c3a45346cc3e037534f2297ab68adc3	The model was primarily intended for senior government officials and was equipped accordingly.
3f97521022ea9f5f0416ca5a1fac52f68e985ed2	Hyundai Motor Company finished 1999 with very good indicators.
bb8f38bea287bc11ea2aaf61a3d40002a5eb6141	The export volume amounted to almost 701 thousand cars, which exceeded all previous achievements, and sales of the domestic market reached the pre crisis level.
4455be39aabc4ca3e44ee58dab50c8300f8fca42	All this allowed Hyundai Motor to gain a foothold in the domestic South Korean market and to compete equally with other global automobile companies.
bfb296222ccff2d371cb0cba5ea638c5f58aeb3a	In 2000, South Korea fully recovered from the crisis, but in the eyes of public opinion, super corporations have turned from a symbol of success and prosperity into a symbol of corruption and inefficiency.
f6513e122055aebc5fac4b1d46a1cc6266e3c57c	Under the new conditions, the government has started a program of restructuring family holdings.
a1a8dde67e800aa5beec8ebc0650c419f2ff3814	This restructuring also affected the Hyundai holding.
173ee1138bd5686593a477afbc0805755cfaafd0	Even during the life of Jung Joo yong, in September 2000, one of the most profitable divisions, the automobile manufacturing company Hyundai Motors, was separated from the holding.
1d83e6a1a23e4ba3e4133bca629e73797f19f16f	In the same year, the merger of Hyundai Motors and Kia Motor took place, which actually meant the acquisition of the Kia company by the Hyundai concern, which helped to return Hyundai Motor Company to high economic indicators and allowed it to compete adequately in the global automotive market.
8b0e3f4a9954156ff3aa485fd2f595188e0b006a	In 2001, the Indian automobile plant in Chennai began production of Hyundai Sonata, and the CEO of Hyundai Motor said that the company plans to build a second car assembly plant in India.
8fb5871737427414375c7c5b2d8ad654eaae9460	In 2002, Hyundai Motor Company and Beijing Automotive Industry Holding Company founded a joint company Beijing Hyundai Motor Company, which became the second automobile plant of the Hyundai Kia Automotive Group in China.
6013d1bceec575557650102ac1882c078edac420	In 2003, 27 years after the first entry of Hyundai Motor into the global automotive market, the company achieved the most outstanding result in its history - the total volume of car exports exceeded 1 million units.
8793cce7fd7ceb3dfc7bbb954065e297aa96be2b	The year 2005 marked a new milestone in the history of Hyundai Motor Company.
1b61b708e854e890cefb9c4f2604f761beb979d7	This year, the company has released two strategically important models of cars: the Grandeur sedan of the "premium" class and the new Santa Fe, which represents the second generation of SUV cars popular among Hyundai consumers.
c6e03f94aab71c05c656ef691149923ec939564e	In Europe and in particular in Russia, the Hyundai Accent, Lantra, Lantra Combi, Coupe and Sonata models are selling well.
ec5c0345a6f0f5c263b2e230b776390156004a55	In Russia, there are several enterprises that produce Hyundai cars.
51fcb349c882472d28d1d07119e90fb9f0af5eab	Expansion of the Hyundai i30 line with a new SE model A new Hyundai R Engine diesel engine A new model in the Tucson line Spy photos Hyundai Genesis Coupe 2009 Construction of a new Hyundai plant near St. Petersburg begins
61ef1e66e23ceff5a6ec7eab7dcfe19d23a6256a	Useful
f04c495b2029f35ddf07b15fe4d6b750e8e9f875	Your opinion
6f9ab1be335f093d510a1764a5d8778d7050a60c	Are you satisfied with your car?
003f4d39ca0ab29c09a41fb94fda1b2ebf1decde	I'm very happy, it's better not to!
4b77d3294b809185deb5cc3427c900e9432d5d92	In general, I am satisfied, but there are shortcomings
4ddf400cf537f3c89086155c3a52ec5b2e7cffc3	It suits me for now, and then we'll see
6afc867d3c89b77a180421bbeea9e3ae052ca0c5	While I'm driving a Hyundai, but I'm going to change the brand
34c83d40d3abae5f71ab3b35a41976ce563062a3	Not satisfied
99291265d9a2ad4423952b86df5ae086f0297471	I have a car of a different brand
d7fe60039b8c2fe249c64511696b92ae0a652d79	© 2008-2017 Russian language information site Hyundai Cars
7ebe29ade6649b28e42c5155fdb08af936058ba2	It is prohibited to use the materials of the site without specifying a direct, unclosed back link to Hyundai rus.ru
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a964865715eb3c2290650e8913231071a54c86cd	Home / History of auto brands / History of Hyundai: how Koreans surprised the whole world
a87d741dfcfea3c1af0556c1527be7cf44843ff5	Hyundai history: how Koreans surprised the whole world
f753f33be2eb5edb228f7a04e1de7f8909b64a08	Hyundai was founded in 1947 by Jung Joo Yong.
bf3fe4788a4704010a0014ec304523a2a9c560ba	The name of the company is translated from Korean as "modernity" text: Igor Kuznetsov / 28.10.2014 . Hyundai has passed the stages of formation from a small car repair shop to the largest South Korean holding company specializing in various fields of mechanical engineering.
b696ce09258ebec5baf0dc2e72a83eccec22a8f7	Hyundai accounts for the production of ships, machine tools, locomotives, steel, electronic equipment, cars.
6c0b603ae47c76f55c86856e92a3faf528e4fae8	In addition to all this, the company was engaged in the construction and petrochemical industry.
cf1374b35fe40f5f404d01dc64cea61bef3fdb93	A Ford Granada and a low tonnage Ford D 750 rolled off the assembly line of a South Korean factory.
627bdb810cfee130071bfe03e856406f8be8aa6a	Thanks to the rapid economic recovery, Hyundai has expanded the production capacity of its factory in Ulsan.
98a1423128abab499d512c6314f8ed4931a096ee	This was the catalyst for large scale production and the creation of our own technologies.
e52f318795338fef9a6d408f4227b85a622c6f99	By the mid 80s, the Canadian automobile market was mastered.
4b95c48081f4612e4c7ef33de99f2cad2c8afed3	For this purpose, a number of models were adapted to overseas standards.
220c0383d9563814010154701259fe267576a8ff	In 1993, the Beta engine appears.
321a7a03ba47e5d7fd18401a6aea2ec3be457047	In 1990, the Lantra model was introduced on the European market (it was sold on the domestic market under the name Elantra).
2c00406a855c6372336a8bf0f90a50593afee221	Lantra
3575f8de44aee43752834ae3024b611e096ae18a	The model was a five seat sedan.
801f7373574bc724b39eb9ff0912ede2ff193348	At the same time, the Hyundai Lantra Wagon model was created on the basis of the Lantra sedan — a five door station wagon.
bf295bad0f4a800accbe761b03900e990f22d695	The model was developed on the basis of the first generation Mitsubishi Pajero.
55be4085b8f6c9d35480c47af9f5b42609bb9717	The production of SUVs was carried out under the license of Mitsubishi Motors.
5d591e0114d48ce2080e85377901bd684e7d062c	This concept car has laid the tradition of creating original conceptual designs.
53e2bfef8438b195c8e05d517f63f83e476a3d62	In the same year, the Hyundai HCD II sports coupe was presented.
3f83efc6bd3bb0deefc19dbbb84b06d0118dc932	In September 1994, the company presented to the public a new generation of models of the X 3 series called Accent.
b1c187de65722ab33e70fbb296f6e9e8caff488e	In 1999, the presentation of the European Hyundai Accent of the second generation took place.
14d182e68c5bf02094d867f1455d2f96c630387f	At the 1996 Geneva Motor Show, the Hyundai Coupe sports coupe (Hyundai Tiburon in the USA and Korea) was shown for the first time.
fea02fd1c939f280884003cff8a597c003d8c3ab	At the end of 1999, it underwent a serious modernization.
9433413cb58167648ccebb0bddc13a0d8c229b47	At the end of 1997, the debut of the Hyundai Atos microlitrake took place.
01876960d5f0268f6281c6a57cab0e44a01fbf85	And two years later, the model was updated, and received the name Hyundai Prime.
219c74d59aeac37e4d243a5d8c692c4e609aca00	In 1998, the updated Hyundai Galloper II SUV was introduced.
fe39fc8c008177022e6e2dd7e19e211d786db01d	In the same year, the production of Hyundai Santamo high capacity station wagons began.
04a2f938bbb52c73e8c91697736cacc07867caf7	Elantra
f0165528e7d2b2a0b917551b0e21d5e80b4a5617	The year 1998 was a difficult period for Hyundai Motor, because sales in the domestic market fell sharply.
90dbbf7e9c58d5f3b67b88192ca6d26c25a1a6fe	However, despite this, a number of new models of the company, for example, Hyundai Sonata EF and Hyundai XG, were highly appreciated by the international automotive press.
5d8ef84b2be8689f2d3fd3ca6e5b66cb4a76aa24	The company underwent corporate and industrial restructuring.
1b46638169e83bcec3b6044959ad335640b16df6	In 1999, Hyundai introduced four new models: the Centennial, the new Hyundai Accent, the reimagined Coupe and the Hyundai Trajet minivan.
6f70e781601317e2d6a19f3d7413dcbb7d03d816	The Trajet model demonstrated Hyundai's desire to get used to a new segment of the world market — MPV.
ebd02f9ff26f660e6493ae9a8b55ef1843ff104a	Trajet
d55dfb3f076d0dd56baf9524c814a50a33a6fd88	In the same year, a luxury five meter Hyundai Equus(Centennial) executive class sedan was released.
175be9de362b1f1975f6bcff973df68fc5927acc	Under the hood of this model was a 270 horsepower V8 4.5 engine with direct GDI fuel injection.
cf4015d22f0cd8868c95f5dc7052c8d5f9f18430	The model was primarily intended for members of the country's government and company presidents, so it was equipped to the highest standard.
ee7bc79cc17afa23b1ba8724788485f07054511e	Hyundai finished the 99th with fairly good indicators.
08d0a4b0eea5c7ebc4cbf1b52801cf0840ee1225	Thus, over 700,000 cars were exported (which was a record figure for the company), and sales in the domestic market reached the pre crisis level.
aae6e434331e776e597feef9f71367dd1c3d3814	The company managed to strengthen its position not only in the South Korean market, but also successfully compete with other global automobile manufacturers for various sales bases.
84318ad9a04f291dbe7a361c044119ed4c26cf5b	In 2000, two companies merged: Hyundai Motors and Kia Motor, which actually meant the acquisition of the Kia brand by the Hyundai concern.
74304bfc8a4ba8b848f69efe239a27d0a2c71b69	In July 2001, the production of the new Hyundai Sonata began at the Hyundai plant in Chennai, India, and the production of H - 1 vans was mastered at the NMS plant located in Turkey.
bc2bd1a054f7fb223e03715e31bc7da94007016e	The appearance of the Hyundai Terracan SUV.
11cef44895f601f1f1c5b6d00126f9adbc8e39ee	In 2002, Hyundai and Beijing Automotive Industry Holding Company formed a joint venture called Beijing Hyundai Motor Company.
404f6e2f14c785f7075808b445827127a5b9356e	The second automobile plant of Hyundai Kia Automotive Group has appeared in China.
029f66e987620f55dc64cfce306cd14791eff0fe	Hyundai Motor Company acted as an official partner of the 2002 FIFA World Cup.
c68e3a6744f848ac0cc4f1919dc8c0267d168998	In 2003, the total volume of car exports exceeded the number of 1 million cars.
f4780095c39c48133abc011ac2e5ee03faded83a	The year 2004 was marked by the release of the Tucson crossover.
420811db2d450b37ef9f78a891034a03528d47e5	In 2005, two strategically important models of the Hyundai brand were released: the Grandeur premium sedan, as well as the Santa Fe SUV.
0a03f52fccbf93c8fdcc7f62f5dce31ca4d49cb9	Hyundai Getz is recognized as the car of the year in India.
f09a09a0e72f4005e6942c9f87f4ad237dded514	In the same year, another significant event took place: an automobile plant was opened in the city of Montgomery (United States of America, Alabama).
0adbde9f46bdf2400e16f1e291f1fb1d06a67898	The plant cost the company $1.1 billion.
30b23f3138059c07a46da575f559fe6eeb3a4928	This was the most important strategic base of Hyundai, which allowed the company to take a strong position in the North American market.
87db4dbafe037943b05eb176bc90c1fdc87a99ec	Currently, the prospects of Hyundai look very optimistic.
aa70c949bbafc4e2600fb8768f595c46a3173ce4	The Sonata, Lantra(Avante), Accent, and Coupe models are in good demand on the European market.
0e903db815906cef37f4c62d465a9f4dcdef1efb	Representative offices of the company are being opened in Japan and Europe. 2008 the start of production of luxury Genezis and Genezis Coupe (Hyundai luxury brand).
e7f351cebbf9901b0ff1b6e89983cada84261d50	Genezis
72bce055056f847acd0a62f168bf30429b160173	In 2009, the mid – size crossover ix35 was presented at the Frankfurt Salon.
b408db23140b60ecfb8de00169f5436fc7db0680	ix35
db24845599b27f11beb9274502005a6f3c9b519c	ix55
6ba2d1740f79fee72918c188e1ce57a261a04a8e	In the same year in Australia, the i30 hatchback and the GrandStarex minibus were recognized as the best cars for the second time in a row.
0b2908cfd82f100fd54f9948d3507b6e26b18d1c	i30
a4cccc932316f7acc34f62a932bebafba8f2adcf	In 2010, production of Solaris was started in Russia, first in the sedan body, then in the hatchback (in parallel, Kia Rio is being assembled on the same conveyor).
850c8ed7bfdd1e20e679b2b2e2d8abdec5561607	Now Hyundai Motors rightfully bears the name of one of the world's leading automakers.
fc519c7ef2d6dbb18688fa3c1b77dabd858570f0	Solaris
d66ea98b636588606304599ab65bc85f336df87a	The history of Skoda: from a bicycle to a crossover
7b3bc097e61b99d3aa2c87c464326e87d7bc0eba	Ulyanovsk Automobile Plant
68ba66957add8f381225e7a19efb4b57653bc13c	Milestones in the history of Dodge
997018f3eb2056757600beb46aad8e38a50e137b	Lancia: the Turin Legend
937c68b63beca440b2ef8c3e1bdbcc44169e28c5	Milestones in the history of Daihatsu
574644406b92afb88457231a0c45f97abdcf9319	Jeep.
3cdb1802099a12942be3c63b536ba5a8aed6da9c	History of the name
6fa59ce8ab08146407ae7a4c9b901b9ba95846ca	Milestones in the history of Dacia
80ce5e250a39b7e32f7cc928c20b5ac88af928d4	Great Wall Motor.
cdd2ed1760d56511502cb8a41ab48295976480db	Brand History
190008a28a319d77400c6964a22a9b7984572dbc	Fiat.
0be5859a3adb5acd61210f044137f54ac186576d	FAW.
e442e076456f1078b36d7b2c20eab1ea2f0d46f6	NAIAS 2017 Premieres: what was shown in Detroit
ad1cbe1221b3508e8ce0268420ee3f39b0506618	On the roads of Netlandia: on a motorcycle in the Faroe Islands
48917f1efb6beb9412dd5d54f6a60ba146c2c617	Range Rover SV Autobiography.
a1a9c53c9deba9724954d3cd0db40c64274201c4	Through the prism of time
1a177173e69b6599739c6105e5735b855324f199	Frame, frameless, hybrid.
9be6cc7e42eb808c1a4b8b6355789f331f0b84c8	We study car wipers
897a358723b4869b3dcb483e84048c27cd277483	Lexus introduces a new generation of the LS sedan
aee18d01d4bc0c32166eecf9af57089e4fc67692	UAZ Patriot.
4091d79f2910fad12ddca6a07228ac9fb2807a3b	The devil is in the details
d7d3222012dce7936dde1462bf304b2d0892019e	© 1999-2017 .
2056b033e4155b6db0ae96d63726ee82af5cafbd	5Koleso.
0935eac572518172c3fb6e05973e77ba8c774f0b	Russian automobile magazine.
d005bd6eba5a6dce019394e664b9bcaf46d53dd3	In case of full or partial use of the materials of the site "5 Wheel", the link to www.5koleso.ru required.
5b02ffe8b9986f546acc93a141c87de992eb048d	To advertisers
7f3774b6cd8e2d71ad99893ff61b6206b3c9ea81	5KOLESO Magazine"
b24ab01bb3c0ce1803a12bf26553b279df5ae3ba	The magazine " CAR PARK"
02213d89f28353feb77deb8cb214864e9e55f0f1	Website promotion -
d1ce13ddd79678d445184401613c8d3e16825cf0	A massively multiplayer online role — playing game or MMORPG (eng. Massively multiplayer online role playing game, MMORPG) is a computer game in which the genre of role-playing games is combined with the genre of mass online games.
7dcd3e365c0e452f8eb8afc55880934401205c20	MMORPGs can also be presented in browser form, but the main feature of the genre is the interaction of a large number of players within the virtual world.
2d203461d9f5d5dcea3e644b71f6f9231490d926	As in any other role-playing game, the player assumes the role of a character (often belonging to a fantasy or science fiction world) and begins to control the variety of his actions.
03fbbac3b8954fa411412a05299831ce20bc2be6	MMORPGs differ from single-player or small multiplayer online role-playing games not only in the number of players, but also in the constantly existing game world (which is usually supported by the forces of the game publisher), existing regardless of the exit of an individual player from it.
fa156fda2be46513befdd455809cf9822d3613de	MMORPGs are played all over the world.
3753074f8d608de0c5e9e2e462c47b769a0ca5ac	The revenues of the global MMORPG industry in 2005 exceeded 500 million US dollars[1], while the revenues of Western publishers in 2006 exceeded US$ 1 billion[2].
5b1465155dbc8674b87e592d2f2bddb72c1ab934	How did it all start? Giants of the online RPG industry Lineage 2 and WoW, Counter Strike and Battlefield, strategies like Travian ?
1010c5815d077250cfbcb2f0739b2873c17f3492	And it all started with a poor student (something like the history of the creation of Facebook, only this student remained so poor), who in 1978 began the development of M . U. D – - a multiplayer game based on the Dungeon and Dragons board game.
a2d372a625d94c30b83727b6ef9de0c8e4319a1b	The game was simple to the point of impossibility: know yourself, swing your character to the level of a "wizard" and then, becoming immortal, control other players.
db835f56a88d2a74900aefa659d8128e63c25b48	The game did not live long, but it left a trace behind it and more long-term projects have already followed it.
4bdc5640979897dadde89fa353d331364af679e2	One of these games was Ultima Online.
b4384ff4f4938b89a08534f9f1d6d12c1a4bb81a	In 1997, Richard Garriot and a team of developers created this brilliant game that has lived for more than 9 years and remains relevant for fans and an example for other online games.
531f16c422bb8b5807a73975d44af5098aebd09f	Ultima was different in that there were not just constant battles with mobs and passing boring standard quests (although this was also enough), but a real medieval world reigned in which real players lived and dealt with problems that would worry you in ordinary life: they built a house, bred pets. But all this is in the Middle Ages and with real players.
0689e9b556b7af5517fe9a5fdef5e4e7d8418790	This highlight has taken root and gained popularity so much that hundreds of games still copy the content of Ultima, hundreds of players continue to play this game.
b728dbda3a252a38f918e99a41885268185a011b	After seeing the success of Ultima, hundreds of developers began to come up with new online games.
617ff556a4f6b0c432e54c4098fccf71dc2cd740	But either they did not take root, or they were a bad copy of the original, or no one could stand up to competition with Ultima, but in the end, there was no replacement for this game.
6d3e2f0ec5f540dd6f95a12c3278208017b6ca7c	In March 1999, Verant Interactive launched EverQuest, which remained the most successful online game until 2004.
f8aa0af3c5b05aaf39dab3df8fba7d15f6e34cc5	The developers said that they were inspired not by the Ultima, but by DnD, but everyone understands perfectly well that if there were no Ultima, EverQuest would never have been released so expensive in financial terms.
311c65480e31aa7cce7909fe68ad12d21539f7da	The game is characterized by a detailed study of the setting - the world of Norrat.
65c6efa8e5ae238b3a6870392db00063fe3816cc	Norrat turned out to be incredibly attractive, many players did not quit the first part even after the second one was released.
fbb8e33f2568397f7278ebfc0cdbc43a4b51f5d3	The game has released 14 addons and it is still firmly afloat.
191e1ca30eebf23713049f6e323ce0ae3339caf1	It is also worth noting the king of browser games - RuneScape.
e952cb7d7069d8f13ee770fa68846e9148068722	This game, built on the Java engine, has achieved phenomenal popularity for the browser, collecting more than 10 million free and one million paid accounts.
94a12eb4986b2b2e9d324428e2dd428841e21be8	Agree, not every browser can boast of such figures.
a3d70a21a6bfe8b9c9eb8e944bcd771104c3a896	Another of the console MMORPGs, of course, should be noted Final Fantasy XI, the only MMORPG under the FF brand.
1e5546cb49efd8eb6be435d36da765285a1489c2	The main feature of the game is that players on PS2 and PC can play together.
a0af869b4c511b25929a3a2e8e54f5c184871bde	The gameplay of the game turned out to be very gray, but it is still extremely popular in the Japanese market.
25940be8b4a92260ac9a3a138d4508e56121e53e	In 2003, one of the most unusual MMORPGs was released - EVE Online.
dc14fe3f6b37e44f92bfc4b09802118651a4cb6c	It is worth paying tribute to Crowd Control Productions, who decided to take a rather bold step - the creation of a large-scale online cosmosim.
627c85039be4deba1dc247a5c2e54e741f119aba	The world of EVE is a huge universe divided into a large number of solar systems.
518334d12dddb0baf9c723a0e916903d70d5eb19	Literally 2 years later, the world was shocked by two giant projects, which immediately gained huge popularity.
bad028eccf467e5375826334fc732865cf35e6a8	The Lineage 2 and WoW games immediately conquered the audience with their incredibly beautiful graphics and a huge number of features, compared to the old Ultima by that time.
9a77ae8009b2de21b7671c4735c4a948d024dce8	The goal of all MMORPG developers is to create as long a dependence on the game as possible and not let the player go, since their profit directly depends on this.
9ecf473d25148e31d0baff0b7e07405bd18e6def	Delivering a high to the player goes by creating a world as a basis for interaction between players — communication, trade, battles, PvP, clans, etc.
a9a51537e353f731eb2f8f1766786c27d2ccdff9	Depending on the methods of obtaining profit by the server administration, the bulk of MMORPGs is divided into:
5b790803567e069f028236122fdeccaeb8ca0bdd	p2p-pay to play: they differ in a monthly subscription fee, and therefore you will not find your beggar friends here. I am glad that the atmosphere of communism reigns in the game and every player can be sure that he is playing the full version and does not need to buy anything else.
5f1a7c83e5d6e08d91d34c93b5649cf58d526262	f2p-free to play: there is no subscription fee, which allows you to attract thousands of beggars to the game, which are designed to make a background for wealthy guys. And all because the profit of the project administration is brought by the unselected sale to naive users of various huita, which necessarily " does not affect the balance!!!11" In fact, free games cost users much more than paid ones.
6197e1bd6a239c04a88ad344dc5e8e4aee9997b2	b2p-buy to play: the classic version a la buy-play.
64f2a417ffd7359da9015599d7cf524054e9ff96	The official server is the server that is maintained by the MMORPG developer company (or the company that signed a license agreement with the developer).
e846483450c144de9bee8afb42c3408b494c0a85	They are distinguished by a fully working player support service, skills, geodata and all the charms of the official game.
593881e197346084d985f2a0d240e8bfe5950bf3	The disadvantage of most Official Servers is the subscription fee.
0cf44f1d70b8eebdb3b6062e299712f9c98f0002	Frishard already reflects its essence in its name — play for free.
676c3195dce78c04b18c5cf6fed09e23414d0b7a	Frishards are created by users who do not have all the charms of Official Servers for "just playing".
cda18285a11f4be6877d532e5081ada457949263	But most often, the administration of frishard consists entirely of Jews who want to make a profit.
291d6cd02a5a0b60f026211175421e9467a3292d	Since frishard is most often based on the alpha or beta version of the server assigned by good pirates, or even an emulator, you need to be prepared for the fact that the character may begin to fall under the textures, refuse to cast certain skills, or even cast them incorrectly.
b2fce72f91372d67b76a9a4a24572910744051f5	In the classic version, MMORPGs are divided into three styles of play, but mostly combine several:
8a8f1aa134547310a76fd46f374bb4b27bbc2bcb	PvE-Player vs Environment (Player vs Environment).
1dcc7e8cc08399f3aa3c0cdf60d53021f7189cdb	The game is based on the "Player World" relationship.
58e42d329df09ea14ad4ed9d82b4a91d0d0cab0f	PvP-Player vs Player (Player vs Player).
0f5a493b1b381d736aba65c6e5a725001b55fb3b	The game is based on the "Player-Player" relationship, where the dominant role is played by the factor of communication, confrontation and exchange of game items between players.
9b1fb03303be869d683b5700d015cf219ec9abdf	PvPvE — Player versus Player versus Environment (Player versus Player versus Environment).
612129229f47cb0fb606dc8cd5a6016c98a3746d	The game is based on a "Player-Player" relationship with the intervention of a third non-player party to maintain the balance of the game sides.
1c5caa843e0a05000c55f801fd732b4f60ff2be8	Thus, the scale of people's involvement in MMORPGs is huge, while it is not always safe, and often leads to adverse consequences, especially when it comes to children.
a7423299e49af774f0d7c87be91e47524430fe51	A vivid example of the negative impact of online games is the case that occurred in China.
4ad06620d8fb000197e4b3c2c77bcc66085657b1	A teenage girl, Slowly, a World of Warcraft player, died after several days of continuous play.
9e28099f517a3f1d9b37e4eba24c64efc3d8f2d5	A person who is hooked on an online game has changes in the psyche.
b0b040d4b36f0214e07c2691a890653bca308636	Thus, for the player, the real world becomes completely unnecessary and short breaks in the gameplay cause an even greater desire to plunge into the pool of virtual fantasies as soon as possible.
4a2cb5f908c42ea11499f1c9a6bb2092fa071cc5	Escape from reality.
c1bf803e0840f016bb75dc3b7160217cf4914b06	The basis of this mechanism is the human need for "detachment" from everyday chores and problems, a kind of transformation of the need for energy conservation.
ad4db3390854a47a8b1a24a53b05aa258c0ff1d1	However, you can escape from reality only by "immersing" yourself in another reality - a virtual one.
dd505a0903ae120f57042ba9db4b1ac8e7c09f8b	And in pathological clinical cases, the opposite happens: a person "leaves" virtuality for a while into the real world, so as not to forget how he looks and satisfy physiological needs.
13ea8f0baafd182e2243b703b28bfb94027ebcd2	The rest of the pyramid of needs is shifted to virtual reality and is satisfied there.
e3e77c3bc6f0e793c347698e38698cd2837e2783	The real world begins to seem alien and full of dangers, because a person cannot do everything in the real world that he is allowed to do in the virtual one.
dbfbf92ca726f70006085320adde359f18649654	That is, we see that the constant departure from reality leads to an increase in this desire, to the emergence of a stable need to escape from reality.
9abbebabf6ac871051134e3f3013192121e80b4b	Here we can draw analogies with drugs and drug addiction: with each dose taken, the strength of dependence increases; with every hour of the game, dependence on it increases and soon it becomes impossible for a person to do without a computer game.
d99d405d0730d8cb0520071020a112ba813da088	It is based on the need for a game as such, which is peculiar to a person.
940fe7e75591fbbc0c9b510dcb8ed3e163c2437e	And also the desire to accept the role of a computer character, which allows a person to satisfy needs that for some reason are not able to be satisfied in real life.
4cefe5dfd81033c3567b5df2813c8f39c1361c81	In addition to affecting mental and physical health, MMORPGs can also cause financial harm to the player.
1fa46a2741e7e7a8132a94375fb87654998b94b4	Many MMORPGs are paid.
f84efc48dbf96d8abde9fd61abda696b9fa58214	A feature of MMORPG is that here a person plays not just alone, but with other people, which leads to the influence of the human factor.
2f807429b63c8e229b8f56ff4844a0a49c235bf9	So, a player can't just quit the game if the fate of his clan is at stake.
6c1a69c8429d27e1b0bd07da247615eec89dd628	He can't let his comrades down.
d9c839859b9b855d34546b7fd80cbbd54f88d1f9	Thus, due to the features of MMORPGs that distinguish them from other online games, dependence on them is extremely dangerous.
07895e83c99c81dae76f46d3301ae45d350c6c59	At the same time, the scale of people's involvement in these games is enormous.
82f0ca07ab4eea156c9e32632352393a2cdf079b	The main measure to prevent the occurrence of addiction of any type in children is the correct upbringing of the child.
2a4cf09a41bba2a704eb45b08cac9ad811a50aee	At the same time, it is important not to restrict children in their actions (for example, to prohibit certain games), but to explain why this or that activity or hobby is not desirable for him.
8419beee78bb5e9abf070c3ab46f4d843d6ea579	MMORPG addiction affects family relationships, so during the treatment of computer addiction, it is important to provide assistance to relatives and friends of a person suffering from addiction, in particular, aimed at harmonizing relations with him.
e636342e4598f317f5eda9bf31adf109a285e966	For wagering in an MMORPG, an internal chat is used.
0d80db0ed4ef0522b4d28ebfded027f5b4e3d54d	The setting automatically becomes the game world, and the game characters are the current characters of the players.
ad2bdd312172182a3dd970d309e1e60b3db52907	Like other types of video games, MMORPGs were strongly influenced by the first editions of D&D.
4b410c1d361de8166335f7f2c9e5f89e1c0233d1	However, in most modern MMORPGs, wagering is not part of the gameplay.
561311556f8967e07a9cb80e0a4ab02757033b7a	The main goal of an MMORPG is to provide interesting group classes and a sense of community for a wide audience.
32788cf44de3a4d63a175fc16094c90d89883c6c	For example, in World of Warcraft there are special role-playing servers with behavior requirements that protect role-players from troll interference.
99a2c93fb07e7711cf700279fcd4eb31781652ac	Unlike ordinary players, for whom the world and the character are only an atmosphere, role-players make up a quenta for their characters, which can usually be read in the description.
c9e8bb51e577a96782557550c121079ddfbaab29	However, it is considered bad form to use information from the metagame.
886311386d94c3eafd171383ca15561feb3fff2d	For example, you can't call a stranger by name, even if the game writes names over everyone's heads.
4ef77d6a9c9da8cb938d3f6b6fc551889a52d1fb	The game takes over most of the mechanics.
323b214bf37804aaa4dc67e212c8cdc9b43f8117	The vast majority of MMORPGs have races, classes, battles and leveling, so the battles are not played according to any system, but take place live.
655a75f51e200ed089c41af076b8a59fba0c8baf	In almost all computer games, the main goal of the player is to develop his character.
dcd8e11f7e5395a9f67c5e7981ebe7939ba23eef	For this, a development system is almost always used by accumulating experience points and using them to increase the" level " of the character, which has a positive effect on all his abilities[7].
894b43abc18b1a35daaa2140f5d53d656b6ee5a0	Traditionally, the main way to get experience points is to hunt monsters and complete quests from NPCs.
cebb3be243222f8006b9404de0a13d6b14ca3c7e	Characters can participate in these actions both in a group and alone.
2423c03f6379e1b94a85e5c1f1131afc708e524f	Also typical for the genre is the emerging need to unite players in groups to ensure optimal development speed.
14ef5d2df902fbecf6cddbee0f28aab3a80189d2	Sometimes this leads to a change in the priorities of the player, who begins to avoid some real-world events in order to" keep up " with the events of the virtual world.
2bfec5b75003e45998fabe1b6b18dd853c9f5c5c	A good example in this case is the need to exchange items to achieve some goal or team battles against powerful enemies.
9729cde0fcdc872234d624015f2b6b6117dda777	MMORPGs necessarily contain certain ways to facilitate communication between players.
02cafa31593437dbfe1a7698319e72c108aca950	Many MMORPGs have a system of custom guilds or clans.
715f2e55092de125535cc49b1f99b94d36bcd6fa	If the game mechanics do not provide for such, players can independently form such associations, including using non-game means of communication.
a14c8c19e5d3f6534556bc68d6931c9b717dd255	In most MMORPGs, to access certain parts of the game, you need to play in a fairly well-played community.
b15800a5f03375a7c45a4df44028c2f7033ef83d	In such cases, each player must perform the role assigned to him, for example, protect other players from damage (the so-called "tanking"), "heal" the damage received by team members or deal damage to enemies.
0208746ce5e6fe3ff12c94d716257c4144b66b53	As a rule, in MMORPGs there are Game Moderators (eng. Game Moderators) or Game Masters (Eng. Gamemaster), often called "GMs" by players (GMS, eng. GMs).
0a5abd7bca4f74e736655978e95e425813ca0d40	They can be either employees of the game publisher, or volunteers whose task is to oversee the game world.
41ce84075e7ca740b8a6f1f87a463351bff1333c	At the same time, some "GMs" may have access to tools and information that is not intended and inaccessible to other players and roles[8].
08fbfada2b50a5ce78d4be9765e6ad37e96663a6	Relationships that arise between players in an MMORPG can be as strong as relationships between friends or partners in real life, which often include elements of cooperation and trust between players[9].
0f4dbebf859c5f9489cd482faa490dc213cb935a	Over time, the once unified community of MMOPRG fans has split into subcultures with their own slang and figures of speech, as well as unspoken lists of social rules and taboos.
7d21688dee063c40d4e07004b3e84224b09ff10f	Players often complain about "grind" (a slang term for repetitive and time-consuming routine activities in MMORPGs) or talk about" buffs "and" nerfs " (strengthening or simplifying certain elements of the game mechanics, respectively).
5dc06ac89b727ff38d73602b171885044da6f916	Separate social rules apply to the player's entry into a traveling group, the correct division of loot, as well as the expected behavior of the player as part of the group[10].
6fe3f5c34386a5f885d9c7c50a20658485f01e47	Most modern MMORPGs use a client-server network architecture.
42c60e849d00e5f15a33bb4ac57b24915cc02520	The server supports a permanent virtual world, and players can connect to it through client programs.
fa68bc73b13187b187d4a568b6ed620a5e1b2d09	In many MMORPGs, there is an emerging economy.
37afcedc612f774b6d7827d03662f3841aa4d426	Virtual items and currency accumulate during the game and have a certain value for players[30].
ccd80416771804f4f183c6324ac183197a8cfe3b	However, virtual economies have a number of problems, the most acute of which are:
b10b5333b960e71c993b0e0031ba69684b6f3563	the use of bots or other automation tools that help the player accumulate wealth, which creates unfavorable conditions for other players[38];
574b7156b6c1785d3633d9b9b3b3fd5884455e1d	the use of illegal auction sites, which leads to attempts to stop their activities by publishers through a ban on the unfair use of elements of someone else's intellectual property[39];
8a6538d885bcaeb1ab273472b25fb9e5f8961fcb	the emergence of virtual crime, which can take the form of fraud against players or the publisher of an online game and even lead to the manifestation of cruelty in real life[40].
18609880f79e65460ad2178695c270f5dfc5b6a0	However, the merging of real and game economies rarely occurs in MMORPGs, as it is believed that this adversely affects the gameplay.
333e611d326f95b1edc8f0f5b7df81aa1edea715	If the riches of the real world allow you to gain more and faster than a skillful game, this leads to a decrease in interest in a complex role-playing game and a decrease in the" immersion " of users in the game.
3c66af5bae6524009b08423e9689a83527271fb2	This also leads to an unfair game hierarchy, when richer players in real life get better game items, which allows them to outperform stronger competitors and get levels faster than other — less well — off, but more loyal-players[41].
92a96e2a5c3efd2c1b011677a9a245a60455a08f	Already in 2003, the cost of developing a competitive commercial MMORPG often exceeded US$ 10 million[42].
ab4c87e74c2ad6f9d3d97298f9ec0272b22aea84	These games require the involvement of developers of various specialties, for example, artists, 3D modelers, developers of the client-server subsystem, specialists in databases and network infrastructure[43].
3d532f16176d0554103ba40b8a9cd15034d633ef	The external interfaces (that is, the client program) of modern commercial MMORPGs use three-dimensional graphics.
9aec5b5455467c3db46f771e9356dd2b7c439bb8	As is the case with other modern three-dimensional games, the external interface requires experience in using three-dimensional engines, skillful use of shaders in real time and simulation of physics.
f137b0456587f3a76154d2423427d162ccbf41d6	The concept of graphic content (zones, creatures, characters, weapons, etc.) of the game is worked out by artists in traditional two-dimensional sketches, after which it is transferred to animated three-dimensional scenes, models and texture maps[44].
339584fa0c62651429629f737e74e8a3cdfb0f53	When developing MMORPGs, specialists in the fields of client-server architecture, network protocols and security, databases are needed.
1a53da6321401f314823bc47c6c243ce77d55d7d	Reliable systems for supporting critical functions should be included in MMORPGs. The server must be able to accept and verify several thousand connections, prevent cheating and support making changes to the game (fixing bugs and adding content).
77a0bd1c15ad14c1f747192894138edb08a1109c	Also, an important role is played by the system of saving game data at specified time intervals without suspending the game process[45].
9a6bf71128982735bf571aa317d8c2068681e9bf	Game support requires a sufficient fleet of servers, Internet connection bandwidth, as well as special technical personnel.
0819d9a779edbfcd8467d4d1bb33d58da96b3bdd	Lack of resources leads to lags and user frustration, which can negatively affect the reputation of the game, which is especially critical during the launch period.
1aa062d30567c43b9ea81f290de81ea5537d116b	Also, the staff should monitor the occupancy of servers, maintaining it in an acceptable range for gameplay by increasing or reducing the number of game servers.
0edf2f1493e711029119a91edd83b8fe0c4cc5f6	Theoretically, when using peer-to-peer technology in MMORPGs, it is possible to regulate server load cheaply and efficiently, but the problems encountered in practice (asymmetric connection speed, resource-intensive game engines, unreliability of individual nodes, inherent security problems that open up wide opportunities for cheaters) make their implementation extremely difficult.
aae0ca3415acf32c9539bda17a79061b64ceccd6	In addition, the creators of an online game must be specialists in such fundamental areas as world creation, mythology, game mechanics[47] and other game features that bring users pleasure[48].
2735cb89eb0f22fc2cc5e77f913e1451cfb7d7a0	Despite the fact that the bulk of all MMORPGs are developed by companies, small teams or individual authors also contribute to the development of the genre.
7e8a0f68a3a8a3ebf9de38c0385d8a952e73220b	As noted above, it is necessary to invest significant funds and spend a lot of time on development, and supporting games is a long-term responsibility.
593331526d2e12ee89ceadf1ea12cfb8692e3c85	As a result, the development of an independent (or" indie") MMORPG is not so ordinary, relative to games of other genres.
4cbf7cc14fb51dd56efee3af89f953deb10dbe5f	Nevertheless, there are a significant number of independent MMORPGs made in different genres, offering different types of gameplay and payment systems.
73453e6f3b3fead2dfdce12049afb9cbdd0c99ad	Some independent MMORPGs fully follow the principles of open source software, while others use proprietary content and open game engines.
235843b1440f1e1a03dc277389133a1dd934678a	A community of independent developers has formed around the WorldForge project, which was opened in 1998, aimed at creating a system basis for a certain number of open MMORPGs[49].
e36ab1bee19a2709c910fa71ddff8075af24e674	Also, the Multiverse Network company is developing a network platform taking into account the features of independent MMOGs[50].
f1cae8b096dc19704ef440ab0bb8f2c663a52fc4	Due to the existence of a large number of significantly different MMORPGs, as well as the rapid development of the genre, it is quite difficult to determine the prevailing general trends.
3500755c8679f2890bd49fdb8f63a444cc8f89c3	Nevertheless, some developments are quite obvious.
ea1d5da7674ee17f426a17784def1f995002cea6	As one of these, you can call the execution of tasks by a raid group (or simply - "raid" [51]), which is a quest designed for large groups of players (often from twenty or more).
5564cdf32a40cb5bf4d8f2b62090978d6bf23b52	The increasing amount of user-generated content is probably a new trend in the genre[52].
c12b49ea8dc49ddf2808f6b59646d2feef1173a9	Licensing of intellectual property rights, which is widespread in the computer game industry, is also used in MMORPGs.
523c2fe36bdde981ff8ebae49aae1bccb1f603e0	So, in 2007, the Lord of the Rings Online game was released, based on the world of Middle-earth by Jonatolkin.
a941c58f0a01290c653361dc036481e0606a6a14	Among other games released under license, there are such as The Matrix Online (based on the film trilogy of the same name), Warhammer Online (based on the board game from Games Workshop), Star Wars Galaxies, Star Wars: The Old Republic, Champions Online and Age of Conan.
50c605017219b1aa35a7252f66f08b8d37810252	In addition to this, there are a number of MMORPGs based on TV product licenses, for example, Star Trek Online and the canceled Stargate Worlds.
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a388ecaf6db7ba5b4d898599d8f75ae9c3984966	Article " The history of the MMORPG genre"
59e83f09be93767bfdb5a95c624d19ad5965b59a	The history of the MMORPG genre
26a50ac9b29bf3033b94880625e1ed7596b89477	In this article, I would like to highlight the main points of the formation of the MMORPG genre.
f32a150dae5fb276b662908b5c330cbafb8614d7	Many believe that the first MMORPG was Ultima Online.
4c174a275130d73fbad1ee988360b4883b4af918	This is far from the case.
f8fd18234ef41c46dc4800ff3f49b95467535bb3	Online games appeared long before Ultima and even the Internet.
540f38e111cf9332e89a335436bcd667c71b1e3e	Let's start from the beginning...
ecc50fefb151c58fab95c915a4518308c1cf329c	Chapter 1 The Birth of an idea
84e0a6a3f75c82fa33d90490a25ebbaeec56dfd3	The ideological birth of the genre was given by the appearance in 1973 of the game Maze War.
361559de39ad03076df7aa1f123266cc7427c9f4	In Maze War, for the first time, a graphical game world was implemented.
a0511dcb88c765474c43e0a8971fe8c08e1f2441	The game was a 3D shooter (in 1973!).
1f9329c795999760fe0b2dea9933a97c26c6a814	It is in this game that the principle of MMO avatarity is born: players chose eyeballs as their avatars :smile: who rolled around the level, shooting at each other.
6b1c9777e0be5ebd54efd5c974f6dda7bfd173e8	Also, it was in this game that the mini map appeared for the first time.
0e6f4e705b01a54c33566948b0e3624c6295faa1	But for us, the most important feature of the game is that multiplayer appeared in it for the first time.
337138261ad24ec99045d128c5ee9315695fff92	Initially, it was possible to play in multiplayer exclusively on computers connected by cable, but in 1977 a version was released that works on client server technology, which is still used in the field of MMO.
9623c0dd5d883b46c7751d6ed42c7f74602e0564	It was also Maze War that gave rise to in game chats, without which it is difficult to imagine any modern MMO.
2847e998e768b8aa00438f32a9f23a180d0605e8	And online battles between players in Maze Wars can be called the first in the history of PvP.
b493410bc126e9d6da275cbc4e76a021eee71fe4	The second step in online can be considered Spasim, born in March 1974, an online arcade space, designed for 32 players.
d41137d7f95b4d138e61f9b7939e957b4d958982	The world of Spasim was divided into 4 planetary systems with 8 players each.
0e724e419f3b4164b787f7e0530cc690dfda0521	Like Maze War, Spasim was made in 3D.
61bae5ba61767c29205089d0ad919b57b0446677	Spasim's father was Jim Bowery.
3643be2c99296a30717f195cda6038d84c53e4ad	The network for Spasim was PLATO, the network of Champaign Urbana University of Illinois.
954346a7a6b3b98da18f6f38a4cef136fa45cf30	PLATO has also become a permanent base for online projects.
3af40db2c355ad24f56bad8c63f093e298670af5	In 1974, the single player game pedit5 appeared on PLATO, inspired by the creation of the Dungeons and Dragons desktop system. then there was m199h, a clone of pedit5 and finally in 1975 dnd was released, which was inspired by pedit5, a game inspired by Dungeons and Dragons
c52d5d4143b21b6031d1f9e14eab419ae671e8a9	(such a pun here ). pedit5 was erased a few months after its creation. the m199h was created on a training computer reserved for official purposes and was soon deleted as well.
2bfc91c8c44fdb05de74c81c89ff7926e2a01887	But dnd became successful, on the crest of the popularity of the desktop system.
4f8a6425d304099b2648187b43b66676ccaa7273	We can see that there were multiplayer games on PLATO and there was dnd.
dbcd95620588abeb5fa26c6bd13022c47279d427	And, of course, these two beautiful things could not but unite.
8b37ce2a60fcd956e3507f48cd21d71d1afd403d	So on November 18, 1977, Oubliette was released, which won a large gaming community.
32fa370137c3e6dcc6e954bce04fddfc10ce22f6	For us, it is interesting because it showed multiplayer in DnD games for the first time.
69dcf7390aacd6b1998f677e75840132d735f494	Also, she first showed the world the "party gameplay", the game was so difficult that it was almost impossible to survive alone.
d318f5b14ff63d5a91a73e85cdaa69cc7725c9fb	The heir of Oubliette is Moria
fefbe8abc3577c779b57980a99fb191099f98fb1	, published in 1977.
d1fdf1acf88ede4cd8debc4b72c536d763f92c08	It also boasted a great" party " gameplay, but it was also quite accessible for single players.
b442e10bb46c6380f6a7154c8abc57f60a0de4c7	After Moria, there was Avatar, the only pre MUD operating on emulators so far.
93bf42183b16e2a6b7d7bf20603ed66c8020d754	Chapter 2 MUD or the first steps of online
c7c0fdfbb4c9fe7ae31eb1bcb8afb9089b2e31cc	Meanwhile, in 1978, Richard Bartle and Roy Trubshaw, who invented MUD, created the game of the same name, enter the game dev stage.
2c06072429832f40965bf2de36801bfe13f509e7	The game is still valid, access is open to everyone on the site http://www.british legends.com .
dda02039250d0de6f4052688e1356b7f06576132	The term MUD has several interpretations: Multi User Dungeon, Multi User Domain or Multi User Dimension.
08904d60459ef6126df21cd93d5266b92c712133	MUDs are text based online RPGs, where instead of graphic content there were descriptions of the surrounding space, and the interaction of players with the world is carried out through text commands.
364e96d3c1f17bc9a3a396f85cb30737f1877563	MUD borrowed the character class system from dnd and Oubliette.
9ea87ca1927c962ac6ae407e102889889f078887	The "cube" gameplay was taken from the desktop DnD. MUD quickly gained its audience - many people were interested in fighting hordes of monsters, exploring interesting worlds and completing quests.
ed32d484ab38b5fe29bc040cd7a1589a4219ac3d	The world of MUD is usually divided into tiny locations, the so called "rooms" or "rooms".
141f968e19df2c274ab2ef51bb90b57858cdb4e8	Movement between rooms is carried out using the commands "N"(North - north), "S"(South - south), "W"(West - West), "E"(East - East), "U"(Up - up), "D"(Down - down).
d6eff4769a9ca05ade5067b1df847891d52f0800	MUDs are quite popular even now, in the era of large graphic games.
8ee2eeb2faf331f6de57f265037f1d645a9ae397	Since 1978, a lot of such games have already been released, and they are not completely clones of the first MUD, they are very different.
2f3fe8e0bbc06f47436f17ba047ee35442e1761d	Let's consider only some successful representatives of the MUD tribe.
a75ab752cdde7d445e7bffd7d0d31fd565fb4936	Scepter of Goth is a game developed by Alan E. Klietz in 1978 in the footsteps of MUD.
b6a1e4d39821bea9a87f7afc36067f59f30e8aad	The game was set in the fictional city of Boldhome.
1ac3000bd7746461a24e308978d6e99dc50cae3f	This was the first commercial MUD, which gained great popularity and a bunch of" heirs", including Swords of Chaos and Mordor, one of the developers of which Brett Vickers later made Guild Wars within the walls of ArenaNet.
9a7cdc654bd8fbc32ea688c6b3b636276555cda8	That's where modern MMO developers were forged :smile:
a4ec0d963293bf08c748b4b02183c7422c52ce61	In 1984, Mark Jacobs, inspired by the commercial success of Scepter of Goth, creates Aradath (later renamed Dragon's Gate) and Galaxy.
2117d259ffa9a972801bc43129cb845fb43ad034	Both games did not have more than a hundred subscribers and the projects were soon closed.
662acb86a139c06774a01aa20587e333027ae4d6	In 1987, Alan Cox launched AberMUD, the first successful MUD that worked over the Internet.
237569099505230b19357bf7a974d4c798feb088	The game received the Aber prefix in honor of the Welsh University of Aberystwyth, where Alan Cox studied.
99856420e591ae2a760ccfb9337f64ec59f9fb8f	AberMUD has survived 4 versions and has been significantly redesigned.
9e7183d3cc755e6ef547fa83523bdea32a1f152e	AberMUD V, which is not related to the original AberMUD, although created by the same person, is still active.
a4981280681a8042764daca2c9f5cb213edc3c08	In 1989, the legendary TinyMUD was born.
6924802e529af728a36e23655cac4e44c8869a62	The main feature of TinyMUD was that players could not only use the environment, but also change and even create it.
0425d3d560d79f14994f138cab14c97229346f19	TinyMUD has gained huge popularity in the world and, accordingly, a lot of imitators, many of whom have even achieved commercial success.
43a4a865052f782490ce6ac6004d3a8759d63e89	You can talk about MUD for a long time, but I advise you to try to play, since any search engine gives out dozens of names for the query "MUD".
cfb4caec9bc11d47206e507f43efda681043748e	Chapter 3 MMORPG or Graphical Mudas.
c5d379204856c4a8fe07edfa7eb8c210877aea4d	In 1991, the world's first graphical MMORPG, Neverwinter Nights, was launched on AOL (not to be confused with Bioware's Neverwinter Nigts of 2002).
bef745283a0c73e9b10dff0c3413d79c73721db3	The game worked from 1991 to 1997 and gathered a player base of 115,000 thousand players.
651b2086e53b45036a4316e34f596bfe5778c343	Initially, the game cost $6 per hour.
888a13b5ccb579ccce83843c00815d6ff4ef2f9f	Subsequently, when more and more people started playing NwN, the price was significantly reduced, and then it became completely free for AOL subscribers.
60a03fbad74c942fb116391dd80f180a7ee94851	Initially, the game could not withstand more than 50 players playing on the server at the same time, later this figure increased to 500 people.
e648a3ec4ecee2d3e851058b543eeb4344cbff3f	As the Internet became more and more accessible and, accordingly, the demand for online projects grew, AOL threw all their efforts into maintaining and refining Nwn.
b566acd5cc616cb41eed8a9e677b08f38ef34c96	As a result, by the end of 1997, more than 2000 people were playing on the servers at the same time.
37a7462314f9d330cee49022be6bc571b67b26c4	It was in Nwn that player clans and a full fledged PvP mode first appeared.
54054b860d799a2f88bb540675b7f16cf83347be	It is thanks to the large number of active guilds that constantly held mini events that the game has achieved such popularity.
5ee70643ecf54d76cad6473c469be5872e41e494	Nwn had top lists of the best players (solo and pairs) in PvP and a guild standings.
05724c0548fa9f33fe3c9a27f2ecf4b4a9858696	The game collected quite a lot (at that time) PvP community, thanks to the excellent balance and interesting hiking battles with a huge number of tactics.
b8527365252527b93f4495c1df9e6e4a01971c52	Unfortunately, in 1997, when disputes over the rights to the game began between AOL and TSR, the project was closed.
9048805b48d5c905684f5a398e273db99245408e	Bioware tried to poach Nwn fans when they bought the rights to the title, but most of them had already played other games.
37f236555ab467892876b477ea7f38f24eb7677b	It is worth noting the attempt of fans to revive their favorite title Neverwinter Nights: Resurrection.
ce4a3adb678d257c7ea54abf8d5fb7d2922fcada	This is a different game, but with the same atmosphere)
2f6b68a559fd2140fe61a3c23500d4c721bd74fd	Sierra On Line also released The Shadow of Yserbius, a competitor to Neverwinter Nights, in 1992.
0cb8897282b6a108f03ae706243572bec8d92f20	The project turned out to be quite successful and even recaptured part of the user base from Nwn.
aa9a3c7ec029fcee4c3082b9aec02b55af2d9480	Just like in Nwn, the fights were similar, there was PvP (although later it was spoiled by a huge number of cheaters, with whom Sierra did nothing) and guilds.
2d4f4fcc781dd5b29b21d975b9e53389ed2308c2	The game largely copied the ideas of its competitor.
8c0c96fc5b1c57939cca114ede7038f52795c92c	But The Shadow of Yserbius had more role playing players, there were even large RP guilds.
abc329d73e6f065e232a9093ec0e6beee24f2581	Remembering The Shadow of Yserbius, many players remember the tavern, a place of active communication between players, in which something was constantly happening: games, contests, heated discussions...
604080d86a607dce08d6fe141a0a6780b3733ba6	The game on the Sierra On Line servers flew out to players for a pretty penny.
ee36d389fb64dda6d63c80209c6ed5d5eee17777	There was an hourly payment.
e4b1c6e2eeefa2a3aa7e8dc7351b2532e801dead	Then they added the ability to play as much as you want for $120 per month, although this service was later canceled.
bb5556b667ec7ddb63f41fcc3b5f43e22a75e878	In 1996, AOL, in an attempt to remove a competitor, bought the rights to the game and closed it.
5c2655f151f265f47bae7dad9f5b0f9afcd1c4be	According to rumors, The Shadow of Yserbius cost them $40 million.
0c711ba5d65e4fecb4b6ed854f3577a9ffcd73c6	Nexus: The Kingdom of the Winds, another MMORPG, was released in 1996 in Korea.
fa85dbf22935fa87af607e6e73da87395a52a16a	A year later, the beta test began in the United States and by 1998 the project became commercial.
989f7140ab670b5049c4a6cf0540704cb9c2c4d4	The developers of this game were the first to think of making 2D graphics more expressive, making the game stylized for anime.
5d7da8ff50357db1ef22d0f15abf4638d32839f4	In 1999, the game broke the then record, collecting 12263 players on its servers at the same time.
2b1924cb6e852e4508201c4f3bb222b0bbddaa0c	Lineage is considered to be the ideological heir of this particular game.
5dc62b032d36331c71db19dd2dcd6c5e308cdabb	Nexus is still afloat and has a certain number of fans.
e72dd7c447e7e1bc0b479417a159f3530f994f7d	In September 1996, 3DO released Meridian 59, which is considered the very first 3D MMORPG.
eeefba63dcb9f0a74c977db96f31271bac58efc7	The game placed great emphasis on PvP, but its content, of course, was not limited to PvP alone.
eca6207adb173fa934ea67b8fe7b721ced9ce976	Unlike other MMORPGs, Meridian 59 built the gameplay not around classes, but around the characteristics of each character, which need to be pumped separately.
548887947d2ce83629c1908640c2320e4f3c81b0	Health was pumped up as monsters were killed, and in order to pump mana, it was necessary to explore the world and find special "mana points".
727a531d8842122eea7eeff01f52d9f5582a6203	The magic was postro ena is based on 6 schools, each of which corresponds to one God of the local pantheon.
101aa9a8f40889ab9a21127abf7794c7869e89d0	There are 8 addons for the game.
6a271ac2b5d6fe7b4cf4bbb2f16e0005d09b6c6c	December 31, 1996, Sierra On line gives players a wonderful New Year's gift in the form of The Realm Online.
7a3c328fdc46ddd72c0b5ff52fa62c234bc95e5e	The gameplay in the game is simple, relatively modern MMO, but this gameplay also finds its fans.
4e552a19d07964f871b4593214ae7dfda290596c	Classic hiking battles, pleasant (not technologically, but in terms of design) cartoon graphics and a good plot (in an online game) keep players even now.
1c656281eeed72b8ce657ba14832faac52ce6c0a	Chapter 4 The Birth of the Queen or " Viva Ultima!"
03528f4136186e5de777f3ab967175b67a0e38ae	The rebirth of the genre began with the idea of Richard Galiott about creating an online world ten times more developed than any other.
ea6cd4087d9beda97e4e535ae82328cf7bdb9d5b	Garliott dreamed of seeing an MMORPG with thousands of players simultaneously exploring one world, a world with thousands of features and features.
6360273072c8b8d4dba99332d3b046fcf6253dc4	Creating such a large scale project would cost a lot of money, so EA wanted to minimize the risk of failure.
5c46097fcf73f0108a57f187cef48373e2f75fcc	Therefore, the world of Ultima, already known to the playing public, was chosen as the setting of the new game.
cee765051ac6e3ef77261df818428ee106052c6d	When creating Ultima Online, the developers took into account a huge number of social, psychological and economic factors, they created a game that could not fail to "shoot".
45b88511074e9d4170e0a0adc857f51f792cf1ca	And she "shot".
90c4f0a771c01bc58e3e5d751ac9a89a98dcf9a2	In six months after the launch, Ultima has collected a subscriber base of over 100,000 players.
e75c22a24a6537ca21048fceaa3273ec336a4a17	This was facilitated by the wonderful Ultima settig, exciting gameplay, interesting PvP and a well developed crafting system.
631bf5b6b94f83551e6ab0281b23231b96896b58	Since the release, the game has changed very often, addons have introduced something new, the gameplay has changed, technical amendments have been made, etc.
bcc635f4cb331ea72ec1e1d5852cfd855f9457ee	Thus, Ultima can be called the first regularly updated MMORPG.
3306cb6cef67fa7e0bd73bbc222a0eab31016aa0	Ultima not only paved the way for a new generation MMORPG, but it is still a very successful project itself.
159c5cb6c867e3acdc18af16a5722e0a75b09a48	Chapter 5 MMORPG after the Ultima.
260c690474634075230acb63b97ef6c6070a79b5	After the resounding success of Ultima, many studios decided to create large scale MMORPGs.
ce6592474bbdc9930969bf60ff7f2b5666f3afec	It was then that the golden era for onliners began.
6d6d3973560a78c07412e0ae6406167a7ad16ff5	In the same 1999, Turbine Entertainment Software releases Asheron's Call.
73a01da515c296d3e7e96e8a879ecb4b32290e70	In this game, the developers abandoned the standard fantasy races and created a huge number of their own.
c6ee91c8859b083e73c5e06df9caead99402a42e	The game was constantly updated, every month something new was added: quests, monsters, locations, etc.
a1544c3dfb78eeeedf82b34aaf74190a019946df	In addition to monthly updates, the Dark Majesty addon was also released in 2001, which further polished this already excellent game.
91ee3ad55e99b43b57f8f57fe8fb553b499f79b6	In 2001, Dark Age of Camelot was released, a great MMORPG in a mythological (albeit with significant deviations from mythology) setting.
38ce843f55a42ecbcc08f3b6ec0611eaecbd36f6	Many people remember the game for its great PvP mode Realm vs Realm (RvR).
8c897e08eee7243e265b320f399fef7d4a9694f6	Players of the three kingdoms (Albion, Midgard and Hibernia) fought among themselves, earning money, Realm Points and Bounty Points.
fb50630f416f85e575e09dccccf5269baa562cfa	Realm Points gave ranks that allowed you to unlock new skills.
4cdc862f815edec1007984a4bcfa054b88e9bce8	The game was also distinguished by a very strong community of roleplayers.
0607787fb8b2e340bdd15cf1f8f0b9093e344333	In June of the same 2001, Anarchy Online was released by Funcom.
e311609dd085262db78dc81eb7b089c5071c058b	Funcom did not follow the beaten path, creating another fantasy world, they built their game in the cyberpunk sci fi universe.
fbb3e2854c98bf8f2230b53f4a754fd4ef092275	The game came out extremely memorable.
4e413e04257cc6baf67356f0f6db83e32a5acb7b	The cyberpunk world turned out to be extremely attractive for players who are tired of standard fantasy.
82e3d9439676b6546805f85c88c2fba9c1d25128	PvP in the game is based on the confrontation between the Omni Tek Corporation and the clans.
41b4b6bcb53cda2c65f8658e2d5413c7f3f8bc0d	The game is still popular, you can play without addons without paying any subscription fee.
4b65ff44530ff8fc3a2d8fbac7c22e1ea6d81b21	It is mandatory for all fans of the genre to familiarize themselves with.
dd355e62e2180a595f4bc79ef58a6a4d9c81b3ce	There were also MMORPGs on consoles.
42343802a91aad4ddaf0b63f7dbdb1e2e98d991d	The first of them was Phantasy Star Online, released in 2000 on the Sega Dreamcast.
c5723515dcd60f035cf1b1f6a89c58865eea49c3	The game was later ported to PC (though only in Asia), Xbox and Nintendo GameCube.
17c27f38fb1f8f9fce3206529a7029838ebe4309	For the first time, emoticons and the unique Word Select system were widely used in the game.
4d6fac9a73b43cef8206f791da63e21f126c3de3	In Word Select, players could communicate by composing phrases from templates, which, when output, were automatically translated for other players into the language they had in their settings.
a0afca2cd1354e00886b7e3432850b22f108b643	Thus, it was the first (and hopefully not the last) system of interlanguage communication in an MMORPG.
ebf9476b3cadc5a73aa517fa2572a0aaf1546779	The second feature was a very inconvenient choice of servers - the game itself chooses the server for the player, not allowing him to play where he wants (later this really changed).
0e44e4034d23aea92d7efba18636c17a4f53d479	In 2002, the Korean studio Gravity Corp released Ragnarok Online.
61755c0a240f5865611b19dd75c996d8956478d8	RO went through the Asian MMO market like a hurricane, collecting 25 million (!!!) registered accounts.
b1c5c49b4f4e27f1d30f22a5971d9f9a239cfa69	In the West, the game did not cause such a furor, but it still became quite popular.
3ff706377d02b2bd871cd83bd824f50af8577ccc	The game was based on the famous Manhwa (Korean comics), which significantly affected its success.
45c508dc97327caa4e4dac12ec948163ffb21ca8	RO is paid differently in different countries.
92f27a77817f6c77518b9e105071cb29e701e6c7	Somewhere they charge a subscription fee, and somewhere (as in Russia) the game is absolutely free, but there are paid premium accounts with their own bonuses.
d01f5ecac30aa9dd38addfabb82fa0dc6a02eeac	In 2003, Wolfpack Studios created, and Ubisoft released the game Shadowbane.
95814e37d6689c24f54f292d88b3b4816fe49469	The main idea of the project was an autonomous world, dependent only on players: players build cities, own them and destroy the cities of other players.
b459f69949e272ed2e15e3caafb79b93436e2365	The game is a constant war between the cities of the players.
c62f1f3396afe5cfb6f1a036d83f5c35e0e4614d	The game turned out to be quite specific and did not pay off, so from March 15, 2006, it became free, but now includes advertising.
dc2eda4c63c6491245801442b3bc753b9e482be7	Many people may be scared off by the lack of quests, but PvP in Shadowbane is considered one of the best in the genre.
0b8ad8f2b1eab07b17a051bcf89fab7d91b9db23	Chapter 5 Modern MMOs.
ee516425a260a223156ee5584df25a9ffb0f0eb9	It is worth paying tribute to Crowd Control Productions, who decided to take a rather bold step - the creation of a large scale online cosmosim.
644b4f5f353f20c5d9c3cc62cb5538cb55a6c224	The game world is very dependent on the players.
19a0191143445f139edf50d81d072de9b5f6c6dd	The game is not divided into servers, all players live in one huge world, in prime time hours the number of online players reaches more than 30,000 people.
d28d499b21db2d1f0a7e26521aa0974f160f363d	Naturally, to withstand such a number of players, you need a server of amazing power.
7d6f9a68c9497da81af7d3ebb9854df9dcdf893d	The main EVE server (in addition to the test two) is Tranquility - the most powerful supercomputer in the gaming industry.
755fc0736bccf19284659a296cc50cb717ac10a1	Despite the complexity and unusual nature, EVE firmly holds its position in the market.
14a2041696565b634f4f65529b65ece5ada8406a	In the same year, 2003, the well known Lineage II was released, which is currently the second most popular in the world with about 2.5 million active subscribers.
70e2b872ba023019fabfd4df9870e662a86f2a37	The game in fact does not contain a single fresh idea.
6b7e384752799973bd54dfceae0d2d36914e6b03	The gameplay consists of a continuous swing on monsters, PvP ganks and large scale sieges.
a5ed2c6b251a59ed37ed52fdaa881ea4cc0fab89	There are a huge number of pirated Lineage II servers on the network.
53c2c178ad4222cb3b74eff316d3da7e89dcf7d4	At the moment, 5 additions have been released to the game.
1d61585467605c11fe608de66e714ff92231a7a6	In 2004, Cryptic Studios released City of Heroes, and in 2005 - City of Villains.
2616fabeadfa990d3b1abebc7b942d0fd51348cf	Players try on the role of superheroes/supervillains.
27cbfb9ea501e3d39973a080b25820753c7075a2	The idea is quite original.
cafadac889c239d049d732ce7a59d4c0b9fc4a81	The main memorable feature of the game is its huge visual diversity: thousands of players look bright and different from each other (although there are doubles).
c23f559ce2151357a2dece439511450b83adeab9	In general, a fairly ordinary, though outwardly bright game.
b5d4d47c003d931b6f29725135239e33c5c8e900	On June 26, 2003, Sony Online Entertainment pleased fans of Star Wars with the game Star Wars Galaxies.
fae1ec79f2e808088ad0b3fcfb940f018db81e29	The game and all its addons were adored by fans of the Far distant galaxy, until later SOE ditched the game, turning the entire game mechanics upside down.
8e36e34150c335f87c1150e66d9f9ae318e3589b	Since then, fans have considered the game "dead".
a7ecca83dddf612525b349a9cfe711c8ab420d6d	The year 2004 was a turning point for the genre in a sense.
ec14260e9a22ee64fb33746c46c2845b1786e2fc	2 heavyweight titans have been released: EverQuest II from Sony Online Entertainment and World of Warcraft from Blizzard Entertainment.
c690b071944474256ba53c615fbddefb2b38b019	SOE's plans to dominate the MMO markets of their EC2 were not destined to come true.
83a116ff785f0c8a03e8da2d985336ff7a02fe3d	Blizzard's debut in the online genre turned out to be very successful.
4b72cf53ce43555971d17518f77e2617f08c34c2	A big role in the success of the game was played by the popularity of the Warcraft setting and the perfectly thought out PR company of the game.
751d019c765169cba655420ee5611eb037a1a646	EverQuest II, being an amazing game, could not take the place of the leader.
7acc4db343c432074de3c2d5a5f69b5b3bcac245	He was not even able to lure the player base from the first part.
2c73dd2d3630c71bec0361d58da6d79aa9656166	But it is also a fairly successful project with a huge number of fans around the world.
f0fd7c4c9a3b070fce40f8ea1bc68b36ae1da65e	In 2005, ArenaNet, consisting largely of ex Blizzards, released Guild Wars an MMORPG with a fundamentally new financial model.
0a3d26098319ac7e44b7fce172fc112be14b5838	The game does not require a subscription fee, you only pay for the activation of a particular campaign.
295f904c50d2f3f965d455d2b46d1cfb182be2f5	Campaigns are separate parts of GW, which can be combined on one account, or can be activated separately.
136aa6d66fa1459f9955fdfcaeac46f8991c2c27	In addition to the campaigns, 1 expansion pack was also released, which is not a stand alone product.
e9296db3a6d39b1c2d4010b9eb9d1808b5dfe38a	The key features of GW are the instance model of the world (all locations outside the cities are instances for players and their groups) and the plot, the development of which resembles offline games.
2542b34d8a511d2c4a35513732ed72a085027853	Chapter 6 - What's next?
9aa900eb8e7315e38b26dcf339c49c7c49910667	The future of the genre seems to be quite predictable - developers will continue to "borrow" each other's ideas and create clones of games.
49b374d624da92657e751d2c64fb3c57b24ee0d1	But prediction is a thankless task, so it's better to just wait for Age of Conan: Hyborian Adventures, Warhammer Online, Guild Wars 2 and wait for new announcements of games that may, like Ultima once, become a turning point for the genre.
5cc1e4622cf34aa4981c83de4bb546dd85684e5b	This article is only the author's view of things and is not the ultimate truth.
8ff1e7df619946c21e350ca630f1a0de42cdce5d	By Sainor
30c4e8772f96db8174f3740f13616adec5e6f880	Last edited by Saint;
15773d30fe3da61c76f76a3d73c3614d44f3d5ea	05.03.2009 at 12: 06.
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1386f96e19b2dfcc6311974b91e33271591e4dbd	16.10.2007, 13:14
90da948dd49ffc3bea1f56a4d5fa633674a0e699	-=Mindell=-
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40105fb6fbe85a9244b44fb0eda43e4141407f58	There was an article on this topic in gambling addiction, I remember.
687cf2711657a7046e8594a23a0cf286bc99732b	__________________
027000d2000453c5cd880701effb7a7eecb7ef17	The whole world is for people, but what are people for if they are not for themselves?
6f8829e41f50e76266ee8053c16d2685a234c279	- Maxim Gorky
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41dfd634ea7a1b1c9ba66f63589e7794c60cd253	16.10.2007, 15:21
8c4030ad7f09d62ffbfae1c99a707c4ce3b2bde7	Message from -=Mindell=-
2786c2670d84f83c6ed732194046da61f6790692	So what?)
1fb84ffa816284cdcfdceeb7585cde4ae2ee52ba	This does not prevent us from doing our own)
d17f1554f91b420c5aa8e844295d807bb17be780	23.12.2007, 12:12
efefd5a36ce1b9c8c7a28b776a1b77ea2947b0f1	#4
b386df771fe9de7d80c0d31d134e6f77edde1ed7	UnclDeD
183d8b42604942fc08e22115c82daafd95d84a9f	An experienced player
e94a0d4fa2fdad49b3149b6e163b883240bce0cc	Registration: 27.12.2006
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f10c8e0839944e642b8ae47350c6b917bae17f42	Very interesting and informative.
c33466efc1685201bbe6afe486a93447e231d47e	I learned a little new for myself.
70aa514b41f7f1edf149adc01a7d5edbd8d23af5	laboure comme l'esclave aux galères
872d797e28e05be922bb916b2b27ed7088f130b4	User Menu uncled View profile Send a private message for uncled Find more messages from uncled
0758b4e60502bd2612f575135e645409b50cd30a	25.09.2008, 21:59
8772a62a97ff8dcdfb1f2d30c306c754efb820d7	#5
b88ef972f6b89945a8ce664f85c798271ade5a97	turt
60575a6ebba9f780b4312324662169830d12bea1	Beginner
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897f515ed5d7cb2ddb7d555b1a36e0b1b4176cf1	The article is cool.
45b2b6f0651483a1e0ccbcf702b8b65e35a5decd	I read it and learned something interesting.
35b38c6613a522a81d3db70847f7e7535f8e244e	Menu of the user turt View profile Send a private message for turt Find more messages from turt
e82a973ab3a47bf0b2e1b93429c85c43ad03c7e8	26.09.2008, 10:02
a1dadd3e6b06f827050b836922bb27d3f9cdd7b1	#6
d4d037a71ac43cc3b473fb42bc6ed02f11036671	YagamiLait
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6d6df03f4a84b7a3fd246a9969a3b28082a3335c	lucky that the fans of l2 for the most part are "niasilyat", and then they will be offended very much
63c9e369c95f0f22bf0d2ca5d6f5bf870a4d9da7	YagamiLait user menu View profile Find more messages from YagamiLait
97f36139b83ecde12efe768bda9637df43e6820d	26.09.2008, 11:44
7e262a212c475453190878e68dba8e8a75028bf7	#7
f31d8f50f978538fecf10b65ef01ca5cf97fe383	Message from YagamiLait
6e66c8a2b5977266e1b1ab112e899c34daf9ceb5	and then they will be very offended
82eba271e2d1dd5cc6d75772d6dd50f9858c394b	Who cares?
16fa4a42fe97e265a468482108d0fd34513ff823	05.03.2009, 12:02
b71ea9d4581b5ec0f3246a059873fc39b7750948	#8
709399c0a2ac4c0ef6af68e42541f17f7d6231ca	Light kun
4a134ca158c966f258bc51c2b2b108b866922699	I'm afraid of plasticine!
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06c86dbbb7b9ce62f9c86747c309db01f1309329	It's so interesting, I read it with pleasure.
c3dfe1a4634b27b3f102d44c9ee445d38fb3be49	Light kun user menu View profile Send a private message to Light kun Visit the Light kun homepage Find more messages from Light kun
e4ff8e19654fdb25f18bc14768acb59b0f48ba5b	05.03.2009, 13:37
f8c575e6ac040a3bd69f70e8d187a2a075a60dc6	#9
fbd46c2953f24e92209f763397adf5f66a0a9977	temper
d43e82ee5ca589e08b70aa64b6247eb07d3bce02	Registration: 05.03.2009
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4f3ce4c53b18dc9d72dd2f2f4c1e5cd0b458c3e6	As for me, the MMORPG itself appeared in 1997, only the first mmorpg was ultma, and all that before that was RPG games with the ability to play over the network.
ac09ca52c1257f154ff8e31ce371b99630849207	Actually mmorpg is that there is a world in which there is a life story, etc., and the players live in it.
40636c4720df36d3e8a87429e0a6786bb70e18b3	And to create a network game to play zaseyvit and continue - is this an mmorpg?
350bfd8159ee437408b7db4ce6a6c594527b6f4d	Menu of the user temper View profile Find more messages from temper
f9f0aae5740b7ffc6bfa72452473489f13a377f3	05.03.2009, 15:51
5d67719f7eed450536179a97bf2086b94636be94	#10
fe3a34aefc81b0c7061c61accee4923310aeb206	GrinDeWald
a667ed11c532ce5e0a94ba867ad4bf23f422a4e2	Registration: 16.10.2007
a71958750d4dc7428931134d3b5e4e2728c50edf	Address: Matrix
85eefa2a263c0283340958b9fcde8e8805a10b7e	Posts: 362
c5e92bacac02263acc9e57f623d8169c01da26cb	Reputation: 52 [+/-]
4055a9edc5745e7220bac764e4bed10981a22e1f	but there are really no fresh ideas in l2.
1fbadc8d5130f069b5868fb74b4adae691cfa24a	if there was at least an atmosphere in c1, then it was completely killed by stupid borrowings and "simplification" of the game.
5c0a80cd5eb171e9f912881fd8866d3526588027	in general, l2 is like diablo 2 only with increased complexity and a large world.
da8c6eee2931632bcfba3c24f09e09d3be96ecb5	GrinDeWald user menu View profile Find more messages from GrinDeWald
cde890c36f8bb751256bd7708bde93f26d353e11	05.03.2009, 18:10
67e6903c6eca49a71274b3a23b75058602bb2ac2	#11
9a621dd850d25bba06d500a86b1cdcbaeb630ed1	Message from GrinDeWald
23ec0b2e71c23edfc67dff31649d1710851eeb08	And you actually played in other chronicles besides c1?
6cb4951fb93866ab23d9c9e9961b6fe0c27e4d20	And in general, did you achieve something in c1?
70ffa80a6888a9bfbc59ede61ad78ebbdfe0c8ed	What is not a post so C1 is God in it and the rest is subcoding.
8f43bc7e27f2fd8bd94fbb8e0aa81869e5a176f2	UPD I donot see any semantic connection with this post.
7954115cfcc091a92ebcee696d1ebf633b3e66a9	in general, l2 is like diplo2
eecbe83512fcf86c02f8611591b976b8540684b0	Let's also compare mmorpg games with simple RPGs.
9a52a0f186517f346ad63a0b7f8501ed7a9cc062	05.03.2009, 19:04
5ec367ab499a8ed27ccde6ebc800decd1fd1f8b1	#12
9143c5c1101f9a0ffab268e50687387a8bc49a1d	//offtop
852c6956a2cdc81ecfaa858a086651b395a1df04	let's go without let's go.
c38987c18da6524dfc93005fb6b8f34b96120084	I have nothing to share with you.
06acc4369e0344f36d3132a24400474bf507cdb3	05.03.2009, 21:47
aebe1e762e1fba73bf193d139b98a21bab8faa4b	#13
b1675a394e27659d357db7c7f6bd4d278d96224c	Raisiel
18e708cd8adc98ea082f70d97d5acf5279dce941	Registration: 24.10.2007
280dba66855e0a422176cbdf4650cfa9973423ce	Posts: 215
c65a0a47643a781e903e416bc1ee43c6e561ad24	Reputation: 279 [+/-]
7fbf5d722cc2c3a435da2b3ff87abd6437e3e66b	Message from temper
d4f1bbb17f91d7ece6d5065a2adb657b8e2b7f3e	write('forum_',{write{random}('papko','warrior','t roll')},'_detected.');
2236d9f2e1f95652bed8509c0ef5e5906092864a	where is it written?
55f67cd63bf010293655b2fb7d71880409d0cccf	If for garlic, I also want to have sex, but my conscience would not allow this, because it smacks of selfishness.
4df24cad5f7d793d3be281dfff37f8aa3712be5e	Raisiel user menu View profile Send a private message to Raisiel Find more messages from Raisiel
514f58bfdffad18bc721862cdf7eab6031074e61	05.03.2009, 22:59
83f5196ad5d2230249741c12195a97c10606ece1	#14
3cbaa513d72eff7e65c471ec37e1b6c53a00ccb5	Mink
260127940efbbd89fd4d728284d54d974329efa6	Registration: 05.10.2007
83a691c3cea7d17b273b35720c8dfadc7706e54c	Posts: 20
0aaa16df8d931fbe41e8ab7521c2ea63aff2d4ac	Reputation: 28 [+/-]
74294da7480a30ace6bb6bacece09c7f54be26cf	this is about whether it is possible to call Neverwinter an mmo
8f7753fb388a4d4f08ddeca9287f998a2b406c53	Mink User menu View profile Send a private message to Mink Find more messages from Mink
77a851543d12f24d4ca55a7b3b141913158f130b	08.03.2009, 04:20
e6292f6044c5745debaad2d4eeae17590bc9a680	#15
0d95a2ebb037f81b1e74a2fbdca5b89d72d3b7fc	Message from Mink
1c432611bd36d5d1930809306f0de286ac64b550	Kitty, these are different neverwinters -_-
fa22680296e3713bda3ab24a944b421c4d5410c3	08.03.2009, 11:35
d8a1b721d189016c3bc82fe1dc98be686d2b8f18	#16
8b7c566e461eeb5e7f60460a1d736dd96b524874	I'm not a pussy for you, and I somehow distinguish 1991 from 2002
cde0f5e01c591ec88a0eb21cbba5acff28e6131f	with the same success, it was possible to add some "Heroes" to the list, there was also a game on the network
2675d539e10e9c36d87871c162847e4dbaf3e252	11.03.2009, 11:57
c50863b15bf532c9305f22c2d6591a49a16ac82c	#17
9ce6e573762b993893b83f597f3ad3b13ff441e5	Fors@ge
61617b666e9c4acabc9f850586f898d037e0c4a7	Registration: 03.05.2006
a414c26aec4e944f0dc5ef4ec2eb461c56cf87c8	With messages: 410
5af04a6c0604b878c9f0d9167434c5107591b7d5	Reputation: 65 [+/-]
d2fd06eb83c312ba434c505acdced2f8ea74f39f	Neverwinter Nights (not to be confused with the 2002 Neverwinter Nigts from Bioware)
91a0bd181e0adaf88bc435d0f3086b5abb9d1286	of course, I do not pretend to world domination, but I must somehow not read the beginning and the end, right?
78bd7ccff8b5a6a7bda36f8826c428833693e7b9	Cujusvis hominis est errare; nullius, nisi insipientis in errore perseverare.
8661870ee8e3c67fe489acd85d86eeef90cb7bdb	(Everyone tends to make mistakes, but only a fool persists in his mistake)
99972ab4464974b9c03ad9ba35b0cea3c1d14505	Fors@ge user menu View profile Send a private message to Fors@ge Find more messages from Fors@ge
d6a72a600d464f91b23544b4ebdbc521241b4914	06.05.2009, 09:10
22c7fd0a851d46e484d94ca90dca2dd68783d4cf	#18
78569bec29138ad046152397a86838461f7a3278	Earring
9d3efcad8f65ee2f64f3c7c18ec21ff1777c0f47	Registration: 06.05.2009
d95b7b5365ff0cfe5a1755ffb207fca3477e738c	The article was interesting, despite the fact that there was already a gambling addiction
9813ea7a005e54a5ecd94f1909e6072e04c3134b	Menu of the user Earring View profile Send a private message for Earring Find more messages from Earring
600f55ff69a3c48139b49f9b2cb46e51186f90d4	06.05.2009, 13:04
268603c97f9a64a3991b27ee3a8ccf322e81c7bd	#19
8eb5d4719ecf2154519c303546a0910a70ee5e06	Vanta11a
82a9b71d1b50834b60ab1e7c761fd90c58383f01	The Berserk Hamster
7508c85c2b7000efd20a072b08d437ccf974e685	Registration: 16.06.2005
eb8b17b4187e456dc87e2f2c6e63f54afc1399cc	Address: Rashemen
7529a3eeaf208adbbecca160331a007a23d736d3	Posts: 1,985
5a4323bd5901f02dec220a6b110748f9d6b858d3	Necroposter detektid!.
94997b24591682ad4d7a21fda57b0efa5d3f10a2	TK, moved to the archive.
fe3eefccfd226c82e3a235af9fa3b1207a1df5d2	1.9.8.4.
c204a39ff0729043bdecb21a4695fb5596e03a42	__________________ Amicus verus cognoscitur amore, more, ore, re And life can be different, both poor and carefree
7e7f16b6fa6fe2f97040aaf0ac4939cb5fcbe184	And even infinite, well, maybe not at all.
ab66b6560cd891f03a5c0fbc1b30a2507fb66e43	You do not forget, and do not betray
1db71c0d76b2e1001642d722a2a1460c8f8bd0f4	And donot sell your merry laughter
131e17cee89a8691f409195cf5357c45dfa4cb3f	Vanta11a User Menu View profile Send a private message to Vanta11a Visit the Vanta11a homepage Find more messages from Vanta11a
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12d4de5ddd6963e57016815d3b63d15ae3eec886	Massively multiplayer online role playing game
6491975184646364c2aba550bb574895faa6d24a	The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on April 28, 2016; checks require 9 edits.
7e08c9acdd5647d0e681b045edbd92a5dc1d94d8	A massively multiplayer online role — playing game or MMORPG (eng. Massively multiplayer online role playing game, MMORPG) is a computer game in which the genre of role playing games is combined with the genre of mass online games.
7738af7bd1fc68279c01a39abbc763367eaa14d9	As in any other role playing game, the player assumes the role of a character (often belonging to a fantasy or science fiction world) and begins to control the variety of his actions.
a82c66a5516266c41f90b233a68be5fc3e6258da	MMORPGs differ from single player or small multiplayer online role playing games not only in the number of players, but also in the constantly existing game world (which is usually supported by the forces of the game publisher), existing regardless of the exit of an individual player from it.
8d4e0274c308b36de124cfec259fc294c7101773	By 2008, the subscription fee for Western players had grown to US$1.4 billion[3].
2c424caff92c4d65ac7c86f063c1fdcdf0b18fea	In World of Warcraft, a popular MMORPG, there were more than 7 million players in 2013[4].
6fbd847a8372af39d296565238ef6f5e8be418e8	After the launch of Star Wars in 2011: The Old Republic was declared "the most rapidly developing MMORPG in history" due to the fact that more than 1 million players were attracted to it within 3 days[5][6].
91ebbadbf48951ee84022186bc4ca970d4983389	1 General features 1.1 Subject 1.2 Development 1.3 Social interaction 1.4 Role playing game 1.5 Culture 1.6 Architectural features
f295ddab14cdebd31c419ae66e76269bad35d544	2 History 3 Psychology 4 Economics 5 Development 5.1 Independent development
32b0c4a4287692ce892a25378b96162b1698635e	6 Trends 6.1 Dedicated zones on demand 6.2 User Content 6.3 Licensing 6.4 MMORPGs for Game consoles 6.5 Browser MMORPGs 6.6 MMORPGs for smartphones 6.7 AMMORPGS.
b9a008984d1c199536e7742d02a75d927d105774	7 Notes 8 References
49c0f882ef140c91421b57df83fe7f918eff41d9	General features[edit / edit wiki text]
793310f9576a17c1766f76254d9602506e155866	Modern MMORPGs are very significantly different from their early representatives, but they all share a number of fundamental features.
8cf9ec22bd8086de5abe071d4b59c4af90328a68	These may include a constantly existing game environment, various forms of character development, social game interactions, the culture of the game world, architectural features, group membership, and personalization of game characters.
4ca1dcfa475ba2e60ffd47d6e06b8c4f5e81ee4a	Subject[edit / edit wiki text]
d919ec1680bdf8c690235dcc57ec8dc166a06dc9	Most modern MMORPGs are based on the theme of traditional fantasy, while their game universe can often echo the Dungeons & Dragons universe.
c1eea9f7b11665dfe4840dcbf3ddd339bf1d9a91	There are also hybrid themes in which certain aspects of fantasy merge or are replaced by those from the worlds of science fiction, "sword and magic" or crime novels.
e46b16682c2bc1e6f35044fe7ef05c0608f18ce5	MMORPGs can also borrow material for the universe from American comics, occultism and other genres.
6deef28df1b20b2ba237e7e01fe4ed6dfe5a9284	In games, these aspects are often reinterpreted and presented in the form of such typical tasks and situations as quests, monsters and player loot.
dc353cd7db4ad38cd63ee9c1972dd052a4bedff1	Development[edit / edit wiki text]
f4c7c85739ce44f7c2087f33072335a5e7805b8b	The accumulation of wealth (including items useful in battle) is also an element of development in MMORPGs in itself and is also, often, the best way to achieve it in battles.
8cc4ce929e0c5ae9bc4afd1f7ebc2c0def90916f	Game cycle defined these principles (of the battle, unlocking new items that open access to new battles, etc. without significant changes to the gameplay), sometimes in a negative light are compared with a running wheel for rodents, and is known among players as a "grind" (PDF).
79751d1c8d25db34b7390fafcd3650fa170183b0	Role playing game Progress Quest was created as a parody of this trend.
529dba5233de0eb3e9f67c53274651ba38b46fc3	In EVE Online, a character learns skills depending on real time, experience points in it are not a measure of development.
f8c3be59e557bb9d8bce9624e1cda2b9bf4422e6	In some MMORPGs, the maximum character level is not limited, which allows players to accumulate experience points indefinitely.
3311be41f15a61061a414f7f7755f59830a084f2	In such MMORPGs, the most developed characters are often glorified on the site of the corresponding game, their names and parameters are entered on the pages of the highest game achievements, etc . Another common practice is to set the maximum level of the game character, which is often referred to as the"ceiling".
9d89abb9845cbba7281e3bf4e845149e6c7a1028	After reaching it, the character's development strategy changes.
ffe840c1e966e582b6da15540f2449e528501d34	Instead of a reward in the form of experience points, the character after completing tasks and completing dungeons will receive game currency or equipment, which allows you to keep the player motivated to continue the game.
94fdb5faea6f1e5c5f1bf0a4eb18134dffe8e260	Often, with the development of a character, an increasing amount of equipment becomes available to the character, which allows you to give it a more aesthetic appearance, as well as emphasize the achievements of a particular character.
53a55ee09cad3961692d47a9cddedd144cf55083	These sets of weapons and armor, known in the game environment as "high level", significantly add competitiveness to the character both in typical boss battles and in battles between players.
4cb89d6c8e66db70f0d3aa776a56fe049c526251	The motivation of players comes from the desire to get ahead of others in the possession of similar items, which are the determining factor in the success of all events related to battles.
ec44ce1e34ef7839e932555e547d0ccfab1f1d86	Sometimes this leads to a change in the priorities of the player, who begins to avoid some real world events in order to" keep up " with the events of the virtual world.
1297a481a8cfb6fa04b22cb009f562713512cb3f	Social interaction[edit / edit wiki text]
38222b0927378e491429cd3bb7160d093ddaee45	If the game mechanics do not provide for such, players can independently form such associations, including using non game means of communication.
9f4f3a99d6e6b51f3f3be1f99eea5dfd271f25bd	As a rule, such communities interact exclusively via the Internet, but sometimes cellular communication is also used, usually as an "emergency" way to urgently call clansmen online.
4e74bee92fe901b37ef88ab5af4d7ed12308510e	There are also gaming communities organized according to the territorial principle or based on non virtual social connections - friends (sometimes relatives), neighbors in the dormitory, students of some educational institution, etc.
d82c861935813dadc8243d0dec8c6c3625aeacf7	In most MMORPGs, to access certain parts of the game, you need to play in a fairly well played community.
483262402417ae1566d604bf128df18e55b5650d	In such cases, each player must perform the role assigned to him, for example, protect other players from damage (the so called "tanking"), "heal" the damage received by team members or deal damage to enemies.
6a7e263bb6b5a25f73efa3580bef6f696fc61ad7	Role playing game[edit / edit wiki text]
40b8b9e6c6663a4a6031e8f011b9112ebc0d415a	In most MMORPGs, the player is offered a choice of different types of game classes.
a36a7ca8e8059ec2a09146db0082f0122f6af7cf	Among all the players, only a small part practices playing the role of their character, and, as a rule, the game has the necessary functions and content for this.
84e66f7ad36633948c4de8dce672c6b4393451f1	To support fans of the role playing style of the game, there are resources created by the community of players such as forums and reference books.
b1b5a852b9e158d786e70c37f5ae1c3139f32f9a	For example, if a player wants to play the role of a priest, he can purchase a mouthguard in the game world, learn the skills appropriate for a priest by the character, as well as copy the manner of conversation, behavior and interaction with other real priests.
1dec0158f27c1c30add94cf3b5b7692fd9ee35d0	In this case, the player can pursue or not pursue the achievement of wealth or experience.
415f1d8d7cefd8d116ab18bdc5ebc243792086e1	Guilds aimed at role playing games can create long detailed descriptions based on the setting and resources of the game world[10].
feebfca0b87b0712f83378ffc0ac2266372f8802	Culture[edit / edit wiki text]
ce5a984a19d925d89cd0d9a012d47f4140d19cca	Players often complain about "grind" (a slang term for repetitive and time consuming routine activities in MMORPGs) or talk about" buffs "and" nerfs " (strengthening or simplifying certain elements of the game mechanics, respectively).
2a62fbfd9dcce2ce343da53f6a3c92952f1505fb	There are discussions in various gaming media about the long term impact of game abuse.
a4f6504d6e14056ad5e316c70ab5c44d1d39da33	The forums of the non profit organization On Line Gamers Anonymous are full of stories about players who have abandoned social and family responsibilities, lost their jobs for the benefit of their"virtual life".
3b68990ab402292f523fdb216015e23673e11533	Architecture features[edit / edit wiki text]
0fd334f4839b7647f30fd37a9479ba62877421cc	Most modern MMORPGs use a client server network architecture.
dcfa64701abbb55c671f4771c4e633a059dc1892	Through the client program, the player can access either the entire game world without restrictions, or only the basic part of the game, while access to some areas from the "extensions" of the game may require additional payment for this content.
52da105e5a71caec7209a226c32abc7f65fa29e8	Examples of games using the second model are EverQuest and Guild Wars.
8c1c4c7a5da8f3042eb13b75ddcbb7932ebb6328	Usually, players must purchase a client program once, but an increasing trend for MMORPGs is the use of such a pre available "thin client" as a browser.
36493abab80a19981b1d966a7d36696d539a3b89	To play some MMORPGs, you need to buy a monthly subscription.
3adcb0b45ca954e691974802b37044acbb509609	By definition, all "massively multiplayer" games take place online, and their existence requires a constant income in some form (selling a monthly subscription or showing advertising materials to users) for support and further development.
ef81684bf2a30e0e59fae1597278482a1dac14cc	Games such as Guild Wars do not use a monthly subscription system, instead, the user must purchase not only the game itself, but subsequent extensions for it.
6df89f959b4406fae5fae2510f95cafd8c4a96f9	Another payment model is a micropayment system, while the main content of the game is provided free of charge, and players are invited to purchase optional extras such as character equipment, decorative items, animals.
650099da929a682c7e706def351f95871dfe51a2	Games based on this model are often developed in Korea, for example, FlyFF or MapleStory.
7a1e52f646b9ce354efea95ed6ebd32b57f737df	This business model is also called pay for perks (Rus. "pay for benefits") or freemium, and the games themselves working on this model are promoted and described as free to play (Rus. "play for free").
b5a8f612041088dd5d68d2601100f5e851b12a0b	Depending on the number of players and the architecture features, MMORPGs can run on numerous servers, each of which represents a separate independent game world, while players located on different servers cannot interact with each other.
233d9adb1e9e079333cc2f2d1440e30ebb020214	A striking example here is World of Warcraft, in which each server can accommodate several thousand game characters.
5d033b38c74d6f85b5f64d528b4cc8b351196118	As a rule, in an MMORPG, the number of characters present in the game world at the same time is limited to several thousand.
1af84a11b06040bdd738373f7451adff26dbc854	A good example of the reverse concept is EVE Online, where the server is able to accommodate several tens of thousands of players from time to time (more than 60 thousand in June 2010)[11]. In some games, once created, a character can freely move between worlds, but at any given time he can only be present on one server (for example, Seal Online: Evolution), in other games, a character can only be in the world where he was created.
4cf20ab75b33b212ee0b8f8ff267c3aeaef890ac	In World of Warcraft, there are elements of PvP interaction "between kingdoms" (that is, between servers) on special battlefields, for which server clusters and "battle groups" are used to help and coordinate players who want to participate in such structured PvP content as, for example, the Warsong Gulch or Alterac Valley battlefields[12].
88d66b14898b9bdab934233f4a9605a9cca55091	Additionally, patch 3.3, released on December 8, 2009, introduced a cross server "group search" system that helps players create a group to access the content of instances (that is, quests that are not available in the open world) from a larger number of players than the character's "home" server can offer[13].
71ea4dcf9dfa2e136bca6edf42cd1c9328ece81e	Subsequently, the interaction of characters from different servers went beyond instances and PvP content, and currently players from different servers can intersect in many points of the game world.
13c96806e6c24750f53cacb2a2de7351387982bd	The authorship of the term "MMORPG" is attributed to Richard Garriot, the author of the game Ultima Online, who needed it to describe MMORPGs and the social communities built around them[10].
b2188967480699429cb9b23e3986597a23e9966f	Its authorship is confirmed by several authors, and the term itself dates back to 1997[14].
974c57280502c62ee2504079469718a3e86f8d0e	Before the appearance of this and similar neologisms, such games were usually called "graphic MUD", and the history of the MMORPG genre itself can be traced back to games of the MUD genre[15][16]. Thus, some key elements of the MMORPG genre can be found in such early multiplayer worlds as Maze War (1974) and MUD1 (1978).
69d4d2a7935e786f708e648d001943e52fbdf5eb	In 1985, the Island of Kesmai roguelike game was released for CompuServe in the MUD genre[17], as well as the graphic MUD Habitat from Lucasfilm.
74bd1fe1b6dfc9e6c63250eecdde6c5aa3b50019	The first fully graphical multiplayer RPG - Neverwinter Nights was distributed through AOL since 1991 with the personal approval of AOL President Steve Case[18].
20e8f115b8fcaabc1d4368deedd55a90ef73ece2	Another early example of a multiplayer RPG is the three games for The Sierra Network: The Shadow of Yserbius (1992), The Fates of Twinion (1993) and The Ruins of Cawdor (1995).
15f27f225d8c387c104d810cc62ec114d8638f97	An important event for the genre was the lifting of restrictions on the commercial use of NSFNet in 1995, which opened up wide expanses of the Internet for developers, thanks to which the first really mass oriented games were able to appear.
68d76e2983ca8b9ed2627bcf91166a0aca0866c1	According to modern ideas, the first MMORPG proper was the game Meridian 59 (1996), the main innovations of which were the scale and three dimensional graphical view "from the first person" [18].
6e7242f0a671119496e88d566be02c0b1ad49508	Almost simultaneously with it, the game The Realm Online was released[18].
f79405af9e4c1f03501ba46d689b74bb5a9a21e0	Ultima Online (1997) is considered the first MMORPG that attracted significant attention to the genre[18], but among the Western audience, EverQuest (1999) and Asheron's Call (1999)[18] gained great popularity, and among the Korean — Nexus: The Kingdom of the Winds (1996).
4015529b7be5b4b30fe7e02fdbb7c6deeec05af1	Thanks to the financial success of early MMORPGs, high competition has been established and maintained in the genre.
c3a4af7cd20a08b394b474521cb46145a2bfabbd	Now games of the MMORPG genre are available, including on game consoles, and the quality of gameplay has also improved.
43ea5250e526dd800ca6293eb2e878f1b666fa60	The dominant position of World of Warcraft from Blizzard Entertainment, which is the largest MMORPG, has been established in the modern market[19].
0dd45d36ee148289b5e6e48bf4ce4cb564424119	It is followed by Final Fantasy XIV and Guild Wars 2, and then there are a variety of MMORPGs distributed through the free to play system and supported by advertising and selling game items.
6e4d980dd4ffdbfdd702c70b2e1e5284c148b8ea	The free to play system is widely used among South Korean games, for example, MapleStory, Rohan: Blood Feud and Atlantica Online.
a96764403afcb18dbbea6a84d0bc77de29a84298	There are also such variations of free to play, when the game itself is offered for free, and only an optional monthly subscription for additional features is paid, for example, in RuneScape and Tibia.
824b849017bf8774cae49c9ead051c703d962e3f	The exceptions are Guild Wars and its successor Guild Wars 2.
e6502c2cd9821ce94bdda8e89a1ff76d1349bb08	To access these games, you do not need to buy anything beyond the initial payment, which is done to increase competitiveness against the background of games with other payment systems.
d202fdff9d25a612efea5f765dbbde12bf65cd25	Psychology[edit / edit wiki text]
94d8db139041cb4e355f88feb7b95178c5bae045	Despite the fact that game universes are virtual, the relationships between people in them are quite real, so MMORPGs are a good tool for psychological and sociological research.
3bb6766f246c175086fa1754861f0d2f3f0793d1	Clinical psychologist Sherry Turkle conducted surveys of computer users, including fans of computer games.
b4855310b7790a80a062ef78eac1ddf8c83b1f23	She found that many of these people have a broader emotional sphere, as they explored many different roles (including gender identity) that are offered in many MMORPGs[20].
8ef7fd39abef19db5b98efc673b51ecc0955f73f	Nick Yee has interviewed more than 35 thousand MMORPG players over the past few years, focusing on the psychological and sociological aspects of games.
586205e1328e1294b22e75d1928047a92676b032	The latest data shows that about 15 % of players can become guild leaders from time to time, but the majority assesses this role as difficult and ungrateful[21].
a271aedbc15b3ab1e2116a622807b620edf47c6a	These players, being in the role of a leader, spent a significant part of their time allocated to the game, performing tasks that are not directly related to the game, but are part of the metagaming (eng.)[22].
b64e889f5176b49366899701aed1161ebce40ae0	Many players noted that they experience very strong emotions while playing MMORPGs, so, according to statistics, about 8.7 % of men and 23.2 % of women performed a game marriage among players[23].
cc5589392bd9ad6b1bca4e0b67d47b1c70a6761b	Other researchers have found that the pleasure of the game depends on its social elaboration: from rare skirmishes between players to highly organized play in structured groups[24].
29dcae3572764ae1aea80322d9b950f0882f1b11	In their work, Zaheer Hussain and Mark Griffiths note that about one fifth of the players
cedd5ea8d1ebcb8ab722c4cba2b4c5073b423b1e	(21 %) said that they prefer online social relationships to real ones.
813436f82a369710dd18a7150de032ab427b6a34	A significantly larger number of male players than women answered that they consider communication on the network easier than in reality.
90c2801d2165c2afc429fda3e42eacf4c580d3b6	More than 57 % of players play characters of the opposite sex, noting that the female character has a number of positive social traits[25].
f3ea401d68cab403b75c1442844c97e7d027f747	Richard Bartle, the author of the well known work Designing Virtual Worlds, divides the players of multiplayer RPGs into four main psychological types.
f2a72ca04ceb17a99f63f6756f9274142f351a4b	His classification was expanded by Erwin Andreasen, who developed this concept into the thirty questions of the Bartle Test, used to help determine the category to which a player belongs.
fa5ca110bbee06cc451020110efe6bd7623a1264	As of 2011, more than 600 thousand people were interviewed, which probably makes this test one of the largest currently ongoing[26].
c54db6bf1d0a6a75cd33914006c78d08cecbdd92	Based on the research of Yi and Bartle, Jon Radoff published a new model of player motivation built around passion, competition and achievement[27][28]. These features are available not only in MMORPGs, but also in many other games, forming the so called "field of gamification".
3a75e09a5f16d316691d41ce9fd6c70afdc2c66b	The error in World of Warcraft, known as the Corrupted Blood incident, has attracted the attention of many psychologists and epidemiologists in North America.
3657d5498583e061bd66b33fab52b974365fa3e4	The mistake was that the monster imposed a "Corrupted Blood" debuff on the character, which it then began to spread unintentionally and uncontrollably throughout the game world.
03e8f6c17dd0db9fba26d8870242f327a6eefea3	The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention used this case to draw up both schedules for the spread of the disease and to determine the possible reaction of the general population to the spread of a large scale epidemic.
8b81f085310cdb05e023dd428ee3644d5e86e264	"This shows that players have a tendency to live in this world and take all the events at face value"[29].
45c068db564dbec668865934277e5ce85b56b69c	Economy[edit / edit wiki text]
3e6a01d80ff4341f6e7a726bdac09c33cb25015f	Main article: Virtual economy
795fe0662f4873fb3e494f6af081ebbcd637683b	It is possible to study such a virtual economy by analyzing the log of the server part of the game software[30], which is of value in economic research.
5fcaa03029abf08b0ce449b55dbe8f5805ab6cfd	More importantly, virtual economies can have an impact on the real economy.
b48a014f4b8ab464ee220440d942dc1b2bf5a2fc	One of the first researchers of this phenomenon was Edward Castronova, who showed that in virtual economies there is a market of supply and demand that intersects with that in the real world[31].
6a148efdc204671b37071e77f3f59a0975233bf2	For the existence of this intersection, the game must provide the following features:
5a89abe4a9e449a9468b89784dff8af640051cd7	sale of goods using the game (i.e. virtual) currency; direct exchange of goods of commensurate value; sale of game goods for real world currencies; exchange of real world currencies for game currency; introduction of such auxiliary quasi currencies as Dragon kill points for the distribution of game awards and trophies[32].
a93cc6e88409f5c761a06ef5e89b531751c83ac0	The idea of evaluating game items with real world currencies has had a strong impact on players, the gaming industry and even the judicial system[33].
09a16b01e18d359067b05d2acd89ca12202446be	One of the pioneers of the sale of virtual currency, IGE, received a lawsuit from a World of Warcraft player for introducing it into the game economy due to the intention of using the game to sell game gold[34].
9291b7b780e80fe9b10f36cef7c624b793ea9a93	In her first work, Kastranova notes the existence of a market for (possibly illegal) highly liquid game currencies, and at that time the price of the Everquest game currency exceeded the market rate of the Japanese yen[35].
c1d1c2d427714cbe44a1de04b7accbcf1c7c4486	Some people earn their living by exploiting virtual economies.
43d8d6025b8faeb8e2aad5d7f090f7804a5a3e7b	These people are usually associated with farmers and can be employed in the corresponding semi legal organizations[36].
85cddf624228899d5676cc453507dcc782f0ec3b	As a rule, publishers officially prohibit the exchange of game values for real world money, although there are games in which the ideas of such exchanges (with the publisher receiving a profit) are widely promoted.
6edd5048d7c6cf3658f2568648e5288f634dd000	For example, in the games Second Life and Entropia Universe, there is a direct connection between the real and game economies.
09531819f58ca1e7679c8cc2174b7de4b7838d23	This means that the game currency can be freely exchanged for real currency and vice versa.
1c57bda8cdc3cb010a3e371693a6cb5699e53cdf	Thus, real world items can be sold for the Entropia Universe currency; there is also a case when a Second Life player earned quite real US$ 100,000 in the virtual world[37].
e2fd6b107c7357e02ca7d70449babd5942578d5f	However, virtual economies have a number of problems, the most acute of which are: the use of bots or other automation tools that help the player accumulate wealth, which creates unfavorable conditions for other players[38]; the use of illegal auction sites, which leads to attempts to stop their activities by publishers through a ban on the unfair use of elements of someone else's intellectual property[39]; the emergence of virtual crime, which can take the form of fraud against players or the publisher of an online game and even lead to the manifestation of cruelty in real life[40].
415da27f6e7be30fbf736a0c27ddde39d1423648	If the riches of the real world allow you to gain more and faster than a skillful game, this leads to a decrease in interest in a complex role playing game and a decrease in the" immersion " of users in the game.
8a04b6a81856aac6118a3bba1bf7950d3357630f	This also leads to an unfair game hierarchy, when richer players in real life get better game items, which allows them to outperform stronger competitors and get levels faster than other — less well — off, but more loyal players[41].
d5462ffc564fa5ef3ac25db419e1dcb49a1ee5a3	These games require the involvement of developers of various specialties, for example, artists, 3D modelers, developers of the client server subsystem, specialists in databases and network infrastructure[43].
171ebfd43e2ac0d610cca908b317443a41da994f	The external interfaces (that is, the client program) of modern commercial MMORPGs use three dimensional graphics.
269ba6904bd6679262f8ebe1cd3857240ef45166	As is the case with other modern three dimensional games, the external interface requires experience in using three dimensional engines, skillful use of shaders in real time and simulation of physics.
cd85d90bc60a2bc0720e3e9d165328b413d954bf	The concept of graphic content (zones, creatures, characters, weapons, etc.) of the game is worked out by artists in traditional two dimensional sketches, after which it is transferred to animated three dimensional scenes, models and texture maps[44].
a2cb7cf6df3056fea26f46b3dc4ed6dd216a3ad1	When developing MMORPGs, specialists in the fields of client server architecture, network protocols and security, databases are needed.
bfca377966b07f04db78f74b13099d8cc0f47728	Reliable systems for supporting critical functions should be included in MMORPGs.
310de2f69961a4cb6d941932bbe7054a1c5ab1ee	The server must be able to accept and verify several thousand connections, prevent cheating and support making changes to the game (fixing bugs and adding content).
740785ca1af6cbd24afc94979952cda757c77b7e	Theoretically, when using peer to peer technology in MMORPGs, it is possible to regulate server load cheaply and efficiently, but the problems encountered in practice (asymmetric connection speed, resource intensive game engines, unreliability of individual nodes, inherent security problems that open up wide opportunities for cheaters) make their implementation extremely difficult.
e48d0ae01c73c0614f81673f96029bb09f7c67c9	The host infrastructure of a commercial MMORPG can include hundreds (and even thousands) of servers.
a0d810902ef35126dbb77d914317d1dc8b91de69	Creating an acceptable financial infrastructure for an online game requires a minimum of investments in equipment and networks that can serve a large number of players[46].
6459d460e9f6c3f96bcc65787da7c47691130cb7	Independent development[edit / edit wiki text]
25f8ab719aab48bf1b7c2d189d91151c98210593	As noted above, it is necessary to invest significant funds and spend a lot of time on development, and supporting games is a long term responsibility.
e039547866cd4cd796624c898be191c66bb1b71f	Trends[edit / edit wiki text]
51764befd3a9d0ed80d0722533a7d9711be306d0	Dedicated zones on demand[edit / edit wiki text]
b9a63545645fefb04619b85e4c755b01b136e345	Dedicated zones on demand (English instance dungeon, slang "instances") — game areas "copied" at the request of individual players or groups, in which game interaction with the rest of the game world is impossible.
8e7d21119f6763b80365d20a35e0056610bf8789	This reduces the level of game competition, and also reduces the amount of data sent through the network, which reduces the lag.
2406ee5518c4af2a7e472e93eb02a8a694579bb9	The first game where some semblance of such zones appeared was The Realm Online.
32449bea40b7a05a4ff4db51c81c796175d62e5e	In Anarchy Online, this technology has received significant development, becoming one of the key elements of the gameplay.
f19307b0a3f624006888691689ef22fa733f5965	Since this game, dedicated zones in MMORPGs have become commonplace.
9a0378905c59629b0a97c702649db4d4d526a30d	In the "raids" mentioned above, this technology is often used.
b214efccdf301bcab0c05aa259ef223cce20cb42	Examples of games that use dedicated zones are World of Warcraft, The Lord of the Rings Online, EverQuest, EverQuest II, Aion, Guild Wars, RuneScape, Star Trek Online and DC Universe Online.
635372e6d448253dcbfb93e9249cca7534a9fd8e	User generated content[edit / edit wiki text]
5591a6a208ba9f3cafe9e94fe7a0eb9f3369a2e5	The increasing amount of user generated content is probably a new trend in the genre[52].
ff28f759bc228620819a3fbe9dc5c0d49754316d	Licensing[edit / edit wiki text]
27756adcfe8edc05b6ebf76ab257f5099aea48d5	So, in 2007, the Lord of the Rings Online game was released, based on the world of Middle earth by Jonatolkin.
b7319eb9dd63cb60618ab50b04b0956ff7ba4f5f	MMORPG for video game consoles[edit / edit wiki text]
03e7e442229ab625ce89859da251e2a3bdfb005a	The first MMORPG developed specifically for the game console was Phantasy Star Online for the Sega Dreamcast.
4131eb080768eddd54719661842419bf40ea3f0d	The first MMORPG for open world video game consoles was Final Fantasy XI for the PlayStation 2.
5bc207f7d424c64c25355379a953b902ffddb088	The game EverQuest Online Adventures for PlayStation 2 was the first MMORPG for video game consoles released in the United States.
ac22eb1f173b945f90806725a73444dd0c1df7a4	Since it is believed that the development of an MMORPG for a game console is associated with increased complexity[53], each such project attracts increased attention.
65371012113b861c01c71e0afd3c8097869e4432	Browser based MMORPGs[edit / edit wiki text]
579dbb4b6ccc24cd8a9c2b6a5f0be310e4eef0fc	The first browser based MMORPG was the game Tail, which was opened in 1999 and is still working (its continuation is the game Legend).
f0931487a7ffaccc9523ea511efafe1e81e17c54	The game was conceived as a new kind of MUD that works in the browser and is more convenient for the player.
97559349ec86833a19e3d9640c0501d4e6595fae	The game Tail marked the beginning of the development of a certain genre of browser games (where the game is combined with chat), from which such famous games as Fight Club and its multiple clones came.
618a4c89db648f1fc63e5da9b53574fe838ff6ea	Special attention should be paid to the fact that the main focus of the gameplay in the game Tail is made on traveling around the vast world and PvE battles, while the entire BC game is built on PvP battles.
b114bc20932692991a8018d238901ee60ad07042	Therefore, it is impossible to call these games similar, although they are united by a similar appearance at first glance.
a06af35c7c1e37ffe56a65b9cb9cdaeb548d050e	And yet, when you hear the word "browser games", these games are often meant.
e40d24992fa32c62eca50cb269d635598d26b765	At first, such browser games were completely free, but later they began to use the Free to play model.
91b5ead9b547462be2cc7d2a3f7b69de6e598035	With the widespread popularity of social networks such as Facebook, a second wave of browser based MMORPGs based on Adobe Flash and HTML5 technologies appeared.
7617699a50f12998872e46754549d5b5e278bfab	The beginning of this second wave was laid by browser games already known at that time, which were integrated into social networks to attract new players.
03c1fdf523e693a5655a43ef7b916b678a209754	MMORPG for smartphones[edit / edit wiki text]
0a6f2a82e929cabb2c12f39bc6ecceae7c27074d	The positioning capabilities of smartphones allow you to create such games in augmented reality as, for example, Ingress or Pokémon Go.
b69ccb1eb94a8aef1e42fd7c5da3e7317b735996	AMMORPG.[edit / edit wiki text]
df0ba44b5c4ce3a45a445d590dd670649b413d46	Action massively multiplayer online role playing game.
52de79305f5887d35d852132974301c173273372	In this kind of role playing games, you need a fast reaction speed to dodge enemy attacks.
272ab26628d94a6abbb4efcf095a3f9f72e78450	↑ Parks Associates.
7208c8d0fe66324d54beced1c5f65913f0eb6ee4	Online Gaming Revenues to Triple by 2009 (2005).
224fcb0cb0b1f527399cc576c6c6c7a2494eef0e	↑ Harding Rolls Piers.
01516b131e9de62fb914a4f9aa467ec84e84ca84	Western World MMOG Market: 2006 Review and Forecasts to 2011.
d3dac814b603fd3a4ee6181b0944f491cd63e3de	— London, UK: Screen Digest, 2006.
4b599263c34e9c3748b17230d827c32f53ff45e7	Subscription MMOGs: Life Beyond World of Warcraft.
812c7c168927584fc3b1a60df5da6e02eddea361	— London, UK: Screen Digest, 2009.
9563c5c94ffa4ea1ec5b6848af13385c4eeec544	↑ Luke, Karmali World of Warcraft Down to 7.7 Million Subscribers - IGN.
febad202f7f897aaff79c030c7885e7931333209	IGN (July 26, 2013). ↑ Star Wars: The Old Republic Jumps to Light Speed (NASDAQ:EA).
314df89cf3d64ec6d7a82df1c09d7db96017521d	Investor.ea.com (December 23, 2011). ↑ Rundle, Michael Star Wars: The Old Republic Is 'Fastest Growing MMO Ever' With 1m Users.
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64af0e743daab5e343d213828a5e9ea2a6237c18	— New Riders, 2003.
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78badfd71f906c08447af9a2b7a4dbf70aa7d59d	↑ Nicholas, Munn J. "The Reality of Friendship Within Immersive Virtual Worlds."
2e4984e5cbaa518a5b1523f3bffa3a41d4101a1b	Springer Science+Business Media (2011): 1-10.
f894fe97e5a6a02548d1743a4ece608596288547	Web.
6ab0a32eee41b1e94e181889a2b4312e585d9798	24 Oct. 2013.
4b137af1f9d36a05bfc51ccf3472a5bd06587c86	↑ R.Schroeder & A. Axelsson.
f601a446869ee1a141f2f1def3031ef466610abb	The Psychology of MMORPGs: Emotional Investment, Motivations, Relationship Formation, and Problematic Usage // Avatars at Work and Play: Collaboration and Interaction in Shared Virtual Environments.
82787b3e4b51c8b76019d2f8c5b2ce4ca58f836f	— London: Springer Verlag.
a4f005309ac86c848466d20541b94d67a95e6d76	— P. 187–207.
41894079e29c13afe60e4aa3f8df1f851ffada37	— ISBN 1-4020-3883-6.
f2e1c96023d943102e5ce6fff46401191f400461	↑ 1 2 3 Jøn, A. Asbjørn (2010).
a8920614445525c2cf96a58eb53df0aec66043e7	«The Development of MMORPG Culture and The Guild».
8b238683a1e059879f4b39e422424f4882c3c7b9	Australian Folklore: A Yearly Journal of Folklore Studies 25: 97-112., p.97 ↑ This Weekend: The Alliance Tournament Finals!.
4075ff443d2d546ef7b1eec06183d847f22f8e3c	↑ World of Warcraft Europe -> Info -> Basics -> Battlegroups ↑ World of Warcraft Europe -> Patch Notes — Patch 4.0.1 — 4.0.3a ↑ The Social Media Bible: Tactics, Tools, and Strategies for Business Success.
adb331330b15cc4688dd7fa80f94e5ee9a87e32f	— Wiley, 2009.
30c63f336f1bd9263085b04f1b2661fdd99a25d7	— ISBN 0-470-41155-4.
202dc781fbaab239203e2599b19ea02fe31c572c	↑ Castronova Edward.
f424677308ab9feb5bda92ed339f6ea8306e5aed	Synthetic Worlds: The Business and Culture of Online Games.
e88f337e43aa984c3de294c3657a1d0269653389	— University Of Chicago Press, 2006.
fe0b42e3accad1d912a13e80357f5974e9dbd836	— P. 10, 291.
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dfb728439ee7c2479c69cad9f41b20538f016d77	Berkshire Encyclopedia of Human Computer Interaction.
9669a125eb8594b401c5878868d1c492dfb84a69	— Berkshire Publishing Group, 2004.
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32b96fd8cc39907a22d473c819119a68f48af01c	— ISBN 0-9743091-2-5.
925e979e6ba8bd1413e5cf38f6799d5f2701d582	— P. 447.
41683285d7866d267aa22357694c8b2fad0d8bef	↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Koster, Raph Online World Timeline.
9061d325fae0c6751f62841f7ea85411241ba75c	Raph Kost's Website (February 20, 2002).
c1e005b0af7ebe5c091196b1cab287c0f3c5dd32	↑ Snow, Blake World of Warcraft addicts 10 million subscribers.
52512a45129b039e5b990176a070da14eab43195	GamePro.com (January 23, 2008).
833693dcbc4308b256424033a6dc5dc40847d4c7	↑ Turkle Sherry.
e234c258f1f42605f9386f7c92023396566426f7	Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet.
3e95fd8e1582222928ad1b6a59ae9074bbfe0f63	— Simon & Schuster.
95f495048fd012b64a7bee784a40ad70bb173976	— ISBN 0-684-83348-4.
05c3b7fad7aae6ddf06f7497ae40b750f159040b	↑ Yee, Nick.
5967dadd55ac2f1185290592292de78c845933f6	Life as a Guild Leader.
501e77d30fbc26fefbc88cd8f59e0b32d10fd8aa	The Daedalus Project (March 20, 2006).
c96714058509ca4c0203ada7fcb451f69cacec91	Time Spent in the Meta Game.
220c053cd442f95a493632e215134f12afe758e3	The Daedalus Project (August 29, 2006).
2d3a711e3e509a2a24a1c41e9372a9f145b1ec88	An Ethnography of MMORPG Weddings.
d52d6c13a780ee2c04a48ddbb40cd2cdd0d1b07c	↑ Nardi, Harris (2006), Strangers and Friends: Collaborative Play in World of Warcraft, Proceedings of the 2006 20th anniversary conference on Computer supported cooperative work ↑ Hussain, Zaheer (2008), Gender Swapping and Socializing in Cyberspace: An Exploratory Study ↑ Bartle Test of Gamer Psychology.
61a6179262212aff37be2fb5ff977e4a58ea2d50	↑ Radoff, Jon.
c8dd665c73f21fb94d4990d0d1de127a0acd20af	«Game Player Motivations.» May 2011. http://radoff.com/blog/2011/05/19/game player motivations/ ↑ Radoff, Jon.
f1cf2d374f736465858080e2c4a6e2ec6ad12be4	April 2011.
8e230658d5cd951819aac11a66303eee191d4f5a	Game On: Energize Your Business with Social Games.
b3825d312eabd7c856748e979374214433959a93	ISBN 978-0-470-93626-9 ↑ Looking Back...
b8e0e01b29ae408a366f055ebd04d45b1b3f3bd0	World of Warcraft.
3a6b038ccfebd72e6767de7cc7f72e340a73b78d	CVG (January 4, 2005). ↑ 1 2 Privantu, Radu Tips on Developing an MMO Economy, Part I. DevMaster.net (February 17, 2007).
77ec68589a5192417f3c32dccb116880a2a2d5bf	↑ Dragon Kill Points: a Summary White Paper.
1134eae963583dfc88966aa236b2d0e03ed83c42	— Social Science Research Network, 2007.
390e6605edf519680a85a45335ceaa67cd2306b2	↑ Virtual worlds wind up in real courts - Technology & science - Games.
9dfc0c243d5175f7a3d00d316a8922f8cff63277	MSNBC.
6ff74a84d80ed4856ad84b321ca3adfd54a90c0c	↑ IGE Sued by World of Warcraft Player, EscapistMagazine (June 1, 2007).
3482fc736d2e5be884abb5c1168a6ae9bf22719f	↑ Whiting, Jason.
5246606394a67e8b26787936b3fd7ec4eb7a556b	Online Game Economies Get Real(unavailable link history).
76d108dc4973494153ead533b71f41ac99cfcae3	Wired News (November 6, 2002).
19abdc8cbab278448703d0d3cc171c74efdaa10f	Archived from the original source on September 18, 2012.
67000e9bcbe61441551e01f014b945be8ab6261a	↑ Lee, James.
e7b410818d577839f914fcacaea7be82a6bb1faf	Wage Slaves.
1fa9374cd69f40f4265734842edcb609b7b2145f	1UP.com (July 5, 2005). ↑ Hof, Robert.
330860bfadea365ed7173948b5bdb927acb6f170	My Virtual Life.
743a56a00228c99065500ed66bd150b5222060f7	BusinessWeek (May 1, 2006).
c9c0332d32dd73adfcb01e67f4c70f83f154cdf3	↑ Robert Shapiro (2003), How online games teach us about economics, slate.com ↑ Blizzard Goes to War, terranova.blogs.com ↑ BBC News (2005), Game Theft led to Fatal Attack, news.bbc.co.uk ↑ Gamble your life away in ZT Online.
2d759bf87ea1c4722d90d6942fb3601b28958144	↑ Adam Carpenter (2003), Applying Risk Based Analysis to Play Balance RPGs, Gamasutra, gamasutra.com ↑ Jon Radoff (2007), «Anatomy of an MMORPG,» PlayerVox, radoff.com ↑ Frank Luna (2006), "3D Game Programming with DirectX 9.0c, a Shader Approach, " Worldware Publishing, ISBN 1-59822-016-0 ↑ Jay Lee (2003), Gamasutra, Relational Database Guidelines for MMOGs, gamasutra.com ↑ GDC Proceedings 2005, Online Game Architecture: Back End Strategies, gamasutra.com ↑ Chris Crawford (2003), Chris Crawford on Game Design, New Riders Games, ISBN 0-13-146099-4 ↑ Koster Raph.
00f0eb94a1f3de497f0133a36d4bd80eaf3bf894	A Theory of Fun for Game Design.
df7379c5e7af8ad2fa062955a5651e43362d68c1	— Paraglyph Press, 2005.
4bb0efc5820c2a77bab55eaacbc81e63e6f9c002	— ISBN 1-932111-97-2.
6d17d97c736aa78f03aec84376f12cd21a36d4f3	↑ WorldForge History.
f35498c3139e68ef3d65a57ac92e0e8635e787f6	↑ About Multiverse.
638aa54e73c0335548449ad7b89e2d7acf0a6d75	Multiverse.
f20198b5c3242f7e62a0fdb113cddc88005843c3	↑ Wilson, Steve.
3b3195837ac91dcb75fb225e67e4ff317c89b3d8	Casual Play: Raiding Needs to Die (December 14, 2006).
2f6d046fc90005dc5e4079e099962815f8a8aad2	↑ Jon Radoff (March 20, 2007), Gamasutra, Five Prescriptions for Viral Games, gamasutra.com ↑ Analysis: Why Arenot There More Console MMOs?.
7be141ee4ce0b3d1aedc0bf154f0ee862a1d0fde	The Daedalus Project — English) - research of MMORPG players
8dd9b5e6f75ac31aabe4ca099dd2bf0f2be7aab6	Genres of computer games
97c89a4d6630adeb18fa12ba9976a31413fe293e	Action
efff6ea1fb2808bf77a4a02f445a6c0c3d30cc41	Stealth Action • Shooter (First person • Third person • Tactical • Shoot ' em up) * MMOFPS • Fighting Game • Beat ' em up • Survival horror
be38e4ffb7bf566f63ebb64bdf1b7119e524f7c7	RPG
e94e6fa332edd1f23f72a29023d0596bb62edfc0	Tactical • Japanese • Action • Hack and slash • MMORPG • Roguelike • ZPG
69fb26dda8edc2e1edaa7ba4e1f7884f838f271c	Strategy
4e7def7a94636d8c7cdbf57f3f470380d9d7fb20	Step by step • Real time (Tower Defense • Real time Tactics • MOBA) * Artillery • Wargame • Global Strategy
1defd1949b9d966ba1285a0dc7808e06c4c6a81a	Quest
800a82a07651338f70ca5f5d9f964b4edeaad2c3	Action adventure • Interactive fiction (Visual Novel)
904b3ea8ab4e41e4e12e96c7a3b11a78e2484ebd	Equipment Simulator
1cd7bf74882892a22470437153f45611ba35a93e	Auto - (Sim Racing • Survival Racing) • Air - * Railways • Cosmic • Moto - * Tank * Mecha * Submarines
48b0ab9d522ee8aebec5b3c171c65ca2496fb8c7	Life Simulator
aafeaab4366587bcd359d53a868460eeae288c08	Of god • Survival • Dating • Urban Planning • Sports (Sports Manager) • Economic
79e339397385746ba5071c2e337d71696af32051	Educational game • Puzzle • Card Game • Collectible card game • Music Game • Game for programmers • Arcade (Platformer • Metroidvania • Pinball) * Eroge • Linearity (Open world • Toy program • Sandbox) • Casual game
0482646b27ee559b0a6eb9fe9041b754c9b5b582	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massively multiplayer online role playing game&oldid=81402452"
1f8edd16af29c07cf2a8b4cc89eb663954723a77	Categories: Genres of computer games Massively multiplayer online role playing game Massively multiplayer online games
7062ee82312bd9e9565159990ccaa98da36fa5a1	Hidden categories: Wikipedia:Articles with non working links Pages using magic ISBN links
cf1fb379bbedf6394d55ec50f33bd43ff2249dda	العربية Azərbaycanca Žemai tėška Belarusian Bulgarian Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά English Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Suomi Français Gaeilge Galego עברית Hrvatski Magyar Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano 日本語 ქართული 한국어 Lietuvių Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Macedonian Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Sardu Sicilianu Srpskohrvatski / srpskohrvatski Simple English Slovenčina Srpski Slovenscina / srpski Svenska ไทย Türkçe Ukrainian Tiếng Việt 中文 Bân lâm gú
6711335741908e7dbb7507b731ff6ff973c7c40d	Last modified on this page: 18: 45, October 18, 2016.
f470c854a2442f6e637d766fa21ebb902d091047	Mirror of Lurkomorye
00b0375ee18a99ab686cb57333740eddbebbb834	You are on the mirror of the Lurkomorye website (https://lurkmore.to/) which does not work for everyone.
8f35a1cf621906395bb2d691cc0447a5d795134d	The mirror is only available in read only mode.
ca12b46914916d7cc59a2298bab4c88ce23d116e	This is a mirror of the MMORPG page on lurka.
777713c89b3e9fa201620187b1325615f2106520	Home Page All articles
b66d6bdc162d97f4020b7fedbc5f91040cc2599c	MMORPG
9fac4efcb18c0123dc1dcc2b2b1f961318814cb8	(Redirected from Mmo)The published version was reviewed on December 17, 2014.
114c142c58611dcfa345d9d940dcac5d23a486b2	The draft version offers 29 changes.
c83c3d1abd695981ad2cb22b31fdfd177141bc61	Beware of mutually exclusive paragraphs!
466ced4656224150fb6462340044decc47fed62b	As a result of maliciously postmodern literary experiments, the war of edits, the precepts of P tra P Trovich Kashchenko, the love of totalitarianism, the raid of sacred gods, or simply because of dolboebism, one part of this article clearly contradicts the other.
7bc46da97a6aa7d0c5e55a609be1332e6f488e7c	Consider us communists are features and do not break your brain in search of the Truth.
c373ba905519ecf6574994faa767263f29001132	She's out there somewhere.
adc12104b72c99efcc6a9f6287a4d631f01e1111	It is possible that it is also nearby.
554de788ad4814d2108801fcf2777578b4cbb7ba	""Chasing the dragon" or "chasing the dragon" - the nerds know what it is.
bbeed4a1a7c0bd58f538563eac4e08c817a826a5	"- Anonymous
8f956df3e5600fe518c606841174bb3b6a1ee9f2	And it is also available.
303edc2bba2f6312f0c8038039ed04aa9f69c941	In the screenshot, WoW with addons.
f3617b144ad4873330ec653e2064e670b802bf5d	And highly social
a549eca621cbfbcaa3298d23e3cc767587861d66	Massively multiplayer online role playing game is the most profitable entertainment business, as well as online computer" role playing " games in which a large number of users interact with each other in the virtual world.
85a0c2f8e1d927860048916da6445ad26b352409	The word" role playing " is not taken in quotation marks by chance — in all MMORPGs, without exception, role playing elements are replaced by farm and grind, and then the subsequent phallometry of their results in one form or another.
f479fd6b920fa2fc56d3f5ffc4fcdc356ed71798	In good, suitable MMORPGs, you can rob cows.
2586bed0fe7dd60add409327466be62c1de32b03	In the best of them, users can decide for themselves whether it is necessary to attack the cows and, if necessary, which ones (aka "complete freedom of action").
d99da9264f5c70eac9d9c7b45c9a12360e68d28f	Alternative abbreviations:
b0e587d42b743bf6804c56fad2f915347860a7e3	Many Men Online Really Pretending to be Girls — many men online pretend to be girls.
5ee50b9658ad9aa40bc16a1e6ba2dfb8eae7885d	Mostly Male Online Roleplaying Girls mostly men portray girls through the network.
2f080d00e8cf5a0d311fcbf930c13501f1cdc39b	1 Differences between MMORPGs and regular RPGs 2 Course of illness 3 Money issue 4 Official Servers & Frishards 5 Geographical Aspect 5.1 Korean MMORPGs 5.2 Western MMORPGs
e4c4a7408159127ff3fe80e8c0b70f15510c1dda	6 Examples 7 Gallery 8 References 9 See also
dc82ead68927bbca66db67f6cedf62d99e12658a	Differences between MMORPG and regular RPG
22fb248bc5e049bf85f1022541af5fa468d75d5d	Opinion poll on the main advantages of MMORPG
6c5fad0b33fcae2e26a1304845fab45fb2ba5652	The goal of a simple RPG, no matter how banal it may sound, is to win back taking into account the features introduced into the process by the computer.
093e010dff02114fbd8cda3f71fe4f7a5c85299c	The main way to deliver a high is to create an interesting living world, usually filled with injustice, drama and all sorts of intricacies.
58b4802e6506943de7563477c9145dbdcbd6cecf	Which all at once or partially will have to be gradually overcome by the player, which the developers periodically push kagbe with hints of varying degrees of thickness.
e720e85840b5e097a39bc5de32617fa9aac9dc54	In an RPG, the player plays with programmed characters that are plausibly, harmoniously and meaningfully inscribed in the game world.
93cdd99e9de659c424449c8eff39914d67ded2ac	Since MMORPG is a game with people, you can expect anything from people: divorces of varying degrees of idiocy, complete inadequacy, exorbitant CHSV, absolute ruthlessness.
616fe930c903c6bcb1a3d24bb7a9a80f0f5e9d0d	The course of the disease
2fd50a7e450d6735d004f7c6d9864da5df0c94f6	Bashorg warns you!
69475c7cba1c43be16a6ee103e44801e992f3b45	The popularity of the MMORPG was brought by the user's ability to cut out not only numerous mobs, but also the same numerous players.
57c399ee04859a0ae895b16d0bba97396e129115	Unfortunately, most MMORPGs deliver lulz to users only at the initial stage of acquaintance with the game.
a785a7df8336d34719eeaba6854c7fa8e5bbce0a	Subsequently, with unfavorable initial parameters, the user often can no longer imagine his life without a game.
c6578db96f1a04035f4ed326d5574be921aa2d75	Nevertheless, in the long term, the forecast is usually positive — the user gradually comes to understand that all MMORPGs are completely dull.
5a084460fd2af871d6d0836c4815bb078eff10b8	There is also an intermediate option — the student admits that the game is good, but he will not play it for anything.
d3669520680e4fd8770f6efbc9c3944a242d6031	This usually occurs when the sight of the same game for many years begins to make you sick or the harmful consequences of addiction become obvious even to the patient himself.
274b4c342e132721a9c2fce9e5b317a672467a70	If the patient finds a more addictive game after a while, the cycle has the property of repeating itself, if it does not find it, the positive prognosis is positive.
d162299c0b00856edab9614546a060c476ddb635	Money issue
3e074b60ae3ed1cfd35c1e18692986640026004d	Depending on the methods of obtaining profit by the server administration, the bulk of MMORPGs is divided into: p2p pay to play: they differ in a monthly subscription fee, and therefore you will not find your beggar friends here.
3a61640a45648cb5e3ae22f9f4eec310c0a6f687	I am glad that the atmosphere of communism reigns in the game and every player can be sure that he is playing the full version and does not need to buy anything else. f2p free to play: there is no subscription fee, which allows you to attract thousands of beggars to the game, which are designed to make a background for wealthy guys.
5714103cd0b2dedb5b86ef24fdc67e2f02c30e3f	And all because the profit of the project administration is brought by the unselected sale to naive users of various huita, which necessarily " does not affect the balance!!!11" In fact, free games cost users much more than paid ones. p2w pay to win: an enchanting subspecies of f2p, characterized by a forced donation for the opportunity to achieve at least something in the game (usually in pvp) or for the opportunity to play comfortably at all.
81dbf38d46db597952d9b1ebc06f86af5c6c3389	This can be caused by both the excessive growth of the toad of the administration of "ordinary" f2p, and the original business model of the publisher, developer, or, worst of all, both together.
a3e39943e722e78228e1dd8a57fb6da8bf1943c5	b2p buy to play: the classic version a la buy play.
c6cb849f066344b307e7ed93ae6588d34fef4b2b	There are also MMORPGs that do not bring direct profit to the administration and are actually mostly dull crafts of enthusiasts.
c875c18c369c006dc570013c9c9eb097cfae6d83	However, there are exceptions, the same The Mana World delivers, especially under Linux, but let's not forget that Linuxoids, as a rule, are delivered by the very fact of the appearance of something more or less suitable and working under Linux.
afe602a266e87b9117c2f78234e3336935990433	Fonline is the same!
118ad8763e5144c09a72bf7b8747197f8238f23c	Official Servers& Frishards
0ec4f3b6bac1ce9f29516d7c1e9d8c144b733efd	Nerds, they're everywhere!
646da0c231561e8fd39a1f48ac38cc981a91ec59	Elves breed very slowly.
6ea21c306242c5113d93a2f16bdcafd4daef5db6	But it can also be considered a plus, since the subscription fee cuts off a certain percentage of schoolboys who do not have money to pay.
f7e0636aa5132b4af03a29759a9b06b059fc28ff	Also, more and more MMORPG development companies are transferring their games to the free to play system (there is no subscription fee) in order to attract more users.
3211c89381a7bd1536de9f2f0e8d6ea2ff34324c	This brings such problems to the cloudless gaming days of the Official Servers as: the inability to get a response from the player support service due to its congestion, queues to the server when restrictions are set on the number of players due to the peak load of the server, and many others.
d217377225b72b3449c1a5d5fd273288307f4901	It should be noted that incorrect configuration of skills often delivers lulz.
2b271b49df445c3cbc60a40e0d3782caa14c858b	Although there is no subscription fee, but in fact the owners of frishards also want to eat and hint to users about the possibility of solving their problems in the game with financial injections.
306ae93eab5a087ba1c900a8957803d581b8c472	In the article about Lineage II, the topic of frishards is disclosed quite fully.
dd5153034e880db8242eb1dd6b961d160ec4c96e	Geographical aspect
c999370a0f5095b3eae63f6cdec5df95ed5908fe	10 signs of Asian monetization
44562d196f89c30ec5dc3ac747c67037b31fe1d4	Since the very first MMORPGs, players periodically notice a big difference in the gameplay of games from these your countries of morning freshness and games produced by harsh Western guys.
d9a89c4484d133133b3952b92cd0630b64597843	Both then and now, the absolute majority of foreign games come from Korea.
60e0cca17b67eefa01c4a0b3fb73bde6d0bd43e2	There are exceptions, but they are few and they are lost in the amount coming from the Korean region.
0f9600be0e8da4ec31857263aaa0cb7782db5ac0	FYI, in the west, a small percentage of the games produced in Korea are published, because there it is an industry put on stream.
e3ad147593ab1bf9d1d30304bcbe5ed19a9c3a19	Also, the only Western game that Asians like is WoW, but in comparison with the ratings of local Asian crafts, this WoW has a fairly average popularity there.
399a6a00ebbacb098cb249369790f8a3d85f8826	Korean MMORPGs
021e0e2c16b9bda40eec2fa712dbb41b809f0911	Main Article: Lineage II
8bed37274db8da999ab2b82e15fe6f13517b3826	Canonical case.
1a469e87b42bb123e8aa4ba8147daa56ad1d62f1	For a white person, the differences between different Korean games seem minimal, because under a variety of colorful wrappers, the essence is the same: an alternative and inhumane grind of levels in exponential dependence on the level of the character; nerdy farming as the only way to acquire suitable gear, weapons and other things; useless (or vice versa mandatory) quests with extremely dull texts; a patented Korean crafting system; a widespread imbalance of everything and everything; specific Asian stylistics, monsters, design of locations and cities; the lack of a sane plot and the assignment of MPH to its beating in updates; illiterate game design and a paranoid desire to never rewrite anything completely, as a result of which the game mechanics are a fierce fucked up from a pile of crutches; active cooperation with India®©™ and as a result, simple graphics slows down on the latest hardware.
8bb4126b05dd38f2096cecedfa4c08abc282ffca	Another characteristic feature of Korean games is a frank orientation to the donation (F2P) payment system.
26974bb4a486f6693e69bc175a9a1f51b977159c	Only games from the early noughties and some clearly Western oriented projects have a monthly (P2P) payment system.
6110ecc0c899c59c80575bdf7d4f989a345e578b	Thus, the gameplay turns into a fierce wanking for a while — who is faster nagrindil/nafarmil/nadonatil, he bends.
075019fa9d39bf32a70c11504bcaaf795d4dfa0d	Who did not have time gets pleasure.
c74c75f443acb0a01af0da313608664cbbbe4b20	No chance.
0c93d9aef7c26b1365d4d362c327b3957ee5a5fd	Western MMORPGs
25ba14ca637420e1c4c309f8362b78e01a1d0bec	Main article: World of Warcraft
99b732537a3da1a916a76989f0b92fe730986d1c	In WOW, the situation is much better...
ca0aa7e755d3adcf14ec1549a735eaff5c286936	OH SHI—
734d617d20e2c9ce28a8dfd0e017489cd95101dc	Unlike the Chinese, Koreans and other Asians in the West, they realized a long time ago that the game is not a second job, but a means to relax, kick virtual cocks and get your positive in every possible way.
5487153a4edae0bd246cf7eed6915c78bbbae01a	Unlike the patented Korean games, Western games contain grind exclusively in therapeutic concentration (in the same WOW, you can pump the maximum level without killing a single mob at all), the quests are written at least interestingly and the tasks are really diverse, a significant part of the time is devoted to the exact reconciliation of balance and coefficients.
b6ce26c4ff2bd84b2862f98f3406e5ea810c2b40	As a rule, the plot is either borrowed from some long described universe, or is based on the work of recognized science fiction writers.
1922d2edda4c232b9f4def20d6e6d19604b40e6a	In updates, some parts of the game are often subjected to complete processing, re evaluation and adjustment, so the game mechanics looks like a logically understandable system.
1b11cf5df8525a60419b83117b264a9425391ec4	The graphics can be completely different and suitable for this particular game.
03ea9b9325e9dce4ec3242322bac6d9d18d61783	But the most important thing is that the western ones present much more diverse game content that a beginner can study for more than one month.
6b1fdb61219181b14adeed623f21abf71f778976	And, although farming plays a dominant role in the organization of gameplay here, Western developers allow the opportunity to play in a casual or almost casual mode.
76d3c2d86b6d326fa32c156d9fb42857c55d648c	And, as a rule, there is no addition in the form of an anal donation (a proprietary feature of F2P).
7adb5415f3636b4b8dc7418426c66ddd15e867ad	If there is a shop here, they sell hairpins, carnival costumes and other whistles and farts.
eb01bf04c9a0e8a71c45816513df424f1c7ffedb	Examples
245b81297a9bb7f99afc056cb18edd411edd791b	We recommend that you read:
67c6adaba42ddc27c5d36a0b16b933ebbb8c64ea	World of Warcraft is a canonical "western" toy.
99a9251f4cb844db84b2e88401e4d25ee62515ea	Lineage II is a typical Korean grindilka.
6bb5614b5fb8705082f074bb314f73db8bfbb654	Everquest 2 is the sequel to Everquest, the same Evercrack.
a501072269c82f3aa0222c6d2148947593f26807	Ragnarok Online is a famous anime MMORPG in a delivering setting.
cb29374560b62ae01ed924f96bfb21e932369194	EVE Online is a harsh Nordic game about spaceships (yes, no elves).
4087d6de81d73ae99271154a22adbec212a4515e	Aion is a failed attempt by the Koreans to make a game "in the Western way".
f8c6f15d3462db811394de1614fb22bc413c8046	Perfect World — a Chinese view of the MMORPG.
82ae7b426d2e72d65466dc5bae0bbec607df32f0	Allods Online is a domestic MMORPG, taking into account both Western and Eastern approaches.
d5227a36088e17e7d557cb2e24d4d3c6024923ed	Star Wars: The Old Republic not only is the west, their majesty Bioware in all its glory.
223820135abb5d3f5f85fc1b762cfb1f303636e4	F2P, but without fanaticism, because the former P2P.
08eefd385afdb2c1a3adb7d39530d813608c1771	Try it on occasion.
61f6b40d307ca4440d4e34c9cb3658c655d09453	MMORPG is great
31418ff84c6d76c0f6abecde326a9ad708b2ed59	The kosher comic The Noob about the first steps of a noob in a good, usable MMORPG.
d8f5dc5cb93b048dd3b404338107bdd5d1968757	No less kosher sitcom The Guild about the life of a World of Warcraft nerd IRL.
9c8d060de923a08398e9f403308845012043ece4	South Park in the topic.
493e90b1e7aa2fe60801585ba0efc4515ea385f2	MMORPG kills children
6b800cd235c9eb18685352ddf42fd9a81d85e902	Review of a fashionable MMORPG in the Old Russian style
e3cc6be79b7a96ea01c73e0927f653976b572934	MUD
3cd74c3e0f2ae584e7b5311a9b9537516915a1b1	Fuck
70528132e9ee04f950ab3d3ab33ddcea64abd729	Donat
d407d97f7feb7147a1192a5dd41e41018be57e78	MMORPG Jargon
f939bbd6e8143f97bd47189f04cab8d130bda447	MMORPG / gamers know what an MMORPG has to do with games [ MOAR ] [ ʘ ]
ed8d31030bebcf8180778880f559645cbc02840a	[ + ] Genres Arcade • Browser • Bagels • Eroge • Porn Games • FPS • RPG (MMORPG • MUD) • Rhythm game • RTS • TBS • Quest [ + ]
a88b6e1ce622c7ad3b6520f1254b9321ba16e876	[ + ] MMORPG is related to role playing games.
d30e08f327084da344ab66448627748f3688e123	ALL HAIL /BG/!
c4f6b7ab26f2167385c2131bb3755b0a314cb76b	Role playing classes (Munchkins • Tolkienists) * Reenactors • Fighters People Kukovlev • Blackie • Greg • Mushroom Elves * Vampires • Orcs • Paladin • Knight • Elf BDSM Settings • Dungeons and Dragons • RPG • Vampire: the Masquerade • Warhammer Alignment Memes • Beaver Fighting with a Donkey • Goziraga • Mounted crossbowmen • Wagering • Viking Quilts • Fireball • Home Rule • Aragorn Pants • Escapism
35ccddd9fdc7ff801ed369ff6e2cd2212c36e002	[ + ] MMORPG is JAFA
f4a44aff112507e6da26891bd95d2be3225a1b1a	IL 265 • ADSL • AFAIK • AFK • AISB • AJAX • ASL • AYBABTU • BBS • BOFH • BRB • BSOD • BTW • C&C • CMS • CYA • DC • DDoS • DRM • EFG • FAQ • FNAF • FTGJ • FTN • FTL • FTW • FUBAR • GIF • GNAA • GTA • GTFO • HISHE • I2P • IANAL • IIRC • inb4 • IMHO • IRC • ITT • RYTP • JFGI • KISS • KSP • LFS • LKML • LMAO • LMD • LOIC • LOL • MILF • MMORPG • NEDM • NRB • NSFW • NYPA • OMG • O RLY?
710968f58cb517a18dc9afc78ac8231359a063fd	• P2P • PHP • RAC • ROFL • RPG • PSG • RTFM • SADM • SICP • SEO • SOPA • JFGI (UTFG) • UWBFTP • WTF • XAB • STFU • TOS • TTYL • Tor • tl; dr • YFR • YOBA • YTMND • ZMH SJ APVOVNV?
18f7223391a98d932cb070a313a6a176ac7b3ee4	* APVS?
a7bc1c0c3410d5546a5f319711dbc511c1540db4	• BBPE • BHCP • VA?
5b4f99fd4910e11483675e27d8e9a2c4cf64fff5	• GSR • DTF • EBMP • EVPOCHYA • EMNIP • EOT • ERZH • LJ • ICSH • KBiO • KG/AM • KLB • KPZ • KSM • ENT • LPP • MNU • MPH • National Police • NEH • OBM • OBHR • OINCH • OS • OYASH • PGM • PNH • PPKS • RLO • NWOT • SIG • SPGS • SSZB • SHB • TVN • TKP • TP • UG • UMVR • FGM • HZ • HZKNR • CHSV • SHVIM • EOS • JAPONEZ RL 14/88 • A. C.
4db0a7e47f26b8d831a76aafb57c7065bce0344c	A. B. • aka • AMV • ASAP • BDSM • WED * DIY • etc • KFC • LGRTR • N. B. • NASCAR • NHK • P. S. • R. I. P. • SOAD • sXe • ™ • WWJD • Y2K • ZOG • VID • KKK RJ AvtoVAZ (TAZ) * AK 47 • AKM • BG • Bum • BOCH • GDP • GDZ • GDR • TRAFFIC POLICE • GLONASS • GMO • GOST • GrOb • GSM • DC •DMB • DPNI • IBD • KEM • KMV • KMPKV • DPRK • KBO • KPLO • KSP • MKAD • MMM • National Ball • UFO • NLP • OBS • OpSoS • PDRS • PMS • PNCS • PSPP • RAEN • RUSSIAN RAILWAYS • ROC • SDV • SORM • AIDS • USSR • DBMS • USA • TLZ • UNIVERSITY (ITMO • MGIMO • MIPT • NMU) * FBI • FSB • FSKN • CA • Y • YU
7987c08685d5201ddbcafe64aeaa7e6f54f8633b	Source — "http://lurkmore.co/MMORPG"
1a25d9488f56d604e3171cfb71ea3453843de350	Categories: Mutually Exclusive Paragraphs | MMOG | Role playing Movement | Network Abbreviations
e85586b1925a2fb7b2687d354c54bfa2db1124db	4mmog
8da04cb8733db02bea030f2fb51a3a657b12af05	NAVIGATOR IN THE WORLD OF ONLINE GAMES Home Question and Answer Articles Videos Demotivators Map Contacts
d6e3da7ab078d9a3b68c21d70e20a2f5590e5d89	Browser Games Strategy (MMORTS) RPG (MMORPG) Fights (BC type) Maps (CCI) Manager Simulators Shooter/Action Packed Original
dc2021f62eb602c2b9f78850b0ed572fb938558c	Games with a client Strategy (MMORTS) RPG (MMORPG) Battles (DOTA type) Simulators Original Shooter/Action
387291c219ec6318bbe950e56030882a4f44b620	The best games of the year 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
e39e113341ba25d622f1e55ae5c3e36cbe33dd5a	History of online multiplayer games
a192a207d26ad604fdbc642526fb37f948abaa04	How did it all start?
43fc7594be4f31c0ecb9368a6ed9c140fc5db2fd	Giants of the online RPG industry Lineage 2 and WoW, Counter Strike and Battlefield, strategies like Travian ?
a7af64198c55cd2aaa9c5031c2c4a7d5f01cabdc	The game did not live long, but it left a trace behind it and more long term projects have already followed it.
5d77e41ab4a38872fed9cf403ecc5418950bb930	Ultima was different in that there were not just constant battles with mobs and passing boring standard quests (although this was also enough), but a real medieval world reigned in which real players lived and dealt with problems that would worry you in ordinary life: they built a house, bred pets.
ad3c5202d2b3a2864712d6de28fe6fa64c512ecd	But all this is in the Middle Ages and with real players.
23bd9c3df42b2b663aa87b53b9fa776c553972df	But in 1998, the first real time multiplayer strategy appeared, probably known to all self respecting players.
51e21f5654b502a7611c78e1759edf84eeaf518e	StarCraft hit the shelves of stores and eventually became a cult project.
f3e5acc1fa2b579b5e2a82249e0a096818b45300	It was here that the signs of an online strategy first appeared.
b219e5ee2c7ed8e24545d8456a26f5e3dfd3e343	Castles were built, battles were arranged with whole armies bought for resources, and all this with real players.
7aa09808ebbe6231a8c78f8edc212dcaf5dbc04a	If Ultima became the progenitor of all MMORPGs, then StarCraft of all MMORTS .
3bd4851f5d507ff00cc2c59572ac746e50422220	In the same years, browser games begin to appear.
d030288104ddc6764d9adc2a47c1195106778ee0	The experience of Ultima was not in vain, many of them are real life simulators with a combat orientation.
e93877cd6d8426629197f71d6eace1c7818f0c98	One of the most famous browser projects and one of the first to appear was Fight Club.
e9315f8becd625d64fc1b21d9075444e090b5267	It was developed in 2002.
caa8670e053d296fb417c5fb889dd9d7435c4a34	This project is nothing more than battles between real players in text mode.
df52c766aa26b96d8cdcfb7888b3cdf3d2014002	You choose which part of the body you block, which ones you attack, as a result, the enemy and you run out of life from blows.
0a0e07fb02c8042b318be857041fa8653a429bc0	The game also had a social component, but the browser game was still far from Ultima with its client.
5fe186539c25002baa49b051ee5002869d7fc489	They had everything that a user of that time needed: professions, capturing castles, battles, learning skills, pumping weapons, a social component, etc. Both games immediately became wildly popular and still compete with each other.
1323997db387391a0b3a6f53b29197270bcd5e91	It was these games that became the progenitors of Aion, Perfect World and other MMORPGs that try to resemble these projects.
8f6d4bdf5584a2d6e8924587eee43794eab3d418	At the same time, in 2004, the developers of the cult game Half Life did not even think about multiplayer games.
149b9cb1673d2df214f43ff202fe87a6c6829e27	Purely for the experiment, they created an addition to their brainchild back in 2000, which after 4 years received the status of a multi user.
f214ae307359d18fc6dcc806517eead80224da57	In this addition, terrorists and counter terrorists fought among themselves on the maps.
380dd3b9eef140293f72f9c2ac1b69bc0b8d6721	The addition was called Counter Strike and soon became the progenitor of all known shooters in multiplayer mode.
db5fd3e67e28ab7829b12d08a93eae2a094f91a9	Of course, there were games of similar themes before it, like Team Fortress or Doom, but they could not get more popular than Counter Strike,there was nothing special about them that attracted an audience.
df853ee803f00ec94a94410afcbae537b49ebad9	The peak of the creation of MMO games was in 2007+ years.
44b3152f215f6432e558cfaf946916ec27939570	Dozens of online games are created only in one year, and today hundreds are created.
09fe7a73352ae2c5b14e54f224b9340e7cc20eba	Most of them are similar to the first successful projects and do not deviate from them in any way.
a00e7c4ef63d1aabebce7a2fd5bfcf9f3c4f86a3	Browser games copy each other, client games do not lag behind them.
3a4705be9dff8d1f59160bdf254750b6f43235d2	And only those who go their own way, gaining a kind of zest, leave a mark in the history of the development of multiplayer games, creating a new branch, which will be followed by thousands of future projects.
bc1da6d74fc9c7eec3593a4940967e47bb2267bf	MMO games for girls for children based on heroes based on civilization tactical (MOBA) about cars about vampires about dragons about animals about zombies about space about the world war about the sea and pirates about the post apocalypse about knights about tanks about dancing and music about a farm about football about humor with money withdrawal in real life with beautiful girls
4b01a1d77ad9c7f3658d1cada09812a229c52f59	all about online games
f775387bc47f48a03eb6c8e24406211d78d70b6b	Abstract - The problem of dependence on massively multiplayer online role playing games (MMORPG) and its treatment file n1.doc Abstract The problem of dependence on massively multiplayer online role playing games (MMORPG) and its treatment download (147.5 kb.) Available files (1): n1.doc 148kb.
1c1f9591f38926aa09f74cfcabc35dd762fe68ab	07.07.2012 03: 33 download
24a5bd231e13e26256f9c7cd0c004ff79943f2b7	See also: Abstract - The impact of massively multiplayer online role playing games on a person (Abstract) Presentation The impact of massively multiplayer online role playing games on a person (Abstract) Final qualifying work - Gaming computer addiction of teenagers (Thesis) by Morrie van Mente.
c53fb67b660d37822d00fac58f92702abf71fe84	Effective training using role playing games (Document) Abstract Physical exercises for posture defects, scoliosis, flat feet (Abstract) Abstract Game theory and the field of application of game theory in the development of managerial decisions (Abstract) Course work - The problem of suicide in adolescence (Course) Abstract Advertising lotteries and risk based games (Abstract) Abstract problems of fertility at the present stage (Abstract) Olympic Games (Document) Abstract Sand games in the correctional and developmental process (Abstract) Abstract in athletics (Abstract)
cd5c8940ec2eae2cc76112e2a216d6b82ab22860	n1.doc
ee45c30326b750387589752c0f75e1dd87ddc7e4	Report
ea43323d7b9022fa35030729276557fca4e1a6dd	in the discipline "Deviantology"
eab61fabddc68b10220379e2bba6639847ddaba6	Topic: The problem of dependence on massively multiplayer online role playing games (MMORPG) and its treatment
208409ffed559a03204711e8976b06e3710deca5	Completed:
9bc3c877acb8db0403b9047104ba540d03f04b9b	I checked it:
e22cd461c068aea5dff1c3462214880d76b3e39c	2010
ea3021372e02f6434945e8d3102937bf781cffce	Introduction.................................................................................3
647b3268f2d14d8e36210fa00de41d4305f6701c	1. General information about online games and their classification.....................4
f946993d453139594624f475ef9afa739033240a	2. Massively multiplayer online role playing games (MMORPG)...............................................................................................................9
9a67c857bf896a96d2d102238e12cd6e9b8e716d	3. The problem of dependence on MMORPG..........................................13
ee24de1019afc7a86969ea2e991a7672cfc02927	4. Treatment of MMORPG Addiction...........................................20
79754193bf57a6eb51dca48737ac71090acf91f8	Conclusion............................................................................24
3b6c32a112a6fa9d9b81f8188221f91d1c8e72f8	References..................................................................25
200b6b03710bd73a5d7c0d635e767ea62fdc45c8	Such phenomena as the computer and the Internet, until recently, many attributed to the category of fiction, and today they have already firmly entered our lives and for many people have become necessary components of their existence.
5fdb286b730decfa172c67f13cec57c9aa95992d	With the advent of the Internet, not only the methods of work, but also the ways of spending leisure time have significantly diversified.
3b636aff768ef70f0fee735d4cc4957d7291ccde	People spend hours downloading files from the network, communicating, visiting interesting sites, viewing pictures and playing online games.
1fe63aa3c3614cbd71a425e959c8d7d4ff887ec6	We will consider the latter method in more detail.
1eff1917b5e757b1b5635ec1ee0eaa9791ef05fb	Along with the fact that online games have interested large masses of people and continue to attract more and more users to their networks every day, discussions continue in scientific circles on whether online games should be classified as drugs or not.
f0c2d8499303f8bc0b599e5676a60f5b2036f428	Many of the scientists are categorically in favor, which in general is not surprising, since the game on the network has already attracted huge masses of humanity, only one of the famous games "World of Warcraft" today has more than 8 million users.
9bb933143e0a84ff4b9644f359ad163a523bf82f	In addition, the most dangerous thing is that for people online role playing games are beginning to replace reality.
365481f475481855ca02de9a67ab6c36c8b9cb83	It's so easy to escape from problems with a simple click of a button.
07180cac95efa3807a6606b2bdcee5e51f38b95f	It is worth entering the game – and you are already a super hero in some war between influential clans, you have unlimited opportunities and there are no problems.
a8f6822962c4023165c86c8be226ffd04064fcf7	At the same time, problems in the real world are aggravated by this, and sometimes this addiction can even lead to a fatal outcome!
a613da13e8854184ee3086b48cccb1e40abb1475	Moreover, dependence on such games develops not only in adults, but very often in children, which can irreparably affect their development.
cc45c3ab64cf73369dd4c3dd8f5f381b697be6c2	General information about online games and their classification
d05056710ff491da6b69da24fec8cb5cd7e40b39	An online game is a game that uses an Internet connection.
d9a328f5e1a0850c65b527c0b51161a1dc257fcb	One of the varieties of online games is MMOG.
fe6a1ba7cc1689280624092bd4f2443f4a807e53	There are two types of games that people play on the Internet: simple games directly on the website and multiplayer games.
4ab7f9a4943bc7a538fb7d974a6cca4ed20a3259	In the first case, the game is played directly on the web page – when you enter the page, a small program or flash is loaded, and the game is "ready for use".
6ddd315f29780d8b645419dd7fd87532feb0ad5f	Usually such games are quite simple, although sometimes they are very funny and cute.
1cda18c0acca5d4683e3bd3fdc9b119cd44bbc6e	The genres of the game can be very different – shooting games, quests, puzzles, crosswords, etc.
9c92568601309b87e21545a393b14d963467718a	Multiplayer games, or MMOG (Massively multiplayer online game, massively multiplayer online game) is one of the varieties of online games in which a fairly large number of players simultaneously participate.
436014c2958c1483ff021507cd053a81200af72f	A distinctive feature of MMOG from ordinary online games is the simultaneous play of a large number of people.
5fb5926f565c01e74ba77df614fb8cacb4e289af	In general, there are two large groups of online games:
ad5810e7b08f92e8dcd3f3e0a28e4d08d36efc30	Online games that are based on the principle of finding partners.
01a6b0cee9ab91c93346528fdc454651a21d8922	These are games such as checkers, chess, sea battle and others.
bb885bcc808928e0cfa1c11a0e857e7b8be919d5	These online games are distinguished by their simplicity, compared with the second type of online games.
9a53af1dadd02ca6ee464bb068c4dfa3929be197	Online games that are interactive worlds in which players coexist with each other.
6bf1d0172fb47da91438e09a2fb70a362b596955	This group of online games can also be divided into subgroups:
e6f60f4706a31284d96769820a6a02bd4dde3e57	MMORPG (Massively multiplayer online role playing game, massively multiplayer online role playing game) is one of the most popular types of online games.
d4690247677eff2ff11d54516341836b816b47f1	The player creates his hero in the game world and gets almost complete control over him.
b566f1b298e496157ca003cbb1fb953c934d8544	This type of online games is based on computer RPG (Role playing game, role playing game).
489006c697a0a9a3e77dbcff20b7e3db9b2fc94e	MMOFPS (Massively multiplayer online first person shooter, massively multiplayer first — person shooter)
acecab9cd70e753f0e466b97cb9524893aea4619	- this type of online games combines two components: the gameplay of a first person shooter and a large number of players connected to the game via the Internet.
58287ae3296848cb88b80cc6d3ed4bf0d2f8ab5c	in addition, there are also more rare types of online games, for example: online strategies, online simulators and others.
7cfe5d0a22b7f08320d50edff93c8d125d97b427	Another main characteristic of online games is the presence or absence of a client program.
698b58a35d9b20750b665f32c71966ea8800855a	According to this principle, online games are divided into two large groups:
4202ecfe9aaa51e950709db9d52d066e3b7f06c3	Client online games — this type of online games requires special client programs for its functioning.
bb0d5ed48a0188fac7da7ef77b15f809c3e45d6d	The client program is a software shell consisting of many components, which is written by the game developers specifically for a specific game.
35444e77a4002269cc73245c28b4096c4bb0643c	In order to play an online client game, you need to install a client for a specific game on your computer.
16c5049afaa2751e3b1206e149f75e47384ab4db	The advantage of this type of games is a wider range of features provided to the player, as well as an improved graphical interface.
614d81dba479ddbbcb18ec36bd62bee41291c851	The disadvantage is the need to install special software, as well as the fee most client online games require a subscription fee.
daeca44e849c2f8f9e613d1055b2306303dc61b1	Browser based online games — this type of games does not require any special software for its functioning.
d8e579c7da1c3eac502e18090fa7b14a4c0d4c0d	As the name suggests, only a browser is needed to play browser based online games.
cb7398312e53d0d4d4f86c93f383eaeb2029e442	In this case, the browser acts as a software shell for the game.
c4bcb1d06a33e6cf3dac58f05ec42809a88557ab	Browser based online games are created using various technologies: HTML, JavaScripts, Java, Flash.
00467b21f88a2a4b5709876119400789e62e9994	Shockwave.
259574cf5ea4f486b178b7e9f71910dd23719ce4	A clear advantage of this type of online games is that there is no need to install special software.
fb8ee52acdec6180b14b467f9cf36e8741ae6eeb	However, this imposes some restrictions on the capabilities of browser based online games, in particular on their graphical interface.
d7762002742e76f46f5c70cd76ba30010f04595f	There is also a psychological classification of online games.
2a06e8cd79d9cca83ca62e0cdfba927579a1f1fd	I. Role playing computer games.
fbea46abc5f244597930628cb5033a468bce67dc	Their main feature is the greatest influence on the psyche of the player, the greatest depth of "entry" into the game, as well as the motivation of game activity based on the needs of accepting the role and avoiding reality.
1cfcf7016f952e37977ece2a1e32fc52fe32ef10	Here, three subtypes are distinguished mainly by the nature of their influence on the player, the strength of "dragging" into the game, and the degree of "depth" of psychological dependence.
6180e9c1a236f273cd3a2e70779d94245a9f16f8	1. Games with a first person view.
ddb4039502de0575a2abb060e45f74bcfcd9121b	This type of game is characterized by the greatest force of "tightening" or "entering" into the game.
98ad5a23953530d89a614d45e6dfeb9904fe1258	The specificity here is that the view "from the eyes" provokes the player to fully identify with the computer character, to fully enter the role.
308ff9d1970ee88fe0bc03ae0d1e60497243c5a7	After a few minutes of the game (the time varies depending on the individual psychological characteristics and the gaming experience of the player), a person begins to lose touch with real life, completely concentrating on the game, transferring himself to the virtual world.
1f495c9a928ef8c5a97833ac2fd3a6eb74851084	The player can take the virtual world completely seriously and considers the actions of his hero to be his own.
beefa8c3f53a7250f59f2b5423e9cbae60be2134	A person has a motivational involvement in the plot of the game.
064ce72a49acad3e10f626c7e2909bc20ab5af40	2. Games with a third person view.
4c57fc819a18c3b85178504ac1771ccae331de27	This type of games is characterized by a lower force of entering the role compared to the previous one.
d0be56d740b432ff2ddc85486f717a54740942a6	The player sees "himself" from the outside, controlling the actions of this hero.
f36606688cd2f36b05dc9ba0a30fc2711c9917a1	Identification with a computer character is less pronounced, as a result of which motivational involvement and emotional manifestations are also less pronounced compared to games with a first person view.
0275dd4fcc242e236ae09f7dcdf1708d63997188	If in the case of the latter, a person in the critical seconds of his hero's life can turn pale and fidget in his chair, trying to dodge blows or shots from computer "enemies", then in the case of an external view, external manifestations are more moderate, but failures or the death of" himself " in the guise of a computer hero is experienced by the player no less strongly.
fd4fe168cd4d113c1234d250e5b6dc749492d260	3. Strategy games.
31b9162d230b1508ebdaf6fb16f314e77b517b38	In these games, the player is given the right to direct the activities of computer characters subordinate to him.
cbc61a9939d31cc4848656e72d10eee092c501e0	Motivational involvement in the game process and the mechanism of formation of psychological dependence on the game are no less strong than in the case of other games.
ded6f68eb89c3f3bdca65a9f8c6a6ae06d495001	II. Non role playing computer games.
263efd0ae9a262673bd211cb4763c754e72c6c58	The reason for the allocation of this type is that the player does not assume the role of a computer character, as a result of which psychological mecha the mechanisms of addiction formation and the influence of games on a person's personality have their own specifics and are generally less strong.
eb546f600193c3be0b50753e8fb5f6c6f16593b8	The motivation of the game activity is based on the excitement of "passing" and (or) gaining points.
94c815a5ebf5a7832e9fc172d909a115240fb49e	There are several subtypes:
24d43450f947dd2498b08a1a9d11a88361c3482f	1. Arcade games.
3b9aa9d784118649b1bc3695dd807355b868b983	All the player needs to do is move quickly, shoot and collect various prizes, driving a computer character or a vehicle.
a1cb7df12423dab490bcaf5d883d5c085bf56205	These games are in most cases very harmless in the sense of influencing the personality of the player, because psychological dependence on them is most often short term.
8acaebedd2039e311bc722d8e601411393cd9593	2. Puzzles.
b2f31e721c4753cc3324a1b34e2cbcbf917c7177	This type of games includes computer versions of various board games (chess, checkers, backgammon, etc.), as well as various kinds of puzzles implemented in the form of computer programs.
e733651f6b242e439c6a4c308e99a2c0d24770b7	The motivation based on excitement is associated here with the desire to beat a partner in the game, to prove their superiority.
7b11f67a63f357f7da33e56a5d4ea7f72f49333f	3. Games for quick reaction.
cbd325c969163302041d551a5b1beac898a1e589	This includes all games in which the player needs to show dexterity and quickness of reaction.
db01831923e0e4662105e03d7f8856388b76dc73	The difference from arcades is that they do not have a plot at all and, as a rule, are completely abstract, have nothing to do with real life.
5de9f02affb8acb80b62b29d83303a16c80dcb23	Motivation based on excitement, the need to "pass" the game, score more points, can form a completely stable psychological dependence of a person on this type of games.
ce3d94a13bbb0e90574f4aa4d3143ed4a55b0cb4	4. Traditionally gambling.
0dc5e8e72a4db7275b16818f96ec1d458b1dc720	We use the word "traditional" in the name, since it is impossible to call the type simply "gambling", since almost all non role playing computer games are gambling by nature.
9656b98501db5f0289df7fe876b205e401a2706d	This includes computer versions of card games, roulette, simulators of slot machines, in a word - computer versions of the casino's gaming repertoire.
e723b556afd6a7af792aa9651c9466feb88664b9	The psychological aspects of the formation of dependence on these computer games and their real analogues are very similar.
7c7697323987c4d83c7e9b98ef1f42569ba4a6ce	So, online games allow a person to "enter" virtuality to the greatest extent, to detach (at least for the duration of the game) from reality and get into the virtual world.
10196691d460bbb2a49f496e22e9f8f17995fc0b	As a result, online games have a significant impact on a person's personality: solving the problems of "saving humanity" in the virtual world, a person acquires problems in real life.
50c0b1e5ef610cd1cc726d8a174b2acc7e721fb8	At the same time, the greatest danger is of course multiplayer online role playing games, since in an MMORPG the player becomes a completely different person, can create an appearance for himself, etc.
fd41d187c12dd78bceefa8d005295b6d4cf46259	In addition, he interacts with other real people, and not just with computer controlled characters, which further arouses interest and dependence on MMORPGs.
90989125dad7f033a0739be2363004dcb0fc8460	Massively multiplayer online role playing games (MMORPG)
da9df5056976388dd2ed8aa49dcc686aa38fa6f4	A massively multiplayer online role playing game (MMORPG) is a genre of online computer role — playing games (ORPG) in which a large number of players interact with each other in a virtual world (mainly in the fantasy genre).
4cd01808ca6e03b4decc26fd4ccbd5572b8bd93f	As in most RPGs, the player is offered the role of a fictional hero, and the ability to control his actions.
d82029efcbe3f42623b4534f11094866cc6ea085	MMORPGs differ from single player and small network role playing games by a variety of players, as well as a virtual world that continues to exist even in the absence of a player.
167be73b6eefcbf34538d429e2d2c2c8d8276c74	The virtual world is supported by the publisher of the game after its release.
a7040bb37dab4a2030cbcfef03a3bf0075a431e8	In the virtual world, players can perform various actions by interacting with each other.
c8403293e1fbd6270ed6539f549f33d814115383	There are also computer controlled characters (NPCs), including hostile ones (mobs).
9f5fecba9a46e5fdede5363dcd8f5ec3ea68fcad	In most games, the destruction of enemies is rewarded and experience points are awarded.
62dd3d6f19cd45f9c443465a80cf6dc5b6c58ca2	The player uses the experience points obtained to improve the skills and abilities of the hero.
d71a1b923e2d94d7aca35059a47c130e3769d236	Remuneration (game currency or valuables) is the basis of economic relations between the participants of the game.
c6d5cd505d1b36e6d92577a4b78d584f3d743c44	In many MMORPGs, players have the opportunity to create internal associations (guilds, clans), whose members can adhere to a certain policy towards other players and associations.
3d1eaf7a3d76da232c6415830d17f6b770892fe5	In some games, the characters are neutral when they first appear in the world, in others they are initially hostile to certain characters according to the plot of the game.
b884f3401b61f6327ca3a533c81973a32afd39f5	In most paid MMORPGs, players purchase a subscription subscription, sometimes publishers require a one time purchase of a copy of the game.
fd20e7a85a2e2557a2adbceeea7a4dd73e4fe11c	Free MMORPGs can be simply downloaded on the Internet.
b602bfa235c14762f49479a1d234db1bec238fe9	They often use a microtransaction system — the purchase of in game items for real money.
72dc08f92cf81ae553c460d789d7d2de31135158	In the classic version, MMORPGs are divided into three styles of play, but mostly combine several: PvE Player vs Environment (Player vs Environment).
82a60d68ff9f4ff3993a3aed1dba33cb94b7b21b	Interacting with the game environment, the player improves the characteristics of his own character and moves along the storyline (if there is one).
57f861a3a3b6fb84955d18d504eb1c41fdb214cd	PvP Player vs Player (Player vs Player).
e2588908d2765036dd28bb0a79f75dbc8bed9003	The game is based on the "Player Player" relationship, where the dominant role is played by the factor of communication, confrontation and exchange of game items between players.
ac6aafcdd086c2a9ce3d46ae11e76f6df38aeb77	PvE / PvP Combines the qualities of the two above styles.
1dafeaa095a04c2d72bee40e4c79e8b08a8d1a49	It is the basic scheme for building modern MMORPGs.
020fb8068bca221d77fe7b7103889e32b85d648b	RvR — Kingdom versus Kingdom (Realm versus Realm).
b8eb785071623cc712f921165150c79afe8ce6df	The organization of players (not necessarily a clan) against another group (sometimes random) in the struggle for the resources of the game and / or the opponent's city.
1e77e96b9f10edc5cfdea98d1aa1032fdcf44841	The game is based on a "Player Player" relationship with the intervention of a third non player party to maintain the balance of the game sides.
b0aaa4c1782bed308252f5bccde98019535f6af9	Now there are an incredible number of paid and free popular MMORPG games in which different people meet each other on fantastic battlefields to live for an hour or two in the "skin" of a hero of any race.
1bc95d89ea5cb45f597b9b9a831167d6a29aab8d	Among the most famous representatives: Everquest, World of Warcraft, Lineage, Warhammer online.
c18ad0500b34889dfc3a0030572f1c3eedd4e4c1	The Russian market of multiplayer role playing games did not begin with "monsters".
0996997023bd65c0c44bb7e6fddbac344eb39f82	Once the minds were excited by the browser based MMORPG "Fight Club", known to everyone and everyone in our country to the Internet user.
a47d6f7ae30b9ed6df9b471d0e41709fbbc027ef	The amounts that were spent by the players do not lend themselves to logical justification, disputes and scandals around it did not subside for a minute, there were just an incredible number of players for a small and underdeveloped Russian speaking part of the world Wide web.
bc1b9b53ef217a8b596e9d027077737f58da9bba	However, the players, of course, wanted something more than an "interactive newspaper", and therefore the market could not be based on browser games.
adc8de16a2ea282b246f44f02df44a64d92bfb1b	The Japanese were among the first to appear on the Russian market with their online game Lineage, for many in Russia it was she who became the first acquaintance with an MMORPG with a client.
529c1e000612142503bd746322127799514e2da4	Now there are quite a lot of users of this MMORPG game in Russia, if we take into account those who play on numerous free servers, then their number will completely exceed several hundred thousand people.
8d1f974aafdc6ac1758e39c595b3bdcc0d7df73c	In this MMORPG game, our compatriots for the first time saw a really big game world, which undoubtedly aroused unprecedented interest, with a huge number of quests, character classes, various branches of skills, with the ability to arrange epic battles for the possession of cities.
364b8a6a1d21f5e2348d73e05a61aa6c02d420f7	However, the graphic style of Lineage, leaning towards a gloomy Gothic, was not liked by everyone, and therefore the Internet was waiting for something else…
c856b5aa24e40888f4afe295fe13c255c807a14c	Now the undoubted king of the most popular MMORPG games is World of Warcraft.
c01cb27b7a0468d942d82721ab0d4015d412f339	The most famous strategic franchise has moved into the category of the best multiplayer games quickly and beautifully, conquering everyone with its external casuality (the cartoon style clearly benefits the game) and quite an interesting game balance.
fa146a32e50fa97289bd746482818e8e33743882	The huge amount of content in the game is also a big plus for all fans of this game.
7b3d85e51168f78522a40b2fac3be879dfe0bac7	Now there are more than 8 million WOW users (according to some estimates, the figure exceeds 10 million), this, again, without taking into account"free users".
b7122c56b99c867f455d0bd40ab50a104ba39d93	It is followed by Warhammer online, Everquest, The Lord of the Rings online, Ragnarok online, but their success is somewhat more modest.
2e898f7017bfedd90ad6fbcfd7a993ae0165fee5	However, to say that the MMORPG genre is the future of the gaming industry means not to talk about anything, because now most of the major entertainment game projects are focused precisely with an eye to MMO playability.
8a0633f27aa7252a2ba3c4c725a0f1e811225d79	The popularity of multiplayer online games does not stop growing.
64f6850b2a049306d9e986d76e7d6df877aceacc	Gigaom has published a list of the ten most popular MMORPGs of our time, which was compiled on the basis of officially available data on the number of active subscribers.
8e8c5f7d27b436ce5ecc7f8c728f5d106b399a9f	The list is compiled in the form: the name of the game (year of release) - the number of active players:
ca3f3ed9ad3fb110669fadf4f44ec6d7a382748c	1. World of Warcraft (2004) - 8.5 million
abad15f321381d8dd6cf104895411d408a23b4cc	2. Habbo Hotel (2000) - 7.5 million
adee479a7deed333850ba5a0726da7e25d16bfcf	3. RuneScape (2001) - 5 million/
850c74cd6186cf51fcaac3376aea864857cf4ec1	4. Club Penguin (2006) - 4 million/
2fd1780a036e88ca2e942e3f6bc4b28e1ca948fe	5. Webkinz (2005)
947e35b1243769d20fa5036b904149f19e2c3e8c	- 3.8 million
ec5126c47e001ffc71f0ee5767d79cfff34eb48b	6. Gaia Online (2003) - 2 million
d18620582440cf1e709ff05b729cfbebc96eb7ca	7. Guild Wars (2005) - 2 million
5640e5c73eccbf450d0e939a9870b08a22ae70e5	8. Puzzle Pirates (2003) - 1.5 million
cd70b26deff308e3afd5393de70daa9f514d259f	9. Lineage I/II (1998) - 1 million.
7d37bb9ee5c9acb532f2462d7bfb38c7fe56aaef	Second Life (2003) - 500 thousand.
7b4e07306f8a4794745b1ea5a4b009fa31190cef	At the same time, the list does not include Korea, China, Japan and other Asian countries.
d631dcfc04e8e4cf311277c8a0e6f08897be913c	If you take them into account, then the entire list will be exclusively from Korean games.
863e1724e9ba57ca8871b69fe6d26a80570a3797	For example, MU Online is played with more than 40 million players.
d8fa0b1165d2b7a49e48dc9d31f8f59830a18178	The problem of dependence on MMORPG
d4ca63e381a68115d2b1fcbdedb0f996efe8ae68	Let's try to figure out what has so puzzled the world's minds and what is the danger of such a seemingly harmless entertainment as online role playing games.
aeb86330bd3abd873c03955a8565785f14998810	And the danger lies in addiction.
8f5a9996226a105f2bda51a70b1eaabcdfdcb0c9	People are so addicted to the gameplay that many adults lose their jobs for lack of enough willpower to interrupt the game, because of which there is no time left for work at all.
65047ce44d6e6ee019ed91dfaf9bccb25d4c8725	Students are expelled from universities, because they can not betray their playmates and for this reason they are forced to skip exams, for the same reason, schoolchildren become losers.
360a2a1c58b4f4232b24b733c45504550012d0a0	In addition to the huge time spent on this hobby, users of such projects annually spend huge amounts of money, hardly calculated by some insignificant hundreds of thousands of dollars - the turnover is much more.
59e3d9acbeb932ae4b1da5f02ff6e2f99f1db637	All this money is spent on the purchase of various virtual gaming accessories.
6252471a12f777dfb522bfc282ecab1531fd006b	But all of the above are just flowers, in addition to social problems, the abuse of online games entails various health problems.
b8033d207da9689e880369a42ea81e7f4c011e53	Constant systematic play negatively affects both the mental and physical health of a person.
920d3a5f9c83ea0946026df727deed23fbb03c3f	An avid player interrupts his occupation only in order to satisfy the necessary physical needs and then, not always completely, for example, the need for food.
e73a9613e163272377408cd92b6dcbd3117a4aae	There is simply no time left for such aspects of normal life as walking, rest for the eyes, etc.
6fb98c0896676304bdf98052ba2b3142af71f62b	Shortly before that, another death occurred: a young man named Nan Ren Gu Shi died from a long continuous game.
c172e0856968f2f5f28b8557d76e0f8dd0c5e8fa	The Chinese government, based on these two incidents, introduces a new law: every online game in the country must have a special program installed that interrupts access to the game server after three hours of play.
9fe413e07f766a124d0862fe3838339dd4ab9080	This caused an ardent protest of gamers.
104aca2a52f5c6d0c624f999d6973fb2296884af	There are many other cases involving harming not only yourself.
6ed20d801011669af282af167851d91338052da6	In Shanghai, a 41 year old player of the online game Legend of Mir 3, Qiu Chenwei, killed his friend because he "stole" a virtual sword from him.
9f940e7a7a9630265eaaaae9b3c2d1661e51740d	The court sentenced Qiu to death, however, with a two year delay: for good behavior in prison, the sentence can be commuted to life imprisonment, and in the future it can be reduced to 15 years.
56205d1a9cbf62394fe3470a7b8616b39154bcff	The parents of the murdered Zhu Caoyuan do not agree with the verdict: "My son was only 26 years old," says the father of the family.
f2642e55db13872a20205311325495ece8dc0fd6	– We demand the immediate death penalty of Qiu."
b2d4191f6c9b91a8ccc2fd4331804703634f8acd	Such a person begins to confuse the real world with the virtual one, while the real world causes him negative emotions, because an avid gamer is deprived of all those extra opportunities that he is endowed with in the game.
b2e5940392fdd64c2c58ed33fe8217853b2ae79c	The mechanism of formation of game addiction is based on partially unconscious aspirations, needs: escape from reality and acceptance of a role.
f315e9fad9d76ed49dc1a48bcbdfe3e9ed402260	These mechanisms operate independently of human consciousness and the nature of the motivation of gambling activities, including immediately after meeting person with role based computer games and the beginning of a more or less regular games in them.
aea59517834972a902a071fdd1b71bfa4ef7bff2	Ie no matter what motivates people and what motivates him when he first begins to play computer games, include mechanisms of dependence, and in the future that need, which is based on the prevailing mechanism takes the utmost importance in motivating games and activities.
0de928a965b2b69d7792a83d8c1fb83caf5276af	So, let's consider each of these mechanisms sequentially.
5897646c7bfcc374ca9751886e234315b1e7ce12	It is not by chance that the term "withdrawal from reality" is used, and not "withdrawal from society".
2190f15cf18a4e14bcd17c9e4625efd4a573d977	The fact is that we mean not just the environment, society, society, but the objective reality as a whole.
d897c68a10f49a2c0481c79ec3e25e576fc8efe3	You can escape from society through a variety of ways, including non role playing computer games.
48f58c4fd72ffa2cfa90aec005f62f7a6bd3dcb3	The psychological aspects of the mechanism are based on the natural desire of a person to get rid of all sorts of problems and troubles associated with everyday life.
f9b95855a7cc38609a8847188cf45aede7aca46f	A role playing computer game is a simple and affordable way to simulate another world or such life situations in which a person has never been and will not be in reality.
710983d60add3e5aa684983709a0b132daa8e92f	This is an easy way to live in another life, where there are no problems, there is no work to go to every day, there is no hassle of earning money for a living, etc.
6a9add4143dfea1674383f90e86451a4f3641102	In this sense, it may seem that role playing computer games serve as a means of relieving stress, reducing the level of depression, i.e. a kind of therapeutic method.
b06bafb62a1eb1e9de1fd82e358312f1e71cebc1	However, the use of role playing games in this capacity is questionable, although it seems quite possible.
356bbf290ceaf7e90a5c3b6a8e912c70e286bcf8	In practice, people usually abuse this way of escaping from reality, lose their sense of proportion, playing for a long time.
967798e5a1001019290be2ae666d74f3a6ae4760	As a result, there is a danger of not temporary, but complete detachment from reality, the formation of a very strong psychological dependence on the computer.
2239e52d04c11e222f381896d4bb9b400e716c8f	The process of beneficial influence of role playing games is presented as follows: a person "goes" into virtuality for a while to relieve stress, distract from problems, etc.
78b5ac6c1123d8d6344aee3b98cd1c13af00c6f8	The words of one of the gamers: "When I get up from the computer and go outside, I donot have enough weapons that I have in the game.
02908d7bccb756b3d78f72436a3ca03461d8e8d0	Without him, I feel defenseless, so I try to come home as soon as possible and sit down to play again" That is, we see that the constant departure from reality leads to an increase in this desire, to the emergence of a stable need to escape from reality.
f9a28202866b0d6f5cfa41e0cf35f41b45963195	Role playing games, especially in childhood, are part of a person's cognitive activity.
cea5d2dc6e99c736d5094fbc59226fafcf440be3	All children play games, consciously assuming the role of adults, satisfying the unconscious need to know the world around them.
de308ccfbdf19cbeb3905940222649a8b081fef3	With age, role playing games are replaced by intellectual ones and a person very rarely has the opportunity to take on the role of another person, although the subconscious need for this remains: the driver wants to look at the world through the eyes of a pilot, a man wants to be in the role of a woman, a loser rejected by society dreams of being a leader for at least a minute.
e451d179b4ef389bcbefe8add6adaafa7ce9eb9e	The need to know the world is a modified research instinct inherited by humans from animals.
227d96a200df6104152eaa755689f4c7cfd325a0	Presumably, this need is in the area of the unconscious, since in most cases it is partially or completely not realized by a person.
147dd6f44655bf9e9696b784bee2ecaadc78962b	However, the lack of awareness of a need does not indicate its absence or weakness as a motivating factor; rather, on the contrary, unconscious needs have a greater influence on our behavior than conscious ones.
a0c6a5f7351506b99ad4cbba47db557632256ef4	The research instinct in animals and the cognitive need in humans are quite powerful motivating factors and often completely determine behavior.
7dbab4e89c4cd43894738e94c51249ff9d3d19fe	An animal driven by the research instinct forgets about the danger and may die for the sake of this thirst for knowledge.
b09ebf419a8b6a021d898da15537d0655ce24e7d	That is, the research instinct of an animal can suppress even a very powerful instinct of self preservation.
25fd4c8c2c59f623a783970a3a76e9a82d7b695b	This is also proved by the supporters of cognitive psychology; for them, the cognitive need is the main driving force of personality development and a source of activity.
6408529ad6a6220028e1cbdd5919779172400339	Role playing is a very effective way of cognitive activity.
5f4730c61040e2d6a54eb5abca8311bfcfd586c4	In the process of role playing, an unconscious cognitive need is satisfied, as a result of which a person gets pleasure.
e833a228b806aa1af863224c7d7be6fdb211e09a	The very mechanism of addiction formation is based on the resulting need for role acceptance.
8046e60ddc87470be013e45c24387560c59e7a84	After a person has played an online game once or several times, he understands that his hero and the virtual world itself allow him to satisfy those human needs that are not satisfied in real life.
dca3d0bb9a78724b30d676f3c15b7d5014a3b1f3	This computer hero is respected, his opinion is considered, he is strong, can kill a hundred enemies at once, he is superman, and it is very pleasant for a person to enter the role of this character, to feel like him, because in real life most people do not have the opportunity to experience such feelings.
7e7b800f6c901849403a55e0230227ca30162ef9	Further, the more a person plays, the more he begins to feel the contrast between" real "and " virtual", which further attracts a person to an online role playing game and removes him from real life.
76eda462dad616d8a349135877bdb01251b2a750	The game turns into a means of compensating for life's problems, the personality begins to be realized in the game world, and not in the real one.
15e283df0c0b32a6dbc76baf1fb34795ff042fd3	Of course, this entails a number of serious problems in the development of personality, in the formation of self awareness and self esteem, as well as the higher spheres of the personality structure.
6937457c37ae339e628c72a3fa29b5b3d7be7cbf	In this paper, we will not dwell on the influence of computer games on a person's personality, since this issue requires additional scientific research.
cc44043f8f4e026f5c81999f65db7620febb0467	In addition, quite real money is earned (and spent) in online games.
b028203695ac145bb0f2590e322ac434ff80906d	In some places, this is officially supported – in Project Entropia, for example, the toy currency PEDs (Project Entropia Dollars) is freely converted into paper dollars.
2c8b2c5b3a2a0796edbbeabd0d40272fec693e5a	You can convert dollars into PEDs (10 PEDs = $1) – and buy jewelry, weapons, and so on for the character, up to toy cities and space stations.
661d4a2edc0d8ebdc600d62460241cc8eb9b9e25	And vice versa, you can sell some artifact to another player for PEDs – and get real money on your hands.
e03df930472639500a6e0be6a7410a09c77673eb	Sometimes online games become a real business for players.
57edb3c8414998749b25d825efc3dd02c2101be6	So, a 23 year old player under the nickname Deathifier, who spent $26,000 on a virtual island that exists within the framework of the online game Project Entropia, recouped his expenses for a year.
1fa0188cd7a37acfd87d05b1b805e68beaef3fc5	Throughout the year, he rented out the island's land for development to other players, and also took a fee for hunting and extracting resources on his private property.
48c3a6dcb92d0ba2e9f7314e5c6c944a4a0e2e41	"Now I can say with confidence that in the future the island will bring me a huge profit," said Deathifier.
301067d33e9b4c808bbd219f5095e5963def66f2	However, not everyone is so lucky, and often the players ' money goes irrevocably.
d2083eb8435c5239e4fddb8a4b41bea6c5a304f8	So, a player canot just quit the game if the fate of his clan is at stake.
65eea2ae7f1f5642f3eba647edcf94da15f0a773	He canot let his comrades down.
6b8a16852d7442e326eaef396bbb5842fbebfea4	According to one 22 year old college student who was passionate about the game "Final Fantasy XI": "We slept in turns, waiting for our enemies to appear.
77fdb7723ccf795b7c76ae6ed34059e905549ef4	Defeating them, we felt a sense of accomplishment."
81f840ad111147c7ef417d57423440c483e4d770	In this game, each player becomes the hero of his own storyline, cooperating with other players to fight evil.
f95d608883d53d47430c08f6a7fb1f51cd30953c	Successfully completed missions and quests, players increase their level and get more strength to fight with an even stronger opponent.
88fd91b5e7efbf76ce26345fe914a16e909cb81e	Players never know when an enemy will appear in sight, so they should spend as much time as possible in the game, otherwise they will let down not only themselves, but also their partners in the game.
8106f15506fb94f7273df51e72999cd67d261474	Therefore, the treatment of this addiction is a very serious and important problem.
8592606f9074757a7f1a72efcdde810ef9222abe	Treatment of MMORPG Addiction
69b51c23a9d276c287ea5f26d2c4896420325196	In some countries (China, North Korea), the problem of dependence on online role playing games has reached the state level and is taken under the control of the government.
8ce12cf4afde8407de968c5ae03b0469fd6da3bd	Treatment of MMORPG addiction is a complex problem that requires the coordinated work of specialists in various fields of medicine.
64003a42d7e5cd87a62962450f1941d5ee8bb0f5	The main role in the treatment is played by the social readaptation of the patient, which is possible only with the participation of qualified psychologists and psychotherapists.
1b41e66de32c02897ea131fecc553cbc092fb85f	The use of various medications complements psychotherapy and helps to consolidate the results obtained.
96ecfc8cde4677da593a9683cf74f274751bf58d	Psychotherapy is the main method of treating various types of addictions.
b5496f4f8f9229c6a880b54113e325f3fa38406f	The purpose of psychotherapy is to eliminate the psychological conflict (which exists in most cases), which led to the emergence of dependence on the game and the social reintegration of the patient.
4f79041431a2c4a2bc500da8eddf38d181b5df9e	Psychotherapy sessions are conducted by specialist doctors.
9b039d323b7a9574a85c336086740d59d7bcc22c	In order for psychotherapy sessions to be effective, the patient's consent to their conduct and the patient's desire to cooperate with the doctor is necessary.
458aa5f1319fa63b472829c38d1d21eb1a7c64f6	"Imposed" psychotherapy sessions conducted against the will of the patient do not have any positive effect, but only aggravate the problem.
48f4dfd050730a478ddac8527d7fe4c8f63af577	In the process of psychotherapy, the psychotherapist helps the patient to realize the pathological essence of his attachment to the online game, while it is important to avoid the patient's feelings of guilt.
92ac74b2908c871e4ec7a0b2030e2eb8ae75325f	On the contrary, the goal of the doctor is to awaken a healthy critical attitude of the patient to his pathological addiction.
5eb01f85e777aaea349e6391755e004909d79858	Social readaptation of the patient involves finding out the reasons for the violation of the patient's ties with society and taking measures to eliminate them.
a793fddc4070eda8d520c3f1d59600bf5f703c5c	In cases of ineffectiveness of psychotherapy or the lack of the possibility of its implementation, hypnosis can be used for the treatment of addiction.
160298ad3df1478b0b746e8ba8c99e3088c6496d	Often the cause of dependence on MMORPGs in children and adolescents is self doubt and lack of self expression.
7ebaaa13ab963aedc1d1bf5d6d5e31a846c242a5	In such cases, parents should support the child and help him deal with the problems that have arisen.
d8d956fd4ff477fb465cca2a311e13f308f79db4	It is absolutely wrong to criticize a child who spends too much time at the computer.
73791547c62aba92441eef7b594eb2b38cd8f4ae	This can only deepen the problem and distance the child from his parents.
0fd2a5f8ac46ab4e257acf1746abe48e797d0825	If a child suffers from game envy, you need to try to understand him and to some extent share his interest in online games.
0b8e5afcf32070bd4905460e38e86b9e1c04d98d	This will not only bring the child closer to his parents, but also increase his trust in them, which means that the child will follow the advice of his parents with more confidence and share his problems with them with greater confidence.
edf925ff4601577f2306b127747c33c3c0bb2dac	Criticism is perceived by the child as a refusal of parents to understand his interests and therefore causes isolation and in some cases aggression.
60fab53eee2e986e76f89391620a0db5981f062e	Children and adolescents need self expression.
6d01e774799cec283339fa9f092c4ad9c049b202	For not having other means of expressing their thoughts and energy, they turn to MMORPGs, which create the illusion of a reality of limitless possibilities, devoid of responsibility.
2bfe02a2b2021b8cbfa1b35c1d36c4f69619850d	In the online game, a teenager can become anyone, take any role.
d854f3af67a0ae576d47c7749b70f0e440af7f87	Such an illusion has a destructive effect on the child's psyche and disrupts his connection with his parents and peers.
eb1345c0444e660e01cb5c385acf90ddeb492df3	In order to avoid the emergence of a child's attachment to games, it is necessary to diversify the range of his interests and activities.
7096d25b32399f5e825fc7d54dc8e8562360796d	This can be achieved, for example, by drawing the child's attention to sports or various types of arts (music, drawing, etc.).
22e567ba5bdb50adc6f7c1e377f6e1fb70341664	The use of medications in the treatment of addiction to online games.
d8e85282056db02a116d0ee0993d2f0fbe206cea	Various groups of medications are used in the treatment of addiction to online games.
714d46d4227e34a488176a7320358d71da6b67fb	At the same time, there is no specific treatment for this dependence.
573af613d6bd39f2ae5035931cc26e43f4207785	The main purpose of prescribing medications is to eliminate various disorders that accompany dependence on MMORPG and make its course heavier.
bdb98cb57f76f76c81986e9a7b3af96d2aff1df3	For example, if there are symptoms of depression in a patient, a course of treatment with antidepressants is prescribed.
b0421b44f2ee53970cbd7cff0e8ccd7b6fc5e3e2	Excessive nervousness and agitation are eliminated with the help of sedatives.
084d20b77630f250f7a4fde14681cf27a52bd2bf	Herbal preparations can be successfully used in the treatment of computer addiction.
c0cdf40176ec74af72d83a526777950cc4fd14e4	Preparations of this group (Ginseng extract, Rhodiola rosea preparations, Oregano preparations, Cordyceps, Ican) reduce the excitability of the nervous system and have a positive effect on the brain.
d7f482e36ad3ae9953bd6f0c42d69f8858980b61	Against the background of taking herbal preparations, sleep is normalized, self esteem and social interest of the patient increase.
f1b1dedbcbfbb29dc98f148ad864bd8c82694a8e	In addition, some herbal preparations have a pronounced immunostimulating and adaptogenic effect and improve the functioning of internal organs.
3fde5bdeb3e1a05d6aeeea507c19ff053455194d	Taking any medications should be coordinated with your doctor.
cc44e1c1d3f9939ee364dca0a5e14247bda5b578	Against the background of dependence on online games (due to a disdainful attitude to food), there is often a lack of vitamins and minerals.
02ea34923f8c075950a3018bfbd10d10f003006b	Therefore, the complex treatment of addiction to online games necessarily includes vitamin and mineral complexes of various compositions.
7f20c107929f8d446506b3153116d54b32eea8b2	Treatment of physical symptoms of dependence on online games (visual impairment, carpal syndrome, dry eye syndrome, display syndrome, posture disorders) primarily provides for the correct arrangement of the workplace and compliance with the work and rest regime.
ffa7f99f62d687611ae60267155c86d8b1add31b	In order to prevent visual impairment, it is recommended to conduct eye exercises and equip the computer with a high quality monitor.
cd8ebf5ffa471233de14d8f4a1b118fe12e56b7e	The most important stage in the treatment of MMORPG addiction is to involve the person suffering from it in processes that are not related to computers, so that games do not become a substitute for reality.
4486ee97b0f89c99ea36cbce847c34f0858b8da7	It is necessary to show a person that there are a lot of interesting entertainment besides the computer (bowling, snowboarding, mushroom picking, paintball, kayaking, football, etc.), which not only allow you to experience the thrill, but also train the body and normalize the psychological state.
dc265e509c045dcea60674501a84253d5fa2270d	Thus, in our time, along with alcohol, drugs and other phenomena that can cause a person to become addicted, there is another, and very dangerous, mass multiplayer online role playing games.
94e7076963d1173ee1fdb5738f569942302dfb4e	They have a huge arsenal of tools that can drag a person into the virtual world, and sometimes irrevocably, since we have seen from examples that such dependence can well end in a fatal outcome.
394387ea1f67d0bc5775f3336925252c71db8631	MMORPGs can lead to both social and health problems.
2948e845d61c4687783059f96d69dbc90700d743	Moreover, the scale of people's involvement in MMORPGs is huge.
30ad50b8a22979e5312c8e2d885d9758f846330e	Only in World of Warcraft, according to various data, from 8 to 10 million people play!
c9d3a7f267ad9abddd5ceee125c22baac4732a22	At the same time, these are only permanent registered players.
0e49cebbdd3b20b49fdc93ac07cf877668dd9777	Of course, the games themselves do not carry such a great danger.
fc67ed60f45d0ff5dab90cef7aebcfea90444a60	Excessive passion for them is dangerous.
52bbda2ad41a1c73b2a07d71590436aa991c80d7	And sometimes this dependence is not caused by the games themselves at all.
dc7f43ff7cb62d384585a8339dcaba3e82d4b056	Often a person enters the game not out of curiosity, but with the intention of escaping from very real psychological problems.
75039080481adf78a19f4215390921303d896001	Therefore, along with medical support, an important role is assigned to a psychologist in the treatment of MMORPG addiction, since it is necessary to help a person solve his problems that pushed him into the abyss of the virtual world, as well as adapt to the social environment, since with prolonged involvement in MMORPGs, relations with family and the rest of the social environment worsen.
00883dfd1a2d240252f5bd33d6ea4b21deb3616a	MMORPG online games.
c59e5d182a59488ea2dfb4dad3bf1c1993770145	- [Electronic resource].
a7f6c7b83c635c8a7f10fe75bd63ba11502b237d	- [Access mode]: http://ragnarok cwo.ru/game/mmorpg.html
cb60f4c40ee872456911e33440500a152ec2d499	What is a MMORPG?
b4852d660050472d05c4d0ee83cd3c694d4ea574	- [Access mode]: http://www.wisegeek.com/what is a mmorpg.htm
a0df24d970b575eedc14c2c0c05da6a2a1ab8ec6	All about online games.
ae64e3044d861ac6d0fb74fe5581bb9576ebf9a7	- [Access mode]: http://lunuvuc.ucoz.com/index/vidy onlajn igr/0-8
2ba4c4284d696c6e348e03e1608a34650cae1d20	Internet addiction will be cured in a hospital bed.
dd8abecb661d46042f45174000822e762bd4ebb1	- [Access mode]: http://www.medicinform.net/comp/comp psych12.htm
760421599500886f4fd46b142b8b98e1325d4987	Dependence on online games – - [Electronic resource].
735eb40de6505decd5270eb1fe36f15aa9dfb376	- [Access mode]: http://www.rpg on line.ru/stat/zavisimost.htm
cb63e22eae1d7ad55be10f8fc9ab10c48ed76bde	Internet addiction.
31397d9b98d69eb8bdb397a3d88db758b3e33981	- [Access mode]: http://www.mediazona.ru/forum/index.php?showtopic=16487
a8384c58610dd3e4f0d3698199401fed0eff574c	Treatment of computer addiction (gaming addiction, Internet addiction).
bc624c02ed7ab925042a7f8fd146d7eb51ec7be5	- [Access mode]: http://www.psypodderjka.ru/content/view/82/
94b2ed270656b14e9003cb9167ee0cd8bd435283	Treatment of computer addiction.
b09b756d461de41cd731d9dd545b37f2761e1715	- [Access mode]: http://www.tiensmed.ru/programmer5.html
0818714c3bff4395ed48e6d846c5b0a87201b05f	A massively multiplayer online role playing game.
84ef21de5c9ae905271cfe1b8951bad32e38a103	- [Access mode]: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMORPG
ce898ea1bad4538237eb099b45aa6ce49207f4ea	About addiction to online games.
3cdd9d532b0e794b153a39569ef130d4619a9ba1	- [Access mode]: http://limej.ru/index.php/stat/27 stat/2126 O zavisimosti ot onlan igr.html
9092ff74780b4f72fe246a52af1ba6f90e8c0ddc	Online games can be more dangerous than drugs.
0ac8c1bf5b935dce70046db4f52d68e44a262cfd	- [Access mode]: http://www.webplanet.ru/news/software/2006/7/14/games.html
53b004e6c3d167dc5425c5498a66e67df8202688	Almost a reality.
3a2c8fbca43742096ab33a222bc0b82edf81c2e0	Life in an online computer game.
af0af86c1d6bea89d4569f7e0696731815f4718f	- [Access mode]: http://www.upspecial.ru/pochti realnost zhizn v kompyuternoj onlajn igre.html
b4bb7883a240e97396d23a8677c8e088edd42cca	Top 10 most popular MMORPGs.
08afdd29162673bf7169bf4d6ff0e70e0c3f61ea	- [Access mode]: http://www.mmogaming.ru/modules/ipboard/lofiversion/index.php/t771.html
1375867869ab133ee08a5dcc7f33a4a6c7d44b51	Carried away by games: Understanding the scale of dependence on online games – - [Electronic resource].
f22b42650f9c9c6cba2b8191929cf44be4a01ffe	- [Access mode]: http://news.leit.ru/archives/4201
9360b5d22e7ed8aeec4eb55a4fe55fa50f40351f	The formation of dependence on role playing computer games.
1b3fbfe04f83147545dab707d52a9225e96c7d17	- [Access mode]: http://www.medicinform.net/comp/comp psych11.htm
e1c24673a9dbaffff7b97edba2c95d0dafbc7070	Laboratory tests
9a1fc1731f624d1f9dbca42b781ff8a60a6594e1	Questions
b3883f88eaf74aa505b11f01894c4909220af6a1	Standards
5e2fb0c2c59448e1dec5df0f70ec85fcad1ca7b6	publish
51ba9ddddf995f5d343f47a570407f57c1913039	Training material
257a9248af74fdbfcbb5302498171b11a378f6da	© nashaucheba.ru When copying, specify the link.
a48fe6bcb341eddc31675754abb1e6530721f0af	contact the administration
2475633ff115abde377ba80635f12e535d374de5	Material from the Role playing encyclopedia
1e2bedd59e16e3eb59d379572bea6db275210bf2	Context: Desktop RPGs
49d3f53cbf4b01d7cb38566a7b0ce9b51b781518	This article needs to be reworked to meet quality standards.
ec348a12c064f94d5edc5aa978f7f37f78606890	Additional information is available in the edit history and discussion of the article
833f9c34c1981d3f61963787bdc048d75c89dcda	MMORPG, or massively multiplayer online role playing game is a genre of computer role playing games with a common game world for the mass of users.
4571b3771e8da15c2df9e660224fe5e906ab9b79	MMORPGs differ from text based MU* by the presence of a graphical client or, in the case of browser based MMORPGs, by the control method (web interface instead of text input).
a340cd2b43ca632e5f9ceb45c696d8dba2c3035c	Although various games that provide a common world for the mass of users were released back in the seventies, the first truly successful and popular MMORPG was Ultima Online, which appeared in 1997.
f32008267dfb590134c5ffa5c2337fba81cdb818	At the moment, the genre is one of the most popular among video games, and the audience of active players of the most successful World of Warcraft has more than 10 million users.[1]
99a99a22be98374ca503b8ccdb40a4bd8ec8a1de	All MMORPGs are divided into browser and client games, that is, games that require installing the client program on a computer and those that work in a regular browser (IE, Opera, FireFox, Chrome, etc.).
8e167d497d89a19213957f643158103905cb9af5	Almost all modern browser games, if they are not client side, work using flash technology and consume a lot of traffic.
e4133562a56b9908699696e778000780835ac8ca	Old browser games allow you to save traffic due to the weaker graphical component of the game.
0e0d1ffded15bf0dab5e506a93e8ee791dfa286c	1 MMORPG as a wagering environment 2 MMORPGs on desktop systems 2.1 Neverwinter Nights 2.2 Dark Sun Online 2.3 Dungeons & Dragons Online 2.4 World of Darkness
478cc9f12c6ea8a1cfffa0dc798db8dd4c43216a	3 Role playing systems for MMORPG 3.1 EverQuest RPG 3.2 World of Warcraft RPG 3.3 Arianrod
2a9f25e476176dd2b653744f6d55dc595c42282e	4 Dungeons & Dragons 4 5 Notes
c74a0cbc774f37305cf6024574d2c49fb35ca22a	[edit] MMORPG as a wagering environment
d0e721b41ffca0385ec849401cd38932bc41befc	There is a redirect to this section: Wagering in MMORPG.
b87c4625b76e67fca83176f3076db546c4b79f76	The verisimilitude of the setting or immersion is not required for this, but it can be present, especially in old school browser games, which limit the visual component and thereby encourage others (for example, communication between players).
b6c1ea83bb5fa08c477c05e08770039da0054662	In addition, if the number of players is large, role playing communities can form among them.
b9f3be38e5e2c40b703c33e720dee4f4fb1f4add	Sometimes such communities are officially supported as useful for a wide gaming audience.
e318e05f2bffd21bb5cdb52d77c40b636913703c	For example, in World of Warcraft there are special role playing servers with behavior requirements that protect role players from troll interference.
d7cf1203b4725c8827f24428f0326c8f95f70a64	Unlike ordinary players, for whom the world and the character are only an atmosphere, role players make up a quenta for their characters, which can usually be read in the description.
3046fbf7ed236dbd925efa5c8af05affbc73c117	For example, you canot call a stranger by name, even if the game writes names over everyone's heads.
f73cbbbebca10afa3dbf56dd829f9deb174c1332	If the game features allow, a separate chat channel is used for wagering.
09568786ed9054a8b6bd0b318619da43308f3cf7	Also, MMORPGs usually allow you to express emotions with the movements of the character, for example, sit down, lie down, laugh, gesticulate (this is used by ordinary players for entertainment during recreation).
7c9c7bc32b78439f7886bfbef5fc84b16a3bb40f	Often, role players can be recognized by the fact that their characters sometimes walk rather than run, while other players have no reason to move slower.
f7ba6363707102082a3ce6c9d2bf8f4f7179f571	Many games provide a virtual cube command.
efede0fcdf1dd9f3e94a96a4919f4d76a9fecbc4	At the same time, the video game restricts the imagination to the information pre set in it and allows you to see what is happening, rather than imagine it.
6ccf385482cb22efba59c4e51762bc06b0d6b7a7	However, when the number of players is large, role playing communities can form among them.
6faa1c0db53b700a3afd560ce77a5a5777659941	World of Warcraft stands out in particular, where there are special role playing servers with behavior requirements to protect role players from the intervention of trolls.
463247364c0a8c8eb4182939c4e94565d600b7ac	[edit] MMORPG on desktop systems
3644d38a85e57eaca80dfb6c3859b060cbf7946a	[edit] Neverwinter Nights
8c406596b1f027daafa4d442abcb5ab1689207d3	Neverwinter Nights, which appeared in 1991 for the America Online service, was the first graphical MMORPG.
456489cc5ba00343470f736957ee074dc57039ab	It combined the Goldbox engine, on which numerous computer implementations of D&D were based, with the network capabilities of MUD.
fde0f0d460222fcf57f12e78ccc486cabe7cfbec	Initially, the game in NWN required an hourly payment of $ 4 to $ 8, depending on the time of day, but with the fall in Internet prices, the game was included in the basic AOL package.
bf14b8c8e07328139ac6a081c5dc1e0e9e07c811	The capacity of one game server increased from 50 people in the year of launch to 500 people in 1995.
9b680bf67ab7cfe31e2a4f4bc581892cac420e26	At the time of closing, NWN had 115 thousand active players and 2000 players at the same time during peak hours.
6e4fd0e322a3f063343ef4c41ea798046809f8c2	In the single player role playing game Neverwinter Nights, which appeared in 2002, there is also the possibility of a mass network game.
c8dbf532912a7d5feb733feb6c74f9b0a1f3e0ef	This mode is not officially used, but an advanced editor that allows users to create any terrain, dialogues, characters, add new graphics, monsters, items and other resources, allowed them to create several fan MMORPGs.
9605c03ab1941b71098a0d7b1f577dc311d8f053	[edit] Dark Sun Online
cbfe759c504b1eccb67bafa1b6c7fbaf7d7557d8	"Dark Sun Online: Crimson Sands" was released in 1995 for Windows 95.
5f57f810f97e848c121feac3f7c9ce97421e1b00	Some features, later popularized by Ultima Onine, first appeared here.
39cdf8b66f4581fcf56a5a4715dd12f4ef4aa772	For example, in DSO for the first time it was possible to attack other players without restrictions.
2628bde68753cdce75c60e959ddefa65d19a5a25	The DSO engine used the principles, graphics and some sounds from "Dark Sun: Wake of the Ravager" — a CRPG on the world of Dark Sun for MS DOS.
e3f0ebb9d838c4dea2c2f14336a6c411cc76770f	The official servers of the game existed until 1998, when the hosting company Total Entertainment Network collapsed.
be3f6855359c0a6ea8158f100a742056dd701c54	Later, the engine was picked up and refined by fans, thanks to which Dark Sun Online continues to function to this day.[2]
9efc915d55090bb987eb5bce0029463e5a52ffd9	[edit] Dungeons & Dragons Online
7adf8a73ebb692f030e34e6a0e9116f48774400f	D&DO, or DDO, was released in 2006 and implements D&D 3.5.
0019f567412f447e5e555c5909d7dee0794a2cfd	The action takes place in the setting of Eberron, in the city of Stormreach.
f1c42c016073c3eea71007ccb0a872b1915e6fb3	This city is the frontier of civilization in the wild continent of Xendrik, represented in the desktop materials by an unexplored "white spot" where the master can put anything.
56765efb4a4e9da2905f3917553cf42329b36b22	Thus, the game developers were able to create an environment that does not contradict the information from the board game.
87e5ae90bd5a740970a056a1291518e0ae6f39e8	Later, the Stormreach city plan and the new features of Xendrik from DDO were included in the book "Secrets of Xen'drick".
869bd1cfd2f011a1b53d9c23403012f0c0baea07	There are a lot of non traditional MMORPG chips in DDO.
ad68ab1a5742769247b5521a14e9081e3dccf629	The only common area is the town of Stormreach.
33c771954d66770c2262ddfb3d570f1959e42a14	The remaining locations are created as copies (instances) for each group, that is, when completing the quest, you can not meet other people's characters.
57c1965013fcd53a71c5d8b1599f2dea8479b4e0	The player controls the character directly from the keyboard, including movements in combat, and does not give commands with the mouse cursor.
943441f198487412ae57cbe751e31470808f68a6	This allows you to actively block, attack on the move (with a penalty of -4) or standing up, take the enemy in a pincer.
3dd228cba06236dcbf5461bcb2c2d90a126b2551	Some missions include moving underwater, jumping on platforms, solving puzzles.
463009ddcc207049a157e5f679eb4734c7c76745	By itself, killing monsters does not give experience — it is earned by completing the main and side goals in quests.
b551d0a3b988636074e474bbfcbcee7cf6b3ab0a	The rules of the third edition are implemented in the DDO close to the original.
a0a7a2f92b64037131bb88ccc6eb090efaf206d8	The only serious difference is the Action Points system points that are obtained 5 times per level and allow you to buy mini features (enhancements).
9f31eeeb225e0c443c239d4810eb7c47329b336c	Otherwise, the action of skills, abilities and spells, the features of monsters and objects are close enough to the table rules that an experienced player can predict the effects without looking at the DDO fansites.
7c50ef6bf8e6c944da77ab6fb29e27bbfa41f279	The start of the game was unsuccessful due to errors and lack of opportunity to play solo.
03babce5519fddb492cc64e4d106c4512a04e0bb	Although the servers were opened in three regions (America, Europe and the USA), the attendance was sufficient only to keep the game afloat.
888633b10a772bbe8069409ec9c8b086439515c8	In 2009, the American DDO servers switched to an innovative hybrid payment system — users can play on a monthly subscription, getting access to all the features at once, or play for free, purchasing additional features in packages.
ad7c3504321f57587fa15ae6bb53e0b10dfa9d21	This transition led to a surge in popularity, which continues to this day.
451e0d5181af370aeb2a0f58dee34a5aacb5b443	[edit] World of Darkness
f5cc820963eb2a7e17d9189cb97526e96b9ea0ff	In 2006, Crowd Control Productions and White Wolf, Inc. announced plans to jointly develop an MMORPG on the World of Darkness in 4-5 years.
3fad0b7eab84547a9bc235af22fa3fbbb460850c	In 2008, they announced the start of development in 2009, and in the corresponding year they officially confirmed that the development is in full swing.
4812952889e7a6ba74be7dfaab80a4b5f8962a8d	The game is scheduled for release in 2010.
45dcdf2b196393f49278ee05c2a4f91af43e09d1	[edit] MMORPG role playing systems
66ac82dabb9f8c8e8c17dfdb9f05d230a4a86b9c	The cover of "Arianrod".
63f1f82fd24791af2b9f1c1034eeff1eb23d5791	[edit] EverQuest RPG
e4a3bfad5c5ec7b6bcfaff3b889141e9638f3ee5	Main Article: EverQuest RPG
c1e4b4f04bcb3eb4dac1a5181f73a6132dc61e7a	The EverQuest2 role playing game was released in 2002 by White Wolf (an imprint of Sword & Sorcery).
0f3ae377a81a4693d2096daa01cdd1710200fef9	The d20 system licensed under OGL is used.
39b5a99cb6c127951c841f491fdcd14abc54a8fd	In 2005, the updated "EverQuest II Player's Guide" was released, which distanced the system from the classic fantasy d20.
0956137f17818e30adac98691d83ba3b5367ff74	For example, the number of classes has been reduced to four archetypes.
4d71cbe859d4b5a07d717bdab3a01af8aff059c9	Archetypes can be specialized using classes and subclasses, analogs of prestige.
9b32d2d12a3212e56407e4b88f4e46c5d649fd8d	The magic for the new system was released a year later as a PDF.
adcbc82fa6ca249f17d82cafc5a72c678d0fc690	Officials said[A link?] that future books on EverQuest will be compatible with both the first and second versions of the system.
969c16646cfb009d8bd263808491f850afcff81f	[edit] World of Warcraft RPG
cc13279462c898d9007154235bbe83ad3beb4328	Main article: World of Warcraft RPG
cb6fd708735ff0d138556820694b08c047eb6c83	The first role playing game in the Warcraft universe was released in 2003 based on d20.
3d7b68fe4d2f4eeec974f6c109af81efd73894b8	Like EverQuest RPG, it is published by the Sword & Sorcery imprint.
b84354a25d3fb301f6b6512869b4be37af77230e	In 2005, the system received a second edition, entitled World of Warcraft RPG (the MMORPG itself appeared in 2004).
3f0425ac31f5b73636e2b635dfd8eda41d70ab7a	As in other Warcraft products, Chris Metzen is responsible for the facts of the setting in the desktop version.
6b10b6baa3248a766209a4c6b6f8dd1df5b644d9	According to him, no game or work on Warcraft can show the whole world because of certain restrictions, so many facts that were not found in MMORPGs are revealed in the desktop system.
d64c4d94148a0efaad75facd17a42e82991a2b92	The history of the world of Warcraft is constantly evolving (for example, with each addition to WoW, which are released approximately once every two years).
fb7e0889a816eb99b9faa6e3f7b5649913294d47	New additions to WoW RPG update the game's resources according to the latest events.
deb61636393d6dcda6149dbdbf527e6d05619de9	With this in mind, the information from Warcraft/WoW RPG is considered as canonical for the setting as the facts from the original strategies and MMORPGs.
56e138fc6970379915220b0c4e918d74ff972596	[edit] Arianrod
547f4b855edece05da8185895bd743ca22a305ab	Main article: Arianrod
7becbb9a04792289832dc478e963a6bd1ccdb127	The role playing system "Arianrod" (Japanese: "Arianrod") was developed in Japan as a desktop embodiment of MMORPG concepts (for example, monsters drop loot).
74cdd0f616d3428da8d78a001ea5af8acd6a78b4	It was published in 2004 in an inexpensive paper format and immediately earned popularity.
3150af508d0b32df59080fb0c3a050621a91da91	As of 2008, Arianrod was as popular in Japan as Dungeons & Dragons 3.5, Alshard and Sword World 2.0, to the point that several recordings of games of famous voice actors are distributed on a commercial basis.
399edb2c277ff52138df261487b34adf4dec4190	[edit] Dungeons & Dragons 4
f69f3c75ac384b70cec2055ab2bd4bf3caf3611e	The fourth edition of Dungeons & Dragons was poorly received by many, especially numerous accusations of "MMORPG on the table" [3].
49bef86e56e886248210ad976098580ff1bf7295	The following disputes arose:
6d37694ab3204dbb4c2fa178ba0bae833f095779	In D&D4, explicit combat roles appeared for the first time, taken exactly from MMORPG slang:[4] defender (tank), controller, attacker (damager) and leader (caliper).
8e84fe3310e0e24c4ac8260ceac85726c16c85f3	But these roles have been in D&D since the first edition, and MMORPGs actually took them from desktop games.
763cdd4e90e31dc833aa4b4eda79de22cb0a966d	But combat roles are associated with the implementation of the aggro model, which has never been used in board games, and first appeared in MUD.
8416c4a5ed155aefa9d6e84f99ce224a7b940301	But now classes are built around their combat roles, and not around fantasy archetypes.
c5de95ce5ae6334089762dc56245667208e77f77	Now it is more difficult to play a party of less than four characters, because all the roles must be represented.
6873a481d37e4ba1d6028bd2fd8791d4caecb53b	Abilities in the "four" are conditional and resemble skills in an MMORPG.
8284e199f9737751d9182f763cc346e14d31c575	They have a cooldown time, and the most important thing in the ability is the effect, not what they actually represent in the game world.
f43fce451bdb5ef984715c162f6fa5118c238440	But the abilities of the classes already in the top three were not very realistic: for example, a barbarian can become enraged a certain number of times a day, regardless of the circumstances.
c36865530e778c34bb053b9a73f5b4e06189903d	This gives fixed bonuses and penalties to certain characteristics.
31e552d5c318a7b2de21ae80b6ce631ad248ac8b	The cooldown time may have an explanation in the game world: for example, the footrest does not work more than once because the enemies are now ready for this trick.
47f48d223a3956295ce5d52403faef4c75b41e2a	But if a new enemy enters the room, it will not be possible to use a footrest on him, despite the fact that he did not see it.
acbbe47ff546bd3792150d82898b18c6a93304d1	Finding explanations is a crutch, not the real state of affairs.
eccffef525c41e75826e3a07e3a9e21dbd9f06f3	There will always be conventions in tabletop role playing games, because the rules cannot reflect reality.
dc53e87db8486152f2ab3f01f4f0df1a81a19ff4	There are more conventions in the four, so more people lose immersion.
c335108b2e5e2162d778eccfb7c0207be9f31772	Systems based on effects allow you to substitute your own description of the ability and give the character any shade.
32e7b370c20bb155727541e0b45294f5ee670f80	Conventions allow you not to stop the game when you need to drop a grapple or decide how to digitize a strange application.
13b0e3dbd362f8c6b86f7c03f0cd8c49f909c57e	In cinematic fights, the techniques are not repeated many times per fight.
5db55a95b63dbf41fc3f6e5aad5b44e174e529f5	D&D4 creates a cinematic battle, hence the incentive for a variety of strikes.
de7dcc1424886ce292302e57d844c07e7d8d03c7	In fact, it is much more difficult to shift the mechanics of the "four" to an MMORPG than the third edition, because it is well tied to turn based tactics.
350029099530d4887d2373fa9624553b52c0bdd5	Everything that does not concern combat was cut out of the game — like in an MMORPG, where only pumping is important.[5] Only dangerous situations should have mechanics, and the system only hinders craft, diplomacy and other similar moments.
e904742931e2e6247d70481ad07f9929684f8a35	See.
f46411cda887f16ede726899819174292f49a460	The system prevents wagering.
be7f905ebee546d0dd0d6a687898319f2de5a9fb	There is a system of skill tests, as well as many quent chips in the new additions.
e8c94f12b5309fab9921255871494ad1125f2239	They are worked out enough to give the character a shade.
2cee780af8adfe5846f0380d437f2274e81e5018	Skill tests have bad mechanics.[6]
b2916d20749c9beab7d75e074664d22bea80dff7	This is a return to the roots, when only combat was regulated, the rule books were small, and anything could be written into the background and non combat features of the character.
92cbeff2c3e388cb11d615a132ec9fd1a1fb1905	D&D has always been primarily a wargame.
56b987004c464e68ba70d0f287f64ec7d700cf77	In our party, the non combat aspects of the third edition were successfully applied and contributed to a versatile game.
eb5a8a5b052a9103dbb69b297fa1bc84a51909d7	This distinguished the game from an MMORPG.[5]
44bef6bfb9bc739e4608130b8a1bcba806bfec83	D&D is now by subscription.
274d6fca7e4b2598a63ed8c6f2b3d5020e5894ca	The D&D Insider service is optional, it is not necessary to use it.
317e087c89d2ef724fca573b88edee92901c91a4	The D&D Insider service only provides advantages, such as playing at a distance.
f8f53466215539ac7ec3eab6f3134aea041d10d6	In addition, you used to pay for a subscription to Dragon.
e3d3ba77b721310552af50cca22ed9777776f7ec	In the "four", the names are like in WoW: two rooted neologisms, and the names of monsters consist of two parts (race and clarification).
c3759a8d2a6fa156925918dbd0faed033ed1bc65	There have always been neologisms in D&D.
b64e2d4583f90a229d17d4be3ca9eb8b7b52099a	Statistically, such neologisms do not make up such a large part of the names of the"four".
69863a2bd4c3da67177ee10364832140a8dc6f5b	Almost all new titles (and not taken from previous editions) are compiled in this way.
48e84f85bb752eaa176cc705cd25c46a55c00ae2	There were "elite mobs", as in an MMORPG.
cfc634c1aa363b83e4517a7e8f7d097129db3c91	Monster stats now have more to do with the needs of tactics than with the essence of the creature.
9faa0a529160f5c4b13981b8f88a12ab8c202b71	Elite monsters are a good feature.
7b1f9710aca58b995b1f7913191be2015b3733e7	It's good that Wizards borrow useful experience from successful games.
03f4d00aa96f526fc99ba6c44872b5af2218d733	Many monsters have their abilities implemented more conveniently and elegantly than in previous editions.
8671e76487ca1351de0f46689dea3d5b3d0dc65e	This page has been corrected compared to the version in the RPG Wikia
3498cf667ba34e74a3325b3bc3f1dcc206ef7412	↑ MMOG Active Subscribers ↑ -= Dark Sun Online =- ↑ D&D 4e, a year later ↑ D&D 4th Edition — Learning from MMOs ↑ 5,0 5,1 What’s Wrong With MMOs?
fd379c4aae6bbe914a6eff2bcb0554bb1e1efd7f	D&D 4th ed.
b9994563b03dfdca890ee92d905371679649f677	Has Answers ↑ Skill Challenge Analysis
6e2b500ade94e248ed878370e0d0fcaa470f47cb	Source — "http://wiki.rpgverse.ru/w/index.php?title=MMORPG&oldid=54254"
f8a797bade88748c79615d8d02f9641d41b0f67c	Categories: Context: tabletop role playing games Articles for processing Articles without links Video game genres Role playing games
85b783dbee90d4fb5bf775099e942094f5bbc848	Hidden category: Pages marked with licenses
df3ba87243b897142e371dbf8a0598a6d4dd642b	Role playing encyclopedia Table of contents Community portal Recent edits Random article Help
c11d5e1d35fb7e158e57f09ec98d28e19d6cb900	Friends
c80caecb782f2df27e2dcd84bb0401855252bd66	Last modified on this page: 15: 51, July 3, 2015.
7fe25211ebb02a29e56a6fa70e040afede2d53ba	This page has been accessed 3740 times.
dcddf130e9f3e4ddb1d6b3b1941f822f9cd167b3	The content is available according to the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike.
2bbde964766d22fb8613b6947619e297076293ca	Privacy Policy Encyclopedia Description Disclaimer
c3437353342f7460b3a7f782b1554cc9fdd1e2c8	Sir Charles Spencer (Charlie) Chaplin (English: Charles Spencer "Charlie" Chaplin; April 16, 1889-December 25, 1977) was an American and English film actor, screenwriter, composer, film director, producer and editor, a universal master of cinema, the creator of one of the most famous images of world cinema — the image of the tramp Charlie, who appeared in short comedies set on stream in the 1910s at the Keystone Film Studio[4].
2cc352135412320e9468c6ae43947063e7a16495	Chaplin actively used the techniques of pantomime and buffoonery, although since the 1920s, much more serious social themes began to take place in his work than it was in the early period of short films.
57e25e61a09c5371c57d0c9c29717aed999dcb8c	Starting in April 1914, Chaplin began to act as a director and script writer for most films with his own participation, from 1916 he also produced films, and from 1918 he wrote music.
6b9e0617cc96977115c5aaf8be52ebd4163f2b20	Together with Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks and David Griffith, Charles Chaplin founded the United Artists film studio in 1919. [5]
c5c7cbfa9952a0a08acce7df3c4c2346f3d15a54	Winner of the 1973 Academy Award and twice winner of the non-competitive honorary Oscar in 1929 and 1972.
12b7071d246deb2c8b29fe19b7b3206e661e20f5	Chaplin received the honorary Academy Award in 1972 with the following wording of his merits — "for an invaluable contribution to the fact that cinema has become an art in this century"[6].
c42baba2e1f0eb01b2507fa55982dd522955a0e5	Chaplin was one of the most creative and influential people in the era of silent films.
6c324d52bc58ca1d393a1452875939a4af914ba2	Chaplin's work was greatly influenced by the French comedian and film actor Max Linder, to whom he dedicated one of his films[7].
1a44ea00b06d3d1942c8515b9a104bc80210973b	His career began in the Victorian era, when little Charlie first appeared on the stage of the Music Hall in the UK and, stretching for 75 years, lasted almost until the artist's death at the age of 88.
003821e357eb9860ffab590d70dc644fcec5f86a	After a resounding success in Hollywood, Chaplin was forced to leave the United States under the onslaught of high-profile scandals, revelations concerning the details of his personal life and accusations of sympathizing with the ideas of communism in the McCarthyism era in the early 1950s.
0b790747f3c8afa2f1396d22be014f962b428a2c	In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Charlie Chaplin on the 10th place in the list of the 100 greatest movie stars for 100 years among men[8].
f11aabb726f73e9b69fd2456d6b7dabba37b0855	In 2008, Martin Siff wrote in a review of the book "Chaplin: A Life": "Chaplin was not just a big man, he was a giant.
c7332b01d90bcf6ea862df02c159242013404659	In 1915, he burst into the world like a ghost with his gift of comedy, laughter and help, at a time when everything was torn apart in the First World War, and for the next 25 years-both during the Great Depression and during the rise of Adolf Hitler — he continued to create…
06b7b7288451bf1411a5f9b93a425cd438573349	It is unlikely that any other person will ever be able to bring more joy, pleasure and relief at a time when most people need them so much"[9].
f5e24d045b730f232bad594b0ce08ab8828f0173	Charlie Chaplin was born on April 16, 1889 in London, at 8 pm, on East Lane, in the Walworth district, in a family of music hall artists.
4e8e811ae9c788e03f51a28d8d911df904d72696	Shortly after his birth, the family moved to West Square, on St. George's Road, in Lambeth.
5805072f5ca4eb3c8769e7ebb5f62ef63040c2f1	His parents-Charles Spencer Chaplin Sr. and Hannah Chaplin (on the stage of Lily Gurley) - were pop actors.
70f766b78b3d55ff0a9277d2cf2ca4162b9b962d	My mother performed songs and dances in various theaters, including in the entreprise of famous composers, authors of popular operettas-Gilbert and Sullivan.
a93c7672e8b79d286a8bfec93f7b29212d7db48a	Shortly before her wedding to Chaplin Sr., Hannah gave birth to Sidney Hill, Charlie's half-brother, by a certain Jew named Hawkes.
3926bcd09d66b65c8cfcbc12c76f8226b569dbeb	Later, Sydney was given the surname Chaplin, like her brother, stepfather and mother after marriage[11].
a9392506d11c4f1a4134ed38d2207db8483ef24d	Charles Chaplin Sr.-the owner of a pleasant baritone-was very popular in London music halls in the mid-1880s.
4a6cadc00e4689de7ad95b244a5bb8f4ab1912ca	He repeatedly had to tour in Europe, he also performed in New York.
5bd1f3aba0dbf7d0c4b5fe900063fbebdac2752d	In his repertoire there were also songs composed by himself.
f74c43f73c748395b8f19ed26fddd4ae2428010f	The stage career of Charles Spencer Chaplin Sr. ended tragically: he began to drink and died on May 9, 1901 in the London Hospital of St. Nicholas. Thomas at the age of 37 years[12].
f3fdd59d05f3123dbb9f9d23322d3792077b7cab	His paternal grandmother, who died when Charlie was not yet 6 years old, came from the Smith family, who belonged to the Gypsies, which the actor himself was extremely proud of, although he described it in his biography as "a skeleton in the family closet" (or "a very terrible secret")[13][14].
8bbb405f2f4885a503af730b245ae61f556cc949	Charlie first performed on stage in 1894, at the age of five, replacing his mother in the music hall program.
85bc3dee33ccfb3d7c208e6a7c9239953f100e3c	Due to problems with the larynx, she later completely lost the voice necessary for singing work.
658334ab532861ffc3347567fa1e14e65891ab16	Little Charlie broke the ovation of the audience, who began to throw coins and bills on the stage.
438dc704060ee26987a9dc4f0130881c7ec3a9f7	He won the audience even more by collecting this money with childlike spontaneity right during the performance, after which he returned to the stage and finished a song from his mother's repertoire.
180b25cb0252b27dc80e6f045e631342b3de5a58	Soon after the death of her husband, Hannah Chaplin became seriously ill.
2f5a15bed19807bef3dbf5057b1e46760b518018	Brothers Sid and Charlie (along with their mother) ended up in a workhouse in Lambeth, and then were sent to a school for orphans and poor children.
75f85f10365fe76e5e51c46faf14ad7e1533dd34	They were forced to earn their own living.
83b59aa1bc717399c06f7da355ce1f5c0629b188	In 1896, Hannah lost her mind and was later placed in a psychiatric clinic.
63f1890832eed40182a09072b1534320ff9023f1	For some time, Charles Chaplin Sr. took his own son and stepson to him, who already had a new wife and son, 4 years younger than his half-brother Charlie.
1490566152ece3b5047301c5adee74c3561d843d	At the end of 1898, Chaplin entered the children's dance group "Eight Lancashire Guys" [15].
c7b1df2bb6fe403616dc0d9822782aa7400d229b	Interestingly, later critics called Chaplin's films "the ballet film".
70d7c5b0855a96588c8e2efa997b660037b428be	On Christmas Day, 1900, the "Lancashire Boys" participated in the pantomime "Cinderella"; Chaplin in a cat costume for the first time got the opportunity to make the audience laugh.
3d2e8bbbf93ccf3312b8ee0d09ee70088523f817	Charlie rarely attended school, worked as a newspaper salesman, a doctor's assistant, in a printing house, etc., but did not stay anywhere for a long time because of his young age.
e774cb3197fe5192ec0cbfd32f077501e035138a	In 1903, he (at the age of 14) got a permanent job in the theater and the role of Billy the messenger in the play "Sherlock Holmes".
91b23fbafe26385f3c05174c56779c885463cfe2	At this time, Chaplin was practically illiterate.
65511fea4486e5cc1ebf014333c11a3047d2c37e	When he was handed the text of the role, he was afraid that he would be asked to read aloud a few paragraphs.
013955b1aa3a64654b82e447af28a7ec55c290dc	His brother Sidney helped him learn the role.
a72fc8bd4d4d053e56a25b6b4913fd862d359040	From the age of 16, he regularly played the violin for 4-16 hours a day, took lessons from a theater conductor or his friends.
78a2e1a785df106cda6a56ea6a38ad1eb9db3205	On February 21, 1908, he got a job as an actor in the theater company of Fred Carnot, which supplied ready-made sketches and pantomimes for a number of music halls, and soon became one of the key actors in a number of productions (some of them he later adapted for the screen).
5c3e8984b152da30b3e2ae830b799055a5ca0e8a	Chaplin and the Carnot troupe were on tour in the United States from September 1910 to June 1912.
46f1a4a6907c255b0b37f76e0c980199aea9dde7	In 1912, he returned to England for five months, and on October 2, he again came to the United States with the Carnot troupe, and this time he decided to stay in this country.
ec94aed7536342c94ebac0c9e18135c3475bbc6e	Chaplin shared a room with Arthur Stanley Jefferson, who would later become famous under the pseudonym Stan Laurel.
93a1a5e4bcd423cb26395f0c9681cf9babe42959	During one of Chaplin's performances, film producer Mack Sennett noticed.
612723b43cf0539f02bd7e6a946d6f87c1ecc5ec	Mac liked Charlie's game, and he invited the artist to work in his studio "Keystone".
8be2970516b254eb46be076cd60ae9d8453143cd	On September 23, 1913, Chaplin signed a contract with Keystone with a salary of $ 150 per week.
530378b994179c127875b4fd93ab79256884f013	Initially, it was difficult for the young actor to adapt to the new requirements of cinema for him.
1a7c82f650550ebbe60000991880071e90327c7d	After the first film, Sennett even admitted that the decision to take Chaplin into the team was wrong.
e33a2e049fdde5fbd9107d4e1e325dac3fa39e54	Many historians and biographers agree that Sennett's decision to give Charlie another chance was influenced by Mabel Normand, at that time one of the main stars of the studio.
589357c1ebcc0fc4f170ca5f426bd8798809b679	Mack Sennett with difficulty, but still gave Chaplin the opportunity to act further.
154f3a2d2f8d0580fb43ade66e75418856184702	However, gradually the pictures with the young actor began to make a profit, and Chaplin became one of the stars of the film studio.
c2a900fa058a975af676324eb90808901fe55593	Chaplin was placed at the disposal of Normand, who acted as a screenwriter and director, but Charles wanted to make his own films.
ff6880df04d9fbc281e009053a85b7f28792877f	On the set, they often quarreled and did not agree with each other's decisions.
74989904e01a7b6c075a236b98300340f65fcb60	Chaplin and Normand remained friends both after the rising star was given the opportunity to make films on his own, and after he left Keystone .
9a96a133ba8e97afe34490c5dff6064adb1a0500	At first, Chaplin tries to imitate the rather rude style of Sennett's impromptu comedies, but it is the departure from this style that brings him success.
7e60e6d2e365a5077e2071c4cdc2ff44a0588df0	Soon he became a famous film actor and began to form and hone his screen image.
ea9dd6ad80a936f76faeb1fc2b2ea7aaca1485d1	At first, his character Chaz (on the set of "firecrackers" in the preserved working dubs, he was designated as Chas Chaplin; Avenarius calls him "Chase") looked like an impudent crook and a ladies 'man, but gradually more and more human warmth and lyricism appeared in him, which the viewer used to associate with the image of a"Little Tramp".
86ed57ddf8105d443eea628b99c4445071cf0a70	The tramp first appeared in the comedy "Children's Car Racing", which premiered on February 7, 1914.
7ae1c00d79c2d2ca1ac9b90aaf08e9a8a6ea1239	At the same time, Chaplin came up with a tramp costume for the film "Mabel's Extraordinary Predicament", filmed a few days earlier, but released later, on February 9.
39d7fdf767eac94a372ebd280e2b6b64d3c797e4	In 1908, 19-year-old Charlie Chaplin was accepted into the Fred Carnot Theater, where pantomimes and sketches for English music halls were prepared.
100756ff4165c90f3214fc30f5485ef1c1f1c81e	Very soon, the young man becomes a key actor in most performances.
33ef6121ba6c845938012c53acbe901dacfd7a25	After 2 years, the Carnot troupe goes on tour to America.
c961e28333c191ece9dcfb51887e97dfbc5f293b	Then Charlie Chaplin decided that he would stay in the United States.
20cf8082a3a1d7573c70de16c9acbf70e90b641f	One day, Chaplin's performance was seen by Mack Sennett.
655e987065bd121a2ecb8772b07319cc1584375d	The American film producer liked the game so much that he invited the artist to work in his studio.
e40cf7b3ed479b08e82da8ff77f1a6b3bc839f86	In September 1913, Charlie Chaplin signed a contract with Keystone.
6fd421829539910e23cc1a5052f5811ba5b46d31	The studio agreed to pay him $ 150 a week in salary.
1eb940da7c25dfaae597e867d7affa4f59a7e164	Sennet even wanted to fire Charlie Chaplin, considering his decision to hire him reckless.
22c1b558cb43f92f7cd9926b88f5dfc308db11af	But a year later, the Englishman becomes a leading actor.
506c0c77adb40c98d803ae5bb2a4afac2bae7779	The audience likes this gruff hero of Mack Sennett's impromptu performances.
b87786ab08b0cb34a9bf3f9564d4a11a898323fc	But they like the artist even more when he departs from the image invented by Sennet.
e9a702c5107995bec5540c75910e35967c102ec0	When Chaplin, playing a Chez (or Chase)invented by Sennet it brings more humanity and lyricism to the game, the audience welcomes the hero more warmly.
d01bfc2133519ecce876f9c2575c7260cf3d33ef	One day, Sennet asked Charlie Chaplin to somehow make up in a new way for the comedy film "Children's Car Racing".
88cf047ed8cd15d6a1d44828187ca00a321c88ab	Then the artist came up with his new image, which is now familiar to all of us.
a8526b5dd1798898d61bef71a8466d9f7fc1a29e	These are wide trousers, a too narrow jacket (business card), a small bowler hat, huge shoes worn on the wrong foot, and a mustache.
6bae35af989561269f9c592de05b65ce27fbab25	Over time, the cane that Charlie saw in one of his father's photos was added to this familiar appearance.
aee93a87e6a704d12d5987d05de6169d8440347d	But when Charlie Chaplin achieves success, he begins to realize that he can be a more successful screenwriter and director than those who manage him.
bf221cc2beab27b3a0a0a14eae25b26c70d4e4bc	In 1914, Chaplin's first film appeared under the title "Caught in the Rain".
dbd7c00d5b14429da364c19c86f28d74e1c51085	Here Charles performed not only as an actor, but also for the first time as a director and screenwriter.
e130a2a61e46dbe6a06ad0b0239cb8ad4896698c	Unlike the Keystone studio, from which Chaplin leaves, the Essence Film studio pays the artist $ 1,250 for a week of work and 10 thousand for a contract.
0511d53fdcc90cda7de5c0beca12cdd6df29660f	In 1916-17, "Mutual Film" pays the comedian even better: 10 thousand dollars a week and 150 thousand for the contract.
aacf81936583910ae878a3f2e5f10adc0e49790b	In 1917, Charlie Chaplin signed a contract with the First National studio in the amount of $ 1 million and became the most expensive actor of his time.
6c4e59bf0f15a010497d7828b2160870057c7ed4	In 1919, Chaplin had his own film studio, United Artists.
7a9f1d9ce0339aa77ebca74fb3ff756bb1f2a964	Charles Chaplin worked at this studio until the early 1950s, when he was forced to leave America forever.
c273cd807d790a57c57d1b7f5a296672727bd0a4	The most popular films shot by Charlie Chaplin at United Artists were the full-length films "Parisian", "Gold Rush", "Big City Lights" and "New Times".
af7043fd84b646cc5e2ebb975090ad99cd15a0b9	At first, his career in cinema was not very successful, but over time, films with Chaplin's participation began to bring the studio a stable income.
82dd88773d2e00cb80a15c288210e41c46b93ac6	Charlie became quite popular among Americans, but later still left the former film studio due to creative differences with the management.
517c29bf75b4da0043e1559572391476409af86f	In the tenth years of the twentieth century, Charlie began to work independently, performing simultaneously the role of an actor, director and screenwriter.
a0afcde7ee53c44aeb3b2eed5f6bcd924c98827e	For some time he played the image of an impudent ladies 'man in the cinema (which his bright appearance quite allowed), but over time he created a completely different screen type-an image that is now commonly called "a little Tramp".
343407464f32e04a3db7f69f3e4b5b74ecd84bd7	Omitting the details, let's say that this particular character is associated with Charlie Chaplin himself today.
0378cb36fae76fdc5503a76fa566a4c9fa4d533c	He appeared in most of the master's films and brought him fame as a national idol.
cf7464d1e3e1d8faa99ac617c9aa8086d398e278	In 1917, our current hero received a fee of one million dollars for one of his films, which at that time was simply an unthinkable amount.
cb936d08e69750db9d038dd1bfbf7b19a4128a2a	Having performed roles in many films, Charlie Chaplin became a real legend of cinema.
8623fb301dfcb6c4b4b46f293f5f4e4ec9e700c1	His track record included a huge number of various awards, as well as two "honorary" Oscars.
493fd9fd64daf7a6634db32bf7811c61015c9dad	In 1975, our current hero was knighted by the British Queen Elizabeth II.
0205899cb7c01ac121d9a65390cd8fd9590b7a6a	However, the popularity of the actor had a downside.
599676865f4966ef84ed35dad7c70efab80cecf8	In different years, he was called an accomplice of communist criminals.
16101a2c8f1b46b9d2201b104f9b1456df7a4bd9	For this reason, many of his films were withdrawn from distribution.
77d6c3ccd3b483201f3f475c8b9ab0d9ddf15bc7	And Chaplin himself was repeatedly subjected to large-scale criticism.
5abe1ad30b684bdae96f15943d0dc70529842c58	The film "The Great Dictator", in which Chaplin played Hitler, also brought big problems to the actor.
9d17b4667defaf7a6817de0af171a9da79428592	The pressure on the actor eased after the German attack on Poland, but many supporters of the fascist party often sent threatening letters to the actor.
808369d69782caef493ddaf50e3da307c4588523	In his old age, he settled in the Swiss town of Vevey, where he later died quietly in 1977.
66c008b86c2ad564ee3f3f05dbba5f048f8b35a6	In the city, which became the last refuge of the comedian, there is a monument to him.
e514036909786a43c500f0adcc0499ebc2ff37a5	Charlie Chaplin's relationships with women could easily become the material for another full-fledged article.
9823d3bb151bd4c1c69c30dfac1d6e19afca3764	Over the years, the actor was in romantic relationships with many women.
702003645645e1540ac4830eadbe2b541f72c3fa	The dancer Hetty Kelly, actresses Mildred Harris, Lita Gray, Paulette Goddard are just a small fraction of the mistresses who were in the life of the great comedian.
66f4727b23702ece43c20784dcdb0de4d2977394	Hollywood has never liked a brilliant cinematographer.
6a56925423b96eab6d9267ac274a3243704c374a	Increasingly, there were voices for the deportation of Chaplin because of his left-wing orientation and fascination with nymphets.
e2d5cf8c9184e5707f6bfde40fb1d292d28049d9	At the height of the scandal, on June 15, 1943, 54-year-old Chaplin and young Una O'Neill were married.
50742d669a03080ca97ccfc1691a3cdf361f41a3	Neither the groom's advanced age nor his small stature bothered Una.
70566d040dd68a664d84c30931b6cbdb3bd8a88e	Marriage with this amazing woman gave Charles resilience against the storms and crises of the 1940s.
e75625cee42134b2b5c49e21374bf164380f5025	In May 1947, journalists again began pestering Chaplin with the question why he did not want to take American citizenship.
9f949c758c94c09bda1f7de9687b5cd91ab94dc4	After the release of the film "Monsieur Verdoux" in 1947, Chaplin was attacked by the conservative part of society and censorship, because his views on modern society seemed too gloomy to them.
9920aad9ba7664837d08af1afb80ff0863121a63	The sessions of this film were picketed, and in some cities its demonstration was banned altogether.
5e635698bb3ed72857ebaa7ec5c2ddf8ce77a32d	On September 17, 1952, Chaplin sailed with his family to England, announcing that he was leaving "for a long vacation", but apparently realizing that he might not return back.
3e488d1bd061ebfefc86bae9ba0c55bf4f080e53	After several months of traveling, he chose the Manoir de Ban for permanent residence ("The Estate of the exile") in Switzerland, in the city of Corsier sur Vevey — a three-story villa with 37 acres of land.
e5db7b8e0f9e62a76f2678cc7f440d343962685a	Chaplin and his wife had many friends in Switzerland. Among them were the Queen of Spain, movie stars and writers.
47f088f4f237c2a9b7da8d7f4b6e326400095020	The old age of the great actor and director passed with this fragile, modest and sweet woman in amazing harmony.
0d267a9afcdf6092afb523824e3868ae63829dd5	The preservation of financial freedom allowed Charles Chaplin to re-establish his own company in early 1956, which was called the Attica Film Company.
e146c1ccb0929d444213de13ac9735ca2a298a37	The University of Oxford awarded Chaplin an honorary degree of Doctor of Literature.
6c8bb7b9e8463a96cafefbf405e9380a6fa602d1	For outstanding achievements in world cinema, he was awarded the Order of the Legion of Honor.
fc01131faa21613032b202ac014dcec8d0b50d11	At the Venice International Film Festival, Charles was awarded the Golden Lion (1972).
ca34da39285cfa5cb8be43b0c962d70b270c10f0	The American Film Academy also noted Chaplin, awarding him the Academy Award (1972) for his outstanding contribution to cinema.
44a1243c0eaf2cc4c005fec5d61793be73fff4f0	The great Chalin was preparing for attacks, but his appearance at the ceremony caused a standing ovation.
b1f22dfe6e6ab7d57026192705cfaa604cdbc13a	Amazed by this reception, he found it difficult to find words and demonstrated his famous trick with a bowler hat.
47382dea621d3494e2cabcdc1c90586830557ff4	He died on December 25, 1977, on Christmas Night.
b5d6a1113ec39a5adbc7af17446df25c7df88044	He died in Corsier sur Vevey (Switzerland), surrounded by relatives, and he was 89 years old.
b68921b072e289e872d4b05c9484c5a07aa7ccd2	His whole life was full of extraordinary stories, rumors and gossip, and even death did not put an end to them.
c50dc7b3ca31da0da746b6dbe4a9163a6f7a7263	"It doesn't matter where to live, it's important — with whom.
f14196a93189b46371588b0af246b032ac181454	Your naked body should belong to someone who loves your naked soul."
b750b8886f1d5eac65ce7fed0767116e820ac047	"I believe that the power of laughter and tears can become an antidote to hatred and fear."
e78b61a5dfb285c6e8d2d5a0237b5e90a250577d	One day, Charlie Chaplin incognito decided to take part in a competition of Tramp doubles, in the image of which he appeared in films.
c1137199c2e9983ccca59d335256554ecbc41c38	The competition was held in one of the theaters in San Francisco.
fa99674fc2b787510442654e5d5eef41d71548eb	Interestingly, the unidentified Chaplin did not even make it to the final.
80536820390056dcbc03c1eb670a8a34b8d34fcf	In 1940, Chaplin made his famous film "The Great Dictator", in which he ridiculed Hitler.
5820337b26c5428c3aaef7b1bbf07274353ca74e	He himself starred in this film in two roles at once — the Jewish barber Charlie and the German dictator Hinkel.
dde1f506ccd6ee0aacea0e2d7e22e25d989aceb2	It is also known that the film was sent to Hitler and he watched it, after which Chaplin admitted that he would give anything just to find out what Hitler thinks about his film.
4c544f9278fcc8ead8bc9533943ea309a27ef82a	After his exile, Chaplin came to the United States only once — in 1972, to receive an honorary Academy Award, but even then he was given a limited visa.
7cd133cc071d13b4a5e3750bef65adf1d4268601	Chaplin was ready for any attacks, but his appearance during the ceremony caused an incredible storm of applause.
d34741c32294564c358d08113748db21f1d70ff0	Chaplin was so touched by such a reception that he could hardly find the words.
302f14365c281bfeb1f756214953974e740dd1af	Chaplin had 12 children-from several marriages.
7981fdec5dd47e7d3e707aedfb254e34c4d5d8ff	He was especially fond of his daughter Geraldine.
805cbf369515d671bfee41c767c05aefe3b6b452	Already at the age of 76, during the period of her search for herself on the stage, he once wrote Geraldine a letter — an emotional and deeply personal one, in which he gave her wise and loving advice from the height of his experience.
4d939a4980721bf070dee30417261f0d9ce2081b	"Chaplin was not just a big man, he was a giant.
36ac1f9b57ab74000afa43a190bd66c9b5bcfa27	It is unlikely that any other person will ever be able to bring more joy, pleasure and relief at a time when most people need them so much."
920b0e558c6947e3eb8e91626097d43e38e8a1cb	Condolences Commemorations Obituaries Monuments to the grave Workshops in Moscow St. Petersburg
889061f6831eba385b394e76ce55992b959d36c3	In favorites: 0
af74f7c5362aaee985bf8cda3dd75fc80751ce51	Copy
74805d31d4be811d5776fcc1026157e6e9cd5c04	http://epitafii.ru/my/
bb968d2ebd8a4bb0dcba208a13ca9300fac0097a	Epitaphs to whom Daughters (72)
3a657908cf527ed9881f6d29234f5a5e09f9af65	Wife (111)
8e63e78df7875c2f4256e999b5fe9da9b0c5bf03	Female (64)
561e43d5db5d825ef80089a2f7ba5be9190efb12	Mom (60)
9d86a53e70aa30c27b820652d6f35d34d979604d	To my husband (114)
b5970134e8dbf6dc8d50a15e660a8ce453175b9c	To a man (122)
4e70d9b0bc0dd8779cb1611a20074f14d25c633a	Father (49)
b1283712553cbf95856483f7b19a015861a2903a	Parents (57)
5d0eaade842494aa8ba8494127e7f53cdf3d7dd5	To my son (71)
67cd21eedbd9242c6f653a0e4522ab96fbae3506	What are the epitaphs In verse (374)
8b8e32724755c96741e9f0dc4e9604330b204ab5	Short (619)
ab2c1570f5353a932bd72b79bcfdd6923ff8b300	On behalf of the deceased (377)
a781892804a2e55c3de3a48f802c6dc9162182d8	Religious (253)
4b07fda8f36d422cfb569073f0f28b4999a9ac20	Secular (601)
a01f6f298bc399132f1e7e6516c64b711f3091eb	Philosophical (240)
70ac03dd15339096a23ceb603af03d58781ff58b	Quotes (289)
76ec5ca498a781406c4265bf1fd840d407a2a51d	About monuments What are monuments Monuments made of granite Monuments made of marble Making a monument Images and symbols Religious monuments Monument care Order a monument
87ea75d6a612354d4d63e007919cf9f081517967	All about the wake Memorial days Memorial table Wake in the cafe What they say at the wake Words of condolence Prayer for the repose of the soul
9084bfef1090ec2bdbdaf79382cdbafebb1c2652	Obituary of Charlie Chaplin
95336e1f0abaeaca6f8a7ba4e21116635fd15c8c	Biography and episodes of the life of Charlie Chaplin.
04bc816bee4f65b4bae74bb0486710949e19958f	When Chaplin was born and died, memorable places and dates of important events in his life.
75fabf0dbe1aef5f81abd80773c1611d48e6aa54	Quotes of the actor and director, photos and videos.
7babc302d79df0c5e1c12ec2a0932ef6e67545ec	The years of Charlie Chaplin's life:
c50aae8e2faff280ff94f361acc172de6750a47a	born on April 16, 1889, died on December 25, 1977
aa06c9985c16a11404d42403fd207dc9944c5cd1	Epitaph
007e748bfd71197d4fef76ac0a2b17f896ba24a7	"Little man,
843a14270d377519eace0f081b2fe2a27affcda1	When you're here with me,
eee8fab0a778285db9478661a472b36015732a63	I understand that I donot have to hide anymore…
c7b81eae87170597c1622149a98305826de356d8	I will pray
8e4f1d1ab36b159f714ea52dc4aad04d77ab842c	Just about being there, there, with you,
358e8453e293cd25e9e19a97b8eec08377849eac	When you can reach the sun with your hand."
3dcf0af48e28bf658915a4a438e68db135f14348	From the song by singer Dalida "Little Man", dedicated to Charlie Chaplin
72c0f56340329d3ce1afd33e214957019df8131d	He surpassed his own parents — a failed music hall actress and a poorly successful dramatic and genre singer.
becd39c1ce9a2b1f4d0705b3b6e01136782024c9	And although his childhood was spent in poverty and starvation and at one time he even had to wander, he was able to become one of the most famous actors and directors in the history of world cinema.
f057535a8f7146289dc33c4de829536ad0d5ab32	Decades have passed since the death of Charlie Chaplin, and he remains the only and inimitable, the most beloved comedian of all time.
c098172de23de78408f7ec7e2e977f3fb17ea0d4	Perhaps it is precisely because the biography of Charlie Chaplin, his difficult and hungry childhood, was reflected in his work, that he was able to win the hearts of millions of people around the world.
c28745f87d63fbf15abcd67350379942278f613f	For the first time, little Charlie set foot on the stage at the age of nine, as part of a children's ensemble, with which he traveled around the provincial towns of England.
29d82c6bef7766ca6131c430e40fe5a31266144c	In his childhood and youth, Chaplin worked as anyone — he performed with songs and dances, delivered newspapers, sawed wood, blew glass.
80daa108f4442faef9642fa1c519c4bd17d3642d	At the age of 18, he joined the Carnot troupe, and soon the talented boy was noticed — the actor Chaplin signed a contract with a film studio and moved to live in Los Angeles.
b7b4147dab23398602bd243ce3c74d580a55a313	Thus began the star trek in the biography of Chaplin.
63ccc41fd5293436470501fda9fcc7a7ab19a274	Immediately after the films with Chaplin began to be successful, Charlie wanted to make his own movie, and his first picture "Caught in the Rain" became one of the best works of the film studio.
d1e75ac5b3d69b9a0f42cb564178a87a08071e1a	Of the 35 films in which he starred during the year of work at Keystone, two thirds of the pictures were directed by Chaplin himself, according to his scripts.
191fabe8d93706c6d837f8ec618d16f2c2fc0351	Chaplin was incredibly successful — in 1915 he made twelve films for the Essenay Studio in Chicago, where the image of "tramp Charlie" first appeared.
167f1b922cdae74fec5fe05ee89f4a302952cedb	In 1916 — he was already receiving more than half a million dollars a year, having signed a contract with Mutual.
ef0bb3d9e515f112b907b57550c19e43a0862255	As soon as this became possible, Charlie created his own film studio and gained the desired independence.
a33b4594a6b9118b3be62f4bf6ba259b7a98d83e	Chaplin shot his classic films such as "Gold Rush" and "Circus" on his own.
bc8c7ff3e33e5609c864f571de239548cedefcd0	In the 50s, the United States was stirred up by the "McCarthyist" movement, directed against any communist sentiments, of which Chaplin was also accused.
e92062af81e697832533f8a26f1e2ce5453f5b80	During his next trip to Europe, supporters of "McCarthyism" ensured that Chaplin was banned from returning to the country.
826b5e7d18aa8e67e855a589fdab52372c5ffa6c	The great comedian settled in Switzerland, where he lived the last years of his life with his last wife and Chaplin's children and even published a book of memoirs called "My Biography".
a79ba9bb6f24a0c42818ce0d9d023120927d4dc6	He again created his own film studio and continued to make films.
5fb3a5e4a209757cbb2277efebf39cc7c1a07a07	After Chaplin's death, there were several dozen scripts that the director worked on.
9dc27adfd83c3535ebed959e94b3041988552043	Charlie Chaplin died on Christmas Night at the age of 88.
1c4e7accab05d6275ad814bcaae4f6b416068553	Chaplin's funeral was modest, attended only by members of his family, including Chaplin's famous daughter, actress Geraldine Chaplin.
7aa98c0798d5bc7ed1d89cea9456c1988a5e1d04	Chaplin's grave is located in the cemetery of the Swiss city of Vevey, where Chaplin lived after his exile from the United States.
6163165b14a25bfd146be1fd152ff08c8e6fc51d	It was not enough for him to have a successful acting career, first of all Chaplin was an author, a creator
a2c065c1b3b1a0a0320c4596d76a83d8f8c42269	Life Line
6f643b4648a3d0a92788f5822230b75bd15cc749	April 16, 1889 Date of birth of Charles Spencer Chaplin.
2745ace62a96b3316286154454a1fe1aea513880	October 1912.
5a2be1632e0c475808a5fc28a5fbd599bed0f6a7	Moving to the United States.
521b1b6220cb6c31692d5fd78a1f8336c53f2bd2	September 23, 1913 Signing a contract with Keystone.
2ce37fae88e24fcab97d484963f19dbb10681648	February 7, 1914 The premiere of the comedy "Children's Car Racing", where Chaplin first appeared as a tramp.
f7b67e2b804fb951d0eb6eb1387aee41468d462d	april 1914 Debut as a director with the film "Caught in the Rain".
8bc7670cf14763c97a9e2e92ecce1f09f59a0c68	1915-1917 Contracts with the studios "Essence Film", "Mutual Film", First National Pictures.
5bd9f44e3cb2af1e9b0ea3863f0abe6bd799efe4	On October 23, 1918, he married Mildred Harris.
919107e6ff2272aebfe56b8849e5ae0cfc1259ae	one thousand nine hundred nineteen The foundation of his own film studio United Artists.
94f1ad64a39737db8f691e2b64cde1549162c301	one thousand nine hundred twenty Divorce from Mildred.
33adbf219f6c5d84147655ebdb6d2c8b5824cf5e	1923 The release of the first picture at the United Artists film studio — "The Parisian Woman".
54141230764a99d532ab341eee3da2f9e646483c	On November 26, 1924, he married Lita Gray.
ab980e6f353447bf08adfc02a7fe4fc7c2206425	one thousand nine hundred twenty five The release of the film "Gold Rush".
a977fad98cb622c125c9505f815c25a991e290f1	1928 Release of the film "The Circus", divorce from Lita Gray.
3166deab533d47b01be95c83dbb70d23c3ea8963	1929.
d5f071982ac5caa0aa98bcd611f12a2c602b9f40	Receiving the Academy Award.
3ae6cea193513fa36a670a04c0b5dff457d7f375	1931.
17cc267330941d73348f5f2e3ba944c3fd3911e6	The release of the film "Lights of the big city".
007a5e6bb02d09f9f31543583b863a0c523de874	1936.
fd512581c7beed63743d99d15bf076ae5a9c19aa	Secret marriage with Paulette Goddard.
2768d8166d65e44da96de9bf0bc24d7c179352f9	1940.
2c33bc96a73be86fb76cf2ce1c9e8f28b8e7f70b	Chaplin's first fully sound picture "The Great Dictator", divorce from Paulette Goddard.
f087b5024624400884f6c88ac7ea300a88df6d3d	June 16, 1943 Marriage to Una O'Neill.
614aa32c8c59ac1067e0c8d1649c415f093fdcdd	1952.
77f2fb4e2976070c27f6f1a97a3718469a984918	The ban on Chaplin's return to the United States, Chaplin's move to Switzerland, to the city of Veva.
ca6e648d2a6e8a791a44dceb56d89099a207c6af	1954 Receiving the International Peace Prize.
132636808d3e54ca3ba84c07d098e8a88a0fafae	one thousand nine hundred fifty seven The release of the film "The King in New York".
f1d2d70147140828ae1722ba8bf6f568833a8aef	one thousand nine hundred sixty four The release of the book of memoirs "My biography".
6b4e7bf9b23c0ecd56e1455b96d90b89d14d5387	1972 Receiving the Academy Award "for an invaluable contribution to the fact that cinema has become an art in this century".
3d5051671f45e8330008b88661e6c8ef15873163	1973 Winner of the American Film Academy Award.
de62045eeb82fbfc7056f12e8a833e32f92cd58c	December 25, 1977 The date of Charlie Chaplin's death.
ea4d9bf5e69bf6ad6e3aaf3c9a1b02c7f4bf32ef	March 1, 1978 The abduction of Chaplin's body.
088cded2fdb8ac65f24281692ebfae8c7abb3387	On May 17, 1978, the reburial of Chaplin's body.
756bc1a15ac64d943dba4ed9ffdd8918a8b112c8	Memorable places
e61ced2cb8b5fa48433c056fea2af4c118dd6ff8	1. Chaplin's house on Walworth Street in London, where he was born.
74c2ec3a1f081662202af1b8a4f7d89cfd2dccd8	2. Chaplin's house in London, where he lived in 1898-1899.
f6427aa59d07df21c8a4fb9837a4f000f52ce56b	3. The Hollywood "Walk of Fame", where the star of Charles Chaplin is located.
fe811308ebffba0bf1e62d9eb4d7ea5d6e768aca	4. Chaplin's studio in Beverly Hills.
c14dbbe0ee53a16f57846bae241ff9b2dc491469	5. Charlie Chaplin's house in Vevey, Switzerland, where he died and where his museum is located today.
fdeaaa705fa326d8fd694fbf0b11e5c696639d03	6. Meruz Cemetery in Corsier sur Vevey, Switzerland, where Charlie Chaplin was buried for the second time.
735d35952ae83e913e5f362b6983d6b4511a0522	Episodes of life
4a41fff3aa7919d11f10d400d14efa63fa463857	Chaplin's quote, uttered by him during the filming, flew all over the world: "Dictators are ridiculous.
40bdbcffea96dcee72a42c05f84ad19d18ec45f2	I want people to laugh at them."
11a66ba44097e0b3b825a929a8e7170219ec4379	Chaplin had 12 children from several marriages.
646b824d2016d7f702854ebd9fda043602246824	One of Chaplin's famous quotes from this letter is: "I was not an angel, but I always aspired to be a human being.
192406a30c3953df8ed756c177f0c2aa655523a5	Try your best, too."
84447cc4439e7e1f4dde17a38423b61fc829fdae	Charlie Chaplin with his last wife, Una, with whom they were married for 34 years
4e230c0058a34d84c5d0d1cdfdf3256e48e70fee	Testaments
6a16d01bf572e1447066dbdeedd4382750b9dc9c	"It doesnot matter where to live, it's important — with whom.
fefa63a14216ffaadb76f9da35cf655af52064ce	Charlie Chaplin at the ceremony of awarding him the honorary Academy Award (in English)
08cf4449d5291925adb89d15df6f76bdced57fcf	In 1915, he burst into the world like a ghost with his gift of comedy, laughter and help, at a time when everything was torn apart in the First World War, and for the next 25 years both during the Great Depression and during the rise of Adolf Hitler — he continued to create… It is unlikely that any other person will ever be able to bring more joy, pleasure and relief at a time when most people need them so much."
e3db4a2f15c2a48ce90c85368a2262b965ac6a13	Martin Siff, journalist
6b8c910c07c0e5811b616d3fee8aadb1fb75f7ef	Charlie Chaplin's Wikipedia page
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5d316517718fcfd0d8493f9cd752e73ceeaacf79	Home / Hollywood actors / H / Charles Spencer Chaplin (Charles Spencer Chaplin, Charlie Chaplin) / biography
2d89341dad5b8e17e1ea15cdb7db6031c6187383	Charles Spencer Chaplin
a4abad5f8905ace5bb1d688b697922cc176b9d5f	Biography Filmography Discussion Photo Interview Press Center Buy Movies Watch Online
a852fa2291ae150284b01301a0525a94f97afbf3	Biography Filmography Discussion Photos Interviews Press Center Buy Movies Watch Online
208933bf76d0cbfbb1851d5a8641121fb0c5a7a6	Years of life 16.04.1889
2943aee5b84e6b5fd41ce0332e6ac3d85d71b06c	- 25.12.1977 Categories Director, Screenwriter, Producer, Composer, Actor Filmography 279 works in 103 projects Website Official website www.charliechaplin.com
49e5888d2e4570ea9dcbbff5f5472310eed08b54	Photo album 13 photos Discussion 51 messages
4d9df9df9c9c284c15f7b8651075962e9a415dd4	Charles Spencer Chaplin: Watch movies online
e9f65f2fcaf213b3231345fa80f5b2b7cfbff92e	photos >>
8375681d7d46f5733a53bc3b189bb8c0b3127bf3	Go to the photo album >>
bf7d7e82b9df5767ba9a116978d55cb30dd19218	biography
86dd9b7668ea1cae05b8ca71108ff49891294b14	Charles Spencer Chaplin Charles Spencer Chaplin
1f914b274a80e017a8c7b06194fcb4d285fd177d	Charlie Chaplin
6bb2a4e4fc6bba9a39c19991d057baddf503a731	Anglo American actor, director, screenwriter, producer, composer.
f008439bac06d6f309e72e5a0b879cdabc349f6f	Charles Spencer Chaplin was born on April 16, 1889 in London, in a family of music hall artists with a failed career.
07f884d74b8606ed02aacd36538b5d60bd23fc75	The personal and everyday troubles of acting life did not bypass this family...
4ec669f85760651142166ab578da5bd07261462f	Charlie and his half brother Sydney grew up with their mother.
89584dda33e14304d8c7caddaa59f584c8c29899	Chaplin Sr. lived in poverty and could not help them.
bb7f4cf846ceb78a178f632b8cede7b2ca8a6d4a	To make ends meet, my mother hired a nurse, sheathed members of the church community.
aef07a147b99d4cfa14e1efaf9e28bbea231fdab	Poverty undermined the mother's health.
eec49c527be3221baa01dcfba02141c547b8678d	She was admitted to a mental hospital, then placed in a workhouse.
e9a7dd45218913ba4a249cf2242ac34f0d2aecce	Sydney and Charlie were wandering.
4d8a4c28e38dcaa7764d99010dc78c3e508a9552	A few months later, they were sent to the Hanwell Orphanage for street Children.
8ba732c4e977e65adfdde08362409c5def169c5f	On November 12, 1898, the mother was released from the hospital and together with her sons she settled in Methley Street.
7c943a72e9820ad2561f60fff5689485ca35eb84	At the age of nine, Charlie found himself in the children's cockdance ensemble "Eight Lancashire Guys".
2716bc88a65a07afb5eb59ea32f8f618bc40f226	For two years he traveled with the ensemble around the English province.
64fdb019d922fc0045aae379fe97387f94ccf40c	After Chaplin left the ensemble, performances with songs, dances, parodies alternated with prosaic occupations of a newspaper seller, a messenger, a servant in a private house, a printer in a printing house, an apprentice, even a dance teacher, a wood sawyer and a glassblower.
7311ae7f361f0be38f3ef4ed9c7bc8d55949faea	Charlie left home at the age of sixteen and got a job in the theater.
d6c3333b3ac488d5a5e1885b37403f2947c2e6b1	In 1907, he was accepted into the famous pantomime troupe of F. Carnot.
3038ef9c4ae08db57344d366a499e81a5b2106cd	During the American tour of the troupe at the end of 1912, the young artist was noticed by producer Mack Sennett, offered a contract with the Keystone film company and invited to act.
5ae4a58c30733d2fe30229830bfe7f8300a52943	A year later, after discussing all the conditions, Chaplin signed a contract with Keystone and moved to Los Angeles.
dbed3e4968fe0f09be0b8fcc2e1f8b7909b8480c	Chaplin's first film was the comic strip "Earning a Living" (1914), and in the film "Children's Car Racing in Venice" (1914), he first appeared in his soon to become traditional appearance.
07c856db2fbfcc38312d9fd148b55ac928e5c6eb	Chaplin has already shot his thirteenth film "Caught in the Rain" (1914) himself.
b03093cf16f31d2ea822e746b27af671f483c4c3	In just this one year, Charlie Chaplin starred in more than 34 films and became widely known as one of the most talented comedians of American cinema, which soon allowed him to gain creative independence.
5c5805cce53fb35506e080fbe4156309ba2b6a3e	In 1915, he produced twelve films for the Chicago company "Essence".
0ea5b45fddef5d756b406dfb9f343c0d6b33c623	The best acting and directing works of this period are considered to be the paintings "The Tramp", "Pilgrim", "Baby", "Gold Rush".
fbc265cdf8533aa8041ff17c7f728680f239738d	A deeper interpretation of the image of Charlie was created by the actor and director in the lyrical tragicomedies "Circus" and "City Lights".
85a09a7fd09b96af4882d4aaa0921242d8924239	At the beginning of 1916, Chaplin moved to the company "Mutual" with a contract for 670 thousand dollars a year.
20f742e30fa1d89e9cb29a7c62a9d5636c920f45	On September 23, 1918, Charlie married the fifteen year old actress Mildred Harris.
d0e87767e360c1bb966213c259503d9e45a96a1a	He got married hastily, because his young girlfriend claimed that she was expecting a child.
bc154dc6ed567a208216258d12f75a639df174ac	Then it turned out that the alarm was false.
030234089b451380d08869027803bacf3d47d527	An unsuccessful marriage caused Chaplin to have a creative crisis.
df4d1c63291a3398fb94d9eba868e6c1245c7c39	In 1919, he made only two films.
6f7f65d212a832527cc4c89d0f9dcc2cac973543	Striving for independence, Chaplin, along with David Griffith, Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks, organized the United Artists film company.
25fac9b6c96d276de21771b6a5cff34b956c73fd	And in 1922, the director created his own company, Charles Chaplin Film Corporation.
85eb43ed3ab85ef3d56b9855b0dcbec71df87fb8	On July 7, 1919, Mildred gave birth to a son, Norman, but he lived only three days.
e79f30220f62e1bb6b0f99e67041f8ba2f8e05aa	Chaplin plunged into his work.
8826f08f6303bd9966c746ea8de51b1460e675d1	Ten days after the tragedy, he was doing auditions for a new film "The Kid" (1920).
caa241d143179285bb4bbc0dff5a616aae171cfe	Charlie spent more than a year on this film, investing 300 thousand dollars.
d356fc5b8e116ab3fd8789fd644c275425fb2d2e	Chaplin and Mildred Harris parted without mutual reproaches. however, journalists fanned a loud scandal, and Mildred accused her husband of cruelty.
60f4df5b665bb91c81f1358e79ae88844a48c5c7	During the divorce process, the lawyers threatened to confiscate the film "Baby".
56b0ee3f886fbe449c413b142ac656ab97dc2980	Chaplin fled to Salt Lake City, taking with him the negative of the painting.
e2cd40335359d736909afaab59db53dcdd92dbf4	In 1925, Charlie Chaplin directed one of the best films of all time — "The Gold Rush" (1925).
fd9fd7413bdcdbf8c6f6c54dd4913460a0cf3c08	During the filming of this film, Chaplin was forced to marry 15 year old Lita Gray, who was expecting a child from him, otherwise he was threatened with prison.
a993bb6246a3a861e81d374a9375b0008b424206	He lived with Lita for two years, they had sons Sidney and Charlie.
bac8e7900cdcbdf00b430b9b15b8238e78cbbc2c	But it was not possible to create a real family...
bdfe7113be7cf1a14930de57fd4ef79923563329	On January 15, 1926, Chaplin began filming The Circus and worked on the film until the end of the year.
c85e69306a20e3f76a82439e8c6f3ad0f214db78	But he was covered by a new scandal: in early December, Lita Gray, along with her sons, moved to her mother.
e664f5aa2a83b54efff0a1acba31ca515d1e7f72	On January 10, 1927, her lawyers filed for divorce.
2c33bd768c757698928431ecc6be39a092a30a38	Charlie was hiding with his lawyer.
c7e3b7aa07fbf80c6d031d264d086b0ab55faa8c	The society was agitated by rumors about Chaplin's insanity and even suicide.
b3e9cc81d3eceae0e88d46951049200693795e72	Lita accused her husband of cruelty and immorality.
78cc308c1f614bcb6a4c2e114d474d88cf361f87	Her application to the court consisted of 42 pages.
6cf9d1798d05a1143d4ef094f39ad7aaef73e5e7	As a result, she received a million dollars in compensation and a solid lifetime annuity, and Chaplin ended up in a clinic for the mentally ill.
f1227a8fd1501bd82eca68d68eb6a8d0d15e9e2d	He came out of the clinic completely gray haired.
591cdac5f994c036e20203b6a8df7d9b89bcaa67	Conceived as a fun comedy, "Circus" has acquired a gloomy intonation.
402afff720cc94be9c8693e0d549cc3bc0f2f58d	Charles never became an American citizen, which angered many American conservatives.
195d96f967b5e8bca462f4956737a7ece5cf3ee9	In July 1932, he met the actress Paulette Godard.
7e81632703d857d6f936547967c94659e55dcbe4	They took long car trips, went on a yacht to Catalina.
24ada1aec39a0d6afc70a9496abed19f18335298	During the Second World War, Chaplin became considered a leftist, because he released the film "The Great Dictator", in which there was an impassioned call to open a second front in Europe to help the Soviet Union in its war against Hitler's Germany.
ebba535955bbda87f2a40165ea0a36d19c85cb56	As before, a lot of mental strength was taken away from him by complicated personal affairs.
8aee1bdf7b596675fe1524e6ec5308e636bfb2ac	In 1942, Paulette Godard divorced him in Mexico, indicating the reason for the incompatibility of characters, as well as the fact of a long separation.
8a34480ab36ffa37ac49b6c2bf09bda6131db9d3	At this time, Chaplin was looking for an actress for the main role in the film "Ghost and Reality".
57c437c58ee9baf455b50c1db37ee0b86ada61af	He was offered to try 17 year old Una O'Neill, the daughter of a famous playwright.
03bd62320bac6a340987f4159bd6976f24973047	She was not only beautiful, but also smart.
cfbadf7eb8a333349745282c61642929f4ec9b7b	And suddenly a new scandal broke out.
e4300dd6875d1f27cf5eacd3a78e4860cee0ab73	A young actress Joan Barry appealed to the court, demanding to recognize Chaplin as the father of her child.
6f0f2ff88521e14300dd7fbbd73e4bd060a43dc0	A comparative blood test refuted her words, but the court ordered Chaplin to pay Joan Barry an allowance!
9e351d560f29c4382f13ebc741b3b8f921881383	Increasingly, there were voices for the deportation of Chaplin because of his left wing orientation and fascination with nymphets.
0ad65208d508714ec45a0c1d45bfba7a604bb083	At the height of the scandal, on June 15, 1943, 54 year old Chaplin and young Una O'Neill were married.
193339d4728f55943bfb79aba65d3f8a37b21fb9	Their family grew rapidly.
1af5b83bc671db9a0cdd265525e6092755753ec0	Geraldine was born first (1944), followed by Michael (1946), Josephine Hannah (1949), Victoria (1951)...
218e803ce7f6ff358b8a95e98252a0be27f2bcd0	NBC arranged to eavesdrop on his phone conversations.
cb4b4f4831f9e5b09b1f745ad1f39190b6ef77c5	In the end, this film was generally withdrawn from distribution.
b95d87f31eaa44a818a3de456a0276f2a6403c87	After several months of traveling, he chose the Manoir de Ban for permanent residence ("The Estate of the exile") in Switzerland, in the city of Corsier sur Vevey — a three story villa with 37 acres of land.
7f1ff540693da6d9ca8b060776ab7ed0c8654ee9	The family had four more children: Eugene (1953), Jane (1957), Annette (1959) and Christopher (1961).
22f25baba395b7bdc097460c573007d5cdc2a93a	Chaplin and his wife had many friends in Switzerland.
d301da130cf77790327a09217c8504c5cada5dd9	Among them were the Queen of Spain, movie stars and writers.
0eba863ec4f1e91d3b1f947ac5737e45ca1ea6e7	In the spring, guests from different countries always came to them.
c6b54c9a0d9a9b0c8cd6e57dd9b7d18c4297e16b	Una was not only Chaplin's wife. the mother of his children, the friend in misfortune — she was his deity.
61aad95097dc0cc07d1dfa8c37ee12bcb9c15afd	The preservation of financial freedom allowed Charles Chaplin to re establish his own company in early 1956, which was called the Attica Film Company.
2d835d9e832241c2353f588ee12abd87ea722be0	In March 1975, the Queen of England knighted him.
dca110a3b7d5223abe9b48ba3d742cac61b569fb	The ceremony resulted in Chaplin's unquestioning triumph.
a7a70d3497c9310da4a5f823fc837ce18f8c9563	Three months after the funeral, Chaplin's coffin was stolen from the grave.
36eafbfad0d361e21c6063f93a626a631bb9db2b	The kidnappers demanded a ransom of 600 thousand francs from the actor's family.
1baf15c3025bbbc84fd176bf9c2313c45cd1cfdf	When the family refused, the police took up the case in earnest.
178f7a4f967e662c3a9d6ad54ea386ad940c692a	Six months later, the criminals were caught, and the coffin with the remains was returned to its place...
7d8ee9511768c43fcaf5a58f736ad1112c001309	Even after passing away, Charlie continued to give movies plots for films... last updated information: 06.11.16 print version
175a851ed4d20d779f91bdc1d178cba4fd8454a1	sources of information
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093fb416a22da78a9cd98c7c9a9bfa5fffad4137	55 Yaropolk Pomorov (SIRZ) 15.07.2016 - 09:43
53bea3c5e4f9d650b96c2fd05eed9be9970b485a	... And the great ones were mistaken...
3c08ded3306c166b65fe0b678342c5f51fee6c99	By the way, Charlie Chaplin, realizing that sound in movies came forever and you canot stop progress, "didnot go anywhere" - then he starred in sound movies. read more> > No.
c2e904f9035d839eeda91847135412b877cd1603	54 Alois (Krasnodar) 13.07.2016-10: 38
ef32ca4d314c71e1ae0e34d4a777cbe1ac9dec92	In 1927.the first sound film was released.
ea025d66bc70dc6fbfdc67ef4b291e5dbc1156c4	In 1928.
7484e51b35175202de212afe641e1e3f5e401246	Chaplin Ch. he said: "The sound has destroyed the cinema."I donot agree with him.
bab9834c9115b5211887a3906b0f8327818c2acf	In a documentary about nature, you can hear the sound of the surf, the rustle of leaves,the singing of birds,the roar of animals.
da7b50219bfe559bdc17b1b338a18d2ab378212f	If... read more> > No.
89c650e0a8a70ee5147fcbfcb645e2f021fbe32c	53 Galina Osipova 16.04.2016-09: 44
4b51e26bb619c2360fda2a39e8f4a828f9eccd24	Without even saying a word, You have said everything!
738e251601c1c4a3589479e3085f744e39560d8b	Bright memory of Charles Spencer Chaplin! read more> > No.
54af90b56ca6ba49ceba412d96848d5b24008afd	52 Sklyarov Igor (Kostroma) 16.04.2016-09: 04
71d9ccb2a0db00ca578358e2373818db0c5c57dc	A great Master, and his image is for all Times! read more> > No.
ecff5506efc0d7d432d61d9888da200ad1d5b629	51 Maria Zhigalovskaya (Korolev) 26.03.2016-16: 39
1cdb73c3f2fa1a29fc076b24014a590fb2b8acea	He is an absolutely outstanding actor.
f8f101799d3ffdabbbeeaaa154efa615a6d0430a	I am sure that without him, cinema would not be called art.
62979b55d2d870264f276f841b7b93c5fe7540f7	A hard life and a hard struggle for his word, that's what always stood behind his name.
7c2152daed319c2c0681cdddf3a2dbe505477909	I can still see on... read more>>
d87d8758e52e6c15de2dbb9845557dfc52aede33	Total messages: 51
73c53a6ee3b3c0a70b4347f9215af674045fd48b	You can read the rest of the messages and leave your own here >>
dd7e02cc771f755387635e64b238bc3f6be7819e	Charles Spencer Chaplin: press Center >> On August 28, 2016, "Retroosen"starts in Moscow
2a9079a511e9dabf89ec6101f5815e1764eaa808	As part of the Retrokinoseasons project, films by Georges Méliès, Alfred Hitchcock and other masters will be shown at the Yunost Cinema.
ee74d74bd167b73b32b57279ad607776b9ce1805	March 22, 2016 "White Pillars"-2016: Well forgotten old
741c0a406ee60e76c9beed3d0d4704346a1d319e	Archive Film Festival in the Moscow "Illusion" on February 14, 2016 Love mood
5cc769ebae1ae19c9427cc2486d3d4f7eb8fdca0	25 films about love 20 comments January 30, 2016 85 years of the film "Lights of the Big City"
b5eecc1fae850efd745715540d76f0d5b62cdfc7	Charlie Chaplin's masterpiece was first shown in Los Angeles on January 30, 1931.
08ed01094a3fd307b9519839b070f3a5996ece24	2 comments All articles of the press center >>
a10368666d44ffd4f886fd1cf8c72d6c669a2801	filmography >>
26f06240be6dda7ad6544f3362c449b8cecafc83	Zelig
143dc113d4173037a75405d4482ca15b48f19e81	Everyone has their own movie
6ed4ed5fadb99a0ac400551875d16a4d171414ac	A dog's life
fa90e82f429f333a1ff48c9130132abed1504929	Pilgrim
a8a8e8dd8c5d37c7ebba1cd55860417f54e04036	Go to the full filmography >>
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86c91b6ebfa78c1b298a25f5f1e4151ba48eabf6	Circus Everyone has their own movie Charlie: The Life and Art of Charlie Chaplin The Great Dictator All movies >>
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58b9641c7d602b94b66549a382f5a718ce29c08f	Chaplin, Charles
b61c6418181c4bb984c48916086d6304696e1329	This is the stable version, released on March 2, 2017.
8e2d8518e323ff015ad451e943873bd7051e17b8	There are articles on Wikipedia about other people with the surname Chaplin.
1d00b553e955a262b7690a5e95aa3b8dbb3c168c	Charles Chaplin Charles Chaplin
a83dafa9a05d31f0de3e8372b96f796982ced061	Charlie Chaplin Birth name: Charles Spencer Chaplin
0c8af93f305aa0352597666c7c3f1adf49885b1f	Date of birth: April 16 1889(1889-04-16)[1][2][3]
1b84d9102d5c8686f3c6544edcd36006b9d1009b	Place of birth: London, United Kingdom[2][1]
50c856179a847b62834a3324e572c5790b9a9b41	Date of death: December 25, 1977 (1977-12-25) [1]
deb1d1743a667b4985910ee795d9e6bd488f5659	(88 years old)
1cf698569aba521ec540553fb0f4fa10afc9e9b6	Place of death: Vevey, Switzerland[1]
579667ce1a9d7daf9aa5b1572fc4fcb9b1228ce5	Profession: actor, film director, screenwriter, film producer, film composer, editor
2f87c291e3fe1a42b9f2e2b884916e8f64fe3a7d	Career: 1914-1967
bcfb36121fc55c972a1aaea816bd2622c3e4ae72	"Oscar" (1929, 1972, 1973)
908e8ed5fb1b5d6956d2aebbb3a26e0f5462c795	IMDb: ID 0000122
f053fc5b65905b9bbd27e563580c04b5e17d4c74	charliechaplin.com and charlie chaplin.fr Charles chaplin on wikimedia Commons
433311f4da779faaa7d4ca9cbc933cb2fe2b17e6	Sir Charles Spencer (Charlie) Chaplin (English: Charles Spencer "Charlie" Chaplin; April 16, 1889 December 25, 1977) was an American and English film actor, screenwriter, composer, film director, producer and editor, a universal master of cinema, the creator of one of the most famous images of world cinema — the image of the tramp Charlie, who appeared in short comedies set on stream in the 1910s at the Keystone Film Studio[4].
588cb1879c291d2eee36e814a0a0e0234260fe96	Together with Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks and David Griffith, Charles Chaplin founded the United Artists film studio in 1919.
9788d7f81c7f0001ef97187fe8893f7615dd4c48	[5] Winner of the 1973 Academy Award and twice winner of the non competitive honorary Oscar in 1929 and 1972.
c6756c29ebb21f790c5f75995df1d78899a34b2c	After a resounding success in Hollywood, Chaplin was forced to leave the United States under the onslaught of high profile scandals, revelations concerning the details of his personal life and accusations of sympathizing with the ideas of communism in the McCarthyism era in the early 1950s.
3ae56be174e751b0bdf5aab863b477cf2fbb210a	In 1915, he burst into the world like a ghost with his gift of comedy, laughter and help, at a time when everything was torn apart in the First World War, and for the next 25 years both during the Great Depression and during the rise of Adolf Hitler — he continued to create… It is unlikely that any other person will ever be able to bring more joy, pleasure and relief at a time when most people need them so much"[9].
bbe8baa1f1b0a83239ce321f0a4833f9c4fab39f	George Bernard Shaw called Chaplin "the only genius who came out of the film industry"[10].
2d171d627d85d5d012c82944a7a0abdef1df3d06	1 Biography 1.1 Childhood in England (1889-1909) 1.2 The first years in the USA 1.3 The appearance of the image of a Tramp, the growth of popularity (1914-1918) 1.4 Activity in United Artists (1919-1939) 1.5 The beginning of persecution in the USA 1.6 Recent works 1.7 Recognition and death
9fa747367b7407a7c1da5921b5dc76db228a1a54	2 The Image of a Tramp 3 Followers and Influence 4 Political Persecution 5 Paternity Court 6 Relationships with Women 6.1 Hetty Kelly 6.2 Edna Purviance 6.3 Mildred Harris 6.4 Lita Gray 6.5 Paulette Goddard 6.6 Una O'Neill
6a0830ed204b0d29fb57015eca71e351433ca07d	7 Interesting facts 8 Filmography 8.1 Feature films 8.2 Short films 8.2.1 Films of the Keystone Studio 8.2.2 Films of the Essenay Studio 8.2.3 Films of the Mutual Studio 8.2.4 Films of the First National Studio
a2231dd20d0e4b39e944117f8c16fc41e1339a77	8.3 Cameo appearances in other films
10a1e24775261ffc9505cf17fc1d6e865b9c1599	9 Films about Chaplin 10 See also 11 Notes 12 Literature 13 References
7edc503a9406f7cc41f7dc3607abe56d428d9e4c	Childhood in England (1889-1909)[edit / edit wiki text]
227b6e0f112cc110c5b99ecd29afb42bc308c62b	Charlie Chaplin (1907-1910)
2583d71bcb356e411c7b4a372e50293a4282839e	His parents Charles Spencer Chaplin Sr. and Hannah Chaplin (on the stage of Lily Gurley) - were pop actors.
a5cd38fe32f196b799214b01bc140d3b8ddd7ef8	My mother performed songs and dances in various theaters, including in the entreprise of famous composers, authors of popular operettas Gilbert and Sullivan.
d3fbf06082d36dbf9e0f9b851a9ce7e98fe510be	Shortly before her wedding to Chaplin Sr., Hannah gave birth to Sidney Hill, Charlie's half brother, by a certain Jew named Hawkes.
857f5d7e2213ddd935b0169a70d425e26a989a93	Charles Chaplin Sr.-the owner of a pleasant baritone was very popular in London music halls in the mid 1880s.
90321bc80d79112f9e3c4122222c60a14163cafe	The stage career of Charles Spencer Chaplin Sr. ended tragically: he began to drink and died on May 9, 1901 in the London Hospital of St. Nicholas.
5c76b12f9af83679ad9ee54a5a7b56feda10fab0	Thomas at the age of 37 years[12].
4f922860395b21d042f5ebb6fd087b7e98b41467	For some time, Charles Chaplin Sr. took his own son and stepson to him, who already had a new wife and son, 4 years younger than his half brother Charlie.
dd6a01cc05106f8ec33a9298aceec8eb29a4315b	On Christmas Day, 1900, the "Lancashire Boys" participated in the pantomime "Cinderella";
485e07b5d8c8a545ae2d26932ab9ca2cdfc20e08	Chaplin in a cat costume for the first time got the opportunity to make the audience laugh.
1956390d12ff6882efb7c274774ebb57f0185d14	In the spring of 1901, Chaplin left the Lancashire Boys.
aca4a49d920a4e3c0d45827dd4bcea8c37f167a5	For several years, Charlie has also been playing in a variety show.
b0d148b9ebfbaae936ff54c4cdfdb63ce1f7aba1	A turning point in Chaplin's life was the receipt on February 21, 1908, of a place as an actor in the theater company of Fred Carnot, which supplied ready made sketches and pantomimes for a number of music halls.
30829da8c1bf2bc0188df57080fc3ec42034362b	Soon he became one of the key actors in a number of productions (some of which he later adapted for the screen).
74bc31fc9b92c22516cea2ac852ce6705eefa00b	The first years in the USA[edit / edit wiki text]
a11cccf8ca083574f7b5d7f453f00a19ad1c0900	On September 23, 1913, Chaplin signed a contract with Keystone with a salary of $ 150 per week[16].
314c4a0bf0727e3310a42aa3b48950528ba11910	After the first film, Sennett even admitted that the decision to take Chaplin into the team was wrong[17].
d717f6fb7cca6a4fff6dc96eaa3c894efe25265d	Many historians and biographers agree that Sennett's decision to give Charlie another chance was influenced by Mabel Normand, at that time one of the main stars of the studio[18].
3abcfd53f0db28e2373af3ef5a74448479bc3193	But this did not spoil their relationship.
ea11d8175e649f9ee853f8bd5a099c72fb13ae50	Chaplin and Normand remained friends both after the rising star was given the opportunity to make films on his own, and after he left Keystone[19].
d6c2de6f87f2765ba25440dd99a89de9617fc57b	The appearance of the image of a Tramp, the growth of popularity (1914-1918)[edit / edit wiki text]
a7d51c314774206a8b97569a618d1fda93ce43c6	Charlie Chaplin and Jackie Coogan in the movie "Baby"
411eceeba0137f8392e8be9f0678551215443601	Mack Sennett asked Chaplin to go make up somehow, and, according to Chaplin's memoirs in his autobiography, it happened as follows[20]:
09762e121b557733dd9622a5b2d0462f15b642e0	I didnot know how to make up my face.
a45fb9976a70c9058cecc05f0e94e4f325ff4282	I didnot like my appearance as a reporter.
e9eb2b3cb0a9b93479cd5776f86006ea2515c230	On the way to the costume shop, I immediately decided to put on wide trousers that would fit me like a bag, excessively large shoes and a bowler hat, and take a cane in my hands.
3a437a8b897418d7661bb7da84d13dfd9fc49787	I wanted everything to be contradictory in my suit: baggy trousers and a too narrow business card, a bowler hat that was too small for me, and huge shoes.
c14bc76e6c05192bde3e8d6845d3e0159604afc0	I did not immediately decide whether I would be old or young, but, remembering that Sennet considered me too young, I pasted on a small mustache, which, in my opinion, should make me older, without hiding my facial expressions.
ad568e0f433eac884191537e6eecaa3cb92cdf61	When I was getting dressed, I still didnot think about what kind of character should be hidden behind this appearance, but as soon as I was ready, the costume and makeup suggested an image to me.
c856e12cc8af9706babd35bacd6d8aef7231a0ef	I felt it, and when I returned to the pavilion, my character was already born.
150a254305dcf33e183c4794d5e6dc8a624357f6	"The Tramp" turned out to be quite versatile and contradictory despite the name of the image, which corresponds to his social status, he has refined manners, clothes and the dignity of a gentleman.
7b99cc60efb991071796a13cb91296a4d8f9d84a	Separately, most of the elements of the image were already used by other comedians before Charles.
71da716649b101aa202b202d3eecb91451fd8fce	Chaplin took the famous stand with a support on a thin cane from his father — he saw it in one of the family photos.
c30f8ca089936c9e9173fdb07e7ac0c182e9dbc6	"Fat man" Arbuckle has already shown his stepfather's hat and huge trousers in the cinema, which were very consistent with his image.
e7473ec1f66bf5e644c8f60b02e1d121e8504238	Chester Conklin used a tailcoat in comedy films, and Ford Sterling wore huge, size 47 shoes for filming.
afec45343d53dff7a7b68197d92451e7851ce22e	The use of a mustache was also not new — before Chaplin, they were worn by Mac Swain.
6466ec692d8781f4376c2e30e1530f9f232373bd	But together, these elements, as well as small additions (for example, Chaplin decided to swap shoes — he put on the right shoe on the left foot, and on the right — the left, he also used a bamboo cane for the first time), allowed to create a unique image of a Tramp.
361b7c8845bc6400f346789e783ff097f87cea4b	Gradually mastering all new aspects of filmmaking, Chaplin stopped being satisfied only with acting and persuaded Sennet to allow him to direct films himself.
c1bb4fa293e346fbc0fc1e5b37640cce090d1398	Soon Chaplin begins to realize that working for Sennet limits his creative abilities,and leaves Keystone .
0360dcd72be83728e9aea0284f5edf2c0caf66b7	He is the most famous person in the world ... he eclipses the glory of Joan of Arc, Louis XIV and Clemenceau.
6ae105768bafc04e2cb11987d4bea95f018e8143	Only Christ and Napoleon could compete with him in fame.
a551a71b3163f5ba96cdf4b043010166f4ae9184	Louis Delluc, 1917
1905619404be1beb66988c5a4a330b9d5019fcd1	In 1914, Chaplin independently made his first film ("Caught in the Rain"), in which he acted as an actor, director and screenwriter.
55741299f1285488af0457c03ebbf6859da7e68c	Charlie's earnings are growing rapidly: if in 1914 he received $ 150 a week at Keystone, then in 1915 at Essanay Film studio 1250 a week plus a bonus of 10,000 for a contract; in 1916-1917, at Mutual Film, 10,000 a week plus 150,000 for a contract.
361a44a646bc34c3ec859ae12a29a681caa51a5b	In 1917, Chaplin signed a contract with the First National Pictures studio for $ 1 million, becoming at that time the most expensive actor in history.
6d4353089f99eae287abbf3e5cd90beec45fa671	Activities at United Artists (1919-1939)[edit / edit wiki text]
452005c38e40d84dbe1f1883cae9ea682fd6ac0b	Charles Chaplin's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame
bf40eea1f890441d252544e04697b7c916470cc5	Over time, Chaplin decided to gain creative independence and in 1919 founded the United Artists studio together with Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks and David W. Griffith.
f2a8ebbfa154b24b7b2007cd9d9c8c30934fdbf0	They sought to get rid of the growing influence of film distributors and financiers on Hollywood studios.
ea4c52a2c92d09b88a22c76e9c3e1e00f240b845	This step finally untied Chaplin's hands in creating his own independent films.
5b14bdbf1520ebe7245c0f7d5229f1cfdd65e819	Charles worked for United Artists until his departure from America in the early 1950s.
e98fa41b6cb5b221ffb95e8ab0a828e055d74230	All the films made by Chaplin at the United Artists film studio were full length.
2fd3ca244fdcdf98f08e31e6fc42ec9330f71b8d	The first was the picture "Parisian" (1923), a psychological drama atypical for Chaplin's work, in which the director himself appeared only in a cameo role.
55353866d155f7d02d2e262fc52d78f688320306	"The Parisian Woman" was received by the American audience rather coolly.
d487e3626983d7ba78520f18710ec86ec9bfe5bf	Fans of the image of a Tramp were far from the subject of secular dramas.
b83b2a4d5a3ac7cd992943932d3241ce6669955d	At the same time, the film was liked by critics and filmmakers.
3fbce277448aeb19f1a58623a27f99937fcf95f7	This film convinced the creative intelligentsia that Chaplin is primarily an author[22].
6d5eefa24dbe9fa96059df561a5fa295d4c13aac	This was followed by the classic paintings "Gold Rush" (1925) and "Circus" (1928).
b7befb1daf9a9caf491cbf3cc8982718403d0374	In 1921, Chaplin made a trip to Europe on the liner "Olympic", the brother of the "Titanic" [23].
39d157843efbeb42352f32d126086a2273947ae8	In London and Paris, huge crowds gather at his appearance.
c6efff6158c3e1bc7403c6aa82ad73cf7c33133a	During the first three days in London, Chaplin received 73,000 letters.
44c670620066ba1410e8426a2bf4773d17102b8b	No one knew him in Berlin, and Chaplin's films were not shown in post war Germany.
3fed879f2a0a74008abb515a73da0503456a3b2e	Chaplin made his second visit to Europe in 1931 — during the premiere of the film "Lights of the Big City".
7f43ea771d4f396c2d7bb37bc8af5322a3def3f8	Chaplin visited Europe for the third time in 1936 during the screening of the film "New Times".
82e1e9785e3c0b6b2efa988723054b5fd47eae52	Until 1922, Chaplin did not have his own house — he lived in rented houses, hotels and a club.
3915ee2fa5fb1b67db7e1ecbbf8bffaf4c7ea3c8	In 1922, Chaplin built his house in Beverly Hills.
0790ec7b33c7e05c4bc5307cb0fa817f043e83b9	In the house, in addition to forty rooms, there was a cinema and an organ.
f0c1b2ab183826c50e1b9eb1e7cf4ac096224701	Chaplin was friends with the famous deaf landscape painter Grenville Redmond, who taught Charlie pantomime.
01922f163d6a591d2493a831694179c0d176677f	In return, Chaplin organized a studio for Grenville and shot him in some films[24].
a757e1b4179bfc16a1e549ddb98bb48c669c67a4	Chaplin's fame was brought by silent films, and although sound appeared in films already in 1927, Charlie remains faithful to the old film technique for another decade.
bc1944f4e7c2ea60bd0a9b306b9a6adab0727c81	The first fully sound picture of Chaplin was "The Great Dictator" — an anti Hitler film made in 1940.
9ad7d776376d1d499a40a078c7bd83cb71ab53ac	He also became the last film where the image of the tramp Charlie was used.
89dbf1986f828fc6b96b8e0cc53ae50e37c7632e	The beginning of persecution in the USA[edit / edit wiki text]
027f793e2ced1946308d8bae2278f7a924519b76	During the time of McCarthyism in the United States, Chaplin was accused of anti American activities and suspected of being a secret communist.
ead196aa3feac7408405965d371b1b892c0f2309	The head of the FBI, Edgar Hoover, instructed to intensify work on collecting an extensive dossier on Chaplin, which began in the 1930s, and tried to expel the actor from the country.
1badd03b4cff96f519b2169b2cb12207943d3f06	The prosecution of Chaplin by the FBI increased after he conducted a campaign in 1942 in support of the opening of a second front, and reached a critical level in the late 1940s, when congressmen threatened to bring him as a witness at congressional hearings.
fa3dafc5f4b849c68d449b20b5e1b31efee8e275	This did not happen, perhaps out of fear that Chaplin might have composed a satire on his persecutors[25].
69e8f67bebf41541a08dc0bfa457d298cb10ab57	In 1952, Chaplin created the film "Footlights" — a story about the fate of a creative person and about creativity in general.
e02a8596cd5c3c934c6878f38a8f90a90c79609e	On September 17, 1952, Chaplin went to London for the world premiere of "Footlights", and Edgar Hoover obtained a ban from the immigration authorities on the actor's return entry into the country.
8caa6781da36eceb7c94eccd5c7830c65c37c867	Chaplin settled in Switzerland, in the city of Vevey.
79cf3fd70a2925f4ab1e41a3a9ef90748eee089e	The honorary Oscar is presented to Chaplin by Jack Lemmon (1972)
b291c8cd67f2f29f10412d062b8d4963b09e8316	In Switzerland, Chaplin writes music for his silent films, voices the film "Gold Rush".
7b203b8607483380066234c6c79d26097b104eb3	In 1948, Chaplin wrote the story "Footlights" ("Ramp"), which formed the basis of the film "Footlights".
ceced612c083fbdea31ca6562d874f2e9b08e82c	The actor was awarded the International Peace Prize in 1954.
4bff92650a6dab50b7cfd99770bfd72171cb94aa	In his film "The King in New York" (1957), Chaplin himself plays the main role.
4d177d7a96cb71648b434f6ec38266aa4443ada1	In 1964, Chaplin published his memoirs, which formed the basis of the biographical feature film "Chaplin" (1992).
a47cfd667e19e45c6175da0fc6aed8316327512a	In 1965, Chaplin became the winner of the Erasmus Prize.
0f5729fe9aa4c46c7974bfa027d065933f957047	Chaplin directed the last film "The Countess from Hong Kong" according to his script in 1967; the main roles in the film were played by Sophia Loren and Marlon Brando.
fc906584b83d51ae04103258ce183caa0855fc36	Recognition and death[edit / edit wiki text]
1c51b1475dd38fccf2d5b1a284b0ae404d0385bb	In 1972, Chaplin received an honorary Oscar for the second time.
c548d989c38268091803f6ce0e79f53c52235152	To do this, he came to the United States for a short time — he was given only a limited visa.
71655f0456705cec40702acf458a864bb4690389	On March 4, 1975, Chaplin was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II.
8ee1fb9554aefc5add630215b6ae85f2b838b6dd	The artist died in his sleep on December 25, 1977 at his home in Vevey and was buried at the local cemetery.
394694d0449e00ffb5fdbacddef9019666230152	A monument has been erected in memory of Charlie Chaplin on the shore of Lake Geneva.
974987613b42a0a44e32c49407aed349d9d3c3b0	On March 2, 1978, Chaplin's coffin was dug up and stolen for ransom[26].
6a671380f446f306b6713f8e72efc2d1832de808	The police arrested the perpetrators, and the actor's body was reburied on May 17, 1978 at the Meruz Cemetery in Corsier sur Vevey, Switzerland, under 6 feet (1.8 m) of concrete to prevent similar attempts in the future.
2f59fdd92885cfed5afa69221e7d257571d33e16	Chaplin was married four times, he had 12 children.
c2d00768a4eaef012160aa0facca35b14bedd5b7	Some of them also tried themselves in the acting field, but only Geraldine Chaplin became widely known as a film actress.
fabb8f7e70da1c1777863711c0a464df101b403f	Charles ' son Sidney Chaplin became a famous theater actor.
14314a207ebb83c20d78083014f0acc0d47e3ef2	In addition, the artist's granddaughter, the Spanish actress Una Chaplin, became famous.
79680d8582c9ec347256d4f2dc4a71be8ffe2be0	The image of a Tramp[edit / edit wiki text]
952d0d198f04739c68dbd7f812eaabe97e6081ad	The image of a Tramp (eng. The Tramp) first appeared in the film "Mabel's Extraordinary Predicament" (according to another version — in the film "Children's Car Racing", filmed a little later, but released on the screen a week earlier).
1f9ab61c6b919432b1b24e00a9f9d8ec98c82de3	Chaplin put on huge trousers, a narrow business card, big shoes, a bowler hat on his head, and held a cane in his hands.
800e2030c202ab77176198810c176c6be66956c3	Chaplin looked younger than his age, so he glued a small mustache, which, in his opinion, added solidity, but did not hide the facial expressions necessary in silent films.
487ed6d75b61bda72b1ab23ecbc215cded0c5f53	In his first appearance on the movie screen, Chaplin came out with a lush mustache.
3ce63db09aa58af7f8ba2f40f23b19ed7f7d75a8	Chaplin wrote about his character in his autobiography:
52c4e3b72341b2101496206ce3163dcbbe16e62c	...He is very versatile — he is a tramp, a gentleman, a poet, and a dreamer, but in general he is a lonely creature who dreams of beautiful love and adventures.
6e9c3538423c3f539ab44b41bcd982bd4ea46e39	He wants you to believe that he is a scientist, or a musician, or a duke, or a polo player.
21221b8766ed76d63560bb836264f2cb791d9a04	And at the same time, he is ready to pick up a cigarette butt from the sidewalk or take away a candy from the baby.
cf18b57e1793c35a6ef1ce39dd0257476de11e63	And, of course, under the appropriate circumstances, he is able to kick a lady in the ass — but only under the influence of strong anger.
9fdaf34d83b3f45aec98a442a76fa3aa1d2b827f	Chaplin sought to get away from the" slap comedy", in the genre of which all comedies of that time were filmed.
984552b1e618a17c277fae4425268f255f188f5a	In the film "Loan Box Office", the Tramp in the dismissal scene indicated with a gesture that he had several children who needed to be fed.
8836c9447354a357e0abdf03e022d67d5e152d00	Chaplin noticed that the audience, who are on the set, are wiping away a tear.
f00d39417edd84037549dc636fb796638669fc98	After that, the image of the Tramp began to acquire lyrical and tragic features.
1cd98ddbe3f168a5c47af7de369f4bf9ea98747f	The little Tramp became one of the most replicated images in the popular culture of the XX century.
28ad7eece7d799197382b785ec2a239cede27e84	The image of a Tramp was imitated by Raj Kapoor in the film "Mr. 420", the classic of Soviet clowning Pencil, Alexander Kalyagin in the film "Hello, I'm your aunt!", etc.
207283e5a7f65001ba0a063966fe7842b750d483	Followers and influence[edit / edit wiki text]
1f9afdc92d753db1e4f9ff3075924d5157feb2cc	There was Chaplin.
c0dc0b7a32ccdac67456920b0fbee96d7e270ae5	There was Raikin.
e3e4bfd6540d872bc8a55392569afe51afa4aed9	One per country.
c20c16a6bfd86dfd04aa9d69e6eda90c7d613a90	And two for the whole world.
d9a33c27b2896f3930bfc294ad173718ed91ffb8	- Mikhail Zhvanetsky [27]
599949f9ea900f4f4db2e45f3b15dd949f6e8fcb	In the wake of the grandiose popularity of Chaplin's screen image, there were attempts to imitate his character.
e6c4162a11f7691eff0efa6e83f79bf09a0bb064	As an example, we can cite the film "The Sandy Kid" (1917), in which the comedian Billy West reproduced the image and manner of Chaplin's playing[28].
f924aa15f66fcafa69000884abd915a3df5babf2	Some of these imitations became a reason for misunderstandings — for example, the allegedly "Chaplin" film "The Man on the Propeller", shown in Moscow in 1922, was reviewed in the press by Alexey Gan[29].
b83e1521ccd679d85ebbd65f6e7f23222938cf78	The influence of Chaplin and the image of a Tramp created by him on the avant garde artistic trends of the first half of the XX century can be mentioned separately.
d1809451bace998dd79ab4cbd6d4d6be91fd4e40	In particular, the plays "Chaplin, a tragigrotesque in six pictures" (1924) by Melchior Fischer[30], "a movie poem in faces" "Chapliniad" (1920) by Ivan Goll[31]are known
9c1760340733964214265b6c4550dc26d14def70	Chaplin became the hero of Vladimir Mayakovsky's poem "Kinopovetrie" (1923):
f36f3a7d0860440b1e012ad2aa29e54587264f6c	Shut up, Europe, you through and through fool!
02ed7d9546629c41e4622f592c656a4a9fec0b9d	Musi, shut up your orlo.
7405b9da37206f8fa7771b0da0c94c543e2df677	Not you, I'm sure, —
7d6ac5f59dc042b09a32b77cf4b4316fb9625a33	not you, I know, —
94bf947c420aa088bb12676e52c117310907f69d	Comrade Charlot is laughing at you.
b0e5b097ef2ee3bc219ed59d1a19030e0a35cad3	- Vladimir Mayakovsky [32]
675a4fdc948691e788293952ef033f25bf26e078	The image of Chaplin's Tramp is reflected in the works of famous artists, including Fernand Leger and Marc Chagall[33].
402fcd87182a7d78ab9c9d24aaafc43c9ffb03f3	Chagall also mentioned Chaplin in a 1927 interview as one of the most important cultural achievements of that time:
6d70c2d920d12bf7f663f35d884680b7aaf4792f	"I was pleased with the triumph of expressionism in Germany, the birth of the surrealist movement in France and the appearance of Charlie Chaplin on the screen.
d26e99d343bf315efd5e1e1023edf0c129ac2c1b	Chaplin is trying to achieve in the cinema what I achieve in my pictures.
43ca44d489e2a834bf807d492fa6236e947df66b	Today, he is probably the only artist with whom I would find a common language without words"[34].
a7bf2f900db5a4b032516d2ddf52424984c70fd8	Ilya Ehrenburg also highly appreciated the importance of Chaplin's work:
b9d71fb72433577c137e675aad916d74d4dbd967	"Charlot is our, that is, a new, left wing, FUTURIST.
3e678135e339810d745d8fd25d851541a7043568	But he was the first to lead not the circles of the knowledgeable and knowledgeable, but the peoples.
8001c44c3674b9fe2035a691d5da09f81f26fce8	< ... > We see that Charlot is not an artist of moods, not an inspired comedian, but a strict DESIGNER, carefully developing a scheme of movements, like a medieval juggler.
a1dadbbdbb81cd5311fcf8b39b51cb6a9145fb93	He makes you laugh not with an artless movement, but with the use of an exact FORMULA"[35].
e3e08ff0989804cdb409802b2c26a12fc5fcd312	A more detailed analysis of the images that the artistic thought of that time associated with Chaplin and his work can be found in the work of Yuri Tsivyan "On Chaplin in the Russian avant garde and on the Laws of Chance in Art" (2006)[33].
4db8cfaf3595b9857aadc2775f6d035be515ddb0	Despite the fact that silent films gave way to sound, Chaplin's acting and directing technique had a significant impact on many comic actors.
40b136b31204b1dd5156ed0719305640ed3cb63e	This influence is most noticeable in the work of the French actor and director Jacques Tati, who shot sound films, widely and with great success using the techniques of silent cinema (for example, "Monsieur Hulot's Vacation").
02fb74ad8f1b812e0c094524580ce7701ef09018	The image of Charlie is clearly traced in the work of the Soviet clown Pencil.
3038b50b5eeedb1fab34834a7731ef2a3bac809f	A kind of follower of Chaplin can also be considered a Hong Kong actor and martial artist Jackie Chan, who uses a honed stunt technique to create whole cascades of comedic situations.
bde608395948677b07c901156c05f11535152aa2	In the movie "Benny and June", one of the main characters, Sam, resembles Charlie Chaplin in his style of clothing and gait.
a2916e582e50c5c92188c3feb65e6c778daf76c6	In the same movie, Sam performs a dance with buns.
8d334366331d889ccb38e3e967b1f0dfb2db8cf0	Political persecution[edit / edit wiki text]
cde34b6a246cd19e1a236118b8cec8307c3828b9	Chaplin and Gandhi, London, 1931
db92381ce6dca2da746ae138a419b8a2d103393a	During the First World War, Chaplin, at the request of the US government, participated in the distribution of government bonds.
9706afe14a52706710ec7632a06f949caccf1149	Together with Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks, Chaplin spoke at special rallies.
b09f28ba57151ab58e90b8255a205e2342ce2617	The FBI opened a case against Chaplin back in the 1930s after the film "New Times".
b46e416b3c7058b296a87fc349cfaa1fd32c13bc	During the filming of the film "The Great Dictator" Chaplin was warned that the film would have trouble with censorship.
f6ea9edca27947746d9afbd71830e4a1cc31ee21	Chaplin was asked to abandon the production of the film, assuring that it would never be shown either in England or in the United States.
4150a25e8d655fc7717e44b12801c10a92dfda36	After the German attack on the USSR, the pressure from above stopped, but threatening letters from the audience began to arrive.
9648d801acda68f808ada82f85e17212d2bc7318	Some of them contained promises that they would throw bombs with asphyxiating gas and shoot at the screen in cinemas where "The Dictator" would be shown.
9de145d191a570b8f1276d68bee5e5f515d3ff6d	Chaplin tried to negotiate with the leader of the longshoremen's unions about the protection of cinemas.
1d082102ef69d522c58f01b0eb8276cf61e62fe5	After the release of "The Dictator" on the screens, the New York newspaper "Daily News" wrote that "Chaplin pointed a" communist finger " at the audience."
cc8c08fbcef33d60718912da4c16e6b88f1098fd	Nazi propaganda began to call Chaplin a Jew.
ac3ce90ceecf0e33088e3c91a7dbf39d7ff55d5c	The Commission for the Investigation of Un American Activities began an investigation of Chaplin's activities, one of the points of the investigation was his nationality.
a42c75aef98c9da01c8cea06111191239ed762b1	During the editing of the film "Monsieur Verdoux" Chaplin was summoned to Washington for a hearing of the Commission to Investigate Un American Activities, but later the call was canceled.
22e462d0dcae35cb725416935bc914ad799891b0	19 people were called from Hollywood at that time.
2b19d6f79c314264143e6d70f0406cae7ff4b1d4	Those of them who insisted on their civil rights were jailed for a year for contempt of the commission.
76e8d5efe5f90fae665528301556383a07cc7e74	According to one version, voiced by Chaplin in an interview with journalists, in order to ridicule the Commission on the Investigation of Un American Activities, he intended to appear at the hearing in his Tramp costume; for this reason, the Commission canceled its call[36].
f3073f81fd9ee214585f85bb77d5c81eac537be7	Chaplin was never a US citizen.
729c2ba41dd00243d3baf8d46a2c723a2dcb4812	The release of the film "Monsieur Verdoux" was banned by censorship[37].
1e4d7e51aa04d2a7ac54e8dacec1302556b05c3b	After additional editing, the censors still allowed the film to be rented.
7a693c7d4763686ada15b213f6f7f215618a6fbc	The demonstration of "Monsieur Verdoux" was accompanied by protests in the United States.
2ae92294225787aeff239efe3488abad21149f31	Chaplin's harassment began in the newspapers.
16a86d4384957c5632c8ccaba3fab5526c53dd40	In addition to the accusations of priadl if he was a Communist[38], he was accused of not having received US citizenship.
cc6608db6090cd6a36a2d725b5a63227963efd2b	The "Catholic Legion" announced a boycott of the film, cinemas began to refuse to rent "Monsieur Verdoux".
8f2a7fe2f169ae51a6b8d9af268dca866ff8ddfe	The newspapers published photos of pickets of the "Catholic Legion" with posters "Chaplin is a fellow traveler of the Reds!", " Get out of our country of a stranger!", " Chaplin has stayed with us for too long!", " Chaplin is ungrateful!
a636ddb776da710dac82fa7c80cbc39f3e60153b	He is a henchman of the Communists!", "Send Chaplin to Russia!".
c61637d89a1f6f75af490c58f631049fd3bac403	Nevertheless, the film was nominated for an Academy Award in the category "Best Screenplay".
1a224d317c4da0dc551597fe33292da1c3ac458d	In 1952, Chaplin wanted to go to England for a short time and requested a return visa from the US immigration services.
92426bc7d56cd49092707902409af5c1608a51ed	The US immigration services began conducting their own investigation, which lasted for several months, and issued Chaplin an entry visa.
5314f73e7362917d5dddbd358f0381b3dab89a08	Already on the way to Europe, Chaplin was informed that entry to the United States was closed to him, and in order to obtain a visa, he would have to answer the commission of the Immigration Department to a number of accusations of a political order, as well as to the accusation of moral promiscuity.
a92f5b0b0e060dba56a96036c3cadbf9643f6e2e	The future US President Richard Nixon took part in the persecution of Chaplin.
e3bea2bd6fcb73ece914ca5793f740b8b17fec1a	Three years after Chaplin left the United States, the US Tax Department taxed the income received by Chaplin in Europe from the rental of the film "Footlights" until 1955.
3784d3ee2468fde15c75b06689fc0a019aa055c7	The US Tax Department considered him a permanent resident of the United States.
e21d39edb8ec200a8daf36f9eff1acf0e895fc7a	Chaplin was unable to turn to the protection of the American court to protect his interests.
5241679a99f3942845586380472adb87eed75a62	The court on the recognition of paternity[edit / edit wiki text]
dc359b74bd35845c76c9542fd4d1066137cab6a1	In 1943, Joan Barry filed a lawsuit in a California court to recognize Chaplin as the father of her child.
a3bd0beaa23fbd91fe5b0ca6a6448372d85e5453	The blood test clearly showed that Chaplin is not the father.
6975fd7f61e2cf04f33174a8e34d4f3cc4de7ae0	But the federal authorities still charged Chaplin with violating the Mann Law.
68abd0a488667b5c90fe6ed1190045c42be352d9	The Mann Act, or the "White Slave Transportation Act", was passed to combat prostitution.
f7271f3261bed6c823cf3938301d0d1174b4c1ab	After the prohibition of brothels, the law became outdated, but the federal authorities used the law to crack down on political opponents.
55c98b133d5f1d540abad17ff11a2d96002e2454	Even after the announcement of the results of the blood test, the investigation was not terminated.
a3eeafb86397e584e4cc989e5cd35c9f2908cfae	In his autobiography, Chaplin wrote that he was offered information that Joan Berry was used by Nazi organizations to kill him, but at the request of Chaplin's lawyer, these facts were not announced at the trial.
99381f0b9c6912ffb1398b44c4412b2441ae9d59	In 1944, Chaplin was found not guilty of all charges by a jury.
68eedc966d4ca915c7d59aeb49def5155b738b44	Following this, a second claim for recognition of paternity was initiated — this became possible due to the fact that custody of the child was transferred to the court and the participation of Joan Berry as one of the parties was no longer required to start the process.
8cced7e764d1f3ea77587ef58192673834abfd2f	The first hearing ended inconclusively (the jury did not come to an agreement); after the second hearing, despite the fact that the blood test proved that Chaplin could not be the father of Joan Berry's child, an unfavorable sentence was passed for Chaplin, according to which he had to pay the child a monetary allowance until he came of age.
7e888eb02d83b5e7c0a40c20e585b5ab1e77c60f	Because of the lawsuit, Chaplin worked on the script of the film "Monsieur Verdoux" for almost two years, while it took only three months to shoot the film.
71de333568d24c4dd98c2eab9c2d82aa26a7abd5	Relationships with women[edit / edit wiki text]
c962f6b41e7a3b5630919047312ff6268e128d0c	Hetty Kelly[edit / edit wiki text]
f46afd6d528fa1907e94ff416f6238e5bb2c7bde	Hetty Kelly is a dancer, Chaplin's first love.
d370f24694f0a2c134542054be7e30a691fe11b0	They met in London when Chaplin was 19 years old and Hetty was 14.
141bfa4072693ae7159cc796e5234273d5df1a0f	After five dates, they broke up.
9551607cf6c981b50566c529cc12b3f98a563074	Later, Hetty Kelly got married, Chaplin only communicated with her brother a few times.
97374b75b1b20c24e9a45b1aed7af7bccecb3691	Hetty Kelly died in 1918 during the Spanish flu pandemic.
e2197871672d7c2a6d6e704f00e86c983771fa9b	Chaplin found out about this only in 1921.
43c22b2cb4f9885c6a29ba089854cf240bed2ee3	Edna Perviens[edit / edit wiki text]
3f78113455336167fd742c148778c9ba658f88d7	Edna Perviens in the film "Escape in a car" on April 1, 1915
65954b8be7729973ad6f7b2f4b9a6b82c888c191	Ed
497b87f75f36606550f07ab755b6862aa0f8af25	(biography, photo, video)
824a115b652a59ad340fcadda972478f9fb58d14	Sir Charles Spencer (Charlie) Chaplin
cb56befbfcaffcf447a1b21ba3c5769ceb0b2a51	Name: Charlie Chaplin (Sir Charles Spencer (Charlie) Chaplin )
60d277323b332f06824052e4ed7ad59176c7a09d	Date of birth: April 16, 1889
d8f69eae83bf086f0f5bf0abb18254d290a9c159	Age: 88 years
9c3cb4038b6ed3b2a9330e3cb3a23e68f41c8a16	Date of death: December 25, 1977
17de29c049921efd3cf126102b2ad3a9dcef342b	Place of birth: London
4ca6809bce454cf9f75f6901d068f6188554cd19	Height: 165
116c6a7a7d2c10b520af6f2bb59c8278a7b9c5e4	Activity: American and English film actor, screenwriter, composer and director
ec1181e04153ed31db28b2866d49069ca3f72fb3	Marital status: He was married to Una O'Neill
ce9be2842c4fd236e51a5a6ef78843fe8582d6a3	Charlie Chaplin: a biography
a0fbc7703215228cda77c04b37d91366d8aebfcb	Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin, better known to us as Charlie Chaplin, was born in April 1889.
31d59502f3a9ce613b263f5a7b0912c7e8136952	In the family of pop actors of the London Music Hall, he was the first child together.
ab13cdf60c158f958a8c81ff55382a2f4c80fbbb	Before marrying Charlie's father, Charles Spencer Chaplin, Hannah gave birth to her first son, Sidney Hill.
9721e92153c2dddd4842842cc53811e10ba653c9	His father was a certain Jew Hawkes.
cd536d1604810720627223e79e15e336eaca9aa1	But after his marriage, Sidney Hill, like his half brother Charlie, received the surname Chaplin.
d0ce7742ac32f4fff6093d186e3e4a5c74185ccb	Charlie and his brother Sid had a happy early childhood.
9d95c9da22931dddcdf3cc2908b4aaf3d2585f79	My father was extremely popular.
bced65e5f91d1dfc6bae5fc8905516b9d1169b6c	He had a pleasant baritone voice, was regularly invited to London music halls and toured Europe a lot.
cbbbfd22a8f10f6ba7fd176b92b038d458ba95d2	But soon the previously existing problem with alcohol worsened, and 37 year old Chaplin Sr. died in a hospital in London.
df71c377af2e5d74c1ef2045a4077322cd391fbf	Charlie's widowed mother continued to perform in the music hall, but she began to have problems with her larynx.
db423a7cef4cee019723eeca52e73d1e91c02535	One day, 5 year old Charlie Chaplin, whom his mother constantly took with him, had to replace his mother.
ccb202aa57dc1a752cf30771c93281626e99fa12	When she could not finish her song, the direct boy came on stage and began to sing himself.
b836b8cfa937b01a76df7b5f1cbc877e7f45888c	Touched by the audience, he was pelted with coins and small bills.
274bba7fbe27e34b8709bb64c84b0f7e96d5d068	Charles, having stopped singing, raised money to the laughter of the audience and only then finished singing.
cd75621882852b98c629759a73d24607e7a4728c	Probably, then the creative biography of Charlie Chaplin began.
eb131da26128a950d5c70c51ebf6b494351071b2	At the same time, his childhood ended.
d3a537403845108f262904a8260149e4d684eae7	Hanna was no longer able to perform.
c9bc403ea74d6a554274c5866ceb6c1e9f303315	And soon, when the boy turned 7 years old, his mother lost her mind, and she was placed in a psychiatric hospital.
44784c44d28d171fd799a5e6d04aeb0bf03422dd	Charlie and Sid ended up in an orphanage.
4cac25e76a104b0f13b2fb9cd29e50e4bc61a227	At the age of 9, Charlie Chaplin was accepted into the dance group "Eight Lancashire Guys".
4586b87a48e67a803bee90daef35514d55234076	It was here that he first made the audience laugh, portraying a cat in a Christmas pantomime in 1900.
aac73efa0385eeb822b11fdab0f651f58237dadb	But a year later, Charlie left the band.
1472dc5338b05daa515686aca88b67bc843b06e2	He had to earn a living and simply did not have time to study and attend school.
a3fdc02ead008ad2115a6a8fa805e5f67de23c9d	Charlie Chaplin worked wherever he was hired.
c4462304b92930687d2607851669cb31f524ad4d	He sold newspapers, helped nurses in the hospital, worked in a printing house.
1119d6cc1aa26352a5062885a89c05ffbbc2a9da	At the age of 14, Chaplin's dream came true: Charlie was accepted for a permanent job in the theater and received the role of a messenger in the production of "Sherlock Holmes".
cd9b49736b115e765622bc242fdb965e1695a3c9	It is noteworthy that the teenager was illiterate.
c5a7cb0b02e15f4ee46a0967d8fa106180821afb	Therefore, his brother Sid helped him learn the role.
9bab68cb6f17d14538b36412a623fb329ad8681f	Films In 1908, 19 year old Charlie Chaplin was accepted into the Fred Carnot Theater, where pantomimes and sketches for English music halls were prepared.
9eb676c98247a93831b4c7d8a9130457408b22f4	The tramp instantly becomes mega popular.
df4d421dae01ce96a88f8942f18d1d611658cb13	The most popular films shot by Charlie Chaplin at United Artists were the full length films "Parisian", "Gold Rush", "Big City Lights" and "New Times".
417ee451dc94334ab0a51b92ea3376b5bd6224d6	The picture "Parisian" was received coolly by the audience.
f809fc8e341aa8bb0eddce8d9bbe5d033fcb24ee	This is a psychological drama, where Chaplin appeared only as a cameo.
79ab64c2fe1c77c17119d5fd7cdf1fe32624d116	The habit of seeing a favorite image of a Little Tramp prevailed.
642dd6ce0561893a92dfab1e3540e6e1d3b25514	But critics highly appreciated the new work of Charlie Chaplin, recognizing his talent as an author.
b0ce5c7d32459234ed768c73bd69c38bb03d3af8	"Gold Rush" and "Circus", released in the mid and late 1920s, were more warmly received and are considered classics of cinema.
4bdb46e26da8c8979d29fdaf76fcf187d285d877	When Chaplin came to his native London in the 1920s, and then to Paris, he was met by huge crowds of fans.
86e40d7a997de9d979bb48b9a02602684c9966d7	The second trip to Europe took place in the 1930s.
0b2463df732ae8ae38e3fa6c65d1109f5978866f	Charlie Chaplin brought his new tapes "Big City Lights" and "New Times".
6282f5280b719abd22ffadfd908e6f14bcfe2f91	Charlie Chaplin's debut in sound cinema took place in 1940.
73e3620db7fc723d830a0b58d2c395419b78faaa	It was the anti Hitler picture "The Great Dictator".
e74dcec7c16875248405318a6a805e47d18c4ac3	In addition, this was the last tape in which Chaplin appeared in the image of a Little Tramp.
aa0d11cc96888fdd23acd3798ba0035eb4b311c2	With the release of the picture, Chaplin's persecution begins.
f6b05191e6d81cc3bfa998407a4ca8a50eb711cf	He is accused of anti American activities and adherence to communist ideas.
ba45cec5456cb1e8efbfc3bb469968e07a5b91e1	Edgar Hoover, the head of the American FBI, activates the collection of dossiers on Chaplin, which began in the 1930s.
67d853e2fc79bd7e818a714e5f15b7e3053fc398	The peak of the persecution came in the 1940s, when Charlie Chaplin made his film "Monsieur Verdoux".
2d198de9796df7368d3a119d3d1955ca7c1ef9ee	It was banned by censorship.
dbd7996b460463153c3d1b7e5b1b295121d7052b	The artist began to pour dirt on him.
54ba81079836cb9f0cc362204f9bcba27564a897	Chaplin was accused of everything: ingratitude to the host country (the actor never accepted US citizenship), that he was a secret communist and a Jew.
9cf81653014a68c53cf396ddf00fbc4636bab180	They dug into their personal lives, pulling dirty laundry to the surface.
2f10e8cb429e38b7384a355217fa399e58aeca46	Nevertheless, the film "Monsieur Verdoux "was nominated for an Oscar for best screenplay.
a979ccc7af000d2af073568560eac50af35923ad	It was possible to expel the artist from America in 1952, when Chaplin went to London for the premiere of his painting "Footlights".
1055d0c30e35914af3e71e6a1bcc06c2ab810e3a	Hoover obtained a ban from the immigration services on the artist's return to the United States.
c25acfc32c654b61a20004de95c1a267c64a9628	Charlie Chaplin settled in the Swiss city of Vevey.
9154d73cdd5519e438b295a8628faa7a16e9e0df	Anticipating that he may be expelled from the country, Charlie leaves a power of attorney for all his property to his wife.
a20e52437efd71873e32d468d52be65ca40a96a7	And she, having sold everything, moves with the children to Switzerland.
cda9bf93acc0cd8ad89ccba6b163d5bc903d9af5	The last years and the death In Switzerland, Charlie Chaplin continues to create.
2ea5aabe0dfea4c35b87f36a927bc582ed189e8b	He has written music for some of his silent films.
6f55d83b7aa02fdfd8dbb93d3786a51274e0d372	Voiced the "Gold Rush".
18ecc95f367492cb6d58f16a705d36333f8f0d62	In 1948, the novel "Ramp", which formed the basis of the tape "Ramp Lights", was published from the pen of the artist.
0fffc5e6bc19d67eb887a77263c5ae720cb05e88	In 1954, Chaplin was awarded the International Peace Prize.
8208bc05d39fa52e56f69a0bb62223c5c2f0f54c	And in 1957, Charlie Chaplin's film "The King in New York" was released, where the actor played the main role.
aec26c621d571b53af84d174b78e213a279614c3	7 years later, the Great Mute published his memoirs, which formed the basis of the biographical picture "Chaplin", which the audience saw in 1992.
74b6ce7e47b8996136f96064a3b080739aeec82f	The last film of the artist "The Countess from Hong Kong" was staged in 1967.
c14db0465f1b012ccbbf549d3722cb4cb1a58f8f	Charlie Chaplin managed to visit the United States again in 1972.
9f4defba6bf9371512e5ab06c3b5bdee95b07c04	He was given a short visa to arrive at the Oscar ceremony.
820b33375338a1a380003d1402f1c76151521b0d	It was the second statue Charlie had received.
282c54379f45400d8c685d3444408b5cd78e6ec8	3 years later, Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain knighted Chaplin.
e9ad24ab73933c476c6420ac44d19da2c5290372	Charlie Chaplin died on December 25, 1977.
044e1c78f2f496c09b53b047373890c4ff78b582	He left in his sleep.
14877f8fe7e1b884ba9a124f54838441d5718373	The artist was buried at the cemetery in Vevey.
3f4d361d2282159983b8c31e711c6bfc6fc8442a	But in March 1978, after the coffin was stolen for ransom, his ashes were reburied in another Swiss city – Corsier sur Vevey, filling the grave with a one and a half meter ball of concrete.
8be7b529cd77afa3a7cd2fbdb13d5dfa49507390	Personal life The personal life of Charlie Chaplin is 4 marriages and 12 children (one of them was recognized by a genetic examination as a non native).
b369720c4e735e6b3e834df8fd6b65d6763096b4	The actor's first wife was Mildred Harris.
0c328fae5eda943a95ebd86b3c3aaf547f78a0bd	The actors lived together for only 2 years.
4b75da520d314d465880efeed9d3fc73fa274508	Their first child, Norman, died almost immediately after birth.
eb098879c0c0bf8d626c6ec7bcc65777d01e0c1e	Chaplin lived with his second wife Lita Gray for 4 years.
ceaeed7bc805c225b365a3c8829876a17e052bea	To marry 16 year old Lita, Charlie had to take her to Mexico, where the marriage was registered.
8bb189cfd393969bf98935eb2104ec115819d118	In this union, sons Charles Chaplin (Jr.) and Sidney Earl Chaplin were born.
d589670bd5bb3ddb101ac89a5ed6639ff46eb08b	During the divorce process, the artist paid Lita a huge amount of money as compensation at that time: according to various estimates, from 700 to 850 thousand dollars.
c742da11ea02e362c438134cf920bde64d14b226	Chaplin lived with his third wife, Paulette Goddard, from 1932 to 1940.
effcf089d765248f26fd452b5135f83bf84e5e44	After the divorce and moving to Switzerland, Paulette married the writer Erich Maria Remarque.
056fc42dea0f4c93de4c9073ea72d9c38ffa1eb7	The fourth wife of the British artist is Una O'Neill.
beb7b000964cf27ae8d1d10281b7aef944294d02	Their wedding took place in 1943.
4592a70782b8edc8f6f805e09a54e7059d0dc023	Una was 36 years younger than her husband.
9c43781fd94752dfc6475d03baf0c07d83b41226	They lived together until Chaplin's death.
353ea0e9475693fbdb1c4b4c69d83be59b5b6736	In this marriage, 3 sons and 5 daughters were born.
b80b18e479a7c7087fedbe72930e824226399e3e	The last child was born when the comedian turned 72 years old.
45cd67e63594ac8255f9e4a517c830dedb44093a	Filmography Children's Car Racing Caught in the Rain Parisian Gold Rush Big City lights New Times The Great dictator Monsieur Verdoux Footlights The King in New York The Countess from Hong Kong
596da2ae8c953f3f2bd01da3e33330c8350eb468	19 photos: Charlie Chaplin →
6fb7f08b4f0a20bf89c3cb6c30ee9588eb597525	Charlie Chaplin: the latest news
0ae4574ca189020122ac1e74f6ce10ec47cd77bc	Charlie Chaplin's first Oscar was stolen in France
919098f77d775e2677d9b80ebea7127dbf0de74e	February 10, 2015
2fcbc5f7f75d73138d3e6b1d6a0272f75ae3b296	The first Oscar received by a silent actor was stolen from the office of the Chaplin Association in Paris.
0bc5ad09b3f7307bec18990bb53071d11ad8722d	It is reported that together with ...
877c48fc521e63498013d3c1a5ed57e3bf1784e1	Lyubov Orlova
b5d3dbfd87a93789a2787f659693390939c76d45	Margarita Nazarova
3515518f559736a71ef6f1a5a889567a191b0928	Rafe Fiennes
7ce100429049330a265046761dfc034a850de7a4	Rafe Nathaniel Twisleton Wykeham Fiennes
9b7e7bc5f366c051028999df95d4b0835bb74538	Emma Stone
d3934960d5c7ecacf381396b23d35c88221e06d6	Emily Jean Stone
3d3183b9598cda36d0a6cfb63b87f1b313755b5a	Al Pacino
3d8770a6edfa8c346096c694e570c8701713b66f	Alfredo James Pacino
476c027074992424af6f7cfc32d8ae2b647b447c	Charlie Chaplin biography, information, personal life
3df26ae5df9d4debd0158721a1d0f41dc3f1ee09	Sir Charles Spencer (Charlie) Chaplin (April 16, 1889 - December 25, 1977) was an American and English film actor, screenwriter, composer and director, a universal master of cinema, the creator of one of the most famous images of world cinema - the image of the tramp Charlie.
f12c3e4308bbbabe63a056c7c5070f42d9c73586	Winner of the 1973 Academy Award and twice winner of the non competitive honorary Oscar in 1929 and 1972.
f546700a436cce869a381488cceb68f0929c4718	Chaplin received the honorary Academy Award in 1972 with the following wording of his merits - "for an invaluable contribution to the fact that cinema has become an art in this century".
2ca273e1f1e076fb2a33a276ec0dd5bc4552313a	The younger brother of actor Sidney Chaplin.
468264d67f4c2af4a491619eda2021dc4cf182ce	Chaplin's work was greatly influenced by the French comedian and film actor Max Linder, to whom he dedicated one of his films.
1f20f0df1c04cd4099e2321d09e725ce97abb135	In 1915, he burst into the world like a Ghost, with his gift of Comedy, laughter and relief, in a time when everything was torn apart in the First world war, and during the next 25 years - during the great depression, and during elevation of Adolf Hitler, he continued to create...
69a51b7f8a188ef32694b8fb469d90a35c0c8fc3	Hardly what the other man will ever be able to bring more joy, pleasure and relief in the moment when they need the most people."
e3c1a601a43056aae8ed17b4c658abd76f6aa4c0	George Bernard Shaw called Chaplin "the only genius who came out of the film industry."
dfd09ff7ce8f9fc1d0210377e7d00469ca765b4b	In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Charlie Chaplin on the 10th place in the list of the 100 greatest movie stars for 100 years among men.
8cbff5e39085c6f74269edba7247075027a6653c	Charlie Chaplin.
e150d9a89fc2aa0ce64b95b0c2351091e1394363	Short films
06f3666a2e6a7246c03ffd0e089215e3abae6383	Later, Sydney was given the surname Chaplin, like her brother, stepfather and mother after marriage.
86916db546678d7e8397dcdd83ff86debeac8788	Thomas at the age of 37.
882a6aebe7b8336d98a54bd549a2ce429c50aa90	His paternal grandmother, who died when Charlie was not yet 6 years old, came from the Smith family, who belonged to the Gypsies, which the actor himself was extremely proud of, although he described it in his biography as "a skeleton in the family closet" (or "a very terrible secret").
9b663a0150c040b3a47f5284d5b7639cc39d5275	Hannah never appeared on stage again.
e6cfa6cfbd6ad253941877b15c4b5ffc354566eb	At the end of 1898, Chaplin entered the children's dance group "Eight Lancashire Guys".
49c27609d49886ea0d2c0f696e7d02dd706cbff7	Interestingly, later critics called Chaplin's films "the film ballet".
4e04d79d0774cd86932cb52cc9e69f319785efb2	On Christmas Day, 1900, the "Lancashire Boys" participated in the pantomime "Cinderella".
a7ea725cef640725131a3eed74c2e0adece3c50c	On February 21, 1908, he got a job as an actor in the theater company of Fred Carnot, which supplied ready made sketches and pantomimes for a number of music halls, and soon became one of the key actors in a number of productions (some of them he later adapted for the screen).
ddcce2ab08e41abcd7c95ff99d57b1f219ccf2a1	Chaplin took the famous stand with a support on a thin cane from his father - he saw it in one of the family photos.
d5c8080cbc16486f7a584fda3cb57a56d5ac11d3	The use of a mustache was also not new - before Chaplin, they were worn by Mac Swain.
e7dd709630e681f0ede0148f1be0960fd1ed98cb	But together, these elements, as well as small additions (for example, Chaplin decided to swap shoes - he put on the right shoe on the left foot, and on the right - the left, he also used a bamboo cane for the first time), allowed to create a unique image of a Tramp.
91e2d054734ca3dd7861014b7cd3d8040a2c612a	Charlie Chaplin's earnings are growing rapidly: if in 1914 he received $ 150 a week at Keystone, then in 1915 at Essanay Film studio 1250 a week plus a bonus of 10,000 for a contract; in 1916-1917, at Mutual Film, 10,000 a week plus 150,000 for a contract.
db38d1dbe34c70ec3a9c312ebec494823edc1e19	This film convinced the creative intelligentsia that Chaplin is primarily an author.
6da8b6e4ef989e5d3e2844c27dafe4622538d24b	In 1921, Chaplin made a trip to Europe on the liner "Olympic", the brother of the"Titanic".
6c77fa6eeae6106edf2585f062283d693d1175f0	Chaplin made his second visit to Europe in 1931 - during the premiere of the film "Lights of the Big City".
26ea303587a1f67cb4477b9279d8377c49e6879b	Until 1922, Chaplin did not have his own house - he lived in rented houses, hotels and a club.
8bf28a20cb059a3e7953f861bae54d561c6a4bb4	In return, Chaplin organized a studio for Grenville and shot him in some films.
5122d4bdc20a03d82ed30121a5c1fa803979a50b	The first fully sound picture of Chaplin was "The Great Dictator" - an anti Hitler film made in 1940.
bac686376f990b8c04961b4056055a9dd7dee3a1	This was the last film where the image of the tramp Charlie was used.
6a0da36b02e466721106ff68d17d8f0f37c0b8f9	The prosecution of Chaplin by the FBI grew after he conducted a campaign in 1942 in support of the opening of a second front, and reached a critical level in the late 1940s, when congressmen threatened to bring him as a witness at congressional hearings.
b31c1585bb6e68bdebc80790f3cdd45b9630df20	This did not happen, perhaps out of fear that Chaplin might have composed a satire on his persecutors.
f003c97e36df40ba6fe257b7d104d1c1b4bd6d58	In 1952, Chaplin created the film "Footlights" - a story about the fate of a creative person and about creativity in general.
2ce8604442e1af5fb04fd2666c7a25f8299e021c	Chaplin directed the last film "The Countess from Hong Kong" according to his script in 1967.
b36afb5f24092e3bef16ad8e67fd557647ca7197	The main roles in the film were played by Sophia Loren and Marlon Brando.
5e1fc611d6e510a04741b41af3a7224f0b8611c3	To do this, he came to the United States for a short time - he was given only a limited visa.
e78ca2ef9d887e4598e28019c48e73173ea2607e	On March 2, 1978, Chaplin's coffin was dug up and stolen for ransom.
06325ffc4f7c5940071c99f7f91f545cb42e743f	Politics and Charlie Chaplin
29d654843aa9efe9562b5170783dc86a0edfd40b	According to one version, voiced by Chaplin in an interview with journalists, in order to ridicule the Commission on the Investigation of Un American Activities, he intended to appear at the hearing in his Tramp costume; for this reason, the Commission canceled its call.
d45e2480ea881206c028db777e4bbf9582c66f85	The release of the film "Monsieur Verdoux" was banned by censorship.
8a341dfd08c54f1026b3b7d89efde21839af71f5	In addition to the accusations of belonging to communists, there were also accusations that he did not receive US citizenship.
c2dd8a10b5f37bfa2837834c9d87ac2df75e6305	Nevertheless, the film was nominated for an Academy Award in KA the "Best Scenario" category.
0cda5085dde00fcdb0485dcaa608d4ad78ba47c5	The court on the recognition of Charlie Chaplin's paternity
0da4f3bcd9dcbdc78f7355fce2b485ce7c52aeeb	Following this, a second claim for recognition of paternity was initiated - this became possible due to the fact that custody of the child was transferred to the court and the participation of Joan Berry as one of the parties was no longer required to start the process.
aaf32ba62674377a34643d59e9dcc734f17d7d52	Personal life of Charlie Chaplin
2f6b17816dd0f34acdd27abaa8bdf0239182e8df	Hetty Kelly
55470d08956bd62526133502275b61e3a2d196ca	Edna Perviens and Chaplin met in 1915 in Los Angeles during the filming of Chaplin's second film for the Essenay Studio.
e0f844e1f055260491f7362c663661fb86855951	Edna Perviens maintained a romantic relationship with Chaplin during their joint work at the Essanay and Mutual Films studios in 1916-1918.
05f4a097ed60d727ecfddd5f82c7fefcdf30debe	In 1918, Edna began dating actor Tommy Meighan from the Paramount company.
a59bf575584e0a593c0eaf6a38190262fcd48634	Edna remained the main actress in Chaplin's films until 1923.
bfcc834c16da1fc96da1aea4c95a30c901a6fb7f	Chaplin paid her a weekly salary until her death in 1958.
f2651793660a37566c54c6f0c1177838661fc263	Edna Perviens
c5bb0474a21e7e43c143fba05ea86e8383abd27f	Mildred Harris (1901-1944) - Chaplin's first wife.
c8eed629ae95ed9ff47a1de9f231ee04d4e5ad00	The wedding took place on October 23, 1918.
b432732f5831227c74e15f00827368186e06ad39	Chaplin was 29 years old, Harris was 16.
8ab7ff71091c9891f063e5b9b3bc359f744d552a	Chaplin married Harris because of her pregnancy.
14fe88ef257bab9a4ead726c41b10f9f68c5f4b3	Later, the pregnancy turned out to be false.
84d40f5f142d932f0731eb6c8ca21cab1a8b8ba1	On July 7, 1919, their son, Norman Spencer Chaplin, was born.
81560709cb9014416cab448e6e33bcdfb2ccec05	The child lived only three days.
6f6b28e070ab18dbfe35f429ff4320ab84f1d1bd	Mildred Harris
a8753764c0a84403479fea0765007f829eb4ac3a	In 1920, during the editing of the film "The Kid", the divorce procedure began.
6454066cbe601c9c492fd5514f61c4deb677a5c2	Harris ' lawyers tried to arrest the film.
093a9cc1329f86356789cae6918ef8c0f63a580e	Chaplin was forced to take about 140,000 meters of film (more than 2,000 takes) to another state.
a216ec10d56af0bf12d283344554a01adab43132	The film was edited in a hotel room in Salt Lake City.
7f5b0c45264f99adb87b6fcd991e9081273be70f	The divorce was accompanied by mutual accusations.
06da3a745601e8780530fe0dd36b42e417d68f37	Chaplin later wrote about this marriage in his autobiography: "Mildred was not evil, but she was hopelessly zoological.
f59e6945ae4c40f8b9900ae57b25d91325eec908	I could never get to her soul - it was filled with some pink rags and all sorts of nonsense."
7a9157a10b2536692cd491572e1c17a2c16c5213	Lita Gray (1908-1995) - Chaplin's second wife.
d2f0753eaa7bb3231f49ee076c7894d3884dfec0	The wedding took place on November 26, 1924, at that time Lita was only 16 years old.
bfb4ce738340e0ec64fc479c7ad2d15183377ab5	In this regard, in order to avoid problems with the legislation of the United States of America, Chaplin married Lita Gray outside the United States - in Mexico.
74712e5502fb465f20fb71378cc2e3ce49b6ef53	She starred in the films "Gold Rush", "Idle Class", "Baby".
1ede4d969c589c9a5489303bb62a35370488287b	Lita Gray
8fbadd22ed3ab35cffeeb9ae12acf0212b039fa1	They had two sons: Charles Chaplin (Jr.) (1925-1968) and Sidney Earl Chaplin (1926-2009).
c102a36a212967b841724f2177a43ffc24ead99a	They divorced in 1928 during the filming of the film "The Circus".
1413202745da565dfa23210017dbbdbb9917858f	Chaplin paid Lita$ 825,000 (according to other sources - $ 700,000) - a record amount for that time, which was the reason for the investigation of the tax authorities.
2ab99f9c7bc4c60e619964276f5e886ca257c5a2	Chaplin's biographer Joyce Milton wrote that the relationship between Chaplin and Lita Gray became the basis of Nabokov's novel Lolita.
8a080dd26d2e1f5a658878d8d2ad06baa00a5764	Actress Paulette Goddard (1910-1990) and Chaplin were in a close relationship from 1932 to 1940.
634188f5eb9bbce61dc28c2a1f3e465e513a8cbf	Most of this time, Paulette lived in Chaplin's house.
20e0abdfe77bc5128c0330bf1386b7d372a57e1a	She starred in the main roles in the films "New Times" and "The Great Dictator".
30d23526268fb5487a718046d79e913dedffafee	After the breakup of relations in 1940, they stated that they were secretly married in 1936.
14c2f02d91f9e5d18175ec9cfd845734a8bb09a5	Paulette Goddard
25bed7cd05511811e5c56f02c20aeb18cfa3b336	At the end of her life, Paulette also moved to Switzerland.
0f917d833a62dc1f0dd0e0ab815fd6d4632949f4	Her husband was the writer Erich Maria Remarque.
0f19e771061953882e310e4f22dcce239e9a095b	Una O'Neill (May 13, 1925 September 27, 1991) was the daughter of Eugene O'Neill.
396d367ef50e94167d9109bfda5d1ae2514a877d	Chaplin's fourth wife.
3b18ad82aa9a54dc204ccd93b7c4a5aaf8ecc55c	She was 36 years younger than him.
c2e7400ee1177174b844acc6371db9cae0a510d9	We met when Chaplin was looking for an actress for the film adaptation of the play "The Ghost and Reality".
f5dd1c9dc5081de840f814b7493c469b75cff526	The film was not made.
d8a939b324b82be42efeab887fe87f121776d1d8	Una said that she does not want a career as an actress, but wants to devote herself to her family.
8525342c31e190383e211e595f2d97b093cbb29f	The wedding took place on June 16, 1943 during the process of recognizing the paternity of Joan Berry's child.
6f249b79d8cbf721cb4199a42df9434f21b3208b	After marrying Chaplin, Una's father stopped all contact with her.
0b9023d9573bb0437a9683d0a4889404fbb8ce56	Una O'Neill
175af28264bc69d9dfab9ba1e7d0d299738fd337	In 1952, before leaving the United States, Chaplin gave Una a power of attorney to dispose of his bank account.
98736c4c530227339837952e977277c5b2232cb3	After Chaplin was blocked from entering the United States, Una took Chaplin's property out of the United States.
fbf9b0bc18761f990fca86638f76da844c99c4d2	She later renounced her US citizenship.
7715a84f5e878d85b14e66fe924055520c8ae910	O'Neill and Chaplin had three sons (Christopher, Eugene and Michael) and five daughters (Geraldine, Josephine, Joan, Victoria, Anna Emil).
8865fd00ef3479a60cefa63075870e5590944e18	Una gave birth to her last child when the great comedian was 72 years old.
b11aee709d78db7560f341b2e3508717354e7246	Interesting facts about Charlie Chaplin
ccad17cd47ed6468cf8e236e2e019e9dbfc8cfc1	Chaplin once took part incognito in a competition for Tramp doubles at the San Francisco Theater and could not even make it to the final of this competition.
9baf866288e1259737b41597c40befbaf1dfb1dd	In pre revolutionary Russia, Chaplin's films did not enjoy significant success.
87ce35feb2d3547744d8e8107e15b226703cd665	A characteristic statement about them, published in the magazine "Projector": "Chaplin is far from a comic actor.
a46a7bd793797f6667657e311fd7da10cd8bf814	He is just a clown, just someone who gets slapped in the face. ...
bd96318f5248fa1f34de3aa94971a1610213172f	In Russia, Chaplin cannot have such success: he is too rude, too primitive, too little elegant. ...
5564803dd8fde7f3a1d226efe7ec0a1673c0fee4	Comedians like Max Linder, Prince, Patachon, even Andre Did, are incomparably closer and more understandable to us."
a4a67be8126080c16e079b38edaaf59be2cb1a25	Charlie Chaplin's Filmography
4e881ff87f51fdfed1e8fd534717506ac761820b	Charlie Chaplin's Feature Films
69cf602367be1fa933a3d9c2ab299d26747d61f3	1914 Tillie's Punctured Romance (actor; the first full length comedy in history)
3442842caf4b9ed256aea204951eb2aa8735aa64	1921 The Kid (producer, director, screenwriter, actor, editor)
b92ad80ad690e4ebb0e788eca47887cd549d7f12	1923 Parisian Woman (A Woman of Paris; producer, director, screenwriter, actor (cameo), editor)
5e3422350e2aa80c4f6f89522a16996716e41aa5	1925 The Gold Rush (The Gold Rush; producer, director, screenwriter, actor, editor)
491ee183579145c382e80e6ff3cbd29523cdea9c	1926 A Woman by the Sea (A Woman of the Sea; producer)
0c3686627c69d6b5e23780567600bb0ff2a545d2	1928 The Circus (The Circus; producer, director, screenwriter, actor, editor)
600948e0f77de26662425b6a158442d00e0003ec	1928 People of Art (Show People; cameo)
69773b7217fce923c0c0e668d39181648b8b9395	1931 City Lights (producer, director, screenwriter, actor, editor, composer)
6edb7e8e058cad24ee77cfc36c9a9de3ea403650	1936 New Times (Modern Times; producer, director, screenwriter, actor, composer)
42834c2a8ab4fe94f44fc6c76751dea4736b2431	1940 The Great Dictator (producer, director, screenwriter, actor, composer)
5623f55fcc585a12cfe033a456d5b63b3f2da31f	1947 Monsieur Verdoux (Monsieur Verdoux; producer, director, screenwriter, actor, composer)
b62ca5937a284d9702565e3bc088996226673acd	1952 Footlights (Limelight; producer, director, screenwriter, actor, composer)
5935d00b843280d1b84bded0e65dc89e38fd3088	1957 The King in New York (A King in New York; producer, director, screenwriter, actor, composer)
6bd1eb0d846dff2cd69160a7274e6070d62d9798	1967 Countess from Hong Kong (A Countess From Hong Kong; producer, director, screenwriter, actor (cameo), composer)
16c5ea05e18d1300757a9fb09641d47a73075d60	Short films films of Charlie Chaplin
b0ee55b8a68cde5c00167c10e1542c8dff97471c	1914 Making a Living Making a Living A Busted Johnny;
650faa9abfd0d09e2c6543295accb82b77287db3	Troubles;
6a8341eadbdc692fcd30d262769afa37c400e4b4	Doing His Best;
b17f011c2de5233f88a4571953e134ceed84d5ee	Take My Picture
7a5f4a54aa847f0c9454f3277b0ab52f40ab6ead	1914 Children's Car Racing Kid Auto Races at Venice The Children's Automobile Race;
807decb1c0b83afef9dcf4700e808ed40f954d0d	Kid’s Auto Race;
7edccb8e87e199ea400ac205ac02b76d503247ca	The Pest
5c99e9b3a17ef525f40e96534f9977b27e22a83a	1914 Mabel's Unusual Predicament Mabel's Strange Predicament Hotel Mixup;
dab3bf60fba4bd335116daef599a172fa36799a3	Pajamas
ad4aede80c46820f1949a460feeecc63623f9a24	1914 Between two showers Between Showers Charlie and the Umbrella;
b59ad53829afe7eaea6a2b47e490b9883ad49db3	The Flirts;
36dd1fd2290cb27360deb6469b30bbc8cd5e3830	Between Shaves;
230f1a6c247848609318595d5b5f44aebbbcc01c	In Wrong Thunder and Ligh
e8ef513ebcd2eb90d218b3a69a9231c9902c003b	1914 Johnny in the movie A Film Johnnie Charlie at the Studio;
66145a91c94baea8c0903de98b218d7c10be4e73	Charlie the Actor;
1d2936762ab574f085955ed2f7b15cc28d26e68b	Film Johnny;
d028bf8b357f1f421bee2cafa8a714c5e305a5b6	Million Dollar Job;
c6030ab57f13c7f146177d687b2304636c705b1c	Movie Nut
be938dcb4151fff734c16c786dc6b36b917389aa	1914 Tango Tangles Tangles Charlie's Recreation;
f6788678b644153224af33bcbaf0748d12622ed6	Music Hall
58ecaaa7956fc8a5dacf3e23833abc076b72806e	1914 - His favorite pastime Is His Favorite Pastime The Bonehead;
02543e2f780279f766474eb0f4626a0650aa9661	Charlie Is Thirsty;
76079f90505bb5a873ae95f52f72e7d27d4e1394	Charlie’s Reckless Fling;
93ef0dd827103681fcee453b78be2ff14e1a261d	The
acb25c99866e924fb3c7b5e46d55d569f542fe36	1914 Cruel, cruel Love Cruel, Cruel Love Lord Helpus
cbbfb0d046f34956722fad83c3caa242263b5b63	1914 The Best Lodger The Star Boarder The Fatal Lantern;
6cfd731ac4faf73111685ae44bd78898afa97b66	The Hash House Hero;
d2c6e3b32152cb8783bac636a312ec9228e423cf	In Love with His Landlady;
f48efd9417a7ad7074b6e4f700a9763fd784211b	The Landlady’s Pet
c02a68115434d6fe4d9f60d58c886947afd9c6e0	1914 Mabel driving Mabel at the Wheel of His Daredevil Queen;
6e4aa3968fcac543d13cfcdc3c6101f62a6087a5	A Hot Finish
0090ff6f68a34c9439c46cdca321ab6d16aa64aa	1914 Twenty Minutes of Love Twenty Minutes of Love Cops and Watches;
b64866abc4bd5f38940118882a988a24abb9ee5e	He L oves Her So;
9c99e29525babf0da7a075ea93a07f918bd3af95	Love Friend
0dcd02596dd91c488019499352863ad51efb3fe5	1914 - Настигнутый в кабаре Caught in a Cabaret Charlie the Waiter;
317bb2a9f000eae578d73190ced8cb07dd8c0eb0	Faking with Society;
facae00ecd4b8f83c08b8fa562af41d5391dd660	Jazz Waiter;
3b5565dc28f23e99e52187df24d1ecfaa973da41	Prime Minister Charl
a44e839020ac1c5cde8a90fd00e6fbe67c5cac93	1914 - Застигнутый дождём Caught in the Rain At It Again;
8e49ce7e0ba0d2ecdd02f1939b4a00ddbd3d1ea1	In the Park;
07a49ba018032632cdbd92df54bbd5463ee4288b	Who Got Stung?
c5e5f7f164c67bba3625400004f6c83f3f92f47a	1914 - Деловой день A Busy Day Busy as Can Be;
6707d29aed64078d22cd12bf51b8773e8192e643	Lady Charlie;
9fc4334797e1945f5c1cd042feafc92dedc2d9ce	Militant Suffragette
966ffd5eb23569e08df29e426731c0817b715c76	1914 - Роковой молоток The Fatal Mallet Hit Him Again;
197f2b526f2feeee54def247710d0d39f939edd7	The Pile Driver;
86f58f2107d99d6699432726dcf0a9a959585db9	The Rival Suitors
81db6f00307000c23f8e25d2000261bc817dd67c	1914 - Её друг бандит Her Friend the Bandit Mabel’s Flirtation;
d69a5fa7832a12a15848d5d231e82ba27a500ace	A Thief Catcher
a43b7e52f2c75e5c20fda9244fbcb36118a67050	1914 - Нокаут The Knockout Counted Out;
c86c0459ae427efb57be44a955230ddd23bc82bb	The Pugilist
b49a9305cdc34636dd200dff93a91cff791570d8	1914 - Деловой день Мэйбл Mabel’s Busy Day Charlie and the Sausages;
b64dd51248b683bd1d030488f18a8e42d4bcf088	Hot Dog Charlie;
6c8492a7c958dd99248fed1bc84308227ff3327e	Hot Dogs;
350f7d37a8e95d83ddfbdbf9629600a9d6690a5c	Love and Lunch
8903ff85c2ddb2d973744b4da93041b8db11867c	1914 - Семейная жизнь Мейбл Mabel’s Married Life The Squarehead;
864a606810b619e11d8401c28a65ffe4701a4bb1	When You’re Married
7f3e8d3260f8a2c38c8763135bb79f5f31a56f66	1914 - Веселящий газ Laughing Gas Busy Little Dentist;
e71ae0a80b6f07c9d922b272ed7d5f07831b3ec7	The Dentist;
cfe71f7344cd847c122959791d22db85b1b57772	Down and Out;
2b58038f8a699dceb6d3f823ea273aba9fe12a73	Laffing Gas;
e313e2a69bc655dfb30a1c781c81c755aeedafc0	Tuning His Ivories
d4c4d0e372a7cef1ea443485d09ac1b11bcf6cf1	1914 - Реквизитор The Property Man Charlie on the Boards;
9c1471bc5e0edc568c0ba341d5fdc7885e82a184	Getting His Goat;
b51de11934136a81969aac8e2cc4790fc6a37dc0	Props;
ceeebf5527f47b2f6c613c68cc6c69c3b2b37f8b	The Rustabout;
959bb1aa4d66b8c35a592e0a10a258a92e273bad	Vamping Venus
e2865af3a2211df5283a55ed8098bf198cd59ae7	1914 - Лицо на полу бара The Face on the Bar Room Floor The Ham Actor;
3a0275b7fa5e4ff2b9d54abfea89d3bb103ec336	The Ham Artist
15587c0c71a97a04a86cf6435a6953140d0023d4	1914 - Отпуск Recreation Spring Fever
6c0546dbd70de4868845ea5d5a2c02d35859272c	1914 - Маскарадная маска The Masquerader The Female Impersonator;
dd46d91d85a05f528d5880eec08937835288101e	The Female;
01133a09fbd8a07811e83ecb9f1176a14d8dc361	The Perfumed Lady;
41d6b2a2ba3c4383d03346f156ced1e147ca8665	The Picnic;
98a525e709f3efb43794016d8741cafde1e81c51	Putting One
c6329794fda0a4f94b71a9a0984df06451d81cc9	1914 - Его новая профессия His New Profession The Good for Nothing;
da92335e22f26ec922b95b4121fbb920d37bd79a	Helping Himself
7b662c17775f678f1fcc4464382acaffeaaaf0ac	1914 - Транжиры The Rounders Going Down;
4c459087b092118684cc739641d0b2053d6c87ed	The Love Thief;
c4ea64e2318192723b19369307dcefe0485772b4	Oh, What a Night;
a9a1599588098049297d1d242423fa6b23b340ef	Revelry;
10543a93f7239952a8ed9ae5fe1c1d02178137d1	Tip, Tap, Toe;
51cc3fce6b92d5af21011d8951e708c85c78ac2d	Two of a Kind
b3d88ab281d1a529f38dc5b63cc3b7702c7a422c	1914 - Новый привратник The New Janitor The Blundering Boob;
567ef6e06dc2cb5b66757f4937896855246598b8	The New Porter;
893b9650cec57e99872c2f6f0412e3c3a8282f10	The Porter
983e7a7c532d47a6ff89f03b1273540326d9b21d	1914 - Эти муки любви Those Love Pangs Busted Hearts;
1c215a93b623942a543ac070aba78853f9b70116	Oh, You Girls;
f9fd37abe3186c3d5d48eaf8ac4f42752f8f5198	The Rival Mashers
ec3529730053a02b7672a34bb2da415dde76ab85	1914 - Тесто и динамит Dough and Dynamite The Cook;
84bea706c4390d27cdcd10b3f6adb4d2c1e0dc9a	The Doughnut Designer;
7aecb6d5fb975d0167f25afd0fb34f2389e94412	The New Cook
833845e4573e088da7fcb7daec6c31a631ac8786	1914 - Нахальный джентльмен Gentlemen of Nerve Charlie at the Races;
584a431e488096a7caa0bfa71284e88f4df1a6c0	Some Nerve
28be34d712f8d721a53e58743b73859892478ce2	1914 - Его музыкальная карьера His Musical Career Charlie as a Piano Mover;
54c6a6ba749303e5911f2317715e2c81c4ff82d8	Musical Tramps;
441ae144b5e287f8ff0dabad23f3d3766adcdea1	The Piano Movers
af0463e6b5ccd63c0b76ad39104f3c17f6cf8c7c	1914 - Его место для свиданий
dca3f1fcb8646aeae5ef3ff4a6cba237b727e1b9	1914 - Прерванный роман Тилли
ceb9481af39444d1abb2f9fd13589d61262c5e9e	1914 - Охотник за грабителями (A Thief Catcher, полицейский в эпизоде)
708555d0b6385da3833a37e72da0eec45f13f2ca	1914 - Состоявшееся знакомство Getting Acquainted Exchange Is No Robbery;
21d84cb27dd9745b42354fd5295118ad8e519314	A Fair Exchange;
c07d106f3c9d249877834ad198c1679ad9b67f59	Hello Everybody
9ea32b11c2daa2c861a3b9a344c76dd2b4d86c4e	1914 - Его доисторическое прошлое His Prehistoric Past The Caveman;
acdff19cd5fa36fdc61ca2f9a70c5b3952895846	A Dream;
dad644cbe3938fa71594d4c1dfa6313fc1b141b8	The Hula Hula Dance;
48407a6e30eeadfd9192a631da9bdd41cc9bcf6c	King Charlie
919c17e22bab10d7fe3af6c9ac6337136321ab64	1915 - Его новая работа His New Job Charlie’s New Job
188d270b93b54a5e41145d8fdf99812f3778db4a	1915 - Ночь напролёт A Night Out Champagne Charlie;
3991463dcd4c9a36f841b97d9c44eeb868a30aac	Charlie’s Drunken Daze;
8db9bb7dc6523efe48cadd0227602b23a2977acc	Charlie’s Night Out;
9f63a577b3eee357b1285e3bac629427602c1b09	His Night Out
d75772a86a1a598a5f385a2c73d236d5f763f498	1915 - Чемпион The Champion Battling Charlie;
2804aa9b9185c3fcf260a0d82e3d85c8cd505fe4	Champion Charlie;
04bbc65b93e864b05010a71e6bc0d996317cfcb8	Charlie the Champion
9c43aa055ef519fcc3c9f7af5c45079a0181a503	1915 - В парке In the Park Charlie in the Park;
c87c77dc95a8298377c96895fc8f7b4a6ef96913	Charlie on the Spree
235b619655a68b5498a93c9c01374299cb8ca150	1915 - Бегство в автомобиле A Jitney Elopement Charlie’s Elopement;
19ad458f8dc4f74c16f5893ce9e60e31347052d6	Married in Haste
a25b71d93ecb6f77cda2666a1af6e16c46f706dc	1915 - Бродяга The Tramp Charlie on the Farm;
63811533ae5b614581af61d122a3a8aee01f2401	Charlie the Hobo;
ce3275f1aeaa1c4e6c4db8ea5cd8968358ecc132	Charlie the Tramp
f686b7dc206933bbf5aaa3b7719e8beb45d48157	1915 - У моря By the Sea Charlie by the Sea;
043d0475ff08bad5c0e26f962a0c962d9f62069e	Charlie’s Day Out
0528387b9d0c5605a8c1c091e6592989d7261ce1	1915 - Работа Work Charlie at Work;
1aff2cfee51626880416234ec51943991afce565	Charlie the Decorator;
c3fda4038d076de7ece41bcc3f5b270a9ba7a584	Only a Working Man;
5ef5f9d09f40aca0c5d0203b685050b7f5da3b6e	The Paperhanger;
9e9a51cb8000380f25972279ffa6bc34c8f54b12	The Plumber
2fab12d8e961b57d7f66d61e8b8d77c9ee3eb9e2	1915 - Женщина A Woman Charlie the Perfect Lady;
53bb4a488dcbf9b09ccb701e72e2dc3841f53761	The Perfect Lady
3acd4edc90caeadb7c91b6ea016fdd1a9a44ffdd	1915 - Его выздоровление (His Regeneration, покупатель в эпизоде)
63ed05fc69c2290bffe0eb349bb293a3225168b5	1915 - Банк The Bank Charlie Detective;
566d92a097799605290032e8a7cc8a5aded958be	Charlie at the Bank;
1506e788e7aa233135a3e889d2a6e2ded6cd594e	Charlie in the Bank
6bf869cedfde5486792c821b43b83bb31fbe42f4	1915 - Зашанхаенный Shanghaied Charlie Shanghaied;
e92840c6d5459dd2fa831731ce407e054fa68a10	Charlie on the Ocean;
73d6237774a13498bc21f61e98b2eee4c9f683f2	Charlie the Sailor
cf6c89ae0c27c25a673f49a4f1d40db184e5d6af	1915 - Вечер в мюзик холле A Night in the Show Charlie at the Show;
5fa9ade582cd32c6eeabe5746b3eb37b9235adfa	A Night at the Show
b39a2a55c52d3f61987db04002f047f46505d2cd	1915 - Кармен Charlie Chaplin’s Burlesque on Carmen Burlesque on Carmen
84848c0fbf6cf110d4e0105be0f39089bd0c74ef	1915 - Полиция Police Charlie in the Police;
4a0222c207cd53de82287c5953150c5633da521f	Charlie the Burglar;
d9d505d0cc42396f749ceee5b090e45583a339b7	Housebreaker
bc45cd520c4a7d330aa4965d77cbc795e52a1244	1915 - Обозрение творчества Чаплина в «Эссеней»[42] The Essanay Chaplin Revue of 1916 The Chaplin Revue of 1916
83ee3bf6722e8c9d387219260ef759abcaab3102	1915
03730ffe9e1b2cb765e8b71f399c180bda4ee4d3	Charlie Chaplin, biography, news, photos find out everything!
21fb4b474f7c4de76bf9adffa709e9939fa21558	Name: Charlie Chaplin (Charles Chaplin)
d0cb03fae4440f7f89bc933e467f4b753ba15c90	Birthday: April 16, 1889
d821f9b79096fdb44a62ffc94062bee2721336d7	Place of birth: London, United Kingdom
420d11f25e67c96b70f372f88c89f725a537dc43	Date of death: 1977-12-25 (88 years old)
2f0c7ee6a0c636d165fe7b85eab5407328d58587	Zodiac Sign: Aries
9910128e934d7f9276ccbff3ed8d8cb467c93c77	Activity: actor, screenwriter, director
30cf01522b7eae205067773307f6a9db56432238	Do you like Charlie Chaplin?
b23c74c1d10907eede1fd64b8a71c3ac27aa4993	Rating: [42]
cc1c4a5ec97c3bcf55739574c5e9565dd6ac072f	Photo: Charlie Chaplin
35f9d9eb994d51fcff7d66ab13cf57b86ea78012	Biography of Charlie Chaplin
8eb686fce9cf5d2a52badf6a3d266de6bc0392bd	Charlie Chaplin is, without exaggeration, one of the best comedians in the history of world cinema.
5bc671b5df969c2d77579bd691c64f987a2f4a83	According to some luminaries of American cinema, it was "tramp Charlie" that made the greatest contribution to the formation of cinema as one of the art forms.
541c5eec9642ba7b20261a3fa03666bf21aa7c57	That is why writing about this person is both difficult and insanely interesting.
99d077ec075575367f908b4f312a30b05287e368	After all, our today's article dedicated to one of the best actors in the history of world cinema, for sure, will not be ignored.
3f957d69edda4f4616e742e132805a25dba47dbe	Early years, childhood and family of Charlie Chaplin
c548e0e50bc6d3857f6ec3d3a0d8b19e9806c0de	Charles Spencer Chaplin was born in London, England, on April 16, 1889.
846f3f2196ce158b58e862829204a044273a0e8d	His parents were prominent representatives of the English art world.
e26ee3b43b95b6a76b9c7c01e28b7a603f0f65cb	The father and mother of the great comedian were pop actors.
f0b9b465924ad29f9bcde931a35260a1435a74ba	They performed musical and dance numbers in a wide variety of theaters, and also participated in entreprises.
a451a8a10a0f5e3f00c0482f123e2e6f1b2072f1	The actor's family lived comfortably, but music and performing arts have always been for the representatives of the Chaplin family something immeasurably more than just a means to get money.
ecfc522ae1966780640f5b5f896718799568ea57	Parents have always instilled in Charlie and his half brother Sydney a love of creativity.
d6988534078b7e43509b577074e382213bb28430	Therefore, both brothers later became successful actors.
9d6ebd896a744515b8664cb53354edac11db53a6	Charlie Chaplin in his youth without makeup
e64139615140d4519a1f62a86b8e7a85ace2a93d	For the first time, our today's hero had a chance to go on stage at the age of five.
5a9a0961366dd58cfbc07ceb0f5be89490bfb700	When his mother started having problems with her voice, he replaced her for a while during performances.
f25d82f1e9a16b2e41224d0954e87a455b54a64d	Already during his first performance, Charlie Chaplin so conquered the audience that the audience began to throw coins and banknotes on the stage.
78627b3541390e0c91ddb0f0695e6552a0cff3b9	The boy himself collected them with childish touchiness already during the performance itself, which made the audience even more fond of him.
8ffea0f6c9f6b61a13b3405a6a2b5d12e841cd96	Subsequently, our hero of today has repeatedly appeared on the stage.
1c2072900a66b0d29812c1ab72c1de3ee175cae8	However, some time later, the life of their family changed dramatically.
d4bc45395e321aed8fd56f4528bd0b2449eea5cc	My mother completely lost her voice due to problems with the larynx, and therefore she could no longer perform.
6ea1b72ecea75b2b0e03cad8ed7dd44ab072cbcb	My father had already started drinking heavily and died in a London hospital at the age of thirty seven.
0c25bfaf704e2fb0ccc4c79fb853a0c4cf7f6f08	Hannah Chaplin did not survive such a shock, and therefore at some point lost her mind and ended up in a psychiatric hospital.
86c7737084f105693b6295acc6534c4f098abd66	The children, having actually become orphans, ended up in a workhouse (a special social institution for the needy), where they were forced to earn their own food.
0d98b222df4186cd0b8962c9711661718f630d50	Charlie Chaplin's speech from the movie The Great Dictator
5b85e6392937818504235ca08dc7f7fdf6485994	Since the winter of 1898, our today's hero began to perform together with the dance group "Eight Lancashire guys".
feb58be945104b20b61e2bbcb54deecf13efcc92	The guys played pantomimes, and also performed in front of the audience with small concerts.
7c8916a5b833640670a7b87317fa8e0d8019a128	As part of joint performances, Charlie often performed short comic numbers, which the audience loved very much.
ff3b8e2ba1f2a367dbe1f42c777edb65a0d406c0	In parallel with his work in a dance troupe, Charlie Chaplin worked as a doctor's assistant, a newspaper seller and a junior employee of a printing house.
34793c9e4738ffdd3323e2bfa66070d039b78106	However, he did not stay at any of the jobs for long.
49886fdde37b55728c0fd42753a7be9eccb5a4fd	In 1903, the fourteen year old Chaplin first received a permanent role in the play "Sherlock Holmes".
6b148817ac45d3c28210f1f7ef97903e943cf62f	After that, for several years, our today's hero also performed in a variety show, and in 1908 he became an actor in the Fred Carnot troupe.
203c5de723ba16f0eca18b68d0c1b42cbb5fccf7	Together with this group, the artist traveled all over England, and also often performed in the United States.
de6efbdd5e835de267b6e1d155f91c4770c303cf	In a New Light, the actor was noticed by the producers of the Keystone company, who very soon offered him a permanent salary.
b6c2e6387332304b6844306378b0db5833bc4853	The actor agreed.
669ef080d4efb0b773a53cea2007077145846206	From that moment, a new life began for Charlie Chaplin.
df2526e49c68630bd12978bafe55d51e3d43afae	The popularity of Charlie Chaplin, filmography
a3d05a6ccdc5a7e07db6e18e5a658da2b71eb6d5	Charlie Chaplin 1914-10-29 The Cheeky Gentleman (Gentlemen of Nerve)
f6e715a95edf5ce4ea4c031d6ae6ffebc795b681	For some time he played the image of an impudent ladies 'man in the cinema (which his bright appearance quite allowed), but over time he created a completely different screen type an image that is now commonly called "a little Tramp".
78e384999471b6e7ef78274383712eb8ce880cd3	And Chaplin himself was repeatedly subjected to large scale criticism.
a0b3f96bf0e7fc45de83b5550536f695e9ec85ca	Charlie Chaplin had 12 children by different women
976c7dd683feac1cbea6443bcafbb77fa308ed96	In the last ten years of his life, our current hero has not been filmed.
fc1a03daeb5b56b74d3b8cd6ebb2419c957006b4	Charlie Chaplin's relationships with women could easily become the material for another full fledged article.
bd5ef7ce9e3d2fdfa356e49eb5e4f7edf15c4a9a	Officially, Charlie was married four times.
1bc94e0e7c749ff249b4df30ce6a3a2e9a95ff69	Chaplin had twelve children by different women.
41feb5ca2320e9e6862446d0908f1c50b289a9ce	Subsequently, some of them tried their hand at the field of cinema.
9404c419fbb55cd98c91d0c718df64efd89902c8	However, only Geraldine Chaplin achieved success.
54c4411897d03f96b76a576023da0e47c3cbc468	[42]
a4d24484d3b41bff8ab55f8b7ea7a27906953f67	A person who stands out from the crowd morally and spiritually.
5e35ee3a7ded96c6bf476200b854f2625c126f1e	It leaves behind a trace of a great man in history for centuries.
7386a3848cb3a7c69b5d700c01958f6875491379	And an individual who stands out from the crowd only materially.
6ac392ea93ff0f731926aff0bfebc77f6b6528e4	Leaves behind only curses, and the enmity of the heirs.
6813d8b8da2c5cac14b57bf7ece234c78022c167	Charlie Chaplin latest news and articles 2017
3bb11bf4142ce167eac83afa9f8810f460add8f0	30 facts about "Game of Thrones" that you didnot know about
4f0339dfa355f435a4f8d07ba7bf06338fc7cba0	Chaplin's scandalous divorce documents will be put under the hammer
22c363c42de72b0b55a41bc1144d80bb6df9a8c0	The most famous mustachioed people in the world
16592745139abd2f54c84e03d3bda505c3462cf6	The most famous people in the world
ac185d562991a022404a1a1dccedf828d93b8983	The smallest men in the world
07ea75de550569a559a4bd956d9a2410bae09b21	Helmut Newton
19716b0a41329aebf48fef89ef0d872d45ac29b9	Sting
b8597d344bcd29a4e6a9c258322887277e4d2ff8	Michelle Williams
811aa1cd485289446d02dbe1dc08416b6f770d9b	Sergey Aprelsky
6cb7b8e24b111a520c1fbec21bc85a88c91f15ff	Meg Ryan
70d60c35ba1db7fa7b1ba54971a00bf881ddbb56	Fairy tales can start in different ways, but they must necessarily end the same way-happily.
2fa3bf75c66fb3fcce2aa54874db80a819e0412e	The childhood of our today's hero did not fall into the category of "fairy tales", and, rather, it resembled such genres as "detective", "crime drama" or "tragedy".
31e5bbaa8a5a2a2224e838dadec22d447b588b00	However, Walt Disney, the legendary American artist, producer and director, managed to change his fate and make his life, if not fabulous, then very, very successful.
0bda1e59ac8553e4633aadb6ecd7cf36b1c46603	Walter Elias Disney (also known as Walt Disney, MFA: [wwɔlt ˈdɪzni][4]; December 5, 1901, Chicago — December 15, 1966, Burbank) was an American cartoonist, film director, actor, screenwriter and producer, the founder of the company "Walt Disney Productions", which has now turned into a multimedia empire"The Walt Disney Company".
a123ecf5103e7701f3b24a5a94164d7c9947b947	He is the creator of the first sound and musical cartoons in the history of cinema.
b41491cb66aa97a5d214bfa22d04ce49a743ce1c	During his unusually busy life, Walt Disney as a director made 111 films and was the producer of another 576 films.
535a0b845ce8dc21fff6fe0b3f480d86547a5803	Disney's outstanding achievements in the field of cinema were marked by 26 Oscar statuettes (an absolute record)[5] and the Irving Thalberg Award, which has the status of an Oscar, as well as many other awards and prizes.
3fdd910f8e8f809358f3a5639ae8302044b9f44d	On the Hollywood Walk of Fame, two stars are dedicated to Disney, one for the development of television, the other for his contribution to the cinema.
c26663c165a333439bd71a1a58b7c0d72fafc236	In addition, he was awarded three awards designed specifically for him.
d2d5e13a9713e9bf47527d1c1d50ef3dfa5d0d63	The first - for the creation of Mickey Mouse, the second-for his musical contribution to animated films, the third-for the cartoon "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs".
66e1efc9ede58463e75ccbac5268d874c7d18cd0	Walt Disney founded "The Walt Disney Company", which is now the largest company in the entertainment industry and ranks 13th in the list of" Most influential brands " according to Forbes.
21b080c257e086c1924252444a445d210e035228	But more expensive than all the incalculable material awards, the popular recognition that was awarded to Disney by enthusiastic viewers is valued.
cb9898dfd48c73a270e5be88f1180efb941d68b3	The biography of Walter Disney began back in 1901 on December 5, when the fourth of five children, Walter Elias, was born in the family of a carpenter and a teacher.
dbbbb767d14ccc0a86ca7be82c484f1de960c93e	His father, Elias Disney, was a Canadian of Irish descent, and his mother, Flora Coll Disney – was an American-born German.
de8a023ba0a5db51d2d4340b2ac178fe3520c301	The Disney family had five children: four brothers and one sister.
7727fb67a6155074c3ae10d3721043ae2f0cf925	Disney's father beat him so cruelly that poor Walt thought that he simply could not be his real dad!
f28f3d52d33476683e580c188c894eaf3b7d61d4	Justifying himself by the fact that nothing educates better than physical punishment, Elias simply took out his anger at his family from failure – no matter what business he took on, whether it was the construction business, cultivating orange groves or selling newspapers, he failed everywhere.
189314f60febcc36f791b2528759dce721af3e90	After his "lessons", little Walt turned for comfort to Roy, his older brother,who treated his wounds, physical and mental.
a5c24655ae7f6e6740d714c576aa1cd8a7926ab6	The mother in this situation also tried to comfort her son – she read him fairy tales.
971453bb0bfd3de32306f2a156bf148283b69705	However, these fictional stories allowed Walt to hide for a while in an imaginary world and escape from the frightening reality.
175062f63ba78ab8debeb787e8a958ec4eb50052	It was in such conditions that the fantasy of the future leader of animation developed.
af23b4fcc5d345ab73e22e93fa4c70bbc093e20c	Chicago, where the family lived, by that time had become not only the largest industrial, but also the most criminal city in the States.
e4f99295fc4943217dba759147051a0f31bf4f5f	In 1906, the Disney family moved from the dysfunctional Chicago, where a policeman was killed on the street next to their house, to a farm in Marceline, Kansas.
7c8a077fecaa7aae295b4dec3054b5152c035717	The new place turned out to be better than the previous one – on the farm, five-year-old Walt gets acquainted with domestic animals, and they respond to the boy's kindness with warm affection.
5e24cff0c705479f63d24cdec2c1e24f13eb27d2	In the future, Walt will transfer some images from his childhood to the big screen – the Porker boar, on which he liked to ride as a baby, will serve as a prototype of the Silly from the "Three Piglets".
66c5f2b519b8f3045f3273daaaf663aa5284404c	Walt loved to draw since childhood, but he did not receive a special education.
a618f8e5c9e62de8f9ebbb29ec00fff40f25e7a4	The family had no money for pencils and paper, and Walt wanted to draw.
705b1aa3012444b9bb17592095b8656695caf800	He found resin, a stick and drew a house…
4106a0147e2533f52dc341bcf60ff0070e023cfe	He was distinguished by a cheerful disposition, so the neighbors and just friends loved him very much.
6a494722524939c22f4f26707b8a9b49a6c82157	One of the neighbors, an elderly veteran, Dr. Sherwood, paid Walt 25 cents for the boy to draw his horse on a piece of paper.
0bc85285b11489cb6dfbb707dfa3f32bbbc9df98	Later, Disney believed that it was a successful portrait of Dr. Sherwood's mare that prompted him to become an artist.
6954a79bbc653381269fbe096b58ef280c3d8f45	Walter spends his childhood years in Marceline, Missouri, where he first begins to draw and paint pictures, which he then sells to neighbors and friends.
7a80566f0454682d4760bb811a7e6553106d80e5	Young Walt took part in the creation of the school newspaper as an artist and photographer, and in the evenings attended the Academy of Fine Arts.
440cb5f6fa107ae482f0a3e886ec76c1aba9574d	Then he took a course of newspaper cartoonists, where they taught non-standard thinking, funny violations of the usual logic and a concise manner.
d712bf6be0582daf85d6a383be78c443ec7ea2eb	Walt gets money for his education and living by working part-time at his father's jelly factory.
062be03102267c2604c3383b82f015a3c00dbe5d	When Walt was eight years old, his father began to load him with work.
d5057b8b1337292bf7a60b72aa0f76b0a96898f3	The boy delivered letters and advertisements for his father's company: in any weather, rain, snow, early in the morning or late at night, Walt ran through the streets in his worn-out shoes, hurrying to deliver the mail on time.
0378787f995f74f26ec2e8e2c48de70aaae5f72f	All the money that Walt earned, his father took away.
e2832d959c1bb15ebca3f46866a6a22e065bf8a3	But Walt did not grumble: he simply took work twice as much as his father demanded, in secret from his strict "boss", and left everything he earned over the norm for his pocket expenses.
346ddc361a8e00e77e863ffbe12743753c63b05e	When Disney was 10 years old, his father fell ill with typhus.
d369c77c9c37bafabecc09d5f258fa0c53ba2e89	Soon my father recovered, and they decided to move to Kansas City, like many poor families who migrated endlessly across America in search of earnings.
4e860945bc8e0a1b23d2f2b8dbc2b2a5f182ee24	1911 the family moves to Kansas City, where the boy awakens a love for trains.
73930fdcf4704a99339bf5031b2459bd084f010b	His uncle, Mike Martin, was a railroad engineer involved in the construction of a road between Fort Madison, Iowa, and their Marceline.
7fb6396e96b0698466aaf2d0896b3315dc533bf9	This move played a significant role in Walt's life.
73113af336ac8d180c91bdb5336d1ec3e17e9109	In Kansas City, there was a giant rich mansion hidden behind a high fence and surrounded by a lush garden.
1dda60f51ed1a40b270cba0823e9ca479b0b0388	The mansion belonged to a private owner and was the object of desire of local children.
174557c73c34686cfd542117d57358b43a947614	They all wanted so much to crawl through some secret hole, play in the garden, and maybe even get into the mansion itself, run through its luxurious enfilades, look at old portraits.
aaca0ba37941b252a64bddb934ef96e6a9f82436	Walt tried to enter the property many times, and all his attempts ended in failure.
3cf0253c1adcc55fd5996a00ec4249599c26d417	Then he swore that when he grew up, he would definitely build a huge house with entertainment for children, with a huge garden for games.
c2a72507818771a0bcff498eb67d4479e3824061	So, apparently, a dream was born, which was realized in Disneyland after forty years.
80e33bd2031d415902b6f11ecba2d5cb1bab50bc	As a teenager, he had to work part-time to help his family survive in difficult times – the First World War was going on.
e6246d4602e6de9ea4055d425ed01eeb1ac9d25b	At the age of 14, he worked part-time as a newspaper delivery boy.
769f69aac878d44496cac874e7b538220c5a2a83	At the age of 16, Disney leaves school for the desire to become a soldier, but they do not take him into the army, because he has not yet reached adulthood.
129ec7328b47e3d43dc4240c5210c0936c63d305	During the First World War, Disney served for a year at the wheel of an ambulance of the International Red Cross in France.
98e850f87e913a3485c61fad2cc52b6b7035e8ec	His car becomes a local attraction, because Disney did not give up his hobby here, decorating it with drawings.
b35cf7c7ba72470d9b9d6d2584e217c8f33351a6	Upon returning home, the young man gets a job as an artist at a film studio, where he was used to create commercials.
02aa5c1859931b66d0675996871ca8528d34764e	Around the same time, he began experimenting with a video camera, shooting hand-drawn two-dimensional cartoons, and, in the end, decided to start his own animation business.
649e6f4f7f04e7aa99885fb8e5fab704679f1f51	His first employee is Fred Harman from an advertising company.
dbec21dfddc853e7945fee04a718be37c11795f8	Walt and Harman enter into an agreement with a local theater to show their cartoons, which they themselves call "laughograms".
dd257f07997901ae2e66dfec7e18ac3e6ce7aac4	Cartoons are becoming so popular that soon Dinsey gets the opportunity to get his own studio, which he gives the same name to.
3bac4872b8994364ed835f722eb5487672c221ab	Smekhogramma hires new employees, including Harman's brother, Hugo, and Ab Iverks.
acefbd53cb775e08544c4880573390264a4bec10	Together they create a series of seven-minute fairy-tale videos that combine the game of live actors and animation, and call it "Alice in the Land of Cartoons".
ee39e81343c3d6d87204e0eafb9e1a86c9044228	But by 1923, the studio is getting into debt, and Disney is forced to declare it bankrupt.
a2bb076dc2e49c65cecfa4340e5b420ab96bcc5a	Becoming seriously interested in animation, Walt Disney decided to leave his native Kansas, and in August 1923, having nothing but a few drawings, one finished animated feature film and $ 40 in his pocket, he went to Hollywood.
0141bc5ceeb4f949a4d59d35e47e862e43dd2ae7	In 1923, Disney moved to Los Angeles, where he and his brother Roy created The Walt Disney Company in Hollywood as a small animation studio.
b0dfab58754849097581542bf219c5e8b201b035	In 1925, Disney hires graphic artist Lillian Bounds.
2db38a121c7c71004f35560b2f8fac0187cb2b74	After a short romance, the couple gets married.
1147f190ea57899750b9af83e6c730b486eb7da4	They got married in 1925, they dreamed of having a child for a long time, but for 8 years each pregnancy ended tragically.
792806d4583fe5c4de76912f84e690063baaca08	Walt and Lillian suffered a lot until they finally had a daughter, Diana Mary, in 1933.
8817ae4d59a4b56935688df9b2707abb1dd2f94a	Lillian, having failed again in the field of motherhood, decides to adopt.
a0431fcac4edfd15776f97060cecfe974330d648	After 4 years, they adopted an abandoned girl, whom they named Sharon May.
4905beb71424d504890bb85f05141ad735cc17ed	As noted by all his friends, Walt has always been an exemplary family man and devoted all his free time to his wife and children.
19861fefb50c93ced3dd15a4c6450aa4c0f08ead	The first experience of the Disney studio was a series of cartoons "Alice in the land of animation".
b540b9d1f266126977a969ccfa923d493054de4e	Walt drew more than 50 short silent stories about Alice, the heroine of a fairy tale by Lewis Carroll.
01428b9a7c150a5517b216bd28d741dc7fe29531	The director also named his series of films drawn in 1926-1927 in honor of the heroine of this book — "Alice in the Land of Animation" (in total, Disney made 56 films about Alice's adventures).
bc2537818c3e87f80519f6803744056ab2fca57d	At the same time, a special style of Disney films began to emerge.
7b4ebd301352580e0b8745d1c84dd503ba39b28b	The first author's character created by Disney was not the famous Mickey Mouse at all, but Oswald the rabbit, a cartoon about which was released in 1927 and became very popular.
fd1c45090484a5c605f9392f9ddf3d847b533354	This character was created "to order", and brought fame to his creator.
afcc61e2d0fa1e8064a8190d19176d537f6c8b00	However, he also taught Walt to carefully read business papers, because this story ended ugly.
f45ddb68c909448b55d92bc9364d8b53b12680ce	The people who paid for the creation of Oswald turned out to be unscrupulous businessmen who managed to draw up a contract in such a way that they, and not Walt at all, had the rights to the cartoon hero.
44f989464ea05acbaff11b3d217e6658d1060257	For the first time, the mouse Mickey Mouse appeared in the silent film "Mad Airplane" (1928), and in the same year he became the hero of the first Disney sound film — "Steamboat Willie" (the first ever hand-drawn film with synchronous sound).
8e9337a827f34ecf81d46ddd380fc52241293234	It's funny, but the creator of the mouse Mickey Mouse was afraid of mice all his life.
6a1441725d95d4c97e1c7f2feb67e56d3609f3f1	It so happened that Mickey Mouse is actually a synonym for the word Disney, but few people know that if it were not for the animator's wife, Mickey Mouse would be Mortimer Mouse.
8d778dcdf4f4390f2d826dc86c74b634de30d400	In the first episodes of the animated series, the mouse was introduced as Mortimer Mouse, but Lillian Disney managed to convince her husband that Mickey is a more suitable name for the character.
55f0cfd83cf19ac892f6f81cc45723718c0dc7bb	Later, Mortimer became a rival of Mickey Mouse in the fight for his beloved Minnie.
221b39c658883e2950c118a8c0a0f459e24da5fc	Since the creation of Mickey-1928, and up to 1947, the voice of the star mouse belonged to Walt Disney himself.
b2ec6bf16b93c3020f2cb7af7f646197dc7b4803	Later, the mouse was voiced by actor Jimmy McDonald.
f00976e4407d615003b003010ce79ddda87a7ef3	This was followed by a huge cycle of more than 70 musical stories under the general title "Funny Symphonies".
c636a0aed4e2d7766a11a336c282d557cb3f77de	In them, the viewer got acquainted for the first time with the favorite characters – the duckling Donald Duck, the dog Goofy, the yellow dog Pluto and many others.
2875044b9b75f3644ef5c3ec05bb81552b87b9d9	From that moment until the end of the pre-war decade, Disney cartoons received an Oscar every year.
1a9fca79bba3b02d88ac46140e716f31bb3b4fba	Starting with "Steamboat Willie", music begins to play an important role in the Disney films.
df2c896ca277247102978ab378c6f094fb6e5337	The sound in his films serves not only as a background for dialogues, but becomes an important part of them, a musical background, creating the harmony of the entire painted work.
c040742a3b7d38756f03573ee333f3d9fe739537	In Walt Disney's" Fantasy", stereo sound appears for the first time on a wide screen.
9a2cca635da963c704cb62361d231748711b95c5	Everyone noted the high quality of the musical accompaniment of this film, which was recorded by the Philadelphia Symphony Orchestra under the direction of Leopold Stokowski.
c301338e48e654e987ce51e1dded2cb3534d6168	Disney was one of the first directors to use three-film filming devices for the three-color process "Technicolor" (Eng. Technicolor).
e1472d4f5954623217a6cf811d069c34d0caa3b7	At the studio, Walt Disney introduced a system of awarding animators, later adopted by other studios, including Soyuzmultfilm.
0f0cd7a6ce2556581428c6277ae09dfababa509d	The animator, having offered a trick to the director, received a small reward.
465d6f1c8de549136c3ef65ee6d4e5b22ebf2b8c	The cartoon "The Three Little Pigs" (1933) becomes an international sensation.
485fcdad7da32713ce9aca76d5aa606086401871	In 1935, at the Soviet Film Festival in Moscow (now called the Moscow International Film Festival), Disney's works ("Three Little Pigs"," Mickey the Conductor "and" Unusual Penguins") received the 3rd prize as "artistic animated films that are a high example of skill".
de8a9fa1792e6ea0b4ae96a9b34f6735efb00004	Disney artists, before drawing animals, always carefully studied the habits of their living prototypes.
0be8ce01f459a1adb2f1335f691adacd40bb3316	Therefore, all the movements on the screen are extremely plausible.
ffb3e94a39c1e40ed2faaa9efe0e1e1d9f310c18	The song "We are not afraid of the gray wolf" that sounded there became a national hit.
a1d8ac63c0960cce6d4a09483f303ee901536f80	In 1934, Walt Disney began creating the first full-length hand-drawn film "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs".
07ab8fdb40e03eba601522d18a7ce361e2fe878c	When the employees of the Disney company found out that their boss was planning to make a full-length film out of Snow White, they were sure that this idea was doomed to failure.
e501b45faf9e44a8290a0b7d9574c373476ec56f	Among themselves, they called this project "Disney's Stupidity", and they were almost right.
d606f67e482cbf4e0fa3e6510d5167a1f23ec1bf	During the production of "Snow White", Disney was forced to show the creditors a draft version of the film, because the limit of allocated funds for the production of the cartoon was exhausted.
3f3ed22936e3a49ed94bbd92e3607c958d163340	After viewing, the creditors agreed to allocate additional funding to Disney to complete work on the film.
5e6db7ce1c18168fcfbf25ea1064d1cbeb4bd813	The shooting of the film lasted three years and cost a crazy amount at that time — $1.499 million.
a646cf0d34fc3f2370e11bd1e3ac1de969abffea	Snow White was a crushing success.
d4fffab76820058b2a1800481d3846dfc036a9f9	The film earned more than $ 8 million at the time of its premiere and more than $ 130 million to date.
4403b1dd9965cc113da03144b938c637675b93da	It is worth noting that during the award ceremony, Disney, in addition to one full — fledged statuette, received symbolically seven small "Oscars" - according to the number of dwarfs.
8bbe9c238d272a62ff7ac2e6849b85a6992e3fc1	Since then, the Disney studio has begun to consider full-length cartoons as the main and potentially most profitable production.
6e5f8aabf1005c5d55c45fd087afe861aa7ae5cf	In 1940, Disney released "Pinocchio" and "Fantasy", the next year a story about Dumbo appeared on the screens, in the 42nd year "Bambi" was published.
9ffead8b878c69aebfcf15963968ef679badd6e8	"Funny Melodies" are being filmed, a quacking Donald Duck, a howling dog Pluto and a stupid Goofy trying to scoop water from a pond into a colander appear on the screens.
4dc6ef74586c1b3bb96b28be98ed918956697c71	In 1945, the film about a naive and touching fawn also hits Soviet screens – Disney gives this film to the allies; 4 years later, on the eve of the Cold War, American cartoons are banned in the USSR.
946b21299fc55b35a47a80b6f6b83af843b0a67b	Pinocchio, Fantasia, Dumbo and Bambi, filmed during the Second World War, which had every chance to repeat the success of Snow White, did not bring Disney the expected profits.
2f39f1eeafbae2eda65da7d8877ba614dda3b392	During the war, the studio had to concentrate mainly on shooting propaganda and educational films for the military commissioned by the US State Department.
97680d2d5ba904cefbddd119eed6514fcb41f0dc	In the late 40s, the Walt Disney Studio began to expand its capabilities, previously limited only to animation.
6058acf5ab5d0b2ea05c53df14d150dd3aac9fbc	Feature films, mainly aimed at a children's audience, began to appear on the screens.
f750afe968d2d3cb2886bad7b3c21025b93446ae	Disney's educational films about wildlife - "The Disappearing Prairie", "The Living Desert" and others-were also intended for teenagers and children.
394aeb4671b56190873db4e3a04a52197918c514	As a producer, Walt appeared in the adventure films "Treasure Island", "Robin Hood" and the famous musical "Mary Poppins", which was awarded five Oscars.
f273754ac2bfa0007c5983776df9e0c0c0b62c85	In 1950, "Cinderella" appeared, followed by " Alice in Wonderland "(1951)," Peter Pan "(1953), a picture with live actors called" Treasure Island "(1950)," The Lady and the Tramp "(1955)," Sleeping Beauty "(1959) and" 101 Dalmatians " (1961).
fc6037e82e1a0a988fe57789b4fc726064451c20	In general, this studio introduces more than a hundred new characters to the world of animated films.
1dfde4de30f45b9131dff9bd0906590478c9d6d7	Disney was one of the first to use television for entertainment purposes.
305def9e37a81bcf960b332eb583093fabbdd9b6	The series "Zorro and Davy Crockett" is gaining great popularity among children, as well as the show "Mickey Mouse Club" – a television performance in which teenage actors take part, acting as "Mouseketeers".
81be5c31b544ef6da8d01bea9cf75c2642cbe007	In its popular Sunday evening show, "Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Colors," Disney is starting to promote its new theme park.
4eae5cec1aa26818583becbc9691e39f880992f0	The last Disney movie created by himself is "Mary Poppins" with the participation of both live and animated characters.
c3b42fa77b178811d6d712ad4335438187865ed8	But Disney didn't just create cartoons.
7b1c9c3b216ffaed6ca0b4e41777fc5fc2a23604	In the second half of the 40s, Walt Disney captures the idea of creating an amusement park.
cfc000482caed8a2d5637a536f5d880993af71fa	A new field for activity was suggested to him by his father's experience.
4f4a01b1cdc4f2f59d7bf9403ab7c737cc1628b9	Walking with his daughters, Walt often went to zoos, carnivals and other entertainment events.
d7061caa8b9f0b67303eeadfec92b91ee2d73fc4	While the children were riding on the carousels, the father sat patiently on the bench and waited for the daughters to frolic.
2701ac95307049f4e2c97ae4e6f83da8e286f96f	During these gatherings, he came to the conclusion that America really lacks a place where it would be interesting for both adults and children to spend time.
62eeb807246a1591fef8359eb4c53fb89c975cae	In 1953, Walt Disney managed to persuade 17 families to sell him land 50 kilometers south of Los Angeles, and the construction of a park began, the like of which did not exist yet.
bc59c9b63d51dff47818f0d5fcca4e0ae5193875	And on July 17, 1955, the grand opening of Disneyland took place.
92e2069e547fa870d0ffa16ba917d7c64540d11a	28 thousand people came to the opening of the park.
498e4f452f80ad836de295f95ab00710a96808e7	And ninety million more TV viewers were able to see this grandiose holiday live.
37e48127e41826bdacb4a7c7b64e8902f12f9214	The opening ceremony of the first Disneyland on television was conducted by the future US president, actor Ronald Reagan.
2f1d1bdd4909005d2e87b81ec8a64545c0ac9fc4	Disney, who did not have a single normal toy in his childhood, managed to create a real fairy-tale country, not only on the screen, but also in reality!
53476581e852964060884cc5e2a45503e649ec30	Soon, the park pays back its costs ten times and attracts tourists from all over the world.
7352001bcbdfd09e0beacfb052260423ac0054e2	Over the first 25 years of its existence, more than 200 million people visited the park.
8b2b71c08304fb1deb2a1cf534c55de0e7fff202	In 1983, his "Disneyland" appeared in Tokyo, and in 1992-in Paris.
c5b395277474cfc0906e87fd2ed3dfb224d7d3f2	Walt Disney continued to expand the scope of his company's activities – in addition to creating feature films, he directed the production of entertainment programs on television, and in 1961 he founded the California Institute of the Arts.
ea71430e4b5ccbdce047bfb32781ae11e21054e1	After the opening of the first Disneyland, in 1955, Walt decided to build a ski resort near Central Sequoia Park in California.
566327c637abd5aef26bd41bab4af513a5c7d72c	He even received approval from the foresters and agreed with the governor of California regarding the construction of a new road.
ce3707f0f04552ee09b65817309c95723845a73a	However, the project was suspended.
b5290b3ddc65f54efdab88d2e405b4c2238258ae	And after the death of Disney, in 1966, the new managers of the company decided that they would be able to manage only one major project, while choosing Disneyland.
0a5f0dd1d2f1d7cdc2eba1f65ed00016a1a29cf6	Unfortunately, Disney was not destined to see the implementation of some of its grandiose plans.
5a01b564309247b1a2906196f2aaf422b791e08d	On December 15, 1966, Disney died in Los Angeles from lung cancer. [6]
eba5360f4d7738679e53f2dfd14d860c46c81368	After that, the company bearing his name made a strategic decision to abandon the display of cigarettes in its films[7].
a4326f9a623b36b675f9949705669fc732f8c485	After Walt's death, his brother Roy was able to realize some of his dreams.
02d6a4c239f6b1f6ca09048e85246707a771b285	In 1971, he completed the construction of Disney World, the largest by area (100 sq. km!) and the most visited entertainment center in the world.
84b0945ad09680654bdc41f9ca85c9b2b0f77d79	To perpetuate the name of his brother, Roy called this park "Walt Disney World".
35ebba710e1b7a3129b4e2d70d22fca80149a5bc	Both during Disney's life and after his death, his possible anti-Semitism was actively discussed.
2b2c60c813ca02dcc97fb6140dd834c98ad7fedc	The charges are based on a number of episodes.
4cdbfbd8a222f80a111ad5fdac99b1f448d8f2cf	Art Babbitt claimed that Disney attended meetings of the German-American Union[15].
1ada659c78afb6c94f959598a584c005ebb096f4	Another animator, David Swift, while resigning from the Disney studio, came across Walt's anti-Semitic attack[16].
9316bfc5aa13cb9e5b3bbbfe5b8c527af9ab128b	In 1938, after the society was shocked by Kristallnacht, Disney gave the Nazi propagandist Leni Riefenstahl a tour of his studio[17].
0691103843d05192d50532ab08c9b0f3a71b8720	In the XXI century, it became known from declassified documents that Disney in 1940 rejected the request of the warring British for help.[source not specified 271 days]
d089ecab729c7c674d3e7d91b58c9734660fc7a9	The Churchill government secretly approached Disney with the idea of creating an anti-Nazi cartoon based on the legend of St. George hitting the Dragon.
058ba9beaecd95c57706b8c345b8ae7d95bdf149	Fearing the Bolsheviks, they did not want to prevent Germany from defeating the Red Army in any way.
09fee311a4557688c606f944aff2e4800840bbe9	In addition, Disney did not want to lose the German market for its films."[source not specified 271 days]
3c42f25c06812d14265027f705fe7b39eb4a5ed9	Later, he still filmed this legend in the cartoon "The Reluctant Dragon" (1941).
7b620ad51bb468ae0d1c092fd8ab260e62bcc9ef	After the end of World War II, many in the United States were afraid of communist sentiments.
6c17c8f0e7521ea622bb9f96f50cc5ae326ff08d	Disney, together with his colleagues, organized the anti-communist movement "Motion Picture Alliance" (MPA), which stands for the preservation of American ideals.
1aece7dbf5061055c36fbff95274016d9a0c4fc6	Shortly before his death (from lung cancer), Disney scribbled 2 words on a piece of paper - "Kurt Russell" ("Kurt Russell").
4818c2626f0d5558bdba8b31d865f398e9c4f759	For Russell himself, this fact also remains a mystery.
8050256a6c3d28c8139804ba85ad39c22d936e61	At the time of Disney's death, Kurt Russell was a child, and although he was already an actor, he had not yet achieved wide popularity.
1ca6580a4d17ff0ff5f8ebe0b5354c592af953d8	After his death, the film studio continued to make animated and feature films for children of all ages.
db872ee85df373508ae9d61ca22807d72273feb5	In 1968, Disney was posthumously awarded the highest award of the United States — the Congressional Gold Medal.
7e62f5c37dc7209ebda0f4a74d4cd6e4dcb79055	Two films were dedicated to the legendary man.
e4c5dfa88bc5a69022be332e4e07fa3e5bc0025a	In the biographical drama "Saving Mr. Banks", Walt was played by actor Tom Hanks, and in the documentary film from the series "Geniuses and Villains of the Passing Era", he was portrayed by Russian actor Dmitry Filimonov.
9b629102d3c0e2aa474d792ba4fe130db7b0a23f	The roots of Walt Disney's success are in his willpower, frenzied courage and perseverance.
accb87134bcfc2cfe4a8e625314545bea5b7cff0	He did not give up, even when defeat seemed inevitable.
e118daa7b9d5207cb652986b408373667e5e3a0f	He believed in his ideas and made reasonable decisions.
2b795022ca39c91fa3cd5c82a6ae9a4893018ed2	Disney learned early on not to trust the judgment of others.
12bbb8d7c306f3f38ca6232127a4681e54f8ddf1	Disney's power was inextricably linked to his enormous self-respect, which allowed him to go against the opinion of experts.
5bc0113377547c6a41ac8e666b97b9cb730df2eb	His works did not always bring success, but if success came, it was simply deafening.
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f5a7b938eb0db03ab4984fe162cb7b92d0a3139b	The success story of Walt Disney [Walt Disney biography, quotes, photos, statements]
39a08aa89ab8251344324053814a290db67cfb38	Author of the article: Roman Kozhin
b17613c0f4845a3f2c59a03f5b5a53c58c23e4ac	Fairy tales can start in different ways, but they must necessarily end the same way happily.
6d5a54c968309dc78e08a98552878e38a93e8770	The creator of the first musical and full length cartoons in the history of cinema, has achieved a lot.
55839c525d61e89d76c71ad13ba396ac070938d4	Judge for yourself — during his creative life, the fruitful Disney produced about 700 cartoons, was the owner of 29 Oscars and 4 Emmys, was awarded honorary degrees from Yale and Harvard universities, was awarded the highest civilian government award of the United States the Medal of Freedom.
111c8b1e68a9d08a470b584b1a9a3c48176ae7e9	Walter Elias Disney was born (and this is exactly how the full name of the legend of America sounds) on December 5, 1901 in Chicago in a large family, Disney had 3 more brothers and a sister.
7588904ed27d268838c993e8f048eb1fb0663ce3	The Disney couple barely made ends meet.
1c5797d0ad477cdca81ee66d070048b3b400e56e	But, as they say, the wealth of a family is determined not by capital at all, but by the warmth and support that family members provide to each other.
98e73222ee72fbad3ff22b27c411bc1a1af3fa86	With this, baby Walt was also not too lucky – the domineering father Elias often beat the child.
8747455ee2259e0e54b360cdcab80e420229aa01	The new place turned out to be better than the previous one – on the farm, five year old Walt gets acquainted with domestic animals, and they respond to the boy's kindness with warm affection.
3a9800243528bd932f789c4571d9db181487e20d	According to Disney, at the end of the sketch of the Silly, he " practically sobbed with nostalgia."
6751a717f1203b1eaa7b32c139cc31e003814ca9	However, the family continues to suffer on the farm.
48dc7871bd24944bc463398d777aab6fd34e002d	Disney, who loved to draw, does not buy any pencils or paper, and the tools for drawing are stick and resin, and the resourceful Walt used walls, fences or toilet paper as canvases.
ca20dd91c5fb759f48742c28e9fa3268485b1e9c	The father constantly punished his son for drawing, and perhaps Disney would not have taken his hobby seriously if it hadnot been for a lucky chance
c02d880937a19cd7c9d2055be9738de47ddc9628	Since childhood, Walt was distinguished by a cheerful character, and therefore many neighbors in Marceline knew and loved him.
66d32c23b0988848076e1bc1693e0fc1a83427f9	One of these neighbors, an elderly Dr. Sherwood, gave Disney 25 cents for the fact that a child drew his horse.
8bdc1f5624da54a14ce7e2f6a9f046c818706133	The profitable sale of the portrait of the mare prompted Walt to become an artist.
67b42ab3bdec54452278e7904fd1a3cf790d6c00	Soon, Walt was already paying for a haircut with his drawings and with a local barber.
6b428ff4fea0da97507f0c329117a7a464a7487b	In 1909, the family moves again, and eight year old Walt runs away from home.
9482a1da15e6db27370ff7e307400441a7fb2169	He is quickly found and returned to his family.
59b7410f8f21f50e99ede568a0b0ddacf7d37593	For the next six years, he works for the benefit of "daddy" - he gets up at the crack of dawn and delivers advertising brochures and letters from his father's company.
fd6360c6817118c8b30f217ae9b9cdb770f00c38	In any weather, even when the kind owner wonot even turn the dog out on the street, Walt has to deliver the mail.
2da96e1408160c5a88ccf28751a919bf9020099c	My father took all the honestly earned money for the development of a common cause, but the cheerful Walt also came up with a way out here.
084d95e676b3fe256bf6d50d21857efa587463b5	He, in secret from the evil "boss", simply took twice as much work, gave the required amount to his father, and saved the remaining dollars for pocket expenses.
bbec8288487b2db0318990be6304bcbe14b2659b	So, think about how the same circumstances can lead to different consequences.
b7ea79891a894d7c3cdac8d7a3665da5d0cf8bed	On this occasion, I remember the following parable:
3189d52d2284281bf38341e62c1efc9268301a36	"Once upon a time there were two twin brothers.
3c689988e4d68c51f74ccb52208e6ec0afc52c60	One brother became a very successful person, whose fame was brought by his good deeds.
250276ac26baa99164af9b720d9e982f29f4bd14	The second brother became a murderer, and they were going to try him.
c0272e570b659c9a52757d0beb81a29b2ef86c14	Before the trial, the journalists surrounded the second brother, and one asked:
2ecf5dd0fd2d0c30cc44bdd1738efbbd4d530fca	— How did it happen that you became a criminal?
ae0055a35c9f78bd162ed2d9caef0b2fa1aa1f98	– I had a difficult childhood.
322c13f002480386d521f0aa4ebd05417ec4b867	My father drank, beat my mother and me.
6f2b094abd9e8a6b51fafdf0b1c1744a60f1179b	Who else could I have become?
84bf19a3222a58c7d3b01f60070997abc2b95baf	– he replied.
fe5e0e75989e7cdc1094d45bcaeb28312cd4d245	At the same time, another group of journalists interviewed the first brother who came to the trial.
f4b0ddef48f008a50025302c367991fa1aeb083a	One of the reporters asked him: - How did it happen that you became famous and successful?
965144f551fc0b26b6500df5c129c8c294ec9b38	Who else could I have become?"
316d2673a654922c0796b2dc0af51913f85a2d55	Walt Disney is a worthy example of a person who knows how to squeeze first class lemonade out of a lemon!
35b6d0a793570491d46d05cb251ec9cab5ed1075	Sometimes it is worth saying "thank you" to the troubles that we encounter on the way – they make us stronger.
1270f1fc41eadb3c3cdf1e78d9af87c94f220281	Disney's parents return to Chicago, and with a new move, Disney in 1917 again finds himself in the city where he was born.
f4f16e57250ae247266c4d4f7856493794d60d54	There he studies at McKinley High School, and in the evenings goes to the Academy of Fine Arts.
b2b82b9b125ea3a1a2fc795a0c2ab3ca34699388	Walt gets money for his education and living by working part time at his father's jelly factory.
d72b860020e3e8f2c2f0c0661811fe08bea39ae6	Disney also completes a course of newspaper cartoonists, where he understands that non standard thinking is good, and gets the skills to express his thoughts in a concise form.
b96c57557b7bc2240363daa558a5d93d4e173bfd	When the First World War began, Walt crosses the ocean, and for a whole year in France he works as a driver of an International Red Cross ambulance van.
e44975cf6a4d992064456fc71a5ddd8b5dd0fc89	After the war, Walt returns to Kansas City and gets a job as a cartoonist at a local newspaper.
47481c2ba2e37ea1e4efabc896801982712de2f5	But only a month passes, and he is fired because of an "outstanding inability to draw"!
fdeb3574ec2b1e664290a26e24103da6ef0c1d78	Employers would be surprised if someone told them that years later Walt Disney would become the most outstanding creator of cartoons in the entire history of the United States!
ca448afb85321570fb8eca18932890df59119ddd	In 1919, Disney was hired as an artist at a film advertising studio, at this time he had the idea to experiment in animation.
aa03341b070abdba7f8fb93420a8ee7c11db3a1a	However, the animation studio that Disney opened in Kansas City soon becomes bankrupt.
c00c7e20bc9a6f48b5c48e59618fc458328b07ac	But is this a reason to give up?
4b4b761da0efbdefe67864525406a2adfc7f3217	"If you can dream, then you can make your dreams come true," Walt believed.
7b5470467afb0b3d48f5f747a34e051eb5436ad7	He teams up with Ab Iverks, his former workmate, and begins work on" Smeshinki", Disney's first viable animated product.
ddc55b858ed3cc53475e74daa6ea27dcc37b5b84	The studio where "Smeshinki" was created was located in the garage and had only primitive equipment.
9155a0b6a7e8796bdaa536756b4516a614d96211	And again the garage.
3fb4fd0a18facd59f8bfccc25d7e4b60e1c712ac	When studying the biographies of outstanding personalities, I sometimes have the idea that creating your own business in a garage is an indispensable attribute of any successful business.
e07e1488241bc59e3f8c5f80ef6e38389d3dc011	It even seems to me that Americans have their own signs on this topic.
f5333d97fc047ff331cb5b5a22bd356fc77ceb6a	Like, " if you create a business NOT in the garage, then there will be no luck”"
c4b150328f7820dbcf6c34f58a01c0ce1c802618	Improving their drawing skills, the companions worked day and night.
bceace49f4f080ef6c8b41a198e16021f928746b	However, their next creation a hand drawn version of "Little Red Riding Hood" - fails, and, fleeing from creditors, debtors flee the city.
db60692433d2b9800b38700f074d88c820b0a4c3	In 1923, Disney comes to Los Angeles, to his older brother Roy.
b366dfe510530c53d0241cb32c1f22daf9ec7eb8	He still dreams of creating animated films and is not going to deviate from the path to his dream, because "it's kind of fun to do the impossible."
2aadceffb9e83c39b334ca95177b279bb5b6cfae	Roy believes in his brother's ideas and becomes his partner and co founder of a small animation studio.
4c7ca3c3f7eff967b10c7bf99b13c84ed90cdaf4	So, the history of The Walt Disney Company began with a rented garage, a couple of hundred dollars and handicraft production.
6c96ec81504b7311d5096cd8db89f6e6721bfdeb	The roles in the created company were distributed as follows Walt was a creative genius, and Roy was in charge of the financial part.
3356302c281abff52d1ebf8805aebdfc8c1dc9d1	In March 1924, the premiere of the cartoon "Alice's Day at Sea" took place, which became the first commercial Disney cartoon.
f1bb0a8b692328993e7f1c3fad56dd7316719e09	In 1925, Walt Disney marries Lillian Bounds, who was engaged in "filling" in their studio — coloring the characters drawn by Walt.
6feebc44203c04470b9b38a945ea450e1da57b10	In 1933, after several unsuccessful attempts to have children, the couple gives birth to a daughter, Diana Mary.
944136a3664f9d6f59f5a2799950c1e762d6b1ad	In 1937, the couple adopted a girl, Sharon May. To the great chagrin of Disney, their couple did not have the opportunity to give birth to their child anymore.
1ca882bed9a485cf3f904cd4d424d1dcc6a5b013	By the way, there was a period in the life of Disney and his wife when they could not give birth to a child for 8 years.
6896e06dd4b7d56d6c3249fa9ccf322f4d08dc47	Walt's wife had two miscarriages and all this caused them both great suffering.
2d1436f02542881d4b249e5687d4deb691c514dd	According to his own daughter Diane Mary, Walt was an exemplary family man and spent all his free time with his daughters.
e6009d1d9c437ee6a395b81937d694eab9ddf39d	In 1927, a series of cartoons with the lucky rabbit Oswald, invented by Disney, became very famous.
24a35d240969e3142dacaa76b35d6577f23d7b50	Upon learning about this, Disney in a rage threw out all the drawings of Oswald and told his "partners" that "there are many more characters living where he came from"!
83b2a437cc210ad219047846a40986c2e2036f3d	And it was absolutely true.
2068d2193c7abfd83bcc81cd25160bdceeb8f810	After Oswald, other beloved characters are born – Mickey Mouse, Pluto the dog, Goofy the dog, Donald Duck the duckling.
6872c915ecd0f0e75e19dd1cc7443f1359ce7bbe	In the year when Disney invents his famous mouse, all the newspapers were discussing Mr. Lindbergh's flight across the Atlantic, and the enterprising Disney decided to" put " his new hero at the helm.
05265c599ce18baf1cbcc568a788acdc14f27998	The first silent cartoon with Mouse "The Mad Airplane" (1928) was a success!
694222f521c5a7e2b217e8da178b630e1e104743	Mouse was drawn by the leading artist of the company Ab Iverks, the name "Mickey" was suggested by Disney's wife, and the voice was given by Walt himself, who personally voiced the mouse in the studio's first sound cartoon, "Steamboat Willie".
4f791d80add74ddfc6ce5470b53a97b4f12ca257	One day a little boy came up to the great master and asked: "So you're drawing Mickey Mouse?".
a545ff75d72d4663a92a137a072b32f689365855	Disney said no.
b5563e73597fad4803d356354d0489c7e6bceb18	"So, you are inventing his jokes and fun?", - the kid insisted, but even then Disney answered "no".
ec453d775bca210054ab86089603cff03a082b0f	"Mr. Disney, so what are you doing?" the young viewer asked in bewilderment.
06fd5db2944da2cc34fc3ab358f311bfd5a4131e	Disney will then formulate the vision of his activity as follows: "I imagine myself like a bee that flies from place to place, collecting pollen.
c88f41312604417b3b557d8cd63e79e5a3fae4bb	I go around the studio and direct everyone's work.
b0c1f20ac9f3af9e9745d1295b36cf0aa0e6a59b	I believe that this is the case that I am doing!"
64c85bb7a6e45e000a8e7b162eb0b6e9c1ab386d	Here is such a hardworking "Disney bee"!
4d42368ae8f11ac77932b3adf6e18a546e4bfe1d	Because of the "Steamboat Willie", the company is on the verge of bankruptcy, because the cost of a sound cartoon far exceeded the creation of a silent one.
76ae3c7ba4d3f77cc417a881590453fe89b0c0f2	In the future, Disney will often have to balance on the verge of ruin, because the first priority for him was creativity, not earnings: "I donot create films just to make money.
4c69dbd8e5f3413d78b4d9ff77b5640293bf81ff	I earn money to make films, " Walt emphasized.
486ee5a03f51599365e22b0b5ca9ee053470bdf2	The Disney quote in its meaning echoes the statements of many famous people, such as Steve Jobs ("There is only one way to do a great job — to love it"), Bill Gates ("Enjoy what you do, and you will never work in your life") and others.
782eabf67c27ee6f77958857193e62e2d14afb7d	This love of outstanding people for their work largely determines the success of their endeavors.
ccf5a27a0f5e2b526f779333023a44709dfbb032	This is followed by cartoons from the cycle " Naive Symphonies "(1929), one of the series of which brings the studio the first Oscar
45454cb17865aa4c2d1dace8262c7a5712db8d24	And the song of stupid piglets, familiar to us from childhood ("We are not afraid of the gray wolf, gray wolf, gray wolf. Where are you wandering, stupid wolf, old scary wolf") is actually a translation of the song from the Disney cartoon "Three Little Pigs"!
cd02e379775c1db1018cfc11eab88f4f9b041e93	In 1934, Walt Disney began creating the first full length hand drawn film "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs".
c3db4ae1e3ec965ddc2216c78ab6269df7764934	At that time, viewers were used to watching cartoons 7 times shorter, and by releasing a tape of the "elongated format", Disney took a great risk.
05f04a375a5121c92087874ba9e31c7f8d3e9c73	This cartoon almost ruined the studio.
9b30181c55edb0a6c2a4168274fbab157b4620fd	"I spent almost two million dollars on this film.
784c4dc5b35d8ce4ea67559194815e718a4cc90a	Isnot this really a fairy tale for you?"
d8745208acaec777ca4201a390f4b568a77c2201	— Disney was so ironic about his tape.
5b9e6027c2a451a6bc9ec332ec505f881021911a	But " Snow White "turned out to be a profitable investment – it was accepted by everyone with a bang and brought its creator one real" Oscar "and seven small" Oscars " — for each dwarf.
3e928c45ad471b6840dea97c77930766c5a3028c	The next masterpieces are created at the studio.
a43c3a32112e00bdf6d6adeb8ed0f00cc47075cf	"We strive forward, open new paths, take on new things, because we are curious… Only forward, " - here is another quote from Disney.
87be89e2e60c2b0d5e5d2723b28dbac7ff7ef123	In 1945, the film about a naive and touching fawn also hits Soviet screens – Disney gives this film to the allies;
baf0d65a46ad44fdbcc76c7a30dc4959f6301a54	4 years later, on the eve of the Cold War, American cartoons are banned in the USSR.
7cf31bfb33514f3b29e4143d2b6ebfaa9c782604	But Disney didnot just create cartoons.
1b4563490d2c1409b8a20ca9827e3adbaa886559	This idea was suggested to him by walking with his daughters, when he was forced to spend hours in boredom watching Diana and Sharon having fun at the zoo or on children's rides.
24da8cd7d06e45495e8a14eba65092ff2b6c1d00	"We believed in our idea — a family park where parents and children can have fun together," he will say.
7df4df448e973545a6c92ae31008a98d19222797	In 1955, the first Disneyland was opened in Anaheim, California
df7ede0605950c4b0a1ac0eb25f3733fbcc33944	The man, whose talents seemed to have no boundaries, also did not limit his new project: "Disneyland will never be completed, it will continue to grow as long as the imagination in the world is enough."
14a423d2620fe2cafdc64bd0354fd4031a775696	Disney, who did not have a single normal toy in his childhood, managed to create a real fairy tale country, not only on the screen, but also in reality!
6648d6d8c3687d3a91638aeb018968ee9e8c5d63	He passed away on December 15, 1966.
d380496c87cf9bf51c255326040053df99fb6db8	"When Walt Disney was just starting out, his entire capital consisted of a very modest talent as a draughtsman, a vivid imagination and an inhuman determination to succeed," the press will write about him.
08f6bbc8003d0517e05973e26c13c87b59e6c052	The man who made a significant contribution to the development of modern American culture did not consider himself a genius, he declared that "geniuses are strictly forbidden to enter my studio."
ceb1fd0dd524cc67cdb75d27e923b75100c9c7fe	And yet he really was a brilliant innovator, whose contribution not only to culture, but also to creating a good mood among millions of people is difficult to overestimate.
deeecb756855b4130fd2a43cbaa88557d785cf82	Quotes and sayings of Walt Disney
97ef06b715e87524b9b88cf5421af3d5c654c60d	What is your favorite cartoon or movie of the Walt Disney Studio?
0abeb80c1da55368044fb014713824b6fd8329d9	If you find an error, please select a text fragment with the mouse and press Ctrl+Enter.
6a17c159dbc4282e1282bc44e55765731a9770dd	walt disney disneyland stories of successful people The success story of mickey mouse walt disney
798b9abe17e6361f7717421e7fb0eba3ddc804e5	(Ratings: 2, Average: 5.00 out of 5)
634a164884c12baebf11642548231d206a1ef347	Get the latest blog materials to your e mail:
39082f0045f9fb8cc3726871f5a614932a5de36d	Part time job on the Internet.
2dcdeb4c5e8399b10e084bb83f2c08a369e3ee8f	Is it worth doing, and if so, what and in what cases?
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77a4bfbffbd981639e59e818442304e2e78e231c	The author and founder of the blog "My Ruble", an Internet entrepreneur.
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92056bebedcca877f95af202d635811bd42c154b	And it all started with drawing)))
9e677a1d660b4ffdb2e8782d9e4ab77be8f2a781	Vote for0 Vote against Reply 2 years 7 months ago
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74fef48fa4dd5ac7ac68a34a0bcb03eb825dbc6b	A real fairy tale!
47c96d6585b880754ffb9994609f864bc72fc0d4	I recommend it to everyone!
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ef2816f1bc9d81f64fd8b4df3fe593a44ed56896	My favorite cartoons!
53092f683865f0c122037bab5ce42bad504f2535	This article will touch everyone who reads it to the quick.
5f226d32f4b45f186a717737b8cae5e8cef02a8e	Tom and Jerry, Chip and Dale, Scrooge, Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin, the Little Mermaid.
1e8ac09e53e5c9793045997c162ab61c5729bd83	Reviewing immediately returns to the past, remembering only the good moments of life.
2a4dba942db4ec60b972ffd4b762b1a93694d896	The indefatigable will of Walt Disney, his movement towards the goal, is amazing.
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d6098bee3a2288b72c13f35efe8c0c6b88b16c7c	Disney, Walt
4a8c2df0ed1cf72a2ae97bdfe780739135753b7f	The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on February 16, 2016; checks require 46 edits.
05420e17cb168ebc8334ca5b5b0f0cfd2976dcf2	There are articles on Wikipedia about other people with the surname Disney.
9cff77d5960faceb41f558ab3b5f4c2751ef1628	Walt Disney
41040036488255f2df32966ed3171d8548d4dc6c	Walt Disney in 1946.
f2376451ae0560ba05f61f8ba173257cc42eba57	Birth name: English Walter Elias Disney
37426345a0d308714d0876c30ce05cf3a5ba3049	Date of birth: December 5 1901(1901-12-05)[1][2]
61b42db57192faf09c1d57091451772fd10e52a3	Place of birth: Chicago, USA
8c7a8a49c7571bcf3ab728d3c098d00676e8ec6d	Date of death: December 15 1966(1966-12-15)[3][2] (65 years)
700f080c05fd4c392cc0f7a707e1f2c1ffa71248	Place of death: Burbank, Los Angeles, California, USA[3]
d5ea8333ec5ca45ada48788a1191886e989f2c4c	Profession: animator, film director, screenwriter, producer, actor, voice actor, entrepreneur, public figure
e8f934da8cc044abf04ae22c2dd4d234266b3781	Career: 1920-1966
6145a1713a8631d73e4c6af5f3bbd05cb22631f2	Direction: family cinema
94a5efa7a0649bd8f9ba98daa08b341de357e0c9	Gold Medal of the US Congress
2e25a0096fc2582b8e2f91e80cb77bf6a0e2d23c	IMDb: ID 0000370
b84221b74af5d52044532f999a62a5cd6de6eee9	waltdisney.com Walt Disney on Wikimedia Commons
b2c6b2fb0e905801f17c14f29253816f51ad9731	Walt Disney's autograph
157ae8811a2e31822807d00d5779284b72ea27c9	1 Biography 1.1 Early years 1.2 Debut 1.3 Mickey Mouse and others 1.4 "Snow White and the 7 Dwarfs"," Pinocchio " 1.5 "Fantasy" 1.6 "Dumbo" and "Bambi" 1.7 "Cinderella" and other cartoons 1.8 Production activity 1.9 Death
459debe9a6e152d0691abaca46e9c4fe8b04d957	2 Personal Life 3 Director's Style 4 Anti Semitism 5 Memory 6 Unrealized Projects 7 Selected Filmography 8 Films about Walt Disney 9 Awards and Prizes 9.1 Academy Awards 9.2 Golden Globe 9.3 BAFTA 9.4 Cannes Film Festival Awards 9.5 David di Donatello 9.6 Directors Guild of America 9.7 Golden Screen 9.8 Laurel Awards 9.9 Montreal World Film Festival 9.10 Motion Picture Screen Cartoonists Awards 9.11 New York Film Critics Circle Awards 9.12 Venice Film Festival 9.13 Emmy Awards 9.14 Annie Awards 9.15 Hollywood Walk of Fame 9.16 Other
1ecedee0f98491344c9551bed936b000f48d11d9	10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 References
890fdbb98f8ef6b2bf57b7cbb5c54d3bd5a167da	Newman Laugh O Gram (1921)
abf99106281bee2604732d0e7367ae680f226a12	Walt Disney was born on December 5, 1901 in Chicago.
8ce1f9f7ebc85f07cce8fb07fd83c0f0560c322e	Among his ancestors were English, Irish and Germans.
04c346c5ba6b4a6750cc9829cb2788675bd3cc2a	In 1906, the family moved to a farm in Missouri, and in 1910 - to Kansas City.
f9132164d9f32835f72bcbee7bd76c2cc71855a6	At the age of 14, he worked part time as a newspaper delivery boy.
5e637542d03714155c1d7e9fa7147dacaeec40f8	In 1920, Disney got a job as an artist at a film advertising studio, where he began to create his first advertising films — at the same time he had a desire to continue his experiments in the world of hand drawn animation.
928a50d3f01f4398c84aba4ca7dc92b48781fcd6	Over time, Disney opened its first animation studio "Laugh O Gram" in Kansas City, where Ab Iverks became his companion and leading animator.
11e2bf3a89115467ae3da8170dd15f4eb372a4fb	However, the company soon went bankrupt.
e637609ffdd72bdd1ce8eb300d7bc56ddfd6f3f8	Debut[edit / edit wiki text]
8f510f81b495f86d050bf556114c938b3970dd3e	In 1922-1937, he acted as a purely creative worker, and after the war he took up film production.
0f45c6e3e565427e25e78bc3114f5bafb8e50867	On March 1, 1924, Disney presented its first stunt film "Alice's Day at Sea", prompted by the characters of Lewis Carroll's book "Alice in Wonderland".
3205c5acecb7fc826fd0402624f318fbeda3f667	At the same time, the style of Disney films began to form.
e6b80c4c8322f15e290ec23a73c33c58dc902dde	Mickey Mouse and others[edit / edit wiki text]
299f54ca8f7da8bb6a90b34d4bf98eff34fda77c	In 1927, the film "Oswald the Rabbit" became very popular, and its hero opens a gallery of famous characters from Disney films.
73eb087e718bff62ec2acf998471d63f66c5d414	The mouse Mickey Mouse, which was drawn by Ab Iverks, was first called Mortimer, but soon he received a name that is well known all over the world today.
dcb48170720942e8bd2cf17ab2855859f6ea5ab6	For the first time, the mouse Mickey Mouse appeared in the silent film "Mad Airplane" (1928), and in the same year he became the hero of the first Disney sound film — "Steamboat Willie" (the first ever hand drawn film with synchronous sound).
1e2231664c88e6ad0ed099bcf3ce9cf04bfd8a68	In the first films, Disney himself voiced the mouse, and soon this film opened the way to success for the director.
2f816a219dc5e53662154f37be60c74d384fbfd8	In 1929, Disney began working on the cycle "Naive Symphonies", and by 1938 he had shot over 70 episodes, including " The Skeleton Dance "(1929)," The Ugly Duckling "(1932)," The Three Little Pigs " (1933).
97117eb02d4bbe6591deaef4bcba0fec2ba4a53e	Pluto the Dog (1930), Goofy the Dog (1932), and Donald Duck the drake (1934) appear in these films.
51e3022b5dc946d53d70eb22407195be9d7aa695	"Snow White and the 7 Dwarfs", "Pinocchio" [edit / edit wiki text]
47177a9d4d7c9c546b7c7ceb0986c351c6dbb2f5	Main articles: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (cartoon, 1937), Pinocchio (cartoon)
8d4a138ac55a35125dad1e16cf8cd1989c6b8045	Disney and the Seven Dwarfs in 1937
7e50fc8d0216a104b43ab999b3eb08fff539d7c2	When Disney was 14 years old and he worked part time selling newspapers, in Kansas City he saw a short silent cartoon about Snow White, which he remembered for a lifetime.
e77b94d88cc6d473f25b8e1267b1872db7415941	In the fall of 1934, Disney made the first draft of the script based on the fairy tale of the brothers Grimm.
f7137d7e00a6fcbdd36bc0c9611928d4a5bf133b	Several people worked with Disney on the latest version of this script, including Otto Englander, Earl Hurd and Ted Sears.
4dba605a2e35f6a86fea9c5d6be6992fd6cbc117	On December 21, 1937, Disney's full length animated film "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" based on the fairy tale by the Brothers Grimm was shown on the screens of America for the first time.
0f9bffeb2572fce756c67880c74a8abc491e2257	"Snow White" brought Disney a huge success: popularity, $ 8 million in revenue and enthusiastic responses in the professional press.
0b0abc21e18c70538b290aa451cf1d760e9a82be	Soon, new full length films appeared.
cf4450332fef7cbd2a98a9ca99ee300bfb41f874	"Pinocchio" (1940) based on a fairy tale by the Italian writer Carlo Collodi was received by the audience with delight, which was shared by critics.
44d5bde077e899224e155a57559d682600b4d438	The success was the result of titanic work: in order to better draw the scene when Pinocchio tries to escape from the whale, the artists studied the habits and movements of real whales for a long time.
d53db8f5bebbc5fdd725e3071509ed8872bf7cf2	The music for this film, written by Lee Harline, Paul Smith and Ned Washington, was awarded an Oscar.
434f0f855fbc37513989245a34cefb9d5f2589ca	The song "When you wish upon a star" (music by Lee Harline to the words of Ned Washington) was also noted.
f603a0025dc77a67ff18b8c635f8c331e5ef3c4b	"Fantasy"[edit / edit wiki text]
2658665bf9fefd6faf9fcc996a18842570eea5bf	Main article: Fantasy (cartoon)
a82f3a65001ffb61dc1ada81e2907cb72692a28f	Building your own fairy tale kingdom was a long standing dream of the founder of the animation studio Walt Disney.
304b8bd59d1a9745391a051d99ceb997e1d65200	A controversial opinion was caused by "Fantasy" (1940) directed by Walt Disney based on a script by Joe Grant and Dick Humar and under the musical direction of Edward Plumb.
856846c33eecc4b3af329639ba289b360fc0de54	The idea of the film originated from the time of working on "Naive Symphonies", in which the plot was closely intertwined with musical works.
fcbd0c7879ca7df139501139bd56fe8e4dc27af8	"Fantasy" is a bold experiment with sound, color and image, an attempt to convey music in line and color, subordinating the drawing to the musical context.
ce8985548f7c10ef26a1eecea9a5f7bd0560c890	For example, Johann Sebastian Bach's toccata and fugue are shown in the form of abstract forms, and the music from Tchaikovsky's ballet "The Nutcracker" is accompanied by a mushroom dance; a colorful plot of the creation of the world unfolds against the background of Igor Stravinsky's "Spring Festival".
a9718807f896fdade97ab535afe1a8d70f1b337d	Critics called the scene when centaurs appear on the screen to the sounds of Beethoven's "Pastoral Symphony" the most tasteless fragment of the film.
df62f59907e15a50e543df22d76f6a6ac861b8d4	Only in the 60s of the last century, "Fantasy" received recognition when such works began to massively promote popular music.
b2f3af770c76275ade7b8dc92575d0f9e7f45579	"Dumbo" and "Bambi"[edit / edit wiki text]
6b6bcecc9ead49a3abc7c885c0d6ea75cfcdbe12	Main articles: Dumbo, Bambi (cartoon)
0c00f0f8913f915bda353ce9a510da55d1696c2a	Disney feature films are often called family films.
9f27722f22eddcc0ca7af70ef6bea884b2fe0f6d	In particular, we are talking about the film "Dumbo" (1941) — a musical story based on the book by Helen Eberson and Harold about a small circus elephant who learned to fly (directed by Ben Sharpsteen).
b6bd08ae3d1d31bd8d777a6d9cc5901bc3b08ed7	Dynamic adventures, magnificent plasticity of hand drawn characters all this brought the film huge popularity.
8da72a0699e29bc4613d64d626331953ecac4680	Famous were the scenes of the parade of pink elephants, as well as the fantasies of a baby elephant who drank champagne from a barrel.
b78325b1c6f2aee8fbf7881d2ca6c00c27cea978	The fawn from the movie "Bambi" (1942) also won the sympathy of not only young viewers, but also their parents.
f95b1322bf56501fe2cc1deda681ff179cb95c29	"Cinderella" and other cartoons[edit / edit wiki text]
9697923dd3faac2cbcf1e7532c1ee951e509a6b1	In 1950, Disney created a hand drawn version about a modest girl who, with the help of a good fairy, becomes the bride of a handsome prince.
934288010162315c9cf17578d3f1e88342d8b650	The film "Cinderella" was directed by Wilfred Jackson, Hamilton Lasky and Clyde Geronimi.
269c1c648c72960f23f85f3284e42291a6e471e7	Among the notable scenes is the one when the mice pushing a huge pumpkin turn into magnificent horses harnessed to a carriage, and the good fairy turns Cinderella's rags into a ball gown.
a780411b34982b8d606edde5a40aa30c0b9e0d80	The film was awarded the Golden Bear at the Berlin Film Festival for its technical skill, and Cinderella appeared on T shirts, bed linen and shawls in many countries of the world.
977ac0f09d686eb15cf6388abd2d14a0f176ea07	The directors who shot " Cinderella "created in 1953 a full length cartoon" Peter Pan " based on the book by Sir James Barry.
e9603904bf0a65773c8d8d0e87798ad952d157f5	It was followed by such famous films as" The Lady and the Tramp "(1955)," Sleeping Beauty "(1959) and" 101 Dalmatians " (1961), which became classics of animated films.
011dffa9c675353d77654454df63e7534ab8446f	Production activity[edit / edit wiki text]
e952a6acd99e96a901622d8aa404467da408a196	In 1948, Walt Disney began shooting his famous series of color educational films, mainly about nature — in particular, the pictures " The Living Desert "(1953) and" The Disappearing Prairie " (1954), directed by James Elgar.
ee31ca8ff030ca902bca275aaaf758fe86919dee	These films have gained great popularity, revealing little known aspects of the life of animals and plants and causing the audience to want to preserve nature.
316e315b703c6b4267e647b93be356e1d3bb2109	At the same time, they began to shoot game adventure films designed for young viewers — "Treasure Island" (1950) based on the novel by Robert Louis Stevenson (directed by Byron Haskin), "Robin Hood" (1952) (directed by Ken Annakin), as well as the musical film fantasy "Mary Poppins" (1964), which was awarded five Oscars (directed by Robert Stevenson).
5ffb1088b3e89c93e161b925cec83803d5dad0ed	In all these films, Disney acted as a producer, followed the course of filming and had a great influence on the artistic side of the films.
958384066a67f0783e6699dc56e7b0e7d5686a6a	Death[edit / edit wiki text]
45548e482615b6d492415dd265f04415f05e6298	On December 15, 1966, Disney died in Los Angeles from lung cancer.
29c586ba428c22d63920e51cd0d531be5810ce3e	[6] After that, the company bearing his name made a strategic decision to abandon the display of cigarettes in its films[7].
22caff8ab66fab82205171e980c875cf0c08b2e4	There is a widespread version about freezing the multiplier in a cryogenic chamber, which he went to in the hope of finding a method for defrosting the human body in the distant future[8].
288004dc43df6c9811081897bb220f58bbfc9950	However, in fact, his remains rest in the Forest Lawn Cemetery[9].
6ecca9ec3d1c83faf1353bd87dceffbf7a3a9305	In July 1925, he married his studio secretary Lillian Bounds (1899-1997).
f1f60d3207d59dc67903bddf4a7c322a2ab186b5	In 1933, their daughter Diana Mary was born (the couple tried to have a child for 8 years, the previous two pregnancies ended in miscarriages, causing much suffering to Walt and Lilly).
1b5c65dce478ac6db6c121552eb498cbd2567266	Unable to give birth to a second child, in 1937 the couple adopted a little girl, giving her the name Sharon Mae Disney (1936-1993).
ff51b5e85bd0eacfcfd7bc036a67f24f677f7bf5	Diana Mary Disney (1933-2013[10]) is a mother of seven children, the author of a popular biography of Walt Disney, the organizer of several projects related to his name, one of the leaders of The Walt Disney Company, the founder of the Walt Disney Museum in San Francisco (opened in October 2009).
98f4835ce279630a09a8300f7b34ddb96b934192	According to Diana, Walt Disney was an exemplary family man, devoted all his free time to his family, often walked with his daughters, and it was during these walks that he came up with the idea to create a place where it would be interesting for both adults and children.
a3477a15b08932d75fcdb1768a90f8d4695acb46	Subsequently, Disneyland became such a place.
a5c25bf6f354e86c07a11a7542ca0d1178286b1a	Disney was a staunch anti communist[11] and for many years collaborated with the FBI[12], on his own initiative, he wrote denunciations of colleagues in Hollywood to the bureau[13].
848397271dbaf85b9d86c24af1d2e6a2cd4fd54d	After the war, Walt Disney actively helped the Commission on Un American Activities to identify "hidden communists" in the world of cinema.
96da55f897d5234699355dfbb77228b5b24ad4a5	Disney was afraid of mice[14].
50d76ff1394d39b151da0ab59a46697ef9ceef20	Director's style[edit / edit wiki text]
d32c6ea0e35c60eeef504c1893ab05556def3b4f	Main article: The Walt Disney Company
da51fd34c79a5ed650d924f7c915cc6c21c79868	Disney was one of the first directors to use three film filming devices for the three color process "Technicolor" (Eng. Technicolor).
f2ead6344fc40eed1129e096679f084dbecc1c06	Anti Semitism[edit / edit wiki text]
93e66d79ccd6df3499ec31c2ba7fbf713fbf10e5	Both during Disney's life and after his death, his possible anti Semitism was actively discussed.
9168f570975910d39e6452252d349158a3d593f1	Art Babbitt claimed that Disney attended meetings of the German American Union[15].
3b9bc77c9549739813231527fa75467022a7cac4	Another animator, David Swift, while resigning from the Disney studio, came across Walt's anti Semitic attack[16].
a6865e253bd1c57aa96f17cdadacb14415ffe80d	In the XXI century, it became known from declassified documents that Disney in 1940 rejected the request of the warring British for help.[source not specified 271 days] The Churchill government secretly approached Disney with the idea of creating an anti Nazi cartoon based on the legend of St. George hitting the Dragon.
68c3205d15df6f55eaf415754063622f05bd4868	Disney biographer Mark Eliot believes that the reluctance to make a film against the Nazis was not caused by anti Semitism at all: "Disney was among the supporters of an influential movement against the involvement of the United States in the European war.
afb1e775cb93a27f2ac9ba543fa40cdbb20d0d3e	In addition, Disney did not want to lose the German market for its films."[source not specified 271 days] Later, he still filmed this legend in the cartoon "The Reluctant Dragon" (1941).
5fea567afdf6d23e2c86f271e7fc2160dbe59e35	In honor of U. Disney named the asteroid (4017) Disneya, discovered by astronomer Lyudmila Karachkina at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory on February 21, 1980.
b61ff35c536a987789211ab35ab94c570e891eb4	The role of Disney in the biographical film " Save Mr. Banks "(2013) was performed by twice Oscar winner Tom Hanks.
87ee1c87195e9b4c8233c9f37a6e02d908612fd5	In the documentary film from the series "Geniuses and Villains of the Passing Era" (Russia, 2003), the role of W. Disney was played by Russian actor Dmitry Filimonov.
899af8f170bc6387ba5bc241b68657437bbbc980	The cartoon "Destino" co authored with Salvador Dali.
28c95e0f385de524b2b0a32dd60594eccd03ba01	The cartoon "Aristocratic Cats", which was published in 1971, after the death of Disney.
44f290c4ee50d55f37366a6982bc063beae6b1c0	Selected filmography[edit / edit wiki text]
c5769caf5726fb72a6fb65bdb2ea44c52af1155e	1922 Little Red Riding Hood 1922-1927 - "Alice's Adventures" :
0bd04e0b85e52d364691a32a263cc3f38828c498	1923 — Wonderland Alice (eng. Alice's Wonderland) 1924 — Spooky adventure Alice (eng. Alice's Spooky Adventure) 1924 — Wild West Show Alice (eng. Alice's Wild West Show) 1924 — the History of fishing Alice (eng. Alice's Fishy Story) 1924 — Alice and the dog Catcher (eng. Alice and the Dog Catcher) 1924 — Alice the peacemaker (eng. Alice the Peacemaker) 1924 — Alice goes to Denmark (eng. Alice Gets in Dutch) 1924 — Alice hunting in Africa (eng. Alice Hunting in Africa) 1924 — Alice and the three bears (eng. Alice and the Three Bears) 1924 — Alice Piper (eng. Alice the Piper) 1925 — Alice is fighting with cannibals (eng. Alice Cans the Cannibals) 1925 — Alice the Toreador (eng. Alice the Toreador) 1925 — Alice gets nervous (eng. Alice Gets Stung) 1925 — Alice solves the puzzle (eng. Alice Solves the Puzzle) 1925 — Alice the Factory for the production of eggs (eng. Alice's Egg Plant) 1925 — Alice fails (eng. Alice Loses Out) 1925 — Alice is a fan of theatre (eng. Alice Is Stage Struck) 1925 — Alice wins the Derby (eng. Alice Wins the Derby) 1925 — Alice picks the Champ (eng. Alice Picks the Champ) 1925 — Tin pony in Alice (eng. Alice's Tin Pony) 1925 — /Alice Chops the Suey 1925 — /Alice the Jail Bird 1925 — /Alice Plays Cupid 1925 — eng.
5c4adf600a92cb824894739071eeb28a72319783	Alice Rattled by Rats 1925 — Alice in the jungle (eng. Alice in the Jungle)
32e34f2ccf4151300cc235a9b9af614812dedc8b	1926 — Alice on the farm (eng. Alice on the Farm) 1926 — eng.
fc3f68ddcaa1cda9b2adcf97fbef87cea5c5b594	Alice's Balloon Race 1926 — Small parade of Alice (eng. Alice's Little Parade) 1926 — /Alice's Mysterious Mystery 1926 — Alice's orphan (eng. Alice's Orphan) 1926 — Alice charms the fish (eng. Alice Charms the Fish) 1926 — a Meaningless job Alice (eng. Alice's Monkey Business) 1926 — Alice in the land of dreams (eng. Alice in Slumberland) 1926 — Alice in the Wild West (eng. Alice in the Wooly West) 1926 — Alice the Fire (eng. Alice the Fire Fighter) 1926 — /Alice Cuts the Ice 1926 — /Alice Helps the Romance 1926 — Spanish guitar Alice (eng. Alice's Spanish Guitar) 1926 — /Alice's Brown Derby 1926 — Alice the lumberjack (eng. Alice the Lumberjack) 1927 — /Alice the Golf Bug 1927 — /Alice Foils the Pirates 1927 — Alice at the carnival (eng. Alice at the Carnival) 1927 — Alice at the Rodeo (eng. Alice at the Rodeo) 1927 — /Alice the Collegiate 1927 — Alice in the Alps (eng. Alice in the Alps) 1927, the race of Alice (eng. Alice's Auto Race) 1927 — /Alice's Circus Daze 1927 — /Alice's Three Bad Eggs 1927 — /Alice's Knaughty Knight 1927 picnic Alice/Alice's Picnic 1927 — /Alice's Channel Swim 1927 — Alice in the Klondike (eng. Alice in the Klondike) 1927 — /Alice's Medicine Show 1927 — /Alice the Whaler 1927 — /Alice the Beach Nut 1927 — eng.
a674499e15a94e12d8e765b3c5395211ca7fa1a3	Alice in the Big League
a9c7b2d4e8167ca2771f1e70a429fd611ef208a3	1927- Empty Socks (the first Christmas cartoon [18][19]) 1927 Oh Teacher 1927 Mechanical cow/The Mechanical Cow 1927 — The Banker's Daughter 1927 — Oswald the Lucky Rabbit 1928 — Crazy Airplane/Plane Crazy 1928 — Steamboat Willie 1929 — 1939 — Funny Symphonies (English Silly Symphonies) 1937 — Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (English Snow White & the 7 Dwarfs) 1940 — Pinocchio/Pinocchio 1940 — Fantasy (English Fantasia) 1941 — Dumbo/Dumbo 1942 — Bambi/Bambi 1944 — The Three Caballeros/The 3 Caballeros 1949 — The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Todd/The Adventures of Ichabod & Mr. Toad 1950 Cinderella 1951 Alice in Wonderland 1953 Peter Pan 1955 Lady and the Tramp 1959 Sleeping Beauty 1961 One Hundred and One Dalmatians (One Hundred and One Dalmatians) (eng. One Hundred And One Dalmatians) 1963 The Sword in the Stone 1966 The Jungle Book (the last cartoon shot during Disney's lifetime)
cd022f56bf070145279af4310c2610ba2202ca85	Movies about Walt Disney[edit / edit wiki text]
05fc2f2bba42950c1bf0e5f411a01045e126da0b	2015 Walt Disney
da5f485518f1c5e2e4ce7246efbf9a12fe49ecc4	Awards and prizes[edit / edit wiki text]
d55d89757a0c3a1e08cb681ba1d122c85ed9ed65	Film awards "Oscar"[edit / edit wiki text]
9755d8e4598877076a2a0dbdbb8bd7674271639b	1932 — Honorary award for the creation of Mickey mouse 1933 — Best animated short Flowers and trees/Flowers and Trees (1932) 1934 — Best animated short — the Three little pigs/Three Little Pigs (1933) 1935 — Best animated short — The Tortoise & the Hare (1934) 1936 — Best animated short — Three Orphan Kittens (1935) 1937 — Best animated short — The Country Cousin (1936) 1938 — Best animated short — The Old Mill (1937) 1939 — the Best short cartoon — Ferdinand the Bull (1938) 1939 — Honorary award for Snow white and the seven dwarfs (1937 Disney receives one statuette complete Oscar and seven little Oscars — the number of the dwarves) 1940 — Best animated short — the Ugly duckling/The Ugly Duckling (1939) 1942 — Best animated short — Lend a Paw (1941) 1942 — Honorary award for contribution to improving the quality of the sound in the movie Fantasia (1940) (with William Garrity and John Hawkins) 1942 — the Award is named for Irving Thalberg 1943 — Best animated short Der Fuehrer's Face (1942) 1949 — Best short film — Seal Island (1948) 1951 — Best short film — Beaver Valley (1950) 1952 — Best short film — Nature's Half Acre (1951) 1953 — Best short film — Water Birds (1952) 1954 — Best documentary — Living desert (1953) 1954 — Best documentary — The Alaskan Eskimo (1953) 1954 — Best short film — Toot Whistle Plunk and Boom (1953) 1954 — Best short film — Bear Country (1953) 1955 — Best documentary — the Vanishing Prairie (1954), 1956 — the Best documentary — Men Against the Arctic (1955) 1959 — Best short film — Grand Canyon (1958) 1969 — Best short film — Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day (1968) — posthumously
0d021978f564e90fe3967f4155d301b3346d9c80	"Golden Globe" [edit / edit wiki text]
8efdd1dce02fbe4602bc4e9428e7e99128b630a0	1948 Bambi — for the Hindi version of the film 1953 - Award.
e189aa520630e3d4919a22f83b26e1b7372588e7	Cecil de Mille 1954 The Living Desert 1955 Davy Crockett in the TV series "Disneyland" 1956 — The Mickey Mouse Club
ac672fb0ebed7d95cfa2f06b1e31419e8e936e5a	"BAFTA"[edit / edit wiki text]
5f7ad83d4a898dfc7270fc2ee728c0a430767e59	1955 Best Documentary - The Disappearing Prairie (1954) 1961 Best Animated Film One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961)
8d15f7ac72c5a84f57f6d9bec39edfe6fd4393e1	Awards of the Cannes Film Festival[edit / edit wiki text]
41fd38f6368beeebe00f174f699cb088018294d5	1946 Best Animated Film Make Mine Music (1946) 1953 - for contribution to the recognition of the festival
80832d48405efc3c82f9bcf4c0dd253003839c0e	David di Donatello[edit / edit wiki text]
7aae5165cff922cf3de7bf200bd90e35e40c6dbc	1956 The Lady and the Tramp (1955)
8fbc76e916cf976a0a1325d312ed2132a3ecc81e	Directors Guild of America[edit / edit wiki text]
28df019feccf7044a9343bdb3ae5268aa3f1222b	1955 — Honorary Life Member Award
2f5eed44a0b6548ae5c8f4d3e1813f8454055cb0	Golden screen[edit / edit wiki text]
0bfcf5f86c2e4dc4818abf8619412da4149c46d1	1969 The Jungle Book (1967) - posthumously
fb25225342e1dc4f9a5ee44a0016149278b2ba1b	Laurel Awards[edit / edit wiki text]
98f2840cacf7f31ef19aad8ea71e517984008b24	1958 Golden Laurel — best producer (2nd place) 1959 — Golden Laurel — Best producer (3rd place) 1960 — Golden Laurel — Best producer (2nd place) 1961 — Golden Laurel — Best producer 1962 — Golden Laurel — Best producer 1963 — Golden Laurel — Best producer 1964 Golden Laurel — Best producer 1965 Golden Laurel — Best producer 1966 Golden Laurel — Best producer 1967 Golden Laurel special prize, posthumously
a597791fe34543b43abc0b3afbb136a949565eb9	Montreal World Film Festival[edit / edit wiki text]
a8eb6d1aa5bd31d682d58b4f4026731e49b27b8b	1999 Grand Prix Special des Amériques for exceptional contribution to cinema, posthumously
849b52950b1dca2fea812e5180aaadba84a41f35	Motion Picture Screen Cartoonists Awards[edit / edit wiki text]
5e06a1ebdd3973ace9cd5d6798d3beb2e3904f80	1987 special prize in honor of the 50th anniversary of "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs", posthumously
c1fb0d06dc1ae8a84c0f621954d26feaff4ae8fa	New York Film Critics Circle Awards[edit / edit wiki text]
8cf39b257fb06e174f78a7efc30e465969652b8e	1939 special prize for "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" 1940 special prize for "Fantasy"
ec9cea2219dd295e6f02bcb447b9db647eef7b9d	Venice Film Festival[edit / edit wiki text]
c2d380fb23d539b82241adae268a45964cef0e56	1934 Best Animated Film Funny Little Bunnies (1934) 1935 Best Animated Film — The Band Concert (1935) 1936 — Best socio political Film Il cammino degli eroi (1936); also awarded the cartoon Who Killed Cock Robin?
a1e11863c8928821953caaa0d20ee0dd0d1c457e	(1935) 1938 prize for "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" 1950 special prize for "Cinderella" and the documentary "In Beaver Valley"
859ac649223f1a4ea591940cc795b90a1f234bef	Emmy Awards[edit / edit wiki text]
b39023887ecaf637a23286c4c3c48e9c80adc7e0	1956 best producer
ef8d73a7c25574aa5c10bb7572889530e36b1186	Awards "Annie"[edit / edit wiki text]
94af1a6119c420b7aa884a29b7f14087e418ace5	1975 - award to them.
f9b91a13eb08a20bb2914e7229fa1ae835a2332e	Windsor MacKay, posthumously
da0c53aaffd74e39954ef606e0f5d1c9c989e08f	Hollywood Walk of Fame[edit / edit wiki text]
d7797e4e3b18c67973e2a362f0773e6b28fd6e68	Walt Disney has 2 stars of the emblem on the Walk of Fame for his contribution to the cinema and for the development of television.
61affe642b44deb5a577260a2d91d33489282ad2	1940 Medal of Progress (Society of Film and Television Engineers) 1952 Medal of Progress (Photographic Society of America)
1861de0df5c023534ffe689ad251db8958994cd4	Roy Oliver Disney is the older brother of Walt Disney.
2643c60a89091dc6a531cd5b71218c78a788c66a	Together with him, Disney founded the company now known as The Walt Disney Company.
7382660f91c118ee1ce73438e79f06fc216cdb76	Roy held the post of general CEO (1929-1971) and president of the company (1945-1971).
42bb49d6ddd579eb53d861db8763fe181d6bcd28	The Walt Disney Company is one of the largest corporations in the entertainment industry in the world.
ce5dbba42ac785f6a1353b39519fb2b59b5ee04e	Founded on October 16, 1923 by brothers Walter and Roy Disney as a small animation studio, it is currently one of the largest Hollywood studios, owns 11 theme parks, two water parks, four cruise liners (operated by a subsidiary of Disney Cruises Line)[20], as well as several broadcasting networks including ABC.
0447b4c9bda56863f07cf13a440c90c0990ef8bb	Disneyland is a popular and highly profitable amusement park in Anaheim, California.
8f38eb25c23c9ad04d6ea3baa1aa1cb5395144e3	It opened in 1955, becoming the embodiment of Walt Disney's idea of a park in which the world of cartoons and fairy tales would be recreated, where everyone is interested - both adults and children.
1cb4f7897aac7492f6031c1dc7b2acdcebf17ade	Walt Disney Studios is the international headquarters of the Walt Disney Media conglomerate, which is located in Burbank, California.
05d8f2f519fa38d147f9691c9b2aaec492e63c60	Немец German National Library, Berlin State Library, Bavarian State Library, etc. Record #118526006 / / General regulatory Control — 2012-2016.
9f418d37ead2a4b7b81fcba1fb0a4b545797fba0	Ути 1 2 3 Utilov V.
7ef062645f2c04e6b9ee7b70fd27294594eab1ec	A. Disney Walt / / The Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / edited by A. M. Prokhorov 3rd ed.
582892d6fdea35f7766313d2b24c9d5755a7b3fe	- Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1972.
ceb505c4d4ba60cd50a7a922a73bd90cb090d144	- Vol. 8: Debitor Eucalyptus.
fcb518cc90ec799ab9a51957a485edb18e605e00	- p. 304.
dffa98321825975b6395d05c4068c0ac439ce036	<a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q16335620"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q17378135"></a>
98381115c8af210a032dab3eb62b409c3ad37511	Произнош The pronunciation of the surname in English is Dizni.
5088edfa2cdd52d36bd6ab6686014f19cda94e11	↑ The story of Oscar ↑ Walt Disney Biography (English) ↑ "The History of tobacco" on istorya.ru ↑ "The Visionary Walt Disney" on the RFI website ↑ Walt Disney (1901-1966) - Find A Grave Memorial ↑ Walt Disney's eldest daughter has died in the United States.
052c7d5b89d7cf24a2ecb49f6c7df3adb6191fa5	ITAR TASS (November 20, 2013).
cb5a226832ec51c2eb87cb53b56815af949968c4	Checked on November 20, 2013.
fb497c3faac79d4f86777b59f340163c0de5447a	↑ Business.
3250c9f1a3a840d9fb31d0e00d62ade12229b9e2	Success stories.
0db2b21fe8ec009f3325d5e4f60300dd38e2b4e7	Walt Disney ↑ Kommersant newspaper of May 8, 1993 ↑ Chronicles of Jerusalem ↑ Walt Disney Film Studio celebrates its eightieth anniversary Channel One.
f5f4d450b764696273580c0b24ec878fdf9cd34c	Verified on March 28, 2013.
4e0e07a114ed58c9a6bd677eba46008138b5ab58	Archived from the original source on April 4, 2013.
4ca740499031ba2130d035c95a0a2cd463e1c48c	↑ Gabler, Neal.
4336330c13522870eedb767b7baf96cdb1825a53	Walt Disney: The Triumph of American Imagination (2006).
abc007758fb281dfcdc03e40375daeb6f0245860	New York, NY.
bc5c8e406d4a422592703e3f828dbbbd81f5c4d7	Random House.
a1da446206c015d60c386a3dcc3e9f65def5434b	ISBN 0-679-43822 X , p. 448 ↑ Gabler, Neal.
fbbc3b4f54305a8e5450833c845f5aa007f7e371	ISBN 0-679-43822 X , p. 456 ↑ And Now a Word From the Director ↑ The lost Walt Disney Christmas cartoon, created by him in 1927, was accidentally found beyond the Arctic Circle ↑ Lost 1927 Disney Christmas film found in Norway ↑ Disney Cruises Line
2e701d2e3f7e62238bfd1c41067ad3c8bbec2f87	E. M. Arnoldi.
9ed952e1d23e23ad23fc19dc87a928d40f0f09c7	The life and fairy tales of Walt Disney.
f676d86b238714618107a002eec095b7212e7c40	- L.: Iskusstvo, 1968 — - 212 p.
33a2b6c7d1f7babd3f86d7391e71b5da65963f68	Barrier, Michael (1999).
cfaa454680dca3bc80af1a3541fef07da07bc5f2	Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age.
497be1b52625b1733bbdf79e41cefcfcd6fb8386	Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1bbb876a3f4fba8d2dbfbd0a4e6b5db00758cd88	ISBN 0-19-516729-5.
1d81657381fab2347795ff7757d4140296d13747	Mosley, Leonard.
46326423e69f99306ca02384343dbc01e8a0ca69	Disney’s World: A Biography (1985, 2002).
8c22720606f6da196df4c77f403b264dfea835e4	Chelsea, MI: Scarborough House.
a0989d3b793428705acbe57195b80726a76274b2	ISBN 0-8128-8514-7.
eead789d898db76e9326ec854067417893de8bfb	Schickel, Richard and Dee, Ivan R (1967, 1985, 1997).
39e8e7fc8aec168188c7fd69f8a567f223d32cbb	The Disney Version: The Life, Times, Art and Commerce of Walt Disney.
ad4bc68dc19198a5c178ce3dd8cd96b0bb49e3ec	Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, Publisher.
f5386715f02804562e3aa8ba1e105ab33ccad279	ISBN 1-56663-158-0.
fc326b37332c17f1a0e3e4834efff9e454ee4ad3	Thomas, Bob (1991).
3f3b23eb4b54a9bd3a1c8560d98ef2e361a346e0	Disney’s Art of Animation: From Mickey Mouse to Beauty and the Beast.
93f48d3dea2f2cbb3cad01d7ec9600dbd4ae1e7d	New York: Hyperion.
f42cc930754ae984edefd8367dc1205aac9c2407	ISBN 1-56282-899-1 Thomas, Bob (1976,1994).
7542c1c14c09fbb97a5d7942774525ed4d3ccdcc	Walt Disney: An American Original ISBN 0-7868-6027-8 Broggie, Michael (1997, 1998, 2005).
49a185f890959ab3752f557f3c730f6e436710ce	Walt Disney’s Railroad Story.
86734552a379acdfddeaebf15526a04c5d5ae228	Virginia Beach, Virginia.
c33873750176802fc797f21493b10144f2ebb30d	Donning Publishers.
a60a8cbc4a662dd33867c21a2410e9f23dd90559	ISBN 1-56342-009-0 Eliot, Marc (1993).
5fbc1afd2ad64e049b2a10c519d1025a34a0944d	Walt Disney: Hollywood’s Dark Prince.
eb2db832d388efa29e284206e0291a515243a3fc	Carol.
e5b7a796637f409ae14263976aec29b9cdb0f28b	ISBN 1-55972-174 X Gabler, Neal.
dcd8e5528ba086ffb65b96f5a095a8427b774310	ISBN 0-679-43822 X Sherman, Robert and Richard Sherman (1998) «Walt’s Time: From Before to Beyond» ISBN 0-9646059-3-7.
b8a211ced56994c60cb55ee409fed22ec719f459	Walt Disney in Wikicitatnik?
3e37e7dfbac87a1068f3d8ea9c811a5e86aa3ad3	Walt Disney on Wikimedia Commons?
ce387e1062cfcd7956982416cdae6b8ecf346ff8	Walt Disney Family Museum (English) Walt Disney's hobby: Miniature garden railroading (English) Time Magazine profile (English) Walt Disney at justdisney.com (English) Biography of Walt Disney
ee7b00be5043395648899dce646af6828c5045e8	The predecessor:
e04e548f86c9646ab0bd8bd013a6a4d19233b010	- Chairman of the Walt Disney Company
a4b085f0f68f3881c0c9f7504dcf738be16cb39c	1929-1964 (First Chairman)
ff70220114c505b9a8b9c07b0a8e08fdc4c487b9	Successor:
5bc15bb10960c83287df05e8e219690ae1b37f04	Roy Oliver Disney
ac81a4e2ef419301ebdeb16b2a96526e8b46ff3a	Voicing of Mickey Mouse
febe42631003ceecc926752839ee046308acdedd	(1928-1947 • * Jimmy McDonald
81f99de517ca63d292fc497fa869f7ac2302bba7	(1947-1977 • * Wayne Allwine (1977-2009) • Bret Ivan (2009 present)
f343c325d30c11044474d53af7a1cbdedf08d24a	Irving Thalberg Academy Award
edb3a33242a1f15eb8e865f406c65ab07a22b388	Darryl F. Zanuck (1938) · Hal B. Wallis (1939) · David O. Selznick (1940) · Walt Disney (1942) · Sidney Franklin (1943) · Hal B. Wallis (1944) · Darryl F. Zanuck
1e168c1926c9940ab506a3b348ebbd8f09009677	(1945 · * Samuel Goldwyn (1947) · Jerry Wald (1949) · Darryl F. Zanuck (1951) · Arthur Fried (1952) · Cecil B.
c917eebb01f0c9eb6c06a88dce331208e0f7ba47	DeMille (1953) · George Stevens (1954) · Buddy Adler (1957) · Jack Warner (1959) · Stanley Kramer (1962) · Sam Spiegel (1964) · William Wyler (1966) · Robert Wise (1967) · Alfred Hitchcock (1968) · Ingmar Bergman (1971) · Lawrence Weingarten (1974) · Mervyn Leroy (1976) · Pandro S. Berman (1977) · Walter Mirish (1978) · Ray Stark (1980) · Albert R. Broccoli (1982) · Steven Spielberg (1987) · Billy Wilder (1988) · David Brown and Richard D. Zanuck (1991) · George Lucas (1992) · Clint Eastwood (1995) · Saul Zantz (1997) · Norman Jewison (1999) · Warren Beatty (2000) · Dino De Laurentiis (2001) · John Calley (2009) · Francis Ford Coppola (2010)
2ec87e517fd547e7d95288be31450f0e32e2f5a9	Winnie the Pooh
ec3ebfcc3b0c4f8b8ad679c5ad9a31f76f912fc2	When We were Very Young (1924) * Winnie the Pooh and All Everything (1926) · Now We are six (1927) · The House on the Pooh Edge (1928) · Return to the Enchanted Forest (2009)
b6f59f08fd6d58c6725e21a9ec24e068148ec586	Characters
71ea9d8a02248428e753c741ddd7caba3492144d	Winnie the Pooh (Disney) * Piglet · Tigger · Christopher Robin · Rabbit · Eeyore * Kanga · Baby Ru · Owl · Ground Squirrel · Relatives and Friends of the Rabbit · Heffalump · Beech and Byaka · Schasvirnus · Outsiders V. * Darby
60e0853105693c575377162eb0665b630734e917	Disney: Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree
eea4e94d46c9adc31aba31e6a1a2d460b07cb503	(1966 · * Winnie the Pooh and the Day of worries (1968) · Winnie the Pooh, and with it the Tiger!
19aaa767f64688fc3308f02e26f5be3da09281fd	(1974) · Winnie the Pooh and Eeyore's Birthday (1983)
fa05f47e5902f7951e3d547687d8065c4b2cb1c8	Soyuzmultfilm: Winnie the Pooh (1969) * Winnie the Pooh goes to visit (1971) · Winnie the Pooh and the day of worries (1972)
8b60586c8dc5b20c8b5f240b7fd523d853b342fc	Winnie the Pooh opens the season (1981)
9824ff59d938c0068f41d81fd20453c0845a4b2a	The Many adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1977) · The Adventures of Tigger (2000) · A Big Movie about a Pig (2003) · Winnie and the Heffalump (2005) · Winnie the Bear and his Friends (2011)
18cbd098781eea0cf1cba44c0c068681b810a713	Direct to video movies
fafd1bbc2ec7fef806f769e2769836744ed92ea4	The Great Journey of Pooh: In Search of Christopher Robin
0847cb6cab351c19f4cd9b88dc62b2874b7e2895	(1997 · * Winnie the Pooh: Time to Make Gifts (1999) · The Book of Pooh: Stories from the Heart (2001) · Winnie the Pooh: Christmas Pooh (2002) · Winnie the Pooh: Spring Days with Baby Roo (2004) · Winnie the Pooh and the Heffalump: Halloween (2005) · Super Pooh Movie (2007) · My Friends Tigger and Winnie: The Musical of the Magic Forest (2009)
183e039d13ab90e70745bc605e0a7252b0c4355b	Welcome to Pooh's Edge (1983-86) · The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1988-91) · The Book of Pooh (2001-03) · My Friends Tigger and Winnie (2007-10)
942078ca2d04f25545a316c123a392c4d5d339fd	Special
936affc1b160b2ac971a1f3cae8c5b82508eb8ad	Cartoon Stars Rush to the Rescue
4251710da8c45ae476eef91a4a8f89a5036e8979	(1990 · * Winnie the Pooh and Christmas too (1991) · Boo!
4821b86b8960acd996c0f73f900aa3707efde877	(1996 · * Winnie the Pooh and Thanksgiving (1998) · Valentine in your Hands (1999)
cac07336dac88e562ded95d29fd550aa65db5e75	Video games
248c6da6b2a3e3fa3d18c811c9faff76aed8a783	Winnie the Pooh in the Hundred Acre Wood
b914da114710ad7d361d13315112ca60c988d2d2	(1986 · * Tigger and Winnie (2000) · Adventures in the 100 Acre Forest[en] (2000)
85a13d1b8908be79fd04fc0a767f411c0a5cf822	· Winnie.
b7f0082e2852925d126ec380e92cc815a918cc3d	Games with friends
5e6f592deb78b3e53c4bd4221bd2f2fde55132f5	(2001 · * Vinnie.
0338bd1d85425fde48c819bdca3c5395ffe65f45	Honey Feast
da9aa80875f0e3438fc05be8f80567594af2ed29	(2003 · * Winnie the Pooh's Rumbly Tumbly Adventure (2005) · Disney Friends (2007)
e1404b4267e47524e8168b72314967c404615a9a	Songs
c09af4bd3799cd0c0adbd89267fd32df288ee598	"Vinnie, Our Friend" (1966) · "Up, Down and Touch the Ground" (1966) · "Rumbly in My Tumbly" (1966) · "Little Black Rain Cloud" (1966) · "Mind Over Matter" (1966) · "A Rather Blustery Day" (1968) · "The Wonderful Thing About Tiggers" (1968) · "Heffalumps and Woozles" (1968) · "When the Rain Rain Rain Came Down" (1968) · "Hip Hip Pooh Ray!"
bddfe734dcd56dd73adda106ffc1877d69927d0c	(1968) · "House at Pooh Corner" (1970) · "I Hum to Myself" (1983) · "Just Say, 'Yes I Can'" (1983) · "The Right Side" (1983) · "You're the Only You" (1983) · "Try a Little Something New" (1983) · "Wherever You Are" (1997) · "Ev'ry Season Has a Reason" (1999) · "Just Like Me" (2000) · "Super Duper tigger Jumper joker poker Skip" (2000) · "Lullaby for Bees" (2000) · "Tigger Family" (2000) · "How to Become a Tigger" (2000) · "Round My Family Tree" (2000) · "Your Heart Will Lead You Home" (2000)
ed96aeba327fb8356e089dc525ef48cea8872f99	A. A. Milne · Christopher Robin Milne * E. H. Shepard · The Sherman Brothers · Harry Colborne · Jim Cummings · Peter Dennis · Walt Disney · Sterling Holloway · John Fiedler · Paul Winchell · Evgeny Leonov · Shirley Lasswell · Stephen Schlesinger · David Benedictus · Mark Burgess
d498b53cdae8123f42122303d425f556b3ac85a2	Disney's Winnie the Pooh · Les Ashdown · Bother!
248704b8544fb36e1d1df389d6fd9e4c410b8ff5	Pooh's Brain · Enchanted Forest * Attraction "Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh" · Methuen & Co. Ltd. · More Songs from Pooh Corner · Vinnie is looking for myed · Trivia · Return to Pooh Corner · The Tao of Winnie the Pooh · De Piglet · Winnie the Pooh and the Philosophy of Everyday Language · The Bear Winnipeg · Winnie the Pooh Street
6119d1c1951ba3d37ab82de0b93b8998bc54f64d	Category · Wikicitatnik · Wikimedia Commons · Vikinovosti
f8a1a49b6e7b84eedfc5ecfbe1b3e1d770b11c6c	Notable Names Database · AllMovie · AlloCiné · Discogs · Internet Movie Database · MusicBrainz · Rotten Tomatoes · RKDartists · Find a Grave
69e0342f7990558ac49ff984c431ac014527c644	BIBSYS Regulatory Control: 90057066 * BNC: a11231014 · BNE: XX1163376 · BNF: 11994688k · GND: 118526006 · ISNI: 0000 0001 2128 0724 · LC CN: n78095660 · NDL: 00437974 · NKC: jn19990001791 · NLA: 35037590 · NLR: RUNLRAUTH77714, RUNLRAUTH77153 · NTA: 182955389, 068474202 · NUKAT: n93080776 · PTBNP: 27116 · LIBRIS: 273638 · SUDOC: 028028945 · VIAF: 36927108 · ULAN: 500025598
d19ea2db8eafc64676394d063310af0a28d46ebb	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disney, _Walt&oldid=82782975"
878a1adb94bc339b375c8df6f1cb8075f1f84d29	Categories: Personalities alphabetically Born on December 5 Born in 1901 Born in Chicago Died on December 15 Died in 1966 Died in Burbank Film Directors alphabetically Film Directors of the USA Film Directors of the XX century Screenwriters alphabetically Screenwriters of the USA Screenwriters of the XX century Actors alphabetically Actors of the USA Actors of the XX century Awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom Knights of the Legion of Honor Officers of the Order of the Aztec Eagle Who died of lung cancer Animation Directors Artists of the USA Animators of the USA Artists of the Walt Studio Disney Winners of the Congressional Gold Medal Winners of the Golden Globe Award Winners of the Cecil B.
40b7325a944b63992ae815aa204c416cff1fffca	DeMille Award Winners of the Emmy Award Winners of the Oscar Award Winners of the David di Donatello Award Buried at Forest Lawn Cemetery Anti Communists of the United States
ccf1b0a046a4101f5509e51de7b98d0ce7d45ef2	Hidden Categories: Pages using magic Links ISBN Wikipedia:Articles with redefinition of the value from Wikidata Wikipedia:Articles with sources from Wikidata Wikipedia:No sources since April 2016 Wikipedia:Articles without sources (type: person; occupation: screenwriter) Wikipedia:Articles with statements without sources for more than 14 days
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17fe5f60eae7df14112245b6d19510312db78aea	Last modified on this page: 14: 44, December 31, 2016.
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ab8f8f1db29a453dd397fbe1532b6f2471c323b7	Home Biographies Art Directors, producers
69623ad3c32889f2905ebd26950c36691493af31	Biography of Walt Disney American film and television producer, showman Walt Disney is known to the world as a pioneer in the world of animated films and the creator of Disneyland.
a56a50a6065d3c9c516adcdfb96325ed493e13e4	Walter Elias," Walt", Disney was born on December 5, 1901 in the Hermosa neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois.
28cebe27ae46d00c6a587ec9b1be812e1970fbb2	His father, Elias Disney, was a Canadian of Irish descent, and his mother, Flora Coll Disney – was an American born German.
e453af6d25e2539ccda9ef6920c3ea757ada1be3	Walter spends his childhood years in Marceline, Missouri, where he first begins to draw and paint pictures, which he then sells to neighbors and friends. 1911 the family moves to Kansas City, where the boy awakens a love for trains.
b9591713c6d6ad558799c483ada68989ea84c814	Later, Walter will get a summer part time job on the railway, where he will sell breakfasts and newspapers to passengers.
484f6609af1e2584bc5c36df2be1d052e77ae7c7	The boy studies at McKinley High School in Chicago, where he attends additional drawing and photography classes, and also participates in the publication of the school newspaper, decorating it with illustrations.
322a59d764b11790fea028d51a4804d0da47bb58	In the evenings, he attends classes at the Art Institute of Chicago.
5e779e29ec36beb54a6d781b8a39348b1c43079e	Then he joins the ranks of the Red Cross and goes to France, where he serves as an ambulance driver for a year.
353e3135c577dcdd433d71c64c2135c352dcf8c1	Early cartoons
7b9b48ba5a866b4a313b3574c09dcd87a0f4d74d	After returning from France in 1919, Disney returned to Kansas City in the hope of getting a job as an illustrator for a newspaper.
32446e3f80bac408f854f6785525f2ccb5dcb1d4	Brother Roy puts Walter to work in the Art Studio of Pesman Rubin, where he meets with the cartoonist Abbe Eert Ivwerks, better known as Ab Iwerks.
40f884ce178b389a37866ac76baf2d7b8b9724a7	After that, Disney goes to work at the Kansas City Film Ad Company, where he is engaged in creating commercials using shift animation.
4736193b02c81a90a4e37e8bae1285801a8cb5af	Around the same time, he began experimenting with a video camera, shooting hand drawn two dimensional cartoons, and, in the end, decided to start his own animation business.
50c14a74987f9933265aa01bc0c0d87a7746a547	Together they create a series of seven minute fairy tale videos that combine the game of live actors and animation, and call it "Alice in the Land of Cartoons".
912bbf3e8a4340b09f53769c5a1afd154a67eedc	Soon, Walter and his brother, Roy, raise money and move to Hollywood.
b2027e3d650179117ab76dcb7d74d381868b3280	Iverks also moves there.
ca33e8dc481500567e3a12e5b68ed695b892f941	All three of them together are taken to create the Disney Brothers studio.
80d6e7c2ffd276f7dafc75328c730e4a3b25be3e	Their first deal is a contract with the distributor Margaret Winkler for the distribution of their Alice cartoons.
7132c3c76a102c48f73bedd06559452f11478ab5	Soon they come up with a new character, Oswald the lucky rabbit, and sell their short cartoons for $ 1,500 each.
72c567c175f1e125fe32aee5e6eb73417f393ad8	A few years later, Disney learns that Winkler, her husband Charles Mintz and the entire staff of Disney animation studios, with the exception of one Ivers, have stolen the rights to Oswald Rabbit from him.
564fd6031a9ce0cda93f1dad328f55a87a879773	The Disney brothers, their wives, and the devoted Ivers immediately release three cartoons featuring a new character invented by Walt, who gets the name Mickey Mouse.
8756b9664d558ece42ad6bd0d124bfd8ccb87e6d	The first short cartoons with the participation of this hero are "Mad Plane" and "Gallop on an ostrich", which cannot be sold due to the fact that both videos were silent.
070479d87edf1a6a2cbffae03b2e11b7753ad50e	When sound comes to the cinema, Disney creates a third short cartoon, this time in full armor of sound and music, called "Steamboat Willie".
991319a9591a77953525d574ad4198af5bb748f6	Now that Mickey has spoken in Walt's voice, the cartoon instantly becomes a sensation.
ddd696010e3901e4c7098b06d807149dc94b2f36	Commercial success
7e6b3e77134854d3070d852d6753f28f31425178	In 1929, Disney released "Naive Symphonies", in which new friends of Mickey appear – Minnie Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy and Pluto.
9910fb01e44fb12bc7105f23b6fcae9d950c2cb5	The first color cartoon is the most popular cartoon "Flowers and Trees", which brings its creators the Oscar award.
dd4fe7aa86e4bf1ac78ac5da69905b522eb9553b	Released in 1933, the cartoon "Three Little Pigs" with the song "Who's afraid of the big Bad Wolf?" sounded in the credits becomes the unofficial anthem of the country in the midst of the Great Depression.
d0a94fce7973e1beac01d88c334cdca639bf7ea1	On December 21, 1937, the premiere of the first full length animated film "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs"took place in Los Angeles.
c13930503e7b2b0733e8ce6b4d69676671154979	Even despite the ongoing Depression, he collects an unprecedented amount of 1 million 499 thousand US dollars and wins eight Oscars at once.
b2b8f0c420b662ba8cbff8a6e18b8b2bce746389	Over the next five years, the Walt Disney studio creates a number of full length animated films: "Pinocchio", "Fantasy", "Dumbo and Bambi".
3615726d262f1350b906edc67933a3f36ed0a731	In December 1939, a division of “Walt Disney Studios”was opened in Burbank.
c2f9d5f84799ab8abf9c3489ec9cf2791e1fbcc5	But in 1941, the company was in trouble due to a strike of Disney animators.
e78636cc090f7983a3a45665af1c3d06c87e6747	Many of them subsequently quit, and the company will be able to recover from this loss only after a few years.
9fd0a819a6f26e88279dba0e6ac2c0878b5cabe5	In the mid – 1940s, Mr. Disney created "set films" – a series of interconnected short films intended for sequential display but by 1950 he was again returning to work on animated films.
0606147bccc3f749df65cc0126b181c768bad253	Disneyland
bfbfd22cc39143bc8815e6e61ec2c0e075be1e59	The Disneyland theme park, which cost $ 17 million to build, opens in 1955.
7eb24eafb180f5028a3a5558e95b549a179d7aa3	It becomes a place where children and adults can explore, ride and get acquainted with the heroes of the Disney world.
83cf0464fff0683bb8fb0971b33d3cefe3637760	Just a few years after opening, Disney is making plans to create a new theme park "An experimental prototype of the Society of the Future" in Florida.
6debc322fbb4b25071c93a2a6763d91316dfdbb8	It was just in the process of being built when, in 1966, Disney was diagnosed with lung cancer.
00b7cb199be0200f130c8087299ba08488cb28fb	On December 15, 1966, at the age of 65, Walt Disney dies.
4cae31b1a079013c91394c3ba7f72ac9de8c53b5	His body is cremated, and his ashes are buried at Forest Lawn Cemetery in Los Angeles.
c41f425d3c2d22ca4decb48f5938f360f6c7d83e	After the death of his brother, his brother Roy takes over the implementation of his plans, and in 1971 the park opens under the name "Walt Disney World".
7b0257ce75add65485cb879a8ababbebc2270b68	Quotes
86cb2271adb5d2812504830d65f8c2a829183942	"The most important product that America exports is laughter."
78c47a7a2ae73493af4bb2b83036fa9e7c72dbe6	"There is nothing funnier than an animal endowed with human features."
62010116689b3a7a18975d2cfd71d6fd19177b00	"I love Mickey Mouse more than any woman I've ever known."
b48338df096a3e26fae158f7c8398d648a8d1880	"You may not realize it, but sometimes a blow to the jaw is the best thing that could happen to you."
5ab849b099b9fd8b8867641e48b3be5808d6c69a	"I donot understand how you can talk to children as if they are small.
28f8a677488a263cfa3d1d047aeba3a31b71a1c8	I donot understand how you can talk to anyone like that at all.
d92360ced345b63b51f2c7df4abf60b67d89c663	I like direct conversations with them on an equal footing.
0b0f0618d3ec686ac35240ad4484ac3f8ae43deb	Children always understand everything."
03ad924a8a5c6e92fedf33201200f7438cd16dc1	"It's not money that inspires me – it's my ideas that inspire me."
91617d1f431fa18120e26f4cd203a241d7e86a86	"Disneyland is dedicated to the ideals, dreams and those difficult events that created America... with the hope that this will serve as a source of joy and inspiration for the whole world."
95fa137632ef9a0811057a433a454ac4b969fdf3	"You wonot find a single mousetrap in the house.
488643630c2ba11c3f2a42e735af6211da77f8dc	I have never forgotten that it was the mouse that created me the way I am."
02dca3e13fc7b46c5241254910466c142b5dc324	"The world has never seen such a time as the one in which we live.
922bd9a19d6fefc6d3f3601b682ecb0208ece966	New ideas are constantly emerging, and now we have the tools to bring them to life.
2d79c2faf463ee24ccad2fe613c82ebfe8b2260f	We are moving forward."
509ec8384063589f286eb63aa977727ad85a09fd	"Life consists of light and shadow, and it would be wrong, insincere, flattering to say that there are no shadows in it."
92905b43585fba2b8957633cbb09597fca492c53	"I donot care about criticism.
7ad78cfbdb40250a134dfdf2bccdceff12710de6	Critics put on too much importance.
9cdcfa27c885b31f4f72fc8c78cc00afea65a933	They believe that to become famous, to become a smart guy, you can only look for the mistakes of others.
8bdccd2de8e70c20321b1e3afedbbf0307c03d89	I create films for the public."
8f6ecc6b58834e39356cde38963239c12d396753	"For many years, I hated Snow White, because every time I introduced a new hero to the world, he was compared to Snow White, and he was not in any comparison with her."
3d84539dc60feca94a7648430000524adb44fe7c	"I like to look at life with optimism, but I have enough realism to understand that everything is not so simple in life.
06ad745103dbd3ec067862f35ce335f10ad26c5e	Laughter is followed by tears, and when creating a film or TV show, you need to take into account all aspects of life in them: drama, pathos and humor."
4fac591d2455884423282d08b7fb22f1e1bcec81	"All our dreams can become reality if only we have the courage to fulfill them."
910e5a212380a15b5755f0380739a8ae5fa1a9d8	"Never take on something that someone can do better."
d5be8abf6ffec57a2e9a122b111f24c2afc0fe15	"We were all children once.
67cf8176dff47aeedbbbf7765216181916b3ff39	We've grown up.
6c875a081d78427f0a4a2fcde39d2948039a4b5f	We have changed, but a part of our childhood lives in each of us."
c3afbea1224af07e963f2a95d7b78287d7e43732	Early Years Early Cartoons Commercial Success "Disneyland" Death Quotes
bcf5cec038daa37922291a719d5baff62f4ce684	Activity Directors, producers
fd7cef0405f76ca0d398a0a424072fa13aee2be1	Date of birth December 5, 1901
822f0ac9c713dfcf9ca8f368d9494c9ab45e0742	Zodiac sign Capricorn
cd6c6ae49044aa98899239e269973e67ab6c6d1c	Date of death December 15, 1966
d98fbff5b48cd25911049c737314587e9344e84d	Place of birth USA, Chicago
ba341002e6f6e6fe074793a4e9a6f9f28fcf3b72	Full name (rus) Walter Elias Disney
48f59f81fc24efa5c42649c51a2c4f8922d0f5f1	Full name (English) Walter Elias Disney
244c532f0b82947d8a05d3fdbeff253240e2edf1	Alina Khaliullina 218 2.
dbac1dbcf20815b0c7e4c3796d6a51ca5dc88433	Alyona Ivantsova 199 3.
22c567df05abb89c21d9bfe7ec5a09e760e57448	Daria Platonova 189 4.
8523327b9eb52fb9554436ad70650002bf1e6063	Kristina Kisenkova 142 5.
72a80952b0bc9522e50c5703d53c838b6bde5779	Maria Shevelkova 137 6.
888ebdfa71cb95aafbfece334b17963a7e1ba395	Alina Goncharova 122 7.
a691b7a108c15b28f1559dffa2f7c7fe1fef4ecc	Anna Epishina 121 8.
764b77d5f297deffb9a5ed64594e6c6f2d16d5b4	Polina Masych 106 9.
49e36d8eade1861033260d4cf32081cc7bbd8264	Kira Zakharova 99 10.
567feee3344880f362c0589aa64f6cbacbf39e7b	Ira Bakholdina 89
fec602952477f1f2454cdc4fe43db73e6cfce312	1. Ramzan Ramzan 2,038 2.
71aabeed261b9a2b24b706885896959d377d96ed	Alyona Koshkarovskaya 1,856 3.
b61f04f45ab2eb6e3fd2a122a07f9ba4f73bfe7c	Bulat Sadykov 1,641 5.
6843b793dfcfae593b85461cc151e20f6cf69c2e	Irina Nalivko 677 6.
62fc19f8b14ce489972d2a54317ad4ec3859bd2a	Daria Volkova 617 7.
59db62baae8b3743027f9a58c35fc5697682ec98	Grisha Grifon 586 8.
4096fa63b917290debedb35ebc0aa62d6c1e2051	Evgeny Letun 572 9.
70f76b537f2d0d074e4d691afed859c43ea91b48	Elizaveta Pyakina 495 10. admin 471
1b9993d679a2606cad893ad31fa83dd71f43cb96	Steven Spielberg Mark Zakharov Sergey Bondarchuk Fyodor Bondarchuk Yana Rudkovskaya
943fc23dd854f963ca7f982687dfc2142e2d4b4b	All about the USA History A brief history of the USA Colonization of North America The War of Independence The Louisiana Purchase Slavery in the USA The Anglo American War of 1812-1815 Prerequisites of the Civil War The Civil War in the USA The Great Depression of the USA in World War II The US Army Why are Americans called Yankees?
ca42f258c7743aeb9e92c48a04f4c4d33a5785c9	Native americans of the United States.
9a6600f635236117663200d3c7e4f3b2718c4be0	Indians of the United States Gold Rush in the United States
b70c1530d30c7c00f2f6d3612f9dcf7b7eb70f5a	Symbols Flag of the United States Great Seal of the United States Anthem of the United States Declaration of Independence of the United States Constitution of the United States Who is Uncle Sam?
af86f5c12b48380a0eee206ee7ddcdc4eaf32e64	Attractions Attractions of the USA The Gateway of the West Arch Arlington National Cemetery US airports The Twin Towers The White House The US Library of Congress Bryce Canyon Brighton Beach Brooklyn Bridge Hollywood Walk of Fame Mount Rushmore Ski Resorts USA Grand Canyon Disneyland in Anaheim Monument Valley Death Valley US Roads Hollywood Sign Famous train stations USA Famous bridges USA Independence Hall The Capitol The Freedom Bell The Chrysler Building Mesa Verde Washington Memorial Lincoln Memorial The Monument of the Four Corners Golden Gate Bridge Madison Square Garden Zion National Park Yellowstone National Park Yosemite National Park Niagara Falls New York Metropolitan Pentagon Hoover Dam US Ports Fifth Avenue Rockefeller Center The largest stadiums in the United States The tallest skyscrapers in the United States Statue of Liberty Times Square Central Park (New York) Highway 66 Empire State Building
6aea47b583040d8a1f4fbe51e981a7707ae483f6	Presidents Presidents of the United States Suffrage in the United States 1.
c7b25615f88a42ececf5fd8bd280084f8ac3f94f	George Washington 2.
a6cd3be0f53c3b15e9a1bb40285a8a63005aa885	John Adams 3.
a95d5f19b964295f7fb5f68598e60aa65030287f	Thomas Jefferson 4.
65cf2df2233f269ae125711b93b3faa7b4310f21	James Madison 5.
a058fa3670c1a9b546dc3e1f9c82220fddc044aa	James Monroe 6.
c29b775934d14c02cc0a275f100342932fb1006d	John Quincy Adams 7.
0c005ce9ec30a22ebc8b6a519fe9428e7b624b3b	Andrew Jackson 8.
08a7a5407547665859b69111772e9cef31cbca1e	Martin Van Buren 9.
bbf4e3be3e28224215810f028031d3f47d088e78	William Henry Harrison 10.
45dfd27d5cbca1126dc5e6255e7d72181a5099fd	John Tyler 11.
db55fa423ef305e9d5cf2f58fb5467a81882c50e	James Knox Regiment 12.
bb357ed207f4f8aebf1acf789cd5e64c4e1db6eb	Zachary Taylor 13.
83fdb68f6291208846ff57757af6bcd8aceddcb4	Millard Fillmore 14.
a1d6e69f691b2caa7645f5f1cbb51d0010b3442a	Franklin Pierce 15.
d0b8c88d22afa0867f16dc52b7fc361f1ceee9a1	James Buchanan 16.
c422adad61732d1b7d09b194d9f99904596cb6b2	Abraham Lincoln 17.
9db4363b32e729bf2d699f52ae1c27967313af3b	Andrew Johnson 18.
ea3dc270f4516bf53cb659653e9af9bee9b4f50e	Ulysses Simpson Grant 19.
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645dbbd1a7fa45799949fb24fe208aaf5aed68f0	Benjamin Harrison 24.
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207afad75dcba3c7a60f6f4a7e11973cb4b75075	Theodore Roosevelt 27.
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768590330ecc36f50d2515dbb9a48ad10e50117c	Walt Disney.
9eaa2dcf697f08b25f3b2b6178325cb46879066e	10 facts that you probably didnot know
ccaa5719e04a17726206df995f575b063c56a0db	There is no more famous and influential figure in the field of entertainment production than Walt Disney.
f1a198d6c6328eab6a481fe89666f52dbd89188b	From black and white animation to Oscar winning films, Disney managed to make millions of viewers fall in love with his paintings.
6509688ae23b4a0b929776a23579395f9dab499d	Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck and Goofy are known by children and adults all over the planet.
2e942436a7357bdf2b651bd9f3d798283065ea1d	A small animation studio, founded by Walt Disney on October 16, 1923, is now estimated at $ 42 billion.
41e214ad6ac2b59bae34e098586c597b81168068	Despite the popularity of his characters, Disney himself remains a relatively secretive figure.
2d5dc413be938cf2b10ebe93fa0308e8460c6026	It so happened that his story remained in the shadow of his achievements.
d783983387e4b4997f13babcf17bf63d7a422f21	In this article, we will look at ten interesting facts about the creator of Mickey Mouse.
3eece336c9e54e409012b35a3ade21d1f1c20113	I'm sure you probably havenot heard of them.
036729382cb5a7a0230dbdba5ec2b7235c3c5c55	1. From school to the army
285a63691731ffaee949d0a1ff6eacdb77c483af	During the First World War, 16 year old Disney dropped out of school to serve in the army.
f2d810953bf3978f3b96fa2627f3be6a28265a91	But the minor volunteer was not taken to the service, but was offered a place as an ambulance driver in the Red Cross.
c8f5ddc273e10a602a11ce4ebf5ca4d5c84765b7	Disney agreed, after which he was sent to France.
c4dc70de33b813a33cf08eb93e9317aaa3eef56e	Simultaneously with the arrival of the young driver, a settlement agreement was signed between the warring parties.
ab994c4a32d07ddf18c6d74b35dc0064fb4ccf52	Disney had to go back.
aa8caa8d0a165f41f4cc9ab6acee94cd3fd72a08	2. Mickey Mouse could be Mortimer
bb67a1ccc44c12d836df00558ea134fe202e44a5	3. Mickey Mouse was voiced by Walt Disney himself
deef38ec7e00f7b5cb0dd8a50ecd8eb7a7b317e8	Walt Disney was not only an animator, director and producer (not to mention his entrepreneurial acumen), he also proved himself in voice acting.
5efd1851f71db778fb7952f70d4deda02b200cac	Since the creation of Mickey 1928, and up to 1947, the voice of the star mouse belonged to Walt Disney himself.
61ced4a4df64bf111d716cae9541da03dc6850d3	4. Disney is the first creator of a full length animated film
7c685c295edcbdd3df1edec1557ac9e586b784a1	When the employees of the Disney company found out that their boss was planning to make a full length film out of Snow White, they were sure that this idea was doomed to failure.
527d64e148da00f5802f5b72a65a371296876280	5. Walt Disney is the best friend of the US government
569d47a046d47c4fdb262eb9c04df8c5d8998263	In addition to the fact that the young Disney tried to help the United States at the front during World War I, he helped several federal agencies throughout his career.
6a732e78b1dedb7c9569ed009604c29a99185da5	Walt made educational films for the US Army, propaganda films calling on Americans to pay taxes, as well as several anti Hitler commercials.
cfa990a5839848c91bb71a25764c4dc90b4eefe9	Disney also took part in the filming of a series of documentaries about astronautics for NASA.
b68d4dfd15247a1fe2d78707fe79e8d82d195512	6. Disney's contribution to the anti Communist movement
92aae2180c85f7846bdae49500e3af14961a548b	Disney, together with his colleagues, organized the anti communist movement "Motion Picture Alliance" (MPA), which stands for the preservation of American ideals.
dec63372c3a7115f799dd77041021ea46222ad19	7. Disney was close to creating a ski resort
1eaefe7ecc9bcf47e24222ea9e634b2313d21bc5	8. Disney is the winner of the most Oscars
2b7710048417e855ec407d0b5e55fde8ecb401f6	From 1932 to 1969, Walt Disney received 22 Oscars and participated in 59 nominations.
9d5717331fbc6f4261f7896e9438724026c3679e	The first - for the creation of Mickey Mouse, the second for his musical contribution to animated films, the third for the cartoon "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs".
9f5a618ad7f7e1e325eb4486a905c38536ef15d3	9. Disney's last words remain a mystery
fe4d463da2b5332207f1338fd563c353237e481c	After death, Disney was not frozen
8f2582dedf13477b57ee4d33d22be26d7eb1bdc3	After the death of Walt Disney, there were active rumors that the alleged genius of animation was frozen.
826193ff62d607c1cc3365970468ed55c4ab3469	However, this is not true.
f36ab24f0e14871ee15e23f5e1f516bc56b3c572	In fact, Disney's body was cremated, and the first cryogenic freezing of a person in history took place only a month after Disney's death.
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8f238e1722840f2e5f6efdf95c04944873304691	Directors, screenwriters, producers
67da13d84ea53d25886264bd29c780ba27b03ca9	Walter Elias Disney
b929e10509230521bd6bc792bfe60721e3b90b57	Name: Walt Disney ( Walter Elias Disney )
cb01c4314e536820e4297a7329831ce938cc3dea	Date of birth: December 5, 1901
dd0dc13b8b36ca90a237e0c6ecff809df720b42b	Age: 65 years
8589b60be4f59d436d664db415537abe7f2805c6	Date of death: December 15, 1966
0cf64e285f2b0229d2fc172ab30d7a71e5976be4	Height: 178
0f66a285f5ede8169b7b7b1edc641c935e1791a0	Activity: animator, film director, screenwriter, producer
bf5397be4c583af80e5a8748d98a24cd8d091dc6	Walt Disney: a biography
e598c10902652cdae38b3d042b0fdd8c89460c69	Walt Disney is an American animator and film director, the founder of the studio "Walt Disney Productions", which has now turned into a powerful multimedia empire "The Walt Disney Company".
2d338170b59b9577126c7867a2cc71abdad0d05b	Disney is the first creator of sound cartoons.
146afea424d4b7cf5507a70d4ccd88a2f7362809	During his career, he directed more than 100 films, for which he received the Oscar statuette 26 times, and was also the owner of several dozen other prestigious film awards.
e7f71e2524e7d4be72b40e434a2eddea6883c168	Walt Disney was born in Chicago, but when he was not even five years old, his parents moved the boy and his older brother Roy to a village in Missouri, and a few years later to Kansas City.
4ababed7c8c40b907e593de8ac6631c65b9c139b	As a teenager, he had to work part time to help his family survive in difficult times – the First World War was going on.
2a2b1c4324d8111ee0df9db31e464a9503de91ad	By the way, Disney managed to serve for one year before the end of the war.
593bb213211069abc164d6acaa4c3b852d3aa19b	He was an ambulance driver in France.
402f09465261888b677e2eec77c5fb48a8b15fc1	It was then that Walt began experimenting with hand drawn animation and even founded his first studio "Laugh O Gram", which, however, quickly failed.
300d676d9d86236c474b2358476e210b3962267d	However, this did not stop Disney.
cf312c14ba678aba1f69c93b9cc1fd4417b4846a	He connects his older brother to the business, together with whom he moves to Los Angeles and organizes the Hollywood studio "The Walt Disney Company".
562a3ea6c0b2470ff973db3434856e2db7c9997c	Then it was a tiny office, in which the main employees were the brothers themselves, as well as their friend, the artist Ab Iverks.
88a83dc92ce45498a8d86099ea0fda4ff3c843d3	Cartoons The first experience of the Disney studio was a series of cartoons "Alice in the land of animation".
8a61991ad9a1a2d4c1e5ad267932ad0ea44585a8	And the legendary mouse appeared a year later in the movie "Mad Airplane", and at first his name was Mortimer.
2d59076cbafabaa881fdd55f848301ee95b1d339	But in the same year, Mickey Mouse got his real name and made a real sensation all over the world, as the cartoon "Steamboat Willie" with his participation became the first sound cartoon in the history of cinema.
4c5be3919a2940d025e38ab9f2769fc784aa9fc6	By the way, Walt Disney himself voiced the mouse.
345be051532f1cac334a44b15771cab7b2acb6b1	Soon Walt Disney comes up with the idea to make the world's first full length cartoon.
e55538f8ed80a35a977124baa832bcef8be3d928	It was the film adaptation of the fairy tale of the Brothers Grimm "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs", which brought the author the title of the king of animation.
99f6d8e6480e2c8e40423347e7f4fb6dd3996184	Later, the success was supported by other full length animated films - "Pinocchio"," Dumbo"," Bambi"," Cinderella"," 101 Dalmatians " and many others.
96dc31462a54b4cae0ca2e9f8ec28afa70bda33c	The last cartoon released during the life of Walt Disney was the story about Mowgli "The Jungle Book".
b62d3520c4dba8c39a53570f69223ea142822881	After his death, other artists finished the film "Aristocratic Cats", but the joint work of Disney with the great artist Salvador Dali "Destino", unfortunately, remained unfinished forever.
40f3d49ac60aca72d53b46962a211c6859fbbae5	Director In the late 40s, the Walt Disney Studio began to expand its capabilities, previously limited only to animation.
4b0c034fc09ba0e9c0f3107981b9a241a100446b	Disney's educational films about wildlife - "The Disappearing Prairie", "The Living Desert" and others were also intended for teenagers and children.
002b2a25ba1c33bcb78d84c831f41de791f16692	It should be noted that for Disney, not only the "picture", but also the sound was of great importance.
cc140e45866c61775b4dc3c86c56584cc650ced2	He always carefully selected the musical accompaniment so that it emphasized and enhanced the effect of perception of events.
1fab718b5fb149a73489228405406a3a5a40641e	Also, the animator director has repeatedly been an innovator in cinema.
fb19fab2fc7513113bc5394750de307b4bd8d94b	He made the first sound cartoon, the first film with stereo sound, the first full length animated film, the first to use shooting on three films at once.
3722973450aae631f53da450634cf92a6396f833	In addition, he awarded any employee who proposed an interesting idea, so colleagues were always interested in fruitful work.
aebd840943a9ef529ef234a538a0715896e6d741	Once, while walking with his daughters, Walt Disney thought about creating a special place for children where they could have fun and spend time with their parents surrounded by their favorite cartoon characters.
5d391ca02ef7d9d877009203614b7404c5644cfa	In 1953, he finally persuaded 17 families to sell him land and built an amusement park 50 kilometers from Los Angeles, stunning in its size and technical capabilities.
75a800de9e23524f501b21761f2a366e1815ff4f	The opening of the park took place two years later and now it is world famous as "Disneyland".
8eb20273ee7f7598c746e09f6d386d6722e48cd4	Personal life Walt Disney was married only once.
1d9fa15de7713467d234a5ee98c10f491f0354b9	His favorite woman was Lillian Bounds, the secretary of his studio, with whom he lived until his death.
fc9a4b61cec245dd9c70343fa058c87e5adbe358	According to his political views, Walt Disney was an ardent anti communist, collaborated with the FBI and wrote denunciations of Hollywood employees whom he suspected of sympathizing with the "reds".
f4e1938b39ffe34e1789a66cf9197ff7721c647c	And in the documents declassified in the 21st century, another circumstance was discovered.
dc26daa7a313b3f183abcb37459ee18625643803	It turns out that during the Second World War, Disney supported the idea of anti Semitism and was loyal to German politics.
efdfce85302e046e04ee0c996e4a9d4ef8050e31	Walt Disney died in 1966 from lung cancer.
8a6cd425b94629fa7493bf5bc6cb0679b8342d82	Because of this, since then, smoking characters have not been shown in Disney films and cartoons.
70bd63ea3e89720b38b112914da5bbb9414b8686	By the way, there is a very common version that the animator's body was frozen in a special chamber in order to revive it in the future.
a34837ad00a30cf930e14cd307b540a25f829d48	In fact, the remains of Disney rest in the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Los Angeles.
faafeba3a3fe8b6d7135276219e4d3da5601c85e	Filmography 1928 - Steamboat Willie 1937 — Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 1940 Pinocchio 1941 — Dumbo 1942 — Bambi 1950 Cinderella 1951 — Alice in Wonderland 1953 Peter Pan 1963 — The Sword in the Stone 1966 — The Jungle Book
01f3500eed35faa5bf4539840a712b7f3a7c3c66	20 photos: Walt Disney →
4395e08c761ee1086de686f21d8d72311160cb32	Walt Disney: the latest news
ad0d533158810a21defad02bedbafa4dfc39d704	In California, the Walt Disney house was put up for sale
9acb4962943b3a74a42b9060820dbccdbfeea426	Dec. 14, 2016
fb3a23a660ce91b1d8a22d0d6c2bdaac20278a9e	The house where Walt Disney lived is for sale.
5c9234a2bac70b98b16bf342fea337eca18c0c58	Real estate of the famous founder of the animation studio n...
faa58e37f0af9f2c54b73636b6f6c48b81bf2ac9	Leonid Gaidai
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e5f9831f16a729f93851ddd743ec6fdd7d4b7d0a	With the help of the material presented here, you will create your Success bit by bit step by step.
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03b52b997ac5ef3395a712269aa68d1b0ed63279	Networking security business biography of successful people relationships visualization appearance attention statements of successful people delegation children investment intuition coaching creative manipulation marketing motivation thoughts and ideas communication skills failures human environment recreation leisure travel memory planning positive sales work and career money management self promotion self improvement own opinion tips of successful people sleep ways to achieve success fears time management test self confidence fortune purposefulness goals reading books efficiency languages
c84d58d74835e737a925e19c9761e7e261df2a3a	June 20
7b4909a600f5ce0f8d90414bc25f2d8128cc62a2	Walt Disney's Success Story
bb45df423d7ec3845b75569fdcfbac1a849fba02	Walt Disney is an outstanding American animator, director, actor, screenwriter and producer, the creator of a whole series of full length cartoons that have earned him world fame.
ebb9f189801ccb30f4bd56340cc3f94111939037	The father of Mickey Mouse, Oswald Rabbit, Donald Duck and more than 200 characters that all the children of the world love.
37ce32175ea9d49ea8f509a3db91f9957712974a	He was awarded 29 Academy Awards and the highest civilian government award of the United States the Medal of Freedom.
2b192fbee7462e6fe90ef6bf42ffe329937f350f	The founder of the company "Walt Disney Productions" and the creator of the world's first huge entertainment children's park "Disneyland
88e134e115b13188c9233bcfd79be51061476dde	A Success Story, A Biography Of Walt Disney
608d07a37fc9325f08256b3cc60fab08e890a0d9	Walt's father Elias Disney had Irish Canadian roots, and his mother Flora was German American.
7da13124441255130a7ca1e1830a2757c7d38f3c	Disney's cup of patience was overflowed by the murder of a police officer that occurred on a nearby street.
1f7d6c65c3778be036f6b22e0c636caeb3bb2dba	After this incident, the Disney family moved to the brother of the father of the family, in the small town of Marceline, Missouri.
6622c50008c84168cbc43258e53e9e81192e8950	There, Disney acquired a farm.
4cdaa999a8228d7f15d73c68239252140081dabe	Walt was only 4 years old at the time.
73028cf29fc4a61bd97a777b30ee526229702d50	Childhood and youth of Walt Disney
189f94d2ad18d9942393dd44394e4f897b1578fb	Many people in Marceline knew Walt.
eee7d883399339a8f4ac83f37fe39b3acdb84190	Walt showed an interest in drawing since childhood, and began selling his first comics at the age of seven.
6112825e061abfd944f07bcb2a0c265a6521cac0	Then he took a course of newspaper cartoonists, where they taught non standard thinking, funny violations of the usual logic and a concise manner.
e0a9aa81bb9e0f6f54b657ed3ee89a5655381ec8	The boy delivered letters and advertisements for his father's company: in any weather, rain, snow, early in the morning or late at night, Walt ran through the streets in his worn out shoes, hurrying to deliver the mail on time.
11d7c8ac5037d1b2cbe08c219769f9af800357a6	Flora Disney sat next to her husband and pressed orange slices to his withered lips, trying to get at least a little juice into Elias ' mouth.
24cc8e348c44ef6c38cdb57780275aa3b4a1ea74	"These orange slices seemed so wonderful to my brother and me that we dreamed of also falling down from typhus, or even from some worse disease, just to get a few drops of the desired juice," recalls Walt's sister, Ruth.
185bca3237035281be472afc677ce6fd724cc9e0	Walt Pfeiffer became Disney's first best friend.
8b098b55ca8e6404ffc1d8f88a842955399fa6d9	The boys spent all their pocket money on going to the movies.
f768306ac46d6c756d1e1b3a5b11cf52baad9273	Their idol was Charlie Chaplin.
b507e2da80f969b61a563455f350e2d603109a8a	After leaving the cinema, they wandered down the street, taking turns imitating Charlie's gait and trying to play his tricks together.
7541b88775c8db4a0ea00f3e4bd5063bad7e2789	At that time, Walt's friends, teachers, and Walt himself believed that he should definitely go into acting.
d17544453f1a886d146f5c0bd7d39e7a840bda72	In the autumn of 1918, the young man tried to enlist for military service.
5e4183a9991fa427125ab1a045c4ad8db042e65e	However, Walt was rejected because of his youth, so he volunteered for the Red Cross, and was sent overseas, where he spent a whole year working as an ambulance driver.
f1aa112258cd58e15bb98eec6733be9cdf76e7c6	This car became a local attraction, because Walt decorated it all with funny drawings.
f14283c48de4d89f59fc91a3059f7a0d1fdc0e06	Upon his return, Walt managed to enroll in the Art Institute of Chicago, where he discovered that his true talents are in the field of understanding and coordinating projects.
aacd0dfedc1787db21fd7f3420257511147ee325	He wanted to get out of this building faster, and start working himself.
ad9e613efd64be5378972a6d3654a21b7742d80b	He wanted to finish this study faster, just to give his whole soul to drawing.
96b2b75ccb69f6abbcf0d87b9dd7c8ae82c37127	Finally, he finishes it.
18fa70dabd860972cddc9a810142bff2cedfd7af	And immediately before the novice artist Disney faced a rather difficult question: where should I go to work?
ebff2474d8c1644ef9129cb5f419b0f7f2aecfb5	First, he got a job in one of the restaurant companies, which needed funny advertising drawings in the form of signs.
476d8d8c33371b9f622bd8193a626f6e53f099c5	Its director hardly hired Disney, and he didnot pay very high — only $ 50 a week!
ca998cdba30b81a62ca1545da7d1de0f20b6ac1c	Creation of the "Walt Disney Company"
84fee46a16d2ee293868e181ca789d01973ee585	The idea of creating cartoons became obsessive for him.
3581f378b5b156cafc3dbdbe53f4a25b2eff50f6	"I moved from one studio to another, where I visited all the offices in a row, from the personnel department to the set.
0c9233619b0ef983b42816eff3312e82a57604fb	The only job I managed to get was the role of an extra.
3a61ba28d707d946663951a492acb37d31840fa2	I had to ride a horse for a few meters in a crowd of other extras.
65f9d79795371aa3c2154dc67405c8612761846b	However, it was raining heavily, the shooting was postponed to another day, and then our scene was simply thrown out of the script.
f50d6ecb15c95f169a2837b14ec09533cf21333d	It was the end of my acting career, " Disney writes in his memoirs.
69ab3bdf81392dce949a28d7f4c0248bda8c4061	Completely desperate to get a job in Hollywood, Walt rents his Uncle Robert's garage.
10257ea6ea62cdd841eccd47da5e44f459c7121e	Rent is a big word.
1448771f33461c0b435594722b840372601ae2f7	He simply captures the notorious garage, promising to pay for its use someday.
0df422e003644192e4df3e1a86b382baaef6fb48	In the garage, he places the necessary equipment purchased with money borrowed from his brother Roy – paints, brushes, spotlights — everything for the production of cartoons.
9416e2c4fa4a6f85a912e6c709d46650e1e16edb	Roy becomes Walt's partner (Roy's share was $250, and another $500 was borrowed), and they create a cartoon studio called Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio.
2e64d74d4529dec788f8c29f9f367b1841724941	Soon, Roy faces a gigantic problem: how and what to feed a brother who is immersed in his work with his head?
c7c156a6d8be46c8f6009a47fc9892b9614fd2f2	Usually, Roy left the garage and went to the small room where the two of them huddled together to prepare a modest dinner for two.
b04ed30a1b7f1cd4c15845ba9dd5246e534afebb	But suddenly Walt, who did not pay attention to any everyday difficulties, arranges a terrible scandal, during which he yells at the confused Roy that he will not eat the miserable mess that his brother feeds him.
22d984e68d8e67bc26d87eb00ec17db01463973e	And then Roy decides to take a "desperate step": he makes an offer to his beloved girlfriend, Edna Frances, who, becoming the wife of the hapless chef Roy, moves in with the brothers and becomes their cook for many months.
9a706ffcb9132d2d8643db968374183893ee72ca	And Walt himself was already thinking about getting married.
8b77cc2622bb6f42196ef16da43ca99205ded2ca	A wonderful girl, Lillian Bounds, got a side job in the studio.
21933618504932163c0c6504c21643332ae99393	She was mainly engaged in filling in paints — that is, she painted the characters created by Walt.
926e38cfafa7645d62223cb0e048a5cb31161dc4	Walt didnot have to pay much attention to Lillian – she immediately fell in love with her "boss", and when he was broke, she easily refused the honestly earned $ 15 a week – for the benefit of the studio.
9089270f99ca6df9ae5209b934ed63656f25b954	Walt got the idea for the first cartoon after becoming interested in the animated pictures of Max Fleischer.
6ba43b15998e9cea1b58bd427e531f8e617a236c	I saw that Fleischer uses a very interesting technique: combining animation with real shooting.
84ab098ca52a1f992c05bde8eac137ff778dfe27	I.e., the cartoon character seems to get into the real world.
d13e3299f1ee3f2a23c126cbdd4399201067c0a9	But Disney did not copy Fleischer's innovative solution.
d1b45bdd16f9d8fdea941bb8f38272edbd5aa0ff	He did everything a little differently — he introduced a REAL hero into the cartoon world, which, in fact, is much more complicated.
cdd7eadc46ef9ab44fce7e217b4ce2594c645f2c	First of all, it was necessary to choose a plot (come up with a script).
db6eee40bd921090642e825c9a938233304873a8	Walt loved the book “Alice in Wonderland " since childhood, so he decided to put a cartoon with the participation of this character — a little girl Alice.
951839bad6435c84e7e58cc30254c7347c798bbc	Working on this cartoon required an unbearable strain.
b0be7a417994119dbed5a453599cd733fe4e3d20	Walt was already unable to stay up at night for a long time, so he hired two aspiring artists.
abc7bd4218e98ecb2d78b9c0cbc18238ecad6bd0	They were two friends who studied at the same art school as Disney Rudolf Eising and Hugh Harman, the future authors of the animated series “The Adventures of Bosco”, “Barney Bear” and “Joyful Harmonies”.
edffb70f1eb7689df51491a112c4a1b49f0149cf	Disney explained to the two guys his requirements for an animated film, and finally, the work began to boil for real.
a1da09c97f5fb01aa2136281ef06a826c6dbd7ef	After receiving a small amount of money for this cartoon, Walt and Roy decided to change the name of the studio.
3646540a1e9f889eaaffb38b8a8fc2a8c1cb8299	On October 16, 1923, Walt Disney signed a contract with Margaret Winkler, a distributor from New York.
19723afaa4c5277a3f4225226bc00919ee8450bf	This date is considered the day of the foundation of the current Walt Disney Company.
f946786ce6534d69dce611d7808713857a413512	This name turned out to be more successful for the brothers.
e555ec6a01003fae8a4447358783be4ef2a7f610	The studio produced films about Alice for four years, and then Walt decided to switch to the production of fully animated cartoons.
abd7ce6b1e9fd0deb18d2f1911d9d76edbebb2a2	The star of the new series is a funny rabbit named Oswald, invented and drawn by Walt Disney.
8303798267f73ead10f838704d9c79738696747e	In just a year, the studio released 26 episodes about the adventures of a rabbit, but when it came time to start a new season, Walt was horrified to discover that the practical Margaret Winkler had managed to lure four studio artists and now plans to produce cartoons about Oswald without the participation of the creator.
a45ceaab4c56e78742a01dc873fa10aa10bc29eb	Alas, the contract was drawn up in such a way that it was the distributor, not the author, who owned the rights to the cartoon character.
fcfb938b7fdad1ae137ee79f78a5241bdf9bb88a	It was a bitter but useful lesson for Disney, which has since carefully ensured that the rights to all its creations belong only to him.
9b192a4266768464a1830f5ad52d7ce49829fa79	The beginning of the Mickey Mouse era
05aef8d8ddcfec7f8eec0922a8dcec6e24c6b2ad	After the loss of Oswald, Disney had no choice but to come up with a new star for its cartoons.
c1987691f74f54d24358560109385734a165fb08	So the famous mouse Mickey Mouse was born
1af5cffd2867643f4f0ccfa1e60826d8e3c8d595	("His name was Mortimer Mouse at first, but my wife Lillian didnot like this name, and she suggested calling him Mickey.
42d371853e6d1c82d78960244e9004073012baa6	I couldnot refuse her such a trifle — that's how Mickey Mouse was born, who brought my company worldwide fame," recalled Disney.), suspiciously similar to his older brother rabbit.
5047d5a6b271ea9d1089a37060eb9123dd3c5841	Disney himself and the main artist of his studio Ab Iverks took part in its creation.
250edd48fe3edfc70d6af1334326f3890be5c2ae	However, the studio could not sell the first two cartoons with the participation of Mickey Mouse: they were mute, and sound had already come to cinemas.
d1b9a1350bb162090ac27ff4c2703f4745e92e2f	Cartoons were created quite quickly for the studios of that time, besides, we must not forget that the Disney studio was partly artisanal.
dcd6f9d68b10b34edb024c27725f3f895fab9a8f	As soon as sound cinema appeared in 1927, Walt immediately adopted the experience of his fellow cinematographers and began voicing cartoons.
db27752765bfd74af54ba26fbc7cd67e5923a686	The third film in the series (already with sound) was released on November 18, 1928, and this day was the beginning of the Mickey Mouse era.
34cde4ff23098c357e9b2863e3123fed3633b076	In parallel, Walt Disney launched a new series Stupid Symphonies.
9d4be8858a76d701ada88cafb034c04e54c62dda	It was built on different principles: new characters appeared in each film, which was supposed to stimulate the creative thinking of the studio's animators.
4f51be57bb49aa1b85dd144c715258ddc8d0e46f	This series became something of a training ground for Disney artists, where they practiced new animation techniques before using them in larger scale projects.
de2d653e5c864ae9fae3ed8a12cb58040709b098	Nevertheless, it was the cartoon from this series that won the first Oscar for the studio in 1932 as the best hand drawn film.
bdff3afd9c8ffd910b929e801f5c23927e8d48fa	From that moment until the end of the pre war decade, Disney cartoons received an Oscar every year.
3c02cdad5272c914ddd58c822d3ed35282ea9c1c	He has received 29 such awards for his works.
22719da4c6704d1a75289dea564acf0440c3fa76	The theme of all Disney's works is the fight against evil.
035276377d4fc752ccc5d7b4980a8b43d4e1e741	Disney loved happy endings and settled all his characters in the space of his own chaste worldview.
5c2721542452ae14d34f7a7ace7f004c0f74e304	So he "earned" the image of a morally pure person.
aa57207b0ca284d3a59a76e1be30e47a42cd1129	But he was a heavy smoker and almost an alcoholic.
75224a6dac6ff36d31d88a5654b0e328d34b948f	His affair with the actress Dolores del Rio was known to everyone in Hollywood.
2e2efc60b2070a9a55f56fe89a00932f3ee67713	However, no reporter dared to ruin his reputation.
1386ccbaaa6fe4328c46082ac5d828a6c555e3fa	Disney has created a world of happiness for us, a refuge from the troubles of reality, and it would be ungrateful to hurt it.
0c28aefd897e0a160ba3b346d0402b81302ab2e3	"Motherhood, apple pie and Disney" - this is the holy American "trinity".
e09fef3d8781259ecdcf2740331bb2fe0b3a5dc3	Shrines should not be desecrated.
95264d8a5036d71e4ffc412f9be536578554643b	Very conveniently for the Disney company, it turned out that cartoon characters can become a good source of additional income.
18157f7038a3df1f37a912f40f00ecb8b5c1fb32	Once a businessman from New York offered Disney $300 for permission to put an image of Mickey Mouse on fountain pens.
49d3d16de0e13ec4d4ac7499fa5cfd2b9774a52d	Walt Disney just needed money, so he willingly agreed to replicate the image of the mouse.
5581eb185dbbadfd8e611883d8ad9adfc8602d80	After that, portraits of Mickey Mouse and other Disney characters began to appear literally everywhere: on plates and toothbrushes, towels and school notebooks, candy wrappers and wallpaper for children's rooms.
aee60ca0ac5fe7592c0afce024dfd90d8c86a5bf	In 1930, the first series of comics about Mickey Mouse was published.
6e8d2f0c2694363e817fb1f166c6c3aaab5cc566	All this brought good money, and most importantly, contributed to the promotion of cartoon characters and ultimately led to the fact that many of them turned into national legends of America.
f0fd2d00c46345ef6ab189464e074e51abcf1bc1	In 1927, Walt Disney and his wife Lillian move into their own, quite spacious, apartment.
558251eb02c357b26139c854af592a74c97eb708	As a Christmas gift, Walt presents Lillian with a dog.
4f3756a987bd598f4104d51c64af4bff37ea77c7	He began to play the role of the beloved child of Lillian, who had no children.
ff64bc09926e8b70ea62944656edb92273999507	By the way, two attempts of the Disney couple to have a child failed: both times Lillian had a miscarriage.
98d02b1c1c23ede8f72b128096e8c6ccd3126562	And when she got pregnant for the third time, Disney, who seemed to want to get an heir, suddenly lost all interest in his wife.
9761d5f177334580fe715fa60c80a73b232ef7aa	In one of his letters to his cousin, Walt wrote: "I'm married, and all I can boast of is a cute little wife and a handsome chow chow."
6cf3bb2c2e0eabc2b701a8259d53867a272f461e	So, in 1933, the daughter of Walt and Lillian is born Diana.
b7cadea087c8432a81bb41292e73b481e2369c81	On the eve of her birth, Walt sends a letter to his mother, where he complains: "Lilly is expecting a daughter.
8e1b6f3a5e2498b18eb893d19d018b7714c07e66	Personally, I donot pay any attention to it.
1c270c5c967fd7c8de10a6992b39c8ce7b127c20	I donot want any more disappointments.
194318c5e76af7571579835c8459cef109767f7c	Our whole room has turned into a parody of a nursery, pink and blue diapers are lying everywhere… But I donot want to know anything about it.
b4851baecfc10b37b0f2425091079d1e4432cf1b	I believe that I will make the most disgusting father in the world..."
362c603bcab8ba1776c3bd956aab4829216dca69	It is funny that at this time, at the end of 1933, Walt was awarded by the magazine "Parents" ("Parents") for his contribution to the upbringing of the younger generation of Americans.
06195f9f157bc03b36ce88db462cded9fa9e6e3f	In the same year, 1933, Disney released its first color cartoon "Three Little Pigs".
cde872c8f7b9f624e84613694f71b1ffcf4a2256	Meanwhile, the studio is growing.
b1090dfe8d992ad2bb278489d54af67e1dd57fe3	Several more cartoons are being filmed.
da97c2a1272b939b62228b2c51aaba21b749b8d9	Mickey Mouse is winning the hearts of millions – and not only Americans, but also Europeans.
45aba1aeec49307e07aaf47558620ea538018ac0	Disney signs a contract with Columbia Pictures, then with United Artists.
37944c00ec808775aa26dae8f9dbabb31ea05dd9	In 1934, Walt Disney announced to his employees that he intended to make a full length animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.
07a7a7330269705c770dbe44c53798d58e311a58	Many people were skeptical about this idea at first: few believed that a picture in which there would be no live actors would be able to interest the audience as much as a big movie.
dcebac2c56448b658e7849f1eb8c7ecad26013ad	However, gradually the idea of Disney ceased to seem fantastic, and the work began to boil.
3e7b8aa5c39bafa62a23669602c790c089772d99	The only thing that saved Disney from ruin was a loan from Bank of America, whose head, Amadeo Giannini, was very fond of Mickey Mouse.
f26b3eb9037f904f7898cd3c28a77176dde2575f	But the result was worth the money, because Snow White was the highest grossing film of all time for a long time (only Gone with the Wind broke its record).
c2af884130639a913a3a784d959450ca64b1e917	And in 1939, Walt Disney was awarded the ninth Academy Award for this full length cartoon.
1ca1755a29c86aa65c4ccb9b469aa98ec7c989f1	Since then, the Disney studio has begun to consider full length cartoons as the main and potentially most profitable production.
1e0989e51836c9e8eea23d033f0f29eabb5ab450	Together with the studio, the Disney family is also growing.
b01fae015f301e4e0863e35bb09b2156b68cefe8	In 1937, Walt and Lillian take a little girl and call her Sharon Mae Disney.
7350b5ac18a67f5841301ea5b92ffde27ec33c93	There is more and more money.
f1c040877827140c499ae880d9cb696f6d22fd14	The" Great Depression " had almost no effect on Disney's work.
213ce3cce40c6fe644ef0fd4f156a53b1fa62f19	Well, unless there were just a couple of strikes at the studio – you see, the artists did not want to work under a person who draws worse than them and who has such a poor education (one year of college), but who considers himself a director.
5db2c38f9bd9a3021294ebf55c043266c903d537	The strike very soon "resolved": in fact, the conflict grew on the basis of Walt's quarrels with the producers who wanted to become official co authors of Disney.
b2db9e0d26a66eca953321e2a1bc80c1e9988cce	After getting rich, Walt buys his parents a mansion.
7f953a616cabd3fbd021b28733f057b6140118fa	However, upon closer examination, this mansion turns out to be somewhat flawed: it has a dangerously damaged gas heating system.
2bd39167065cbf0aac2774dbab5b7d8005652693	One sunny November morning in 1938, gas begins to ooze from the pipe directly into the living quarters, Flora Disney, the mother of our "hero", falls dead on the floor, Elias Disney tries to pick her up, and he also receives a dangerous dose of gas.
cbc815b2ec7a536d24891cbd0ec603325d645df6	Elias survived, but Flora could not be saved.
019cb8b54e78d526e8ed3c30ebca400dde2654a7	Walt has been suffering from guilt for a long time after the death of his mother, because he knew about the damage to the heating system, but all the time he postponed solving this problem for later.
ee10ea5d680a710645bb60cf426a9e3b27263f29	But all bad things come to an end sometime.
370f597cf5ab6487eed9ab85c7b348f91ecc47c1	By the beginning of the 50s, the Disney Company managed to regain the foreign markets taken away from it by the war, and again began to shoot full length films, including with the participation of live actors.
3af4845f80c651070e1a5c0c49aa94f941f4d8a7	In 1954, the Disney Company began producing television programs, becoming one of the pioneers of first black and white, and then color television in the United States.
7aa22d74533ede5735ae81dd0689a739537c39a6	The first TV hit from
5a838b24585970787083f03037eedce3a51812a4	Disney became the series Disneyland, which, having changed its name several times, lasted on the screens of America for 29 years, and was shown exclusively in prime time.
3f55a672f20fd9128946ac8f7fda81922ed5366d	A year later, the debut of the famous Mickey Mouse Club program took place, in which many future stars of American show business took their first steps.
2de0afc32d31517480d68809431585f7218fc29f	Disneyland is a dreamland for children of any age
31615dcbb5dbee336e1dfdd04948ae8ecdae8c7e	However, gradually, Walt Disney's talent became cramped within the film and television business.
00b37532d7c3bb52d439abbb493c509abecf8204	And then Disney decided to create such a place himself.
7a93035a4974b824f6ac5c6d2e80287d1cf07b22	The first Disneyland opened on July 17, 1955 in the city of Anaheim (California), south of Los Angeles..
0f8c4e3c659ac3331915868ecf07058f9a8427d6	$17 million was spent on its construction, but very soon all the investments paid off tenfold.
c5d9072a819ba0fc0bebdff51eddd068a19ec7de	In 1983, his "Disneyland" appeared in Tokyo, and in 1992 in Paris.
7d89529598b32cc288f947af60b33a8d025a5f72	It was a completely original and unlike anything else park, laid out according to four basic principles.
5623f7356a5b58e8ab9223d80cfafcdd7c8bc7c6	The general idea is to restore the magical kingdom of Walt Disney cartoons.
e8ce253eb0277bf4c25ba821e88557976d6eda54	Add to this a variety of new technical tricks that would give visitors the impression that they are, for example, swimming through the jungle, or seeing ghosts in front of them, or sitting in a submarine at the bottom of the sea.
2361604f8d5cffe6eab42edddf00c27854b72808	Exciting walks around the neighborhood with a special thematic plan.
4a8734eca7441497021b5fb42f301f02ac03b34e	The amusement park was supposed to be a place of rest for the whole family, with special attention paid to safety, politeness and cleanliness here.
23d490294e5b04420941fc75dacca474fb15478c	"To all who have come to this happy place Welcome!
34ad0a72b5508c3e9a60e81c56f91bb0ccd7377f	Disneyland is your country.
27629974cf7ae5bc518f06e97ceb6d98804aa5c9	Here the beautiful memories of the old people are revived, and here the young can breathe in the challenge and promises of the future.
007c5cb364460ef809e611dbe7afbbac50d4b1b1	Disneyland is dedicated to the ideals, dreams and real events that created America... with the hope that it will become a source of joy and inspiration for the whole world!
5fd7cc99627c77f5889b2d87ed1f1f5e59b83688	" Walter Disney, July 17, 1955.
6d8fd93d44271c17b03e107753d0e6a15848dd1c	Disney's next major project was the California Institute of the Arts, which was founded in 1961, near Los Angeles.
603b5bd3870096968af7245231057fa3f78c2779	Music, painting, theater, sculpture, cinematography, fashion were studied here.
743fa4a66431feb856c5f1d61436eba5dbb2d400	In 1963, Disney launched an even more ambitious idea — the so called Project X. With the help of his people, he found a suitable piece of land in Florida and bought it up in parts, hiding behind the names of fictitious companies (such precautions were taken to ensure that the owners of the land did not inflate the prices of the plots).
3bfa277ab54bbd18755cfe00d25c957637953cdf	In the end, the Walt Disney Company owned an allotment of land equal in area to two Manhattans.
4c21a1afa1ac70ff7ea20a77464b38ec8280a984	At this place, construction began on a new park, which was named The Walt Disney World.
37799f6ea16fb6008dad8b583bbb5407ef92e968	It opened in October 1971.
93209c097c16e729e111024cf070075eddcf24f9	Walt Disney died on December 15, 1966 from lung cancer, leaving the ideas of the "city of the future" and the "university for creative youth" — named after Walt Disney unincarnated.
ecf4af68646163109d7d79c77763cb61ec419b92	He was replaced by his brother Roy, who ran the Walt Disney Company until 1971.
2185193c86838ce462e2702580d526c8af69ff31	After his death, the company was headed by three people — Card Walker, Donn Tatum and Ron Miller, whom the Disney brothers began to prepare for leadership in advance.
707c53ae6b79a9adf6bff895f1c2bed52f52eb27	Walt Disney left his successors a lot of projects and ideas that he did not have time to implement himself.
858095b78a56be774c1fc7755350a0bf2e15cfff	Their gradual implementation allowed the company to maintain the leading place in the world entertainment industry won during the life of the founder for another two decades without any problems.
b661ac22ddb71732477528aaf2e86e121228266b	Personal qualities of Walt Disney and the secrets of his success
30da898e3092ca326623468f7e72d1cfc8458df4	Disney's power was inextricably linked to his enormous self respect, which allowed him to go against the opinion of experts.
eb47ff61c70ca864a4ef6ee79f2953caf57cd495	Walt Disney willingly shared the secrets of the success of the Walt Disney Company:
0b662ac8cb5f7bf61a8c6ff68ae7cdb79c4c5d6c	1. Give every member of your organization the opportunity to dream and develop creatively in order to fulfill their dreams.
af70132b17f8f0681df60a34b701964c8593fb41	2. Treat your customers as guests.
df35a0b3be9399cd4ae97796a7b8cb6a2acdfe13	3. Firmly adhere to your beliefs and principles.
28cef780a4b32b8f1f42d043fc00b93fe5080882	4. Support your employees, delegate authority to them and reward them.
fd013db566c12c31d3b355bb291eeca74a7484d6	5. Build long term relationships with key suppliers and partners.
fad7e2cdfccc0ec44214f94796095c5031d02f8c	6. Use the storyboarding technique to solve planning and communication problems.
ae009f9e4de7127be45a11f58c6201d79c2aec09	7. Intensive ongoing trainings strengthen the corporate culture.
07672c5eba275c6f8ffe56d56b62a9df365ab4b4	8. Pay close attention to details.
dec53ee8875f7275cea9fcc3af9abc7d774577c8	9. Have the courage to take calculated risks in order to achieve the implementation of new ideas.
605658c8569a4b5785c799c3cd214e9e0cea3cd1	Combine a long term vision with a short term execution.
0b39662b3ba912a4341a1646daedb82d7e2cf1a5	Disney belonged to the Promethean personality type, suffering from gigantomania.
59e8a0becd1fde4450ac0db272e563d93460b02c	These qualities allowed him to use with unquenchable zeal any opportunity that presented itself.
11bc9a9e7362ffd0749ae05c2b487d086006ae36	For the sake of the future, Disney was inclined to lay the present and simply loved to create everything new and special when the opportunity presented itself.
3f401d157eb065d7dcf0d7c244c2380879928297	At the same time, he rarely worried about where the money for his creations would come from.
1de73eedb0bffd36289c71620d0bfd159863ebee	Thanks to these character traits, Disney created masterpieces of animation and some of the most valuable films of the era.
3092b87fcdf86b19a98b34fdff2533648859e3d7	But it also kept the studio on the verge of bankruptcy for years.
b31fe4db752f88e20d8f830c8d06c49365a8f723	During this period, not even a year and a half passed, so that the company could not pay the bills.
048322f18ee1dc61069534177382521a598ad1bc	Disney was not interested in box office films, he was interested in the creative success of his paintings.
34ee09eb33f58f6580415b846067a6c327462f00	Therefore, one of his tapes usually became a hit, and the other failed miserably.
e37f400a58d30a4d875948280677676dc3f90476	Walt Disney's whole life was like a roller coaster the most fruitful periods were usually followed by the most tragic recessions.
c2204c5f634e7dda09c6139939a3f00916d66d6f	During the bright periods of his life, Disney could work all day without a break and capture the night as well.
ed455b3cb3fa01347448d078399a91d11cd72ca5	When deadlines were tight, Walt usually spent the night in the studio.
c22b8ef11873aa5db26def79b737a92575f57c07	But when his projects failed or were nearing completion, Disney became depressed or simply broke down.
ec961329743e4a6ece3ee8dcf7fb6b25f7497594	During his career, he experienced eight nervous breakdowns.
d85a78d2689a91f87b0ca9c7c17e491a8e78ff20	Walt Disney is a legend and a national hero of America.
de3931c3d2398605ae9341528b9fa5f5befecb9f	He brought joy and happiness to people, his language is understandable to all peoples of the world.
d61fcf8dbfe719d1d51101a13cc6fb24fb427236	Recommend it to your friends:
c82f7bc1b7c2c5acb2dc8aeae2ed84382bdd519f	Read articles in this category:
296858d257e228f5cae161bc892a97cb93687d0c	The Success Story of Ted Turner The Success Story of John Whitmore The Success Story Of Steve Ballmer The Success Story Of Jerry Young The Success Story Of Mark Zuckerberg The Success Story Of Napoleon Hill The Success Story Of Dale Carnegie The Success Story Of Edison Miranda The Success Story Of Silvio Berlusconi The Success Story Of Robert Kiyosaki
6048fa154389dc476482e124e7f126e57406b044	Andrey said,
154bfc9343d499fa3f87f74e680df9f3d42d536a	Eight nervous breakdowns, and lung cancer!
1c06458a4d94c2fc4bc81b8ede6fb63d7f56c0d4	Rich Uncle Walter!!!)))))
2e2ed00b5525684b98269ee1fc94b1f26d5d7e67	Serik said,
985c231a2ed280037bae0f2f450902c61a3aca13	All great people go through the path that W. went through.
b72247e4f48342ca3b4c73c12b10fb4f5cf7316b	Disney.
c60000edd039b6c21e7dc3466cffacf1b841c286	Anastasia said,
6dac4e5b8ee73952c8ec49fcbc02b0a1a66fb21c	I believe that U. Disney is a great animator who has created many interesting cartoons and many thanks to him for this
c5e317277ceaadf9b230d448982216276c599a4f	Taras Hrygoryevich Shevchenko (Shevchenko Hrushevsky) is a famous Ukrainian poet; he was born on February 25, 1814, in the village of Morintsy, Zvenigorod district, Kiev province, in the serf peasant family of landowner Vasily Engelhardt.
a6903a6145ce10117c58eebcf8dab752939b0a9d	The Grushevsky family, which began to be called first the Grushevsky Shevchenkas, then simply the Shevchenkas, belonged to the number of peasant families that had long lived in S. Kirillovka, Zvenigorodsky district.
b4e4f37a5ab84b01e9b1015e3146862606ae2a80	Two years later, Taras ' parents moved to the village of Kirillovka, where he spent his childhood.
8a84528d5db4db94ffd0321a17f9ef5615c1c1e7	Up to the age of 9, Taras lived, however, tolerably well.
322ef6aa2d34c1329aff92ea03c432b7f5056fdd	He was left to himself and partly to the care of his older sister Catherine.
221225502f8c7d148aa9ce40f3b06c8887baaa39	About nine years old, Taras experienced significant changes in his family environment: his beloved sister Ekaterina got married in another village, and his mother died soon after.
5e6c1935afc544ba3364d275739ec978a399707d	Taras ' mother died in 1823, in the same year his father remarried to a widow who had three children.
036cff8195e022a2fd73b4ce7af6b8db963599da	The poet's father, Grigory Shevchenko Hrushevsky, married the daughter of a peasant of the village of Morinets, Akim Boyka, moved to Morintsy and settled in the estate purchased for him by his father-in-law; soon, however, the Shevchenko moved back to Kirillovka, where Taras Grigoryevich spent his childhood.
076365a0c155a538b4a4640e25c06eee7dbcb1ab	The Shevchenko family was numerous and poor, and Taras had to get acquainted with the need early.
cdad2bca6a4a2d1a993c7d626a8ba805a33dcf4e	Taras ' father, left a widower with a large family, married a second time in order to have a mistress in the house.
08cb9e5dbaabb3076ec4720f3db457310b8a7a8a	Taras Grigoryevich's stepmother was a widow who had three children of her own and had a very quarrelsome disposition.
488874ba78ac7f5b188feaa02f1c3dd25ad9918f	There was an eternal enmity and fights between the children of the stepmother and the father.
930bf62418eb19f355bce5fc508fd1604d4b75e3	The stepmother tortured her husband's children according to the slander of her children; so, once, at the age of about 11, Taras Grigoryevich was suspected of stealing 45 kopecks, hid for 4 days in the bushes and, finally, found by the stepmother's children, was brutally beaten and locked in a barn.
2a00f9fa9e18f13cde80b1c220f3240116b6a119	Later it turned out that the money was stolen by the stepmother's son, Stepanko.
b86e2296d76b8159ab0afa6f2a488b1d308e27cc	Soon after this fact, the father, it is believed, in order to save his son from the eternal persecution of his stepmother, sent him to school.
dc53cd32d598bd25b6d27c56a88e303e8478d211	What kind of school it was, it is not exactly established.
5555c36fe3c1691c9fe7f4e35aa7798740c75cba	It is assumed that this was a parochial school, in which the priest Gubsky, who was dismissed from office, taught.
ba7b231f675a4a67178aca637d5105436082c3f6	At the age of 12, Taras Grigoryevich also lost his father, who died on March 21, 1825.
b87801fc247c923fc3d888d1140edd14c00f2d6d	In 1825, when Shevchenko was in his 12th year, his father also died.
ba9fad2e8de2d2c534292fa4a98040051f241ab6	From this time, the hard, nomadic life of a street child begins, first with the teacher of the sexton, then with the neighboring painters.
e2c0ea311a70188bc51c134ee022408f9798d2f0	After that, Shevchenko's situation at home became even more difficult.
738dfcdc2792f080b3dae67057e46d71e6817a11	In order to get away from domestic troubles, and also to satisfy his desire to study, T. G. entered the school again, where not Gubsky, but two sextons were already teaching.
79c91928c81488046380d2c7f1eaa4656bbf001d	There was no one to pay for T. G., and he fell into complete bondage to one of the deacons, for whom he had to work for the right to study.
2e772af08c0ca3e89ab34d1d54957dc793543e15	Shevchenko earned his own food by reading the psalter over the dead, but this meager earnings almost entirely went to the benefit of the sexton.
6de626b45c156a818dbbd507646dd1c67fe7779e	At this time, Taras Grigoryevich had to severely starve and get cold, and boots and a hat were an unattainable luxury for him.
178452b4b1f76873279d3c5df94b77a10fa33564	In Lysyanka and the neighboring villages there were many icon painters, among whom there were also clerics.
3db08bb9a888b01c2cd7f5e1ba25dc164ce31119	Shevchenko, who felt a passion for painting from an early age, entered Lysyanka as an apprentice to one of these icon painters, a deacon; however, he soon left this deacon for the village of Tarasovka to a painter who was famous in the surrounding area; but this painter, who was engaged in palmistry, on the basis of this science did not recognize any abilities in the boy, and Shevchenko had to return to his homeland in c. Kirillovka.
11b115d036d1e1c6cd38142b160d3ec670b5091e	Here Shevchenko got into the shepherds of the public flock, but, due to his absent-mindedness, he turned out to be completely incapable of such an occupation.
53b4ddb8d284e01cdd28a59e703f365e410dcc50	The same absent-mindedness and inability to devote himself entirely to small interests made him unsuitable for agricultural work.
ffe2041be7f277e414e15398279fde87a5a77d3e	In the end, he turned out to be a"pogonich" boy for the priest S. Kirillovka, Grigory Koshitsa.
8386ad2bfef81c229ef8b8cd888208d4048b2bc2	Here, too, the boy turned out to be incapable and lazy.
6f3c629c04aefd9e9e702593796d8c230a8430ae	From Koshitsa, with whom he stayed for a short time, Shevchenko left and again tried to enroll in the study of a painter in the village of Khlipnovka.
bb218844a62a5a47882b68c4cb267d76c8dc74f3	This painter recognized Shevchenko's abilities, but refused to accept him without the written permission of the landowner.
21718af65c6431f8f14af3d6098b5f96b86b8062	Having gone to the estate manager for this permission, Shevchenko, as a lively boy, attracted the attention of the manager; the latter appreciated the talented teenager in his own way, and Shevchenko was taken into the yard boys, and soon he was made an apprentice cook.
32522d4b7f0cf138f21727cbc8b39890141a9686	He did not show any talents in studying the art of cooking, and in the end, the manager Dmitrenko sent him to the owner's son, Pavel Engelhardt, to whose "staff" he was intended, with a certificate that Shevchenko was capable of painting, and with a proposal to make him a "room painter".
05cf9466c53d72b04d71aecb558e472633a394bd	In 1828, he got into the service of the landowner Engelhardt in the village of Vilshana, first as a cook, and then as a Cossack.
4f96161defe75d5869a92072312c6e3f59793b92	Young Engelhardt made Shevchenko a room Cossack, and Taras Grigoryevich had to spend whole days in the hall, waiting for the order to bring a glass of water or fill his pipe.
507e95a0c0a9880b9d8153c8d4bf33786ca79db0	The passion for painting, however, did not leave Shevchenko, and in his spare time he drew pictures that were in the hall.
faad3a9b703a7fcba582c4b44bffebf1445b73d2	Once, being carried away by drawing a portrait of ataman Platov, he did not notice the appearance of the owner at this work, who, angry that Shevchenko did not hear his appearance, sent him to the stable.
66c93bd661118ef35f68b2f97390be824f4240f7	The passion for painting did not weaken in Shevchenko after this incident, and in the end, the landowner, convinced that he would not make an intelligent Cossack and a lackey, decided to send him to study with a painter in Warsaw.
e8487d5e57bff80dbe46890384e54b8f459911ae	Six months later, the painter informed the landowner about the outstanding abilities of the young man and advised him to give him to the portrait painter Lampi.
3630a37256b7a055eb593265d2614fe6e309ee5f	Engelhardt realized the benefits of having his own portrait painter and followed the advice of the painter.
1ce22d04b7a0c1e16c47d496e0f7b3ebc621ac38	At the age of 16, he becomes one of the servants of the landowner Engelhardt, first as a cook, then as a Cossack.
d8839d40e14f63f60f59da99ed3b0cb0d861da77	At the beginning of 1831, the landowner moved to St. Petersburg, where Taras Shevchenko continued to study with the" pictorial affairs of the guild master " V. Shiryaev.
0b41b7d069c7e2e687154b62882da768261269f0	The Polish uprising that was being prepared forced the prudent Engelhardt, who did not want to become hostile to any of the parties (Engelhardt was Orthodox in religion, a colonel in the Russian service, but a Pole in language), to leave for St. Petersburg.
c874b7879306e3ce801a2aee5f9f2d6249fb933e	Shevchenko was also supposed to move to St. Petersburg after him.
a9cbe462b6ebdd5a7796a7f8958e565d7f8dac91	In St. Petersburg, Shevchenko again fell into the painful position of a Cossack under Engelhardt, which was, of course, much harder after working with Lampi.
8adffce0e41ddb7f24089c9c504035e3e63540b7	He began to ask to study painting again.
32485abdaee22f7d4b224fccbf418b2e568a74f9	Engelhardt again gave it to the painter, Shiryaev.
490f77f0cb123db8193bbf5bae696e2865960f01	He was a rude, domineering and ignorant man.
02a207d515a4520081c5a7b1a443fda6f30df97d	The work that Shevchenko had to do for him had nothing to do with art; the external environment of life was terrible.
c419105d8a824d4de06077f5cc0236c5e520b754	Shevchenko had to live with Shiryaev for several years in complete bondage.
400eeb1f9d96759f8c4184a0fb470f946db6b883	The passion for art, however, did not fade even in this unfavorable environment.
4b5ab15d180b9f9c5909962318f61bdf8ef869ba	The case brought him together with a fellow countryman, the artist Sotenko, who drew attention to the talented young man.
a6e1074eed8cf7163869f78977230fa33843dcbd	Sotenko introduced Shevchenko to Bryullov, Venetsianov, Zhukovsky, Grebenka.
38c658075628258043dcd0699ee2c4db02276c83	The fate of the serf painter interested them; they took part in Shevchenko, and a turn for the better began in his life.
8d1b77f19fc0c1ad94bb40df42b1bb97871589b0	In 1836, while drawing statues in the Summer Garden, Shevchenko met his countryman, the artist I. M. Soshenko, who, after consulting with the Ukrainian writer E. Grebenka, introduced Taras to the Secretary of the Academy of Arts V. I. Grigorovich[10], artists A. Venetsianov and K. Bryullov, the poet V. Zhukovsky.
671fee8bc800a51070cf09845449539e59e8b951	The care of the best representatives of Russian art and literature touched and encouraged Shevchenko, but the protracted negotiations with his master plunged Taras into despondency.
ea26c8b14bb002d54ee9077c4bab47143a7916c0	Having learned about the next refusal, Shevchenko came to Soshenko in a desperate mood.
99189968f72c51980b6a066419a69f35de60ef4c	Cursing fate, he threatened to take revenge on the landowner and left in this state.
ec1f368f77ce9b2a26c6a6a17d2c2e22d0eecab0	Soshenko became alarmed and, wanting to avoid a big trouble, suggested that his friends act without delay.
736ace9665beb68d8c3e10af83640b73051d54f3	It was decided to offer Engelhardt an unprecedented amount for the redemption of a serf.
a6c2634dc54f194573fa070cd82ba0f9368555e0	In April 1838, a lottery was held in the Anichkov Palace, as a prize in which there was a painting by Bryullov "V. A. Zhukovsky".
6ab7167e947d666f805025cdfcec5468cf738bcd	The money raised from the lottery was used to buy out serf Shevchenko.
12d62903774ec5673186cb1cc46718e73a669261	Shevchenko's friends took care of some of his education and began to prepare for his release from serfdom.
95538e52b0d74607e1e145c6be52586934d61ae7	Grebenka and Sotenko supplied him with books; the latter supervised his artistic studies, begged Shiryaev for a month of freedom for Shevchenko, for which he undertook to paint a portrait of Shiryaev.
80743928b702aa6078fb1363bb51ea7df968691d	To free Shevchenko from serfdom, Bryullov and Venetsianov went to Engelhardt, hoping to convince him to give Shevchenko freedom, taking into account his talent.
a273238aaf9d7610eb90dcf85cd12dd562541e94	Engelhardt demanded 2500 rubles for Shevchenko's freedom.
0ce657e94e9632dcfdee359ba9a0e38c3f4fbfa9	This money was collected as follows: Bryullov painted a portrait of Zhukovsky, and this portrait was drawn in a lottery.
9cdc925134f233911c024caf3265300d3e7c9e21	After receiving his freedom, Shevchenko became a student of the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts.
9922da3392a10b31753a4105e971249a8ddfb67e	Due to the high level of training, he was enrolled immediately in the fourth grade.
3f9cb3ef6c949abe67f8d216ebd1ba5120e106eb	Soon he became one of Karl Bryullov's favorite students.
212bca4ee5a038a472992edea1f4b2c111b40ed1	He studied greedily, read a lot, studied art, mastered the skill of drawing and painting.
d94d8285bb6c3f8cfd9c70dd48d76f2329660d07	He knew the works of Ukrainian and Russian writers well.
a3132fb33c11282fb871a3ddcf17c092b2f5aa4d	In the studio of Bryullov, Shevchenko was already thinking about his poems.
d2f00715368267497c6a26f428800aa137882b8d	His biographers, however, do not find out when he started writing poetry.
d5aa98947bc2e06d29939192c4c9a5fa74e98527	The earliest mention of Shevchenko's poem is the mention of Sotenka, who is angry with Shevchenko for his "verses" that distract him from the real thing.
72d632ee554c5891cc1618453d2c3174a1f2199c	It is very likely that Shevchenko began writing poetry late, after his acquaintance with Sotenko and writers, when he became aware of Kotlyarevsky's "Aeneid", Pushkin's" Poltava " translated by Grebenka, etc.
97e42d9f47191f4fdce268c3b824f8872f79e7ce	Before that, he composed only folk songs, which is very understandable, since the form of folk poetry was so "his" for Shevchenko that it is difficult to doubt that his poetic creativity developed directly from the folk-poetic tradition.
8c11c298f3324ca809ede58c073f1b501229dc7e	But, on the other hand, Shevchenko himself says that his first poetic experiments began "in the Summer Garden, on bright moonless nights", and that "the Ukrainian strict muse for a long time shunned his taste, perverted by life in captivity, in the landowner's anteroom, in inns, in city apartments"; this Muse "embraced and caressed Shevchenko" in a foreign country, as the breath of freedom returned to his feelings the purity of the first years.
d7657f9f4b51807a3f1fcae18b6c3426e95a66ba	Thus, probably, the first works of Shevchenko were not written in Little Russian, during his stay in St. Petersburg with Shiryaev (Sotenko met him for the first time in the Summer Garden).
8ca19cf78cbc52598704c43e30782aefd219e753	He began to write Little Russian works, apparently, after his release (in the studio of Bryullov, he considered some of his early works).
f3ccb68a3cd78ff4e0ae782e471a8ac83667b056	The years 1840-1847 were the best in Shevchenko's life.
3bb963e9dc2bbcff68a2b91907c268f164207506	During this period, his poetic talent flourished.
823a3dd7f438e742e11ddac34017cce3fb2aef36	In 1840, the first Ukrainian collection of Shevchenko's poems was published in St. Petersburg under the title "Kobzar", a small collection that began a new era in the history of Ukrainian literature.
e1046ef066ac6ce9146e741ff139d90d42a4a750	In 1840, the first Ukrainian collection of Shevchenko's poems was published in St. Petersburg - "Kobzar", which began a new era in the history of Ukrainian literature.
c625f25672d4f3689ce54cba6b3c20773d0eb6b3	Shevchenko's early works were written in the genre of ballads, poems,"dumkas".
668fc9061117c4ee5d8b4603f8b07a8cf3d3860f	Significant works of this period are the poems "Katerina" (1838) and "Gaydamaki" (1841).
80cb9d03853168cc7b2e2adfe071d1590cb22090	In Russian, he wrote the poems "Blind" (1842), "Untalented" (1844), the drama "Nazar Stodolya" (1843).
c6c69dbefde5e9794a3da3ebbc977920b7e4c542	In 1842, "Gaydamaki" was published - his largest work.
ebd58e8d35f4c0035894391c3a6ef91a082df56c	Other significant works of this period are the poems "Katerina" (1838), "Blind" (1842), "Untalented" (1844), "Naimichka" (1845), the drama "Nazar Stodolya" (1843).
f465f396d4a6f673bf5ee1cdc3d068b8c8f91d04	The political poems "The Dream" (1844), "The Caucasus" (1845) are imbued with a revolutionary spirit, they denounce the autocracy.
72cdd130a7711b6ce6cefce1127b54cf7944e6fb	The political testament to the people - the poem "How I will die...." ("Testament", 1845) - openly expresses a call for the overthrow of the autocracy.
812c42142c5906e136fa0bb180a139129e4c9fd0	Shevchenko's little Russian works first appeared in print in 1840, when the first issue of "Kobzar"was printed at the expense of the Poltava landowner Martos.
035ccd59e73cd60c7f9f82d806bec8a9cec4d968	This issue includes "My Thoughts, thoughts", "Perebendya", "Katerina", "Poplars", "Ivan Pikdova", "Tarasova nich" and some other works.
a2a0063d33e4c457152c8458b33dcbca56ec45f1	Russian criticism met Shevchenko's works very harshly, and the most severe was Belinsky's review.
040337312dc052ffc65f3bc88fd5192fdfd789d5	Belinsky denied the very legality of the existence of Little Russian literature.
35a2273ea8524ee0d6ee9b200dccbc9b5addaa5c	Shevchenko's biographer, Konisky, believes that these reviews were the reason that made Shevchenko start writing in Russian.
7dc03e409ec5f23864d4d189252d0cbc2a140d88	But as much as Shevchenko's works were met with Russian criticism, they aroused the same warm sympathy in his fellow countrymen.
75593a752503bde7fb15fcc55fe04ddb83032823	In 1843, Shevchenko returned to Ukraine, traveled for a year, engaged in painting.
63229bbdba74befd9b16359bfc43c3706389a2f1	The result of the observations was the album "Picturesque Ukraine".
05eff15da36a4090cd2085697facd708f680c6c3	After graduating from the Academy of Arts in 1844, the writer returned to Ukraine, in Kiev he worked as an artist in the Kiev Temporary Commission for the consideration of old acts.
7d9846f3ac78955e63ae891352613eb1c6707bfc	During the same period, Taras Grigoryevich got acquainted with Kostomarov, his political views were formed.
7e1476a8e7977a9f05d16a764fb5c58ba50df935	In 1843-1845, he wrote the cycle of poetry "Three years" (the central work of which is "Dream"), the poem "The Caucasus", the message " Both dead and alive...", the poems "Chigirine, Chigirine", "The Big Cellar", "Stands in the village of Subbotov", etc.
7ec067208903146e10a84b89c6832887b142acee	In 1846, he joined a secret political society-the "Cyril and Methodius Brotherhood", whose members were arrested on the denunciation of the provocateur.
0803a92fca28b45ef4a87118b9d3ee3179398c83	For an epigram on the Empress and the revolutionary mood of the poems in the collection "Three Years" in March 1847, the poet was arrested and sent into exile to the Orsk fortress, where he should serve as a soldier.
ed1f71e99c70b16af3fb6a3d0f5f92bd6e67042c	In addition, Nicholas I by his decree forbade Taras Shevchenko to write and draw, which was very depressing for him.
970226d1120c8eccf6f34c2bcfe95c14678e2025	But Shevchenko continued to secretly write poems, hiding them: the poems "Varnak" and " Marina "(1848), the cycle" Tsars " and a whole series of lyrical poems expressing a fervent love for Ukraine were written in the fortress.
cdc1d32a3bc57277e46e8f0e3763316027dfe729	In 1848, as an artist, Shevchenko was included in the expedition to survey the Aral Sea, where he painted a lot and created 350 watercolor landscapes and portraits.
94b91fdbc3d47fc6d19b80fe120979b0e6127ec2	In 1850, on the denunciation of one of the officers, the poet was arrested in Orenburg, sent to the Orsk Fortress and imprisoned in a casemate.
9a09ed78aa57ab9461e3efacf4c88cf0deca9d66	Soon he was transferred to the Mangyshlak peninsula of the Caspian Sea, to the Novopetrovskoye fortification.
94d07d9255d17d706af307a17a4c692360a7a582	In 1851, the artist was also included in a geological expedition in the Karatau mountains.
fdc5fd456ce999c08618fcebddac7325bd09573d	In his spare time, during the period of exile, he wrote stories in Russian and created genre drawings.
8782060c4c3b00b9adcbb045f23f9218e973f104	Thanks to the petition of the vice-president of the Academy of Arts, Count V. P. Tolstoy and his wife, in 1857 Taras Shevchenko returned from exile.
3f2a89d28cf5cb4ec59ff3704b52b86235611011	The poet lives in Moscow and St. Petersburg.
404882c3754e114da516289e655c0d40c9eed976	During the years of exile, Taras Shevchenko wrote the poems "Varnak" (1845) and "Marina" (1848), the cycles "In the casemate" (1847) and " Tsars "(1848), the stories" The Princess "(1853)," The Musician "(1854-1855)," The Unfortunate"," The Captain"," The Twins " (all — 1855).
2fc7f049b925d262530ca3a56aaeb5c5a785dc4a	Many landscapes, portraits, genre drawings were also created here.
5a5f4c239f5908e41b585c394000f37756aef6cd	In 1857, Shevchenko was released from exile.
6c7461b89473eb69f286b7c411d74d7feb6af593	In 1859, he came to Ukraine, but is under the supervision of the police, permanent residence in Ukraine is prohibited for him.
bd28c4b0edbc0e70e90984f2c9de9eb6e5f1f5f7	In 1859, he went to Ukraine for the last time, but was arrested and returned to St. Petersburg.
003bfa892807767926ee8f8e2a338faa5798bf73	The last prose works of Taras Shevchenko were the stories "A walk with pleasure and not without morality" (1856-1858) and diary entries "Journal".
2e2ed4efa10f8d2f021d2297bc07434e0cbf9999	In 1858, a number of high examples of intimate and landscape lyrics were written.
ce0d8b7573142241da062c495c27f5326fa5be89	Taras Grigoryevich died on March 10, 1861 in St. Petersburg
27d06111c0328c57162df2a3a192fe01a843ec8e	He is buried first at the Smolensk Cemetery, but, according to the" Zapovit", on May 10 of the same year, his ashes were reburied in Ukraine over the Dnieper on Tarasova Mountain (Kanev).
f8bbb8e1a19a4632d35c367758356c43af5dcb72	Despite the short life path, Taras Shevchenko left a big imprint in literature and art.
dd0a77e4273e6970a2c07821586ef8b7ea0372a2	Taras Shevchenko is the author of more than 1000 works of art, mainly landscapes, portraits, genre drawings.
22511e2a2c4f2a883c7a4e598db4a7f97b090ab7	He perfectly mastered the technique of writing paintings with pencil, pen, watercolor and oil.
d4a397e47a79f65fff5572ec8b8da8b60ad39852	An album of paintings by Taras Shevchenko "Picturesque Ukraine"has been released.
cd32eeeaeaf03c09e1866531e449b5513e06f94c	6.036 March 14: 34 GMT
98bac92698224e556d48459358053508a92fdbae	USD58.34-0.57 EUR61.86-0.12
14605036a4d3cfd33bdd481d2fc87cc4bf1d8236	Biography of Taras Shevchenko 01:0209.03.2014 0206165311
0de515c337b244bda67d2ea99fb33cdd0651ebad	© RIA Novosti Go to the photo bank
f6efcf755cc02a4bb6c7c5b86a9c81bf81cd029d	March 9, 2014 marks the 200th anniversary of the birth of Taras Shevchenko, a Ukrainian poet, artist, thinker, revolutionary democrat.
2e35f4d378f5f36ad7a3b7798f60be535ac1d05d	Ukrainian poet, novelist and artist Taras Shevchenko was born on March 9 (February 25, old style), 1814 in the village of Morintsy, Kiev province (now Cherkasy region, Ukraine) in the family of a serf peasant.
e41eacc8b23348c7dcdf6c4136371140192c8b9d	His childhood years were spent in his native village and in the village of Kirilovka.
4a61bce4326db3f970fed450bbee01b0a8c66cb4	The future poet was orphaned early.
65e0e97cdd4bf4836eb9eaaf6779855e923b6f61	In 1828, Taras Shevchenko entered service in the house of landowner Pavel Engelhardt in the village of Vilshana, a year later he served in his house in Vilna, and since 1831 in St. Petersburg.
bd42d4a822ad23778f2a9737b07833f4534b5a29	Having discovered the young man's ability to draw, Engelhardt decided to make him a home painter and sent him to study with the artist Vasily Shiryaev in 1832.
13809fbfc0688574d0e16483077114ed187b3eb6	As part of the Shiryaev artel, Shevchenko took part in the painting of the St. Petersburg Bolshoi Theater as an apprentice draftsman.
0fd8e070ee92eed4b7d58a6617af4137ae0ddbf6	In 1838, Shevchenko's influential patrons, including the artist Karl Bryullov, the poets Vasily Zhukovsky and Yevgeny Grebenka, bought him out of serfdom.
1a6b5bf0f80704605832321173c110cc8912d496	In 1840, the first Ukrainian collection of Shevchenko's poems, "Kobzar", was published in St. Petersburg.
e02afd450291ae5e75c9493915cd289da0580b69	Significant works of this period are the poems "Katerina" (1838), "Gaydamaki" (1841).
ef77a62e29b2abeb9ec7cf9d0d557a9045825b17	In 1844, Taras Shevchenko graduated from the Academy of Arts, receiving the title of "non class (free) artist", and again went to Ukraine, deciding to settle in Kiev.
45237f34f0b3279666e0f7c8cbb446912a28cd32	He worked as an artist in the Kiev Temporary Commission for the consideration of old acts.
695be2f4dd2404f86d808ef2a4f6e608a54ead56	In February 1847, he was approved for the position of a teacher of drawing at the Kiev University.
0042419ff2df592627d481c14fda20f0483f55da	In March 1847, for participating in the activities of the Cyril and Methodius Society and for anti semitic poems, Shevchenko was arrested and exiled to the Orsk Fortress of the Orenburg separate corps with a tsarist resolution banning writing and drawing.
a043cd7e43f91339af2360cfa0b8ef2d858bcdab	During his exile, in 1848, Shevchenko, as an artist, joined an expedition whose task was to explore the Aral Sea.
83f344e593bf09c29f53f99a3a1d0595acb9a4d1	In 1851, Shevchenko was again included as an artist in the geological expedition in the Karatau mountains.
5d4f561186c4b7be56892e607dfe2a908cbffb1e	On the way to St. Petersburg, he was forced to stay in Nizhny Novgorod, as he was banned from entering both capitals.
13755dd58efba97428d0a7f2c30928f060028b5f	The poem "Neophytes" (1857), the triptych "Share", "Muse", "Glory"were written in Nizhny Novgorod.
a0ab7ebed9d52ca6f544752d7bdad2c05e0dce43	Shevchenko's friends obtained permission for him to live in St. Petersburg.
0a4bad5f81cb8c48b5f23e82de830d6233e6aada	Here he became close to the circle of authors of Sovremennik and became close friends with Nikolai Chernyshevsky, Nikolai Nekrasov, etc.
95c71a7e9442bf937cf5f6198f581b54f13e66de	In the last years of his life, Shevchenko was actively engaged in educational activities.
994b08566a7b600aa2855fe3c811a5cf16f6d586	He prepared for publication the "Primer" for evening schools, which was released in a circulation of 10 thousand copies at the expense of the author, together with other participants of the St. Petersburg Ukrainian society " Gromada "prepared for publication the first issue of the magazine"Osnova".
6527b28c8e987304e83adab81549ddad20572456	In addition, Shevchenko worked in the fields of easel painting, graphics, monumental decorative painting and sculpture.
e8f66d73211697fca7c5909f67240a89ab5c7ac9	In 1859-1860, he executed etchings from the works of foreign and Russian artists.
a172e6727c33404189e03ed536f0ec03883730fe	For his success in this art, the Academy of Arts awarded Shevchenko the title of Academician of engraving.
9a5a8821e18e74b92711a4d1b4c6f7e629fbe71b	Taras Shevchenko died on March 10 (February 26, old style), 1861.
42240de2a988cd4353d0baa04c7ffb751dc2a6fa	He was buried at the Smolensk Cemetery in St. Petersburg, and two months later, the coffin with his body, in accordance with the poet's will, was transported to Ukraine and buried on Chernechya Mountain near Kanev.
39477eb5f1fc3cacbf4d52b33584fe1891814f4b	Shevchenko's works have been translated into almost all languages of the world, many works have been set to music by Nikolai Lysenko and other composers.
278dfd064b440a8923edc3d28a9231375de48153	The poems "My Thoughts, my thoughts", "Testament", the beginning of the ballad "Spoiled" ("Reve ta stogne Dnipr shiroky") became folk songs.
bea497a33ed06bcfdda699e3f4ff591800783b64	Educational institutions, theaters, squares, streets are named after Shevchenko in Ukraine.
40325d86c4716f33d814ef10cc7a0e0540ab40d2	The National Opera of Ukraine, the Kiev National University, the central boulevard of the city of Kiev are named after Taras Shevchenko.
43665981e618c2c966091ec395abde74a42fef62	Today, there are 1,384 monuments to Taras Shevchenko in the world: 1,256 in Ukraine and 128 abroad - in 35 countries.
07906bd1b15a6b99ddba06f348809e93ac109966	5311
ba970afa6d973460a53a3a3546e9e4fd5c2e1dcb	Biography of Taras Shevchenko 01: 02 09/03/2014 March 9, 2014 marks the 200th anniversary of the birth of Taras Shevchenko, a Ukrainian poet, artist, thinker, revolutionary democrat.
eac3147e900731b8bedfa8e70e79343af736f08c	References #Taras Shevchenko #Ukraine
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6c2ecfe8c8516406010bbd84f46beeca61471841	Taras Grigoryevich SHEVCHENKO (1814-1861)
7e6ecfa38fe71ec54443b8109c24217c6c294ab7	The outstanding Little Russian (Ukrainian) poet and artist T. G. Shevchenko was born on February 25 (March 9), 1814 in the village of Morintsy, Zvenigorod district, Kiev province (now - Cherkasy region) in the family of a serf peasant landowner P. V. Engelhardt.
4592a87858016da3b51435a0ad5c41397b2d060d	At the school of the sexton Shevchenko learned to read and write, and he got acquainted with elementary drawing techniques from painters.
ccee35c496bf8e7f505aefafa4eaf7413901a0e9	A year later, Taras served in the landowner's house in Vilna, and with his move to the capital in early 1831 - in St. Petersburg.
6a4be04af8f09a390264f45286f919f341bac2d9	Having discovered the boy's ability to draw, Engelhardt decided to make a home painter out of him and sent him in 1832 to study with the "various pictorial affairs of the guild master" V. Shiryaev.
dfce27377680e75f63a9463b02e7f44f02bd0158	During the holidays, the young man visited the Hermitage, drew statues in the Summer Garden, where in 1836 he met a fellow countryman - the Ukrainian artist I. M. Soshenko, who, after consulting with the Ukrainian writer Grebenka, introduced Taras to the conference secretary of the Academy of Arts V. Grigorovich, artists Venetsianov and K. Bryullov, the poet V.Zhukovsky. These acquaintances were of great importance in the life of Shevchenko, especially in the matter of his release from captivity.
ca01a1bdc04b9a7a65785919fbdba8c7e729774c	The first attempt to persuade Engelhardt to release Shevchenko in the name of humanity was unsuccessful.
52f2b99b9af3e88aef036d1385f878e7aa9ef9c6	Bryullov went to negotiate with the landowner, but he only took out from him the conviction "that this is the largest pig in Torzhkov shoes" and asked Soshenko to visit this "amphibian" and negotiate the price of the ransom.
b6ccccb126f88ca99fdfaa48943c71fcee305f28	Soshenko entrusted this delicate matter to Professor Venetsianov as a more authoritative person.
58eaca9c172cf47f33314f780012d76cf8fc0fa8	Taras Shevchenko was pleased and comforted by the care of enlightened representatives of Russian art and literature about him; but at times he was depressed, even despair.
5f434cd7495a733c7a21deee524ef5b227551593	Having learned that his case had stumbled upon the stubbornness of the landowner, Shevchenko once came to Soshenko in terrible agitation.
a165dc753d687c0f45b7a8d13eb8ecee463d35e2	Cursing his bitter fate, he threatened to repay Engelhardt and went home in this mood.
37095960180a958098991b722bef7ae577987d33	Soshenko was very worried about his fellow countryman and was waiting for a big trouble.
1c21658fb4a734210c04b78d13c9392d996a7e60	Then, "having previously agreed with my landowner," Shevchenko wrote in his autobiography, " Zhukovsky asked Bryullov to paint a portrait of him, in order to draw it in a private lottery.
d052a6beb0a8b2dc921f0e75dab6e4018b1a8860	The great Bryullov immediately agreed, and his portrait was ready.
50d1883339e5066024f4c4ec3f40625667c4da59	Zhukovsky, with the help of Count Vielgorsky, arranged a lottery of 2500 rubles, and this price was bought by my freedom on April 22, 1838."
e7eac1b1addf2a582bfb42db5ba699fc1ea0129d	As a sign of special respect and deep gratitude to Zhukovsky, Shevchenko dedicated one of his largest works to him: "Katerina".
88f1ef1e134988a6751cf29b6d2f328cd4e0d84a	In the same year, Taras Shevchenko entered the Academy of Fine Arts, where he became a student and comrade of K. P. Bryullov.
48908ef1ae05b0334bff76486b7c84e46497da00	The political testament to the people - the poem "How I will die...."
494020da5b3a82ae771d1e04665259ecc86e268a	("Testament", 1845) - openly expresses a call for the overthrow of the autocracy.
e3e1fa5fa8edb7512bf6b60a699d4d734146b112	In May 1843, Shevchenko left for Ukraine, where he spent about a year.
fe3d8cd2eadd87ee8536b8e1d391d6ef9e2bf99e	He returned to St. Petersburg in February 1844.
71af3865f473229c51907247924c6aec3ed00640	After graduating from the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts in the spring of 1845 and receiving the title of "non class (free) artist", he returned to Ukraine, intending to settle in Kiev.
cd4f3798175913145a63be11f24a96a3fb75f129	At that time, Shevchenko worked as an artist in the Kiev Archaeological Commission, traveled a lot in Ukraine.
e6f9a7198b426c8d3f3e6600b71104532d3afa53	Impressions from trips to the Kiev, Poltava, Chernihiv provinces, from the difficult situation of the peasants, strengthened Shevchenko's revolutionary aspirations.
cc25ab952d5b693ee23967617cfa73d39a076bf3	During his trips, he wrote anti serf poems, putting them in an album ("Three years"), read them to friends, gave them to rewrite.
d4c64c1fb1a1ffba149a046f69d0e8482763ba7a	St. Petersburg critics and even Belinsky did not understand and condemned Little Russian literature in general, Shevchenko in particular, seeing in his poetry a narrow provincialism; but Little Russia quickly appreciated him.
097e5f4ebfb7f9ea0b51f8ad8090587baf9b3d2c	This was expressed in the poet's warm receptions during his trip in 1845-1847.
d6de411f82c03716226c720b197ae3895d3a2aa1	"I'm not going to be a peasant poet," he wrote about the reviews of critics, " if only a poet;
fc41ed544394cd6ccc75ce891d45f264dfad51b3	I donot need anyone else."
aea060e77581380712ab5cf6b02a3253d3172827	In 1846, Shevchenko joined the secret Cyril and Methodius Society, founded at the end of 1845 by teachers and students of Kiev University, consisting of young people interested in the development of Slavic nationalities, in particular Ukrainian.
963ad56c8ca1a7b19254111cdfca4770254c9a94	In April 1847, on the denunciation of the provocateur, the society was discovered by the police.
d323bcf91683c75fa40ba48f7f69fa55ba25bd72	Its participants, 10 people, were arrested, accused of forming a political society and were punished, and most of all Shevchenko got for his illegal poems.
12d9100236b8cd49b175964c33aeb4aaef7f9eb0	For the fact that, as it is said in the sentence, "he composed poems in the Little Russian language, of the most outrageous content," he was exiled as a private to the Orenburg Region.
1a42e96a746826444623684533bbf471e9189361	Approving the sentence of exile and "the strictest supervision, so that outrageous works could not come out of him, under any circumstances," Nicholas I added on his own: "under the strictest supervision with a prohibition to write and draw."
70c5ca6e3ddfd31f1e063e38c397bfb618d9bb88	At the same time, Shevchenko's first serious problems with alcoholism also belong to this time.
5a9109c9fde0e60e5812165a9dff2ba11cb78954	Even then, Taras Grigoryevich's binge drinking was so well known that during the inquiry into the case of the Cyril and Methodius Society, one of its members, V. Belozersky, justified his colleague in this way: "Shevchenko wrote his poems in a state of intoxication, without having any daring plans, and in a natural state he did not sympathize with what he wrote under the influence of a sad mood."
69eb7ef6c7dbb187da4bd870a1423bbef830b029	The Orsk fortress, where Shevchenko got, was a deserted backwater.
6cc9b198e808eba8bf44b0a6c65194e8bd863fbe	"It is rare," he wrote, "to find such a characterless area"...
cee0626de5883208b544df94e873c733cf09e1de	"All my previous sufferings," he writes in a letter of 1847, " were childish tears in comparison with the real ones.
5cca22063dc5e4ca3a4f1df4563b64c5662127e3	It's bitter, unbearably bitter."
88231cf1a5b567df7137dacf9e8c93e20bccf15b	Not knowing Gogol personally, Shevchenko decided to write to him "by right of the Little Russian virsheplet".
0c570f008ddb4a24b5b12a648b035c387ab71768	" I am now, like a person falling into the abyss, ready to grasp everything - hopelessness is terrible! it is so terrible that only Christian philosophy can fight it."
a3bd82b0c40f5f9f7fc0dc2f34350555c92dafdf	However, judging by Shevchenko's diaries, his life in exile was not so difficult.
7ffc2b2000b63ec2e0dd316438fd7b1e529456b2	" Today, like yesterday, I came to the garden early, lay under the willow for a long time, listened to the oriole and finally fell asleep.
9da5e87e5d05062b07b4992da29ea8d2b346cba7	The dream had a wonderful influence on me throughout the whole day...", - this is how Shevchenko describes the next day of his service.
a10405360fbd6f0bff7a9eb1addfeceb3ee79299	- Further, an outstanding Ukrainian poet, persecuted by the tsarist autocracy, wrote: "There is not the slightest desire for work.
918c4bcd8925c7b7e8d15d7cdd146568e44919ba	I sit or lie in silence for whole days under my beloved willow, and at least something stirred in my imagination for a laugh.
768382fa788c2c82f787731c5969d686f33aae27	Still absolutely nothing."
977c7ba5aa4eacc263a4eda0749bea7519563159	Shevchenko writes a letter to Zhukovsky asking him to apply for only one favor - the right to draw.
973599d37da1dd3165c3989c99d09843ad31d181	In this sense, Count Gudovich and Count A. Tolstoy were busy for Taras, but it was impossible to help him.
53fb29bab836060d441a03f381813dd794fc1b63	Shevchenko also appealed to the head of the III department, General Dubbelt, wrote that his brush had never sinned and would not sin in the political sense, but nothing helped; the prohibition to draw was not lifted until the very liberation.
882829552d9ab36778e2f937d4b2656fbad15465	Some consolation was given to him by participating in an expedition to study the Aral Sea in 1848 and 1849.
ee3f95e3086443a174a1ad9d7bbbce640ee080c5	Thanks to the humane attitude of the exiled General V.
810bc812fd64d8184c322c6b6dae89d0126d8ce5	A. Obruchev (1793-1866) and especially Lieutenant Butakov, Shevchenko was allowed to draw views of the Aral coast and local folk types.
c506aff4d7dc7f680bedf69c5992046ed6533c09	He created 350 watercolor landscapes and portraits, captured scenes of the life of the Kazakh people, soldiers ' life.
f650505f0309d952c4c2687d5c606877bdeb6719	But this leniency soon became known in St. Petersburg; according to the denunciation of one of the officers, Obruchev and Butakov were reprimanded, and in 1850 Shevchenko was exiled to a new deserted slum, the Novopetrovskoye fortification on the island.
48228863f197dd0f3b772749407706b373ad6104	Mangyshlake, with the repetition of the prohibition to draw.
8a22d065c3440f95e9e461e37cb35a7f6c89b705	The first three years of his stay in the" smerdyachy barracks " were very painful; then there were various relieves, thanks mainly to the kindness of Commandant Uskov and his wife, who fell in love with Shevchenko for his gentle nature and affection for their children.
c9f759c16cee5c339d444884ea257a6f1d39406d	Unable to draw, he was engaged in modeling, tried to do photography, which, however, was very expensive at that time.
ec0c83e8c6a4d4010973c8925ccdf379072dbc51	Shevchenko's release took place in 1857, under an amnesty, thanks to the persistent petitions of Count F. P. Tolstoy and his wife Countess A. I. Tolstoy for him.
9c1f56c67be49b419c652505f38d48df135aa09a	Shevchenko stayed in Novopetrovsky from October 17, 1850 to August 2, 1857, i.e. before his release, after the death of Nicholas I.
a5511fdf49bee9b93efe98cd7963749401fbd635	Shevchenko's return from exile was long and difficult.
fca0ffb828eaf0f42e7a09bd1e86816ebe769e91	On the way, to Nizh.
575be89357b322adcf4c7a4a29f123731fb808ff	In Novgorod, he was detained, he was banned from entering both capitals.
5bc1c15431a40f3e1d44adea2e3e8cd65666de19	However, his friends obtained permission for him to live in St. Petersburg, where he arrived in the spring of 1858.
5267734a7b513e65603906df27bdc0adf93603c1	Here he became close to the circle of authors of Sovremennik, got together with N. G. Chernyshevsky, N.
7675952649752768df2509ab14744fdc2d39fb0b	A. Dobrolyubov, N.
1a1db1b1e7a833f7b41747e725e00fce35d6acff	A. Nekrasov, M. L. Mikhailov, the Kurochkin brothers, A. N. Ostrovsky, etc. His satire took on even sharper and angrier notes.
196af8de33515abd7fedf408892b19d5a322f149	The "Third Department" again established strict supervision over the poet.
089fb12c62717f608c674c420dac846231c63ca2	Shevchenko stayed in exile for 10 years, from June 1847 to August 1857, but it did not break his will and revolutionary beliefs.
ce26e70a7d4f5cf33c19740b96ca9be41800b03f	The poems and poems of the "slave muse" (as the poet called his works created in exile and carefully hidden during searches) are marked by an increase in revolutionary sentiments: in the cycle of poems "Tsars" (1848), a guilty verdict against tyrants and a call for reprisals against them sounds.
179a3d052f5f2571f6222b532bf3bcbcc690baed	During the years of exile, realistic stories were written in Russian: "The Princess" (1853), " The Musician "(1854-1855)," The Unfortunate"," The Captain"," The Twins "(all - 1855)," The Artist " (1856); all of them are imbued with anti serf sentiments and contain many autobiographical details.
ebce49c21d40b98f1d6a9dd2f2d44a45e76899d9	But the difficult years of exile, due to ingrained alcoholism, led to a rapid weakening of health and talent.
177d04976f32acd174c8c590d3b1a1b1e1304d70	Attempts to arrange a family hearth (actress Riunova, peasant women Harita and Lukerya) were not successful, he remained lonely until the end of his days.
6e6a7a26e0a79c146c05b71478330a956197c82d	After spending a short time in St. Petersburg (from March 27, 1858 to July 1859), Shevchenko again goes to his homeland.
367426dccb38878ffd687a534d39621e8a05a88b	Then he had the idea to buy a manor house over the Dnieper.
74fc60e41e9eb2370aa0f88953fb80105fb03aa7	A beautiful place was chosen near Kanev, on Chernechya Mountain.
3a6fb148f7986f6bf159bcbaa575bbbe9ddbc2c4	Shevchenko worked hard to acquire it, but he did not have to settle here.
63bcb88fd71dcffd1f9af69751894ac48af255b8	Once he was reading his poems in an unfamiliar drunken company, the local mayor immediately filed a report to the governor, Prince Dolgorukov, that "Academician Shevchenko" was agitating the people against the authorities.
cdf7df61d2521a4153cacd454fa1b68c7754e21e	He was arrested again, ordered to leave Ukraine and return to St. Petersburg under the supervision of the III Department.
5c6c688fb46e7d918975bc71eef717b062f36fcd	Distracted by numerous literary and artistic acquaintances, Shevchenko in recent years wrote little and drew little.
82ed06c420dd55460830fbece7d61f37ad951551	Almost all of his time, free from dinner parties and evenings, Shevchenko gave to engraving, which he then became very interested in.
7d44cb37a24d2726fe17c300d3425da6604223ee	In the same year, 1860, he received the title of Academician in engraving on copper.
09796bd9b717ce7bbb1630e4437f05969ec0e5c2	At the beginning of 1861, the poet met with a seriously ill person (liver, heart disorder, dropsy), he had rheumatism, but the poet hoped for a cure until the end.
ec171bc7b2b2ad8ce95629be17f191aa8e8ad5bc	In his letters to his second cousin Bartholomew in Ukraine, he wrote that he would wait for spring, come to Ukraine and be sure to recover there.
d7298f91393e7495519aef3b9c2d03cd4905aebd	Before his death, as if there was relief, early in the morning on March 10, 1861, Taras Shevchenko got out of bed, asked for help to get dressed and go to the workshop.
bcf4fd70c9ea0371867267e15268218edcd98825	He started to go down the stairs and fell.
20af4a99d6b15467a1871d3b5e5a9427b5afa12a	The servant assigned to the academician of the Imperial Academy of Arts heard his last will: "Before Kanev..."
d21821894bcbdb30371309162e4447439df95c37	- and the poet's heart stopped.
460ebf423a380fce163d182893105edcfe996271	Shevchenko died in St. Petersburg on his birthday, February 26 (March 10), 1861.
844e69322015f99ad165d9f5c3fd4d6bb2a5d9e3	But his body was not immediately transported to Kanev.
a8f196686c31788f0417e01a19c95a991a8d913a	Despite the fact that Taras Shevchenko served the prescribed 10 years of exile, he was never rehabilitated and continued to be considered a political criminal, who was being monitored.
defc4efa1e538157ac3cc1bebf2ff5d7e86d89fc	Therefore, the official permission of the authorities was required for the burial of the unreliable Shevchenko in Ukraine.
2f79d873639c062914cfabc69d94f6e7c74a6454	Friends decided to bury him in St. Petersburg, and after obtaining permission to determine a permanent burial place.
6c47727e0009c2381dd136d15065037f74b0b94c	Already on the day of Taras Shevchenko's death in St. Petersburg, his friends, members of the Ukrainian community, the artist G. Chastakhivsky, the brothers writers Mikhail and Alexander Lazarevsky decided that they should at all costs fulfill the last will of the poet and bury him in Ukraine.
d6db377bd17129a8574dc8ec38ad2e84e3982323	Shevchenko asked about this in "Zapoviti" and more than once told Chastakhivsky about the Kanevskaya Chernech Mountain, on which he dreamed of putting a hut for himself.
fdab80b80340e4e977fc618a45c1698bc5cd1653	Taras Shevchenko was buried at the Smolensk Orthodox Cemetery, near the cathedral.
d343182f10e53d4116b0adc4e0db9de99e776aad	Dostoevsky, Leskov, Saltykov Shchedrin, Turgenev, Nekrasov, representatives of the Ukrainian, Polish and Greek communities of Petya came to the funeral service rburg.
eb1de38d1fede8f3d7e80c9a26681cb89e552731	Only relatives from Ukraine did not come - brothers Joseph, Mikita and sister Yaryna did not have the means to travel.
0f163d09c0d9bbb6aebd16c5ad2eb2433c7ffc15	Academician Shevchenko was lying in an expensive wooden coffin corresponding to his rank, which was placed in a metal box before burial, so that the earth would not damage either the body or the tree, because eventually Shevchenko's ashes would have to be returned to Ukraine.
4c6a1ed1ad68e980e1ef3a7b197fe22e7c54e285	Herzen placed a heartfelt obituary in the "Bell".
57ae082e4a259e2df2e2e44846ac0a5481183bc2	Shevchenko's death was perceived in Russia as a great loss for literature and the liberation movement.
212a51a8ef84f5feefbd310b80b93508fcccffbd	The funeral procession reached Kanev for almost two weeks.
cb44c871bb5174767b08dbd1f26e70a3827d2257	Shevchenko's body was no longer in two, but in three coffins.
bfce5aa962c545f529c11ba5bb940a32f90cb4cc	Before the road, a metal coffin was placed in a wooden one, so that the procession had a decent appearance.
a13470c6ec7f20d3e9a425484b15b22ded139f47	Therefore, people were surprised that it was so hard for them to carry a seemingly small man.
eb1523ee2ebb65df2173d5f751c215a1698c3d69	In Moscow, where the procession arrived by rail, the poet was buried in the church of St. Tikhon - later the Arbatskaya metro station was built in its place.
8e8c8439c553eb25c90611f05c3ddcf2677f09b5	From there, they went to Ukraine on artillery drogues.
b810da98f4d1732cecdf317a98044ee4743aa290	On the Kiev Chain Bridge on May 18, 1861, they stopped and unharnessed the horses.
d2f13985b2e3bbd863439b7ce08d031244192b43	Instead, the drogs with Shevchenko's coffin were carried by students of the Kiev University to the Church of the Nativity of Christ on Podil.
ceeaa3bfcf316db6b0cd55d77e92e545ab8740d9	Here the body of his brother was first seen by Joseph, Mikita and Yaryna Shevchenko.
4f379749b172e9da013f8765f81569c575ce05c6	The Metropolitan of Kiev has forbidden to bury the unreliable poet in Kiev.
163d4bd3d9ec86a2f3be41827ccd069069eaa90d	In addition, Chastakhivsky, who accompanied the body, insisted on Chernechya Mountain.
26857fe633bd25863d177b997034bf5d04bdd4fa	The coffin was carried to the pier, installed on the steamer "Kremenchug", and on May 20 the procession left for Kanev.
c3e6425e4487451492f9cd6ee65acd51ba481f02	The Shevchenko brothers wanted to bury Taras at the walls of the Kanevsky Assumption Cathedral, built in 1144.
048048ba37c329654f5e88aed3213b42ed77cda3	Chastakhivsky even had to quarrel with his relatives, demanding the fulfillment of Taras ' last will.
bb536589635be0857d8e39159219ba61aecc7ed2	There was a flood and flood on the Dnieper, they did not dare to take the coffin from the Assumption Cathedral to Chernechya Mountain by the shortest way - they did not dare to go down the river, the boat could capsize...
d6e4e705997e451687b47b3365ff35fd6a8eb82e	Therefore, the coffin with the body of Taras was carried on their hands for 11 versts.
7d71d91150f4e571a3764c6a016f2861fa02ac87	In 1861, the residents of Kanev and the nearest villages were not so educated, and did not know who exactly was being buried.
b83e44d00aabd2aaa16c56e0c0f64bf9d8bd29ad	But the solemnity of Shevchenko's funeral was felt.
7871f61ba05ac80874da78e73e5f48d5306e4e34	The day before, teachers and students of Kiev University, Poltava and Kiev intellectuals, clergy, representatives of Ukrainian St. Petersburg arrived here.
88629752fa87166764fad062d0951a63b75c64b3	On May 22, Taras was buried like a boy.
36745f4bec90f7ff2dfce91614eb1c3237f1e321	In front of his coffin there were girls in bright wreaths and ribbons, embroidered shirts.
42736ca0d1603c4326fc1ac1336a511ab540a1e5	The girls were shouting loudly, as if parting with their betrothed.
3711a99c175290dff3c59a535dc78bfa2eed1c68	And just a few days after the funeral, Chernech Mountain began to be called Tarasova.
e5389b5d57b986b88cbc2b35062446cdc53a169d	Even during his lifetime, Shevchenko turned into a mythical figure.
7b37671e1fd8f8f828d8dd73c1c730537580d05d	The secrets did not disappear even after his death.
bb38f028104d94c861a4be5fe416b87a53a59a7a	The people did not accept the death of the poet, and the most incredible rumors went around Kiev for a long time.
423a77d124c4a2d8153b8c5bbda84c93b8899900	They said that he did not die, but simply disappeared, fleeing from a new arrest.
5adcd935e1334157bf561d7d533eef2c75c5a32e	They say that the poet's friends buried an empty coffin, and he himself "walked along the svit I pisni warehouse, he did not show up".
b1ddb67e6daaa5eaba56432c10630e988cafe3a3	For many years, there were rumors that Shevchenko rides a white horse on the outskirts, and people appeared in Kiev every now and then, claiming that they "only yesterday" saw him on the street and even bowed to him from afar.
63e11775f038334007caedf3249c3f27f1bff249	In 1894, the news spread that the poet had returned to his homeland and visited, with the passport of his friend Vasily Krichman, the villages of Kirillovka, Tarasovka and Zvenigorodka.
16f02760a1c550d1b487181d11c19df881edfb3b	As the sister of the famous philologist A. Krymsky wrote from there, " he examined everything very carefully: obviously, he was remembering his homeland, which he had not been to for a long time.
431c3bc5e0dfa62a576947d1b5f4edca86d9fee8	In Zvenigorodka, he visited the investigator several times on the case... he visited Shevchenko and his sister in Kirillovka.
0936377f8718bc84173decbcb98f729891a7a981	By the way, he said that after his death there will be many new, not yet printed works of his."
aebc06ea0b9a272090d4ef5089be79830e6f16b5	For a long time, a dark and mysterious person who pretended to be the brother of the late poet T. Shevchenko also wandered around Ukraine.
eb2404e1de7ed7acfa8770fc0cdd78a77694431d	It is known that in 1939, when a museum and a new monument on Tarasova's grave were opened in Kanev, Shevchenko's burial was opened.
8d5e4b4026a663c48d389b6ef96c24f6c4810316	To prevent the granite pedestal and the bronze figure of Shevchenko from crushing the crypt with the coffin, it was necessary to accurately determine the burial place.
747b8a7d936f7abb65a5cf72b1397a79368fd080	After the funeral, the grave was covered with stones and turf, according to the Cossack custom, giving it a rounded shape.
03b343376d066f8995e988ec135903c4eff9ea24	Over time, the rains eroded the artificial embankment and the mound was leveled arbitrarily.
976b2edbf70abe221c0f2e1746f5cba8e5559056	A special commission, which included representatives of the government, the NKVD and local authorities, decided to find the crypt.
602eb2f54377cf31d30a30b0cbe162d8c98c264a	When the commission members went down to the dug up grave, someone gave the idea to open the coffin, although no one had the right to do so.
3fa1c2343b2b5668e7fa4ae7b057aec98d070949	Opening the first pine coffin, they saw a metal box, and in it a beautiful coffin with a window, on which lay a dried wreath.
b499899ca84970a0178a5d3397946933e10949df	Later, the memoirs about her work in the commission were published by an old Bolshevik, the order bearer Tsvintarnaya.
3c1bb15847b574346311c8465e06ea1343ecaafd	The woman recalled that the members of the commission saw Shevchenko, who was lying "as if alive", and were very scared.
398d6088683827b2233105be056ff1a62f86fb0b	After 78 years since the death of Taras Grigoryevich, they expected to see the remains.
f7b90e908eb06883d302b5b85cd8e74dfb46b6d2	When the air got on the face of the buried person, it instantly began to settle.
ca20cc3c87ef38ad9b8c41a87f438e014c1b324a	The frightened people left in a hurry.
91eb7e8fd95bf16cae3565ea2656189f4053f444	After 1939, it was decided to seal up the entrance to the crypt with a reinforced concrete slab so that no one could enter there.
55f6415a03e3d32e6beae74a363989f783b05a80	Even the Germans did not touch the grave during the occupation.
5e86143beb136d4ae3b6167c67154038a0ea5282	Only the bronze figure of Kobzar was touched by fragments of shells, the traces of which were then carefully restored.
160b13b1e524f6723a93f10476c6f10fa1e5e067	And the marks of the war remained on the granite of the pedestal.
29fdbdd7829210b5c2469a05aba9bb4d14051ab1	In recent decades, various religious communities have repeatedly appealed to the Shevchenko National Reserve about the canonization of Taras Shevchenko.
45417d63b4dffcf1069c7b6a9032234222ad865c	It is known that one of its conditions is the incorruptibility of the remains of the deceased.
36e6239cd4087e4dbdae58b2873582c64707952c	And if the church commission finds that he did good deeds during his lifetime, a decision is made on canonization.
3744265b9d0f0529772e341603a628857dd0be03	The Taras Shevchenko Museum and Grave in Kaniv is one of the most revered places for the Ukrainian people.
bcdb96d5642fe4580ea3eca94f8f5790b794190d	If I die, then pohovayte
f9793a81ab1fb1c4291799d4f09e3ccd32b186dd	Mene na mogili,
f301a2351a0d93683e0861865c0ccf297e4e712a	The middle of the wide steppe,
f5f4340c8d31f274b8d3d5a5430c443775134cc2	On the last mile,
e163e2e5ef77a1507c1e75cd577f5242d403caab	Shchob lani shirokopoli,
fc492bfcc8621ec55ffa2cdb978b3d66b2140436	I Dnipro, i kruchi
09be6d47b3c306fe92e941b06446a310d5820c2f	Bulo can be seen, bulo chuti,
64d8b0e36cb84aa14f0fd71cb2c724bdf0bbf743	Yak reve revuchy.
01aee7b4a0b9da48b17e1f025153a3eaa4d3cd82	I am not in the great world,
504d10a102e6fd50eb5427b69858e69954a5d1c4	In sim'y volny, noviy
2890453b744bc65d111a1048c9ce97490e036e18	Donot forget to remember
e0e8bcc7e43ee370c6e6a7dd1d98018e2cecdd6c	We are not offended by a quiet word.
ce81e9fd4e07b2b70c750eab2c853f56f83d2163	1845
62a074e1498cb56f1629c6bb7d74ae3e8eeaada2	/ Biographies / Shevchenko T. G.
f6936273c5f910d306e4ace443e15e3bff512075	Shevchenko T. G.
b35491159a5bc23588c4856ddb829fbf861bed82	The poet's father, Grigory Shevchenko Hrushevsky, married the daughter of a peasant of the village of Morinets, Akim Boyka, moved to Morintsy and settled in the estate purchased for him by his father in law; soon, however, the Shevchenko moved back to Kirillovka, where Taras Grigoryevich spent his childhood.
585cc6f328b2f7c79eae2a2f110aaa5555544fa4	Shevchenko also had to experience a lot from the sexton, who was an ardent admirer of the rod and the triplet and beat his pupils, and especially Taras, for whom there was no one to intercede, mercilessly.
8b7c1a8c061637d3304a5da9506195403b307267	The sexton brought the boy to such anger that one day, finding his teacher dead drunk, Shevchenko tied him hand and foot and whipped him himself.
f06c6f2521f81f71ad1b8047ca58f0e09b2ceb81	After that, Taras could only run, which he did, leaving at night in the town of Lysyanka.
9baa051aba477ac1af4548e3669a879eb2007083	Shevchenko, who felt a passion for painting from an early age, entered Lysyanka as an apprentice to one of these icon painters, a deacon; however, he soon left this deacon for the village of Tarasovka to a painter who was famous in the surrounding area; but this painter, who was engaged in palmistry, on the basis of this science did not recognize any abilities in the boy, and Shevchenko had to return to his homeland in c.
72c2fe06709623cc94db6b72ded7d37e5e43390a	Kirillovka.
f325b5878876a0234b53f6970624c4ff0753930c	Here Shevchenko got into the shepherds of the public flock, but, due to his absent mindedness, he turned out to be completely incapable of such an occupation.
129667a7f0612aa6f4cfffd62a5f85862f5afb8b	The same absent mindedness and inability to devote himself entirely to small interests made him unsuitable for agricultural work.
b331c74735efe59da73f378905145847bc1cf74a	In April 1838, Shevchenko finally received his freedom.
c9dfa4e744499137c28804de7a72669b730544f4	Then he began to attend classes at the Academy of Fine Arts and soon became one of Bryullov's favorite students.
1d6223fc1f68dfbcbd7cda6827f7ff686fb29088	It is very likely that Shevchenko began writing poetry late, after his acquaintance with Sotenko and writers, when he became aware of Kotlyarevsky's "Aeneid", Pushkin's" Poltava " translated by Grebenka, etc. Before that, he composed only folk songs, which is very understandable, since the form of folk poetry was so "his" for Shevchenko that it is difficult to doubt that his poetic creativity developed directly from the folk poetic tradition.
b0b56fbf3e0d719f3a851c5d2468214028e3c99a	A prominent role in the appearance of the "Kobzar" was played by Grebenka, who, apparently, owns the very idea of publishing Shevchenko's little Russian works and the merit of obtaining funds for the publication.
fa8a9ef9a12b14e4d1e7927040ec605817a69565	Martos, apparently, was attracted to the case by the Comb.
6590dfaae5ad477155b7c1cbcc15b791799abdab	Shevchenko soon became the favorite Ukrainian poet, the pride of his compatriots.
02b78eb72d3e164a35d12f5e76826e325f6af470	Until 1843, Shevchenko wrote in Little Russian, then in Russian.
9434cb42d5dfdb2a6803786b31a97138d91bd338	In 1843, he finally stopped writing in Little Russian and did not write anything in Russian until the half of the 50s.
276df3ff58547179593e4c245f7b8b25b8ea72da	In the same 1843, Shevchenko plans to publish "Picturesque Ukraine" (this publication did not take place).
0e92f78bf2de6a7954ccdbbf33c6b05c291ce2f1	In order to collect material for this publication, Shevchenko went to Little Russia in 1843, first of all to Tarnovsky, known as a little Russian patron of art, to his estate in the Chernihiv province.
9f1e11386f8ac317e89f97f2993bfff127176bc1	At the same time, in the Chernihiv province, he met the family of princes Repnins.
e21bae6f7b9dfb04c85ab10aeb80c1630421b28a	Shevchenko has established strong friendly relations with Princess Varvara Nikolaevna Repnina for many years.
b14d1204c9d14d4f5bd4e7dd8a379b51e9862193	On the same trip, Shevchenko visited his homeland in Kirillovka, visited the place of the last Sich, Khortytsia and the place of the Zaporozhye shrine — the Mezhyhirsky Monastery.
d4f5e0f355df44fa1828b05fb931e174d323ee25	While giving himself up to literature, Shevchenko did not, however, abandon painting.
3d6311b4be1e082734e54fcd14aae6de2b756ced	From 1839 to 1841, Shevchenko repeatedly received awards at the Academy of Arts.
ba6c5ff858bbfe99bc2a3dbc3188d62b50b92a49	After returning from a trip to his homeland, he again started academic work, dreamed of a business trip abroad.
8ebf36c9e107f21b19d30cee3728b4c64b7563e3	However, the work on the "Picturesque Ukraine" and other troubles related to Shevchenko's national interests prevented him from studying at the Academy, and the trip abroad did not take place.
e3645f3e77219e624b6405fcef36b1aef6c3c9df	In February 1844, Shevchenko went to Moscow.
13d0c9ac6f7a36a524ae8cc31866dd0db3b84c7c	There he met with fellow countrymen Shchepkin and Bodyansky, there he also wrote his poem "Chigirin".
6a61f0d38bc76cfcc9a35ec2b2a4918a36042208	In June of the same year, Shevchenko wrote the poem "Dream", which later served as one of the main reasons for exile.
8690ae36bee6a26aff63b57e4df22cea8715ccc5	In the summer of 1844, Shevchenko again made a trip to Little Russia.
3d9709da505295bdad0f9eb1d33f1482049f5bcd	He was in his native Kirillovka, staying, by the way, with the landowner Zakrevsky, whom he had met the previous summer.
7ed299698f6fedb4b9631b0600558ab8331235d0	Zakrevsky was the head of the society "Mochemordia".
0a5426ddf4aed7893bb63b76897f708d3a38fd3a	This society was something like a "Green Lamp", in which Pushkin once participated: its members spent time in carousals.
e178c02c440ed475c0ea9141420af75959522db7	Shevchenko became close to Zakrevsky and the "mochemords", which greatly upset his friend — Princess Repnina, who tried her best to distract the poet from this company.
3e7eb818a9cc83111c41a206d742577cfa7c72f5	Shevchenko spent the autumn and part of the winter of 1844 with the Repnins, then returned to St. Petersburg, where he continued to work at the Academy.
4cef92fda6d61daba9f317bdf40e6f3569e5a11f	On March 25, 1845, Shevchenko received a diploma of a free artist.
b70db106c7fa78f0b21d86b05c5ed8dacdcef74c	At the same time, Shevchenko's work on portraits of 12 generals, for the publication of the same name, undertaken by Polevoy, belongs to the same time.
045ea870a4a3e77881264f2b6d628ee1dc65c2ba	In the spring of 1845, Shevchenko left St. Petersburg, this time for a long time.
f6260c3b7841f106a8ad7f1f3cbfb6854a1dbb52	He went through Moscow, where he again saw Bodyansky and Shchepkin, and went to Little Russia.
7842a8713bc5fc6222f01de7edaaa65b2cc76d67	He lived with various friends and in his native Kirillovka, and in the autumn he came to Kiev.
8451a81ccc62b4268c95413a0a8b04389915b286	Here he met Kulish personally (he had corresponded with Kulish before, and, according to some instructions, he had seen him before).
94700a773fb5453e9cc12504f5271d98c6a8959e	Kulish planned to attract Shevchenko to Kiev, as a center of little Russian education, and prepared his appointment as an employee of the Archeographic Commission.
152ba5f7e67322fe0ceeb6478df6ff2afba72353	Shevchenko filed a petition in August 1845 and again left for the Poltava province and his homeland.
14aac6079746a34f583e2dc66f7196b2f0bc4d3c	Shevchenko's matchmaking dates back to this time.
4c08fa4c1444503766b5569487ddc08972317a48	He fell in love with the daughter of the same priest Koshitsa, for whom he once served as a pogonich; the girl also fell in love with him, but her parents did not consider it possible to have their recent "lad" as a son in law, and Shevchenko was refused.
10c213500c5910e7ccdfe62733aab3bca0df7ae2	In October, Shevchenko was appointed an employee of the Kiev Commission for the analysis of ancient acts and immediately went to the Poltava province to search for and sketch ancient monuments.
66d84fa3b1851281fc61bc75fa6b7557948a3ed5	On this trip, Shevchenko visited the famous Gustynsky monastery.
172446fd070e0824bf02f395e62ad31ae3cb08a2	In the same year, he wrote several poetic works, including the poem "The Caucasus".
383c4ad48a01685017ba8c97c9a706d512ce8892	Shevchenko's excursions covered a significant part of the Poltava and Chernihiv provinces.
fb171f2e58154fe8beceb1e109bd6038a2253edc	At the end of April 1846, Shevchenko returned to Kiev.
fb7188e76654bb26611882b92e2bd96249e2095f	At this time, Shevchenko met Kostomarov, who in the autumn of 1845 was transferred from the city of Rovna, Volyn province, as a teacher to the Kiev first Gymnasium.
b4cfe1e35c7607eec016ceaf79fc3724f5975e80	Kulish was no longer in Kiev at that time, and Kostomarov was the center of Kiev youth.
8bfd52f0ced12a666041eada4c9aaf02dabc2770	Shevchenko soon met and became close to him.
1eb3b9addeb174afa2cfc9a412588c4f0f1a4e81	At Kostomarov's, Shevchenko met Gulak, Belozersky and some others, who later became part of the so called Cyril and Methodius Society.
0594d92c5bfc69cd5f73addbfb4b8885176e93d3	In May, Kostomarov was elected a professor at the University of St. Vladimir, and in the autumn the pan Slavic Cyril and Methodius Society was formed, which aimed to spread the idea of Slavic reciprocity and a future federation of Slavic peoples on the basis of complete freedom and autonomy of individual nationalities.
f9d14241ad57ad7575339fe0e8218bdf587d172e	The program of the society included the liberation of the peasants and the enlightenment of the people.
b9581f71cdbf065565436dda8ff3da377e46ab6b	Members of the society had to wear rings with the names of Cyril and Methodius.
dccb92fd7322b8abac162776e808945be47c8b68	The society was organized during Shevchenko's trip to the Poltava province, so that upon his return to Kiev, he was soon introduced into the society by Kostomarov.
18b903d8202b7f38664bbbb7db3d964a6b3fceee	In the summer, Shevchenko together with prof. Ivanishev made excavations in the Vasilkovsky district, near the town of Fastov.
3b2b4d67759b8202c1b501d0fad728f59e1e74c3	In the autumn, Shevchenko was sent to the south western region to record songs and fairy tales, to draw mounds and historical monuments.
d65d7be258864e9db442f9c70b26cc5b46b9edb1	During this trip, Shevchenko visited Kamenets, Pochayev, the village of Verbki near Kovel, Volyn province, where Prince Kurbsky is buried.
4374c696c968da02e9958d4bf84a22eade297cf0	In all these places Shevchenko made drawings, of which, however, most have not been preserved.
b4348739bc7ceca753168d91f8beb9e74693d25e	In December 1846, on the first day of Christmas, Shevchenko attended a meeting of the Cyril and Methodius circle, spoke a lot and sharply.
11fde2bd18316c3e1fd6e6b4d8634512da626ede	Others took part in the conversation, and the conversation was frank.
6725cb67fc530fae5cf8942d6a9e88e50c0c4b06	Meanwhile, there was a certain Petrov, a student of the University of St. Vladimir, recently introduced into society by Gulak, to whom he managed to ingratiate himself.
e6de394f1ff3abadc654f217722d8148012afd03	This Petrov crept into the confidence of society in order to track him down and after a while reported all the conversations to his superiors.
c0f234b4890476be6ac904aa34b9940dcc7c7b33	The results of the denunciation did not affect now.
338ab1555fb6c3abc1b1c8dfa4a8cae71c1f3cfd	After Christmas, Shevchenko went to the Chernihiv province for the wedding of Kulish, and then lived with various friends in the Chernihiv province until Easter.
d8179ddb8f3f5fc774615080f1d9036cd0a32a9c	At this time, he was appointed a teacher of drawing at the Kiev University.
2bfe531095788617bd6dafb42f3f9d18d6d312ea	After Easter, Shevchenko went to Kiev, where he was in a hurry for Kostomarov's wedding.
35c07c7482bb276eab43e93c504d3eaae93063a3	When entering Kiev, Shevchenko was arrested.
f20fc43793e4bab7e376dab37626618d78f84b86	The case of the Cyril and Methodius Society, despite the absolute innocence of its program, was given great importance: all the accused were brought to St. Petersburg, where the investigation was carried out by the third department under the direct supervision of Count Orlov himself.
16a81e2514a18168b3ecf3b44bd0b951c60f4419	The character of the society was fairly correctly determined by the investigation, which did not exaggerate its danger.
4e48dc9d6f24690fe6a395284057de9f603e6b0f	"The goal, according to Orlov's report, was to unite the Slavic tribes under the scepter of the Russian emperor.
67a9a4d926c2a6f9c89ae1d0f213ebdea94050b8	The means to achieve this goal were supposed to inspire the Slavic tribes to respect their own nationality, establish harmony among the Slavs, persuade them to accept the Orthodox religion, establish schools and publish books for the common people."
3e5d27485512529e24ce1449afb538fc5447e1a0	Despite the fact that these tasks do not represent anything criminal in themselves, Count Orlov considered it necessary to subject all these persons "to punishment without trial, but without keeping the decision of the case secret, so that everyone knows what fate those who are engaged in Slavism in a spirit contrary to our government have prepared for themselves, and in order to turn other Slavophiles away from such a direction."
729979b61934d09fbb21ecf15d728b2972a8c0cd	The verdict in this case was unusually harsh.
95b877f1f8a142b1debc94d9d4bb46e23c860e39	It was especially difficult for Shevchenko, who, although he was recognized as not belonging to society, but, according to the outrageous spirit and audacity, one of the important criminals.
90540317b8489ea42de4a98f705d3873fcd45d36	According to the assumption of gr.
26d4fb3611c84f5c2d96db13b2aaf19d69b060e3	Orlov guilty should have suffered such a punishment: to be imprisoned in fortresses — Gulak in Shlisselburg for three years, Kostomarov in St. Petersburg for a year, Belozersky and Kulish for four months, Navrotsky to be kept in the guardhouse for six months, Andruzsky and Posyad to be sent to Kazan to complete a university course, Shevchenko, as gifted with a strong physique, to be assigned as a private to the Orenburg separate corps, with the rights of service, instructing the authorities to have strict supervision, so that from him under no there could be no outrageous and libellous writings.
b9bccb9b63ce8cdbc7e2c38ac894f08428ec7503	The punishment was commuted to everyone except Gulak, Kostomarov and Shevchenko.
ef845bf615d59746c57a2538d9f5b5c055840b60	On June 9, Shevchenko was already delivered by a courier to Orenburg and enlisted as a private in the fifth battalion located in the Orsk Fortress, where he was escorted on June 20.
e401c705a280b41e0e4e6fb6073daf2e0c522aaf	The Orsk fortress was an insignificant village in the middle of the deserted Kyrgyz steppe, with a population of military and convicts.
03da7e15fed6edf4f600973d792073f6414d0033	The landscape surrounding the Orsk fortress was oppressive with its monotony and deadness.
fe218a05aa63d39bfcb6a3a9bfa24bacfba3305d	If we add to this the disenfranchised position of a soldier and the prohibition to write and draw, it is difficult not to recognize the conditions in which Shevchenko found himself, mainly due to his "strong physique", terrible.
98aebd5a7d4461b60c0638c525e16672a5d36f5b	To a certain extent, they were softened by the care of the Orenburg Little Russians: Lazarevsky, Levitsky and others, who managed to win over the battalion commander and some of the Orsk officials in favor of Shevchenko; but nevertheless, Shevchenko had to live in the difficult situation of the backwater barracks of the pre reform era, study soldiers '"literature", shagistics, etc.
783ef1504c5c8fa26b1132811f3eb789703a1452	All this, after a brilliant period of life in Kiev, free work, a society of sympathetic, intelligent people.
0474a65adbec53ff694b32d0eae021c114c57251	It is not surprising that it was not easy for a person who was tested in misfortunes;
a68fc7ca4732be620fd02be64e5ddd3ef0e09eb2	"all my previous sufferings," Shevchenko wrote to one of his friends, " compared to the real ones, were only children's tears."
7d31a5c6bba2c65443199502b7e2a8d45e9086bb	One of the major disasters of Shevchenko was a complete lack of his aptitude for pacing, which he never mastered during all the time of his military service.
0df4fa92a30354e4f1b4a6168cb4017ed71ccee4	Shevchenko was deprived of the opportunity to read, to receive his previous drawings, in a word, he was in the position of being buried alive.
7756289cb1ddbebce1bba89f90d24c9dde5d4e70	The terrible conditions of existence also affected the physical health of Shevchenko, although he had a strong physique.
58c63fcbeab4b03ed2fae13ae33b7c00548b8aef	In the autumn of 1847, he fell ill with rheumatism, and then with scurvy.
008e8d20b85361d466821fa9e19e5026ddfab8b7	In 1848, Shevchenko took part in an expedition to Kaim and the Aral Sea, under the command of General Schreiberg and Lieutenant Commander Butakov.
8e07ca2798501205b73e1ad62b4dd3982bb73480	Shevchenko was appointed to the expedition as a draftsman, at the request of Butakov, who was asked for Shevchenko by Lazarevsky and other Orenburg friends of his.
74a2cace0111f1222fdc44fd6b7be19c6c04a067	The expedition reached the river on foot.
794b5735ca62fb78a98bae74d0180c4ef3ce9349	Kaima, and from there on two schooners "Konstantin" and "Mikhail" went along the Syr Darya to the Aral Sea.
a57c7e3a40a30c1dcb7ea494588b65d96319b630	The voyage on the Aral Sea lasted two months;
fdbca9d4ea012d0fc66a223add0c4267f4b67858	At that time, Shevchenko was engaged in drawing the shores of the Aral Sea.
1dfc84b41540bfb802347c92a80ed2745ebeed20	He lived in the officer's cabin and felt relatively tolerable.
d8a162c9b6387b096c56ce6fc0d399aa51067d11	In the autumn, the schooners anchored at the mouth of the Syr Darya, and the expedition stayed for the winter in the Kos Aral fortress.
b3daa57045d50c58ea33aa957c57744ccaee080d	This wintering was very difficult for Shevchenko, who had to spend all his time in the barracks, without the company of intelligent people (the leaders of the expedition went to Orenburg for the winter") and without any news from the world dear to the poet.
cf865bdddf5e131e2b8dc53a5f6503ca488df7cb	The mail came to Kos Aral once every six months.
c1e101900c8f3fbdb5909f50a63d356c9445d5ed	In 1849, the Butakov expedition continued its work, and Shevchenko again participated in it.
c61b3cfd27bef9d963f668406a22f5d7be1a4132	At the end of the expedition, Butakov asked to send non commissioned officer Thomas Werner (apparently also from exiles) and private Taras Shevchenko to Orenburg to complete the work.
12f59bf0eb28a92e58451b8d7c812d53b2b91adb	The pretext was the inability to finish their work at sea, but in all probability Butakov just wanted to give Shevchenko the opportunity to spend at least some time in tolerable conditions.
d00c053d2e168655b3c88d0f88b97d6468e7c8d9	The permission followed, and Shevchenko was in Orenburg in early November.
caa0579fd1335e8c2889b609b1c7eaa8a2ba394e	There he managed to live a human life for some time.
dd2074092f5bd413d4cd8dcc20653788a159a024	Captain of the general staff Gern took part in it, who offered the poet to settle in his house, giving him a whole wing; the same Gern offered Shevchenko the right to receive letters addressed to him.
664245fedef9c7842d2187296a168bf7ffa730e6	Thus, Shevchenko was able to resume correspondence with his friends and conduct it more freely than before.
6c6daef39233ddcd9bc1998e0847e5993dbeafdf	Fellow countrymen of the Little Russians who served in Orenburg, and exiled Poles vied for the honor of receiving the poet of Ukraine.
64a80b9232daff711679f1ba69f8bbb822451d1f	There were hopes for liberation, at least for the official lifting of the ban on writing and drawing.
e7b00008b1c9f9181bd806b4074a23c3d7268e7a	The Governor General Perovsky himself petitioned for Shevchenko.
cf1a56d5fc636efb36f830341d882f1daf9c6d60	Shevchenko had the idea to turn to the intercession of Zhukovsky.
34721e9438952331b4165f7c03e21367db9287db	However, these hopes were soon dispelled.
124ce6330f07767e359b443989d34f07a15e48aa	In December 1849, Orlov informed the commander of the Orenburg corps, Obruchev, that he had come in with a very detailed report on allowing Private Shevchenko to draw, but "The Highest permission was not followed."
015670015427d5e84b014e57cb4f2adce5d08f58	Meanwhile, Shevchenko's friends arranged things so that, after finishing his work with Butakov, he was assigned to the battalion not to Kaim, where the mail went every six months, but to the Novopetrovskoye fortification, to study the coal discovered in the Kapa Tau mountains.
c4d4372c6f492b99501d370f677b034655d169e7	Thus, Shevchenko would have to get rid of the barracks situation for some time.
f0831cb339c3a5d83d2c2fb798e6963253dc391a	Fate, however, decided otherwise.
ff8182cdf02615ef3a3c8587636dbf4c4cafcc6b	Shevchenko had the temerity to reveal the adventures of the wife of one of his friends with officer Isaev.
105d46be46be0bd649e6deded85c34566cae8279	This made him an enemy in Isaev, and the hero, beaten by his husband, wrote a denunciation to the corps commander about it. that Shevchenko not only violates the Highest command not to draw and not to write, but also goes in a particular dress.
961c44d1488c85dca4090a4bf749106886fefb27	The corps commander, who himself sent Shevchenko to the Butakov expedition and ordered him a portrait of his wife, fearing complications, ordered a search to be carried out at Shevchenko, reported the incident to the third department and arrested Shevchenko.
1101d620a2ef5300bbcd4b7b59b2268f3b222c54	As a result, Shevchenko spent six months in different casemates, was sent to the Novo Petrovskoye fortification, but not for the study of coal, but to the front, under strict supervision.
09f8b6a8debefaf50655d6ee2a498f8e6aedfae5	In Novo Petrovsky Shevchenko, not only was it strictly forbidden to write and draw, but it was not even allowed to have pencils, ink, pens and paper with them.
4a9be24e58276f793f6d1318ddd8dbc7df1d22d1	Shevchenko's situation here was terrible.
3b28a01d106cb65b6620b3d9623b0335f26a693d	Novo Petrovskoye itself was no less a blind corner than Kaim.
59c3d243860a0273dbddfed7b331003b1cfdd3b2	Abandoned on the eastern shore of the Caspian Sea, in the remote steppe, it was cut off from the world for the time of the cessation of navigation.
351baffd829bfe4cbfe33ef67df988231f47bef1	In addition, Shevchenko got into the company of the rude and cruel captain Potapov, with strict instructions to monitor all his actions.
1794a4b2b2cbabd9a00a74ac660c786c47e0abad	This situation was worse than hard labor.
c8dd7d5646c1afe74beae31bdf710f33eb1eedc7	The supervision of Shevchenko was so strict that for about 2 years he could not write a single letter.
f78ed62b9aae7d52a367eae5902eb245aea4e50f	He lived in the general barracks, a special "uncle" was assigned to supervise him and he was taken to work and to study.
b0d8ae12219435fa4d7f3affb363acc2b2364e2b	Drunk Potapov mocked Shevchenko in every possible way, bringing him, a battered elderly man, to tears.
37a07374e34d0178d41e5fc9a1330a5470c70637	It should be added to this that Shevchenko was deprived of the opportunity to receive letters from his friends: Princesses Repnina and Lizoguba, who were, under the threat of very unpleasant consequences, offered gr.
7778bf5db64e0fd527e2bb59e41b6238ae471af1	Orlov to stop correspondence with the disgraced poet.
b9837c555f5121ea64820c5b74225c9b700aa5e6	Since the middle of 1852, the oppression that Shevchenko had to endure began to weaken somewhat.
3dce85282458eaf190e0960f7761ce3bed3002a2	Obruchev left Orenburg, and Potapov left Novopetrovsk.
78c911ce1bf9ff2037dc987824a9598535f87bb9	The commandant of Novopetrovsk, Mayevsky, a kind but timid man, could now make some concessions to Shevchenko, and he got the opportunity to correspond with friends.
62760e9444cba04935e8f9e99937d8648e181fdf	However, he still did not have the opportunity to write and draw, and he did not get this opportunity soon.
e66074b782e608079a9a27529893b685a9998dac	More significant improvements in Shevchenko's life occurred with the appointment of Major Uskov as the commandant of Novopetrovsk.
4093fb296646202f567474ab7d027ae43bdea114	Uskov, partly on his own impulse, partly under the influence of Shevchenko's Orenburg friends and some hints from Perovsky, decided to do what Mayevsky did not have the courage to do.
475d41f6c2f9b19b9f5f8bfb36760fa33f80f88e	He suggested to the officers not to harass Shevchenko at the front and to release him from heavy work; when Uskov's wife, an educated and humane woman, arrived, Shevchenko began to visit their house and soon became his own person there.
01c4c9d1bdb3192fba5c6f2015ef287e7b53a0ea	He became especially attached to the children of the Uskovs.
3d9e18cdb0db26103d31e2afc6c90f5d5021b69c	Under Uskov, Shevchenko was able to satisfy his need for creativity at least in a minimal share — he began to sculpt figurines from local clay.
1d78b101d4dfe316ddad56ce6afa1f6b2afa1c9f	This occupation aroused the question among Shevchenko's superiors about whether Shevchenko was allowed to engage in sculpture?
11a32c48814b950f12531570c1ad534e82e153c1	Uskov had the courage to admit that what is not prohibited is allowed.
6989f88ea4587dd79ed55ae202befd17b32eddf6	Shevchenko also lived in the barracks at Uskov, although one of the artillery officers offered him to settle in his apartment.
e82223575c80d370cf2803d9dd6d98f2abdc1d00	One of the facts that took place during this period of time is extremely characteristic.
9e12a3d7029502299c4cccbf2519bb6d2f8a9f52	To give Shevchenko the opportunity to draw, Uskov applied for permission to paint an image for a local church, but this request was refused.
74a59a00df4bfde5f851a5734a187c23c6f197bb	Nevertheless, Uskov gave Shevchenko the opportunity to occasionally draw "thieves" and write, but not in the Little Russian language.
2af498024661f1bc23972cb35a7e1084f11f545c	Shevchenko could indulge in these activities in the gazebo of the garden, which was bred on his initiative, in which, with Uskov's permission, he lived in the summer.
92af5098039b391cb7d378776a1e91b461b5fa53	His stories were written here in Russian.
763c99747b3bae81cf68b08eedfa4fe7508415e3	The new reign that came, which brought liberation to many political exiles, revived hopes for freedom in T. G. Shevchenko.
6fb0dc882e07bca15287b67be219b96de6103b0d	However, the manifesto of March 27 did not touch him.
4be48bbd87d7aa077e616df9c7e2c55d868cdbc6	Shevchenko's biographer, Mr. Konisky, says that Shevchenko's name was crossed off the list of political exiles receiving amnesty by the emperor himself.
16faf181096d447eca8bb64e2577e7bed9089e96	Despite the efforts of the president of the Academy of Arts, gr.
09f48102d4c1f401bf482d9b2a26ed0d84022c7c	F. P. Tolstoy, for him, Shevchenko did not wait for the relief of his fate and for the coronation.
10eb67eb2a7b0e2c964b1177f52bbca6ddebb133	Gr.
b7c7debfa677216ba9d920ac4cc763aedb853847	Tolstoy and Shevchenko's St. Petersburg friends continued, however, to work hard, and on April 17, 1857, the amnesty was signed.
ef7a4caa18e6b701c4d3cf38fdf6da2ba40540dc	However, even after this joyful day for Shevchenko, he had to wait three months for his actual release, and at that time the authorities, who had not yet received an official notification, continued to demand front line service from him.
bcc38c298631a3d1622000d41031547005d1e76d	It was especially difficult for Shevchenko in the days of the arrival of the battalion commander of Lviv, who did not like Shevchenko and mocked him after the pardon.
b634cbbf146d6264c5e50c5f4457d8a43c6b59f1	At the same time, a very unpleasant incident occurred with Shevchenko, which threatened to deprive him of his newly obtained freedom again.
789ad35a9e69cca907fe11390ecef161d0041971	Engineer officer Campioni invited Shevchenko to a party.
e74e8e0bffef926fc82d2b61a6340a8a42353843	Shevchenko flatly refused, and the offended Campioni filed a report that Shevchenko had insulted him.
e642034e78e3d4d27c10216b777c0674143bbf97	Uskov tried to hush up the matter, but Shevchenko had to apologize to Campioni and involuntarily get drunk with his company, but at the expense of Shevchenko.
eaacd9d8fcfa1c0475e0723d2dac0436a3a84810	On the very eve of his release, in July (the official notification of his release was received on July 21), Shevchenko was again diligently trained at the front in order to be assigned to the guard of honor to Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich, who was waited for in vain in Novopetrovsky.
7c766eabc55f906f346e84410299a285fb38ae16	Finally, the paper on the release of Shevchenko was received, and on August 2, 1857, Shevchenko left Novopetrovsk.
0dccdaa9581f31f79cfa7900362eb7f985b2c4e8	In total, he stayed in the soldiers for 10 years and several months.
df152e9220987259b78fd15b4975fba5524725c0	From Novopetrovsk, Shevchenko went by boat to Astrakhan.
8303ac33284b46c8f86ec1c4ee57ce306b6dfb0e	Shevchenko had to live in Astrakhan for about two weeks.
ead1b35927c1f84c5c4df129f77f65078d93fc58	Local Little Russians, having learned about his arrival, hurried to the closet hired by him to welcome the poet's release.
38958e0a9b86727f9e7f196650ff9a040d1484a5	After them, intelligent Great Russians and Poles honored Shevchenko.
c5b484e266e47288578e2ec3bfb376915ff3fd45	The millionaire Sapozhnikov arranged an evening in honor of Shevchenko.
23711ff7685d533395181e9a9c1ea805710747a1	On August 22, Shevchenko took a steamer along the Volga to Nizhny Novgorod.
721a1f198f3320349a7967f6bfc7344bad028172	On the way, Shevchenko saw Kostomarov's mother in Saratov, who was in Stockholm at that time.
0bc8dc6e36365fa22e93c1de36e68ec537de6979	On September 20, Shevchenko reached Nizhny Novgorod.
17fe27a4f60ca5730ae9567938d010334e2cabdd	In Nizhny Shevchenko had to stay wait for quite a long time.
67eadcd860f41875b11c8e9fb6affd2842fc32e0	The fact is that he left Novopetrovsk with a permit issued to him by Uskov, who, not knowing that Shevchenko was forbidden to stay in the capitals, issued a permit to travel through Moscow to St. Petersburg.
84dae2c62ab655fc02f9db6d9b6c07804f7dd99e	Having received an order to send him to Orenburg a few days after Shevchenko's departure, Uskov sounded the alarm and informed the St. Petersburg, Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod police that, upon Shevchenko's arrival, it was necessary to declare him forbidden to stay in the capitals and invite him to go to Orenburg, where he should henceforth live "until the final dismissal to his homeland".
04ff9b6f8e64823ed9c3ad8766792bc1cc0e6bb7	The Nizhny Novgorod administration treated Shevchenko very cautiously.
b3360811e2126fe94ba8b0db90598327ec8021eb	He was advised to get sick, the certificate of examination was sent to Orenburg, and the Nizhny Novgorod governor issued a permit to live in Nizhny Novgorod "until recovery".
d94d506c1a1c010030edea60b4ceaf1549b9e8c4	Meanwhile, efforts began to lift the ban on Shevchenko from entering the capitals.
6b2a195c0b4b249e48291277a202448c4790d8c4	In Nizhny Shevchenko is energetically starting to make up for lost time — he read a lot, began a correspondence with Kulish about the Little Russian magazine and books in the Little Russian language for peasants.
e97936e32be05bc867e2451cea401bad8a8dc4b1	Here he read Shchedrin and the stories of Mark Vovchok.
4e30aa37d0723c7fc68cb56e1b2afb74133d8c0a	In Nizhny Shevchenko wrote the poem "Neophytes", he painted a lot, however, mainly portraits, in order to get funds, which he really needed.
8688de06fbbdc96288c49a2c5ee49e0bb4509299	He was surrounded by intelligent people who sympathized with him, nevertheless, he was strongly drawn to St. Petersburg.
79d62f67f581a753c55051cf6b58883ba688cc71	A lot of joy was brought to him by the arrival of a seventy year old Shchepkin, who came specially to see Shevchenko and spent 6 days in Nizhny Novgorod.
d775c52b5146107d595686f20cbafce68a37081b	Shchepkin's arrival was the beginning of Shevchenko's novel.
e45463723965afd1679d4996d88f73b1105a84ac	Shchepkin in Nizhny Novgorod performed several times on stage, among other things in the "Moskal Charivnik".
51629ad1f93c81960911df993edfab205c40ad99	For the main female role of this play, he chose a young, pretty actress Piunova and instructed Shevchenko to study Little Russian pronunciation with her.
544901d4eb803deb4d59ff12da25a84cdfed039d	Shevchenko became interested in Piunova and, despite the very significant age difference, decided to get married.
014cd5584af6dc01968fbdc756221338365a67f1	This matchmaking brought Shevchenko nothing but grief: he was exploited for some time, but that's all.
a4e65e60abf598c77972eb0f5d63992a4ca2a199	In March 1858, Shevchenko received permission to enter the capitals and left Nizhny Novgorod on March 8.
cd3fa5d37f702e6a1d71a5d54f231887e8e327a3	On March 10, Shevchenko arrived in Moscow.
8031b3af9cc82d37a240769b600264edbd3674fa	He stayed here a little longer than he expected, due to illness.
5ae9555ad1c15d9f936e892ee971f300254347dc	For Shevchenko, his stay in Moscow was marked by a meeting with many old friends and new interesting acquaintances.
18a3adcfefd699328d5e2b6b96280c41a3e368ac	Here he again saw Princess Repnina, Maximovich, Shchepkin, the Aksakovs, Bodyansky and many others.
d211d347512d8759bad1a44849d4da36a6b173a6	Maksimovich arranged an evening for him, which was attended, among other things, by Pogodin and Shevyrev.
99e46d1b7229f24ace2657a8540bfbe7b7366158	Here Shevchenko met the old Decembrist Volkonsky, Chicherin, Babst, Korteli and other representatives of the Moscow intelligentsia.
08573c1b40af7565dc70f45ea4c0aeef03a454a9	In total, T. G. stayed in Moscow for a little over two weeks and on March 26 left for St. Petersburg by rail.
0888cd9e51bc2421b97bf65575dae5f97303d17d	In St. Petersburg, after a meeting with friends and acquaintances, dinners, evenings, etc., Shevchenko gets to work; he prepares an edition of his works written in exile, and engages in engraving.
0753d240d4bfb8d1fb484535cf4094e49f3384ff	The first painting that Shevchenko undertook to engrave was" The Holy Family " by Murillo.
f6097c30651634bc453c0d8367a5ae310ccde507	Shevchenko lived in the Academy building, which was the reason for the entry permit, in the types of" surveillance", which was entrusted to the gr.
2c4b83dca65b4f5658e5d1bfb2e1288bb7c3d34c	Tolstoy.
17c52c04d7e33f2df0d91d50359a50fd4d5752be	In addition to etchings, Shevchenko drew with pencil, sepia and paints.
756247731255800066b594c825aea2c8cbb85182	At this time, he wrote several large paintings on subjects from the history of Little Russia.
e2748e4ce79dd4e40da8d832a32b60ca80da373c	Kostomarov soon returned to St. Petersburg.
74a9a75528781ff975ec352eb9542e70a48a9212	Old friends hardly recognized each other, but their relations were restored.
9beb7f48829473d6714135dfc2871772d6380ff0	Kostomarov, speaking about the impression made on him at this time by Shevchenko, notes that Shevchenko has changed little in his views and moral disposition, but tal
94b932a3803153e9eba1e7c84c75d66157cea0af	Shevchenko, Taras Grigorievich
d4ce8c6b7b872835bbf6eb8f70dadac5d71c18a0	This is the stable version, released on February 16, 2017.
df24964d7ac1e2de137ab5fe071942197188f011	There are articles on Wikipedia about other people with the surname Shevchenko.
64c2d1c852b3344804039f3632ff258c82d5b068	The request "Shevchenko, Taras" is redirected here; see also other values.
1dbb3ba19e72348d838c62672b93136e7f7e4394	Taras Shevchenko
e19b517d6917dc429827531cc20fa0b918876852	Lifetime photo portrait of T. G. Shevchenko (1859, photo by A. I. Denyer) Date of birth: February 25 (March 9) 1814[1]
dc4e0252f8920934ffcef030e56acbca903060db	Place of birth: Morintsy village
65831be27a02803a33dac9b0c64e9108cae0727b	Zvenigorodsky district
4f211c8b3354866c4dd50e1b2173fb87dc9952b0	Kiev province,
0721ec0de543c8b98c5713800f5002d3ce1cc015	Date of death: February 26 (March 10), 1861[1] (47 years old)
9ec33e3fa776e9b89683b25f69afb70c95ae4cc8	Place of death: Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire[2]
fc75cbc4cb36ec51769e732ac72b8eb6a6231aee	Occupation: poet, artist, novelist, writer, ethnographer
a8c1b578a5e7ae5cd60ebb1580ad380ad2068682	Language of works: Ukrainian, Russian
e1447b8b0a94a82be41c3fe5db5a8ffff8364591	Taras Grigoryevich [3] Shevchenko
8ed2f7b0a110da6c87525dbeb468752dbf7c1a70	(Ukrainian: Taras Grigorovich Shevchenko[3];
0671deb32eb99ad13b875124589d6593c00a7ca7	February 25 (March 9), 1814, Morintsy village, Zvenigorodsky district of Kiev province, Russian Empire (now Cherkasy region, Ukraine) — February 26 (March 10), 1861, St. Petersburg, Russian Empire) was a Ukrainian poet[4].
5712d95e64c5272eb820d656c3569f35131b9fb0	He is also known as an artist, novelist, ethnographer and revolutionary democrat[5].
bba958cffcdfc4b2a7ab98bd4d09526019b080b9	Shevchenko's literary heritage, in which poetry plays a central role, in particular the collection "Kobzar", is considered the basis of modern Ukrainian literature and, in many respects, the literary Ukrainian language.
dea18f367e412af15ae485ac8f72ee524f20ddcc	A figure of the Ukrainian national revival, a member of the Cyril and Methodius Brotherhood.
42b0173eff53a0b40649bed30333cbc730c05e16	Russian Russian is the language of most of Shevchenko's prose (novels, diary, many letters), as well as some poems, which is why some researchers attribute Shevchenko's work, in addition to Ukrainian, also to Russian literature[6][7].
a43300ee4877378c4d101e9c2a8d1ed5027d194a	1 Biography 1.1 Childhood and youth 1.2 The 1840s 1.3 Military service in the Orenburg Region 1.4 The St. Petersburg period
58a4c52592a5759ec835a66e3932d3f5eff9dbaf	2 Shevchenko artist 3 Shevchenko writer 3.1 Poetry 3.2 Shevchenko's Primer
6206b5882cc02a91e4de6fb43edbf91831ddcc5e	4 Memory of Shevchenko 5 Notes 6 Russian translations 7 Literature 8 References
a92979c5e1162bd115213833b09116d759d4507e	He was born in the village of Morintsy, Zvenigorod district, Kiev province, in the large family of Grigory Ivanovich Shevchenko, a serf peasant of the landowner V. V. Engelhardt, who — as the nephew of Prince G.
102c0862b8bcc6666de4b916ed37d3c0e59d4221	A. Potemkin inherited a significant part of his Little Russian possessions.
a4464da42615b48f7686c444002c0962220d10ea	His ancestors on his father's side descended from a certain Cossack Andrey, who at the beginning of the XVIII century came from the Zaporozhye Sich.
97e07e4996fab65dc2859d4c5d5292c5160c495f	The ancestors of the mother, Katerina Yakimovna Boyko, were immigrants from the Carpathian region[8].
497fce1b7d4f193833d81067a6aaef07232f40b0	Two years later, Taras ' parents moved to the village of Kirilovka, where he spent his childhood.
fd61a5497c0921bb6837ba5c49214bce5c702808	His mother died in 1823; in the same year, his father remarried to a widow who had three children.
abbbe2aa05047640a17107247ba9b26915bd86b5	She treated Taras harshly.
657a3658916330e9ab68a6394841af373425aca4	Until the age of 9, Taras was in the care of his older sister Ekaterina, a kind and gentle girl.
7928b92d594e30b086cbc35bac95e1cf0a8c37e1	Soon she got married.
db220580ab0c2e27dc2fcbe803b82b0e1ab5ec04	In 1825, when Shevchenko was 12 years old, his father died.
f3e04f842edae15556e85d9d7b9c89d4f91740bb	Since that time, the difficult nomadic life of a street child begins: first he served the teacher's sexton, then in the surrounding villages with the painters ' sexton ("bogomazov", that is, icon painters).
ac7ef4fad93aa8c4ef18196d90a90f4626bdbb9c	At one time, Shevchenko was herding sheep, then he served as a pogonych with a local priest.
4823e9cdb860b82df0d6e87edc84d106669edc58	At the school of the sexton of the teacher, Shevchenko learned to read and write, and he got acquainted with elementary drawing techniques from painters.
b34770c2978568cf40e6a9c922c3df3be32cdf52	At the sixteenth year of his life, in 1829, he was among the servants of the new landowner P. V. Engelhardt first as a cook, then as a"Cossack"servant.
3c72ccb8cc74061a7f1f80be7447363fbea15d68	His passion for painting did not leave him[9].
d4195f483813e87a04f4439734304d09f07fe125	Noticing the abilities of Taras, during his stay in Vilna, Engelhardt gave Shevchenko to the teacher of the Vilna University, the portrait painter Jan Rustem.
6e661ca1449240a85d2cf6f186349c53a0156581	Shevchenko stayed in Vilna for about a year and a half, and when he moved to St. Petersburg in early 1831, Engelhardt, intending to make a domestic painter out of his serf, sent him in 1832 to study with the "various pictorial affairs of the guild master" Vasily Shiryaev.
866c8d0e242017e1d6a5f8760c779a90ce4ae548	As an assistant to Shiryaev, Shevchenko participated in the work on the paintings of the St. Petersburg Bolshoi Theater.
607d79066ff7d64accf3ac87acf5d003c40c55d4	The first self portrait, 1840
cf6951e5eb32f3ecf5e9018aa433438947037912	The sympathy for the young man and the recognition of the talent of the Little Russian serf by prominent figures of Russian culture played a decisive role in the matter of his redemption from captivity.
22e90f890e04c71af1837a85034633f6504107c4	It was not immediately possible to persuade Engelhardt: the appeal to humanism was not successful.
434b985e9f8370256ef0152bfdeab7dda098ff32	The personal petition of the famous academician of painting Karl Bryullov only confirmed the landowner in his desire not to sell cheap.
73981d6e7666a634e4d420185f963266e1365893	Bryullov told his friends "that this is the largest pig in Torzhkov shoes" and asked Soshenko to visit this "amphibian" and agree on the price of the ransom.
ab34791c230c0475ad8b14a9f26420998b8d5f18	Soshenko delegated this difficult task to Professor Venetsianov as a person accepted at the imperial court, but even the authority of the court artist did not help the case.
889e04e1aa4758cffa8fcdb47b14ca6225b695ad	In April 1838, a lottery was held in the Anichkov Palace, as a prize in which there was a painting by Bryullov "V.
c8bcc8f318a9c7ebabbcda434e64e3ef784d7adc	A. Zhukovsky".
557ef70946f3ef3c00f0787dd73b7f273b4f4824	The poet wrote in his autobiography:
89dbe25c8e0ae7d397c1b2ad6552821ff0360eea	Having previously agreed with my landowner, Zhukovsky asked Bryullov to paint a portrait of him, in order to draw it in a private lottery.
58cdb35e93f53e108cb2ed58e5f7cad2218dd333	Zhukovsky, with the help of Count Vielgorsky, arranged a lottery of 2500 rubles, and this price was bought by my freedom on April 22, 1838.
9d7d0c04ab70575144f18e5af43ac45cad243271	As a sign of special respect and deep gratitude to Zhukovsky, Shevchenko dedicated to him one of his largest works — the poem "Katerina".
3ac8622e66f6fa89e7ab1bca54b4de879c7ab517	In the same year, Taras Shevchenko entered the Academy of Fine Arts, where he became a student and comrade of Bryullov.
8556148333d1436a52e743df8a095f1da4fb357d	1840s
3cfe0279124151247fa3a9c4ea299aade0fc8ea9	The period from 1840 to 1846 was the best in the poet's life.
8680efbcd1619aa8fc3965fbd21acd78e754cb29	At this time, his poetic talent blossomed.
a84828537b7f15b86abc7923fbbbc695aac2e509	In 1840, a small collection of his poems was published under the name "Kobzar"; in 1842, "Gaydamaki" was published — his largest poetic work.
37086d16e2b630632499b18ecd9f206e504846f9	In 1843, Shevchenko received the degree of a freelance artist.
a4ac014a8c2bea530fc06c496c71ab1735046fbe	In the same year, while traveling in Ukraine, he met the daughter of the Little Russian Governor — General N. G. Repnin Varvara, a kind and intelligent woman who later, during Shevchenko's exile, experienced the warmest feelings for him[11].
f80fdb8cb39bd1112dee8356798dc2bc9bedb539	In the first half of the 1840s, "Perebendya", "Poplars", "Katerina", "Naimichka", "Khustochka", "Kavkaz" were published — major poetic works of art.
79623a39175a95e4b057e38e1be0766cba480efe	St. Petersburg critics and even Belinsky did not understand and condemned Ukrainian national literature in general, Shevchenko in particular, seeing in his poetry a narrow provincialism; but Ukraine quickly appreciated Shevchenko, which was expressed in the warm receptions of Shevchenko during his journey in 1845-1847 through the Chernihiv and Kiev provinces.
4696376e5b5bf3f5ef20bdeae51fa708d379214b	Regarding the reviews of the critics, Shevchenko wrote:
444f75eacd646bbd1e8d2e6bfbb1ae49f4ddc5a6	Let me also be a peasant poet, if only a poet;
4541b375d5d4bd8a32956dc9331e28b9e709ecbc	I donot need more than that.
f84773e811d343a9a4a6aa611bf4821ce3792c19	The original text (in Ukrainian)
47205738d3c7f7c7ab38602e02c95b946707e97f	Nekhay I will be a peasant sings, abi tilki sings; then I do not require anything more than nothing.
0133a80001febf90b14516ffd53f56f0da3bc0fa	Shevchenko T. G., 1842, "Katerina".
f43978bd24d81c66c4f1e1f6bc60cb6b3dbcd692	Oil
ea8e820e62e46ed881b3a2cc712f37ca918241f2	In 1842, "Katerina" was painted — the only surviving oil painting of the academic period.
64bef1f49748805533da95f279d02d30f2b7ab9f	The painting is based on the theme of the artist's poem of the same name.
eff636241e674ee2e9034236619a387559f9a8ff	Shevchenko tried to make the picture clear and understandable, to encourage sympathy.
a1ac252c87cb3d61b80d1a5b18a03fb2b39f54b9	In 1844, he received the title of a free artist at the academy[12].
df92f41852a6a17560a339b6f5e8179901659163	In 1845, Shevchenko visited twice in Pereyaslav with his friend, doctor A. O. Kozachkovsky (whom he met in 1841 in St. Petersburg): in August and from October to early January 1846.
b208a2bf5b1dd690c1e644f27349aee110b26290	The autumn of 1845, spent in the house of Kozachkovsky, is considered by Shevchenko scholars to be the period of Shevchenko's true creative rise and is called the Pereyaslav autumn of Kobzar: it is here that he creates his works such as the poems "Naimichka"[uk] and "Caucasus", the dedication to Shafarik for the poem "Heretic"[uk], and on the night of December 25 the famous " Testament "("Zapovit").
c77ef57041a036664d087eb7188bc20218877263	Working as a full time artist of archaeological research of the Kiev Archeographic Commission at Kiev University (which in 1939, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, in honor of the 125th anniversary of the poet's birth, was named after him[13]), Shevchenko made a number of drawings of architectural and historical monuments of Pereyaslav (drawings "Ascension Monastery", "Mikhailovskaya Church", "Pokrovsky Cathedral", "Andrusha", "Stone Cross of St. Boris"), landscapes of nearby villages have been preserved.
49d1a73c034999f4d688d61e2581329536649168	In 2008, the Museum "Zapovita" by T. G. Shevchenko was opened in the former house of Kozachkovsky[14][15].
c4320f87dbc60b4eff22fb0e318015d8eeb1b26a	By the time of Shevchenko's stay in Kiev (1846), his rapprochement with N. I. Kostomarov belongs.
38f79eb151f4ac00b4ccfbf18168e3e1b2a6b90a	In the same year, Shevchenko joined the Cyril and Methodius Society, which was formed at that time in Kiev, consisting of young people who were interested in the development of Slavic nationalities, in particular Ukrainian.
aac21bf3198d686d3ea5e044715fb3f25c74a149	The participants of this circle, including 10 people, were arrested, accused of creating a political organization and suffered various punishments.
2ed632db8a405962ac9ebb304604230120e7128e	Although the investigation could not prove Shevchenko's involvement in the activities of the Cyril and Methodius Society, he was found guilty "by his own separate actions"[16].
bf969151cba9e33d2dbf0c0dcac7b171ee7a75c9	The report of the head of the Third Department A. F. Orlov said:
f32f1445339226fb64fd9abe42b334044dc4b20a	Shevchenko ... composed poems in the Little Russian language of the most outrageous content.
947a4e1966e7f99c99d12eae3a01c72289d6be37	In them, he sometimes expressed lamentation about the imaginary enslavement and disasters of Ukraine, then proclaimed the glory of the hetman's rule and the former freedom of the Cossacks, then with incredible audacity poured out slander and bile on the persons of the imperial house, forgetting in them his personal benefactors.
667911ef180b7ab56da8fe3149dacbeea1f11ed9	In addition to the fact that everything forbidden attracts youth and people with a weak character, Shevchenko has gained fame among his friends as a significant Little Russian writer, and therefore his poems are doubly harmful and dangerous.
17ce5ae26d41f1cfd3e506e17e18224c280a17f0	With the favorite poems in Little Russia, thoughts about the imaginary bliss of the times of the Hetmanate, about the happiness of returning these times and about the possibility of Ukraine to exist as a separate state could be sown and subsequently rooted.[17]
aabe99ed3f05db0196396d54812b0e82719e1879	According to Belinsky, Shevchenko got the most for his poem "Dream", which contains a satire on the emperor and the empress[18].
421c32d0c1299eba804631deb6ed087d57ca4834	By the decision of the Third Department, approved by the Emperor himself, on May 30, 1847, 33 year old Taras Shevchenko was assigned to military service as an ordinary soldier in a separate Orenburg corps located in the Orenburg Region (the territory of the modern Orenburg Region of Russia and the Mangistau region of Kazakhstan), "under the strictest supervision of the authorities" with a ban on writing and drawing.
a60c4b81901c091f69e403b35d9682457c49f126	Military service in the Orenburg Region
ca46ae3c929c3e58d47d34d5e77eaa53c5268854	"In the soldiers".
37e37bdf042747a56c28e3e87b72c44474012762	Self portrait of 1847
08bcbef49e85267672e8359499a33b71367568fa	The Orsk fortress, where Shevchenko's recruit first got, was a deserted backwater.
06ea883efbc97b34d33cc67b273d05c49ed74d0e	"It is rare," wrote Shevchenko, " to find such a characterless area.
913d6205c86e693e287c0e4c78e8af8beb3379b0	Flat and flat.
f9fd339ea29769027ad0d0cf3dd4398a1c662bd8	The location is sad, monotonous, the skinny rivers Ural and Or, the naked gray mountains and the endless Kyrgyz steppe...".
46e6ffa971a7232e1362d544ccacecd72801f155	"All my previous sufferings," says Shevchenko in another letter of 1847, " in comparison with the real ones were children's tears.
2f7a05f7523dc9ba4c4f28cdef5e9fe4b1b81a7a	For Shevchenko, the ban on writing and drawing was very painful; his severe ban on drawing was especially depressing.
b3953f54e526fabbe391f5c525f0b0565a529743	Not knowing Gogol personally, Shevchenko decided to write to him "by right of the Little Russian verse", hoping for Gogol's Ukrainian sympathies.
32a5738bb858d09fbf58d7ef78b850a6b780b0d0	"Now, like a person falling into an abyss, I am ready to grasp at everything — hopelessness is terrible!
45b53daba37c2ae57e3abe825dc2db85166eada9	It is so terrible that only Christian philosophy can fight it."
1277a66de422a11e76563b491aefe9ed1e056596	Shevchenko sent Zhukovsky a touching letter with a request to intercede for him only one favor — the right to draw.
aab1abb65991f4a37062b8bba0a2b6010d1c4f75	In this sense, Counts A. I. Gudovich and A. K. Tolstoy were busy for Shevchenko; but it turned out to be impossible to help Shevchenko.
e481f60cb5e423f2fa6c584950dca6d124bffb48	Shevchenko also addressed a request to the head of the III department, General L. V. Dubelt, wrote that his brush had never sinned and would not sin in the political sense, but nothing helped.
d0639960bcaa282ce2b247526e913f397c06a9ce	The ban on drawing was not lifted until the very end of the service.
547633cafeb796154d0e4ff0f4a792f254c07d20	In 1848-1849, some consolation was given to him by participating in an expedition to study the Aral Sea.
34e96797260de08f3d728e05f1273c0a62bd9c2e	Thanks to the humane attitude towards the soldier of General Obruchev and especially Lieutenant Butakov, Shevchenko was instructed to draw views of the Aral coast and local folk types for the report on the expedition.
1916e238ffdb3c571b83d856d84a69649cc40c25	However, this violation became known in St. Petersburg;
341f4ccf2631805c3eaafbf88ae10ab8e121b8a8	Obruchev and Butakov were reprimanded, and Shevchenko was sent to a new deserted slum — the military fortification of Novopetrovskoye on the Caspian Sea — with a repeated prohibition to draw.
eca04a41155675cac793b3c33cda2c922cd14248	Taras Shevchenko's dugout in the city of Fort Shevchenko (formerly Novopetrovskoye)
4ab685ad3d06dbde782c11a1a91d6f250246e502	Drawing by T. G. Shevchenko depicting the schooners of the Aral expedition (1848)
57c91168700f52e2661fb640147a1071720fc343	He was in Novopetrovsky from October 17, 1850 to August 2, 1857, that is, until the end of the service.
0b51be1818140c990e44894cc9ae29c92128d961	The first three years of his stay in the" smerdyachy barracks " were painful for him; then there were various relieves, mainly due to the kindness of Commandant Uskov and his wife, who fell in love with Shevchenko for his gentle nature and affection for their children.
8fa6bbc4fe217d0ce0657e129782b8169bb77539	Not being able to draw, Shevchenko was engaged in modeling, tried to do photography, which, however, was very expensive at that time.
d10c040f41c473d1b5b4691b840bd77b9bb71249	In Novopetrovsky, Shevchenko wrote several stories in Russian — "The Princess", "The Artist", "The Twins", which contain many autobiographical details (published later by"Kievskaya Starina").
1abf90290fa655cb4cc9dae21d12d3fe88488bb6	During his service, Shevchenko became close friends with several of the educated Poles who were demoted to soldiers (Z. Serakovsky, B. Zalessky), as well as E. Zhelikhovsky (Anthony Sova), which helped to strengthen the idea of "merging of the same tribal brothers"in him.
c4644edb15e985a66860cc2a07a027c368ded610	The Petersburg period
0cb5454a82c272b899fbb723878b619011bb590c	Shevchenko's release took place in 1857 thanks to the persistent petitions of the Vice president of the Academy of Arts, Count F. P. Tolstoy, and his wife, Countess A. I. Tolstoy, for him.
420f2e94e7ee30705d666cdd23978dbd65b4c135	With long stops in Astrakhan and Nizhny Novgorod, Shevchenko returned along the Volga to St. Petersburg and here, at freedom, he became completely interested in poetry and art. Attempts to arrange a family hearth by marrying the actress Piunova, peasant maids Harita and Lukerya, were not successful.
8702f76580125e8024480a45a99829d73a617d49	While living in St. Petersburg (from March 27, 1858 to June 1859), Shevchenko was amicably received in the family of Count F. P. Tolstoy.
ad72655392121c9295a683ca1583dedd2447565b	Shevchenko's life of this time is well known from his diary (from June 12, 1857 to July 13, 1858, Shevchenko kept a personal diary[19] in Russian).
c557b94821d2aef954496e5e5ae6afc5b170cd84	Almost all of his time, free from numerous literary and artistic acquaintances, dinner parties and evenings, Shevchenko gave to engraving.
8aea63e1d6ca8f5e79489be15b20d254a4f5b228	In 1859, Shevchenko visited Ukraine again (in particular, twice — in June and October - he visited he moved to Pereyaslav to Kozachkovsky, who managed to preserve a significant part of his friend's artistic works for future generations)[14].
9483e7e71785def0b87a93435a368ab0ffbadaf4	In April 1859, Shevchenko, presenting some of his engravings at the discretion of the Council of the Academy of Arts, asked to be awarded the title of academician or to set a program for obtaining this title.
fa1be4250c4d6d34a09eb1bb2ad287a51ad55d98	On April 16, the Council decided to recognize him as "appointed to the academy and set a program for the title of academician in engraving on copper".
32c0459864976e3da80eb867dabb21baf8385a86	On September 2, 1860, along with the painters A. Beideman, Iv.
13248777437f36f01b622e4ba6b41ad9b992235e	Bornikov, V. Pukirev, and others, he was awarded the degree of academician in engraving "in respect of art and knowledge in the arts".[20][21]
675a3f129c06157c2b05603ca20de0254ceb4e73	Shortly before his death, Shevchenko took up the compilation of school textbooks for the people in the Ukrainian language[22].
abf5396ac7d3c6b33a6130cff08ec1e8813425be	He died in St. Petersburg on February 26 (March 10), 1861 from dropsy, caused, according to the historian N. I. Kostomarov, who saw him drinking, but only once drunk[23], "excessive use of hot drinks"[24].
df9b8c088dfb698fe8b5e082505883e26704f74e	He was buried first at the Smolensk Orthodox Cemetery of St. Petersburg, and 58 days later the coffin with the ashes of T. G. Shevchenko, in accordance with his Will, was transported to Ukraine and buried on Chernechya Mountain near Kanev.
719fcd92d2ed9bec595955c393613b67657e9593	Funeral speeches were published in the magazine "Osnova" for March 1861.
90843d43254ff451b83bcc00ac904ee79529522b	Of the 47 years of his life, Shevchenko lived on the territory of modern Russia for 27 years: 1831-1845 and 1858-1861 in St. Petersburg, in 1847-1857 he served in the Orenburg Region.
6f11d9dbf98345b5e14bb20f2a8c98210a6503d4	Addresses in Saint Petersburg
95381fd707e1b6eaf8a76342684ef2149a2fe6a3	February 9, 1831-1832 P. V. Engelgart's apartment in the Shcherbakov apartment house Mokhovaya Street, 26; 1832 July 3, 1838 Krestovsky House — Zagorodny Prospekt, 8;
24ee4c56f9810439cdedb28d36de1a5a50133ae6	July 3, 1838 — November 24, 1838 Kastyurina house — 7th line, 36;
8d92ad60aa27ab771f46fba3978e23530158586c	November 24, 1838 December 18, 1838 the apartment of I. M. Soshenko in the Mosyagin apartment house 4th line, 47; 1839 - the building of the Academy of Arts Universitetskaya Embankment, 17; the second half of February — autumn 1839 the Arens apartment house — 7th line, 4; the end of 1840 March 23, 1845 the Kastyurina apartment house — 5th line, 8;
12277892be0692d65ae9515fdd8a74f28331fe9f	March 27 early June 1858 the apartment of M. M. Lazarevsky in the mansion of A. S. Uvarov Bolshaya Morskaya Street, 48; beginning of June 1858 — February 26, 1861 the building of the Academy of Arts — Universitetskaya Embankment, 17.
4b9e407a7c0bad3f9cf8fefacc5e1c8f04fb7086	Shevchenko is an artist
9fd30d03a4ed52128b40e6da6638895f0e549bfd	See also: List of drawings and paintings by Taras Shevchenko
f51ac76845d2c02aabce801419dd19fc6b6c0595	Shevchenko's early works of art, like K. Bryullov, whom he always admired, are at the junction of academism with romanticism.
60dce646a75861a72fe34d23468824231105ac72	During his travels in Ukraine, especially in the 1840s, Shevchenko tirelessly sketched ancient monuments.
04955b71ae2bede4e174a47c10574c1cece288c3	Wishing to convey to the widest possible audience the beauty of the nature of his native land and the greatness of its ancient monuments, together with Princess Varvara Repnina, he undertook in 1844 the publication of an album of etchings "Picturesque Ukraine".
c00684b02f9dbb9b95521e1e55e1cdd590b07c28	The number of Shevchenko's self portraits is difficult to account for.
c86cb06ca511464078cb09c3101691b65c029343	Many of them have not reached our time and are known only through the correspondence of the artist or the memoirs of his contemporaries.
0fb2b2a5dcf423eda66a02d86cb7912534209880	Many are scattered in the margins of the manuscripts of the poet's literary works, letters, on the sheets of work albums and even on drawings by other artists.
9b97cabbfcc954d679c66bfe006ce7b41ec00cb8	Shevchenko is a writer
497872e9eed2b3a3a0a3d2074f0547123229cb4a	A handwritten manuscript of Shevchenko's poems (fragment).
b111a398aa086c4c83484f162a4e82e4a9a936d5	The poem "Meni odnakovo chi I will live in Ukraine chi ni" (author's spelling)
74a8d1a7bf5fe5295da836fe7c9f88bef5cbb1a4	Shevchenko's literary heritage is studied by Shevchenko scholars.
369ddc744e91760ecccc4f18b66c4c99bcdef9af	A peculiar result of the activities of Soviet Shevchenko scholars was the "Shevchenko Dictionary", published in 1976 in two volumes.
4674e99addb91f6b978622eaea1b97fb5cabc488	Poetry
979c3834fa29dd63e175210181f2b6671121878d	"Chigirinsky Kobzar and Gaydamaki.
b9aa602cae0395947c5efbd909efd9b7fdca6047	Two poems in the Little Russian language " Shevchenko 1844
35dcf1c3bdfbc324ae31b53e7073d952691b52f6	The first and most famous collection of Shevchenko's poems in Ukrainian, "Kobzar", grew out of the romantic tradition of collecting folk songs (Ossian, Kirsha Danilov, "Songs of the Western Slavs").
cf1dc0bde92a29417185acee68a886a71cb61466	From the romantic intoxication of the Cossack past, Shevchenko evolved towards a more sober view of national history, which was manifested in the poem "Gaydamaki" (1841), which praises the people's movement of the XVIII century.
472614c8e21c5c664f0c42a5cecea4c8952097c1	In the poems "The Caucasus" and "The Heretic", the poet debunks not only the" dark kingdom " of autocracy, but also takes up arms against any violence against the human person from a universal position.
c534673255b14093a885071e063c22279dabd3c9	In his later work, he turns to subjects from the Bible and ancient history, creating philosophical and historical poems with the structure of a parable, or parabolas, built on the personalization of certain ideas.
cee2080d1c609e646da7d8a53f26438e307fcc9e	Shevchenko's Primer
d94178dca3cfceab4753bea907605c953a66ad49	In St. Petersburg, in the last years of the writer's life, a censored primer by Taras Shevchenko was published in Ukrainian — "The Southern Russian Primer"[25].
5fe7c2f1870e111a144fc5d6c15f7a4a74d8e5c0	However, it was subsequently banned from use.
c11097d297f6dea88a4b2fed07e529d155831fae	So it is known that in the Cherkasy district (Kiev province), the assistant chief of the Kanevskaya police wrote to the Kiev governor about the seizure by the bailiff of 12 letters of Taras Shevchenko, brought to the village of Zelenok by the temporarily obliged Osip Ustimov, most of which he distributed to the manager Dorozhinsky, the economists Matkovsky and Bolevsky, the dean Grushetsky (the priest of the village of Zelenok, the local deacon) and the drinking auditors Bystrzhanevsky and Piletsky.
e0e4bbfd7c0c75aa88ce1d0b689999a6f0fdab97	They were selected in order to prevent their distribution to rural parish schools and to the Kanevskaya Sunday school.
f5f30202121e3657d80c259ac2702366039c4842	Although it was mentioned in the report that Shevchenko's primer "does not contain anything contrary to the laws"[26][27].
c15d0cc0a02b7522df9b0518115b1b275b429b8c	Memory of Shevchenko
915144e7d1882f3337a2b16ca1ab1272c4d0af3a	Celebration of the 200th anniversary of Shevchenko's birth near the Kiev University named after him
a3a7ee2470b0dbd49a6f1a97cde39420e81c0ba6	Main article: The memory of Taras Shevchenko
15d06ca76f28419d230cb913a71f8ccd69432c07	There was not a single monument to Shevchenko in the Russian Empire.
a4b21006cde4983f81e1c36877e097855eed9264	The mass perpetuation of the memory of "kobzar" began after the October Revolution in connection with the adoption of the plan of monumental propaganda and the beginning of the korenization policy.
7b8ea4ed380d3fe9f97fc7cf52ea6bc6ce6891bd	Outside the Soviet Union, monuments to Shevchenko were installed on the initiative and at the expense of the Ukrainian diaspora, and after 1991 — also as gifts from the Ukrainian state (including exchange).
bdedc1851aa01ce0430faf446afda73f0c842413	When the 200th anniversary of Taras Shevchenko was celebrated, journalists counted 1060 monuments to Shevchenko and objects named in his honor[28].
3643320fdfa1818ba7c05f8391fde6394eb90d2e	They are located in 32 countries on different continents.
58ea705fb3769d9c661900d5e05c3e9143aaf13b	In particular, the Kazakh cities of Fort Shevchenko and Aktau received the name of Shevchenko in Soviet times.
c1e371f75f215236254998638d6b4fd774d6511c	Of the biographical films, the most famous is the 1951 film with Sergei Bondarchuk in the title role.
6383ddc8b4f5bb3c29553c7804e1e59850ebe4e9	On the territory of the former USSR there are a dozen museums in memory of Shevchenko, the largest of which is the Shevchenko National Reserve in Kanev.
f1a3d2e23b4bd9670c8bd3c4bf4e6c1baa330033	The house in which Taras Shevchenko lived during his exile in Orenburg was demolished around 2016, despite the status of a historical monument[29].
42d487c85cd8d82b819555a44fd4b8bc23debee8	In its place, a parking lot for cars was arranged[30].
686475775df982a8d234251d40396e878e3778df	↑ 1 2 Encyclopædia Britannica — (untranslated), 1768.
674973a4d8bb9120595a36e64a7512ba7e3f823f	— ISBN 1-59339-292-3 <a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q455"></a><a href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q2743906"></a>
017a4fce894fd1e9bae57b0fda763e8cceb4873d	↑ 1 2 Shevchenko Taras Grigoryevich / / The Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / edited by A. M. Prokhorov 3rd ed.
4320d30d97f195c96a59e04c0e0a36e323cadfce	- Moscow: The Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969.
910ef1b5d94d9a5366ab30e31240ffac5fea2f7f	↑ 1 2 At the time of Taras Shevchenko's birth, the metric books in the village of Morintsy were kept in Russian, where he was recorded as Taras
3e0005e3b6492691893715305296d07da154ebf1	("A son Taras was born to a resident of the village of Morintsy, Grigory Shevchenko, and his wife AgafiyEkaterina"; quoted by Taras Shevchenko: Documenting the materials before the biography.
8d72812bad60a91062296e20d5fd1efc9a295338	1814-1861 / For ed.
d048d631b1b14b8f989bb5384521d52fb3aa121f	.. P. Kirilyuk.
67e61280a945d4b1f8f410e6feffffbf9bc1ec54	— K., 1982.
9ab081bbfe4f99ac70677df542a8657672b28d92	— P. 6-45.).
20010c1e5d8f683a2526c0560b75823be2ec0962	For the serfs, at the time, the patronymic is not used (see eg. text Free from 22 April 1838: "eternally let go at will my serf person Taras Grigoriev, the son of Shevchenko, which I inherited after my deceased parent privy Councilor Vasiliy Vasilievich Engelgardt").
58ce38619190658b37acbed57442e6fd2ef2cc20	During Shevchenko's lifetime, he was used in Ukrainian texts as a variant of "Taras Grigoryevich" (see, for example, the letter of Grigory Kvitka Osnovyanenko dated October 23, 1840 The basis: "miy kohaniy pane, Taras Grigoryevich"), and "Taras Grigorovich" (see, for example, a letter from the same author dated May 5, 1891 Basis: "Miliy i dobri miy panochku Taras Grigorovich").
6380efe32b4fbf92c2335ab27f37cbaacb33fa22	In the Russian language adopted the spelling "Taras Shevchenko" (BSE), in the Ukrainian language "Taras Grigorovich Shevchenko" (National library Ukrainy imeni V. I. Vernadskogo, Kyiv), in foreign languages is a transcription from the original Ukrainian name, for example, "eng.
0d25c9b7bb4838f963d6761723d126b69b794831	Taras Hryhorovich Shevchenko" (Museum — Taras Shevchenko Museum — the only Shevchenko Museum in the Americas).
b6a0a1a337fda950a39e9bf267bc4272e4d43835	↑ Taras Grigorovich SHEVCHENKO// Encyclopedia "UKRAINKA MOVA" - Kiev, 2000 ↑ SHEVCHENKO.
06d2c8cd1d0663b4136c806669ead70c086337d0	Academician.
b281f6ca7d334139ac4310eb2c9f52996035aa85	Verified on March 11, 2015.
cbee96803b1afaf4d764ae034d220c0305dcdc54	Kosmeda T. Shevchenko's diary is a reflector of his Russian speaking consciousness.
9d39279472e3e118b37a78da6992fa06d424ecf4	Scientific notes of the Tauride National University.
bfef09c9fbba981b59f015c122421266693fd3cf	V. I. Vernadsky State University. vol. 20 (59). 2007 p.
6c6ab2b07f0d1d33f68a4ca9de1c8340eb73f0c0	— № 3.
02489045009a1678d43a81ad6f821a21ee794f13	— 38-42.
18a65773b1dbd4891868bf817236ba3d4ad6f5cf	Уж Uzhankov A., Doctor of Philology. sciences.
f753376e28efc03da7f78fbb87326fb63523c20b	Shevchenko — a Russian writer?
705dfd94feacac5f62150eb3d7af9d89857caf70	/ / Century.
886b8e4c5dba0f07f8ea71dd0f164e382fc3d52e	— February 11, 2009.
cf217aed79b1e6b7feee14352d748860ea7022f6	Сергей Sergey Belyakov Taras Shevchenko as a Ukrainian nationalist / / Questions of nationalism: journal.
dcc70be39cb05b0377ba5386b178e2fbe7f7a02b	- M., 2014.
f325cb440ba246d19b7be0ee656b4ed82ffdbcfc	93-114.
fee0dc7c57a4f696cde42af17174032827c82553	Shevchenko, Taras Grigoryevich / / Russian biographical Dictionary : in 25 volumes.
15a1fe4d04d4c64eeba14d42012225a82972e040	- St. Petersburg.
955290abc9743287fbcefee095cfa681f958ebf1	- M., 1896-1918.
5fbd927c69b820358f296230772b800261191616	Гри Grigorovich Vasily Ivanovich Письма Letters of T. G. Shevchenko to the Princess V. N. Repnina ("Kiev Antiquity". Kiev, 1893) Шев Shevchenko / / Small encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : in 4 vols.
70789d9d6a59dc5a8cc88002c7b99c421b459e6f	- St. Petersburg, 1907-1909.
789c39f2ef2dda600519637edd628f982b585a8d	Ки Kiev univer sity.
b8e9e5264c869fe1c086c6a195cefae4fbb403b1	Istoria.
e1dabb4b2c53fbe8f4fa45523ec691bdaf012472	// Website of the Kyiv National University named after Taras Shevchenko.
f061af3f01d18b4f5eb6d057d54e7dd656758059	Verified on May 27, 2016.
687c96e6625ba260843653ca8c12199f6d364d22	↑ 1 2 Kozachkovsky A.
052cce4ce943c3a19257dbdff63f6ec301014d7e	A. from Memoirs of T. G. Shevchenko / / Memoirs of Taras Shevchenko.
39b77936e1cb5f166329eff70d233950133d6091	Kiev: Dnipro Publ., 1982.
338e86927e9b1e80483b1ddabe379b66d6da3b55	- 547 P. - P.76-80. Museum Of The "Testament" Of T. G. Shevchenko.
40250174c0a040198eccfba1e9a98ecbe1ea9cdc	// Website of the National Historical and ethnographic Reserve "Pereyaslav".
a761470d02f007148553e07da20dedd54c85cd65	Checked on May 27, 2016.
df25620b60d27104cb5b7d82fd7bb06f99ac0987	V. S. Borodin, E. P. Kirilyuk, et al.
a40b72051ad896f90e0aea1ac8e0b415caa59f85	T. G. Shevchenko.
4189e52e5a57aa8c271771566fd74d6404d1832c	— Kiev: Nauchnaya Dumka publ., 1984.
bcfd9885e875dcfca460a102bde381a4f8bace5c	- P. 185-197.
c7e3e43e7c736f699812aba3125c404ac4e6cae2	A. F. Orlov's report to Nicholas I on the activities of the Cyril and Methodius society.
d4086ee9f7d9219a972d854b94d9c55e3a8afc31	- May 26, 1847 ↑ letter of V. G. Belinsky to P. V. Annenkov (December 1-10, 1847, St. Petersburg) ↑ Diary of T. G. Shevchenko with comments by L. N. Bolshakov ↑ A.
2cfb12c98084b49661b15f613a9b17bf3ccb165c	A. Blagoveshchensky.
2e5f2c531e5097634dd684b179905a019f475b39	Shevchenko in St. Petersburg (1858-1861) / / memories of Taras Shevchenko.
794ec7453bbe315d9935449f201efd39c66465d3	Moscow: Dnepr Publ., 1988.
8617772b8f4a4be085bf292df1ca4e508cdb5708	- P. 337-346;
0601da1902673c8cf869ca44420e3fdb3a6dba63	545—549.
c7c123a0824e32cb694e9eb7685b696a86242ba1	↑ Taras Shevchenko artist: a brief biography Nadezhda Shubina Gallery.
c2d498c0d4da8034fc1a19c8df54456743c9a4dc	↑ T. G. Shevchenko.
702bfee5f1f97b31f40580a9635115f4b3ba1970	Primer yuzhnorussky ↑ Kostomarov N. I. letter to the publisher editor of "Russian antiquity" M. I. Semevsky.
f9615a312640fdc90c3aa22c7f789bd9d62ce302	- Russian antiquity, 1880.
52bac6a1f28f29d2d31091ffceded732c2979f7c	- Vol. 27.
c2c011df5d4622c66965f5085d8798f53e628756	Kostomarov N. I. Autobiography.
a07b2f896832fd2fbf76201cd0749ad88162aec3	Part VII: election to the St. Petersburg Department.
82271dcbda02bcfc3d4df16e4a5155fb96993a61	Moving to St. Petersburg.
b77f01435706e1050b1a19b2494dc24c30cdc52d	Preparation for the profession.
1d5d2022196920eda3c21ebcb7a674e4c5081ca6	Professional career.
6f6e4e246bd8b70b7e384a656788da4ddf80a34a	Literary classes of the St. Petersburg professorship era.
b4d8dfbfdb32ec510040accda74a7efe1361077b	The second trip abroad ↑ Primer yuzhnorussky / / Shevchenko dictionary.
ff3787fbba7c0fa6035c1fd8fabc85fd69bc7ea0	In two volumes.
38b8e57d49f762a90cc38af6d46c28853c27c15b	- K., 1976.
778e7f855ca2a0215b2dd9c6aed972c808056690	- Vol. 1.
089991d34560affd7f8dd1ad5a0c95a2f8f128a1	- P.82-98. ↑ Bulakh.
4a83a9727ef520eab440df4cdb7144390632f121	Letter from the assistant chief of the Kanevsky police to the Kiev governor on the distribution of Shevchenko's primers.
8b974ed078829009125655f56531632f045bed73	Taras Shevchenko: documents and materials for his biography.
f5a63644a354ee144a2e94fc9c5f83889c881c21	1814-1861 / Ed.
8d17f7fcee7778288827cc5891261be83d2827c8	E. P. Kirilyuk.
b264168c6ac031dff519dc43de5152e9cabb8a3e	- K., 1982.
5957eb50ebcffa80b329cb98aa1f6c86b5a5f9b6	- 432 P. (September 30, 1861).
600cfde8d9a48ff7b5b4ddf40421ca3246b819cc	Archived from the original source on April 25, 2013.
3eb35650ae8ad3f6ec35df2ed5bf6fcc922bb6cf	↑ Vasilchikov I. I. letter of the Kiev Governor General to the Civil governor on the cancellation of orders prohibiting the use of T. G. Shevchenko's primer.
d0b494bd03921fd74ec7d6ce350087fa57449fc8	- 432 P. (October 14, 1861).
34cf9dbda1be187b21c2a9d069bfffa2bf064bed	↑ "Inter" created the first interactive map of objects dedicated to Shevchenko ↑ the House in which the Ukrainian poet Shevchenko lived in the link in 1849 // Register of objects of cultural heritage ↑ Shevchenko's house was destroyed in Russia.
e76f17e3cab8dfd3ec5c1901caf5c89a5e1697e7	Ukraine demands UNESCO reaction / /Ukrainska Pravda, February 24, 2016
4dc3bebc180d41ee3394c48da3162d0e1f44111a	Russian translations
05355ef93569f7659c6de9557285e05688dbffcd	Kobzar Taras Shevchenko.
e3ace250b8ab0261a8e0a9f70e9bb051c1762b65	In the translation of Russian poets.
54916f1f38f2e2edb103610689d02198ba07746a	/ Edited by N. V. Gerbel.
218790810391ae0472b35f00f7bce37bb9e50550	- St. Petersburg., 1876.
9c8a5f793a004dad4d48c4555763f1e8895b079d	Shevchenko T. G. collection of works in five volumes / Ed.
268c8f481f84faafa12846f2655c1422f3228097	M. Rylsky and N. Ushakov.
4995d4d567ce4749f14baec080135a884d7916ef	Moscow: State publishing house of art literature, 1948-1949.
809830de21bfb765453c2f6bf19ee1f3a46e7826	Vol. 1.poems and poems. 1949. 474 p.
31d00bb724ada9c66392bc7f2b9d7bfb7e123548	(in Russian) Vol. 2.poems and poems in Russian translations. 1948. 425 p.
d315df9dc1b0e5a780a254aaf11deaee04b52352	(in Russian) Vol. 3.Russian stories. 1948. 466 p.
deecb1867e48a5a081ea62080ed0094f6e9f1739	(in Russian) Vol. 4.
4a7f1464bfae49cad96d9b5adeb4b5ce58acee60	Russian stories.
2f89e9f44522bea35d382a739c50787b85a97b89	Dramatic works. 1949. 497 p.
ef5b54746c280b17009c5d6119cf48898500a998	(in Russian) Vol. 5.Autobiography. Diary. 1949. 337 p.
9e206eade89badafc4b6af088977742b46734582	(in Russian)
84abe263a6580f91a17a526c32b932ec7967e9d4	Shevchenko T. G. Kobzar.
3e2e7e5dd75fca8ac532fbf6accbeb63ada5b9d1	Poems and poems: translated from Ukrainian.
d9dd4b39e9f4cecf00059bc0dec6f551e381a02d	Vol. 124.
991fbe6cf8071795aee2299e59f3fe39f3307dad	Moscow: Khudozhestvennaya Literatura publ., 1972.
2c9cf68a1f39de7735d7736a68b014ddd6ca2eed	- 655 P. — (Library of world literature).
0d2b078bb19a44805539ee09ef162c467ac7ff5a	H. K A. Shevchenko, Taras Grigoryevich / / Russian Biographical Dictionary : in 25 volumes.
09ce1c0ffb3e7862bed430a415ce339a46ae0898	Moscow, 1896-1918.
35763aa3364e524d38a9cb369aac41e4b7431e7d	Sumtsov N. F. Shevchenko, Taras Grigoryevich / / Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron : in 86 volumes.
0461445266e688ccb35af07a5501c67a4d63e201	(82 volumes and 4 additional ones.).
39d6154a9d7925e5764d0de70cefbcfe91765550	- St. Petersburg., 1890—1907.
9cab680e99fe334d6c99d2cf2325cc48901e288e	Taras Shevchenko / / Bolshaya Sovetskaya entsiklopediya : [in 30 volumes] / CHL.
70065c1f1106f8b71bbb744cfe0b763418d08860	A. M. Prokhorov.
f5d5a2490cbeba6ff371f3be37e2ff8cd9f347c5	Moscow: Soviet encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
a3bd120ac5fcbd370fa10bf9e9485558d46d3ed3	Taras Shevchenko in Vikitsitatnik Taras Shevchenko in Vikitek Taras Shevchenko on Vikisklad
a592faa40416d2e349282203444fc0bc81a21148	Taras Shevchenko.
e640468b2008ad6a5858ed633986e3579b623eb5	Collected works: in 6 volumes.
49b15ba1b8d7e259758ce2a7636c39c0f76aa274	- K., 2003.
2e922fc4fccf0521f262b6adef8037d9ba410e1f	- Vol. 1-6.
0b0a809d4ce48aebfac99248b3ba79faec8a85b9	A website with Shevchenko's work written in Font — a copy of the author's handwriting.
115efca37327e9ea0baa3d66694a0583b0d78a5c	Quiz about Taras Shevchenko Yandex project
c863538236127bada563158a81af9b254fcec063	> TO THE MAIN PAGE > BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX > INDEX W >
3e66f560aa5a581837f1a11418184fea6102e0bd	Taras G. Shevchenko
74e4cb7e0b2d23828e875a8b23b934143dae7ee0	1814 - 1861
e3c70e1dd357823fc69f9b22853ecad8966fba8b	Taras G. SHEVCHENKO (9.03.1814-10.03.1861), Little Russian poet and artist.
f983a93b88425fe14db4ee4a9f6aa7bcd3c65639	He was born in the family of a serf peasant.
dfefa907d48c5f83623d2cf1c0a4ca767257a519	In 1838, he was bought out of serfdom from the landowner Engelhardt and entered the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts.
a941859cbf39ba8382d53177ed0dc5c679ec6178	He studied under K. P. Bryullov.
65b701c8eb883ae28151b98617c69f5462ad598c	After graduating from the Academy in 1846, he worked in the Kiev Archaeological Commission.
cf611a0fb62a688964827974d588972a20d1ca94	Shevchenko gained literary fame by publishing a collection of poems “Kobzar”in 1840.
4a6e077d113bd8f86d8377dee45116195f18dac5	Shevchenko's literary and socio political views were formed under the influence of the works of A. S. Pushkin, M. Y. Lermontov, V. G. Belinsky.
4c474068cfecf4c164adcd5b59f497c9b4be51d0	Shevchenko's poetry reflected the moods, aspirations and thoughts of the Little Russians.
c16ff93209fabfe4cc46e9811024c8219517ee6f	These moods were reflected in Shevchenko's poems "Katerina “(1838),” Gaydamaki “(1841),” Dream “(1844),” Naimichka" (1845).
2cc9ce7d020913d80df2a5d682eccd56950afb2f	In 1846, Shevchenko joined the Cyril and Methodius Society founded in 1845 by teachers and students of Kiev University, which pursued the goal of creating a federation of Slavic peoples.
2c073e4c7ad063cd1b54fa71d8269019b043c69b	Shevchenko joined the left wing of this society.
1e793af8e2e39bc38517a29af15e5b14b440f29f	In April 1847, the society was discovered by the police.
4b298e0487326cde7a92bc0dc3f2bf552f95382f	Its participants were subjected to various administrative punishments without a trial.
7a7206cae575853b9c7dd253508347a8b5f04304	The most severe punishment was inflicted on Shevchenko, who was exiled as an ordinary soldier to the Orenburg province with a ban on "writing and drawing".
b8bdbf80a30a7e618a8a8a48afe0f0ea10e3130b	In 1850, Shevchenko was transferred to the Novopetrovskoye fortification on the island.
39b1b947df6c4617b9a08fe2ae3dcf18ed8c66de	Mangyshlake.
443c6a2bb085f335cc2f4ea23a10aafba7d25552	According to the amnesty of 1856, Shevchenko returned to St. Petersburg in 1858.
d50f2c6d084fc687df5deb96404a09f197d44734	In 1859, Shevchenko left for Little Russia, but was arrested for revolutionary propaganda and sent to St. Petersburg under the supervision of the III department.
844feddc06d035ed56522b625cccdd4366bbfcca	From the picturesque heritage of Shevchenko, his painting “Katerina” (1842), etchings “Picturesque Ukraine” (1844), a series of drawings “The Parable of the Prodigal Son” (1856-57), portraits, watercolor landscapes are well known.
cc32329233913a170d09d7665f8381bf1532b405	L. N. Vdovina
53cc84cdcd4d1d4b3c14ba73b829be9dbc66d3e0	Taras Grigoryevich Shevchenko (1814-1861) - Ukrainian poet, artist, founder of the revolutionary democratic trend in Ukrainian public thought.
481c3a111f0cfc609aef733dfee75dbe5d91677b	Born in the family of a serf.
127c10cacd93d7f39babeb1deff9590e193edf60	In 1838, he was bought from a landowner and entered the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts.
184ff4c280e6ef8ee9c179d98eaf2c3af129ac89	He was associated with the Petrashevites.
388e2e751d677163248a68e69bacdc3f84f8af3d	In 1847, for participating in the" Cyril and Methodius Society", he was arrested, sentenced to exile and assigned as an ordinary to a separate Orenburg corps under the strictest supervision with a ban on writing and drawing.
66af886c2799bc976642bee7082de1971210b621	After the end of exile (1857), Sh. became close to Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov, etc. employees of the magazine "Sovremennik".
f5eeb79b39f8e19663594f9b2ed27e99e48a0e99	Poetry (collection of poems "Kobzar", poems "Gaydamaki", "Dream", "Caucasus", etc.) and the activities of Sh. were directed against the tsarist autocracy and serfdom, he opposed bourgeois nationalists, for the friendship of the Russian and Ukrainian peoples, fought for the development of national culture.
b57262a400aada0954734b6d52c63452f76059e4	According to his worldview, Sh. he was a materialist.
107c59f59bb8d78964eb69e5a930f1c90d277c8f	He claimed that the power of the spirit is unthinkable without matter.
dc0742fa56c1aaf8de1059206d427ca39a652c90	Emphasizing the inevitability of the death of the feudal serf system, he saw in the masses of the people a decisive force for the development of society.
a870eb92a25347618e702f470dd764d943015e4d	Sh. sharply criticized religion and the church.
32fc127d6b1179ba506a1eb69a75526aea5ab838	In aesthetics, he stood on the positions of realism, fought for the truthfulness of life, the nationality and the ideological nature of art.
ff395bd3e03864ddb791c9eeec56d74f079d5e87	The poet's philosophical and aesthetic views are vividly reflected in his "Diary".
8509df3d6ec0398f99ae17e844c51af3d1b27a55	Philosophical Dictionary.
e73aa73eb4cca1663b6ccfba03a0985a41392606	Edited by I. T. Frolov.
b40e9212e47badd2b900445f3beac3ed500721fd	M., 1991, p. 523.
d6adcc3ebb9299f208ce1a2d5bcf3e96a7b693c1	Taras Grigoryevich Shevchenko (1814-1861), Ukrainian poet.
8ddf867130037e7bc19394ec9a30359db4d6e98b	He was born in the village of Morintsy, Kiev province, in the family of a serf peasant.
adbf7c8da51f657c24c0a4b57e54693b86e165ed	My childhood years were spent in my native village, then in the village of Kirilovka.
c89274faa35d3a81983507122744ba123572980a	Orphaned early, he learned the disenfranchised share of the serf.
713fafabc33ff7ec062b8526d7302758a94bad79	A village sexton taught him to read and write.
edca30bcb9f18a2d01d07b1deabd9b833ca4fa6b	In 1828, he entered the service in the house of the landowner P.Engelhardt was born in the village of Vilshana, a year later he served in his house in Vilna, and from 1831 - in St. Petersburg.
b6fdab13b845f04971d75def13e44c9b445a62bb	Having discovered the boy's ability to draw, Engelhardt decided to make him a home painter and sent him to study with the artist V. Shiryaev in 1832.
0148d2a20ac059cf67610716a79acd19634fcae9	In 1836, Shevchenko met the Ukrainian artist I. Soshenko, and through him with K. Bryullov, V. Grigorovich, V. Zhukovsky, who decided to release the young artist from serfdom.
ab53021d2385d2629b68ffe89dfc2042ff84ce3c	In 1838, a portrait of Zhukovsky, painted by Bryullov, was drawn in a lottery, and for the received 2500 rubles.
8fcad61802703f2c681d2529dd14237d8ab84590	Shevchenko was bought from Engelhardt.
0f292b9650f6b5690dc97c224cbe1c0827f12816	In the same year, he was admitted to the Academy of Fine Arts, where he became a student and comrade of Bryullov.
8c81a80152b25f1775c4c6ae0b2dfe157dc934c1	In 1843, he returned to Ukraine, traveled for a year, visited relatives, observed the life of the people, painted a lot.
d09ab534bc0362b8e4370c730555c6b0db3ee0b7	He released the album "Picturesque Ukraine".
db2302e479e43751c44399c60e1563a9ce209446	In 1844, Shevchenko graduated from the Academy of Arts, receiving the title of "non class (free) artist", and again goes to Ukraine, deciding to settle in Kiev.
ad17f1467bef3b53df814f71959095760d77ed1c	By this time, his revolutionary democratic views were determined (he got acquainted with some of the Petrashevites), plans for large works of an accusatory nature were born: the poem (comedy) "Dream" (1844);
902767b4e88aa79544ea7fcb7e69991e1b80327c	"The Caucasus" (1845);
da967ae015d03f0d76393b4dcf52c99631781915	"Heretic".
dbd9e7ba9b5a4b7e8cf8c0465db87a77698530a3	In the 1840s, he wrote many beautiful poems that were included in the collection "Three Years", which ended with the poem "As I die, bury..."
908e9268c43785342db3490729baa45e4f2bc1f0	(1845).
d67d36a06570ae325018200665b9179f999b19d7	In 1846, he joined a secret political society the "Cyril and Methodius Brotherhood", whose members were arrested on the denunciation of the provocateur.
63611b0d72e0a9ecc52f3b164b479dd84d8230e6	Shevchenko was arrested in 1847 and, having passed the casemate of the Third Department, for revolutionary poems in the collection "Three Years", found during the arrest, he was exiled as a soldier to the Orsk fortress with the sentence of Nicholas 1: "Under the strictest supervision, with the prohibition to write and draw".
34a608f09c5f327dadfc1ae2eba6e23f43f520e0	In 1851, despite the increased supervision, Shevchenko was again included as an artist in the geological expedition in the Karatau mountains.
0866be6556b0d128370b055b8bca8942b298ae37	Russian Russian novels were written by the poet in Novopetrovsk with the permission of the commandant of the fortification in his spare hours, hoping to publish them under a pseudonym in Russian magazines.
f889b142f4ed6552d2159919782db5b5f7ba322f	So the stories "The Princess" (1853), "The Musician" (1854), "The Unfortunate" (1855), etc. were written.
1e77e59321a3fbd843bcf0176f2b7cd5fb24eacd	After the death of Mykola 1, Shevchenko was released under an amnesty, but not immediately, but only after the persistent efforts of friends.
08dfbb89b8361608fb43a2fc2e234746489f8851	The poem "Neophytes" (1857), the triptych "Share", "Muse", "Glory"were written here.
27b8a7867573667c2e5debf7d7eb6cfa4fff6e75	Shevchenko's friends obtained permission for him to live in St. Petersburg, and upon arrival there, he found himself in the center of attention.
f26ad83c5499ff3ca69d36dcb345b48751a05a82	He became close to the circle of "Sovremennik", "Iskra", with many Russian and Polish revolutionary democrats (Chernyshevsky, Kurochkin, etc.).
e757b07944669dd68d247af57140a63e823713a2	In 1860, the Council of the Academy of Arts awarded him the title of academician in the class of engraving.
bf9b360eb61a4d5bce40a82ffb3ae55d5120c584	During the years of the revolutionary situation in Russia, Shevchenko used biblical and gospel stories to embody revolutionary ideas: "Imitation of Psalm II", " Imitation of Ezekiel.
6b41ebbd89f80d946fb061e0c50c823dbc1be350	Chapter 19" (1859), the poem "Maria", etc.
a3ce0c42f07f759d4fbd26c61d036d47780ce497	In 1860, he wrote a bold and strong poem " Quiet Light!
7508713b3ce7d8c6fa713516ef6d3b4d7301c0f9	The light is clear!.."
e167779c964695c1adba83e6345465b96e874c25	In 1861, Shevchenko met his birthday seriously ill (liver, heart disorder, dropsy).
545f665968107ee85ab2dbd8bf943893e93abb7c	In the morning, he died.
77d5d12692dbbc1e2f37c99dc0fc12cf85471ffe	It happened on February 26 (March 10, n.s.) in St. Petersburg.
bffc9472cee8b6b93f8f47fd3bedab1b92f30c98	In the footsteps of Pushkin and Pugachev
99912f789a4fdbec11282140734b89e8ec55ffeb	Taras Grigoryevich SHEVCHENKO (1814-1861) was a Ukrainian folk poet, artist, thinker.
2cebefcd556c3366b1bec2fbf675f10ebbea164e	From the very beginning of his creative life, he showed great interest in the poetry of A. S. Pushkin and his prose works.
8e57f76d8954896631f6c5867401edabc697115d	There are many confirmations of this in the entries of the "Diary" and the stories of the period of captivity ("The Artist", "Gemini").
1ac834332bc94f6268188dfa88548b009a02878e	Like Pushkin, Shevchenko was deeply interested in events
9574a687d57f2c70233fdad8f3b43d9df20711ce	The Peasant War of 1773-1775 under the leadership of Em.
9769ac3b7266acc52a03d2478fa9be0371bd01e5	Pugacheva.
dda298f63b608a0a307dfbb122f0ed3a5c50fc8c	In 1847-1850. he visited many places of rebel fighting those where once "pugav Pugach over the Urals" ("Moskaleva krinitsa").
13623f9bc1775429e3b2ffc11169481ee075c3d4	In the story "Gemini" there are such lines:"...
dca4b5ace7d02d96b217dc509439f9215271dcc9	And admiring this majestic horizon, I quietly drove into the Tatishchev fortress.
0beba3ea37b118a0f5b4e6acfffa24a96f8bc8c7	I gave the road sign to the caretaker, but I stayed on the street, and while the horses were being changed, I remembered the "Captain's Daughter", and I saw as if alive a formidable Pugach in a black sheep's cap and a red epanche, on a white horse..."
40871e41f0f78beeb4280be1e46be9a129d3ac37	The diary of T. Shevchenko (entries on July 19, December 8 and 13, 1857) captured the idea of his poem "The Satrap and the Dervish" (as he himself wrote, "like" Angelo "Pushkin").
90488e13ce9ea6d9ca30544fc3b50dc7ec6ffe0e	The most widely described theme is in the book by F. Ya.
1794a8c3e69b445d199cefade9d240dea099581b	Priymy "Shevchenko and Russian literature of the XIX century" (M.-L., 1961).The biographical information is reprinted from the website
003113d4f6f052847488c46c9f224d7f2839cf5f	http://www.orenburg.ru/culture/encyclop/tom2/tom2 fr.html
36f98233a12d6fe9ef7be9e7b6d63a8a474fe2cc	I. N. Kramskoy.
ff23d3d19bb2426a0a63cafaf163615e6e5e061a	Portrait of the Ukrainian writer and artist T. G. Shevchenko. 1871.
ebc5f60925e88fbb55d3dd3b99e8768b58935b48	Taras G. Shevchenko (25.02[9.03].1814-26.02 [10.03].1861), Little Russian poet, artist, thinker.
1513694888685cfe308cff1c376105c86d5b50b0	Born in c.
e6054ae9e36d0f13782d2cc401a445e7cb8411ef	Morintsy of the Zvenigorod district of the Cherkasy region in the family of a serf peasant.
86b52cb6ef8348e29688bf1055ee331fc5dc43fe	He was orphaned early; he was a shepherd, a farmhand, from the age of 14 he was a "Cossack" for his landowner P. V. Engelhardt.
a1ad9747a8b918e7b034e434afb2ba164294aeb0	He learned to read and write from a rural sexton.
6946235375e1f7c245d9a62e5a1d0fd8550b8ca9	Since 1829, he lived with a landowner in Vilnius, and with his move to St. Petersburg (n. 1831) , he was sent (in 1833) to study with the "various pictorial affairs of the guild master" Shiryaev.
353257b87d6380c3157d8b4b5582b5291499de6d	In the spring of 1838, Shevchenko was bought out of serfdom.
1a47f00d7529f98ef4f2571ed5855d62441a0552	The first of Shevchenko's extant works — the ballad "Spoiled", the poem "Dumka" ("Water flows in the blue sea"), "The Eternal Memory of Kotlyarevsky" and the poem "Katerina" — date from 1837-38.
c9d8dfac3d3c1b8aa18e2fe9c120b8c19a552490	In 1840, a collection of Shevchenko's poetic works "Kobzar" was published, where the poems "My Thoughts", "Perebendya", "Dumka" ("My chorni eyebrows..."), "To Osnovyanenko", "Ivan Horseshoe", the ballad "Poplar", the poems "Katerina" and "Tarasov's Night"were first published.
029f65acd391fb90a511b2a2e0d45bab95cf969e	Shevchenko's early work, the results of which were summed up by the appearance of "Kobzar", developed in the direction of romanticism.
ddc1576eb0b9a31ce4b518558860696a3497d781	In ballads and poems, reality is closely intertwined with the fiction of folk legends and legends; the plots are based on an unhappy, tragically doomed love.
38821207d8801c088dbac2fa4d3d285197c6115a	However, already in the early works of Shevchenko, a powerful stream of realism is noticeable: his heroines are full of genuinely truthful feelings, specific life circumstances are seen behind their suffering.
e6e74222ebac43b734b3c60cb91e75ec60f9b8c8	"Katerina", for example, is a completely realistic poem about the bitter fate, despair and suicide of a simple peasant girl who was deceived by an officer and abandoned by him with a child in her arms.
5fe443f68e08a58d3163feb7f1b30c0cec5c86ee	Over time, the theme of love and the female share becomes more and more historical certainty in Shevchenko's work.
10cbdda8ee96c253ef291166580d112dc4ee2778	The merciless revenge on the oppressors for the violated human dignity is justified and sanctified (the poems "The Blind Woman", 1842," The Princess", 1847," Marina", 1848).
17e8345c4e925743087943235b7a4fc47bba8b5c	The same movement towards realism is also in the historical theme.
d045bf84a2bee680ff8696953b1fa0deae05eb19	From the early works "Tarasov's Night" (1838), "Ivan the Horseshoe" (1839), imbued with the romance of ancient legends, the poet is getting closer to the theme of the national liberation struggle.
2496cebe0f9575433f53184c9b9a399e068366d9	The largest of his historical poems, "Haidamaki "(1841), depicts the events of the great popular uprising of 1768, known as the" Koliivshchyna", against the Polish gentry oppression.
8e2dfe7a13ff5cc0e8964aa23bee796c790a91c1	This poetic epic is historically true and, moreover, it is all turned to the present: with memories of the glory of Shevchenko's ancestors, he sought to appeal to the oppressed Little Russian people to fight for their liberation from the Polish invaders.
2d98ef82f8717cd1a6f5373cfb3fc19b07643f2e	In May 1843, Shevchenko went to Little Russia, intending to settle in Kiev.
fc5ad858360f9d48ffbd5233609407df0c5ca8bc	Impressions from trips to the Kiev, Poltava, Chernihiv and Volyn provinces (as an artist of the Kiev Archeographic Commission), especially from the difficult situation of the enslaved peasantry, noticeably strengthened Shevchenko's liberation aspirations.
5ba58694cfa1828de2819decfc8a0bbfe0cf0acf	In 1846, Shevchenko joined the secret Cyril and Methodius society, where he occupied the most left wing positions; in April 1847, he was arrested and then sent as a soldier to the Orel Fortress (in the Orenburg province, and in 1850 - to the Novopetrov fortification on the Mangyshlak peninsula, now Fort Shevchenko) for, as stated in the sentence, "composing poems in the Little Russian language, the most outrageous content."
063632ed151f9bdf38f68bc92c4dbd0c890afa8c	During the years of exile, realistic stories were written in Russian: "The Princess" (1853), "The Musician" (1854-55), "The Unfortunate", "The Captain", " The Twins "(all — 1855)," The Artist "(1856); previously, the stories" Naimichka "(1844) and" Varnak "(1845) were written; after the exile," A Walk with pleasure and not without morality " (1856-58); all of them are imbued with anti — serf sentiments.
9f027da8195f6b4a260a0811186da808c0dd53a1	In the center of the stories "Varnak", "Musician", "Artist", "Walk..." is the personality of a serf intellectual, whose fate has many autobiographical features.
40265fc79d39fce12ddf6a6a794ace2307e3ed6e	The author's voice sounds in the hero's views on art a staunch supporter of realism, close to the theory and practice of the" natural school " in Russian literature.
61737641b501ceb6cc5dab8f4111971cc6e93363	In 1860, a new (the most complete of the three lifetime) edition of "Kobzar" appeared (however, the poems "Dream", "Caucasus", "Heretic", the poem "Testament" and similar works could not be included in it).
1e4b2c04cdaf56c58ceb3e0ed2e59caf0e650370	A number of poems that were not included in the "Kobzar" under censorship conditions were published by the poet's friends in 1859 in Leipzig (the collection "New Poems of Pushkin and Shevchenko").
8a2eeb3bfb47434193dc4c4383dea54594aa6aca	The works of 1857-61 are the pinnacle of Shevchenko's poetry, now even richer and more diverse in themes (socio political, philosophical), moods, a palette of colors in poems about nature, deep wisdom of reflections on poetry (triptych "Share", "Muse", "Glory", 1858, etc.), in rhythm and high culture of expressive means and skill of artistic imagery.
9e21449b7600d9e1b6f397e84b2d7fbf8e697ba9	The greatest achievements of this period include the poems "Neophyte", "The Fool" (both 1857), "Maria" (1859) and the lyrics of the 50s n.
95cfb7c2927e1b49b407e8a8f34172ed5a053648	60s.
fd24c083ffd0d432e3e6e7ecb05c998dd598296a	Imitations of psalms and biblical motifs ("Imitation of Psalm 11", "Hosea, chapter XIV", the poem "Mary") were used by Shevchenko to express liberating ideas.
89fc9217bd88299e3d46a0740d833ce5bcd18d8a	Shevchenko's poetics, close to the folk tradition, evolved (without breaking with it) to an ever greater and unique originality.
a2b79a90a9add7e619e5b1f2b0d692c13497fa5f	The rhythmic and intonational structure of Shevchenko's poetry is based on the Little Russian folk verse, but it is characterized by a rich variety of forms and variants, rhythms and stanzas of syllabic (12-11 - and 14 complex) and syllabic tonic versifications (for example, 28 types of stanzas only in poems written in iambic tetrameter).
d1e1c46762984b0d60a11eb1051383d5c23da2a8	Shevchenko brought an unprecedented wealth of themes to the Little Russian poetry, radically expanded its cultural and intellectual horizons, including historical and modern motifs from the life of many European peoples, ideas and images of European literatures.
b4f732f47b1ad50c27011b7c2117955690911570	Many of Shevchenko's works are set to music by N. V. Lysenko (see his collection "Music to Shevchenko's Kobzar") and other Little Russian (K. G. Steshenko, Ya.S. Stepovy, S. F. Lyudkevich, etc.) and Great Russian (M. P. Mussorgsky, P. I. Tchaikovsky, S. V. Rachmaninov) composers.
db1ae722e9f5c49fb36570bbcf7fbe6a8c503f81	The poems "My Thoughts, my thoughts", "Testament", the beginning of the ballad "Spoiled" ("Reve ta stogne Dnipr shiroky") became folk songs;
7cac602fbb95b71a21db530eeda29beecba4b593	"Testament" was included in the circle of folk songs.
5293021591e7148ed8a9dd2c3a8fc584e1b856bd	Shevchenko's death was perceived as a great loss for Russian literature.
c2d1733039d7a936113d377a9faef0b1a9b62397	At his funeral, the presence of many literary and public figures wrote ovals, among them M. E. Saltykov Shchedrin, I. S. Turgenev, F. M. Dostoevsky, N. S. Leskov and others .
3d5533b7d0a3db3d41b17bb57baf1a6c0fc0da88	N. A. Nekrasov wrote a poem "On the death of Shevchenko".
35f8114e7c70683e911986edd59bd386e7cda710	The materials of the website The Great Encyclopedia of the Russian People are used - http://www.rusinst.ru
9cd9f6f8cdc20ab3c73b248469f517277645801a	Essays:
d1b2b6cf3b963e921ce06410b06e5d6d0c72f9a9	Complete zibrannya creativ.
3afc37569f9f6cad8f9bce7066b208fedcc03e84	Vol. 1-10.
f5eaa74cc9a91e6c84801d77341dba31d6886103	Kiev, 1939-64;
5aebce490ccb6e3bd2751b05a50e3aaa6aba0e4e	Povne zibrannya creativ.
d26f3c3751d4836ba87ce801094434be64fe3a2d	Vol. 1-6.
67e9d32fe06c18441b0077f09c60c8ab28a0dfbf	Kiev, 1963-64; in Rus. trans.
ad52a0ad3e189769c0d767bf7d169ddc8ffb6290	- Sobr. soch .
7d4a342e2bbb426a6af0c935eb44b204582b7b87	T. 1-5.
d55cc941f8ad59a3187e32f02cf07abd488482d0	M., 1964-65.
20dac639d2d496db9d35c03f166b22c624e5205a	Vladimir SIROTENKO.
57a449e498cb0302d28c115ef1a440a234b23a2f	Unknown Taras Shevchenko.
316de9338ed655f72cc9e8f56ae3c1a4ffea9f73	Childhood.
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3084557995a36deaf87e8931d985922112c6e9b3	SLAVYANISM (A special project of CHRONOS within the framework of the Forum of Slavic Cultures program).
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b863f055fa4255b62fc93fecb5934b38e7e39fa4	Taras Shevchenko: 198 years since the birth of the great poet
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bcdb863544163e005c1d1bcfc5cb73b867fd4115	Taras Shevchenko is a famous Ukrainian poet, novelist, artist and public figure of world renown.
726ca843726e5bad088497ab4bf6ce0c37cbb0a8	He has always been a patriot of Ukraine, all his work is mainly dedicated to the Ukrainian people.
2c057e285749fee967542c8e00ee00e680fd9cc3	Taras Grigoryevich dreamed of liberating Ukrainians from social and political oppression.
919dc60bfa37767d733108698552026cee9a5e03	March 9 marks the 198th anniversary of the birth of the playwright.
8a7c40d55857bffa47796830a4743c5efeb4a04c	Taras Shevchenko was born in 1814 in the village of Morintsy, Cherkasy region, in the family of a serf peasant Grigory Ivanovich Shevchenko.
23c5fa07a315db1753751257901075023de951dd	Taras had 2 brothers and 4 sisters.
d3c479c8e67cc7bf129b22c42e134b324551b788	The young talent became an orphan early — his mother died when he was 9 years old, his father — when the boy turned 12 years old.
8dac696d73578bbaa55b08cb18a9428f69930af5	Shevchenko spent his childhood in the villages of Morintsy and Kirillovka, which belonged to his landowner, Lieutenant General Vasily Vasilyevich Engelhardt.
72de437c5098159627b427bf01279303a1bc09c7	Taras Shevchenko showed interest in drawing and poetry since childhood.
fce0071932634c5d5741458d9d9470da8fdff945	At the age of 8, the boy enters the service of a local teacher, the sexton Pavel Ruban, where he learns to read and write.
b4b7e158eaf6ec4a91677a556e9a392be3e3417d	Noticing Taras ' passion for painting, the landowner decides to make him a court artist.
a0895f8f1e2ed566db46acf95a818ff5428ef40c	He gives his serf to the teacher of the Vilna University, the portrait painter Jan Rustem, for training.
7cd46bf1e4f532f3679186a7e6652ade151e6626	Young Taras stayed in Vilna for 1.5 years.
37b4dc1a5c229dfbee24c9cd24e8ab54a7c7d46f	At Shiryaev's, Taras could draw statues in the Summer Garden and visit the Hermitage.
1ba50cc31d5b21484f56098fd40a6369f0d6b1ce	One day, Shevchenko, copying another sculpture on canvas, meets his countryman Ivan Soshenko, who in turn introduced him to K. Bryullov and V. Zhukovsky.
bd3b883fc308ff67fb0ef834c369464c293d5aee	Recognition of the talent of the serf Taras Shevchenko by prominent figures of Russian culture played a decisive role in the matter of buying him out of captivity.
66ebec1a8571ae014c239842e9f067f1b65adb6d	Taras Shevchenko: self portrait
a3cc7006496e909f199728ef4cd472fed51da39b	In 1838, on April 22, Zhukovsky and Bryullov bought Taras Shevchenko from serfdom from Engelhardt for 2500 rubles, and at the age of 24 he received freedom.
d6963366986795d5e9f39c861d57cf6adf1d5ce5	The money for the release of Taras Grigoryevich was received from the sale at auction of a portrait of Zhukovsky painted by Bryullov.
ae6a20d337d7dcf170be0a6f63065263d2ca1b0d	Taras Shevchenko remained infinitely grateful to them for the release he received.
2c2e10ee620ac1fd251742beaa54071cfbc601a0	In 1838, immediately after being bought out of serfdom, Shevchenko entered the Academy of Arts, where he eagerly studied painting, drawing and the work of Russian and Ukrainian writers.
e342d2251889e6dfcc89d7d65fc27e8a29022364	He joins the "Cyril and Methodius" society.
bc10000fd461f7a69be627219ca7a3b873acd22e	Taras Shevchenko with bohemia
48d98a969cf4e820613e9a433cc29102710b7cfc	As an artist, Taras Shevchenko was included in the expedition to explore the Aral Sea in 1848, where he actively painted landscapes and portraits with watercolors.
7b61159b794cba3c9ad82e966e431d7061cdade6	Thanks to the petition of the vice president of the Academy of Arts, Count V. P. Tolstoy and his wife, in 1857 Taras Shevchenko returned from exile.
2eace920d2f04d6b816672b2a2f93b7ea433aed3	Therefore, Shevchenko is returning to the capital.
58eb8ec6a9aebe0b77fda2446d1fbf7462d21a70	By this time, the poet's health was undermined by a ten year exile.
db2ea116d8960db60f78fe97168afa21e1f298ee	The writer meets his 47th birthday seriously ill (dropsy, heart problems, liver disorder).
68e475bbcf91f7a2c28b4c2ef18fe9f19131f8b8	During this period of time, Taras Grigoryevich became interested in engraving.
45098be6c6e28cbc0e4db3e7f20b2bd81ddb96a5	April 16, 1960 The Council of the Academy of Arts decided to appoint him an academician and "set a program for the title of academician in engraving on copper".
e8ea21c29cc44723a3287ba294675bbfc726eb4a	Already on September 2 of the same year.
ece13f6abfe7bf90a965c0bed989faaee324a1b5	Taras Grigoryevich died on March 10, 1861 in St. Petersburg He is buried first at the Smolensk Cemetery, but, according to the" Zapovit", on May 10 of the same year, his ashes were reburied in Ukraine over the Dnieper on Tarasova Mountain (Kanev).
aa9ddfa83676bdde9357c14a98380cffa86d8a81	Despite the short life path, Taras Shevchenko left a big imprint in literature and art. Shevchenko wrote mainly in the genre of poems ("Gaydamaki", "Dream", "Katerina", etc.), ballads ("Causal"), stories ("Princess", "Musician").
fd37714da3ee4340b2cd4fe931d1192d7d2f3920	Well known collections of his poems are "Kobzar" (early work), "Three years", "In the casemate" (written in prison).
14c38543d03be40a4c0ea6a04411c10f8b3c6151	Shevchenko was awarded the degree of academician in engraving.
27314a845d5a0922fe51d2d73900884a4300552b	Taras Shevchenko is a genius of a planetary scale.
cadf60f177d56921ea0c03092f58bd4f8c29b96c	His works have been translated into most languages of the world.
e08dcd9829b7751d063e8a50a9205262dfa37532	In many countries outside of Ukraine, there are monuments to Shevchenko.
09f708c3b818e4b06963dc35240539d83e543bbe	Parks, universities, boulevards, theaters and streets are named after the poet.
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4da08fb60d77e3191925a2e0a02d8ec45e9f9641	The unconscious as a product of repression is the content of the field of consciousness, which is rigidly or gently repressed by some forces (power centers) for one reason or another from the field of awareness.
30b681f78a6ae2779c33436db7646e9791b5eb54	Who displaces whom, how much it displaces, how it displaces and what are the consequences of displacement - here the ideas of different researchers differ.
3059de51096d141cefc14ad489a0ab91dec8f357	As for Sigmund Freud's ideas, he believed that repression can occur only in one direction, namely, the Superego, the representative of society in consciousness, as a stronger instance displaces a weaker content: primary childish drives, undesirable for the Superego.
b2d29da46654343b082576300e12d3f40c787a5b	As a result, the content of the unconscious according to Freud is the primary childish drives that live in us, but are not realized because of their social unacceptability or mismatch with other needs, motives and attitudes of the individual.
35fd638e9cf8832dfacbc192a76f3393562343b4	Other types of unconscious Z.Freud did not know, did not assume and simply denied.
36cf8db5a01985f00ad91c99e3dcd0c445ec9ff1	Moreover, according to Freud, this repression is rigid, that is, it is impossible to get the unconscious, to return to the consciousness of a person by ordinary means.
ff6862713d1635d922b3079a881980bdc83a7ba0	This is an area of the mental, where things that are fundamentally inaccessible to me occur, but not meaningless, but having meaning and logic.
04df60a7e7c6262df9614bea27f4b6ffc3f6ab40	They can only be deciphered by a specialist using special methods, for example, hypnosis or the interpretation of free associations.
7d35e37661403a6276c86f0739df7f9707bf9cfa	It is the unconscious, according to Freud, that is to blame for all our personal troubles.
da8593e9c1449c98fd5d9fe947107c20fd94318e	This is the unconscious in the original and narrow sense, the unconscious in the understanding of Z.Freud.
5ad06d232e4bd980ceca0225fcacfb2d2ad069ca	Among the psychologists of the XX century, Dr. Sigmund Freud has a special place.
6d365e3b2ded3750f25e328cab920c8e0823fb39	Freud first started talking about psychoanalysis in 1896, and in 1897 he began to conduct systematic self-observations, which he recorded in diaries until the end of his life.
04a898d1fd9902e2c89352b810224d7ebed29ad9	Gradually, his ideas gained recognition, and in 1910 he was invited to lecture in America, where his theory became particularly popular.
75c83cbbb0a668167e0032c42eabb1eb5096c864	A circle of his admirers and followers is gradually forming around Freud, which includes K.Jung, A. Adler, S. Ferenci, O. Rank, K. Abraham.
92c49ad6c1a5149e8bea4e1b8adc75cc84c41132	After the organization of the psychoanalytic society in Vienna, its branches are opening all over the world, the psychoanalytic movement is expanding, gaining an increasing number of supporters.
62458213f218bdcb3fb8714263e6b33c61551ed0	At the same time, Freud is becoming more and more orthodox and dogmatic in his views, he does not tolerate the slightest deviations from his concept, suppressing all attempts to independently develop and analyze certain provisions of psychotherapy or the structure of personality, its relationship with others, undertaken by his students.
55c69d3d41a515b6a9b221ff82557b508a291f0e	This leads to a distance, and then to a break with Freud, the most talented of his followers-Adler, Jung, Rank.
59f677bf926c5f0a4f34dfadc30350b8c76b6d2f	As Freud's fame grew, so did the number of critical works directed against his views.
1511c23d5c5f7e5a713ca90eae7ede9e05209e26	In 1933, the Nazis burned his books in Berlin.
27af4f0c39e3416354b10a4580967bc026a4ad69	After the capture of Austria by the Germans, Freud's position becomes dangerous, he is persecuted.
7809f44d1703f5a63f9856dd569b9b904708c46d	Foreign psychoanalytic societies collect a significant amount of money and actually buy Freud from the Germans, who give him permission to leave for England.
a89f0aab97958d33cbd7fa3a590ed868d80532a1	However, his illness progresses, no operations and medications help, and in 1939 he dies, leaving behind the world he created, already completely open to interpretation and criticism.
60ef0851be0ef5735ac952d6786a4a6014cf12e0	The deepest and most significant area of the human mind is the unconscious.
43330dfeaebc9af99f2d044477b7d9b582195454	The unconscious is a repository of primitive instinctual impulses plus emotions and memories that threaten consciousness so much that they have been suppressed and pushed into the unconscious.
1115920d5a7f1e45a84451b46ec706ee63c2cc78	The unconscious material largely determines our daily functioning.
460c25d0cb2482f7d333449df19d674a04ad9e2e	The study of the phenomenon of the unconscious goes back to ancient times, it was recognized in its practice by the healers of the earliest civilizations.
a296b23b7ddac2e0ba022d33beb87ec5f9fe209c	For Plato, the recognition of the existence of the unconscious served as the basis for the creation of a theory of knowledge based on the reproduction of what is in the depths of the human psyche.
cc8742b50fed91835d588eec74b4bdf12c610929	Being familiar with Plato's philosophical ideas, Freud undoubtedly drew from there some ideas about the unconscious.
227a02bcf1f9f08fa78e56847d72782ee8998543	So, it is unlikely that those reflections of Plato that were associated with the problem of unconscious knowledge of man did not fall into his field of vision.
d1e0992765e0e276d6c81d1add8e6af0aa983af9	The problem of the unconscious, clothed in the form of considering the possibility of the existence of unconscious representations, is also reflected in the philosophy of Kant (1724-1804).
b1e491542cc248f19cf84be5e59d4e1ae745e91f	Freud repeatedly refers to Kant in his works.
9388247116f255e2d0bee9502dc02c95dbcd93f9	Textual analysis shows that the founder of psychoanalysis was familiar not only with Kant's " Anthropology from a pragmatic point of view”, but also with other works of the German philosopher.
91502d396ca6ddeec84deb703fe303a6ee81fa57	In many cases, Freud not only shares Kant's philosophical ideas, but also appeals to his authority when it comes to justifying his psychoanalytic concepts.
28782061171c121aaa85aa26ab04818a941adbb4	This is especially true of the problem of the unconscious.
c7b0a5a61c376621f0b1f149f6a167d7d5ddec68	Reflections on the problem of the unconscious occupied an important place in many philosophical works of the XIX century. during this period, a turn is planned and carried out from the rationalism of the Enlightenment era and German classical philosophy to an irrationalist understanding of human existence in the world.
6cf15279993f2b9d317f21d70185f855e4847f4e	The formation of Freud's psychoanalytic teaching was influenced by the philosophy of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche.
f990e8e7b43f3d4dfe465fe923c889260a138012	Many of the ideas of these philosophers largely predetermined various psychoanalytic concepts, including Freud's ideas about the unconscious.
89ca423ce1c9ad6f74a888228f4f3082b80dd1b8	Of course, there is no absolute identity between the psychoanalytic teachings of Freud and the philosophy of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche.
979b424a7f59fb16f6a68d9f6a7af05fcf774df4	In Schopenhauer, the unconscious is initially ontological: - " the world will” is the root cause of everything that exists.
05fdc9a5ddf7b093f14b690c636591d7cabdc3c5	For Freud, the unconscious is primarily and mainly something psychic, subject to comprehension only in connection with a person.
e35c03c57a6114270c6c3a16b55b4de742313ad2	Unlike others, Freud made the anatomy of the conscious and unconscious mental a scientific fact.
a62642b1bf3d5d574a5a52bb8402c23280c351f7	But he explained this fact on the basis of only a "negative" concept - an unconscious psyche, understood only by denying the attribute of consciousness behind it
17f5c8b8c09538bf31f9821328633b0f7d3782d1	The concept of the unconscious, that part of the human soul that is a kind of secret for the individual, has been developing for thousands of years.
70574e0eed9b7485d9fa0ee38efcde012e1fd871	The fact of scientific ignorance of the human psyche has been used and is still being exploited by all religions.
2816c001a704d4813e600b3a1154fc9e77a96094	A person is limited in his consciousness.
be793da771ed2bd15b6ac6b620c00c0151b7404a	Something that lies outside of his thoughts, but exists in the same brain, controls the frontal personality [35].
a3dbfcf6c413963df5d54e646f3290ecb745d788	The automatism of thinking seems to us something natural and easy to perceive, but behind this simplicity lies the true nature of the human psyche, which apparently is the true Self.
769d216b92855c2e1a2cd602f3d54475c913ce91	The greatest contribution to the development of the concept of the unconscious was made by Sigmund Freud [21] (hereinafter simply-Freud).
eecf61e1c17e1169d5daf9ef54414a7f020dad97	For Freud, the unconscious is not something abstract, completely meaningless and elusive, which can at best act as an abstract concept used in describing certain mental processes [32].
245838355e726ed81c36b26a1571252c4ea891a1	Like many philosophers who appeal to this concept, he is ready to recognize the unconscious as a heuristic value, that is, to consider it as a theoretical construct necessary for a better understanding and explanation of the human psyche.
c61eee236672c6b5c72911264ce031c923c609e1	However, unlike those philosophers who see in the unconscious only a theoretical concept that contributes to the elimination of logical connections between conscious processes and deep structures of the psyche, Freud considers the unconscious as something really psychic, characterized by its own characteristics and having quite specific meaningful implications.
d6e71cafb5f1c008b785a4ba54adba065e08676d	Based on this understanding, within the framework of psychoanalytic philosophy, an attempt is made to comprehend the unconscious mental by identifying its content characteristics and revealing the specifics of the course of unconscious processes.
976ff84690dcf177fa90a53a78f8660e06641702	Freud writes that the division of the psyche into conscious and unconscious is the main prerequisite of psychoanalysis.
5bbcf77b9f669d0785aaec383a54c3df0f45212c	Moreover, such a division is justified not only methodically, but also intuitively.
8903f71ce09919bc4e7d1fbf817b252aed8b1c34	The practice of Freud and other psychoanalysts clearly confirms the presence of these two parts of the psyche [22].
43f371c5669606db026d2b115070cb1f34678eee	Freud points out that psychoanalysis cannot consider the conscious as the essence of the psychic, but must consider consciousness as a quality of the psychic, which may or may not join its other qualities.
68e2c685d5a4e03010c73e149e1f62091d8654a9	What is the conscious and the unconscious from the standpoint of Freudianism, psychoanalysis?
6302fb1320024638bdf5440cb273ee9c3e934546	In his fundamental work I and IT [21], Freud notes that being conscious is primarily a purely descriptive term that relies on the most direct and reliable perception.
441450d2085cd27764d6508b7783c6406ac2c8bb	Experience further shows us that a psychic element, such as a representation, is usually not permanently conscious.
e88f3aac936e04703080447b49b6868c30ad0dfe	On the contrary, it is characteristic for him that the state of awareness passes quickly, the idea is conscious at the moment, and in the next moment it ceases to be so, but it can become conscious again under certain, easily achievable conditions.
7b8001078007fb85f6984777894b9450802403ef	We do not know what it was like in the intermediate period; we can say that it was latent, meaning that it was capable of becoming conscious at any moment.
fd26d77f9882bda2ec336f682efad145bebe5899	If we say that it was unconscious, we will also give a correct description.
cf59a14db3f2dd59e0c6dd48718acc5cad278eae	This unconscious in this case coincides with the latent or potentially conscious.
eb5a9721d153f9dc94ab01ae55f327044e4fc4b1	We will interpret this idea of Freud and present it for this purpose in a symbolic form.
6239397a7e176ef06c7f7fc06f2b359551cf94e1	In the narrative about the origins of psychoanalytic theory, Freud focuses on the fact that the concept of the unconscious arises mainly from the doctrine of repression[11].
428883086af1f39d6693d2c20a20360c72a58deb	And he declares that there are two types of the unconscious: the latent, but capable of becoming conscious, and the repressed, which in itself cannot become conscious [21].
83d0fd953f83590d6abcf4a900f683c3ca24b630	Further, Freud clarifies what has been said, considering, however, the proposed model of the unconscious is not sufficiently convenient.
8856f7a7d7c62d65c5f7682abda91c0101476ba7	He's writing: In the further course of psychoanalytic work, however, it turns out that these differences are also insufficient, almost unsatisfactory .
c725949367dcc46c96246c8d2becafada7646df6	Here it is advisable to cite a significant part of the article I and IT, for the purposes of presentation.
817ebd0c38f0b6c108d65ea62d98bc05acc46c61	We have created for ourselves the idea of a coherent organization of mental processes in one person and designate it as the Self of this person.
79022ba2117acaee501e2b5653c6ddfd8f0f9c54	The experimental development of the concept of the unconscious was first carried out by Sigmund Freud, who showed that many actions in the implementation of which a person is not aware of have an unconscious character.
648ac7602ff1c7c53b899a328327ca5dbe20cf83	Our secret desires and fantasies, which contradict public morality and generally accepted norms of behavior, and also disturb us too much to be conscious, are pushed into the unconscious.
2e3ede34dcc638960e1cb119b01cac6e0b71a1e1	He examined how this or that motivation manifests itself in dreams, neurotic symptoms and creativity.
6e87178bb6dc11cb0c75aeb656b4aa23435e94f7	It is known that the main regulator of human behavior is the drives and desires of the subject.
dbe28472be5c9cef4aae2a8dbb01b1079aad208f	As an attending physician, he was faced with the fact that these unconscious experiences and motives can seriously burden life and even cause neuropsychiatric diseases.
647eb8441bd8d541632b53bb6727e49a3f25e5a1	This led him to search for ways to rid his analysants of conflicts between what their consciousness says and hidden, blind, unconscious motives.
93f53be448d0f02862a4663738480cb43a931fbc	Thus was born Freud's method of healing the soul, called psychoanalysis.
241dc1d4d36595998eb2e4e3065d289b4f54f776	The term "unconscious" is used in philosophy, psychology, psychoanalysis, psychiatry, psychophysiology, in legal sciences, art history and other disciplines.
68bc8b4f387db2fa8943923d3a66c6eea8a9a7d6	The classical philosophical ideas about man consist mainly in the fact that he represents a rational, or conscious, being.
ef6694f906524b761be96421314317414992b11c	Man is intelligent, as is the world in which he lives.
5e9be14c22d34d7039771365b4a84db02eb1ce4a	Consciousness, or thinking, is its main distinguishing feature.
e2771a4fc122a2c7956088644be4212ba955134b	At the end of the XIX century, the idea was voiced that both the world and man are most likely unintelligent, and the mind is a small element of the world and plays an insignificant role in human life.
355eb0acd163b4810ff03af93160c7f91d521191	But these were philosophical statements.
ce72bc62988ecfddce1769d54f0ab97354142d12	It seems to us, he says, that a person is a completely rational being who lives and acts only rationally or logically, that he understands the motives of his actions, can explain his actions and is always aware of his goals.
eba14eb5ec7cf95a20c50816222e649f7251a9f8	But science, unlike religion, considers man not a Divine creation, but a distant descendant of higher mammalian animals.
b129f7b9f6809336a04a5263a8cc2809800c358f	So has he really gone so far away from the realm of nature that there is nothing biological left in him?
5ef9fb7cf44e992a584a899de836cc9f568f38cb	Of course, it remains, we just don't want to notice it.
f5f9be9b95be2f668cc1393a589066026994007c	Moreover, according to Freud, there is much more biological or natural in a person than there is rational, cultural or social.
f3aabb07ef7e06a4e150f45d4c8dea8221f34dd2	Everything biological in a person, representing the various instincts that any living being has, Freud called the area of the unconscious.
54c1b758eedf8b742ab04fa3fe9384416479cbde	By virtue of its very nature (specificity), it is hidden from us, or rather, inaccessible to our consciousness or mind.
d95db71750ee257a33a1406ec6e168e293b49fc3	In other words, it exists in us, but we are not aware of it and therefore do not know or do not understand that it exists.
cb5ea65304d869b4d816d312620c6afc51ada765	Imagine an iceberg – a huge block of ice floating in the ocean.
d38e20059948b80cc28605d45b62e65d401d663b	As you know, the surface, visible part of it is much smaller than the underwater, invisible part.
ad5bf5fe88414644380b4215aaf77cfe7c01779a	It seems to us that an iceberg is only something that is above the water, and we do not know its real size, because they are hidden from direct observation.
b94aed21b8fe383aafa8849bd1cd36ce7aae8aef	It is the same with the unconscious – it is an invisible, hidden part of the human psyche, and the consciousness, or mind, of a person is a visible and insignificant part of it.
6875ce127ac505f5888364a9ede0940c769f847a	Just as an iceberg is mainly something that is under water, and not above it, so a person is mainly the sphere of his unconscious, and not at all consciousness, as it seems to us.
3c731d8941c2b7b44d066c5923ef61e69bd8a601	The unconscious in a person is a combination of his natural qualities, primitive instincts inherited from animal ancestors.
b743c067e1a88b5b52c8af11cf28b4f4287b616a	These instincts determine human feelings, desires, thoughts and actions.
a161cbc96f5e6b3179f2c75ac1af12acb395beaf	It is not in consciousness or in the mind that we should look for the main cause of human activity, but in the field of the unconscious.
b96fd3ac892401d007115a6f228426670d0ba09f	It is it that directs each specific human life from unknown depths to us.
9c8e2fb45c95245a7d8bb4094d83beb6d73d4ec0	Of all the unconscious instincts, the most powerful is the sexual, or sexual, passion, which Freud calls "libido".
f6bcf437950ebf5f3e07caf6f08240f361b619a0	All the vital energy of a person is concentrated in it.
ff94224d00f0e14ba58ed5c5bb75839c3881ddb8	But, living in a society and in a collective, and not in a forest or in a herd, a person cannot fully fulfill or satisfy all his sexual desires.
123fb51bd19ca57746fb30acee44d7b212decedb	He has to consciously limit them, suppress them, fight them.
a6d6d6ce9a6e189fbfb8ad0fae4d5b131d1f4454	In this case, his sexual energy rushes into some other channel: artistic creativity, scientific research, socio-political activity, sports achievements and anything else.
f119eba02c214e7b5f756f211878b60840577fd2	Freud calls this repression of sexual desires and their transformation into other types of activity sublimation (from Lat. sublimare – to ascend or pass).
d93fc1d0d690c439da19e36875423edb54721d8c	Another strong instinct after the sexual is, according to Freud, the desire for destruction, or the death instinct, which finds its expression in wars, murders and crimes that accompany the history of human society.
3202134f9a808bed0a09db5ceed37ffcaaced275	Thus, the life and activity of a person, from the point of view of Freud, are explained by the interaction of three layers, or layers, of his psyche.
f1b1c2a7954ca2e0e71bf7117f433749286318cb	Human thoughts, actions and actions determine the biological instincts that make up the sphere of the unconscious, the main of which are the sexual instinct (Greek – Eros) and the death instinct (Greek – Thanatos).
51a2222d56ea52f1f043054e657cbb449655d505	Freud calls this unconscious instinctive area the term "it".
a039fd68cae22e4750b6580014f9062bbc9e5ad5	In addition, human behavior is influenced by various social norms, principles and laws, which the Austrian scientist refers to by the term "superego".
1f0a14cef6aabeb6a0d514e4f2c8f7a28fd66caa	Freud calls the human consciousness itself "I".
eea0ed8ecbbaf456381924986451b0e3061c3533	The diagram below illustrates the mechanism of interaction of these three components of the human psyche.
db3e078d79550054abdc4e053093985ac9b09b95	As you know, Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) has the honor of creating a new direction in psychology and medicine – psychoanalysis.
d2184f598efb008813eb6ed44fc45e98ad5a1fdf	The significance of the Freudian concept of man goes far beyond medicine: the philosophical generalization of psychoanalysis-Freudism-has become a teaching that invades the sphere of philosophy and cultural studies.
ec80a755440266acff240c1e38a0bc5408e4c213	If we try to formulate in a nutshell the essence of Freud's discovery, we can say that Freud discovered the unconscious in man.
65c47e80f92ba1ad1de893bede05670e1ada3b74	Of course, the presence of unconscious content in the human psyche was known before, but this content was reduced to what was formed in consciousness, and then pushed out of it.
0d5659bfbb6d3cce5e0ba19c116de24c5f36f4f3	Freud, on the other hand, discovered the unconscious as an independent, impersonal beginning of the human soul, independent of consciousness: "...Everything repressed is unconscious, but not all the unconscious is repressed" (Freud 3. "I and It").
d6c3c4dbae90139e883ed9e76bbdd9cff5fb8962	At the same time, the unconscious actively interferes with human life.
f67bfcecd49df63b2b528b72560481b464178231	Freud considers it an illusion that our life is guided by our "I".
91309410212322d22c749c408d3cf904ba01d275	In fact, the natural impersonal principle dominates, which forms the unconscious basis of our psyche.
7491f956fe9ebdc60011e609aab7638b8205f064	Freud calls this unconscious principle " It "and believes that our" I " is just a toy in the hands of this ancient and dark psychic force.
7b88a5821576a67ceec5d88ac6c10b62136091b2	Freud's " It " has a purely natural origin, all the primary human instincts are concentrated in it.
5de34d0905d6765dd29a51cf2a8ae040f25365bf	These primary drives are reduced to two: first, sexual desires, and secondly, the desire for death, which, when turned outside, becomes the desire for destruction.
038a54489ceb3a1b7fbfe24c56597c2b65cacd5b	The dark, bubbling abyss of " It " lurks under a thin film of consciousness that does not even suspect what is bubbling under its smoothed images and refined logic.
e176f118474a2538f59825cffc964a58cc6432fd	In other words, Freud discovers the "trick of the unconscious", which is able to carry out its drives, disguising them as conscious decisions of the "I".
9463ec8f0692bf67f6313393f50b3afd79a9b581	The key question in understanding what the unconscious is is the question of what it is filled with and why.
eef88e035785299c1307f0e3a93e25fbbf25279d	Freud's main thesis on this issue goes something like this — there is nothing in the unconscious that would not once be in consciousness.
3f3e23387f3e4afa70754397e7824a8c843450b8	This is a fundamental point, the importance of which will become clear when we come to Jung's concept of the unconscious.
220a622b3d00aa19d2633b8e476dccd802b3527a	Freud's understanding of the unconscious is inherently close to the definition of memory: according to Freud, the unconscious contains only what a person once realized, what flashed through his consciousness with one or another measure of intensity.
2af269914f49e8c140a8a59d9bcf1ee18211cd05	Perhaps it was just a fleeting thought, or maybe it's a whole layer of experiences that for some reason left consciousness, just as if they were simply "forgotten".
a6fe1104071eeacb0239435abc176dce5e27c0d7	The difference with ordinary passive memory is that unconscious contents carry a certain charge of active psychic energy and, being outside the field of view of ordinary everyday consciousness, continue to exert their hidden influence on it.
15dd8d39017aab9979b4a1bce0fa0f3bebdc07ff	And the higher the charge of this suppressed energy, the stronger or even more aggressive its influence on conscious processes.
ce1732e85f69083f1de14afd0a14e897338b9fda	In this sense, the Freudian unconscious is in a hostile conflict with consciousness, illustrating the ancient motive of the struggle of good against evil.
b9551bf844624ba3503f98f818e56382034e2f72	Now to the question of why something is in the unconscious at all.
37a8f51b09054914470e4eb545492d26c09a89a9	Those mental contents that are unacceptable for the dominant conscious position or are simply mentally painful and do not have a proper outlet fall into the unconscious.
78e333f9eb78a29bf36dd9fa3f705bd077de47bd	Most of the unconscious is just what the consciousness has found unacceptable.
25aa2daed8c7f6209bfb345d983442d4a8caade9	First of all, these are those desires, thoughts or needs that arise in the mind, but do not pass internal moral and political censorship.
227f3fca72f31a466d7ba452a8c8849d6c2669e9	Consciousness strives for good, in its subjective understanding, and therefore tries to suppress all evil in itself-again in its subjective understanding.
f54a71e5679f191aa64e2f6ca04805a6dd76dc74	Freud identified a separate instance in the psyche that is responsible for the moral purity of the entire personality and called it the Super Ego or Super Ego.
d5897e22acf60d0123eda7daca73dd9e53be6cbf	This is the very thing that creates a person's sense of shame, his conscience.
c8e1c303c9db5346579c0527e4d15d5b4ac20c86	But here we need to understand that we are talking about very ephemeral things, and that it is not necessary to reify these individual mental mechanisms.
2ee6edc7580d69c4f4f08fc8a0321c73a45eb33f	In fact, they are not there, just from the outside everything looks as if they were.
32c6bef074054c8511333a6e1aeda1acdd4d4a7e	In reality, the psyche is more like a brine, where there are a lot of all sorts of impurities, but at the same time it cannot be said that here is one component, and there is another.
044cc62b8d36e9d655bc8e220cd0a9662b1bad2d	The internal moral censor is formed under the pressure of upbringing — it is purposefully developed in the child.
d24d032f7a8aa870adf59061384ee3dab4082e71	Superficial motivation is the desire to raise a "good person", one who will clearly know what is good and what is bad, and at the same time will share the criteria of good and evil that are common to this society.
16337ca0a5bdbb92c35b1d232d1a8fb7deefcc25	A less conscious motivation is the creation of a mechanism of control over the child and the future member of society.
b8d838a61cdb0bf700a0b80c7b72a09cec0f7a54	What is beneficial to the parent and society is "good", and what is not beneficial to them is "bad".
c124812785d0630426c3fe750cd41f96333b3748	And the instilled conscience in the future serves as an internal policeman for him, who takes out his stick and punishes for "unkind" actions even when no one sees it.
c7e63c059a7c7b25699469d9d64943fede08c22a	From the very moment when a child begins to share good with evil, the unconscious begins to form in him.
894cd67b99bef0ced957fcd8c52627891e2b0fa7	However, a person is able to survive only to the extent that reason and culture can subordinate the " It " to their most important goals.
04aec93fdd2c069300366ba06c27730d7a4a0427	Of course, culture cannot defeat the "It" in a head-on collision, because all the psychic energy of a person is concentrated in it.
6d4cc5e6fb04a42fb78e6ac6d87adeba7b823259	Therefore, Freud points out the way in which culture implements its goals that do not coincide with the primitive drives of the "It".
78ea0e772b4d4aad7b7b1e71d0b6a81d638cd303	Sublimation is the use of sexual and biological energy concentrated in the "It" not for a direct biological purpose (for pleasure or procreation), but for the purposes of reason and culture.
8d9269d2fab185ba849ac24ddc0ff84756740d46	If there is a sublimation, then the primitive instincts of the " It " take the form of an attraction to knowledge, art, a high ideal.
24b73e5b5eeed870b6443a236ab78a326b1ae7e2	Thus, Freud's "sublimation" could be called a "trick of culture".
ea695952766302844e8bc28e16c1840f9472170e	Consciousness and the Unconscious (Sigmund Freud)
bf82ccedbe9d542d2081f296004b7814af0dd4cd	Let us recall Descartes 'famous statement:" I think, therefore I exist."
437efa29df4f5c81bd3e1cfb2a2e0d11e61f5a31	Of the psychologists (from the Greek psyche – soul and logos – teaching), the Austrian scientist, doctor Sigmund Freud was the first to doubt the rational nature of man.
6f3ff9b1a75f49d88cf9bb4e3d1a8b2f3ff4a845	Of course, it remains, we just donot want to notice it.
07b4915d7e7263f62791f6465bb14194b0aeaaba	In this case, his sexual energy rushes into some other channel: artistic creativity, scientific research, socio political activity, sports achievements and anything else.
8d961cbd7085ba1316d48bf36182d8609179a282	It turns out that the human consciousness (I) is not a "master in its own house", because it is constantly forced to split, to break in half between unconscious instincts and social restrictions.
45ffb2500f45c6ee3e22d31e24c05d2d39203f49	A person always has to choose something in between his biological drives (desires) and the moral norms of the society in which he lives.
ec532ef7bd97276bb10e6da5a41de8bf006f662c	Simply put, he wants something and at the same time he canot do it.
a5374c550a30c20bd412c7ceccb4cdeb6181d139	He is forced either to suppress his desires, or to neglect social norms.
13c297037347e70315d712bc4c902ee77515ee16	It is difficult for Him to do both.
0689c657704ff12c2d5faa2161e8f54fcf560172	On this basis, a person may have mental disorders, the main cause of which is, according to Freud, suppressed or repressed desires (usually of a sexual nature).
0f567a22b109b11918474ed23033fd6bbc37e5e8	An Austrian scientist has developed a special method of treating mental diseases, which was called psychoanalysis (from the Greek psyche – soul and analysis – decomposition).
6cfab5b1b2b5bf6205038fda5ab88b13590bfb4b	This term can be interpreted as the liberation of the soul.
f7d072478e83e4db036ba19c8ff8b86c4b4e5f8e	Its essence is that the doctor, during a long conversation, finds out the true cause of the mental disorder (disease) of his patient, which is, most often, once suppressed sexual desires.
24575ad815b6f12d04aef52d6fdd392b690b1c13	It shows (demonstrates) these reasons are given to him, and the patient, realizing or understanding them, can cope with his illness himself, because it is always much easier to fight with a visible enemy than with an invisible enemy.
a1f7ee323dc4148088d48247ef9bf17c64ace501	It is not by chance that they say: "Forewarned means armed."
4dbdd6b4a5435b6d466d7b7a56fd9b7c4ae3e8ed	Test yourself
c26ac8d056c000cc176ec90f2d217463eb75eb1f	1. Why can Freud's ideas about man be called non classical?
4e4ece0c2eecbeffe11e06f9e3d7e386c21cefaa	2. What is the unconscious in Freud's teaching?
ca223fb3c82aaa3d9bb390ab9e0309f856a56bb2	How do consciousness and the unconscious relate, from his point of view?
04ffb7070e8e52447c775f8bbcb0f954885d731b	3. What unconscious instincts did Freud consider the most powerful?
ac1fb02405a7c60e0a5d94c4eefa1a3b6470a8e8	What is libido and sublimation?
f0293eadd7ba958895accd6b38a3d2c1bc9a5c95	4. What is the mechanism of interaction of the three layers of the human psyche, according to Freud?
404c5b71091206a5f5bb20180463b8275f4a9cf9	What is the duality of human nature, from his point of view?
ad4ffbe9844d953e10850cbd940598b56cf6e414	5. What is psychoanalysis?
79374a0aa4c408e6d4d0c999a378bff010cfbc68	What is its basic principle?
01d980bcb416a0e361e99ea365e2d43c438e5ae6	Nasadoglavleniyevpered
91d1d03840408db0e16fca69063423c779f73a63	The unconscious
1048486d60817ab790010c055cc9c7e16f86ba1c	The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on October 31, 2015; checks require 12 edits.
75703979e38aa5a87f01f960f402b5967e884261	This article is about the psychoanalytic concept.
c2e078a892ea4b66b250061bdc62f6d7861a2bc9	For a concept from general psychology, see The subconscious mind.
e38d7ec782d638531b696ab3fd8db0a78426eb55	The unconscious is a set of mental processes and phenomena that are not included in the sphere of consciousness of the subject (person), that is, in relation to which there is no control of consciousness.
159e65571b5fcc174e81b415f730f90bf56dc211	In psychology, the unconscious is usually contrasted with the conscious, but in the framework of psychoanalysis, the unconscious (Id) and the conscious are considered as concepts of different levels: much of what belongs to the other two structures of the psyche (I and Super I) is also absent in consciousness.
2b32e5ed3baeec4289b7af9e275296fc744e5b35	1 Several main classes of manifestations of the unconscious 2 History 3 The Unconscious in the works of Freud 4 The Unconscious in the works of Jung 5 The Unconscious in the works of Lacan 6 The Unconscious in the works of Roberto Assad 7 The Unconscious in the studies of the Soviet school 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Literature 11 References
d92338250fadecac2f5ac60ea0bb7c630c0e78dd	Several main classes of manifestations of the unconscious[edit / edit wiki text]
9812b1f2a68729c70d9f2eb12dff7a833e289c2e	Unconscious motives, the true meaning of which is not realized due to their social unacceptability or contradiction with other motives.
f8bf3c2b52d5d16bccc70a1af177c5eb730e24bb	Behavioral automatisms and stereotypes operating in a familiar situation, the awareness of which is unnecessary due to their working out.
b1c5449353f09c03c6f40c99b22fa7e5aafbe019	Subthreshold perception, which is not realized due to a large amount of information.
ddd8e6e4c2667ef425b5087f62f7022de4322530	Supra conscious processes: intuition, creative insight, inspiration.
578cdbe562340c7bc600728e91b110301af88d40	There is another classification of unconscious phenomena (Yu. V. Shcherbatykh), which includes six types of the unconscious:
c969cc2838dd09ef19e9f8212ecb9092fd59d8eb	1. Vegetative processes that cannot be realized by a person in principle (processes of hematopoiesis, digestion, the work of the endocrine glands, etc.)
1a0acfe07bea4376443808e769cef5917d05d8a5	2. Pre consciousness — information that has not reached the consciousness of a person, delayed at the level of thalamic filters.
5972cfd6b0c90d2107a48069b0e9ab947612d13f	3. Automated processes, which include three groups of phenomena: a) automated motor skills that have been transformed from repeatedly repeated conscious movements; b) obsessive habits (gestures, rituals associated with the individual's past psychological experience); c) unconscious complex motor acts (somnambulism, as well as posthypnotic suggestion).
1cec6abe79737b673ac5a27fa1d4e01833205333	4. Special mental states — mental states characterized by weakened control of consciousness (sleep, hypnosis, trance, affect).
d5e5d24480e3eeaa15663b39582a6554c4c52ce9	5. Unconscious personality phenomena: a) genetic programs (some instincts, especially libido and thanatos according to Z.b) protective mechanisms of the individual (for example, negative episodes of life repressed from consciousness); c) unconscious "random" actions (typos, Freudian reservations); d) associative images that arise on certain stimuli and are associated with deep experiences or problems of a person; e) unconscious behavior programs established by other people (parental programs, suggestion and hypnosis, ideological and religious attitudes, advertising);
54e48873663d4c58737f58736d7f31e96f4bd499	6. Supra conscious processes — highly effective thought processes that are completely unconscious (intuition, creative insight, "satori")[1].
7f5d42b8d69c964b2f1ecae72ce85d5d4bca341b	The general idea of the unconscious, which goes back to Plato's teaching about cognition and memory, remained dominant until modern times.
5f3dbb50206b90ffdea979e41f6bda621848980e	It received a different character after R. Descartes posed the problem of consciousness.
4c1c0c307b91209abb8c5ad60beba73f30008b18	The ideas of Descartes, who asserted the identity of the conscious and the psychic, served as a source of ideas that only purely physiological, but not psychic, brain activity can take place outside of consciousness.
32714e364f837c1dd9757f256184cae657621547	The concept of the unconscious was first clearly formulated by G. Leibniz (Monadology, 1720), who interpreted the unconscious as the lowest form of mental activity that lies beyond the threshold of conscious representations that rise like islands above the ocean of dark perceptions (perceptions).
e18d942a5ae144aa6a1992c503c7ffff03490820	The first attempt at a strictly materialistic explanation of the unconscious was made by D. Hartley (England), who connected the unconscious with the activity of the nervous system.
95f4a78693f0ae182c887c34ae4def7147811b62	German classical philosophy dealt mainly with the epistemological aspect of the unconscious.
8cab555467cefec80a30ed2b54989c11fc9cc4b7	I. Kant connects the unconscious with the problem of intuition, the question of sensory cognition (unconscious a priori synthesis).
46e7765523c9133f10abff377d5500ac50e2e669	The unconscious acquired a different character among the Romantic poets and theorists of Romanticism, who developed, in contrast to the rationalism of the Enlightenment, a kind of cult of the unconscious as a deep source of creativity.
63c79797b9993044d7ca1264d063ec381f6779aa	The irrationalist doctrine of the unconscious was put forward by A. Schopenhauer, whose successor was E. Hartmann, who elevated B. to the rank of a universal principle, the basis of being and the cause of the world process.
d672990657375ee5e3f3c0956ead54f4e61a568e	In the XIX century, the line of the actual psychological study of the unconscious began (I. F. Herbart, G. Fechner, V. Wundt, T. Lipps Germany).
39095c6af84bfbd3be0ac58b8394445d41836eab	The dynamic characteristic of the unconscious is introduced by Herbart (1824), according to which incompatible ideas can come into conflict with each other, and the weaker ones are forced out of consciousness, but continue to influence it without losing their dynamic properties.
28127b508fcb43b261b989a080c2cfc1bbd92202	L. Tolstoy in his youth came to the conclusion about the global role of the unconscious in the fate of mankind[2][3]:
2f0e48c60f1449b5c0189fb53b4bfcc7c07453b2	I am convinced that infinite not only moral, but even physical infinite power is invested in a person, but at the same time a terrible brake is put on this force — self love, or rather self memory, which produces impotence.
2020dcd1c84b3cb2ee28acaa642b5b220d035d31	But as soon as a person breaks out of this brake, he gets omnipotence.
cb3e7a926d741bcf80c3511020215ad7fb39c6d3	I would like to say that the best way to escape is to love others, but unfortunately, this would be unfair.
b20fff85b8dd3388372637ab7509d3a28110d1ea	Omnipotence is unconsciousness, impotence is the memory of oneself.
df3dc95c04ea2afca5be4e1f19a10dcc95a590fe	It is possible to escape from this memory of oneself through love for others, through sleep, drunkenness, work, etc.; but people's whole life is spent in searching for this oblivion.
ebf72c7b16ca6c618ab7fad4d83f92a12e722c18	Why does the power of clairvoyants, lunatics, feverish people or people under the influence of passion occur?
249495804042c87bf782f8883129b2e2c96e028c	Mothers, people and animals protecting their children?
68f2e386fed99b3b57d94223f3ca0b879d445f06	Why are you not able to pronounce the words correctly, if you only think about how to pronounce it correctly?
c5aaa298d7cecf3d7ec163909ebb466500912018	Why is the most terrible punishment that people have invented is eternal imprisonment?
ee480ae18701efdd1d1275965e59728f6fd6b8c4	(Death as a punishment was not invented by people, they are at the same time a blind instrument of providence.)
8b2791e163bc1719a69245a28742f9d0b94e634b	Imprisonment in which a person is deprived of everything that can make him forget himself, and remains with an eternal memory of himself.
51b47bdbfab25d9362c2ee727e1c67f0714a30aa	And how does a person escape from this torment?
c56c8676c59cc9afa2cf65a45a531087027233e0	He forgets himself for a spider, for a hole in the wall, at least for a second.
ef5944b0d8aaf3b60fa1671b1b66f31dc3523053	It is true that the best, the most consistent with universal human life, salvation from the memory of oneself is salvation through love for others; but it is not easy to acquire this happiness.
7c14bec258ec5e31d4b85d74ff50796d69f228c5	A new incentive in the study of the unconscious was given by work in the field of psychopathology, where specific methods of influencing the unconscious (initially, hypnosis) were used for therapy.
8cb28d245f7132f7b4138401e7febe492a3ace97	Studies, especially of the French psychiatric school (J. Charcot and others), allowed us to reveal a pathogenic mental activity that is different from conscious, which is not realized by the patient.
ec819682671d8d51adb2e96f3d38c2fac98378c0	The unconscious in the works of Freud[edit / edit wiki text]
28fc7b7b5ab3afd318651ff99944497ee6b9481c	The unconscious in the works of Jung[edit / edit wiki text]
1bb0eed0761c9ca1fdbc027d523709c18bed654a	In the future, the concept of the unconscious was significantly expanded.
e05eef9af071b1444775d05b3a92419d6c6b5265	In particular, Carl Gustav Jung, within the framework of the scientific discipline created by him — analytical psychology — introduced the concept of "collective unconscious", and significantly changed its meaning in comparison with psychoanalysis.
01718ac5c85c1c0a16d4271d0c7b5a9e9e37d586	According to Jung, there is not only an unconscious of the subject, but also a family, tribal, national, racial and collective unconscious formed by a set of archetypes.
5ceaa4b1575e4ecc90f140b9d322a47db85f977a	The collective unconscious carries the information of the mental world of the whole society, while the individual carries the information of the mental world of a particular person.
24c8d6364ce07de3a5a5190d9e70314ba777cb72	Unlike psychoanalysis, Jungianism considers the unconscious as a set of patterns, patterns of behavior that are innate and only need to be updated.
e766e1591e5658ad74d8bf9a0d342f9bfd654db3	The unconscious is also divided into latent, temporarily unconscious, and suppressed processes and states of the psyche that are pushed beyond the boundaries of consciousness.
6bcc7f78079c2f9282dcd9ac28d9b8ff857eb688	The unconscious is understood in a fundamentally different way in psychoanalysis.
65af9f43855e991eb956e918d159bac11055f925	The unconscious in Lacan's works[edit / edit wiki text]
6b46885c0523ee802cde00bd10a83e933208b4e7	The French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan proposed the hypothesis that "the unconscious is structured as a language", which is why psychoanalysis — unlike psychotherapy and psychology works with the patient's speech, with his involvement in the world of meanings, with his subjective becoming in language.
54a99da21652f621571eadce11acc9cd7567058d	One of the psychoanalytic techniques developed by Lacan was the "clinic of the signifier": at the very foundation of the subject is his encounter with the word, therefore translation is possible, rewriting inside the mental apparatus, and talking cure can act as an effective therapeutic mechanism even in the most severe psychotic cases.
3ed7bc8bf44e720817b8805f644dbce559b7b6dc	At the same time, it is impossible to take Lacan's thesis literally and insist that the unconscious is language, and psychoanalysis is a kind of language game between the analyst and the analysand.
aea781d2368ee849ff31a0ae035b8bf0c6e2a6af	Lacan's thesis is a metaphor: the unconscious is like a language, it works according to similar rules, but it is not exhausted by the laws of linguistics, therefore, the "clinic of the signifier" is only one of the possible methods of working with the unconscious developed in modern Lacan schools.
0922b74e91e1e95dc53880113040af8b036db5f6	The unconscious in the works of Roberto Assad[edit / edit wiki text]
02ad8e164d304ba876601534cfd6281ab31b4235	Main article: Psychosynthesis
cd11dc0c6c876d24ec77d322607ab2dd32b4f27a	The unconscious in the studies of the Soviet school[edit / edit wiki text]
6c629da4faca8d68e6abb63a8f5614c54710c68f	In Soviet psychology, the problem of the unconscious is being developed especially in connection with the theory of the installation of D. N. Uznadze.
fc123d78fd273042abc5877feb009598bac7076b	The psychophysiological aspects of the unconscious, studied by I. M. Sechenov and I. P. Pavlov, are investigated in connection with the analysis of sleep and hypnotic states, cortical and subcortical formations, phenomena of automatism in labor and sports activities, etc. Recently, the possibilities of using cybernetic representations and methods of modeling the unconscious have been discussed.
e167ced2d1356d12905f13a3158368f48736fe34	Subconscious Subconscious Subconscious Unconscious Consciousness
6cc1ed649ab093921f0c5554bb2a051d34911e37	Щ Shcherbatykh, 2008.
00949b6836146b33eee3dc72a387a2c465eefcf2	СОЗН [N. V. Gureeva CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS IN THE PHILOSOPHICAL SYSTEM OF L. N. TOLSTOY (BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF DIARIES AND LETTERS)] ↑ Excerpt from the diary of 1857
f748cfb67a2527b13726cdbabaea7b69f362c1f9	Freud Z. Some remarks on the concept of the unconscious in psychoanalysis (1912) / / Freud Z. Psychology of the unconscious.
6b42772a9a216e23145ffa18aad3dfc663bff92d	25-38.
573ad767993cceb2083455a3863ededc03b5c42c	Freud Z.
866b30527b1c4e92934ae3ca390cfa02e8bc21c9	The Unconscious (1915) / / Freud Z. Psychology of the unconscious.
60080f25f26dfa4ef89280e7fd75f6b0bf1e1999	129-186.
70c639f4cbf457274b22d4361a2c37ca0999a392	Freud A.
3705cecdfe22ab348683fd227175327a9399f31d	The psychology of the " I " and defense mechanisms.
938ed87a84c014be1924c00fba985fec1b411cd1	- M., 1993.
033c61e855756334c6b3e83828ef926d4eb7460e	Freud Z. Psychology of the unconscious: a collection of works.
1fcd4dbb6dbb07b6c0a0c0d28f2d1d7f66bdd66c	- Moscow: Prosveshchenie, 1989.
a5ff5a2150b90dff19b8b40fa7b1a17613e8f8dc	Lacan J. Seminar "Education of the unconscious" (1958/59).
506719de30cd22ba6161ded94cc33333589cfe6b	- M.: Logos;
5061197aecedc2952ce330f87b3979ecc4e17e39	Gnosis, 2002.
61ed0e516c9fdfe351ac1fb9fe848f36b9e2a61d	The unconscious in the organization: psychoanalysis of social systems / compiled by: I. Eisenbach Stangl, M. Ertl; trans. from German A.V. Loginov; scientific ed. by O. B. Ketova.
28c5e9ed8c663912984f5c13d06fe575c1d08217	- M.: Verte, 2009.
40da5ccf3c3f547f3beba93d2dd7d9850d131b1c	- 232 p.
ffbfe20d17d580a36442dbabfa3732956187f41b	— (Series " Profession: consultant"). — ISBN 978-5-903631-05-6.
378c0ed7dfca9d885f1d2a739f089d9fcc4d91bc	Zachepitsky A., Karvasarsky B. D. Questions of the correlation of conscious and unconscious forms of mental activity in the light of the experience of pathogenetic psychotherapy of neuroses.
d30799bd2730f3d7f705a2b5c4d13123288ab79c	General psychology: studies. for students. ped. in tov / A.V. Petrovsky, A.V. Brushlinsky, V. P. Zinchenko, etc.; edited by A.V. Petrovsky.
ae172a76394c442f8104f0d454a57bc798ce01da	- 3rd ed., reprint. and add.
70d0eb3299dec070d42874b96b1ef83685d24b11	Sigmund Freud, psychoanalysis and Russian thought / comp.
673432243dd4eb8585849ee7c86ed6264a97bc78	V. M. Leibin.
8c3f983b74fd626dd7946ecf803230c84b804517	— Moscow: Respublika, 1994.
d8bf7db572647684fa6f4065a36f1966ef226165	Carroll R. T. Unconscious // Carroll R. T. the skeptic's dictionary: a collection of incredible facts, amazing discoveries and dangerous beliefs = The Skeptic''s Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions / Robert T. Carroll.
ec838f1c242d59d9c1afaf29bb5726a78e687236	— M.: Dialectics, 2005.
37fbb012494c05724023189ebea50d50838e467d	— S. 67-68.
fcb408e4969fbb1cef2fc60a56100a83abe08ecf	— ISBN 5-8459-0830-2..
bc2d7ee5a2b8c9c36b1a53f0979de2bb616edf7e	Leont'ev A.
8c466e1b098af6be55e8f26a110c96d34feb5740	A. Unconscious and the archetypes as the basis of intertextuality.
0a9f1a3b49ad869419baaf0d45f01dc485e67dc3	Shcherbatykh Yu.
f1e2dc0e51adbd22fffdf8586c5096ad4dae0d17	V. General psychology.
932f4c9b2d4ab85ac76187efe935f0bfa0689b14	- St. Petersburg: Peter, 2008.
b6c61be43d91ca38fbd56322c9d36b3a8e192e7d	191-197.
1674e832ea187a5b665dccd62b7d671ebf8c0be8	Savelyev A.V. Aspects of the possibility of conscious modeling of the unconscious in artificial societies / / Journal "Artificial societies".
7637c85a7ffd88ab4c53c7ec7b16f53035538e99	— 2009.
012fd8ce71ca13eb7997de209036ad1c386ad839	— Vol. 4.
b060b85a3a0429bf5b8a33b12552e469285b61cc	1-4.
a7c4d10fe6311c75de528fa82c18a6212ed7844b	- Moscow: Laboratory of Artificial Societies.
bf8df82892f2adcedf1ed42acbecbc7fff461158	Bassin F. V.
5518eb7a98304290da9bdf4dd8bd4df2fc4a378e	The problem of the "unconscious" (on the unconscious forms of higher nervous activity).
314f273ee33895f57e021262306e4c5352650109	- Moscow: Medicine, 1968.
7a236616c54b2898b1eb900c63136af4a6c139f3	- 468 p.
6ad0ed3e4f95de50c0fcca9a684b61eee1bf01e6	Zinchenko V. P., Mamardashvili M. K.
f5aeb59144cc42b848d460c2da13b0c1d43801b4	The study of higher mental functions and the category of the unconscious;
cfddac901e1b03a6877680a1c5defe957b2925f3	Henri M.
58d0300f0226411f2829e08e88488b2a74db0b51	The meaning of the concept of the unconscious for human cognition;
6a9cc1081c60e50308af4364473c899705536bf1	Ivanov V. V.
20dd85ab9fe12604e9b9ec5e8625d6482d208522	The unconscious, functional asymmetry.
fd8ab43bc666996d43e36a083fa62d02744bcef8	Language and creativity;
3102db5ca713f0503e55460dcd4b36595fcdd26a	Tsapkin V. N. Semiotic approach to the problem of the unconscious.
2682a44221ac94323d2e062b8e71c20fbecfc787	[1] The unconscious in psychoanalysis / / Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis (2008).
9bb6693a77361eba335c4e5ef59aedbe2daf49e6	The unconscious is not what you think.
c040e77a86d492af12596f7caea0970c443ca55a	Lecture by Dmitry Olshansky at the Institute of Clinical Medicine and Social Work.
d00a902fa53316cc4dd0db56c7edf53318e4c4df	— February 26, 2009 [2]
123e5b2eb3a2530c92865063fde4efd3affa7b59	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unconscious&oldid=82417340"
dc03b35b1c24e29820328a111acca22adb55e05c	Categories: Psychoanalysis Analytical psychology Consciousness
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e1e60674bdffc3fda40538c8921a37c87abacc92	The unconscious according to Freud
e1b15c8ccdf5c276b1d9bec0353aec48f7a178f9	According to Freud, the unconscious is huge, and consciousness is only a small tip of this asberg
2417b99d86626e53010004f4086aa358c5441971	Freud represented Society as big and all powerful, and children's impulses as small and helpless.
518ad10bfc5df232fff9680ff45113624efa81d7	Attention does not get there in principle.
8356fc1f42f675f0779b7da0b4b71f5b68e831d7	According to Freud, the volume of such an unconscious exceeds the volume of consciousness (a metaphor for an iceberg, where consciousness is a tiny peak, and the main block under water is the unconscious) and it is responsible for most neurotic manifestations.
aaa85aef6e8aa66d165c273b631308c6b9caab0a	Today it is already clear that the unconscious is not one, there are many types of the unconscious; it is quite clear that repression is only one of the causes of neurotic reactions, and not the most serious, and at the same time the direction and content of repression can be very diverse: as a result of a collision, not only children's drives, but also adult attitudes coming from society can lose and be displaced.
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5aef38126e4f96b355a1187f6ed6b97a7c55aa7b	Lyudmila July 19, 2015 19:06: 04
f45593a5b451ab4cedb6a9e8c696a8ad9f6b885f	I always admire Dr. Freud.
7880fe85d736669c4d320729187985015544e657	We are silent for various reasons, but he is already treating the consequences of childhood neurosis, and shows that it is the parents who are to blame from early childhood for the failures of an adult and how he overcomes difficulties.
6cd550118fd29b6dbfc9f43d151d098f18ce3f30	Perhaps this is the reason for wars, it is easier to kill a competitor than to use diplomacy!
33bb50c7c4043c58958c35c75b4b593faad104aa	Development of the topic
de499fc6e0f881ec602029bcee550c778d8a4bb5	The unconscious as a product of repression
d8aef34a430167f81b8677d150e8b6e48f793a90	Who displaces whom, how much it displaces, how it displaces and what are the consequences of displacement - there are different ideas here ...
3d6fb67a37bc9a06bf2918b7fd2baabe181aaa72	Displacement
55e51e9c287d1868bbdb5ab3351b942815d85182	Repression is often spoken about in psychoanalysis and rarely in everyday life.
ca09ca22199a42e695f6a27430d85e00d5d5e566	In everyday life, they often say: "To forget something. we need to focus on something else."
9d5dbfcc99412dd881298656a98d9f4eeb2efb7f	"To distract yourself from something, you need to draw your attention to something else."
7a138910b12f9060a9a1d5b9890c973094e050b9	Whatever wording is used here, it says about ...
0482cc53133795c2588a0b4d7d6da4c4750e303f	Repression is not according to Freud
d757d3cf95a6c50b4ba7801a05c63605904048c9	Displacement can have a very different nature.
ef5c42970e35e420114dc1f5f82be3dc52fc0a1c	Everyone knows that when dealing with a conflict, it is necessary to listen to both sides.
7079cf5b549eaa97a18d0e4e1fdf04d02119c220	Because in the memory of each of the participants in the conflict there are those moments and episodes that speak of his rightness, in his favor, and each of the participants, as a rule, does not...
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dfb334053302e46ae2d821baa4928261bc1daff9	Consciousness and the unconscious The Light and darkness of the human soul · August 31, 2009 Consciousness and the unconscious are two basic psychological concepts introduced into wide circulation by Freud.
2649732d10ffa52342040ae92781575a7eb2f57c	A clear distinction between the first and the second is the most important "discovery" that he made.
79fa4537049b24ef83b25c7eb7806fa120f29dc0	Freud was the first to speak loudly and argumentatively about the fact that every person has hidden processes in his soul, unknown even to himself.
6197d284c6e6a0096a287b9da487af98a1645905	Before Freud, the human soul was perceived as something whole and indivisible, and such a point of view has every right to exist... provided that the observer is outside the soul under study.
3b4959c8a8efae0d622aa9c8732055c82ab8f263	If you look at a person from the outside, there is no obvious difference between his conscious and unconscious motives.
f8f2140aed2c0f366f11814c764561e2cf51c06f	A person and his actions may look contradictory, but this impression is broken by an indestructible fact — it is always the same person.
316dda50f36d5b50c8ab869ebe459d71c9749ac0	An outside observer can easily notice contradictions or inconsistencies in the behavior of another person, but what conclusions usually follow from this?
ab1b8fb3514553653b71746c7390146409645f1b	At best, he will be accused of stupidity, at worst of deliberate duplicity and deception.
734abc11dee8686f7ff1733ab34614ecd888cae8	No one likes it when a person's words differ from his actions.
6fff1063314fd797edecd2a6dfe0a8d9bbc7fcc2	But such accusations are not always fair, because, often, we are talking about a conscientious error, when a person sincerely does not notice his own inconsistency.
1c7994ca082f7696a02e8c86ed0b0e42082734d4	Yesterday he said one thing, today he did the opposite, and if you rub his nose in it, he will have to admit that it is true — his words and actions differ.
7019f3e425efac335e01e07ee040828ce3b6c7f8	But at the same time, he may not understand why it happened, because he was sincere both yesterday and today.
fd302d89d3684559c979d46077edb5099372385c	Most likely, he will begin to justify himself, to look for some explanation for the contradiction that has surfaced.
0cd4b14dbdc91fd5065d4969c2bce1ab49ef6522	And he will do this not only for the one who caught him in a contradiction, but also for himself, because it is very uncomfortable to realize and recognize the fact that chaos reigns inside, that the integrity of his own personality is illusory.
99e699dfda091deb0174402cba3787a9a49542c9	Therefore, his mind will offer thousands of explanations, just to mask the discovered contradiction.
2329754823649d436daca32c83e24679d90ec000	One lie is masked by another lie.
3c26c1b8441a1eb7b0b7254d6c0f6677e10112d4	So, Freud was the first to voice the problem of internal duality, which occurs in everyone, including a completely normal person.
0b362b1c299f2025fe93e4650e142bac6dd97873	Before Freud, the fragmentation of the personality was recognized and investigated only in its extreme manifestations, when, as a result of a deep mental illness, the personality as such no longer remained — only its fragments.
f1c6e86460db47d20aa7e211e4a65b41560b9c0e	And Freud stated and proved that in the psyche of even completely healthy people, two spheres cohabit autonomously the conscious and the unconscious, and there is a gap between them.
0453f7cd2467cccfa5929e3acd3adf084d7e3677	Freud on the unconscious The key question in understanding what the unconscious is is the question of what it is filled with and why.
40fb0548f55acb3031b76f1f2125fb9520c4dcdf	Consciousness strives for good, in its subjective understanding, and therefore tries to suppress all evil in itself again in its subjective understanding.
5a0a9fc421809955c7eb65f1c104a9fbad6d6a08	At least, the part of it that Freud was interested in.
9460811b67a732134544bef1db22a664327fd281	Everything that the child discovers in himself is evil, he, from this moment, tries to hide, hide.
51f7ab152ba751f0877ac8abf6614b5e1939388b	At first, he hides it only from others, and then, when his conscience grows stronger and gains strength, he begins to hide it from himself.
73dfaf51f6e1be419fab978283b652705c3c7d7d	Thus, the unconscious initially arises on the basis of an internal conflict between the natural nature of man and the artificial requirements of society, taken too close to heart.
74bd7056d662d53a865b122b7d71ddaf140794cf	With proper upbringing, this conflict can be minimized, but this requires parents to overcome their own internal conflict, which is very rare.
ea961d92138c7cd0647e83e6b3c105b4364cd5d2	In practice, parents usually follow the well trodden path, growing a powerful tough Super Ego in their child in their own image and likeness.
1ef9aa0505aa82a61bfe6a53e73855fa1b2c44ef	A smaller part of the unconscious is made up of memories and experiences that cause severe mental pain — the loss of loved ones or, for example, stories of severely hurt self esteem.
b47b4ce6f91db8af383285941467a5221cb2418d	These contents are acquired later, already during adult conscious life and do not cause as much trouble as the desires or personality traits suppressed by moral prohibitions.
1f4dd1eb8c73c8026a940a1eace47703ad1af5f4	At least, if we are not talking about some exceptional situations when mental scars contain such an emotional charge that they completely deprive a person of peace of mind.
22d1197f259bd720043acc03d2454392c86f8690	Psychoanalysis and psychological types Freud was an extrovert and therefore his theory of the unconscious is somewhat one sided.
bcad3f11ae3b8633d54bd1577cc60961a2794798	Where an extrovert must make significant efforts to penetrate to the level of his unconscious motivation, an introvert will perform the same task without straining at all.
2cf4ca12b7296e247d751ea72bda97a2ee508fc6	Extroverts especially easily lose touch with their unconscious, while introverts in some cases seem to have nothing unconscious at all.
9e315c00415564a8374f01d908d2b69d648177bc	For this reason, introverts sometimes feel like outcasts in the world of extroverts deprived of the opportunity to err in their own feelings and therefore unable to participate in ordinary social games, they find themselves alone with a sense of their own inferiority.
6ff9be8fe81728e384986e786b76f50e40172339	For example, romantic love is a form of obsession, when unconscious neurotic motives cause one person to become attached to another, completely without understanding the nature of this attachment.
514209b2bdfc4d94ded3661ccafe5f29c316c0ce	Where an extrovert sincerely falls in love, an introvert looks into himself and does not see any love — there is only emptiness and quite earthly needs inside.
2bcde09287a7be1b56f90c7f837420d09997afc6	The introvert is aware of what really motivates him, and the extrovert believes in the immediacy of his feelings — and everyone has their own problems in this regard.
53b7aac45483b72511bd6e40de268ab9d698595b	For this reason, Freudian psychoanalysis does not suit introverts well.
0324abfa998051a15b77dda2d7535fc27835c5ec	What becomes a revelation for an extrovert after long analytical sessions, for an introvert can be an ordinary everyday truth of life without any psychoanalysis.
66e2c142ccd9695586487e5bef6f990a498be40f	Classical psychoanalysis helps an introvert only in giving a name and sorting out his experiences.
845afa4b0f3fd2e92445e5562a93582a920f8acb	And Freud himself generally considered introversion a form of neurosis.
862aa35c056d7fdfad291093249dfb81628b7598	Jung on the unconscious Being a disciple of Freud, his follower and almost the heir in the transmission of psychoanalytic teaching, Jung shared Freud's views on the structure of the human psyche for a long time.
d9d7e7f161d025eb9be8c688763a6bee5a08c476	But over time, there was a split between them, when Jung and his analytical apparatus ceased to fit within the framework of psychoanalytic theory.
d03e25583f176851855c17e50e006066106d4f69	At some point, Freud became a hostage of his teaching and turned psychoanalysis almost into a sect, where every adept analyst was required to believe in Orthodox teaching, and not scientific zeal and the search for truth.
372cbab553b8a312ee6d517f88b2830f25820c69	Freud took the first step, but refused to take the second, even when the original theory began to crack at the seams.
640325d0467055a533707ab5eab6f82611eaad37	Jung took the second step for him.
d8ddd63d1a91b35cc0d5a1bbf37fe2e47e49aceb	No one took the third step after Jung — perhaps there is nowhere else to go.
e691175f392695e88c28a8dbcd8f89b5636b3298	There was also Adler, who also could not reconcile himself to orthodox psychoanalysis.
0a2721134054195d5332bf17b95a6e5aa2781d8b	He brought a lot of interesting things to the study of psychology, but like Freud, he fell into the trap of his own personality and his own neurosis.
089158933f24be6cac0ba4a52b57100b462aee7d	Just as Freud drew his theory of sexuality from himself, so Adler in his individual psychology described the theory of HIS struggle for power and his own "inferiority complex" — by the way, it was Adler who introduced this term.
3143b4ae6d8aa3049c5a529f1c75e4d13ef2623c	Adler was an introvert, and his theory became something of an introvert psychoanalysis, as one sided as Freud's extrovert psychoanalysis.
b85140b55d2c8bd3ab89e82c19515e7b23e24530	Jung did not argue with Freud about the fact that the unconscious contains experiences repressed from consciousness, he believed that in addition to this, it contains something else that got there not in the process of individual life activity, but by inheritance from all mankind.
73f81fa7b5aa716ed5db7d86b0c5bc331bf61da1	Something that unites all people on earth, completely regardless of their place of birth, language and upbringing.
3cd56e4ed4fff0eb968898573eacb9e5f2b1da64	Jung gave many examples of how, in some cases, people from completely different cultures demonstrate exactly the same mental reactions.
b05f71ce0236fcf13ecc22c36a7665ab0d191a4e	He traveled all over the world and found a lot of evidence that all people at the psychic level are united by some kind of psychic heredity, and called it the collective unconscious — in contrast to the personal unconscious, which is completely identical to the Freudian understanding of this term.
9a0ab9fa9150e1d265a894c7f2a5abb742db67ae	Just as the physical organism and its genetic inheritance contain the experience of many thousands of years of survival, the collective unconscious contains the experience of psychological survival for the same thousands of years.
5a90bd42313decb4cac9da1ef6a57177d1814918	Living conditions have changed, cultures have changed, the level of consciousness has changed, but the problems facing a reasonable person in all ages have remained the same as they are now — relations with people, relations with the outside world, relations with oneself.
d8bb4af0d3fb8434ba93593904d9cab366a807b8	All this inevitably left an imprint on the structure of the psyche.
9367e21c698607688d437730f813aba6f316a1b6	A child, being born into the world, does not start life from scratch — it contains the wisdom of all mankind as a biological species.
7702aaa05aab72cc375b1989addf3db5ddac61f0	The survival of a person depends on the correct and effective functioning of the mental apparatus no less than on the effectiveness of his physiological device.
6ba538f0c13ec8b2a93e4d9927aaa219eb56a5b7	With such a point of view on the nature of the psyche, there is no room for judgments about good and evil, about the battle of consciousness against the unconscious.
2585e03a0d678d67d2cd378290a328c3148a8446	There is no confrontation between them.
74b7badfc4735a6931d61f5493964407472b03be	The task of the unconscious is not to harm consciousness or serve as a sump for everything dirty and unworthy, the unconscious is a mechanism of survival and self regulation of the psyche, without which there would be no consciousness.
2266abb33413ab650cd0c1600363f8930ed75a6a	The unconscious never acts to the detriment of consciousness, it only strives for a balance of mental metabolism.
d0c3def189b9ae64fc908abc9e75ead3e271a657	The collective unconscious contains the original matrices, empty behavioral patterns that a person fills with his personal experience of survival during his life.
3f21a2fcfe0a542cbe4d38011278afa518fab9dd	We have already touched on this topic in the article about archetypes — they are these very unfilled matrices.
fb9847969fd6402126788362f49adf91b7975610	We have considered a couple of archetypes in detail — this is a Shadow and a Person.
c8159dfbd624aaa687e714b864aa9d774bc46953	Now it is interesting to recall them because these archetypes and the property of the human psyche expressed in them to displace their undesirable qualities and to display the most profitable of them — this is the sphere of the personal unconscious.
d5ddda65fd94837c9d0f2cdd0f1050b60bbb0ceb	The whole Freudian psychoanalysis is Jung's work with the Shadow and the Persona, and for Jung this is only the beginning of the path, the simplest and most obvious stage of it.
007c6c01f1653103276c941ddec3018d39d16238	The personal unconscious contains only local problems, conflicts generated during one separate life.
602d35edfc30e4482da745905458176600200aa5	Birth, upbringing, survival... the cycle of life and the problems of one person on the scale of all mankind is nothing.
43d6dc36b365f3426823c50a734c91dbf91362a0	The collective unconscious confronts a person with problems of a different — existential level, the solution of which, even on an individual basis, is important for the survival and evolution of the entire species.
32cd438c1dd4009f753c9217727fb878bc6d6766	Isolated cases of overcoming existential conflicts are deposited in the collective unconscious, just as successful combinations of genes are gradually fixed in the genetic code of all mankind.
dafe8cfaa88fcb398dfeadd138dc464497351601	And just as the genetic program requires a person to survive and procreate, so the collective unconscious requires a person to fulfill a program of mental development.
b1cf12eb761838265844215f5dd7fb32aee6cc64	The need to reach higher levels of consciousness, to find "collective" happiness is inherent in a person by nature, and the unconscious, playing the role of an angel or a demon, constantly pushes a person to this.
faa7a0e712921172acd2a2a034760ae5e0e720d7	The collective unconscious is neither a friend nor an enemy.
b4da960ee0c2f337c94b9ac90edf8a8fbb995038	This is a faceless force that in an instant can smash the fragile vessel of human consciousness into splinters.
67b2f51554dde6be784bee6e060fe180eb2f7529	She does not care about personal problems and ambitions, just as she does not care about the survival of an individual.
b7699d3aa86ef43b7a432ed32994a60e6d080275	Standing in her way is more expensive for yourself, but you can listen to her demands, catch a wave, and she herself will bring a person to the threshold of the greatest discoveries. p. s.
2a24452cdbbe8688fe4a166a002b0d6211bb0546	Continuation in the next series... p. p. s.
b86d732c65db32556ca0cfe0813751a17e3c2494	I remembered all those who whined in the comments to the photos in person…
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240ed53d93f9e1376a4748f17d79ba6351e5feb2	20.06.2012 20:35
56ab9ef2ac8a0c1740baf8cdbca9ca0af1a985b9	@Asya and what do you mean by the words "mentally balanced"?I am an introvert,and for me the most important thing is my inner world.
739d96ef82b1b40630d5a6c98cd3be0521680974	Only by putting it in order can I help my neighbor.
d8d64fb44723276791124f32a672ee57c0da8564	And what is useful for an extrovert who,without even knowing himself, thinks that he can help another?
05011cd7081ec2bfb91afd2fff2160f3b4ccfe6c	0 | 0 Reply Hide answers ∧
27ed55575afb1130d1086d3471a242c5e5ad4241	Einik
7cd3e59f96e67cbd44ab1da88da9ec7c0d3cde0e	06.04.2012 23:53
ef1abad5500079b12e8050d34db29ce41cae5f79	If this is the mechanism laid down by nature itself and is necessary for human survival, then in order for it to fulfill its function, a person must go this way before he has children?
a104721875d1a8d29bab468442218a6ac2db169a	06.04.2012 23:48
c0ffdfd74bccd30b1ebbd60c870f2b3127e8b982	It turns out that the people who solved existential problems were at the reproductive age?
90fd3f23984acda33c314d29cd623e325418aee7	Cheto early as that.
5f3ea2b97cdf5412a7cbea261c00163c47aa4875	Asya
98a2ad5e8b12289d2ec4d6f965b8e67ec64379ae	14.06.2011 21:35
888bd79f0705d80cdc3ae29edb3894b30f7e7c3c	@Minkovsky You know, there is one paradox in the existence of a person: he cannot live exclusively for himself and at the same time be happy.
9ecef9661e50843ec348477ec6e14815ebf9805c	On the contrary, there is no greater happiness and satisfaction for a person than to make others happy.
c3992ca2111907b55492328d91f691f610e7e356	I can show you hundreds of healthy in all respects altruistic extroverts who think very little about themselves.
760a1f11be51500a6e32def4c9c8fc8311859920	But I very much doubt that you will show me at least one mentally balanced egoist introvert.
203ea59ca37ab200596d4ff19c730da24bbc7f28	Stalin was also an altruist, he even had official boots.
336fc093f346bd7b646dd262d960f34db2f5ddf8	I wanted to make everyone happy by building communism, the main idea (utopia) of which is that all people are brothers.
f8d9b90582da55d29c601298d26267a5eb44b9b7	14.06.2011 19:20
551aa5f728a8479bc7ee8e291d9881e4d5917528	the collective unconscious contains the experience of psychological survival for the same thousands of years.
cbe5aa6d32bfd01289dfe3e79d16e66768d15e75	And the experience of not survival, it, after all, can also contain, probably… The experience of suicides, insanity, some other heaviness accumulates… This may make people's psyche weaker and weaker..
282a2f8f664d4209028f52357b86e9bb77c950f0	(One of the Buddhists) — " Do you agree that suicide is a permanent solution to a temporary problem?
465bd6199660775c50c7e91d8806d495408d64be	"- "I am a Buddhist, and I think that suicide is a temporary solution to a permanent problem."
2309aa6423af83e4251e171bc215da52b98db5b2	Individual cases of overcoming existential conflicts are postponed in the collective unconscious.
e1ee0585d409be1c2cc882aa0c226d26786d5d8c	Is this the total responsibility?.. p. s.
e2b08bb8ed611415bd906d62dab500677425e84f	The collective and" individual " unconscious, and the irrational in itself, and the cat. not yet rationalized or something, cat. objective reality Is all mixed up in my head, are these things connected?…
c9a64c64580268e0b4c193cfcb1419de818fa8f3	14.06.2011 19:14
facafcd11878403fa5ecb2075d3afc6708602d08	@Minkovsky Agrees with old Freud that introversion is a kind of neurosis.
877a4d4f5ae3a56ea96e7b463ccfd01ab649d65f	If a person is too interested in his inner world, then he is not busy with life, but fucking his own brains.
d5db757c99d1aea01167c9f9b4123f5b13fd2c8f	And this is unnatural and subject to treatment.
9d3a1fba7458b63e39c0df20c4baf4d26c0ad404	And more…
c6e06a3a418c10d5fbd428b7035727c1e88815eb	"Nietzsche, whose external side of life was more than monotonous, proves that a thought working alone is in itself a terrible adventure.
8a39060680983ccce0ca30e1030d55817e278149	But there is no such serious crime that an intelligent person would not feel capable of."
00df132a898e96d3a9a31b4dfed7d2de0f2573c6	(Albert Camus).
66b61b04621c549281255ccc895f85a3fdc63723	A man with a shovel
39a7010524902b83ab9dfcb085bba0a21ba66622	08.10.2010 07:06
652e015b5c9275eb23d281f02b7ccae4b798e417	I wonder if there is a mix of the unconscious of all people in this very unconscious, or only according to the geneological tree?
3fa3fd1d81b8c8c1458b5a1822870c0a4da79b11	Nicky
ccbee133f0cc579c60ee344d793871cfe7f77231	30.08.2010 16:10
037ce3fb2e1c30a77c8c1dbdc35a6df21c147573	I have a psychology assignment : Consciousness and the unconscious.
2ca3904eabc00beb0b5370fea2ac3c613f7d3fbb	What role do the phenomena of the unconscious play in a person's life?
5e4fdf9fbc2cc8a8b4fa25be2eb17976cdf6c5b5	How does a person get information about these processes?
ce8bfe2b67132596060e36697e5e2a43ce26fca4	Illustrate with examples from your own life.
3b4f3470277165a0cdd546fc66d92a4a3ed7e0ad	Help me with examples, because I canot figure myself out in any way.
b14361a89c14f8c5cfbe0b2cbb9b66c120cc9b1a	RiF
0d6ab0cc36fc27da1ff4edc54d27f0bbac5c346c	12.07.2010 00:29
9337c3182869a51025f19eae47b07f8d5fe392aa	And what are the next stages?
58d0ab9b51c404152910167b6f877123a5c94faf	sergei
2a630e2ec2073020d3bc3724c54dce0fb5a09806	16.06.2010 12:24
81d6efcded394474f490f5629c90b75583182ab5	It is more expensive to stand in her way, but you can listen to her demands, catch a wave, and she herself will bring a person to the threshold of the greatest discoveries.
a03997c5c1a54ed8923641316d19c947022695e5	IMHO, the pendulum pride is nothing from the same opera.
b2878761853c6843a41943966eecb1e91dfe8236	There is no point in resisting him, you can only "catch a wave".
0d5e4cab5cbd5546a201cc97d5f18f123d516bd7	But this is the most difficult thing.
2b8082c848e658f42d86d2524891580d3a765484	14.06.2010 19:10
cd7d3a7ae7f01c870a6444c9723caa982226ab01	Minkovsky «…I agree with old Freud that introversion is a kind of neurosis.
d90c89bb78d5f4fd89301bbe726815b5089bc1a3	If a person is too interested in his inner world, then he is not busy with life, but fucking his own brains...."
a6f8f8c616ea203b863ac798f85c08624dfbebf6	Oddly enough, but I have to agree.
69cdc6a122b693044f0f32e2564eab1616f8e862	Excessive introversion is evil.
a36fbb147763f1b19cf19ae5b035ecbec9304740	Tested on our own experience.
3c9d49077b9c5e1c2a5b6cf3eefc926e423828aa	Anna Klyuchenkova
da191fe60f0e77c00efb5313bb7fdec6a3a0a47c	02.06.2010 18:57
2093aadc88265fff88b8a105500829f8b95957e2	Sergey G Khykh.
164e1ce9f6ec9ce9676b653c484e465ed91e1db5	But what of it was what I had read before?
5813da0cdbf7a666c93cae71fe934c2b2c0d8f76	Sergey G
f9a0648eb09956729a054af90d42b3c0414ec4bd	02.06.2010 16:43
8a34e4766d721d9e350a3876d3d61520a5b2bc42	Anna Klyuchenkova link
b9525d95b3565ec90801223c35e61f6b1b44268b	02.06.2010 11:24
6701fce686289078955f16c1765ee6e3038814d0	Somewhere here in the articles there was a link to a small late work of Freud.
5d7f964b19ac95669f8f437755d0d6a5ac28958a	I canot find it in any way...
eb27fb7b49c29478005c2dc0ca1c6175480b978a	If anyone remembers or recently read it, share the link, pliiiz!
2d3b2ae69a50d2c9c76ad4e6a67c7707909d0797	kristina
a58e9efacf76a5223ccc30cb5ea91202cea88cec	02.04.2010 17:20
ad590922e6c973140b05a207da4c92b4c8d5d680	cool, everything is so simple and easily written that it is clear even to me ))))))))
259999f5cdc01c3010d5c7886d7b3f3d6de5af22	21.01.2010 19:55
86a9d6c61b8b45b7688219218ee18e1253b08da9	sergei The word "soul" can be used in different senses — follow the context, not individual words, and everything will be clear.
cebf4b3f0d450505fdc6fc77b24fec26c9b1d39f	Try to grasp the logic of reasoning, and not the meaning of specific words.
b0aaa2d64d4da75b3e11288a19e41a87b0603c52	For the time being, it will not be possible to distinguish one from the other in any way... you need to study your Ego thoroughly to know what paths it walks.
41ff7c49a6b456a7ddd74a7b653ad14dc48bab9f	21.01.2010 18:30
946b6a570c874495b9af62abfd57c20898300632	Dear Oleg, Please answer the question.
759ecb9174c26ea7ac214eb721648886d29f782d	I'm confused about something.
1dc56d8016efdc4faa68286072d15864ecc0caf8	You say that hurt self esteem is also mental suffering.
960c80269915963241278c98314f3939dd9ed6c6	And then how to distinguish the” real " suffering of the soul from the suffering of the ego?
a48002c8b1b62b8a51c9eae2b311b5b842f861f3	And in another article you write that the Real Self is always happy, but only the ego suffers.
585280976336e122aaa1240674a1b7a647bf66f6	Please explain.
2e82024770c7081cfafd62e04d08c2d0c6e86011	21.01.2010 18:25
b70ed88ea58c13575b9837db7b966784f7377e54	...and I wonder...
3e466bfe4dc8f4ba8dabec56c3673c5bf505f273	21.01.2010 17:28
1c2b104cb189ff4b06a636b2445930a61567f331	Gentlemen, maybe the collective unconscious is just another definition of God?
4acb7dfba099398168c8deb1cb9ad1d113d46dc8	mysenka
bcbfcb541fa7041d99ad528802748e1cf62ef5db	27.09.2009 23:06
d22085107e44034d7f0abb844877955399fabf32	I apologize for the stupid question) I read the article Personality types introverts and extroverts, now everything has become a little clearer.
23dee32a13b7d1393c378259ce7a56527c3b014b	I canot identify my type, but I am amused by the fact that this is not yet a pathology, but a frequently occurring phenomenon =) Oleg Satov, thank you very much for creating the site and for helping to understand yourself!!!
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dd57aac794e0a22657dbab92f335c3a07b798c5a	Sigmund Freud's Teaching about the unconscious
149e8abe0c773f31c1b8b650d0eafda9cbfe6b87	Sigmund Freud The concept of the unconscious Three periods of the development of Freud's teaching about the unconscious Conclusion References
27c0be0c3c0d09357ab50c1ed27c800a72c185c2	Sigmund Freud
658a19a713d6a122f4501b5a388e136894c2575b	Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939) was a Viennese professor of psychiatry, a famous scientist, the author of a new psychological doctrine about the unconscious (psychoanalysis).
a11cbbe7dd0c90426949254fbff1d4ddbe421138	Freud's psychological and sociological views had a significant impact on art, sociology, ethnography, psychology and psychiatry of the first half of the twentieth century.
9d37a71f091c682f96e7bee8797df46d84dee38d	Freud first started talking about psychoanalysis in 1896, and in 1897 he began to conduct systematic self observations, which he recorded in diaries until the end of his life.
3102fdaacdffdd9dcdc9b2b1dc86ac0bcecfe07e	In 1900, his book “Interpretation of Dreams " appeared, in which he first published the most important provisions of his concept, supplemented in his subsequent books “Psychopathology of Everyday Life” (1901), “I and It” (1923), “Totem and Taboo” (1913), “Psychology of the Masses and analysis of the human "I" (1921).
e5dababb827cffa2040aeaf849bdb16e38041ff7	This leads to a distance, and then to a break with Freud, the most talented of his followers Adler, Jung, Rank.
9fb8a38b3c4f3ef7f7e1b7a3145f42ed78380eca	Freud's teaching, which deduces the most complex and valuable forms of psychic life from unconscious instincts, mainly from sexual ones, was a great success in the circles of young scientists, but it caused a storm of indignation among the guardians of generally accepted bourgeois morality, who considered it obscene to bring the sexual instinct to the fore and hastened to declare Freudism a teaching "ugly in aesthetic terms and despicable and dangerous in moral terms".
d031e67daace8d4e63ef5979e52518d18ea05791	The concept of the unconscious
a6c9c198b020128e8505b6c725279d3811b79027	Nietzsche shares this point of view to a certain extent, but focuses more attention on the consideration of the unconscious, how it functions in the depths of the human being.
c9a88a5a93717ef76763ae7b3aaab6a95e9df4d3	It is known that the main regulator of human behavior is consciousness.
2b8bab3267a9bd8943c9b2209f698fd9e465e41b	Freud discovered that behind the veil of consciousness there is a deep," boiling " layer of powerful aspirations, drives, and desires that are not realized by the individual.
c75946df4c2514d7ad68255e92881915c70fe66e	This led him to search for ways to rid his patients of conflicts between what their consciousness says and hidden, blind, unconscious motives.
22abbbea0ea9b975e78e5cb3020bf745c76145f4	The doctrine of the unconscious is the foundation on which the entire theory of psychoanalysis is based.
35f5949143a8f977f9a4100163bfaf29e309e0dd	Psychoanalysis (from the Greek psyche soul and analysis solution)
dd5252ea1d2a384ba8054071d418a687f00edc20	- part of psychotherapy, a medical research method developed by Z. Freud for the diagnosis and cure of hysteria.
e2879378b6a733d20c52d8130989aec7b1aaa6d9	Then it was reworked by Freud into a psychological doctrine aimed at studying the hidden connections and foundations of human mental life
70272393c00e7153856b962e39c4f2cf6ce9431c	The unconscious should not be understood as something abstract or some hypothesis created for a philosophical system.
9e697ba1854ed17016e04116474df4769681109e	The unconscious is those forms of mental life that, while possessing all the properties of the psychic, at the same time are not the property of consciousness.
3042b798b5e2b35adf9bb064238d15871f2a956f	The area of the unconscious includes mental phenomena that occur in a dream (dreams); responses that are caused by imperceptible, but really affecting stimuli ("subsensory” or "perceptual" reactions); movements that were conscious in the past, but were automated due to repetition and therefore more unconscious; some impulses to activity in which there is no consciousness of the goal, and others.
2b579d82b307f09d3590620e0c05be6c11406e23	Unconscious phenomena also include some pathological phenomena that occur in the psyche of a sick person: delusions, hallucinations, etc.
efe6d9425c40a1e93292d59c9ee73a9482632984	Being conscious is primarily a purely descriptive term that relies on the most direct and reliable perception.
3adf281a4839aad532a50ec58323dc34ba7e2090	A psychic element, for example, a representation, usually does not remain conscious for a long time.
e7fc34a0e8a903413a5e8c46f4fe029b0f774112	On the contrary, it is characteristic of him that the consciousness of awareness passes quickly; the idea, at the moment conscious, ceases to be so in the next moment, but can again become conscious under certain, easily achievable conditions.
91440e3f80e57ebe13920f69fc38d5fef7343a51	A representation – or any other psychic element, may be present in a person's consciousness at a certain moment, and may disappear from there at a subsequent moment; after a certain period of time, it may reappear in memory completely unchanged, without any previous new sensory perceptions.
f8c224782c3f139f8367a2a137b3ef8afc594cc1	Considering this phenomenon, we can conclude that the idea was preserved in the human soul during this period of time, although it was hidden from consciousness.
d09d0f73cbebee25bce4468b5a8a783dbcd2ad48	But it is not known in what form it was preserved in the spiritual life and remained hidden from consciousness regarding this.
907bb8bea7b29dd54c299ac2a6bc2c81304b8ce3	The unconscious forms the lowest level of the psyche.
b7d8c0ed1136187b0877867fd953a3ccac8f2261	The unconscious is a set of mental processes, acts and states caused by influences, in the influence of which a person does not give himself an account.
06bc2dcfd468848c1714b2809cc06538db6cbf72	Being psychic (since the concept of the psyche is broader than the concept of "consciousness”," conscious”), the unconscious is a form of reflection of reality in which the completeness of orientation in time and place of action is lost, the speech regulation of behavior is violated.
f892036329f230d5d96b4c11567103e5b61d9039	In the unconscious, unlike consciousness, it is impossible to purposefully control the actions performed, and it is impossible to evaluate their result.
e770644cf31734a9e725ba341feb94e76eec1cf5	Freud proceeds from the fact that the assumption of the unconscious is necessary because of the existence of such acts, for the explanation of which it is necessary to recognize the presence of other acts that are not conscious, because there are many gaps in the data of consciousness.
b97df10462fca08ab734cd9607a0f443db3ce8a1	Only in this case, as he believes, the mental continuity is not disturbed and the essence of the cognitive process with its conscious acts becomes clear.
28a5097c78174790173d424b7b1cf4bec737c9be	Pre Freudian psychology as an object of research had a normal, physically and mentally healthy person and investigated the phenomenon of consciousness, while Freud, as a psychopathologist, investigating the nature and causes of neuroses, came across that area of the human psyche that remained outside the field of view of previous psychology.
c63503145e4f175d08cc3d234f74a2fed0ecd4ed	He was faced with the need to study the nature of the mental, inner world of the " I " and those structures that did not fit into the "conscious" in a person, and came to the conclusion that the human psyche is a kind of conglomerate consisting of various components that are not only conscious, but also unconscious and preconscious in nature.
4f758ad1e14c96077558a9aaa31b288ed742e2a3	In general, the human psyche seems to Freud to be split into two opposing spheres of the conscious and unconscious, which are essential characteristics of the individual.
510f8238e3468071790f312a01b23f990094e2e9	Freud calls conscious “the representation that exists in our consciousness, and which we perceive as such, and we assert that this is the only meaning of the term “conscious”.
582face6aee6b2b0983b7f213c6f254f57e0bed6	But in the Freudian structure of personality, both of these spheres are not represented equally: he considered the unconscious to be the central component that makes up the essence of the human psyche, and the conscious is only a special instance that builds on the unconscious.
4c45656df2e644f0d92918e2ec2358f617d63d9a	According to Freud, the conscious owes its origin to the unconscious and "crystallizes" from it in the process of developing the psyche.
b1c20f6a6eee74c010c1c3f88bbf7a75369b2143	Therefore, according to Freud, the conscious is not the essence of the psyche, but only such a quality of it that may or may not join its other qualities.
58acdd179e8ea2c99b0c1d0fd368e135df93b26f	Three periods of the development of Freud's teaching about the unconscious
9666fc793d16cbce3b5f5c236319b972fa6ae222	According to Freud, the human psyche is divided into three areas: consciousness, the unconscious and the preconscious.
3755bd19413f79aab94a42c906a829a1ac587d72	These three areas or systems of the mental are in a state of continuous interaction, and the first two are in a state of intense struggle with each other.
fb21c62d18a7c2e6284e035e616306d3ae00277e	The psychic life of a person is reduced to this interaction and this struggle.
8ff534e976d4e87656a90fab920c4186c70b003c	Every mental act and every human act should be considered as the result of the competition and struggle of consciousness with the unconscious, as an indicator of the balance of forces achieved at a given moment in life by these continuously struggling parties.
64381e1e6a2858f2462c7112fce06c2709aa9108	This concept of the unconscious was formed and defined by Freud not immediately and subsequently underwent significant changes.
b2b4eb23397f159eb08ad1fd23481e816fd41bae	In the first period, Freud's concept of the unconscious was close to the teachings of the famous French psychiators and psychologists – Charcot, Liebo, Janet, from whom it was also in direct genetic dependence.
cceddd5d476364e119b3b34939acd6803f562aae	In the second longest and most important period of the development of psychoanalysis, all the main and characteristic features of Freud's teaching about the unconscious are determined.
85758c105875a73e9ce9d0dc3e4145a1c57ecb84	Now it becomes quite original.
48360f7aa759f5560231b9bfe8986c8bc4fbcacd	The development of all issues takes place during this period exclusively in the plane of theoretical and applied psychology.
a2761a409f8d06ce9d366ab08d046e95876d0491	In the third period, the concept of the unconscious undergoes a significant change and begins to approach the metaphysical teaching of Schopenhauer and Hartmann.
6e2f2333cb0ec52ccd999100e16ee7ee25a5d6c8	General questions of the worldview begin to prevail over particular, special problems.
b1ad8e83b22149de9db6a3510eb5bd8a2fff88b9	The unconscious becomes the embodiment of all that is lower and all that is higher in man.
0406a889b23fdacf24404f32fd91a69b1a86c9cf	Back in 1889, Freud was struck by the experience of the famous expert in hypnosis Bernheim: a hypnotized patient was instructed to open an umbrella standing in the corner of the room some time after waking up.
c7f9fd178706b92eaeff3893b5cf32b6a7dfa8ef	Waking up from a hypnotic dream, the lady did exactly what she was ordered at the appointed time – she went to the corner and opened her umbrella.
a8a2d986583f3a572206de2bbf485cf85ab3508e	When asked about the motives of her action, she replied that she wanted to make sure if it was her umbrella.
f6083df5bc44ec50646f590776e5a46a4314afa9	This motive did not correspond at all to the actual reason for the act and, obviously, was invented, but it completely satisfied the patient's consciousness: she was sincerely convinced that she had opened the umbrella of her own free will.
af88cce0c7a27a7c19412971bc43953445b62454	Further, Bernheim, by persistent questioning and prompting her thoughts, finally forced the patient to remember the real reason for the act, i.e., the order received by her during hypnosis.
ac12230e5789f6495358d39487b5e05cb33762f3	From this experiment, Freud drew three general conclusions that determined the foundations of his early concept of the unconscious:
96d18115e7b690cdfd12d547fedd8f55b5ddd358	The motivation of consciousness, for all its subjective sincerity, does not always correspond to the actual reasons for the act;
11e91c0bc25888475494d29b62e08bc0ae237cc9	An act can sometimes be determined by forces acting in the psyche, but not reaching consciousness;
ff5ced9063f08596d3bf440dd1f293ca85a11d40	These psychic forces can be brought to consciousness with the help of well known techniques.
898a048223d2cda8b9c48d38beffa1e7e7be4bbd	On the basis of these three propositions, tested in his own psychiatric practice, Freud developed together with his colleague Breuer, the so called cathartic method of treating hysteria.
0eb157d5c303d00f5673e2b4938a410569f4f70e	The essence of this method is as follows: at the heart of hysteria and some other psychogenic nervous diseases are mental formations that do not reach the patient's consciousness: these are some mental shocks, feelings or desires that the patient once experienced, but deliberately forgotten by him, because his consciousness, for some reason, is either afraid or ashamed of the very memory of them.
153d9332cf439181612fa1c4d363b0b20e43d5a1	Without penetrating into consciousness, these forgotten experiences cannot be normally lived out and reacted (discharged); they cause painful symptoms of hysteria.
9b66fa39bc220cf5894246c0293e7c5d1b6bfce6	These forgotten experiences, which cause symptoms of hysteria, are the "unconscious", as Freud understood it in the first period of the development of his teaching.
8f03c2d2bcbb3c22bad750c0dea7346d8c114288	“ The unconscious” can be defined as a kind of alien body that has penetrated into the psyche.
aaf4c17ea121bb77d6c9bcab8fd4c5da62e5fd18	It is not connected by strong associative threads with other moments of consciousness and therefore breaks its unity.
881f461b652ffa7f309aca17cf7bd444afb72b31	In normal life, dreaming is close to it, which is also more free than the experiences of real life, from the close associative connections that permeate the human psyche.
fff24c50180d427072223b6ca5bf14fd5356110a	This is the first Freudian concept of the unconscious.
a6688b290a7907822e5c62e2e81181c37c7967cd	It is characterized by two features.
368addf98a4974158ddfca08f02d7d721ca55188	First, Freud does not give any physiological theory of the unconscious and does not even try to do it.
8915fdfdd9f1d1afd5e75a463bee8ae3523243ee	Secondly, the products of the unconscious can be obtained only in translation into the language of consciousness; there is no other, direct approach to the unconscious besides the consciousness of the patient himself.
36b5bbcc512df5a9860b14035b51395a6bf9e11b	In the second, classical period of psychoanalysis, the concept of the unconscious is enriched by a number of new, highly significant moments.
669184fef34988a068f072030e04b63187124dcf	In the second period, the unconscious becomes a necessary and extremely important component of the mental apparatus of every person.
289dfec089122b84d83fd5d37a4791b403356186	The struggle of consciousness and the unconscious is declared a constant and regular form of mental life.
606592feb83e826eff14dc3f01fbfc2a61e4e855	The unconscious becomes a productive source of psychic forces and energy for all areas of cultural creativity, especially for art. At the same time, if the struggle with consciousness fails, the unconscious can become the source of all nervous diseases.
95a4128c7c4ba2b216eb0020e05ee90e7c5a371c	The process of formation of the unconscious, according to these new views of Freud, has a natural character and takes place throughout a person's life from the very moment of his birth.
ef65548ab5c90c09e9ec5e227e830d693a42a0b1	This process is called "displacement".
34882fac1580cd5eb488b8134932b3061f09d983	Repression is one of the most important concepts of the entire psychoanalytic teaching.
c4986aef7623e2fb946908a4cb8a65f3c3735f70	Then the content of the unconscious is typed: these are no longer random isolated experiences, but some typical, mostly common to all people, coherent groups of experiences (complexes) of a certain nature, mainly sexual.
b38eef839015347c9fd8af9971dee3aea0122c71	These complexes are pushed into the unconscious during strictly defined periods that are repeated in the life history of each person.
5efdf22309880601bf47efd933f335c4c6af1b36	To understand the content of the unconscious, it is necessary to get acquainted with the theory of drives of Sigmund Freud.
42891f8416888da708f6ce9e674b2ae04aeb99d6	According to Freud, attraction does not mean a special movement, but an internal self impression, in which it is impossible to escape from oneself, and insofar as this self impression is effective, a state of gravity and load on our inner world is inevitably created.
47c246525ae2a7cd0e4756cb2fe6848770b411ca	Mental activity is set in motion by external and internal stimuli of the body.
259354a4dc0cc4443f2dc51c8589f1b9f88f7a70	Internal irritations have a somatic (bodily) source, i.e. they are born in the body.
8341d2605dc529b29484e20ce9f4c26be4159ac9	And so Freud calls the psychic representations of these internal somatic stimuli drives.
6e099019d18c7fb163d5a9761c7ef851858b9846	Freud divides all drives according to their purpose and according to their somatic source into two groups:
1a81f7edd2b768c842da454d9736f3053ecd3d4a	sexual drives, the purpose of which is procreation;
6cdd2bb426a69be914bca1dfe2fca94f87c5bba6	personal drives, or " I " drives, their goal is the self preservation of the individual.
9711ad257f50831d2176bd9f2dd3793bf4f7c0c3	Sexual desire, or, as Freud calls it, libido, is inherent in the child from the very beginning of his life, it is born together with his body and leads a continuous, only sometimes weakening, but never fading away at all life in the body and psyche.
9dad99e4a0abc2c73e88e137d6fc40a9de160d3a	The content of the unconscious can be expressed in the following summarizing formula: the world of the unconscious includes everything that an organism could do if it were left to the pure principle of pleasure, if it were not bound by the principle of reality and culture.
d11a47acbfe36de976e7f8f11429bb7a948f575f	This includes everything that he openly desired and vividly imagined in the early infantile period of his life, when the pressure of reality and culture was still weak and when man was more free in the manifestation of his primordial, organic self sufficiency.
f26a9f72bb19283091d95c5a8af2a234cfa5e04f	In the third period, the theory of drives underwent significant changes.
32e743a57faa7b756080b2c4a4c0bf5fde6d46fd	Instead of the previous division of the instincts into sexual and ego instincts, a new division has appeared:
b364a2f0d951f66ac09f6de32d8430844ddf6f7e	1) sexual attraction, or eros;
f68783344c65d7ff418a2adc178504966c0e8110	2) the attraction to death.
8e9a933ce1093af752ff2fd618e382698f884e1d	The second group – the death instincts is the basis of all manifestations of aggression, cruelty, murder and suicide.
55d46bc6719f38ad4079ccd139a0e0e2f3475900	However, there is an opinion that Freud created a theory about these instincts under the influence of the death of his daughter and fear for his two sons, who were at the front at that time.
f8273e027eb35da0aa90e3838146d031da38e2f4	This is probably why this is the most and least considered question in modern psychology.
327ea4c947e4ceeb0468ff5dc2fd611113eb477d	The " I " drive and, above all, the instinct of self preservation have moved away to the sexual drives, the concepts of which have thus expanded enormously, covering both members of the former division.
a50bfa1d0a8e953365a4ad38538f3e1fb57dd0c7	The instinct of self preservation includes the following sub instincts: nutrition, growth, breathing, movement, that is, those necessary vital functions that make any organism alive.
f0858a5b926920091a27c9f0251578ec61d9ad64	Initially, these factors were very important, but in connection with the development of the human mind (I), these factors as vital have lost their former significance.
dc2b5a881341c33fcef0382418abdf54895b9dbb	This happened because man had devices for obtaining food, he began to use food not only to satisfy hunger, but also to satisfy the greed peculiar only to man.
e0aab28ec0f8d0d31fe95a12b98ba2f93c948a9c	Over time, food began to get easier and easier for him, and he began to spend less and less time on its extraction.
9e71f50064cc2342125295a84fcfbd77f760aac6	A person began to build dwellings and other devices for himself and secured his life to the maximum.
6674c48f42e7f460bf43319045b4139d3e97d76b	Thus, the instinct of self preservation has lost its significance, and the instinct of reproduction, or, as Freud calls it, libido, has come to the fore.
fdf2addb4c726eee92ec9c3e526d86dc0e76d2ab	By eros, Freud understands the attraction to organic life, to the preservation and development of it at all costs whether in the form of procreation or the preservation of the individual.
fa06cf5c2d03375b587db5983a649e88a5688af0	The task of the death drive is to return all living organisms to a lifeless state of inorganic, dead matter, striving away from the anxiety of life and eros.
59ebbe5e99ddc8749d0101eba5cf209cad50358b	The second feature of the third period is the expansion of the composition of the unconscious, enriching it with qualitatively new and peculiar moments.
a8e5afd86882a7bcf333ef142a47de098528f769	The second period was characterized by a dynamic understanding of the unconscious as repressed.
64f486e23652a2c9a2d5bb903eaab39c2f0ae18a	The repressed, consisting mainly of sexual drives, is hostile to the conscious "I".
0b8c529fb6fa51e6e5885e888c5a56a31309d980	In his book “Freud suggests calling this whole area of the psyche, which does not coincide with the “I”, “It”.
82a334c29aeeefd725801014cd9f2e2254ef3ae0	"It" is a deep layer of unconscious drives, a psychic "self", the basis of an active individual, which is guided only by the" pleasure principle " regardless of social reality, and sometimes in spite of it.
5f9ee5a85425f520aa85d65ce43061a48dba7381	"It” is that inner dark element of desires and drives, which a person sometimes feels so acutely and which opposes his reasonable arguments and good will.
fbe63590f0cd8bf1313fdf325441493fd66e7147	The" I "(Ego) is the sphere of the conscious, an intermediary between the" It "and the external world, including natural and social institutions, which measures the activity of the" It "with the" principle of reality", expediency and external necessity.
0a7a22839a05f9233e9a9301079bcfe89be8745f	"It” is passion," I " is reason and prudence.
f19509fda00f307f038283ca7cb0b747d9f5f5df	In the” It", the principle of pleasure reigns inseparably;
bb9c5b701c2ebb24ecf9c3f07a26e2ea222562a5	The " I” is the carrier of the reality principle.
f8067e38569ba3b3963b0a4e3c67c7c2f1e7cbd1	Finally “ " It” is unconscious.
19c25fa2acbd2958e45c8d15ae6e2b69389d70a2	Until now, when talking about the unconscious, Freud had dealt only with the “It”: after all, the repressed drives belonged to him.
17fc6d84a437968a4422a54268a233c0a59ce180	Therefore, all the unconscious seemed to be something lower, dark, immoral.
6ddb318431791f0a5ba70dd505631f9a58d16bc8	Yet the higher, the moral, the rational coincided with consciousness.
508daf66f374bf026aee404385a84e4b855a5870	This view is incorrect.
1c46bbf9d4e99b26681644b49e34e4d38883c41e	The unconscious is not only "It".
a2694bbe5eebc445ac20094e78a083b4ca7e8300	And in the " I”, and moreover in its higher sphere, there is an area of the unconscious.
42c6f9956fdd1c557d07c65f8e63519db143fc1e	The process of repression proceeding from the “I” is unconscious, the work of repression carried out in the interests of the “I” is unconscious.
61cbd38d29d15e7e312f7eb661a949916bdd17f6	Thus, a significant part of the " I " also turns out to be unconscious.
f8ec6da1f47debfeb0c3ffc3ca3f09b3fca480e2	This is the area on which Freud focuses his attention in the last period.
2a926b76c2fb369b1db9a5b7bd9210635aa20a6d	It turns out to be much wider, deeper and more substantial than it seemed at first.
4d2d5f9daa46d7a866dd7c8103b309c518a05221	Freud calls the highest unconscious area in the "I”the " Ideal – I".
012bb693caf86a6c10890b80c6cab36247b4f7e2	The "Ideal I" (Super Ego) is an intrapersonal conscience, a kind of censorship, a critical instance that arises as an intermediary between the "It" and the "I" due to the insolubility of the conflict between them, the inability of the "I" to curb unconscious impulses and subordinate them to the requirements of the "reality principle".
00b62edcf48a05adf51130ac5cebf659a8277be1	The "ideal I" is, first of all, the censor whose dictates are fulfilled by repression.
b2c389e6f79a8d1ae219241f4131ba48fe6cf12a	Then he finds himself in a number of other, very important phenomena of personal and cultural life.
6f198d7d5b809588c8f574ab827563f5d4d09187	It manifests itself in an unaccountable sense of guilt that weighs on the soul of some people.
7f580b457220e07cd104bca52f1db1b01a4ac71d	Consciousness does not recognize this guilt, it struggles with a sense of guilt, but it cannot overcome it.
e6e0c08371f47fdb3245310cc63bf1175919d91d	Further, the manifestations of the” Ideal – I "include the so called" sudden awakening of conscience”, cases of a person showing unusual severity towards himself, self contempt, melancholy, etc.
594650f7a64d4b44ec17cbf92d0d9a6e3a445bd8	In all these phenomena, the conscious "I"is forced to obey a force acting from the depths of the unconscious, but at the same time moral.
a4b56c9437debb228c5ceb88dcb974dcd1486eae	Trying to penetrate into the mechanisms of the human psyche, Freud proceeds from the fact that its deep, natural layer ("It") functions according to an arbitrarily chosen program for obtaining the greatest pleasure.
f4108aea5017c5125eb1d02b06329b90155d1c97	But since in the satisfaction of his passions the individual encounters an external reality that opposes the "It", the "I" stands out in him, striving to curb the unconscious drives and direct them in the direction of socially approved behavior.
2e7366783ce0b3c83f245d4b8b03e7a5ec0865ec	"It" gradually, but imperiously dictates its conditions to the "I".
f614a20d45fab9c20db1f85b77b5946e3c6515a0	As a submissive servant of the unconscious drives, the " I "tries to maintain its good agreement with the" It " and the outside world.
6b2ec795708cbd46ad35064dc2b94f1fadf2ba35	This is not always possible for him, so a new instance of the "Ideal - I" is formed in him, which reigns n hell " I " as a conscience or an unconscious sense of guilt.
a2657d7660f5eeb1a9b7994f614375c997ea8d64	The "ideal I" is, as it were, the highest being in a person, reflecting the commandments, social prohibitions, the power of parents and authorities.
d7035673658568e6be4ad610d8c9e11aa997374c	According to its position and functions in the human psyche, the "Ideal - I" is designed to carry out the sublimation of unconscious drives and in this sense, it seems to be in solidarity with the "I".
48cc3ec3ab9ab22d6fe06f56a35267b7f8cc6836	But in its content, the "Ideal I" is closer to the "It" and even opposes the "I", as an attorney of the inner world of the" It", which can lead to a conflict situation leading to violations in the human psyche.
9704f52260888597a44136e1aa0b6a950f04b073	Thus, the Freudian " I "appears in the form of an" unfortunate creature", which, like a locator, is forced to turn first in one direction and then in the other in order to be in friendly agreement with both the" It "and the"Ideal - I".
bc8784f0821dd24b8021697c9e44afa09c5d7f2b	Although Freud recognized the "heredity" and "naturalness" of the unconscious, it is hardly correct to say that he absolutizes the power and authority of the unconscious and proceeds entirely from the unbridled instincts of man.
8251f65b73f4726cd3b36f1724742bc11eaa7ff7	The task of psychoanalysis, as formulated by Freud, is to translate the unconscious material of the human psyche into the field of consciousness and subordinate it to its goals.
457c919be5ef1231311ba4724899bebe34d3bf6e	In this sense, Freud was an optimist, since he believed in the ability of awareness of the unconscious, which was most clearly expressed by him in the formula: "Where there was an 'It', there must be an 'I'."
aba4b08d051d8c9ec098e32d6b365fc15d729022	All his analytical activity was aimed at ensuring that, as the nature of the unconscious was revealed, a person could master his passions and consciously control them in real life.
075b795295468469af1b5df93203427d6552780d	Freud defines the unconscious as the non verbal; it turns into the preconscious (from where it can always pass into consciousness) by connecting with the corresponding verbal representations.
bfc7ae5897133feef1bbc671326ff7c1ec94e5bf	Freud was aware of the difficulties that stood in the way of mastering the unconscious, he struggled for a long time to solve this problem, constantly making adjustments to the understanding of the nature of the unconscious and the so called "primary drives"that make up its core.
620260cd068d33ee4aae8c51728beed0b4c64755	Freud's teaching became famous primarily for penetrating into the recesses of the unconscious, or, as the author himself sometimes said, the "underworld" of the psyche.
f32049d4443489a08cb3397b818ffbe9805e58e6	The significance of the concept of the unconscious for human cognition consists in penetrating into his being to a greater depth than classical consciousness, i.e. thought, understood as objective cognition and as a representation.
68674df503c46c0115c3f3972254ab93384d37cc	Our world of representations, like each of its elements, is accessible to perception only through an instance that is irreducible to it - the sphere of motives, desires, needs, actions, labor that give it a form: this form precedes the forms of thought, and thought can perceive it only retroactively.
34436da96e0d30243b5ad06054e2740fb49c7e56	Therefore, the results of our reflections on affect, arousals, etc. do not lead us at all to break away from the world where people live, but on the contrary, force us to return to its roots in order to reveal the really driving force of nature, the true mind.
e815852599bd93be0df732d1b0455f15959ef4e1	List of literature:
c8fcfb5fa15c5622b1802d03fc7f74155b74f3c4	The Unconscious: the Diversity of Vision, SAGUNA Agency, Novocherkassk, 1994.
071c33e5b7a16689be449325bf9148759b2b4262	The unconscious, its discovery, its manifestation.
f76039ac992534aaae42daddd3a5e4db7ab45654	From Freud to Lacan, Moscow Circle Colloquium, 1992.
2b4a39fcbc7cee83e4ffceca55f3d17d164b773c	"Sigmund Freud, Psychoanalysis and Russian Thought”, V. M. Leibin, Moscow, "Republic", 1994
e1615d4ab04b2785a3e04bea504f09472ce6ad5f	Z. Freud.
6e93bd8957c02a31766177cdecb11c039ef25081	Psychology of the unconscious: a collection of works, Moscow “Enlightenment”, 1989.
fd4180765b2207bc89ce7d1e29f5d1ee18f65b96	Basic Principles of psychoanalysis, Kiev, 1998.
e895403b05aa056291dd1dc4a7ac574af27d511c	Makarevia V.
6757a1f56d906716f6dcbc2de8a6620fbfc8b8a6	The slightly opened door to the depths of the unconscious, Daugavpils, 1997.
55efa3ce95394d0c59f3e5e3b0608b6505cbf3b4	Richard Osborne.
8b993c68ad90b080540e37a64f2130b663523251	Get acquainted: Freud, Kiev, 1997.
2f341db3b7f4d949b7d3b094facbd1bda76a2694	Jones Ernest.
09fde7980a43740a58fffc3963584b4e8705acc8	The Life and Works of Sigmund Freud, Moscow, 1997.
452f2764c32e07832298796282d6c712094cdc2e	Date added: 27.03.2001
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f796678010e7796999f2a968af231f2f31f09fc0	08.01.2017
64c9ebaab5bb23c287536ab9d79fa85a51d02571	The concept of Sigmund Freud (main provisions) – Yulia Andreeva
e42ef7534e69958b95f235ea0ca33bb6b1a5c5cb	Yulia Andreeva The concept of Sigmund Freud (main provisions) March 16, 2012, Author: usy / Section: News | / No comments Culture and the unconscious beginning of a person.
f0644b2a7fd9fbccbd7f006cde43e33894346cd7	The concept of Sigmund Freud.
87e129306bcbe5af0e91c829b99875402adedfee	The significance of the Freudian concept of man goes far beyond medicine: the philosophical generalization of psychoanalysis Freudism has become a teaching that invades the sphere of philosophy and cultural studies.
2fcfe366f1edfeaa56aebe01fd749d461d552d12	Our "I", striving to survive in the world of nature and society, all the time to Remember me, is faced with the reckless power of"It".
db6137dbe60b10a2d317dfddeb7e110a4cba093f	If the " I "is guided by the principle of reality (i.e., it strives to adapt to the objective conditions of life), then the" It " proceeds entirely from the pleasure principle.
8029eebcc183b2fb06c51c3c3416cc247bd1b3be	Hence the inevitable struggle between "I" and "It"follows: "In relation to It, I am like a rider who must curb the superior strength of a horse."
ea17be12f19ea32dda8ff0670d7c66f60746561f	(Freud 3.
f032b53a19588aa791ba63eb85d80bf8f93d62d6	"I and It").
42e3989762ad23b5ecaf473bb43fdf3d308ee178	However, the" I "cannot arbitrarily control the Author of his powerful "partner": "... The comparison can be continued.
66b5c2e0ab2284dfc018f7125596635cfae6e8fb	Just as a rider, if he does not want to part with a horse, often has only to lead it to where it wants, so the Ego usually turns the will of the It into file:///C:/Users/Kaichou/Desktop/zig/sources/5.html
89460ad9cd7667e014760c7e3cfa2786e16f8cf6	the action, as if it were his own will" (Freud 3. "I and It").
5e97a70111e3eedc5bd34d9dcdd7114883cf4537	Of course, culture cannot defeat the "It" in a head on collision, because all the psychic energy of a person is concentrated in it.
a43a84ec242a0c38c827c717dab725a6e88eba92	This is the way Freud called the Example page sublimation.
1d5b1030641513bfa107c0a21625cc7f6121429d	At the same time, culture, according to Freud, expresses a system of social norms and always stands above the individual.
5076620f5a7b5fbd7797e26f7b2de5f314dbe0fd	However, in order to master the energy of the "It" at least a little, culture itself has to penetrate into its sphere — the sphere of the unconscious.
ae234ce01dc5345eaee724ec4f7152eefdfe1ace	Attention Culture can guide a person only insofar as the Concept itself has become part of his unconscious, has taken shape as a special Sigmund Freud unconscious attitude — this is how an important conclusion can be formulated
c53becd6c56f899954f786e554439cdd26f5065f	(Freud's principles.
caf6fe3cf7e4d98f5f6592326b4faff6e4f320c2	Freud calls this attitude "The Superego".
f6141d219a73a4edaaafb109ed9908eb73a58223	The "Superego" fulfills the role of an internal censor, who dominates the spiritual life of the Main person and thanks to which a person is able to live as a cultural human being, and not as a puppet of his own dark passions.
01493c51322d6b8956bb52babccaca0e04b87d8a	Thus, the human Self, according to Freud, is closed between two opposite poles of image creation — the natural element and the requirements of the cultural manager.
d1ba2491b9e14293f26a0610d3c6dc7c9e8d9d58	Both of these poles are represented in the corresponding Character of the unconscious structures of the human " I " and collide in it, trying to subdue this Self and each other.
d9f0928e47c2fc9d2c62f2caef38d35df8daace6	And the higher the culture is developed, its side effects, so to speak, are not more comforting there.
81058200d942f6fea51954b9b6abf3c9742b947e	If Partners culture requires more than he can, "then the individual этоMasik.tv developmental causes a riot or neurosis, or make him unhappy" (Freud 3. video for kids "and its discontents").
568607ca651f75eac0d4a5462afaeadcf95338ff	Culture makes life safer,cartoons for inhibiting human instincts, human aggression, but the cost kids is the mental health of a man who is torn between mental natural elements and cultural norms Links between sexuality and sociality, aggression, and morality.
e9a18cd6e681df3cd62202f9f6bdff4494de6211	Freud's teaching had a huge impact on the development of science and culture of the XX century — without his ideas, it is difficult to imagine modern psychology, Modern psychiatry, philosophy, art.
2304d84c6cf3ce8738a071a7c9a6550d5eab148b	However, as is often the case with Sigmund Freud and the discoverers, Freud in his concept excessively strengthened some of Immidge's psychology very important, but still not the only defining aspects of the case.
b02dd70b9bc2a20aa630fa5651cf68fb3f920f5b	Firstly, he clearly biologized the unconscious, which turned out to be reduced to a purely natural phenomenon, to purely biological drives.
71f5444035ff35ffdd23aae4700191d69993e884	Secondly, Freud focused on one side of human existence — the unconscious, but lost sight of the other side - the personality and freedom of man.
32b7a91887f45e2885cd15d4916c7b6aa391391e	Freud's " I "is deprived of true freedom, this" I "is not a free person, but a puppet, for the right to manipulate which the equally impersonal" It "and" Super I", nature and culture, which in Freud is reduced to socially developed requirements, are fighting.
e5d664a32a722a7a617aa028925120e3d9f888b3	And when depicting this struggle, Freud did not find a place for a self valuable person who has spiritual autonomy from nature and society.
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8eafba05e7204c2ce3c6e871aae83b1208fb94da	4.1. Sigmund Freud and the concept of the unconscious To the table of contents 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
d64876c54671d9234c4cdba3546be96b89eb14e9	The greatest contribution to the development of the concept of the unconscious was made by Sigmund Freud [21] (hereinafter simply Freud). For Freud, the unconscious is not something abstract, completely meaningless and elusive, which can at best act as an abstract concept used in describing certain mental processes [32].
4df73d9709d90e8a0c722e1d9179ecf0a4b8b5d6	In modern terms, a person operates with information contained in his mind.
67f1d4ed232d03a49beaa6a4cc8fdd92fa364ea0	Let's denote the information that is in consciousness as Ij.
422614f3483a257991e46910f9dfb4db094dd762	Given that at a particular time a person is able to use only a certain portion of the information available in him, then Ij is this portion, which can be expressed as DIj .
943b1fccf6cbda82adc639df39d91edcf5b2b164	It follows from this that DIj is the current content of consciousness, that is, at the moment tn.
a83613237746d6f6566408c1e6dd23e6511d030f	If we consider the infinite time period of the appearance (awareness) of the object DIj, it turns out that there is some infinite sum of these objects DåIjn, where n is an infinite number of DIj.
cff32347aa97d4a56d6edb2af0586d51ffeedcd4	Using a discrete approach, we can say that DIj is an information quantum (element) the set S, which is nothing else than DåIjn.
851c6ed3006324873099630e8a3be4f4e9f85661	This presentation allows us to use the apparatus of set theory and assert that S is the total amount of human information.
7dfce508a44db03161ca04d1fe1b965f936b78f8	And, accordingly, to allocate two subsets of S={B, U} in this set.
8e51f4b09c51e5145aff764eb4eaeeb4b6292097	Where B is DIj, and U is DåIjn DIj.
4a47477deef0c516c62e757657cb9737b78ba9de	Now let's move on to the language of psychology
a5d992fd9e63a2b6f19f68f62a7c320f262077fb	and we define the conscious as B, and the unconscious as U
ba6596d5602318fff283d5dcae7822cc65886c30	Figure 2.
a38576eaf4a7fc639f3446040da7d4329f4d1edf	The general structure of the psyche from the point of view of psychoanalysis.
c43624d3bd00e0d1ddbb427234c7056c98cf5657	It should also be added that the above arguments do not consider the qualitative side of DIj, firstly, and an infinite time period was included as a reflection of the fact of a constant influx of information into a person, secondly.
c342f1409a211bf212116a4df11b47ac060ee581	This Self is connected with awareness, it dominates the impulses to move, that is, to discharge the excitement into the external world.
0e28cc6297e90bb58f246d69cd009b2292b23500	This is the spiritual authority that controls all private processes, which goes to sleep at night and still directs the censorship of dreams.
abbf52ada44c24f5b6e0e23e4c3f023680b1e763	From this Ego also proceeds repression, by which certain psychic impulses are subject to exclusion not only from consciousness, but also from other areas of influence and action.
d867c3459c97108f3af17d7a1aeace6b4c53d392	This elimination by means of repression in the analysis opposes itself to the Ego, and the analysis is faced with the task of eliminating the resistance that the Ego exerts to attempts to approach the repressed.
5899f2d7070a2c0443922a8f1bc2b9e9d94953f7	During the analysis, we observe how the patient, if he is given certain tasks, experiences difficulties; his associations stop as soon as they should approach the repressed one.
0c443bf074c0fa714b16c5d944441b732e9fc510	Then we tell him that he is in the power of resistance, but he himself does not know anything about it, and even in the case when, on the basis of a feeling of displeasure, he must guess that some kind of resistance is operating in him, he still does not know how to name or indicate it.
e960f136172bfaed56c0a88426f4830dc306206e	But since the resistance undoubtedly comes from his Ego and belongs to the latter, we find ourselves in an unexpected position.
5a7218b3e2c40ee5c875dbe4849e622cda91e7a9	We have found something in the Ego itself that is also unconscious and manifests itself like a repressed one, that is, it has a strong effect without passing into consciousness, and for the realization of which special work is required.
df0247eb32f320bc1a3718a5b48f95ce3671a86b	However, the consequences of our understanding of the unconscious are even more significant.
7ac9f3661dac2496c5c28bdaafa0ea027596d847	Familiarity with dynamics made the first amendment, structural theory makes the second.
0c3f43bf072810950b827ca8dceb69d53db1578f	We come to the conclusion that the unconscious does not coincide with the repressed; it remains true that the repressed is unconscious, but not all the unconscious is repressed.
4e6dbe6c0fe450515dc6867cc28e38b283604a5a	Even a part of the Self (God only knows how important a part is) can be unconscious and without any doubt is such.
584379f31680b32f33cfb3d45ce469eae23864b8	And this unconscious in the Ego is not latent in the sense of the preconscious, otherwise it would not be possible to make it active without awareness and awareness itself would not present so many difficulties.
3a60a25ddd0a4c7b2ae8c86fdf235783a020ac1a	When we are thus faced with the need to recognize the third, not repressed unconscious, then we have to admit that the property of unconsciousness loses its meaning for us (My note. it is meant to understand the structure of the psyche).
6c8bd032801cb8b3668c390b199e197af6432ea7	It becomes a multi valued quality that does not allow broad and indisputable conclusions for which we would like to use it.
63c006671d8d27fefe8cda3ff60c5f46c2d47c0e	Nevertheless, one should be careful not to neglect it, since in the end the property of unconsciousness or consciousness is the only ray of light in the darkness of deep psychology [21].
1a589844e1e2ec53cb1f54259e6de1151b20109c	(It is difficult to say what Freud really meant when he spoke about the third unconscious [32])
cb026e3e9f4b4e74b1829aa33e120ce09e070e82	In the above quote, the most important points are emphasized.
4903027ff15e3a85448bc2b823ae71dd63d4125c	Paying special attention to them, you can highlight the main thing:
905f6f7d3b742f832c550079172f18e3edb94252	1. The characteristic of the Self in the structure of the psyche is determined by the main feature of the Self in its basis unconsciously.
b9dca01799f89194bf92728731ad6fa6c3360e4f	2. The unconscious (according to Freud) consists of at least three components.
856c42cf675beec9991a9029aa4f7d8e9ea298b4	3. The object of the Self is hidden from the contents of consciousness, at least partially.
ea96e16a9633fb88cec5015616ee4fc8e1936ae8	In fact, in the I and IT, Freud develops the structural organization of the psyche.
15fddb01c7853781f5349c5bf12e5e01e80b5df5	Freud writes that all our knowledge is constantly connected with consciousness.
abbf01459647fa0ac90358ea542f781cb3492342	Even the unconscious can be recognized only by turning it into the conscious.
23b9bd2105d881e90d9ba17d8a61a3c5cf0bf2ef	At the same time, he raises questions: how is this possible?
763f73c00e9ae455a90678d023a14bdb95f1c7f7	What does it mean to make something conscious?
3f05f74dc600f18168e06fd59bc16337e9cf5424	How can this happen?
4b90bfc8fba18e7224120e8d41c249c39adaa1da	Freud outlines in a general way the way of research to answer these questions.
b21bb477679f282cef5cb9be18624989480d4fc5	We already know where we should start from.
eb6f02f29d0ae75d98a9a8c01716d65c5a4d63ed	We have said that consciousness is a surface layer of the mental apparatus, that is, we have made it a function of a certain system that is spatially closer to the external world.
951eb3441a9e90a083cf7fec0e1b64007cb95ae7	Spatially, however, not only in the sense of function, but this time also in the sense of anatomical dissection.
52b0fb66caf3baac5213db9bdeb4c10485002f82	It goes without saying that all perceptions coming from outside (sensory perceptions), as well as from within, which we call sensations and feelings, are conscious.
a54aa319da44a84da7961aecb6fea839861510df	What, however, is the situation with those internal processes that we can somewhat roughly and insufficiently call thought processes?
94e704f594e4c06351009c235ad20afdfb896b8a	Do these processes taking place somewhere inside the apparatus, as movements of soul energy on the way to action, reach the surface on which consciousness arises?
cec5f0c28921c325a9248b8a6c0ba9ba47110c71	Or, on the contrary, does consciousness reach them?
b5b7500c61a4121c9c3a6ef5eb4da3a3c88a8371	We notice that here lies one of the difficulties that we face if we want to seriously operate with the spatial, topical representation of the soul's life [21].
c55d1440a339d7489adb4c43aa45d4d3edb4dd6a	From the context of the statement, it follows that there is a certain hierarchy in the mental apparatus : according to Freud, consciousness is secondary, and the unconscious is primary.
bbf0bcf5bcc58ee379b591c74e86671b5a96479f	The analysis of the works of the founder of psychoanalysis by other scientists also leads to this conclusion [22, 32].
067398c14c0d8d51ef4112a0d63a42449d811041	The most important moment in understanding the Freudian view of the genesis of thinking is connected with the fact that Freud correlates the origins of thinking in the unconscious with its subsequent embodiment in consciousness.
71dabc4c7c6353dfa852f2acc4519a5ad53dbbd0	This is a very serious remark.
d61f0b3c310696cab3761d1409a6f477196c19fc	In the following presentation, special attention will be paid to this aspect.
3cc022f2a3f4ae797b2f6432703e790578cac7ef	Turning to the phenomenology of the unconscious, Freud seeks to understand the mechanism of the transition of mental acts from the sphere of the unconscious to the system of consciousness, to reveal the content of unconscious processes.
9a4c59b63944e29639dbb0af5aff1198452090e9	We are actually talking about the cognition of the unconscious, which in a broader sense is directly related to the psychoanalytic theory of cognition as such.
f28db5576bf5397cdebc86389af6529539cea4a9	The initial theoretical position underlying the psychoanalytic theory of knowledge consists in Freud's recognition that, like the physical, the mental does not necessarily have to be what it seems to us [12].
fd2dc36e5b6584b207a67e29c7361c85d2f95d05	But how is it possible to know the unconscious psychic if, according to the founder of psychoanalysis, it is as unknown to us in its inner essence as the reality of the external world [13]?
325f60ae5df22fa00a45caacb3aa2aaf8b681d37	For Freud, the answer to this question is not difficult, as it may seem at first glance, writes V. Leibin in [32].
f4202bffcdf72516e1ed415398bd38f5c131fcc6	And it is not that he does not understand all the difficulties that arise on the way to cognition of the unconscious.
ff5a65126fde605e7e6dc775a48e2b1153b28e02	The very limitations of psychoanalytic theory, expressed in a one sided practical orientation, is the limiting factor.
9a59facbcd7fb1d0434462ab0ddbfb28ed6ec24c	Behind all the ambiguities and omissions concerning the conceptual apparatus of psychoanalytic philosophy, there is its methodological, heuristic and content limitations, which ultimately does not allow us to understand the nature of the unconscious [32].
98351bb33ed30e27e4685fa85983b58597b3dcf4	If the psychoanalytic theory of knowledge is limited to the identification of unconscious drives, recognizing the limit beyond which a psychoanalyst who tries to comprehend the unconscious manifestations of a person cannot go further, does this not mean that Freud actually recognized the impossibility of revealing the nature of the unconscious mental by means of psychoanalysis?
cf7e53090e7e51799ba79e6b691d10a3a735378e	It was precisely to this conclusion that the founder of psychoanalysis was forced to come [32].
ba7e3777b286f7aae6517347be9568e73a6d9ed8	Let's summarize some results on the above material.
648167b1a9b96eb658bcc4c81e54db726a44952f	1. Freud deeply developed the concept of the unconscious and the conscious.
c9a3d64a91d54b44e26758c39c475343f9e4a577	He showed the presence of their complex structure, the hierarchy of components, the features of some mental processes, that is, Freud laid the foundation for a new systematic understanding of the organization of the human psyche.
0698c9c1761ba409a8568bf9424022548a5a8bb3	2. The applied use of psychoanalytic theory, in terms of correcting the state of neurotics, does not allow us to consider its provisions in full for building a model of the human psyche.
7b594f7fd049317cfe38835da9b71e48b45c1eb7	3. The identification of the psychic object of the Self and its representation in the conscious and unconscious, gives rise to far reaching conclusions about the architecture of the psyche.
1a51115b41a2606a4dd764523118fa513d7f1eb4	The analysis of this position is very important for building a model of the psyche.
8f00af55c937c4d4151c58534cb28aaf950b5625	4. Freud presents his theory in a systematic language that is convenient to interpret using symbolic formalism and based on this, as well as using some additional psychological and neurophysiological data [13,15,33,34,36] to develop an adequate model of the psyche, express it mathematically and implement it in the form of a program algorithm.
df37f4fca8635ef1c487985ea62c33932d2935ea	5. In view of the impossibility of cognition of the unconscious by means of psychoanalysis, it is necessary to use other, including creating new, scientific methodological and epistemological means.
cf0f4f9582aa3459781dc70dc1879082f82d628c	The greatest contribution to the development of the concept of the unconscious was made by Sigmund Freud [21] (hereinafter simply Freud).
23cacc885c205a231e5a2232706984ab24c35d85	However, unlike those philosophers who see the unconscious only theoretically as a concept that contributes to the elimination of logical connections between conscious processes and the deep structures of the psyche, Freud considers the unconscious as something really psychic, characterized by its own characteristics and having quite specific meaningful implications.
78fde16923213bfac8b366969c52391e2a62e6ed	What is the conscious and unconscious from the standpoint of Freudianism, psychoanalysis?
d048da7c0b5031cb6330a0797cef8248b37e5093	We interpret this idea of Freud and present it for this purpose in a symbolic form.
7c1e0b78eb8904b396dff45d96aaf0b7837cf09d	Turning to the phenomenology of the unconscious, Freud seeks to understand mecha the mechanism of the transition of mental acts from the sphere of the unconscious to the system of consciousness, to reveal the content of unconscious processes.
26a9263d57a26dd0f2d09e5eb67db634ccbe1634	© 2001-2013 Srinest.com.
b28fc22621f65bb36aa37c6570ec68526f5d38ae	The materials of this site can only be used with a link to this site
eef28d17d8c1d321bdba947ab80e1d6589fee82f	Paul Cezanne was born in Aix-en-Provence on January 19, 1839.
e80b863d314d7bdc17776c973de22f3d326b186c	He was the only son of an overbearing father and grew up in the quiet, shady Aix-en-Provence, the old provincial capital of Southern France, 15 miles inland from Marseille.
31c2871c331f363bf91a539f2b07036c3c5cc143	It is known that the ancestors of Cezanne in the XVII century emigrated to the south of France from the town of Cesana Turinese in the Italian Alps.
9b182921084675cc0f530941ebc31dd1c7904e9e	Among them were shoemakers, hairdressers, tailors.
e15eaa1a73d7e5aedde2a39bbfa80c4402e660e3	Paul's father, the self-confident and assertive Louis Auguste Cezanne went to Paris to study the hat craft.
7572154d7498ce684fd692535ec40f0755e7d7ef	After returning to Aix, he invested his savings in the wholesale and retail trade of hats, succeeded in this and eventually began to lend money to manufacturers of hat felt.
c43517bb55a502789ef5506a7d80f8ba498ed73a	Soon this "rude and greedy" man-so he was remembered by Cezanne's childhood friends - became the most successful moneylender in Aix.
5f738f9d04b28e136dde007ba37b0eef0298af53	At the age of forty, Louis Auguste took one of the girls who worked in his shop as a mistress - Anne Elizabeth Honorine Aubert.
f509c652a307b9591b5271a017b892ba4edda01b	He married her in 1844, when Paul was five, and the eldest of his two sisters was three years old.
5eac9ba5ca0afcaeb942620209f824be8bf84006	As a child, Cezanne had little idea of good painting, but in many other respects he received an excellent education.
db03aede9e635acbf9f5bffb5b3d56148300e58a	After graduating from high school, he attended St. Joseph's School, and then studied at the Bourbon College from the age of 13 to 19.
292cabaf643fb7509e4f1971f6c49e1c593918f7	His education fully corresponded to the tradition and social and religious requirements of the time.
05da6ffe50628c4245b695f2e48d4cc0a9c8652d	Cezanne studied well, if not brilliantly, and received many awards in mathematics,Latin and Greek.
cf69e8f2405c2fd5b437b360a2f9699bf7fc482a	Throughout his later life, he enthusiastically read classical authors, wrote Latin and French poems, and until his last days was able to quote from memory entire pages from Apuleius, Virgil and Lucretius.
16e0cfdf513cc7f5f1bea96764b77f4992f71df8	From an early age, Cezanne was drawn to art.
6e202ed973863637c7459323a8e4dae76571366b	Drawing was a compulsory subject both at St. Joseph's School and at the Bourbon College, and from the age of 15 he began to attend the free Academy of drawing.
189902c4fd9d6b96269c4593f9749379c8b6e505	However, Cezanne never received the annual prize for drawing at the college - in 1857, the best friend of the young Paul, Emile Zola, was awarded it.
bf33757bc93db1fcfd3dc7f961e4b53748232f9f	Cezanne and Zola were also drawn together by their passion for literature.
2f2854b9312f3d1805bfda5fa7f47a8d738cdf3d	In particular, they admired the romanticism of Victor Hugo, Alphonse Lamartine, Alfred Musset.
d3439c3e3c643a42a8e2bc18e05b450ec2080b9c	They talked a lot about the future, instilling in each other the determination to devote their lives to art, both saw themselves as poets.
9a7f386b94897d5d4e61ce50947f6828dc2257f9	In 1858, Cezanne passed the bachelor's exams at the University of Aix, having entered the law school operating at the university.
1943ec18c5a6758594ff521279d5eb89368069f5	Completely devoid of interest in law, young Paul was forced to do this at the insistence of his domineering parent.
3854f65466c1e36a8bd8b6e7662fe0228a6ce6bd	For two years he "suffered" in this school, and during this time he firmly formed a decision to devote himself to painting.
d18d627394b1d5902e303cc8db9b4ddc53de8e95	The son and the father managed to reach a compromise – Louis Auguste equipped his son with a workshop where, in between law practice, he could devote time to studying artistic skills under the guidance of a local artist, Joseph Gibert.
ed551081cbe61c40402cf51294fa636faa76e183	In 1861, his father still let his son go to Paris for real painting training.
03eee2ceec15fc5d0475763ad9c8004a736309a2	Visiting the Atelier Suisse, the impressionable Paul Cezanne, under the influence of local artists, quickly moved away from the academic manner and began to search for his own style.
3feeb986454bc454475bc2cdc123251f952120aa	After returning briefly to Aix, Paul then followed his friend Zola back to the capital.
7270a0312830095a3f7a0ac1089aa8f317184b35	He is trying to enter the Ecole de Bozard, but the examiners considered the papers presented by him as too "violent", which, however, was not so far from reality.
e14da8aa787bd3889126f57a5ddf71996d35834c	However, 23 years is an age full of hope, and Cezanne, not too upset, continued to write.
807284b133551fb110e1ced07d3358ab2fb0b321	Every year he presented his creations in the Salon.
ace943812a435452bbd7958c598451eb24bbce9a	But the demanding jury rejected all the artist's paintings.
104cc53fbfddcc4d549932a92f04e68214fe656a	The injured pride forced Cezanne to plunge deeper into the work, gradually developing his own manner.
dcb39ca5b8ff60484b2378ecb139c54400f9ade6	Some recognition, along with other Impressionists, came to Cezanne in the mid-70s.
d99ce88f0db2ba859c2c8aad46fbe0691eff747b	Several rich bourgeois acquired several of his works.
6b9592de714230947e2aab40beea3fb95b0730db	Cezanne, his wife and son Paul constantly moved from place to place, until finally, in 1885, Ambroise Vollard organized a personal exhibition of the artist.
d5c1814e5a710911dd909c87fec99740ecb58791	But the debts associated with the death of his mother force the artist to sell the family estate.
478b7843c983b2c2caa8f79540426422a2772ecf	At the turn of the century, he opened his own studio, continuing to work tirelessly at the same time, until on October 22, 1906, pneumonia interrupted his difficult and fruitful life path.
78111a32fb82bdf128a26ed4383df80ffd5be0c2	Having become close to Camille Pissarro, Edouard Manet, Claude Monet at an early age, Cezanne participated in Impressionist exhibitions in 1874 and 1877, but already during this period his own painting system was being formed.
29bc768d6a80d1d84f096fee64614a7f2882cc78	Fundamentally diverging from this time with the method of impressionism, Paul Cezanne was interested not in the dynamics of the light-air environment and the variability of color in the atmosphere, but in the stable patterns of color combinations and forms, the materiality of the objective and natural worlds (“The Hanged Man's House in Auvers”, 1872-1873, Musee d'Orsay, Paris).
81561fc7ad4021e0960740f344e4ee2bf0e69365	Persistently comprehending these laws, Cezanne spent a long time developing the same motif in search of the structural constructiveness of natural forms (numerous images of Mount Saint Victoire, including in the Kortold Institute, London, 1887; in the Hermitage, St. Petersburg, around 1900; and in other collections).
1a2797d10ff5773d0489867c7aaf1c463461734c	Cezanne's artistic heritage consists of more than 800 oil paintings, not counting watercolors and other works.
836346ba08b6eb6d6fc20a604f62641b77742334	No one can count the number of works destroyed as imperfect by the artist himself over the years of his long creative path.
20830177fff11bc0d40514cd57d9d827f9fb6096	In the Paris Autumn Salon of 1904, an entire hall was set aside for the demonstration of Cezanne's paintings.
7ef54fb754ca360b47b4670d81d6ed31228132b6	This exhibition was the first real success, moreover, the triumph of the artist.
1ef8f05175ec93e4da196cf0a908bc6a7d20b2e9	Cezanne's works bear the imprint of the artist's inner life.
4b35d27428493148b9c8b7b23043c35c0b25b215	They are filled with the internal energy of attraction and repulsion.
4d8b594bb1fd3d8047f848feb02411c3987b5cc1	Contradictions were originally inherent in both the artist's mental world and his artistic aspirations.
b2c04dfb68b77e26aaf35a5e5f402b56de94546b	The southern temperament was combined in Cezanne's everyday life with seclusion and asceticism, piety - with attempts to free himself from the religious traditions that bound the temperament.
2b1972a2dc67ca05079833e62be07d5c4c425b0a	Confident in his genius, Cezanne was nevertheless forever obsessed with the fear that he would not find the exact means of expressing what he saw and wanted to express in the picture by means of painting.
b5b71e3e08ef94b3692d21821bb0e2c2eaef0cc5	He was always talking about the inability to" realize " his own vision, he always doubted that he could do it, and each new picture became both a refutation and a confirmation of this.
d0e56f6e26ce267ea483dd4df6c706527fb5bee5	Cezanne, obviously, was characterized by many fears and phobias, and his unstable character found refuge and salvation in the work of a painter.
768ba75f3a6d9fb28c25f56428cae472d1f27103	Perhaps this circumstance was the main reason for Cezanne's fanatical work on his paintings.
f0363b8b64a8bd471393009d72a6d68cd9455c88	Suspicious and unsociable, Cezanne became a whole and strong person in his work.
e3aeb6472987dd0562db595e9813b0ef91dc16c5	Creativity cured him the more strongly from his own insurmountable spiritual contradictions, the more intense and constant it was.
2f5d01b75164678eac7453e952174440433c9c68	In mature years, the feeling of one's own psychological contradictions and the inconsistency of the surrounding world was gradually replaced in Cezanne's work by a feeling not so much of inconsistency as of the mysterious complexity of the world.
3528108e67566885b4c1c7ad3e9b36b4ab92450e	Contradictions have receded into the background, and the understanding of the conciseness of the language of being itself has come to the fore.
f8030521c14cb2b5dfa3e49fbf17ef2a925511f1	But if this language is concise, there is a chance to express it in a certain number of basic signs or forms.
cb0641e589cc5e0b9bdb9e675e3eb57fe134bd9c	It was at this stage that the best, most profound and meaningful works of Cezanne appeared.
df9cb2db5fb72679b3cf81d794ab47299361c594	Cezanne's early works are characterized by temperament, gloomy scenes and signs of the absence of a professional school.
2c96982f3bc65c1df74eb9eb7de78c8f178b88fe	According to the plots, they can be attributed to romanticism, but the choice of plots is definitely associated with serious mental problems of the author[the source is not specified 318 days].
82b2098762fcf8fba6b908a3edd356a46b34d6a5	All this, taken together: both the subjects of the works, and the frankly weak school of drawing and painting, predetermined the impossibility of both exhibiting and selling these works.
a5b8acd9b6116caab1065ce2ca303a401e82fa84	But it is interesting to note which artists influenced Cezanne during this period. These are Paolo Veronese, Tintoretto, Eugene Delacroix and Honore Daumier.
00da5581dc77fa6e00159f9842517e71218cd8f5	These painters are united by the temperamental style, which was attractive for the young Cezanne, who was distinguished by sharp changes of mood and obvious signs of complex and highly dramatic emotional experiences.
b0abc5b0dccf9561bd5df49820fe1a293916fb49	Pizarro's influence was reflected in the fact that landscapes took a key place in Cezanne's work.
ba005955cc4a20efaf44c018729e3ecccab3bbdb	It is difficult to say at the same time that Cezanne would not have come to this without Pizarro.
22ba14e031e56a52618f30808abdb0c060fd260b	Most likely, he would have come, but perhaps much later and not so decisively.
0b986d7d60f731232298f061ceec3765cd9c2c25	In the landscapes of Pizarro Cezanne, the author's ability to organize space attracted him.
c310a2d81c4e22464c7ce9ac1045ebd52693d456	This trait turned out to be related to the inner aspirations of Cezanne himself.
563dfa6dfb0b3065a98de1bbb41129a51fdf2775	But the influence of Pizarro did not lead to the appearance in Cezanne's painting of the sphere of the main interests of the Impressionists: light and the air environment.
fcb970d7860aa3832c2ad084747d53078312e6aa	Cezanne went his own, special way, dictated by his personal characteristics.
905f8fb2dee5ba16c90f52d0889e6dac89600238	He was interested not in the variability, but in the stability of combinations of colors and shapes in nature.
6c3df51f35e09f372b35c3c1f5808e6ff565884c	If the Impressionists were looking for countless options for changes, and the temporary, instantaneous took a leading place in their works, Cezanne was looking for the eternal, something that does not obey time, and always remains the same.
2497b01cd7521089f6b9cebae0bd4b285aa3a0d8	Characteristic in this sense is the fundamental difference between Cezanne's landscapes and Pizarro's landscapes.
028bcca11ea771e7b7a3b493ba59f2838042dea2	Cezanne is not at all interested in different space plans.
44ee1bef24b7c78fba275b9e556daeb0c86b62a5	He pulls all the plans into a single pictorial field, trying to express not the multiplicity of space, but its wholeness and uniqueness.
667f918a86e151d7aca8810c01388d0780e9880e	Individual perspectives in Cezanne's landscapes seem to flow into each other.
20db82fc0c299901adbcd3668b55d23839f15223	Cezanne often uses an inverse and spherical perspective to look into space from the outside, from somewhere from another dimension.
2a11cf68f5b7ad9256173f281fcd15040b4d451d	There are almost no absolutely straight lines in Cezanne's landscapes: they then bend, then have a slope.
3d80b3ff3d6f19f78bd71a109e580cb61f581cbf	In the early 1870s Cezanne gets closer to Marie Hortense Fike, soon a son Paul is born (these are the future models of the artist).
8e1381f49f3d3234583dd95c1ba318da72bb7053	The family lives in Pontoise and Auvers near the Oise River, where, in addition to Argenteuil, another "small capital of impressionism" is being formed; Pissarro and Guillaumin work here.
d1d18f37624526c88f7e3500e3a1fe9aded627c6	Under the influence of Pissarro, the artist begins to write sketches in the open air, masters the technique of fine brushstroke.
98b7b92c0428be956daa8d5014c0b1ba17c90310	The most impressionistic painting of this period is "The Hanged Man's House" (1873, Musee d'Orsay, Paris).
4daac8082f7962c41110ab168ca2966e5965e340	Pissarro's lessons were also important because he paid great attention to the spatial organization of the landscape.
516acaa6bf1e8bfb0119e9e7286975f062c64306	Cezanne wanted to construct the world, to convey its stable, enduring features; he was not interested in the dynamics of the environment and the variability of color in the atmosphere.
24d11b3af54dcc81514bf40a5d6dc52ccc625544	He called his creative principle, developed by him in the 2nd half of the 1870s, "embodiment", realization.
4f490bd4c6af7ca56550eeb042e0a0f4d8ea3a47	Spatial plans are of little interest to Cezanne, he pulls the entire image into a single picturesque field, so that individual perspective zones seem to flow into each other, merge.
759a8c612eba2cfb448c62fafb10732945c9558e	Sometimes he uses techniques of reverse and spherical perspective.
eb143f851420261a3509975c0c7ef7525fead37f	Absolutely straight lines are rare in his paintings: they sometimes bend, then they are inclined.
ecaa9610d40ebe7965e0a98f11206d4d4e1db225	Becoming more and more interested in watercolor painting, he transfers its individual techniques into the technique of oil painting, writes on white, specially unpainted canvases, the colorful layer becomes more and more lightweight, as if glowing from the inside.
365bdd19f6e661bd0b52fc1367893a5c2c5cf76b	Cezanne's paints are gradations (according to him, modulations) of the three main colors (green, blue and ochre) and, of course, white.
1c89bd7811920506370a36e3e43c33e83c8eb686	From the "Self-portrait in a cap" (ca. 1874, the Hermitage) with its somewhat "wildness" and "Japanization" of the image of the eyes, he proceeds to create generalized images ("Self-Portrait", ca.1880, private collection, Winterthur).
804effaa916f89484358e9cd31fcfb604ec9ad41	In the still life "Vase with fruit" (1878, private collection, Paris), the viewer sees the vase as if in profile and at the same time somewhat from above.
836d9ba6c52e299b8e2e40978c1fa1cb1608582a	Combining different points of view on an object when depicting it is a favorite technique of Cezanne.
225729075dbfaf5e8a6d17adb4c897a16d484aad	Unlike the impressionists, who liked to depict walks and picnics in nature, Cezanne never sees people in the landscapes; his numerous landscapes, executed in Pontoise, are deserted; moreover, life does not seem to be implied in the yellow ochre crystals of the houses; these are some sarcophagi of the spirit among the lush southern vegetation.
6e85a0273070666d98cf3aa5545f7a76cbfdc4fb	Nature acts by itself as a powerful and full of hidden energy force.
dfab1b384f97de7aa079cc669b19982044ce461b	It is characteristic that at this time Cezanne began to be interested in geology.
2e0aa11a43147d56b2c822885f6f65518fdeba59	A frequent motif of his landscapes has been since the 1880s Mount Saint Victoire, visible from the windows and from the terrace of his studio in the suburbs of Aix, where the artist lived until the end of his life, receiving the nickname "the hermit of Aix".
75e7dc3c33e4c9f391820c22872392c07a3aa774	At the turn of 1880-90. Cezanne is increasingly interested in the so-called figure genres.
02f0dbeb54951ba67e52d255a46364a599176276	The composition "Pierrot and Harlequin" (1888, the Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow) is dedicated to the "Mardi Gras" holiday — the last day of the carnival before Lent.
f54853b66d3789828b29cc48eda55abac77fbd16	Five versions of the composition "Card Players" (1890-92, possibly 1890-96) are inspired by a painting by Caravaggio on the same theme from a local museum.
3b7b9643ef5752092917a159bad24d35bd7712e3	In the middle of 1890. Cezanne begins to work on portraits ("Portrait of A. Vollard", 1899, Petit Palais, Paris; "Portrait of G. Geffroy", 1895, Musee d'Orsay, Paris), which required numerous sessions (sometimes up to a hundred) and still remained unfinished.
70d5753f5f5238dccf73a34356f16dab62149cde	Many canvases of the late Cezanne remained unfinished, including his final composition "The Big Bathers" (1898-1905, the Museum of Art, Philadelphia), designed to complete a large cycle and rhythmically strictly verified.
ae254c4b0ee7ea9d9c65ebb221d6f9671ffcff38	Cezanne painted his nudes by imagination, his figures are often deformed, expressive, put in far-fetched poses and groups.
3b67c3daaad0b830d107bcbb02129bd83a27fe03	Fame comes to Cezanne at the end of his life.
c9f105bcb79a54287b90057802885de03e619ec8	A pilgrimage of artists, collectors and critics begins in Aix.
d85e0b61b26d3f981fc718b1d04db55faf96e701	The influence of his art affected the work of P. Gauguin and the artists of the Nabi group, the Fauvists and Cubists, the Russian "Cezannists" from the Jack of Diamonds.
c528c56a2948870bbdc6c51dad475df287866486	Paul Cezanne is a name well known to anyone who is at least a little interested in painting.
f8abb472b6ad650de3885b30ba015416b3a12174	The French art of the last century and the creative path of many European artists of the beginning of this century are divided by an invisible line into two stages "before Cezanne" and "after".
8cbaf177efb822ff6cddacf6e8f5240f2bb4925f	Acquaintance with the artistic discoveries of this master, who spent most of his life in his hometown in the south of France - Aix, was a turning point in the development of many painters.
d645336fbd0a44e1833b3b8befe3cdb89d556110	What is the essence of the renewal that Cezanne brought to art?
f350112492f814a70618872a01d273248c14c187	His words about the laws of landscape construction have already become a textbook: "Treat nature by means of a cylinder, a ball, a cone - and everything is in perspective reduction, that is, each side of the object, the plan should be directed to a central point.
3cd3b53c2388ce5c7608cc3359f8b0e5d4c97ef4	Lines parallel to the horizon convey the length…
1c7498406970d4a25b55e7a6ebe4c18fef4c1edc	Lines perpendicular to this horizon give depth.
1dc1386725c447c3c4eb27e40469a63ae29436d5	And since in nature we humans perceive more depth than the surface, it is necessary to introduce a sufficient amount of blue into the vibrations of light transmitted by red and yellow tones to feel the air."
153e53eec1551d660298ea0d752f1ccce76202dd	But Cezanne was not strong with theoretical statements.
694e810e80f44ad940b1d987a7c5736c8c2b085d	His contribution to art is landscapes, still lifes, several subject paintings and portraits.
681d26c664e1dfc0ef91530175d15113cfe0e663	By age, the artist was a contemporary of the Impressionists.
eb1fcaed626ab9d8f744913ec0e51c8228e75d69	However, his work represented the next stage in the evolution of artistic vision.
6f1d2c8ee59c060b987cde038e8e87f474b94b2d	As if arguing with the Impressionists, from whom he learned a lot, Cezanne said that he wanted to create paintings for museums - that is, to convey the unshakable, eternal appearance of nature in contrast to Monet and Pissarro, who sought to capture the changing features of nature.
577bf6027e5d50a0d323a3060d9315ccccd572f8	His statement about the main forms and lines was justified by the desire to create a solid constructive basis in each picture.
32ee9c01a67a45187afc206bb5e60a3c9e27a074	Views of the south of France - a large series of landscapes with Mount Saint Victoire and other works, as well as still lifes, where the image of apples, a jug, drapery or several other ordinary things varied, were important because a special spatial system was created in each picture, different in its laws from the simple rules of direct perspective that have triumphed in painting since the days of Brunelleschi and Piero della Francesca.
05092c8fc2afd62bbe8a61d4acd3d04a6075e9c3	In one picture, Cezanne could combine several points of view on the subject, techniques of direct and reverse perspective.
26eda8d75ae08cbe161ce1c488aa1ff345115cef	These innovations asserted the right of the artist to create a special artistic world of a work inspired by nature, but by no means reproducing its appearance as a direct reflection.
94a4d736a484730fbd96a404ce24dacabece13e6	Cezanne worshipped nature, he affirmed its greatness and beauty.
398266749e43f3173249d19eda4fcedcd2dc57d6	But he dared to violate the laws of landscape construction that have developed since the time of Poussin.
7c4299540bc3399cc30410b97d74e325b407f7f2	At first, this brought him the fate of an outcast, later-the worldwide fame of the founder of a new art.
4795d77c3d7c8dd899203c61341dd9026e49fae0	Of course, Cezanne did not come to his discoveries in painting immediately.
bf83e51f2f178f47807920219f1cd871877e8eb6	He studied at the college in Aix, where he studied both ancient languages and ancient literature.
d312164a93c69f62bf6e3550d7bfc345839d1767	Living in Aix, you could feel the spirit of the cultural tradition of the Mediterranean - the cradle of European civilization.
c9234aa74e89d555a5e4f1ec03c121c8b2cf5792	At the turn of the 1880-1890 years, Cezanne is increasingly interested in the so-called figure genres.
8610a0cef2c6a3e9cb2ef3fe53fffabcc93dfcec	In 1890, Cezanne exhibited three paintings at the Brussels exhibition "Group of Twenty".
88f5b39e2d94bf39fb72ab28cf6b6b2d56e8e49c	In the summer, he spends five months with his family in Switzerland.
e8ad83c259c3092aacdb0a3661bfba00fa831b41	The 1900s were marked by the appearance of the so-called spontaneous painting in his work: the composition of the picture is not thought out in advance, it appears as if by itself in the process of work.
510bd11c699122dd4e254672f78729f1894a6def	The artist's courageously harsh palette begins to acquire lyrical shades.
477e3839a61a43677951b0752d687435bfc35aee	The influence of his art affected the work of Paul Gauguin and the artists of the Nabi group, the Fauvists and Cubists, the Russian "Cezannists" from the Jack of Diamonds.
15dc997f4799c1119a7d806a09a438c1ed78a959	Cezanne was sometimes considered as an "artist for artists” and a representative of "pure painting", sometimes, on the contrary, as the creator of a kind of philosophical concept of the world and art.
273d62869f87fc152941b309c10715d82e53132c	In 1897, Cezanne spends most of his time in Aix, and in October the artist's mother dies.
62a2625df3d1ee7f5f0188b739a7c2a385391c07	The National Gallery in Berlin buys a Cezanne painting, the first work of the artist gets into the museum.
8cd4c8cb3cabafd11423aad2d243a099ed510522	In 1902, Zola died, and in 1903, Pissaro died.
f72d5712db346b525b32b189999bc57304436c0c	When the Zola collection is sold at auction, the prices for Cezanne paintings reach an average of 1,500 francs.
d6682f8893934f86dcdb30c32727b6b368ccfff8	In 1906, Cezanne took part in the Autumn Salon.
49ca19f28631867efe19772dac368019a207c69a	On October 15, 1906, while working in the open air, Cezanne was caught by a strong thunderstorm, and for a long time he was moking in the cold rain until a cart picked him up and brought him home completely exhausted.
bdb54a8a382f2e211aef379a847d8fa3eb1ecf07	Cezanne died on October 22, 1906 in the early morning from pneumonia.
fb4ca2252848cb118fc620bad306b703f411b74f	The artist is buried in Aix at the Saint Pierre cemetery.
253bbbac4a142db5411c533b361e7d72f9d79fb0	“My age and my health will not allow me to fulfill the dream that I have been striving for all my life.
a812177eeafed46e01af6c25b91a4a698dd9fadb	But I will always be grateful to those intelligent art lovers who, despite my hesitation, understood what I was trying to achieve in order to update my art.
290d450fb083f7360443427162e7f524b416599b	I believe that you do not replace the past with your art, but only add a new link to it.”
cc6531a6ab5ad822d9ee8cba87351c92b2e041c9	Maybe from 3.88 million (+257 days) diaries
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27d638653a5583fdb875197f766776e14b8f8ce2	Created: 20.04.2011
1b078174f379257135dbc716999b96e1a6958353	Written: 46892
93dc820e27a88ae3af60e17a7fa84e33245b1b9a	French artist Paul Cezanne (1839-1906)
1528b5ba781dee82b3182aa138d358e5f7e3e0ef	Sunday, January 19, 2014 18: 36
6be67fe1f654da5ae805050ef97c855f9b71a464	"I am attracted to the boundless fantasies of nature... nature reveals itself to me gradually, I move very slowly - I should improve endlessly"
18c25fcc74083ab6e7c81eb1972ed9cbd55925f0	Paul Cezanne
73944628e2141adce4c6ae4d327ea7e11c24d750	Paul Cezanne was born in Aix en Provence on January 19, 1839.
e56e4e2f9d6a4c90da11d5a60a6853434c3587bf	He was the only son of an overbearing father and grew up in the quiet, shady Aix en Provence, the old provincial capital of Southern France, 15 miles inland from Marseille.
d1fa49d61f2078c2265b942c0d2d6bb72f0b11db	Paul's father, the self confident and assertive Louis Auguste Cezanne went to Paris to study the hat craft.
613c2271a9ae90f00c0a7d918fcb949b402fe2c8	Soon this "rude and greedy" man so he was remembered by Cezanne's childhood friends - became the most successful moneylender in Aix.
4a0033bf686236d084c6e690b1f543705c1174b7	From an early age, Cezanne was drawn to art. Drawing was a compulsory subject both at St. Joseph's School and at the Bourbon College, and from the age of 15 he began to attend the free Academy of drawing.
ec6319708bc561d808a05c7f77416ab5ca48d8b9	The friendship of Zola and Cezanne was important for both of them.
94c3d4c62957696acd2dca54c629fa6367ab5c0b	Largely influenced by Zola, Cezanne chose the path of the artist.
46c9803bd2b392eb5829a137f1e3b79e43ff5490	In turn, Cezanne's reflections on painting determined Zola's tastes in the field of fine art. Together with Cezanne's mother, his sister Marie and later his son Paul, Zola became a constant, although not always trustworthy, adviser and support of the artist in all practical matters.
8299f9c8d6334e86e34c8a5130cc582289f298aa	Perhaps the most valuable information about the artist's youth can be extracted from Zola's notes to the novel "Creativity" written much later, the prototype of the main character of which was Cezanne.
35ffce82cc0e83cab700c07f4e3bdbf848ac6991	In 1886, Cezanne married Maria Hortense Fike.
1959b00f7ee540b6573e3f2dbc753717dfd9dd36	Three years later, they had a son, named Paul.
eec9838c9e11b1be50ff959ad36b6819535b8c58	Emotional ties allowed us to maintain this strange union for forty years.
ac677140317b46c94ebef9c2df5b3422ac1225e9	Rebellious peers of Cezanne defended new methods - work on the "plein air".
01db048197fc75ba664d905d049e906e472284fb	The artist Eugene Boudin began to paint in nature in the 1850s, but even in the mid 60s, when Pissarro and Monet began to work in this way, it seemed a bold innovation.
c1971bbc70ef2a046d543617f4709ed773573b5a	"I remember," Pissarro wrote many years later, " that although I was full of zeal, even at the age of about forty I did not have the slightest idea of the deep content of the movement that we unconsciously followed.
57dfadc7f9338b4e2705dbad112408ce3f068611	It was in the air."
5133f1da87da80300efe14d78c0344f03f6bf410	When the Impressionists took their easels out into nature, they also took palettes full of bright, pure colors that gave the landscapes a radiant shimmer.
b523b95cf8815c4be3c11943f44492a093a3eaaf	Using unmixed dyes, which were superimposed with short strong strokes, the impressionists conveyed the multicolored color and light shades of nature.
0f292c418827d2c0cb39a2f7f3b60cc3c4e3327a	This technique, called "color refraction techniques", led to a displacement of outlines, so that objects seemed to be partially blurred.
9125414862d269d48ba7a5f883a2237ef94a92d3	Camille Pissarro was the only one in whom Cezanne, mastering landscape painting, saw a reliable mentor.
8ce99f3bef0704c3ad46287f6d015990c9aa9e69	Pissarro was not only nine years older and much more experienced, but obviously had the qualities of a born teacher and a remarkably subtle, benevolent critic.
d07e08275072766e8c303091188f3ed263867598	Pissarro was perhaps the only one who had the benevolence and endurance to put up with the obnoxious temper of this man.
c404240ff24584eb4d07abac6fc2a0ceb29460a4	Therefore, when Pissarro offered Cezanne his hospitality, as well as assistance in his work, Cezanne gratefully responded and, taking Hortense with the child, settled with Pissarro in Pontoise, located in the green valley of the Oise River.
f23136e9d24aecc3af5977b315ac1a26578c67d0	The result of Cezanne's stay in Auvers and Pontoise was that the landscape and still life began to attract him more than fictional subjects.
5366ac2464f78e3df29ee4be2a856f2eb2547995	The landscape cut through by the roadbed.
178e57367b6d8acc4bd146060855534508f1c5a2	1869-1871
6fdf5827274046531c7a401aa4a0192e5c810ffa	Cezanne developed his own system of uniform rectangular strokes that descend diagonally across the canvas (usually from the upper right corner to the lower left) and cover the entire canvas.
466c9718e702ac2663bf436e3f8737baa4af27a4	From time to time, he changed the direction of the brushstroke not only in different works, but also in different parts of the same picture, but always strictly ensured that the strokes kept the same shape inside each section and lay down in a strictly parallel direction.
738e8f64215b265acf5bae2cc8c094666ddb97ff	This length of brushstrokes gives Cezanne's painting a resemblance to a woven or even carpet surface and a sense of rhythmic movement ("The Castle in Medan").
dc1676fd38a0807ae93388f5163c4b71c221013d	Together with Pissarro, Cezanne worked intermittently during the years 1872-1874.
02c03cee54bf77168b3b5d9b55e7c64769e116d7	His desire to study did not decrease, and his ability to work seemed inexhaustible.
93dafd20778f7af3998077e0a35e0d1a5380c2a5	In Pontoise and Auvers, he worked in oils, watercolors, pastels, drew, copied Pissarro's paintings to better understand the technical and color techniques of an older colleague, and even engaged in engraving.
0a93b03f92f9f54057fa7ae8474d85874db2ec33	Pissarro recognized the originality of Cezanne's talent.
1174173e75458ee33fbe40e636044ba0d92d41d7	He claimed that Cezanne has a unique vision.
d377209309a40edc646f37d9923177d1e405b043	Speaking about their creative relationship, Pissarro recalled: "We were always together, but everyone protected the only thing that really matters - their own feelings."
2eab13a3bad4be4a1c28a9a8d05de571a952fbf4	In 1873, Pissarro brought Cezanne together with a Parisian art dealer Julien Tanguy, who had an excellent artistic flair.
77a8b93bfbd6e36c3dadbcd55469a1aa9fbf8331	Tangi accepted works from artists whom he considered promising in exchange for canvases and tubes of paint.
af5a54ca4031b5b5338660b58af8a792fe660219	Thus, he acquired many paintings by Pissarro, Cezanne, Guillaumin, Sisley, Van Gogh, Gauguin, Signac, Seurat.
e0a6a81b5be9e915f777e722f98ef29aca8ce06c	Another patron was Victor Choquet, a Parisian customs official and collector of paintings and antiques.
2437d2be25c066cef480950e398e91c0b05699e1	He was not rich, but he had a flair that allowed him to collect a first class collection of contemporary artists, including works by Manet, Renoir, Monet and Pissarro.
91b4604e912a034b8801a6acdbc0036e371f93cf	When he first saw Cezanne's paintings in the Tangi store, he immediately purchased the "Bathers"; by the time of his death in 1900, he owned more than thirty works by Cezanne.
905df4284ac25a918f66a299c0ca94099471f960	Cezanne achieved some success only at the Salon of 1882.
c21994b788e2e693b846094e1de00ac336cff0a1	The artist Antoine Guillemet became a member of the official jury and received the right to present the work of one of his students.
8560ea4f97ce1d4e16f99f8c2fae13fba4b97dee	In this capacity, he exhibited a painting by Cezanne, known as "Portrait of Mr. L.
4dcf898b8ca42b44758e364e0bfc33045578b559	A.". This work has since disappeared.
3ae368a0e22a75ae2db71eadcfa12266953f7729	View of Auvers sur Oise.
5ce4ece71ea2fa7416a7ea0502709f0a69965919	From the late 70s to the early 90s, Cezanne rushed from one place to another with the indefatigable perseverance of a fugitive.
b086ea55e0558bcc1e058080d208e98488fb4969	Thus, we find him living in Estac, Gardanne and Aix in the south, in Pontoise, Auvers, Chantilly, Fontainebleau, Issa, Melun, Medan, Laroche, Guyon, Villen, Vernon around Paris and in half a dozen apartments in the city itself.
95c7bdb904707d1e06c3318777857cacfd93ce3b	Cezanne rarely stayed in one place for at least a year, but he returned to some of them several times.
f69a0d50a9d1505a9b52fd13ea2609630f2bda63	In his self imposed exile, Paul Cezanne turned into a great artist.
66b1f36e4f4c4ae40b1936a1727aff7a063e37a9	We can judge this transformation by his canvases, but we have only fragmentary information about him during this period.
c01878db99901fdfd1faad3a934f761d98e64cc9	Only Renoir, Monet and Pissarro report what happened to him - only they saw Cezanne from time to time.
73fd00ad36b98bdf2aa784dce0f57eb43ae6849b	Having dissimilar characters, Pissarro is extremely patient and complacent, Monet is extremely energetic, Renoir is generous and cheerful - all of them appreciated the artistic significance of Cezanne and put up with the peculiarities of his nature.
b41410c237a72722eb2d9ee7d081c2044ea64ecb	For 30 years, all three remained Cezanne's friends and supported him.
48390cfc59da22a1b26dd29a9ec3ef9239b73b29	Cezanne spent most of his time in Provence.
19ed2b1d1dcb349919adcb5d2141a3269e545960	From the end of 1882 until the summer of 1885, he reluctantly left these places, working either in Aix, where he lived in his parents ' house, or in an Overpass, where Hortense and little Paul lived "in a house with a garden just behind the station".
7499d13c88f87db75b7b333f0b2c081c4fc8e0e0	Still life with a bottle and a basket of apples
0111b169ea2951533823f2136ff29156e0260ca9	By this time, Cezanne began to focus more and more on still life.
0c24ebb040a56cf4840cceb82c4d6395674a53a3	If Manet was the first who fueled Cezanne's interest in still life, then the artist who most influenced him in this sense in his mature years was Jean Baptiste Chardin.
f68c6363335afc110b408508ebb7d0c87966afcc	The weight of the volumes, the unity of the individual parts of the picture in Chardin as a whole inspired Cezanne with a new understanding of the possibilities of still life.
5e3c615c490c45a6b8fcca77117cab9cdf17b857	The things that the artist used in his still lifes were neither diverse nor luxurious.
f693f6a50b5b87a1160b4e461d25f54c557f7f52	Jewelry, Chinese trinkets, fine silk did not appeal to him.
6641d470b34effcddfb440eb713fe1fc866032ca	He wrote apples over and over again.
eb9898bceb3b83de588e55ccf87b86cc3e0b3793	He liked peaches, pears, oranges, lemons and onions.
45819605685181b1c4f5dcd066fbc4987322de4a	Next to them, he placed single objects: teapots, jugs, bottles, dishes, glasses, plates.
131130e0c3af032c2e97fcc8f8847fe10dd13a59	These are the main characters of Cezanne's compositions.
979277bef81a08f4c713ddec8c768dcdba4475a3	Cezanne painted still lifes throughout his creative life, he was equally fascinated by still life, landscape, depiction of human figures and portraiture, but he paid special attention to still life in the period from 1883 to 1895, when he created 59 paintings of this genre.
2281d4533da8c597b95615d525de289f533242f9	Rilke noted that still lifes excite him because Cezanne "made them express the universe" - made them the center of harmony and contradictions of the real world.
0e4e322001c61b265cf269cbdcc15a41a9441af5	The admiration for still lifes and other paintings by Cezanne prompted Gauguin to the famous description "Looking at Cezanne".
b48fb45e307250e1e3e3b03ccd9a5564397e7208	In a letter to a friend of the artist from 1885, Gauguin exclaimed: "This incomprehensible man, with an essentially mystical and oriental nature (he looks like an old Levantine).
6ffc40931a4bda76578d0c1fe2e8fa2322f59e0c	Its forms are mysterious and oppressively calm, like a person immersed in a dream, its color is full of oriental importance.
49bf466f8d5c9e87c5ddacd83fb0f7be5152516c	He is a man of the noonday and spends whole days on the mountaintop, reading Virgil and contemplating the heavens; his horizons are wide, his blue is unusually intense, red is excitingly mobile."
af46477f532da0a12438a7b32767e4b3c7507e15	Spending weeks, and often months, working on his still lifes, Cezanne created about 200 paintings of this genre.
5bf4e96df87b44441268f82eeeb3916ce257a4e8	Mainly under the influence of Cezanne and to a lesser extent Manet, French art, gradually abandoning landscape, the main genre of the XIX century, turned to still life.
a4f3bac8d68988fcb3e7fe264e660fb47c18fbd0	Having overcome the status of second rate, the genre of still life after Cezanne became a full fledged expression of the artistic vision of many of the greatest masters of the XX century.
f5445f1cd005b06e2a0cd922da892e120a76fc2f	Along with landscapes and still lifes, Cezanne also created portraits, the first of which was a portrait of his father, painted in the early 60s.
02a620239e043d8cdb5b5764e4846ff7dc3f9e2e	Most of the portraits created by Cezanne have a distinctive common property: he cared so little about the resemblance to the original that his portraits seem to be portraits at all.
ff2aa1cd62b075e2e7f79de09bd778e1b1f35a41	Often the heroes of the portraits were his wife Hortense, whom he painted more than forty times, and himself.
6032b67a1d5685215ab4f1db40e84d6d40544df8	More than 35 of his self portraits have been preserved.
f537f5c3b0905c698741f2332e2e1ce8bc1ab0ec	Cezanne also expressed interest in the human figure in the creation of group portraits.
286d1f29b989caf2a8f6fafdbc1f1cab31c71932	In the late period of his work, he was carried away by the idea of combining two major painting genres, including human figures in the landscape, and brilliantly implemented it in "Big Bathers".
4b0f184325e951bb54dcafef64028c04b376c32f	In the 1880s and 90s, Cezanne was really interested in the landscapes of Provence.
19c3d61165146a419bc4e9df10c9431d8068513c	The interest was such that he created 300 picturesque landscapes, and half of them were made between 1883 and 1895.
9484476806f6293efaa0887f2fa9ef7ecd78359b	The natural ratio of the forms of the heavy, sun scorched land of Provence and the transparency of the local light reminded Cezanne of his ideas about Italy and Greece, and Provence was associated with these countries as one of the " great classical landscapes".
458ab1150f7c3aed8948cefcfbc4e0a6fd098300	During his life, Cezanne painted a huge number of views of Provence.
f2c37a2ea8554f6f3d3c65891531f816bbf023db	But there were several of them, to whom he turned more often than to others.
7d51c63d9f9e9acbc32138712c8eac6b6173f63d	Among them, the most thoughtfully constructed views of the city of Gardana.
70de88f312b2f6369397b0c0c35ee2230dceda01	Another favorite place for Cezanne the landscape painter was the vicinity of the Estac.
d68dbc50cd4fad3c419478b1e36c0d2c11dbc782	By the beginning of the 90s, Cezanne's interest in the landscapes of the Estac had faded, and the artist focused on the views of Mount Saint Victoire, which always fascinated him.
90b2184e71a5e4049b326ba3186a51b1f721a996	He painted Saint Victoire more than 60 times.
e80243b21fe9cd1848396b977bcbf1d0dfb78197	Since the mid 80s, Saint Victoire has become the only and most important theme of Cezanne's landscapes and remained it until the end of his life.
8c76c372197f0442d4eefad47199f37b4b9b743b	At the end of 1895, there was a noticeable change in the perception of Cezanne's work by critics, as well as by the public.
d39a59537cfe1c603d59ebc296de401c18f6e5c3	It was at this time that Ambroise Vollard, a well known art dealer who devoted his life to supporting innovative artists, organized and presented a large retrospective exhibition of the artist.
bbb84511c32eadb284a3e4468136d707078d2de9	This was the first personal display of his works, which became a revelation even for those who were the main initiators of the exhibition: Renoir, Monet, Pissarro and Guillaumin.
dc50cfde70d35d0229c57a7c1cedda23e8d3e052	If Cezanne reacted to the exhibition evasively, then the art world, the press and the public paid a lot of attention to it.
5cd322a55b07fc0bd372b0eae41a44e935cde907	Pissarro wrote to his son Georges: "Collectors are fools, they do not understand anything, yet he is a first class artist, surprisingly subtle, truthful and classic."
badb75b51b15c394d5eac6ae1611ee8673c7e67f	To his son Lucien, Pissarro reported: "My delight cannot be compared with Renoir's, even Degas fell under the charm of this refined savage, and Monet, and we all...".
6ea155e08e8d5ba9e243e82af75f5b5dcbeceb58	The exposition of 1895 was a success and the fame of Paul Cezanne, until then very limited, began to gradually grow.
a6c789cdd74ec90a36dadbb2f04f94ced4fb10e9	The sale of his works has grown significantly.
0f79257e7c11c52294d91bf1b9ee6d0404831ccc	In 1897, Vollard visited the studio in Fontainebleau, where the artist was working at that time, and prudently bought up all the works that were there.
5a6147efadb048b419a762921f138fa8201283d0	Big bathers.
8b7e3ec71fdccdd766deae0a0f09ade8f787b449	The combination of dependence with intolerance is the main feature of Cezanne's character.
a90f699c4fd078f2206b3bf7fe6cd1c2e4f041a6	All his life, he was drawn to people and at the same time pushed them away.
9347a7a215e47ebeb53b7cadff2426ff4c54c77e	If he could not convey the essence of what was depicted on the canvas, he growled like an animal, broke the brushes and tore the unfinished canvases, could throw them out into the street.
e20c0dca40b1beb31f2af4acbc998c58df86df51	He did not need anyone, did not want to be, as he himself said, "caught on a hook."
13319c04351995c1cf2e022a29adbff24a6900a3	The sensation was so acute that he developed a painful fear of being touched.
2e219e70a6a3a167ba1ce423defae776dcf46048	Once, when the Impressionist artist Emile Bernard (1868 - 1941) put his hand on his arm, he fell into a frenzy.
35d6913815211f3c80e3bfce857f1e11c8f70b04	And, suddenly coming to his senses, he began to justify himself in embarrassment: "Donot pay attention - this is happening against my will.
60a54d10c639fc18813693d07eaf218550157566	I canot stand being touched, and this has been going on for a very long time."
2c8c1bdf1373149f0cb806ad633a3501266149b3	He sought salvation in painting.
a63b88c3575968f9530061e5725bdb7f08a4053d	Work was the only thing for him that brought complete "spiritual satisfaction".
7374ae49e2b29ad50de05d0563c42a7cf17df1ec	Creativity also healed Cezanne from self doubt.
c87a8d09ee4c1b40307ad2782ee1093f752df289	At a time when his painting was fiercely attacked, he wrote to his mother: "I've learned to feel superior to everything around me."
8bbfd2c5c12335b17a943087d07c879ca831d7bc	There is no doubt that he was firmly convinced of the incomparable superiority of his artistic vision.
8d72f9401e7551d103de897f66f87ec8da79644c	The source of creative perseverance for Cezanne was the belief in art as a "sacred act".
4a0d87f21ffcafe033784a20af27e2491886add1	His whole life is an example of service, devotion and epic completeness.
10aa99e84e8fcee871dc16388d8a8216629ad1d9	Both his work and his fate are extremely important for artists of the next generations.
2262a12b1781c4cb44ff0d546a4b03b6f30f6ccc	In the XX century, he appeared as a great hermit of art, who courageously fought alone.
a51385c403cd083cd19af39d1b96fca857b060b6	"It's not what the artist does that matters, but who he is," Picasso said of Cezanne in 1935, " boundless perseverance that's what he teaches us."
d54d4cab5f581b2c67ca2f31fc0df20f043ba2cc	View of the Saint Victoire Mountain
2c2ae4342a9b03ca60b7e1be4cacc61dbc79b826	Paul Cezanne is buried in the Saint Pierre Cemetery near Aix en Provence in the south of France.
5e861517bb8c911e9ccd1cc3a6a823ad6bb8b1d3	To the north of his grave, you can see a wavy line of Starry Hills, and even further away, in the transparent air of Provence, a mountain named Saint Victoire is blue.
f0caf86cff924690df1964c220346e93e152b714	Anyone who gets to these parts immediately understands that everything around is in some sense created by Cezanne.
7b7e91d1e95a1a347ccc9ec723759535fb2b4feb	The whitish outcrops of rocks, sharp slopes of pine forests, fragrant shrubs, transparent sky, smooth curves and steep slopes of hills all this and much more Cezanne captured on his canvases with such irresistible force that to visit here after getting acquainted with his painting means to see these places reflected in his eyes and in his lonely soul.
c6801acc374441f3e4a95d9ba9b99ef51f837a39	Cezanne, like no one else, managed to get into the spirit of this land, glorified its forms and colors, revealed its depths, into which no one's eyes had penetrated before him.
00628cbfab9d3ddb226f3eef2bf62fbc3b9c5349	However, the traveler soon realizes that the view that opens up to his eyes is actually different from the landscape that Cezanne creates on his canvas.
40f3e49a2f2baf9d13f766649fc9505e4b2bc462	Provence, depicted by Cezanne , is simpler and more constructive than the present.
0decc8d5fcfe2b9e8107322b8749e277df44e43d	On the canvas, distant objects seem close, and the details of the foreground are shifted to the depth.
535d526ae958c2703a5f7692301aac71ecd20f1e	The colors on the canvas are the colors of Provence, but if you look from the point where the artist could stand with an easel, you will not always be able to detect the color scheme of Cezanne paintings.
c66ee6ca196df89d48b5268bd51a985a99d9a0f6	On the canvases, everything looks more distinct and dense.
1f6d67b227ee535de774f5fb610fc18ac1f80dac	The artist Paul Serusier wrote a year before the death of Paul Cezanne: "He cleaned the pictorial art from the age old mold, returning it to the integrity and purity of classical samples."
5de3a0d7f71cdf14df7c380a0166ddefcb9047d2	centre.smr.ru›win/artists/sezann/biogr sezann.htm
3f4d93e8074addfc52f2c00af337cc33e7ec1151	Paul Cezanne, perhaps unaware of this, came to create a decorative composition without characters.
f76725d9e472269118402a9fbc348eb406d839a3	Such a composition could be based solely on a combination of decorative spots.
59af3054e500d5403afdfb014a774e36a37c0a3e	Moreover, Cezanne created the conditions for the introduction of multiple images into the decorative composition.
02c9d4232e57948feecd7bcd6a2a23b56c2106fe	Pablo Picasso and the Cubists sensed these possibilities, talked a lot about these possibilities, but did very little.
4b6a3caa1ea44ebcf3c07ff8d9fc96c42bea22df	The results of Cezanne's creativity and, to an even greater extent, Vrubel's creative system, made it possible for the great Russian artist Pavel Filonov to go directly to the structure of multiple images in easel painting.
c025144d3b93c1a9f1c4939b65fa7222045ba91c	More messages about Paul Cezanne:
96918cc86799b981444fdc2ab20713d9c6b190bb	On January 19, 1839, the great French artist Paul Cezanne was born
03cdfd36cd5775e890602eb324228d505a992f10	Categories: painting DaKar
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7ab10ba125de02adf639a040f17a8f038e106943	laura mz address by name Sunday, January 19, 2014 19: 16 (link) wonderful post, thank you!
7fa18370d11a775f148fdf8f7d0541ab2d006077	Sunday, January 19, 2014 19: 50external links
9ad984f88b814adb96669762a7948d4297064adb	Tomaovsyanka
7d2aab2e33505112a0f472a34bcb74e8bd867fd3	I am very glad of your response!
fc0991cb4a1dffcbfd6e364e5326895701ec68a8	Reply with a quote from a quoterreferencesexternal Links
07c568b202b92c4f5ef93609b3b1fabe55c7f753	Svetlana k address by name Friday, January 24, 2014 19: 06 (link) Spavsibo, Tamara!
f9c90db13bf1059b5e1157f593b3b703c958b4e0	I was pleased to get acquainted with the peculiarities of Cezanne's work.
cf3452674a26427d76b48ee21da995d53639f6e8	As always, videos play an active role.
dfe351ce64644efc87180cc945e6443c11399d09	Friday, January 24, 2014 20: 45external links
108446ac809017bb423523478f655d1c6548d742	Yes, Sveta!
3cbb4208756df1f371ddba4c85daaee9ac8c1a56	A video for understanding the geniuses of the avant garde plays a crucial role for me!
137de8289c4c013ad97f9668b06dba314adadf8f	Kok that I already understand, but I take very little
b8a2e132a6afd03366f8387749d5a5bfe6a7bdf7	Friday, January 24, 2014 22: 38external links
7f61212ffa6a7932e12c57273704efd773e027b9	Svetlana k
c50912527ab2d9c33ded98700f24f3dc15190819	Tamara!
a17dba9e05d96173a5adac2f9a1e45f82d8718c9	In art, this is normal... this is how it should be... there is no dispute about tastes.
0bd5f09e80b1256a808e510b565b6b55d6776804	Paul Cezanne: the life and work of the artist
541d56ece6be6980067cd33919291e060d2c8c06	Paul Cézanne (fr. Paul Cézanne; 1839-1906) was a French painter, a bright representative of post impressionism.
7e93aab20562c3d229bfb996367d75ad7970fa40	Biography of the artist
badd73453da07050e5776e19455484829a11ea6e	Paintings by Paul Cezanne
9899675d1899ab72f8de17a6e45dfe1dbad2c109	The artist's statements about art
141978120c54cd5f7e5405245fac65f79af9f021	BIOGRAPHY OF THE ARTIST
7df2c274c59ac9dd53e3ac4740adcd9dfacea10e	Paul Cezanne was born on January 19, 1839 in the ancient French town of Aix en Provence.
dd5a1114e4626b9c5f338c28170b8e586b2a2f49	The only son of a rude and greedy father, Paul, had practically no relation to painting as a child, but he received a very good education in other areas.
e73aec81f6402fbeb7bc58dab35d0fbc727d750c	His studies were easy and effective for him.
b57081551737a8f7e473abd68612a2ca7fa4345e	He constantly received school awards in Latin and Greek, in mathematics.
b3cfeda74fffc9469aade9dbc01f1e985d753649	Drawing and painting were included in the course of mandatory disciplines, but in his younger years, Paul did not win any special laurels in this field.
fb5a371e15efe0aa74dfd02e33c41ae2cae79679	It is noteworthy that the annual prize for drawing in college went to a classmate of the young Cezanne – the future classic Emile Zola.
1e18aaf386b6877fbaaa737f7d1a7c0ff2bf906b	It is worth noting that two outstanding Frenchmen managed to carry a strong childhood friendship through their entire lives.
819579503122184755e893160f3bcd0ed79586b1	And the choice of a life path was almost completely determined by Emil's friendly advice.
633566f8f939d28edd0c9a9203df96446713ae3d	Some recognition, along with other Impressionists, came to Cezanne in the mid 70s.
6880059a1a12441e1da69d3fadd03b13b50c41c3	Portrait of the artists son
63b7e018f0d9ccb6cf13f05d480c9b1656ba5a4d	Self portrait 1864
3ac8386e6cd5eb92499d266f0c6438bd7381e463	Madame Cezanne in the Greenhouse
c46a76df134c8af46c6afca916ac6b496384cce8	In 1869, Maria Hortense Fike became Paul's wife.
ac750e68816a70dab04193f9c38d2401cad183ec	They lived together for forty years.
34fc6ef0b55536c145e5463e784d47e9a5107205	Fundamentally diverging from this time with the method of impressionism, Paul Cezanne was interested not in the dynamics of the light air environment and the variability of color in the atmosphere, but in the stable patterns of color combinations and forms, the materiality of the objective and natural worlds (“The Hanged Man's House in Auvers”, 1872-1873, Musee d'Orsay, Paris).
c134971e0e3dbcfe8bbfe461d290be246204ed82	Mount Saint Victoire 1882-1885
8d24c8823cfec6b6d3a04ec257709b6de3a82e11	View of the Saint Victoire mountain from the Bibemu quarry. one thousand eight hundred ninety seven
3a2e0d0c377ebf63a08d86d517e1ff744f0d3905	View of the Saint Victoire Mountain.
3342a00c88fa75efdc37f12ca6586e7d7fe8412b	1904-1906
271a58a49469a5f3b2bd98a9464910d15ac2f8d3	Mount Saint Victoire 1897-1898
b437f1155f0c402e81c8773d47507fdd02b451dd	Mount Saint Victoire 1885-1895
2731cec6f59d45ff440349f94daa67ddbe97b60d	Operating mainly with gradations of the three main colors (green, blue and yellow), then thin and transparent, then sharply contrasting, applied with dense body strokes, he indicated with their help spatial plans and the degree of illumination.
34d312413a3d8c450679a396b6a85d795c9aa2b7	The material weight of the colorful texture is harmoniously combined in Cezanne's works with a bold laconic drawing, a structurally clear, plastically generalized modeling of the form and a clear balance of the composition ("Self Portrait", 1879-1885," Pierrot and Harlequin", 1888," Peaches and Pears", 1895, all in the State Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow).
e1898b0c13490a9db719db875ab99793c5dcf442	In landscapes with their wide, panoramic coverage of the landscape filled with light, Cezanne achieves a majestic epic ("The Banks of the Marne”, 1888, the State Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow).
4fb571f58beb01c3ae7672c3dee54eafd2b64fb3	In still lifes, emphasizing the structure of the object, as if weighing it down with the help of a colorful texture and the use of pure color, the artist reveals the material materiality and strict plasticity of the object world ("Pot with geraniums and fruits“, 1890-1894, the Metropolitan Museum of Art;” Still Life with drapery", 1898-1899, the State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg).
a948dd274ce91ce99abbd2b1e3de518a578b31db	The work of Cezanne, one of the main masters of post Impressionism, who sought to create a kind of classical art, devoid of everything transitory and fleeting, to reveal the unchanging greatness and harmonious balance of nature, the organic unity of its forms, had a huge impact on many artists of the twentieth century, as well as on entire areas of fine art, which, as a rule, developed certain aspects of Cezanne's heritage (Cubism, Luchism, so called simultaneous painting, etc.).
25305c8df3450a73b000421f2971c3f0777a86cd	In his work, the artist tried at the cost of titanic efforts to reconcile the classics and modernity, Poussin and nature, the laws of grand style and the right to individual choice.
eee80064d56e98194870ccf56de43ecb6e46124f	Of course, in the era of the triumph of individual choice, no style could no longer be a model for artists, each of whom now chose his own path in art freely, obeying only the inner properties of his soul, and not the requirements of the artistic community.
42f4b7bfbb794061337eca40756f3a3a27d06e0b	Therefore, the task that Cezanne set for himself was in principle impossible, which predetermined the artist's constant doubts.
f0b091cb45b1c4adb04f2262c8ce2401486cff59	It is impossible to assert both freedom and canons at the same time.
2cf4a123943c1f9e0b5d653bfd196c8bab92b8ff	But the specific artistic results that Cezanne achieved in his work were so impressive that they aroused respect among representatives of various trends in painting.
f41c4e4dab0b44d75dad0c04a0156d326c95b774	Forest
f8724b23d52ca7a9dc332f849606f613acd3ed27	Houses Along a Road
1b2a7059967e54af94ae26f9c09ba23c1dde38e6	In the Woods
6fd95bdf3887874e123d10da98c2db4b5399630f	Cezanne's painting in a certain sense became a revival in the art of the ancient Pythagorean traditions, although Cezanne, of course, only felt the coincidence of his final views with this tradition, and did not consciously follow Pythagoreanism.
a9cc3c4e78120adc9d324a208849ee482ed170d0	Here we can rather say that Pythagoreanism, in turn, only expressed certain insights that are characteristic of people of different historical epochs, regardless of whether these people know the views of the Pythagoreans or not.
03a088f30c4a5033f04e3495c2500d74eee90af0	This means that Cezanne first came to his beliefs independently, and only then realized what tradition they are related to.
9dd0c37859820d8289818e5ccc16b58cb73f33ac	Cezanne eventually became the founder of the painting of forms in European art, one of the directions of which, shortly after Cezanne, was Cubism.
da3585440bcaea96d550ffec2527001606a35eb6	But Cubism, even in the person of Picasso, turned out to be poorer in its content of Cezanne's painting, because it lost those purely pictorial qualities, richness of color, multi layered writing, which Cezanne achieved as a result of hard work.
f88602dee895a332c2c0324cf4ce0eb07aa74793	In addition, Cubism for Picasso was only a stage, a conscious experiment, an artistic game, and not a search for the foundations of being, so the internal content of Picasso's works of the Cubist era is much poorer than the content of Cezanne's best works.
9afbba82e26c818872dece0e953b660fc7e42873	Over time, when Cezanne became interested in watercolors, he transferred some techniques of watercolor painting to oil painting: he began to paint on white, specially unpainted canvases.
08881dc9d19257de70fa764f5e408652fb7828a2	As a result, the paint layer on these canvases has become more lightweight, as if highlighting from the inside.
276dba0566832658b7a75446839cd8f390088367	Cezanne began to limit himself to three colors: green, blue and ochre, mixed, of course, with the white color of the canvas itself.
accfe6cff17f09ae7afdb9b890d9b28d7903522b	This approach to the choice of colors was necessary for Cezanne in order to achieve the most meaningful artistic result with a minimum of funds.
b586759cbd4d9b2829bf2743d848392de87ed11e	During this period, the modeling of forms on canvas, as well as their generalization, becomes more concise.
11376031e4400ecbafddba4e200ec2d390613222	INTERESTING FACTS FROM THE ARTIST'S LIFE
ca6b0b240c20712d3030ffd1d68baf882b80341b	Cezanne obviously had many fears and phobias, and his unstable character found refuge and salvation in the work of a painter.
f2e9957a054b31f40171da433b3befc029ac0398	THE ARTIST'S STATEMENTS ABOUT ART
d2b038ff22fb49e99df9ddb7b5947903212dbe96	"Artists should devote themselves completely to the study of nature and try to create paintings that would be an instruction.
41d21a02a14d929a6f59462759e12f630641b83a	Talking about art is almost useless.
9f97402ff8cca2b68503eb239f781263d747184e	The work that helps a person to achieve success in his business is a sufficient compensation for the misunderstanding shown by fools.
f4eae6b284b514e8258c11d017b9b91f120d04de	The writer expresses himself in abstractions, while the artist concretizes his feelings and perceptions through drawing and color.
c14d1f59f3d81fe8046ad70465f7b05243316033	The artist should not be too scrupulous, or too sincere, or too dependent on nature; the artist is more or less the master of his model, and mainly of his means of expression."
22a506143bc9e1dc6832b08ffe7e98239ae3fe8c	"My age and my health will not allow me to fulfill the dream that I have been striving for all my life.
a5757b5dc054bdf5a73f541860823d3eb0c1cd58	But I will always be grateful to those intelligent art lovers who, despite my hesitation, understood what I was trying to achieve in order to update my art. I believe that you do not replace the past with your art, but only add a new link to it."
41de0760bbf8b05a1091eadc75a7bc0806868160	"We need to go in the direction of the classics, but through nature, that is, through feeling."
d37801d83ba951105f4e16a81de9d0319df4f0ae	"My method is to hate a fantastic image.
7d7c9f9e58d92829ffef07fea419bba3da562614	I write only the truth."
8b3838cce47d721ed6547d8da83c2acb66d2d7bc	"Color is the point where our brain comes into contact with the universe."
708734e3bf19250c1af031416b9af2e24cfb26e7	"I want to hit Paris with a carrot and an apple."
8a6ae70b0b5358e6e9ce0b25275037ad1a3b1590	"To work without looking back at anyone and gain strength – this is the goal of the artist.
0edf5198ad629b8434ab28fec80b524d4ada590c	And I donot care about anything else!".
f9cf0833cd365252d0b1b17cdbed00a148520483	"When you make even a little progress in your work, this is a sufficient reward for not being understood by fools."
ea9090e0edbbd33d9aeda018bd4741bee4b9e7f8	Translation option: "Work, thanks to which you make progress in your craft, is a sufficient reward for the fact that you are not understood by fools."
e7d3777e5459947ed3e535a74dc8a274a59915d0	Another version of the translation: "The work of an artist, by which he achieves perfection in his work, is a sufficient reward for the fact that fools do not understand him."
436bae7640e990636cf0eb13df7437fd2276326e	"The approval of others is an aphrodisiac, sometimes it should be avoided.
b846564f17c58ab29fae3f17c9cff90f223fe9d0	The consciousness of your power makes you modest."
0a127f832acb2ae8f921c271919bc2566aca5fdf	"I have achieved some success.
c44a3f12703f70b148ba6d0c3190e0f76bfbed81	Why is it so late and why with such difficulty?
d21e642a83c3a1598632c6fb1fdc2e53f974b80a	Is art really a priesthood that requires pure souls who have given themselves completely to it?"
4849333d1173b2e607cfa7a52d797f2e88808a96	"I have nothing to hide in art. Only the original strength, that is, the temperament, can lead a person to the goal that he must achieve."
20d5039bf1547f6e116ca557189c67eaf63de655	"It seems to me that I am moving forward every day, although very slowly."
795b4ac1acbea7566d0fa6b7a43762ea3b27d63a	"Even with a small temperament, you can be a real painter, and you can write well without being a special colorist and not very subtly understanding harmony.
b766bd2890d1a1966f23eac1af2e7eaa198c9df9	It is enough to have an artistic sense, and this feeling is a scarecrow for all the bourgeois.
8ca790ef772fdcc8af1c05cd674d56d3b567318b	Institutes, Scholarships, distinctions, are invented only for fools, buffoons and scoundrels.
82e615c685e19a3bf22b4add9a6f59750e9ed9b6	Drop the criticism, take up painting.
2b715d6ebb5d973de8cfe6a9b0e83f8eb2c84d1e	Salvation is in her."
8260e11ad8293f97e00cb77a3b9ee386a90f1559	There are no lines, no shapes, there are only contrasts.
19d1d80a80afdc2273d3b5a8fce3be136d8a1fa3	These contrasts are generated not by black and white, but by the color sensation.
2309f53ec45db6071d3b5dbfd5ec437f71013d42	The shape is created by the exact ratio of tones.
e25091ea69684ae754b9d466a030d1333322160e	When the tones are compared harmoniously and without omissions, the picture is created by itself.
7a19fd52f5868dee4b3196349306fb0aed7523c5	The coloristic effect is the main thing in the picture, it makes the picture a single whole, organizes it; this effect should be based on one dominant color spot.
b1a03164ab93d5e9fa5a5227f57f672cdc6bdb33	Drawing and color are inseparable; n as you write, you draw, and the more harmonious the color becomes, the more accurate the drawing becomes.
86887af5f070ecb2a6f97095c047cd7be1b1cfd6	When the color reaches its greatest richness, the form becomes complete.
1683f42fe606bed57939d2d78e1659e59bacc861	Contrasts and tone ratios are the whole secret of drawing and modeling.
cc8e795a1d415029ee5489b5e9b566d3d6f1e979	"The painting is here, inside," he said, hitting his forehead.
8a26e476f26fffabb37b9c5c05144067fb189195	Yavorskaya N. V. Cezanne — - M., 1936 Perrusho A. Cezanne.
bbc06989fc6aa90c3d029853c8e0d5f45dccd4c2	Per. with French.
0b5293f0bd5a18e4408a434edab0003cbbaae7cf	- M., 1966 Comp.
dd771b8590bc4ef80e4afebf5a2d9ac8a65e6584	Yavorskaya N. V. Paul Cezanne: Correspondence.
102ca6e8cbd2bf1b4077798cee1d19963860ab12	Memoirs of contemporaries.
1c313cc4f78e80b7fb8c38b9e1088312c4344882	- M., 1972 Comp.
77e0faae5725d10ff6a1bc83c9b046e581aa5f17	Barskaya A. L. Paul Cezanne: Album.
ad2fbab68a44b3ab8cd52ed860e0211deb4ea344	- 1975 Lindsay J. Paul Cezanne.
6db2397876ceb1a23fdd8d18c5c1afd5c9bf1349	Translated from English = J. Lindsay.
fa0ec64f700ef949d087a41b7d1e88276ff1608a	Cezanne: His Life and Art — - L.: Evelyn, Adams and Mackay, 1969.
aef963cf4dab0bcd649f1a1ebfaa75d5040f36a4	- Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1989 Venturi L. V. 1-2 / / Cezanne, son art, son oeuvre.
a843a4b337cd4012e113271f258fa57a8e9bbf2a	— Paris, 1936 Rewald J.
81a1a5a2d06de1566a1304e2a193b846f036a209	The ordeal of Paul Cezanne.
ec56399e6e65ec5da09835c23fe0c24629e30486	— London, 1950 Novotny F. Cezanne und das Ende wissenschftlicher Perspektive.
538a1f926608188b7cc88eac8841de570caa1324	— Wien, 1938 Badt K.
a9292ed588539608c078db445a093eabc330d88d	Die Kunst Cezannes.
25b0091eaf04bcc830b83f7cd2024561fcf07dc4	- Munchen, 1956 Murina Elena.
e63aea9e84fb4b6bd3caa69a38dce0710167fff4	Cezanne.
8ce45b1627b293aed1ff79e716079aa2ddf2c6ea	- M.: Art XXI century, 2014
22b73cf9388c5301d2866518254bb76638f18a69	When writing this article, materials from such sites were used: ru.wikipedia.org, muzei mira.com, smallbay.ru
77b3ec6428303f99b3475e1149805ff04ef5fb3d	If you find any inaccuracies or would like to add to this article, please send us the information by e mail admin@allpainters.ru we and our readers will be very grateful to you.
ebfff747f6b1e042fae9d976e4fb14a0ed3c0b3a	Paul Cezanne: the artist's paintings
9a061b525c73024a4c514032d2f7e3c95bc72eab	Madame Cezanne Leaning on a Table — Paul Cezanne
9968495801f37282721093fb95f816f78240a378	Bathers — Paul Cezanne
42515144eb12739cff4feb5b215bc467fef1c8e9	Portrait of Emile Zola — Paul Cezanne
a348a07e5170925647f085a77f0bbf34ca398041	Olympia — Paul Cezanne
d1d44302273fb1383bd386f09935a8ded0997bdb	Jacket on a Chair — Paul Cezanne
2133a96980d9774f83e6372df70faf1c24684c26	Reclining Nude — Paul Cezanne
d5115da8453c96358d995042e68f4684eada9494	Paul Cezanne - all paintings
16c177211eb8c99b9b6379bdb8bf31082b110f0c	Interesting events in the world of painting
e896d485fdc0bddb9e0e9c95c3db57d67f1d0177	Contemporary Art 6 230 Ilya Kabakov: the founding father of Moscow conceptualism
b374ba68bd614dfe89ebc74b115f494e5c2403c0	Contemporary Art 3,975 Michael Wilkinson and plexiglass Sculptures
55c73112b94cc3770f90a08798bbb155e9a87069	This is interesting 5,072 Most expensive works of art
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aafcbcc35e0743c9ffbe0286cbd37b51f64b53c8	Paul Cezanne is a French painter whose works formed the basis for the transition to a new, completely different world of art of the 20th century.
b9ca488c1dbaacf8567f226984544ea04ec1ac01	Cezanne laid a bridge between impressionism of the late 19th century and a new art direction of the early 20th century - Cubism.
805527bf065b8aa10a48a42b25e363f937399953	Paul Cezanne was born on January 19, 1839 in Aix en Provence, he was the eldest son, besides him there were two other children in the family.
cd11e7b87d209d05f73317bfc685d28ad1ce2e1d	Paul was baptized on February 22 in the church of Saint Madeleine, his parents were married only in January 1844.
a314f41aa2e80443d4e834783cbba0eebc9390a9	It is known that the ancestors of Cezanne in the XVII century emigrated to the south of France from the small town of Cesana Turinese in the Italian Alps.
1e1bd3f4ca8cc8190607597d2b117570902474f8	For the next two hundred years, the family achieved nothing outstanding.
ea45bd81d79e0c7fd4cd3dc51c39f3e540510b75	There were shoemakers, hairdressers, tailors in it, but no one rose higher.
f14f6b2814895e11db83f7f0a290c767b460bb7b	The artist's father, Louis Auguste Cezanne, went to Paris to study the hat craft.
26b68ef685efa88a85cb7ec3b49eddd37f832e4a	Returning to Aix after several years of apprenticeship, he invested his savings in the wholesale and retail trade of hats, succeeded in this and eventually began to lend money to manufacturers of hat felt.
90761b27640c6b55d51fe90f642e8f7eb8063a37	He soon became the most successful moneylender and a major banker in Aix.
3f21e0f69c1393f2a4e1d7f264d5d0b6e4bf58a3	The artist's mother, Anne Elizabeth Honorine Aubert, is the daughter of a wood turner from Marseille.
b53782b984403f3f5835f432265456c0561f4969	In 1852, Cezanne studied at the Bourbon College, a gymnasium rich in humanistic traditions in Aix en Provence (now the Lycée Mignet), where he became friends with Emile Zola, whose father created the project and built the canal and dam in Aix, and Jean Baptiste Bayle.
059d6983042a13e9e595b9d9d05111607b99b4d4	Three young friends, “inseparable", as they were called in the gymnasium, in their free time go on long walks around the neighborhood, hunt, fish, swim and swim in the small river Ark.
197d8b66d2d37ef8b75a4829274fc25766c21e51	They argue endlessly about art, read Homer and Virgil together, admire the romantics Victor Hugo and Alfred Musset.
eecd1a0ae8633baac76d33f857fa32f01184355e	They practice poetry with obvious pleasure.
e970755bc4a40e1c1e0ef98194f1eba21cb8d052	Cezanne, an excellent student, with an undoubted penchant for ancient languages, often composes poems in Latin.
65a77795c296948b4fcf7b478f42b0c78511d98e	He received many awards in mathematics, Latin and Greek.
8b57f6d2cc283cbf066bb20807259d964e0e7a1c	From an early age, Cezanne was drawn to art, but at first glance, he did not have any pronounced talents.
86cb32b88149f57a48b5dca44e19f79dea95d157	The carefree time for the three friends suddenly ended when, in February 1858, Zola left Aix for Paris.
b2de5c124286141dfc8ab8ea03dba6be1f64a729	Zola, who painfully perceives the absence of a friend, persuades Cezanne to come to him in Paris to choose the path of a painter there.
ffbfee29f0636da805a30c4ba897e0a5ff5b2d1e	Cezanne's father sees his only son as the successor of his banking business in the future.
43db12bec834abbe9f9301072a2dff646b9842a0	Following the desire of his father, Cezanne, after graduating from high school, first enters the law faculty of the University in Aix.
351cb275babfc35dc871e3d9a392f2cafa144674	Paul spends two years at the university studying his unloved law, but every free minute he draws or composes poetry.
20c34f9dbff0e28002732a449d02979976450ae7	Since 1859, Cezanne began to attend evening drawing courses from nature at the Municipal Drawing School, which was located in the Aix Art Museum, the Granet Museum, where he again met his former Bourbon college comrades Achille Amperer, Philippe Solari and Numa Costa.
c59aacdaa81f6adf61728859ca4753cfdd72c607	He receives a prize for pictorial sketches of figures.
f46a071bbb2e1d352bc42d8ccc323089b4a88dd1	More and more, Paul neglects the study of law and gives himself up to painting, often copying in the Granet museum.
1c1fd930c16268b1f876f97e86afb15d0d3596aa	But, as before, his desire to go to Paris meets the resistance of his father.
9ee62db641e9eea93d0277f84cb44825dfeafd5f	In 1859, Cezanne's father purchased the former summer residence of the governor of Provence (the estate of Madame de Buffan), and Paul's life there is becoming more and more unbearable.
a20347d6b365a49e416f095007f089890787fcd0	He is increasingly moving away from the family, and the father finally gives up his strict ban and allows his son to leave the Ex.
b4eec6d8f86b0412edac5211e44cf702796d5d4f	In April 1861, Cezanne goes to Paris, where Zola is already impatiently waiting for him.
80f36541d653997f1a5f1f5341b49fb4fb88332c	However, the high hopes that Cezanne had for Paris are not justified, although he often visits the Louvre and copies the works of Titian, Rubens and Michelangelo there.
b20a69b6fba1ffd87e73d28b2010d46d1a5f7926	"The Louvre," Cezanne wrote later,”is the book from which we learn to read."
441114780f4ade7e9064f8b61c7566b98b9d009d	Paul meets with Zola and regularly studies at the Suis Academy.
8b6b274082ca90ad4325d85d0db133989084f445	At Suis, he meets Camille Pissaro, who is nine years older than him, as well as Armand Guillaumin, Claude Monet and Auguste Renoir.
2bcee9a17a4dc62461fac5295ebe13e7431d7c21	Nevertheless, Paul feels uncomfortable in Paris and soon he begins to think about leaving.
136f4ee5387b9520cc2d630bd05f8dfc3cba1a67	Zola, struck by the depressed state of Cezanne, decides on a trick and offers him to paint his portrait.
e5335b8f99e79fdfd9b370da862e2bcfc77670b0	Cezanne agrees, but is so dejected by the result that he destroys the painting.
f707cebec32ecdf76cc44bcce2990881bbaae81e	Having been refused admission to the School of Fine Arts, deeply shocked, in September he returned to Aix again and entered his father's bank, at the same time he again attended the drawing school in Aix.
6f1a33c954a0641889192a80684d363eaba1aaba	"I thought," Cezanne wrote to a friend, " that by leaving Aix, I would get rid of the boredom that haunted me.
a3d0d34885744f07cb75db0538b0462274a65f30	In fact, I only changed my desire, and the boredom remained with me”"
f65db229709f3b3c03549e6a53832929e3dc1cd6	Paul Cezanne, 1861.
158b844dbd18196f3e10773ccb0f79d581a04c60	Photo In 1862, Cezanne built a workshop in Ms. de Buffan, left his father's bank and a career as a lawyer, and in November went back to Paris.
c37808de6849631fce509cdcfab7173be55195b8	Paul receives a monthly allowance of 100 francs from his father.
3193055bb90b374e4d7b5162c6576e10a0373ed0	Immediately after his arrival, he returned to the Academy of Suis and, at the insistence of his father, made an attempt to enter the Ecole de Bozard.
fdbaa6e755915ebd8954108d48504322acd1e88c	The few works submitted by Cezanne to the competition, including a portrait of his father and a self portrait, forced the examiners to fairly assess his painting as "violent".
ce89bd9ce2fc4aec78decd2ceaf719802d2f5b19	He was refused admission, but this did not discourage the young artist.
fc45b5ccf626864964b59197055c3b184b47e235	By this time, he had lost his inclination and interest in academic painting and continued his studies at the Suis Academy, where he regularly worked until 1864.
62bd3194c6d63855d7f5091fadeeba5dc2b084ca	The early stage of creativity did not bring the young artist either satisfaction or recognition.
0e58ec804da1010663056fa1441c844610b990bf	Cezanne, obeying a violent imagination, began to paint pictures, the subjects of which were passion, sensuality, death.
35292b5e8e8eff03c4be481b01a689329d309f92	Trying to achieve fame, Cezanne every year presented paintings to the Salon exhibition of Modern Art, which was under the patronage of the French Academy of Fine Arts, which was the main arbiter of public taste.
66551354bb4d8ec4894aea0089073bb5e87db749	And every year, without exception, all of Cezanne's works were rejected.
317a2de8306155edfa9d4c24b62cfc02903cd44a	When selecting the submitted paintings, the Academy members were guided by strict criteria: any originality, any innovations and deviations from the academic manner were strictly rejected.
2e95e1a2fdb5d85160543165c9776dfecfe333f1	Nevertheless, the cherished goal of every artist remained the desire to be exhibited in the Salon, since this was the only opportunity to appear before the public, become famous and sell paintings.
392c0a26d318315fbb7bb51a9b0487b677176092	But when in 1863 too many paintings were not allowed into the Salon and this caused mass protests from artists, Napoleon III agreed to arrange a parallel exhibition of rejected works.
bdee6f6da8ec5028b82bb879dbdccf7df6620678	This "Salon of the Rejected" was supposed to give the audience an opportunity to judge for themselves about the rejected works.
9c67c95d367356fa5fe2f251f17128b20941fcac	In 1863, Cezanne exhibited together with Manet, Pissaro,Yonkind, Guillaumin, Whistler, Fantin Latour in the Salon des les Miserables.
42f76f4bd66f42360cac883bbb9970aa7614c205	He often copies Delacroix's paintings in the Louvre.
e16cb3e5832d2908f0ed895aa8168659ea64086c	The public, not used to any extent to independent judgments about contemporary art, perceived the exhibition in the "Salon of the Outcasts" as an occasion for ridicule and mockery.
84af7b528a730fb13b3dd747c68a8c32fe94e45c	Ridiculed by critics and despised by the public, Cezanne stifled his frustration with hard work.
f6137d2a6063d7f687331c295c44b9feaff013c6	Gradually, the unique individual style began to be developed, which will be so clearly manifested in the great landscapes and still lifes of his mature time.
4f11a75387810f53f19e7df979851467524e0b72	At the first stage of creativity, which lasted until the early 1870s, Cezanne sought to express his intense inner experiences. he set himself tasks not only formal, but also substantive, and it was not easy to solve them.
c9aaa11d8b53a410976f5261378426fd4c66d902	While his contemporaries Pissaro or Monet painted idyllic views of the Parisian surroundings, he created erotic and often scary canvases that confused and disturbed his friends.
a3275a7a702ebc9f8c3c7bff6bb5427ea8e37143	Cezanne's picturesque creations are full of flaws: the figures are clumsy and disproportionate, the space is depicted unreliably.
e29663cbebd1d30967b42dbf1f0bba129f89d6a4	There is too much based on the narrative and too little connection with the form.
634dd33600389ad0c9edfa1258b914d4b74f241b	When the Franco Prussian war broke out in the summer of 1870, Cezanne moved from Aix to the fishing village of Estac near Marseille and avoided the threatened conscription.
1376a0076eedd60e7d433a20b941913da23562db	For a year he has been living with Orthanz Fike (she is eleven years younger than him), a pamphleteer, whom he met in Paris, where she worked as a model.
c8072beb200dc48aa6320ad987a6632f89ba7739	However, this connection does not bring him the desired release from loneliness.
7da8b97f0f18b2add3929c5008347aac51874b4a	For eight years, Cezanne has kept this relationship a secret from his father, fearing a reduction in monthly maintenance.
3e73f7c10583c9ae32e168dcd01d29c84fc980d4	It was only in 1886 that he legalized his relationship with Ortanz and married her.
efb29176501e97861d189562d2ef029eae9ea1c9	After the end of the war, Cezanne and Ortanz returned to Paris, where their son Paul was born in January 1872.
d0072a16c964672c47a4ddca4efb3df8ba0bed23	Cezanne moves with his family to Auvers sur Oise, where he works together with Pissaro.
2c25a2b501c4ff9fc63786f779520e0b20ee1c70	Cezanne hopes to get from Pissaro what he lacks for further development - a picturesque craft, a picturesque technique.
4b969ad39a498eab51351df86159f8e3d93af96f	"Pissaro was like a father to me... like a good God," Cezanne will say later about his older friend and mentor, who firmly believed in Cezanne's unusual talent.
2b9e098c0940d0765a16cbbf6820e5c2f7a997ae	First, Pissaro made him remove dark colors from the palette.
50bfbbd9f5914c6e66e70bac73bc9f647e5de1bc	He shows him how to build a picture on the basis of chiaroscuro contrasts, he encourages him first of all to observe nature conscientiously and only transfer these observations to the canvas.
285b7d5163ca21257994e1733f6934b2e0a90992	Without their own interpretation, without bringing fantasy.
70a23665d654859b9b6b91ef3f1fe3ad7b5d6765	A painter should be nothing more than an attentive and honest viewer.
339c515968bdff19164350227f63228289d27db8	In 1873, Cezanne met Dr. Gachet, in whose house he painted pictures.
819ab710fef4bc4222c0dc6bb91521b2837eddb4	He meets the paint dealer Julien Tanguy.
4cd22c94ae760227e2514e8e997d8357184e33bf	Meets at Tanga with Van Gogh.
27d14eccbfb4ff54cf5a5ad2ba2674cee7f27fe6	Tangi is a happy case for C ezanna: he acquires many of his paintings, freeing him from caring about the materials for painting.
5bd002c1fcafa356aa05b23f924ff4ed751a79d1	In 1874, the first Impressionist exhibition was held by the photographer Nadar, where Cezanne's paintings (The Hanged Man's House in Auvers, the Landscape near Auvers, Modern Olympia) cause desperate disputes.
b2fbadd366bb5639435396c97a9520b642e44804	Paul spends the summer in Aix, since September again in Paris.
2a5315a8a091f982ebb630e542cb0f3050b7871e	In 1875, Cezanne was again rejected by the Salon.
3658593c590fdd416d45e3c6752299194bdd9745	Renoir introduces him to the customs inspector and art lover Victor Choquet, who becomes one of the most devoted collectors of his paintings.
da84b046351c9cb62a60ad20f3da01b483ff3085	In 1878, 1879, 1885 again rejected by the Salon, Cezanne decides not to send anything there anymore.
df56c271a8cc14b5341985e8f1fa265b921be8f7	"Cezanne is an artist who has been attacked and treated most fiercely by the press and the public for fifteen years.
81f6af8a2e902e0a898327499c0d28fca690b816	There is no such offensive epithet that would not be attached to his name; deafening laughter is the only reward that has so far fallen to the share of his works… But I confess that I do not know a painter who would give less reason for fun than Cezanne.”
5c5f588e05c17507d15817475ae3452b515739e0	Thus, during the third Impressionist exhibition in May 1877, Georges Riviere, an art critic and friend of Renoir, defended the painter.
ff5de81fccc16f489805e03f2e2bc567a7a1ffbb	Since the beginning of the 80s, Cezanne has increasingly used geometric shapes in his works and emphasized the meaning of harmony.
4943badc5185e9abee14e6045f363bf047e7f9c5	The image of unstable fleeting phenomena of nature, which the Impressionists did with such skill, was hindered by the materially constructive basis of perception of the world, characteristic of Cezanne.
0376207795880672a6e7cf2796ba601cb520f1f9	Therefore, during this period, when he perfectly mastered the transmission of the light air medium, the artist strengthens the structural and objective elements of his compositions.
20e4fc71598fbc20ff45136b490a21d62a6592ba	In 1886, Emile Zola published the novel “Creativity " about an unsuccessful artist.
8097fd22e6ff2626fe15916a0dd7e4b2286e7344	In this book, Zola clearly endowed the main character, the artist Claude Lantier, with the features of Cezanne, who vainly strives to realize his goal and commits suicide.
3f122e8f22a0faba9cf73b3d83112d30c9b0d552	The artist's pride was deeply offended and a break occurred between the two friends.
07f569d1e9ef280a891a46bee49aa887504d7073	In October 1886, Cezanne's father died, leaving his son a significant fortune.
becbdd9850e92ce74958dd369e53b3f705be24f5	In the period of 1888-1899, Cezanne created a solid, steadily mobile image of nature.
a1e4ba6e13abd73c554dc10779f88961bcbe826d	Flexible and plastic strokes of the master simultaneously create a form and outline the space, they seem to cling to each other, forming a single, inseparable structure of the canvas.
823d4f892bf81087d66235c7e69447550625dfc6	Human figures do not oppose the landscape background, they are just like the surrounding vegetation, permeated with light and air.
a986a47936c451a9fc8a7140d464b78af9d958ac	At the turn of the 1880-1890 years, Cezanne is increasingly interested in the so called figure genres.
f3bb7edf7eeebc4c72e991e9c4617cdb36c4cf13	In the autumn, he returns to Aix.
dcbe7820730df25154c03cf79b22b22c577778e1	He gets diabetes.
012eca910951b6208d7dee1145f34b6d167eaf68	The 1900s were marked by the appearance of the so called spontaneous painting in his work: the composition of the picture is not thought out in advance, it appears as if by itself in the process of work.
7f82a52aae62e300010c909cfe409910dd10b2cd	But I will always be grateful to those intelligent art lovers who, despite my hesitation, understood what I was trying to achieve in order to update my art. I believe that you do not replace the past with your art, but only add a new link to it.”
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eee981f5ed22e95fe35b256b88c8821356282a47	Malgorzata Szczecinska Adolph William Bouguereau Geoffrey R. Watts Edmund Blair Leighton Edouard Vuillard Paul Cezanne Nikolai Feshin John Collier Albert Lebourg Abram Arkhipov Lucien Victor Guirand Borisov Musatov Jan van Heysum John Atkinson Grimshaw Abbey Alston Edward Killingworth Johnson Eugene Henri Koshua Vasily Nesterenko John William Godward John William Waterhouse George Dunlop Leslie Peredireev Sergey Pokhitonov Ivan Brighton Rivier Charles Barton Barber
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439bc9bc5868d6cd9252f1c8c0731bc7e4080990	Cezanne, Paul
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f3178eef5c2df95f61965ecd7bdfb5f3c1a35643	Paul Cézanne
18aadef45e2ca7a7e980c12bc296a8cad552a188	Self portrait, 1875 Date of birth: January 19, 1839 (1839-01-19) [1]
033c5ad9e94da932f966bf8954ed3eda6d27f88b	Place of birth: Aix en Provence
1404a532f6a3e55624c156060143f9fa3cf288b4	Date of death: October 22 1906(1906-10-22)[1][2] (67 years)
023e77cb95e7da5637be7a1118ad8e5af8abff98	Place of death: Aix en Provence
9de593e710169e6f32db0ad17dca5852ee003499	Style: Post Impressionism
9749fa398a01f023bc03c708e37b232297d8878e	The request "Cezanne" is redirected here; for the city in France, see Cezanne (Marne).
af3cf278d51487afa871064bca3f3c8a09470c3d	1 Biography 2 Works 3 Personality 4 Early works 5 Landscapes of Cezanne 6 Cezanne Style 7 Results of Cezanne's work 8 Gallery 9 Notes 10 Literature
f1a1d729c676ee983cea777e6800b2720345bfe4	Cezanne was born in Aix en Provence on January 19, 1839.
894c0a6409dd35f4745190cec5e80431bc5cdcab	He was the only son of an overbearing father and grew up in quiet Aix en Provence, the old provincial capital of Southern France, 15 miles inland from Marseille.
6c216fc83f732f79a5507fc92fd0223ff27b4d7b	The artist's father, Louis Auguste Cezanne, self confident and assertive, went to Paris to study the hat craft.
1eee6189e675314377675cf5e0220fdfdf86f5d7	Returning to Aix after several years of apprenticeship, he invested his savings in the wholesale and retail trade of hats, succeeded in this, and eventually began to lend money to manufacturers of hat felt.
21b19364b67b00f03c361ea735ad86cf381ed72f	Soon this "rude and greedy" man so he was remembered by Cezanne's childhood friends — became the most successful moneylender in Aix.
a78de51735847a4482b7eefdaacaf1e496968c40	After graduating from high school, he attended St. Joseph's School, and then studied at the "Bourbon College"from the age of 13 to 19.
1e073505fbbc4256e32dd6aac510c05acb2c1c63	Cezanne studied well, and received many awards in mathematics,Latin and Greek.
4aa3a8da173c50096e2757c5c377aa3b586e19e8	However, Cezanne never received the annual prize for drawing at college — in 1857, the best friend of the young Paul, Emile Zola, was awarded it.
1d0bbdf7e9788e48e9a0f1b205af1f4e37936559	Individuality[edit / edit wiki text]
850b1d4b21cec34ea410e799a04c113e18dc51d1	Early works[edit / edit wiki text]
e376729adfcf1d99877798612eb7359486b20b0c	But it is interesting to note which artists influenced Cezanne during this period.
9c197ee54113990a3ea087a2abc22d5e994e4c82	These are Paolo Veronese, Tintoretto, Eugene Delacroix and Honore Daumier.
c627a4a0c88292c1700ec9247e3f17f3bc2b3e00	Landscapes of Cezanne[edit / edit wiki text]
42dd1a23cd93b34765158f26c0b5267e4b0fa3fc	Later, acquaintance and collaboration with Camille Pizarro led to the fact that Cezanne's palette became much lighter, and the strokes were separate.
c382880bb256d055a808ec5e476b802391923288	Cezanne style[edit / edit wiki text]
eba78d1b9059b483fc1cdc00d7164c0c78b5864c	Cezanne's paintings reminded all experimenters that the connection between the classics and modernity forms the basis for the art of colors and forms not to lose the criteria of artistry in the process of its development, replacing them with the complete arbitrariness of the painters, who put only originality at the forefront instead of the laws of harmony and beauty.
166ece016f5c4d7943c53f6355d4ef8e68dc9387	It is no coincidence that one of the artists whose works greatly influenced Cezanne was Nicolas Poussin, the largest representative of classicism.
aed1ab6d40f3b3bfb03ce2bb6cddec0eefdb55bd	Classicism carried the laws of stability and equilibrium, which largely corresponded to the real nature of things, the laws of the existing world.
d0d03880f2e23bf99152ac9e32762fe91afd2535	Poussin's drawing, strict and sustained, balanced and harmonious compositions were related to what Cezanne himself was looking for in nature and painting.
899c2a22dc3055334e424aff3de17251595f588f	Cezanne believed, as well as representatives of the Renaissance and Classicism, that order, not chaos, is at the heart of being, and the creative force orders everything, building harmony out of chaos.
8086fd00d358496c1fef39e2ac754efd63535a72	The protective barriers that classicism put in the way of an arbitrary approach to solving pictorial problems and problems of expressing form were also related to Cezanne.
b556008cac9ef78012b690e0f5017031101f8691	Expressiveness as an end in itself, expressiveness for the sake of expressiveness, the use of certain pictorial techniques to create a particular expressive effect contradicted the views of Cezanne, for whom painting was primarily not an art, but a means of cognition that gives a person the opportunity to directly come into contact with certain foundations of the universe.
355fcaaff9bddd0a5b4717753d7fa18cdab09864	Historically, this approach, of course, expressed the desire of the European spirit to return to a certain religious basis, and in this sense, Cezanne's painting can be compared with the religious art of different eras.
819439767aa47c6254a5e025f8efd748057ee6f3	Cezanne had a negative attitude to the painting of many of his contemporaries innovators, such as Gauguin, Van Gogh, Seurat, and others, precisely because he saw in their works the preponderance of arbitrariness, individual interpretation of the world over the search for the basic laws of its real existence, which Cezanne's own painting was ultimately supposed to express.
011e6e95532bf0d6d765a108ee24826e8b6d226d	For the same reason, Cezanne was an opponent of the decorative approach in painting, because decorativeness removed volume from painting, depriving the space of the picture of three dimensionality.
f40c420f09dbe0ad73535a870285da8cb537c5c7	And although three dimensionality on a painting is an artificially created illusion, Cezanne considered this illusion to be the greatest achievement of Renaissance painting, because the image of volume, from Cezanne's point of view, brought painting closer to reality.
bd0c502529e7dcfe6a09e1c7be61dc173490a51d	Therefore, Cezanne called Gauguin's works "painted Chinese pictures".
3b941c512d0dc7d42644b21b4ea3f4cbc17db713	Cezanne himself believed that the forms of nature ultimately form an organic unity, and ultimately a certain limited number of basic forms lies at the heart of everything that exists.
832d1825ed715cc7e12b33a2bf218b93e13f0d3a	The results of Cezanne's work[edit / edit wiki text]
7e709dfb1f909f5ba27625fb159742236a6df9b6	If the results of creativity are comprehended within the framework of the French artistic tradition, rather than the pan European one, then we can say that Cezanne sought and was able to combine two leading French traditions in his work: classicism and romanticism, intelligence and passion, balance and impulse, harmony and boiling of feelings.
ba25933552ad644b59af19226a43ecf562b33739	In the history of art, it was the fruitfulness of Cezanne's attempts to create a new great style, and not Cezanne's style itself as an artistic canon, that made him famous.
c67412500bf5bd2aa024296728cf610185ffcc1a	This is all the more true because you can draw a variety of artistic conclusions for yourself from Cezanne's works.
f5761c9e1e3314e95a6f69562da0f28bc3c63e22	They are multidimensional, which in itself is characteristic of many outstanding works of different eras, but multidimensionality in the era of free artistic search acquires a special meaning.
6a357abaede2dc8045f11f79917558e0db01b848	Everyone can take for themselves what they want from Cezanne's works, and not what the artistic canon dictated earlier.
d63f113b7366c85e668179f443666fcf4ab5cf12	That is why Cezanne's work remains a kind of" artistic storeroom " for modern artists.
709f21683b4f85a0351d317b82166fc0a7b8402a	The main thing in the perception of Cezanne's paintings is not to succumb to the temptation to build any theory, artistic or philosophical, on their basis.
b5b0a2bc67f315f81381e667204977aa89b03c2f	Cezanne himself has never had any theories.
5b6293c3ac5a672a5bd469a5d1e4917a76123f6e	He defined the essence of his approach as the absence of any theoretical mediation between the artist and the nature of things.
0eaaf8108bf5de329b9250e683a4db9f3e898a21	A direct look, direct absorption and transmission of the response of nature on the canvas were for him a natural approach to painting, which Cezanne considered a way of direct contact with the truth, which does not fit into the framework of thoughts and words.
a266059ce9fa565d2f412dab5472c3db0f754759	The girl at the piano (Overture to "Tannhauser"). ca. 1868.
7ce9403a52718b38efa1fd7232caba967e901f31	Hermitage, St. Petersburg A bouquet of flowers in a blue vase.
b7126a7e5c0e9efb112ecfa6247e5abf8e874fee	1873—1875.
32218a7f8cab7ff86c7dcfab4d106caaf4e07c6a	Hermitage, St. Petersburg Bridge over the Marne in Creteuil (Banks of the Marne).
0bed4d374d9cb77d4ed08db24de4f534d938c1ae	1888-1894.
b44f4b51e53b9d57f803954aaa5fbf1f278615c9	Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow Smoker.
2689abfc12d14c66c3ba9a42b0fb400221dafb81	1890—1892.
57c8d51c2a80554a4e0a91d1e8715cb0fb58e6fb	Hermitage, St. Petersburg Mt. Victoria.
f4eeeb04da4cb730ee654622b0338501d68050bd	1897—1898.
72d739f5a17166eeb31c6ceecc935a38aa1dc5f7	Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg
4a7040350f2bfdf28e8b82923fe8ff8a91bd86ec	Gallery[edit / edit wiki text]
e0843dad5e9181d86654ad31a98f37e1261b8276	"The Girl at the Piano" (Overture to "Tannhauser"), ca. 1868, The Hermitage, St. Petersburg.
1839d96a8cd7096a20df0ac43ac995f85de99f4f	"Mount Saint Victoire", 1882-1885, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
2a76bbc09d17b6259e0bd21cb6d74239960187e5	"The Banks of the Marne", 1888, The Hermitage, St. Petersburg.
53f4819528e2a2e802c81f3e2bc294b07a75a38f	"Pierrot and Harlequin" ("Maslenitsa"), 1888, Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow.
5f35b7d4d8e2e5fbe2b8dfaeffef8beab58c7307	"Still Life with drapery", 1889, The Hermitage, St. Petersburg.
6c3e56068b3726cae07108e29d74232d29bd22f8	"A man with a pipe", 1890.
bb888136f6cf561077fad7bdecc7df8760dfaf09	"Card Players", 1892-1893, collection of the Emir of Qatar[* 1].
1407bc27fe80eb9b634d4d648f9eba2cbcf787ef	"The Young Italian Woman", 1896.
dccd3649d9ac073f6e8e3c626dc6ac725c8ed5ae	"Mount Saint Victoire and the Black Castle", 1904-1906.
7977409c6deae77e59df4a5f35aa9507e29abb1b	"Bathers", 1906.
a0bcf870963e605259894a32a271940322ae3599	↑ http://www.britannica.com/biography/Paul Cezanne
acf850bf21347c9eaba56b1be6eee5189cfea6c3	↑ Qatar Purchases Cézanne's The Card Players for More Than $250 Million, The Highest Price Ever for a Work of Art / / Vanity Fair, February 2, 2012.
ffb414fa822973e5b9308a83053b38269625ea19	In 2011, it was sold at a closed auction to the family of the Emir of Qatar for $ 250 million, becoming the most expensive painting ever sold at that time[3].
10afa886035cdcbcfc13e224dc7c06c87a348179	Yavorskaya N. V. Cezanne — - M., 1936.
1b8742599ae6a8f2040eaf1c3b9219803c573a64	Perrusho A. Cezanne , translated from French -M., 1966.
fe2ea6945d09f7e40976b26ac9a9068a5e3f5fae	- M., 1972.
44a267af53cfd899b699dccd7b1f3cd8cdf452fd	— 1975.
163afdb45dde81a94224aeb938fa375b17d77045	Lindsay J. Paul Cezanne.
8c300adb3f44ebeac545a5982165be1d57b570af	Cezanne: His Life and Art. - L.: Evelyn, Adams and Mackay, 1969.
df969ec36c64b9d57307ca44a7146c2124fdcad4	- Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1989.
66e7a2ee973939e4e4acfda9236854d5668ccc0e	- p. 416 p.
b9cb39fd0d16323d1a91d8639109a242ba357898	- ISBN 5-210-00021-4.
44c9b6017bf37ab1ced318315f259622a0176555	Venturi L. V. 1—2 // Cezanne, son art, son oeuvre.
b5066d15ca60154d121d79fb6404972d7886f816	— Paris, 1936.
75258429e2e01b567616df2d89fae37a19e418f5	Rewald J.
ba8488cb8dfdc3c9b82d34be0237ec949d7745ef	— London, 1950.
21d398198803e093f9cdccbeefe49b25fad67861	Novotny F. Cezanne und das Ende wissenschftlicher Perspektive.
13e1f705a9e65d72ecc727480ae24f4e12308489	— Wien, 1938.
0798c56a4017c204d9bf9dcf8eabdf8abc4ae8a1	Badt K.
463f5d6a9778ec0ac78f3901f2f68c155989d99d	— Munchen, 1956.
fb5baef121427f1d24eda1d604bf125205216396	Murina Elena.
942c13fbe0d71b4cecc4936f4ded9f1c9161fba3	- M.: Art XXI century, 2014.
2e39e8322395d97b0f4c5b54f81c0c1d6af4b079	- 296 p — - 1500 copies.
7a9e64e8da081bb646531ec03ad1e9cc6acbb5a7	— ISBN 978-5-98051-106-7.Wikify the article.
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a01f31da073847eac63abc5a269248a68d640024	Regulatory Control BAV: ADV10277265 · BNC: a10071891 · BNE: XX1116852 · BNF: 118958019 · EGAXA: 000899586 · GND: 118519964 · ICCU: IT\ICCU\CFIV\087652 · ISNI: 0000 0001 2128 7379 · LCCN: n79055446 · NDL: 00435613 · NKC: jn19990001386 · NLA: 35026986 · NTA: 069282927 · NUKAT: n96402264 · PTBNP: 17426 · LIBRIS: 217692 · SUDOC: 026775093 · VIAF: 39374836 · ULAN: 500004793
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5836697f90fe6339da363b87459b57f4f512e77b	What is the essence of the renewal that Cezanne brought to art? His words about the laws of landscape construction have already become a textbook: "Treat nature by means of a cylinder, a ball, a cone - and everything is in perspective reduction, that is, each side of the object, the plan should be directed to a central point.
9dce08f4229ea83ce2c74a7d9a5a4698426c87c8	Lines parallel to the horizon convey the length… Lines perpendicular to this horizon give depth.
d90086299eefe3437bd4274de6a4d09887f9f9a2	At first, this brought him the fate of an outcast, later the worldwide fame of the founder of a new art.
8e193199de6fdc74360ca907ba857a07a72e09a5	The surrounding nature also contributed to this.
cf7d574ee3064de8a48e76fd2106ccb814855262	Next to Cezanne was his friend the future famous writer Emile Zola.
451bd32cdca0e2e3b1e02d7530c86501e1e03df3	They were connected by a romantic friendship.
6fbede861896ab5f6b79580d5611b7347e1dd8f7	Zola was the first to leave for the capital and began his career as a journalist, an art critic; many of the ideas that he put forward in his articles were discussed by him in conversations and letters with Cezanne.
8cca7fed62d654857b15158a05673ceb5f21d565	When Cezanne visited Paris, Zola became his guide, an intermediary when meeting artists and writers.
47a81f3aea81ec5af14a77008e3d70dbd5a1cad1	Cezanne's early paintings, created by him in the 1860s, were painted in very dark colors, with a lot of black color, it is clear that sometimes the artist applied paint directly with a knife, in wide layers.
e812d0e251e0b6e88e4c0bd9a8cec5cffbeca0ab	At first, his work is covered with the tradition of romanticism.
ef90f46241e7255c8fcab3679871d8b0268677f4	Cezanne is read by Victor Hugo, studies Delacroix's painting.
212246b35991eca2466f1d4cee4b2a780712fdb2	Acquaintance with the Impressionists, and especially with Camille Pissarro, with whom he went to etudes and even copied one of his paintings, forced Cezanne to completely change his palette.
3fe53258a8a83ac0fa8bf6eb26398316b2a7b080	He got rid of the black color forever, began to write with clean colors, with a smaller, calm brushstroke.
cc88570fe86710f835a24b70a177ed380244375c	But if for the Impressionists the most important role was played by the immediacy of the impression, the visual image on the canvas plane, then Cezanne even in the works of the early 1870s the period of the greatest closeness with Pissarro and his group, the creation of a thoughtful composition was in the first place, where space was transmitted not flattened, as with the impressionists, but going into depth.
3e7cb3eab2a82e7b6fda4e49c267e93c0cfceb7f	The Impressionist landscape was often combined with a genre painting.
d426913f467c041c96d29781f2b1da929b46451b	In Monet, the sails of yachts slide along the surface of the Seine, in Pissaro, a peasant plow is visible left in the field.
d23c0f867a5a9e22ec3fb8f1ba5d5a2a8fd5e68c	Cezanne's landscape is always deserted.
85016e6607b87082e7009cc4ee327734996bf72e	This is a world that is not affected by human activity.
07074a77d0cb824348c1662f485f4ed1cdfea929	The landscape "The Banks of the Marne" (1888, Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow) was painted in central France.
9507aa48bca2d2fc0cec3e3344206bd8f7f3334a	According to the chosen motif, it is close to impressionistic paintings, but in Cezanne the river seems frozen, with a mirror surface; trees stand motionless on the banks.
c14670cc672cf1ead52b5f6c497ab04aba180078	The range of colors is restrainedly cold, the white primer of the canvas can be seen through the picturesque layer in some places.
429494a056e58f8383c68ffe7f5587842a5f5ff6	In the landscape "Mount Saint Victoire" (1900, State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg), a mighty bluish block rises into the sky, reigning over the warm yellowish ochre wrinkles of the foothills covered with swirling blue green vegetation.
417d96cae38543baa80b64be7d9750278a5e025f	The sense of the advancing array of mountains, the ability to convey their greatness bring Cezanne and Poussin closer, despite the difference in their artistic systems.
681b948e8366899c8ac013b378d0822f74f5a180	Cezanne's still lifes, which he painted for a very long time, sometimes for several months, convey the same feeling of greatness, but embodied in small, everyday things.
f129e3b0e6dc31c75e087712dff3bc0241078582	His apple would be impossible to bite.
528df087a8f77efed57d870e87cc2dd1ef38b0f9	The folds of white napkins are as significant in their architectonic role as the flutes of antique columns.
6e950f0b71a2707461b46be1a2055357036b1353	Cezanne builds a form, searches for its primary basis, reveals the structure of complex forms.
e60466239d06dbac45844cb78c8907e4027c8384	His still lifes are the creative laboratory of the master.
c44dd9661169ea2309d8b453caf118a23607eae1	At the beginning of the century, Cubists - Picasso and other artists started from them.
e35cd851a995ffae8cff360dc06cb55e09bdc9a7	But if Cezanne revealed the form, leaving its real image, then the Cubists separated the object into parts, analyzing its structure.
973cbc065f212b2b0d4f407dda49b95ca6d5a4d0	Much could be told about the problems that Cezanne solved in his work, about the riddles that he left for his researchers.
2d9d988c397b53b2db222d617c62f49463e0c3a5	Many books have been written about Cezanne.
a9c0354832ec9c0c10c7d9fabdfa28bed80eddfc	Various art historians created their own theories explaining the principles of his art, polemicized with each other.
5db0739c029c86f94ecd5d2349659c70744a95f9	Biographers and popularizers described the dramatic life of Cezanne - a passionate, restless, proud and lonely man.
99aa31e31ee4c27f5a16c42edf76ca5d859df171	The art and life of Cezanne were first reflected in literature in the famous novel "Creativity" by Emile Zola, published in 1886.
5278ebfa28e0a5378939632271e16791a7fc12f2	The hero of the novel, Claude Lantier, is by no means entirely copied from Cezanne, this is a collective image of a representative of a new galaxy of artists, whose interests were initially defended by Zola in criticism.
1e9b95a523b05f3a684bb3202fe76cf0f3748dc6	But the writer became disillusioned with the new artistic movement, and Lantier is depicted in his novel as a loser.
4d09f3f21a385fd23125b49ef9197a2d0999d345	The publication of the novel caused Zola to break up with his former artist friends.
fe53c3ed3dc2fc42585ecd32b4ba4d7f368e2743	The public did not like Cezanne's art and did not recognize it even when the Impressionists were in fashion.
3b2f0bfdeef66e74d938f3491fbb166cc64ab8b2	Recognition for the artist came from young artists in the 1890s and 1900s.
79186e6d429f24909913721491a370ccdd2bd815	They visited him in Aix, recorded conversations with him.
859ba1186821dc34e40a904f517e16a2b993e1c2	Exhibitions of Cezanne began to be organized, which enjoyed increasing success.
6377e2be42ad326b45525630af162f16cad4e1c6	But the real fame came to him only posthumously.
590ec6f02a4c929fd4a5672dd2923519b9f3cc19	Art calendar "One hundred memorable dates", 1989.
4f5d860c58f31dfa4f696ff5c8065886394a3b20	Cezanne's paintings
2569cc46c0723f213c64211ec8f8798837bcd3c3	Mt. Victoria from the Bibemus quarry 1897
2c70ea26b910a010ee294ae3ca908aa96e055277	Self portrait Around 1895
50b11eb04c40ef4d93e7e176ae60c7800cf8d255	Maria's Palace on the way to the Black Castle Around 1895
8280043dfce43508f209bf734838edcf8731636f	A large pine tree on the background of red fields 1895
9d609062f1641d474b8a7f8a22092b00bd7b9e1a	Portrait of Ambroise Vollard
6ab96d05805b94517e0e201f36c0a44d33206fcc	Lake in Annecy 1896
a90bd1dabad8a1b64d705e95cd6b7c8a935eff2a	Still Life with Cupid 1895
70a0d79c0c68425970ecc48178dc4e971a602691	Still life with a basket of apples 1890-1894.
0013bea6cc82e172b7e170ee77718a6eb7a6699b	Card players 1890-1892
db337dad4c7026f00002c8305d461d8a4e2925a9	Madame Cezanne 1891-1892
e54c8eaf1eb00c8eb23d5237216fc93218f05606	House with cracks in the walls 1892-1894
059e647ae51a4c6fd2a151a4a5aeb358bbd842d3	Big pine tree 1892-1896
9762c8c21197c0f13e24f035ba8ad27f9fbf3c09	The Boy in the Red vest 1890-1895
37e3d032a727510a391804b0ab6a70715e4db534	Millstone 1898-1900
475f1b1ab990cb45251000ed8235303e4686c839	Still life with ginger crinkle, sugar bowl and apples 1890-1894
db23a9a4a7d49a375dc85ba1e710c56284544a39	Still life with apples and peaches Ca. 1905
994d168d557b8b62617f89534dd02f9f6006d6fc	Bathers 1898-1905
f3556423da23047f325b756c97abd05547ed0d8c	Still Life: Vase with tulips 1890-1892
55cc72de0a12f02365ffdfd9f97c390a1e7c429b	Mount St. Victoria and the Black Castle 1904-1906
4fe89cf7c4ddc667f99473b790f3f724d3b17460	Big bathers 1900-1905
a643d2eeb701862dd2c11ab99b6759bbc9b16b4d	The Smoker 1895
5c3dcfb833cd4416cffdc5a38852556132e1d9fb	The Road to Mount St. Victoria 1898-1902
d5620c5a1a85e98c2b6449e49398196dfde4588d	A sharp turn on the road to Montgera 1899
88c6a62b5a21ab94e4e4b3b1e6c70a85e1e8ad30	The Lady in blue Circa 1900-1904
45a008a55f22ccd96938ab5283ae281beeea824a	Mill on the river 1900-1906
964f919723885f402fa3525ba6fd9b79f1560fc8	Bathers 1892-1894
9b2af07d446628a4b9006be432921a08ef48c17b	Still life with a curtain 1895
0b1c1833cf07070ff6392a43a7dba68c61ec7cd1	Pyramid of Skulls 1901
1a2709a762be4ad9f4259304dcbcb0d55e0895da	A peasant in a blue blouse 1897
00952de1af5605a1e4b4c389d7b5c0f36df5c586	Bathers, small board 1897
e1a715b5f9cc881c85272c5932bbd175bad3a7c5	In the forest 1898-1899
1c397df6f9ff7a3c413ede1c3e3538b1710f4390	The artist at work 1874-1875
28f1c5f69f4cb20e64fca2a95f59183c3854f7f5	The Seine River 1876-1878
2ddb84adff9793d3329ec030ee900943e592c9c3	Fruit pickers 1876-1877
d1e7afad9d8ded06551efcef45e5bb2d2b61f52c	Buffet 1873-1877
bf8a6df74d16c8743740bb328e1ac7d61af47a65	House and Tree 1873-1874
37fa1f208c6e659a2e3407035f851ab2160dfcc2	Self portrait Around 1875
aca5a71dd8d6b41a9f0ab23852c3616d91383f88	Bathers 1874-1875
dc63e8c964cbc8907802e332aa0c83e821231429	Madame de Buffan Circa 1878
0be04d4279443bc9835e1355dbb6447e5b9aaa6b	The house of Dr. Gachet in Auvers 1873
58f17d9f678389db573e13e00a2498fb43c7bf0e	Father Lacroix's house in Auvers 1873
deee79966e7a57e8fbba860ee3d250136113af4b	The House of the hanged man in Auvers 1872-1873
0cc9c4285280c7674a951d4b750c1c717b5b1140	Noon in Naples, or Grog 1872-1875
12a5f201e9416189a18da68661c1b78a0f2b7b5f	The roofs of Paris 1877
b6971f97bcf6886b140b6e33cb109c8299ad501e	Madame Cezanne in a red armchair (Madame Cezanne in a striped skirt) 1877
08b3cd8f98b86f4855675a06f7f41ad29e8eb058	Self portrait 1883-1887
5b334bda38b51f09ad7b7d646dedf80572407477	Trestle with red roofs 1883-1885
14f39e870c2964e9b538084f45cbccb9301a641f	Chestnut trees and outbuildings in Ja de Buffan Around 1885
709c8a242efb2320a7e6389daf3e21c82f642db2	The Valley Of the Oise Around 1880
171b509745985d65e9ba919d96f6e019cab5e39e	View of the Estac (in the vicinity of Marseille) 1882-1883
95cf3bc868af9e22a4d28d19ab206a960711b0c5	View of the trestle through the pines 1882-1883
ad7a28a43490f568fb57c2ae977175292f8ac3d5	House in Provence 1882-1885
86066eaf2c7e90fa16e459a3a05dba0aa7884ec9	View of the Trestle and the If castle 1883-1885
cb2e86e544d684dc08ade08ad63f8b29fde17cd3	The village behind the trees in the Ile de France Around 1879
572756a244967f3429082f57967b40b4cb915cf5	Houses in Provence near Estac 1879-1882
a6b8383636e6a0a1fa14aff9a12a075765576053	Landscape 1879-1882
7c91f1d426c63d330162a2c3b7122d25ee0db057	Turn of the road 1879-1882
24d46102e91fa377bff374a373d9ea7288932705	Swimming pool in the park of Mrs. de Buffan 1882-1885
00451e6ca0f729c31ee398894e7bd16f1346c75d	Victor Shoke in the chair 1879-1882
2bda97e5f0574eb14611950f269a3ad44cbf5048	Bridge in the forest 1880
52ac72d432eea22e810e019934b78718e00e6850	The Coast of the Marne 1888
005777bfdc99a8985c904537fefa50f7bb07d71a	Still Life with apples 1890
91e893fbc9f20786aed45d721a002c6bf3fb2f2a	Self portrait 1878-1880
0eb637bd189a7bdf8c03ac567ed6e2ae21ac6dc0	Mountains in French Provence 1878-1880
7a3a69901e56460df9e5ef4151da7bd4dfd5492e	Portrait of Louis Juliarnet 1879-1880
c47180a6847ba49712d18095654299b5de95a97f	Still Life 1879
f7d6f725c0c237477247e8edff01677bba42f9be	Still Life with apples 1879-1882
2a864d281b503941a8e81be73b78097ec75bf985	Fruit bowl 1879-1880
9f56b6e53832b73215f025f05ec7b2536323bff6	Portrait of my son 1888-1890
41f6403cf03ec27dfb343c70f6b738d665550cc6	Bathers 1879-1880
e774cf8f057f2932a89e7b8bf7370a77699409f3	Bathers 1880
9a877c0b96e9f813f79240493689ce386b8a09b5	Still Life with a sugar bowl 1888-1890
3e93ac25ff79ca5517f371717f95884c02c92934	Bathers 1879-1882
1fd6483820b1440bf0bca67b09ecf17a2c9b0625	Pierrot and Harlequin 1888
abe4ab705fbf81ea96079fb7f769f231b561df3e	Self portrait with palette 1885-1887
d19fc5a3893aa3ad0b141807811086269a052868	Madame Cezanne in Blue 1885-1887
803a4b7f28c15ca14d214bb6c11f51bb08a7ce7b	Still Life with cherries and peaches 1883-1887
9e5b69bc77a6c6a5456431d867c996d54c463726	Mt. Victoria 1888-1890
65bca0b0e8c33dc5e5e50a743c1641e165a4e2ce	Viaduct 1887
f6aaeb0c39b6a1bf80623038ddd33641e8b5e47d	House with a red roof 1887-1890
b8906bfc6fa734177a019ab1171d6748053f4b16	The bank of the Oise 1888
51038a1ff2ad7b659aa43991de3bcd88af262787	The Road to Chantilly 1888
6cfe74ccd1e2a7041e704d3209ddc53c7102ecc7	Portrait of Madame Cezanne
3f4bdc64139d43230f6f7f7cf4c7fac8077b47fb	House in Provence 1885-1886
db96db09d6eb6ae39f03f69ae2d70c790dd31b34	Tall trees in Ja de Buffan 1885-1887
6639032cdccbfba3663ee8e9d05a08f7f9be0992	Mt. Victoria 1885-1887
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3d838f9d8389e6563c81af7d1af352113bd1a06f	19.01.1839 Aix en Provence - 22.10.1906 Aix en Provence
82a2f31fbbf65c490017de3726b392d226e1fb55	From the history of painting: Post Impressionism
93be253cfe7bea8868e15250bc92fa197661d571	[222 paintings]
299c6df6d1cea8155cff5d2857b427e5380270e9	Brief information:
e8ef74b85c83b7c6f2947a6aa07ab1e2b2deb0d8	In still lifes, landscapes, portraits, he sought to reveal, with the help of gradations of pure color, stable compositional constructions, the unchanging qualities of the object world, its plastic richness, the logic of structure, the greatness of nature and the organic unity of its forms ("The Banks of the Marne", 1888; "Peaches and Pears", 1888-90).
f3cb3926b22a61075cbbcfcd7c88eae5c637feba	Biography of Paul Cezanne
2b58fc75c82ef30003058b2ed2bae1df9ba933b9	Years of training
23ef6a9fab12d6bd6120b70bad3fd214757abc65	He studied at the college in Aix together with E. Zola, with whom he was subsequently friends for a long time.
cfb71bdd4a8f0464551a443fa8ea33986170f2e6	After completing his studies in 1858, he worked in the office of his father, a provincial financier, and at the same time attended the Municipal Drawing School.
e704fa1f4ccbdbb18128d6767ff09befc3cb380e	In 1861, Cezanne went to Paris for the first time, failed the entrance exams to the School of Fine Arts.
32c251d13ec24bbd1f5a818e8e297221be0d49db	After a short stay in his homeland and working in a bank, he returned to Paris again, attended the so called Academy of Suis (1862-65), where for a small fee it was possible to draw nudes.
eb4bfa45e7f0439697f0cffbc67015c6ca3d7258	He closely follows the artistic life, visits the famous Cafe Gerbois, where artists often gather.
a3df41c64c7e6db01eb37e7cbe3a03c24e1158a1	Among the idols of our time are E. Delacroix and G. Courbet.
8725acd255be14e56ff3e3a22afea80b962e259a	He copied paintings by old masters in the Louvre, mainly Veronese, Tintoretto, Caravaggio, Crespi.
fff35e481578b609de61b9dd59454f392ffc1be1	Cezanne did not receive a special art education and was self taught, as he did not want to obey the dogmas of academic art.
10c78cce101e32c6a995acaf97291f138b55a89c	Cezanne, Manet and the Impressionists
3ac4b100d83d9885b763cd8dc5a3d1d1b153a000	Through Zola, he gets acquainted with the artists E. Manet, as well as K. Pissarro, K. Monet, O. Renoir, etc., future representatives of impressionism.
6f08c26fd84fe10d3c0acf399306dbf847823895	He participated in the Impressionist exhibitions of 1874 and 1877, but did not share their attitude to fixing fleeting states of nature.
37f3b1b3c21929ac36e917837020dde69e35c73d	Like Manet, whose variations on the themes of his paintings he created ("Breakfast on the Grass", 1869-70, private collection, Paris; "New Olympia", Musee d'Orsay, Paris), Cezanne wanted to follow the traditions of the old masters, Poussin was his constant idol, and he even signed two decorative panels "Spring" and "Autumn" (1859-62, Petit Palais, Paris) with the name of Ingres.
4189c9e7fcdda65f6700364d6f32911809cb8773	Early period (1860)
4a97bf464a944e2b7a509efd2f8b6ed0e935f81a	The work of this period has a pronounced romantic character: scenes of violence ("Murder", 1867-70, Wildstein Gallery, New York), still lifes such as "vanity of vanities" ("Still life with a skull and a candlestick", 1865-67, private collection, Switzerland), erotic visions ("Orgy", 1864-68, private collection, Paris).
5c75e588e3bb66f65610be48d7edb851159b9fd7	It is difficult to date Cezanne's works, since he rarely exhibited and did not put dates on the canvas himself.
31b8e5a72739065be835a6f025692454c9e82588	Among the significant works of the early period — "Portrait of the father" (1867 (?), a private collection), quite large (198 · 118 cm).
15bfebfd9cf89c0ee75cb6a19478c6e209abcdc5	Apparently, this portrait was supposed to prove to my father that the artist had finally established himself in choosing his profession.
4aae12647cb29a9d197203b59a03e2615fd5e67a	In "The Girl at the Piano" (ca. 1869, the Hermitage), the artist's sister and mother are depicted, an empty chair should remind of his father.
65c8ab7a81c6fe18ceb37c0bd80e9b99985915bf	In a modest provincial interior, romantic music by Wagner sounds, the cult of which is characteristic of France in the second half of the XIX century.
14044845a5191f3c4a80944919db7ca255680c3a	(another name of the picture is "Overture to Tannhauser").
581f7f17aff91265e4c1364bab7d857c4365044a	At the turn of 1860-70, the theme of "bathers" and "bathers" begins, which will become important in the following decades.
bdcaa5a8fb1d7c031c66aa9bce734a1858aad94a	Creativity of the 1870s
e22047fff810f25dbc0bb23952fc655e8ae398e3	The family lives in Pontoise and Auvers near the Oise River, where, in addition to Argenteuil, another "small capital of impressionism" is being formed;
cc0587917ec18304baffbce73abdc5d9aa09e81b	Pissarro and Guillaumin work here.
8597a7fed53988b2d82d283cee3fe750d5480b69	The modeling of forms becomes more concise, constructively generalized.
37be0940647496178bf5681171ecc3f963b1de23	Self portraits and still lifes
c14af7ed662cdc98e87e93f821a636d200c716ad	In the 1870s, a series of self portraits began.
f10428763cc5657085ed7d89fe6e2577c8b90ddf	From the "Self portrait in a cap" (ca. 1874, the Hermitage) with its somewhat "wildness" and "Japanization" of the image of the eyes, he proceeds to create generalized images ("Self Portrait", ca.1880, private collection, Winterthur).
4f88c996e498045af167a52c1b736f70e419fbad	At the turn of 1880-90.
e507d29d8061741d121e6ff87ea231c74d15064a	Cezanne is increasingly interested in the so called figure genres.
2ed220f50e824ce5f132703edb95fb743de23f8c	In the middle of 1890.
40277fa0bc13b868d7dc251c06562e3d3f05dcf7	Cezanne begins to work on portraits ("Portrait of A. Vollard", 1899, Petit Palais, Paris; "Portrait of G. Geffroy", 1895, Musee d'Orsay, Paris), which required numerous sessions (sometimes up to a hundred) and still remained unfinished.
3d2c366dfa5dd8cbcdb3c1431e353bf34ba3dd78	Cezanne painted his nudes by imagination, his figures are often deformed, expressive, put in far fetched poses and groups.
dbb14fc0a9be47485fa0d47f90bba5e5246b54bb	Cezanne was sometimes considered as an "artist for artists" and a representative of "pure painting", sometimes, on the contrary, as the creator of a kind of philosophical concept of the world and art.
f09fb4bb8e3d408bff55f3eb298174078e124258	Famous paintings by Paul Cezanne :
d15729d076e36757613b17d00702653e7045476b	Still life with bread and eggs.
1c7ef1afb9614b06202c8be8605b0e2896100e89	Cezanne 1865
2ed16481ebbbc0ca2734519ca5f4e145c067a88c	The verdict of Paris.
bb849f00db329a91f397a3f33f38ab42909f6696	Cezanne 1862-1864
17ecad393bba4f3db24cfc1f28e6acf0a951f05f	Landscape in the Ile de France.
c8c67aa80847d7cee0ca60bc43df1784dd3eda29	Cezanne Circa 1865
6c3fc47e6330dcde1b9c5f2d90d54345b5612f89	The Temptation of St. Antonia.
ac44db93cd36cb2a6e5060dad469198a4a31f276	Cezanne 1867-1869
7922a12bbd48af9bb5975a5de8db8679ad7b2cd6	The artist at work.
bf85d6472b09a337d5440f8c6731e9c02f6ffdb7	Cezanne 1874-1875
0c319f8ef0bede834c4163490971aa7d7a25ccc9	Bacchanalia (Love struggle). Cezanne 1875-1880
3a832ec44daf98aad28418a97341246400f274e2	A girl with a doll.
0b0ca71797c1e5e4248c8dbc210efc60a66d910f	Cezanne 1902-1904
b90825d68e4ead163158dc6a1f00344d03c26fba	Portrait of an elderly man.
14b2e53ab7435ba552d2ebd236c6cf2a75e4b0e7	Cezanne Circa 1865-1868
05de21271012ca1f48e88f246ffabfd09467c2b6	Landscape with a source.
c7f6e44cacf40c9fbb63254841dfb7700546990a	Cezanne 1865-1867
34f25cd74fca7d32b1997a893c6d7e2f93b1779d	Still life with drapery, a jug and a vase for fruit.
1ecf8f66374628692435deb0ee95879bc9bf9944	Cezanne 1893-1894
9c5b42e81ed8973263f3417d5e2411268d073f74	Still life with flowers in a vase.
f75658ec3760e652f9c827557b41d58af4daa1cd	Cezanne 1885-1888
1ab56acb1cd992ee1437e814d72833557be15dd1	Still life with a clock made of black marble.
0a3a2abaa31a811d997e1033bded808395e00209	Cezanne 1869-1871
2c2a441f6e5636d535f17157a5ad6de5a621464e	Still life with a green vessel and a tin cauldron.
3d327015f85e0839fb083d98d4dec379e57263e2	The house of the hanged man (under the Over).
848178821ed84fb538aca2b843277875083afa36	Cezanne Circa 1873
34d85f543f708ec933d35218bd9a7708b01e7694	Still life with apples and biscuits.
065490d50707a14bd9f513bd8d01cae448633c72	Cezanne Circa 1877
63daf4e6c407376845aa6ec1d9ebc8a745ce70e0	Still life with tulips in a vase.
1fa9f65adb4c887e4dcefb0fdecad05114f7d28a	Cezanne 1890-1892
684d86a76d5e5e06971e49af59fcae8cf6955bf4	Still life with pomegranate and pears.
d726bb1c776ea28dd05d57d7e0c3f97a4ccd0410	Cezanne 1885-1890
979c80f314e9f67539e4a8f698ecbc8891494e3c	Portrait of Ambroise Vollard.
b2651178c0ff6b7fc477308d2b1af939f321b4ca	Cezanne 1895
9bb3161e201e0c2af671b12a5142e6ed826fc8f7	Still life with Cupid.
9f0b98517d65e7e479d6a2124eb5cbefdcfdd73e	Cezanne Circa 1895
e43b14b8b8be24bbab66d9b60c3768b60bc04b21	Bathers (Four bathers). Cezanne 1877-1878
5220defca6e0e205e9e943de6eaa52caa0117667	Still life with a jug and fruit on the table.
79d0088bdd6f659896ae77ed1672369844717263	Mountains in Provence.
6812ec2f74987030ed4201a18b9f49c558c5f125	Cezanne 1886-1890
c5cd569ab34efe7ff38e2c6e2cc6b39d1df9ce3d	Portrait of Louis August Cezanne, the artist's father.
00869f2d5459ff0484f561574ef4d3e90ca4a479	Cezanne 1866
8affc71b029aa60b629942806481bd7bbfa0f5ce	The Girl at the piano (overture to Tannhauser).
12e0ef737ac51c5a4f016136fb666cc5b3f39c7c	Cezanne Circa 1866
19e3a57c0559890344b396a3f3b780e02515687b	Still life with a vase of apples.
3cac54b6c1d533833e68f84a66d2f4f681afa9cd	Cezanne Circa 1878-1879
d980028b8e44b2ea06dec3c2bc8e1d4cc85eae92	Still life with apples and a fruit dish.
2d136247b6c07695238207f308d8e433e0151350	Cezanne 1879-1882
7bac443ba9a394ec08ec98699133ac3df14078f9	View of mt. Victoria from the Bellevue side.
30070cd7445f4ef287f854479e5e70e0e009b0d6	Cezanne 1882-1885
5fb40f58cda249db766e485fa2e07c3d7bb5804d	Still life with apples and oranges.
60bbd5a97b8962633d710a2fecca0ec100773dde	Cezanne 1895-1900
706eafb0ef08670e8b2375df6553db0d6c5b69dd	Rocks in the forest of Fontainebleau.
b7cedb35f09bfb8fab625e7a3a856f9aab2f1b17	Cezanne 1865-1868
30cab6f67e7656b3cc9d8916cddda45dcaba4bf6	Paul Alexis reads Zola aloud.
76d394cca615e30032e18a0ccf1161db9ab96019	Cezanne 1869-1870
ce4ec0fc899d7d31145debbf94781554cae55436	Houses in Provence (houses near the Overpass).
795f0bcf5ef90ebad4cbd96270d212d236d70700	Self portrait on a green background.
b5aeccebf062bce88dda5dc08a201fe701b64acc	Cezanne 1880-1881
c10ab93ba8726c41eced286621ff711f911f38f5	The sea in Annecy.
9382b3446706204e76527f21cddb91f6b0709f4e	Cezanne 1896
0fbbdbc2ce143ce4b9c469dd1fac8e8fe4684fbf	A man in a straw hat (portrait of Boyer).
69cc80385abfb669074631bdf86c13fcb109f8cd	Cezanne 1870-1871
3afb0e5c0f73512acdeffc146be135198e36b783	Landscape.
be0389d5df9035234d51e23c9c99e791a9638849	Cezanne Circa 1870
4cae68b339820f79f23a19bf85e62b60cea4c73e	Papa Lacroix's house.
c2fd44503eb49303fe029f7375b0998bbbed9419	Cezanne 1873
aa919a00e4867097136c1767aa461a1396052a63	Still life with a Delft vase with flowers.
8f2c5c7b50dadec09c1081314a01d9a90fb866bf	Cezanne Circa 1874
7aef416cb365e916d679f3518f0efe33aa23dcfc	Still life with seven apples.
7375ebc2add8903a7c8144a281b8fe3db426816d	Cezanne 1877-1878
aa52c8b615f9f0f8bbe440553759b7b2092078fb	Always feminine.
7b603ff5d399db53e6488009ec61ff33bb98baba	Still life with cherries and peaches.
ba905693e65681ce23442bbaf9fea402c0a9387c	Cezanne 1883-1887
2bf24132af084dc25ad1b438f407e83d99af3211	Still life with a blue vase.
a7691e785dc0f4b55ce9301aa77d7c2c38674336	Cezanne 1889-1890
3a0c43dbe034327b61b551a2964abc15c2ec7b1e	Still life with three skulls.
0f69338ea3100ce71429ed0b60f994901764f4dc	Cezanne Circa 1900
28c76fec39f65c44000f8c9b77eb7b4c0bbca06a	Still life with apples and peaches.
af75612aad8b0757a006810c0e1c8d76b7f2444d	Cezanne Circa 1905
8ed99cf236d396f970284e45824408c7989f0c34	Cezanne Circa 1906
582b0e4b302994338b0292c92c28ecc4ed0c85f6	Dovecote in Bellivue.
061b04c5b32e04df27c04df8ecede52575ca2c5c	Melting snow in the Overpass.
edf17f6b9f9663703fde7316f7a7ae85be68e0ed	Seine in Bercy.
9127be7730e203bfb1d13b5058b37136fadb4970	Cezanne 1873-1875
b211f70f270dac0881ec6beec7017ab564d59782	A bather with his arms crossed.
0bbf8f70591792d6300bd1b2235cef7c9dc8ff57	Still life with an extended drawer.
cc5c7c3be63e8693bbe71683f2db804ccc669790	Cezanne 1877-1879
11ee234e2fd968adfdb89131e09902b099761093	Still life with a fruit dish.
f729a56357b16b21e2dec2ef742d0b3f2c8671a6	Cezanne 1879-1880
6c7af375d7b58a95b0113f6bab1d8cf189284c1d	Medan Castle.
e7a254b5fd5f3113778a0c5b775291a247a7cc52	Cezanne 1879-1881
22c8d6a39bda9210e769fd589884fea48892dd2f	Landscape with a viaduct (mt. Victoria).
f9d4d9ed486d0ab657c284f61631b77ec784ec80	Cezanne 1885-1887
6db03b936d09ee7c1673fe4da5cc6947b7e52bf9	Still life with a fruit basket.
d2cf1c6802fbf7cf28242e527d81c5e79745070d	Cezanne 1888-1890
a2b170263b61658a9964a5245018a1c061806082	The castle of the Maritime Department.
82f607bb97066d8d6684c9a179f4dc1c0c4cc3f8	Forest plot.
4904e7bd6eeafcd49f97758dcdfe5ca1bb03cb2c	Still life with a bottle and a basket of apples.
f448b3b5d415fc655bee75c95a7775cb9107e455	Cezanne 1890-1894
13616e1ba25320cf2329eed14610b05de0ed0221	Still life with a geranium bush and fruit.
a940908f86e8042589ba2e2d1908a0305c3126aa	Still life with tulips and apples.
f10ad815415374cde9721e304ef614b77444622e	Still life with oranges.
89c631091ebae8c04bd2ea958165cd45fa22f1b1	Portrait of Ashil Amprer.
06d7a2f683da9f1a0da300923e469927b55b0787	Cezanne Circa 1868
8799080e94006016f85d7f7ee05b4b1d2dd19b5a	Portrait of Anthony Valabrek.
8c142374e0865e6a3b3e307f5e26a1b1049e85eb	Breakfast in the fresh air.
dbf4364c71813a29660dbac067c85cbb8f91a555	Cezanne Circa 1869
1594b342a5f939b1716d9ca68c7ce1669b43db0a	Fence.
4fc9f9f22449f8847960abf778b60f930b364ef3	Dr. Gachet's house.
4c860d69b12f9f11d9c35e91a7c70319874364e2	An orchard in Pontoise.
025e7b6b527d131df2fe647473e774b23b25ac11	Cezanne 1877
7883a3ff98d474357eaf57f9722786be5651d531	Still life with a soup bowl.
01b3bca7a852d8fa12e4a45fafb5d2e6a0c5a542	Cezanne Circa 1884
1fdb16c27194b54612b9437e87d04e1a2093812c	View of the bay in Marseille from the side of the Overpass.
c786ae3a4267991e4f398fe5499607b4d6606f3a	Cezanne Circa 1885
fb02cf816571d262ae5ec1937132d379c68a08e7	Harlequin.
77957650411b291eab2b19ba779643289e1dc44b	A bather.
f3a744ae6ab6052306b0736cc6730c5db3715cb2	A boy in a red vest.
5debb1b5f8abf44a534fed8048fa46d05645352f	Cezanne Circa 1890
48dcaddeed086e5a3fde6c255abff446aa25d1ba	Male portrait.
1c32cd6ffaaeb040fe20fca5e2025a486b726ac7	Three bathers.
9b96f85e57a2faafd1c7a2d2e87f9e8815316618	The village behind the trees in the Ile de France.
e9c311b735e4b13b2c5af297004ed055c85d050a	Cezanne Circa 1879
d63236a431185266ae3872f2fe4386ef3d733d0a	View of the Estac and the Chateau de If (the sea in the vicinity of the Estac).
868bcea319ea0222ae6685953d0d040f0565601d	Cezanne 1883-1885
44b5e60ad67d4e64f19781f1965067b260f3783e	Mt. Victoria from the vicinity of Gardanna.
8aed07444a9dad637ff538ede15f2d96a9a4dbc0	The coast in the Marne.
7c9443773d663b705ab88bc78d847c0a7f670318	Cezanne 1888
f18d4089ecb50c160cc26ee5fb49313ada3ccc18	On the banks of the Marne.
ed8ec58f60518690a4579572ef30d2a3c0c82bfd	Still life with flowers and fruits.
8787f8e86a3de94167d04793b696438b34390699	Cezanne 1890
f31a5395c152a16bc35332922a971dbcf5e63763	A millstone.
c735830c439d4b51d126229c50a2f977eafd46f2	Cezanne 1892-1894
385e1a099a92c554f7eaa7c1fd871cd9bc9aab49	Still life with a bottle of mint liqueur.
0eca3ef11f377e8ee796e85979d078abac4b5067	Cezanne 1893-1895
2393d94bc7b0dcb958a2240a4736bdee582b86d8	Still life with apples and cookies.
5e3defb8e7f5f82830f7561ed347c45bdf246dd1	The lady in blue.
b2f19678c8a920715ea0f55b1d0acb0711fc91c7	Cezanne Circa 1900-1904
d5a2f95593d61e8b9203b1ce06fd22dca33d5015	Still life with a vase of flowers.
8b0ec5989e267e1a56fe654412e768a8f4a2b3c2	Cezanne 1902-1903
df4c8f5dcb01111354ae316a99b60a3e2eda10f5	Portrait of the gardener Valle.
70e609a1ff9a4cafeff7e2b7cef4235e8fcc8aed	Cezanne 1902-1906
46f988f3b3d99b7c968500e6c2dbaa60034b4b9e	Preparation for burial (autopsy).
4e6bd728908ae981cbaba210980569e817e32345	Cezanne 1869
40bea8f8756980f120d65928e547aadb2ec5d78d	The hermit's house in Pontoise.
8b8473f969c749dc7076f378436883377b1b6244	Cezanne 1873-1874
61f2ba15ef76336ae611185726f6eac3736cfe29	Mountains in French Provence.
9828f0984592de22d701be0c892da56b0a5f2ff5	Cezanne 1878-1880
a7d20325a8182ebbc8d6283b3b69350377a75859	Medea (by Delacroix). Cezanne 1879-1882
0f5640498420f4c966213e39296acd34aa049ae3	Tall trees in Ja de Buffan.
6eb33cda93f8d0504ecef6ae9323d13f8186f68c	The guy in the red vest.
e4f459885bcbe37ea2c26dd9d7fcb5f958c81691	Still life with a sugar bowl.
84cfa1133f5c5e2be6ed0f07aaec51950a461148	Cezanne Circa 1888-1890
2b41b93dd650e41ef5cd42b9b47bba4f81822a44	An old woman with a rosary.
18918e0be5a12dfa358256ac29c454796e10873d	Cezanne 1895-1896
d02bbf9e89d1980b024925290b7bee3b1eaf568d	Maria's Palace is on the way to the Black Castle.
b8e16a25e3e95d7664c5bf97cc75455128126a33	Pines and aqueduct (viaduct).
462583510f525707e217cd45497a8ef5cabbdc98	Cezanne 1897-1900
40f94e3ff971ecfc863a157a25c0b298a7303b97	A sitting peasant.
688cdb5364392dc30d922a853d9bc66ee40a0450	Cezanne 1898-1900
b146ab0c087df84c9f7f57190089ff901fb32f9d	A sharp turn on the road to Montgera.
c86b8f43c54b6ccd9bbf9fb1d1c7f46b1c0c9f93	Cezanne 1899
23da6b5a93af2ae9a3e31a26b3e68ce9bfc91ccb	Bibemus quarry.
66941acb016ed3fef2738943150d58d9f6ed901e	The river at the bridge of three springs.
4b720df85b6bd05c460030e21923685381d85d38	Cezanne 1906
81d42439f375ba0d581a09e84a8210527895fd32	Portrait of Uncle Dominic in monastic vestments.
9072317ea3028a37ff6725f6e7c38fc902f6e8cd	The sea is in the Overpass.
f821d1ee5fcb6187d9936528199593b81fb781f4	A woman with a coffee pot.
d9cf54c526e4ffdd12af6be94eb61281e4cf1812	Self portrait with a palette.
a5f4f6bf87c9b7a28ac618e77c5c28e4c55b7a95	Still life with eggplant.
3769623a217455783661edb1ec0a590edc901b8f	Cezanne 1894-1905
3c79c1d5d1959ffcf2897dea9ee7bec616fb937d	Portrait of Gustave Geffroy.
d17443494033018f6e936aa54300c806cefe424d	Still life with a statuette.
1f6863ff2b58b5918be2bd4879cceaca144d5fc8	A young Italian woman.
112265b55c671f10891bbe3f755a74dc720d83b2	Mt. Victoria from the Bibemus quarry.
4d5819864f7d185643a1c3c6df4e0f15c7fca75f	Cezanne 1897
27ab59af4760270edff05d2e4a0a4f441282c0e3	Still life with skulls.
acc55d098833ccd860fb44e3370354bc6ad79b1d	The road at mt. Victoria.
0e4f16729ec83f4b331e3a7e5fc00da458b1783e	Cezanne 1898-1902
56a6416f542cda178765bb270f8e7387eecc1085	Self portrait.
6ef67734d040e00392f87fcc008f1ffb30596191	View of the Overpass through the pines.
6063945909e5e420ab7ca449f93b38af9f338149	Cezanne 1882-1883
45b5af5ca160f025d2476eb9763473762da48a08	Still life.
3b0c019d5a26a2313d6c0c0dff430e87cebeed78	The road to Chantilly.
6fde533430aa998b6d8a228471cea094c8bf5630	Portrait of my son.
7c55d5540d236f19b62ab399ade7a56983e891af	Still life with a pot of ginger.
2f3969dd84ba0de53d3dd9c2e8806a974d5cf288	Cezanne 1890-1893
c1c4ba73b7153bf7a1df871805843c650133e771	A card player.
7c9e4b4ce13e9ddcc694a7b7c4bc31effd2a45c5	Cezanne 1892-1893
4b184b83ad7ddfe1ed5eb1c3493a56227403b2be	Cezanne Circa 1895-1900
c0cf18dca8a015f2abada5b48b231544fe47fe9d	A peasant in a blue blouse.
57673fc658b714b5777232f615e39ddd002ff16f	Mt. Victoria.
ce0da75e70fd0a5fde1ddf44bc5c04698992cbf9	Cezanne 1904-1906
803f2f8d1831f9fa1fe0031e1eea804415a99dca	Jourdain's hut.
a5fe241e7dda62f4de917903f52c126fedeec967	Afternoon in Naples.
4eb744d25271fad52ba4d7d29a8f0aa7f224c829	Cezanne 1876-1877
6c7e5938f80638bb6e51ee6843e4fc54f231d01d	A fruit collector.
9be87e87fd83136eea2e05f3bfa2ba71f41923e3	Cezanne 1879
a4ce3849063f8470c6dba821ced7019041e53620	Self portrait in a white turban.
11e70cdbf70c355fec8f794d3cca909a9ba628a8	Cezanne 1881-1882
cf44e124ee4f5abdf88a356990541b11f6c82447	A house in Provence.
3d2a72753b82fc3f95b9716488025c10ee7aea31	An overpass with red roofs.
be4ef225d74c1478e595bd68639174e7848627cc	The viaduct.
7d1eae2ae93c8173e7b2f576a8113bc7befeb596	Cezanne 1887
be7bdc41c1d914398f7d24619dbffdb6a6468ba3	Carnival.
d17a962f1964d51f8fe0182be4dc95996233b3eb	The dovecote in Montbriand.
aa537d513fbfd8299addd5b0141dfcf7bdd16769	Cezanne 1888-1892
e5eac07e05ee93bf14b0d6c1f88f09b3cbb4169c	A house with cracks in the walls.
7571173b8c7345f3f6898649fa11f2982d436144	The black castle is behind the trees.
c32a83f752a4274378442d61d02be9a687d74847	Mt. Victoria and the Black Castle.
ef5d13255107b7e755d2bef605703204a2d3283f	Scipio Africanus.
431551e2c50e10be0175afdbf70504649aad8bc2	Cezanne Circa 1867
64a19786e149d429cfa77b95b20f4a715a5b35d7	View of the Over.
1fe9f7165e5a86f1179ea1281dda9b5813aa1b2c	Cezanne 1875
0b2d8802f79e84639bc88c9d9e89a2603f152e30	Madame Cezanne in the red chair.
e913646da23d71cc6f010d38e5e2d46dc8a93fd2	Landscape in Ja de Buffan.
4ac2754a2b0bfc2824fe45875a6af5dbc3cb4cbb	Cezanne 1878-1885
8e8dabb8df23372c039a8b4b6cd0c01829b2b412	Portrait of Louis Guillaume.
4a5e9cecfb8c400529a200e332b5a244c306e4dc	Forest bridge.
414e3ada8ee0a1e4ab3a0210958f5e5e9e20a8d5	Cezanne Circa 1880
e215898f9cc02f79b679d36a34e4977d8c5e22f0	View of the Gardanna.
3a61db0194ccfdb9cde91d8dacbbb6988c691775	Cezanne 1885-1886
6ad861fd0be12c77582e0de4d9269d50b51fa5e4	Madame de Bouffant.
6fdc8af0c0f26cc609633b598f307855d29971f9	Gardanna.
45e1984023a77dec7c481daa65f7f88d9bcaad96	Cezanne Circa 1886
675dc0fdd58eda592ba8ec3ba0734fcab76b0b44	A house with a red roof.
100e3f298fbf73f4d2c62afdb1c11e8a9cc83a0d	Cezanne 1887-1890
7cbc511e1f3396aefea51e187a72bc9b031d8757	Still life with a jug and fruit.
80d5e02c52b0cd18b397d36329a5b44d540ad225	Watchmaker.
ba066ba445c7fdf6fb9bf85756b890083bde430b	Swimming.
98bd6f12807e42237ec48b4b5eda474af77e5fef	A house and a tree.
1553a4df7bdfb2bcee1b09a5624c9d5c5c281b81	In the forest of Fontainebleau.
9e03bcf5b9b517b6de601ca92a6adaa909d3acd5	The valley of the Oise.
48a5ab0cb7754bc836909dd39a15272d58888f57	The bather.
bdab601b281e8ab485b29f37eb2b88a5fa4b9b85	Chestnut trees and outbuildings in Ja de Buffan.
e11b488c898250156fae45e01cc985fd6f98f410	The bank of the Oise.
8cb2209724f8e54c580e6a2676920a98c07a71c1	Cezanne 1890-1895
095b8b6a04221db920cc4bdb1561e9fcb1ae2a6e	Madame Cezanne in the yellow chair.
651b6dfd99a2f7e2e442ded1fe2bd0038c2d3467	A large pine tree against the background of red fields.
b4675252b46dd03f3a5e6f00bf6e9596f13460c4	In the forest.
acac12b83d81ac83c76cad83791c79707e32e9a7	Cezanne 1898-1899
dea17c297e77c86d5d651e4d9e35eafe025420e6	The forest near the rock caves above the Black Castle.
f8177f4cd3344e577de53aa28c7d6f25cf3cf93d	Cezanne 1900-1904
8ee3c79f1d6aa8eba03ed3286feb143485877405	Still life with a bottle of rum.
f5feb71c3211cf616820ccc58d308175d8b66798	Two card players.
0bf791835f6f522e39145f10544c49e9c9ac78ea	Cezanne 1894-1898
ba317e25fb5bfcacad1792b497852f14df0a57ae	Dessert.
1f0f78654592d578f4196ff4af7d90a5f1b5c5f3	Cezanne 1873-1877
af48a892e8551ca11bf3961c4fffa0b0abbb8475	Street (Wall). Cezanne 1875-1876
072ba3097ab311cb72c7d395ce5f0ca6887fa33f	Cezanne 1875-1877
c2956094263b7f9e3d79e8d4d70ace4e7924ce35	Self portrait on a pink background.
23ac4fadff26fb05d8fa1b7a38b5e5752476b82e	Cezanne Circa 1875
238880b21f6a7ae5b377904a37961ad9bb9e75e5	Turn of the road.
7812152976286f412a327d725db744f17a9f92f6	View of the Overpass (in the vicinity of Marseille).
e46cb9b132aa4f55c0280ca4913275e3cf482597	Portrait of Madame Cezanne.
57a35fc7947187b535010c8f2e7e9c17e698da92	Madame Cezanne.
d80e868e224a6874b1974651b20e4dd1ab6723c2	Cezanne 1891-1892
9b85397b5d6a94153b9ce3f6221fb7a9a9608bfd	A man with a pipe.
8e50c88a5d9d52c8c2c5fd62d9c591d495665d43	Cezanne Circa 1892
646abd55634ef58592c16bdb58f35d671a8dad98	Still life with a bow.
892c97642c72b72e792852e0ade19c6794efee2b	Cezanne 1896-1898
60737e80f02632b8221c004c4bfea910ab3ee903	Buffet.
9ea5a779b58149afd8ba4873f05fb08d5ee907bb	Cezanne Circa 1873-1877
ad9ce777a53fe3fbacd97a2adbc5c409459588e1	Cezanne 1881
7e5b0b6cca0a2353c7d60fb6ba08614286c15c63	The neighborhood of Gardanna.
cba7253026342047f8b454caca3c3c4ace64b109	Still life with apples.
b88657a05fa0a5c0c5152d1ee6441a8632ea2ebb	Still life with a bottle and a bow.
e1672241d752416a942fef60bda5b7c78a71bc50	The black castle.
f6b76d84b370e46981ff3831743a6426696fd148	Cezanne 1904
e69ae0e0076bfcc37003fe732d3a44986f83ad3b	Olympia.
c588cfe9ff2c41cdb548b499bf1ce49bd8c8201e	Pond in Ja de Buffan in winter.
b2bc66bc56a76443ed87385271dce7e12f29526c	Cezanne Circa 1878
d3e1cb1ee702f6ce8c095ee9773f2e334545feb6	Poplars.
6d352a8b5b7bcd2341535a52487ea1a94cf73cb6	A large pine tree.
566cfc87420379d44d6d7de2645b7392209f31db	Cezanne 1892-1896
73d87dae28e621e90e96b4ee1f7916c6e4164311	Self portrait in a beret.
2d1768e73f20fbcdb4d9e35f79987217e264ab88	Cezanne 1898-1905
e5ce201550d8e3c3b03cab8e781c71ce2d29d5ed	Cezanne 1900-1905
22f43476d17c750df421f295e6c3256e3f44140e	A mill on the river.
3a37eb860519a9693449f32b7975851c9f6c2d78	Cezanne 1900-1906
7e9352f8e1294015e5c49051c944a203342f3ad8	Murder.
1ffa83fc548f1635ff5532a8fb889243b7ff73f1	Cezanne About 1 eight hundred seventy
fe5957a4a456165b7389832a9755c5d84649a3d5	Portrait of Viktor Shoke.
1f7a8682a55e48e7d51cbee4d9507cc139d9582f	Cezanne Circa 1902
bc79a4c8863af923a58b1126841f3c7dab1066d9	Portrait of Uncle Dominic.
9a311aae7c8e8c45c6d42d808356ec567f2dc114	Abduction.
ed303b6d89ea7ce5cee836802aba7dda5a2a150d	Cezanne 1867
4dcedc2d4e40d9835460d8bb3fa18e1687fcbc9b	Chestnuts in Ja de Buffan.
3e3d7932ce6e8feb789f6078627ef0f9539d398f	Portrait of Victor Shoke sitting.
50a63582f05632e3361b3b58774fbe702a42f42a	Discuss on the forum
047c3b94c87590d4a12f6dddb2981b0a99547182	Add information about the artist
c58611de470480f5b6d19bcf8d8e45d92254a112	For a beautiful Cloud display
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a89ba8f57ee0c562d0a784b0250583e8edc585e4	Trends and epochs in the history of painting
89992da5b314fd678578b076988ea33bb0215128	Rebirth
3496c5f71239c22bf37d5dc3142cb2c8d3f28766	Mannerism
9f8530491f90ac99f33dbd8dbbe3fb263d33293c	Baroque
bc0f3fc4d5bf866e4e4307d7ba0a6660095ae573	Classicism
e71ea65980e9f1232fb11edf002a692b6cf24e6f	Rococo
74a0999e274f8d2d0e36ba46474536eaa1d0bc80	Neoclassicism
fef1dd362e612a23f253ba4cfb31717a52cffd4f	Romanticism
69c15a9b7401077ee1683d3c62a9d1cb44a59fdf	Peredvizhniki
b921a8a36b6c7eb3ee6b98ae1008b403dbd34fa1	Post Impressionism
c444493122eb09241f1c58e1fc594f9e38295556	Realism
282bb7b60b687d0388f72d41ba13184f8d6c50c6	Modernism
a24cb473781a4bbbea42291283bb3064706a0e26	Symbolism
87b4344aca8ee6fc8577c404bd0e778c7c122f26	Avant gardism
71e4f4383e20896969bcfbcbefc8347107404f27	Cubism
0287238112bab42ba8406d81dfcf164a7a48fbc5	Dadaism
bc6d87459cea496672b33d5bf2035ac367d266bc	Expressionism
50ceab05fbdde268e5c79a22baf042506ea3c7cb	Surrealism
bca1a6560e581000934f5b03c147a173aa0d9dba	Constructivism
e2516130b8264a69786973af3f434e1ecdc5342a	Abstract art
255f41939d8748981fdd0fcecf0f09d707405b46	Social realism
f1b235e9be8a23e533c64f36f8ccbde5db8083a0	Transavangard
a73aad336034e5bf8eb2fadfb98f8b5c3da6349d	home forum contact us
cdb44313b156463a775592ff639a35bc46585cd7	Copying and publishing of information is possible only if there is a direct backlink and written permission of the administration.
76750894e5ffdc38c892d7174f382329eb6fd338	© 2015 Museum Online
fc78a0c15bb341a0580bc0fcddaa2df460111057	acting courses in St. Petersburg
bcb43d70c1195b499a392f6cad2e970df4df3760	The art of the stage was born in ancient times.
168ada9e95791c4c1f6231e5e20647b74bc32c5c	At different times, it was called to entertain, educate, or preach.
ecde99150d2bb66765e54e71ce87b908dd9c84d1	Theater (gr. θέατρον — the main meaning — a place for spectacle, then a sight, from θεάομαι — look, see) — spectacular art form, which is a synthesis of the various arts — literature, music, dance, vocals, visual arts and other[1][2][3][4], and has its own specifics: reflection of reality, conflict, characters, and their interpretation and evaluation, adoption of certain ideas here going through dramatic action, the main carrier of which is the actor[2][5][6].
a2b64691c34b3bac36b659c4df450184a11bf3ee	At all times, the theater has been a collective art; in modern theater, in addition to actors and a director (conductor, choreographer), a set designer, composer, choreographer, as well as props, costumers, make-up artists, stagehands, lighting designers participate in the creation of a performance[1][7].
cb1059957a12c9cb4a7759609486514117e8c7bc	The development of the theater has always been inseparable from the development of society and the state of culture as a whole — its heyday or decline, the predominance of certain artistic trends in the theater and its role in the spiritual life of the country were associated with the peculiarities of social development[2][3].
6053545d8f37415708673edf702a1ab7b281137b	At the early stages of the development of the theater — in folk festivals, singing, dance, music and dramatic action existed in an inseparable unity; in the process of further development and professionalization, the theater lost its original synthetism, three main types were formed: drama theater, opera and ballet, as well as some intermediate forms[2].
b503bceef9cf07a59869acb3f7e14151eb673508	The theater of the 19th century was characterized by loud, passionate monologues, spectacular positions, preparing theatrical departures, that is, having effectively completed his stage, the actor emphatically theatrically withdrew, causing applause from the audience.
b6cab80ff50fe3e8ef4407d0a4adfeebd0909f9d	Two great events in theatrical life mark the end of the 19th century – the birth of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov's drama and the creation of the Art Theater.
5a4ae9768632bb6876f75f6185885fb7d3113808	In Chekhov's first play, Ivanov, new features were revealed: the lack of division of characters into heroes and villains, a slow rhythm of action with a huge internal tension.
3f39cd5ec5964f171d914118dd5e9a5d180da677	On the stage, they saw not actors playing "the audience", but real living people talking to each other in the most ordinary, not upbeat tone, as if at home.
39a8d7b702c1c89d14f66b3dedffc403606a83ea	People moving freely and even turning their backs to the viewer (which seemed particularly daring).
3095406af96fe9e7f077da78eaf638ccfc467659	At the beginning of the 20th century, a new theatrical genre appeared.
226db81a64f6f36917b242205e9f5bfb5f20228a	In 1908, the first one-act play theater in Russia was opened in St. Petersburg by V. A. Kazansky.
a4d546167e19729cf6f4a1bfc92356481b71cb51	The theater on Liteyny was the third theater of the entrepreneur (after the Nevsky Farce and Modern).
c8aead6332889005990142b0f30ac3b4830c6f24	The playbill of the theater was full of terrible names: "Death in the arms", "On a tombstone" and so on.
0f4a6ac03466a3dbc718a15f9bc51de1cde5381f	Critics wrote that the theater was engaged in an anti-artistic, irritable business.
52082efe2edf2e1b974068badcedb0ebfd13b4fc	The audience was pouring in.
f4288604b8e5355bbc4e40f48f15f374d232c5e6	First-class in their artistic composition, the collectives of a number of opera theaters only won their creative achievements in a difficult and intense struggle.
48636ceb836cd28e41c9e3768cf790dfbe1cfbdb	It was Chekhov's dramaturgy that allowed Stanislavsky to create his own style, unlike anyone else, it was on Chekhov's plays that the director developed the method of acting.
2b6f2f4035617441b98448bf114ac2b053d69af7	Subsequently, this led to the creation of his famous system.
224df73276d415915df3839a530830e49d8f9785	The Stanislavsky system is the conventional name of the stage theory and the director-actor method developed by the famous Russian director, actor, teacher and theater worker K. S. Stanislavsky.
ea3cd90e4465f6e1ada3ccdea5691184456b66b4	Probably, there is no other theater system that has had such a profound impact on the development of the world art of theater (including theater pedagogy), and at the same time caused the most contradictory opinions - from fervent, almost cliched apologetics to fierce declarative denial. It is especially interesting that the contradictions continue at the present time.
d8a03dbb6bab79f0e68451b34e49ecb47b8b839b	The actor's tool is his internal (mental) and external (physical) data, called by Stanislavsky "elements of creativity".
86c52c7d2885f212fafd4acc467cbd4be37baa2c	The actor's body, voice, nerves, and temperament are his tools, combining the creator and the material into a single whole.
097ad33696dcd745932ca691d454065d72214347	Professional stage action is possible only under the condition of masterly possession of the entire spectrum of their psychophysical data.
5c72b141fef135733bff2be9af8f617e86181fe7	The constant improvement of these elements is the content of the "actor's work on himself" (the first section of the Stanislavsky system), which involves daily training and drill aimed at improving the acting technique.
cde2bb8ce461b7fdb2fb78fd066f301008421cf3	Possession of his" tool " - psychophysics-allows an actor to work fully and professionally on the stage, regardless of inspiration, or rather, to enter the right creative state exactly when it is necessary; by volitional effort to achieve the right creative well-being.
12d087212de2f222c6e929c9ff31022fde7a1ec8	The key to success during this period was an experiment, an innovation - of a different nature and direction.
6ed1ce1d554e50bd03e50e26717346d05a2042f6	Perhaps this is what caused the existence in the same period of futuristic politicized "performances of rallies" by Meyerhold and the refined, emphatically antisocial psychologism of Alexander Yakovlevich Tairov, the "fantastic realism" of Yevgeny Bagrationovich Vakhtangov and experiments with performances for children by young Natalia Sats, the poetic biblical theater Gabim and the eccentric FEKS, etc.theaters of a more traditional direction (Moscow Art Theater, Maly, former Alexandrinsky, etc.) paid tribute to modern performances are revolutionary romantic and satirical, but sources indicate that the 1920s were a period of creative crisis for them.
96bcd674e391aa394a1760fbdba075fec871bae5	He decided to settle in Kherson. In 1902, Meyerhold staged performances there "on the mise en scene of the Art Theater", and then began to develop and approve his own directorial style.
bafb34bf678be5ab54ba1422291c83c31e2e6d1e	Meyerhold's aesthetic was the development of theatrical forms, in particular, stage movement, he is the author of a system of theatrical biomechanics.
20a65ae184714be4754f625af07cff0fad454ddd	The performances staged by him are not similar to each other, he experimented with different repertoire, staged classical and modern drama, pantomime and operas.
ad979884daaa10fecf03d260710f4d1ab08e05b2	According to Meyerhold, the director is always the master on the stage and is necessarily the creator, inventor, some kind of theatrical god.
9f72fc8c5e049b5e5b28f876caca907b45f595b8	Another significant figure in the theatrical art of that time was Yevgeny Bagrationovich Vakhtangov.
8ec2402bc8c7ae79812ed821c02e8e8c3881307e	He became an active conductor of the ideas and system of K. S. Stanislavsky, took part in the work of the 1st Studio of the Moscow Art Theater.
53cb16709d8b5fba7dd0cc68540e12460b7c0c69	Vakhtangov's desire to search for "modern ways to resolve the performance in a form that would sound theatrical" was brilliantly embodied in his latest production-the play "Princess Turandot" by Karl Gozzi, permeated with the spirit of bright life-affirmation, the artist Ignatiy Nivinsky (3rd Studio of the Moscow Art Theater, 1922) was perceived by K. S. Stanislavsky, V. I. Nemirovich Danchenko and other theatrical figures as the largest creative victory enriching the art of the stage, paving new paths in the theater.
cf4cf8389a2b4eac93742cb5a0035d2dd0b2ee36	Fundamental to Vakhtangov's directorial work were: the idea of an inseparable unity of the ethical and aesthetic purpose of the theater, the unity of the artist and the people, a keen sense of modernity that corresponds to the content of the dramatic work, its artistic features, defining a unique stage form.
830f5be5b47b7b60508f17a1a121f8ae63089a5e	The new period of the Russian theater began in 1932 by the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) "On the restructuring of literary and artistic organizations".
e83e4455e6ba34d79b66a444e4f86a05e7877c1d	The method of socialist realism was recognized as the main method in art.
184c1df3264ca9082b8a52061539d89e7fd0c262	The time of artistic experiments is over, although this does not mean that the subsequent years did not give new achievements and successes in the development of theatrical art.
a2e12b919584876acf858f91e3eafffbaaf7ee02	During the Great Patriotic War, Russian theaters mainly turned to the patriotic theme.
6db28ccfcd528b32ebe3a42a10d1dee64860c0fd	Plays written during this period ("Invasion" by L. Leonov, "Front" by A. Korneychuk, "The Guy from Our City" and "Russian People" by K. Simonov), and plays of historical and patriotic themes ("Peter I" by A. N. Tolstoy, "Field Marshal Kutuzov" by V. Solovyov, etc.) were staged on the stages.
467d79236db42fa005cf71c1545ad480f98ef539	The renovation of the Russian theater in the 1950s and 1980s began with directing
1c7e9076947db11c04fccc1886ea2fcf3836bcb3	Many Leningrad actors made a great contribution to the formation of Russian theatrical art: Nikolai Konstantinovich Simonov, Yuri Vladimirovich Tolubeev, Bruno Arturovich Freundlich, Olga Yakovlevna Lebzak, etc. (Theater named afterPushkin); Dmitry Dmitrievich Barkov,, Georgy Stepanovich Zhzhenov, Alice Freundlich, Mikhail Boyarsky, Irina Mazurkevich, etc. (Theater named afterLensoveta); Roman Borisovich Gromadsky, the Era of Ziganshin, Vladimir Tykke, etc. (Theater named afterLeninsky Komsomol); Stanislav Landgraf, Yuri Ovsyanko, Vladimir Osobik, etc. (Theater named afterKomissarzhevskaya); Elena Junger, Sergey Nikolaevich Filippov, Mikhail Svetin, etc. (Comedy Theater), etc.
fccbd4bc60ae07a9d430f8c7492e68113af76548	Often the best performances came out to the audience with great difficulty, or even were banned for ideological reasons, and awards and prizes were given to average performances, but ideologically sustained.
64f35b115717a003035fb3ff5180adfa380c31ea	The change of political formation in the early 1990s and a long period of economic ruin radically changed the life of the Russian theater.
b3aaa4128f74cbd41c1f3de53bbdff55e25142ec	However, few of them survived in the new conditions - it turned out that, in addition to the ideological dictate, there is a dictate of the audience: the public will only watch what it wants.
9bfc8600b3427abdc63ef6d29e1fe5f2e44b5178	The present day of the Russian theater is associated with the Silver Age in terms of the number and variety of aesthetic directions.
175145f0266efafab3fcf3a8d07547dc115874ec	Directors of traditional theatrical directions coexist with experimenters.
f226c87e688adbce47cb2d4e723796ad8ae142cc	Theater of the XX century. - a laboratory of bright, contradictory searches and discoveries in directing.
9da39a6fc8734ee4a42626cc715921ad417078c2	It is the director, as an organizing creative force, who now occupies a leading place in the theatrical process.
01d1f845f65406cced32d39075b7831f1a6a114c	The first half of the XX century is extremely important in the history of Western Europe.
285286e7c9025219227475d3d788498d82aa104e	During this period, the formation of an industrial civilization is completed and the transition to a post-industrial one begins.
8f8ca697f9953358e65e79e23ef367779bb4c4cf	In France, the theater has always been of paramount importance.
4c430188255a4648edd7b2889614e187188f1e0a	It is enough to recall such names as Corneille, Moliere, Racine, Beaumarchais, A. de Musset.
b7e9bc503ae99f3398e307ed78a943085e8ab469	It is no accident that they say: "the French play in life and live on the stage."
1331b2e0636dd8d30f8449f42db30e54d3cdef64	About the work of the playwright Zh. Anuya the French say "Anuya's universe".
3a427c7fe41dbb01ab7468f9e574b5e175beca93	But despite the truly "universal character" of his work, in which literary critics distinguish "black plays", "pink plays", "brilliant plays", "creaking plays", his best characters are the embodiment of purity and integrity.
5c435a9f250b749b10874d61e2a08f023f546fb4	Anuya's refusal is the highest engine of dramatic action.
5ac3221f9391f09e9593fc74011e55cc40d99b09	The work written during the war had a pronounced anti-fascist orientation.
962727cce522a09e99fc29aa7932fefdd46f0bb8	Another remarkable French playwright of the XX century - J. Girodou (1882 - 1944) a diplomat, Minister of Information at the beginning of the war in 1939, he was a prolific novelist, critic, a subtle brilliant essayist, but after meeting the great French actor Jouvet completely devoted himself to the theater.
fa44ef1c80eba4d171104bad1bf61cb18e027f67	The outstanding poet and thinker P. Valery (1871-1945) was a theorist of the French theater in the period between the two wars.
e813d13789c18a7d44a016b57f176a13c0b3d628	He wrote about two types of theater: the one that goes back to the Temple and the theater of the Guignol type.
33c384e6eb7b3453bbc2a9be62478bcc2b661efa	The second type is a "solemn mystery" that can "convey the heat and freshness of the moment, preserving the 'magic of becoming'".
2c06123aa01ec472bbfe09a18251c075808e5e5c	Such a theater already existed in France, so Valery tried to create a theater similar to the liturgy.
a494c3509b5848cb73e68d02c9207593ed14f03d	The playwrights were the philosophers J.-P. Sartre and A. Camus, whose existentialist views were also manifested in dramatic creativity.
e4bc0b2c11ecd9aa669ddec95d22a8762bfa229e	Camus saw no cure for the absurdity and suffering of the world. In his opinion, there is only a "modest wisdom" that needs to be gradually acquired and which consists in " loving a limited and magnificent world... to work, to cultivate, like Candide, your garden day after day, to refuse to kill, so as not to be an accomplice to an absurd fate, to look, on the contrary, for means to reduce world suffering, to believe that the rise of universal well-being cannot be achieved at the cost of the life of one child."
a4ac93f28f59dc660e550ea47aebfb097ebe42b1	The plays of B. Brecht. After the Second World War, theatrical experiments in Europe were continued by the German playwright B. Brecht (1898-1956), who proposed the concept of epic theater.
5d096aad4235f779568fde0d7b4c343181c6affd	According to this concept, the performance should not affect the feelings, but the mind of the viewer and inspire him with an active and critical attitude to what is happening on the stage.
d5dc5dd5d622763cc204105915a1cbdf9a4cf15c	It should be journalistic and socially oriented.
486e1ea1ade6f4b313ce336fc8bbe353fc0893ee	Since 1950, the so-called "New Theater" has appeared in France, initially ignored by the public.
2d268da5bac8800dc6f7edbb8764048d29ab51ad	This is the theater of the "drama of the absurd", created by S. Beckett, E. Ionesco, A. Adamov, who lived in Paris and wrote in French.
48ee774aa74bc53aa832d21e7f33bf996bea28d6	On the one hand, it was an attempt to update the structure and language of the theater, and on the other ,the "New Theater" was a reflection of the horror caused by the atrocities of war and the fear of atomic destruction.
db44d35653cae05eebac5c31a559b9f6b3adfda8	Beckett's play "Waiting for Godot", staged in 1952, is the most famous play of the theater of the absurd, representing a life devoid of meaning.
54bce88611e8b97fb05b4a8129a7d5b5618df3cc	In most of Ionesco's plays, the idea of the uselessness of language as a means of communication is carried out.
9800689203e62a58ec75ab400a8a64c4bcb48cca	The above, in our opinion, gives grounds to assert that it is wrong to talk about any crisis, at least in relation to the theater of the XX century. True, one cannot discount one phenomenon of the XX century, which can be considered a manifestation of the crisis, but not of culture.
be624b42b449114afbac0fa33240f6d0eed8926d	The growth of well-being due to the scientific and technological revolution of the overwhelming majority of the European population, the establishment of democratic trends in life led to the actual power in this life of the uncreative majority, unable to live with the ideas and ideals of genuine culture, unable to rise above the world of everyday life, and this anti-elitism of the majority of the population, not focused on creativity, is destructive for culture.
323d86a697162ad55a4d19b507933f6414d7138c	The development of show business has been a manifestation of this trend since the 60s of the XX century throughout Europe, including in France.
dced48b25452a5b560c036cc670a6acd149727d9	Mass circulations of records, cassettes of "disc", "folk", "rock" music, thundering in transistor headphones from morning to evening, accompany young men and girls everywhere.
4c5f69b825a928ffa070d8555a459f90a9f90caf	However, along with the spread of show business and other negative phenomena in the spiritual life of Europe in the XX century, a culture that elevates a person continues to exist and develop, which is the criterion of its authenticity, regardless of the genre. The search for new theatrical forms.
91e42859e3fc04c5b9d163db1b7a9b3817bd3666	Treasure Carrer, in collaboration with the famous English director Peter Brook, staged the ancient Indian epic "Mahabharata" at the Paris theater "Bouf du Nord".
24d1d28103bbcc45e8095636cccb2af6a392447d	The scale of this performance is indicated by the fact that it ran either for three evenings, or for twelve hours in a row from 12 o'clock in the afternoon to 12 o'clock at night.
80c8deac35fa0a2a529bceefa966d7077641dc19	The founder of the symbolist drama was the Belgian playwright Maeterlinck.
1cc477f92dae26e708adb8c0a5dd882f8ff55c4f	In his work, the criticism of bourgeois society was conducted from the standpoint of an abstract humanistic ideal, and the search for new means of artistic expression sometimes mixed the poetics of symbolism with forms of decadent aestheticization.
faaf98807cf8c35e7909a0dbdae97f466fb0f2c6	Despite the contradictory nature of symbolism, many theater figures, whose work is marked by its seal, perceived this trend as a revolt against the modern bourgeois theater, frozen in routine forms.
bdc5c8698bf899a06548840fcc1f046942371565	For a number of playwrights and directors (Maeterlinck, Hauptmann, Antoine, Lunier Poe, Paul Faure, Reinhardt and others), the struggle against the bourgeois theater was inseparable from the search for new content, new expressive means, forms.
210b59ae5a84def2086cb2dae2e8496d0b7464be	He joined the National People's Theater of France (TNP)in 1951Jean Vilar (1912 — 1971) nominated this theater among the best theaters in the country.
c70971babaf3fd365724e703022992cb3287c911	A master of innovative interpretation of classics, Vilar also staged contemporary authors.
6fee070db471b8dca8ef537c0204b4d0f542242a	The festivals organized by Vilar in Avignon have become widely known in France.
e34ca03b3d10d23c9c3f3483f5dc26f0709ed372	The movement of folk theaters, pursuing mainly educational goals, covered the whole of Europe.
9a1460dbcb63faed57cb517536a1d4b1052ee0e3	The theater of Eduard De Philippa (b.1900) in Naples enjoyed well-deserved respect among the audience of Italy.
793eee18389e34df5060261f07b2ff9636aafa1c	His plays about the ordinary people of Italy, their troubles and joys touched on important social and moral issues.
c0e1195016b972cfd30cad4693f5a48663ad2474	The tragedy of man in bourgeois society is revealed in plays by American playwrights 40 — 50 years — Tennessee Williams ("the Glass menagerie", "a Streetcar named Desire), Arthur Miller ("All my sons", "death of a salesman", "the view from the bridge"), in the works of Eugene O'neill ("Long day's journey into night, a Moon for the stepchildren of fate"). Deep tragedy filled with plays by Williams, the American Director Elia Kazan.
575b3676fd124280465bef6fa6136876edc45764	The productions of Williams ' plays by the American director Elia Kazan are filled with deep tragedy.
5911d15d7cbd526ffde6718baa2b3fd871a6d599	The skills of progressive actors and directors of capitalist countries are being improved on the classical dramaturgical material, on the best examples of realistic literature. They use the classics to pose acute modern problems.
19d99b6496361327463548f39d74ac5f4a7cc296	They use the classics to pose acute modern problems.
fb5873fc508691d24fac2416646b806aae106c12	The theatrical art of the capitalist countries of recent times is characterized by a lot of small professional, semi-professional and non-professional troupes wandering from one locality to another; the activation of student theaters; the growing protest of actors and directors against commerce in art.
9b1b194b1effe652e6ccea6198c507c32632c0b5	The life of the theater is continuous - new interesting plays and performances are born all the time.
06baa979fc508b0a19f3b3fde55cb28c5feb7c30	This incessant development, renewal, and movement forward is one of the characteristic features of our art.
38278d51db3be43a7064f4c8e97d550cc10403de	Modernity is the soul of theatrical dramatic art.
8820781ff2b970bca98d6c20b212ec168032bb90	The path traversed by our drama theater shows that the art of drama theater only meets its goals when it is connected with the life and struggle of the people, when its performances are permeated with the great truth of life.
302f075c29b3730d845d0911ae062ada324155cd	K. S. Stanislavsky said very well: "The best thing is when people live in art, harass something, defend something, fight for something, argue, win or, on the contrary, remain defeated. Struggle creates victories and conquests. The worst thing is when everything is calm in art, everything is adjusted, defined, legalized, does not require disputes, struggle, defeat, and therefore victories."
1ad01c012152aae35a32de05d510c6cfe5fce1fa	He argues, seethes, fights, he achieves new creative victories.
05fbffdac4b73917b174ffb04950854cf3eacc3e	Home News Rules About us Contacts
98a1c2ad087661324ce2eecfa891f249454ff960	Home Essays Test papers Term papers Theses Other works About us
0407285ed392574d70f5a0e78d30504cab4c47c9	 ID: 20304
2f533126a62be032fd34b9764a7dccf1c3959263	Title of the work: The main directions in the theatrical art of the XX century
6a398ceeee5d21b9c2bac8d22bcda00e7a96a485	Category: Report
f0dd4c35f29bc5c40f4be1ccaa5529f137d5dbf4	Subject area: Cultural studies and Art criticism
9b413a012369b96fe79c2c50330b3e10c44b8a09	Description: the theater of capitalist countries is the arena of the most acute ideological struggle.
039e9a8be897f4ef3cc73f43d4c4b5bfcbb2e889	Theatrical art reflects the complex historical social changes taking place in the world.
59c126a2daef9a3eb9683a32502def93a44a294e	The Great October Socialist Revolution the formation of the first Soviet state in the world and after the Second World War and other socialist states had a significant impact on the development of the theater of capitalist countries.
3e6a310f9a55490827acd51f66b80d9adb6e942c	Language: Russian
ad8a1670036624dd3747576ae61ccd7555d46532	Date added: 2013-07-25
7d99f246a53a9bc64acb94a9dcf02bfcd7809893	File size: 167 KB
768f3d7741ed83186dc6925abe3a1902802d392f	The work was downloaded: 76 people.
34e6d31519c5f01b70514897139786faab3a00bd	The main directions in the theatrical art of the XX century.
abeb45635e5914fac6c07aaf1c40cebac46c6348	Throughout the XX century, the theater of capitalist countries was the arena of the most acute ideological struggle.
d7e753426d0e3c0df726cd5253a5335237fa75de	Theatrical art reflects the complex historical and social changes taking place in the world.
9f48f170759ddb209bd097fc528d28f9a65a835f	The Great October Socialist Revolution, the formation of the world's first Soviet state, and after the Second World War, other socialist states had a significant impact on the development of the theater of capitalist countries.
60a4dcc6044a214082d993660209aec99c549ec5	In the theatrical art, there is a struggle for new forms of realism, for the rapprochement of advanced theatrical creativity with the audience.
dbcfd439260cff86b18d6b0ffb1275d183120a7d	At the same time, the acute crisis of the world capitalist system generates diverse phenomena of modernism.
004d1edea8ee83afa43e27a77516aa2738b5c5cf	Theater of the XX century.
80c83bb967056b678fec77df40fe66b71a0096bb	- a laboratory of bright, contradictory searches and discoveries in directing.
4fe25e69bcd2f9fdcf54e6c69d8fbaaca1d6dbdc	At the end of the XIX century, the directorial searches of Andre Antoine in France, Otto Bram in Germany, Thomas Jacob Grein in England were associated with the assertion of the principles of the realistic school on the stage (see the article "Theater of the XIX century. in Europe").
f206fd7eb78f70cdb9ad873d2a780edec5069e7d	They served as an impetus for the emergence of a symbolic theater that is opposite in its aesthetics.
0a002d72fe8b8a5b03034fa9711f0518605cd6d5	The French symbolist poet Paul Faure organized an "Art Theater" in Paris (1890), which existed for about three years.
20582773ffee902737928b7d5f63af057be6edfd	One of its participants — Lunier Poe created the theater " Creativity "(1893), proclaiming the conditional"Theater of the Poet".
d6b5e3548efe3b6198c370e96cacd980abbde781	He suggested that the actor abandon the psychological and social concreteness of the stage image, attached special importance to the melody of poetic speech.
56e22354835eafc205cf55965e8cf657f40f3aae	A prominent figure of the symbolic theater, the English actor, director and artist Gordon Craig (1872 — 1966) asserted the absolute autocracy of the director.
ee0c6ff419169f6d44d36118858e61b701cfcc34	Craig's dream was to replace the actor with a mask, a "super puppet", free from ordinary human emotions.
180ab772024f2f687037ad388131ec40ee0b7c93	A notable contribution to the development of theatrical culture of the XX century. it was introduced by the German director Max Reinhardt (1873-1943).
ba19371d363432cb42cbeede517eb68a3b2a0618	He enriched it with expressive means of music, sculpture, painting.
e036542d3be03a68c01636a71be6282c8fcd46e6	Actor Alexander Moisei (1880 — 1935) created emotionally rich, sublime images of Hamlet, Romeo, Marquis Poses under the direction of Reinhardt.
b0b2805e4906376449f82c29e3d3cb43530b36e9	Two trends in the European theater of the beginning of the century had a significant impact on the progressive theater of the subsequent time.
9fa660637bdfc7d4af966761311bde2d911500c4	The idea of a heroic folk theater, capable of deeply exciting the broad audience and encouraging them to act, formed the basis of the theatrical aesthetics of the French writer Romain Rolland.
d37c9ddceb462e2003a619c24c55add0f990fe9e	His plays "Wolves", "The Game of Love and Death" were staged by amateur theaters in the working class suburbs of Paris.
cc7b6e6c5479c07f3742c093eb7d4f9c65aa36f2	At the same time, "peasant theaters" appeared, reflecting the "movement of the theater to the people".
e59a8fb09ee77642196530629c7d64519e329b37	The performances were played out in the open air.
c40182ec26e84b2b5a5ffbbbde1b05e3b12e90a3	The birthplace of the second progressive direction was England.
5b96b50902ab1ec1a91bbf77a509109046cd2b2b	Bernard Shaw (see vol.11 DE, article "Bernard Shaw") and actor, director and playwright Harley Grenville Barker (1877 — 1946) took an active part in the formation of the intellectual theater.
3e680bd4f689edf77693b59b8635de65014fa674	The Royal Court Theatre in London has become an arena of struggle for innovative drama and stage art. Grenville Barker has directed a number of plays by Ibsen, Maeterlinck, Shaw, Galsworthy.
14520c8a303d2f331a800e8ad881fe0fa8feba30	Shaw stood for the theater of acute journalistic thought, for the art of such an actor, in which the speaker and the artist would be united in one person.
3f29469867892b5a7fa656052fc0f862ea20cf40	Among the playwrights, one of the central places is occupied by the Italian Luigi Pirandello (1867 — 1936).
892e075bca58c836fbdb09a72054dcfe66123a0f	Pirandello's philosophical dramas reflected the contradictions between reality and personality in bourgeois society, as well as the theme of flight, of a person into the world of ghostly illusions.
a34d0dd9d83ef5f3cd4f206cccfe79591d1c9029	In the 20s, expressionism occupied a significant place in the European theater, reflecting the spiritual crisis of the time.
89aee81da31471c731e649a78d67ec6bfde6755c	The most mature works of the German expressionists contained a polemic with the ideology of militarism and nationalism, denounced petty bourgeois complacency.
bcf71c27639ae6d350f723cf5b3b38cfde0576d1	In 1920, the "Proletarian Theater" by Erwin Piscator (1893 — 1966) opened in Berlin, where the play "The Day of Russia" was staged, calling for support for Soviet Russia.
c4ee37f7fcff66ab4ccf5b422d6d33ff84dee591	The theater found a warm response in the hearts of working class viewers.
f58976edf95e336c832f7cd153b53a5e08dbb2ea	Later, forced to emigrate from fascist Germany, Piscator continued to fight against fascism and militarism.
39e51e660e24be59f99b0e637881a07a9bb402a8	Piscator sought to show various social phenomena on the stage, and this brought to life new staging techniques.
27cbae12262b1edbc0cf34ee844934112e42770f	He introduced newsreels, photomontage into performances, used all kinds of structures — moving tracks, a segment stage, etc.
683fbfe424a909e4847e81433648e9298a0a6393	In the 20s, one of the most important directors, playwrights and theater theorists of the XX century worked in Germany, and then in exile.
6e10b7f38db7de328e51f9475d325c2569018b70	—Bertolt Brecht.
57e04d6b317a5d4cc5b059256b6b88d5e7b8bbcc	His plays occupy an important place in the repertoire of European and Soviet theaters (see the article "Theater of the countries of Socialism"),
981673123f0caa40fed7f3920a3c986bd1c2d9c2	In the 20 — 30s, the activity of progressive directors of France is noticeably intensified.
a0687ec9ae1c35e8038ab035a7a93fc6db254291	National theaters are being created.
10336782005f52d0ec6464638ee675eb45de29ae	The largest of them is the National People's Theater (TNP), created in 1920 by the Brand Zhemye (1869-1933).
89df16f438733d3029d9a04e0f0ddba88ceaf1cf	Zhemye dreamed of staging mass folk performances of spectacles here.
13ad99f37ccc17fb5c92d961ce906ca5085b80bb	The theater "Vieux Colombier" was opened by Jacques Copeau (1879-1949).
7bfdc0b67a36e4bec39fe4e9d83447a6da9b5af7	He combined in his work loyalty to the traditions of the past with innovative experiments.
7d11e4f78c6f07ae6158712e8c6d81b916532900	Jean Vilard and Gerard Philip in Corneille's tragedy "Cid".
3242e539e0db59ff3f0c2344f0c562e6aae0ab1f	The National People's Theater (TNP).
aa4b867f733c289c5b46f804d16ab6d15535efea	Four theaters — "Athenaeum" by Louis Jouvet, "Montparnasse" by Gaston Baty, "Mathurin" by Georges and Lyudmila Pitoev and "Atelier" by Charles Dullin formed the so called "Cartel"in 1926.
1c8294fd8475124077730f94a06ef67441100e3d	Pitoev staged plays by Shaw, Ibsen, and Pirandello on the stage of his theater.
d481d4c27277e516cc10a67436317c36c4f9503d	He discovered Chekhov for Parisians.
40961604c19470ebd4825c4350f152d5ad6fee9e	Among his best performances are Shaw's "Saint Joanna" (1925), Chekhov's "Three Sisters" (1929).
30f310f47adb58a1f7c47cf8cdce2e9be6f98576	Students of Dullin, an outstanding theater teacher who studied Stanislavsky's works on acting, were Jean Louis Barraud, Jean Vilar and others.
cfbcd1636484ab5c95551e6c60853c4751bc2ca7	The creative achievements of Stanislavsky and other major figures of the Soviet theater had a noticeable impact on progressive foreign actors, directors, and theater artists.
5823c777c3d41b5d7cd85b5bfd30844f4501b856	In the English and especially American drama of the 30s, social problems occupy a significant place.
af05a430e2b95b5957eb799750ecacd6ab36faaf	The largest US drama writer Eugene O'Neill, as well as playwrights Lillian Helman and Clifford Odets raised complex issues related to the fate of the post war generation in their works.
3da5a1a57cf709b2eb7de0440dbc9f1e884b8e58	The tragic conflicts of the characters with bourgeois reality are the basis of O'Neill's dramas "The Shaggy Monkey", "Love under the Elms".
28160695fad8191eb5b1fb4e0eab7bd043a5b3d7	The plays about the bourgeois intellectuals of the 30 — 40s by the English writer D. B. Priestley ("A Dangerous Turn", etc.) are bleak in their psychological content.
d2bb6859cade4f3a7303000e4a934d1d10bbe003	The fight against fascism united the progressive forces of the world, united the leading figures of the theater of European countries.
663684ceec853dc1215c03a73f3d9140797c80c4	An act of civil courage was, for example, the production of the French Director andré Barsac plays, Anouilh's "Antigone" in Nazi occupied Paris (1943).
852fb3b262879ad85cfe41bfe0419d516f027557	Active influence on his contemporaries had another play by French playwright Jean Paul Sartre's "the Flies", the hero of which took the decision to exempt the citizens from the tyranny of a ruler, to deliver them from fear and resignation.
718390f2d6ddaa76bb29bb623f839656e1812b29	Salakru's heroic drama "Nights of Anger" (1946) is dedicated to the Resistance Movement.
d14cf32bd29d3cfa748241b26c5800d4baead960	In the future, deep ideological and creative contradictions appeared in the works of Anuya, Salakru, Sartre.
bf5951c7334d936baf15b32ff09984b56b3248dd	After the Second World War, the struggle between realistic, democratic art and various manifestations of bourgeois art acquires a special tension.
3618623f6b556a828aa1ac0f15d79063e3ca1163	In this struggle, the forces of advanced progressive artists whose work serves the people are growing stronger.
213daa6a9e4736be7a44c494daaa9b0d145b1d33	The classical repertoire of the TNP includes" Cid "by Corneille, "Mary Tudor" by Hugo, plays by Moliere, "Macbeth " and" Richard II " by Shakespeare," The Death of Danton " by Buchner .
2ec627a1f3fdb37082b580f881cd5293badf4113	At the same time, Vilar staged works by Brecht and Sean O'Casey in a sharp journalistic manner.
5bdf33360e0f7d6c90f7bff01a7ebaa47bb3c176	Vilar is one of the brightest actors of the French stage of the XX century, who had the gift of the most subtle intellectual analysis of images, a satirist and a poet.
f2ba10ed0236def736c51206992ef010b696c03f	Among his roles are the devastated cynic Don Juan Moliere, the predatory Mercadet (Balzac's "Businessman").
974f0fe9e92302744e2085469c6ef12707174fe3	The "Piccolo Teatro" in Milan by Giorgio Strelera, which opened with the play "At the Bottom" by Gorky, became very famous.
62c97a2fb2bb31fec7a3df7fd8d910b8c0866ef4	In England, under the direction of Joan Littlewood, the Workshop Theater appeared.
99b694cd0e075fcb0281e793abdeab86a56dc6b9	The theater of Eduard De Philippa (b.1900) in Naples enjoyed well deserved respect among the audience of Italy.
a17f3a6c139c3197aee9d1683f0da66846acf5c7	A wonderful actor and director, Eduardo De Filippo created bright, memorable images in his plays Gennaro ("Naples the city of millionaires"), Alberto Stillano ("My Family"), Domenico Soriano ("Filumena Marturano").
68dcfe9c6437df5e59e01a5488137898e17f20fa	On May 8, 1956, the premiere of John Osborne's drama "Look Back in Anger" took place at the Royal Court Theater in London.
c2f3e65bcc7bf7d7f6cae1ebaea4300e28e2c0d3	Jimmy Porter came on the scene — a young "angry" hero, as critics called him, This young man from the bottom, who had made his way into a hostile social environment, had little idea what a decent existence was.
ecba8ae32d832f21a9943d5952145cc0abc333de	He took up arms, sparing no effort, against existing moral values, the traditional way of social life, and partly against social laws.
7b99823d2d205799f504db4ee2d704525bbd0d67	These same features distinguish some of the characters, both modern and historical, in the plays of John Arden, Sheila Delaney and others.
d5ee95338a4612e891dc995ef0c2bf294a6fcfab	The tragedy of man in bourgeois society is revealed in plays by American playwrights 40 — 50 years — Tennessee Williams ("the Glass menagerie", "a Streetcar named Desire), Arthur Miller ("All my sons", "death of a salesman", "the view from the bridge"), in the works of Eugene O'neill ("Long day's journey into night, a Moon for the stepchildren of fate").
3eaae616b1d02454f1d95838e2c1c3d0a9eb0815	Deep tragedy filled with plays by Williams, the American Director Elia Kazan.
965196fd10a613e73466727c791a375d69676f1f	Tragicomedies, tragifarses are many plays by Swiss authors — Max Frisch and Friedrich Durrenmatt, imbued with anti fascist, anti bourgeois tendencies.
2419523108950e84b25d4f008458ccaf089a07ac	If progressive theater figures strive to get closer to the general audience, then modernist formalist art focuses only on a select audience.
da6fae0a306322d9acc03ce526a31a6fda755941	In France, in the 50 — 60s, the so called "theater of the absurd"became widespread.
e8942c76706d498e6d7283a2635d090d41f2bfcb	The ideologists of this theater claim that human life has no meaning.
c2e4f340931e9624c1e9463cf10126a78af14bae	The central motif of the drama of the "theater of the absurd" is death and the fear of it.
3665b5598d1bdcf5950bdde71bca9ef7daae4689	The "Theater of the Absurd" refuses dramatic characters, demonstrates the painful deformities of modern bourgeois society.
bf08fdc9dd44ed912b3c3aca9154e8bc7885efd5	The skills of progressive actors and directors of capitalist countries are being improved on the classical dramaturgical material, on the best examples of realistic literature.
72276b76334a2a7505606942bab4a24b44b80853	The English actor Laurence Olivier (b. 1907) in the image of Othello conveyed an angry protest against the nascent bourgeois civilization.
05d1f5d90f58fd818af46985394fddd76ed03c4b	Hamlet served Paul Schofield (b. 1922) to express the sad, difficult thoughts of the young post war generation of European intellectuals who felt their responsibility for the crimes committed in the world.
79b0dd151d75846ac1a1f3c84d5296cc1b5eb49c	A little earlier, a completely different, lonely, painfully sensitive Hamlet by the French actor Jean Louis Barr (b. 1910) called on his contemporaries to persevere, to heroically defend the high ideals of humanity in the face of violence.
381cc436b88bbf69c58ff23db295748a0087bdeb	Poetic images were created in classical plays by the French actor Gerard Philip (1922-1959).
22140a89c7ece63cd1f8fc176bb9dcd83a2f7c38	The performances of Shakespeare's plays by the English director Peter Brook (b.1925) enjoy deserved success among the audience.
71905fad96ffa000f78a89a33979e9a4a13e6893	In the 60 — 70s, the dramaturgy of Chekhov and Gorky received an interesting, peculiar interpretation on the stages of some Western European theaters.
eb5514bc939930cfebf39f2224478681cb84aaea	Laurence Olivier as Richard III. "Richard III" by W. Shakespeare.
a361349b23eadd2662ec4c5086f4440e77585972	The theatrical art of the capitalist countries of recent times is characterized by a lot of small professional, semi professional and non professional troupes wandering from one locality to another; the activation of student theaters; the growing protest of actors and directors against commerce in art. Often, the young people of the West use the stage stages for sharp political discussions.
77c7a15fbaedb84e47152b385977e2163649d425	The theater goes to the streets, where semi improvisational performances are played out.
88c9d2cd7d0bdbd2629fc09d535cb17b63a13add	Eduardo De Filippo in the play "The Mayor of the Sanita district".
dfc5baf5fa5d1c9ef71f243786f46ea50b45668f	The Eduardo De Filippo Theater.
5353c8a56f141d9f9746e90aa03a31019ceae1ad	Naples.
094595fd9657fcad1587c11f44f579334078adca	Almost every phenomenon of theatrical creativity in capitalist countries today is permeated with cruel internal contradictions, conceals a clash of opposing ideological and aesthetic tendencies.
3d12d8255bf14a5c3ceac8250fd06d66b0813988	The influence of the art of socialist realism is increasingly felt in the activities of progressive artists today.
8751be62b9f1abf53c83301874adfd0268796aac	Tours of the best Soviet theaters abroad, staging of Russian classical and Soviet plays on the stages of Western European theaters are of great importance.
34a570952b6dbdc728f69986ed674001facf09e5	As well as other works that may interest you
704873d40bad897f04349c385d70e4177f6e1edf	61956.
9e719c6a8e1ea504930bed9c3b426505cec9c02c	Lesson summary Nomenclature of alkanes 152.97 KB Select the longest chain of carbon atoms in the structural chain.
e4f286e5c062c9e9809f1740dc334228158838bb	Number the carbon atoms in the selected chain from the end to which the branching is closer.
42be07a0adf76d0af4f922b28e742c583802cb01	If there are two branches and they are equidistant from the ends of the main chain, then number the carbon one...
3d404bb6dd1b153d029062a00a86dcbd3c8fe571	61957.
0829f5a5fad9b6fb33e1dff99ef695b8198c61b1	Lesson summary New Year in different countries 23.26 KB In which country a stooped grandfather with a big nose together with a dwarf gnome leave New Year's gifts right on the windowsill In Sweden.
153868068af376e32f6075b54fb2bd201bbdb09c	In which country does not the local Santa Claus himself distribute gifts to Bobbe Natale, but the fairy Befana with a red cap and crystal shoes In Italy.
ecc8fd05dd0a11b1674b14ac455a13aa94ffa2f9	61958.
72febd606cda9340c9e0d934e93420f924dd09fc	Summary of the lesson "The New Deal" by Roosevelt 678.56 KB New Del the name of the economic policy pursued by the Franklin Delano Roosevelt administration since 1933.
48a2ab98e9fb599304111410c6eed632c50945bc	The economic programs of the New Deal were conducted through Congress during Roosevelt's first presidential term in 1933-1936.
87ab633a3b4bd0d03d19a54a6d7fe0c4c5c15537	61959.
dd29a79dbbdd4058709b7dd5c42a9e4efb04b81d	Scientific article Planning lessons in the Russian language 19.95 KB To draw up a lesson plan, you need to determine the topic and the required amount of material;
b70ff7b01d283925b01da21a410e388de3cd17be	Get acquainted with the theoretical information on the topic and additional literature on it;
4c3ff276653ed352fc01b1137314290b37506397	To select material for practical exercises Selection requirements: Pure examples Thematic and stylistic selection unity of material Sources of material: literary works it is possible to additionally saturate the text with orthograms, complex words, constructions; popular scientific literature; journalism.
78bb0fcb2c8a611df355bc524b97a49476888773	The plan is an organizational moment; verification...
fd5524ff7bb7b633ab4817625aa2ca4a0d715e5b	61960.
b36223837f27036aac554de57c959a2894b6dbc3	Lesson summary Chemical processes 40.07 KB Specify the characteristics of the emulsion.
c5f97ea06e3f07a3e3289f3839b3172751be1b02	1) solid particles are distributed in a liquid 2) the liquid is crushed in another one that does not dissolve it 3) gaseous particles are distributed in a gas 4) gaseous particles are distributed in a liquid
16e2c73236dbff55f805adc098214f7bcb80ce78	61962.
b82e496aa2865c4746d58ae87a20dc25323dd262	Scientific article PROVERBS THE WISE HERITAGE OF THE PEOPLES 26.18 KB When I was still very young, my mother read me bedtime stories.
285021653d7fdba7951add772de1654ba25060fc	So my research was the topic: Proverbs are the wise heritage of peoples.
8868985d1471066c8f91061d2b0aba239ed2f0e6	No one knows when there were proverbs sayings and idioms everyday oral sayings of the people.
2634c38d2af6dc91ef007cc20e36084c1aeb4f34	© "Pyatifan" http://5fan.ru
d89313ff7ced0c35d594242c087b47dd074951c8	All rights to the site and the posted works
2d9ac46a8b4536ae59baf058a8b78919d8781928	protected by copyright law.
c852d0d4031c1e765edddcacc1813bb7904d97be	This term has other meanings, see Theater (meanings).
a99bebbe4f33945f4277198bfcb0d5efa01cc62b	Illustration by Konstantin Somov for Blok's book "Theater"
840c3df2e9dc6ef23f665aeab722318338b196f6	"Melodrama", a painting by Honore Daumier, 1856-1860
de4879535c5e01eaf130b39c811d50866135fadc	Theater (gr. θέατρον — the main meaning — a place for spectacle, then a sight, from θεάομαι — look, see)
baafead34d13a670b92d333f92137e0bfb41f0c3	— spectacular art form, which is a synthesis of the various arts — literature, music, dance, vocals, visual arts and other[1][2][3][4], and has its own specifics: reflection of reality, conflict, characters, and their interpretation and evaluation, adoption of certain ideas here going through dramatic action, the main carrier of which is the actor[2][5][6].
2bf14532ecda336b28602a8ddb6a6a277458149e	The generic concept of "theater" includes its various types: drama theater, opera, ballet, puppet, pantomime theater, etc. [2]
37400be44cf7f0880b659c9556cf4e41897fabda	At all times, the theater has been a collective art; in modern theater, in addition to actors and a director (conductor, choreographer), a set designer, composer, choreographer, as well as props, costumers, make up artists, stagehands, lighting designers participate in the creation of a performance[1][7]. The development of the theater has always been inseparable from the development of society and the state of culture as a whole — its heyday or decline, the predominance of certain artistic trends in the theater and its role in the spiritual life of the country were associated with the peculiarities of social development[2][3].
2d9abaa4e5afe17e7f96997b5aef4290c27d0094	1 History of the Theater 1.1 Ancient Theater 1.2 European Theater 1.2.1 The Middle Ages 1.2.2 The Renaissance 1.2.2.1 Drama Theater 1.2.2.2 Opera and Ballet
b0713c67e001276c7f87d2931873358a8fe1b6aa	1.2.3 Subsequent history
77f69f28402b3c0d6622b0efb5ba975c63772c77	1.3 Theater of the East 1.4 Theater in Russia 1.5 Theater in the USA
c60f8b497a69981243ae8d14b3362a5ab3b7c803	2 Types of theater 2.1 Drama Theater 2.2 Opera 2.3 Ballet 2.4 Puppet Theater 2.5 Pantomime
3badfc93fb109374461200bb6bcbd69a017803d6	3 Theater Festivals 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Literature 7 References
2f01882a9e99a19aea09e34fed1868a9a2023e61	History of the theater[edit / edit wiki text]
433eef762b5cc2296ee94fd28757d7ae3a746238	The theater was born out of the most ancient hunting, agricultural and other ritual festivals that reproduced natural phenomena or labor processes in an allegorical form[2].
ba4ad910c5bf8cd0bdb6e8a1b510b62738e11604	However, the ritual actions themselves were not yet a theater: according to art critics, the theater begins where the viewer appears — it involves not only collective efforts in the process of creating a work, but also collective perception, and the theater achieves its aesthetic goal only if the stage action resonates with the audience[2][4].
1a884795f436fa60d6b6a8a7d7e7bec89165b695	Ancient Theater[edit / edit wiki text]
742792e574ba81ff8e0eb5e7267ac45f7898b9d3	See also: Mimes, Theater in Ancient Greece, Roman Theater and Theater Building in Classical Greece
9edd202232422f29c31c53ee4629e871e18620b0	The ancient Greek theater was born out of the mysteries dedicated to the patron gods of agriculture, primarily Dionysus: during the festivals dedicated to him, a choir of "satyrs" dressed in goat skins sang songs (praises), the content of which was the myths of the Dionysian circle.
573f7a778ef04ffc2682bd75d3f7bb5854b0db80	The word "tragedy" (literally, "the song of goats") also came from the choir of satyrs[8].
823ee0b81fc251db3c870dccafb34f5b6170fe42	The year of birth of the world theater is considered to be 534 BC, when the Athenian poet Thespides used one actor reciter along with the choir during the Great Dionysians[8].
b1f3f3763943d72124f8f12af20d59400a596d75	The declaimer, who in the VI century BC was called "hypocrite" ("respondent" or "commentator"), could enter into a dialogue with the choir, portray various characters of myths in the course of the narrative, and thus elements of acting were mixed into the dialogue.
bb997e3fd535ddecc46bec683ccd54b6fe948190	Later, Aeschylus added a second declamator actor to the choir, and Sophocles added a third in the V century BC , the "hypocrites" could already communicate not only with the choir, but also with each other, which made possible a dramatic action independent of the choir, and as a result — the transformation of the satyr choir into a drama[8].
f05791a0abfe4304790998af086db5aba7234015	At that time, there were plays of only two genres tragedies and comedies.
bd01ace2f43cd8bb5ae29511358c1a495cdcd6e1	They were written most often on mythological or historical subjects.
33053f8671181905e07f2206a83cf576da146ea3	All the roles were played by men.
16dc1c6d47b7233093557b0e6b6718b236d54f05	The actors performed in huge masks and on couturnes.
65ca338549f64419d93dee1b3f79fcdea953b525	There were no decorations.
9c3e7b3a6587dc50f5cd26e8dee748f0d281bd6a	Women (excluding hetaerae) they were not always and not everywhere allowed to attend performances, especially comedy, and sat, as a rule, separately from the men.
b442c704c17d01b344906e1a2bd62668c4f07d2c	In Greece, the profession of an actor was considered prestigious, and in Rome — shameful (that's why Nero's performances so shocked his entourage).
f417f95271512dc662c2a3a6d22dbe2e24784a32	Famous playwrights of that time: Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, who are called the fathers of Greek tragedy, Aristophanes — the father of comedy.
abd2df2ac66e6604fa2de35c33baf7976d8d6f7d	In Rome, one can note Plautus the comedian and Seneca, who processed the works of Euripides.
a6ef92f9157d2e672cae1f0166b04ea9534b4afe	Many plays by ancient Greek authors have come down to us, several plays about Hippolytus, the tragedy of Aeschylus "Prometheus Chained", several plays about Electra, the trilogy "Oresteia" and others.
dab447b508f5280071845235604cddc162e35ca2	In Greece, competitions were held between playwrights (agon), when choosing the winner, the opinion of the public was taken into account.
27b7f1df280b76e59090b81eafadc4f420343ff9	In ancient Rome, atellans were popular, short farcical performances in the spirit of buffoonery.
86bbe9e740e6fe54aa2f213d5f63ecab6c8d90f7	Along with the official one, there was also an ancient folk theater, in which wandering comedians — fliaks and mimes performed.
8f81ecb3222fb8bea2dc1c271ef3222ced0e8d4d	They played primitive plays of everyday, entertaining, satirical, often obscene content[9] on the streets and squares, the actors were without masks, women could participate in the performance.
d5f21fe84251a34121ba7397f4642ea7ce6690ae	European Theater[edit / edit wiki text]
2a21a21781b678050bbbed1bb09c68ebaccc8b3f	See also: Theater in Western Europe
ddf4bf55abfe8cda4e94a372372914e9406399e7	The Middle Ages[edit / edit wiki text]
2c0989e5cd2cf0c1efad368b78e58260829b2349	English medieval theater, an engraving of the 19th century
4c35f4a82249db739c2d5ad093a4a74ce5325842	After the fall of the Roman Empire, the ancient theater was forgotten: the early ideologists of Christianity condemned acting, and not only actors, musicians and "dancers", but also all "obsessed with a passion for the theater" were excluded from Christian communities[10].
c90d5dcfd4bba2963842b874b98bffd48054fbec	The medieval theater was actually born anew, from folk rituals and religious holidays dramatizations of church services[10].
97bfefdbdcf32e383f9fd3c73f6bd9ad8a146ca5	The art of medieval histrions — wandering actors who could be both dancers, singers, storytellers, animal trainers, gymnasts and magicians, play a wide variety of instruments[11][12] dates back to pagan peasant holidays and traditional games associated with them.
13b3d5049f8e6acef259b779191f7a53d97febf8	Farce dates back to the art of histrions, which has become an invariable part of urban mystery performances[13].
03c2210c5b734b7074290892fbcd2eb213419acc	In contrast to the pagan ones, the Christian Church developed its own rituals, which gave its teaching an effective illustrative effect[14].
421f07aaa251819f9443e908ac3ed96aaa818682	Already in the IX century in Western Europe, on Christmas Day, priests depicted evangelical shepherds going to Nazareth, there was a brief dialogue between them and the priest who served the liturgy — the dialogization of the service in its development opened up opportunities for dramatic action.
2cc16fe708d0e2a4247cd122a673dfa77ee0cd48	In the XI century, real performances were already played at Easter and Christmas[14].
6c147b2001a44094c23e3fd3fbf1f40801d43b91	Gradually, the liturgical drama became more effective, more meaningful, filled with psychological experiences; the tendency to a realistic interpretation of evangelical plots and images, reflected both in the design of performances and in the props, contradicted the goals of the church service, and in 1210 the liturgical drama was expelled from the church — later performances were given on the porch, which allowed not only clerics, but also citizens to participate in them[14].
39dcad9512e670c42b0a7d7ca7a30e39b5967b67	In the second half of the XIII century, representations devoted to the lives of the saints — mirakli, which differed from the actual gospel stories and were more "everyday" in design, became widespread[15].
7ee5e242e7d26a6d2cfa53283e105b92d6617a15	At the same time, secular plays appeared, to a greater extent than miracles, related to folk folklore performances — in particular, "The Game about the Gazebo" and "The Game about Robin and Marion" by Adam de la Ala are known.
6746d9d96383b12a090475a53cef8c86907acc94	At the same time, the genre of mysteries — mass, square, amateur art was born in cities, regardless of the church.
c06f91dc1db00b1d53b7f26687dad6bf5cf4defc	The mysteries were part of the city celebrations that were held on fair days, abstract church subjects acquired a national flavor in them[16].
135813967ef28b109c962a99c294c2f01b8a3cd2	The Renaissance Era[edit / edit wiki text]
b5bb9004aca6334423128d298954168bd2acab91	See also: Commedia dell'arte, Ballet in Italy and the History of Opera
dbc139db9536a8a0fc5c3092a5d445ef66220307	Italian Commedia dell'arte.
e4c75a97d8025ef5856c95a765ae84820fdfd4e3	XVI century
73fdb683e34785985d6865d9c47156707a2c493d	Drama Theater[edit / edit wiki text]
47375505b1936bebbe2a99b2edec9530d1966f19	The Renaissance theater was born in Italy, where the liturgical drama existed longer than in other countries, and relatively late, only in the middle of the XV century, an Italian analogue of the mysteries appeared rapresentazioni sacre[17].
4f67b9c4f42d5dc5d0c908679e1e32ce2ea8c620	In Florence, the texts for these performances were written by major humanist poets Feo Belcari, Luigi Pulci and Lorenzo de ' Medici himself.
7779a62dda25b3656bfd156e70a94759f362e103	Fascinated by ancient literature and philosophy, humanists initially instilled, as far as possible, the ancient spirit of sacred ideas, up to the use of pagan subjects in the mysteries, in particular the myth of Orpheus[17].
619b46281b774aee3c61c42b30618d3a2ccb6558	In parallel, another trend developed: in the 70s of the XV century, Pomponio Leto revived the ancient Roman theater in Rome — - with his students, he staged the works of Seneca, Plautus and Terence in the original language.
e90a92a6ff56e4f40613b82119d6c212ffcad216	Leto's experience quickly spread throughout Italy, and since Latin was not understood by everyone, translations of ancient Roman authors into Italian soon appeared.
28742b98211fa98585d747c22c658b17f64e91f3	Two forms of Italian theater — ancient comedies in Italian translations (and original plays, which for a long time had a frankly imitative character) and mysteries on mythological subjects gradually approached, borrowed elements of dramatic technique and stage embodiment from each other[17].
048fd290f638cbf2a5be335975a90aa2ab9eb4b4	The spread of the mysteries in Italy was associated with the appearance of the first theater groups — at the turn of the XV XVI centuries, at first in the form of amateur associations, which eventually turned into semi professional: artisans and intellectuals gathered a troupe when there was a demand for performances, showed them for a fee in rich houses and returned to their former occupations when there was no demand for performances[18].
889dc6e4b7f120a4d1eea1cfd56f75bd42cabf5c	An important role in the formation of the Italian professional theater was played by the Paduan troupe of the actor and playwright Angelo Beolco, whose members, performing in different plays under the same names, in the same costumes, created unchanged types (tipi fissi) [19]
9119041df943a968ed7f9ea7ea36f31be446dc16	— in this respect, the Beolco troupe anticipated the Commedia dell'arte, which appeared in the middle of the XVI century, shortly after his death[20].
897f5fc84ac00e51929a6e4d77b5e01caa009b7b	However, in the exact translation from the Italian commedia dell'arte at that time meant "professional theater" — the concept of "comedy of masks" appeared later[18].
c20e51afe7631b86e9a18d582cb5a7f5c01e9c54	For a long time, performances were played in palaces.
62a3112a3c65c2c6b261bc0f0cc4a11fdf926521	Only in the 20s of the XVI century, special theater buildings began to appear, while the principles of construction were borrowed from Vitruvius: as in ancient Rome, the auditorium was built in the form of an amphitheater[21].
cef588733d0543a900bcc04e210ab8d33d4f0152	The new Italian theater was born as a court theater, but very soon gained popularity in the widest strata of Italian society, to whose interests and tastes it began to adapt at the turn of the XV—XVI centuries: mythological plots gradually gave way to plots from modern life, which, in turn, dictated new principles of performance design and a different style of acting[17].
43fe12ed3d014ae70c85ca64486eb304235b4980	Commedia dell'arte, thanks to the constant tours of Italian artists from the end of the XVI and throughout the XVII century, became popular in Spain, France, England and Germany[22].
327d77e2a219d4802efabb2d98c7a46d570342e4	Opera and ballet[edit / edit wiki text]
2a53385b4d37096fa092ca7b7ad002574b1f655a	During the Renaissance, opera and ballet were also born in Italy.
de205c3896cf39d386a6e2f5b8bcde3f6e740750	Claudio Monteverdi
05e725f56cff05b97b50d73ee6936c92f3251f80	At first, music was introduced sporadically in the mysteries, later music began to accompany the entire action.
2a85b461ec777c8a2795523ac789e898c87c1dbf	In the middle of the XVI century, pastorals were popular, which were accompanied by choral singing.
38c2d70308d6fd9b29f12878dbc83616ac42d6fa	At the end of the XVI century, works with one voice singing (monody) appeared.
ef5c7466cd76945c4ef26f0ec7bdf7ca690d0fd3	In 1637, the first opera house was opened in Venice.
98a7eb97ae81cf03d1f1f75a70b3724322e2744b	The first opera composers were Jacopo Peri, Claudio Monteverdi and others[23].
8cfd1d3bf7115e28485f27fbd4791d9b43f9e1b0	The first ballets were staged at the court for the entertainment of the court nobility.
2037e8eb9d8c43b8d26c965f4c243dd28959fb03	The choreography was created on the basis of court dances[24].
e537f75f482c8c427d6e6e1b9b9caad3445503e4	In the XV century, one of the first masters of dance was Domenico da Piacenza (English)Russian..
cadd9a8588350cb41d21e25654cc5bb5646bb1af	He studied dance together with his students Antonio Cornazano (English)Russian. and Guglielmo Ebreo (English)Russian, as well as give this art the Italian nobility.
20b1c1de8ac3d281a4af955eb9f588c208d7fea3	Da Piacenza wrote a work entitled: De arte saltandi et chorus ducendi (About the art of dance and the conduct of dances)[25].
c1fcdcac10d92af533a1eafde2a51d6cd3c32b33	In 1489, Gian Galeazzo Sforza married Isabela of Aragon. in Tortona.
7c23100c1769e6dbddf3cab78439cb841a962b70	In honor of the wedding, a grandiose performance was given, dances were organized based on the story of Jason and the Argonauts.
7c21a0532e000aa20852ad7102888ddc3929189d	The spectacle turned out to be so impressive that similar performances were arranged in other places[24][26].
d1e668b5b070279e9afa52234737be43bdc244cd	In the XVI century, grandiose performances appeared in northern Italy — spectaculi.
f29dddf5dbd583949d18b8049cc1b6427ffabe59	They included not only dances, but also equestrian performances and battles.
271291011a3db6247605e4c12ad5bfc1f28bd8a9	Catherine de ' Medici brought an interest in dancing to France.
d42537c90df6bd3e6767b98212d69a3621fc8083	She was the first sponsor of ballets, and arranged grandiose spectaculi .
eee05cb346bf74b0561beb20b9277987040d7648	One of the most notable was the "Polish Ballet" (Le Ballet des Polonais), which was staged for the visit of the Polish ambassadors in 1573.
96702a0bb3d5e9086140609553996607356342d9	The first ballets included not only dancing, but also conversations and elements of drama.
646fb40a502f0a0d058bf1cd71847731d5774c0d	Gradually, dance replaced the elements of drama from the ballet.
dccfa1376d85588160d9ee996a450c7df4da4684	In France, ballet has formed as a separate genre.
925a41e78610a4b3c31d77571031ad003c9bf58f	Ballet performances were now given not only at the court, but also in theaters.
374327e2470f6d62054c16a697e67b69c5029359	Nobles, including Louis XIV, performed roles of varying importance in the ballet.
cf60daedea7401603c118b2870c3a53c18df3ac1	In 1585, the Teatro Olimpico with a proscenium was opened in Verona.
268db4d5b339948a3f000a04fc30d4d2220d7649	Subsequent history[edit / edit wiki text]
73456f84b9ddb2650ceebffb78503024ee95a99e	See also: Elizabethan Drama, Naturalistic Drama, Realistic Drama, Melodrama and the Theater of Italian Comedy (Paris)
2cee99fd74d093efa7f3e92a9dccaa308c3c707d	Theater of the East[edit / edit wiki text]
4e4fafebf5cb08f29133118acc07a2dcfdd3030d	See also: Shadow Theater, No, Kabuki, Chinese Theater, Yuan Drama, Beijing Opera, Teo Theater, Puppet Theater on the Water and Kailyong Theater
568fe3aa7b861ca2238cb21e99b50215999216aa	The Theater of the East has preserved the ancient archaic traditions of dramatic, puppet, and musical theaters.
dcc3441a465426d7b28654963e46cdfcc07d6872	This is equally true for the theater of India, the theater of Japan, China, Vietnam, and the theater of Indonesia.
a71b5ffdef12e3ae343e2b94e658d57f387a0723	Theater in Russia[edit / edit wiki text]
5638ada3ab760b59e9ccd086c2e0d8281d62b2db	Main article: The History of theater in Russia
97d1edc9a11c650e88ec6a842eece3a80fcbc6d7	See also: Imperial Theaters of the Russian Empire, Yearbook of Imperial Theaters and Theaters of Russia
276fe17f4a8868e9336670913f3a853d97d78f1d	In Russia, the theater was born late — only in the second half of the XVII century.
a56873c1f0cb1a78f3cf2356f9e3999ea9cad7da	However, in the Orthodox Church, dramatizations of individual services were adopted — a Cave action and a Procession on a donkey.
e92c7dc781e92236d6b2c258cf005557dfe96fc1	These rites were performed no later than from the beginning of the XVI century[27].
956b6fe80e8dcfcd53a587737dc39e1810342a41	Buffoonery, which originated in the XI century, was harshly condemned by the Church and was officially banned in 1648 by the decree of Alexey Mikhailovich[28], the cities did not have enough independence to arrange performances similar to Western European mysteries on their own — the theater was imported to Russia from Western Europe[2].
a6c4840cdb007f3db20891037bdb38b9dc042f27	In 1672, the first court theater was created, but it lasted only a few years.
01cfa95c44cb122fc671e85819a4ff55e58fc17e	At the same time, the emergence of the so — called "school theater" - the theater at spiritual educational institutions belongs to this time; the first mention refers to 1672, when the mystery "About Alexey the Man of God"was staged at the Kiev Mohyla Academy[29].
04e5b45f0b0ff3986b966281be02d226b5d501cd	In 1687, the Slavic Greek Latin Academy was founded in Moscow, at which a theater was also created[29].
5a291ae9458bbb676a0a1602255aed6ed75ba62d	Theater in the USA[edit / edit wiki text]
e550f6d110eef0b58381471f9bf1dc79b71260a5	Main article: The history of theater in the United States
c7510eca448602e6f436cf0cdcee125ec58eeb8e	The main development of the US theater falls on the colonial period and is based on Western European theatrical traditions.
f4cb2728023193e03ce422a4474403864dde185a	The key difference is the contribution to the theatrical art from the black population of America, which has been detected since the XIX century, but has become of main importance only since the 1920s[30].
bdbe9356d588cf48c96f5888ba051a2af4b2dc37	Types of theater[edit / edit wiki text]
e71b97560c9225ef282c391173635ef10971bd94	Main article: Drama Theater
fb9e44eed00a7b4dd576fe9bcaf3dc22ab420523	Unlike other types of stage art, a performance in a drama theater is based on a literary work — a drama or on a script involving improvisation[31].
a1dc44bbbc746f98e448196afabffd2a81105810	For an artist of a drama theater, the main means of expression, along with physical actions, is speech; at the same time, drama theater is a synthetic art: it can include vocal, dance, and pantomime as full — fledged elements[31].
d118e28bc0c99531010e8ce8653af971272bad1c	An important role in the drama theater is played by the director, who, based on his own interpretation of a literary work, directs the work of the entire team.
a4b801ef03e33cfbee70c8f7f5e7da80b487b63c	Opera [edit / edit wiki text]
e065c993357a95219a722ac162a2d916c8709c97	Main article: Opera
074286ad8fd1fcfcada05ba5c6313e9ab0c43b60	Opera is a synthetic type of theatrical art in which dramatic action is closely merged with vocal and orchestral music; dance is often present in opera[32].
9a514ec46a86b2cbe59f7ab5ba355bba37ae9a12	There are such genres as grand opera, comic opera (opera buffa in Italy, opéra comique in France, Singspiel in Germany, Tonadilla in Spain, ballad opera in England)[33], romantic opera, opera ballet, etc.
e33a5071e43277bdb6747bb1506211e55ca78774	The genre of comic opera influenced the formation of such genres as operetta, musical, musical comedy in the 20th century[33].
5c0a24f8155ff60185dc8c6e17ce2ba062f378c7	Opera productions are usually performed in specially equipped opera houses.
9ff02f034648d5340103da33d9af5a7eefd8ad96	Ballet[edit / edit wiki text]
ade1726bff47261f16a564ba301d67652cd73654	Main article: Ballet
ce0aa727fecb6fef0701e26fa259e9f66f09d207	Ballet is a kind of stage art; a performance whose content is embodied in musical and choreographic images.
a0e825a34c81b8103d50ae34b52d50ba95a0a203	The classical ballet performance is based on a certain plot, dramatic idea, libretto, in the XX century a plotless ballet appeared, the drama of which is based on the development laid down in music.
f63dbbf12c47c7d3ccb2b8123d9fe5bd387ab63c	Puppet Theater[edit / edit wiki text]
3623cddd9f59ab563ac8f21bae8bd486efb497e1	Main article: Puppet Theater
2a11eaabb9861a852d60b0d2c8313551e74e4426	- one of the varieties of the puppet art form, which includes animated and non animated animated cinema art, puppet art of the variety stage and artistic puppet programs of television.
b39f0f381e671d9dc27f185318ae2afe0beff40d	In puppet theater performances, the appearance and physical actions of the characters are depicted and / or indicated, as a rule, by three dimensional, semi three dimensional (bas relief or high relief) and flat dolls (actor dolls)Puppet actors are usually controlled and driven by people, actors by puppeteers, and sometimes by automatic mechanical devices.
dc6875c61ca73b0ac7e762919e14f287cd09f6c1	In the latter case, the actor dolls are called robot dolls.
a455961cec3ad7d7343bb5e17099b94561af8b37	It should be noted that the phrase "puppet theater" is incorrect and offends the professional dignity of puppeteers, since the adjective "puppet" is associated with the concept of "fake"[source not specified 194 days].
c53039602ce0bbe401bc44dc45a293acfdb5a609	It is correct to say: "puppet theater", which, by the way, is the name of all professional animation theaters.
8658a2e846e9b86e3679795194f5764be8a2d6dd	Pantomime[edit / edit wiki text]
faac5c21ad9fc5bb418600a12d8ad93755f00f2a	Main article: Pantomime
688298dfbdc71645705b9c0eb810a778c65971ea	Pantomime is the art of creating an artistic image using facial expressions and plasticity of the human body, without using words.
6d7dcf870277fb13a0b58d78af98346df9418a73	Pantomime originated in ancient Greece, where it was part of the repertoire of mimes.
83e0dbeedceb97f7272a02bdba94722421c01abf	In ancient Rome, in the era of Augustus, it became a full fledged theatrical genre.
ccca4a450fda953ffc3f91855647f5111f7aacc0	In the Middle Ages, the church forbade pantomime, but traveling actors continued to use elements of pantomime.
af065fa326ca7f8dca87e846ffdce55f239b72be	Commedia dell'arte included wordless interludes.
8c86ec80c58021e221152d267679f546f2ec64e1	Pantomime was an important element of the harlequinade, comic plays where the main character was a Harlequin.
f6f510e25a26129b900a75eeab149477189eeb9e	In France, the harlequinade has become a favorite genre of farcical theater.
39d383f017f5d40962bcf74e01108d30f707095e	In 1702, a pantomime in the form of a theatrical ballet was staged at the Drury Lane Theater in London.
c3fd3098a056c7e27316d15aaada033c93b67dfd	In the 18th century, pantomime was staged in the theater as interludes in the intermissions of tragedies and comedies.
ac593446f01377c2108c9739c106fc4a911db163	Baptiste Debureau marked the beginning of lyrical poetic pantomime, thanks to him Pierrot became the classic hero of pantomime.
e63341b6c2220d687612038588ce6f229e803b76	In the 20th century, the Carnot group was engaged in pantomime, in which Charlie Chaplin, Max Reinhardt, Jean Louis Barraud, Marcel Marceau and others performed for the first time.
7d91387066183957eb839a1c513bb9a49ed30c63	Pantomime can be dance, classical, acrobatic, eccentric, at the beginning of the 20th century, dramatic pantomime appeared[34].
3fc2e9153feccab0aec76bd7b7b8c4876847e70f	The pantomime genre is developed in the classical Indian musical theater and in the Japanese Noh Theater.
5eef20de216789917a8a981cf5fc33633d419089	Theater festivals[edit / edit wiki text]
90da0031082232a170adc77f67e65c3670fc45b5	Chekhov International Theater Festival [1] Avignon Festival Golden Mask Golden Harlequin Edinburgh Festival of Theater and Music International Theater Festival "Voices of History" [35]
b976f2f180b2a225df07fd3e4c60150b829e24e1	Portal "Theater" Theater in Wiktionary?
310290aa8d834ab45f58d6201ceca6d1d9f4addb	Theater in Wikicitatnik?
6769c5f0b37f9d1500230396ddcae7b30ab88788	Theater in Wikitek?
b2c1bb3174fa60f22610406257fc79556d82d2ce	Theater on Wikimedia Commons?
92d9e00b09011c9687cfbadc54fafcf38280eec1	Theater in Vikinovosti?
0a4a7d4f7d9e4065118cf6958d4a401bba20afb8	Theater (architectural structure)
ca9a6f278ada45de7b7ea57f6bc85eb55bc006a7	Performance Epic Theater Acting art Theater director World Theater Day Entertainment institutions Chronology of theater events
5e121a226fd7f963f64e11aa21d804178d514326	Перейти Go to: 1 2 Theater / Rodina M. T. / / The Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed .
4dfc82be8436d07ed1fca0b1ab55c6d78941d290	A.M. Prokhorov.
5a390ee0146500328f0c6094c0d610de079867c0	- Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
02a1f88d0010e417b32026a367548bafd3ef199d	↑ Go to page: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Theatre // Theatre encyclopedia (ed. by A. P. Markov).
89d4b69caa207fbe75b2b72b2149ae537731fb13	— M.: Soviet encyclopedia, 1961-1965.
13d8d5cdc06fb78862b78cbdad0db4d5109374c5	— Vol.5. ↑ Go to page: 1 2 Bushueva S. K. Introduction // Relations: the Theatre in the context of culture: Collection of scientific works.
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0fddfcf492f1c96992919d47efe705d179639956	M. The structure of action and modern performance — - L., 1988 — - P. 30 — - 201 p.
d401e1008f8c83387d43dc05ca08b544e2c21743	Artaud A. Theater and its double: Manifestos.
4b5244e83b0db2631212f382531f7f68584d8490	Drama.
78cbda80f13919af60cb9a5672b64252564768f9	Lectures.
8d0fa4a01083f2a8070acf22884015542c6b13d7	Philosophy of the theater / Comp. and vst. art . V. I. Maksimova, Komm.
d0ef5a1aac3719f04b32c9bdd8ab961c56db4c72	V. I. Maksimova and A. Yu.
8f2fea704e1f03b3b4ebba0389ea3cc2cb56dd4d	Zubkov.
8de0b10f87e4610e421b83fed12c4bdd277c5981	- St. Petersburg, Moscow: Symposium, 2000.
607bde1e20ded5539f1a5a3943a2d0f0e54d76df	99-103 — - 443 p.
d0fa042519007a98516371826c25dc660210909c	Руд Rudnitsky K. L. Performance / / Theater encyclopedia (edited by P. A. Markov).
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903e6463b95ddf01eaf8bb20975b85bf5af53d07	- Vol. 4.
9e82b758a5383ad038180be60bc12d46c86846b8	Перейти Go to: 1 2 3 Tragedy / / Dictionary of Antiquity.
7e1c188328af2b64ba466ffb42f1a3d1a6668ce6	Compiled by Johannes Irmscher (translated from German).
a5fec5e44d120c727943f0310dc3ddd6b0fe670d	- Moscow: Alice Luck, Progress, 1994.
b115a21720ca0242f64d8e817a39e737d88a8af2	- p. 583 — - ISBN 5-7195-0033-2.
c60009225378fd9c3fdb21f9805faec806da97f3	↑ Encyclopedia of circumnavigation. ancient theater.
4c9689a473122140c18c26aa8bdd39721078f2ad	Checked on May 2, 2013.
e7fb8ebf7685f5c15724b41963122a82efa58524	Archived from the original source on May 10, 2013.
bb66fc87afc9799bea89df10ee737219f5c1dd0d	Перейти Go to: 1 2 Dzhivelegov A., Boyadzhiev G.
52d63bd66b7c14cddfb3b1e255dfc53fa94cfe6a	The history of Western European Theater.
c967a3bd2016e141f6e1683a40437f661ac348d0	From the origin to 1789.
5194d4504e1575105f00e98110ed4c520b347909	- Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1941.
edab3b8715d2249389b5b0c20715f0fb520c23e4	Ав Averintsev S. S., Boyadzhiev G. N. Histrion / / Theater encyclopedia (edited by S. S. Mokulsky).
e77bf322b30bebc9fa1b760a366ac9eac60e8b8f	- Vol. 1 .
2e4cb395705ce4e6453d3d1fa1fd01beb1440e37	Дж Dzhivelegov A., Boyadzhiev G. Histrions // The history of Western European Theater.
63a2a1561c1f0d751fa5927d9e3f66bcce72c261	Дж Dzhivelegov A., Boyadzhiev G. Farce / / History of the Western European theater.
2c828de7a12a3ae245e69247d1f698d4c0f27d77	From its origin to 1789.
baf15b3a24e725b55ea50a498ea3c4dc77bb4fab	Перейти Go to: 1 2 3 Dzhivelegov A., Boyadzhiev G. Liturgical drama / / History of the Western European Theater.
fdc20eb2d4127a6475c87cdb7d19e2d295cc4188	- Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1941 .
caf2b9fca7a68075784f3d2afa76d9c04906cfd8	Дж Dzhivelegov A., Boyadzhiev G. Mirakl // The history of Western European Theater.
afd00e5e5bd74d7c829312bfb3b904962a845a7d	Дж Dzhivelegov A., Boyadzhiev G. Mystery // The history of Western European Theater.
0bf8299e95f94e39d5ac673aec255f0f840b898e	Перейти Go to: 1 2 3 4 A. Dzhivelegov, G. Boyadzhiev Renaissance Theater // The history of Western European Theater.
9c2455567e95bafef971be5ad762025fdfd4a45a	The emergence of a professional theater / / History of Western European theater.
9b6ef3feb452a581f6a5cbb63ff4157ee1c29b57	↑ Glodowski R. I. Beolco, Angelo // Theatre encyclopedia (edited by SS mokulsky).
1989fb7d6d18a3eca7167adc0f95783134540a53	— Vol.1. ↑ Boyadjiev G. N. Commedia Dell'arte // Theatre encyclopedia (edited by P. A. Markov).
a1a804bde8d93daee1fc588fcd11a8ca32cd3731	— T. 3.
f38cbca942f8df432f85e75141da6b8ac095a48d	↑ Dzhivelegov A. Boyadjiev City Theatre Renaissance // The history of Western European Theater.
f5bfa922ad10ae9de3adc351b1ef5de74e8ab01f	Дж Dzhivelegov A., Boyadzhiev G. Commedia dell'arte / / History of the Western European theater.
0ea5cac0e1c21bff323c9a45d6c1dd4e46c1dc95	Краткий Short Music Dictionary — - 2005 (link unavailable from 22-05-2013 (1068 days)) ↑ Go to: 1 2 Andros On Ballet De Medici Catherine ↑ Lee (2002), p.
639f44d2bac738093662bc339bb92441cd829f5e	↑ Vuillier, Gaston (1898).
979fb4589cd5e3dc73cb68199110fa8d6c8d81c9	History of Dancing from the Earliest Ages to Our Own Times, pp.
0b45bc00f7aa0360a883303dceb8d3cc97e43878	65-69.
e218037ef7acb3161c4ea181e3aedab46350dde7	New York: D. Anderson and Company.
737ac1eabc86fc4c2f5aff2266e6317727385772	[Facsimile reprint (2004): Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing.
d748a14e4acd08215be32f5a4fe10e5513d53010	ISBN 978-0-7661-8166-3.]
cd7634443bac1cdc1c021829775ce2c7e8e6510b	↑ Zabelin I. Home life of the Russian tsars in the XVI and XVII centuries.
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1a238126291737079c8b635cc3a9fddc0e280444	↑ Dmitriev Y.
9182380309b03866fed592965b0c685379046a87	A. Clowns // Theatre encyclopedia (ed. by A. P. Markov).
df0536e76693ae25bd138677ce544ad830ad2c7c	— T. 4.
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13f5e38233a063a91a006801018959d98e197bb4	— Vol.5. ↑ The World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: The Americas.
bd52849dc647892d10ae5d98571761862a28aa47	— New York City: Routledge, 2000.
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ccf41800ce4bd9a9f47871f9c90e8e7c56216daa	- p. 379 — - ISBN 5-7905-1809-5.
75472f885d8a33848303780e4c5a507e3e20079f	↑ Go to: 1 2 Comic Opera
868a921a4cebd031adde65ebaf3c6a9fb49dab76	(unavailable link from 22-05-2013
2d43335ad7e1d08989b7230ea6cea11b2e865d35	(1068 d
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4360c2dcd4af965377499b10a52640af435c9258	Article
815f1f0049cf798fb57acca1d98e1ff9f708e142	Not defined
994e9b674c64c514f85a17521d886d9dec396358	Topic: The development of the theater of Europe in the early mid 20th century
55bf56b0da0379a538df3a3c5bcded5ddb518e0a	Type of work: Control work
b0c5ecc13845b3f1838843b7ee6c5ec98c8d8446	Subject: Cultural Studies All tests on cultural studies Download Read the text online
76e492d23bd8929e89df175f3ae285046db26797	You can find out the cost of assistance in writing a student paper.
e135b307710e2a1efe65269de80a252888c12cb1	Help in writing a work that will definitely be accepted
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d67580c30a13456f0a2ddc03e03f549e7d569d1d	By subject: "History" On the topic:
8c8eb9d756aa8749dccc11ed0ea110ab8a95724c	"The development of the theater of Europe in the early mid XX century"
c8de09224734b95cb94ed3825a7bbdd3257982fb	Odessa 2010
ae2f98a099fe5855c31126233e9c13641ee7fdba	Plan
d4b2b0f4be944b80823bb20b29866212e4a6be47	The first half of the XX century in the history and culture of Western Europe
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928b5d44b376a207b50e42af63faed82f84c82b0	Phenomena in drama
aef5e92eeb59af3bb20bbe6b1417e68c7a2192af	Dramatic poetry got its name from the Greek word "drama", which means action, since the essence of dramatic poetry consists in depicting events as if taking place before the eyes of the audience.
14f6dddb0e6460149f4dd917ef1958aa903b0a23	Dramatic works are written for the theater.
f4de995b9c4f4e4dfc2f02dea0e56a70b1096137	A play can only make a proper impression when it is staged on the stage.
96bb5bcae4f9a89767908e8aec4073e3e0c85646	The scenery, costumes, make up, recitation of the actors and their facial expressions all this makes up for what is not available in a dramatic work, that is, a description and a story on behalf of the author himself.
47ecb79f6e6d152c7e73636679289eb26d270493	Dramatic poetry originated in Greece from ritual songs in honor of the god Dionysus, otherwise Bacchus.
33226d7c2d5e04a7f0d14b5331562ca770719846	Holidays were established in honor of Dionysus, divine services were performed, sacrifices were offered, accompanied by the singing of hymns, or religious odes, which were called dithyrambs and were of two kinds: gloomy and joyful.
ff472a64799c9503cfa7e823d20cdf5897dd9fd1	The first recalled the suffering of the beloved God, and the second his triumph.
a0b7b56ec091620e7782d422e6fe493df1a886a7	During the sacrifice, the leader of the choir told about the adventures of Dionysus, and the choir in songs expressed either sympathy for the suffering deity, or joy at his triumph over his enemies.
5b06dd0615dbbc312a66315c784c4c382e3fd61a	Over time, the story of the adventures of Dionysus began to be conducted by two persons, as a result of which a dramatic dialogue (conversation) appeared.
949a3bfbe66a85e809765635af6e2940b37a821f	Then, little by little, the story began to be replaced by a visual depiction of the adventures of Dionysus — a dramatic action appeared.
09e2f90860409a67d3d719dbe7896e9323901b4b	The Greeks liked the visual depiction of the fate of Dionysus so much that they began to watch with pleasure a similar depiction of events from the lives of other gods, demigods and great people in general, and later ordinary mortals.
a43581fd805673ab3ac0afa26b9ea9daa631650b	Poets, gradually expanding the content of dramatic works, began to take care of satisfying not the religious feeling, but the aesthetic, that is, the feeling that we experience when we enjoy the beautiful, and the drama gradually moved from the field of religious rites to the field of poetic works.
87773112effae6b9096b7c3fc89e198b400a953a	Along with the development of dramatic poetry, theaters, that is, spectacles, for dramatic performances began to be organized in Greece.
2a7199e550236f667959d587bbd9757c25d4eba3	The ancient Greek drama reached its highest level of development in the brilliant age of Pericles, when the greatest tragic poets lived in Athens: Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides, as well as the most famous creator of comedies — Aristophanes.
ea458f8d8d9f490343b1101cc6083caa347ccbae	From Greece, dramatic performances passed to the Romans.
7101e552115dcd5bbd41c42336d534004d8df392	But in the field of dramatic poetry, the Romans did not create anything original: the Greeks were fond of the theater, the Romans the circus.
fea2132a3789409488717bada9e70f0bdc93ae01	In the Middle Ages, ancient Greek and Roman dramatic performances were forgotten in the Christian world.
94593d071477a3b88d090459c826344ee21e0798	But instead of them, religious and moral ones began to be played out, the content of which was events from the biblical history of the Old and New Testaments.
e16c4f9dbcecc83f40a5c21da34d9a6bd9017a4a	These performances (mysteries) were played out first in churches by the clergy, in church fences, and then in the squares of cities.
6a2b54a68b335100c2a56db3aa8093ff1d633c0a	Here the mysteries significantly changed their character, since they were no longer intended for the teaching of Christians, but for entertainment.
5d3d6837e91a470862a8ba121c43b14b4500fee0	Dramatic writers appeared.
7e7039891dac54f6ec08da944835ec5b43af50ce	All the educated peoples of Western Europe have created a theater on a national basis.
0cac3f41365ad30ea2fd3080a2847f06b1cdba8b	The English playwright Shakespeare raised the national drama to a significant height in his homeland)'.
cc3faddc641c8493866f06a4b7eb5e919ef000e4	Russian drama did not arise from elements of folk art, that is, rituals and songs, but from imitation of Western European drama.
a00f9cd1fdbb4a1960aa08dd8adbec2d4e66cfe7	Simeon Polotsky and Dmitry Rostovsky composed works in the kind of mysteries; such are, for example," The Comedy about the Prodigal Son "of the first and" The Nativity of Christ " of the second.
9b1beab35315de7e1abf3722e2c13e32cbe852e3	The false classical direction is transferred to us and strengthened for a long time by Sumarokov, the founder of the Russian theater in St. Petersburg and the author of many tragedies and comedies ("Horev", "Sinav and Truvor", "Dmitry the Impostor").
e487e60eaa906d39665c34667bc1f0dda1b2e77e	Knyazhnin, Ozerov, Fonvizin, Kapnist and partly Griboyedov follow the same path.
8d48e47f8061f2d4aff4e3a65a46a04cd6ee13d2	Finally, Pushkin, under the influence of Shakespeare's work, creates a new tragedy "Boris Godunov", and Gogol — a completely original comedy "The Inspector".
42005d5c56d49eccf0c236814fbac48b5d32ec2b	After that, the Russian drama is already developing along its own national path.
0caba522b2d4711ec32f4a0a9f41d529f9fbb147	During this period, the formation of an industrial civilization is completed and the transition to a post industrial one begins.
2329ab301aaccf966a6ef878aa03da0227443f5a	At this time, capitalism is turning from monopolistic to state monopolistic.
aaafee502b8294b7b6d76de081ff99cb652fed27	Profound changes are taking place in it, many of which can be called fateful, since they affected its very existence.
ddce1bbc994f854905f95d75ae8c999de2272b77	This was confirmed by the unprecedented crisis of 1929-1933 in its depth and scale, which shook Western society to its very foundations.
b41fe9c8384302ed063a2d4666abc7c43678a212	The second such crisis, capitalism most likely would not have survived.
0a6e70f2189548635b2b5e85ebfa0f74a952ed4c	In order to avoid its repetition, capitalism was subjected to serious reform.
7e80d5c5b938ea9b95024212fe6593cf97158959	It was conducted very successfully in the USA.
accf79f63a0a187bd6a50a9dde20fed0bf9d9045	The implemented reforms did not rid capitalism of contradictions and crises, but they significantly softened them, did not allow contradictions to reach extreme antagonism, provided the necessary minimum of social balance.
39e6facdecda9015158654a4fcd8ad286b1e9069	Thanks to the reforms, the necessary prerequisites for the emergence of a consumer society appeared, which could have developed already in the 40s, but because of the Second World War, it developed in the United States by the end of the 50s, and in other European countries - in the 60s.
335874134d7c7f4e3a88c84b8460f25a7c02398e	In general, state monopoly capitalism managed to find a certain "vivendi mode", in which both the wolves would be fed and the sheep would be safe.
d9a5f6a12f1ea91b025d57ab926581511dc5f859	Among the most important events of the first half of the XX century are two world wars that brought tens of millions of dead, incalculable disasters, destruction and loss.
daf689bc40a6a134a8866818d600cd82d9912705	These wars caused a deep crisis of humanism and other educational ideals and values that formed the foundation of Western civilization and culture.
d5be74ef5d9d5afb65924dca9346eeb5c02530bf	After the Second World War, the world split into two opposing systems capitalism and socialism the confrontation of which complicated the existence of world culture as a whole.
48450f10d72470f81568d691c60e532fe6a35e34	These and other factors determined the conditions in which Western culture developed in the first half of the XX century.
3d4eddc91aac8dddda46d0f8a7820a2fc99a667f	Science still did it most successfully.
cc6c23cfbd95fdc8a55b013bed406ab74f5058d4	During the period under review, the second scientific revolution took place, which began at the end of the XIX century.
1d99a474c0926c3bade1318eddf14b89398d8745	Revolutionary changes have taken place in all fields of knowledge.
35a1b6eb1b127a47b1934bb5770f17134955ef67	In physics, the divisibility of the atom was discovered, quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity were created.
638391e3723f2ec29bdda7d8f6b487995c5ad4d7	This was confirmed by the unprecedented crisis of 1929-1933 in its depth and scale , which shook Western society to its very foundations.
8c2a1404fa361c6df0928443125890ab7f02794e	The laws of many chemical processes were discovered in chemistry, and quantum chemistry was created.
28b0595b655450e87478fbddb724a28c034089b7	In biology, the formation of genetics begins.
a46e46127c52c55d709af89f63bf7eb1b27c6faa	In cosmology, the concept of a non – stationary – contracting or scattering universe has been developed.
b0de245a820be1ae61065ca8ef7a25536a9471d1	Science owes its outstanding achievements to many scientists, including A. Einstein, M.
570bff67a3b6361809b3b1fdb923d09da1930abc	Planck, A. Poincare, N. Bohr, M. Born, spouses Irene and Frederic Joliot Curie.
6edc1cb2bbd223a67cfd75c5e8d17cdd9ea7ff4d	In the field of cognition, with its differentiation into separate sciences, the same processes occur within each of the sciences, which in turn are divided into many disciplines and schools.
8f8139e340c634b20606be3f4043f1419264de25	All this reinforces the trend towards pluralism.
ed11c0a51f7edce4b695f98a573c9573fa411e84	It is not uncommon for representatives of different schools to hold different views on the same phenomenon within any science.
293d2e4b9eaf1709b97520130dbaafe03b19387e	As for religion, its situation continued to deteriorate.
e8fc7e0905ac92f8efb2547e2a6bf15c7a6811b0	We can say that the first half of the XX century was the most irreligious in the West.
5392af4825454b813aa36a5515d0e465757a144b	Unlike religion, philosophy was in a better position.
c1382d6bf3a91d77c5d81dfaedd1ab328699f58f	The main philosophical trends are neo positivism and existentialism.
521e04b740f59f21431d5296e2438e63a0c62f9d	The first speaks on behalf of science.
6c079a58b80fbddbb240605b5521e08688479692	He made a significant contribution to the development of problems of formal logic, language and the theory of knowledge.
3fe4bf2f344896c79b5e7636479a41820b56328c	Its representatives are B. Russell, R.
73326cd65533467199b3b95ab2f4033d9f27abcd	Carnap, L. Wittgenstein.
bcfc15e25a7dbf38c5d75a1596a884d6c9072fe0	Existentialism opposed itself to science and positivist philosophy.
2cda9f075e8e305231107da00307ea4d90a1829b	He focused his attention on the problems of man, and, above all, on the problems of freedom.
bb1a0fa7b29e7bb667bcb01de91d6557841e460f	Its most famous representatives are J.-P. Sartre and M. Heidegger.
0c6cf8541cdc5d79d92bdcbc66cd3e6a72c8a4f6	During the time under consideration, the artistic culture developed quite successfully.
27cb4128c77ffca7293becfddbb7ce863b76e3b7	This period was the last when France occupied a leading position in world culture, and Paris was considered the recognized cultural capital of the world.
2aaf1dca07d10bafbc7a143f567ddc290313968b	The main direction in the art of France is realism.
da2531c90f562f145439c97f4d009c40a346e126	In literature, he is represented, first of all, by three great names: A. France, R. Rolland, R. Martin du Gard.
7aa37386f75ac76d9a355119a8b509c858ef3a31	The first created a number of historical and philosophical novels, one of which is "The Gods are Thirsty".
e5e7dc51220fae8764bc1b18db8a6ffe5a1392e3	The second world fame was brought by the epic novel "Jean Christophe", which tells about the relationship between the genius of a musician and society.
e92d3c944912ce29063295708e717bbc5311607f	The third is the author of the multi volume novel "The Thibault Family", which gives a wide panorama of France.
f0a35ebcd4846658fa5d1084fac8818751c90beb	A significant phenomenon in the spiritual life was the work of existentialist writers J.-P.
57d5ae9ea404b6e97e9e168e6b7754cb86453774	Sartre and A. Camus.
810f77d304af66be82b30d8430e380ce941ec948	The main themes of their works are freedom and responsibility, the absurdity of being, loneliness.
e6af434818d4c3b7d71365cbd4d374d8c4ec7b0a	Sartre's plays "Flies" and "The Devil" and "The Lord God" became very famous, and Camus's novels "The Stranger", "The Plague", "The Myth of Sisyphus"became very famous.
8491fcd12107d64825a52bc234e2817c574610d2	Along with literature, French sculpture is successfully developing.
7a1d73faf7074ce98b0d371bddf9c226b391a9e0	During this period, it is represented by sculptors E. Bourdel and A. Maillol.
23a1e9fe36f3c791d07f9bcab392d95ca5b4b6b2	The works of the first - "Hercules", "Penelope", "Sappho" - are created according to ancient subjects in the classical spirit.
20e86c591b64c07efa887e7a93815e9cdbcf4925	The female statues of the second – "Night", "Pomona", "Mediterranean" - are marked by amazing harmony and balance, filled with captivating femininity.
fb20b68ef3e71a867fd466d86af7df23d761246d	German literature has achieved significant success.
5e240f71309aee6a05ce704b1fc32176e863277e	It owes this, first of all, to the works of T. Mann, L. Feuchtwanger, E. M.
986290a73e453dc04b11b6121194075ab0bdd3c4	Remark.
632a84a1b1ca4decd8775172e0e5f9bf842038cb	The main figure of German literature is T. Mann, who created the fundamental philosophical novels "The Magic Mountain" and "Doctor Faustus", as well as a tetralogy on the biblical plot"Joseph and his brothers".
17af3d7aac814efc23a2c4116e9970b6f222c2b3	Feuchtwanger is known primarily for his historical novels "Goya", "The Wisdom of an Eccentric", etc.
9bb359ef0cc8ce50ade34070ab1d5a643a10022c	In the novels "On the Western Front without changes", "Three Comrades", etc.
d3c8dd56a960f97039cc66ee28c634aa31010480	Remarque expressed the attitude of the "lost generation".
9962f147726ddf6d9e2045a303f8ad06ec827c40	The work of B. Brecht, who created an intellectual epic theater, deserves special attention.
6dd87126696971ee61b7dca71795452fcf2c4d86	The world fame was brought to him by the plays "Mother Courage", "The Good Man from Sezuan", etc. English literature is experiencing a real rise.
d1a03e9fd1010bba6214d00390a066e64cadf116	Of the many great names, the first should be named J. Galsworthy, S. Maugham, B. Shaw.
b05432a1cc724b8279b6a9cb935745de4ddb2116	The first world fame was brought by the trilogy "The Saga of the Forsytes".
bf40b1be8aa029c9e32bf6405d4e5902f6b39208	The second is known as the author of the novel "The Burden of Human Passions".
06a6240f1c1d882414617c65f6d6a22f97492b13	B. Shaw is a recognized classic of English literature.
6fbc82b99df046b42c9afc4fc1b457853e5cb7d7	He has successfully proved himself in all genres – drama, novel, short story.
5e710233808a721501f9f7c631e1dd277c9c6492	American literature remains at a high level.
98b33bf997ee86e44c5897b974b9cf1bfa5031be	This is due primarily to such writers as W. Faulkner, J. Steinbeck, E. Hemingway.
5baa5e10439bba4c20ff99e399cf1459ad157397	In his novels "Noise and Fury", "Light in August", etc.
a2f9fd9af8982a7128cdfebf30b6ba551546b9fd	Faulkner combines a realistic manner of narration with the search for new forms and techniques.
3684d262f7b059dc2a7703227b7896d6b0763748	Steinbeck is best known for the novel "The Grapes of Wrath", which became a real epic of the life of the American people.
857158f5b1045ca903a80a64595637f4c4a0e534	Hemingway's work is broad and multifaceted.
0829e0c8ea9bae6813d19984fee4a1b07d91541b	In the novel "For whom the Bell Tolls", he reflects on war and violence as a tragic curse of humanity.
4e1de1e848c9976f1c8a75f906e50b7f8a477c7b	In the story of the parable "The Old Man and the Sea", the life and fate of a person are considered in the light of tragic stoicism.
6f1f0b83b7c91855117503d940bab6b4d9c4bc69	About the work of the playwright Zh.
708a0567e5d98ae01668987b8a829a048e7726e5	Anuya the French say "Anuya's universe".
1345c734ecad2859c84613af01ce092e0fafcd7d	Such is Antigone, the heroine of his play "Antigone" (1944).
2eb67c134203bb85ec8aceb954428174c951827c	In the play, Anuj opposes two characters to each other: Kroen, who by the will of fate has just received power, which he accepted without joy, and not only because he felt "the terrible responsibility of power", and Antigone, who refuses to obey him.
bbdfa391258c2c0830aefd8c829edfd59e24d90a	She buried her brother's body, despite the king's prohibitions.
a16ded622146c0cdcbf754c470db2cab6b5316f4	Antigone refuses to Obey, refuses pity, refuses love, refuses life itself.
5e5b3796951088f0bcd5e2e55283f8bf9bef39ff	The influence of existentialism is felt in the play: this world is tragic in its absurdity, the only greatness is a conscious escape from it.
ec544f3955adbb1ddd632ebe44bc878b56246d23	The work written during the war had a pronounced anti fascist orientation.
453a4fc2c6e6815ada5323b75ce6a281d180482d	His plays are very diverse: modern and ancient, tragic and fantastic, terrible and causing a smile.
1693143188f873b0ba41e91a8af50737efe516ab	The famous "Elektra" and "There will be no Trojan War" are written on ancient subjects.
647f6c3ebeb80a9dc63cd4ccc6363ce3b6317654	Creativity of P. Valery.
fc505f68876987f3a30a574ac0f918b2d19a2d0d	In collaboration with the composer Honegger, he wrote the ballet "Amphion", which premiered at the Paris Opera on June 23, 1931.The ballet was staged by Ida Rubinstein (1885-1960) and, according to Valery himself, was "a resurrection of liturgical convention".
eec872b82ceaa6764ba5408a57e445bc93b7d940	Valery called such a convention a convention of the highest order, noting that in the theater of the Temple everything is moved by majestic laws.
c1a76def8756583e3cb3af13d01ef2a97b629b8c	In the play "Soul and Dance", Valerie reveals her understanding of ballet through the lips of the characters, noting that its strength lies in the fact that the dance performed by a dancer - ballerina penetrates into the thick of our thoughts, gradually awakens them one by one, calls them out of the darkness of our souls to the light in the best order possible.
160b1d44aaa260e3011964d6a15b5ad64b322997	"God created everything out of nothing, but this nothing is visible from everywhere," wrote Valery in "Bad Thoughts".
57081a2855060efa42cca725aed4ba7afbe0869f	Dramaturgy of J.-P. Sartre and A. Camus.
836ede1e5dd0041ba89248b494b976235946b718	In the plays "Flies", "The Dead without burial", "Dirty Hands", "The Devil and the Good God" and others, Sartre presents a new tragedy, the tragedy of a person "immersed in freedom".
97af399b0ed91bc3b9a6682bc17b97467f947a42	Albert Camus (Nobel Prize winner, 1957), who founded the "Theater of Labor" and played himself in the theater troupe "Radio Algeria" before the Second World War, wrote half of his works for the stage; performances of " Misunderstanding "in 1945 and" Caligula " in 1944 made him famous.
bf520d959e599c76a669a6a55fb9f98d07fded86	Camus saw no cure for the absurdity and suffering of the world.
84d0b2e2ec335aec86c5f6f313fbc22bb2a36112	In his opinion, there is only a "modest wisdom" that needs to be gradually acquired and which consists in " loving a limited and magnificent world... to work, to cultivate, like Candide, your garden day after day, to refuse to kill, so as not to be an accomplice to an absurd fate, to look, on the contrary, for means to reduce world suffering, to believe that the rise of universal well being cannot be achieved at the cost of the life of one child."
f821c9705ca698577501e34bc8a67893d4f404ea	The plays of B. Brecht.
313e5e786e245a57741ad7af911430e951d03e54	After the Second World War, theatrical experiments in Europe were continued by the German playwright B. Brecht (1898-1956), who proposed the concept of epic theater.
001df6658f42f966ceeb86047081b4f2e7d3d285	His plays "The Threepenny Opera" (a dramatization of The Beggars 'Opera by J. Gay, 1728), "The Life of Galmey" (1939), "The Career of Arthur Wee" (1941)," Mother Courage "(1971)," The Caucasian Chalk Circle " (1949) and others are examples of the grotesque, anti - war orientation of criticism of modern society.
2a249e8fbe079ebe7ce8c5a28290672005276a44	"New Theater".
ad92f20dbb06fe7f714d1e72b37928c03b1940a4	Since 1950, the so called "New Theater" has appeared in France, initially ignored by the public.
07d95ec473243ae4b70970ed0b69dd2907549b91	The above, in our opinion, gives grounds to assert that it is wrong to talk about any crisis, at least in relation to the theater of the XX century.
5bc2efc1c89db43b4fcd815bdb4142ae44d32290	True, one cannot discount one phenomenon of the XX century, which can be considered a manifestation of the crisis, but not of culture.
65b9a671cc5cfe75a73d18a54d46cf5af7b59aaa	The growth of well being due to the scientific and technological revolution of the overwhelming majority of the European population, the establishment of democratic trends in life led to the actual power in this life of the uncreative majority, unable to live with the ideas and ideals of genuine culture, unable to rise above the world of everyday life, and this anti elitism of the majority of the population, not focused on creativity, is destructive for culture.
0eff9be0e6cc31011615c2fdd41963cd4bdfb810	(Doctors note an increase in the disorder of the hearing aid for this reason in young people.)
d4177d4f475c10044c0d0ab2b62ac4f98b3e6351	However, along with the spread of show business and other negative phenomena in the spiritual life of Europe in the XX century, a culture that elevates a person continues to exist and develop, which is the criterion of its authenticity, regardless of the genre.
6c3fc62c1d93b4d2f9f49d95a4b52db1b973fee0	The search for new theatrical forms.
01707562f99af25cd0f805d855b611280024a813	Over the past two decades, the theatrical life of France, as well as Europe as a whole, has become more diverse.
0a453d47afdfee2499e886fc8e6be109b8b07b0f	There are currently more than 50 theaters in Paris alone, where the audience can find productions for every taste:
4203cf96dab874bb17b3b50cf99c0b14faceb9a9	from the eternal creations of the classics Shakespeare, Corneille, Racine, Chekhov to "Comedy Francaise "and".
136f5c27373ce954e788fa8c09a8d1d35be1817a	Odeon "to the modern playwrights Beckett and Ionesco in avant garde theaters and witty comedies in "boulevard theaters".
60ec9db80331a399d00614cc31376a05443e473d	Every year in Avignon, Orange, Nimes and other cities of France, theater festivals are held in ancient Roman arenas or in medieval castles, attracting thousands of spectators from many countries.
7bcb45fc19bdbdd335aa482182c22a86ec09e63f	Such spectacular events are practiced in Italy: on the ruins of the Forum, the Colosseum, the Baths of Caracalla, performances that amaze with their grandiosity, productions of classical Italian operas on ancient subjects are held.
a7f48a92cb11b1e471db980a7a947bf31e172b12	Thus, the production of Verdi's opera "Lida" in the Baths of Caracalla creates an exciting feeling of the viewer's presence in the thick of the events taking place.
509603e1bc5509f508579ff6cb99570c8573a191	All this is a search for new theatrical forms available to the mass of viewers.
b7348bde27adaa81facb5e83d316fcd4e7854ab6	An example of such a combination of mass character and classics are the grandiose productions of R. Ossein at the arena of the Paris Palace of Sports of the performances "Notre Dame de Paris", "Danton and Robespierre", "The Man from Nazareth", "The Battleship Potemkin".
500f04b41a6c06b7962d32dc7a436e528bbadd44	The audience, who came from many European countries, stocked up with thermos flasks with coffee and sandwiches and "heroically sat out to the end," as the Paris newspapers wrote in 1986, when this performance was staged.
2d9e96494c2d2d34a95b297ae00d5e53c8387317	Similar phenomena in drama are associated with the movement of free theaters.
55c875fa691ba95602abf6ab7bbded9c6a908e17	The dramaturgy of Beck, Hauptman, the cycle of "unpleasant plays" of Shaw expressed a sharply critical attitude to the bourgeois world.
387bd84e3fe3836f1b5ece01f030b0ebaef50fa0	The central figure of theatrical life at the turn of the XIX— XX centuries was Henrik Ibsen.
c6b24fd27fcf04ff1a00c23cd1aeee4c5a1c2893	In the work of the great Norwegian playwright, the anti bourgeois aspirations of progressive drama were expressed with special force.
6d3e9720eece41227e4b9048ff1bb7d1f85e5e8d	In Ibsen's plays, an acutely critical image of the mores of bourgeois society is given from the standpoint of a democratic and realist artist, the principles of critical realism are most consistently and deeply embodied.
22106e4c7634f7dbd27f4fe5f1b7066d855154a0	Ibsen created a type of socio psychological drama.
507db996849f387e7f221cdcab36e2acf3be534e	Along with the growth of progressive trends in the development of European theater in the last decades of the XIX century. the signs of a deep ideological and creative crisis of theatrical culture are becoming more and more evident.
490011d94b8b2aabef41ead3448917a103ef0701	If earlier the features of the impending crisis were manifested in the separation of the theater from great literature, in the naturalistic rebirth of critical realism, then at the end of the century the theater acquires a different property — it becomes an expression of the crisis of the entire spiritual culture of the bourgeois world.
e2c6f141f5df42df03e69ffa7b39fd5dade33553	The diverse manifestations of this crisis in the field of aesthetic thought and in various types of art are expressed in decadence and symbolism.
f9b1c26da0724a8589bbaa5d209d13085674e93b	These trends had various and even contradictory ideological and creative tendencies, from the aggressive attacks of the ideologists of reaction, who openly broke with the traditions of nationality, humanism and vital truth (decadence) " to the phenomena testifying to the pessimism and confusion of those layers of the intelligentsia who, while not accepting bourgeois reality, at the same time did not see a way out of it (symbolism).
a61e937936c6cf5e368faa0a824391864aa17e75	The art of decadence, devoid of any interest in the civil goals of creativity and having a philosophical basis for Nietzsche's teaching about a "superman" who is not subject to any moral norms, showed an increased interest in pathological states of the psyche, in a painful thirst for violence, in the aestheticization of eroticism, cruelty and immoralism.
c52762f0608e8b475d4c9947b9d3188040c55aae	The most significant in this respect was the work of the Italian playwright decadent G. D'Annunzio.
10a8b34eed7d2a3fd6f1c3fc8cbd3f2acc4efae8	The art of symbolism was imbued with a fear of life, of unknown forces hostile to man.
ede2e8777a82cc092a9678406ea7da3fdae5d8f3	Loneliness, doom, the desire to escape into the world of subjective experiences or into the realm of" pure art", opposed to rough life — these are the main ideological motives of symbolism.
be646982e9ac78041a657f7e6407634b113a6888	Declaring the world unknowable, symbolist art logically came to the denial of realism.
d7eb35906f8eb5d74085cf934f8e182079e132f5	Hence, the doctrine of the symbol as a conditional form of denoting the essence of the world hidden from man and the inner hidden life of man himself.
3849b5200515548fa651450ce9e29568e68805df	But in his best works, Maeterlinck achieved not only great poetic power, but also maintained a humanistic faith in life.
c5898487f04eb8f60f8ea0b10c858fd51ee612a3	The second type is a "solemn mystery" that can "convey the heat and freshness of the moment, preserving the "magic of becoming".
635906d5d5ef639255ed7d04ef8e9cf060938358	At the end of the XIX and at the beginning of the XX century, and especially in the pre October decade, the theme of waiting for great changes that should sweep away the old , unfair social structure passes through all Russian art, and in particular music and theater.
e79d0b33edfa3a3a7f70b4839ebc23a63953e7a2	Not all composers realized the inevitability, the necessity of the revolution and sympathized with it, but everyone or almost everyone felt the pre storm tension.
57d0d7c978c09ea5065bcdd012632545d8c13877	Most of the musicians did not take a direct part in the revolutionary events, and therefore the ties between them were rather weak.
45e0acf4126381aca67e80aadb05d4a15d081cec	theatrical dramaturgy absurd creativity
02ef40a58b0fec82cb8f3b9918ac3800e06ac6f2	1. Wittgenstein L. Philosophical studies / / Wittgenstein L. Selected philosophical works.
e92c63c2e0614a1f20a6f71e4b6678ad2c071fcc	- M., 1994.
08c08b1c68d1682ab2aa239a5024517eaf063e7d	- Part 1.
cdfb26074172e6423d479a0c11df379b67c06ddd	2. Bartley W. Wittgenstein / / Ludwig Wittgenstein: A Man and a thinker.
c19162690f82d834913e1ea0db446353fb139348	3. Rudnev V. Morphology of reality: A study on the "philosophy of the text".
163a00ac39182dffbfcdf2a76f502288de69521c	4. L. M. Bazhenova, L. M. Nekrasova, N. N. Kurchan, I. B. Rubinstein, World Art Culture.
be21f74ea9576fe1a11400a4a12e4c60625bb6b9	Cinema, theater, music// Peter, 2008
84f436d2cff571c757956d868965d1cfd480f95d	5. Yushkova E. V.
5a55a025eaab8a8d18e1108e172b1d87b3b35316	The press of Russia on plastic theater (XX century).
066f202c46ee3b135beb2eaa9b76611aea056186	Materials for a special course for the journalism department.
9ec6e283dd69beffe3f09a02a50a42ceeea3b3c1	Vologda.
75b0dd835504e33ee9472b031012b28a86be2bb9	2001.-32 p.
d2a59e8303d395e8b938b858552681f8b0f30dcd	(1.5 p. l.).
682ac5cb9438902fd53a25e675bb7b41def42287	6.. Yushkova E. V.
35a47e524ee0e8d313a9d1092764e7cf8b8b18cc	In the rhythms of the human spirit //Yaroslavl Pedagogical Bulletin. 2003.
a1c8ea69fb9b7315e753aa46217b5f26949adecf	3 (36). pp.
e7ddf810f8d443d9ae5db6a996ece07042a0b09f	51-56 (0.75 pp. l.).
15dd8ff898fba4582d4678adad122f00cfcbc920	7. Yushkova E. V. Nonverbal communication and artistic image / / Man in the information space: Interuniversity collection of scientific papers.
a9d9c26d1e94f39b34c1e8c95627e05f1078e131	Voronezh, Yaroslavl, 2004. pp.
0bb280b551d68576fc500a402eb94018ffc04529	112-114 (0.5 p. l.).
5ad8f2f26a884d51078e757e57d02c4925e07efd	8. Yushkova E. V. "Overcoming" as an aesthetic principle of plastic theater/ / Collection of materials of the All Russian scientific and technical conference "University science - to the region" February 27, 2004, Vologda, 2004, VoGTU, pp.
1df0327f25360ffd8d0b9f605c5472768721dff4	409-410 (0,4 p. l.)
0fc7e0f9cf8095d70256262694cb8e3cf1a2a739	Similar works History of Russian theater and drama of the 17th century The second period of theater development, dating back to the beginning of the 17th century, coincided with a time when new feudal contradictions were added to the old ones...
7c65e0538222cfebc77d05c4053b2f2390af4e64	The development of Drama in Russia went in different ways than in Western Europe .
ace4f5121514d2fa820079ef781d30eef16606be	Russian classical drama grew on...
1400ba6c6179e41bc130af88f2082c5ca7740d77	The development of theater in Russia ... in European theaters, they were considered a standard for performers of classical tragedy.
6e0192872cc2c0aa1e8416e042b44c102bd12d55	Tatyana Mikhailovna Troepolskaya (died in 1774) began performing on the stage of the Moscow University Theater , and then among its best ...
72cf9797331ca431867b02336cb1a34da70ef33e	Theater in world literature Since then, the theater has been turning into a public means of entertainment, which remains until the beginning of the XX century, when cinema comes to replace it. ...further development of the theater of the Western.
11b701accf4dbe57d0ce75df49377849b41ff0c4	Europe .
6422f77ee83e192cf648e8d263fca0326fff7322	In Italy, the commedia dell'arte was born out of farce; in Spain...
cdc884fb55614fe39be8ff547b3e6e2925bc29cf	The prerequisites for the birth of theater in the Middle Ages ...with its history, it reflects the struggle of the realistic folk principle with the religious worldview.
b031c11abf94918f8af7c5749b9396686e5e7cf3	The history of medieval theater goes through two stages the stage...
f0715fed25ec871e9253949960e2ad85957d14ec	In all countries of Western Europe, May games were held in villages.
9b8a59bb0bfe3f4e51909e4bc8df3cf0f85ac858	In Switzerland and Bavaria ... the Soviet Theater ...receptions have been especially fruitful since the mid 50s, determining the rise and development of the Soviet theater , its new, highest stage. ... spiritual life of the late XIX early XX century.
ed81d6e82702d2d496e0877a3bd796c623703927	After the October Revolution, Nemirovich Danchenko continued his active work in ...
d8ccd500d05cc2f32f0e2638c2c22b7190aba6da	Bolshoi Theater: stage of Biography Continuing the comparison of opera theaters in Europe, it is appropriate to pay attention to some structural features of the Bolshoi Theater ensemble . ... and the enfilade development of the rear stage in depth, reaching 80 m and completed by the magnificent eclecticism of the rehearsal ...
290bdbee142cf32ec9a94847b7890962b4d63359	Ancient theater , its structure and main elements The development of the Roman theater began in the middle of the 3rd century BC.
3e765b04a704a16f800e7e01bca823b7926d43cc	It was a time when the classical period ... ... circle, there were passages through which the audience entered the theater before the performance began, and then the choir and actors entered the orchestra.
11bd9d72bc9b3e5a16ff2b3dd3044e49b11d286a	© 2003-2016 "Bibliofond".
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6b3728690a1ec753e3dcce854b614ff5cabc6cab	Behind the theatrical feelings, complex life experiences and thoughts disappeared.
de3e0f6d7873b9c052ce220efa8d45893e31b5b3	Instead of complex realistic characters, stencil stage roles accumulated.
b8dece40bab0c051d7d86a82fac3c0c1d4613f4c	The officials who managed the "imperial" theaters stubbornly sought to turn them into places of light entertainment.
d035a95f3bcb2bf7d533f87f015c6893958c27a9	In 1895, Chekhov wrote a large play "The Seagull".
f24ed09b21238da03392c745cf6b3635daeb5f71	However, the performance staged by the Alexandrian Theater based on this play failed.
84f876ddc88a3cda83558515035945df9bae5589	Dramaturgy required new stage principles: Chekhov could not be performed on stage without directing.
ec235ad4dcc6f5e60de6517f97f8f35de4e028ac	The innovative work was appreciated by the playwright, theater teacher Nemirovich Danchenko.
5eecfb8138986f4cdee394808996c4c099abeb45	Who, together with the actor director Stanislavsky, created a new Art Theater.
7ae263b58aff63d5ffc345b12bde2a8935ff4662	The true birth of the Art Theater took place in October 1898 during the production of Chekhov's "Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich".
478b6aaacff6c6ba26abe06740aba4b4e34e8bf2	The sincerity and simplicity of the game, the naturalness of semitones and pauses touched everyone with truthfulness.
654bdb0ec894a891f845ef4d85ddd7ca5633b5e1	Moreover, even those who played weekend and wordless roles were not mannequins, but created their own small artistic image.
09da40643eb393cb20a798ff28c83b18aca0d1ce	The members of the team who created the play, guided by the director's will, were imbued and soldered by a single task.
1c588e1ff4f7f3437d98c5ede98eef6b221e0ced	And this created an unprecedented ensemble in the Russian theater until then, striking with its overall consistency.
69134bf4a57b03b32f20f2426118f12c63e32f2d	In December, the premiere of "The Seagull" took place, which has since become the emblem of the theater.
1940bee33a85c6c21907ed23abc72c48b686a731	The performance was all built on the mood, on the barely noticeable emotional movements in the external expression, unusual images that could not be shown, depicted, it was necessary to merge with them, they had to be lived.
75e38317f3996a59a61a468cca8c5f438b69f80f	The production of "The Seagull" contributed to the birth of the famous formula: "not to play, but to live on stage."
5e79b89930ecd4f7535ec5115140a7dcf7b3848d	Stanislavsky came up with mise en scenes for the performance, which had never been in the theater.
a42dbe1b4bfdbda958322e5298a3f91a311c8538	So, together with Chekhov, the diversity was created, which largely determined the further development of the theater.
e23b18609ebad9bff2176285c9a4874539c01289	This required a new technique of acting performance.
604423e3c3ada759c6dbf7efd2a2704c1ed311db	After all, it is many times more difficult to live on stage than to imagine.
536b3f7b00098007862726d6e87d81fb5b1fff27	And Stanislavsky creates his own system of psychological realism, aimed at reproducing the "life of the human spirit".
cbdd394c0b98ffbdf25dc7d6e4f3eee6daa6caca	And Nemirovich Danchenko develops the doctrine of the "second plan" when a lot of unspoken things are guessed behind what has been said.
fc46e149342ca0fb36f1b44a976998dfddf6392e	In 1902, the famous Moscow Art Theater building was built at the expense of the largest Russian philanthropist S. T. Morozov.
04281ba9b911b81a2dbd40534162381394e1bcfe	Stanislavsky admitted that Maxim Gorky was the "main initiator and creator of the socio political life" of their theater.
df1356ae7615ab3491bb6931c38c5e51c1cd9d11	In the performances of his plays "Three", "Philistines", "At the Bottom", the heavy share of workers and "the lower classes of society", their rights, and the call for revolutionary perestroika were shown.
1a172cdffa75ee42690034e5e4a8d1a5568b636c	The performances were held in crowded halls.
5567975fb5e2d87eb9ce6d1983e970d60cf94c0e	Further contribution to the stage production of Gorky drama is associated with the name of Vera Fyodorovna Komissarzhevskaya, who is close to revolutionary circles.
397fae5e16f79177810d9a91e6dfb0d047590924	Languishing from the treasury, which was stifling the imperial stage, she left it and created her own theater in St. Petersburg.
a5fd14e7d7d01e4d71f17e1c56f271521c57d7dd	In 1904, the premiere of "Summer Residents"took place here.
89ace875644870b98f5aa20389555f79a311137b	Gorky's plays became the leading ones in the repertoire of the Komissarzhevskaya Theater.
4a17c794228a406c437550ad88e2a557c49bf7ec	In 1908, the first one act play theater in Russia was opened in St. Petersburg by V.
30a0899d425247244101d0fc732539bf95d62998	A. Kazansky.
a46a012d8e9f1564b5734505d0b6097e14a6a72d	Critics wrote that the theater was engaged in an anti artistic, irritable business.
7e48f1e209ba072268635a4bf4fac244000ec09c	The Foundry Theater had a predecessor - the Paris theater of "strong feelings", headed by the creator and author of the plays Andre de Lord.
bd899800b118802d7ea7bb0c6ba2c0a0b1763dc1	The Russian theater imitated him from the repertoire to specific means of influencing the audience.
bf8966a7695d6d6a5a5bd929b195f3e171af100a	But the spirit of Russian life did not resemble the atmosphere of the Parisian inhabitants.
e828fb3827e8de13abf8ce6f35632f6aaf9a9935	The attraction to the terrible, repulsive captured various layers of the Russian public.
20b6cfab5e40306671ca6e8f13e00b16ae165e56	After two months, interest in the theater faded.
4c63ac90527c3a6c603795ebf7f41579c18eef6c	The main reason is that the horror theater could not compete with the horrors of Russian modernity.
f578ed2eece3cc2f5fce271bb8a178f88a15316d	The theater's programs changed greatly, and three years later the genre designation "Theater of Miniatures"was assigned to the theater.
199432b836d94234b98577cf104be66471f9b3a4	The number of miniature theaters increased markedly after 1910.
e3b077b5d70112c1271e66a036b235d09c7fa104	Actors, for the sake of profit, move from drama to miniature theaters, many drama theaters somehow made ends meet, and miniature theaters grew like mushrooms after the rain.
82e43b2893334e4a84637e2d15bea5a466f38af5	Despite the different names and genre designations of the newly emerged theaters, the nature of their performances was the same.
b06cde8417f0db893ff045e3db70587fdbba7d80	The programs were based on one act comedies, operas, operettas, and ballet.
3a822a73695ace9e3c60236070f68852242ee875	At the end of the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century, the passion for luxurious productions, completely devoid of artistic ideas, is characteristic of the style of the pre revolutionary Bolshoi and Mariinsky theaters.
8543ce7563a059be179437fd87995d9fc6d39037	First class in their artistic composition, the collectives of a number of opera theaters only won their creative achievements in a difficult and intense struggle.
714777fec2186db2da2b3fdd9cb009306cf2b721	Russian Russian Seasons in Paris were organized by S. P. Diaghilev, one of the founders of the World of Art Association, who performed Russian ballet dancers in 1909-1911.
4f35346f96e55b7cb6d7de2a6502e9d0cfe5e3f1	The troupe included M. M. Fokin, A. P. Pavlova, V. F. Nezhensky and others.
2180f59028357d09b086a0af918541ad90c68b19	Fokin was a choreographer and artistic director.
581754796ff2e5920e8cffade90d9b3a264be0ca	The performances were designed by famous artists A. Benois, N. Roerich.
6250676bf8233c7fd91532b01acdf3d7b31be8a2	Performances of "Sylphids" (music by Chopin), Polovtsian dances from the opera "Prince Igor" by Borodin, "The Firebird" and "Petrushka" (music by Stravinsky) and so on were shown.
892f390804283315684b19abb45cf89eb5b8c601	The performances were a triumph of Russian choreographic art.
61ec978f02b0ba7da8cd25b2d539892c8b07cabc	The artists proved that classical ballet can be modern and excite the audience.
3799b04876e3e8121e856a2489be71a85d9a516d	Fokin's best productions were "Petrushka", "The Firebird", "Scheherazade", "The Dying Swan" , in which music, painting and choreography were united.
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e3c68bae1485bb2a31f87a1630ebf689ea7c1754	Russian Theater of the twentieth century
4bba87e28220444bf11c87b8cd8e0dc1ac1b170b	30 Russian Theater of the twentieth century Introduction
eb6ef4f76602064c8dfb4cae6164067fbff07046	1. The Moscow Art Theater and its creators K. S. Stanislavsky and V. I. Nemirovich Danchenko.
9edfd87c3fe4fa6d57d7b0f50639e78dcb96078c	The theater of experience.
afe1ecdd5f1ebd7d20cfe7d60d112939e3864400	2. The Maly Theater as an example of the theater of critical realism.
b0816795f0ec18dbd7d1f40f6f0020e0f5331286	3. The Tatras of Modernity.
1cc35e24ea8fe3e07e3c42c38b8aa003efb9e231	Meyerhold, Komissarzhevsky, Vakhtangov, etc. 4.
9a05366780083634c7bd0a676ec4b26902e2f092	The Soviet theater of the 30-80s.
061538ec7d10bcd6035896adcb55768f409b0a82	The main trends.
cedb09a907387e60cb24904ea3792d0bc78a16d7	5. Theater today.
d543e0c2db04d5508f08b74584ccf5ddc3966fb2	Conduction
cc6cad07829163029bb1d211eac7cff50dbd4319	And the theater coped with these tasks - its capabilities are diverse, and the power of influence is great, and therefore kings and princes, emperors and ministers, revolutionaries and conservatives sought to put theatrical art at their service.
d2a277e5e8cfcffc23a7b6dee259a0d49676b6cc	Tolstykh V. I., Aesthetic Education, M., 1984, p. 224 The best theatrical works have always been sensitive to historical changes.
86b664eb139010df11f473cac27e3ab94a6e5bc2	The theater was a mirror in which events and people were reflected.
eb3b6aaff17490d853bc0c55505e24b8ca6b054e	More than once in the history of mankind, prophecies uttered from the stage have come true.
b7dd6d31d3687d3be4a14ad05812b15e023d868d	Overcoming borders and language barriers, he reveals new discoveries to the world.
69b51ac596f35a74bd1492079f2cf91d2305cbf9	The Great Russian Encyclopedia, Moscow, 2004, p. 1005 Theater, the only kind of art that presents us not only the result of its creativity.
653f9cf2a8ec61a3be499eb9628eaa3035c90b22	When we come to the theater, we become spectators and accomplices of the performance that is being created in our presence before our eyes.
dfe6a0f02b064a6a401f2ccd98b8759c4edfe5ab	It is this feature of theatrical art that requires the special atmosphere that the theater lives in.
b2321312ee6855c442e9661e0d8829ce08fed337	It is the ability to talk about what people are concerned about today, the ability to experience and rethink what they have seen, comparing it with their life experience, to take them by the heart and make it beat faster, that attracts us to the theater, where we get true aesthetic pleasure.
e2f28b55f86bc250b8d2d0402a9643186f833820	All this speaks about the relevance of theatrical art in our days.
7d1278f68a45385f93d23a784b8a895266ce9b05	That is why, always and at all times, people who think and search have rushed to the theater, considering it a school of high civic feelings and genuine humanity.
868bef3d8c9ec64e7dba0d8d9d4204636c4b3686	The purpose of the work is to analyze the historical stages of the development of the theater of the XX century.
f5408325275834b1f2c2343f8f6c115ee93a4d7b	The work presents various periods of the development of the theater, the dependence of the directions on the historical time.
fb224eaef2679a7c4e422c20144355114a29ff98	Theater of experience
811c549e9d673fb2c897be94e273f0a02c372a75	The new century for the Russian theater began earlier than the calendar one.
37ab4da8c3c9e5421e7db7763c5162d0a0bd7f1f	On June 22, 1897, two people met at the Slavyansky Bazaar restaurant in Moscow.
66d1864c9159f557e2e0be90567d325fedf4e7da	No one could even imagine that this event would open a new era in the art of the stage.
1bd0f74bbdc68c46eb01cb15733ab2c2ab04d7f9	The playwright and theater critic Vladimir Ivanovich Nemirovich Danchenko (1858-1943) wrote a short note.
5f3300567c8261714c8afb65c64fc332ef8eba2d	The message was addressed to the son of one of the most influential Moscow merchants - Konstantin Sergeevich Alekseev (pseudonym Stanislavsky, 1863 - 1938).
417434d55489a1e87fbbb71214f85d7983f770c3	He was an amateur actor who played countless roles in dramas and comedies, farces and vaudevilles.
05f4afb6747a876d9427acb952e9e74cb6350942	In the note, Nemirovich Danchenko offered to discuss theater plans.
24d82ffde16901f183afcefef7079a118cef7cb3	Alekseyev replied with an urgent telegram - and the meeting took place.
351fff6f1a7ba188c9079113b6525631925ebf47	After a long conversation, it was decided to organize a new theater that would overcome the cliches and routine of the Russian stage of that time.
e1c34d0e1d551bc776bbd53315e5044924046443	The very name the Artistic Public Theater already contained a program.
aabe0e6ab6cbf2d1a58152ef526b37c5ef694775	"Artistic" - a high level of art was guaranteed.
1d7b6ccacc279ed678952f3e7819d3617763049a	"Public" - addressed to everyone, not only to the chosen ones, not only to theater regulars. http://scit.boom.ru/music/teatr/Russiu teatr.htm The banner of the new theater was the drama of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov, mysterious, not fully disclosed even today.
24b44fefda2023cfd0c3e802b0627cf3c8549003	The premiere of "The Seagull" took place on the stage of the Art Theater on December 17, 1898, two months after the failure of the play on the stage of the Alexandria Theater in St. Petersburg.
1034732761641e0e0f7c68328f15fcbb29a2182f	Nemirovich Danchenko understood that the reason for the failure was the novelty and unusual nature of this work.
5efe4f74657e91f67f1a13b6fbd8ec5df9170311	The performance of the Moscow Art Theater was a triumph and a breakthrough in the new theatrical age.
2793394a973bf7ea26c7927372c5c2f44c1b62c7	One of the main achievements of Stanislavsky before the world theater is the education of talented students who have absorbed the experience of his theater system and develop it further in the most unexpected and paradoxical directions (vivid examples are Vsevolod Emilevich Meyerhold, Mikhail Alexandrovich Chekhov, Evgeny Bagrationovich Vakhtangov).
d9a92c63c99bf571556eb2966c4858279d897218	The Stanislavsky system is the conventional name of the stage theory and the director actor method developed by the famous Russian director, actor, teacher and theater worker K. S. Stanislavsky.
1841a7f7e7003b9d1cd99436346b2a9c74fa61d1	Probably, there is no other theater system that has had such a profound impact on the development of the world art of theater (including theater pedagogy), and at the same time caused the most contradictory opinions - from fervent, almost cliched apologetics to fierce declarative denial.
e1ddbfd3a36ea10af4b53a07d2c4b74ab3add1f0	It is especially interesting that the contradictions continue at the present time. http://www.krugosvet.ru It is quite common to believe that the main result of a performance staged "according to the system" is the achievement of complete psychological reliability of acting works (which, in particular, is facilitated by the so called "fourth wall", conditionally separating the auditorium from the stage and isolating the actors from the audience).
3f1f27c016a1b5e3e4b6028c77e28e247c2bf9d7	Stanislavsky's term "the art of experiencing" also became a common place, contrasted with "the art of representation", often identified with rough handicraft.
a75c3836d77874fa1c7fccc15d3a71f3a892c78a	However, Stanislavsky's student was V. E. Meyerhold - whose bright theatrical method, as it is commonly believed, contradicts Stanislavsky's teaching, in particular, the "fourth wall".
fcccb0f6b31e0a1d414ea4fd6ce6597986328fc2	Stanislavsky for the first time turned to the practical solution of the problem of conscious mastery of subconscious creative processes; to the problem of stable professionalism of the actor.
3e64e943056d8bdb555149d504ed0b2c766eb698	The basis of the system is the objective laws of stage creativity, laid down in the organic nature of the artist.
99362d75715acb3dfef7d1fe377801d5d1e0085f	Stanislavsky and Nemirovich Danchenko at the Moscow Art Theater became the founders of the psychological theater, developing and supplementing each stage image with an invisible prehistory that stimulates certain actions of the character.
48b0ba5b91107712209110f27497ebf89e293a44	Stanislavsky refers to the elements of creativity: perception organs - vision, hearing, etc.; imagination; logic and sequence of actions and feelings; memory for sensations; stage charm; a sense of perspective of action and thought; muscle freedom; plasticity; voice control; a sense of phrase; a sense of character; the ability to act with a word; perception of a partner and influence on him; etc.
1ab3bc572f90d60d3146ea7eb252f6909c54085c	The skill of an actor in terms and definitions of K. S. Stanislavsky.
7e54b00b5a18b1125af14951d529579b288edd38	M., 1961 The constant improvement of these elements is the content of the "actor's work on himself" (the first section of the Stanislavsky system), which involves daily training and drill aimed at improving the acting technique.
01fb01f1231fcbfcdd457003bca104cf9b38a033	Possession of his" tool " - psychophysics allows an actor to work fully and professionally on the stage, regardless of inspiration, or rather, to enter the right creative state exactly when it is necessary; by volitional effort to achieve the right creative well being.
48c9744e46c4eacd50cec0c209994afe219ed29d	Only on the basis of basic constant classes in acting technique is a full fledged "work of an actor on a role" possible.
b68f4f125f3e1ed7d14aecbfc06c62ed8d422b71	The key concepts in the work on the role and the performance were the definitions of "effective analysis", "end to end action" (and "counter through action", based on conflict, as a fundamental specific feature of theatrical art), as well as "super tasks".
6b7874af373a24e52d67ab7ad618fbce508d88fe	An effective analysis of the role means building a consistent line of the complex of psychophysical actions of the actor throughout the performance, based not just on the plot of the play, but on the convergence and interpenetration of the personalities of the actor and the character ("I am in the proposed circumstances").
27617cff8360107dfb65d0bb216c8ba6ec180efe	End to end action is a logical chain, a continuous action in the semantic perspective of the performance.
d90e90fe4b0353370a8c4ee13379fa9cbe652cdd	A counter through action (or counter action) is carried out either in a clash of characters, or in the hero overcoming his internal contradictions.
f3e46301d8eb4c5fb71aaadf48e8a067789c3d02	From the interweaving of various lines of action of the characters, according to Stanislavsky, the "score of the play" is formed, a whole action that unites the actors and other means of theatrical expression (light, music, scenery, etc.) with the audience.
76c8d55079b006c4e391d99364d107dec572ce9e	A super task is a common creative, semantic, moral and ideological goal that unites the entire production team and contributes to the creation of an artistic ensemble and a single sound of the performance.
b880eb89c57b337f85490695fe11c3c4de7399e1	M., 1961 A huge place in the Stanislavsky system is occupied by artistic ethics.
15c159874191924e0d42cb33c477578cd7652416	We are not talking about speculative ethical education, but about a necessary condition for collective creativity.
9610a6b443eeb592d4f7db863ba43d5dc7478a1c	Today, the key provisions of the system are taken for granted in many respects - they are used by almost all (except for the emphatically ritualized, canonically traditional - Kabuki, But, etc.) theater schools.
411cefde6bd72b625cb82981615bed51dbac12a6	And the Stanislavsky system is by no means dogmatic rules, but a universal basic tool that allows you to build any theatrical style on its basis; to work in any theatrical genre and in any aesthetics, including in the so - called "performance theater".
615db81e4b0c5f4b684a25ff39ff683f926ef38a	2. The Maly Theater as an example of the theater of critical realism
a8eaf689ce0a39847fc1a2d379f04ecb78a36210	The Maly Theater is the oldest theater in Russia.
c9cba3824d0768431a8f9274f3cf6174663896f9	His troupe was created at the Moscow University in 1756, immediately after the famous Decree of the Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, which marked the birth of professional theater in our country: "We have now ordered to establish a Russian theater for the presentation of comedies and tragedies...".
ab24494d7a8520da1efbb95256d3977c3c03a503	In the acting art of the Maly Theater, two main lines have always been combined - deep life realism, the founder of which was Mikhail Semyonovich Shchepkin, and passionate revolutionary romanticism, the largest representative of which was Pavel Stepanovich Mochalov.
816b5e5716279d2c62bbbc2e0742351f936dfab4	Mochalov's creative work connected the Russian stage with the dramaturgy of W. Shakespeare and F. P. S. Mochalov, "the plebeian actor" Belinsky V. G. About drama and theater in 2 t .
c1b698812e675ced14f335da51b46b5d91f81f5c	M., 1983, according to the critic Vissarion Grigoryevich Belinsky, who praised him, managed to overcome the canons of the previous style, expressed by the aesthetics of classicism.
08858e7cd6ba6d8241767920bb63a4144396694f	The romantic loners of Mochalov protested and fought with all the evil world hostile to them, despairing, and often lost heart.
79204280fd9df47633d23d8ebf7a43da83d7e392	The best roles of an actor are Hamlet, Richard III, (in the tragedies of the same name by V. Shakespeare), Chatsky, Ferdinand (The Treachery and Love of F. Schiller).
f653b79f86129fbaae2d6afae3f518d61e9d92c9	The emergence of the most important direction of theater - romanticism is associated with the work of P. S. Mochalov.
aff474d23beae4c8171a7b07509f8dd8dc0fc023	The next significant milestone in the history of the Maly Theater is the work of the great Russian actor reformer M. S. Shchepkin.
3edbaf4ca09595cbad709ba8ce905ae95148833d	"He was the first to create the truth on the Russian stage, he was the first to become non - theatrical at the theater," Alexander Ivanovich Herzen said of Shchepkin.
97f7d8a5cf982c14a8298c0e28663a5cb28311a2	M. S. Shchepkin made his debut in Moscow in 1822 as an already established provincial actor.
9a7cc5460511960e03e006fd9e607b0d8ff6dbf7	Throughout his work, the actor, who was previously a serf, sought to be faithful to the truth of life and natural intonations on the stage.
8794b17563d4de6f13096e761b4ce2f556e83700	The actor's broad requests and aesthetic views went beyond the limits of purely "shop" interests, hence his close rapprochement with the advanced Moscow intelligentsia, writers, theater goers, critics who have influence on the Moscow theater: S. T. Aksakov, V. G. Belinsky, A. I. Herzen, N. V. Gogol, A. S. Pushkin.
ca920c837508a5fc90d8dfa9b947f04d383de450	Shchepkin's realistic method was formed mainly in the roles of Russian classics Famusov (Woe from the mind of A. S. Griboyedov, 1831) and Gorodnichem (Inspector N. V. Gogol, 1836), in which the actor with all his inherent comicality and observation created vivid typical images of "pillars of society".
21d6bb91316db8ef74a560d86e306b5d3a236a1e	By the end of the 19th century, the significance of the Maly Theater's activities was weakening.
842d0ba3163872874654562f96eeeb34186fed3e	The increased pressure of reaction led to the fact that craft plays and entertainment farces began to occupy a dominant position on its stage.
0d9b49f68eda77bd47d1563d6f949980a240a43e	However, the most prominent actors Maria Nikolaevna Ermolova, Glikeria Nikolaevna Fedotova, Alexander Pavlovich Lensky, Alexander Ivanovich Yuzhin, Mikhail Provich and Olga Osipovna Sadovsky revealed their talents mainly in productions of Russian and foreign classics.
3acdec859c0bba738834d81d6d56dda432507759	Attempts to update the art of the Maly Theater, undertaken in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, primarily by A. P. Lensky, met stubborn resistance from the tsarist administration and proved ineffective.
d34ad1695a20e978fcd9058151fe854c3e8741b4	At the beginning of the 20th century, the country was literally captured by innovative trends and trends.
1b9fa570573249dd3de400966fb2b995c172cb1f	It's time to search for new directorial ideas.
8454fb7dd1985596839fb22550d9c8d3839131bd	New theatrical esthetics were growing everywhere.
f17f81b63caa1474e5906f3ec071ee5a13ec5018	New theatrical reforms were brought by Stanislavsky, Nemirovich Danchenko, Vakhtangov, the genres of theatrical parodies and skits developed; at first, the revolutionary situation in the country and the Great October Socialist Revolution of 1917 itself contributed to the formation of these ideas.
5457456e22a844d6d02ff54f4dc7f2393b5da0aa	The Maly Theater firmly preserved the dramatic classical foundations, continuing historical traditions in new social conditions.
e12223e226ddd42244a85b74345a64919dd462ef	Zograf N. G. Maly Theater at the end of the 19th and 20th centuries.
ce3116c3500dbf763b86ba19e643ba58c63b4ef5	Moscow, 1966 New artistic trends completely denied academicism and old traditions.
8c09a589ea96f818f8a92bf4bac599d72a76afc1	Nevertheless, the Maly Theater remained true to its traditions.
fea132d8c1c052c38a94bd61ab476fa8ed0ac6b1	In 1918, a theater school was opened at the theater (since 1938 - the Higher Theater School named after M. S. Shchepkin, since 1943 the university), and in 1919 the Maly Theater was awarded the title of academic.
020ddd10b2d574cad843fdad13b84ad09244eadf	And at the same time, there are calls throughout the country to abandon all the old, old things, not to let the stronghold of bourgeois noble culture into the life renewed by the revolution.
9cd6c12bc761cfe8d68473c6f78f373837b59914	Under the influence of these appeals, the Maly Theater could have been closed if the first People's Commissar of Education, Anatoly Vasilyevich Lunacharsky, had not stood up to defend it.
a2403ff997e0d5b3197040a4d23b8882a1ee37ff	The theater kept the traditions of classical performing art, not of director's delights.
7f229f22858f440dad9e548eb7787e0697c18f1c	Since the first years of Soviet power, the art of the Maly Theater has become closer to the revolutionary modernity.
e91dc7ed6ddd87b71c67ae51015341034b6cf9a3	Zolotnitsky D. I. Academic theaters on the paths of October , 1982 In 1919 he was awarded the title of academic.
cd9ecda29bcb00f68ab766b6842bb6f7cad0e99a	Such performances as "The Posadnik" by Alexey Konstantinovich Tolstoy (1918), "The Old Man" by Maxim Gorky (1919), "Oliver Cromwell" by Anatoly Vasilyevich Lunacharsky (1921), and numerous productions of classical drama testified to the viability of the collective, about the new rise of the art of its best actors - Nikolai Kapitonovich Yakovlev, Elena Konstantinovna Leshkovskaya, Osip Andreevich Pravdin, Varvara Osipovna Massalitinova, Varvara Nikolaevna Ryzhova, Evdokia Dmitrievna Turchaninova, Prov Mikhailovich Sadovsky, Mikhail Mikhailovich Klimov and many others.
ed87679d138a8dfbfa9c8ddda3f764b442793407	The leading figures of the theater Maria Nikolaevna Ermolova and Alexander Ivanovich Yuzhin continued to perform with success.
4d2db9403ca9f5399aeaf8570395a783f3d21146	The play "Spring Love" by Konstantin Andreevich Trenev (1926, starring Vera Nikolaevna Pashennaya) showed that the revolution responded to the art of the Maly Theater with a surge of creative forces and artistic innovation.
d027d96c08e1b9f76eadc2e6e52c782f8df9df51	Further productions of Soviet plays ("The Fiery Bridge"Boris Sergeyevich Romashov, 1929; "Skutarevsky" by Leonid Maksimovich Leonov, 1934; "In the Steppes of Ukraine", 1941, by Alexander Evdokimovich Korneychuk) and classical works
0f8235dadd47cccc8afde17ab093036596d74b13	("Rasteryaeva Street" by Gleb Ivanovich Uspensky, 1929;
25c6e2a179b522ec204d4a20993eda7906ddff15	"Enemies", 1933, "Barbarians", 1941, Maxim Gorky;
e8acecf62e2d906921b4b19b009292b3bb539be0	"Othello" by William Shakespeare, 1935, "Uriel Acosta" by Karl Gutskov, 1940, with Alexander Alekseevich Ostuzhev in the roles of Othello and Acosta;
91aff2ed2f86382d4dc214e080fb245a07d6c813	"Woe from Wit" by Alexander Sergeyevich Griboyedov, 1938), as well as plays by Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky ("Mad Money", 1933, "Simplicity is Enough for every Wise Man", 1935, "The Forest", 1937," Wolves and Sheep"," Truth is Good, but Happiness is Better", both in 1941) meant a fundamentally new stage in the development of the art of the Maly Theater, enriched by the method of socialist realism.
c27beb3e6f49949a598af8e5b0edbc003e42eb8f	In 1937, in the play "On the Banks of the Neva" by Trenev, the image of V. I. Lenin was created for the first time on the stage of the Maly Theater.
71b49c197ff5e6b95b37718a6b0a5e9ec2f1e168	During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45, a number of inspired patriotic performances were staged at the Maly Theater ("The Front" by Alexander Yevdokimovich Korneychuk, 1942; "The Invasion" by Leonid Maximovich Leonov, 1943), brigades of theater actors and its front line branch performed in units of the active army.
347256e5abeb1dea370ff240951d0e96b060cb40	Preserving the glory of the Ostrovsky House, the Maly Theater systematically stages its dramas and comedies, while simultaneously expanding the classical repertoire, embodying the works of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, Alexander Sergeyevich Griboyedov, Maxim Yuryevich Lermontov, Alexander Vasilyevich Sukhovo Kobylin, Leo Tolstoy, William Shakespeare, Victor Hugo, dramatizations of the works of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, Wimlyam Memykpis Temkkerei, Gustave Flaubert.
16a81a5f36872554a68442f0181b38b9475a17d1	The repertoire widely includes plays by Soviet playwrights: Alexander Evdokimovich Korneychuk, Konstantin Mikhail ovich Simonov, Viktor Sergeevich Rozov and many others.
4848eb38d49f5d36791eb11dd024acfec5919d52	In the 50s and 60s, performances were created: "The Power of Darkness" by L. N. Tolstoy (1956) with Igor Vladimirovich Ilyinsky in the role of Akim, directed by Boris Ivanovich Ravenskikh;
c0d6664f7510c16f76b77c23e63942252c0a9f9a	"Ivanov" by A. P. Chekhov (1960), "Summer Residents" by M. Gorky (1964), "Truth is Good, but Happiness is Better" by A. N. Ostrovsky (1970) - directed by Boris Andreevich Babochkin;
34d8a38a2356ccd0114292497a79789774d2eb89	"Masquerade" by M. Y. Lermontov (1962) and" Optimistic Tragedy " by Vsevolod Vishnevsky (1967) - directed by Leonid Viktorovich Varpakhovsky; in the early 70s: "Before Sunset" by Gerhart Hauptman (directed by L. E. Heifitz) and others.
c94a35aa7541f687efa5e201cf19be0eb9aae26f	The artistic directors and chief directors of the Maly Theater were: Alexander Ivanovich Yuzhin (1923-27), Ilya Yakovlevich Sudakov (1937-43), Prov Mikhailovich Sadovsky (1944-47), Konstantin Alexandrovich Zubov (1947-56), Mikhail Ivanovich Tsarev (1957-62), Evgeny Rubenovich Simonov (1963-70).
5a7cbf26cee327ca11db28f00219eff2e4adf9ac	In 1937, the Maly Theater was awarded the Order of Lenin.
fd0e1d1c97c0525f347d4b76877e2ee55a2f1d0b	There is a theater school at the theater, leading from the Moscow Theater School organized in 1809 (since 1938 - the Theater School named after M. S. Shchepkin).
272dfc82164fc9442fd7f51b433860838890b273	Meyerhold, Komissarzhevsky, Vakhtangov, etc.
0c2062c9ce316d476f8beca12cc09406a99ce8dd	In art in general and in the theater in particular, the period of the end of the first decade of the 20th century was very difficult.
9278686a988d8f48c1b761037b559206a3214bda	Artists (like the whole country) were divided into supporters and opponents of the revolution.
6432fae9f8a467fe48d0c5226ab0e43b97ab0a46	Somewhat simplifying, we can say that in the aesthetic sphere, the division occurred in relation to the traditions of world culture.
d692937fb8f735d3a76f3b2810ff5927bd88bf1f	The excitement of a social experiment aimed at building a new society was accompanied by the artistic excitement of experimental art, the rejection of the cultural experience of the past.
6564ebd97fe42b59545259111027e5498b9d07e1	During the Art Nouveau period, the partition between the auditorium and the stage was destroyed.
569cd9bc655cdea9fd04de7a316ce19deb33e1de	The actors were put in the hall-"podsadok", who ran out on the stage at the agreed moment and were included in the action.
8f1e5f7cca54efb3ceed796f0283a65acb6a6bb6	Yielding to this impulse, some ordinary viewers also began to play along with the actors.
97b01353da84fe2bb83bb4fa8cc3c8d60960d753	The center of theatrical life was a private stage and an enterprise.
b64c699b653792aceaf00a8daa7caf8347c054b9	In the Art Nouveau theater, there was a characteristic convergence of all types of art poetry, painting, music, acting, which was characteristic of the Silver Age.
a25d7897f213c7621b41b4f73ef5ebe4937816a1	In 1920, Meyerhold put forward the program Theatrical October, which proclaimed the complete destruction of the old art and the creation of a new art on its ruins.
d8fb0fafd0379b8dbdaa4aa0c7ce59c0ecbe1cc8	It is paradoxical that Vsevolod Emilevich Meyerhold, who deeply studied traditional theaters, became the ideologist of this direction.
bab092e8b6cbc8d5dffe79f120b2819d6241cb33	But the destructive euphoria of social reconstruction was accompanied by the euphoria of an artistic experiment supported by the government and addressed to new viewers.
eec6a58ff0276174a8c1479246902580d1edfc86	Perhaps this is what caused the existence in the same period of futuristic politicized "performances of rallies" by Meyerhold and the refined, emphatically antisocial psychologism of Alexander Yakovlevich Tairov, the "fantastic realism" of Yevgeny Bagrationovich Vakhtangov and experiments with performances for children by young Natalia Sats, the poetic biblical theater Gabim and the eccentric FEKS, etc.theaters of a more traditional direction (Moscow Art Theater, Maly, former Alexandrinsky, etc.) paid tribute to modern performances are revolutionary romantic and satirical, but sources indicate that the 1920s were a period of creative crisis for them. http://www.krugosvet.ru V. S. Meyerhold left the Moscow Art Theater troupe, having worked there from 1898 to 1902, playing the role of Treplev in "The Seagull".
5a0ddd1236c17a9ba0aeec359fe5bcdaa89f4b54	He decided to settle in Kherson.
714cbf513f327dbd373205b669d9bcaaf3d11a92	In 1902, Meyerhold staged performances there "on the mise en scene of the Art Theater", and then began to develop and approve his own directorial style.
d1b2042827595800161f8457531127a97ab247c5	The 1903/04 season was opened by the Meyerhold troupe under the name "New Drama Partnership".
ee06ade6611b756247cf89fed4e90c9d9577c9b0	Sincere and impetuous, he immediately embraced revolutionary innovations, looking for innovative forms and bringing them into the theatrical art, completely breaking the academic dramatic framework.
80cc6ddd7139f7df8c2d9217a157d2de5c5cc808	In 1906-1907, V. E. Meyerhold became the main director of the Vera Fyodorovna Komissarzhevskaya Theater.
595c28307f325736cd0d8d02d7cd7444c185b5ff	He did not have a single, definitively formulated view of the profession and tasks of a director.
c48c6c3257b178fd505e9217c268429a076d931d	The artistic language of the Russian Siena of the XX century was formed largely thanks to the works of Meyerhold, his solutions of the stage space, creative work with the texts of plays.
cc6c667ac65f6f1d352c65e7945bc6b80e599a9e	The premiere of the drama by Alexander Alexandrovich Blok (1880-1921) "Balaganchik" took place in December 1906, staged by Meyerhold.
156ac74a2633670a40cec151b4005bb7fc4bf1d1	The performance made it possible to remind the audience about the Italian comedy of masks, with its indispensable characters (Piero, Harlequin and Columbine).
68a0d356aa871631bde94dd6ce6dfd5722faf9d5	In the" Balaganchik", the theater triumphed as a beautiful and great art, to which everything is available and which is not afraid of anything (it can also laugh at itself).
3e3f1ed9889792216b6483ce48d29c6e6d9c6fd3	It was a very exquisite sight; sometimes there was mockery in it, and sometimes it was filled with unspeakable sadness.
10f748d75468969f9d6070869da478716327fa4e	The performance caused both violent raptures and noisy scandals.
5fbf9909d96f0fe4d23729d3ede4c116cb4fe062	The "orthodox" symbolists, serious, mystically minded people, were especially outraged.
021014727a7c0ec1e0c7eee1f760af4bd2c4aff6	They couldnot let some director laugh at them.
c6030d9cb222ea36a2b33d7c5ea32943ef51e542	Meyerhold himself played the role of Pierrot.
1289c1b492aba67327ff07500599ee3f6754b85d	He came up with a dry, cracked voice, a toy plastic puppet; from time to time, this doll character made plaintive moans.
851e4a3ef294ed21c2fa2ce42bf6bcc78c99c502	In full accordance with the programs of the symbolists, Piero's beloved Columbine turned out to be Death.
f2baa2c66a24452ebe6061ca02036ba52fc33759	However, perhaps it was another prank, because a beautiful and slender Harlequin suddenly appeared and took Columbine away, as it should be in the traditional love triangle of the comedy of masks.
c5f2a18a258bac60b69be5c0794ecbbc0043e2ba	It was a frank theater - the director turned the exposure of the reception into the main principle of the production.
474a401e6d22701eec1ad925313580a9ed1c1220	The design of the performance was unusual.
b553c6b2007c159463767c8239631f00f05d0a8b	Everything was solved in a conditional manner.
af7da7efc0191be4432d09af24b0a2ac3db1f325	The window in the back of Siena was covered with paper.
302b981f24b16e9348628282f6128e394333b050	Props in front of everyone lit up the playground with sparkler sticks.
2e0424b0770b0f171b2bb3a03ecb30fc5e55adfb	The Harlequin jumped out of the window, tearing the paper.
1eec04d2be1a024211fba3b671c2ee69172cc1fd	The scenery soared up, leaving Siena empty, and in the finale Piero Meyerhold, playing a simple melody on a pipe, addressed the audience with the words: "I am very sad.
12eb0bc56453b6291da2e778ca2908c13c212c0e	Is it funny to you?.." http://scit.boom.ru/music/teatr/Russiu teatr.htm Another significant figure in the theatrical art of that time was Yevgeny Bagrationovich Vakhtangov.
e1c29eb01fb84185b0abfc6714738187db6b922f	The sharpness and refinement of the stage form, resulting from the deep penetration of the performer into the spiritual life of the character, were clearly manifested both in the roles played by Vakhtangov (Tackleton in "The Cricket on the Stove" by Charles Dickens, 1914; The Fool in "Twelfth Night" by W. Shakespeare, 1919), and in the performances staged by him in the 1st Studio of the Moscow Art Theater: "The Feast of Peace" by Gerhart Hauptman (1913), "The Flood" by Berger (1919, played the role of Fraser).
6aee69508e441e8a9481b22e63e9274598be1699	In 1919, Vakhtangov headed the director's section of the Theater Department (Teo) of the People's Commissariat of Education.
671372ba46da6c06d08620aba50f287babc58b35	After the revolution, Vakhtangov's diverse directorial activity unfolded with extraordinary activity.
055841579bbf71565726ba7bcee0e07047dd5930	The theme of the anti humanity of bourgeois philistine society, which was already outlined in The Flood, was developed in the satirical images of Chekhov's "Wedding" (1920) and Maeterlinck's "Miracle of St. Anthony" (2nd stage edition, 1921), staged in his Studio. http://www.dombulgakova.ru Vakhtangov's desire to search for "modern ways to resolve the performance in a form that would sound theatrical" was brilliantly embodied in his latest production the play "Princess Turandot" by Karl Gozzi, permeated with the spirit of bright life affirmation, the artist Ignatiy Nivinsky (3rd Studio of the Moscow Art Theater, 1922) was perceived by K. S. Stanislavsky, V. I. Nemirovich Danchenko and other theatrical figures as the largest creative victory enriching the art of the stage, paving new paths in the theater.
bab747e2e242e57a581c37ee14af3af460580390	These principles were continued and developed in the art of Vakhtangov's students and followers directors Ruben Nikolaevich Simonov, Boris Yevgenyevich Zakhava, actors Boris Vasilyevich Shchukin, Joseph Moiseevich Tolchanov, Mikhail Chekhov, etc. Zavadsky Yu.
5192b0b09022b3258510a01681c82b5bec6a7832	A. Teachers and Students.
234da4250817482b678607d486b2c2db80f91aea	M., 1975 In 1918-1919, the Studio Theater of the KHPSRO (Artistic and Educational Union of Workers ' Organizations), headed by Fyodor Fyodorovich Komissarzhevsky, worked, uniting opera soloists and dramatic artists into one troupe.
c9f8891e191238bd18187c9387861203e87fba17	In the summer of 1919, Komissarzhevsky left Russia to participate in the Edinburgh Theater Festival.
7c401e79b2d5de6c832e1545a43d546916d79917	In England, he staged "Prince Igor" (1919)," Sister Beatrice "by Maurice Maeterlinck and" The Inspector " by N. V. Gogol (both 1920)," Six Characters in Search of the Author "by Luigi Pirandello (1921), "Racing for the Shadow" by V. von Scholz, "Uncle Vanya" by A. Chekhov, etc.
6e343e7953b46ca0d6df3af08ee0ae1651fe5106	In the 1922-1923 season, he performed a number of productions at the Guild Theater in New York, worked in Paris for the next two seasons, staged" The Tangerine Duck Club "by G. Duvernois and P. Fortuny, "The Road to Dover" by A. Milne, "Siegfried" by Richard Wagner, etc.
062d3940a17490aec0a6622d398a0a1727ac309d	In 1925, he opened the Rainbow Theater in Paris.
d9e843ed8a2180398d54b8171e5581b4aef7e5e3	The 1925-1926 season Komissarzhevsky is back in London, staging "Ivanov" (1925), "Uncle Vanya"," Three Sisters "and" The Cherry Orchard " by Chekhov," The Inspector "by Gogol, "Ekaterina Ivanovna" by L. Andreev (all 1926), etc.
5a73479fb2123728225dce843d2554aec3b06dea	In 1927, Komissarzhevsky worked in Italy, where he staged operas by Mozart, D.-A.Rossini, F. Alfano, et al.
f7d0d04fe37e0bb0f02b0a18a9e3fcbb3a239aa8	In the same year, on the stage of the London "Court Theater" he staged" Paul I "by D. Merezhkovsky, "Mr. Prohack" by A. Bennett, and for the national festival in Golihead - "The Struggle for the Throne" by H.Ibsen.
dc9acbd9c3f0d136a8dee6e66f6add5acbe3fd5f	In the Dramatic society of the University of Oxford, the company had delivered "King Lear" by William Shakespeare (1927), July 14, R. Rolland (1928); in the Apollo theatre "Brass paperweight" by Dostoevsky's novel the Brothers Karamazov (1928).
bab2116883cbb1d27cecd6008fd1b31b656fac82	Great success has had a dramatic re enactment of the Queen of spades Alexander Pushkin theatre in N. Baliyeva "the Bat" shown first in Paris (1931), then in other countries.
72d5a4b0c9eede21e7dc3287c0f89cd076cd77dd	At the Memorial Shakespeare Theater in Stratford on Avon, Komissarzhevsky performed a series of productions of Shakespeare's plays:" The Merchant of Venice "(1932)," Macbeth "(1933)," King Lear "(1936)," The Taming of the Shrew"," The Comedy of Errors " (both 1939).
1d1ddfed4626ea98ad75bb5e0b6a33b85f7a4d47	In 1939, the director moved to the United States.
54856472f94b6a3effd4bda79f3f4adfcdf1ee3b	Among his American productions are" Crime and Punishment " by Dostoevsky (1947)," Cymbeline " by Shakespeare (1950) , etc. He taught at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London.
f935317154d8e424997e24c0afe8c73e771fbd7e	He often performed as an artist in his performances.
5417c0be086c3b604352b8d781f01d969feea99f	Komissarzhevsky was an intermediary between Russian and Western cultures.
e175603e6e2f9f291f1c3cd111d356708275fc47	In particular, for the British, he discovered the drama of Chekhov, Gogol, prepared the ground for the reforms of Peter Brook and P. Hall in the theater.
8663ae5200cba4ee7d0d248bed43926996634936	Bartoshevich A. Fedor Komissarzhevsky.
e66c3fc1145aa6100f7a949b46a82ce6752d3e48	Chekhov and Shakespeare.
eab9978576a45e77116758c7bc287da406f0948d	- Moscow Observer, 1991, No.
1bdb008ffe7696e6f07a2e63716fe3ad155f3537	11 4.
6df227a4420ed1e64bdc1c54f7ed5cb19363bd98	Main trends
acd15c8e9382623ebf984ceab90609210bbc58f0	It's just that the" territory " of permitted art narrowed, performances of certain artistic trends were approved - as a rule, realistic ones.
7b00c7a2b6b26b336e8b119ece0ca406a086244f	And an additional evaluation criterion appeared: ideologically thematic.
da9d4e2afd8a995f02cd61633632a38b81f1fc72	So, for example, on the stage of the Russian theater, since the mid 1930s, performances of the so called "Leninians" were staged, in which the image of V. Lenin was brought to the stage ("A Man with a Gun" in the Theater named after V. Lenin).
fb58da4458393f0025e8fd27e0a00d3ff52e7873	Vakhtangov, in the role of Lenin - Boris Vasilyevich Shchukin;
814d7e6c63af701357b807b2b53bdf300752f4ae	"Pravda" in the Theater of the Revolution, in the role of Lenin - Maxim Maksimovich Strauch, etc.).
2941ac6ef3ac1358b13167c979034fe092e5431a	Almost any performances based on the plays of the "founder of socialist realism" M. Gorky were doomed to success.
a4e18f9e4bd7c4269827dc8e8a2e15ee4c4349db	This does not mean that every ideologically sustained performance was bad, it's just that artistic criteria (and sometimes audience success) in the state evaluation of performances ceased to be decisive.
28d66d21d645b9ae97d0a90e0b8086451b2e325a	For many figures of the Russian theater of the 1930s (and the second half of the 1940s, when the ideological policy continued) they became tragic.
6089b3d1769763623f69ee768cfd59304980f2ea	However, the Russian theater continued to develop.
80c6accf2ee69ee99b5bbabd0abf3a2ef79877c5	New directing names appeared: Andrey Popov, Yuri Alexandrovich Zavadsky, Ruben Simonov, Boris Zakhava, Nikolai Okhlopkov, Maria Knebel, Vasily Sakhnovsky, Boris Sushkevich, etc. These names were mainly associated with Moscow and Leningrad and the directing school of the country's leading theaters.
b00ac332a194443291ba93d1938788a1739d441d	A new generation of actors is also emerging.
a0f8d43ced10d2ba4313bd76d761757d3c68948c	In the Moscow Art Theater, along with such luminaries as Olga Leonardovna Knipper Chekhov, Vasily Ivanovich Kachalov, Leonid Maksimovich Leonidov, Ivan Ivanovich Moskvin, Mikhail Mikhailovich Tarkhanov, Nikolai Pavlovich Khmelev, Boris Georgievich Dobronravov, Olga Nikolaevna Androvskaya and others work confidently.
50672ff52ede19431c9d7ab429cceea1696db1b9	The Moscow Theater of the Lenin Komsomol (former TRAM) successfully employs actors and directors of the Moscow Art Theater School Ivan Nikolaevich Bersenev, Serafim Birman, Sofia Giatsintova.
d2c3e17fc0c7675ad4761d07aebd6e1a8007b094	In the Maly Theater, along with the actors of the older generation, Alexandra Alexandrovna Yablochkina, Varvara Osipovna Massalitinova, Alexander Alekseevich Ostuzhev, Prov Mikhailovich Sadovsky, etc., a prominent place is occupied by new actors who became famous already in the Soviet era: Vera Nikolaevna Pashennaya, Elena Nikolaevna Gogoleva, Nikolai Alexandrovich Annenkov, Mikhail Ivanovich Zharov, Mikhail Ivanovich Tsarev, Igor Vladimirovich Ilyinsky (who moved here after the break with Meyerhold).
d5defd464ecf74f4bc4aefd6247a86124116fde8	In the former Alexandrinsky Theater (which was named after A. Pushkin in 1937), famous old masters Ekaterina Pavlovna Korchagina Alexandrovskaya, Vara Arkadyevna Michurina Samoilova, Yuri Mikhailovich Yuryev, etc. they take the stage together with young actors Nikolai Konstantinovich Simonov, Boris Andreevich Babochkin, Nikolai Konstantinovich Cherkasov, etc. At the theater.
345bdff80783187da4679d5c000e19c8759c7a45	Boris Vasilyevich Shchukin, Anna Alekseevna Orochko, Cecilia Mansurova and others are successfully working in Vakhtangov.
b3604c37a7c76c5e130666e9bb7591629ecd6607	At the Theater.
be0ebf068b908dc31639b0c146b6c54277aced6f	A strong troupe is being formed in the Moscow City Council (the former MSPS and MOSPS), consisting mainly of Yu's students.
bdbb34fade002509ee7e4eb429e6669f43296af2	Zavadsky - Vera Petrovna Maretskaya, Rostislav Yanovich Plyatt, Osip Abdulov, etc. Despite the fate of the main directors, the work of the Chamber Theater actress Alisa Georgievna Koonen, as well as many actors of the Revolution Theater and the Theater named after her, is widely recognized.
9e887804e69f3c017b79c68aa96968173b6c1ac5	Meyerhold: Maria Ivanovna Babanova, Maxim Maksimovich Strauch, Judith Samoilovna Glizer, etc.
3e692e73ba84586112ade60934e109bc1ac18e6d	Plays written during this period ("Invasion" by L. Leonov, "Front" by A. Korneychuk, "The Guy from Our City" and "Russian People" by K. Simonov), and plays of historical and patriotic themes
c8968d4c2f8aea03ea16be0dde08bde57fa26133	("Peter I" by A. N. Tolstoy, "Field Marshal Kutuzov" by V. Solovyov, etc.) were staged on the stages.
43ddc3b589499f0fa23f5f91a896bc2cdc9eb1ad	The success of theatrical performances of this time refuted the validity of the popular expression "When the guns speak, the muses are silent".
96a5b20a13c97cd07eda3ed73cee79c02fc55e29	This was especially evident in the besieged Leningrad.
12a3d39282dc9d6753968810e14c73cf60cd6e59	The City Theater (later the Theater named after Komissarzhevskaya) and the Musical Comedy Theater, which worked here throughout the blockade, gathered full halls of spectators, despite the lack of heating, and often light, bombing and shelling, deadly hunger.
140f5289fc7949ae7583def415438e98c4ac347e	The period 1941-1945 had another consequence for the theatrical life of Russia and the Soviet Union: a significant increase in the artistic level of provincial theaters.
c98023dc769dd673721cbadafd0889aeab3ad3fa	The evacuation of theaters in Moscow and Leningrad and their work on the periphery breathed new life into local theaters, promoted the integration of performing arts and the exchange of creative experience.
2ad426531887df0af4b3ea232bc053edcbe902f3	Khaychenko G.
30dbe721317a017eadb09b4b43acba4d4b1c7939	A., Pages of the history of the Soviet Theater, Moscow, 1983, p. 269 However, after the end of the war, the patriotic rise of the theatrical art of wartime was replaced by a decline.
eaf3aa837bf44e73a9c46b2894419ceb6e2ea6ec	The resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) of August 26, 1946 "On the repertoire of drama theaters and measures to improve it" tightened ideological control and censorship.
63f8a56434b5e9c888689e21915f209535b3d50a	Russian art in general and theater in particular were experiencing a crisis associated with a social crisis.
d7084a6a5982dea0bc9d7ae919b9b2741c4ba11c	The theater reflects the state of society, and a new round of the rise of the Russian stage was also the result of social changes: the exposure of the cult of personality (1956) and the weakening of ideological policy, the so called "thaw".
f3c32acf91a608ac3d19efb372a96071cd5155a4	A new theatrical aesthetic was being formed again in Moscow and Leningrad.
f4cea121720e93ab35d85100ce34301a184fdaa1	In Leningrad, this process was less vivid, not so much in a revolutionary, but in an evolutionary way.
094dc2047161a77367e04958c8ca592257484c1c	It is associated with the name of G. Tovstonogov, who headed the Leningrad Theater named after him since 1949.
7d56a96ba586b5955893e2adf6070e05e6edfafb	Lenin Komsomol, and in 1956 became the artistic director of the BDT.
bf27f4e0714b0935b91b7a728d87d88cb42327c4	A great troupe
75c31e5000d1cd473a22916ab4743acf5301c61a	(Evgeny Alekseevich Lebedev, Kirill Yuryevich Lavrov, Sergey Yuryevich Yursky, Oleg Valerianovich Basilashvili, Tatyana Vasilyevna Doronina, etc.), brilliant performances, excellent organizational skills of the director brought BDT among the best theaters.
5369342ee73f9307194230e364deee99b05c8f11	The other theaters of Leningrad in 1950-1980 e looked at the background of a pale, although they were engaged in an active search for new expressive means (directed by Igor Petrovich Vladimirov, Gennady Mikhailovich of Walkers, Yefim Padve M., Zinovy Korogodsky, etc.).
ad8cb651059d05eef385e5cbc54a000519c2f733	At the same time surprisingly paradoxical was the fate of many of the Leningrad Directors next generation Lev Abramovich Dodin of M. Kama Ginkas, etc. Most of them managed to realize their creative potential in Moscow.
5682333d0b94806f51824f2ba00c5fd19c004816	Many Leningrad actors made a great contribution to the formation of Russian theatrical art: Nikolai Konstantinovich Simonov, Yuri Vladimirovich Tolubeev, Bruno Arturovich Freundlich, Olga Yakovlevna Lebzak, etc. (Theater named afterPushkin);
d1879643e6a809a7700fd92a330bee5fb4bf2318	Dmitry Dmitrievich Barkov,, Georgy Stepanovich Zhzhenov, Alice Freundlich, Mikhail Boyarsky, Irina Mazurkevich, etc. (Theater named afterLensoveta);
c1445889f2c15826e6d0b05c70cd739289c7e23d	Roman Borisovich Gromadsky, the Era of Ziganshin, Vladimir Tykke, etc. (Theater named afterLeninsky Komsomol);
5aca5dbe97f95b2d289f14ccf9118897cd97eceb	Stanislav Landgraf, Yuri Ovsyanko, Vladimir Osobik, etc. (Theater named afterKomissarzhevskaya);
ed22129f8c2caa38b67c16c26f4cdb6cd0c2f5b2	Elena Junger, Sergey Nikolaevich Filippov, Mikhail Svetin, etc. (Comedy Theater), etc.
e440d9aa86522668bfee88fafd0ba269b8f302ae	In Moscow, the formation of a new theatrical aesthetic took place more rapidly and clearly.
8b1527dba2ef133b02ea63492214c7e2c299fa45	Here, first of all, we should mention the name of Anatoly Vasilyevich Efros, who did not become the banner of any theatrical revolution, although his every performance aroused great interest of critics and viewers.
d5550b747ec6142fb5f529a14d849ce61c7f5292	Having headed the Central Children's Theater in 1954, Efros rallied around himself a group of talented young people Oleg Nikolaevich Efremov, Oleg Pavlovich Tabakov, Lev Konstantinovich Durov, etc. Here, in many ways, the artistic program was formed, which led to the opening of the Sovremennik Theater in 1958.
25806f1ec4073c612d935b626af386769fc1a11c	This marked the beginning of a new era of the Russian stage.
1045a30a33a0de459fd23d0ceefc1f3812a4294a	The renewal of the aesthetics of realistic psychological theater was combined in Sovremennik with the search for new means of artistic expression.
ad22144251779a989e4f0f42316fc498d836053f	The young troupe - Oleg Efremov, Oleg Tabakov, Evgeny Evstigneev, Igor Kvasha, Galina Volchek, etc. we worked with passion on the performances.
74e9ba133080a149f77b20f9265bf9b2fa8f9cb1	The audience recognition of the new theater was huge, queues for tickets were built from the night - as for tickets to the Moscow Art Theater in the first years of its existence.
5ebfa9c55d0935f6135b14a4a715622a41b813ab	However, in contrast to the Leningrad situation, a number of interesting director's aesthetics with a pronounced personality have appeared in Moscow.
e8419afc92e5de5a736a6742cb12836832d0f2db	Nikolai Pavlovich Okhlopkov was developing a heroic and romantic theme at the Mayakovsky Theater.
3e55d6832a96c9c011bd989353da5eb3d7eef276	After his death, Andrey Alexandrovich Goncharov, a master of catchy theatrical solutions, took over the directorial baton.
8cd4d3489066754640c338d066ac265e14a5f960	Vakhtangov's traditions of bright theatrical conventions were developed by Ruben Nikolaevich Simonov.
b114746e34d9e4c431201b7ef181a290c02dc4b3	In the Central Theater of the Red Army (today - the Central Academic Theater of the Russian Army), the traditions of psychological theater were preserved by Andrei Alekseevich Popov and Boris Alexandrovich Lviv Anokhin (who later headed the theater named after him.Stanislavsky and staged a lot at the Maly Theater).
edb8c6eb61d985ed852e0157e7d71abed655c5e3	Working in various theaters, Efros maintained the highest artistic authority for several decades.
37c57121baa5e4ce25a47f64eaede0396f652e28	Mark Zakharov, who later embodied his aesthetics in the Theater of Satire, passed his formation in the Theater of Satire.
81f1185acab221254a40d275d21ded7575bda5ec	Lenin Komsomol.
0e6975a0025a98eabf709aa7c2fd85d4aefda0a9	In the 1970s, success accompanied the debuts of directors Anatoly Vasiliev and Boris Morozov.
00ad5d759292900ca475644ec065efef6551b7eb	But perhaps the most famous Russian theater of the 1970s and 1980s was the Moscow Taganka Theater and its director Yuri Lyubimov.
e5ba9cc1f2008255df1c5fdd24d52d1aa0fa199a	During this time, several generations of wonderful actors have been formed in Moscow, belonging to different schools, possessing high professionalism and a bright personality.
f2fb7cf28998ff8a588605487335e6c98a6658ae	True, for a number of years the situation in the Moscow Art Theater troupe was sad - the legendary "old men of Moscow Art Theater" continued to shine on the stage, but the troupe began to be updated since 1970, when the theater was headed by Efremov.
e2c6425d1066819d62e59cdef2712769ba4780e0	Famous actors who were formed in different theaters, but managed to create a new magnificent ensemble came here: Evgeny Alexandrovich Evstigneev, Alexander Kalyagin, Innokenty Smoktunovsky, Elena Vasilyeva, Anastasia Vertinskaya, Andrey Myagkov, Georgy Burkov, Yuri Bogatyrev, Oleg Tabakov.
eb8b3046483c5ac3ba5eb23a08611a7ce5193306	A new generation of actors appeared in the Maly Theater next to Mikhail Tsarev, Boris Babochkin, Elena Gogoleva: Eleonora Bystritskaya, Rufina Nifontova, V. Konigson, Nikita Podgorny, later Vitaly and Yuri Solomin, etc. At the theater.
edf29c3a2ea14e48d5ae8def5f1491618dd6bc2a	Vakhtangov's new generations of actors, starting with the immortal "Princess Turandot", are included in the repertoire: Nikolai Gritsenko, Mikhail Ulyanov, Yuri Yakovlev, Vladimir Etush, Vasily Lanovoy, etc. At the theater.
be2913aea691defa5860faf861e85cc647599f15	The Moscow City Council troupe is joined by Faina Ranevskaya, Nina Drobysheva, Igor Kostolevsky, Georgy Taratorkin, Maria Terekhova, Vera Talyzina, and others.
60a9943be245b8439cdfd76f199b0077812954bb	A whole constellation of theater and cinema stars plays in the Satire Theater: Alexander Shirvindt, Andrey Mironov, Spartak Mishulin, Vera Vasilyeva, Olga Aroseva, Tatyana Vasilyeva, Tatyana Peltzer, who later follows Mark Zakharov to the Theater.
1c4f6d50657f102dc6a5078bc6cf031c8b2ed31d	In this troupe there are many high profile acting names: Evgeny Leonov, Oleg Yankovsky, Alexander Abdulov, Alexander Zbruev, Inna Churikova, Nikolai Karachentsev, Tatyana Dogileva, etc.
b0a8a94303814986ddb7e41d171b2abd2f4356c2	In Sovremennik, actors whose names become no less famous are added to the core of the troupe: Maria Neelova, Lia Akhedzhakova, Valentin Gaft, Elena Yakovleva, etc. At the Malaya Bronnaya Theater, where Lydia Sukharevskaya and Boris Tenin shone in the early 1960s, Lev Durov, Mikhail Kozakov, Gennady Saifullin and others play in Efros ' performances.
93ca8f9c422eb32989d90b1fe6f5589137c91b68	After the premieres at the Theater.
d8dff0291eda163d69fef0335d4862e57f4819bf	Stanislavsky's "The Adult Daughter of a young man" (staged by A.Vasiliev) and "Cyrano de Bergerac" (staged by B. Morozov), the names of Albert Filozov, Emmanuel Vitorgan, Alla Balter became known.
0a0215912ae05b8226a3d27635df1f07c15e4a60	The personalities of Lyubov Polishchuk, Yevgeny Gerchakov and others are revealed in the Hermitage Theater under the direction of M. Levitin.
40451f791085278dd9fca7fe72712059125e1e56	The talents of Armen Dzhigarkhanyan, Svetlana Nemolyaeva, Natalia Gundareva, Alexander Fatyushin and others are being formed and strengthened by Mayakovsky.
435807c3e7fc3ed3e79518d2b339e22f6a66bfc8	The idols of at least two generations of viewers are Lyubimov actors of the Taganka Theater: Vladimir Vysotsky, Valery Zolotukhin, N. Gubenko, Zinaida Slavina, Leonid Filatov, Mikhail Politsemako, Inna Ulyanova, etc.
b3c13339ddd0c0030fc322f5266699573f8cce38	On the one hand, the theatrical successes of the Russian theaters of the 1960s and 1980s were not won easily.
ca9a41e6f76bf1daa7d3209f5cea456dc5a6377f	On the other hand, the semi official status of the theater-"oppositionist" almost always gave its performances an additional "audience capital": they initially received a greater chance of rolling success and being ranked among creative victories (often despite the real artistic level).
ff03f63dec373076459592ada43e049a47eb9b30	This is evidenced by the history of the Taganka Theater: any performance of the first "Lyubimov" period was considered brilliant in the liberal environment, professional criticism of shortcomings was most often regarded as strikebreaking.
73bb86b181ce19336e565b280c809de0183e980a	On the Russian stage of that time, allegory, hint, allusions to modern reality reigned this was the key to audience success.
ca89b95555fd01d57b56a9682525277fe0a81184	At the same time, we should not forget that in the public situation of state theaters, all theatrical experiments (including political ones) were funded by the state.
df34b5e3235b4c0b9ef212a5eed3f50ed319ccbf	By the early 1980s, a new theater building with modern technical equipment was built for the semi oval Taganka.
781ad1e19c013957b274d558f4ea947d74d68461	Often, political and social criteria in the evaluation of performances often outweighed artistic ones - both in official and informal evaluation.
8f339116a1e70a56c4bda0dea37c24e5caa77c2e	A balanced, adequate attitude to the performances of that time was almost impossible.
769c80a4f6353c912d899c41488c75a7adab7935	Very few people understood it then. http://scit.boom.ru/music/teatr/Russiu teatr.htm 5.
2e887310ae1640bd163ff2e3b9b89c2880e70ec2	Theater Today
57d3ff11192c1172a03f08ede7971daf9ac5c92d	The first period of weakening (and after - and cancellation) of ideological control was accompanied by euphoria: now you can put and show the audience anything.
9ece115b59a9917bb27ada884c35e7e4ff0c7e40	After the abolition of the centralization of theaters, new collectives were organized in many places - studio theaters, entreprises, etc.
9ea6a4f97bf9cfbeebe5587ac142b79df861e387	And if in the conditions of state financing of the theater, filling the auditorium is not too important, then with self sufficiency, a full house in the hall is the most important condition for survival.
c90471c5582760261d192657a0c6f2649d41cddd	In these conditions, the professions of manager and producer could become especially popular in the theater, which, in addition to studying audience demand, would be engaged in searching for sponsors and investors.
a6be2f2fc26f13178326c08dea1191ef0d73302f	However, today the most talented and successful theater producers are directors and actors (one of the examples is Oleg Tabakov).
b6acea261b23bd53fc053a1ff48baa09a9e51880	Truly talented directors (especially those who combine creative talent with the ability to fit into the situation of a market economy) were able to" survive " and were given the opportunity to fully reveal their ideas.
d0c8cb9458289f416f1391fb766f77cd34734752	Along with recognized masters Pyotr Fomenko, Valery Fokin, Oleg Tabakov, Roman Viktyuk, Alexander Kalyagin, Galina Volchek, Kama Ginkas, Henrietta Yanovskaya, Joseph Reichelgauz, Konstantin Raikin, Sergey Artsibashev, as well as even younger and radical avant gardists: Boris Yukhananov, Anatoly Praudin, etc. successfully work.
e85961afc976fc06e685833835a2b04c0474820e	The direction of hepening and installation, which is adjacent to the theater, is actively developing.
b3d3dd7aa0a7d178c8e546c7370811d68736e299	I. Eppelbaum, starting from the aesthetics of the puppet theater, experiments with all the components of the spectacle in his Shadow theater.
b2bc13eb6c54e452d5ef156399a7e254b5970b41	Evgeny Grishkovets invents his own theatrical aesthetics.
af1546d2d0fb64e959e231c9c48987390a961597	Since 2002, the project has been opened Театр.doc based on the rejection of the literary basis of the performances: the material for them are transcripts of real interviews with representatives of the social group to which the heroes of future productions also belong.
712f5cfcd5dceffbb80e42816edfd51c5cbbd985	And this is not all of today's theatrical experiments, access to world culture and its theatrical experience has largely contributed to the new round of development of the Russian theater, which helps to understand one's own work and move to the next stage.
5ba52a04f15b4e1d347acc99f11c72d1c2ae7989	The need for theatrical reform is widely discussed today.
7a511a841ea6930cd394387ceb6178c679de0537	For the first time, the question of the urgent need for theatrical reform was raised in the early 1980s.
3197c99212e93eb72e5ca899c43ae3ee1efcb30b	However, at that time it was mainly related to the need to change the labor legislation of the actors ' work.
961ac89f11909a0347350f23eb329c384be7f20c	The fact is that in the troupes of state theaters, along with the popular actors, there were many who had not received roles for years.
d1aab911d2e0be48f5eb3775c8160702b77cce50	However, it was impossible to dismiss them, which means that hiring new members of the troupe was impossible.
90a8e3201ef4d191d470eb089d43a8819063705a	The Ministry of Culture of the RSFSR, as an experiment, in the early 1980s, introduced the so called re election system in some theaters, when the contract with the actors was concluded only for a few years.
8c33f3c3a8726a634035578dbbff1aaef5f53cd9	This system then caused a lot of debate and discontent: the main argument against it was the reproach of social insecurity.
1305502921ecdeecebb4db1b10817410020031d3	However, the change in the political formation of Russia destroyed the relevance of such a reform: the market economy itself began to regulate the number of theater troupes.
4120ea0dd7bdbea6f7b461508eb4b802104c8710	Vyrypaev I.
1b5aeeb2e5c9a3903207e486983d638bbbf6e3ca	The Russian repertory theater is long dead.
fe2bd467e5e85494b4f4304998dddd9d5773b783	Does Russia need a theater reform?
18a1a4ae19de2b4c418d9239c6eedd7cc5bd9a61	"Izvestia", 2005, April 6 In the post Soviet period, the contours of theater reform have changed dramatically, they have moved mainly to the field of financing theater groups, the need for state support for culture in general and theaters in particular, etc.
d5cf2a9d7be73cee825ad430108fb2ff258b48b2	The possible reform causes a wide variety of opinions and a heated debate.
937482a34d58daca0db949c38e0082c82441ec67	The first steps of this reform were the decree of the Government of Russia in 2005 on additional financing of a number of theaters and educational theater institutions in Moscow and St. Petersburg.
c0f1938aed1e1f96312e32b01f10aee1dd93df29	However, the systematic development of the theater reform scheme is still far away.
29eefea19d4744193e9685c26639b7425689d32a	It is still unclear what it will be like.
0cfe898fc273fda7861ffb0503b4a32c13b2ccb3	It artistically reflected the life and struggle of our people, changes in consciousness, the spiritual world, the social psychology of people, captured the precious creative experience of K. S. Stanislavsky and V. I. Nemirovich Danchenko, V. E. Meyerhold and others.
fe7b8e54f9521602d69228bdd9eaa6edb3e75bb2	Modernity is the soul of theatrical dramatic art. An actor cannot create without contact with the audience, he is watched and evaluated today, therefore, his art must meet the thoughts, feelings, tastes of today's viewers.
65066a59edbc528865bdafcdef124f348bc88ada	A theater that does not want to be empty, that wants to excite, shock and educate, must clearly listen to the pulse of its time in order to have the opportunity and the right to lead the audience.
9a35675679eda99e0a15c88bbda426269d1c009c	The strength of our theater lies in its desire to be at the forefront of the struggle for the best of the poor, in the richness and variety of creative searches that are led by different and different, but going to the same goal, masters of the Soviet theater.
a5c2a3de533e99c23bd2487984ceca93c0fa69f2	K. S. Stanislavsky said very well: "The best thing is when people live in art, harass something, defend something, fight for something, argue, win or, on the contrary, remain defeated.
3b791db6a27988e4beab665421005205f1c06c0d	Struggle creates victories and conquests.
f7accebc40bbfe2489fc5f5766f9e98c2310b1ae	The worst thing is when everything is calm in art, everything is adjusted, defined, legalized, does not require disputes, struggle, defeat, and therefore victories."
38926f639514969b1f01e02b363999ac32b98cf7	Haichenko G.
094f9592c3a15e890d5049ad142b7cb63a75c0b0	A., Pages of the history of the Soviet theater, Moscow, 1983, pp.
7dc2c822f43e7fa1ff39f70b583630b3b2a03044	267-268.
c5a2c3379de186c31fdfe1925780d3447f5827ce	1. The Great Russian Encyclopedia, M., 2004.
6da149f1a03be01c8ac96f88b019cfffb528245e	2. The skill of the actor in terms and definitions of K. S. Stanislavsky.
e772c2204d7a4dc00bd73f068b6adea884dc91cd	M., 1961 3.
c54c6a14af31a1c02cff4ecb8982c5e25213b6de	Belinsky V. G. About drama and theater in 2 tt .
7361da82341f0c9b693fe9a76d53602f42b4b692	M., 1983 4.
4b9c719b38505dc15d8e29a5cbb573ac7e2fa056	Zavadsky Yu.
091108124797afe5bc0226f501ff4e47d7b66ad0	A. Teachers and students.
189796350a6e72d55db989978fdeebba78408802	M., 1975 5.
19856b3989690c788573ad4a5fff30c47954e504	Zograf N. G. Maly Theater at the end of the 19-20 centuries.
7389f95f69926337a7566c0897c1a6b22e79da6c	Moscow, 1966 6.
22d2c1a64e07b3cfe34afabe83ec662471425ba7	Zolotnitsky D. I. Academic theaters on the paths of October.
19054af54933e674efdc717a0436e93fcc892d0a	L., 1982 7.
6c382f2fed631a4d74dea920fa7887c83d5fc024	Tolstykh V. I., Aesthetic education, M., 1984.
68f1ca7dbc7b3eaf2bd94a5f9a64990219c1669f	8. Khaychenko G.
a99cb60a6162f94d84a8bd5d4e6a3a61cf2a99b9	A., Pages of the history of the Soviet theater, M., 1983, p. 269 9.
1d11d7a18f831018f1ccc147e56d258f6d8aeffd	11 10.
c6e30a641a9d18b3ae947f2e0a019e4ac36eedf5	"Izvestia", 2005, April 6, 11. http://scit.boom.ru/music/teatr/Russiu teatr.htm 12. http://www.krugosvet.ru
ef282a613be5e40c5f57f075c7009e5214826013	ABSTRACTS © 2010
8b952c13b09e04fc9b741f3227c8dde28f66e0b6	Medical science is one of the main sciences of mankind.
01dcfe25f4bda1563887980e5e720b7cc6bdd5c7	But, despite the undoubted achievements, medicine is still powerless in the rapidly growing cancers, diabetes, AIDS.
d7c6303abf04909f88bae2d053295a360c453f8e	Why doctors, instead of treating the disease, often engage in kidney and other organ transplants.
2939c2623108ee25f56bbefd4504d36fa7038aab	According to statistics, only 17% have a correct diagnosis.
b2f8b01e4d60a801cf23ac1fcf67ad8b6dd35a9f	Humanity still sees a serious crisis in the development of modern medicine.
05329991547a31c908ac3804058fd1e45dcabd9a	Every day more and more new unfamiliar types of diseases appear.
33931361994c4ec1e6f5e1f720927cebafcc37ba	If we talk about the positive aspects, then with surgical interventions or infectious diseases, medicine reaches the highest levels.
88b8a2e309441606f800dade28d8067abe0aaa56	And when it comes to children's diseases, doctors can not reduce the number of schizophrenia, autism and mental problems.
19a88a2216d5bda393459dc089090f90f9e13c3b	Now there are more than 70,000 types of the disease.
58505386a5567bedc077a966313c7be14a90f08f	Medicine is desperately struggling more and more, and there are fewer and fewer successes.
2211a6fe31b43d7a8e5c662720b716af8a4f3101	The disease in the human body develops due to improper nutrition and improper lifestyle.
1d1e256b3cb26f4d73dd0b02b2090d75f5fecedc	But a person learns about the disease at the wrong time.
dc13ca9b6ed4a4c93719aa068542ffde46e3de37	So why can't medicine defeat all diseases?
7e956f0f69046be85ee2941bd7a2b0d522979a2f	There is an opinion that it is not profitable for medicine to treat the disease.
f726eedcd5679274a0b73641a46a00eaf1785873	Doctors as a tool of pharmaceutical and medical companies, both for economic and financial purposes, and in other cases.
6feb45f60b8336c3ae876eb68dbdbecb69c9c51a	At the reception, the doctor most often prescribes expensive antibiotics.
f1dc78875fbbf5fe7fe01abd31a6617305e6f00f	This is a benefit for both the pharmacy and the doctor himself, because in many European countries he is owed interest for this.
902555d2a6f520898316f4c4c8b6316339505c95	It turns out that the market rules the world.
66d900f61672691981eb3b6d65cfa3dca0de5e20	Infertility is slowly eliminated with the help of in vitro fertilization.
10c07c6a45f525e0bd85630396b65ed362b0bc17	But in addition to the above-mentioned problems of medicine, it is necessary to say about the achievements in medicine.
d9911502367830e2c3968c6abe9f16d5cd5cb2e0	What will be the medicine of the future, no one knows yet.
71dd92e5bab74c86d86b2def129e77877265661d	Medicine has developed and evolved since time immemorial, when shamans and healers learned to use natural ingredients to treat ailments back in those distant times.
f2be2d75fbce2669653c2d82f2d892250f840082	As a rule, the treatment was carried out with herbs.
d741c52b4b35af1dec8c5f95bb58ba81586ff142	With the development of society, not only medicine developed, various diseases also mutated, adapting to the medicines used by healers.
3821395dccf82f374ac3dfed8b3e7aca2960714e	In the Soviet Union, medicine reached a certain level, but, nevertheless, due to funding problems and political vicissitudes, there were not enough skills and high-quality equipment for the treatment of some diseases.
115bde3e1931afdfd1d3c2d3cba1fda64e9539c8	After the collapse of the Soviet Union, with the transition to market relations, the necessary equipment began to be imported into the country.
ed86a796b0204c6e53914509e9071b23a39b8488	Immediately after that, a whole wave of opening of private clinics, hospitals, health facilities swept through.
d31bb549cd54348c7ed9d9ce5ef24a21db35da7d	An agitation program directed against state medicine was immediately held.
ff5896d65857ff0cd5a371dfba4a89f0cc85f527	It said that Soviet medical workers were trained in the old-fashioned way, without delving into the understanding of modern diseases.
be71dc2b5631d5aedb3ae633e4c7a62a9838a407	The newly minted fashionable doctors had diplomas and certificates with loud names in English, which indicated that they had completed training courses abroad.
1aec6513c8508e2dd6151e3e7de8a1e1ff7cb601	The attitude of the population after perestroika to everything imported was extremely loyal.
ef1e831b24e4e69b49c63ed66d7f7c2197dca7eb	After all, you all remember those times when, after a shortage of everything possible, the Russians attacked the filled shelves of stores.
b207de67932e64c95b22cfa6bb15478034ab147d	But was everything as it was shown to us in advertising and promoted everywhere?
bc6ddb600063d11d7965186e76690d6bdd44fad2	The fact is that during the Soviet era, although bribery was accepted, there were no cases of deliberately incorrect treatment in polyclinics and hospitals.
e10af7887a18c692e7e8a82f88631e292844c65f	All the time, strict control was carried out by the Ministry of Health.
a81eb324d3954621d2c8c6785fb3189139812fbc	In the 90s, everything changed dramatically.
d1a61aea62d4aa0d84618c437f6f7ac54b967847	The country, which could not count on its budgets, ceased to control many social spheres.
35964461b2fecf364f0c6403275bd6190393abb6	This was used by private clinics and other medical institutions that are not on state accreditation.
4f35bad30fe6111aebe401aa13d4edf09d670690	Medicine and healthcare have fully moved from the sphere of social assistance, albeit paid, and has turned into a very profitable business.
b1c9469d2da97ad9c2832e0dcdcac245d3428f86	If before that doctors somehow tried to work conscientiously, now, having felt the smell of money, all altruism and professionalism receded into the background, the main task was to earn money on diseases and their treatment.
6960c663643dcd322655f3aef80616cfda9af2f7	Everyone probably knows the simplest and, at the same time, the main law of the market: do not look for a buyer, in order to sell once, create regular consumers.
89d2d82f27c2cc6c10fb5a82cb0052f63ba3f3c4	This postulate was guided then, and continues to this day.
8ac30d05538ba61063b9da06c045c4797bbc4ee4	There are many cases when people who turned to private clinics were cured of the disease, but at the same time acquired new diseases, with which they were forced to go there as well.
41d2e23f6f385e70664160c4643969ef0877d9c9	It is also worth noting the market of medicines, which is not without reason considered one of the most profitable in the world.
15a3ad3e0719df8311c67efc184b994e4d31cb30	All the negative aspects associated with improper treatment can not be retold.
4344303ca4576e800ac4814faa13aeaf55ca8a6a	Separately, we can talk about moral principles, or rather their absence, and the responsibility of the doctors themselves.
5b1cdc7ae88f17be8e5c550cac09d2b49bcfa274	Not all doctors treat their work conscientiously, although it cannot be said that there are no truly disinterested doctors.
8fe229d9813e0594f00ea7512862d990e87da44e	The Government and the ministry bear a huge responsibility for this development of medicine.
7f844ede39a2b11e8b8bc906c2a81c71c176df85	Budgets were spent on everything, but not on medicine.
fa2c5f072b81308b7c81c60e30efd1bef04febfb	Do you remember the moment when doctors ' salaries fell sharply?
27a7d671509cdaaeaf1d1744de7f9d33dc4b8d97	All this was the prerequisites for the development of this situation, the fruits of which we continue to reap even now.
7b6442498f0fda238291d871e21ede318f30db60	Of course, such a development of events in the world of medicine had not only negative consequences.
636679e56c11407ec7c22c110e37615a75611873	Thanks to imported equipment, the level of medical diagnostics has significantly improved.
b58c7649312924600ccd51939ed34939691091d5	With the help of the latest technologies, many diseases that doctors used to give up and throw up their hands before are now treatable.
54aa786ad4a5af72c94f859e6d66f3ff737870a0	Now it is not necessary to go abroad for a course of treatment, as it was before.
2e651f8426848fe46972d4c09426bd0d2b2ada77	The level of service in medical institutions has also increased.
4f122dec8de74b04fe90e0bd5372c2ee6ce6a9ab	If earlier the hospital was a deplorable sight, and there was practically no service, now any medical center sparkles with whiteness and smiles of polite and courteous staff.
5a81a9c67a445f2ffd386be680d77ba6dd838a44	And the most important difference, of course, was the cost of medical services.
791c07bc31f4603ca3a47c01b7bd8f57c43554ab	In order to undergo a full examination in a private clinic, you will have to pay no less than about a thousand or one and a half dollars.
ef107e3da39e9e6f66475e04b76f8eb9d435b8ba	The alternative will be state medical care, where the level of professionalism of doctors has significantly decreased.
427dd56c4d466db971b68c10dbcce4c5d67eb951	Any successful doctor, of course, gets a job in private clinics.
4ada5ba0a52105b64971d7c58cb7c0c25932cc72	Finishing the excursion on modern medicine, I would like to wish what is most valued in our time: health.
2a7730d8b213dd18b09aebd3318143c689be30aa	Reforming the primary health care system (equipping medical institutions with medical and diagnostic equipment, sanitary transport, professional development of personnel);
99864ec194d09b6522db78709f251adec5643288	Providing medical care to women during pregnancy, childbirth, and in the postpartum period through the system of birth certificates;
4d89b8ff5cbde2ee6ba31a35037fe430ee94e3dd	Strengthening the preventive orientation of medical care (this is an annual medical examination, vaccination, examination by narrow specialists, rehabilitation of disabled people);
574f428cc71b8f5914e36aa27640b699150943c2	Increasing the availability of high-tech and specialized medical care (development of centers for cardiac surgery, toxicology, oncology, etc.)
db2dfcfee3ffd42459e2cc976d3bd5816ccc07fb	But despite the increased development and modernization of our healthcare, we are on the 146th place in terms of life expectancy.
63ab7f619e82accb5d21e93fb5bd81c2624d8a1e	According to Rosstat data of the last population census for 2010, the population of Russia decreased by 2.2 million people (1.6%) compared to the data of the 2002 census.
3623fc4d9f9dd5028598b915aa5cec54c2ad0d72	Of course, a big plus of our medicine is a good quality diagnosis on modern hardware and laboratory equipment, the availability of any examination due to the expansion of the network of paid services, as well as the strengthening of preventive orientation.
781c4ce48dcfdaf649538209c8dd7e5712add4d0	And the disadvantage of our medicine is that the treatment, especially of chronic diseases, is not at the proper level.
1e54615319623c980c0a9114d6265e0e0a6f8d26	If a person is elderly, and he has a lot of concomitant pathology, he turns to different specialists and each prescribes his own treatment, consisting of at least 5 names of medicines.
496e7f4258c808bae5abbe13750213968ec96676	Try to take all this "chemistry"!
757f4f8c4fa2ef5a47205e706e86ce805af1af62	What kind of body can withstand this?!
cad784316efb2599c92ad48213505b790d89030e	After all, it's no secret that every drug has a lot of side effects and contraindications, and taking them is not only harmful, but also life-threatening.
58ad4b45ecd54f0c5aa05a48fe0bfe78d9e493b9	The pharmaceutical industry is now "on a horse".
15a1859b8b353994e7c836698c4ecd372adfafd7	A sea of new and new medicines is being produced, which even doctors find it difficult to keep track of.
58e3e25a9155d9a18236551eb64eb0e693c22a16	It is not for nothing that the mass media raised the issue of introducing prescriptions for drugs in order to suspend the uncontrolled use of medicines, among which there are also fakes.
f7c4d2dc9d30614295ec36763967a16119bb953b	On the Radio of Russia and in the press every day there is a powerful advertising of various dietary supplements and honey. drugs that are still poorly studied, and maybe even not studied at all, so it is necessary
eceeee208a3aab7eb8dce63011a01edcfee0b57a	The appearance of homeopathy is associated with the name of the German physician Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843).
8536d817090a0d248df9e5438944d9cb25085936	Its main principle - the treatment of "similar" using small doses-is confirmed by life and many years of experience in practical medical work.
405aa74ac11388af95de6c028b055a5bcc388654	Homeopathy with its small doses of medicines (of plant and mineral origin) differs sharply from "official" medicine, which uses medium, and if necessary large and very large doses of medicines (allopathy - or treatment with the opposite).
85a53f4ddb985af66292755ee077a7e55730d1f3	Each of these two treatment systems - allopathic and homeopathic-have their own advantages and disadvantages, and therefore both have the right to exist.
2b6fb0c1bd56ec29bc4484ce9407b0d56eb604ca	Their ultimate goal is the same - to help a sick person.
3f4566a904b728e374984284a1d32d6f04b93bbd	The great advantage of the homeopathic method of treatment is that it does not give harmful side effects on the body.
4a9b235f47a1ce56775117cdcd7eb35ab46e6409	I believe that this is an ideal option for the treatment of chronic diseases.
6866dff5b9e6ab4270d7e708e990ad5215473235	The main rule of taking homeopathic medicines is not to mix them with food.
b92ec75fff6264938b9a66ff36fab22f97d4deb7	Is it better to take it for 30?60 minutes before a meal or an hour after a meal.
0cf5636e19c4db5de83daa938793b82686d59201	You can not drink alcohol and smoke during the treatment period.
2847978e534b4930f9980d07122fe6eac1b887af	It was believed that the insurance model would improve the quality of medical work due to the control functions of insurers.
282a05180cd6eac4db09a204ba951dae91ca7646	This did not happen, because the control is not subject to the work of a doctor, not the results of his medical activity, but the quality of maintaining medical records.
b05a978f4bcbed76dd4a94dafafb33ce775de99f	Doctors are suffocating from the bureaucratization of work, when there is no time left for human relations with the patient, especially for reflection.
065e3d143c814efca57c713eaf487b0b20c4a997	The refusal to trust one category of medical doctors raises doubts about the decency of another category-the experts themselves.
69f91f85206b631a8b10789d5b4460912b65db14	As a result, it will be necessary to introduce control over the controllers, which will ultimately lead to absurdity.
8b568691fc1a0999fea59ecb99ad7e7d5d8ecd4e	By creating a chain of intermediaries, the insurance system increases the bureaucratization of the management apparatus.
1a26ce6b89708a06c6368b85b7b3a703c8dc0fd9	The same defects also affect the certification of medical institutions, which is carried out not according to the actual state of affairs, but according to easily falsified documents.
97754d0a36d2a1c4377581998c9a8486d1d049ca	It is argued that the effectiveness of the health care facilities should be evaluated not by medical, but by economic indicators.
d01fcf1c4ef7ca5b51ac75c1de98f6c3e28102ba	Accordingly, it is not doctors trained for administrative work who should manage polyclinics, hospitals, maternity hospitals, but financial managers.
1f249c1fc1b350cd9a502a7c5273c3f5adef64ea	Even the head of the Ministry of Health is entrusted not to a medical professional, but to a financier and economist.
ac6c2d02c233611d69daf609c342787102ce00b2	Undoubtedly, money is an important condition for the effective work of medical and preventive institutions.
b5498c44240660902df4a9e2266df058771b588b	The goal should be to improve the quality of diagnosis and treatment.
e38c588d6b1d6e795e458b81fda5c2b384d428b8	Forcibly turning into businessmen, doctors are forced to subordinate their actions to market logic, realizing the unethical primacy of monetary interests in relations with patients.
e0a9b26d214544719c7c67e462e0404942da46ff	Commercialization forces doctors to be interested in increasing the number of patients, since their work is paid according to the number of treated patients.
8c96aa3d8ab837e4f0c2fa1d898d549009cbcadc	It is beneficial for the doctor that the disease is more severe, and the patient has more concomitant diseases, since this increases the cost of the service provided.
e6d04174d828ca2c6ba6f2edcce16ac93094a7ef	The doctor is not interested in curing an acute illness, but in transferring it to a chronic state so that the patient goes to him all his life.
7327ec9d63c5e2248969b4412aa6f315f0cbdfc9	Evaluating the success of a doctor by the amount of money earned, market healthcare forces to carry out more diagnostic procedures, perform more operations, prescribe more expensive medicines.
b41928fac7973b1b849852544f84fe883a984045	Every year, surgeons around the world remove hundreds of thousands of healthy organs: uteruses, mammary glands, prostates, etc.on the false assumption of the presence of neoplasms.
cacfb0c93bbf7d5d4ce8f3091638d7d187fd0d1f	In Russia, a cesarean section is now performed on almost every fourth and fifth woman in labor, whereas before it was a rarity.
529401d2a9e435e5f7597a45c2cf7ccb0d04fa17	The declared free choice of a doctor is a demagogic phrase, behind which there is no mechanism for its implementation.
e0e1f4d46e0e1315a3be5eb01ae9232317fb6c76	In order to correctly choose a doctor or a medical institution, the patient must know all their advantages and disadvantages.
6813bfd952b2ce5510d4bd72ce7891cebf0e0eef	He does not have such an opportunity due to the lack of a mechanism for collecting full-fledged information.
46dff19a7d80238ff6310e1ac53b6776305ee90e	It's like offering air passengers the freedom to choose an airplane pilot according to the criteria of a good voice and a smart uniform.
8b7aa05916f214795224f1f8d30a4529a0289669	As a result, a courteous dilettante from medicine will be considered a good doctor, and a rude person, but a great professional, will be considered a bad one.
7b432676a9ab223074726e071bdf0fdb9b8736c6	The mistakes of choice also extend to the preference for expensive medical institutions, because more expensive services are not necessarily better.
b2fa9d21c20edb229408c9ce27bd209bd2796757	Even accounting for complications in hospitals does not serve as a universal criterion for the effectiveness of their activities.
528a54a9fa699cd413d8178ae31dec5c1664a2b3	If the institution accepts more serious patients, complications and deaths are more likely to occur there.
72eb77ae2e9bb7283c571dc3a8c33556f8f5c633	Therefore, in the pursuit of monetary profit, hospitals will stop taking difficult patients.
2db7e7a376fbf7b3dd77187cdfe43c648560d340	Which model is preferable for the population of Russia, if each has advantages and disadvantages?
d3e3ddf5054c71ba4d516ad07fd4c114fecba1ac	The main advantages of health insurance are higher technical equipment and greater responsibility of the doctor to the patient.
e57f0e464f86a7b95a9f0292f8acb73d9a289447	The disadvantages include less fairness in the distribution of services, dehumanization of the doctor - patient relationship, pronounced bureaucratization and corruption of the system, high financial costs, low level of professional solidarity, interest in increasing the number of solvent patients and a shift in emphasis from health promotion and disease prevention to medical activities.
08882506906c26f06853d27ff0dea56f6aab2470	The advantage of budgetary healthcare is the availability of medical care to the entire population, fairness in the distribution of resources, equal opportunities for health promotion, broad administrative powers for mass preventive work, professional solidarity on a disinterested basis.
f4d01c3215d75f965c8ccca2e1b87d18e9f30f7d	The negative features are less responsibility to the patient, insufficient level of funding and technical equipment, less quality service, greater inertia to the perception of innovations.
f05c8973410bea5e1e6cf4c244b2ecb742b6df50	Based on the analysis of the pros and cons, taking into account the mentality of the Russian population and doctors, it seems optimal for Russia to combine the advantages of both models and minimize their negative properties on the basis of budget healthcare.
dcec142d173c2fac61adfcfbbca878cb8a8e6c67	This decision complies with the provisions of the Russian Constitution on free medical care.
8bf6cec55c3dfb5c5392f1c2618721a9a72eb6db	If the state needs health care, it must pay for it, as it pays for the maintenance of the army, police, court, fire protection, etc.
80b26e1a2614222b33457eb33920152dcc8402b5	The amount of payment is determined by the quality that society needs.
f22db8cc13bc56df8678725fc43a4769cf9dbfc1	And not in the form of national projects, but as a fixed expenditure part of the budget, with the justification of the calculation technology in relation to the required quality.
8554e0e6b743af775a6540aa9a394e077d08cb4a	The salaries of doctors and nursing staff should be linked at purchasing power parity to the payment of similar labor in the countries of the European Community.
f4b2a4c1533c2bfb980dc54285341da1d478f248	At least at the transitional stage, the salary of a doctor should be determined in the amount of three times the average salary in the country, the salary of a paramedic-70%, nurses-50%, orderlies-40% of the medical rate.
7edec8de095ee21717208000c469375fd9209c64	The funds allocated by the state should be directed not to the FOMS, but directly to healthcare.
ed0feb57870d09e43d78844d786addef09fa0961	The volume of medical services guaranteed to the population should be developed by the Academy of Medical Sciences.
b759dbb932dec96c39bc6d653f8ecb298efe16f7	In such conditions, no more than 5% of the total number of doctors will be engaged in private practice.
799d02d8308dd947412c3a9b37d635a138874a0f	Instead of licensing, which turned out to be unable to influence the level of qualification of specialists and medical institutions, it will be necessary to introduce standards.
91856940d3811e1c5605b195bdf0a5ec85639452	The accuracy of their compliance will be ensured by a system of ongoing monitoring, including patient assessments, and periodic checks.
72cd0b7693813f4996bcc22c07298ac62fb07f0b	Managers are financially and administratively responsible for violating the standards.
53bbdf014225eb4df0f0138650e76426f51bdd08	The application of penalties to universities and institutions of postgraduate education for gross mistakes of their graduates will contribute to improving the quality of student education and postgraduate training of doctors.
50efc043ca950d01daf31c97e90061619e9b6105	The professionalism of the doctors ' activities is most effectively controlled through production meetings.
ec2789832d91c82cf19a1ec64eb5aeafa89e14ad	Analyzing mistakes in the presence of colleagues is a more severe punishment than formal checks by insurance companies.
768667c5939c7a8b39d1e82dac4683994071177b	Controversial issues are submitted to the National Medical Association for consideration.
0bcd692755df9f60145fa3db086f519c1e770105	The criterion for the effectiveness of health care activities should be the compliance of the results obtained with the advanced achievements of medicine, taking into account specific equipment and funding.
922c2bb232c12a02e1a66ac6afd6138161525dfb	In American medical practice, the main incentive for professional development is money.
df9064d0a84b28a846c55ee069d8d89e923176d2	Work harder and better to become richer.
2c0824dd7b1ab28bac51b80f0dc9753f27616db6	A doctor is a provider of medical services, a patient is a consumer.
f07dbeea64ca8730476fd046c6c2c8ad035d5ebc	Therefore, the relations between them are based on market principles.
18c0a1a9e9371dff6e91e642adbabfc03b5ed9b0	In Russian culture, the determining motive of medical activity is conscience, duty, service - treat the patient the way you would like to be treated.
4f4a7f9d76b1dfec571f1553d01035c2bda01c5a	A priest and a doctor are two specialties before which you can pour out the pain of a suffering soul.
1c23583463735c61d874d6ece1946ebca3ce42ed	If communicating with a doctor does not make the patient feel better, you are a bad doctor.
775b6df1ebf1c9ea69cabc0f8ba0e14fb09647d7	Serve people more and better, and your care will be appreciated financially.
b43d0a5b5286f9da10b62f073a42cfa1ee989d72	The choice of the insurance model of healthcare by politicians was justified by references to Western countries that use this system as more effective.
7eb1116f1d0c8d98541d3ea96e5b7468796e239a	This statement does not correspond to reality, since both models interact competitively in Western Europe.
de555f8e5277849b6fc3d2bc690be9ccc32d17b7	The main argument for introducing the market into medicine was the hope of attracting additional investments to low budget financing with the help of the mandatory medical insurance fund.
900fd00e811a0934394ac933d777ebed957bbb3c	Very often, free medicine ceases to be such when it comes to deadly serious diseases.
203acfe06d9e179a58fe06ae4bb96cc7230aeb8d	Queues for operations force you to give money.
89051cd5ee5fce0c56c7d067525886dc1c34bf71	In fact, according to experts, the shadow turnover of funds in domestic medicine reaches colossal proportions.
e56267be2dbbe987bb6542c4c3bc00614e10aba1	They pay therapists, pediatricians, and narrow specialists.
334383e8040e02059dfecfb287f0af872a2e7351	The fee for separate wards and the best care is semi-official.
b32178e4e8681ec0281a42d5f6a7a9f331edb430	Even childbirth with a duty team is very rarely completely free.
09b56787a4366a071902fc6909e0df05456b00a9	Some branches of medicine, by definition, cannot be paid.
39997a04d59522a6f83496a30afebb7850b88404	Perhaps there will be a difference in attitude in some places, but when life and health are at stake, personal attitude, in the end, is not so important.
93b3e01ff7f1f270124e9158067833d8519d2f54	Currently, laser treatment is used in all branches of medicine.
118da222c8f15ce95d3fa73bf8bd5ae2db82e1e3	Laser technologies are most widely used in ophthalmology, dentistry, general, vascular and plastic surgery, urology, gynecology.
622cf873cd3ba43f35ea08650e5b895956a8f962	Lasers are also used in plastic surgery.
b226871b2e71253056f7bb9da7d2d73c453a53d0	Almost all clinics engaged in performing such operations have laser equipment in their arsenal.
099e94f987316f06d5281495ff08d5ca17df2829	Performing incisions with a laser scalpel allows you to avoid swelling, bruising, reduce the risk of infection and the development of complications.
844047654d48b8125b29b4d732df155e6658add9	The ongoing improvement of laser technologies, the training of an increasing number of medical workers to work with lasers, may lead in the near future to the predominance of laser surgery over traditional methods of surgical intervention.
738fa949f426d720fb14f8e1e6702a336b7ed0a0	Lasers in dental surgery are used for the following operations: frenectomy, gingivectomy, removal of hoods in pericoronaritis, performing incisions when installing implants, and others.
3f59b2757e57c2e91ee96a1b8eba548dc756ecd5	Authorization/Registration
36109edec7619cbe4d5b8fd2b0c062778c5ee2c0	Thu, December 22, 2016
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595cc6a5c8cde93928fc38bee309a8cef58284d6	Home | No.
adae985a2edd65de0d67a817f0b8c2e45cef0c63	87 of November 11, 2011.
811551cb824d6bb3310c7eccf1c00e26cd04ab9f	Among the pros and cons
802a990a34227d7ac5f71d861537388c515c2462	A unique feature of healthcare in Russia is the ideological dual power that hinders the effective development of the medical system and requires scientific permission.
78b13cd853a11656292c0d7e2f474ff4b68baf2f	It is based on the confrontation between the North American and Russian (Soviet) medical cultures.
a48c0a31893e445c6f7f5d9055515601b6959333	According to the first, medicine is an economic sphere, a kind of business.
69397083d97db2e144a58123c4f4880b74c0a0f6	The dominance of this approach is fixed by liberal politicians in the insurance model of healthcare.
5bd780226bf933de83b1502ec35c63057bb7b1c9	According to the second, medicine is a sphere of selfless service to a suffering person.
f94b4bba53c70d24c1cc246f7aaf9a0e9f56f699	This approach dominates in the souls and minds of doctors, fixed by domestic traditions and textbooks of classics.
2c60e145d36dad398bf3df7acf261201d512cea1	The forces of both sides are approximately equal, and which one will prevail depends on society.
c20d7286a40acf78e1b6a727d807c4a5b31adc60	We will outline the pros and cons of each.
fbda75b725c5a102f2a9b0bad2491671af8c8fca	Between earning money and serving?
9e521e291333fb6a16af86d64b813588d822883e	Mainly budget funded healthcare exists in the UK, Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Finland, Sweden, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain.
40d1847b6d13a9adecae7c59e5786bbafb6e79c1	The insurance model is mainly used in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Israel, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Turkey.
70b18b8f8e37f0bbac2b776ac9d676d8686cf75a	At the same time, there were no transitions from the first to the second, and a number of countries, including the United Kingdom, moved from the second to the first.
07c006f1bf7e1a3f3e29b434036f2a337115a2bf	But this did not happen.
9f7fd2440cf9a17cd0c969e065bc413e8a5e9de8	The reserves of the FOMS are formed not at the expense of its market activity, but thanks to solid deductions from the wages of the working population.
8a95bb07ec06b79d4cac5b6a2a29f3520c31c002	If the FMS disappears, the deductions will not stop.
eca6e6993fa7b795655cd81796d727a5bc67a195	In fact, this is budget money, which for some reason is sent not to healthcare, but to intermediaries.
58a2a03795db19962d225d3b27c73f62990f07d0	To treat more or to keep more healthy?
f64c87025bbe43d5452531f13237a208ff94b30c	The transfer to market mechanisms makes healthcare uninterested in preventive work.
73f56b8df45d974fc0eaf72d8a1b3bcd7ec99f05	Payment for medical services is "short" money, and payment for preventive services is "long" money, the result of the investment of which you have to wait a long time, sometimes for years.
62f43bb821fa32fd64b82aa0fc8cd37623f8ecb9	The dominance of the principle of "money after the patient" makes it unprofitable to engage in prevention, because the more patients, the higher the income.
c995fb6680a2e7346364168764688abce5600741	Based on the monetary interest, American healthcare does not engage in preventive work, hiding this bitter truth behind a veil of demagogic statements.
b717b1060af3fd52938bffbd364cc200076fb584	Prevention is declared, but not implemented.
c94bb7f069121bad33c2bfba790d4a28622e862d	From the very beginning, domestic healthcare has developed in the interaction of medical and sanitary services.
5b3a6d6c1f2d2157aaf063e99bcef5a8f4d29a94	Medical examination, proposed in the 20-30s, was an important part of the health care system.
d592eeb05079d4975d91b37b4a5b5f2094844177	The priority of the USSR in the development of social and medical prevention was recognized by WHO at the Alma Ata Conference in 1978.
00ad13e61bdcf1c92fe1f3d35b23a54b24d84c9e	Quality – for everyone or for the chosen ones?
eda2dd4f0f5bb27353830ef7e3103f625a809a87	In the American model, the availability of high quality medical care depends on the well being of patients.
6e0903f390cad09b533d15c6fb7a0a766f27c1d0	Based on market principles, it inevitably differentiates into medicine for the rich and the poor.
bea1a2d687ea89fe4521ca4bf80c71fb11745ef3	High – quality service is provided to wealthy citizens, everything else is provided to the poor.
a1fda525bcb076aae8e29b89342ab637e6e1ec95	Therefore, in modern Russia, the ratio of public and private spending on treatment is almost equal.
cbf5bb5e03720fe717ffcf5782cf2c8ba2395c1e	The domestic school is focused on the free provision of medical services and the fairness of their distribution.
56af5743572cfd91045d3694d07105d64fcfcb7f	The goal of healthcare is to obtain the maximum health effect per unit of invested funds with a fair distribution.
6a85dc93894dabd324c365e5cfd5dcdebb802e9d	Creative approach or strict standards?
6ca52b197b272040a9eed75eedab9f2b2f843529	The basis of the behavior of an American doctor is following the prescribed standards.
a2440ef4f235f0d6cf8d0260e8c327c1693d6885	In turn, the activities of insurers and supervisors are impossible without strict regulation of medical and diagnostic work.
fd3033e78ab0039d29424850c55750e85b845467	Here it is required not to think about individually effective ways of treating the patient, but to follow the prescribed instructions.
e2327b6e86b49e113bde5d579d28e2cf83e3e786	Otherwise, the doctor risks being punished by insurance companies.
00e2211ac8d6d4357e7ac4dc981542756e70d1f9	The Russian school uses not only solid knowledge and standards, but also personal experience and intuition, providing the doctor with the right to be a performer and a creator at the same time.
9f851b8839bc0b2b1e8e8e5678559e2c551a301b	Here it is required to "treat not the disease, but the patient".
d708f516793dc9c70c9ba92a1eec4e74fe4b9927	Is distrust good or evil?
1350997632df69e4294abb1c25781af50fa8c882	The refusal to trust one category of medical doctors raises doubts about the decency of another category the experts themselves.
255daf67a8ce4e400dd2c7209da9d1d3b6fb2b28	Are managers professionals or financiers?
ed237a69e19c4d3774cd7f651c07133581890153	He does not have such an opportunity due to the lack of a mechanism for collecting full fledged information.
6f7bdf1820796a848b54ae9466f62d8a1e8c4fe5	At least at the transitional stage, the salary of a doctor should be determined in the amount of three times the average salary in the country, the salary of a paramedic 70%, nurses 50%, orderlies 40% of the medical rate.
931cc33c5387a2a2f906b29adb4790523f5f8212	Igor GUNDAROV,
e3b165a0c8a7cb6b87f299ea82c4faf6206696a7	head of the laboratory
08bd84d37e01f3c02d20e74d9cdd74309eb03049	Research Institute of Public Health
2f96b9b3af59d7196d5b088ba7a3ebaac24b2b2f	and health management
23467af65a6ed2e8f489e13536997610dc7849bd	The First Moscow State Medical University named after I. M. Sechenov,
4b9c52d7ff4bc29236366ffaf91b879d7ddc5d92	doctor of Medical Sciences.
bf6230d1753f7dc48a0ee75fc15408bdffd88a10	"With an eye to the future Up
d961c090392ccd5d106e688d825ffd7fc55171cf	Log in or register to be able to send comments|: Medicine and Society
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97f63287a4fa832eb31808454ab9aeb2ed555b2b	N 96 of December 21, 2016
73226faf4d876212697149493d1e7a9777c80b7f	Healthcare Medicine and Society Clinical Recommendations Pharmacist's page Science and Practice World and Health Science Abroad Time and we Autograph for " MG"
4dfd28b764cf1f3518b0becaf9909a6ba1aea30d	Healthcare Medicine and society in the center of attention Clinical recommendations Pharmacy Science and prakticaMir and Health
e4eae5c1e09c850d640ec58f62221b96fb7f60fc	Science Abroad Time and we are an autograph for " MG"
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16950dd29f120bcd5a7a5ede2661688b6ba0fdb3	Website about the power of massage
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16533cb901a25cfbf2027c5d732b4980e12edc34	Modern medicine
b99c0d6c6ca6a0a21b4583572aeca6d7a8756e1a	Modern medicine.
0386b63caca5c4bdb5ca35b8031621123af920d6	Pros and cons
42a999817fb741d3b1b5a1c20bca1fb3d1870c04	So why canot medicine defeat all diseases?
15ead0d2e3105a91c6c6e13094643af59b31386b	If in the CIS countries doctors are almost not responsible for the course of treatment prescribed to the patient, only in rare and serious cases they are responsible, then in European countries the doctor is sometimes afraid of his own prescription for the patient.
2884eebe8c58f07c432787089a1c0a4a6ae7b580	In cases where something happens to the patient, the doctor may be sued by insurance companies.
3b6a51d859ec609205b8d527db79295ba4da31b1	But in addition to the above mentioned problems of medicine, it is necessary to say about the achievements in medicine.
c6cce36611b2ed4574b785b2745dd44a3eb1c169	In simple words, artificial insemination with good results.
3909bddd18529360125f50a841a8ffaea4ead326	Finally, tuberculosis began to be treated.
ab02fe31effbbba685d3665941381085571a40bc	Although this disease still scares humanity.
ac9d843a05618e2ae14fb6c98fee008c2353badf	Many hospitals have modern equipment that prevents and treats many diseases.
64eea05c3bb7b00e6ac0068046aefd6433b61f6a	The technology of stem cells is being studied.
1f6c185d88a22f18c83b329b70632ca24f5169f6	They are also working hard on cancer cells.
a530ae8077161c6e5ecef1cf82acd8ec41937574	Probably it will depend on the future generation of people.
0eafdf11d2a05b5370ce13708f06dff040dc4ac6	The article was prepared by the website Our kidneys – everything about kidney diseases and treatment!
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92bea020a5a89c97bc44f7026f1e82a01c6e63e5	Pros and cons of modern free medicine
7c5238a181e6644be0fa9b1f32ee4e2c78ed6cec	25.11.2014
72ff447ae50f154a532ef7e40fc6067216f43ac6	For many decades, we have been forming a system of free and accessible medicine for everyone.
7b6edba98d7ff30fabc90aac549ee846cb0ade08	But the further, the more this system is destroyed.
1bf3563bc309b8de80539a3cdc6beb1e08b4a446	"Free" medicine is becoming less and less free, which means that a priori it ceases to be accessible to all segments of the population.
d69f7ce65c0941488cb68de9c90a346ad3d5ffee	Only some people will be able to receive high quality medical care if they have to give a significant part of the family budget for it.
0148335f7e57371a44383419915cb4d04b68bade	How much does free medicine cost?
e014edaba6e4ced40b23f3dfbf9538f5c3ec0db2	At the same time, the part of medicine that remains "free" does not meet high standards due to the lack of funding sources.
979ecc28f5411bdd1277f6aba92ca984d78a2eef	The result is a vicious circle in which the payment for the medical services provided does not correspond to their quality.
4371f0bf8d52568310110a0be5a2ba58f12a5f4c	But there is at least one advantage of free paid medicine: nowadays patients have the right to change the doctor at their discretion, paying for it officially, semi officially or unofficially a certain amount.
e2512ff6cb484d643a6202cecb482eea5142bb10	When do I have to pay?
27a9cf992474ab297f16ba350fd074ebbd1f9a30	The low quality of diagnostics pushes to go to private medical centers, where there are all conditions for a full examination before making a diagnosis.
4b50ccfb95059d7664c5880ad654264249677263	Rarely officially, but most often - "in an envelope".
d76c215788aa4b35ce03d3c8d06093d050bcc854	However, for the majority of the population, the amount paid to doctors in total for the year is not significant.
6045866afeb17f2963dc9c9ce9f940029ff25737	Unless, of course, we are talking about serious serious diseases that require constant expenses to maintain vital activity.
17c19df33c03c0384f31182e4b4e0c0a030b70a5	When it comes to health, our person is ready to pay for everything, forgetting about the" free " medicine.
9727bf9ffe19a20c1833d39edb60c735cc1fc4bb	When passing even the most ordinary clinical tests, a trifle is usually added "for reagents".
f12ce9f969f9c746d84d7c8574e3ecb29c6a9b15	If we are talking about conducting an operation, almost everyone pays, and the amount may differ by several orders of magnitude.
0487525e00cbf77f61afca5745e626ef7e74b5b5	The same applies in most cases to childbirth.
3b74aee6c45126c8e1bba3966b07cdf236b33fe6	The fee for separate wards and the best care is semi official.
6742be1d5d33e1a326781801840ebf174d4cce60	Not everything is so bad
19319db5b2551831b6436e6f34afda8e2337b64e	But do not assume that all doctors demand money for their services, without paying any attention to "free" patients.
f6064cad7aa30bf5c71140457637cc93d4405ad0	This is not the case in most cases.
4d039a2bddafd4355823744f898982a145eb0948	This situation is created by the patients themselves, believing that by paying a certain amount, they will receive certain guarantees.
45e6ad77563bf21d24548bb785b4984b689b6590	Perhaps, if the funds allow, in situations when you need to see a doctor, it will be more appropriate to initially go to private medical centers for an appointment.
8198f94f7fa150eb12eac3151b2e93900971964f	This is an ambulance and intensive care, that is, those where it is a question of saving a human life.
46cacce006c2f1845eca7f73d44db039895cccac	There are no fees for services, no personal thanks from patients.
0a682b36d2bb2481ac91dab8f812c961f5c5d21b	As a rule, the patient or his relatives begin to thank after the critical condition is left behind.
8ffd04daa1e8ab76fcead374df6969e7c748d315	Summing up all the above, we note that it is certainly not worth harboring illusions about absolutely free and equal medicine for everyone.
68d0f10236aa4987fa5af65840ac6903af3e3273	But at the same time, it is a mistake to assume that any doctor sees a patient first of all as a wallet.
877df2f1f7fefc7cf7da77ba51d93679faaa9bbf	Even though there are rare exceptions, most doctors still remain true to their duty, making no distinction in the treatment of "paid" and "free" patients, trying to professionally give their best to the best of their abilities.
d3ec8224eefc6388055491e9454e2447a574b820	Good health to you and your loved ones!
bc310b84071edd1b80e8fedbe26299a3b204d112	( 2 Votes )
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3e75309ec593e8aa28f0661b96b5e65f88a64854	Modern medicine in Russia: advantages and disadvantages
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dab738431d92acdd27d568b5f99dd27ab4585ede	In the Soviet Union, medicine reached a certain level, but, nevertheless, due to funding problems and political vicissitudes, there were not enough skills and high quality equipment for the treatment of some diseases.
4e16a72a93e2bb2b86e1be0a12300fc74bbf3ba2	It said that Soviet medical workers were trained in the old fashioned way, without delving into the understanding of modern diseases.
2edd7abbf4b051dab7dbe46176097d5100f6e71a	In the post perestroika period, everyone switched to market relations, social spheres and work at state owned enterprises, including medicine, were left to the attention of the government.
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b2cec23815fa368c4ec1995e7349f9b336f42463	/ Laser surgery / All the pros and cons of laser surgery: pros and cons of using lasers in medicine
cd4bec6ac03f488f08e000f274f2620a2c717e6c	Dental implantation with immediate loading with a permanent prosthesis
d2560320cc167b4f7f3a82268322a47137f4b0d4	all on 4 all on 6
80d2ff583019208ef57f0ff42affc404941d7126	all on 4
eda791574d7da166f73b09b3638538af5a0d5a2e	all on 6
f6d5534ea77b5b3894d470745012af48204a4da4	new teeth and a smile at once Smile at Once lifetime warranty for implantation
690d3cde0041291a8e84c50b9a079b8711609896	learn more about technologies
b47b319000dead239ad00fea2ed4f150c45381a4	All the pros and cons of laser surgery: pros and cons of using lasers in medicine
3fc66849b2cf1d21bfdd7f12124824e2f8852ae6	The unique properties of laser radiation have made lasers indispensable in various fields of science, including medicine.
4cf532f7749873d06929f0406ef41c7aeb2243ed	Lasers in medicine have opened up new opportunities in the treatment of many diseases.
2215510b1ea6da4c1de29d08602c5cbc1b7aa1a0	Laser medicine can be divided into the main sections: laser diagnostics, laser therapy and laser surgery.
a5d04fadd61adb9da8b528f730707f8464c26580	The content of the article: The history of the advent of lasers in medicine The pros and cons of using lasers in modern surgery What can laser surgery do today
b0972004390030371affbbfb7d5bfa586b9f02c2	The history of the advent of lasers in medicine — what properties of the laser caused the development of laser surgery
ea302ac727dc32034957feaf2741b9989b8adfe7	Research into the use of lasers in medicine began in the sixties of the last century.
c78a5987cba008da238f6dd1337d199f830c760b	At the same time, the first laser medical devices appeared: devices for blood irradiation.
6c61d9f81a7bd8a9f74596f1726891b9afc31a4c	The first work on the use of lasers in surgery in the USSR was carried out in 1965 at the Herzen Moscow State Medical Research Institute together with the Istok NPP.
85d85e559a0b3b1b6841a84f976b2d2dd725c016	In laser surgery, sufficiently powerful lasers are used that can strongly heat the biological tissue, which leads to its evaporation or cutting.
f05f91a2337aa5e4b6b1089afe0d980982fec992	The use of lasers in medicine has made it possible to perform previously complex or completely impossible operations efficiently and with minimal invasiveness.
8b85f280db5d597454699e9adfafe1d81dfc8ea3	Features of interaction of a laser scalpel with biological tissues:
0231c4b8e6a3bcd30292b8f38d0a284572964440	No direct contact of the instrument with the tissue, minimal risk of infection.
843d1714728545560185e4304d9f17dcdf069b01	The coagulating effect of radiation allows you to get almost bloodless incisions, stop bleeding from bleeding wounds.
445781f9ab8e2e531fb2ac468111405549f41434	The sterilizing effect of radiation is a preventive means of infection of the surgical field and the development of postoperative complications.
7b81fcb04d4d479323dd2e04c5ce50e454d51a19	The ability to control the parameters of laser radiation allows you to obtain the necessary effects when the radiation interacts with biological tissues.
4465a895300e53a97efdb033de21330eb5ba2ad1	Minimal impact on nearby tissues.
444270ad9d44311ba7c8e8c2a3fe43db82fc207d	The use of a laser in surgery makes it possible to effectively perform a wide variety of surgical interventions in dentistry, urology, otorhinolaryngology, gynecology, neurosurgery, etc.
39e96d800bdbe66430c4f7cfd61c817811dc5345	Pros and cons of using lasers in modern surgery
3697ebaad06d6cf23e5d5241af21a546d2614f40	The main advantages of laser surgery:
9029e581053b7d849b3d7da2810d11a88d6fefdd	A significant reduction in the time of the operation.
71e1953fc698a0430bb43fd5194b975842a44251	The absence of direct contact of the instrument with the tissues and, as a result, minimal tissue damage in the area of the operation.
aaa032507bdb2f38593d1ab4f4767d2b060dbf2a	Reduction of the postoperative period.
7d1d286c8a61140da6cfeb81b0b3e72b6803e24c	No bleeding or minimal bleeding during surgery.
aa4d6168d30a9508b7a5eab1fa831fb3121cbda6	Reducing the risk of postoperative scars and scarring.
62d93fb12a1454d76e202d4d13938ff89bcd83dc	The sterilizing effect of laser radiation allows you to observe the rules of asepsis.
c98ab14fe088e7fc8b62b4c2733eec9a1ffa2f7c	Minimal risk of complications during the operation and in the postoperative period.
ba73849c3ac1e944e7e3ae18808bac43bc1a997d	Disadvantages of laser technologies in surgery:
5f520b7a8fffa4a62dbeb982400b5c5c542de53b	A small number of medical workers have received special training to work with lasers.
c9365df38074b94d1459b59bfff41976391752a9	The purchase of laser equipment requires significant material costs and increases the cost of treatment.
aed57a277d92f4ca76499b4790ed2e47d6dcec6f	The use of lasers poses a certain danger for medical workers, so they must strictly follow all precautions when working with laser equipment.
c165369a0e00d84ba6488915c21b1e0829abb20f	The effect of using lasers in some clinical cases may be temporary, and in the future it may be necessary to perform a second operation.
b0ea656f479869fe87c23a020c8690e3b04f62ec	What laser surgery can do today – all aspects of laser application in surgery
aa707c5699de26bc8c6faca8018a7cb31110dd0e	The use of laser technologies in dentistry makes it possible to reduce the number of anesthetics used, avoid postoperative edema and complications, and speed up the healing time of postoperative wounds.
8d51eabec66d9bfcc565e488d767e6f2c6e715de	The appearance of the laser has radically changed the development of ophthalmology.
feee9f3aef0a532fbd0c67608b25714db6862a6a	With the help of a laser scalpel, you can make ultra precise incisions up to a micron, which even a very experienced surgeon's hand is not able to do.
374ecbb748fd9d2dab11724ef22a436d8e2f100a	Currently, with the help of a laser, it is possible to successfully treat cataracts, glaucoma, retinal diseases, keratoplasty and many others.
92d8b91eb2381819ebb01572ef55fd83def6be24	Laser technologies allow us to successfully eliminate various vascular pathologies: venous and arteriovenous dysplasia, lymphangiomas, cavernous hemangiomas and others.
b78f3d2bf26e6f86d3d4917d91a5229fa8b5be3a	Thanks to lasers, the treatment of vascular diseases has become almost painless with a minimal risk of complications and a good cosmetic effect.
3c8b7143493502e529da9d8b1a8fbf9d808dc1ce	A laser scalpel is used for a large number of operations:
8895c96ceba873a9a24370db84ef4816ece4d528	In the abdominal cavity (appendectomy, cholecystectomy, excision of adhesions, herniation, resection of parenchymal organs, etc.).
9db7c6e639f17cb3fc1b2ec401763d3b7d06d31e	On the tracheobronchial tree (removal of tracheal and bronchial fistulas, recanalization of obturating tumors of the bronchi and trachea).
90a54e2463f2f770f63958da96a9e94b9b5cf60a	In otorhinolaryngology (correction of the nasal septum, adenectomy, removal of cicatricial stenoses of the external auditory canal, tympanotomy, removal of polyps, etc.).
1e2e366581a42ccd357234167f607ec72d5e56fb	In urology (removal of carcinomas, polyps, scrotal skin atheromas).
7b03168ff33036438f529ad051978b90e35654bc	In gynecology (removal of cysts, polyps, tumors).
59aa5022b5fa1f07af4bb1353c07146acb23ed76	It is difficult to name a field of medicine where the properties of laser radiation have not found effective application.
ced44b7a9e89d00c73bce76c29b4924d8153a264	Useful?
3ac2564f5bbd8a058ec23974b1e56cf829eb3207	Laser removal of the vascular mesh — how are vascular asterisks treated with a laser?
ddc184de89a41df726b8acf7adcb5322aae72858	The pathology in question occurs due to the expansion of capillary loops that are located near the surface of the skin.
29ab74efce5f13f2f6b3e43b6e63b601175517d2	Vascular formations can have different sizes and volumes, their location may be different.
caf2b8b8401fad1f02edffdac0eafb6c82662c1e	Nowadays, there are many techniques that help to fight vascular meshes, but the most ...
36b6b9934aeefea97b384346fd530a7add919a6e	Read more →→
5a7929c49539fed2f10ecc6c29345206fda8f332	Category: Laser surgery
162d7b2b370efdad502b1f0abe18c679b7f121b8	20.09.16
20d7ea28aee94e0d339d22d9c097e53c0303094d	Laser surgery of ingrown nails
170f41706100b3acd4d057b4bcc40e89acd7ba73	Treatment of ingrown toenail (onychocryptosis) is carried out by conservative and surgical methods.
2c4056bc273b973dcc9aea05d1a3388a31866147	Surgical treatment is resorted to in the absence of a result from conservative therapy, in severe cases requiring immediate surgical intervention.
e8f146ff825e106a6ea97eb9ffb120d0eea8fad7	Methods of surgical treatment of onychocryptosis: resection (cutting off) or complete removal of the nail plate with a scalpel, radio waves or ...
24c64b0e3d2e0c1ea6ad1d2156ccd55505b294a8	7.04.15
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c3cb93d0ff8af2760e11a35e13b10434b779b814	Modern medicine protects the patient's health pros and cons
49edca3f0710ca69a3f189fbb891be34de68519a	In the section: Modern medicine
3c0e9aa9347b6008d0e3b644b991d27cfb918dc8	Since 2006.
466cc5e4cb16cc3d64fbc692d54f5fc1cebe0051	A national health project is being carried out in our country, this is: Reforming the primary health care system (equipping medical institutions with medical and diagnostic equipment, sanitary transport, professional development of personnel);
0697b9648a537ffc84e73d7a195e594965009a87	Increasing the availability of high tech and specialized medical care (development of centers for cardiac surgery, toxicology, oncology, etc.) But despite the increased development and modernization of our healthcare, we are on the 146th place in terms of life expectancy.
ccb719ce190738f1e41b88e6045c848f9d488ba4	By 2000, the birth rate in Russia had fallen to 8.3%.
0d373b966f36c7d982e3440106d66428a935c5b5	According to Rosstat data of the last population census for 2010, the population of Russia decreased by 2.2 million people (1.6%) compared to the data of the 2002 census. 2002 – 145166.7 thousand people. 2010 – 142905,2 thousand people.
754ffec2adce21155e0ff10d57711b11e8fc3932	After all, it's no secret that every drug has a lot of side effects and contraindications, and taking them is not only harmful, but also life threatening.
5c82a54a355828e65c755b2b9ff906a3347891eb	On the Radio of Russia and in the press every day there is a powerful advertising of various dietary supplements and honey. drugs that are still poorly studied, and maybe even not studied at all, so it is necessary be very careful with them.
a341e5ce55fdbbf45b42b003f72e3494d442293d	My personal opinion is that our "official medicine" is suitable only for emergency care, treatment of acute diseases, and for surgical treatment.
dcf9702203e294a2ae46876691c2f24ff490e6f1	The year of birth of this treatment system is considered to be 1790.
a2b0dc60a8a919e3cdabdcfaa36ceba218dfd562	Its main principle - the treatment of "similar" using small doses is confirmed by life and many years of experience in practical medical work.
6601deba2811eb847d8a0d4f7461f179a0904999	Each of these two treatment systems - allopathic and homeopathic have their own advantages and disadvantages, and therefore both have the right to exist.
20d448448b79f9fd3ebdff0386b4e0945a876f9c	Keywords: modern medicine | national project | health | pros and cons of our medicine
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09e90792469a834d78e32afcc2c397387b02ef72	Consult with your doctor before using any of the methods and methods of treatment described here.
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3e21b80d0be07700e10f9287ef12fc7b7c9038ff	Applying the tips and methods of treatment published on this site, you should be aware that only you yourself are fully responsible for your health.
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3619174452a65fda29bd231515707a4c4ba365ef	Most modern people are familiar with the name of Julius Caesar.
e812706ebe9cc125340298c184d13a7d6c8ad7aa	It is mentioned as the name for a salad, one of the months of summer, as well as in movies and on television.
aaa8eb5afe00df806a104e14e7185050381b1e44	How did this historical character conquer people that they remember who Caesar is, even two thousand years after his death?
7083627afc908f9784fc41ae09f68055fd2fa023	The future commander, politician, and writer was born from the patrician family of Yuliev.
2254057a74f8602c186770e74c69d7d4a97f06e4	At one time, this family played a significant role in the life of Rome.
d887abff5cc9934167da2ce73c16d646f2828fec	Like any ancient family, they had their own mythical version of origin.
c6d35d3b2fb618ede830d9b3417363a1d3fd1e36	The line of their surname led to the goddess Venus.
edb7fb97140726a146c906820f1766797c186684	Gaius ' mother was Aurelia Cotta, who came from a family of rich plebeians.
7f07b692433c3606e877933c77269035508484cf	By name, it is clear that her family was named Aureliev.
7173ad9d0206e1d0ff0ded637cbc4bf571870f40	The father was Gaius Julius Caesar the elder.
e6b654d749930019ae06b04cc49d8d618dd1f625	Intensive discussions continue regarding the dictator's year of birth.
27eaf41afa5a8fcf15628583fc22fc835c662993	There is also no consensus about the number.
4ad113cca3e64ff569d6c9d1ff8f61fc09455abe	To understand who Caesar is, you should turn to his childhood.
2c5df46cd6d0b3609be137f93ee25d175fb7f987	He grew up in the Roman district, which had a rather bad reputation.
de35e1a7bfd4a5522b00af5638e7fa2acf746425	He studied at home, mastering the Greek language, literature, and rhetoric.
5485c861fbdbfb1736c05cd0fd68eff3ffce4885	His knowledge of Greek allowed him to receive further education, since most of his scientific works were written in it.
65865ec350d4b3598f88e7da116e99f60baabba8	One of his teachers was the famous rhetorician Gniphon, who at one time taught Cicero.
b8a3ed0be74432196b549f01a9f8eacc3bb975ef	Presumably in 85 BC. Guy had to lead the Yuli family because of the unexpected death of his father.
7056f379a5a2fe56df9e3740a6ea01a158d29bff	Quite a lot of descriptions have been left about the appearance of Guy Julius, many sculptural portraits of him have been made, including lifetime ones. Caesar, whose photo (reconstruction) is presented above, was, according to Suetonius, tall, with light skin.
58ddd654824bc7ef3eb012e691c40fcaafb444a9	He was well-built and had dark, lively eyes.
84291fd5e3c0a1cd15986ab3be5c1fa47f6762c5	The politician and military commander took care of himself quite carefully.
2d45e63655c08b10d010519c3b14a22cb4a2916b	He cut his nails, shaved, plucked his hair.
458d37519ca21134481c5b62ce44676dce973bfd	Having a bald spot on the front of his head, he hid it in every possible way, combing his hair from the parietal part to the forehead.
bd066f2269b2a461a3637d332d579214b528d744	According to Plutarch, Caesar's physique was very frail.
73f18aa8ee8c313ca47ecc90282d0f94c90f9ca8	Ancient authors are unanimous that the dictator had energy.
f4e7d869444f35e48bdb6b86df977817a124f446	He reacted quickly to changing circumstances.
cc96b4b213b6f37e7170c7bbd27c62a367d0fd0e	According to Pliny the Elder, he communicated with many people through correspondence.
7acfb3c844fba7c85b8b8bb7abac0f4105deabb7	If desired, the dictator could simultaneously read and dictate letters to different addressees to several secretaries.
021cfcd3a9b9971e09d655d80d8a8994a6d4a24c	At the same time, he could write something himself at this moment.
1019c51f940c726ffc9d864a3a1510ac2c2a8b2a	Gaius Julius practically did not drink wine and was very unpretentious in food.
7e3825290fb91ace881e50a9bcc40ea67f77f42c	At the same time, he brought luxury elements from his military campaigns, such as mosaic floors, expensive dishes.
840869969e51f6ff2a3ef85689bd553f591b1008	Julius Caesar, whose biography is being considered, was officially married three times.
17de09418b6e4c13d504961155b7ca174b58dbef	Although there is also information that before these marriages he was engaged to Kossucia.
07909174118c914f8679b4d2382862a1b3b1b7d3	As for his relationship with Cleopatra, they took place while Gaius Julius was in Egypt.
8a1e02fd0576e83bb506b26b60e433fa8f594019	After that, Cleopatra had a child, to whom the Alexandrians gave the name Caesarion.
82073e890033542aca52d94628fe927d2c93a316	In the mid-80s BC[comment. 1] Cinna nominated Caesar to the honorary position of flamin Jupiter.
2bb5e836f9c5eccd746e16223fe00d2783e5b69a	This priest was bound by many sacred restrictions, which seriously limited the possibilities of studying magistracies.
cd2e302c988b8a39f1a36357214343a28d3347de	To take office, he first had to marry an old confarreatio rite to a girl from a patrician family, and Cinna offered Gaius his daughter Cornelia[26].
7bf3ec48bf6e92de6588a06eda353af85a94e180	Young Julius agreed, although he had to break off his engagement with Kossucia.
648a496f173e49f34d73a779fdffb818b89bf226	However, Caesar's assumption of office is being questioned.
823959f87d36d6ebc208c46b22f651afa5d176eb	According to Lily Ross Taylor, the great pontiff Quintus Mucius Scaevola (an opponent of Marius and Cinna) refused to hold the inauguration ceremony of Gaius[36].
9b0c8b6c74910f8d84cc254f1892b0ce6a9c9330	Ernst Badian, however, believes that Caesar was still put into office[26].
20eedcb244ccc07fd9d1a5a836882648cfc2d620	As a rule, the appointment of Caesar is considered in historiography as an insurmountable obstacle to his further political career.
a59e12079bfdda0110c566c70e1dbe89cdb64579	However, there is also an opposite point of view: the occupation of such an honorary position was a good opportunity to strengthen the authority of the ancient family for this branch of the Caesars, not all representatives of which sought the highest magistracy of the consul[26].
2b75701a3d52e34b99152fe5139637f53299b6cf	Shortly after his marriage to Cornelia, Cinna was killed by rebellious soldiers, and the following year a civil war began, in which Caesar probably did not participate[36].
9d859fc95b43e0bef4818a4fae5b57fc82f97b9f	With the establishment of the dictatorship of Lucius Cornelius Sulla and the beginning of the proscriptions, Caesar's life was in danger: the dictator did not spare political opponents and personal enemies, and Gaius turned out to be the nephew of Gaius Marius and the son-in-law of Cinna.
bfda07959bc1c52f786fbfcd14da73ef5dea6c91	Sulla demanded that Caesar divorce his wife, which was not a unique case of proof of loyalty, but he refused to do it.
a32c1d4de3c53fcc7788ccfd03f2d44a58cdd590	In the end, Sulla put Caesar's name on the proscription list, and he was forced to leave Rome.
d094d77e86b577d27ac6bfaff36ade5914d29939	Sources say that Caesar was hiding for a long time, handing out bribes to the Sullans who were looking for him, but these stories are unlikely.
816877f69888b803dc27410d9d7e3d3fd62c8ccc	Meanwhile, Gaius ' influential relatives in Rome managed to secure a pardon for Caesar.
4aa4ed45bf1752177b321a15b8b500a5082db9d0	Soon Caesar left Italy and joined the retinue of Marcus Minucius Thermus, governor of the province of Asia.
2c39db5f4cf442658a46db5134d2c88746266254	The name of Caesar was well known in this province: about ten years ago, his father was its governor.
5f3c4362c1d2fe1a50edab0c759873abc1e32dec	Guy became one of the contubernals of the Term — the children of senators and young horsemen who were trained in military affairs and provincial administration under the supervision of the acting magistrate[38].
105a919f135772f7b8e13e37e01bb16f1d8d9e14	First, Thermus entrusted the young patrician with negotiations with the king of Bithynia, Nicomedes IV.
e5b6c55c5197464ef3d2f05fd04e4ba8f661841e	Caesar managed to convince the king to place part of his fleet at the disposal of Thermus, so that the governor could capture the city of Mytilene on Lesbos, which did not recognize the results of the First Mithridatic War and resisted the Romans[39].
fc507c263ff4514bb9724ab0607061eea8ef21e1	After successfully completing this assignment, Thermus sent troops against Mytilene, and soon the Romans took the city.
8e79530f08c5e75f97ad0ee3d580d6b2c308512e	After the battle, Caesar was awarded the civil crown (Latin: corona civica) — an honorary military award, which was relied on for saving the life of a Roman citizen[comment. 2].
0e5be43ee7787fc4a74f7da828062d8491193bbb	After the capture of Mytilene, the campaign on Lesbos ended[40].
977830a8e7b8dd356d30e9f4177c9135f6406edf	Soon Termus resigned, and Caesar went to Cilicia to its governor Publius Servilius Vatia, who was organizing a military campaign against the pirates.
805c737abf15f1e4aab642efaffb79d1e04aaf99	However, when news of Sulla's death came from Italy in 78 BC, Caesar immediately returned to Rome[41].
ea28a55d1f93721cc06aa025a82848254c2ecfdf	In 78 BC, the consul Marcus Aemilius Lepidus tried to raise a rebellion among the Italians in order to repeal the laws of Sulla.
7e164f68d838b816a939cc3e3f589488dd9d83de	According to Suetonius, Lepidus invited Caesar to join the rebellion, but Gaius refused[42].
1ddd115cec3e88e2e6b25dc31d9e254a1fb1365b	In 77 BC , Caesar brought to court the Sullanian Gnaeus Cornelius Dolabella on charges of extortion during his governorship in Macedonia.
de86723ae02859014095bcf973b68f39fc63c490	Dolabella was acquitted after the largest judicial speakers spoke in his support.
27c3623dbc01000a4209207a35d17e0b6093db35	The accusatory speech delivered by Caesar was so successful that it was distributed for a long time in handwritten copies.
e3b9a95a2e3ebd4a0b78897949cb7e377a08e8e2	The following year, Gaius began the prosecution of another Sullanian, Gaius Antonius Hybrida, but he requested protection from the people's tribunes, and the trial did not take place[42].
e78fc942a0c131b0c5429c00bb9e9247499099e8	During the journey, Caesar was captured by pirates who had been fishing in the Eastern Mediterranean for a long time.
b802361196e4d88550cded6261ec527c810fa7d9	He was held on the small island of Farmakussa (Farmakonisi) in the Dodecanese archipelago.
e01568d7dba460c87f160fd81f57a73e7976b249	The pirates demanded a large ransom of 50 talents (300 thousand Roman denarii).
4e4a26d7b34cb99dbd47ec536713585baa85d4ee	Ancient authors colorfully describe Guy's stay on the island: he allegedly joked with the kidnappers and recited poems of his own composition to them.
afbf962bbca509facd454e244aa46e68460e905d	After the ambassadors of the cities of Asia bought Caesar, he immediately equipped a squadron to capture the pirates themselves, which he managed to do.
363a8575cd65d86f27be681a8b3edf9af1fd9e85	Having captured his captors, Guy asked to judge and punish their new governor of Asia, Mark Yunk, but he refused.
7622b9d1b3736d5541e557ff139cb03e1a5f4bbe	After that, Guy himself organized the execution of the pirates - they were crucified on crosses.
466be63f1aa74a49d604f60f18f79004babbde5f	Suetonius adds some details of the execution as an illustration of the softness of Caesar's character: "To the pirates, with whom he was a prisoner, he swore that they would die on the cross, but when he captured them, he ordered them to be stabbed first and then crucified."
ef3d35310dd9985200fc0de022c0038af15fde5f	During his second stay in the East, Caesar once again visited the Bithynian king Nicomedes.
457b2a7625c0e865db979397370175442b0bab3a	He also participated at the very beginning of the Third Mithridatic War at the head of a separate auxiliary unit, but soon left the combat zone and returned to Rome around 74 BC.
4fc2b6b712557396688017e1eb3729b294363b09	The following year, he was co-opted to the priestly college of pontiffs in place of his deceased uncle Gaius Aurelius Cotta.
bdc9e1d7ef5ae72b1fcb670f59647ef7233d9ae1	Soon Caesar wins the election to the military tribunes.
f917eba9f789aca0270326a448abdf622d709025	The exact date of his tribunate is unknown: the year 73 is often suggested, but a date of 72 or 71 BC is more likely.
34b6992e38e3dbf760cb801694baa13001a57d24	What Caesar was doing during this period is not known for sure.
f874e5fbe4fb912ada313a0ca2974e28afcb7a9c	It is suggested that Caesar could have been involved in the suppression of the Spartacus uprising - if not in combat, then at least in the training of recruits.
050d5bf9e7f4e659b45fb06f3ef095ed129bd28c	It is also suggested that it was during the suppression of the uprising that Caesar became close friends with Marcus Licinius Crassus, who in the future played a significant role in the career of Gaius.
e1b6cdafdf439f4e7d84089f2a8c6feca8e167b3	At the beginning of 69 BC, Cornelia, Caesar's wife, and his aunt Julia die almost simultaneously.
75b8c04ba67a37c560b3ac8b358a638609103add	At their funeral, Guy made two speeches that attracted the attention of contemporaries.
3bc316d12aef7897ad3b10de8324673b60e5a1b5	First, public speeches in memory of deceased women were practiced only since the end of the II century BC, but they usually remembered elderly matrons, but not young women.
b6ad4e2002f5ca04d8b86c4aefdb9fb3272fc646	Probably, Julia's funeral was the first public demonstration of the image of the general since the beginning of the dictatorship of Sulla, when Maria was actually consigned to oblivion.
7bc4ec6dd9b3d2f6c22c43ea9390ecc997895078	In the same year, Caesar became Quaestor, which guaranteed him a place in the Senate.
364f493de0104ea91dec155ef8bf97972ca8683a	Caesar performed the duties of a quaestor in the province of Distant Spain.
ec0d38e540ad1893c731f098c77538ef7a6863fa	The details of his mission are unknown, although usually the quaestor in the province dealt with financial issues.
5376f04678c0e6949846835be16575cd7d0f2eb9	Apparently, Gaius accompanied the governor Gaius Antistius Veta on trips around the province, carrying out his instructions.
367afb681a61a154085e98972bd0f66cfd9046ce	It was probably during the questura that he met Lucius Cornelius Balbus, who later became Caesar's closest associate.
9a28ef3f79f884551f029e79844f8aa1c7dfc380	Shortly after returning from the province, Gaius married Pompeia, the granddaughter of Sulla (she was not a close relative of the influential Gnaeus Pompey the Great at that time).
f7a1902dbc4a8678be0a68fc35d0913e06c1bb6e	At the same time, Caesar began to openly lean towards the support of Gnaeus Pompey, in particular, he was almost the only senator who supported the law of Gabinius on the transfer of extraordinary powers to Gnaeus in the fight against pirates.
15e34caef0186a94417280bab27c4da46e4adb97	Caesar also supported the law of Manilius on granting a new command to Pompey, although he was no longer alone here.
de631969ae0b05ef75c8ea64393d7585cd748cae	In 66 BC , Caesar became the caretaker of the Appian Way and repaired it at his own expense (according to another version, he was engaged in repairing the road in 65 BC, as an aedile).
ad8b4293a4132bd8d28e28f6b2672d529e6f5cab	In the Gallic war, Caesar's exceptional diplomatic and strategic skill was manifested, his ability to use contradictions among the Gallic leaders.
ef24117ea766648e2e9b7032e82f28c7b2c74014	After defeating the Germans in a fierce battle on the territory of modern Alsace, Caesar not only repelled their invasion, but then, for the first time in Roman history, he himself undertook a campaign across the Rhine, ferrying troops over a specially built bridge.
c5a29a13fce6b8e3c6a0e552f005b9e68f828356	Caesar also made a campaign to Britain, where he won several victories and crossed the Thames; however, realizing the fragility of his position, he soon left the island.
ddd160c413ec39630011db4a75f6cd70ab4cfa67	In 56 BC, during a meeting of the triumvirs in Luca with Caesar, who arrived for this purpose from Gaul, a new agreement was concluded on mutual political support.
9f662f4debae714cd5dfa7b4c4c721afda854173	In 54 BC , Julius Caesar urgently returned to Gaul in connection with the uprising that had begun there.
2237a72bd36b2115e1925a56fe02120641feb84e	Despite the desperate resistance and superiority in numbers, the Gauls were again subdued, many cities were captured and destroyed; by 50 BC , Caesar restored the territories subject to Rome.
28bbf1d34d96c0b09072999607db75ef5a7a595a	As a general, Caesar was distinguished by determination and at the same time caution.
2d517d8fcc7438e2966eac9067ad7453bd4e7adc	He was hardy, he always went ahead of the army on a campaign-with his head uncovered in the heat, in the cold, and in the rain.
2dea9b65b7850ba17e6baa360249c65a01ad5f73	The great commander was able to set up soldiers with a short and well-constructed speech, personally knew his centurions and the best soldiers and enjoyed extraordinary popularity and authority among them.
d1b68e852755aeea708192a2dc5d806701b1261d	After the death of Crassus in 53 BC, the triumvirate collapsed.
9a11312cbad873e954a8a733e5e54b7de31e613b	Pompey, in his rivalry with Julius Caesar, led the supporters of the traditional senate Republican rule.
10a79fbe914b25ae15770ba5877cf8039bd9640d	The Senate, fearing Caesar, refused to extend his powers in Gaul.
95e1cfc77a3d8c495fc2e5f4a36d09a5c1605c69	Aware of his popularity in the troops and in Rome itself, the commander decides to seize power by force.
847248588a4ca476468cdab5d66048dca6a97914	On January 12, 49 BC, he gathered the soldiers of the 13th Legion, made a speech to them and made the famous crossing of the river. Rubicon, thus crossing the border of Italy (legend attributes to him the words "the die is cast", pronounced before the crossing and marked the beginning of the civil war).
8c0f5abd4c0b3481dd70d178a51ef614b8345f5d	In the first few days, Gaius Julius Caesar occupied several cities without encountering resistance.
623bd0a5ee428c7c107372ae9d51fb02df05384d	Confused, Pompey, the consuls and the Senate left the capital.
bca576b16bd1624f9b1ff357def4c5e7328b6bce	After entering Rome, Caesar convened the rest of the Senate and offered to cooperate in the joint management of the state.
47add7c694b143f051436c59fad9fa48d9dc1c06	He quickly and successfully conducted a campaign against Pompey on the territory of his province — Spain.
4421eab62fb7fdb405b2113b11fd1f9b18ab2f6d	Returning to Rome, Caesar was proclaimed dictator.
04b8e8d91ba4c884c99f68deffd743b33d134f06	Pompey, united with Metellus Scipio, hastily gathered a huge army, but Caesar inflicted a crushing defeat on him in the famous battle of Pharsalus; Pompey himself fled to the Asian provinces and was killed in Egypt.
d4505f08321c0054f602e6e2f4cadd44a83567ba	Pursuing Pompey, Caesar went to Egypt, to Alexandria, where he was presented with the head of a murdered rival.
6e4957e60eb58bc73488e67bf8f8f9c908f70fee	The Gallic proconsulate of Caesar was a direct continuation of his activities in the previous 7-8 years, aimed at obtaining under his command a large military force that could allow him to claim power and, if necessary, balance the military influence of Pompey.
00486e441c8cc289c1eda58a6ee0565980fc121a	At first, Caesar believed that this could be done in Spain, but closer acquaintance with this country and its insufficiently convenient geographical position in relation to Italy forced Caesar to abandon this idea, especially since the traditions of Pompey were strong in Spain and in the Spanish army.
9738d4bf4e596f5e80a65775ccd9c8ffe0c854b0	The reason for the outbreak of hostilities in 58 BC in Transalpine Gaul was the mass migration of the Celtic tribe of the Helvetians to these lands.
2157a109edb285d66cce3bfb95b51f197aad25ce	After the victory over the Helvetians in the same year, a war against the invading Germanic tribes led by Ariovistus followed, which ended in a complete victory for Caesar.
dedbf6eba8bc3a8bcefa22be7bbd53dead263e40	The strengthening of Roman influence in Gaul caused unrest among the Belgians.
503259c1db955a189daa5f27a21696610535d238	The campaign of 57 BC begins with the pacification of the Belgae and continues with the conquest of the northwestern lands, where the Nervii and Aduatuk tribes lived.
6929426354886cbb20c3f9d7a578b41cb0603a3d	In the summer of 57 BC on the bank of the river Sabris there was a grand battle of the Roman legions with the army of the Nervii, when only luck and the best training of the legionaries allowed the Romans to win.
5f694c90f2f7485a897705c1c1aa76d1b0daa76a	At the same time, the legion under the command of the legate Publius Crassus conquered the tribes of northwestern Gaul.
86093d2f96e869da7fd1bd450d1f6703a94d21c2	Based on Caesar's report, the Senate was forced to make a decision on the celebration and a 15-day thanksgiving prayer.
de5ce672b37a0c4c341fe7742074685de105d586	But already in 56 BC there are unrest in various places in Gaul.
ca54b7e157c1ab7334bc1e968efd0761b96369ce	Caesar hastily returns from Illyria to suppress the rebellions.
12912b9f2eb573e74671c154454f38862cf81c3c	To defeat the Veneti who had fallen away from Caesar, a fleet was built at the mouth of the Loire, which won under the command of Decimus Brutus.
e434fdf846385f6a8465c242f6137a56c8f9c9f5	At the same time, the legate Publius Crassus conquered many tribes from the Garona to the Pyrenees, conquering all of Aquitaine.
23b7ee4a26b5884ea1a39a4ec2c09d26ea9543df	As a result of three years of successful war, Caesar increased his fortune many times.
d69320c1101290c0098d35d2caae730880156a76	He generously gave money to his supporters, attracting new people to himself, increased his influence.
d29c8563758837342ccefd3840206aca902c47c0	The new 55 BC began with the seizure of the Gallic lands on the territory of modern Flanders by the Germanic tribes of the Usypets and Tenkters.
560860bda255882dda5bd47e2a67fc2473d7cb21	In a short time, having dealt with the uninvited guests, Caesar leads a crossing over the Rhine and makes a trip to Germany.
835e2949e5246f065f6a170b583bf41b0df72b0f	In the same year, the first expedition to Britain was made.
9c355af0ada58d05d269fbf9c82c36b6a22cbaaf	Caesar is perhaps the most famous Roman.
1d83420316cad235a50f0e40f071875f11e4c26a	Even his contemporaries emphasized his positive habits and abilities, and kept silent about the negative ones.
72ad8f51fc0a9d751b381ce207a9ebd70790154b	His personality has always been in the center of public attention, so many descriptions of his personality have come down to us.
2d7f733a1cbaf9549c89301ca696790ed6dc45fd	For example, it is known that Caesar had a bald head, and therefore he used the opportunity to constantly wear a laurel wreath[4].
999399d1391eaf1b9713cfc2461e6e36da191975	He was accused of leading a depraved lifestyle — some called him "the husband of all wives and the wife of all husbands"[5].
3f09fefe24e2c0cfe6cc59cc6f493840adacd628	At the same time, everyone noted that Caesar did not drink wine in large volumes, which is why Cato the Younger noticed that "Caesar was the only one of all who took up the coup d'etat sober"[6].
4bd30982f652fea4fce21d436acc980e0823d8ce	Because of his way of life and especially because of the need to support his popularity, Caesar plundered the provinces subordinate to him as in times of war, and in Gaul he even plundered the largest temples of the Gauls.
18f3a04d0bf0dbecd01577ee45476bd3d9430dfd	In addition, in the year of his consulship, Caesar, using his powers, replaced 3,000 Roman pounds of gold with copper in the state treasury[7].
ead0c789ba877a717a9b5fa85d2457f869c6d577	Caesar was an excellent master of weapons and controlled a horse[8], and also perfectly conducted all the battles in which he participated.
84f3c5a41dcb08ba3893991b2f80119bf97754ce	He was on very good terms with his soldiers, and they almost never opposed him, even if he led them to a civil war against other Roman citizens.
db9571c0abddf7bc1e7569d0c9acd264b9e91495	Whenever possible, Caesar sought to reconcile with all his enemies[9], even with Pompey and Cato.
34823cd03874f21275f2d10035dd6345fad1c87e	Caesar was happy to receive Cicero, who was one of the leaders of the conservative majority of senators.
3857613850556c6173b9588fd10c0bc9e6d606ca	After the victory in the civil war, Caesar allowed all the Pompeians to return to Rome, and none of them was punished.
ef5e0159d7459cacb85ccdc4903be3689f19fc3d	He did not execute the conspirators about whom he was aware, but only said that he knew all their plans[10].
6c2b677976acd12adf4d533167472b2bc110c5da	The reign of Caesar is considered one of the main moments in the process of transition from the Republic to the Empire, because it was he who began to trample on republican state customs and establish new ones.
badfbc8b59373b68d9e8cc024f855a09ab3f7f68	The outstanding historian, the Nobel Prize winner in literature, Theodor Mommsen, in his fundamental "Roman History", exalted Caesar by all means, simultaneously belittling all contemporary politicians, and above all Pompey.
6edef34380a2537581b1ce7785f23b6d4ca466e0	March 11 were born[en]: Lev Ivanovich Polivanov, Georgy Alexandrovich Yumatov Died[en]: Pyotr Petrovich Semenov Tyan Shansky, Alexander Fleming
f372a44c5db685eefdce5c05000927c50be01420	Julius Caesar Famous Namesakes / Biographies / Names / Patronymic names / Name and patronymic / Horoscopes / Tests/ Signs / Table of Contents / Home Gaius Julius Caesar biography
daf3d3c9c1953fcf80f18da9e8d4e50e0c460f1c	Gaius Julius Caesar (100-44 BC) - Roman dictator in 49, 48-46, 45, from 44 BC -for life.
7d1bd91d6523701da359b53298afbdcd57a7ae81	The zodiac sign is Cancer.
eeccae35c20c33a3ae8a488590ec99c6da46c194	A political figure and a commander.
3d18a15211ac605bb4f08c85a72eec7edeb80925	He began his political activity as a supporter of the Republican group, holding the posts of military tribune in 73 BC, aedile in 65 BC, praetor in 62 BC .
fff513a21fd73a1b13d226203975657272fadb41	Seeking the consulship, in 60 BC .
9f892e84d3569e60243abce0248a4dca34d81fde	Julius Caesar entered into an alliance with the Roman generals Gnaeus Pompey and Crassus (1st triumvirate).
4a33a8f90124ac87e5aa20bcd809e3b9fe8abc4b	Consul in 59 BC, then governor of Gaul; in 58-51 BC, he subordinated all Transalpine Gaul to Rome.
3d681bbcc37ddf92fbd488960d8fe92a79885d6d	In 49 BC, relying on the army, he began the struggle for autocracy.
05a53f96c24b4d006c010cec0ba0bad708b0d55e	Having defeated Pompey and his supporters in 49-45 BC (Crassus died in 53 BC), he found himself at the head of the state.
2252ea35fff264e38dc590744881d82d6ef69f98	Having concentrated in his hands a number of important republican positions (dictator, consul, etc.), Gaius Julius Caesar became virtually a monarch.
666c9b0d9f2eecd04c3f615c2176970f5f595ff3	He was killed as a result of a Republican conspiracy.
a05c8a3b542ff49f75ae4effb2d1adbc0eabebe4	Author of "Notes on the Gallic War" and "Notes on the Civil Wars"; carried out a reform of the calendar (the Julian calendar).
140350c86b217f03c40a1ad9ea9f6aeba8571ced	Julius Caesar was born on July 13, 100 BC .
8940f3d5343d4771e9119b206720ed6529c569a6	With his rule, a regime of sole power was established, the last years of the Roman republic are connected.
108e8be1c5b765431585b950361948b76b2c70c0	The name of Caesar was turned into the title of the Roman emperors; later, the Russian words "tsar", "caesar", and the German "kaiser"were derived from it.
c4eddac36e5328a103ca782024a20d1466672ed0	The youth of Julius Caesar Julius Caesar came from a noble Patrician family: his father held the position of praetor, and then proconsul of Asia, his mother belonged to the noble Plebeian family of the Aurelians.
c8229f79b3597126ad9d697de7403b76879b1dac	The family ties of the young Caesar determined his position in the political world: his father's sister, Julia, was married to Gaius Marius, virtually the sole ruler of Rome, and Caesar's first wife, Cornelia, was the daughter of Cinna, the successor of Marius.
6747e73a5c9b2427b2efc5c7117aece4f1e2e56f	In 84 BC, the young Caesar was elected a priest of Jupiter.
55cf882ad0f18887cfbb72bc67b50dcafefeb8da	The establishment of the dictatorship of Sulla in 82 BC and the persecution of the supporters of Marius affected the position of Caesar: he was removed from the post of priest and demanded a divorce from Cornelia.
2b11a1ad9444818932ba171492b775464aee01a8	Caesar refused, which entailed the confiscation of his wife's property and the deprivation of his father's inheritance.
2aaa6bba33e2c89f0a6db2ea45066d880a6be5d1	Sulla, however, pardoned the young man, although he treated him with suspicion, believing that "there are a lot of Maris in the boy."
709acd973793f6a244a46b3437934e681d4ef407	The beginning of military and state activity After leaving Rome for Asia Minor, Julius Caesar was in military service, lived in Bithynia, Cilicia, participated in the capture of Mytilene.
3c88b2245358f6651d4f3ff09ac96fdb65c023fa	He returned to Rome after the death of Sulla, spoke at the trials.
9949df823dd4ac6d7bed90496fb2a698b427174d	For the sake of improving his oratory, he went to the island of Rhodes to the famous rhetorician Apollonius Molon.
7fc44ba5806cfe433b48b9d19b9b75e20a7a3456	Returning from Rhodes, he was captured by pirates, paid a ransom, but then cruelly took revenge by capturing sea robbers and putting them to death.
7d7ecff4414d8862b22746f6bf20ac21a98bd83e	In Rome, Yu.
644ae1036220fba71ef2669199d28da6c960435e	Caesar received the posts of pontifical priest and military tribune, and from 68 BC — Quaestor, married Pompeia, a relative of Gnaeus Pompeius — his future ally and then enemy.
55622527d5417e0acddfff8c0247bfd0ee43d2d4	Having occupied the post of aedile in 66 BC, he was engaged in the improvement of the city, the organization of magnificent festivals, grain distributions; all this contributed to his popularity.
64b185b595148112b80f59539f7ccc1e025f4eb9	After becoming a senator, Julius participates in political intrigues in order to support Pompey, who was engaged in a war in the East at that time and returned in triumph in 61 BC.
1127e561139c7d204e958b1b8e833289bc28d45b	The first triumvirate In 60 BC. on the eve of the consular elections, a secret political alliance was concluded — a triumvirate between Pompey, Caesar and the winner of Spartacus, Crassus.
ef8b96b090ebf97ae0ac8ff31c861c594982b01b	Caesar was elected consul for 59 BC jointly with Bibulus.
5020468944ebfdf39a159ececd0549ca5aba392c	Having passed agrarian laws, Julius Caesar acquired a large number of adherents who received land.
7498428bfa046c9411761a7059bf5af210134551	Strengthening the triumvirate, he married his daughter to Pompey.
ce07ab36aa84416f209b521dfab386cc759df848	After becoming proconsul of Gaul at the end of his consular powers, Julius Caesar conquered new territories for Rome here.
c6f65bf43db8721475f59ebdb89e2e219c643cf7	He was hardy, he always went ahead of the army on a campaign with his head uncovered in the heat, in the cold, and in the rain.
1a39fbfb7ed9eb92e3a9ebfe8591db93d8046326	The great commander was able to set up soldiers with a short and well constructed speech, personally knew his centurions and the best soldiers and enjoyed extraordinary popularity and authority among them.
75e415e5a6ca9177d03df5426d106d7dbe07194d	On January 12, 49 BC, he gathered the soldiers of the 13th Legion, made a speech to them and made the famous crossing of the river.
0471ab8477d7723155a05bb51f3a086686c22407	Rubicon, thus crossing the border of Italy (legend attributes to him the words "the die is cast", pronounced before the crossing and marked the beginning of the civil war).
c4aed9add48b04b83b29ef781499a5eb3360ba89	Pompey, united with Metellus Scipio, hastily gathered a huge army, but Caesar inflicted a crushing defeat on him in the famous battle of Pharsalus;
c5ddee3d93e175b9b39267a76c4bb02771a8a53d	Pompey himself fled to the Asian provinces and was killed in Egypt.
e0535f7400656b78a75d9cf7eaeeaca7d41c7ae1	Caesar refused the terrible gift, and, according to biographers, mourned his death.
479bceca5db7db3f0be8118008b2107455dff9d5	While in Egypt, Julius Caesar intervened in political intrigues on the side of Queen Cleopatra;
bf6ebec80c8660974dd8a8081f0c0a1e17ac2ac5	Alexandria was subdued.
be40bb9b2502a8bfd2cbd5b800f724dfff570bfa	Meanwhile, the Pompeians, from whom Cato and Scipio had advanced to the first roles, were gathering new forces based in North Africa.
5999304f799d78d31436f7d86b7223b72d0bf19b	After a campaign in Syria and Cilicia (it was from here that Caesar wrote in his report "I came, I saw, I won"), he returned to Rome and then in the battle of Thaps (46 BC) in North Africa he defeated the supporters of Pompey.
221492fb3d65435f883399e86ed2def0b1dbe69a	The cities of North Africa expressed their submission, Numidia was annexed to the Roman possessions, turned into the province of New Africa.
a6e99b7e5bd4a21a0fe937e46d5d90425d79b282	Caesar the dictator Upon his return to Rome, Julius Caesar celebrates a magnificent triumph, arranges grandiose spectacles, games and treats of the people, awards soldiers.
a0bb2ba67315640ea0da7f9abfaa7b1adeecc3a3	He is proclaimed dictator for a 10 year term, and soon receives the titles of "emperor" and "father of the Fatherland".
9a6c9c1419879efb18e69005cb682cce61f3e398	Caesar passes laws on Roman citizenship, on the administration of cities, on the reduction of grain distributions in Rome, as well as a law against luxury.
bbc6f199d8a3f60618bfb76a0a8464d31595a562	He is implementing a reform of the calendar, which gets his name (read the history of the calendar in the description of the month of January).
a4970ff159b176e801c8291a75885a262df2e144	After the last victory over the Pompeians at Munda (in Spain, 45 BC), Julius Caesar began to receive immoderate honors.
afd9770c0a8d59f65217b550816bfc051a33c9ea	Statues of him were erected in temples and among the images of kings.
88115aade91ee02993ab26d9f259240ba247d863	He wore red royal boots, red royal vestments, had the right to sit on a gilded chair, had a large honorary guard.
da582d855bc90ae01e19ab3c13f47702cb6ea98d	The month of July was named after him, the list of his honors was written in gold letters on silver columns.
79be526ab250a10697b00b30b32aa35ddf1be6a4	Caesar arbitrarily appointed and dismissed officials from power.
f8ecf4124f916b123fe323cb315560b46a42488b	The conspiracy and the murder of Julius Caesar In society, especially in republican circles, discontent was brewing, there were rumors about Caesar's desire for royal power.
2654ecfd7404830485f6a3d58c37b60f7d7fce56	His connection with Cleopatra, who was living in Rome at that time, also made an unfavorable impression.
c6ac24340ed4dcea168c87070de3d4488cfee6df	There was a plot to kill the dictator.
f2407d1530999ceed25883192c4f17af8594289f	Among the conspirators were his closest associates Cassius and the young Marcus Junius Brutus, who, it was claimed, was even the illegitimate son of Caesar.
386cbe189dcd3d113135a8963271f7a027f70d4f	On March 15, 44 BC — the Ides of March — at a meeting of the Senate, the conspirators attacked Caesar with daggers in front of the frightened senators.
e9e670dbd07230e05f85f668fd473353580cc7d8	According to legend, when Caesar saw the young Brutus among the murderers, he exclaimed: "And you, my child" (or: "And you, Brutus"), stopped resisting and fell at the foot of the statue of his enemy Pompey.
3982a4e528aa654df4aff6fa9844b2890e50be7d	Caesar also went down in history as the greatest Roman writer — his "Notes on the Gallic War" and "Notes on the Civil War" are rightfully considered an example of Latin prose.
c36edf2fe2924a7fbf17051b6dd8fb1884b73b27	(N. V. Samozvantseva)
2ac4a6d540bc57e0878d3c85eae2b3aacc810cae	A film about the life and work of the Roman Emperor Gaius Julius Caesar (c) Encyclopedia channel
e6a3857d8019172c8dc247a43502a187019368a6	Narration: Gorbenko Maxim.
c557e7e1c264462e162624d20c2c71fff5511517	Text, Literary editor: Myagkih Ella.
4df00af07cd209f09583f585146e531257f20ef1	Director: Konovalova Irina.
410fa60b7d8ab6e4168082c19329eb1a07a5f176	General producer: Naumov Oleg.
10c8ed59cf209a5cc1c7522e9df116f82dd44049	Chef Editor: Putintsev Vitaliy.
230cfff2cf805f9186050ec7e922a182ac9937cc	Sound: Deyneko Evgeniy.
0a34d960f2f6979a2f8a9d378f6128107db60996	See other famous men named Julius.
48413cddb67b575c9a1f296c75156bf1e5853e7f	The meaning and origin of the name Julius.
e89872043ae5380dd2ad69b16afb447771680c05	Famous men named Guy.
10388361bdaa95811fc96a07d9fe729d8fe7290a	Description of the name Guy.
495100c0c37c5cfc84c07c8eb5e90dce4015713c	explanation of the letters of the name in the development of the Russian astrologer Astrology (from the Greek astron — star and logos word, doctrine) is the doctrine of the influence of heavenly bodies on the earthly world and a person (his temperament, character, actions and future), which was determined through visible movements on the celestial sphere and the mutual location of the luminaries (constellation) at a given time (see Horoscope).
d24bc177e7876a49fbe2635bd9757ed1141a19a9	Gaius Julius Caesar
d3f5975a480932763b5e339c40b14814a5ec455f	Latin Gaius Iulius Caesar
d865cf8ad79eb079ec2b944051b103671ea8c7d1	A bust of Caesar from the National Archaeological Museum in Naples.
6aeb68a7a42b0b961492f8032c4cdb7ca7bd1251	It was created around the reign of Trajan (the beginning of the II century AD) [1]
079d0768a1260ca14c9e80d88fa5efa41136fc9a	Dictator for life of the Roman Republic
67862b12eb17080397f743cf6980f70bc81f2c66	from February to March 15, 44 BC Co ruler: Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Successor: the position was abolished
4620198515009d9de3c2a5536a8f7a3cf8860f6d	Consul of the Roman Republic
98fa4c78fa74dac0dbfa70b31a8e1a8b96354782	from January 1 to March 15, 44 BC Co ruler: Mark Antony Successor: suffect Publius Cornelius Dolabella
b605e43fb2514b83f064aec387b5926ced1f6fc0	Consul without a colleague
9ecafe93286026e5113e07591d2821bbb1cf429b	from January 1 to October 1, 45 BC Predecessor: Gaius Julius Caesar and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Successor: Consuls suffects from October 1 Quintus Fabius Maximus, Gaius Trebonius and Gaius Caninius Rebilus
b9dfdfd69e7b26debbe6e1762210d9442b809fdf	The Dictator
df7bf12481f907dbd84b20b9b084a4421687e84f	46-44 BC Coruler: Mark Antony
37baee4d69952be300a7a9c9903525731b7ec916	Consul
8ebaa603a71cfaf3f30b6063ac8dcff4970c2a35	46 BC Co ruler: Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Predecessor: Quintus Fufius Calenus and Publius Vatinius Successor: Gaius Julius Caesar
08b2780d6f2c230093fdabfc793ad85f69b8127d	48-47 BC Coruler: Mark Antony
5a0c430eb7a9e65ce82b5cde07f70e8b64c8adee	48 BC Co ruler: Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus Predecessor: Gaius Claudius Marcellus and Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus Successor: Quintus Fufius Calenus and Publius Vatinius
f689d7e76f92fa60afb89320f1b62a5107216e9e	49 BC Predecessor: Lucius Cornelius Sulla Successor: Gaius Julius Caesar
b7dd3858dabee9950400c4664d3a4f6cf9da25c1	59 BC Co ruler: Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus Predecessor: Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer and Lucius Afranius Successor: Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus and Aulus Gabinius
1eac24436e32f4bd01058a3dc636616627362a17	The Great Pontiff
8060600daba13eca2a97a36de3b1aa166f3ace98	63-44 BC Predecessor: Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Successor: Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
3f63ae1d2b8b10e0dbad352205593b13c9bcd340	Birth: July 12, 100 BC (-100-07-12)
c6e8264ef8669bb219166d8270004c960d0cdba8	Rome Death: March 15, 44 BC(-044-03-15) (55 years)
22d385a4754f22a5b4d032e252993f10a25bf8c6	Rome Birth: Julia, Julia Claudia Father: Gaius Julius Caesar The Elder Mother: Aurelia Cotta Spouse: 1) Cornelia
c76c7b8022b9178237b8032ec12fb1172873da76	(84-69 BC)
734adaf943976e533a589186814e8322e9e3b6d3	2) Pompeii
e57557ceee67375544f3dd656a5c40dcfae54e4f	(ca . 67-62 BC)
df9c033ded57d7777ff6687de2f180b711ecb702	3) Calpurnia
570e077956fd8b890172e0f0e0e0fcaff3c7ab9e	(59-44 BC) Children: daughter: Julia (from Cornelia)
21040259792e98dbc44fdbda709192f3014cb948	son (in doubt): Ptolemy Caesarion (from Cleopatra)
1eefbced7e4e795413f1ca1769dce60c43fc1b31	Gaius Julius Caesar on Wikimedia Commons
b86015c94c918519f05685dd17bde625bdda14cd	The query "Caesar" is redirected here; see also other values.
6daea36b9cf8af31271ce89a51b12a6c3ac3186c	The query "Julius Caesar" is redirected here; see also other values.
89d5aa9bd7942445befd9b6f536081dd73f40077	This term has other meanings, see Gaius Julius Caesar (meanings).
0b0719d125a3ed5864d39f9939eac96920da2c0f	Gaius Julius Caesar (the authentic pronunciation is close to Kaisar; Lat. Gaius Iulius Caesar [ˈgaːjʊs ˈjuːliʊs ˈkaesar]; 12 or 13 July 100 BC — 15 March 44 BC) — Roman statesman and politician, military leader, writer.
ff114f9753a2cec22b6bb7786c574eb609007604	Consul of 59, 48, 46, 45 and 44 BC, dictator of 49, 48-47 and 46-44 BC, Grand Pontiff from 63 BC.
6b803f134698b2bf02ecd8c3b203a78cc0b80905	Descended from an ancient Patrician family, Caesar consistently sought all ordinary Roman positions (cursus honorum) and made a name for himself in the fight against conservative senators (optimates).
f4fbea8a5a0405113cea8dcccf39e7ab08c36d63	In 60 BC, he organized the first triumvirate together with two influential politicians Gnaeus Pompey the Great and Marcus Licinius Crassus.
3086707d2fd4d34b582a1bceee5503793ebb2a39	Since 58 BC, he spent more than eight years on the territory of modern Switzerland, France, Belgium, Germany and Great Britain in the Gallic War, joining a huge territory from the Atlantic Ocean to the Rhine to the Roman Republic and gaining fame as a talented commander.
e03c06e83ba0c58177f0b573d9c97006faa11def	At the beginning of 49 BC, he began a civil war because of irreconcilable differences with the senators on the details of his return to Rome and on guarantees of judicial immunity for official crimes (bribery in elections, bribes to officials, violation of contracts, violent acts and other violations).
07af4a2bbc5b2c7793d6252415fe402ce7d48a87	Within four years, the supporters of the Senate, grouped around Pompey, were defeated by Caesar in Italy ,Spain (twice), Greece and Africa, and he also defeated the troops of the rulers of Egypt and Pontus.
4bc082e0ec343123ffe26c294dbedb44db8e7701	He adhered to the policy of mercy, but at the same time executed a number of his key opponents.
ca843bb7cba3b7906e16dac4a15dc9e28f0c8cde	Having achieved a complete victory over his opponents, he concentrated in his hands the power of the consul and the extraordinary powers of the dictator (in the end — in the form of a lifetime position), carried out a number of reforms in all spheres of society.
61ef3a20df7dce3d92251c835c11dd0e235f0bda	During the life of Caesar, his deification began, the honorary title of the victorious commander "emperor" became part of his name, but he refused the power of the ancient Roman kings.
a2ae9fdce50ad728236ded7aabc387e04f07cd37	After the assassination of Caesar by a group of senators led by Marcus Junius Brutus, Caesar's great nephew Gaius Octavius took his name and received most of the inheritance in his will, later becoming the first emperor.
e26b5c82ba78ee0dedec4a9cf62e8ba010d2d45b	Caesar was treated differently during his lifetime, and this tradition was preserved in the Roman Empire: his name was whitewashed in every possible way by supporters of the rulers, and the oppositionists praised his victims and conspirators.
8968f8e13fd8f04b382f8d2b992f63ed67654ab9	The personality of Caesar was very popular in the Middle Ages and Modern times.
a876da6cb720ed149e8f57282749ead5cbd2bb7f	In addition to political and military activities, Caesar is also known as a writer.
51861a57f05ee4cfbf08823f9edb841f4467f74d	Due to the simplicity and clarity of the style, his works are considered classics of ancient Roman literature and are used in teaching Latin.
e37680e0c9ccc179ecd717665eadc07137737641	The titles Kaiser and tsar go back to the name of Julius Caesar, as well as the name of the seventh month of the year in many languages of the world — July.
96bdf143920cc0502f524f2aa534dcebc1cc6564	1 Origin and childhood 1.1 Origin 1.2 Date of birth 1.3 Childhood
a8684e753d2c3ac7624093a435283a56c9d72cac	2 The beginning of a political career 2.1 Marriage and service in Asia 2.2 Return to Rome and participation in the political struggle 2.3 Edilitet.
33da30d89336d5a80ec4578545eadacbb326052f	Presidency of the court 2.4 Election of the Grand Pontiff 2.5 Caesar and Catilina
d3f8ec3422593c4716992a402889cafe9223d32e	3 Pretours.
f2d3fd567445bd8ef484599f26d34e95c94c8854	Creation of the first triumvirate (62-60 BC) 3.1 Praetura 3.2 Governor of Distant Spain 3.3 Return to Rome.
6c9733ff91d5918fe391e58fe2c7ac403aae2c22	Creation of the first Triumvirate
c5cc2061e78bb0670f51ec0998c73c0b783cb208	4 Consulship (59 BC) 5 Consulship 5.1 Gallic War 5.2 Proconsul and Rome
94f614db4cac3bda546ba2e59b338d081c4e454b	6 Civil War 7 Dictatorship 7.1 Establishment of sole power 7.2 Sacralization 7.3 Reforms 7.4 Murder.
58fde1a86a240eb3950572539240e24b61c7c57f	The will
f0f732f3b1069c8b3859aa6fe5437be3a194b210	8 Personality 8.1 Appearance and general characteristics from contemporaries 8.2 Family.
5e1b58d83c2b49a064aaf076b2e496acd14b34e7	Personal life 8.3 Religious views 8.4 Health
b15e1bd13f1a410210a9f789a2ddb69a31c10f76	9 Literary activity 10 Caesar in culture 11 The image of Caesar in historiography 12 The works of Caesar and his successors 13 Comments 14 Notes 15 Literature 16 References
25f2a8a52727459bdfb7d3450e9a92f2a76324b7	Origin and childhood[edit / edit wiki text]
4df84ee61010261160261d3b3e5a4bb4746da834	Main article: Childhood and youth of Gaius Julius Caesar
f792aeb2d3fb0cbca43f96d37f38d07efbfcb80f	Gaius Julius Caesar was born into the ancient patrician family of the Julii.
46142373dd010dbe2b6b182cdcdb9cbcae9f9634	In the V—IV centuries BC , the Julii played a significant role in the life of Rome.
a319876d75e967651bc8c823811e68dd8f5f15d6	Among the representatives of the family came, in particular, one dictator, one master of cavalry (deputy dictator) and one member of the college of decemvirs who developed the laws of the Ten Tables — the original version of the famous laws of the Twelve Tables[2].
9fb22383deafd38396c61c595965574a57d6bfb5	Like most families with an ancient history, the Julii had a common myth about their origin.
e373971e6bb661819ddd1dc085b1ad40aabc1ca4	They raised their family to the goddess Venus through Aeneas.
423868c4adf3658d67433171dd62b7e2aee6e036	The mythical version of the origin of the Julii was already well known by 200 BC. [3], and Cato the Elder wrote down a version about the etymology of the generic name of the Julii.
607c3583086b2fa2d13ca76bc769dd61bf301a92	In his opinion, the first bearer of this name, Yul, received a nickname from the Greek word "οουλος " (fluff, the first hair on the cheeks and chin)[4].
12459492b48ee9927e9efae8994370c9d8ff06bf	Almost all the Julii in the V—IV centuries BC wore the cognomen Yul, which was probably originally the only one in their family[2].
69773e3afffa2b152abbcb2d708b28ad3f01e2a9	The branch of the Julius Caesars probably descended from the Julius Julius, although the links between them are unknown[4].
42f277224b1d76a7113a05416edf491163387647	The first known Caesar was the praetor of 208 BC, mentioned by Titus Livy[5][6]. The etymology of the cognomen "Caesar" is reliably unknown and was forgotten already in the Roman era.
cc52a7704fe41ef12daaa8adcd1c9d925a33ec18	Aelius Spartianus, one of the authors of the lives of the Augustans, recorded four versions that existed by the IV century AD.:
95a76971a5286076506c60cd2169096243c95179	"...the most learned and educated people believe that the first one who was so named received this name from the name of an elephant (which is called caesai in the language of the Moors), killed by him in battle; [or] because he was born from a dead mother and was cut out of her womb[7]; or because he came out of the womb of his parent already with long hair[8]; or because he had such brilliant gray blue eyes[9], which do not happen to people"[10].
ef6dee664ae37c512b376c03fa8c8fc102a0ed14	Until now, the reliable etymology of the name is unclear, but it is more often assumed that the cognomen originates from the Etruscan language (aisar — god; the Roman names Caesius, Caesonius and Caesennius have a similar origin)[11].
418a206da3115442190a563cd0c358131f5705aa	By the beginning of the I century BC, two branches of the Julius Caesars were known in Rome.
ad8d232f31c3e9fcb4898c7083ed481c0db1959f	They were in a fairly close, but not exactly established relationship with each other.
2b0ede617660a7f0c4f12d023507e657b28334bd	The two branches were registered in different tribes, and by the 80th BC they had a completely opposite political orientation, focusing on two warring politicians.
8a573b37deb17dc8bfe7989754bcda2beaf5e535	The closest relatives of the future dictator were guided by Gaius Marius (his wife was Julia, Gaius ' aunt), and the Caesars from another branch supported Sulla.
6b1275e0592e11946944f73b79405287baacfe70	At the same time, the latter branch played a greater role in public life than the one to which Guy belonged[12].
dc7653c8ef0edec0819a3d66de102394acbfa973	Gaius ' relatives on the side of his mother and grandmother could not boast of kinship with the gods, but they all belonged to the elite of Roman society — the nobility.
9331a4cd0c28dea9200366d86ec53c90b3926e63	Caesar's mother, Aurelia Cotta, belonged to the rich and influential Plebeian Aurelian family.
2f76debfe3e4a7c77bf7e676821832a78f0d1b03	The family of Gaius ' grandmother Marcia traced its origin to the fourth Roman king Ancus Marcius[13].
5cd37611627c3f62497a806197d104e68ad63377	<= ?
4d2a116113e32bcceaf300821ede7a9665b3f990	=>
f35d99e539039d8bc66d111c123d6d081886ce45	Marcia
27e3b3fdaee47c89773f39dc114dd476ef3aee66	Strabo Vopisk
3cf40b50c50215687c148cbc14e803f01d927d61	Lucius Julius Caesar
ac8682116a3dda0e5d437d755ca29754fbad624f	Sextus Julius Caesar
71225428d23d78ba440c260ea93c8c7da94e0aab	Gaius Marius
e64d664b335757ab1b0ed70dc6883a5f412be34b	Julia
d76bbaa39a632d13b555c8ac5eca22489aa0dc07	Aurelia Cotta
b2c7be1b11cf03c9a15499d16a103510c48b5a2b	Julia the Elder
6df7f87f1e251c9eb3699e7f8ac56493036a05b3	Julia the Younger
cc330fe7691bfb8bfc246205244df37471dfe23d	(the dictator)
f74f78bbaf822541eacd6cf9a27608a4f03c4402	Date of birth[edit / edit wiki text]
607c918f0f695c30b661b2a6503cb2121e8c722d	Caesar's date of birth it remains a subject of discussion for researchers.
8bbb5d6cb9e75931b2efcd73e094925943aeb607	The evidence of sources on this issue varies.
5d1eace5eec238a6f8a3b76f9db2d5fc250a5974	Indirect indications of most ancient authors allow us to date the birth of the dictator to the 100th year BC.[14][15][16][17], although Eutropius mentions that during the Battle of Munda (March 17, 45 BC), he was 56 years old[18].
11eafb8616c2a7ddf8f89cec24be56fc09f10668	In two important systematic sources about the dictator's life — his biographies authored by Suetonius and Plutarch — the beginning of the text with stories about the circumstances of his birth has not been preserved[19].
3fec142c45d82fdfd4043e34e72e45945898af9f	The reason for the discrepancies in historiography was, however, the discrepancy between the time of Caesar's master's studies and the well known practice: Caesar occupied all the magistracies earlier than the normal sequence (cursus honorum) by about two years[20].
7facbc57122f85835212bfd763b1e53fb992d85d	Because of this, Theodor Mommsen proposed to consider the date of Caesar's birth as 102 BC.
2fe778a62da973dc2a1c798a69d99bc019261e52	[21] Since the beginning of the XX century, other solutions to the discrepancy have been proposed[22][23][24].
a518db9174dd24370ebfd3993205e3835ce128dd	Guy's birthday is also causing discussions — on July 12 or 13.
0df6cba0e4283a5d7f970c2ccca32739726cfe67	The fourth day before the Ides of Quintilius (July 12) is mentioned by Macrobius in the Saturnalia[25].
49cf1ff0fdaf7837b4910f30895baa7f126a02e4	Dion Cassius, however, says that after the dictator's death, his birth date was moved from July 13 to July 12 by a special decree of the second triumvirate[26].
a808da70bb332fbca741d2daa2147f503344fad5	Thus, there is no consensus on the date of Caesar's birth.
1cde67ec830c3281a2e8e62e2e10a7a2ee2324c1	The year of his birth is most often recognized as 100 BC (in France, it is more often attributed to 101 BC, as suggested by Jerome Carcopino[26]).
5bc490dcdfb9b7033964de1652331437b37f8f34	The dictator's birthday is equally often considered July 12 or 13.
86da463d07623a98635844fb26312456bc359519	The house where Caesar grew up was located in the Subura, an area of Rome that had a reputation for being dysfunctional[27].
279d453e306710471bedfdf696cda3733af6bb42	As a child, he studied Greek, literature, and rhetoric at home.
1221da7800b790f65851b5494dbaf18f81ba32d5	Physical exercises, swimming, and horse riding were practiced[13].
76872724985a6bfb75ed756cf6090d5cd1450f81	Among the teachers of young Gaius, the great rhetorician Gniphon is known, who was also one of Cicero's teachers[28].
be1ecac698dd056defb4105feb52c3b11666f0ce	Around 85 BC , Caesar lost his father[29]: according to Pliny the Elder, he died while bending down to put on shoes[30].
150cc4b2d93f27682067588ff5cd49c97e033960	After the death of his father, Caesar, who passed the initiation rite, actually headed the entire Julius family, since all the closest relatives of a man older than him died[31].
c1648134696ffaacab14c14fea44427c73be358e	Soon Guy became engaged to Kossucia, a girl from a rich family from the equestrian class[32] (according to another version, they managed to get married; see the section " Family. Personal life").
d0dac381a03e5efdb5be19bcc5bfb892d00ad56f	The beginning of a political career[edit / edit wiki text]
caadf71eb7a7313c4641160ce9a53f169ed9c855	Marriage and service in Asia[edit / edit wiki text]
0c5bcd8ac7b2f9fd27426e53ae3bd9caf6cba33e	In the mid 80s BC[comment. 1] Cinna nominated Caesar to the honorary position of flamin Jupiter.
7b0d71c172a767d9d829cf7d83ed24a1c36615cf	With the establishment of the dictatorship of Lucius Cornelius Sulla and the beginning of the proscriptions, Caesar's life was in danger: the dictator did not spare political opponents and personal enemies, and Gaius turned out to be the nephew of Gaius Marius and the son in law of Cinna.
ec3214a348778bfb621da6b22c36176f4ea2e1d4	An additional circumstance that softened the dictator was the origin of Caesar from the patrician class, whose representatives the conservative Sulla never executed[34][37].
4807c19ce42f13577be8702ce0c57ddb409d9356	First, Thermus entrusted the young patrician with negotiations with the king of Bithynia, Nicomedes IV. Caesar managed to convince the king to place part of his fleet at the disposal of Thermus, so that the governor could capture the city of Mytilene on Lesbos, which did not recognize the results of the First Mithridatic War and resisted the Romans[39].
16b455003812e42609726e2e77c7c3fdfc03bb93	Guy's stay with the Bithynian king later became the source of many rumors about their sexual relationship (see the section " Family. Personal life").
cb4d234e02889e8f1b79f70d05bbd63144a0dea0	Return to Rome and participation in the political struggle[edit / edit wiki text]
21c23f3230298c7d296dffc5a3975904ca6d4175	Shortly after the failure of the trial of Antony, Caesar went to improve his oratorical skills in Rhodes to the famous rhetorician Apollonius Molon, Cicero's mentor[42].
981a87b858ab34bc8f8d2ecadcf650d3e4664859	He was held on the small island of Farmakussa (Farmakonisi)[en] in the Dodecanese archipelago[42].
ea927d4366c5fdc4b036578035c7b54f4bfa27b0	Plutarch's version that Caesar on his own initiative increased the amount of the ransom from 20 talents to 50 is certainly implausible[43].
e56db07dac2bdf615442dcdfc8aa0020d72382c1	Ancient authors colorfully describe Guy's stay on the island: he allegedly joked with the kidnappers and recited poems of his own composition to them[44].
12da73a9e805256a5f9526b0575d2b574686049f	After that, Guy himself organized the execution of the pirates — they were crucified on crosses[45].
351cf2d5942b1dc7d7f143f0140e939f2de50680	Suetonius adds some details of the execution as an illustration of the softness of Caesar's character: "He swore to the pirates with whom he was a prisoner that they would die on the cross, but when he captured them, he ordered them to be stabbed first and then crucified"[46].
7f68283f9a6d2b4b87f223af7f1fe64b64de37a4	During his second stay in the East, Caesar once again visited the Bithynian king Nicomedes[12].
0f461c03b8945fc91f6b215efd6aaa3b71e31535	He also participated at the very beginning of the Third Mithridatic War at the head of a separate auxiliary detachment, but soon left the combat zone and returned to Rome around 74 BC .
209c2214d6adce0cb05d984a9827b8df8b20adb1	The following year, he was co opted into the priestly college of pontiffs in place of his deceased uncle Gaius Aurelius Cotta[45][47][48].
00b85f57ef3318d1276dad7232c0d14c73d960b1	Soon Caesar wins the election to the military tribunes[comment. 3].
69765693487910a6a7071431443e7419385551f7	The exact date of his tribunate is unknown: the year 73 is often suggested, but the dating of 72 m [48] or 71 m BC is more likely[45][49]. From other sources, it is known that at this time in Greece, under the command of Mark Antony Creticus, there was a certain Gaius Julius, who was often identified with Caesar, but it is more likely that they were two different people[comment. 4].
0c3b85cd85464a8206613f5e5d7e0271d2edd1db	It is suggested that Caesar could have been involved in the suppression of the Spartacus uprising — if not in combat, then at least in the training of recruits[45][50]. It is also suggested that it was during the suppression of the uprising that Caesar became close friends with Marcus Licinius Crassus, who in the future played a significant role in the career of Gaius[50].
7ea55347a59d7cf029b7cc2e24fe64dd49c666b0	Gnaeus Pompeius the Great.
3fe00e6e1fbf52eeb8e552242a7a2c503c87cfc6	A bust from the New Carlsberg Glyptothek in Copenhagen
90331da86b754726fe1a31f7e763668b07f7177d	Secondly, in a speech in honor of his aunt, he recalled her marriage to Gaius Marius and showed the people his wax bust.
0586477a82a7b6d5aeef1a721020177fb8321d6c	Probably, the funeral of Julia was the first public demonstration of the image of the general since the beginning of the dictatorship of Sulla, when Maria was actually consigned to oblivion[51][52]. In the same year, Caesar became Quaestor, which guaranteed him a place in the Senate[48][52][53][54].
95e5f9fa4674af56ea7b55a430bcb35a68ff2717	It was probably during the questura that he met Lucius Cornelius Balbus, who later became Caesar's closest associate[51].
08769266b128bdbc5ae5b3f415fb408c8f26cebb	At the same time, Caesar began to openly lean towards the support of Gnaeus Pompey: in particular, he was almost the only senator who supported the law of Gabinius on the transfer of extraordinary powers to Gnaeus in the fight against pirates[55].
8fb41e9c8b95a182b62f9d10dd25ec371ff762e2	Caesar also supported the law of Manilius on granting a new command to Pompey, although he was no longer alone here[56].
3b36cb2d5eb244b5ee5bcf27945386d7504ffddc	In 66 BC , Caesar became the caretaker of the Appian Way[57] and repaired it at his own expense[58] (according to another version, he was engaged in repairing the road in 65 BC, as an aedile[59]). In those years, the main creditor of a young politician who did not skimp on spending was probably Crassus [60].
337056b82397500b0ef705224458dd8bf30d2a09	Edilitet.
386fea9306aeadd08a379e3c270e1169e7b5ebfd	Presiding over the court[edit / edit wiki text]
651b89c28ffb043444f081309efbc872120818c0	In 66 BC , Caesar was elected curule aedile for the next year, whose duties included organizing urban construction, transport, trade, daily life of Rome and solemn events (usually at his own expense).
471bf8bab621219781dc04db73092dbf73e8c2c1	In April 65 BC, the new Aedile organized and held the Megalesian Games,and in September — the Roman Games, which surprised even the Romans who were experienced in entertainment with their luxury.
eaa203e1dfeda26b9b5860b66f9d9e9fd5b2e472	Caesar shared the costs of both events equally with his colleague Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, but only Gaius received all the glory[59][61]. Initially, Caesar planned to show a record number of gladiators at the Roman Games (according to another version, gladiatorial fights were arranged by him in memory of his father[62]), but the Senate, fearing a riot of many armed slaves, issued a special decree prohibiting one person from bringing more than a certain number of gladiators to Rome[61][63]. Julius obeyed the restrictions on the number of gladiators, but gave each of them silver armor, thanks to which his gladiatorial fights were still remembered by the Romans[59].
28720faa1a014d9a88a0898054b6ec1edcd53c95	In addition, the aedile overcame the resistance of conservative senators and restored all the trophies of Gaius Marius, the demonstration of which was prohibited by Sulla[59][60].
6b4f66f8ba2144989b423df60c24dae43b2b58eb	In 64 BC , Caesar headed the permanent criminal court for cases of robbery accompanied by murder (quaestio de sicariis).
0776b8124ad19445bb12e26f8b6706dfd2d1ad78	In the courts under his presidency, many participants in Sulla's proscriptions were convicted, although this dictator issued a law that did not allow criminal prosecution against them.
d7c0166fb0b320c2afbe8406462aba166a61f283	Despite Caesar's active activity in condemning the dictator's accomplices, the active perpetrator of the murders of the proscribed Lucius Sergius Catilina was completely acquitted and was able to nominate his candidacy for the consulship for the next year[64][65][66].
936370a008444940626578c35e8a2ec75ce432a6	The initiator of a significant part of the trials, however, was Caesar's opponent, Marcus Porcius Cato the Younger[67].
0a95b925e31be5e8edd58686fc28e61d220777a5	Election of the Great Pontiff[edit / edit wiki text]
c2c2aff708246808d1e5e632fa615e7c4c2ba06a	At the beginning of 63 BC, the great pontiff Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius died, and the highest position in the system of Roman religious magistracies became vacant.
3006b95338bd2a2ec2e17c57594b361ac222f516	In the late 80s BC , Lucius Cornelius Sulla returned the ancient custom of co opting high priests by the college of pontiffs, but shortly before the new elections, Titus Labienus returned the procedure for electing a great pontiff by voting in 17 tribes out of 35.
b50729d5f5ae138a22e713a171464802c289d7a8	Caesar put up his candidacy; the alternative candidates were Quintus Lutatius Catulus Capitolinus and Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus [68].
193124d1a61545b4ee6310a429d221c3d1e980aa	Ancient historians report numerous bribes during the elections, because of which Guy's debts grew greatly[69].
cf2e411d2da9effd1a5f4f351de44b1d7159d5c7	Since the tribes that voted were determined by lot immediately before the election, Caesar was forced to bribe representatives of all 35 tribes[68].
81d3b2371871bd38c88a83011cc0be6852307c57	Gaius ' creditors were sympathetic to spending on a prestigious but unprofitable position: his successful election testified to his popularity on the eve of the elections of praetors and consuls[70].
4e09491dc2f53f2e34d0a2cba0977e0de835c249	According to legend, leaving the house before the announcement of the results, he told his mother "either I will return as pontiff, or I will not return at all" [71]; according to another version: "Today, Mother, you will see your son either as a high priest or an exile"[72].
1ce9c1754cae65f9e407c2439c38d746555770df	The vote took place, according to various versions, either on March 6[73], or at the end of the year[70], and Caesar won.
2b76a35194bd8080f3dad13d2898eb3ccdbb5d51	According to Suetonius, his advantage over his opponents turned out to be huge[72].
b1304a5f62d954dc3cca8ccbea73c225e155f249	The election of Julius as the grand pontiff for life attracted universal attention to him and almost certainly guaranteed a successful political career.
b7015d0cfd8724b3bf2b7427a300f5e62ae11edd	Unlike Flamin Jupiter, the great pontiff could participate in both civil and military activities without serious sacred restrictions[comment. 5].
e7642e3197cab383e23d15d6a07b81fcaea5f70f	Although people who were former consuls (consulars) were usually elected as great pontiffs, there were also cases in Roman history when relatively young people held this honorary position.
c00764dfc005d6558663cf9045071b6ddbbcfee2	Thus, Caesar could not be accused of becoming a great pontiff only because of exorbitant ambitions[74].
6b3ff4615fcdc1a1e3a690200d3f16c31183cc13	Immediately after his election, Caesar used the right to live in the state house of the great pontiff and moved from the Subura to the very center of the city, on the Sacred Road[69][70].
91948d02cde5cfae413133fd30b9d2ffaec35485	Later in 63 BC , Caesar participated in two high profile trials.
37cb8e0daf8bf49630b774077b2ce736ac6fe1ad	He first appeared as a witness for the prosecution against Gaius Calpurnius Piso in a case of extortion in the province (quaestio de repetundis), but he was acquitted.
fb9efca0e723a362dd1f42d9441d7ee4b26ee875	Soon (according to another version, already next year[75])
f50f1529b0b38a1bc886ea760bdf751467dc36bb	Caesar defended the noble Numidian Masinta, but again lost.
fc920f5f0b83dc251616e215abb000ea7e4f9092	The trial became infamous due to the fact that Guy, in the heat of legal disputes, grabbed the heir to the Numidian throne, Yuba (the future king Yuba I) by the beard.
490a239a10ff7e6e9dab0cf719609e94e2022b7e	It is unclear why Caesar insulted the influential prince: it could have been either a spontaneous outburst of anger, or a carefully russ a well read action that used the xenophobic sentiments of the Roman plebs[76].
f21653216765bfc74147d28d1ee63f5c521511fe	After the conviction, Guy hid Masinta and managed to take him to Spain, which showed others the reliability of Caesar as a patron, ready to protect his clients at any cost[77][78]. Finally, the beginning of the trial of Rabirius is associated with the name of Caesar: according to S. L. Utchenko, it was Julius who was behind Titus Labienus, who brought the accusation[77].
0e16593e1844694776fd7320a8e3975785de7ff9	Caesar and Catilina[edit / edit wiki text]
6a458bdd4252f312e2d365fd75135440369c2fc1	Main article: The Conspiracy of Catilina
5d18c66a26f7da7a805e707e6380b39d3e2b7e86	In 65 BC, according to some contradictory evidence of ancient historians, Caesar participated in the unsuccessful plot of Lucius Sergius Catilina to seize power.
c5cc53200beb2855c1727d3e48de8a41fadea2dd	However, the question of the" first conspiracy of Catilina " remains problematic.
dff8ca37f293b98fd8782a354b1e377b13bcefcd	The evidence of the sources varies[79], which gives grounds for some researchers to completely deny the existence of the"first conspiracy" [80].
be59c33818b861d4d6e83f689b0a1264a4f149a3	Rumors about Caesar's participation in the first conspiracy of Catiline, if it existed, were spread by the opponents of Crassus and Caesar already in the 50s BC and certainly do not correspond to reality[81].
688efa4225ea6397cd106a903c025d44ab9ab9d6	Richard Billows believes that the spread of rumors about the" first conspiracy " was beneficial to Cicero, and then to Caesar's political opponents[80].
f5fe22e49e392b1d83388d502c9b2d28af0610f9	In 63 BC, after his failure in the election of consuls, Catilina made a new, more famous attempt to seize power.
2e8c18a67b960f143fd4a7aa4c4fbb7d3dd27b2a	The possible involvement of Caesar in the conspiracy was debated in the ancient era, but reliable evidence was never provided.
95fa7d5b0b11ec1412af4ccfc8476b5c6a783b26	In the days of the culmination of the crisis, Catulus and Piso demanded that Cicero arrest Caesar for complicity in the conspiracy, but without success[82].
8e8561e9e397661b8548d43f789eb5841714dead	According to Adrian Goldsworthy, by 63 BC , Caesar could count on legal ways to occupy new positions and was not interested in participating in the conspiracy[83].
4a90f0d966ee70be9d21f88e59c5651670eb5190	A fragment of Caesar's speech in the Senate as presented by Sallust
55c0d834ee1a644df437583df5ad791d6409aa8a	"When the victor Sulla ordered to strangle Damasippus and other people like him, who had risen on the misfortunes of the state, who did not praise his act?
403ab2c167607c030f56dbc5263019d802f38c0e	Everyone said that the criminal and power hungry people who shook the state with their rebellions were deservedly executed.
7af76f8db9dc26f529520010a9547a699a2f352d	But this was the beginning of a great disaster: as soon as someone wished for someone's house, or estate, or just utensils or clothes, he already tried to make the owner appear on the proscription list.
a6d541d8fcc4e08156d327853dd2a49a0b23e4d9	And those who were pleased with the death of Damasippus soon began to be seized themselves, and the executions stopped only after Sulla generously rewarded all his supporters"[84].
2e55929f9b4503e0579908ddae4b91677015c5a6	On December 3, 63 BC , Cicero presented evidence of the danger of the conspiracy, and the next day a number of conspirators were declared state criminals.
eb767a62730ac020bef71a92f3c0a8a9f62d3a45	On December 5, the Senate, which met in the Temple of Concord, discussed a preventive measure for the conspirators: in emergency circumstances, it was decided to act without court approval.
d39fb778e1bb3a14a56758bfaf73a7eb10e9548b	Decimus Junius Silanus, who was elected consul the following year, advocated the death penalty — a punishment applied to Roman citizens in the rarest cases.
63e4142d3274c93f09a9cafd7af44b28e8c77b24	His proposal was met with approval.
de6b57dbf01ed253bcdf0601d9a44af839b324b6	Caesar came next.
13211b175a5ecdea4d4085d52a6a7e401cd5b32c	His speech in the Senate, recorded by Sallust, is probably based on the real speech of Julius.
cac4c7275bdf27c29cbd8f6fd38531f5dbce9ada	Sallust's version of the speech contains both a widespread appeal to Roman customs and traditions, and an unusual proposal to sentence the conspirators to life imprisonment — a punishment that was almost never used in Rome — with confiscation of property.
01e7f776118bda2c6590210a071bfc15dbf98f4e	After Caesar, Cicero spoke, objecting to Gaius ' proposal (an edited recording of his fourth speech against Catilina has been preserved)[85]. However, after the speech of the acting consul, many were still inclined to the proposal of Julius, but the floor was taken by Marcus Porcius Cato the Younger, who strongly opposed Caesar's initiative.
585492c821de8b7a51a2b449344ade99460a8c57	Cato also hinted at Caesar's involvement in the conspiracy and reproached the wavering senators for a lack of determination, after which the Senate voted to put the conspirators to death[86][87]. Since the meeting on December 5 was held with the doors open, the people listening attentively outside reacted violently to Cato's speech, including his hint about Caesar's connections with the conspirators, and after the meeting ended, they accompanied Gaius with threats[88].
0cc16454f76f88f33258ecc6d639f393b3ed48c8	Praetura.
bd077d16a368db90cfac8e4fc5053d761610a367	Creation of the first Triumvirate (62-60 BC)[edit / edit wiki text]
4cb08a52a3f5c119904ffded4cc39d96cad2a83d	Praetura[edit / edit wiki text]
8d5a6f30cb5d9b397da80ab100ccac050f0e158c	As soon as he took office as praetor on January 1, 62 BC, Caesar used the right of legislative initiative of the magistrate and proposed to the people's Assembly to transfer the authority to restore the temple of Jupiter Capitoline from Quintus Lutatius Catulus to Gnaeus Pompey.
ae624c07eba4e8eb417a4b4a90c52786f6277d16	Catulus was engaged in the restoration of this temple for about 15 years and almost completed the work, but if this proposal was accepted, the name of Pompey would be mentioned in the dedicatory inscription on the pediment of this most important sanctuary of Rome, and not Catulus, an influential opponent of Caesar.
ecc11341f0ca0a74dc6fe28d603b15a61cac1f64	Gaius also accused Catulus of embezzlement of public funds and demanded to report on expenses[89].
965e541e2ea769a6e32395b5cf3dba76e23640f1	After the protest of the senators, the praetor withdrew his bill[90].
7fd173c24e3a7ecae0a4e7fcfe4311bacc568444	When on January 3, the tribune Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos proposed to recall Pompey to Rome to defeat the detachments of Catiline, Gaius supported this proposal[90][91], although the troops of the conspirators were already surrounded and doomed to defeat.
522a5bf932be536a4a8e34f001405a83ab5d5ba8	Apparently, Nepos, the brother — in law of Gnaeus, hoped by his proposal to allow Pompey to arrive in Italy without disbanding his troops [92].
e42e24b8e7d3257606eb3feae74b4ec3faf695d0	After a mass brawl provoked by Nepos in the forum, the resolute Senate passed an emergency law on the removal of Nepos and Caesar from their posts[90], but a few days later Gaius was reinstated[91].
413048542d75fb1884c124cc2ceb2047331fcef1	In the autumn, at the trial of Lucius Vettius, a participant in the Catiline conspiracy, the accused told the judge that he had proof of Caesar's involvement in the conspiracy — his letter to Catiline.
ab17aad080eb82c1d0fa81ed72affccd9fadfdb1	In addition, during the interrogation in the Senate, the witness Quintus Curius stated that he had heard personally from Catilina about Caesar's participation in the preparation of the rebellion.
86b998be92a143b0d708e79973d8467110fff014	However, Cicero, at the request of Gaius, testified that he had told the consul everything he knew about the conspiracy, and thereby deprived the Curius of the reward for information and refuted his testimony.
ef7b4b4b9c399d796c3e4f779e44eb9f3c417aea	Against the first accuser, Caesar acted very decisively, arresting both Vettius (he did not appear at the next meeting and did not present evidence of the praetor's guilt) and Judge Novius Niger (he accepted a denunciation of the senior magistrate)[93][94].
aefc565e06988497f93c9080ebf32fb4f8492e37	In December 62 BC, a celebration in honor of the Good Goddess was held in Caesar's new house with the participation of only women, but it was interrupted after a man, Publius Clodius Pulcher, secretly entered the house.
dba8a1ae9094b53a58dc733740ec3a85547ca093	The senators, having learned about the incident, decided to consider the incident a sacrilege, and also demanded that the holiday be held anew and the perpetrators be punished.
6a8594cf10731f08bcae202e7c8b42f455ef959d	The latter meant the inevitable public disclosure of Caesar's personal life, since it was rumored that Clodius arrived at Caesar's house in a woman's dress for his wife[95].
f65241e4781231935315293fad04581b999c8211	Without waiting for the trial, the pontiff divorced Pompeii Sulla.
ae9b04fe2340709d05bb3114b74e33e992cd1db9	The trial took place the following year, and Clodius was acquitted, because Caesar refused to testify against him.
da587c4a4161a8a469fcd5f52fdd1a47b2b4f80a	Adrian Goldsworthy believes that Pompeii really had an affair with Clodius, but Caesar still did not dare to testify against the rapidly gaining popularity of the politician[96].
15d9ac6ebb7e7afa85e05b06957cde9d432b0ba8	In addition, the majority of judges on the panel voted with signs with illegible inscriptions[comment. 6], not wanting to incur the wrath of supporters and opponents of Clodius.
8d71f8eb65134f052a2679d64578fa74d5ac399f	During the trial, when Caesar was asked why he divorced his wife if he did not know anything about what had happened, he allegedly replied that Caesar's wife should be above suspicion (various sources cite different versions of this phrase[46] [98])[99][100].
2679b7cfa5372178e7cdc1661fd66e135ec0d4b0	According to Michael Grant, Caesar meant that the wife of the great pontiff, the high priest of Rome, should be above suspicion[101].
f745057d90b8dc39dc1746eb715042e6ffdd40c6	The British historian also points to another possible reason that accelerated the divorce — the absence of children for several years of marriage[102].
5d612de3d93e4dabcbbf986b8c407461af048410	The Governor of Distant Spain[edit / edit wiki text]
759f06cf1462eeac26a354b2f0b165fddd530034	Caesar's campaign in Distant Spain.
946fb2c21c7797c6c2379b9d31f261aa5d22c672	The blue dotted line indicates the approximate borders of the Roman provinces.
6ef0508b6d8b57323edc174a53d4c3f7e6fcbe05	Modern names of ancient cities are indicated in parentheses, Latin names of provinces are indicated in italics in parentheses
50eade7b887655b7dac9eee603b9729c042815b6	At the beginning of 61 BC , Caesar was supposed to go to the province of Distant Spain, the westernmost in the Roman Republic, to rule it as a propraetor, but numerous creditors made sure that he did not leave Rome without paying off huge debts.
94423d1c2f9a12492eab4ffa7e876a2805ccd2cd	Nevertheless, Crassus vouched for Caesar with the sum of 830 talents[99], although this huge sum hardly covered all the debts of the governor[103][comment. 7]. Thanks to Crassus, Gaius went to the province before the end of the trial of Clodius[105].
13bb0fb46eb0f5a504db27458e52026065fca713	On the way to Spain, Caesar allegedly said, passing through a remote village, that "I would rather be the first here than the second in Rome"[106][107]
c2283fdf1c10701b65905d8dc7ad08dfe81682e7	(according to another version, this phrase was uttered already on the way from Spain to Rome [108]).
2e9bdd8630d55761faff2b548687120640c44c6c	By the time of Caesar's arrival, there was a strong discontent with the Roman power and large debts in the underdeveloped northern and northeastern parts of the province.
a64d8a4f7b31e0559ec7f4f35f3852cca9fe5311	Caesar immediately recruited a militia of local residents to subdue the discontented regions, which was presented as the extermination of bandits[109][110]. According to Dion Cassius, thanks to the military campaign, Caesar hoped to match Pompey with his victories, although it was possible to establish a lasting peace without military actions[111].
81a9d6fb1492fec7bfecb3f1fb1f8665052787cf	Having at his disposal 30 cohorts (about 12 thousand soldiers), he approached the Herminian Mountains (the modern Serra da Estrela ridge) and he demanded that the local tribes settle on the flat territory in order to deprive them of the opportunity to use their fortifications in the mountains in the event of an uprising.
9fd3c76a4f3867041a9826d0ebb39a7f392e918a	Dion Cassius believes that Caesar hoped for a refusal from the very beginning, since he expected to use this answer as a motive for an attack[111].
39fc47c80c8451479a5fba809e7eeeeee40b5f1b	After the mountain tribes refused to obey, the governor's troops attacked them and forced them to retreat to the Atlantic Ocean, from where the mountaineers sailed to the Berlenga Islands.
193f17dc1f3a46863770bd9ff37937a2478e3973	Caesar ordered several detachments to cross to the islands on small rafts, but the Lusitanians killed the entire Roman landing force.
4878b427b66d439259a97f7ec7e966f2236d9042	After this failure, Gaius summoned a fleet from Hades and with its help sent a large force to the islands.
6b2a33b263ac5608c067f528d89cd4e962a09cfe	While the commander was conquering the mountain Lusitanians on the Atlantic coast, the neighbors of the exiled tribes began preparing to repel a possible attack by the governor.
f2e2df51b11a74a7f5e862fb615033005614b00a	Throughout the summer, Propraetor subdued the scattered Lusitanians, storming a number of settlements and winning one fairly large battle[109][110][112].
1e46845ff2dd14356145a0a95222686b32860a9d	Soon Caesar left the province and headed for Brigantia (modern La Coruna), quickly capturing the city and its surroundings[112][113]. In the end, the troops declared him emperor, which in the terminology of the middle of the I century BC meant recognition as a victorious commander[110].
a685c2174035f884e7aa520982cf964f63d5cec4	Even then, Caesar proved himself a decisive commander, able to quickly move his troops[114].
9d6a28d5c82ac780b8d483e1894de167eebe140c	After completing his campaign, Caesar turned to solving the daily problems of the province.
a746ba260d82982e6b2c3817bc0baca45de353cb	His energetic activity in the administrative sphere was manifested in the revision of taxation and in the analysis of court cases[99].
13d349aaa71bdb922a2626f993aedc03f65b8aab	In particular, the governor abolished the tax imposed as a punishment for the support of the Lusitanians of Quintus Sertorius in the recent war.
db5f367eec1f66a5bd8f474e68d3e1ac9de79c02	In addition, it ruled that creditors could not recover more than two thirds of their annual income from debtors.
e03f5eff8e1d50728a8d457465cb38f6491b904e	Given the difficult situation with the payment of loans and interest by residents of the province, such a measure turned out to be beneficial for both borrowers and creditors, since Caesar nevertheless confirmed the need for mandatory repayment of all debts[110].
c787b69579337031dcd78a0feb76000d8a1cc533	Finally, Caesar may have banned human sacrifice, which was practiced in the province [108].
278c18655c2fd2469027d692cc85cca16c34ee67	Some sources claim that the governor extorted money from wealthy residents of the province and robbed neutral tribes, but these evidences are probably based only on rumors.
da7de8306f4b65172c2b999ea2ccdae7392bf01c	Richard Billows believes that if Caesar had actually openly plundered the province, his political opponents would have immediately brought him to court after returning to Rome.
794eedd9171cf3c85dc3dc9d2c423a88bf546d20	In fact, there was no prosecution, nor even hints of its beginning, which indicates at least the caution of Caesar.
d6b43ed898d7ba865e3eb4c7a391bf5c10d330dd	Roman legislation of the first century BC provided for the responsibility of the governor for extortion, but did not establish clear boundaries between a gift and a bribe, and therefore sufficiently cautious actions could not qualify as bribery.
1bc84de94ff05dba6ecd96d558d585ef34fdc715	Caesar could count on substantial gifts, since the inhabitants of the province (especially the rich south) saw in the young aristocrat a potentially influential patron defender of their interests in Rome [115].
3d635b92f5b8c98a013390d7428a24871c41fcc4	The extremely energetic defense of Masinta (see the section "Election of the great pontiff") showed them that Caesar would do anything to protect his clients [77].
a78bbc3eca3027349621cc1d2361957d0c2035d5	Apparently, Caesar received the greatest income from civil activity in the southern part of the province, since the main military operations were conducted in the impoverished northern and northeastern regions of Distant Spain, in which it was hardly possible to enrich himself[103].
6dabef615fca4b611e095dbd70bab6882b816429	After the governorship in the province, Caesar significantly improved his financial situation
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6ee1be8d445dcf333b8cab858a2d033557cbf680	This article is redirected from the "Caesar" page, see also other meanings of this term.
0e7819919b1cc8b79e7065f3148662fbfa1a133b	Please make it according to the rules for the design of articles.
1e60e2efe4978ee15a1cb7c23811a4031eb33ffe	File:Julius caesar.jpg Julius Caesar (Latin Gaius Iulius Caesar - Emperor Gaius Julius Caesar) (102 or 100 BC March 15, 44 BC) was an ancient Roman statesman and politician, commander, writer.
b9d759e51625286086e3cc54afe93bd9bab5277b	With his conquest of Gaul, Caesar expanded the Roman power to the shores of the North Atlantic and subjugated modern France to Roman influence, as well as launched an invasion of the British Isles.
20464073c8b1b94687ac8e276f8b8151b7f1d99e	Caesar's activity radically changed the cultural and political image of Western Europe and left an indelible mark on the lives of the next generations of Europeans.
b6887f132e8f349d586fc7b7337b754fbcda5804	Gaius Julius Caesar, with his brilliant abilities as a military strategist and tactician, won the battles of the civil war and became the sole ruler of Pax Romana.
87273d4bb00ce304557e548212f9f565ab67ccdd	Along with Gnaeus Pompey, he began the reform of Roman society and the state, which after his death led to the establishment of the Roman Empire.
6122d4bba3bfed8aa5ec31274e33b3df62cb506c	Caesar wanted to centralize the administration of the republic.
8af664ec92f7da13b6fee87639a4b7d070761eee	Evil tongues said that he aspired to the royal power.
d616a82570530672c4b8309199a3bcca2f616440	However, Caesar, remembering the bad memory of the first seven kings (because of them, the Romans could not stand the monarchy), went the other way: he became a lifelong dictator.
632dfec01f07a0ce04a1a8ac0b9139a067f107d8	He insisted on being called simply Caesar.
432e8dcd5f5d296a06622100e85178e3050c1f84	His murder led to the resumption of civil wars, the decline of the Roman Republic and the birth of the Empire, which was headed by his adopted Octavian Augustus.
f9a792dae38b3afeed7857e5984deefde2a88aec	Later, many monarchs wanted to associate themselves with the legendary Caesar.
3949f5397a1baf83b29901da49b1faa018610add	So there were German caesar, Caesar (for example, in the phrase from the Gospel "To God - to God, and to Caesar - to Caesar"), as well as the Russian "tsar" is a truncation from Caesar.
9eb1e2197cd7c5d1dbe6258506f15c58706853d0	Family Edit
0747e916f59f3af45032c0372f7d0dbe64efd1c4	Gaius Julius Caesar was born in Rome, in a Patrician family from the Julian family, which played a significant role in the history of Rome since ancient times.
cfabfbf7b41a237e997c2271f85367602df16c35	The family of the Julii was descended from Julius, the son of the Trojan prince Aeneas, who, according to mythology, was the son of the goddess Venus.
a7bbb132b924f53ae80c0187f9d7e365ac453f31	Being at the height of his fame, in 45 BC , Caesar laid the temple of Venus the Ancestress in Rome, thereby hinting at his kinship with the goddess.
90141c1338a2c95751cdc02bc65a50f101728531	The cognomen Caesar had no meaning in Latin; the Soviet historian of Rome A. I. Nemirovsky suggested that it comes from Cisre — the Etruscan name of the city of Ceres ([1]; see also: A. I. Nemirovsky. The Etruscans: from Myth to History. M. 1980).
29fd029f120e7da3cb9472c6abf9082809957c4b	The antiquity of the Caesar family itself is difficult to establish (the first known one dates back to the end of the III century BC).
8e08ae33e0ffb11198feb85cd79c9143e575a960	The father of the future dictator, also Gaius Julius Caesar, stopped in his career at the post of praetor.
92f834af1d4b5241121630325850fe52eebed495	On his mother's side, Caesar came from the Cotta family of the Aurelian family (with an admixture of Plebeian blood).
3e2ffabfdf2aff0e1f0559a62567cf2086e19c5f	Caesar's uncles were consuls: Sextus Julius Caesar (91 BC), Lucius Julius Caesar (90 BC)
946eca574b79f9e5fb29162bda3b9a56a6ea3243	Gaius Julius Caesar lost his father at the age of sixteen; he maintained close friendly relations with his mother until her death in 54 BC.
80615438a5feb5ee5474052d33f22b616f93986c	File:Julius Caesar Italian marble 19th c..jpg A noble and cultured family created favorable conditions for his development; careful physical education later served him a considerable service; a thorough education — scientific, literary, grammatical, on the Greco Roman basis formed logical thinking, prepared him for practical activity, for literary work.
3f3f83affeb2293ac4fbceefda8e30f1b08550a9	First marriage and service in Asia Edit
5fdf7edd8ec51cca28d3841d788cb3c7fa59e7eb	The Julius Caesars, despite their aristocratic origin, were not rich by the standards of the Roman nobility of that time.
b90a4e3f406166465de61f5f9ff0568d3446e6c5	That is why, until Caesar himself, almost none of his relatives achieved much influence.
b7b4d151a656f1385796bb5b8f817f0f05eb842e	Only his paternal aunt, Julia, married Gaius Marius, a talented general and reformer of the Roman army.
a0f05726686847554a81747777c3eb5b2fffea50	Marius was the leader of the Populares democratic faction in the Roman Senate and strongly opposed the conservatives from the Optimates faction.
2af955698fe8241a5740cafd8db5628407491409	Internal political conflicts in Rome at that time reached such an acuteness that they led to a civil war.
a3f3ab0898b6d0683d5e6d571c83a808ae2b27bf	After the capture of Rome by Marius in 87 BC, the power of the populars was established for a while.
85861224d4665d3ce28808ce1d3b08f19e34b4d5	The young Caesar was awarded the title of flamin Jupiter.
94bf03f4fe604eb461a6ebea9945fdadee63297f	But, in 86 BC, Marius died, and in 84 BC, during a riot in the troops, Cinna was killed.
e1cb6dc352fc6b443f05ed644ca466d859b42ec1	In 82 BC, Rome was taken by the troops of Lucius Cornelius Sulla, and Sulla himself became dictator.
d204990819857142b4fb015243c87ffce5b450f1	Caesar, on the other hand, was connected by double kinship with the party of his opponent, Marius: at the age of seventeen, he married Cornelia, the youngest daughter of Lucius Cornelius Cinna, an associate of Marius and Sulla's worst enemy.
3e8950cab2957dd9fa53b40bf21979e6002b57a6	This was a kind of demonstration of his commitment to the popular party, by that time belittled and defeated by the all powerful Sulla.
5e3cde38d9e75efee5048fc75aeb21057159ab01	It is not surprising, therefore, that Sulla almost immediately after the wedding demanded that Caesar divorce his wife, as Marcus Piso, who was married to Annia, the widow of Lucius Cinna, and others did at his request.
93e374de209d2d85373cfd147e65e6f49aae5379	Despite the threat of getting into the proscription lists in case of refusal, Caesar remained faithful to his wife.
432deeb220852827d495a49ff27acb7c7bdfd1bc	The requests of numerous relatives, personally connected with Sulla, saved him from the dictator's anger.
fd0a57596f787f11e36222e657475f1c8a617dbc	Although, in general, it is doubtful that the stubborn young man could seem particularly dangerous to Sulla.
b424776da055f77bc1d5f75c8c12441e88ddb47c	The dictator's disfavor, however, forced Julius Caesar to resign from his duties as a flamin and leave Rome for Asia Minor, where he served military service at the headquarters of propraetor Marcus Minucius Thermus.
984d54eb65961a9c5d73e76c6b0470da9fce1c71	Here he also had to fulfill diplomatic assignments at the court of the Bithynian king Nicomedes, thanks to which he was able to master the basics of Hellenistic administration and economy in this center of late Hellenism.
8d63448b00a0cc946a762dcde1bf4e6899f74919	He fulfilled his commission so brilliantly that his enemies in Rome even spread a rumor that for this he had to become the lover of King Nicomedes.
a7175080cfe1b7dd0f99fcc887015579bd27a4a6	Caesar's sexual adventures were such that, according to Suetonius, one of his opponents once called him "the husband of every woman and the wife of every man."
61775c94779b349bc3fa701689392c1e3e477adb	During the siege and storming of Mytilene, he earned the military distinction corona civica, an oak wreath, which he received from the hands of propraetor Marcus Minucius Thermus himself.
3f57797c8e6ee5913059ef0b8badf8417bc752bd	Subsequently, he was in Cilicia, in the camp of Servilius of Isauria.
249a6dfea6b4dff592490b315ad3ca121cf47224	Three years of his stay in the East did not pass without a trace for the young man; when further conclusions about the nature of his policy, one should always keep in mind the first impressions of his youth received in cultured, rich, orderly monarchical Asia.
a70474ba4aed8d1e877ba10b18c5fd225c2bd074	Return to Rome and participate in the political struggle Edit
37771febf29e98f015ad95a1a21280b9f43e1722	After the death of Sulla (78 BC), Caesar returned to Rome and joined the political struggle (speaking at the Roman Forum with speeches against Sulla's supporters Gnaeus Cornelius Dolabella and Gaius Antonius, who were accused of extortion in the provinces of Macedonia and Greece, respectively, where they were governors).
b8953239a5efbeceb2e0e3e9f3b319d87777fb91	Caesar lost both trials, but despite this he gained fame as one of the best orators in Rome.
6dc1821b3449ad1062cc84f20c48474d515f3759	In order to master the art of oratory perfectly, Caesar specially went to Rhodes in 75 BC to the famous teacher Apollonius Molon.
ef2da8f04ac0442c30eee15e97f7a1b5c7d809bc	On the way, he was captured by Cilician pirates, he had to pay a significant ransom for his release, and while his friends were collecting money, he spent more than a month in captivity, practicing eloquence before the kidnappers.
30d919547db2562a627a7bd4158fd706cbde7f7f	After his release, he immediately gathered a fleet in Miletus, captured a pirate fortress and ordered the captured pirates to be crucified on a cross as a warning to others.
d7992a43aafc9dc3e990983eb871e2a6ca919c45	But since they had treated him well in their time, Caesar ordered their throats to be cut before the crucifixion in order to ease their suffering.
a1689dde4311b5de8e7eecfd42d4c88a89652416	Caesar briefly participates in the war with King Mithridates at the head of an independent detachment, but does not stay there for long.
42a5d9a6bbdfecfda27330464f0dd47e3c3c8b9d	In 74 BC, he returned to Rome.
52240486e7bdc7c2e94cad3f7e5e8a4e2ff04f21	In 73 BC, he was co opted into the priestly college of pontiffs in place of the deceased Lucius Aurelius Cotta, his uncle.
71398e3012e82c7aedc1e3e8a226b11a6288b1cd	Subsequently, he wins the election to the military tribunes.
8027543233de0d114e1f33d4cfc537f91a609c5d	Always and everywhere, Caesar does not tire of reminding about his democratic beliefs, his connection with Gaius Marius and his dislike of aristocrats.
72ea4fc15f3c0d649f177a419494550baa478f6e	Actively participates in the fight for voss the restoration of the rights of the tribunes of the people, curtailed by Sulla, for the rehabilitation of the associates of Gaius Marius, who were persecuted during the dictatorship of Sulla, seeks the return of Lucius Cornelius Cinna the son of the consul Lucius Cornelius Cinna and the brother of Caesar's wife.
7c29e723e39c7979817e85fcfd2017beba2047c8	At this time, the beginning of his rapprochement with Gnaeus Pompey and Marcus Licinius Crassus, on whose close connection he builds his future career, dates back to this time.
466562f5774440ea17728d52a7d3413960fed521	Meanwhile, in 70 BC, a power struggle begins between Pompey and Crassus in Rome.
1b8c1705f67f7775bca999cae15f04ce0dbda13e	Both of these military leaders had just won outstanding victories — Crassus led the army that defeated the rebellious slaves under the leadership of Spartacus, and Pompey, after suppressing Sertorius 'rebellion in Spain, returned to Italy and destroyed the remnants of Spartacus' troops.
b8da4e2d0744d203d6db2a3fb6a07f787e51a648	Both competitors claimed to receive the entire Roman army under their command.
a999c77e533b5a6ea0b7e16a7fc84f024b59d517	In 69 BC , Caesar becomes a widower — Cornelia dies in childbirth.
572083e60d0b7fd4dffe3bc76c1ff6a50fed63fa	In 68 BC, his aunt Julia, the widow of Gaius Maria, died.
0b1fa2715bacd8b2599b5029974a2b238098516e	Caesar's funeral speech is full of political allusions and calls for political reforms.
f83832ef1a138b057227ab9d89ee19ef75b3008f	In the same year, the 30 year old Caesar is elected Quaestor.
f7c62f47dc307b56f2f81c3bb398c8781489fe7a	Caesar performs the duties of a quaestor in Distant Spain.
66d4b337ed8a1f82556be79773baaf8f3dcea762	The years between the questura and the aedilitium are occupied by a judicial career and Caesar's increasingly close rapprochement with Pompey and Crassus.
a1e1a9c723ea448229adfa0a37940a9ad207fac5	The new marriage of Caesar - to Pompeia, the granddaughter of Sulla, the daughter of Quintus Pompeius Rufus (65 BC) - seals, according to the Hellenistic custom of political marriages, this rapprochement.
226a1f0718e4f62ca9cec1079ba527ad0fe9b0ff	Caesar is in favor of granting Pompey extraordinary military powers.
e9e75b726cfb3f70241bc0781658d5ba88a466cd	Pompey prevails in the fight against Crassus, leads a fleet and an army, and in 66 BC begins a campaign to the East, during which the Romans conquer most of Asia Minor, Syria, and Palestine.
6dedf14c2efd3f5c115b9e9fb4f493124c3c5ecb	In 65 BC , Caesar was elected aedile.
1060894c5656be89a250176bdbd0b93a12139e51	Its functions include the organization of urban construction, transport, trade, and the daily life of Rome.
3ce7f8b761c0eafb4c368e8ef2764a75899adaa9	Caesar arranges expensive spectacles for the Romans, magnificent theatrical performances, gladiatorial fights, public dinners, gaining popularity in wide circles of Roman citizenship.
d147472bbf35d210cf5a9fd507494932132f7c6d	It takes him almost all of his money.
74013b59c3a14accdfd8eabcdd3388eda54674b4	By the end of the year, he comes bankrupt.
0c873b1e483f7b7ac7d07770cbe3411bf6738f2e	Huge debts (several hundred gold talents) threaten his future career.
b315452f957024f49b3d614e0cbffe3209bcce84	Caesar's success as aedile, however, allows him to be elected in 63 BC as a great pontiff, which gives him the opportunity to get rid of some of his debts.
8b299ed9be03341921fdcd67ad5cd45fa8e7d541	The entry into the new position was overshadowed by a scandal.
dc28ff9d8ec67824fdab8fb59ef81393463eaea6	Caesar's second wife, Pompeia, was responsible as the wife of the high priest for organizing the religious festival of the Good Goddess (Bona Dea), in which only women could participate.
8dd227191c2a1151255c61ca5ea4453931a860ad	However, a man dressed in a woman's dress made his way into the building intended for the sacred ceremony, which was a monstrous sacrilege.
e92725897fdc9573bb5438b8d05a9654c1189f27	Caesar was forced to file for divorce admitting that his wife may be innocent, he nevertheless declares: "Caesar's wife, like his entire family, should be above suspicion."
8655e70b9707816f968c3bfd2e970376499f15d2	Caesar and Catilina Edit
87e045c4a9cc48ebf838d089125ad0cc7581dcf5	In 65 BC, according to some contradictory contemporary accounts, Caesar was involved in an unsuccessful plot to seize power.
6a0f01390b3200ed68e02787a99941407618f5da	Pompey's great successes in the East, the fame he gained, and the army he created aroused in Rome the conviction that Pompey would undoubtedly play the role of dictator Sulla in Rome in the near future.
17ae933b791717464aeafa209326b1c34ffab70a	This was especially clearly recognized by those who, like Pompey, sought supremacy in Rome — his recent allies, Crassus and Caesar.
2a0a9a84b606986d7b5d233343afef27164882ca	To achieve their goals, they tried to arrange an anti state conspiracy, as a result of which Crassus was to be proclaimed dictator, and Caesar was to be his closest assistant.
6a9a5ceac2597ede4e7d52108f33ae13c201aae4	The plot failed, and the planned murders were not carried out.
a7192115971d679c9d28055a672012bd1b09a202	The conspirators, however, were left without punishment — moreover, the authorities decided not to admit that any coup was planned at all (the reason for not inflating the scandal may have been the significant influence of Caesar and Crassus at that time).
128455315316fe5195965d70db8d737e6576d88b	In 64 BC , Caesar and his supporters are trying to get one of the participants in an unsuccessful conspiracy, Lucius Sergius Catilina, who at one time made a fortune on proscriptions under Sulla, and now an impoverished patrician, to become consul.
85ebfd362e498fb892779fdf5939eeecdbf47ee8	This desire is not allowed to be fulfilled by the Roman Senate and later the brilliant orator Marcus Tullius Cicero, who was elected consul.
8455d5c7f11e297d52955ec9360d79593f745f91	Enraged by constant failures and feeling that his political life is over, Catiline tries to organize a seizure of power himself in 62 BC, but a new plot also fails, Catiline, after an unsuccessful attempt on Cicero's life, flees Rome and dies in battle, and five of his supporters are captured and executed without trial by a decision of the Senate.
9193c76c02ac87244275971139fbc9a116a46ae2	Caesar, being in a difficult situation, does not say a word in justification of the conspirators, but insists on not subjecting them to the death penalty.
7c38d89a75f99493db5f2fba65fd796c1e92bd45	His proposal does not pass, and Caesar himself almost dies at the hands of an angry crowd.
3253b63d9433387691a87e069a1b73b594829775	The first Triumvirate Edit
b17ac09562377b3f8e4619f60f86332788ba47f5	File:Gaius Julius Caesar.jpg In 62 BC , Julius Caesar sends a praetura.
3f5e4d0b909a0dd3901cbab74809780df04b23ca	His plans for independent actions, which would have paralyzed Pompey, are collapsing.
20f2536b475df68ef72fb682e60fb4d5cc553a65	It is not without difficulty that he manages to avoid being accused of participating in Catilina's conspiracy.
0f1de61efe8efc1293abde32ac93c671f1e09406	Pompey's return is nearing.
76a1fb7a5cbd7390416cf6315df1669229eb32a4	There is only one thing left: to go to the second roles under Pompey and, above all, to make amends for those actions that could have aroused his displeasure.
68fe307ee022d1275ebe9100a8603b0ce6f38226	Caesar openly takes the side of Pompey.
da6307d32e1db3b997d9f978c15bbfb6eb8d2bda	He demands that Pompey be commissioned to finish the construction of the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus — an honor that was intended for the recognized head of the optimates, Quintus Lutatius Catulus; he even accuses Catulus of embezzling the money allocated for the construction.
5e0dc09d8115a9391f579dfc24349b47e0d438ae	With his active support, the Senate allows Pompey to attend the games in the clothes of a triumphant.
c3e4e2908fa43267bda047f53e15d8de3494387e	Finally, he also demands military power for Pompey in Italy, under the pretext of the need to finally cope with Catilina and his army.
26b56cce0bc6765181724fab19a6e5af4d5a0667	The Senate, however, did not go to the latter, and even temporarily dismissed Caesar from office.
6dd7d105b0998383183a9c31984597b32bd67864	Meanwhile, Pompey returns to Rome as a private citizen, without an army, and settles outside the city, waiting for the triumph.
53ede5c1891f1502f854bff811e770a9a9c0c885	Caesar, after the praetura in 62 BC, for 2 years is the governor in the Roman province of Distant Spain, where he shows outstanding administrative and military abilities, makes a fortune for himself and finally pays off his debts.
bc5baac260c3ff60030f14af37850501aeb5a52b	Spain at that time was the only place where there was a strong army and where it was possible to quickly acquire both laurels and money without much effort.
a107487ee97a9d08db30d07951dfbe793c5eed8e	In 60 BC , Caesar is back in Rome, where he is waiting for a triumph and the post of consul.
c02e93825967633e74f370c17ceaaf803211db06	However, he sacrifices the former for the latter — he sacrifices willingly, although unwittingly, under the pressure of the Senate — especially since his triumph could hardly have made a strong impression after the just celebrated triumph of Gnaeus Pompey the Great.
9f9c86ae3cf0e18aa62f7e13d1f4d27b76d49540	In 59 BC , Caesar was elected senior consul of the Roman Republic.
eea1acce89f4d4b761890476916b41757897b2f1	His junior partner is his political opponent Mark Calpurnius Bibulus, a member of the optimate faction.
9d8cb1c1cb979bb35bebe67d8232fdccf51e08e2	File:Hispania 1a division provincial.
e5be8510c0fca9aa8b101c2b540a2e29f3b5eef2	PNG Caesar's consulate is necessary for both him and Pompey.
d87321eb6487d9c9778575590582b76e8d044225	Having dismissed the army, Pompey, for all his greatness, is powerless; none of his proposals passes due to the stubborn resistance of the Senate, and yet he promised his veteran soldiers land, and this issue could not wait.
61d134ddabf1477b39fa9b410d79b58356dd3ad2	Pompey's supporters alone were not enough, a more powerful influence was needed — this was the basis of Pompey's alliance with Caesar and Crassus.
eccead60beb97b8e7356830769d72c810a8838f7	The consul Caesar himself was in dire need of Pompey's influence and Crassus ' money.
60f9aa918fdeaa8a1a24d5c2fc666a2d419d4fa9	It was not easy to convince the former consul Marcus Licinius Crassus, an old enemy of Pompey, to go to the alliance, but in the end it was possible — this richest man of Rome could not get troops under his command for the war with Parthia.
c53394c2d45ef440ff6c58274afe88068845c10b	So there was what historians will later call the first triumvirate — a private agreement of three persons, not sanctioned by anyone and nothing except their mutual consent.
5c5bc3fe0c201ea13300ff56e4d95dbe5733a5f2	The private character of the triumvirate was also emphasized by the consolidation of its marriages: Pompey on Caesar's only daughter, Julia Caesaris (despite the difference in age and upbringing, this political marriage was sealed by love), and Caesar — on the daughter of Calpurnius Piso.
550ee496e27e2f8a46be28bbb4b0aefb6ae24b4b	As consul, Caesar in 59 BC, despite the stubborn resistance of the Senate and his junior partner, passed a number of laws to strengthen the state structure and solve some social problems (in particular, about 20 thousand citizens Pompey's veterans and the fathers of at least three children — receive land plots in Campania).
1cefef583e2a66a46de5b7cef4a1fa43e0738382	In addition, in the interests of Pompey, Caesar approves the orders that he made in the East during his military campaign.
45d83990a10ff49298e32f0d932bb5750f8ea132	The main task of Caesar is to weaken the Senate.
a010e98c178c975fec8e1d696cf3071baa1d89e3	And he achieves this by passing a number of laws that have raised his authority among the Roman people — on the free distribution of bread, on the right to unite in organizations for political purposes, and finally, on the condemnation of all those who illegally encroached on the life of a Roman citizen.
0be61459396ba6be64247ec86e82cc30df62ecef	The most important for the future was the law of Vatinius, according to which Caesar was to receive after the consulate not the supervision of forests and roads in Italy, that is, the fight against robbery, as the Senate wanted, but the administration of Northern Italy (Cisalpine Gaul) and Illyria (the coast of Dalmatia), for 5 years, with the right to recruit an army (3 legions — more than 10,000 people).
6a3b6c963703f4e8110496f1518c5788f2e69b4d	And here the Senate was forced to give in and even go further: to add to the above the administration of Gaul Transalpine for the same period (there was 1 legion there).
b572fe4d2a99967d49f2b1740d83080eef26d0ee	Subsequently, this period b the contract has been extended for another five years.
24080f74ec7ab462eccc6d67bedd3194892a06da	The Gallic War Edit
61aab37f9adbdc08c7c1f82d2af6df9fc247c01e	Main article: The Gallic War
f627bcf8be50c519bb2411e2b85220aed11c43eb	File:Caesar campaigns gaul.gif The Gallic proconsulate of Caesar was a direct continuation of his activities in the previous 7-8 years, aimed at obtaining under his command a large military force that could allow him to claim power and, if necessary, balance the military influence of Pompey.
067dc19641dca714b6719d59ed016d14c15cbccc	Based on Caesar's report, the Senate was forced to make a decision on the celebration and a 15 day thanksgiving prayer.
d7b867ac2bdd1427dcafc3ba61bd9ca94db8a7eb	Meanwhile, Caesar built a pile bridge across the Rhine in ten days and, crossing to the right bank, demonstrated the power of Rome to the surrounding tribes.
3c74f3d6eb8618edb3badacd73232eb2bdff1a1d	That same summer, Caesar made his first expedition to Britain.
54ccc547d7646db47eb1193b62122bedeea7578e	In 54 BC, a second expedition to Britain was undertaken.
2aff6799cecb3da19b5cc0994b344617120259fc	The legions met such fierce resistance from the natives that Caesar had to return to Gaul with nothing.
2d129ec1065427a355504b9f3d92928e97cd3ae3	In 53 BC, unrest continued in the Gallic tribes, who could not accept the oppression of the Romans.
ad17113759258735c0f9140bf173b7ebfa00b9fc	All of them were subdued in a short time.
ae61bf1be30c456e3819d09fa41e8e4f6d7b6a1b	As in previous years, unrest among the Gauls continued in 52 BC.
f6ca1672f05c01505521701c88ac61785f77714e	The Arvern revolt was led by Vercingetorix.
7ef41054c4d1d2a92b262e2fd368b90882d0a591	Many other Gallic tribes quickly joined him.
75b17ca80f5c526028f91b09d7c65dfbfa0576e3	In the fight against the Romans, Vercingetorix used the "scorched earth" tactic, seeking to deprive the Roman army of food and fodder by constant movements and the destruction of settlements during the retreat.
6bae25a3d6c5086b89825856764a9f675cde8f85	The success of Vercingetorix led to new stronniks, as a result of which the war swept all of Gaul.
d7547ad4a9ad731b77b19e7d103e152710c5fe9f	Eventually, Caesar besieged Vercingetorix in Alesia.
daa283ca0cbb59d8736331ff27d9a24cb5ac6508	During the month long siege, the Gallic militia comes to the aid of Vercingetorix.
970e103683b51c802f329d1de8dacbcb2c682674	Having withstood a blow from two sides, Caesar defeats the militia and forces the surrender of Vercingetorix.
9121a1cf793eb987b546eadc202a88979c526f6a	In connection with this outstanding victory, the Senate announces a 20 day celebration in Rome.
49455a63b84f19e37c1318c88bad114c0607df84	After the defeat of Vercingetorix, the resistance in Gaul weakened significantly.
972e9b389ebb123fbc43f72f420ba9042f53af02	The last tribes were pacified by 50 BC..
d138b039d2a6db3e1bd72b03525edd8188c8f23f	After the successful Gallic wars, Caesar's popularity in Rome reached its highest limit.
260d4363cb1bd3c8d54c8d204974191e40947bd4	Even such opponents of Caesar as Cicero and Gaius Valerius Catullus recognized the grandiose merits of the commander.
d408cbf65430ee1f28bb6ffe4aa874e81105e426	The conflict between Julius Caesar and Pompey Edit
d7777bf3337a81d32ca7dc80539511a76a5bc678	File:RSC 0022.jpg The brilliant results of the first expeditions enormously raised the prestige of Caesar in Rome;
ae4494b34d863b8fd1eb1d0c7288678250d56f8b	Gallic money supported this prestige no less successfully.
3219bf6d70ca692ed51b9828a45a7764d07b2d94	The Senate's opposition to the triumvirate, however, was not dormant, and Pompey experienced a number of unpleasant moments in Rome.
d8769841906d3f7391cf90e0a12784bb580987a1	In Rome, neither he nor Crassus felt at home; both wanted military power.
4d94e83947cfe07587209fb085adbca2a9a2fea2	Caesar, in order to achieve his intended goals, needed to continue his powers.
c458407ce9eddc58d25988162cee9334a59fa4f4	On the basis of these wishes, in the winter of 56-55, a new agreement of the triumvirs took place, according to which Caesar received Gaul for another 5 years, Pompey and Crassus — the consulate for the 55th year, and then the consulates: Pompey — in Spain, Crassus — in Syria.
0e6bb0ceb021b081b7a124753b9dcafa7948c9bd	The Syrian proconsulship of Crassus ended with his death.
5f904c73e38560a525a6038f26a491bd6bf12375	Pompey remained in Rome, where, after his consulship, complete anarchy began, perhaps not without the efforts of Julius Caesar.
63154acad5891b6cff8b7d55a2f4d0d94369b8c6	The anarchy reached such proportions that Pompey was elected consul without a college in 52 BC.
50a679148f956c3bd47fa18cfb0da3a0e5f55988	The new rise of Pompey, the death of Pompey's wife, Caesar's daughter (54 BC), a number of his intrigues against the growing prestige of Caesar inevitably led to a break between the allies; but the revolt of Vercingetorix saved the situation for a while.
3c23029349a642256e21a051a32d28901d44800f	Serious clashes began only in 51 BC.
ad75896304895f7c2d42ee5f94b61c7f9739cab8	Pompey figured at the same time in the role that he had long sought — as the head of the Roman state, recognized by the senate and the people, combining military power with civil power, sitting at the gates of Rome, where the Senate was going to him (Ancient Rome), having the proconsular power and disposing of a strong seven legged army in Spain.
c7d7a746201796323c24a37473c548ddc6285d0c	If earlier Caesar was necessary for Pompey, now he could only be an obstacle for Pompey, which had to be eliminated as soon as possible, since Caesar's aspirations were incompatible with Pompey's position.
f5238bf5a047fe459f4bb59ee766c6b29053b3a3	The conflict, which had personally matured already in 56, was now mature and politically; its initiative should have come not from Julius Caesar, whose situation was incomparably worse politically and in relation to legality, but from Pompey, who had all the trumps in his hands, except for the military, and the latter were few only in the first moments.
5d24f0617890992ef654ad8560bc74ec7ab02dff	Pompey put the matter in such a way that the conflict between him and Caesar turned out to be not a personal clash between them, but a clash between the revolutionary proconsul and the senate, that is, the legitimate government.
999e5ca1ecc1d6d30d871f915f7c0d1afcd5a6d5	File:Hw pompey.jpg Cicero's correspondence serves as a documentary touchstone, showing the authenticity of Caesar's own account of events in his political pamphlet of historical content, entitled "De bello civili".
03b0e55749147130e54730a0771d35fd30a72e47	The 109th book of Titus Livy would have been of great importance if it had reached us in the original and not in the extracts of Florus, Eutropius and Orosius.
e16bdc5bf41f7bc18cd4fab24309ba5202f4a522	The basis of Livy's exposition was preserved to us, perhaps, by Dion Cassius.
4d013f4791de937ea2b8e686cc9d76163274cbf4	We also find a lot of data in a brief essay by an officer of the time of the emperor Tiberius, Velleius Paterculus;
fc126107186646724b156a8a37ef80a7e231dbce	Suetonius gives a lot, the author of a historical poem from the time of the civil war, a contemporary of Nero, Lucan, gives something.
ced2d25ef53792331cacd1ea5c73af3ac8657dd2	Appian and Plutarch go back in their account of the civil war, probably to the historical work of Asinius Pollio.
d53801af2dff84057d3fe4071f6bfed5b99516c7	File:RSC 0017.jpg According to the agreement of Caesar and Pompey in Lucca 56 and the subsequent law of Pompey and Crassus 55, Caesar's powers in Gaul and Illyricum were to cease on the last day of February 49; it was definitely stated that there would be no speech in the Senate about a successor to Caesar until March 1, 50.
e288925ecea6022bd6f6114f8f9905e862c90162	In 52, only the Gallic troubles prevented a break between Caesar and Pompey, caused by the transfer of all power into the hands of Pompey, as a single consul and at the same time proconsul, which disturbed the balance of the duumvirate.
9cc7b41b780f8cd660d99a19050b370d501b485d	As compensation, Caesar demanded for himself the possibility of the same position in the future, that is, the union of the consulate and the proconsulate, or rather, the immediate replacement of the proconsulate by the consul.
9248e9c63a68ba6226b583bfec0895c6c378338f	To do this, it was necessary to obtain permission to be elected consul for 48, without entering the city during 49, which would be tantamount to renouncing military power.
28c48f68a306070db5b97149d845c6e22f377f82	The plebiscite of 52, held in March by the entire tribune college, gave Caesar the requested privilege, which Pompey did not contradict.
747550e18a605a35f5f2ab70a12814cfbb447812	This privilege also contained, according to custom, the tacit continuation of the proconsulship until January 1, 48.
2a097ff7cf76140fd176499e91f1cfab0d716ac6	The failure of Julius Caesar in the fight against Vercingetorix made the government regret the concession made — and in the same year a number of martial laws were passed against Caesar.
568f68173d084f0f4349e1dcdcf285274a437fa2	Pompey continued his power in Spain until 45; to eliminate the possibility of Caesar immediately resuming the proconsulate after the consulate, a law was passed prohibiting departure to the province earlier than 5 years after the resignation of the magistracy; finally, a decree prohibiting seeking magistracies without being in Rome was confirmed directly in the abolition of the privilege just given.
241cf184d02b7035b52b98042bacfa97cdf90571	To the law already passed, contrary to all legality, Pompey attached, however, a clause confirming the privilege of Caesar.
912277e91c164a5a46c08f9f7b938e3808f11d44	In 51, the happy end of the Gallic wars gave Caesar the opportunity to once again actively speak in Rome.
da2c57602a409c99e6bf7d45ade147a9141cf7f3	He asked the Senate, seeking from him a formal recognition of the privilege, to continue the proconsulatein at least part of the province until January 1, 48.The Senate refused, and this put the question of appointing a successor to Julius Caesar on the turn.
2fb54ec20a5f58a23fe4cf5a4d054ea6d6896482	However, the trial of this case was legal only after March 1, 50; until that time, any intercession of the tribunes friendly to Caesar was formally completely thorough.
d0c310ad1a2061c34402261265761843a090ac4a	Caesar sought to personally settle his relations with Pompey; the extreme ones in the Senate did not want to allow this; the middle ones sought a way out, finding it in the fact that Pompey stood at the head of the army appointed for the Parthian war, which was urgently necessary in view of the defeat and death of Crassus.
a6a492b13a1f2b981aee953f0ed719e1cae06c6c	Pompey himself was seriously ill and spent most of his time away from Rome.
cfc453a577467786f0ea15c8de8cb014fbe74b45	In 50, the matter had to take a more acute turn, especially since Caesar found himself an agent of genius in political intrigue — Curio, who was elected tribune for this year.
aff8af83ffd1b396f63ef4ee5da818e5614b9d33	Of the consuls, one Aemilius Paulus - was on the side of Caesar, the other G. Marcellus was completely against him, as the leader of the senate ultraconservatives.
d86cbe8517cb6df2b9f9bbd51b72377d72d39363	Curio's goal was to quarrel with the Senate and Pompey and force the latter to re - enter into relations with Caesar.
b7102aa2cc5511cbc3c7727b0eaa4f4bbdb2a912	To this end, he opposed every decree of the senate on the provinces and demanded that the legality be fully restored, that is, that both Pompey and Caesar should renounce their powers.
fa042c9f00136e8151ede96e3c9e75f131d8d604	In the spring, Pompey became very ill; during his recovery, he agreed in writing to the conditions of Curio and, finally recovering, moved to Rome.
2f6a4ae1e217f6d46355f586970cb06d24f3f223	He was accompanied by a continuous triumph; meetings, prayers, etc. gave him confidence that the whole of Italy was for him.
ea4167a368f4439500d099e1f37cec2f9eacf9c9	Despite this, even at Rome, he did not take back the consent he had given.
de636c8c9def1a04958e7d3165bb85c2ae710be0	It is quite possible that at the end of 50 a new diplomatic campaign of Caesar took place, challenging Pompey to an agreement;
a07888c13f83ac1c0816f6a64175a4acf47e9a7f	Parthia was probably pointed out as a means of reconciliation.
1b7cfbf7c2d3f122785840f5f5582077e497ae94	Pompey could be there in his sphere and renew his eastern laurels.
7521e2458f9e9876a5cbb9b84711948cc9c0014c	An indicator of the peaceful mood of Caesar and the possibility of an agreement is that Caesar gave, at the request of the Senate, two of his legions (one lent to him by Pompey) and sent them to Italy in the direction of Brundusium.
10eb61f258c732f6c8a125489491f6aa5f6a911f	In the autumn of 50 Caesar finally appeared in Northern Italy, where he was greeted by a copy of the celebrations given to Pompey.
19af687bdcedd4b0f2a5d14da3e5d8b75a235ee3	In November, he was again in Gaul, where a political demonstration that had just taken place in Italy was followed by a military one, in the form of a review of the legions.
f6133aeae7f82ed9585e15ee13a5a6274e103442	The year was nearing its end, and the situation was still extremely uncertain.
d09fa90f0d81c5682b62f5cabba44aa0a7deeaa8	The reconciliation between Caesar and Pompey finally failed; a symptom of this is that the Caesar's legions, which were sent to Brundusium in November, were detained in Capua and then waited for events in Luceria.
b6a127756964b8d228e49bb4e2f4f95197054832	In the Senate, G. Marcellus vigorously sought to have Julius Caesar declared illegally in power and an enemy of the fatherland, there were no legal grounds for that.
911ac0f752c00768902111083ba10809a0af1288	The majority of the Senate, however, was peaceful; the Senate most wanted Caesar and Pompey both to resign their powers.
1f8912c2667ca5975eaa395788af1eb9f7444ecb	The main opponent of Marcellus was Curio.
4d322864db32bbc18d7bd1f0874e7296823de1a0	On December 10, he could no longer function as a tribune: on this day, new tribunes entered.
f48e8de5af3c8d708e07dca52d44b6897f11f84d	But even now Marcellus failed to attract the Senate after him; then, not wanting to transfer the matter into the hands of new consuls, accompanied by several senators, without any authority, appeared on December 13 at Pompey's Cuman villa and handed him a sword to protect the free system.
b49acc653b35a8f3b2ad02df9c94b46f80ec0380	Pompey, who has decided to go to war, takes advantage of the opportunity and goes to the legions in Luceria.
3ec6fe135e2b22f1d5ac6f3e5ae0a03e575add76	The act of December 13, Caesar quite correctly considers the beginning of the turmoil — initium tumultus — on the part of Pompey.
72f22759d8fd78c0648da5b8f5e2e2fa1142e8b2	Pompey's actions were illegal and were immediately (on December 21) proclaimed as such in a speech by Antony, one of Julius Caesar's legates and tribunes of that year.
3c3c8e5f0fa8e7eb6cad30704920ea2d7233b47e	Curio personally informed Caesar, who was at that time in Ravenna, about the incident.
93e1de95eaf9bdbbe96ba53a85c21a18dcba3ef4	The situation remained uncertain, but Pompey had two excellent legions in his hands, he enlisted the support of one of the people closest to Caesar — T. Labienus;
aafd0620f4f5637fa295de01e9a5fa44b9adae67	Caesar, on the other hand, had only one legion of veterans in Italy and, in the event of an offensive, had to act in a country hostile to him — so, at least, it seemed to Pompey — a country.
be93aeae16acc6579df0357ad63a929139dcb6cb	However, already now Pompey probably had in mind the final scores to settle not in Italy, but in the provinces.
2ead4732e6502d379263eacbe8203aa1502303a0	For Caesar, the most important thing was to gain time; the pretext for starting military operations was already in his hands, but there were not enough forces for war.
1d289490d0acb482ca014d85918bdda2c288576e	In any case, it was advantageous for him that the beginning of actions was a surprise for his enemies.
c0a4662feebaa1498359c2e2ad3f273ecff76dac	Curio presented Caesar's ultimatum to the Senate on January 1.
17a1ba8c8954ae5cd820a86fb92d5164df729055	Caesar announced his readiness to lay down power, but together with Pompey, and threatened otherwise with war.
b544698f9d5929baa9e90dff51d29b76c0b5279f	The threats provoked open opposition from the Senate: Pompey should not resign power, Caesar should resign it before July 49; both, however, were quite legitimate.
be3a4fe7e27ea232a4aaff5c96909d8a9a899a8e	The tribunes M. Antony and Cassius protested against the Senate adviser.
af85b5276944684f50b8a2a3812a99eeb9d708f0	After that, however, discussions continued about how to find a modus vivendi without war.
8f0c8bea24092b23315333c81d6a09f8ea7bd82d	The same was desired by Caesar.
6ec2fade4363eda3c43bf3819ad2d757848451e0	Until January 7, his new, milder conditions were received in Rome.
dfcd224ef25fc1ff997659711942325d40f3e916	Pompey had to go to Spain; for himself, Caesar asked for the continuation of power until January 1, 48, at least only in Italy, with an army of only 2 legions.
80842f00a0a3986b4b7a755d3f4d4be6ae07c8fd	Cicero, who appeared on January 5 under the walls of Rome after returning from his Cilician kingdom, achieved a further concession: only Illyria and the 1st legion were demanded by Caesar.
71c1c3cfc54df572bae2ceea6bd43c03f16311d8	Pompey, however, did not agree to these conditions either.
5f278ebfb6e8c532e0999bbe1e8cda71482856b6	On January 7, the Senate met and made every effort to have the tribunes take back the intercession on January 1.
71757bc5546084e71fca36565e60f8e2b01cce6c	Antony and Cassius were unwavering.
ceeea3085e55fb56ffb755d37ce6e11078db99fa	The consul then demanded their removal from the Senate.
2496baae310f4638b780a9ce83be55dca2fd2e6c	After a heated protest from Antony, Cassius, Caelius Rufus and Curio left the senate and secretly fled to Caesar in the clothes of slaves in a hired cart.
35ffd55f551dec1ba2636b0cc129bd7f940e13f6	After the removal of the tribunes, the consuls were given extraordinary powers by the Senate, in order to prevent unrest.
ade2f22d8f3d679c624f1a29bdbcef30bea67739	In a further meeting outside the city walls, in the presence of Pompey and Cicero, the decretum tumultus was voted, that is, Italy was declared under martial law; the provinces were distributed, money was allocated.
342bc5f4daf55e9d8fedd387d77120a737e988ed	The commander in chief was actually Pompey, by name four proconsuls.
deb1f924c79f83647d00041b95a1c676bb7d6677	The whole question now was how Caesar would react to this, whether he would be intimidated by the grandiose preparations for war with him.
3d5cb4c1cb7f9f57b72af9027bc6656a989319f7	File:Caesar ueberschreitet den rubikon 1-640x447.jpg Caesar received the news about the actions of the Senate from the fugitive tribunes on January 10.
fed00626fa7b477473a6eef9963c409509279557	He had about 5,000 legion soldiers at his disposal.
2d91bfa3c338ffdaac333ffbf162218dcdb67627	Half of these forces were stationed on the southern border of the province, near the Rubicon River.
53e119cd25b47b40c4dc4199853645f0d06546ab	It was necessary to act as soon as possible in order to take the Senate by surprise, before the official news of the Senate's demands of January 1, finally carried out in a legal manner, had arrived.
4e59cc83fe8019e1783d61d4b468c5a0ee02474a	On the 10th day, Caesar secretly devotes the necessary orders to everyone, at night — again secretly — with several relatives rushes to the army, crosses the border of his province — the Rubicon — and captures Ariminum, the key of Italy.
b51c887dc32fc77c33d3abaa606fdac6f44ed9f7	At the same time, Antony with another part of the army goes to Arretium, which also captures with an unexpected onslaught.
b2327af2e660e59bfabc369d776b1e739bc167e0	In Ariminum, the ambassadors of the Senate find Caesar recruiting new troops.
c38139e1c6c0027540d3744bd1d6f4d6bc1b3a09	Caesar answers them that he wants peace, and promises to clear the province by July 1, if only Illyria would remain behind him, and Pompey would retire to Spain.
7a7b388b97259e55bcb869d100e1b0437824e534	At the same time, Caesar insistently demands a meeting with Pompey.
a56a7547d36b6ad8cb0c50270e685fbc786d194f	Meanwhile, terrible rumors are spreading in Rome.
7dcffa7a5db8acca427215f48efe501f89969d73	The Senate, upon the return of the ambassadors, having forced Pompey's consent, sends them back to Caesar.
23c25fa889135cfe131bcb94f5662a6a562472cf	There should be no meeting with Pompey (the Senate could not allow an agreement between them);
172c6070983c96e43f5abbdd2763e3e46c739c4e	Caesar is promised a triumph and a consulate, but first of all he must clear the occupied cities, go to his province and disband the army.
1691aab7b553ec8cabd3b796c6cb8a55acf2f5d5	Meanwhile, Ancona and Pisaurus were occupied by Caesar on January 14 and 15.
8d5d5ad5fc765c782ba3aa1342e41f7280b53752	The hopes of the Senate and Pompey that Caesar would give them time to prepare were dashed.
8b65c075397137dfc80004782d30a7b6170361ba	It was difficult for Pompey, with his recruits and two Caesar's legions, to go on the offensive, and it was difficult to put everything on the line defending Rome.
0bdb8e078262cbf39207097dda70fe66e2f319fc	In view of this, without waiting for the return of the embassy, Pompey leaves Rome on January 17 with almost the entire senate, having sealed the treasury, in a terrible hurry.
41a000f160da8c21d5f5ba51c0d2d0c402cfc06a	From now on, Capua becomes the main apartment of Pompey.
a644d8b87d102f2385624f396b8ec85000396de9	From here, he thought, taking the legions in Luceria, to capture Pitsen and organize a defense there.
98623fce78096a29db6b4973a346f429e8329f85	But already on January 27-28, Pitsen, with its main point of Auxim, found itself in the hands of Caesar.
50ddc9c00731604d27f126a1c4b2562f04ca01a5	The garrisons of the occupied cities passed to Caesar; his army grew, his spirit rose.
781061a2815c8dc7dea7968bc861eadb320163ee	Pompey finally decided to abandon Italy and organize resistance in the East, where he could command alone, where there was less interference from all sorts of colleagues and advisers; the senators did not want to leave Italy.
60d88fcb7bf4c25f88a09af36fe8e2fafb45f7f4	They left the treasury in Rome, hoping to return, against the will of Pompey.
760acb87223e4b30cc24e3ded7a7aebe8744c868	Meanwhile, the embassy returned from Caesar with nothing; there was no hope of negotiations anymore.
a265705e87b5d6c30b03d4da3f6269463f71dd26	It was necessary to force Pompey to defend Italy.
5e328c9752357e33b29ba2a8b68bc46df5d0c18d	Domitius Ahenobarbus with 30 cohorts locks himself in Corfinium and calls Pompey to the rescue.
fbceb4187fcd2ebb8f397549e64a5ce2ec66d9c1	For the proceeds, the Senate promises the treasury demanded by Pompey.
d33d958b2f9a9a23018087ff1e84463e546f3dee	But Pompey uses the time while Yu.
b98f4e452384492ed3617a4aafed1a6e87823c71	Caesar besieges Domitius in order to concentrate his forces in Brundusia and organize a crossing.
6b10cc339bed694a9d4005392f473b1379ac3e0d	In mid February, Corfinium was taken;
ca99d04fe88afddd94a9892b574b0e0b3f7f1b85	Caesar hurries to Brundusium, where everything is ready for defense.
8b35166d02b8adc187cd86bedb22d914305755de	On March 9, the siege begins;
baac14a5bc8cb18bb99ce19a7d24da86a70c8e06	On the 17th, Pompey deftly diverts the enemy's attention, puts the army on ships and leaves Italy.
99132ccbbd58cdc901557772f7b7b6a2e941ad05	From this moment on, the fight is transferred to the provinces.
e66fac125e8d50684d20a115e6911013c8055f8c	During this time, the Caesarians managed to occupy Rome and establish some semblance of a government there.
b76e62b92a6f4d0cdab32281f8ed08941fa69955	Caesar himself appeared in Rome only for a short time in April, seized the cash register and made some orders about the actions of his legates during his absence.
1134575238c67f1ac393836461470b8bf1c2822e	In the future, he had two ways of acting: either to pursue Pompey, or to turn against his forces in the west.
0812073c0cdd27e7f4e057bde04ff6dfefbdd6a3	He chose the latter, obviously because Pompey's eastern forces were less terrible to him than the 7 old legions in Spain, Cato in Sicily and Varus in Africa.
24ca21b3942f48affe20bf2c318562f85b881220	It made it easier for him to act in Spain and the fact that his rear was covered by Gaul, and success at the very beginning was especially important and expensive.
ccd16579a4a2f23e2ca176e4a25f1c66892bdca8	The main danger was Spain, where Pompey's three legates — Afranius, Petreius and Varro commanded.
c255165178230417b7404fbc5cfb9384505f1008	In Gaul, Caesar was detained by Massilia, who sided with Pompey.
0129e99a302f8d709850f7b2ee40e12e49b96c29	Caesar did not want to waste time here; he left three legions to besiege the city, and himself quickly moved to the Sicoris River, where his legate Fabius was waiting for him, who was encamped against the fortified camp of the Pompeians near the city of Ilerda.
2629d1905ca1d1f90fdf7627e153024b2b1218af	After long and tedious operations, Caesar managed to force the Pompeians to leave their strong camp.
6b614037152c1597bd9026b17d384ed8585b1879	By a rapid march and a brilliant detour, he made the situation of the enemy retreating to the Ebro so difficult that Pompey's legates had to surrender.
e9d492fc81ef1af5a74de8fb778598d89dc9a800	Varro, too, had no choice.
89582c2f5b35e80abe9fb81521b7158ee49aa12d	Here, as in Italy, J. Caesar did not resort to executions and cruelties, which greatly facilitated the possibility of the surrender of the troops in the future.
c8f9e54b9586375395b4ca15e2ba4195d0cee7c7	On the way back, Caesar found Massilia completely exhausted and accepted her surrender.
aeca6be5bbefac32d859159b660a8874ccc3b929	During his absence, Curio ousted Cato from Sicily and managed to cross to Africa, but here, after ephemeral successes, he could not withstand the onslaught of the Pompeian troops and the Moorish king Juba and died with almost all his army.
c2c0bec34b40169fabd343d99189b591df2bea06	Caesar now faced a difficult task.
377aef897bd530e0c65df7426a363425804f417a	Pompey's forces were, however, weaker, but he completely owned the sea and managed to thoroughly organize the quartermaster unit.
417769c71bb0afaf60d27130a2682240a3812d66	A great advantage was also given to him by his strong cavalry, allied contingents of Macedonians, Thracians, Thessalians, etc.
855573322dd72bf0935cb4cf8c17c99827f2f1e9	The way by land to Greece, where Pompey had established himself, was closed;
105497cb30d71de33cc41621ff69bb438eb2cd12	G. Antony, who occupied Illyria, was forced to surrender with his 15 cohorts.
c732e875c46e9fd56634c9fde3cd064531d398fe	It remained here to hope for the speed and surprise of actions.
dccfe83879dad809a1a216b90b7a2edf17cc19a0	Pompey's main headquarters and his main supplies were in Dyrrachia; he himself was stationed in Thessalonica, his army was in Perea.
f5457c7a4b6fdae776434a85394d4e77a4918b45	Quite unexpectedly, on November 6, 49, Caesar sailed with 6 legions from Brundusium, captured Apollonia and Orica and moved to Dyrrachium.
393378ee95a25e821edf1b4a7b70f31c2d436fbd	Pompey managed to warn him, and the two armies faced each other at Dyrrachium.
ec6363333818d1e7207a69dd7a19825916a6a0d9	The position of Caesar was unenviable; the smallness of the army and the lack of provisions made themselves felt.
880471560d90e14be29d9505b332ea3faf602f82	Pompey, however, did not dare to fight with his not very reliable army.
6480aa98662fcb4b9b573c184c880771c92cab01	Around spring, M. Antony managed to deliver the remaining three legions, but this did not change the situation.
083c03c29a6ac545bc867ee083b6ad11138efd4c	Fearing the arrival of Pompey's reserve from Thessaly, Caesar sent part of his army against him, and with the rest tried to block Pompey.
5b85eb438dff966deb237d7800c9405d078570a3	Pompey broke the blockade, and inflicted a strong defeat on Caesar.
aabc54398763c0b2344e30dcf06a1d52e969a2e9	After that, Caesar had only to lift the blockade and leave to join his Thessalian army.
082b2da334fd3da9038bc4803f0e20f438fb64d3	Here Pompey caught up with him at Pharsalus.
fbc623ad7f027cb97fe2b4c0446279484ccae1eb	The Senate party in his camp insisted that a decisive battle was given.
5464903a8b021afbef3a5a08ac2d0cd3156f43ad	The superiority of forces was on the side of Pompey, but the training and spirit were entirely on the side of the 30,000 th army of Yu.
620f17be0106d34fd36b13e2c2b6892a93771482	Caesar.
9e7352ebf6895b5ae6f4988f3eeccf173f7dd99b	The battle (June 6, 48) ended with the complete defeat of Pompey; the army almost completely surrendered, Pompey fled to the nearest harbor, from there to Samos and finally to Egypt, where he was killed, by order of the king.
792589dd1ecfcea6823d198c9c938ff1d2ee53a7	Caesar pursued him and appeared in Egypt after his death.
6bb1f924671c838dbf99fcbffe00e283f4b03cf3	With a small army, he entered Alexandria and intervened in the internal affairs of Egypt.
af218ae7ecffe36abbda98630a19927ec8e06654	He needed Egypt as the richest country and attracted him with its complex and skilful administrative organization.
6a0c6fa9aa50e6bfe7c9f40b7f9ea7c2c13da4f0	His connection with Cleopatra, the sister and wife of the young Ptolemy, the son of Ptolemy Auletes, also delayed him.
abab6ae14d627a05442e4c53d50a8be5c589bf45	Caesar's first act was to install Cleopatra, who had been driven away by her husband, in the palace.
6c4cfb0c1ec2a41b811e789a9b7890b50d1445ec	In general, he ruled in Alexandria as a sovereign master, as a monarch.
1916dbff2ebb4e1598dbfce09b7b8d6ccb4d250c	This, due to the weakness of the Caesar's army, raised the entire population in Alexandria to its feet; at the same time, the Egyptian army approached Alexandria from Pelusium, proclaiming Arsinoe as queen.
bdf0f8c328386893d144a5054fac89eff8152c88	Caesar was locked up in the palace.
d57828d2015e3f25bda725118a9aa5516b566a8c	The attempt to find a way out to sea by capturing the lighthouse failed, and so did the attempt to appease the rebels by sending Ptolemy away.
e4ca8aa7639a44adbac33c9479ea882b0797e5e5	Caesar was rescued by the arrival of reinforcements from Asia.
707cede23b5d5d69018ede499df680be87549894	In the battle near the Nile, the Egyptian army was defeated, and Caesar became the master of the country (March 27, 47).
9c8b71bd7567967f63f3c62b82e8a64eafe96d8d	Late in the spring, Caesar left Egypt, leaving the younger Ptolemy as Queen Cleopatra and her husband (the elder was killed in the battle of the Nile).
e8ef9fa142d2ea6f29e06f330eff00284fac4b1b	Caesar spent 9 months in Egypt;
7d586eaaa1891a46031c386e7d5b4e5826112ea7	Alexandria — the last Hellenistic capital and the court of Cleopatra gave him a lot of impressions and a lot of experience.
0ff8488144dddfbe7d50b6634730704d7e065891	Despite urgent matters in Asia Minor and in the West, Caesar goes from Egypt to Syria, where, as the successor of the Seleucids, he restores their palace in Daphne and generally behaves like a master and monarch.
270e84fa6588e241b5fafab4ed8791082dace259	In July, he left Syria, quickly dealt with the rebellious Pontic king Pharnaces and hurried to Rome, where his presence was urgently needed.
6fa80857c5e0ef0404d1cdc18fc9bf369dd0e467	After Pompey's death, his party and the party of the Senate were far from broken.
03307c03d653054fb2f32aef0d603513dc872a32	There were many Pompeians, as they were called, in Italy; they were more dangerous in the provinces, especially in Illyricum, Spain and Africa.
fdc44d695200526347d3a1511a59884d69c5a85d	Caesar's legates barely managed to subdue Illyricum, where M. Octavius led the resistance for a long time, not without success.
cac9a0f95819171fbbcd9b3585be323433743e80	In Spain, the mood of the army was clearly Pompeian; in Africa, all the prominent members of the senate party gathered, with a strong army.
957595efca86f79577e977bd302429cdee6977ef	There were also Metellus Scipio, the commander in chief, and Pompey's sons, Gnaeus and Sextus, and Cato, and T. Labienus, etc. They were supported by the Moorish king Yuba.
fcede891ecc80463734d4678cf1ac663d5a93dda	In Italy, the former supporter and agent Yu became the head of the Pompeians.
022d07757e45ee303f11da542e0bec83cb0898db	Caesar, Caelius Rufus.
e0c913fdeabc1318ea3662cdec216eeb4d406a6d	In alliance with Milo, he started a revolution on economic grounds; using his magistracy (praetura), he announced a postponement of all debts for 6 years; when the consul dismissed him from the magistracy, he raised the banner of rebellion in the south and died in the struggle with government troops.
fe72dc2b18ee02ec65d758934621fdafacd12c88	In 47.
a63e31c55d7403def4e5eca413fe9c188b0e2afd	Rome was without magistrates;
56b64d2020a66f79fa5c60ef6d8fdc83ba039209	M. Antony ruled in it, as the magister equitum of the dictator Julius Caesar; troubles arose thanks to the tribunes of L. Trebellius and Cornelius Dolabella on the same economic soil, but without a Pompeian lining.
ea14b57f3bd9f7dc2687eaf96f01c7e01f7ad252	However, it was not the tribunes who were dangerous, but the Caesar's army, which was to be sent to Africa to fight the Pompeians.
bc8f732debaafebf353ccc4c60a0bce35a7a19c1	Yu's long absence Caesar's discipline weakened; the army refused to obey.
d901b894c8b98e2db9e87d974e10a517748c1b1d	In September, 47 Caesar again
44903c0fab4bcc2a74109f5d59572da2914af37d	Material from the Cyclopedia
0926d32b1bca855f8249c635de7681efe9f30bb4	from February to March 15, 44 BC.
74a1f5cd44194032f0d1d6f6108480a856fbdad0	Co ruler Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
bd48fc7de68f1f137dceff031d823bf2880fdf05	Successor position abolished
108f0e3ae55c684bf4985e4289dbe07d055e429c	from January 1 to March 15, 44 BC.
8257da264ec34a4099d97e87a605216ab80d15a0	Co ruler Mark Antony
0127041c5e5c44bf2295757dae62b19ed816030f	The suffect's successor is Publius Cornelius Dolabella
b39b95f0607d7b7ab17717166ed8dcdf0677582e	from January 1 to October 1, 45 BC.
5c7977fdffe0eefaf23d5d7521792899fbc72362	The predecessor of Gaius Julius Caesar and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
11617b947d6e629c922ada16d0863d9f80c94156	The successor of the consuls suffects from October 1 Quintus Fabius Maximus, Gaius Trebonius and Gaius Caninius Rebilus
ec492f091e8286d7173c12aef3b9fcfb5cfefe2f	46-44 BC
73c33fca074f0adb3dd75115cd93f6d80a379de5	46 BC
2865243f1d07375d839b0d22865d4bb5222d69e6	The predecessor of Quintus Fufius Calenus and Publius Vatinius
89c4114dea0d4a5b921ca9527913fbd1f46d80dd	Successor Gaius Julius Caesar
80d6bbf2558dbcb1f490a349a71b4d9038cb7a67	48-47 BC
4e219f46f075d71619ccfd7e6801f179b3cf98c0	48 BC
3a9b0eda01c14a28134e7cb9bc1fdbba61557880	Co ruler of Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus
8800e1f128e9a15249ee999647396a5a8d25ee8f	Predecessor Gaius Claudius Marcellus and Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus
e845eea932fddf6e5ef6b8e69329eeb74a7eeef0	Successor Quintus Fufius Calenus and Publius Vatinius
e6b11330188277811611ce95b3466af5fb010e78	49 BC
86c7f417f80dd60d3dbdc163e0b753a977a6079e	Predecessor Lucius Cornelius Sulla
f3c6cf78e9b124bd144dbb918f334b0862039e32	59 BC
1dc22ba11c46f6611a8a3605211552f6a9796a1a	Co ruler Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus
dbad6d448eac0d7bdd664cffc51e13d795fc9666	The predecessor of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer and Lucius Afranius
e84beb41b61423a2a154bf64198ee652d787c48d	Successor Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus and Aulus Gabinius
ef07b2281a7758620c8fb2d80bc11fdbf09db435	The family of Julia, Julia Claudia
362c3c0dec7bef0c2a322e3813368a92cb112426	Father Gaius Julius Caesar the Elder
1815d2b18d76cf3df80ef68fd88c92fb76f58691	Mother Aurelia Cotta
331474ce13221db764bfd8aada2059a953e18303	Children of Julia (from his marriage with Cornelia);
6184ab947233c04dadc13d14fdd1924772567a80	in doubt: Ptolemy Caesarion (from Cleopatra)
42ff00ae3547d2edf3f1433e240a3eeebcd89c05	The Great Siege.
a93c635484385d803a3500f0ad86574249fc151f	The Great battles of antiquity
6f336f01f66ae2de079366978af98f9801bfd3f0	The Hour of Truth - The Great Commander Gaius Julius Caesar 365 Days TV [1:00: 01]
e12c35785e072cf483ac37baefd2dc9005af528a	Gaius Julius Caesar (the authentic pronunciation is close to Kaisar; Lat. Gaius Iulius Caesar [ˈgaːjʊs ˈjuːljʊs ˈkaesar]; 12 or 13 July 100 BC — 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman military and political leader, Consul and notable author of Latin prose.
a498600c3c482e7d8ce7d312a1d362f8ae06346f	Caesar played a significant role in the events that led to the fall of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire.
358869becc4d95b98a34d12f10cb3fd8c115765e	In 60 BC , Caesar, Crassus and Pompey formed a political alliance that dominated Roman politics for several years.
66f1392b04401be342f10061fcc5f99d5487a4ea	Their attempts to pursue politics through populist tactics were opposed by conservative elites in the Roman Senate, including by Cato the Younger, with the support of Cicero.
344cff3813e7e5e55cfd9a5c293bc589a7507737	Caesar's conquest of Gaul, which was completed by 51 BC, expanded the territories of Rome to the English Channel and the Rhine.
9858f0080f3baaed9b4771bfcebc6440c9cad7b5	Caesar became the first Roman general to break through the Rhine, where he built a bridge, and conducted the first invasion of Britain.
4539f71d7e775b2d1a715b3a91d17403b69bc354	1 The beginning of a career 2 The Triumvirate and the consulate 3 Caesar in Gaul.
453886a0059e39e4857b2088db756835d72bd4d7	Civil War 4 The civil war between Caesar and Pompey 5 After the Civil War.
3190f750f80743a5ba897bf28ee30688764c45b7	The Assassination of Caesar 6 The identity of Caesar 7 Evaluation of Caesar's activities 8 See also 9 Sources 10 References
fd54a451248d3dfd6a1015f9d9979656b07236fd	[edit] Early career
01cf981bb419a3681649be9e6dcec3df25948e3d	He was born in a very noble, but poor patrician family of the Julii, who traced their origin to the goddess Venus and King Ancus Marcius.
a222f773dc1cbb23a86c5dc38fc7f0930c4e7038	The exact date of his birth is unknown, since the initial lines of the corresponding biographical works of Plutarch and Suetonius have not been preserved.
668f5759c189a9cf641e06bbb5f886bf6342c41b	During the reign of the dictator Sulla in Rome in 82-79 BC, he was forced to flee Rome and hide in Asia, since Caesar was a relative of Marius and Cinna, enemies of Sulla.
2befab633eb026b5b2a1702c4b8c1c58bc6abbc0	In addition, Sulla tried to divorce Caesar from his wife Cornelia, using his dictatorial powers.
7e9517927735c1ab778a292b1da941f8985795b7	During his exile, Caesar served the king of Bithynia and was once captured by pirates.
0902b1fc6585b2180e38b98b2ef373df070ab519	In exile, Caesar continued to receive education (in particular, on the island of Rhodes), which later helped him in his political career.
e2177153d2e176d443ef7ddc79e01d1885cde1ba	Caesar was a master of Latin writing, as well as an excellent orator.
883ebb48f6c8aee5bc6672c23f01a7cc180e5f87	Shortly after Sulla's departure from power, Caesar was elected to the junior civil position of quaestor.
eb5737843c56e71425ccb98adb60e4af5283ba78	The death of Sulla in 78 BC allowed a return to the former democratic traditions.
27641e177208c9894ba525af2642e5f7e2b2afbe	There were free elections of magistrates, the courts became equal again, and decisions were made not according to the dictator's wishes, but as the judges would vote.
1ca8666afb836ce4b0006f22a17686536683fa32	Caesar was already quite a visible political figure, because he repeatedly brought magistrates to court, with whom the people were dissatisfied.
88502542ca854fb4933462425047ea8d8a9fd39d	Caesar also made an excellent speech during the funeral of his wife, after which he became considered an excellent speaker.
a78d2d111cc9202b1a33d404162935a3da503c0c	In this speech, he particularly touched on the topic of the origin of his kind from the goddess Venus.
d26cfe1a30def8855de026b9d804a6c42551f26b	Finally, Caesar secretly restored the busts of his relative Gaius Marius, which Sulla had destroyed in due time.
2d14d3ec9326f30f4458d517b6b5807027ddbe5c	A few years later, Caesar won the election of praetor with a large advantage due to his abilities as an orator and his great popularity among the plebeians, who made up the majority of the voters.
4337da6e90f89e9dd98b4f5d454df2e8965e9cc2	However, Caesar spent a lot of money to support his popularity, including organizing games for the people, as a result of which his financial situation deteriorated greatly.
1e693720b3bf054a09713eef142c7324aacae8e6	It was at this time that Caesar became close to Crassus, one of the richest Romans of that time.
660ff57a1938e3e2fbea48c75b6e5c88a0fc4f88	Crassus saw in Caesar levers to fight against his enemy Pompey and therefore generously made Caesar rich.
647fce90d421650d90d35e5b3d5b2a5c4dcb6898	In 63 BC, after the death of the great pontiff Quintus Caecillius Mettell Pius, Caesar was elected to this very honorary position and became the guardian of Roman religious traditions, although two very famous people — Isauricus and Catullus also claimed the post.
986bcf4484f20674932a322c371a62b3ef5fdcc2	However, in the time of Caesar, the old Roman religious traditions were almost not observed, and new cults appeared in Rome, brought from Greece, Asia Minor, Egypt and the Middle East, so the functions of the great pontiff were much smaller than before.
348287737b09342adef022f037230950c554e085	In the same 63 BC , Rome experienced the largest attempt by those dissatisfied with the existing system of government to commit a coup d'etat — the Catiline conspiracy.
af1968c3e9dfcaea1eb8b8339dd77a4bdd4563ca	It was believed that Caesar was involved in the conspiracy, and earlier, in 65 BC, he was allegedly one of the main persons of the first attempt of the conspiracy.
8572bbadd1fdf29a1cda9df0a01f7023d1bc5e77	However, there was no evidence of Caesar's participation in the conspiracy, so no direct charges were brought against him.
693b8ea50406d476cf07aa5f161dcb8932455591	However, Cato the Younger, in his speech in the Senate, tried to accuse Caesar of the conspiracy, but Cicero, who led the disclosure of the conspiracy and the punishment of the perpetrators, did not take measures against Caesar, given Caesar's popularity among the Plebeians.
b98c02062328aa0808af2121b79d6486d449f892	After the praetorship in Rome, Caesar left for the province of Distant Spain, which was subordinate to him for some time.
ac937e59ded24ce072491cc11d7d0ef29520fbd9	In Spain, Caesar conducted several small military campaigns and gained the skills of a warrior and commander, which later came in handy for him in Gaul.
67f2129cce5a482814c62f8d603714b917df8a24	Plutarch tells us that when Caesar was traveling to Spain, which was subordinate to him, and when he passed through a small settlement, Caesar, in response to some joke of his friends, said: "As for me, I would rather be the first here than the second in Rome."
88e04fed7db60bb5347d4d6c6a67a6fda610079d	[edit] Triumvirate and Consulate
e7f8ba7d67a39e0620518cf1c8af5e319a01ab52	Caesar became a major and well known independent political figure, relying on the Roman plebeians, despite his Patrician origin.
3998b0740724d116a94ecf70cfb29a7f30a67347	Caesar also had his first enemies first of all, they were senators from old and respected families who were very critical of the so called "populars", to which Caesar belonged.
b088eed9fa4e899978218bf365a56b509cec6341	When Caesar returned from Spain, he tried to simultaneously achieve a triumph and fight for the election of consuls.
9393ea9db7ebea95b32c0089060af26f049f7096	At the same time, it was possible to participate in the elections only in person, and in this case Caesar would have lost the opportunity to hold a triumph.
2adf8e2d616b2ecb0523ffbf8282b55568a10427	At first, the majority of senators agreed to give Caesar the opportunity to participate in the elections through proxies.
1b9cb04a23bfa1312e1acddf5133e610e5d0a15b	However, when the day of voting on the issue came, Cato the Younger began a filibuster a speech that lasted all day, and therefore Caesar was forced to sacrifice the triumph for the consulate.
0e6b21dfa64cff780a189ea7b74e1452b55bee84	In the same 60 BC, Caesar, dissatisfied with the Senate, created the "first triumvirate" with the participation of Pompey and Crassus — major politicians of the older generation and former Sullans who were also dissatisfied with the recent actions of the senators.
9f11963ff2445a71908271ed56195c8e69aca0e6	Pompey and Crassus had previously been hostile to each other, but Caesar managed to reconcile them and interest them in creating a common coalition against the senators.
a83a25043fe6c48d86e7939a9dc7158f3022edb3	With the support of these major politicians, Caesar began to seek the highest state position — the consulate.
cb6099460bb2ef3aac98cdcd13e174256a953ab8	Moreover, he entered into an alliance with Lucius Lucceius, a rather rich man — it was planned that the people would choose Caesar and Lucceius as consuls.
2bd07302a573f9724d46fee18fa8a6f0dd4800f8	The senators, led by Cato the Younger, opposed them in the elections of Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, whom they generously supplied with gold and their support.
30a6461ceb529fd423d4f3ee5369fee238a172c3	With his help, they planned to minimize Caesar's influence on state affairs, since the consulate was a collegial position, and all important decisions had to be made only with the consent of both consuls.
d317cb032918958031c844fa1c2e9231c1d570ae	Caesar and Bibulus were elected at the elections[2].
fc81c29272269d431d3f4c7f6c2a481c7ee4a609	Caesar dealt with Bibulus quite cruelly — the supporters of the first forced him to hide, not allowing him to engage in direct duties[2][3]. Cato's supporters, who formed the majority in the Senate, actively opposed all the laws of Caesar, which were aimed at improving the life of the Plebeians.
49390ecc20c36cf3a3cb0d0d3475856f4eb51880	In response, Caesar arrested Cato and intimidated Cicero — the two leaders of the senatorial party.
a8af4d91ad0989a5d96d4bb446124e514b8969ff	[edit] Caesar in Gaul.
397b7689f29a253acdf5c08783e9a8ce036f3bc9	The Gallic War (animated map)
3b781613f5c89c71cda6ec97066ba39334ed570c	- The Roman Republic before the war↗ - Caesar's actions
add457a453050c2dc453738914fea69fc87e9e72	↗ - actions of the Gauls and their allies
4a1c593f82a3b5d48f3627630ee48bb05af3668e	X battles; the ancient toponym is indicated first, the modern one is indicated in parentheses (if any)
974ae6ff375f941b3d46c08596cbdee4ba4f7262	The cities through which he passed are indicated in gray Caesar's Way; the modern name of the city is given in parentheses
264d6435c436916723cedbda8e48e79f8c9d1d30	Neutral and allied tribes of Rome are indicated in gray italics
70287bd30c86225aed571c02385cbb8caf144f13	Enemy tribes, generals and cities are indicated in blue
1854219efc219f4b2c40be4e79b6f95247980869	After the end of his consulship, Caesar went to Gaul.
08d490beaa3aa44ffbf964227a58048a5a1365b4	The Gallic War lasted almost 10 years almost without interruptions.
f66c1abb5912170e310998aa01bfa642c1ed0ae9	During this time, Caesar and his legions gradually subjugated the entire territory of modern France, as well as part of Belgium, to Rome.
a69ee8eab38efb38d178ee6f89e05201e8c93f0e	During the Gallic campaign, Caesar became very popular among the legionnaires.
77cd5813ca20f51a13c84658439fc9fb7b4fadea	Later, it was the unconditional support of the legions that allowed Caesar to start a civil war and defeat his enemies in turn.
329836e54ab5ef3435685a15f42498983756fe61	During his stay in Gaul, Caesar closely followed the affairs in Rome and corresponded with Pompey and Crassus.
2f99ed7ad0363353fba6a6102415550b0efd80a3	However, when Crassus died in Syria, and the popularity of Caesar, caused by the victories in Gaul and the expansion of the Roman state, overshadowed the popularity of Pompey, the latter concluded an alliance with the senate hostile to Caesar.
dd6ed35226e2d274cfa851eaa8714e7d11e8aacc	The Senate, with the consent of Pompey, began to demand the return of Caesar to Rome for the reason that the war was already over.
160e55ec019cf78bd2de86b0f3e111547fa84fb7	Moreover, the senators demanded to disband the legions and give the Senate a full account of their actions, while Pompey quickly gathered an army (officially — for the campaign against Parthia).
bdad602f6916318f420122721a0b5d730abcfbe0	Caesar refused to do this, and after that the civil war of 49-45 BC began.
f59659257e8581e2cd0d6950b7c0d124aa56abbd	[edit] Civil War between Caesar and Pompey
d9eff82056c7ffedfe15e82b65e83accf67f9d79	During this war, Caesar held companies in Italy, Spain, Greece and Egypt.
61c847f56e8bfa0877ac69bdd0b78f7b4ab99ad9	On January 10, 49 BC , Caesar crossed the border river Rubicon and quickly captured Rome, from which the entire Senate, led by Pompey, managed to escape.
50f92da51e6648e33cfa1a4a839983bf8cbc9c22	The latter decided to organize resistance to Caesar in Greece and sailed from Italy.
c56a0f0b6865fd3007d79704da3276008427ffee	Caesar first campaigned against the Pompeians in Spain and only then landed in Greece.
618a51b54b752aeb299e35e1c02abee9d01acf8a	The first few battles were unsuccessful for Caesar, but he managed to transfer military operations from the mountainous Epirus (modern Albania and western Greece) to the Aegean coast.
9bf600b216f2519fda9e164c91d2c6d51cb8b582	The main battle of the civil war took place there — the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC, in which Caesar completely defeated Pompey's army.
7c295f30da5282091998884f13be8df753ea4be3	Pompey fled to Egypt, but there he was captured and killed by order of the Egyptian king.
80c9a16d44839214bcae10d13fe0c9e02879e942	After Caesar arrived in Egypt, he intervened in the internal Egyptian intrigues on the side of the candidate for the royal throne Cleopatra.
ebab181387f31ca39883f8779fc2d2d0782f150c	After the victory, Caesar began an African campaign in the territory of modern Tunisia, where Caesar was opposed by his old enemy Cato the Younger.
0deb20a7fc5df22ce68a2da3e5fa5b4a93bb4ed0	Cato committed suicide during the siege of the fortress of Utica by Caesar.
8eb58af0d3e8197289bed9031654abb1f624ea52	Finally, Caesar held the last campaign again in Spain, where he defeated the last Pompeians.
7ed5e60f7aea4c51989620064bb42a99a3dac3dd	Military actions of the civil war of 49-45 BC .
c15dd275a104b368d05078fb4b4932aaf328f182	A thin black line shows the borders of the Roman Republic, the dotted line shows the borders of the provinces
e1f31d6b711d7266eb4965cee2368135f81439e1	↗ — Caesar's actions;
999122711b5eb7cee2d3b09c7f4915de5e0c5b58	↗ — actions of Caesar's associates;
b8a4601f883dc01109ca0bdcb7737b743c772ae0	↗ - Pompey's actions;
4b53e5e3ed863daa4cb8894a3270d9d122a03e2b	Caesar's victories and the cities he took Pompey's victories are major cities
729119fde587a85172b5725202d1767cc3942607	[edit] After the Civil War.
014144dd23537e6bd440d165fb26be6e943c4fe2	The Assassination of Caesar
a1640a00c60189f7ae152c548ea0895f3029054c	Karl Theodor von Piloty The Assassination of Caesar in the Senate
921a6700edd8d983caf63cd4c0fd059aa3eb91a8	Even during the civil war, the Romans gave Caesar almost all possible titles, and in February 44 BC , Caesar was declared dictator for life with the consent of the entire Roman people.
fd43390875017766adde888f1dc5a1a22a0c8e2c	At the same time, some of his supporters actively promoted the idea of assigning Caesar also a royal title, which caused a very restrained reaction among the Romans and extremely negative among some patricians.
3aab44eb3c100f1aa521023ab3d05225a1c2cd07	Although Caesar refused to accept the royal title, it is the desire for open royal power that is considered the main reason for the attempt on his life.
3f06674169c77766eb54213b0adc0b1fc510f1bb	In view of the fact that Caesar was going to go to war against Parthia, the dissatisfied patricians agreed to kill Caesar as soon as possible.
3b93b061633bb11a5831095c90fd1bc5074a21c7	Caesar was assassinated on March 15, 44 BC during a meeting of the Senate.
9448f16e166e6d4839fb1cba479bd061ebf879b1	The conspirators, among whom there were people very close to Caesar, inflicted 23 daggers on him.
45e48c00277adbb38e43300965216867f6afcb79	[edit] The identity of Caesar
6694f6b01793d652e399538eada389746e035366	Contemporaries also note his softness.
5e24ed88d536d017ede1435992a9f2f3517554ea	However, it is often believed that Mommsen's position was influenced by political events in Germany at the end of the XIX century.
e770f7cbfcc8ccfa151217d22831ade4c72abc04	Many of the historians of the early twentieth century polemicized with Mommsen about his views, including his explicit Caesarian positions.
2a744e0a42505523ce9e94999d0e7bc25845b486	In later works, including modern ones, Caesar's activity is evaluated more neutrally and taking into account the background of a very complex era that is modern to him.
eb07dd083a2c509c71bec3ddbbb09cc8d3085bee	From the cognomen of Caesar, the Germanic name of the monarch kaiser and the Slavic tsar are derived.
50423c205ebbdab9d1c615f4008c7fab77a17815	In honor of Caesar, the month of his birth (formerly Quintilius) is also named, the name of which has passed into many European languages.
959ea8f2c7cc5ef1177e9cf51499045ef42d5236	[edit] See also
a683c33d8f85a1ddfab5344e5070e70fb6d4fa46	Caesar and the Jews
1f65bfd21c0ee13d16b19366164ab61bca762cdd	[edit] Sources
bea57c167dddb35570bafcf9a29f586acf8fc832	↑ Zanker P.
a4dda4f32891490b45b184a27477d426a7c53a53	The Irritating Statues and Contradictory Portraits of Julius Caesar // A Companion to Julius Caesar (ed. by M. Griffin).
7186815627949dea70329655507f534f40dd2ebf	— Malden;
dab95315d0037b8405bbd023b37104ff26ea7d76	Oxford: Wiley Blackwell, 2009.
de217a54a53f7f72a3a084d0b0a50326cf1a54c6	- P. 311-313.
431a15d1f5bf60042c2daf09a5c6bc648cc89444	↑ 2,0 2,1 Plutarch.
ccbdfd25b4ca745d25624ae73aa83d4db202cfe4	Comparative biographies.
31143a608175adfae150adce49ba7ed0a2c5f7f1	Caesar, 14 ↑ Gaius Suetonius Tranquille.
3bbf4a45012a2b2d6991639b9512a79ec1fb6826	The life of the Twelve Caesars.
4f4c37b5893e5b0162b83b6517d747872ebea602	The Divine Caesar, 20, 1 Га Gaius Suetonius Tranquille.
7967b444fa552d97731f4ea017dd7052837e9233	The Divine Caesar, 45 ↑ Gaius Suetonius Tranquille.
93509b697ba17e9218cca30ff350bd30be6b8058	The Divine Caesar, 52 ↑ Gaius Suetonius Tranquille.
57ac03b21fc9e69dac4bbd827710acd4bac40984	The Divine Caesar, 53 ↑ Gaius Suetonius Tranquille.
0ce1a9380ea3d134791e71bf0759cb1256f66900	The Divine Caesar, 54 ↑ Gaius Suetonius Tranquille.
0631c2f6a5265cddd3459aa4c30d8ea035c26146	The Divine Caesar, 57 ↑ Gaius Suetonius Tranquille.
31660453644c9a98498026ec0ba294a4e1f0d61b	The Divine Caesar, 73 ↑ Gaius Suetonius Tranquille.
b572aec467a6d4045817b68b07528e111daaecb0	The Divine Caesar, 75
8c9d704d00dcad5277ece8ac6a1def0c72fdf3b4	Plutarch — "Comparative biographies".
98950e842dbd5920b9b8e76e28c5951e8bb834e9	Alexander the Great and Caesar Gaius Suetonius Tranquille - "The Life of the Twelve Caesars".
b37d8b5d1dc008cdb9a54cabb64e7e65ededecdb	The Divine Caesar S. L. Utchenko Julius Caesar Latin texts of Caesar and his Successors
69ac337aad4a35f57394ac69e5c0c809ce8ba556	Source — "http://cyclowiki.org/w/index.php?title=Gaius Julius Caesar&oldid=661649"
d46cfee5aa1df58baff3cc762bf78e3c7aba1f25	Categories: Personalities alphabetically Julius Caesar Writers of Ancient Rome Military leaders of Ancient Rome Latin historians Latin speakers Orators of Ancient Rome Historians of Ancient Rome Memoirists of Ancient Rome Deified monarchs of Julia Claudius Julia Characters of the "Divine Comedy" Victims of political murders
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ef09225aad6196cfbeb4191b62dc6e8781298bd5	Home Education History Who is Caesar and what is he famous for?
6eb2aab709c94c91dd35bf6f14a7f99c14107f4a	Who is Caesar and what is he famous for?
6c2dd43406f8e37818ad66545a1ccfdcf47363bd	Oksana Dubrovskaya
e825b429258e7b71a1fd386207857e16d6bf4d34	July 11, 2015
b7fe479865f5d954e4e6db3b24aaf53200e3adb4	Most often called 100 or 101 BC.
322591720555316235be2c5524551029d31d2e8d	As a rule, three versions are called: March 17, July 12, July 13.
1c5e01761ab581669540d7df81a07298ee7af00f	Presumably in 85 BC.
11cb0b16ca39801c68350db3bac169591cfbe6de	Guy had to lead the Yuli family because of the unexpected death of his father.
222266780c409555a722180501dfb9a3b4f3812f	Quite a lot of descriptions have been left about the appearance of Guy Julius, many sculptural portraits of him have been made, including lifetime ones.
42c47eb497012c2ba4b04f6209531503cfe3adea	Caesar, whose photo (reconstruction) is presented above, was, according to Suetonius, tall, with light skin.
d7812d425fb2daf6241d61c3048b59610bd845d1	He was well built and had dark, lively eyes.
1534b94480f9a143401fe14786441d2e3eec6aa1	He bought paintings, statues, beautiful slaves.
6715d42a9ce2803476b6d60ca6c866fc4e2158f5	Family and personal life Julius Caesar, whose biography is being considered, was officially married three times.
6b222768dcb1b5359ae95f6bfb4f88ebde748d50	His wives were: Cornelia from the consul's family.
05b006d0dfa308b072b01ee0d668e66b49ebc708	Pompeia is the granddaughter of the dictator Sulla.
ae0014440061cc2485de335d3ddaf0ace8b1fa8d	Calpurnia is a representative of a rich plebeian family.
d157bb2f2a2cf50b93512c546bd8f3861df9cbee	Cornelia and the commander had a daughter, whom he married to his colleague Gnaeus Pompey.
0bff502659e6236bd18d9e21e17922c08abe4a96	However, Julius Caesar did not recognize him as his son and did not write him in his will.
5b2b7447273889370591310dc7fd46bd1786fe1d	Military and political activity The beginning of his career was the position of flamin Jupiter, which Gaius took in the 80s BC.
72e8a9a79f8cc0fec8b14309219c00b2dda2bdf3	For this, he broke off his engagement and married the daughter of Cornelius Cinna, who nominated him for this honorary position.
c8cc192ce94ab25fb589be2e76b6232a9f99fcf6	But everything changed quickly when the power changed in Rome, and Gaius had to leave the city.
372b0eba49fa4d0afc7d64e452a46d0feae62b16	Many examples from his life allow us to understand who Caesar is.
4017b591a4ed119e30948a2db4ff638580028b81	One of them is the case when he was captured by pirates, demanding a ransom.
3763f32dc91a520aa502e1a39f3eb7a8e82fbbba	The politician was ransomed, but immediately after that he organized the capture of his kidnappers and executed them by crucifying them on crosses.
661d164caf0bfd2704f38782a93a7416df35cba0	Who was Julius Caesar in Ancient Rome?
b76cbbef9033f87d16a94090ec2b985fe9357e00	He held the following positions: pontiff; military tribune; quaestor for financial matters in Distant Spain; caretaker of the Appian Way, which he repaired at his own expense; curule aedile was engaged in organizing city construction, trade, solemn events; head of the permanent criminal court; grand pontiff for life; governor of Distant Spain.
07dd6947fdb549e21a7697f66eb86f732d565327	All these positions required a lot of money.
e8bdb9aadc7cdbc23c50e70176ac0567a6ad7ec7	He took the funds from his creditors,who provided them with understanding.
3a0a411f4517041b52d9424a2979b43c75706d0d	The first triumvirate After a successful viceroyalty in Distant Spain, the politician was waiting for a Triumph in Rome.
1c76f01d9f0e61f0962b0a405946d0340d34e8ee	However, he refused such honors for reasons of career growth.
742b91ac9c9e67d0db95d0be53567426a57fc8ce	The fact is that the time has come (by age) when he could be elected consul to the Senate.
5e41fddfab5c0385566469c7abee5c9b27026790	But for this, it was necessary to personally register your candidacy.
9a93faf7edc6a305d944b06c02bcc96611397c3e	At the same time, a person who is waiting for a Triumph should not appear in the city ahead of time.
574a04a442b1465d72ee3ae1b6005dfb4e3e6d6c	He had to make a choice in favor of a further career, refusing the honors due to the winner.
4913b02c851c519be5ed2b6a722ee8dd79fe9cb4	After studying who Caesar is, it becomes clear that his ambition was more flattered to take a seat in the Senate in the first year when it is permissible by law.
2140c33a55f89865324078a89e53a4c28d064560	At that time, it was considered very honorable.
2a52ab608306100130cf16c7d72d88e70aa9468e	As a result of long political combinations, the politician reconciled two of his colleagues, resulting in the first triumvirate.
d11cac4cf02c747942dac3ab6e3b75aa11473f3a	The expression means "the union of three husbands".
aff127c6762737d1f4770b04718ba26db64fb6aa	The year of its creation is not known for certain, since this union was of a secret nature.
79de25afeba99a1b73b2b6a60725dd326854e29f	Historians suggest that this happened in 59 or 60 BC.
59295f98857781b7808dbfff2277798ef7d8a878	It included Caesar, Pompey, Crassus.
e353af688f175782f060efcd36dc05207a99c124	As a result of all these actions, Gaius Julius managed to become a consul.
1713b04068a50347187e0d84f1f4a62dafc71caf	Participation in the Gallic War
f1c093d43001c656fc74ceca460264ee5100528b	With his triumvirate, Julius Caesar, whose biography is presented in the article, began to disappoint the citizens of Rome.
47276c5763460e722dd4331412e8550b13bae7a5	However, because of his departure to the province, all the discontent had to pour out on Gnaeus Pompey.
0dc97bc48c69aaf7b9ce7bb4a193c4b95bb596f0	At this time, the province of Narbonne Gaul was formed on the territory of present day France.
ce7b451c4ca354308c27a2aace5e1c04e6c6bcce	Caesar arrived in Genava, on the site of which Geneva is now located, for negotiations with the leaders of one of the Celtic tribes.
b4525b142d794c34c23d8659d196e95da02509dc	Under the onslaught of the Germans, these tribes began to settle on the territory of the Roman Republic.
be201f3028e6061747a40f8360808033c5957ea7	Gaius had to fight for the lands of the province with the Gauls and Germans.
65224a551993a25e3474f5f04b264c83a6af0798	At the same time, he conducted an expedition to Britain.
c97770c351e19d82e96272aa2f98f57a747151d6	After a series of victories, Caesar managed to subdue all of Gaul to Rome by 50 BC.
5da5a17a8a23e5e0181c9988a021cbf69a659023	At the same time, he did not forget to follow the events in the Eternal City.
2847338a4d7192c3d43e49782c759c54be897b14	Sometimes he even interfered with them through his proxies.
3da88659b9f47f383b596b1d339e0cadff3654a2	After returning to Rome, the commander came into conflict with Gnaeus Pompey.
e04ffc60c7ec24afd70a3f7e679810c008058f8e	In 49-45 BC, this led to a Civil war.
83d6ca96a31cfeae051a61d0397679eba2b438b7	Gaius Caesar had many supporters throughout Italy.
b188fae6ce5594197856c8e97a9cef5210ed989d	He attracted a significant part of the army to his side and headed for Rome.
13a4504ab34c6e086581c52096681944acb09464	Pompey was forced to flee to Greece.
42f35996e1ba0f52c602bd82483bd193db7943b8	The war unfolded on the entire territory of the republic.
930c5b3fe9f1bedbf99e3bb6919d47156da64319	The general and his legions alternated between victories and defeats.
7a89dc8d13d90f3361788ecb1883d114b128bae1	The decisive battle was the Battle of Pharsalus, the winner of which was Caesar.
7e001be31936570ceb06dbb091e63b677b504061	Gnaeus had to run again.
40de625205aa72971cf34bb77320a060b5fed6e1	This time he went to Egypt.
0549ae545f6dbff885e7f3c7bd2b10c7a2683e7b	Julius started after him.
0d4ac9f6bb2f9b61a265fbb253494e4a04100c86	None of the opponents expected that Pompey would be killed in Egypt.
b0eff1a30473d00b5f73536968107b040f787836	Here Gaius Julius was forced to linger.
9522c88ca88eeada5c51f85109937fcb7e0e8900	At first, the reason was the unfavorable wind for the ships, and then the commander decided to improve his financial situation at the expense of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
916a38bc3def1e54bbdf4af3f78d00af160b26e1	Thus, he became a participant in the struggle for the throne between Ptolemy the Thirteenth and Cleopatra.
5ffd2487de6355e37d96dffbbb05e100e3b6c79f	He spent several months in Egypt, after which he continued his campaign to restore the territory of Rome, which began to disintegrate due to the Civil War.
57cad26988e7faa6a4a5cb215cb2678c004242b8	Caesar became dictator three times: In 49 BC, for a period of 11 days, after which he resigned.
f23f92fd4135b724bf5bbe7dc2d77943badfe069	In 48 BC, for a year, after which he continued his rule as proconsul, and later consul.
6aa4653252a344454ef389da7b1a598af7df9415	In 46 BC, he became a dictator without formal justification for a period of 10 years.
bd54bdb173fc5ed2a16d8bb80a15b44b6d3bdbdf	All his power was based on the army, so the election of Caesar to all subsequent positions was a formality.
fd97c097fa92080c1e1e4891df758e313c9d88d4	During his reign, Gaius Julius Caesar (the photo of the sculpture can be seen above), together with his colleagues, carried out many reforms.
a48e8770c353126c63f4c887d31f151bd49edad4	However, it is quite difficult to determine which of them relate directly to the time of his reign.
8d0ddd474bf49fc747df14f09e170157b2cf80bd	The most famous is the reform of the Roman calendar.
d9a4bc293c876b49e11257a078121cd59020ff46	Citizens had to switch to the solar calendar, which was developed by a scientist from Alexandria Sozingen.
7b090c2a5305f265403cd69f3d0cab6dc0af5521	So, since 45 BC, the Julian calendar, known to everyone today, appeared.
3330a1977156a756904dc69834560cb328587736	Death and testament Now it is clear who Julius Caesar is, whose biography ended quite tragically.
3f0d106345b8392da15e3b726970b2f214d214b8	In 44 BC, a conspiracy was formed against his autocracy.
db1d6782a0720d0abb3ca916082e0560ab18afc4	Opponents and supporters of the dictator were afraid that he would call himself a king.
77f33269988e8a2b64df1558fe5e2ad7ccc5b79f	One of the groups was headed by Marcus Junius Brutus.
baca47cb5cda283eea30d007376751c09c59be3e	At a meeting of the Senate, the conspirators realized the plan of destroying Caesar.
a526d722b9a4bfc1a4050937d250887ae969b91b	23 stab wounds were found on his body after the murder.
5d87b1ec2281e1ac8492a31bab9166f3899c5722	The body was burned by the citizens of Rome in the Forum.
0b15fd832f293a6668e3958d901e317f9796dd68	Gaius Julius made his nephew Gaius Octavian his successor (by adopting him), who received three quarters of the inheritance and became known as Gaius Julius Caesar.
1078f4b586416fd7c82a31105ba92c799bbcb479	During his reign, he pursued a policy of sacralizing his own name and family.
2a8ff880fb89d5681bb5acd0c41688464e0e4af5	Apparently, the success of his actions regarding the popularization of his own person exceeded his expectations.
9187cabb47f9bc7ec34832e73f86e694a84e82ef	Perhaps that is why in the modern world, Gaius Julius Caesar is known both by schoolchildren and representatives of the art world.
6a88889011a8246e65ecb55215c742a9b44a6d18	8 signs that a man will never fall out of love with you, men can not always express their love in words.
384f8dba2a8a7003e5b3b7eef0446fe08183f8d2	Some of them are not at all endowed with eloquence, while others consider it inappropriate to use extra syllables...
f2811e779e55d8db67083ace15b23048d2df3155	Marriage
0190a575dbdef709ac2b2fb8235e9a5f2d6c32d1	Gaius Julius Caesar Ilya Filatov Where did the expression "And you, Brutus!" come from Dmitry Polskikh, after whom the Caesar salad is named.
6633c1eca8d98bea44a243b5276793add20f90ad	Salad "Caesar": the history of Cooking Svetlana Gennadievna Galia the country conquered by Caesar Julia Chaika How many years did Octavian August rule?
2d1e939aa9a12a172b882434e09d2af6b3fc545a	The founder of the Roman Empire Julia Chaika Mark Antony: biography and personal life of the commander Marina Adulyan Caesar Milano and his methods of raising dogs.
a28246263e2c8e434c108924491b5cede1d2b4f4	Reasons for the death of Caesar Milano Alexander Goryachenkov Came, saw, won Anna Pogoreltseva The Roman army in the era of Caesar Tatiana Pilipyuk Crassus Mark Licinius: biography Igor Pavlov Who said "the die is cast"?
dffa370f88abcf3ef55cddada166de4042c24f1a	Anastasia Rybalko Joys of the Ancient World.
3f122fdc3f508685f9e8245d740e2c37ca6e6a62	Cleopatra: A love story Elena Sergienko Cross the Rubicon and conquer all of Rome Lebedeva Julia Rubicon - what is it?
8b5eef5b7cc71cb5e4d97b7b60b67a9ac98ef6a3	Relevance through the centuries yulyashka2000 Octavian August Marina Adulyan
6c1bbc957e45b00a090523e0b28b6ea6179b6dc2	Julius Caesar biography, information, personal life
b37c90207b6cf6581f0908cabd4556ded933d43c	Julius Caesar
2994ede2b0bbf449a572e59d234ccf6f597609ff	Gaius Julius Caesar (Latin Gaius Iulius Caesar).
5287b1caf1866a6a459f57d76e8830a9fe468a12	Born on July 12 or 13, 100 BC -died on March 15, 44 BC .
ab6e009e411617ff3cafa45fc559021b619a4c5f	The ancient Roman statesman and politician, commander, writer.
f3a14505a8c35d96b7edd4122f851264a57dffb2	In the V IV centuries BC , the Julii played a significant role in the life of Rome.
dc9333e15fcff9c95d6c1c5f9f9bacf0f418c8c0	Among the representatives of the family came, in particular, one dictator, one master of cavalry (deputy dictator) and one member of the college of decemvirs who developed the laws of the Ten Tables - the original version of the famous laws of the Twelve Tables.
ae449ba53a9e3816b5f1528df371fac03b820777	The mythical version of the origin of the Julii was already well known by 200 BC, and Cato the Elder wrote down a version about the etymology of the generic name of the Julii.
cc7fb4bda5eefb89a1fed7106113b9d7a569524f	In his opinion, the first bearer of this name, Yul, received a nickname from the Greek word "οουλος " (fluff, the first hair on the cheeks and chin).
c9dad278073d77a0e6e65b347eea5bc7b30b9721	Almost all the Julii in the V IV centuries BC wore the cognomen Yul, which was probably originally the only one in their family.
5a70c38d1ebe142af0fdb4c71ef35e01a43bee45	The branch of the Julius Caesars probably descended from the Julius Julius, although the links between them are unknown.
70dc7d9f081f29a5a4aae25fb41a60f3d0931c63	The first known Caesar was the praetor of 208 BC, mentioned by Titus Livy.
a4c3a1fea2bb20c32e2e48c23430fd9a01c268ee	The etymology of the cognomen "Caesar" is reliably unknown and was forgotten already in the Roman era.
e235a1fe1d207776fdb9c9a3090324ab8992239c	Aelius Spartianus, one of the authors of the biographies of the Augustans, recorded four versions that existed by the IV century AD: "the most learned and educated people believe that the first one who was so named received this name from the name of an elephant (which is called caesai in the language of the Moors), killed by him in battle; [or] because he was born from a dead mother and was cut out of her womb; or because he came out of the womb of his parent already with long hair; or because he had such shiny gray blue eyes, such as people do not have."
bc8fe12805e1fbf3cab22b7d51b67be55e37f67d	Until now, the reliable etymology of the name is unclear, but it is more often assumed that the cognomen originates from the Etruscan language (aisar - god; the Roman names Caesius, Caesonius and Caesennius have a similar origin).
3753dbb12e0ec4c181d294b25878964ad65adee7	At the same time, the latter branch played a greater role in public life than the one to which Guy belonged.
47376ffcff6202396776d7970151b22e8c91018b	Gaius ' relatives on the side of his mother and grandmother could not boast of kinship with the gods, but they all belonged to the elite of Roman society - the nobility.
df76ab8a555c3ba601ea19c3c8a8eb7e1769df46	The relatives of Gaius ' grandmother Marcia traced their lineage to the fourth Roman king Ancus Marcius.
bc649557062e9cf8434b46a806e7c660243ddd75	The date of Caesar's birth remains a subject of debate for researchers.
ecc898cebe0ff88456bf822d71c5597b935b78fa	Indirect indications of most ancient authors allow us to date the dictator's birth to the 100th year BC, although Eutropius mentions that during the battle of Munda (March 17, 45 BC) he was 56 years old.
4fa1b04e8833cdfc982d1e88dbc91b06113770ec	In two important systematic sources about the life of the dictator - his biography of the authorship of Suetonius and Plutarch the beginning of the text with stories about the circumstances of his birth has not been preserved.
346b16b40b1976b67fd1cf4e51c6385ae8e25a72	The reason for the discrepancies in historiography was, however, the discrepancy between the time of Caesar's master's studies and the well known practice: Caesar held all the magistracies earlier than the normal sequence (cursus honorum) by about two years.
feae7f3ec58cfeb327a0f6b1b972f462298b7382	Because of this, Theodor Mommsen proposed to consider the date of Caesar's birth as 102 BC .
7176624cfed6f982a5bbc7140a99e3e339475a34	Since the beginning of the XX century, other solutions to the discrepancy have been proposed.
401fcf9fa9a0fd8541cdd0cd01d76913715d0573	Guy's birthday is also causing discussions - on July 12 or 13.
c9eace3d33391c36a7f105216fca3b1ef5a775c4	The fourth day before the Ides of Quintilius (July 12) is mentioned by Macrobius in the Saturnalia.
80f7e102f1c1142f308e599b805d687265946070	Dion Cassius, however, says that after the dictator's death, his birth date was moved from July 13 to July 12 by a special decree of the second triumvirate.
b0badb2a2b2f8ba1c0c2e62e8aed063215b8e18e	The year of his birth is most often recognized as 100 BC (in France, it is more often attributed to 101 BC, as suggested by Jerome Carcopino).
ec48e3be6ee75bd1778d9ab6084bad13f3eb4c07	The house where Caesar grew up was located in the Subura, an area of Rome that had a reputation for being dysfunctional.
8d755b5e3c6eb4d1b7975b0390d1c6c703d0eac7	Physical exercises, swimming, horse riding were practiced.
6f5b5267d09c7278455e0b8b7f9c8864eeb4a51a	Among the teachers of young Gaius, the great rhetorician Gniphon is known, who was also one of Cicero's teachers.
1f4960203c439e617840d136279d1e8a716e89f2	Around 85 BC , Caesar lost his father: according to Pliny the Elder, he died while bending over to put on shoes.
649a9989e27ab1bbd8da8e8834b62a1938612051	After the death of his father, Caesar, who passed the initiation rite, actually headed the entire Julius family, since all the closest relatives of a man older than him died.
4b30044f054aacc422375a36e244765ea3d8f3ba	Soon Guy got engaged to Kossucia, a girl from a rich family from the equestrian class (according to another version, they managed to get married).
6976b90ca5186770f9f60ec3b1a52f2278eba210	In the mid 80s BC , Cinna nominated Caesar to the honorary position of flamin Jupiter.
829bf611461f708bb957998b8e2f3b29011e790d	To take office, he first had to marry an old confarreatio rite to a girl from a patrician family, and Cinna offered Gaius his daughter Cornelia.
d2c75b7314ea1a4fba662adce402e0fc90160a9e	According to Lily Ross Taylor, the grand pontiff Quintus Mucius Scaevola (an opponent of Marius and Cinna) refused to hold the inauguration ceremony of Gaius.
ce3af4c3cc5caf6b9b3a47e335d7aaaffd6661c8	Ernst Badian, however, believes that Caesar was still put into office.
29b6e65ac6a11e89a7e7b47d62a06f78513f18f6	However, there is also an opposite point of view: the occupation of such an honorary position was a good opportunity to strengthen the authority of the ancient family for this branch of the Caesars, not all representatives of which sought the highest magistracy of the consul.
236d33e8c7b9f2e3b6eb292b100f1b7846ea13a4	Shortly after his marriage to Cornelia, Cinna was killed by rebellious soldiers, and the following year a civil war began, in which Caesar probably did not participate.
b16b233ff9a279dd8fe2befe8e5a8f2ad110dbc1	An additional circumstance that softened the dictator was the origin of Caesar from the patrician class, whose representatives the conservative Sulla never executed.
57100d338ef0a29ad4662ddca6877433a73b30a9	Guy became one of the contubernals of the Term - the children of senators and young horsemen who were trained in military affairs and provincial administration under the supervision of the acting magistrate.
d8a747e0c6a10a59aca2ff37e2155117fc73c059	First, Thermus entrusted the young patrician with negotiations with the king of Bithynia, Nicomedes IV. Caesar managed to convince the king to place part of his fleet at the disposal of Thermus, so that the governor could capture the city of Mytilene on Lesbos, which did not recognize the results of the First Mithridatic War and resisted the Romans.
9b2136dda0b0e0069a19fafbbef5d945bd1d14ac	Gaius ' stay with the Bithynian king later became the source of many rumors about their sexual relationship.
1a244e0847045d7167ee41ff43454501596ac38a	After the battle, Caesar was awarded the civil crown (Latin corona civica) - an honorary military award, which was relied on for saving the life of a Roman citizen.
f63d16fa67dec35dd6756ba5b07839821e9d20ed	After the capture of Mytilene, the campaign on Lesbos ended.
73e8399c1a3947ac4135468a8b730d6138d8935b	However, when news of Sulla's death came from Italy in 78 BC, Caesar immediately returned to Rome.
62fcf2a65c370288640ade9f610edd4b3287c34f	According to Suetonius, Lepidus invited Caesar to join the rebellion, but Gaius refused.
f14195035df357c6fcaaa31a3771afd212daa7d3	D olabella was acquitted after the largest judicial speakers spoke in his support.
c801177a7d1e12d9ab56f3f38cb64048ef32dca5	The following year, Gaius began the prosecution of another Sullanian, Gaius Antonius Hybrida, but he requested protection from the people's tribunes, and the trial did not take place.
1b681fa8f0a7f4acace1f521aa11b0cab40eec57	Shortly after the failure of the trial of Antony, Caesar went to improve his oratorical skills in Rhodes to the famous rhetorician Apollonius Molon, Cicero's mentor.
618e89aef8f045a41212fce795c822938530189a	Plutarch's version that Caesar on his own initiative increased the amount of the ransom from 20 talents to 50 is certainly implausible.
50af4c779ecdbecbd0db4e0733a884a76ac4384a	The following year, he was co opted to the priestly college of pontiffs in place of his deceased uncle Gaius Aurelius Cotta.
fa3e8acff30e70cd28594e919d206ccb134d0a20	In those years, the main creditor of a young politician who did not skimp on spending was probably Crassus.
9dd3c166e70d2e03aaf285880ab89336651210b1	In April 65 BC, the new Aedile organized and held the Megalesian Games, and in September - the Roman Games, which surprised even the Romans who were experienced in entertainment with their luxury.
31ed611d60292131e335aaaa1e8719f4a2fabfdb	Caesar shared the costs of both events equally with his colleague Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, but only Gaius received all the glory.
c36a7a587567a5717079538bb47b3ad3addcdfd9	Initially, Caesar planned to show a record number of gladiators at the Roman Games (according to another version, gladiatorial fights were arranged by him in memory of his father), but the Senate, fearing a riot of many armed slaves, issued a special decree prohibiting one person from bringing more than a certain number of gladiators to Rome.
56ce371a7b8fb3d1b86cb7f5ae3542a6ecee601f	Julius obeyed the restrictions on the number of gladiators, but gave each of them silver armor, so that his gladiatorial fights were still remembered by the Romans.
19738f318879f348b8e9b31d66280413845f8b68	In addition, the Aedile overcame the resistance of conservative senators and restored all the trophies of Gaius Marius, the demonstration of which was prohibited by Sulla.
045b90fe4daf33498e608e80abc16e7531711d2b	Despite Caesar's active activity in condemning the dictator's accomplices, the active perpetrator of the murders of the proscribed Lucius Sergius Catilina was completely acquitted and was able to nominate his candidacy for the consulship for the next year.
825ff04b69b40bca30c75f145aaa6a6b0b830672	The initiator of a significant part of the trials, however, was Caesar's opponent, Marcus Porcius Cato the Younger.
e9dd78081ac8a13882a8fc8ded3bf39b452175a1	Caesar the Great Pontiff:
6103c5e78239df0d17cd988d217a7ddb57033c10	Caesar put up his candidacy.
bc1f2c2d8a63017b08e4a30f4008b5498c6eaabf	The alternative candidates were Quintus Lutatius Catulus Capitolinus and Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus.
a126004682a4be3f1665ea5990e971038ff93e66	Ancient historians report numerous bribes during the elections, because of which Guy's debts grew greatly.
64260449ebc57b86557ba34912ef0828a76dc5de	Since the tribes that voted were determined by lot immediately before the election, Caesar was forced to bribe representatives of all 35 tribes.
c54e09bb3c95705732b1f67697e3d1304a60c9bd	Gaius ' creditors were sympathetic to spending on a prestigious but unprofitable position: his successful election testified to his popularity on the eve of the elections of praetors and consuls.
87da347c61b892b1b76975d1224cf0ed47c3ea88	According to legend, leaving the house before the announcement of the results, he told his mother "Either I will return as pontiff, or I will not return at all"; according to another version: "Today, Mother, you will see your son either as a high priest or an exile."
c5fe27581cf6ebab6329ad2f69fb07aee0ca7c22	The vote took place, according to various versions, either on March 6, or at the end of the year, and Caesar won.
edad0ed4c4bded2211bc78e57f8973df1d2b5c17	According to Suetonius, his advantage over his opponents turned out to be huge.
6309a1b949d3d7a5149f0aa659f5288bcee4c837	Unlike Flamin Jupiter, the great pontiff could participate in both civil and military activities without serious sacred restrictions.
5a65b59345db4de752aa634e18f6dadef866f3b7	Thus, Caesar could not be accused of becoming a great pontiff only because of exorbitant ambitions.
d3c199a9e38083af13e7f050ad8f173242126068	Immediately after his election, Caesar used the right to live in the state house of the great pontiff and moved from the Subura to the very center of the city, on the Sacred Road.
ca3f752ba60c1f504f8aa0ffe7eef884e5391a34	Caesar and the conspiracy of Catilina:
418dc5986faedd7ac6b2fadfaf12012db66bdb90	The evidence of the sources varies, which gives grounds for some researchers to completely deny the existence of the "first conspiracy".
024c027dfc2dd5f5dd427a14a741393b5e66c37f	Rumors about Caesar's participation in the first conspiracy of Catiline, if it existed, were spread by the opponents of Crassus and Caesar already in the 50s BC and certainly do not correspond to reality.
ce0ea89fbad192f72762491b44328c3bd9b92b1f	Richard Billows believes that the spread of rumors about the" first conspiracy " was beneficial to Cicero, and then to Caesar's political opponents.
8f96e2c05a45cb83f3f2ca05e87cc40e9977a344	In the days of the culmination of the crisis, Catulus and Piso demanded that Cicero arrest Caesar for complicity in the conspiracy, but to no avail.
4f0fff6334f8bf935c86e51f6add1da156ff46ea	According to Adrian Goldsworthy, by 63 BC , Caesar could count on legal ways to occupy new positions and was not interested in participating in the conspiracy.
dd0c037cbe37675e83aec4b1605106be78806b8e	Decimus Junius Silanus, who was elected consul the following year, advocated the death penalty , a punishment applied to Roman citizens in the rarest cases.
f94069b201515ab7a41fd6df829a87a8f0ecc33b	Sallust's version of the speech contains both a widespread appeal to Roman customs and traditions, and an unusual proposal to sentence the conspirators to life imprisonment - a punishment that was almost never used in Rome - with confiscation of property.
8a5838f89c109f793cbb98823f53189a5359b37a	After Caesar, Cicero spoke, objecting to Gaius ' proposal (an edited recording of his fourth speech against Catilina has been preserved).
68d713ffb841b99e4e9610c841ecc2a34c71b12f	However, after the speech of the acting consul, many were still inclined to the proposal of Julius, but the floor was taken by Marcus Porcius Cato the Younger, who strongly opposed Caesar's initiative.
2c4c37cad0214c84a5a5f5d07c7dbcd086ca1298	Cato also hinted at Caesar's involvement in the conspiracy and reproached the wavering senators for a lack of determination, after which the Senate voted to put the conspirators to death.
f9cc4fd2c272f07c8ea3b1fa6ad08637de97d258	Since the meeting on December 5 was held with the doors open, the people listening attentively outside reacted violently to Cato's speech, including his hint about Caesar's connections with the conspirators, and after the meeting ended, they accompanied Gaius with threats.
4f1f59cdbc74b2ca2b115f543fdbc7e4e1b76353	Guy also accused Catulus of embezzlement of public funds and demanded to report on expenses.
ca2c5ae1120120a3c582a133f37b0b2e24676aab	After the protest of the senators, the praetor withdrew his bill.
7a1d343b33dce56a9c10216fccd8fcae9aace4ba	When on January 3, the tribune Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos proposed to recall Pompey to Rome to defeat the detachments of Catiline, Gaius supported this proposal, although the troops of the conspirators were already surrounded and doomed to defeat.
520f213d71c2188dad6d71398b70fe79b4db6103	Apparently, Nepos, the brother - in law of Gnaeus, hoped by his proposal to allow Pompey to arrive in Italy without disbanding his troops.
2a9236fcaf4cf98443c7e0531b57e0bdc12351a8	After a mass brawl provoked by Nepos in the forum, the resolute Senate passed an emergency law to remove Nepos and Caesar from their posts, but a few days later Gaius was reinstated.
0430943be840b96df5527b442c0bd5e425deb28a	In the autumn, at the trial of Lucius Vettius, a participant in the conspiracy of Catiline, the accused told the judge that he had proof of Caesar's involvement in the conspiracy - his letter to Catiline.
b4f2609a367749686fc4f4268bbcad59d65a91ab	Against the first accuser, Caesar acted very decisively, arresting both Vettius (he did not appear at the next meeting and did not present evidence of the praetor's guilt) and Judge Novius Niger (he accepted a denunciation of the senior magistrate).
3705bec65ad3fb050a2ff4f1f4278bdadb5a0743	The latter meant the inevitable public disclosure of personal life Caesar, because there were rumors that Clodius came to Caesar's house in a woman's dress for his wife.
e8190dc8adc87a18ffba38ff3ebddb4667bb3857	Adrian Goldsworthy believes that Pompeii really had an affair with Clodius, but Caesar still did not dare to testify against the rapidly gaining popularity of the politician.
c70e2b6a503837219e3f08b5ff56c3f7bdb9d623	In addition, the majority of judges on the panel voted with signs with illegible inscriptions, not wanting to incur the wrath of supporters and opponents of Clodius.
bfe94296f2c17e0386a5a929758737109e4dc0d2	During the trial, when Caesar was asked why he divorced his wife if he did not know anything about what had happened, he allegedly replied that Caesar's wife should be above suspicion
ab647f11b8de261b27934fb38111e75a8913ebad	(various sources cite different versions of this phrase.
6d7887eb5c2522c7f67547c33d7c99219f88b09f	According to Michael Grant, Caesar meant that the wife of the great pontiff, the high priest of Rome, should be above suspicion.
f97da66cf001784f6a29e522a96d64b54755d444	The British historian also points to another possible reason that accelerated the divorce - the absence of children for several years of marriage.
579c536d4a61b72090b018413bd18dc0da566969	Nevertheless, Crassus vouched for Caesar with the sum of 830 talents, although this huge sum hardly covered all the debts of the governor.
919fdd0557895a70e0c790214bcdfa807885c9ae	Thanks to Crassus, Gaius went to the province before the end of the trial of Clodius.
93cb5885046defd9d582837a0589d156f1c1d569	On the way to Spain, Caesar allegedly said, passing through a remote village, that "I would rather be the first here than the second in Rome" (according to another version, this phrase was uttered already on the way from Spain to Rome).
e17b2eb84bf6ef7f16ed930651b98ff2202505f3	Caesar immediately recruited a militia of local residents to subdue the discontented regions, which was presented as the extermination of bandits.
1affdab40be8a1d31439cdefc4c31472bec3dc23	According to Dion Cassius, thanks to the military campaign, Caesar hoped to match Pompey with his victories, although it was possible to establish a lasting peace without military action.
50408dff65144faa79bf8f05db0136f06c327e81	Having at his disposal 30 cohorts (about 12 thousand soldiers), he approached the Herminian Mountains (the modern Serra da Estrela ridge) and demanded that the local tribes settle on the flat territory in order to deprive them of the opportunity to use their fortifications in the mountains in the event of an uprising.
88662e159725efb7f7c661af619ecd8f0b4bffc5	Dion Cassius believes that Caesar hoped for a refusal from the very beginning, because he expected to use this answer as a motive for an attack.
b9cf0e00e219c6daba978495a126911d7e5bf2b8	Throughout the summer, propraetor subdued the scattered Lusitanians, storming a number of settlements and winning one fairly large battle.
e8f1aaf2a9705b83238d1b1c0440746c46bba8a4	Soon Caesar left the province and headed for Brigantia (modern La Coruna), quickly capturing the city and its surroundings.
c4a7a8997b62f7c45080911a8f0694f6687acc72	In the end, the troops declared him emperor, which in the terminology of the middle of the I century BC meant recognition as a victorious commander.
fc8e11f20f7073d77eea0956b2bbf9d5488e13fc	Even then, Caesar proved himself a resolute commander, able to quickly move his troops.
0edf9d16cfe98f029fed5b3cc422de10da2abe0a	His energetic activity in the administrative sphere was manifested in the revision of taxation and in the analysis of court cases.
49f7338be25a28928d1369e1aa09a625d7b38c80	Given the difficult situation with the payment of loans and interest by residents of the province, such a measure turned out to be beneficial for both borrowers and creditors, since Caesar nevertheless confirmed the need for mandatory repayment of all debts.
8894238db2d4be4e1ef4fef37df853af974071b6	Finally, Caesar may have banned human sacrifice, which was practiced in the province.
c6e7a6ade5c1434a86bf40d567ecccae33e0079f	Richard Billows believes that if Caesar had actually openly plundered the province, political opponents would have immediately brought him to court after returning to Rome.
f7bc989be67a0d40f402d112beaa2cb5d26365dd	Caesar could count on substantial gifts, since the inhabitants of the province (especially the rich south) saw in the young aristocrat a potentially influential patron the defender of their interests in Rome.
dddea0052b0e240746a7168fc12f268f5dd91eba	Masinta's extremely energetic defense showed them that Caesar would do anything to protect his clients.
c3fd0c9ff6c01bf6d4bf9cff72c279cff61cdf54	Apparently, Caesar received the greatest income from civil activities in the southern part of the province, since the main military operations were conducted in the impoverished northern and northeastern regions of Distant Spain, in which it was hardly possible to enrich oneself.
62b98bc9f90cdd7610556bf4926c8c5398ef2ace	After the governorship in the province, Caesar significantly improved his financial situation, and creditors no longer bothered him.
25e34571d0b5e2807a8752bdbf39d892aa9c3eee	Probably, Guy did not pay off all his debts, but he proved that he was able to repay loans by taking up new positions.
2f44ec6446870089d2480fe2e4818d670cddcfb6	As a result, the lenders could temporarily stop disturbing Caesar, counting on a new, more profitable appointment, which Gaius ' opponents later tried to use.
70265e619927f032e40a97b479c2e582b0fc286f	At the beginning of 60 BC , Caesar decided to return to Rome without waiting for his successor.
eb1f4c8a32df618efb2b4f086a49e962a41f5dd7	The early termination of the powers of the governor with the delegation of powers to a junior magistrate (probably a quaestor) was considered unusual, but it was sometimes practiced.
1bb9f573cbb9a3c976f51ba4277366846661c738	Having received reports of Caesar's victories, the Senate considered him worthy of a triumph.
ec19a18ce5deba1b226ed12fb6edb1794c6b043c	In addition to this honorary celebration, in the summer of 60 BC , Caesar hoped to participate in the election of consuls for the next year, since he had reached the minimum age for holding a new position and had passed all previous magistracies in the cursus honorum system.
5c537cece5e5e8081a7c952476657d5b3258e542	However, the candidate for the triumph did not have the right to cross the sacred borders of the city (pomerium) before the event, and a personal presence in Rome was required to register a candidate for consulship.
ba29f445e73de468305b18246b74af9d199c1a2b	Since the election date was already set, Caesar asked the senators to grant him the right to register in absentia.
c650a4eec33cb51e0294036c3d90bf41e23af889	There was already a precedent for such a decision in Roman history: in 71 BC, the Senate allowed Gnaeus Pompey to stand as a candidate, who was also preparing a triumph.
7aeb1b613a016b1c9ab454fbf55b3a73b2849ae5	Caesar's opponents were not in the mood to meet him halfway.
79df012361a3bcd3e6b9c9dc25919279d83c0334	Having presented Gaius with a choice between triumph and the consulate, they may have hoped for Caesar's choice of triumph, hoping that Gaius ' creditors would not wait another year, but would demand their money immediately.
ee57722c46d113fa2694abd6ec42fb90cb31995f	However, Caesar had another reason not to postpone participation in the elections until next year: election to a new position in "his own year" (Lat. suo anno), that is, in the first year, when it was permissible by law, it was considered especially honorable.
e79f48091625d741ac186c653b95f406c6254ffe	At the last meeting of the Senate before the election, when it was still possible to accept a special permit, Cato took the floor and held a speech all day, until the closing of the meeting.
9644791201f5a1e5a0e264e80e021355c2bf2d4c	Thus, Caesar did not receive special permission, and he entered the city, making a choice in favor of taking a new position and refusing to triumph.
2f184c9d5fd2998a0ad60e8fed2e0b37ec9fdef8	By the summer of 60 BC , Caesar had agreed to cooperate with a rich and educated, but little known to the public Roman Lucius Lucceus, who also put up his candidacy.
acab506f7e7c6711baed7733213fca42865ddc0b	According to Suetonius, " they agreed that Lucceus would promise the centuries his own money on behalf of both."
6f2e6495b043c2649dd030cd9a87b8b369907251	The Roman author mentions that his rival Bibulus also bribed voters with the approval of the senators: his father in law Cato called it "bribery in the interests of the state".
44ef38d993898d1476a26df8df6daf68d16f3223	According to the results of the elections, Caesar and Bibulus became consuls for 59 BC.
69d732469f564b791f0a206334066fdfdf1e308a	At about the same time, Caesar entered into secret negotiations with Pompey and Crassus to create a political alliance: in exchange for the support of Gaius by two of the most influential and richest Romans, the new consul undertook to pass several laws in their interests, which had previously been blocked by the Senate.
bba2a7e0f034468a96efafd1878af0bfd64084d9	The fact is that Pompey, who returned from the Third Mithridatic War back in 62 BC, has not yet achieved the ratification of all the orders made in the eastern provinces.
e537162ae7419fac674222484281a7af1e614a38	He also could not overcome the resistance of the Senate on the issue of granting land allotments to veterans of his army.
3999d6d83e73e76d764f637e62c53a4dee941227	Crassus also had reasons for dissatisfaction with the Senate, who defended the interests of the publicans (tax collectors), who unsuccessfully asked to reduce the amount of the tax payment for the province of Asia.
cf7174ac11dc49d83338aac2a571385a442010a6	Thanks to the unification around Caesar, both politicians hoped to overcome the the opposition of senators and pass laws that are favorable for themselves.
5c09ba4dc9f0c4b869afb18bf506050482522d8a	It is unclear what Caesar received from the union.
a62dba3addc99682cac964dac61c1a8936d8de84	Undoubtedly, the very rapprochement with two influential politicians and their equally high ranking friends, clients and relatives was beneficial to him.
4f980f026414caa2b72a0e27670b8dc200cbd8d2	There is a version that when organizing the triumvirate, Caesar hatched plans to seize power with his help (a similar point of view was shared, in particular, by Theodor Mommsen and Jerome Carcopino).
8685a899c60c7fc5a9fadba5855171e515b2b6dd	Despite the fact that Pompey and Crassus had long been at enmity and even prevented the implementation of laws in the interests of each other, Caesar managed to reconcile them.
ffa5983aefbc592fd1efd7156a6e11085f52c797	Suetonius claims that Caesar first entered into an alliance with Pompey, but Christian Meyer believes that he first agreed to cooperate with Crassus, who was closer to him.
0058820bb338afd64db34c5766302e81501d6676	It is possible that it was planned to include a fourth member in the political union - Cicero.
64dc6824358dfb1352714e84f1f636125fee40e0	The union of three politicians is now known as the first triumvirate (Latin triumviratus - "the union of three men"), but this term arose by analogy with the later second triumvirate, whose members were officially called triumvirs.
254b23e01c41d602ea31cf19dce2f71c03c679cb	The exact date of the creation of the triumvirate is unknown, which is a consequence of its secret nature.
4ff8d0c1ee49f34e7ed5b0b6ccc2fe46761b1007	Following the contradictory versions of ancient writers, modern historians also offer different versions: July August of 60 BC, the period shortly before or shortly after the elections, after the elections, or 59 BC (in the final form).
c410d80be9c5045d6e8ccacf0d20404261669eec	At the very beginning of the consulate, Guy ordered the daily publication of the minutes of the meetings of the Senate and the People's Assembly: apparently, this was done so that citizens could monitor the actions of politicians.
f42c45635b687cfd6b0500616a4ec0fe8a2d20ba	Caesar, on behalf of the Roman Republic, recognized Ptolemy XII Auletes as the pharaoh of Egypt, which was tantamount to renouncing his claims to Egypt using a widely known (probably forged)will in Rome Ptolemy XI Alexander II. According to this document, Egypt was to come under the rule of Rome, just as the Kingdom of Pergamum was transferred to the Roman Republic by the will of Attalus III. Ancient historians report that the issue was settled for a huge bribe, which was divided among the triumvirs.
4e02b339d2a1d3c0e7f4eb13e43b20795b538e00	Despite the significant support for Caesar's initiatives at the beginning of the year, by the end of 59 BC, the popularity of the triumvirs had fallen significantly.
f34ef8aa07e7467880bc0fb6899581932a921a9c	By the beginning of Caesar's reign, the Romans controlled the southern part of the territory of modern France, where the province of Narbonne Gaul was formed.
be39a77f9000368973d7345fe34d5771f0406e6f	At the end of March 58 BC , Guy arrived in Genava (modern Geneva), where he entered into negotiations with the leaders of the Celtic tribe of the Helvetii, who began to migrate due to the onslaught of the Germans.
e7a8924b8a99e5c4481a6676cccc86d878329ed9	Caesar managed to prevent the Helvetians from entering the territory of the Roman Republic, and after they entered the lands of the Aedui tribe allied to the Romans, Gaius pursued and defeated them.
0f3d0662c3643071c8950ad709b2dca543773610	In the same year, he defeated the troops of the German leader Ariovistus, who was trying to gain a foothold on the Gallic lands of the left bank of the Rhine.
113e7e22b0f3b69cca5df7012132a54566060728	In 57 BC , Caesar, having no formal reason for war, attacked the tribes of the Belgae in northeastern Gaul and defeated them in the battles of Axon and Sabis.
143e32670d19048f5cba60163ebd6f3b02152efc	The general's legate, Publius Licinius Crassus, bloodlessly subdued the lands in the lower reaches of the Loire.
a906d462b0cdaa184ded778810dd4f434e980ca9	However, the following year, the Gauls conquered by Crassus united against the Roman conquest.
adb34fbcdcb948b69875f035587a8f29b0dcdaeb	Caesar was forced to divide his forces between Titus Labienus, who was supposed to subdue the Trever tribe in Belgica, Publius Crassus (he was entrusted with the conquest of Aquitaine) and Quintus Titurius Sabinus, who suppressed the peripheral tribes of the rebels.
47a1c6061bfd6361a2a205ac6502a1e442514df4	Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus began the construction of a fleet on the Loire capable of fighting with the maritime tribes, and with
d7fb981b9f6322c544fb51bc57aaec7cbc6edc34	James Eugene " Jim "Carrey (eng.James Eugene" Jim " Carrey; b. January 17, 1962, Newmarket, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian-American actor, comedian, screenwriter and producer.
4fb4bdbe0384724b625ee490375f7bcd40769ee8	A boy named Jim was born in early 1962 in a large family in the city of Newmarket.
5481327e6acaaa760a0f5c20148e1267bcf09469	He became the fourth child in the family of Catherine and Percy Kerry, who at least poorly supported their children.
66dbe6693745a957ed67190e29efba7c89bf7500	The actor's childhood can hardly be called rosy and cloudless.
0034f6633e81aa5af08e991912375f2ba912f7a2	The early years of Jim Carrey's life did not promise the guy popularity and success.
376c73a81b5852246488bf049c8119399d883860	His mother once worked as a singer, but was forced to do household chores, raising children, so she did not return to her profession.
50335baea1d4c81b015c04fddc4d483b68a57ada	My father was a successful accountant and the main breadwinner in the family.
97d9adcbe1f6d19da2f09ca2ac4581eb152ae540	Since childhood, Jim Carrey, his brother and two older sisters were brought up in the strict canons of Catholicism.
0fc3c36f2ed8e45078972a83031747af723c6a88	Trying to give her children a traditional upbringing, my mother assigned them to the School of the Blessed Trinity, where the future comedian spent two long years.
79c21da8a9477aff6eafba29104e9129f2785be7	Perhaps his training here would have lasted longer, but soon the family of the young comedian moved, and Jim had to change schools.
2a0f6799fcfab6ae76b11d57ae442e0b380f2a2b	Jim Carrey's biography included the Agincourt Institute, Northview High School, and some other educational institutions.
2d312c7ab7df3fbf8544f418d217e662e1acc337	Thus, the school years of the future celebrity were somewhat stretched, and the guy had to "storm" the boundary of the tenth grade for three years.
7e7d953ea21b6a29aecd1d87625ee28a08b1a918	From a young age, the future movie star loved to entertain others with parody.
c61cec1b293a982597eaf91ffb900aff0dd5f9d5	Jim made funny faces, which invariably caused smiles on the faces of classmates and teachers.
01cbdfe716066c3e29618eae6575623f7cec0f4e	It is very noteworthy that one of his first parodies was a parody of Leonid Brezhnev.
4f60f4bf4b75a43dd940ed2998eaadb680203fa8	Jim recorded his parodies on camera, and when they accumulated more than 80 pieces, he ventured to send them to the popular humor show Carol Barnett.
4d2225829fec162ce6f36a99842012e7fe6aded9	At that time, the boy was only 11 years old.
0390cde4b6292ff0975656800148132feaeb9054	However, he did not receive an invitation to a TV program or at least an elementary answer to his letters.
c68efb9f7b5afab746ec741f6c49c08ae7ff5a1d	Jim's father was fired from his job, and the family had to travel around the country in search of earnings.
7e13c75a019d2e103bab10fc37476c35bd69b534	They stopped in a suburb of Toronto, where the elder Kerry got a job as a security guard at a firm.
26cfcb58e2def179ebe1e0ea5fd33664015aacb3	Alas, his earnings were decidedly not enough, and the children also had to work as cleaners.
8f517da0999de1ffd15ccb75e3b7d7cef8fd2c1f	Giving the Titanium Wheels factory all the strength he had, Jim worked as a security guard for eight hours a day, and then went to scrub floors and toilets, performing part of their duties for his parents.
c072d97ca92db8e3fe3740c18ce69e6c216202ed	That is why he mostly slept during school lessons during the day and almost did not communicate with his peers.
7a90d178b4ed18e3a6bc594e34530354741620a0	At the same time, the young comedian was waiting for his first disappointment in the professional field.
d70540d143d9fddac367cb39dfbeb0a471cf3599	His father took him to the local club "Yak Yak", where Jim had the opportunity to perform on stage with his number
528252d2fc3cb15144ce37a7ae036b710c1a2744	Booed by the audience, Jim Carrey was very worried about failure, and therefore decided to return to performing only two years later.
265f4a5ef2c698ae4bcd1912c186016b4879e247	Fortunately, the period of failures and hardships passed for the Kerry family, the children quit their hated job, and the father found another source of income.
429e4d2a4852e60a2e460def0a289788a4bcf232	The couple had to live in a trailer, but it was a small price to pay for liberation from disrespectful labor.
02315f2dea2b53da9679c4351033b30d56176849	Jim went to Eldershot High School and gradually got rid of his isolation, and also found a good job at a steel mill.
2c5c43a800b097bc41b00b4f3f02417ea787dc0d	In 1979, the future actor, having no musical education, founded the group "Spoons", playing in the style of"new wave".
02b0fb0ebe40a5821435fa511a48a87b224a7190	He also finally ventured back on the stage in the same club, which he left in disgrace a few years ago.
e0dbf2644c320ec92d217b71479c1471f14b565d	From the first words and gestures, the audience held their stomachs, at the end of the performance, the entire audience cried with laughter.
30a9edc61fd42864f0974946c40ff8b8f360f7b8	Under his patronage, he was taken by the manager Litrais Spivak, who made him a real celebrity of the institution.
b494735856e6dcd19781419e859f17590c7f0e05	People from all over Toronto came to his performance, critics with one voice called the actor a "rising star".
899f2d5babf915b4048c6dd261555d676024e57e	On the stage of the Yak Yak club, Jim was noticed by another famous comedian Rodney Dangerfield and offered to perform with him "as an opening act” in Las Vegas.
2aaf3d8150b895e6ac0acb6d7609b4bcf8fa5867	Jim agreed to the offer, but he worked with Rodney for a very short time, as he was attracted to Hollywood, which was now very close.
d5c2e4d1573b23bf9d2731401fefdc807eb34533	These tours gave the actor self-confidence, and in 1979 he moved to Los Angeles, where he was taken to the Comedy Store Theater.
aef1abe57ac4ccc32881c99708920d4f26c2dd5b	He began taking acting lessons.
dfe60c9346eb713de3fc3fb1ac2cbf5e70ae4f48	Kerry's debut on television took place in the humorous stand-up show "An Evening at the Improv" in 1982.
b1ccd63959e6a9f72194d1ebb2d898c2783996fe	Some time later, Jim was invited to the late-night talk show "The Tonight Show".
55de6913a64bab6f9ec94002383dfd2cb1c91865	In 1983, his dream partially came true, Kerry was offered the main role of a young comedian in the film "Rubber Face" and another tape called "Mount Kupper".
171b7d5d8367a6ae76368e51573c9e2a70f55b30	Both films were low-budget and were released for home viewing.
9b07f82bf0012cf14b9a1761d4addc149c36a5ee	In 1984, the artist was invited to the children's animated sitcom "Duck Factory", which was closed a month later
a1f699f14e1d6a09f08ff4397183558c4a470e44	But during its short existence, the show managed to give Jim a lot of useful acquaintances and draw the attention of not the last directors in Hollywood to him.
18cb4956ceb364c6f1e5c9e3300c64ff1dcef952	Then Jim met director Clint Eastwood, who invited the comedian to his club to parody him and other famous people.
076b2cd15a2f255a4a39d413e0ace0df43fc0b83	For some time, the artist really worked in the club, but later said that he did not want to become famous by parodying others.
d0e1d0c4eb92e654f9dcbdab627d12ef40cbdb31	In 1984, People magazine named the young parodist one of the best comedians in the United States.
e662d9fe2748a16ea76ca765076baca3ac956f2c	In the early eighties, Jim Carrey decided to move his family to Los Angeles, but this step was a big mistake for him.
fc468000dc661f7923a86febe159ae15428a58d3	Trying to take care of his relatives (and especially his mother, who was diagnosed with hypochondriac syndrome), the artist began to pay less attention to work.
e09e17b6ba88645547bc9233e7995abff5c94a87	Soon he lost the favor of the producers and retired for two years.
2bb50237f06eb6bd730ca8a2c437ab4567d21b38	This fall knocked Jim down.
eeebeab7b3cd198f7321dcf9a5b24eb13dfdfafd	He fell into a depression, stopped touring and withdrew into himself, as after the previous disappointment in the Yak Yak club, for two years.
00c8fc7aedcc140f2a563d273640ce2e3287917c	He was saved by a friend-comedian Damon Wayans, whom Kerry met while working on television.
c7b25a0241f28ccabe7cbf5acbc7822ffaa7475a	Seeing what was happening, Wayans literally took Jim on bail – got him a job in his brother's comedy show, playing in which Kerry gradually came to his senses and again began to make attempts to storm Hollywood.
84b32313e9e666763e274b7bbad5fb5bc66a9f2a	The first film in which Kerry was noticed was released in 1986.
f870c705dae610bce97a4a2ec57916f2165a5218	It was the film of Francis Ford Coppola "Peggy Sue got married" (before that he was shot, but the films were not successful).
4d63c4a12aea98e923e998390f46677a38f09146	After that, he begins to act more or less regularly as a supporting actor, well, over time, the earned authority allows Kerry to promote his show "The Unnatural Act of Jim Carrey"on television.
abd50ff7a7001c6234f144ec728d352625148a7f	For the first time this comic show comes out in 1991, and the actor dedicates it to his mother.
9da261c292b49b288c88073967522163df978c1b	On the eve of the show's release, Jim's mother, whose life he tried so hard to fix, died without seeing her son's triumph.
d52d10dd5b25b70c4e79e443680849349218ba79	The soul of the artist was sobbing and beating in hysterics, and the viewers were lying under the sofas and chairs with laughter.
3facf39cca33f27471338fed4b029b496da14a90	Nevertheless, since that time, Jim Carrey's career has gone uphill.
e78a19e5a026c9444db0cf6b1c41f1b096f68092	The fateful year for him was 1993, when he starred in the film "Ace Ventura: The search for pets".
d3447c6825aca03588f47e76874a344d9471267d	The film came out very ambiguous, from the very beginning it was haunted by problems: the most famous comedians refused to take part in it, and Jim agreed to the role only on the condition of a complete reworking of the script and the image of his main character.
8656f7d8e7161ae92f68fde616864324df4ac481	The picture was very popular with the audience, the box office in many ways exceeded the budget, and Kerry received his first award "MTV Movie Awards".
5509198237c8ca3a684a5f3a9faf2436616a56af	Box office receipts exceeded $ 100 million, and Jim Carrey instantly became one of the most popular comedians in Hollywood.
d19bb4e3c172335b3e1d774062ffd71b365d4676	But the critics were not so favorable, they smashed the tape to smithereens, and the actor himself was awarded the "Golden Raspberry" as the worst new star.
404fc5728641a9f3765aa77de316ff24c96a1654	Although the critics met the film with friendly disapproval, the audience ran to the cinemas for it, Jim became a star, and his hero became a pop icon and one of the most popular characters of all time.
e7b25016ca2eb73cddd63432c96072905891c564	Soon Kerry consolidated his success, in 1994 he starred in two more of his star films: "Dumb, even dumber" and "The Mask".
d896a08a041c871d8ae7e53b87b81f9dde768ce3	The film "The Mask" was directed by Chuck Russell, and Kerry's partner was Cameron Diaz, for whom this role was her debut.
2ca731a1b555badb52619036c179c58581c3d28b	Kerry associated his character, Stanley Ipkis, a shy bank employee, with his father, Percy, [4] and he created a bright suit in which his character Mask walked, in the image of a suit created by his mother, Kathleen.
b4e4319c64ca01e6981dee73b2505a38e2c6baa3	Kerry's buffoonery turned out to be more than appropriate in the film "The Mask", where his main character from time to time turns into the green-faced god Loki.
5b5f1fbfdd29ef94f0b81f1aedb6171f48672776	The film was popular with critics and grossed $ 350 million at the box office.
6fa1814694064d3edb35ea9ddb18bacd80f27f70	Kerry received a fee of 500 thousand.
64a9eae5f328ab307582c960cc9d9f7ff4a649d3	The film received nominations for many prestigious awards: "MTV Movie Awards", "BAFTA", "Golden Globe" (for Kerry) and even "Oscar".
8b9ab22ff2aef6b37dd4db42a122b302a032c046	For Jim, the nomination for the Golden Globe was the first serious recognition of film critics.
d45ec328827dae165b733c204cb545e348bd230b	No one knew that merry Kerry was crying again in his heart.
fb764aac41a2c62770e0042faee2b983fa40ddc1	While he was busy on the set, his father died, to whom Jim, like his mother, contrary to his dreams, did not have time to arrange a decent old age.
fb76be78ed2e12d482383b530ed92380760f2d49	The film "Dumb and Dumber" was directed by the Farrelly Brothers, Kerry's partners are actor Jeff Daniels and actress Lauren Holly, Kerry's future wife.
8db2243692950a5dc3f2137e815e6393a4249796	Critics appreciated the film.
febbbba6ce473f0df3c48981430d090b08000af8	"Dumb and Dumber" collected $247 million at the global box office.
925e097d68593716e2654b928ad764b2d0115e74	Kerry received $ 7 million and his first MTV award for best comedy role.
fc8d8eda9bd496f8b6d1c8998f3f19ff72a518e9	To make Lloyd Christmas, Kerry's character, look funnier on the screen, Jim removed a filling from two front teeth[12].
ebd1f338eb2ed883d92f366b7c95efd3b0071c83	Jim also wrote the final scene of the film.
1f305e8f9cdce3702a3d1eec03ced30b333b5d43	According to the script, the main characters, Harry and Lloyd, had to get on the bus with the girls.
8706057d14d3d5804b2892a83e37d06066a61187	In 1995, Jim Carrey starred in Joel Schumacher's film "Batman Forever" as the villain Riddler (Ridler).
198da4fb24757fe04cf07a49e5d18e5ad3b767d3	It was the first time Kerry starred with such a" star " cast: Val Kilmer, Tommy Lee Jones and Nicole Kidman.
af2c176058089b7e6cd5c61be940c0cef0c69b8a	The film grossed $ 336 million at the box office, and Kerry received $ 5 million.
4deaee5fbd9ff3f75b4b7c32d6b5b0360b42a34b	Critics did not appreciate the film, but Kerry was nominated for the MTV award as the best villain (Jones was also nominated), but both lost in the fight to Kevin Spacey.
1cef5c87ad480c3fe392a5df9a4519064ab74100	Jim also starred in the sequel to the film "Ace Ventura: The Search for pets" "Ace Ventura: When Nature calls " by Steve Odekerk.
b94e1dd8e13ad36e4e90836d5bfce1761eae8cb0	The character has not undergone any changes externally, but has changed inside, becoming a follower of Buddhism.
2997f17bb1c2d5494127bde261ceccdc56736dd4	The film grossed $ 212 million at the box office, Kerry received $ 5 million.
e49666fd2e0911f4efd7b3ea3042100fbff78cc7	Critics, like the previous film, were dissatisfied, and the film was nominated for the Golden Raspberry as the worst sequel.
085771aef052d53ad22b2430cee337a66fad9c79	However, this did not prevent Kerry from receiving two MTV awards: "Best Actor" and "Best Comedy Role".
585dcdd84e5ea8a23fbad77ff1886e78c6d74cfb	In 1996, Jim accepts an invitation to star in the film "The Cable Guy" by Ben Stiller.
da274f9b13aa532393b2126c9c250c191103344b	Kerry played another loser, of which there are many in his film career, Chip Douglas.
3dc487234577dc648889a90231ed5620d0195eeb	This role was the first in his career, when he plays not just in a comedy, but also in a drama.
765be8a80af9f954704c6e9998e16fb5956ced8f	The film grossed about $ 100 million, and Kerry received a record amount of $ 20 million. [2]
5b97d27d3954a1bcaa6835778b21910013755607	Before him, none of the comedians had ever received such a sum.
6d31e8ae6b6de128f9f99e32d9773766e6f4929e	However, 20 million became his standard fee.
2bd83dc9e766d9ed750a3224d9b8a437a2c51e36	Critics reacted to the film coolly, and Kerry received regular MTV awards for best comedy role and for best villain.
d939ffa2718d9370d28669811ba441edc37a14f8	In 1997, Kerry starred in the comedy "Liar, Liar" by Tom Shadyak, his partner was Maura Tierney.
06b13d98992fcbefe094715c2ab3aa2c1b53382d	He played the lying lawyer Fletcher Reed, forced to tell the truth.
e0ea252fc01a58998017fda30c18023a816fe366	After coming to fame for Kerry, this was his first film where the viewer sees his real hair.
05fe8aa89e9347dc65cb897905d289eb6425a48b	During the filming, Jim himself beat his head against the toilet, walls and other objects to use these sounds during dubbing[
5c739511eb479da895a9738a2ee7946ba21bd526	For this film, he turned down the role of Dr. Evil in the film Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery[17].
3b6e5fbffaaa0b45bca7c0d423a19746d076c045	The film grossed $ 300 million, and Kerry's fee was $ 20 million.
96b121fbe23e3a80a75d90a2bd354f01a993f3d6	Critics were delighted with the picture, and Kerry was nominated for a Golden Globe for the second time for Best actor in a comedy.
a6392cb3101c1bc33dd0ed93383c8a6fa8154415	The MTV channel once again awarded him for the best comedy role.
6f131b876240ce20caf72de2dfada827586c3541	In 1998, Kerry starred in the Peter Weir film "The Truman Show".
a6dd2711160877acc5b72ca2b54837655afb16f1	The role of Truman Burbank was the first tragic role of Kerry.
0f05d9ce1b41d9c1217a931af6ffe836329b6189	With his performance, Jim wanted to prove that he can play not only jerks, but also serious tragic roles, so it was forbidden to say "stupid" lines from his past roles on the set[18].
0421ceeec17842cef2df03a91253414e694ba3ea	His partner on the set was Ed Harris.
146c336d1bc027ff5fd25d3a74e1bf8f7d241eb7	The film grossed more than $ 260 million, and Kerry himself received $ 12 million.
24228662124aaa3a2f583b35f312c852da9418c6	Critics were delighted with the picture, "The Truman Show" won three British Academy Awards, three Golden Globe Awards, including for best Actor in a Drama (Kerry's first Globe) and Best Supporting Actor (Ed Harris), and three Oscar nominations.
c8d9476b02cedd79fc315061e3436a9570523ee2	Kerry also won the MTV Award for Best Actor.
61d1e03fc6f562b178e45b7a4c817ace6e06e8f3	Kerry called the script of "The Truman Show" one of the most interesting in his career, only recently putting "The Eternal Radiance of Pure Reason"on the same level with him[19].
edda13c18f0e1dcb9c749935ef533ddec6a73ca6	In 1999, Kerry starred in Milos Forman's film "Man on the Moon".
c8161f14335796882e9dcfd6e0fb1bbbba600867	The competition for the role of Andy Kaufman was huge: Sean Penn, Edward Norton, Kevin Spacey, but when Foreman saw Jim's auditions, he decided that Kerry would be the best to cope with the role [20][21].
ebe7a24a8d86ef045fa3086d3b3c6b1c40448372	In 2000, Kerry returned to comedies.
4aadf0012641676448de75c4d2addbf868a57bdc	He starred in the Farrelly brothers ' film "Me, Me and Irene Again" as Officer Charlie Belligates, who suffers from a split personality.
0bbb5a57f811fd5fa9fe998825005f354dbf8de2	His partner was Renee Zellweger.
422d99c0d8719aa37efbd6d5141ee43acd42cc38	Critics did not like the picture, Kerry was nominated for an MTV award as the best comedic actor.
18b160d77f691a7fa059150364da5f014547f820	The film grossed $ 150 million at the box office, and Kerry received $ 20 million.
e3f85c2bc278de8273e1c1c5042464c7747c2365	In 2000, Jim Carrey played in the movie "The Grinch-the thief of Christmas".
77a48201a0d155055a9fa3a2e62777832fee9459	And again, both he and the film were waiting for success.
2cd560fb13642d88da8c7e8a0d765eaeb04a75aa	"The Grinch" became Kerry's highest-grossing film at the US box office, won an Oscar for makeup and was nominated for the artist's work and costumes.
3feb88671c877d28785cf4f3b78eb3eb64bdef3c	Kerry again received the MTV Movie Awards (at the moment he is the record holder for the number of nominations for this award — nine).
934ee9d817fc03246940d26722a71ffc3925a07a	In 2003, Kerry starred in Shediak's film "Bruce Almighty".
d61afa8ce91d2ced0b482334edd5d226eac88316	His partners were Jennifer Aniston and Morgan Freeman.
26cac754e3d6a9f5e8e859752eaee09e2e2fb5da	Jim played the reporter Bruce Nolan, who was given his power by God.
2bb91d90fd179f1e62649574d380eb2d7de29d5b	On the set of the film, an emergency happened: during a strong gust of wind, the operator's crane fell, almost hitting Aniston, who was standing with her back to him.
86603a12d13dcd6067f4dd44e4a52d298445170d	But Jim Carrey, noticing the fall of the crane, quickly pushed her aside and saved her from a tragic outcome.
1fefa2eca3bb6a7fbbc8c3adc0e9d444a3bb48e1	Shocked by what had happened, Aniston threw herself on Jim's neck and began to thank him, calling him a real hero[24].
1cc83d93fbd072d9dceb4112d21583cf1e92d7b2	The critics clapped their hands, but for Kerry it no longer made sense, just like the money.
ad3a303e43a314c6f5cac4b15ce121dc62c57a35	He started doing charity work and wasting money.
0e001a6e8d56459942afb961f94f13166f77de66	After" Bruce Almighty", Kerry's affairs began to decline – he lost the light in his eyes.
86b242c620ba54f4c34cb612c9ddeb9ffded253c	Since 2004. his special and unnoticeable, although he starred in a sufficient number of films - "Lemony Snicket: 33 misfortunes" (2004), " Scammers: Dick and Jane are having fun" (2005), "The Fatal Number 23" (2007), "Trouble-free" (2008), "Horton" (2008).
6177599f03287882cc7da4c71db797a2b0ed3b41	During the same time period, Jim played Stephen Russell in the film "I love you, Philip Morris".
f15f7e91e900e42e66a87a5a2f81bdb2cdb761b2	Due to the abundance of explicit scenes and the unconventional orientation of the main character, he was shown in cinemas only in 2010.
c1b5d24e451c62738f2c906e48ca7025ed649650	Fans were not enthusiastic about the picture, so Kerry returned to his usual comedy roles.
bbca733f12f234bec8c5627cabc35ead3ffb53c1	The audience warmly received such films as" Always Say Yes "and"Mr. Popper's Penguins".
f56b7779bbc291d2a6c8b3dd5e87e7560c2a3d14	Jim's characters can hardly be called clowns, they are characterized by an excessively pessimistic attitude to life.
230dd07b33ba71347ba471b74e0c774e29fb80a2	But in the course of the film, the character and mood of the characters change, so the pictures should be viewed during the most difficult periods for inspiration.
cb1c2c5b81b1447dbf04f9903d71b4c21968195b	Among Kerry's recent film works are the sequel "Dumb and Dumber 2" (Dumb and Dumber To), the thriller "True Crimes" (True crimes, 2016), the romantic dystopia "Bad Batch" (Bad Batch, 2016).
60b019800861daea2a7b8d0c38602e5a76c31680	Jim Carrey's personal life was marked by a large number of various intrigues and novels.
6b5fd0064c97037bdbf4d5891b9d3e18e1a1ca93	In 1987, while still performing in clubs, the artist married a waitress of the" Comedy Store " Melissa Womer, who gave birth to his daughter a year later.
53523be0ca87c121f411c0011b214123bcbe6784	However, the couple soon broke up.
18a6981546703667bb3c132d26802cc598ce221a	The divorce seriously affected his mental health, the actor fell into depression and began to use antidepressants, which soon stopped helping him.
a9f93b9e1bdfc500226ee55c8a038522de13b040	Then Jim took a decisive step towards a healthy lifestyle and took up sports, replacing antidepressants with vitamins.
b3f12f1539b96da2bf2dc31bfccce0628c889456	Kerry remarried a year later.
a8d73151281db90f3cc50d1d2b07c26967948daa	His chosen one was the actress Lauren Holly, but this marriage turned out to be short-lived: after 10 months they divorced.
bf66ec0f41e746bab9f054e9a0623bda1048cf56	Later, Jim met with many famous Hollywood ladies, including actress Renee Zellweger and fashion model Jenny McCarthy.
82a44d3c45f0376a55adf47a59658b9700546a44	He was seen in connection with the doctor Tiffany Silver, models Annie Bing and Jenny McCarthy.
1ad418b891a233b40edb7d83c7e6eff0f6cae04a	The comedian broke up with the last of them in 2010.
7228a7cbfc383126e20754a06b0026faf6b09a76	In February 2010, Kerry became a grandfather, his daughter Jane gave birth to a boy named Jackson Riley.
135e238e8eedc220106e41f5d25408ad880031de	Home / Hollywood Actors / K / Jim Carrey( Jim Carrey, Jim Eugene Carrie) / biography
2f551e093646af0617f8fa56d61d72f5ad3a710a	Jim Carrey
b00a1d34edf0742b78ba5fb3b899aba8b0dcd1ea	Biography Filmography Discussion Photo Program TV Video Press Center Buy Movies
3e416526c1c9e98954812ae146fd747d22164b84	Biography Filmography Discussion Photos Program TV Video Press Center Buy Movies
464c2a3e480a9f94fb7431d1a48764eaa98abdee	Date of birth 17.01.1962
18c4fe30df80cd3da00e973b6099703b1f20dba9	Category Actor Filmography 62 works in 56 projects Website Unofficial website carrey.narod.ru
f9a07716688c9c8b38650822e89ff770a2f38eab	Photo album 11 photos Discussion 72 messages
a71386e2241d342fb3ab8ef411978876d6da4cef	Jim Carrey Jim Carrey
751d3da64414740a6a451327c0966768061ccce5	Jim Eugene Carrie
a2b286e3b4f1ddc01eae15e485e3a3c6b56de7f2	American Canadian film actor, known primarily for his comedies of the 1980s and 1990s, as well as modern dramas and thrillers.
6f1612d7832de1ed424318c84facdc114c4abb20	Winner of four Golden Globe Awards.
44a5ddb7503a352129b50859c1e24971d0140dd6	Born on January 17, 1962 in New Market (Ontario, Canada).
56cfd0921fb00e81c0bea1061ceef68092cdf5e8	Carrie's childhood and youth did not in any way portend success for him.
5fd82d231e6a69c4042eaac724e76179a85c15ad	His father, Percy Curry, was a failed musician who adored playing the saxophone, but had to work as an accountant to feed a large family.
00daab79473898efd478a4b5e7579762ee3665f1	Her mother, Kathleen Carrie , is a housewife.
6062158768f61625d00b369cfb65c63987f9bfe0	Carrie's family was barely making ends meet.
fa629dddaa72fc865871e42608d4f75d0150043c	Jim was sent to study at the School of the Blessed Trinity, where the mobile and noisy boy had a very difficult time.
db2bdc9a2496e5e42ad709fde90d05710bf5c68a	In those years, his favorite activity was to stand for hours in front of the mirror and make faces.
9a83b1089a96fbcd0a28c77d5d1c5eb0302afa5d	By the age of ten, he had mastered his face so much that he took 80 photos of himself, capturing a variety of expressions, and sent them to television.
11cc6612bd3ac8ba4873b2b276736d616ce81c25	In the third grade, Jim played the role of Santa Claus for the first time in a school play.
9e88a59ecfede4d2d1320ad5c67b959780a6662c	In the seventh, when the teachers were convinced that it was impossible to teach him to grimace and grimace, he was allowed to perform a 15 minute performance in front of the class every day before the end of classes.
6558ba8916f512db8dcad8b3779da044320dd906	Jim was studying in the 9th grade when another misfortune hit the Carrie family - his father lost his job, the family moved to the small town of Scarborough, where his father, mother and all four children managed to get a job as cleaners and night watchmen at a factory.
bb38ccb62da927af783d79371c51ec79836db045	Jim worked 8 hours a day and continued to study in high school.
b787dafde04b2c8de787d9efe81ac5268638dfe6	When he turned 16, he dropped out of school and went to Toronto, where he began literally storming the scenes of local comedy clubs, showing parodies of many celebrities.
5fd279d12d43e6e249e0b496d15b85929c7fb157	It was then that he was noticed by the impresario Rodney Dangerfield, who believed in the abilities of the young comedian.
1f36a17d51d24074a31732f9e1ef22dce5f9eca8	He took Carrie to Las Vegas, arranged for him to perform there.
4c64356fea5209cb19c8725312cf81fba11b564c	These tours gave the actor self confidence, and in 1979 he moved to Los Angeles, where he was taken to the Comedy Store Theater.
34e4a9e7db084da49a4e25bb21c324dd9cb65c41	The young man set a goal for himself - to get on the big movie screen.
2e530b3418889ba3239ddd8000d4aa3c3ed3000a	For the first time he managed to get a prominent role in a movie in 1989.
6e3293ad5b60cce18fe3ff44f912d3565a4f1dee	It was a satirical comedy on sexual topics - "Earthly girls are available".
c37c62b88ebf54fddbc01ed0252a99f67720b68b	It was followed by a series of quite notable comedy tapes, and in 1994 he finally played a leading role in the film " Ace Ventura: search for pets".
7959ce7d2e63ec6daec4bbcd4d3a5d96013f618a	She brought Carrie a tremendous success.
852ca5c8b9c6e28f853d3c3eb1961e436804d816	He was bombarded with offers, and the young actor, who was" hungry " for work, did not refuse anything.
1b7b03df84dde1401a75ff94b0cd3d9ba2528829	"The Mask" by Charles Russell (1994), which brought the actor worldwide fame, fame and huge fees, was his fifteenth picture.
fb9472a5aeb5eef7b3ef1c15ee5855386b26ba39	This is a film about a modest, unsuccessful bank clerk Stanley Ipkus, who, wearing a magic mask found by chance, became an all powerful and sinister exterminator of evil.
d643f51ee07be1d3cefec2f033c5a979ed346b26	The way the actor played these two images, so different from each other, clearly showed the traits of talent that are always inherent in him, but for some reason no one noticed before.
0f35796a50c290bf0d8c2d92d4e38298c199e4d1	The variety of facial expressions of his face, which was constantly changing its expression, perfect body control, incredible flexibility and plasticity, high dance skills, the ability to work with animals - all this, combined with computer effects, predetermined a noisy success.
2052f423fb3992f2b058441a49ae22f202e1a993	The outrageousness inherent in Jim Carrey at the time when he began his career in cinema does not leave him to this day.
f1dd18b919f97d51f36126bd32ab1a25860e916a	Success comes to him precisely when this actor is active, aggressive and negative, as it was in "The Mask".
7646243e27e4dcac8ea1a6228f97538f22d92b93	"Batman Forever" and other roles.
f0aafe2ee9d64b09bfce062d37e77eb9f0d510f7	He is already cramped in the comedic framework, tired of remaining an "eternal crank".
7085a57b367f24219bc60ab7c62816e010835875	He dreams of a bright dramatic image.
6040dc23b99dc188928bda6ee1711f240fa2802c	When everyone got used to Jim Carrey as the "number one American comedian", he suddenly played in Peter Weir's masterpiece "The Truman Show" (1998).
fea74de2e979473bafbe541a5662b27470b4dadd	And he played brilliantly – but, most importantly, seriously.
3a995bdd713073e0dee1d3a0b6d0d0a982fc9666	This film was about a man who had been a target of audience interest all his life, a victim of television ratings.
d20dcbc28113a7d20aa1def1b0c34c646a579144	For this role, he was awarded a Golden Globe
c01a399700fb6599d2de1dafe6c7b5a5587e3a7c	So from that moment it went – Jim is shooting in something serious, this" something " certainly fails at the box office, and he is forced to "bother" his face again to appease the audience.
d6205d09ed638bd5a5a1b269cb8f685545dced47	Jim Carrey now heads the list of the highest paid actors in American cinema.
9c66dd047329017c091c5c731c8dafe7b31a4a12	prizes and Awards Golden Globe Award (1999):
8aa4d4bb9c36f7064a8aa3af46199d3b7d3dead5	Best Actor, Comedy / Musical ("Man on the Moon") latest information update: 13.12.16 print version
0ccb336409977719b8d989f578bf950df3c58d18	jimcarrey.by.ru vashdosug.ru
c0339229f7633eaa3313d2fb70f423a05969bd40	73 Ilyushka (Saint Petersburg) 17.01.2017-10: 26
e578e56fffa1384d499330e0f2460738a7e73ef6	Happy birthday James Eugene (Jim) Kerry happy 55th anniversary: Congratulations on the anniversary of the 55th anniversary of a man, Life has put five, That means it's an anniversary!
c4b0dbe958383ed40b1df953fad8eeaeb080f57e	Red day of the calendar — You have two fives!
bff753947ea4ea9984e9d6378912e08ed2b4bd9f	You... read more> > No.
f70e611bf23bb1e4572b78865da7457b9155ee5f	72 Ch.
5a8a80c983f2957e866b875d3985b986adaf41fc	S. (Moscow) 17.01.2017-02: 40
4df9c264730ad194156f2f5377908e1111f95a41	I congratulate the wonderful Hollywood actor comedian Jim Carrey on his 55th birthday, further creative successes and good roles read more>> No.
675fec856ea4372d78819a3c30dae4b83ce58bf0	71 Iria 17.01.2016-22: 43
f1e1be7a245e4669ab5d1c74caafc799625b21e8	Many thanks to Jim for being Stupid.
774c8b95472ae0b554eaec45bfb6de3f74fa61c3	))) Very funny, cute movies .
ee46f18d7c7da7d8abfbbe0cc429ea32b04368f3	Happy Birthday! read more>> No.
b4a287c37441c87fbabaf1d85241c5fc103eb1c3	70 abayaman.ru (Pavlodar) 6.12.2015-17: 40
4b0c04c287581b284ae107948ca293a0d143f39a	A very interesting actor!
30d50dceceb1666903603231ab94b3f6931428d2	I believe that he should be a role model for those who remain themselves, despite all the difficulties of life.
ac16808910d5037e1f8099619d05aef55f96981d	Of course, it's a pity that he still did not receive an Oscar.
b080b3396d47c991b07a8b54d22454798c12e7ab	But... read more> > No.
20a3f4160d7cd0af97e8af2103f58c8ad5d37b2a	69 KinoSlav (Kamchatka) 8.06.2015-12: 54
2f3c4c055d60d353c5a3390f330b871047674556	... Donot like it, watch Gone with the Wind , The Godfather, Santa Barbara, finally.
8d3893fab6a35c42a3687f6ed0ef614c5d640944	Ishty "the discerning cinema viewer". read more>>
703061f11c378b8b27b14cabbf92262361325a27	Total messages: 72
6840e4995b457f9c8b5a351bb95de442c955a1ae	Jim Carrey: press center > > January 27 The most anticipated film adaptations of 2017.
3acd02558cc58ef2ef94e6a6a93f42ca397cdedb	Part one: serials
3abbe7eb232b3745128d018ff9ac6f37fe7d26d0	New TV projects based on literary works 3 comments on October 10, 2016 "The Eternal Radiance of Pure Reason" will move to the TV screen
c524d4e521aed19333a606a2645e32cbbe23fd19	A melodrama with Kate Winslet and Jim Carrey will become a series.
b10e3007b834905d8b81bb3b5d8f6b51d496083d	September 12, 2016 Venice 2016: Uncle Sam's Antics
728246bcd55dcbfc1d98e41df9bfe1b266c881b5	Ekaterina Barabash about the winners of the Venice Mostra July 30, 2016 Konchalovsky's film entered the competition of the Venice Film Festival
af05d35dd6c474d25f569db11149617292b7e571	The organizers announced the program of the show.
dde6eb3a8105c83913cd3095a5a045d53dbdbf77	1 comment All articles of the press center >>
8aadf1657da58cb6e5ae063fb1322736bf6002e4	Mask
1cdbd9cdcf44a3e1cd183dea206a73a62cd1e0c5	Bruce the Almighty
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305e21cb2dc05dafbcd73527dd26920dccabf972	Liar, liar I love You, Philip Morris Batman Forever Scammers: Dick and Jane have Fun Fateful Number 23 Kick Ass 2 All movies >>
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cb750f9c2a0f37ee5bad1c8c9ebc938eff6eedb9	Berlinale 2017 Festival column: For all the Good against all the bad
aa2887aa379d81a5e26b4da118132f2fe5498746	The specifics of the festival, the biopic of Django Reinhardt and other tragedies
51203ed611c4cb5f30261bf6f35e86d034f8707e	Movie news Netflix is shooting a TV series by Castlevania
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a53a219d64d82c2c1a46be4e8ea275f3e7bccf0f	Also among the nominees for the award of the International Association of Music Film Critics were "Doctor Strange "and"Zveropolis".
9da447a3af47b2b5aaf5b44b9442872d8c4396b3	Interview with Alexander Bulychev: "Sleep is the best medicine"
0ad7a6d7623de8e6705e2194c357a34bd75b8da8	The main character of "Moms" about the third season of her favorite TV series
1da8284f27801d0112772275f4d18269b4d267a9	Movie news On this day 115 years ago Lyubov Orlova was born
f0675d7d65422e1a2aeec76ae9fa41ffea365076	The star of Soviet cinema, "the Russian Marlene Dietrich" and the muse of director Grigory Alexandrov was born in Zvenigorod, near Moscow.
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0f7162eef030d387b436e948322b046520d8c6f5	TV viewer's satellite "Home Video"
b1915f070277a3970592c4ada2980679edc92dbb	February 9, TNT, 21.00 2 comments
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5d592f18f3031b66fe4b4374c6f4ef2ed96fd3ce	Jim Carrey biography
aa380e788a3b7b13c9f3069d07d0ecf1f944cdff	23.03.2015, News Keanu Reeves and Jim Carrey will star in a dark story about cannibals
019707daea8f8dfd283fbb32888a9cb1fc73ddc1	30.10.2014, News The star of "The Mask" Jim Carrey is not going to voluntarily go down the aisle
c9392f16660d6a07c751bac8a5fb14d859b567a4	03.10.2013, News Jim Carrey returned to his character from the movie "Dumb and Dumber"
17535d145e7941622b3ed00b114c843b8da3294d	17.01.2017, Cinema 5 of the brightest images of Jim Carrey
f877815058bb9774a0a6595e301f4c93066aa16d	Jim Carrey Photo
93c8ad50b8866225eba486d7b4d0db774fd6e819	Jim Carrey Biography
53c0546ac8300bf84bde19422cc74063fde9c2d1	Full name: James Eugene Kerry
7547bb6d9bfa1f8d3c5834cc9a917f3bb325611f	Date of birth: 17.01.1962
61e43e7062c33301bbd63bc7f4a8fa9a33ea026c	Profession: Actor, screenwriter, producer
32be40dd5756883e6f4a37896a7a84d143c509ba	Height: 187 cm Weight: 86 kg
0c5d010f05cd24ec8c27e66144a06d4dc8734af2	Place of birth: Newmarket, Ontario, Canada
d2e115762f2181a48b5f7240f0945c73d13c0f31	Zodiac Sign: Capricorn
bc34a55a6b345446799b78a8fbeb368b3d2cf173	Jim Carrey is perhaps the most controversial actor in modern cinema.
555fa98f9483642472c3946a325882eee7112d47	Some people love him, others hate him.
8edb62886c2803f14094338c70c4192c49d8de90	Some consider him a genius, others a crank.
50b2a937947084c46ad8b80c9951f9fc3357771f	Critics called almost all the films with his participation a failure, but the public is throwing a shaft at them.
4d8580e28ecd236cf8a27b0de584e1887ea3630b	According to various film studies, Kerry's name beats the box office 8 times more than was invested in the film.
4caa0f96562868b93653f374a250b7a479ba7b06	You can treat this actor in different ways, but hardly anyone will argue with the fact that he has already taken his very prominent place in the history of the era.
0a50e2e27a03ff46a23569eb08ba9028824504b9	The Jim Carrey phenomenon is undoubtedly the result of his very difficult and unhappy childhood.
e3853bd61cd4b91930f9757c8a9fcdc6f2cfa8ad	Jim was born in a very poor, large Canadian family, where his mother was a singer before the children were born, and his father was a saxophonist.
e3424147b47ae2304c4c355a8d98a5582104965f	Everything changed after they lost their jobs.
3468911e9135329236be2e0c6a2ab98ff4eab316	The parents, suffering from poverty, were only engaged in trying to earn bread.
8155829085e861c38c8331af4b6b6cc25749fe4e	As a result, my mother began to suffer from a severe form of hypochondria and became known in the small town where the Kerries lived as a city lunatic, and my father was a proverbial loser.
e6af48943713dd25266cea5c73451411392a76ee	Children have always been participants in this whole tragicomedy.
b2e2662acb4c75c9fa64ea614abcc4959b6e5aaa	So, during the period when one day Kerry's father got a job as a security guard at the wheel production, he attached all four children there, who were forced to come to the factory after school and wash the floors and toilets.
7f1b5e6f16226ea6e2eb48f093739b398d4155d9	"I would come to school and fall asleep in class," Jim Carrey later recalled this period of his life.
1c948a74972b072efdbfc5a1627155e689eaa6a8	"I didnot want to be friends with my classmates because their problems seemed small and trivial to me."
7c7baebc652e1c96c2aadf0e7561ed988c899704	Classmates, in turn, did not want to be friends with the son of a city madwoman – an eternally hungry boy in torn clothes, who did not even have a home – for several years, Kerry and the whole family lived in a van.
4ee31a3ba9d7477b1a820531eaa02f53734061ce	The kids were always teasing Jim.
a2b60f1ab43a2f62f0b4c692c609b7dfde4e284f	But, however, they did not dare to beat.
e0fb19d4f28752144e5ba8b4de8f25bf63b48168	Since childhood, the future actor was famous for very strange antics: he could suddenly spin like a top, scream terribly and spit in his face, as he once did when he once again heard a woman on the street laughing about his mother.
3e42574d1e7222fe299eae4c413a7cf525d32111	Naturally, all this did not contribute to his studies, as a result of which Kerry changed schools several times, and studied for three years in the last grade.
9af8a1f2ccdddb0d895153e9053eeb117a896027	How was such a powerful comic gift born in such sad circumstances?
2ad5b8fda8487b076b4c0c83976dc2ccbcd84356	Yes, naturally.
1a1644de01be22a3f3ed84625557ce8442207ff5	Hating others with all his childish soul, the boy amused himself by making fun of everyone in a row.
e5a41d370dafd3d2b277c3a824fa898ee7c1e5e7	Well, gradually he realized that this is exactly what he likes most, and began to collect videos of his parodies.
a6fcea9b4de35737ddf7ff4f01b881802684f784	When Jim turned 11 years old, there were about a hundred commercials.
a5d6c51d13abc0eed1275749487f54e22351204e	After selecting 80, he sent them to the Carol Burnett comedy show, however, no one answered him.
bb5f0e5ba8c055215825c0fd9d32b78fb77724f3	The secret life tormented the boy.
3820bf5f9a1f0fca689f7c5dcce368844768eda8	Like any actor, especially a beginner, he wanted to hear an opinion about his work, so at the age of 15, he told his father about his hobby.
0029631986a1ae357b2bce9314bfc892f9583b11	Dad was delighted and decided to help his son he wrote a sketch himself, took the boy to the local club "Yak Yak" and arranged for a performance.
685302896f238ac8a07aa7f542bac60fbba80051	Jim was booed and chased off the stage.
55ae6974c55f324d5f0ac7c3417a45068be49954	After this incident, he became even more withdrawn into himself, and no longer tried to show his creativity to anyone.
931628e3c752a5b72dc9ad4c4c48a114be2babbb	Only two years later, Jim again relied on his strange talent, which grew out of a child's hatred.
dc70145ba8aaf8a2ab915e3df9de0b56c671b344	This time, in 1979, he went to one of the largest clubs in Ontario without his dad, agreed with the manager about a performance and soon became a local star.
1ce8d573e90cf40823f5e4adfb103e92ed92c4a9	This success inspired Jim, and he decided to storm Hollywood.
d33b464f28affeb543011672ad81e1e0127b3b5f	Already in 1980, Kerry, having collected his simple belongings, left for Los Angeles.
47baa94f4c2510060a89e50360469d10d513d095	There, the aspiring comedian almost immediately managed to get a job at the Comedy Store club, which, thanks to Kerry's parody performances, soon greatly adjusted its budget.
d450b4faee1778bec24714e4350cfab7b3f48ced	The parodist himself began an active attack on cinema, trying out for films, then for TV series, however, at first in vain.
b118c4e2402b60f5befa76e5f8b84d2e19bf15d2	And yet, for several years in Los Angeles, the actor managed to achieve something.
5d29ef6ab3c7bbebdaa5a0e820f0fdce3fd0ffa4	By 1984, he was already making good money, was recognizable and finally got a role in the series.
886a8dbdbcf1d538788a369990fe23b03b392907	All these years, Kerry waited for this, albeit a small stability, to fulfill his dream, and immediately realized it – he took his parents from Ontario to Los Angeles.
5b5e7123737b24256d4fd6139071f80ff56967fc	However, Jim's fate, as twirly and fickle as himself, decided that this was a good moment to play a joke on him.
96111d2e4dcfc7cd369dbe1fb02117b59edf150b	As soon as his parents moved, Jim lost his job, his financial situation began to deteriorate and ... his parents had to be sent back.
b97b44b8985805e79203eb648074e5a93d065aac	He was saved by a friend comedian Damon Wayans, whom Kerry met while working on television.
b5060c6f90e433ba275cedf2117a479d94e4ff93	The public does not even guess why.
cd4b52186b7fd964cca5c373b76034b424673fa3	But for Kerry, it was a response to another mocking trick of fate.
caf855743c1f2a12f34093893f348b5ed9a23a10	And only Jim knew that someone who can hardly hold back tears can make you laugh like that…
156d02ccb261fffbccc5c9d29b9f78e3c049d827	He was showered with praise and awards, and the audience fell in love with the artist forever.
cd2db6f24cc89fc4d3df7b373476f147ebaf28a3	This is eloquently proved by the fate of "The Mask" - one of the most viewed films.
477caaa0df7b2f821a528781be230b975188baf4	Later, in an interview with journalists, Jim Carrey will tell how he immortalized his father in his own style.
fa129741017a30ca500db264d4a8100c420a6dcb	It turns out that in memory of his parent, he literally copied from him his hero in the "Mask" - a shy bank employee Stanley Ipkis.
9c27c07e6ad44df6114e30520b7635bf98fde24f	And later, a few years later, he repeated this in the film "33 misfortunes", explaining to journalists: "The count looks like my father, who looked like a freak."
b3805ce34fe7f760128c4bec828a0d3c27dbad24	Apparently, Jim Carrey's karma is such that success was waiting for him every time after misfortune.
5f0449dfda1ce00413da87277c0ab884ec3fb4e3	In the mid 90s, the actor's victorious march on the screen began: "Batman Forever" (1995), "Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls" (1995)," The Cable Guy "(1996)," Liar, Liar "(1997)," The Truman Show "(1998) and" The Man on the Moon " (1999), with which Kerry triumphantly closed the outgoing century, playing the cult comedian Andy Kaufman.
c75923638a29792b4c42b678905c6319fa8b10e1	His fees have grown to the amount of $ 20 million per film – an unprecedented salary for a comedian until now.
0be03cbf404f7133a82cbc09037109ef374c3262	Interesting fact: almost all of these films (except "Liar, Liar") received unflattering reviews from critics, but the audience just screamed with delight.
15b4a8606ffd5d2cd8303f95a59d98eb1e9720b8	Meanwhile, Jim fulfilled one of his cherished dreams: he began acting in dramatic roles in a serious movie.
579475ad37be1b8a67017296c663c6b1d76acec4	And quite successfully!
851b7e336112af270388829df6c9c86b8a5259a4	The art house film "Eternal Sunshine of the Pure Mind" (2004), which, by the way, Kerry himself calls one of his favorite works, finally received unanimous critical acclaim and was nominated for many prestigious awards.
d1d3be3c8335e9f80a9e4e21ddf83845bde86988	Kerry's reputation as an ordinary person in Hollywood leaves much to be desired – over the years he has earned himself a lot of detractors, of course, with his antics and strange antics.
5e7bf186918c83e71c84be8f510034abd34e8743	But the dedication of the actor in the work is recognized by everyone unanimously.
477050641abe8e170ff1375cc61b67ef7d256f2a	For a real reincarnation, he is ready for anything.
80f3e8dc12957d1476942d08929fa5547a54b655	For example, for the movie "Dumb, even dumber", to look funnier, Kerry removed fillings from two front teeth.
c6015d9bfd5dff899ce3b2367bae7bcb04fa9db8	During the filming of the film "Liar, liar", indeed, as it can be seen in the film, he furiously banged his head against the toilet and the walls – and all in order to use these, in his opinion, funny sounds when voicing.
7f0b3358d3c8c55f60b3dc0e15fcb19765648d37	On the set of the film "Always say "Always", the actor broke three ribs, just because during a planned fall in the frame he suddenly realized that it would be funnier if he landed not on his ass, but on his back.
f73eee9ddeffba699dff3664efb5c1465732765b	Well, on the set of "Man on the Moon", he forced the entire film crew, including director Milos Forman, to call himself not Jim, but Andy (after the name of the main character) during the entire period of filming.
af208a64e726ab740451d863b2c3c834862f6680	And the fate of Kerry does not deviate from its traditions - he again has a dream that is not given into his hands!
34c67ebe3b6eac7dd1d000d242e0bdcfab6d4343	And Kerry dreams... about the "Oscar", which they do not give him in any way.
d2cf1f8d4399cd28122f92b54470e15572df267d	The actor says: "...I will be dissatisfied until I find myself in a stream of light in front of the camera with a thank you speech.
26c0ded53804f6c504d50936deb7bd2f2c684478	You know what I mean...
093d734921d1afd5f9c6a37284e1f318618bb66e	I do not know how I will get the Oscar and what I will have to do for this.
78aeff0c5dde18daf937b3c9bb9a9005b3c86ef1	Yes, I am so vain!"
4ae70b15cc90ea0cfa29fc1299a1a68518cf7aa1	In addition to the Oscar, there is also no lover in Kerry's life.
f4de40cc9a8e8c1923b43350462e8b2515b7090c	Despite his fame and wealth, the Hollywood star still can not arrange his personal life in any way.
e574dfe66c178022e72f1d094c3f43fbe1b84d2c	He had a lot of novels, and even went to the wedding of Kerry twice.
d89cd01bed84069b5a518a88e415c0c9a4a30fb5	In 1987, he married a waitress, Melissa Womer, whose marriage lasted only two years.
2eb94f8b859f3e122b85ef6d62153c4c0b9aeae9	From this union, Kerry has a daughter Jane Erin Kerry (born in 1987).
defde480eaef9abcd3c94ad82fea14fabf2ef7eb	Today, the girl performs in her own rock band Jane Carrey Band, and in 2010, she gave birth to a grandson to the comedian, who was named Jackson Riley Santana.
aaeb30962391934d1f93c1cc0142633ff3dd049e	In 1995, Kerry married actress Lauren Hawley for ten years, separating from her "without noise and dust".
92f91da56996b8224bdcb6142c44a487844c5264	Kerry tried to start a serious relationship with actress Renee Zellweger, and with his personal doctor Tiffany Silver, and with models Anin Bing and Jenny McCarthy.
6608ddccad0e99aac4df8f1b30b3f3e90ccaae8f	But all the women leave Jim, explaining this by his impossible antics and idiotic antics.
b3ba6db4e1173a9f22a0906be42e9dba558ca3cd	Will the next girl be able to tame the restless Kerry?
b053b717e19ae174c00ce4a810ff9f7fe9161d3e	There are chances, because she is ...
4b53518adde5df5c11ec0b376f190a05b1dc8c61	Since March 2012, the actor has been dating a Russian student Anastasia Vyatkina and, they say, he was even going to get married.
8538e94f0cec36be0fe50723ed1668e0cbcbce5f	Jim Carrey Facts
2bef76344ee9ed2e1edb4f99440fb9bca13a9de5	When Jim was a child, his family was so poor that they lived on a bus.
664d75496da5c285e4812fd0d44c90cca10a7fe7	Jim has had the neurological disorder ADHD – attention deficit hyperactivity disorder since childhood and still has it.
e4288c65b2923f9af04c5aa78c32408c7db91591	The most scandalous trick of the artist: on the 20th anniversary of the show of the project "Comedy Shop", he appeared naked, covering his shame with a touching fake leaf.
727b7727655d199a50c2fd6b66ac4aceda744f67	Jim is credited with a short term affair with the ballerina Anastasia Volochkova.
821fc647590bad9f48cc92c52ca7b12179945033	Jim is a vegetarian.
efee271efc5cdfba434b0b7567321e7cf71be8be	Kerry is engaged in Brazilian Jiu Jitsu.
694a5207e2cc64a93d08f6b2bcfd3c46c350771d	Jim donates money to charity, mainly for the treatment of seriously ill children.
a3d0924f64d9e5c12b564e35bb3ea49cbd7438dd	One of Kerry's favorite activities is riding a motorcycle.
a394a2a2972834e1bd1ad52dc5e5104cd4920174	In 2006, during a trip to the Middle East, trying to get rid of the paparazzi, Jim suggested that a man like himself become "Jim Carrey" for a while — live in a luxury hotel, eat expensive food and avoid reporters.
86c6bb2f6fe646ab215e39ef78512862a4420297	No one noticed the substitution.
dfd7a6bfea5e53b2f4a23f3dbd92cb93f5415463	Kerry's ancestors were Scots, Irish and French.
b0b58388238afd897d2952067d761fb22f6bc98f	Jim Carrey sings well, loves hard rock and sometimes performs concerts.
bfcaae222a7a227d735a4e3868af27504c79f65c	Jim Carrey Awards
23b03510a88090807223a1bbb7385b4cad5d6cac	1995 MTV Movie Awards in the categories "Best Comedy Role" and "Best Kiss" for the film "Dumb and Dumber"
08c86ed57bf08ae95f13d569cc7391de305787d7	1996 MTV Movie Awards in the category "Best Comedy Role" and "Best Actor" for the films "Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls" and "Ace Ventura 2: When Nature Calls"
acb8445b3195fa531a82867329defea67abc280f	1997 MTV Movie Awards in the categories "Best Comedy Role" and "Best Villain" for the film "The Cable Guy"
e522f61b65e1a3b09fff2bd7b01bfde1d37f0d95	1998 MTV Movie Awards in the category "Best Comedy Role" for the film "Liar, Liar"
8d3d46da4ba9fb26df1d4c2e0936adee6a026c56	1999 Golden Globe Award in the category "Best Actor (Drama)" for the film "The Truman Show"
4e35f2bf1e65d577fa9f86b35431fcd501e60e18	1999 MTV Movie Awards in the category "Best Actor" for the film "The Truman Show"
6bd41f2881c833b38115dac968ab58a7afffec08	2000 Golden Globe Award in the category "Best Actor (comedy or musical)" for the film "Man on the Moon"
63c436ace9af39e8126b22b832ff37390385a8e3	2001 MTV Movie Awards in the category "Best Villain" for the film "The Grinch the Thief of Christmas"
c7affd975b045f06efbd5c1b3ddf4bbd641c9c74	2001 People's Choice Award in the category "Favorite Comedic Actor"
ad3727da423cf92f422e4fbd09c42730855f8130	2004 SDFCSA Award in the nomination "Best Actor" for the film "Eternal Sunshine of the Pure Mind"
76b177effe0111ec4e6a7772b5d75d5c067bf29f	2005 People's Choice Award in the category "Favorite Funny Star"
fc20e1e47f035166d290a8963002e54f9275ea5c	2006 MTV Movie Awards in the category "MTV Generation Award"
bc3a29170bad5df7b03106937296173527910af4	2009 MTV Movie Awards in the category "Best Comedy Role" for the film "Always say Yes"
33eb28958d0eb71e888c6ebd05ad228925d96fd4	2010 People's Choice Award in the category "Favorite Comedy Star"
fe1e412d92e960f36ae0c35b7e6bdd2f303740f1	2010 Children's Choice Award in the category "Favorite voice acting of an animated film" for the film "A Christmas Story"
6e20341b5055166dbb30a4908d053e945ae8be6e	2011 Spike Guys ' Choice Awards in the "Funniest"category
0f77c67afd57543b0ca041e8c0f8370c76840395	Jim Carrey Movies
25110d1ea438b1e72cad1cbc240cd5a2982cb418	1983 Rubber Face
53dba964f8a7103c579aa112f8742556b3435ce6	1983 Mount Kupper
c9b9b96053168aabd948e4416c7be4075cd799ac	1983 Everything is in good taste
de810dd443ca060e0a9ce7ef82dea223ce5e6861	1984 Chur, my!
a3f2becd9e6b947829f09f7e5611b02fceb76494	1984-1984 Duck Factory
c82818596d3c88200d5d93547848163e9c1cb64d	1985 Once Bitten
18c7b6a5bf3ddaff2780bec277c92c2eaf2b08f5	1986 Peggy Sue got married
74b8c7bb1ac3676bb7eac7f2616b492e9c2f3fb7	1988 Death List
9ef40f0f2713e629d85c20328f48a6369bd1ea8b	1989 Earth girls are easily accessible
a2f5dfa794dec312bba23bbf8664384ca43058ad	1989 Pink Cadillac
04712ff422723c4aa23de7705530b6370ccdc5e5	1990-1994 In living color
6cb72758357a62d9b1cc1c6953b5b95c9db610f2	1991 Nerves are on edge
ffbd2507cf4ab56487648b1e2f5374bc69a02add	1992 The Tiny Spider
3f70fe55a5bbaddb90d7d1b222c8eed6fd0767f4	1992 Life on Maple Drive
32bda922f5ad38857474bc29551f953eec043c71	1993 Ace Ventura: The Search for Pets
01eb5f7c3654e4af1029988bc98ae9b1dbbfd565	1994 Dumb and dumber
7b60de1675f93a9cf972706870fb36e951592937	1994 Mask
ea64d65f8fe6e735613285cac3e0197af1ecf60c	1995 Ace Ventura 2: When Nature Calls
3b199ed789b7b105d474e11c30623b06d82f0ff6	1995 Batman Forever
642c85bc0f66ff0e401c4e8a68d97cb95af4795a	1996 Cable Guy
8052a47cdd246a5f1958d0d404c1f69f73a06cde	1997 Simon Birch
4fcc5df89fc90a3c09ceba115b3dc3794870b34f	1998 The Truman Show
efc818f36decf37277c358061c4791173abe6654	1999 Man on the Moon
45b9b2c1773980891b85904bf8f75c6fab24ca46	2000 The Grinch the thief of Christmas
f1f5dedc6be246cb1429a212e7961be4ea3b1974	2000 Me, me and Irene again
29c746d922d701e99eb0c8eb8b2f5da7058f0d1f	2001 Majestic
c70738d69751adf8b9645ce2dad2958ea8b1a3fe	2003 Bruce the Almighty
00dbf437405810cfc25f02ebc8d429639dc40c31	2004 Lemony Snicket: 33 misfortunes
96f2ef1e861f1da4ca8ed44259d1ffe4141e2286	2004 Eternal Sunshine of the Pure Mind
fbe116cd42a0adc1a96bfc32946e4dd82c374469	2005 Con artists Dick and Jane
2cf9467c7bb219da13b695cb1d971d0c073e9b5f	2007 Fatal number 23
c6e9de5adbc254bd60a7ce438156d72319e24925	2008 Always say yes
b7ce0d4f92584de859810c28488e56cd22f10076	2008 Horton
9b1e6b81d5ea036bf220135f567993f6c6fd00fb	2009 I Love you, Phillip Morris
840aa56b0e7e80c7f20837dd5a8db3c7aa72cd84	2009 Christmas Story
a30cf0c067e4c5511922828450d54ced62374f2e	2009 Under the sea in 3D
6f18ad4e7e9d1e70d6206e16bf9869b066663f61	2011 Mr. Popper's Penguins
d7a4f4347bcc1b6891434265ae71ebefa5848129	2011 The Office The Office
ab5d7735e43f3d25d4ff14c374cfcbb8649d0543	2013 Burt Wonderstone
a0826ea5c334ad20ee09a13a0e9bffee10e2845b	2013 Kick Ass 2
eac624f637bdda485fd65bbda713ee4ca298048c	Dima Bilan
a3268bc308de3fedbf669b17825378bfad37a6c6	Yulia Lipnitskaya
dc8d271d1345c32f4882953c6c0c882e52f4e85c	Maria Kozhevnikova
8e38d0e8a7c21bac1f1964578056bc77bc03b8a8	Igor Krutoy
4b1e7c259b70c5ef26cef0936a56d44fe3156418	Ekaterina Zharkova
1042d5480b62da85c1e50e44f8b10eb3a2c0c8e6	Paulina Andreeva
b462376fd611eb88153862bb044aafd80763270f	Mikhail Galustyan
573f438f9464d522a785762507f2a5deb05f6ec3	Sergey Lazarev
88eb84be7499b0b50ad6380af92cf781c81f88b9	Jeanne Friske
b80b2d7f1c8ee8786bb80329016748261e1518f1	Naomi Watts
76a657dc4de6580fbfcfc2c5128518aefc73c7a0	Tatiana Navka
78ae50fe8dda9811da97b3773824873f4cfcc0f7	Dmitry Koldun
ef8256581359d1670d24c73654b31ccd626d62db	Olivia Wilde
2585afe38f60c6a26eb7e8e8ff3bb444c58d5128	Miley Cyrus
d3c3ead0581bf94a12ae5637ad30b61ac176c8f5	Celine Dion
0915ca53f382b11b48c4ce16eb9f5abcbf82908e	Jessica Chastain
119972b7d62faa09971056bfc48b19afb975be8f	Natalia Shkuleva
74a610eb1e679c47f434552f89400b4046da727f	Evgeny Pronin
4abc2a9e4be6d7647dfd8a059043087ece8b8628	Elizaveta Kononova
b75c0bb208f050b3543ad57ead6519e036bcc935	TV program for today, February 11 at 13.25
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f1149d840e102ebf978e819f667c2ac57b8315c7	14: 20 Russia 1 Bonfire in the snow
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4d4262c53f2d2176573c62b34019c8ab1cc6a17f	01:00, TNT
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ef2e362caedc7755d5800e996b0590d465166b02	Go behind the scenes of the musical "Anna Karenina" and attend a unique master class!
96c9ae052e8ccced2d3a7ae29f616a0eb1969194	New season in the Museum of man "Living Systems"
b4dcdc0589859350d773aedd37e5d9a0f32ddcb3	Phone of the master of washing machine repair at home: see options >>
8607c64558a9f94ac33586ed07d9814ce4feea20	Change the screen to an iPad mini - the best prices at the link.
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65dd3c35acaf212f009de45c3fc90f93aa47ccf3	Gossip column Star stories Private Life Interviews Pr yamaya rech Encyclopedia of stars
f53f0a16394fff53a83f4837c7856384d6dc5666	Biography of Jim Carrey
0b41f6654fb18e0ef34c4d0b2fd6572d1414e87e	Published: 08.10.2016 - 19: 19
f30bb16ae780595995ee1a67b693f891cc92e158	James Eugene Kerry is one of the most famous comedians of our time, a screenwriter and producer.
e719feb1b56c488fa7f80057c6f63b9f60ff1b16	He was the first actor of the comedy genre to receive a twenty million dollar fee.
b3d7d9a9e15159804e495f4bd479919b1c04ba51	Jim is also the winner of the MTV "Recognition of Generations" award, the actor received the award in 2007.
4b88ef521ebce77ee58dd63f038be13ef60b8fa1	Kerry was born in New Market (Ontario, Canada) on January 17, 1962.
020727e6b10c473435768309ecb8011deee48026	His life can hardly be called easy and cloudless, there were many sad, difficult moments in it.
45cae62e2752cd363473b1e5702341e2e8fa3456	But the actor stoically endured all the difficulties on the way to success.
7da62a9181ff87aec734f2bae81668f91cf2b107	For many years, his films have been regularly reviewed in the family circle, enjoying the comedian's funny grimaces and remarks.
06f3d1c047c692f7a29993be69b9be7e04d5ded1	Childhood and family relationships
cadbcc7da4579abe0ff9eb5df1a2aab141594749	James grew up in a large family.
e18a937c74eae29bdeb12ecb9574ff9239a30df1	His mother, Catherine Kerry, was a housewife, although in her youth she madly wanted to become a singer and even achieved some success in this field.
89f2a8a12a45adab4c57dd97f9936061a905c9c0	The father of the future star, Percy Kerry, dreamed of becoming a saxophonist as a child, but he had to retrain as an accountant to feed his family.
5db64ccf7e4f179d8eb17fae9d467062fbd82f0f	Jim was the fourth child, besides him, two sisters and an older brother grew up in the family.
289f74f5f48277ee72e878a5f74346dd326ce5e5	From a young age, the future actor entertained family and friends with his hilarious parodies.
852f8b7a046ce7336381220f85247aa6c7c803c4	He recorded his performances on camera, as a result, more than 80 videos accumulated.
c2b30d85282189494d66f6f0d03918c9867fb109	Already at the age of 11, James sent his entry to the Carol Barnett humor show, but did not receive a response.
f5e1465b5ff50a6bf907dbb6655730b3bd862416	Parents strictly brought up their children, instilled Catholic values in them.
6b0c9a58b463823f55006a42b63a654a1321dc08	The youngest son studied at the School of the Blessed Trinity for two years, he had to interrupt his studies because of the move.
b515fe9e1326db24e1a950787695ac9ea7b174bd	During his life, James has changed many educational institutions, including the Agincourt Institute and Northview High School.
e3ee72f70b1576425899414350873f36de36d3f6	The boy managed to finish the tenth grade only from the third time.
5558970cd16642227ba9f4d949ab70b6ab220c90	When the young man was 14 years old, his father was suddenly fired.
4311cf2a55747e9cf3fe9297f593382c2f0d4da0	Since he was the only breadwinner, the family had a hard time.
78d1fc9eb4cf38849de5a4a7658a175ce97a212d	At this time, they constantly changed their place of residence in search of a better fate.
e2940491aa68015a63024e2cdfd37b715ecb5d3a	The relocation ended when my father got a job at a firm in Scarborough, a suburb of Toronto.
249f2a3274320512b33e182fa7861161bf5b5d82	The money he received was not enough to support his family, so the children had to earn extra money by cleaning.
68d05199bac0aec1d2fd6089df6c4f2292195c61	Jim decided to start making money on his hobby.
49a6ba397982d774edc9f0f685e20de44a0f119c	The comedian's first performance on stage occurred when he was 15 years old.
72536eb21db2c437811ff703cb72ea47e89cb905	Percy brought him to the Yak Yak club, but young James was disappointed.
77969e2ebe5fc84c7ae832f9ec4d9e488f0d8b06	The audience did not appreciate the talent of the future star, he was booed.
7aa74734d8968f43e1b2264a7ca70194c8d0e51d	After this unsuccessful performance, the teenager withdrew into himself, for a long time he did not dare to show his numbers in front of the audience.
c2acaa572c860498151783a33a204b7e0baa4b96	I managed to get rid of the complexes after studying at Eldershot High School.
21c79caa224785aeee7235a28c9063e56451d4e8	At the same time, the young man began working at the factory.
bdcfe8603bc5b0fc327500ebc7016dd60f1941d1	My father found another source of income, and the family no longer had to count every penny, although they lived in a trailer.
3bcdbc7fc95ac77cfadfdb27c3b731a0d055dcea	In 1979, Kerry founded a musical group called Spoons.
aaf43fcc35ccbedd692039be6461afef741a3ff7	It was at this time that the young man came on stage, and the audience reacted more favorably to his performance.
f4ad219c40a35b82c097d1a1653a3c0ee1e6c5b7	The group was noticed by the manager Litrais Spivak, who took the future star under his patronage.
30247db1561b135f1b2ebe4ccc1f205cfc773cc2	At a more mature age, Jim decided to try himself in the comedy genre again.
dc1000d051eb497af4ae62c44b20b42b8966e30f	He spent four years playing in various Canadian clubs, then decided that it was time to make himself known in America.
25168aab5c1246d8eae6b3084db51d2a84bc041b	Rodney Dangerfield, a famous comedian who invited Jim to open for him in Vegas, helped to realize his dream.
3e2832eb9ebe6a69761c9bbacb279b6d3ec0ff9b	It took almost ten years to achieve success in the United States.
e8f99f027ac96f18eff49eed7964ae351dd12d1b	The future actor worked in Los Angeles in the comedy club "Comedy Shop".
32e66ab5970610e11465115674b8b3479d5f7e65	At the same time, he attended all sorts of auditions in the hope of being noticed.
c66e2494981ff04af0432595ffee487510a65f32	During this time, Kerry managed to impress the audience not only with grimaces and a great sense of humor, but also with some of his inherent extravagance.
a192165a84967cd0d62091fb445427cba2b439d1	For example, a man came almost naked to the twentieth anniversary of the Comedy Store Theater.
59687da9331acb21cfc95dbd14b6920c42943e39	His penis was wearing a sock.
567c1ac11ae98191d8806e5d71c46a9e56f620ab	The desired effect could not be achieved.
d9c78acf9b5c26042bc5a464092cab4cae94e937	Kerry's debut on the television screen took place in 1982.
06c633659de0fa691665ba3db4fac574fab8ebf9	He took part in the humorous stand up show "An Evening at the Improv".
620836af3a98a14bec631b5e06f1101d9100bee2	After a while, the comedian got into a night program called The Tonight Show.
7c95c91050a2740d0aa8759da7067c0dd447afbb	A year later, Jim got two roles in feature films at once.
26fd32cdaba0bda459898d78efb00023ca4b38cb	He played brilliantly in the low budget films "Mount Kupper" and "Rubber Face".
dd8dd7c72403512017403b61dbb5d8ccbde91ef2	You can also see the young comedian in such films as" Once Bitten "and"The Game of Death".
5ff7ee65c1d094a7d1412fdf975215a8ac29527d	The roles were episodic, but they helped him gain experience and make some useful acquaintances.
68125f704214ab08531ef8bb296a11937aac6e0c	Jim was in close contact with Clint Eastwood and even worked briefly at his club.
8b0d194c218a6c989c7969ec3b73baee2ed9b245	But then Kerry realized that he didnot want to spend his whole life parodying other stars.
7f9698f2897b7f64d9ebfdd4e5e619bb439e92bc	He always tried to create something new in the field of cinema.
428368639bac17ea341117468e89939d971b7608	In 1984, the actor voiced one of the heroes of the children's animated series "Duck Factory", but a month later the sitcom was closed.
09e894c258add54835d59bc5a6785d00b6bdee83	At the same time, People magazine published a small note about Kerry, in which he was named one of the best American comedians.
e5c3fb5f1abb1d4d6ea5adf1012408f0dcf60d97	At the same time, the parodist decides to move his family to Los Angeles.
6f9b2843b4cce5db4d6f8bf3065323abb21b1e37	His mother suffered from hypochondriac syndrome, so she needed constant support from her son.
e9a783421eb0370583219ad84793ab8a317e0826	Unfortunately, because of caring for loved ones, James began to perform work less efficiently, and many producers turned away from him.
25ff2f1e0099f10ec2d0f7db1d0572b823e08ce3	Only friends helped the actor to get out of a prolonged depression.
042a7dc96c5e8a05b87fbbdbedd16346800ad09b	One of them was director Tom Shediak, who later invited the comedian to play the main role in the film"Ace Ventura".
a9208eae6bd164430fc3c517ae1452a942c9b73d	Worldwide recognition
40c6f6e3e1566e298aa7f6387858999375aee448	Kerry did not immediately agree to play the eccentric detective, he demanded to completely redo the script and the image of his character.
e6a8d92daba6ee0f86f70d84aa13829c7bc641f8	The film's budget was small, but the box office suddenly totaled more than $ 100 million.
1d6c680557b9de316e9368a63d58920523176b63	Of course, one of the reasons for everyone's love for this tape was the character of Jim Carrey.
4e6ba82d3cfbcda66824557723770cee1714486b	In 1993, he received his first prestigious award "MTV Movie Awards".
96e46d0b4dea8184fb27aa180af58374fcb07729	However, critics praised the actor's work and even awarded him a "Golden Raspberry" as the worst new star.
7f6c1fc63de76aa8356fd61c2fb3e9b206e160b8	Nevertheless, after this successful role, he began to be invited to other comedies.
97e332a543274df785d11bddcae6b74d5ee476c2	Further images of the comedian were liked even by the most severe critics.
56752aaf06537ddc52c9853f8d9c395074801efb	He starred in such great comedies as "The Mask", "Liar, Liar", "The Grinch — the thief of Christmas", "Bruce Almighty", "Dumb and Dumber".
754256d809ac2784799d540db49998e9f53bc4dd	There were also more serious roles on the actor's account, for example, in the films "Batman Forever" and "Man on the Moon".
8cdc908075f867409f4a25b1386ff9df50262acd	In an instant, Kerry became one of the most successful artists in North America.
a873b3db95c3b431d5d661de62347bef8f33ebca	He has received numerous awards, including the Berlinale Prize and the Golden Globe.
4993c23fcea55e5a9d9775a7c3dd1c1198013d35	Later, Kerry was awarded a star on the Walk of Fame, and his figure was also created in the Madame Tussauds museum.
e9e56af9be801bfa308af802168bab286fa2e6b0	On Hollywood Boulevard, you can see the palm print of the comedian.
06d61c357f51b6f4a7038d407ce69155718edde0	In 2003, James decided to diversify his acting career, he played in several dramatic and serious films.
4080a984b0e1e851623487d48d25dc1ce4b99e78	It is especially worth highlighting the dystopia "The Truman Show", the melodrama "Eternal Sunshine of the Pure Mind" and the psychological thriller "The Fatal number 23".
fe56a04721c2904aa682591bbb6fdb62c951d6fc	Critics did not welcome the change of the actor's role, although these films have long become classics of world cinema.
9eb66ea3010e897a06fdbd26f3f557bfcdb9a067	The audience warmly received such films as" Always Say Yes "and"Mr.
5d6c8793e80a742e133425be234adfded8851e31	Popper's Penguins".
a4068528329d399b7860197713401ea55450740b	Personal life of the actor
d655fdeea092fc7403d1523721e87cfd6e44227e	In 1983, the comedian briefly dated singer Linda Ronstadt.
f7cc81995a276445897bc46f87e0133676ba4247	After eight months of a relationship, they decided to break up.
4e9ebd73811cf994f586a0fd4226caf543cb2d6e	The actor's first wife was Melissa Womer, a waitress at the Comedy Store Theater.
a375126c19898d538babb5af573c2a9bf18eaf3c	They got engaged in 1987.
96141bca9386f8676a10a2499e1a3dc24b059373	The couple lived together for eight years, during which time they had a daughter, Jane.
bd244ea6de8e6f8e03f580a10b35d6c4f6bc7322	Shortly after that, Jim became interested in his partner in the film "Dumb and Dumber", Lauren Holly, who played the main female role, in 1996 they got married.
464702b06a9c3716de79184d6c635ca63ca7e99e	The marriage lasted ten months, after which Kerry entered into a relationship with Renee Zellweger — an actress whom many people know and adore thanks to the trilogy about the charming Bridget Jones.
df9bc91899353111dccf425d8d86ae42c8da04bb	They had been dating for quite a long time.
4482a92a8405dc5bfb73ad949cd326d810fbccab	There were other novels on the actor's account.
b0066d376e6a912cc7012a5997d5bbcdf2b6aa45	In the same year, James became a grandfather, his daughter Jane gave birth to a son.
67a7ef5ac2eaf43724a8fed8ae02b025b492b125	He was named Jackson Riley Santana.
835804f1699662014d49589a98e4c7b80933d258	Two years later, information about Kerry's new passion appeared in the press.
c5c18dcf423343acead72f10b9d6a6b5ff3974a5	He was engaged to a Russian student Anastasia Vitkina.
c6224d524b18888e8bf1fd4e20c69799ad120e6f	The girl has been living in America for a long time, she is studying design.
ade3802d022ef7ef699f55a1e5e6c7b8fa0976f7	Other success stories:
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f5982b257bd657dae031bf64d65c0637e8ad32bb	Home " Art " of Cinema
b3492f79d873f5bd873bf20ef882c803f611844d	Bruce Lee Chuck Norris Mitchum Robert Thomas Jane Matthew Langford Perry Monroe Marilyn
99a18e6533d8ebe056fe530f7a704b373ecc3a7a	(1962)
37e95b166c031b25c3383693651a0d8e2a0e65eb	A strange gait and a "rubber" face.
540cf56745b9e197859f4661c82c1cd7bd1b4287	That's all he has to make you roll on the floor and burst into tears of laughter.
e2aa976556e3bf7f325a5646e772173fe1fec412	He is the greatest comedian of our time.
4e1368e3c145c61957b57623a7c74c6cc055e0b6	No, it's not Eddie Murphy.
7fd6c32c9f942a23c90de03f0ab845da9b73a564	Meet Jim Carrey!
35fe0f9fe2155e9b250d00c6ddf7e6aa142f3d11	Jim Carrey's biography is shrouded in gossip, but I will try to tell you only proven facts.
92bd565bd3978cdf9314062f3fe1849cd1d80717	So, let's start…
3207c24c6312ee488d9758f63fca8f07bf15c612	On January 17, 1962, the unsurpassed James Eugene Kerry was born in the city of New Market (in Canada).
874eb0014efbb4054c4f139ef10204691decc9f8	For his family, the phrase "financial difficulty" described their existence.
92a20a86b8cb9c9526216dea53182cacd1876fde	And this was not surprising, since there were three other children in the family besides Jim, and his father worked only as an accountant.
6cba2cfbc5f5bd0fd836673dd60a834a66375470	Jim Carrey's family still managed to somehow make ends meet, until his father was fired.
4c2ca37bcc9b02524682369d7298b93d672ebb82	After that, the family moved more than once, as a result, a tent became their home.
0264caff12737d86893bb6c7fef9199df2537e14	The children worked, who, where they could, in order to somehow help their parents.
964699b5b02ebd16c3a94006c4beffcc16c3535c	Jim Carrey had to work full - time in a supermarket.
a5956519132f556d4575eaf51dae3fb4bb4af612	Because of this, he even fell asleep in class at school.
9cc1ca4a05b448eeed22f090d527ca199d4f5909	The guys who studied with him did not understand him.
8958bdc971d48ba93b3df73ab8007670d64559b3	After all, Kerry already had adult concerns.
50f8f7ab12e4496cd635ce2682aa1380f1508145	Plus, Jim preferred to be at home and make faces at the mirror than to walk in the yard.
8b34289a416d6a74710276c286c44ef880623e89	The antics gave him so much pleasure that he made 80 parodies of the Carol Barnett show at the age of 10.
5233cde65dc7a49255413b95f034a6417d55c7ce	These parodies were then sent by his father to this show.
f05653d011db6f145ee59527fe941d3be863d586	As a result, Jim Carrey received a letter from the secretary.
1eb32151db11d6b365706ad8d23bbfa7d41ac74d	Then the case had no consequences.
35187c5eed9a06018a2b0cd73f8e2bb0e60f90fa	When Jim Carrey turned 15, his dad took him to a comedy club called "Yuk Yuk".
c03cb11e290fe4667e937d0e50a41ef258c594fc	This is the place where most comedians started.
15dfa38212919db35fd416f440dc6836dd5d728f	Jim also decided to try, but his first time failed miserably, it even came to throwing tomatoes.
6211122d3fd0fd7a9158213d6bb69201d25302bb	It was a shock for the teenager.
d033578698e339e00f6a2de075a2acbc87a6dab1	But Jim Carrey didnot give up so easily.
b793072337ec7adc89be980a4408d8ab6698137c	He spent two years rehearsing a new number.
67558beba2ce7278ea8fde61ca804e1f4da3ada6	The second attempt was crowned with a resounding success.
3f08d8f05e252169a9516ff09dd70b10a3db124e	This is not forgotten, soon rumors began to spread about him as one of the budding comedians.
559339770d5bf84119a6cce2cb2148f592c943c2	Offers to play minor roles in TV series and films began to appear.
5a82dd80a0eea939d4e1eddc9b9e540263aefb35	At the age of 19, he Kerry became the best parodist according to People magazine, in addition, he got a role in the TV series "Duck Factory".
8522b41fa4596adc0f324681e81a97922e604b0a	For joy, Jim moved his parents from Canada to Hollywood, but, unfortunately, after more than 3 months, the "Duck Factory" was closed, the money ran out, and the parents had to be sent back to Canada.
37a19c5e8d2be14356e85d5f31477880bcf5a5b3	For Jim Carrey, this was a serious blow to his ego.
43834abbec359441ffb4c8ccf3338ece3e022c76	From that moment on, he made a promise to conquer America and become the best of the best.
38ad63f738a2cdb877516c6ea1da1b5857137522	In addition, his mother was seriously ill, and a lot of money was needed for treatment.
cca0b80253d1866d71ae918a498323c687d85b90	In 1985, he was lucky in time - Jim Carrey was invited to the shooting of the film "Once Bitten", and smiled in twins.
48f375923a2edf5ebeba9bfc06c8d934e1b25864	In addition to winning the audience with his performance, he also won the heart of an ordinary waitress, Melissa Womer, whom he later married in March 1987.
fe247cf5d0028ef47a3526c5c960622e2d0ed55d	Just a few months later, the couple had a daughter, Jane.
8005237be1910f9368b5bd405d5b17a9eae8b50f	Now Kerry has another incentive to succeed.
767a98f3583cdf2e339d06fd91550d9c15ca0415	In 1991, Jim Carrey finally managed to convince the producer to entrust him with his own TV show.
3b682c629baa9271df38e08cd3514221597f3ac3	And here comes the "Unnatural Act of Jim Carrey".
72dd256e9a25d30cd204c3b3aad1fecb90614df1	It was Kerry's triumph, which, unfortunately, his mother could not see – she died due to kidney failure, in November, a year before.
bff6bc750927bc195d78d550521c972a197ffb3f	Jim Carrey's next project was "Ace Ventura: The Search for Pets" (1994).
c743dd55a014c33081074b724375676824932945	None of the famous actors wanted to star in this picture.
28c1dbc1f5a16174e80b44d4e5e614dda1756135	But in vain.
925d520c074d59b49f9a26eac5644eeef4a09789	In three weeks, the film's rental collected $ 38 million.
6e40faf675c0511a70d2480d81e2d630e6e690c4	Many were stunned.
74f58d595b5fa27cc62ae241c9847a3f94a53ab9	Kerry did not stop there, then the films "Mask" (20 million in the first week) and "Dumb and Dumber" (1994) came out.
72f5f0968da7a693b16bbab0bf51c7d3fb538efc	It was with the help of these films that Jim showed that the face for him is plasticine, from which he can sculpt anything he wants.
54e031282ef29f8da953590b16b0f7c97a2b1b39	But, unfortunately, this was not enough for his wife.
d8a5441a65975031535bbff2feab6ffbfe14209d	Despite the fact that Jim Carrey received $ 7 million for the tape "Dumb and Dumber", his wife, Melissa Womer, believed that this was not enough to provide for the family and constantly reproached Jim for not working enough.
93c71df9d0177163d3d0dca7f3d5d3e7d2a5310d	As a result, Kerry ends up in the hospital due to overloading.
849aae24070e74e10b4d76f4fa86ef4165329138	To this, his wife, entering the ward, asked: "Well, did you finish jumping?".
2ce0ccc675c7922eb266faa3318d9fa15bb97ffc	This was enough for Jim Carrey to understand that he made a mistake by marrying her.
9c83e3993f45276b198148ccd3e2b4bc94f4d477	In 1995. they broke up.
14a3548d6f68c1fbfdb0fd70131639ad5d4ff9bc	Jim pledged to send his wife $ 10,000 every month for the maintenance of his daughter.
fe9cccfc34c6b0f470e01718b4093cbd16116dd7	In the same year, he starred in the film "Ace Ventura: The Call of Nature" (1995).
61b25f7327c704d0ebd089641bf92138faa1d9a3	The continuation of "Ace Ventura" is more successful (in terms of finances) than the first part and brings about $ 40 million in 2 days.
faa326b58952edff4bbf279abd08487efb46ce21	Jim Carrey is beginning to be considered a "box office" actor.
7fe7a47b715b643cc988caa32973c7a3f77c196a	After the divorce, Jim wanted to take off his "comedian's mask" and play more serious roles.
0f27a7d2803e826f5c6815b9ad4f7f923462e8a8	Therefore, he starred in the movie "Batman forever" (1995).For his role in this film, Kerry was called "The Best Villain".
671e016a52d72e57fdcdf3b3619f763c945a243e	As opposed to success in his career, he was clearly unlucky in his personal life.
37b50756e38b4ddd017108525dd41f2360c2f22e	His second choice was the actress Lauren Hawley, who was Kerry's partner in "Dumb and Dumber".
596df1245079f897e3bdaa33a9edf3c5c5ea9fb8	Unfortunately, she had the same" syndrome " as Melissa – she saw in Jim Carrey only a famous rich comedian and nothing more.
4ba50d873677801947ca32b3efe37cd774abedd7	In order for our hero to understand this, it took a little less than a year.
ecfe027b1c872b105f075df5263d1f964a1cf246	And again the divorce.
e65bdfc2cf3d78b284c68f9507ba38786a9b5e6b	And again, a career takeoff.
d8c3166ad0da0f075f1ff2be926591de4b12bd0c	A whole series of hits from Jim showered on the audience: "Cable Guy" (1996), "Liar, Liar" (1997), "The Truman Show" (1998) "Man on the Moon" (1999).
4089bde110a8feee7d91edbfc9d4ed837487ea9e	This time it was like an explosion.
6546519982773f2dac94e8178751ca121270cd8f	Now Kerry's fee was $ 20 million, that is, he became the most expensive paid comedian in the world.
82525b9241a4f2b3c6e1d3d80557143cd1d42a08	But happiness is not in money…
0ee195bf8f3a1f9c9cc385316fff08e931d3d3be	The third time, it seemed, was lucky - Renee Zellweger was different than everyone else.
250a09f31a3311a9a26b25d0344d3ec2aaa06fda	Money for her was the last thing in a man.
2297e6d6add73b66d897e70e7369b9a6a5439f1c	She liked to achieve everything herself.
b1fcd9ebe2f8f705aabe0c6a927c8afff22ef2c0	Her single mindedness charmed everyone, including Jim Carrey.
0ab77a09d2ec60add07103927570b8f7bf69e2d2	His first mistakes were unsuccessful.
d69b3662aa92d076b12260e71046e3404a9ea5cb	Even his long tongue was not able to persuade her to at least have dinner together.
f377870e2d58a96c97af89a7682ffbcb7c2d15f8	But one day she "broke".
c97a4d80e8d5ba84289cc7cd435c6737547e26b3	And their romance began to develop rapidly, like a hurricane, logically the end of which was the wedding.
be1a5608a4e0ac77ac783fb80c979b135b56ba96	At first everything was fine, but the further, the more Zellweger noticed that Kerry did not open up to her completely, but lived in a "mask", under which a tired and irritable person was hiding.
208031eca05df1a80ae5f799d389de52355e7f81	After a frank conversation, Renee left Jim.
e085c082a2249cc396774ed4352df8c5a5b23ddd	So the woman he loved the most left him…
fe28bf77c24d0536cfebb86c8ecf49c4162dd97e	After parting with Zellweger, Jim Carrey starred in"Bruce Almighty".
c429b259f0819960fca7e110c267fa0fcfddc0d1	The film turned out to be excellent.
81ffa969a3ef172eddc2a2172921343653c61fb2	The audience was crazy about their favorite.
df0fd1d903563810eaabeaa7d402857bee40421b	Yes, the world was his, but what was the point of it for him?
f0dcb5f933f28e558a194dff431743493cddb2dc	Since 2004. his special and unnoticeable, although he starred in a sufficient number of films - "Lemony Snicket: 33 misfortunes" (2004), " Scammers: Dick and Jane are having fun" (2005), "The Fatal Number 23" (2007), "Trouble free" (2008), "Horton" (2008).
54723c4eae59232b0236e91a2f010b10e72130d9	They're not bad, like a picture, but they lack the passion with which Jim started his career.
21ec6c80736836ac17b5dd97413e526606d83585	In 2009, the film "I love you, Phillip Morris" was released, but it did not change the situation either.
e01c66585248c7972a3cc4a513fde4971c214078	It seems that the star has begun to fade.
0cef5c6fa025e3e0cb7558edbc11d40bfd28c2ba	By the way, in 2009.
8e7aac9f31589b466770dcebf1972829f5fa0bff	Jim Carrey will become a grandfather – his daughter from Melissa, Jane (21g.), is expecting a child.
8d18b55c86fee9808544d6c8c82c633e42683334	Perhaps this will inspire Jim and in 2010 in the film "Believe it or not" Kerry will be able to rehabilitate himself in front of the audience.
291416d7949c3f6e9052f74cda0641acc2908b6d	Let's hope so.
6750d69f0d84369bc985a34fd3a34abc2d9b1a9e	Jim Carrey's filmography is great, but I'm sure you havenot even heard of most of his films.
22788292909664d79229070fd2560fda5710bdc3	And, nevertheless, I will still post the full filmography of Jim Carrey.
83662818197cca0636d2f4913bc6f65132798591	"Believe it or Not" (2010)
6d4fd398ea11bd63bc89e3fd70b11cd2e09ed04f	"The Christmas Hymn" (2009)
8af35cb946b050e544ffe3d87650acdbb7cb3001	"I Love You, Phillip Morris" (2009)
3f98aa0d45a25c2fcaa541791bc852a83facee46	«Horton Hears a Who!» (2008)
dbfde6c5a3d6bb7b1f6497ddc06557d71e819ba3	"Always Say Yes" (2008)
4f6de245607e4976a2057d1051c72f29fcf161a2	"The Fatal Number 23" (2007)
8f0f9f15d306b609b62a02ff093866976a2ce5f3	«Fun with Dick and Jane» (2005)
e8de212e16d8465b32733d8fa63a3336d0d390ea	"Eternal Sunshine of the Pure Mind" (2004)
9ed5a439ecfb037c85e6ffe03dabdd009a78cc70	"Lemony Snicket: 33 Misfortunes" (2004)
b57032af02946fb8f92755ff8f77c3750e49b86d	«Bruce Almighty» (2003)
2f41b1bfaa69d023801a08b22bcb31d3d5c58d77	«Pecan Pie» (2003)
765eb2552709ba91f6cb20068784f9a26d888b40	"Majestic" (2001)
03ad619fe6111a030684d36f92e843743562e93a	«How the Grinch Stole Christmas» (2000)
5be1fc601fc0a7edefd2224001bfc1da8c98a900	"Me, me and Irene again"(2000)
5549ab945ef1d7ea42df17bbd1f343fe6209984c	"The Man on the Moon" (1999)
a5cb08f1bef3e084c094b5b6d6be88b2901543e4	«Simon Birch» (1998)
f2becd5eeeb228058884bf4dec05acd33ca8a814	"The Truman Show "(1998)
8c5ecaa3488146f8a359fc622c0c8c6aa81b0126	«Liar Liar» (1997)
442880ed6ed881d8aac1d605d3c2470081a90238	«The Cable Guy» (1996)
79df0924ab5a8a8fb714ce67d10853359b26ef77	"Batman Forever" (1995)
ff323739d48534e9f532773fb548898d0273ca6d	"Ace Ventura 2: When Nature Calls" (1995)
4306e5bc7b237c8514c493ecfab03fcf98a952b4	"The Mask" (1994)
a1942ae4933eaa9166e4c32700674990d2342fec	"Dumb and Dumber" (1994)
8091ac4985b1af6c2f877f07073f1cf782ac5c57	"Ace Ventura: The Search for pets" (1994)
fa06800dd438c7d8b1b7a4aaa29ba4f13493978c	«Doing Time on Maple Drive» (1992)
71505439dbbfaf018286f70fe3fa48d689e1cbf2	«The Itsy Bitsy Spider» (1992)
bb31ea82e8ae38eb75a57a5c5ec3fe7b318eac8a	"Nerves on Edge" (1991)
25d00abd4e7f2caa1f02a6913e29202bb82366e9	TV series " In Living Color "(1990-1994)
ffd946d6c3a60ab51e9ab3658440bad440ec536b	«Mike Hammer: Murder Takes All» (1989)
1ed2b2b47fd94a4ac538ef35c9615f5b0cbee53d	«Pink Cadillac» (1989)
d47ff62d1913a2ef0055f65bd67210f22ae699fb	«Earth Girls Are Easy» (1988)
f83ba21420ed0055d1ce0c78163b11b4f464d5d0	«The Dead Pool» (1988)
b1eafdfe519bd4fc69d91e0983d54d925b4c8952	«Peggy Sue Got Married» (1986)
e0e54a059645593d0d731016b4ea469a36e58114	«Once Bitten» (1985)
814b925c823e9b710f6faa6177736b29f5a7278a	«Buffalo Bill» (1984)
80d87e0486073d65ee3c7f775795491966eb73bd	«Finders Keepers» (1984)
a09d8d3fab6861388d04bf3f888747d90cffd79c	«The Duck Factory» (1984)
e1df1ef98cc28dcab40ad3c637cee1a760df8655	«All in Good Taste» (1983)
27e53c5bfd5a7d3f52614a50db96713cc28918ae	«Copper Mountain» (1983)
70e7ff701f6350ff406c70818359b5475a833ef2	«Introducing...
9805c389eb2630b395342b0b1038008652f1e552	Janet» (1983)
2afebd687e842d9adc1a5782e5f88f68d9309806	«The Sex and Violence Family Hour» (1983)
c645fcc92b1fcd8c9cc9971538001461a9aa6973	«The All Night Show» (1980)
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b0b3fdc9db6b8f45952fb51945959c16a1c0538a	Kerry, Jim
76fd090d6c0b0cde856d3f1440ced7d5f79ffe51	There are articles on Wikipedia about other people with the surname Kerry.
9ceb70f9e93ec1e9da01d9fe6110b10083801d42	Jim Carrey eng.
d72211e69cb5727ac0b49fd0dae544a1bae4c197	Jim Carrey at the premiere of the film "Always say Yes", 2008 Birth name: James Eugene Carrey
04c70e25c4922a6252a7fd479407a2e29d9b538f	Date of birth: January 17, 1962 (1962-01-17) (55 years old)
b28636a524b0c140afda2e8619ab32e5eeb008bb	Citizenship: Canada Canada
fcb97de4ccbcf10b11cfe89f052ffbc86577b2c2	Profession: actor
197260cadd455ab766a0abe68d9aed5a899a8c2a	Career: 1980 present. time
6609df6597d9565eaea527d940fd4b1659ea135c	Golden Globe Awards (1999, 2000)
ac33b5e69dabfe830b3ead59ce247c423cd18446	IMDb: ID 0000120
d0f82c10ce0faedb9c8fa4635011d3299415df6d	jimcarrey.com Jim Carrey on Wikimedia Commons
5ec620130910bc212413815c2fc808b8fcf694d0	James Eugene " Jim "Carrey (eng.James Eugene" Jim " Carrey; b. January 17, 1962, Newmarket, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian American actor, comedian, screenwriter and producer.
4fb745a9d2816e360aa96baad0f06e48e921b1c4	He is best known for the films "The Mask", "Batman Forever", "Ace Ventura: Search for Pets", " Ace Ventura: When nature calls", "Dumb and dumber", "Liar, liar", "Bruce Almighty", "The Truman Show", "Man on the Moon", "Eternal Sunshine of the Pure Mind".
29a9aa6af570eb1f91106e5b6504edf8ab1903c2	One of the highest paid comedians in the United States[1].
ab8ded20957ad75a01255cf4ff89c4bf2c975a9b	The first main role is Mark Kendall in the film "Once Bitten".
0fd55611476c3419dab66b33c3b5f61eb382acd9	Kerry's talent is highly appreciated by critics: he is the winner of two and a nominee for six Golden Globes, a nominee for a BAFTA award, as well as the winner of a number of other awards.
fc06727196b54be2397a6ab3ac58b3c817bf1cd4	At the same time, it was noted many times in the media that Kerry has never been nominated for an Oscar during his career.
2c78b5f24293e9cb399a322b1f8ca305b49ca4cc	1 Childhood and youth 2 Career 2.1 The beginning of a career 2.2 Popularity 2.3 Career continuation 2.4 Music career
da6292687f330a45c535a98c5c798078bd191cb9	3 Personal life 4 Polls and ratings 5 Sweepstakes 6 Nominations and awards 7 Filmography 8 Facts 9 Notes 10 References
a61f74d1e24d6a70f1188f6ffe37a2032a47896d	James Eugene Kerry was born on January 17, 1962 in Newmarket, Canada.
a288dc60e315859a1ccf3aee8713228ea2b6e8af	His parents were Kathleen Kerry (nee Oram), a singer[2], and later a housewife, and Percy Kerry, a self taught saxophonist and accountant.
86b411f1ea46fd3c1ed3e80b4fd82189b105da10	Jim has older sisters Pat and Rita, and an older brother John.
668a64f697d8025991d96b9b31a6f57c295c21c1	Jim grew up in a Catholic family.
0d1b90e7a5ef77c03cbad76e9e8496a8833142b6	His ancestors were Irish, Scots, French, and initially his surname sounded like Carre[2].
bdd4b1ef67ed15477e955a979a7e6ae4929e6804	When Jim was 14 years old, his family moved to Scarborough (Ontario), where Jim attended the Blessed Trinity School in North York for two years.
c25b172e1d9d4518c76ffaa3fc240f609b199001	The next year he studied at the Agincourt Institute, and then briefly attended Northview High School (in general, Jim spent three years in the 10th grade).
b0e117871503310fd919161c962255e734d3c698	Financial problems in the family began when Jim was still in school.
22a5cdb61ea8505ee39204d6f14fd71274ac5e82	When his father was fired from his job, the whole family had to move to Scarborough, where Percy found a job as a security guard at the Titanium Wheels factory in the suburbs of Toronto, which produced steel rims and tires.
c0427f615a57680d69726f634a1ad736e6f52ee7	The whole Kerry family also had to work there.
4917395dba73222f9a3617aa410e0c9c7f27945c	After school, Jim and his sisters and brother had to do cleaning, wash floors and toilets.
13fd33fd435afa191d95a0aa326be09f759b62c6	At this time, Jim becomes a closed child.
3c0e614df9509a17d4c90700923a842bb031901d	Jim's mother, Kathleen, suffered from a form of neurosis: hypochondriac syndrome — she attributed to herself the symptoms of various diseases.
63e1c8d120928c1308bc9fbb87d6a508a1955b37	Therefore, sometimes his mother was considered crazy[3].
0c5bd497da3a3dcb577473dbf7b9803e63a4f5d4	When the whole family decided to quit this job, they had to live in a Volkswagen van.
945b003e9f0391b22bd89aa0dbe6024e718b6d20	After Percy found a job, the family moved to Burlington, Ontario.
d370a6f8103b106cc9802e49ade536f6571c1173	Jim lived here for 8 years, attended high school (en: Aldershot School), in 1979 he founded the "new wave" group "Spoons".
40ce0d19cddcd31dfc69bae034dcb53720dbe16b	Here he also worked at the Dofasco steel mill.
87b1db0a100e6d83b84de7b42a2e3b21e3723e94	In February 2007, in an interview with The Hamilton Spectator, Kerry noted that if his career in show business had not gone well, he would still have worked at the Dofasco factory.
1364aa58486961b2adf11867d1ca62b21e031773	Even as a child, Jim's favorite hobby was antics.
f196d5cc919506d36319099a2aab15e4090f5ee3	Even then, he amused classmates, relatives, parodied Brezhnev and Jack Nicholson.
ad175f246265b4d33521bc2e32cdebd18f8cb5ea	At the age of 11, Kerry sent 80 parodies to the Carol Barnett show, but received no response.
f839971a52715c4596bab240555185d3201a9229	At the age of 15, Percy Kerry brought Jim to the Yak Yak comedy Club in Toronto.
54713660a00a784daff0803893ba94658b8bcb8e	His first performance was a failure, he was booed and did not perform for two years.
a00f72ec3b1cb817f5abf03bbc6b1846ea6c851a	Kerry remembers:
804a0b6181d8f6e490e0fc0051910824854d349e	Kerry in Madrid on December 13, 2008.
f26ee44fd8e5e9c546e7106bee257ea08893c8c6	My father took me to a place called "Yak Yak" in Toronto as soon as I turned 15, and I was doing a number that we wrote together.
cd10db2fece2770a45cf16f23012c09f0453dcf9	I went on stage, and I remember the owner of the club standing behind the stage with a microphone and mumbling: "Terribly boring, terribly boring, terribly boring...", or something like that.
4f596f205f7695e54897ea5dc36d576d3acc1110	I was wearing one of these, what are they called, polyester suits and the audience practically threw rotten eggs at me[4]
331400d9d7e5b3be2fec47538859a7c817a1d3b6	It was only in 1979 that Jim decided to perform again.
8ba4737b4f01d82c6b6583d098050759ac1a9098	This time he was waiting for success.
57ba9fdeced23f7512a08e0b4d8568ef0b284460	He began performing at the club under the guidance of manager Litrais Spivak and in February 1981 became the main star of the club.
379591c254810aadb3b0337150da99e01b7e0139	One of the critics of the Toronto Star newspaper called Kerry "a real star coming out."
0d5875192df93e2d8ea37dd689273d9ab8914f18	Kerry created his stage image based on the image of his idol Jerry Lewis[5].
76b7946e55a66f59a5e798240f972ab49d824879	In the early 80s, Jim moved to Los Angeles and began performing at the Comedy Store club.
0a4193fb0783765121b2bce1b783245fa94e3f55	There he was noticed by the famous American comedian Rodney Dangerfield and invited him to open his performances[6].
a1edeb9ddd124fe4349468b2e03cb760ac5b3eeb	Since then, Kerry began to pay attention to television, and tried to audition for the NBC program "Saturday Night Live" of the 1980-81 season, but unsuccessfully (Jim still got on it, but as a guest host in May 1996 and January 2011[7][8]).
9c8f3d3dcdfba178de8bcc6351aec2d6c0954be9	Joel Schumacher arranged for him to audition for the film "Metropolitan Taxi Drivers", but nothing came of it either.
e1a06da4d7c7bf2cb9e7298c4f4eb53494327fc2	Basically, Kerry parodied celebrities.
d32a694a1f46a47f5b16dd98d530627bf45daf50	He enjoyed success with the public, and in 1984, People magazine named him one of the best young American parodists.
19ec8aa9873dbfd2acb12111a5bc5c29af93d287	His first major role on television was the role of Skip Tarkenton, an animation producer, in the children's animated series "The Duck Factory".
7cc6b3e3410a74825049280b6cd6b2f5dc619b30	Kerry's career was going uphill, and he decided to invite his parents to Los Angeles.
adb97a2d1263a2b23c68c2c03992cd16d02a5a51	However, the program closed after 13 weeks.
8e258c65d4184c273249c1d85aa85acb04b0d5d6	He had to support his parents and build a career.
4e853ac114c712368e2b2f4d51fdf16a96eef01c	In the end, he had to send his parents home.
45ba69fce9293387a194cef6d40b1b7e0c833d71	There was no work, and my mother's health deteriorated.
c2498cc539bfd75b4719f3d8b57251dbc60953c9	Jim began to get depressed.
dd74e0a8a9fe316a97ecf6622be3d24b97a5732e	He regularly attended various auditions, and in his spare time he sculpted sculptures of cartoon characters[4].
914f4970e06a0b05be5db5799280d62dd8ea8767	Jim stopped touring and disappeared from the stage for two years.
ecdaeed26d5f09984876e9afb3c6becaddda13f5	While playing minor roles on television, he met comedian Damon Wayans.
3fa1ee7bd33e581e230d989f8e9f4c6eeb4b498e	Later, he starred with him in the film "Earthly girls are easily accessible", and when Damon's brother, Keenan, began to recruit actors in the comedy show "In living color" (English)Russian.
c692a7c54b65944a1ac68ecf7f7e759f35167b24	Fox TV channel, then invited Jim to join it.
24e230e9f6179066842de15550f50740f8f0420b	In the program, Kerry was one of two white actors.
322217ba291ce1c93020b971f4fbbdf34fb759ee	The most famous characters of his sketches were the masochist security inspector Bill Burns and the female bodybuilder Vera de Milo.
d517a2e1aae6fc0e8a07797196c19e3848aa1a50	The program was aired from 1990 to 1994.
be6c200feb205f8ceb9451117a5930415ac0abb9	Popularity
c6b854c6e391a827834ce5c31fa153b90214b56f	Jim Carrey's handprints.
885d2dee54bea6994b91fc2252e133a545c8592d	In 1983, Jim made his acting debut in the film "Rubber Face" directed by Glen Salzman.
931f0b5b02cb4ab4ae8d15301d654ade3d11e52d	In the same year, he starred in the films "Everything in Good Taste" and "Kupper Mountain" directed by David Mitchell as Bobby Tod.
b6138480e2fdb80a025e06eab9f554eed3c363ec	Two years later, Kerry got his first major role in the film" Once Bitten " by Storm Howard.
389d981725689c1b2015ed91f61177bcb572b2d1	In this film, he played Mark Kendall, a virgin who fell in love with a vampire countess.
3cf42b4a2cddfffa6e8447c0a26a600d72a6271a	Critics did not appreciate the film.
e00e7310b6bb8c899b1168cf271df43563377ce3	A year later, in 1986, Jim starred in the film "Peggy Sue gets Married" by Francis Coppola as Walter Getz.
b8be9739bab5c4dc410d27b26de3e0a107e84ee9	In two subsequent films, "The Death List" in 1988 and "Pink Cadillac" in 1989, where he played Johnny Squares, he met Clint Eastwood, who noticed the aspiring comedian in one of the clubs where he performed and parodied celebrities, including Eastwood[9].
7964d6c5533f43d59ae2f76138cc7040cbeee879	In the film "Earth girls are easily accessible" by Julian Temple, Jim played one of the main roles, Whiplock an alien who came to earth.
564f694fe57ca25fe0ba2ca92d5ea92b31d5d87c	The film received good reviews from film critics.
9e8f6baab8193a6bd3014845624731776e888b83	In 1991, Kerry convinced the producers to entrust him with his own show and appeared on the screens with the "Unnatural Act of Jim Carrey".
507c9da567b9213d34500ed5f1fb4307c8c0884a	He dedicated this show to his deceased mother.
8f15d6f48598e7ff5a9164626205b8da0efb6644	In the same year, he starred in the film "Nerves on Edge".
e5c4047aebba1a6dc08aec19fa8b4fb3455ebe65	In 1992, Jim starred in the film "Life on Maple Drive" and the cartoon "Tiny Spider", voicing the insect exterminator.
58a1e99075e48ce061fadd2487938eca50c4199e	In 1993, Kerry began shooting the low budget film "Ace Ventura: The Search for pets".
21e2edcad202fdebb19ca82bec8e03ba824d70aa	The film was waiting for a difficult path: no one wanted to sponsor the script, and the most famous comedians of America refused to participate in the film[4].
3dfc4c722dbc34e8af6a3ebc6642d90d4410c825	Jim also acted as a screenwriter.
bd51e01b70e2628bf9c7670368536305f5171077	The film was directed by Tom Shediak, and the partner in the film was Courteney Cox.
2a3d468d65397b51ad733d90cd75374fe9cca160	Jim himself came up with the image of Ventura, his peculiar hairstyle, and also invited the band "Cannibal Corpse" to take part in the shooting[10].
61109459bc1ea8ee162edbada9df26e60954b6da	At the box office, the film was expected to be a success — box office receipts amounted to more than $ 100 million.
fc813b1d299b9b6e6486209d3101aa36310855e9	Kerry received 350 thousand.
632a64b98846ef10aa6e656f31697854513bc744	On the one hand, the fans accepted the film, and Kerry himself was awarded a nomination for the MTV Movie Awards for best comedy role.
8eae99787b5fb299c5f624524b9037c23313b174	But on the other hand, critics ridiculed the film, and Kerry was nominated for the Golden Raspberry as the worst new star.
e7b42936d0a44466a76350c5306def348a6605f4	The character Ace Ventura became a pop icon and was included in the hundred immortal characters according to the magazine "Empire" [11].
2b2dc3925a917ab3504261ebb79b1adce89bdbf2	In 1994, Kerry starred in the films" The Mask "and"Dumb and Dumber".
7820246a69991d92fdc97a68cd25d8560d37b4dc	Judd Apatow:
6f358c1fdc95e3810cefeef7fa9d49fc7981d42a	I remember that the studio management really wanted the main characters to get on this bus, but Jim refused, saying: "My hero could never have thought of getting on this bus, he would never have done it..." and continued: "I understand that the audience would like it, but he will not sit in it"[4]
234d120154003263cdd3590a9edb2bcaaccc3f7a	Continuing your career
ffbb9fff5274e3631cc4a233788bd3de8caabd94	Jim said in an interview that the resulting image of the Riddler is similar to Michelle Pfeiffer and Fred Astaire[13].
7a965076190f60eae509c5f84b40b2d1421a2bea	The film grossed about $ 100 million, and Kerry received a record amount of $ 20 million.
5cd7886efa5e91105457bbacc2e0674d93993fe1	[2] Before him, none of the comedians had ever received such a sum.
1fd57c021a13d739fc679e97702263c3498f706b	In the same year, Kerry took part in the program Saturday Night Live[7].
26a4d32ff402daebaa43d7cbe77cf4e85f1add33	The sketch Roxbury Guys, in which he starred together with Will Ferrell and Chris Katten, became very famous[14].
86a43bd6a264e49859f5de4e56ccb57caf309b82	Based on this sketch, the film "A Night in Roxbury"was shot in 1998[15].
28a3f4fec814bcce0519fbc8b4fd1329b31d7677	Jim himself talks about the image:
e6989e606daf9e008032767a81d44d34ef53fdb4	When I first saw the script, I said, " So.
11fc53fc4b77cb845d417fc3f40ae57e0d81323e	I will not have a green head, I will not have my hair styled for three hours, I will not have my skull frozen...
d9d040827db7cdd8e14540ebedcbc4827ad1aa2f	" There will be nothing of what I did before.
7a3d14236b260306cc7f19aefe0bf432f85ce253	And I thought: "But it's great!"
5048455c2acdf8d904f3f2d3092fb20df032bd4b	[16]
968e17fd5f8eea15cc0774793bcf48e922a84449	During the filming, Jim himself beat his head against the toilet, walls and other objects to use these sounds during dubbing[ For this film, he turned down the role of Dr. Evil in the film Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery[17].
910bdeb84e4b1467c43d0d3f5fef436a71d62d24	In the same year, Kerry played in the film "Simon Birch"by Mark Stephen Johnson.
86eddaa14ce188940b61d299f9707a44babd177d	Kerry at the premiere of the film "I love you, Phillip Morris".
94b1bd3052a7ff829c8badbc9274a833efb7fa7f	The competition for the role of Andy Kaufman was huge: Sean Penn, Edward Norton, Kevin Spacey, but when Foreman saw Jim's auditions, he decided that Kerry would be the best to cope with the role [20][21]. When it became known that the main role in "Man on the Moon" will be played by Kerry, most of Kaufman's fans were categorically against it.
52cbc244a201b07e855bc98a835a304013ab52ee	The vocalist of the band "R. E. M." Michael Stipe, one of the most ardent fans of Kaufman, even called Foreman and convinced him that Kerry would never be able to reincarnate as Kaufman and drop his "kerrisms"[21].
23023f705a4a065389aac00bc90de7de7a300106	Kerry himself began to seriously prepare for the role: for many months he interviewed everyone who personally knew Kaufman, studied the tapes with the recordings of the late comedian.
0afe8ba11a5886c368a5ceae2b4636aa3165af9d	On the set, Kerry asked to be called Andy, not Jim, even Foreman had to obey this rule[21].
e220a4d6e712b8c1ff7662449e51e6a594233e5a	However, "Man on the Moon" became the first Kerry film that did not pay off at the box office — it collected only $47 million.
1fb2792fc721747f4f69b725097f239653e8ac18	Kerry also received 20 million.
8d91631ff9a036ba75ebb734ba157e54ca343e58	Critics reacted coolly to the film, the picture won the prize of the Berlin Film Festival.
7f1840c2b321e03fe9e18e92198b330bda4aa4d7	Kerry received his second Golden Globe now as the best actor in a comedy or musical — and a nomination for the MTV Channel award as the best actor.
0d46752a67906dd0d88ae456230c1ad87df9b215	In the same year, Kerry starred in the film" The Grinch — the thief of Christmas " by Ron Howard.
03ced4ecbefdc00b76dd25b9bcef2395e961e664	Jim played the Grinch.
062ccb99478e4b5ed4fa07366ab566471aab67d6	The makeup artists put makeup on him for three hours, and he hated the yellow lenses that Kerry had to wear.
3bc54b6308f14504635f50af02fc334d05f800d5	They were so uncomfortable that some scenes had to be shot without them, and then they had to finish drawing the lenses on a computer[22].
28ab564956d3dd7faae8ded157b20154b2bde78d	"The Grinch the thief of Christmas" collected $ 345 million at the box office, Kerry received a standard fee of $ 20 million.
00c4a266db2f4c223682b35930e99bb526661507	Critics did not like the film, "The Grinch...
618cced51056cf8ae0a9c8a1f5c496aa79d32d09	" was nominated for" Golden Raspberry " in two categories.
138a91984fd762265ba4c119110f8e57d88c9fe2	On the other hand, the film was awarded the prize of the British Film Academy and the Oscar for best makeup.
253b0f5745fec4cd17ed3bf619ec312168ab4078	Kerry himself was once again nominated for a Golden Globe, and received an MTV award as the best villain.
0e9bbb4e04833625c50f1abc79f16c748942cab2	In 2001, Kerry starred in Frank Darabont's new drama "Majestic".
1e7c4eea0665a1abd93773007651a883092bc1e8	His partner was Lori Holden.
2be0b123a736bea1eb57cb3b422f430fd568a636	The film did not pay off at the box office, collecting only $ 37 million, critics did not like the film, and some of them believed that Kerry played the role of Peter Appleton in order to get an Oscar[23].
4947c9bd8abe8e9fa40251045b3e379754b895c8	The film grossed $ 484 million, becoming not only Kerry's highest grossing film, but also one of the highest grossing comedies.
daa7460df06ee359587aa39ccb8f485512b6d4a0	Kerry received 25 million.
aa60a2bdff43301183c91e625a421986e0dfbcc3	Critics, however, reacted to the film coolly.
9b131fdb88ebf8eb14ec73f93d6197f2c8d0bb1f	Jim was nominated for the MTV Award for Best Comedic Actor and for Best Kiss (with Jennifer Aniston).
dfd49473e3f6f78b8ed340a505e60d074818d5af	In 2004, Kerry starred in Michel Gondry's film "Eternal Sunshine of the Pure Mind".
403c1c5e1a1af2dec23de895b91155604750548d	Jim's partner was Kate Winslet.
a66f3a63139ca4ced355bc40f043ba1410b01055	Kerry played Joel Barish.
cbcb7a3d840e6b3b2905a09bac7c91bbcabb139b	The actors, despite the problems with adapting the script, were allowed to improvise[25].
d26698df4868ef4a55aaa72734f205514618bb65	The favorite moment of the picture for Michael Gondry was the scene with the sudden disappearance of Clementine (Winslet).
b75d37d1e44f53370fc571c8bb1b600d423a49f5	Jim Carrey did not know about this, and therefore, when Kate Winslet disappeared, Jim was scared and did not understand what was happening[25].
9a25d52001575a314f60141f22e9f971b4d57992	As a result, this moment entered the picture[25].
958fdee17474694d0089456c6c12de3b68853781	The footage of the parade of elephants was not specially prepared.
908e4f5a027619ca42947decd8a0b4f28ac85996	Kate saw him through the window and they ran with the entire film crew and actors to shoot this parade[25].
c54cf9165da2fd47c931caf1186c84ddb07f41c0	During this parade, reporters tried to interview Jim Carrey.
2e562199eedc39b3023f7276306bee5cc1831c7b	If you listen carefully, you can hear an exclamation from the crowd "Talk to me"[25].
02a0dd920c249b607d29e23da1aaf63e5af6e611	Also, during the filming, they mostly dispensed with computer graphics, using visual illusions[25].
6a128f136bf15fc645613e773eebeda2761f2a7f	Also, a scene from the movie called "Pecan pie" (Pecan pie), where Jim rides on the bed like a car, became known[25].
abc4c635040b19557714c0928503042b6fa7a06e	The film collected $ 70 million, received admiring reviews from film critics.
a1db30e49c0eff60761af6ca33864877314b4d07	The film was nominated for many awards: "Cesar", the British Academy (including for the best male and female roles for Kerry and Winslet, respectively), "Saturn" (also for the main roles of Kerry and Winslet), "Golden Globe" (also nominations for leading roles (for Kerry this is the sixth nomination for a Globe)) and the Oscar.
8df14c05bb9e74452c3b77790ac8380a3c079be8	Kerry, however, did not win any awards.
eefb4c9d66c2f678198d438f5105815ce1a0c89c	In the same year, Jim also starred in the Brad Silberling comedy "Lemony Snicket: 33 Misfortunes".
23eb938027841d21c76a5b389699443c1b30e135	Jim played Count Olaf, as well as several characters in which the count himself was reincarnated.
6335eef858a7c46aa2295629c14fa4256b22b236	Kerry compared his character to his father:
bd65107e2b1a0cfa0f8784f8372846b025cdfa57	"Outwardly, the count looks like my father, who looked like a freak.
5dfc731b49fffd51490ce19597e706575c4498b9	My family would say to me, "Hey, what are you doing, we're watching a movie too!“»[26]
e09113b489a7f85607685f23a8474de788443f7c	Most of the lines of the characters played by Kerry were his improvisation[27].
dce4c04309dc1ff947de4d4155dc9d3c0f0c698a	The film collected $ 208 million, the critics appreciated the film.
93bdfcceafb2da9a5aaa7b59de413acd00e154dd	The film won the Academy Award for best makeup, and Kerry received a nomination for the MTV Award for best villain.
7a6c44896c523cc0c58e171891016a1f6b7cf156	In 2005, Kerry starred in Dean Parisot's film " Scammers: Dick and Jane are having fun."
fe455946c5cb61cd61475a547971c2f3958834fc	His partner was Thea Leoni.
087ee3f60d11a1466b2d6c2160bd3c7f60b350b1	Jim played the conman Dick Harper.
83e87eef34afddd57c1d52979a1117fa7d1f49c6	The film grossed $ 201 million at the box office.
cae5c6eef3c679a54bbed9d2e9bc52ddb289f58b	In 2006, Jim broke his contract with the UTA agency, with which he had worked for more than 15 years.
73b4fe0cf84d5d7a9b8e2c3e188dd6325760e937	Experts say that the breakup was due to the suspension of filming of the films "Used Guys" and "Ripley's Believe It or Not!"
e90c0018df8eb35828d8468e574bb79c46340cb3	[28]
652315decf1d21db59349db740d09036fe782375	In 2007, Jim performed in a new role an actor of a thriller.
eb3e575c704e346d2cf4a80b62306a395b8ac3b9	This film was Schumacher's thriller "The Number 23".
00ea5eb51892d943f21f3c7f435a9ff35d6b5d9b	Jim was happy to star in the film, as he himself was fascinated by the magic of the number "23"[1].
235749e7f09cfbd903c2a89d364b53b6c3b8033e	Virginia Madsen became his partner in the film.
d323f1a585a361373d55dea9ca5400959e738f4e	The film grossed $ 77 million.
55a134755da1decf336a2f891de5a0eae84fbaa8	The film was completely criticized, and Kerry himself was nominated for the Golden Raspberry as the worst actor.
2507c5630510b2703f71eee4065d672f3df363ee	Despite the failure of previous projects, the subsequent ones were successful.
63ac83fbf5e88cf13b07804055cac934460965c1	In 2008, Kerry made his debut as a voice actor in the animated film "Horton".
7ebc2f1c4e1cd31017e5857ca834d808d2e207e9	Jim voiced the main character Horton the elephant.
0af8c5e20395ab4c6746ebfd3d49158a27f2759d	The cartoon collected almost $ 300 million.
4b6f9ee1f662867f1a72a6c7579c76353819db9a	Critics received the picture warmly.
ffcd09a22cf06cabc7d2ad7164ba2865a8b96158	In the same year, Peyton Reed's comedy "Always Say Yes "was released.
f52e14e9b43752b426794197cbdf09ea4d64648f	Kerry starred with Zooey Deschanel.
bd534bb84e990eefd9097f28a0dcfa79b792cdb0	Jim approached the role of Carl Allen thoroughly: he learned Korean, performed a number of tricks on his own (jumping from a bridge on a cable, riding a Ducati)[29]. During one of them, Jim broke three ribs.
fc697b93ca85bcf888fe23e39c9c92843b53a601	Actor about the incident:
11db93a9e975c28d3646d70a6c18e4db9fef0b2c	"...I broke three ribs, just slightly falling when shooting a scene in a bar.
ec2ce4af6cedfc715d075f0f92451cc46d830f27	All I had to do was knock the tray out of the waitress's hands and land on my back.
abb37ba93df59f16b8444675fc52328083d5fa83	And here is the result three edges.
093a202b903c30c75f6dd3357b43281ad033572d	It's my own fault.
dd1cdfe96736c29dc541e0f6bf26b102be250d8b	I should have fallen on my ass.
601f4b69c47d7284d5fd3cfeacb3b2ad81687741	That's what I planned.
f59ac8c7b314fc339ba505b8a78999f4df2bdbd1	But during the fall, he changed his mind and fell on his back.
498cf51a8b4b878d26efab1119d8c2a289a67013	You see, I'm good at falling on my ass.
cf38ceea9a0b98f373c66d28ec866a8bafe7e06b	I've been doing this all my life… Suddenly I decided that if I smack my whole body — it will be funnier… After this injury, I had to change my work schedule.
bc023d421dfd3e6f8c3ad853b54d9fd4cfae812a	All the difficult scenes were moved in time.
7e56cf043648794775744f10b4fcfe4ecbc069f2	But I want to note: the ex comedian who lives in me made this scene come to an end.
85956799462ab3af8d66696baa94685f32be7672	I got up and asked the group, " Could you take a look at my back?“»[30]
e5c2ea1cd357c9a701dfe74cd9e90f4234d9e39d	The film grossed $223 million.
ffb59992c2cf63a07be4c96f79f1f44dd424cba6	Kerry's fee was 36.2 % of the fees[30], including all expenses.
dad243989c5e63e329c836f72a52fe8ab2b31c7e	Although the film did not receive warm reviews from critics, fans received it well.
3a626efd2b673e375d47035b97220d9ff63805e7	After a long break, Kerry won the MTV award for best comedy role.
55e9688b8d23b9a344348e1781330bc16e10ece2	As a result, in 2008, Jim earned about €18.6 million (≈$25.4 million)[31].
fe9060910824f6a4bf8b6f85291911e2373e1117	In February 2009, it became known that Jim would star in the musical" Damn Yankees " as the devil who bought the soul of the main character Joe Hardy (Jake Gyllenhaal).
aa9c1ae7c4b18bcd1f53a81ea2fa2201fe64b5be	In 2009, several paintings with Kerry's participation were released.
08650a9770146488145bb91f6f05a6748fb32cda	"A Christmas Story" by Robert Zemeckis was Jim's first project, which was shot using the "motion capture" technology.
fd203d303cf06507feacaa000c548c73681da0ed	Jim voiced several roles: Ebenezer Scrooge, The Ghost of Christmas Past, The Ghost of this Christmas, the Ghost of Christmas to come.
2ebb409e8881ff4c917eef92c9556a493223e5b5	The film grossed $323 million at the box office.
cbdbd35fa63274e26984d98fe4160fd23452e3a8	Critics reacted to the film coolly.
a775444280e65f6add8a94bbfa2530e8067ea0a1	Kerry at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival.
3e8f05525ba5d10612d1c3ec20fcd77fd17075cc	Kerry also starred in the acclaimed drama of Glenn Ficarra and John Requa "I love you, Phillip Morris", where he played a homosexual Stephen Russell, who was imprisoned because of a daring scam and fell in love with a cellmate Phillip Morris (Ewan McGregor).
249ebb01767fbda932a86aa291a28037f9898a36	The film could not find distributors for a long time because of the explicit scenes.
058ebde067c785f3475560783836fd59a0dc6920	They even thought that the film could be limited to DVD rental.
a2b2e73fd960b2c1fff2ade9f9f1a129829551d2	The film was received ambiguously by both critics[32], it was considered too "homosexual", and fans[33].
b0e8f8f1223464ac6cbf7801f48ac070d8749ea6	Kerry contributed to the creation of the image of Russell, as in all his previous characters [34]: to show the wisdom of Russell's experience, Jim shaved part of the hair above his forehead, as a result of which the forehead seemed higher[34].
ac0d5ce157cb64bb35bf3679ec21c4facbd7eb7b	The film was released in 2010, collecting a modest box office.
2c7c0c4463f1dfaabbaa2748d0e0b9b84ee2feeb	In 2010, Kerry starred as Ronald Reagan in the sketch "Presidential Reunion".
f2f2c914a5ca5357e9bd34a4d4284d4e0ec8cf6f	FunnyOrDie.com[35].
9693f4dab54007d1c0d7b30b5e20b37ae2098a63	In January 2011, Kerry took part in the program Saturday Night Live[8] with a parody of the film "Black Swan"[36].
2eda756acd24e05ddb0307acecce52dd79d0e578	He also starred in a small role in the finale of the 7th season of the TV series "The Office" [37].
702673365f25bdcbf3b8002cb442f14cc167ba81	In 2011, a comedy with Jim's participation "Mr. Popper's Penguins"was released.
a406e3944ee49a426e293c4fc0ee654d61836614	He played the role of businessman Tom Popper, who became the owner of 6 penguins.
82a6d27503b401fcb460408e04f507678c7d3c07	The film grossed $187 million at the box office.
f8c9f789b00db304c59719c9cbf915c25eadd0be	Jim came up with one of the scenes of the film:
dd037032f4ccdd77594177ee0a55573bf80750c6	We converted the apartment on Park Avenue into a winter wonderland, and I skated there.
899c274561bdcfd12ffbbd5a801edd994356a93d	It was my idea.
e74f343e5eb32f8eddebba9d636b30240c5508b7	I love ice skates.
7bae1e8def4ed45fd91e8154fec6d227e30fcffe	Of course, I'm not a pro, but still, anyway, I'm Canadian.[38]
406efeeb999f55dbcc074e2e4d3c0e5d70079702	In 2013, two films with Kerry's participation were released: "The Incredible Burt Wonderstone" and "Kick Ass 2".
067194caf8c5894550fe0634973afaf124b34f1f	In both comedies, the actor played minor roles.
7bad80f02c74ebfd8d61a5b64eb08e3acd3f37e9	In "The Incredible Burt Wonderstone", he played the role of the antagonist Steve Gray, a street magician, Wonderstone's main competitor (Steve Carell).
b6fd118f84b023ac1d1df12b40a6672441e317dd	The prototype of Gray was the magician Criss Angel, who acted as a consultant during the filming.
6720d8872da3e88ddf3467de85c00090a571c93d	The film did not pay off at the American box office and received negative reviews from critics.
35c8a8274e6d9cf5ee8e5a86e5eab6ab5dc275c1	In" Kick Ass", Jim played the role of Colonel Stars and Stripes, the leader of a gang of street heroes.
82432c75930fc376fb943e49f2aa15d678593cd2	After the shooting, Kerry changed his attitude to the film and condemned the high level of violence on his Twitter:
ffac4adb003d83f8389a12b1a4a693ba3536bab7	I starred in" Kick Ass " a month before the events at Sandy Hook School and now I declare with a clear conscience that I cannot support such a level of violence.
1b4e5cf8df9ce645409180b6af4f31dff932ad4e	I am not ashamed of this film, but in light of recent events, I have changed my mind[39][40]
6599e37e16dd45f486e328b7236c8f6ec8f74ed4	Despite the fact that Kerry had previously returned to his characters only once, in the summer of 2011, he decided to return to his roles in "Dumb and Dumber" and "Bruce Almighty".
75a2a5352996d8304282ed0053738fe2c5fcdd91	I donot want to create a new interpretation of the stories, but to return to the old characters.
4c2b1eb1bafc8cebd7f66d5d0ac175f5e8cf0dfa	I could have continued to act in "Mr. Popper's Penguins", but I really missed "Bruce" and "Dumb and Dumber"[41].
703139f2cc80a25591012995bfbb3aa5f53e9db1	Music career
f5fe3f5c223e6d11d1b3271fe1373677b3bf310a	Despite the lack of musical education, Jim Carrey has repeatedly performed as a vocalist throughout his career, most often on the movie screen, as well as in various television shows.
c6f2a29d2382ed2b6c6f88c1c57635a724fc3fbf	In the comedy show "In Living Color", Kerry worked as a comic singer, performing parody compositions.
83872d20315973a27c0cfb2457a22abab8a1676d	The most famous of them are " White, White, Baby "(a humorous rehash of the famous rapper Vanilla Ice's hit" Ice Ice Baby") and" Imposter "(a reworking of" Informer " by Canadian hip hop artist Snow).
c54bbd5c58d10fe5c2ec1696e4e17808de14ca0f	In the image of a female bodybuilder Vera de Milo, Kerry sang the song "Buff Neck", and parodying US President Bill Clinton — "Humpin' Around " by Bobby Brown.
e3eaef8ddc646e8428fcce63c3ff0357e9c53b68	In one of the episodes, Jim also sang" Achy Breaky Song " by Weird Al Yankovic.
3117abbf88bb35f44f152e4adeb2e1174cb87491	In feature films, Jim Carrey has performed a number of songs.
a50bc1d4d91c08aab2bd332f50038501b5ae287b	"Cuban Pete "was included in the official soundtrack to the film" Mask", and was also released as a single in 1994 (with a remix by C+C Music Factory).
dda3cf0be889c20ede55ebf4d785735bd82b7d4e	Also famous is the cover version of" Somebody to Love "by Jefferson Airplane, presented in the film"The Cable Guy".
68af428585191bc3153e983f0f4e6220da5e7f5d	Together with Michael Stipe from the band R. E. M., Jim Carrey performed the song " This Friendly World "for the movie"Man on the Moon".
2749d9de9c32abf370502d38bf31c98962262125	The movie "The Grinch the thief of Christmas" includes several vocal notes at once merov Kerry, including the rap track "Grinch 2000", recorded with the participation of Basta Rimes.
56245646262246744ca40e047c09b14e4c96da18	In 1995, Jim Carrey co wrote the ballad "Heaven Down Here" (together with music producer Phil Roy), which was performed by the band Tuck & Patti and released on their album Learning How to Fly.
cae7ad6ee2f4c538cb88c8f5c6bcf1feeab92d9c	In 1998, Kerry, at the invitation of George Martin, performed and recorded the famous hit of The Beatles "I Am the Walrus", which was released on the album In My Life.
2e0429b193df6cdabc592e3383dc02a0ed32b220	In September 2011, Jim Carrey performed on the stage of the New York club Arlene's Grocery, where, accompanied by a full time ensemble, he performed several rock covers: "I Started a Joke" by the Bee Gees, "Bullet with Butterfly Wings" by The Smashing Pumpkins and "Creep" by Radiohead.
1db66b022457d23c26fbdaa1fee12b1993ed900d	On March 8, 1987, Jim marries Melissa Womer, a waitress at the Comedy Store.
eb58af23791e8e593aeebcf9c094ecb0310d5ad3	On September 6, their daughter Jane Erin Kerry is born.
9d9bde7df951082e1fe8262e29b266f3cf6d3656	The relationship between Melissa and Jim was not perfect: at times, Kerry's behavior towards his wife was distinguished by various oddities[3].
43da64b78e6f4c33d6e0631d799151334c853d10	In November 1991, his mother died from a kidney failure.
d2a7d26739c677dadfbf89d48961e9060664cb25	She never saw her son's triumph.
d9bbe9a81315f6e6e81d80947ef06df38dfa0d4d	In 1994, Percy Kerry, Jim's father, died, a man to whom Jim owed a lot.
1d8bc6d49beb070d1ef1b5ff037cf13e1c3f48e9	Frequent family quarrels eventually pushed Kerry to divorce in 1995.
16de98a406358fef2b383652155d4594ff832964	Kerry paid Womer $7 million[42].
bbe6cd729520439d6070bfdfec732ccbc96236e0	He began to get depressed again, he began to use antidepressants, but they did not help Jim especially [43].
d8df5478a4bc3cb4b5b45f4b49e6909912427e3c	Later, he decided to fight depression in a different way: take vitamins, exercise [44].
c2c24c52ea89f7fe8d52101b4c630cac7f67502a	Problems should be solved, and not washed down with pills.[44]
2e9a64f9cde725bc80d417cd4e721a6c00306b29	Jim was also going to write a book about his struggle with depression[45][46].
f1e9c74898832de4b81a32787aff4323863d762f	In 1996, Jim and Lauren Holly, Kerry's partner in the film "Dumb and Dumber" (on November 2, 1995, she was with him and his daughter when Kerry left his hand and foot prints on Hollywood Boulevard) got married.
e3666daeee32ca071585cae1366aecfeac14a7d6	After 10 months, they divorced.
51483300b20d55366fdf8d662fc35c5294a0d277	Kerry met with Renee Zellweger, his personal doctor Tiffany Silver and Playboy magazine model Anin Bing[47].
a26763fc9c87019d50cd23084f18c97045146521	"I donot believe in these fairy tales about eternal love.
b8c7429e3e4e1b21ab219e76070b6bc6ac1bf063	Ten years with the same person is more than enough.
e05b54542592a848ce827b3ff38eda7cb9bd32f6	In ten years, you can give a lot of love"[48].
4d332b2fce0318d094091fd769d593e68449c65a	From 2005 to 2010, he met with fashion model Jenny McCarthy, who, like Jim, is an activist of the organization Help for Generations[49].
9bca6457e27c8b82048ae5432db80c1fdda66b19	"Jenny is the first woman in my life about whom there were no doubts in my head"[50].
bd08a62b2354a250907c4f2abaf5a9a70ebae5a4	Their relationship was also tense and was characterized by Kerry's strange behavior[42][51]. After the breakup with McCarthy, there were rumors that Kerry paid her $ 25 million for her silence[52].
5dc27dcd12e3f73da5dfe96002c2f7d7d6079ef8	The payment of such a huge amount could be explained by the fact that Kerry wanted to keep secret the details of his personal life with McCarthy[42][53][54].
ed7bdf2053a303c9d0447ee76da127688f252df1	However, as McCarthy herself said: "This is all speculation"[55].
5060b7390237cf5f59bee39657e3ad7c9468ebcf	Jim's daughter Jane began performing in her own rock band Jane Carrey Band.
7f36b491a0a450566d931814549c3a84524399a1	In the fall of 2009, she married, while already pregnant, a rock musician of the same group, Alex Santana.
0fcc0d1ff496528e2c5c485a62d262e6e3f89a15	On February 26, 2010, Jane Kerry gave birth to a boy, he was named Jackson Riley Santana[56].
b3e78c0d12909117bfa672c2c569d15a4c8cbed5	Jim about his grandson and daughter:
a19d119998a012708e166f0494deacf2d7d952a4	"I was afraid that if a girl was born, she might not be as interested in me as a boy, you know.
51e7f639471f47564c29f534dc7c82e56b214225	Therefore, I am very happy that I have a grandson"[57].
ab6dd72b0b88de052d28168f480cb0b1d386e15b	"Jane will make a wonderful mom.
822255f1e1f297edd7b95c109e293f2b186704cc	She is very caring, loyal, affectionate and understanding.
c9ceac5e6678c6df5793a288c654b4facd59ac95	Each of these qualities is simply invaluable for real mothers"[58].
54c9f536f54b3c75a8ceca516a1b2dd081cae5d8	However, 9 months later, in December 2010, Jane and Alex divorced, and Jackson stayed with his mother[59].
26677834b997a762f028f08b946941a898e3e5d3	53 year old Kerry and 28 year old Catriona White began their relationship in 2012, but they broke up a few months later.
fc63b179c8bcea2f7bc4ed73248b2166a5bb04d9	In May 2015, they began dating again, but on September 24, the couple broke off their relationship again.
288f5855c0f8fbe3285a6fd755ae6d348bc2f2ff	As a suicide note, White left an entry on Twitter: "Finishing my last tweet, I hope that I was kind to all my loved ones."
1bd864c8ed40d66906382443eb360891437fe2d7	On September 29, 2015, White committed suicide due to a breakup with Kerry, taking a large dose of pills[60].
dc740a8b2ad310afde6fbe5d6e0f06a46ceed11c	Polls and ratings
c553ae749886ed7bd1230c4ada2089a91c6547e3	In 2005, the British magazine Empire conducted a survey among ten thousand of its readers on the topic " Who, in your opinion, is the most "annoying" actor of all time?".
6eda790af245817c6c0ab7f500684f3535db6c9b	Jim entered the top five[61].
a692e027b4f237c6015cd11c0599a30a58ad1ea5	In 2009, a number of surveys were conducted among filmmakers.
7d452005f0177a4ff4a73212095953a3d2e07b91	So Forbes magazine in February compiled a list of 1411 actors, ordered by liquidity.
83dd8c373f4ccddfa9e994d82af56d9911688761	Jim got to the 16th place[62].
e5a65e38c521ebd7d0b9bac2a629021ffea1f5d0	In November, the same magazine compiled a list of the most overrated actors, and Jim closed the top ten.
0e13124c78c001efb9886f7b32c3bfc7d5be007f	For every dollar invested in it, film studios receive $ 8.62[63].
f278f29a6109ec28c8fe83d3f3979958631b3072	In the same year, a survey was conducted among filmmakers on the topic: "Who is the most valuable comedian?"
945ec78a5bb5ed6e7ad4f01a964b128720556189	According to the results of the survey, Jim took fourth place[64].
4a23c858fe9339d7a12af08cd59a4cacaf6d9961	In the list of the most influential celebrities for 2009, Kerry ranks 56th with an income of $30 million[65].
52fd3da85b173ea3ac57ad1b1dd41eed2ed4f258	According to the results of the rating, Jim held:
b392eeba91bfd98826a3da2aeea983003c69f2fd	50th place — by earnings;
39f9930a6e2d5567d76ce5a39704e44e45a8de37	40th place — by mentions on the Internet;
8357a16917e1adfe42f3ba89b9e3a383f18ee21d	50th place - according to mentions in the press;
3725aa18550320fce3fd6b91c9cb950d9cb90638	51st place — in terms of mentions on television.
0c79925623def13d3f368963d5d7bd7d220e0001	In the following years, Kerry was not included in the lists.
05fddb5ff99c1f662a58ca16aeb1c2443ed205a2	In an interview, Jim admitted that he really wants to receive an Oscar:
1997dfec8d0314c7ae551da56138ff5aaea5d40e	...I will be dissatisfied until I find myself in a stream of light in front of the camera with a thank you speech.
82e3b1d6e94ae4b66171bbf6f116553ff9f46bcd	Yes, I'm so vain!..[66]
189cf4099bed54eabe5c2047b6a8b9102d9793ef	Practical jokes
4a910c8010b98f866fdb0aaa9f24b9b02ef1f726	As a child, Jim often made fun of his mother, who was terrified of mice: he "lost" a white mouse in the house, which terrified Kathleen [67].
606f3fe7e8d0cfdefef5b8ac0353cfcd11a4c514	In 1982, on his twentieth birthday, Jim went on stage naked, covering himself only with a sock[68][69].
b25e550749eeb0e661f0c9df88dd8cb3bc7726be	In 2006, during a trip to the Middle East, trying to get rid of annoying reporters, Jim, who was staying in the city of Taba, moved to Jerusalem.
1b21ea848c3914380aa49514bcd95cb23bc9aec3	In the city of Taba there lived a man who looked like Kerry himself.
d6d3134b9e15fff35d94e7a349fd1131e600efc2	When he heard about Garfonel (that was the name of the double), he suggested that he become "Jim Carrey" for a while — live in a luxury hotel, eat expensive dishes and avoid reporters.
0b175b383f82beae0e8513469b704c2ee0adf968	No one noticed the substitution, and this draw was a success[70].
b529924d658b2efeb552f9979e1fbec49f9579ce	In 2008, the paparazzi filmed Kerry with his ex girlfriend Jenny McCarthy walking on the beach, when he was dressed in her swimsuit[71].
7bfe816ebdfe4a8051556387b29420355fe4be72	In 2011, Jim appeared in public with a punk hairstyle [72], and also played billiards in a scuba diver's costume at the Gramercy Park Hotel.
efa4d72b17af22267fd4b040032683742117c376	Nominations and awards
982f62d84db464614699c12dc1d35046a8c944fd	Year Award Nomination Result 1994 MTV Movie Awards Best Comedy Role ("Ace Ventura: The Search for Pets") Nomination 1995 Golden Globe Best Actor (comedy or Musical) ("The Mask")
38e70aa87beabc48c004ebb62f036ae4eebf7fa4	Nomination 1995 MTV Movie Awards Best Comedy Role ("Dumb and Dumber")/Best Kiss ("Dumb and Dumber") Winner of the 1995 MTV Movie Awards Best On screen Couple (Dumb and Dumber)/Best Dance (Mask)/best Comedic Actor (Mask) Nomination 1996 MTV Movie Awards Best Comedy Role ("Ace Ventura: When nature calls")/Best Actor ("Ace Ventura 2: When Nature Calls") Winner of the 1996 MTV Movie Awards Best Villain (Batman: Forever)/Best Kiss ("Ace Ventura: When nature calls") Nomination 1997 MTV Movie Awards Best Comedy Role ("The Cable Guy")/Best Villain ("The Cable Guy") Winner of the 1997 MTV Movie Awards Best Fight ("The Cable Guy") Nomination 1998 Golden Globe Best Actor (Comedy or Musical) ("Liar, Liar")
109690ec95b694537155757522107f2ab6f6f42f	Nomination 1998 MTV Movie Awards Best Comedy Role ("Liar, Liar") Winner 1999 Golden Globe Best Actor (Drama) ("The Truman Show")
088b073019822ae48593be95a27e564ff4cc3eb7	Winner 1999 MTV Movie Awards Best Actor ("The Truman Show") Winner of the 2000 Golden Globe Best Actor (Comedy or Musical) ("Man on the Moon")
2c5d087a066657e39a7e3f5169fa08ecc10a7955	Winner of the 2000 MTV Movie Awards Best Actor ("Man on the Moon") Nomination 2000 Screen Actors Guild Best Actor ("Man on the Moon") Nomination 2001 Golden Globe Best Actor (comedy or Musical) ("The Grinch is the Thief of Christmas")
3a46c09f9e99db5af8ee6c3b6134997b336182ab	Nomination 2001 MTV Movie Awards Best Villain ("The Grinch Stealer of Christmas") Winner of the 2001 MTV Movie Awards Best Comedic Actor ("Me, Me and Irene Again") Nomination 2001 People's Choice Favorite Comedic Actor Winner of the 2004 MTV Movie Awards Best Comedy Role ("Bruce Almighty")/Best Kiss ("Bruce Almighty") Nomination 2004 SDFCSA Best Actor Best Actor ("Eternal Sunshine of the Pure Mind") Winner of the 2005 Golden Globe Best Actor (Comedy or Musical) ("Eternal Sunshine of the Pure Mind")
343eea1971c3a536780594c8660100ea790e3e40	Nomination 2005 People's Choice Favorite Funny Star Winner of the 2005 MTV Movie Awards Best Villain ("Lemony Snicket: 33 Misfortunes") Nomination 2005 BAFTA Award for Best Actor Best Actor ("Eternal Sunshine of the Pure Mind") Nomination 2006 MTV Movie Awards MTV Generation Award Was given out without nominations 2008 Golden Raspberry Worst Male Role ("Number 23") Nomination 2009 People's Choice Favorite Funny Star Nomination 2009 Children's Choice Favorite Actor ("Always say Yes")/Favorite voice acting of an animated film ("Horton") Nomination 2009 MTV Movie Awards Best Comedy Role ("Always Say Yes") Winner 2010 People's Choice Favorite Comedy Star Winner 2010 Children's Choice Favorite Voice Acting of an animated Film ("A Christmas Story") Winner of the 2011 Spike Guys ' Choice Awards Funniest Winner
af78dcb7aa907c694beb15a48c43b1bd2f01e805	In total, he has 22 nominations and 10 awards at the MTV Movie Awards (excluding the MTV Generation Award), being the record holder for the number of nominations and awards[2].
d45e731e799db677ceaa5a8fb1b3280e86152a58	Mask of od but the name of the 1994 film.
d36d057bcd571c91709f5a3e8249d68ff398fcb8	Year Russian title Original title Role 1983 f Rubber face Rubberface (Introducing ... Janet) Tony Moroni 1983 f Mount Cooper Copper Mountain Bobby Todd 1983 f All in Good Taste All in Good Taste Ralph 1984 f Chur, my!
1b981399a019df4148252ac5bda77f79313885e3	Finders Keepers Lane Bidlecoff 1984 — 1984 with The Duck Factory The Duck Factory Skip Tarkenton 1985 f Once Bitten Once Bitten Mark Kendall 1986 f Peggy Sue Got Married Peggy Sue Got Married Walter Getz 1988 f The Death List The Dead Pool Johnny Squares 1989 f Earth Girls Are Easily Accessible Earth Girls Are Easy Whiplock 1989 f Pink Cadillac Pink Cadillac Comedian 1990 — 1994 with in Living Color Various roles 1991 f Nerves at the Limit High Strung Death 1992 mf Tiny Spider Itsy Bitsy Spider Insect Fighter (voice) 1992 f Life on Maple Drive (TV) Doing Time on Maple Drive Tim Carter 1993 f Ace Ventura: Pet Detective Ace Ventura 1994 f Dumb and Dumber Dumb & Dumber Lloyd Christmas 1994 f Mask The Mask Stanley Ipkiss 1995 f Ace Ventura 2: When Nature Calls Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls Ace Ventura 1995 f Batman Forever Batman Forever Edward Nygma/The Riddler 1996 f Cable Guy The Cable Guy/Chip/Ricky 1997 f Liar, Liar Liar Fletcher Reed 1998 f Simon Birch Simon Birch Adult Joe Venteuorf 1998 f The Truman Show The Truman Show Truman Burbank 1999 f Man on the Moon Man on the Moon Andy Kaufman/Tony Clifton 2000 f Grinch — the thief of Christmas How the Grinch Stole Christmas Grinch 2000 f Me, me Again and Irene Me, Myself and Irene Officer Charlie Bailigates/Hank 2001 f Majestic The Majestic Peter Appleton 2003 f Bruce Almighty Bruce Almighty Bruce Nolan 2004 f Lemony Snicket: 33 Misfortunes Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events Count Olaf 2004 f Eternal the Radiance of Pure Reason Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind joel Barish 2005 f Con Artists Dick and Jane Fun with Dick and Jane Dick Harper 2007 f Fatal Number 23 Number 23 Walter Sparrow 2008 f Always say "Yes" Yes man Carl Allen 2008 mf Horton Horton Hears a Who!
f078688c0e80fb1cc01bb88af3f9095b3ac9f1f4	Horton (voice) 2009 f I Love You, Phillip Morris I Love You Phillip Morris Steve Russell 2009 mf A Christmas Story A Christmas Carol Ebenezer Scrooge, ghosts 2009 f Under the Sea in 3D Under the Sea 3D Narrator 2011 f Mr. Popper's Penguins Mr. Popper's Penguins Tom Popper 2011 with The Office The Office Guy from Finger Lakes (one Episode) 2013 f Incredible Burt Wonderstone Burt Wonderstone Steve Gray 2013 f Kick Ass 2 Kick Ass 2 Colonel America 2013 f TV Host 2 Anchorman: The Legend Continues host Scott Riles 2014 f Dumb and Dumber 2 Dumb & Dumber 2 Lloyd Christmas 2016 f True Crime True Crimes Jack 2016 f Bad Party The Bad Batch Peter
47b7a94649dcb8fcfa12761bfa8c4a22bb3f4cac	Jim's height is 187 cm[74].
42eb3799f9b4b91ce298c82c68be2b8903ef0357	His favorite color is green.
0578a4a69accf33cb41d06695e8cba6b65dfa3d4	[2] Jim is a vegetarian[75].
828a9dc1579d11fdba1329f9cd13114ef1e730a1	He is engaged in Brazilian Jiu jitsu[76].
3ccd249ff254f8bee31fa325bceccbf11c46c86a	One of Kerry's favorite activities is riding a motorcycle[1][9]. Despite the fact that Jim insisted on the participation of the Cannibal Corpse band in the filming of Ace Ventura and even personally chose the song "Hammer Smashed Face" that sounded in the film[77], he is not a fan of Cannibals and does not like death metal.
d854391bfeb79266a69ce3d7fd7e3314c6ce6108	The end of many years of rumors was put by the actor's son in law, a rock musician
24b59b40ba06da02c7c48d89a21c4ee36f4b4f2c	There should be a date and time here
89e6b44607ee4d7c367c8542468bcaaed616945d	BLOGS Editorial Staff Around TV Guest star Vredina Dom 2 Expert
0b430a8edd637e6ac8e3d9eed0861b0f538c8dff	Date and place of birth: January 17, 1962, New Market, Ontario, Canada
dc6e4043296b17fced7eb08a50ad395595fbc3f7	Height: 1.87 m
1a209fc4e21a5d28aa2d5c8f9b72f59b7de39c72	Participated (25)
d7ad146be33cb1ab3ff3291a2bd7b8d0cb79bd59	Do you know where I participated?
f6c8bdb3b43eab9147ee283ccbcb7401f4525747	Cracky holidays
2993c2fbf495c8a48d1ca049405b55e4e1a5c4c8	Dumb and dumber 2
8d5ddbedea9132b39c6c3d8b16360dcbe3ed833b	Kick ass 2
45b1d6eb46254bb58160d144bcf637b0f5a3000f	The incredible Burt Wonderstone
cf85134668fa2ca4133e6c6d0003727a76ef367c	Lemony Snicket: 33 misfortunes
42db965a9a36b395bd83a038e5a7ea6817f60c3c	The Man on the Moon
e1c0d9301c44ac13fd25e742b256390cb8925f56	Stupid and even dumber
69fa22b4d417f7347d277a0091f2de7c3476e1c3	The Grinch is the thief of Christmas
16989b24587fd794fb71c7b9d7f83477cb0ab52e	Eternal radiance of pure reason
b09c13620987d55bbfb144b875568ac54a723af2	A Christmas story
561067671b90d6d1b78f3fbca8ce6185c9f7b262	I love you, Phillip Morris
670a108ceeb1c3d99e4e5fb40b0396380bc79b82	Majestic
d2fcc3563bde303155ba918992537fda8306db63	The Truman Show
72317dadad5bfef350a8c41f4e7bf006f79e6f02	Me, me and Irene again
cbfcf2dba37182319144058cae446c73324304d9	Always say " Yes"
3acd55594546947aab981a0cd5ebc5e7c36ee284	Mr. Popper's Penguins
6c3a72eaf6235dfa967f2bba4dfc3e431c3e1180	Office
9c68e6ec3c3eef6205dd5fd0c81c12ef50240fb4	His colleagues in the shop
c32a6c76134e3781f0fd8225e2ca6c206a968bdd	Stephen Merchant
ab6b981295039f228309932159b97f78bdf558dc	Steve Carell
b5c16def94f400e3e6bcfed1e342503d1bf6a28b	Taylor Momsen
2e5d1c9763640d561862be027893bf01cc7bd5c0	Danny DeVito
caf3b798c39e37f5f5ef4f90bd2aadecc61ed1b2	Nicolas Cage
78b996fcf7819444a8d9e21dd565a20f7c8755ab	Ed Helms
5af93fcc2ac9737950feb2b12bb564a6cff52d81	Kate Winslet
14e360757fbda3b8a939d21fbf5559f1a54bf025	Bradley Cooper
bf26bad44924cd20b06beb836263561497eefbc7	Jeff Daniels
1c14429c0397f2c7fb70bf7719f0beebe6929837	Meryl Streep
47cf5a990f3a2d67fd1811b10a17d322eb78b208	Photo by Jim Carrey (20)
d39151d2f1bf42a1564b9c1abe8a164190d947e7	Video by Jim Carrey (4)
eb5fcd678f3e819be7e41052c6efb58d6a2cf7fc	Jim Carrey on The Larry Sanders Show.
f93935a9ddef3e153cca54030d08f6208a1f83ed	Jim Carrey in the show In Living Color.
a8554d2a81c025196f25ec3f303b081ad5402fc3	Jim Carrey is a film actor, screenwriter and producer, the most famous and popular American comedian of our time, the first actor of the comic genre to receive a fee of $ 20 million, winner of the MTV award: Recognition of Generations in 2007.
225cb589f04733e3c48598432c4eda9221561e7f	Jim Kerry (James Eugene Kerry) was born on January 17, 1962 in New Market (Ontario, Canada).
1169e6898a8a60730c2293ef310dbe2f58144256	A lively, mobile boy with an expressive face that develops into bizarre grimaces, even at school he entertained his classmates with comic scenes and clown performances.
167e51b08aed4ff4eb6af2109dcc71f9c6cba3ba	The family lived poorly and Jim had to earn a living from the age of 15, making his hobby a profession.
39c059ef38008ebc74b4facc707af1849ed70106	The beginning of Jim Carrey's career For four years, Jim Carrey performed in various Canadian clubs, after which he collected his simple belongings and went to conquer America.
c38d5c4463b86837b27d9076fd20e7269e8d6d35	It took him almost ten years to do this.
3fa5db898ebcfc04e15130c3f837cd37ab31e3c6	He performed at the Comedy Store Theater in Los Angeles, where he distinguished himself by appearing on stage during the celebration of his twentieth anniversary — completely naked, except for a sock worn on his penis.
1d4bac7fdc9a449df715e728b8308311bdf2e2d8	However, such extravagance did not help much.
4b1e98008ed51ed6965f8496f61fa4c146f37ff1	And even when he got to Hollywood in the early 80s, Jim Carrey was forced to settle for only performing episodes in films: a vampire victim ("Once Bitten"), a rock star sent to the next world ("The Death Game").
c2d35a111aadb0d56b43ac65d6de3408c4d62482	The variety of facial expressions of his face, which was constantly changing its expression, perfect body control, incredible flexibility and plasticity, high dance skills (his performance of an incendiary lambada together with Cameron Diaz on the stage of the Coco Bongo club is one of the best episodes of the picture); the ability to work with animals — the little dog Milo became his full partner here.
79ce8edc7453ce3dd11b6f0164a4b2b7ee78b4dc	All this, combined with computer effects — a swallowed bundle of dynamite sticks explodes right in the actor's stomach — predetermined a noisy success.
812164ca2dc018a6c4677ed735289ca6ff02d4cc	Jim Carrey's fee instantly jumped from one million dollars to twenty, which he received three years later for the sequel to the film - "Revenge of the Mask".
c1379ea9a2c2e4a6096139fd175c40ad66d77280	The popularity of Jim Carrey / Jim Carrey, he divorced his wife Melissa Womer, with whom he lived for eight years, left a daughter Jane.
6298083f887f772de0a5e2ac150f9eb915f75311	He was completely captured by an affair with Lauren Holly a partner in the film "Dumb and Dumber" by Peter Farrelly, which is also familiar to us.
d2df2d663de05e632e25a1351caae336553d85eb	It is her heroine who is the object of clumsy courtship of two guys: the ever — smiling, energetic Lloyd (Jim Carrey) and the gloomy, clumsy, clumsy Harry (Jeff Daniels).
8ff3272a8f5bcc2210d7c082df36d8ad4200abd2	Their eccentric adventures always balance on the verge of a pair of clowning, in which one is stupid, and the other is even more stupid.
5e413677db62c431b3e5f33693488578e0a6b0ed	Unfortunately, their jokes and pranks themselves do not rise above the level of the "materially bodily bottom".
395c785afb47e2f8614fbe6cc28ad7f3c22c8447	Even another appeal to the dogs (at the beginning of the film, friends are engaged in their transportation) did not save the situation.
621d0adea9e97d86bde32e3714d68015ccb95c16	Jim Carrey used this gold mine — working with animals — repeatedly.
7ccff86d9391d3929e354b9df107210237566f24	Ace Ventura a detective looking for lost or stolen pets, became the hero of two of his films ("Ace Ventura — an animal lover detective" and "Ace Ventura: when nature calls").
bb760ae239b308df00e9687172df21e0443174ff	And in between them there was also Edward Nygma — the Man of mystery in "Batman Forever" - plastic, dynamic and again sinister, who outplayed even the title character — Val Kilmer.
fbfb65010ee3cf929751ad76694be8fcb05acae5	Success comes to him precisely when this actor is active, aggressive and negative, as it was in "The Mask", "Batman Forever" and other roles.
a52b0632a1d5e476c8cb27712d82ee193e56af70	But will the producers go for it?
4abb1427524647ae569d87883ff6c662d39816a8	There are hardly any people who want to kill a chicken that lays golden eggs.
84ba0deefaa6c4cfe1ce2915e5ae38b131627bd2	After all, his best comedies brought in $ 200 million each at the American and foreign box office.
aef2b0e59476d163393f60c4a56f26d3579f76cd	The first messenger of change was the film "The Truman Show" by Peter Ware (1997).
1ef01acf041518f7fc7cb9d61966da84e7ce3973	Carrie played here a man who from birth became the main character of a popular TV show.
d03a4c171aeb8cf764dc8bd81e06a22447239fd3	It was only after many years, as an adult, that he realized that everyone around him was an actor.
6f58dc45e796ebefd8dd88a0b2fe9db068465cfe	The realization of this truth is not easy for Truman.
4e9f872dce54a7a113a5c15a5029435ab24466a8	There are clearly dramatic notes in the comedy material.
db48f91a3c01095d00b9a7adc0a3502599c8b5b9	This role brought Jim Carrey the first Golden Globe, awarded in the category "Best Dramatic Actor".Kerry called the script of "The Truman Show" one of the most interesting in his career, only recently putting "Eternal Sunshine of the Pure Mind"on the same level with it.
44551bbda2213f9dd533ecb2e2f6d683197d7139	And the following year, he again received a Golden Globe for his work in the Milos Forman film "Man on the Moon".
c3ad974b6331f393a95bd2ced400ecf3f3fde9a5	Jim was born on the same day as Andy Kaufman, the comedian he played.
61899c147278083033adf246f6cd22da36464934	It was the first film with Kerry in the title role that did not pay off its budget at the box office.
9e7bdcdeac16e2be25fbb50d0bbe1e5e7ba963e6	In 2000, Jim Carrey played in the movie "The Grinch the thief of Christmas".
74c6960429cd1072da415b72294147179066308d	"The Grinch" became Kerry's highest grossing film at the US box office, won an Oscar for makeup and was nominated for the artist's work and costumes.
447a4bd443f2141f31cab4a68fe63f85fe4260e5	But Jim Carrey could not give up comedies: "Me, me and Irene again", "Bruce Almighty", "Lemony Snicket: 33 misfortunes", " Scammers: Dick and Jane have fun " became his next comedy works.
0910a764929d0b324c3cbc7e5a6a729b3c47a5bc	Later, the films "Always say Yes", "A Christmas Story", "I love you, Philip Morris" and "Mr. Popper's Penguins"were released on the screens.
ac570d7cb373b2034f07234b5af5b44ae52c2dba	Personal life of Jim Carrey / Jim Carrey Jim Carrey's marriage with Lauren Holly lasted only ten months.
88293080b1c5ac6844559ad8b614209b08230579	After that, Jim was seen in a fairly long relationship with actress Renee Zellweger, then with his personal doctor Tiffany Silver and Playboy magazine model Annie Bing.
254f15ad3af6b2e60e7f7b373d66b46e9bb93c10	For several years, Jim Carrey dated model Jenny McCarthy.
f62399921f577c99436346c0309e3772fd873dd1	In 2010, after the release of the scandalous picture, they broke up.
fe3b315a1c7fc748c5299fc38234eede85dcb8e6	Jim and Jenny's relationship has always been characterized by some tension, as well as their breakup.
cf7a0ee299fdf498f76da63becb304331eaf2eb5	There were rumors that the actor paid his former lover $ 25 million so that she would not disclose the details of their life together, but McCarthy said that this was just speculation.
fe885e4748af27ad0716159d9b3745191c5b8c1b	In February 2010, Jim Carrey became a grandfather: Jane Carrey, his daughter from his first marriage, gave birth to a son, who was named Jackson Riley Santana.
56699f0d0e622edaec79000a4c4cdedbf965d58c	In the spring of 2012, there were reports about the engagement of Jim Carrey with a Russian student Anastasia Vitkina, a girl who lives in the states and is studying design.
8927bcec79f493c338d41e15cf2b160e883f3cdf	Filmography of Jim Carrey / Jim Carrey 1983 Rubber Face 1983 Mount Kupper 1983 Everything is in Good Taste 1984 Chur, mine! 1984 — 1984 Duck Factory 1985 Once Bitten 1986 Peggy Sue Got Married 1988 Death List 1989 Earth Girls Are Easily Accessible 1989 Pink Cadillac 1990 — 1994IN living Color 1991 Nerves on Edge 1992 Tiny Spider 1992 Life on Maple Drive 1993 Ace Ventura: Pet Search 1994 Dumb and Dumber 1994 Mask 1995 Ace Ventura 2: When nature Calls 1995 Batman Forever 1996 The Cable Guy 1997 Liar, Liar 1998 Simon Birch 1998 The Truman Show 1999 The Man on the Moon 2000 The Grinch — The Thief of Christmas 2000 Me, Me and Irene Again 2001 Majestic 2003 Bruce Almighty 2004 Lemony Snicket: 33 Misfortunes 2004 Eternal Sunshine of the Pure Mind 2005 Con Artists Dick and Jane 2007 The Fatal Number 23 2008 Always Say Yes 2008 Horton 2009 I Love You, Phillip Morris 2009 A Christmas Story 2009 Under the Sea in 3D 2011 Mr. Penguins Popper 2013 The Incredible Burt Wonderstone
8dd9de60038505a5886ce1df56ea6e7d7e6d4da4	2014 Believe it or not
537ae5f2b38f0748e31247a096505b3ec65a4d9e	2014 Dumb and Dumber 2
58945fdcd124b70972ce7cc19115b8a06cd8f9f3	Interesting news
acd828ce191fb3330cd8968fa7a78bc3667034a8	Jim Carrey publications (34)
5718b0436fc592ea6210190bfe743ca48f961633	Movies of the Week: "The Voice of the Monster" with Felicity Jones and Sigourney Weaver, "Transformation" with Noomi Rapace and "The Pazmansky Devil"
3692a96d028b1c9dce90a2916753579edbd6cf2c	01.02.2017
1cb740e9f912fdbd8732e09e5f47edc0e23a8cef	Read more about the films that can be viewed at the Russian box office from February 2, in our review.
92cefbc9689430cd5d9a230df160a114f536cf05	The fairy tale series "Lemony Snicket: 33 misfortunes" with the star of the sitcom "How I met your Mother"is coming to the screens
5e12edcde7e1db99cadb954b6c5218d7c62f66c5	13.01.2017
0dd5df83f69fdfafb32493225783f9fb0c60963f	This is a story about three orphans who decided to take care of a treacherous villain.
a42f7c81facb74cc8e7d5896c28f49e5a773db54	Author: AlenaMak
d0e73607b99a5aa6ab33b8d9ac9f545609ea01b3	1 Chris Pratt admitted that he is ready to drink vodka for 90 years in a row
51304ed631a3031c05ae3877c2758e7b07e508e6	05.12.2016
194e607714a1d95107a2eb4f776c5e581565580a	The actor made unexpected statements during a press conference in Moscow.
4adc2f98b00a16a9480e8dca9c591fbed8fc473b	Best Comments / All Comments (13)
94cd09c5df735b3fc2129ca405a9985103566f61	February 10
3b2e1806cf014397c5311df2ae7c2f57187cd04f	Empire of Kesem": who played the main character better
5da56de4ba5a223795d89eda572a9d2925611bf7	The show "You are super!" of the NTV channel: the names of mentors are announced
deb3ab2df4987a58494862e4ddff36ce52e78c01	February 7
4ef4f270409bcaaab3386ec65f47703a4a0f7002	"Fifty Shades darker": the creators and actors talked about working on the film
3305772330577df49ce76bfe3c308203c547e8d4	January 23
119c42a2a3de55a8d44152a078358e25ac1c8d7b	Mikhail Porechenkov about filming in the TV series "One against all", friendship with the police and the way of life in his family
817cc79c2c51d05aa24d995ddab82f04a0ab89f1	Olga Sumskaya: "God forbid to be like my heroine in "Grechanka"!"
949c58d05c84427849ef16ebfda53579df672451	Class 3 Season
81881966041d5b0f32ac43230a54185ad9242b38	The third season of the British youth science fiction series, a spin off of Doctor Who.
8990d5265e08234799321b6ee354755919f8c4ac	Petrovich (2017)
842bd2ef079561d29952be7ab009f52018cfe53b	A two part action packed drama from the director of "Object 11" and "Craftsmen" Vsevolod Aravin.
4c6642cd7e89157b8757e661ab923ee79d9d2a6e	Andrey Bazhin
a6253314cc76eac6c2321862ee8f3d1d9a54c0ec	Andrey Bazhin is a Russian theater and film actor.
e1a56e885ff42825a8bfaf46bbbc1ad3d7e835b4	movies about gladiators movies about dinosaurs movies about tanks TV series about hotels
31fc7ab53ca97e81fa95dd3af2442d0eb4436c63	Jim Carrey, biography, news, photos find out everything!
12dfeae51a9242fef200387d3ae4791ddd89c9db	Name: Jim Carrey
261ed425c7d87464b836b3ce2634efbafd427e2a	Birthday: January 17, 1962 (55 years old)
dd4f0bb5978a6f43461f2a67cb6cf034322f6d02	Place of birth: Newmarket, Canada
a43df551c6c6bb809989d3baf14e32adc3900add	Weight: 85 kg
3572ecb1f4162781d667a38d3208163d7fde8726	Height: 187 cm
448f77ed2115fd92f3101c6c19e07df9bbe83b64	Eastern horoscope: Tiger
fee7e0c4a224d3f137b54225d4798b13f9e07184	Activity: Actor
b180dc00ed35bf6bee6ff10cd63e01e32d2bb669	Do you like Jim Carrey?
70dad96645f09cd0968c4ade94f048f2e12ecfca	Rating: [11]
bd75b5b32b63dd24fd5ce1dc5c418a83b3c7313b	Photo: Jim Carrey
d7398055e7c39e2cae3cbef4084619ef818930c3	Jim Carrey is the man who taught the whole world to laugh.
147804b43d11393a546548845f889456b5feeae9	His trademark antics have become a real hallmark of Hollywood, and also made the actor an idol of millions of people in various parts of the world.
cbbd92168487fb452b6b918483267faf559483c8	Jim Carrey is successful and recognizable.
c29478c76bdad3399b390f6bbfe62ed1898e88c9	Pictures with his participation have long been included in the golden fund of world cinema.
d54af86c2430e8015a3cd342f364e0478954d046	But do we know everything about our favorite actor?
e41948a6f21f74fbe9c9a300ba163a633c725dff	He made people laugh, but, as often happens, he did not laugh as often as it might seem from the outside.
1e76a22cd45a662c8907ec7c9b8b0b5e1460c0a3	After all, the life and fate of the famous comedian were not always sustained in the genre of comedy.
c421385c98729f23dbda40368d387e0c33d166f6	Jim Carrey's childhood and early youth
4d518bea44254278caac7f65cc74a5f6dd530ec5	His family was quite poor.
2ec0dd9d9d676261c975b7283a59bc66e614a948	The actor's mother was a housewife.
719b91ed430e13ef888520296f4aeeb72c8849f1	And my father, who cherished a lifelong dream of becoming a saxophonist, worked as an accountant to somehow feed a large family.
625b89d92aac4791abaa659e7bfea2cc504f8d92	Films with Jim Carrey are always successful
5b1b5fc20249986e955ebe2b2ac9fa5e36aec864	Looking ahead a little, we note that the future actor will have to change his place of study more than once.
71701aa834bcf3c4f3a42c87aeacc43cd30e0239	However, this was not the only problem of his childhood.
21288c6696c8261f59bdd1780b03b619f7d2f953	When Jim was fourteen, his father lost his job, and the whole family had to move to a small town called Scarborough.
eaa6651b2bdf53c25a421d32c0b550e7844e6615	Here, the actor's mother and father managed to find a job as a cleaner and a night watchman at a local factory.
e340fbbb7144a10f9579cd519c304e0ab83c067d	The children of the Kerry couple also had to work.
07e7b625a907fe3bb9ee090582b7ccddaff9e0e1	But such vicissitudes of fate to some extent made the artist only stronger.
b6daa93c63dd362070696beaa3d054c858043e15	The beginning of Jim Carrey's career in cinema and not only
d0fac6b52d8b0907dd3851051efe4797199be17c	From an early age, Jim Carrey was drawn to the big stage.
2ade1337a07f48cb3edc9ccfbba27de8459e277f	He parodied teachers, acquaintances, world celebrities.
8423b3cb4b8b77c47a02a3d5c8b8975d32d62201	However, the actor himself never really singled her out.
7c663ef8fe11d39eb8892c0efc9633d245af8875	Jim Carrey: Very Confident Gay
29964ca23c6f15cca341a1e5e1cc94026e860992	At the age of 11, with the support of his father, Jim began sending out his numbers to various comedy shows, but videotapes with his performances, as a rule, turned out to be unnoticed.
304628cfc3e252609b2f20048572372a99ca47c0	In 1977, fifteen year old Kerry, together with his father, wrote a comedy monologue, with which he made his debut on the stage of the famous Yak Yak club in Toronto.
e4d30bd44a6ea79f6cfd8492cb42effb4aefd8ee	But that performance was a failure.
f62b026db925eab579f2a6527ce0b45dde5a129b	This time, the stage for the artist was the Litrais Spivak club, where Kerry spent all his evenings.
b7750e1caf725959ef5b38e3ec7e71fa8fd819c4	His performances were a success, and in 1981, Jim became a real business card of this place.
4c00491621911ec38158d793038ae4f05bc5256e	On the wave of the first serious success, the artist moved to a club called "Comedy Store".
03007ed883e748da8a82a1ab7c43705450c01d56	It was here that Jim Carrey's performances were noticed by his future stage partner Rodney Dangerfield, who invited the young guy to perform "as an opening act"for him.
18c42205190da9ad81d0bbf0f848b8b6f1bb8bdb	This step became a new step to fame for the artist.
b153d11f6e51c208fe4e8a9ea1ff50df89a6045a	His name became known and recognizable in certain circles, and soon Kerry moved to Los Angeles and began performing solo.
93b1b2c3a26b6efd9184bbb420aa96b4505718b2	Fall and a new rise, Jim Carrey now
e6ed2794f01caa639a29a8555aa21b0e4fe66a07	Jim Carrey became depressed.
90e46fe463070ab00f68f5188ffc7641ef0d710f	But friends helped him to get out of a prolonged dive.
df6e1c2f18a1735ad5c450406e41e736d3dd56b9	Jim Carrey has had difficulties in his personal life
6a7a926f55157a19184d24ac13b864bee9f2a9f7	One of them was director Tom Shediak, who did not hesitate to invite a fading parodist to play the role of an eccentric detective named Ace Ventura in his new film.
d3d9c3e1b80bcaf5384e7896c2eb2005c0dd446a	Despite the small budget and the skeptical mood of most producers, the film turned out to be very successful.
b347154006a9cb67262aa2c3129519aa3445c915	This was followed by roles in other popular comedies – "Dumb and dumber", "The Mask", "Liar, Liar", as well as more serious films – "Batman Forever", "Man on the Moon", "The Truman Show".
6e1729c404464719bb5e8fbe3045b2106349a8a6	Jim Carrey has become one of the most popular actors in North America.
15ef642ed977566a9ebb5f72e7dac571050dc870	His roles were awarded dozens of various awards, including the Berlinale Prize and two Golden Globes.
88f41589d0787b82ca3892ba916e85ad2e4e0e2f	In 2003, already in the rank of an established Hollywood star, Jim Carrey made a number of attempts to break the comic role and go beyond the traditional genre for him, starring in the dramatic films "Eternal Sunshine of the Pure Mind", "I love you, Phillip Morris", as well as in the psychological thriller"Fatal number 23".
f80429ef7659577c3f9d97545d8beb5c578dfd72	For his outstanding services to world cinema, Jim Carrey was awarded a star on the Canadian Walk of Fame, as well as his own figure in the Madame Tussauds museum.
9676afb0eb6484c7127381ed02ee0ab8fca1e7ce	The seal of his palm is also on Hollywood Boulevard.
a9eb9376efb94af846b4098d20a07a38853e19d2	Ten of his works brought Jim Carrey a fee of more than $ 10 million.
4d4fff9993944c125a28f8963353edd83e20424a	Personal life of Jim Carrey
af7009bade6e1c0912a99077a1bb4e28bf83eab9	In her interviews, the actor's first wife repeatedly called him a jerk and said that living with him is the same as living with Mickey Mouse.
0ebe5116280b816f00200ac6d5a75ef296367fe3	However, Jim did not stay alone for long.
7e32286b6da4be3f710e36f95f151d83edc79699	The new girlfriend of the actor was a young Renee Zellweger, who was later replaced by the Playboy model Anin Bing.
9747e819746577971900dfbb78694a7f62703982	In 1996, the artist remarried.
a030fe419c6575e43b3783f1ed2b94f1d4d2a247	This time, the wife of Jim Carrey was the actress Lauren Hawley, known for her role in the film "Dumb and Dumber", but their marriage lasted only 10 months.
60239e6a30c9d5bf048067660f0fec512a1b1e87	Jim Carrey was married several times
6799bf4fb892a17ac40053fc8eeed5bbd31c861b	This was followed by a long term relationship with model and actress Jenny McCarthy.
d43008ebaea3ba5686c7515ae2782d01803aa2e4	The lovers were together for five years, but still broke up for unexplained circumstances.
5f24cd2a394b0cffc1411b23666176cf8f917b0d	The last chosen one of Jim Carrey was a Russian student Anastasia Vitkina.
ca7c41019271a41a4601588ef52a9ec0df54cbe0	In mid 2012, the actor said that he was thinking about getting married again.
585a8c3ecfb721634cd2eebd0f0d7226e3ffe85f	Jim Carrey latest news and articles 2017
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8887776dde86b9359dd58cf2eedee82d93597f4a	Russia is the birthplace of Hollywood celebrity lookalikes
2f3dc05046b8fa682963910ee4cc9eec350c86f8	the 20 best positive characters of foreign films
db8090f3e16a45f04187026c0576520150a9547e	The 20 best male duets in Hollywood
2ddec5eb29503cf87bafd3a370715952d385e587	Why did Volochkova never marry Jim Carrey?
8aa161990e7754ca04be11d2237c8cd86aa69df4	Kerry commented on the suicide of his girlfriend
201c866269ffe812847c272830dd201665d0cb40	Jim Carrey's ex girlfriend killed herself
3bcfd4de0cffbb3c6dff3597a9744d973508ae26	Irina Allegrova
a3318e0219973c6c1f4caa5db3ba3a15cc3518a6	Svetlana Razina
2201871e7a8b8f2a1c470636892fc9cf09d3954f	Dolph Lundgren
4a9acf30fbefca551c9f7419300997426868a9dc	Evgeny Sidikhin
3010a13650cba05219613a7c54e39e9ea0812353	Alexander Klyukvin
7205ffe9a29408d3fb5ee4a550c0911c6e3354fc	Maria Anikanova
c32011ea50ec4c2ef4a8039376e9819d1fd77c75	Name:Jim Carrey
18ab64a814a6fd55aeed13747e9513d8d8a0398b	Date of birth: January 17, 1962
543063ef5ea7978b29c775f1f9888376ff62fc6d	Age: 55 years
fb484f2da27424e2923b54722519bf227068d61f	Place of birth: Newmarket
2bc09dc7ace3b6f0144d99aa278df1d4ba93dd85	Height: 187
f952355349cf0b3e96fbbf13126345b6beb7d829	Activity: actor, comedian
cb6f0e583c7a9bb6dc20b58c8f4f0ca5b9175777	Marital status: not married
bccf1d4ea94a7b2d4787543db610f17bd9c99fb1	Jim Carrey: a biography
162afba0585a2064251480fd77098cb88474fbfa	Actor Jim Carrey is rightfully considered one of the best comedians of our time.
30069dfa5f8900f8e06e526c2bfe1562182dc629	He has occupied a unique niche in Hollywood and for many years pleases the audience with his funny roles, which are especially spectacular given by the indescribable facial expressions and plasticity of the artist.
8a8333a9cb24ca848138906a2fff39d624ffd436	But despite the constant humor in the movies, Kerry's life can hardly be called fun and easy.
7040a5bacad13ace29a8299f14fad24dcfc9890d	His path to celebrity was thorny and full of pitfalls, which the movie star passed with dignity.
62e399412eb5fd9e85bb5b738f685029515d02a1	The actor's family lived poorly, but the boy learned about the real problems with money at the age of 14.
972362f31b7f2407ad7ef0654fccf4a705d93f97	The audience actually booed the future Hollywood star.
36490ec4d4693813f1c79ec7a2a9a4d6b0299660	This was the last straw for Jim, and he stopped performing, withdrawing into himself.
ae7b49e085107b2e810bf989237d2fd4ebc944b3	He also finally ventured back on the stage in the same club, which he left in disgrace a few years ago. But this time the audience was more favorable to the young talent.
d77fc23a37dcd6d12efb70a06a72f3a0deacb064	So Kerry ended up in Los Angeles, where he began working in the Comedy Shop humor club and actively attended all the auditions available to him.
fcebed4197f4ab85de6c8291948f9049dcf6dea9	Jim Carrey: Movies Kerry's debut on television took place in the humorous stand up show "An Evening at the Improv" in 1982.
4f1cb8d6c06706f23f6be944f0490ff2b0e2c3f2	Some time later, Jim was invited to the late night talk show "The Tonight Show".
ca31cd7f80018c59bc9128b4b860ffbf899d2027	But the future actor dreamed of a "big meter" and participation in full fledged films.
302a9291f8f0a304243396e7bcf6559e83bdd447	Both films were low budget and were released for home viewing.
5c827023285e907f1dfea5eaa3e9b94eee7ef55f	In 1984, the artist was invited to the children's animated sitcom "Duck Factory", which was closed a month later But during its short existence, the show managed to give Jim a lot of useful acquaintances and draw the attention of not the last directors in Hollywood to him.
4a8be04166c0a3c9da8f218b4a268a084cde5dcb	The real success and the first world fame came to Kerry after his participation in the comedy "Ace Ventura: The Search for pets" in 1993.
5fba9dce96332ecb2b2b51c74a56ba00342089fa	Subsequent films with Jim's participation could not leave even critics indifferent: the films "Mask" and "Dumb even dumber" became world hits, giving huge fame and love to a rising Hollywood star.
14821b67346014bf65b8e76e5e49d9d6254810e4	Kerry's buffoonery turned out to be more than appropriate in the film "The Mask", where his main character from time to time turns into the green faced god Loki.
e9d97a60e52a0e3439c4e58e6646ede933cfe816	No less successful role of the actor was the character Fletcher Reed from the film "Liar, liar", released in 1997.
7a99ce0d4d6b0dd1bae5f565c826b4ded8d144c0	For the sake of this role, Jim refused another equally interesting film "Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery".
89ccc4bb6e9d860735f109bc751e554e1fe397a7	Curiously, this was the first picture where the audience could see the real hair color of their favorite actor, before that, Kerry was shot either in wigs with unthinkable hairstyles, or with wild flower hair.
c1206dce45d7b0654aab71106aa76818922643ce	The film earned him a second Golden Globe nomination and another award from the MTV channel.
b352f8b707783c3e261a107e9717a986e4e288a8	Kerry achieved great fame as a comedian.
92b636b1d4c45744cadcadadd7a51c4042aaf93d	Most of the roles played by him have a humorous subtext.
6d439717a7422de1fde230071aa4e52ece45f698	In 2007, Jim decided to experiment and took part in Joel Schumacher's mystical thriller "The Fatal number 23".
cff79e07f61a173dc4589306dc115e6ef0c8b901	Alas, but critics again absolutely did not appreciate the actor's performance and nominated him for the Golden Raspberry.
30cedd0a37c876a6591f754da24727a8ff77b01a	Another atypical role for Jim was the role in the drama "I love you, Phillip Morris", where he played Stephen Russell, a guy with a non traditional orientation.
ea0a93f882bff648f23ada3a0eebf37934afcabb	There were a lot of problems with the film, because of the very frank scenes, it was refused to be shown in cinemas for a long time, but still it was released in 2010.
2cbc8f0d7b8b05b27abc10dc2af2bd15599caa36	Fans and critics reacted to the film rather coolly, and Kerry returned to shooting comedies again.
6dec5b86a325300d85eccfd4baf462ea6eedaeae	Jim Carrey: Personal life In 1983, Kerry dated singer Linda Ronstadt for about 8 months, but their relationship did not work out, and they broke up.
12957e67cccb22f471ef9c3e52358dfa5af7b194	In 1987, the actor met, and later proposed to the former actress and waitress of the "Comedy Store" Melissa Womer.
b3e2b5627d02c98a3d7e111b95657d82296ef6d6	In September of the same year, the couple had a daughter, Jane Erin.
1344d77ee48c816ee1ccc8635da1c1dcb78fb3ec	Unfortunately, the couple's relationship was not always smooth and was often accompanied by serious quarrels, which in 1995 led to a divorce.
f05f5107d250dbc159c79bc6e40f69c0725efc1b	Kerry had to pay her ex wife $ 7 million in compensation.
1ed88338e9f8f26b46a0f8105574e0e436a0e374	His chosen one was the actress Lauren Holly, but this marriage turned out to be short lived: after 10 months they divorced.
88a6075e5b73b1b3097c16def405691de5d6e96a	Jim Carrey: filmography Once Bitten Ace Ventura: The Search for Pets Dumb and Dumber Mask Batman Forever Liar, Liar Grinch the Thief of Christmas Eternal Sunshine of the Pure Mind Always Say Yes Mr. Popper's Penguins
5ca370ef4267da68fee284f0235d0128adfbe975	Jim Carrey: photos
8709bd38279df954cdcdba7702d834c34ff039c2	15 photos: Jim Carrey →
c2ab3ebd1e0d0abd89ebe3da9c1d6e58d2b1b879	Jim Carrey: the latest news
163165f5211658fe406bc8086f03d22ecb3487aa	January 17 Jim Carrey celebrates the 55th anniversary of the best comedian of our time
7ccdefa77251ff46a89edcadc254e02e33a361c7	January 17, 2017 marks the 55th anniversary of the best comedian of our time, Jim Carrey.
8f691c737c41aec5154f86b0acbae496c0ced420	It has been occupied by unikal for almost 40 years...
93721e215d1afb16470344c4f2d4e9e231ddca95	Anatoly Papanov
335d5e1db5da5cd9bc269e36f351cf0f33cc8f69	Anatolij Papanov
eae04b2f8161d44d2a2a6880b2014a09472c9705	Sergey Makhovikov
4a1b00514d0ec0c81f633ac44a0287c8a0718232	Sergei Mahovikov
90d1e861e3a179379b5de8d7c703046a9451f741	Svetlana Svetlichnaya
59874f955a2db97a23a3f378f9aef9a700ce502b	Anne Hathaway
0f8b4ef8789ad1ad7e822b088a98fc96a1b658fe	Anne Jacqueline Hathaway
374b8576ef455ad00e70975fb17f9c753dde281a	Evgenia Dobrovolskaya
be262b678104b630f734d2b8fc2b981515e991b5	Evgeniya Dobrovolskaya
fe70eae4c1522f1722fdcb12ba664b5dc6587a71	11.0211 February 15: 02 GMT
887ed16c0b562b21ba06b929bb410231e2127f59	USD58.85-0.18 EUR62.68-0.34
9e73f3ffa8a318f59c7a90df840a56f158912bcc	The main aggravation of the situation in Avdiivka is the unintentional strike of the VKS on the Turkish military The war in Syria The murder of the commander of the DPR militia Givi The scandal around the film "Matilda" The explosion at the nuclear power plant in France Oil prices Sanctions against Russia The dynamics of exchange rates
94fbf07c1dbe400e2b774568aa77cf4c23d553fe	Biography of Jim Carrey 02:1417.01.2017 (updated: 12: 21 17.01.2017) 011520
28b69a6d1944a973a26cd1c1f6d9db0548246aba	© AP Photo/ Evan Agostini
903df8080ac8f7515e88c1ebd1204efbebbee378	American actor of Canadian origin Jim Carrey (Jim Carrey), full name James Eugene Carrey (James Eugene Carrey), was born on January 17, 1962 in Newmarket, Ontario, Canada.
e0fb128b88150124efe470bce3b6fe463f76e84c	He was the youngest of four children of Kathleen and Percy Kerry.
5f666189845992f42a1b788c68eed7606f7adbd1	His father, a saxophonist, was forced to work as an accountant to feed a large family.
44a74534418a2809e75cb33e7c9d5aefb5d80fa6	Jim went to the Blessed Trinity School.
37087188b1607727e2ff5d96cab16adb63d70930	After his father lost his job, the family moved to Scarborough, an area of the eastern part of Toronto, where the whole family had to get a job as cleaners and night watchmen at the local Titan Wheels factory.
50d80cbc8eecff3424d8351febaeff0c85515d6e	Jim worked for eight hours and studied at school at the same time.
e766b88e66b442b90fa7c831af2f126d68486406	As a comedian, he made his debut at the Yak Yak Club in Toronto.
d6ab12499eb3291a1f3723c21716e68f23cc0fba	In 1979, Kerry moved to Los Angeles, where he was hired at the Comedy Store Theater.
b4877c7d05b9d4b73e55013a43bff7ecb81fb411	He participated in comedy TV shows and took acting lessons.
3ceca958acd1d7e53e215f7fc2f5cea3feded7ae	The inimitable crook Jim Carrey
775c49e86c035fbeef7948e64f79e5a52e964e4f	© Morgan Creek Productions (1993)
a8f8a6f094e8ff66ecd69c3d0ce06cc908788400	The real success and the first world fame for Jim Carrey was brought by the film "Ace Ventura: The Search for Pets", released in 1993.
adb0befcbb3f42aeea48db40f42affe8fa2f5af4	The picture was very popular with the audience, the box office receipts largely exceeded the budget.
8f4d48df13dfbbe84a1c1b6a77399bc16dd2f11b	© AFP 2017/ Mehdi Taamallah
c6c842fab4eeac5c39ca99316b5ce440cb319591	James Eugene" Jim " Kerry was born on January 17, 1962 in Newmarket, Ontario, Canada.
0ec43cf50c7717c04cb3e11b36ed3299201e464d	His mother, a former singer, was forced to devote herself to the house and raising children.
5e0efe72c1c9bf68cd96e76f79bebf98481ced5b	And my father worked as an accountant, cherishing the dream of becoming a saxophonist.
77fe97e7532d01af1500bafbe2e3227dff25a94e	© Pit Bull Productions (2003)
11ee8ccb67253df55ebdb28d4a9c60b470416e7a	In 2003, the film "Bruce Almighty" was released, where Kerry played a reporter Bruce Nolan, whom God gave his power.
ed4cf5d4e14aafd0e3d535d9f533f01c64b417c0	Thanks to this role, he was nominated for the MTV Award for Best Comedic Actor and for best Kiss (with Jennifer Aniston).
754f4609a3c7fda16bbc01608aba1f6e50feaff2	© 20th Century Fox Film Corporation (2011)
3d616e193245d3d8fc314139569b75eeae303d7e	In 2011, another comedy with the participation of Jim Carrey was released called "Mr. Popper's Penguins", in which the actor played the role of businessman Tom Popper, who became the owner of six penguins.
10fdf0bcfb835b439ba7f901097040df2f1fd740	© Dark Horse Entertainment (1994)
71e6ab6e76638b7be216fb9cb2a5645a6a1244da	The famous film "The Mask" starring Jim Carrey, released in 1994, became a worldwide hit and gave the rising star of Hollywood great fame.
20e653c5d32a367507be9be9e14ddf74dfcf775d	Kerry's partner on the set was Cameron Diaz, for whom this role was her debut.
450af072cae512f0f6bca4a34a94649d27e16377	© Paramount Pictures (1998)
cbc86bc96db785e97cf7d4010c25ea076bbb827e	In 1998, Jim Carrey starred in the film"The Truman Show".
9956c37c60c9d146004978ab4c2fe8ad580d1d27	The role of Truman Burbank was his first tragic role.
c3efc92049cae25d181ba9924f3d1ebc98713c74	Critics praised this work.
7a0b1f4dfd8d53b708d8ca34a90eb5afcbc49ae7	The picture collected more than $260 million, and Kerry received $12 million.
df6c5649e49a50dc2b1ceed6ce3d111e7d785a1a	© Focus Features (2004)
76ea042408582fe3c6dbfb3642727bd47fed059b	In 2004, Jim Carrey starred in the fantastic melodrama "Eternal Sunshine of the Pure Mind".
51603da3e2c38109034a45db1515b517b388de2b	His partner on the set in the film was Kate Winslet.
cecd84bbec267f89fb24806c381f5e1a5565351f	Despite the problems with adapting the script, the actors were allowed to improvise.
8ceb24a84ac407699ada4a7ea7ab742b7e4bf13b	© Contrafilm (2007)
0103bb20dba00e0631fb5fc5144def99f86086bf	In 2007, Jim Carrey decided to move away from the usual role of a comedian and starred in the detective thriller "The Fatal number 23".
20465e9092a710d3f89384a0d22a97b2feab28e3	His partner on the set was actress Virginia Madsen.
584deb43017aa591933818f127ddef06b594732f	© Imagine Entertainment (1997)
de65b7940f5f6491d7343929a2c1be4e8cb07cd4	Jim Carrey's work in the film "Liar, Liar", released in 1997, was very successful.
de7a70ae64ebdb7998a5c9c3d566acc27e08392c	This film brought the actor a Golden Globe nomination and another award from the MTV channel.
484fa669b674b76561b5d646626d4e9c57760f00	© Heyday Films (2008)
7d9728ac65aed8696639304399c3b2409a5d04a8	Another bright comedy starring Jim Carrey is "Always Say Yes", which was released in 2008.
4324a1ec5cb2a6b97bafdf10623c251afd6c3214	His main partner in the film was Zooey Deschanel.
cf0b17cf92abb51df661794ab29fca735618a3d3	© AP Photo/ Matt Sayles
f04a35f7f33f43d3fc3163398c38f5905a67a04c	Actor Jim Carrey at the 24th annual Kids ' Choice Awards in Los Angeles, April 2, 2011.
b56f95627b2d942b89284cf5cb14dca31e5af081	© AP Photo/ Laura Rauch
dffedd1b045d5c18b87aefc5239e93b3500c8b8c	Actor Jim Carrey and film director and screenwriter Blake Edwards at the Academy Awards, February 29, 2004.
414fef3a6e8b776c535f79e27297d5d9a5dd5a15	© AP Photo/ Richard Shotwell
02c4663d8bafcf7c9e7be6cafe6ea5e44d312dd7	Jim Carrey is called one of the best modern comedy artists.
23a45adc007522e3fb01728e7c1481a570cd9242	Occupying a unique niche in Hollywood, he has been pleasing the audience for many years with his inimitable game, which is given special entertainment by his plastic and facial expressions.
3accda18b1953873b46bfd4aca612e3a6590b64e	© AFP 2017/ Mandel Ngan
165985a962888932eb812f303748f4f3885d15ed	From 2005 to 2010, Jim Carrey met with actress and fashion model Jenny McCarthy, who, like him, is an activist of the organization "Help for Generations".
5f67d81db8cbba6c446ccceba9368b0950a709bf	In 2011, Jim Carrey received the Spike TV Guys Choice Awards.
5dbc357f650a41883d561dc623cae00dfda65b4c	He was awarded a special award called "The Funniest Motherfucker" (Funniest Motherf ker).
008a59d79b42d7d9c04dc10b614b42bfa5ef8600	The trophy of honor was a gilded deer antlers.
6bfedb6c891099bab9c72cce620403c2fa7f5cf7	The film "Bruce Almighty", in which Jim Carrey starred with Morgan Freeman, became not only the highest grossing film of Carrey (the actor received $25 million for it), but also one of the highest grossing comedies – the film's collections amounted to $484 million.
7151aaf62dfd9ac5671caba0a9972bd48ff9c247	In total, the actor has more than 200 films on his account, the most famous of which are also "Dumb and Dumber" (1994), "Batman Forever" (1995)," Man on the Moon "(1999)," Me, Me and Irene Again " (2000).
b772071af5b744b6eb2f3f73d08a1c9484f50819	The film "The Truman Show" starring Jim Carrey won three British Academy Awards, three Golden Globe Awards, including for Best Actor in a drama (Kerry's first Globe).
d42ab89bafd7fb1befca6e7c4c1d9a0a97498f77	He also won the MTV Award for Best Actor.
fe8283fa4f7af8018bb9e15c774abb440fa59156	Jim Carrey associated his character, a shy bank employee Stanley Ipkis, in the film "The Mask" with his father Percy.
6f3188582e3c1e8fa26d9b522bc691ca584642bf	And the bright costume in which his character Mask sported, the actor created in the image of a costume created by his mother Kathleen.
fa87cd7f5f5733ad05a15d6c4a17df64d920ac24	Thanks to the popular picture "Ace Ventura: The Search for Pets", Jim Carrey received his first MTV Movie Awards award.
e75b19af158903efeaa5e4102ffbf0b456ea6dde	However, critics did not like the film, and they awarded Kerry the Golden Raspberry as the worst new star.
eda56fae03c749ec67e6d9f0cd0708a4fbb27e0b	© BenderSpink (2013)
574ae0025707fde9ea0b24d79340e943884c94cc	In 2013, the film "The Incredible Burt Wonderstone" was released, in which Jim Carrey played the antagonist Steve Gray, a street magician.
a52c0974e8fed98f0e172a6cdc8492e563f06399	The prototype of Gray was the illusionist Criss Angel, who acted as a consultant during the filming.
d6ff2dd3e54f56f63947de6078160a2e1a1a24eb	Soon he was invited to minor roles in television series and films.
c5466b1d65e63fb27a4bc9b4a21d6af940eaec69	It was a melodrama by Francis Ford Coppola "Peggy Sue is going to get married" (Peggy Sue Got Married, 1986).
648c07f2724fb46d68e0f997bf824f9cf423837b	After that, he began to act more or less regularly as a supporting actor, in 1991 he began to host his comic show "The Unnatural Act of Jim Carrey"on television.
7f772d3429391c746e34592b2c55fc0dfc706940	Notable in the cinema was his role in the comedy "Earth girls are easy" (Earth Girls Are Easy, 1988).
2fa919aeeecadb4afec9dd84e48998310ad746d1	The success of the actor was brought by the main role in the film " Ace Ventura: search for pets" (Ace Ventura: Pet Detective, 1993).
5e87163d986715c7ccad6dc628eee80193fea82c	After starring in the fantastic comedy "Mask" (Mask, 1994), Jim Carrey became one of the highest paid actors in Hollywood.
64fef74c34adeaaa076a664239beb4826c574e0e	Films with his participation "Dumb and Dumber" (Dumb & Dumber, 1994), "Batman Forever" (Batman Forever, 1995) to a certain extent exploited the established cliches.
d090105a6f1a98c08371def2ed4809e378f03b8d	Having received $ 20 million for participating in the film "Cable Guy" (1996), the actor somewhat changed himself by playing a tragicomic role, which caused a drop in fees.
e26413e606226b5080757133df51328930262bbd	The restoration of prestige and even more significant box office receipts was provided by a new tape with his participation "Liar, Liar" (Liar Liar, 1997), which was rather poorly evaluated by critics.
7f2a2afdeb353f506dea104df6c0dec93b4ffaa8	In 1998, Jim Carrey starred in the drama "The Truman Show" (Truman Show), where he created the image of a morally pure person confronting the crowd.
45474ea60598cc7d7b4ccf03503d8a9d3ff9c385	No less successful was the role of the famous comedian Andy Kaufman in Milos Forman's film " Man on the Moon "(Man on the Moon, 1999).
c8e2dd50201a4cdcbb83dec45469cae8ed55c3a0	For his roles in these films, the actor received two Golden Globes.
14208a8b047e3ad92dab2454e54ead2489bc2254	In 2000, he played the anti hero Grinch in the family film "How the Grinch Stole Christmas" (How the Grinch Stole Christmas).
24786ae6290f412c6b75f64068bcd542f23656af	The actor played successful roles in the comedy films "Bruce Almighty" (Bruce Almighty, 2003), "Always say YES "(Yes Man, 2008) and" Mr. Popper's Penguins "(2011).
b30f4d62b82c316a91d02a65ae9c618b0cdee1c2	Critics noted his role in the drama "Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind" (2004) by Michel Gondry.
8802e5e1dd8d05b04cfd534ce4476957d793a4ee	The film won two BAFTA Awards and a Screenwriters Guild of America Award.
093364e33ae1d21cc919c780304f26be0a44244d	Jim Carrey was one of the screenwriters of the films "In Living Color" (1990) and "Ace Ventura: Search for Pets" (1993).
e7b5ac24223796cbe092a7211258962f400a9852	He wrote the music for the movie "The Grinch the Thief of Christmas".
036b2eee10d0ab24462b2fdc6a6c73132b9b7323	As a producer, Kerry performed in the films "Bruce Almighty" (2003), " Scammers: Dick and Jane are having Fun" (2005) and " Always Say YES "(2008).
88d1ccf5282cf605462ef73e08d31e8bea4db312	Jim Carrey was awarded the Golden Globe Awards (1999, 2000), MTV Movie Awards (1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2006, 2009) et al.
32877c0da096d1b5fb5b45fc85418b61f6ee3cd2	In October 2004, he became a US citizen.
fc59a7df88fe4c215c1a8b0c5e034be205b4cefe	The actor was married twice.
3c4c51d4ec15734b3ded62aeafdff9908315dd70	From his first marriage to Melissa Wormer, Kerry has a daughter, Jane.
0f9dea17a45667f6aaad6029a08c8dc7423a4388	His second marriage to actress Lauren Holly lasted less than a year.
6f71f1b47cdaeedb2727cd91b28654b501195e90	Biography of Jim Carrey 02:14 17/01/2017 Read more "
748d1daf6eb71938eb95ca5e4453275384c0a77c	References #Jim Carrey #Canada
7533a6720f0032b0149e45ddc2fdecbb7923b90c	does not match the topics page; promotes hatred and discrimination on racial, ethnic, sexual, religious, social grounds, infringe upon the rights of minorities; violates the rights of minors, causing them harm in any form; contains ideas of extremist and terrorist nature, calls for violent change of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation; contains insults, threats to other users, individuals or specific organizations, denigrates the honor and dignity or undermines their reputation; contains insults or messages expressing disrespect to the MIA "Russia today" or employees of the Agency; violates the privacy, distributes personal data of third parties without their consent, disclose the secrecy of correspondence; contains references scenes of violence, cruelty to animals; contains information about methods of suicide, incites to suicide; pursues commercial objectives, contains improper advertising, unlawful political advertisement or links to other online resources containing such information; is obscene or contains profanity and its derivatives, as well as hints of the use of lexical items falling within this definition; contains spam, advertises spamming, services, mass mailing of messages and resources for earnings in the Internet. promotes the use of narcotic/psychotropic drugs, provides information on their production and use; contains links to viruses and malicious software; this is part of the action, in which large volumes of comments with identical or similar content ("flash mob"); the author abuses the writing of a large number of incoherent or irrelevant messages or meaning of the text is difficult or impossible to catch ("flood"); the author of the network violates etiquette, exhibiting form of aggressive, humiliating or abusive behavior ("trolling"); the author shows disrespect to the Russian language, the text is written in Russian using the Latin alphabet entirely or predominantly written in z capitalized or not divided into sentences.
eaf8cbc9117565b765da815feb736f2313a32a99	Ancient Greece, Hellas — an ancient Greek civilization in the south-east of Europe, the highest flowering of which occurred in the V-IV centuries BC -a period that received the name of the classical in its history.
5a2941f3bfce4ead1fff85de6af4cddaaa9d95ca	The modern world owes a lot to ancient Greece.
ccf22f0bdb98eb197bb001690d5da431aabd72d1	This relatively small state has had a huge impact on the development of all areas of human life.
37e8a63fd956d6a014395778e75c28d8e118baaa	Take, for example, myths that are a reflection of a person's life, both at that time and today.
6c7ffa2e5c6b0a7684119766e9887cdd2a304477	Ideas about the world – about man, medicine, politics, art, literature - were born on a global scale in Greece.
b96caeeac5f3870f753d09a57f28651da32edafb	This state was located in the south of the Balkan Peninsula and on the islands of the Aegean Sea.
5671cf7e60793d7dd02602937cef3529db8459c9	Accordingly, such a relatively small territory housed a small number of people, but, as Alexander the Great said, " One Greek is worth a thousand barbarians."
3cf736cdbd154a8270a61639b8b2d91c13a9fd52	The territory of Ancient Greece is conventionally divided into three parts: Southern, Middle and Northern.
e49c3ed077cb3c3fab821687cbb8697af057d382	In the southern part was located Laconic, better known as Sparta.
2022292bbcb9d3e9d631f6b58419a51893149175	Athens – the main city of Greece, was located in the Middle part of the state, along with such areas as Attica, Aetolia and Phocis.
860fa0ccf5ed6fbe5123c4f5a8ef7450c727c9f9	This part was separated from the Northern part by almost impassable mountains and separated Athens and Thessaly, which today is a major historical center in itself.
3a2eeaa94cc0eda31f0891d526f74d8c4d5e883b	The population of ancient Greece can be judged by numerous examples of art that have been preserved almost in its original form - these are sculptures, frescoes and elements of painting.
65497cc7efcb0345c5209bfe6bcbd4d6770af13e	In any museum in the world you will find a hall of ancient Greek art, where you will see many images of tall, slender people with an ideal physique, with light skin and dark curly hair.
a55a58abbebc17d917ed145a6bab2cf2c90f73e6	Ancient historians call them Pelasgians – a people who inhabited the islands of the Aegean Sea in the III millennium BC.
de9a49f42feb2d8204cfcaf8c6634a546946250a	Despite the fact that their occupations were no different from those of other ancient peoples and included cattle breeding and agriculture, it should be noted that their land was difficult to cultivate and required the use of special skills.
00f5be4bae3efbc20f2b5cad793744485a7c64ac	All ancient Eastern civilizations, with all their diversity, are more or less of the same type and in their most essential features and features somehow repeat each other.
cfdfdd6cf4bc036d50d90e95fdcae9aa96f2cf57	Only the Greek civilization is not like anyone else and does not repeat anyone.
c9175bbbff4f797d9ba08e016f08954e15532b99	In just five or six centuries (from the middle of the 8th to the middle of the 3rd centuries BC), the Greeks did as much as no other people did.
df2811972dd7543b220393bc50a9d4555f47de69	In just three centuries, they have made a tremendous leap from barbarism to civilization.
4655add6a59efbdd8c9d75973d2032e7b257753c	The pace of cultural development of Greece has no analogies in ancient history at all.
4d6ad42bb1a9a624efb972ad96f82c66b1ef0fe6	The Greeks were the discoverers, but at the same time the teachers of the European and Asian peoples for the next centuries.
5d98db1007d11f840fe8c4c776f5670d945138aa	The civilization of the Greeks was the first and only one that focused primarily on man.
2c748e56429fd3bb316dec3bc1966e3eed1543be	It was in Greece that a person first realized himself as a free and unique person.
0ae36407fb7e65c3574797ed45625b2d70b6b5cb	The level of personal freedom of the Hellenes turned out to be unattainable for all other peoples of antiquity.
68cdf7b20d26e7f3783c9ecffb01641529b65135	With rare exceptions (Sparta) in Greece, there is no universal suppression of the interests of the individual for the sake of the interests of the state, which is so characteristic of the countries of the East, most often embodied in the figure of a despotic king.
65ebb7a3a6a682e38e3306fd96001132cc4361ee	The state did not interfere unceremoniously in personal life, there was no total control of the priesthood over the mood and behavior of a single person, which was a distinctive feature of the political regimes and religious life of the Ancient East.
43c19a4f2df1d01c4ae17f84dfb02dbeb1cbc87f	The technological basis of Greek civilization has always been primitive manual labor.
823da3e63990561d2f9ed24bc62354f5fdf48065	The basis of the city's prosperity has always been agriculture, primarily agriculture.
e806130ab28cf3350c74343f1db3bd086af7a993	It is still a mystery why no myths or legends related to this migration have been preserved.The Greeks remembered only that it took place in two waves: the first – the Achaeans, the second – the Dorian tribes.
cad79671385572525e266d2756804742b4e45fa2	The tribes that came to the Balkans displaced or assimilated the local population.
bf4381903c0832c584bfb7c79fbd2e74526f9007	The real history of Greece 3-2 thousand BC is unknown to us.
57324ab252c6eb9fe657d084727b1f314fe4abe2	The discoverer of the Minoan culture, A. Evans, formed it on behalf of the mythical Cretan king Minos.
af049dd2e44a19301477dfc77c5f2a124d61acc5	The Mycenaean states were small.
75cae0b265c7ad2269fee502296d9da47953c89e	Pylos, for example, is 80 km from north to south and about 50 km from west to east.
58a1fefe05962c5cf50491f02143ae51f6031156	The greatest fame in history thanks to Homer was acquired by the son of Atreus - Agamemnon.
5ee49e41aaff7ada348d42e595b88596621a2ade	(His brother Menelaus married the Spartan princess Elena).
b645a1c08effbd10f6338c89a34ac4492c914845	The oldest human sites on the territory of Greece belong to the Middle Paleolithic period (100-40 thousand years ago).
8de297a558ef3544be4103e917c99de60b53c5f9	The skull of a Neanderthal man found on the Halkidiki peninsula dates back to this time.
fc015dc645e81309411c1cde2fae2f80b78443e6	During the Neolithic period (the middle of the seventh millennium BC — about 2800 BC), agriculture and cattle breeding were mastered, the population of the southern Balkans switched to a sedentary lifestyle, the tribal system fully developed.
fd77d3fd623da5778f9aefbcdcf6336c835c15ec	In the Neolithic period, Greece's connections with the northern part of the Balkan Peninsula, the coast of Asia Minor and Syria were noted.
f7aed4b53d03c472fecf74b5328a4d3b0c14d1e8	The Bronze Age in the history of Ancient Greece covers the period from the 28th to the 12th centuries BC.
ef9471ccc156df7d09336b6140efe7c246a1a8ae	The culture of the Bronze Age is conventionally called the Cretan Mycenaean culture (Aegean culture).
112de7fc128cea8a8eaf27a6bb6338d8036c3be8	Chronologically, they are divided into the early, middle, and late periods of the Creto-Mycenaean culture.
ae34bf17b181b810f39bb807869a68cf2452d2ec	There are also local variants: the culture of Crete was called the Minoan culture, mainland Greece-the Helladic culture, the islands of the Aegean Sea — the Cycladic culture.
29bf1bda1676cf2d845d484a50a1e7b71eb03af0	The period of the early Bronze Age (28-21 centuries BC) is marked by the advanced development of the islands of the Aegean Sea.
a4982498d9d08e5987f1926d0d3de28937154a86	By the middle of the third millennium BC, mining of silver, lead, copper was developed on Syros, Paros, Melos, Kitnos, Amorgos; production of metal utensils, weapons, tools, jewelry, ritual things; progress in pottery and construction was noted.
38bdc127f20b7603dca3a4da0171861e6c3932fe	In the second half of the third millennium BC, maritime relations covered the entire coast of the Aegean Sea, the first cities appeared: Poliochni on the island of Lemnos, Ayios Kozmas in Attica.
4999f1a0b545a3e6848228f6fd9c74a9aeaa6d15	A fortified settlement with a palace ("House of Tiles") on a hilltop in Lerna in Argolis shows that already at that time a tribal nobility was revealed on the coast of Southern Greece, but in the rest of mainland Greece the tribal system remained in full force.
69519eeb01e0f4053a30b40e25a13c707b3db7e1	Between 2200-2000, Greece experienced a wave of migrations, the newcomers destroyed a number of thriving centers on the islands and the mainland.
0dd55086f703c8bbe433c94fc15e790672915a22	The ethnic composition of the Greek population in the third millennium BC was heterogeneous.
d3d6ef61e62da0b06cbd056e02a47f1de7717e03	The autochthonous tribes of the Pelasgians and Lelegs were pushed back and assimilated by proto-Greek tribes who came from the north, among which the Achaeans and Ionians stood out.
216d45cb7ebf0b0d49607dab52b143dd6a5f9cd3	The period of the Middle Bronze Age (20-17 centuries BC) is marked by the leading role of Crete, where the cities of the state of Knos, Festus, Ayia Triada, Mallia arose.
902c6df1aea29a9585d1bba7ba01e532d08157a7	In the 23-17 centuries BC, Cretan writing evolved from pictographic to hieroglyphic.
575edf948a49f8be4f20c5a2c286095c3490097b	Around the 18th century BC, the syllabic letter A was developed.
7e2c9739e53cfea90da83e05586b4a46cddc60f4	Mainland Greece in the 20th and 17th centuries BC developed relatively slowly, the tribal community maintained its stability.
5fbc12d8c2cd4e923aa0fcbee2eb515ab99693d9	Since the 17th century, the formation of the city states of Mycenae, Tiryns, Pylos began.
e7407c0ed88bfdd62586dd557b5d3aff50d4f2bf	The burials of royal families discovered in Mycenae in large well-shaped (mine) graves contained a large number of precious things (weapons, jewelry, gold masks), which indicates the strengthening of the power of the Achaean dynasties (rulers) from the mid-17th-late 16th century BC.
806ce2fe4190b57923f440380f1e73fc030bf771	During the Novodvorets period (1700-1450 BC), the palaces of Knos and Festus were rebuilt and expanded, and the palace in Kato Zakro was re-erected.
fa866ebae326337d36b2733c1d934aab22a0013c	The maritime rule (thalassocracy) of the Cretans was preserved in the memory of the Greeks many centuries later.
09081bce027cdd63a9f4a5ea9b5f2fc8c5842983	Around 1470 BC, a tectonic catastrophe on the island of Fera led to a devastating earthquake in Crete, which caused the desolation of the island.
b19a9463a614e9c650aac5fb5d082e0e7f34b627	Although the palace was restored in Knossos, the state could not regain its power and lasted until about 1380 BC.
b13cb37fee5e0c56cb6f84b690d96358506b553e	The 16th-13th centuries BC were the time of the rise of mainland Greece, progress in agriculture and crafts led to the growth of the population.
e3cf3a4c26b44bcba64bf70ec2ad65dc008171e6	The epic heritage of the Achaeans has preserved the traditions of civil strife and defensive alliances of the Achaean dynasties.
c63cfc80f2cca117e40a8ffb4899d7e525850053	The Mycenaean culture of the Achaeans received a special development.
ae95ee4ea52ebbe6f94fa58550f99d4ba2000f15	The fleets of Iolkos, Mycenae, Pylos, Thebes states allowed the Achaeans to conduct overseas trade in handicrafts, which were sometimes produced specifically for export.
98d44c8a14b425682363220b5e2a07606ddf304d	The 15-14 centuries BC are characterized by the spread of Achaean products to the east — to Asia Minor (Troad), to Cyprus, to Phoenicia, Syria, Egypt, and to the west to Sicily and Southern Italy.
e709b5a7231f48ff0a2722ca555d0bee3ceab4ab	The classical era in the history of ancient Greece is calculated from the end of the VI century to 338 BC.
f7ecc6f584f6375494a65a6716c5f84ef44591e5	During this period, the ancient Greek society reaches its highest flourishing in all spheres of life.
360dcb8a2482be70fd31fb39b93b46f0647a186b	In the middle of August, 480 BC, the Persians approached Thermopylae: 300 Spartan soldiers led by their king Leonidas heroically fought against the Persian conquerors, defending the post entrusted to them.
eeffb58bca103e48bbe7f984e566c588b342d787	After the disaster in the Battle of Thermopylae, the Greeks under the command of Themistocles retreated to the Saronic Gulf, where the Battle of Salamis took place in September of the same year, which ended with a triumphant victory of the Greek fleet.
abed4dfaabd48e7cc156c5478953fddf6d3803a3	In 479 BC, the Greeks won a brilliant victory over the Persians in the Battle of Plataea, after which the Spartans tried in vain to retain their naval hegemony, eventually ceding it to the Athenians (477 BC), due to the repeated victories of Athenian democracy in the Greco-Persian wars.
d94c080bd4b44ce6789dc111bc64aa30c6318b97	As a result, the Delos Union, or the Delos Symmachia, also called the First Athenian Maritime Union, was formed.
20a011224582787cc8ef9ba6b7bea17a7e98ab03	The Delos Union, headed by Athens, included 200 polis located on the islands of the Aegean Sea and its coasts (with the exception of the southern one).
a2350db8c929a76fc9d564beabdab0d622ee86f8	Thus, Athens became a major maritime power, conducting trade through its port of Piraeus - the largest port of the Mediterranean Sea.
07dc0051bbcb4dab5a095d70aa6ec63e54e09b54	Thanks to military successes, Athens became the main city of ancient Greece.
5a80decffe8210fecb28187600e99509ba9099fd	Magnificent temples were built on the Acropolis, artists created beautiful works of art, ancient Greek philosophy was replenished with such names as Socrates and Plato.
9ab651435e046ffe4e42129ead70078197641e5e	Finally, favorable conditions were created for the development of democratic institutions, which became an example not only for the civilizations of that era, but also for the entire history of Western peoples.
8b553cd82e069631eb3392873c1f6e0b74283d93	In a word, the "Golden Age" of Athens has come - the famous era of Pericles.
fa2b2c525bd20d803901665a85b2af4da71be596	The Greek democracy established a tax system that allowed taking into account the difference in the financial situation of citizens and allocating funds to the poor for teaching arts and crafts at the expense of the state.
b994d010f5da6dee2d71d5777d63ba432a323e2c	All free citizens were granted the right to participate in the people's government, as well as to control the work of the city administration.
6d7f99250ad611f044242a4e54e31d85cd5f8392	It was the society of developed democracy that gave birth to such personalities as Herodotus, Aeschylus and Phidias.
c4bd1bf350a28b2f9acd7016dbfe98d87daaa711	Athens, having strengthened itself politically, gradually turned its allies in the Delian Symmachia into subjects, limiting their freedom in maritime trade and introducing the collection of taxes, the so-called foros.
04b8798600829c2abf834e34918b87f781d2f5b2	Moreover, the Athenian system of weights and measures began to be used in trade relations (the Athenian minted coin was among the policies of the First Athenian Maritime Union).
20db2bf3271f6ff3df3b87a17809daa1d1b6179e	All this, together with the brewing conflict in foreign policy (the struggle of Athens and Corinth for trade routes, as well as the ongoing struggle of Athens with Sparta), led in 431 BC to the Peloponnesian War, which engulfed most of the Greek polis, which ended only 27 years later - in 404 BC - with the victory of Sparta and the deposition of Athens: they were forbidden to have a navy (the Maritime Union was dissolved).
2012ef80162a5142fb9cb775a4d42c0db3e2423e	From that moment on, Sparta became the leading policy of Greece, without ceasing to impose its military orders, which as a result led to ongoing internecine wars-up to the new unification of Greece, but already under the hegemony of Macedonia: against the background of general instability, Macedonia was distinguished by a high level of economic development, technology and military affairs.
087eaabfba5d1a286ca238401088af1290a4779f	The main prerequisites for the creation of the empire of Alexander the Great were made by his father Philip II - a wise politician and a far-sighted reformer.
55bd4bda2826ce753986f2a27d8a2dbab86e4d0c	In 337 BC, Greece was united under the rule of Macedonia.
0fb602a879ffd93c8ea896ebdd85122a63f1bed8	After the assassination of Philip II, his place was taken by his young son Alexander, who led a victorious war against the Persians and created a new empire in just 9 years, reaching the Himalayas and the banks of the Ganges.
1fa6e3c1940719398541508e80131200ecf215e7	The main idea of Alexander the Great was to put an end to the centuries-old quarrels between Persia and Greece, connecting the cultures of the West and the East through the policy of spreading the culture of the ancient Hellenes.
4a15c1bbb6cd07b834709e864d8e985c1da13ae9	That is why the next epoch in the history of Ancient Greece is called Hellenistic.
778b4483adb792f689c466d9139f55a9a6eb4f40	For all the time of the independent existence of Greece, it has never been a single state and the various parts of the Hellenic race have never formed one people.
76b7e9bb1c31aade84a506b5bdb060fd579336bb	In historical times, the territory occupied by the Hellenes was divided into two thousand small states, usually consisting of a single city, with fields or village settlements adjacent to it.
e966e916c649b0fcc3aabb2cdb15009e28a89ebe	Each such city-state was completely politically independent, like the current vast monarchy or republic, or was steadily striving for such independence.
918bc3f191ab131e147f4b66febf62eb475e85f2	Only this small region was the homeland for the Hellenes; all the other Hellenes were strangers, foreigners, and the mutual relations between the states were international relations.
23538d25b59436149cd42cd6a884a8b2616ff679	In the space of, for example, one Kazan province could accommodate about 30 such republics as the famous Athenian one.
4932797e871c8af7219b0309c33e95b513d18dbe	Uniting several settlements, the system of institutions provided each citizen with a conscious, active participation in all the affairs of the community and a versatile personal development through frequent joint discussion and final solution of various issues of internal management and foreign policy.
9562ec719d9928cee9abf2d22479b1df3eb8329f	However, the inevitable companion of the fragmentation of the Hellenes was the political discord between the communities, which was based, in addition to the thirst for independence, on the difference in the degree of civil and intellectual development, in public institutions, morals, habits, and the whole way of life.
5b600145800dcb5e8a7aa7b6decdef7ccc8c24fe	Nevertheless, the numerous branches of the Hellenic race have been characterized since ancient times by a sense of blood kinship, which was externally expressed in a single name (first the Achaeans, or Danae, or Argives, then the Hellenes), in the unity of language, in the community of religious beliefs and some traditions, and finally, in the isolation of themselves from other peoples, not the Hellenes, designated by the term "barbarians".
3df3b765698629c916448d637a115318969f5458	The same feeling was expressed from ancient times by certain provisions of customary international law, the protection of which belonged to the gods themselves, festivals recognized by all Hellenes, tribal unions, and finally national enterprises, such as the Trojan War.
4a0440d130cd3cc768ed0ab05229a5f4c3aacf7e	The Hellenes were not alien to the understanding of the benefits that could bring them the unification of disparate communities in the fight against the barbarians, who from time to time threatened the freedom of the whole of Greece, whether these barbarians were Medes, Macedonians or Romans.
7d219de0f38a8a79ad4a9d90d74b050bd9757361	In the work of Herodotus, the voice of a Hellenic is heard, who is sick with his soul for the whole of Hellas, which lacks unanimity even in moments of great dangers.
55a8f6419f4d51583530d94f3f963e4b8def6b26	Tradition attributes to Pericles an attempt to reconcile all the Hellenic states with each other.
8065e17bf8ca69b5b282a0ec9903b6f389caa6b2	Isocrates and Demosthenes many times called for the unity of the Hellenes to repel the Persians and Macedonians.
a37d23874ccf38cd712343f4bc9ddfd50d346fab	According to Aristotle, the rule of the Hellenes over other peoples would be indestructible if they were under a single government.
fdfc2536a9ba2b219caad3dd6e20118ca14daae7	However, all these incentives turned out to be insufficient to overcome the differences and strife that existed between individual communities and create a political organization that would embrace the whole of Hellas.
eaf4fc936f158c06ed3671813a7900a2e3568aed	The unification was carried out only in parts, within a larger or smaller territory, at different times, in different forms, to achieve different goals.
f0511889e1a282d987d771238bb322553aaf0da2	Settlements of any significant territory merged into a single political community only in Attica (about 40 square kilometers); in other places, very small polities were formed from settlements located close to each other.
58735c53d64fcd52f1269cea7d248c00cfb96092	The efforts of Thebes, in historical times, to form from Boeotia a kind of Athenian republic, with one city (in the Hellenic sense) for an entire region, failed completely.
ebe5b33005e75644d624dcf7d3e0292c30c4a88c	Attempts to unite into one community in the IV century BC were made by Corinth and Argos, the cities of Arcadia with Megalopolis at the head, the cities of Chalkidiki-on the initiative of Olynthus, and all of them failed, thanks, most of all, to the opposition of external enemies.
aed65192430e92b6e1500888baad2584f4b41eb5	On the same primitive basis of tribal kinship, unions of Ionian or Dorian cities arose in the colonies of Asia Minor.
a1d2d2263bddb1b9f3308d626113001085d44a68	Of all the tribal or tribal unions, only two, the Aetolian and Achaean, have expanded into political organizations with a diverse composition.
245df286eed5f84407dcc2ac0dcac3848549ee92	Both federations were democratic, and in their history there is no change in the forms of government — the kingdom, aristocracy, oligarchy, tyranny, democracy — which since the time of the ancient thinkers has been erected into a general law of the political development of Greece.
4eab1d50cd8459cc6138dfc7c3ab45f15fd74e87	The federations of the Aetolians and Achaeans conclude the history of independent Greece in the struggle against the Romans.
11424aecd8d224df3a2f4a24de4e204a2a937323	A significant part of Greek history is filled with various ways of uniting the disparate forces of the Hellenes, the temporary success of these experiments and their final collapse.
f31708ebe09f6a1d35302dbcc41aaadcb09d8304	The unification of elements, if not in practice and not in political relations, then in the sphere of concepts and moods, was greatly facilitated by the fruits of Athenian education, which contains elements of universal significance and interest in abundance.
3106f5aa6af6b226b2f0c05e1bf8f030a7d087c9	Ancient Greek art culture occupies a special place in the history of world civilization.
8b1b34af65880dddc08add84e67f8941266de53b	Hellenic art has reached a deep humanity of images, imbued with a sense of harmony between the world and man, which consciously embodies the beauty of natural existence.
7081e5b2cbd454b1304d5b6a53cadb89a676435b	A very early formation of the ancient Greek literary tradition is associated with mythology, its plots and images.
185e1e2eb9a6097f73f9ac7fa1ba830b6ee346a8	The development of individual spheres of culture does not always occur evenly.
08e02979064c7668be0bcf77bcff7393248cdf48	Thus, in ancient Greece, the peaks of poetic creativity were reached much earlier than the classical science, education and art were formed.
5db34d14abfada680b83150a22a94b0a80e1ea52	Around the eighth century BC , Homer wrote his epic poems-The Iliad and the Odyssey.
1aba4853cdde9071741be15065ee380d7fc826ae	Most scientists believe that Homer lived in Asia Minor and was a rhapsodist — this was the name of the poets who recited their poems.
c0ac8cf8239e909419016e478aac677133525d27	Opinions differ about the time of writing the poems: some believe that the first records were made during the life of Homer, others — that it happened later — in the VI century BC.
ce2bbae8b9aff104f6f87ca7528dd67aa8fcceff	Both versions relate to the history of Greek writing. The alphabet (phonetic writing) was borrowed by the Greeks from the Phoenicians just in the VIII century BC.
a7b5177e6e8636502e09cd450dd11b01fc8c7adf	The Greeks wrote, like the Phoenicians, from right to left, without punctuation marks and without vowels, and in the VI century BC the letter acquired a familiar form for us.
d8c366b0882380e706954bf765dd937a0f91e1c8	Homer's poems are closely connected with the folk heroic epic dedicated to the Trojan War, in which real historical events are intertwined (the military campaign of the Achaean Greeks to Troy, which they called Ilion), and fantastic plots (the"Apple of Discord" as the cause of the war, the participation of the gods in the conflict, the "Trojan Horse").
9df876f9026129f432636f4d9561426e8c5ef294	However, Homer does not translate myths, but creates artistic images, draws the inner world of the characters, the clash of characters.
8efe606fc80650e81938bd2482a4bda5487d5369	The Iliad is dedicated to one episode of the last, tenth, year of the war — the anger of the strongest and bravest of the Greek soldiers Achilles, who took offense at the leader of the Greeks, the Mycenaean king Agamemnon.
f56dd2030838e38e61a8eab3b16160f1433f54c1	Achilles refuses to take part in the battle, the Trojans break through to the ships, Achilles ' best friend, Patroclus, dies.
c5546a7b34f8f41f4a58231499afb39e23cb0db8	Achilles changes his mind, enters into a duel with the main defender of Troy, the son of King Priam, Hector, and kills him.
5b23e4c5ab0cb03a10746b8400edfe28bcbcdd29	The scene of the meeting of Achilles with Priam is striking, when the king, kissing the hands of the winner, asks to give him the body of his son for burial with all honors.
6d3edd1754c5ec9b0659ce0bb8b9cc0b33da9ff7	"Odyssey" tells about the long, full of incredible fairy-tale adventures, the return home of one of the main participants in the war — the king of the island of Ithaca, the cunning Odysseus.
6c64be81141072cb7ef7f3d172e9b4a5d28171af	The Greeks not only knew by heart, copied many times, loved the Homeric poems, but worshiped them.
1b9051ca4fa46666bf57022b8a386478f12ce0d2	They were made the basis of upbringing and education.
b534c5d927100e53da64aa293f9e380dd35441d7	An accurate and imaginative assessment of the meaning of the "Iliad" and "Odyssey" was given by the medieval Byzantine writer Mikhail Choniat in the XIII century.: "Just as, according to Homer, all rivers and streams originate in the Ocean, so every verbal art has its source in Homer."
2e785935419100d8f7d1765fed48184d93dcb034	Hesiod continued the epic tradition of Homer.
97e3b2619af0609898c0256d78b2c0ac7b648502	In the poem "Theogony" he outlined mythological ideas about the origin of the gods and the structure of the world.
35ecd39953d84919c1cfbfd74bb29e24b4aad8e6	In "Works and Days", for the first time, he introduced personal assessments and a description of the circumstances of his own life into an epic poem.
1addb8953ef6bbd5b4a1f6ae213383289a53bc96	Later, lyrical poetry was developed in Greece.
f0817e97861c276ae822b9a5856bc0b91d730c80	The names of the poetess Sappho (the sapphic stanza is a special poetic size), Anacreonta (anacreontics — lyrics that glorify the joy of life and worldly pleasures) became famous.
74a5ef2326d36c9a6f1a4f224b073ffb25b8448c	However, the poems of these and other ancient Greek authors have been preserved only in fragments.
679fe071d65037421628502e853cb84563eeebe1	Dramaturgy has developed as an independent genre of literary creativity.
632c63a138c9b83044e92735b217f7de19a67e2d	Ancient Greece
c30bcb17523126008513f39afaf390b8ac6eb12d	The stable version was tested on November 26, 2016.
e4bcbf4ce2df3055fc8694cb2fd7bb63f67742b4	There are unchecked changes in templates or files.
443c39df3903ed01ff26a206818d5fafc5af2d4a	History of Greece
885b560edee78434cd1ffdd444f0a16be695564a	Prehistoric Greece
86cc4887481796cbc7501b43cb303e4559c6fb2a	(before the XXX century BC) The Aegean civilization
05c5a66ce84867d2d4b6099c5f5d22ce3ab909e9	(XXX XII BC) Western Anatolian civilization Minoan civilization Cycladic civilization Helladic civilization Mycenaean civilization Ancient Greece
7b72a939ae8454c6c450a2c56346150a806faf88	(XI — 146 BC) Dark Ages (XI IX centuries BC) Archaic period (VIII VI centuries BC) Classical period (V IV centuries BC) Hellenistic period (323-146 BC) Greece as part of the Roman empire Roman Greece (146 BC 330 AD) Middle Ages and Modern Times
1d70f0a70c53ce304c045098a2f2806d44f1e5c3	(330-1832) Byzantine Empire (330-1453) Duchy of Athens (1204-1458) Ottoman Greece (1458-1832) Modern Greece
cbc2c853b28d1b65f66469ba582bee21840305cd	(after 1821) War of Independence (1821-1832) Monarchy (1832-1924) Republic (1924-1935) Monarchy (1935-1973) Dictatorship of I. Metaxas (1936-1941) Occupation (1941-1944) Civil War (1944-1949) Junta (1967-1974) Republic (after 1974) Thematic articles Military history Greek name Greek language Greek literature
02cc15c3bb7c635a35384b72cc6bf466f5ee7204	Template: view • discussion • edit
9f0ae04cef670139ba69e74de27507786ff181db	Ancient Greece, Hellas — an ancient Greek civilization in the south east of Europe, the highest flowering of which occurred in the V IV centuries BC -a period that received the name of the classical in its history. this is the tyranny of Polycrates, as well as the tyranny of the cities of Sicyon, Miletus, Ephesus, etc.
7679722367b80244d95b555ed536effc126701cc	At the end of the Archaic period, slavery spread in many polises, regardless of the form of organization of the polis, including in Athens.
82332f8e8828148b4169bc2f25543dfe47b2c6e5	At the same time, certain features of the tribal system were preserved in oligarchic Sparta, Crete and Argos, and in the communities of Aetolia, Acarnania and Phocis — subsistence farming.
37762e16414bc1971723c102a27c1425e15062ff	Against the background of such diversity, both in political and economic indicators, Greek cities begin to compete, the Peloponnesian Union, led by Sparta, appears — a military alliance of the cities of the Peloponnese for joint warfare and suppression of helot uprisings.
290ba36aa5739f1c2714e2b6c0c3d92f9d31c15a	The classical period[edit / edit wiki text]
eeaa68e462cefd8a065d87c90bddae79ef28fe9e	Main article: Classical Greece
6bae90855e296c81a8e7f3b461e1c8cf7d334b02	Acropolis of Athens, reconstruction by Leo von Klenze in 1846
12e1033d6f3d805cc3de5d30cc5f2d23a0ca86d5	The classical period is the time of the highest flowering of ancient Greek society and culture, which occurred in the V IV centuries BC .
78e41334ec0aa1f18aff1d1288ac7011ac042afc	The most influential political and cultural center after the victory in the Greco Persian wars was Ancient Athens, which was at the head of the Delos Union among the polises of the Aegean islands, its western, northern and eastern coasts.
5ed21e07142c7b8c383af2f6ff9cf7f308a1ca0b	Athens reached its maximum power and cultural flourishing when an outstanding political figure, a commander, a supporter of the democratic party Pericles, who was elected strategist 15 times, became the head of the state.
97288a0c05caba1e5b63ab02ac84b9d240be5580	This period is known in historiography as the "Golden Age of Pericles", although it was relatively short lived.
a2acfdc5c6ab79820ac75d1f5f7c14cf2936adb9	The transfer of the treasury of the Delos Union from Delos to Athens, the collection of fees — foros from the allies, the restriction of free trade at sea, punitive expeditions, cleruchies — all this caused indignation among the allies and a desire to free themselves from obligations.
c2a8685e53e4b31d68ed175bebcfc32284d966fb	In parallel, conflicts outside the union were also brewing: an economic struggle between Athens and Corinth in the field of trade, with Sparta — for supremacy in Greece.
138d4c2e65840847cab9d8f922a9edffa735b8ea	In 431 BC, the largest war in the history of Ancient Greece began — the Peloponnesian War, which ended with a crushing defeat of Athens, the loss of possessions and privileges, and Sparta established its hegemony.
02ea49e1c4dd15e44be7ae0ca0dc617d71d4ecdb	The "policy crisis"was growing: the inner political antagonism between the poor and the rich grew; the meteks (foreigners in the polis) were glorified, the spread of slavery did not give a free but poor citizen the opportunity to find a job for hire, the only means of existence was the conduct of war (therefore, Greek mercenaries often fought in the Persian army).
460eefe16aef16233d03b9dd906a1e6c70f20a27	Frequent internecine wars further weakened the policies, they were no longer able to protect their citizens.
bf5bc725b7d3ae14bb6e43f83ffb7b1d416f0e90	Finally, in 395 BC, the Corinthian War broke out, as a result of which Persia imposed on the Greeks the humiliating peace of the Antalkids, the implementation of which Sparta had to monitor.
941525e597eccd80427ec95f8b635ac1525d6c57	Thus, it became the main enemy, the Second Athenian Maritime Union was created to fight Sparta.
19cadc28c384b7e01bdb4ee09e1da3e4f861d6cc	Although Thebes defeats Sparta at Leuctra, Athens ' attempt to impose its will leads to a new Allied War, and the union breaks up.
92b1d1a521c3520a843c9639fc904ec1d3bb6529	During the period of weakness of the Greek polis, Macedonia begins its rise.
d02e5e96efa5cbd518cae1aa68f486b0460a5fc8	King Philip II of Macedon successively conquers Thessaly, Phocis, Chalcis and Thrace.
0e0bc9abbce72ff523650688a313bc0c3fadfe13	The anti Macedonian coalition, whose ideologist was Demosthenes, suffered a crushing defeat in the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC .
b8670d13362ebe20b9aecf3797f53205352a9c67	By 337 BC, the Corinthian Union of Greek states led by Macedonia was created, Macedonian garrisons were introduced everywhere and oligarchic regimes were established.
7993fa4293fc35df686bdf753b65cd2c868f7882	Hellenistic period[edit / edit wiki text]
7a9c6157fc35632c467055c20c23e1b297b0c0f6	Main articles: Hellenistic Greece, Ancient Macedonia
271ed3dd000ecc159eb8b3dcf230a639b713cd86	See also: Hellenistic Period
ee9c11d680fc45ef3101f910f78a5c9e5d5372f1	A new stage in the history of the Eastern Mediterranean countries — the stage of Hellenism — begins with the campaigns of Alexander the Great (IV century BC) and ends with the conquest of the Hellenistic states by Ancient Rome in the I century BC (the last was captured by Egypt).
0755648a7c5b01bd5a86a701f0b48fb830e0fa58	Macedonia, having conquered Greece, fully embraced its culture, so after the victorious campaigns of Alexander the Great, ancient Greek culture is spreading in the conquered eastern countries.
a4fd76ccb61b186e5f13fc4f89846a9f3469a851	In turn, the conquered peoples were carriers of their own ancient culture and themselves influenced the ancient culture.
c80767c7353c88c0db965261179f39bd35effed9	The Battle of Chaeronea and the conquests of the Greek Macedonian army in the east under the command of Alexander the Great opened the period of Hellenism.
acf7aeeb0a304b0397538a92e2dea5b5b4f932f6	The empire of Alexander collapsed immediately after his death in 323 BC .
735441d7caf96eea6d210b050fb319ba48030d8d	The long struggle of the Diadochi and their successors the Epigones led to the creation of a number of independent Hellenistic states (the largest of them were the monarchies of the Seleucids, Ptolemies and Macedonia proper).
83396f69b3f1708b39e1b702109863386cf76f70	Greece of the Hellenistic period is characterized by the predominance of states and unions of a paramilitary type (Macedonia, the Achaean Union, the Aetolian Union, some period Sparta), which continued to challenge the rule in Greece.
e5ec1a0b68d2ac9566b1125252fc14290908383f	The fresco "Mosaic of Alexander" depicting the Battle of Issus: Alexander the Great on his horse Bucephalus
5b20a27af4ca6b8b949b68b9d39af94eea9aedfb	In most states, an oligarchy or tsars were in power.
536dd7cd07dbf19e6c9eb59eb671cc0dc4d580d6	The struggle of the states led by Athens against Macedonia after the death of Alexander (the Lamian War) ended with the victory of Macedonia and the massacre of the Greek Democrats.
f6a76ec8823ebf0624aa27ce32d45899e74b0ad1	After the second defeat in the Chremonid War (267-261 BC, named after the Athenian commander Chremonides), Athens was defeated, becoming completely dependent on the Macedonian monarchy.
3d273807ffba06f1809415dc632e6845530d2118	However, Macedonia was unable to restore its power over the entire Balkan Peninsula.
4acaf9b0262b823351665623aa0bd57b8a1271ed	Two new powerful alliances fought against it — the Achaean (restored around 280 BC) and the Aetolian (created around 320 BC).
5b967a579e78167fcfddb6bc1f2df817af6f2212	The Achaean Union covered most of the Peloponnese (except for Sparta, which joined the union after 192 BC) and the largest cities (Sycion, Corinth, Megara).
25f89556297dfc1d0bbac28a63cf0481369f3be5	The Aetolian Union, in addition to Aetolia, included the regions of Central Greece (except Athens), southern Thessaly and some other cities.
3064f56ffefa3509198d036421396a58006ff8cf	The struggle of the successors of Alexander, and later Macedonia and the two unions for power in Greece led to the mass destruction of cities, the sale of Greeks into slavery, and the settlement of the centers by new colonists.
a46d66eb564f1481797859422f14b14b8397d653	The Greek cities were also devastated by pirates, who were used by the Aetolians, selling them into slavery the inhabitants of the captured cities (up to 50 thousand people were sold from Laconica alone).
3981d248f58b71632e1105f2091a52a54d5c5862	The result of the struggle was the slow agony of the cities, the ruin of the middle strata, the growth of the poor, whose unrest became commonplace (in Corinth, Argos, Miletus).
ec98a9c8f9e06d03287b5a32f4ef00429e887b6f	The Roman Conquest[edit / edit wiki text]
8f96e078e44fb7ff3241430c54f970a8edf607f8	Main articles: The Conquest of Greece by Rome, Roman Greece
18ced170404c0936683aec1fd1d8fa561bc73c91	After the defeat inflicted by the Romans on Macedonia in the Battle of Cynoscephalae (197 BC), the Romans constantly interfered in the internal affairs of the Greeks, supporting the oligarchic strata against democracy.
395c679ceb03dda3e8a97ea390cccb61da25b7ee	In the summer of 196 BC, the Roman general Titus Quinctius Flamininus proclaimed the "freedom" of the Greeks at the Isthmian Games, the belief in which made Rome popular in Greece for a short time.
89610b91a82010e8bc2f5c9f2ff204fba1e18586	From that time on, Greece was constantly under Roman influence.
0638e70cf0007146de356636ac5ecb0e36221f6b	Macedonia lost its political importance, and in 148 BC, after the suppression of the uprising of Andriscus, it was transformed together with Iliria and Epirus into a Roman province.
e5932b9046d93ce909d126d60ba3d51d7b71c846	The Aetolian Union was dissolved by the Romans.
7c61c6b1d441716e67530897c5954728af2b0e12	In 146 BC, the Achaean Union was also defeated.
c4478a71044fa447d58236bf383240f91967c0d1	Thus, the whole of Greece was under the rule of Rome.
d15fbbe3c9b09e9f36fa2c8423aed029f964eff1	Greece was turned into the Roman province of Achaia (except for Athens, which was nominally considered a free city).
e68378189b54d89ca5054bea2d84e8c7cae9ddd3	Since the IV century AD, Greece has formed the core of the Eastern Roman Empire Byzantium.
dc7623cb96a0cbe7aca2bc606321108c27de7466	The culture of Ancient Greece[edit / edit wiki text]
012b2179f932cd5139df0d0e348f36390e933480	Main article: The Culture of Ancient Greece
3e1da225cf7c7c258fa71469203bb4b36af1c3f4	Mythology[edit / edit wiki text]
47b927e902a864eca3deff4b899659b27d40c13d	Main articles: Ancient Greek mythology, Ancient Greek religion
51376a385d779ca713bccc6238c85d0dcce9d0d7	Aphrodite of Cnidus
d959bd63f594200545b3d367d7ab316fa82e8a96	Venus of Milo
461c06bde2de8ddeff43e972676f87e7daad9859	Mythology played a unifying, formative role for the entire ancient Greek culture.
cdefda8be02ef78068b7fe19a2cbcde158caf680	It began to take shape in the Cretan Mycenaean period.
a517b5bc0e6176c9fe9c2105d97da167b24de8c6	The oldest were the deities who embodied the forces of nature.
8586d222fd8fd44ecc1863f50e13ba3b4cc3768c	From the union of Gaia — earth and Uranus — sky, the titans appeared, the elder was Ocean, the younger was Kronos.
5de0a456733bf37e94a2f1a0b070288e78f82d86	According to mythology, Kronos decided to take revenge on his father for the fact that he imprisoned his Titan brothers in Tartarus.
88731198a31e56d920dada3f56c83ff0e3668ae1	While Uranus was sleeping, Kronos dealt him a heavy blow and became the king of all the gods.
5b5c70194bef935c9e3e75d226af670a544bc801	The children of Kronos the gods led by Zeus in a fierce battle with the Titans won and shared power over the world.
7a9ebab24bd6802d500ac2408f18271ab6db375a	Mount Olympus was considered the home of the twelve supreme gods, led by Zeus.
27e1d388e001b1a75b5b4f3a201c37be4236e23a	The thunderer Zeus became the king of gods and people, Poseidon — the seas, springs and waters, Hades the gloomy underground kingdom.
2bc673297744467b0de7073d151d6bb36eb4cead	Hera the wife of Zeus was the patroness of marriage and family, Zeus ' sister Demeter — the goddess of fertility, another sister Hestia the patroness of the house.
82849a5ba9e65215439811b69bc42c7e17ea9b70	The daughter of Zeus — Athena was revered as the goddess of war and wisdom, she patronized knowledge and crafts.
4b0a0e45cf251f8d7fef3877506c38e8737bf7ba	According to the myth, Athena appeared from the head of Zeus in full battle dress - in a helmet, with a shield and a spear in her hands.
b92a115fc5331fffeb2ba85d9ceabd8b8439b2ef	The God of war was Ares.
a3e5c071df3cde9377f82c23f00a87c67060d371	Hermes was first the god of cattle breeding and the patron of shepherds, later he was revered as the messenger of the Olympian gods, the patron of travelers, merchants, the god of trade, the inventor of the measure and the shepherd's flute.
8f20c99bcb96773c55c3252fdebadeabc85558ee	Artemis was first the goddess of fertility and the patroness of animals and hunting, the goddess of the Moon, later she became the patroness of female chastity and women in labor.
b35e4a12a58d978d9418d767a8d28b766484973f	Apollo is the brother of Artemis, the deity of sunlight, education, medicine, art, which is embodied by his companions the nine Muses.
151ed377bfac3a503b384fe130733d62b9afa1c8	Another daughter of Zeus is Aphrodite, who was born from the sea foam near the island of Cyprus, the goddess of love and beauty.
3b0fca053768f6cda1f4774b69d3775219d67133	From anti the most famous images of Aphrodite are: Aphrodite of Cnidus by Praxiteles (IV century BC) and Venus of Milo (II century BC), which are located in the Louvre in Paris.
77e40e97becf8b185ff59173942e6f5ef782a803	Aphrodite's husband was the blacksmith god Hephaestus.
7fa9f8b5ffdaa248acf9a7b6bad28f9722fc6f2f	Dionysus is the most cheerful among the gods, the patron saint of winegrowers and winemakers, special celebrations were dedicated to him at the end of the agricultural year — dionysia.
8ff1ff1d577b3e1d99f26518b30f382d6d648364	In addition to the Olympian gods, there were many other (mainly local, local) gods who had their own functions.
c80f8e477c15530059b8e32e62cb82e86e742cb9	The gods in the view of the Greeks had a human appearance, human desires, thoughts, feelings, even human vices and shortcomings.
930fd57e35604861901f8ecc08bfa93282afdcc1	They severely punished those who tried to approach them in beauty, intelligence and power.
d1b77ed04d794698d1adcdc026b11dcf19b9874a	A special place is occupied by the myth of the titan Prometheus the defender of people from the arbitrariness of the gods.
fccbefbe560677a22e732241c997f27f7562d5fb	Prometheus stole fire from Olympus and gave it to people, for which Zeus chained him to a rock and condemned him to eternal torment.
75d64b7a7ab87f7f279d1be8403330501d9beb4e	In addition to myths about the gods, there were legends about heroes, the most favorite of which was Hercules, who performed twelve great feats.
ea7cc3bfd522c7a99e901d19318bb5961cfc6de0	Myths and legends about gods and heroes formed into whole cycles, which later became a source of plots for literature, drama and sculptures.
870594a5bceff52c40d73cc3b2c7c1e3595c9c16	In parallel with mythology, a cult practice developed — sacrifices and prayers that took place in temples.
286dcf79b7ff68d19d6f2722d399aa5459ce2867	Every city had a patron god.
e5b115ad5430d956d062c69be961b049461b3802	Athena was considered the patroness of Athens.
12489237883dfb74dce1c448da37ec2fb79e6c23	Olympia was the center of worship of Zeus, to whom Olympic sports competitions were dedicated here.
ec4fa2ad5aa2dfe54784b0339dd94326b16a98c3	The place of the main sanctuary of Apollo Delphi, where the famous Delphic oracle was located (an oracle is a place in the sanctuary where the deity received an answer to a question, or exactly divination of the deity), as the Greeks believed, there was a center of the Earth marked with a special stone.
c1e0c31bca1272e6ae140d19a1f9c393a183901f	The human images of Greek mythology, imbued with harmony, became the ground for the development of ancient Greek art.
1266341c53038e58c489546fac78bf0ba589dc68	The mythology of the ancient Greeks exercised a decisive influence on the formation of ancient Roman mythology and religion.
ab37cfc492fddd21b3e4becfc48ae3716c4996df	During the Renaissance, it was actively included in the European cultural process.
05072d2732af965d6a42c222146c1aa9eb069d94	Until now, scientific, cognitive, and aesthetic interest in it has not weakened.
226a3f78602afc8b848c647bb50dff87822d39f2	Science[edit / edit wiki text]
8ef935ff7d60f701376f495021c9f4a44925f2ff	Main article: Science in Ancient Greece
56ef424cdb04e2ec8bbb8004b85824deb23a386d	Already in ancient Greek mythology, the desire to give a comprehensive picture of the world, to find an explanation for everything that exists, was clearly visible.
1dfb72e55d4300245d01d57d2bf4469172175011	The same search, but on a different ideological level, was continued by scientists of Ancient Hellas.
16014aa8bccfd4dcd6965ac5527f359ade747d33	It is in the ancient culture that science is distinguished for the first time in the history of mankind into an independent sphere.
f51d257e13517f8ceb47dce58074400000d57267	There is every reason to talk not just about the accumulation of scientific knowledge (which was, as a rule, in the hands of priests), but about the development of professional science.
2907b1f36bd8048e9337a7df9c7577a4d9cc2f20	The ancient philosophy has an enduring significance.
2da321c5a0ac208aad2afbb41f1739df8c549c0a	In ancient Greece, philosophy was born as a scientific theory, a system of concepts was developed, the main philosophical problems were posed and received their original solution.
3184cb998b07116359464cb35e80e162d47fca3d	One of the most important achievements of ancient Greek philosophy is the development of cosmological questions — about the origin of the universe, about the nature of man.
58f49715ac7bd60e5e8a1c02cfa6a6e22987927f	Tradition considers Thales to be the first Greek philosopher, astronomer and mathematician.
722032965fa403902f1d2611982c7b9a8b66ca11	He made long trips to gain knowledge.
4b92dad0113bba1e0b56f386cdda3d31f98838e6	The list of the "seven sages" opens with his name, many catch phrases are attributed to him: "Know yourself", "Space is the greatest, because it contains everything in itself"," Necessity is the strongest, because it has power over everything","Time is the wisest, because it opens everything".
2f343de1975536df9cee3a848a61177ff80c29ec	Thales considered water to be the primary basis of all things — "intelligent and divine".
288ade4797033878390d96affca20d1b55fa5b26	Thales stands at the origins in the demythologization of the world: he considered Zeus to be the world mind, the gods the forces acting in the world.
b93a1f272ef6042f6b36eb1bce0c0c82f4678d96	Thales became the founder of the spontaneously materialistic school of philosophy.
fe08fb7568792f31aefdea93d061bddaf3bc71a3	The most prominent representatives of this school were Anaximander, who gave the first formulation of the conservation of matter;
8d96aeebc7f561070172844f54bc841742cae3a9	Anaximenes, according to whose teaching everything that exists comes from the first matter air — and returns back to it;
34d94b17bd5b43a48f4016c7747150a7cc6f2fae	Democritus, who defended the atomistic ("atomos" — indivisible) concept of the structure of the world.
5f9d98e01d8c655eabb1017942001aad66fa09fd	Heraclitus played a huge role in the formation of dialectics, Socrates played a huge role in the formulation and deep development of social and ethical problems.
7c09d0b5a4c87ff7b1a2f1804ed59123fb2dfba2	His disciple Plato became the founder of the philosophical school of objective idealism, one of the greatest philosophers of all time.
f0ed3b5a3961751905dcceb4e445bc4ef2b3d180	Fresco of the Athenian School, Raphael Santi
68b3109e2ab0313bc8bb1f5ab64f6abab8c1bc86	Aristotle is the most famous philosopher in the history of mankind, in his teaching he tried to combine the strengths of the views of Democritus and Plato, had a huge influence on the philosophical trends of the Middle Ages and Modern times.
3e05124ece058c4d3077d545e8d315eea804924e	A distinctive feature of the philosophical works of the Hellenistic time, when the rather closed world of the Greek polis broke, is the increased attention to the individual and his problems.
7d14a7327a50fd1f7b58e6ea82cc0cb753628256	Epicurus ' philosophy saw as its task the liberation of man from the fear of death and fate, he denied the intervention of the gods in the life of nature and man, proved the materiality of the soul.
1b9241bc35f89de4cce658444209ea7a396954a9	The life ideal of the philosophical school of Stoicism was the equanimity and calmness that a person should maintain in contrast to the changing world.
3a75d157c8ebed80936f2173aa90f51548ac18fb	The Stoics considered understanding (that is, knowledge of what is good and evil), courage and justice to be the main virtue.
3e2bd7ec8d00ebcf06ad1c2a929b55573d477289	The historical science of ancient Greece is primarily associated with the name of Herodotus.
e1ff7f9d5f97d3c3ac77bac9d243b397e641272e	He traveled a lot: he visited Asia Minor, Ancient Egypt, Phoenicia, various cities of Balkan Greece, the Black Sea coast, where he collected, in particular, information about the Scythians.
5937ee78156531a118060e9339377ce625d4e774	The main work of Herodotus is "History", which is devoted to the most important political event in Greek history — the Greco Persian wars.
226c12bf7f599a284eb327b4d39eeae6c7a6e471	Despite the fact that the "History" is not always characterized by integrity and complete scientific character, the facts that are given in it are mostly reliable.
acbc56c96b254bcff4e67d177b91317708de270f	It is Herodotus who gives the first systematic description of the life and everyday life of the Scythians in ancient literature.
4c3f59913a5eee5fe1c3eab4a7d65b142fdf6325	Medical knowledge began to be generalized quite early.
f239d298254ddd2844a189eaa76a4acb6658cf76	The supreme patron of medicine, the healing god was considered one of the Olympian gods — Apollo.
312d6e2097363d29dfdc6ad3d674bb849524318f	Asclepius became the god of medicine proper, and many scientists now believe that this mythological character had a historical prototype, a real skilled doctor.
d9876b824e15c27914257202cb01aacc95f92bad	There are several scientific medical schools in Greece, the most famous are the Knidian (the city of Knid) and the Kos (on the island of Kos).
9646674b8edd2a58aca799310e31a2fcdcdb45d3	The representative of the latter was Hippocrates, who lived in the classical era.
58b5086f41f1432f7cb464816634a96f4d8e1663	His arguments about the causes of diseases, about the four temperaments, about the role of prognosis in treatment, about the moral and ethical requirements for a doctor had a great influence on the further development of medicine.
e175d2ff1746e5ecdcd68f811437c8e9cb001c3d	The Hippocratic Oath is still the moral code of doctors around the world today.
4a5dc29a04977a3462e3a9ef195ce790996957c1	The first systematic textbook on animal anatomy was compiled by Diocles.
63352336c0055a488a29b21ea14931e0250a4360	Major medical centers were the cities of Magna Graecia, the most prominent representative of which was Philistion.
b1c921d8134957de893f7f0ec5916e3e2ca0bb2d	The era of successful development of science was Hellenism.
2545baf5687538fd52ad5f4a16c905dc5b5f6faa	This stage is characterized by the successful development of many new scientific centers, especially in the Hellenistic states in the East.
095d604fff17de3ba212fb0694ae006238f422c5	The synthesis of the mathematical knowledge accumulated by that time can be considered the work of Euclid, who lived in Alexandria, "Elements "(or "Principles").
d6f51d4d40014a1144b887cf10abfc5f76a7b0ee	The postulates and axioms set out in it, the deductive method of proof, have served as the basis of geometry for centuries.
fc0ad14492ea980666e203d3d57bc5304dc4e816	The name of Archimedes from Syracuse on the island of Sicily is associated with the discovery of one of the basic laws of hydrostatics, the beginning of the calculus of infinitely large and small quantities, a number of important technical inventions.
8b489d0e63485f050281bea37ed7887c3cc2ec2c	Pergamum became a center for the study of Greek philology, where Dionysius of Thrace created the first grammar.
fa363e40617e59582dc3f5eac327e8677516c34d	Astronomy was further developed on the basis of the works of Babylonian scientists.
857a76e81575e0088f84fcfe69137788c02d6f78	For example, Seleucus of Babylon tried to justify the position that the Earth and the planets revolve around the Sun in circular orbits.
f698b57d4a32ecf909d64f52f26ea8bdc7c2a03e	The campaigns of Alexander the Great significantly expanded geographical representations.
ee473795b6c34b93c9128299c7db5cb5134c2fa2	The Dikearch made a map of the world.
f03187dd9a95133c3047fa4736da71d1bc3f8da0	Eratosthenes from Cyrene calculated the length of the Earth's equator, getting a result close to the correct one (while the scientist proceeded from the hypothesis of the spherical shape of the Earth).
37ad6d968f0f30d718c47a6047174ee1357de6ec	Volcanic and meteorological phenomena were studied, monsoons and their practical significance were discovered.
6ba5c278be5c6bcfc5acb0367335a3ebd4e10015	The study of man has made significant progress.
c43ed9d883ecd0e6b46598c17632e147f647f310	Herophilus discovered nerves and established their connection with the brain, he also suggested that human mental abilities are connected with the brain.
5bf9ae6bc1bb1ebef1b70e619afe37b26f24f885	Erasistrat studied the anatomy of the heart, the research of veterinary medicine was developed, Zopyr and Philo of Tarsia made a major contribution to pharmacology.
35c5e61c62b4cfae305bb6c6425b41a04ddba008	The largest scientific center of the Hellenistic world was the Alexandria Museum and the library of Alexandria, which numbered more than half a million books.
c7cdbb215ff1588045db6c452068a5f7d80f2bbb	Outstanding scientists, poets, and artists from all over the Mediterranean came to work here.
1a974f4627b7b26e30b46c4a18886db2756a641d	Gymnasium (Palaestra) in Olympia
f193310691f5f68087ca021eb0682ebc7f0a603e	In the course of the development of ancient spiritual culture, the ideal of a person is gradually being developed, which implies harmony, a combination of physical and spiritual beauty.
c3951cfee062b7c4689b61a97487a2981728d3d4	The entire system of upbringing and education, unique for its time, correlated with this ideal.
f0787c649b1efb20adb5e2702936b477f4b60c4a	It was in the policies of Hellas that for the first time in history the task of educating the children of the entire free population (it was primarily about boys) arose.
e4719ed776eddef14bf3e9b13fdf46db7e379057	Moreover, attention was paid both to the acquisition of scientific knowledge, and to physical development, to the assimilation of the moral code of a free citizen.
2a0dec68f636cf133fc7ccfcf1200caaa104e6a7	There were private and public educational institutions.
5d556b6aa76e095888a73650839aa7745cc0b2ee	The structure of education was affected by political differences.
2e2e939b65d77bcba18fced396c800b9191fbc43	I live by policies.
6d05ffe5a06a0d87d3515fdf589ab60b4fa2c3e8	In the recognized center of education — Athens with its democratic republican system, the following system of education took shape.
f81fb9c095aea9e27d73c8e3d70b1af16203155d	The first school laws were drawn up by the ancient Greek poet and statesman Solon.
1c6c9a69043e812ef0724f8ad57bd8b461d7df1e	They stipulated that a school teacher should take exams from time to time to confirm his right to teach others.
a4f8163c7335605cb4cbb32657960e036c57bf24	Classes in schools were held only in daylight.
fdd5421d9b3a4ceef4cf654a86f03fdeba010eff	If the father did not send his son to school, then the son could not support his father in old age.
6d1ce22604fc0ff4735428d6bde93d904c2c441b	The school teacher always showed the children the basic gymnastic exercises that will be taught in the gymnasium.
cfd978fb7f77bb9ce5d2c2fcb24dd2f9e5c3438b	Competitions in recitation and various types of athletics were held among Athenian teachers.
133a36aaf13e6feefa8f8bfeaf05cd8f6fa5a42a	After home education, boys from the age of seven began to study at a lower school, which was called didaxaleion (from the Greek "didaktikos" — teaching).
5197eb62f26fe97c5a34d9c91ea4b858859e4b14	Here they taught literacy, literature, starting with Homer, music, arithmetic, drawing.
2a8206c74d68eb856d88c6bbb49f66c0e063d12a	A more in depth study of subjects with the addition of the principles of astronomy and philosophy continued at the second level of primary schools grammar school (from 12 to 15 years).
19c7b9fe2f0ece670d7935907cc2b4246bb39ae9	Physical culture training was conducted simultaneously, in a special complex the palaestra.
bf9d6f512c6ff78aa865e85dfb20e02974c0dca3	All these types of educational institutions in Athens were owned by private individuals.
be302ac7689119770a91d0954e5d902a4f0def0c	But the Athenians taught at public expense those children whose parents died on the battlefield, defending the Fatherland.
cc80878766ff87e0cc1e954dc3a1583fd5150d6b	General education was completed at the gymnasium, where young men aged 16-18 years improved in the sciences, which included rhetoric, ethics, logic, geography, as well as in gymnastics.
a7d646838df71bd67a8949c65d9256351fc315c0	The state was in charge of the gymnasiums, monumental buildings were built for them.
6464da8545e8dcce1ec82d2e15431a94c09eccc9	Wealthy citizens considered it an honor to take the elected position of the head of the gymnasium, despite the fact that it was associated with large personal expenses.
d80c79b831ae992cc9c729869f3cedfb3cc67a95	The gymnasiums were the centers of the intellectual life of the polis, there were several of them in Athens.
6c7905a321b0f3a5a425609fccb290a6ef95971e	There was always a library attached to every gymnasium.
8e7ede8cef16ab00924ddd9f47532d73d4bdc97f	The most famous are the Platonic Academy, where Plato conducted conversations with his students, and Lycaeus, founded by Aristotle.
459d6e37cbd84130ee2582ac0b2b6ff2f5bc3f3d	After the gymnasium, one could become an Ephebe a student of a higher educational institution, which in the polis era were military, and in the Hellenistic era radically changed and became civilian.
aba49b875c6bf840dca22ff151a777d27db905b0	Circles that were grouped around major scientists can be considered a peculiar form of higher education.
9f3d892c6154fdb615eb9d0bbbd7c00eb0f1441d	In Sparta, the state's control over the development of the individual was quite strict.
4b1864c3c55a81abfa1cd00b8866eee849e52ea0	According to legend, newborns were examined by members of the gerusia (city council of elders) and only healthy children were selected.
a0b48c6b7abf54466049a5916b2d70ce65f7d911	The weak and sickly were thrown into the abyss of the Taiget Ridge.
8aa03cd93cc5a0aeaea7ba02e31cec97ce168373	There was a system of public school education, mandatory for every Spartan from 8 to 20 years old.
703b74c32e76562b707cea062e650d0f51ecbe96	Unlike Athens, both boys and girls studied in schools, but in Sparta the child was torn away from the family.
57dfe0db649f3454d3f1ee23e3a2a8e486308243	The children, starting from the age of 12, were divided into squads, at the head of each squad was pren (the oldest and most authoritative boy).
1763be9253652e2b2df11396d182ac4df93ebc50	The main elements of the training were: hunting, religious and military dances, various physical exercises.
c8a5e1416593fe7e47d68af677cbad69d467a254	Mental development was a personal matter for every Spartan.
791f92997a1d49a2443813d2ab3e26f9034b2374	Clothing and fashion[edit / edit wiki text]
6c4110226a1c4f16bebe390685bee0e1a53ba69b	Main article: Costume of Ancient Greece
5dc4516043a074ce6662ce9522bea6b8492890da	Sexual relations[edit / edit wiki text]
1ea359c8050a4cf441adcebdbe54621f20cda8af	Main article: Homosexuality in Ancient Greece
2ed8bd077d050a6dc940c68a3fa3bccd79f3e262	The Art of Ancient Greece[edit / edit wiki text]
6d85c5f22633a41ac2a0c7b827db7ab110e55c50	Main article: Ancient Greek art
dd007ea9f177503a99b6133f172650307beae73f	Main article: Ancient Greek literature
b47bc1cc6958211650fea8ba8300b537f4890dd9	Homer, who is credited with the authorship of the Iliad and the Odyssey
fdefe0595d7606d67ac91ace90888fb9f900be91	Hesiod — the first known ancient Greek poet
eb3465d479bff0a691acaf77f45ea5875d0489c2	Around the eighth century BC , Homer wrote his epic poems The Iliad and the Odyssey.
b0de77c38e9053d0a28ae3c8923685f691b6907b	Both versions relate to the history of Greek writing.
48a6d1256fa028e263cfc22c970722167afb9ebb	The alphabet (phonetic writing) was borrowed by the Greeks from the Phoenicians just in the VIII century BC.
8ffa731c5dc53a1d7af95486e27a250e2c07b56c	"Odyssey" tells about the long, full of incredible fairy tale adventures, the return home of one of the main participants in the war — the king of the island of Ithaca, the cunning Odysseus.
1b0b820f8b8454ccbc02c0feb87344db66acdb40	Drama and theater[edit / edit wiki text]
8bc6327938c951e11739117ef82c6f328db653ff	Main article: Theater in Ancient Greece
a5bfa500f3791eefab510d58e6ddf0d5b650b144	Theater in Epidaurus.
0998dad1f6674385c0cb8088aa815c32215683d7	The origin of the ancient Greek theater is associated with the holidays in honor of the god of viticulture Dionysus — dionysias.
185958f3ade3012c465d66537d9d9d458b569f8e	The participants of the processions put on goat skins and sang and danced (the word "tragedy "in Greek means" song of goats").
ee81da343ccc42543d93d70748378b53f12fe6b4	The historical origin of the theater is indicated by the mandatory participation in the tragedies of the choir, with which at first a single actor entered into dialogues, later the number of actors increased to three.
06b04615ae51c5eeee670df5e22e6ae05fd951ab	Combined with the literary tradition, the theater in the classical era turned from religious, folk performances into an independent art form.
66a71709b164aefa64e78a23f0cb4c2c887bac42	Theatrical performances have become an integral part of public holidays Dionysius and Lenya.
1fbf0b37bccc515019bc48572042fda963a7086f	Grandiose stone theaters were built for them, designed for thousands of spectators (the Dionysus Theater in Athens, the amphitheater in Epidaurus is the best preserved).
f648740366463d8ab80761813490a7afce4c43b5	The city authorities found a choreographer (a person who provided funding), selected productions and, at their discretion, determined the order of showing comedies and tragedies.
5d460893bc6e48b622596ad83bef1b4ef86ed68d	Poor people received money for an entrance ticket.
ee799a7dc8116d5e0f02c16f3aaf82e044c1a05d	The actors were exclusively men, they played in special masks.
60f33433ebaede0edc1b2a8345228459d86660ce	The masks reflected the character and mood of the depicted character.
06c0ecfa7f6a6c7e919261b483c6a3d63510444c	The director was the poet himself.
f18c01db03db3947c705e28ae6c7204f3c36a723	After the end of the performances, which lasted for several days from morning to evening, special judges determined the best and awarded prizes in the form of a cash prize to the playwright and choreg, a laurel branch and a monument in honor of the choreg.
a119e560847f9c6e96a3c3019d649231ce4ab0ff	The most famous playwrights were the tragedians Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides.
f548cfba6d8a38d29c950c8c61768d99083d5405	Aeschylus wrote 90 plays, he won 13 times in dramatic competitions.
ef121f1784c95aa33cb3b2030d85512b53b635c6	His historical play "The Persians" glorifies the victory of the Greeks in the war against the invaders.
17c3854a451b15673c84c695de4112cdef31eca4	Aeschylus himself took part in the largest battles.
594a790e7e8afca845d88b54de30cd6fbab4acd4	Most ancient Greek plays use mythological plots, which the authors freely interpreted, expressing their own views.
4e2189fba48de1cf1d54e1e248a6f723d3715b23	Aeschylus in" Prometheus chained " admires the courage and freedom of the titan.
502fb199283d8d68d0eb27b268691c0351d19a91	Sophocles has a psychological motivation for the actions of the heroes.
1efc065caa466c251da085400156ba71666f6e0f	For example, in "Antigone" the main character sacrifices herself, but fulfills a moral obligation: contrary to the tsar's ban, she hides her dead brother.
89d3186c1ac93ced4d5392365453e0201ab8e7c1	It is in this tragedy that the chorus sounds with the famous refrain: "there are many great forces in the world, but there is nothing stronger than man in nature."
6e006aec591b48c029cb2b426361bba0583d3676	Most of the dramatic works are lost.
b7a41256db5bc2b1d06c1efaa407ef3fa72b2f55	Only seven plays of Aeschylus, seven of Sophocles have been completely preserved (123 were written, 24 of them won competitions), a little more — 17 of Euripides.
b367c0a600691cd472e8fefe6be61b02c0feb898	Euripides was already living in an era of crisis, civil wars, and external danger that was growing from Macedonia.
e89a8f6233dd5d6064ac85a8e1a4d80fe0c8bd49	All this was reflected in his work ("Medea", "Hippolytus"), Aristotle called Euripides "the most tragic among the poets".
7b3bf8c305c49255ee8862dba5e751db34545253	Aristophanes ("Clouds", "Wasps", "Frogs") was deservedly considered a master of comedy.
cda0f84bb5eaa2df56fd901582e89286627324a8	The dramatic works of the ancient Greeks still remain in the repertoire of many theaters, they have been repeatedly filmed.
65513fe8136879824bbc7def1e4140db2ad3f00c	Main article: Music of Ancient Greece
259d402c8b25a65db8dffa95889c5bdf85ee766e	Music occupied an important place in the life of the Hellenes.
76373fa591b92640baec4ce96756f3a357221b4b	Images of musicians are represented in ancient Greek mythology (Orpheus, Pan, Marsyas), images of musicians have been preserved on Greek vases and in the form of sculptures.
e216225f1a9a63cbe5ccfd43980c6f5f43212b3a	In Greece, there were special colleges (associations) of singers, musicians, dancers; music was played during celebrations, rituals, games, accompanied theatrical actions.
8ef6e5beb203e8f09723abcbe3b5301a4bdc586c	The musical instruments were represented by plucked strings (kifara, lyre), as well as wind instruments (avlos, Pan flute).
16f71193bc10f2c30568b51a608b667c9ea43dc0	Ancient Greek thinkers studied the most important acoustic laws (Pythagoras, Aristoxenus), developed a detailed fret system and a system of notation, at the same time, a significant place in the works of philosophers was given to musical aesthetic and musical ethical problems (Plato, Aristotle).
006f83a6f6ca3de2f3b8fea86c53e070266578d6	The musical culture of the ancient Greeks preceded the cult music of Christian Europe of the following centuries (Byzantine music, Gregorian chants) and largely determined the further development of European music, giving most European languages also the term "music" (from the muses).
2283b975fe45ca6f975cff693e3a5871def6b332	Architecture[edit / edit wiki text]
d049d9f0d062057e8c9286eb8acbba4b681b257f	Main article: Architecture of Ancient Greece
2482660a08907d76f8f6e254cc1a2cc54e375372	Acropolis of Athens
5ae3501929c28488b56d2e963abceceb704eecd2	The Parthenon
1785e9d9a71bfbb453fffa2f4a8459d7b1f78d39	In the conditions of a slave owning democracy, an integral environment of city states is created.
b518cf5c83c449d7fce201319ad49a63eee7d068	A system of regular planning of the city (the Hippodamus system) is being developed, with a rectangular grid of streets, a square the center of commercial and social life.
b189bb2a9353858c09d3cad7ba7d8e71430f1833	The cult and architectural compositional core of the city was the temple, which was built on the top of the acropolis — an elevated and fortified part of the city.
722436a947db0bb518014a428746f627d6db77b6	The Hellenes developed a completely different type of temple than in the ancient Eastern civilization — an open, bright one that glorified a person, and did not inspire awe.
5e2412befc7a8b682e35e21d46dbd87f13377eee	It is characteristic that there is a human metric principle in architecture.
937c16aa6c5095ac855a79ea78171b1612ec2c42	A mathematical analysis of the proportions of ancient Greek temples showed that they correspond to the proportions of the human figure.
7f6e9ec68eee4ed771af4b339d0b30f0e8db34f9	The classical Greek temple was rectangular in plan, surrounded on all sides by a colonnade.
6de7393e6926643c82271702b576cdb3ad471feb	The roof was gable roofed.
85f325034ce6595ec2a72eda4d8c3ae9323bec8c	The triangular planes formed from the facades — pediments were usually decorated with sculptural images.
b3b2ae6dbca32796941680d8f336307194374f3b	Greek architecture is distinguished by the purity and unity of style.
1f64c0fa66cf47d2af3d7c72819d3e210ac1a6c4	Three main architectural orders were created ("order" - translated from the Greek "order") — they differ in the types of columns and ceilings, proportions, decorative decoration.
b91097e4a518b4bd4b371a5fd8a9089364e3665c	The Doric and Ionic styles originated in the Polis period.
e12122401e169e744b86390244d0e3749622203e	The Corinthian Order appears in the Hellenistic era.
57657513e85e995bdc41b8f022d0e7893636ffd9	The most perfect architectural ensemble of classical Greece was the Acropolis of Athens.
767d5b379221a0c920df1700fcb61bb23b22b3d2	It was built in the second half of the V century BC. e. during the period of the greatest power of Ancient Athens.
385132dec295b535e616932715dad8cf78cc4ee6	The Acropolis hill, which rises 150 m above sea level, has long been a fortress, and then the place of the main religious buildings.
8ed22ad014fe975b5046cc417e9616ab3596f788	However, during the Persian attack, all of them were destroyed.
5031233b735274794919bd1f435f1f4f9089abe3	Pericles, who achieved the transfer to Athens of the treasury of the Athenian Maritime Union, which included many ancient Greek policies, initiated a grandiose reconstruction of the Acropolis.
bea481befac19354ef22952e216a04a01ea49ed5	The works were supervised by a personal friend of Pericles — the outstanding sculptor Phidias.
d4c33c25a8e18128a00983f95ef469191b8a3f67	A distinctive feature of this complex is its extreme harmony, which is explained by the unity of the plan and the short construction time for such a scale (about 40 years).
2cdb0a61f3a0f27c2d60f509d1442c527c6d1d5a	The main entrance to the Acropolis Propylaea was built by the architect Mnesikl.
15e0e7a6f2d31d149bc1c9da7c07f8dfbb4b351c	Later, a small Temple of Niki Apteros (Niki the Wingless) was built in front of them on an artificially enlarged ledge of the rock — a symbol that the goddess of victory will never leave the city.
c395b2eb6a07fee71b6844613307741dd0af3f49	The main temple of the Acropolis is the white marble Parthenon the temple of Athena Parthenos (Athens of the Virgin).
fcdd2d98511c5df58dabdbbe817cfb1488cc69f6	Its architects — Iktin and Kallikrat conceived and designed a structure so proportional that it stands out as by far the most majestic structure of the complex, while its size does not weigh on others.
3ad1065d695cb6f39bb1adb8a04d8de3030644dc	In the old days, in the center of the Acropolis, on a pedestal, in golden armor, there was a grandiose figure of Pallas Athena (Athena the Warrior) by Phidias.
db5dd740a01a7f2d2c13898f92337a8731c85e9e	Erechtheion is a temple dedicated to Poseidon, who in mythology competed with Athena for the right to patronize the city.
056216133d90fa62b4202cc974e5292dea8f8a61	The portico of the caryatids is famous in this temple.
739dc3b42789972122f7369ad8fea3f607516ab4	A portico is a gallery open on one side, which is supported by columns, and in the Erechtheion the columns are replaced by six marble figures of caryatid girls.
a5b36322040858fb6f31639079c3c2687bbebdac	The Roman historian Plutarch wrote about the construction of the Acropolis: ".. their eternal novelty saved them from the touch of time."
37e3c7c5da6fe6bc88d488a3c8310973f41727d9	The architecture of Hellenistic polis continued the Greek traditions, but along with the construction of temples, more attention was paid to civil construction — the architecture of theaters, gymnasiums, palaces of Hellenistic rulers.
7f1dbbbc70eaabdf42f1ef5270bab4a0ca2c72dc	The interior and exterior design of buildings has become richer and more diverse.
65792b569ee6cf4ae5d4c7565e8abcdf40653bc1	The construction of such famous "wonders of the world" as the tomb of the king of the Mausoleum in Halicarnassus and the Pharos lighthouse at the entrance to the harbor of Alexandria, the temple of Dionysus in Theos — the creation of Hermogenes dates back to this time.
23552300cf6d41dd75a9353f84bc332c49d58e76	Fine arts[edit / edit wiki text]
ac5335de20bb18b92c3be8699349dd4883345695	Diskobol, Miron, Glyptothek, Munich
0441a4288b8763208386a5a0fc93bd691865fa5d	Doriphorus of Polycletus the Elder
44779e401e99e2d7fe76563435cb8064e9adff77	Sculpture was a favorite art form of the Hellenes.
f3ab440ea10d87216708f9f906ea2e6dd9647433	Statues of the gods were erected in temples and in city squares, put up to the winners of the Olympic Games and major playwrights.
ae0b25539d0337374eb3adf08bb96bf95843eddc	The mastery, very gradually, of perfection in this art form dates back to archaic times.
008cc1efa867e6e51e02096c303ce2c3b02a42c4	Archaeologists have found dozens of archaic statues of two types that are very similar to each other: kurosy — statues of naked young men and kora — draped female statues.
f8b003f5cbbe5b82ea353b7c1cc9201d0a3eec4c	These figures still look very constrained, you can only see attempts to convey live movement.
b04154f60d2b9914d25a5f43281c49acceba56e9	Masterpieces of sculpture, which mankind never tires of admiring, were given to the world by the era of ancient Greek classics.
fead13463d159b1a6995b4fa229f6b89436a1692	His contemporaries were great masters Phidias, Myron, Polycletus the Elder.
442e3755e5d9998092c4f35653aaba76fcf13a40	Phidias was called by his contemporaries "the creator of the gods".
4b5446a72f9e042982032d6685eaeb92313de56a	Until now, his main works have not reached, they can only be judged by enthusiastic descriptions and Roman copies.
01434878744f1649fd2b68919cb363fcf9c90be9	The statue of Zeus, faced with gold and ivory, which was located in the main temple of Zeus in Olympia, was rightly ranked among the seven wonders of the world by contemporaries.
808e71a13f40fe8589166471745a2d8be635b756	He also created outstanding bas reliefs and sculptures of the Parthenon, including the main statue — Athena Parthenos (Athena of the Virgin).
a306b67363c6085ac3869169c767ad77216c1a67	Miron has reached heights in his desire to convey the movement of a person in a sculptural image.
f9962af429277e2ee731c139ad82e0e32056d2c8	In his famous Discobole for the first time in the art of r the problem of transmitting the moment of transition from one movement to another has been solved, static nature has been overcome.
70823fda11e010b0a8cfc8a13f6eef5ea0ea7992	At the same time, in accordance with the general aesthetic ideal, the sculptor depicts the athlete's face absolutely calm.
505d758aa7d271a497cd7dcf3f661b7618c3dcd8	Polycletus owns a cycle of statues of athletes winners of the Olympic Games.
26b8f6a9b011d9b39828e3c4741cdf67eb83ecea	The most famous figure is Dorifor (a young man with a spear).
a532da51fd1d916ff94bcc4ef9b2f52faed2a778	Polycletus theoretically summarized the experience of his skill in the treatise "Canon".
66e12d2aba5fcb4cc5d25f2ed53576d545ccae4a	The most famous creator of female sculptural images was Praxiteles.
e9855fe5ba1356e661a8be443baa9800da9d1821	His Aphrodite of Cnidus caused many imitations.
7a1a5fcdd7706f8ec1a865b3a31635ae106f7f98	The proportionality of classical sculptures has become a model for masters of many eras.
16ec8212ce8e2d1428a5a86a4561bf4035b7e81c	The era of the conquest of Alexander the Great, the subsequent collapse of his empire, full of passions, ups and downs of the human destinies of entire states, brought a new atmosphere to art. If we compare the sculptures of the Hellenistic era with the previous, classical period, then their appearance has lost its equanimity, calmness.
751c7d8c21ba9b9306eec2940681533683aa6795	Artists (Apelles, Protogenes, etc.) began to be interested in emotional impulses, throwing people, their state in tragic moments (for example, the sculpture group of Laocoon).
9a6077d77f3cd0be28350bb85123e6b84c5fe15b	There are sculptural portraits that convey individual traits.
7d1224a10fa134dd924c438d4245c54367c09b57	The work of Scopas was bright (a sculptural portrait of Alexander the Great has survived to us).
f8f9bb514c6869aa0132dcf0f0454a5029b86131	The successes of science have expanded the technical capabilities of art. One of the "seven wonders of the world" is the Colossus of Rhodes, which was a bronze statue of the Sun god Helios (the height of the colossus was about 35 m).
35206977656bb28e886cf5cf868b04db1ea7a8dd	The paintings (frescoes, paintings) have not been preserved by time, but their level can be judged by the wonderful vase painting, as well as the striking frescoes of the so called "graves" of Persephone and Philip the Second in Virgina (Macedonia).
ecef97c5ae2ea4e0f8ce8c510e2b3fe6fdcaa0a7	With the improvement of ceramic technology, its artistic level grew: the so called black figure style of the image is characteristic of the archaic (dark figures were drawn on a light background), which in the classical era was replaced by red figure, which made the images more realistic.
1a022a586938b4377221e0bf160c57b541aac010	The right[edit / edit wiki text]
8f70902cb18174cd8ff5d72dde5c25fb17cc1836	Main article: The Law of Ancient Greece
651549caef514310fd18c4f75b8ec24fc1122641	Greece left no records of law in the writings of its lawyers; the latter, in our or Roman sense, it did not know at all.
eb7203c4e365859c2125db3ee04583a58e92c968	Information about ancient Greek law is therefore drawn only from: 1) from fragmentary news about him from various Greek writers news of far from equal value and reliability, and 2) from inscriptions that have come down to us.
ba1d572281f9d6c5eb66f29a20ec601bca9c371f	Among the first, the most important are the works of orators and among them, especially the legal speeches of Demosthenes, which report a number of facts about the current state of ancient Greek law and its history, Isei, who gives valuable information mainly about inheritance law, Lysias, Isocrates and Aeschines.
1267dd61d693955e8195ddceb9c40838adb78f36	Plato, Aristotle, Theophrastus give in their writings a whole mass of information about the positive law of Greece, which, undoubtedly, radically influenced their philosophical ideas about laws.
1f8f6c39a5875020d8664603e288d6fe92c69ab6	Philosophers and moralists are followed by poets (Homer, Hesiod, Euripides, Aristophanes), historians (Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, Polybius) and lexicographers, who, however, generally still have less information about law than one would expect.
33c67bd1673cafce27646f379e45f686ef499d3c	The main drawback of this information is that all of them, with a few exceptions, are not an exact transfer of the norms of law, but their subjective retelling.
a5c1292b9115d628a9becabd2020f99360f8687a	Cities[edit / edit wiki text]
bd62b71caa8d7bcac2fba6882cf7a695fc72e852	The Parthenon of Athens
a084b820077fea2b8ebd1d3ce714c4f033095358	In the cities of ancient Greece, luxury was allowed only for public buildings.
43861150dd2148101f0d7d1399e1c056db30d5bf	Private dwellings were very modest and devoid of even the most insignificant comfort.
1ce171697a91764c23d3d51db3a8d5a1fad2dec3	The city streets, narrow and winding, cluttered in addition with ledges and balconies of the first floors, were almost inaccessible to the sun.
851bd9897199c859dd841c6baf8cebd99c6ec786	Athens, in particular, kept the most pathetic appearance for a long time.
11ca760ee040bcd3df1eda102e75dd58f19b899f	The city was burned down during the Persian wars, but it was rebuilt again with the same carelessness.
4f3382780fe7ba6ab2eb8e20926ea019f29accf4	The streets still had a random direction, and the houses of the populated quarters remained small and inconvenient.
f1f94696c9806c316f6f37182e8c22e8b80982a9	Foreigners spoke of Athens with contempt.
3c452fb5ca433f114048726d1039a127c626bfe2	Demosthenes himself looked with amazement at the poor dwellings of Miltiades, Aristides and Themistocles.
6aaef7ddb50aa4fbc12840e0a51b2d258016c119	But little by little, luxury penetrated into private homes.
51d30146682db0f81f53e35b37d8c9d23e3d85f7	The city wall was pushed back, new blocks were broken up.
97abd3479b9973d1c45eb2e1dfe895a41c66767b	The architect Hippodamus of Miletus made a whole revolution in the construction of cities.
d59f33d68fab7085b2267d586f1fdd03876b3327	During his work in Piraeus, Turium and Rhodes, he tried to arrange the streets according to the correct plan and build houses in one line.
a074f31d467468d7781430d062fbac0b885e568e	Plato refers to the new rules directed against the owners.
cb0224a3aa6d86e9c566c9358b266daec03e794d	In Athens, the astinomes and the areopagus were obliged to monitor the proper maintenance of houses, force them to repair and initiate cases about all sorts of violations.
d6a5f01180ca4fe9f751b0db1d69994a03f73d47	Almost all the cities Athens and Megara, Scion and Potidea, Samos and Sardis - were surrounded by large suburbs, where luxury was most noticeable.
ce733f1448fa2707a403a34d9e6db4bf094b38ec	To understand this change, it is enough to compare the old quarters of Pnyx and Areopagus in Athens with the new quarters of Keramik and Dipilon: real dwellings have taken the place of cramped slums.
b00641351c98d98bf55f1248345bea778cbeaa4f	But it was difficult to rebuild the city's shopping streets and increase the number of houses on them.
17b0efd1279aa40c76b5ae57b979d19db2edc21b	Therefore, the rich preferred to settle in the country.
450720b5e2375ce5115d2e6e6e69bb5e052d71e8	Thucydides and Isocrates claim that in their time it was necessary to look for beautiful dwellings outside the city walls.
0705a28d7f6ba34f6b87233455772ebdc70b8dd4	In the IV century, Demosthenes is horrified by the increasing luxury of private houses.
8de94a965df4dfa9e93e73f326be3abd4976fed2	However, this new taste was mainly manifested in the colonies, in overseas countries, and it was there that the Hellenic dwelling reached its apogee in the V and IV centuries, in the palaces of tyrants and kings.
ac04131a966fbbac925130b3e1c23101728bc7ea	In rich houses, there was, as a rule, a fence facing the street in front of the dwelling.
e27c45df6f0cca801af6b211ba235d46a4d09be8	The free space between this fence and the door served as a passage, or an entrance hall, often decorated with paintings, inscriptions that avert thieves and evil fate from the house, ancient images of Hecate, Hermes and the altar of Apollo of the Aegean.
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cd22009aa75edd284fb8a54a9eaa926f4398734f	23 Introduction to the Economic History of Ancient Greece / A. Tyumenev.
71542f5fb197cacd3923e8385c8f19132eea32cf	- Petrograd ;
cb112b08ce196530da3a6c8e91600e1eab8f91a1	Moscow : The book, [1923].
a5f4e9ecbb06d58d6714846b0663ed9927a49d3b	- 48 p.;
6d55384e6ad28c7dee5055548311e2d2249be337	17 cm — - (Cultural and educational Library. The third stage of knowledge. Ser. Economic).
6ed19dca48a586211fb1785b23d1bd5d03672d72	The history of the peoples and republics of Ancient Greece. part 1 / presented by Konstantin Arsenyev.
dc9dde94fbdd1302927bc0a60f342c8fae8e5126	- in the Printing House of the Medical Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, 1825 — - 464 p.
e8096693674ec2ff02b0db0145c7d95109b967f5	The history of the peoples and republics of Ancient Greece.
e43565b6bdd8df48a3f80a2002c65ece9c8d2db2	Part 2.
4aeb7b129ba6c306df4a788891b65b669d4d6c7a	Containing the times from the end of the Peloponnesian War to the conquest of Greece by the Romans / described by Konstantin Arsenyev.
92e16b8bf076a03966e9d3332bf937660abdac66	- In the printing house of the Medical Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, 1826.
ad94fa453310a4a8d63214af5684e47bfe17675d	- 424 p.
da546c6510958ef84a4d7f843ca0be96950ec1b6	Essays on the Economic and Social History of Ancient Greece.
ade466eeccc6aaa6c23eca40c96fbf5b68699463	Vol. 1: Revolution / A. Tyumenev.
411f07fd894329d6cd487f315a29e9fa4703fc59	- St. Petersburg : State University. publishing house, 1920 — - [2], 179 p.;
28722906589cfe4c6018b224e45c3014bde5cc29	21 cm.
a072080ecd2b5814d0444e401cf8ef9c0b077119	Portal "Ancient Greece" Ancient Greece in Wikiuchebnik?
909ba97e0236d03df01adcb4c10177127ef48b73	Ancient Greece on Wikimedia Commons?
853979b5ded4a2de3fe7e6f6740c007f5c5ca971	Ancient Greece an article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
0e6caf4f0c0620394834efd00462beedc3e3ade2	Ancient Greece // The Soviet Historical Encyclopedia: in 16 vols.
b82ae32f456830170fd9508981bb043c4705b405	/ edited by E. M. Zhukov — - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1961-1976.
6e6b8fd5ee78c1ad4b94ffa808364150fbffe3e4	Surikov I. E., Lenskaya V. S., Solomatina E. I., Taruashvili L. I. History and culture of Ancient Greece.
b849585972545c8c942d9f89859c1fafaa879e34	Encyclopedic Dictionary / Under the general editorship of I. E. Surikov.
5ed00ce05bb8af092be54065b7b21dbe110206fd	- M.: Languages of Slavic cultures, 2009 — - 729 p — - 800 copies.
372ae8feb0b158dbad2fd2f4908d7a3378223c6a	— ISBN 978-5-9551-0355-6.
9a2406934e62d6a1376bf4f4586801b6d24d6a3d	History of Greece Stone, Bronze Age Culture, history, art, myths and Personalities of Ancient Greece Library of Literature on History and Culture Sparta ancient Greece Athenian Democracy
f34ed2a76c4ab64ddba5963d95aeef27db7b4ba4	Ancient Greece in themes Portal: Ancient Greece
9926a3d3623b3aa9138a9c52a1eb654b2aa41376	History Prehistoric Greece * Aegean Civilization (Western Anatolian · Minoan · Cycladic · Helladic · Mycenaean) · Bronze Age Catastrophe · Greek Dark Ages · Ancient Greek Colonization · Archaic Greece · Classical Greece · Hellenistic Greece · Roman Greece
42d2f41c488bb493f1221f5fece2ebf7bdf6a1b9	The Ancient Greeks
e608736ab2c99b5972038b516bd1d024f8947f9e	Pre Greek substrate · Lelegs · Pelasgians · Ionians · Achaeans · Aeolians · Dorians · Dorian Invasion · Hellenic origin ancient Macedonians · Peoples of the sea
2252fdb6a808f9000690b1d774d55f3e4cfff2cc	Geography Aegean Sea * Hellespont · Macedonia · Sparta · Athens · Corinth · Thebes · Antioch · Alexandria · Pergamum · Miletus · Ephesus · Delphi · Delos · Olympia · Troy · Rhodes · Crete · Peloponnese · Mycenae · Epirus * Cyprus · Great Greece · Colonies of Ancient Greece
6a0fb97ac11bc2c7d87f34e8e7153846bc62b09d	The rulers are the Kings of Athens and Attica · The Archons of Athens · The Kings of Sparta · Pyrrhides · Macedonian Kings · Kings of Arcadia · Kings of Argos · Kings of Corinth · Rulers of Syracuse · Epitides · Rulers of Lydia · Attalids · Diadochi · Commagene Kings · Pontic Kings
93c7453d792898e7c4dd4525c951e79b3d8a396e	Politics Democracy * Apella · Ecclesia · Dicastery · Council of Five Hundred · Agora · Graphe paranomon · Areopagus · Corinthian Union · Diadochi
16746d991e602b24e03adf2186c0b2bd66e17355	Wars of War · Army of Ancient Macedonia · Army of Sparta · Hoplite · Getaires · Peltasts · Phalanx · Saris · Sacred band from Thebes · Spartan Horsemen
65c4b0605b2162da82f6da19c9a1192a08481238	Economy and Law Money and Coins · Agriculture · Slavery · Right
ed984a3b915b38479f93553450746b136675cfeb	Culture Religion and Mythology · Philosophy · Literature · Clothing · Cuisine · Wine · Education · Olympic competitions · Prostitution · Homosexuality
675bfdd6ed165c59c6588eef12d9154ef09cdd69	Architecture Parthenon * Temple of Artemis of Ephesus · Acropolis of Athens · Agora of Athens · Temple of Zeus · Temple of Hephaestus · Temple Complex of Samothrace
918c86afbb895902ba54aa55b274d4d40e06d01b	Art Architecture * Coinage · Literature · Music · Ceramics · Sculpture · Theater
a54dc26558888783b071ca7c69e6711b167a1bc5	Science Calendars · Cartography · Astronomy · Mathematics · Medicine · Technologies
0c9f494c198aedb96a9f146eda23aea8f7ec84c0	Proto Greek language and writing · Mycenaean · Homeric * Dialects (Aeolian · Arcadian Cypriot · Attic · Dorian · Ionian · Locrid · Ancient Macedonian · Pamphylian) · Koine · Linear letter A · Linear letter B · Greek Alphabet · Pre Greek Substratum(Minoan language · Trojan language · Eteo Cypriot language · Eteocrit language)
78c0d7f18454d5ba87b13ffba3fda57f09279163	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient Greece&oldid=82121050"
75d361e13d956673039f01f8eca1bee09b9d1379	Categories: History of Greece Ancient Greece History of the Mediterranean
c6f9f3d5fee90ae07c1edcd15c4d0ecacbe7dc23	Hidden categories: Wikipedia:No sources since December 2014 Wikipedia:Articles with statements without sources for more than 14 days Wikipedia:Articles without sources (objects less than the specified limit: 7) Wikipedia:Articles without sources (type: state) Wikipedia:Articles without sources (type: historical state) Articles with links to Wikiuchebnik Pages using magic ISBN links
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3eeaacef705b67b09ab1719a54fffba394ceea66	Home "Civilizations" Ancient Greece " History of ancient Greece
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9da60bdce24fa2407abddbd5a012f12bb70ca57a	History of Ancient Greece
e159ef3c35d39082ffd10c04ce97b4e84a89583b	Greece stood out among other states Babylonia, Egypt and Persia and with good reason.
16ffdbcb72056f716aab45e0b2243e0a16beb834	Map of Ancient Greece
315edad91589351597ef9536cd8bf29c9176cee4	The most ancient times of Ancient Greece
6636dafa5a8f84ead3bd38cb92f7f81f3953ca42	The peoples of Greece and their development
d2382d3e75a3a8933d6216e3384818da02cad188	The Pelasgians, who inhabited Greece almost five thousand years ago, were expelled from their lands exactly in the same millennium in which they appeared.
02283f7198e9367ae0d26947ba50594dd5d5dd83	The reason for this was the Achaeans who invaded from the north, whose state was also located on the island of Peloponnese with its capital in Mycenae.
2768fd0fba8fb6ce3bc8bc563b4979d0f8e2bc73	This conquest was epochal in nature, as it marked the beginning of the Achaean civilization, which suffered the same sad fate – at the end of the XIII century BC, just as the Achaeans invaded the Greek lands, the Dorians came to this territory.
5f67f55c3e90afc4c7f281a2d2153f777d8d1448	Unfortunately, the conquerors destroyed almost all the cities and the entire Ahian population, although they themselves, at the same time, were at a lower stage of civilization development.
21062352aa34ef0e62866d4501313e69f18407ff	This fact could not but affect the culture of ancient Greece.
55b67393afc140cfb89b98f90a971159ba05768e	The oldest written language created by the Pelasgians was forgotten, not to mention the fact that the construction and development of tools stopped.
414875bfc892eb0ba577229a1ee5bb0649eb9e7f	This period, which is deservedly called "dark" lasted no less than from the XII to IX centuries AD.
de8a879ae16325f4277ba5cd29b2009a10c0eb61	Among the cities, Athens and Sparta still stood out, where there were two antagonistic societies.
c9ffb0cc0a2c108a71ecc2181f21a4066d805fb6	So, in Laconica (Sparta), the governors were two kings who ruled, passing their power by inheritance.
6e81495b2f115b4abfe89874052d8719fa4e2696	Nevertheless, despite this, the real power was in the hands of the elders, who passed laws and were engaged in judging.
0e559d72e8151f8820c806e7e01ef6b8deffc9c0	The love of luxury was severely persecuted in Sparta, and the main task of the elders was to prevent the class stratification of society, for which each Greek family received an allotment of land from the state, which it had to cultivate without the right to receive additional territories.
c7d09c4d345db4a73d10dfdedb135c547bb8a1bf	Soon the Spartans were forbidden to engage in trade, agriculture and crafts, the slogan was proclaimed that "the occupation of every Spartan is war", which was supposed to fully provide the population of Laconia with everything necessary for life.
d2ad7c8c4967207d0cedcf0ad61e064af1c67f64	The fact that the soldiers could be expelled from the detachments only because he did not fully eat his portion of food at a common meal, which indicated that he had dined on the side, speaks eloquently about the customs of the Spartans.
7dc95402b320011a037564c07f86ec953c781d06	Moreover, a wounded Spartan had to die on the battlefield in silence, without showing unbearable pain.
33a016d4d58eefd0b28e1325b73532a03ca296ec	The main rival of Sparta was the current capital of Greece – Athens.
181f158491a75f89cab9b6ea3e6bbf315a0c3640	This city was the center of the arts, and the people who inhabited it were the complete opposite of the rough and tough Spartans.
f654cf1233f1b2554453c06eb6538dceb3c08dd5	Nevertheless, despite the ease and carefree life, it was here that the word "tyrant" appeared.
268796c6e6ba846cfd13e205178a15144566a33b	Initially, it had the meaning of "ruler", but when the authorities of Athens began to engage in outright robbery of the population, this word acquired the shade that it has to this day.
2d303f78a126f1e78b41faa60ea97c5d77fd2444	Peace was brought to the ruined city by King Solon – a wise and kind ruler who did a lot to improve the lives of citizens.
3c6012a09dc1211b0486721f675e980e78f82135	The VI century brought new challenges to the inhabitants of Greece – the danger came from the Persians, who quickly conquered Egypt, Media and Babylonia.
2da17de826c93c923a24298db77bc9540c7fa700	In the face of the Persian power, the peoples of Greece united, forgetting about the centuries old strife.
3b5b4dbbf39565d87ccef6947979b0b64f81482c	Of course, the center of the army was made up of Spartans who devoted their lives to military affairs.
bce554a1409ba8ad88e9030c6f916d40971b881f	The Athenians, in turn, engaged in the construction of a flotilla.
b1c77a9380fbf0596fb82918b9387570d451d2fc	Darius underestimated the power of the Greeks and lost the first battle, which is immortalized in history by the fact that a joyful messenger ran from Marathon to Athens to deliver the joyful news of victory, and, having overcome 40 km, fell dead.
49f10d44c856ed607aa29316cf2a21038e0bb159	It is remembering that event that athletes run the "marathon distance".
498355bd74cfee00691214937d2b8cab9029110e	Xerxes, the son of Darius, enlisting the support and help of the conquered states, nevertheless, lost a number of important battles, and refused any attempts to conquer Greece.
e3f170a3b2e8758ebade9a61baa3ed654b5d6b8f	Thus, Greece became the most influential state, which gave it a number of privileges, especially Athens, which became the capital of trade in the Eastern Mediterranean.
9e70c47c811600e4a14d8f234a2d1d130a7770f5	Sparta united with Athens the next time in the face of the Macedonian conqueror Philip II, who, unlike Darius, quickly broke the resistance of the Greeks, establishing power over all areas of the state, except Sparta, which refused to obey.
15c7c13cbdab0adcb0e9d086f97b3731ac735638	Thus, the Classical Period of the development of the Hellenic states ended and the flourishing of Greece as part of Macedonia began.
713464905593d479887bfbbe2b343864880e41c9	Thanks to Alexander the Great, the Greeks and Macedonians by 400 BC became the absolute masters of the entire Near Asia.
f77d462b866dfa48f2a1db0e5953183b19336b3d	The Hellenistic era ended in 168 BC, when the large scale conquests of the Roman Empire began.
fce135cf538621e3ad38aca50443143efd3d0b33	The role of Greek civilization in the history of the development of the world
5c33b8b4eabc38968455fdb67eacbd5768845b09	Historians agree that the cultural development of the world would have been impossible without the heritage that ancient Greece left us.
8de93b45ea459bed3e117d239b45cd6aa5857a56	It was here that the fundamental knowledge about the universe that modern science uses was laid.
9d5402381a8d4ba89d7f57f410d4d21c293fb0e6	The first philosophical concepts were formulated here, defining the basis for the development of spiritual values of all mankind.
588c737549abbc1fe2ffd3290bf3e1d3360c0094	The Greek philosopher Aristotle laid the foundations of ideas about the material and immaterial world, Greek athletes became the first champions of the first Olympic Games.
b8ed52e8c776baf9257721211f1939ebb11d7744	Any science or art sphere is somehow connected with this great Ancient state – be it theater, literature , painting or sculpture.
bd2c643a728dbcba264281e0f709d74ed83efafd	"The Iliad" is the main work that has come down to our days, it tells very vividly and colorfully about the historical events of those times, about the way of life of the ancient Eleans, and, more importantly, it is dedicated to real events.
0b52ccd83ae518d7ab0ea5cf0dcd825ee0c01495	The famous Greek thinker Herodotus, whose works were devoted to the Greco Persian wars, made a contribution to the development of history.
557c98d4e40e774a3d76ce968616c2ea055d75a3	The contribution of Pythagoras and Archimedes to the development of mathematics cannot be overestimated.
827df5d4c2f96b859a6f1945b4463e65f70acea2	Moreover, the ancient Greeks were the authors of numerous inventions that were used primarily during military operations.
028964634d9a129c04572ad2a5a564fdee43a38d	Special attention should be paid to the Greek theater, which was an open area with a round structure for the choir and a stage for artists.
f46aa199da849c94e09a22f7720ebbfe1efb5dcd	This architecture assumed the creation of excellent acoustics, and the audience, even sitting in the far rows, could hear all the replicas.
4f3f7fdeab682b73bf069e10b76da22da674644b	It is noteworthy that the actors hid their faces under masks, which were divided into comic and tragic.
2341bc229f9abcee2031b542d831a8d5096ff4f6	Reverently honoring their gods, the Greeks created their statues and sculptures, which still amaze with their beauty and perfection.
2b764c96020309545bf5d973bef23604712dd28a	The special place of Ancient Greece in the world's ancient history makes it one of the most mysterious and amazing states in the ancient world.
8cd44c6a5b4b7394cce8806c835b193719366e2a	The ancestor of science and art, Greece still attracts the attention of everyone who is interested in world history.
53018b6fa28aa5fcfb6a3f741f18cb8bbdb62d15	The periods of ancient Greece.
de30481d75965e571cf20e9c2af87de6faef0630	History of development
216c8f8729f117204235a67fbd8b07eaad804397	Early period (1050-750 BC)
9cac19fb251127690a3d0dcfcc2f410d8e641497	Following the final demise of the Mycenaean culture, which knew writing, the last of the glorious civilizations of the Aegean Bronze Age, mainland Greece and the islands off its coast entered an era called by some historians the "Dark Age".
8d7f3ffae5aa079bb769cd47ed068974f0a67644	However, strictly speaking, this term rather characterizes the break in historical information that concerns the time interval that began around 1050 BC, rather than the lack of knowledge or historical experience among the then population of Hellas, although writing was lost.
b3b0b330476b676db4ecffffc309347a63de56e8	In fact, it was at this time, the time of transition to the Iron Age, that the political, aesthetic and literary features inherent in classical Hellas then began to appear.
ac20a90dc2cb66193213e531cc7a6cbc4b76ba8d	Local leaders, who called themselves pari, ruled small, closely related communities — the forerunners of the ancient Greek cities of the state.
41682f31acf35321cc57f26d23084811f68c034d	The next stage in the development of painted ceramics is obvious, which has become simpler in form, but at the same time stronger; its appearance, as evidenced by the vessel shown on the right, has acquired a new elegance, harmony and proportionality, which have become distinctive features of later Greek art.
9b936fff93b1c0eb8504bc9d74329bbd4d4734d3	Using vague memories of the history of the Mycenaeans, Trojans and other Ancient states, wandering singers composed narratives about gods and ordinary mortals, giving a poetic imagery to Greek mythology.
2c544f0f532b1d64786d7095d7ec419660f1a872	By the end of this period, the Greek speaking tribes borrowed the alphabet from the Phoenicians and adapted it to their language, which made it possible to record many legends that were long preserved in the oral tradition: the best among them from the extant Homeric epics " 776 BC, is considered to be the beginning of the subsequent continuous rise of Greek culture.
8fd58aa6c6413a6ec8145ba9bc22bb4d24eed979	Archaic period (Archaic) (750-500 BC)
e82af63efb4ff71f00d26092183e011ea9677644	In the eighth century, driven by the growth of population and prosperity, emigrants from ancient Greece in search of new agricultural land and trade opportunities spread throughout the Mediterranean.
b9bc6feb34965e44241e392dafc6e809b6e5966d	Greek settlers in foreign countries, however, became not just subjects of the cities that founded colonies, but separate, autonomous political entities.
898146a8ba82ea00a422807b1923acdc30c37cbf	The spirit of independence that possessed the settlers, as well as the need for joint actions to maintain each community, gave rise to such a political unit as the polis.
be3be6ed8692dbb405338e4eee57ccdd85874262	Throughout the Greek world, there were supposedly up to 700 similar city states.
8f4b3253017c4399158c854fa48d3d47709930ca	The foreign cultures with which Hellas came into contact during this period of expansion affected the Greeks in a variety of ways.
40294694a9633bae04ad247130fec9e19e7327b5	The geometric painting of ceramics has given way to images of animals and plant drawings in the Oriental style, as well as detailed mythological scenes of the new black figure style of vase painting (see below in the photo gallery below).
3a67626a0ebf7ee641bb7157398f32209186e975	Artists who worked with stone, clay, wood and bronze began to create monumental sculptures of a person The typical Archaic statue of Kouros (photo on the left) bears obvious traces of the Egyptian influence, but at the same time demonstrates the nascent desire for symmetry, lightness and realism.
bc4e6cca28acd520a0fb36652897fbcd19a4d218	In the seventh century, the first truly Greek temples appeared, decorated with extended friezes and columns of the Doric order (see the photo gallery below).
0b2212c42865753f08a5d573364673660cd7bd76	Lyrical and elegiac poetry, deeply personal and emotionally saturated, is replacing the high flown poems of the past.
82f40cd3c98b435c69c5aa4142dca150e6c402e3	The development of trade contributes to the widespread use of coinage invented by the Lydians.
0d7a0f84ddcc7e43f1cc0284768534539954578a	At the same time, on the mainland, Sparta introduced a political system in which special importance is attached to strict management and discipline, and as a result became the largest and most powerful city state of that period.
5a6ef6fa98dc13fe55b20d9ee9be82b0e2f5d6e0	Athens, on the contrary, is changing and codifying laws, taking care of justice and equality, opening access to the ruling bodies to an increasing number of citizens and laying the foundations of democracy.
459a7779ca2fe4c34aba81822dd08d4c9d963965	Classical period (500-323 BC)
7612e42f191c39788a25718ad5b9b5606f736dae	The classical period in ancient Greece, when arts, literature, philosophy and politics flourished incredibly quickly here, is limited by the time of wars with two foreign powers — Persia and Macedonia.
92d6642ce7d7991d3aa43267b9897c032c3f6db0	The victory of the Hellenes over the Persians gave rise to a new spirit of cooperation between different city states and Athens, whose fleet played a decisive role, providing a favorable turning point in the fight against the so called barbarians.
5cf07c672fa69dca2fc63f5f36d99767f990ef00	The tribute that went from the allies to the Athenian treasury in exchange for military protection provided the Athenians with the opportunity to increase their already considerable wealth and guaranteed this city political, cultural and economic supremacy throughout the Mediterranean.
04fc975314e990b622fb8f8359683d6827b33762	Almost all citizens of Athens, regardless of their financial situation, were provided with access to elected positions, and they received remuneration for the performance of their respective duties.
757f932225774a8e3afe0fff01fc4272f7901368	At the state expense, sculptors, architects and playwrights worked on works that still remain the highest creative achievement of mankind.
629314c007bd1ebb766ebd0c7a79f40444e905d2	Shown, for example, on the right, a bronze statue of Zeus with a height of 213 centimeters gives a concentrated view of the skill of the artists of classical Hellas (ancient Greece), who reproduced the human body in their works with extraordinary dynamism.
b358b17091279d0e55c3b7354633df4e5d347e3f	Greek philosophers, historians and specialists in the field of natural sciences have left examples of rational theoretical analysis.
e3521ccc0261e243122913bc36384459dfeab3c6	In 431, the old enmity between Athens and Sparta resulted in a war that lasted for almost 30 years and ended with the defeat of the Athenians.
4175204d636791c76054715aa51c0e2789282f7f	Decades of continuous battles led to a weakening of political influence in many city states, where violent strife did not stop.
5654f50543074319a6b84073fec0e34d93ac15aa	The prudent and ambitious Macedonian king Philip II managed to profit from such chaos and soon became the master of the entire territory of ancient Greece.
0e365f77bd8bea03377cf36a33522debaecbfaad	Philip failed to complete the construction of the empire, he was killed, and his son Alexander ascended the throne.
44341359d90f8418550c907bc6bbb0857adec62c	Just 12 years later, Alexander the Great (Macedonian) died, but left behind a power that stretched from the Adriatic to Media (see below in the photo gallery).
b6299afab288bbfe3e7057b994717ed74153574b	Hellenistic period (323-31 BC)
b3b8124ee4636612432907e6e5b3c853940b3942	On the ruins of Alexander's empire, after almost 50 years of fierce struggle for his inheritance, three major powers emerged: Macedonia, Ptolemaic Egypt and the Seleucid state, which stretched from modern Turkey to Afghanistan.
4bbb70723150c81f879ec3e090fd1d4c29700fa8	It is striking that from the Macedonian capital of Pella in the west to Ai Khanum in the east, the language, literature, political institutions, fine arts, architecture and philosophy in the cities and settlements that arose as a result of Alexander's campaigns remained unquestionably Greek after his death.
8b8c84dbd18fa22d663382951d6f10e63fa42611	Subsequent kings emphasized their kinship with Hellas, especially with Alexander: the picture on the left shows a Thracian silver coin, on which he is depicted with the ram horns of Zeus Amon — a god with roots in both the East and the West.
d5a2a46d7c3ffb296d32ba390aa248eef8793522	Having a common language, Nakhodka, under the influence of constant trade contacts, preserving written texts and attracting numerous travelers, the Hellenistic world became more and more cosmopolitan.
f4ea6b26e848101dc80a5ed6337dcb8a9c719055	Education and enlightenment flourished, libraries were created — among them was the Great Library of Alexandria, where there were about half a million volumes.
3087a68715ffa9f8f12d7bc83602bb3b2eeb9f7b	But the Greek ruling classes refused to admit ordinary subjects into their ranks, and the vast new kingdoms were everywhere shaken by internal troubles.
08687ca4feb2007bb27100c8164df06d5badda4a	Steadily weakening and impoverished Macedonia fell under Roman rule in 168 BC.
027f40a97dc66f2653016af44ab139ae86f94fd7	One after another, the provincial governors of the Seleucid empire declared themselves independent, forming many small states with a dynastic form of government.
9ff43e796006abbb5c59ba75264410f2b7fdf00e	Of the kingdoms into which Alexander's empire collapsed, Ptolemaic Egypt was still a bastion.
b6df00301fcbd52f2bc083eee6d8ff4851666d43	Cleopatra VII, the last of this family (and the only one who learned the language of the subject population), committed suicide when the Romans won at Actium.
0506681d0300adaebdd8e7b0d06b3f35fe894d89	However, although ancient Rome managed to subdue the entire Mediterranean, the domination of the Latins did not mean the end of Greek influence: the Romans absorbed the culture of ancient Greece and perpetuated the Hellenic heritage in a way that the Greeks themselves could not.
9eaec705290810ef2d2533c3d4d502e9f0829253	В To the section Ancient Greece To the section: 3D Reconstruction of civilizations ↠
fb61b85e6d9121c6cb2e7c7d26d5154bb452010c	If you find an error, select this text and press Ctrl+Enter.
1936a167fc2aeb2bb03e9878835b6182470bac5e	Did you like this article?
a83f8d086d32f2f766c6c04b38253bbf79f32713	Vote for it or share it on social networks. social networks, as well as you can leave your comments.
fc0e469b4ae9a5c830655c8b1494962ad863773d	We will be grateful to you!
0ba2048f615c2f95adcfafb6dca20489a6e4132e	If the article did not answer your question: How?
be65b9e347375f6ab4dbf58f66fa0a0b73735783	What?
b2028cfcc78f7fd44821aacab16481a32f1dfc70	When?
3415b100907c7ea72f2f0f61f5254f59ef62166e	Write your suggestions in the comments to the article or through the Feedback form and we will definitely take this into account.
dbac8b0f8f57c517671d40b6dcc99e9c14178670	Ivan Tsarevich
4c6636548bfbf67cb94f61d2baa0a49a8dc4408f	You're probably right.
2f2b783356825fae784a5d414c5de5ec8e69bb1e	All the conquerors always assert themselves and glorify themselves in all kinds and ways, and those whom they expelled from the places inhabited and enriched by the work of generations (for example, the Pelasgians, who then found shelter in the Slavic lands), on the contrary, are represented as barbarians..
486e75088f525d488b499082f2e111ea3742f428	History has an eternal tendency: those peoples who do not have a history compose legends about their past, but live on lands cultivated from the wild by others.
be0fdf19910013dad76c4e326b71d3f5e9032e3e	So the history of the Slavic peoples of Europe, who raised it from the darkness of forests and the abyss of swamps, is a vivid confirmation of this
0d53d1b50308fe6c5e7bff4f82462cb67c3cbbdb	Everything is fine in the history of Greece, but they are also not the indigenous people of Europe, How can we explain that even 150-200 years ago there were Slavic settlements and a language in the Greek lands? and WHY does Herodotus call the Scythians the farmers of the Dnieper region who grew and sold wheat to Athens through Greek trading posts (colonies), etc., and why does he cover up the Greek expansion into the Northern Black Sea region with an absurd legend about the origin of the" Scythians " from Hercules and the Snake?
e6294f2a73381d059f9dcc6ab865179149b0154a	Not everything is so familiar with the history of the Greeks, as well as the Scythians.
dd39685817b04070f21d2ca040743451a8c170e7	Where are the Greeks from?
5ebc40adaf212d33e3ac665351dad4a65d6cc8bb	Where are the Scythians from?
d18e1da09ff1b57c3e4c188b925bb767eb32dc42	Why was everyone so drawn to the lands of the Dnieper and the Black Sea region ?
5e5088f659f7a054042a6a4f6d196a461c111f4a	Why is our history so little studied and what is the main thing not told or hidden?
1017a79367d9c3bc8fbe0a9d7c68ba48896b28de	The answer is probably clear, in the self sufficiency and well being of the autochthons the offspring, the CHILDREN of THIS earth
040c90f31bcec1f62fa34657bb810b638415352e	England London
915d8e6920429b8b0e0ce331f8c06bae92c354ee	Navernoe Greki Khoteli ochen stat visokimi i skulpturi vozdvigali.
3274d2322b4a9c71717ffc9baf6e939a7e747abd	Greki bili nizskogo rosta ,smesheniya naciy im udostoilo chest ne vsem a nekotorim stat visokimi,nu a vostalnom ne znau chto skazat ?
a729a80587bc81043476b5533dbe3b9e3049a28b	Tupee khitree i gryaznee ne vidala.zhenshini rasputnie u nikh do bezobraziya sovesti netu ne gramotnie ,krome sebya nikogo ne vidyat i ne uvazhaut nu i mnogoe drugoe .
1ccc55aa0d45379a70ed21d2f36dcda96cd87002	Varvari odnim slovom i khami.
2b441f6953afa1c506abd34857604fc04866c852	Muzhiki zdes kak babi pidarasi,+vsegda pod komandoy zhenshiny + zhenshina pokupaet sebe muzha i on kak kozel na pobegushkakh u vsey ee semii.
819e92d26966c202a4a2992ff83ec37391badf94	Krasivye skazki! naverno kogda to bila takaya naciya kotoroy uzhe net ,ischezli oni s lica zemli.
b5ac4cf2c02142bc2141b98f05e9347876b0167e	Cackle Social Comments
1998582d0bce9d3abecd4447ccab5f04804ef2e4	The history of ancient Greece the period of Alexander the Great
65215d6aaa11ec13755a191b817e41c54bce9083	Photo Tours.
e6dca5561261ebdbf227b354e7e0744a4778925d	Theater in Epidaurus
dbcc86458207f59b122077f7e778e6c3ce92f912	The diet of the ancient Greeks
ee772c2fb00e5f96cc05a251e02b46ec19086384	If you decide to go to Greece
6d78f879fed0936464083fb54a9e81f06bcfddcb	Wars in Ancient Greece
86d2c302aa41c8776ec161047a802c78a9960cd7	The War of Ancient Greece with Persia
a2f7e7a6dae9f671d7382ef38104d92d956c4eb7	The development of primitive society and community.
a0b67864ed657261accf84fa084c1413a309caba	Primitive collectivism
e925266173281203efecf1b47c527a0ce7ef9eaf	Primitive society
8ace2311c17471d3b1c7d90aca10afdc5a3e7381	Primitive man
5afadc5fcfba66e926168d6400ce4c26d22f3fdb	The formation of the social system
e0b0410f646b805288141366e89db1303a235d76	The formation of collectivism
fa1fc2fd184ad98ea62b49a449d3c5ddcf201a62	Development of the primitive community
8d13b05988b2065f613b25fc015ae628b961c1fc	Development and role of hunting
49cb2560d1a354a462570e7ca47ab697d594ce60	The decline of primitive society
f5661d2db598a5cbc2e5d11a0682093e36b1faee	Civilizations
3ca325c9bf751fd323f84b26ae787ff068036add	Empires of the world
3a05f9b5f5cf088277e335d7d69ddfc5a2651d33	Armies of Empires
acef5b6208d9b04bbfa46e88750e8a3e0297a637	Civilizations and peoples of Mesoamerica
26414e770f8cee13fcd02de3a97f5c3d4226d8a9	Maya
db268670d9f75306039cdc87f0f5eca726550591	The history of a mysterious civilization
f9e18156d18164aec476ae506bf5a7ea22eebe03	The Aztecs
e225d242db107c9d2a6f9297d9b3071a3f1510d4	History of the Empire
0321bd3b2a174c9e02ac9146674810bab48292d0	Aztec Society
754c8622408f918e376ad4fa6e2882ae9f29b325	Cultural development
af00f860a0029ef790eaff1bc24709f16b526c94	Civilizations of South America
796e0b9366bdc8b9d292a6acf22ca7bc44168cbd	The first settlements
e955c9adb308bb40e45e0ab964660bb253133976	Chavin
08a1c41172f2362b2d43d60a308a50f63357948e	Paracas "Stormy wind"
2d602111637e48f6fa4d8e962da5f007d3fce8df	Nazca
97ad745aa7457f9475916c8fe4c775ba753cd499	Mochika - The kingdom of blood and gold
d3baf80adde6f49c39fe3cd90dc3b744b3be7e14	Chimu - "Children of the Stars"
60d8cafcde35bc23164b7e0ce3748db98f464ea4	Inca - Empire of the Sun
6c1f858798332ac775c623a717d4f7ffc55af082	The Fall of the Inca Empire
60e76d5e666a96812e701be5443b2d16afc15dcd	Machu Picchu Inca Agriculture
ab5c6ae61b26c47bdc82db312d4cc5a4c7023c94	Pre Columbian civilizations of South America
63be8bc55686577a1044b775ca6e0fecb34e7609	The Cretan Mycenaean Civilization
b8ad2dbe90d780676c4991ba3abf1cee4c5f88fc	History of the Cretan Civilization
f3c0102828f749ef9e29f7e81e26cc61064f125b	The Treasures of Priam
0efcdbb1315741fb9d61a5a4d8ee1dd72b11798b	Cretan entertainment
55053e6ba391ab0647daa72c7bcebb8795a5c387	Minoan Art
be7b1823b4ff469f763ea2c9450bf1e828e8067f	The decline of civilization
d9e6444407fa5ac9f4ee5743297106cc5b266e8c	Mycenaean culture
4b48dcdba61bfe37470da0c0902d48286abce3d8	The Trojan War
2dabb8334b6cbbc19635a160f00032f11eeb9962	Writing
805604992a36e1d6a7ba783d25c9b2851b5dd28e	Ancient India
13a6c057ec560729a0b07dc994e02c0f972605c1	Ancient India - The Beginning of history
af776f4184ca634624c21b119f2c5e7c314261f2	Cities and houses
181d23d9164c6f2cc9e4ea123785f6058a00d856	Ancient Phoenicia
f72e30c217c046ea6c9475cfd920cf6e77f94bca	The history of the first sea power
b0811e470d6bf4c9665ed9f163c7fcb0644e38fe	Trade
d9c554009a053f216202e9856a7be20a2b407c49	Fashion and clothing
f2f4168a85d53dde47894b17efa3f9229e4e9b79	The Era of Colonization
cb6afca445d57b2a178e3f66097d157b442845ea	The Altar of Baal
5fdf693c388ab15cf6f265f06c921ce6c0417cdb	Celts
664a3a46a82a9a04db595bc35c80b224d78e2e0d	History of Celtic culture
4ec61c8fc7e43eb3d18256a5232ce65e18791cbe	What did they look like?
c7218874afd691dad42496469c9d727d4059b663	Military affairs
99adcab2872548992d578dae47c285cfdb1eb128	Craft
cbaa220e99a34900a5e682c94cc0eca6edb23134	Scythians
c40f396a2a06218f8fc24f8da6c600e7bb49e6a0	Who are they and where are they from?
411065950911166ae690d4fb5c5e2a8ec1202b8e	Scythian burial mounds
afbdc6a3f7843c1ee9c14b38f1499ed48edcc8b5	Handicrafts and animal husbandry
0523bdc13e74cc7f3368fef4c744fd78fdfde8b3	Jewelry and clothing
b205cf09ff1a540379b62a32d08bd18f86a75e57	European Scythians
6fafb5dec9947861e2dda3917f75cb3179555caf	Belskoye settlement
803676dae2d098ff0b4b6c10baf27b735b40f783	Ancient China
85ce6a2332ccf7c68f1c89dc877d44c5de3d03fb	The history of the Great Empire
5011258c023526adbdc636f8c25b10043280d322	Development of the Empire
7c913fb08d61032695cf10ac327534d6264a818e	History of Buddhism
f842ab44ed15d898f5916fc61241707fc242f920	Empires of the Middle East
9076b90d6032e53c4a7c0d160771c725b395b53a	Civilizations of the Middle East
4e95cd6de80ba262f5d39bf8d40739d8bbdab94d	The Peoples of the Middle East runoff
a7f7ebc3d8f72f7b9b930f0c19b1fa073690648a	Ancient Assyria
1549fe03fb84f89685dfadc276054ae54d6b338f	The Babylonian Kingdom
120df8ea213fb646b8e0577d64124d9ea752afd4	Ancient Persia
44b20ecbcacadc391aa103ffc14ddc3ddec5df5e	The capitals of the Achaemenids (Ancient Persia)
7f2e3f8090b9c085e6eaffd48c1d0ca10d6f564a	Ancient Egypt
b70d3a64c0e4f11dfc12286485c3e3ce1c0112cc	Upper and Lower Egypt
43152cee30375b5599d36ed1ab331dbf2ecb4106	Decorating
4af77a124ce0cfd7f6a885ab61b36b1994c6a4b9	History of the Nile Civilization
3d97d165f2acb3b835c354cdfb0d46f3c0b65363	Everyday life
800d4e924238e80fc0ced78625d77c2b2127a38f	Knowledge of the Egyptians
63b25fcc5debd22e55b0c3d60f6b1e2622babf30	Agriculture and animal husbandry
0bcfcca4536d0fa01d6f102ee6e7c2e04a774626	Mesopotamia
a0891983f84b2609acba19b1c53d7884dc555564	History of Mesopotamia
74e0be284a6ede5c9e2530e2c7ecc80f501c585b	Food and clothing
1e9be9d669f2a68f430cf23b29576f54d2389b20	Cities, houses and everyday life
bcd0ea11cf5cf67cc3fbe908bf93c8b9a2fbfdb8	The peoples of the Middle East and Mesopotamia
7ce09ae483d0108a0100e39123d74f5ab4a1b32d	Hittite Civilization
c8374c5008da27132ff0da2f046a2397c45abf44	Who are the Hittites?
182d436a7f855aedfa0d34d663cdf5e654875d76	War in the life of the Empire
c638c473b16296bbc9072624208b82f3a8540cdd	Production of weapons
76ae53f69f1be1824accadaf6fb5859166e404bc	Antiquity
d9c4602d7cdecfc2df157d320b06b710006fc773	Ancient civilizations of the world
38a70d24bc212977388182c84abd5546e5193f92	History of the Cradle of Civilizations
783c4de9c29b23d404f013d398c44c14af6a5c53	The Dark Ages
f0dfcd7e46f652a34f5a05d3093e77d33d0faecc	Life in a period of decline
a0e2a4694c1c49b7d800b6a409742732c62dfb29	Colonization
e7de294649fa727f64623fa81da4375e882530f5	The War with Persia
a0b3b48d6f8d72aa24196850168b6e72b363ca58	Wars in the life of civilization
1ad4abe9a69ba834967cefd2f4e13cd4b86baa38	The people of the Greek states.
6d04178e89c7985d4669ae4b010a84d5df5aa8d5	Life and everyday life
ab3d1b12dd4473656608aa8e32f8f3751b720d72	Clothing and fashion
abb4748885e61b62b35b5dd0cc836e237f0499c3	Jewelry and jewelry business
5610c992c9788a32a7a9abe0b96b7821873fc78a	Weddings and marriages
5d8460184de32c814e2c97c3b3548b844305e664	The Roman Empire
904450cac96bd7b59f0bff2b072b1a5c1dd16bd8	The history of a powerful Empire
6ff13b7c6f433c0bcddba367a76273d07292a507	After the fall of the Empire
957a4233a3766975b1376198a263736d3e18e00b	Society a slave and a citizen
945fa4cde7ee11e487401445bbfd20c3543e6625	The structure of family and marriage
417e1d4c8833a1136c6d4778cc66919bdfb6a2d8	Roman roads
310c86a168cbc76b5d6edcfea03c6c3f6283282c	Jewelry, hairstyles and cosmetics
7b957a6e7688199d3f512aeff55f96cdf86709d8	The system of building names
3dc7808a67c9893b2c3d69caf7e6bd6052040b14	The Byzantine Empire
b5f639ed688e45f91049eac9c795d47b7807f66c	The Birth of Christianity
5b578771166535ab6f29eb590f3f6b505beebd47	Constantinople
fe0b0b89340829865d665801db3048a0e784a824	Rise and fall
dae8c9841ce59b806bc60cf617286ad252152db9	Sexy life in the Ancient world
642c8a7106074f308cd99031aa7c4801537fd8e5	Riddles and secrets - Photos and Videos
57000d4d38322de7820c5370d2877ec4206de5bd	Facts from the history of the world
92ae634d0610375017bb2e8c15f31655f8a2feb0	Reconstruction of cities and structures
829f84510b375d6aaf49d4c1dcf371561e806fb7	Research of ancient cultures
b0a4ad873faf3363c5663beafe3b5a96bc385b5d	Advertising publications
9e8116839a8c00e1ba58a379a2418e1d5bc7e5f6	26-06-2015, 18:06
44539dd405e957b5c09f550ad5d1a972d8010e13	A mass grave has been unearthed in Egypt: 8 million mummies of dogs
e88f1b328b51cd8131d73cb5b0a61b77711e4444	Views: 10,303
0c07aa436f6da206498b67c46f7e1fca362dfb1a	Almost eight million mummies of puppies and adult dogs, as well as jackals, foxes, falcons, cats and mongooses were discovered under the temple of the god of death Anubis in Saqqara, a small village 30 km south of Cairo.
2fbddb34d09a9d72953934f7ee8e701dedb4c604	3-06-2015, 17:18
7ee132368cb5fc8e836a1c25697f402db1515ecf	Traces of narcotic substances were found on the ancient dishes of the Scythians
90737ddfb9c7c3cfd12b47b86b8c80e5b9d0349f	Views: 6,912
6ed803096eeb3850e51f1f73c7be7ba9d071c867	Valuable jewelry and bowls with remnants of opium and cannabis were extracted from a grave mound on the territory of the Stavropol Territory
d7c9777368b5eb4681e83490030ccde6636f353b	15-04-2015, 09:52
2c33bc05e47ed500492eb3c02db23896a87be332	The ancient military camp was the result of a joint experiment of Italian archaeologists and physicists
5f1cae1539cb6a52a566e5486b2105d22ef31e95	Views: 5,242
e12f485d358d32b28a8a76f4cf63abc2db6ccf86	The experiment was conducted by a team of scientists from the Abdus Salamat International Center for Theoretical Physics in Trieste (Italy).
8b784bc1a1b776b9572e552e058507fada86996f	They were conducting an inspection of the area from the aircraft
5efc90d319d250dc7e878308155b7ed2836e6d45	Reconstruction
2f7b12ebe0bfcd08128e18df2c7cb3eb01344492	11-12-2015, 17:33
3b47c671d48d06168312e3b68130578a6aa38817	Ancient Rome Reconstruction of the city
8f89bf26cf7ced55d4f33e8e1832697c9e57449e	Views: 12,494
d8b7ab430545233c29d7e65ed278bd810c35be60	4-12-2015, 15:07
d2f4183930f9991901967b8b595ba6cd8fba2810	Ancient Olympia Reconstruction
d631c9476b3425ffbe145268352a24aeb110642a	Views: 3,964
073a6f13ba2f110767c1261e5d29166c18aae876	4-12-2015, 11:23
de79d561a669bccab54c9e8eb9d42ca6f91d4781	Reconstruction of the sewer system in ancient Rome
005c796c09a09ba254b95aed9a7803c376ab7046	Views: 3,905
a252a82196ac4437101268d1e9570fc974e2f68f	27-11-2015, 14:06
829a806d7e176cfdb2fa74b320d1f4aa1aa10206	Reconstruction of the Roman military camp
f45bd5a15e12f770ea090f675131ad147a2ab0ca	Views: 3,589
8329f3d386325daad31dd39a136a57130d09a50c	17-02-2015, 21:41
1fe4a2d5a149eee5999163721fbba9dde6c30796	Reconstruction of the kitchen in a Roman house
b8dad6d2fafff0360b14ada1bf6ea00e376a7e00	Views: 5,195
0c279a67fbe00a652d97a9a10a06067ddb1da67e	11-02-2015, 20:26
9ebdfd8d91f283c7611e0aed14fb982f628bfe96	Reconstruction Tower (Lighthouse) Hercules (Spain)
5833e134684ad8b10b42bfde6fdc4160f8e9dc09	Views: 2,813
90f8f9a6c67c443a6b1345c10ac6275160bd2d67	9-02-2015, 22:46
2650b29dcbd220057377ab0aaefc87446705bd0e	Reconstruction of the Roman aqueduct in Segovia (Spain)
de5b3b916654cedec9071f1defd74db000e2580a	Views: 2,780
be9a7cdac04b51faa3f9902387943bdb19a31618	28-11-2014, 00:12
2fc16967cc769f070e7f3500d2b4d2128b36fb7f	Reconstruction of Pompeii, a city buried alive
3096631de1b17cbe1443c72ac0c1a371f39b50b0	Views: 15,066
20289a128fd42bcfb225d8aa19c7b483d132cca9	24-10-2014, 01:09
42a12ab5cd0d8bf10add27be3b98eee31c6b1325	Roman Forum Reconstruction
0671028396e6d260288245d99d98dec2cf7060d4	Views: 14,943
2148a568700a3b4690acf72fecaba3e18937631b	24-10-2014, 00:05
eaca1c54d8e5cfed5606af2a87261fd4e377d9d2	Reconstruction of the Roman Hippodrome
b728a7080489118b4ef688988cf284bd9b373434	Views: 5,042
549c31a6cfbd5af932e778398206bd728bc973ae	Historical facts
da4146bdbd5445e768bed00590eff238f7330863	2-12-2014, 23:55
decb6bb5a2b8845ee35484962f95fe5a671fb910	The mystery of the Easter Island Idols
2d078dec2e08b92c9ab5da57ae39d94624a353cb	Views: 17,518
d0123ca45c827b3a131b57f780b086940e837da7	A ruinous sacrifice - The Stone idols of Easter Island brought their creators to the grave
552d9b78957f78d1713fed6d05d7310aded6f29c	30-11-2014, 23:00
e415e874de0c9cf380c07425e724b4e25beaecf8	Cleopatra ugly and cold
5080fddff1daeec69d524b35b339b28e75ac5815	Views: 31,243
5049699dc9a73342a053e30e6b7c641dcb5cfd06	Contemporaries did not notice the beauty of Cleopatra
d8c9a4a97c5f22a6498c67d856ea16eaba59d56a	12-01-2014, 18:36
be5ab7640c3ca419b03a363b4004749e04a2948f	Roman disease.
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270a0847d903fbe1a76d9299ea6e8e18fc43b141	Views: 13,909
c6b387e5b0955c61202f78b91cb7cd05dc5dc84a	Thousands of scientific studies have been written about the causes of the fall of Rome.
043b28e492bd1834b4b7419173e21ff99b44f0b7	However, l
f666c33f1cdd03e2619d2e6eefe50785ca0842a7	Navigation through the "Wiki History"
293a9d54650921aaa0fa482990c6713513fe98bd	Visited
0c1858d44d4522fed9df33a79626341e0a3c6eeb	The Great French Revolution
23af7a1a9d9ac9a771d33d1b79d0ab178cbf9a27	History of the United States of America
beaa0c2ffa9c77298a48570c0fdeeb7cbe5e12b3	Countries of the fascist bloc
a8c6dfa08bf06d5ccf9dcb78478427f687d65c62	The Hundred Years ' War
40b491b7c1a70061b15f82d5dd4e3d9578804fd1	List of operations and battles of the Great Patriotic War
54e27975080be098a4679f2cf7b983db7b8b3a9f	Bashkirs in the Second World War
145ffddda2f257a69c0ff9e944748f54919f8f34	The October Revolution of 1917 in Russia
b9f6fa3bc52568d7cdaa54897dd7eabd73ebdc27	The Ancient World
ea6c17fd555dfee41b202a585af1c6d6f133a1a1	Ancient Rome
f049917ea366a2b4278bfb62eb0ed3b3f45f9a70	Teotihuacan
c5c4f54118f88ee5b7a58f428eacddb4d5e061eb	Antigonus II Gonat
d7af6529bfd0e1deee36888b6cb974a847647dbc	Ancient peace treaties
44215fd3fe5d2f8429d4506d3aeccccc5af703dd	Antigonus III Doson
3a9d35292994bbebea2326ed216e90fa9e165af6	World War II
78d9ef49c7635f2441201e7696f0785ac5617131	Gazenwagen
cd07aecf1003d0695a43e109f93ce18dbba0d743	Waffen SS
81ffda03517dcbb3ef29defd4051e4be0a790f15	Latvian SS Volunteer Legion
db4de19fee8e521a24b451b3ea1a132a074028f4	Sobibor (concentration camp)
b554d3e9dfca2515023bcf5ea8791d88e04ed9ed	Anti Hitler Coalition
6d91bf67cbe0a34265c06e7d1f93f45b167cad8f	Russian Spring
350b246e58674f03b6b60eb465d1cdb6716c135c	Donetsk People's Republic
e573e143c2879af93b599d400cab692553966df2	Kharkiv People's Republic
caab573710d97e834ee1d130d61cdaf169434188	People's Militia of Donbass
3ee900022413d14d0c811bb72fd0b62ebf3b4790	Odessa People's Republic
67cdd590b58081358d5793f399f5bdcc4e34b8c1	The Crimean crisis
eea23d285606eceae5da17fbcbefa07911f55c27	Luhansk People's Republic
a3f4c11422f2d9d2e0fda5625d17a5ba5ec55874	Odessa Khatyn
c3bf84287c91e2a0df827f177099377fcbaae509	Reasons
faa1b147698e61c2efb5018d93639ce464869dcc	Eastern Front
e6e26eef8ce479a10a146216f55c32a99033d035	East Prussia
2a227e3587a26db49b362dd66f800a6ae838ae63	Galicia
1c14e775cbc8749983014b74132f9546c84cc459	Warsaw Ivangorod
6f806e9ef103ed2c0e9bd9788d12cc75f7c5bab6	Brusilovsky breakthrough
70051163a4d7fadc48339e11ba7a577c21650f73	Western Front
a488d4d02f56e6aa745a5fc0b2cd0f5a62460c80	1st Marne
14599ac110efac5e5682662bdaeef32170631495	Arras
f38fb9159106d6396c19564678a357d4e4f458af	Somme
2ca59dd6a624f3c3fe8af9219d59c5098f5878d1	Verdun
d039ebd35b983295568691fc77b2a9f6e04c7fcf	Marna
7bab37c334786a1d0d0fd305bbdee77f2c54245a	100 day offensive
cd56e0839d06af74923cd6ad99d6fc9e7dab8e3a	Participants
0d4d418ad5a0477718c0df9c45e65ef9310c295e	Administrators
2ced57f125910a9e8ab95deea86e4ad7be418b5a	Chat
4bcb4f2da6ab7fc1f62c8c99da6cd0ce432bda22	1620states on this wiki
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9a92288f2a10d31508e0749d8b9da40f64609225	Ancient Greece (Hellas;) is the designation of early class societies accepted in historiography in the south of the Balkan Peninsula, the islands of the Aegean Sea, the coast of Thrace and the western coastal strip of Asia Minor in the III I millennium BC.
9e932befacb3439ca6952ca693d23e1e79ff6310	In the initial period of the history of Ancient Greece (III thousand BC), the ethnic composition of these territories was quite diverse: Pelasgians, Lelegs, etc., then the proto — Greek tribes Achaeans and Ionians, who pushed and assimilated them.
84ba0bd9474fd5b9eb8cfe50037a4f59fdf97c81	The first early class states of the Achaeans (Knossos, Festus, Mycenae, Tiryns, Pylos, Athens, etc.) were formed at the beginning of the II millennium BC in the Bronze Age.
278da2a5e1a700339dc144cbe5c4d2a3f2114528	The invasion of the Dorians (around 1200 BC) led to the collapse of these states and the restoration of tribal relations.
11bfada7ddad791530aa8dcd73fd84994a948591	By the IX century BC, the population of Ancient Greece was as follows: Aeolians — Northern Greece, Dorians Middle Greece and the Peloponnese, Ionians — Attica and the islands.
dccb458eab2965b50f27aef7d445c14f4d5d17f2	In the VIII—VI centuries BC, polis (city states) were formed in Greece.
f3fbd7b8a58b7cc9aa3987932326097234b8fd3f	Depending on the results of the fight of the demos (farmers and artisans) with the tribal nobility polity in the policy was either democratic (Athens, etc.), or aristocratic (Sparta, Crete, etc.).
a0257e42148dd95e1f93744a24b0f6ca423cabcd	In the economically developed city States (Corinth, Athens, etc.) have become widespread slavery in Sparta, Argos etc. long preserved remnants of the tribal system.
445134a4549b60e4da9cef35ba6849e2f35d9663	V IV centuries BC — the period of the highest heyday of the polis device.
458c6569a97b6f4152dbb4a9680f6b598416db62	As a result of the victory of the Greeks in the Greco Persian wars (500-449 BC), the rise of Athens takes place, the Delos Union is created (led by Athens).
57f150e953eb01184dcbaed98ea488d5f53456f2	Time, the highest power of Athens, the greatest democratization of political life and cultural flowering around the time of Pericles (443-429 B. C.).
11defdd3ade0c269eb857332da675623a3140a85	The struggle between Athens and Sparta for hegemony in Greece and the conflicts between Athens and Corinth, associated with the struggle for trade routes led to the Peloponnesian war (431-404 BC), which ended with the defeat of Athens.
0c9faff24cf292a3cb2dc7f36165bd6d84d0d4b4	In the middle of the IV century BC, the rise of Macedonia took place in the north of Greece.
281414e8f83f74e7338eca7fc1e22206987dba8d	Its king Philip II, having won a victory at Chaeronea (338 BC) over a coalition of Greek states, actually subjugated Greece.
bbea4d4a19f36c09e28c541036fcc698c60cb8e3	His son Alexander the Great led the campaign of the united Greek Macedonian army to Asia.
a6000a0369af0cdf28b2c56ae57a223699d3e8bf	He took Persia and part of India.
727c100c2b933029b4d58992c46fdd003ce57635	After the collapse of its power in the III II centuries BC, a number of Hellenistic states with a mixed Greek Eastern population and culture emerged.
3d6e3be6f1bfb3cb22f3084eace84768460e7def	At that time, Greece itself was dominated by states and unions of a paramilitary type (Macedonia, the Achaean Union, the Aetolian Union), which disputed hegemony over Greece.
ead66b3155bef787561c43a90922e51ba4a04798	In 146 BC, the Romans defeated the Achaean Union and subdued Greece.
98fca7adf4b9c7a25406be2f4e09cb3d61215777	In 27 BC, the province of Achaia was formed on its territory.
c90fce08c8c0ceea709b3c88132321936b82ba0b	In the IV century.
f7b0284704f2438209d57e77899fd3b4efdb2c73	Greece became the main part of the Eastern Roman Empire — Byzantium.
bcdc12803814b551e7fcfca52367477563e08ec5	The history of the Greek Eastern Hellenistic states ends with the conquest of the last Hellenistic state by Rome — Ptolemaic Egypt in the first century BC.
41f03a99efe9682b77b945bcee673a8fbb00272b	In the most general way, it is customary in historical science to distinguish the following stages of the history of Ancient Greece:
173ad5b839bd22eba23f6efbe3607b22858150cf	Crete Mycenaean (late III II thousand BC).
12775aed55d64264b57a8330f1a6b454b4d0afac	Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations.
27ae9a23597cb009a7a2e30bace5a295b9cf1999	The emergence of the first state formations.
e01da14a9e81059e49b6b73860b7c0402e3cfc62	The development of navigation.
b09cc7da84c9d18283afc90ad11f25c5f2bb3099	Establishment of trade and diplomatic contacts with the civilizations of the Ancient East.
20bcabed4188b093c164d012cc75883084f6261f	The emergence of the original writing.
b7d6b7675702d2370bf08b7baecff450f063553c	For Crete and mainland Greece, different periods of development are distinguished at this stage, since on the island of Crete, where the non Greek population lived at that time, statehood was formed earlier than in Balkan Greece, which was subjected to the conquest of the Achaean Greeks at the end of the third millennium BC.
7d32aa00a0296b124cc7caf9f383a8de338c5dab	Minoan civilization (Crete): The Early Minoan period (XXX XXIII centuries BC).
db75b57f44c2ecba062e7e19e50c63c42d778ec2	The dominance of tribal relations, the beginning of the development of metals, the rudiments of craft, the development of navigation, a relatively high level of agrarian relations.
c96e999c93c351cb8816736a5178f1cbfb872c79	The Middle Minoan period (XXII XVIII centuries BC) is also known as the period of "old" or "early" palaces.
f67de72111d2624a226b0b724eeda92a3e96d834	The appearance of early state formations in different parts of the island.
e457ae36622baf41a2b720e29ea8726af54c8793	Construction of monumental palace complexes in a number of regions of Crete.
a31c66a7c0a4eb80cd88b79514414d3b9c7279e6	Early forms of writing.
d4c756a03d0d1a7182502a9f4cc42930e549ad38	The Late Minoan period (XVII XII centuries BC).
d7d9e03923f5cbefc1f7043f8aa5d4111341a825	The heyday of the Minoan civilization, the unification of Crete, the creation of the maritime power of King Minos, the wide scope of commercial activity of Crete in the Aegean Sea basin, the heyday of monumental construction ("new" palaces in Knossos, Mallia, Festus).
6809c0f9b44f607242eb99ab69225ac781bd4d85	Active contacts with the ancient Eastern states.
d1d817b90ce4fc9c61a7caae8b03e7ceea3b687d	The natural catastrophe of the middle of the XV century BC causes the decline of the Minoan civilization, which created the prerequisites for the conquest of Crete by the Achaeans.
7f287cb035ff9a3d65176857a66f5c46a23d9744	Mycenaean Civilization (Balkan Greece): The Early Helladic period (XXX XXI centuries BC).
165f28f813e7406696701c666d3dd6a0e00898e9	The dominance of tribal relations among the pre Greek population in Balkan Greece.
cbf4e30c81ed275054ca56b262e95ec86b1794cb	The appearance of the first large settlements and proto palace complexes.
5a5f06dae6f6fb6780def6a250854346670625dc	The Middle Helladic period (XX XVII centuries BC).
ad7cd3663c80f1400eda47fe34b042bc4ec43553	The settlement of the first waves of Greek speakers — Achaeans in the south of the Balkan Peninsula, accompanied by a certain decrease in the overall level of socio economic development of Greece.
12f1b3d0a46b0bee9c19eebcc4d276f9eb04ce78	The beginning of the decomposition of tribal relations among the Achaeans.
52ab71976399cc786e6b09ab8e339ec5833b283e	The Late Helladic period (XVI XII centuries BC).
0e9b2220a61e0f889d1b6b252bf9f47d68e18fb1	The emergence of an early class society among the Achaeans, the formation of a productive economy in agriculture, the emergence of a number of state entities with centers in Mycenae, Tiryns, Pylos, Thebes, etc., the formation of the original writing, the flourishing of Mycenaean culture.
93bd21675cca02ef3b4c533efdfd8dda9dc514be	The Achaeans subdue Crete and destroy the Minoan civilization.
45fcd8d33febcbd333f686b9e52c8eb8f1aebafd	In the XII century BC, a new tribal group invaded Greece — the Dorians, the death of the Mycenaean statehood.
a2fe97759192936c7d715d78c68ef9942586bf8a	Polisny (XI IV centuries BC). Ethnic consolidation of the Greek world.
f9deeb2ff7e329f1f263a34b39c878d8a1c88a36	The formation, flourishing and crisis of polis structures with democratic and oligarchic forms of statehood.
fed2fb8b5bed92c1b1a81f6cc7b458531b800d2c	The highest cultural and scientific achievements of the ancient Greek civilization.
742a176f3baeaf1385159d129c1576249ea1f239	The Homeric (pre Polis) period, the "dark ages" (XI—IX centuries BC).
6a4fa367cb3ecbd1a1704638335b017faba9e0b4	The final destruction of the remnants of the Mycenaean (Achaean) civilization, the revival and domination of tribal relations, their transformation into early class ones, the formation of unique pre polis social structures.
209da0f3b4ef3145d3e18d79334d920bb9971c2e	Archaic Greece (VIII VI centuries BC).
86876bcb3e797ef8be51a479806b988e1ec87710	The formation of polis structures.
d25f6ca98a54af2c45562754592472d947534552	The Great Greek colonization.
87a41788ee3a0da83c3a4e1adc651b0c06ed82dd	Early Greek tyrannies.
574eeaa250febc498cb8575a5ef42d8888f5bb60	Ethnic consolidation of Hellenic society.
d66647f67e9e2b97f9d5fdfa3f7f36633de0f9cb	The introduction of iron in all spheres of production, economic recovery.
eb6b30055c23ad0f3d64e89fe3f0b63bb8f1e634	Creation of the basics of commodity production, distribution of elements of private property.
e0926a7e14e2ccedd4d4cdff5a0e4cbd7b1d313d	Classical Greece (V IV centuries BC).
41584197d73215c5042201879377273e1e2db748	The heyday of the economy and culture of the Greek polis.
00773000aaaf42f5d37fe8903a8cf950cc067c3b	Reflection of the aggression of the Persian world power, the rise of national consciousness.
d7bde6b57e1718957d760688a472d09b7a6447c5	The growing conflict between trade and craft types of policies with democratic forms of government and backward agrarian policies with an aristocratic structure, the Peloponnesian War, which undermined the economic and political potential of Hellas.
17294cc637a6121e6cc7a8ee421b6e369d32ef32	The beginning of the crisis of the polis system and the loss of independence as a result of the Macedonian aggression.
e8e6e10f9bbcf92ae718d93d72ca69351dd19c44	Hellenistic (IV I centuries BC). The short term establishment of the world power of Alexander the Great.
2a494872881626323ffc25bbd3b49ac5ce2df211	The origin, flourishing and disintegration of the Hellenistic Greek Eastern statehood.
0a8b2c674bcf9c78f07a62357864716873a35a30	The first Hellenistic period (334-281 BC).
6843ce943d3b9dd59b928f9ae547cb8d211ab3de	The campaigns of the Greek Macedonian army of Alexander the Great, the brief period of the existence of his world power and its disintegration into a number of Hellenistic states the impact of events.
7daa77fded5634817880e477a5191ee2d320c630	The Second Hellenistic period (281-150 BC).
d866dee1189c4f677748ba7a1c0171e5b2abd281	The heyday of the Greek Eastern statehood, economy and culture.
053ff8f2f56e1da92e6ee7a41c297a0292c9730f	The third Hellenistic period (150-30 BC).
2ae0df3670dccf6bf1c7ab1ba5417964721e4e87	The crisis and collapse of the Hellenistic statehood.
b2eb2d6231748a83c37e39661af5b97c07782ec1	Fragmented Greece Edit
b5ceb7f011792a2fdc0c3b7b372c364bcae9851f	Each such city state was completely politically independent, like the current vast monarchy or republic, or was steadily striving for such independence.
5f748ee0146e44c58dd6cbaf45764d375e04fa95	By the same fragmentation of the Hellenic race into small autonomous communities, with all the rights of supremacy, those feelings of attachment to the motherland and its political institutions were brought up, which found themselves repeatedly expressed in feats of self sacrificing courage and thanks to which, of all the ancient peoples of Europe, one Hellenic has retained the main part of its territory, with the same name, and a political system capable of further development.
64d31ecd6819be72658d158e164824774e3f3f61	The domestic and intellectual discord among the Hellenes did not weaken over time, but rather intensified, as the prosperous republics moved further and further ahead from the state of settlements that remained faithful to archaic living conditions.
ede27349d98142501b7d3d40290bfc4a11f9d885	Could a strong unity have been achieved in the third century BC between Athens or Corinth, on the one hand, and some community of Aetolians, Locrians or Acarnanians, on the other, when the former were industrial and enlightened urban republics, and the latter were at the level of poor rural settlements?
9b3fa93014706f40f7d5eb53ffb72bbe15d17c29	According to Polybius, the most astute of the Hellenes predicted the conquest of Greece by the Roman legions, if the Hellenes did not stop domestic strife and did not stand up to the enemy with common forces.
ce816acf1c111e24afd8a59c0e79524775c06aad	Attempts to unite into one community in the IV century BC were made by Corinth and Argos, the cities of Arcadia with Megalopolis at the head, the cities of Chalkidiki on the initiative of Olynthus, and all of them failed, thanks, most of all, to the opposition of external enemies.
093c8224fe3974bbae7e1d68cddd9a2f1bd1a5b0	The usual form of unity of the Hellenes on a large territory were unions of independent communities.
60f16216efd9af8b08c6c74a3647c8078f0f24ee	Several unions of tribes, not states amphictyonia were formed in the prehistoric period, and the most extensive of them, the Delphi Thermopylae Amphictyonia, had an outstanding role in the last times of independent Greece.
4f39a8e2ff4fffbb89c0418d5e08e5646d727817	The political union of the Athenians of the fifth century with many Hellenic communities, which had a union treasury on Delos, was in some way adjacent to the original Delian amphictyonia.
d5ae84cdc25a19c57cf8bc62008c319629c39cd3	Similarly, the shrine of the Onchest amphictyony, the temple of Poseidon, later served as the central sanctuary of the Boeotian union.
a5ac5fe6c0e61acfd9f63997a2c56e64fd412d10	The beginning of amphictonia is federal, observing the equality of all members of the union of tribes.
b9b4c677dab07b655b70aa3e90c6b80010c57218	No less ancient were the allied organizations of individual tribes within small territories occupied by the same tribe.
53e60a68a9ead96a028996707765d4f55c10a634	Such were the alliances of the Phocidians, Locrians, Epirotes, Thessalians, Aetolians, Arcadians, Messenians, Achaeans, etc., which became especially noticeable during the Macedonian conquests.
32da98d122d263b5b663b76ad253a05487926175	The intermediate, most brilliant period of the Hellenes ' existence was marked by the formation of the Spartan, Athenian and Theban hegemonies and the struggle between them; this struggle weakened Greece in its main parts and prepared the Chaeronian catastrophe.
e79c41116b68648d889390a36340bf1bd51b93b6	However, the failures of the unification policy of Lacedaemon, Athens, Thebes were due not so much to hostile actions from outside against this or that union, as to discord among the allies themselves, the inability to reconcile the claims of the hegemon to primacy with the irresistible desire of individual communities to preserve their autonomy in complete inviolability.
72bef0671c9fefa54c78da1b81217dec6cc69cff	Social structure Edit
61ff8f27f633eb8ecd6a7c165e26912d5d32cb88	Another, no less important part of the content of ancient Greek history must be timed to the successive changes that individual communities went through in their internal structure and existence, starting from their formation on the basis of tribal relations and ending with the higher development of public institutions in the urban republic and the decomposition of the latter from internecine strife and attacks by external enemies.
8c2a78fd88c86b31f1563760ba354177439691d3	In close connection with this side of history are the main achievements of ancient Greek education: fiction, plastic arts, philosophy, eloquence, exact sciences.
cc17c9dc56389b72612724d1437468b234127967	The struggle of parties or classes, which was accompanied by a change of institutions or external events, brought to the fore famous political figures and generals and found expression in literature.
07a056938b3216dc0336c0c8ccfa8e2bf899634f	Internal changes in the depths of individual communities strongly influenced the international relations of the Hellenes.
383351fe6b16f10f4ee573ade3a8118487442004	The urban community, democratic or aristocratic, self governing and self sufficient, very limited in its territory and possessing all the rights of sovereignty, formed the dominant form of the Hellenic political system, both in the metropolis and in the colonies.
4d6635d2c0ea35a5de257e3e56acde8d0a6b5005	Along with this dominant form, there was another, more primitive one: a village, a settlement, which served as the basis of an urban community and became part of it by gathering several settlements into one city.
a701584efdfcba69f8063693f243776bb48825a4	Such regions as Arcadia, Messenia, Aetolia, Acarnania, etc., kept the way of life in villages until very late.
3406e12a5a738a4ba521d52d00e5a63ce0a36a70	And in those areas, however, where the nearby settlements managed to unite more closely into a single urban community, with a common political center and common governing bodies, the village community was not completely absorbed into a more developed and complex organization.
346e7adb266459f6cd75e5e59a9ce5b1041037e5	The constituent parts of the city community retained full autonomy in local affairs and educated their residents to social activities in a broader field.
580ea9543d1dd886ca8100a1ed0df1a29a1816c6	The Athenian Republic was formed from several dozen such settlements, and this method of its formation was the starting point of the Cleisthenes administrative territorial division of Attica into demes.
c850f660d57a0c1e50bc527fdb4c564983a50a3d	In historical times, cities were formed: Megalopolis from 40 villages, Mantinea — from 5, Tegea - from 9, from as many Cities, etc.There were cases of forced dissolution of urban communities into the settlements that made up them or the rejection of some settlements, which indicates the vitality of public institutions in these latter.
76ae0077b95f0151f6e0285dd51a83e6c862d09b	In 385 BC , Mantinea was dismembered by the Spartans, and its inhabitants were forced to settle and settle in villages.
8bc0c0ddec17ba913fa6adeaff75d26ff6684eb9	The rejection of several districts from Megalopolis and their conversion to equal rights with other members of the Achaean federation was carried out by Philopemen in 192 BC.
dd3faf93ee23e24dba0b8bc8e1132f155b19f109	The structure of the village settlement was a direct continuation of the tribal relations carried out by the Hellenic race from the pan Aryan homeland, along with the rudiments of communal life.
ab5b35b4a42c56f7a2985c5dbc7ccdfbda273623	The most permanent and general institutions of the Hellenes, which to a greater or lesser extent provided self government to citizens, such as the people's assembly, the council of elders and the representative of the whole people (basileus, archon, strategist, chairman, etc.) — an institution that existed both in individual urban and rural communities and in federal unions of communities, were closely adjacent in the organization of governance that was developed and used for many centuries in individual tribal groups, in tribes and in tribal unions.
e8dfc4abf3490ec00947ecab3c49f05335d5ddf9	The predominance of one of the original self government bodies differed from each other in monarchy, aristocracy and democracy, the perversion of which was tyranny, oligarchy and ochlocracy.
14daf7e6f98daf611945d7bdd34e496aca7f57b9	Such political formations of the Hellenes were destroyed by themselves, in which the distribution of power in the communities shown above was violated, and there were no sufficiently drastic measures to preserve such organizations in force: this was the case with the Spartan, Athenian, Theban and Macedonian hegemonies.
57cd264373c7d0c2b5b17b33d6a457c6c1ae0f6c	On the contrary, the ability to resist an external enemy and the strength of internal ties were distinguished by the federations of the Achaeans and Aetolians, in which the union administration was formed according to the original type of tribal and communal structure and which preserved inviolable the rights and institutions of urban communities, as well as the peculiarities of local government in the constituent settlements of these latter.
e594fbd14277c48b055ded9b72331eac545ccd44	The misfortune of Greece consisted not in the presence of numerous independent small republics, each of which sought to live an active social life, but in the uneven development of communities, in the geographical fragmentation of the country, in the dispersion of the Hellenes over many lands and islands and in their powerlessness to create for themselves a system of political relations that reconciles all the differences of small states and directs all their disparate forces to common goals and objectives.
8704cc588fb16e7bd63acfd5f3cdaf1d3ab67d2b	Such a system of relations would protect Greece from foreign conquest and would weaken the political and social discord within.
8d928449685a98e79fc84774cd7f325b8687436c	The struggle for power Edit
be224dc696927f446110ff47f87ffecd8151e241	With the return of the Heraclides, Greece enters a historical period of existence, as opposed to the legendary and mythological, but for a long time our information about Greece does not become either more reliable or less scarce.
71c276918e9ece24db753a808cec5dcb2d023f46	A reliable record of events begins only from the first year of the first recorded Olympiad, that is, from 776 BC, and some thoroughness and consistency of historical information, and even then not about all parts of Greece, is acquired not earlier than the VI century BC.
d2354e0af639ab63fd651771d48555de0e40cc06	The lack of news is usually made up for by the schematic constructions of ancient philosophers and the rationalistic combinations of later historians.
06682f72b979c32ead70603c12ffbdd872397f28	The colonization caused by the movement of tribes ended at the beginning of the IX century BC, and in the numerous states formed since that time, there was a further complication and development of those relations between authorities and classes of the population that already existed in Homeric societies; at the same time, the need for the greatest possible certainty and stability of public institutions increased.
a7ab01243ddd390c62358420df205a26b651607d	Inequalities of wealth, as the main source of internal strife, were already inherent in tribal groups and village settlements; they multiplied and worsened in urban communities, especially with the development of trade and crafts in some of them and with the accumulation of movable wealth.
28cf5859b2f9829470ed7e3c8d98f8459438a790	Personal merits for the Homeric basileus were considered a condition of power and honor; the favours of the gods were turned not only to the chosen ones and favorites of the people, but also to their descendants; the mood of the people favored the heredity of the title of basileus in some genera or families; in the sense of strengthening this power, frequent wars during migrations and in the struggle for new places had to act.
dd72b867789c53a04dabf4de3240f606127c2a5b	The sole management in the city community has become stronger for a while.
b91cfca9b8d9791fe3afb4c30fb7bdbd4ba0d24d	But with the onset of a more peaceful state, the claims of the nobility, based on tradition, were not slow to come out — to limit the power of the basileus in their favor; in many cases, these claims found support among the people, and the administration passed from individual to collective.
48415193066c6ab09705cb035dbbee70d28a2f90	It should be noted that the bearers of sole lifelong or hereditary power were sometimes not only basileos, but also archons.
9201291182d61d4f89a0d27110dd545ada0263e9	The IX and VIII centuries BC were spent in the struggle of noble families for the right to actively participate in management, and almost everywhere the struggle ended not in favor of the Basileos.
556bb7291d38112126fdd857f34c4a7da569a0b8	Only in a few places the archaic form of citizenship has been preserved, as in Macedonia, for example, or Epirus; in some communities, the original basileia has passed directly into popular law, for example. in the Achaean cities.
bee00bda93205d425a9001cca1e86b62c5fcf248	Usually, the tsarist rule was replaced by an aristocratic or oligarchic one, and the power of the representative of the community became urgent, granted in the will of the voters, controlled by these latter and responsible to them.
4f4577ff723b13e71054aeebc5163d68cc451f07	This was the case in Athens, Corinth, Sikion, Miletus, Ephesus, etc.
cc2062b10538aa019ba849a5c28a791a12c1ab38	The supreme power became the property of not one person and not one family or clan, but a whole class of privileged people who jealously guarded their rights from the claims of the common people to participate in public affairs.
98eef1720845f568b098a2ffa0fdefe2bbf4dd12	The rule of the nobility was all the more difficult because it added economic oppression to the political disenfranchisement of the masses.
4eefe7104cebf6890bfbf3ff13c1073e8b818d31	The feelings of the oligarch insulting to the people found expression in the elegies of Theognid, and the elegies of Solon contain enough indications of the lawlessness and oppression of ordinary people by the nobility, Eupatrids.
b151ba456c093bc7e5f6d1b9f0cb623982a0d009	The troubles that accompanied the changes in the ways of government, dissatisfaction with the new order of things, economic and political humiliation at home, finally the spirit of enterprise and the thirst for enrichment led to the foundation of new settlements that spread along the entire coast of the Mediterranean Sea, crossed the Pillars of Hercules, penetrated even into the lands of the Scythians and Sarmatians.
9353144ccd98fd8760ba7b80c9fdadcd94e684c8	This secondary colonization movement took place in the VIII—VII centuries BC .
19354dcc5853a8c8dbabc791640c7437f70263ec	The civilizing significance of new settlements for the metropolis itself was enormous and comprehensive: the colonies owned the initiative in the further successes of the metropolis, artistic, literary, industrial, and political.
1b0826b8b1c431c6794fa3e724b463aebcbeaf6f	Miletus, which itself brought out no less than 81 colonies, became the center of Greek education in the VII century BC: the first thinkers, geographers, historians came from here; the first experiments of literary prose also belong to him.
8d6ab8670e122e8bb907a60addc1b4324e66409c	In the colonies, earlier than in the metropolis, a class of the population was formed, strong in wealth and knowledge and unwilling to tolerate the exclusive domination of the nobility.
6015dbe36854231eabeccff789ff043dfcc96220	Internal unrest in the communities was resolved either by drawing up and issuing written laws, or by the intervention of so called tyrants, who, relying on the people, humbled the ruling class, or changes in the social system in the democratic sense.
e77664842071eb13e9e85c4124dec0dcaa08b6b2	The time of tyranny Edit
b5f2a8130f888087a4943ba337710826299e223d	Mainly of the VII and VI centuries BC , the most famous of the tyrannies are: Corinthian, Sicyon, Megarian, Athenian, Syracuse, the oldest Argive (Phidon).
abcb257e5f16a32f5e2d18129b0ae837a2c292df	The oldest written legislation of the Zalevkav Locras of Epizephyra dates back to the half of the VII century.
6a377f6359e79e4204a514e699c558a6280dff8b	Generally speaking, the Greek tyrants, who usually went to meet the real needs of the people, at first helped the people to break the resistance of the oligarchic minded nobility, and only in the course of time they or their descendants, forgetting the origin of tyranny and pursuing personal goals, aroused universal hatred against themselves.
1809bace8e8d066978dd47a0bd9c3b1430ef980c	The name of the tyrant became shameful, and violent actions against him were considered the most praiseworthy manifestation of patriotism and civic valor.
d9a27c64da928ba2d5fd99a981ccdd3a5819e5bb	The completion of the political evolution in most Greek communities was the democratic form of government, as the most stable and culturally the most fruitful.
b6b8957bb9ea1dedc19c1e36970376ce73562323	Much less successful were the experiments of social or economic reconstruction, which were usually reduced to the destruction of debt obligations and to the redistribution of land, or to bloody fights between sufficient citizens and the poor.
2c5a4d9978186002aee4fd9c95360001cd95368c	Although Greece did not have a common history, at various times the strongest community became the head of a significant part of individual communities, determining their fate and indirectly influencing other communities: this happened in the prehistoric period.
ef5a1e51798a3134e3010206ab1eb27ed53a019f	In historical times, the Spartan community acquired a predominant position earlier than others after the Dorian squad finally triumphed over the Laconic Achaeans and adopted a military political organization known as the Lycurgus legislation.
906e529373eb1f3b5c7dab13dc55b76d74f83bf6	Only the Spartans, descendants of the Dorian conquerors, constituted a full fledged citizenship; the conquered population, many times exceeding the number of conquerors and scattered throughout Laconia in cities and villages, was relegated by the Dorians to the position of philistines, perieks, without political rights; in the vast majority they were Achaeans.
e0c6997ac0531d81d8b11f46443c512a4931e2c9	Even more populous were the helots (helots), state slaves attached to the lands of the Spartans and working for them.
84fef23be094e1b9bc0d4dccc4326db93dc868db	The number of land plots distributed to the Spartans from the state, tradition determined at 9,000, the number of plots of perieks — at 30,000; gelotov was not less than 200,000.
f8d11d6c69797bae48f2b1bd4a1ac2092fc52690	The need to secure the dominant position acquired by a long struggle within the Laconic and protect it from encroachments from outside, the incessant expectation of unrest among the conquered and slaves, turned Sparta into a military camp, and the Spartans into a permanent military squad, always ready to fight against external and internal enemies.
bb823c11010645c2bb2a86d79c988bc518158497	The upbringing of children and all the rules of life of adult citizens and even citizens were directed to maintaining such a situation of the community.
9d7289502b3069558800bdc5fef2e9561419e795	Equality and simplicity in the way of life, unconditional submission to the authorities, physical strength and courage were considered indispensable features of the Spartan citizen; they combined rudeness of morals, mental inertia, excessive self conceit and suspicion.
00b08a411ff899a74f3db1a56381170b5d763ddb	The state organization of the Spartans was formed in a peculiar way from elements of two kinds: some were the legacy of the general Hellenic antiquity, as far as can be judged from the Homeric poems, others were the product of the exceptional circumstances in which the Dorian squadron found itself in Laconica.
f74d619dd21cd54240aa48b71cf7311a37e69e18	The very division of royal power between the representatives of the two houses, the Eurypontids and the Hagiads, was, it seems, an expression of an amicable agreement between two royal families: the alien, Dorian, and the native, Achaean.
8cc14eeb4d1e6a2ec49c6ae0bcfbd3df95928afd	The kings were honorary rich representatives of the community, who raised themselves to Hercules himself; they honored the gods on behalf of the state, but had to give up their political significance in favor of the ancestral elders and then the five member college of ephors.
ee3e7e6fd09e0281aef8c6bf931860c61793eba4	Although the bearer of the supreme power was the assembly of all Spartans at least 30 years of age, which alone gave force to the decisions of the elders, elected both council members, ephors, and other officials, demanded an account from the latter after the expiration of their service, but in fact the rule in Sparta was oligarchic, and subsequently Sparta always favored oligarchy in other Greek communities, and, wherever it could, introduced oligarchic rule, whether in place of the sole power of tyrants, or democracy.
a21c5d0e65e952532c1f660cf2a6eaa9502b15ee	The government initiative and discussion of events, as well as the highest judicial power belonged to the so called. gerusia, a 30 member college of elders, which, as its chairmen, included two kings.
9525a2fd377bc23d60396d2f3fd1867e94f29d55	Any Spartan, at least 60 years of age, could be chosen to the gerusia and remained in the rank of geront until the end of his days.
9a8170db35a0e76a1cfa21393299c2ba498c876b	The significance of the people's assembly was insignificant in comparison with gerusia, where proposals were rejected or accepted by the majority of those present by gerusia, where the right of speech belonged only to the presiding (tsars), where the count of affirmative and negative votes was allowed only in exceptional cases, usually the voting consisted of noisy shouts of "yes" or "no", and by the strength of the exclamations the question was decided in the affirmative or negative sense.
841389ef3ff1de235b693b6fd0f73f203d758813	However, such a passive role of the people in the administration was too contrary to the proud mood of every Spartan and the power position of the Spartan community in the country — and now, by the end of the VIII century BC, the ephorate, created in the interests of the people and, as the embodiment of the people's will, quickly gained an advantage over the kings and over Gerusia, controlled the actions of all authorities and brought officials, not excluding kings, to responsibility, became the leading institution in the state.
f8ae7f12cc6e5357b8cb4ee1172132d1f21468b9	Military affairs, finance, the court, administration — everything was dependent on the ephors.
e8efdda27bb42817a805151b60770ecfad107274	The power of the ephorate could not be crushed a few centuries later by the brave and beloved kings, Agis and Cleomenes, who set the good of the same people as the task of their lives.
195e2d7a5895256b0911c5da9417182fa047729f	The success of weapons and the expansion of the sphere of influence in the Peloponnese were not slow to justify the merits of the organization, which was connected with the names of Lycurgus and Theopompus and was firmly established in the IX—VIII centuries BC .
4f50b6c956d0b6f017bcf14de9e69fdd74512a37	The conquest of the Achaeans in the Eurotas valley was followed by the conversion of Messenia into the property of the Spartan community, and its inhabitants into Gelots.
11cef5057e9235bff619b14e90478f13e6bdd9dd	The hegemony of Argos, once the strongest state in the Peloponnese, after which all the Greek troops in the Trojan campaign were named, came to an end: the cities that depended on Argos came under the rule of Sparta.
eba320c8f0227cf1fc146f3afb6fa81362115e31	The same thing happened to many cities and villages of the Arcadians, and the more significant Dorian states Corinth, Sicyon, Megara sought a friendly alliance with Sparta.
2e1c2e6c81405acd8c18c20295fefe8451b23f4c	The power of Sparta was recognized far beyond the Peloponnese, both in its own Greece, and in the colonies, and even in the barbarian lands.
51e14c8220c30738db4296fc2c1434ed5518f7df	It reached this position by the second half of the VI century.
acc271e4dfc0051a959c0191a72a0a9c706eae43	The overthrow of tyranny in many cities with the help of Spartan weapons surrounded the name of Sparta with the halo of the liberator of the Hellenes.
fff7d0c0a6d9a23cced63488c555fcafe67b3095	Athens Edit
d3f3cee289eefa6a25b7d8973e416400ee0d5930	However, by the time of the struggle with the Persian kings, another Greek state, Ionian and democratic, had strengthened, and the sympathy of the Hellenes had switched to its side during the struggle.
992784128ed84c0d5ab8e803393d32d12a62a246	The state is Athens.
73da91928155571e13cd6355461a7ce0356580f5	The "Athenian Polity" of Aristotle, discovered in 1890, which dates back to the second half of the IV century BC and has come down to us on papyrus of the end of the I century AD, changes some of the ideas established in science about Athenian institutions and their history, exposes the inconsistency of others, supports the third (the most detailed review of the literature of this treatise in Russian is in the article by Professor Buzeskul in " Zh. M. N. Pr.", 1892, July).
03bf6f590d893bef8a33a901e3aa876679f05b3b	The royal administration in Athens was replaced by an oligarchic one around 752 BC, when the supreme ruler, the archon, began to be chosen for 10 years, first from the royal family of the Medontids, and then from all the Eupatrids.
2232475945fa292310d0b94c8cd7e2aa15f667d8	The further strengthening of the oligarchy was the division of the archon's power between three, and later between nine officials with the same name and the reduction of their service period to one year.
e4551cad0d669774fe27092758281098f9febda1	This change took place in 683.
7b5e8db6ed8d0231e962742cc6adae65e9c801d0	The legislative and judicial power belonged to the Areopagus.
15cb69f9e6a72563c71fa0385c45654238f8860d	"The Council of the Areopagites belonged to the protection of laws, the conduct of the most important state affairs, the supreme court and the punishment in cases of violation of public order.
e91173fc4c64a034bc461c99c21448926cc12b68	The archons were chosen from the noble and rich, and from the archons — after the expiration of their service the areopagus was compiled" (Aristotle).
9861f40a633badee2e7537bb1464383aa5cff3bf	The same council of the Areopagites appointed one year archons to the post.
46969ba10d76c23dad1430f4feae0f0f98398fce	The seventh century also belongs to the division of Attica into 48 sections( navcraria), 12 in each fillet, and the population of navcraria was obliged to supply and maintain one military vessel.
7cdffd9ff21248c79e401d843854d7af4e79a404	In the tribal groups, in addition to the nobility, who also had most of the land in their hands, there were also artisans and merchants (demiurges) and farmers (geomorians); both made up the mass of the people, deprived of political rights and oppressed by rich landowners.
135cdbd688e912c44865fd63314acccc9f12ccf1	An important concession on the part of the oligarchy was the written legislation of Dracont (621), although it legalized the oligarchic order of government.
33fa6bd27845cc6eec3b71042b778c3ac72fdb34	All those who supported themselves on their own account in the ranks of the heavily armed were declared full citizens; they were granted participation in the people's assembly, in the council and in the lower administration.
c9fdba8d8b19d544ad7f109e10aeac43aad58b88	Real power remained the privilege of a few, especially since the small and landless majority of the population was burdened with debts in need; citizens left their homeland, were sold into slavery or went into bondage to the rich.
aee23bd90881a64f4271cf8d16c5267537e04c84	"Sorrow penetrates my soul when I look at the oldest land of the Ionians," Solon exclaimed.
7cfbc3a8d2b091b04673ac8b0346eed25c071407	"Fed up filled with contentment, humble your hard heart and bring your arrogance to the limits."
0dfc5c71f458661de205971270484edac9b60af5	To liberate the people, to save the motherland, to organize the state was entrusted by all parties to Solon (594 BC), "the best of the citizens by personal merits and general respect, and by the state belonged to the average people."
64bd3b7d27cfd9aa640ea0c1ddf4d1c3bbbcff73	Previously, he destroyed debt obligations (seisakhfiya), abolished bondage for debts in the present and banned it for the future, regulated measures, weight and coin.
72636ceb061a24e907d6d00191658e539cf9ceac	The division of citizens that existed before him according to the property qualification into pentakosiomedimns (who received at least 500 measures of fruit or 500 meters of liquid products from their fields), horsemen (who received at least 300 measures or meters), zevgits (at least 200 measures) and fets (all other citizens) — Solon gave greater certainty and paramount political and financial importance to this division; the former divisions of citizens, generic and class, lost their former force, although they were not formally abolished.
5fda7a478540bcc9872be949852b2970b8daf200	Movable property and money were not taken into account by the legislator, so that the republic continued to remain agricultural, and rich, but landless citizens were treated, on an equal basis with the poor, to the last class.
ad936842eff4f70f0f78f5eeb3399391308174c1	The positions of archons and treasurers were available only to pentakosiomedimns, all the others were citizens of the first three classes.
70a20c994b9c9232f6e3e9ecf969b82462944b2a	The Areopagus stopped appointing archons; a double system of elections was applied to them: the election of 10 candidates in each fila and then the determination by lot of 9 persons for the positions of archons.
b1b6a8e695f245f7548518995b2f5baec58b2164	The Areopagus has, in addition to judicial competence in murder cases, supreme supervision over the integrity of the foundations of democracy and the exact execution of laws, as well as the trial of state criminals.
0a4687695dc73a69c650c03bfe781ba7b9e8942a	The areopagus was replenished in the same way, from former archons.
2923bfd0fb7ad631e3cbbf687241d3dcd564e6ab	In the now created council of 400, each of the 4 ancient phil sent 100 of its members, obviously from citizens of the first three classes.
8bb4db0f879eb8544cf420a4eb8f6ccfd17214cd	State burdens were distributed among the classes in proportion to the rights of each of them.
7d1b43363038741db446cf77bc384778ddbf82a4	The fourth, the most populous class of citizens was granted only participation in the people's assembly and in the courts.
a25f97e5f0c059cb40f72ebc3ff8b50de59276ce	If the people's assembly, the ecclesia, the bearer of the supreme rights of the state, had not yet received in reality the meaning that it later enjoyed, then the people's court — the highest judicial instance in the state, correcting and canceling the decisions of officials, removing the report from these latter at the end of their term of service — represented, as Aristotle put it, the strongest bulwark of democracy; through the court, the people became the head of the state. management.
b76cd36e9b5ffceaa13d117de7412742826cd5db	The merits of the Solon legislation were evaluated only with the passage of time, when democratic rule was firmly established and the mass of the people turned out to be sufficiently united and able to defend their rights from the encroachments of the nobility or tyrants.
cc6207c93c1a5dc1bca89816e8ca6591c7313a21	At the time of their publication, the Solon laws did not reconcile the parties and did not give full satisfaction to any of them.
3cb0cfc94f995a3cbd8058cdc434ac39c6b0c0f8	The calm lasted for 4 years, and then new troubles followed, among which the republic was twice left without the highest representative of the executive power, the archon; in 581, a certain Damasia was appointed archon, who had been in office for 2 years and 2 months without permission.
a905c9c96e0483920b6b518a05a1690b45d49572	The Solon constitution was almost abolished, as evidenced by the events that followed the forcible removal of Damasia from the post of archon: 10 archons were chosen according to the old, pre Solon estates.
97797501c424cffee39c0354cfcc530adf4bdf01	The reversal did not calm the minds.
8f3fc53d1864512f327ec4bc5fa3d66a4801a058	The fighting parties have now formed independently of the primordial and Solon divisions of citizens, according to the territories from which they received their names: pediaks, paralies and diakries.
b3a9d3de495edcebdde301b7b34e8ed84a7d6b87	Led by
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7e139eeb85cc58f53764c4c560ac613ec1bc79b1	The modern history of Greece
b2d83d3fa29819cfcddbe25a3e634265b6245332	The Ottoman (Ottoman) period
5b5b4b36c42d82193f2e3c1b90d749f2c24698c6	The Byzantine Period
56d7a0252c4af5ec8f222bff9ce52e08ba877ebe	Roman period
8342662b8faab02b7bba8363df51207f28de00b1	The History of Greece: The Stone and Bronze Age
ed3722564510900ace3a94e4f021a1cbc7b9c854	The history of the ancient Greek polis (800-500 BC)
ee95e5b0850f84007370a346128926144e93fd4d	The archaic period in the history of Ancient Greece covers only three centuries - from the VIII to VI centuries BC .
aa8f8bbce8d364b76406edef82843fdfa9fab379	During this relatively short period of time, Greece significantly overtook neighboring countries in its development, including the countries of the ancient East that were at the forefront of the cultural progress of mankind at that time, as evidenced by an unprecedented explosion of creative activity.
2a2712a15f9e54adb65537187f9e1e327fe7ebac	During this period, architecture, monumental sculpture, painting were revived in Greece, poems and lyrical poems were created, the first philosophers appeared in the person of Thales, Anaximenes and Anaximander.
a841d74fbd6f94da65753f41f19a5c9dea898168	By the eighth century BC, the influence of the Dorian tribes in Ancient Greece had noticeably weakened, which led to the restoration of the state system: the archaic period is characterized by the so - called urban revolution the rapid growth of city states (polis), which became the main social and political unit of the Hellenistic world.
e2d5f87a5646e36cff4dddba8a49c2bf02387b55	It was a period of intensive economic, political and cultural development of ancient Greece: with the growth of cities (polis) and shopping centers, crafts and arts flourished.
456aa9e4a75e21bb1ede7c502b98d3efc05b3933	Thanks to the Great Greek colonization, the Hellenic polis statehood became widespread, in addition to the Aegean region, on the shores of the Mediterranean and Black Seas (the Euxine Pontus), which contributed to the development of commodity money relations in all corners of the ancient world.
89b7a2ea9fdbbab5f80dd01f9db2d624a1985d14	All this combined, of course, affected the development of ancient Greek society as a whole and especially in the economic sphere.
5d89eec7be77555a4186a1d7f4018aaee197abbb	Moreover, the development of crafts soon led to the establishment of close economic ties with the metropolis and with the cities of Asia Minor, and also contributed to the active development of trade relations with the local population, who were happy to purchase their products from Greek artisans.
7599712cbbb546abbd76c9f963fd2adf6a9f6143	In addition, the autochthons also bought agricultural products (wine, olive oil) from merchants from Greece.
15e241e66c7c209589a43127749e768cb8e7743a	In turn, grain, as well as raw materials, such as timber and metal, were supplied to Greece from the colonies.
65bd12b7996d97cefe060729b5da56a395123a0a	Thus, thanks to colonization, the mass of the landless population left the territory of Ancient Greece beyond its borders, which, of course, smoothed out the existing social conflicts.
3b7fcd62fbfe2a8b56b4cece5a0f39ebcd2815fd	The stratum of society, which managed to accumulate wealth at the expense of crafts and trade, began to lead an aristocratic lifestyle, but at the same time it did not own any hereditary privileges: the land still remained in the hands of the ancestral nobility.
04d1dbc8a83805e539acc6f9e078967d3f3f2d4f	The aggravation of social conflicts in the VII VI centuries BC contributed to the birth of tyranny in large trade and craft centers - the sole power of the ruler.
45557bf87edb342ac0cd39aa679e67e6ba2651ec	It should be noted that initially the concept of "tyranny" did not have a modern shade of negativity for it, since the tyrants carried out an active foreign policy, strengthened the army, took care of the improvement of their cities.
ac9225ecbdfc4839f2a69d6f036c3a54b8af5192	In a word, tyranny meant a monopoly on political power.
ec2d6e70fd817e0dff18573176d88ffad7955872	But, nevertheless, as a rule, when seizing power, the tyrant mercilessly dealt with his political opponents, executing them without trial, or sending entire families and even families into exile, while their property passed into his treasury.
865636b80c1d6a0507a200f6841b725e409ff06e	That is why, later, the word "tyranny" in the Greek language was associated with merciless bloody arbitrariness.
e02ac35670d6ee43b592496d6c3309d1bb03bdbb	With all this, tyranny only weakened the ancestral nobility, without breaking its power.
dc39c3f12ef3c0bafe18f7b85541a649c3f649d7	After the overthrow of tyranny, outbreaks of acute struggle flared up.
a5c97a2335b129169b7ac4137e9a67bbf1d800f9	During the endless civil wars, a new type of Greek state was gradually born - a slave owning policy, which was the result of many years of transformative activity of legislators and, in particular, the Athenian reformers - Solon and Cleisthenes, as well as the legislator of Sparta - Lycurgus.
e637f492ae3001509926306a157b65c8ab5fbd91	As is known, the most significant transformations were carried out in the conditions of a political crisis, when the citizens of the polis, immensely tired of constant strife, elected someone from their environment as a mediator and conciliator, one of whom was Solon, who was elected in 594 BC to the post of the first archon.
b7d21b287a9b4cd242616a951817428bef02de91	The fundamental reform of Solon was the reform of debt law, the so called "seisakhteya", which literally means "shaking off the burden": indeed, the burden of debt bondage was thrown off the shoulders of the Athenian people, and all debts and interest accumulated on them were declared invalid.
40c5282ddd90f9c8ee65c38e31a9b62a3aca3bac	Moreover, according to the reform of Solon, self mortgaging transactions were prohibited; the peasants restored the status of owners of their lands, and the amount of political rights no longer depended on the nobility, but on the size of the property.
e9ee75ab36d9c4990a38ab91c83c21da16043ad0	Thus, the peasantry of Attica was saved from enslavement, which made possible the further development of Athenian democracy, which is an example of one of the possible ways of developing the early Greek polis - the abolition of the property qualification and the participation of all free citizens in government.
e288c51380b2eab9f7c300dd5640b3d7ea4c9c9e	Another form of polis organization was oligarchic, when management was carried out according to the property qualification, and only individual citizens were considered the right holders, as was the case in Sparta, where power was in the hands of aristocrats.
325d68e9cf5ca868c1ae8b5bb2d8dad4564f9e2a	At the end of the VI century BC, the first major association of the Greek cities of polis, led by Sparta, emerged - the Peloponnesian Union.
3cefd57e70868f1746bd459eab020db515486c51	Gradually, Sparta concentrated in its hands the leadership of the entire political life of the Peloponnese.
ef6192ecf728de64cb0406492f90fd3fcbd83416	Classical Era (500-300 BC)
b8b7f9256568ef52bea3761d894ec658967d57f9	At the end of the VI century BC, with the beginning of the Greco Persian wars, the Greek polis were subjected to a severe test by the Achaemenid Persian despotism, which had grown stronger by that time.
3e3aae5a72a00d345d6dcda8f258bc0a44d5744b	10 years later, at Marathon, the Athenians defeated the army of the Persian king Darius I.
d7d5ad7670dc14ecafa6dc2012b276e5279723ca	In 479 BC, the Greeks won a brilliant victory over the Persians in the Battle of Plataea, after which the Spartans tried in vain to retain their naval hegemony, eventually ceding it to the Athenians (477 BC), due to the repeated victories of Athenian democracy in the Greco Persian wars.
6238950bfb460dff82bf0230439bbbf06d7a7c4f	Athens, having strengthened itself politically, gradually turned its allies in the Delian Symmachia into subjects, limiting their freedom in maritime trade and introducing the collection of taxes, the so called foros.
daae3e2a504116ce81afefe0408045240e23996e	From that moment on, Sparta became the leading policy of Greece, without ceasing to impose its military orders, which as a result led to ongoing internecine wars up to the new unification of Greece, but already under the hegemony of Macedonia: against the background of general instability, Macedonia was distinguished by a high level of economic development, technology and military affairs.
a0d37c544ba00c0e138446e3c992602b7677983f	The main prerequisites for the creation of the empire of Alexander the Great were made by his father Philip II - a wise politician and a far sighted reformer.
c36807183eaa30029a77151c1daf436a8b55d4d7	The main idea of Alexander the Great was to put an end to the centuries old quarrels between Persia and Greece, connecting the cultures of the West and the East through the policy of spreading the culture of the ancient Hellenes.
483784fd2818920faaf45d9da1ef006949914f22	Hellenistic period (300-30 BC)
2b6b05499682c7c34c9a0b15ba80e1a50f576b54	At the end of the IV century, the hegemony of Sparta became the main enemy of Greek freedom and independence.
0d19a323b547090307284613ae5e837035b7ab68	Thus, a Spartan garrison was introduced into Thebes, but in 379 BC the Democrats, led by Pelopidas and Epaminondas, expelled the Spartans, restoring the Boeotian union that existed in the VI century.
e7ffd2c3871ea5df698625010934aeb0e0306e7e	In 378-377 BC established a Second Athenian Alliance against Sparta and Thebes, defeated the Spartans at the battle of Leuctra (371 BC).
f07a9e919c44a8696cd0002a887f9b374dc4a97d	However, the rise of Thebes over pretty quickly - with the death of Theban commander Epaminondas in the battle of Mantinea (362 BC).
916a648c412f8f5ebfd6d06081199ed7ac21d19e	But despite this, the Greek government still has not managed to establish a Second Athenian Alliance orders, which were valid in the First Union, as the Athenians met strong resistance allies, which resulted in resulted in the Allied war 357-355 BC, which led to the collapse of the Soviet Union.
f85c1104a01e1bb54c38bbe01a9a5fd387e4e7ad	During this period, a new force appeared in the north of Greece - Macedonia, the remnants of the Dorian tribes that did not migrate during the Great Greek Colonization.
f8d838953625ae72c000d02e93d84bfb9b61b958	In 346 BC, Philip II was the king of Macedonia.
90d052bab4106860561b65640af2a02db51371d5	By that time, he had already conquered Thessaly, Phocis, the peninsula of Chalkidiki and the coast of Thrace.
1e7e8ea6f80a0cc45039a0e58a9e775fdc5abaf2	It should be noted that in Athens and other Greek polis, at the sight of such a powerful military force, society was divided into its supporters and opponents, with the emergence of the pro Macedonian and anti Macedonian parties, the latter of which included Demosthenes, Hypereides and others.
d05900722f415ffe41c56b812fefe9aea7dc2e59	Through the efforts of Demosthenes, a coalition of Greek cities was created, which, however, suffered a complete defeat in the Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC).
9df234e89cfeed241915f71d4735f1dd266078ca	The congress convened by Philip II in Corinth (338-337 BC) finally formalized the subordination of Greece to Macedonia: at the Corinth Congress, the creation of a union of Greek states led by Macedonia was announced.
25e67cf9dcb2ce2296518e426a9a16808d4791a1	An oligarchic regime was established in all the polis, which was supported by Macedonian garrisons.
dce3e9ae79ba4399f1b52a343c15c7a78d952d5b	The Battle of Chaeronea and the subsequent conquests of the army of Alexander the Great in the east opened the period of Hellenism, during which the so called Hellenistic societies and states were formed, which became part of the ancient Greek world.
1aedc6382c1f6af44b665d9f83e108a9503448ce	In the Hellenistic era, the Greek world covered the space from Sicily, in the west, to India - in the east and from the Northern Black Sea Coast in the north to the first rapids of the Nile in the south.
6d1903adc04384300d217493a5826a1ee101bc47	However, in all periods of ancient Greek history, the Aegean region was considered its central part, where Greek statehood and culture were born, reaching their heyday.
b85ec137539efb76b0b91972459511cc43b599ed	The huge empire of Alexander the Great collapsed immediately after his death (323 BC).
3a043886560d5b3851c1060a00209e18e17af8f3	The long struggle of the Diadochi and their successors, the so called epigones, led to the creation of a number of independent Hellenistic states, such as the Seleucid monarchy founded by Seleucus, with Antioch (Syria)as its capital;
5c672c55c762eaccdc02c850d1d551dfbdd44fc1	Ptolemy, founded by Diadochus Ptolemy Laga in Egypt with its capital Alexandria, as well as Macedonia itself with its capital in Thessalonica, of which Cassander became king.
04b498ccec5e658ad84613acb4415ab39f765c72	The struggle of the polis led by Athens against Macedonia after the death of Alexander the Great (the Lamian War of 323-322 BC) ended with the victory of Macedonia and the massacre of the Greek Democrats.
9a7e8100e94a785d87bc06da45fe6cd67e996354	After the second defeat in the Chremonid War (267-261 BC), named after the Athenian commander Chremonides, Athens became completely dependent on the Macedonian monarchy.
b41ef4367d9a757f28c4385b28cb47ba53696bdc	But, despite this, Macedonia was unable to restore its former power over the Balkan peninsula, since two new powerful alliances entered the struggle against it - the Achaean (revived around 280 BC), which covered most of the Peloponnese (except Sparta) and the Aetolian (founded around 320 BC), which included the regions of central Greece (except Athens), southern Thessaly and other Greek polises.
6242980095d7fc7fc74cb297db33476084e7ba8d	The struggle of the diadochs of Alexander III the Great, and later Macedonia with the Achaean and Aetolian union led to negative consequences: Greek cities were destroyed, the inhabitants were sold into slavery, and large shopping centers were populated by new colonists.
56498b32fdf64cb75b8dfc02d7232eab316eaf2f	As a result, the middle strata of the Greek population suffered ruin, the number of the poor increased, and, moreover, here and there - in Corinth, Argos, Miletus - unrest broke out, which at that time became almost a common occurrence.
6b5c206f0f978ec631312ae5559886d04cfc6822	After the defeat inflicted in 197 BC by the Romans of Macedonia in the Battle of Cynoscephalae, Greece fell under the influence of Rome, and with the establishment of the Roman Empire (27 BC), it became the Roman province of Achaia (except Athens, which was nominally considered a free city).
58c9296477e1b03a67bb51ca60e5ad3f0e1943fd	And also read:
f23c7d316d00d7ad336e6b4a970411cbcdec74d5	What winds walked through ancient Greece
013709d59872eddd1d8b1d094a2c54a41b14e7c0	The ancient Greeks saw gods and goddesses everywhere, so they clearly knew where the wind was blowing from: from the island of Aeolia, where the lord of the winds Aeolus lives
bad5919a65614bbf43695f374ed9c8e6e576ee36	History of Greco Roman Wrestling
b71006b95f425656b73510303b0efe1cf561bb76	Ancient Greece is the cradle of the development of many sports, and wrestling, as a sport, has reached its true development in
740b166cb3b3c76d66298d8b01c109aa47ffcedb	the 15 Most Influential Ancient Greeks
61120fc8fd3ed82ad333627bf10ff3353e6ac956	Ancient Greece had a huge impact on the formation of Western culture.
c4732cdd7ff5ad6ac2c59cd228404b3d5ecc5d06	The first literary works of Western literature
0da72c1ef3cf74a16605f8ebd60c2471005a2883	Ancient Greek vases
fe3cd17c1924fc5612780957519b6ed3d62c33a0	For some reason, when it comes to dishes used in ancient Greece, an association with an amphora immediately arises
41908279806e3dcf8ae725754f8fbb43e185c881	Ancient Greek ships
e41b6eaac52c6449fd71136d56cb50c185af23a8	The rugged coastline of Balkan Greece with numerous and convenient bays, an abundance of islands
7e9fff2ef2433189f409c5e371cd43581c3515e5	10 ancient Greek writers you need to know
7ef37558c1bfc0952349e5f607da35ca1ac93412	The ancient Greeks significantly influenced Western society.
cb3d4a24ac0e253029ee07440b8027edb0b6b5d7	It was the Greeks who discovered countless sciences and literary genres
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927288d3d855f431ef1502ff3084001da3462bae	Kiji Jug
8a37d071e915be8e982c31e6257b90422fcbad3e	Ancient Greece is the common name of the territory of the ancient Greek states in the south of the Balkan Peninsula, the islands of the Aegean Sea, the western coastline of Asia Minor.
a198ee7807ce0160c0e607d806122be7ba299c75	As part of the study of Ancient Greece, the history of Greek colonies in the eastern and western Mediterranean is also considered: in the south of Italy, on the northern coast of Africa, on the shores of the Black and Azov Seas.
a3aa312a864c4b82af86d16d8600509e1312c439	Chronologically, the history of Ancient Greece begins with prehistoric times and ends with the 4th century AD — the time of the formation of the Byzantine Empire.
08bc516b4556e95591683221909b14c339748125	Painting of the Kiji jug
8c694463e4a3986fc993efc61d3393f2002f33ca	Traditionally, the mainland of Greece is divided into three regions: Northern Greece, Middle Greece, and the Peloponnese (Southern Greece).
2d982f40067c6777e97e1487f663fcde0f1e9385	Northern Greece was divided by the Pindus mountain range into western (Epirus) and eastern (Thessaly) parts.
d91358fbcdf9530a45c460c74530f763ce665c26	Middle Greece was separated from Northern Greece by the mountains Timfrest and Eta.
106b0b2522ecedaf2a6d992c62e80357bd2d8cae	The following regions were located on the territory of Central Greece from west to east: Acarnania, Aetolia, Phocis, Boeotia, Megarida, Attica.
b5400c9aac586ab80ea4f9fca02287df7f8ab7b6	The southern Peloponnese Peninsula was connected to Central Greece by a narrow (up to 6 km) The Isthmus of Corinth.
6860e6cf74adf121667e4710a0b01c53c4e1eacd	In the center of the Peloponnese was Arcadia, which bordered on the west with Elida, on the southwest with Messenia, on the southeast with Laconica, on the north with Achaia, on the east with Argolis.
70bb872254412c32797f406db1b12a38b738915d	In the extreme north east of the Peloponnese, Corinthia was located.
f5454b54267a1afe1b23b310b774f517ccb4abdb	Macedonia, which was adjacent to Northern Greece from the north, was considered a separate country, although it was inhabited by Macedonian tribes related to the Greeks.
d597e3bd831547526153a63e551131af9f9770db	Insular Greece has several hundred islands, the largest of them are Crete, Euboea, Rhodes.
42382add72007c339356b500d7d5328d0b678828	Greece is a mountainous country with a rugged coastline and numerous bays.
4cf8a2b409f3e53e3fa800aff4cceb35a8e5be61	Mountain ranges divide Greece into many narrow and isolated river valleys with access to the sea.
45319ee1a2f53280a867f48ab9558dd26b42914c	In the ancient Greek period, three quarters of the country's territory was pastures, only one eighth was occupied by arable land.
3b2a4268d01c46ce12b7c94c570b7a3595af3cbc	Already in ancient times, deposits of iron (Laconic), silver (Attica), copper (Euboea), gold (Thessaly), lead (Keos), white marble (Attica, Paros) were actively exploited.
d68b4f84c454261cc4af6d7bfdd2748cf1465a25	Stone Age and Bronze Age
1da486d71af9a9c1fca4e9262cfa28e70624a209	The main types of Greek vases
cc4f65344c6213a6f8467e08d6abc4d9dc6940b6	In Northern Greece, the cultures of Sesklo, Dimini, Larissa were identified, the latter is characterized by fortified settlements on the hills; the appearance of a megaron — a rectangular room with a narrow facade and wooden columns, with a hearth in the center; black and gray ceramics along with polychrome ceramics with drawings in two colors, usually black and red.
da3825cea3ed7e76273a4d21f82d346387dcb22c	In the 5th 4th millennia BC, local variants of the Neolithic culture of mainland Greece, the Aegean islands and Crete were formed.
9047f81b8eb598d1e7fc57d9eaece042133a9ddd	Chronologically, they are divided into the early, middle, and late periods of the Creto Mycenaean culture.
11cd96ee9ab5f26426ccae933c4144fea2d1faa8	There are also local variants: the culture of Crete was called the Minoan culture, mainland Greece the Helladic culture, the islands of the Aegean Sea — the Cycladic culture.
af0300588fdc436ecbaf68532e8da58602755e53	The autochthonous tribes of the Pelasgians and Lelegs were pushed back and assimilated by proto Greek tribes who came from the north, among which the Achaeans and Ionians stood out.
e18941140cd9d2ee2f058e354dddec01bece27dc	The Cretans had a large fleet, maintained trade and diplomatic ties with Egypt and the states of Near Asia.
c3d383d84eafc59f4753aac6014a145cb42464be	The burials of royal families discovered in Mycenae in large well shaped (mine) graves contained a large number of precious things (weapons, jewelry, gold masks), which indicates the strengthening of the power of the Achaean dynasties (rulers) from the mid 17th late 16th century BC.
293561472970afb66ba5b7df347367a80364e8ae	During the Late Bronze Age (16-12 centuries BC), the rise of the Cretan states continued.
ae47d72845e8a8a463a53e206c12de8b1d68dcb5	During the Novodvorets period (1700-1450 BC), the palaces of Knos and Festus were rebuilt and expanded, and the palace in Kato Zakro was re erected.
a3a2f54dd743c6bf99aa25b6f788a99984d295d1	The 16th 13th centuries BC were the time of the rise of mainland Greece, progress in agriculture and crafts led to the growth of the population.
1e39a5d8e6fbbc39c9065b1876bdbcf68e32d202	The complication of the state life of the Achaeans led to the development of writing: by adapting the Cretan letter to their dialect, the Achaeans created a more perfect syllabic letter B.
510fbe369a924a11dca0052d8bbff25cad9e00a4	The documents of economic reporting on clay tablets of this letter are found in the palaces of mainland and island Greece.
1a18202ab1f31c4d2c37278631a1fe3123db89e4	Studies by M. Ventris and J. Chadwick was allowed to decipher the syllabic letter B.
8ff314849ce6c73ef30cc8e669d4e2b332fec8ac	The largest landowners in the Mycenaean period were the Achaean kings Vanakts and military leaders — Lavagets, lease and sublease of land were used.
c98bc6ce455e62a3a362a84b4c76937d2ae528d0	Slaves down were in varying degrees of dependence on their owners.
fc1ead0dbc998f8882e6e96297ba4d9f865b437a	Settlements were taxed with natural taxes.
1025aee26f49fbaaebc7045ad505fa4e56d912ea	In the 13th century, the Achaean dynasties undertook overseas campaigns.
e589594e5d408cf23a3002c145316a638daae681	Approximately 1200 BC is attributed to the Trojan War, as a result of which the Achaeans destroyed the rich city of Troy in Asia Minor.
98d19c70a7a46244afa059e6de4a6810db35970e	The Achaean campaign against Troy was sung in Homer's poems "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey".
b1a8873d53fec8bdfe833539e50947a6ace040b7	At the end of the 13th century, the rapid decline of the Hellenic culture began, which was due to the consequences of the Trojan War, internecine struggle, and the reduction of maritime trade with the countries of the East in connection with the migrations of the "peoples of the sea".
c7be7b528c18925bb5de2a7e953be55fc9d64a0f	The formation of the polis system
3f68d9595ec95ad0efa3733f0f1460409cea9b54	About 1200 BC. e. from the northern regions of Greece to the south, the Dorian tribes began to invade, who still lived in the conditions of the tribal system.
0d2b9415e76e42ea7fc1903bb5f7a41c402f4611	They occupied part of the territory of Central and Southern Greece, destroying the Achaean states that existed there.
ac1917aaff8e51c75eafe631f747e0da4d4a5622	Athens managed to resist the onslaught of the newcomers, part of the Achaean population of the Peloponnese fled there.
e8fc6d7d43c2e5e964e62da36567be6a410f43c0	The conquered local population became the property of the conquerors ' clans, which split into large family communities.
53279023aec4f13cadad1b60f4329d82fd3663d1	The process of enslavement of the local population proceeded differently.
f87d272db58e3b84a56bfb09135e2d0c5404484d	In Sparta, the members of the conqueror community — the Spartiates — were opposed by the indigenous population — the Perieks.
61f9062578543818cea76ffc51069e9d09839fd1	Pushed back to the borders of the Laconic Perieks retained limited self government, engaged in crafts and trade.
96c394ec30ee4bc079c85c1293257386ef2f876e	In Messenia, conquered by the Spartiates, the local agricultural population helots were considered the property of the state and were attached to land plots.
4ca360f503943a9ac2083332ba27c900af94ac74	Helots like categories of dependent population existed in Thessaly (Penestes), in Crete (Clarotes).
7ecc7ad83cc53139623d2a4bbe24d3ac50fe9944	In Athens, there was a process of enslaving farmers by the ancestral nobility (Eupatrids) through debt dependence.
1862c51f6cb87acb84927dc34007b3b27c17b814	The basis for the further development of the productive forces was the gradual spread of iron tools and weapons.
db42db0aa875d3ef0c072f6acb51673a6e9bd46d	The Dorians took from the Achaeans and Cretans the plow, wheeled carts, sailing ships, presses, a potter's wheel, the beginnings of temple and fortress architecture.
3c929fd7a2bf23c0e9e83e2b1afa87ea724890e0	By the 9th century BC, Northern Greece was inhabited by Aeolians, Middle Greece and the east of the Peloponnese — Dorians, Attica and the west of the Peloponnese — Achaeans.
de7b0dac2aed097f5a62fd21e10c8a8996ece6a7	At the same time, the colonization of the islands and the coast of Asia Minor by the Greeks began: the northern regions were settled by the Aeolians, the central regions (Ionia) — by the Ionians, the southern ones by the Dorians.
e262e565f0e30a73b70c2dc20d7b2f7e2879fc08	The 8th 6th centuries BC were the time of the emergence and development of the polis system in Greece.
4cabf28fdc8ad4542f91f5570bef914544da6047	This period is characterized by the spread of iron tools and the allocation of a layer of artisans.
b141bef18b40c5c9271529264715714d3c216908	The separation of handicrafts from agriculture stimulated the transition to production on the market, to the development of cities.
60adc25640604cfbf9421768931eca0210266e32	It has become vital for cities to establish regular trade relations, supply raw materials for the production of goods and missing food products.
e81a4a1ddc3394f56140cc93355b7aabed6f1c25	In the middle of the 8th century BC, the first colony of cities on the island of Euboea — Cumae in Italy was founded.
8d31dfb86095fa1d7b39da411fe6ec3040843bf9	The highest rise of colonization occurred in the 7-6 centuries BC, Greek colonies spread along the northern coast of the Aegean Sea, the eastern coast of Sicily, the coast of the Gulf of Tarentum in Italy, and advanced to the Black Sea coast.
99881158ec8136e0ef62d84ceea9bcdae1292388	Only Miletus founded 75 colonies on the Black Sea.
89d2b8d5b728ef844f9eb838292a00ee2a9aab05	The Greek trade acquired an international character, the handicrafts of the Greeks were sold on overseas markets.
863ae6fcabe7586b55099631b6487d8502ddda9e	Slaves, bread, raw materials, luxury goods were imported to Greece.
5ab01b4bb7533c44223f46084e9c9fa02eb8c05c	Coins borrowed by the Greeks from the Lydians in the 7th century became widespread.
b3eb348d6da9b61403a31fa25c6413d0e581eed0	Delphi and Olympia have received the significance of all Greek religious centers.
0e0addc0c9e8708df3d19e5b98b205505f2d71ce	The political life of the Greek city states was determined by the opposition of the landed aristocracy and the social lower classes (demos).
dfeed5a83a540c555608a7a18e5e693dbab2873d	The power of the aristocrats was based on family and ancestral ownership of land, enslavement of small farmers.
85e777e72639f2f1d7df78a1bd58451f2430751d	Demos opposed debt slavery, in a number of cases he achieved its abolition, in particular in Athens as a result of the reforms of Solon 594/593 BC.It was possible to suppress the resistance of the aristocracy in the conditions of tyranny — the sole power established by force and relying on the support of peasants, merchants and artisans.
9621cc584000ad8024a434cd57a07773d29a7372	The early Greek tyranny of the 7-6 centuries BC is characteristic of many cities of mainland Greece — Sikion, Corinth (the tyranny of Kipsel, Periander), Megara, later in Athens (the tyranny of Pisistratus, the reforms of Cleisthenes);
7cfd98d041787746575419bfc63f376befdcfa74	Ionia Miletus, Ephesus, Samos (the tyranny of Polycrates).
a1f05606cbcf7b9262da52695b6b387167f4229c	As a result of the tyrants ' reforms, the economic and political privileges of the ancestral aristocracy were eliminated.
0325104210ba8ebb1918e17ad215fd2d2501b53c	Polis (city state) became a form of organization of ancient Greek society.
4ca10feda4abcff684c620a855867c7e8686b02f	The free citizens of the polis opposed the slaves and the dependent population (Clarotes, Penests, Iloti), as well as the foreigners — Meteks.
d1ea24abf530f1df2a1db191005db5d39c1c0ce8	Belonging to the policy provided a collective of full fledged citizens with the right to own land and slaves.
27a72e09672e24a0334fd2a10ed1aafc6e96e148	Depending on the outcome of the struggle between the aristocrats and the demos, the regime of power in the polis could be oligarchic (in Sparta, in Crete) or democratic (in Athens).
1c575cd30430902a127087d116b3bf7581d0230c	In a number of polis (Sparta, Crete, Argos), remnants of the tribal system were preserved for a long time.
9eebc09c0a80faab97f3b83581eded0260985efb	In Central and Southern Greece, there were tribal agricultural communities in which natural agriculture and the tribal system were preserved (Phocis, Aetolia, Acarnania).
1297b1722422f92ea1737314c92490126983382b	Economic and political rivalry has developed between the policies.
74dd241550bcaca1b3ad8988e5c8a586587cecca	At the end of the 6th century BC, the first major association of cities arose — the Peloponnesian Union under the leadership of Sparta, created to unite the military forces of the Peloponnese (except Argos) and to organize assistance to Sparta during the Helot uprisings.
e0922b162459d4222806b6ee6d2b11b82f2d8a0b	Classical period
d11a13c9ebe5d2f21d3019f479527b54e9388af0	In the 5th 4th centuries BC, ancient Greece experienced an era of the highest economic, political and cultural flourishing.
74d4779b1bc7670180e3a67e50000fea06022308	In history, this period was called the classical one.
7b9d4971cd56376e36993cfa6d9017cdd7802d97	In the polis, slave labor was used in handicraft workshops, in mines, and partly in agriculture.
e59b0ce6a841e9c2c906d2594ef2e590fbb9aec7	The production of free artisans and peasants also played a significant role in the economy.
2a8a15c7d884502bc361760e819cfc7a54e82cea	The victories in the Greco Persian wars (500-449 BC) ensured the rise of Athens, which led the Delos Union (the First Athenian Maritime Union).
2a29004a4843ffd8a5985aba0bbe1ad1eac3eaa7	The Delos Union includes policies located on the islands and the coast of the Aegean Sea.
44672bd37f09f802b0192ab27e8a90934322f516	Athens reached its greatest power during the reign of Pericles (443-429 BC).
6946558369f63cae4fc161df290cf6b514215aed	During these years, the political system of the city was characterized by the greatest degree of democratization, the development of culture reached its apogee.
ddec5bdb42998ce14ebece798d410d66a9c6be3b	Within the framework of the Delos Union, Athens pursued a hegemonic policy, seeking to turn allies into vassals.
4adbd90b09e5c850e00ad3bc079e135c8e26221d	The transfer of the decision of the most important cases to the Athenian court, the restriction of freedom of trade, the collection of taxes (foros), punitive expeditions, the removal of clerics on the territory of the union policies caused justified discontent, especially from the oligarchic circles.
400867626fcbe6cd4180184c85831de40dbf237a	At the same time, the conflicts of Athens with Corinth and Sparta escalated, which led to the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC), which engulfed most of the Greek polis.
bfb45fcd3d65fd9c879fc09f673b77f335ff59c5	The war ended with the defeat of Athens, which lost its external possessions and fleet.
a71a194b273f3e1ea3762975009b1e7144265a89	The period of Spartan hegemony began.
2eaa747e7599454ac2402efda859dde2460326f0	The Peloponnesian War weakened the position of all the polis, aggravated the political confrontation within them.
f7016b497fdbfaa72c098b06d429911a0ab58b55	The ruin of peasants and artisans created poor people in the polis who were not employed in the economic sphere.
d61c044275ade45d080a383e7494f28a79aab02b	The military power of the polis was undermined: the people's militia was replaced by detachments of mercenaries.
b377449a3e41b42e1ec836c88e62b20d8fa247e8	Military affairs became the only possible profession for the poor.
ddc6e18de8453dd48a8d9648a5440373ddce796a	In 395, the Corinthian War unleashed by Sparta (395-387 BC) began.
f07dfa20efb29ab20769e88f4b2a6cdae8624f61	In this war, Sparta was opposed by a coalition of states, which included Athens, Corinth, and Thebes.
1012c7136d228a812ee157ee6deb63088bc055f1	In the conditions of civil strife in Greece, the influence of the Persian power increased, which actually dictated the terms of a peace treaty to the belligerents (the Tsarist peace or the Peace of Antalkids).
57013389d9e473c21d309e0185dce083feb6d1ac	As a result, Persia restored its power over the Greek cities in Asia Minor, unions of cities were prohibited in Greece, Sparta received the right to monitor and control other policies.
22844ff4cae14c760b7582367eea4bc363d8def7	The Spartans tried to impose oligarchic orders on the polis, persecuted the Democrats, and became a symbol of the struggle against freedom and independence.
76e8eda5fa5127883ae886086e03bc263f41c570	In 379 BC, the Theban democrats, led by Pelopidas and Epaminondas, expelled the Spartan garrison from Thebes, restored the Boeotian Union that existed in the 6th century BC.
9a6698ee7352b67aa06e5280a4a7907ee908acf1	In 378/377 BC, the Second Athenian Naval Union was formed to fight Sparta, which also included Thebes.
4fd9e47f4686aeedb0ae70242c955b31db1123ee	In 371 BC, in the Battle of Leuctra, the Thebans defeated the Spartan troops.
507542d7832b6a731573923e2c780adbdb664b60	The brief period of the rise of Thebes ended in 362 BC after the death of the Theban commander Epaminondas in the Battle of Mantinea.
2493590782d8533ae15f756e27aab85ad5091bed	This was also facilitated by the hostile attitude of Athens towards Thebes.
b77d287c37c42ea1a02a7e82d323e0a055c82f08	In turn, the attempt of Athens to dictate its will in the Second Athenian Maritime Union was rebuffed and led to the Allied War (357-355 BC), which ended with the collapse of the union.
9e634548655881fa7cd6c3eeb3cb2bbae8e24beb	Hellenistic and Roman periods
9a7e066607465582ce5974fce8e712345cc6bfdd	During this period, ancient Macedonia was strengthening in the north of Greece.
db1dc420f72b6bab91a7c167d7691e92b8d37705	By 346, the Macedonian king Philip II subdued Fess Aliyah, Phocis, Halkidiki and the Thracian coast of the Aegean Sea.
c98169fc38fada8216b87fcd59d0039185ebaacb	The struggle of the pro Macedonian party (Isocrates, Aeschines, Philocrates) and the anti Macedonian party (Demosthenes, Hypereides) parties unfolded in Athens.
b6d0012127f6cc8615d35b145e3b2c34d034a0c8	Through the efforts of Demosthenes against Macedonia, a coalition of Greek cities was created, which was defeated in the Battle of Chaeronea (338).
1c93fdd9d07d86d5e57657aed24d70c168d4076d	According to Lycurgus, one of the leaders of the anti Macedonian party, "along with the bodies of the fallen, the freedom of the Greeks was buried."
902bd78b0f9b938aa28362b1b15541faff4cde9f	In 338-337 BC, a congress of representatives of the Greek polis, convened by Philip II, was held in Corinth.
848c71c85954567d77e899fe6cd1ffdce0786bba	On it, the subordination of Greece to the Macedonian king was formalized, the creation of a union of Greek city states led by Macedonia was announced.
8505b277158d63536375dfe974e9a2eedaad92d6	An oligarchic regime was established in all the polis, supported by Macedonian garrisons.
0b59dc0f02f1b03193a25b72c3c3263a58dc8626	The conquests of the Greek Macedonian army in the east under the command of Alexander the Great opened the period of Hellenism.
7a02997d0ba06e44ec13acf8dbdac5f49b5767c0	The state of Alexander the Great collapsed immediately after his death in 323 BC.
d3a4aecafc2d270726b9e36a3f9319bbc1ed4518	The struggle of the Diadochi (generals of Alexander the Great) and their successors (Epigones) ended with the creation of a number of independent Hellenistic states, the largest of them were the Seleucid states in the Near and Middle East, the Ptolemies in Egypt and Macedonia itself and Greece subordinate to it.
58a7c7aedb255dce60a0475c9bfe74c8e3d4ed94	During the Hellenistic period, in most Greek states and polises, monarchs or oligarchies were in power, who disputed hegemony in Greece among themselves.
3f66088c038edfeceb3420459c6f4ad4e3204849	The death of Alexander the Great inspired Athens to fight for independence, but the Lamian War (323/322 BC) ended with the victory of Macedonia and the massacre of the Athenian democrats.
f3f242e9877ece059ffcc2115965940e14e1d413	However, Macedonia failed to break the desire of the Greeks for independence, the Aetolian Union, created around 320 BC, opposed it.
2009bcf0df535db68541db79d03d2163954f4c1a	The Aetolian Union included the cities of Southern Thessaly and Central Greece, except Athens.
46884cb6de2ecfed2bbdf7bf6c7518e04f2255db	Later, around 280 BC, the Achaean Union was revived, which covered most of the Peloponnese with the cities of Sikion, Corinth, and Megara.
a8eecf6091dfe04fdc5cb916141ff5dc9d8ecbf1	Sparta became part of the Achaean Union in 192 BC.
fb7ee8ac17fc73ef3a00f8eb01d8578650f68f95	Both unions fought the Macedonians, sometimes together, sometimes separately and with varying success.
db0529d20fb8086c8ab44f7726d8e60b5e4cc23e	A new attempt by Athens to get rid of the Macedonian power was called the Chremonid War (267-261 BC) after the Athenian commander Chremonides and ended with the defeat of the city.
d3e7d7d164082401af14f5f6e3a804d37e51ed8a	Endless wars for hegemony in Greece led to the mass destruction of cities, the sale of residents into slavery.
95b170190ebec9851f1b16620319594f22973c66	Greek cities were also ravaged by pirates.
d131da23ede23f1c683b1c9d52984f6cccdf7098	Up to 50 thousand people were sold into slavery from Laconica alone.
9a22e6b589b220454b30807cd273a8aa5a08f4ef	As a result, the Greek cities slowly agonized, artisans and merchants went bankrupt, the unrest of the poor became commonplace.
3985dbe181c4d3c0a251bdb36b4d4be5ee9e35f9	In 197 BC, the Romans defeated Macedonia in the Battle of Kinoskephalae and began actively interfering in the political life of Greece.
1344e238fa9fd1e387e8205cef123a33065ef922	In the summer of 196 BC, the Roman general Flamininus proclaimed the "freedom" of the Greeks from Macedonia at the Isthmian Games.
db1c70e6a73b4492661b2c4a2349b4a993c41961	This political move made the Romans popular in Greece for a while and provided support in the further struggle with Macedonia.
3cbd6a5a734b0dfa1d7ae297326544c8b3586e95	In 148 BC, after the suppression of the uprising of Andriscus, Macedonia was turned, along with Illyria and Epirus, into a Roman province.
4ad7b7ba8a67eb04bf89a083c314bbe5b96b5c71	In 146, the Achaean Union, which tried to resist the Romans, was defeated.
cb784aaec114968cb01afd1cbef4bc5f85cb023e	In fact, the whole of Greece was under the rule of Rome.
004a7a62278f00a50b336b1c3091e26c5d5e1098	With the establishment of the Roman Empire (27 BC), Greece was turned into the Roman province of Achaia, except for Athens, which was nominally considered a free city.
bfa10735da51abc355796e4b4ac7fd8a404eb719	As part of the Roman Empire, Greece did not stand out much among the eastern provinces.
3d36b322602eef89873cc67c52dfe4e475f1f81f	In the 4th century AD, Greece formed the core of the Eastern Roman Empire — Byzantium.
dbbbc155d81d450fd2398f8fa1d618b326487f5a	Additional literature
8f96972a63500c0eaff5ea57d05ff2d95a816527	Kurbatov G. L. History of Byzantium.
77cfb1f26439b4f2fda856ffe1b0b6af1e105509	History of Ancient Greece.
d5d43ae6a5a85296fcb1ff15dfb0b943efaf4904	Kumanetsky K. History of Culture of ancient Greece and Rome.
e704ccf6846ebaa27edc5db22d2f8cc9191f8213	Moscow, 1990.
932019e0363a969dc016d16ada08af87dda1ba69	Aegean Culture Achaeans Dorians Ancient Athens Sparta (State) Thebes (Greece) Corinth (Polis) Homer Trojan War Polis Greco Persian Wars Hellenism Byzantium
8fd535a8aafbf64703c9e2f61b487dd26bb117de	HISTORY "Ancient World" Ancient Greece and the Hellenistic world
c8e6f949b8ada118fdafbdc6ee8783d697f007cb	Navigator
7fd1c0528ce4f82446e7dd1134596517f9114c40	How to become an author
9547126ac3504093bd3782336b5dad6769a460d4	It is important to know the Training course
33ade8c166abc567077cbf78a281d1c53f7f37f1	Did you have a question?
bc859ef3c0dc0cf7adbe9627f9973a5f921c2519	Frequently Asked Questions Ask a question to the editor
5ddf39e972151be8c2c1d0bfe5666dd874221e45	Let us know
e44b04a47ecb0b4bdc1ac63c5667c2780208779c	Complain Suggest an idea
e072228178a6aebf6d4255895df96cb5ffa8b619	The text is available under the Attribution NonCommercial ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license; in some cases, additional conditions may apply.
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7e3df0c08f13fe078a590311f01ee1abbc94bb7c	28.12.2016
f9d1faa5d68770f1cb130a21741c67abbd29faee	Ancient Greece - The most ancient civilizations
be5c720d8d8fb0dd31bc7b010cae56d5142d953a	The most ancient civilizations Navigation
d2b58985d3d9301da6477ac787186b1c5fee9cdb	[Untitled] >
e54b95aae27f7a722a073bb00835b4e4e51a6718	Social structure Literature Art Pyramids Temples Craft
c8924b9aefd77e278888e99826a4af7fd5c5bce4	Social structure Literature Art Clothing, shoes and hairstyles, etc. Greek Mythology Historians and Thinkers
2e7be1a7f2d5c1af910a8911574fd63303409c79	Social structure Literature Art Rome - the capital of the Empire
f1a8d6279f539a50fad26dcf20f867ce6e75bf5b	PERIODS OF THE HISTORY OF ANCIENT GREECE.
8594ef1ac8f84c3cd5dfce0838310aff365dc7e3	Poetry and prose
f8b6899d308ed2e75783d4f518753e9190469897	FEATURES OF THE ANCIENT GREEK CIVILIZATION.
506c06d25c35afcb552de0d3e2efa10301deb8c6	About the name of the country and Europe.
75c939ac5050a53ab41b1e94b13e33ea9153561d	It is assumed that the first Greeks appeared in the Balkans at the turn of 3-2 thousand BC. e.
b43d883b5eec88eabf47ec27198d06a91c24cc43	Centuries later, this people self called "Hellenes".
34401a90f02d4e06b24ac81b91ce82fa213c8b70	The name of the country - Hellas comes from it.
b21bd63f074674707d35b2a0f2c758346d445410	Ancient historians noted that before the Greeks, the country was inhabited by some other people who spoke a different language and were called Pelasgians.
0b228cde2077ee0572c234c687ed50c6f2c4bd63	In the Cretan Mycenaean era, the Greeks were called Achaeans (after the name of the country Achaia) or Danaeans.
4810db7e02f717e9ff8938977ac135ac55bd5891	According to legend, the sons of Hellenes, the ancestor of the Hellenic tribe, were the ancestors of the main Greek tribal associations (Dorians, Achaeans, Aeolians and Ionians).
5e261beee14d636335458fde207b1716a8a22f2b	When the country was assigned the name "Hellas" and the self designation of the Greeks "Hellenes", the question is moot.
6451df0003e9ef7d299615b4c87a01e4cede39f5	The Greeks were originally called only one of the Greek speaking tribes that inhabited the coast of the Balkans facing Italy.
b735db5a381ad9d6ddcce7c44097551823c6cfaa	The Romans transferred this name to the entire population of the country.
19c93ec426f525570c10f32ba21a8b04f46f84cc	The ancient Greek designation "Europe" comes from the Semitic root "erebus" or "Iriba", which means" west", as opposed to the designation" Asia "– from the word" asu", meaning"east".
f8d96e73134ffe7d85200bda82ae7d2c18a00e9b	file:///C:/Users/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3/Desktop/drevnyaya%20grecia/sources/zel.html
42769c4ceebf0d429d2a160e2d52b777e60e0a4f	1/6
d175bad09b995f4f01ccb78854b7901e5dd456a1	Periods of ancient Greek history.
f9a431d712af00c5ebad2a23c8dd1e90cd799baa	The history of ancient Greece (before its conquest by the Romans in the 2nd century BC) is traditionally divided into five periods.
7bf958f4d010d195cbd0959bbe47ba65d9b6921f	1. Crete of Mycenae.
220f870905f45e5369292e170dc050069ceefc11	The name is due to the fact that the leading cultural centers in that era were the island of Crete (Fig. 1) in the Aegean Sea, and then the city of Mycenae on the Greek mainland.
f705f54865a1b1803b33ceb4c74abc4d2914f56b	The indigenous inhabitants of Crete were a people conventionally called "Minoans".
f1460693ce3b766f21000ceac5137e5bdbe526ff	They were not Greeks or even Indo Europeans.
05fb950a4d91dbe54a3816ba8c73848fed229dc5	The culture of ancient Crete developed in its original pre Greek appearance around 2900-1470 BC.
48587993b06d9e18b2cb9d97c19dbdae73ebf287	It was the first European civilization both in its geographical location and in its cultural fullness.
c73c577ab21fc7b911f2f2698d74c62a9406a86a	The Minoans were the only people of the Aegean world who managed to transform their primitive culture into a real civilization with a developed bronze industry and the best fleet in the entire Mediterranean at the turn of 3-2 thousand.
e0325b375cbc218690c53b05cd099df1f7617a02	In the XVIII century BC, the ruling dynasty of the city of Knossos united the entire island under its rule.
cd2c1e02a98aa52067a31daeafe66ca74f965bf5	During the same period, fortress settlements appeared in the coastal regions of mainland Greece, then agricultural settlements.
e30618bfd0fa82ae6315411d1b337a7940e64977	The emergence, flourishing and fall of the Mycenaean civilization of the Achaean Greeks falls on the period of the 16th 12th centuries BC.
e1f34017a54b5e0c5aad7992ee80e3ea975e9b3a	In the first half of the 15th century BC, all the centers of culture in Crete suddenly collapsed.
76fb4b9893c3fba5b0fd66f5736ab6919bb5c7e3	Therefore, it was not difficult for the Mycenaeans to seize the leadership from the Cretans, and then become leaders from southern Italy to the Asia Minor and Middle Eastern coasts.
4f6fbd1909bc4c914d6ab60162f638b92beb907b	The so called Trojan War is attributed to the end of the 13th century BC.
5bf9f532d38ef0b13e66bae63ffbb0d0d6a7c580	Soon after its completion, the Mycenaean palaces and villages turned into ruins forever.
c35ccaa54d0021542642fc48db3348070e8f5530	But the circumstances of this have not yet been clarified.
7554757a410cb52cbb8263677d9ba67e1f71691b	One of the versions is as follows: the migration of Dorians (Dorians) to Greece in the middle of the 12th century BC, who had a lower economic and social level of development than the Achaeans, but were able to process iron.
e41bd9d2ff548d11dd4fe9a0003577a7a4d84294	2. "The Dark Ages", 11-9 centuries.
4ac1d85703b6c8eabdb805c2987297a3f4162272	The culture of this time is known
7da9adf635f42ce74b20d79fb5b5857cdcc9719d	mainly on the excavation of burial grounds.
24be6e448bd43018886cfa45b63d2dbc750b5630	During these centuries, no signs of civilization are found on the territory of Greece: the state, writing, monumental architecture, professional art.
abcdc59f27b451ffa4c1aee2151288edb573196d	3. The Archaic period.
5c38b547830c581009146b2426a6b14f6c026c79	Since the 8th century BC, trade, maritime business, and colonization have been developing.
e2b66ed99e406a4bdb8797d21e35dc2ff91c344c	The cultural centers of that era are Phocea and Miletus (Asia Minor), then Corinth, later Athens rises.
45f6e44e4403fbcbe1c4d546b492c81cd4574ee8	Only a few states could exist without imported bread.
0272cc784ea361631cb57f33a47088f6bf0fcb08	By the end of the 6th century BC, Persia took possession of the straits leading to the Black Sea.
2fa315fa800f90d5e14d9fcf9a5d0340bc7c4f86	A severe economic and food crisis is coming.
bf65bd4243071c8664e759194014321104a27dc1	The era is being pumped up by the Greek Persian wars (Fig. 2).
7fc6f825b320e4b650e65beee1bd70e696c0b011	4. The Classical period.
838030ec4f3ada58cae86c5b9b5805cb28ead5e0	The victory in the above mentioned wars (478 BC) opens the classical period (Fig. 3).
4aa13378421a3bf264b5ae5a3d82a530c5e9f622	Culture reaches its highest flowering.
228813629e2947c26a11304eed58fb72a955942e	From 460 to 371 BC, there was an armed struggle between Athens and Sparta with interruptions, file:///C:/Users/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3/Desktop/drevnyaya%20grecia/sources/zel.html
e2674f9716273b32e5d2bd4a818864736436d579	other cities.
03edbdbb669b31ae5435ce9e7de9e926a9fd73d3	In 404
b3a269c8a98929ad4a3d9e269b569678a3e0aa23	2/6
c30c62d9a4d0cc3a770247ecfae81324ad11f5b2	the struggle between Athens and Sparta, other cities.
ee9116804b603658fee21aedc570c6e7dbe0014e	In 404, Athens surrendered.
866bedeb4f5873d9d65011178c80424a4201a778	Since 378, the Boeotic Union of Cities, headed by Thebes, has been promoted to the first place to fight Persia.
7fb0c76ef6378d36c4af958bf56892323984b118	Now Athens is united with Sparta.
79e63619e1af4e7aa9825ad5ec5265edef830064	The internecine war led to the fact that the primitive monarchical state of Macedonia in 338 BC actually subordinates the whole of Greece.
3c9ddbc81485e1e1130285410c199602e765f4a8	5. The Hellenistic period.
0b68314b3db526fea32b9de1eca367a1a6522724	The next epoch was opened by the campaign of the Macedonian king Alexander against the Persians, it is called Hellenism.
e7709d874f0eb50145d856f27daaf64ae91b300f	However, after his death, the huge state collapsed, Macedonia and a significant part of Greece formed the Macedonian state.
a1f4fd093a2c30c8217748eec49976ee3fed2905	In 186 BC, Macedonia was divided into four parts and soon became a Roman province.
8905576f235bcb3c53479aaefb0dd8e7327c1c76	Greek chronology, calendar and times of day.
686d3d04480f25cac6a911c5aa5d0591bcf5b911	It is generally accepted that up to the 6th century BC, each year in each polis had its own name according to the main official of this city (In Athens: "In the archonship of Alcaeus..."), then the chronology was introduced according to the Olympiads.
e426897ccef71a2b6d9235c983fc2130c8dad661	However, the famous historian of ancient culture and translator M. L. Gasparov argued that the Greeks, diligently memorizing their own chronology from the legendary kings, did not keep any chronology at all( numbering of years), and some historians kept the account of the Olympiads for convenience, there were no such dates in any document.
a1a20970870da74e0f43be738c82328a6e7972a1	The Greek year consisted of 12 lunar months, alternately including 30 and 29 days, that is, it was shorter by 11 days of the solar year, so the Hellenes periodically inserted additional days.
a58e66dcdbccd899ed18bfabdf5f62a60a0da2de	The duration of the solar year was determined by Greek astronomers to be 365, 2259 days, which is very close to the one set today.
6039b8db64d75b5da23cda8a595efaeb0cc66144	The Greeks did not have a single calendar: each region or polis adopted its own names of months – about 400 (!) names are known - and its own day from which the year began (from June to December).
a40d23261e8060bbf38c1d54da8d09903041c5cf	Each month was divided into three decades.
04f45dbe57ab5a6f72078d8364305c41b399bfbb	The day consisted of six parts that had their own names.
b355c7c4d11c9f2b2e85690700f24813b7299db4	Before the Macedonian conquest, the beginning of the day for the Greeks was a sunset.
682f786d3dee9482128373565f4ddc23e03c67b0	Then the day and night were divided into 12 hours, and the length of the hours changed according to the time of the year.
89f9fa11ad05e9d7d6244bcf27c7582a186c3ce0	Features of the ancient Greek civilization 1.
c428100bca0a179b72d830d923ae95a46d62e131	The uniqueness of the ancient Greek civilization.
d45d6b55bee04a3cebf5102eb460b0e17d22a40e	2. The exceptional dynamism of the Greek civilization in comparison with all neighboring peoples.
916a78d701ded328cd66da58a97ef8cd28a99e84	First
2cd229f63fac5ed2b7c4594bf51d99e185202154	3/6
b79ba34e42939f1ebea9ac87f8c255494ad83ec9	Greece has no analogies in ancient history at all.
899298df5af9aecaee167382ff794e438e7cd3f8	The first scientific works on astronomy, mathematics, medicine, logic, the first historians, geographers, philosophical systems with a variety of schools and directions, literature, the hitherto unsurpassed plastic perfection of sculpture, the first theaters, stadiums, museums, etc.
1fd3430c88eb65c8e78788384095e59c3dc8b4da	All of the above is very often called the "Greek miracle".
9418b3797f0f072c7ea837a6e374a7d6c35ad883	3. Creation of a qualitatively new type of civilization – universal.
5e2a997c6a9008c6e2aa0bb85f649873f044f6bb	The Greeks were not only ahead of other peoples of the Ancient world in their cultural development, but also created a completely new type of civilization.
6132ae0b46e967a8b1d6c415e80c4af760e5baa4	The Greek civilization was qualitatively different from all other civilizations of antiquity in that it was in the full sense of the word universal.
614978c0aa0475a8181000cdaa75b045b522d2a9	For the first time in world history, it has created conditions for the full disclosure of all physical and spiritual capabilities of a person.
59bdf79dd1ba897237d85746bca3f0ae03b29f07	If in the countries of the East each person usually performed some one role already assigned to him in advance, then a citizen of the Greek city state (polis) he could be at the same time a politician, a military man, a farmer, a gymnast, compose, participate in philosophical debates, etc.
d80e04e1e9e2524a835a99bd25dcfd9c8e4cc85f	All types of social and spiritual activity developed more or less evenly in Greece, enriching the general fund of Greek culture.
c7459722ba4dbf0e4b1177080329d5b931f342d7	4. The civilization of the Greeks was the first and only one that focused primarily on man.
65b2909872638219d8a31526a6723823ed25132f	5. The Greek society was an open society, that is, focused on broad contacts with the outside world in order to exchange all kinds of useful information.
76630e441a8fd9da3845521ed4ff7987c2667863	Akkadians or Assyrians were interested in neighboring countries either as hotbeds of potential aggression, or as objects of capture and exploitation.
14615ace80d5cd303cc3186ab67278bf38b3b02f	The interest of the Greeks in other peoples was not purely consumer and was not reduced to a simple account of the possibility of appropriating foreign territories, on the contrary, they, extremely inquisitive, sought to comprehend foreign culture, to adopt everything valuable and useful from it.
5ec7ba8aa1e427cfcc3ba14dc7ec82f88a1dc4a0	But the Greeks never copied blindly, they tried to adapt someone else's things to their needs and tastes, to make borrowing an organic part of their own original and unique culture.
b3821c8a019e23ed6689edcc2a1f72bac5397165	So they did with the Phoenician alphabet, Egyptian architecture, Babylonian astronomy.
0c3a0956d41ec473ab08e39cc8f84f8f719bb486	But by borrowing everything and from everywhere, the Greeks preserved the originality and uniqueness of their own culture and further developed it.
72d7f4aa06d2eeb3447cdd1abec6b6796646f23d	6. The technological basis of the Greek file:///C:/Users/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3/Desktop/drevnyaya%20grecia/sources/zel.html
4e5f5b70797e6e34ae704c2c7345e7ebb83ea277	civilizations are always
19989bf3beb92ab762706e7a3093702a2f6abaa6	4/6
e2d642c61449b4c64d961bd423670ec84ca49011	6. The technological basis of Greek civilization has always been primitive manual labor.
c2046b1f61b29e47079f1b3cd9957de8eb6190eb	It is still a mystery why no myths or legends related to this migration have been preserved.
aa433386d2ac6abcf2212061b5720051a33355c6	The Greeks remembered only that it took place in two waves: the first – the Achaeans, the second – the Dorian tribes.
afecce8dcbce959fcad4eda28773a880f9383965	Homer in the Iliad applies the names Hellas and Hellenes only to the region in the southern part of Thessaly.
7f974ae7a8d7f1d8b0dd4ef44b783be0e2c827d3	According to legend, Perseus was considered the founder of Mycenae, his mother was Danae, the daughter of the Argos king Acrisius.
9cb065634bfd0b01a94797783c1bb495d6981381	It was predicted to him that he would die at the hands of his own grandson.
852d56943635541d8e50a5d1989b8b908bf5e89b	Therefore, the king ordered Danae to be locked up in a dungeon.
ddc0838ce24f45cfcf54d6438d29b7783797dea5	But the inventive Zeus penetrated into the gloomy dungeon in the form of a golden rain.
7ac4d4b5bb1ee0fb345ab4b0b84c2985fda091f3	From the connection of Danae and Zeus, Paris was born.
a8b4f1fc32300853e1b7dd532396da628d12a631	Then the king puts his daughter and grandson in a casket and throws it into the sea.
b90fb432b031489445ad73c88a1bda2a28eedf95	Fishermen of one of the islands rescued them and took them to King Polydectus.
3741853f34df065299c3f4123d003afe55f808da	At the suggestion of this king, Perseus went to the west, killed Medusa and returned to Argos with Andromeda.
277d2b3e1800ff67aa558fd974493eab65d91eaa	Once, during a competition, Perseus struck an unknown elder with a disk - it turned out to be Akrisius, who had secretly returned to the city.
a5cd4d83f3110b42cfd4f08c4375114965645641	Dejected by such a death of his grandfather, Perseus lays a number of fortresses near Argos, including Mycenae.
005cd79551a770c4507c1938f2ce57d065bcebaf	By the way, Hercules is sent from Mycenae to perform his famous twelve feats.
34f628017d7d6519385b5b7747220295506f06cb	The social system of Mycenae is a hereditary monarchy.
09edf832a3811d09f78087fedeaeb232df8d2cfb	It is likely that this phenomenon is connected with a catastrophic earthquake around 1470 BC on the island of Fera (Santorini): the crater of the volcano (up to one and a half kilometers high) as a result of the eruption fell into the depths of the sea.
28c5e3be6c883e15924ed5b9f33434196fc39f3b	Only in the eastern part of Crete, the layer of ash brought by the wind was a meter thick.
f732b6e46b5b57394ba1137a3dbf908bb0278a77	The Greeks lived in the cities of Asia Minor until 1922, when they were expelled by the Turks.
62005cf57209a9cef9e18f6db0c0aed4e6504bd7	The fate of Crete.
0f693a6f55fec13dae3bc8181011fdb17581d3ce	After the Romans and Byzantines from 824 to 961 Crete was owned by the Arabs, from where they were expelled by the Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros Phokas.
2c4f810c305ee664940f5db1a916b7bddcb4d30a	After the capture of Constantinople by the Crusaders in 1204, Crete passed into the hands of the Venetians until 1669, and then the Turks until 1897, when the island gained independence.
ba9f6ab0173929981c85580551cd0ce192c82b99	After sixteen years, Crete was united with the rest of Greece.
b65601e307e6fd1c51b7418a72511a3ca04af015	The origins of this "miracle" are seen, in particular, in the following: the transition from the bronze industry to the iron industry (10-9 centuries BC), a favorable geographical location and geopolitical situation
0eb79085a624d6a974a71e5079948778b751227c	(until the second half of the 6th century – the formation of the Persian state - the Greeks remained completely safe, and navigation made it possible to borrow from other peoples what was considered necessary and file:///C:/Users/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3/Desktop/drevnyaya%20grecia/sources/zel.html
0cf2711cf159635b18c9626ffd10e6db24083efb	useful), blagodatnaya
4133cbf6d21009d464007db8b3f98f682f95710a	5/6
857e0bd0ee82b72a0144a4afc0cfa77a4734eb3a	what was considered necessary and useful), the fertile natural environment of the Balkan Peninsula, the coast of Asia Minor and the exceptional natural talent of the Greeks.
89766a8e3e02d0b3f3c18babb36e200bdef13cd2	The Greek Empedocles brilliantly combined a politician, a philosopher, a doctor and a poet.
55def15980b4105b591bf7b1d157c49d02564f32	It is no coincidence that images of various agricultural products and plants were minted on the coins of a number of cities.
b9d5ef14dd2cc25666366555d8a1c55f4a9f7bd7	Subpages (2): Education and Social structure
865575f30cdf8e74dcef85104b3f22f2ec0e522e	Comments Log in | Last site activity | Complain | Print Page | Based on
99e8c985de56879dfcf6f3c7ee0d2a5861cd83e1	Google Sites
1959b4bfcd85b0ce2cf6720d2bdd0048151c6972	6/6
8f9e3d34f5342dee0d4462eefec36c4298838fa7	Stanley Kubrick is a well-known American director, screenwriter, producer and one of the most influential cinematographers of the XX century.
1479c7ea9567bb1bb313e35fddc2e1430702f0b5	The features of his films are specific close-ups, unusual panning, unusual use of classical music.
f6c118d81765d8504bd7cd54a1133cd25cbbd83f	Stanley Kubrick was born in New York in the summer of 1928.
fc6b12eeb936fb221b4ee140524c16912facd485	His ancestors are Jews from the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
aa5c7e47cf29eda088e763307725ddf1fafcaeaf	Father Jacob Kubrick was originally from Eastern Galicia, by profession he was a surgeon.
414048584e757f632a4e22cad07a5af6b9193d21	Her mother's name was Gertrude Perveler, she was originally from Bukovina, she was a housewife.
392bc753abeaf3197c2f0b60f5d90aff98d2dfb2	His father taught his sons to play chess when he was twelve years old, and since then Stanley has become almost obsessed with this game.
09a1babf99952ed5c3c68b7e43280adb66f85792	As a high school student, he became interested in music and even dreamed of becoming a jazz musician.
20ca66eb79425c39cfb7485391c55cace5b165c3	His mother and father gave him freedom, so Stanley always did what interested him.
7d5b0dafd474c6f29aad0c9e852f893987928b70	He did not study very well at school, so he did not manage to go to college after graduation.
defbd835f5293d574f0508066b8c94aee47332d2	He says that he was not interested in anything at school.
c013d900d9e6bf36cef83088e3c673a7acd6dad0	In 1946, Kubrick began attending evening classes at a local college, but soon dropped out and began looking for work.
adfeee1f5a620bc254d27c90e54c543393d7aacc	In 1946, Look magazine took him to work as a photographer, soon he became a staff photographer for the magazine.
e4d2b55333d5557a7c86b9bcaf1d9a532cc7f7ae	Thanks to this work, Stanley traveled all over the country.
a60aac019b4d307e88e10da6bc501a59555eba37	Traveling awakened in him a craving for knowledge.
6bf7f6ae7ee14380d0250ed10c8f8e6e5a4a4ec0	The young man also worked part-time, playing chess in various chess clubs in Manhattan.
824e8b623acc08f5d3f342820ddb9d3fb5d79828	Stanley Kubrick began his career in cinematography in 1951.
8e5c22fcd15f3cb3fbcccf47874ea67b55288d78	His first film was the documentary short film "The Day of the Fight" about the boxer Walter Cartier.
500903973216f584a3d0b60ef5bbba50a928a446	The work was successful, and Kubrick began shooting several more films.
45ac872b0798978257adae8167ebd0d3d3416f38	In 1953, he released the first feature film "Fear and Desire".
005139cfdbd12f4fee7d5043aa11973c921c2c77	In 1955, the film "The Killer's Kiss" was released, which was positively evaluated by critics.
446f0a9a5df04a797635528655bb8c389f54e9f5	However, success came to him after the release of the drama "Paths of Glory" (1957) with Kirk Douglas in the title role.
2acdd3b7acfe9b530b1ffa984d1b31c9e66f4942	The film, which tells about the events of the First World War, became scandalous, it was even banned from showing in France.
5050436b04387a36f9cc65dada9708a0c5326b4b	In 1960, the actor Kirk Douglas, who was the executive producer of the film "Spartacus", invited Stanley to take the place of the dismissed director, hoping that the young one would be more obedient.
ba1b780a573f4e049e0aec5d61c95f8e8b26d9dc	But Kubrick immediately replaced the actress playing the main role, and shot the film the way he wanted.
6f3fd8d83daa76c6c350ac05890c27f6bd75c19d	At the box office, the film received 4 Academy Awards.
180dfb92702e3e729cc80d7379883627d5f11629	World fame was waiting for Stanley Kubrick after "Space Odyssey 2001", which won the Academy Award as the film with the best special effects.
54b3bd562aea3cd11a9fb0ebb23768932f5769dc	The film "A Clockwork Orange" (1971), based on the novel of the same name by Anthony Burgess, became truly sensational.
451bc5c7289fcac1f468a961528a311082b1ac59	The film was banned in the UK due to the fact that there was a lot of sex and violence.
13c6326ba5adc37991d58aea41ae20ed73c7521c	In 1975, Kubrick directed the drama "Barry Lyndon".
e0d5226d917737316d275dce29dc822557193765	The film about an Irish guy who killed an officer of the British army was repeatedly nominated for an Oscar.
09e6db38dc029098380febd5542cfdecd51232c4	In 1980, the next successful picture was released - "Radiance".
b4d1e9bad499a05ae2a6fab21d35288152aa58e0	In it, the main role was played by actor Jack Nicholson.
180f0193429dbde67aae8a0025a829f3b5034a4a	In 1997, Kubrick began working on the drama "With Eyes Wide Closed", where actors Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman, who were married at that time, played.
f68d5a4c3ec3dce81330b7d1f468ef68cea5e99f	In 1951, he made his film debut with the documentary short film "The Day of the Fight" - about the boxer Walter Cartier, who was once the hero of one of Kubrick's photo reports.
0175d08bf4435080c95140224810b567ebfbccfa	In 1953, he debuted with the feature film "Fear and Desire", shot for the RKO company with money borrowed from friends.
3c3f30241fc05434c81839765b6571a1ee83d8f5	In 1954, together with producer James B. Harris, he organized his own film company and a year later released a low-budget film "The Killer's Kiss", where he again acted as a producer, screenwriter, cameraman and editor.
54b436c62e1ddf2d42f6b4d490e75f0c77c5ef04	Kubrick's tough, pessimistic and exciting film "Murder" (1956) went well at the box office and was liked by critics.
a753fe9f04def251c28b51696c0bfc4ce148032d	Nevertheless, Kubrick's first film that caused an international resonance was still "Paths of Glory" (1957) — a military drama about how the French infantry died due to the incompetence of commanders on the fronts of the First World War.
cb4b32797d7ebd5e13409d7da99c6d652ec851b8	In France, the tape was banned, and spontaneous protest demonstrations of reserve officers took place in neighboring Belgium.
9d563961900b69fa61bf5cf29446ce91ba143e65	This was the first, but not the last scandal in Kubrick's career.
3acddc8c521dad15df14ad60ce204a8dc5b9006a	Not fitting into the Hollywood system of standards, Kubrick physically distanced himself from it.
afe44dcb0890976810ab2b803af77b5296622ae5	It is considered that the "real Kubrick" began with "Spartak" (1960).
f81246fda3a62c65fae9ef7ddbd832403fde2460	In 1962, the director made an attempt on the scandalous novel by Vladimir Nabokov "Lolita".
3e029dfa82089ae7f3d2e8aa18f58ddd1f8de827	The inevitable correction of the image of the main character due to censorship considerations softened Nabokov's accents and intonations, and critics who had previously accused him of cynicism began to talk about Kubrick's penchant for "black humor".
4053c5b26bef728a6fcad0c8bde68bd1a66427e6	According to modern Western ideas, Kubrick's main films remain the anti-war satire " Doctor Strangelove, or How I Stopped being Afraid and Fell in Love with the Atomic Bomb "(1964)," 2001: A Space Odyssey "(1968) and" A Clockwork Orange " (1971).
5924bed606afbbf9c5042968bc4af0a73a413a1e	The grandiose fantasy epic "Space Odyssey 2001" won the Academy Award for the use of special effects and combined shooting and became the standard of a science fiction film.
f03ff5a6f94efda855f21fb42d1d67d0dfe5e09b	After that, it was possible not to shoot anything, resting on his laurels, but Kubrick successfully coped with both" A Clockwork Orange "based on the novel by Burgess, and with" The Shining " based on the novel by King.
7e7e17bad854d0c6c4c1b98f1ab31c662edd57d8	A special place in the work of this director is occupied by film adaptations.
e8c250b457f9950932af86b6f92bc606d476d542	All of Kubrick's full-length films are film adaptations, where the director acts not as a middle link between the writer and the potential viewer, but as a full-fledged author.
62560b37f7da68fe4cb0434bf42705748d3e20ce	It was thanks to him that Arthur C. Clarke became one of the living classics of science fiction, and Anthony Burgess now seems to be remembered exclusively for the film adaptation of A Clockwork Orange.
b782587d0055c8b7a3c0fae3f1f6361c63130fa5	In 1951, Kubrick's friend, Alex Singer, convinced him that he should start making money by shooting short documentaries for the March of Time company, a supplier of newsreels to cinemas.
0a80966c19a39c4a295e763a25683b6903044117	Kubrick agreed and, with his own money, made a short documentary film "The Day of the Fight" in 1951.
b1882fee763581189e3b2c245b502dc070a340ec	In the film, in particular, an unusual shooting style was used, which became one of the most striking camerawork techniques of Kubrick[10].
9e87f516a3a718b8d32fc38808cd013727a63c8d	Although the March of Time company went bankrupt in the same year, Kubrick sold "The Day of the Fight" to the film company RKO Pictures for $ 100.
fb50d71f3cf51cb8a49adb92759b21e60970b3f1	Inspired by his early success, Kubrick quit Look Magazine and began working on his second short documentary, The Flying Padre (1951), funded by RKO.
759902de3d8a73b3175d7745f98811527726dc14	His third work was the short film "Sea Riders" (1953), Kubrick's first color film.
dedfe2c115491ee2f030404b4f759ae12d14b54f	It was a 30-minute promotional film created for the international seafarers ' Union.
f7e77f2a89f2cd61e9aa58658f31417b25736e6b	These three films constitute Kubrick's only surviving documentary works.
bd6d6048a45b242c58a1c5f44faab6a84f69b032	However, it is believed that he was involved in the shooting of other short films that were lost.
24c64efe6c6edc80244745eedf22151d60c30348	None of these films have ever been officially released, although they have been widely broadcast, and fragments of them are used in the documentary "Stanley Kubrick: A Life in Cinema".
c6b10d0065255396267e024173813cbd64b284ab	In addition, "The Day of the Fight" and "The Flying Padre" were shown on the TSM channel.
bf9c4bca9745442420ca42f104a6f163d1160b45	Kubrick switched to making films with the film "Fear and Lust" (1953), a story about a team of soldiers caught behind enemy lines during combat operations.
f4e051c09ee46963fc3e8b7bb27d72d8423a97ce	Although the film "Fear and Lust" received positive reviews, as a result, the film failed at the box office.
239e7f5c282d5cd70330f619a71bebe11a72b271	In later years, Kubrick was embarrassed by the mention of this film, which he began to call an amateur work.
089bc79ba5bd5c54d7973fd8f804e9093ed2b212	He refused to show his film on television and did everything possible to remove this film from public circulation[11].
bbce5ddd09dce556b1c28ca47acfa58ed285f7b3	But at least one copy remained in the hands of a private collector and subsequently (after the death of the director) the film was published on VHS cassettes, and later on DVD.
227c6c9c0997b76184f441f71aa4c16273cce220	While working on the film "Fear and Lust", Kubrick's marriage with You Metz broke up.
7c4420200494c6dd9d559c7a9b18d0604b00d0cb	He met his second wife, the Austrian-born dancer and theater artist Ruth Sobotka, in 1952.
8a24a241ce48cecc4c6a1278cd1ab82cd358c3c8	They lived together in the East Village from 1952 until their wedding on January 15, 1955.
201361ed35017e137609651969e18825aedb7512	Just like" Fear and Lust"," The Killer's Kiss " became a short feature film, lasting just over an hour.
6a849a7bcb47b6ac085d35ecbfa6743f016099f9	The film was met with limited commercial and critical success.
e1dcf0c2fec15657637033cc959ce81bb06e0d63	The film tells about a young heavyweight boxer who is at the end of his career, he gets into a love triangle in which his rival is involved in criminal cases.
2ea5484d80d27f7de5dd9e8e4603af7a769abeb8	Alex Singer introduced the young Kubrick to a producer named James B. Harris, and they became close friends[14].
e57203e8886e78d92b347bf8d088b6440408795f	Their business partnership, Harris Kubrick Productions, will finance Kubrick's next three films.
bd838fb243b1447d8a4895526b680d7cc714b809	Together they bought the rights to a novel by Lionel White called "Cleaning Break", which Kubrick turned into a script for the film "Murder".
13ac871987bec1aa8aebeb56eedfeebf7069b3f5	Despite admiring reviews and reviews from critics, the film was not a financial success.
e4bafdcda2919f9415099f009a6bb7b65f67d981	In many ways, the film "Murder" followed the concepts of film noir.
008f6cbf3c27b9786b3f3b8a3ad47b21e210d726	Although the noir genre reached a record popularity in 1940, the plot, directing techniques and cinematography of the film "Murder" caused a revival of this genre, and now it is considered one of the best paintings in this genre[15][16].
b50f0a6a0cbf615897447f8eda928b7103d6f3e1	The wide popularity of the film "Murder" brought Harris Kubrick Productions the interest of Metro Goldwyn Mayer[17].
1b3d30e80b3886bfad7f57353102b355a5ca5e7a	The studio offered them its rich collection of purchased film rights to the stories, from which Kubrick could choose his next project.
8f7f96b851b816a0e76718c0aaabe464fa5470b3	During this time, Kubrick also collaborated with Calder Willington on the film adaptation of the Austrian novel "The Burning Secret"[18].
2fab2ed739776c857d44d4618d2e2cab16dc518f	Kubrick's next film was "Paths of Glory" (1957), which was based on a novel written in 1935 by Humphrey Cobb.
19025c188d333b2480e1069b506269cec94961a0	The story in the novel (as in the film) is about a French officer who was ordered by high-ranking authorities to lead his people on a deadly mission.
f8949cae15708c7225886da0910678cabf8d68c2	As a result of the failure of the mission, three innocent soldiers are accused of cowardice and are going to be executed, as an example for other troops.
4fe7b6b4b25912a60cf49214312da4738f528f7c	Kirk Douglas (the main actor) was instrumental in finding and securing funding for an ambitious production.
097f311e00cfbb2f00c8aff8fcbf2908123371f1	The film was not a significant commercial success, but was recognized in this branch of the film industry.
13d7464e8d8a794496848ff58208d87694c35fcd	After the filming of the film, Kubrick himself began to be perceived as the main, promising young director.
c4d2060f4801a03c6aad864179283a0064f6d89a	In 1960, Kirk Douglas — an actor and at the same time an executive producer of the film "Spartacus" - invited Kubrick to replace the dismissed director Anthony Mann.
fcc701f0d29a7854915280662e76d3cac013c9f9	Sunday newspapers reported that Kubrick was at the head of the production with a budget of $ 12 million, with twenty-seven tons of dresses, tunics and aluminum armor (made to order in Rome) and with a solid cast of performers (Laurence Olivier, Charles Lawton, Peter Ustinov and others).
17403f3d39932500b9c3c55f317b5fb11721e104	Kirk Douglas hoped that the young director would become an obedient tool in his hands.
cc492b7658917000147af3bf733adad06bf4aa08	Kubrick first replaced the performer of the main role and, despite the protests of Douglas, shot the film with his usual slowness and thoroughness.
65e67ac8eab1f8c4b955f1323f24fe753ec0d141	Kubrick shot his next picture in England.
1913d23ec085ec1f94d9ac5d9ce21db76003eacb	It was an adaptation of Vladimir Nabokov's scandalous novel "Lolita".
9ae6c77875e2abcf36b2f1a4b09f94add52cbff4	The writer was concerned that the characters of his work were being transferred to the real world, nevertheless, he praised Kubrick in every possible way.
b8864e8bdace36df282569624a50fe6fa12ec607	However, the director himself later admitted that "Lolita" was not a success for him.
7cb2ee38a93f195fd7cb57a5b2f6edcc1315f10d	The premiere of the film brought restrained approving reviews.
b1e44e337cb709ffe118854a3eed80356cc98d3e	Critics believed that Sue Lyon in the role of Lolita was no more a child than Marilyn Monroe was at the age of eighteen.
85ee0e89d07d7bfbbd724b0131868df3ea0d8a92	Deciding to settle in England, Kubrick bought Abbot Mead, a manor house near London, not far from the film studio in Borehamwood.
f0fe1b1dfdf46f607fabb70427db4d002802b6a5	His family settled in a house surrounded by a high fence, and almost did not receive anyone.
7479af64b1f2346898df9710d9bb0747257ca412	As if to emphasize his dual citizenship, the director kept his New York apartment in the Central Park area.
14db54c2c94c475b4fb362fb7eec9d4812da630a	In the 1950s, Stanley narrowly avoided a crash during his first solo flight.
726b768b273a49d284d30054bf5a1a43978ee588	Since then, he preferred to make long trips on transatlantic ships.
79765a9647248a129341564396bd10abb3cdc699	Kubrick's world fame was brought by the grandiose fantastic epic "Space Odyssey 2001" (1968), which won the Academy Award for the use of special effects and combined shooting.
fd729e1248528a1846391514498da8718e9beab5	Starting work on the film, Kubrick in March 1964 initiated the then little-known science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke into his plans.
06bb97e715ebb9a959bfaff273970e3a2618b9c5	"He wanted to make a film that everyone would recognize as really good science fiction," Clark said.
b87b464faf347993910061156ddc6bc8b7b7085c	Stanley Kubrick, having conceived "to make a picture about the connection of man with the universe," sought documentary authenticity.
2a8c255e327ee4effaec0476548bc0f9e9daf81d	The bizarre contours of spaceships floating in the universal expanses were not an artistic fiction.
856fcbeeca9717d180e042579eadd48740c0ca8f	Their sketches were provided by NASA specialists who developed promising models of interplanetary ships.
db83dad83329046b05548fbb465cb7967a71e5b2	You can get the fulfillment of your most cherished desires.
7d8f60d25f72ff04850c0d90a7c0e5ae0cebe57d	This married couple is invited to a social party.
2da262d66550d0ecb193af3651a5a50f3ec51e5a	The forbidden fruit is sweet, how far can the desire to taste it lead?
5f5313f7ec85edc8f19aab9b292977eefa9aa495	Is corroding jealousy an atavism of the past or the key to a strong marriage?
406ac4b8db8b57ff93f8f525ecb7ba8cf17f1669	The knowledge of some secrets makes you accomplices of the action.
fe06e2b4a4bf76024e5b95edbd223fea68e007b9	Without reality, dreams are impossible... only everything can turn out to be an illusion, a staging …
4f92284111bef64641be2290da5d864d795d5018	To stop all this in time, that's what becomes the main thing.
b3cbe9896bc4017eeb74c5a8c1a1cc7c6a2257c9	At the American recruit training base, in the Marine Corps, there is a most cruel and inhumane system, according to which every slobber and boy who imagines himself a hero must experience all seven circles of hell on his own skin and turn into a machine for the extermination of enemies.
ea221eac1c6a895ad64ad8266a4f323447fca669	This is preparation for the war in Vietnam, preparation for the defense of your state, preparation for...hell.
05ec0d9dd8a0b793340a9a2f1b49fb164ec8030c	Where everyone who goes to this place will have to ask himself the main question of his whole life: "Why, and for whom, I kill people every day."..
a03f35dd8e9f0d53013b00f23479b99bbcb841c3	Not too successful writer Jack Torrence gets a job as a caretaker for the winter period in a secluded hotel "Overlook".
a3381c6b00cfa0b20cd9ae7c52eb9c53debc3b3b	He hopes that during the off-season he will be able to work on his new book.
1ec800f733be05b8f440b3f3d2a78fd97f75bc54	How could a simple Irish guy in the XVIII century become an English nobleman?
dd2a5be3d35fc1c8cff3232eae45ef9915fc5ce6	For Barry Lyndon, the answer is simple: to marry a girl from high society.
229a1fd0d26591e06cce51cd0dad9eae725c4eef	Probably the most scandalous film of the director, banned from showing during his lifetime.
6758c1f4ef7d9973fc8d0297cb2a77bced9dab99	The film is about monsters in human form, doing evil in plain sight, and about other monsters hiding under the mask of virtue.
e52db489de2c8f66511251539168fd361d32ced5	The teenager Alex is unfamiliar with the feeling of pity and compassion, and the words "morality" and "ethics" are an empty sound for him.
00202457515a3211472e675a28778ded3c4f9dfa	More than anything else in the world, he loves to rob, rape and fight.
59b925ee304864f1984298794de86f0b883d5b17	His parents do not know about his "hobbies" for a long time, because they are completely indifferent to Alex.
90eb9446ed246ddc0f32d447d364f66348a262f0	And when they find out that their son has committed a murder, they do not hesitate to hand him over to the police.
c276911f81f84dc48e9653ad4c77bc93b4e180d0	In prison, Alex agrees to participate in an experimental program to "cure" dangerous criminals, hoping to be released soon.
7d3ea1d2c22ccf54874a7358c9e593f607cc023c	His hopes are justified, but life in freedom turns into a terrible torture, compared to which prison seems like a resort.
83a22b883f4164eeee6fa577dae17b89dd7ee3ec	He is bullied, insulted and beaten by all those whom he once offended.
d8741a60637cfd072aee67a5235766833835d01f	And the" cured " Alex can not answer this in any way, because only aggressive intentions make him feel bad.
da0485b2f87585808f390b29d2b32196e13e774f	But as long as he doesn't break the law, no one cares about it.
26258be7597739aa315293dc2a55c3324cd405a7	Won't such indifference turn into an even greater tragedy?
ba0db8cc9921c3a57723f3b579fde5b7d9fb3fc0	On March 4, 1999, four days after finishing work on the editing of the film "Eyes Wide Closed", Stanley Kubrick died.
998342030f6ea7d58c75be1df37f8bda29c86721	There are several well-known characteristics concerning Kubrick.
d33e3618aa31d28446649403a26bb6753ef88357	For one part of the audience (including professionally cinematic ones), he is boring, unintelligible, pretentious; the other considers him the discoverer of new horizons of visual expressiveness and a guide to the realm of unknown worlds.
625d84a250a2c890f2b1410aad4d52e1ba9ec9ae	He is a pedant, a mad perfectionist, who has been finishing his every opus for years.
79cb12841096ad9a15626f0c21c9bbfa0c24709e	There are only fifteen films (including short films) in his track record.
0b1a28c5d0babcb62ecac12a34b8957fecc66191	But to understand its scale, it is enough to name three - "2001: A Space Odyssey", "Mechanical Orange", "Lolita".
80de52f0a0438397f336fa5eb24e5a62406e0325	Having hated his early painting "Fear and Desire", he bought up all the copies so that no one could ever see this creation.
56599a15ee3119f832f05d9f0aa1ffd780b8c800	In order not to go far for an example, let's remember: the premiere of "Eyes Wide Closed", keeping fans in suspense, was postponed for almost three years, until it finally took place in mid-July.
a905a71ca68a7c70557488ed5303c310f4b82ea3	He is a quarrelsome and uncompromising dictator who does not put other people's authorities in a penny.
7261ef43091cef2af002c15be02e300c1cfe49c4	Dreaming of making a film adaptation of Umberto Eco's "Foucault's Pendulum", he refused to stage it, not wanting to give the author of the novel the right to write a script.
09b0823b7030cc0ce1a31bc01db30013d0031fe8	He was always in the thrall of obsessions - war and the dehumanization of humanity and man-and images, endlessly shooting mazes and corridors, necessarily including an episode in the bathroom in every film, often using the number 114, and in the field of shooting technique he preferred a symmetrical composition of plans, long camera arrivals and departures, super-large plans of characters ' faces distorted by strong emotion.
0a00de982eb48039ff96ff7a603bfda3a57e509d	He, of course, having entered the history of cinema at least with the "Space Odyssey", which is invariably included in all lists of the best films of all times and peoples, noticeably performed a civil feat equal to his creative merits.
529d76ca256a87f574fabc119d2a177d96645122	In 1960, he insisted that the name of Dalton Trumbo, an outstanding screenwriter who was blacklisted and appeared only under a pseudonym, be included in the credits of "Spartacus".
fcfcabb0c697f46342ba81806cb403802e69c4eb	He was a recluse, rarely gave interviews and, apparently, the only time he appeared on the screen was when he allowed his daughter Vivian to film the working moments of"The Shining".
8adc45a0e66fe2fd9c8beafe82168c6176cf680a	It tells about this legendary and scandalous director as openly as possible as a man of flesh and blood and deeply competent as a director and will probably help every reader to lay down his image of the last giant of the cinema age.
1dd472b45d31c3211b53dfb7236538c3e50fb502	Home / Hollywood Directors / K / Stanley Kubrick ( Stanley Kubrick) / biography
fd85f62eb232de06b0974de1362daa81833de9e9	Stanley Kubrick
5ee181333b78412e96498167ab90af4b01784de0	Biography Filmography Discussion Photo Interview Press Center Buy Movies
66f906d876513ae90113f85afac2ad4484ed8999	Biography Filmography Discussion Photos Interviews Press Center Buy Movies
0948377dfbef8fe2c60540e059889f1d151e18b0	Years of life 26.07.1928
b2ba01961c40ea294824bcabc52437a5917f2144	- 07.03.1999 Categories Director, Screenwriter, Producer Filmography 41 works in 15 projects Photo album 4 photos Discussion 9 messages
14b1f265de62486814c4a5759a537c28540a9c6b	Stanley Kubrick Stanley Kubrick
0fe3eac4f9b9af79b53487a2250595a482fc0061	The famous American and British director, screenwriter, producer, cameraman, editor.
b38375800a8c1cc12303e570638ec569c655cdca	He was born on July 26, 1928 in New York, in a family of Jews from Eastern Europe.
15810ec3fc8f05589d7c98f490069d48f1d49b08	I studied at the secondary school, but then I made up for lost time: I played chess almost professionally, read incredibly much.
ae7c7651875f15156a8fef66b0ff3c1c9147a407	After giving up his childhood dream of a career as a jazz drummer, he became interested in photography and by the end of the 1940s became one of the best photojournalists for Look magazine.
3b620f6c730046f827af806b0b2b3bac92e8c11d	Stanley attended classes at Columbia University as a freelancer, without missing a single film program at the Museum of Modern Art, and earned a living by playing chess for money.
a123159ba178380d48a1a90155bd70224252b6f8	In 1954, together with producer James B. Harris, he organized his own film company and a year later released a low budget film "The Killer's Kiss", where he again acted as a producer, screenwriter, cameraman and editor.
a4a365cd62834189b0d721564645c1f02a21bee2	In 1961, Stanley Kubrick moved to England.
39409df0ab08454ee6e5f5e93dc7edb7a244dd4e	According to modern Western ideas, Kubrick's main films remain the anti war satire " Doctor Strangelove, or How I Stopped being Afraid and Fell in Love with the Atomic Bomb "(1964)," 2001: A Space Odyssey "(1968) and" A Clockwork Orange " (1971).
059f38472c5a2a1b93295ae91c3651fb2bd8b10e	All of Kubrick's full length films are film adaptations, where the director acts not as a middle link between the writer and the potential viewer, but as a full fledged author.
40e5b60d6bbac81c3a293122146bc7554613aed6	In 1975, Stanley Kubrick adapts the novel by William Thackeray "Barry Lyndon" — this most "simple" film of the director receives the largest number of Oscar nominations.
258a68c584d0fb5e61fa1060ca6fa0d5e50904aa	Two weeks before the premiere of "The Shining", which was supposed to take place in the States on May 23, 1980, Kubrick was still making changes to the film.
14359e8aeafc6a463b44576b7f6d19f22d92be2b	The only yardstick for Kubrick was himself, and he considered it necessary to bring each of his opuses to perfection.
15102d0b213911d9108caf69061dd46da46319d8	After that, there was an "All Metal Shell" - the film was released after Stone's "Platoon" and comparisons could not be avoided.
cc33d41e5c62d43e0698b9a504f14117354d43cb	The reviews were different, mostly enthusiastic.
07ced4b8052666390e40c6cad5eab69876fb0022	Those who compared these two tapes found that the "All Metal Shell" is another, darker side of Oliver Stone's humanistic memories.
5e50c6a98bdfe6ba672b57489fd3a4bd55f629af	After the director almost died during a flight in 1958 due to technical malfunctions of the plane he was piloting, he decided never to fly again.
d973700c25cfc86fe0727a903b3b1f85d095554a	By the will of fate, Kubrick remained to live in England.
a979aa8550ee25f073f13de5c87cd538799d7f32	Stanley didnot even come to California for his parents ' funeral in 1985.
1ca0b23d8daac6e20a5bd38fa8585cfa865f7596	He was more than fifteen kilometers away from his own home only when he started shooting the next one.
da4fd8d5f94744f8f6867633a310a9df3c3d65a5	But at the same time, everyone who worked in his team had a mandatory condition: filming takes place exclusively in England, scenery of any complexity is made in England, nature, even exotic, is found only in England.
b9e7687a3fdbc95fcb9087592fd070376af2ef25	So, the picture "All metal shell" about the Vietnam War was shot in a remote Beckton, a suburb of London, and the African desert from the film "Space Odyssey 2001" — in the dunes of the coastal area of Liverpool.
5995b320620406c4027db025f1af35d02727c097	On March 7, 1999, in Hertfordshire, four days after finishing work on the installation of "Eyes Wide Closed", Stanley Kubrick died of a heart attack in his sleep.
4eeafbd1e156d410f2e474ab40eed09ed281027e	He was buried behind his favorite tree in the estate of Childwick Bury, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.
c67004af699a59bfba88a4d60876fafb27be8c2c	The greatest number of rumors and rumors are associated with this farewell work of the director.
111c02f970e7be62426594c1ec7d7c3f9ab05349	Kubrick acquired the rights to the film adaptation of the story "Traumnovelle" by the Austrian writer Arthur Schnitzler back in 1968 and was preparing for filming for 30 years.
f612e985ae9850339aa60cb86745348029e91936	Opinions about this tape have diverged dramatically from "a completely incomprehensible drama" to "the last masterpiece of the twentieth century".
c68c78dde2b21d49471cd7037f515fcf074b2646	prizes and awards The Academy Award (1968):
1643f42522d8f152395ca5332c06780ae80a9f16	Best Special Effects (2001: A Space Odyssey)
5d744fd871af75686fd925918674eb5ddc7b5386	Oscar nomination":
dee8795b8f1a57e27a6b701b809296905975c326	1971 Best Director ("A Clockwork Orange")
24988ff3eaec5c5f286f4f273e90faf4996c0f09	1971 Best Adaptation ("A Clockwork Orange")
c460d7e6e44aad1931a17aa39c20bfcb74594e5f	1975 Best Director ("Barry Lyndon")
a8bd3038ba5f42037e60af755da6f7692358cf51	BAFTA Award":
8d7842d48ab1b203197313969c5104b5536f623f	Writers Guild of America Award (1964):
2202f783e5afec74c468b96958d5905bf0527455	Best American Comedy ("Doctor Strangelove")
cf39ce91ad397e6dcbd3d69e60bb6169b8ecc8fe	Directors Guild of America Award Nomination:
ac272f1f22a2c16c6952e618b4c42a2291578b75	1962 Best Director ("Lolita")
3f963659c8fba0f7b289d2a3da7e4c784d05f6dc	1964 Best Director ("Doctor Strangelove")
9b80a9f1d016ffddb527801b49088bbbd6b45a56	1968 Best Director ("2001: a Space Odyssey")
c63b16ad1adc08abbec1db56ee0dae88b1754cb2	1975 Best Director ("Barry Lyndon") last updated: 16.05.14 print version
d32dc561c84b3e946c974b056ad8d1dc0ab2a6f6	iaclub.ru
6485484c06292b83c565fce5cdfe9fca49cd6c9b	10 Egor 11 (Minsk) 22.11.2016-11: 11
8707ceb2f632d4559eb5928d68dc0d6c26ac4b50	... ...
48e9e8add9215df9fa8f130954da659478690fed	Was he either thanking or cursing? ...
a3647317a3556fd86dbaea31116524ca56fd7d07	The most reliable way to build a series of automatic stations "Skeptic".
e3e0f7df803ef434f6c122f75f06b8e143977256	C 1 with a flyby of the Moon in orbit and photographing landing sites.
96aa500fe0a39879a45b36327e4e4bee2cf16429	From 2... read more> > No.
f322312ee89045d28e648d9aa808b9924461a868	8 Jan (Zelenograd) 13.12.2015-19: 01
4d5f7b39c1a27e05299d5c7692fc224981d3e003	I just read a message that American director Patrick Murray has lifted the ban on Stanley Kubrick's suicide video.
e85a01166ce1017bbc3256c8ff935a768d96a868	There he says that there were no lunar landings, and he took everything off on the instructions of the government... read more>> No.
929d80cc4f9833685196d5036341bda74a9cfb55	7 Lel 2.06.2015-18: 59
133076bd4927b3023f1b243b21012eca227183c2	I did a good job on devilry.
1e975d9df746de2004e696b3984fdfe72ccd4290	Bravo! read more> > No.
b2d62e0bd8da76a05a2416b3381d0dbeabe4f684	6 Aleksander Tsarenko (Dnipro) 26.07.2013-11: 44
3b7b884f228b0603a598dcde90f797351971b9d7	Certainly a great master.
dbbad8510ae8c0c882e0e668d71ff8a1ab45c2d3	From "Spartacus" through "Odyssey", "Orange", "Radiance", "Barry Lyndon" to "Eyes".
ddbe14dc09ee7f6963ffc5ecef95e713122942e9	Units of directors can create... continue reading> > No.
1b953123a63756a2dd5a3b05eb3fdacd5e46981b	5 Andrey Smirnov (Kerch) 5.01.2013-14: 50
a1958ef84ff9d06db46f3a3958797875e8be5f74	For me, not everything is so unambiguous in Kubrick's genius, as Pavel believes.
b2a268377d858fcf04ed5800a87778d9d2386c5d	I would note "Murder" as a very strong (on the border of genius) movie.
82b58f13adf3522be6162f9594e9a8b923c5d63a	But the "Space Odyssey" is already beyond the limit.... read more>>
464514b40a1fc6224ba788ba3a31ef9e042f35a6	Total messages: 9
aa80a66f4f1bef118e7a0ca458f415493f0bcb93	Stanley Kubrick: press Center > > February 16 The Chronicles of Jill and Alice: The story of the creation of the "Resident Evil"Universe
a8e82fb91d2af32019d858805b89cbace54c53b7	Fates, mistakes, evil and the return of residents February 12 "Black List": Good actors who still do not have an Oscar
8c90a9e74b7db0e034590a9f057fd66e1c735a0d	Hollywood Outsiders 1 comment February 5 Berlin Film Festival 2017: Glasses of their own, international cinema
14cc3c3cd7f00e991b880ce8b0971c798e5a1a04	What you need to know about the third most important European Film Festival, packing your bags on January 30 is stranger than in Paradise: the history of the Sundance Film Festival
e898f7c6e10ecf943e903d829eb033b0c83718c5	How it appeared, what it was useful for and why the main festival of the American independent is still important 1 comment All articles of the press center >>
19d074ca1206ea81d2c4dea451e515c22f0afb31	With my eyes wide closed
f2fdc054b09d98cf24ee8ddffaf5ce8275255c36	2001: A Space odyssey
b37ba4ca0a054d268732d9342fd5bd76c3456736	Dr. Strangelove, or How I learned not to worry and fell in love with the bomb
88797e13b17d1edfed26e2846d65e44cf53d70e8	Spartacus With His Eyes Wide Closed Shining Doctor Strangelove, or How I Learned Not to Worry and Fell in Love with the Bomb All movies >>
65eae2334e85e2ea7035f80a80d2190aa3670647	Lifestyle Ian Somerhalder said goodbye to the fans of the "Vampire Diaries"
638cb5712bf8ff8483d74566bb8d524bdd11c293	And he told me about the home pressure chamber
fa55ca81cace54e718351ed194e42539ebf2c82e	Lifestyle Marion Cotillard scared fans with her appearance
768a32f7374318c41982642bfe8d5adbad25e2a4	The actress "made" her lips
bfd7d99c22276f0efc73e81a6e6fb578caeec4e8	Reviews of the films "T2: Trainspotting" / / Nostalgic march of the Edinburgh "four"
8b19149b392038e6ee056ca5ab47efa86f70c5df	Danny Boyle is back on... kone 1 comment
2314ad74e5147fece9b93b2a4a6e5500d1c9d0d1	Theater news Vladimir Pankov will meet the "Three Sisters"in St. Petersburg
3f2e836a6f2aa328af64c72ddca861ca59669ea9	The premiere of a play based on Chekhov's play staged by a famous Moscow director will take place on the stage of the BDT.
4cef9e9187e523666e3ff49bb07a2ac900dd8cc4	Movie news "Beauty and the Beast" received a rating of 16+
d6013cf205979b04bcdd276c2a381df96cd60d3b	The fairy tale can be watched by children accompanied by adults.
d2263edafd37c223ea1d1a5d721a383bdf32e387	Movie news Steven Spielberg will remember about Vietnam
c6d5fd35942716915d4dc9bbcfb1526aedb313e2	The main roles in the new film of the famous director will be played by Tom Hanks and Meryl Streep.
666b4343582ba59dba2f9130efe40bdcd5d7d02f	Review of the series "Knickerbocker Hospital": Cutting without waiting for peritonitis
da48d8376abd9a7bacf2d8cdf4271f12f9f735ab	The TV channel "Che" begins showing the cult American TV series
ac6f97ea5d5d239798260bf5a0ca78cf7b4b9ac2	TV viewer's companion "Snowden": I know that they know that I know
76120ee20dc2db763603e10d3838c0e320d1a222	TV premiere.
fde36251e61f67da228ff2f600b910d3ebc6fb65	March 5, Channel One, 22.30
f9c0307194a65b6bb7714330e15e8caa89705cb1	Interview with Agrippina Steklova: "The one who has something to say wins"
5b58a9555103c61924a3207064505070569bfd63	Outstanding actress about the Theater of Nations, the production of a Polish director and the lack of human utterances in cinema 2 comments
0a4e11e2ab11e1a0aea16eb64e8a30c5d777d4ca	TV viewer's companion "Birdman": He flew away, but promised to return
b0acfaaa4b79e8bcf201edc6d36e7c81bdceee60	March 4, Channel One, 23.35
4208c311cc8ad1a46a1400a37a6be61791459703	4 Academy Awards.
ee5d6db8ea0ddd8a6568aaf2442d9f403bdfb157	2 comments
1045e87853cf4f8d91af2484f0bcde0008a421b0	The main theme is "Beauty and the Beast", "Ghost in the Armor" and 15 more films on March
fa1648bf98045b29da656fd33340f2d8c6af7969	Editor's Choice <url> Cinema
e40f9a3dbe2f29bf4a30e5a94ab533927d5c05bd	Review of the series " Ekaterina.
547c56643030e11535dd346d1eb19fcd44be21a4	Takeoff": Someone Else's soul Potemkin
da282ef164b07f32bf7225c5812da7b4d311eaa5	The continuation of the costume series, losing to the first season in all articles 12 comments
f8ddda68cde85b28647a405dca632bd5f37dad18	Kubrick, Stanley
5e43d880c314f58444dbde6fafba87c343dcbdf2	The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on July 2, 2016; checks require 20 edits.
92f303fdfeb4eb18af68dbac6051d720fcc26ccd	There are articles on Wikipedia about other people with the surname Kubrick.
d3c40a4ff8e69752548e7e88de07f3700c12baaa	It is necessary to check the quality of the translation and bring the article in accordance with the stylistic rules of Wikipedia.
2182a1f6bef848a513c524366509231ec2674617	You can help improve this article by correcting errors in it.
95a0a6f0e819626c9abb17576c1105de327a7fdc	Original in English — Stanley Kubrick.
e21ebc9048341ebafff938f99f38e4fae04eae04	A self portrait taken in 1949.
08808dafea7f2be74aed8c9236970fe042cca265	Birth name: Stanley Kubrick
a45ec8810014bdbbb88bfdeb56764883231eb7cd	Date of birth: July 26 1928(1928-07-26)[1][2]
5d62d15b213bd990fa94dfd2d0bccb953ecb0e7f	Place of birth: Manhattan, New York, USA
22c22fea4beec0a2e31169fddb2a55b1ab29be90	Date of death: March 7 1999(1999-03-07)[3][2] (70 years)
358af023e7f1c354b98da475de44342448625de0	Place of death: Harpenden, Hertfordshire, England, United Kingdom
6e3ec9fa5deb79994741eb1cd40359f610a3e41f	United Kingdom United Kingdom
3ac323a1f30512416ada419ba34c39b3179cca43	Profession: film director
a18b3afc984e79e6c65035f335dc02a8fda29f03	film producer
ab41949825606da179db7c89ddcedcc167b64847	editor
f9bec6f8a13a2020dc17a4881c0e374271ffba57	cameraman
0d08b90cc9a944b6cb9f6381c4c7d2718cbebf3e	Career: 1951-1999
8d8a2b12bfe0b4e02d0dbad17b4666236f28c057	Direction: New Hollywood
659eeeacbed4ba87daae41ff49c6524151d2bb29	BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award
cf4fda8ba8adccebc5d5cee4c9ec016c2deae41a	Academy Award for Best Visual Effects
dd536d039fd61115afa09da0a8ab003d92276078	IMDb: ID 0000040
7029b23be6248b2e6af380dfb9cb4629962fa7e2	visual memory.co.uk/amk/ Stanley Kubrick on Wikimedia Commons
fdf35032f2a4a381aed85ba41dfa70856d77a278	Stanley Kubrick (July 26, 1928 March 7, 1999) was an American and British film director, photographer and producer, one of the most influential cinematographers of the second half of the XX century.
3b929be3d4ab2b9a02c1ac4fdd153e4e34605fac	Kubrick's films, most of which are based on literary works, were shot with great technical skill.
52d22668c4f020370d806f5a23692b055a6632c1	The peculiarities of his directorial handwriting include the specific use of close ups, unusual panning, influx, as well as the unusual use of popular and classical music.
062f3fa2f0d444501db98f4c1bccb5910133d47e	Kubrick often depicts the loneliness of a person in the world that he created for himself, and isolation from the surrounding reality.
892d058f6a3028abde87f2bba41bcff9c913bdf0	1 Biography 1.1 Early years 1.2 First films 1.3 "Fear and Lust", "Killer's Kiss" 1.4 "Murder" 1.5 "Paths of Glory" 1.6 "Spartacus" 1.7 "Lolita" and moving to the UK 1.8 "Doctor Strangelove, or How I stopped being afraid and fell in love with a bomb" 1.9 "Space Odyssey 2001" 1.10 "Clockwork Orange" 1.11 "Barry Lyndon" 1.12 "The Shining" 1.13 "All metal shell" 1.14 "With a wide with closed eyes" 1.15 Death
6ce5e628e5e7387a64b76c31d1251995a79ea0e1	2 Unrealized projects 2.1 "Artificial Intelligence" 2.2 "Burning Secret" and "Illegitimate child" 2.3 "Mad at Freedom" 2.4 "One eyed Jacks" 2.5 "Napoleon" 2.6 "Vanity Fair" 2.7 " Aryan documents "("Wartime Lies") 2.8 Scenarios that remained unrealized 2.9 Other unrealized projects
86084535e38d0998a2c1aee6802bb8604c99f74b	3 Director's handwriting 4 Personal life 4.1 Character 4.2 Family cameo
c966291348384beb8176aae4a9824028618a8309	5 Filmography 6 Awards and nominations 7 Other projects 7.1 The Spy Who Loved Me
ef4fd89af2f747bcd44b6bb99e6b074e48c65d36	8 See also 9 Notes 10 Sources 11 Literature 12 References
029164187fc1d872ad33349b9e55f4c3ff477a4b	A photograph of Chicago taken by Kubrick in 1949
9e1dde2972db32bc1c6869a14f84d3a3a2c09c8d	Stanley Kubrick was born on July 26, 1928 in New York, in a family of Jews — immigrants from the Austro Hungarian Empire.
f5252f588947d0f550283eb7b96b7f8b932fdf8c	His father, Jacob (later Jacques Leonard) Kubrick (Jacob Kubrick, or Jacques Leonard Kubrick, 1902-1985), was originally from Eastern Galicia and worked as a surgeon.
07c8e205e7f1c66dea261014211f4890a4698085	Mother, Gertrude (later Sadie) Perveler (Sadie Gertrude Perveler, 1903-1985), came from Bukovina and was a housewife.
afe446bdec07441983d4ea454f2e7d3f6a3985ca	As a child, Stanley lived in the Bronx, in apartment 2160 on Clinton Avenue.[4] The Kubrick family was not religious, although Jacob and Gertrude were married according to the Jewish tradition.
10ae24979c5028fa873651bca338152dc0484245	[5]
918e1170ea5c692deca677976bb9c006b79a59cb	Stanley's father taught him the game of chess at the age of twelve, and he remained obsessed with this game throughout his life.
728813b8cadf527815eec4cd086fabd8ddece55e	In addition, his father bought a Graflex camera for his son when he was thirteen years old, which influenced his further passion for photography.
7c91ff5a73601f1641a5a076b7e61397d26826af	In high school, Kubrick played drums in a school swing band and at one time dreamed of becoming a jazz musician.[6] [note 1]
d5904ab2b83a9d1a7b7997fbb140742744b60f9e	His parents loved Stanley very much and gave him a lot of freedom: he walked around the city and did what he was interested in.[6]
9e630a9c997d86481b1f087febf8832ff62c002e	After elementary school, Kubrick entered William Howard Taft High School, where he studied from 1941 to 1945.
37d6351296a95ccf9de4a76feeeb60c933616a6e	He had poor academic performance, 67 points out of a hundred on average[7].
09901b9555a4ab056b08f8581c53b9e609c364c6	He graduated from school in 1945, but due to poor knowledge, he could not enter a higher educational institution.
7b29c9487a9ec522930fa4dbc411a321bd34fa21	Later, Kubrick spoke disparagingly about his upbringing and education, claiming that nothing in school interested him.[4] His parents sent him to live in Los Angeles with relatives, where he lived for a year.
a873ab6d1bca2ef0a3cd16d393f7f98c420b27fe	Stanley Kubrick takes a photo of Rosemary Williams for Look magazine in 1949
f8dd7322dd062b1bfd25e0e5d14abcaeaa61893f	While still in high school, he was chosen for the year as the official school photographer.
31f8b9c0863255f2044e433a4d2c098df6e4f8e5	In 1946, he often attended evening classes at the City College of New York (CCNY), but then dropped out.
1e00b79346f8e656996a6cd26470681ce90ea0ff	[8] Eventually, he started looking for a job as an independent photographer and looking for a place to study.
bc093be56627c35f969da380d228322d10af78bf	In 1946, he began working as a photographer for Look magazine, and then became their full time photographer[note 2].
a04f3c21c338fae2085fd8256d92a27df904ed27	In addition, Kubrick earned money by playing chess in Washington Square and in various chess clubs in Manhattan.[9]
6d62af63dcbc250281cc82ced1f0ed9116eb7cc5	Kubrick with his father Jacob
3b13b22a3c0e4c8c81d97f55cfd7b36997948689	During his years working for Look magazine, Kubrick married Toba Etta Metz (born in 1930) on May 29, 1948.
9d1bf6159ccea2a04376c6ec94fe041a8d3313f9	They lived in Greenwich Village, and divorced in 1951.
2a8ff54615de9d52025568d01573921df50617f5	During this time, Kubrick began attending film screenings at the Museum of Modern Art and cinemas in New York.
4537a32e846c3bf16587977d19ca2e08fe8c7877	He was particularly inspired by the work of Max Ophuls, whose films subsequently influenced Kubrick's visual style.
36b8aa30ce9f8245c0a81311830dce0f30a25867	The first films[edit / edit wiki text]
b6a4d6a829d872fdad4f966fa4f2bbac17b982af	It was a 30 minute promotional film created for the international seafarers ' Union.
e0107b2e5cef9fb163a0e43c70d7c8208cdcccc3	"Fear and Lust", "Killer's Kiss" [edit / edit wiki text]
2b78cbce2d80025e3a47cd232ea188d13ed4e3b7	Main articles: Fear and Lust, The Killer's Kiss (film, 1955)
78be8fef4e3adb58e2e6131e1dc6163d3ba09923	He met his second wife, the Austrian born dancer and theater artist Ruth Sobotka, in 1952.
c134f71d22d2ad1b84c797c5259fc77f93662c55	That same summer, they moved to Hollywood.
63f5474f489e973d21b24c5f4e9a81515130cbe4	Sobotka played a cameo role in Kubrick's next film, "The Killer's Kiss" (1955), and was also an art director on the set of the film "Murder" (1956).
44ea5994e762f610f9a7809ef82e962d87466f8a	Both films ("Fear and Lust" and "The Killer's Kiss") were made with Kubrick's own money and donations from friends[12][13].
3874acc43911e7c1aad4aa6abd01a1c2b7e2041d	"Murder"[edit / edit wiki text]
83f0555f9767f5ec9cd9a09f9291cfc98ee4d4a8	Main article: Murder (film, 1956)
d4af45b94027667c7b77b295c5f4358602a4f6d9	Although the noir genre reached a record popularity in 1940, the plot, directing techniques and cinematography of the film "Murder" caused a revival of this genre, and now it is considered one of the best paintings in this genre[15][16]. The wide popularity of the film "Murder" brought Harris Kubrick Productions the interest of Metro Goldwyn Mayer[17].
e8ecff0f21016011cbab2902fe0362848e8c02bf	"Paths of Glory"[edit / edit wiki text]
840c22ce2440e24cff36b1d7502a2ff61e9aba1d	Main article: Paths of Glory
e96ca5fc665797ff51df19251f81be2572a7d5a7	The story in the novel (as in the film) is about a French officer who was ordered by high ranking authorities to lead his people on a deadly mission.
f02efa8383f74d843f77357424f06646ceb0c5a8	Critics have praised this film for many years[19], and Steven Spielberg called it one of his favorite Kubrick films[20].
82cd13febf736483d6b83cbc5294f354fe4c7699	During the production of "Path of Glory", in Munich, Kubrick met a romantic young German actress Christian Harlan (her stage name is indicated in the credits, "Suzanne Christian"), who played the only female role in the film.
3bd7bcf8a0170d2b58c90dc1a5988a0c133fb5aa	Kubrick divorced his second wife, Ruth Sobotka, in 1957.
4956b7567952ab98389405d4e663b2eafe2cd2b3	Christiana Susanna Harlan (born in 1932 in Germany) belonged to a theatrical family and studied to be an actress[21].
5bf9c7c386d88d5e1b17f937a2f343aefa9715c4	Christiana and Stanley married in 1958 and remained together until Stanley Kubrick's death in 1999.
ba4abec8281b628bf008085c95b6335104bd0af4	During her marriage to him, Kristina focused on a career as an artist.
d1f74db1e507400c9af8e56f35c1eb2468603b67	Spartak[edit / edit wiki text]
d5eb326f1c4913059bba9dc98388d25e3ec86c4f	Main article: Spartacus (film, 1960)
9e6f9c1a3bdb215b7fac6b70c2e6662490c16352	Kubrick, Woody Strode and Kirk Douglas on the set of "Spartacus"
be501a644f28f3df6106eab99fd83b8c54367558	After his return to the United States, Kubrick worked for six months on a film with Marlon Brando called "One Eyed Jacks" (1961).
16614e472b636eb0868853d800f86168aa6fe3c4	But their ideas differed over a number of decisions, Brando eventually fired Kubrick and decided to finish the film himself.[22] Kubrick worked on a number reproducerea screenplays, including the screenplay for the film "Lunatic at large"[23] while kirk Douglas asking him to take on the directing duties for the production of the film, produced by the Douglas — "Spartacus" (1960).
ed3a3c846372ef9a1e9df154b45aa794a3e42c0a	Originally the Director's chair was occupied by Anthony Mann, who was fired by the Studio two weeks after the start of filming.
04b62de0add58264dcbbc8af276b94b2f168b808	Based on the actual history of the doomed revolt of the slaves of the Roman Empire, "Spartacus" was a difficult project.
8dca853b15e9f68ee8a49079e06e29e583a2a8f3	As a result, creative differences arose between Kubrick and Douglas, which resulted in open conflicts.
152c66b20b43a3da38ca34f975017655f3ee3662	Faced with the lack of full creative freedom, Kubrick subsequently renounced his big role in the production of the film, which further angered Douglas[24].
a664535df3af1b8e8058699621bded0ca2560683	The friendship of the two filmmakers, which arose during the filming of "Paths of Glory", was ground to powder on the set of"Spartacus".
96aea370838afa783a1889a8d350e660923c7fc2	Years later, Douglas called Kubrick "a talented shit" [25].
6ae3ef9246d539638aaf30f88994bd6fc16b11b7	Despite a series of disagreements, Spartak was a commercial success and made Kubrick a big name.
da73df93f911ad7147d97261679c3d9a3f0a0396	However, the production of this film convinced Kubrick to find new ways to work with Hollywood financing, while remaining independent of Hollywood producers.
a6a58f47128d5ef36fe959a7d7c73230bcaa06d8	"Spartak" received 4 Academy Awards.
f9e136db75ef26ac04094915266f3804151f63a1	"Lolita" and moving to the UK[edit / edit wiki text]
16713b31a8966516e3f291fabd47211fb01a3fac	Main article: Lolita (film, 1962)
bb214d105a4e3559579353219dcb384eee270e71	In 1962, Kubrick moved to England to shoot his next film, Lolita.
2c8bf93748f6ec88b648fddbe18617e51a72aa75	Here he will live for the rest of his life.
18b4997f4c9a28b901956d7c037f7856105c31bc	The main reason for the move was that "Lolita" could be filmed in a country with a milder censorship than the United States.
ebe7b554219505d37bffc3a11012cf0f6360ed9c	But even after Lolita, Kubrick had to stay in England first for the filming of the film "Doctor Strangelove, or How I stopped being afraid and fell in love with the Atomic Bomb", since Peter Sellers was forbidden to leave England at that time (due to the divorce process), and then when working on "Space Odyssey 2001", which required sound power, which was not available in America at that time.
64fd0f3e7d7307c51d793897a513f88e092980c5	However, after filming "Lolita" and "Doctor Strangelove", already at the early stages of planning "Space Odyssey 2001", Kubrick decided to settle in England forever.
7b6836783b0a4db42101fa3315b9f5fb504fe686	Lolita was Kubrick's first film that generated public controversy[26].
9cc9f0c2d9e8421708203f4c973b3c29b4f5002a	The book by Russian writer Vladimir Nabokov tells about the romance between a mature man named Humbert and his twelve year old stepdaughter.
1661249484c024e59bd2aa16533fc037ae760243	The novel was already infamous as "obscene" and gave rise to a famous lawsuit.
35ccc3b2731ec37bccb1bab5a63fa23be863eb92	Kubrick asked Nabokov to adapt his novel on the screen.
2503578e5848cefe0c3b7f1fd04c13e1f193f607	The writer initially prepared a 400 page version of the script, which he then reduced to 200 pages.
f37a27fb300930ab05f9a67996d0e75a2077fb35	The final version of the script was completed by Kubrick himself, and Nabokov's version was included in the film only on 20 %[27][28][29].
d87e1d4b99ba8df323714249684a098306dcacb1	Nabokov published an original (his) script called "Lolita: the Script".
8f8874748dc7bcc4a05ff267f648e26cd75ebc5e	Prior to the release of the film, Kubrick realized that in order to receive approval from the Production Code, the script should not be overly provocative.
63eec93672b9d6116fe9be9e946355dce874e803	Kubrick tried to introduce some elements that more acceptably referred to the sexual relationship between Humbert and Lolita.
5ebc95a90d91194563f41536adb6b682aec86eb2	Film critics ' ratings were mixed after the film's premiere; many praised it for its bold decisions, while others were surprised by the lack of intimacy between Lolita and Humbert.
ecf8da242d6501bb5e95be8a5f157da513750b6f	Sue Lyon received the Golden Globe Award in the category "the most promising aspiring actress".
8398014038c9c3f71a9e1fdcb33dacc7989d951f	In addition, the film was nominated for seven awards.
b28301c9cb0833a68f235bf5e4e04f645e7dee06	"Dr. Strangelove, or How I stopped being afraid and fell in love with a bomb"[edit / edit wiki text]
05dc5a68527792db282904cf8d3cf898a90eb171	Main article: Dr. Strangelove, or How I stopped being afraid and fell in love with a bomb
3082560d8baf378aa6f8680f03d8576c0cb662a7	Kubrick's next film, " Dr. Strangelove, or How I Stopped being Afraid and Fell in Love with the Bomb "(1964), became a cult film, and is now considered a classic.
b97d839bf76f0a5f3f80abfdd0978f1a48081dce	Roger Ebert wrote that this is the best satirical film ever made[30].
632fb97398839340457a77b72e7404397753cf63	The film was based on the novel "Red Alert", written by former US Air Force captain Peter George.
9553cdd8d3bb36be5681091a9118346a5e4ecadc	"Red Alert" is a serious cautionary tale about an accidental atomic war.
67ac28cf501742dd872391b04bd7ab79cc68464e	However, Kubrick presented the conditions leading to a nuclear war so absurdly that this story became a black comedy.
de20aed7def30c7f1f868daa0177f803bf70e583	It is also interesting that the actor Peter Sellers, who played an episodic but key role in Lolita, played three different characters in Doctor Strangelove: US President Merkin Muffley, Doctor Strangelove himself and Captain Lionel Mandrake.
96e761e9d4e77348324990fa9c6b3e9f6edd114e	Kubrick later called Sellers "Incredible", but expressed regret over the fact that the actor rarely had enough manic energy for more than two or three takes.
0513e6aeb3125c39b42c5e7d52e628bdd4b6eb98	To overcome this problem, Kubrick shot with two cameras at the same time, allowing Sellers to improvise.[31]
98c3dbbba35aeaf7b0eed1cb002972b3f7af00af	"Dr. Strangelove, or How I stopped being afraid and fell in love with the bomb" became the prototype of anti war movements in the late 1960s (a few years after the release of the film).
b22ed2f1f6b8a655821864bad39e477a5005526c	The film showed a highly skeptical attitude towards the US military policy, which was considered ideal (in the United States) until the release of the film.
36f6c998c9bfc1ec26bbc5ecab1aedcd4e4bbb00	"A 2001 Space Odyssey"[edit / edit wiki text]
641b231a3644c5e8f69ae923d366544a80a2adcb	Main article: 2001 Space Odyssey
275d8f75fe330499c2588b0505c8b4b4361be375	Kubrick spent five years developing his next film, A 2001 Space Odyssey (1968).
8147120ea1e2ea95d062257e5a7433fab9ee2f8b	Kubrick co — wrote the script with science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke, expanding the storyline of Clark's story "The Sentry".
e86c7a054694b2c0d72ccb85b03b2cfaddf5059e	The groundbreaking visual effects were created under Kubrick's supervision, he assembled a team that included a young Douglas Trumbull, who later became famous for his work on the films "Silent Run" and "Blade Runner".
71644529a1c90ec7e1abc22ca3f79b93e1a2a81e	During filming, Kubrick widely used the wandering mask method to capture space flights, the same technique was also used nine years later by George Lucas in the creation of the fantastic Star Wars saga, although Lucas ' film also used other effects, such as motion control, which were not available to Kubrick in the mid 60s.
e95239046f58853e64088d154fd9b227321b9f10	The work of the legendary British cameraman Geoffrey Unsworth, who later shot classic films such as "Cabaret" and "Superman", was bright.
bc0e4aaa36eeffa86997ad58b2fd94424f5af379	Manufacturing companies were given advice on what the design of special equipment and household items will be in the near future.
f3335e62ee3db1eac66189e7466e6b80ed842eb7	A rare case for cinema: the film reflected such specific moments as the complete silence of the vacuum of space and realistically depicted weightlessness.
4a71327733b95934c98c6a6e8126787b973c81db	The film is known for the appropriate use of Richard Strauss 'classical music" Thus spoke Zarathustra "and Johann Strauss' waltz "Blue Danube", making them indelibly associated with the film for some time, especially the first one, which remained unknown to the general public before the release of the film.
e35c40ab6f750d913ddda604c898a47107d8031b	Kubrick also used the music of the contemporary Hungarian avant garde composer Gyorgy Ligeti, although some parts of his compositions were changed without Ligeti's consent[32].
a2727278e480fed3748409bd9de49647716076be	Although the film was ultimately a huge success, it was not initially accepted as an undeniable hit.
567ca5eac3b96ca6afb3ee8295ad6ab4e33a0c45	The initial reaction of critics was extremely hostile, they based their attacks on the lack of frequent dialogues, the slowness of the action, and the seemingly inaccessible plot for the film.
cd56abe9898589c995d48d5a61e1701b112cf7a0	One of the few defenders of the film was Penelope Gilliatt[33] who called it (in a review of The New Yorker magazine) "in some way a great movie" (eng. some kind of a great film).
8a30b88acbd230cd595050fded533e1021ec27f2	The film received positive reviews from a young audience, especially those related to the counterculture of the 1960s, for the scenes of a seemingly psychedelic journey in the endless flow of space — all this made the film a hit.
02cd0596aaaa32090108f82b3ab4ad218f7101e9	Having remained without awards in the nominations for best director, best screenwriter, as well as production work, Kubrick received the only Oscar for visual effects for the film "Space Odyssey 2001".
0d45df305da6ca558ac013bf0ae95c4ee4ba1ee4	Today, however, many consider the " Space Odyssey yu 2001" is the greatest science fiction film of all time[34][35].
5ee051746323e32a93f0382e50c2e77b82a39894	Artistically ,the 2001 Space Odyssey was radically different from Kubrick's previous works.
35b5f445839b78dfe6ea5201aeca15a228379d84	The film contains only 45 minutes of dialogue during the entire running time of the film lasting two hours and twenty minutes.
8e3f1fe6f1153317c6ed647918f0561068fa6488	The most memorable words in the film belong to the HAL 9000 computer in its dialogues with Dave Bowman.
6b29fb75257dd6b4a924d9df3088c3fe77b06320	Some argue that Kubrick contrasts the humanism of the future with the sterile world of machines[36][37][38][39].
4a006849209cc8fc65710090dfcd9863ed979597	The ambiguous end of the film continues to amaze modern viewers and critics.
f99fb42e88fbf57ea2e2357291d82ff86bdc8b9f	After this film, Kubrick will never again experiment so radically with special effects and narrative form, but his subsequent films will maintain some level of uncertainty that was laid down in the"Space Odyssey".
f949c7104b60483873e10f3b10a2d8c2c38429f4	The interpretations of the film are numerous and quite diverse.
9f8ce395eb6c7e1d09d8bcf95317daf2efa4dc82	Despite the fact that the picture was released in 1968, it still generates discussions.
4c67b320b6c21f55987720e8c00c76fcf4366fb6	And when the critic Joseph Galmis asked Kubrick about the meaning of the film, he replied[40]:
4e27e9771f04bbf69f94ea0d5f2564e3ad8b5c48	I prefer not to discuss these questions, because they are very subjective and the answers to them will change from viewer to viewer.
08b2b1a5c33f7e4df80c5c9fac3cde6f62cc388b	In this sense, the film becomes everything that the viewer sees in it.
add30135ce1314a61c5ee35138683b8d4c26af40	If a film evokes emotions and penetrates the viewer's subconscious, if it stimulates any, even rudimentary, mythological and religious aspirations and impulses, then this is its success.
909296711cba5d54e8f27b05213f6191da972110	hey are the areas I prefer not to discuss, because they are highly subjective and will differ from viewer to viewer.
ef34e3f07aa927d660dd764a2caaa8b21aa6de08	In this sense, the film becomes anything the viewer sees in it.
91d69aa99e85a52f1fd1b6e55490095d7a9003ea	If the film stirs the emotions and penetrates the subconscious of the viewer, if it stimulates, however inchoately, his mythological and religious yearnings and impulses, then it has succeeded.
01597e13c97ba8a47d217ca92b0fdf311c445917	The 2001 Space Odyssey is perhaps Kubrick's most famous and influential film.
ca5a61b5060ebe2337be9df687726e9361762eee	Steven Spielberg called him the "Big Bang" of the generation [41], who focused his attention on the space race.
81483a870578a4b62d542b99f6c0dbbda5cb9730	It was a precursor to the explosion of the science fiction film market nine years later, which began with the release of the films "Star Wars" and "Close Encounters of the third degree".
0b17cc03ebe7bec6e5e51f139a223b09a1ec7d41	But it was released two years later than the most famous "Star Trek".
d3fc81aedf9a8b4a98d0037ecd606b38fea3e01d	"A Clockwork Orange"[edit / edit wiki text]
7ede5b71d1877fad1189ca91435379703f76be07	Main article: A Clockwork Orange (film)
78ad78c39a1a82c01a4d02e6b7fe36f6875cce90	After" 2001: A Space Odyssey", Kubrick began working on Warner Bros.-Seven Arts and making films for it.
8b2cb6ec523b8847938db549f32d83f6fefe468f	At first, there were attempts to make a film about the life of Napoleon Bonaparte.
f56e32d0ddda87a8ee374a118b90e5fe9d12b287	Unfortunately, the project did not receive funding and Kubrick went in search of a project that he can shoot quickly on a small budget.
c73fbe68500769b930f3576205b2a920c782019f	In the end, he settled on " A Clockwork Orange "(1971).
a7d29e85df20dab14d21d808216ccd63e88e3b17	His adaptation of the novel by Anthony Burgess is "a dark, shocking study of violence in human society".
9db325399bf8246d1c4509e2ae29a9dea3343fd4	The film was released with an X rating (NC 17) in the United States, which caused considerable controversy.
cf1bf1cf5ac2fb7399157e16e23af6cd388699f1	And the poster of the film was created by the legendary designer Bill Gold.
a7cc0c2ee8645f7df1e669abe46cdaf56a179c80	The film takes place in a futuristic version of the UK, which has an authoritarian and chaotic character.
e7e8488899362e768adc90bb699ede73b341f3b4	The central character of the film is a teenage bully named Alex DeLarge (the role is played by Malcolm McDowell), who, along with his gang of "friends", enjoys fights, robberies, torture and rape, committing them without conscience and remorse.
1f21f3e1dc4b488ee2921526003772b859c12063	However, the brutal beating and murder of an elderly woman finally led Alex to prison.
42ecf338192bea38c1c910b8f14feabd35a9fc9f	There he is subjected to an experimental treatment of disgust, the so called "Ludovico technique", which suppresses his desire for aggression, although he does not have a free moral choice.
de52586abbe438b13a1fa414a825e1d58152ff25	When publicly demonstrating the success of technology, Alex is treated cruelly, but he does not resist — technology has made him less than a person.
12452c5967cd6a326101ad4464a08d7dd7547c55	However, the technique also had a side effect: it turned him away from classical music, a love for which was one of his few human traits.
ccee656df6546e58ad7b95db8b947bb16dd534d7	After his release, he meets his former friends who betrayed him and beat him.
fe9ac0c9c1fbe4337f066535b4e831b3473b4048	Alex becomes a pawn in a political game.
f3eab4fe170c40a4865a7d106981a030b85c4fc6	The film was sometimes perceived by society as communist (as Michel Siman noted in an interview with Kubrick, although he himself did not consider the film as such) because of its small connection with Russian culture.
1ac3b47b5d5b3b9dfd2902fcd19d30f1c8cd5f29	Teenage slang has a strongly pronounced vocabulary of the Russian language, which can be attributed to the original source of Burgess.
e7b3b0c999bcbfbe056c6fbfedb1acedcf3cef5c	There are several evidences that the society in the film is a socialist, or perhaps a society experiencing a crisis or a state of the fascist system.
5055b34f2a68f8e8d42cc3e669ed866c68b57c7b	In the novel, the streets are depicted in the style of Russian socialist art, and in the film there is a mural of a socialist bias — a work with profanity.
777004984c09fadc4bea4fe0404e6d81c1af6e50	Later in the film, when the new right wing government comes to power, the atmosphere certainly becomes more authoritarian than the anarchist mood at the beginning of the film.
2084bdb7f0e79aa85d56b2fe70fd7cebbebd6463	Kubrick's answer to Simen's question remains ambiguous: it is unclear exactly which society is represented in the film.
d8e3380e08daa94130a283f17fd42b49c7d8eac3	He believed that the film presents a comparison between the two parties of the political system — the left and the right and that there is quite a small difference between them.
7d5bc6079bba04adf2da61aa1d9b2f76899740fb	Kubrick stated that " the minister played by Anthony Sharp is clearly a figure of the right party.
2d130cb7f273418e52d0ad7720a448900ce6e37f	The writer, Patrick Magee, is a crazy leftist. ...
b11f71e93134137d12afabbc2839381617a63a5d	They differ only in their dogmas.
b710978a8f49b33206e4467b34cd8b24501ba995	Their means and methods are almost no different"[42].
e31a0d1dc6517e2e504a9387670ccba961571ce4	Kubrick shot "A Clockwork Orange" quickly and almost all the time being in London and its surroundings.
c8be11664aa5748d2ce386f3b53418a34c5939c7	Despite the low technological character in the film compared to "2001: A Space Odyssey", Kubrick showed his talent for innovation; for shooting one scene, he threw the Newman Sinclair model cameras with a spring motor from the roof in order to achieve the effect he wanted[43].
6fee2b60f87dc226cda1f6c04214b0912d71e806	Of great importance for the plot was the fact that the main character - Alex loves classical music, and that the" brainwashing " after Ludovico's treatment accidentally makes him disgusted with his favorite Beethoven's ninth symphony.
f39743ec22facb763e12ebdca6fe133901d285e7	Thus, it was natural for Kubrick to continue the tradition begun in "2001: A Space Odyssey" of using many classical compositions in the film.
2761661e74d694eb44ba2bf977384acc00229449	Nevertheless, in this film, classical music accompanies scenes of violence and chaos.
fd0ea68340b976fe4e7ef3270c567c11bee0834d	Critics Pauline Cale (who, as a rule, did not like Kubrick) and Roger Ebert (who often praised Kubrick) found it unpleasant in Kubrick's use of classical music as an accompanying background for violence in this film;
8416eab5993758961d777f1566ac2003d72a2b88	Ebert called it "cute, cheap, dead end dimension"(English: cute, cheap, dead end dimension)[44], and Cale - "a great conceit" (English. self important) [45]. Burgess, when adapting the novel, believed that a love of classical music was what ultimately saved Alex.
0ede943aae136bb8efd12e2c0779a7c64ab122fc	"No film in the last decade (and perhaps in the entire history of cinema) contains such exquisite and frightening prophecies about the future role of cultural objects — painting, architecture, sculpture, music — in our society...
d8fd636f07e1a69ddd4e85f9769458b9a514c896	— - Time magazine
130717ca8acf7ffb59961e137dc65a7f06d54982	The film was very controversial due to its depiction of teenage gang rape and violence.
0b7b8ac8e854e1822c329c84190279f549c08e71	It was released in the same year as the Sam Peckinpah film " Straw Dogs "and Don Siegel's" Dirty Harry", these three films caused a fierce debate in the media about the social effect of cinematic violence.
18b8df7b0eba314f1c8ebf8b1db1db14f664f2af	The controversy escalated when similar crimes were committed in England, the criminals wore the same outfits as the heroes of"A Clockwork Orange".
161e65bc3218aafd0d617775107377e1fdb863de	British readers of the novel noted that Kubrick omitted the final chapter (which was also excluded from the American edition of the book), in which Alex finds peace, humility and acquires common sense.
00d8a2428495a30a4262c65824a568a4b5983693	After threats to kill him and his family, Kubrick took the unusual step of withdrawing the film from showing in the UK.
3190eb5765f332448297279908cddeac77246b98	It was unavailable in the United Kingdom until its re release in 2000, a year after Kubrick's death, although the film was allowed in continental Europe.
2c1878d4d2a98560585d0cc9ea49411f35912669	Scala Cinemas [46], in King's Cross London, showed the film in the early 1990s (without the director's permission), and at Kubrick's insistence, the cinemas were sued, as a result of which they were closed, thereby depriving London of one of its few independent cinemas.
7ef2aae69f4d84519ca6820130b731f90f816db6	In the mid 1990s, a documentary called "Forbidden Fruit" about the issue of censorship was released in the UK.
f62079f18221e6921f84e72ee1c3e72852d9288a	Kubrick was unable to prevent documentarians from using footage from A Clockwork Orange in the film.
7c1f70ab790a656771ed715427948bd374aa0919	"Barry Lyndon"[edit / edit wiki text]
c7d4730b6c972291e729e96e06cbc2e0487aac7e	Main article: Barry Lyndon
943f35c6943cf8c23a8ba352d24c3e156fa8ae2b	Kubrick's next film, released in 1975, was an adaptation of William Makepeace Thackeray's novel The Luck of Barry Lyndon, also known as Barry Lyndon, a roguish novel about the adventures and misadventures of an 18th century Irish gambler and adventurer.
b3d754d7aa60fd45b763b72eb89d01c96edf0026	Pauline Cale, who spoke with hostility about Kubrick's previous work, found "Barry Lyndon" a cold, slow and lifeless movie[45].
3d305c036d489e18af2d968556c461c9c110c389	The timing of the film, which is more than three hours long, scared off many American critics and viewers, although it received many positive reviews from Rex Reed and Richard Schickel.
b3b10399a9e17912f8841a8be94aa15af0dee602	Time magazine published a review of the film, and Kubrick was nominated for three Academy Awards.
4e85761c69ee2c51ddaa09c462cf236b340c5dd2	The film was generally nominated for 7 Academy Awards, and won four — more than any other Kubrick film.
0608729d4b51f33d65124ef0c448cb7c9c506908	Despite this, "Barry Lyndon" was not successful in the United States, but the film attracted a large audience the diet in Europe, especially in France.
c64fcf85ac7adcf84d14a7c6ba3234282d4f39fc	As is the case with most of Kubrick's films, the reputation of "Barry Lyndon" has grown over the years, especially among other directors.
f4d1d6e7e783844083e20412d2d675490324e221	Director Martin Scorsese called it his favorite film from all of Kubrick's work.
fd2ae2642939b296f7dda3e604cf2a33389456c0	A number of scenes in the film were shot with a Carl Zeiss Planar 50mm f/0.7 lens, specially designed for use only in natural light
5e3d88eca4c1bdd33ccfdfd626067067b59c5c8e	As in other Kubrick films, the methods of lighting the scenes were very innovative.
a45bbcacd9fe6b85c90ff70069552b705f5b8a33	The most famous technique was that the interiors of the scenes were shot using a specially adapted superluminal f/0.7 Zeiss lens and a camera originally developed for NASA.
77b386a13bedc59b7be66141835d344643d65859	This made it possible to include scenes shot only by candlelight in the film, creating diffuse lighting, as a result, many scenes of the film resemble paintings of the 18th century.
3fd22bb7f5f6b24ea4a4472100c314245a14335e	Like the previous two, the film does not have original music.
2319db71d99952c075d3e79e452c6777f083d70f	To create the score for the film, composer Leonard Rosenman used Irish folk songs (performed by Chieftains) in combination with such works as the cello sonata e moll RV 40 by Antonio Vivaldi, the double concerto for violin and oboe by J. S. Bach, the keyboard trio Es dur and c moll impromptu by Franz Schubert, as well as fragments of works by Wolfgang Mozart and Giovanni Paisiello.
67611fe0bb9e7bfef918ffa39ae607f4e8524423	For the creation of these arrangements, Rosenman received an Oscar.
229695132853e12924dacb5eb85139319d010e41	In 1976, the artist Ken Adam, who worked with Kubrick on "Doctor Strangelove" and "Barry Lyndon", asked Kubrick to visit the recently completed stage of filming a film from the 007 series at Pinewood Studios and give recommendations on working on the upcoming James Bond film "The Spy Who Loved Me".
93ef615f187ba28cab62994ef359667ad98c7586	Kubrick agreed to consult on the condition that no one would ever find out about his involvement in the film.
8c2c590ab8ea1fb19723bc45e8857fad9d36cda3	This fact was revealed only after Kubrick's death in 1999, when in 2000 it was made public by Adam in a documentary about the creation of "The Spy Who Loved Me" on a special DVD edition of the 007 film series.
64e6861edf54e7804658dc40378de3909ca2190f	"Radiance"[edit / edit wiki text]
5e32ecf9b9b61063367d6a3eb42a398bb8114106	Main article: Radiance (film)
a3c7c372b0b99b494711e8d138af1f2b62e4d339	"Here's Johnny!" by Jack Nicholson as Jack Torrance.
df328bb76c4c9040e67dd2344b2ecb2aef4747d2	This frame has actually become the hallmark of the film and its main poster on video and DVD
8880e249d44ab306d13b0ef8edd353e6e0742e3e	Kubrick's pace of work slowed down significantly after "Barry Lyndon", and he made another film for five years.
892370bbf9f0e94adf71d6439e86760c01d12ab6	The film "The Shining", released in 1980, is based on the best selling novel of the same name by writer Stephen King.
3bd98409a5ee0a590d04708fd6b66620de08cf28	The main role was played by Jack Nicholson.
e76fd554a1ee34622727c1da258528a5f64d4e12	His character Jack Torrance is a writer who is experiencing financial difficulties, so he accepts an offer to become the caretaker of the Overlook Hotel in the off season.
52613bb93d3aaa5ce71f352c3b3d18bdf24b64dc	The resort is located in the mountains of Colorado and is cut off from the rest of the world in winter due to snow.
22dc858e0c7b18ba25c4677646fb1bb102605c31	Jack and his family — his wife, Wendy (Shelly Duvall) and son, Danny, will have to spend the entire winter in complete isolation.
87a2aa2f6754c7c484a4d4c241f2769e81fc3287	Danny, who has the gift of vision — "radiance", discovers" guests " in the hotel — ghosts inhabiting this place, which was once an Indian cemetery.
ced16e63a67adba9a58b237dcb848c7c3e1a360a	The hotel opens up more and more terrible images not only for Danny: his father is slowly losing his mind.
6441cfabfb31c4c1e6181796072dbd4f9c7c79ac	The film was shot entirely in the London pavilions.
67700484a88c857e2d70bc130abf932a2d6f7a46	In order to convey bouts of claustrophobia, oppression and harassment in the hotel, Kubrick often uses the newly invented technology "Steadicam", a heavily balanced camera support, which allowed for smooth camera movements in closed rooms.
09ebf45922259d384677bfa166674ff75b52e47e	More than any of his films, "The Shining" gave rise to the legend of Kubrick as a perfectionist with delusions of grandeur.
bb4a81826e1ec7239a57c226c9b108e0bf89c93a	He reportedly required hundreds of takes of some scenes
d2e1e8e6d1f7149dc2aefbee3b8659e60facb26b	(approximately 1.3 million feet of film was sweat
b94b41bb10ecb120d61a13b4d1c1d894cfa36615	RSS Facebook
eb6b906b1622f1a466b86ab3d0920edd3cdbb1b2	News Editor in chief's column Blogs Projects About the magazine Contacts Archive
c0f520fc921d34e22b37b636304c09b4aa4335bd	"The Art of Cinema | / Archive / 1999 / No.
acfcf743f09209138560f85d9647bc0eea77ef71	10, October | Stanley Kubrick: "Biography"
35e6e2b51807f0af2a7eb3680ad7250895a21134	Stanley Kubrick: "Biography"
d92ca7779405fae95bf374c4beda5ef350b32faa	10, October
07271f8d455751e3786a9b30d9be590c8e5b2682	John Baxter
552a89d58a5b681cc541741797793fadbc6cf3d4	"Stanley Kubrick.
0322d932677a99d1ecc98c6e68e71359c9ed8113	1928-1999"
4a13e44999df0dcc298627558de5e3da17615f66	There are several well known characteristics concerning Kubrick.
7f530f57df58fd1ad697536becc6d57841dfda16	He is a director who has polarized public opinion.
f94290c0c64e5a6b075eb790bfb54c454d99a24e	Suffice it to recall that in" The Shining " he used only one percent of the footage.
7b738f0a757c9abbb3032ce08ea23ba9ccc53c99	In order not to go far for an example, let's remember: the premiere of "Eyes Wide Closed", keeping fans in suspense, was postponed for almost three years, until it finally took place in mid July.
7f0574fb3de4ae2905130d53d98f9deef31cce76	He was always in the thrall of obsessions - war and the dehumanization of humanity and man and images, endlessly shooting mazes and corridors, necessarily including an episode in the bathroom in every film, often using the number 114, and in the field of shooting technique he preferred a symmetrical composition of plans, long camera arrivals and departures, super large plans of characters ' faces distorted by strong emotion.
d854fd091bcc56d91badc7b98c38b2fd70808705	This was the end of the legacy of McCarthyism.
6e0b51ff9e2d8e2a4fd86c7c5291fa2ef50f852d	The book by John Baxter, perhaps the most prominent biographer of Muviland, was published shortly before the death of Stanley Kubrick.
dee20e24512bfc2a2b01e6565da11902649f0b83	Nina Tsyrkun
e8fb12ee0806e2db06861ab6ddb1171073be8cc0	Stanley Kubrick.
89f293351ec8d6b486541dd852943f558376ca28	It's the height of summer in America.
49e685e4298edf33b1beffdaf28d9190c4bb20ad	Dwight D. Eisenhower, by the grace of God, the president of the United States, has just added another one to them Alaska has become the forty ninth state.
271010844d9b4875035f6f630cc915ea88467889	Fidel Castro seized control of Cuba, the Dalai Lama escaped from Tibet.
3abdc12164391e1cf4f87e4cf999a36467d6262c	Nikita Khrushchev is the Prime Minister of the Soviet Union.
ca298ea729c78aed03cb2e2f29c5706865f0d60b	He is going to visit the States - but not "Disneyland": according to the host party, it is too dangerous.
07b9ccab138cc3a311970c46613165f8f8ea84f7	The automatic space probe "Luna 2" made the first contact of mankind with the Moon, crashing into its surface.
acdf3abc7254f319b00f3d28f7bd1cc7e840082e	Popular films - "Ben Hur" by William Wyler," North through the Northwest "by Alfred Hitchcock and " Some Like It Hot" ("Only Girls in Jazz") Billy Wilder.
4cdf32e7be974a2de5b2ad0711fc0308fc3f9a99	Elvis Presley is serving his army service in Germany, so the record of the year is a sugary, rollicking smash hit by Bobby Darin based on the ballad of Kurt Weil and Bertolt Brecht about Mackie Messer teenagers call him "Mac Knife".
23d38a9c493db2d10fb6a06bb5b468051fce6433	It's 1959 all over our God blessed country everywhere except on the hot slope of the San Fernando Valley in Southern California, separated by a hill from Greater Los Angeles.
3b5101822fd5b1946a8e69241afa20122630ced1	Here, despite the distant roar of rockets at the Rocketdyne Corporation test facilities and the echoes of automobile traffic along Barham Boulevard, it is only 71 BC and a lot of people are bustling.
fd1156d1ad9a18a1145f8ed05f5fade441a31b6e	"If he doesnot shoot this scene quickly," one of the crew grumbles, " we'll start a slave uprising.
afe8f1966769911cb01f73de3168e06e957dbc31	Three hundred extras in rough homespun brown clothes are scattered on a grassy slope under the hot sun.
72eae8f50484ae23a098ee4acc0941d5c5bcd725	Each has a large plate with a number on it.
01a71411b1f401e0158ec8e0429779d0a89138c0	Everyone seems unhappy.
b22b8633b610760dec048d1ed697fbf964d18b7d	Hanging on a crane, twelve meters above the ground, is a young man in rumpled cotton trousers, a white shirt with an open collar and a sweatshirt, black haired, browed, with a smoking Camel in his hand.
d81ab2e39d2d4fc3abbc97232bf5c126a523d534	He looks down at the scene of the action.
b34f1d9b17eb738fd6350ab798fd276206f5d317	He mumbles something to his assistant in a monotonous Bronx dialect, who brings the microphone to his lips.
5b93c7ac3547b92f5ebaffad8f5ab5ce982eaaf1	Thirty two year old Stanley Kubrick is the youngest of all who became the director of this Hollywood epic.
86ace4ccd408f54172db144b35600d804b97a5fb	Kirk Douglas, the screen star and executive producer, handed him this position, firing a not so young and less compliant Anthony Mann by the end of the first week of filming.
6e12c019c7dd723c23f18e337488f9d5a67a4c96	The Sunday papers report that Kubrick, known only as the director of the low budget detective film "Murder" and the drama about the First World War "Paths of Glory", suddenly found himself at the head of a production with a budget of $ 12 million, with twenty seven tons of dresses, tunics and aluminum armor (made to order in Rome) and with a solid cast of performers playing senators, slaves and dictators among the actors were Sir Laurence Olivier, Charles Laughton and Peter Ustinov.
89177f9d84f2864dd7d5a0ce2d18300fd70b86b3	But if his modest experience hindered Kubrick, he did not show it.
37c452a064782768eff0179791d3ea78ee61fd73	The young director has already managed to dismiss the performer of the main role and infuriate Kirk Douglas by shooting the film at his own unhurried pace.
5ee227e1be6f00208229c9cf63843f0c870c5080	The star had an unpleasant feeling that he had hired the wrong person.
11ec7c7ee8370902e61d98dd7b922a422beb8631	Douglas counted on the fact that the young man would be easy to push around, and suddenly found himself at the mercy of a determined and inflexible director of production, who at times seemed to be able to measure himself with perseverance and self conceit.
6467563e13fffca481cce1d43029aae0ee8af47a	Tony Curtis, one of the leading actors of the film, recalls: "Kubrick had his own approach to filmmaking.
890d3da3f865f31e4b96c74d52c7c0314490bd4d	He wanted to see the actors ' faces.
0f96e3bba673f2c0094f99a359fb187a77ab43e9	He didnot need constant wide shots from a distance of ten meters, he wanted to shoot close ups, he wanted to make the camera move.
1d91245b70fd912e26862a9956e9688e21e0b72f	That was his style.
23e6832102916c3725acac9ed5206768d4fa90cb	Everyone urged Stanley: "Come on quickly, Stanley... no, you donot have to take it off like that!"
53d17cc05f7fbca0482e0ffb4d4d49d0908eb2b8	And Stanley replied: "I want it that way."
47346ed16ce8d3e0b321a4e940e08cfe1136adb5	What inflated the film and the budget by an order of magnitude was Kubrick's ideas about interesting mise en scene.
79716b42211d74ee6e7a6a8013f20572e75b66c1	He wanted to shoot only two plans a day, the studio wanted him to shoot up to thirty two, so Kubrick compromised by agreeing to eight.
bb818f9dbc7e06e7d11bcd88b742485d446c819f	He wanted to do long distance panoramic shots with a large number of participants and at the same time follow the leading actor.
53c437a96ebd95be5956c16e260d426f9ca077ac	If you watch the film carefully, you will notice that he has achieved this."
cbe2549bdacf144b53efd00cf475810dfeb63171	"If Kubrick wasnot a film director," says the lead actor of his film "A Clockwork Orange" Malcolm McDowell, " he should have commanded the US armed forces.
2f4445f6b230131a024d134f56438c17bd725fcb	He keeps everything in his head right up to the purchase of shampoo.
512b6310cfde6cfcc12b2c7fa6a1545d97613cb7	Nothing passes him by.
f637a377068d5dd9692d02306adf5cb37ab0d04a	He has to keep an eye on everything and everything."
71e3189327fe9f9d21b10f1e0b3188325083af14	First of all, this is a property of character.
76475661ade91a697196fb9cf33cf6ffc7f3586d	Kubrick is shy.
444e712a0dc40d48c6d518dc7b948f65287fdde4	And shyness, which has turned into a pose of heartlessness and neglect due to a high innate intelligence, is not so rare among artists.
332eea10cbc952b08d3f4054d97c09ed1745ce95	Calder Willingham, co writer of "Path of Glory", accuses Kubrick of having " an almost psychopathic indifference and coldness towards people - a flaw that, I may add, sadly colors Kubrick's work throughout his life.
13377d2593b4aa7b33e191cdef0eee5f79e52873	He doesnot like people too much, they interest him mainly when they do disgusting things or when their idiocy is so pernicious that it becomes eerily funny."
c3bbd6792cd088934fe1eeb9ca97490be296ee24	Barbara Green wrote about her cousin, the writer Graham Greene, in similar terms.
6836dafd32fafa062806170bda25a21447d92594	"I felt that, apart from the three or four people to whom he was really attached," she says, " the rest of humanity was like a mass of insects for him, which he liked to explore with a cold and clear head - the way a scientist could explore experimental animals."
e2965f075f87a9f0bd388835ee74291a9041bf0b	For some people, this is manifested only in creative activity.
722cd9e1246532acf6e69cd43003cba9107e0b82	Kubrick was a loving husband, a devoted father of two daughters and a stepdaughter, and was not devoid of feelings of affection or compassion.
2cd112ec61289ce564f671fe19c6e52a7ea818fd	But he rarely showed emotions in public, and showed them even less often.
751f5570a3ca0becf72d681ab2f9aa15d0a18e85	Only one person saw him crying in public, and that was a very long time ago.
a513e041e103739826f57155a3ba16b70f1a15af	Kubrick's mental and physical isolation was most often a conscious, volitional act.
c32ae6d5585cabdecca97c6f2ce3da5f6725b0a3	He loved cars.
403b9eff6995b032e9736eca182f363c9ed0b4e0	His third wife, Christian, said: "Stanley would be happy with eight tape recorders and one pair of trousers."
d94249afcf0d3f85b6cd224643cb2d93fb6238c1	Since adolescence, surrounded by movie cameras, televisions and short wave radios, he achieved, not always successfully, their impeccable work.
57cad01c1a72072b9ccfd98b5f50269468e2272c	But at the same time, I knew that the mechanisms could fail.
db150290c23665435ad5274b54f0a15108803ae6	This awareness is the key to his life and work.
e1b495e7e8f2979e9815e48dfbd7d3b0c55df628	Here is an explanation for the fact that he did not want to fly or drive a car fast, as well as the fact that he made the films "2001: A Space Odyssey" and "Doctor Strangelove" - films about technical developments that failed.
40cc7b76bc2f38f9a1aef45aee06338089e0228b	Jack Nicholson, who played the main role in the film" The Shining "and intended to play in the project" Napoleon " conceived by Kubrick for a long time, understood the master's character before others.
098659c18d2336e421408728e4cdd95f4e8ea0e5	"Just because a person strives for perfection," says Nicholson, " does not mean that he is close to it."
6f85217c0edc078c564ce62e4cb6365e68742096	But it is certainly not a shame to strive for perfection.
dcc6abac9f850b9b929ffe4c6fadc82be581290a	Nicholson, himself not at all a diplomat and not a reckless, but quite a zealous admirer of Kubrick.
90f72d2737fe4656b2ffee8a3f66d9a99bd1bd65	"Stanley is good with sound," he says.
29a34c2bb5b6f4138fc8596b1500b9d76f7d9d89	-- Many directors are doing fine, but Stanley is good with the selection of new equipment.
bd32e84e24edee1312ca3b9a0bc7a5cee4b45da7	Stanley is fine with the tone of the microphone.
c464de45f223669b226f913e89aac3d768e71541	Stanley is good with whoever he buys the microphone from.
55b7486f109e7760c10a1d795c9e52942b9a63bf	Stanley is good with the daughter of the person from whom he buys the microphone - with the daughter who needs the help of a dentist.
876e4da4410ecbc38d520ddb73901cc28a65d8d7	Stanley is generally good."
e9fcb5184c2c8c961e30b93f57744dccb011cc08	The most attractive thing about Stanley Kubrick's appearance is his eyes.
0d416226692b183b92a2f344aac3f6fdeeaabe85	Coal black in the photos (but in reality greenish brown), these eyes burn us with a passionate rejection of evasiveness, they are like the doors of a hot oven, occasionally allowing us to see the inner flame.
c177254f19b151802c76bbbe080934597b6f0447	When we pay money for a ticket to a Kubrick film, we pay for his eyes.
4ef89c2cd71c7e36c1ecb459f0af6d63e71c2330	His understanding of the cinematic image, his sense of how the frame should be constructed, how the camera should move, what perspective the optics should take - these are the visual equivalents of the fine tuning of a musical instrument or the artist's feeling of how a brushstroke will appear to the viewer looking at the canvas from a ten meter distance.
78758ac310a7d64dcec17c626b93d51be73f2ca3	His films are a gallery of indelible images that will live as long as cinema will exist: milky white spaceships fragile as Dresden porcelain against the velvet of the Universe; dandies in wigs fencing on a foggy morning; open elevator doors, past which a stream of dark blood slowly flows along the corridor of an empty hotel; a mysterious Vietnamese landscape under a sky covered with the smoke of war.
dadffb838c519c285481678f8a393b218d11b95f	One can be dismissive of Kubrick's subject matter, skeptical of his artistic method, or reject, like the critic David Thomson, his "cold, humorless authority", but it is much more difficult to describe his eyes.
da409c1ddd65c2a7fc5e64b21b1a3fd29206a388	Stanley's eyes are good.
a7474c65de75aee6917b9763d3b4feae7b07dbf9	Over a century of the development of cinematography, half a dozen other creators have shown the ability to see: Sergei Eisenstein in post revolutionary Russia, Joseph von Sternberg in Hollywood in the 30s, Max Ophuls in Austria and France during the interwar period.
2550c893722f38997b761730c3974b50398b28ea	In Kubrick's films, the image reigns, the mind in them fades into the background.
97693fd11a226040be4d6c6f15b16b066f06c87c	In an essay about the "All Metal Vest", the English critic Gilbert Eder makes a special emphasis on the fact that "Kubrick's speech is always elementary official.
d940d6e052dd7019fe72e88655b7dfba0b5386cf	For him, language is a product of the environment, which is very little affected by the speaker's individuality, quirks, shades and modulations of individual expression."
f4cd3f310b7446f25ba3d4cab6ec116147630f33	As evidence of Kubrick's conviction that language is a cipher that obscures rather than reveals thought, Eder quotes Lolita's teenage slang and her mother's speech, resorting to saving hackneyed cliches
fb68fdfef5483e9a8d2dcd034b8ff0cfdedc7ce2	("I am a passionate and lonely woman, and you are my love
b3e633cb7c41f54548acfd3d51baeed2132814bd	He recalls the catchphrases and verbosity on which the speech of all the characters in "Doctor Strangelove" is based (General Terjidson tells his mistress, forcing her to erotically stimulate herself: "Start the countdown." Or such a phrase: "I'm not saying that our hair will not be disheveled when we support millions of victims of nuclear war").
3ecec8655da80b99e6b8b4b30f43910b9891279f	Or the stunning serenity of the computer HAL in the "Space Odyssey", a Testament to the fact that every phrase has been programmed ("Why didnot you take the pill from stress, Dave...").
3eca43a1669d795bbda0739705c8ef0de670491f	Refers to the language cocktail slang, coined by Anthony Burgess for "a Clockwork orange", the official, dry conversations Barry Lyndon and his silent courtship of lady Lyndon, Jack TORRANCE in the Shining, writing a book, which consists of a single phrase, repeated page after page: "Jack is bored only work and no play", and finally a few hundred curses and scraps of soldiers ' slang instead of dialogues in "full Metal jacket".
81b36cc39c200a98d08440220d9384cef01ddc54	Why is there such a suspicious attitude to the language?
ab7eed0d4d3a1aff0ad47226411467fbf614f02a	At first, it was the reaction of a timid, silent child to the aggressive sociability of the environment.
a20e158fc7353b83f2e29e230c24dc909b104467	But Kubrick soon became convinced that words are too inaccurate a means of expressing the truth.
caae3ad85aa855b6f05e72792de562c2607d6326	His films constantly show that there are worlds where language as a means of communication passes next to what the eye sees.
57fd0d7d249eb1f8816bbace4f7429269ce2b605	If an image tells a story convincingly enough, why do we need words?
723c0856663f751050bed986ecc659d39815dc50	There is no human activity - with the possible exception of sex - that reduces communication to an elementary level like war, and Kubrick has been interested in armed conflicts since his adolescence.
69a918be05999866f97a134490afaff99e9d0a60	All this experience was embodied in "The All Metal Vest", a 1987 film about Vietnam based on the story by Gustav Hesford.
95ac326c9cb43ff2969ae5b159cb90961ad45a44	Throughout his life, Kubrick adhered to the Manichean view of being.
bfad84e9312d2fc811eb7f00d77b9de9b0704c69	This medieval heresy, which even captured St. Augustine for a while, claims that the universe was created not only by God, but by the opposing forces of good and evil, who are fighting for domination over it.
448ffd1610c9fbcba4acdd0922146a0d929aef6b	In 1980, during the filming of The Shining, Kubrick noticed: "There is something inherently vicious in the human personality.
0ccc4668df395804ff1ae3b2e3e665a44fc245b8	She has a bad side.
452047d89c68242ec7e27b73468bb38ae4a81aa1	Horror stories reveal the archetypes of the unconscious, making it possible to see the dark side of a person without encountering it directly."
09a15c311a3d789107db1708fd734baead4e227c	Kirk Douglas and Stanley Kubrick on the set of "Spartacus"
c7724f9dc73692790c9fe7e1ca34247a1a0c8d13	Kubrick's style of work is extremely antagonistic, as if from the very beginning he set out to show how little he respects the accepted rules of American cinema.
d218fd165ac2a1272e5b2916a9f44d0a68960bd0	In "Paths of Glory" he kept the plot of the story of the source, but changed all the names, and the film was shot in Europe, however, having delivered there almost a full American cast of performers.
284cf93100e3eb1395df1198c7ee33966173488e	Soon after, he went to the UK to shoot "Lolita", looking for "American" highways and motels in the London suburbs.
1215351a4daa76bb4d66fc9d9ca2605bfc56e2b8	In England, he managed, working at night and sleeping off the day, to remain an American director, rejecting an informal connection with the American film industry, which has become a second homeland for him.
77fec51c4523b4c44154e3231bd786ee8024b3a4	If Kubrick praised a film, it was most often because the director for example, Wells, Chaplin or Howard Hughes denied the generally accepted rules of filming.
286f6032f99cf2b98ff39251ed74cf49c850f8c3	In 1979, he called" All This Jazz "by Bob Foss, an unusual autobiographical film that re sings Fellini's "8 1/2", "the best film he thinks he has seen".
297d9124b5eb44f7bd05f4aebab4e2e4836f39c8	In his way of thinking, Kubrick followed the Viennese psychoanalysts, in particular Carl Gustav Jung.
2e5ca0ac78d8380ccdbf79d07aaceeae4a46f954	The English critic Adrian Turner noted that Kubrick's films raise questions of "universal natural evil".
ded1200a213aa8d5c2ccd12e84a4ef33024b9aeb	Modern cinema knows nothing more cynical and fatalistic.
65fcc77dd10ad1fb63c90f2048f719585617d7e6	"He's a genius," says Malcolm McDowell, " but his humor is as black as coal.
50eebb0ff2ce83305bdf8225ba3a13049b76c9c8	I doubt it... humanity".
bac03b6fa923ff033c5c50e6ceec847fc30104c3	In Kubrick's films, love dies, aspirations die.
af09a1d9f019b2d7123f6b168faee4e5a2655696	Everything is won by power, but it is also fleeting.
b66391c1dabfad99c4330a03182ad9ede2e0fd63	And there remains always and forever only the eye.
319bcea2d64cedee982702883cca0ede4564c846	However, how much can the eye see as such?
cf9df71fe44a86cacd9778329eaaa92c7a45bb5a	Kubrick's view of life is monocular, like the view of his camera.
3c87b5d02392a1013690038a3c7034338cc02c73	Alone in his secret isolation, pressing his eye to the photographic visor, but seeing the world in snatches, with flashlights, he is forced to guess the essence of a person by a fleeting conversation, character by movement, by shadow.
84ad678fb66b8d22ec8e7a26fbb74050c728e13a	In his adolescence, Kubrick preferred the life of the eye and mind to the life of the soul and spirit.
c8e81d13f951df4da230fceeed55e2dd31d61535	Focusing on such a narrow vision of the world brings its own insights, but they can be limited and fruitless.
44cd358b13ab2efae69272b19f65660d4e1b9be9	The fact that at the end of his career Kubrick comes to the film "Eyes Wide Closed", a film about two self absorbed people and their fantasies, indicates a certain bitterness.
d49e71c119084219adb304a0635f6beab7ae4bb7	When the light goes out, the lens turns into a mirror, returning its image to the viewer.
a7e812265f440a3c29b9d9eb64d4935a892992e0	Laurence Olivier and Tony Curtis in the film "Spartacus"
682e4c9fd780a9b44ee50e4918eaf4f3cc3ccad1	While Kubrick found himself in the films "Murder" and "Paths of Glory", the panorama of world cinema was changing.
fe1e6cd894d84fef988e28f437ad61c80cf5e3c5	By the end of the 50s, the criterion of success for a director, producer and leading actor was the ability to cope with a movie epic.
806eb6a37cc2cab1c13d0ae5de6d3f49968619c2	In 1953, the large format film "Scarlet" opened a new era of large scale cinema.
def5fccbda770d6fe2e51d46e3c22f92d57d761e	The audience was hungry for panoramic images and stereo sound, and American directors, realizing that only such a spectacle can surpass TV, rushed abroad in search of an exciting and inexpensive entourage.
e4e7c64bd9daf003c802a80bfe80bebcf08d48be	The huge profits from the epics hypnotized Hollywood for almost a decade.
4461e625d46539f46b750e19a3696fab3f400104	Kubrick also fell under this charm and did not change it.
0f36eb81d6e36067741ebe8b664f6e8fbadc9c88	He realized that he had the very look that is needed for epics, even earlier than in Hollywood, there were funds for such filming.
7f5749ca65779e05caed052210ddcf896ce5e024	It is believed that every ambitious soldier carries a field marshal's baton in his backpack.
1df3dcce4cd05498c96675bb5b1a51ab8baec8de	Kubrick had an anamorphic lens with him.
1ec460594f2fab4676dd453d3f13226a6603aa3b	Kirk Douglas threw himself into this business with his head.
1db5dcd12d9d68a1c0dc8d0f36c2bf75e24f04fb	He ordered scripts for two more incredibly expensive films - "Montezuma" and "Spartacus".
e43da71b9fca896877cc9371b886142d134bebe9	The second film, based on the 1952 novel by communist writer Howard Fast about a gladiator who raised a slave revolt against Rome in 73 BC, should have been shot earlier.
bc5ed579e8b9c942e83e675d1c6bbf00948d0193	In both cases, Douglas was supposed to be the producer and the lead actor.
c8c45688aed5eeced89abef0fff3fcdc6ed3f14a	Douglas offered " Spartacus "to United Artists, but they replied that they were already preparing for the production of the film "Gladiator" - the story of Spartacus, retold by Arthur Koestler.
b391981af07a28ec13c98a3dffc059e0a8267ef3	Yul Brynner and Anthony Quinn participate, directed by Martin Ritt.
6e30c5394696f1a795609d75d437730b297517b7	The indomitable Douglas took " Spartacus "to the" Universal "and convinced the company to invest so much in the film that Ritt and" UA " realized that their film would not stand up to competition.
c750b2da1d3f2d6eb88e12c4b85ccd2913eaf7d7	They offered to co produce, but Douglas declined.
b035525051f0faa79d590a3020bd43accc228463	Humiliated, Brynner had to telegraph Douglas about his surrender.
c62367f04c1f72f76a491acf313f014e9c4e7c4d	Douglas did not have his own office, he did without a desk.
caeefb6fda99b395dd25008309deab5ea682eb04	"Such things," he said carelessly, " interfere with creative achievements."
90d4026c4ee7e255bf42ce0094d70acb5afadf51	He had every reason to stay away from the" Universal", because from the very beginning the business with" Spartak " did not go well.
270bb2ef62d4a9a7671a69054463560a8d969d77	Although Douglas got the rights to Fast's book, he did not have a script.
0a769290418cd87a6630ec84ffdeec594c6e9b4b	The text ordered by Fast himself was, according to Douglas, " a disaster, it was no good.
4db43f602ca1c8c184261df71dccb93324ed9543	It does not use the dramatic moments of the book.
fba16c1231ada392f68eb17f89962100a9d9fcbc	His characters are walking monologues, they proclaim ideas, and that's all."
09e7c7c7e7cd626604f9a5da82214d4c0b0553c3	This was to be expected.
32ace38dda6dfd0d46340c307b2c7e7ef4395726	Fast's book was an example of Marxist historiography, it contrasted the views of Spartacus - an illiterate immigrant slave and therefore an original humanist - and Crassus, who decided his fate, an educated, corrupt and ambitious military leader, a potential dictator, for whom slaves were just "tools", like livestock.
dc0e23b24aced9ef73fad4a50c278a487a382380	Most of what is successful in the film is taken from a more detailed and in depth retelling of the story of Spartacus by Arthur Koestler.
88a474b0a4bbc649badabe3afa660084bdb4d33d	"Spartak"
57fe3d3c6d71a480be18b7c362779381329052da	The script was created by Dalton Trumbo, a well known left wing screenwriter who got into the "black list" of film and television figures for his beliefs.
17cde8fb5a3306c6f8a958bca83e882e681eafbb	Douglas did not immediately suggest that Trumbo write the script.
9f84f62ab9926a7b24c6e2408ca8987d324995e7	Dreaming of an authoritative name, he turned to Dudley Nichols, Lillian Helman, Irwin Shaw and Maxwell Anderson - all of them were on the "black list", but they had a reputation as liberals.
70fb25d278619ba34ad762cd6a930dfed2b3b47c	After they all refused and Trumbo got the job, Douglas decided that one of them should still put his name on the script.
dcdd97c45715b94f8591c418a03930b484f1300b	A team of unnamed writers from the "black list" worked for Douglas; he used them in the future, paying at reduced rates and promising legalization in return.
7fec86c0de67cc9db6ffef02c82898201398dbcc	To immediately indicate Kubrick's subordinate position, Douglas decided to introduce him to the film crew in the scenery of the gladiator school.
683b990bc988f523fc053cda8866636c13de4740	Almost all the actors gathered there.
07a61a07bba3fbadbff7f4b6f4ff2ac9261e46f2	"It was a funny scene," Douglas recalled.
2a31aa20a54619aeccc5311de45791726048c117	- Kubrick, with his eyes wide open, looked like a seventeen year old boy in short trousers.
3c38380265e99ad62554f5bf5a412a50a5444cd9	You can imagine how the actors looked at him."
e413de5a23cc6c42087306b3ba001e375ec739ba	This technique turned against Douglas, as Kubrick soon took over all the responsibilities for the film, which were not clearly assigned to someone.
7d059bb9bf3c97b85c9faeb2d6a8e03a94602533	From the very beginning, Douglas and Trumbo's views on the essence of the future film were completely different.
3fbce32c620728f6bedd77eed2bd547c35db0752	Douglas, an ardent advocate of Zionism and Israeli independence, wanted the film to be, as the film historian Derek Ellie put it, "a Roman variation on the theme of "let my people go", while Trumbo preferred to produce "agitprop" in the spirit of his own socialist views.
b01e29a10d942b6f953c2384a8d605b5282b2edc	He belittled the role of Spartacus and emphasized the role of Crassus, in which he parodied the American military industrial complex.
4d4773b8c8a28c05bff7a0fd173e3f5235b76077	Crassus is very rich, he has political power and a high military rank, and with insinuating confidence utters demagogic grandiloquent phrases.
32714939d831883fd008f436b44a95bcdb825e05	"Someday I will clear Rome, which I inherited from my ancestors, " Crassus promises.
229d54e2f6b938f4241cb0a51068f8f93d3e22b9	To the remark "Rome is a rabble", he furiously replies: "No, Rome is an eternal idea of the divine mind."
a73ecf1fe0ef243a944860307354a1b217a56e4a	Trumbo omitted everything in the script that did not correspond to his point of view.
6f90e056512cce181f334d1c05823bbf961949d1	The Spartacus uprising, which in the film appears to be a mass popular movement that lasted for several years, actually had limited support and ended after two years.
9ac02f9c61aa71274ed0da4df240fded7bf40a50	Spartacus rebelled in the gladiatorial school of Capua in 73 BC and was defeated in 71.
efdca7f7b174c96c3aea4647ccad061845cf1e88	In the film, he is something like a plaster statue of a saint.
0116dcf41a87a4008773b10a03d98150bf1d8904	In his life, he destroyed three hundred prisoners in revenge for the murder of his friend Crixus.
9fbdd6e9e3b59a93a3fb2b434a7dbb1b79237cc7	To show his soldiers what awaits them if they are captured, before the battle, in front of both armies, he crucified a Roman soldier.
1d2e1224f61ee7ffdfc323dbbaea8dcec7bd7a29	Twice he led the rebels to the borders of Italy and could easily escape from pursuit.
abcb94957def785995f34612694a66636b2c71d8	But both times he returned for looting and destruction.
705f944a378002a49f63df9f80853732f33a4538	The script accordingly denigrates Crassus.
d582892d03975db38621270a67f5a579285368c2	The character of Crassus, as played by Laurence Olivier, resembles General Patton, MacArthur and even John Kennedy.
677a47a4f07bcc61734a203bc07a3a3adc30fb44	The historical Crassus did not intend to seize power.
3cd31ae38cbca694a2cedb924cf5a28d713f48a3	When Crassus defeated Spartacus, he was a rich retired military commander and never became a dictator either in Rome or anywhere else.
24ef24e19de7046575c73bdcd877cc0151c85500	Gracchus in such a "floating" form of various members of the genus Gracchus did not exist at all.
a4d24f7684abef7949e5c089fdddc8b46a854b0a	The last of the Gracchi, who led the Roman plebs, died fifty years before the uprising.
755e8f90eef6f47da6f53f356ed833b32a339f8e	However, the biggest historical mistake of the film is the statement that Spartacus lays the foundation for a "new society", a Christian world in which there will be no slavery.
582b39219fa8834ab59d2683cec7fe53683ccf1b	Slavery flourished in the Christian era, and in many countries of the world it still flourishes.
40216b723da9ca981e4041648be6ae884cf49e9b	Trumbo excluded from the script some moments that played a big role in the book by Howard Fast.
819a2a7e056263b4de0ef908866a3b4dc79ec04f	Some of them were reliable (for example, the body of Spartacus was not really found).
384e7113eac3d06d2d6c632306abd64e95112f49	Others were fabrications, like the rumors that Crassus, who considered slaves to be livestock, sold the bodies of crucified rebels for sausage stuffing.
a692627d31686ea842ce224dbbabc85a718e449b	Instead of the deleted one, Trumbo inserted stories copied from Arthur Koestler, including about Spartacus ' plan to put his army on pirate ships.
de18d152343cf7c914aab1675ceea874091115c4	The first thing Kubrick did when he became the director of the film was to fire Sabine Bethmann, who was supposed to play Varinia.
23d3503e8fc63611c02a8fa128e3a74bfe25dbc3	He fired her, although the costumes were already ready for her and she even posed in them for advertising with other actors.
5fe6eea500c6c023ce7806f5ba39857577b973e5	Such non negotiable dismissals were typical for the production of first class films.
48fa7831e9414f402ed523d679f4c4fcdcd35edf	They marked a ritual division of territories, a landmark action like the mass killings of captured enemies in the Circus Maximus of Rome which meant the destruction of the old order and the appearance of a new one.
ad6bf2fd3a169ee56b71499b6db427e86712ca4f	Whether Bethmann was a good actress or a bad one was irrelevant, but Douglas began to object, mainly because the replacement required expenses.
90f5255a6cded6365d6224325d5b438a5548b4b1	Kubrick agreed, but said that before finally firing her, you should check whether she is talented, by improvisation.
dcc7046bfc106b9819f06260af77cc199186f25b	- What kind of improvisations?
4bad47738b9c02192720745a726c265ef30be7f3	- Douglas asked.
b1575b36e5d9fa0d11ea7459a6dabaf83749e703	"We'll tell her that she just lost a role in a movie," Kubrick replied with the most serious look.
573a94723e5654163c6b0e9b083ce922de995f23	-- Eddie Lewis can play the producer, and you can play the lead actor and executive producer.
d427c5a49d7d1a999490622bdedddecce01f3979	Lewis refused to participate in this and left.
d507e91658058d4cc517c1fab1c569ca8e05d8eb	Douglas stayed, but did not want to play the role that Kubrick intended for him.
7826c91014ffb56713127feffe2890fd5fd2baed	But his participation was not needed.
405ae2e39fc67c2648f64274b8f64c988ca042d7	Kubrick told the actress the news, and she was petrified.
61a17dbabb9ae003765b28e3aa5deb5fe79afb8c	The issue of dismissal was resolved.
ea3df9935c18280377266d2167c17cc7f5b008b6	She was replaced by Jean Simmons, the former contender for the role of Varinia, and nothing was required of her except to portray patrician prudery, and she had long specialized in such roles
30e72152a7d765ca9284e3c7379f92890dcacaa7	Name:Stanley Kubrick
4ae1752c732a28e2364cbceea456ab3c9e0aee76	Date of birth: July 26, 1928
e494fe5a6e0cc8f421e614064c03c60ec2f95726	Age: 70 years
083604c71f6564b63f6492749f2d680ff598e3d7	Date of death: March 7, 1999
27b2ddb5d3d4fd8cf8eff5cb52f46452dd0243b3	Place of birth: New York
8b0d7f72b8e1b0fff19c29cb593b42ba6b7e1dd7	Height: 169
f246c9fd6e33358edf6dce03715f8fb4181132c1	Activity: film director, screenwriter, film producer, editor, cinematographer
6422a41c5ba231d4ea27b95c6f12b06e3f941e6b	Stanley Kubrick: a biography
71f1e81ea75840af4acfada69a79e19a55dea0fe	Stanley Kubrick is a well known American director, screenwriter, producer and one of the most influential cinematographers of the XX century.
2dab911a0ca14890169b8effabefd5347ddbce29	The features of his films are specific close ups, unusual panning, unusual use of classical music.
218618532f48f155c41809381e8c8d8a31599d92	His ancestors are Jews from the Austro Hungarian Empire.
bee54cda04a80bf39a29db72b04c2fb17c3987e3	Stanley grew up in the Bronx.
54bdae7dcd7d7e37893654afca0b12985d0aa0a2	The Kubricks were not religious, despite the fact that Gertrude and Jacob were married according to Jewish customs.
46fb89d611b8c75cfa12fe312de40e8f7ed82df6	From 1941 to 1945, the future cinematographer studied at the secondary school named after William Howard Taft.
8a68aa033fe2e2e1a8415942a54db8dee7db0292	The young man also worked part time, playing chess in various chess clubs in Manhattan.
4f8ed6aa1c2aab1c4c7da1546c5d0856841e6b62	The next was the melodrama "Lolita" (1962).
7005b6214adef89e6f3d515b86e45fd9e25f615c	The film was a nominee of seven awards.
4205e144ae671ce71fdf2d2da26b200ec8f11c01	This film is his last work.
bfec6af385abd4a3d9ec90fb9952cd78bedcc36e	Personal life Stanley Kubrick was married three times.
0aa2df156df4800cd33f94ffe66692be40606c10	He met his first wife when he worked at Look magazine.
2f0b918086bd0c28e51f5f02e5db7a1195450f58	In 1948, the young people got married, but their marriage did not last long.
0d22abff512a8f6d9e86dba9993085c4418b5d98	The second wife of the director was the American ballerina and actress Ruth Sobotka.
e2eff2b9665c7937a572bf8880426285bb7d72e5	They met on the set of the movie "Killer's Kiss", where Ruth played the role of a dancer.
e13337ea8d3e890bb8b06ce9a21092b56810f523	But he soon divorced her, too.
407d5762872e0f9f8149723d9c5f09eb9ed98d47	Kubrick met his third wife, the German singer Christina Harlan, during the filming of the film "Paths of Glory": Christina sang in this film.
53d163d5d9f4b4cbb8ea444cabb325ea436bef76	The couple married in 1958.
74d1fd572a72afd7dcdcda7a4803a017ee24f6e9	At that time, Harlan already had a daughter.
1c84bd4a6bef78f51b960935d88acc71ad4790c9	Soon the couple had two more daughters, whom they named Vivian and Anna.
cef0b4956da0f48ca3225e6a8a6935a243662dbf	In 2009, Anna died of cancer.
6bb4bd3973418a52027c601e211b485dcb14ced7	And Vivian became interested in Scientology, having stopped communicating with her family.
398b0db9b58305d1096cf4345cdc27b051bf6372	Stanley Kubrick did not like to talk about his personal life, so there were more rumors and myths about him than the truth.
cdceb94123965f2539312c1c5a142c1ecea17b80	Death On March 7, 1999, four days after the editing of the film "With Eyes Wide Closed" was completed, the director died in his sleep from a heart attack.
10618bc97eb5d05530239c3aab4927f7970bab28	The talented director was buried in Hertfordshire (England).
627a497e27e9e6f833843189f8ac511592ada57e	Kubrick still has unrealized projects.
77ccddf865cb09322409860fe75a8acc007e9302	For thirty years, he collected materials in order to make a film about Napoleon Bonaparte, after his death there was a large library, which has 18 thousand volumes about Napoleon.
4844c60903378f407295b67c4e44e3971076ab23	In 2001, director Steven Spielberg shot the fantastic drama "Artificial Intelligence", thereby realizing Stanley's long standing dream: the first shots of the film were shot by Kubrick himself.
93d7fee60806d058d539f6ff57b51dc976bf925a	Filmography "Radiance" "Lolita" "Killer's Kiss" "Flying Padre" "Fear and Lust" "Clockwork Orange" "Barry Lyndon" "Spartacus" "With eyes wide Closed""Destination"
3246c805952a99bf0168a16a29d790b834c5e4ea	15 photos: Stanley Kubrick →
2621f06a7094aa79ce93ca41813741b99c4d555f	Stanley Kubrick: the latest news
fef6e4ee9b38075d5e5a013fd7ab6769d3d038de	Kubrick admitted before his death that he shot the footage of the "landing on the Moon"
261d9b9c0a54cf82d163549f75827d894be1cc53	December 14, 2015
066c1b076315989495085a8ccaebe563f36138b0	The last interview with Stanley Kubrick appeared on the network, in which the director admitted that he shot the famous landing of the ame...
32ff2ed67e2e35646e3074182051f672714cb788	Alexey Mikhailovsky
03fe8979e5df45fe1f43c7edf94c2b5f6fe01cc7	Aleksey Mikhailovskiy
003639766ddae0317d4383686f47bc4c308d0593	Robert Zemeckis
03bac5f34d726586eccab2d17fc8c13b0caf8c1d	Robert Lee Zemeckis
0146c9ba921bfe980155e77f37faa29f4cd56dae	Jim Jarmusch
06d6a66eb1d8209175f931ccb9ca0f8a7eb1abd3	Roman Volobuev
3e681516786679f1f83e8860f5490c3fd57d5e8a	Pavel Lungin
5a494a5c1b66ff91d04bb13623c999fabc961b4b	Fast Torrent.RU
0eb2a3576283789b26ea484c17e0e5591be47e01	ALL MOVIES TV SERIES ANIMATION TV MUSIC HUMOR FORUM GAMES ONLINE CLIPS FOR CHILDREN
67aed876308531a86db25739be76237a5d5f705f	● Advanced Search
5707d000ce08e3f738237cffb01da63080ab85aa	Soon on the screen of the Collection Reviews The schedule of series
9a4598c5e8290e24ea4c1f010ed2328e55165f02	Film industry news Awards and film awards Our news
9e2c5e77afed61188bcef210eab20efb7a5c9332	Share on Facebook Share on VKontakte Share on Odnoklassniki Share on My World Share on LiveJournal Share on Blogger Show the code Close the code Show the resultscover the Resultstanley Kubrick
8a713f6bdd7032dbddbdea06d932737c0ee570f0	Go to "
5cf7f57a11ce1510cfb4e19f15bc169d53f7650f	Stanley Kubrick Awards and Film Awards News
ae3ca7914e505cb7fe991c526fa9cf7baf106e75	Nominations:
61758f0d1133dfbb43432d33d252899b28ff467e	Golden Raspberry 1981the worst director in the film Radiance
6d945227f0c29f921241f976c6005bd8320e87e0	Films that predicted the future 16 Sep. 2014 A list of fifteen classic films in which you can consider the future, or rather - the present.
4fdfa2cfe33000b9d71219655964bec1951c4b84	Everything / Stanley Kubrick
e01166a62920d3e318dda7066598159347a0dba2	Sort: New torrents Early torrents Popular Not Popular Name (A Z ) Name ( I - A ) New releases Early releases New on DVD Early on DVD Best rated Worst rated Best in quality Worst in quality New movies on the site Most recommended Discussed
7787424bb8b286ccc63c7bdde1990837b7577a55	152550 Hide viewed
37c252dfe471e504fb1487b1d7d7b8a6389531d2	13 movies found
692866318d7d9aad002ebc7011e15c9998c00f92	USGBONLINE Recommend 137 8.4886 out of 10, votes:240
8a91bd41019a86eb36a1547a99fce1271e834c9c	With Eyes Wide Shut (1999) (Eyes Wide Shut)
165285bf582c3d618c8252bc0136129f0c68ed9b	Art House / Author's cinema, Detective, Drama, Foreign Film, Romance, Thriller tagHD 1080, tagHD 720, Tagecranization Film adaptation based on the work: Arthur Schnitzler Director: Stanley Kubrick Starring: Tom Cruise, Nicole Kidman, Sidney Pollack
06560b5c27a55b11cdcab31b0ee39c0b66fe393a	The magic time is Christmas Eve.
397fb3de68a3df1e9dfc4758bba3eb1dbbb54a28	Without reality, dreams are impossible... only everything can turn out to be an illusion, a staging … To stop all this in time, that's what becomes the main thing.
578a11cf5fc43ae491756fe754962a9f2e6a8aa2	© Fast Torrent.ru
b996283d8602e9f03506ccacd0052b24c7d67006	Download downloaded: 116593the date of the film's release: 13.07.1999 The last torrent was added: 27.09.2016
c2c0663be7158190a04e3e05373fe4627bc1c036	USGBONLINE Recommend 159 8.8190 out of 10, votes:240
599fff1d84168c33fe2e7f08e053cc3f214919e5	All Metal Jacket (1987) (Full Metal Jacket)
39b4d841887f7689e1a831b25ad8b6cc8d8fa273	Art house / Author's cinema, Military, Drama, Foreign film tagHD 1080, tagHD 720, Tagtranslation of the Goblin, Tagecranization Film adaptation based on the work: Gustav Hasford Director: Stanley Kubrick Starring: Matthew Modine, Adam Baldwin, Vincent D'Onofrio
2c2adb97e9241c1a8b648196a60c4142256a3479	Download Downloaded: 107082Date of the film's release: 17.06.1987 The last torrent was added: 11.07.2016
362c87bff618be5bc571c798159735c6ff0c9a6a	USGBONLINE Recommend 143 8.4798 out of 10, votes:260
90345c0cb1e5be9f2969601422989af96bd3089e	The Shining (1980) (The Shining)
a5f905fa5600fe0353b138804325bdbe1c2d3538	Art house / Author's cinema, Foreign film, Mystery, Thriller, Horror tagHD 1080, tagHD 720, tagPrizraki, Tagecranization Film adaptation based on the work: Stephen King Director: Stanley Kubrick Starring: Jack Nicholson, Shelly Duvall, Danny Lloyd
6aad8623b53b173f56205e6745bea0df3c88a300	He hopes that during the off season he will be able to work on his new book.
3d039f1794912f320f939efa1a77643125d9e36f	Together with him, his wife and son Danny, who is endowed with "radiance" - the gift of seeing what is inaccessible to other people, move in.
35d54e14f0fc5f4c5f9d0586895683e46dc544e9	In a new place, the boy begins to be haunted by nightmarish visions: a hall covered in blood, a ghost woman appearing in one of the rooms, little girls wandering around the hotel.
79457e262c274b09e65c5d81fce44a445ad03008	And, meanwhile, his father is becoming more and more irritable: his novel is not progressing one step.
be2926150d10a1a3c58610affeacc2147ecd998f	And, of course, he blames the family for this.© Fast Torrent.ru
bb3de996c22573ddb3e4933d9b60decf8dceb2eb	Download Downloaded: 86660Date of the film's release: 23.05.1980 The last torrent was added: 14.04.2015
4327d606e04ab1f22138b2377cbe1de4a2bf1615	Gbonlinerecommend 19 7.7052 out of 10, votes: 31
3feef131fb290186f95bb3213922fd0778bbccb0	Barry Lyndon (1975) (Barry Lyndon)
83168458199dde05906c36ce0ba04fc8ca68931d	Art House / Author's cinema, Military, Drama, Foreign Film, Melodrama tagHD 1080, tagHD 720, Tagecranization Film adaptation based on the work: William Makepeace Thackeray Director: Stanley Kubrick Starring: Ryan O'Neill, Marisa Berenson, Patrick Magee
8b6f0d71dcdcc41cd01854bfb303e8f6926daa09	The film adaptation of the novel by the classic of English literature William Thackeray.
0af2084262e7a5d5e42332186acd28ddc2de32db	The film is distinguished by the sophistication of the visual solution, the skillful stylization of British painting of that era.
e17489f96fa2e29199e35e159f39ab192ae65e74	Based on the material of the" moral history", Kubrick creates an epic mural about the vicissitudes of human fate and its relationship with the epoch.
09cc3b730c6aafeb0c65287cabd86a0e74339003	Download Downloaded: 15125Date of the film's release: 18.12.1975 The last torrent was added: 24.05.2015
70b970e567f9955c8ea7773196db0385cef29bb7	USGBONLINE Recommend 131 7.9106 out of 10, votes:255
7badd0cd430b4c7c8f5eb4b5e554852902d8ca9e	A Clockwork Orange (1971) (A Clockwork Orange)
0d2ba13cbb214eac1b6f29fe72f19d94fea436a0	Art house / Author's cinema, Drama, Foreign Film, Crime, Thriller, Science Fiction tagHD 1080, tagHD 720, tagAvangard and Surrealism, tagAntiutopia Film adaptation based on the work: Anthony Burgess Director: Stanley Kubrick Starring: Malcolm McDowell, Patrick Magee, Warren Clark
9dfd1cf78dfcb74781ada56dff08227708785efc	But as long as he doesnot break the law, no one cares about it.
19e8d2553000198937859676db2aca06400a828b	Wonot such indifference turn into an even greater tragedy?
d8550d9b61fc79d30a515a98178bdca0c2f0bf3a	The thriller, shot four decades ago, has not lost its relevance at all.
d0e1356e5c29a664062718069e6315bac1d6b43a	If you havenot seen this masterpiece of the great master of the genre yet, you can download it for free right now.
9200ae56c3dc05500bf1e3b2b7be188d6b9d458c	Download downloaded: 105527Date of the release of the film: 19.12.1971 The last torrent was added: 12.12.2016
9028a98212999e6e1b2aa21c11411afb8de4e39c	usgbonlinerecommend 65 7.8464 out of 10, votes:147
6e6fc10a719f1dd44c2176fb48dd9192e1cd86ce	2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) (2001: A Space Odyssey)
e212c6fcffe5e28c85297d5ffdd9e7aac025a15a	Art house / Author's cinema, Detective, Foreign film, Adventure, Science fiction tagHD 1080, tagHD 720, tagSci Fi( Science Fiction), Tagecranization Film adaptation based on the work: Arthur Ch.
cf7fd149eae29b69217798d764aa4a8da1619938	Clark "The Sentry" Director: Stanley Kubrick Starring: Keir Dullea, Gary Lockwood, William Sylvester
4359d56f6eaa6fae7e089611e35811aa92fc2920	Humanity has long been asking questions: "who are we?", " why are we here?", " where are we going?" ...
b36fb06b5ed64dee91e5b1ca54dbfb5dcce5f89a	Now humanity has the opportunity to answer these questions.
06427a9bc25636f6d67ef89a7f8f77a14676b594	The spacecraft carrying Captain Dave Bowman and Captain Frank Poole, as well as the most advanced computer created on Earth – HAL 9000, is sent to a mysterious area of the galaxy, where the secret of the universe is believed to be hidden.
628009b6539365982feb41df608669f22aeefb31	Representatives of an extraterrestrial civilization are closely watching the space journey of earthlings, but so far they do not interfere ...
e86e0f99248ae3e7ad679684ac824f90d93b1989	© Fast Torrent.ru Download Downloaded: 96023Date of the film's release: 02.04.1968 Last torrent added: 18.04.2016
96381b364b47bebad7245364c9da25deefff94d9	Gbonlinerecommend 27 7.9318 out of 10, votes:51
2613b838af5589f4983fed5816b50c472b6c103a	Dr. Strangelove, or How I Learned Not to Worry and Fell in Love with the Atomic Bomb (1964) (Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb)
f4a140ccaf5a4415be5f160349c982018ce93601	Art House / Author's cinema, Foreign film, Comedy, Thriller Tagecranization Film adaptation based on the work: Peter George Director: Stanley Kubrick Starring: Peter Sellers, George K. Scott, Sterling Hayden
62598897d215a50d5f9e510ceeb4ee556c5dd6c4	Obsessed with the idea that the Communists intend to steal their "priceless bodily juices" from the Americans, General Jack D. Ripper, the commander of the air force base, sends a squadron of bombers with nuclear weapons to bomb the USSR.
09f48342db14cff5b81c9bbb718cfbc88a1e2e3f	US President Muffy is trying to save the situation, he gathers his advisers, including the valiant General Tergidson and the wheelchair bound former Nazi scientist Dr. Strangelove.
c3bc94364d73709f0f8d77d6d5552ac76b1959a3	We'll have to inform the Russians about everything so that they shoot down the planes.
ef0e8129a4e562607be127d19e23b99b439d0635	Download Downloaded: 19348the date of the film's release: 29.01.1964 The last torrent was added: 20.12.2015
5915504baa62330d8e58e96d3d419ced28f786e7	usgbonlinerecommend 5 4.4682 out of 10, votes:13
a4ae893f9e90ae052e1547925e44dd98cfcd2eac	Lolita (1962)
d216ab86d63c44539d2c70dd72c86a4f1a2fd5df	(Lolita)
444619cea1efc1be8b6093e5cde8aecfacca6edc	Art house / Author's cinema, Drama, Foreign film, Melodrama tagHD 720, Tagecranization Film adaptation based on the work: Vladimir Nabokov Director: Stanley Kubrick Starring: Shelly Winters, James Mason, Sue Lyon
21c9ece1e0eb12a867305c3374bc5858300296a7	The director explores the theme of sexual obsession (to which he will return 37 years later in "Eyes Wide Closed") in this deeply moving film adaptation of Vladimir Nabokov's novel, filled with black humor.
aca860ce698a0f69464d067e0bb120c82a0cac57	With the help of the outstanding talent of movie stars, many of whom had it widely revealed in this film, Kubrick created a film that was scandalous for its time, and no less provocative for our days.
dca0ff6715eccad4d70bb4edae3111b71845f1fa	Vladimir Nabokov personally wrote the script for this film and received an Oscar nomination for it.
078fcd379e97f5ec9cbd14ee29a40461f1b51270	It is difficult to compare this film adaptation with the book.
72d9ab2019cd28d37ba2ab364b95764e5b79af54	In the book, we are talking about an obsessive love for a 12 year old nymphet, and in the film she is 15 years old, and she has big breasts.
9ef6bc547d79978c70014b021eafd479d57d9d42	And yet, it was still a huge risk, it was only accepted to whisper about the film.
a04f6d83bec9779aa6c862018ee140eb5abc5b17	Today it does not look like a shock or a revelation.
2324ce49cb3833c751982cc288cb4f0d34ba2a98	Everything is pretty decent.
6922f8f899a149dc452a16a12331a7f7b41a7042	The most erotic scene is, perhaps, the scene with a pedicure.
3ffde6076d1ac34ef174d659d07af6599fbf4b09	Since then, "Lolita" has been tried again, but it turned out to be weaker than the first one.
301fadf434d496cd1aeca38c9167c2a4d8ca41f0	Download Downloaded: 11262Date of the film's release: 12.06.1962 The last torrent was added: 12.07.2011
dc19226e910223729604ee677e484ba6a19eacc5	Usonlinerecommend 48 8.9819 out of 10, votes:114
4ac64e6372930c5b98f030bf88d8566169d7f91e	Spartacus (1960)
0cc153f9a1a487968da8d88241dcba78e04b9d7e	(Spartacus)
837f9c85bd28df7102783c0b32e891c37f7f452a	Biography, Action, Drama, Foreign Film, Historical, Adventure tagHD 1080, tagHD 720, tagPeplum, Tagecranization Film adaptation based on the work: Howard Fast Directors: Anthony Mann, Stanley Kubrick Starring: Kirk Douglas, Laurence Olivier, Gene Simmons
607dc495663ae9af0d190d348c3eef60809857af	Spartak became a symbol of independence and the desire for freedom.
faa6325b9d3c365c6c118b7a195d1f163a0bde84	As a slave, he rebelled against the Roman Empire.
adb93a8f66597a443bb07900215132f7af73ecf0	Spartacus could not accept the fact that he, a young and strong man, had the fate of a slave.
e1f7395119dd1c14a10d1880b4ccd14b61884bde	Having united around himself the same gladiators who dreamed of freedom, he decided to do what no one had ever dared before – to challenge the mighty Roman Empire.
26c36c7b6bd49bdfccbd706f48d6b8cd29ac4add	Spartacus ' rebellion was defeated, but his example inspired people around the world to fight for many centuries.
3cbdae7871748bbc53b360a3c13cadf9f62b982e	Download downloaded: 57678Date of the movie release: 06.10.1960 The last torrent was added: 12.06.2016
776bff0cde8eb05db12b2579d0f3f87ca28103a1	us 7.1564 out of 10, votes: 15
20dd44b0ab9a6b315007d8da835bbd5395db55fc	Paths of Glory (1957) (Paths of Glory)
6a83c3eb463cf4f03c7de5d78fb3d30b1e109fc6	Military, Drama, Foreign Film, Crime tagHD 1080, Tagecranization Film adaptation based on the work: Humphrey Cobb Director: Stanley Kubrick Starring: Kirk Douglas, Ralph Meeker, Adolphe Menjou
958d0ad474e4669648268f1cf98dd51d1dbab4d5	The film is set on the Western Front in 1916.
1573aae5faf824d95504c982e336aa7179b4eda3	The First World War is in full swing, the Allied troops have not been able to turn the tide of the war for two years, which is developing extremely unsuccessfully for them.
5a842cb778c7f9bbc0a45ece24610d67a386833a	In the end, the situation on the Western Front is stabilized, the forces of the German and the ally are almost equal.
3b547b6c3d494922c8f6818eaf13797add54a695	German troops occupy impregnable positions, which are considered to be called Ant Hills.
2fd5614e1bd0e168225b3337dbd1e14868d0ffd9	An order comes from General Brulard to attack the German positions.
61592917881fa25136d255a2f7c396ac613489e8	Divisional General Miro raises his soldiers in an attack that is obviously doomed to failure.
af6a69c159c097ee96204758985ed9a8a407750e	Download Downloaded: 6025Date of the film's release: 18.09.1957 The last torrent was added: 18.01.2016
4e245912c3c6fbdcfb7340624703b6f4e1518866	Usonlinerecommend 1 6.3264 out of 10, votes:10
8b5cd143470915718e2b39ea603ad2b76c3c63e5	Murder (1956)
bccbfa3f3be0b2fb83b0f3638fb8645a11ce8796	(The Killing)
904db9a7b54537675fe64e8530e5169fb8768212	Foreign film, Crime, Noir, Thriller Tagecranization Film adaptation based on the work: Lionel White Director: Stanley Kubrick Starring: Joe Sawyer, Sterling Hayden, Jay S. Flippen
2b284134c3db957dd3ef52eb7e89617fa9eaeec2	Ex convict Johnny Clay plans to rob a racetrack, hoping to hit the jackpot of 2 million.
5de5f4c411a13fb795d7d0594af266ccd1e86b13	To implement a carefully worked out plan, he attracts four more people — a cashier, a corrupt policeman, a former alcoholic and a bartender.
b83fbcdb7b53d480989695d0a7edf9735f7e76df	Download Downloaded: 4512Date of the film's release: 20.05.1956 The last torrent was added: 20.02.2012
dc1e8369fb1488b4691b9668268bc2942065bdf7	usonline Not enough movie votes yet
e7a28eecb1ceaf1a680d3c8859baf169498fdd55	Killer's Kiss (1955) (Killer's Kiss)
54f42f315152443f1e9db53337231875776e1cfd	Drama, Foreign Film, Crime, Noir, Thriller Director: Stanley Kubrick Starring: Frank Silvera, Jamie Smith, Irene Kane
2c16d9497d4ea5b10e72af0db6747e9a00539c1e	Boxer Davey Gordon stood up for dancer Gloria Preece when she was attacked by her employer and lover Vincent Rapallo.
db2310e4e06dcf660cd73e2d64152266e531df93	This event brings them closer together, and they become inseparable from each other, thereby causing resentment on the part of Rapallo.
53f7e1f6f86a0c315919ad4ebae6ded30f477c3b	He hires people to kill Davey.
6ec677f655a97379ed20053411aba034f3ab7ef0	But it's not Davey who is killed by mistake, but his friend.
f466e1435fbb9c00bea4bdfbccbf6d6c51d5ddd5	Trying to avoid Rapallo's revenge, Gordon and Gloria decide to escape from the city...
55da0a83829dec00cfc7c30ca1ada3cb289e8e94	Download Downloaded: 1626Date of the film's release: 21.09.1955 The last torrent was added: 20.02.2012
1236ed7ed149dafa0ffa2fd61e5dafb38fd230a5	we still donot have enough movie voices
8232b224c3451182ad4dadeff7cf2a9241bc2f7d	Fear and Lust (1953) (Fear and Desire)
d43f3b43df097e5ca7e2a55f760a8f8545cf2ef2	Military, Drama, Foreign Film Director: Stanley Kubrick Starring: Frank Silvera, Paul Mazursky, Kenneth Harp
c3153c9617aee9f3e9835be6ffb2e06f6bce6bdf	Four soldiers trapped behind enemy lines must confront their fears and desires… Download downloaded: 738Date of the movie release: 31.03.1953 The last torrent was added: 12.05.2013
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798f4b114bd35d45a0bbd5252750facbeacdf717	Josh Sundqvist is a Paralympic skier who does not want to give up A star wardrobe: white dresses on the red carpet of the Carnival in Bolivia
dccd5841273d230f3305d905365cb9e569fc874a	Today is Tuesday, March 7
1412b07afe2e8cb3bbf61a8901df3a8db8ca6598	Search by letters Enable [eng ] layout Enable [rus ] layout a b c d e f z i y k l m n o p r s t u f x c h w s e y i
09f9d743612260b59f34e8cf1921a52c119a2b4f	Birthday: 26.07.1928
e8c28369f364f4e1373f899016de5dfbc5255a23	Place of birth: New York, USA Date of death: 17.03.1999 Place of death: St. Albans near London, USA
24269ca588c8806002775b912541fc9b1465533c	Citizenship: USA Height: 174 cm
0b38a42a481f14a74d78ead5b6c5fc4ae02cb9df	Similar: Stanley, Kubrick, Stanley, Kubrick
b21dd7b4e717a951130a02cdc55f312388275508	American film director and producer, one of the most influential and innovative filmmakers of the second half of the XX century.
aa9ed21f610b4ac36cbfdccf6184beb990083856	Kubrick's films, most of which are screen adaptations, are saturated with technical skill, an innovative, often deliberately "stingy" approach to storytelling, as well as subtle, long lasting wit.
5dbd014b493999dedda6e4254e6016e95384425c	Characteristic features of his work are also the specific use of close ups, unusual panning, influx, as well as the bold use of popular and classical music.
5cee4c2b1ca811b7405c7ff838951d2900200dc0	His father, Jacob (later Jack Leonard) Kubrick (Jacob Kubrick, or Jacques Leonard Kubrick, 1902-1985), came from Eastern Galicia and worked as a surgeon.
438a8d2778465e80505ee8486e52a29d31b613bd	At school, Stanley did not shine with success, his only passion was chess.
021309cfabb4d2d779470d8c5b1f6b8a9a44b6b7	Then came the passion for photography: at the age of 17, he became a full time employee of the magazine "Look".
c17a4082d048fa0849aaf712176f814e3bae7d15	The first films
4b39e2a3cdc91ec513cf5bba7ccfa8af74bd28f1	Kubrick made his first films with his own money and donations from friends, and in 1954, together with producer James B. Harris, Kubrick organized his own film company.
9a5f8ea1e6922b6615b1579c49aabf2179c27481	After the low budget film "The Killer's Kiss" (1955) and the crime drama "Murder" (1956), Kubrick filmed the anti war film "Paths of Glory" (1957) in Europe with American actors.
f24dd7206ae7535ddd75293ba025aac68f266003	The film told about French soldiers of the First World War paying with their lives for the cowardice and incompetence of their commanders.
dbda04d2f8a44c0d1f27dcd8a42f335c5816f342	In America, the "Paths of Glory" were enthusiastically received, and in Europe they caused a scandal.
734335005870b0c27e7096e2866b82262423dbbf	In France, for example, the rental of the picture was banned, and in Belgium there were spontaneous protest demonstrations organized by reserve officers.
95c45636fd74f1757663c11c8cc59cc1aea00ca2	European critics took the film under protection, pointing out its undoubted artistic merits and especially noting the acting of Kirk Douglas.
133a7a806e3d3e33cdf62a20d8019a1125388b66	It is curious that Kubrick was helped by his wives in the work on the first films.
2bd2b769b712fad665f8699a30c744200a4fb6c7	The first chosen one of the director Toba Etta Metz staged dialogues in the film "Fear and Lust" Ruth Sobotka starred in a cameo role of a dancer in "The Killer's Kiss".
8f8fd0a87ae23b85e613569c418cc8d52ccc7da6	Finally, the director's third and last wife, Christian, played in "Paths of Glory".
e454055f180883c2f941a2285202728f73d1da49	Sunday newspapers reported that Kubrick was at the head of the production with a budget of $ 12 million, with twenty seven tons of dresses, tunics and aluminum armor (made to order in Rome) and with a solid cast of performers (Laurence Olivier, Charles Lawton, Peter Ustinov and others).
df52442bdf0400cab9524860468475d8825098aa	"Spartak" was a success at the box office.
b154a7c3beaeb2c37569c98bee52e75075f360fa	Critics highlighted the high professional level of the production and the psychologism that is not characteristic of most "super colossi".
d4e9c0b7ce8610f473060f5255af483cecf3046d	Kubrick rarely gave interviews, so there were a lot of rumors about him.
9a4f6ad277084234853783679a378bf034886ea8	"I was surprised to read," he said — " that for fear of an accident, I forbid the driver to drive at a speed of more than fifty kilometers per hour and at the same time wear a hockey helmet.
7a9bd28467606b707fd80c5d58a9de7175559ffe	But I've never had a personal driver.
42e1c4c39e134560dfa05c5dbee1840615892ba6	And they also wrote that I was mortally afraid of insects and even installed an ingenious device against mosquitoes in the garden.
fd68ee6ee0775a2bc60b56620b950f6e013c85ac	All this is complete nonsense."
c2793c36e8d851199c7f2cb2efaddf1ddf95b45f	But he was really afraid of air travel.
52733492f5f48243fc874fa67c09d95557656826	Starting work on the film, Kubrick in March 1964 initiated the then little known science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke into his plans.
eb73c9171b998b1eaa0e53f39f251e965af75084	The only "villain" in the film is a computer named GAL 9000 (in some versions, HAL 9000) (named so after the initial letters of "two most perfect branches of science" — "hermeneutics" and "algorithmics"). The technique created by man challenges him.
369d3e6b79e882fbc25f9a4fab8174cffe80c3da	A Clockwork Orange
da56d4ffe6a1155e85d5bec0ed0ab12856d61c72	A real sensation was caused by Kubrick's next film - "A Clockwork Orange" (1971) based on the satirical novel of the same name by Anthony Burgess.
8c86dc00ab360db39e9d2f3b845f273172323048	Explaining the title of his book, the writer said that he heard this expression in a beer bar.
7b0645eaa46c9102f737aabdf7371d9140692534	In the jargon of the London "Cockneys", it means about the same as" with a hello "or"with cockroaches in your head".
2ca5b866f5ff08a0de7bf71fa794f0489b12c4bd	The main role of Alex was played by Malcolm McDowell.
4495da2d30e6ef7059d0fbb1532e706cea9c1633	"If Kubrick were not a film director," the actor noted — " he should have commanded the US armed forces.
ce7b00b935440cf634948f30a00080ab9a9b0334	Nothing passes him by."
8cc52b2f428cf8aba44fcc909bfb81e2437e8851	McDowell's hero, who lives in an atmosphere of violence and sex, goes to prison.
2341a992735b50f3fbac0aa1493a6c1556b0a49d	In order to escape from there, he agrees to a psychological medical experiment.
9a24bf0ebfd9b744ae630a4238061e9ff3aa42c4	Now any aggression causes him a state of nausea and weakness.
ac79f0a027d7adb979151398e70c78679c445a9a	Becoming the object of even more brutal violence, Alex tries to commit suicide by jumping out of a window…
819f72b9f1fc8152f99f07bae9c73152804bfced	"A clockwork orange" because of the abundance of sex and violence was banned by a UK court with the wording "evil as such".
001f5ddca6300dbb53c472b82d5e4dcca473e118	However, some of the audience and critics received the film with admiration.
689e7886b787f8d30ed05a5d8fdff57defefaee9	Time magazine wrote: "No film in the last decade (and perhaps in the entire history of cinema) contains such exquisite and frightening prophecies about the future role of cultural objects — painting, architecture, sculpture, music — in our society..."
3a5381ab23e1c4244c4003d5e9c8f3c41cde1e6e	Barry Lyndon
8b64d69eb291bb0aacfd46bfb33b9e2cf708d4c1	In 1975, Kubrick adapted William Thackeray's novel "Barry Lyndon", creating, in the words of one of the critics, "a picturesque and rhythmically accurate spectacle of the era of the Napoleonic campaigns, which confirmed the inevitability of the victory of time and death over life."
6fed24bbd1bcb807f5a9a6a947050520b09e8e2a	After that, Kubrick's attention was attracted by a new novel by Stephen King, "The Shining".
22923e74defecf0ac32a9e9547c1e24691b0bd41	As a result, the director created a parable about the secrets of existence and human hatred, made in the traditions of the"Gothic novel".
6fe7d95eec1baa2f0ace5d4207e5db9fc51b9ac3	The brilliant Jack Nicholson starred in the main role.
b89e696224f81c05e91d92984d55781a81a2b868	Kubrick's daughter Vivian made a documentary about how the "Shining" was created.
e3833f26b03042417b230ca9a4e4b41baca5271c	Her work was shown on English television, however, before that Stanley removed some not quite flattering images of himself from the film and made a selection of frames for advertising at the foreign box office.
6b263569f1d52e0c8301c56062fe1e36c3d02f76	All metal shell
b4065bcf1158c8c9781254724e16073a32347ce4	Kubrick's next film, The All Metal Shell (1987), is dedicated to the theme of the Vietnam War.
e7ad16201a3022041a1551097decd5eddd355dc7	It traces the fate of an 18 year old Marine recruit.
8dd067356e60568a89d853ef4e22ce1b3838b454	Kubrick acted here as a producer, director, screenwriter.
d3ea11a4a531995147b5d98025cf323b04314cad	He was shooting a film in the suburbs of London, at an abandoned gas plant.
29787a5d7eceb3d7e2a58813d1997042d77dfd04	As expected, this work of the master caused contradictory responses, and Stanley Kubrick was silent for a long time.
ce9e15a1b7d3deb04def09e8d69bab4848f08297	Only in 1997, he began filming the dark family drama "With eyes wide closed".
aa4610d93e43417c17972e41380dd719dd22cf25	The main roles in the film were played by Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman, who were married at that time.
47c9e3f95e024281de06f7ff645f683b16ef7191	There are many rumors associated with this farewell work of the director.
d74b568fcca705c7fcbb86a84ae13c51f3b6485f	Kubrick acquired the rights to the film adaptation of the story by the Austrian writer Arthur Schnitzler back in 1968.
d107ece14cbb6d28e54c5b6e73ccee4089fc91a1	The film "With Eyes Wide Closed" (1999) was shot for almost two years in secrecy.
6f5ef8c0c5290e4f6ee80fbea3ef1f510f18c290	Opinions about the picture differed radically from "a completely incomprehensible drama" to "the last masterpiece of the XX century".
172dc2fa0b810209e56adb49796a72ab76abf1bd	On March 7, 1999, four days after finishing work on the installation of "Eyes Wide Closed", Stanley Kubrick died.
906fd51a847cfbf6ee41965a36895e22b588cc4c	The director left behind several unrealized projects.
22e5c7fb2b93ff68ec38ffe11f6c758cc0c3a2f0	For more than thirty years, he collected material for a film about Napoleon Bonaparte.
959bdbf2fbae560b0d866ec1f78b7ef2960a0de2	He wanted to make a grand epic about the life and death of this great man.
63535b5b055d6da09c55ccf635098deaaf33a520	However, after Bondarchuk's film "Waterloo" failed at the box office, Kubrick could not find money for his project.
c95cbac50ea2e84f91b9760ed2167b328f69cb10	After the death of the director, there was a library of 18 thousand volumes dedicated to Napoleon.
7e50ffcb3620174f382578c47ef4c33e3d674fb1	In 2001, Steven Spielberg released the film "Artificial Intelligence", realizing Kubrick's long standing dream.
2d04ed6d9289f980393e821bf3eed80c7169ee1f	The first shots of the picture — sea waves crashing on the shore — were shot by Kubrick himself.
e4af688d525df11e5e55b2847259b6310c6fdf5e	I stole $ 16 million
4d559fc4b9114b6a7767d4f9bf8093ebd0952a0a	Kubrick planned to create a film called "I stole $ 16 million", based on the notorious robber of the 1930s Willie Sutton.
9e6181ee7f09e0107c24ba176f05b744928661dc	He was supposed to be played by Kirk Douglas, but according to Douglas, the script was poorly written.
dd2f8bc6666ccb3b74aa5ee2d7971086b34f209b	Although Kubrick tried to interest Cary Grant, the film was not made.
1785ed6ccf537856a2e5d0935a1ffb2dde2d3ab5	Napoleon
9df7171c545df99e70ff76db6f7c52fa78847c71	After the success of the 2001 film, Kubrick planned large scale preparations for the film adaptation of the biography of Napoleon Bonaparte.
1b526e3cec99e527eabd427d06175802962c82ed	He did numerous studies, reading books about the French emperor, and wrote a preliminary script.
4822b6c3daf9ffdc573de47452a1f23d3edd6d30	As an assistant, he scrupulously created a map catalog of the main places visited and the deeds done by Napoleon during his long life.
e7c83c695b2862b2d9c6bfb2ab664c232c4ce203	In the notes to its financial statements
ab0415080b3c489a5a1d57d01aa5d9d45d987e2a	to patrons preserved in the Kubrick archive, Kubrick told them that he is not sure how his film about Napoleon will be received, however, he expects to create the best film he has ever made.
d3654155ef5537f0974ef6d84be262946e53a391	In the end, this project was canceled for three reasons: (I) the excessively high cost of filming (II)-the release, in the West, of Sergei Bondarchuk's film "War and Peace" (1968), and (III), the commercial failure of Bondarchuk's Napoleon themed film "Waterloo" (1970).
530681e6ed7483417673eff58165a26e01dd1120	Stanley Kubrick's script for this film was published on the Internet.
f24f6244c2cb663aa64d1ad037041b8b651484bc	A significant part of his historical research was manifested in the film Barry Lyndon (1975), the events of which take place at the end of the eighteenth century, shortly before the Napoleonic Wars.
8ed52d62ffc4d7aff9723ad8c6703c01b0e58f16	In the film, Jack Nicholson was originally announced for the role of Napoleon after Kubrick saw him in the film Carefree Rider.
cc2fc36c84002622dfa9118333ad7923438e527d	Kubrick and Nicholson eventually worked together on the film "The Shining".
42d83ab972d102ddb7e2274c8d9fe6bca671bd1f	Aryan Documents
0e25610fd020c2ab26d6a4a75db11b3fafa4f46a	Already in 1976, Stanley Kubrick wanted to make a film about the Holocaust.
4b25249ba70fdb95b33c3e9f07e437d5aeb51f6d	He tried to convince Isaac Singer Baskhevis to help with the work on the script.
3d76221af44b65b9cbe7a9a3f49b4f424acf678a	In the early 1990s, Kubrick began working on a film based on Louis Begley's novel "Military Lies" - the story of a boy and his aunt hiding during the Holocaust.
eb7ed016fe4f5876ab435ae07ab3b252ccc036d5	The first draft of the script, called "Aryan Documents", was written by Kubrick.
d6fb4471238cf7e0e824e70e2ab2e85e0a9ce2ea	Co screenwriter of the film All metal shell Michael Herr at the auditions considered candidates for the role of auntie, which were announced by Julia Roberts and Uma Thurman.
07a5f95b892301ef61f21298cb116e44ba42dc2a	In the end, Johanna ter Stege was selected for the role of aunt and Joseph Mazzello was selected as a boy and Kubrick chose the Czech city of Brno as a possible location for filming the war in Warsaw.
ca2e063fcfa8a71fa463b42d618245d6a90c41ae	But Kubrick chose not to make the film because of the release of the Steven Spielberg film Schindler's List.
d382c10f120c49ff6ea18f3f0eecaa2da2a9d1ee	In addition, Kubrick himself became too dejected from the difficult work for the director.
907ef7d835e0613e5eabb5c7cc6667e5343ef44d	Kubrick eventually dropped the project in 1995.
efed8e3cc2357fa182850f5c1f95216a2771bb4a	Stanley Kubrick wanted to make a film based on the novel by Umberto Eco — Foucault's Pendulum, released in 1988.
29a0ae56177e5deb94017da3bf6fc1c595c8f20f	But Eco declined the offer, dissatisfied with the film adaptation of his last novel The Name of the Rose and the fact that Kubrick would not let him write the script for the film alone.
37a8d89581ef0ddbcbd24ef6dc34926c10ec4bf9	After Kubrick's death, Eco regretted that he had refused him.
65a2be6696f9bbc918dbf4651d3d8589e348ff9d	Director's handwriting
e1688f6704e7e502a329c2375c4141c1bee6ae0a	On the set of the film Paths of Glory, Stanley Kubrick met the German singer Christina Harlan, a girl singing in one of the scenes of the film.
e1113ee25c2d9ea0ae96c0f4d2ec5d7aa4c1d6bc	They were married in 1958.
443b894b140a221e0a53f98c5142bef3fab40db0	This was Stanley's second wife after Ruz Sobotka.
fcb8416946b6b33d18b4af706ea1a1a0fe3d7954	By this time, Kristina had a young daughter, Katerina.
b9b7caaa3e4c96b878e08b66da90c12d4f0ed788	Later, she gave birth to two more daughters: Anna and Vivian.
a69ffd54358a36ddb5f399136b3be1cbdcff6a8c	Family karmeo
14aec3aea20db8243670e0224e9861baa117f40e	Stanley Kubrick's daughter Vivian appeared in cameo role in 2001: a Space Odyssey (as the daughter of Heywood Floyd) in Barry Lyndon (as a girl at the birthday party of a young Brian Lyndon), Glow (as a member of the ball ghosts), as well as in Telemetrically shell (as a reporter).
2b6266da1e5c8f72a0c59c72f41ef2b2d530fe68	His stepdaughter, Catherine starred in a Clockwork orange and eyes wide shut.
43f329ae9b1a71f326eaee0a15482a76c7f18f86	His wife Christiana Kubrick played in the film Paths of Fame as Suzanne Christian, as well as a guest in a cafe in With her Eyes Wide Closed.
465047db0ef2a99e5d5db8c531e62679444e3627	A miracle weighing 370 g Visited:487 Record breaking Long Nails Chris Walton Visited:332 One of the Most Popular marijuana Lovers in Hollywood Visited:287
a0ad56032953b580654d935b3090908c3a9eb39c	A face transplant that exceeded all expectations Visited:21223 A record swim of a 100 year old Japanese woman Was visited:747 Triumph 99 year old Runner Visited:1023
800371bc65cc9c30ddf856b27d5ffa4e527f7b42	Jeanne Moreau, French actress Anthony Burgess, English writer Marisa Berenson, American actress and fashion model Vladimir Nabokov, Politician and criminologist Stanley Kubrick, American film director, producer Wave, pop group
61dbe8341885119ceb41cc04156ccdbe75d11016	Phrases: nikol, death, arthur, julia, biographies, kidman, cowardice, medits, alex, napoleon bonaparte, tom Cruise roberts, xx century bad, music, intelligence, dignity, and others, bonaparte, I, medici, a and n, o, korab, bonaparte, events, flight, peter ust, reviews, bondarchuk, ravda, samos, grd
43916e785a575e701d8c4d9f3def7c25eb35b08d	About the celebrity: American film director, producer
f13be5d3cc5d39dc27b2c477f47947dfe1bde802	Who killed Stanley Kubrick and why?
742c956547bdbe6a96bb0c007523f3d3fbab7c73	Kubrick – the Great and Terrible
92f9abd7c3025c24a6e554ec358941c7de38cb86	Stanley Kubrick: The man who thought too much
293bcff2196c65fd5406ebe576b3c2e54ea3434b	B iography
29bd83cbc2cae1d3fe69d41f4e555ccbe033e4c7	Photos [9]
19031d853fcc28113cddb06f257a48af7c08007e	Aphorisms of Stanley Kubrick
ee660eadc4d115ef467c918c882cc9f409440982	Stanley Kubrick quotes
d246dd439f43504a1d83d8e5ac80c7b15bd7f1e4	Video [21]
08762042f2394236a0745055145436c9b0cbabf5	Works in cinema [43]
4cf74b38666fe3c118bfeb095262c0ae96b550c3	Clara is gorgeous!
6021e26696fc4575e10ed64a74e401d72e118856	[ Klara Zetkin ]
20bb7cc54e26efbe5f0d079b9bb3bee0cba1c504	Shut up, you fucker.
36e808900cfff14da32c33a211d7ab1a3fb5cf43	This is a great woman!
1720fd05f744a35276d6a39458df089bc1499dfa	And from such as you, degraders, women have problems and ....
a7fc8861fd6fefac680ca58ed42cc16cbde5f592	To Sergey
52fa2c7a46f6d7e6edded429ed6d1b89ded63dd8	[ Eli Brod ]
2f78f35aa95fd27f773db5119c9ae2636c1e8a45	Sergey, maybe you should write to the site of the Ford itself?)
a343eee8b7e1d1512cab1a0cc95923c8604d8b9d	And now people will think that you are on ....
726dd58d8e62b04070bf0f6b7933123b573443ec	Chicholina [61] Putin [48] karl haynts rummenigge [47] eva Mendes [35] HITLER [30] viktor proskurin [29] Lyubov Sokolova [27] neds atomic dustbin [23] hoshino [22] duarte [22] repin vadim [19] Zagalav abdulbekov [19] I The Illustrious Otton [18] che Guevara [17] abney hastings michael [17] STALIN [17] Schmidt peter [17] dourlen [15] zaharov pavel [14] blom [14] sobchak [14] vieira joao bernardo [13] RYS'R°R"PeRS [13] samuel beckett [12] P�PIR°PSSRI [12] Rµrµrµrµrµrµr [12] lingchao liu [12] Ulyana Gromova [12] dekker thomas [11] jones vinnie [11]
60642ac84bbab187c4fb6068412286fa968ca8a5	For 1 day: 16436
f72b29bef71fdba8da7a6026b3e68ee599253bdf	Chicholina [523] Putin [210] Hitler [158] Lyubov Sokolova [136] vieira joao bernardo [104] stalin [95] dekker thomas [88] lingchao liu [88] neds atomic dustbin [86] I The Illustrious Otton [80] zaharov pavel [80] jones vinnie [78] Che Guevara [75] dourlen [71] Aphisit Vetchachiva [67] zagalav abdulbekov [65] donskoy [65] sobchak [64] Oleg Sychev [60] tihanovich [56] abney hastings michael [53] duarte [53] samuel beckett [52] diet wiegman [52] Valentin Kovalev [51] karl haynts rummenigge [47] Fleming Peggy [46] butusov yuri [42] blom [41] euripides [41]
c190c928218477b3fa88c4d4cd98c0adec1ecec1	For 7 days: 30246
72204859209301fae044110160ae05e101d993f8	Putin [84081]
b237aef953c8c8e384c4d8385d9dcec728b49782	sobchak [48815]
9594de0e1f344662532bef08f67a8fac22582137	hitler [53915]
50f702828a2188d122b48c955e42de9278914fbb	Stalin [36256]
2c31978d2c9a15a7949d2ea16799da054228e2d8	Che Guevara [32254]
590b1d06d59192f7a4607608231e964e2dd0e3b4	medvedev [24099]
7b822775f4fe8d11dc425ee99dc8e9417a4885ee	Mironov [23729]
e116feaee0c71415064e3c1452f18755ca17d374	Ivanov [20712]
14fe0d6db959c82542b590eacac8f6aadba88ef5	Lyubov Sokolova [27106]
69f58266ea1b8e2660ffb26eb01433daa367b36a	Prokhanov Pavlov Avshar United Nude Cheburashka ck Calvin Klein Jewelry Cappella Agnelli Griffith Zalman Donskoy Gavrilyuk Underwater Che Guevara Cherni Lord Armani Permyakova Yun Kalama Kidman Jane Bannikova Frankie Morello Vlasenko Chambers Dekker Min No Close Walker Fisher Bass Holiday Abrams Chicket Kutcher Merrick Company of Snakes Ohlupina Ramirez Putin Sevela Sharapova Voznesensky Donskoy Bagration Bainbridge Chicholina Netanyahu Harris
f3bbffc8fa4814534538aef3defabd0f0f569ccb	[ 02.03.2017 ] Sonya Heni;
cfc94a337efe52943e97ca7de9f790505d8136fc	[ 03.03.2017 ] Alexander Golovin;
de0e82ed3eae14a0aea5ae235799f92252466b7b	[ 05.03.2017 ] Lev Leshchenko;
025694e715ee52ad6935934d1b5e9a10a3b0efd2	Jessie Bradford;
2d43dbe4e7256a951c4898653b214f9a174f7033	Thomas Newcomen;
3010dfbba902228fc75e0b221f339d37dd807edd	Sergey Slyusar;
3781a782481e7ca6f9b300a76f2248f18b33debd	Jamie Hines;
ce908c9f4b116869c0be9376ba50120d77ec7aaa	Rupert Collie;
b6a383733a03e36b2feb5c4d33c81800eea15e75	Marianna Goncharova;
b2601a1bbf83717654591b092c82a73f20f3987e	Galina Adamenko;
f47b913e5a8a6ca30e63d6fd41fa41955f0c3099	Glen Benton;
453e0bd91c58dca5dd50b20ccb22ccbd0b96faf5	Mikhail Alyoshin;
6af16a27641dfc55041e75f0f834d758d56a7ee0	Vladimir Vavilov;
98979e41e0e36e639e877c53caf9d9ba1ffcee04	Karl Valentin;
610f2fa85681a7ffc82d55590db14221c6200ce2	Andrea Gasbarroni;
9c9ec89856b62b28b77b3fad354f7e95e4d2bfcd	Vasily Kirilenko;
545bc10d523a92fd8566dd610d6b014859b16204	Michael John Bradley;
e29941dbadb9d69bc48c35cdd559c7d6675022bf	Maxim Box;
48e1031eb46af184ef573b6c26fa2fa7f1decf62	Yakov Krotov;
5bfce64536f3d2858f298fc78125a856473f83e2	Ekaterina Kusins;
6c4cac1fc8e0d4868f06b5efb5d4836c36e80080	Elina Danielyan;
c71e2b24044b3e3dfe3bee9c078bae04a67ade2a	Abdul Salam Aref;
4e1bdf7f55d1546b68ef7d6939220b8e0ed86eae	Ariston of Chios;
ef9d32eeaf353b6c297e8df603b0a0c84abd3e43	Georgy Lazarev;
9cf42b6371277412b549a88ea2c2c8a5a978f403	Yakov Kulish;
eea50ced520239c8700df10cfc8386848908e5ef	Alexander Balandin;
7e132b299f63869c5e3d388d5abc67304bcddee2	Jan Dombrowski;
72641f82eeafd29344c25465684b255b817ecb4d	Thomas Hartman;
77c3a7bc993bf22f6fdf85811fc3f37098fd40e5	Timofey Belogradsky;
14687a2214ae089ede54143c7823798d4f3a8200	Eva Aveeva;
a978cbdcd296de87e41933b0c7e7a296e2e60629	Gene Brewer;
dba07d611ae38660fd422c90b478053fc1a3b59d	Artur Givargizov;
4bac3ed5d19c8b3c4cf8345ffec500ac9e940fe3	Bob Glendenning;
9dbb0325757c05163f84fd26fcdee062fd4b23c1	Andrey Anisimov;
4f7c53527e8998a156f33eb630b990c0b45cc86a	Wilhelm Jeruzalem;
62521be67e6325e1e7c4a2de5b3800680fb21543	Ilya Baldynov;
f30f5fd769de181628777849b17d3559e2c46794	Winston Bernard Coard;
41d10d4ccf8f6062791992e362debc3dda75cc77	Mikhail Biryukov;
e745334ef1a4387cbcd6a604c055bc42e89df4f8	Andre Campra;
14ad1444d0aeb4ef9cc554dcd9333c0639527077	Alexander Vilenkin;
e52d8c61425c8febd9c1e392bfd6de53281a97ba	Evgeny Zamyatin;
911b6b866e760c01be94df731cb8e194d57bd2cb	Muamer Vugdalich;
35b7511b0feeb2724a902d6528db467cdebc967c	Lala Kuznetsova;
5e3f34fdca8083c975345ec596d0791f55c53b7d	Oleg Gubin;
c835a8fca51de54d6ff75c2ada6cd39c62a48b84	[ 06.03.2017 ] Jeanne Moreau;
3d7d45c02e020cb53b3ab4049eed960d783b1777	Aidin O'Mara;
4a0af5a2952d16a699e8b2961047dd35e87208b8	Miracle weighing 370 g/Entitan Martins [487]
d201f0064e73fa07a0402ff68511249cc7b1c38f	Record breaking long nails by Chris Walton/Chris Walton [332]
a0bad8b03a646fef20b24a29a29e3d3cf3c72725	One of the most popular marijuana lovers in Hollywood/Cheech Marin [287]
8ca06a0290f2d4120355d16fda199d267d2d83fb	"The world of espionage"/Anatoly Tereshchenko [250]
b884fcfd05fcba78782479580d83e87e40357d80	The creator of the 'Supermarine Spitfire' / Reginald Mitchell [185]
608204d654002e70f774873a0ffde6f77afce43e	Roxette – "Kings of Pop Music" / Roxette [149]
cbc54946662f4f9b9e726af9786e955e21314243	Author of popular books/Victoria Isaeva [123]
0ac468d2b5f10ade49f76efaa57aee3a77b42d97	Illustrator artist/Eva Nikolskaya [118]
3508d7b16e58c09390f9c63399d71df42199a903	The founder of the website "Worlds of Eldar"/Eldar Akhadov [100]
0c225f6c59f6123595e005bef7e2d333b605561d	Bright stories and unusual ideas /Alla Polyanskaya [87]
a1e9d79b1424ec04637560def41c2540e41a4827	/Ivan Alimarin [63]
a99aec23e956b01e5d3ed5280baceed050e9b7cc	/Valery Belikov [36]
18a209e4b8cb041e830fc602101c81d1b5a2f24c	/ Lazarus [36]
1ac4d7f881cced69cd9310c0e641d125716666ab	/ Nadir Belhaj [30]
c8811c674db53e39503f2d8a611d92dfc263ba55	/ Yuri Krokhin [29]
86442ada9dd3eac95ccf9e7d10a52a0408f37edb	/Harold Sidney Bride [23]
e4ed1ed2a4991cf44d4a016e3353859f5a03fe94	/Ivan Kolyshkin [22]
ae4a332c4d1739315ea652d35c15e77282cef6c3	/ Milda Lauberte [19]
bae9ba05b8df47c2f90b25c8151a1688218d3f24	/ Luis Francisco Ladaria Ferrer [13]
5272d560f6b8654d58c5f858a3bd1176bb2bfb00	/Jiri Ganzelka [4]
4d233bbb729caca6c601af8929bea6fc8d584436	Baby with Klinefelter syndrome/Nate Williams[56922]
83bc4dea9f0b117dbe4d199c6c354470510616f6	A face transplant that exceeded all expectations/Andy Sandness[21223]
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2803f7d6de5755800553c55f91d87458693dd5df	The triumph of the 99 year old runner/Orville Rogers[1023]
6c6e501692cb93e879777d50e14e6b2783ffdf4c	Acting talent or innate diligence/Alexander Golovin[1015]
f8902b3350307f15fc9d63f47586d919a095ba5c	The symbol of female intellectual beauty/Jeanne Moreau[1001]
579103f189f51067d09a485cfad4d2e00b61ff43	Crumpet at the pole/Jamie Hines[949]
e515899b9562bb21fdcd6df994a2f11e26463386	Queen of Ice, Queen of Shadows/Sonya Heni[860]
a58064ef1e7929f4b47d633cc3e37908f15e429f	In this life, you need to be the sun/Keira Knightley[776]
425c6635ac7c01cbd64ab9115e3973eb4cd7e4b5	Record swim of a 100 year old Japanese woman/Mieko Nagaoka[747]
f1ec5da9d99c3fb315c9d77dd133aec23eea7a59	/Mikhail Gerasimov[695]
dbc5b87f3b0b6def5c757c48abd8f70f044f73fc	15 years in the grave/Bratislava Stoyanovich[652]
eb7ddd24a050a21173f87d9f4720542d4c40247b	The most titled athlete/Svetlana Romashina[629]
09171e561990387c2a0c047119a626861adf897b	Anonymous psychologist / Evgenia Shatskaya[499]
c5c6fcc7d21eb7e1b0c71cfcbdfda1b79a747653	Larisa Dolina: the first Lady of jazz/Larisa Dolina[498]
c6d3aaf66260507a8841e97f99937b36c47d3e87	Miracle weighing 370 g/Entitan Martins[487]
315dd5662a398cd8ced918d64f9b5651e421337f	Chocolate Castle/Krunoslav Budiselich[448]
038562da7d5d4a19005265132a2119fda5fc7e2c	Rammstein Masters of shocking/ Rammstein[431]
54816ba078e375bf59608b06ac85de7af9fc7a22	/Vyacheslav Zagonek[431]
2b03b46793ab25bac583913f54f5536922e19c9f	Maria Andreeva: Love of meditation and boxing/Maria Andreeva[429]
bd45d971654f6eb5015ec66d04b46b75ef3325bf	The tragic death of the chef of "Hell's kitchen"/Ilya Posokhin [70757]
3a9b2e12b3e6530eabc656d7767be75d3d675910	Baby with Klinefelter syndrome/Nate Williams [56922]
b7cab1e9229810900bc286a59f0a4f9dd6f69445	A face transplant that exceeded all expectations/Andy Sandness [21223]
465585c4eda260770aad5554fdb6e778a1c4102b	Underestimated danger: Oral contraceptives/Sarah Cobb [19831]
158d7e7849cfc1615ae37682a190935a979b94f9	The most beautiful actress of Turkey/Ozge Gyurel [16614]
7c69179d61f85a74254222f2338c9f0ee6b4db59	RDBE: Butterfly Boy/John Dilgen [10897]
975ba8973064dc6809e637328558a26294904ed6	Double mastectomy of twin sisters/Rose and Charlotte Tarpy [10677]
ac24ca3cefff99a16ea57603d0c5cc6b407256a8	From a scratch to heart surgery/Abby Holland [9289]
3403bd7c3ede045a6b906af66458e43b8be005cc	New smile: 4 plates and 50 screws/Rebecca Kiernan [8530]
891031a8a915030dfc52cdd413e432f304dda76a	Gela Meskhi: Stage, screen, painting/Gela Meskhi [7104]
01bd45fb759cd5933be4b3cb9908e5a0a0e3cd45	Baby with ROHKHAD syndrome/Alaina Jacobs [6724]
a8305c0dc064b974303d829817c452829d1a839a	The 'highlight' of cinema/Elena Galibina [4357]
c3abc65cc1982252e23961d7fcb6e58fd51d0d21	The tragic death of the performer of "Lambada" / Loalva Braz [4288]
f37b08d2818327a04f1b9c2867709144faa71b9f	The most beautiful hockey player in Russia/Anastasia Legkodukh [3762]
0a2cd399ba0753efc12563555f7e97e09704f321	The head of the Romanov family/Dimitri Romanov [3454]
247b38904f8e62143efc869bb720f03470ddf548	Lyudmila Bratash: The mysterious crash of avialedi/Lyudmila Bratash [2854]
407bcd722c38a4e12e0238245f2323cdd318a42e	Actor of the Taganka Theater/Boris Romanov [2719]
d0fed4c51d0b5cf62010a8a0f53306136c9a53e8	Debut in adulthood/Sergey Komarov [2270]
2ac61d9b2b5de71dd5866cb6a91c123fe637317a	Beautiful model appearance/Serkan Chayoglu [2185]
4c60c3fdd54d53c522ceda431608aedcafd296f1	Stroke at the age of 20/Sarah Porter [2127]
8c7515ba0605828ba9c12d3f2bd3abe978e635c6	[Chris Kaspersky · 07.03.2017 08: 03: 10]
598058d608c2dcd5be7da26c7be3a6487786bfd9	[Kazuyoshi M iura · 06.03.2017 12:03: 49]
eac5c77db1a6c4db084191f4dc9c241b028e28e5	The famous photographer David Rubinger has died · Read more ...
ec09e660c9017e0e21f1fc4bfa0c892ac5df6ac7	Crumpet at the pole (Jamie Hines); (Galina Adamenko); (Glen Benton); (Mikhail Alyoshin); (Vladimir Vavilov); (Karl Valentin); (Andrea Gasbarroni); (Vasily Kirilenko); (Michael John Bradley); (Maxim Korobka); (Yakov Krotov); (Ekaterina Kusins);
dc128c4a1ebfb95d90c28c9d170603acd36a8fb1	(Elina Danielyan)
0c1a458c8dc20f052691bf44ad36856784f9754c	Abstract art (Latin: abstraction — removal, distraction) or non-figurative art is a direction of art that has abandoned the image of forms in painting and sculpture that is close to reality.
8eeca8ecfbf1412cad31abf4723fa4838a9b827a	One of the goals of abstractionism is to achieve "harmonization" by depicting certain color combinations and geometric shapes, causing the viewer to feel the completeness and completeness of the composition.
78043e638ecc6932803c55fd6be8338557611caa	V. Kandinsky, P. Mondrian and K. Malevich are considered to be the founders of abstractionism.
4a67d701b54aee27ba4c6e2b43068bf1310a8b7c	Currently, it is located in the National Museum of Georgia.
ce5b1a2247ac0b358544d76ffd2a59e5c2521831	The year of the birth of non-objective art is considered to be 1910, when in Germany, in Murnau, Kandinsky wrote his first abstract composition.
0ccd552a1eed02fc68f5fd2ff6e3f9076aeffd60	1910-11-in fact, the discovery of abstractionism ("The first abstract watercolor" 1910-13, "Composition 5", 1911, "Improvisation 20", 1911)
f3b463eab39d1402b8fde12c71034ebcf01fcebc	In 1909, Kandinsky organized the "New Munich Art Association", in 1911-the almanac and the group "Blue Rider", whose members were famous expressionist artists, Franz Mark, Alexey Jawlensky, Marianna Verevkina, as well as Paul Klee.
6f2d98f7effe0a1e53d8195f56c0d7c5a449e204	They were united by an interest in medieval and primitive art and the movements of that time — Fauvism and Cubism.
e60ba1db3828ab2e209c332e8495504372281720	The group sought to achieve equality of all forms of art.
24ddff3209bc5b3636bfc3cad28776a809c7837c	August Macke and Franz Marc were of the opinion that every person has an internal and external perception of reality, which should be combined through art.
cfacf8a69e7f92d7ef9e7c8e8f9212a9de1bb55b	This idea was theoretically justified by Kandinsky.
19cf88e4087fa83d929d1e429f98be7f6238c277	With the advent of Soviet power, Kandinsky occupies high positions in the People's Commissariat of Education, participates in the opening of new museums in the province, donating his paintings to them…
9135fd3505839a5df0d400991e54d173c9e485f8	In 1937, Kandinsky's paintings, together with other avant-garde artists, were shown at the exhibition "Degenerate Art"inspired by Hitler.
703b8d125767bd7bfb53b4fbe2baec57731a88df	The last and perhaps the main peak of creativity is the technique of "biomorphic abstractions" ("The Dominant Curve", 1936, "Composition 10", 1939, "Around the Circle, 1940, "Various Incidents", 1941, "Double Chord", 1942)
a234d2e4a4ae9ae40f812ce188800d879864c86d	On December 13, 1944, Kandinsky died in Neuilly-sur-Seine from arteriosclerosis.
3ad27e16e9b7995af06429040468a3fa08e6e9f0	The modernist trends of the 20th century, focused on abstractionism, completely depart from traditional principles, denying realism, but at the same time remain within the framework of art.
9180b3f772820728c11de719fa83b575576d77f9	In 1911, he met the Cubists, and their work began to have a significant influence on the formation of the young artist.
bfd01fbdc8af10abaf591752a1f10e60b4049b5b	Soon Mondrian abandoned the slightest hints of plot, atmosphere, modeling and spatial depth in his paintings and gradually consciously limited the means of expression.
dbe0458e5ed78a5e9273ee6a7cbb3c2c1ad393e9	In 1912-1916, he built compositions based on a freely constructed spatial grid that filled the canvas.
a7d147497e243aeb78038f2fbf946d2dcf6e19f1	At this time, Mondrian, like Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso during the period of analytical Cubism, preferred a palette of reddish brown and gray shades.
9a349af95c2bf18f3a85eb00ef1c7dd06ed77216	Mondrian further reduced his artistic means, using only white, gray, black and the most intense tones of the main colors of the spectrum
327d56c4d9e0cb564e96dc467f6e6e03fcd1c74c	By 1920, the Mondrian style was fully formed.
33ec792f008656645ebf0a09bb1db102b8cbb646	Using straight lines of rigid contours, he made the compositions asymmetric, achieving a dynamic balance.
0d9932e5c257e0b2ba9bf772544423176cc851e5	Mondrian died in New York on February 1, 1944.
4b566e1677902e727d03e8d1c0bed5fea20ea535	His works have influenced many contemporary artists, such as Alexander Calder, Ben Nicholson, Victor Vasareli and Fritz Glarner.
cfcb3966023d46d72894e4a12e3209e80e6aac82	A number of trends in contemporary art, such as minimalism and op art, go back to the work of Mondrian, as well as forms of modern architecture, advertising and printing.
9d2d4a2e2f6b93c13fe4b27ab3607f3dd7aad534	Malevich worked a lot on the canvases of a new painting system, which he called " Suprematism "("Black Square", 1913), the principles of which were outlined by him in the manifesto brochure " From Cubism to Suprematism. A new pictorial realism".
af38dc7e35b4354737924a73f05cc98aedc79d89	Suprematism is a trend in avant-garde art, founded in the 1st half of the 1910s by K. S. Malevich.
6e5fb212675e3fa069c3153e5ccc73b4fcb4512e	Being a kind of abstractionism, Suprematism was expressed in combinations of multi-colored planes of the simplest geometric outlines (in geometric forms of a straight line, square, circle and rectangle).
0fc61a0b17b788bc47fe37ef140748bf36ce2329	Two distinct trends can be distinguished in abstractionism: geometric abstraction, based mainly on clearly defined configurations (Malevich, Mondrian), and lyrical abstraction, in which the composition is organized from freely flowing forms (Kandinsky).
9a7e4e21c4589d31a7f2f1f630e43154067f51d8	There are also several other major independent trends in abstractionism.
8930349e8717fbdaff7c4ad7deede557cb5776a6	Cubism is an avant-garde trend in the visual arts, which originated at the beginning of the XX century and is characterized by the use of emphasized conventional forms of geometric form, the desire to" split " real objects into stereometric primitives.
453d6155df5671eda41a11c98e4058407f8316e9	The English art critic Ernst Gombrich deduces the origins of Cubism from the work of the French artist Paul Cezanne, citing as an example his works "Mount Saint Victoire from Bellevue" and "Mountains in Provence" , as well as his response to a letter from a young Pablo Picasso: "In one of the letters, Cezanne recommends that the young artist consider nature as a set of simple forms — spheres, cones, cylinders.
89b14b19e1f2d4c662aff5d7bcc967c9c63dca73	The emergence of Cubism is traditionally dated to 1906-1907 and is associated with the work of Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque.
b1a644ef57e608f5fa1fadd1b67574d14cac1ead	The term "cubism" appeared in 1908, after the art critic Louis Voxel called the new paintings of Braque "cubic quirks". (fr.bizarreries cubiques).
2fe6955b447973407fb746828f54d6001574abd2	It is quite difficult to give a simple formulation of the main goals and principles of Cubism; in painting, one can distinguish three phases of this trend, reflecting different aesthetic concepts, and consider each separately: Cezanne (1907-1909), analytical (1909-1912) and synthetic (1913-1914).
d128e41c3503b291aba7e0974650f384c0a0ed34	The most famous Cubist works of the early XX century were Picasso's paintings "The Maidens of Avignon", "Guitar", works by such artists as Juan Gris, Fernand Leger, Marcel Duchamp, sculptures by Alexander Arkhipenko, etc.
d9726192bcfa58f6c27c30b36f618fe8943b9f8c	Cubism also developed outside of France; especially fruitfully — in Czechoslovakia.
a2ff14408fd096fe4f33bf64ae96977da56b2b7a	In Russia, cubism was combined with elements of Italian futurism (cubofuturism).
1b385b23c76a5ba19c0dd828a7953eda5eeccf53	In general, Russian cubism was a purely transitional phenomenon, a kind of"school of the avant-garde".
f84492efab25504659790c3667b7d25fa38d6bf8	Most of the masters who formed the core of the" Jack of Diamonds "(including P. P. Konchalovsky, A.V. Kuprin, I. I. Mashkov, R. R. Falk) did not go beyond the early," Cezannist " stage, enriching it in an original and colorful way.
035f58223a45c4fdc93b81a9405292c612d49641	Artists who were more radical (K. S. Malevich, V. E. Tatlin, etc.) quickly switched to cubo-futurism, ambitious to put it forward in contrast to Cubism as a more advanced and already free from French influences method.
38d0142b6d3750ba3f23f0885bdff7242c69461c	The sculptor A. Arkhipenko also joined the Cubists of the late period for some time.
4c6e25900e983e2e0dd8211adabe9a7f79f5d152	He tried, and sometimes quite successfully, to solve the problems set by the Cubist painters in plastic.
0cd436b105784510725c1351e9c4b1b354b2c658	At the same time, the volume and other material texture, the use of real light and shadow on sculptural volumes, spaces, shifts of planes, shapes, volumes, varying voids and fullness opened up new, purely plastic perspectives for him, as a result of which he soon moved away from cubism and moved his own way in art.
f191a02a5231672065275477670ca97a827c5406	At the initial stage, this term, which went back to the Latin root, meant the dominance, the superiority of color over all other properties of painting.
dc4e515dafe02125a15d543dfcc0c16632390bec	In non-objective canvases, paint, according to K. S. Malevich, was for the first time freed from a subsidiary role, from serving other purposes — suprematist paintings became the first step of "pure creativity", that is, an act that equalized the creative power of man and Nature (God).
4afd23143975d309af4bf187ad422fa1a629c5a0	Suprematism has become one of the central phenomena of the Russian avant-garde.
b7a4d5017f15aa3702c6c8d9b7c45e4e765c9e3c	Since 1915, when the first abstract works of Malevich were exhibited, including "Black Square", the influence of Suprematism was experienced by such artists as Olga Rozanova, Lyubov Popova, Ivan Klyun, Nadezhda Udaltsova, Alexandra Exter, Nikolai Suetin, Ivan Puni, Nina Genke, Alexander Drevin, Alexander Rodchenko and many others.
985f763d70f54474dafdafc436999f3417effd3d	In 1919, Malevich and his students created the group UNOVIS (Affirmers of New Art), which developed the ideas of suprematism.
7b0a9acd39ab1686430a5692fda201470fc849c6	The chairman of the Creative Committee of UNOVIS was Lazar Hidekel, one of the most famous Suprematist artists and the creator of architectural suprematism.
59756d42ec9a79c227ca1691d0e9cb89bffa4201	Purism — (French purisme, from Latin purus-pure) current in French painting of the late 1910s-20s.
af470af09152cf1d087a00201c54fedfc58d222a	The main representatives are the artist A. Ozanfanom and the architect S. E. Jeanneret (Le Corbusier).
0720a3265a10e4a298dc0f0d6b9fe3e80d7621bd	Rejecting the decorative tendencies of Cubism and other avant-garde movements of the 1910s, the purists sought to rationalize the orderly transfer of stable and concise object forms, as if "cleaned" of details, to the image of "primary" elements.
375338f731f5d27b3762ffa908ee441ce9b072a9	The works of purists are characterized by flatness, smooth rhythm of light silhouettes and contours of similar objects (pitchers, glasses, etc.).
114555afe56129fcb3be7091946a3a1ef259bb47	Having not been developed in easel forms, the significantly rethought artistic principles of purism were partially reflected in modern architecture, mainly in the buildings of Le Corbusier.
7f96aed03a452cb01179fd4dee38a3cd58b62308	The themes are dominated by still lifes made up of everyday objects: plates, glasses, decanters, smoking pipes, bottles — which have a functional meaning and are interpreted economically.
934e78e882febe6db23f101f93555d66e84d115f	Purism is an intellectual art that excludes randomness and uses clear geometric shapes.
a2e640d8ec61a1de360575d4acb82d412e92b36b	These objects are depicted in accordance with the methods taken from an industrial drawing using a general view plan and a shadow projected according to the rules of perspective.
e895ffc0ad341f02bcfc58a2527e9d4e4487f908	"You can create a picture as a machine. The picture is a mechanism of excitement."
edef4ff9663c4d5f43b2267beaf5318dbc44cfbb	This theory was gradually developed and improved by practical painting experience and especially in theoretical works — a series of articles in the magazine "L'esprit nouveau" founded by the poet Paul Dermet Ozanfan and Jeanneret in 1920.
99aaa9d05fdab67fe0437344a276bccf711a228d	These texts were then included in the book Modern Painting (Paris 1925), which caused a lot of noise in circles seeking to understand the nature of artistic creativity and its rationalization.
e756f1b695317fdef9babd05cccfdfecfddc05a3	Fauvism (from the French fauve — wild) is a trend in French painting of the late XIX-early XX century.
2ac0d0375b0251bd594d4179c4c09419f2085f2c	The name was assigned to a group of artists whose paintings were presented at the autumn salon of 1905.
2b84436e95914d6e611c45cbcee37c2ba1c68031	This was the reaction of contemporaries to the exaltation of color that struck them, the "wild" expressiveness of colors.
348662344fe9073858d097c59d04c61bca03afbb	So a random statement was fixed as the name of the entire current.
116558fc5010cd4723e38cf83ddb366804821710	The artists themselves have never recognized this epithet over themselves.
c13698666136c44d8a8b24dcd5e1e6e1b651db7e	The leaders of the direction can be called Henri Matisse and Andre Derain
eb2188b8f22a76e13d9c024c7fee479943ab31ab	The power of artistic expression was created by a bright color, purity and sharpness, contrast of colors, intensely open local colors, a comparison of contrasting chromatic planes.
f5b7990034c9a06b16734026ed7736f89db9daef	Fauvism is characterized by a sharp generalization of space, volume and the entire drawing, reducing the form to simple outlines while rejecting chiaroscuro modeling and linear perspective.
b4e557e9c51a0602ae87901a5c80afc665da262c	The group made itself known at the Paris exhibitions of 1905-1907, but soon the association broke up, and the creative paths of the participants diverged.
f828a51e79f1828356e39874e7455b5c06ac4444	Futurism (Latin futurum-the future) is the general name of the artistic avant-garde movements of the 1910s-early 1920s, primarily in Italy and Russia.
4f4176eba77a53981e13fbc044d9337c7c766936	In the visual arts, Futurism started from Fauvism, borrowing color finds from it, and from cubism, from which it adopted artistic forms, but rejected cubic analysis (decomposition) as an expression of the essence of the phenomenon, he sought to directly express the dynamics of the modern world emotionally.
21e42f77a2b08369cc1770974a55a154c49cb23d	The main artistic principles are speed, movement, energy, which some futurists tried to convey with fairly simple techniques.
7cf5358e523e172286807bd63121f1083fda665e	Their paintings are characterized by energetic compositions, where the figures are fragmented into fragments and intersect with sharp angles, where flashing forms, zigzags, spirals, beveled cones prevail, where movement is transmitted by superimposing successive phases on one image — the so-called principle of simultaneity.
b04d2ebfc88adc61e59e8d1c728d18c962deea6b	In Russia, the first futurists were the artists the Burliuki brothers.
a65eeade183135ba0a9acf7ade2fe66eb0cbacaa	David Burliuk is the founder of the "Gilea" futurist colony on his estate.
bf6ad854462b7e81111d85ccfe2f3fa1b3116741	Futurism is one of the trends of avant-gardism, which gave rise to many other trends and schools.
ccdcf6fe5daaa2eafae4642c6aa94e70e2a1be0b	In the visual arts, it should be noted cubofuturism-a direction in which such artists as Malevich, Burlyuk, Goncharova, Rozanova, Popova, Udaltsova, Exter, Bogomazov, etc. worked at different times.
4eafc171c7995d249b6cb671977a29d7fa5c5b34	The fate of many futurists is tragic.
ffd5f8f2ff05ac56730b9e2a143716d482ae938a	Only Kirsanov, Martynov, Aseev, Shklovsky managed, despite the disgrace, to maintain the status of recognized writers and live to old age in the full bloom of creative forces.
234db6f07153e3bd18eb82495692a80da313a8c7	The architecture of futurism was born in the early 20th century in Italy.
47739977f8373f13ac8f37a653ec8936cf04cc75	It is characterized by strong chromaticism, long dynamic rows symbolizing speed, movement and lyricism.
488c79d8d83c425e350ebfe48d99ea6ac8e0cee7	The Futurists expressed the cult of the machine age, glorified war and brute force.
e8db96b3f41e585784befc412d27a5279af30588	Neo-futurism is a postmodern movement in art, design and architecture of the late XX-early XXI century, associated with an idealistic belief in a better future, in the harmony of man, nature and high technologies.[1]
b55aed17c0cf1db0c68a939df17cbed211fd5ffc	The direction appeared and developed, starting from the early 60s — late 70s, thanks to the ideological leader Hal Foster; the American architect Buckminster Fuller; the Finnish-American architect and industrial designer Eero Saarinen; the English architectural group "Arkigram", the Danish architect Hening Larsen; the Czech architect Jan Kaplitsky; the Swedish artist Simon Stalenhag, the Italian light sculptor Marco Ladola; the American conceptual artist Sid Mead, American theater screenwriter Greg Allen and Russian poet Andrei Voznesensky.
e3c57e3e38b7bedd70a6ae59f6fcab6f6834599f	Neo-Futurism resumed its existence in 2007 after the publication of the "Manifesto of the Neo-Futurist City"[2], written by the designer Vito Di Bari (former executive director of UNESCO) in order to outline the futuristic vision of the city of Milan during the 2015 World Exhibition in Milan.
cc60dfdb2188fc7acf88bba10e3d1720973d0324	The meaning of painting, the founder of luchism Mikhail Larionov, declared not the image of objects, but the illustration of color rays reflected from them, which, according to the author, is more close to how objects are seen by the eye[3].
b254aa617928e5449191e71b964fd7db6ab898e9	Luchism erases the boundaries that exist between nature and the picture plane.
1b728b48af3c94a7df7c89af6dc349fc71649af0	Luchism is considered one of the earliest varieties of abstract painting, but it also has other, broader aspects, such as the separation of the subject from its optical perception.
6eba673ceda07612fa026fd3108d19c0aff43209	That is why the artist should not depict the object, but only the rays falling on it.
d441320cdf8defa377de098b98a68124122937c7	But since our eyes are affected by rays falling not only on this object, but also on the nearest objects, therefore the artist must" mentally " comprehend, imagine and accordingly depict, so to speak, the radiant appearance of the object.
079f57dbc9237ecba7c7723f553a98668c5e5643	In practice, the "radiant" works were images with sharp contours, an abundance of sharp corners and bundles of oblique lines.
9a6efa575d129825f1822cf7bab964affccce4c1	Larionov himself distinguished different directions within the flow, from "realistic rayism", in which the depicted object is easily recognizable, to the so-called "pneumoluchism", when the rays reflected from the object completely obscure it
a4f8ba28fe2844b98db6da1634096e138894b513	Abstract expressionism is a school (movement) of artists who draw quickly and on large canvases, using non-geometric strokes, large brushes, sometimes dripping paint on the canvas, for the fullest identification of emotions.
1ec5aba9ebb8977751dff9a94c2ffa10ebd84521	The goal of the artist with this creative method is the spontaneous expression of the inner world (subconscious) in chaotic forms that are not organized by logical thinking.
75605c3154292babb5fb25bf8f0f8065a08748d8	The initial phase of the movement — abstract surrealism (abstract surrealism) appeared in the 1940s, influenced by the ideas of Andre Breton, his main adherents were American artists Hans Hoffmann, Arshil Gorki, Adolf Gottlieb, etc.
de13799c808e548c54ee6d631e4ef3e17a3e21c9	The movement gained a special scope in the 1950s, when it was headed by Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko and Willem de Kooning.
8fabe735637541e034c135e02d64a8ef2c1ad77e	One of the forms of abstract expressionism is tashism, both of these trends practically coincide in ideology and creative method, but the personal composition of artists who called themselves tashists or abstract expressionists does not completely coincide.
6059db95c956f731ff00d39c20432d7cceb0a3db	Among Russian artists, the largest representative of abstract expressionism is considered to be Yevgeny Mikhnov Voitenko, who worked in the 1950s and 1980s.
7e55730bd2ee0cf67c9d9e76ecd9ff993ae62d2f	The expression "abstract expressionism" first appeared in German in 1919 on the pages of the magazine "Der Sturm" (published in Berlin from 1910 to 1932).
a2175be4d9aaecbef6e409b7daba4b0460d7f763	On March 30, 1946, in the New Yorker, Robert Coates, the author of an article about an exhibition at the Mortimer Brandt Gallery, wrote about the artist Hans Hoffmann: "For he is undoubtedly one of the most uncompromising representatives of what some people call the kalyakov school of painting, and I more respectfully dubbed abstract expressionism"[1].
c06571ed6c5eb19ba21a8c33b42c74abce36aa4e	Tashism (French Tachisme, from Tache-spot) is a trend in Western European abstractionism of the 1950s and 60s, which was most widespread in the United States.
118caeeb1d6fd79b7e410108eb5d88929e7bd3fe	It is a painting with spots that do not recreate images of reality, but express the unconscious activity of the artist.
fa28fea2c33e2483ed6590c212bf223c024bd627	Strokes, lines and spots in tashism are applied to the canvas with quick movements of the hand without a premeditated plan.
1ed5d90dbf1b35318132a95fd48271c19d1fd16f	The European group "COBRA" and the Japanese group "Gutai" (Gutai) are close to tashism.
a686f032ddbc5f2b44892bda9e8d7a86185af08a	Abstract expressionism is one of the complete synonyms of Tashism from the point of view of the creative method and ideology, but the time of appearance, the geography of distribution and the personal composition of these trends do not completely coincide.
b254c7a782002bf4134449dfd28f8414d08cb2fe	The trend in abstract art formed in the 1950s and developed in parallel with abstract expressionism and informel, with which it is sometimes identified.
b0ff1d86d3fcd925ebbb015a0b1222239c8d6854	However, unlike abstract expressionism, which originated in the United States, tashism is European (first of all, the French version of non-objective creativity).
7f457217ecfe7b5f65648e953b29ece395ae0e6e	He rarely includes symbolically significant elements, proceeding (as in J. Mathieu) from the pure rhythm of an artistic gesture or (as in J. Bazin) from generalized landscape impressions.
cfdc23f9b9453bdfdbc159bf8aad5c010657ac9e	For the first time, the works of the tashists were exhibited in Paris in 1947.
cf2bc9332436207fc827383af4f66fc7b84d5aec	Artists: Georges Mathieu (Georges Mathieu), Pierre Soulages (Pierre Soulages), Hans Hartung (Hans Hartung), Michel Tapie (Michel Tapie de Celeyran), Antoni Tapies (Antoni Tapies), Pierre Alechinsky (Pierre Alechinsky), Camille Briand (Camille Bryen), Henri Michaux (Henri Michaux), Serge Poliakoff (Serge Poliakoff) and others.
ac43b8237a107471381f77b39c859948e43939eb	"Cobra", or " Cobra "(COBRA) is a European avant-garde movement active in 1949-1952. The name was coined in 1948 by Christian Dotremont after the first letters of the native cities of the participants of the movement: Copenhagen (Co-Co), Brussels (Br — Br), Amsterdam (A — A).
9fb89d15c6c92193bfc4d01fa143d3711115b291	"COBRA" was formed by the merger of the Dutch group "Reflex" (Reflex), the Danish group "Hest" (Høst) and the Belgian revolutionary surrealist group.
b7666a8c1f09dafe35eaba05dfc30a15af1d7db0	Artists from the COBRA group are characterized by semi-abstract canvases with bright colors, distorted human figures inspired by primitive and folk art.
1577b995a1ab780cc45c5f5b7b380bcf262c272e	"COBRA" played a significant role in the development of Tashism and European abstract expressionism.
a9580ca089b14c6e5f7d499bad8c426b438fa46f	The group also influenced European social and political life, developing a critique of the modern Cold War society.
ba348ae92245838834fe7c9fa28a076071aedb7f	The international movement for the Imagist Bauhaus, which broke away from COBRa, became a step towards the development of the situationist movement.
523cf6a8b0749ee55d21ace608113156bd10bb11	An important component of the modern language of abstraction has become the white color.
4a65e4e484feb584908e4a53308b4e4dc78929d8	For Marina Kastalskaya, Andrey Krasulin, Valery Orlov, Leonid Pelikh, the space of white — the highest tension of color in general is filled with endless variable possibilities that allow using both metaphysical ideas about the spiritual and optical laws of light reflection.
875b8f18d0bbedb5c6914b916e7f2cb302b23148	The ultimate expression of geometric abstraction in sculpture was minimalism, which was formed in the 1960s-1970s.
9062517e3381581f36fcb5ca760ccec4da7710b5	Search form
548349ef49bab36c160ef5b63c311e07d7662b16	18+ About the site | Contacts
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601362a2414c8696ea0002496e370910cf4aad7e	EVENTS News Exhibitions Competitions and grants Lectures
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22e028e1b5e09cb0f55a82d9c273762da4c432d3	You are the main one here
a3f28c92f943548aefc5d7e0afdd5728b12fb131	Tashism /tachisme
4713a6ecb4b36d3b36d7ff33b92fd80e6aba1fc8	from/fr.
7a8d8c68c0c66c35807eb912ed7605368ef89f87	/ from tache spot (1951-1960) the European equivalent of abstract expressionism.
1bc159184e0c8270207aa89683216ac7d7486dbd	However, unlike abstract expressionism, which originated in the United States, tashism is European (first of all, the French version of non objective creativity).
f6d2913e7f1e2f9a443455ef9f738236916354a5	His images (in the paintings of the French masters P. Soulage or H. Hartung) are based on the game of powerful, large strokes.
5c027b655f2ad00d60e2d9426bd15776485cf79d	The method of their work was reduced to impulsive spontaneous application of paints on canvas and approached what was called action painting in the USA at the same time.
86f2f61ba7805ebd6d96ad1d360e0120b279c282	Texts: Tapie M. Un art autre ou il s'agit de nouveaux devidages du reel.
1ba798a6923cd06fcb95cac4026db266d133f7b2	P., 1952;
35970efb52bc194f8d8c5b097500ded14e283ac1	Mathieu G. Au dela Tachisme.
934a490b0f6244b1096e924fe6dfb4daf479cfdf	P., 1963.
f0d2b63b2ae8bf6dc370325b435b097fa81fd19a	Back Next
1da6b87c228c7d9aadcbde25a8241367e7411600	Georges Mathieu "Le massacre de Vassy", 1954
d6084cbcbf2a9a0c7ca3b03f2ec2f741c7bf767d	Hans Hartung "Composition", 1948
68daf322c13328ad1c2d3d39918f96cde197a4f7	Pierre Alyoshinsky "Les hautes herbes", 1951
fd9f2dd10dd34d1f9c71390816ab16b42d5acc31	Camille Briand "Incendix", 1959
2d7abefeb752258a16654f65abc20eb66406a951	Pierre Soulage "Brou de noix", 1948
706196798de770c6b7deafb141e43579f14f4d95	Camille Briand "Untitled", 1950
06c3c203f092e9ac05d0873b4be0a4eb8fe8b045	Anthony Tapies "Untitled (Flame and Mirror)", 1967
eaf1e10cfe0839b89eb565dc0915b42da77f2685	Pierre Alyoshinsky "Le feu", 1953
16474db72b115d5e661ed3a9dbce66eab53ada9b	Serge Polyakov "Composition", 1955
e4f2064efd114c35ce6939ef98789d88256e4ccf	030
7c9dc81211cd38b3193bbd54bc47648df148d28c	Comments on Facebook
14269c871f519bd90cac73e2866202421d172ce7	FROM THE DICTIONARY |
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6af8b483178c0f6af597f2e4a9d89f21dc15b0c1	Common to all auctions...
002d179aaa4c1b2ba5daab99fefc21f62d8bd540	ABOUT THE ARTIST |
8fa3fb74056f108879878d4bb62e2d56de8048c2	Cupid, a creative association
220af2664754c517a5a9df1e463057b6e7bf4543	The association of artists Yuri Albert, Andrey Filippov and Viktor Skersis has existed since 2008.
652a8c906143847f6abcfe1b0e2239161f2a061d	All three artists of the t / o "Cupid" are outstanding representatives of Moscow conceptualism.
10edb2f41f39a74f11865a88705637e593ebd9c3	This unites them, otherwise they are very different artists.
65c8a8755bcb25cf149982267387517f65feec46	"Vitya and the hares", " Fragma, Pragma and Enigma...
32441b53772d16697c40bdb60af820a105b5edeb	Feedback: info@artuzel.com © 2013-2015.
97e4402944facac5068c18a2bc773cda72041409	ART NODE.
5f9b2adf298d5604af89c5e9af23ee0759046f7a	Take part in the European Scientific Photography Contest 2015!
01667dad5dc128cf934c8eac64d38209246da543	The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on October 26, 2012; checks require 53 edits.
b172403a1eb6ca8ec3e2000950b2b964bc667ca9	Cubism (French Cubisme)
9313e057bad8917c56491ebd1cdd79ae6e76cf80	- a modernist trend in the visual arts, primarily in painting, which originated in France at the beginning of the XX century and is characterized by the use of emphatically geometrized conditional forms, the desire to "split" real objects into stereometric primitives.
076104685d18301b7082ff0a43836d318d05639b	1 The emergence of Cubism 2 The greatest achievements 3 Cubism in Russia 4 Notes 5 Literature
f9b039bf53720ceadf3fd6bd861efdfd4098e785	The emergence of Cubism[edit / edit wiki text]
2e462c64e025746ecc2a040d0841cc576d0a09a5	He meant that these basic forms must be kept in mind as the organizing principle of the picture.
471df4b9315660246b459638dd71878140d69143	However, Picasso and his friends took the advice literally."
fe62248e8d3b53b8403a21bb78d0a9bc3aa50f1e	The term "cubism" appeared in 1908, after the art critic Louis Voxel called the new paintings of Braque "cubic quirks".
eeb6139fe1d36c9c6c140311109f99d21905139f	(fr.bizarreries cubiques).
a288fd3a96b55d6ba83a4f0d6223e359af77273b	Since 1912, a new branch has been emerging in Cubism, which art critics have called "synthetic cubism".
268b61f4831cc8eb2f68d221eb31e56445f0c365	The biggest achievements[edit / edit wiki text]
ce13dd46433e86f2de99df664dd0feefe2a87c81	The most famous Cubist works of the early XX century were Picasso's paintings "The Maidens of Avignon", "Guitar", works by such artists as Juan Gris, Fernand Leger, Marcel Duchamp, sculptures by Alexander Arkhipenko, etc. Cubism also developed outside of France; especially fruitfully — in Czechoslovakia.
b95e2c288906e2dfe6b07ec754f3bd4a5f0ed572	Juan Gris The Man in the cafe, 1914
20f35814d3147de002a8c9f2fe8de71a607b4d97	L. Popova.
deb356305d6652750c97e44bf7cf62b5b006dfaa	Portrait of a philosopher. 1915
206cc0db84ff66710c9a4a0481071afd33fe768b	B. Kubishta.
a0cc033cec096daa25bd35948c3b965eda79a121	Pierrot. 1911
19f055c6189fdc07a3a862cca0299e4a9964a9b7	Cubism in Russia[edit / edit wiki text]
3bb8ff619b4e8da4d1fb65f2db1f374e6d2740e1	In the" crystal " manner of M.
624fd2325d029555644a4c82ae167189fe6cbcbd	A. Vrubel's writing, presentiments of Cubism are often found.
427e8f63b2e8804396fcc7116cb1b49e7da23521	The true discoverer of Cubism is the entrepreneur and collector S. I. Shchukin, who brought Picasso's early Cubist experiments to Moscow.
f7be98a62543c73696bb7cb146d38d96daabd010	In general, Russian cubism was a purely transitional phenomenon, a kind of"school of the avant garde".
e29ce68dbb4fa8cd59240bc58580bafcdf2966b8	Artists who were more radical (K. S. Malevich, V. E. Tatlin, etc.) quickly switched to cubo futurism, ambitious to put it forward in contrast to Cubism as a more advanced and already free from French influences method.
aa9dc50cbcd329039a5fee6935c894c3a2c2b5d5	However, even later, in his Vitebsk period (1919-1922), Malevich argued: "If you want to study art, then study Cubism."
ae7252e0c7d79a678f8953919777854e4cce7d40	The artist Natalia Goncharova noted in 1912 that " Cubism is a good thing, but not completely new."
78de0e23de97bc136cccbcb2ea15eba3f77ea377	According to her, Scythian stone women and painted wooden dolls sold at fairs are made in the same style[1].
b4a572c647ba04208fcdc8638ee5517afc25d16b	Поля Polyakov V. Books of Russian cubo futurism.
f79d8dd9e0713ea027a223cb00f2fcf93ee415f6	Moscow: Gileya, 1998
611195333f062ade3cb4e32acc0b945c7d287ab6	Gombrich Ernst.
03dbbe090b2364cad589b4a2fc3c27a3b979be7f	History of Art , Moscow, 1995.
27869efa0c1c99c0be25f664dc09e3323de02df0	Mikhail Lifshits, Ed Reinhardt "From Cubism to abstraction" Kryuchkova V.
11e710a3a751e02badb0a539da9717fef4c33537	A. Cubism.
de609129b9a86807dce5e8b85a18e9defa372fc1	Orphism.
16308397e25aa4b90e1ccab71c14af2fc66c5efb	Purism.
08b13c8af08dcb41f87fb88bfebbe1d252d47949	- Moscow: OLMA Press.
69122745dc3ed2e02b65bbe85b7f53dfad38052d	- 2000.
3a96722da158003c524ddfa6ca6303c34d8afd33	Cottington D. Kubismus.
132bbc568753122e6b3b19355ccc0ba6a4aed478	— Hatje Cantz, Ostfildern Ruit.
51659ada6137643e3d9ccdff63a5918adaefafb8	— 2002.
77dcab80a67456fc586923e0b94253511968b95e	ISBN 3-7757-1151-1 Düchting H.
eda92d28ddf3bc00885780dc8af0cafed7231a51	Die Kunst und der Kubismus.
f372152cd4e18a825285fe4b9a9b3f3970a26340	— Belser, Stuttgart.
9c7b15d148b8ccf2d58e5eb6acfb072edd8cc29e	— 2007.
99a500e616d5b56b57034096a54efc845ab6e097	ISBN 978-3-7630-2477 Rykov A.V. Picasso and Politics.
b1c064e4ce730aed5996e91405182287015f8937	Problems of philosophical interpretation of Cubism / / Studia Culturae.
d43ad301827df444ee92fd2f718c2c494bd19bb2	Issue 1 (23). 2015. pp.
4339e9b00e40fa03c56c6b26848dbce230bba22f	74-84.
af410f05831c8fd4fafe05c6a97ba2bdc2d9956a	[hide] Post Impressionism at the end of the XIX century.
ca480d0e272796527390d1e3115a901280a60ca4	Neo Impressionism · Intimacy · Pointillism · Cloisonism · Synthetism · "Nabi" · Modernism The beginning of the XX century.
d7f393588a800e9bc13413cb126f1fb63722c845	Fauvism · "Blue Rider" · "Bridge" · Expressionism · Cubism · Activism
79298f6577f6e7c5795957b4394d479c2092a7b2	[show] Trends in Western art of the Middle Ages
878982961799962dfbe50af4e68c974129b96097	Celtic Art • Early Christian art • Art of the period of the migration of peoples • Byzantine Art • Pre Romanesque Art • Romanesque Art • Gothic (including International Gothic)
a8efdf17d5e31c63a83da472cba402f0fcc76174	New time
f449b604e0a43dcd7d702757ad8b3dc57dcb9410	Academism • Empire • Baroque • Mannerism • Classicism • Neoclassicism • Realism • Renaissance • Rococo • Romanticism • Sentimentalism
2354afbcaaa02de86f92174c113aa7746193ebbb	Pre Raphaelites • Impressionism • Post Impressionism • Fumism • Modern (Art Nouveau) • Art Deco • Expressionism • Cubism • Futurism • Abstractionism • Suprematism • Constructivism * Bauhaus • Dadaism • Surrealism • Abstract Expressionism • Lyrical abstraction • Color Field Painting
3a4e447e8963e0b65a8092617d6a12bd58b6f462	Modern
bb89ae7fceed856dcbc9bb970d885d4e6340a716	Arte povera • Art Brut • Conceptualism • Land Art • Minimal art • Postminimalism • Postmodernism • Neo geo • Neo Pop • Neo Expressionism • Op art • Bad painting • Pop art • Social art • Street art • Transavangard •
513f27eb7d9aeec389f6fc26d85078d199ae6e6e	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cubism&oldid=74328198"
6688aef52459c0cd56dfb79492a68e1fe2c59ea4	Categories: Cubism Modernism
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b406cdde36ae79d699c2c26bff532e97b14be789	Kandinsky, Vasily Vasilyevich
9d859944f9c67ad0b83b50acd3b444883c894eba	The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on November 27, 2015; checks require 3 edits.
76024ba3b4bc150a97aacc61f1b4d63b607c11c0	Vasily Kandinsky
595ab34ce40008f9dfd4acc3d9301afaa8cc20f8	Date of birth: December 16, 1866(1866-12-16)
e1568022b2d519f033dad5f36a61fdea5a0e301d	Place of birth: Moscow (Russian Empire)
dc521686b109537b7db505913fb227d608bd601f	Date of death: December 13, 1944 (1944-12-13) (77 years old)
1af12ab637a4afe269f71da9e5709a764fb9df54	Place of death: Neuilly sur Seine (France, near Paris)
b5b333060195c7dcfd67f477066224868261ce8e	Country: France
49577c177f9edb585455750e83c3a3ce3b65afcc	Genre: painter, graphic artist and art theorist
7e29e00964507c88787cc518cc3ebe989950196a	Study: private studio of Anton Ashbe (Munich), Munich Academy of Fine Arts
8ae33363df31fa7efe208e5e2b13e984383cc273	Works on Wikimedia Commons on Wikimedia Commons
b06e33cd1b200e6f42e3622c706ceb5eb7c64c51	There are articles on Wikipedia about other people with the surname Kandinsky.
6fc76ecdd40dfeed701ebe398cf64813b000cd68	Vasily Vasilyevich Kandinsky (December 16 (4), 1866, Moscow — December 13, 1944, Neuilly sur Seine, France) was an outstanding Russian painter, graphic artist and fine art theorist, one of the founders of abstract art. He was one of the founders of the group "Blue Rider", a teacher at the Bauhaus.
4d2b2485e1ba717c3f76838e96b154853aa7bcd0	Born in Moscow, he received his basic musical and artistic education in Odessa, when the family moved there in 1871.
05899e975f1da9be27fc2d2e1d16cffedeb58902	His parents assumed for his son the profession of a lawyer, Vasily Vasilyevich brilliantly graduated from the Law Faculty of Moscow State University.
2d05d38ed5391c3c292b71138c82c058ff9120b0	In 1896, the famous University of Dorpat in Tartu offered a professor's position, but Kandinsky refused.
521ea3ac383a84ada7879a676e597d9d46a28117	So, for a number of reasons, at the age of 30, he decided to become an artist; this was influenced by the Impressionist exhibition in Moscow in 1895 and the painting "Haystacks" by Claude Monet.
b322a694c35f3d5114f675a0e1bf007175dd1b39	In 1896, he moved to Munich, where he met the German Expressionists.
b14b1117a6ce8c6623cc986fff13fecb2d9938ac	After the outbreak of the First World War, he returned to Moscow, but, not agreeing with the attitude to art in Soviet Russia, in 1921 he left for Germany again.
96c038518744725bf419eafaa7fc45dc9da34371	After the closing of the Bauhaus by the Nazis, he moved with his wife to France, in 1939 he received French citizenship.
9265df5f9394e514b9b741e33ff82335926cfc3b	1 Biography 2 The best years 3 The most famous works 4 Solo exhibitions 5 Essays 6 Memory 7 Sources 8 Bibliography 8.1 Albums, catalogs, monographs, collections of articles 8.2 Articles
5b63ff69a2c493b66bb5cb5e7d6b198585be8006	9 Notes 10 References
3cc68b47e15eb86e373faa72782289dc488d2715	Kandinsky came from a family of Nerchinsk merchants, descendants of convicts.
621954d09a8213d5978616be8ffe5346dbb7c433	His great grandmother was the Tunguska princess Gantimurova, and his father was a representative of the ancient Trans Baikal (Kyakhta) family of Kandinsky, who derive themselves from the surname of the princes of the Mansiysk Kondinsky principality.
5c010de340d1e8ee9844b79b3d8e1564107bafb9	Vasily Kandinsky was born on December 16 (December 4, 1866) in Moscow, in the family of merchant Vasily Silvestrovich Kandinsky (1832-1926).
36dc9538d9d034a717181d904f778e458ae6226b	During his childhood, he traveled with his parents to Europe and Russia.
031bc10391c0bb37ee390b4924d9468f32ae279f	In 1871, the family settled in Odessa, where the future artist graduated from the gymnasium, also receives art and music education.
9b337155076bc0e0d09dc32f5981137f59979587	In 1885-93 (with a break in 1889-91), he studied at the Faculty of Law of Moscow University, where he studied at the Department of Political Economy and Statistics under the supervision of Professor A. I. Chuprov, studying economics and law.
84847b6ba0a85745e218ada95f5ea956e9882d3f	In 1889, he interrupted his studies for health reasons, and from May 28 (June 9) to July 3 (July 17), he made an ethnographic expedition to the northern counties of the Vologda province[1].
5e9d996d1f002af9be613d3f6da8047eeca8fbb7	In 1893, V. Kandinsky graduated from the Faculty of Law.
b1f1118dd4c07899e283bf0531ca95597b7efd93	In (1895-1896) he worked as an artistic director of the printing house of the Partnership of I. N. Kushnerev and Co., on Pimenovskaya Street, in Moscow.
afac749f58d7fb7667bbb075c8af6853a42b38b4	Kandinsky chose his career as an artist relatively late — at the age of 30.
e6ce94a985aff01e5486246e2499492f8d9464f2	In 1896, he settled in Munich and then remained in Germany until 1914.
2c3cccac2e9b67388cadf08e9a6c09623b3d70ee	In Munich, he met with Russian artists: A. G. Yavlensky, M. V. Verevkina, V. G. Bekhteev, D. N. Kardovsky, M. V. Dobuzhinsky, I. Ya.
85f68b949edebc2c9f1af8e1671c49e3c4dccdcf	Bilibin, K. S. Petrov Vodkin, I. E. Grabar.
1d005f013181715e3e48a838cf01e8b889dcce95	Since 1897, he studied painting in the private studio of A. Ashbe.[2]
d161b6fec74edb474bfdd8b491fb97d6a59f28ad	In 1900, he entered the Munich Academy of Fine Arts, where he studied under Franz von Stuck.
4f1b104a0d4a1ae2455b4061369cad3d255abf2a	Since 1901, Kandinsky created the art association "Phalanx", organized a school with him, in which he himself taught.
35255b049556304d1268157380777e5c6a492bc1	Since 1900, Kandinsky has traveled a lot, visiting North Africa, Italy, France; he visits Odessa and Moscow.
61745aa6c24a3ffbf5a4efdb079dd112c0a80553	He participated in exhibitions of the Moscow Association of Artists.
ca8f9f87cb173a75c51cd155bcbf5a86e5f0d091	"Amazon". 1911.
47bead334a2c2f20874ebbe1e3e86d624dcce788	Azerbaijan Museum of Art, Baku
e1e575962890dce00a94e621901591129786227a	In 1910 and 1912, he also participated in exhibitions of the art association "Jack of Diamonds".
bcabcb24c2b1317cbb7d97978fdb915b440bebab	During these years, he developed an innovative concept of the" rhythmic " use of color in painting.
a5796b367e8d480d6152cbde54ef0ca13005434a	In 1909, Kandinsky organized the "New Munich Art Association", in 1911 the almanac and the group "Blue Rider", whose members were famous expressionist artists, Franz Mark, Alexey Jawlensky, Marianna Verevkina, as well as Paul Klee.
4dfffb6f8a1cb5ddf4c90e62ce94e0db333ea022	At the same time, he had his first solo exhibition.
b309d1a8955c279e1f4ad818ff8f765a83a834ef	In 1914, the artist returned to Moscow.
fe2a10f73c225b7a847ebf1b2c9ac4a64fe3f704	In the following years, he worked on realistic and semi abstract canvases, mainly landscapes.
4a874cc7e4057c50e81a770939b5ce1f1a39efe7	On February 11, 1917, he married Nina Nikolaevna Andreevskaya (1893-1980).
a47cd3123b8e53a793a5ccf04aef8cc1a3ed02a7	After the Revolution of 1917 Kandinsky was actively engaged in public work.
0af52b0ba827d8d2fade151d81b3b6a5d904c3d9	In 1918, he participated in the organization of monument protection, the creation of the Museum of Picturesque Culture and the Russian Academy of Art Sciences, taught at VKhUTEMAS and published an autobiographical book "Steps" (Moscow, 1918).
55d9661afb7911fe75d635f8d4b445f8ef8835c5	In 1918-1919, he was a member of the art board of the Department of the People's Commissariat of Education, in 1919-1921 — chairman of the All Russian Procurement Commission, scientific consultant and head of the reproduction workshop, honorary professor of Moscow University.
b6104812cbc5f24289c7946b733664b2723d858a	Kandinsky was also elected vice president of the RAHN.
df59237931839cc063186b6eb2c7ecd18f428d42	He continued to write — during this period, in particular, decorative compositions on glass "Amazon" (1918) and "Amazon in the Mountains" (1919) were created.
44cdf75ecc5209e308c6fb87e76ed69e3ff37863	In December 1921, Kandinsky went to Berlin to organize a branch of the RAHN.
7a6348f46b48f1f5a9fe32b0ad79b044eb3714e0	He participated in the First exhibition of Russian art in Germany.
ea4675c627412268fb48adadfb05f26487fcb839	He has not returned to Russia.
33afabd00beb11fae585672a982b4217de49067e	In Berlin, Vasily Kandinsky began teaching painting and became a prominent theorist of the Bauhaus school.
b511787572a5164e88ae102282a2c5d7f247199f	Soon Kandinsky received worldwide recognition as one of the leaders of abstract art.
ae6c508c3350bf1badef68c62dc89e76305b53db	In 1928, the artist took German citizenship, but when the Nazis came to power in 1933, he emigrated to France.
40045942348cd568fc4d8679d0b6fe0f31f0bbe8	From 1933 to 1944, he lived in Paris, actively participating in the international artistic process.
379b9aa213f8cccc4f4117f8747676dfbd78f67d	In 1939, Vasily Kandinsky took French citizenship.
75a517e30ee5eddcc7a37f7bec72c256f4c0cd87	He died on December 13, 1944 in the Paris suburb of Neuilly sur Seine.
aacc1e12fd9a6d7ec4d5c83125d8321e8da4f0e3	He was buried in the New Cemetery of Neuilly, located in the communes of Puteaux and Nanterre near Paris.
4133bc532efe1e1601f29ec0033dce0b7e839eca	The best years[edit / edit wiki text]
574122eea83dea4c0226e4c7e0b77c8f7fd3b28a	The heyday of the artist's creativity falls on the years when he taught summer courses at the Munich art school (Münchner Malschule Phalanx), which went to the town of Kallmünz, located in a picturesque area at the confluence of the Fils with the Neb.
72eb25cce4ad96b9bad2e5006ff976f3ff2dd179	In everyday life, this town is called "The Pearls of the Oberpfalz" Here, 35 year old Kandinsky got close to Gabriele Munter, a 26 year old student of the school.
98c6d2183d99d5b78f98bb27386c3b5ac4dc7afe	However, he did not formalize the marriage, although in 1911 he divorced his first wife Anna Chemyakina.
21351ffb28e8ff50d695da4f70c0703dbe8992bc	After the outbreak of World War II, they separated due to Kandinsky's departure to Russia, but in 1915 they spent three months together again in Stockholm.
040822ffafcad18892b6d6502620cb7667ee40ac	By this time, Gabriela had already become a real artist, although her manner was different from Kandinsky's style.
385158186a09b1949490a8fb9b88902390dde576	During the years of Nazism, his works were classified as "degenerate art" and were not exhibited anywhere.
7ed704c83c6b868d6c14c37c447e49a5605c4834	However, some of them were saved by Gabriela, who lived permanently in Murnau am Staffelsee in the house in which she lived with Vasily.
22e51f9a9022911d69c35533e42e14dad1237953	She died there in 1962.
6d80b5a4cf475753b35208d00e046f8f63a3aac8	The most famous works[edit / edit wiki text]
6477ef556c3fd1282847b8dea04bb0401050ba93	"Oscillation" "Composition" "Moscow" "East".
7db88e5caf44255b8558772c75d2295248683393	List of works [show]
73c0415a90a34af0628616e353137fac78eb41fd	"The Blue Rider", 1903, "Two on a horse", 1906, "Motley Life", 1907, " Rock.
794e69a6005edc2b038c2e08d5abab06a300f392	Red Wall", 1909, "Blue Mountain", 1909, "Ladies in crinolines", 1909, "Interior (my dining room)", 1909, "Lake", 1910, "Improvisation No.
b599aa6fde09a4b3704e333a81759596357741a4	7", 1910, "Etude to "Composition II"", 1910, "Untitled (The first abstract watercolor)", 1910, "Composition IV", 1911, "Composition V", 1911, "Impression III (Concert)", 1911, "Painting with a black arch", 1912, "Painting with a white border", 1913, "Little joys", 1913, "Composition VI", 1913, "Composition VII", 1913, "Improvisation.
cb6483cd02bdf4f671e7d90e09bdde18ce3cc686	The Flood", 1913, "Fugue", 1914, " Moscow.
50bae7d15007cce6ab6611ec92880ea59afe374d	Red Square", 1916, " Moscow.
248a2cd9b938bd44a6d9cf07242d6dab49fd5e91	Zubovskaya Square", about 1916, "Vague", 1917, "Gray oval", 1917, "Twilight", 1917, "White oval", 1919, "Composition VIII", 1923, "In a black square", 1923, "Yellow, red, blue", 1925, "A little Dream in red", 1925, "Several circles", 1926, "Up", 1929, "Gentle ascent", 1934, "Dominant curve", 1936, "Composition IX", 1936, "Motley Ensemble", 1938, "Composition X", 1939, "Around the Circle", 1940, "Sky Blue", 1940, "Various incidents", 1941, "The Last watercolor", 1944,
e0a840ff278ce4dd24c3c68e9efd1035207e0165	Personal exhibitions[edit / edit wiki text]
0c1136edc3451d4ac4a425c7132f8372fd5a66a7	2011-2012 - "Kandinsky and the Blue Horseman", Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, Department of Personal Collections, Moscow, October 5, 2011 January 15, 2012[3]
a1bdd861e724d0ed6749516cca07c79a70f349f2	Vasily Kandinsky.
6221116debb2cdac89dbb65b96a05a7db1fcfd99	About the spiritual in art. - 1910.
319b52acb7e0c1a8f0224a9130270b169304995e	V. V. Kandinsky (the artist's text). - M., 1918.
0bb6572cd6cb1605821d83245525855228960d41	Über das Geistige in der Kunst.
304e2e025706bd0af4e576795f0c77ba6e3a8a5d	- Münch., 1912 (in Russian, in part, in the book: Proceedings of the All Russian Congress of Artists in Petrograd. December 1911 January 1912. - Vol. 1 — - [P., 1914]. - pp. 47-76).
011418fd5ebb13c5a022d2c5a2b11d60876071ca	Punkt und Linie zu Fläche.
ff094b91e289d2048731a2d04a6df77210dafaa6	Beitrag zur Analyse der malerischen Elemente.
22626fdf1e9f5f964a74d34c85ffdbfc5583b03f	- Münch., 1926 (in Russian in the book: Kandinsky V. Point and line on the plane. - St. Petersburg: Azbuka klastika, 2005. - pp. 63-232. Translated from the German by Elena Kozina).
a7e1693aade6a4d6d043816ea0cfd0a60d2d08d0	Kandinsky V. Selected works on the theory of art in 2 volumes / Ed. collegium and comp.
c5b67c4c1ca58a3f6a10925e9f1730e6f5d073a4	B. Avtonomova, D. V. Sarabyanov, V. S. Turchin.
1b294e7b1a0d8db017282b100ba51b312b92e5a4	- 2001.
83ed6cbb82e039bf2f464bf84378915ab4990e65	- Shooting gallery. 1300 copies, additional edition of 1000 copies.
cefe722b4b6ac24415f96459d10fa047efb8c062	Kandinsky V. V.
8042ff5ec3496a4bf1f65801ca2d9db7c882906a	On the spiritual in art (Painting) / Report[4] at the All Russian Congress of Artists in 1911 (in the absence of the author, the report was read by N. I. Kulbin).
1fe246780a87f6c25632b0a78403fadc70794555	In 2007, the annual Kandinsky Prize was established in Russia.
4fd34b61de644e936b3da83e7d99747a1192a70d	The main criterion for choosing the winners is how much this or that artist has influenced the situation in modern Russian art with his latest works.
9ed18ce80d41e28f3551c8a4371edf17667c9a3f	On August 6, 2012, a crater on Mercury was named in honor of Kandinsky[5].
ce55106a76ed47b3023459d64abfee8953a36580	The Aeroflot Airbus A319 (VP BUN) aircraft is named after " V. Kandinsky".
1a6c8afbf3726357aee5b2b1912a637f1b7b9666	Personal file of Vasily Kandinsky, opened in the Imperial Commissariat for the Protection of Public Order in Germany (RGVA. F. 772k, Op. 3, d. 464).
b655d6a222f59f4b18498a79435782d9618c4f1b	Albums, catalogs, monographs, collections of articles[edit / edit wiki text]
059b1bf0ceb06e36813719dc20d03cc8151a2dc1	Dmitry Sarabyanov, Natalia Avtonomova.
d28243544998275acea07bfb9044ac2ce401e1ad	- Moscow: Galart, 1994 — - 238 p — - 5000 copies.
a51d47797bd77e0f89cd0352bb90687b672e7bbe	— ISBN 5-269-00880-7.
65124d6203503871e5176abdadc68d14ff01bee7	Turchin V. Kandinsky in Russia.
dcb13f33dd42b535ec9af487b90cf5cf39e006b3	- Moscow: The artist and the book, 2005 — - 448 p.
04ec170a65c1d288d71187113f52675addd1fa12	— ISBN 5-9900349-1-1.
66bd3a527c6efce592cc0ae2d1d47dd4f6f92cf7	Althaus Karin, Hoberg Annegret, Avtonomova Natalia.
123d660b72b16a28f07a20b93514f707eedb5c51	Kandinsky and the Blue Horseman.
c67013bb670c7a8fff6d9878e13b4fc1081637ed	- Moscow: Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation, Publishing House of the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, SkanRus, 2013.
c9568e1bdc38436b870abb2ac437f47e86113f34	— ISBN 978-5-4350-0011-5.
2baefd7043b401d93350211ec91f939d4ee7780e	Articles[edit / edit wiki text]
4376d5479a594e99670e38c66073db1b3108cfef	Reinhardt L. Abstractionism.
e324f5f85c5a9a90d50e05c8284fc7a043d29ff1	/ / Modernism.
4f59c452ceff4d136072f765934d3d79c84a633a	Analysis and criticism of the main directions.
bc9ff9b79770e0b2f123f95ca5ba1405b64a1b7b	- M., 1969.
e9e6a378ab2b8c838df5b70623e8a98fa985e928	101-111.
40de6b6a88ad5d2c911b3c03b89dddd7e3f5c017	Grohmann W. Wassily Kandinsky.
b14f1de5aa2b6f3bc56df10ae338dff594a54c8d	Life and work.
d44282a38598975d046e998efb2120628652d9af	— N. Y., 1958.
0aa863e41f59c2b7244a6e767881db1b594b9361	Baedecker.
04671bceb88c7c33276b4835aa616302455c1c19	Deutschland.
363730267ab448912c535068e91d3895da6be5bb	Verlag Karl Baedeker, 2002.
e7bae106d4946cb978541e28480d0c7445ecdf95	— ISBN 3-8297-1004-6.
1c37f213822f8cc40bb89dee74b71e5137b2805c	Schulz,Paul Otto.
6875e785256f1276ddb62368356c1f1ba6bc9ccc	Ostbauern.
dcaa6d2583c80a989d5f0e7ed91cab876e2bd8dd	Köln: DuMont, 1998.
770de31344878919d9caed0a001a4a74c20d6a3a	— ISBN 3-7701-4159-8.
bb4663f32bd49c25079956ae635f74a94418b8ac	Azizyan I.
b8c2f40706a95d575b48dbb67801549aa311c91f	A. Moscow V. V. Kandinsky / / Architecture in the history of Russian culture.
2299acd76bf9724e772f859c7b269c25c75c1e96	- Vol. 2: The Capital City.
bf333c99b8a54dcfd832f65903b6e1b92ef24f0e	- Moscow: URSS, 1998 — - ISBN 5-88417-145-9 pp.
a11f69183b93eb9b4a30491c1437716ebe4960b0	66-71.
9a03bc287eeca443f52b2ab1c60307d5c67d2c9f	A. The concept of interaction of arts and the genesis of dialogism of the XX century (Vyacheslav Ivanov and Vasily Kandinsky) / / Avangard of the 1910s 1920s.
dac6bd8a77bce2b163cdc7a93180f42ddb3ff2be	Interaction of arts — - M., 1998.
1ef6b8abdd08ce4fd909c2c118187ece89805a61	Avtonomova N. B. Kandinsky and the artistic life of Russia in the early 1910s / / Poetry and painting: A collection of works in memory of N. I. Khardzhiev / Compilation and general revision by M. B. Meilakh and D. V. Sarabyanov.
e6eac1f49c6acf3afa00cb0ac4c8b1df1bb5c7fe	- M.: Languages of Russian culture, 2000.
67315cb1bd580967be68fa338b264b31e802eb22	120-128 — - ISBN 5-7859-0074-2.
09efcb3145010531e04610a4e5213ebb83053ae7	Rappaport A. Kandinsky in London / / Rossica.
11a3c5367bd44b7ab3ba2d34284881f0d3202d2d	— Issue 7/8: Revelations in Colour: Dionisy & Kandinsky.
c2942dce19a20ef3a4b03010c3a78296e6bdeb00	Or: Kandinsky in London / / Idem.
7360a3096be1748389f6d9018bf1c587d6cf3313	A. The theoretical legacy of V. V. Kandinsky in the artistic consciousness of the XX century // Questions of the theory of architecture: Architectural and theoretical thought of Modern and Modern times / Collection of scientific works edited by I.
48741be4a4c0d7a0ee96884615b308dd13eb05dc	A. Azizyan.
94ed8ef1ea16af3e7b524f304f07d9aa8eb190e2	- M.: KomKniga, 2006.
3a166d409331e05778cca2044c2131c79a8948e4	189-249.
02f86db6b02530b9647d5c375654e00bbd8cba74	Kozhev A. Concrete (objective) painting by Kandinsky (1936) / / "Atheism" and other works.
80da56c35d83d1d02449955c88d2e82aa2281a79	- Moscow: Praxis, 2007.
0207c913308c2781f642b4a96da149511f927ca1	258-294.
3c0fba58fca0a56b193f0d6a074b788de75c1021	Balakhovskaya Faina.
c511b250df1adc4a633e9f939c5922e2eb438b5a	"Kandinsky and the Blue Horseman" / / Arthronika.
4644f144fdc8df4fb5869d719a95c63ceb424652	— October 1, 2011.
63cdac05668ea42e633196ad8744ef2c98dd495c	Sokolov B. M. V. V. Kandinsky's Theory of non objective art in the 1920s 30s.
3592a8fbe818f36f3a489b6c5494559c60aa0910	From social Prophecy to artistic Messianism / / Art Studies.
9a24d3f696684632d1dd96eba6a2589325069f9e	- 2012.
c0a71cb410353e2b134558bc6eb5589b9aa52cb1	3-4.
cdf955edcdb54cb396a406b36295b80c6368af9b	171-191.
4f8da968f6ce23cbb13f0d5b346ff62cd4280b32	Vasily Kandinsky in Wikicitatnik?
9d1aa4ae0d36f5c9a1e4061839927384d5b29419	Kandinsky, Vasily Vasilyevich on Wikimedia Commons?
9507bcc7b9e996635b25c14229c94701b88a016d	Канд Kandinsky V. V. Selected works on the theory of art: In 2 vols.
badfd50340e7861907bb6c8b8a25933c77db56ba	Second edition, corrected and expanded/ Edited by N. B. Avtonomova, D. V. Sarabyanov, V. S. Turchin.
2a70200b2c7a4bb2bc51fa8b5513c3096fd50f9d	Vol. 2. 1918-1938.
9b65e0c9b01af30c07e3dbc1e948710bdb3a4284	Moscow: Gileya, 2008.
a38fda98e9f7030cfa285fd898ea69c61e9fced2	365-393, 427-438;
4cff501c3fca6ee3eeff546481796846164816f6	(2008, edition of 1500 copies) Severyukhin D. Ya., Lakind O. L. Artists of Russian emigration (1917-1941).
fd5a5d043a54707fb53d1530831ee6589ba26fdf	Biographical dictionary.
15dafb701bfec0e49126eb910792a58d17a2c7e8	St. Petersburg, 1994.
c7ef938589b98e2d0bd0b86c224612e7c3561f3c	- p. 232.
a73c4b3bad8e2db6b5908117ff144beecdd1b3cb	И. I. E. Grabar recalled this: "He wrote small landscape sketches, using not a brush, but a palette knife, and applying individual plans with bright colors.
6ef70c53e6c331fe586eb55cb8274996d1fe17de	They turned out colorful, not coordinated sketches in any way.
1e9e4b09b6cde601d033678feafb3abe09555349	We all treated them with restraint, joked among ourselves about these exercises in "purity of colors".
7abc9220e5d9f24346b84308d275060d0a9967ec	At Ashbe, Kandinsky also did not succeed too much and did not shine at all with talents.
00660e9bcba3fc4750891872795ac10b86eaf0d8	" / / Grabar I. E. My life.
03ae7edb0b8f04c7cafddeb7c05f8da873c98954	Avtomonografiya.
09eebd1c59bc4989bb495ae6779600f31993e344	M.-L., 1937.
60099f7c32e1c869b26ca729ed3352f89467fe59	Бал Balakhovskaya Faina.
a25407e8a1543b43ce2f8a0c5975afe37c2da21d	Творчество Creativity No.
05d6f80ee89c4f817cc22089562b23c82034ebd2	8, 9, 10. 1988;
6b56f9f977f226477ab6d93a368cec9aa5dde853	1. 1989 ↑ Kandinsky — on the website of the IAU working group on planetary nomenclature the system
765c650632b99cbf579be7a1e637b8dea66341ff	Vasily Kandinsky: more than 400 paintings, photos, biography, books, quotes Vasily Kandinsky: life and work The family tree of the Kandinsky family List of works
2658c222f7d0bc7fc6605a8e284544ef1b5be3da	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kandinsky, _vasily Vasilyevich&oldid=75127866"
f9777bf8f8cca5d8dccc9a88c2893974cf241bca	Russian Russian Russian Russian Artists Categories: Born on December 16, Born in 1866 Persons alphabetically Born in Moscow Died on December 13, Died in 1944, Died in Neuilly sur Seine Artists alphabetically Students of Anton Azhbe Artists of the XX century Artists of Germany Artists of France Russian emigrants of the first wave in Germany Russian emigrants of the first wave in France Artists of the Russian avant garde Theorists of the Russian avant garde Artists of Russia Artists of Moscow Artists abstract Artists of Russia Artists of abstract abstraction Artists of France Artists of geometric abstraction Artists of expressionists of Russia Graduates of the Faculty of Law of Moscow State University Graduates of the Munich Academy of Arts Bauhaus Bauhaus teachers Buried in Neuilly sur Seine Who immigrated to Germany from the USSR Who immigrated to France from Germany Graduates of the Odessa Art School Vasily Kandinsky
8b62a2a2ed28219cfd6766f54930f9e12b60d605	Alemannisch العربية Azərbaycanca Belarusian Belarusian (tarashkevitsa) भोजपुरी Bosanski Brezhoneg Bulgarian Català Čeština Cushla Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Suomi Français Galego עברית Hrvatski Magyar Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Ido Kazakh Italiano 日本語 ქართული 한국어 Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Latviešu മലയാളം Macedonian Malagasy Nederlands Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Piemontèis پنجابی Português Română Sardu Scots Srpskohrvatski / srpskohrvatski Simple English Slovenčina Slovenscina Srpski / Svenska தமிழ் ไทย srpski Türkçe Ukrainian Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 中文 Bân lâm gú
09eb7c3541b0ff0bd346e3e3c26488e27c670e40	Last modified on this page: 21: 01, December 15, 2015.
bcb2bd316ba7ddba9615ad97ab8d3e801bcb6df7	The main directions of fine art of the XX century
33efa812dcf344af0efdbde8943aeea367f515f9	Abstract Futurism Cubism Purism Surrealism Fauvism Expressionism Suprematism Avant garde Cubofuturism Neoplasticism Orphism
189771708210ce23b61577352c35d6772525883d	Postmodernism
11ab40325a5d870fc5248398cae729cf6d06165b	Abstract Expressionism Ready Made PopArt Primitivism No Art Optical Graffiti Hyperrealism Land Art Minimalism
efb16cda49631831420c364f0c86e932f0e4d5f6	Artists Gallery Links Books
3fdf461cfb84446e4e2cfdbb893c1388aace353a	The Central Exhibition Hall in Perm hosts the exhibition "Bag"
bfbf6b7163ef9ee4ca45bae631c73f33f5cc3782	15.04.2015
1027fef2e762022fc15c2609340c355d4220c7dd	The opening of the exhibition, where two expositions of world famous artists Pyotr Frolov and Natalia Tur are presented, took place on February 27.
ea8f890ebd4cf4d2317edccda619575da25a9b81	There are no funds in the Louvre for the exhibition of Jeff Koons
672619e8531b1fb4571521744e4fa3cf8c1d45d9	13.04.2015
e000db8a1f45ba2e66ebcf329aae3e268796b0b3	The management of the Louvre was forced to cancel an exhibition of works by the artist Jeff Koons due to lack of funding.
8ce97a082f98f6b2ccda738e55d17406716b541c	10 years after the cancellation, it was decided to return the Edvard Munch Award
947b5577b855fee2ed0bf9847382df6333005b53	10.04.2015
1b7f2c6b885f85ab8205eb961f1804fd5b6539d4	Finally, after many years of calm, the premium has been restored.
00144ce72b92afd9f003919a6189f807ed980dd8	This happened thanks to the support of the Norwegian oil and gas company Statoil.
98d77803b3dbcb3eae2b2cfc1c5cf865a1efb774	Pete Mondrian
ae2adefa001dff43b958d19d4a7e241ed41baeef	MONDRIAN, PETE
71d7b13192ccbed342514624624d6c6c920e4ad3	(nast. name Peter Cornelis (Mondrian, Mondriaan Piet) (1872-1944), Dutch artist.
12ecfec8cdf06c80a0ddbffbd9749b95ffbefdf8	His paintings, which are combinations of rectangles and lines, are an example of the most strict, uncompromising geometric abstraction in modern painting.
4e8766d4bf40f3dbbaa529bad599bb6066f8330c	Born on March 7, 1872 in Amersfoort.
ecf7f72aa09166144d69b354d523e0f2a8929159	His first works were written in a realistic style.
1be5c2fd08931a3a93ccabcc6d113f155d042f74	In 1914, the artist returned to Holland to his father, who was dying, and remained in his homeland throughout the First World War, and in 1919 he went back to Paris.
2552607dd642a473a478f4498fdff3120d4ee58c	By this time he was already a member of the circle, which included Theo van Dusburg, Aud, Rietveld and van Esteren.
e612aa9a9886925250b6a32027ec0f48aa6f8bb3	All of them were adherents of modernism, worked in styles close to Mondrian's painting, and may have had some influence on him in the transition from cubist compositions to pure geometric forms of red, yellow and blue rectangles.
f0c8ef2efd3ab49c58a3a6016dfa3d78c6ace3e1	In 1917, Mondrian and Theo van Dusburg founded the avant garde magazine "De Stil" and a group with the same name.
40297782be439d3f0b9ffc67dc8c8d9d3a78fbd0	The aesthetic theory underlying this trend was called neoplasticism.
77219e072b7e25c1ab795b112f12bb26c20de262	In accordance with the requirements of neoplasticism Mondrian further reduced his artistic means, using only white, gray, black and the most intense tones of the main colors of the spectrum By 1920, the Mondrian style was fully formed.
83b99d263678c12e00ebebddb74aa11002a9066a	Through the rejection of particulars and details, he hoped to achieve a clearer expression of the universal fundamental principles of creativity, striving to find what he called "pure plastic reality".
11be4b8a28e040448a059f7fddcd0ebd3e85db43	In 1940, Mondrian moved to New York; two years later, his first solo exhibition took place.
542c89e0d12aadd83516a66a0e3cdfde96c3342b	In one of the artist's last works, Boogie Woogie on Broadway (New York, the Museum of Modern Art), there was a tendency to move away from the strict classical principles of the avant garde.
fb1bbc27d923cf61f2747367be4f5b1c0d780f05	In this work, small squares are dotted on a grid of lines, which gives the whole composition a new syncopated complexity and playfulness of rhythm.
1f9c18770a8135ce06fac07117d24fca6f9464e9	Neoplasticism
96a2139ec7c69fbec1baaa536a1f621835a94c07	Balla Giacomo Beckman Max Vasareli Victor Goncharova Natalia Sergeevna Gris Juan Dali Salvador Jones Jasper Duchamp Marcel Jeanneret Charles Edouard (Le Corbusier) Kandinsky Vasily Vasilyevich Klee Paul Kooning Willem De Larionov Mikhail Fedorovich Matisse Henri Malevich Kazimir Severinovich Mondrian Pete Ozanfan Amede Pollock Jackson Picasso Pablo Rousseau, Henri Julien Felix Warhol Andy Frantisek Kupka Rodchenko Alexander Mikhailovich
58845fbba198fff0a110595ee55fab908ae4744f	© 2006–2015 20century art.ru
13fecdb3cd40ff8cc94f76b3ba88a5694c10fbac	The Blue Rider
fef71c630a9093fbde9630216cabe4316c0c4988	The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on April 20, 2015; checks require 3 edits.
6a104d618eb1affb266b710725209b4f9a93a3c4	Franz Mark.
5dafc379b0ba36ff66adce77c46bbc3990bd2184	The Tower of the Blue Horses (1913)
83bc82b91778992a7c08bccd616ae11adb02edec	The Blue Rider (German. Der Blaue Reiter) is a creative association of representatives of expressionism (mainly artists) at the beginning of the XX century in Germany.
9fa6fa117501cdcc345d1c52560b60b103d36767	The association produced an almanac of the same name.
95a101554d71964d61b4276b75933063034d449f	1 History 2 Participants 3 Notes 4 Bibliography
e5addff663d90f1fd733893943f51642f24dd387	The Blue Rider Association was founded in December 1911 in Munich by Vasily Kandinsky and Franz Mark.
404d68bda63ac804a8ec924e6f59c0248141c855	The main goal was to get rid of the petrified traditions of academic painting.
7ec41b8560829239bf8b79d3870b56f9d1604589	In addition to them, the group also included August Make, Marianna Verevkina, Alexey Yavlensky and Paul Klee.
409c7b7801df1fa959c971833b1ecf3dfd06ada8	Dancers and composers also participated in the work of this artistic group.
96b61e3903108b183be82dbc4114a7a14f7df759	We came up with the name Blue Rider at a coffee table in the garden in Sindeldorf.
8f8c1342f6cd539083a73a5041c4ea82930d0355	We both loved blue, Mark — horses, I riders.
fe20235cf88f6f39b33104c8eb0129d4cb3361a7	And the name came by itself[1].
97ad37687d0458a0ac08313c4ee08f3b2f6c2311	Participants[edit / edit wiki text]
26216b86219b8a4d4a18963c90e7c6a4056b3e58	Vasily Kandinsky Franz Mark Marianna Verevkina Gabriela Munter Paul Klee Moses Kogan Alexey Jawlensky August Make Alfred Kubin
e03aa964961adfe0754002c14582540d03d5ceed	Д Dempsey E. Styles, schools, directions.
d2882af74e190100363908295574533a162b3612	A guide to contemporary art. - Moscow: Art XXI century, 2008.
2cd11d9fb32fb6366eb02684692d6277b2bc7150	94 — - ISBN 978-5-98051-053-4.
50c37961fe72843a1cd46cd333fc6f0c281e68ac	The Blue Rider / Edited by V. Kandinsky and F. Mark.
886fc6ccbb2b4a9dd1fb55804ebb4ea5b206f148	Translation, comments and articles by Z. S. Pyshnovskaya.
b29c3a504e7ec17a79d6b5b9e2850e493f42c009	- M.: Izobraz. art, 1996.
0d0219b6ca141294f027372dd117ffebc2365988	Dempsey E.
89a930b0d4f207946e2908a7827167c9b49aafdd	The Blue Rider / / Styles, schools, directions.
de462aea3afa098f19f7c4fb6dbbca5a0e6ff048	A guide to contemporary art. - Moscow: Iskusstvo XXI century, 2008 — - ISBN 978-5-98051-053-4.
220aee81cb9dc8d758ee9c51914458a78233a393	[hide] Blue Rider Founders Vasily Kandinsky | Franz Marc Participants Marianna Verevkina | Gabriel Munter | Paul Klee | Moisey Kogan | Alexey Yavlensky | August Makey | Alfred Kubin | David Burlyuk | Vladimir Burlyuk | Lionel Feininger | Arnold Schoenberg | Robert Delaunay | Heinrich Kampendonk
e66985cad138714e1018ebc31ed5a8cbbbcfb5e5	Neo Impressionism · Intimacy · Pointillism · Cloisonism · Synthetism · "Nabi" · Art Nouveau The beginning of the XX century.
e45994db95f81d88b66dd10d6fc28ef662e56d7d	Find and arrange links to authoritative sources confirming what was written in the form of footnotes.
1bcd7086cbd353f38b0cc5c19db10daa068251a3	By putting footnotes, make more precise references to the sources.
bf2d6963110756dac844c82e8363fa638448136d	Regulatory control
38a6ffd5b5d8ae2017a7de45d85944d7b0db70ad	SUDOC: 083793704 · VIAF: 219408214
78d87ca8a5ea6c6b794f7d3701b04b56aca54745	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue Rider&oldid=73269208"
fa6d41147fb5eb4835827d11fbc8fc018f6077a9	Categories: Blue rider expressionist artists of Germany Vasily Kandinsky
23767fa6ce9f192ec460b7d1a3a04b65e181b4e7	Hidden categories: Wikipedia:Articles without links to Wikipedia sources:Articles without footnotes
9f19796a75efbf33c520908efc64976f7e7a6333	Alemannisch العربية Azərbaycanca Belarusian Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Suomi Français Gaeilge Galego עברית Hrvatski Magyar Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 한국어 Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Nederlands Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Srpskohrvatski / srpskohrvatski Slovenčina Srpski / srpski Svenska ไทย Türkçe Ukrainian Tiếng Việt 中文
28a866225de2fb797e6795773e2ca3876a0151e6	Last modified on this page: 08: 35, September 11, 2015.
868c8d0c45428eb5a366b809db3d359271956a39	DesigNonStop
d1aaa135ebbcc3ddebf5da59913a4567cada8295	all the most interesting things about web design
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6a0ac599be23eaa1c8cdd6603261b77c17e479da	INSPIRATION Assorted According to the styles of Classics Masters Horizons
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16676af86f26cac54fdcb66bc96f4074a3105fc6	Abstract art a style in the visual arts and its varieties
9beb95edf675ad892362c96a0926591f2cb3acbd	Natasha Clover Web Design / Trends 15-05-2012 For me, the style of abstractionism is primarily a confrontation with the logic of civilization.
69f8f0279491238cafdd85d019a3046c55dd47ac	The entire history of civilization of the last century is built on formulas, algorithms, principles, equations and rules.
c629bd78cbfd522fe9cc1501a97f7bf57fcbbdfa	However, a person tends to strive for balance and harmony.
cf5c837104ec632bcee35bc3f1a1324cecb46baf	In this connection, at the dawn of the century of the scientific and technical revolution, such an art trend appears, which does not obey the classical canons of drawing, but on the contrary, serves as its goal to give freedom to the unconscious and chaotic, at first glance devoid of meaning, but thereby giving a person the opportunity to free himself from the influence of norms and dogmas and preserve inner harmony.
bd457d03ee90e5e54569356015b85db1a30dff75	Abstract art (from the Latin abstractus remote, abstract) is a very broad trend in the art of the XX century, which arose in the early 1910s in several European countries.
9f9eb75bf01634573d476d1f1b02c3f2ae59c4ca	Abstract art is characterized by the use of exclusively formal elements to represent reality, where imitation or accurate representation of reality was not an end in itself.
a6c365fcfc00c597ba650f13189a0a4417eeb1a1	The founders of abstract art are Russian artists Vasily Kandinsky and Kazimir Malevich, the Dutchman Piet Mondrian, the Frenchman Robert Delaunay and the Czech František Kupka.
45b389977c5f87c669b7b2d63ce11fb5fe767255	Their method of drawing was based on the desire for" harmonization", the creation of certain color combinations and geometric shapes in order to evoke various associations in the beholder.
106fd5ed52906aa8f27a319b9467b4a30fe51195	Cubism is an avant garde trend in the visual arts, which originated at the beginning of the XX century and is characterized by the use of emphasized conventional forms of geometric form, the desire to" split " real objects into stereometric primitives.
cda4332b1d6c298c63949976f3b642015a8d94ad	Rayonism — Rayism) is a trend in abstract art of the 1910s, based on the displacement of light spectra and light transmission.
4451c9cf34c2cc9bf181f22c752fae105efdb1f7	The idea of the appearance of forms from the "intersection of the reflected rays of various objects" is characteristic, since a person actually perceives not the object itself, but "the sum of the rays coming from the light source reflected from the object".
848cccec85bbe6ca6a507607f65269b2c8398d1b	Neoplasticism is the designation of the direction of abstract art that existed in 1917-1928 in the Netherlands and united artists grouped around the magazine "De Stijl"("Style").
398eb5d8bd32c4527d2b8f58b441444a9af4d675	Clear rectangular forms in architecture and abstract painting in the arrangement of large rectangular planes painted in the main colors of the spectrum are characteristic.
0bfe3741de4f8ff53477359ca39ba90c3d6a878c	Orphism is a trend in French painting of the 1910s.
48055d2f34e0ccd04a9bab301aa2f111108701f0	Orphist artists sought to express the dynamics of movement and the musicality of rhythms with the help of" regularities " of the interpenetration of the main colors of the spectrum and the intersection of curved surfaces.
6b82198062237aeda8fa05e9ab2e318be09718d3	Suprematism is a trend in avant garde art, founded in the 1910s by Malevich.
fc4d6420030a0d150ce91837d11b6d246c8e33af	It was expressed in combinations of multi colored planes of the simplest geometric outlines.
46e3a46f63301bf1888ce68a4185a21c62a4ab44	The combination of multi colored geometric shapes forms balanced asymmetric suprematic compositions permeated with internal movement.
31ac3d5465d5869fbf84b76e284da3092a845ed3	Tashism is a trend in Western European abstractionism of the 1950s and 60s, which was most widespread in the United States.
8c0300921dca0430c9cdbae0fe716955b3edd604	Abstract expressionism is the movement of artists who paint quickly and on large canvases, using non geometric strokes, large brushes, sometimes dripping paint on the canvas, for the fullest identification of emotions.
dfcfeb1cd496ec5168522620117303ac73d95a98	The expressive method of painting here often has the same meaning as the drawing itself.
0498b257c80b78e4a492bfcc99826e06b153ef27	A short link to this post: http://www.designonstop.com/?p=7198
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9f98e7c4ffb9afa1986ad3155842fd549cca6727	And here is another interesting thing: Futurism – style in fine art and its features (1) Baroque – style in fine art and its features (0) Steampunk – style in modern art and its features (6) Dadaism – style in fine art and its features (0) Modern – style in painting and architecture and its distinctive features (7) Expressionism – style in fine art and its features (0) Impressionism – style in fine art and its features (3) The influence of historical art trends on modern design: Pop art (13) The main points of checking the web design and evaluating the state of the site (2)
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2ece45d69b626059b4d402ea5868439d5ecd211a	Maria Trudler15-05-2012 .
fac398879a5659791da1d1461d3ffa1fb8ade1c9	16:32# 1
aa6585374153480a399abee32f1164de3ce681fe	I really liked your introduction, Natasha, especially the first phrase is accurate.
a4186b94a9b5d557155c1ec29c976d6341f280f4	You wrote well.
70f9371ff61ef2e00e3d71282fab2f44390737ba	Freedom from the slavery of formulas and inner harmony is the meaning.
f30310ee302484f5bc3d6f946d989780c48189e8	My favorite direction in painting is abstract art.
9267aa50c0adda6905e7f4ca5b68f94d4f72f2dd	In all its many varieties.
d5a9b354342d74bb266c3924f3a475e3ad082b2f	And what currents are close to you: with blurred, indeterminate shapes, spots or clear contours in which symbols are visible?
3ced7578474cda42dfb44731c341761cb81f568a	Natasha Klever16-05-2012 .
5486407f7b276436af3982efd0b049ec01aecdec	13:19# 2
376742b6d79b82b2346192bdca9d6c244175a6cb	@Maria Trudler:
5b26c3c35199670f5423883530783c0dd803e0ac	And when I wrote this post, I was thinking about you))
81a50463255b2121ace8fe79d69d90f6c55ca6f6	I prefer an abstraction with clear contours, in which symbols are visible.
3ebbbe4e1a80d4b97ecf1974bc068a8ba7e07c44	Moreover, these symbols sometimes appear after the work is finished, and the bizarre interweaving of lines gives rise to new images…
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ac6add22b96032aca4fa6b03b12965bde89397aa	My name is Natasha.
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a077e55eeac5ba9a6f15b0a055259ab57660c20a	BIOGRAPHY Vasily Vasilyevich Kandinsky was born on December 4, 1866 in Moscow in the family of a tea merchant.
a710fe73822c15f8059ae24a6e1c0e504aaa8e56	In 1871, the family of the future artist moved to Odessa.
328039c6c17831d2b64d0cf519e53f2cdaf1b8bb	There, Kandinsky also graduates from a classical gymnasium, and also receives an art and music education.
ab30bb91ea4614c01217fdaca81941c4c448f802	In 1886, he entered the Moscow University at the Faculty of Law, graduating six years later, simultaneously with his marriage to his cousin Anna Shemyakina.
3850df1f8d4440f981e0807e8ce62b88c9f65f1a	In 1893, he defended his dissertation on the topic "On the legality of labor wages", three years later he moved to Munich, studied art at the Aschbe Art School.
4ed1b71454cb776a8914596171254f540ecfc3e0	At the courses of Franz von Stuck, Kandinsky meets the Swiss Paul Klee, a future friend and colleague.
a4e59cf6ca70d0c6bc48b397a08f95d7e76fdda8	1901 the foundation of the creative union "Phalanx", acquaintance with the German artist Gabriela Munter, the first joint exhibitions…
f5b50415645301bef6f913ad1f59de8e74fac131	September 1904 divorce from his wife, further rapprochement with Gabriela…
b7df497312db6d1132d78014f51bf25af0f9c058	In 1911, Kandinsky joined a new, more powerful, creative association "The Blue Rider", founded by Franz Mark.
29ebccb52f317caa6065dff202c8f0cbb9d5403e	1910-11 in fact, the discovery of abstractionism ("The first abstract watercolor" 1910-13, "Composition 5", 1911, "Improvisation 20", 1911)
afb89dd7fc6ab21617c56acb59ef8071f202af0a	1914 return to Russia (Moscow), the end of relations with Munter.
e58a05fb72c506c9b3cc0512da2366790a435e89	1917 marriage to Nina Andreevskaya, the daughter of a general.
18bdbca125d23981afdfb984e09256131fa4a913	With the advent of Soviet power, Kandinsky occupies high positions in the People's Commissariat of Education, participates in the opening of new museums in the province, donating his paintings to them… the first (but not the last) the peak of creativity - paintings "Blue ridge", 1917, "Twilight", 1917, "Southern", 1917, "Twilight", 1917, "Picture with dots", 1919, "In gray", 1919…
cb6df0654477b4462beab28f5445d818efda319f	In December 1921, Kandinsky returned to Germany, participated in the activities of the "Bauhaus".
1376dd7f251c59f0061c8af2fb169469528effdd	Three years later, he joined the" Blue Four " with Paul Klee, Lionel Feininger and Alexey Yavlensky.
09d35440e7fb4558bea9c00362566d82e5309eb3	In 1937, Kandinsky's paintings, together with other avant garde artists, were shown at the exhibition "Degenerate Art"inspired by Hitler.
8c4029d402b22ef060821e9c073c751f3c22b204	Difficult times are beginning.
aaea43eade46443e25b8f97de25a96f88a3eb921	Kandinsky takes French citizenship, spends the war years in Paris.
1de18819ca6257152086da2049a76ebdff6ee92a	The last and perhaps the main peak of creativity is the technique of "biomorphic abstractions" ("The Dominant Curve", 1936, "Composition 10", 1939, "Around the Circle, 1940, "Various Incidents", 1941, "Double Chord", 1942) On December 13, 1944, Kandinsky died in Neuilly sur Seine from arteriosclerosis.
e8006bf5ceaea6e035968a02bccd903760ee07b7	V. Kandinsky in Paris REFERENCES
387ec2c0ca97e4611313526e65d2ae8d7c576053	(Biography and articles)
358c5a9efc439b283694ed77073e5121cc27a32a	V. Kandinsky " On the Spiritual in Art"
2a1deccfd8f62f1cbcd75cb1507f368045977956	V. Kandinsky "On the Spiritual in Art" (in English)
3376895e84a8c2a3bc02bc83defc3ea7b715746a	V. Kandinsky " A point and a line on a plane"
6bcb3007eafd6353b41533c57a0382b2368d6f0f	V. Kandinsky "On the understanding of art"
fda4d670d6c0ec44d2188f23e3783e5a0f6904ce	Article about Kandinsky in the Russian language Wikipedia
c70a54409986bb1aeb8a24cb6d8939fc1e4358ed	Article about Kandinsky in the English language Wikipedia
5439d1fe871eb7c10cce041a2e469af4704be4a5	I. Vanechkina, B. Galeev " Kandinsky and Scriabin: Myths and reality"
582ebdd5eb23aab421b55f6b41740f5552fb5273	"The sound of painting (V. V. Kandinsky)"
2a942a2125198ee98fc98a3be97edae15fd33f4e	Home • Links • Guest •
4e985c7810bbfaa61bbfe1e44c1c905427a71701	Fauvism
4e5f8499b87580fcdec89c83cdd97257816d5f5c	Fauvist landscape by A. Morer
b4ce0d668512b3e6666372da86e57ce84f1fa19e	Fauvism (from the French fauve — wild) is a trend in French painting of the late XIX early XX century.
234c770bff198d6f8ec00fc4967658764f297084	The paintings left the viewer with a sense of energy and passion, and the French critic Louis Vosel called these painters wild animals (fr. les fauves).
11463e6b68316ec6bea929ded6d722c80739c090	Merodac Jeannot.
6cf53899769e93de9d23d7c1e14c599c86aeefce	"The Yellow Dancer" (1912)
00005c6b85a89171e806df1a1c0b162e4648e80d	Also among the supporters of this direction are such creators as Albert Marquet, Charles Camoine, Louis Valta, Henri Evenepoul, Maurice Marino, Jean Puy, Maurice de Vlaminck, Henri Mangin, Raoul Dufy, Othon Friez, Georges Rouault, Kees van Dongen, Alice Bailly, Georges Braque, Georgette Agutt and others.
c14528092792f1f97cc917bab35820df569d345e	The distinctive features of the Fauvists include the dynamism of the brushstroke, spontaneity, the desire for emotional power.
e0b6de3202cf9437fcb20acc2ecb8bf0f18520ef	Painting[edit / edit wiki text]
2c093d3862bfd833ea382395488f34e65aad14da	Fauvism in painting is characterized by the brightness of colors and the simplification of form.
a32d3fcb9de77777358a2b26b8ca6572c8a47370	As a direction, it did not last long from about 1898 to 1908.
1ff5c5bf466b4d742bb60969f463bd06c9c1c3bc	The Fauvists were inspired by the post impressionists Van Gogh and Gauguin, who preferred a subjective intense color to a soft and natural color, characteristic of the Impressionists.
3c3b170465a07c70df3519c58840205bcc2b103c	The head of this school is considered to be Matisse, who made a complete break with optical color.
b37f117c93ba2f24b857b48eed56a696a0eab936	In his painting, a woman's nose could well be green, if it gave her expressiveness and composition.
34015daf4c830f82827bf8679409c64a3e7d6441	Matisse claimed: "I donot draw women;
05e2d4cdea38dacfc51dd05485309429cf9ebb4b	I draw pictures."
a4162544b66b61264f8c0ce72f64158c13316d0a	The Fauvists.
d0545388aaa199a3b025b104911441b59cd633c4	From the history of French painting of the XX century, Brodskaya N. V., Aurora, Parkstone, 1996 Goryacheva T. V. Lessons of Fauvism / / Arthronika.
4db3c021bad5af7025afc564f3376f38dbc78e64	— № 2.
c953680fe98982d663f1ea09c45d344159252967	There is an article "fauvism"in the Wiktionary
4390d760fb908ea72b37b6ab5e71a91e1ebd248a	This is a blank article on art. You can help the project by completing it.
2812c1b2ceaaf0d56b895b276196a48d9c803b4e	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Фовизм&oldid=68944119"
065c8862aaf61bc834d8fb02ce6c5806c2ae4e32	Category: Fauvism
79c575ab3af21431ac7144eb72d5913ab518b7af	Hidden categories: Articles with links to the Wiktionary Articles with links to the Wikicitatnik Incomplete articles on art
e0986c0cf6f3fab89839580ed6061f8b46971c81	Alemannisch Aragonés العربية Azərbaycanca Belarusian Bulgarian Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Suomi Français Galego עברית Hrvatski Magyar Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Ido Kazakh Italiano 日本語 ქართული 한국어 Lietuvių Latviešu Malti Nederlands Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Română Scots Srpskohrvatski / srpskohrvatski Simple English Slovenčina Srpski Slovenscina / srpski Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Tagalog Türkçe Ukrainian Tiếng Việt 中文
4ee583e52cdadd1cc35b42b1eb13bd582beb0bd7	Last modified on this page: 16: 06, March 1, 2015.
6721c87a3f280eac3ea91f33c2dd9bd7f81ff554	Abstract art (art under the sign of "zero forms", non objective art) is an art direction formed in the art of the first half of the 20th century, which completely abandoned the reproduction of forms of the real visible world.
3bbcf0507f897962a4130a49ee051dc35a927d12	V. Kandinsky created his own type of abstract painting, freeing the spots of impressionists and "wild"from any signs of objectivity.
d589cff690f7e6e91c3019b9a63674e32e512324	Piet Mondrian came to his pointlessness through the geometric stylization of nature, started by Cezanne and the Cubists.
234a15d2bedd55d55c4f48e70c84fc1a39efcb2b	The history of art with the advent of abstractionism experienced a revolution.
a783a1072270c68b4646f21383e428609085d3f6	But this revolution did not arise by chance, but quite naturally, and was predicted by Plato!
0abce73dbc47d01eb3c694cb5adc3377efbd5268	In his later work "Philebus", he wrote about the beauty of lines, surfaces and spatial forms themselves, independent of any imitation of visible objects, from any mimesis.
1ea1966fee422c4b0d03dc6db927962943878bfc	This kind of geometric beauty, in contrast to the beauty of natural "irregular" forms, according to Plato, has not a relative, but an unconditional, absolute character.
f44515596cad551beb6caafea96e8d3143cd3bcb	After the 1st World War in 1914-18, the trends of abstract art were often manifested in individual works of representatives of Dadaism and Surrealism; at the same time, the desire to find application of unimaginative forms in architecture, decorative art, design (experiments of the Style group and the Bauhaus) was determined.
198a0d81ae25c045b441617b20aa6af8ea33bfff	Several groups of abstract art ("Concrete Art", 1930;" Circle and Square", 1930;" Abstraction and Creativity", 1931), which united artists of various nationalities and trends, emerged in the early 30s, mainly in France.
6ac50c3a0c771f6ddb005faeb8c1564c5b7433ad	However, abstract art was not widely used at that time, and by the mid 30s the groups broke up.
54ccce89a24c1ba65e4dd19d89682a46f8602617	During the Second World War, 1939-45, a school of so called abstract expressionism appeared in the United States (the painters of J. Pollock, M. Toby, etc.), which developed after the war in many countries (under the name of tashism or "formless art") and proclaimed as its method "pure mental automatism" and subjective subconscious impulsiveness of creativity, the cult of unexpected color and texture combinations.
d0dfdc73d31fa2a16dade6eed651df7bdd3273ea	In the 60s, op art developed as one of the variants of abstract art; at the same time, during this period, abstract art as a current loses its position and is replaced by various trends.
6bc9fdca72c7ea6b0b4fcd39854e03cb12a8a55b	More pictures
5d56502036589b2bcceb67c8ab0f1be82110d0d8	COBRA
e08984258c49620e5989e205e548f680f596769e	"Cobra", or " Cobra "(COBRA) is a European avant garde movement active in 1949-1952.
750bac5094433c6b4664fb411418891ea83be5c1	The name was coined in 1948 by Christian Dotremont after the first letters of the native cities of the participants of the movement: Copenhagen (Co Co), Brussels (Br — Br), Amsterdam (A — A).
e5be0bcca3fd6c8007d50849c4222747baae18d4	COBRA held two major exhibitions: at the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam (1949) and at the Palais des Beaux Arts in Liege (1951).
6570a7402a971d96cdaed3e4b30256006bee627f	Artists from the COBRA group are characterized by semi abstract canvases with bright colors, distorted human figures inspired by primitive and folk art.
c07d06bd571788b5746958e634af39474bb2839d	The artists also took as a basis a children's drawing, Norse mythology.
bad8d9308e154d8da4f1d8b82cff4d96dd132160	They tried to develop an abstract language of forms that could express the unconscious to a greater extent than surrealism.
bf5ee8aa41fdab2d4f5cd819cee3fe7754eea161	1 Representatives 2 Heritage 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References
d454a4a26e7649e5ee167e20d5508487aadd0d0b	Representatives[edit / edit wiki text]
0bddbc578c79a5e8df01fcac97661f1aeb024831	Aleshinsky, Pierre (born 1927) Else Alfelt (1910-1974) Appel, Karel (1921-2006) Jean Michel Atlan (1913-1960) Ejler Bille (1910-2004) Eugene Brands (1913-2002) Pol Bury (1922-2005) Olivier Strebel (born 1927) Jacques Calonne (born 1930) Klaus, Hugo (1929-2008) Constant Nivenhuys (Constant Nieuwenhuys, 1920-2005) Corneille (Guillaume Cornelis van Beverloo) Christian Dotremont (1922-1979) Jacques Doucet (born 1924) Lotti van der Gaag (1923-1999) William Gear (1915-1997) Stephen Gilbert (1910-2007) Svavar Guðnason (1909-1988) Henry Heerup, 1907-1993) Egill Jacobsen (1910-1998) Robert Jacobsen (Robert Jacobsen 1912-1993) Edouard Jaguar (1924-2006) Jorn, Asger (1914-1973) Aart Kemink (1914-2006) Lucebert (1924-1994) Jørgen Nash (1920-2004) Joseph Noiret (born 1927) Jan Nieuwenhuys (1922-1986) Erik Ortvad (born 1917) Andrea de la Devix Pieter Ouborg (1893-1956) Pedersen, Karl Henning (1913-2007) Anton Rooskens (1906-1976) Yubak, Raul (1910-1985) Theo Wolvecamp (1925-1992)
7b0d802a75fa08cced1308545d0d2805b1b88901	The COBRa Museum is located in Amstelveen (the Netherlands), where the works of Karel Appel and other representatives of the avant garde are exhibited.
5993322009665d2d59b9ebc6c03b69d5f0a23455	On April 3, 2006, an auction dedicated to the works of the COBRA movement was held in Copenhagen.
c6e4a3df80dd2060d5cd09be6549a498271b7f46	He collected 30 million crowns — the largest auction profit in Denmark.
59a7b3653f066cc87aca1e6d734bfadb7536284f	The works of the group's artists are also represented in the collection of the "New National Gallery" in Berlin.
2443cbf6c2f4cf4dcb685bff17ff74c1bfa7a4bd	Paris School
8129b65399512537bdac6142afbfe9f286dd722c	Website about the "COBRA" Museum in Amstelveen Neue Nationalgalerie
679d7fa37e596ed05ca85c26eced7dcbf97cb45e	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=КОБРА&oldid=73518119"
f8895e58486458872017ef1278592626103ca492	Categories: Trends and trends in contemporary art Art of Denmark Art of the Netherlands Art of Belgium Painting schools alphabetically Painting of the XX century Avant gardism Acronyms
cc2e978ba0f980068985839912a708baa0ee7440	Bilgarski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά English Esperanto Español Suomi Français עברית Italiano 日本本 Lietuviû Latviešu Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Picard Polski Portugues Română Simple English Srpski / srpski Svenska Türkçe
72ac4772889a7a1dce87acd6b1cdebfec1b58d30	Last modified on this page: 18: 35, September 23, 2015.
08d1bce0b110fa3babed487dfcfa6466f3cb8cab	Abstract Expressionism
efa99f483676a2a67d437d634423048b841f9497	Abstract expressionism is a school (movement) of artists who draw quickly and on large canvases, using non geometric strokes, large brushes, sometimes dripping paint on the canvas, for the fullest identification of emotions.
55433b72c8ff2cf44a5f7144000c70054bce7e67	The minimalist Agnes Martin also called herself an abstract expressionist.
5563daf02caf40ccefc5b0d543a00e48266e7cfc	1 The history of the term 2 Artists 3 Notes 4 References
a5f1537aef1c9cc82b32256db3044002c5518e9f	The history of the term [edit / edit wiki text]
0f844500befb1b4564da7ec4b3c2c6baf1d6256a	David Smith, 1963
d11d01b0199e74381b93925faebfe170678e87d1	In 1929, Alfred Barr first used this term in relation to the paintings of Vasily Kandinsky, who around 1911 abandoned all attempts to copy the world of objects.
5716afdda7d4236e0985cfffade9ab7efbc83a8b	Artists[edit / edit wiki text]
35628fa79dc17ef77202dac6bd56ba5acd54d0a8	Ed Reinhardt Evgeny Mikhnov Voitenko Adolf Gottlieb Albert Kotin Anne Ryan Arshil Gorki Barnett Newman Bradley Walker Tomlin Charles Alston Cleve Gray Clifford Still Conrad Mark Relly Cy Twombly David Hare David Smith Helen Hamilton Helen de Kooning Emerson Woelffer Enrico Donati Ernest Briggs Esteban Vicente Franz Kline
657bb022dadf54fb88ebc4f1e749062e3ffc5dd2	Friedel Dzubas Fuller Potter George Rickey Grace Hartigan Hale Woodruff Hans Burkhardt Hans Hoffmann Hedda Sterne Helen Frankenthaler Herbert Ferber Harold Shapinsky Ibram Lassaw Igor Vulokh Isamu Noguchi Jack Bush Jack Creative Jackson Pollock James Brooks Jane Frank Jimmy Ernst Joan Mitchell
62c9799dd9ee9b5a2353d3130066b7799b15fb83	John Chamberlain Jon Schueler Kenzo Okada Lee Krasner Louis Schanker Louise Nevelson Manouchehr Yektai Mark Rothko Mark Toby Mark Di Suvero Mercedes Matter Michael Goldberg Milton Resnick Morris Graves Maurice Louis Nicholas Marsicano Nicolas Carone Norman Bluhm Norman Lewis Paul Jenkins Philippe Guston
112a3d88007570df2d4d4c9739fac5aab3276f6d	Ray Parker Richard Diebenkorn Richard Lippold Richard Poucette Dart Robert De Niro (Sr.) Robert Motherwell Sam Francis Seymour Lipton Taro Yamamoto Theodore Roszak Theodoros Stamos Willem de Kooning William Baziotis William Ronald Jean Paul Riopel Robert Moskowitz Black, Ivan Ivanovich Soldatenkov Sergey Mikhailovich Fishchenko Natalia Ivanovna
10be65406bc4b31363336b136b286cf8a7ac42d9	Г Hess B. Abstract expressionism.
9cb86f97037f0ddd2e4773698616df75e620c7f4	- Moscow: Art Rodnik, 2008.
2ef1748a44a1c54f652ec34ef611e7cf14278eb3	- 96 p.
d98a765abe210f395136de8007091010b03b6a2d	— ISBN 978-5-9794-0036-5.
3b7d904427d9b202e1bc107039b9dc17fde9c710	Abstract expressionism on Wikimedia Commons?
21399bcb4872106bdc28132761bafcf98b03ebfc	Abstract expressionism
6f8210886e8f247b1a38bfbe0ca589936db7714c	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Абстрактный expressionism&oldid=71066157"
70adaaef34b2209aefc58ec5438fd45f80f8d82a	Categories: Painting Styles of painting Art of modernism Painting of the XX century Painting of the XXI century Trends and trends in modern art Abstractionism
8c48d66da67d03edc368121ab8d8905eab7dbdc4	Hidden category: Unfinished Art articles
59cf59bdbadc290ed6e00ed2a5635c0b6886a5af	Afrikaans Alemannisch العربية Belarusian Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά English Esperanto Español Eesti فارسی Suomi Français Galego עברית Hrvatski Magyar Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 ქართული Kazakh 한국어 Lietuvių Latviešu Nederlands Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Sakha Srpskohrvatski / srpskohrvatski Slovenscina Shqip Slovenčina Srpski / Svenska தமிழ் ไทย srpski Türkçe Ukrainian 中文
e2d621d4fc739c19ebf28cd14b6f0f14fc588630	Last modified on this page: 22: 51, May 27, 2015.
4c1a3d12562210225c10fed489df9cf814741bca	Luchism
c29ca37ecbb9407f1921817800a45e898348af42	Current version (not tested)
279856b70579a7a0bdd9bdc67dd73fb78a5c59cd	Mikhail Larionov.
ba443617abcce12d1285ed88ab76f73cc268dcf1	Red blue radiance. one thousand nine hundred thirteen
04c4a86fa52905acb5883f7a57de9a42f4e1cca8	Luchism (rayonism, from the French rayon — "ray") is a trend in the painting of the Russian avant garde in the art of the 1910s, one of the early trends of abstractionism.
cd625ceb1be7b78ee5ffcc6b3a1deb9ad660cbb7	It was based on the displacement of light spectra and light transmission, as well as on the idea of the emergence of spaces and forms from "the intersection of reflected rays of various objects[1]", since, according to the theorists of rayism, a person actually perceives not the object itself, but "the sum of the rays coming from the light source, reflected from the object and caught in our field of vision"[2].
ea61e2a95954a3f944dc69ad69dcb4ba320a1779	The rays on the canvas are transmitted using colored lines[1].
a3bad3d87113c47ad37c7d51e58d9af38ea91b23	The founder and theorist of the current was the artist Mikhail Larionov.
d6682597d5ecfec0490a186324d82426608b58ef	Mikhail Le Dantu and other artists of the Donkey's Tail group worked in Luchism.
3cfa9ed677aa37c861189a998102ee1382fc2ed0	Luchism received a special development in the work of S. M. Romanovich, who made the coloristic ideas of luchism the basis of the" spatiality " of the colorful layer of a figurative painting.
df77144cb85731268ec3634aed9145772a10b3b1	1 History 2 Artistic principles 3 See also 4 Notes 5 Literature 6 References
4c1c047df68bdbf107400cd809d2e1dd453108ed	The exhibition of William Turner, which Larionov saw in London in 1906, leads him to think about color in painting, and the artist begins to perceive form as a reflection of light rays.
ec8ae3be80f4a049428958510e905169baf58fd4	This was the impetus for the creation of a new direction, which will later be called "luchism".
3cfdac1314a5700d2f2491c4a1001c2e0e009ee9	In 1909, at the Moscow Society of Free Aesthetics, Larionov showed his first painting in a new style - " Glass "(New York, the Solomon Guggenheim Museum); the painting was exhibited only for one day and the next time was shown only three years later at the exhibition" Donkey's Tail " together with other radiant works.
ab44a1e5ba1c2b69b444dac50dcef528e8c9ff46	In 1910, Natalia Goncharova and brothers David and Vladimir Burliuki joined him.
ea46d8d3da84de6e28a7c6597eac0e3e1a97e1a2	They formed the group "Jack of Diamonds", in which Glez, Lefokonye, Kandinsky took part in exhibitions.
ecd9ff3cf3681d095cbfc06fbb76e3ba97f533f4	In 1911, Larionov left the Jack of Diamonds and prepared the" Manifesto of Luchism", which was signed by 11 artists.
37a72a1d0f40263955cbd014df80ff2caf163443	Published only in 1913, this manifesto reveals Larionov's principles: the purpose of painting is to convey the fourth dimension, therefore, the picture itself must be outside of time and space, for which it must consist of light rays, not only because color is the driving "law", but also because its tonality and strength give meaning to new forms.
9e68883b3bdc76b6f335f9768e869c7a81b440fc	And although the publication of the manifesto was very late (and coincided with Malevich's "Black Square"), the use of" rays " of pure color remains one of the earliest examples of non figurative painting.
dcb1f6608f1e3ec183e40873dc0aad9c411dcdde	In 1913, an exhibition of avant gardists "Target" was held in Moscow, where the works of Larionov and Goncharova, made in a new style, were presented[3].
84e2a4283a741337526d525011d1cbf28cec6a3e	In 1914, Larionov organized an exhibition in Paris, the preface to the catalog of which was written by Apollinaire.
67bcce585bef4b9f7dc35d2ff9b6bb9a08d1ef67	After that, Larionov, together with his wife, creates sketches and scenery for the Diaghilev Russian Ballet group and almost stops painting[4].
3c2e9be4c28357c84b47e31e54374eef1c682802	Only Goncharova, already in old age, after 1956, again returns to painting.
53f7a42dbfde9ee3391ba07978d911a4bed88a45	Ya Tugendhold wrote about her retrospective exhibition in 1913 in Moscow that "weekly response to all the fashionable trends of our time, moving from one "Luisma" to another... portraying the same peacock in ten styles, she found time to deepen your talent, focus on that, all of the fashions can be found in it, but not "the Natalia Goncharova, her artistic "I".
d9078eb3eec4cd6d5912e0b813d00b54846b1296	Larionov's luchism was sensational at the time as one of the many sensational phenomena that were fashionable in art at that time.
59f618a9335bf02bc73fcdb47f8a4f081b88cd47	Those were the years when in Russia, and especially in Moscow ,according to S. Diaghilev, " twenty schools were born in a month: futurism, cubism - this is already antiquity, prehistory… Exhibitions are organized in palaces and attics...".
1ddd0bee4ff6c8148e78da980fcf37d036d9a9a1	Luchism did not have permanent followers, but it had a considerable influence on other trends of the Russian avant garde, in particular, on suprematism and constructivism[5].
5650d7e073c8f62d25f13b4a13b99ecbb28a71db	Artistic principles[edit / edit wiki text]
aff7e4b4563f892f2dac36bb32164b28c363290b	That is, according to the theory, the illustration approaches the "symbolic plane" of the picture.
064dc57a09eed6fe9dc58bed13f8535c91cabe59	"This is almost the same," says Larionov, "as a mirage that appears in the hot desert air, drawing distant cities, lakes, oases in the sky radiance erases the boundaries that exist between the picture plane and nature"[2].
4d6b2092a9119acca04fa86bf63a9b0b525188c4	In the" radiant " picture, the objects of the real world have no meaning, except, in Larionov's terminology," realistic luchism", where the object serves as a starting point.
6d4661ec0b248ffd707be451bb544724d704848e	The ray is conventionally depicted as a color line, and thus, Larionov argues, the essence of the painting itself can best be revealed — "the combination of color, its saturation, the ratio of color masses, depth, texture on all this...".
4e063b92acd26da01c95e69df1af42abdd2c3233	Larionov himself distinguished different directions within the flow, from "realistic rayism", in which the depicted object is easily recognizable, to the so called "pneumoluchism", when the rays reflected from the object completely obscure it 5].
e5b9dc8cc9f90fafae735ba991e4ada8cef51a13	Ray tracing (computer graphics)
69240222192009e87780b67676c38b93a720d51c	↑ Go to: 1 2 Manifest ↑ Go to: 1 2 Luchism 1913 ↑ Go to: 1 2 ...Isms, 2014, p.
1777fb56bbaa7207d6e6e0bef18128c5eb58e06c	44 ↑ Go to: 1 2 All about styles and trends in contemporary art, 2014, p.
a3608f3ebc910e4b5e16de76fcbead652a78d5e0	50 ↑ Go to: 1 2 ...Isms, 2014, p.
ea172965f6185d5d1c18f009fa8331cc19195981	Luchism in the Great Encyclopedic Dictionary Inshakov A. N. Luchism in Russian painting and the world avant garde.
4d736695fda84adc127b6fafc348331d41677f28	The mythology of light in the new art. // Art history.
a7f9c9a04663535962c5f8c48e6fddacc3ac556f	— 1999.
c1732bea01df9c0278d4eff47f9817e388406786	354-371.
9faa417d60af8a85f2d2e4cbd1c054fe163d6454	Inshakov A. N. Larionov's luchism and the luchism of the artists of the "Donkey's tail" / / Art Studies.
1287eef64f30792f4e0a5a872c0868e1b2ff379a	430-455.
e4491aca17f0e0c1238119c730a12c4cc62159b2	Inshakov A. N. Luchism according to S. Romanovich / / Art Studies.
1d837acc1903c3e109284883858cde284601b479	- 2003.
bf93c258dfe7a7436ea2e3982e95032d6794e952	- P. 348-361.
75b5308885904b86aade8a17fb7c0f01d40b1039	M. Larionov.
c2ebbcbb993414e0238450116b11b1deda0d6a15	Luchism.
d737232638a06c26c9f5447cb53c2837ca30ca36	- Moscow: K and K, 1913.
2fcd991e2bbcf82c51f081d037fa2d19d4b89743	Mosin I. I. Everything about styles and trends in contemporary art. - Vilnius: UAB "Bestiary", 2013.
4411624d7ace38551f0e503d70c0575c7d406725	- 112 p — - 5000 copies.
097dd1a8a5274cec2ec363de93333aa7df595b57	- ISBN 978-609-456-077-4.
f7f57b4107d45d4bb901b7737a129699b69c52c2	C. Phillips. ...Isms: how to understand modern art. - Moscow: LLC "Ad Marginem Press", 2014.
768dbf88c322686af71a54f3dfa470baa9bebd01	44-45.
a3458588972ebe7be40a390ff007afcee6017417	— ISBN 978-5-91103-190-9.
2dc2c1ed5dbef52b95d6a3b8beff3d5791769805	N. Goncharova, M. Larionov, K. Zdanevich, etc. Manifesto of the archers and the future.
d0d690d8d5582506e9e68d16c09c389cdf139a44	Verified on October 31, 2015.
3c1e0e3e33248db4330e91d467aae01aa17a2e07	Works by radiant artists on the website Wikipaintings.org. Verified on October 31, 2015.
5a2290f00eb388df36f89ededa8cf28d6d08c354	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luchism&oldid=74230308"
71ed165cb0a810ca8bba35d34320dc77f1eff7e3	Categories: Painting styles Art of modernism Painting of the XX century Abstract art Trends of the Russian avant garde
f67424a240d572b297c47df0d931eaecaba79a71	Català Čeština Deutsch English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Suomi Français Italiano 日本語 Lietuvių Nederlands Polski Português Svenska
e992da18e58ab883ff856d6cc9365a9eae4defcb	Last modified on this page: 11: 37, October 31, 2015.
736714e07ed102cd3c5807d963b757b4ac417e0f	Suprematism
d5ba8baa0e3f97fa71e2122e238aab240c5b0d10	K. Malevich.
a06af5f79c23d973d60f3af8acc6b077f0ef82e2	Athletes (1932)
ac0106ea52080426f3ba179611dd94ed6fba66de	Suprematism is a trend in avant garde art, founded in the 1st half of the 1910s by K. S. Malevich.
f47849fd5e4347517fc59c95211f748558db0b08	Being a kind of abstractionism, Suprematism was expressed in combinations of multi colored planes of the simplest geometric outlines (in geometric forms of a straight line, square, circle and rectangle).
207f2d5ea6192dadb27ea0c5506ec4bb7a618c99	The combination of multi colored and multi sized geometric shapes forms balanced asymmetric suprematic compositions permeated with internal movement.
8dc42a577f9e094d5f5e7f53b72872ac1a1da3ff	In non objective canvases, paint, according to K. S. Malevich, was for the first time freed from a subsidiary role, from serving other purposes — suprematist paintings became the first step of "pure creativity", that is, an act that equalized the creative power of man and Nature (God).
9cd6da52a1d19764a2d754c305102b10ea9d0f29	Kazimir Malevich, Suprematism.
f4bc6176118c501b17832760cf4839badf57ab64	1915—1916.
1c16f0ce48eef7158e6b86f04de0b09167c91979	Krasnodar Regional Art Museum named after F.
699884396f7731912c4315e33b58ca7791b6e760	A. Kovalenko
e9989d20ecb301f31ecf141beea2b35aa2741275	Suprematism has become one of the central phenomena of the Russian avant garde.
3e3a06abfeb56955d124b10664a32b5db352382d	Later, even in the conditions of persecution of avant garde art in the USSR, these ideas were embodied in architecture, design, scenography.
e0f1f0d4e7390d9a826b94c71c8d1614ac6b7268	1 See also 2 Bibliography 2.1 Publications of Supremacists 2.2 About Suprematism 2.2.1 Books 2.2.2 Articles
59f6d6671b0f68fc838949102d37c03789dd0b01	Suprematism in Wikicitatnik?
02eebaa6826d67b19dd7f187ddaa393a17c43165	Suprematism on Wikimedia Commons?
ca6f48244a26e56f08b20a5ccc0fdb24d86e5a8d	Kazimir Malevich Russian avant garde Supremus Recruitment (artel) The Cosmos in Suprematism Visual illusions
26e49fcbf12f8e6659d627cf8d8b1fce7d63ef87	Publications of supremacists[edit / edit wiki text]
8a343853b7e9432134c462ec0988038cb347946b	Rozanova O. V. Suprematism and criticism // Anarchy.
f60a52d56ae639d96aeb227d732d9e621cb9320c	— 1918.
4761f8ed8acf8fc847253fc5253182a5cf48c8b8	— № 86.
f7763b422a2bb6c29964cdd558d78c5e077f27b0	About Suprematism[edit / edit wiki text]
4186204548d84dd5a091d43ba819ad5d64c3f104	Zhadova L. Malevich.
bc1203bc54bdae42fb9e5e264dac21dfafe326f9	Suprematism and Revolution in Russian Art 1910—1930.
c59f9d3bffb21be55859463c60da00e2b29ba793	— London: Thames and Hudson, 1982.
ec6c777653084c14076e077ce5c06b8f5fb1572d	Shatskikh A. S. Vitebsk.
312f598e408448f1bb771f73edd682826671e941	The life of art. 1917-1922.
8754ca99d2d849e0096d0104a3c1d2daca9a8df5	- Moscow: Languages of Russian culture, 2001 — - 256 p — - 2000 copies.
4270df58deeadcb0f76641d53982d362b04029ee	— ISBN 5-7859-0117 X. Khan Magomedov S. O. Suprematism and architecture (problems of form formation).
18c2df18a7b878a4b8e833df92edce59a9c0b3bc	- M.: Architecture S, 2007 — - 520 p.
b254cc9f999485fc8aa61f62d28e48132f91712d	— ISBN 978-5-9647-0139-2.
9c24173021bbf66d5c81a6b7b3abf0512bc8fb9c	Shatskikh A. S. Kazimir Malevich and the Supremus society.
420f1094f0562bb0ab63785ac4ca03d2395144aa	- Moscow: Three Squares, 2009 — - 464 p — - 700 copies.
456c18dde2ed502a77b5f7f6df339b5cb3da48bb	— ISBN 978-5-94607-120-8.
616cc959db8f84f319233d1681d0e2c73476224c	The Art of Suprematism / Ed.
2d5190d5097df6efc454b51e39e5c0074e96bd27	- comp.
207efa6167a9f741e066ee2df2feb71290ad528f	Cornelia Ichin.
a2f1dabb38982eea97eca4b4af3def73b1d92dce	- Belgrade: Publishing House of the Faculty of Philology in Belgrade.
0d0840961d33ea86bdc625a9a22255e776890334	- 280 p — - 300 copies.
f09638c56c564563bfa5253a8378b724965710a1	— ISBN 978-86-6153-111-8.
2293fd190e9dfed69eed746f1dca3b72b643fa13	A. Paradoxes of the 30s: ideas of synthesis, the existence of Suprematism // Questions of art history.
68e036799fa9bbaf426da3479962f9cb8499b78d	- 1996.
64b6abec758efc2206ca7f17e3ea73e65d213040	1. - pp.
abbd1ce0418854b38b5119f54d940bbe7c008041	142-170.
103a3978e0dc40d1e24f36b1bcd2caeeb3e4ae94	A. The theme of unity in Malevich's suprematist theory / / Architecture in the history of Russian culture / Edited by I.
330158cb63dc2ba3e783c76505c08c6f288c30cd	A. Bondarenko.
4ac7f5dfb9c33d97d88f98b5bd96fee1d40cd05d	- M.: URSS, 2002.
fadcbaef32f03e14ed3b5683447b09ba410f0010	- Vol. 3: Wishful thinking and reality.
0500a939cb77da5493c1e7ac4cc8bfd508579b44	— ISBN 5-8360-0043-3.
3752d7c9d4c8ecb8632166cd549d990396fa24fd	Goryacheva T. V. Suprematism and society / / Supremus No.
27543bfb6448b0f989b4392bd99aac9d0d175edb	1. - 1992.
d5246b923a8eb266de2c77f9a44d1cd2a85adb83	Goryacheva T. V. Suprematism and neoplasticism: two concepts of higher reality // Messages of the State Tretyakov Gallery — M., 1995.
2e4955d8fc7c88253ddc57bfbeb9f29fa895695f	Goryacheva T. V. Suprematism and Constructivism.
dcb9c5a99c31c6a46fe12122085b8a9ddd47d3f6	On the history of polemics // Questions of art history.
b215f6169c25760c45c781c9a9ad1ee2d87906d2	— 2003.
b7dcc37d7d0133432229051d1919ba9a13b5673c	Goryacheva T. V. Utopias in the art of the Russian avant garde: futurism and suprematism / / Avant garde in the culture of the twentieth century (1900-1930): Theory.
0ca979b941cb74f2008a7ed345ff6e76a15804f0	Poetics: In 2 books.
b46498c5ac0f61893d9d99a9460095075ae7c767	/ Edited by Yu.
0b50e541639e7496714d702e5da9d160e2f6b068	N. Girin.
410e820f86226adc19f36b537aaebbf261be2834	- Moscow: IMLI RAS, 2010.
07e64bddffa4ae12eed4d4e3f104fdba4debb66b	66-138 — - ISBN 978-5-9208-0363-4.
7ca573f2e79f8b4463184448ea91a85fd7b503fe	Douglas Charlotte.
57fc50f9211cedbc0be728ec19eba156c258587c	Mach, matter and Malevich: Suprematism as the art of sensations / / Avangard and the rest: A collection of articles for the 75th anniversary of Alexander Efimovich Parnis.
f7cf2dbba57b025fc7c820f07f21373da189f9c9	- Moscow: Three Squares, 2013.
05ee78633041cdc44c1179d335779b6f9c42ce52	603-622 — - ISBN 978-5-94607-172-7.
1644a65091d7cd2ae68249f363a4d02a24cb96e3	Zhadova L.
3145258b76023500fd326737c156e251de4d8b3a	A. "Suprematist order" / / Problems of the history of Soviet architecture.
80ee659585322137478ed554d074a9768c0538d1	- M., 1983.
f9c60bf6cf7437d4ba38f378c017477e0a9475a9	- Vol. 6.
5ae00d67a78810685f36232f9f4e7bb82e3caa33	Evgeny Kovtun.
0e77a8bd5f26bf61aebbb590d3947cb77b57da61	The path of Malevich.
ad6fc89c423f5aabf726db6a411340f8eab11bc2	/ K. Malevich.
8e7c9adacd2cba767b9b5e08ed9cda92ede5fb81	Moscow, 1988. pp.
4e116318df0c6c1ab8c6f3cfa194a4a8c708bcc3	153-173.
759d3820bfe2f166b826d4f08135f90fd0e0816f	Celtic Art • Early Christian art • Art of the period of the migration of peoples • Byzantine Art • Pre Roman art • Romanesque Art • Gothic (including International Gothic)
00d6c03c597972af0ac3cb4b8810e1372cea3650	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suprematism&oldid=71066206"
7831084f57648bc12db1fdda3a4839502abaae63	Categories: Suprematism Culture of the XX century Painting Styles of painting Painting of the XX century Trends and trends in modern art Abstractionism Geometric abstraction
73cf222d26bb53dfe03a6151bd200ec390c3f9af	Hidden category: Articles with links to Wikicitatnik
f2bc7c98b620e0d755dff62f51904b1d70dda33e	Alemannisch العربية Azərbaycanca Belarusian Belarusian (tarashkevitsa) Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Suomi Français Frysk Galego עברית Hrvatski Magyar Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本本აიი Li Li Lietuviū Latviešu Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Polski Portugês Română Srpskohrvatski / srpskohrvatski Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpski / srpski Svenska Türkçe Ukrainka 中文
60abe12e0eacc813045449ed17699ba518d4a536	Last modified on this page: 23: 03, May 27, 2015.
35ecc7127b7bcd891d54d9688bef39ac3adc6f47	Tashism
85ec89af18d4cd57dbacced51fb4a8ed1856bc37	The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on August 13, 2012; checks require 12 edits.
2fc117e1836501260927606ef5bbde61e46d272f	Tashism (French Tachisme, from Tache spot) is a trend in Western European abstractionism of the 1950s and 60s, which was most widespread in the United States.
4ab95f85abf9c1bd4083ee9534c2a749d4e61b9d	Anatoly Zverev (1931-1986) Aguayo, Fermin (1926-1977) Pierre Alyoshinsky (born 1927) Appel, Karel (1921-2006) Bazin, Jean (1904-2001) Bisier, Roger (1888-1964) Norman Bluhm (1921-1999) Briand, Camille (1902-1977) Bourri, Alberto (1915-1995) Vols (1913-1951) Dubuffet, Jean (1901-1985) Fabbri Agenore (1911-1998) Fontana, Lucho (1899-1968) Fautrier, Jean (1898-1964) Francis, Sam (1923-1994) Hamilton, Helene (born 1920) Hartung, Hans (1904-1989) Paul Jenkins (born 1923) Jorn, Asger (1914-1973) Lansky, Andrey Mikhailovich (1902-1976) Mathieu, Georges (1921-2012) Evgeny Mikhnov Voitenko (1932-1988) Michaud, Henri (1899-1984) Ludwig Merwart (1913-1979) Jean Miotte (born 1926) Nye, Ernst Wilhelm (1902-1968) Polyakov, Serge (1900-1969) Vieira da Silva, Maria Elena (1908-1992) Soulage, Pierre (born 1919) Steel, Nicola de (1914-1955) Tapi, Michel (1909-1987) Tapies, Anthony (born 1923) Velde, Bram Van (1895-1981) Vols (1913-1951) Tsao Wu Ki (born 1921)
de025d0cac88ac51c26e30ff1fbd10ae54387a5d	Chilvers, Ian;
4bf4eb73dfd21c9a2176c3ddf6de1bbcb6369a9e	A dictionary of twentieth century art Oxford;
fef56e3e1bd7fcfa923391dff78db37b30fb22b6	New York: Oxford University Press, 1998 ISBN 0-19-211645-2 Tapié, Michel;
346af92f72cdf93750613b06b77043fb8c83f326	Un art autre où il s’agit de nouveaux dévidages du réel' Paris, Gabriel Giraud et fils, 1952 OCLC 1110556 Tiampo, Ming.
e5778c33c5f7ff61676f329befa56fa5447b43bf	Gutai and Informel Post war art in Japan and France, 1945—1965.
ae6933c040e722b8e7fdddc7925dd64f4daa57c5	(Dissertation Abstracts International, 65-01A) ISBN 0-496-66047-0, ISBN 978-0-496-66047-6 Au delà du Tachisme — Mathieu — Paris 1963 Vom Impressionismus zum Tachismus — Gruenigel — Stuttgart 1964 Bilder unserer Tage — F. Bayl — Köln 1960
60e8d769af0bbe54cc93f6976fe195516c28fc2f	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tashism&oldid=72803038"
370e603c11691bf066839ae25cba9bad0a47159b	Categories: Painting styles Painting of the XX century Trends and trends in modern art Abstractionism
370fce15cccc936d91df797b2bf018dda977bd64	Alemannisch العربية Belarusian Belarusian (tarashkevitsa) Bulgarian Català Deutsch English Español ,ارسی Suomi Français ,ררית Hrvatski Magyar, Bahasa Indonesia Italiano, 日本 Lat Latviešu Nederlands Norsk bokmål Polski Portuês Srpskohrvatski / Srpskohrvatski Simple English Slovenčina Srpski / srpski Svenska Türkçe, 中文
ce72297178922a671b13d0979828280a965da336	Last modified on this page: 13: 49, August 18, 2015.
aafcc37e977742fe6fa7653df7f8b40754eccb56	This article or section needs to be reworked.
7f12b9571b1a6bc5174420ebfbd9e6e3f4466913	This mark was set on July 24, 2014.
45c4bd161770914e32838bc5b0ecc029e65b834c	Abstract art (Latin: abstraction — removal, distraction) or non figurative art is a direction of art that has abandoned the image of forms in painting and sculpture that is close to reality.
2429ae4a76a5916a1dc0fee75f93376d2afff800	Outstanding figures: Vasily Kandinsky, Kazimir Malevich, Natalia Goncharova and Mikhail Larionov, Pete Mondrian.
fca32560f5e0e99f4ad6b87a454621d579535e9c	Modern abstract painting, Natalia Plakhta Fernandes, Edges
b3b90dd1cfad8425486f4017af928f57a33177da	The first abstract painting was painted by Vasily Kandinsky in 1909.
ba67aa178ec844a5b4700ff5ffff5bc25ae46dc0	- thus, he opened a new page in world painting abstractionism, raising painting to music[1].
a488636f0246bfe93bfd59cbaba53a88675fccf0	In the painting of Russia of the XX century, the main representatives of abstractionism were Vasily Kandinsky (who completed the transition to his abstract compositions in Germany), Natalia Goncharova and Mikhail Larionov, who founded "Luchism" in 1910-1912, the creator of Suprematism as a new type of creativity Kazimir Malevich, the author of "Black Square" and Yevgeny Mikhnov Voitenko, whose work is distinguished, among other things, by an unprecedented wide range of abstract method directions used in his works
4e2bd9b7c8108861b33b554aa803c851931a6c9a	(the artist was the first to use a number of them, including the "graffiti style", among not only domestic, but also foreign masters.
77c1a805403d34758efeaf498f4c9c3bc89dcc96	A related trend to abstractionism is cubism, which seeks to depict real objects with a set of intersecting planes that create the image of certain rectilinear figures that reproduce living nature.
130ad9b50af68b3e89261babb0c41056ce8e54dd	One of the most striking examples of Cubism were the early works of Pablo Picasso.
9c3e090ffb1c20b4550ac37e378691355f130de5	1 History 2 History of Abstract Art in Russia and the USSR 2.1 1900-1949 2.2 1950-1970 2.3 Modern abstract art in Painting
6b48df297b4dde58a7c3514f4c71d0770b27b1b5	3 Gallery 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References
6ce3f405494e15a40f36f0acf66c36e5b3cbcbf6	In 1910-1915, painters in Russia, Western Europe and the United States began to create abstract works of art; among the first abstract artists, researchers name Vasily Kandinsky, Kazimir Malevich and Piet Mondrian.
eacd35db965815a64fca1f88c9d24e94d3990f66	The year of the birth of non objective art is considered to be 1910, when in Germany, in Murnau, Kandinsky wrote his first abstract composition.
af355838b3bc2508d7661440223fa6d132634e5d	The aesthetic concepts of the first abstract artists assumed that artistic creativity reflects the laws of the universe hidden behind external, alluvial phenomena of reality.
9d8957d328301548db07c0ec11a89748b5b49215	These patterns, intuitively comprehended by the artist, were expressed through the ratio of abstract forms (color spots, lines, volumes, geometric shapes) in an abstract work[2].
9a2620bff449ad21ca77c1d5ec183bb17315a89e	In 1911, in Munich, Kandinsky published the famous book "On the Spiritual in Art" [3], in which he reflected on the possibility of embodying the internally necessary, spiritual as opposed to the external, accidental.
cfe12db43e7842ed80f5ad228d11b195bcc08a6e	The basis of the" logical justification " of Kandinsky's abstractions was the study of the theosophical and anthroposophical works of Elena Blavatsky and Rudolf Steiner.
1383fa674cece02921fe91fb324f083a5b9669bf	In the aesthetic concept of Piet Mondrian, the primary elements of form were the primary oppositions: horizontal — vertical, line plane, color — not color.
31bf652e6d54664d123444c38c1f448129999ec5	In the theory of Robert Delaunay, unlike the concepts of Kandinsky and Mondrian, idealistic metaphysics was rejected; the main task of abstractionism was to study the dynamic qualities of color and other properties of artistic language (the direction founded by Delaunay was called orphism).
c4e7b49a47e90dc5e57b1889284335a1377bd51e	The creator of "luchism" Mikhail Larionov depicted "the radiation of reflected light; color dust".
19da077f427289f4ef2e695e9669147e3d0710fc	Born in the early 1910s, abstractionism developed rapidly, manifesting itself in many areas of avant garde art of the first half of the XX century.
ee3bd37f47c012af4f52785d60bf45d85bd9e4a1	The ideas of abstractionism are reflected in the works of expressionists (Vasily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Franz Marc), Cubists (Fernand Leger), Dadaists (Jean Arp), Surrealists (Joan Miro), Italian Futurists (Gino Severini, Giacomo Balla, Enrico Prampolini), Orphists (Robert Delaunay, Frantisek Kupka), Russian Suprematists (Kazimir Malevich), "Luchists" (Mikhail Larionov and Natalia Goncharova) and constructivists (Lyubov Popova, Lazar Lisitsky, Alexander Rodchenko, Varvara Stepanova), Dutch neoplasticists (Piet Mondrian, Theo van Dusburg, Bart van der Lek), a number of European sculptors (Alexander Arkhipenko, Konstantin Brancusi, Umberto Boccioni, Antoine Pevsner, Nahum Gabo, Laszlo Moholy Nagy, Vladimir Tatlin).
17c3bf0137e9503cf81f16b8d75041cd51ed21f0	Soon after the emergence of abstractionism, two main directions of the development of this art were identified: geometric abstraction, which tends to correct geometric forms and stable, "substantial" states (Mondrian, Malevich), and lyrical abstraction, which prefers more free forms, dynamic processes (Kandinsky, Kupka).
632f319ce8e1648e02c75f4229a1c628910f629f	The first international associations of abstract artists ("Circle and Square"," Abstract Creativity") were formed in the early 1920s — early 1930s in Paris[2].
ae012b35cffc49efc9c96a04a1f515cef0802935	The aesthetic programs of the abstractionists were characterized by universalism; abstract art was presented in them as a universal model of the world order, including both the structure of the environment and the structure of society.
60dd7af64c8189a22afd462990ab7a7b1b6a9101	Working with the primary elements of the pictorial language, the abstractionists turned to general compositional principles, the laws of form formation.
0c65981a18cea6d711b7d2255519b30dbcefdb7a	It is not surprising that abstract artists found use for unimaginative forms in industrial art, artistic design, architecture
547eb740850bfa011681fcdb3185b98e29081c2c	(the activities of the Style group in the Netherlands and the Bauhaus school in Germany; the work of Kandinsky in VKhUTEMAS;
16a1b4b17a2acf3894ebff0d42a91ef5dbbdf74c	Malevich's architectons and design projects;
6b1d6d4a5f7078f2b7e3c417a4147df1941ca764	Alexander Kolder's" mobiles";
040cc81f711d536d0ecd4277e033a2446fd6485f	Vladimir Tatlin's designs, the works of Naum Gabo and Antoine Pevsner).
75a8059d64931c31dd98566617e55271fa91c3c6	The activity of abstract artists contributed to the formation of modern architecture, decorative and applied art, and design[2].
1d3df5eda24617154cc8df64d499e2cf99a998db	At the end of the 1940s, abstract expressionism developed in the United States, which was formed on the basis of lyrical asbtractionism.
204931f7564be8db447dfe7a680439a5c3e2bd58	Representatives of abstract expressionism (Pollock, Mark Toby, Willem de Kooning, Mark Rothko, Arshil Gorki, Franz Kline) proclaimed their method of "unconsciousness" and automatism of creativity, the unpredictability of effects ("action painting").
c1ffc9237ebec624984213f032742890ab86fcad	Their aesthetic concepts no longer had idealistic metaphysics, and the non objective composition sometimes became a self sufficient object that excluded associations with reality[2].
6e73ef6ad23c10df6a145f7d7d326b070fb4de24	Tashism became the European analogue of abstract expressionism, the brightest representatives of which were Hans Hartung, Pierre Soulage, Volsa, Georges Mathieu.
2755b8e62c9b76b5a426b6e306b511ea2ad24921	Artists sought to use unexpected, non standard combinations of colors and textures, sculptors (Eduardo Chilida, Seymour Lipton and others) created bizarre compositions and used unusual methods of processing materials[2].
a4071f997de3036081b64e7fddc672a2f573d611	In the 1960s, with the decline of abstract expressionism, op art, which developed the principles of geometric abstraction, using optical illusions of perception of flat and spatial objects, became a noticeable trend in abstractionism.
86af42d631bb27020177a39ee6e6eddf5f741f64	Another direction in the development of geometric abstraction has become kinetic art, which plays the effects of real movement of the entire work or its individual components (Alexander Calder, Jean Tangley, Nicholas Schaeffer, Jesus Soto, Taxis).
738b6e0f936c85836db543bdfd84acbee22ba474	At the same time, post descriptive abstraction appeared in the United States, the principles of which were the reduction and extreme simplification of pictorial forms; inheriting regular geometric forms from geometric abstraction, post descriptive abstraction rounds them, "softens" them.
c2e85a4f83556371732451bcafaee1e16bb196d8	Notable representatives of this direction are Frank Stella, Elsworth Kelly, Kenneth Noland.
9dcb8defa6fdeeca51536e502628278c1bb69d7c	The ultimate expression of geometric abstraction in sculpture was minimalism, which was formed in the 1960s 1970s.
d6de57ac7198dbb21b91cce03bd26d8fbff711ad	2].
0bef48d7253b424537e61f36de54fdc53d09ac56	The history of Abstractionism in Russia and the USSR[edit / edit wiki text]
abd5cafe8ad20211d4b545a604a8cfe4d3a9da93	1900-1949[edit / edit wiki text]
31222b0a2a761524c737585b51058009c677dd5a	Russian artists Kandinsky and Malevich made a significant contribution to the development of the theory and practice of abstractionism at the beginning of the XX century.
b909c4c6726685f08382f96125d7f51ee108eccc	In the 1920s, during the rapid development of all avant garde trends, abstract art included cubo futurists, non objectalists, constructivists, suprematists in its orbit: Alexandra Exter and Lyubov Popova, Alexander Rodchenko and Varvara Stepanova, George Stenberg and Mikhail Matyushin, Nikolai Suetin and Ilya Chashnik.
9771f2827742d65b87bd7081b3971200ee72addc	The language of non figurative art was the basis of the culture of a new, modern plastic form, easel, decorative applied or monumental, and had all the opportunities for further fruitful and promising development.
13caef47de7a16d16c296468d1da004730f1bae1	But the internal contradictions of the avant garde movement, reinforced by the pressure of ideological officialdom, in the early 1930s forced its leaders to look for other creative ways.
0ec5bea750da2671b333d76bfa2365ebf9a9f6ef	Anti popular, idealistic abstract art had no right to exist from now on.
29c32d31dd86801862670dedff83885871e0804c	With the coming to power of the fascists, the centers of abstractionism from Germany and Italy moved to America, since the concept of abstractionism did not find support among the ideologists of fascism.
ba70543c04353c6384d25207ec616e4c331f3126	In 1937, the Museum of non — objective painting, founded by the family of the millionaire Guggenheim, was created in New York, in 1939 the Museum of Modern Art, created at the expense of Rockefeller.
1f8c2dd007d86981c8b60ec917c771c7876823ec	During the Second World War and after its end, all the ultra left forces of the art world gathered in America in general.
4ebfa560711334beda1841537541209a202d7a79	In post war America, the "New York School" was gaining strength, whose members were the creators of abstract expressionism, Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko, Barnett Newmann, Adolf Gottlieb.
ce17fa1bf321d710be4a726e0a4e13daac13f911	In the summer of 1959, their works were seen by young artists in Moscow at the exhibition of the national art of the United States in Sokolniki Park.
a07edec1b71f766ee4a5cd1453b82a98cbc57089	Two years before this event, contemporary world art was presented at an art exhibition within the framework of the World Festival of Youth and Students.
6a9c39247b191c05de98643a648e946176f54247	The information breakthrough has become a kind of symbol of spiritual and social freedom[source not specified 512 days].
1bfe19087133d86eb5b19ae17b9a81282c740050	Abstract art was now associated with inner liberation from totalitarian oppression, with a different perception of the world[source not specified 512 days].
96dad2b62b01e7163430f9d6573c0d846f9476d8	The problems of the actual artistic language, the new plastic form were inextricably linked with socio political processes.
45e29088d439ca7137b2d0b4489cde960036cc2c	The era of the" thaw " implied a special system of relations between abstract art and power.
d2e6ee35eb70002745e47a28618bfdc304762330	A new stage in the development of Soviet abstractionism began — the 1950s and 1970s.
dd42b8e86f07208c3d7eefb777818288f2a3baa5	For young Soviet artists brought up in the traditions of the academic system and the materialistic vision of the world, the discovery of abstraction meant the possibility of reproducing a personal subjective experience.
c4ab7170df27a9f4a37b92fd66fc7f0362d0e4f7	American researchers have characterized abstract expressionism as "a gesture of liberation from political, aesthetic, and moral values" [source not specified 512 days].
4832038ff3587681f71781cfe1def19a62d1f6bd	Similar feelings were experienced by young artists in the USSR, who comprehended the current art unfamiliar to them and at the same time built their own forms of coexistence with the authorities or opposition to them.
a761ac6eb4564430daba5d8a63a95cb511ed4c1a	The underground was born, and among informal artists, the appeal to abstract art was generally accepted and widespread.
6f6eb5cbb2bbb4057251812e8fd3a603c8c303b4	During these years, many painters felt the need for the language of non objective art.
aa3c5d083d3822fab095b77691fb1ede3b31a69c	The need to master the formal vocabulary was often associated not only with immersion in spontaneous creativity, but also with the composition of thoughtful theoretical treatises.
2b46583f06467b81f38434a9d703a0052eb1f7c8	As at the beginning of the century, for these painters, abstraction did not mean the denial of different levels of meaning.
4a1b1ef4f442482205fffc218b9e0fdef3164943	Modern European and American abstract art was based on such fundamental layers as the study of primitive mythological consciousness, Freudianism, the beginnings of existentialism, Eastern philosophies — Zen[source not specified 512 days].
046c79934fb6b1f2f9f3948f70d1bb06ed9d23e5	But in the conditions of Soviet reality, abstract artists could not always fully and deeply get acquainted with the primary sources, they intuitively found answers to the problems that worried them[the source is not specified 512 days] and, rejecting reproaches for simply copying Western samples, they took their own professional reputation seriously[the source is not specified 512 days].
9c2601d0075125af496e8febd0e6b04954be96b5	1950-1970[edit / edit wiki text]
47fa49cee46513f1e92a95c0afffdf172d8615cb	The return of abstract art to the cultural space of Russia was not just a consequence of a change in the political climate or an imitation of the artistic phenomena of the West.
2bb3065584a49a1ce768692a4d4bf2ef3cbd48c1	The laws of "self development of art "built" forms that are vitally necessary for art itself".
d6a98b5e5816dfc9b8cf303949ec5572aa4719bf	Occurred: "The process of repersonalization of art. There is an opportunity to create individual pictures of the world."[source not specified 512 days] The latter caused a powerful negative reaction at the state level, which for many years taught us to consider abstractionism as: "An extremely formalistic direction, alien to truthfulness, idealism and nationality"[source not specified 512 days], and works created by abstract artists as: "A meaningless combination of abstract geometric forms, chaotic spots and lines".[source not specified 512 days]
aafde5b48787feb56bcf7f1b78d5999a468d4861	For almost thirty years (from the late 1950s to 1988), Yevgeny Mikhnov Voitenko, a unique master in the range of methods used, developed his own style of abstract creativity.
d42ff2d77391f49a4e8792ccbe87f4db85ee2b67	Different periods of his work are marked by many experiments in the field of painting and decorative and applied art; the artist's legacy includes graphics, paintings made in mixed media, nitro enamel, pastel, sauce, oil, gouache, tempera, as well as works made of wood, metal, glass, foam.
332df40621f34ec8794aadd4b6a2df12a17ed597	The first [source not specified 611 days] informal art association of the "thaw" period, which developed the principles of abstract art, was the studio "New Reality", which gathered around Elia Mikhailovich Belyutin.
7c4bbe05f8601b9cc096ecfca9c5e013ad642fea	Initially, the studio functioned as a refresher course at the City Committee of Graphic Artists.
ea50c4efca10ffde9f0148b3197676ac0a4e8ba4	The course of general liberalization, set by the XX Congress, opened up prospects for freedom of creativity and artistic search.
2f476ba07f6483a6185272aefaf621cb3ac1603c	However, the 1962 exhibition in the Manege, sharp criticism from the New Reality Artists ' art party and the campaign against abstractionism forced the artists to go underground.
101a0655613165598c14e2a8327f4e93f55f476f	For the next 30 years[4] the studio continuously worked in workshops in Abramtsevo, in a house owned by Belyutin.
c480a8ba1f9c1cfaa940023bd57e1ec65355eb16	Developing the principles of non figurative image, the studio's artists relied on both the experience of Russian avant gardists at the beginning of the century and modern Western artists.
ae8decc1295ed53b2f6b36bc1834d6bdfbd39818	A feature of the "New Reality" was the attitude to collective work, which the futurists of the beginning of the XX century aspired to[5].
d83153b3c9bb6c0a6e4b5f328c5fa7eaf953ae9c	"New Reality" united Moscow artists who held different views on the methodology of constructing abstraction.
09f008a639b2da7e9c7226c63477b65927d5e3cf	The artists Lucian Gribkov and Tamara Ter Gevondyan worked in a style that is closest to abstract expressionism[6].
ea210653cccdf85bebfedd112b14eea51987d3c7	While preserving the elements of real forms in their works, they developed the categories of expressing emotional states through visually plastic moves.
34bdb25c2bb0e94bf2ab2c73007725c83439432b	Vera Preobrazhenskaya, who was for a long time the head of the studio and fixed the theory and methodology of the school, has come a long way from expressionism through the aesthetics of op art to geometric abstraction.
cc37195bb8a9e38c0d776423e5d37fad22c22772	Together with Eli Belyutin, Preobrazhenskaya worked on the development of modules- "psychogranules", symbols that would express concrete states and abstract concepts with the help of clear color plastic solutions[7].
18c61a4fd95e347dbcf9dbbb6785f22adb3c812b	Vera Preobrazhenskaya said: "In my paintings, God is almost always a black square"[source not specified 512 days].
88562d5ffc7a31e88b277e1b42cefa0d8dc294bd	In the process of working with the studios, Eliy Belyutin formed the theory of" universal contact", in which he expressed the principles of the development of the artist's creative potential.
5f6b6a968dfd0497e22b1edebd6932d214a86d2e	Vladislav Zubarev came out of the Belyutin school, who was the first to develop the principles of expressing the categories of time in painting.
728afc5169c0efeebdbeca20fe4b5ce7781d664a	A group of artists, passionate about the idea of time, united under his leadership in the Studio "Temporal Reality".
999921b2b82698d5f64c2829846d8b18544c5e8a	The ability to express the third dimension in the two dimensional genre of painting has been a problem for artists since the Renaissance.
86d58f26ee52fcb51863cca5c27a58c57d57dae7	In the book "Temporal Reality" Vladislav Zubarev identifies five types of time: curved, relict, subjective, torn, flat time.
cd4d8e64ec364aa0b5cae723a4fe134b06797460	For each of the types of time, according to Zubarev's theory, there is a different way of plastic expression.
469c8fc2f808fe58b2a941bad2e1f19cd8a415a8	In the book "Temporal Art" and in the program cycles of the works "Images of Temporality", Zubarev brought his teaching about time to a single system[8].
70c1beb9b90a234fcd545c63d4b744a41860197c	The artists of the" New Reality " considered themselves the heirs, first of all, of the art of Vasily Kandinsky.
6b05e0692a2879d7dfdb499bb5277ed053b583ae	The founder of Russian abstraction focused on the image of the spiritual world through plastic art. Their artistic search was also enriched by the achievements of the European abstract artists of the mid century, who partially returned the figurative to their works in a new quality of optical illusion or fetish.
9856eb40cc1ef0c4bed4d36e85d44801e88f4a55	Kandinsky said that: "Consciously or unconsciously, artists are increasingly turning to their material, testing it, weighing on spiritual scales the inner value of the elements from which art should be created"[source not specified 512 days].
823817ea32f8593ff4d4b6d5af4f4ff2e7093b7f	What was said at the beginning of the century again became relevant for the next generations of painters.
21b7ce3f8f823540e6951afc40405b5f440c0247	In the second half of the 1950s, an abstract sculpture equipped with an "electronic brain" appeared — "Cysp I". olya Schaeffer.
b2518390e374af56721b7315f3f8fd314c35d7fb	Alexander Calder creates his own "stable".
c80af955b8924b81501c19f64f286377882ad46a	There is one of the separate directions of abstractionism — op art. At the same time, the first collages using labels of mass products, photographs, reproductions and similar objects of the new pop art style appear almost simultaneously in England and the USA.
69db1fda392de53a805b5f1b371cdd79927c5c14	The Moscow abstraction of the turn of the 1960s, having delved into the search for a new form formation corresponding to the inner state of "creative illumination", a kind of meditation, gave convincing examples of its own understanding of the culture of the non objective.
e5f9d2fdcaf12165d15b34646d34dc8eb48a8470	For example, in the works of Vladimir Nemukhin, Lidia Masterkova, Mikhail Kulakov, who are certainly passionate about abstract expressionism, which they managed to fill with high spiritual tension.
e6b4d7a0a0598211068856b966438f105c740ac9	Another type of abstract thinking was demonstrated by the most consistent in his analytical and practical work, Yuri Zlotnikov, the author of the extensive series "Signals", created in the late 1950s.
29e142df3eff8e8d7a3da82a41d3f18297c2d5bd	According to the artist: "Dynamism, rhythm, clearly expressed in geometric abstraction", led him to the analysis of: "Inamic representations embedded in art", and further: "To the study of human motor reactions"[source not specified 512 days].
ec63bdad89927efb379d74c226f2531654871812	In "Signals", the artist explored the" feedback " of spontaneous psychological reactions to color symbols.
9a1a37224209f0d86bf4972fe922d07b4b3191d8	The next stage in the development of Russian abstraction begins in the 1970s.
2c6bed8b69a3c25674ba99e5cd64f775c64f3805	This is the time when modern artists get acquainted with Malevich's work, with suprematism and constructivism, with the traditions of the Russian avant garde, its theory and practice.
2de08a9c84695bf8f3e841ad26578f875486af88	Malevich's" Primary Elements " aroused a stable interest in the geometrized form, linear signs, and plastic structures.
0e65724be89fef7b6d9a4f78bced5b55986e202b	The "geometric" abstraction allowed us to get closer to the problems that worried the masters of the 1920s, to feel the continuity and spiritual connection with the classical avant garde.
ae05cf7e460b346c0f97df76b341e58c55b0facb	Modern authors discovered the works of Russian philosophers and theologians, theologians and mystics, joined the inexhaustible intellectual sources, which in turn filled the works of Mikhail Shvartsman, Valery Yurlov, Eduard Steinberg with a new meaning.
9b2d3df7f539b3c3451bc1a68bc441ee30dbd90c	Geometric abstraction formed the basis of the methods of work of artists who united in the early 1960s in the group "Movement".
9d73b250543781877bfd8f08dc4abef2eb3a8b6e	Among its members were Lev Nusberg, Vyacheslav Koleychuk, Francisco Infante.
3355e2985de5d60fe6501733be236d1a560e2218	The latter was particularly keen on Suprematism.
7b4594a83eabd3a89ab180ffb7c4167a671e5232	In" Dynamic Spirals", Infante studied the model of an infinite spiral in space, carefully analyzed: "A non existent plastic situation".
a4214fce412eb767b119fc008530228e1b057ace	American painting of the 1970s returns to figurativeness.
d70a01975aa4670f7534c81797d09cecffcd1d1b	It is believed that the 1970s are: "The Moment of Truth for American painting, which is freed from the European tradition that fed it and becomes purely American."[source not specified 512 days]
f28e8c46a900d615800ae3ebcf890b0a927a5764	The mid 1980s can be considered as the completion of the next stage of the development of abstraction in Russia, which by this time had accumulated not only a huge experience of creative efforts, meaningful philosophical problems, but also became convinced of the demand for abstract thinking.
9e50e87c8cee94bdcc186716c428d9d533e70543	The 1990s confirmed the special "Russian way" of non objective art. From the point of view of the development of world culture, abstractionism as a style direction ended in 1958.
e31be145ea30d7502e80b4940c570671599821bb	However, in: "The post perestroika Russian society, only now there is a need for equal communication with abstract art, there is a desire to see not meaningless spots, but the beauty of plastic play, its rhythms, to penetrate into their meaning.
ea33f1f6687e6fcc37abc5bf71be166769bbf9cc	To finally hear the sound of picturesque symphonies."[source not specified 512 days] The artists were given the opportunity to express themselves not only in classical forms suprematism or abstract expressionism, but also in lyrical and geometric abstraction, minimalism, sculpture, an object, a man made author's book, in a paper mass cast by the master himself.
fc9cce9d3e43399610f190664e3c4e58e62e03e5	Modern abstractionism in painting[edit / edit wiki text]
9d78c72086049b23fc9ec6e49beb89b86f59aae1	Space as a conceptual category has different semantic load in modern art.
e40d9074efa746d08511ec41affec62bf6936674	For example, there is a space of a sign, a symbol that arose from the depths of archaic consciousness, sometimes transformed into a structure resembling a hieroglyph.
fad0624babd20963702e285168adcc41f77586dd	There is a space of ancient manuscripts, the image of which has become a kind of palimpsest in the compositions of Valentin Gerasimenko.
4ebbbbbfc8a8c836120a32720e4368e6a50fd390	Kazimir Malevich The Black Square (1915)
b50a565601cdf58e42bd75f11c7b9157df3b0104	Luchism Neoplasticism Orphism Suprematism Systematism Tashism Abstract expressionism Geometric abstraction
e74d43c093ddcafac19ef3e83b47c02790a70fb9	Bruni L., Khlebnikova V. Andrey Sarabyanov: The avant garde was a time of incredible discoveries / / However.
417ca36390fd914c0d26109353e252ed801bbd63	- October 29 ↑ Go to: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kryuchkova V.
9310d7ef8977475c47ee37ff22b6c5496aeb2809	A. Abstractionism / / Great Russian Encyclopedia / S. L. Kravets.
53aa8e172d02d425cfd2fb7837ea6f72defc4474	- Moscow: The Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2005.
ff414893984f62111e3c7b42336e0a014c24eccb	42-43 — - 768 p — - 65,000 copies.
4eca77a8acfc4fc78a6e805e955cb31925f12543	— ISBN 5-85270-329 X. Канд Vasily Kandinsky.
063be44954570d06ec45df1f36fa3d8411f872cc	About the spiritual in art. - M., 1992.
236086a0bb366a745246e22c01219ab0fb417ce4	Бел Belyutin Eliy.
e97a2046011e4c7a92ff09d671834312671cc34d	Abramtsevo is the island of freedom.
3b23503b80c32c2bf5bfc01cb25c4558261b13b0	- M., 2012 ↑ Larisa Kashuk.
ba734cba8be4178eacfb9480cd28539bfecee0f5	Abstract art of Moscow in the 1950s 2000s ↑ Heinrich Sapgir.
23a135a6952bc42e7ec80d5c97e8ae54c69fd862	Lianozovo and others ↑ Vera Preobrazhenskaya ↑ Vladislav Zubarev
2266759f1c5af58eb933730bf264a511e5b83da9	Abstractionism in Wikicitatnik?
81232949d9e043fcf2644009c4cf6178775fadef	Abstractionism on Wikimedia Commons?
7681c20c39cc2fcc0e2a9cf85108b2f6b55f3bd2	Andrey Nakov.
8ce6f2df3dff5a9dc4dec15aa6b4dae34ba856b3	The Non objective World: Abstract and Concrete Art: Russia and Poland / Translated from the French by E. M. Titarenko.
63fe255acb07d8d11fdd77f57ed844fa30c80db2	- Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1997 — - 416 p.
4efe46f4f3e9d266812ae90c041830fde2624640	Abstraction in Russia: XX Century: The State Russian Museum.
1fc11c792070d819b4b01df623fbbe664fb7fb49	The almanac.
1d2ae683b3606439da196f189a7921ce8519c45a	17 / In Russian and English; ed.
804c067c2f209ef191688cca4298e057b8f63169	Yevgenia Petrova.
534fc7a79a9870c00effb2f0ad5df82a6c693bbb	- State Russian Museum, Palace Editions, 2001 — - 814 p.
7aaf9b875df7877dbce4d71425400ea031213fb9	— ISBN 5-93332-070-6, 3-935298-50-1.
0ec438d59d095a9fafc892cbdd42e9d69a30ff0a	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Абстракционизм&oldid=74995925"
990af3236e2cb17872b984210a17a15da6606241	Categories: Painting Abstract art
350c3bd66c3bb8dd0838ebb1799accca557f5f12	Hidden categories: Wikipedia:Articles for processing Wikipedia:Stylistically incorrect Wikipedia articles:Articles without links to sources from July 2014 Wikipedia:No sources since July 2014 Wikipedia:Articles with statements without sources for more than 14 days Wikipedia:There are no sources since April 2014 Articles with links to Wikicitatnik Wikipedia:Articles without links to sources
18cd3e26dcd9a0ca1aedff2d36e3fe263b73a39f	العربية مصرى Belarusian Belarusian (tarashkevitsa) Blgarski Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Suomi Français Galego עברית Hrvatski Magyar Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano 日本語 Basa Jawa ქართული Kazakh 한국어 Kyrgyzcha Lietuvių Latviešu മലയാളം Mongol Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Piemontèis Português Română Srpskohrvatski / srpskohrvatski සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpski / srpski Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Tagalog Türkçe Ukrainka الردو O'zbekcha / ўzbekcha TinNg ViệT 中文
e496caad99571cae20295c65e454286fc68bfc43	Last modified on this page: 21: 30, December 8, 2015.
2b92eadf1f494bcc879743d5e983da9f1dbd8f33	Kazimir Malevich
458a4ac3dca78790bc76b452daf2dce239e33546	Kazimir Severinovich Malevich (1878, Kiev 1935, Leningrad) was an avant garde artist.
3f20c801cda4cdfb4ee9ec76d7071ca79cb4e540	Born in the family of a plant manager.
833567c265fe257536c1aaae9652349bd762c45a	From the age of 11, he drew and painted a lot.
1fec26f60a9a41839e932a748d4cd4b1144860ae	In 1894, he graduated from the fifth grade agronomic school.
95a69b216c9dc044e3fa62b538d54f71a3dfe032	In 1895-1896 he studied at a drawing school, then moved with his family to Kursk.
21ec61d767ba1ebd93995bcd96630b917d04117f	There he participated in the created circle of art lovers and served as a draftsman, earning money for living and studying in Moscow.
3034faa329fcb4721e4663fa13e426f909196298	In 1904 he came to Moscow, where he briefly attended classes at the School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture and at the Stroganov School.
dedda3778775761bd720fc4188532f8379608c2e	In 1905, he returned to Kursk and independently studied painting.
0701e9a3ee31f7bd96186f6d567008bdc4a23ed0	In 1907, he took his first known catalog participation in the exhibition of the Moscow Association of Artists, where, in addition to Malevich's works, paintings by V. V. Kandinsky and others were presented.
67716a4f40eb163dee93843eb9b3a3904f934251	Malevich worked a lot on the canvases of a new painting system, which he called " Suprematism "("Black Square", 1913), the principles of which were outlined by him in the manifesto brochure " From Cubism to Suprematism.
52705dd74740f6283c00d1c26b6f99b6687ed192	A new pictorial realism".
b193c90af8b9553d726d56798fce5df3a808e6a9	After the February Revolution of 1917, Malevich was elected chairman of the Art Section of the Moscow Union of Soldiers ' Deputies.
b3c4dcc65d64383c95f1299379827d02a6aef023	He developed a project for the creation of the People's Academy of Arts, was a commissioner for the protection of ancient monuments and a member of the Commission for the Protection of Artistic Values of the Kremlin.
d4477183b9ee45558146e092b39f72fcd5418ed4	After the October Revolution, he created sets and costumes for the production of V. V. Mayakovsky's "Mystery Buff", wrote a theoretical work "On new systems in Art", together with Chagall in Vitebsk, he led a workshop at the People's Art School, participated in exhibitions.
d2926dcd20955ca3049cdfd1ce244749a2908d04	In 1922 he finished the manuscript " Suprematism.
e66aeea1ca9b32e27366827276435a69afb6d3ad	The world as Pointlessness or eternal peace", published in 1962 in German.
1c5db18ff20b5cca08a4e76017a49ea20377e03e	Since 1922, Malevich taught drawing at the architectural department of the Petrograd Institute of Civil Engineers.
a6d16d1c45b7f3acb9c65fdf8364694a4fb1bed1	In 1923, he was appointed director of the Institute for Research on the Culture of Modern Art.
7ca6551bc03f68e950ee9d933a386e5d680e7c20	In 1926, after a pogrom article in Leningradskaya Pravda, the institute was liquidated, and Malevich was dismissed.
2e7c573061d2fb625fcbb3188ceb2b78501d5f49	In 1927, Malevich exhibited his paintings in Berlin.
ef01dab87cb35ad78ce222ed9f56e320e466a1bb	In 1928-1930 he taught at the Kiev Art Institute.
f75b9104ce938aba796a48cf476a6a0fee022162	In 1929, his personal exhibition was held at the State Tretyakov Gallery.
d67e556a5c20b3d031e43a8c6d9a947c35c21733	In 1930, his works were exhibited in Austria and Germany; he gave a course of lectures on the theory of painting at the Leningrad House of Arts.
d6c08ad21dbfb770625e5eb68401a6a45538d58c	In the autumn of 1930, Malevich was arrested by the OGPU, but was released in early December.
48162b6443a5f3903f5baad30d7bad1e28f4a84b	In 1931, he painted murals in the Red Theater of Leningrad.
3ccd1ecf3469b9c9715aca2e687a49e35d0f5049	In 1932, he became the head of the experimental laboratory at the State Russian Museum, participated in exhibitions.
5470e86f0783f2afce42dc45879a6178f264e395	He died after a serious illness.
851f148bb8a81160936f7df0212f819864ef891f	Cubofuturism
b5dc049247c66767bc57065de061b1c5c5c09283	Purism
9dbae3c406e04222f0f69ee37b5a045c5f9c8afa	Purism — (French purisme, from Latin purus pure) current in French painting of the late 1910s 20s.
a8934c89817f765d069cfc2edf7df1f8d3c122de	Rejecting the decorative tendencies of Cubism and other avant garde movements of the 1910s, the purists sought to rationalize the orderly transfer of stable and concise object forms, as if "cleaned" of details, to the image of "primary" elements.
fd5bf9914d443b7a663e095e8c7e879e93b905a5	Ozanfan and Jeanneret are inspired by constructive methods, the final goals and aesthetics of industrial machines and assert a "general grammar of sensitivity".
d951229ed615be4833877f95d4bd6a051974345a	Shapes and colors are simplified and structures are based on rectangles and "correct plans".
a1e317747f263f54ac967772f236932bc82cdbf7	Their simple and standardized forms can be easily connected while remaining clear.
3948418bbd08143e7d885cca9ac5c982468f848b	Their organic arrangement produces the regeneration of forms.
8879eb0709df5d7b5bc6b1a72342eb5a9b328823	"You can create a picture as a machine.
02111eec501ccad7ac3b8a86044096094cf4d3b4	The picture is a mechanism of excitement."
68438f3283ce60ecb513512d3c9b8831ddbb2a05	Ozanfan and Jeanneret parted ways after 1925.
d4150da87c5cc520c040ad64ff84965d5f10f3f2	Since 1927, Ozanfan's work has changed direction: he again introduces the image of the human figure and turns to wall painting ("Bathers in the grotto" 1930-1931 Paris gal. Katya Granoff).
5d7ce9a78c3aef2fc483575d1377dcf261cd4c7e	He responds to the call of surrealism with strange but always rational images.
8dbb00dec285408d97d5e0ee08f1a3c96f86aa7c	Then Ozanfan creates works on allegorical themes that unfortunately brought him little satisfaction ("Life" 1931-1938 Paris National Museum of Modern Art Pompidou Center was transferred to the Saint Quentin Museum for storage).
47b68189067c976f90664d4cd409da469803c495	After 1940, he created several attractive works such as" Sleeping Cannon "(Minneapolis Walker Art Center) or" Illuminated Skyscraper " (Paris National Museum of Modern Art Pompidou Center) — the fruit of his American journey.
3500d4b35e09aec9433369fe1f0907f52e0edc0b	Ozanfan influenced many artists, even such famous and significant ones as Fernand Leger and Willy Baumeister.
d97dfc01817805776188dd36aeff66214bab8535	A teacher, he taught at various educational institutions in Paris and the United States and educated numerous students from the Frenchwoman Marcel Kahn to the American Gerald Murphy and in the early 1950s Roy Lichtenstein.
a39f9d1167de177fca6a41082fe618ed08e825ef	Finally, from the huge literary heritage of Ozanfan, the book "Art", published in 1928 and soon translated into German and English, should be particularly noted.
a84a7a2c18a7806c717b60c7430bded7cd891ea5	His "Memoirs of 1886-1962" were published after the artist's death.
5fcc04817b9a4f646a73f2b34f49599307787f84	Ozanfan's works are represented in particular in the museums of Basel New York (the Museum of Modern Art and the Solomon Guggenheim Museum) Paris (the National Museum of Modern Art Pompidou Center) St. Petersburg (the State Hermitage Museum) and Moscow (the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts).
9fa86d0fae506dde9a052844adc2bf60b21bb91f	In 1985, a large exhibition of his work was held at the Saint Quentin Museum.
0eb50c7e53656b6403da0d1def49b556c030eceb	Ozenfant Amedee Ozenfant Amedee (1886 Saint Quentin — 1966 Cannes) was a French artist and art theorist.
a7f3c6aaa7f7e5001bdfb28f782d64f8d7049ecc	Having received a classical education, Ozanfan developed the principles of his painting during the First World War, publishing in particular the magazine "Elan" (1915-1917).
360ed97debd413bff82171b5a00892043672e93a	But his real creative career begins in 1917 when, in the studio of Opost Perret, he meets the architect Charles Edouard Jeanneret (Le Corbusier), who also began to paint.
73a10d0ff8548eb2436d6b6ef11c3022850d11b9	In 1918, they appeared on the art scene, showing at exhibitions their landscapes and mainly still lifes consisting of ordinary objects and painted in a simple manner, a gloomy color scheme and a compressed compositional structure ("Yellow Violins" Paris Nats. the Pompidou Center Museum of Modern Art).
7f2825d0625fc47d842bfed258db95bac9710017	In 1918, in Paris, they published the manifesto "After Cubism", which marked the birth of purism from their point of view — the heir of Cubism.
1cd5f3d7f56a8a6b124b68ca61fa36f4bbdb9151	They accuse Cubism of being decorative, and especially of being alien to the" modern spirit " of the industrial civilization of machines and scientific progress.
20922e3d104bdaf75ffae41d375fb9dccb3ea8ee	They seek to find "unchangeable quantities" in art, which are laws in science.
04f0a1307eb68f57c4918ac56f18f321220bfdca	Futurism
a935fbdade65e8e611f2fc0f4d75fe936c4b2e61	The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on May 12, 2013; checks require 29 edits.
cf111a6e07f9b328badf8a84e9f2a2cb82923c77	Umberto Boccioni The street enters the house. 1911
434bfcc07c61d178a0c065efa64e6410753001dd	Futurism (Latin futurum the future) is the general name of the artistic avant garde movements of the 1910s early 1920s, primarily in Italy and Russia.
59553fd6f82b9aa0863eb00f984ddec5a8acc7c1	Futurists were interested not so much in the content as in the form of versification.
4515a28155c62c93d37a2b856a17a69c8c79266a	They came up with new words, used vulgar vocabulary, professional jargon, the language of a document, a poster and posters.
451645cc28321f04d649ed766e2ee2f51d176fde	1 Emergence 2 Futurism in the visual arts 3 Russian Futurism 4 Futuristic Architecture 5 Neo Futurism 6 Museum 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Literature 10 References
0d41d8fc061d1719018ea074d342162ea46f15c0	Occurrence[edit / edit wiki text]
78e857e1c2c89228f39070732aa42daf0acf63b8	The author of the word and the founder of the direction is the Italian poet Filippo Marinetti (the poem "Red Sugar").
0106f94b25354a7d102d8cc189c7a8db7f7b133c	The name itself implies the cult of the future and discrimination of the past along with the present.
5426132de0923653a5bf0005c517f324b1c8ea1c	On February 20, 1909, Marinetti published the Manifesto of Futurism in the newspaper Figaro.
c3d7931873fb0f0b91af1d334e320e20eaa23ad5	It was written for young Italian artists.
cc8ebde25a464c004ee9f0ed53a38090c7f70dcf	Marinetti wrote: "The oldest among us are thirty — year olds, in 10 years we must fulfill our task until a new generation comes and throws us into the trash...".
2715b711c575c74e466f5f5c9abc8b8989bb6c51	Marinetti's manifesto proclaims the "telegraphic style", which, in particular, marked the beginning of minimalism[source not specified 1641 days].
93204331a3f5bc0693ec93b69d45c9df8aafb5ef	In addition to Marinetti, the founders of futurism were Balla, Boccioni, Russolo, Carlo Carra, Gino Severini, Francesco Balilla Pratella.
ae750aeaa73018dee25ffe792b8fde5f512430e9	In 1912, the first exhibition of futurist artists was held in Paris.
3908b0033c4108b210418fa39d2c6efeffddc114	Futurism is characterized by the rejection of traditional grammar, the poet's right to his spelling, word creation, speed, rhythm.
92dec0bb5ee8c5341a9c69f7840b1650f153edaf	They dedicated their paintings to the train, the car, and the planes (see aerial painting).
c71fb60a108d5f7f829e7421bebca4e21c7f6cf3	In a word, to all the momentary achievements of a civilization intoxicated with technological progress.
d499e79032f08d0680aa6414fa1468a864fe031f	The motorcycle was declared a more perfect creation than the sculptures of Michelangelo.
9ebffbad2c3e5f16788b8d5ba0b2a5f6a3c872fc	Marinetti said: "The heat coming from a piece of wood or iron excites us more than the smile and tears of a woman," "New art can only be violence, cruelty."
2c3ffa9826ba3f6e83e5ebfafe10dc26598d1d17	The pathos of destruction and explosion is proclaimed.
e11dc249de6654825cea22cbe13337bb6cbc7ceb	Wars and revolutions are celebrated as a rejuvenating force of the decrepit world.
a3cb937c2600bd44f8fdf0fefcc3d5c7fedfc239	Futurism can be considered as a kind of fusion of Nietzscheanism and the manifesto of the Communist Party.
0d5d610ee229d9af86b180438ee8854939f4abd8	The dynamics of movement should replace the static of posing sculptures, paintings and portraits.
b13834a09e96b3c08869dbb8aa55516fef0cc58f	A camera and a movie camera will replace the imperfection of painting and the eye.
b1074ca882a125b7ea08d6d9703aeb2b118cc900	Futurism in the visual arts[edit / edit wiki text]
704e6c043620c820ae2a33cb173bd00e42de962d	Antonio Sant'Elia — Urban Drawing
a7c275c7ebdc46406eed89e2c5dc2d8c8c4ab0ab	Their paintings are characterized by energetic compositions, where the figures are fragmented into fragments and intersect with sharp angles, where flashing forms, zigzags, spirals, beveled cones prevail, where movement is transmitted by superimposing successive phases on one image — the so called principle of simultaneity.
a9cc7045e8ff0622fea93b64e7800c407ca7f295	Russian futurism[edit / edit wiki text]
f3552bb33490c2e20db0a52579010992589a6331	Main article: Russian Futurism
90825555c70c591be52fc338136a298a83cce92e	He manages to rally around himself the most diverse, bright, unlike anyone else personalities.
27217f33da362b4e7f0360148bbfa1ceb3241cc3	Mayakovsky, Khlebnikov, Kruchenykh, Benedikt Livshits, Elena Guro are the most famous names.
2962ebade9ff94fbd4bf4bc3fe474857a9aca5ae	In the first manifesto, "A Slap in the Face to public taste", the call: "To abandon Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, and so on. and so on. from the steamship of modernity".
6abe59a58246e7713bebfea97f6a729635ae7ec1	But this appeal is softened by the statement below: "Whoever does not forget the first love, he will not know the last love."
ba955ebdf4d8da2ae3130b32fa6b4e840896b457	But even such idols as Alexander Blok did not escape the accusation that "they only need a dacha on the river."
187f15526a672937200aae7cc67a97f479f296ce	One way or another, futurism gave poetry three geniuses: Mayakovsky, Khlebnikov, Pasternak.
c1e25b34a9eed4a8e673191d4de9aae104251139	Not to mention the sea of talents: Habias, Kamensky, Shklovsky, Zdanevich, Kruchenykh.
2cbfe8033205fdd468c8de7af9e2548bf7a10f89	Some were shot, like Terentyev, others disappeared in exile, like Habias.
670a8cbb445c5a1cf93fc3955bcfd76c864d1ea1	The survivors were doomed to oblivion: Kamensky, Kruchenykh, Guro, Shershenevich.
a44e4feccbeebe4008e65e172b7921da21d88327	Pasternak was persecuted under Khrushchev, although by that time he had completely departed from the principles of futurism.
e4a4beb2383ecc8f0881d67992eef4f7573bb0a6	Futurism is one of the trends of avant gardism, which gave rise to many other trends and schools.
ecf9565f8a973c8d95c1210c3a2fb362a6f594b0	The imagism of Yesenin and Marienhof.
668d1469e7176db6981ed140c5091bcd82bf020a	Constructivism of Selvinsky, Lugovsky.
d4318860b541776901aa71f4e1de252838fe65db	Ego futurism of the Northerner.
aed942e34fb61279dc3a09993e1ba3d2336e24c6	There will be a Khlebnikov family.
e5e593f489978bd638cbb823f907089f581f6d27	OBERIU Kharms, Vvedensky, Zabolotsky, Oleynikov.
acf3aabf1022e50c2a0cbc912d67128060d5fc60	And, finally, "nichevokov".
2ea85317371c5db4f5d3a26262938adfda9b4ccc	Among the neo Futurists, the critics include the metametaphorists A. Parshchikov and K. Kedrov, as well as G. Aiga, V. Sosnora, Gornon, S. Biryukov, E. Katsyuba, A. Alchuk, N. Sincere.
63fbb4cb914cf125b3489945911d448385ee50db	In the visual arts, it should be noted cubofuturism a direction in which such artists as Malevich, Burlyuk, Goncharova, Rozanova, Popova, Udaltsova, Exter, Bogomazov, etc. worked at different times.
2f35ff3d5c006c1375970a3689c572f761e9c35c	Futuristic architecture[edit / edit wiki text]
862eaca2ae93f20939ffd4a2b0499cedc02b8bd9	Main article: Futuristic architecture
bedaf9b63525dd106793ee6feda55fd16ddf306f	Neo Futurism[edit / edit wiki text]
843c45dbd491195edc208bdbf319905174f4e21a	Neo futurism is a postmodern movement in art, design and architecture of the late XX early XXI century, associated with an idealistic belief in a better future, in the harmony of man, nature and high technologies.[1] The direction appeared and developed, starting from the early 60s — late 70s, thanks to the ideological leader Hal Foster; the American architect Buckminster Fuller; the Finnish American architect and industrial designer Eero Saarinen; the English architectural group "Arkigram", the Danish architect Hening Larsen; the Czech architect Jan Kaplitsky; the Swedish artist Simon Stalenhag, the Italian light sculptor Marco Ladola; the American conceptual artist Sid Mead, American theater screenwriter Greg Allen and Russian poet Andrei Voznesensky.
f5fbd256e19cfb6dc6b6dc6e7946c359a260b0c6	Neo Futurism resumed its existence in 2007 after the publication of the "Manifesto of the Neo Futurist City"[2], written by the designer Vito Di Bari (former executive director of UNESCO) in order to outline the futuristic vision of the city of Milan during the 2015 World Exhibition in Milan.
9fd8133669e340bb79ba01cfc6befde0ca6956b4	The museum[edit / edit wiki text]
f1e6d997bb4d86886ca54150a9ed740675048c6a	Matyushin's House
a238e19aebdde41eae5fed48e57bfbba08dec0e6	In 2006, the Museum of the St. Petersburg Avant Garde opened in St. Petersburg, in the house on Professor Popov Street, where the outstanding figure of the Russian avant garde, painter, violinist and composer Mikhail Matyushin lived.
99a9714ca42589119b16ac24f3dd6bccd9ac192a	Futurology Passeism Moscow in the XXIII century Germany in 2000 France in 2000 The Futurist movement " Novecento "("XX century") in Italy
d2811238b6abc845310839aa1fd06aec791237b3	Ев Eva Tornado.
8c98d4b418d00810c312075149752682366730bb	Neo futurism.
858838ad8057e8fe2b73519421f85ca1fe60fb5e	My Personal Wiki (2015.01.03).
6904ef3f495e5e941df5e25dd3c33ea66fdac035	Vit Vito Di Bari.
bbcfc6d97051f12b0081ee6e4d6e151b1e682d9a	Manifesto of Neo Futuristic City.
e0f9fb0ec7bf0a899f53e3c0cfe95c5b922e6820	B. Livshits "The Half eyed Sagittarius".
0b51698ab9cd3303de3b807925b7e9fe72318e65	A. Kruchenykh "Kukish proshlyakam".
e3fc184ec0a7211bba66bf39935960bf90d0d4ed	V. Mayakovsky "How to make poems".
4aff004a4b92e280be89077bccff484eba3d05c4	V. Khlebnikov "Zangezi".
cc8bfb523184778cfae71e14e40e15dc34a57de8	"Our basis".
6bd4b6ada74f42a0a849ca14fb3df00b5862e96d	R. Jacobson "Grammar of poetry".
eed0463a28e1cf4a0546bc7948be46cabd43ad87	B. Shklovsky "Pro and contra".
1a84fcd7923be51babe62efd14e94786b718766d	Kedrov K.
893a8a716f617098ac17d84342e636697d7467f9	A. "The star alphabet of Velimir Khlebnikov" (1982) Kedrov K.
b63379892f4a7fea91e08703cd9902c8971ac135	A. "The Milker of exhausted toads" (Burlyuk).
6031132e30129b2f2988608e0711fa3e287a7338	Russian Russian Avant garde Poetry" (2001).
b27e25e233a7166c8535501a63185ccf0143c633	"Poetry of Russian Futurism" (1999).
ede350c0266c3c20846ed91cedfde49694380a15	"Novye izvestiya".
a55f40f46a8034fb63492cb14466ec36cdcecd9a	S. Biryukov "Poetry of the Russian avant garde" (2001).
5afce9ec3329818c5766fabfa0e9be895f6ee0d5	The new library of the poet.
a545ed6cc3faac8a64982f4ade1665792688269b	S. Jimbinov "Literary manifestos from symbolism to the present day" (2000) S. E. Yurkov.
e9137d0c5bc7a0755118a1ea39cddac0e3632b65	"Aestheticism inside out": Futurism and cabaret theaters of the 1910s.
239d06ebfd5d465cfed756c5d4cf3ee58a4b76f1	Sylvia Martin "Futurismus", Köln 2005.
e0d10824dbad3ddcd083aee0d9d20a509d2406a5	L. Martynov.
1a742a6f61d744bd12e3091b8e5f0a0178e980ba	Air frigates: A book of short stories.
ec1630ca6a97f633c8484fa02f9d006af8eeeeaa	- M.: Sovremennik, 1974 Aristarchov Lada.
115bf52a6d32d1f44633ce0c644afc5b135a1e3f	Andrey Sarabyanov on the history of futurism / / Culture.
492d6f7e2c89e0e4d87d3990f833bc22a2313f1a	- 2008.
45d54fe93eff187b7b9442ab93a5da7c4fd81e33	- June 16.
6c915554201f237812cda283da3019751425c292	A. Italian Futurism and the Russian avant garde / / Art Studies.
cdda84e1c43b9ae5d501e03028b8c6a550b77e3c	1/99. pp.
6f550996debb39e7760361821832663863155622	300-329.
7dc5f0ab07bec361ce80e3d1fd91e7b6f83889b1	Bobrinskaya E.
a5fd6e8aad432206c609291a32c7857e9af302ad	A. Futurism.
2ac8c9045e41b6b04d05a6b78be16da1ef092401	- M.: Galart, 2000.
7c70d3361db3bd05700f85782a23ccf45e772f41	- 192 p.
efb6b20aa602cff6bb5baf4fffb931ce0f00cfdc	- ISBN 5-269-00931-5 Bobrinskaya E.
06b8cf877872e637da25116633914386cd808ee3	A. Futurism and cubofuturism.
cc63d510836de6d2f2c819ee183587406595e551	- Moscow: Galart: Olma Press, 2000.
1a6a83dbbb5b3d520c79d52cf91721ebb2ba28da	- 175 p.
22afd0a9e238a1d521955eddeee4154720b899f9	— (History of painting. The twentieth century: Europe. Russia, 1910-1930). - ISBN 5-224-01672 X, ISBN 5-269-00992-7 The Second Futurism: Manifestos and Programs of Italian Futurism.
509c142e3e68928a7799a02f6748bcf380ee9f47	1915-1933 / Introduction, comp., trans. from Italian, comm.
8a3d4a32f078e18553bb065cf85e42b243d54d23	E. Lazareva.
253963e5be96329c29e6aaf45b96443f07182f3c	M.: Gileya, 2013
a6093ff8929f347d65527b32cd93780897fad577	Futurism in Wikicitatnik?
cdb14aadabc44e2860aa83e9cac778838d1a57d6	Futurism on Wikimedia Commons?
506c334e3adf1b62169d1dc4b2620eba7eb97530	The manifesto is a slap in the face to the public taste of Neo futurism.
a313453aebeecb61ee129682d36267e43522e93f	My Personal Wiki Manifesto of a Neo Futuristic City
0de288a9b53789810ee8956ed040ff532787c9b4	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Футуризм&oldid=74111578"
b3034360177d7a3d78f78e5cd99705f7c4312ade	Category: Futurism
111d433a8399f40b3c7a16b54ebb879dbe3f8d78	Hidden categories: Wikipedia:No sources since June 2011 Wikipedia:Articles with statements without sources for more than 14 days
f794e1a0a7a06ee765f3d3e888a88554bd598a77	Alemannisch العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca Belarusian Belarusian (tarashkevitsa) Blgarski Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Suomi Võro Français Galego עברית Hrvatski Magyar Հայերեն Interlingua Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 ქართული Kazakh 한국어 Kurdî Kyrgyzcha Latviešu Lietuvių Macedonian Mongolian မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Piemontèis Português Română Srpskohrvatski / srpskohrvatski Simple English Slovenčina Slovenscina Srpski / Svenska Türkçe srpski Seeltersk Ukrainian O'zbekcha/Becca Tiếng Việt 中文
aa8a92c7b12e8849d672e73d27da407cb5fe78af	Last modified on this page: 08: 19, October 25, 2015.
c08e4540844dc3a080dc2737719f2ea8ea0d698c	Aldous Leonard Huxley (July 26, 1894, Godalming, Surrey, England, Great Britain — November 22, 1963, Los Angeles, USA) was an English writer, short story writer and philosopher.
1ab7af66cf20f2ad6e589134a2a5ba95161dbac7	The author of the famous dystopian novel "Brave New World".
9ce3f91ad0732a4a9e2ac645de3e6ff9deb410c9	Huxley was a humanist, pacifist and satirist.
5e507e71104ab1c7776b951e3a22e0c449d8d26d	Later, he became interested in spiritual issues: parapsychology and philosophical mysticism[4][5], in particular universalism.
aaabeae3715420a771aa599bae20a0f17fc2c589	By the end of his life, Huxley was widely recognized as one of the outstanding intellectuals of his time.
bb16ba67b7deec7bd0d98c1f726647e2b4111694	He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature seven times in different years.[6]
fab2bace545cdf9d07731475c587fe54df0cfe9c	Both on his father's and mother's sides, Huxley belonged to the British cultural elite, which gave a number of outstanding scientists, writers, and artists.
06c6797a599cde18e3b3ddfc20a4010503702434	In his father's well-equipped laboratory, Huxley began self-education, which he then continued at the Hillside School, where his mother became his first teacher.
55bd72a4c5a3d8086362c956f3bbb772f771971d	When Aldous was 13 years old, his mother died.
a59ef889bfdc8650dc7ca4bd3237bb180bc8d15e	Three years later, at the age of 16, he suffered from keratitis, which led to the fact that he was deprived of vision for almost 18 months.
733db1e72f386919da51cb497b8dc2a4d7f848eb	In this regard, he was released from military service during the First World War.
4009a0e26db8e936a88c3830d258f514c944b6cb	He later described his own experience of correcting vision in the brochure "The Art of Seeing" (The Art of Seeing, 1943).
a9e3bd0284496820dccab78ed8096f41089dd3a0	Despite his vision problems, Huxley continued his studies at Baliol College, Oxford (1913-1915), and received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1916.
f57da9919a7c51fe559e2ea5ebc1098ae017b3c5	Huxley wrote his first novel, which was not published, at the age of seventeen.
a0ac61c230918263d215c321421438dce04f8faf	Already at the age of twenty, Huxley decides to choose writing as a profession.
b26577e253be042f2b2f3b55feee9bf662d0d925	The first collection of poems appeared in 1916, followed by two more editions in 1920.
23951f8c364bb422ad56dec08a90f1b95cf60340	In 1920-21, Huxley worked as a theater critic for the Westminster Gazette and as a librarian at the Chelsea Book Club.
9a554ddb703087de01cbffb9c792ed869d1f4c9a	His first novel "Yellow Chrome" — a witty criticism of society-appeared in 1921.
726eb8452a6326d8b6ec3e21bb7adce7ab1ec424	Huxley's style, combining brilliant dialogues, social criticism and cynicism, created him a reputation as one of the most fashionable literary figures of the decade.
65a6c0dc8ddc3c732aa05bc7c9bf0f496cbee0ab	In the 20s, Huxley became friends with D. G. Lawrence, together they make a trip to Italy and France.
31b6c0d100c48329a2176c80c63ef6c45d57c0ad	To combat "unplanned pregnancy" in Huxley's novel, sterilization is widely used, which is also successfully implemented.
9b87adbbfcba168668485e4b5c84a3a6c822b1d8	Huxley spent most of his 20s in Italy.
ce1b9d81febcb037edcc51a6da8d03eac88e157e	In the 30s, he moved to Sunery, near Toulon, and there he wrote "Brave New World", a gloomy picture of a high-tech society of the future.
4d17d92c35426a84f3e6e0a2052289db9628627a	Not everyone has read it either, but the title of the book has become a popular expression when they want to give an ironic or even sarcastic assessment of some strange modern innovations.
e1cfe71ac17b38f979ff349957bac261f498fb40	Which, however, is not surprising, because "The Beautiful new world" belongs to the genre of dystopian novels – such novels where the image of a possible future is drawn very unattractively, if not terribly.
74956a52029a015af8613c5d03f85ab8ae82951e	Dystopia identifies the most dangerous, from the author's point of view, social trends and is theoretically aimed at preventing their rooting and development.
90ff3b46605e4253820caf63d0486d9986d19eda	We reread the novel, and since by this time we already knew quite a lot about birth control in different countries, and about school sex education, and about new technologies for processing mass consciousness, and about other globalization processes, we experienced a state close to shock when we saw how much of what the author had invented in the distant 30s of the XX century had already come true.
4e221a13f83edcadd3de2ba5eab3954da76bc538	P.S. It is also worth adding that according to the book, the notorious heavy metal band Iron Maiden wrote a winrar song "Brave New World"[1].
fd5315914aabc50024fe2dad54162e8b50207f87	The novel was a kind of response to a wide range of readers, in the first year more than 28 thousand copies of the book were sold in England and the USA, and throughout the 20th century it remained in the leaders in sales.
9e048805a7b7029d99038eca787e27f14086785e	In the 30s, Huxley took an active part in the activities of the "Peace Pledge Union".
03af3c0ce178866256c1e5bf467f0a4ee81f7bfa	In 1937, Huxley moved to Los Angeles, California, with his wife Maria, son Matthew and friend Gerald Gerd, hoping that the California climate would benefit his deteriorating eyesight.
d077ae782713d866b0216f5f444d81436ee0b291	It is here that his main creative period begins, for which a more detailed examination of the human essence was a new feature.
fd1c4c05232510f58d0871a6fdba03e25a166c1d	Huxley meets Jiddu Krishnamurti in 1938.
b2da2a76461644214cdd51d42b61e026f27975c6	Under the influence of the latter, he turns to various teachings of wisdom and engages in mysticism.
750f07ea7d8e8792bef4fc1f6083b4a6ac777d51	The accumulated knowledge can be seen in his subsequent works: "Eternal Philosophy "(The Perennial Philosophy), most clearly in" After Many years " (After Many a Summer...), as well as in the work Time must have a stop.
b7ed6e2e41e8f69c6bab6c39c2c8b8ce1239b5ab	Unfortunately, this is a little-known work, because the concentrate of universal wisdom is not something that is easy to perceive in transport on the way from work.
62e738d740aa631c01b367b89cb763cc59b57be0	In it, the author tried to make a "squeeze" of the most significant world religions, to reduce all human searches for truth to one pattern.
5f1e0933e0b9b39d9ec277ecd93ed00345c6b5ec	Huxley writes many essays as well as screenplays for films in collaboration with Christopher Isherwood.
b8628f1422138e4a4c84029241747fe88966a161	Some of his scripts were never filmed.
c63c028956d3371001db3738a03f5b8ec4cd2f12	The best script is considered to be for the Hollywood film "Pride and Prejudice" (1940).
25fce64722ab8293fd33d30a0823c1aa8e640090	In 1953, he decided to do a childish prank and takes a glass of mescaline under the supervision of Humphrey Osmond.
e4198b77ce8e071b5118bcfcf077ad65f8f6dd04	Here the consciousness of our Englishman turned inside out.
7529f43e4acdf6e79ffc5c75e286857ff95b5d4c	Such a strong arrival forced me to squeeze out two whole essays, which also went down in history as propaganda for touching the eternal.
e14bc741dabaa6ef0b9e998761531eb938f93989	The essays "The Doors of Perception "and" Heaven and Hell " describe the observations and the course of the experiment, which the author repeated about ten times until his death.
b9fb1e3819c480780a84e35779fd9725c60e4551	Subsequently, in correspondence with Osmond, the word "psychedelic" was used for the first time to describe the influence of mescaline.
9be203a6f3dc2f1703dbbb8cc3fda8975fb838a3	"Doors of Perception" became a cult text for many radical intellectuals of the 1960s and gave the name to the famous rock band The Doors.
24da0f9e998819714dd837a0c86b529f60974006	At the beginning of 1960, M. Erickson met with Huxley for a long time at his home in Los Angeles, for a joint psychological study of various states of consciousness. (Erickson M. Strategy of psychotherapy = Strategy of the Psychotherapy)
038579405bdef80e694461aae88d04267f9c9fce	The effect of the action of psychotropic substances affects not only his work.
79d58325bccefb958aec3ed30bce51cc64e67414	So, in his last novel "Island" (Island), he described a utopia that was diametrically opposed to his dystopia "Brave New World" (Brave New World).
65c0cea3465bef2f48da65ef3689ff1819b7c853	Huxley died in 1963 in Los Angeles from laryngeal cancer.
9a93b3d1fc865eba86b1ef85a08fefe6ca20a9b0	Before his death, he asked for an intramuscular injection of LSD-100 mcg.
9787014732880dc1b771ee8fda53711abc0f00a5	Despite the warnings of doctors, his wife complied with his request, which allowed him to die peacefully, avoiding convulsions and suffocation.
448101837cca814c87d74732f81dc4bc4cfa5b0e	She admitted this in an interview that she gave in 1986 to the British television company BBC as part of the documentary project LSD: The Beyond Within[7].
727784e9fb96225ba58e3b7067bb8c0bb85ad1d5	Shortly before his death, almost all of Huxley's manuscripts were burned in a fire in his own house.
adfdbf5716a524ba8ab0382f4f72d535fc40ade8	The Buddhist Lama Ole Nydahl began, although he did not finish, his doctoral dissertation on the book "Doors of Perception"by Aldous Huxley.[8]
3fbde129d6fa4c32966469aa24c8da848222a187	Aldous Huxley coined the term "futurology".
9bcdbff29e1e8136c034cd3eca975b57ef0f8a74	And indeed, if you look at the history of edits of this page, it seems that the majority of people associate Huxley exclusively with his only novel "Brave New World", since the edits are only about this.
30ccb70b478419a75350d956c835d253ede5ae3a	Thus it turns out that the Huxley writer is forgotten in the mass.
766018cf7bad64aed978fc4d1f8e2ab39e1508a0	A certain share of culture is lost and the idea of "consumerism" described in this novel appears.
a3b50d20e99daa3915d491818263e65f1d54c904	By the way, Huxley was never a supporter of such a society and warned against consumerism.
69379ac4d5ba53d94c7e00c8feb763a94cb0ebc7	Huxley married the Belgian Maria Nees (September 10, 1899-February 12, 1955) in 1919.
1628971156e2857bbb41adfd5745498a61b7aba6	In 1920, their son Matthew was born, who became a famous epidemiologist[9].
d586452358006c9ffbf7e6356774f5d9067909f1	In 1955, Maria died of breast cancer[10].
b081b2a9b68e452e6cd365b7d45bd1725a97056a	In 1956, Huxley married the writer Laura Archer (1911-2007).
44a73132bdd06faf30d3e59ba127dc37d87816b2	Despite his interest in mysticism, Huxley considered himself an agnostic[11].
0c0b5fc7638f88bae8308ed0eeeb2238c667342f	Most of Huxley's surviving manuscripts are located at the University of California, Los Angeles[12].
1956917f1b54e0b0c5fb41f5a405922fe493db70	Some manuscripts are in the library of Stanford University[13].
8c9a12b46b3bf41b7ec54af97eb36a6f1a3025ed	Yellow chrome.
527218c8f0cb70fab6ea49c517e7f9e7f60fdde9	The first published novel.
fffb7046c9e0672e719c28d1435eb1d543885ebc	It was published in 1921.
972d6782378fccfecaedab4fbf0139e09add00d6	The poet schoolboy Denis Stone comes to hang out in the country with his friends.
41d7b1f1704807959c99d61644563b4bad136add	There are conflicts, troubles with the girl.
1852133e6bed0d435a0900a55e443aa086ae857d	Unable to find support, the romantic poet is forced to move away from his friends and dump in foggy London.
c21c7d72bf5811d20f80aa85df42961db8c82c1f	The book consists of a little more than completely of dialogues and searches for truth, CHSH English literature of that time.
2a2a83761b128b9a7285c9f8f52ac7066a3976fc	A clownish round dance.
e694f7ba1c18626db4efc4f089e52dccba32d726	Published in 1923.
3604815717c86320e1f734f7393765f6b595a621	The book is about a shy inventor who pasted a beard on himself and got acquainted with TPmi and GCmi.
c57f2c6c21b60f7e6bae2c8d6db43064c3380c83	Everything ends badly for GG.
27da8f03aacf663e3a4991eb0c3d2c4e54e90feb	An extremely cynical novel.
ee33cbf05ecce2639a32a68b0c23a4e21fdf3555	It was banned in some countries, although not so epic.
064d6b33c3a3a471f48a9e7d0c235fef246202d8	Counterpoint.
12cacf10e63849bfca15b63a0e68432f153f8304	Published in 1928.
e0a8d63024730f52752b73ae261710c4ebca6fa8	A big and quite interesting novel.
9ad31db553dc33dadb4fdaa2beff7ec7518e17e4	With elements of a detective story, political jokes, again about the upper world.
d59b2d3adbb8af7694c86cd010c58c06564723a8	The novel is sad, because the kindest GG were killed and died.
f2d974334bd78932e1ac85a08f7bdd5e075b8c72	Including an eight-year-old boy.
321348e32bd9e5d4b83432fe6347a4d809a8a6b3	The scenes of the betrayal of the main character's wife are also described (by the way, the deceased son was the punishment for this).
4b451c407329f88ccc036f429a2d8a76454179fa	It ends with the fact that the secondary heroine is self-sawing against the background of a reduction due to the crisis.
597511f8bc04f11da8b4e05031a3fd7c7febe891	The Monkey and the Entity
4d29805847bf9b611fd14d3ef7a9e1f2dc9accae	Published in 1949.
d4f135464476b72e09ca1d32864c05bb61a755de	A small novel that contains the rejected plot of a Hollywood movie.
b905cc2d1636a86a1b7838edd08d587471a3f1cc	Well, of course, they will be rejected — there are the most transparent hints about the extermination of the Jewish nation by burning infidels at the stake and throwing them off a cliff.
01166bfc15eef54a8d815d21f50107e6c8b97692	According to the plot, it describes a society after a vigorous war, filled with a little more than half, degenerates.
3cae16b547cb6ab806b184ad91fc5d68bd4666d9	When Aldous was 14 years old, his mother Julia Arnold, the niece of the English poet Matthew Arnold, died of cancer.
736c808d9911f46a147d0232810e9633e747bb74	Huxley himself died of the same disease at the age of 69.
ca2d1966c232fcfb8a907cc1dd9abd139b5406d9	At the age of 17, Aldous suffered a severe eye disease, inflammation of the cornea, and for two or three more years he saw practically nothing.
0cea51c9f8fa062cf4727658b6910700bdf344d2	Although his vision was partially restored, Huxley became blind in one eye and spent the rest of his life trying to cope with the consequences of the disease.
b71ba0955e36f145518792af14962fd05afb74d3	Due to vision problems, the young man was released from military service and with the beginning of the First World War, he was not called to the front.
9397823feeee945705cfe3bff1a224c13fa44ea6	In 1914, Huxley's brother Trevenan committed suicide after a girl left him.
7c0739c001ec668aabb02cbc96cea03c20013ef0	Another family tragedy could not but hurt the impressionable Aldous.
1ee51977cd795cb13156da8a595e163ce49799c2	During the First World War, Huxley often visited, and later lived at the estate of Lady Ottoline Morrell, located near Oxford.
685cae7023f41cc7c9f70ccdf9fcdbb9c074fd0a	Here he managed to work on a farm and met David Herbert Lawrence, the author of the novel "Lady Chatterley's Lover", with whom they formed a friendship.
099ef4470258e864fe92e14d536d0b0267d4cb9f	After Lawrence's death in 1930, Huxley edited a collection of his letters and wrote a preface to the book.
49c179a2fd0df307a665d6f099015d442561f6eb	In 1917, Huxley briefly got a job as a teacher of French at Eton College, where he also taught a student Eric Blair, who became famous in adulthood under the pseudonym "George Orwell".
98679eb3db36e7d99d45ff4abcdce0b278f99db3	Although Huxley was unable to follow the discipline in the classroom, his special way of talking made him very popular among students.
6f23fffc9b54c7f9844852eb106625a2146baec9	He also communicated with another religious mentor, the Indian monk Shwami Prabhavananda.
9fd1ff952b3a70c8687edf8613b227acc355affd	Their teachings not only changed Huxley's personality, but were also reflected in his work: he became interested in the study of mysticism, in 1946 he published a study on this topic, "Eternal Philosophy".
c37cbb761a7ea5c0b659e7e01829fb535e375f12	After the end of World War II, in 1953, the writer agreed to take part in an experiment by psychiatrist Humphrey Osmond and for the first time took the hallucinogenic substance mescaline.
9a125ae7842b4ed7dae7a4ef777d281c3fa97b1d	Huxley described his first "journey" beyond the real in the essay "The Doors of Perception" ("The Doors of Perception"), from the name of which the name of the legendary rock band "The Doors"came
855d189904b543e72c07f75b4fd1974ee8a1f5a0	After the experiment, Huxley and Osmond remained close friends and corresponded for many years.
335625e758b968f8e71941709d426ee3f694690c	It was Osmond, in his letter to Aldous, who first suggested calling a hallucinogenic substance "psychedelic", that is, in Greek, "manifesting reason".
b63e9f859a041c43e203c95c1cd05397a5e10e36	Aldous Huxley died in 1963 from laryngeal cancer in Los Angeles, and at his request, shortly before his death, his wife injected the writer with 100 mcg of the hallucinogen LSD.
7a725f5433327abb9fc5e5a9bbe1b0345de7c6d9	Huxley, Aldous
71a283afb7197a5baf5d08ce1a9b296770e49dbe	There are articles on Wikipedia about other people with the surname Huxley.
2824a799b503242452debbb14f7b3bdf95a938e9	Aldous Huxley
a74836ea272945f23bac015a0d8c7020d41e6dbb	Photo of Huxley from the family archive
757bf97423770840f706d8c117f32241db3bf1e3	Birth name: Aldous Leonard Huxley
4eae1ae9096a8e1b76a8793edbe5c0f91ad15099	Date of birth: July 26 1894(1894-07-26)[1][2]
e47106f299827bf17e7edba6d7523a169c1cd8d2	Place of birth: Godalming, Surrey, England, United Kingdom
c7d59f7a9b1883e87e6ab4c06d2330ea1bae8a56	Date of death: November 22 1963(1963-11-22)[1][2] (69 years)
a9008e4d601ec10c2d701bfeeda242724da45947	Place of death: Los Angeles, USA
28b8cc50608d082eeafad8c189982b40cdf696bc	Citizenship (citizenship): Great Britain
3ca962a486c62bb0efb87e7fefdf508a861964bc	Occupation: prose writer
3027d60a364478c7f2e88e1a6618b53528d4dfc7	Language of works: English[3]
6db1ea541f5aecd2c31820f8763a11ba0c68a4a5	James Tait Black Literary Award[d]
db7e3affdb67421979b6d982a4d2b7fbbea053a8	1 Biography 2 Personal life 3 Bibliography 4 Notes 5 References
3436e312534f0a0f78140b39dc35d8f8e50edd1e	His father is the writer Leonard Huxley, his paternal grandfather is the biologist Thomas Henry Huxley; on his mother's side, Huxley is the great grandson of the historian and educator Thomas Arnold and the great nephew of the writer Matthew Arnold.
8621126ab4281a146f608c7c4f6ed89c04a14c93	Huxley's brother Julian and half brother Andrew were famous biologists.
4e8f1a1308cfd4e8ff58cd583640cd33f0d061e0	Huxley's mother died when Aldous was thirteen years old.
a955956ad8f9012e4bd4a2ea3c98b6940137eb20	Three years later, he fell ill with eye inflammation, and subsequently his vision deteriorated significantly.
2224d65a48faeb908f5e2cd8581834ed4d8cacfa	He studied literature at Balliol College, Oxford.
43ddbb1480a54974962a976aadad745521508dea	In his novels, we are talking about the loss of humanity by society in the process of technological progress (the dystopia "Brave New World"), there is also a book "Return to a beautiful new world" (Brave New World Revisited, 1958), written twenty seven years after the first, in which Huxley describes the opposite state of the first book and develops the idea that in fact everything will be much worse and scarier than in the first).
b350fd2574a546ce1d03c074c96c6098b275a734	He also touched on pacifist topics.
dbc3da8e06c88e215fa3e363e329559550318125	In 1953, he agrees to participate in an experiment conducted by Humphrey Osmond.
3dbf21daa76c9896a66a44eb52a2ef4bd43248a2	The purpose of this experiment was to study the effect of mescaline on human consciousness.
b3cbd0ee8971ac62eca758172c39e0241732684c	At the beginning of 1960, M. Erickson met with Huxley for a long time at his home in Los Angeles, for a joint psychological study of various states of consciousness.
9332c055a84d3090de4613601c0995b6fb749948	(Erickson M. Strategy of psychotherapy = Strategy of the Psychotherapy) The effect of the action of psychotropic substances affects not only his work.
ed7ba4c6513155e962bf71b403b2181dd0ef5819	Before his death, he asked for an intramuscular injection of LSD 100 mcg.
49db318b2ac4caed2220ab2fc3442afd0b369105	Huxley married the Belgian Maria Nees (September 10, 1899 February 12, 1955) in 1919.
0b0155dd05103e6436ef07fac89164f879143ea7	Huxley in 1925
1e66e2736d30c59bcbf1d3c4792d6478e2a5b938	"Yellow Chrome", Crome Yellow — 1921 "Buffoon's Dance", Antic Hay — 1923 "These Barren Leaves" Those Barren Leaves — 1925 "Counterpoint", Point Counter Point — 1928 "Oh Brave New World", Brave New World — 1932 "Blind Man in Gaza", Eyeless in Gaza — 1936 "After Many Years", After Many a Summer Dies the Swan — 1939 "How to Correct Vision", The Art of Seeing — 1943 "Time must stop", Time Must Have a Stop — 1945 "Eternal Philosophy", The Perennial Philosophy — 1945 "Monkey and Essence", Ape and Essence — 1948 "Loudun demons", The Devils of Loudun — 1952 "Doors of Perception", The Doors of Perception — 1954 "Genius and Goddess", The Genius and the Goddess — 1955 "Heaven and Hell", Heaven and Hell — 1956 "Return to the brave new world", Brave New World Revisited — 1958 "Island", Island — 1962
c8bfe20072056e17f2a3bde19a4cf34d7a51e551	Short stories and short stories
135d37dbf769788c161ff153fe65242089ad202c	Hubert and Minnie Young Archimedes Choudron Healing rest Claxtons After fireworks And there has been no end to their happiness since then Eupomp has given greatness to the art of painting with numbers Kinfiya Bookstore Lally's death Sir Hercules Gioconda's smile A banquet in honor of Tillotson Green tunnels A nun for breakfast "A Little Mexican Girl" A jar of blush Portrait Saturday evening Monocle The Sorceress Godmother
22af7041744d5220938042961d902c4f729a8f97	↑ Go to: 1 2 data.bnf.fr: open data platform 2011.
d84eb69290747b746463d1ab545056675a763df4	↑ Go to: 1 2 German National Library, Berlin State Library, Bavarian State Library, etc. Record #118555081 / / General regulatory Control — 2012-2016.
0cf9520027892797dca124ba1547a16198097a3c	↑ Go to: 1 2 http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11908111q
624c5340764a41659365fd69118a6ffa52813344	↑ Thody Philipe.
242eb4a31773099713c5453eba80c4f29b120645	Huxley: A Biographical Introduction.
c731487e1c60a739e172dd5fe129fe7949887fca	— Scribner, 1973.
a36234f50bfc57e0ff70be935175f8e71c0024bb	— ISBN 978-0-289-70188-1.
557144e040597ff7b28a25ad817de7e6b6abb8cf	↑ David K. Dunaway.
c9f924a373d8dc1bea00e2cb7894b9e7d10dbf52	Aldous Huxley Recollected: An Oral History.
87d82fea07a43f8f8d4d7949c4c4235bd138600d	— Rowman Altamira, 1995.
1171b6abfcea680df9047b394f898ebeda978093	— P. 90.
f861588b896eee2a62fabb8639fb3325f60c14a1	— ISBN 978-0-7619-9065-9.
ecf173c1cf1928c994d664edb0855e0ee0c0193a	↑ Nomination Database ↑ LSD: The Beyond Within.
b802cc5abc3a7beb14447cfb3edad5f9d41f1e60	PaddyCk's Movie Reviews (February 12, 2007).
6630c634c7a55225f5f8d30e5ce3dd4afaeaf2df	Checked on May 19, 2010.
cf5f868a3b01d0a76ea27d5d9fbc07c89d4b73be	↑ Scherer, Burkhard.
8cfa7c34085bcc4f31c36523cbd5194fc0e92562	"Interpreting the Diamond Way: Contemporary Convert Buddhism in Transition".
a31ff5f7f57ddce84285fb0472f07fb54d777b60	Journal of Global Buddhism (24 September 2010).
ec7e47861088a901c1ae6378fe0d7e5b9cd06f61	↑ Patricia Sullivan.
6aa6a12706e9a390b5f6cb884d9b80cc5ea64c21	Author, NIMH Epidemiologist Matthew Huxley Dies at 84 (eng.).
82b97871af7ab2ae6fe9f40a414361c66fafc002	Washington Post (17 February 2005).
51ed72ff2db4fca2b17150fe81f2ef4f4c28a3c3	Accessed 6 December 2013.
00c57ca0510612533c8467908bcf16157e5700d9	Maria Maria Nijs (Nys) (1898-1955)
757f9ab8c14e0069aa333e72f96ca3568fa07891	(English). geni.com (October 13, 2013).
10487399e2caea6a63edf5621ecf9385a08d09fa	Checked on February 17, 2005.
10e47a10b206fe32e8040d750db434c08a6bf3f5	↑ Aldous Huxley / Harold Bloom (ed.).
b86956d5d4b9265e01e19969aff6fb0c7ec61c50	— Infobase Publishing, 2003.
dc698a05bd27b937eec4fbe61253ada0c2aec59e	— P. 27.
c8a2adb536bc19c6f507c2ba2ea1bf86eac39789	— ISBN 978-0-7910-7040-6.
9e2a79b7caf2c1ba1c633990f3066105f5142bbe	↑ Finding Aid for the Aldous and Laura Huxley papers, 1925-2007.
e8e859a191ba719853e2e67c3519300b3946d585	Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, UCLA.
856f458cc086b982302ad20481a8e453b2d95f82	↑ Guide to the Aldous Huxley Collection, 1922—1934.
2c2ddf8780c1dd0f8c27186c71dd72bb8e296a0c	Dept. of Special Collections and University Archives.
800fc7d46e0887170fb179a1527c63d6d89b0a0a	Huxley, Aldous Leonard in Wikicitatnik?
5d001fbd4ecae39d29688a4a629ca48d1677be3c	Huxley, Aldous Leonard in Wikitek?
8eab87b643ea8d87f8d4049edb3e3f7427ca033d	Huxley, Aldous Leonard on Wikimedia Commons?
4d1c2b8b37f822b84c6e480dd60b2d954aa75a95	An English language website dedicated to the writer's activities Biography and bibliography on fantlab.ru Huxley, Aldous in the library of Maxim Moshkov Golovacheva I. V.
7206774fe6baad7293b6da8cdec1f83bc04d9366	The psychedelic revolution in a Single Consciousness: a chronicle of events Golovacheva I. V. Science and Literature: The Archaeology of Scientific knowledge by Aldous Huxley Rabinovich, V. S. Aldous Huxley: The Evolution of Creativity.
cf41209863418cfca4992876b73dca406146575d	Yekaterinburg, 1999.
81d04b8dfbd3d7ac42cce593839415752a07e7b7	Redina, O. N. "The Novel of Ideas" by Aldous Huxley.
0ad81f8804c37a33ad9971b54a0c303c7f15be63	Moscow, 1999.
9a5655a6a03700912ef2b3e2db2022f1bec4d9ad	Shadursky, Maxim.
7e8ea6fb0cad7bfc3a3660cd45ca6c95ff1b101b	Literary utopia from More to Huxley: problems of genre poetics and the semiosphere.
cd0bf955daafc56a4ae55785b01a7575f8cd3a81	Finding the island.
3b51e3197281bb3fb7d8888fc7e5dcbf3dc75d79	Moscow, 2007.
30c537550acc075fbdce42e0c15894b0d4a37293	Shadurski, Maxim.
a62ae8e287d3c4d7e4d913587f0dbdbba34a3bb4	Utopia as a model of the world: the boundaries and frontiers of a literary phenomenon.
292bd9ebb277826d602da084c1e8fe19cc74b9cc	Siedlce: IKR[i]BL, 2016.
d91d27bd28934a263af1b418525bb98a4851ff10	To improve this article on literature, is it desirable?:
44669526c94772cc3be279dcaf92c6a10814bfe2	Great Britain Literature Personalities
0ce0517134acfc9d0aba8f7ce13451ea0c9594c9	Notable Names Database · AllMovie · AlloCiné · Discogs · Internet Broadway Database · Internet Movie Database · MusicBrainz · Project Gutenberg · Internet Speculative Fiction Database · Find a Grave
d8c92549ff5b8746dcc764f92ceb70bab6693c8c	Dictionaries and encyclopedias of the Great Catalan · Britannica (online) * Oxford Biographical Dictionary
4f8edd86970ce517dac96843d2c20434b277f2e0	Regulatory Control BAV: ADV10265756 * BNC: a11056496 · BNE: XX1721461 · BNF: 11908111q · EGAXA: 000818193 · GND: 118555081 · ICCU: IT\ICCU\CFIV\030798 · ISNI: 0000 0001 2281 6383 · LCCN: n80057246 · NDL: 00444123 · NKC: jn19990003772 · NLA: 36061249 · NLG: 158727 · NLR: RUNLRAUTH7717825 · NTA: 069204780 · NUKAT: n93 90011 · PTBNP: 41529 · LIBRIS: 242878 · SUDOC: 026929287 · VIAF: 71392434
626516aac4b9ada23ea28513010052150911e701	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huxley,_Oldos&oldid=82939193"
399f4757d9545ac410b93aeb3999c51f4823a448	Categories: Born on July 26 Born in 1894 Alphabetical characters Born in Godalming Died on November 22 Died in 1963 Died in Los Angeles Alphabetical writers Writers of Great Britain of the XX century Aldous Huxley Writers of the USA English writers Science fiction Writers of Great Britain Personalities:Hinduism in the United Kingdompersonalities:Hinduism in the USA Eton Graduates Oxford University Graduates Who died of laryngeal cancer Pacifists Anti Exhibitionism in the field of drugs and surfactants in the USA
d7cfd411cb9cb5e7dcfea4d12c88de5c05de30c9	Hidden Categories: Pages using magic Links ISBN Wikipedia:Articles with redefinition of the value from Wikidata Wikipedia:Articles with sources from Wikidata Articles with links to Wikicitatnik Wikipedia:Link to Wikiteca directly in the Wikipedia article:Articles without footnotes Wikipedia:Articles for revision in the literature
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9289eae6a73d34bf927d689d872f9d2b2cb8e511	Aldous Huxley Aldous Huxley
34799ab72ff72ac9b924126890f921b435eec52e	This article is about a Dystopian writer; to read about the creator of the term "Agnosticism", see Agnosticism
20a6f4e2921acbcd0c188bff9ba92e73f9e7f6df	In this article, you need to add as many illustrations to novels and photos of substances popularized by the subject.
dd58245cfad9f563347f4d5ec0013208bf7bc533	You can also add interesting facts, pictures and other kosher things here.
c4eb82fd6d85ed1ecea2b5030b20f8667d174d23	"And you will know the truth, and the truth will drive you crazy.
8cd2777d13669025e2015e0eb903aad6a8133524	"- Sabzh
6e6c8b0b842a093a8b4c095287a9560f5e0d0c53	The maestro doesnot even look at you.
3ec80b24c18b36cd407b15ef964d12dbc52c8ba8	Aldous Leonardovich Huxley (English: Aldous Huxley; left the ATS on July 26, 1894, Godalming, Surrey, Great Britain touched the eternal on November 22, 1963, Los Angeles, California, USA) is a racially faithful Anglo — Pendos Writer of books by hand, the author of the term "psychedelic", popularizer of all sorts of interesting substances.
fa567b47379a7d338260061ff6ae644bb5f81dd2	It is a representative of the ilitny English family.
2a66291ac1d30cfba730cc851a83861c63601082	His grandfather was Darwin's right hand man, and also the inventor of the term "agnostic".
c0cf611351c5dcbb0196dd6fc12f1924c571eb0a	Leonardovich's bros are ace biologists, there is even a Nobel Prize.
3beb4e6c409810aca4490061276a57bdf7947556	The son is a famous biologist, and the granddaughters of Aldous have not achieved anything in this life.
00ad01227ef7f6d7e207e8a8e4b0cb1c312374bd	Huxley's creativity does not pass in school, so if schoolgirls have heard of such a writer, it is only from lurka.
080af8cdf786bcf924d654a218ed27fff5c91dc1	Content [remove]
feb4f5169222bccc13c795514b7fc70a5de374b1	1 Biography 2 How the meme "psychedelic" was invented 3 Summary of some novels 3.1 " Yellow chrome.
b2eed2d09678caef3c1887c8f113f727809add7b	3.4 "Oh brave new world" 3.5 "After many years" 3.6 " The Monkey and the Entity 3.7 "Genius and Goddess" 3.8 "Doors of perception" and "Heaven and Hell" 3.9 "Island" 3.10 "Eternal Philosophy"
f2634f432c035a038f1d2c739716af7b785b7538	4 It would seem, but what does 95% have to do with it?
eb83e36db30d20e7836cbc3488b8c812efdf0d10	5 Quotes 6 Notes
5f82151a488977ed7e49c0adbf64b0dffa562d38	Biography Biography
838008296d16bdaad9643efdaea150f443a48bca	Huxley took the substances
d9e77c056522c738d5d3859ef2da7d890b096338	As befits an illiterate Englishman, he studied at Oxford.
ef3b6f091c3dd9c8b1253939bb7b3dcf5682b959	I turned away from the army and the war with a certificate of poor eyesight.
86c99ff4964dbb377a9da62c445ac02800806edf	When his peers were strangling the Germans, he was engaged in pacification.
b72200701efadb02e233592e1bff6ba0a01d92f1	He even wrote an unpublished novel at the age of 17.
98a19ddecab1317afedbb940c80be3861efdfbe4	After graduating from Oxford, he refused to be assigned and stayed to teach.
334dc7eeed36fbe6f703ec9ab54b430defe0c59a	He taught French to another racially faithful writer George Orwell.
d5653022fd40d1eca3427aeba6d3d261ac709aae	The small salary of an ordinary teacher was not enough for his bar with blackjack and whores, so he is engaged in writing, travels around the country of pasta makers, squanders dad's money, but there is no fame yet.
c24b8274f0d6522ca4df4b9402479bf802c09fa4	But in 1928, ZOG published the novel "Counterpoint", which brought him anal rule in the ranks of English writers of that time.
1bd019f4c492491d5c5599ccc287e9d3043be408	But that's not all.
fe9713b2d6d220cced04cb4832f18b28111deb7e	Four years later, the greatest novel comes out from his pen — "About the Brave New World", which described in detail the era of consumerism.
4822f6f039c542bffc36825f82698926679f96ef	In 1937, he moved to this pendostan of yours, motivating it by the fact that there, you see, in California, he is better in ecology.
a6a475d6386e102a70a41c35e69f775ee16b4715	But we both know that.
6ba8925431416dfcc0e3b820686e331e95d4c5b7	In America, he meets very interesting people who initiate him into mysticism and religious teachings.
1a2ec1dfc6e693ce5b92346ff0cdb2073b2e273b	And the urine rushed through the pipes.
f1a842a610f2aac01a216bc7a22291541c2bd84f	Books.
061b57300ff1de52cc508c2576dd6cdffb41df1c	Novels.
339abd00d2fe352f75af1b30b51f07d28506bb41	Girls.
612cc0c6912a6b863a4b3d94257a66b7bd7eaea5	Subsequently, he writes his last novel "The Island"with his hands and a deep mind.
301fc8da1aa69c49cccf24f7c72df439812b4d1a	But on November 22, 1963, in the ranks of ZOG, it was decided to clear the world of a couple of wise people.
17ec499e0868d39b88cc604bb1e3275e2fd9c88d	Kennedy is killed, the Irish writer Clive Lewis dies, and Huxley dies of throat cancer, not forgetting to get high on substances before that.
cb08b9ff9cde078f0a9009e5ef0db983fb0dd553	Se la vie.
28a8329f1218d6dc803a286b78f00e7332fdea97	But in fact, the last hours of the author's life are worthy of a separate mention.
9ae757ee1dc15c4ca96c7c794ad83ea21dfcd784	The fact is that he did what many hippies and psychonauts dreamed of, or at least thought about, later.
83ab3f117901b5a32ec7ac1c566f965b410e6ab5	When Sir Aldous felt that everything was already over, and he was about to retire for good, he wrote on a piece of paper to his wife "LSD 100 mcg v/m — try it" (he could no longer speak).
faf75723a7e2768416cec8b713baa817f9fe7441	Despite the fact that the attending physician of Aldous, who is nearby, did not approve of this attitude to substances, his wife still gave him an injection.
3c6fd83b1dc9313df33f2501960696b453166649	And then, like, even again.
1c5636260bb9b0efdbee0c7cec9178639b79dac3	And she told me that Aldous ' breathing just slowed down, slowed down, slowed down — until it just stopped, and his face was calm and even a little joyful.
69e6283e0a1fc324099d84b0c28f304731ba4850	So he saw the real heaven in diamonds — exactly the same ones from which progressive psychedelic addicts sometimes try so hard not to go back.
b0dd4d4cef11f929f50d93a7481c4d255c0de1e3	And the last moments here of Aldous Leonardovich were probably the highest bliss that can be experienced by a being chained in a human body at all.
4f8c94e93987ef34b9260d2b1f669324adc5f97b	Or the first moments there.
731af635e9604e720c8cccb2eb0473b457940b52	How the "psychedelic" meme was invented How the "psychedelic"meme was invented
043810629475f724752cad8438a4d92d76a980ec	At a group drinking party with the famous doctor Humphrey Osmond, Huxley proposed the word "faneurotim "(from" Faneuro "— to open and" thymos " — "mood") to describe the substances consumed.
64585000e6fd929f981067b0860e314bb70269cd	He even wrote the slogan: "So that life does not rush by, take a little faneurotim."
7c8d5e3259738c831d95d8e6e1e0eeef28ad7f05	Osmond thought it was a beautiful word, but difficult to pronounce.
567dab521eb0dbdb8c1270ae9727f6b8d75babb4	They decided that "psyche" ("psyche" - "soul") is the necessary root in this word and, of course, an important fragment of "expand" — "delos"("delein").
90b79024f0f80d4d092d7f02ab1c17d0209d3775	A couplet was also born: "In order for the soul to fly to heaven or hell, you need a pinch of psychedelic" (a variant given in the translation of the book by Jay Stevens "Storming the Heavens": "Psychedelics will help you open spiritual America").
708dadb09174819328804e770bb5b925dd753a45	So, anon, we need to invent memes.
3d50daabb2d8f6a6098c8b7137f80fb8b59f908b	Another option: "This drug will help you see heaven, get into hell."
d0bc0e1f4faa8f3dd8f2b775937dfa835cc593b2	Summary of some novels Summary of some novels
5c5a589c9d3f1fdbb948e7d62ace4f6b74713bad	The killer is the butler!
aa08e5d79a6786b36e74b798aec1a91391eaea0f	This is followed by a shock number of spoilers, or even a complete retelling of the plot the size of a sheet.
833225ff6cdc87237a5c142e2f03f3791d8edfc7	If you belong to the category of slowpokes who do not like to learn about anything in advance, we advise you to stop reading immediately and pass by.
0e08b66d8756b8946ab030ea3e1be6aa85c7d8e2	"To write easy selling books, you need to have easy selling brains.
b4db41038ca906a7e232f993aefb8a3024529fd2	"- And again Sabzh
42fe9b88ffc98df0a55c3a72db46bf05e75db1e2	"Yellow chrome" "Yellow chrome"
168f4b364a4bc2334e50b9b067235c79c7af6dfb	The novel describes the upper world.
160e77bdcb998ac1839dfbe1c01684769403824c	Since the novel does not write about substances, then we will end there.
7370b56cfdac672afedf9d425f3c443d9fe9dd87	"Shutovsky round dance" "Shutovsky round dance"
8bef3b1a0e7da6d131386df0e082ef6709b17d0f	Including an eight year old boy.
4407160573d306d931da85237b679e0e61fbbb6b	It ends with the fact that the secondary heroine is self sawing against the background of a reduction due to the crisis.
ded0b45b562cfdeaf8fa23ae45a0028fe3a8a851	In general, the whole book as a whole is filled with storylines, ending with the fact that everyone is sleeping with each other.
91f4cbd2844603bf6f0c30d91a6cd9df77866297	Therefore, one of the greatest novels of the angels.
1f876bdf814c5f720cc5005ee404616629ada53c	"Oh brave new world" "Oh brave new world"
70265e04fb9d76244407c0912166c5ff431daf75	"Take me, brother, my address is: Huxley's planet, Orwell's universe.
ca3e3608a0a90acc227b3d9ee9234082f02519f6	» — Anacondaz
b0f7e5beddce2cb8b6494624613bf8abb6918d6e	Cooler than 1984.
5dbec5a938253e431bed75d6c677722e58eb32e6	Published in 1932.
f1a87a9cd62a62e52d181efd27d8aeb6d75eaee6	One of the most expressive dystopias described in modern literature.
05293e8ac17d7d71b7335b1347ff44ea97985669	It is almost completely copied from another" one of the most expressive dystopias described in modern literature "" We " by Yevgeny Zamyatin [1].
f2ad387da26803ce641bf0506da14a6362b9df1e	Consumerism is feasting!
96d07c30935d4f8b9cb76ae848143c742e107511	The action takes place in the future, the cult of Henry Ford reigns in society, and his economic concept, associated with conveyor production and cheaper goods in order to increase their availability to the consumer, is the basis of the world order.
2f0f77eb15acdbbdf2da2c48d82f6a5a230b80ab	The World State extends its sovereignty to the whole planet, the rest of the land is called savages and lives behind the iron curtain, drinking vodyara mezcal (sic!) and suffering from Orthodoxy of the brain.
a9ba639996312cf987aca79d58865ad50e1dbf9f	In civilized people, everything around is standardized, including people who are artificially grown in "bottles", that is, the embryo is budded a limited number of times, which leads to the birth of a certain number of identical twins.
b5dad6954502ca1e09e397e0f7249d5bc48120b7	People are divided into castes: alphas, betas, gamma, deltas and epsilons (each caste is also divided into "+" and "-" podcasts).
768211901f8f9d28ea4edc4361eba79fbfefa09f	Feelings and relationships are a trap, fucking is the norm of life.
59b38bcde45e17f5b2bf854be631381d44c7d2c2	Legalise.
a8f11f0229ec8d8996ccfd72f377d1deaba8dff8	People eats catfish, a universal drug without side effects.
2e9d823f3e648fb53c14a8feff7014eda343f046	The upbringing of children consists in hypnopedia — a sleeping schoolboy is played cassettes with mantras, brainwashed with analogs of dolboyashchikov and it turns out (what would you think?) citizens of the World State.
e0f7c7031034c83eac1eec398a9fb3887e3fb53c	Moreover, everyone is brought up to be happy, belonging to their own caste, contempt for the lower castes is also instilled (but also the realization that even the lowest ones are still needed to maintain stability) and unconditional respect for the higher ones.
da34b5981101f8ceaa0342205217a0ebfc3e246c	Plot.
e349ee30342ed202f07e7590730a26c7b9310f62	At the beginning, the story revolves around an alpha named Bernard, who feels disconnected from society, dreams of something more, while he is not like everyone else: too smart, but scary (as an embryo he received an excessive dose of alcohol, oh how), women bypass him, and men mock him.
bbd2b4c8cc3bbc240f3aee7eb2b55ea6733a39a1	However, a fapable TP is applied to it.
45d7e02d9f088b73ced25231574963bd8c8e2190	They break out to have sex in nature in the castle, where "savages" live uncivilized people, Indians.
b331024ccd7e10bcb7b8857e3888138c57b78378	According to the author, their lands simply do not represent value, so civilization does not go there, but we understand that the author just needed to put such a colorful people somewhere.
3c658a51e1a562e895d3fe208c13464dbeaa0b43	There, Bernard and Lenina meet the savage John (John the Savage), the son of a civilized woman, Linda (beta minus), who got into the reservation (spoiler: together with the director of the Educational Center where Bernard works, but was injured, and because of pregnancy (the father - director) was forced to stay there) and gave birth to a son there, which is why she remained in the reservation (having a child is very shameful by the standards of the Brave New World).
80e13d2746623dad120c88f2abbe2e749b223cfd	My son, after listening to his mother's fairy tales about freedom, jeans and chewing gum, dreams of getting into the "brave new world".
3f287cc63dcf1ccf64a32441026af88b45c21cc8	The heroes take this savage and his mother with them to scare the tribesmen in default city and shit on the boss.
0d9e2ac24c5d9b8ac5114a4d05f4a220a122395f	The savage is head over heels in love with the Main Character, considering her to be Juliet, and that just to have sex with the first person he meets.
dd2d0ccf72ff1694c8404a6b7b9f478d83eb9ed9	His mother remembers her youth and enjoys drugs.
5c75c0ce039b9c2bb06a8a090394c7be2a2c66d2	But SUDDENLY he becomes a hero, having taken soma before his death (famously, yes, Huxley predicted his death).
a1cd7f7077f87110e9586367328747fcef40f106	The savage gasps and begins to hate everything fiercely, furiously.
c355e487cc80543581ce2a6befa8d1a1848ce3e6	He begs everyone to stop eating catfish.
f1e4f57342b75da7b6e5a193338999b3450c84e7	But everyone honors him for a madman, except for an alpha named Helmholtz, a friend of Bernard, who is also looking for something more, writes poetry and gets very close to the Savage.
0285a42d8a24e45b962aed71eee3d0216ad1372d	By this time, Bernard had completely lost his temper, his CHSV went off the scale due to the fact that it was he who brought the Savage (a sensation!), but then it was blown away, since the Savage sent everyone to fuck and stopped making people laugh.
2fff3056e24b4448009b5cd2799af95023ef6c25	The savage is called to a conversation by the Chief Administrator of this region and explains to him that modernity is built on the fact that the people are limited and everyone is brainwashed by analogues of a dolboyashchik.
24792eb51412f7a851028b3860c428f84167babb	Because the profit from this is the most direct — a stable society.
7062213059a163a4a633410772c89ba6d12fb101	The savage decided to fuck off to nature to pray, fast and listen to radio Radonezh, but he was so fucked by tourists that he hanged himself, having previously applied the BBPE method to his beloved.
759b94d0b7326c05236dadbce8a28b68a731c628	So, anon, that's where we're going.
c2d402e03cd6591dd4c6b01bb6489b8a521532ad	But that's not the point of the novel at all…
10dc88fd828daf5de714b1d51ea257201826bc75	It is also worth adding that according to the book, the notorious heavy metal band Iron Maiden wrote a winrar song "Brave New World"[1].
a4750deeaf641513a94c9bd886bc8f5ef1b625ec	"In many years" "In many years"
717df71967ca57925a231c1bc25766f05dd51a0f	Published in 1939.
e3126d95af92f8d4321b5606aeada55b91665b82	An amazing book about a daddy who passionately wants to live forever, his glamorous pussy and others like them.
5b33c8b56c71fff40692f14f92c62467e99e5a75	From this book, we learn that even in those days, the GC loved the pink color (the GG had a pink scooter), had a FGM and thought only of a known place.
8e4bbc1773c6e471b3533cddd6953bf01e75b032	An old Hollywood daddy wants to live for a long time, almost forever, and hires a doctor who is engaged in research in this field.
15d2c62b3568f9df53575b782d6c24594d0687b8	The doctor has a refined student who is in love with the passion of a daddy.
a803f0c8d97adb715d12ace31f0a4d6bc557ba0e	But it is the doctor who gets the profit and blows this very washcloth for a couple of months.
87dba41f33a83d5d640e21a5b1b478b01f6620c8	The washcloth is both happy and dissatisfied at the same time.
640244e03b444bd2665f14633cc0538f42983253	Papik finds out about the betrayal, showing remarkable peeping, and by mistake kills the doctor's student.
40e029df038403de305f966c5a0c2274844113ef	The doctor excuses the daddy and gets an endless subscription for blowing the main character.
66495d51eb1c8d55a46cf4c9b18954b6f71b55c2	At the same time (with the help of an Englishman), he learns the secret of longevity from the ancient archives of a degenerate count.
8a3ee9285c1dcd582e19696d518f129c3d0b833f	And the secret is that you need to eat a lot of carp guts.
d925e483852260a55ed5796cd15e8a9e4794a4dc	They go to the estate of this very count, where a lady lives, very similar to Novodvorskaya in matters of sex.
0e548c46fe1008b0a67a99aef0b209d3db4f785c	In the basement, they find a door in which the two hundred year old count is with his two hundred year old maid, blows her every day, is washed on the floor, swears with old angelic matyukami.
21588ca631a4887bf20e27962a6b2b2d2f647c16	Almost turned from the intestines (where carp come from is unknown) into a monkey.
6b3b641b819e704523029639fbadd40f1b756f45	PROFIT!
834b79e802b71da6adfb6d9fb60264fbca3f429b	"Monkey and essence" "Monkey and essence"
5e5f9988482b215d3f6ea3c034cf244a7169942e	Thus, we get a textbook on cleaning the gene pool.
956ba2c3b81a6697b1fa8d7701e690c927fead27	The main character is an old virgin and a mother's son.
1c2bbfbde9193502f1358120100ada9d499a683f	But by the end of the book, she still loses her virginity.
347544484205b769f372fd60214ad7b43526ea3c	"Genius and Goddess" "Genius and Goddess"
e2c46db8bdd2b2e5c01330a1739911433279f85f	The novel was published in 1955.
a7500a1634b44b5773dfb15a7d01bfd5c6eb0d86	A very short story about how a young physicist fucks a married lady.
579c353ff24f1b7d44c5f6a0ee068173ea005bba	And this lady is the same "goddess", and she is married to an old man, whom many, and GG himself, consider a "genius".
6c9c106aaba52ab824fb95438e79675461dda79c	This old man is already too impotent and is falling into childhood more and more, but GG still soars that he will find out everything and shoot him, and at first the "goddess" just wanted to frolic a little and pretend that nothing happened.
34ec9e1fb18733cd863629bd6147eafed3b893bb	In addition, the daughter of the "goddess" intensively drools on GG and even writes love letters to him.
ea003a3fbf12975ec84441e3248dc812de5f4dff	But GG is adamant and has already decided to score on the genius of the old man and live happily ever after, to which he actively and passionately inclined his young lady.
6277e0759778dfad227b5665a83944dcc306a540	And when she is already quite ready, the most trap happens.
a99ec4f1e28604cb85a846a3f801426e5a962dc9	Arguing with her daughter on the topic of who GG should sleep with, she crashes in the car.
fd910785d118e6695f70f2f67559aa4a6d8d4395	GG, having lived to an advanced age and having made children with another woman, sadly tells us about this tragic period of his life.
6d1f43cc12ccef38995bac2728f1a0fd01a2dc61	"Doors of perception" and "Heaven and Hell" "Doors of perception" and "Heaven and Hell"
3b4410ab6770d19917c87e06253f5611de311829	Published in 1954 and in 1956, respectively.
6da2adc51bd33db2dc0d26da5d74ec2d3669ba5b	Describe the sensations after taking a glass of mescaline.
be35505886bdc38550bfcbc780d02d2d09d6661f	The essay "Doors of Perception" made a lot of noise, many psychonauts began to attack Huxley as a messiah among hippies (it's just that Castaneda had not yet published Don Juan by that time).
9f273bc684eee91df172505fb01578fcede9f233	This essay also affected the name of the racially loyal Pendos band The Doors.
8e391023c4cdcf1562d284876528c935c7794d74	Aldous Leonardovich himself borrowed the name from the poem "The Marriage of Heaven and Hell"by William Blake.
3046c1f42c7521ebb386863da1c35caf819d3f9e	If anon does not know, then the essay does not have a plot as such.
f4c11e960954651e20d022fb5887829ed1aa27f1	This is an impression.
dfb132ee81deb5a3a4204e091e61f246d9a3f945	And the impressions were serious — after all, a glass of mescaline is still oral.
724dff4b2fdeb771c26a78b90409fe910caa58a6	"Island" "Island"
1f6005a5cf02aabeb01e353eb60d405389dca4ab	The last novel.
b31e4b1fc0bfa345a4fd7e47de83ee30948ff017	Published in 1962.
d8b0ae73360b6f0391b860acaac86055ea0a27a6	James Cameron was clearly very inspired by him (yes, yes, Anon, we are exactly about that film of his that you were thinking about).
df4d65bcf1161321870e9a285023d0f503db11f3	Utopia.
0fd91064ddacc9db64181e1663016f7a48641914	And again, the society on the island, where they eat magic mushrooms.
f90ff11e83cc94a91571b88eb274e1e154825fd8	A journalist gets to this island and is stunned by what is happening around.
229c7c82f6dfb2e6f366ff52e6590de55b4893fe	Everyone is happy, but the future anal patron of the island is a corrupt akhtung.
5585aa1aab18f0b7df759a3407d04590b065cd9f	There is oil on the island, so oil magnates come to this island, but there is no wealth in the ideas of society.
81282ff8861f837566ea94ba559da8dac076ac10	They are anally fenced off from this corrupt world of yours[2].
345754577015fc09b89a026465d72fe4852b2711	But ZOG is not asleep.
732e87a5092bb845a190ff1495b6adab8c348a9e	They send special agents to the island to get to know the island from the inside.
92e6876dfe8e9f5979459983502fbe2c03cce24b	That is why GG is on the island.
271e33c9666cf159c50eeb2e67dc8f02746e4c14	From here we see that Huxley also knew that the journalists were corrupt.
8755b709c456b511688b9219f4dd353c45613a8d	On the island, GG falls in love with a widow with children in TP.
2f665931f7ef55fc03b283701ea3c782be0227f7	But the theme of blowing in the novel is not disclosed, but it is implied.
30bfdfd3be43013b6ebd1ff40db39f8104c5e68a	Everything ends badly — the father of the main character is killed, ZOG captures the island and anally patronizes it.
5147a3bbf0f1bd89388f99a3f9804e4db33e65bd	But GG and his TP eat mushrooms and enjoy life, putting a bolt on the surrounding.
7d1cdf0fe4b51ba4b8f0ce4f5866bfea9d1bccd2	Ay ay ay how cynical.
c3c8913e4921fa1f5d71908524c65e99535880e5	"Eternal philosophy" "Eternal philosophy"
8acb01339a2e07ab3a43ccff70b4a856cc7a2452	Unfortunately, this is a little known work, because the concentrate of universal wisdom is not something that is easy to perceive in transport on the way from work.
9488adc3ca4baaba88c7ba0d96cc7906b32bc857	It's like the periodic table, only for religions.
5cf8126e3543eff5ec8dd6f7c03cfe9a1c93a4f9	Western limitations do not prevent Huxley from freely quoting forgotten Eastern books.
da93665d98d0c22f00eed20cd6f20124570b4ca8	For each statement — a dozen supporting quotes from around the world.
18274794e76510446d424f760cc0317cb57aeff1	It would seem, and what does 95% have to do with it?
7236b9c78ffdeb2cc090cfaa39f1c457e204f64b	Oh oh oh oh.
beceda04fcbc5a97ffa93a8dc23e09514c8abbd7	Leonardych is dissatisfied with the current society
be0198a1308773e201e703f397758df646c73daa	And this becomes clear after reading some of his other novels, but for everyone as usual…
cfcdaad3f074afb10cfb98e98975c8664171d38a	Quotes Quotes
0d2073c03a7ba51c9773fb4649631460cefe39f0	Wallowing in shit is not the best way to purify yourself.
f02d140ea0d38f19a94a45a054e663287a930163	The revolution is good at the first stage, when the heads of those who are at the top are flying.
c460122994cdcae578f979f5e5ea6ebd2e91563b	The fact that people do not learn from the mistakes of history is the most important lesson of history.
1c3482efb359616b128fb39b9108e80894b3f807	There is only one corner in the universe that you can confidently take as a candidate for improvement — and that is yourself.
2b9646668f18e10eed4810e6f18b1721bca477e5	Facts do not cease to exist because they are neglected.
17eb45161390950b66a1bd3f9c62ae1f5f605eb4	Chastity is the most unnatural of all sexual perversions.
688d1cd6341e5f21d75e441833b68d721f56937e	If you are not like others, then you are doomed to loneliness.
56f501e09bb1054fd6fa050535a7e9c1a28dda9b	They will treat you meanly.
26806ae28cf880fbbce564d8da9a105e332b8978	The world is a refuge for perverted idiots.
58ce053b9d70e829267847a9571c10b5aaf9502c	It's hard to say something when there's nothing in front of you.
715b44314a5b9de32f4f192708b8ba2fa200b3c8	There is as much potential wisdom and wit in silence as there are genius statues in a rough block of marble.
9bf116998e6e417e35025ed4c1ad9ff4d57cc8e8	Eternity, would you believe it, it's as real as shit.
8900670243c3d47db806787b18e8703339ac4061	The plague of the XX century is not a Black Death, but a Gray Life.
c79f6777a811a7c6a05237da509d082979208c9a	Notes Notes
8dc1a05ca8444e1184831cf31d900a2d09f8124d	[Show notes] ↑ The extremely satisfying album of 2000 is also named in her honor.
ce0ec9c2a328126cea8313cb2e52bc2e70f563ce	A similar plot is revealed in Frank Herbert's novel "The Barrier of Santaroga".
5fd857e05e0f102512312aa78184a90a70419a7f	[show] [ + ] Aldous Huxley has everything to do with substances
ef6156a4e802b2cd948917e73bf83f9021ac80cf	Places of use of Bihai • Kazantip • Nightclub * Rave • / bb / Substances Solvent 646 • Baclofen • Bromine • Butyrate • Screw • Haloperidol • Gamma butyrolactone • Heroin • Mushrooms • DOB • Cactus * Glue "Moment" • Cocaine • Cannabis • LSD • Mulch • Nutmeg • Nootropics • Ordinary powder • Polonium * Ritalin • Salvia • Aids • Taran • Tranquilizers • Trigan D • Toussin + • Ecstasy Sanctus spiritus Absinthe • Ibrazy • Beer (Baltika) * Moonshine • Yaga • and so on • measure of use What did you smoke?
217d07c862a96cb8aeac20ee851ad3688e506d0c	Belomor • Incense • Donskoy Tobacco • Nasvay • Smoking Mixtures • Tobacco • Holotropic Breathwork • Electronic cigarette Non narcotic Genetically modified Water • Dihydrogen Monoxide • Asterisk • Yad (Furanokumariny) * Coffee • Donkey urine • Food additives (Monosodium glutamate) • Polonium * Sugar • Kefir Types Alcoholic • Dealer • Drug addict • Obebos • Omich poluebok (Winged Doom) * Psychonaut • Rastaman • Stoned Users Of Bredor • Cyriak • Absentis • Agapov • Grandma • BG • Bulgakov • Vadmikh • Wilfred • Vishous • Hajduk • Galkin • Gorshenev • Mushroom Elves • Dolphin • Denis " Lyapapam • * Dick • Carr • Castaneda • Kesey • Kotov * Kurmangaliev • Letov • Musical personality • Naidich • Neurologist * Oleg T. * Drug addict Pavlik • Pelevin • Ra Hari • Ragnvald • Sklyarov • Sorokin • Huxley • House • Herzfeldt • Hoi • Enteo • Yarovrat Consequences 228 • Belochka • Glitch • Candybober * Crocodile • Break Me Completely • The Matrix Exists • Hangover • Roizman • Deceased brother Wrestling Gosnarkokontrol • Legalise • Bad occupations, bad habits • GO AWAY POWDER IN the Culture of Breaking Bad • Kunteynir • Sound drugs • Yellow Submarine • Vangers • Vector Religion • Vonnie • Mushroom Elves • Jerzy and Petruchio • And immediately drank • Cocainum • Requiem for a Dream • Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas * Teletubbies • Gigus
fde38522ca0a9494c6f691e4b64508f4053afc9a	[show] [ + ] Aldous Huxley likes to have a lot of letters.
9d271b2c43a85679a269dd81710d6bc67f84fde1	[show] [ + ] Aldous Huxley made a significant contribution to the great American culture.
2f05ef8c7fee948a48bf4041b6115acb3faf74db	Meta USA • American Internets • The Other Side of America • Uncle Sam • The Collapse of the USA • Superpower Population Indians • Nigras • Pindos • Raptors • Rednecks • Stupid Americans • Emigrants People of Power Kennedy • Bush Jr.
be1fc6df4b2f6bc9e2f379a25043835d4a29d44b	• Gore • Obama • Romney ZOG • State Department • Men in Black • Freemasons • Mormons * NATO • FBI People of Art Korn • RayWilliamJohnson • Skrillex • Bradbury • Vallejo • Wood • Garrison • Durst • Jeremy • Dick • Disney • Carlin • Castaneda • Kesey • King • Seal • Cameron * Lavey • Lovecraft • Lynch • Morrison • Norris • Palahniuk • Pinyan • By * Presley • Reeves • Rand • Randy • Segal • Stallone • Salinger • Tarantino • Willis • Huxley • Herzfeldt • Hatfield • Chaplin • Schwarzenegger • Shinoda • Eminem Places and Attractions Alaska • Ghetto • Hollywood • Wild West • Zone 51 • Las Vegas • Pativen • Statue of Liberty Export Hummer * iPhone • KFC • M 16 • NASCAR • Playboy • Windows • Zippo • Democracy (winged) • Coca Cola • Comics • McDonald's • Monster Truck * Pepsi Cola • Pop Art • Wrestling • Fast Food • Movies of the VHS era • The Flag on Iwo Jima The Problems of September 11 • Duck and Cover • SJW • SOPA • The Boston terrorist attack • Marriage Scam • Vietnam War • Civil War • The Iranian Question • The Ku Klux Klan • Obesity • The Flight of Powers • Political Correctness • Animal Rights • Terrorism • Feminism • Childfree Criticism of AlexSword • American Dad!
22df912cab9f0571a5f8e1e9bd304f8c3e19c3f8	• Avanturist • King of the Hill • South Park • System of a Down • The Boondocks • Transmetropolitan • Dwyer * Zadornov • Family Guy • Idiocracy • The Simpsons • Himeyer • Hansen Secrets of HAARP • Shepard's Prayer • Amero • Wyoming Incident • Urban Legends (list) * The Lunar Conspiracy • The Horror of Amityville • The Philadelphia Experiment • Black Helicopters
5e537a3c3e65b5bb0536124b542de4c1dcf81f2d	[show] [ + ] Aldous Huxley.
f2ea2c9b3fd8ef4a7f339a4ba6545eff7b38baf6	Why so British?
fffc659827a92590c3b07bc3afcb518866fdb9bd	British Empire Australia • Zimbabwe • Canada • London • USA Subcultures Punk • Skinhead • Football Hooligan (Soccer) Bloody science British Scientists (Gerald Durrell * Richard Dawkins • Lara Croft • Matthew Taylor • Stephen Hawking) * Spectrum • Jaguar Bloody literature 1984 • English humor • Winnie the Pooh • Harry Potter • Carr • Crowley • Carroll (Jabberwocky * Snark) • Pratchett • Sabatini • Huxley Bloody music Aphex Twin • Beatles (Yellow Submarine) • Current 93 • Deep Purple • Depeche Mode • Joy Division • Led Zeppelin • Ozzy Osbourne • Pink Floyd • Queen • Radiohead • Dubstep • Drum and Bass • Rave • Sid Vicious Bloody telly Lexx • Top Gear • Yes, minister • Benny Hill • James Bond • Jeeves and Wooster • Doctor Who • Muzzy • Mr. Bean • Monty Python • Teletubbies • Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson • Sean Bean Bloody history Bayeux Tapestry • Crusades • Sheep ate people • Mutiny on the Bounty • An Englishwoman shits • The Crimean War • The Anglo Boer War • Our answer to Chamberlain • Keep calm * Arctic Convoys • Who are you to fucking lecture me?
7d3e8b05e552d96fa025493652ca64b20808dd5d	Other bloody arseholes Cyriak Harris • Jonathan «Jonti» Picking (Amazing Horse • Badger) • British shorthair cat • Banksy • Jack the Jumper • Jack the Ripper • Clive Barker • Lelouch of Britain • Christopher Nolan • Saber
facba20d01df604b58094d5860de2deb4cc69166	Source — "http://lurkmore.to/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8&oldid=2630984"
ee4df7259e3b902b31a8054e5e729b14165d0cc7	Categories: Lurkmore:Gimme moar Substances Graphomaniacs Pindustan Britain
83cd15bc4e827d9d271bc53726e92770acd8d9c8	Designed by <Redthread> Last modified on this page: 23: 48, February 3, 2016.
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7442848dab296affeccb0461937e3170c2d5607d	Read Huxley!
8a0e5e3deb877d8d854d219c994ca91bd0c23519	There are works that few people have read, but everyone knows about them.
4e67931188fcf1c580eec7205b1facfbbee12132	For example, Homer's "Iliad" and "Odyssey", Cervantes ' "Don Quixote", Dante's "Divine Comedy".
337dd563e6fc180c47d3c87ae69018d2a7851a40	Once these books were read to the holes, and pieces of them were learned by heart in high schools and lyceums.
4f99940c27138ebb3b2e1fff725b1ec106111739	Who knows, maybe their time will come back?
a6dfd8b16e711d12cade60a3da287c27d37e4cb2	But today, for the general public, it is rather the history of literature.
36ddde7fac64ac72f75ccae8557de1ccd805d2b7	Aldous Huxley's book "A Beautiful New World" (not comparable, of course, in literary merits with the listed masterpieces) is a similar case.
7bc849ac9244be0f6e071a6eb0f1d093a6a82b2c	This is exactly how we treated the novel "The Beautiful New World" (or "Brave New World" in another translation) and even gave a similar title to one of the chapters of our book "The Descendants of King Herod", exposing the policy of "family planning".
46172456efe63c08c326f6fc146a5437eaecb7cf	Therefore, it was a surprise for us that the well known American oppositionist Lyndon Larouche and his associates consider Huxley not at all a denouncer of the idea of a "beautiful new world", but one of its main designers, developers, propagandists.
cd7aa6babdb8ba085d0a4f353d41d5f001add79f	That is, not a fighter against evil, but, on the contrary, its creator.
41f261cdd5c70382c7db1593076f4974d2a2a462	At the first reading, when we still did not know all of the above, and did not even guess about many things, Huxley's book was perceived by us as a kind of expanded metaphor or, rather, a phantasmagoric hyperbole.
0659d65bb211cb4fbc8600c976c4fddea69f71ec	In general, as something that in principle can not be, but that allows you to better convey the author's idea to the reader.
27ba8d47c5b9d35436215c1be2e43f9b8089ebcb	For example, when you meet giants, midgets, people with horse heads in Swift's Gulliver, it is clear that these are satirical images, symbols.
bad34e78050ddabbc70d65876fda073139415240	And now imagine: suddenly it would turn out that this is not fiction, but reality.
83173bc2fcbe0a7eb4c9cb841a9902cf1df25d75	That there really were special laboratories in which both those, and others, and third parties were deduced…
409e9ab45b1010429febfe31a2ef2d7f2d3d32f0	Summary and some analogies
c738ec53c04836d193cb0915223cbbc5b123a63f	But let's return to Huxley's novel and conduct a small comparative analysis.
935250a57495733550f68c00112543784d9d040a	The action takes place in London in some distant future.
359fd9dd3845062ba1ace40ec668c3f4a732ad31	The people who live there are not born naturally.
03d5621aef9f188c05efd7096f6795e55af2cb8a	They are stamped on the so called human factories and are brought up in a certain way from infancy.
3abd0693bc43723e373dcf4542add713823406ad	In this society, all people are happy, because the factors that generate sorrows and sorrows are eliminated there: hunger, poverty, disease, aging, human passions.
1092ecaa6aecd78e2d85bb6b3d216d0b28eb7aa1	Well, if some psychological problems still arise, they are easily eliminated with the help of a harmless drug – soma.
a3a9fd8ce8bf30dbb3fcd022b58eb1c44b7a9f75	However, there are still places where people live in the old way.
d75b8cda1250f08d32aed2416c5a6aa1199a11d7	One such person gets into the "wonderful new world" and becomes a real sensation there.
8b6244fb512dad80b5f615a921db41003642df99	The savage, as the representatives of the new civilization called him, cannot and does not want to accept it, despite all the amenities and advantages that it promises.
f26a5a4b84e9c82735fe1e4bf8a5c30b66c8fd0d	He suffers deeply in the world of general welfare and eventually commits suicide.
9b0b5a48d870b0b6a10e0a2eef8490e3998009bd	Well, now, having briefly outlined the content, we will proceed directly to the analysis and see what of the described has already been realized, what is on the way, and what has remained the author's fantasy.
92b39f81ec253adf8b00d1b3a6dd6fc8f5fed6ef	Let's go straight through the text of the novel.
0b784bb2ab36476b2358fd1437290e237316d9fa	Here's how it starts:
e9ea0756ca5c4cb53a169980e3ceec0b153766cd	"A gray, squat building with only 34 floors.
f85da8b4582617c2177fb028651fc6f0c318f650	Above the main entrance there is an inscription: "Central London Incubator and educational Center" - and on the heraldic shield – the motto of the World State: "Community, sameness, stability".
3795643b1d54a944ed8b8a7778fc303810acf743	The director leads the students around the building and shows them how life is born in a beautiful new world.
6d002bb627ba632ab991df4dac8138624ee6373d	They have to work here, and we need to give them a general idea so that they do it with understanding.
7478a87ed1c1450cdbc98b40591f26d423fb2aee	But it is necessary to give them only a minimal dose, otherwise they will not make good and happy members of society.
4f63c0be627eaddcc1a7b7c23f4a46af4bc7ccbd	After all, as everyone knows, if you want to be happy and virtuous, do not generalize, but stick to narrow particulars; general ideas are an inevitable intellectual evil.
1d7ea783909a0887324d5252f29b1a125923729a	Not philosophers, but stamp collectors and frame saws make up the backbone of society."
f6c8d9c18e82de7ba0f01a1dfdc919dd5157c122	Does the last maxim remind you of the attitude to narrow professionalism, which has long become a familiar norm in the West, and we have not yet taken root, but is being actively promoted?
f6c37acd955b4b8a1670603ea95ee33ef28ec993	Planned human production
c4b6fb8f1c4388d85be44acdb37834567f5fc05a	We will talk about the other above mentioned realities (the educational center, the world state) later, and now we will go together with the students to the incubator.
273bc2c692b72101581e3af9d30bac04a089dba0	Of course, children are not yet being brought out as described in Huxley.
f1338e34b0bc5479312a0e93274ee6587ed0b70f	We would not fixate on the technology of the process at all.
72cc499c40112f5fc52947e41dc28c0d6b428a46	In our opinion, this is not essential.
ae72a5c1afa361a1c629e079ac2e3dec1be67e36	The rejection of normal, natural conception and birth is fundamental, the transition in this matter to a planned economy and production line production.
05be656ff59520f1a831a6bbe07a100a6db46bfc	As for conception, IVF (in vitro fertilization) it has already become not a unique, but quite an ordinary, even habitual medical procedure.
7237f1c23760f6c5b51b96f6c997133401562e0f	And here is a paradox: since IVF is presented as an opportunity for infertile women to find motherhood, according to the logic of things, without abandoning this technology, it would be necessary to throw all forces into the fight against infertility and eliminate the factors that cause it.
b7b8a2326f51ca3755ed442aaa6ec0a2483495a8	And they cause it – any obstetrician or gynecologist will tell you this an early start of sexual life, a change of partners and the "bad diseases"that accompany it.
ad1b3fb7931db874698cd18b560937693637f25a	The most reliable prevention of infertility is a chaste life.
395b819de454a15de42953d951b03c4e3b2e8aff	But instead of chastity, debauchery is promoted everywhere.
ad75a7a238ee9cc355d722b532e759bd603f7b3b	There is also evidence that infertility can be caused by genetically modified products and even vaccinations.
0f01663eef4e5bbcbfa450c4141b78821a270db9	But instead of conducting large scale independent research, this topic is being hushed up in every possible way.
0e6c44b3fb30b888313fb3e575ed26fd47fcdb0d	And scientists who try to raise it are harassed and intimidated.
846d021823bf8a4ac83a40c55a344e4fcbef4e78	A paradox?
85415d0730415f9e7f5f62e8f4c9f500beb5282a	It depends on how you look at it!
7c6dfcb0e63321461a9b10cb1e240073cbd1d623	If you build the future according to Huxley's patterns, then everything is logical.
13916ee617908a7db37ea369dbfe1de0e834a445	In the" beautiful new world", artificial insemination should replace natural insemination.
5ee32c907af11bc1108ae9a9face5639f848df57	This has not happened yet, but the trends are exactly like this.
c1651e027bee74a5ba605cc37f3b09d7ce177178	IVF is recognized as the most effective method of solving the problem of infertility, and as the number of infertile couples increases, the number of test tube children increases accordingly.
de3eea8658982c079e9a6a875073abe6ffd05536	At the moment, there are already 1 million such children in the world, about 30,000 appear a year.
c37e0ac702149d4e05ae84cad5e63725d129ada8	Mostly, of course, in developed countries.
c453f30b124966e292657546ac51928dfac23616	Lobbyists of new reproductive technologies are also trying to snatch as much money as possible from the budget.
76263654ff19739a7fbaa71e2f700f0a641df37c	And, since the budget is limited, somehow it turns out that the amounts allocated for infertility treatment have to be cut.
fc61c5ca102fd4c12ae3fe7f585a3764a2bde006	Traditionally minded specialists are outraged: why?
5feebcc1197ab577173b72f5d05acbdac1db7d72	But because they have not read Huxley and do not feel the trends of the time.
1f27b9755b87840d1ffb6082aeef8d54c208abd7	With the unnatural birth of children, things are not so successful yet, but work is underway.
07a51dcdcee1761135c03e9e9098b874e3d1d70d	"People will still be cloned," scientists say.
56aa181e99a930456ba6f93bb9381c1c85948bfa	Here is what the publicist Ivan Leonov writes: "In the summer of 2009, BBC News reported on the sensational achievement of British biologists from the University of Newcastle under the leadership of Professor Karim Nayernia the creation of artificial human sperm from stem cells.
0e1e67a3caf47f6dbcb4e194df2b6115ef18b366	Stem cells were isolated from human embryos a few days old after in vitro fertilization.
cb48ffd0187c0df1c198233e67a424d3406a639e	” For the first time, we managed to create life with the help of artificial sperm, " Professor Nayernia said in an interview with the BBC.
a95f9034c8f6dbbb1ab8c7d73ce6f694c8bfd1a4	Similar experiments are being conducted in the USA and Japan.
ad9bf27fc98af4f3833afd16ce6a376903290eb7	The media immediately picked up the message, and at the most tabloid level.
2a1c3426a4e3b209a0390aede0410788ae832ba0	Theoretically, such a possibility of fertilization is fraught with huge opportunities, the media are choking with euphoria.
1b7d174637d7abfc6c95c4783c2eff7e9e96b05a	This means that a child can be born without the participation of a man or donor sperm.
b23aafa7021f0bfcad56435933b1f3882cf87ddb	The problem of male infertility will be solved.
ae30c9733350e68a98d9068a86a35b0312004f26	In the future, it is planned to bring out a healthy, fertilizing female egg in this way in order to solve the problem of infertility of many women"[1].
874ebcadf5fd7f573f3924cf674b2fcf8bcdea11	Along with such studies, there is also a noticeable reduction in the number of natural births, because the birth by caesarean section is also, you will agree, not quite natural childbirth.
5bbef7f2780a508685f6db6670a731af6cac6d6a	In many countries, up to 50-60% of women now give birth in this way!
af4e0f116f949b5a3c594dcad011522037fd9561	At the same time, two birds are killed at once: women, in fact, are weaned from natural childbirth, suggesting that it is dangerous to give birth naturally, although in fact a cesarean, which is a cavity operation, is much more dangerous for the mother (since a scar on the uterus can later create serious problems for women's health) and even for a child who, with a sharp change in pressure, often has various brain disorders up to micro hemorrhage in the brain.
4caa2bf07c4cc20157d2b9f75f0baa8758b801a3	In addition, caesarean section allows you to effectively reduce the birth rate, since the next pregnancy is recommended not earlier than in two or three years.
e965ec09cc13ae6582145605dd14782f838b8f30	And another one is not recommended at all.
b37210116dceba182ae8f0a0ad2c1d32c3a13e98	Actually, that's why the creators of the" beautiful new world " took this operation into service.
d679d86732043bc77066144accac5e6aedddb2fd	By the way, the planned economy in the field of demography, which seemed so fantastic in Huxley's novel, now surprises no one.
b205408caef3477d44ebd2851b8624f74070be9d	For several decades, China has lived under the slogan equated to the order: "One child per family".
8001aca6cf4bbc8ef27c66e8d2cc9ba93d668dc7	Now, due to the demographic distortions that have arisen, the plan for childbearing has changed somewhat, but the planning has still not been canceled.
1aabaf37e523a37ecc8bbc5d3b5543f407aa4fd7	The need to reduce the birth rate at an accelerated pace in certain countries is openly stated from the rostrum of the UN.
70e3f3b2787672759402e6bfbd25563facc93849	A new program aimed at men has recently been launched in India: "A car in exchange for sterilization".
6d320fb2580b44cb195e101ce7fc2d04bc858188	The novelty, however, is relative.
46efb0fb1c943145ef5e1dbc541f28397c4614a9	Such motivational actions began to be carried out during Huxley's lifetime.
88d48c5c321a227d5ce9e8e054cde968270002c6	However, then the award looked more modest.
c8047ea5c00e024efd2ce2941ae56bb466cc8ba4	They could offer a box of soap or basic medical care for already born children.
84ea6a25b6da5c2e899e6aa484faf8ad6586a83c	By the way, the number of inhabitants of the "beautiful new world", voiced in the novel, is 2 billion people.
8f0270968a81d86a7fd4a9f64a60b1e5827a200d	It is interesting that this figure has been cited as optimal for many decades by supporters of the ideas of the" Club of Rome", which released the report" Limits of Growth " in the 1960s, with which, in fact, programs for planned reduction of the birth rate on Earth began.
ec0444d8fa7e6d6d84ab91ef75fa91ad297da299	But Huxley called this figure 30 years earlier!
3fcf33c5584612769d27f410cef4af23e1e11b20	Perhaps we should follow the students to the next hall – the hall of predestination, where the embryos are placed in obviously unequal conditions, since when they mature, they must belong to different castes and have programmed properties in order to perform the work intended for them most effectively.
7870a8c66cd06b8c9f68433eef60475c19eb68b2	The fact that the globalist society of the future, which is a World State, which was mentioned at the very beginning of the novel, should be caste, is not yet officially stated.
e00e20a2edc8b0ca1086a964156db7fcd93e7f1f	You can read about this in the anti globalist literature, but in order to avoid accusations of conspiracy, we will not peddle this topic.
6e9a2fe5b80d950cc86882cba6f4bfeeaa5a0844	Let's just say that genetic engineering is developing successfully, and the opportunity to order certain external data and even the gifts of your unborn child is becoming more and more imaginable.
f09f80d092259ca35e13bb794798a2dc19b734c0	Formation of "correct" settings
89425f3184a2c1eb3b83e259248c14640aa41ce2	Now we will follow the students to the " Young Nursery.
259c65e704526aed4386e04ad38febf1d017647e	Halls of the Neo Paul formation of reflexes".
1446c03c225515354d5fc36165ebe01cf3d569f9	The author describes the terrible procedure of developing in infants of the "delta" caste, one of the lower castes of brave new world, an aversion to books and flowers.
bd8811bf3ce71b60e99622ed709b6256bdea1491	That is, to knowledge and nature.
6f14c8b1aea694cdd95a9a6ac791cf650521a083	Eight month old babies are brought to the hall, where there are beautiful roses and there are books with bright illustrations.
4065bf609bf539c40279d115a16b5d416027decb	And when the babies crawl up to them, they are frightened by the sounds of a howling siren, and then, to fix the negative reflex, turn on the current brought to the floor.
8e4a32d5f7a385f4575170dd35b854454ff8d56a	And soon, when the kids are already shown vases with flowers and pictures without sirens and current, they cringe in horror and start crying.
000386018641a463596a28747b8be94be95c2812	Here, probably, someone will object: they say, in reality, they still do not scare babies with sirens and do not beat them with electric shocks.
ed5ed8bb131f989c6b63f25e6e5ffbcdc2a36b24	That's really true.
f3815bdf3895e09377d8044f209413ea9b675fca	But the very principle of figurative and conceptual gluing of something beautiful, sublime with something that causes contemptuous laughter or even disgust, has become one of the main principles of processing mass consciousness from an early age.
89b32ad214bcc6b027c366a3d513c3176970f91d	Conversely, modern mass culture purposefully teaches children to love the ugly.
14f8dd8684fcc6260d6056a3e67c90dd72f35e0c	All these monsters, cyborgs, spider men, ninja turtles, Bratz dolls, transformers, etc.thanks to wide advertising, they become something extremely tempting, attractive, coveted for children.
3174078c516206add66b6d773db210f7b14951c7	As a result, they not only lose their taste, but also their value orientations are distorted, their psyche and personality are deformed.
fa5485fdc1b272b28d45cbf9996e00f2a5f9996c	And this is happening exactly in the direction in which the citizens of the "beautiful new world"were formed from childhood.
437ad936351beda1a730dbc2605766ada726440a	What is characteristic of their psychology?
bc755bd1e0c56a91c25092d79e78b2730d77d6af	First of all, these are ideal consumers.
df16694938cbdc19fd6b5cc3a0febd4c089ff851	I would like to emphasize that at the end of the 1920s, when the novel was written,there was no consumer society in the world.
76f0a703c6b063548129afffeaf9d676e2f038ff	America was approaching the Great Depression, Europe could not recover after the First World War and was moving towards fascism, industrialization and collectivization had just begun in Russia, so there was not much to consume and nothing to spend.
1f83935024a6f86d6332584fca0979bbbfcde887	The vast majority of other countries were colonies at all, where terrible exploitation and poverty reigned.
430c7a003a1b7cbdf114eb212dd3053350d093dd	Huxley, on the other hand, described with amazing accuracy what they began to create three or four decades later.
3d1f0fe43e7ab81f6cacbb8406634c82dc9f8a8e	He even clearly demonstrated how the needs of this society are not only met, but what is fundamentally important!
92bb640b3a5e42a3f9d1e91787b8da1de33f1a86	- they are formed by manipulating consciousness.
09580a5f1fdbc009d76538974ba04101732adea7	Interesting, isnot it?
3c42bc2993acab1022c85ccbfde5699f859a3f45	Through hypnopedia, suggestion in a dream (now the TV successfully copes with this, driving a person into a trance, in which suggestion is especially strong), Huxley's characters were taught to constantly consume, love everything new.
b0a03a2fb1fd51a70940024d1dbce056d8d2cf98	"Sheepskins are not worth fixing";
f9bff49afade73f36f7075e0fe33d02700e14693	"Rather than fix the old, it is better to buy a new one";
1f487be32306e21d6d49598af3f0994001612c77	"To sew up the holes – to get poorer and grieve" - these and other attitudes were received daily by children as part of the new moral education.
ec76e6405f7548c3177b23d76ccbe673842ed447	And they assimilated them for their entire happy life.
d452e31e52c4036be4381374dcb8c98a52ef234a	That's what, and it was realized in the West, and especially in the United States, in full.
11e6d79cf9a080bfc658a7f474cc184e94e1013f	And in our country, consumer psychology is rapidly occupying human souls.
99c6ea122e51ca07e51e16e92f892ab16e18b69a	Unless poverty still prevents this psychology from becoming mass.
2e80b7a6d6c395f790d22f5cf76795283733f673	Well, those who are richer, they throw away not only broken things and appliances (which could be repaired), but also quite serviceable, because they are, as they are now commonly expressed, "morally outdated".
951d861a8f6f38c25f74215728cec29ffad602ec	And they do it with some special feeling: they say, this is how white people should live now.
f66dfc132cb176bab4ef2a974475769c5e060212	By the way, what a seemingly idiotic phrase: "morally obsolete"!
6d96f605eb6053299b78aa6f976c3608164421f8	What does morality have to do with it?
c6c22cef010a64400e58ba7f30f9b953f79abb93	But, based on the logic of the "beautiful new world", this is not so absurd.
9d08d46932a95f1b0bd4da5d4652530a60e04fec	In any case, there is some kind of, albeit indirect, connection with morality here, since it is immoral for consumers to shirk from the constant updating of the clothing arsenal.
c5f9393fbf19bc8d56756749cd83634db1681888	A righteous consumer must consume constantly, otherwise by what right does he smoke the sky?
d670020237e7a155eb68d79bcf0d5bd1ea64afef	In this regard, weaning from books also acquires an additional meaning.
24016733834d3f16f1d6a096e27e03e4fc185701	The fact that the ignorant rabble, which has not developed thinking, is easier to control, was known in ancient times.
ab2549af5854ed34b20c4a577565242fbcf97ad7	But for the consumer society, culture is also unacceptable by the fact that, to quote Huxley: "sitting at a book, you will not consume much."
8045a203fcea3af18181afd79be0fdbe46ee78b8	Especially for a serious book that cannot be viewed diagonally.
4718d443729b934d7c81fe656a46208b013bfe97	Huxley paints a society in which they do not know and do not want to know about Shakespeare, history is despised and also thrown into the trash as morally outdated.
5223437e9a39ac77a05eed547596238a3d624741	"History," says the Permanent Chief Governor of Western Europe, one of the ten Chief Governors of the world, "is complete nonsense.
c7231a1caf90be13ccc0f95101264e4323517d6d	"" He made a sweeping gesture, as if he brushed away a handful of dust with an invisible broom, and that dust was Ur Chaldean and Harappa; he swept away ancient cobwebs, and those were Thebes, Babylon, Knossos, Mycenae.
f8bec43605f7a53cf95802b9941cfe3d3098e864	Shirk shirk with a broom and where are you, Odysseus, where is Job, where is Jupiter, Gautama, Jesus?
31dbb44379df5fc87ede119b896ad3000d434681	Shirk!
4d2a5adeb31d2b9ecbb7c71b421a7203d64cb76c	- and the grains of ancient dust, called Athens and Rome, Jerusalem and the Middle Kingdom, flew away.
e1f5c2b92191eda37c80f93d9f0549a5a9ef0ae4	– and the place where Italy was is empty.
84fd1b5c7d6db07f303ab637de66a61600ac40a7	- cathedrals are swept away; shirk shirk!
07e86a16fbeb913e2591bbf2d7013dd394b33802	- goodbye, "King Lear" and Pascal's "Thoughts".
cbfb1c99a77d1b8a59c30ca1202a19c6aafc144a	Goodbye, "Passion”, au, "Requiem"; goodbye, symphony; shirk! shirk!.."
9b81d2f3c6a7a6e8a999d52ae46f3fdad2af1db6	These days, this is no longer a fantasy at all.
5951e431095215048156bea03aad99c2d1afb66b	The "Man of the crowd", who 20 years ago was embarrassed by his limited knowledge in the field of science, culture and art, is now not at all embarrassed by this.
05a72281af94d53a85f3506451eeff785d9e5c39	And those who have such knowledge are contemptuously called "nerd".
58d1200f8a07b9e815ba6468581ff014175929fa	(Isnot there also a distant roll call with Huxley?
c7d672d7d046c1c92733140063729ebf8e04c8a6	After all, the kids of the "delta" caste were instilled with a dislike for the plant world, for botany, since a planned consumer society needs its members, when traveling out of town and, accordingly, loading transport, not to admire flowers and leaves, but to engage in such sports that require expensive equipment and inventory.)
03f213e5495b83359a2e17b507031395a1f2bb5f	Adult and children's fun
cf10d8618a11a1a8d5b5a0682456770e7528e69b	But the masses, saturated with bread (and hunger, as we have already mentioned, is defeated in the "beautiful new world"), demand spectacles.
a57fce32ec78182b7517b347bb1c08edf16e545c	The rulers also took care of this.
1390280c09b39b95e820876a347aec8d3e88ab8b	"Are you flying to the feeling room in the evening, Henry?
ca86d6f73c87bebd3529d547ec318e2ec27bb51f	" one hero asks another.
283c13a2c0ec1e0f8a6606a9cd299d3853e6c436	– I heard that there is a first class new tape at the Alhambra today.
dc99d9e032697df2c829b5cbe2f18b4d4fc56426	There's a love scene there on a bearskin - they say it's amazing.
8e86059b7eadd0c360402963c4139edf7b7c2c26	Every bear hair is reproduced.
3b12a933b7273799b274092f9ff5f33a79e0208d	Amazing tactile effects".
1bea8ec38f25a123d4eb63e56275f74127399522	Do we, looking from today, see something unprecedented in this?
21a8ec302d4a7becb6532b0e0176754d6555e719	In recent years, you only hear about special effects in the cinema, and often in this context: the film, they say, is not so hot, but the special effects are amazing!
d8567b9b835483e211485a01538788919b99b955	Tactile, however, have not yet been achieved, but this, according to scientists, is a matter of the near future.
164881bd7817dd7892c67f63912dde7be1edac6a	But smells and a three dimensional image that creates the so – called "presence effect" are as many as you want.
d5eadbf00af506c03f5051cd0a27c009c16ab763	In Japan, the first virtual singer even appeared.
2ceee4e9447dbd1497b8370ea3d2762652c82bce	It is not only heard, but also seen.
2dca48a45e7babe6e9fcc73e9b92f8f7d5375673	And not on the screen installed on the stage, but as a live one.
d188c3ba3e83313a80bc9efb53a55d6d5adb3338	The voice is still a little unnatural, electronic, but science is developing in this direction as well.
8fbd3d967e95c4dad27e2a1d55d3943adc6e5e71	Fixing it on an erotic scene in a sensation is also not accidental.
2d3c09f62c96885acdd582e5fdd6897045541b4e	At the end of the 20s of the last century, this testified to a very bold fantasy of the author and was completely unimaginable in real cinema.
30716329ef4295c18cd6f31609c53a43f3d93edc	Now, on the contrary, you will hardly find a film without such scenes.
471ce1ec90dcd8695ad724ba605600ccc954017c	Even if they are completely out of place or out of town and give the impression of something forced.
c9851d528fd9258d9f88410b6ed273f2e9bbe8e9	As if this is required by censorship (which supposedly does not exist): not to erase, but, on the contrary, to insert a "sexual incentive".
e4721144b779efd8a2dea81ca3b152ff0a3ccb86	It's time to recall the Soviet era, when any dissertation, even on the topic of improving blast furnaces, was supposed to insert quotes from the classics of Marxism.
1af78c8003d9ffdb7eb5198b07c0d7017ae6c376	Without this, the dissertation work was not accepted into the Higher Attestation Commission (Higher Attestation Commission).
70a82282b0fdd85d726c9e25e01e0e4a7cc3fd85	And this was done not because of the whim of some senile official, but because the whole life in the state had to be permeated with Marxist Leninist ideology.
52480757e3172a29f1fedd7485b8cda35cdf88e7	And in the" beautiful new world", total sexualization acts as the most important ideological component.
27d58bd3108687940965dba91e4efb7d1b91c73c	Children are taught the basics of sex from the most tender age.
84b54d586e3cd1a8edadcea4408c906f447c885e	In Western countries, this has long been out of the question.
f049c0adf9d890e0ea792b6fc101350105ec9dd1	"Sex clearance" is included in the pre school education programs where from 5, and where from 3 years.
ec02431da10bc404e9d0659b7bf6972534bdf8e3	In the second half of the 1990s, great efforts had to be made to ensure that our country did not follow this example.
7988500a57f6f17aaf2a8b46051e7c556e053f92	Everything was ready: from programs hastily translated from English and Dutch, to educational cartoons and dummies.
4cffbf8d191589c39b25d6d27beb7c6e2be9b6a2	But, thank God, these plans could not be implemented, although periodic outings of" enlighteners " to schools occur.
64ac6369844c64023fb176b0bd0f25ca94779948	And in magazines for parents, you can read that in no case should you interfere with erotic children's games, since they supposedly contribute to the normal growing up of a child.
b960ff0bde678823909cd0994fbf9c8ae02592aa	Well, Huxley expressively described such educational games in his novel:
d8c812ff77e7a8aa5f5b885e496e7f5aad3ad451	"In the grass on the lawn among the tree like heather, two children – a boy of about seven years old and a girl about a year older were playing a primitive sexual game very intently, with all the seriousness of scientists who have gone deep into a scientific search.
9be74bbd9d744aefb542f4c14980f53c6411e9d3	"Charming, charming!
160e5471f7e00d93fbf3c85b0813b0d9db701d9c	The Director repeated sentimentally.
4f0537a35254f1b5c289545b5c6ac55675164232	"Charming," the youngsters politely agreed.
7829702843bab0815fbdc37bbb9b3b0e651dbc6d	But there was a condescending contempt in their smile.
0f96e7f06ea4bbce32480439c5b6d88190a8c5e5	They themselves had only recently left behind such childish amusements, and now they could not look at it except from above.
efafb9baf5f5a18b400990a61d72373fd72d7f54	Charming?
30f4aae820155672739f646a682c3e0cfc884759	Yes, it's just kids messing around, and nothing else.
a03eb8729db5b179348ce6e44b246bc061ddf066	The fuss is infantile.
cc3f2d4ff8bb4842124c23b70ecbba835279fcbb	"I always remember..." the Director continued in the same mawkish tone, but then a loud crying was heard.
23653055322835b7543849e546657b84f1c3909a	A nurse came out of the neighboring bushes, leading a crying boy by the hand.
06a8a1fe73c72967cb7a0dc43fe058016fd91850	A worried little girl trotted after him.
acfd2bbc08dccdae91c8c6c0f0528badbce403db	– What happened?
f8560eb11e0e9b37ebf84415d78f19b307af40d1	The Director asked.
29810fff009e328a90f643b9cb19fed62b9ff763	The nurse shrugged her shoulders.
5be11fd54b1bc9200db91e466d8abf734342d9ea	"Nothing special," she said.
15f9e0908e1840d258f254ffd3745aefed845c37	– It's just that this boy is not too willing to participate in the usual erotic game.
1cbac24a34a6499d4b87315afdf7d25cdc98cf37	I've noticed it before.
e1f0a5d8f9643a8188090308d1bf475a0dc9807b	And today again.
611a8a41b36ad8199b21bf256cd67e9be93be5cf	I burst into tears here…
6f01776afa86b85495288f0e1c9b2a6baaec09cd	- To her Ford – - the girl started up, - I didnot do anything so bad to him.
1cd0eb4daeeac44fe9716e8ab6c57a87a31ab5f9	To her Ford.
452f987e8680c53335f1646ec798f9c8f81a9924	(Ford is the forerunner and deity of the inhabitants of the "beautiful new world" – - I. M., T. S.)
4327ea27aa7346a17a694694327217dad2122bb5	"Of course, dear," the nurse reassured her.
d46b48770af2921ea7e28a4e3a5b9f623d5db2bf	– And now, "she continued, turning to the Director," I'm taking him to the assistant senior psychologist to check if there are any abnormalities.
6a8cc7ec34bfe87360cd0fa60033f2facb2bcc53	- That's right, lead the way, – the Director approved, and the nanny went on with her still roaring pet.
11c90c55af63cb971635918f8eec988ac29d74c2	– And you stay in the garden, my child.
c88dda5d6ced0121c882d8ba48af7d784fdbc67e	What's your name?
0a3e841508139ec0d8a1c2dc65c7bc521f53d9f4	- Polly Trotsky.
f2e99caeb0cf98e3abb26e083cb9f59a759af900	"An excellent name," the Director praised.
893c5f48e4642e32bb711767a00a7becbaa3d234	"Go find yourself another partner."
6ea4d499f37b04724470fd87c376cadb6fb35067	The girl skipped away and disappeared into the bushes.
03126dffd2f3e06ba7b3558ea26cd8ce1a86d87a	– A lovely little girl – "the Director said, looking after her, then, turning to the students, he said –" What I'm going to tell you now may sound like a tall tale.
b46629b3c570eefe80befe1ab69767b5c8bd01f1	But for an unaccustomed ear, the facts of the historical past in most cases sound like a tall tale.
e5b90987199b2a38fc83c46c6420272ad68f2339	And he told them an amazing thing.
8c89d2904dbf48f874e53d79ea4664cb36327f5e	For many centuries before the Ford era and even then for several generations, children's erotic games were considered something abnormal (a burst of laughter) and, moreover, immoral ("Oh, what are you!”) and were therefore under a strict ban.
b78af77a7de2ee6a61a5c879c3d10665bd8f3136	The students listened in amazement and disbelief.
764a3d84153b289c8e4edcfc697d3e1814310d92	Were the poor little ones not allowed to have fun?
9af90e8d74fc38ddd6496867058bd0f2c209ae30	But how so?
2695068a462f6f2de0354017dbf5f0a6b1717db7	– Even teenagers were not allowed, - the Director continued, - even young men like you…
ec2f80067eaf9e0376800b5887f50dd85dcf3387	– It canot be!
9eca6c72401ee4bbc7f8dee780b8e47d6a666590	– And they, with the exception of homosexuality and self gratification, practiced stealthily and in snatches, had absolutely nothing.
be36db3b46ae779f18745cb90da899f33738fe4c	- Nothing?
7b889c009043e674b073ee1ca79782d97e53295b	– Yes, in most cases nothing until the age of twenty.
ecea9af4e03c9bc3c52169e6d6540b596302d767	"A twenty year old?" the students gasped in unison, not believing their ears.
e588980977bbb3c93ad94aa19616ee4e27bd3096	- Twenty years old, or even longer.
56dffe58735596a3eb29eab98908b9c5bc35a893	I told you that the historical truth will sound like a tall tale.
9ca79a4fd841115c25fa2cec178dba7f355a6927	– And what did it lead to?
81d45ca41f6f6d305fa905fc1cd2b20e3434213a	- the students asked.
a63d951149b645b80ead72e7a0815ac07ee6a1b3	– What was the result?
f2c10c73e46f7228da2b457f2939bb7384b0c0fa	– The results were terrifying, - a sonorous bass suddenly entered the conversation."
066ea894fc3ef29a81bafd8791368ca60c1cf9bf	Security measures
cfb44f3235ec6b1f9d7f2a9a05ccde142c54667f	Encouraging children's sexuality, the mentors in Huxley's novel, just as they are now in the "civilized" world, carefully train their wards for the use of contraceptives.
45e1064f5b9b31a24efc4ee2cedcd3f84fb32781	The heroine – her name is Lenina wears a Malthusian belt similar to a bandolier, the pockets of which are stuffed with contraceptives.
7427c94bfe34d5d2e8598d948a860f71a72fc4bc	In the years of writing the novel, hormonal contraception did not yet exist, and the so called "barrier" was banned in many countries, but since then, supporters of "family planning" have managed to produce, as they themselves called it, a contraceptive revolution.
b24d26c039d5da38ff9c10b6865a4490233706f2	The Malthusian belt, however, has not entered into modern use, but "responsible parents" in the West personally put a condom in their son and daughter's pocket.
8ae29c259ce7041945249165e6d2d3f70bba4b4f	Recently, by the way, in Europe, the production of these products for twelve – year old youths children's size has been established.
12964efcecf6ff7f57f9319504a21c1aad64c984	In the West, up to 30% or more of the total number of married couples turn to this "wonderful method of surgical contraception" (quote from the advertising booklet).
4ed575b3956c54e60742112b7918f9c9fff6904e	And in contraception progressive Canada, only women of reproductive age (15-49 years old) who "have a partner" are sterilized by about a third – 31%!
ce5496366ff5c8f2f536ff3d04d5006c38efd879	Plus men - it's very popular there.
c4cd2a5ad0ef5cfad8e376c3d3befa3604249663	Normal childbearing, as we already know, does not exist in the "beautiful new world".
e0189cc3427f4d10a063829746476856b73b60d2	It is considered criminal.
6efcc568efe357c583343b25f965896c8e278756	But for those who are not sterilized, doctors periodically recommend taking a course of "pseudo pregnancy".
a7f686fb025f6f1abff34194bd744b211b0cbe58	Doctors who are in charge of the "basic instinct" play a priestly role in the life of the inhabitants of dystopia: their advice is followed unconditionally, they are absolutely trusted.
001183915ba81c41298db4d0481c99aefc86522a	However, even here the analogy with modernity is almost complete.
9ef0431d9e51708633cf101a344b47a4a7b0d38c	In Western countries, where "family planning" has been running for a long time, girls from school get used to listening to "their gynecologist" more than mom and dad, they drink hormonal contraceptives for years, which are supposedly completely harmless, then they are treated for obesity, infertility, breast cancer, but they do not associate one with the other and still trust "competent specialists in the field of women's health".
d13b7e292500e11acc033d0edd06c2c6162a76ec	"Dr. Wells said that a three month course of pseudo pregnancy will raise my tone, improve my health for three to four years," says a friend of Lenina.
c3fedc31bdb29bd2465c9c3024a1f99f70ab7e42	It would seem that such an obvious stupidity can not be embodied!
4b7989022c7b97a35237f99aaad2a6432fcfc7ba	But no!
075ecf6a95de3d00737033b56c81a730dfaf5ce8	In the 1990s, when the "planners" acted impudently in Russia as in the third world countries reducing the birth rate by any means, some women were amazed to tell that the gynecologist assures that a pregnancy ending in an abortion is useful for the body.
2ce9274b3732a64ad602a32635b9913ae10645ba	And one doctor even referred to personal experience for persuasiveness: they say, she herself periodically resorts to this method of rejuvenation…
468cfea563a4fe146592f6fb363c06e9bd9c19cf	Mutual use
471bd50d9796c9a4abb52d1c0c334d2dc64c1078	Having taken all the necessary precautions, the inhabitants of Huxley's world enjoy "safe sex" until they die.
b6c55324c027f9d1f31afd1b26c0e628894655c6	Under the slogan "everyone belongs to everyone", promiscuity is encouraged, which is called "mutual use of the sexes".
4a27d03c9eea4e3a6d5a09032e3fbbca4be1fb20	It is considered indecent to deal with the same partner for a long time.
83ea2d4a825de64e91cb4241ed9c47e6ac0da3a4	The concepts of love and even falling in love are absent.
dea1833d9d788a3782d8867371b27e0331d41ea4	When the Savage we have already mentioned reads "Romeo and Juliet" to one of the most refined intellectuals, Helmholtz, he encounters a complete misunderstanding.
3ffb40241da71f0d93367b64f830df6fd183bcd5	"Helmholtz listened to the scene of their first meeting with puzzled interest," the author writes.
89977e4be05c3440a1082aadabafc4d6a6f42230	The scene in the garden delighted him with its poetry, but the feelings of the lovers caused a smile.
7d274247f5e85a5bae47c12e72171f5ba72c843a	So to inflate yourself because of mutual use is kind of ridiculous."
ba5599e8b24c9ec848ab130a00a0906b0d3a271d	The Savage did not manage to finish reading the tragedy to the end, because when he heard about the sufferings of Juliet, who was wanted to marry Paris, Helmholtz roared with laughter.
04e903cf574aa0c14323a0996b92733303ab804c	"Father and mother (obscenity squared!) they drag, push their daughter to mutual use with an unpleasant man!
8cfbcc10932934bca92e462f8ca9c99fc2c7fdbf	And the daughter, such an idiot, hides that she is using each other with another, whom (at the moment, in any case) she prefers!
ba5e9986f886a64df81d6c1f96df020cf7dc1574	A stupidly obscene situation, highly comical.
907609831645a71912a3992981b91cbd36c27b7c	Until now, Helmholtz had still managed to suppress the laughter that was making him laugh with a heroic effort; but “his own mother " (the Savage pronounced it in a pained, trembling voice) and the mention of the dead Tybalt lying in the darkness of the crypt – apparently without cremation, so all the phosphorus is wasted – mother and Tybalt finished Helmholtz.
ec65938a09c7118fb0d0032711737503fd5ba25e	He laughed and laughed, tears were already streaming down his face, and he couldnot stop..."
c6af65fb9fd05eb5caa4e599125e3cfb3166df65	Abolition of parenthood
30061ecd3a1a324820469a0706eb197b71bd77c2	You were probably surprised by such a negative reaction ("obscenity squared") at the mention of his mother and father.
fa5529ff66b6c366209a55c8cb863b5d82efa748	But there is nothing surprising here.
b0995fd8170f7315eee2cca7deafcc2a410a88b9	There is no family in Huxley's world.
0df4a9fb82ef6b837b1d5bfdd434fb974ba255ff	The words "father" and "mother" are considered indecent and are actually banned.
edecdda7979764de926fe96c0fda1d3e4902cecd	Until recently, it seemed not only impossible, but even unimaginable fiction.
6b1aa16f872b25a949ff43be02990c8dcfa36d67	In 2010, the news spread around the world that the US State Department banned the use of the words "father" and "mother" in official papers, replacing them with "parent No.
705915aabd4986402a1b81a7bc556f2e83bf1e7c	1" and "parent No.
5ad7292aca055220b82efd9cdd5e79d28ef6dae2	2".
28cb5e3e5595f8ad571370e6a8784114664b2374	However, in the spirit of the "beautiful new world", the term "parent" will be abolished sooner or later.
688126aa0347694049648bb87f5aafc06f04209d	In Huxley's novel, all the children grew up in educational centers.
52e0d2809bee742c5179cbec3a6ba65ac7315610	In the West, where juvenile justice has firmly reigned, more and more children are being removed from the family under various pretexts.
307837efc3ea13bbb9a3583a05ffc95dbdd6d446	In recent years, we have also been trying to introduce this system.
d27e86cbae379769af6fb4578b389f96f87bc50d	Hence attempts to expand the rights of guardianship authorities, change the legislation in the juvenile direction, discriminatory financial policy in the field of support for blood families, etc.
c32760469664f3f44122446dea7da596408a25a8	At the end of 2010, everyone, even notorious liberals, was shocked by the news that the Public Chamber was going to present a certain foresight project (that is, the project of the future) "Childhood–2030"to the president at the State Council.
558732bd9231b11721963594be1b50aadb76405f	The text was so brazenly, so improbably anti family, that many considered it the work of the insane.
16d1423e2ff6f14cbd73004891f8ebd1792a5016	That's what it means to vegetate for so many years behind the Iron Curtain!
d7e2c4c9de0d22e69e5f09c056966b8c37f129bb	What kind of marginality is this?
6131c0714273888611314fda6c6c275f100dc37d	The most that neither is the mainstream.
4cf56f962cffb4070787d7866c4de3be55aee575	Read Huxley, gentlemen.
ef072045d48ddce07493f66572e07b2491020c69	He is still in another "forsyte 30" - 100 years ago! - I've planned everything.
f6b48e64544aaa5cf8124631655927cd95bc9365	Our domestic foresight specialists are much softer, much more careful in their expressions: they say, the blood family is hopelessly outdated… Huxley expresses himself with a soldier's directness.
8c38f3452a208a0dcf89eb1c7d56124821254b6b	And where did his intellectual sophistication go?
47de633cd820ff52fd5b16a8d74394d74b0a03b4	"The native, native house – in its rooms, like herring in a barrel, the inhabitants: a man, a woman who periodically gives birth and a rabble of boys and girls of different ages.
b97a0c566d7838951288b651266f090ace432be6	Stuffy, cramped; a real prison, moreover, unsanitary, darkness, diseases, stench.
2c88a314e93228e359f66a0d4233cba71d5037e1	(The chief administrator drew this prison so vividly that one student, more impressive than the others, turned pale and almost vomited.)"
683064afec105c73387d74e0c708d262b9e2e070	"Parental love is also an outdated myth," the authors of our domestic foresight whisper affectionately.
309e1db0edeb0130e85c6d870912a46f9aba5923	Huxley also cuts from the shoulder here: "And in the spiritual sense, the native house was just as vile and dirty as in the physical.
043fd189b142d14eaec28695c58f847044072063	Psychologically, it was a garbage pit, a rabbit hole, hotly heated by the mutual friction of the lives squeezed in it, stinking of emotional experiences.
69b805fe59d465d41e4d962bc258db8581cea046	What a stifling psychological closeness, what a dangerous, wild, stinking relationship between the members of the family group!
d4073d44b3d7c73bb5edb3c9dae0d8d6057aa839	Like a madwoman, the mother was shaking over her children (her own! family!) – it's like a cat over kittens, but a cat who can talk, who can repeat tirelessly: "My baby, my baby"".
606ea3b9b18baf969d27bdfa11a08d1a3eac7936	Huxley's children, without exception, all grow up in educational centers, that is, in orphanages.
273e49a063e78691c7216d334ce3d69893a5150e	The authors of the Russian "foresight" humanely offer alternatives in the form of various "educational communities".
55a83fa3029218cae1a5a43b75d79ba1b46a6bc5	Even the idea of canceling school, downloading information directly into the brain via the Internet, which so shocked liberal minded citizens, was licked by homegrown methodologists from the creator of the"beautiful new world".
728570444d83d02c608eccea68c31c973a6c844d	He, however, despite his brilliant predictive abilities, did not think of chips.
960167a208d1d7579cdb0879466c5af8bcf7ba24	This is what students see when they are introduced to hypnopedia on an ongoing excursion (this is already yesterday for our civilization): "They entered and found themselves in the twilight of a curtained sleeping hall.
24c67334e42c65c9f0667fc84c83cf3fae9b6d88	There were 80 cots in a row against the wall.
f44226270fc038382e5ec20066a687b576ec6f0f	There was a light, even breathing and a kind of continuous murmur, as if faint voices were murmuring in the distance.
ee41a565215d674324fac01fd28cb91c27502e2f	The teacher stood up to meet the newcomers and stood at attention in front of the Director.
ca2f3f839856c5d4ba7df6463043476337dd4fe6	– What kind of lesson are you conducting?
cae7b4d5d47df7d392e266b54ce09f15d4bed8e3	– The first 40 minutes were devoted to the beginning of sex, " she replied.
d4e7e7711e8a5c49b98bdbc2cf7cf25a5ce90b9c	– And now I switched to the basics of caste consciousness.
0ae251bd0297d73a7a47c646da13ce3ae240eb16	The director slowly walked along the row of cots.
783a76f0e1a8772d65b03258008233aec2dca560	80 boys and girls were breathing quietly, flushed from sleep.
ad56e808b6c3387fc91783aba2c262fdfc332e49	A whisper flowed from under each pillow."
90f972d78e00d50d0d550fe074ab05e04d8b2bc7	A quiet but distinct voice was listing the advantages of their belonging to the beta caste: "Before the rise, they will repeat this for another 40 or 50 days, then again on Thursday and on Saturday.
a09069ea03d0231b29f4d03dd5472efe3f185644	Three times a week, 120 times for 30 months, " the director said.
fa9064ea234b4149775b070c7c7b6e29a3a649a6	And he added: "Until finally the whole consciousness of the child is filled with what the voice has suggested, and what is suggested does not become the child's consciousness in its sum.
ec50044642d7040cab498cf35882b6ebbaa31442	And not only a child, but also an adult – for life.
53c3dbda20189b81a0a6713c83af0f4af720959c	The reasoning, willing, deciding brain will consist entirely of what is suggested.
df7db51f18b41db1c1d3bb7a9309752de28fa370	Inspired by us!
b26be04f494a177bb7170b274f48fdccc3e14ce3	.. inspired by the State!"
9331cd1ba6d14552dd757e649a0337a826387a49	(The ending follows.)
64276fcc73587247430a635010f5e94c430a8767	Tatiana Shishova, Irina Medvedeva
54e5120ffee46d2ae844ec0da24fd7e46dbef3e3	March 15, 2012
4180c2e9b607592fd9220236b595e33279477fec	Rating: 8.4 Votes: 17 Rating: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
4289dd6ab6beea7f7757138b9e5980baa90d277c	[1] Ivan Leonov.
e5906a0db43bebf6e296786c087629b06a5ec8e3	About International Congresses on reproductive health // http://www.ruskline.ru/analitika/2012/02/11/put vo tmu/.
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50f94286ba30706a19070d3ec0a0c8d34d6cf6eb	Previous
bc981983e7f547dc62e19a1e383acfe00782a6d5	Next
734fc086d5fce1f45d7b268f9c9858d7004c8a38	Natalia December 21, 2013, 16: 00
c97ccbaa98390165dc3e56dea9acfb65580858d7	It is interesting and informative.
e9c39815be7ec673a1fd08619a0b9e8e882785e4	I periodically have thoughts about modeling situations in society.
20855b74d1fdbd68f15c08738e0ad3df45851c21	These situations are planned in advance, and planners lead us to some of their goals, sometimes for decades.
e17250c108bf1c9e7e2cefc5c5628a4c81736fcd	Yes, it's scary, yes, it's terribly scary, but you always need to look for ways out.
4711b6948d0ae00f9119cfc689df134947c8be73	Europe surrendered without a fight, and everything depends on us.
2c0b51430482d818b00ee24460430b41af7d019c	Igor 13 October 2013, 14: 00
a79ba1c9336ad63e60239a5f943d812c3de76aa4	I quote: "Luda: oh, horror!!!!! is this an Orthodox website?????"
1347d055d3626184bbe8c4b902bd970f7be3fa43	Luda, why did you write your name with a small letter?
b618f0f2cc7ae8cc5b394c64f9cb5a11f0e6c164	Igor.
387c0706e63d51ee5a8bb69ee86129d394b573de	Elina June 9, 2013, 21: 00
70893a894cbec5c0c07253190e343179c9986193	The following quote from here is also "The world was teeming with fathers - which means suffering; it was teeming with mothers - which means perversions of all sorts, from sadism to chastity."
ce07c07f173b2d757e70c68a2b89bf32ae6de04d	Huxley says that Freud has one of the most important Christian values - chastity is a perversion, the same as sadism, masochism, pedophilia, necrophilia, etc.; and the family (in Christianity - a small church) is a source of suffering.
d2a86a869588525af260beed1a514b1d67ab669a	(Christianity is well aware that family life brings suffering, it is not by chance that the wedding ceremony is the wedding of the newlyweds with crowns of thorns.
99460ce9ad6da03c0331c5de37de0b61868d757e	However, love is above these sufferings.
0ddcb604d2c761f59e7f1f76bacab7dee228eae9	Love is higher than death (Freud's Thanatos), because Christ has risen from the dead, and even more so love is higher than primitive animal impulses (Freud's Eros).
7ac52ed7ac2b3563522fa9bb03194057e3037430	One more thing.
01d7c557298209174d09e122567339205e516922	From the Greek language, the preposition "anti" is translated as "instead of".
ce3eaa9a838252cc3040da1d5500660cda79d183	Therefore, the word "Antichrist" does not mean "One who is against Christ", but "One who is instead of Christ".
3ee2608d72e4ff08a4686dd55a4f62ea38a87aeb	In the society of consumers, instead of Christ, there is a "Ford Trade" , i.e. this is the notorious Antichrist.
c5bb0afc7219a935f5a73b87436c78d57282e9f3	Then.
cc4116fb7a6c2157e14ffec2f5eeba379b6867e7	Quote "Our Lord Ford - or Freud, as he called himself for some mysterious reason, treating about psychological problems - our Lord Freud was the first to reveal the disastrous dangers of family life."
0486c2ad27b0b623719b027612463b01b87591f9	The first thought: for consumers, it does not matter who their lord is - Ford, or Freud, or someone else.
06dccff20d565dde54bed4bc35a4abcb1c6e90a6	The concept of God is replaced here by a dummy hidden behind the name of Henry Ford, about whose real identity consumers know nothing.
0d2231f6a91ce0eb8bb606fe94d66002965a0df5	Secondly, Huxley directly speaks about the destructive influence of the spread of Freud's psychoanalysis, in particular on the family.
696227f306c4fef9ec6dc62ef6a1642462c54132	(Freudianism is an anti Christian doctrine.
42323685314c78dc11ac71fd37f6ce5eac5fdb38	Freud says: man is driven by Eros and Thanatos (the desire to mate and the fear of death), which appears in the basis of Marxism.
b95aa6a9c302d912552de9060499beddd5d68759	Christianity says that a person is driven by love.
1a81413666c16204dec8216508671987631b5b05	Actually, the influence of Freud's ideas, replacing the influence of Christian ideas, we can safely observe with our own eyes in our consumer society, and we should not be surprised why we have so many divorces.)
a0f7adea330bbdcdcf24bca427b190ce71848a12	The following.
bf9fd4f10fa4c08c819c643bcb9701872910efbd	As we understood, Ford is here instead of God.
acdcd3d26195329162626cbd49a0b42ba19af332	We look at the expressions in which the heroes of the book mention the name of their god.
47afb002e41c0b92cc523e565fff9711e1dd8d86	They say: "To her Ford!", " Ford is with him!", "Ford knows what", " Ford damn it!".
4dfce0f0a302045cfc737be059e119860438dd07	Now let's see what words the people of our society would use instead of these expressions.
18a528215e5f66039f4d6d1434a69bda2ebb0a38	In the first case, they would say " By God!"; in the second case, a good person would say "God be with him!", and a bad person would say "the hell with him!"; in the last two expressions, a modern person would definitely use the word "damn".
761c1c3c69d8178c11816d2cfcf9258c480a7dfc	It turns out that in this consumer society there is no difference between God and the devil - God and the devil are the same thing here - this is Ford.
64eecfe1e49e01c8ea9aa3696a70239184250505	A couple of weeks ago, I read Huxley's "Brave New World" - a dystopia about the consumer society.
e2b97fa7255c8c25ddf1489e926f87d50a3b28e0	The book has caused me a lot of thoughts.
5857b3fc12c5595cc7caf9d2a1711d811e5418c7	The most amazing things:
2e2608634ce33c5f960b147a71d7745c884a2d08	In the consumer society, the supreme figure is Henry Ford (this is something like Karl Marx in the USSR).
9c86c6f44e3b729359a99dd3be9f60934f9c89ab	Their chronology is conducted from the year of release of the first Ford T model to the automotive market, which then brought prosperity to the Ford company.
579c814aa57fd03d545d88a4cf0ce44b565c571c	(In our world, Muslims begin their calendar with the year of the Hijra, and Christians with the Nativity of Christ.
d3d41251b64312261a7bacb16eba8dde3e6fb4f6	By the way, somewhere in that year, reading pre revolutionary sources/literature, I discovered for myself that dates appear in it from A.D. or before A.D.
ca07330551ee926f5ee7701beab73831c6c28cfc	And I thought, we donot write and donot say that now, we write the year AD or BC.It seems that the Soviet government arranged such a substitution of terms).
553a8689c15f03e78791b2ae965fa0fd21fb37a0	Instead of the sign of the cross, these people have the letter T - in memory of the Ford T car.
46d5e8462dd861ebecc890954bda7d8ec5ca9e8b	Accordingly, Ford in this society, like Karl Marx in Soviet society, replaced God.
cc3c455af52c4541532975d0c5a31284cdeb03cf	Consumers (let's call the members of the consumer society that way) say "our Lord Ford".
f8a3b3559094700924d980d3cb74e060e59aa82f	Olga 1 June 2012, 20: 00
4708a4dc93a6566ae6b8df6551bca65fa7b2bccf	* "Fixing it on an erotic scene in a sensation is also not accidental.
ef189ec2154f9876246ebec3f32a9bb89608d261	"Where are the erotic scenes in the Matrix trilogy, for example?
e7389e789d0585a9e31b9ce1238c82bc63b701db	*"And in the " beautiful new world", total sexualization acts as the most important ideological component.
89b0db751dc9965600021e10a394852adaca7eb2	"Sex clearance" is included in the programs of preschool education where from 5, and where from 3 years.
bf381751320b4e33d7b65d0b3732b0ea5bc8c3a8	" From 3 years?!
4f13415a25ac583c4b48e10c3ec6bf211de6feed	Can I list specific cases?!
46aad7e1c1265a8a9296df86a18786c88545d155	Did you accidentally confuse it with pedophilia?
2f02d10d563fb43218687988d5258c3185cd6426	Yury21 March 2012, 11: 00
1d8a022ccd3c9e7df3990e89b0b90715151641a3	2012-03-16 16: 16alexey: "The only country in the world whose coat of arms includes George the Victorious striking a dragon with a spear is Russia."
dada5a3c7b43cef2e2521b68054b4f2ced59dd00	http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Герб Georgia
ae2ba95fd3b6ca702eb47b21c9be4768dedb46c9	And where is the DRAGON SLAYER?
d426e094a649ea49ed585dc24d443066d928fa40	Aleksey20 March 2012, 06: 00
ec9efea5bc151b87d7af35e79d55c0bdd98310b8	Pray that your flight does not happen in the winter or on the Sabbath, for then there will be a great tribulation, such as has not been from the beginning of the world until now, and will not be.
92be82bb2d450e378842fd36e760f5f9d8fd5c07	And if those days were not shortened, no flesh would be saved; but for the sake of the elect, those days will be shortened.
13fccd127702ef829a926b38784b53b8ec0a7f31	( Matthew 24: 20-22)
7e5796dbc17aeae4925f7f5ab24adbd4a2297ec0	All this must be done, and therefore it is commanded to watch, so that this day does not find us unprepared.
6113903ba4c62358f33e2f8f3ce84a063f8ba353	for no word will remain powerless with God.(The gospel of Luke 1: 37)
ecf12a9d7f5046113fee6012a6553ce3fdc0fab8	Alyona 19 March 2012, 23: 00
28aa9f9c1f7aacd7d0cdcf450b56b0bc25a9ce01	It is clear that Huxley knows exactly what he is writing about, he does not prophesy,because he is not a prophet,he just knows the plan according to which everything is being carried out, and is being carried out,where people have turned away from God and preferred material goods and amenities.
47a13b4111fe5e084c0b803991dff69c92336929	And we, as Orthodox Christians, should not read such books, otherwise we will not be saved,it is better to do what we are obliged to do for the salvation of the soul(fasting,prayer,repentance,virtue)and then, as our beloved Serfim Sarovsky said,thousands will be saved around us and our children too.
bd97c4d1eb9f110fb2b0430993652db5e58045b6	Pavel18 March 2012, 13: 00
96313bc0215ec1fadb25b23a34ccb7eed3386a9f	There is also Orwell with his 1984.
53131e732e339c30f9c804804ddeb214249d925f	Also a prophetic book
c78994f6b9bd958745af328d0a1d9b67f0ddcfec	Elizaveta17 March 2012, 19: 00
2cee74476612d5316f97596d93599ecd52b38c7b	I liked the article, of course, we need to talk about it.
89ad2f835abd5394e01fa116a7a4e0bc6be1fed9	The direction to the "new world according to Huxley" is obvious and we can already observe it today.
fa0c95309e3d1cb13e89602c7e18da6443402bd8	This is the removal of children from families, especially the cases that have recently become sensational in the media in France and Finland, in shelters where children are temporarily placed, children are forced to forget about their parents, or a case in France when a mother was taken away from her son for excessive maternal love and gave the boy to another woman, or other cases when fathers steal even infants from their wives, etc. everything that is written in this novel has already been implemented.
9e00f6a885912d66c793a0340cb4d07146172639	Here we are becoming civilized, I wonder who needs it?
159ede9a0cfd07617322677aa1cbe3b5aae372fa	Oleg, March 17, 2012, 18: 00
1b6e7058660906a91578d8e9a74075ee6126c236	Interesting are the comments that are outraged by the fact that the authors made a comparative analysis of the book and our reality.
f7e7c8d54f7a43deadbfee7c6c3d31ad8e00203f	The position of "Catherine" and "Natalia" is very similar to the pose of an ostrich hiding its head in the sand from impending danger.
2bfad620c8441a7853b19b7f1dc9667d792ca032	Of course, you can live without delving into what is happening, without realizing it.
cc4b94baeee9607d7534a045fd88958cc8dfdeea	This is, in principle, how most people in the world live.
33341fe36fa6e4ca1054dac19ded1b04f5d1ee06	The authors do not frighten, do not frighten with examples, they, like professional psychologists, open our eyes to what is happening.
d1c6056dababdb7359624f2557267d2a718f94c5	Warned - means. armed.
cdce5c02bf64514c139fdd539799e41e913e5bc4	The forces of evil are afraid when light penetrates into their dark realm and shows a real picture of the evil at work.
ff040d3876f3cea6a4e1feaa43e06de4680cb53e	Of course, "Natalia", you can die of conscious longing after reading this article, or you can do something useful with real deeds, like its authors.
2bacf39a9f9d8d5d6f448ec8b0a4da6396a903d7	God grant them good health!
8e923906c1632dab1169fdf6e16bdb83fc191f41	Tatiana 17 March 2012, 16: 00
d62a26fd0774807f611d6fe98d92759960deecaf	The authors of this article generally have their main publications very similar in tone - a lot of negativity.
fb15bb3832588cba543f7cfc305ee45b75bd6ff5	Of course, you canot run away from the truth.
605c4bcb0ddde87e7b3839525ff8d2e561cde625	But, every time I read Shishov and Medvedev, my optimism drops.
2648e0b87797b8e75ef0ef6a4faea7d511a41d1c	Elena17 March 2012, 07: 00
ffcea68599c568edfc83037e69d881ac0d52193e	Ekaterina, you canot hide your head in the sand.
9398621617088468393cbc1b5740390122d53e31	You need to know the enemy by sight in order to fight him.
de944d91eda43daf36826d12a0ffdc014e4b642d	Do you want only positive information so as not to get discouraged?
c46aa2478a1d6251ad3ab86b7fad05b53352a44c	So this is the position from Huxley's world.
7ebf5925cc395ae02e06c2fdf912096813fb0e42	Karina 16 March 2012, 23: 00
02ee64d6953cbb9f930b49102a242836d44a9e1c	Right on the spot!
434c0f5cc8873b2858246ae9fa0a1b874c638f78	Just recently I reread it, I was scared myself, how similar everything is...the prophetic book turned out to be
8df1e9356083bc346b4d29b296babbc828df39d6	Andrey16 March 2012, 18: 00
a729e7a67000367489e149e45bb74cf89a91d9c6	Thanks to the author.
05b5d1712a2951db2ddf697489a0b034f9b65ba9	Really.
d7a69945f5f050d7a27b50fe40c8498b8c8acc26	Very similar.
b99d175296148cc2ab35ec848aafd4aa504756a0	It's creepy.
2e2a086263c97b38833149563f5573daec0fe751	Aleksey16 March 2012, 16: 00
1c8c2b9a772bc41f87bef9b202500c00e5bfa704	"The only country in the world whose coat of arms includes George the Victorious striking a dragon with a spear is Russia."
d8d325ed00c2818c1a96e0db8f7720e814b7f434	Sergiy16 March 2012, 13: 00
ceff05ed1dc95fb9736f17f64e328474a105fe15	I'm looking forward to the 2nd part!
4d080f0efa7fc585614bf116d89da914c4817d98	A good article for setting the brains of relatives with liberal universal trepanation.
7309c1c4e80ef40450211eabd6b0f1bdb5f96d36	GOD SAVE US!
c6206265d93b6eede4fe6f44aa9468e7cef5e401	Konstantin (Tyumen)
4ca1f58c7b66d08313913db7164f42adc5f11142	March 16, 2012, 07: 00
0b68cb7cb3976626941e28c7c9782a5266af5488	It becomes obvious that the reality is even scarier than Huxley's.
aab03d49fc88831b081a79f4e4189f8abf07e978	But I want to live in the illusion of self deception until the moment of final death, in order to justify my inaction and heretical "non resistance to evil"by ignorance.
30552cc690f4a33f7629c44c5e1c9e861ed48df3	Ekaterina 16 March 2012, 00: 00
8b8646a6cf30351d2dcc97e4f616ed1475a25d7c	And I do not agree that such a heavy "reading matter" should be brought to the masses.
fbba35a410bece5a32affa315a486c5cfbb31149	This leads people into depression and hopelessness.
019656fc47680f71559f9f650e29c6d046c4e06d	And then the thought is material.
f0c6e2226408e191d841e867b3f715d8994a25ea	So why give such a thought even more life.
9d73ccd784f2485c19790882408059f4a06b945f	Write an article about a bright, good future.
689857a52c019668e89a8a66f1565153d6d024aa	Think light and give this verbal light to people.
1d2f5891a6b9c010df9d202be95afdc7eef9ea1d	There is a great lack of good literature now.
15303b22cd526c58a30d74ba99e4544c1355155e	Everyone is chasing a sensation.
e2cfeba17cbdaf5d8f9410e7c96d1b8cee01d6c8	And another aspect: No one forces us to do IVF or use mobile phones.
c5869a66be3962f6399a9324a580721a6cf9d497	God gave us a choice.
83311d4e8624d6d344d4f32509d688a5d50a24fc	And each person makes it himself.
cea5df80798f30cd5f3a41fa46ff491e9fa514ea	Yes, there is a massive propaganda campaign, yes, there is a "Roman Club", but why should it be promoted even more.
a5aee922f7787ed391974d8160df17a6c02dd1c6	After all, knowledge can be useful, but it can also be harmful.
6652225d8cdcf2044097bf9e7bc663570b678a8e	Maybe it's better to ask yourself what I'm doing: love? a candle? regret it?
72bd3038e23b3bb66037add36e7641b47db5d93a	There is no need to spread panic and fear, then a person loses his will and is defenseless.
36e2100b70981b4a5c1b8146a4c7267c825b6fae	In an article on this site, I read an interesting dialogue: In the Optina Desert, a woman asked a monk: "Father, is it true that the "end of the world" is coming soon?
fdf05d39381932bb999ae96e55f3bf3ec9741fc5	To which the Father calmly, with a smile, replied: "Yes, no, we'll live some more."
a0fe61b0545b423c8ceca2e5fef10223ad2fe125	That's from such words st it's getting warm.
e3f72988e63a53ebfeb0f7ce553e8ef4513ba795	God save such wonderful Fathers.
37952b3daaf863bca905d50036205344e4b198a5	Andrey15 March 2012, 21: 00
5b6aa74fbbc1317e8b5a37f362b62f352e1629c3	The future was also predicted by the Srugatskys in the "Inhabited Island", whose planet earth is built up with towers of emitters that are turned on from time to time for the common good.
023928c39da2a80f7b8a596e37746283fe8731be	Now, even in remote villages, you will often find such a tower of a mobile operator...
ea2a6ada5fb8cb5de1b4b01be98c93036f31cc09	And after all, once people managed perfectly well with a pay phone or simple mail.
830f449f9e8d55a415d96f1625c15351627b5b02	And they didnot die from lack of mobility...
127bb1af66ed218541179dd4c8005a55e52c0ec8	Kaspersky 15 March 2012, 21: 00
3c7cc8c97ab80c2f2f85118f3639f205f79d2c38	I didnot expect such an article. mirror of the world
61669058d82f174342de597636f427d5dd7c858c	Olesya 15 March 2012, 18: 00
51cf96d71ad9a91a15eb5c96c14521b7b3542c1e	Thank you to the authors for the article.
6c6c8c2949b3079965043f8daedd545a8986e80c	We are waiting for the continuation.
5b3275502cb56fbad8bdc9298d5d53de2da772ac	reader Dmitriy15 March 2012, 18: 00
3964f2ff5ad60a0e8ff0a488e8075492a9150754	WONDERFUL!
44da0a93c811008535c318750986ce0d40fdf3dd	Natalia 15 March 2012, 15: 00
055f551a28603414a0fd5c160035241fc62af197	An unconscious melancholy covers from our mass media.
2b5e4b1397a715afef91b3c93226fb951269f90f	And from such incriminating articles the melancholy is already conscious.
7a233ed48d4caa4351c62cb4b4cdbcf179e4f28c	The only hope is in the providence of God.
d1ccea8f008b052e05fbd06628d7e1245d48d480	The fact that malicious organizations will sterilize themselves before they take over the whole world, or the life span will be reduced again so much that they will not have time to plan and implement evil plans, only good ones :). That's where you think - it's good that we donot live for 900 years.
0e75f774c1f65fcfbfec2bcd03a353f7b2a00662	And then the horror that they would have done.
7b5f4eb17efe1e3af72f3fc580bd3788ba1b68e9	And so, we donot know where to go... thank God, He disposes, and not us.
b0cb027410282182b50d0d86c51d27ddef51ccf1	Anna15 March 2012, 13: 00
2765327b449fb58bc43e704b4d61fa9c2bad7ebb	uzhas sostoit v tom , zto sdes opisana ne facmagorija dushevnobolnogo avtora, a v tom, zto mi uzhe zastizno vidim v stranah Sapada i to ,zto nam eto pitajutsja navjasat.
dc1103ce9cd5b6fa8be398a813b9fff8c72493d1	Zhivu v Germanii uzhe pozti 9 let, i s pervih dnej kasalos , zto ja nahozhus v Saserkalje ili v korolevstve Krivih Serkal, strashnee vsego , zto to zto nam kazhetsja uzhasnim, dlja nih eto norma zhisni....
903b942e2d5defc95dfcda454f3b3d50566fb8d9	Kirill15 March 2012, 11: 00
0c9a08a25047e5024f3d5499262503d629d75db2	God save the authors for their thankless work they are digging up the most "dirty" world trends.
bf2d5dbcc7268fafaaf6ec4b1386fbcaf776f250	Perhaps everything is very exaggerated, but I think the authors are doing the main task - they are "vaccinating" against all these abominations that can threaten the traditional Orthodox family.
6da8c954602cf3e6173ae9688a8f1ba61798eb50	luda15 March 2012, 10: 00
74e44955883d55fad761fdac7a717648191798ed	oh, the horror!!!!! is this an Orthodox website?????
ae00f186d3bf955846b5eaeb0c8ba11602c1b6da	Alexandr15 March 2012, 09: 00
17cd7407901325a5de4afa6c0ee45fd7984c0d96	And I saw: behold, as if a lion ran out of the forest and roared, let out a human voice to the eagle and said: Listen to what I will say to you and what the Most High will say to you… When the lion spoke these words to the eagle, I saw that the head no longer appeared, which remained together with the four wings… And I saw, and now they were gone, and the whole body of the eagle was burning… The lion whom you saw rising up from the forest and roaring, speaking to the eagle and rebuking him of his iniquities with all his words that you heard, this is the Anointed One, preserved by the Most High to the end against them and their wickedness, Who will rebuke them and present their oppressions before them.
7d8bef76e1bc51e575a5debb287db7db92dcd08c	He will bring them to the judgment of the living and, having rebuked them, will punish them.
3ab60cde00503d18226f4efd330e959478eaa283	He will mercifully deliver the remnant of My people, those who have been preserved within My borders, and will rejoice them until the end comes, the day of judgment (3ezd.11,37 – 12,3 and 12,31-34).
1be2277026d7ae9081c2d461561f5c3b12828224	The only country in the world whose coat of arms includes George the Victorious striking a dragon with a spear is Russia.
e6c2579096d583127c21b98135837a69c5f82221	As it turns out now, the "iron Curtain" was good for us.
41893959c3c39a0636b4ed2d0822a1d22e69fa5b	If we add here the prophecies of the great Russian elders, the insight of many of our thinking people, much deeper than that of the intellectuals of the West, then Russia's mission becomes clear.
b3efce7fe49025c48016bde3cb4a4fe9a8e98471	This is the mission of St. George the Victorious, this is the mission of the detaining, this is the mission of the gravedigger of the Beast
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0b40d8260052f5f09a5a78b58f0bfa13a84c5917	Vladimir Putin appointed judges in the territories and republics
8d427fb7bda50d607f9f6b2930a2c1c6fee06624	Vladimir Putin instructed to provide a report on the work of NGOs by the end of March
cbb4f91f18cc627dd6be7b38ea6dee1a129ca767	Maria Zakharova revealed the secret of her wardrobe
44101fed776f5c0251520673748e41fe64ba4499	The Moscow authorities fulfilled all their social obligations in 2016
0118f71a11fc87c907c3425b6f3331fc006b723c	Vladimir Putin expressed his condolences over the death of Artillery Marshal Vladimir Mikhalkin
af812050a09c10df91aba3a22ae94e3e543b9f69	January 10, 2017 14: 00
4728895d402e600527babff45ce704b110f8d5ed	The term of Alexey Ulyukayev's house arrest has been extended until April 15
1cbfc899f77a9c72673e7e04301334925713ad8b	Romantic thief arrested for stealing a gilded statue from a park
67dad7cb94a45ed0b6e334ec6329ecdf5262d989	The American consulate in Moscow was left without water due to damage to the building's fire extinguishing system
765d7da93bb885e97eb98d31d87f23161c0dd7a8	Top 5 criminal cases that received a wide response last year
7c290e528e63747cfe0c4f3df2564458216c75d9	The work of two boilers was restored after the accident at the boiler house in Krasnogorsk
b112e7a76f44b208d6d07b72528248a302418552	Investigators are checking the fact that a man was injured in an inter station stretch on the Sokolnicheskaya metro line
f5a3fa0452752156cce642455925be4fb80ea77c	The police are investigating the causes of death of a man found covered with earth in New Moscow
22f7b33fe6d4d73acd26c5a1011d94926ec808a3	Fraudsters under the guise of bank employees stole 640 thousand rubles from a Muscovite
57ef332d81e079050cc8559390925b23ada296d4	Alexey Ulyukayev was taken to the Basmanny Court, where the issue of extending his house arrest will be decided
7245a0165f36e8b707c0cd223d577e0212179603	Investigators have opened a case on the fact of the shooting of a woman by a Muscovite and his suicide in the south west of the capital
907a00a48f058614aa930274152cd437aa8f7326	The six month old spaniel has found its owner again
1a14497360654448b5cb0726c635b157499c8d56	The head of the camp "Syamozero" accused of the death of children was extended the term of arrest until April 19
6c644c5576e7ea4a39af8e6c927e4282f973abc0	An unknown person died after falling on the visor of the entrance
62f9bf854ce857b63a4fe732b601b41bb43771ee	Serial car thieves are detained
adccb1399a16910c32e03e5163ee35b6d4979d4c	A video of a fight between a diver and a shark appeared on the Network
d7231ed4a70520d90c481de514a4453c188c8741	The police are checking the fact that a Muscovite shot a cohabitant in the south west of the capital
fe3fad9f6998b5091a910adee30211d8f5f8a2f0	Train traffic on the Sokolnicheskaya metro line has been restored after a passenger fell on the rails
7fc2bb1ae25d5bdcd2de3bff3afff393785aeea9	January 9, 2017 20: 24
719da61d4a8d721647d3fa75b45c0bb14c799ec9	The Federation Council proposed to allow debtors to leave Russia immediately after paying the fine
c5676ed9a57b9056500d62bf4da89e82c052bc33	The price of "Granorolo"
39b98deca25b29fab56b7f0be3ec4fdb8f734ecb	Several thousand people gathered for the Christmas service in the Cathedral of Christ the Savior
6fb0ec7eeed94e004984abcd9dcee70a7ebfae20	In the January forest: in search of mistletoe and ... mushrooms
54486416ccbe3688dff81290b76783e55a5a90b2	Igor Volk.
2ac551e755172b7a369b13b77b1c2e2c03d85751	The sky is life!
d8960d2452a9a2b5185b1657b9dc8a94b3159799	A street in Ankara, where the Russian embassy is located, is named after Andrey Karlov
5ad9059417dd42af2d6a82aeabd53d0c1a5dd2bf	Mass media: Children's Ombudsman Anna Kuznetsova will create a working group on international issues of child rights protection
99410b4f053814fde261b8396c71c3fd4ed90c8a	Russian traditions on the embassy table.
f953529da292fa4853af0939f2d0f4aee00a9931	Dumplings and pancakes for the head of the diplomatic mission
f7bf629128d6e0ac758cdc7866558d2b6e655c58	Christmas letter to the Patriarch
0e848569bc7247bb6de42a58f15f7e2e3e28739a	Young ladies and gentlemen danced a quadrille and a mazurka
bd6b5b1cbf180b77899cba90861cdb22abd0fd5d	The court violinist of the metro disperses beggars with music
ff0e4b4c514faf8c01029d008c4a19c9785e2d79	With a light steam!
ffe3258b19448ef4d193342a95998c5f465aae32	The cold winter has increased the popularity of city baths among Muscovites
287a437cf0726f7bee75412276151fd6f5426d08	History by icons.
f7de3231ba67bb429aeb0914f3f563b0a9db62f1	Faleristics opens the world to an inquisitive mind
4bec9fcd5ff66be603692fad2e42ee3c332312a0	The usual household mop gives the rink a shine
22bfee5850ca7feea48815a373970f8993a00512	Hotel employees will try on football uniforms
aff66b6eda5f12ff739b1279689ed47dd7a5395f	Goodbye, space wolf
b78e599f9e0bd4b1b94a9606132c975e681372e7	Heavenly apples on the snow.
b91247ec747840335dc272cb6f50161ccbb205b7	The twelfth festival of balloonists was held in the Moscow region
0fc51ba4717a4087664697bfaa41e9c4054ffb10	January 9, 2017 17: 12
460006eeae27c1a319eee90aab50c76c49b45aaf	Konstantin Raikin plans to return to the stage on January 15
5b5d20c6d8e5dc9351a7225ac7d779c5b5741a5d	Andrey Konchalovsky: Paradise is an absolutely unsold thing
ba84ad310652d33b8229e18c816646002d35e40f	Premiere at the Theater of Nations: Chekhov's first play in a modern manner
603c535c2b55433a03fcb79b366fd4a4761b24d3	Spouses Birgers and cats
75e1b126f5ef49cdeb3722467876e34bf9a40f8e	George Vitsin.
fa203e1e0a1fc220895717ffde55021ad5cbc997	Laughter is a serious matter
1b140dd2de864f92506ebe516d83b7bc8ba72c66	Moscow strengthened cultural ties with world countries in 2016
67d0660d0298b25a9e6a7ce40421639301fd3c7f	Sergei Sobyanin congratulated actress Marina Neelova on her anniversary
2410c4901e9b661db6b19b89c02e8a6fa9ea7127	The Moscow theater "Grandfather Durov's Corner" turned 105 years old
70a8546607c600a21adc3602a7783ea4a33215ca	Alexander Mikhailov: "Do not judge – you will not be judged"
6e858b1606cc33e5cdce5e0e1476d22dbf7be721	Modernist Boris Gusev paints bronze masks
6c8e93d715feebd5a8c77bf2d1d637042dd3424d	"My years are my wealth!".
f9d46cd376d987f13a7ab3452bc82079455c12fb	Milestones of the theatrical fate of actor Vladimir Wojciechowski
a3d7400e62f868bfd223a00642106e44fbf39843	A Christmas fairy tale by the writer Anatoly Kim
89405d2fdeb48e987e08ab25e346f80d256a0233	Vladimir Bortko: "My film" About Love "will be released in early spring"
6e933c06b4b7ff0d7c437759482ad0ac5c88956b	The darkness and Shame of Moliere in Love at the Sphere Theater
0eca12972951c59a70ad29c191db4776f0e908c1	Sergey Sobyanin congratulated People's Artist of Russia Andris Liepa on his birthday
6f8d258a4811bc246017fa6c40fa71df8a1e1e4e	The Thinker thinks fabulously
76615613f2f5ad79cb65bb6971d2b788b833b82a	Amina Zhaman: "GITIS needs changes"
0b6f3b2256adf56c14fcf8d290d0149f8b11f1dc	January 9, 2017 16: 12
af0d392793832a955d65489f7c0ef76f9f6143b7	Singer Elena Vaenga is hospitalized
bf19d3e0f0844f7aaa7fe2e1c72a891092658c39	Isabelle Huppert won the best actress award "Golden Globe"
a419a8212e8fcbc26b00595d7c0295a7cf403025	The Soviet Christmas tree toy becomes a symbol of friendship between the countries
e576b75d005015e92733bc82b81dd314f698aade	The work is disputed, the plans are growing.
bd536f39c44550c232f3a3ee5f9f8525966fec62	Celebrities told about their creative successes of 2016
de26d5ef90ca9925c96b43a409970a9238aaa99a	Lisa Boyarskaya: "It's unpleasant to be a stupid woman"
761ebb8c47d5ec73c989dc2a483aa15f3589d46d	Denis Klyaver: "This year my dream came true – I voiced the leader of the Tui tribe"
c6380db33be33a883351493bd5453f22e40a5e52	Actress Anna Churina: "I wish everyone that life was in full swing"
64d0438bfa9c44b110c37ea90cc9b40b73e2b577	Star guests
7adc481c98b17300fb807e65b26fca9bd79dbb67	Information about the deterioration of Konstantin Kinchev's health after a heart attack was denied by the director of the Alice group
21b1ab765f819e43bbdc862d6360eda10826f681	Olga Buzova officially divorced her husband
b1e10a7eeee3f866e1670a9b56fe22f94b1737b6	The performer of the role of Princess Leia in "Star Wars"has died
a9a32292f5be23a58d861086e4324452c3b22977	January 9, 2017 19: 51
c816a5aeeccbfb4597139ed6d1d0dcb9ad9b741a	"VM" was looking into whether apartments will become more expensive in 2017
a0807b6215673edec6657904c56a1455c9c8b578	The Moscow International Currency Exchange has turned 25 years old
f3f97bc3b6533161669f432169e019991e93cc64	The average price of a barrel of Urals oil in 2016 decreased by $ 9.33
c929b0b0fcdf236cc3f92ee27c418bd6bb1bd3a7	The dollar exchange rate fell below 60 rubles for the first time since the end of July 2015
8df48b408c9a11fa700af44d43e83aee666f7f8c	The euro exchange rate fell below 63 rubles for the first time in a year and a half
6778665620606dbf223f0125997bdbde2b6f0e98	January 9, 2017 21: 26
d5cf2a9fb1b727dfef7a061429f2edc34e963cdc	Olympic champions synchronized swimmers danced on the water
a4fb41d9271e0347394b1e0d475b64178f5b7c51	254 steps led the Russian snowboarder to victory
f323b44c7ec05f636fe168558f81f07350e04355	Frost gives real football players sports excitement
78153861e269519381411f78a9543949c1c558a8	The European football champion Viktor Tsarev has died
1c66ebf21a2acf3dff52921ae30cc1873d511849	Mass media: Figure skater Adelina Sotnikova may be deprived of Olympic gold
301dd9d672c9c3452fe8a7247b3458e8a7dd42e9	The Russian government has approved the strategy of transport support during the 2018 FIFA World Cup
0c41e838a17bc047884f56b0423a1f1dfbddf734	The January run is generally welcome.
fa81ffe66752575d355d198c8d3e8e6a01339614	Yunkor VM participated in the New Year's race in Perm
4439aee294b9e80de043a82e01d63f48e9103cfe	The Russian team became the best in the UEFA ranking among European mini football teams
ae726f6abfb5581392855fee1dc44fdf96166e62	So it was in my childhood
432f01386c820ed14231cd6c8f4c3cc22d2c9875	The ban on a minute of silence in memory of the victims of the Tu 154 crash was commented on in the IIHF
98a8694a0fdc34d0168841d0bf343ba1ed1c9e43	Four Russian skeleton athletes have been suspended from participating in competitions due to an anti doping investigation
6f5a07efe4eeb35728a0a837955648d72ce53204	Sergey Semak headed the football club "Ufa"
0b9742b0652c88a7890213884d8c5ab60b600da2	In order not to be late for the match, hockey player Alexander Ovechkin had to climb over the fence
95247d7e78b50c2c63aa02758792fbf9dbe5242d	It is important not to burn out and go to the end
9146f1ab0c2a663cfc5db69882e49b77a364493a	Heroic strength: discipline helps to achieve even such goals that seem unaffordable
94e27bf0233bd09b00f65b65dbd17088a05d2cfd	It is a coach's happiness to see the first steps of his pupil, and how he wins the Olympics years later
64c19318bbc2d94c92af7cef0cf8cd0f6d712bfb	January 10, 2017 10: 16
7805ce65dec9800e45c2c6516fb818525ccedb99	Scientific research in 2016: moscovium, gravitational waves, impossible compounds of sodium with chlorine and not only
020c4499c17de73d1b0d8b0231fa73a5c9a9ce56	Muscovites will see the birth of a new star in five years
35a4e9f26d5220e422fc86fbb566c7a0d2f302c4	Vitaly Arnold was killed
ed62346e2c062fe27dc01426288f7b52d89f4fd5	Researchers have identified the exact source of alien radio signals
e7a7c1891ab3f5a13d70f658eb81471955960fd1	Scientists have established the influence of the date of birth on a person's longevity
389737cbc65158b5c015b3ab11c2abac74208a14	Scientists have found that sports develop not only muscles, but also the brain
4a2a6bd8f12957ca9ddb40f698f9c525e4ce574a	Scientists: The Earth will be completely destroyed in October 2017
84c84f523d3ccf791edb59632eff1a6129034307	On January 4, the Earth will be as close to the Sun as possible
2116ca6e18a5c05fef07b9c6ad4207c49709767b	"Among the worlds in the twinkling of the luminaries..."
da093c807e4ab83fd5f3e2e684602e65ed6b41c6	French scientists have identified the" gray zone " of the animal world
4b63278d8ec8d984e88db275921785beb71ef9f6	Zoo
68cfa195c39976e852c2be3f600db4d1f8f89cd1	January 9, 2017 11:10 am
6a5c4046f02254ee4bc957235f054ba1fdb37c20	A baby seal was rescued from a pack of dogs by residents of a village in Kamchatka
3f6b805646965ee03d35310b7c00ee3b057c1034	January 8, 2017 16: 39
0db5a7addf24d0084cd3d7d21e36ac5f4a7abc9d	Alyona Khmelnitskaya: "I didnot understand how you could yell at children until Ksenia was born..."
3953394f0a5d8657e73ca7e974e0285b0f3acfe5	Natalia Gulkina: "I hope my battery is inexhaustible"
179584ae16e4b5818fe6d2922ee42dbada837b5d	Grechanka: Channel One starts the year with a melodrama
56b3cf3f2b0676a1ceabb769792a706b135a1a82	Marina Neelova: "I like roles that are far from me..."
642b13dcd95e2316be8287ba39b4c29d433d0a91	"Cinderella".
252074c72c6590883ddabf4d5362156d2bb94e69	How an old fairy tale was painted
f1aa82f2c09cae7c2be251b6b7df5d087343bc10	The new "Sherlock" is just around the corner!
1e1ab5f713352f21d8c98fcca1f257905cd77ba1	Cinema 2017: waiting for premieres and shocks
2658a009a18fd0787151505a9007f82320a8b516	Film premiere of the month: "Assassin's Creed".
3398e22d16c618c333a4edb013085aa509444d04	Assassins vs Templars
7a08cf992fa157e2a077577c7157c208618bb231	The quartet invites you to the "Wonderland"
dd1224a538200b9fd335ddf7d6159bb558aa18d8	On the air Ardova!
b18dabff908e691f642cb2daf9ed357b309ba0cb	One – for all!
4c2eca1632b7a7b01cb93cee344a5fd90e81644f	The structure of the metal.
2598ddd9f0c700d5d7d6491c4f6166a641261b10	A unique exhibition has opened in the capital
c36c210cead566e9f45d1f0159d9c5dcb8ccfc5f	The irony of fate.
ba0b4ea74a2c52763895ad127e71f4b07459fdbb	And yet the continuation
4e6158db685f5e4b673acea6c3f3ee3f1367162b	Eduard Radzyukevich divides the property.
25dccfa8e8f677a515dba058fcba16a948623c57	On the "Construction site"
a9e0e4f867e8d0c0a5ec16b10b974a1a530d198e	Read under the Christmas tree
401e23b67b752479b8c802a0f2c8bb5ce7e49cdf	Anna Ardova vs Sherlock
7ccb7047fc00fc03d26c62c6afd510a47227b721	Hello, Sherlock, new Year…
b17ce6c83ed34051b980ef6bfef3cc2ba5541fc8	Yuri Kuklachev Theater presented a cat's tale to young viewers
727aaff23dd12f04ecff326c7a7929170855db4a	Direct Hide Ads Tired of 2k garbage cans?
1bf196f71a480c67a7ffae8990e93798b6119184	You come to us!
2fd961cac8925229d67e8a2032fc454f96768859	18+dotabooster. somBust and calibration of Dota 2 accounts!
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c64e27dc68d1eaa80ce33f6028f4898416c92c97	Comes to 5500 MMRBust with a discount reliability of the guarantee address and the phone ad is hidden.
ea68d1456346d53f6f4fa00bff07d80383080c4d	Hide the ad Official website of the free game 12+join. ru. leagueoflegends. comLeague of Legends.
5af0a251f375648bbfbb8144e5e621bf269d09c0	Completely in Russian.
7ea36813897e70dde9d4c313af410fd60c0adc4f	Start playing now!
3888c1b0a2db20fc913bd700f1c221a32af4bb6f	Various game roles for the two game modes are players and talents The rank system is ad hidden.
ad935557e5e505dd1eceb774032b646b061ef814	"To be Godly — God forbid."
ca99fb4c684df0bffd0348a8db837f0f4cd50055	Rynski took revenge for schadenfreude
cb75b1cc16c91bcfdd333ff2eec14cb8328d1c83	The US Embassy in Moscow responded to the invitations of children to the Christmas tree
2eb24fb912c00a893d32e2f37669ff97c529b4e3	Poklonskaya wrote a devastating post on Twitter
584809ad56ce0ccd8dbad6216b07ca3ce21e3593	It became known how the dollar exchange rate will change in the near future
a6fcd78c21a76c98c09a7ed808286550cb7511b7	RIA Novosti
bd8899298ab26a09dbc5eb47ff806bc236ec9e91	It became known about the" secret " steps of Obama in relation to Russia
0d351e43dfd273818ff00379539fa029fe8cd019	Why have the bodies of most of the passengers of the Tu 154 still not been found
58090f5ceb373922eaa305f7ca8ae4c6a45c1415	The reason for the attack on the world SAMBO champion Mirzayev was named
d50bfcc5d155f9e3384157e3d5f095e701537ff5	Putin spoke about payments to "children of war"
bce6b7e5b19118ec7f6178bb9f0b82c7aae669e3	Weather in the Stavropol Krai will it be a cold winter in the Stavropol Territory?ya.
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5fbd528375ca9000475eaae5d5900bb118b33139	About the crash of the Tu 154 was warned for a day
444c640e621f374533e973610f7fa711ca855eb6	Wolf Messing predicted what awaits Russia in 2017
95498e8e56e8fabd2357861423f35bc74ac2a5e5	McCain made a devastating statement about Obama
1e34e3da2cf5a127d98945fad63ac857b8a767ba	What does one liter of drunk water do to the body: the discovery of scientists
da441a166e38b5e81148533ee3067b9c1011c6fe	The 7 most Important facts of the biography of Aldous Huxley
3db40e6c818ff5ff037ac9d674a930be6d19e2b4	06:02 July 26, 2013
1337657643fd0d52ac5e7876743a129134fb40a7	1896
f597e37b06a637f09a444ddcef81437a80ef2295	Photo: Wikipedia
931dbee49985ab311bf65a63ab0ec780ee6cd5f0	doc6b3zvxn0ne1dmjithw
626468f6fd00de2a115980ecc176ea7050b5acfc	Daria Shcherbakova
ffbfab5e3d9bab8b2ef15cef340237646b3a82e3	On July 26, 1894, the English writer Aldous Leonard Huxley was born.
8b396e6ddf7e708019cbf368d2596a56896bb591	His most famous works are the novel dystopia "Brave New World" and the essay "Doors of Perception".
fd237763807c0866aa38bfd9eb0c42b275a39a81	Aldous Huxley was born in Goldalming, in the county of Surrey, located in the south of England.
fc6451a3606dc4e86f2fc3fa196dd6ca574bedc4	His family belonged to the intellectual elite of the country, and among those who were related to Aldous were famous biologists, talented writers and artists.
bc2c27c2fd517a24eb34beb61d9bf762a51bf8df	The author's aristocratic origin influenced his works, full of grace, wit and pessimistic satire.
3183bd725c42a53b29a9a502ff9d90a8e214b009	"Vecherka" has chosen seven of the most important facts from the life of an English writer.
398924d92f14a43576f7ba57c865e64e99df5af9	1. When Aldous was 14 years old, his mother Julia Arnold, the niece of the English poet Matthew Arnold, died of cancer.
8127f758ab0703626fe4beabaaa4a6abc0158649	Huxley, remaining in his homeland, took up his education: he attended Balliol College, Oxford University, where he studied English literature.
9833a653e22a09c24e54910509e145a0c0da2e99	3. In 1914, Huxley's brother Trevenan committed suicide after a girl left him.
b6e81ad3930f812d5f0f7f760607eb1c8d4ca58f	6. In 1938, shortly after moving with his family to California, the writer met Jiddu Krishnamurti, an Indian philosopher, and became his follower.
5d177228efeec23565b0ddba4ddc9946bdbccd4f	Huxley described his first "journey" beyond the real in the essay "The Doors of Perception" ("The Doors of Perception"), from the name of which the name of the legendary rock band "The Doors"came After the experiment, Huxley and Osmond remained close friends and corresponded for many years.
beb586ad98e79f80d1770596ce94b1822749cdcd	After his first experience in 1953, Huxley actively advocated the use of LSD and mescaline as a means of "liberating" consciousness.
b5ddd4e87a15496577d59e34b5f3954c0a2ddb8d	Tags:
93e2f4c444ca9f28ae08313a67a1caa1a8a9f912	famous writer, interesting facts, english writer
350ae6c112e052bfb5120fcc87397fee84e9ae76	Persons:
ca89525087a57f507fc53e77ff4eafc5b06f508d	George Orwell , Aldous Huxley, David Herbert Lawrence, Humphrey Osmond
3300a99ae9a2dfc24d0514e0fc5c8ceb01a2dd3c	Share the news:
b5652e1d902d362af0fb67f0bde1637d7a7e991f	Meet him delicious
30fe97676ffa98e58327b37d652e5a81e92794cf	The New year went around the ring
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de82c9344409c52154f278076c984c706ac42ae4	What does an art snowman have instead of a nose
1b91d19029b542c2cfee1985c189689d7a9fb61d	Direct Painting Lessons for free!
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96f114bf80e1e9359ef2ca0febb2f5afb6ac4676	18+Portraits and landscape Full length mural Decorative mural masterpaintfreemk. masaa.
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c64bf079495a761d769c9f914aa6a0bc063ec7c2	About taxes on vegetables and fruits from personal 6 acres.
f99c9c535e561d2b2cf00e14691a97caed2405e4	Details in the video course 18+vegetable garden without hassle.RFSKRYT ad The ad is hidden.
5b04e4cad0e1875e2d7e4ff4800c4e7ea9d3ef24	They want to sue Dzhigarkhanyan because of his young wife
868183037ad1e2285e32d222df82397b4bc236b4	The groom jumped to retirement
cf25799700af1fdd82a3cffbb08fb47403dd1b3f	The Ministry of Defense made a statement about the crash of the Tu 154
3e0832708c0132afec74afe9c2b0bca2a784514c	How much taxes will the owner of the rented apartment have to pay
90692a28a92162aab1b6a6e8cb3c1eb3a2568c1a	"I congratulate you, gentlemen sheep."
9208369486ca1e5384e2774456a711d94b905b72	Ukraine in a week
9a80a6fc54306b6c9496835abeb907dbbca96e54	Quiz: Would you have survived in Ancient Russia?
2bb32b5606e635e3eeafc52f2e230eec21996c2a	What is the threat of illegal renting of an apartment
d6e7be8f039095ef8b80731c6fcba57efacacbcc	The media found out what happened seconds before the crash of the Tu 154
310d942de1e5325fdaabd62d2bafc9c92caa853c	USA: "Russian pilots fly without rules in the sky over Syria"
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d2e941a2b01c59592ae6b1bbb640af5d6abe9e24	to send
5b8ecaa0ce051a67b741f5ac539806ed85a7fed5	The media called people who will "spoil" the life of Europeans in 2017
5b801202e0426c587aa1c3281943b47892afdf77	She was not only "Princess Leia" (photo)
c82fa100f39252197e6f0451bc478bc4e15b2adc	Trump's decision "broke his heart"
b6ea1500944b5ecb618edff6dad6105de0a07bf1	How the Western media "screwed up" with doping in Russia
4813eb1e730ad08bb64482cfca7aee885c84e9f9	"They thought he would become a star" - what they said about the deceased 19 year old Lily
08794a43a68de5d353ff7b54f51e0255febe6188	Why did Kim Jong un practically never leave the house when he was a student
4cb17f7b9425c9f4cd64acab655b1e7d56a30b14	Finam News
e80ebd3dee1d89c24a40de2ee71b47426ae136db	Rocket from the depths of the sea: the most powerful newest weapon of the Russian Federation (photo)
c6aeadeb0496ab0eb90db4489629d030c3cc6809	Large families want to be exempt from the transport tax
e414c8e7c6829210e9f63cf92a412f815fe76037	They want to double the unemployment benefit
f83d3c80dc95be6eaf7eff49a373507ee186110d	New Year — new prices: what will become more expensive in Russia in 2017?
e7ed8233241dfb6741b946c4431a15181c0b983f	There will be no bonus: what awaits working Russians?
e341ef6c6c345c40d544d9f5de4a8c6b661090aa	Foreigners are buying up rubles
98f97ff546dbd548cc3723dc0e7e65db0881655f	How to understand whether it is profitable for you to privatize an apartment
ed67c735f2895a88ee2baedb08adad41acbfe961	A fairy tale in reality: the most fashionable and magical design of children's rooms
b74faf22911b192011e255e5eb111f6ce314e2e9	Scientists have learned what two kiwis a day can do to a person
0b7626b6daaf1948bed2bc4141d124cd544c5d42	Trump is ready to deal Russia the strongest blow
ac2f5bb122b01e7b8ad87a7aaced361aa3351e34	Rynska lost her child because of bullying
85d6f63917a89f8b47dc8f520a6cdcbef5c38564	the most readable
b9da4b648e8bc4d7797c144544a7fadc987c21b3	We are all waiting for the "Master and Margarita"
feff4c0e80c37932847bc24217e9ee14fa6e828c	A concert dedicated to the day of the formation of the Investigative Committee of Russia was held at the Maly Theater
3613723ae3fa8a19dcbdf460245c90803be44fb4	Visitors of the "Apothecary garden" will be told about the botanical gardens of Great Britain
96732ae32da81f5bb5a8dcbd78786afff9231b76	12:49
c5565f7864ecbe4583a5560d63af830cbc2283f3	The sites of the festival "Travel to Christmas" have started working in the usual mode
5ae24d2a35eecb70b6c66843f18d4592e1c1a418	11:25
f0fd3ee84576a6fbc275d8f2d22c6bfc5b8780be	08:34
ad4bb78037c9ced860c1b6f1dfd11492a69e0833	9.01 21:36
b7e93a4b6076eeb86bc1ec6247899fb2ae2e6950	9.01 21:07
90e45f3cdc0c5f40d960e7455f92273eeec4a537	9.01 19:40
815373aec373c6f828a9fd5e62321aa09e9bf084	Soloists of the Bolshoi Theater will take part in a charity concert in memory of the victims of Tu 154
57913c9058c581cffdd1fef751034ef7bf55488c	9.01 15:51
0d18756704f90d489812240d2c0a26de0f60490d	Moscow registry offices will start working as usual from January 10
e4c9b57357addc66e5ab4bcc7e91cb1b9c6c7f2b	9.01 12:16
46f164dfe7a6c0d9e8d5434a8802eb96ff526a9d	Virtuoso pianist Denis Matsuev will play two Rachmaninoff concerts on January 15
2b7bb1121b6dc3e7797d6ba7ac78ae96db1ea53c	9.01 09:49
430425c4de1227dfd88a69aa43a133572dcd4cb5	The "Return" Chamber Music Festival starts on January 9 at the Moscow Conservatory
e6e46eb51ab0a454eed41f176e1418a97319658c	9.01 08:24
c53d0481f2184e657c10e2310b36965bc05afcc1	Muscovites and guests of the capital can visit free tours of the Arbat in January
9bc08ff0bbbd31b4dd73e87b484a38a737d80676	8.01 19:10
982ce3f42fdd00ed7aa8a8c06f7e8e1895a6f1e1	Video Russian skier Sergey Ustyugov became the winner of the multi day race "Tour de Ski"
c20d8f2a82f50ca009abf9a0e8137c953a85ed81	8.01 18:16
2a599d8bfab97f7661de3be117d20516224ee84f	Acceptance of applications for the film prize of the Mayor of Moscow will start on January 10
235c7e9c3508dad8408ef299c30fca9c27e20214	8.01 16:40
6c6d20b02e770096f29ffeec2b34b9b4c3a4498b	An exhibition of works by Mexican muralist artists is planned to be held at the Tretyakov Gallery
b023537bf7c795e9cc7d9c45d01fb0aba7d19f37	8.01 10:15
3d490b9cc3da04334db8838ad7a6fa49d8cb059e	Top 5 popular treats of the "Journey to Christmas"festival
e1ff794263e21ea52606357ae6d559f60b1df578	7.01 17:43
cc9b282a79719374d2dbfd996116b05d885a2bbf	Video Muscovites saw a "false" sun
c456ea906bd4c26d26bbfa2bba4466a2c7ea453e	7.01 15:38
61b584ed915ccccb263f763d2fec41a851d4f100	The "Corner of grandfather Durov" in Moscow will have a new building
d766326fa232b19133f4d12dd0ae1b56350d68a5	7.01 13:29
3665e53742ed766ba7c2b3722eb29c36663b32b3	During the winter bike parade, passengers of electric trains will be able to take bicycles for free
db68af6e44ca641ed4fdcc77aa9f58ffc42d7917	7.01 12:58
a210ee4c051cb4cd9c5166125bed4ed0cbc183b0	More than 40 thousand trees will be planted on the streets of the capital in 2017
da6bac7167a3e51a437fe84a12764ec20c10b9b6	7.01 12:27
489cc5a2d76353e809ab3d44bc01a345aaacbc18	Vladimir Putin met with Novgorod fishermen
82d50d9042decb175894924272dd3b5a14cd3716	events
240be52049d2e3fb18194dd253c98e92a77c311d	Sergei Shoigu called the work of the international coalition in Syria zero
ab72f01fca3dfc5745106e9e16d57cf9a1b325b8	14:23
548054b6406b8c349c4f686c4f93fc06436b48c6	The city authorities put up for auction residential premises in two mansions on Prechistenka Street
f9251a85d026583ca6fb520af8557869fe33e0c3	Dmitry Peskov: Moscow regrets the unprecedented degradation of relations with Washington
f7c1d2817f65062345935c6f45a63bf8c631c78a	14:00
915b64a177353a5bd6e5bcd7be17de93f4fca0f9	Video The term of Alexey Ulyukayev's house arrest has been extended until April 15
3a26a4cf9d2dd4f4c5923543990dae3dacb0e512	13:52
c4d80a975e853d6ad91a252a6a5a702c48aef622	Muscovites can choose the symbol of the graduation 2017 on the Sparrow Hills
6c708ef89d52e8ff6595e28d9620e01f89a7c0fe	The Ministry of Justice explained the proposal to recover the only housing from the debtor
dfe5cced905559e2bcd9e7396fb823006f81aad9	13:36
27b6777c498119480d92f4ec48db574b10e694a8	The tourist office in Russia was closed by the authorities of Dubai
6e96b3aac8a7759a5d9e509690faa718ba6ab816	13:19
edc09dfdf10010d9e9bbdc3c47ea34ba68fc0e80	Flights delayed in Moscow and St. Petersburg are waiting at Simferopol Airport
d38ec9ed2f6f0b4fe0f7ed7590ca3c9b6a1be185	Mara Baghdasaryan has started correctional work
3f0ec5c07e85f419c57399dda4f8f58689f0d930	13:06
2b6e3adc72ee8263329717e10222496941e3429e	The video of the Ministry of Defense called" nonsense " media reports about the crash of the Tu 154 due to pilot error
6b999dfe470e67bbf56232b89b93974e4c466b18	12:47
ae5732483d2033add5d95776b27d5710bf28d6de	The investigation into the case of the former head of the Ministry of Economic Development Alexey Ulyukayev has been extended until May 15
bea64f7c933761130193775a7acc8677dafc9e52	12:36
8871035dfcbbc75093e534d1e60a83ca3082cf5c	Vyacheslav Volodin: The decision on the Magnitsky list became the hysteria of the outgoing Obama administration
ff5ccc88ea43061d933e84471709ab717ff080ea	12:32
1d799b587aad15709816e9d1af768a881bdac751	American scientists believe that fewer celebrities died in 2016 than expected
bd8e2ffdb9e6967afdc5e107256511fac43a65ce	12:19
a709f798626195d4f5c02620f3c5cc33777728d2	Maria Zakharova noted that Meryl Streep's criticism of Trump can also be attributed to the Obama administration
abdf68c65b05722e046dcccce3df244e6d5b10da	Katy Perry, Scarlet Johansson and Cher will take part in the women's March against Donald Trump
fb0989aefc4136024c2f966edb74fbd915771f04	11:55
1c19ae42d9633af4b73121e6d94ad6cfb449bc06	The production of medicines in the Moscow region increased by 80 in 2016%
19bf8b3a9a1575485888a949ed86b78479ac9f15	11:42
e1f830f33c0d50df3b54dce6a0cf1f986883a0c8	The movement of trains of the Sokolnicheskaya metro line is carried out in the normal mode
0c7a6848b46bb395f236cc0c7f043b2c0b68b567	11:31
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9bff390f3eeaf5cb0fa6af8e259a1ec1af81f80f	January 10 at 11:46 am
935ab0be739a6679081e86e2a4e499f6d22f5e61	Sergey Sobyanin noted the active development of the hotel industry in Moscow
320e8ec0df2c38d154abb708854669666c41daff	January 10 at 12: 49
cdf34d01b222a40e256a66fdd5fbaefc5b8f6f21	January 10 at 09: 01
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d6608278f3a305b1cb34def7c38cdbcecea1093e	In Podolsk, a gas leak in a residential building killed 3 people, 8 were injured
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5eac3915355bb423cd9a645f0921416f81b8b678	Laboratory page of Aldous Huxley — biography, bibliography, list of publications, rating of works, reviews, etc.
3a3a6ea4b80160250b2b58f0f8d480bc41316775	Country: United Kingdom Born:
70b2c400cc704f9ebf285d12d6de8dd130579fdc	He died on July 26, 1894:
abd5baade5547822a76b1c3b82832cd9edd30d9f	November 22, 1963 Both on his father's and mother's sides, Huxley belonged to the British cultural elite, which gave a number of outstanding scientists, writers, and artists.
514296ea26e83686438669c67a0a3ae0d9c75a6c	His father is the writer Leonard Huxley, his paternal grandfather is the biologist Thomas Henry Huxley (in Russia his name is usually written as Huxley); on his mother's side, Huxley is the great grandson of the historian and educator Thomas Arnold and the great nephew of the writer Matthew Arnold.
c90af890aaaad1b191978f559a7cdfd63fa70ad9	Huxley's brothers Julian and Andrew were famous biologists.
87d1b3f9a5a5dd4ed9c1546899d3c8b0009a6712	In his father's well equipped laboratory, Huxley began self education, which he then continued at the Hillside School, where his mother became his first teacher.
9576bbc3edb1a7a95d29c8e38ae10f86199be457	Thanks to the fact that he used special glasses and one of his eyes began to see, Aldous could read, he also mastered Braille.
089fbef43ff91b95de754d438d6dbc63fb555a4f	Due to the fact that he could not continue to study science or go to the front — and at that time there was a world war — Huxley turned to literature.
8e36ae41f6c207edc1773077b0b95d1b3400347c	He worked at the War Office in London in 1917, and for a time taught at Eton and Repton Colleges.
8b261d9271e67a80e859f587e20f7ad66fd58a81	In 1919-1920, Huxley was in the editorial office of the Athenaeum under the supervision of Middleton Murray, the husband of Katherine Mansfield.
509e9ffacefab4dcb42a3b630d4ca0bc801742c8	He writes biographical articles, articles about architecture and painting, theater, music reviews, as well as reviews of art books.
891a96d8bd059cf2940812c07555071db496bc6b	His first novel "Yellow Chrome" — a witty criticism of society appeared in 1921.
087f504d0ce06e43dab6de7de6de756e526c4e8c	He was a friend of Lady Ottoline Morrell, and was a member of the Bloomsbury Circle, which included such writers as Virginia Woolf, Cleve Bell, Lytton Strachey and E. M. Forster.
e1dd630f5f4c12b6fb875f693b6d40bad4db7f91	Over the course of eight years, he published a dozen books, including Counterpoint (1928), a novel in which characters copied from D. Lawrence, Murray, Mansfield and the author himself are compared to orchestra instruments, and each plays a special role in life as Huxley sees it.
ddfcc4daa548a3359c44533fd6d6e4776f3e746f	He spent a long time looking for a title for a new novel — he used to come up with names for things that were already finished, and not vice versa.
8cbafb181883b20fc4e6596825a52d0dbb6d0ac8	In the 30s, he moved to Sunery, near Toulon, and there he wrote "Brave New World", a gloomy picture of a high tech society of the future.
aeec1c02da31ec96ba64ccae8ba98225ebb05652	In this book, he turns the theory of scientific optimism of H. G. Wells upside down.
b3c0c20f6dcba24a2a9955d2ae3b0fe98c432943	The development of science and cultural changes — mass production, which revolutionized industry, airplane travel, romanticized by Charles Linberg and Amelia Earhart, behavioral psychology and experiments in genetics at that time occupied people's minds and inspired.
403bb30d4871ac1e1de9d6897fa7b7f35e9635f9	In 1937, at the age of forty three, together with guru Gerald Gerd, he moved to the United States, hoping that the climate of California would improve his deteriorating eyesight.
9640418df7c3fd8396175cd11a0c3fcf038bd7b6	Here begins the philosophical period of his work, which was characterized by a more detailed examination of the human essence, interest in various mystical teachings ("The Perennial Philosophy", "After Many years" ("After Many a Summer..."), "Time must have a stop").
fdb7b6a63d003469d4039daeed1b88de854cd4f1	Huxley meets with Krishnamurti (Jiddu Krishnamurti), they (like their wives) have a strong friendship.
3f2118ddfe7b841de0130ce7f2cc79de62fe098d	The former skeptic and the former theosophist now believed that the only road to peace and spiritual truth should be subjective personal.
23a643bd4cf9ab1a81a9f996629b431fdaf2f3f5	He undertakes to write such scripts as "The Saga of the Forsytes", "Madame Curie".
f61b559550ac7fcbf7ec844a53ee06fa0ec22463	Together with John Houseman and Robert Stevenson, he is working on the film "Jane Eyre", starring Orson Welles and Joan Fontana.
2ce489af2649745888491727e4578509f6ad09f2	The essays "The Doors of Perception" and"Heaven and Hell" describe the observations and the course of the experiment, which the author repeated about ten times until his death.
44510ae726c35b6d0bb004d504b522476929de30	So in his last novel "The Island" he described a positive utopia, which was diametrically opposed to his dystopia "Brave New World".
040ec301b649ae9558b6826787a23558f1278234	In 1961, he met Albert Hoffman, the inventor of LSD.
a05b8c18ac50178d30d2f8da0b710ebcd26795fd	Shortly before his death, all his manuscripts were burned in a fire in his own house.
c731bf5b4b96b56cc822e359ea0dc7c4099f21f8	Huxley died in 1963 in Los Angeles from throat cancer.
3a7c20e622c74245cd65d6eb369012357e1c31d6	When death was imminent, Aldous ' wife gave him an injection of LSD, which allowed him to die peacefully, avoiding convulsions and suffocation.
552531f247cc807459cd77ee1e98845b0b2d6900	Official website: somaweb.org
627ae512243eb8ec7b1ca37bafb7a504d762b264	Awards and prizes: The author does not have any awards included in the site's database, but there are nominations.
542d153cfcf228ed0b6358dc3ddae7b039cffa34	"all awards and nominations of the author
30f7535602b49b982536f0ee43486b3dad77295c	Articles and interviews: Alexander Malinovsky "Aldous Huxley and Anarchism" G.
5df473af51d1703aab4d8088ebe2f5b05faf878d	A. Anjaparidze " The sad counterpoint of a bright tomorrow..."
4a08aab0ec8341816c6d2d2db32d160ca260802d	Acrylic baths in Krasnoyarsk Sort: by year of publication by rating by number of ratings Russian name by original name
f2d9d968aa2660f21e50665bad0e2af0a1de0019	Aldous Huxley.
d6cdcd5cafffd8b4c959f4b29692e896bdeb373a	Cycles of works Rating
3f082e67eebf3f803e6ba59938ea7d68df5e3a9d	The Doors of Perception 8.56 (34) -
50f53d1b4500f142f8ea871432d0ae7acb2bd4a1	The Doors of Perception (1954)
5ad901802b8e048e254e2955a60527388184c308	7.95 (88) -
c3fdec06866165e4eac2c304b38c761e051c530c	2 rel.
83081051c61446fd55f4665b3f6b8489b4d65b6e	Heaven and Hell ( 1956)
fd7193dbb9f4d3c6bd5776b26bb6a9bc3c468477	8.13 (38) -
b6e66da7f6a878e2c9cf2e8e90174725e938bf94	Novels Rating
7727dac81f71b7b28216985244460eef57ad7481	1922 Yellow Chrome / Crome Yellow 7.40 (52) -
157af2550973bd4affac19d1744d26aea3df26b6	2 ot. 1923 Buffoon's round dance / Antic Hay 8.00 (33) -
a93446adfe262fcd997de758052d2eabf882cfe9	2 otz. 1925 Those Barren Leaves 7.00 (1) -
fcc1a538361a4907a34f0faadf4ddb9af6ff3826	1928 Counterpoint / Point Counter Point [= Through different glasses] 7.85 (96) -
8d8eba4ebf8a3021ce442ee5b833a7f3f3e0cb6c	8 otz. 1932 About brave new world / Brave New World [= Beautiful new world] 8.38 (1964) -
8cb64f75b5ebf25879dc23856d4d6da8fa618b66	80 ot. 1936 The Blind man in Gaza / Eyeless in Gaza 7.61 (18) -
bbec5c4ca6839b696559d7ad907c587945bf8acc	1939 After Many years / After Many a Summer [= After Many a Summer Dies the Swan;
01194e2bbfe8891ab9af10e35e04dac9d87c2f72	And after many springs] 7.68 (56) -
6480fc3c4c8c72bbc6c3d7323682faddb28b4f32	1 otz. 1944 Time Must Have a Stop 7.00 (1) -
3a3e6b236d8cf74a18eb15a736cd44efc8bc8d1f	1949 Ape and Essence / Ape and Essence 7.68 (69) -
a1c50cabc6275705bc118e6689bceb4e6bfbee94	1 otz. 1957 After the Fireworks 7.00 (1) -
d855fd239bb9acd1a965f2c89bda38986b16b6b1	1962 Island / Island 7.57 (94) -
1eb92d305f0d81daa8255436f228e5269dc91f90	1 ot. 1998 Jacob's Hands [= A Fable] // Co author: Christopher Isherwood 7.00 (2) -
f53677eaa6bd48f6aff828e007d03e1d483f8572	Lead Rating
bdef6ce5f3284d2c1eaf81dc99ca6467c113ce85	1955 The Genius and the Goddess / The Genius and the Goddess 7.20 (25) -
d91dedd91ebbcecf067c35564b88ea6f2ff2eb0f	Stories Rating
f3a1176af326d744545b6511933aeb9f1ac8521a	1920 Cynthia / Cynthia [= Cynthia] 6.73 (11) -
59e8e72889b84d42085bcbaea4eb98e20599065d	1920 Eupompus glorified art with numbers / Eupompus Gave Splendour to Art by Numbers [= Eupompus gave greatness to the art of painting with numbers] 7.10 (10) -
6968c181cf0a0e870e674665848de2e8c05e5483	1920 Farcical History of Richard Greenow 8.00 (2) -
e741baf2c5a3c166d084a77542738a417bec731e	1920 And they lived happily / Happily Ever After [= And there has been no end to their happiness since then] 7.60 (10) -
0249da9c72fbf2b8742ec1f25b64b2dbcbc224fe	1 otz. 1920 Bookshop / The Bookshop 7.10 (10) -
8a2dedecc79b01a37eb3362fa59ff4daaf653a11	1920 The Death of Lully / The Death of Lully 8.33 (3) -
4b94d75abb2b810af067622bca1e5b1a97713bd1	1 otz. 1921 Sir Hercules / Sir Hercules 8.33 (3) -
cef2b0b237249af729c7b93de84aa0c13efd518c	1922 Green Tunnels / Green Tunnels 7.30 (10) -
98328fdd2a1d1b7e1a6cbfc1d4274c263a16cfa3	1922 Nun for breakfast / Nuns at Luncheon 7.00 (3) -
953a3b8a1db86b24ac3da2aecb47f4500c2d8b9e	1 Rev. 1922 Permutations Among the Nightingales -
ce983b500da6a60c41b4d2007052eece3d7f60b8	1922 The Gioconda Smile / The Gioconda Smile 7.36 (39) -
e576771f7fd7f00d2aea0ca19340b254e53cf310	1 otz. 1922 Portrait / The Portrait 7.25 (8) -
8d08eec1aa2516eea92b3575708fc91c05948bb4	1922 Banquet in honor of Tillotson / The Tillotson Banquet 6.80 (10) -
c7fcb6ce4319708eace104e68048802c353ee745	1 otz. 1924 A jar of blush / Fard 6.91 (23) -
29f339f6818d0e8a2f371c3565ad7a15f5280e90	1924 Hubert and Minnie / Hubert and Minnie 7.00 (2) -
b581c7663036ba3b92943c5b0243c5cf65b640d0	1924 "Little Mexican" / Little Mexican 7.00 (2) -
66109388581051be8dd22b55b5742be5a6ade1bd	1924 Uncle Spencer -
0b7968a3ca7fc802432ff12cb4c9e2523e1c67a6	1924 Young Archimedes / Young Archimedes [= Little Archimedes] 6.40 (10) -
1d44872ec749cf508dff1f29e966dde227bd7580	1925 Saturday evening / Half Holiday 8.35 (17) -
f8258b53e04a200ce671e5fcf67f5a8733287591	2 ot. 1926 The Fairy Godmother / Fairy Godmother 6.67 (18) -
f2147577eda5c0a99230074642f288394f3ab49d	1 otz. 1926 Monocle / The Monocle 5.86 (7) -
d71019dbc3e7a25e30fd155569dc9fd5d040f3f4	1926 Two or Three Graces -
af5dd917069520e096c83c187ab618fc2257c9b6	1930 After the fireworks / After the Fireworks 5.67 (3) -
c73c90977dc185266ef4f5189a58390fd372c28d	1930 Chowdron / Chawdron 3.00 (1) -
0fefbc59b0ff28e2928c13c6ae18be4f0338d666	1930 The Claxtons / The Claxtons 4.67 (3) -
f91c16e7abbf5a5140a87c213620fd25ab5fda8e	1930 Healing rest / The Rest Cure 8.00 (4) -
5e0134b01fef97eed9daac84a3c36d0e540f3cf3	1935 Visiting Stranger -
2d49d114946da58b2be1319b43bb0e0a18210c25	1951 Time's Revenges -
cafeb7edfb056d8a56ac894ee002abb3132e845d	1954 Consider the Lilies -
e0ef86ca6e4973868847e011ae2333fd91923c4c	1955 Voices -
31fe98637f6d79864fc9b0f78187e024e2ce9758	Fairy Tales Rating
e190b354e70997b3d6b4df83ed610af67526d063	1967 How to teach a rattlesnake / The Crows of Pearblossom, for children 8.00 (1) -
3d985e8065b86f6d0c26acc5bedb601bc4030d82	1967 The Travails and Tribulations of Geoffrey Peacock, for children -
ad7b4c785efa3b5ac9606071266e31ca23baaa76	Documentary works Rating
739db61c04cbd72f1b6903543bd664932f1f3cf9	1941 Grey Eminence: a Study in Religion and Politics 9.00 (1) -
a5bdd37c3fa6a684c0e27da936575f195e0f1cf8	1 otz. 1952 Loudun demons / The Devils of Loudun 8.25 (4) -
016a171a0afc37fa8c7e9c5e94b2d5a1d639c5ec	Poetry Rating
e96f885981743c69594daab9891c92c8aa123d35	1916 Song of Poplars 7.00 (1) -
1674ded9fd435a816c7cd0a9faef990f5c6a52c6	1917 Jonah -
f8784582aac3cee91d493b9ce860b468bd3eb43a	1921 Love Letter -
33f54bd5e6cd638ff895262a3510f072d0338cb4	1941 The Yellow Mustard -
e22410097a0f166dec48fc098f9eb2801b5a70a2	1943 Orion -
7be08ce20d80cdafe2801fac2f5ba96853792c82	Plays Rating
7eb74e89cf5951738ed6434c44ba99edd9155d4f	1920 Happy Families -
f7a29240c7466506c4be23b7ff9f16a806244c92	1922 Mortal Coils — A Play -
e78e284903342fdc84197f75d21fee7d229e4906	1924 The Discovery -
2412acdd617b78f3f661e565319539ebb53bb657	1931 The World of Light -
c90b0f38e3ec4e8c23d375d6bfc2a59220208480	1948 The Gioconda Smile -
fb4f7308b64196370da3ea5d6241e53b49fd12c6	1965 The Ambassador of Captripedia -
4aa8479f3b9bdad38073ccbf8473bdd09252487e	1972 Christmas Sketch -
e6fb9829960ff6c134e36c49afd3611f8e08c79a	1997 Now More Than Ever -
0a5d6f272665e76cf879fd256b54a7e78eb310e7	Screenplays Rating
6a50993a53f797d133d676e36de289b8c27a171d	1938 Madame Curie -
cdc5c95da6367aec6187d303032e10d5703ac4de	1940 Pride and Prejudice -
ef0d46b660a3afbc0db966673401da91e7084726	1944 Jane Eyre -
05b65fc2df59e2c51a0a23d7051f51d4c9a015c0	1947 A Woman's Vengeance -
225189df52685e9956dcbe8942ad3871211b0ae9	1951 Alice in Wonderland -
e9c43e4d1cbb4e09644baace7fe141c5a7ccbad4	Articles Rating
371f6ad012e68d947149f2078d8dd2ed6773d0a1	1931 Art and the Obvious / Art and the Obvious 7.00 (2) -
fa3cf1d201a333e36e953f8130c9d7d186f53210	1 ot. 1931 Obstacle Race -
358a3057d4a0ca97e38dd8d988be107b12815727	1934 Sadist Satisfactions in War -
c605be55e1edffd7b808da5930b86fd24b710c85	1935 1936...
9f6ab23e898104b3e0b56b179f06088f8dcc159f	Peace?
ea929e9e3dcd7e03b8267b9c666603c44f978b5a	1935 Turning Point -
666c5f4ff31835d4dfeab4ad64ff61da5f611798	1936 Collective Security -
90a29f73d143e813a19e1a2221d4bcd5e4b1db8f	1936 International Peace Campaign -
806b3462f9fdfac25affcac76e2a63d4c15c5c0e	1936 Just Wars -
2327a4910f003e611532a9837e5bd8d77eec7a49	1941 Action and Contemplation -
bf9241b38bb826156c5d3fd18ba45f3c825bbde4	1941 An Appreciation -
ef640e59a73f00d4da097db2d357cdc51a0d0460	1941 Distractions -
44aa7a9a680664a4fbf99a1e542ed4819f126b3e	1941 Distractions II -
4c695f952c671566875c039bd469f1e4637fe86a	1941 Dust -
83d4f61ec2cc557b277752ac1b2847fb28380826	1941 Lines -
aeb12ef0dc657eb53658ee470df78a515b856515	1941 Some Replections of the Lord's Prayer -
31cf1d108be8d28b68f2fe09fdc2d347cff107f9	1942 Man and Reality -
ab64ce815c69cfb233ed4f3307f4dc8bdadf8701	1942 Readings in Mysticism -
02429fcbad50cad78a27d9b0c98cc95139bd372c	1942 Reflections of the Lord's Prayer -
046b65a2a036845c6c2e6c811146c4023a862290	1942 Reflections of the Lord's Prayer II -
cc2c810ae7b0878e8ad30bef1631abc4817206c3	1942 The Magical and the Spiritual -
65c5e0e6ffb9fad0ed149330c895cb60ddc001cf	1942 Words and Reality -
17ca72b0a903b0c23461961c92b254f4b630e3d0	1943 A Note on the Bhagavatam -
af0ccbb712480dcf28ebbfff71de689dcb5bd2b5	1943 Idolatry -
74f497e9b0ab0f84c5719dea06b7ba676de133a8	1943 Learning to See -
dc66f4fba2a786bf148186c8f48d41667d5d4e10	1943 Religion and Temperament -
595e58d76246d71360123f47acf658f27cc3f568	1943 Religion and Time -
d111243a87be2e8b92fbe627f904bcf3580d922c	1943 Seven Meditations -
d422bd364abc1bc22cbc6774e1715d8dcc08fe76	1944 From a Notebook -
57aea68cd366ac8b807a7a59cba9e195c517c498	1944 On a Sentence From Shakespeare -
52b6dc535fb27cff28aef7e1f4632dff7ba999e7	1944 The Minimum Working Hypothesis -
4eb027b9be71e271d9cb24e9f2002520d6cb722e	1944 The Philosophy of the Saints 10.00 (1) -
935d1168adad96f31fa1e3825a5df04a68ba7ea7	1945 God In the World -
12de4b8542d9262bb1d594943202a8474f997653	1945 That Art Thou -
6d99bc42d11e96bef4203bbfde49eac71c5e82f3	1945 That Art Thou II -
fef600eaa29f2f4cb346386e929e8b5bf934215e	1945 The Nature of the Ground -
c967c76856f9206f57048f44842c916365b67d94	1945 The Nature of the Ground II -
017b60c3eea76947154fdfd54299f17381ebcc88	1946 Origins and Consequences of Some Contemporary Thought Patterns -
d22904789f22e5efaeb76e629cc6a924cd56d5f0	1946 Some Reflections on Time -
4ca98b0aa5ddbbaba73ab876ea1cb5227303fd09	1946 The Sixth Patriarch -
7df0977a3eb367ee1e769a795885f8bbcf7e0b43	1947 Further Reflections on Progress -
f0f5a6ff32c8246b17cec239a47f4949e612b58a	1947 Notes on Zen / Notes on Zen 7.00 (2) -
bd8dc83f196e3a029c4f9609ff7c7f53916c079d	1947 Reflections on Progress -
63949f46f2b6d1f70e26712e20229583d82dce4f	1947 Talk of the Town -
e2a6575d5273ce7db27be65d80b405f4416b20a9	1947 William Law -
9ae16f94b9bd48065d2083d0e1aa55eb90c0f377	1948 A Note on Gandhi -
5515a5450ebe402196775e71cb3caa26963b76e3	1948 Give Us This Day Our Daily Bread -
14e9057942eeb7e7ad33cce87e8810d56e1d77d8	1948 The Double Crisis -
e7892cd17c5229b5c1bb9426f05bd8c33ef44850	1949 Art and Religion 10.00 (1) -
9866da67bb63bc15df7ce4e7742772a429f09ea3	1950 Foreword to an Essay on the Indian Philosophy of Peace -
4210b6d4264c730d0122460ddcd13957078a9152	1952 A Note on Enlightenment -
cfb398b44edac76b70789ab68adf54680b78f09a	1952 Substitutes for Liberation -
145430adfc44aef63dc8c0da2f46c4c188704b60	1953 Conversation with Stravinsky -
7a054cdda49db1ae31b7c82172d6b500f80e648f	1954 A Case for ESP, Pk, and Psi -
8b18c7dcc83964c6b875a5669fb4489181bf19b8	1954 A Note on Patanjali -
e110ee9f92412a2ed0e4d14430768746021567ab	1954 The Desert -
cfea90f209de770571fd3ab35286bab82e6cd65c	1955 Who Are We?
24fb2636253ede62983327c0eb018209449cfff1	10.00 (1) -
2a6b015fdb6e885bba850c6523dfbfbecb44f898	1956 Foreword to the Supreme Doctrine -
42d3d8959ca3fe3aed8b6890dae029089946aece	1956 Knowledge and Understanding 1.00 (1) -
4032ac5c5e4a22d94acc75e908b9fd0601dfb14c	1957 The «Inanimate» is Alive -
f60e3801c933ba55e5a90770214af198d8f51514	1958 Drugs That Shape Men's Minds 4.00 (2) -
d076299fb2e2f7aea82e8d3b6d3d86ad242ca799	1960 Symbol and Immediate Experience -
c84893245d82ad7b7b4a19c138bf779667d28b51	1962 Education on the Nonverbal Level -
57e3b92ad22ec13cb1c1837e4f267c141cfd7ac7	1965 Chaucer -
5f90ba1fdc50e45ff59b3d751e713bfb27d8f554	1965 The Creation of a Notable Book -
e6cfa04c5ffa17e3c49442a23196b4c023e54591	1969 The Politics of Population -
86fd48554e9b72bced4ed830ecbf9924a8547a76	Essay Rating
d79280eda6f9f51e9a15d5a1d15e60a42074fbd3	1923 Edward Lear / Edward Lear 4.00 (1) -
441657075dceac01d27899107d8bd244bd70aed1	1923 On the Margin: Notes and Essays -
c6e81fea645e07b73675e05f1d48b2555f6bb341	1925 Our Contemporary Hocus Pocus -
9b18696a1dba8b89e7812bf74527a57045a713f5	1926 Essays New and Old -
fd85f4d01fbad488ec359a39dc9306be09b7fc78	1926 Gods Propose, Men Dispose -
776bdc1a1c85447fcba6abcc64a5f16a8a61fd5a	1926 Sincerity in Art / Sincerity in Art -
a98716fd9bb040427262a0cb241d5e86d7fd9aae	1927 Proper Studies -
5305bec9445d719e670137834a36118d93a38add	1927 The Outlook for American Culture -
99173f84adcedf01dfebdddca271484472b89239	1928 Wordsworth in the Tropics -
b7509b8b8243d69d3deaf67f94ee0cbfaf17f2d2	1929 America and Europe -
a65f397c37633ea26b3cc7dbc1c9d6e4df9cf05a	1929 Do What You Will -
032464dc5775e2be79edd480ace998fab0245871	1929 Fever -
4edca6b527e7bdaf6712fb70952f0f362805586c	1929 Francis and Gregory -
cc54434907eb8fea4f9465926e6a75287da6934a	1929 Holy Face -
65c76b44f50dd85d2be3d0d6c9761636c3f4f52e	1929 One God or Many?
af9cdbaf406e20d73c924a947315080a22de515f	1930 Music at Night -
45ac9cb6dca455e9e6cd5989c021d857fbfecd07	1930 On silence / Silence is Golden -
4f2d3c633f3c913f958ec63d9b70ec1c8a43ac58	1930 Bad taste and literature / Vulgarity in Literature 6.00 (3) -
98556d2eff6bc11ea7d045d644d595f928aa7877	1931 Meditation in Arundel Street -
8d53974af3c474c896154324edb4bafdb2e5e334	1931 The New Romanticism / The New Romanticism -
a88350fcec821453c66766624dff3681f52bf017	1931 Tragedy and "only the truth" / Tragedy and the Whole Truth -
f0b2d07b4a88c1570158d5f2442a8f2597a79ed0	1931 Verifiable Psychology -
96d97db3fc82ccced85f970872e93925130baad5	1932 Rotunda -
5e98e6e20fb24c07034e7461ddcacc948e6e3615	1932 T. H. Huxley as a Man of Letters -
7bd655dfede656b370abfa6aac3947120a94c7f8	1932 Texts and Pretexts -
c117518afe82ea7338a70681b4e1283b2f875c73	1933 Retrospect -
a553ea05497b317447c8d64c9e156714cb43ff47	1933 The Problem of Faith -
b1d777606315ef1f74073bb6e6d660662d05b0f4	1934 Do We Require Orgies?
30085b8a46b970b7faf0c93e1b10e763c9bf2d7d	1934 Wars and Emotions -
50dbdaffea2324770af2ac05804a8565f15bec4a	1935 Heard, Gerald and Aldous Huxley -
8f090913d822c20de390c9786cc8cba9ab134c17	1936 Notes on Propaganda -
b8f7a86aa9a682fca7c65b0d18c036d17f898e85	1936 What Are You Going To Do About It?
ca62fb5caff70c5de3bdde03a0025ceac9565e0b	1937 Ends and Means -
564c9ed77d37975c6601261885358ea03237d623	1937 The Elder Peter Bruegel -
256387303bd5e79201e44452b2b208976558788f	1938 The Most Agreeable Vice -
602d1e9f70b56c08cc745894080c9af27feec55a	1940 Words and their Meanings -
742a9950bcd61b80d329cc2a8629aff65d29b3d7	1942 How to Fix your eyesight / The Art of Seeing 8.00 (1) -
65f1d1544b09ae189f2296b7e3d053d6ad171714	1944 Eternal Philosophy / The Perennial Philosophy 7.25 (4) -
4efdfffbdc4253e0b70b9f9a9a0906164aaa16a4	1944 Who Are Von?
688dd1278cd80f7f60a740043cbcccf956d7184a	1946 Science, Liberty and Peace -
11d7c1ba8e12660c34ac18bfd59e9f06786573bc	1947 If My Library Burned Tonight -
624c442c3047e15f17a1da9801adf56f930679d1	1949 Death and the Baroque -
f87142344fa8982fe60eb68c9513922ca1e7d0b4	1949 Food and People // Co author: John Russell -
44ab63e20f35e86f720554d70ac2fd10456851f8	1949 My Favorite Records -
e2c70903d19742fd054f48bcb15995d020c90c98	1949 Prisons -
353427ec1ffced141f5eb56e7fab63ebcc4fe62c	1950 Fantasies on the theme of El Greco / El Greco 7.00 (1) -
ec2b479a80137f5b7d14ddf28b8133fb69289e90	1950 Themes and Variations -
8695e598fdedd8ef09a47fc1c72340451ba5c934	1951 What Vedanta Means to Me: A Symposium -
dde1a4941437ba2402986576f928bc6459890c2f	1952 Joyce the Artificer: Two Studies of Joyce's Methods -
019f63ad461cf8572d228f6ff62f15508111e567	1952 Tomorrow, tomorrow, Tomorrow / Tomorrow and Tomorrow and Tomorrow -
ab036e560d74efa287e19cfb7232577f34cbb4a2	1953 A Day in Windsor -
e9b99dd94aa20b5b456c107f078fd466458f8795	1953 Sludge and Sanctity -
05a3f744a1d79c801f8c4c051d7db47e59b9fe92	1953 The French of Paris -
d9abf9c16a96c696f4999ff74d61522bbee9bd1d	1954 Faith, Taste, and History -
cf701f444d389fd32270906174293012adba66e1	1954 Doors of Perception / The Doors of Perception [= Gates of perception] 7.95 (88) -
21e167cf2a21dfb1c1f0b46570385a453ac83a7c	2 otz. 1955 Canned Fish -
f66e1a9817bf5c638c0d918cf33c2d3c66546c7d	1955 Censorship and Spoken Literature -
da6e5b9c2d36a6247a19c2ebc7c525d772bfa9cc	1955 Doodles in the Dictionary -
b753ed97a33d21132b7d0c92be6518dce66c6f84	1955 Liberty, Quality, Machinery -
dd32807b3409182b3de8f07ba3b258343690ebf4	1955 Miracle in Lebanon -
610c2fcce51d346898bb51eecfc703e0e2806eee	1955 Usually Destroyed -
dadebb1b5c8e02b128cb204100625e52cb393ba8	1956 A Case of Voluntary Ignorance -
04a61ca241107c68a2ffac8fc27342f92323beac	1956 Adonis and the Alphabet -
957f9bbe8721a1f7cce16199e1dabcec960dc1b8	1956 Back Numbers -
239e4d1f916c1197e5c2092ae38fd742456c793d	1956 Can We Be Well Educated?
f5f88f14ec6844a8f81070da46ab31ae29226d59	1956 Facts and Fetishes -
219407e9db24e4ff61feb2832938f1790507c0db	1956 Genius -
c88b489462426a8e5f5888166a9286a55a21cd0e	1956 Heaven and Hell / Heaven and Hell [= Heaven and hell] 8.13 (38) -
b33e9f49b25647e7c6873c7777d964b586e020d6	1956 The Visionary Power of Landscape Art / Landscape Painting as a Vision Inducing Art 3.00 (1) -
cce997381b2e11e40a2849f39bd62d58698baa07	1956 Madness, Badness, Sadness -
7760d76ccaf454129b4d158d94c8cf941e9b3621	1956 Mother -
817d4355d4e71f3dcfb190f892d3b9279046a521	1956 Paradoxes of Progress -
a04b2380eef29244ca23f4d3094fa20e9fec7266	1956 Variations on a Musical Theme -
ed590cf02e4b4bde1b31ac25b1ead2c70f90ae42	1956 Where Do You Live?
ed7b3e8a4f619600d90d9ca400237c14dab53550	1957 On Adaptation -
3004eeabe06f36bda8d0da328bdab24a3918105d	1957 Pleasures -
5a8060218ddbac3d8733b1d78048575929772839	1957 Politics and Biology -
4770c61a225b8cd71b3bf082e561de5bd47bb479	1957 Post Mortem on Bridey -
d924c79809ed866ee341ad36a58325da4231f7b5	1957 The Oddest Science -
2c00a5553a517be03cb00d5cf90ae50ba0a0d607	1958 Brave New World: 27 Years Later / Brave New World Revisited [= Return to Brave New World] 8.81 (21) -
f5b3c9b9a7e71322a54b7b0dea405516450b3c67	1959 The Final Revolution -
cdf988fdbe50a8cb89992b5b68814eebc9191fdc	1960 About Art and Artists / On Art and Artists -
bd3b32ff9fbe8b5de6d26dc5d6db451d8976e856	1961 The Shape of Things in 1986 -
ee8242a297da8b5e91d1d04ddc29eee81dde287d	1962 Unpainted Landscapes -
1ccaec315ba7e092a7fee7b0c61d2246960513be	1963 Culture and the Individual [= A Philosopher's Visionary Prediction] 3.00 (1) -
feb4c2e46d6ebbf761bb041569e0abac07464fe3	1963 Henry Miller and the Critics 3.00 (1) -
c0e6192a022c81576c035039c3fcfbc26e02aa96	1963 Литература и наука / Literature and Science -
6af8cc8c4041e347d0b8ff32904337689d3e954c	1963 Salt -
6465320405891232b5b6fe3709cdbc91e914dcae	1963 The Only Way to Write a Modern Poem about a Nightmare -
00ae6d6fa9d616ec9bd60f7e4dd1086a4f522830	1963 The Politics of Ecology: The Question of Survival -
c310e9b03351300606979108ed3744798d6a8a36	1965 Шекспир и религия / Shakespeare and Religion -
04da9e75f68dca561dc8faacc3401680cee758a4	1965 The Nature of Art -
81007707d8c144f2c74eaf76b49abceaa1973c24	1968 Form and Substance -
7c51cd86592ea0b78ea23a6486956d708cfbf6a2	1968 New Fashioned Christmas -
bacbfc9f3b7dd5df1099d956ffbdd5d6615ff00b	1968 Writing Prose Techniques -
003a949b41caac1c95eb606f37346b11be50228f	1970 America and the Future -
ccc8bc0410d5fae48a870ae09936a9c7d187ddbe	1974 A Conversation on D. H. Lawrence -
c5c73e37dece0253bd29b85c630ce547a52cbcee	1974 The Human Situation -
e0c2b4910cb007326f5546e2283d7c32c41b2582	1977 Moksha: Writings on Psychedelics and the Visionary Experience -
afd61132f12051166c5c6eb00aa21858c8a04cf4	1994 Aldous Huxley's Hearst Essays -
78f4ccd33fb6103b10673f5fea78afc789a58614	Реклама 10.00 (1) -
f9355eccdf16c1838dc7bd1b3058a1547dbfad97	Тайна театра 10.00 (1) -
33f4e343716f0ac5b25a163ad05ccdd92830eca1	Олдос Хаксли.
b75a3ac41e79706901e75dad7d3aff2a07243559	Энциклопедии и справочники Рейтинг
4866a1a12cbfc2737e6c56efdf1540ec888825c2	1937 An Encyclopedia of Pacificism -
2cffc0c9e79248c44f6a438ab7d41a6199fc399e	Сборники Рейтинг
2273a27635407965922257de59817e0199f0c708	1916 The Burning Wheel [поэтический сборник] -
47a424776c65d0c394af7e4b94bef47d299ab5fb	1918 The Defeat of Youth and other Poems [поэтический сборник] -
07ff73a43258e923a9884cd0faa55fd4e7419bff	1920 Leda [поэтический сборник] -
c68f3eb2014f419fde86ed4a0b4317c0c588e7c2	1920 Limbo -
cf7507bba095e58526bb1a5a7e1fcc663dc1fe96	1922 Mortal Coils: Five Stories -
7120b33877bc8344e3020569861c73b03572dc16	1924 Little Mexican -
a95c1e2e1c30e849ffc0dc33df6f3013735dd108	1924 Young Archimedes and Other stories -
0098680cde54156771fdf23318a566cf1c88de3b	1925 Selected Poems [поэтический сборник] -
1f79a78f36edb88ce02919ca6835b481c3ae7cf8	1929 Arabia Infelix and other Poems [поэтический сборник] -
991df7508c662451149db17ea7d841b697b1d733	1929 Holy Face and other Essays [сборник эссе] -
de5d0fde55c302d2d7ab169f982bbe270174029a	1930 Brief Candles -
4d685bc3c196819fb5d7526ddf6a75455368fb2c	1931 Music at Night and Other Essays [сборник эссе] -
bc8cebd886c9db92ded87121f05b0ebe627e489b	1931 The Cicadas and other Poems [поэтический сборник] -
fdac0315b11a29398906e9360d40b6949c8529a6	1936 The Olive Tree and Other Essays [сборник эссе] -
2afce63334f8630d96835bc068fc08f958e78750	1944 Twice Seven -
9d1bbc1e7ef0a73bd8aa6f8fecf83f2cf7be6b26	1946 Verses and a Comedy [поэтический сборник] -
c64f0aa4ab5f19e0c7dc47d9a98e0d6d5e75fc06	1951 Vedanta For Modern Man [сборник эссе] -
ec13a81a0eaeb3cd379d51f958a9d8ed9d31f4e1	1956 Adonis and the Alphabet and Other Essays [сборник эссе] -
ca989257722737c67336e9aeea247039e1837801	1956 Tomorrow and Tomorrow and Tomorrow and Other Essays [сборник эссе] -
0f86bc95024d144da98c7c5cfc17423ded87d3a3	1957 Новеллы / Collected Short Stories 8.00 (1) -
95d271e1c34bfc0e72637b537719c711e1cad330	1958 Collected Essays [сборник эссе] -
854ddb4d2ecb98386f0a5670b49c5a23ed9ead3b	1961 The Ambassador and Other Sophisticated Stories -
6198fbad1cb32cfdf47cb3afd9c491462d365188	1969 The Letters of Aldous Huxley -
07df5afa40495af7de9c513a98aba10e0c65ff61	1971 The Collected Poetry of Aldous Huxley [поэтический сборник] -
d51720ddcc3037c15f2e5f3c67a52706772445cc	Отрывки Рейтинг
e38057e03ca7d2adbdf48c92fcc83cadfe9d1708	1959 Chemical Persuasion [из Brave New World Revisited] -
5501074b97ca1a097d262c7483bded5a6dcf9369	Прочие произведения Рейтинг
e773c064c6139e01ea620f3a1590da97149e303c	1925 В дороге / Along the Road: Notes and Essays of a Tourist 8.00 (2) -
eb59da7efdbbe354b1815f26172dfcab077f0b91	1926 Смеющийся Пилат.
593b500894b6d3a19a057b417c0c0e1e5753b8dc	Дневник путешествий / Jesting Pilate 1.50 (2) -
8270c025fcfc49238e31de66a798354e84114a4a	1930 Apennine -
84a9479bdfaa240eb6fca94a9576c5de07771e57	1934 Beyond the Mexique Bay -
08f294465a59c38da22abd9eccd18bea49704ae6	Все отзывы на произведения автора (107 отзывов) | Все издания автора (149)
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28ba768bd71d30c273d2af5d44f07c920cbc6926	– Сравнение изданий
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941ef4c31f01b3506be6ecc44bad7e78a8c5ad37	- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
06b3ef82d1a81e23ac9b8c39cae789c57294aefa	Thus, the modern name of the Solar system was received at the dawn of history.
f00c498b9c223f512cddb9dc35d5d55dd3dc3a4f	Soon people noticed that some lights were moving across the sky along certain trajectories.
afc6f7d0ec353608a0be76d75f4d0454337f7b5d	All the planets and most other objects revolve around the Sun in the same direction as the rotation of the Sun (counterclockwise, if viewed from the north pole of the Sun).
88eacd880536f11f526b8bbfb236d938daf3c1bf	The strong gravitational field of the Sun keeps the planets in their places.
48c9861e4918eadf6f537433618f7288d2322cb5	Weather conditions and climate on the planets, as well as biological life on Earth, depend on the energy of the sun.
78f2f6bd11232a43fe43532878f5bc79ae9d0179	It was formed by gravitational compression of a gas-dust cloud about 4.57 billion years ago.
a7a904b69d8c1f0ba4b862999e4d573b1a6da2ff	Initially, the Solar system was a cloud of gas and dust particles, which, in motion and under the influence of their mass, formed a disk in which a new star, the Sun, and our entire Solar System appeared.
f687237a2bcab4096a6c0fdf5d14e3e44f9a8b2a	A full-fledged theory of the formation of the Solar system still does not exist.
31b5c18a18e79fefb5b78e9f50a088f375fe4255	The first serious cosmogonic hypothesis about the origin of the Solar system was created and published in 1755 by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), who believed that the Sun and the planets were formed from solid particles of a huge cloud that approached and stuck together under the influence of mutual gravity.
04687420af5b38e01d393c5ce5398b1fb0b13c40	The second cosmogonic hypothesis was put forward in 1796 by the French physicist and astronomer Pierre Simon Laplace (1749-1827).
7485f98adcac022c067d20ee3a870576b1750cbb	Despite such a difference between the two hypotheses under consideration, both of them come from the same idea – the Solar system arose as a result of the natural development of the nebula.
4ceaa5a4a9d19cec717881d530f5f11fe83e1534	And that is why such an idea is sometimes called the Kant-Laplace hypothesis.
9f1148c2b77388fdec50bc4e6178304c3777daa8	The hypotheses of Kant and Laplace could not explain all these laws and were therefore rejected.
138300d57e25f7054c63440f365961de14ea3f17	According to the currently accepted hypothesis, the formation of the Solar System began about 4.6 billion years ago with the gravitational compression of a small part of a giant interstellar gas-dust cloud.
bf125eaf575229fb4490f74bfbf7eace1a9fffee	This point of view is most consistently reflected in the hypothesis of the Russian scientist, academician O. Y. Schmidt (1891-1956), who showed that the problems of cosmology can be solved by the coordinated efforts of astronomy and Earth sciences, primarily geography, geology, geochemistry.
4d08d7ffb39ccdbf6b5f1923a99dcc66c1b9f788	The gas-dust cloud that appeared near the Sun at first consisted of 98% hydrogen and helium.
35a45dd6c2d312ba2fb204fa363ffabf5404aaec	In the process of compression, the size of the gas-dust cloud decreased and, by virtue of the law of conservation of angular momentum, the speed of rotation of the cloud increased.
49f22d66385e6a80cdc263ccbf4e74ccc9b0dfe9	Within 50 million years, the pressure and density of hydrogen in the center of the protostar became high enough to start a thermonuclear reaction
da4e9c7545c00a3ce8843777210850207ca46120	In the 1970s, the formation of planets was considered an ordered, deterministic process-a conveyor belt on which amorphous gas-dust disks turn into copies of the Solar system.
7de0c26b487ec1c55b17f0969df4324544e6c94c	But now we know that this is a chaotic process, assuming a different result for each system
83137a6e8f70772e84f5a73c888d571b917937ff	The science of planet formation lies at the intersection of astrophysics, planetary science, statistical mechanics and nonlinear dynamics
f81d5f3d9fb0ea760a72178bd3be487c3b8996e3	Currently, the theory of the formation of a planetary system in four stages is generally recognized.
9583da0ea0a7cc5a90d5a5c7caade1cade319d3a	A planetary system is formed from the same protostellar dust matter as a star, and at the same time.
779e31a9b2c271d6254abaa768acc0f2ea12403c	The central part contracts independently and turns into a protostar.
725b2484f36e394b78f8254337b5abaa9ee281bd	Another part of the cloud with a mass about ten times less than the central part continues to slowly rotate around the central thickening, and at the periphery each fragment is compressed independently.
0df2ffe4fa2f4c9c13943392b3cca7ecf40a9dbe	The gas condenses into a solid, bypassing the liquid phase.
1a1028835429a2d9c94f86aa78a106d93cbf78c2	The larger the grains formed, the faster they fall on the central part of the dust cloud.
c01cb7aa59555e2d0c6a77a233a3ee18f2107766	A protoplanetary cloud – a dust subdisc-is forming around the protostar.
dc8ddfe7b9737ab5a16d60f9df2da153c0eb2e1e	The protoplanetary cloud is becoming more and more flat, it is strongly compacted.
57b03110941c1cec7fc8635a1ce9eb02106aba48	Due to gravitational instability, separate small cold clumps are formed in the dust subdisc, which, colliding with each other, form increasingly massive bodies-planetesimals.
22932a6f12b66156e4e35b48b2875f2b5215632b	During the formation of the planetary system, some of the planetesimals were destroyed as a result of collisions, and some merged.
e0e2caa69157b3945b7069246d05d471039d5bae	A swarm of pre-planetary bodies with a size of about 1 km is formed, the number of such bodies is very large – billions.
6a37433e532b809be4603cc3fbb1fc5bb824de37	The accumulation of planets lasts for millions of years, which is very insignificant compared to the lifetime of a star.
47d9d6fc182d9ad60c1e5f2851c50cc6a50f808c	Then the pre-planetary bodies are combined into planets.
73faa20f5d7277e976d3098c74a4fdadcfa3a93c	The proto-sun is getting hot.
98dc695db31c6fbc2575e357c7e5d09c902bd683	Under the influence of the solar wind and light pressure, light chemical elements (hydrogen and helium) are pushed away from the vicinity of the young star.
df5564bca68e76d5aa4bc4e72d8977b50197ad20	In a distant region, at a distance of more than 5 AU, a freezing zone is formed with a temperature of about 50 K.
6cbeeb4891edf300a268df16f8c0b24b4646599b	This leads to differences in the chemical composition of future planets.
7cf7ec328b1715a78e105b67d5216f3040f1efd4	The solar system is divided into regions.
5f05a5d937b167e888a4f1242e358be8e378fadd	The inner part of the Solar System includes four terrestrial planets and an asteroid belt.
a98a17aa3d70444de793f30c902ae22530dd2e37	The outer part begins outside the asteroid belt and includes four gas giants.
b0539afdd378e667cf863904f9b67e3c77e7e969	All objects of the Solar System orbiting the Sun are officially divided into three categories: planets, dwarf planets and small bodies of the Solar system.
d58a0bae9d85cca247c7307e788116485b6b10ed	According to this definition, there are eight known planets in the Solar System: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune
50b827bff8736ef31f2173f5c5fd83f4cbcb6aed	Pluto does not meet this definition, because it has not cleared its orbit of the surrounding Kuiper Belt objects.
991c8babb96831defb6348c881626e13188e9651	The Solar system has five recognized dwarf planets: Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake and Eris.
1c8834e250ab58f4dcd9cd8625bb750b3d001a5d	In the future, other objects may be classified as dwarf planets, for example, Sedna, Orc and Quavar.
a9ca082c20e8297b4c343b94b81c6215cb4f267f	The remaining objects orbiting the Sun are small bodies of the Solar system.
a4fa0ba839d140f02e55f5e89cd2ab0f324a9230	The planets of the Earth group: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars.
d8f26955151b2ab544cb66812accdaeef51277f5	These planets are small in size with a rocky surface, they are closest to the Sun.
05cb648e781c6dffb033e3d80ccd33770a3b5355	According to the International Astronomical Union, which sets definitions for planetary science, a planet of the Earth group is a celestial body that: Has few or no satellites at all; has a weak magnetic field; has a close orbit with respect to another planet of the Earth group; does not have a ring system.
f966a3782656f27ae1ba326b569e1ceb5eb1abab	All of them consist mainly of rocks and heavy metals.
011bdb9470327919ba737caa05a51ec1e36508e4	These planets have a core of heavy metals, mainly iron.
58857c854a6ad6fc3554a53a6efab3459abf4842	The planets of the Earth group are much smaller than the gas giants. The planets of the Earth group also have a changing landscape, for example, volcanoes, canyons, mountains and craters.
1bf384e8fbfb317a540f237a111c4f4afee7e281	After leaving the red planet with its moons behind, we find before us a strange cluster of small planet-like objects called the Asteroid Belt of the Solar System.
c535d4eec063ab61b59177ed362c69babf26cb4d	The expression "asteroid belt" came into use in the early 1850s.
b1cf4367aa861263d399d5d582a39d5cceb26d63	The first use of this term is associated with the name of Alexander von Humboldt and his book "Kosmos – Entwurf einer physischen Weltbeschreibun".
1afd1b23522194cc70170f40615b0ef729c24175	The total mass of the main belt is approximately 4 % of the mass of the Moon, more than half of it is concentrated in the four largest objects: Ceres, (4) Vesta, (2) Pallas and (10) Hygeia.
3f5499cdc6b8a055c5891b4ec875425212245494	But most asteroids, of which there are several million, are much smaller, up to several tens of meters.
2afdc031b1baa0bd789500515315f64de2b8b295	At the same time, asteroids are so strongly scattered in this area of outer space that not a single spacecraft flying through this area was damaged by them.
1dde3bfbead7e57d701e0e6a99d2a04ff3185a1c	The gas giants Jupiter and Saturn, as well as the ice giants Uranus and Neptune are located in the outer region.
aee08e75c641086f53a09e2f64d9054bff03a5d5	The largest planets of the Solar system, Jupiter and Saturn, consist mainly of hydrogen and helium; the outer, smaller Uranus and Neptune, in addition to hydrogen and helium, contain methane and carbon monoxide in their atmospheres.
449cabbe168426d250d38ff026e72d47c6d158a7	Since the giant planets are far from the Sun, their temperature (at least above their clouds) is very low: on Jupiter — 145 C, on Saturn-180 C, on Uranus and Neptune even lower.
1cda361edbb8384e594222f1399139c66ab57a2e	Unlike the solid-state planets of the Earth group, they are all gas planets, have significantly larger sizes and masses (as a result of which the pressure in their bowels is much higher), a lower average density (close to the average Solar, 1.4 g / cm3), powerful atmospheres, fast rotation, as well as rings (while the planets of the earth group do not have such) and a large number of satellites.
ee1fbff4e2bb6141e93b73e91ab95c02313a8711	Comets are also members of the Solar System.
c9149c8b0514d5beaeb8dd3daf56d2b97f11f446	These are large formations of rarefied gas and dust particles with a very small solid core, they also orbit the Sun.
396be67f6d0c53043609fd54ff992e50b099b73d	In addition, countless meteor bodies (they can be considered as a kind of garbage in the Solar System, some meteor bodies are definitely associated with comets) are orbiting around the Sun in ellipses, ranging in size from a grain of sand to a small asteroid.
43c3409d509395e053f687415e557d6ea90dd007	The space beyond Neptune, or the "region of trans-Neptunian objects", is still largely unexplored.
81c413f331f6a3f54e74c5636715a841e11e8cb5	This region is sometimes also included in the "outer Solar system", although more often this term is used to refer to the space beyond the asteroid belt and up to the orbit of Neptune.
fecc7c2a6b061c48991ca9f2e27f53a4f27393a0	On January 20, 2016, astronomers from the California Institute of Technology Konstantin Batygin and Michael Brown announced a possible ninth planet on the outskirts of the Solar System, outside the orbit of Pluto.
7ce84bfc697b3efddb69f117cb9cd03d5e727494	The planet is about ten times more massive than Earth, is about 20 times farther away from the Sun than Neptune (90 billion kilometers), and makes a revolution around the Sun in 10,000-20,000 years.
cf350a7c2e37cb42422c9031261c9485f5ef1198	As for Pluto, since 2006, the International Astronomical Union has demoted it from the definition of being a " planet "and became part of the Kuiper Belt, receiving the definition of a"dwarf planet".
aae82f01b79f720274ed203f1ac7249d651ca565	Therefore, the largest trans-Neptunian objects located in the Kuiper Belt include Pluto, its large satellite Charon, the massive dwarf planet Eris and about 1400 other trans-Neptunian objects
a78089946b9b9e2034993fff8a00d61233ae3a3b	Beyond the orbit of the farthest planet from the Sun of Neptune, the Kuiper Belt begins, which is the residual material after the construction of the Solar System in the form of various objects similar to asteroids, only consisting mainly of ice, methane, ammonia and water.
a8db8ba01a89dcabbf5ea57a92678c7e554b995c	The question of where exactly the Solar system ends and interstellar space begins is ambiguous.
7170edf6fad061afb182c5cc8c4fdfa53b7c7392	The key factors in their determination are two factors: the solar wind and solar gravity.
413451b9f5be57c11297944105a13da83797a49e	The outer boundary of the solar wind is the heliopause, beyond which the solar wind and interstellar matter mix, mutually dissolving.
6d4a08e74df133daaf900e5950961ea15130b841	The heliopause is located about four times farther than Pluto and is considered the beginning of the interstellar medium.
65807a810f6d154733ce69dd152683e48bd4af19	However, it is assumed that the region in which the Sun's gravity prevails over the galactic one — the Hill sphere-extends a thousand times further.
fbb25be223824ab3ade08dd68c062294318f6097	The hypothetical Oort cloud is a spherical cloud of icy objects (up to a trillion) that serves as a source of long-period comets.
bb2f882482b4a50524d7a76fbef8da37eeb82925	It is believed that the objects that make up the cloud formed near the Sun and were scattered far into space by the gravitational effects of giant planets at an early stage of the development of the Solar System
e9a875aadfe3d5169973c86206743afc5e78874d	Objects of the Oort cloud move very slowly and can experience interactions that are unusual for internal objects of the system: rare collisions with each other, the gravitational influence of a passing star, the action of galactic tidal forces.
e0267fd920085f145a0b9a4c26e339b9bb54066a	Most of our solar system is still unknown.
f3b8093dc40524238a7140edea15b13e5322344f	The sun is a star, a giant red-hot ball.
afc078e09604d5d3eb39dcf2422814ee3919a777	Its diameter is 109 times the diameter of the Earth, its mass is 330,000 times the mass of the Earth, but the average density is small — only 1.4 times the density of water.
7ff8bc7f32db1f398a92cc945dfb10f8048b5c1a	The sun is located at a distance of about 26,000 light-years from the center of our galaxy and orbits around it, making one revolution in about 225-250 million years.
a61ac4e7b7e8c36430d088d2cf24080762a7ffbf	The sun and the stars closest to it make a complete revolution around the center of the galaxy in 200 million years. This period is considered to be a galactic year.
8828fe125de2eb4836da2ab4d9a9487fcf228349	The orbital speed of the Sun is 217 km / s — thus, it passes one light-year in 1400 Earth years.
d8af61e3a73e2017e502dc8eff680be97128b61b	The chemical composition of the Sun is about the same as that of most other stars: about 75 % is hydrogen, 25 % is helium, and less than 1 % is all other chemical elements (carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, etc.)
f708029ab7ef765059ef069a511051436c2b1007	The central part of the Sun with a radius of about 150,000 km is called the solar core.
96ea093d661fef874279add495873e13a9219372	This is a nuclear reaction zone.
d97f11a5f110fc7d755835ded8d7c624be2e0525	The temperature exceeds 10 million K.
ec2efb831ee39b960efd226d02a1930f94c25686	Above the core, at distances of about 0.2-0.7 of the Sun's radius from its center, there is a zone of radiant energy transfer.
a0e930eafeaa16115f71706da15fb129e99794d1	This method of energy transfer is called convection, and the layer of the Sun where it occurs is called the convective zone.
e65ae23d72fda77625ab0873613d8dea4cfb3ffc	The thickness of this layer is approximately 200,000 km.
8f4b76bad592929a68edb4e582a00709b905934f	Above the convective zone is the solar atmosphere, which constantly fluctuates.
23cac8c95f51dd248743298857d6dd618e3c0573	Both vertical and horizontal waves with lengths of several thousand kilometers propagate here.
712722d39a19fdc269db4c4f6f1004aebdc68212	The inner layer of the Sun's atmosphere is called the photosphere.
6a2cda13b2d9c3f57585c3dd359dd3e6371cb3e6	It consists of light bubbles. These are pellets.
cea558aa5bcee3b9f1e13dc8e14980bb5debb4f8	Their dimensions are small-1000-2000 km, and the distance between them is 300-600 km.
32683a1922aec0f9a7aba3dd34e2a10afb466927	The granules create a general background on which such large-scale formations as torches, sunspots, prominences, etc. can be observed.
4efb87193b6b127ac810f25280eeb71188cd6465	Sunspots are dark areas in the Sun, the temperature of which is lowered in comparison with the surrounding space
a37b981ba1206c32c6a643dbcc79690c67a5c6a0	Solar torches are called bright fields surrounding sunspots.
0db6bfcd7380efd3443d0183dd020e9dce9e36d8	Prominences (from Lat. protubero-swell) - dense condensations of relatively cold (compared to the surrounding temperature) matter that rise and are held above the surface of the Sun by a magnetic field.
724cada98594091e0036a46add9b1c1e1377bd87	Prominences, sunspots and torches are not the only examples of solar activity.
28c3055e15ca04c4630664656b7a7803399ea558	It also includes magnetic storms and explosions, which are called flashes.
cadec89f89d534a27ac5e211218f00baf50dc430	Above the photosphere is the chromosphere — the outer shell of the Sun.
4f54a491b2387ab21529431e59e7c609f4cd65db	The thickness of the chromosphere is 10-15 thousand km, and the density of matter is hundreds of thousands of times less than in the photosphere.
5554b692a0968b08ef2c87b66e8e92374878dbd6	At the edge of the chromosphere, spicules are observed, which are elongated columns of condensed luminous gas.
0394cbecf97efe066b9158a4ec7be61f53f6e56c	The temperature of these jets is higher than the temperature of the photosphere.
4d9e3c81a8610138a3a80d6885a25323cf469507	The spicules first rise from the lower chromosphere at 5000-10, 000 km, and then fall back, where they fade out.
f690cdc5dfc5b7578556982e4c9da2044919a4a3	All this happens at a speed of about 20,000 m / s. The spicula lives 5-10 minutes.
2a22227b906e10e8ad4888bcd6ef282a773c99bf	The number of spicules existing on the Sun at the same time is about a million
c6d1b399449b24141f83d8a70cc337bebf5c90c2	The chromosphere is surrounded by the solar corona — the outer layer of the Sun's atmosphere.
4a9a5311306b42d20bfe434605a67a7191c52e70	The total amount of energy emitted by the Sun is 3.86 • 1026 watts, and only one two-billion part of this energy is received by the Earth.
c05e5fb5274768aca73df23e7f63f79be0899925	Solar radiation includes corpuscular and electromagnetic radiation.
f73e8666b83f588a0898ae99b6ed1cdbe94f84bf	Corpuscular main radiation is a plasma stream that consists of protons and neutrons, or in another way - the solar wind, which reaches near-Earth space and flows around the entire magnetosphere of the Earth.
9960d21f270db781dc740c88fae2acf81ac16296	Electromagnetic radiation is the radiant energy of the Sun.
fe9659a9062a3cefe22803b24c4807d15c909452	It reaches the Earth's surface in the form of direct and scattered radiation and provides a thermal regime on our planet.
bd20e40190660394bfadd8fee449accd9c6b81a1	Depending on the solar activity, such physical phenomena occur on Earth as: magnetic storms, the frequency of auroras, the amount of ultraviolet radiation, the intensity of thunderstorm activity, air temperature, atmospheric pressure, precipitation, the level of lakes, rivers, groundwater, salinity and efficiency of the seas, etc.
d3c6fd69cbf94b04592de202fb9fd9a800054a5a	The close connection of many terrestrial phenomena with solar activity was pointed out as early as 1936 by A. L. Chizhevsky (1897-1964) (Fig. 8), who wrote that the vast majority of physical and chemical processes on Earth are the result of the influence of cosmic forces.
978327a11e2dcd10f3224db767a93213bb808ab3	He was also one of the founders of such a science as heliobiology (from Greek. helios-the sun), which studies the influence of the Sun on the living matter of the geographical envelope of the Earth.
2a65ce402a8f21fc30dc668d2615fff2eb953cfe	The Sun has an 11-year cycle of activity.
abd9ca3d90ca893333604f5f4af83e3f73971263	During this period, the number of sunspots (dark areas in the photosphere), flares (unexpected flashes in the chromosphere) and prominences (dense cold clouds of hydrogen condensing in the corona) increases and decreases again.
91dad6fb03b09d94a12087b2e8785a64916c28ca	In the middle of the XIX century, the Swiss astronomer Rudolf Wolf (1816-1893) (Fig. 7) calculated a quantitative indicator of solar activity, known worldwide as the Wolf number.
919bbf519817eb52f930e38582e1097f5b3dc218	Every second, the Sun processes about 600 million tons of hydrogen, while producing about 4 million tons of helium.
bb27a49c5143f15ea2ecf41cc2483a6af03b5c19	Comparing this speed with the mass of the Sun, the question arises: how long will our luminary last?
16bd981b4b2f15a5b873a74319748c996f2dfdb5	In the coming years, the Sun will slowly warm up and slightly increase in size.
63b26fca17c5ae1b910a78aaa70a092d9f506616	When all the hydrogen in the central core is used up, the Sun will be three times larger than it is now.
5e3922b5e54f77b00ea0d5e66dab6e90909e94f0	The dying Sun will engulf the Earth and turn solid rock into molten lava.
12a7b90984f03118d7e172aaac944aea2973880d	Eventually, the Sun will cool down, turning into a ball of nuclear waste, the so-called white dwarf.
fe60d49d52c2105bb17eb98d76f856f2a709d4ed	According to the spectral classification, the Sun belongs to the G2V type ("yellow dwarf").
d695c92a86581536259c1d03349a2d04d24a9450	This life cycle is considered typical for low-and medium-mass stars.
c1cde8db74422db8cc8aa5925ccbac3dada5a310	Of the stars belonging to the 50 closest star systems within 17 light-years known at present, the Sun is the fourth brightest star (its absolute magnitude is +4.83 m).
1ce7e659eb59c2c90b302c2858c68f19c8b18731	Therefore, the Sun shines with almost white light, but the direct light of the Sun at the surface of our planet acquires a certain yellow hue due to stronger scattering and absorption of the short-wave part of the spectrum by the Earth's atmosphere (when the sky is clear, together with the blue scattered light from the sky, sunlight again gives white illumination).
53d28406c4c21484dc111be290a48379fe46d0a8	The sun is far from the most powerful star in existence, but it is relatively close to the Earth and therefore shines very brightly for us — 400,000 times brighter than the full Moon.
e12b1f78602db954b4b19d1a7f878988301ddd52	Because of this, it is extremely dangerous to look at the daytime Sun with the naked eye, and it is absolutely impossible to look through binoculars or a telescope without a special light filter — this causes irreversible damage to vision.
d3656eb48f5957dc4359656da2f2c3a89e8a5081	ениях a darkening light filter placed in front of the lens should also be used in binoculars or a telescope.
7cb71a2e7580205adcbadc8802a88fa86c59841f	Observations of the Sun with the naked eye without damage to vision are possible only at sunrise or sunset (then the brightness of the Sun weakens several thousand times), or during the day with the use of light filters.
769ca9d136dd25130eab71390aadc6042b3d87db	For people, animals and plants, sunlight is very important.
e614eedfdb08603e8fb59c3f6cb7af533f4c52c7	Thus, under the influence of ultraviolet light, vital vitamin D is formed[116].
8922d149f91f6b99e7b599a2c3394053acee348f	Heliotherapy is one of the oldest and most affordable methods of treating human ailments.
ff33f64ba3c96aa91f07080c2f0be8a7d0acad88	The green leaves of plants contain the green pigment chlorophyll.
d886d2961d18075cdc2376ed91d536eedee8b3a2	This pigment serves as a light energy catcher in the process of photosynthesis — a complex cycle of reactions for the synthesis of organic substances from carbon dioxide and water using light energy. One of the products of photosynthesis is oxygen.
6f69f06a27cfb69546273d75668b2feced85c6e6	The spectral range of electromagnetic radiation from the Sun is very wide-from radio waves [105] to X-rays-but its maximum intensity falls on visible light (the yellow-green part of the spectrum).
db64bd31eb476ea03f46beacac2bd6b6d2ce50f0	Like many other natural phenomena, throughout the history of human civilization, the Sun has been an object of worship in many cultures.
957eab9e9798b6edb7514d71127879d29e20dec7	In many Indo-European languages, the Sun is denoted by a word that has the root sol.
e91a6edfe75212908b2a324dddc46613fefba2a5	Ancient civilizations understood that without it they could not grow crops, and life on Earth would disappear.
8029b6571577f34db355daf99e4066da5aece580	The most famous spacecraft (launched in December 1995) that observes the Sun is the SOHO Solar and heliospheric Observatory, built by NASA and ESA, and continuously observes the sun by sending countless photographs to Earth.
166d2315bc5874ec296178442890f2fa987c820b	Our Solar system is still a huge bundle of secrets that scientists have yet to discover.
64e20a8df79a59f08d7277635ad12fd346c6e750	Why is the South Pole of the Sun colder than the North Pole? In 1990, the Ulysses spacecraft was launched into space.
461f1b44728d60cfb7d63675ae0c86411063ea62	If other planets can be compared with spinning tops, then Uranus is more like a rolling ball: the plane of the equator of Uranus is inclined to the plane of its orbit at an angle of 97.86 degrees.
c58ab46120b9c0591c8c01ab6adbf09a70468fbe	The corona has a temperature of about a million degrees, while the photosphere has a temperature of about 6000 degrees.
08b3bc8275157075039f8c45c66be3a568e8e7a0	Why do the Pioneer ships deviate from their course?
09c552529bf048692a32df5a7cc0c6c1d54c11d7	In 2012, 35 years after being sent on a flight to the border of the Solar System, Voyager 1 entered the region where the influence of the magnetic attraction created by the Sun ends, and the gas medium has a different composition corresponding to the space separating the stars.
a308850edfba05219b1870812c145ee57b861d68	Some moons, for example, Europa (a satellite of Jupiter) and Enceladus (a satellite of Saturn), have ice, and there may be oceans in which the presence of living beings is possible.
8613b4eab9530a063c22c16e4946618a6be2f84c	To study exoplanets, you can use knowledge about the Solar system
0ee81caae374b36e177fed94bb045fcb89703561	We do not exist in isolation, we are too dependent on the whole environment, which is called the Cosmos.
ab3bf5c624d66dae4a55ec13ef46837cc16430c4	And finally, as it always happens in science, what today seems to be just a kind of satisfaction of curiosity, in the future becomes key for the further development of mankind, for its progress.
ce3f2cd397b0952089b7e408f37dfed7cf022388	Ground-based astronomical instruments give us the opportunity now to do something that was once absolutely unthinkable.
1208ac771807234d8fc266d13dff71acc96a4ae3	Because the Solar system, in general, is quite a deceptive thing.
98d9fe34e901a5e6f8ca424d1de5973bf442550d	And this incentive is largely due to the fact that not only new opportunities are opening up, which I mentioned in terms of space technology, in terms of using spacecraft to achieve the most ambitious goals, perhaps.
ea2c9f5058389898322e753aeb04650741f410e6	THE SOLAR SYSTEM IS THE Sun • Mercury • Venus • Earth • Mars • Asteroids • Jupiter • Saturn • Uranus • Neptune • Dwarf Planets • Comets • Kuiper Belt
c76f0cb1ab85ed09a29a9c1ad4a507c7c683ea41	Explanations: The location of the planets in space relative to each other and the Sun are shown in the picture completely conditionally — as a given.
1a8506aaa62671a125b5de27d030999d4459beb7	The proportionality of the distances between the planets and the Sun is not observed.
b30033664ba0f3492339fabbecf3786fca96b2bd	The proportions of linear dimensions are partially observed for the planets of the Earth group with satellites: the Moon near the Earth, Phobos and Deimos near Mars, and separately for the giant planets (without satellites).
0ad3234badbfd8a5636f1d901ea2536cdfeed3f7	The proportions of the linear dimensions of Mars and the dwarf planet Ceres in the asteroid belt are partially observed.
e27ec1f5f3588a3993d844f1bc293c116051980b	The proportions of linear sizes (relative to each other) for the eight largest trans Neptunian dwarf planets: Eris, Pluto, Makemake, Haumea, Sedna, Orc, Quavar and Varuna, known as of March 2009, are partially observed.
951f7dabe9adad6db1cc6d8a654326be1369ca54	go to the page Astronomy (initial) Units of measurement in astronomy
fca5fa244b1971664e22c4b414c5807895066e63	OUR PLACE IN THE UNIVERSE is now people quite" easily " imagine their place in the boundless expanses of Space.
512c1a2bc254c293b1965ace8770e065237ce4ca	They have been coming to such ideas for many thousands of years from the first questioning glances of primitive man at the night sky of the Earth, to the creation of the most powerful telescopes in all frequency ranges of electromagnetic vibrations.
25c57c9502ca38ed5dffd2151b2325bd166f153a	Other types of wave processes (gravitational waves) and elementary particles (neutrino telescopes) are also used to study the properties of outer space.
657f027bf3dda0e17018f24934dd6e5fd2a5c359	Space scouts are used — interplanetary spacecraft that continue their work already outside the Solar System and carry information about our planet to those inhabitants of the Galaxy (Universe) who will become owners of these spacecraft in the future.
73a4463cfd333173feb681f005a956e2c8095bf4	Studying nature
94076bb381ddbeff8c319034b94cc174e8220660	(other Greek. humanity had to move from simple contemplation and wisdom (natural philosophy) to the creation of a full — fledged science — physics experimental and theoretical (G. Galileo).
11f966f58e5032a7dbcf6f00afc7a7cdbddee40b	Physics was able to predict the future in the development of natural processes.
6ae68d8f2aaf597049148bd45e1f6582633e22b9	Physics is essentially the basis for all sciences, including mathematics, which cannot exist separately from nature, since it draws its themes from nature and is a tool for its research.
5ff69f8c629def6688207a6fa40ca5aa8c239656	As the mysteries of the movement of the planets were solved, new sections of mathematics were created (I. Newton, G. Leibniz), which are now being used with great success in all sections of human activity without exception, including in the knowledge of the laws of the universe.
8045998fa05bdf240c0852e34a0ba7196e446fef	Understanding these laws allowed us to determine our place in the universe.
bd47d35d6ad4066507c998ef7f814b534006c4de	The process of cognition continues and cannot stop as long as a person and his natural curiosity exist — he wants to know what everything is made of and how it is arranged (galaxies, stars, planets, molecules, atoms, electrons, quarks...), where everything comes from (physical vacuum), where it disappears (black holes), etc.
9af7f50130031d7fadafc373c12cc0ccc0a43c18	For this, scientists create new physicomathematical theories, for example, superstring theory (M– theory) (E. Witten, P. Townsend, R. Penrose, etc.), which explain the structure and Macro– and Microcosms.
b078cdb7da60e0a5e0f6b4d865e8324edcedea52	So, our Galaxy (the Milky Way) is part of the so called local group of galaxies.
ffb23caa9acdec46d4ae2fa04e17af05e15416fe	The sizes of galaxies and the distances between them are huge and require special units of measurement (see the column on the right).
441d935557402501b8ec2f829c789935bf4e187f	The parallactic ellipse described by the star looks from the Earth the same as the Earth's orbit, if we could observe it from the star <...>The orbital motion of the Earth leads to the fact that during the year we find ourselves on one side of the Sun, then on the other, and as a result we look at the stars from slightly different angles.
2ea502044ff7e0db286d73a5d83f816c187d1017	On the Earth's firmament, this looks like the fluctuations of the star around a certain average position — the so called annual parallax.
e519c6af717433d17632e409c1abd824737b6db2	The farther away the star is, the smaller the scope of these oscillations.
5934ca35eda380e7b0484784608e96187b90cb3f	Having determined how much the apparent position of the star changes due to the annual movement, you can determine the distance to it using the usual geometric formulas.
9bb79ff84976d4b8773a95ff322b7bebecedc56d	In other words, the distance determined by parallax is not burdened with any additional assumptions, and its accuracy is limited only by the accuracy of measuring the parallactic angle.
1c5798dd87ec4248e75862648f3459ac61cbdfcb	< ... > You can read about distances and ages in astronomy in Dmitry Vibe's article " How do astronomers know this?"
c4d1da4b509ca5f65d2a59dcbbb1d092942ccfd3	our neighbors from the local group of galaxies (enlarge picture)
cf7863707f1c41233f0a40475e84ba7eb6d30447	Our Galaxy the Milky Way is a giant disk consisting of stars of different types, star clusters, interstellar matter consisting of various types of radiation, elementary particles, atoms and molecules, dark matter, over the mystery of which astrophysicists are now struggling.
eb40d9efe3579cff708faef4b07a8e9115a9decd	There is a black hole (at least one) in the center of our Galaxy — another of the astrophysical problems of our time.
58e9a2293eb85f328fa8e926dc76983885e8ab1a	The diagram below shows the structure of the Galaxy (arms, core, halo), its size and the place occupied in it by the Sun, the Earth and other planets satellites of the Sun.
53cc7c6a8ea2a85e5993354072919986bd63d667	The movement of the Earth in orbit causes a one year parallax (the angle at which the radius of the Earth's orbit is visible from the sun, perpendicular to the ray of vision).
0e4d27045994912fe5d9ea61d5bb36de887508bd	For nearby stars, it has a noticeable value, although it does not exceed 1".
d17e6c41cfe299a200ef8004d30d8de9b884c4bf	In the old books, parallax was denoted by the Greek letter π ; in recent years, the Latin letter p is more often used.
7928d830264ef492cd826d7e9c87499689dc02e1	If the parallax angle (p) is small and expressed in radians, and the length of the base perpendicular to the direction of the object is a, then the distance to the object is r = a / p .
4a6ea06cb54eedb0282aab78a7269428922516cf	If the parallax is expressed in arc seconds, then the distance to the object r = (1 / p ) parsecs = 206,265 (1 / p ) au.
c248df20553628ba74cc79225e5d3b6419afa6b3	the location of the solar system in the Milky Way Galaxy (diagram) enlarge the picture
363fdbd3f452c10dd0d6f3ef5e9e38a1a4bf4c82	To measure distances in the visible part of the universe, a parsec (from parallax + second) is used.
332a7beda0da5f8c41796c465580db06cb805dbc	The distance to an object whose annual parallax is 1".
fb5fa296cc8d0c52f6f04765a40ccc8995ca011a	In the old books, the word "parsek" was abbreviated as ps.
eb3eb8e9ec23ffd2ea298f03879d0a62daa32b10	After switching to the SI system, in order not to be confused with picoseconds, it is abbreviated as "pc".
c8171584e86581bcb5aa70c230e729ceae5d07fa	1 pc = 3.26 holy years = 206,265 au = = 3,086·1016 m.
749ea7a73dd2cc4a3cd41185bf5eb98a2540cb0b	As a unit of measurement of distances between bodies in the Solar System, the astronomical unit (AU) is used — the average distance between the centers of the Earth and the Sun, approximately equal to the major semi axis of the Earth's orbit.
f707bf604d303d88298280ef203ef5af8489c400	One of the most precisely defined astronomical constants: 1 AU = (149,597,870 ± 2) km.
bb05507bd39dcfc842362c2c8d75cb9516564654	The unit of distance sometimes used in astronomy, a light year is equal to the length of the path that light travels in a vacuum for 1 tropical year (365,242 days): 1 St. G. = 9.46·1015 m = 9.46·1018 cm = = 0.307 parsecs.
d2ac4ff0aa16d602d4183e7725c339c9fba945c9	The distance from the Sun to the center of the Galaxy (the Milky Way) is approximately.
c5149532de0ccd6cd418e361fef211e08a3cce6a	30 thousand sv. years; the diameter of the Galaxy is more than 100 thousand sv. years.
e67543dd6775fe3fe5763ef6dc5fec38d17e4800	scheme of branches (branches) The Milky Way (the solar system is highlighted) enlarge the picture
568af40a8920ab6e7cb5180857bd21e1310d2b54	COSMOGONY
fbc1a4c4a60d44832e09b40d966c2dc1a5c06c46	(Greek. κ ο σ µ ο γ ό ν ι α
1f390bb0d4a065832781d5715110a1f2c5f7857b	from Greek. κ σ σ μ ο ο — order, world, universe and γ ο ν ν — birth origin of the world) is a section of astronomy devoted to the origin and development of celestial bodies.
27d970b8bd75b9cb035bb181a2ef7edddcf1194b	THE ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
dd78db0f8eae3aa6c511946c2b1d45c73cd1d3ce	THE ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM A full fledged theory of the formation of the Solar system still does not exist.
503015b19ca3bf0a1c26675e00cd36c668a2fa0f	All hypotheses, starting with R. Descartes (1644), existed for a certain time, and when they could not explain some phenomena occurring in the Solar System, they were either completely rejected, or developed and supplemented by other scientists.
d09ef02a1d6c33dd46a09b4b014dd28d0ab7737e	Taking Saturn's ring as a gas ring that separated from the planet during its rotation around the axis, Laplace believed that the Sun arose from a gas nebula, the rotation speed of which increased as it contracted, and because of this, rings of gas matter (similar to Saturn's rings) separated from the Sun, giving rise to planets.
a9a2a522a9d39773acc3d711102edcb9702a61eb	This hypothesis has existed for more than 100 years.
aac281ea5a84683a23aff05951ca9ed108748226	However, like Kant's hypothesis, it was rejected because it did not explain the laws of the Solar system.
ee0f35c744f109b73f034057f326ced04d45de94	A reliable hypothesis should explain the following basic laws of the Solar system: 1) the planets revolve around the Sun in almost circular orbits, slightly inclined to the plane of the Earth's orbit, which is an angle of 7° with the plane of the solar equator (with the exception of the [dwarf] planet Pluto, whose orbit is inclined to the plane of the Earth's orbit by 17°);
f29e0782655a5485986950b621c21f031f4922b2	2) the planets revolve around the Sun in the direction of its rotation around the axis (from west to east), and most planets rotate in the same direction (with the exception of Venus, Uranus and Pluto, rotating from east to west) 3) the mass of the Sun is 99.87% of the mass of the entire Solar system;
76fa9038b3cb91094fffee630f183db8b0df84d1	4) the product of the mass of each planet by its distance from the Sun and its orbital velocity is called the angular momentum of this planet; the product of the mass of the Sun by its radius and linear rotation speed is the angular momentum of the Sun.
0d703bae7a056fb113b260741736981a97a7d63d	In total, these products give the angular momentum of the Solar system, of which 98% is concentrated in the planets, and the Sun accounts for only 2%, i.e. the Sun rotates very slowly (the linear velocity of its equator is 2 km/s);
7a67215c19bbde87f86aa4bed1d1d27cb24c1542	5) the physical properties of the planets of the Earth group and the giant planets are different.
01186c57961ccd6f1663b6f74f48228e85fac397	For example, Neptune is removed from the Sun by an average distance of d = 30 AU and its linear velocity in orbit v = 5.5 km / s.
2e1034ab309be2ee2dffa4baedb7ce69110fb8d4	Therefore, when the ring that gave rise to it separated, the Sun should have had the same radius and the same linear velocity of its equator.
40926c0e13cac84e67af5bac201c964dc7cae1c1	Shrinking further, the Sun has consistently generated other planets, and currently has a radius of R≈0.01 AU.
8775557bad8a9ca42e9780e7fe821009dcfe9233	According to the laws of physics, the linear velocity of the solar equator would have to be
b06ec59c1b8c0159454287475983b9f42713d9f6	that is, it is much higher than the actual speed of 2 km/s.
5774892a83ba2690e9caee449e1bb792b463c74b	This example already shows the inconsistency of the Laplace hypothesis.
37fa67d2c5b5a7bd4058727a9e25a1c285f9f7ae	At the beginning of the XX century, other hypotheses were put forward, but all of them turned out to be untenable, since they could not explain all the basic laws of the Solar system.
eebd476fbd6ce33297b630cad1d822265f2f11f7	According to modern ideas, the formation of the Solar system is associated with the formation of the Sun from a gas dust environment.
7d985fad098951847fc96103e4077cdfc28da4ad	It is believed that the gas dust cloud, of which about 5 billion years ago, the Sun was formed, slowly rotating.
e50518e131ecb6a609ed854ca788828b90f67325	As the cloud shrank, the speed of rotation increased, and it took the form of a disk.
bf1efdc844ea2a67b2bdaddd386585020e59fff0	The central part of the disk gave rise to the Sun, and its outer regions gave rise to the planets.
7eb891323f270e5c3054cc6b08d870bccd8d45b7	This scheme fully explains the difference in the chemical composition and masses of the planets of the Earth group and the giant planets.
c293c3420c24786e538a400901f207da46116436	Indeed, as the Sun warms up, light chemical elements (hydrogen, helium) under the influence of pressure, the radiation left the central regions of the cloud, going to its periphery.
4d44e6ac5b402627ff3cdad18696e5fcd6c483f5	Therefore, the planets
7a8e6cab5d4daa67c0350010cc67e5088b15c85d	formation of the planets of the Solar system (according to Laplace)
53766c4ead5de0996588a56a0385ef6b5723923e	the Earth groups were formed from heavy chemical elements with small admixtures of light ones and turned out to be small in size.
24ff51d0bd8b0a9076d8288ab8a99b2592aa91bc	Due to the high density of gas and dust, the Sun's radiation weakly penetrated to the periphery of the protoplanetary cloud, where the temperature was low and the incoming gases froze on solid particles.
a2f8f49d0ffa7a905a5dea265d35194174da2b9c	Therefore, the distant giant planets were formed large and mainly from light chemical elements.
a22d58c8a0918d07611efd32f81d6b5d2a61b97c	This cosmogonic hypothesis explains a number of other laws of the Solar System, in particular, the distribution of its mass between the Sun (99.87%) and all the planets (0.13%), the current distances of the planets from the Sun, their rotation, etc.
0575cf046f1d83de395dac8a3b0cd55b556ef288	It was developed in 1944-1949 by the Soviet academician Otto Yulievich Schmidt (1891-1956) and subsequently developed by his employees and followers.
d3b25b88d6673e97cd4cbed3a22183dbb72f27f5	According to this hypothesis, the process of planet formation is represented as follows.
5b008d5b7e4062716303f5c236f85918b8825177	According to the idea of O. Y. Schmidt, the medium from which the planets were formed was a fragment of an interstellar gas dust cloud captured by the Sun in the Galaxy.
a1e3f0ae774ea5a94e62a0f8bd8b166e921de71b	Numerous thickenings occurred in a disk shaped gas dust cloud due to the mutual collision of its particles.
329358055bc8cbaf2a71af37b621b601b8c5761a	Many small clusters were destroyed by mutual collisions, and others fell on large clusters, as a result of which they increased in size and compacted, gradually creating the embryos of planets (planetesimals).
663198b3462bf10e09f656a56d5870789fcf140a	Inelastic impacts during collisions of clumps led to the fact that the orbits of the embryos of the planets became close to the circles.
c9d0f3ac110d8dca024d7ef185bd4ff69c59cd31	formation of the planets of the Solar system (according to Schmidt)
8a1a612290858e77f339de82d11d35bf501806d0	Over time, only those largest embryos that were located far from each other and did not have a significant mutual gravitational effect survived, so their orbits around the Sun became stable.
57639dbddea14159b82702fa17a04f15af2d4289	From these embryos, large planets were formed over hundreds of millions of years.
87a4ecfaac972dfeb59530474e98bd69e0ebbdc2	Between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, where the significant gravitational influence of Jupiter prevented the growth of clumps and disturbed the stability of their orbits, small planets asteroids and meteoroids were formed, which often collide with each other and with planets in our era.
4e6e18bc1dbf9c684dbbc66bf861957f1fbaf1a8	At the very periphery of the initial dust cloud, many long period comets emerged from the remnants of light gases and a small amount of dust.
b0d03153dc6c3de05e77889e8f0a055fa0fd6d49	Testing this very plausible hypothesis is still difficult, since we do not observe systems like ours and we have nothing to compare it with.
9d036e114f21a791eaabbdf1d507d57a31edbe9c	However, the constantly ongoing search gives hope.
3f0f616d395d531496c33c90fb72b96fbc934610	Already now (July 31, 2009), astronomers know about the existence of 281 other planetary systems (extrasolar systems), with 357 planets (exoplanets).
1949ca4b3a7a58bc26e4b09ace79c3b96898b2c7	Planets similar to Earth in their physical characteristics have been found.
1282344bebe36d60004a41004fbed00551558878	There is an intensive study of exoplanets, various models are being tested, including the appearance of planets from gas dust nebulae.
0cc7f3d08633bdcbd16e5f213180c9819826cdd8	Analysis of the content of radioactive elements in the Earth's crust, studies of meteorites and lunar soil, as well as geological data indicate the probable age of the Earth at 4.6 billion years.
9d4229f9cc38f17da2a0aff1f34bf689eaca9959	The sun and its planets began to form about 5 billion years ago. years ago. Thanks to the calm evolution of the Sun, which moderately warms the Earth, there are about 3 billion people on it. years ago, life was born, which during this long period of time evolved into a reasonable one.
c0db34a1baaed8bca0338fc22a75e505d4b9b351	Obviously, the formation of planets around stars at a certain stage of their development is a natural process.
80fc4f9706c3bae2ee5f87cf0c4887e6ff3e029b	Therefore, we have the right to believe that many stars have planets and, perhaps, life, including intelligent life, can exist on some of them.
b380aa01a472e1948d5177ef3272520141dbd7cd	Hypotheses (23) of the formation of the Solar System (list and information about the authors) July 2009
8a85ca2a872c26b25f57aa9cf1d694ff8334b5dc	part of the gas dust nebula M16 (NGC 6611) in the constellation of the Eagle, bright blue stars continue to form in the dark columns of the Eagle Nebula.
d9f8e10f66a5dff335d6c7ada80ede9847eae952	The nebula became famous in 1995, when its photo was obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope.
8e48fcea993dc8774727eddeab06d402662d7b5b	Active star formation is taking place in the nebula.
9e7b6c910d8f28236631981ccab9d1da75abac2d	In this image (0.8 meter telescope in the Canary Islands), a part of M16 is visible an emerging scattered star cluster.
916c8a7595f5774993a6d1000711431d039c15d0	Many details of the nebula's structure can be seen in this photo due to the fact that it was obtained in specially selected wavelength ranges, where hydrogen, oxygen and silicon atoms emit.
5dc855a574ee672da23028c51bd5b7ec1c1f878b	The bright blue stars of M16 have been continuously forming over the past 5 million years, the youngest of them were formed in the famous central pillars of gas and dust, which are called the "Pillars of Creation" and "Fairy".
b0a2e175c0b6ea8289b72a61a2f5252562c27014	The size of M16 is ~20 light years, and the distance to it is ~7,000 sv. years.
85b28edfa66ed5a4d8509dbb684435ee10d132b6	The source of the text is here
c3ad0282ad40794d9f95d6fdff622ec7df5cb251	The Great Orion Nebula (M42) The Orion Nebula is one of the most famous nebulae in the sky.
f0221f004b7645e01d99dc2c45d12bad6eb53231	Glowing clouds of gas and hot young stars in this region of star formation are on the right in this clear and colorful image, mounted from two frames.
0a7e2aaa083d4fa80286dde8b6db89b18a82991f	It also shows the smaller nebula M43 (near the center) and the bluish reflective dust nebulae NGC 1977 and its neighbors (on the left).
8c4e99572ecf469a5f35952229a74ebfcf8674b1	Located on the edge of an invisible giant complex of clouds of molecular gas, these beautiful nebulae represent only a small part of all the interstellar matter located in this region of the Galaxy.
778eff2154f9cea3fbeaad0e7091726c20a7efdd	In these well studied stellar nurseries, astronomers have also discovered numerous planetary systems that are still being formed.
f1c4ea0281923291165e05529692c480a9c1225b	This celestial landscape covers almost 2 degrees in the sky, which at a distance of 1500 light years to the Orion Nebula corresponds to ~ 45 light years.
3999a08bd7155edb144a8cf58540ad08c5fdc83a	sources:
da405c82154af5dda02d51dd4922b0f018bf8073	M. M. Dagaev, V. M. Charugin "A book for reading on astronomy: Astrophysics" M.: Enlightenment, 1988 D. Layzer "Creating a picture of the Universe" M., "Mir", 1988 (David Layzer "Consolidating the Universe" New York. 1984) D. Vibe "How do astronomers know this?"
9eca8e9f73990ea4fe57a909d3748b586be9046a	The origin of the Solar system according to Schmidt Our place in this world is Astronomy.
ae44c032b73dd8527010a73d85a7630bb173175b	Encyclopedia for children.
cabd5dcc65169102854c42cbae6ffb1ccccc1bca	Avanta, 1998 S. Hawking "The World in a nutshell", With Pb, Amphora, 2008
1068e3ba8f6cc1d9a95edff7f9be48234f072f13	© Alexander Koval 2004-2016
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82f9550ce2a14310d87b9b400efad56ad742b83f	The solar system.
8ecbb69848fbfd23d585dab29e6d6b84634ba4ae	The origin of the solar system.
0c12daac1f96d30a3a79aa358e00048d36313792	The origin and development of the planetary system.
56c482e83763e6d4bee7b3b6224ec1546af0af05	Astronomy is the oldest of the sciences Ancient astronomy Chronology of astronomy Modern astronomy
e95f829812ba1944d4d9003ef966a7bb920a2cc6	Fundamentals of astronomy The beginning of astronomy Time and the celestial sphere Constellations The movement of celestial bodies Astropribors Astrophysics Reviews of astroequipment Astronomical observations
0a51e796aef8efb876634df783dc1be1ebb0cd80	General astronomy Solar System Stars Our Galaxy Extragalactic astronomy Extraterrestrial civilizations Astronomers of the world and significant dates
d4f8e40ce9f00953db720812fc18843c73fbad6f	Additional Forums Astrogalaxy.ru Astronomy for children Planetariums of Russia Is interesting Astronomy News About the project
8807a82d86fbf368f90ced1aa5ad00ffcfbdb24a	Astronomers of the past proposed many theories of the formation of the Solar system, and in the forties of the twentieth century, the Soviet astronomer Otto Schmidt suggested that the Sun, rotating around the center of the Galaxy, captured a cloud of dust.
f799a035e17ae1ee1376d5a6d5ebb375fd7a708c	From the substance of this huge cold dust cloud, cold dense pre – planetary bodies planetesimals were formed.
be989a56edfa3a78d9d6d0718ce186d636848d83	Our Solar System is not the only one in the universe Elements of this theory are used in modern cosmogony.
667a56dbe14bcc07729d5b60cff415c75884993d	According to computer calculations, the initial mass of the gas dust cloud in which the Solar System was formed was more than 104 M .
d884cab2ee4bf919881e74b37d0b595368dae59c	The initial size of the cloud was significantly larger than the size of the Solar system, and its composition was similar to that observed in dense cold interstellar nebulae, that is, 99 % of interstellar gas and 1 % of interstellar dust.
56e2c25ed43b52b9d08f63dcbef3ff749efd3b60	Several dozen stars have now been discovered to have planetary systems.
041df8edf1b4be48f0eb8c1806e9f5a08a03c9d0	The telescope named after.
648661e9edf34a7a1c7395464210b74a34393865	The young star HR 4796 was studied in the Hawaiian Islands by Keka.
6c2aa0fae5b2a220cb8a27710db9722478451734	In the obtained images in the infrared range, a disk with a radius of about 200 AU is visible around it.
108ba7b608dd1f24849ce0b4d99f4b4985c7677d	The central part of the disk is free of dust.
298208b0651647366d13766084428aa886c53aa4	It is believed that large planetary bodies have already formed from dust in the central region, and comets continue to form in the outer part.
07cc003b75d47f71cab2582ef1cf6274f1b575cf	The initial compression of a protostellar dust cloud occurs when it loses stability.
d38b6cbb5967a28a9786741d558c0f9d2b57e1a1	At the same time, the initial turbulence, the chaotic movement of particles subsides.
713302bffd956d6a29f4eb621e2a48f72f37a3f7	Larger solid dust grains particles are formed.
b3a2d909dd98330a251986d2e6ecc62acf7c6e21	The part of the substance that has an excess torque forms a thin gas dust layer – a gas dust disk.
5c760f158489dcfaba5a36fbaaeccd2c8c6bf273	A protoplanetary cloud – a dust subdisc is forming around the protostar.
a00f1ef7cd64370c48ea32ca4cf0fd5c7a3d75ba	Due to gravitational instability, separate small cold clumps are formed in the dust subdisc, which, colliding with each other, form increasingly massive bodies planetesimals.
56b3426f72af3e352f9de329bedd3315ee0f0741	A swarm of pre planetary bodies with a size of about 1 km is formed, the number of such bodies is very large – billions.
6f4d4ecceb1f7b01c71c40bacbe768ba72876e4b	Then the pre planetary bodies are combined into planets.
a37657ba3c41f5eaa084d3623ac906a232c08dc3	The proto sun is getting hot.
f39bab7b637a34995b6c18d6fd87bd32d1474cb0	Its radiation heats the inner region of the protoplanetary cloud to 400 K, forming an evaporation zone.
d293e5dfbf7bc694255cbf8264c7cc7fcb117306	The evolution of the solar system.
b03d26e3e088e3dc13d7fade0a7be7cc89ecaea5	As soon as the mass of the pro planet reaches 1-2 Earth masses, it is able to capture the atmosphere.
0198bf8ca2e73b393d93eac12b49052100afbe3e	Proto Jupiter has literally increased its mass tenfold over a hundred years due to the capture of gases.
0172b56cf0f74b80f48147ddee30527ea39abaa4	Then the accretion rate decreases, because all the gas directly in the path of the planet has already been absorbed, and from the outside it comes quite slowly (due to diffusion).
217f914420a3384719b0da91b757b8229890d3cd	In our Solar System, giant planets have formed on the periphery, capable of holding gas shells near them.
6ca5315513ac372b5dc62a5b1eb5f6ef5a8f3cc2	First, the cores of the giant planets were formed, and then the planets "built up" a shell of hydrogen and helium.
7f3fda648c22c5204a2164b75c925b8c1cf238d8	The two stage model of giant formation is confirmed by the facts.
47410b42143dec1ccb88c567c2aecfabfbfca9d2	The masses of the cores of the giant planets are approximately the same and equal to 15-20 M .
7d71f866d2b838a5b3423551045984967a7983fc	The amount of hydrogen decreases with increasing distance.
9ada92a4df7e8e5d838bc22030037d821d4cd960	The greater the mass of the planet, the faster the accretion of gas on it goes.
b79c05db6399737572d524f6979a8ae366b1e8b2	According to modern calculations, the growth of Jupiter lasted for tens of millions of years, and the growth of Saturn – hundreds of millions.
fbcd4a0333658c71f3e8910f234e32840199a4e8	The giant planets had their own minidisks of gas and dust, from which rings and numerous satellites were then formed.
8e758f15d8c7fe2e8c62ca2515c534414d630062	During the formation of Jupiter, it was in the area of its orbit that the boundary of condensation of water vapor passed.
b6dbbf83bc30d98c9c9f84b1c82cb2f7d8d24581	According to modern calculations, at closer distances, in the asteroid belt, volatile substances were in a gaseous state.
f4a672fc734f49675cb43fc984ebeead73a6d237	This led to the fact that the growth of pre planetary bodies in the area of the future Jupiter accelerated, and slowed down in the area of the asteroid belt.
e227151e92d3514ab96df5ecbaa61d728e7f4a37	That is why the massive Jupiter has overtaken the protoplanet closer to the Sun in terms of growth rate.
fda044fdc318ca821983d7ff083a68a9026bc524	But after its" birth", Jupiter began to slow down the formation of this planet in the asteroid belt.
4f672a989b473142cb9dd994828ba4c6fe71522f	The clumps of matter dispersed by the gravity of the giant planets were thrown out to the outskirts of the Solar System, where they became comets.
5e65ea6f26e98600080bda0610633f979fbeeeaa	Gravitational disturbances from Jupiter are still strongly affecting asteroids.
bdb1734319ee90410fe3530cbf66b8e40a20728a	Uranus and Neptune grew even more slowly.
8a2e436aaf59a82abf80c4dd80af7033a4c42bb3	By that time, there was even less gas left in the Solar System due to the action of the solar wind, so Uranus and Neptune contain less hydrogen in percentage than Jupiter.
bb66be631a810592fd3a863528aa11d2cd2b821a	The main components of these giant planets are water, methane and ammonia.
f26d4afd37696176027d9b7266e1d7d94fa324ef	Less massive planets have formed in the center of the Solar system.
9d0f5e1223047cd46849d8a9eddde4284c50d354	Here, the solar wind blew out small particles and gas.
cfe6bfed3b9f0831b3e59c0deac657ee5fc2ff2e	But the heavier particles, on the contrary, tended to the center.
3a3a7e3df018b5886359682ca1b9c34563c07866	The growth of the Earth continued for hundreds of millions of years.
cdff904410fd6f8e54863761c11dca6d00f2fb3e	Its bowels warmed up to 1000-2000 K due to gravitational compression and large bodies involved in the accumulation (up to hundreds of kilometers across).
a4eda351dd519f8519925be87710004bab852e4f	The fall of such bodies was accompanied by the formation of craters with pockets of elevated temperature under them.
48128f50cc08d7bd81bd730c8620a67b94e816c8	Another and the main source of the Earth's heat is the decay of radioactive elements, mainly uranium, thorium and potassium.
ba09cacbabc98b1e15e4a1855077ddbb12ba92da	Currently, the temperature in the center of the Earth reaches 5000 K, which is much higher than at the end of accumulation.
c7f4c2c2b0a923ea53f2ff9eb5aca5a3b4b59dea	The solar tides slowed down the rotation of the planets close to the Sun Mercury and Venus.
9265c1a9d510950183ce711b28606796e6e61bed	With the advent of radiological methods, the age of the Earth, the Moon and the Solar System was precisely determined – about 4.6 billion years.
e50991ae214c5de91cded5ee1e92e9fe86c8ab11	Computer experiments have demonstrated a remarkable property of our planetary system: the passage of a star with a mass of about 0.1 of the mass of the Sun through its outer regions will not change the orbits of the planets of the Earth group much.
c4183fb4563a8ef07e7933e6baf2e63e04153b07	The same cannot be said about remote objects located in the Oort Cloud, for which the distance from the Sun is hundreds of times greater than the radius of the Earth's orbit.
b45e07f861ebd70c533c0987552aab7f93adf9ba	The gravitational field of the Galaxy perturbs the orbits of small bodies on the outskirts of the Solar system and even causes their appearance inside the Earth's orbit.
3d8cb3da2dee9f0b25ccdb6daaaf8f6a8ad946b7	As for the Sun, the central body of the Solar system, it is a typical main sequence star, the equilibrium of which is due to the equality of the forces of gas pressure and gravity.
f1f64ce83352c5bb0966709edd438b99584dc04b	The sun has existed for 5 billion years and will emit an almost unchanged flow of energy for the same amount of time due to nuclear reactions occurring in its bowels.
24bed8f8a2e3c8d588f51f27603f8ecf7b4aa47b	Then, in accordance with the laws of stellar evolution, the Sun will turn into a red giant, and its radius will increase significantly, it will become larger than the Earth's orbit.
6e76f0805cca3554cc1f62a61e4de92f35327345	After that, the gas shell will dissipate, and a white dwarf will remain in the place of the Sun.
128596491bf62901fa0292281d55592a25dfc96c	This remnant of our former luminary will highlight the reserves of thermal energy for billions of years, gradually turning into an invisible cold object.
95a7c614e8ff99370658ff49ed9a119efedaec98	At the same time, the temperature on Earth will first increase to 10,000°C, and then decrease to almost absolute zero.
a95b4961e68c885d85599adc554b21de4dc96b67	Modern planetary cosmogony meets with many issues that require a strict solution.
fbc26c034b5955d2cc4ff0910a4c7a18e3ba1d9a	One of such questions is the paradox of the rotational moment.
3305d695156888ba61b827fc9e1430e800304b4b	Protoplanetary disks have a small mass, 10-100 times smaller than the central star.
627fb28f046a56efd28b80032bf0c38f3b908b53	For example, in the Solar system, 99.8 % of the mass consists of the Sun.
a978c484d62a60cf24507655bbd45aafc1b8e0a9	Nevertheless, the main rotational moment falls on the planets.
230471834925d13bad61b091595863ea1b60dfdf	Therefore, the question of the redistribution of the rotational moment from the central part of the condensing gas dust cloud to the periphery is very relevant and has not yet been resolved.
ec5a8b9f66b716dcc1b25bcdba35757d0b4ee689	Astronomers of ancient times believed that the universe and the Solar system existed forever and will exist for as long as in an unchanged form.
1aa721e1cb852fac28463adb0a2c4ba9ab56c720	With the advent of Christianity, the age of the Solar system has significantly decreased.
d5ee6bba88fbe51ce048899324d74c5829738e51	Giordano Bruno was the first to suggest that stars, like the Sun, are surrounded by planetary systems that are constantly being born and dying.
c109d0a607ad202ea663939545eae91f95c28c2f	In 1745, the French scientist Buffon hypothesized that the planets were formed from matter ejected from the Sun after the collision of the Sun with a comet.
43a1189d74ba1edf89931582e2bfc0d54751742a	The German philosopher Immanuel Kant in 1755 first outlined the idea of the emergence of the Solar system from a cloud of cold dust particles in chaotic motion.
ca8413d54acbb32f93878708fdd58ae239594520	According to Kant, planets are formed from the same gas dust cloud as the Sun.
b38d9b61af9d77390016870078dd5391f24348b1	In 1796, the French scientist Pierre Simon Laplace described the formation of the Sun and the Solar system from a slowly rotating incandescent gas nebula.
ad89b0350bb3441c7a962824f74ee8cf86e1ebbd	Under the influence of gravity, the central part of the protosun was compressed, the speed of its rotation increased, so it acquired a flattened shape.
1608f086bc445ef8699536fc6bcbf1b717198a4b	The clots were separated from the protosun and then cooled.
39c5daf4fb6e13cd19a5c3fd3514d9ed147c19c7	The substance from which the planets were formed, initially according to Laplace, was in a hot, molten state.
1b5e7fff4db3b24436480188da00418594b26808	But then it became clear that the Earth had never been either gas or hot.
248dabcea17ae56b40923925a9684d75756d4af8	Jeans ' hypothesis of the formation of planets in the Solar system.
bb1a14e107a8a58e3faf34b4a057b51b0229e9ef	A new theory proposed in 1916 by James Jeans, according to which a star passed near the Sun and its attraction caused the release of solar matter, from which planets were subsequently formed, was supposed to explain the paradox of the distribution of the angular momentum.
3359f3e8da92393e568f7ea7c11e28ff6ca96300	However, at present, experts do not support this theory.
80e7579e774d4057730007a41c530e928f5147b5	In 1935, Russell suggested that the Sun was a double star.
2012588f3c0698c7ade32f673f3e0bd13e92294a	The second star was torn apart by the forces of gravity during a close approach with another, third star.
fccb4a1cc6569482c8616811c349d4eb6466b603	Nine years later, Hoyle proposed the theory that the Sun was a double star, and the second star went through the entire path of evolution and exploded as a supernova, throwing off the entire shell.
804c57e6d59486815f20152c8baad061bce69bc4	From the remnants of this shell, the planetary system was formed.
c8f9e6fb6367a6a03975a02df9b4e1a004ab2f16	In the forties of the twentieth century, the Soviet astronomer Otto Schmidt suggested that the Sun captured a cloud of dust while orbiting the Galaxy.
50967d1f4aebc08ef75239a35bf497d264781491	Elements of many of the theories listed above are used by modern cosmogony.
9643b70591baaabd5acabf8256fb86dcbbd14619	Source of information: "Open Astronomy 2.5", LLC "FIZIKON" Main page of the section
2390fbf46642c640aeb81eb83beb7a068017f95b	Copyright © 2004-2016, The project ' Astrogalaxy • * released 12.07.2004
79ab81dc191784ae6c84624cd099ed84a33f1ba8	COSMOS Astronomy for children Objects of space Solar System Deep Space Constellations Messier Catalog
903b6c1e34b5ff3e794b8d9d94263f03a534fe92	Amateur astronomy History of space Space online Photos of space Sounds of space Videos about space
bfd2cacfb24fee1015aceabd45df89f22a666c8c	LUNAR CALENDAR of the Gardener and gardener of Sowing Hair Cutting Division of the Moon Phases New Moon Rising Moon Full Moon Waning Moon
454940b51be7c7ba919b8eba0c4376397222dbf3	Lunar days
698c343664ae136d5c8d6dd1340c63ad2e480dcd	ZODIAC SIGNS BY month and year January February March April May June July August September October November December
92295317be007add8d705c324f2551a04f67b29d	Compatibility of Zodiac Signs Characteristics
07eefbed744742ce0a0a38e116a917ab60802210	NATAL CHART Aspects of planets Retrograde planets Planets in zodiac signs Planets in horoscope houses
56e3e9d7b20c83539e8aa369abf47662d0566edb	DREAM book Miller's Dream book Vanga's Dream book Freud's Dream book Nostradamus ' Dream Book
fdf83fe3bf020f33066734dd85934be80b94229a	TELESCOPES Optical tubes Binoculars Astrophotography Useful articles
f2962e9b7e4ba6ba62185ec70463040927c121e8	COSMOS LUNAR CALENDAR ZODIAC SIGNS NATAL CHART DREAM BOOK TELESCOPES
b3417965ed5e985817930d7f616c6a644047c5ce	Navigation through the section SPACE NEWS ASTRONOMY FOR CHILDREN OBJECTS THE SOLAR SYSTEM DEEP SPACE OBJECTS CONSTELLATIONS MESSIER CATALOG
a0388a5f8d659e526f8e1de4cbc2f1ce8e69571a	OBSERVATIONS HISTORY ONLINE
dc0be2de1461332323feac67ef6e7b445259cc2f	Geomagnetic situation in Moscow and St. Petersburg
108022da11e0d93a00c5202840c24a2f368d9991	Outer space > The solar system is a collection of certain neighbors in space that exist within certain limits.
bbfe25b5986a1d10648460acdf4cfe103a24fdc1	This extraordinary system of celestial bodies includes: a star, 8 planets, 140 moons and many other objects, such as asteroids, comets, as well as dwarf planets.
854ea7d2568e94766928ca1484aff818e7f8774c	In the very center of the Solar System there is an average in size and age yellow star, which we call the Sun. Around it, for about five billion years, 8 planets have been circling in an eternal dance, as well as other rotating bodies.
b28c153af7590074a4b101fcc620832f1201f8cf	The size of the planets varies from small stone worlds to giants consisting of gas and ice.
910ff4a5640169e548510f46c556e68ef826d524	There are many moons orbiting around such planets, ranging in size from rocky asteroids to established planets with their own atmosphere.
44f30aa27e68b7b74de1957b9491481f123bc412	Composition of the Solar system
675b8c9e88ab566154f0133ea084965834c102f1	The sun is the source of energy of our planet.
6f395b9633ed74d1cede86653db48fd4212dacec	Without the Sun, life on Earth would be impossible.
d20c1b8570fc33fac7bbcc29bb54b08bd9920226	Planets of the Earth group
ea1a71b7f164088ff54f23751895151beb43a7cf	The solar system is divided into two parts — the inner and outer regions.
8e3dabcb3cac7805d703127b44c7d4b250f900f0	The planets of the Earth group are located in the inner region (Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars).
710689724688f399e9d200d136d47be8442d1126	Venus
a074430f352b879e7939d4290bf82c99b436b900	Earth
1778011d76abab63f8683ec00f560f177275bc4b	Mars
f8841847fc1833996246cda047c14d3be5942dab	Asteroid Belt After leaving the red planet with its moons behind, we find before us a strange cluster of small planet like objects called the Asteroid Belt of the Solar System.
0599fd677162877450448541ccd3a506c33e738f	The two regions are separated by an asteroid Belt.
74738409407b5f1dadb8519bf09a487c8eda44d5	The planets of the Earth group consist of a silicate crust, a mantle and a metal core.
b7d683ae529aeae1c45b6e1f2d2c908d19906b93	The planets of the outer region consist mainly of hydrogen and helium.
88d1577dcc4f245ab6ce133765fe78bb8913aa7f	Jupiter
7c14ab20f3a9f832ead5de7b2b092a81c847db8e	Saturn
e4458dd128aa6efaff132fdd10fa70177926007b	Uranus
125186d5ff63f69c3e2321b1e81aa13d69cff28e	Neptune
599bdf9ee401a74521cf7f30509aa5183f4e707d	There are two regions beyond Neptune the Kuiper Belt and the Oort Cloud.
c31bb92b6ecdee72843ba21e485d516654808b9f	The Kuiper Belt consists of dwarf planets and many small celestial bodies.
69e29bef042bc5e5af5516baafed91b63946762e	At a considerable distance from the Kuiper Belt, the Oort cloud is located — the abode of icy comets.
0cc9eed33f479f754d727ad4e168ae108fd751ba	Scientists have little information about these regions, however, they hope that in 2015, when the NASA satellite reaches Pluto, science will be abundantly replenished with new information.
f2e349d483ce2d0770d9c5f8a3493ab466ef82cf	Other objects of the Solar system
323ad4dcf2b97a8c32662e536129c645677f0700	Comets are cosmic snowballs consisting of frozen gases, rocks and dust and about the size of a small city.
3f85d9d6ed4a01876c9b6a1a3f49b80ece34cd86	When a comet's orbit brings it close to the Sun, it heats up and spews dust and gas, making it brighter than most planets.
f41d1eeacef132cc60f00ea6a5db11eb23af187a	Dwarf Planets Dwarf planets orbit the Sun, as do the eight major planets.
efa319179dd396baa063abbb175864d15a3f3aab	But unlike planets, dwarf planets are not able to clear their orbital path.
64f388804ac9f43fd6091f7a9923b145071e2690	The dwarf planet is much smaller than the planets (smaller than even the Earth's satellite Moon).
1c72a801c14be10daee9c0c0b84e7621a713b2d0	The most famous of the dwarf planets is Pluto.
00b377d8446004e39c3e03e7f5918eb0c75c67a4	The Kuiper Belt and the Oort Cloud The Kuiper Belt is a disk shaped region of icy objects beyond the orbit of Neptune billions of kilometers from our Sun. Pluto and Eris are the most famous of these icy worlds.
790614af9a04fe8a4ecb2abcb7f6e1be8f1f7914	There could be hundreds more ice dwarfs out there.
f6a295746a3a2b6f8b85c12923e11d2bb2dfb582	The Kuiper Belt and the even more distant Oort Cloud are believed to be home to comets orbiting the Sun.
21effef4a1cff757f221cff616f78e82f2c174d2	Outside the Solar System, our star and its planets are only a tiny part of the Milky Way galaxy.
7d2fe34395466a367a7835f97d04ca011c20cf7a	Beyond the Solar system lies a vast expanse, which is a huge city of stars, so large that it would take 100,000 years to cross it at the speed of light.
29e7fb4337ec6327fad6f45269a9ba9f7f7114c8	All the stars in the night sky, including our Sun — are just some of the inhabitants of this galaxy.
628dae45d2badb6c363fedd11220c776efaf7039	In addition to our own galaxy, there are a huge number of other galaxies
7eae5191b881039ecf96e760f87060c7635caec4	At the moment, we know that the Solar system consists of the Sun, eight planets and their moons, as well as asteroids, comets, dwarf celestial bodies, the Kuiper Belt and the Oort cloud.
c646a9580c43ad33e34225673c35541c2378ad00	Eight planets, with the exception of Uranus, move around the sun in the same direction and in the same plane, called the ecliptic plane.
82ab3547e7d927d200e5f179d2137ad6a25f4310	The order of the planets of the Solar system (from left to right): Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
1673f8d457705ffcf5791f2483617cf02b54c724	The history of the exploration of the Solar system For many centuries, people have been looking at the night sky and thinking about the mysterious lights, trying to at least partially understand the essence of what is happening.
36e384dfa65d5acddf66b3b4974d8c6b965cdc21	These lights were called planets, which translates from Greek as a wanderer, and the system of planets was called the "Solar System".
f9abce80ea20e0cb4897b1fd64a2faeb115d249d	At the time of the appearance of the concept of "planet" in the scientific community, scientists believed that the earth was the center of the universe, so the planets were presented as divine messengers traveling through the heavenly expanses.
1462debeb4dfed3216dd8830c60699f3efa73660	Many planets have received divine names — Mercury, Mars, Venus, Jupiter, Saturn.
bcfd454fb0155d02e6ee262616eac7adb7467dec	After the dense Middle Ages were replaced by the Renaissance, scientific paradigms underwent significant changes.
dd73852ff4aca32ccf7f18df87169b51753ccf95	People began to gradually come to the realization that after all, the planets move around the sun, and not around the earth.
33a08308c5535efc3bf310b9d4e989bdf2860707	A huge contribution to the astronomy of this period was made by such scientists as Galileo, Copernicus and Kepler.
b6347ee1c85bd2dba3eb9112f78039c9006d9662	With the invention of the telescope, scientists realized that our Solar system has a much more complex structure than previously thought.
caf2413646ac17a71ac19e1679f9f169c1852b96	Soon the moons of Jupiter were discovered, as well as the rings of Saturn.
e36eb28355004b745d43bdddf5c4868d06128cd2	Thus began a new era in space exploration.
ea88cbf33bd0472a28c615923fc225d00bdb4b87	Armed with telescopes, scientists continued to explore the cosmos.
a131142c46c1e9534bea14b84e48a399f6031a6f	Eventually, after extensive research, Uranus, Neptune and the ninth planet of the solar system, Pluto, were discovered.
6d92b4cee864c357066e9e59fb2c5ae3b69ceb73	Later, thanks to more advanced technologies, the moons of Mars, Jupiter and Saturn were discovered.
027dc82941014ac407b1fa4761f4a051f4360f47	Already at the beginning of the 20th century, humanity was able to see the planets of the solar system in detail.
8803498195b0fe8636d9e6e303cf1e878b3dfc86	A significant event in the world of astronomy was the sending of telescopes into outer space.
2c0545ab5625749b053931825bc408ddbc0dc7db	Thanks to the Voyager program, launched in 1977, extensive information was obtained about the planets of our Solar system.
c6fd89afad25b8495fc86c611ac750f2eda520fa	At the end of the 20th century, the planet Pluto was ranked as a dwarf planet.
266f4d3ff018adc1674154166dac8e340d43f442	Thus, our Solar system began to consist of eight planets instead of nine.
6204829d416c7ac8efcc6e4866517877eb68e860	Useful articles:
0dfc959070ad23f63fc189a86f7e731437412737	Interesting facts about the Solar system;
5ee84ef20b91d8c7c0e6075053492725dda93f40	Formation of the Solar System How the Solar System was formed;
357e3062b9752ab12c86023cb3473ebd79c8a0ac	Geocentric model of the Solar System;
87d87df7118bf9377dfdcdb1d109e3655bde4e1c	Heliocentric model of the Solar System;
91fdde79725ab2225bee5c684dcfe481d3b809ed	Solar Nebula Theory;
ad7839dccb595f6e645697ec42425ca6393f9889	Solar Nebula;
8a7e1df788cc1a6712b94e2a2f5a986b7bb62b44	Facts about the Solar system The largest objects of the Solar system;
fd22e892a295fa67c6e88a31bb9bddbdb1f7c9c4	How many satellites are there in the Solar system;
786c309da9d6db685aa840858552d524f6d3b31e	The largest satellite in the Solar system;
eb9decbc0dab270897217844f2bac983751b0c83	The smallest satellite in the Solar system;
f95ea71bbb11ae69f02e2ff28179709e4b00283d	How many stars are there in the Solar System;
2b81695da1d615117b5598ad1e5f0134094bc651	Dimensions of the Solar System;
850198f8d768f43d6a2ee606a2e7ae1efbf63a93	The age of the Solar System;
99b476574440eac7976d70db80278ccbdf22762d	Tell your friends about it!!! 16112
c113eb8f827c411eb3ac23297abe7fdc90d54240	LATEST space news A rocket with small satellites arrives for the first launch in New Zealand...
22772b30b3cea192b7427d4cac961c0de982ee09	A Martian mission is about to "nail" to the atmosphere...
043231ef4b4b3e7d1d5f978179167e858f84d018	Winston Churchill was thinking about alien life Curiosity's malfunction puts the mission at risk Kepler can detect exoloons formed by giant impacts...
e325594fa8066d03faff15f655616e5ec6172d47	Site Search Find:
fdee298c0320227052b38341a91a053adbf7507a	The planets Mercury
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3fd635ed300cb72240333b76a067aea7e0f24f2c	The solar system is the Sun
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af0b65e59b15b667129e58b9c1a64aae91e891c4	Meteors and meteorites
71f6fc51e40b4f0e16a630aad768b971d0c8f3b6	The Kuiper Belt and the Oort Cloud
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5a74a83b7b3ae74bda6c2f33951013a6727a0321	Dark matter and dark energy
37e7381c5911691dff191c8e1ca695944c5ea2b8	Cosmos Online Webcam on the ISS Online
407bf381b24d3e4306af0c6cbfba2018753ca6cc	Magnetic storms today
feda76f581b402cb300b480c8e7eb25c8c362b84	Map of the starry sky
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c004bbfdacdd232d0e40cd39ca8179b8a32f25e4	Panorama of the Milky Way 3D model of the Solar system
78a46b846c022d2e9e49806c6f6e1ede6b461d17	Cosmos, Natal chart and Lunar calendar for 2017 on V kosmose.com, 2014-2017 All rights reserved.
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2d2f487c824cbd56e8f014b48ae8442636a64192	Home / Library / In popular magazines / "In the World of Science"
7be008fba73b485a122bffb56250dfef4a6ec9fa	The origin of the planets
b5c6a41a0c4533698b5c20143d17e93d15e689f2	Encyclopedia LHC science news Picture of the day
110dbf63a3f4db8b37c295c12975fed90f67f55e	Douglas Lin "In the World of Science" No.
3a9947c6672d0536efae9083dc724ebfa7bcdc58	8, 2008
dcac271495ef2db84f48f957545e4b986d326b0c	Library Methodology of Science Favorites Public lectures Lectures for schoolchildren Library "Dynasties" Interviews Published in full In popular magazines
1c6b869f0f6d96730bc8098cf7ea764e86001447	About the author Douglas N. C. Lin, like many scientists of his generation, became interested in astronomy under the influence of the launch of the first satellite in 1957.
c0640c28b009073d80cf0e837ae5885b22c69f59	He was born in New York and grew up in Beijing.
8a181c252d5e67af8461e774ff80bd0d361b7a3f	He studied at McGill University in Montreal, defended his dissertation at the University of Cambridge, then worked at Cambridge and Harvard Universities, and later began teaching at the University of California, Santa Cruz.
2e5499cda3e89a0f4cb9a103dd4bd1c1c15531c5	He is the founder and director of the Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics of the Kavli Foundation at Peking University.
99ea68ffc041efe88891f78442735c28542e2a46	As a lover of skiing, he knows firsthand about ice particles and ice lines.
9800e278e2c87f1180babebaff33479879869447	"In the world of Science" "Knowledge is power" "Quantum" "Quantum ""Schrodinger's Cat" "Science and Life" "First hand Science" "Popular Mechanics" "Potential": Chemistry.
d66c2e36f98fb3cfd288ff4ddfee74bdbc493586	Biology.
4035424191fe18ae37fabeef0688fa81f7b84cd2	Medicine "Potential": Mathematics.
928f1d522bbbce0c56846d21d5268599d58c5cd8	Physics.
929900dec0350c5df98040b491a71156150e6a56	Computer Science "Nature" "Trinity variant"
31de308abd585bf38a51fe6e380121d4e726c49e	On the scale of space, planets are just grains of sand that play an insignificant role in the grandiose picture of the development of natural processes.
429f6ae7c9fcbac930c32661395ace1b8a9062e4	However, these are the most diverse and complex objects in the Universe.
48cbd4c4cfbd32b71e4fc91073fdd37799a12de5	None of the other types of celestial bodies has such an interaction of astronomical, geological, chemical and biological processes.
f81521f7eef26d4bc1b3a74c62c246cd9854f7b7	Life as we know it cannot originate in any of the other places in the cosmos.
12e52761e2a53b563cae1a54ca740d24621c57a6	In the last decade alone, astronomers have discovered more than 200 planets.
a1f6f68c8e02ab60c9fa03e51adf61b2395220bc	The formation of planets, which has long been considered a calm and stationary process, in fact turned out to be very chaotic.
c4cc49e7d73993dc9e83cf8922c1eafb5d0c579d	"Chemistry and life" "What's new...
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dfac72444a1b92ca353b08157fe656be8fb97485	The amazing variety of masses, sizes, composition and orbits made many people think about their origin.
d49f4246847451267170e31e90caff2a39a3b31b	In the 1970s, the formation of planets was considered an ordered, deterministic process a conveyor belt on which amorphous gas dust disks turn into copies of the Solar system.
0e77ce3677eff261e91243a70cda7cea2f153b59	The planets that were born survived in the chaos of competing mechanisms of formation and destruction.
8942ad92460434c4ef3886d90f37751212b9ab54	Many objects died, burned up in the fire of their star, or were thrown into interstellar space.
dd1cc7c3496e8c4895953c9710cbb3ff70b4822b	Our Earth could have long lost twins, now wandering in the dark and cold space.
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f98d0a2066edc3ce28b5226fd4b1015f705bc36b	Science news 14.02 The Cambrian fossil Saccorhytus was placed at the base of the evolutionary lineage of secondary larvae 13.02 The evolutionary consequences of gene duplications were quantified 10.02 Intergroup selection forms society, and intragroup selection supports it 08.02 Structures of 144 molecular components were obtained by self assembly 07.02 The evolution of beaks demonstrates the course of adaptive radiation in birds
05e42ee40b9c07dd04e305a90f7b68c9607329c3	A young giant planet captures gas from the disk around a newborn star.
a6a23287da29b8610953b347ba4e11b180212bf7	Image "In the world of Science"
776d8fef92537076cbce762caa4143546eef157b	In general, planetary scientists develop two main directions.
29f5198a358c24f39a7fc7d6ecb88e7a5554361e	According to the theory of sequential accretion, tiny dust particles stick together, forming large blocks.
bbb9f3dd454e90f79dc2017db0a40fc6927ca52b	If such a block attracts a lot of gas, it turns into a gas giant like Jupiter, and if not, into a rocky planet like Earth.
4a33aa404bc6e4a12a187a2341f929cb0bf45249	The main disadvantages of this theory are the slowness of the process and the possibility of gas scattering before the formation of the planet.
49ecaed072993b4b92e21d42cb092dfaa27ca8d7	In another scenario (the theory of gravitational instability), it is stated that gas giants are formed by a sudden collapse, leading to the destruction of the primary gas dust cloud.
61a6cfa98b66a7e5378ec0a2453f11983c9248ad	This process copies the formation of stars in miniature.
836ce43a7cfc558244050aef4e8992c3d02dfc3a	But this hypothesis is very controversial, because it assumes the presence of a strong instability, which may not occur.
2c942b773344c206005cca0021029378bb569663	In addition, astronomers have found that the most massive planets and the least massive stars are separated by a "void" (bodies of intermediate mass simply do not exist).
b852f771f7510d15554c71a18ccd7e2169e8fb4f	Such a "failure" indicates that the planets are not just low mass stars, but objects of a completely different origin.
fc7260d224701ee81277484ac59d8742b2e048b5	Ten years ago, scientists studying the formation of planets based their theories on a single example — our Solar system.
29eed618152d48edcf183ae3ea56376025ee7d1c	But now dozens of emerging and dozens of already formed planetary systems have been discovered, and no two of them are the same.
98a503c4195ea79bf38bcf263581506f6d367af6	The main idea of the leading theories of planet formation is as follows: small dust particles stick together and capture gas.
0e1dde4ad07c99683d98eaf02a173fa572c87803	But these processes are complex and confusing.
9a13454f94a23064b910d5640a1cf552e7af8180	The struggle of competing mechanisms can lead to completely different results.
2cd59f9c7bcc46603ee3bff3748654a3e77a223d	Despite the fact that scientists continue to argue, most consider the scenario of sequential accretion more likely.
a6c9289c68bb381a0754a425973d346066ff0ef3	In this article, I will rely on it.
8592122fa31a13deb3098261e3bc958af2e4c0e6	1. The interstellar cloud is shrinking Time: 0 (the starting point of the planet formation process) Our Solar system is located in a Galaxy where there are about 100 billion stars and clouds of dust and gas, mostly the remnants of stars of previous generations.
75d13c143224578f882dd85f3fc93b1956545883	In this case, the dust is just microscopic particles of water ice, iron and other solid substances condensed in the outer, cool layers of the star and ejected into outer space.
5ffbb3b5e3ae8e24695bfe1353febfeee479d21c	If the clouds are cold and dense enough, they begin to contract under the influence of gravity, forming clusters of stars.
5352dee0bf689ec4842b81c4fdacb265300e4617	Such a process can last from 100 thousand to several million years.
944f8d4cff22e512a9f49102a23e45ef10287e6d	Each star is surrounded by a disk of the remaining matter, which is enough for the formation of planets.
a5bb7249783c43af159290528a20b4ebf7fe6eb5	Young disks mainly contain
b8a97ab36d23bc01768881355558bc50d1f0e589	hydrogen and helium.
eb5078159ae3c65daea91f9070c9780fa0341cc9	In their hot inner regions, dust particles evaporate, and in the cold and rarefied outer layers, dust particles persist and grow as steam condenses on them.
07f9ffa17a42c2f56345dc062b7ceeb56ae1eb03	Astronomers have discovered many young stars surrounded by such disks.
58c11f00bbf1c86b69adbf88c576e441a27635fb	Stars aged from 1 to 3 million years have gas disks, while those that have existed for more than 10 million years have weak, gas poor disks, since the gas "blows" out of it either the newborn star itself or neighboring bright stars.
eb9a84b5b8861a60aed6b98ca990d440a9deffbd	This time range is exactly the epoch of the formation of planets.
28071bb268c5c7c9d80736150e1400a6e2663f35	The mass of heavy elements in such disks is comparable to the mass of these elements in the planets of the Solar system: a fairly strong argument in defense of the fact that planets are formed from such disks.
516156debc7223007ad7c8d36186324f2960a6b7	The result: the newborn star is surrounded by gas and tiny (micron sized) dust particles.
a13e59670225269149fcbcb99d0c167f3a34074f	Even giant planets began with modest bodies — micron dust particles (the ashes of long dead stars) floating in a rotating gas disk.
cdc5c359c418f584a9801e9f4c8a8414bb3659e1	With the distance from the newborn star, the temperature of the gas drops, passing through the "ice line", beyond which the water freezes.
445c47f9a7934539da56634b4fb4efa3db410f97	In our Solar system, this boundary separates the inner solid planets from the outer gas giants.
9bfc0a3c6d4fdc9c789f44d874f6679731b73e6f	1. Particles collide, stick together and grow.
b576745b90c3403de2a171e2b365bf89df1627d6	2. Small particles are carried away by gas, but those that are larger than a millimeter are slowed down and spiral towards the star.
6694d208678f8942bfb5bc83f695ce723085af04	3. At the ice line, the conditions are such that the friction force changes direction.
d225a8f6838c480dde82f6eb280ae6e1db791538	The particles tend to stick together and easily combine into larger bodies planetesimals.
2c8c44d1da8f2e369f680e7bc0763786e048d2b0	2. The disk acquires the structure of Time: about 1 million years, dust particles in the protoplanetary disk, moving chaotically along with gas flows, collide with each other and sometimes stick together, sometimes collapse.
53b36b2281a21b1ec430f26660b5158ca78943b1	The dust particles absorb the star's light and re emit it in the long wave infrared range, transferring heat to the darkest inner regions of the disk.
3bb5e5fc03bfb4f8a2baa646ae607314a06f93ed	The temperature, density, and pressure of the gas as a whole decrease with distance from the star.
e218fa51f5f4bcd13702fe4220388ade34c0a90e	Due to the balance of pressure, gravity and centrifugal force, the rotation speed of the gas around the star is less than that of a free body at the same distance.
9ba1591d635597929836756e11eb5a1efbe4fd84	As a result, dust particles larger than a few millimeters are ahead of the gas, so the headwind slows them down and forces them to spiral down to the star.
8db7c96e93aebf13a2ed8a8ff0bc2680d52d323c	The larger these particles become, the faster they move down.
c0a24aa10e18de5a95a1fbbaf94cc4b504718510	Meter sized blocks can reduce their distance from the star by half in just 1000 years.
7d180064ab7d58a5ed6cdf306098b78e0364a001	As the particles approach the star, they heat up, and gradually water and other substances with a low boiling point, called volatiles, evaporate.
ac216e324585609c290157f0e6354a7d70ccb67f	The distance at which this happens, the so called "ice line", is 2-4 astronomical units
92bdb4a7252958918aeb800e7c0aafec5b2da8db	In the Solar system, this is just something in between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter (the radius of the Earth's orbit is 1 AU).
9149ce896a5a5db444b380e757166352fced1fa3	The ice line divides the planetary system into an inner region devoid of volatile substances and containing solids, and an outer region rich in volatile substances and containing icy bodies.
679837a305c5780d7531d1508041f29b226120b7	On the ice line itself, water molecules accumulate, evaporated from dust particles, which serves as a trigger for a whole cascade of phenomena.
4cb21f7155082b8f191b7c80269bc1bed2a529d9	In this area, there is a gap in the gas parameters, and a pressure jump occurs.
8b6856dd7c7ba4e751660cf04e6ed0480d6ecc6e	The balance of forces causes the gas to accelerate its movement around the central star.
56c4ff82fbd40291d1f891fb29a8d7f35d887a29	As a result, the particles falling here are under the influence of a tailwind, not a counter wind, which pushes them forward and stops their migration into the disk.
79ac8801cf26d0a6fb08b944c1e238edac5a6d51	And as particles continue to flow from its outer layers, the ice line turns into a band of its accumulation.
bbf4741069dc59abcba580b8ba0a91a83fb3f728	Accumulating, the particles collide and grow.
f274393d8163137109c79f0ef4836a8200ce5050	Some of them break through the ice line and continue to migrate inside; when heated, they are covered with liquid mud and complex molecules, which makes them more sticky.
38a6fd991c649783f4525f5c689e26b0e935ab96	Some areas are so filled with dust that the mutual gravitational attraction of the particles accelerates their growth.
e1a2cb223f95ac6aac4cdb6c17271a9c15b6de65	Gradually, the dust particles gather into kilometer sized bodies called planetesimals, which at the last stage of planet formation rake almost all the primary dust.
f1f3b2b556fc71ee417ffd629152bf696cb7962a	It is difficult to see the planetesimals themselves in the forming planetary systems, but astronomers can guess their existence from the fragments of their collisions (see: Ardila D. Invisible planetary systems / / VMN, No. 7, 2004).
bb90d56bf49e2a213297c077b3a19b42a9d3c046	The result: a lot of kilometer long "building blocks" called planetesimals.
192cb9ec1b680fc4af5d030c209ba76962bf4e33	The growth of oligarchs Billions of kilometer long planetesimals formed at stage 2 are then collected into bodies the size of the Moon or Earth, called embryos.
17e3cac479dc72ff5a4e288b276cf192dee9df43	A small number of them dominate in their orbital zones.
69649cabbb527b46bf13ea272a3bc15e1f10e0e4	These "oligarchs" among the embryos are fighting for the remaining substance
8e2a9c6efbbb6d69e67a076a0368eb13f588b06a	3. The embryos of planets are formed Time: from 1 to 10 million years, the cratered surfaces of Mercury, the Moon and asteroids leave no doubt that during the formation of planetary systems are similar to a shooting range.
a52a8aeec1341f4efdc24215723a161708f21308	Mutual collisions of planetesimals can stimulate both their growth and destruction.
c9e4f631ee4dadef52421ea71946479d17cb013c	The balance between coagulation and fragmentation leads to a size distribution, in which small bodies are mainly responsible for the surface area of the system, and large ones determine its mass.
bab31024a19aa7163d286a005adcd1777ae35f70	The orbits of bodies around a star may initially be elliptical, but over time, braking in gas and mutual collisions turn the orbits into circular ones.
a457e998ea8666919c207b8afcd0559c231d2e65	Initially, the growth of the body occurs due to random collisions.
768cc51dc02ea67e2b4d9e1b8df0f8da30d4910a	But the larger the planetesimal becomes, the stronger its gravity, the more intensely it absorbs its low mass neighbors.
c2d1777ac1d9985182ce2e81c351814f594791f9	When the masses of the planetesimals become comparable to the mass of the Moon, their gravity increases so much that they shake the surrounding bodies and deflect them to the sides even before the collision.
4c9d3506f1e61aff657be28f4917cbc1dfa828d8	This is how they limit their growth.
4db09278ad022bff0f299d71afb57482786a93be	This is how "oligarchs" arise — the embryos of planets with comparable masses, competing with each other for the remaining planetesimals.
72e35a53ddc8a03c184b57ed340befb4f3f8891c	The feeding zone of each embryo is a narrow strip along its orbit.
12630ab8cff8855d332a9f735a4329dcb85f645b	Growth stops when the embryo absorbs most of the planetesimals from its zone.
1b15045cf15e876fffa2890cfc1fed523b58ac1b	Elementary geometry shows that the size of the zone and the duration of absorption increase with distance from the star.
ce939d7a68d92e7d6e3bacdf8d8111add94c6281	At a distance of 1 AU, the embryos reach a mass of 0.1 of the Earth's mass within 100 thousand years.
b257bec16e55ffc38096c9f50485b749b3e6dc22	At a distance of 5 AU, they reach four Earth masses in a few million years.
b91322553a16a1e178c17cd8dfed6298f9c603cd	The embryos can become even larger near the ice line or at the edges of the disk breaks, where planetesimals are concentrated.
1b1f6f4c134712ba2181e58d0a6e8fc164230f3a	The growth of" oligarchs " fills the system with an excess of bodies that strive to become planets, but only a few succeed.
905d093173cd282c568498c2240184b88ed3c665	In our Solar system, although the planets are distributed over a large space, they are as close to each other as possible.
209046c2b6bd5a6d587ebb6ed0768669aa6184ce	If another planet with the mass of the Earth is placed between the Earth type planets, it will unbalance the entire system.
ea2c977723b70dafdf48da4459e91bbf56325309	The same can be said about other known planetary systems.
4ce6378a4327ceaa3c1c6babf747a94c7f640ad5	If you see a cup of coffee filled to the brim, you can be almost sure that someone has filled it and spilled some liquid; ma it is unlikely that you can fill the container to the brim without spilling a drop.
f6d8a2f4c9919ed9909c46681f17412ca44748ce	It is just as likely that planetary systems have more matter at the beginning of their life than at the end.
7b04658ca88a7eaa492f81e29d84692381b6651b	Some objects are thrown out of the system before it reaches equilibrium.
a49178b2f8a16507d2c25a9b575688dfa8af8111	Astronomers have already observed free flying planets in young star clusters.
20e9693c2f37339debfa9d56d6012df4b850e6b1	The result: "oligarchs" are the embryos of planets with masses ranging from the mass of the Moon to the mass of the Earth.
b03a10d5e20ded407c0eab90830a5d3447e6e2d5	The formation of such a gas giant as Jupiter is the most important moment in the history of the planetary system.
e80c244d55bcf3518ed84ad2e066e825181fb76b	If such a planet has formed, it begins to control the entire system.
a514ae0e917f6c92a406aaa27cea4f0afde74897	But for this to happen, the embryo must collect gas faster than it moves in a spiral to the center.
eaeb5c18d3f4782ce80cfea1302f2e0b9375ffb4	A giant leap for a planetary system.
957380fed5cb2e6e9e112e4d967c83209e450fa9	Image "In the world of Science" The formation of a giant planet is hindered by the waves that it excites in the surrounding gas.
6aa89bd0fed8597e1923eb4d262e3318409b405d	The action of these waves is not balanced, it slows down the planet and causes its migration towards the star.
32b18dd3c31ceaeeac85007bd6a6d0f77974b050	The planet attracts gas, but it canot settle until it cools down.
8ca8e62ad15d2105ec4b8caa1ba1564798a33fe3	And during this time, it can come quite close to the star in a spiral.
d41087471dd987459ed23c6a71c5029fa7cb4bfd	A giant planet may not form in all systems
dd5af04a532bcb2eae5fcfaec524b59b56e2eae1	4. A gas giant is born Time: from 1 to 10 million years, Jupiter probably began with an embryo comparable in size to the Earth, and then accumulated about 300 more Earth masses of gas.
8ca84ed194f84b0e740a800e580fd1d32e5f5302	Such an impressive growth is due to various competing mechanisms.
8eb53c2c968c4a9df1344b03c7424d7173442c2e	The gravity of the embryo attracts gas from the disk, but the gas compressing to the embryo releases energy, and in order to settle, it must cool down.
f519b7bbaac757ef3884b2c72bdd5e1c3c94550e	Therefore, the growth rate is limited by the possibility of cooling.
b3aed7a252e0bcdaee47d7c0ae15093e427d1061	If it happens too slowly, the star can blow the gas back into the disk before the embryo forms a dense atmosphere around itself.
724392a8dc699ce45619b8a201b30fb34140710e	The bottleneck in heat removal is the transfer of radiation through the outer layers of the growing atmosphere.
4b961085752a1629eaa2c9a8d022f25884456d9d	The heat flow there is determined by the opacity of the gas (mainly depends on its composition) and the temperature gradient (depends on the initial mass of the embryo).
b7787d694e4d2131f56b6144a6fcbd004d1d2f29	Early models showed that the embryo of a planet for sufficiently rapid cooling should have a mass of at least 10 Earth masses.
f20a49d1e01a2179a0c5d0a427c1fe3bd4592bc7	Such a large specimen can grow only near the ice line, where a lot of matter has previously collected.
a774be37a6b002a5d77ac43873a7ce6f8953aee5	Perhaps that is why Jupiter is located just behind this
5f5dea83afe6ed31d36f5d2e74a16ec864da18d3	a line.
492a44d705137ad1303e3a365374ed9f015499f2	Large embryos can be formed in any other place, if the disk contains more matter than planetologists usually assume.
d2aa96525f0c5897a2eaacf7dc0ce3f331a6a869	Astronomers have already observed many stars, the disks around which are several times denser than previously assumed.
7e0c66ceb8ffeff64579dd81a86552763bbf5515	For a large sample, heat transfer does not seem to be a serious problem.
fdd5324d1cbdcddbe4d8b750c1f7cf4f99c5d0d3	Another factor complicating the birth of gas giants is the movement of the embryo in a spiral to the star.
adb3edf90ec6e616c91ccda4e98df840fb300e5f	In a process called type I migration, the embryo excites waves in the gas disk, which in turn gravitationally affect its movement along the orbit.
8a9f16b64fc08b0efef8127acfa02368c6231792	The waves follow the planet, as its trail stretches behind the boat.
548adde116fcc9057335d8483de3df23c91d76d8	The gas on the outer side of the orbit rotates slower than the embryo and pulls it back, slowing down the movement.
671c285a8e2798f289422cda4ea12f9586829743	And the gas inside the orbit rotates faster and pulls forward, accelerating it.
b292ad844f6abca73f4a363856931ba7b7f5ad14	The outer region is larger, so it wins the battle and causes the embryo to lose energy and descend to the center of the orbit by several astronomical units in a million years.
5252f14745ba898fb105db45c1f1b0a274606cb9	This migration usually stops at the ice line.
c34a9993b7f5a0492e7f93ca4e047e7a8b43ca44	Here, the oncoming gas wind turns into a tailwind and begins to push the embryo forward, compensating for its braking.
a739ae295c01599b4d0573a45130f626b7e952cc	Perhaps that is also why Jupiter is exactly where it is.
d3090a59d6dbd77c894c8fd1206239fe5532935b	The growth of the embryo, its migration and the loss of gas from the disk occur at almost the same pace.
7ccc5d6454c17b766b6681e3bf8b4aafbe206b58	Which process will win depends on luck.
1ae8da5902ebce93b84cc6b80bb0b242ecae56be	It is possible that several generations of embryos will go through the migration process without being able to complete their growth.
1e980a3b2cabb525c5885dadadcf68f210c9b935	Behind them, new batches of planetesimals are moving from the outer regions of the disk to its center, and this is repeated until a gas giant is eventually formed, or until all the gas is dissolved, and the gas giant can no longer form.
d9367a000fd63dbf5f3caa8db7c1e9aa958e9ad4	Astronomers have discovered Jupiter like planets in about 10% of the studied sun like stars.
bbb420a1dd40260e566065c85e2e19088f2f64c1	The cores of such planets may be rare embryos that have survived from many generations — the last of the Mohicans.
59bc6da2e51782ae3c0b51af44ffa072d84de38e	The result of all these processes depends on the initial composition of the substance.
8236ec3ae7c162f3e27d15c3b89f9dbf59550bac	About a third of the stars rich in heavy elements have Jupiter type planets.
100ac8c33e43146cc0cd2b0d9daf62303cab49f9	It is possible that such stars had dense disks, which allowed the formation of massive embryos that did not have problems with heat dissipation.
6e82c0985b5b847add26d0c1c7a2c6d51b371ad8	And, on the contrary, planets rarely form around stars that are poor in heavy elements.
dc352c203b386e3a1ce3f13052de7199247f7ea5	At some point, the mass of the planet begins to grow monstrously fast: in 1000 years, a planet like Jupiter acquires half of its final mass.
8fe2b989f6610726bdd59af3241cd0644802903d	At the same time, it emits so much heat that it shines almost like the Sun.
8504f2a01889e9aa7320553b936a1440aaf6a569	The process stabilizes when the planet becomes so massive that it turns the Type I migration "upside down".
6886ed7244f23e1aaee38337c42370602c5c7b88	Instead of the disk changing the orbit of the planet, the planet itself begins to change the movement of gas in the disk.
39a2107e80a249850d73e59cec59d8a35837aad1	The gas inside the planet's orbit rotates faster than it, so its attraction slows down the gas, forcing it to fall towards the star, i.e. away from the planet.
248ca3f8bf8ead06cdc226ee979bb07f348a4d9c	The gas outside the planet's orbit rotates slower, so the planet accelerates it, forcing it to move outward, again from the planet.
0dc40523b741b71cc5d6ea8e3fe94e5eb747b8cf	Thus, the planet creates a gap in the disk and destroys the supply of building material.
28429fce551d31c3da468553f456ea227c1f61b3	Gas is trying to fill it, but computer models show that a planet wins the battle if, at a distance of 5 AU, its mass exceeds the mass of Jupiter.
477a17555c5397ce2c03503668d9e445806a98b1	This critical mass depends on the epoch.
5343a28b892b8f558fa70f7effd65eede3ef08b9	The earlier the planet is formed, the greater its growth will be, since there is still a lot of gas in the disk.
a88aed77921f6e4752e9da08f0852f58fccf8c9f	Saturn has a smaller mass than Jupiter, simply because it formed several million years later.
cef192304777b754ab2c1bdf0f3b804a7dc3838a	Astronomers have found a shortage of planets with masses from 20 Earth masses (this is the mass of Neptune) to 100 Earth masses (the mass of Saturn).
16fdc2a5293e35c74585e52a732d562bda47e9d3	This may be the key to restoring the picture of evolution.
58d868b76580278dd0c01b7b577ed4bd14a23b77	The result: A planet the size of Jupiter (or its absence).
a70c9381a106978a87be5064d45c578e61991e8b	The history of the birth of worlds Based on radioisotope dating of meteorites and observations of near star disks, scientists have recreated the history of the formation of planets
b685d472855ae5476c180a583d446d25dd768a66	1. from 0 to 100 thousand years — a star is formed in the center of the disk, and nuclear fusion begins in it.
4bec81e80868f20750d23c08c7df6a4d2ce545cd	2. from 100 thousand to 2 million years dust particles stick together in planetary embryos with masses from the moon to the earth.
ba1eb61859778f049a7a17f828f76f294f8a3e7a	3. 2 million years — the first gas giant is formed and sweeps out asteroids of the first generation.
acff0254d741b0dedc3b97c489d937b906140558	4. 10 million years — a gas giant stimulates the formation of other giants and Earth like planets.
5bf79160afd2db79e0248390870ff110e0eb2dbc	By this time, there was almost no gas left.
9bba130d933fecd411502fd7b479079f3a0dda4c	5. 800 million years — the rearrangement of the planets continues about a billion years after its beginning.
01800e3f4a42b126fe8655b55bb278dacfc813d3	5. The gas giant becomes restless Time: from 1 to 3 million years Oddly enough, many extrasolar planets discovered over the past ten years orbit their star at a very close distance, much closer than Mercury is around the Sun. These so called "hot Jupiters" were not formed where they are now, because the orbital feeding zone would be too small to supply the necessary substance.
bf349a5f7d64d26bd6bad6a207beee7186b427b4	Perhaps, for their existence, a three stage sequence of events is needed, which for some reason has not been realized in our Solar System.
45509de1b709476ff276e09b301c1ef8be665ee5	First, a gas giant should form in the inner part of the planetary system, near the ice line, while there is still enough gas in the disk.
561c1695a8c9c6e4be8b25a0f7316874c91c5473	But for this, there must be a lot of solid matter in the disk.
1a5647af7bc4bfac5b00c3c841d7b132d5b4bf0a	Secondly, the giant planet should move to its current location.
550e844878336508652e531c06fd0a295996edbd	Type I migration cannot provide this, because it acts on the embryos even before they gain a lot of gas.
dbae82be7c32670fb9d20d21ed2c61b9e9004796	But type II migration is also possible.
9fa43f013399653a02e016a12cce27f454fda1eb	The forming giant creates a gap in the disk and holds back the flow of gas through its orbit.
f4ad90d9da4f1af6082bfab5f02838cdd4ff658e	In this case, it must fight the tendency of the turbulent gas to propagate into adjacent areas of the disk.
85b21d7b700594597dfd829f75359bff0c61ed4d	The gas will never stop oozing into the gap, and its diffusion to the central star will cause the planet to lose orbital energy.
cdc81e2a12b4f6b795a7f7960cf724f24fba30fd	This process is quite slow: it takes several million years to move the planet by several astronomical units.
e45ebcc072239986fe2e587346b3a78ac958a4d9	Therefore, the planet should begin to form in the inner part of the system, if it eventually has to enter an orbit near the star.
9f2fe5429c66860eb5c28edf502639dcf6dd4a33	As this and other planets move inward, they push the remaining planetesimals and embryos in front of them, possibly creating "hot Earths" in orbits even closer to the star.
03c4e10d5e0a8feb846c4b220ab0734427f2d33b	Third, something must stop the movement before the planet falls on the star.
5238f63e05ce1c516b018ef9b058fdf1a9f82e4a	This may be the magnetic field of the star, clearing the space near the star from gas, and without gas, the movement stops.
2b49af75520114477655fae6ae1643dbc2101205	Perhaps the planet excites the tides on the star, and they in turn slow down the fall of the planet.
093b3557ccbe9217a5247540c55db61503b9b862	But these limiters may not work in all systems, so many planets can continue their movement towards the star.
b1fda0d2f51b4b12a1b03b0e3979c4ba6b27473d	The result: a giant planet in a close orbit ("hot Jupiter").
02aaf2b753437968be73418dce0f5a511e57c6b9	How to embrace a star In many systems, a giant planet forms and begins to spiral closer to the star.
3cf701db07cfe701466948ff861b55157a8a2872	This happens because the gas in the disk loses energy due to internal friction and settles towards the star, dragging the planet with it, which eventually turns out to be so close to the star that it stabilizes its orbit
71b0c8acbe2bd2f938c364385cac7cb05602b38e	6. Other giant planets also appear Time: from 2 to 10 million years If one gas giant managed to form, then it contributes to the birth of a trace the life of giants.
0ed3a2379e1ed8bfc77e70649e68cd60e53ecf6b	Many, and perhaps most, of the known giant planets have twins of comparable mass.
8291074cf30ab98b4d942b5b316d8419247ba252	In the Solar System, Jupiter helped Saturn form faster than it would have happened without its help.
c5366c91aaca08f11e31727b88e4ed801245504b	In addition, he "extended a helping hand" to Uranus and Neptune, without which they would not have reached their current mass.
a2df4590b687e04052877732382c8ce9630452d0	At their distance from the Sun, the formation process would be very slow without outside help: the disk would dissolve even before the planets had time to gain mass.
7588d25afe7ebe08143508b002ef14eec40ca4e6	The first gas giant turns out to be useful for several reasons.
3e6fc0dbcb65eaa00a0338e2c9dbd4b2c98de893	At the outer edge of the gap formed by it, the substance concentrates, in general, for the same reason as on the ice line: the pressure drop causes the gas to accelerate and act as a tailwind on dust particles and planetesimals, stopping their migration from the outer regions of the disk.
bc4fef2125bc858d29a1a41a184d570d6a712068	In addition, the gravity of the first gas giant often throws neighboring planetesimals into the outer region of the system, where new planets are formed from them.
2e697895b29600d50affc1e07d0a0c1caba6e0aa	The second generation of planets is formed from the matter collected for them by the first gas giant.
b57825ea2255ed8fb5a7a1c3d8caaa79c59cf24d	At the same time, the pace is of great importance: even a small delay in time can significantly change the result.
0541f28da2b4d7499b3e72a10c84e805a3fe0ec5	In the case of Uranus and Neptune, the accumulation of planetesimals was excessive.
7dd3f003b0338b50a12cfcf634fde0b6162f8780	The embryo became too large, 10-20 Earth masses, which delayed the beginning of gas accretion until there was almost no gas left in the disk.
1cdbfeb19722f28735ad65ba542a0473c321fc97	The formation of these bodies was completed when they gained only two Earth masses of gas.
a77164fe1b33767ca309e716101e93f74ed93a57	But these are not gas giants, but ice giants, which may be the most common type.
fc43d2479474678681f34876bd6a2b4d652be831	The gravitational fields of the second generation planets increase chaos in the system.
baed3c6d55ecb676cf18bd0940c055a2ff8f1041	If these bodies have formed too close, their interaction with each other and with the gas disk can throw them into higher elliptical orbits.
45696a268a832548fd462bc4f2b94c4693257228	In the Solar system, the planets have almost circular orbits and are sufficiently distant from each other, which reduces their mutual influence.
6e529a5d25ed988c64c98aec375d94c0569fb828	But in other planetary systems, the orbits are usually elliptical.
4d3e7f452bd15cf8f7e72193c5bcc30151cbda7a	In some systems, they are resonant, i.e. the orbital periods are correlated as small integers.
2e4e79b94c4ba0674c3958d2af89772e5e82a914	It is unlikely that this was laid down during the formation, but it could arise during the migration of the planets, when gradually the mutual gravitational influence tied them to each other.
edc1860b7e956fcc5a5080136b1334964c44e127	The difference between such systems and the Solar system could be determined by a different initial distribution of gas.
1d973158440b4e3bd01bfb244e2a4223ff181909	Most stars are born in clusters, and more than half of them are binary.
08b277b785499be8956fdec8aa7f912b862d0ccb	Planets may not form in the plane of the orbital motion of stars; in this case, the gravity of a neighboring star quickly rearranges and distorts the orbits of the planets, forming not such flat systems as our Solar System, but spherical ones, resembling a swarm of bees around a hive.
420b83b355180928ca21e321b8f8673fd6b9cf29	Result: the company of giant planets.
5f2c82971e77c011a1e555520061f6ddd3040c66	Addition to the family
42662e8d6e4838c48921d204e8f5d8b6c9aa8685	The first gas giant creates the conditions for the birth of the next ones.
1b5c90f7a8729e88ecb76f7fc16907f7eab8be0c	The strip cleared by him acts as a fortress moat, which cannot be overcome by the substance moving from the outside to the center of the disk.
7d15c9d52a5d5a9775445fa73cd759148102e273	It gathers on the outer side of the gap, where new planets are formed from it.
58ebac6311938c5959c83317c38220e06003346e	7. Earth type planets are formed Time: from 10 to 100 million years, planetary scientists believe that Earth like planets are more common than giant planets.
b29f2ad735136244d159b4281eebb755ca4e4173	Although the birth of a gas giant requires an exact balance of competing processes, the formation of a solid planet should be much more difficult.
2e53a45bf5b6c1546695da6bb18b15e2d3fb6fa7	Before the discovery of extrasolar Earth like planets, we relied only on data about the Solar system.
251c4c7528619b110103a3cfc87d1b1a2152101e	The four planets of the Earth group Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are mainly composed of substances with a high boiling point, such as iron and silicate pores
4c0eeedf045bd6a47575c199bfb86eaeb484ec1a	Planets of the Earth group Solar system > Planets of the Solar system > Planets of the Earth group
eb118c6a9d2658b487835c00a158939e84ec0d58	There are four Terrestrial planets in our Solar system: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars.
325d3fc1bfb6a7878149d5312c5fc79c4e3557e2	The planets of the Terrestrial group of our Solar system are also known as inner planets, because these planets are closest to the Sun.
060ae13e66664d6bcbd20b42e354687e3590b6af	The planets of the Earth group are also called rocky planets.
5d17926ed8f7561222fc84d181441180e3e42dc4	They differ from gas giants in many parameters.
7807c13b61e5dc2d89090aec10bae4fa36048270	The planets of the Earth group have a number of common features.
8d59b3916513b57960415433a0bd6acc582a6b4d	The planets of the Earth group are much smaller than the gas giants.
0c2c1629207aefac102d7589e4046ee6989484ed	The planets of the Earth group also have a changing landscape, for example, volcanoes, canyons, mountains and craters.
e9fc342cf6e5e2215696ad10f5cb157523418a51	Another common feature among the planets of the Earth group: they have very few or no satellites at all.
93bc5f15c421cac408b3809aaeb02224d039f3a6	Mercury and Venus have no satellites at all, Earth has one, Mars has two tiny satellites.
17696ec2a6fd416ab573073cb2d246600b25c31c	In addition, the planets of the Earth group do not have planetary rings.
d5c1dc9d43be7e65e631a315588150e0bd255632	The atmosphere of the planets can vary from the thick atmosphere of carbon dioxide in Venus to the almost complete absence of such in Mercury.
a04caccdb3fe07582fea6069ebbc275c22b8b0b5	The structure of the planets of the Earth group
0dccd845cc38fc4a29b23a6e3234fe587ffdb19d	Graphical representation of the distance from the Sun to each of the planets of the Earth group
ddb733004629a8887c428b27deccd860ae40a34a	References Planets of the Solar system Dwarf planets Planets of the Earth group
89ed9eda7bd240e95ff7f46496c70a3c39f64b38	Pluto * Ceres · Haumea · Makemake · Eris Mercury · Venus · Earth · Mars
525646c501c63e43054a70b8b12ceab93a19a6bf	Gas Giants
ed6e6f71aa92f8e199d4be46846b1553d018c942	Jupiter · Saturn · Uranus · Neptune
6f458aa0501a1a2c0ed32061fba4f2449c676c39	Tuesday, 14.02.2017, 20: 34
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4b4bb2d612e9d89102b7123e94b360660111f4e1	Chronicles of Life.
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220c80747bd60c01c5baf2f1b08c9dab13300885	Home "2011" July " 3 " The Sun: The greatest story
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8caafa11184b53ec20dd6fca216de49c6b5d5d83	The Sun: The greatest story
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1a3ce01ac4eeb6f04b3cee6c13aa583d01ff9d48	Anomalies [2840] Atmosphere [1198] Archeology [3673] Author's articles [481] Volcanoes [2715]
729201382f205bc2cd7dde29258c1f0525fd27ee	The sun…Even ten thousand years before our era, there are a lot of examples of written and carved in stone testimonies about the worship of man to the Sun in history.
ba108fd4b306bc788f454fd76e111f499ba39b35	It is quite understandable why every morning, when the Sun rises, it brings light, warmth and protects a person from the cold and, full of the danger of predators, darkness.
a4ffc08d1798c2c29e8aa084711d8f35f15eae27	This understanding made the Sun the most revered object at all times.
76c10ab2152fb62ad9291dca6c506383b8477c78	People also knew about the stars.
13949d158f8f2ab1bca2c556cfa07483a90ff5f3	By tracking their movements across the sky, they could predict long term events, such as eclipses and full moons.
b0469349f7378b45686c34c1ae010042e43fe021	For convenience, the ancients grouped the stars into what we know as constellations.
f6b6125a7c9aeda58cf8dbd4f79b921bb6dc7e00	War [1013] Hypotheses [5747] Other [6073] Animals [1896] Earthquakes [3949] Drought [326]
d1d74a35029ab5d3113ad4f6315b117af634f081	This is the Zodiac cross, one of the oldest symbols in the history of mankind.
517203193e6e9facd3fc192200e533362804f6f6	It shows how the Sun passes through the 12 main constellations during the year.
14dc8be95b9b77a30e8597a56c7160a9c34b796c	It also reflects the 12 months, 4 seasons, solstices and equinoxes.
0bc268d6183f0d252f27881d8a621b7e98d94b88	The word "Zodiac", in Greek," circle of animals", arose from the fact that the constellations were associated with images of animals and people.
60ad566a2d72c0092ddd8ccbe5f039573ed40f3a	In other words, ancient civilizations not only followed the Sun and stars, but also personified them in legends and myths.
38fc506d6f6b5440ccae470e8c8733ff13be6161	The sun, as the preserving and life giving principle, personified the messenger of the invisible creator, God.
ca276cf3769cf23f4d563e848f57ea4506167c71	Volcano Monitoring TOP News
ef595c4f3a53c1fd04c516625e44f4479195b8ab	In New Zealand, dead dolphins explode Scientists said that octopuses are aliens...
345321664e2b4e70a25953eb5c39cab7167dfea1	A mysterious group of "super peddlers" is famously discovered under Yellowstone ... 200 thousand people are being evacuated in California
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f7fbb6e5868a881f02c671bb7531329ffe41d150	"God's light, the radiance of the world, the savior of mankind."
fce77e587301642500803511a1f062b4c19e51eb	In the same way, the 12 constellations meant the time periods that the Sun passes during the year and were associated with the elements of nature that are typical at this time of year.
88e36a3d0f749fb63e70fe2b7fcd8138a8d3cb65	For example, Aquarius meant spring rains.
7e9b9cf342946a7a161a50593e45a75287ce5de9	"July 2011" Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun
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fd90db03464af10422949f510a72496be2d918f9	4 This is Horus - the god of the Sun in ancient Egypt, about 3000 years BC.
2f60bf78fab13d06d57b9e6142126b193573c2f3	He is the Sun in the form of a man, and his life is an allegorical myth that explains the movement of the Sun across the sky.
d5a5ac3e48873f20d55ed6d05784c7e2867af6f2	From the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, we learn a lot about this messiah.
5511c4e825ac953386720efea23ca38c85e45874	For example, Horus, i.e. the Sun and Light, had an enemy named Set, who personified night and darkness.
7fd12cf2fb5b6c54c231b0498daadc14ee5f26be	Figuratively speaking, every morning Horus defeated Set, and in the evenings, Set defeated Horus and sent him to the underworld.
0b5c18e41f46bcbcb39028bfb68a4375bfb6fde7	The struggle of light and darkness, or good and evil, is the most common theme in the myths of the struggle of opposites, appearing in different ways from ancient times to the present day.
669b82a8923ed04c27eecebbe1ebc4058ab72c72	[3529]
f6b8cdfe95e0922e14e716ed39086f8781d58963	Predictions and prophecies [655] Radiation [601] The Sun [1771] The elements [2739] Technology [4686] Hurricanes [2439] Factors and accidents [7782] I want to know everything [23] This crazy world [1351]
4dbd539daede70b815cdf0e03fa922ee728b3c0f	It is curious that many and many saviors who existed at different times around the world fall under these rules.
ea8af96c6960aef1468dfe1ad03b1ed868ab0131	The question remains: where did these similarities come from?
3a7d575d6b2aef917e7549aa35337fa208bf7998	Why did the virgin give birth on December 25?
4cb949eae9714dd030358b7f80d0782f9d67fee5	Why was he dead for 3 days and then resurrected?
bf7d9b07577077b7739e62cbd50b2e3b24f57fc4	Why 12 students and followers?
2d27995e323fe9fe3cef861cbbbf4aa7d39dfe4f	Exclusive [301]
2359d6975c9a675759fb73b2da30fd96052561f1	Conversations by the fireplace
85929ce24d8d7f67d5273eceea8e87521418b4f4	11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Archive of records
e00e40827eeac9043a5607a3b94d8196273f5ce3	2011 May 2011 June 2011 July Show archive New on the forum
df1c22dd508aabf82c26873e1b72fc2fac628c38	1. ANTHILL
42e0ecffee23196241752d95c1572229dbf7c1c8	(4648)
af73d88c3c28413d839645465acc08e96f60ea7a	2. Let's predict the future
5b556ec646db4ddb5522c0bdbf0b279b2c3e091e	(1075)
6c2f09d2a68a69a5b289c01716dc3adbd563537b	3. Ward No.
f888810ea5526c70e751cc153d2392179367ccb1	(8261)
1d407e779f56789e13755c1aac86e78456d76dc8	To understand this, let's turn to the last solar messiah.
100b88cf981a0e9abd1e50979fcf02a047b3213c	Ecology [1190] Epidemics [921]
a953ac23f83132c9d4e8adfb70358f64d5f070b5	2011 April In short, the story of Horus is as follows: he was born on December 25 from the virgin Isis.
f46c689911857e24f097fbc190c335a1039c18c5	When he was born, a star lit up in the east, with the help of which 3 kings found the birthplace of the savior.
d30a69a3312fae16701d37ce5901b10d5c595945	At the age of 12, he taught the children of a rich man, at the age of 30, he received spiritual initiation from a man named Anouk.
62a5643a4dd046238e5ea7b973507cee1172d126	Horus had 12 disciples with whom he traveled, performing miracles, for example, healing the sick and walking on water.
0575d69bcf460dbaf236b2a7aabc2e417b799238	He was known by many names: "Truth", "Light"," Shepherd of God " and many others.
1c9290b8b3b71ed463c6521300a312860d43396f	After being betrayed by Typhon, Horus was crucified on the cross, buried for 3 days and then resurrected.
c6bb128c63fc578c6a19cc5963ab491124485189	Whether Horus was the first or not, these same features are found in many cultures of the world, among many peoples, and they can be attributed to a single myth.
af337dcae9acee368b827e68e5fc346028f028ba	Supernatural [1496] Secrets of history [4077]
48c80fd347bffa3db1500b7e1b6fbcbdfdd438c2	000 December
e994ebcf5c0b47931f0df1c1192cbfb08d02bc9d	Forecast [1125] Political factors
07b50007bf42a773126283a8b6db0f877d20a69f	Jesus Christ, born to the Virgin Mary on December 25 in Bethlehem.
9e4b1a4c883cdefcc6ea6925d71bd96d36335e79	His birth was marked by a star in the east, according to which 3 kings found his birthplace.
7b3d37637a0507700a940f6e331cad365ff5e89b	He taught children at the age of 12, when he was 30 years old, he was baptized by John the Baptist and began his ministry.
5df493e56850f28d765ebd22fc904ee453c60510	Jesus had 12 disciples with whom he traveled, performing miracles, healing the sick, walking on water, raising the dead.
2d350dc5d98334236d336ca215b5f4b681631542	He was known as the "king of kings", "the light of God", "alpha and omega" and so on.
3a1d70161c80ccb405966e554e46885ee592a951	After his betrayal by his disciple Judas, who for 30 pieces of silver he was crucified and buried for 3 days, rose again and ascended to heaven.
2e84a32cc4ac227a453f7e02d64fd9e02de3d5c9	First, the birth story has an astrological meaning.
79620c6f00d7cffb38a4941829142f3c4e7cee67	4. EVERYTHING..
7e2b1a5555095ed6d2dcea6e4cdf9f71dd713807	THAT IS IN THE WORLD.., (1106) IS INTERESTING..!!! part #2
9b7aef6686bfdd7af4572d126aa98e01ed674689	5. Interesting facts about Space
70fe88f71307a347df9a5a0674ec33a3b9f7200d	(334)
81637064a3ad877e840b476a389083289fca0092	renmilk11
342e2b44efe3df19d331d884cbb351a6c6856e92	19:13
90ff12ec4d4afdf6d276e88b1483d2452b0f115d	Darkening, exactly for me?
68900cc8a3610694ec743c22d9155b06f8c12170	19:22 minskaya Happy Valentine's day!
ccc1374e17649992c8a277cd520eadd6690c8966	19:25
4c9dd64d7a94ab6bc6219eec3e31cf09b78d729c	Loving people!
189bbec00d82fee8ca9a861d3856ad32fd9a20a5	The star in the east is Sirius, the brightest star in the night sky, which forms a line with the 3rd brightest stars in the Orion belt on December 24.
06b9f89980ac5ec003c1a1095f300a707614fd6a	These 3 stars today, as in ancient times, are called the "three kings".
cb9ce844cc2e3be0ac2b369e6a9328370f8f5be4	These 3 kings and the brightest star Sirius, indicate the place where the Sun rises on December 25.
4270ec8cf6187ab418d59b2343cc63aabc5f66ca	HOUSE: Discussions.
291cc7cb089034358633fd1b69010e3e27208c82	Communication.
b12aa0020c251a50ed8cb2685d7dff51575bf506	Opinions.
29df5cba223a6f422fc30c596b271849d84478d3	Part 20 it would be spring sooner.and then shas almost... scientists consider the Earth a space prison Wow! ...
71c1854201fe5d955404d5d9764468bf42c70c36	Even so? ...
33f57262875abf0032d3546d395f9a7d873df3c7	Scientists consider the Earth a space prison Mammoth..., it's time for you to change n...
6fb55168aed5b95692b3e7af9ad6eefb44c6efea	How does the snow leopard growl?
963a573584accca4bd52b1f18d33e5191cfa5d2c	That's a meow!
4327c5ed280497e9964e88b04657dc339b0dc5cd	The cat went on dev...
52732077d45a2d39af7bdfb1168411dbb9a10ae0	19:27 Darking renmilk11, yes! and this)
00c90ac9df360ac994f278069b67c474f3dfcbd9	renmilk11 https://clck.ru/AagQX
b14b2cf8af48185268f82580ffa8943667a30d5a	That is why the "3 kings follow the star in the east to find the place" of the sunrise, that is, the birth of the Sun.
65af3a0bd64a576b70bc22014809d9313dd73a6b	British scientists about homeopathy do not understand why names at all...
b0653dbd0354c7541827e29e02a6262eb02fd308	19:32
bdaaf5ff278335b33b2a200619006cb3567aff08	Online Total: 321 Users: 292 New: 29 Arwis, Andrej 77, Silat, Nebilung, limon 1661i1, sweety29may, maridem, Mammoth, uve, Positronych, Partizan 16, AstraVert, kvantic, April, Koriona, helgu, Alan, sprint22, Sl@vyan, [more]
70b3b502618493e9b63ffb4b8c78d685b05b694a	The Virgin Mary is the constellation of Virgo, in Latin Virgin means Virgo.
7f977d46751f0e67d256419916be4a9ea039b6e0	The ancient symbol of the constellation Virgo, the modified letter M.
7a859e95142296368d030a47e4a6738533f8da2f	Solar Activity
fb23df1d993740afbe9991e81f40597390031b78	Mary, along with other virgins who became a mother: the mother of Adonis Mera, the mother of the Maya Buddha, also begin with "M".
e9ec57deb941e0d03a4a0fc30ff3a9407f39ea04	The virgin is also related to the so called "house of bread", this constellation displays the Virgin with ears of corn in her hand.
8bde79a33df7789e24c9c3199873250da1ee9dbd	The "house of bread" and its symbol the ear denote August and September - the time of harvest.
db52a74b18a891473d488c3c4c70d382a69162ff	In turn, Bethlehem is translated as "the house of bread".
d3778fffc7f466f56773a99b672ff0da44ec006a	Bethlehem also points to the constellation of Virgo, i.e. this place is in the sky, not on Earth.
ce83fdaf410b0835930034886009f479ecce5ebf	Chronicles of W... 6,592 participants There is another interesting phenomenon that occurs on the eve of December 25, during the winter solstice.
fc2785aba44cbfd1849b8740f085a0eef0756555	From the time of the summer solstice to the winter solstice, the days become shorter.
a274ca9d6873c3ffb2311e9e3260a239ddbf249f	In the northern hemisphere, the Sun moves as if to the south, it bends lower and gives less light and heat.
87df7855354bb88ade022a123f0a9ab0c24ffc27	For the ancients, the shortening of the day and the cessation of plant growth as winter approached, symbolized death.
f876096e98737cec07f5a966097921efeb6a2b74	It was the death of the Sun.
a87dd720413230585f0819a3dfa565ef4ce90de3	It came on December 22, after the Sun, going south for 6 months, was at its lowest point in the sky.
4653348edcef6291a10a04971a38108d30541b04	At this time, a curious phenomenon happens: The Sun stops its visible movement to the south for three days.
3d78f6284988f6cb7b7e55702bb0359c6794cee0	During this three day pause, the Sun stops near the constellation of the Southern Cross.
74904f063469ad4001827c1ca0f83c1d08cc371e	And after that, on December 25, the Sun rises 1 degree to the north, marking the lengthening of the day, the approach of spring and warmth.
6ffb9ffe182a98059746c83619385ad142ad9001	Metaphorically, it is said that the Sun dies for 3 days, then rises, is born again.
45a448ffa355a8558e3fed3a5e7169f1d2590846	That's why Jesus and other solar deities are crucified, die for 3 days, and then rise again.
e01c1aee229694fd8a424035786642f80d4d2dc6	And during the transition period, when the Sun in the northern hemisphere changes its direction, it means the imminent arrival of spring, i.e. salvation.
8b959d582d11596652a00fb01f71e612cab0ca8c	However, the resurrection of the Sun was not celebrated until the spring equinox, i.e. Easter.
86061af3d5c69704b1aaaaab78bf282fa4f5e98a	This happens because on the day of the vernal equinox, the Sun takes over the power of darkness, i.e. the day becomes longer than the night, which coincides with the arrival of spring and the rebirth of nature.
16701935b7de256f72cf297f6982295ad63edd6a	Now about the most obvious astrological symbol, the 12 disciples of Jesus.
fa9ce8c627dfcf9e824f1ac90ae2eaba49a1986f	They are nothing but the 12 constellations of the zodiac sign and accompany the journey of Jesus the Sun.
8f4a5b5f8965ff651cf950b49662b82d5c2250d7	In fact, the number 12 is repeated throughout the Bible.
97ce1df49f622845898929c8a290762e5e33629c	This book is related to astrology like no other.
ca142225513e217e816fd055e0223094dd93926a	If we return to the Zodiac as a symbol of the Solar Cycle, it was not just an allegorical manual describing the movement of the Sun.
bdc4b1e067f955e580fff56056d43f4302072a8d	It was a pagan symbol, which in a simplified form looks like this:
342c5ccd8b2fc7fe5a66b1b86ef20f26570a9ee6	This is the symbol of Christianity.
a70dac7d56409ddbf3f7932d7725efbb1f5728bd	This is a pagan representation of the Zodiac.
219dbcc914c2a8373ac08cec5769f8186e6cba8d	That is why Jesus is depicted in the early paintings with his head against the background of the cross, because Jesus is the Sun, the son of God, the Light of the Earth, the Ascended Savior who will come again and every morning, he is the radiance of the Lord that protects from darkness.
d261ff49d50b61dc433119067cac216721c60ccd	He is born anew every morning, he can be seen coming out of the clouds, in the sky, with a crown of thorns, that is, with rays.
cf60de7b1eadbd1b8f8a9d90652456ec994d0fe9	Further.
ef0860d43e9904254fa3934f27d8bcc5317b421d	One of the most important astrological and astronomical metaphors in the Bible has to do with eras, or ages (AGE).
f3f4cda1198281612ea821c69f49b9e4ee68d1ef	There are many references to centuries in the text of the Bible.
a3c15cc981143a0db1b0c2664f5701445cfd0b6f	To understand this, we must become familiar with what precession, or the precession of the equinox, is.
dace748e16690bcbc477eb540493c7cd2ec60588	The ancient Egyptians, like earlier cultures, knew that approximately every 2150 years The sun rose in the morning on the day of the vernal equinox in the new constellation of the Zodiac.
7f3f8c19aac222ba08fbe0c42edc49ae2e711ade	This occurs due to the slow rocking of the forces of rotation of the Globe.
641fa47a41a8251dcc439a0b2fa782829fb8ebcb	In this cycle, the constellations go in the opposite direction compared to the normal annual cycle.
3f5d68b2b53d58607529494bc5adfcc6f320e77a	It takes approximately 25,765 years for the precessions to pass through all 12 signs.
435d6c489d0bd2dfadd605cc418eba209804ad8d	This is the so called "Platonic year".
040ce0ccda5a2ab2e8e6fef9e03e5be4f48eb1b5	The ancients were well aware of this, they called each period of 2150 years "era"("age").
22b68663fc9e8e377a80506dfbe7bd2e7853e4c4	From 4300 to 2150 BC, there was an era of Taurus.
26d44a67fd22415936883c2449cf6d8a16caeed7	From 2150 BC to 1 AD, there was the era of Aries.
284329d2828efa3cebb4acd6c7972c2c4015b1a4	And from 1 A.D. to 2150 A.D. there is an era of Pisces.
1f9d352dc0b0757ab5f5ace7838a071c702b5f26	Approximately from the year 2150, the age of Aquarius will begin.
99939bf9c636ba80dd3138bcb11f5e441f3d4a9c	Thus, the Bible, as it were, symbolically describes the movement through three. eras in the fourth.
6800a7c3c3d5ef4c09f7f876fe8e3b2d956cd295	In the old Testament, Moses appeared on Mount Sinai with 10 commandments, he was upset that people worshipped the golden Calf.
a5552d0bcb4e8431abb66335d55962f8f03096f5	He broke the stone slabs and told the people and his people to kill each other (Aries and the planet Mars) in order to be cleansed.
86ae0a554b0bdab888bbdbd219ab85b010171a9e	Many Bible scholars explain his anger that the Israelites worshipped an idol or something like that.
5b61658c4963a0c2908b441c9966901e4c06e738	In fact, the Golden Taurus is a constellation.
835f52aba8e33e43dc5f461cd579472b6648903c	Moses represented the new age of the Ram.
ea9e0ac758869b79892d755e64cee848ee93fc3b	Therefore, the Jews use mutton horns in rituals.
37aba16a1e9ad7dcb8d9bf4cef9b5c906bdcff9f	Therefore, Moses represented a new era of Aries.
cfa8fa308a27e591cb457cb6b00e8d9eb8ee39ac	And when a new era comes, everyone must discard the old one.
b67d806f6424b5ae5d6132e8d0e82b4d4da9128d	This transition is evidenced by other deities, for example, Mithras, who kills the calf in a similar myth.
71b2bf75b1e2da205fa4c210101937faa5847a09	Thus, Jesus announces the arrival of an era that replaces the era of Aries, that is, the current era of Pisces.
db41c50b7d0c3c36f2fdf519cf8138217b055870	The Fish symbol is found in abundance in the New Testament.
0cb434ed71d25497510f775ca2bcb90e8a04d4ff	Jesus fed 5,000 people with bread and 2 fish.
e3f959f3ea0913922649be8537e24d9969a06561	When he began his ministry by entering Galilee, he met fishermen who followed him.
7f88c4beac507ca4635ee62343fc0a9861107eb9	The Pisces symbol is an astrological pagan symbol that denotes the kingdom of the Sun in the era of Pisces.
1841bbd7b9245bfc47f649ce77385fb51c6882b9	Similarly, the birth of Christ is the countdown of our era.
6664f411f5889030b6d4d719d8633b0303bb147e	In Luke 22: 10, the disciples asked Jesus where they would meet him after he left.
6ed16f8d68b8f0bc30651ad322e5afc9e255d40f	He said to them, " Behold, at your entrance into the city, you will meet a man carrying a pitcher of water, follow him into the house into which he will enter."
f0abd64d7c15012e984eda261d61e95a3581d3ea	This fragment is one of the most interesting astrological evidence.
3cdd3b8297518cec2b47aa72f08f2d0ce8ad717e	A man with a jug of water is an Aquarius, who in ancient times was depicted as a person pouring water from a jug.
e49335aeed3979e12342f6b3a805c5481cbe5cec	He rearranges the epoch following the era of Pisces.
2348351a2eb9fb8ee1b1fa0280c5ab0dc8dfffc6	When the Sun, the Son of God, leaves the era of Pisces (Jesus).
78938668cdbe9261256843ed4af5f09ea7ba91c1	It goes into the age of Aquarius, as Aquarius follows the constellation Pisces in the precession cycle.
b33858143027eedd0d133f4b34f41ddf1789a0c0	Similarly, Jesus says that the age of Pisces is followed by the age of Aquarius.
8ab4bb495b7db9c01c0d5e235cc7854bd4dcf183	We've always heard about the end of the world.
cffc5dee5f6d1501b0c4132ac9777c3359c7e486	In addition to the allegorical descriptions in the book of Revelations, an important source of these concepts is the gospel of Matthew, 28: 20, where Jesus says: "I am with you all the days until the end of the world."
d1dffbb71b9f956abb2ed2a36cd766f5bcd2d351	However, in the English version of the Bible, the word world is an incorrect translation, as in other places.
cc20c73821a90be789d85175176a8ebf507fbedd	In fact, the Latin word "aeon" was used, i.e. "century", "era".
da84714203f75e79703a651fdfcec4129048955c	"I am with you all the days until the end of the century."
1481d055cc130183e52fd6f2e599439440ae85b5	And it is true the personification of the Sun by Jesus of the age of Pisces will end with the arrival of the age of Aquarius.
f00e394c1604f4d5ae2923900945ecee1c5391b0	The concept of the "end of the world" is nothing but a misunderstood astrological allegory.
912fe96f77f9edca6a412c88753e7f9c44955cbd	Try to tell about it to millions of people who believe in the real "end of the world".
5bd592fa7975ad054b55e855e18cca69d232c563	The very figure of Jesus Christ in his biography and astrological subtext is a direct borrowing from the Egyptian pagan god Horus.
31d0b203c02923407033c72bc319598e9a6fe958	For example, on the walls of the Egyptian temple in Luxor, which is more than 3,500 years old, there are symbols depicting the Immaculate conception, birth and worship of Horus.
320d004ec1c8317023bc91ab2eef4506e9ddddd5	First, Isis received the news that she would give birth to Horus.
2b04ec5fbc5319643accabe446d595b399b55dc3	Then the holy spirit Nef impregnated the virgin, hence the worship of the immaculate conception.
42928b89e060ec2bc5b7b4de204e7d222b6f09fc	This story is exactly repeated in the miraculous conception of Jesus.
5d8b521f2e3e3b5a91145b9707feafa9c85e73bb	The similarity between the story of Jesus and the religion of the ancient Egyptians is amazing.
d2cb81d1b996b2d384ee402d6fdf165a145310d2	Borrowing does not end there.
7c5c22ef03f19bb89fef087cd36f9a4ece7ba53f	The story of Noah and his ark from the Egyptian tradition.
9dba6f27892eaa4d554b0ac8c710d9fa33a55b53	The history of the great flood is found everywhere in the world, with more than 200 mentions from different periods.
8db6731ed2d396e706f6b4632f53fc7aeded4ea1	It is not necessary to go far, it is enough to consider the myth of Gilgamesh 2600 BC.
25f4bda72e76bf42f185512ff8b414cca0b3be1e	This story tells about the great flood that God sent, about the ark and the animals gathered on it, . and even about the released and returned pigeon.
08b5f42747fd47dde0963c5b908984b874886e46	We find all these stories later in the Bible, along with other coincidences.
5a27979abf4f22e77c4ee71a0d82de1d6fd416d2	Or a borrowed story about Moses.
484adb7af8882971e4556dfecc40af0586d7478e	When Moses was born, they put him in a basket and lowered him into the water, into the river, to save him from murder.
2faa6187ee3cc68f9356a0f4bee2bec5a2a1c066	Later, Moses was saved by the king's daughter and raised him as a prince.
daabf66c1e076863aba3ae40cbdfe7997e8a7413	This story with a baby in a basket repeats the story of Sargon Akatsky, who lived about 2250 years BC.
26cdfe3e8aa64b6cd15e0d3432b2247537f2b7df	When the baby Sargon was born, in order to save his life, he was put in a basket and sent down the river.
94bad0bcae9c02c7b328d1cbe26d609e6ee1107a	He was saved and raised by Aki, the king's wife.
c6d6b9269e1ae3a4c4a36ac86c8645fd330d1c33	Moreover, Moses is known as the one who gave the law – the 10 Commandments, the Law of Moses.
545cf8143fae7a95d0bc75d723531e75778c59ad	However, the plot of the transmission of the divine commandments to the prophet on the mountain, the same occurs earlier.
75579974a2684fbd54973922b4e2a8263b1b0264	Moses is only one of the prophets who gave the commandments in history.
9b7e9ffaa826a62696ba64064d4e2318ac97d0e0	In India, Manu gave people the divine law;
f056fb86fc18361b7a3e779a6575e3f85591ee97	King Minos ascended the mountain of Crete, where Zeus gave him the law; and in Egypt there was a Man who had stone tablets on which the divine law was written.
82b77fe41f2488dc6add4d3cfc3f8d18485a7f5e	Manu, Minos, Mrs.-Moses.
a6945665f2d2bde2c2039c46b857c98e5038af35	As for the 10 commandments, they are directly borrowed from chapter 125 of the Egyptian Book of the dead.
a1fe939df9f5d5acb1456e86df4911e473d07a18	The fact that in the Egyptian book of the dead, "I did not steal" - became "do not steal";
136e6d50e50416d80e96c16aaac93a1b122a90e6	"I did not kill" - became "do not kill";
da895d1756f00ecef7c5835d7ae9ecac62f6fc6e	"I did not lie" - became "do not perjure yourself"; and so on.
8800bf4b49605bce8940f36550584d5e84ac5c16	In fact, the ancient Egyptian religion became the basis of Judeo Christian theology.
f354ae29a7b994d2b50291da34988f099fe86e42	Baptism, life after death, the last judgment, the immaculate conception, the resurrection, the crucifixion, the ark of the covenant, circumcision, Holy Communion, the great flood, Christmas, and many, many others – all these concepts were preceded long before the advent of Christianity and Judaism.
22dd1225863c2c92857230635b85766674bae73b	Justin Marter one of the first historians and apologists of Christianity wrote: "When we say that Jesus Christ is our teacher, was conceived without coitus, and then crucified, died, rose again and ascended to heaven, we are not claiming anything different from what you, the sons of Jupiter, who worship your gods, believe."
046cd0a24321dda7d3033728a4f47f95ecdff928	In another surviving work, Justin Marter says: "He was born a virgin, take this as a similar case with Perseus."
bb9ae68a4a7fc0cb1efe64a617382a9feeadfd67	It is obvious that Justin and other early Christians knew during the formation of Christianity how similar Christianity is to pagan religions, but Justin had an excuse: "When it was necessary, the devil helped him out" (Jupiter).
5deb3701c5f62e9fbe33054c6c1767f93f752956	Of course, the cunning devil, foreseeing the coming of Christ, "confused the cards" in the pagan world.
3507e5103e17393984bbcfda04c7ffd43793f6a4	The Bible is something other than a mixture of astrology and theology, with a very inaccurate dating of the time of its writing and first publication.
72e31f604d6053ed54e63d88aac90e5d46217a86	In fact, the tendency to transfer traits from one character to another can be found in the Bible itself.
4d1842b86684c23cedf76a61eb562bbd0d41ac8c	In the Old Testament there is a story of Joseph, he was the prototype of Jesus.
eaf29baf9c37d70b4850ba9def7b957ff1c61360	Joseph was born miraculously and Jesus was born miraculously.
e2926258b41f924624d05298bb68e1557eac8613	Joseph had 12 brothers and Jesus had 12 disciples.
3f05709628ec77197cbafaaeecd23c630d5776ed	Joseph was betrayed for 20 pieces of silver and Jesus was betrayed for 30 pieces of silver.
7bbea4fc61c1b93fac1770f50bb4e771698ff6bc	Brother Judas sold Joseph.
53e9f684848eb5512d6508402da8557853b00246	The disciple Judas sold Jesus.
73978c5bb15f67a9cebcd25775561e6ff8ff23ff	Joseph began the ministry at the age of 30 and Jesus began the ministry at the age of 30.
d97a178e665af37d4413e2b9cbb03297dabaf2c6	Parallels are found all the time.
6504f9020510fd91bdd286b8a124436163b1f5b2	Is there any non Biblical evidence that there was a man named Jesus, the son of Mary, who traveled with 12 followers and healed people and so on?
b01b33688a441c3dc509a5380eee95cde2b3487a	During the life of Jesus and after, many historians lived in the Mediterranean who could confirm his life.
ea526b918cadc0a214102df824999c6f0d4a8f8c	How many of them wrote about similar events?
67681c2751f567573bd5ea3cdcfdb180dde3420b	None of them.
ebb080a4b24f8025ad1a41e018bdaad41fbf2dad	Although this does not mean that the apologists of Jesus, as historical figures, did not exist.
b483622b9c01c87eee74d48b07bc1258a18a9495	Usually three historians are mentioned in defense of the existence of Jesus: Pliny the Younger, Suetonius and Tacitus.
f2bff587a49d8ed1adbe20e64cffd429330e973f	Each of them has several lines, at best, they mention the word "Christ", which is not a name, but an epithet ("Christ"), meaning "Anointed One".
4113b8b17fea37883190493fb9cf274646dd9aad	The fourth source, Flavius but a century ago, it was proved that this source is a fiction.
f2e80dcce110a9e047905ab2278c9b113236e482	Unfortunately, it is still considered real.
19c13cfcd16a391055f343d509e98aefe6c73bef	It is logical to assume that the man who rose from the dead and ascended to heaven in front of everyone, performed many miracles prescribed to him, went down in history.
07879850b9a9c9202f36cb377b6da9a68abe8df0	But he didnot come in.
a651f41cdfcf9860c3a19461d6bbf9d604243327	If you weigh all the evidence, the chances are that a person named Jesus simply did not exist in existence.
c1aaab06bf79593c633507709049d59000abc854	"The Christian religion is a parody of sun worship.
98472d4bcf24463dd0009ec1d851798d0464d4e1	They replaced the Sun with a man
26b0c3add776753a06b38c828cb70a9940c4c966	They have replaced the Sun with a man named Christ and worship him as they used to worship the Sun " - Thomas Paine.
c5f978d0a11e014a237f18403d4fde74342835aa	Christianity is based on a myth.
7dae95242ea4682f32cadea3f2c0e6de9f8a1a0b	We come to the conclusion that Christianity is nothing but the history of Rome, created for political purposes.
d72ca275af2093736c98ff972f443ee6180cba30	In reality, Jesus was the solar deity of the Gnostic Christian sect, and like many pagan gods, he was a mythical figure.
60620f46cdd1d1c9222c2d5d392a43475421359d	To perpetuate Jesus as a historical figure was a political decision in order to establish control over the masses.
746e8a04e27b5edb3088819746aff2c06f285801	In 325 AD, the Roman Emperor Constantine held the so called Council of Nicaea.
ecf3f83e0faa19e20ead4746dd0a19ec0714e951	It was during this meeting that the doctrine of Christianity was formed.
9dddabb3e3e11fc950b37685b26c72005e54b460	This information is given, facts are presented for the sake of finding and establishing the Truth.
bc1922240463a27dfb5d783c35417fe4c077ea46	Perhaps they are premature, since the arrival of the era of Aquarius and the new solar son of God is still about 150 years away.
73f7a87036622f44f2dbf4fa728529f2a165fb01	But we want to find out what really happened from a scientific point of view.
08cf81253a7ea926f586bcfc34c9c1635318ab91	Category: Hypotheses | Views: 4393 / Added: SMERSH / Rating: 0.0/0 | Rate | Source:http: //www.astro master.ru
0f40eaf5fc341b81ff6f2a09b271225731e83b09	Total comments: 2 The order of comments output: By default
41e99f51d2f9b12cc1c5f31d103136055ede2918	0 1 dymovsky name (04.07.2011 08: 49) When people wake up from the hassle, and just think - they will be surprised to realize that all human religions are nothing but the converted Witchcraft of our GREAT Ancestors.
d7a3aac5f8e9f808e0681218d11fc1ca78bb48ab	0 2 Skeptic (04.07.2011 11: 29) ai maladtsa.... did you copy it yourself or did you get it from where??? almost a complete translation of the film spirit of the time..... and pictures from there... but! oddly enough, this seems to me the most logical explanation of what is happening. especially that in the year 12 is not the end of the world, but the end of an era and the transition to another era.... well, only the erologists themselves know what will be connected with this.... waiting for
0e1563817b30639cfbef329e27d4bc9901764228	[ Registration | Login ] When using the Earth - Chronicles of Life materials, a hyperlink to the earth website chronicles.ru required.
6c2cf633b2432513aad4399407f19ab46303f9aa	What are we looking for?
36e0c3dd0cc1c828c89d229eb2637e9ea665fd8c	The most interesting secrets of the Solar system.
7ae7e4e4811a25edcd2065de8d74d256ee6327a6	0 The cosmos has attracted human consciousness since ancient times.
84c4e5a3231d9f16d304bc94677980509bd4ce30	It seems that nothing else interests a person so much.
c6f1e87340a6ad03c3d5e2a0627fd8c5285c0f96	Today we will look at our well known Solar system.
f75740c5a4d4fe2991acadb7c310995abe03a21e	The solar system is huge for every person, however, in comparison with the cosmos as a whole, it is just a grain of sand in a huge desert.
66f73f8c7d86cda12121c5aa4e7fdfe58bd8a9f6	The planetary system consists of many celestial objects and a central part, the" heart " – the Sun. Our planet contains eight planets: four small inner ones – Earth, Venus, Mercury and Mars, as well as four large outer ones – Uranus, Saturn, Neptune and Jupiter.
a8199f8ca830ef58bae0fe4dafcec47d4d697874	1. Everyone probably knows that Mercury is located closest to the surface of the Sun.
b5b0f1c9c8f253fe12a4c361278254a9f978ca62	And, accordingly, most believe that it is the hottest planet in the system.
bfd5d5f9ebacdb0739ff1a187f6f187ee8ea29ef	However, this is not the case.
8620d1f8af0739793ea21d038373b3d25c5a077c	The" hottest " was Venus.
5e06305e9ca17b8a003c459fcd49dc874413f163	It is located just behind Mercury.
5587544c0a8daa92c3a0b1e65ac27736a80acc64	Its average temperature is 475 degrees Celsius.
a07fb8035767c679a32f14f1adda3f690c9a6181	This mark is enough to melt lead and tin.
f14b18d0e62bee6f3985924a626a68f965816772	The maximum of Mercury is 426 degrees, which is an order of magnitude lower than the temperature of Venus.
a5d6abfa572cc91de84a1a00e28c1115a7f63ca7	But this is not the last fact, according to the criteria of which it is ahead of all the planets in the system.
473e41b80078efb6e7c0d6c74e9b4228cadc5818	Venus is also the brightest.
a9217c3e0ab41e2694bb7c08e0354c261388c0f4	Everyone knows that planets do not glow by themselves, they only reflect the light of the Sun.
8b535e2bac9da8abe04cbc555456a7d9016c4725	So in the atmosphere of Venus there are special clouds that reflect about 75% of the sunlight falling on them.
a548e0f4c6b50c7a36ba5b98e6dba845d5a4abb9	But that's not all!
07f31decee479aeb49e22e699fcf6a3b9be5dd77	The only planet that, unlike the others, rotates
617795491f36d7f450f83a0812754ab2b53994c0	counterclockwise, so is Venus.
68ffe6c0ed13c5df8deb04b72863a4c8194a995e	So we can rightfully consider this "beauty" a champion in differences from other celestial bodies of our system.
f7cbaf0b4a2447d649e10bf7067b11b893a55cce	2. It turns out that over the past couple of centuries, our Solar system has lost at least two planets: Pluto and Vulcan.
f9d3e42c6936ee2d2bc604554cfcc8f6376fe051	Pluto has relatively recently ceased to be considered a planet and was renamed a dwarf planet.
034144dfd986e0dbd2b0721338de58c5db00b570	But humanity started talking about the possibility of the existence of the planet Vulcan about 150 years ago.
e14dbbe803453ec720f5cd5aec75e6b2f65fcdf7	It was assumed that this celestial object is located in front of Mercury, right at the" foot " of the Sun. But later observations still excluded it from the list of planets in the system.
5310f557c21bdbadc55add1d04f16d712bd7fc86	3. The most important discovery of mankind about the Solar system was, of course, the assumption of Copernicus that the planets revolve around the Sun, and not our Earth.
c921b1492952edc9e1e25bf58a8ba123278a148b	But, unfortunately, he did not even hear a "thank you" for this discovery.
e384c9f33bcbc30c30b74ceed9539d52cae4af25	Moreover, his followers were announced
7bd44d3cbfb4ccc0d6f7806189a32f434a015878	exiles, and D. Bruno was even burned at the stake as a heretic.
fcf8cd228dfdaf7156cc52c4e0b0467480ffacd3	4. The planet Jupiter has the largest number of satellites.
58f27549dbae34c4a557cc4c034a45cbb3dfefd3	Although, it turns out that until 2001, it was believed that another giant, Saturn, was the champion in this indicator.
01821f1ddc63daea22888d5f3925ddfea89b9989	However, over the past few years, scientists have discovered more than two dozen moons of Jupiter.
47cad7ca78f5f080f1d4ed9bafa91e094e2eafe2	At the moment, it is known that he has 63 of them, while the "opponent" has only 60.
01fa3f6414d1b2d86786d8647a77d7f7d5fe49dd	5. To some extent, our planet Earth is also unique.
580b3b747147638b62e48cbd87d9167207fffd50	It consists mainly of the following elements: oxygen, iron, silicon, sulfur, magnesium, calcium, nickel, aluminum, sodium.
4055772135270a9b16cad8d599be5830b89b6c7c	All of them were found throughout the universe, but only in the form of "echoes", traces that overshadow the abundance of helium and hydrogen.
29c73a2a0768d27555e77712ec16732defe4ffa4	In this regard, we can conclude that the Earth is a clot of rare elements.
6ada69466fd14f352265b395cbe0244d9bf9b823	But, this,
d25d757d9c82e5ad8048d653f8d993f95adf1b44	of course, it does not speak about any special place of the planet in the universe.
fdc24e4a5727f811c7c657ff9151cf15b8dae48f	6. Interesting fact!
221ef837e459336785a9a1f7a636e7ca64906956	It turns out that we live to some extent inside our huge luminary – the Sun.
3e65a365909b56eaadd0facb54752f802f7b276d	In fact, its outer atmosphere extends much further than the visible surface.
4979b225ee7e938683e0c9a7903c336a6e8049a9	We are orbiting within the solar liquefied atmosphere.
9500dfb740eb3e98745f681f616e6005bb65641c	One of the proofs of this is the aurora borealis, which is a gust of solar internal wind.
6a68a71f6b624182fbd43759cfdd66e1354a9171	7. The closest and most interesting planet for us is Mars.
cb60eff131ea82427d589cc97adaf344937566cb	It was named after the well known god of war.
652939a76bc5f4a0bcca44d8f24a799c1dd9ede6	The second name of this planet is Red, because iron oxide predominates in its soil, and it, in the literal sense of the word, has this color.
c365e8bccf3eb458164476f351c7e940442c508d	By and large, Earth scientists have underestimated the importance of Mars.
9e87f9dafbf35257458575e120efe9b66a7dcefd	It turns out that in fact, many types of the first microbes that appeared on Earth first appeared on the surface of Mars, and only then, with the help of asteroids, came to us.
0a329c8eebe588de22d29666ba2c4ad20120c3eb	Scientists have also proved that there were a lot of water resources on the" Red " Planet in ancient times, which eventually disappeared.
732df1641f1cd4300fae28da8aa8b37c2835da38	Evidence of this is the dried riverbeds that encircle the planet, as well as many minerals that could only be formed with the help of water.
2878e3abc861409e1250d2e14125f02b3fdaf279	8. There is another celestial body that has been of interest to earthlings for several years.
6cbd27aefb3075478a425fc7936d2bb99b9803ef	This is our satellite the Moon.
ff4060c5c2cef006ffff1ff60509f34188d2fce6	However, strange things are happening around her.
4d46d1c5bc82e418154883a891f0684b0f8d72ad	During the Cold War, the USSR and the United States competed among themselves who would step on its surface faster.
6a5ab0f2f313312d7406ed47a2409190d29b58f0	The first person to visit the moon was still an American Neil Armstrong.
0eb4a462242de331d36d3de1268367dba559b6ec	But later something strange happened, because since then scientists have sharply lost interest in the moon.
010eb353ce9d098011aeaae0d7c9a2dd8341b3a7	And Neil's interview with the statement that she is busy with another form of life, which earthlings are not able to resist, suggests that there is some secret that is carefully hidden from us.
7cba2b4ec090c95cb59fc695608c4a5649e907d2	It is more than obvious that some events have occurred on this celestial body, which are not told to humanity in order to avoid panic.
3ab2db9da612720b3e3cc9bc49cdf54c6613e5f8	9. The solar system is filled not only with many planets, but also with various other cosmic elements, such as asteroids.
1f63dc3f5ef269d600c72ca0e5af6c9fcdbce5d6	The largest cluster of them is located between Mars and Jupiter.
f6dd00ad6f13d9e45ee809640dd7e7726ada194e	This space is commonly called the Asteroid Field.
0478e74e55b5639d97c7b505121ded8beeb258e7	In films about space, you can often see a picture of how spaceships maneuver between asteroids to avoid collisions, because there is a small distance between them.
155316e41824687839d63707dac43179936d0d2d	However, this is not really the case.
a590e9fcdd85760bce42def9763a7a349b64fe58	There is a rather large distance between the asteroids, even in the above mentioned Field, which allows the ship to fly without much effort.
66d6770f9bcbae58fcf904524f9d9b55729b5515	Another interesting cosmic mystery of the cosmos and the Solar system in particular is Dark matter.
73fe7d2455d28bae51f33723d0bc8beea0b7a2de	Scientists suspect that it is of the greatest importance in the Universe, but they are not yet able to solve it.
3a73e9040857c57f2a6de40cd453b56bf05a5b2f	It is well known that dark matter is a kind of anchor that holds galaxies together.
a26402b4c920f99bf125113880f1ffe70394c13c	It turns out that by examining some facts, we can conclude that the Earth is also densely shrouded in dark matter.
9b84c5f2195f8fbd642646b0b3365db25cfbd7bb	This is possible because spacecraft mysteriously change their orbital velocity during their flight from the Earth and to the Earth.
8f8b859eb8d00e497a9537fe6a932da244e935e3	But still, this is just indirect evidence and scientists cannot give an official statement yet.
6b9a7a31588006ab39d8fb42aab7443e767909cd	After all, it is huge in comparison with our planet and does not end with Pluto, as we used to think.
659e9b27550b4698b8842e6173141b9b7b8c735e	It extends beyond our understanding for many thousands of light years.
d8cdd3a1030a32417ef34ba57acfd3570b9c2e7f	However, in comparison with previous centuries, over the past few years, humanity has made a huge breakthrough in the study of the system.
68ed1b3b08ff7ddc8d1701ec8ca2b61d36b42429	We hope that these are not the last discoveries and in the future we will return to this topic again with new interesting facts.
a55454888c2b2f7cb13c8534d6a50cef14594e1a	© Inga Korneshova the article was written specifically for the site 100facts.ru
c869d508b0e0a649ba987a03eb3b04f9ba356c2f	Author of the publication: Inga Korneshova Copying texts from the site is allowed only if the source is specified!
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201c15470338b4fd10f7361fd6d539e356ea7e17	Facts about the First World War.
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d5496709594f8a560891904dded6d73e364ec9ab	 CINEMA HALL
bf3246a75194dbaa5f4437c4b38e1cd732a9e543	THE SOLAR SYSTEM
09ac91ba523dc484537fde2e9874488dc79e0cf8	UNSOLVED MYSTERIES OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
54b355251e51a8c4b59f0a59310a02b3e355b696	16-10-2011, 18:44
69172349e237dfb06f37db484972aadc2361e5ee	
13c3d7b284105dd011311f5e05a140a3b4ad35fd	From year to year, new inventions are appearing that allow us to study and accumulate knowledge about the cosmos.
b347b3429ede9d90557ff91ee5bbc4e61923c203	But many things still remain unexplored and unexplored.
c97875039c39c20f8e67ffa25cbcc7fc568dd20a	Therefore, it would be naive to believe that we have answers to all the questions that interest us.
c3f50b93b939f07a7be2bc455f163735130e3860	Meet the top ten most incredible mysteries of the solar system: 10.
17f8392cb4ffdeba2d4263c398c7ea216f3c3cb4	Temperature discrepancy at the poles of the Sun
31ac8d245b704c0923219137dd67f5cd43082948	Why is the South Pole of the Sun colder than the North Pole?
81d38e2354fce20c7bb55a0cab5d18682e5a2bf6	In 1990, the Ulysses spacecraft was launched into space.
effbb79faa0bedca0be4f825d88bb77d4f9d00f6	This is the first device that studies the Sun not only from the plane of the ecliptic (equatorial), but also from the poles.
cb7e70c940e38fb17f64ff7386879a8f2073ab20	Ulysses passed at an altitude of six radii above Jupiter, left the ecliptic plane (the plane in which the planets orbit the Sun) and headed first to the regions of interplanetary plasma from the south pole of the Sun, and then to the regions from the north pole.
b095a1d7330cdffebc9520d0d876bc87ff4a15f7	The device has worked for more than 17 years, transmitting information about the Sun, about the solar wind and about the poles to the Earth.
7f7d82acf23a798f9775c6e09db6d2fa242879ed	Since the estimated service life of the device has long been out, there is almost no connection with it.
b4ba8d320b88a28333b3cae9705afddc027512df	Among the scientific results, the discovered fact that the South Pole is colder than the North is interesting.
ed6a58bb6c901666cd4a6cff9cd25d92bc71a135	Using the onboard SWICS spectrometer, the ship
67ebf4237000abd3da959a22e1771d4a3af48ff5	анализ analyzed
acedf23a4834dc3e2795df8b2eeefb09d9f1b72e	the composition of the wind, the content of и ions, the registration of солнечного solar  fixing the relative кислорода of oxygen O6 + and O7+, which indirectly indicates the temperature of the gas.
c17b5663ce25aa6d4774bc80f97b7d5adfd3727b	At the same time, Ulysses remains at a completely safe distance of 300 million km from the surface of the sun.
f20a013727be39a71cc3aba4b77a9a6db2f9a657	So the temperature of the Sun's poles was set: about a million degrees Celsius.
e124e4ba6025a175879b75d398de8b7a7d3ce7d9	Why are the Southern and Northern hemispheres of Mars so different?
0948f7359109eaf4427d535be257d297fcd2711c	The southern hemisphere is dotted with craters.
ce5d2c142d40773535f5cf5aa49df4ce79b9a2a2	The surface of the northern hemisphere has few craters and mostly consists of vast volcanic plains.
6eb686287a9ac1be8d6ccaca7d1522cc7cd2884b	Scientists explain such a strong difference in the hemispheres of Mars by the consequences of the collision of the planet with an asteroid the size of Pluto.
5e6fd8872498eb9cc0a2091d07c6d6592771687f	According to another version, at an early geological stage, the lithospheric plates "converged" (perhaps accidentally) into one hemisphere and then "froze" in this position.
9f171e46a78dc9f12b72d92d213140064b050242	One way or another, such a difference of the hemispheres still remains a subject of discussion.
5fbde5bdb4dfc96c25681058e9f1642d44e641d7	Is there really a curse of Mars?
885b65a3e640d8bd14626669f10a77ec2f4edc0e	According to many sources, something paranormal is disabling all our ships in the vicinity of the planet.
0b12bbac84fec4c373704839845a44b1a5b8c188	Statistics show that about 2/3 of all space missions failed.
5cd1b5f7814046b106746c5dd6ac9f24b7cedb21	Russian rockets, throwing spaceships to Mars, were out of order.
438fd46ff7b3e27c89bd80eb9c3ea0307134109d	US satellites broke down halfway.
43c56a370229a0eff1fc85db9602dbf2b40110a8	The British descent vehicles did not send a single signal after landing on the Red Planet.
3212303d7bebad03ff73eef474016bee2ae453b0	Maybe it's all just folk tales.
92f34089700fc1029e60e4bedef1b1e7c20f7219	Or a banal luck slipping out of your hands.
30deaae5f1995ad64841563fc5db4c03bb514c74	Anyway, most of the spacecraft sent to Mars were lost.
2108bf8a6152cc809b12d5cb2bcc8a55537350b8	8. The Tunguska phenomenon
13e2bf2375a94e5a2c6ae9dc6707b6efe083e812	What happened near the Tunguska River?
286c6f398e61ca7820a43463908d53dc6f417706	Forget how Fox Mulder made his way through the Russian forests: this time it's not an episode of The X Files.
22bde798034dcbccb97b90af023747d08240e699	On June 30, 1908, at about seven o'clock in the morning local time, over the vast territory of the Eastern
3b8ec83a9b2034c91ca7dab5a7673a3af5e23c17	Siberia
28beada9ac4b529e6d0a9ba81d48cf6da67f87b7	in the interfluve of the Tunguska River from the southeast to the northwest with the REGISTRATION of the Lena andA large fiery spherical cosmic body flew past the rocky side of the Sun.
8a2fb89265af091c0bfe96d98ad308544106df06	Eyewitnesses described a blinding bright light that was visible for several hundred miles.
47767192bb5f55830f84c5c24dc061844cf8135f	In a matter of seconds, a forest was felled by an explosive wave within a radius of about 40 kilometers, animals were destroyed, people were injured.
348dd957cdf2906551fb35ba15e9161d9738a3b6	At the same time, under the influence of light radiation, the taiga flared up for tens of kilometers around.
99ba3595b60fbd976b33e9be0e7697ae52cccce4	The fire that started destroyed what little remained after the explosion.
43cb893dfd7fa1da4c596a2f97de2b74da19c161	A solid fall of 80 million trees occurred on an area of 2150 sq km.
3f8bede2308484b29a97e457fe3f0c3daf646a01	A space hurricane for many years turned the taiga, once rich in vegetation and game, into a sad cemetery of the dead forest.
abc08f32989b5d11e858c4b3954ee7ef5ed4297e	It was a real disaster.
77645ecb681a35370da6a9aca9ab6410420bd349	But no crater was formed from the impact of the cosmic body.
29936ed4b42ff29f6478a3771a30c136ac423d7f	What actually fell on us from the sky?
8f3e75ba72d445e44411227b0296cfab67d62b02	There are many hypotheses that explain the Tunguska phenomenon.
f0edbd6ae9a280c7e335570b9b6c7596f44ffc02	Some scientists believe that the explosion occurred due to the detonation of natural gas ignited by a meteorite that flew into the atmosphere.
f7a0fe4d84239e49ee04224ffc72003f04690fcf	There are even such strange hypotheses as the explosion of a UFO.
4a905f1dcb7c148a58db6494269ab0d6ed4d012e	The solution of the problem is complicated by the fact that none of the numerous expeditions ended with the discovery of a meteorite.
4f08192bc0641819c4c4a0eb78046a654c0a2058	7. The inclination of the rotation axis of Uranus
a57685796b7a25bcfb43fb878666e1e90ff421b1	Why does Uranus rotate "lying on its side"?
bec7812577f47af027689c0bfc618f47c1f26205	This gives a completely different process of changing the seasons from other planets of the Solar system.
641c76add0994ee12b88d7c6833e1751b08205f3	Each pole is in the dark for 42 earth years — and another 42 years under the light of the Sun.
a07d55c3324c9c4246b41cb09996ec21fcdf6dc3	It is also known that almost all the planets rotate counterclockwise (when viewed from the North Pole of the Earth).
029f99c24a849dc69d3476652c136542d4db9f50	And only Venus rotates clockwise.
29f9c9c7b98ed577ff239b356cc5a7b8da259898	This is how the theory is born that the reverse rotation occurred due to the collision of a planet with a huge cosmic body.
79a546e8d86e98a7dfd05bcd1dadefe716899c7d	Maybe the same thing happened to Uranus?
0fca3817289f6102e33910472d14c84f43fe4edf	Some scientists agree with this version.
ef40226ba54c12ecfd2c27aeaa949c5c394a2c76	And some see the reason in the influence of Saturn and Jupiter on Uranus.
61bcf0177309fcfa2427929445d777e68e6e8763	Further study is required.
70dee15438ffd64c4d3fbb38c906d4b49ae129e1	6. The atmosphere on Titan
150f596342df9d0a390bc4a6ed3a753cb71194a6	Why does Titan have an atmosphere? a satellite in the solar system(after the only satellite in the solar system, the only satellite whose surface is due to cloud cover.
6c61503e20f4ff92c5f4786e6d56c6bd15fdd659	Titan is a satellite of Saturn, the second largest of Ganymede, a satellite of Jupiter).
12dd7b6aa30bd2993940b964af1b1d2a31cbfa82	In addition, it is a system with a dense atmosphere, and which cannot be observed in the visible
1836087bef4b5f217e089c7b6557116b7fe2e3fd	Titan is similar to Earth, although it is inferior to it in size.
a3b29218b1611c0b691a2a7ca978725ef2e7bb58	The pressure on the surface of Mars is 160 times less than that of Earth.
e4f81e64a1bae914eff63505f20110a590ac3e6b	On the surface of Venus — about 100 times more.
d42b2eed7af7f4e62c940541b3d816dee92207d9	The pressure at the surface of Titan is only 1.6 times higher than the pressure of the Earth's atmosphere.
eee9a836fdef56bd9ef219adf0defce473b9c9e2	In addition, the atmosphere of Titan consists mainly of nitrogen gas (about 95%) and is the closest in composition to the Earth's atmosphere (compared to other bodies of the Solar system).
9a9a727eee0c8f3e141f3d0c807c17613045a8d6	But where did this nitrogen come from, both on Earth and on Titan?
e105352df91ff6e23dc75656b0aa2898891b005e	This remains unknown.
ad652ec45924958164921405b6729d5988d4875b	5. The Solar Corona
0b984e48811199a49ae56fb3b98455d42dbd96d5	Why is the corona hotter than the surface of the Sun?
8b3394ab54aac7482cab78e44e416ef08ce0d35d	The outermost, most rarefied and hottest part of the solar atmosphere is the corona.
d8e7d2acf8620850b5b26aa4afd8c024677932ea	It can be traced from the solar limb to distances of tens of solar radii.
18eab231ed3b8090b82171b54d6589af05d843db	Despite the strong gravitational field of the Sun, this is possible due to the huge speeds of movement of the particles that make up the corona.
a6ae43668bd387fca5992e88cfb63a6fb5887b09	But how does this happen?
d87f4730e25a620144deb5e36a53fc2b08a7286f	If you turn on an ordinary incandescent lamp, the air surrounding it will still not become hotter than the lamp itself.
e8f5728eefa6898f4525a39419f035b22aa9a809	The closer you are to the light source, the hotter it becomes, not colder.
db10aee8da0a2891d6fe750333171e0f77e96145	In the case of the Sun, we are faced with exactly the opposite phenomenon, which contradicts all physical laws.
ab33611d507c6f8b34225f79949ef5a709f38d79	4. Comet dust
8fcb0d6765605188ac3c772f0a4b92b38aaf30a8	How do icy comets form dust at high temperatures?
bb76929e4d0faf47065838d301a0c50baaa6f8f7	Comets are small celestial icy bodies that have a hazy appearance, orbiting the Sun usually in elongated orbits.
5a2cce35a3da875ec990a378f7af4424c743ec55	When approaching the Sun, the ice begins to evaporate and comets form a coma and sometimes a tail of gas and dust.
1007f4356c49b9374236a1985d3ad4307e2d9756	Presumably, the Oort Cloud, which contains millions of comet nuclei, also flies to us from the Kuiper Belt.
42d446a66770285dd44584937d8bbbed26fb0611	On January 15, 2006, the Stardust capsule with priceless samples of comet Wild 2 made a soft landing at a test site in Utah.
5424d02705a316bd32120448bf61044be4e67c4d	The comet's substance was subjected to a comprehensive analysis.
ba12d42c06ebc7b10cc32afe1f9f323c13840047	The main conclusion is that comets have a much more complex composition than expected.
3791b2227c917434bc7ccca960ba0a152a2d10ac	The real surprise was the discovery that most of the matter is clearly cold material from the outskirts of the Solar System, but about 10% was formed at high temperatures.
f8e7295ef03e3035ce3d340ea2a5ee1ec136e1d9	It is not known where these 10% came from, if the comet did not enter the inner region of the Solar System.
7e97cedc524ec1f629c2eb28392caf5724a1311e	3. The Kuiper Belt
0ce70b7b225a38271f3cd48e9037476dfa443329	How did the Kuiper Belt form?
b04cad4d0dcb7cf82b10c19c5196954565c68b14	The region of the solar system beyond the orbit of Neptune.
5d301223f46cb2f4f6c4e80607d2b851aa2aedfd	A large number of space objects are located in this area, the most famous (but not the largest) of which is Pluto.
1bf02a65c0014618397dfc82d7f4ea4d9001e258	The Kuiper Belt is insufficiently studied.
5ca5b3513145818a34aa8466bea0332efdd18b82	The American spacecraft will reach the belt only in 2015.
f854c699f29584d0e7bc1636e3dd3fcc7812b506	In the meantime, it remains to be guessed why, contrary to theories, the number of objects in the Kuiper Belt suddenly unexpectedly decreases at a distance of 50 AU.
b6586311a1d1ebcd956d5820e5ecdf083362caa7	According to one of the assumptions, there are many cosmic objects outside the 50 AU mark, but they are not grouped, so they are not visible.
fcfd84d789b1562c145ae3a9d677b44f817f7f94	There is one even more strange version: a huge cosmic body, the size of Earth or Mars, flew past the Kuiper belt, which actually "boldly" all the objects that were there.
26031ac32266ed9b19a714ddb0e68e8935c6d5d8	This version has no evidence and serves only to spread rumors about the existence of Planet X.
9c6dd5b1249c57bf8186c268082294121b208e0b	And the mystery of the existence of the Kuiper belt has not been solved.
d4f2be6bedc4d447d19ce50fe81049d43a196fdc	2. Anomaly of the "Pioneer" program"
2cebcf5cb18422c180761c13a7a0726d88d5e274	The devices "Pioneer 10" (launched in March 1972) and "Pioneer 11" (launched in April 1973) are the most famous devices of the series.
d13b57006d4dbc7dd74a8d7268dc6386a5d4ef05	They were the first to reach the third cosmic speed and the first to explore deep space.
b384dd2b8b07884c4dfb438e2bd346819814d545	Both times, scientists noted a strange fact: the ships for some reason deviated from the course.
95db859d05c667dc8afcc3c9f53e002aedadd7de	The deviation was small by astronomical standards (about 386 thousand km after a journey of 10 million km).
7005321c546273f5ad3b821da194c82d2879b7c6	Both the first and the second time it was the same.
2d8647e8d146ed8036841644e006ebfb1e7e7463	Scientists find it difficult to give an explanation for this.
bc46c3d7a72b0fffad9a73a01a46d2325384467c	1. The Oort Cloud
96c95fd6c531c9d401b6d6b17b74609e42e18b61	Does the Oort cloud exist?
990ec75f9f7e32c8446b006f00ef400cc1aea2f5	This is the biggest mystery.
16d913d33c684b524166ed87e4144fc47c7b82bf	If we can still observe large space objects in the Kuiper Belt, then the Oort cloud is too far away (more than 50 thousand AU from the Sun).
40512a9d62ed87d962a1ebca4efec2990a6d3598	The Oort Cloud is a hypothetical region of the Solar System that serves as a source of comets with a long period of rotation.
deaf4e6a1af1768c5ab7661d9dcf9da1665c83ac	Instrumentally, the existence of the Oort cloud is not confirmed, but many indirect facts indicate its existence.
db67981491e9b3817da506124d248a3d83dbac30	The world never ceases to surprise and puzzle us with new riddles.
baaa6c0880aa2d629cfac756a00b63c7bef7d888	But there is a lot of work for scientists!
15b6846b4ad812eb34fbe36e3cbde35e10f1b3c6	Is the solar system a creation of the mind?
9e8b2d1bb8b1416b3603c223afafe00ffd56f173	CHECK  
24315476888eb80c5b937db63b647197e6434e29	Is the moon an artificial satellite?
0423002810cfd1b5c968e41eeae1dbcb6790091a	The moon has long occupied the imagination of people.
dbb4c500ee32a63447e483eae884c3791c5ca142	She was worshipped, a mysterious power was attributed to her, her ghostly light inspired poets and dreamers in love.
4990c998f3e7b8b6732b1de46fb26cb23c116a38	The special role of the Moon in the well being and behavior of people was known even by the ancients.
cf33b6cf7b53130ca72f3b498943caec1180f80b	The influence of the Moon on the sea tides, on the weather, on the speed of rotation of the Earth is indisputable.
eac989c2dc05ce1bf5a11e6949d5820008f53386	And although today the Earth's natural satellite has been studied in quite detail and people have even visited it, there are many various mysteries, events and phenomena associated with the Moon that cannot yet be unambiguously explained.
e447344c4e3c685d07ff993ea2dd8242d0eca1f3	Since ancient times, evidence has accumulated from both professional astronomers and amateurs who observed short term lunar phenomena on the Moon, or Lunar Transient Phenomena (LTP), which are divided into several types: changes in the appearance and clarity of the image of relief details; changes in brightness and flashes; color changes of a lunar object; the appearance or disappearance of dark spots; elongation of lunar horns; anomalous phenomena during the covering of stars by the Moon; non stationary phenomena during lunar eclipses; moving LTP.
51eed32081c3f4c27ecd4fbcbeab7c930616e340	The history of such observations goes back to the deep past.
d610ef6dcab0e644e54bb6364818427bf673764e	One of the first descriptions of the phenomenon that happened on July 18, 1178, belongs to the English chronicler Gervase of Canterbury: five people saw how
05f2fe3e78e014720eda19028883a64215a4a732	« ... the upper horn of the new moon split into two parts.
2eacf3cfaa94e9751ece6ab0729c1a2238f381ee	From the middle of this rift, a flaming torch suddenly jumped out, spraying fire, red hot coals and sparks in all directions for a long distance ...
1746052837c3db28c020c817901c834b54979dba	"In May 1715, the French astronomer E. Louville, observing a lunar eclipse, noticed short term flashes and instantaneous tremors of light rays at the left edge of the Moon.
2089fa657650bafca596fcca95ad12d7b5e6118d	Simultaneously with Louville, the famous E. Halley observed the same outbreaks in the British Isles.
6b0f57df942a1eff97f50a29461304a962eb7bca	Similar phenomena were observed by astronomers a little later: in August 1738, something similar to lightning appeared on the disk of the Moon; in October 1785, bright flashes of light appeared on the border of the dark lunar disk, consisting of individual small sparks and moving in straight lines to the north; in July 1842, during a solar eclipse, bright stripes occasionally crossed the lunar disk; in September 1881, a comet like object moved along the lunar disk, which was observed from two terrestrial points 12 thousand kilometers away from each other.
335217b39959d36e87d2c4bce28617386c7b0f9d	Let's return, however, to our time... in the fall of 1957, the American magazine "Sky and Telescope" published a photo of the outskirts of the moon, the crater Fra Mauro, obtained by astronomer R. Curtis.
2bbfa3110ba048458f913578609fa6079a1390a8	REGISTRATION  shadows clearly � � � � The geometrically correct Maltese cross was distinguished in the blurred lunar ones.
d4a1c428a2fd991689c46a882fcd2a08abd0d75f	The examination confirmed the authenticity of the photo.
554c7709349e58c53131c64ff2bbd3f5dbe168a1	The most interesting thing is that after a while there was no cross in this place.
90d54946d5ba443fbd3ee83c82786dca3ccd9b98	In May 1964, American astronomers Harris, Croce and others observed a white spot moving at a speed of about 32 km/h over the Sea of Tranquility for more than an hour.
d36c7eb81009bc6077edc9987ea5ef6e90496486	Curiously, it gradually decreased in size.
241dbbc19041d629f4d645b0070316b204f8bdcd	A little later, in June 1964, the same observers recorded a spot on the moon moving at a speed of 80 km / h for two hours.
3d5034fd9270557c934c7ae5c8bcc520271d59be	On a lunar night in 1966, the English astronomer P. Moore, looking at the bottom of the lunar crater, noticed strange stripes that turned from dark to green brown, then diverged in radii, changed shape, grew and reached their maximum size by lunar noon.
854c806d6f1547b8ef40bdc4f5825720b2c70f94	By the moonlit evening, they shrank, faded, and finally disappeared altogether.
34edf9c10e2eb25aa4eeba95047cdb456eccb050	In September 1967, Canadian astronomers recorded a dark body with a purple hue at the edges in the Sea of Tranquility, moving from west to east for 10 seconds.
8f2f4c6029556791b9eadd47831e1dfc1980fa09	The body disappeared near the terminator, and after 13 minutes, a yellow light flashed for a fraction of a second near the crater located in the area of the spot's movement.
88b88f5576b8bc83ecf1259ca69fe9510a17a3a6	An even more fantastic observation can be made.
f96801c014a15a0fdaa08fddfe2e19cea3a7e723	In 1968, American researchers noticed how three red light spots merged into one in the area of the Aristarchus crater.
4428fba3581f86337b0bbee04b1780f066ee039a	Japanese astronomers, meanwhile, observed a pink spot covering the southern part of this crater.
149691cb986c99faf904bdf705f46a585dec63e0	Finally, two red and one blue stripes with a width of 8 km appeared in the crater. and 50 km long.
c465edd491377045754576cf62e5ff8a9dc70e0b	It is noteworthy that all this was clearly visible at the full moon, that is, when the lunar surface is flooded with dazzling light.
2ebe374f85c02a345c3df90ab6bc5085735685c7	The list of such observations that are concentrated in well defined areas of the visible hemisphere of the Moon could be continued, But what is it?
76c09e278c3cbe61411f91f3ca1a03ef8a7d5d5f	The obvious non random distribution of moving light objects allows, in particular, to discard the explanation of these phenomena by the effects of terrestrial atmospheric phenomena.
19f55cfc37b5ab04d3c6984d18b77a123ee8a95a	It is also impossible to connect them with manifestations of lunar volcanism, with particles of the tail of the Earth's magnetic field, with radiation stimulated by ultraviolet photons of solar origin, and so on.
1e02417ed82cef40dc00ba0a541e9090997b7345	So, we are again dealing with something still incomprehensible and mysterious...
2c0b513392e6580e48eb0bd00bf2ec97fa0cdedd	But even more surprising are some facts and circumstances, some of which we will consider below and some can be interpreted as "traces" of alien conscious activity on the Moon or, rather, with the Moon.
ef3abf6a091931f37da905da4e96d016def06912	"The moon is an artificial satellite!"
4821491557482ef754728cbfb40636bf1cc0a330	- stated M. Khvastunov (M. Vasiliev) and R. Shcherbakov in an article that appeared on January 10, 1968 in the newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda, and then in the magazine Sovetsky
5c440baf19d39d8d06ce882431d05f5bea995621	Союз Union".
a6da69c48219a4d969ce1b2dcfb7c534fa8327e5	More details and detail in the book by M. Vasilyev CHECK   this idea is considered   "Vectors of the future" (Moscow, 1971).
9ded851993e23f4f133371017d432851cae65643	Over the years, new developments in the study of the moon, many of the arguments of the authors faded longer seem so convincing as before, but today are highly original and are of some interest.
ff692f24167f044df59cb79f0efac605e52007ec	Trying to find explanations for many "oddities" of the Moon, Khvastunov and Shcherbakov suggested that the Moon is nothing more than an artificial spacecraft.
a307d45935ea17815b7ed68a85da8d87b0130eaf	This "crazy" hypothesis allowed us to consider all the features of the Moon, starting from its structure and origin.
d216f69b53eb8444fbad2084b4bce3735758aa7f	It is known that even today astrophysicists cannot unambiguously explain the process of the emergence of a kind of duet of celestial bodies Earth Moon.
717ccefce10e270ae27f12661eae3a720681dc18	The chemical composition of the lunar rocks testifies, according to the authors of the "crazy" hypothesis, that the Moon was not only not part of the Earth, as many specialists claimed, but could not appear next to it.
2770854236459299bc0b6205653ad9db1c1871fd	It turned out that the Moon appeared somewhere far from our planet, perhaps even outside the Solar System, and was "captured" by the Earth when it flew nearby.
bbd534acaad958a2a75e9b33859f8611ffacd546	It is difficult to say what our planet looked like in those unknown times when the spacecraft "Luna" was in near Earth orbit, what catastrophic cataclysms accompanied this "reunion"?
ac9069cd5a80421b819b8a528d75c9acda215a06	But immediately, clearly and definitively, the authors announced that they did not set themselves the task of answering the following questions: where did our night star come from, by whom and for what purpose was it created, why did it "land" on our planet?
d91c52793271d2fd2db9e4d1a96f972a52250535	The question of the existence of today's "crew" or the population of the Moon remained beyond the hypothesis.
55660c2569b3c849e3df2251125733d135d3f3e5	Is there still life on it?
29a16720594ea8dfc2b8735252f8c080f64c483c	Or have its intelligent inhabitants become extinct over the past billions of years?
166ad4437002eeaeb59cad95ff933b794c5a199f	Or maybe only automatons launched by the hands of their ancient creators still function in the" cosmic tomb"?
edeb254f8e33989359c105e33592e6c8f300f147	Let us turn, however, to the arguments testifying to the" unnatural " origin of the Moon.
81b0d86a905ab36b55fdd03aea7a0958348431b6	So, its shape is extremely close to the ball.
81ef529b0a8a06f6ffb78abf497d479324d280e1	Well, why canot a spaceship be spherical?
adf92778f5458b2c33c25c6a875413120fe9ca8f	After all, this is the most economical form that allows you to isolate the maximum volume with a minimum surface.
b2eb9467204ad080828f1205aa50bb0ee2861d5b	The size of the Moon.
4c34b0a3c6843507c850007385f126ffa66bad8a	But if this ship were of a smaller size, would its numerous crew be able to isolate itself from the hostile influence of space, protect the hull from violent meteorite impacts and survive for a sufficiently long time?
4d5731015cd791961532b7bca37674d12d35f77b	From the point of view of our current knowledge, it is quite clear that a space supership should be a very rigid metal structure.
bc335e15dc5ca4ed0204b61ff138e0f8ce022e36	The probable thickness of its walls is two or two and a half dozen kilometers.
8ba7f08a146bb69f82ca030ab9a790f19c09a20d	However, it is known that metals have a high thermal conductivity.
9ad8accabe192c6b40b815a32adb86d963132fd5	To protect the ship from excessive heat loss, its creators covered the surface with a special heat protective coating.
0898ec96df35fb13e197c96206aee8dccf418874	Its thickness is several kilometers.
3d684225103e4a7150663da4fc4005fa7b9e0f3a	It was in it that countless craters were formed by meteorites, and the impacts of planetoids - the beds of the lunar seas filled with
93808731ad3da2ba332733df3904acd662de3f31	later
d828d079c9812633b8191b847f478c76085d6c55	secondary heat protective массой mass.
747bb636cacc7b1409547dc02d3cfdcb83972373	Inside the Moon, under the metal hull, there should be a fairly significant free space intended for mechanisms servicing the movement and repair of the space supership, a device for external observations, some structures that ensure the connection of the armor plating with the internal contents of the Moon.
9dcffa4ea723ebc50cfe19cf7a3e5338a23fab8c	It is possible that 70%-80% of the mass of the Moon, located in its depths beyond the "service belt", is the" payload " of the ship.
1df413a28656117127b88bb63ea36b1a1eabb079	Guesses about its content and purpose go beyond reasonable assumptions.
c48fa6e0cb635b9a5e165f58d9fc4948e0829191	Let's take a closer look at some of the features, characteristics and parameters of the Moon, as it was done by Khvastunov and Shcherbakov, who are able to confirm the "artificiality" of our celestial neighbor.
ad1564b680d79fdf1a818b3c2e5ac59397834800	The seas of the Moon are dark spots visible even to the naked eye.
968afd13f46e3d4eb2b7638bfa7412d9d9c52a81	Astronomers believe that they were formed as a result of the impacts of giant planetoids.
ea239377514571a844a0599b8ed5884e379f6de0	Much later, all the depressions were filled with molten lava, and before that, the "beds of the seas" were opened for a considerable time and were subjected to meteorite bombardment.
94b021109f2ac8ca7d8ed54d87b027dfc658da80	One thing is not clear in this case: how could lava from the inner regions of the Moon cover such an even layer of extended spatial containers with a diameter of many hundreds of kilometers?
72257c4a4b5002261ea42ad3d5153d3548ae653c	Why did it not solidify and thicken in the conditions of strong heat transfer into the void of outer space?
1b5f499276066558c5573d9b564a09971fa68ce3	Why do the lava lunar outpourings look more like the water surface of the earth's oceans than the lava of Earth's volcanoes?
591d54f8a59ddc97610bcfad8bc1494cbe862948	If we consider that the heat protective layer of the artificial Moon played a very important role in its life, then it was by no means indifferent to the inhabitants of the Moon that the impacts of oncoming meteorites tore large pieces of this skin from its metal body.
4c933c99b86ae1fffe22b0872f74ceb430f445d0	Apparently, such cases on the way, which took millions or billions of years, were foreseen in advance, and in principle they were prepared for them.
fd9dc3d572a1669118e488b73f47cc89a135a623	For this purpose, "pipelines" leading from "cars" located in the "service area"were quickly brought to the exposed places.
f7df5e125aef3d52de8535df650e75a6451a428e	These machines prepared a powdery mass, which was displayed on the exposed surface of the Moon and covered it.
966cd5985b7e9e47e866a46951c38bab98b7c9eb	It is clear that this " powder "could not cover all the" seas " with an even layer.
9cd8a40db1fb7ef4d77cdb11665292a7475b93c0	But the creators of the Moon provided for this case the possibility of oscillatory movement of the Moon's surface, which allowed dust grains of sand to form a kind of"boiling layer".
26afadac7837f46004ab117c6a190a5ee6753efb	They "flowed" like a liquid, filling all the depressions of the Moon, forming an almost perfect layer on hundreds of kilometers of the area of the "lunar seas".
305996a93c8a436d17bda0bd32d60b0da06ab844	Selenologists carefully studied and compared photos of "lunar continents" and "lunar seas" and were convinced that meteorite craters (of comparable size) are found on the continents almost 15 times more often than on the expanses of the seas.
1550313cdc3893325add16a98abe797efbf43906	Therefore, taking into account the constancy of the intensity of meteor bombardment for different areas of the lunar surface, we can talk about a much older age of the lunar continents than the seas.
1287efb69cff0b25ff649ac39b123e9808d5ad43	And this, as they say, we needed to "prove"...
0b38366f48d7586c13e6689a33b244df9a07c972	The Boasters and Shcherbakov quite convincingly justify the appearance of such formations on the surface of the Moon as countless craters and chains of craters, "straight walls" and faults, "white rays" and "colored spots".
f32996d1b2625836f5aded3b8950b0547a54d391	Their arguments attract attention for their logic, reasonableness and persuasiveness, although they are not given here because of the brevity of the presentation.
3880df4f2d866450b831b384149b830788be5749	The hypotheses about the artificiality of the Moon in the book "Vectors of the Future" ended with the statement about the" too much courage " of its authors, that it is
4fb714fc5b455559a57765e56c4b0b32fbb33daa	"...only the first arguments, and they still need an accurate scientific foundation ...
88708246bb9b2a317624c1c091471e9a97536f3b	"For many years since Khvastunov and Shcherbakov put forward their "crazy" hypothesis, the attitude of scientists towards it was at best skeptical, and many did not pay any attention to it at all.
23075746c3f76a22aa081850657f5b1d1dbb3075	Maybe this was due to the fact that the authors of the hypothesis were not interested in such questions: who made the moon?
5842cb6929912eb982f04660e10a3e4c9a133735	Why did they make it?
3887e8fc970ecf0227195f53bc3a69f1da869752	More than ten years have passed since the first publication of Khvastunov and Shcherbakov, the astronomer V. Koval tried to shed light on the mysteries of the "thin walled ball", who spoke in the seventh issue of the magazine "Technology of Youth" for 1981 with the article "Monument for Millennia".
ab54b2f8629f99dfbd8b2dbebe95fb7305109f2b	Wondering what kind of memory other civilizations could have left about themselves if they had visited our planet at the dawn of human development, Koval comes to interesting conclusions, which we will get acquainted with.
83fde818247f74d6f145c165141681a1f9c333c9	First.
b8e0fd6c9e8558e8119d2fab3f598c805c5c2339	Will those who have crossed hundreds of light years of space hollow out stone idols or pave city squares with heavy stone blocks?
2c4de48f4c0c78c2e17246de9300d2b97b54cb49	Really, having found a planet with developing life, they will want to leave such "heavy" and, in general, useless gifts for future aborigines as a souvenir?
55ee78cbbf6f6b5adb4fd3d3d830df8f83660165	It is clear that the economic and planetary science activities of hypothetical aliens can leave behind a lot of indirect "evidence" that should have been preserved on our planet.
1fdfb4aba3f879c120a2ceb2d69135346711ceef	But to count on the sloppiness and inefficiency of the technology of highly developed interstellar travelers is to replace their psychology and technique with your own.
e72efc60965573aa8ebe71fbc7328cb26d422ece	Naturally, questions arise: where and what kind of monument should be erected so that the developing Earth civilization will be able to comprehend its essence after a certain time?
8188bb8ae5aa23743ea96a0d8be075ef989eb9b7	It is from these considerations that the criteria that such a "monument message" should satisfy those who once visited our planet are determined.
e73804fa7422c6f5a3974278958eef0af67c53df	First of all, the monument must be durable in order to wait for the moment when the ideas and knowledge embedded in it can be perceived.
0772fcb4692aef50c2d0adcfc55c68434f617b89	Secondly, it should attract the attention of as many people as possible with its size, brightness and unusual appearance.
12c7b476ebdcfcb75e2bd6ac59323a5bfec3c390	Third, it should be a monument,
2db51b3ce0a186381ebf543795ce67de0f93da71	carrier
6f49bd5bac336ddfde19a24563f9b82aa8d4219d	it contains a variety of expressive, useful information that emotionally awakens interest in the cosmos and the stars.
fb549dfe5376add8c5b9736843c95e400bc7b441	The monument should not crush a person with its greatness, but teach them to observe and compare, teach them to comprehend information unobtrusively, accessible, gradually.
4901d271f71e43ac8860de6b5c29e7ea62520910	To do this, the monument should be opened in new qualities as the intelligence of the aborigines develops and be multifunctional.
388414306efdc0bf657dea4581a58dacb70fe634	Finally, its artificiality should not immediately catch the eye, but appear gradually.
ec9439b97674e3df56c091c674494d84a86bd83f	So, says V. Koval, in order not to erect a giant obelisk or monument unknown where and unknown for whom, in order to protect the monument from the harmful effects of near surface Earth activity — showers, winds, temperature changes, floods, "world floods", volcanic eruptions and destructive earthquakes, and at the same time to make it visible to all people of the Earth — the aliens inevitably had to put it into space!
85906de54adacadc663d470a655c668139973dc0	Oddly enough, the satellite of our planet — the Moon meets all the above mentioned requirements.
c25aba133ec51aba50f010f84d9a319856a09e22	Yes, yes, it is the Moon!
bb2acc8365e96b29a65d28e43e7e726b9d4f2935	Not an obelisk on the far side of the Moon, not a" treasure of wisdom " of mysterious aliens in one of the lunar craters,but the Moon itself.
d9e8582ba27fc38810f329b13e3873638c1a0eb0	The most noticeable, large and attractive object in near Earth space, which meets the criteria of an" alien monument " by 100%!!!
7c829ce99730c407733c551a91bfaf6c86b68bac	Earlier we talked about attracting everyone's attention, and this fact is indisputable with regard to the Moon.
682d95b8eee2c32b5b60bfa6f8e4a08bfc2eb08c	However, not only is it larger and brighter than all the celestial bodies in the night sky, it never remains constant: it periodically changes its phase from a narrow growing crescent immediately after the new moon to a full disk, and then gradually turns back into the " old " month.
5c29bf7de045026625fbd3291b982967393fb33b	We should not forget that it was thanks to the Moon that man realized the complexity of celestial phenomena, their connection with the fact that the Moon is a special monument, lies in the surrounding nature.
3a408f226c5cc495a38072330e43b9618956f655	And one of the most convincing "suspicions" is in "ensuring" the possibility of periodic observations of eclipses.
39b059f907512ee71d83a4ae9e0ae3ba569c8bed	Recall that for a total eclipse to occur, a number of conditions must be met.
c4538e9ae8eb3170af5fee2bdf03301299a87d66	The most important of them is the practical equality of the apparent angular dimensions of the Moon and the Sun.
5b1f9c2859d201a377afdd7a0f059f0deb840961	It is known that the diameter of the Moon is 400 times smaller than the sun, but it is almost as much times closer to the Earth than the Sun.
c06503e22fc1f7f3fbb50648a9b1fdb3f48d67ec	So we see them at the same angle of half a degree!
79c5c68d1d2125285603e604ef4220a200c64bf9	The value of the angle of inclination of the planes of the orbits of the Moon and the Earth is only 5o.
7af473749fe2cdc71b772d0fcc2eaf38550f10e7	If this angle were large, eclipses would become extremely rare, and if the planes of the orbits of two celestial bodies coincided, eclipses were constantly observed only in the same localities.
0e2b6acb4896668c88a63b750bc104cffaaa56a9	Arenot these nuances amazing in themselves?
5b7e552aec57c1c9d7a5e73d29c92a1e4c5c0d6f	Where did the moon come from?
a5f1ab17fda64983ccc3c2f35900495bf44cdce5	The author of the hypothesis believes that the "aliens" found it in orbit between Mars and Jupiter, where the disappeared planet should have been rotating
7a21207fa964649fcebfa0a744f9e31f4497ed40	planet
3bb2bf3273acffd5976014dbc9c5638162eb4ba8	Phaeton, asit follows Titius Bode.
eab1b7229b35afada59008a4ae377053c2c36d99	REGISTRATION But it turns out that the Phaeton has not "disappeared from the rule", but is in front of our eyes!
f22015e55d6d9c9cb3f96ae3d754323a5803d87a	The "transfer"of the Phaeton gives an idea of what energies the "guests" possessed.
38d8abb99746a928e1ee8b392ec1a2014d58ce94	As for the technology of "towing" the moon of PHAETON, its smooth and accurate "installation" in near Earth orbit, here we are waiting for a complete unknown.
f40ceb0725cae4bf216113b22cb30ff909cb9aee	The same can be said about the time of such an "interplanetary operation".
f55b09c87ad58a659169c69ed4252239962ac585	It is possible that any information on this topic can be" laid " implicitly on the surface of our night star, in the frequency of eclipses, angles and directions to special points of the lunar orbit, and so on.
8f9e78e7fedf42d17a572a95c129a4189cd347ff	A year after the publication of V. Koval's hypothesis in the same journal "Te khnikamolodezhi "published an article" The Moon test for attention", compiled from the responses of readers who took part in the decoding of the encoded lunar space test.
516217a5caaecfa7b7a613dfc73bb83019d30b67	For example, the Moscow artist and amateur astronomer M. Shemyakin, among the chaotic accumulation of craters on the lunar surface, discovered mysterious chains of lunar craters in 1961, the parameters of which obey strict laws.
fb166b97590c6bb9d57e0b1de3b80ec4fd7cecff	All the chains lie on the arc of a circle, the diameter of each subsequent crater is either 21/2 (the root of two) times smaller than the previous one, or equal to it.
8878f546c1663a4ca7f29969969d5d6b9cc84f12	The distances between the crater centers also make up a geometric progression with a multiplier constant for each chain.
f5feb3cec1a065a2d0169f22d98c558be8640b45	Let's take another equally spectacular chain of six craters located inside the giant circus Clavius, which is located near the south pole of the Moon.
149c1b099411d0d6d0095bca57d0ee4eb9b89f10	This chain, perfectly visible even in a small telescope, is a decreasing series of craters, all the parameters of which are subject to a strict mathematical law.
0fcfcdfcf70a778d0fa24fb609698f9564059ad3	Calculations performed on a computer showed that the accidental" entry " of craters into such chains is impossible!
478da94883634a88948060891ed86add5e726e9b	And scientists have not yet come up with a natural mechanism explaining the occurrence of such formations.
db27a4a105c0583b43af0776cee34b94cbddf46a	Involuntarily, a crazy thought arises: arenot the converging chains a kind of arrows pointing to special points on the lunar surface?
4b61b925f4859130f38d543889df846195b80fd9	Shouldnot it be at these points, and there are several dozen of them on the moon, that the lunar surface should be specially explored?
3964460af39541ab7c53ce5ef51a4949a48cc91b	Who knows if there are "treasures of wisdom" or memorable signs left for earthlings?
09dddb15d727395a7a900cb11902443286244901	Engineer V. Perebiynos from Krasnodar suggests that the information for us can be embedded in the ratios of masses, distances and inclinations of the orbits of various celestial bodies.
e3c75cf35a96f9a313a0d3079a71a04b42ab6fa7	His assumption is confirmed by the calculations of engineer V. Politov from Voronezh.
4c6242cfe5898c452b41357472d25afd6625847a	He believes that in the system of celestial bodies Earth Moon Sun, the parameters of the Moon are highlighted in a special way and are practically set. Politov found mathematical confirmation of this assumption in a number of relationships between physical constants, mathematical constants and astronomical parameters.
c99c13ae61e99b617610e72a5a676a0b93875379	In his opinion, the coincidence of significant figures for individual lunar ratios is either an inexplicable accident (which is unlikely), or the result of a planned and implemented by extraterrestrial civilizations
a93bab1d2967e9b10b7bb7646a7c065736b49a1b	"by operations"
54a1219c01609bbb614762c0e72637746bd45dbe	by setting the dimensions of the registration and orbits of the Moon - � � and adjusting � � for консерв preservation with its help of information that has a very definite meaning for the "growing" human civilization.
49226a155d0d7df7a580f333fccc8c6376c99316	It is difficult, of course, to prove that unusual lunar formations are somehow connected with numerical or temporal information useful for earthlings, indicating that intelligent beings visited our planet in the past.
3b6310b3e5239005272443853f5c5d5e1ca11d6f	It is difficult, of course, to prove that the Moon is a monument left by them for us, but as follows from the above, it may well be one.
56b8ccfeade9a03bbe834fc746152cf882d4213c	Time and multifaceted scientific research can give us definitive answers to these questions...
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a2e86d83aee6e3151887501dd70a30af5cb0643b	Interpretations Translations of the Book
3549d36a6368a935f280eebd8ed7ac358c4dd8f1	Collier's Encyclopedia
07cced15e6034e721c4a9f94f1a81df4df92ca55	THE SUN is: Interpretation
ac26a7a94ea2e66490f932b6415a09ef6f2a913c	Translation
30f5fe33ee21ac5e9c09d175f993eed84ad0ee54	The SUN is a star around which the Earth and other planets of the Solar system revolve.
f8a6e753d1b0aaf49e7379545f938aa10d14abc1	The sun plays an exceptional role for humanity as the primary source of most types of energy.
cae2599077ee7f92f5ecdb337d3c3e7c5d73bdb5	Life in the form we know would be impossible if the Sun shone a little brighter or a little weaker.
ee1fcbdb5a26f110128b66ef0401c0b7822ae3f4	The sun is a typical small star, of which there are billions.
73d9ae589dad8aaa3756bd1fe8d238e06bcd31f3	But because of its proximity to us, only it allows astronomers to study in detail the physical structure of the star and the processes on its surface, which is practically unattainable with respect to other stars, even with the help of the most powerful telescopes.
edf820141c52de5f56d32aeec2c2d9306bf60726	Like other stars, the Sun is a hot ball of gas, mainly consisting of hydrogen compressed by its own gravity.
72ace5f240ed57214f499b72a188663f91238c27	The energy radiated by the Sun is born deep in its bowels during thermonuclear reactions that convert hydrogen into helium.
5c0f722788858249dcd8fb5e3e990d89722b631b	Seeping out, this energy is radiated into space from the photosphere - a thin layer of the solar surface.
f66297de72ce239625ca38ddee32bf454a4dffd9	Above the photosphere is the outer atmosphere of the Sun - the corona, which extends over many radii of the Sun and merges with the interplanetary medium.
8a47ff663808d48e69a71e88ff480fc1cc6cb12b	Since the gas in the corona is very rarefied, its glow is extremely weak.
de2a7864f54148a9307e0d05f8a162fcf2ca5dba	Usually invisible against the background of a bright daytime sky, the corona becomes visible only at the moments of total solar eclipses.
ab96228e4b3bc5f71c2c255214ba144935902c15	The gas density monotonically decreases from the center of the Sun to its periphery, and the temperature reaching 16 million degrees in the center.
0c17af61beff090f9ef141cb0d6aa43885a3be78	K, decreases to 5800 K in the photosphere, but then increases again to 2 million k.
d73f4fc0f3d52d7ca41895b1cc5753e6bb78442a	K in the crown.
5c7491c7960d3e955b45a6659bd23c8bbbdbd393	The transition layer between the photosphere and the corona, observed as a bright red rim at the moments of total solar eclipses, is called the chromosphere.
8bf24a97076bb7321efe299c089755aa70d6ac09	The Sun has an 11 year cycle of activity.
0991ea6c44d8418f5028c7b6e53985270d029168	In this article, we will talk about the above mentioned areas and phenomena on the Sun. After a brief description of the Sun as a star, we will discuss its internal structure, then the photosphere, chromosphere, flares, prominences and corona.
33662bbf5f3d150fe12cecaa9850bad845e90f7f	The sun is like a star.
97c22e709a76aa3b8b026fbd64588276e62c0913	The sun is located in one of the spiral arms of the Galaxy at a distance of more than half of the galactic radius from its center.
45455fd27e40508b9133375bf08436a0ed934787	Together with the neighboring stars, the Sun orbits the center of the Galaxy with a period of about 240 million years.
f1ffe2d5423d3af77f74ad423c3ec83f6fd30ff6	The sun is a yellow dwarf of spectral class G2 V, belonging to the main sequence in the Hertzsprung Ressel diagram.
f15473e765d1c6107a4926a980ac5df7a21127c3	The main characteristics of the Sun are given in Table 1.
d1a55b951aae3b8c96ee10c374ddbfb056259a64	Note that although the Sun is gaseous up to the very center, its average density (1.4 g/cm3) exceeds the density of water, and in the center of the Sun it is much higher than even gold or platinum, which have a density of approx. 20 g/cm3.
3bdc1d1abbc87b44b2c8b433fc74a7bfe642f84c	The surface of the Sun at a temperature of 5800 K emits 6.5 kW/cm2.
6cf1175ff6e8a9618174eaa4096c2197a8eb72e3	The sun rotates around the axis in the direction of the general rotation of the planets.
e9918dffffe5c0cc0e10fad2770e84c0ecf3fd3c	But since the Sun is not a solid body, different regions of its photosphere rotate at different speeds: the rotation period at the equator is 25 days, and at latitude 75° - 31 days.
cf06af02f74e250b46b89efc71c9dd7850f75248	Table 1.
5aceec56d6987574fd0a0623fac2b5c1b8fc8ebe	CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SUN THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE SUN Since we cannot directly observe the interior of the Sun, our knowledge of its structure is based on theoretical calculations.
9207357f55bd86600de8c2102a688096d42e667a	Knowing the mass, radius and luminosity of the Sun from observations, to calculate its structure, it is necessary to make assumptions about the processes of energy generation, the mechanisms of its transfer from the core to the surface and about the chemical composition of matter.
c2ffb8aa373673ab376fe050f32b526f9efa8a81	Geological data indicate that the luminosity of the Sun has not changed significantly over the past few billion years.
ec17f8147be12418f9b29a03759bee74c84264c3	What kind of energy source can support it for so long?
54ffdab3bc3d7620bd00b80da1e53591c1bab53b	Ordinary chemical gorenje processes are not suitable for this.
03e819a75c1413af760ee6a6a537928f74b8fc4c	Even gravitational compression, according to the calculations of Kelvin and Helmholtz, could only maintain the glow of the Sun for about 100 million years.
b28cc892c84f1ae449d2125a0e190084f238a622	Bethe solved this problem in 1939: the source of the Sun's energy is the thermonuclear conversion of hydrogen into helium.
e8626a7578ab7de59e5e83ab3a3d0adeafe8f3ee	Since the efficiency of the thermonuclear process is very high, and the Sun is almost entirely composed of hydrogen, this completely solved the problem.
a57b9b87a92293a4ecb7d37b7daeafd01fc04994	Two nuclear processes provide the luminosity of the Sun: the proton proton reaction and the carbon nitrogen cycle (see also STARS).
e173824feb14161240a562119c775e5a66f20eb9	Proton The proton reaction leads to the formation of a helium nucleus from four hydrogen nuclei (protons) with the release of 4.3 H10-5 erg of energy in the form of gamma rays,two positrons and two neutrinos for each helium nucleus.
f725fc8082d686d3043c8e8d504a2c7c4ee0fe71	This reaction provides 90% of the Sun's luminosity.
303b3a354628a069545cf64b2383e5225df914b4	It takes 1010 years for all the hydrogen in the Sun's core to turn into helium.
c297654b2af59a8c90744f42ddb9b21bf8221513	In 1968, p.
87cbe7ac8f31cf4af526f5fd5f64979d79085b08	Davis and his colleagues began to measure the flow of neutrinos generated during thermonuclear reactions in the core of the Sun.
3cb6a39842203c40e303a15497c6b3b227a6fdba	This was the first experimental verification of the theory of a solar energy source.
744dde202cbb824734dca108cd061ce768bc5c54	Neutrino interacts very weakly with matter, so it freely leaves the bowels of the Sun and reaches the Earth.
aebc5851ddcbd8facc90142a6e649c7fae1efdd4	But for the same reason, it is extremely difficult to register it with devices.
44d9fe71c44e8c0f2cfbaa13a184a40368f9becb	Despite the improvement of the equipment and the refinement of the model of the Sun, the observed neutrino flux still remains 3 times less than predicted.
00f6552a021f63797a1d712c78507e7523c2140e	There are several possible explanations: either the chemical composition of the Sun's core is not the same as that of its surface; or mathematical models of the processes occurring in the core are not quite accurate; or on the way from the Sun to the Earth, the neutrino changes its properties.
eb645351a25b9c6f5877f1349a927d0586b02358	Further research in this area is needed.
797c2ae779cb69fa7730151557ea1d095e05c055	See also NEUTRINO ASTRONOMY.
4134677e9cfaa33f33f7d60100acc18b318f3136	Radiation plays the main role in the transfer of energy from the solar interior to the surface, convection is of secondary importance, and thermal conductivity is not important at all.
309339bbea5c7ce46a06f25457ccc236399e6b76	At a high temperature of the solar interior, the radiation is mainly represented by X rays with a wavelength of 2-10 .
44c0d7747000c520dd5c3d21015fcd68f0aeb70b	Convection plays a significant role in the central region of the core and in the outer layer lying directly under the photosphere.
6d12d90a3138371cc12334444ff3a45af33ad46c	In 1962, the American physicist R. Leighton discovered that sections of the solar surface oscillate vertically with a period of approx. 5 minutes.
c0b71a1a20fec63bf0e4ef6cc66d21b8becde039	Calculations by R. Ulrich and K. Wolf showed that sound waves excited by turbulent gas movements in the convective zone lying under the photosphere can manifest themselves in this way.
1ad5a813ecb8df27d93c3a4ea8c0436219361f27	In it, as in an organ pipe, only those sounds are amplified, the wavelength of which exactly fits into the thickness of the zone.
7bfeb5978a36007eeb10e5f0eb885d8188f68a9f	In 1974, the German scientist F. Debner experimentally confirmed the calculations of Ulrich and Wolf.
fa966419ca9b47193dce4b5bdcd1ca048ba3f58b	Since then, the observation of 5 minute oscillations has become a powerful method for studying the internal structure of the Sun. Analyzing them, it was possible to find out that: 1) the thickness of the convective zone is approx. 27% of the sun's radius; 2) the core of the Sun probably rotates faster than the surface;
4926c9cd2c7bee3749ec64b77ffbf50c14a3260f	3) the content of
02a6f90f549db3f836ab24895c68b0deb95a051d	the amount of helium inside the sun is approx. 40% by weight.
8cef63e9101c8616eb28e78c81be868d71c763f5	The observation of fluctuations with periods between 5 and 160 minutes was also reported.
1f08b64509602b00938303ff5557b3b63d038203	These longer sound waves can penetrate deeper into the bowels of the Sun, which will help to understand the structure of the solar interior and, possibly, solve the problem of solar neutrino deficiency.
0bed38d6742f97c4ccb5224eea9206dd8c65a1f3	THE ATMOSPHERE OF THE SUN IS the photosphere.
9acf0a9698b4c58ca76b4f2b8f0f6acd2024e5e3	This is a translucent layer several hundred kilometers thick, representing the" visible " surface of the Sun.
8b77de103071d02ab7c82ae54df51614db1df4d0	Since the atmosphere lying above is almost transparent, the radiation, having reached the photosphere from below, freely leaves it and goes into space.
686cd064128c5ee01920b18ee4ba179cdb7f1b76	Unable to absorb energy, the upper layers of the photosphere should be colder than the lower ones.
3cbd471a57f20db881cc934b959a9b1a97e9f3bb	The proof of this can be seen in the photos of the Sun: in the center of the disk, where the thickness of the photosphere along the visual beam is minimal, it is brighter and bluer than at the edge (on the "limb") the disk.
85103830a0f3b59675fbcc5e4188de55678d1d3a	In 1902, the calculations of A.Schuster, and later - E. Milne and A. Eddington confirmed that the temperature difference in the photosphere is just such as to ensure the transfer of radiation through a translucent gas from the lower layers to the upper ones.
ba686c8ba1ac13d5916cb5ccad6d5d930aa42218	The main substance that absorbs and re emits light in the photosphere is negative hydrogen ions (hydrogen atoms with an additional electron attached).
5c5355e59bf0de0df3258829ef788b06a8ed8df8	Fraunhofer spectrum.
a79f9e99d44cf207ff38134daf88a7348c1cb756	Sunlight has a continuous spectrum with the absorption lines detected by Y. Fraunhofer in 1814; they show that in addition to hydrogen, many other chemical elements are present in the atmosphere of the Sun. Absorption lines are formed in the spectrum because the atoms of the upper colder layers of the photosphere absorb light coming from below with certain wavelengths, and emit it not as intensively as the hot lower layers.
80229249c1ec135167107c6e343c37c129f5a3ad	The distribution of brightness within the Fraunhofer line depends on the number and state of the atoms producing it, i.e. on the chemical composition, density and temperature of the gas.
14459e2c30b4b12d28d1de8b695a5b481375bbfe	Therefore, a detailed analysis of the Fraunhofer spectrum allows us to determine the conditions in the photosphere and its chemical composition (Table 2).
c9609276c9ba51dde4e39afdff08f939f89158e8	Table 2.
5e2f9c6d843510baf9c5437aa38aec067bcb0b2b	THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE SUN'S PHOTOSPHERE Element is the Logarithm of the relative number of Hydrogen atoms_________12,00 Helium ___________11,20 Carbon __________8,56 Nitrogen _____________7,98 Oxygen _________9,00 Sodium ___________6,30 Magnesium ___________7,28 Aluminum _________6,21 Silicon __________7,60 Sulfur _____________7,17 Calcium __________6,38 Chrome _____________6,00 Iron ___________6,76 The most abundant element after hydrogen is helium, which gives only one line in the optical spectrum.
f69f24b450ebb947a910e7e2ef55b424356bf4bd	Therefore, the helium content in the photosphere is not measured very accurately, and it is judged by the spectra of the chromosphere.
c47501913fbc7d2604c6b5f0a07e5d07e1366bfe	No variations in the chemical composition in the Sun's atmosphere have been observed.
7b04bff5fb22be962c60977a0e4ca1189702a4ab	See also SPECTRUM.
f1bc680f4d4e1a9c8efe39714a3a3c5be70d24d2	Granulation.
897423359b4343bf12d1551fb71b81dc6e33df81	Photos of the photosphere taken in white light under very good observation conditions show small bright dots - "granules" separated by dark gaps.
d1f11ec43a0f34bc74c4069851d77da089e5e6c7	The diameters of the granules are about 1500 km.
d9af50f53e344c6ea0cb10735d9e2830585c383f	They constantly arise and disappear, remaining 5-10 minutes.
82cd9bfcc98aed2003bf1e3642dfafa0dd99cfb2	Astronomers have long suspected that the granulation of the photosphere is associated with the convective movements of the gas heated from below.
c57fdffb026eff750285b6c4cbcb614824892373	Spectral measurements of J. Beckers proved that in the center of the pellet, hot gas really floats up at a speed of about 0.5 km / s; then it spreads out to the sides, cools down and slowly descends along the dark boundaries of the granules.
1b915c222bdd7450de40584aca30a1ce616c2497	Supergranulation.
5d4f93b36ef1f37198d532af7d25afd4c4866307	R. Leighton found that the photosphere is also divided into much larger cells with a diameter of approx. 30,000 km - "supergranules".
2412771bb1d3b660e70400a1eea084c8507f3586	Supergranulation reflects the movements of matter in the convective zone under the photosphere.
714912a9aac81fa3714f939f411b5855c9a78643	In the center of the cell, the gas rises to the surface, spreads out to the sides at a speed of about 0.5 km / s and sinks down at its edges; each cell lives for about a day.
78c9062b02842d1e814431f858d483b3c9a6cdb3	The movement of gas in supergranules constantly changes the structure of the magnetic field in the photosphere and chromosphere.
4c6930fabfd08102f0262530a4174fece43c4ea9	Photospheric gas is a good conductor of electricity (since some of its atoms are ionized), so the magnetic field lines appear to be frozen into it and are transferred by the movement of the gas to the boundaries of supergranules, where they concentrate and the field strength increases.
ee729c72d1e1984b668ca5d39f1ecc1732dc9481	Sunspots.
0c44719539af9dd7293d6525dae43b3bb5dc62de	In 1908, J. Hale discovered a strong magnetic field in the sunspots, coming out of the bowels to the surface.
67685c7c3c39824018168ae0b46d9d3fe7807904	Its magnetic induction is so great (up to several thousand gauss) that the ionized gas itself is forced to subordinate its movement to the configuration of the field; in the spots, the field slows down the convective mixing of the gas, which causes it to cool down.
b25987e732dbc5b2fb64ab65a6926bd0de9f03d4	Therefore, the gas in the spot is colder than the surrounding photospheric gas and looks darker.
37d1239ab6a48c7c48aa68d94674cf03afd4911f	Spots usually have a dark core - "shadow" - and a lighter "penumbra"surrounding it.
d49b0136ac8a4280f95564026579eb907f610c70	Usually, their temperature, respectively, is 1500 and 400 K lower than in the surrounding photosphere.
10c59323def0e7c80442d52958616523a87ddf13	A SUNSPOT with a central shadow and a fibrous penumbra surrounding it.
05abff04993f9ef1285a3c5155c6f2e8f8cc6f4b	Photospheric granules are visible around the spot.
b5158a9eedb12b07f3d7272f86538f91c4d6646d	The spot begins its growth from a small dark "pore" with a diameter of 1500 km.
746f60c3e1c6ef5ac111ab36629690650124255a	Big most of the pores disappear after a day, but the spots that have grown out of them persist for weeks and reach a diameter of 30,000 km.
95e05d10c86df45e0f5636f1b67a79f614da52c9	The details of the growth and decay of sunspots are not fully understood.
9401b30016d5798939db88d3e6b5b2348e80b87c	For example, it is not clear whether the magnetic tubes of the spot are compressed by the horizontal movement of gas or whether they are already ready to "emerge" from under the surface.
9243252d3de63ce77445025ab8761de994fc64c7	Harvey discovered in 1970 that the spots move towards the general rotation of the Sun faster than the surrounding photosphere (by about 140 m / s).
16f9feb80804c19d4f6890b94f3372e69196825c	This indicates that the spots are associated with subphotospheric layers that rotate faster than the visible surface of the Sun.
22c7ea7e68e60ab18e6932bb74530cdfca277325	Usually from 2 to 50 spots are combined into a group, often having a bipolar structure: at one end of the group there are spots of one magnetic polarity, and at the other - the opposite one.
723bdcd8dc4ee102da5857f84e18ff6f49246386	But there are also multipolar groups.
47d42c11b60cd0160cb2aeb007085aa457eec967	The number of spots on the Sun's disk changes regularly with a period of approx. 11 years.
3ad2963856c0d15c87f2861d45f2334e8f63c08b	At the beginning of each cycle, new spots appear at high solar latitudes (± 50°).
6232e7f729db48fce4ac221564063932d8cf4ec7	As the cycle develops and the number of spots increases, they appear at lower and lower latitudes.
2519b52c0570720e62573d777181592ac5867c18	The end of the cycle is marked by the birth and decay of several spots near the equator (± 10°).
460c22df4f908ceed1837911f9b04cd1e8befe0c	During the cycle, most of the "leading" (western) spots in the bipolar groups have the same magnetic polarity, and different in the northern and southern hemispheres of the Sun.
4919616ecc7068766523fbf739167bdd93ffe742	In the next cycle, the polarity of the leading spots changes to the opposite.
718d92ff03d4fded05f0a4e2358b3d340c1acb44	Therefore, they often talk about a full 22 year cycle of solar activity.
a382ce4217516f80273de7f0c6421a43497a71d8	There is still a lot of mystery in the nature of this phenomenon.
d3b01947ad104173733c71cac175aa7c2a2726ee	Magnetic fields.
3aaa259cf22284360874e1497f4ec22a04de0d89	In the photosphere, a magnetic field with an induction of more than 50 Gs is observed only in spots, in the active regions surrounding the spots, as well as at the boundaries of supergranules.
9c027feb61154cebfe6d3160d1174eea56f998fa	But L. Stanflo and J. Harvey found indirect indications that the magnetic field of the photosphere is actually concentrated in thin tubes with a diameter of 100-200 km, where its induction is from 1000 to 2000 Gs.
9368cf83d039cc3240a8a7b0428885974e34f283	Magnetically active regions differ from quiet regions only in the number of magnetic tubes per unit surface.
decf3d55811b6fa8ed2c379439cc9f9bf540a22c	Probably, the solar magnetic field is generated in the depths of the convective zone, where the bubbling gas twists the weak initial field into powerful magnetic bundles.
f78f197267c95e9c0f672642a1f315797989ea55	The differential rotation of matter puts these bundles along parallels, and when the field in them becomes strong enough, they float up into the photosphere, breaking up in separate arches.
bde841fceb079d87eb2c9b163ace42d9988409ef	This is probably how spots are born, although there is still a lot of uncertainty about this.
0f167261ffd13a42fcf5e3d757724bdbf81fd76a	The process of spot decay has been studied much more fully.
16a06506b4fa50fab1ed6cf819acf354c61535fa	Supergranules that pop up at the edges of the active region capture the magnetic tubes and pull them apart.
72b93151c1c911991ab06954499086a82d1e7786	Gradually, the general field weakens; an accidental connection of tubes of opposite polarity leads to their mutual destruction.
f01c50d5290a0296c012f5a41919a771ba0ff5f7	Chromosphere.
968b9ded25cd3478ddd52b07ac330dfc13ad1432	The chromosphere is located between the relatively cold, dense photosphere and the hot, sparse corona.
ffb03a8e07e4a57902ffedcf3909d94398878aa9	The weak light of the chromosphere is usually not visible against the background of a bright photosphere.
c8495705bbf81a6c67b122b2dc455151a1152892	It can be seen as a narrow strip above the limb of the Sun, when the photosphere is closed naturally (at the time of a total solar eclipse) or artificially (in a special telescope coronograph).
f3467e88a7fb6a26fc4efb9cff2017417e01ffec	The chromosphere can be studied throughout the entire disk of the Sun, if you observe in a narrow spectral range (about 0.5 ) near the center of a strong absorption line.
9c60cd8c6875452c0dc67d31fd903e81186b0fd9	The method is based on the fact that the higher the absorption, the lower the depth to which our gaze penetrates into the Sun's atmosphere.
7403518d3d1c172a7a60b2729ab59bbca0adc54d	For such observations, a spectrograph of a special design is used - a spectrogeliograph.
50ac51d5538c11fe4a91e055faa12d45ec4b3c93	Spectrogeliograms show that the chromosphere is heterogeneous: it is brighter above the sunspots and along the boundaries of supergranules.
5182cab0b50684a320ddc0278dae598e770ba363	Since it is in these areas that the magnetic field is strengthened, it is obvious that energy is transferred from the photosphere to the chromosphere with its help.
e99b85a35c430dfedd538092f4a4050c22aac973	It is probably carried by sound waves excited by the turbulent movement of gas in the granules.
ec3fa663d8fd54e249b37a64735f81514d553ebb	But in detail, the mechanisms of heating the chromosphere are not yet understood.
db12374a1e6181be26433c297f2295c2a90994f1	The chromosphere emits strongly in the hard ultraviolet range (500-2000), which is inaccessible to observation from the Earth's surface.
bddda1e6b02fcc3f91c6f0c26d5c2e2d422193b1	Since the early 1960s, many important measurements of the ultraviolet radiation of the upper atmosphere of the Sun have been made with the help of high altitude rockets and satellites.
eec380c9d363c5c493ab57776fe604730074fec3	More than 1000 radiation lines of various elements were found in its spectrum, including lines of repeatedly ionized carbon, nitrogen and oxygen, as well as the main series of hydrogen, helium and helium ion.
eae4bc34d6aee3e9ae8652e5d1578984ddca4b56	The study of these spectra showed that the transition from the chromosphere to the corona occurs at a distance of only 100 km, where the temperature increases from 50,000 to 2,000,000 K.
44ca091935334d6951a1c3c6bc18e05a33f82289	It turned out that the heating of the chromosphere largely occurs from the corona by thermal conductivity.
742f4bb9fb14dc0095699d572e14366777eee32a	Near groups of sunspots in the chromosphere, bright and dark fibrous structures are observed, often elongated in the direction of the magnetic field.
e2be2dd0317d3c4fd91b00b4c18673418f5b7dad	Above 4000 km, uneven, jagged formations are visible, evolving quite quickly.
8e0b5218f5a4647a1c44c0ba3d71354bfd284ed2	When observing the limb in the center of the first Balmer line of hydrogen (Ha), the chromosphere at these altitudes is filled with many spicules - thin and long clouds of hot gas.
5acdc0ca5683e5b9f7309786ea8ee49d678884b7	Little is known about them.
428ad52e8fb5e8fccf3c82616bcce955a48f665a	The diameter of a single spicule is less than 1000 km; it lives for about 10 minutes.
c768f3382a5779c56dec876a84c8bbb8b2dd5f22	With a speed of approx. 30 km/s spicules rise to a height of 10,000-15,000 km, after which they either dissolve or sink down.
cbd258ea645bfb0fb42046eb7eb1a325f354f865	Judging by the spectrum, the temperature of the spicules is 10,000-20,000 K, although the corona surrounding them at these altitudes is heated to at least 600,000 K.
9e6fd84a209c6ee86dc40d2e8451409bcafc4354	It seems that spicules are areas of a relatively cold and dense chromosphere that temporarily rise into a hot, rarefied corona.
05b276ae3b0a5b4acdcef82fd96ffe088e396373	Counting within the boundaries of supergranules shows that the number of spicules at the level of the photosphere corresponds to the number of granules; there is probably a physical connection between them.
e7d652f0f5c5fd83906dccacfd8e37a25d8c1a13	Flashes.
2ed53f7cf73c50dc2c72b2af5c00dfca1003522e	The chromosphere above a group of sunspots can suddenly become brighter and shoot a portion of gas.
7b83e9828386dc0e3ce87da24de94ee96b38a6f2	This phenomenon, called "flash", is one of the most difficult to explain.
279a1f74176b12a7a7ff26474a7ef95fe3ef2724	Flares emit powerfully in the entire range of electromagnetic waves from radio to X rays, and also often emit beams of electrons and protons at a relativistic speed (i.e. close to the speed of light).
c1e2de23c6fa5e502729690dc20057f9afc028c6	They excite shock waves in the interplanetary medium that reach the Earth.
7560daa15c309a9cac304eedb035f86813692991	Flares are more likely to occur near groups of spots with a complex magnetic structure, especially when in
ae36b6406e576cf1011a7e527a61c03f6d185f03	the group begins to rapidly grow a new spot; such groups produce several flashes per day.
da34582e833fb09cecda77441990ea696bb44add	Weak flashes occur more often than strong ones.
6c1c41755b909f9f4d67e71dc2fd4491ba2872d2	The most powerful flares occupy 0.1% of the solar disk and last for several hours.
69cd025670ec714782e9544c3e2cac9d5ded16c4	The total energy of the flash is 1023-1025 J.
ea52a9d2c0275321b071241532c267850c359cfa	The X ray spectra of the flares obtained by the SMM (Solar Maximum Mission) satellite made it possible to significantly better understand the nature of the flares.
9bfa51f940b98d6f5add23eb576d794eb5b7a669	The beginning of the flash can be marked by an X ray burst with a photon wavelength of less than 0.05 , caused, as its spectrum shows, by a flow of relativistic electrons.
e1f65ac15997a0700da74a3ad4637cfbd6b5ae32	In a few seconds, these electrons heat up the surrounding gas to 20,000,000 K, and it becomes a source of X ray radiation in the range of 1-20 , hundreds of times higher than the flow in this range from a calm Sun. At this temperature, iron atoms lose 24 of their 26 electrons.
4b6e44dc3a72a55dcb5481b2a3104d35997524b4	Then the gas cools down, but still continues to emit X rays.
d1a8758852db547973f6e7624808325521d8d9d6	P. Wilde from Australia and A. Maxwell from the USA investigated the development of the flash using a radio analog spectrograph - a "dynamic spectrum analyzer" that registers changes in the power and frequency of radiation.
a62baf1e5b86c2521467cd4d8d869364d8099d60	It turned out that the radiation frequency for the first few seconds of the flash drops from 600 to 100 MHz, indicating that a disturbance propagates through the corona at a speed of 1/3 of the speed of light.
dd2ef849cceb6fb632c611ca6d856922cecb9185	In 1982, US radio astronomers using a VLA radio interferometer in pcs.
358a21a2970249e189d08d0e60947eec2c6b027c	New Mexico and data from the SMM satellite, resolved fine details in the chromosphere and corona during the outbreak.
47e9d64670b685921a1090e633c91ec6d21642a4	It is not surprising that these were loops, probably of a magnetic nature, in which energy is released that heats the gas during the flash.
f6e4036961fabca43b01d2521f01855c60330778	At the final stage of the flare, relativistic electrons captured by the magnetic field continue to emit strongly polarized radio waves, moving in a spiral around the magnetic lines of force above the active region.
f2b5265db52436976f2cab8f24a0a1c53ea7c1c2	This radiation can last for several hours after the flash.
ef541c122bbe35c0b79670948e177e00c86578fd	Although gas is always ejected from the flare area, its speed usually does not exceed the speed of departure from the surface of the Sun (616 km/s).
6cd3f710106b4b9cddfc1e13ed5db52d73025bd5	However, flares often emit streams of electrons and protons that reach the Earth in 1-3 days and cause auroras and magnetic field disturbances on it.
66b30bfdf052bf58fbaa64d50bdd8f7a083ff5cd	These particles with an energy reaching billions of electron volts are very dangerous for astronauts in orbit.
9ff9425f734791fcd9baac0d77ce00ef83c51fff	Therefore, astronomers try to predict solar flares by studying the configuration of the magnetic field in the chromosphere.
476ae9131cc3834c4517d6391db24ee119517d2e	The complex structure of the field with twisted lines of force ready for reconnection indicates the possibility of a flash.
53f7683ba7499f3c825b1e04e64aecb974c8b7e6	Prominences.
370d34d911f1b18136493466698c5101ad694e5d	Solar prominences are relatively cold masses of gas that appear and disappear in a hot corona.
de77a3883dd0937622dd6b83dd9074c80332ff50	When observed with a coronagraph in the Ha line, they are visible on the limb of the Sun as bright clouds against a dark sky background.
8c88e8db966dcdbda15b8e0af3dff903917038e6	But when observed with a spectrogeliograph or Lio interference filters, they look like dark fibers against the background of a bright chromosphere.
0aa7aab60d0bad53662c575ee1fe51886d29297d	AN ERUPTIVE SOLAR PROMINENCE photographed during a total solar eclipse.
1c432bfca505e5a01368e47ce482a420778e7a7f	An eruptive (rising) prominence is formed from a dense cloud of gas ejected into space by the solar magnetic field.
d51cd1d6630503225074065bf760fbd1209596d3	The forms of prominences are extremely diverse, but there are several main types.
f80b91223518e15e4bb6f5b6bd29749ea951dee6	The prominences of sunspots are similar to curtains up to 100,000 km in length, 30,000 km in height and 5000 km thick.
613c693f8db92d66c6c3bc70d718966a4a5264cc	Some prominences have a branched structure.
a68ef6fa17de981f144194fb060b951f753fa7af	Rare and beautiful loop shaped prominences have a rounded shape with a diameter of approx. 50,000 km.
166d7a2e5aa7ffc32f92a0c95cef9f85fe4fd1e6	Almost all prominences have a thin structure of gas filaments, probably repeating the structure of the magnetic field; the true nature of this phenomenon is not clear.
d556ebe21838c4d552970e75a01840d170182814	The gas in the prominences usually moves in streams downwards at a speed of 1-20 km / s.
d42b7604205af773e10bcc23c623fb4d95898087	The exception is "sergi" - prominences that fly up from the surface at a speed of 100-200 km/s, and then fall back more slowly.
b8ada21e4f862ea19948f9e12467a8b1e025d5f9	Prominences are born on the edges of groups of sunspots and can persist for several revolutions of the Sun (i.e., several Earth months).
e4eb0c4d79e51b89646969e4f096c5b243af3b6c	The spectra of the prominences are similar to the spectra of the chromosphere: bright lines of hydrogen, helium and metals against the background of weak continuous radiation.
58cc19323938d93d98090fc4a5595d30f2fea249	Usually, the radiation lines of quiet prominences are thinner than chromospheric lines; this is probably due to the smaller number of atoms on the visual beam in the prominence.
8e86c520b39a634c0c5126da87ea56ba6b889746	The analysis of the spectra indicates that the temperature of the quiet prominences is 10,000-20,000 K, and the density is about 1010 at.
55150193c5e264c45c89f1a755d2e9020397b567	/ cm3.
33b9e306bc9959ed7ea8c0e4bec5b2cf3b91b1a2	The active prominences show lines of ionized helium, which indicates a significantly higher temperature.
8231351d41ee86fcd445a5ff1ad9311d15a6bf46	The temperature gradient in the prominences is very large, since they are surrounded by a corona with a temperature of 2,000,000 K.
153e77ccc6bb0d98922044e279495594c8c1b3c6	The number of prominences and their distribution along the latitude during the 11 year cycle repeats the distribution of sunspots.
5c173eb073c9cbb79d11e2f5213ae225f246e1ba	However, at high latitudes, there is a second belt of prominences, which shifts to the pole during the maximum of the cycle.
caf6b67cc7b8d4dcfb8137001053220f1d1ca35c	Why prominences are formed and what supports them in a sparse corona is not completely clear.
e2abc1a11190fcd2471d1b5f30d3356edd363741	Crown.
8bc79894af734aaa9def111b30eeca99dda58777	The outer part of the Sun - the corona shines weakly and is visible to the naked eye only during total solar eclipses or with the help of a coronograph.
ef273f76fabbf04c504234ab4305f762cd72202a	But it is much brighter in X rays and in the radio range.
b5d31ca1692782988df2364f05261f7614a72e09	See also EXTRA ATMOSPHERIC ASTRONOMY.
a86171cc21a282ed350605bdd6ad372ae69cb28b	The corona shines brightly in the X ray range, because its temperature is from 1 to 5 million.
750dcbc477fd8ef916fb60763dcb919bdac63971	K, and at the moments of flashes reaches 10 million K. X ray spectra of the corona have recently been obtained from satellites, and optical ones have been studied for many years during total eclipses.
0a42cad5c06a4acf0bc32fc4b07927f3f9622008	These spectra contain lines of repeatedly ionized atoms of argon, calcium, iron, silicon and sulfur, which are formed only at temperatures above 1,000,000 K.
14c4325d3a58db51abe3ccfb1ffc15f86bdebb07	The SOLAR CORONA is the upper part of the Sun's atmosphere, which can be seen around the dark disk of the Moon at the time of a total solar eclipse.
d45dd7db39049834af260e727fe02ffc830dbd11	The shape of the corona reflects the distribution of the magnetic field over the surface of the Sun.
b934c43b5fc3489b78247635e005a31fe3261298	The white light of the corona, which is visible up to a distance of 4 radii of the Sun during an eclipse, is formed as a result of scattering of photospheric radiation on free electrons of the corona.
f10529e4831aa26213e1624dff559615ad1498e5	Therefore, the change in the brightness of the corona with height indicates the distribution of electrons, and since the main element is completely ionized hydrogen, the distribution of the gas density also indicates.
ac432fac5b3c826d300b8d02e05387f049d91ac5	Coronal structures are clearly divided into open (rays and polar brushes) and closed (loops and arches) the ionized gas exactly repeats the structure of the magnetic field in the corona, since it cannot move across the lines of force.
20c644272b083168897d1f69ec1d84e98c5ba67d	Since the field exits the photosphere and is associated with an 11 year sunspot cycle, the appearance of the corona changes during this cycle.
94092dacde4648f72c1856fdf4da4c3390360597	During the minimum period, the corona is dense and bright only in the equatorial belt, but as the cycle develops, coronal rays appear at higher latitudes, and at the maximum they can be seen at all latitudes.
fd2f880d42bc8a6f53457cd5ecf490dfa66e16c2	From May 1973 to January 1974, the corona was continuously observed by 3 crews of astronauts from the Skylab orbital station.
d060cedbda2f4e61d8dfb5387df7989733ecfb32	www.xsp.ru
05c51267e0a6a6fc0abb7a4e2b25a9a85798cc1c	xsp.ru/astro/
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22206f67a321f10120e0346315189b77f3af1cfe	News Library About Astrology New in the sky Natal Chart Fonts Lectures Planets
df11be2af8f9ce6cbe4cd6d9df4a9e92a64115ac	Sun Moon Mercury Venus Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Chiron Lunar Nodes Houses
8accc4965b3a678f4ab942f110257cdcab454981	First House Second House Third House Fourth House Fifth House Sixth House Seventh House Eighth House Ninth House Tenth House Eleventh House Twelfth House Zodiac Signs
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ed261f696330c0b6c736700be933a249d801d8e2	The sun - Astronomical information The Sun - Astrological description The Sun - Astronomical information The Sun in Aries, the Sun in Taurus, the Sun in Gemini, The Sun in Cancer, the Sun in Leo, the Sun in Virgo, the Sun in Libra, the Sun in Scorpio, the Sun in Sagittarius, the Sun in Capricorn, the Sun in Aquarius, The Sun in Pisces
08140bb91261d819743f88869e70dc97f93ff951	The sun is the central and largest body of the Solar system, a red hot plasma ball, a typical dwarf star.
c5e7ae50a25cb3d1e3deca5e9f12b93cc10b0cef	The chemical composition of the Sun it consists of hydrogen and helium, the remaining elements are less than 0.1%.
6d1bb89b25a4a7cc5e834535017f3b121dc64e5c	The source of solar energy is the reaction of converting hydrogen into helium at a speed of 600 million tons per second.
c026472435d690f72ef34ca88266ac5525b88168	At the same time, light and heat are released in the core of the Sun.
98c4377aee456ff6f0e10ea09b8692260586fadd	The temperature in the core reaches 15 million degrees.
a5e9b94d890a8e9c400c94f596510602b3c33cd4	The sun is a hot rotating ball consisting of glowing gas.
be8edc69b652ae00df1da4f3212b39999b5b9f7d	The radius of the Sun is 696 t. km.
069ae8f79f42eda379a78052db92dc27438c8cdc	The diameter of the Sun : 1392000 km (109 diameters of the Earth).
a545cbc0e488ccab94407ac5a20fe0631636937a	The solar atmosphere (chromosphere and solar corona) is very active, various phenomena are observed in it: flares, prominences, solar wind (constant outflow of corona matter into interplanetary space).
e3ee0ae537f0f70b08ac34973c7b467f84953563	Prominences (from Lat. protubero swell), huge, stretching up to hundreds of thousands of kilometers, tongues of incandescent gas in the solar corona, having a higher density and lower temperature than the corona plasma surrounding them.
6d3fa15221864721c8f750ef51c0b45b093b14eb	On the disk of the Sun, they are observed in the form of dark fibers, and on its edge in the form of luminous clouds, arches or jets.
f0dc02b66230ecf144b5c6e5910b07e6b7812fe1	Their temperature range can reach up to 4000 degrees.
502cc19f3f08aa335851e6a72ef5005f58d66402	A solar flare, the most powerful manifestation of solar activity, is a sudden local release of energy from magnetic fields in the corona and chromosphere of the Sun. During solar flares, an increase in the brightness of the chromosphere (8-10 min), acceleration of electrons, protons and heavy ions, X ray and radio emission are observed.
d12d438ad391b2d1013f395a57e7002d77c3f57f	Sunspots, formations in the photosphere of the Sun, develop from pores, can reach 200 thousand km across, exist on average for 10-20 days.
ffedf53c92f3fc71cf7509b0b5d11d6fbdceae6c	The temperature in sunspots is lower than the temperature of the photosphere, as a result of which they are 2-5 times darker than the photosphere.
ea4682745e719af9cff2d3530f21619e596bc88f	Often spots appear in groups.
f76911e5566d6aed0b909603e894d23a7f80fe55	Sunspots are formed when magnetic field lines thicken on the surface of the Sun.
bb258d857d07db64fc5b278d07d89c1ba8cefe86	The magnetic field prevents the transfer of energy from the depths of the Sun, so the spots look colder, darker and seemingly deeper compared to the surrounding surface.
71fda73e5aa97719acab07406df443e40a58ae64	Sunspots live for several days, and then they disintegrate.
22f667e0dcd4ba89661b1390ce44288ac01d15c5	The number of sunspots is constantly changing in accordance with the activity of the Sun. Every 5 ½ years, the Sun passes from the maximum to the minimum of activity.
165649be9416b9dc98ed5b6934ff16cfdc36e3c3	The minimum of solar activity occurred two years ago.
01d75c6c160d620ae7af7f273e959fda12431470	The sun and sunspots can never be observed directly.
c7db8a670f5642554c81efe5ee21e265b955c97c	The rotation of the Sun around the axis occurs in the same direction as the Earth (from west to east).One revolution relative to the Earth is made in 27.275 days (synodic period of circulation), relative to the fixed stars in 25.38 days (sidereal period of circulation).
9352cfbdb6ef81950fecd7c070508254d28ed6c9	Solar and lunar eclipses occur either when the Earth falls into the shadow cast by the Moon (solar eclipses), or when the Moon falls into the shadow of the Earth (lunar eclipses).
389f2010fb36a23f615a60788cc1c88c0fd0e2d6	The duration of total solar eclipses does not exceed 7.5 minutes, partial (large phase) 2 hours .
6ec14a6a538a59b210aa203092a63de7462a95d2	The lunar shadow glides across the Earth at a speed of approx. 1 km/s, running a distance of up to 15 thousand km, its diameter is about 270 km.
f89a296d531352e6d54f5a7b03257bf60b66af59	Total lunar eclipses can last up to 1 hour and 45 minutes.
eee6508c4d5fb8f1b490b4a22d0164b6eff1c202	Eclipses are repeated in a certain sequence after a time period of 6585 1/3 days .
cd1cb727a9b957c4a8b6bffc3dc75c33e982c5b2	Every year there are no more than 7 eclipses (of which no more than 3 are lunar).
b4d5965fd23ef3dcceaef539495e1b86b97372d8	The activity of the solar atmosphere is periodically repeated, an 11 year period.
c8e0d95ba9ecb6b5b68b628edf89a329e8393064	The sun is the main source of energy for the Earth, it affects all earthly processes.
9333a0f4136391d04810a677ded577df0e7342cc	The Earth is located at a good distance from the Sun, so life has been preserved on it.
ec7713a1ce5772a39832dda6b7d8f8519718e52d	Solar radiation creates conditions suitable for living organisms.
36ff130b302a9de1b398c783623e2da1085f50e0	If the Earth was closer , it would be too hot, and vice versa.
74c481e4f1edeefd96dc19cd542fed5350d2ff45	The surface of Venus is heated to almost 500 degrees and the pressure of the atmosphere is huge, so it is almost impossible to meet life there.
16ac6de302dbce204366de537369c2fcbd053c1a	Mars is located further from the Sun, it is too cold for a person there, sometimes the temperature rises briefly to 16 degrees.
ec2b26683dd17b2ad7cafa1c07c5d64624b942ca	Usually, there are severe frosts on this planet, in which even carbon dioxide, which makes up the atmosphere of Mars, freezes.
f87287a62cc177790091ef928602822ab2fe9a44	How long will the Sun last?
beeb44fcd03f74448d1bad26a4f56313272d0e1c	It is absolutely clear that the Sun will not exist forever, although it has an incredibly long life ahead of it.
9a906a245d81a9a0e939d25e2985d3e0d76eafa6	Now it is in middle age.
6335e5757470cccb29484003f8ca63bc02c78a75	It took him 5 billion years to process half of his hydrogen fuel.
82bacbdbe91b49d296b57bf6494d10b029a8891b	Over the next 5 billion over the years, its temperature and volume will gradually increase as the hydrogen burns.
a47762462ec666b77c2072d77a3dcb12e53884bc	In the depths of the Sun, helium nuclei will combine to form nuclei of carbon and heavier substances.
3d53f54f6df0d7c0d238f13a796bffef3e76ebe5	Eventually, the Sun will cool down, turning into a ball of nuclear waste, the so called white dwarf.
d53879f401fe4a3643952a897298dc95fdaf8d7e	Weight:
6bc2f32765744e8a0b03409f1b7922c6f04ae685	1.99* 1030 kg
9dc0f31b656db1b94653a0398ee23727bcce3331	Diameter:
2aca4bfc56fc959bb1a1d022909d9a456b960d14	1.392.000 km
4f75e340e86436ccbc70f6a6eba8f91a16760929	Absolute stellar magnitude:
fd9fbba8ea1a8f2ecc4636fd350db2d0feb3f450	+4.8
8a85fe1ee391ab74d80e18951c73d7af1c04e3a8	Spectral class
4d6d0dc11bc8d601eaf6d40abd68092fc389c8f6	G2
cc837911ae2f644b63f1b40d78191f359d6600cc	Surface temperature:
0aa050a94efc3116e0ced31fd3c67a576ef0e1c8	5800° C
0426605042fe451ca45e1954c30dc0d45db71ace	The period of rotation around the axis:
dace1b78157a03af08fadd22bdee39e488a0298e	25 h (poles) - 35 h(equator)
a38de154233a90ce55d46830dbcf3e34269a9c97	The period of rotation around the center of the galaxy:
60ce1dc2f06c0e07fd6778bdf914fa35f66f87bd	200.000.000 years
67db6e8c5cbbdabe7fe212a77b27d3b6105d17c6	Distance to the center of the galaxy:
1e3929f1bb5e7ab17168b9527aa647a55e9255dd	25000 light. years
9d9455812f8377e00ef5e384a3f6a29c788851ad	The speed of movement around the center of the galaxy
ad77e6a301134428991b7d1bdd04cf912ea8126e	230 km / sec
7245f659b4c9230228d31130e04a193c990f926c	Authors: Nasa The photo you see was taken in 1973.
6074c9129d45c482b49978f82a9818e2dfc1572b	It shows the Sun with the largest prominence ever recorded.
37a0738b0c8431b5791058a0ddf1d89faf3bf007	Authors: Nasa In fact, sunspots are light, they look black compared to the rest of the Sun's regions.
c96d4bd2b62c0c932210f48d2eb09350aafcf039	The diameter of sunspots is the size of the Earth.
ddd5319bf2ba8d28f16b84339fee44c82a7ab7df	http://tyres wheels.su/ YAMATO wheel rims.
36a6f458c49a26054d07c247d7262f620bf36ce5	If you have any material, write to us
d2bb427aa0e760b16892a3328b4d3aa30342fb58	Copyright © 2004-2017 E mail: admin@xsp.ru
4c060953c69c0ed48d5c44c1f3af636064061dae	Authors: Nasa The photo shows a total solar eclipse, in which the solar corona surrounding the moon is clearly visible.
ac3e2627d5b1a24ab646e50ef4a79dc1ff4349ae	Amazing facts
c37e6a0c44ab49071327a260c041072a66f65d80	Click here to find an interesting fact
331063d34e27bfd3d8a752b9d7d5bc110d3559e6	A collection of the most interesting facts that may surprise you!
03c2425da4d1ff3b0c6b6da7f968bb14edf20b61	Facts about the Sun
00ee3a66eb1c6ed9b286e5f48f7c3067f6961f70	Other facts Facts about animals
0daa2e5c3a57cea5d94edeb583ea02648b08fe54	The sun is our everything!
a2325b46b178c4386d3aea210e56362aa48513df	This is light, this is heat and much more.
a81de93a5e241ccc462101e3ca71d6c97407bd96	Without the Sun, life would not have originated on Earth.
28c227e4c8469cc77d161e374f856aa9d2b5589d	Therefore, I really want to dedicate this material to our luminary.
7044a7534f9d808aaef5f9c68e7028cb98a66bc4	Facts about space Facts about people Facts about science Facts about holidays Facts about plants Facts about art Facts about history Facts about countries Facts about technology
98ba851c68e7a903771d5880f797c8cbab86f921	The sun shines in a blue sky The sun is the only star located in the center of our Solar system and the Earth's climate and weather conditions depend on it.
3d76e25700ce76f5c8c4eefcdd0d35c3e687f283	By galactic standards, our star is hardly noticeable, even in the nearest one in space.
439ddd212c161fc8816b291e8594d403f6133620	The Sun is only one of the stars of average size and mass, among the 100 billion stars located only in our Galaxy, the Milky Way.
12fe9972cbc2d4b5c47a81d6630d2e6cbd0ac942	Our star consists of 70% hydrogen and 28% helium.
d51cea0928f2952ecc2402d347b038456bb3486b	The remaining 2% is occupied by particles emitted into space and new elements synthesized by the luminary itself.
7e23cf2e9888003e257fb188156deb7275ece2f9	The hot gases that formed the Sun - mainly hydrogen and helium exist in an incredibly hot electrified state called plasma.
c78bcb8c42eec8dc966e079f0f3e8b4c418684dc	The sun is a red hot gas ball The energy capacity of the Sun is about 386 billion megawatts and is produced in the process of fusion of hydrogen nuclei, which is commonly called thermonuclear fusion.
6932c792b9fb4adc4ca08b19a4eab04d1654f485	In the distant distant past, the Sun shone weaker than now.
6ad7ae21f2be12c353bdfb6564bb3b57ae9d90ba	Continuous observations of radiation maxima for several decades have allowed scientists to conclude that the increase in the luminosity of the Sun continues in our time.
9e6f390faa200bc59135ab52580ffe1cf22734de	So, in just the last few cycles, the total luminosity of the Sun has increased by about 0.1 %. Such changes have a huge impact on our lives.
bdc55afe84c0d28b31e331fff0d6d20d263938ed	In addition to thermal energy and visible light, the Sun emits a giant stream of charged particles into space, called the solar wind.
2db825e12751b5be0ef106539627de0557615bb5	It is moving through the Solar system at a speed of about 450 kilometers per second.
9b545a148099b23b42ee7619b6825f4ab21047eb	The age of the Sun, according to scientists, is about 4.6 billion years.
1aca3f5de081ef14d448e8b22a8556959f1a4711	This gives a high probability to assume that it will continue to exist in its current form for the next 5 billion years.
71cc9a6b922c035040db582c917a6915e3acf84b	Eventually, the Sun will swallow up the Earth.
74201b52b0f8b2b269ae1d6b2bd81c5aa0762830	When all the hydrogen burns out, the Sun will last for about 130 million more years, burning helium.
b62e14fdd1257748bf5aedf62a5eca8784e1f5bc	During this period, it will expand to such an extent that it will absorb Mercury, Venus and Earth.
fbcc80c121819df8ada9d8d3f419723574a5d81b	At this stage, it can be called a red giant.
a4d7ad96ab0ed3ee9010a2f412ed4daa29ce6c7d	It takes about 8 minutes for sunlight to reach the Earth's surface.
22dbf09961e08ac76fa861f7cc29db0f90cf0003	With an average distance of 150 million kilometers to the Earth and light traveling at 300,000 kilometers per second, simply dividing one number by another (distance by speed) gives us an approximate time of 500 seconds, or 8 minutes and 20 seconds.
68512a2d2d29ce1f34f8d640420a22d5e4565376	The particles that reach the Earth during these few minutes take millions of years to travel from the core of the Sun to its surface.
50dd8882a4572477e7871042418d686f990b8597	The sun moves along its orbit at a speed of 220 kilometers per second.
258170074bf947f47cf4c175eaf0d61057c60ac8	The sun is located almost on the outskirts of the Milky Way, 24,000-26,000 light years from the center of the galaxy, and therefore it takes 225-250 million years to make one complete orbit around the center of the Milky Way.
849d9eceb40d80522b900387a4139794d2213534	The distance from the Sun to the Earth varies throughout the year.
320beb8fc97a327537e078dcca9643efcfd7d7a6	Since the Earth moves in an elliptical orbit around the Sun, the distance between these celestial bodies varies from 147 to 152 million kilometers.
306cb00e00050bd5d45a527fbfbc162f9723e2ae	The average distance between the Earth and the Sun is called an astronomical unit (AU).
0c7c48aeff3d2c62bca2402802b805e434c7b2b4	The pressure in the Sun's core is 340 billion times greater than the atmospheric pressure at the Earth's surface.
569b8c43cf49e39712c9dde8cfb868416e5cb219	The diameter of the Sun is equivalent to 109 diameters of the Earth.
94b46f2ae030a08b54bfc3cc90a05bb6f1d25b39	The surface area of the Sun is equivalent to 11990 surfaces of the Earth.
82d2b0d511059800377eaf5331f95f47a3563cf4	If the Sun was the size of a football ball, Jupiter would be the size of a golf ball, and the Earth would be the size of a pea.
092e546cddf9317722bd8781d75aede6a0ed558d	The gravity on the surface of the Sun is 28 times greater than on Earth.
588ae84ed094cb4aa3549521fe870170c323693a	Therefore, a person who weighs 60 kg on Earth will weigh 1680 kg in the Sun. Simply put, we will be crushed by our own weight.
0637a58b9afc1ad9be85ea4617411c904843bf4b	The light from the Sun reaches the surface of Pluto in 5.5 hours.
6873cdcc9e481b55f3cc5c9ebfbbc944766f7649	The nearest neighbor of the Sun is the star Proxima Centauri.
dafdaf03ee946c5e40eb5691e2fb5cf902686afd	It is located at a distance of 4.3 light years.
d241b2a247cabde88f751f0f8f3edccd483672bb	Approximately a trillion solar neutrinos are passing through your body as you read this sentence.
ae386303d619af4395917bbdb2460f924f5c5037	The brightness of the Sun is equivalent to the brightness of 4 trillion trillion 100 watt light bulbs.
0b3eb46284a53152caec7ea743d6800b00acee19	An area of the Sun's surface the size of a postage stamp shines like 1.5 million candles.
9ba3232e14a99255567ae2a76464fbbd5ec19381	The amount of energy reaching the surface of our planet is 6000 times more than the energy needs of people around the world.
72c6a81c15471e93eb838f45f85f91eea1582db3	The Earth receives 94 billion megawatts of energy from the Sun.
63c6d9d1b153181a0bb5ee9e6406531ee3990b60	This is 40,000 times more than the annual demand of the United States.
be401e3ea14575c1679a6b5aeb9d8f64156412ff	The total amount of fossil fuel on the planet Earth is equivalent to 30 solar days.
f8767fe5fd312d5ea0fc92279f3199a6a7a89b09	A total solar eclipse lasts a maximum of 7 minutes and 40 seconds.
0fe2805bf6797785bf07cf1c09b3075ed4b1a947	There are about 4-5 solar eclipses a year.
235c2f60d5e6daeec182c31b8702cc9edd0bf7cd	Physical characteristics of the Sun The beautiful symmetry of a total solar eclipse occurs because the Sun is 400 times larger than the Moon, but also 400 times farther from the Earth, which makes these 2 bodies the same across in size in the sky.
a63ea22e92ad035af9208e4a34a234498b90ce2e	1.3 million Earth sized planets can be placed in the full volume of the Sun.
8c45f2a60e396b34e56c07195b980e065c6dbb5f	99.86% of the total mass of the Solar system is concentrated in the Sun.
6579c36af985e5c03185f251165f510e806aa842	The mass of the Sun is 1,989,100,000,000,000,000 billion. kg or 333060 times the mass of the Earth.
61da2aa5439f8a7d717554c44843988141ab0fb7	The temperature inside the Sun can reach 15 million degrees Celsius.
9c044124eccf3c6a639c01c2a0bf73a69d1a359b	In the core of the Sun, energy is generated by nuclear fusion as hydrogen is converted into helium.
b253ab4eaf7a6539c557d05bde366af0513801ed	Since hot objects tend to expand, the Sun explodes like a giant bomb, if it were not for its enormous gravitational force.
85f9a49f52c1c66c4c706734afe854e571503e72	The temperature on the surface of the Sun is closer to 5600 degrees Celsius.
383efb7f33cb26540b5d31229c5d07732fed83c2	The Earth's core is almost as hot as the surface of the Sun, which is about 5600 degrees Celsius.
5b1c370132e70f8f15633ddca4d05974dbce6dac	Colder are certain areas called sunspots (3,800° C).
a9875d9e9a9c9197cd43a3d876db571ebdef974e	Different parts of the Sun rotate at different speeds.
204e3103cf7e9d665042c41c4100734879b0d3f3	Unlike ordinary planets, the Sun is a large ball consisting of incredibly hot hydrogen gas.
dda1481d86e5c448ed68f35f7a8b2b655c1c8383	Because of its mobility, different parts of the Sun rotate at different speeds.
29ef75223d1954d610007e2ed3d85dc06d54a321	To see how fast the surface rotates, it is necessary to observe the movement of sunspots relative to its surface.
3b91ad27fbd4e207da8fd2d4e1073741474d43a3	Spots at the equator take 25 earth days to make one revolution, while spots at the poles make a revolution in 36 days.
b099ed5621cdb54470bafab7b4bc297adbb685ea	The outer atmosphere of the Sun is hotter than its surface.
fc5a15cd04f72b56bc71d8780ad15e911d1d7876	The surface of the Sun reaches a temperature of 6000 degrees Kelvin.
7ecada10ccf35015ca7dddcc1699f87d8da0e65f	But it's actually much smaller than the Sun's atmosphere.
69a5ee6a963ba89fabb987d214e54849a827692e	Above the surface of the Sun is a region of the atmosphere called the chromosphere, where temperatures can reach 100,000 Kelvin.
0dfbc0a331386770d87917f385e4e13aeec9f4db	But that doesnot mean anything.
5bbf5c98baf7eb601229a605b02eed99faef6018	There's an even more distant region called the corona, which extends to a volume even larger than the Sun itself.
28ce821447e30ce5a0cce5daafc56e3985947ce5	The temperature in the corona can reach 1 million Calvin.
76077525a812910f6b4835c59156e66fab22773c	Inside the Sun, where thermonuclear reactions occur, the temperature reaches an unthinkable 15 million degrees.
7b80bbd602d472f42441e79aecab79f35ede4c6a	The sun is an almost perfect sphere with a difference of only 10 km in diameter between the poles and the equator.
d81693f81af22f762db95f36474af8ec85513e80	The average radius of the Sun is 695,508 km (109.2 x Earth's radius).
6cefece66356a502737f30f237b65f6bc55e9840	According to the type of stellar magnitude, it belongs to a yellow dwarf (G2V).
140477bb03dbeebbc7d2a617056c7da2143052b2	The diameter of the Sun is 1,392,684 kilometers.
a4ad5803674490731159da8c9d232945dec61b29	The sun has a very strong magnetic field.
f5766dcd584f33dde7421726635c6458d379cedf	Solar flares occur when energy streams of charged particles are released by the Sun during magnetic storms, which we see as sunspots.
a9c2f5bb7607b39735502682f6fb5e6e5a9e8343	In sunspots, the magnetic lines are twisted and they rotate, just like a tornado on Earth.
524fe3af5be6eae20af4877cccb9924f9a9cd61b	Does water exist in the Sun?
a3584b3a53b0c4652542e6ca39078752321fcde6	A rather strange question... because we know that there is a lot of hydrogen in the Sun, the main element of water, but in order for there to be water, we also need such a chemical element as oxygen.
620a108c78c31604110968bd1ac7f6a8c644297d	Not so long ago, an international group of scientists discovered that the Sun is water (in particular, water vapor).
ef59df0b2946d3299a9a9252d3e8e5251df09a16	water vapor).
22c19bfb3b1c80ce83b8515aba087c85a965838b	In history, ancient cultures erected stone monuments or modified rocks to mark the movements of the Sun and moon, the change of seasons, created calendars and calculated eclipses.
0ea77bf4294bae3f249ed9e0087137da61d6a650	Despite the correct reflections of some ancient Greek thinkers, many believed that the Sun revolves around the Earth, starting with the ancient Greek scientist Ptolemy who presented a "geocentric" model in 150 BC.
999e7b4835ceaf0eaaf00e5ffe7aaeb0858f3ddf	Only in 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus described a heliocentric, sun oriented model of the Solar System, and in 1610, Galileo Galilei's discovery of the moons of Jupiter showed that not all celestial bodies revolve around the Earth.
1c969b4be1ad79bd307f724d6fd98cd9c13e2331	In 1990, NASA and the European Space Agency launched the Ulysses probe to take the first images of the polar regions of the Sun.
0ecdab3b26617745a319df7bdb7cf4127ff0da92	In 2004, NASA's Genesis spacecraft collected samples of the solar wind to Earth for analysis for study.
0954557c986a61cc7e04d57cc3fe4904dafc9410	It was created to study the solar wind, as well as the outer layers of the Sun and its internal structure.
d1d2ae3c01736a6e84a1ec220ebd81708319937a	It depicted the structure of sunspots below the surface, measured the acceleration of the solar wind, detected coronal waves and solar tornadoes, detected more than 1,000 comets, and made it possible to more accurately predict space weather.
9ef64c8837fe5752dfcdda7bcc298addb2ea08f5	A more recent NASA mission is the STEREO spacecraft.
3055760bb28337c2b2362850f348cb7e7e42682c	These are two spacecraft launched in October 2006.
f41aa166768b40f5f490adb41be1dcdb282fef4b	They were designed to observe activity on the Sun simultaneously from two different viewing points at once, in order to recreate a three dimensional perspective of the Sun's activity, which allows astronomers to better predict space weather.
3282a6807930112a2790078b0473962f386fbaeb	The sun vibrates due to a set of acoustic waves, like a bell.
6303d2f54c022ad5ea5923f5d38409c5c69b0547	If our vision were sharp enough, we would see how the vibrations spread along the surface of its disk, writing out intricate patterns.
510470ad963bcf9094cd7ae831b77943053abddc	Astronomers from Stanford University have carefully studied the movements on the surface of the Sun. Solar sound waves tend to have a very low oscillation frequency that cannot be detected by the human ear.
ee5a827558b528022693e8ac3e03216cee226491	In order to be able to hear, the scientists amplified them 42,000 times and pressed in a few seconds of waves measured over 40 days.
4da6b774aef971fa6065e7b403020d2f18ae66aa	Alexander Kosovichev, the head of the scientific group and a member of the Stanford team for the study of solar oscillations, found a simple way to convert data from equipment measuring the vertical movement of the Sun's surface into sound.
dfc41f8e5aefd7927b7ef56b8e393b479972cbe4	Steven Taylor, a professor of music at the University of Illinois, composed the music for this video with sounds.
171752acc43537bbca4fb6a2adcc641a2b7cdcbe	The team used a new method to calculate the spectrum of water at the temperature of sunspots.
0df7fdabcbd14f851dbfb5dc5b59ab37793ffb8c	In their research since 1995, the team has registered the presence of water - certainly not in liquid form, but in a state of steam - in the dark areas of sunspots.
eab8583154f328fe3ce7a8c484c4dd2ec9544606	Scientists compared the infrared spectrum of hot water with sunspots.
ece61a224bafd6c7c15ccda6320379f029af7609	The water in the sunspots causes something like a "stellar greenhouse effect" and affects the discharge of energy from the spots.
8107c910fd4d84ffe711e0d712eb203d40a1165d	Hot water molecules, in addition, most strongly absorb infrared radiation in the atmosphere of cold stars.
2cf891a1b02a1236b849e265530938821bb9bb49	Since 1610, Galileo Galilei was the first in Europe to observe the Sun with his telescope, thereby laying the foundation for regular studies of sunspots and the solar cycle, which have been going on for more than four centuries. 140 years later, in 1749, one of the oldest observatories in Europe, located in the Swiss city of Zurich, began to conduct daily observations of spots, at first simply counting and sketching them, and later began to receive photos of the Sun. Currently, many solar stations continuously observe and register all changes on the surface of the Sun.
9fff8ea19158196655975b47b2dc038f0d615697	The most famous period of change of the Sun is the eleven year solar cycle, during which the sun passes through the minimum and maximum of its activity.
4d6db047a558a21bbf345deb70fd88acba192513	The solar cycle is most often determined by the number of sunspots on the photosphere, which is characterized by a special index - the Wolf number.
e5367fb0fdb2d67b944a7536621b43b32ae84dfe	This index is calculated as follows.
2076c123dc5d5d54eeee3ebe59f3c50566da4748	First, the number of groups of sunspots is calculated, then this number is multiplied by 10 and the number of individual spots is added to it.
2a42e403e1fd73b72acc2e26f137db3ef79abe9c	The coefficient of 10 roughly corresponds to the average number of spots in one group; thus, it is possible to estimate the number of spots on the Sun fairly accurately, even in cases when poor observation conditions do not allow directly counting all small spots.
b587f8e07e097d7464b9c614acb01c87e6b6b539	Below are the results of such calculations for a huge period of time, starting from 1749.
f4e472635f3e6afb77ea6a9fa88b26a8e29d2782	They clearly show that the number of spots on the Sun periodically changes, forming a cycle of solar activity with a period of about 11 years.
6ab9927b4eb956d2cb475d09ee86bf54c5cabccb	Currently, there are at least 2 organizations that independently conduct continuous observations of the solar cycle and count the number of spots on the Sun.
875b3228d962bd32dd8d9ec7211ee45608f6ad8e	The first is the Sunspot Index Data Center in Belgium, where the so called International Sunspot Number is determined.
1d345eb61f47950eb7c760eea7d3300f3ce1fcd3	It is this number (and its standard deviation DEV) that is shown in the table that has already been given above.
3d11af899661edd04ab2fedd625319f57f8ef6ab	In addition, the number of spots is counted in the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
47a8e774d3af897754d3699c6a7a2778cb5738a1	The number of spots defined here is called NOAA sunspot number.
6a9be17b71465dc2cd7d69a7e56cb02e3e0dedf5	The earliest observations of sunspots at the end of the XVII century, that is, at the dawn of the era of their systematic research, showed that the Sun at that time passed through a period of extremely low activity.
cdbe4ec7c6f581c0f378deedd55ac0cb41765438	This period was called the Maunder Minimum, which lasted almost a century, from 1645 to 1715.
25fd207767c0c366fbc78e04d518239ec8176092	Although the observations of those times were not carried out as carefully and systematically as modern ones, nevertheless, the passage of the solar cycle through a very deep minimum is considered by the scientific world to be reliably established.
64df0085a4aff7911cf38026caaf1e5142d2d065	The period of extremely low solar activity corresponds to a special climatic period in the history of the Earth, which was called the "Little Ice Age".
eae8545ecb0ad001d3a1914c50244b44634942cc	Everything that happens on the Sun strongly affects our planet and people, however, there are two explosive solar events that affect us the most.
b409f6ba6e099c101f8363ebddabe4aab83c4023	One of them is solar flares, where a small area on the surface of the Sun suddenly breaks through tens of millions of degrees of radiation waves that can disable telecommunications and satellites.
edf994e50c5fc791f6332333df238353aa7826db	Another type of phenomenon is a coronal mass ejection, where billions of tons of charged particles of energy separate from the solar corona at a speed of millions of kilometers per hour.
98c3a633ff4b399e348a5d77194b9e5747fc1ccd	When these massive clouds fall into the protective magnetosphere of the Earth, they squeeze the magnetic field lines and
8ba9dced28620d9e2169992b048e9a4324e22032	they fall into the protective magnetosphere of the Earth, they squeeze the magnetic field lines of force and bring down millions of trillion watts of power into the upper atmosphere.
2c4249e007806e89314e6b9c0a173fa2017d1c1e	This leads to overloads on power lines, as a result of which all sensitive equipment and all objects located in orbit around the Earth are disconnected and damaged.
3aa656255882e055967caca7a1d33cf3dee24f2a	Often these two phenomena occur together, as it was in October 2003.
def4390cfb8f490a2a50100d86a02fa3b18c746d	Thanks to modern measuring devices, such an event can be detected at an early stage and makes it possible to take the necessary measures.
f5f29a0fc2d7f7945e6b37c805585f67b248a262	Analysis of the SOHO and Yohkoh data showed that giant loops of X rays in the hot solar corona provide important magnetic connections between the spots and the magnetic poles of the Sun. These giant loops are about 500,000 miles long and filled with 3.5 million people.
79808c7deb0dc3dd5158095bc8c28bf40907eb21	F hot, electrified gas.
3d484036538d25b5f50e4b0f6a39c2ce765c64ec	They appear in the growth phase in the 11 year cycle of sunspots and are associated with the release of energy from the spots, which occurs every 1-1.5 years and causes a cyclic reversal of the Sun's magnetic poles.
9969ced704cb7cc9f01aa773996928ff2fb31ae3	It is assumed that these compounds play an important role in the "solar dynamo" - a process that produces strong magnetic fields of the Sun and is the source of sunspots, solar flares and mass ejections that affect the Earth.
d1c514b509bd68284630a34fd020e3d46d3c902e	The activity of spots increases from a minimum to a maximum for about 11 years, i.e. after 22 years, a new cycle begins.
98bc67d159836a744006b9e211a5ff172882c6d3	During this time, the entire magnetic field of the Sun changes - the north pole becomes the south pole and vice versa; then they will change places again in the next cycle.
7e3f8779173ba1fee417136a1271e7d7748d7374	The solar surface is covered with bubbles the size of the state of Texas.
319fc3b8ce6de0e3e57b3500cfc1cde56bb1255c	Granules are parts of a plasma with a short lifetime of heat transferred by convection to the surface, like water bubbles in a boiling water surface.
b5b87dd307fcc11f415be76783c703d4a8611b6b	The rise and fall of the bubbles produces sound waves that cause sounds to emit every 5 minutes.
344fbe84f478166da8b6ed42c995c8d842492c94	The most powerful in the entire history of observations was the geomagnetic storm of 1859 — A complex of events that includes both a geomagnetic storm and the powerful active phenomena that caused it on the Sun, sometimes called the "Carrington Event" , which in the literature was called a "Solar Superstorm".
fb29dc120f2102f5bd18ef118b28db09454b1057	The most powerful magnetic storm was observed by mankind in August 1972.
726bc546410a5626da222dffb8a43dbc1f2a7b1d	It was fast, intense and large, but the most important thing that turned it into a historical phenomenon was the polarization of its magnetic field opposite the Earth.
04c8ef12fcac0616ef1ff52e2b1a23f2b0e74140	When its magnetic field hits the Earth's magnetic field, the two fields combine and are sent into the upper atmosphere of a huge stream.
43cdb5c7e285bf438368457a91295ba9fb9424e7	Electrical equipment, telegraph, telecommunications were put out of operation in a large part of Europe and America.
beb3de0bc245af146e670047aec3c9e6e82e6ad4	The proton storm was the strongest in 1989.
db81393ed0878e4fea69fd893e662f7c4b3f2a5b	It was particularly saturated with high acceleration protons covered with 100 million electron volts of energy.
bbfabc7023cc7a287bb5f1b4c1cee2665b4206e0	Such protons can penetrate an 11 cm hole in the water.
08cc97eb6c8e3c1024b60d424fd100c927196d96	Other facts about the Sun Only 55% of all American adults know that the Sun is a star.
7b4577b3ea0000d2190b0fca2515d7f938dd29ad	Doing sports in the sun increases the consumption of energy and calories.
43eb5a915a6ca4c0db3b5d5b125f5265e16c1588	According to the proverb, those born at dawn will be smart, but those who were born at sunset will be lazy.
09d64f98a0e12d603d04da44949c023a5a0dfdc2	It is not surprising that they say that where the sun comes, diseases go away.
f01b312fb8ed4b360fe66c1e4575718da42ec0c5	According to research, the sun's rays act on specific receptors in the retina of the human eye, which sends a signal to the brain to produce more serotonin.
053865a1b173aec6060de341e9c4db94af97edf1	And, as we all know, it is a hormone of happiness.
cd808a1f61a9912d05869eb2bc1149a49e6ca717	Just 15 minutes of daily exposure to the Sun is enough to force the body to produce the necessary amount of vitamin E, which is vital for our body.
31548010aa0bf3e03577809151526fbb66ac0f1e	The pigmentation of the skin protects the deeper layers of the body from the effects of ultraviolet rays.
8d897ff31430f6cdab228179a4adf4ec8a2bd5e7	The color of the sky depends primarily on the layers of air pollution, such as smoke or dust.
526c00b4e977056570c8b53ef77fac51cdcf2174	The normal color of the sky is blue due to the refraction of sunlight by atmospheric hydrogen.
b1e41fab6183afacf26915e9bbd11ed3f6fcf4d6	Red sunsets are caused by heavy pollution in the atmosphere.
48ea7e5b913d3d2d2bd833fb332c9e588f8ec6e3	When sunlight passes through the atmosphere, the rays of the layers with a shorter wavelength retain and absorb only the rays with a longer wavelength pass through the atmosphere, which are red, orange and yellow rays.
81244b01a49add82915e6fc0861e7f8d52e61e79	Large amounts of dust and dirt and even stop the yellow light, and only the red cross.
4c4954b8f2d73ccd0321c3aa06fc5e3f0d5fe07c	The red sky is observed especially well during volcanic eruptions.
f563803239b063f2f5a956e5bad935dec09ec83c	Facts about Mars
4d430b956b45807d1b814df000b344630765e6c9	Facts about Jupiter
5a5d70639839f534c248e097997991627467b5be	Facts about Antarctica
48cab2c2db2229c0cffb42fd5387c5fdcbf2d644	Other facts about the United States
89c5d44b933a5a34a4fc72dbc9660e3d8697a97d	The smallest countries in the world
50f6746a4c8c2e3ff5a8df8474c9a6ba026a1cf8	Facts about Mercury
188cfecc570da3cbe461b8db5a1a80c9d6ea33af	Facts about comets
530c995b903b78545578139a966d7702781bdee9	Facts about Android
25cb3a0380cdc74226108aa0b24823b830d61dfe	© 2013-2016 Amazing facts for everyone!
00c5c6d2e5e2d15d82ef97466b72e07858dee3c5	Copying of our facts is allowed only partially and necessarily with a reference to the fact!
761894ff16582704893d1447ae846c972f255c86	Solar System Material from Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
8539519a982d6954c161e563c640ee95892b8509	The solar system is a planetary system that includes the central star the Sun and all natural space objects orbiting the Sun.
cce8d3fbafb3a66cdc4acddc9a9df198d264ac9c	It was formed by gravitational compression of a gas dust cloud about 4.57 billion years ago. 2].
b2dd1ff992555b8a1d363ef793bd015620cc98ff	Most of the mass of objects in the Solar System falls on the Sun; the rest is contained in eight relatively isolated planets with almost circular orbits and located within an almost flat disk - the plane of the ecliptic.
3468d75765191ca64c84d49dc2bf750e55e105a5	The total mass of the system is about 1,0014 M☉.
4e88626972ea2e5492bc3f00388674b27f5c80ff	The four smaller inner planets Mercury, Venus, Earth [19] and Mars (also called the planets of the Earth group) — consist mainly of silicates and metals.
830615d344ff76045f783b20008326eba3dc8292	The four outer planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune (also called gas giants) - are much more massive than the terrestrial planets.
98ac4f5c517cdb44b8a03c4a3c4231cf8079ba61	20].
803001c57cde467584a582c4d3b4c9e8a5149a19	Such planets are allocated to a separate class of "ice giants" [21].
0dd7bfca6037cf5390fb6cfb90ba9d86e56c728e	Six of the eight planets and four dwarf planets have natural satellites.
bf2cb223869d977e1bcb4f7b4004fcea820ad8f3	Each of the outer planets is surrounded by rings of dust and other particles.
acb043d02e86ed1429075557c73e9c5f5f1d9fb4	There are two regions in the Solar system filled with small bodies.
a64e0d310b559d12537debb03d4fcc681d5ed25c	The asteroid belt, located between Mars and Jupiter, is similar in composition to the planets of the Earth group, since it consists of silicates and metals.
ab02e3ca2f7421654dd08838de2eae25d537ddce	The largest objects of the asteroid belt are the dwarf planet Ceres and the asteroids Pallas, Vesta and Hygeia.
98360a5327db1df9c7abc20d9b3f72d39dcf99c4	Beyond the orbit of Neptune are trans Neptunian objects consisting of frozen water, ammonia and methane, the largest of which are Pluto, Sedna, Haumea, Makemake, Quavar, Orc and Eris.
df26a310c7f9ef348642d5f417688be2769ce15a	There are other populations of small bodies in the Solar system, such as planetary quasi satellites and Trojans, near Earth asteroids, centaurs, damocloids, as well as comets, meteoroids and cosmic dust moving through the system.
304058eb169676ac139b624da78801e64daff572	The solar wind (the flow of plasma from the Sun) creates a bubble in the interstellar medium, called the heliosphere, which extends to the edge of the scattered disk.
af12ad4e744d81f06b701105b9541c9388a9fd18	The hypothetical Oort cloud, which serves as the source of long period comets, can extend to a distance of about a thousand times further than the heliosphere.
edcd2071f3336df9c97225cc2165ccb96205d342	The solar system is part of the Milky Way galaxy.
8993d6c86b0a1807adec9dc2470d4e9debca045b	The solar system in the artist's view.
fdb53129c08eea7c59a37b5edfa4c62af8386706	The scales of distances from the Sun are not observed.
91c11dc50a9c6c425b83f0dbc2c169da9bc856b9	General characteristics Age
a0273e6a82154e5400750937ab6eb9cb905e9578	4,5682±0.0006 billion years[1][2]
9920717a9ed0dd5176f659fcaa9c219741987791	Location Local Interstellar cloud, Local Bubble, Orion arm, Milky Way, Local group of Galaxies Mass
cdec3244578fb4eaee38e18255e1fa2f16623d97	1,0014 M☉
e9c2799f0ff8f2598595a78ab96f02eac0713ba4	Nearest star
c65d0da6c321a8cbb0a53cc3679dcc1b03094943	Proxima Centauri (4.21-4.24 holy years) [3]
159fce0d819ad8c64a67d79f35d91ce6f0d95cbd	Alpha Centauri system (4.37 sv. years)[4]
48c54c1635ec361f16dde7936e6229da1abcd8b1	Nearest exoplanet
c54cb72e54356d494e5b76d3ead8252002060de4	Alpha Centauri B b (4.37 sv. years)[5]
06bd9b20e9c744dc1e21a654f1a370f46af5a2d3	The planetary system is the most distant planet from the Sun
28f2da503e63da94b60283455e4b28f5102a5ea8	Neptune (4,503 billion km, 30.1 AU)
60e6a587fb41b2b06ba095562bc25ed2f90e5230	Distance to ~30-50 AU [7] Kuiper belt Number of stars
fd9b786111b799a820c7bf6fd357a50b4dc32999	1 (Sun)
d37554cf2a4e7d4963513e2958aa9fe26481c7b6	Number of known planets
07b2af36b2ad8ad14686467a1a9c112a9643d9c8	8, maybe 9
bb45a3fd5e3c89622ad21f5967fc9bc1f5210b63	Number of dwarf planets
5293b911824adf284e4906609f52c0769d223440	5[8]
bccca3440f992f5f576d74a92a06925008c06237	Number of satellites
04257d5b8787f37061fbe8816c0b5b9d50edd3a1	415 (172 for planets and 243 for small bodies of the solar system)[9][10]
b3e9e180c0efc376b5af573c2eb61717084b7e39	The number of small bodies
2a5075b67021400d494f0bdb086cc028bf0f6c1d	more than 700,000 (as of November 2016)[9]
e56d003286bf808f28d77e1a764ffc7aeec81fa0	Number of comets
8e1fb90641302770edb3fd31d5a145ed960f049f	3441 (as of November 2016)[9]
cdadb7dd4e9f134d1852d4cae53393bb27544c4c	1 Structure 1.1 Terminology 2 Composition 2.1 Sun 2.1.1 Interplanetary Environment 2.2 Inner region of the Solar System 2.2.1 Terrestrial planets 2.2.1.1 Mercury 2.2.1.2 Venus 2.2.1.3 Earth 2.2.1.4 Mars 2.2.2 Asteroid Belt 2.2.2.1 Asteroid Groups 2.2.2.2 Ceres 2.3 Outer region of the Solar System 2.3.1 Giant Planets 2.3.1.1 Jupiter 2.3.1.2 Saturn 2.3.1.3 Uranus 2.3.1.4 Neptune 2.3.1.5 Ninth Planet 2.3.2 Comets 2.3.3 Centaurs 2.3.4 Trans Neptunian objects 2.3.4.1 Kuiper Belt 2.3.4.1.1 Pluto 2.3.4.1.2 Haumea 2.3.4.1.3 Makemake 2.3.4.2 Scattered disk 2.3.4.2.1 Eris 2.4 Remote regions 2.4.1 Heliosphere 2.4.2 Oort Cloud 2.4.2.1 Sedna 2.5 Boundary regions 3 Comparative table of the main parameters of planets and dwarf planets 4 Formation and evolution of the Solar System 4.1 Stability of the Solar System 5 "Discovery" and exploration of the Solar System 5.1 Observations 5.2 Geocentric and heliocentric systems 5.3 Studies of the Solar System 6 Colonization of the Solar System 7 Galactic Orbit 7.1 Surroundings 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 References
2747ef7897dea47af33ca47a3891fd25c359247a	Rotation around the galactic center Inclination to 60.19° of the plane of the Milky Way Distance to 27,170 ± 1,140 st. years of the galactic (8330 ± 350 pc)[11] center Treatment period
b11f9b87a45819e308f590246f1603a717b1ed6c	225-250 million years[12]
6d3a838b2656b45e54bd10afa9ba6120381df243	Orbital velocity
e2a94f250fc4e499157cdf21ea78254a6f1e84c5	220-240 km / s[13]
bbf68957e94b004e38d2a8c4320f3939d06c7729	Properties associated with the star Spectral G2 V[14] [15] class Snow line
ab602e7a65339a19b717dab22db8ef014c10bd3a	~5 A. E. [16][17]
a2d042e0e73448650c3141bd3faa3d8e841697fb	The boundary of the heliosphere
65eac30d38fd47a500d9cf7b297d5cde60887a52	~113-120 A. E. [18]
6d7078a0cd38d8da05403172abf0ac0603b0cb0a	Radius of the Hill sphere
5e040b99fef4b19fdf5069b22c010f965f6de646	~1-2 holy years
0ca56d9a4b31bd0d2e523ce67262a65bc0871f70	Structure The central object of the Solar system is the Sun a main sequence star of the spectral class G2V, a yellow dwarf.
0e04bdc8bbcf7a9f04ec13f2cf2f79c20a9fc38e	The vast majority of the entire mass of the system is concentrated in the Sun (about 99.866 %), it holds the planets and other bodies belonging to the Solar system by its gravity[22].
e40ce679e96e26196a15f53cb39bec8a1fd629fd	The four largest objects — gas giants make up 99 % of the remaining mass
2ea3a6ffad82feae35b6efd01da215643ef3ea90	(at the same time, most of it falls on Jupiter and Saturn — about 90 %).
c345495717c677df2a5a7b3a7a7694242ecd966e	Most large objects orbiting the Sun move in almost the same plane, called the ecliptic plane.
d7d0b54d0ddf99a8f9e9a1a852208b050efa6f07	At the same time, comets and Kuiper Belt objects often have large angles of inclination to this plane[23][24]. All the planets and most other objects revolve around the Sun in the same direction as the rotation of the Sun (counterclockwise, if viewed from the north pole of the Sun).
aac10be214adfb82da97966ddc167067c960a252	There are exceptions, such as Halley's comet.
5536479cc751f2d95fe7bc99be589bb70b334f10	Mercury has the greatest angular velocity — it manages to make a complete revolution around the Sun in just 88 Earth days.
8dff0492fc9479213f587fb9f79f7c9d23d1de5c	And for the most distant planet — Neptune the period of rotation is 165 earth years.
d283dc799280962ba75c6ada1134cde679c31e03	Most of the planets rotate around their axis in the same direction as they orbit the Sun.
4981d5e68f0e5385b890fd8b0892ab9ed31f625b	The exceptions are Venus and Uranus, and Uranus rotates almost "lying on its side" (the axis tilt is about 90°).
50f11fa9083b5d05810f3d20a01cc7f478bc2366	A special device — tellurium is used to visually demonstrate the rotation.
efc92c6c7a9ecba34c05261ed8632634e84704a4	Orbits of Solar system objects, in scale (clockwise, starting from the upper left part)
0ab50b06f190c1418e25e22069cc22617a24f45f	Many models of the Solar system conventionally show the orbits of planets at regular intervals, but in reality, with few exceptions, the farther a planet or belt is from the Sun, the greater the distance between its orbit and the orbit of the previous object.
194ef7efbbb3aa380b62add2ff562773ccd50de8	For example, Venus is approximately 0.33 AU farther from the Sun than Mercury, while Saturn is 4.3 AU farther from Jupiter, and Neptune is 10.5 AU farther from Uranus.
f5fa6fc790d52c4d3c7a4907af0d43be902ec62e	There have been attempts to deduce correlations between orbital distances (for example, the Titius Bode rule)[25], but none of the theories has become generally accepted.
71baeb58020309339e69e76323f2c670e5f76082	The orbits of objects around the Sun are described by Kepler's laws.
9fedb5f5de2d5a24f9e8ac647d632b73dff15b0e	According to them, each object turns along an ellipse, in one of the foci of which the Sun is located.
e1052e15a0ef97eefda3a0b6a692e3957087530d	Objects closer to the Sun (with a smaller semi major axis) have a higher angular velocity of rotation, so the rotation period (year) is shorter.
4c5c8a55b23289da822c47c117628664069ada7f	In an elliptical orbit, the distance of an object from the Sun changes during its year.
7b69089a4b31e0f15e692234229924d5b750285e	The closest point of the object's orbit to the Sun is called perihelion, the most distant is aphelion.
bab3f05ea92dc94a2b71b949b7a24491c18a410f	Each object moves the fastest in its perihelion and the slowest in its aphelion.
ec57d736df802425df98e95c5693896f9379a7df	The orbits of the planets are close to a circle, but many comets, asteroids and Kuiper Belt objects have highly elongated elliptical orbits.
295b288d16e6557236adf9f38e593aeb23cdb70f	Most of the planets in the Solar System have their own subordinate systems.
ac4117d58c410b73b0b31076f239fc5cbc503d80	Many are surrounded by satellites, some of the satellites are larger than Mercury.
5fcf2040b915e5161304e26ea6148d7271827b08	Most large satellites are in synchronous rotation, one side of them is constantly facing the planet.
c6305f4273dcf3abfa5ff7514faab9add58a503a	The four largest planets gas giants also have rings, thin bands of tiny particles that rotate in very close orbits almost in unison.
7a58cfdf54ea211873b0a9e4e68769e8cd07041d	Terminology Sometimes The solar system is divided into regions.
a10d62f0f6c7b73a14185e6d0bf338373d08c7ba	26].
34326a094affa36ea9018d313daf664ff6fb2a3b	After the discovery of the Kuiper Belt, the most remote part of the Solar System is considered to be the region consisting of objects located further than Neptune[27].
8042e5c60604914413798ad55c0b962d442fbd57	A planet is any body in orbit around the Sun that turned out to be massive enough to acquire a spherical shape, but not massive enough to start thermonuclear fusion, and managed to clear the vicinity of its orbit of planetesimals.
026d02f99591ce9224e71cc1f36fcc741be0946b	According to this definition, there are eight known planets in the Solar System: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune Pluto does not meet this definition, because it has not cleared its orbit of the surrounding Kuiper Belt objects.
70f11425172b0482a764b524abf638244b19598a	28].
ceaab988f96b47b860dde33f6778c3d71916fd33	A dwarf planet is a celestial body orbiting the Sun; it is massive enough to maintain a shape close to a round shape under the influence of its own gravitational forces; but it has not cleared the space of its orbit from planetesimals and is not a satellite of the planet[28].
a45dcab78e05584144b32ad30a38579158b8ac50	By this definition, y The Solar system has five recognized dwarf planets: Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake and Eris.
2ddb620bd97b680e9a4b25db33d172450dd9fbae	29].
7aab35601614c9bbe0137426c98b7e154c375f6a	In the future, other objects may be classified
35ee402097c18270135f85f68dd5b899c07be3a2	planets: Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake and Eris[29].
7e325b435e0c7e119b34e9519d32f2e62583804a	30].
5ca7518b4d819a64acf2607b09e41bbf7fb2dd4f	Dwarf planets whose orbits are located in the region of trans Neptunian objects are called plutoids[31].
192b57677b18be964b3b1b535f66e363a07ec2d8	The terms gas, ice and rock are used to describe various classes of substances found everywhere in the Solar system.
57dce4e7006b2cf5aa4683e40bc7d1e73b0feca2	The stone is used to describe compounds with high condensation or melting temperatures that remained in the protoplanetary nebula in a solid state under almost all conditions[32].
7a53364c959fedaa25b659830d3c922f62a75805	Stone compounds usually include silicates and metals such as iron and nickel[33].
a28b31cf3b3282fb10835b86d9b1bcff14bd6d5d	They predominate in the inner part of the Solar System, forming most of the terrestrial planets and asteroids.
e5eee1671917889ac519984eb73c4a99d58d66f4	Gases are substances with extremely low melting points and high saturated vapor pressure, such as molecular hydrogen, helium and neon, which have always been in a gaseous state in the nebula[32].
cd09aaa1b53f1dddee32576189486b9fe2e356b4	They dominate the middle part of the Solar System, making up most of Jupiter and Saturn.
fb285f845a453ba35d9c3832927ede7960006364	Ices of substances such as water, methane, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide[33] have melting points up to several hundred kelvins, while their thermodynamic phase depends on the ambient pressure and temperature[32].
ea5717bf0d43cd72f232a993ada731cf65b02a49	They can occur as ices, liquids or gases in various regions of the Solar System, while in the nebula they were in the solid or gas phase[32].
2f7e6b41abf5fb943e51cc5717c96974e8e04606	Most of the satellites of the giant planets contain icy substances, they also make up most of Uranus and Neptune (the so called "ice giants") and numerous small objects located beyond the orbit of Neptune[33][34]. Gases and ices are classified together as volatile substances[35].
b9fabe25655fb2a124036c651f9f83e60e81c17f	Composition The Sun Interplanetary medium The inner region of the Solar system of the Earth group planets 1.
b90b124183a1db7ce297043b4d529bd1a50a4f6f	Mercury 2.
e600aa7336475be4bcf8676242c1449b8c62bffb	Venus 3.
cba52b2a7a057b98b935dd11e33876ddcb3a5fee	Earth Moon 4.
bef5eb960ad08774fff5fcbbcfda261a69c91a9d	Mars satellites of Mars Asteroid Belt Ceres Outer region of the Solar System Giant Planets 5.
cc90576be8552f600fd54ff24c9e046f86f65af1	Jupiter moons of Jupiter rings of Jupiter 6.
bf638e50999a0d22510b80f8d998cf5c0536a6c3	Saturn the moons of Saturn the rings of Saturn 7.
8da5b4e11afff2553e5376c1af4d97743cb2a4ae	Uranus satellites of Uranus rings of Uranus 8.
a9ee9c01ab84a9b096f1413f0cb708e210752640	Neptune satellites of Neptune rings of Neptune Comets Centaurs Trans Neptunian objects Kuiper Belt Pluto [36] satellites of Pluto Haumea [37] satellites of Haumea Makemake S/2015 (136472) 1 Scattered disk of Eris
0bb9f77f0a034cb6cdf810a720d814b392d1065d	Disnomy Remote regions Heliosphere Oort Cloud Sedna Various mnemonic techniques can be used to facilitate memorizing the names and order of the 8 planets.
f68f730399631a8580430fb239c87e45ab753029	The sun is the star of the Solar system and its main component.
589e28ff2fc1063f9726b381aad1bbadee246356	Its mass (332,900 Earth masses)[38] is large enough to maintain a thermonuclear reaction in its bowels[39], in which a large amount of energy is released, radiated into space mainly in the form of electromagnetic radiation, the maximum of which falls on the wavelength range of 400-700 nm, corresponding to visible light[40].
d3ac8fea01b059e0a56f6c57da5860134c41dd10	According to the stellar classification, the Sun is a typical yellow dwarf of the G2 class.
fb9927ba245a4175267a442bc52edec5b04b6912	This name can be misleading, since compared to most stars in our Galaxy, the Sun is a fairly large and bright star[41].
1e9b83eb969cf11aa24598a16008ba78a94cda00	The class of a star is determined by its position on the Hertzsprung Russell diagram, which shows the relationship between the brightness of stars and their surface temperature.
a20114d156fb322ee7942a4ac62ae6c0e55c63d8	Usually, hotter stars are brighter.
939e835f3bcc2a73800062dabdbaf7593baf87fa	Most of the stars are located on the so called main sequence of this diagram, the Sun is located approximately in the middle of this sequence.
ffa54d12073cb2fb01269be61d5b44cffa23878b	Brighter and hotter stars than the Sun are relatively rare, and dimmer and colder stars (red dwarfs) are common, accounting for 85 % of the stars in the Galaxy[41][42]. The position of the Sun on the main sequence shows that it has not yet exhausted its supply of hydrogen for nuclear fusion and is approximately in the middle of its evolution.
a5ee6ee6bc8dc06c2589e8dd8d297b37617f8f49	Now the Sun is gradually becoming brighter, at earlier stages of development its brightness was only 70% of today's[43].
e44e40f3c47107b412f3fee11b3c12e68763e607	The sun is a type I star of the stellar population, it was formed at a relatively late stage of the development of the Universe and therefore is characterized by a higher content of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium (in astronomy it is customary to call such elements "metals") than older type II stars[44].
14a19a59f3af7fdf002eb6f21381d8cd94edfe71	Elements heavier than hydrogen and helium are formed in the cores of the first stars, so before the universe could be enriched with these elements, the first generation of stars had to pass.
a8b5332395b50f6995a3b92a431515676ccf261c	The oldest stars contain few metals, and younger stars contain more of them.
a081306c05393ea77fe0f3976a3f216b96a05fc3	It is assumed that high metallicity was extremely important for the formation of a planetary system in the Sun, because planets are formed by the accretion of"metals" [45].
6a55038a78a8ae1a31b37bcc8ab2ca11c8997c43	Interplanetary environment
61d0dcab8628f45b5d2e004d76ef860298b479cf	Planets of the Solar system
3797fe75a836c86ee9f7b2390fc4d2fce78ea520	Transit of Venus on the disk of the Sun
280792dab9e18d61226ca8b25bfc1e4652b38563	Along with light, the Sun emits a continuous stream of charged particles (plasma), known as the solar wind.
711d9338f8499b5e6278e8db03cd3f5fbcd34f17	This stream of particles propagates at a speed of about 1.5 million km per hour[46], filling the near solar region and creating a kind of analogue of the planetary atmosphere (heliosphere) at the Sun, which is at a distance of at least 100 AU from the Sun[47].
b35c5695a7ede9ed54ccb3dac01c5107f3cc2aa1	It is known as the interplanetary medium.
7358545e8e291f6123da2092c40e4b98ad9ad58b	Manifestations of activity on the surface of the Sun, such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections, disturb the heliosphere, giving rise to space weather[48].
fa6bfa54d5b21d8fac385e27b54200260e35796b	The largest structure within the heliosphere is the heliospheric current layer; a spiral surface created by the influence of the rotating magnetic field of the Sun on the interplanetary medium[49][50].
3bee291915051932ed42780260489a2f9bdf2b04	The Earth's magnetic field prevents the solar wind from disrupting the Earth's atmosphere.
d061e43a3cd05aeead4b6aab2e94189827301a74	Venus and Mars do not have a magnetic field, and as a result, the solar wind gradually blows their atmospheres into space[51].
c23b1f433ced288d1f83b9f9b6cb70f3e5faab94	Coronal mass ejections and similar phenomena change the magnetic field and remove a huge amount of matter from the surface of the Sun about 109-1010 tons per hour[52].
21dd3cd988d1fdb3ccc06da1e645064e163b4083	Interacting with the Earth's magnetic field, this substance falls mainly into the upper circumpolar layers of the Earth's atmosphere, where such interaction causes auroras, most often observed near the magnetic poles.
fd5aa52143f068c1b3a1eb00d96344bb43aa6b26	Cosmic rays originate from outside the Solar system.
f5cf210f491b62e9fe1eac619e70747fefa12334	The heliosphere and, to a lesser extent, the planetary magnetic fields of the heliospheric current layer partially protect the Solar System from external influences.
429b17a1c81bc189f44b9c1c560240d121f6fc67	Both the density of cosmic rays in the interstellar medium and the strength of the Sun's magnetic field change over time, so the level of cosmic radiation in the Solar System is unstable, although the magnitude of deviations is not reliably known[53].
6f4dcb170531d849193b8f8fec31afa33cec2b7d	The interplanetary medium is the site of the formation of at least two disk like regions of cosmic dust.
d9dcea650cdecd3552a0f5abe41b3798f21d38e6	The first, the zodiacal dust cloud, is located in the inner part of the Solar System and is the reason why the zodiacal light arises.
85fbb4b6750e90ad213f6faf470a42240bef7d67	It probably arose due to collisions within the asteroid belt caused by interactions with planets[54].
96d58d62069640983e5ec3b0c26ddd849a9f912c	The second region extends from about 10 to 40 AU and probably arose after similar collisions between objects within the Kuiper Belt [55][56].
68a11d188656da5f4096d3f6b5bf426282e2b213	The inner region of the Solar System The inner part includes the planets of the Earth group and asteroids.
b0f2574e6fa6bbb7c5e318745d8131cf1557ab12	Consisting mainly of silicates and metals, the objects of the inner region are relatively close to the Sun, this is the smallest part of the system — its radius is less than the distance between the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn.
1a168d119fa15373f4ffeaa434e29f572277667b	The planets of the Earth group Four inner planets consist mainly of heavy elements, have a small number (0-2) of satellites, they do not have rings.
99869722a6d716d377c636869da9118406a59bfb	To a large extent, they consist of refractory minerals, such as silicates, which form their mantle and crust, and metals, such as iron and nickel, which form their core.
269592b78168e03990a43baa45602f594db12e59	The three inner planets Venus, Earth, and Mars have atmospheres; all have impact craters and tectonic terrain details, such as rift basins and volcanoes[57][58][59][60][61][62].
c996570873152ec64c9586eebdace76791508f38	The planets of the Earth group.
2402f892f3ed0a14b3938404e9f925ecd69f56a2	From left to right: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars (scale dimensions, interplanetary distances none)
7ee32dde0125435a0bacd8379b268295ce473108	Mercury (0.4 AU from the Sun) is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest planet in the system (0.055 Earth masses).
2cfeb71f8a6804afa4f08b6dd27b5da959b1c558	The planet has no satellites.
486c9a7b84e72e8e3fe04c0aefd6a47de4542f06	Characteristic details of the relief of its surface, in addition to impact craters, are numerous blade shaped ledges extending for hundreds of kilometers.
ec67e91033dc81c36fa9cc835acf9706468d20d8	It is believed that they arose as a result of tidal deformations at an early stage of the planet's history at a time when the periods of Mercury's rotation around the axis and around the Sun did not enter into resonance[63].
4a07d50b7efbf3178ca9ce240befda92c77f38ab	Mercury has an extremely rarefied atmosphere, it consists of atoms "knocked out" from the planet's surface by the solar wind[64].
010e08a4975e07af56a53331f98aa25a94f11dd8	The relatively large iron core of Mercury and its thin crust have not yet been satisfactorily explained.
6162f958ab01368bbdefe0489034ccd991ef5659	There is a hypothesis suggesting that the outer layers of the planet, consisting of light elements, were torn off as a result of a giant collision, as a result of which the size of the planet decreased[65].
7b77e2d78e3625d3501983ef184172c58e6aa683	Alternatively, the radiation of the young Sun could prevent the complete accretion of matter[66].
f53e259c9c995ff3b5bd005d73813048b69f7eef	Venus is close in size to the Earth (0.815 Earth mass) and, like the Earth, has a thick silicate shell around the iron core and an atmosphere (because of this, Venus is often called the" sister " of the Earth).
f679e0f141a626013f1c9d613f1f3b74ffd1a31a	There is also evidence of its internal geological activity.
3ba22f7d87badcac1c14e8de8c6d6658f035732f	However, the amount of water on Venus is much less than that of Earth, and its atmosphere is ninety times denser.
5212e0de32923328a22b7e70cec22bfb18f6993e	Venus has no moons.
2d5ca755a1c840863e4f9fd6728b62e0375aaae0	This is the hottest planet in our system, its surface temperature exceeds 400 °C.
8aeee4c969b784413b44bba3f991417d0fed6cd2	The most likely reason for such a high temperature is the greenhouse effect, which occurs due to a dense atmosphere rich in carbon dioxide[67].
e7085faeebd2e6f2d2360712d3cd0a0617c4d3c1	Obvious secrets no signs of current geological activity have been detected on Venus, but since it does not have a magnetic field that would prevent the depletion of its dense atmosphere, this allows us to assume that its atmosphere is regularly replenished by volcanic eruptions[68].
d7ff830dda106581774d3f61a65915b08100ca50	The Earth is the largest and densest of the inner planets.
4f9f61a97869d8e08d43c2a4ded48429e0f7c749	The Earth has plate tectonics.
a1af0263c5bf384e6843b0ca87da16d1cb2077dc	The question of the existence of life anywhere other than the Earth remains open[69].
a03d41af51ccfad6b17eab66417d48357ff21df0	Among the planets of the Earth group, the Earth is unique (primarily due to the hydrosphere).
101e9bf6de4ae26bdbf82fb9147796a04a0a81dc	The Earth's atmosphere is radically different from the atmospheres of other planets — it contains free oxygen[70].
e2d4e786917da5de6303162b02c0c5d2576ce7f2	The Earth has one natural satellite the Moon, the only large satellite of the planets of the terrestrial group of the Solar system.
b5da202cec7fb7697cb9b7b7b3fb55c18edb7802	Mars is smaller than Earth and Venus (0.107 Earth masses).
8c8fa4a374ba1a3a5d5df1bf51483e51c75b2753	It possesses an atmosphere consisting mainly of carbon dioxide with a surface pressure of 6.1 mbar (0.6 % of that of Earth)[71]. There are volcanoes on its surface, the largest of which, Olympus, exceeds the size of all terrestrial volcanoes, reaching a height of 21.2 km[72].
9cda7739039e72a880f2b916dae753bee07cc8d6	Rift depressions (Mariner Valleys), along with volcanoes, indicate former geological activity, which, according to some data, continued even during the last 2 million years[73].
d840b1d61c7fc2afd79917941dc3768a38256904	The red color of the surface of Mars is caused by a large amount of iron oxide in its soil[74].
51d7e90b252fd200234970b5fb62c0933f381322	The planet has two moons Phobos and Deimos.
056e80e3dfaff63d4f3692f4318f4f585c997b58	It is assumed that they are captured asteroids[75].
ce49abde56eae9a63874bd459210889bf21543e1	For today (after Earth) Mars is the most thoroughly studied planet in the Solar system.
87d98ae8b1bbf8572bb9cc22a3782a903b28b261	Asteroids are the most common small bodies of the Solar system.
c86b4cf40cd7e82782de268abc43e37fee377e5f	The asteroid belt occupies an orbit between Mars and Jupiter, between 2.3 and 3.3 AU from the Sun. Hypotheses about the existence of a planet between Mars and Jupiter (for example, the hypothetical planet Phaeton) were put forward, but in the end were not confirmed, which in the early stages of the formation of the Solar System collapsed so that its fragments became asteroids that formed the asteroid belt.
0736ab6836de03420675698696cdb782beaaa1e9	According to modern views, asteroids are the remnants of the formation of the Solar System (planetozimals), which were unable to unite into a large body due to gravitational perturbations of Jupiter[76].
522dcc36689fda8b838f6e11931057c72319b3dc	The sizes of asteroids vary from several meters to hundreds of kilometers.
cbbf566a0f4e36b83251121f1d387ad965e0f34e	All asteroids are classified as small bodies of the Solar System, but some bodies currently classified as asteroids, for example, Vesta and Hygeia, can be reclassified as dwarf planets if they are shown to maintain hydrostatic equilibrium[77].
114086e8d0ac7e5211a2c3d31ad00aee5da8cbc6	Asteroid Belt (white) and Trojan asteroids (green)
5901dfc85d3303f8fe21d9efd7dcc7746a8a7937	The belt contains tens of thousands, possibly millions of objects larger than one kilometer in diameter[78].
8a64a614dd112ff470ccd338319a94562a98678e	Despite this, the total mass of asteroids in the belt is hardly more than one thousandth of the mass of the Earth[79].
f47f6498edc956c171f7aeba60ee5a56e3f3ac6b	Celestial bodies with diameters from 100 microns to 10 m are called meteoroids[80].
76239159064d990d233b3eef98af39e69ba2967e	Even smaller particles are considered cosmic dust.
30ef8803bf63b33757f0e03d1e0cf680985217a5	Asteroid groups
571dbe7a1373baef5b5282531c1ea9aa50df9b1e	Asteroids are grouped into groups and families based on the characteristics of their orbits.
2ade8ba5e99bff3588fd34584724df7eb8cb1977	Asteroid satellites are asteroids orbiting other asteroids.
cf177ccb1d262d56acded2e1e0ec4292633b6904	They are not so clearly defined as satellites of planets, being sometimes almost as large as their companion.
df188f28f3c159581cbe50fc342e161f5fa45b1c	The asteroid belt also contains comets of the main asteroid belt, which may have been a source of water on Earth[81].
6cabe2488f97f1100a4930c4ce83ad9d578749b1	Trojan asteroids are located at the Lagrange points L4 and L5 of Jupiter (gravitationally stable regions of the planet's influence that move together with it in its orbit); the term "Trojans" is also used for asteroids located at the Lagrange points of any other planets or satellites (in addition to the Jupiter Trojans, the Trojans of Neptune, Earth, Uranus and Mars are known).
66613f2259fbfe948427129234be0457f8878e12	Asteroids of the Hilda family are in resonance with Jupiter 2:3, that is, they make three revolutions around the Sun during two full revolutions of Jupiter[82].
15223c9758c1b19f2e9dee5d0263701d3fbb2942	There are also groups of asteroids in the inner Solar System with orbits located from Mercury to Mars.
bb7e3d59e558220c5916a5b9579681fb6e25719b	The orbits of many of them intersect the orbits of the inner planets[83].
75ba5c617e799885be8d986cf261d66a6144741d	Ceres
993f6fb25241a15346394c66638d570c6eb0e082	Ceres (2.77 AU) is a dwarf planet and the largest body of the asteroid belt.
0643a34659501ceafd8c7cdb6f535693135e08e8	Ceres has a diameter of a little less than 1000 km and enough mass to maintain a spherical shape under the influence of its own gravity.
1bf1ca8b2bf5c839dfc380fd53f5d285113cdac1	After the discovery, Ceres was classified as a planet, but since further observations led to the discovery of a number of asteroids near Ceres, in the 1850s it was classified as an asteroid[84].
ab05a1d50b8a47862477c6c5c7fcb813d7999756	It was re classified as a dwarf planet in 2006.
b4e208395b805961cad1607d3cf8328e29ec01d5	The outer region of the Solar System is the location of gas giants and their satellites, as well as trans Neptunian objects, asteroid comet gas Kuiper belts, the Scattered Disk and the Oort cloud.
af8dc5c96f2007417076a72696000060b38d464d	The orbits of many short period comets, as well as centaur asteroids, also pass in this area.
67a5cf119e8915d6713670f67ca7556ba3ca6adc	Solid objects in this region, due to their greater distance from the Sun, and therefore a much lower temperature, contain ices of water, ammonia and methane.
00fb08425dbf7dd283f54cf05c283d2c4859f56a	There are hypotheses about the existence in the outer region of the planet Tyuhe and, possibly, any other "Planets X", as well as the star of the satellite of the Sun Nemesis.
f6037e00276750db7995d0ba49efbda2ffaaba3d	The four giant planets, also called gas giants, all together contain 99 % of the mass of matter orbiting the Sun. Jupiter and Saturn are mainly composed of hydrogen and helium; Uranus and Neptune have a large ice content in their composition.
6e745fab51a8bf5000a468e819f16c98dd46ae27	Because of this, some astronomers classify them in their own category — "ice giants" [85].
a209924ec62be3fe8ab2ac61f863eb2d43453ce4	All four gas giants have rings, although only the ring system of Saturn is easily observed from Earth.
dc2c602717c8b23c3d0d9c6c4210353c35d4bfe0	Giant planets.
6cde28f65956e1e9e38abb0172083b9a3da372b3	From left to right: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune (scale dimensions, interplanetary distances none)
666a6ffcd4f357e3a4362043249d714a55d3bfed	Jupiter has a mass 318 times larger than Earth's, and 2.5 times more massive than all the other planets combined.
ca97991d5596ad1759834a5ac82c7100b25dd266	It consists mainly of hydrogen and helium.
39fa2ae942cbd0be1995d6494808c44c1cbfeec5	Jupiter's high internal temperature causes many semi permanent vortex structures in its atmosphere, such as cloud bands and the Great Red Spot.
658ad8471effa24c15f81b6c61439260007b59c3	Jupiter has 67 known satellites.
2b99c540d2cc08a061b2995b8a9b3879eb1cecd7	The four largest — Ganymede, Callisto, Io and Europa — are similar to the planets of the Earth group in such phenomena as volcanic activity and internal heating[86].
2007d7f8b47d6a9a2b7b88c65a962ffeb2414156	Ganymede, the largest moon in the Solar system, is larger than Mercury.
4ef68f53da44a92a005e688ca96f6342eb3bf097	Saturn, known for its extensive ring system, has a somewhat similar structure to Jupiter's atmosphere and magnetosphere.
29a080edc38654b0db2669b02575db14f42ce8bb	Although the volume of Saturn is 60% of the Jovian, the mass (95 Earth masses) is less than a third of the Jovian; thus, Saturn is the least dense planet in the Solar system (its average density is less than the density of water).
0c67db248ffe8d5ca8f0c1440534af797ab45dcf	Saturn has 62 confirmed satellites; two of them, Titan and Enceladus, show signs of geological activity.
30d0b7675519e93d01f1c46dd7e665ea5f57d136	This activity, however, is not similar to the Earth's, since it is largely due to the activity of ice[87].
7eeef79469e9073f13346c03b871208f45badf51	Titan, which is larger than Mercury, is the only satellite in the Solar system with a significant atmosphere.
beb2edd6f3ef87b80ab1b4e4f12869917a8d952e	With a mass 14 times that of Earth, Uranus is the lightest of the outer planets.
2b235dbc02ad9a6a247b63b63b4ba597e1e93da1	What makes it unique among other planets is that it rotates "lying on its side": the inclination of its axis of rotation to the plane of the ecliptic is approximately 98°[88].
e89d3eff08a83872ce456e3fe2c71fe6880e0e3f	If other planets can be compared to spinning tops, then Uranus is more like a rolling ball.
3979e9fbbb3c3e030ec68e7bb2de8a67647df6c2	It has a much colder core than other gas giants, and radiates very little heat into space[89].
44301280c4df9afc77300efc64af72b1066de67f	Uranus has 27 satellites discovered; the largest are Titania, Oberon, Umbriel, Ariel and Miranda.
ce5e2d7d167c42f29854ae8e1b13965f32742fa1	Neptune, although slightly smaller than Uranus, is more massive (17 Earth masses) and therefore denser.
6af529d072515a09221994cccbb2cde516ddfde7	It emits more internal heat, but not as much as Jupiter or Saturn[6].
6ab64f34f0df4e3a25483f762c5a6c6c69163034	Neptune has 14 known moons.
2ab451441b01727f6fc74e09b399e31e7a9b9edf	The largest is Triton, which is geologically active, with geysers of liquid nitrogen[90].
01bb1fdad1d7215a9b7d4a403f3e9b439156c611	Triton is the only large satellite moving in the opposite direction.
9b2fa2da653f66360b142a6694ddea3ff205890a	Neptune is also accompanied by asteroids called Neptune Trojans, which are in resonance with it 1:1.
dcbfa641e43af0ab80964d143f4ece92ef4db058	The ninth planet
f980fb0fc3552b339538917cc9b210d474126fec	91].
3b5f157373deb16007e2904afa5a55bd43df5ecc	According to Michael Brown, the probability that this planet really exists is " perhaps 90 %"[92].
4953c61b0e9db463091e2d7a335faf1d0ac6b63b	So far, scientists call this hypothetical planet simply "The Ninth Planet"[93] (Eng. Planet Nine). Comets are small bodies of the Solar system, usually only a few kilometers in size, consisting mainly of volatile substances (ice).
aca0f8d5dbca7497abf39cb70f16a8ec1304f7e8	Their orbits have a large eccentricity, usually with a perihelion within the orbits of the inner planets and an aphelion far beyond Pluto.
4e3943978289bf1008183af8fe10d42b99bbd021	When a comet enters the inner region of the Solar System and approaches the Sun, its icy surface begins to evaporate and ionize, creating a long cloud of gas and dust, often visible from Earth with the naked eye.
51ccf032a50f0f1b0791e07be9fee3f8defe119f	Short period comets have a period of less than 200 years.
92d9638e5ca4776b6942053adbf6f8f77746915b	The period of long period comets can be thousands of years.
adfc621d3e5464481131cccbc5572aa2a1a0ee32	It is believed that the source of short period comets is the Kuiper Belt, while the source of long period comets, such as the Hale — Bopp comet, is considered to be the Oort cloud.
82bf208101c2e78323217409d732a8eb2fbca5c2	Many comet families, such as the Near Solar Kreutz comets, were formed as a result of the decay of a single body[94].
c8df224912a4b02bd6f99a3df39864cb8df66d78	Some comets with hyperbolic orbits may be from outside the Solar System, but determining their exact orbits is difficult[95].
9e2ed3097ea1a2c838f93d7004af08e850e30202	Old comets, in which most of their volatile substances have already evaporated, are often classified as asteroids[96].
e32c91a9fd2bd64b0d50d1312ad49dac5c4e7297	Centaurs
c2aa7a1acaca9a510720c466ce09f234860081d8	The Hale — Bopp Comet
b13f1f4648ff55e62a599a4a18b68d5f2b0f8615	Centaurs are icy comet like objects with a large semi axis larger than that of Jupiter (5.5 AU) and smaller than that of Neptune (30 AU).
e40ab8183953af835c71de59bb6ce4d463a7defc	The largest known centaur, Chariclo, has a diameter of approximately 250 km[97].
4acdca81081b3bdef6457fa50e28cfaf60376c61	The first discovered centaur, Chiron, is also classified as a comet (95P), due to the fact that as it approaches the Sun, it develops a coma, like comets[98].
34038d8affac3155f9b935d3db58b73f7a8369a6	Trans Neptunian objects The space beyond Neptune, or the "region of trans Neptunian objects", is still largely unexplored.
c8c5e21859e9464d1ef3c9dcd4bcc9ad4de3eca1	Presumably, it contains only small bodies, consisting mainly of rocks and ice.
c8d7c3cebbdfa50b277aa8c5018555f0963e3558	Kuiper Belt
6b50f160f5bff468b45c39f20e571b31f64fd52e	The Kuiper Belt is a region of relics from the time of the formation of the Solar System, it is a large belt of fragments, similar to the asteroid belt, but consists mainly of ice[99].
2fc66d2a7108e537cf7fa55f778839040dda2bff	It extends between 30 and 55 AU from the Sun.
5bebce2dedbb8f4d64e1e58260e31d3c95746db7	It is composed mainly of small bodies of the Solar system, but many of the largest objects of the Kuiper Belt, such as Kvavar, Varuna and Orc, can be reclassified as dwarf planets after clarifying their parameters.
4b5f66bd69cd89a04f5340b2152b31d61b109d2b	It is estimated that more than 100,000 Kuiper Belt objects have a diameter of more than 50 km, but the total mass of the belt is only one tenth or even one hundredth of the mass of the Earth[100].
e78a7e3a8f402a92b02eac5d729aef7bd7ddedef	Many objects of the belt have multiple satellites[101], and most objects have orbits located outside the ecliptic plane[102].
c1d92fbbd758d6359e28cff207c74c5ab0c7b5f0	Known Kuiper Belt objects (green), shown relative to the four outer planets.
017927b87bac5bb82d02f37ac6161e5356c2ec39	The scale is shown in astronomical units.
9f2ad7b74522e7cf0a67c2d9953f072b45ffccc1	The dark area at the bottom of the picture is an area located for an earthly observer against the background of the Milky Way, the brightness of the stars of which does not allow you to distinguish dim objects
378b9511be74ac975af455e86df1d9a56cf704d7	the angle of inclination to the ecliptic[104].
ca82c4c1bf631398d5bf2fe781dbb82e66f8b1e6	The Kuiper Belt can be roughly divided into "classical" and resonant objects (mainly plutinos)[99]. Resonant objects are in orbital resonance with Neptune (for example, making two revolutions for every three revolutions of Neptune, or one for every two).
e99f247645648f5be2ced4c612385a5edd92f621	The resonant objects closest to the Sun may cross the orbit of Neptune.
3ce300f316f4a1a870c478f7518e88e5f298d4a9	Classical Kuiper Belt objects are not in orbital resonance with Neptune and are located at a distance of approximately 39.4 to 47.7 AU from the Sun[103].
5438e6bb25ae5050ac03c80f2b9d6af8789cea60	Elements of the classical Kuiper belt are classified as cubivano, from the index of the first detected object — (15760) 1992 QB1 ("QB1" is pronounced as "q bi wan"); and have orbits close to circular with a small
bce8c9aca4120776fad6b517874aa09c46405454	Pluto
a30ca8354752fecde0c7628ccdb5f10882da5571	Pluto is a dwarf planet, the largest known object of the Kuiper Belt.
39e3059a626551ab15bb6c8df5c11634ef354cc5	After its discovery in 1930, it was considered the ninth planet; the situation changed in 2006 with the adoption of a formal definition of a planet.
b86b7a8114ade06038d2a30056249193370f5b85	Pluto has a moderate eccentricity of the orbit with an inclination of 17 degrees to the Ecliptic plane, and he is approaching the Sun at a distance of 29.6 and.
cb2dde071296ba9a48cf5834b71eb0f7f13a08bf	E., appearing closer to him Neptune, is removed on 49,3 and.
46718693090f9d2750f39527fe738bb50a684dc4	E. Unclear situation with the largest satellite of Pluto — Charon: whether it will continue to be classified as a moon of Pluto or will be reclassified as a dwarf planet.
f5e695f26d1b48f64ebb5dae85cab87e9885b856	Since the center of mass of the Pluto — Charon system is located outside their surfaces, they can be considered as a binary planetary system.
97400eeda172606fb2f484c42769b3d8d55af3ec	Four smaller moons — Nycta, Hydra, Kerber and Styx — orbit Pluto and Charon.
9cba417b6894699871df78733564eeb654040392	Pluto is located with Neptune in an orbital resonance of 3:2 — for every three revolutions of Neptune around the Sun, there are two revolutions of Pluto, the entire cycle takes 500 years.
26afb44e34819143be085e7b948dcaa3dbc7612e	Kuiper Belt objects whose orbits have the same resonance are called plutinos[105].
8044bf5ee2e8471b1d47353601f808e6cdc4e9b6	Haumea
acb63e55368008cfcbf99005c80b1b6a048e890d	Haumea is a dwarf planet.
af1b566f561e0816efdc71b804fea5d293af5bbe	It has a strongly elongated shape and a rotation period around its axis of about 4 hours.
0d54c8a8d83987b428922cea9350f731a9fe669a	The two moons and at least eight other trans Neptunian objects are part of the Haumea family, which formed billions of years ago from ice fragments after a large collision destroyed the Haumea ice mantle.
e67024599be805e922889e441b98b981d56588dd	The orbit of the dwarf planet has a large inclination — 28°.
7797b20518a628dfc466317198b69743f67246a0	Makemake
285b2d041a1222d647d4fecfc666c07a44d3640c	Makemake originally designated as 2005 FY9, was named in 2008 and was declared a dwarf planet[29].
6ea3a61b0cccfd92e1eb15b6714c0f27fd8ad22f	Currently, it is the second most visible brightness in the Kuiper Belt after Pluto.
a6cd59e338335e3b55d13898de6f367263f82bb6	The largest of the known classical objects of the Kuiper belt (not in confirmed resonance with Neptune).
8ef983b3207936febb5f49f11c5c61c6dfa6f438	Makemake has not yet found any satellites.
acd6ac9db2c6cba139e38ab9c5caf03c930259d5	It has a diameter of 50 to 75 % of the diameter of Pluto, the orbit is inclined by 29°[106], the eccentricity is about 0.16.
1e64e6d0d4847706b0f8bd4fc39b1d97b60f84e8	Scattered disk
e48e2f5fbcbcb0d4bd4b85998411b879d6745580	The scattered disk partially overlaps with the Kuiper Belt, but extends much further beyond it and is assumed to be the source of short period comets.
e4e1dc7198797af2a046d302ddc1a49d6c9b5dad	It is assumed that the objects of the scattered disk were thrown into disorderly orbits by the gravitational influence of Neptune during its migration at the early stage of the formation of the Solar System: one of the concepts is based on the assumption that Neptune and Uranus formed closer to the Sun than they are now, and then moved to their modern comparative sizes of the largest TNOs and orbits[107][108][109].
c5796d459e48755ee098d42eb4c687d48332d471	Many objects of the scattered disk (SDO) of the Earth. they have a perihelion within the Kuiper Belt, but their aphelion can Images of objects links to articles extend up to 150 au from the Sun.
0b6cd6783fd1bc6b0062592491e4aa9cc79dc02d	The orbits of objects are also very inclined to the ecliptic belt and are often almost perpendicular to it.
e76323855e500f412d07d2ef5a990260e600ff97	Some astronomers believe that the scattered disk is a region of the Kuiper Belt, and describe the objects of the scattered disk as "scattered objects of the Kuiper belt" [110].
3df25db1b1a560cdc57a7864f087a8760e598cd5	Some astronomers also classify centaurs as inward scattered objects of the Kuiper Belt, along with outward scattered objects of the scattered disk[111].
705ac7af0ad561208de6090a4789c96657be4677	Erida
3c014d81428e9ed6cfbc79821ad7412901dba630	Eris (68 AU on average) is the largest known object of the scattered disk.
8120e0f65f152d305a0f1009b4c0130be1cf9d37	Since its diameter was originally estimated at 2,400 km, that is, at least 5 % larger than that of Pluto, its discovery gave rise to disputes about what exactly should be called a planet.
36694e7593eedbdbe123b4f5dbc1d3881ff8b708	It is one of the largest known dwarf planets[112].
74867606060942ea86c763ef9ffc6f236df270bf	Eris has one satellite — Dysnemia.
67c36c98af0dae232b9fb9cbee0f1a91ce3f5250	Like Pluto, its orbit is extremely elongated, with a perihelion of 38.2 AU (the approximate distance of Pluto from the Sun) and an aphelion of 97.6 AU; and the orbit is strongly (44.177°) inclined to the plane of the ecliptic.
1fb96cdddb1065b4ad5a6121ef4c5adc144fbb76	Remote areas The question of where exactly the Solar system ends and interstellar space begins is ambiguous.
4cc1783aa66c07288865c338eeb2b68c04032826	However, it is assumed that the region in which the Sun's gravity prevails over the galactic one — the Hill sphere extends a thousand times further. 113].
3bc2b4880e044a9dcdd1ee03464c9a4485c61d5a	The interstellar medium in the vicinity of the Solar system is heterogeneous.
5fc1c58c444a4f1583323e5e33502dadfacd43b6	Observations show that the Sun is moving at a speed of about 25 km / s through the Local interstellar cloud and may leave it within the next 10 thousand years.
d2eed61be97650ec88e2fea09c97471d99a8afe3	The solar wind plays an important role in the interaction of the Solar system with interstellar matter.
9523e24a2eb35853ac0af717f953f776a5fe479a	Our planetary system exists in an extremely rarefied" atmosphere " of the solar wind — a stream of charged particles (mainly hydrogen and helium plasma), flowing out of the solar corona at great speed.
f04623f05cafeae8a23e664001380e6377158a10	The average speed of the solar wind observed on Earth is 450 km / s.
aa7f55a2b995e08d39bf35a0a5473a829fd21463	This velocity exceeds the velocity of propagation of magnetohydrodynamic waves, so when interacting with obstacles, the solar wind plasma behaves similarly to a supersonic gas flow.
0ffd1739255da797e2ead277a996907c78fb08fc	As we move away from the Sun, the density of the solar wind weakens, and there comes a moment when it is no longer able to contain the pressure of interstellar matter.
9ae421027fe8691e88b12153a7d354446ae25748	During the collision, several transition regions are formed.
9e053df64ccb865c8a9fdeba76f16d97096033de	At first, the solar wind slows down, becomes more dense, warm and turbulent[114].
668282f8c09d96e2c0be953d199ca7640a935343	The moment of this transition is called the boundary of the shock wave (English termination shock) and is located at a distance of about 85-95 AU from the Sun[114] (according to data obtained from the Voyager 1[115] and Voyager 2[116] space stations, which crossed this boundary in December 2004 and August 2007). After about another 40 AU, the solar wind collides with interstellar matter and finally stops.
82aac60a71393a56ec7d078c3fe62241cc9857e1	This boundary separating the interstellar medium from the matter of the Solar system is called the heliopause[47].
a1297b67cfc4baa048b6f966e98557074cf5a17d	In shape, it looks like a bubble, stretched out in the opposite direction to the movement of the Sun.
af8fc7d9dfa0cb6ab55423881c4ab8388ed46857	The region of space bounded by the heliopause is called the heliosphere.
c4384d8ba77567c95f4cf0b94076d3a69be7aa0d	According to the Voyager spacecraft, the shock wave from the south side was closer than from the north (73 and 85 astronomical units, respectively).
2691839ddcc02c1a729260c0814c7d7845e04b87	The exact reasons for this are still unknown; according to the first assumptions, the asymmetry of the heliopause may be caused by the action of ultra weak magnetic fields in the interstellar space of the Galaxy[116].
72d21a1d9d806e4cfae7baff637093bd6c31b1ed	On the other side of the heliopause, at a distance of about 230 AU from the Sun, along the head shock wave (bow shock), the interstellar matter flying into the Solar System is decelerated from cosmic velocities[117].
a3b13e2a0731730c1223de5188172d63b35ebd47	No spacecraft has yet emerged from the heliopause, so it is impossible to know for sure the conditions in the local interstellar cloud.
f9989df6c9c19b6c071c9106680b984621d21bf4	It is expected that Voyagers will pass the heliopause approximately between 2014 and 2027 and will transmit valuable data on radiation levels and solar wind [118].
c3db1111b5c5a193b3a41bdb01ad07fba7d0fd9d	It is not clear enough how well the heliosphere protects the Solar System from cosmic rays.
d74aa81921cba41c46244781f6bcf56188d88d07	A team funded by NASA has developed the concept of the "Vision Mission" mission sending a probe to the border of the heliosphere[119][120]. In June 2011, it was announced that thanks to the Voyager research, it became known that the magnetic field at the border of the Solar System has a structure similar to foam.
ae4709d9ca2f0413871a4d466a2b94239f4be22e	This is due to the fact that magnetized matter and small space objects form local magnetic fields, which can be compared to bubbles[121].
7b865328051401d9140db5452ece8df37f353ea3	The Oort Cloud The hypothetical Oort cloud is a spherical cloud of icy objects (up to a trillion) that serves as a source of long period comets.
f0e88965e8383acafc8aee31fb16500a2f953922	The estimated distance to the outer boundaries of the Oort cloud from the Sun is from 50,000 AU (approximately 1 light year) to 100,000 AU (1.87 sv.years).
21deea425ae61099d5b6f443a6a91d386e4c962e	It is believed that the objects that make up the cloud formed near the Sun and were scattered far into space by the gravitational effects of giant planets at an early stage of the development of the Solar System Objects of the Oort cloud move very slowly and can experience interactions that are unusual for internal objects of the system: rare collisions with each other, the gravitational influence of a passing star, the action of galactic tidal forces. 122][123].
f27664109d66a465d2ff549181f2b0329166eec9	There are also unconfirmed hypotheses about the existence of a gas giant planet Tyukhe near the inner boundary of the Oort cloud (30 thousand AU) and, possibly, any other "Planets X" in the cloud, including according to the hypothesis of an ejected fifth gas giant.
fbb97b8d9566f713ac9e4d6e51b38551759ded29	Sedna
17098e1b0e6542173b95f0a323d998a673e26095	A drawing illustrating the supposed view of the Oort cloud
b3620ee2eddb28dfdaf04250d4a187bd6515ba7e	Sedna (525.86 AU on average) is a large, Pluto like, reddish object with a giant, extremely elongated elliptical orbit, from about 76 AU at perihelion to 1000 AU at aphelion and a period of about 11,500 years.
b57b6816b300d2451331e3c7fb96f20e9c17ecf8	Michael Brown, who discovered Sedna in 2003, argues that it cannot be part of the scattered disk or the Kuiper Belt, since its perihelion is too far away to be explained by the impact of Neptune's migration.
621e4daa848f2dd0ae9192dcfd55fb20fe945f20	He and other astronomers believe that this object is the first discovered in an entirely new population, which may also include object 2000 CR105 with a perihelion of 45 AU, an aphelion of 415 AU and an orbital period of 3420 years[124].
698b576b8adf23624f48351eed93e0111a17f25a	Brown calls this population the "inner Oort cloud" because it probably formed through a process similar to that of the Oort cloud formation, although much closer to the Sun[125].
39c1cd60945f6cd2174fe7a6375330871b3d55a5	Sedna, very likely, could be recognized as a dwarf planet if its shape was reliably determined.
5ea5a3ff5d517b9ac73049c5d021953ee6336ecd	Border areas Most of our solar system is still unknown.
0ad45da0ba9954d509f45dbb7e11a59d8d26e9be	According to estimates, the Sun's gravitational field dominates over the gravitational forces of surrounding stars at a distance of about two light years (125,000 to a. E.).
a788fb94fda80307ae1d811fbacb5fd476678d80	In comparison, lower bounds of the radius of the Oort cloud do not place it on 50 000 a.
3cadb79c807c76ef7ec47986264f93b5744574a3	E.[126] Despite the open objects such as Sedna, the region between the Kuiper belt and the Oort cloud with a radius of tens of thousands.
8dc6f2e93b7a88e5c348157fd5de5ec0d0518482	E., and especially very Oort cloud and what may be behind him, still practically unexplored.
6a7ea83e5ee063ed5dddd2f80bc4452d6cf97ddf	There is an unconfirmed hypothesis about the existence of a satellite star of the Sun Nemesis in the boundary region (beyond the outer boundaries of the Oort cloud).
f87522f66457eac414da07504169fcde4ddcdcd7	The study of the region between Mercury and the Sun is also continuing in the hope of detecting hypothetically possible volcanoid asteroids, although the hypothesis put forward about the existence of a large planet Vulcan there has been refuted[127].
caf23810efc1ae132a2e72a91476cd42d4cda079	Comparative table of the main parameters of planets and dwarf planets All the parameters below, except for density, distance from the Sun and satellites, are indicated in relation to similar data of the Earth.
47fa27db5b213fa2463e5eeca34cf92657aa1340	Planet (dwarf planet)
92ada6854f90db7299fead5b267303ea5aac60aa	Diameter, relative to
7c4f5fe25debf02673913c6670886731f46502ff	Mass, relative to
c31872961e3e1bb289ee6ed27e426cb36689d975	Mercury Venus Earth [129] Mars Ceres Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Haumea Makemake Erida
a9164b410141b5d3051e83a6a3edadcc3cd125d1	0,382 0,949 1,0 0,53 0,074 11,2 9,41 3,98 3,81 0,186
7f240f9dad6f1a62675fa8c4a035d928794889d1	0,055 0,815 1,0 0,107 0,00015 318 95 14,6 17,2 0,0022 0,00066
92dcdf7eedcbd619f5ec4ab1960f85085d3133c7	~0,11 [131] 0,116 0,182
2be92da87604716e6e7bf946b969e0687268d38b	~0,0005 [132] 0,0028
e883e86064c7a0b8990a4ed66f9063a28529b4ac	Orbital period radius, revolutions, a. e. earth years 0,38 0,72 1,0 1,52 2,76 5,20 9,54 19,22 30,06 39,2[130] 43[130] 45,4[130] 67,8[130]
6caadaaec6403e086fc9763d38c9e32c94db247f	0,241 0,615 1,0 1,88 4,6 11,86 29,46 84,01 164,79 248,09 281,1 306,28 558,04
28374d6cd8833cd7676e08795741c57a04550226	Day, relative to 58,6 243[128] 1,0 1,03 0,378 0,414 0,426 0,718[128] 0,671 6,387[128] 0,163 0,324 1,1
2962fba7fe964ef72011e4d815f6ca7c7d212dbf	Density, kg/m3 5427 5243 5515 3933 2161 1326 687 1270 1638 1860 ~2600 ~1700 [133] 2520
8d922883cd7fc7f3761e8fcd30da766f4c1ef835	Satellites 0 0 1 2 0 67 62 27 14 5 2 1 1
0dfbde03d66cdb6c701642f3dc52cb7b59695adc	Distances of planets from the Sun: 1) Mercury 2) Venus 3) Earth 4) Mars Asteroid Belt 5) Jupiter 6) Saturn 7) Uranus 8) Neptune — Kuiper Belt
891ce84ae4baa32aec6821472522516295010cbf	Approximate ratio of the size of the planets and the Sun. Interplanetary distances are not on a scale.
eae9c49c2e2b5971a5ce93d0f25805547889ef4f	The sun is depicted on the left.
cfd58a85d9c55afe6b2b85b61b983525c42ff25d	Formation and evolution of the Solar system
303cc27ac4b856c44ead5044ec87524f33d98d98	The life cycle of the Sun.
f0e3e1e7c1f0e25f275cc7ca937a2c542a8061de	The scale and colors are conditional.
2cf25bf7771683876e46cb4fd64be032c7964bf3	Timeline in billions of years (approximately)
c5beea087672e0727743e545c44d6c5ec4a8abd4	According to the currently accepted hypothesis, the formation of the Solar System began about 4.6 billion years ago with the gravitational compression of a small part of a giant interstellar gas dust cloud.
574a3cedd0d852c4f7df2933bddbf923dd85750f	This initial cloud was probably several light years in size and was the progenitor for several stars[134].
2d1ab39736ddd21d5ce8325b4ca0132cf6308068	In the process of compression, the size of the gas dust cloud decreased and, by virtue of the law of conservation of angular momentum, the speed of rotation of the cloud increased.
307b43693ac367afb8368ef46fe3e7246719d9ad	The center, where most of the mass gathered, became more and more hot than the surrounding disk[134].
e91011727352d585d1c134845133129d388285a3	Due to the rotation, the compression rates of the cloud in parallel and perpendicular to the rotation axis differed, which led to the flattening of the cloud and the formation of a characteristic protoplanetary disk with a diameter of about 200 AU[134] and a hot, dense protostar in the center[135].
ca5aad23822929a5408a581718b49e8febdc449e	It is believed that at this stage of evolution, the Sun was a T type star of Taurus.
7bff972ddd8e92525a9e26d22d8b4090e44574bc	Studies of T type Taurus stars show that they are often surrounded by protoplanetary disks with masses of 0.001-0.1 solar masses, with the overwhelming percentage of the nebula mass concentrated directly in the star[136].
9057eb20aa69872342eedeeed20c3c00ab10bb95	The planets were formed by accretion from this disk[137].
18aaaabdff010445ee76e0a1ff42ee8215649efb	Within 50 million years, the pressure and density of hydrogen in the center of the protostar became high enough to start a thermonuclear reaction 138].
d6d3b06354311a2990a966321614010c1cb17ecc	Temperature, reaction rate, pressure, and density increased until a hydrostatic equilibrium was reached with thermal energy opposing the force of gravitational compression.
c05f11b1ad7225135608268e2e24012944acdf73	At this stage, the Sun became a full fledged main sequence star[139].
ee93c1bdff66aa006056b37ce76ec785c3850842	The solar system, as far as we know today, will last until the Sun begins to develop outside the main sequence of the Hertzsprung — Russell diagram.
5636bd8598e7bbf1a3b91d8401f0dcc247835d70	As the Sun burns up its hydrogen fuel reserves, the released energy that supports the core tends to run out, causing the Sun to shrink.
fcbe0000e03f285b3eeac9982b3f3565653d4624	This increases the pressure in its interior and heats the core, thus accelerating the combustion of fuel.
efd28c96eebd9089ad61e75ec3962e9efda80761	As a result, the Sun becomes brighter by about ten percent every 1.1 billion years [140], and will become even 40 % brighter over the next 3.5 billion years[141].
26b3b9573e7015f7cbf619807add8df8169c60c7	Approximately 7 [142] billion years from now, the hydrogen in the solar core will be completely
93bd0c40e3908475008112770f6c98ad52ecedf0	Approximately 7 [142] billion years from now, the hydrogen in the solar core will be completely converted into helium, which will complete the main sequence phase; The sun will become a subgiant[142].
dcb707b85c86246ef7dfffd37d38b20f6b9afa0c	In another 600 million years, the outer layers of the Sun will expand by about 260 times compared to the current size — the Sun will pass to the stage of a red giant[143].
eeb1f7bcef34ea1cc24b02829ab9ebfba88e5a52	Due to the extremely increased surface area, it will be much cooler than when located on the main sequence (2600 K)[143]. Having increased dramatically, the Sun is expected to absorb the nearest planets Mercury and Venus[144].
ff6cced7641c744fe7afd8a510a989499f89c8c9	The Earth will probably avoid being absorbed by the outer solar shells[141], but will become completely lifeless, as the habitable zone will shift to the outer edges of the Solar System[145].
0395417e0f54e12d28f80c67759deae4355a599d	Eventually, as a result of the development of thermal instabilities[145][143], the outer layers of the Sun will be ejected into the surrounding space, forming a planetary nebula, in the center of which only a small stellar core will remain — a white dwarf, an unusually dense object half the original mass of the Sun, but only the size of the Earth[142].
3d9a9025a918913418361eb5e2692d5e1a7f63da	This nebula will return some of the material that formed the Sun to the interstellar medium.
b8af0e7eeb3ed9279396f776cfa3faae800b6526	Stability of the Solar system At the moment, it is unclear whether the Solar system is stable.
7fcca772c9aec0b78b1b75a77ce739f1b854a4fe	It can be shown that if it is unstable, then the characteristic decay time of the system is very long[146].
856bbaf4ff8445f53369debd4cb00293953bf6c9	The fact that man was forced to observe the movements of the heavenly bodies from the surface of the Earth rotating around its axis and moving in orbit, for many centuries prevented the understanding of the structure of the Solar System.
56093003569956842e14464c49ae84fbcda3e113	The apparent movements of the Sun and planets were perceived as their true movements around the stationary Earth.
5c332340c1361095ef99c853d02cf7bc2bc30e3c	The following objects of the Solar System can be observed with the naked eye from Earth: the Sun, Mercury, Venus (both shortly before sunrise or immediately after sunset), Mars, Jupiter and Saturn; as well as the Moon.
8459e83ce93798728f9352031be5de39b9080f10	With binoculars or a small telescope, you can observe the 4 largest satellites of Jupiter (the so called Galilean satellites), Uranus, Neptune and Titan (the largest satellite of Saturn).
39f0f83bcf90bc8018dc99bb7d5d7e3a8c5dc778	With the naked eye, you can also observe many comets as they approach the Sun. At high magnification, you can see sunspots, the phases of Venus, the rings of Saturn and the Cassini gap between them[147].
184b953ccf74a8dcda654b8bb93dbe46f948313e	Geocentric and heliocentric systems For a long time, the geocentric model was dominant, according to which the stationary Earth rests in the center of the universe, and all the celestial bodies move around it according to rather complex laws.
ca78e12c321c3d80b0ccbbf2afacd7603f0ef606	This system was most fully developed by the ancient mathematician and astronomer Claudius Ptolemy and allowed describing the observed movements of the luminaries with very high accuracy.
46fe42da0e455eedf95d64e73c8a7e8200ae6cdf	The most important breakthrough in understanding the true structure of the Solar System occurred in the XVI century, when the great Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus developed the heliocentric system of the world[148].
a14d144a94285b1262db87af11e968a7ac2319bd	It was based on the following statements: the Sun is at the center of the world, not the Earth; the spherical Earth rotates around its axis, and this rotation explains the apparent daily movement of all the luminaries; The Earth, like all other planets, revolves around the Sun in a circle, and this rotation explains the apparent movement of the Sun among the stars; all movements are represented as a combination of uniform circular movements; the apparent straight and backward movements of the planets do not belong to them, but to the Earth.
6544640a6d7bf3a0b67c1a2e68e28805d4df27d4	The sun in the heliocentric system has ceased to be considered a planet, as well as the Moon, which is a satellite of the Earth.
d8eb010016a4b55afd7955796201b7e45b435a60	Soon 4 satellites of Jupiter were discovered, thanks to which the exclusive position of the Earth in the Solar system was abolished.
d29dc491379fc591b302e0fcd7b768c9c26a087e	The theoretical description of the motion of the planets became possible after the discovery of the laws
f59efbc85b2d61c31ebf3d544d4b79871ea5d6d4	Kepler at the beginning of the XVII century, and with the formulation of the laws of gravity, the quantitative description of the motion of the planets, their satellites and small bodies was put on a reliable basis.
b250dffbea18092c20c5f27e4e6f10979c9e37da	In 1672, Giovanni Cassini and Jean Richet determined the distance to Mars, thanks to which the astronomical unit was expressed in terrestrial units of distance measurement.
b2cdd88b8bffa16496060eb67e6086dad7521b58	The history of professional study of the composition of the Solar System began in 1610, when Galileo Galilei discovered the 4 largest satellites of Jupiter in his telescope[149].
063c03126f6ce07cb1c3a50d7169bc86bc0a5466	This discovery was one of the proofs of the correctness of the heliocentric system.
146adb30c261835dca158915287eac81da75c38e	In 1655, Christian Huygens discovered Titan — the largest moon of Saturn[150].
aa1f5f56116b9cbf6e38e931f8665c429340d3b0	Until the end of the XVII century, Cassini discovered 4 more satellites of Saturn[151][152]. The XVIII century was marked by an important event in astronomy — for the first time, the previously unknown planet Uranus was discovered with the help of a telescope[153].
dc4bb79364ea9b1d028d373c3ad6cd4a7e5c9150	Soon, J. Herschel, the discoverer of a new planet, discovered 2 satellites of Uranus and 2 satellites of Saturn[154][155]. The XIX century began with a new astronomical discovery — the first planet — like object was discovered the asteroid Ceres, which was transferred to the rank of a dwarf planet in 2006.
62f430d071db3c02fbe8dca47d6443905842ceb1	And in 1846, the eighth planet was discovered — Neptune.
0aac743199eabdb664700002c95cfef4e02e9c83	Neptune was discovered "on the tip of a pen", that is, it was first predicted theoretically, and then discovered through a telescope, and independently of each other in England and in France[156][157][158].
b6540dbf0585d8509701b5464b6a0d33f07a81c2	In 1930, Clyde Tombaugh (USA) discovered Pluto, named the ninth planet of the Solar system.
bebb677878be029d31a8041f59223c378e7b6d4c	However, in 2006, Pluto lost its status as a planet and "became" a dwarf planet[159].
d8e746538363c89dc619bb4d1e5537f361be6329	In the second half of the XX century, many large and very small moons of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto were discovered[160][161][162][163].
53ebaf5d61070413ddf8d6d83ba9108ab318381e	The most significant role in this series of scientific discoveries was played by the Voyager missions — the American AMS.
9d8a5d66293201c97bec445b29bd186137bfa9dc	At the turn of the XX—XXI centuries, a number of small bodies of the Solar system were discovered, including dwarf planets, plutino, as well as satellites of some of them and satellites of giant planets.
9f5396e9bdc9bd84f45d454b465fb786f0bdad3f	Instrumental and computational searches for trans Neptunian planets, including hypothetical ones, are continuing .
df9e90c05ccd3d814002e6cedc8e7d3d643cbf62	Colonization of the Solar system The practical significance of colonization is due to the need to ensure the normal existence and development of mankind.
cc10fc1643c626a01528e66dafc8d1bfe0b8d418	Over time, the growth of the Earth's population, environmental and climatic changes can create a situation where the lack of a habitable territory will jeopardize the continued existence and development of the Earth's civilization.
c357b90f0aa94af5cf36fdf672f87bd1e57120f8	Human activity can also lead to the need to settle other objects of the Solar System: the economic or geopolitical situation on the planet; a global catastrophe caused by the use of weapons of mass destruction; the depletion of the planet's natural resources, etc. Within the framework of the idea of colonization of the Solar System, it is necessary to consider the so — called "terraforming" (Latin terra — earth and forma — species) - the transformation of the climatic conditions of a planet, satellite or other cosmic body to create or change the atmosphere, temperature and environmental conditions into a state suitable for the habitation of terrestrial animals and plants.
12b3dc67b3804299551c405168a3828fd6da9749	Today, this task is mainly of theoretical interest, but in the future it may also be developed in practice.
7bbee796295dc71fed76750045ce40b66f810e93	Mars and the Moon are primarily considered as the objects most suitable for colonization by colonists from Earth[164].
799a7e5682865f847bd0ebfd37c2b35c6a0591ea	Other objects can also be transformed for people to live on them, but it will be much more difficult to do this due to both the conditions prevailing on these planets and a number of other factors (for example, the absence of a magnetic field, excessive remoteness or proximity to the Sun in the case of Mercury).
70ace67b0d48bfe36d76a103093d39b8ca9c7e8b	When colonizing and terraforming planets, it will be necessary to take into account the following: the magnitude of the acceleration of free fall[165], the amount of solar energy received[166], the presence of water[165], the level of radiation (radiation background) [167], the nature of the surface, the degree of threat of a collision of the planet with an asteroid and other small bodies of the Solar system.
6fd0160641940855eac02c4e543a1500b5a83339	Galactic orbit
13c86c9d9452936d5eda0b058443edaa0a21bd36	The solar system is part of the Milky Way, a spiral galaxy with a diameter of about 30 thousand parsecs (or 100 thousand light — years) and consisting of approximately 200 billion stars[168].
7aa51437515d862fa5ad3fef5da29764823d6d66	The solar system is located near the plane of symmetry of the galactic disk (20-25 parsecs higher, that is, north of it), at a distance of about 8 thousand parsecs (27 thousand light years)[169] from the galactic center (almost at an equal distance from the center of the Galaxy and its edge), on the outskirts of the Orion arm [170] — one of the galactic arms of the Milky Way.
a5ce688ed05ed661a188a147810a12fe42774780	The sun rotates around the galactic center in an almost circular orbit with a speed of it travels about 254 km / s[171][172] (updated in 2009) and makes a complete revolution in about 230 million years[12].
db5a025d65b9b630827b36aa619fe0b824d3fe9e	This period of time is called the galactic year[12].
357eb92a73d2b53f2fcd675c79c4caedb755c49e	The solar apex (the direction of the Sun's path through interstellar space) is located in the constellation Hercules in the direction of the current position of the bright star Vega[173].
d3131edb417423f3d3cd2c22de2fd5b8fe5ff9e2	The structure of the Milky Way.
5485627360978fbd2bc420e0f8c10ac2e4439a1e	The location of the Solar system is indicated by a large yellow dot
76799c71cd774cd4fc64ad191a9047c1cdd81385	In addition to the circular motion in orbit, the Solar System makes vertical oscillations relative to the galactic plane, crossing it every 30-35 million years and ending up in the northern, then in the southern galactic hemisphere[174][175][176].
51677367ebb1b1772dbf75f0e66812d3271f9847	The location of the Solar system in the galaxy probably affects the evolution of life on Earth.
baf7d9ae6aae3b2967f7af1bcf67c630cd005a6a	Its orbit is almost circular; and the speed is approximately equal to the speed of the spiral arms, which means that it passes through them extremely rarely.
0bc7d40cdebb8408665e1ecf388df2ba44518959	This gives the Earth long periods of interstellar stability for the development of life, since the spiral arms have a significant concentration of potentially dangerous supernovae[177].
ca386e1420b1c0b890ff6e5c259aa1bd9423da14	The solar system is also located at a considerable distance from the crowded star filled surroundings of the galactic center.
a65c5c89e9798c625d0d5ad6b42258bf6c1a34cc	Near the center, the gravitational effects of neighboring stars could disturb the objects of the Oort cloud and send many comets into the inner Solar system, causing collisions with catastrophic consequences for life on Earth.
b887b81830dce02e266c0f369bb1eea5eb8caee4	The intense radiation of the galactic center could also affect the development of highly organized life[177].
48c9ee02f3ebbf97e00c5c998270cac068f66ee3	Some scientists hypothesize that despite the favorable location of the Solar System, even during the last 35,000 years, life on Earth was exposed to supernovae, which could emit particles of radioactive dust and large comet like objects[178].
c80d4b94a7bc39d8932d265f501c4b22f1efb5a9	The immediate galactic neighborhood of the Solar System is known as the Local Interstellar Cloud.
ffe6e479861add647f896cc7f1301927b90ef1ac	This is a denser section of the rarefied gas region, a local bubble a cavity in the interstellar medium with a length of about 300 sv. years, which has the shape of an hourglass.
49d34e4a9f564d82bffd17644e45ac21a71e2427	The bubble is filled with high temperature plasma; this suggests that the bubble was formed as a result of the explosion of several recent supernovae[179].
3099d9e9cf76fa96c8514cbe35e528a2e0f9cf52	There are relatively few stars within ten sv. years (95 trillion km) from the Sun.
1a5193c6207d098e7d0b97bb38afbb958c1da05f	The nearest is the triple star system Alpha Centauri, at a distance of about 4.3 sv. years.
33889f76391ca453e7a4b976fce044cbbad0eb22	Alpha Centauri A and B are a close binary system of stars similar in characteristics to the Sun, while the small red dwarf Alpha Centauri C (also known as Proxima Centauri) orbits this pair at a distance of 0.2 sv.
b5b3bc77526eabbb03eadf0ff94400c858130bdf	The next few years.
e0ac77d4b1b815e2d347b6580a0d26d40f464d3a	The next closest stars are the red dwarfs Barnard's star (5.9 sv. years), Wolf 359 (7.8 sv. years) and Lalande 21185 (8.3 sv.years).
baa013019c22b99da7a897101f257b1193f97d8c	The largest star within ten light — years is Sirius, a bright main sequence star with a mass of about two times the mass of the Sun and a companion, a white dwarf called Sirius B. Sirius is located at a distance of 8.6 sv.years.
88f213b3cd66dd7595031393053dc34d19bf02a4	The remaining systems within ten light years are the double system of red dwarfs Leuthen 726-8 (8.7 sv. years) and the single red dwarf Ross 154 (9.7 sv. years)[180]. The nearest brown dwarf system, Luman 16, is located at a distance of 6.59 light years.
b530d2d8f8d921aaaaa7dcc4fd35b9e3e59007e7	The nearest single star similar to the Sun, Tau Ceti, is located at a distance of 11.9 sv. years.
d009522ce1403dec4c06d33447c99b374f134c77	It has about 80 percent of the mass of the Sun, but only 60 percent of its brightness[181].
5fb2f4fed4d6cd96f88bb02cc79bc84bb8f59ef7	Nearest known
089f27e04471439095726b816f9662046ed25932	The nearest known exoplanet is located in the closest star system to us, Alpha Centauri, located at a distance of 4.3 sv. years.
ebac469cd04e17a8b0dc9ee8c530f3ce4cc3eaad	The only assumed planet in the system — Alpha Centauri B b, with a mass of about 1.1 Earth masses and a rotation period of only 3.2 days[182] - remains unconfirmed at the moment.
8a4341c3db032a09796460bd871ea59262bb48cb	Diagram of the location of the Earth and the Solar system in the observable part of the Universe.
bb39763b8d0df56885ded4a96a45364810e55147	(Click here to view an alternative image.)
c07811d20acca1c95da1920f493c2008807ae193	See also The movement of the Sun and planets along the celestial sphere Satellites in the Solar system Astronomical symbols The Titius Bode rule List of planet like objects List of Solar system objects by size
d942d72bb3b353ebcda49d3d36678a24756b9dff	List of Solar System objects by size Phaethon (planet) History of Solar System Exploration Swedish Solar System
5530b771017b6c30d3a4b94ba1011ca5915f41b6	Notes ↑ Show compactly
7ed17a50a5ac0143b39ccc83743dcc188c1b34a6	1. ↑ Bowring S., Housh T. (1995).
0f51158ea27f738acb441eb63e1bd0ee16df1bc1	«The Earth's early evolution».
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571e9c75e91425609ae978722307d8e88c953286	2. Bouvier, Audrey and Meenakshi Wadhwa.
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8ead777699a6b546bc70d546eccb0e9ae91ce607	Nature Geoscience, Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited.
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6aadcc85ede58b67d576d44107828e5e12c96e8b	Verified on November 22, 2009.
43d64c3139ce1906e7a34166614a7a808dca3a08	Archived from the original source on August 22, 2011 (http://ww w.webcitation.org/617GPD2P7).
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4f2864633ff570934990f940e0ce68d10540b190	«Collisional Erosion in the Primordial Edgeworth Kuiper Belt and the Generation of the 30—50 AU Kuiper Gap (http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/490/2/ 879/fulltext/)».
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03110280a6f249c6b46df9a01747ff85d0f2b8be	Free the dwarf planets!
523da30f636e6f63d6e4ec72b3f5ba4436e54b76	(http://www.mikebro wnsplanets.com/2011/08/free dwarf planets.html).
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48fa150372140ac30652e44815b3acd4db342987	Checked 2010-10-28.
c75c5b0410bbd1765df4dcd55299f6251053666f	Stacy Leong.
4e1bf7c1803662b5e151d2352c3c248c4e14aa38	Period of the Sun's Orbit around the Galaxy (Cosmic Year) (http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2002/StacyL eong. shtml)
0de54484b2677bf9ce092071a88169399fb670a2	The Physics Factbook (2002).
301239955a31891e7d23ff6f67387bebbf095cb2	Checked on December 28, 2009.
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6306f33c91e60f0d50b44edb3434d069faec986f	Facets.
9ab57d44ea86eeb800d2f00fcef889487b2248e4	↑ ESO Astronomical Glossary (http://www.eso.org/publi c/outreach/glossary/glossary s/#spectral classification) 15.
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8942d10b58eeec94f6ba5451086b9a6363b83b95	Compulenta (September 3, 2010). Checked on October 9, 2011.
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ab5874fc85a68f527dfe0214d4ae56223005b8b5	↑ M. Woolfson.
6fd1b350069bf3d6725c16e2ec2b9114103fec60	T he origin and evolution of the solar system (англ.) // Astronomy & Geophysics.
75a44c0781f8135ba6c8ebd91111135321cd38da	— Vol. 41.
fff539fba37b31378a293f3c7ace471f0cd1d16f	— P. 1.12. — DOI:10.1046/j.1468- 4004.2000.00012.x (https://dx.doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1468-4 004.2000.00012.x).
8711e6377143a708d9f4724b7e2e2edfb6361454	↑ Harold F. Levison, Alessandro Morbidelli.
9a79e76aa90ea86683ab877cccb4c3c1019960af	The formation of the Kuiper belt by the outward transport of bodies during Neptune’s migration (https://www n.oca.eu/morby/stuff/NA TURE.pdf) (англ.)
71ac12d37df4d819518613895547fbeb61dd9bc1	(PDF) (2003).
a82fdf577587e7b64d2780685a22266034d59955	Проверено 23 ноября 2009.
bca09785a1fb6afffa96f9b74fd116d62d0ccf0d	Архивировано из первоисточника 22 августа 2011 (http://ww w.webcitation.org/617F07bx3).
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af99433a16be00d3b71000c182f2dbd1b47dc9ee	// Icarus.
2f059cf2d45cff9be2cd858a3e23962f5387bedf	— Vol. 127.
0658de1ce57f258fa14eb2df88f2f053816377e2	— Fasc.
37d2b83c60fea1510da248f7f1ece90b848aa210	1. — P. 13—32.
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212f46c82cb9675f95ef5d0e453420979a5edd4f	↑ Dawn: A Journey to the Beginning of the Solar System (ht tp://www ssc.igpp.ucla.edu/dawn/background.html) (англ.). Space Physics Center: UCLA (2005).
6ef16d427d935a08d8470487be08966ff01bd54f	Проверено 24 ноября 2009.
6ff4b80d90300724d95e91038a8d6549cf802f98	Архивировано из первоисточника 22 августа 2011 (http://ww w.webcitation.org/617GLJ6fS).
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be274ced3470f9c8ec8ad7f8dc9f617fa3ace773	Проверено 2 декабря 2009.
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d449dfbda832267327fe58064d19189185f48b4b	↑ Amir Alexander.
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13bc4827de7dffb94d30a6ced7f8f6a3dbb7e47c	Проверено 5 декабря 2009.
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e6ec98839b48c492e8a1e7054ff8233bc004287a	↑ Ron Ekers.
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81231c390602f4be5479475a74e1dbe50b15342a	↑ Plutoid chosen as name for Solar System objects like Pluto (http://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau080 4/) (англ.). International Astronomical Union (11 June 2008, Paris).
a914fd099c46a10a1cfdae1c47873de9ad03d96f	Архивировано из первоисточника 22 августа 2011 (http://www.webcitation.org/617GR9 qOX).
b08e8e4d877a40947297764bd4aa85e7162c9442	M. Podolak; J. I. Podolak; M. S. Marley.
5a31b11036973719cdac6e23bfb6cacb800d2979	Further investigations of random models of Uranus and Neptune (htt p://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000P%26SS...48..143P) (англ.)
2cd89aa36224b4e95951c7612f7de0d8cf109705	// Planet.
b13aba78da5bc7853269e9d59a35c78fb50af8bb	Space Sci. — 2000.
955b857ce0ee3e516094d499513913fdf28d85b1	— Vol. 48.
f6f8a60fc9b0ca6488a475d4f6701f4271dcb345	— P. 143—151.
e72d0715d664b2a8650c5ff7c2235894b1dd3ada	— DOI:10.1016/S0032-0633(99)00088-4 (https://dx.doi.org/1 0.1016%2FS0032-0633%2899%2900088-4).
a074c16cb0c36d73c3d30872f8064a61d029e469	M. Podolak; A. Weizman; M. Marley.
3121ac9f32c35e860f22d0c855fd5a585f7f4f2a	Comparative models of Uranus and Neptune (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995 P%26SS...43.1517P) (англ.)
5c71accab26c433af296f82b60ee1eeaa93e6786	Space Sci. — 1995.
6214c368fa3c1f330832294af46c77feaeb78a64	— Vol. 43.
75d2bcc1f5fc49cd095064164b3ddb895c69f51f	— P. 1517—1522.
f653a122abab8fc16478922603197684ca0130cb	— DOI:10.1016/0032-0633(95)00061-5 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1 016%2F0032-0633%2895%2900061-5).
f2d99dd2fd4600c35209edc7bbfa7c4a7f895cf3	↑ Michael Zellik.
c304797314d2d7b3feaac8a6f59e441f9de0dfd0	Astronomy: The Evolving Universe.
da98b963eb932be66a7600705572b9a882efb7e8	— 9th ed.
3cec9b1e718b7ad946ef44ae37100986a0b8ebc1	— Cambridge University Press, 2002.
b22398f1f7c6ea27412aff6b4132ed137d6dec64	— P. 240.
b34211308c703316348bd6e13ec9900de3b0c242	— ISBN 0521800900.
f4b56d3ddf60933f3f721c9961f814cf2d95a7a6	↑ Kevin W. Placxo;
85e6f74ea8234e067d9ae0f53b7ca30989edbaa4	The entire electronic library >>>
99aebe9f4710ba7fd15c3163c8d476469f46e952	Natural Science >>>
839a778a5d11ed121ebfa28e7c99516ce95193f3	Concepts of modern Natural Science Section: Textbooks
a924d14f48c10133605761d34c5ae44e60bcaa8b	The solar system consists of a central celestial body – the Sun's star, 9 large planets orbiting around it, their satellites, many small asteroid planets, numerous comets and the interplanetary medium.
592b04e60db540984b03b5fec00de2861a618563	The major planets are arranged in the order of distance from the Sun as follows: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto.
16bff7738262a54c87f384805b551da69b4f88c6	The last three planets can be observed from Earth only with telescopes.
66ba923faffd6c88631c90d1433928f10348a7e0	The rest are visible as more or less bright circles and have been known to people since ancient times.
3ca4d4dbcfc0b177087efe772c5887f4385b4884	One of the important issues related to the study of our planetary system is the problem of its origin.
e7db9eaec1be9a5a2d2a80f6795099fa66522556	The solution of this problem has a natural scientific, ideological and philosophical significance.
55b61ecc7f65471a7e5a1ec877f9fc8be6053895	For centuries and even millennia, scientists have been trying to find out the past, present and future of the universe, including the Solar system.
c60d6736cb15785d680a8c836d1adad023a0f319	However, the possibilities of planetary cosmology remain very limited to this day – only meteorites and samples of lunar rocks are still available for experiment in laboratory conditions.
0cb315eb59c03fd9d0984f2c8219c9896e751de4	The possibilities of the comparative method of research are also limited: the structure and laws of other planetary systems have not yet been sufficiently studied.
9ff980047eff2f84257420c20658272804e5cab1	To date, there are many hypotheses about the origin of the Solar system, including independently proposed by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) and the French mathematician and physicist P. Laplace (1749-1827).
f6e2905092dce8ae3b70bd7ba102ee514e30a2bf	Point of view of Kant was the evolutionary development of the cold dust of the nebula, the entrance of which first emerged of a massive Central body, the Sun, and then born and the planet.
be86b4a49d6bdcd47b21c9828efcae60146e826f	P. Laplace considered the original nebula gas and very hot, in a state of rapid rotation.
7115ab2e4e4d3eee724014d3a4bdde0055367826	Shrinking under the influence of the force of universal gravity, the nebula, due to the law of conservation of angular momentum, rotated faster and faster.
e083e65f0aff191c973b184a9c90ef7f7687b504	Under the influence of large centrifugal forces arising from rapid rotation in the equatorial belt, rings were sequentially separated from it, turning into planets as a result of cooling and condensation.
753f3a94642df35ead84ec9416aa009c5a753492	Thus, according to the theory of P. Laplace, the planets were formed before the Sun.
6726ca51fa26ab497070e86f2d86b1af99fbf266	And that is why such an idea is sometimes called the Kant Laplace hypothesis.
ab464a94008459e9ff01fbfb211c4f67364f15e8	According to modern ideas, the planets of the solar system were formed from a cold gas dust cloud that surrounded the Sun billions of years ago.
a5859821e7b614dc183893c17c01efc35258ef5f	The hypothesis of O. Y. Schmidt is based on the idea of the formation of planets by combining solid bodies and dust particles.
4e180b409788ea48830b95674473d4d8cbad2431	The gas dust cloud that appeared near the Sun at first consisted of 98% hydrogen and helium.
9f577185cce92d6e82b219d2030003c80501ac7a	The remaining elements condensed into dust particles.
01d72a356a873c34f242075fb97f6f73e9aa21b1	The erratic movement of gas in the cloud quickly stopped: it was replaced by the calm movement of a cloud around the Sun. Dust particles were concentrated in the central plane, forming a layer of increased density.
63f9df28f3f75f7979543d8a4db7298c4bd13041	When the layer density has reached a certain critical value, its own
70f915c872f4b380bf50c341ac83e4a172d0365f	gravity began to "compete" with the gravity of the Sun.
c16044219953df2714a69ee288474bb0c5f92ff6	The dust layer turned out to be unstable and broke up into separate dust clumps.
dffdc1ea9e101f7d86cbb2b56c581f447db14363	Colliding with each other, they formed many solid dense bodies.
cf1570b8d74fd12ce7432bf6628253130409f6ac	The largest of them acquired almost circular orbits and began to overtake other bodies in their growth, becoming potential embryos of future planets.
91e1d5937d1347b200cb7c88b4da5a57771c4ffe	As more massive bodies, the neoplasms attached to themselves the remaining substance of the gas dust cloud.
0ec9232c30a8330f006d9ecf872b23e724e4e314	In the end, nine large planets were formed, the movement of which in orbits remains stable for billions of years.
4e6a97af4b09e4086f523e870d74f1d3ae0f1afa	Taking into account the physical characteristics, all the planets are divided into two groups.
ba20cdb71073a61a6ab5265280135c6faf0f1eee	One of them consists of relatively small planets of the Earth group Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mapca.
dc53e32e442ac49fb4e50da18ffef7e1fa4d3973	Their substance is characterized by a relatively high density: on average, about 5.5 g/cm3, which is 5.5 times higher than the density of water.
98cd7c075697accbef29f26b5f2ca2682042abde	Another group consists of the giant planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
9637ecdedd3a617e21499ecde49532b31ac7800a	These planets have huge masses.
c8985dd369368fbf81e2375545793e22738342f4	Thus, the mass of Uranus is equal to 15 Earth masses, and Jupiter 318.
7de5975d70911e8c329bee723881ac9f4ea35c92	The giant planets consist mainly of hydrogen and helium, and the average density of their substance is close to the density of water.
a5fbd78d9caa80a0981655a07602b9e12c239fa7	Apparently, these planets do not have a solid surface, similar to the surface of the planets of the Earth group.
3ea4dcb4b784ae38bb631cc5a8e318e9f2617461	A special place is occupied by the ninth planet – Pluto, discovered in March 1930.
bb365411ab3b7dd40cf11ba26c2f2e491da14755	In terms of its size, it is closer to the planets of the Earth group.
9db935fc140b936c019e1311dc9df14b65aebdaf	Not so long ago, it was discovered that Pluto is a double planet: it consists of a central body and a very large satellite.
913d6ac108aec54ec1bc35eced1c77a13d35383c	Both celestial bodies revolve around a common center of mass.
aab4821dc92354581049506f5cb4a77c09496ae0	During the formation of planets, their division into two groups is due to the fact that the temperature was low in the parts of the cloud far from the Sun and all substances, except hydrogen and helium, formed solid particles.
1417641d6453ff038f4a6d028bf9355d82f71cdf	Methane, ammonia and water predominated among them, which determined the composition of Uranus and Neptune.
d33504aa871825f53bcff08c5352c3c4ad9ef752	The composition of the most massive planets – Jupiter and Saturn, in addition, turned out to be a significant amount of gases.
502e780544f7034331ff4f7648d80d85f55518f5	In the region of the planets of the Earth group, the temperature was much higher, and all volatile substances (including methane and ammonia) remained in a gaseous state, and, therefore, did not enter the planets.
f8617dd5026523e8c8b40a080d45dda7092ebb0f	The planets of this group were formed mainly from silicates and metals.
684692b366d82891c33e0d48864bafe6853ca5c3	The process of formation of the Solar system cannot be considered thoroughly studied, and the proposed hypotheses are perfect.
66e5901e988a6a6d9aa64ef4c448f16ee1608f38	For example, the considered hypothesis did not take into account the influence of electromagnetic interaction in the formation of planets.
dd25a6e421879d4522f480f4d8f1e892f37fba49	Finding out this and other issues is a matter of the future.
f2a5ff5302d4e60c0df1ea9d8eef8560589c1c5b	CONTENT: Concepts of modern natural science
8bb56cda0cd09feb10216a8149841f771ce462a6	See also:...ideas about the origin and evolution of the solar system.... planetary systems are formed in a single process, as a result of cloud compression.our Solar system is almost the only one in the Galaxy, and man's search for intelligent life in the solar system does not exist in the Solar system was awakened only at the turn of the nama of the origin of life and its spread in the Solar system.
41dfbfd2ef5f896916843f70a19f11d0fcc3c212	Astrophysics.
c58a08f0c0667ced3f122c952069feeb8421ee75	Stars and nebulae.
f515ea3ae8182e6e404ca8cf645c86a6838bcabb	It is hoped that on the basis of these data, a more accurate answer to the question of the origin of the Solar system will be obtained.
73db893491d5b0e4a3ba7b9567425ddb97334e72	The origin of oil coal and natural gas.
b434491b3fb3427fedc11956ef35a92477693e4d	The origin of natural... the origin of oil and natural gas.
7b644a79dfaad3c0ee846f65e6ea3cc6f02a01b8	Oil and natural gas consist mainly of other chemical elements associated with the Sun, with the emergence of the solar system.
01749151f7906febbe97368f1fa1d0c05d6a8e08	The mysteries of the Solar System.
eb3eef11ffa999d1265d0531135eb64e43121973	Astronomers are perplexed The solar System is a creation of the mind?
3774a5fe48fc362a9a8afd59a27fbbf222db240f	Let us turn, however, to the arguments testifying to the "unnatural" origin of the Moon.
d8181cffcf9894442e80f5feac69998e2da04ec5	The origin of the planets.
24a8dcafd7fd6be60af462a25779c892f5ad3ca4	Hypotheses of Kant, Laplace and Jeans.
a2b0a3940f9337dd3e3308aa1498d63028e6eecc	Spectral... of historical interest.
eae1ae77b533e2fa31685483a8bcaf4ed28e6945	As already mentioned, there is 98% of the moment of the amount of motion in the solar system. it belongs to the planets and only 2% to the Sun. Astronomical observations.
305988c2c0e32544b2d7d2dee90bd5b6348e6844	As for our solar system, its various artificial origins are dominated by nodes with four converging lines, and the network of channels of Mars has...
93cf9c8f615d5c1f9f5faa644820c35eb43491a0	ASTRONOMY Spatial velocities of stars and the motion of the solar system.
79d6a74d9359042665a4d4e352c898f4eddf853a	Cosmogonic problems.
956dab9b0501b65b867af7e9eaf1383491a29a96	The origin and evolution of stars.
7301d2aad32d4ebb440bdfd273eaba7bc33c4a38	The structure of the solar system.
48830a850401cfce5e04d8b9955f3cc89f2c53cd	Careful scientific research has given ... the Solar system includes: The Sun, which is the dynamic center of the whole. systems, 9 major planets, 32 satellites of planets, more than 1800 minor planets or.
7a1b2d3e4e765cf4d8ab37dc0c23b71787b02ac7	SOLAR HEATING.
8da8dd6cd717a9ac80f349adeb0dce92ca3ea0f5	Passive solar heating systems There are active and passive solar heating systems.
1e283ce9fb8155f08c67d65389fbe0ffca81050c	Solar heating is most effective when...
5a18b1dffd303de0f159f660d2ae357026629a09	www.Grandars.ru "Natural Science" Astronomy "
4649bbaf762bbfebacfae6b7bf6757b07326b939	Solar System Astronomy Solar System
dfb4d66b95a022db8baeca6a1aec566743d78907	Lectures on Natural Science Content
ee5fd929ee6c339da93bfe6cda2a1ce378c19a47	Planet Mercury
cacfc11366b274bef400a270e1bcdd0bd19d5a1c	1. The solar system, its structure
136ec048ce3e91942e39e6f9f5f3576e8b88e0c9	Planet Venus
e136e29c0bc9e24696c2e908efb87b4c70de7f81	2. The composition of the solar system
921c7e97123eb872ba5778dc3eabe60ca1815b91	Planet Mars Planet Jupiter
4b1ad9e25a56fbb82e8a776bab060f70dfb12298	3. The Sun 4.
203bb8ae5f0e47f2988c62bcab3e80b9cfe692d2	Planets of the Earth group 5.
1f4b1dd0ea78f7deca065a1a5d8820615dfc4ab4	Giant planets
9fd036c7370e303ca3d389d3ca0393bf6bdc09b0	Planet Saturn Planet Uranus Planet Neptune Earth's motion The Earth's magnetic field The Earth Moon system
af10e1659f5974433bdf8d68fb385f02b0295da4	The SOLAR SYSTEM, ITS STRUCTURE The universe (cosmos) is the whole world around us, boundless in time and space and infinitely diverse in the forms that the ever moving matter takes.
6e20072e9907d05c6df3d0626c25311540c2ec0f	The boundlessness of the universe can be partially imagined on a clear night with billions of different sizes of luminous twinkling points in the sky representing distant worlds.
ad76573327be9ccd28223a8d44affb1c4046efc8	Light rays at a speed of 300,000 km/s from the most distant parts of the Universe reach the Earth in about 10 billion years.
458d16b02c9fae168b34b54f3991d8dc355f8551	According to scientists, the Universe was formed as a result of the "Big Bang" 17 billion years ago.
d5c96bf8d232a87e8cdd6d851a4c7636efdf1125	It consists of clusters of stars, planets, cosmic dust and other cosmic bodies.
6a292a2519e82c0a2012fcab63b83df57810d7a6	These bodies form systems: planets with satellites (for example. The solar system), galaxies, metagalactics (a cluster of galaxies).
59eb2622c87f0b55dbfe3303aef33bc8f55120fe	The Galaxy (Late Greek. galaktikos milky, milky, from the Greek gala milk) is a vast star system that consists of many stars, star clusters and associations, gas and dust nebulae, as well as individual atoms and particles scattered in interstellar space.
c24dbc25f4dbc48f72763388b71f72912075ce3c	There are many galaxies of various sizes and shapes in the universe.
f21cf719755e20d15f0f2bdec03cf4dd33a7f8ee	All the stars visible from Earth are part of the Milky Way galaxy.
49f0bc6d77fcaf63a972f14537525d512a554b80	It got its name due to the fact that most of the stars can be seen on a clear night in the form of the Milky Way — a whitish blurred band.
91000fffe9ae430703d17cbcde3ac6d3e641c9a1	In total, the Milky Way galaxy contains about 100 billion stars.
8c2baa516ec1fbbdeba236e8891dbcff64626885	Our galaxy is in constant rotation.
bc489be10a12e6203188e1bcf47c9b57289efbb2	The speed of its movement in the universe is 1.5 million km / h.
106a6df8cc6ac431f553b7cbacc42571f89f2c40	If you look at our galaxy from the side of its north pole, the rotation occurs clockwise.
227c4930beafad9fabe7efc0f40995c14c11b132	The sun and the stars closest to it make a complete revolution around the center of the galaxy in 200 million years.
af137fa3df828d2ab29140a8906629e6d5eefccd	This period is considered to be a galactic year.
0a8b63eeacc10f854834c5b2b09f4b0750823c8c	The Andromeda galaxy, or Andromeda Nebula, is similar in size and shape to the Milky Way galaxy, which is located at a distance of about 2 million light years from our galaxy.
ab204ee396908fd837c2e61212643af7e298e471	A light year is the distance traveled by light in a year, approximately equal to 1013 km (the speed of light is 300,000 km / s).
3717bac155c1b7f2424e7202058eac2bc9a82666	The concept of the celestial sphere is used to study the movement and location of stars, planets and other celestial bodies for clarity.
cf78c62a951d8d50ff90283ee6fd81b1290b84b6	Fig. 1. The main lines of the celestial sphere The celestial sphere is an imaginary sphere of arbitrarily large radius, in the center of which the observer is located.
7a4b623c1bb8fe2c7004e15eecc5ac87dd21e1ab	Stars, the Sun, the Moon, and planets are projected onto the celestial sphere.
204a40957ebe5758cfe716a03891f39d6d40852e	The most important lines on the celestial sphere are: the vertical line, the zenith, the nadir, the celestial equator, the ecliptic, the celestial meridian, etc. (Fig. 1).
0d9100db6c2a1158ef14bc7d8d71a623392f82d6	A plumb line is a straight line passing through the center of the celestial sphere and coinciding with the direction of the plumb line thread at the observation point.
51e05e79721243a91bdf4082aa4cc40b1e3c2416	For an observer located on the Earth's surface, a vertical line passes through the center of the Earth and the observation point.
5dc0ce7f2144a736e8d839851b1c940790de0e68	The vertical line intersects with the surface of the celestial sphere at two points - the zenith, above the observer's head, and the nadir the diametrically opposite point.
0adfd4f948a5ad7f469449f1bd607a17df4ebfaa	A large circle of the celestial sphere, the plane of which is perpendicular to the vertical line, is called a mathematical horizon.
7ef04c89ce4bdf6bb540ea49d1091c09ed6f09a9	It divides the surface of the celestial sphere into two halves: visible to the observer, with a peak at the zenith, and invisible, with a peak at the nadir.
af39fc925b3aeeb0562249b678db15656bfe728e	The diameter around which the celestial sphere rotates is the axis of the world.
d286be980b4b9bad0dbd4717be75afec6c0ee5e7	It intersects with the surface of the celestial sphere at two points - the north pole of the world and the south pole of the world.
d68893e9f10e895e61d82743ff9dea936fec631e	The north pole is the one from which the rotation of the celestial sphere occurs clockwise, if you look at the sphere from the outside.
4735d2fd1cd78232f7b310fe8f45d69d0caddf6c	A large circle of the celestial sphere, the plane of which is perpendicular to the axis of the world, is called the celestial equator.
6b51d762dc14cd661cb5bfee5e52d70992bd82e8	It divides the surface of the celestial sphere into two hemispheres: the northern one, with a peak at the north pole of the world, and the southern one, with a peak at the south pole of the world.
0abf0a3762c072d98bd6211cccb986c86398133a	The great circle of the celestial sphere, the plane of which passes through the vertical line and the axis of the world, is the celestial meridian.
123b87bf02c16be32b30efebc8102a7fcda90897	It divides the surface of the celestial sphere into two hemispheres - the eastern and western.
c97ee1a7014e7147f9246687b9d798ad633993e0	The line of intersection of the plane of the celestial meridian and the plane of the mathematical horizon is the midday line.
ae07b980c9fa53dfbe5eec24dd2f85cc6b09e051	The ecliptic (from the Greek ekieipsis eclipse) is a large circle of the celestial sphere, along which the visible annual movement of the Sun, more precisely, its center, occurs.
53d4a2a64b0aecdce26956bdca7cff8ed0fedc0b	The plane of the ecliptic is inclined to the plane of the celestial equator at an angle of 23°26 '21".
524eb6f08037861ffe58deabee4a42ca6ea81d74	To make it easier to remember the location of the stars in the sky, people in ancient times came up with the idea of combining the brightest of them into constellations.
0d39eff9499cbe6310d1a6bb6244b007aff2d1dc	Currently, 88 constellations are known that bear the names of mythical characters (Hercules, Pegasus, etc.), zodiac signs (Taurus, Pisces, Cancer, etc.), objects (Libra, Lyra, etc.) (Fig. 2).
836d57a2d1356891c07ad3fc04e65451046050e8	Fig. 2. Summer and autumn constellations
7c0de9afa1785b5348df8bfe178e8c7f01c907ac	The origin of galaxies.
c424d5406fe03d324937bb8a70cc346902aa4bb6	The solar system and its individual planets still remain an unsolved mystery of nature.
d5cd7690eb281407314e160d12c8932af192dacc	There are several hypotheses.
ed08d6f4650c4c9135d5b51477bf92b8f4233e8e	Currently, it is believed that our galaxy was formed from a gas cloud consisting of hydrogen.
9ebc6e68158018da27c81222ee6cb4fd250a6054	At the initial stage of the galaxy's evolution, the first stars were formed from the interstellar gas — dust environment, and the Solar System was formed 4.6 billion years ago.
8e8256b7077d99c6c2bcf8cc71928e661e4b47f5	THE COMPOSITION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM The totality of celestial bodies moving around the Sun as a central body forms the Solar system.
535ca5c02a2528629e081de560fa8577242abdca	It is located almost on the outskirts of the Milky Way galaxy.
f33671b192733c6a9a459bb9d6b4a555aaec924d	The solar system participates in the rotation around the center of the galaxy.
c68e26dd65782213b41f88a3dc61b2e27e3fd8a2	The speed of the se movement is about 220 km / s.
d51c2d8bb730636d0ebf5117914487dad11e6824	This movement takes place in the direction of the constellation Cygnus.
77de5097afcf8d83c1520e0dc5beee06265509c1	The composition of the Solar system can be represented in the form of a simplified scheme, shown in Fig. 3.
c54e1e37f337d9c7d62b8f70206a2257352938e0	Over 99.9 % of the mass of the matter of the Solar system falls on the Sun and only 0.1% - on all its other elements.
d50a8896956b03823417a684282c35643df23b8e	The hypothesis of I. Kant (1775) — P. Laplace (1796)
697321fb808514284087170e047b7cb0325360fc	The hypothesis of D. Jeans (the beginning of the XX century)
b3053af91458278e3ad93556de9bfb2086b00a51	The hypothesis of academician O. P. Schmidt (40s of the XX century)
2056d9b6d268efbbcc0ac2de72a5da6ff8891c49	Guy poteza a kale mika V. G. Fesenkova (30s of the XX century)
4862294134c87c5cbfea81bd9f193ae32225143d	The planets were formed from gas dust matter (in the form of a red hot nebula).
9211c99862e3054bd3f9dab48a2257d8b3e0d057	Cooling is accompanied by compression and an increase in the speed of rotation of some axis.
54a8a65159c2eec46f46518fec7476ced5924cda	Rings appeared on the equator of the nebula.
8c9836965dec25a1f22eb698512840c3852ee8d3	The substance of the rings collected into incandescent bodies and gradually cooled down
403377c3803ab5f7d44734d40f965fe4a0459b95	A larger star once passed by the Sun, and its attraction tore a jet of incandescent matter (a prominence) out of the Sun. thickenings were formed, from which later planets
b5c6553dfe09be8b8c5ed8f4c85eb1869d9c6aad	The gas dust cloud orbiting the Sun had to take a solid form as a result of the collision of particles and their movement.
c30bdbef3fcaa2993f62fe8db7d76ad44a1d67e7	The particles combined into thickenings.
6b77cc7c9a446ade37ef5198123d125824576a5c	The attraction of smaller particles by thickenings should have contributed to the growth of the surrounding matter.
6aec0d9bb699bc35c19467dd35bfa42696caec8e	The orbits of the clusters were supposed to become almost circular and lying almost in the same plane.
d9b78b10106b90cbba5b11c26e7cf6ee7ed800fd	The thickenings were the embryos of the planets, absorbing almost all the matter from the gaps between their orbits
3e9a422f0ac375d701b2ace798c52978de29dcb8	The Sun itself emerged from the rotating cloud, and the planets emerged from secondary thickenings in this cloud.
6d0c07f5903539a564b7e21e30e7419945a94337	Further, the Sun has greatly decreased and cooled down to its present state
c2d35ce8589a35906d44eca0c6f63d702950e979	Fig. 3. Composition of solar systems
e168fe2ddc6e05a7bcee4e19d51cda5871cfd4dc	THE SUN The sun is a star, a giant red hot ball.
eb29cf865de12088d0a3f6832fc66ef82863d1e1	The sun is located at a distance of about 26,000 light years from the center of our galaxy and orbits around it, making one revolution in about 225-250 million years.
f35c45a722e0ffb1b71c5d7dc542f5a544259112	The orbital speed of the Sun is 217 km / s — thus, it passes one light year in 1400 Earth years.
819730b727a7c9c74c59dea041e6a81d2dc75bce	4. The chemical composition of the Sun The pressure on the Sun is 200 billion times higher than at the Earth's surface.
9106dc3202b2d491a3d36a7994ef7881e3276279	The density of the solar matter and the pressure are rapidly increasing deeper; the increase in pressure is explained by the weight of all the overlying layers.
9ac592718ac95237ed6a10aba66d71c967db8460	The temperature on the surface of the Sun is 6000 K, and inside it is 13 500 000 K.
69d57396ab8ffaada4d70ee6f241578ba9482687	The characteristic lifetime of a Sun type star is 10 billion leg.
804b4f8275ece33388c2e0b2d8d52e40a06a9097	General information about the Sun Weight, kg
cf682b74e9fa7c5bd5c6108473dad80fa3710ef9	2 * 1030
f4266a9e1d3d1e22c2e72030f882f3fd0a4e09e6	Diameter, m
adbc534421a33675b4758b91c99a86695be95128	1.392 * 109
c4b48f091bc9d92cf870fa4177400b33714353c1	Average density, kg / m3
6f34a3e0e1af181e8a78e70c146682b7ead12846	1400
d085f52cfa9e33adcc9c4a0c2462672a4d1d596e	Rotation period, days
c5f8a0b37932f84c3088d33ef9b3cedc2d439bdd	25,380
e5b81096910d7e080c1e98f35273128b06b88ce1	Age, billion years
6eaba25413e41828c7c3b4eafa8d1737c57a527c	About 5
3499de3eaea497159995bbc2869fb4136b947ab9	The chemical composition of the Sun is about the same as that of most other stars: about 75 % is hydrogen, 25 % is helium, and less than 1 % is all other chemical elements (carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, etc.) The central part of the Sun with a radius of about 150,000 km is called the solar core.
27883898ffe4b37188194ef5ce196acd1dca5e27	The density of the substance here is about 150 times higher than the density of water.
ba0256f31883e5d13e996da6ca2c6b9f6e3bcfbd	The temperature exceeds 10 million K. (on the Kelvin scale, in terms of degrees Celsius, 1 °C = K 273.1) (Fig. 5).
e168677cd667dd39659172f9d8da94f5a435cb3b	The energy transfer here is carried out by the absorption and emission of photons by separate layers of particles (see Fig. 5).
9b34e45f06369b31b616f82c58d25021278cf92c	Fig. 5. The structure of the Sun Photon (from the Greek phos light), an elementary particle that can exist only moving at the speed of light.
56c846fe64466aa77b692713292e01186dba5f38	Closer to the surface of the Sun, a vortex mixing of plasma occurs, and the transfer of energy to the surface is performed mainly by the movements of the substance itself.
31576bf6f0721f393fc0949062b926177a808602	Fluctuations occur with a period of about five minutes.
8007ca6d68312f7e016bb1000a9a772215eac08d	It consists of light bubbles.
b2c4c805dc259ce8106e139e1cba6fb926fb18e6	These are pellets.
5a75445dd64717357aaf14e45cd96391eb24505e	Their dimensions are small 1000-2000 km, and the distance between them is 300-600 km.
af8dd658b14544841033920f1e666a631385c812	About a million granules can be observed on the Sun at the same time, each of which exists for several minutes.
06f724828aba91366d51880b22d1ad75bbe8ba3c	The granules are surrounded by dark gaps.
92e68571983e0c9d1e12dc7a3a4c973179840368	If the substance rises in the granules, then it falls around them.
03ea1c78bd2bd311825795036c1461667ce7c294	The granules create a general background on which such large scale formations as torches, sunspots, prominences, etc. can be observed.
b1b6dc4b19e7183016ca8a7b065b51c35f887ab3	Sunspots are dark areas in the Sun, the temperature of which is lowered in comparison with the surrounding space Solar torches are called bright fields surrounding sunspots.
9b31fd84a168e2865b9bb3cb08b46df24ab6227e	Prominences (from Lat. protubero swell)
609a982d79e083d360eac41ce7333a426711709f	- dense condensations of relatively cold (compared to the surrounding temperature) matter that rise and are held above the surface of the Sun by a magnetic field.
90b6542ca0ff129513e93db33970f170c3fe69a2	The appearance of the Sun's magnetic field can be caused by the fact that different layers of the Sun rotate at different speeds: the inner parts rotate faster; the core rotates especially fast.
ea2d21e026bc218df50ce9fc4ac6648c13d98171	The origin of the name of this part of the solar atmosphere is associated with its reddish color.
e5827efe89da0d6c0b232a00819f98c87031e545	The temperature in the chromosphere is growing rapidly, reaching tens of thousands of degrees in its upper layers.
39dbc24f5e33ae9bd47f472420f77426ea07b383	All this happens at a speed of about 20,000 m / s.
285b50f84ee952a2205754e87e94fb3f67160fa5	The spicula lives 5-10 minutes.
00190605ae0e095d9b1b9e61fff5668e8bc43e28	The number of spicules existing on the Sun at the same time is about a million (fig. 6).
391bdca595ec2a379286483de61ce685679bf51a	Fig. 6. The structure of the outer layers of the Sun The chromosphere is surrounded by the solar corona — the outer layer of the Sun's atmosphere.
3fc035dcb703c83579b642020dde37efb7f8748c	The total amount of energy emitted by the Sun is 3.86 • 1026 watts, and only one two billion part of this energy is received by the Earth.
4b8e0d518ff4190924659f55a8653f71bab82101	Corpuscular main radiation is a plasma stream that consists of protons and neutrons, or in another way - the solar wind, which reaches near Earth space and flows around the entire magnetosphere of the Earth.
f74e2f69ee427e9dd94338b55bc7fcb6c1d166cb	Having processed the materials of observations of sunspots accumulated by the middle of the last century, Wolf was able to establish the average and summer cycle of solar activity.
6abcd30152bc6a12ee35c340ce05ae86f424a679	In fact, the time intervals between the years of the maximum or minimum Wolf numbers range from 7 to 17 years.
b566cbce5b5920baa0bec7d3ea58e199ef141a42	Simultaneously with the 11 year cycle, a century old, or rather 80-90 year old, cycle of solar activity takes place.
21e1372737158c8697b64005b24121beb0d1f846	Inconsistently overlapping with each other, they make noticeable changes in the processes taking place in the geographical envelope of the Earth.
250a28c8549a9da9050305b37972bab676490d64	He was also one of the founders of such a science as heliobiology (from Greek. helios the sun), which studies the influence of the Sun on the living matter of the geographical envelope of the Earth.
c4ddbc3366c1236e060d3ee3b2dd2d6e2724baa2	The periodic activity of the Sun is associated with the life of plants and animals (there is a correlation between the solar cycle and the duration of the growing season in plants, the reproduction and migration of birds, rodents, etc.), as well as humans (diseases).
ecf414c260f220f826c4954f7c260d43144c1c57	Currently, the relationship between solar and terrestrial processes continues to be studied with the help of artificial Earth satellites.
c036c4b8bdbfd3afdf386af04fa186aff56726ea	In addition to the Sun, the planets of the EARTH GROUP are distinguished as part of the Solar System (Fig. 9).
549cbb59799584cdf364f8f4be2702e2c2f3e890	According to their size, geographical indicators and chemical composition, the planets are divided into two groups: the planets of the earth group and the giant planets.
6c956d85e90cb9e5f5414ac188874af74933e18e	The planets of the Earth group include Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars.
a627d3f32e5609aa87ef2eeebd2573ced7dc3f2b	They will be discussed in this subsection.
91457f18d0dc3adae8dbaeea3068be16f104bdb1	Fig. 9. Planets of the Solar system Earth is the third planet from the Sun.
960eb7121d0218a799fc39f984548b791b1c3a5f	A separate subsection will be devoted to it.
2de0498a5e3ee099e91048a25c442646d4435811	Let's generalize.
2c8e67f2309ff1946f137deeaff1c5d8e094d507	The density of the planet's substance depends on the location of the planet in the Solar System, and taking into account its size, its mass also depends.
63ab1894222703d419aea139b000e11e3c5a9919	The closer a planet is to the Sun, the higher its average density of matter is.
97af2a12497a83c9582c92e2c259b6723c29ed34	For example, for Mercury it is 5.42 g / cm\ Venus 5.25, Earth 5.25, Mars 3.97 g/cm3.
f949b56b884ae79da66d0c998c564bf880287418	The general characteristics of the planets of the Earth group (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) are primarily: 1) relatively small size; 2) high temperatures on the surface and 3) high density of the matter of the planets.
85a4ef03b5b01563cd5eb84a6f7130ac8126e479	These planets rotate relatively slowly around their axis and have few or no satellites at all.
f996f5de1acef3665215e0b0e36b5fa3b6293eae	There are four main shells in the structure of the planets of the Earth group: 1) dense core; 2) covering his mantle; 3) 4) a light gas water shell (excluding Mercury).
c413533779b11e49f61f9b78bc03f999d7420294	Traces of tectonic activity have been found on the surface of these planets.
d0a6c95bf8605c82d74f3519c14a8c091fcdae91	Now let's get acquainted with the giant planets, which are also part of our Solar system.
f5962ae125a16b084d0ac79c19fa2f5d26d249f3	These are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.
33d647b3d0827b3cb7a27ac82176a428284792e6	Giant planets have the following general characteristics: 1) large size and weight; 2) rotate rapidly around the axis;
1d97fc58d7d12ea268f498634971b060a671912e	3) have rings, many satellites; 4) the atmosphere consists mainly of hydrogen and helium; 5) in the center there is a hot core of metals and silicates.
67fc90d751d5a64912cf2e6913d40053f41df0a6	They are also distinguished by: 1) low temperatures on the surface;
b75c4b42243216217094b17b7961974c230f679a	2) low density of the matter of the planets.
95e963230e00361b441fc009884b0d07f5f45e03	Natural Science The concept of Natural Science Biology — Astronomy
07f39b9cbf429fd12e254004ea7c73c2fcfafe8c	Related subjects History
8e6de0a3c06899282b5a19e235576dedf9e2dd04	Astronomy The solar system, its model and structure.
6029dba47909abaec53577c9e2ccf71e83811bb7	Planets of the solar system Planet Mercury: description, characteristics, atmosphere and radius Planet Venus, its description, characteristics and photos Planet Mars: description, characteristics, satellites and photos Planet Jupiter Planet Saturn Planet Uranus Planet Neptune Moon satellite of the Earth, its phases and rotation around the Earth
2469ce36ac297c470d188ef2d827fc938d88eef8	The Earth's motion in orbit and around the Sun The Earth's magnetic field
f1351b9a3f91b282049cb357f52a43bcee6dcbfa	All materials of the site www.Grandars.ru, regardless of the form and date of placement, can only be used with the consent of the site owners.
213dba097ad189754eeee8981c014373fdd3818f	Full and partial reprint of materials from www.Grandars.ru it is impossible without the written permission of the site administration and the indication of an active link to the source article.
d472a08d4a5294389ad1893ea7d6f2342336043e	E mail: info@grandars.ru 0.024 sec.
5ced178a4905cfa5d9609668e7fb4da3bf470a37	The sun is a material from Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
d7f445798b0a2373e1060e1b81f134825523a6a8	The Sun (astr. ☉ ) is the only star in the solar system.
a6cadbfcde43f1b71f572e412133744a35b34e7b	Other objects of this system revolve around the Sun: planets and their satellites, dwarf planets and their satellites, asteroids, meteoroids, comets and cosmic dust.
99625e4bb410ac1a3b892a1b951742eb27c6169f	The mass of the Sun is 99.86 % of the total mass of the entire Solar system[7].
64d0572640a835175e3c3ba27799264b5a6ae4c3	Solar radiation supports life on Earth[8] (light is necessary for the initial stages of photosynthesis), determines the climate.
78940e862d75788a0157c12e78a7e723980b818a	The sun consists of hydrogen (≈73 % of the mass and ≈92 % of the volume), helium (≈25 % of the mass and ≈7 % of the volume[9]) and other elements with a lower concentration: iron, nickel, oxygen, nitrogen, silicon, sulfur, magnesium, carbon, neon, calcium and chromium[10].
08c81ad1ec4d844a5b11a07407c0e05334eaae48	For 1 million hydrogen atoms, there are 98,000 helium atoms, 851 oxygen atoms, 398 carbon atoms, 123 neon atoms, 100 nitrogen atoms, 47 iron atoms, 38 magnesium atoms, 35 silicon atoms, 16 sulfur atoms, 4 argon atoms, 3 aluminum atoms, 2 nickel, sodium and calcium atoms, as well as a small number of other elements.
cfef1aa2ddd98b5607d2ea45c942415567f79815	The average density of the Sun is 1.4 g / cm3.
9ce24d45a54f1930c4c0d443455d1616e1519b51	The surface temperature of the Sun reaches 6000 K.
f8fbd28c3311552ae521232117d9c31208720afe	Therefore, the Sun shines with almost white light, but the direct light of the Sun at the surface of our planet acquires a certain yellow hue due to stronger scattering and absorption of the short wave part of the spectrum by the Earth's atmosphere (when the sky is clear, together with the blue scattered light from the sky, sunlight again gives white illumination).
a53465cf7a2bc68346929daf0537f0df8fe36020	The solar spectrum contains lines of ionized and neutral metals, as well as hydrogen and helium.
95d08acda1b4a6f10244cabc47a8df6be14c2840	There are over 100 billion stars in our Milky Way galaxy[11].
e182e81b71a45a4c994ce2c5a6ab7901fef0cce9	At the same time, 85% of the stars in our galaxy are stars that are less bright than the Sun (most of them are red dwarfs).
d5c23c03c859214421c24e597d3d566c5bfd31f3	Like all main sequence stars, the Sun generates energy through thermonuclear fusion.
48cde7112e27c2d95a7bdc48c6efb154f4199720	In the case of the Sun, the vast majority of energy is generated by the synthesis of helium from hydrogen.
7ff93688abb7976993ddce93aa50f76b05c937c0	The average distance of the Sun from the Earth 1,496·108 km[1] - is approximately equal to an astronomical unit, and the apparent angular diameter when observed from the Earth, as well as from the Moon, is slightly more than half a degree (31-32 minutes).
9590381f1289373cfbb07c390443f560f6eb59f0	The sun is located at a distance of about 26,000 light years from the center of the Milky Way and rotates around it, making one revolution in 225-250 million years[12].
22f93d08aa063fe88dcebc340ba2c294abf6896a	The orbital speed of the Sun is 217 km / s — thus, it passes one light year in 1400 earth years, and one astronomical unit — in 8 earth days[13].
ed4de02ebc6dc8c2ac5fe35a91aaa875af3e4d60	Currently, the Sun is located in the inner edge of the Orion arm of our Galaxy, between the Perseus arm and the Sagittarius arm, in the so — called "Local interstellar cloud" — a region of increased density, located, in turn, in a lower density "Local bubble" - a zone of scattered high temperature interstellar gas.
529166d4164432a6e536a698de524b9286625c33	Of the stars belonging to the 50 closest star systems within 17 light years known at present, the Sun is the fourth brightest star (its absolute magnitude is +4.83 m).
f8d01e76daf2a60b4c76d2a86f809aee5342e2af	The sun
884d1fb6b387aa66603022227f51ecc889df2b6e	Main Features Average distance
c886c8845aa4a248393d2a43d5f449aff60a2ea0	1,496·108 km[1]
267b523f8cead10d7069161951714065ed44b100	from the ground
2a81c383fd1afa6f15cf9a5fe279fbfb1a7d6228	(8.31 light minutes) 1 A. E.
2cd526ae8347e485e11546683335e344f0402de7	Average horizontal parallax
4ed97c4a26a62f1f9c299569abd82933538fc250	8,794"
98ec0ae797cad5ee3dc8a08155e84b332bb9d03b	Apparent magnitude (V)
dac283cabd08ec9ce32aac7d338130675148dbb6	−26,74m[1]
e56fb7918b3e835f5c0759fb433f4b195d8396b9	Absolute stellar magnitude
170789d81e7a84a2108a61bc112fdb3cb4d7668b	4,83m[1]
862f5e447c81e9b6d064d13189122a4528504df2	G2V
e5eeebe094a174702ee20a16c4e519fe6a80ac32	Orbit parameters Distance
176e3530007f84d7310512e14ce28708b749baf9	~2.5·1020 m
79795c09207e0c132a55b6bdd5ab19718467d687	from the center of the Galaxy
00cd3a4584266cfad61980115169ea11cb6b69cb	(26,000 holy years)
423208095dd7fc394399b8c356f8f00cd260869b	Distance
f8a404df1d9d0453809e410335cbf5cf3ce416bf	~4.6·1017 m
1b0743788dab9a6cb23f0b8104ffadff73958141	from the plane of the Galaxy
6df76a372b4b017a3627d8e415dc740bbaee24ff	(48 holy years)
7614728bf64e217752bf17b2034a952d009b3c08	Galactic period of circulation
c06f9e54c1da73af01c7e48d4d4965462b8f12b9	2,25-2,50·108 years
2d2cb022bc3d26bd1407c4aa787d5e46e1ad4c3b	Speed
74ddb34001ca86e74d3defe7c5a9632963057713	~2.2·105 m / s[2] (in orbit around the center of the Galaxy)
5dc2292d0ec7c0b99bbb5997da1dc483aac21974	19.4 km/s[1] (relative to neighboring stars)
69cad71d899cbca0d09ccb9df02239b5457d7dff	Physical Characteristics Average diameter
6c3b30fabc91ae4c79dc4adb79530d3165f03748	1,392·109 m (109 Earth diameters)[1]
fe0167c6785ee2f538773f78ee2773a29c610292	The equatorial radius is 6,9551·108 m[3]
d99093541edde72a593cd110993bd234c7b6d793	Contents 1 General information 2 Life cycle 3 Structure 3.1 Internal structure of the Sun 3.1.1 Solar Core 3.1.2 Radiant transport zone 3.1.3 Convective Zone of the Sun 3.2 Solar Atmosphere 3.2.1 Photosphere 3.2.2 Chromosphere 3.2.3 Corona 3.2.4 Solar Wind 4 Solar magnetic fields 4.1 Origin and types of solar magnetic fields 4.2 Solar activity and solar cycle 4.3 The Sun as a variable star 5 Theoretical problems 5.1 The Problem of solar neutrinos 5.2 The Problem of heating the corona 6 Solar research 6.1 Early observations of the Sun 6.2 The development of modern scientific understanding 6.3 Space research of the Sun 6.4 Observations of the Sun and the danger to vision 7 Solar eclipses 8 The Sun and the Earth 9 The Sun in world culture 9.1 In religion and mythology 9.2 In occultism 9.3 In the languages of the world 9.4 Urban legends about the Sun 10 Sun Doubles 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References
8149b83c47d6e38929431bbcb3cf7e43fe5d7174	General information The sun belongs to the first type of stellar population.
c79e8702e59766f155db9a6bbdd88a6866706b5b	One of the most common theories of the origin of the Solar System suggests that its formation was caused by the explosions of one or more supernovae[14].
8c92324e348bde3ac42d90890ed15c84bc489eff	This assumption is based, in particular, on the fact that the substance of the Solar System contains an abnormally large proportion of gold and uranium, which could be the result of endothermic reactions caused by this explosion, or the nuclear transformation of elements by the absorption of neutrons by the substance of a massive second generation star.
91b5dccdee8131e4f55edbffb6dd3a3c25c1b236	Solar radiation is the main source of energy on Earth.
226a256466de547b48993d5ccd87267749ec178f	Its power is characterized by the solar constant - the power of radiation passing through a site of a unit area perpendicular to the sun's rays and located at a distance of one astronomical unit from the Sun (that is, in the Earth's orbit) outside the Earth's atmosphere.
ade1eb63745586418016cbcabb3042174a754fef	This constant is approximately 1.37 kW / m2.
06ea4987e7621b4ff0995777aadbdd01c2fe5262	equator
faa3bd812c0221aec866e7c884c2275c2ef96fce	4.37001·109 m[3]
664b9f9d3c5ddb8b59df6dd5a637183824f337f9	Polar compression
afe137a0a1960e82993e8a9c7b70c2acbc3ad2b5	9·10−6
4120079f8501a61448a8e1890f66b15734bdc869	Surface area
6642ef7fc3409325b44028b488534a063bb38b6f	6,07877·1018 m2
48f6f0fb0ba5ae49dae1cd1258ea538cb820cb23	Circumference of the circle
012ae97d831d77bb7913840f5ff44cf30ac5422f	(11,917,607 land areas)[3]
3b18e8e332500f3dfedb21b0aed686cfa9832cfe	Volume
596bf007a40dd8bda5da746ba02f1d46558e0c39	1,40927·1027 m3 (1,301,018,805 volumes of land)[3]
69c0b81540bd6771fbae52b1e5922cfd40155633	Weight
6edacd42c272e2bea0bbb8be2d570b0c74a12273	1.9885·1030 kg (332,940 Earth masses)[1]
48eca65c262a3bb436c9cb4bd9a5abc5fbd76e02	Average density
7c8d0a3c36b1031f61df0f623ab4b0717e97f788	1,409 g / cm3[3]
fbe72655eefc22d5b0e1d7985471494fe8755076	Acceleration of gravity at the equator
884c0ec870df039a84a9ea24e86ceaa01fc8278a	274.0 m / s2[1][3]
86ec375cb9c549674f1cfb37dce541625ce9d601	(27.96 g[3])
c46512c063367698815affd422930d6e2fef5916	The second cosmic speed
04536290f53edbd8fa5e665d7dc023ed58ad6c95	617.7 km / s (55.2 terrestrial)[3]
5cb0cc3531b4a48d189b915dbe53c22adac5f14b	(for the surface)
0e08f7254f39616465aaa9dc8a2301cd15d21dbf	Effective surface temperature
e13307218cfeec66695f309d0c5158b0f3250377	5778 K[1]
0a9062a9cb51995dea9fad8d50a651dd75a226f9	Temperature
7ef08d54311752ec3070ca4d634e7cf5d7b2f62d	~1,500,000 K
a3b1ecd2a7c952749534b873c224a53a7ca0462b	crowns
9a30a8b12cfd847cff9390a2f1f1f6117b29d1ac	~13 500 000 K
f5616c445ebe34e92e67523bd18d2f46be86d951	cores
30f4fabb90ae6aa51040d330ac4d6c77361272ad	Luminosity
f89839fcc729db785898290753a9692ba62d468e	3,828·1026 W[1] (~3.75·1028 Lm)
e1a2b65df8ed2838f913f965758b2f3fb76bcc19	Brightness
e892013faea0044fd4ebd2079ec0df3bbff9fb35	2,009·107 W/ m2/cp
dd7721e5c56b051005b6dad16bc7461ceaf7cf90	Rotation characteristics Axis tilt
aaa2a13b1af8a32b7a663d4ea5c9998cdc92a108	7.25°[1][3] (relative to the ecliptic plane)
50ff406ae37395ac31af00eff5164b9b82595efe	67.23° (relative to the plane of the Galaxy)
a04fdd814adb27fe89d8376c92435c3fa19ccb04	Direct ascent
12f3b17768660f444eed25d0777c0bbef40d3fe4	286,13°[4]
0026d4d213a3f562b627c2f22809834413e91f10	the north pole
5c0d5e7d0db1b82c530a6bbaa3bc05cee590c999	(19 h 4 min 30 s)
b687a126c80098e3f02c74dc5aee5792e89d7eac	Declination
d54b6cfd246d5174f40bbb5d5e627572048449e3	+63,87°[4]
9120641f5911597776b82739644dfc255d238711	Sidereal rotation period of external
58fd7e8e05d3b687edb2c3f02f40f3654f81e15f	25.38 days [1]
b4acd3aed713c8489a55d7e24ca468d8346d9224	(25 days 9 h 7 min
67d84ece5bfd198a061a4ecc15291177ca139365	Passing through the Earth's atmosphere, solar radiation loses about 370 W / m2 in energy, and only the Earth and the Sun reach the Earth's surface (photomontage with the preservation of 1000 W/m2 (with a clear size ratio) weather and when the Sun is at the zenith).
1bf1efcda2aed1b3274f631004a29cd40e24f238	This energy can be used in various natural and artificial processes.
15309f771957978adb7f47bfd7c08b9ccbd109b5	So, plants, using it through photosynthesis, synthesize organic compounds with the release of oxygen.
bd8416ffd4174a5fd21203875663241eccbc557b	Direct heating by solar rays or energy conversion with the help of solar cells can be used to produce electricity (solar power plants) or perform other useful work.
27f88944a5ca425f9a49d4e485f8ec4327e8772c	The energy stored in oil and other types of fossil fuels was also obtained by photosynthesis in the distant past.
c3f6e314acaea3c31a437f750d8167ca725a50dd	visible layers
8ac3cf04b0d2d854999c5767791d2ac4fbcb2354	13 c)[4]
a8218a73c5faee23f13ea446354c61f91fe8e110	(at latitude 16°) (at the equator)
622b4c5c764f820e6e942d930ada2787ed89fc44	25.05 days [1]
21ec6d0af82a6bdd88f11abb865cfda380a7fd6a	(at the poles)
aaeff0e69335bde6a84f177b8788d05197660a1e	34.3 days [1]
b5ff3cade8b0a5b7351f33d4c3054f47edfad236	Rotation speed of 7284 km / h of the outer visible layers (at the equator)
bce80f657a644dadea192a441f25cf939d6fb899	Composition of the photosphere[5][6]
41b680d81b0b9cf5d3ae1b28d7e6f335cb3ce3fb	Hydrogen
cd6735704001f16fa4d0199c0cf7ef7096e72f4d	73,46 %
0fa9bf602df552ca8603852f36a04f9c604739f1	Helium
ab2db49d1c1a41da2b485850f2aac989168dc847	24,85 %
7b96c4088780b59268d4edf4607f137e1cd50f27	Oxygen
bc1442e65df50f6a424a2c17ac78843eb9fb176b	0,77 %
6097563751a0dde07a0aeea3ab04707538b4aea7	Carbon
661f9bc6512d5e57fcd47a47131de20e86933578	0,29 %
6b848eeb4a4482c5406c952b739f2efdad73c819	0,16 %
00706b5e9ede7f2fb6145370efd20ef72969df11	Neon
21313563fc34d61144abdb01739c79051effd654	0,12 %
2755fd780afcd52cbc89254a8e5e0c97d57c6566	Nitrogen
3e5c1485fbd77bd6e4b2742847225780a0ed3d07	0,09 %
ba8ac97e12fb9d386319e35deb16573329fcc5ee	Silicon
640c55929fbed86a3b29fa32a6a391bedff81677	0,07 %
a76be0b0056d469d02ef8a6fc69ae98773e399d7	Ultraviolet Magnesium 0.05 % radiation from the Sun has antiseptic Sulfur 0.04 % properties that allow it to be used for disinfection of water and various objects.
2383930223d291affff0c93636c3341ce6c5e47a	It also causes a tan and has other biological effects, for example, the comparative size of the Sun and stimulates the production of vitamin D in the body.
a016b6ba2fae0316129001106c3831efdc1be191	The effect of observation from the vicinity of the well known ultraviolet part of the solar spectrum is greatly weakened by the bodies of the Solar system by the ozone layer in the Earth's atmosphere, so the intensity of ultraviolet radiation on the Earth's surface varies greatly with latitude.
91a2a2f84bfe61173c0c710c169cecad7b187103	The angle at which the Sun is above the horizon at noon affects many types of biological adaptation — for example, the color of a person's skin in different regions of the globe depends on it[15].
43a199870e11281c1c80a2f883d00074a5759d96	The path of the Sun observed from the Earth along the celestial sphere changes throughout the year.
49db7a551dec4ab0e7ad9f9eda786cb19d987493	The path described during the year by the point that the Sun occupies in the sky at a certain specified time is called an analemma and has the shape of the number 8, elongated along the north south axis.
871edeb6a5f47206b78b0be1b98f16d8201306c1	The most noticeable variation in the apparent position of the Sun in the sky is its oscillation along the north — south direction with an amplitude of 47° (caused by the inclination of the ecliptic plane to the plane of the celestial equator, equal to 23.5°).
cade103c973da15aaf2a648f944866a4a9c8328e	There is also another component of this variation, directed along the east west axis and caused by an increase in the speed of the Earth's orbital motion as it approaches perihelion and a decrease as it approaches aphelion.
54721919a8c8920c99a38b1320a1da8c15ba1b5d	The first of these movements (north — south) is the reason for the change of seasons.
244dce6b5091cc2e37dc9f32b18212f928bb6ae1	The Earth passes through the aphelion point in early July and moves away from the Sun at a distance of 152 million km, and through the perihelion point — in early January and approaches the Sun at a distance of 147 million km[16].
1b6d7b8229b378cf17b6a538c8a81b7054d6fa7e	The apparent diameter of the Sun varies by 3% between these two dates[17].
b954a562ca47a0be6ff50b3fbbd5aa63e1347d11	Since the difference in distance is about 5 million km, the Earth receives about 7 % less heat in aphelion.
49a3108fe82531b3893c0b4128c665909ef8bdbd	Thus, winters in the northern hemisphere are slightly warmer than in the southern hemisphere, and summers are slightly cooler.
5159baeab634792cf2d603aac8a216765d6bea54	The sun is a magnetically active star.
29272e2da746360ed63e4ed0fc4684382cead207	It has a strong magnetic field, the intensity of which changes with time and which changes direction approximately every 11 years, during the solar maximum.
5895b7fc062fe8dda03f05dc09e11c3e6bcc0fbf	Variations of the Sun's magnetic field cause a variety of effects, the totality of which is called solar activity and includes such phenomena as sunspots, solar flares, variations of the solar wind, etc., and on Earth causes auroras in high and middle latitudes and geomagnetic storms, which negatively affect the operation of communication facilities, power transmission facilities, and also negatively affects living organisms (cause headache and poor health in people sensitive to magnetic storms)[18][19].
d2286cd03b02629789cfb28f3915b0ce2f3a2a6c	It is assumed that solar activity played a major role in the formation and development of the Solar system.
2f8a70be7891f7b0098b1d02f06af6d27db20bc3	It also affects the structure of the Earth's atmosphere.
05a09a8c83378dba665b667322bc189ffd916527	The sun is a young star of the third generation (population I) with a high metal content, that is, it was formed from the remains of stars of the first and second generations (populations III and II, respectively).
b8c2665f6e7a90f668216b812c667c7f84e1bcdc	The current age of the Sun (more precisely, the time of its existence on the main sequence), estimated using computer models of stellar evolution, is approximately 4.5 billion years[20].
c8f90095038f7d64c22157565d180f74449d9cb9	It is believed[20] that the Sun was formed about 4.5 billion years ago, when the rapid compression under the influence of gravitational forces of a cloud of molecular hydrogen led to the formation of a star of the first type of a stellar population of the type T Taurus in our region of the Galaxy.
d1131d63515342393b103559fd75f0597934725f	A star of the same mass as the Sun should exist on the main sequence for a total of about 10 billion years.
0151bdf771a207c2d6e57119aaf37d86b9801274	Thus, the Sun is now approximately in the middle of its life cycle[21].
58afebe523e975cc565052e90271b47fe2eb773d	At the present stage, thermonuclear reactions of converting hydrogen into helium are taking place in the solar core.
f803405ad5ad713271aeaaad9bb51a9034ec8f19	Every second, about 4 million tons of matter in the Sun's core is converted into radiant energy, resulting in the generation of solar radiation and a stream of solar neutrinos.
dfcfee002357dc742cb2480ce8812a16fc1ecfcf	As the Sun gradually consumes its reserves of hydrogen fuel, it becomes hotter and its luminosity slowly but steadily increases.
b93b5588311ba384e0063fadb84081dd83775fef	By the age of 5.6 billion years, in 1.1 billion years from the present, our daylight will be 11% brighter than it is now[22].
27ceb3119b5762b728ff671ffe7e89f50939d74f	The increase in the luminosity of the Sun during this period is such that the Earth's surface, due to the greenhouse effect induced by water vapor, will be too hot for life to exist on it in its modern sense.
b4dc7ad409bb609354e9044e7c26da712cb25e2a	Despite this, life can remain in the oceans[23] and polar regions.
6448d08dee0bf6edcde51715b5063babdf99ec1e	According to a professor at the University of Pennsylvania, J. Casting [24], the disappearance of life due to an increase in temperature caused by an increase in the brightness of the Sun[25], is possible even before the red giant stage, th rez is 1 billion years old[26][27]. By this time, the Sun will have reached the maximum surface temperature (5800 K) for the entire time of its evolution in the past and future up to the white dwarf phase; in the next stages, the temperature of the photosphere will be less.
0796700b3ab2159d496e77151d695dace51a93b9	By the age of 8 billion years (3.5 billion years from now), the brightness of the Sun will increase by 40 %[22].
fe83cfc992ecf05c81bccd06c4205e4409f3059f	By that time, the conditions on Earth will be similar to the conditions on Venus today[23]: water from the surface of the planet will disappear completely and will escape into space[23].
c5c6bf9665a1f7aa1485140d7a366b6a8c1aa54b	This catastrophe will lead to the final destruction of all forms of life on Earth.
7a904fc94bcc6b8aba3622954399bfd15af3402a	As the hydrogen fuel in the solar core burns out, its outer shell will expand, and the core will shrink and heat up.
3cefb141c58d1516c163385149ba9f0fdd79f54c	When the Sun reaches the age of 10.9 billion years (6.4 billion years from the present time), the hydrogen in the core will run out, and the helium formed from it, still unable to thermonuclear combustion under these conditions, will begin to contract and condense due to the termination of the energy flow from the center that previously supported it "on weight".
a222ce354b3dad8003adb08df7411d095a5768e7	Gorenje The hydrogen gorenje will continue in the thin outer layer of the core.
2b5d3b3199b929f272cf4786ec61390adca166e3	At this stage, the Sun's radius will reach 1.59 R☉, and the luminosity will be 2.21 times greater than today's.
e014b0527c58408cec75382b32879173320bc4c4	Over the next 0.7 billion years, the Sun will expand relatively rapidly
0f694b06775c6f2829f4b9cf6d49057a1df0ce9f	(up to 2.3 R ), maintaining an almost constant luminosity, and its temperature will drop
071ab974f7cfc64199b7098df4dbea4738216cca	it will expand relatively quickly (up to 2.3 R☉), maintaining an almost constant luminosity, and its temperature will drop from 5500 K to 4900 K[23].
47c93bc494ca7e8e46e8c66a7dee54ef266d691d	At the end of this phase, reaching the age of 11.6 billion years (7 billion years from the present) The sun will become a subgiant[23].
7feb51fc5d68cf6ff3defb3464efa055a8fc59c6	Approximately in 7.6-7.8[28] [23] billion years, by the age of 12.2 billion years, the core of the Sun will warm up so much that it will start the process of burning hydrogen in the surrounding shell[28].Gorenje is a natural gas source.
96678d638d9b82d32a0a47fbee06a6b01523784a	This will entail a rapid expansion of the outer shells of the luminary, and thus the Sun will leave the main sequence, where it has been located almost since its birth, and become a red giant, moving to the top of the branch of the red giants of the Hertzsprung — Russell diagram[28].
6d0d8ada457285556875c85349db7f9b9dd0e3f3	In this phase, the radius of the Sun will increase by 256 times compared to the modern one[28].
aa8eaab6842ed57df94c26a6b0dddf555df72e98	The expansion of the star will lead to a strong increase in its luminosity (by 2700 times) and cooling of the surface to 2650 K[28].
0712b05e93bce8ac60f31c721e9bb7a8eb5be9c5	Apparently, the expanding outer layers of the Sun at this time will reach the modern orbit of the Earth.
ee79836d15e0ef60bcc7489054a132024b2bb892	At the same time, studies show that even before this moment, due to the strengthening of the solar wind due to a multiple increase in the surface area, the Sun will lose more than 28 %[23] of its mass, which will lead to the fact that the Earth will move to a more distant orbit from the Sun and, thus, avoid absorption by the outer layers of solar plasma[29][26]. Although studies in 2008 show that the Earth is likely to be absorbed by the Sun due to the slowing down of the Sun's rotation and subsequent tidal interactions with its outer shell[28], which will lead to the approach of the Earth's orbit back to the Sun. Even if our planet avoids being absorbed by the Sun, all the water on it will turn into a gaseous state, and its atmosphere will be torn off by the strongest solar wind[30].
570944a713acdd5a84c3f1e5ef37ac59fddf21e4	This phase of the Sun's existence will last only about ten million years.
2f51415b1da36567c10ae3b424076e2ad0d790a8	When the temperature in the core reaches 100 million K, a helium flash will occur, and a thermonuclear reaction of carbon and oxygen synthesis from helium will begin[23].
452301d2335df46fed390e0287d01e9a5da15980	The sun, which has received a new source of energy, will decrease in size to 9.5 R☉[23].
d3408ebe1771e5abd6471747e2db813d18442730	After 100-110 million years, when the helium reserves run out, the rapid expansion of the outer shells of the star will repeat, and it will again become a red giant[23].
259d1b335d7fe71162415028ac1124431d065d7d	This period of the Sun's existence will be accompanied by powerful flashes, at times its luminosity will exceed the current level by 5200 times[23][31]. This will occur due to the fact that previously unaffected helium residues will enter into the thermonuclear reaction[31].
88a88c2788573c202f8740d95fae99792849dd28	In this state, the Sun will last about 20 million years[23].
9a7b0f259fb40f8160eda11a4d65e9f36da9619f	The mass of the Sun is not enough for its evolution to end with a supernova explosion.
233fce85ec65f3c70af0452637d680d70f160e2b	After the Sun passes the red giant phase, thermal pulsations will lead to the fact that its outer shell will be torn off, and a planetary nebula will form from it.
4725fcb7cc326eeac1e329533946f50cc3f5c530	In the center of this nebula will remain a white dwarf formed from the core of the Sun, a very hot and dense object, but only the size of the Earth[23].
940e2c8f4d71e4346876ff02165636a8a9745310	Initially, this white dwarf will have a surface temperature of 120,000 K[23] and a luminosity of 3,500 [23] solar, but over many millions and billions of years it will cool down and fade away.
e2c43081df0a4616bf36663baa241b10e804f3be	This life cycle is considered typical for low and medium mass stars. they are called solar activity.
c63e7ee4ceb1569de6b4a5effb0b759524a15720	These fields manifest themselves in the photosphere as sunspots and cause such phenomena as solar flares, generation of accelerated particle fluxes, changes in the levels of electromagnetic radiation from the Sun in various ranges, coronal mass ejections, solar wind disturbances, variations in galactic cosmic ray fluxes (Forbush effect), etc.Solar activity is also associated with variations in geomagnetic activity (including magnetic storms), which are the result of disturbances of the interplanetary medium reaching the Earth, caused, in turn, by active phenomena on the Sun. One of the most common indicators of the level of solar activity is the Wolf number, which is associated with the number of sunspots on the visible hemisphere of the Sun.
bcd817327adfcb01e7898be7714f572cc6a25548	The overall level of solar activity varies with a characteristic period of approximately 11 years (the so called "solar activity cycle" or "eleven year cycle").
9f153523556f53cfdbfcb8be4e9adab9afabf4c7	This period is maintained inaccurately and in the XX century was closer to 10 years, and for
dde00b624ce7d3f15d93746bbdd7b1cc39405c0f	the last 300 years have ranged from about 7 to 17 years.
49d266fdfea12d45068457097c956c54123bedbb	It is customary to assign consecutive numbers to the cycles of solar activity, starting from the conditionally selected first cycle, the maximum of which was in 1761.
459774d485d645e29486a91ee6cba1cae5ec73bf	In 2000, the maximum of the 23rd cycle of solar activity was observed.
5e0e561517015ca1a273ce7982504d69d09c41ae	There are also variations in solar activity of longer duration.
c99cf522700c6f481645aa26e4fd0565962dd8ed	So, in the second half of the XVII century, solar activity and, in particular, its eleven year cycle were greatly weakened (Maunder minimum).
af1385dd879079b7cdb640f0421f101a7f4f3030	During the same epoch, there was a decrease in average annual temperatures in Europe (the so called Little Ice Age), which may have been caused by the impact of solar activity on the Earth's climate.
81a04d673bc6cc9d875530d3ea7692c73c8246fc	There is also a point of view that global warming is to some extent caused by an increase in the global level of solar activity in the second half of the XX century.
dd166d1b8012df5d108ed7778500ac8dcffee208	However, the mechanisms of such an impact are still not clear enough.
2618bf04b9bcc139a6dfbfe403b85e2df92ec603	The largest group of sunspots in the entire history of observations appeared in April 1947 in the southern hemisphere of the Sun.
60aef63597bca4562d64b7b99ee5c0b5b99ce78e	Its maximum length was 300,000 km, its maximum width was 145,000 km, and its maximum area exceeded 6000 millionths of the area of the Sun's hemisphere[60], which is about 36 times the area of the Earth's surface.
d4dfbef615a4c2fbb697bb23b353eaf4255c1b70	The group was easily visible to the naked eye in the sunset hours.
40cb598770405ba40bac79c1c3c96a17ad67b1db	According to the catalog of the Pulkovo Observatory, this group (No. 87 for 1947) passed through the hemisphere of the Sun visible from the Earth from March 31 to April 14, 1947, its maximum area was 6,761 tir, and the maximum area of the largest spot in the group was 5,055 tir; the number of spots in the group reached 172[61].
becd49de337a9a16d62fe3efa2685cbc847eef4f	The Sun as a variable star Since the magnetic activity of the Sun is subject to periodic changes, and along with this its luminosity also changes (see the Solar cycle), it can be considered as a variable star.
67e45a72e05e72dbb5a7b2edcd460c1271cd6219	In the years of maximum activity, the Sun is brighter than in the years of minimum activity.
baa1efa6fe41059abbd5f35ea3492bb6e8d278e9	The amplitude of changes in the solar constant reaches 0.1 % (in absolute values it is 1 W/m2, while the average value of the solar constant is 1361.5 W/m2) [62]. Also, some researchers attribute the Sun to the class of low active variable stars of the BY Dragon type[63][64]. The surface of such stars is covered with spots (up to 30 % of the total area), and due to the rotation of the stars, changes in their brightness are observed.
f6873350e31144f1a191cfd9fc6daa0c70f8aac3	This variability is very weak in the Sun.
bc9a0c8605edee3a7b1acec8b15c754d60e4ee5b	Theoretical problems The problem of solar neutrinos Nuclear reactions occurring in the core of the Sun lead to the formation of a large number of electron neutrinos.
67c9d76bb140294a58d65969087a8a11222cfe3d	At the same time, measurements of the neutrino flux on Earth, which have been continuously performed since the late 1960s, have shown that the number of recorded solar electron neutrinos is approximately two to three times less than predicted by the standard solar model describing processes in the Sun.
ae2d41dc2f645dee72b0e71ef23fd30c811ada8b	This discrepancy between experiment and theory has been called the "solar neutrino problem" and has been one of the mysteries of solar physics for more than 30 years.
3ca105a6d66d3a3e4b27fe0347ab5b7a13c0ce5c	The situation is complicated by the fact that neutrinos interact extremely weakly with matter, and the creation of a neutrino detector that is able to accurately measure the neutrino flux even of such power as coming from the Sun is a technically difficult and expensive task (see Neutrino Astronomy).
096a3c81574628755faf249970dde01697e68161	Two main ways of solving the problem of solar neutrinos were proposed.
467a4b51e4a11eb1d74ad8a54873456a4728e877	First, it was possible to modify the model of the Sun in such a way as to reduce the assumed thermonuclear activity (and, therefore, the temperature) in its core and, consequently, the flux of neutrinos emitted by the Sun. Secondly, it could be assumed that some of the electron neutrinos emitted by the Sun's core, when moving towards the Earth, turn into neutrinos of other generations that are not registered by conventional detectors (muon and tauneutrinos)[65]. Today it is clear that the second way is most likely the right one.
63ca6ba1a1dce2eec345af77d500b4f1af284a07	In order for the transition of one kind of neutrino to another to take place — that is, the so — called neutrino oscillations occur the neutrino must have a mass other than zero.
175f1f884665470d43163ad23234e1f95adfa305	It has now been established that this is indeed the case[66].
63447fbcd3e3ea3f593fb3f3d3e4a055435da55f	In 2001, solar neutrinos of all three varieties were directly registered at the neutrino Observatory in Sudbury, and it was shown that their total flux is consistent with the standard solar model.
edacc4ed362ee2430445372853984787a4bb6768	At the same time, only about a third of the neutrinos that reach the Earth turn out to be electronic.
6b86acb4280b3e82d17651c2bf3d3577e1316e67	This number is consistent with the theory that predicts the transition of electron neutrinos to
2a3a330eb089e73e845f4f7bb8a0dce3615d6ac5	neutrinos of a different generation both in vacuum (actually "neutrino oscillations") and in solar matter ("the Mikheev Smirnov Wolfenstein effect").
2e923f4b66772ccdaf2469772518908dc712b576	Thus, at present, the problem of solar neutrinos seems to be solved.
0439250cc78194a8d0302a2ab9a41ae3aa6d7487	The problem of heating the corona Above the visible surface of the Sun (the photosphere), which has a temperature of about 6000 K, there is a solar corona with a temperature of more than 1,000,000 K.
db5159f2e75a3371461da9f186dfc64c74f164c0	It can be shown that the direct heat flow from the photosphere is not enough to lead to such a high temperature of the corona.
124358766943f4e96aa834b7c9071c5048f54a87	It is assumed that the energy for heating the corona is supplied by the turbulent movements of the subphotospheric convective zone.
fa44e23092977e69bfc006db8e609c9552ae8d18	At the same time, two mechanisms are proposed for the transfer of energy to the corona.
de332d4bed3dd8cd494272ba5f166173de104028	First, this is wave heating — sound and magnetohydrodynamic waves generated in a turbulent convective zone propagate into the corona and are scattered there, while their energy is converted into thermal energy of the coronal plasma.
003c269ff4f10d656d5169ee3bc479b4d83e641e	An alternative mechanism is magnetic heating, in which the magnetic energy continuously generated by photospheric movements is released by reconnecting the magnetic field in the form of large solar flares or a large number of small flares[67].
1140a953a5d0a898e1fc3ffa92da68aab4cfdf6b	At the moment, it is unclear what type of waves provides an effective mechanism for heating the corona.
db9625cde5668824bd2c1dd9079335296b98fcfc	It can be shown that all waves, except magnetohydrodynamic Alfven waves, are scattered or reflected before they reach the corona[68], while the dissipation of Alfven waves in the corona is difficult.
c5add9339a9c1279f9e173ab2ce8f522d2ed5063	Therefore, modern researchers have focused on the mechanism of heating with the help of solar flares.
f1af6f5df57b801d8d5d3b0c1bac9b603036b13c	One of the possible candidates for sources of corona heating is continuously occurring small scale flares[69], although final clarity on this issue has not yet been achieved.
903cce13da675822309a94b0dcb4ea95d46f6c23	Early observations of the Sun Since the earliest times, mankind has noted the important role of the Sun — a bright disk in the sky, carrying light and heat.
b54a50d22f49d9a3402323f7fa661a4225f23ff4	In many prehistoric and ancient cultures, the Sun was worshipped as a deity.
48b79387f51c9b78a17a2cccf8d93a6afb9f1d2b	The cult of the Sun occupied an important place in the religions of the civilizations of Egypt, the Incas, the Aztecs.
2c81676ad8a1a16a777498fda911af8e8efe30c2	Many ancient monuments are associated with the Sun: for example, megaliths accurately mark the position of the summer solstice (some of the largest megaliths of this kind are located in Nabta Playa (Egypt) and Stonehenge (England)), the pyramids in Chichen Itza (Mexico) are built in such a way that the shadow of the Earth slides over the pyramid during the spring and autumn equinoxes, etc. Ancient Greek astronomers, observing the apparent annual movement of the Sun along the ecliptic, considered the Sun to be one of the seven planets (from the Greek -σστρρ πλανττης a wandering star).
845ec032081f2e85877467868a0a1d5b31db48db	In some languages, the sun, along with the planets, is dedicated to the day of the week.
bcad139c65a199a4a18e2ae5eaada214b902b7b8	Development of modern scientific understanding
630a1d335f63c228426ced0ed6121c0c7abfc394	The solar cart from Trundholm is a sculpture that is believed to reflect the belief about the movement of the sun on a chariot, characteristic of the Proto Indo European religion.
ce1119dc9de64bb2b1902d64864917cc0d1c0fd1	The Greek philosopher Anaxagoras was one of the first to try to look at the Sun from a scientific point of view.
87ef1ff6d3fd1ab69d12b6c3a33a92da7782e4ca	He said that the Sun is not the chariot of Helios, as Greek mythology taught, but a giant," larger than the Peloponnese, " a red hot metal ball.
d70d22d72df2fc82388d024a4923d8d90b57e9ad	For this heretical teaching, he was thrown into prison, sentenced to death and released only thanks to the intervention of Pericles.
67fb2dae685e3d05e0cb17421a0ddeb8a547db89	The idea that the Sun is the center around which the planets revolve was expressed by Aristarchus of Samos and ancient Indian scientists (see Heliocentric system of the world).
360ea9423fac27bdad72c946687c5007db9d0ab6	This theory was revived by Copernicus in the XVI century.
5f7ada7dc8fecf543aaed1378578d3625d7819fb	Aristarchus of Samos was the first to calculate the distance from the Earth to the Sun by measuring the angle between the Sun and the Moon in the phase of the first or last quarter and determining from the corresponding right triangle the ratio of the distance from the Earth to the Moon to the distance from the Earth to the Sun[70].
c617d9441c1e5614f8c20a85c3fc27a08492df1d	According to Aristarchus, the distance to
4dddf9073ca5588cfe39a360801172627a49bc39	The sun is 18 times the distance to the moon.
aa3cfd9b6a5ac5288d7a17267baa57254c977f5a	In fact, the distance to the Sun is 394 times greater than the distance to the moon.
cc1a8030d3ee5478567c88b541dd7c995b2bcd67	And here is the distance d the concept of the moon in antiquity was determined very accurately by Hipparchus, and he used a different method proposed by Aristarchus of Samos[70].
0aacbc9b71145c985563630d68005b7d1042193c	Chinese astronomers have been observing sunspots for centuries, since the Han Dynasty.
2d184b2d5a1d2ca97191aa6e3570879d21576d47	The spots were first sketched in 1128 in the chronicle of John of Worcester[71].
42e67783f984507207a1e1b9d739c05a792b673f	Since 1610, the era of instrumental research of the Sun begins.
abb7943e3904aa99d20f17841ab322dff1f11008	The invention of the telescope and its special version for observing the Sun the helioscope allowed Galileo, Thomas Herriot, Christoph Scheiner and other scientists to consider sunspots.
bff871491ae4a5f5c9045da37c43aaa116502d5b	Galileo, apparently, was the first among the researchers to recognize the spots as part of the solar structure, unlike Scheiner, who considered them planets passing in front of the Sun.
25c634b83503f678b47c1f55f742a588e2eb2c81	This assumption allowed Galileo to discover the rotation of the Sun and calculate its period.
aa498b4c5944391c9ad8e2b68eb7310abd2684a1	The priority of the discovery of spots and their nature was devoted to more than a decade of controversy between Galileo and Scheiner, however, most likely, the first observation and the first publication do not belong to either of them[72].
84b507fe6605193ea1715bd0b84489a9e1f71f12	The first more or less acceptable estimate of the distance from the Earth to the Sun by the method of parallax was obtained by Giovanni Domenico Cassini and Jean Richet.
e51229d62c58d41af55ca86ce8885072d5b96e15	In 1672, when Mars was in a great confrontation with the Earth, they measured the position of Mars simultaneously in Paris and in Cayenne the administrative center of French Guiana.
1afcd046c5a97ee2ae719459c23b564e8b6611f7	The observed parallax was 24".
25e4cb5ab697233923dc73047cad023e4717185c	Based on the results of these observations, the distance from Earth to Mars was found, which was then recalculated into the distance from Earth to the Sun — 140 million km.
f3de3e4866186c0005ac24f32db0028cb56d5484	At the beginning of the XIX century, Father Pietro Angelo Secchi
d8fc8c43ae675101f0dbfff72ccbb58d15f687dc	Pietro Angelo Secchi, the chief astronomer of the Vatican, initiated such a direction of research in astronomical science as spectroscopy, decomposing sunlight into composite colors.
38b0ab91affea4d3e70b301da46e6bb2f00c03a5	It became clear that in this way it was possible to study the composition of stars, and Fraunhofer discovered absorption lines in the spectrum of the Sun. Thanks to spectroscopy, a new element was discovered in the composition of the Sun, which was named Helium in honor of the ancient Greek Sun god Helios.
d585b769b0423472b01328418daa9fff17c00aa5	For a long time, the sources of solar energy remained unclear.
9469dcc54dacc7613d5e2b65668327a5498edd31	In 1848, Robert Mayer put forward the meteorite hypothesis, according to which the Sun warms up due to the bombardment of meteorites.
b6c1eda414d99df182f43827933e8860018a7d66	However, with such a number of meteorites, the Earth would also get very hot; in addition, the Earth's geological strata would consist mainly of meteorites; finally, the mass of the Sun would have to grow, and this would affect the movement of the planets[73].
b45a535db06dea5269a0a22cf2545277992dca8a	Therefore, in the second half of the XIX century, many researchers considered the most plausible theory developed by Helmholtz (1853) and Lord Kelvin[74], who suggested that the Sun warms due to slow gravitational compression ("the Kelvin Helmholtz mechanism").
87158de092b4ac69b6fad806015742f23f213903	Calculations based on this mechanism estimated the maximum age of the Sun at 20 million years, and the time after which the Sun will go out — no more than 15 million[73].
bf280e1884a01869772f233ec624c18ff53ead28	However, this hypothesis contradicted the geological data on the age of rocks, which indicated much larger numbers.
9bce96bd4f46de4afa11dff7259ac34b1780ad7f	For example, Charles Darwin noted that the erosion of the Vendian deposits lasted at least 300 million years[75].
9fc01e241c0544b98b9439d0e10bf42105ae585f	Nevertheless, the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedia considers the gravitational model to be the only valid one[73].
dbf3e42faaddca860ca4b4f993bf3a9324bcdd12	Only in the XX century was the correct solution to this problem found.
834624a431fff3e6d734dd033c4cac0aab956595	Initially, Rutherford hypothesized that the source of the Sun's internal energy is radioactive decay[76].
488acbb65105160349430799436eb0fd65a72432	In 1920, Arthur Eddington suggested that the pressure and temperature in the bowels of the Sun are so high that a thermonuclear reaction can take place there, in which hydrogen nuclei (protons) merge into a helium 4 nucleus.
85b4c29bcb08c6d991864d7b58fc8e24648c9f11	Since the mass of the latter is less than the sum of the masses of four free protons, part of the mass in this reaction passes into the energy of photons[77].
7c42231cf9927832f224370b36ec1f7a214bb7cd	The fact that hydrogen predominates in the composition of the Sun was confirmed in 1925 by Cecilia Payne.
4245423bfe519a703222ea76f6ca8f80a9f3fc94	The theory of thermonuclear fusion was developed in the 1930s by astrophysicists Chandrasekhar and Hans Bethe.
08e052d05db7f4f5ba932bb9a053e942d20b342a	Bethe calculated in detail the two main thermonuclear reactions that are the sources of energy of the Sun[78][79]. Finally, in 1957, Margaret Burbidge's work "Synthesis of Elements in Stars"[80] appeared, in which it was shown that most of the elements in the Universe arose as a result of nucleosynthesis occurring in stars.
e66924c039748ff652edecc7ffa15479602bb79f	In 1905, George Ellery Hale at the Mount Wilson Observatory installed the first solar telescope in a small observatory that was built, and began searching for an answer to the origin of the sunspots discovered by Galileo.
3170566fc7ba047d9312fa1a35a2713ce5bc7631	George Hale discovered that sunspots are caused by a magnetic field, because it leads to a decrease in surface temperature.
86ac46e4eeaf04061010a1bcf3b1bbafc4846389	It is the magnetic field on the surface of the Sun that causes solar winds — an eruption of the plasma of the solar corona hundreds of thousands of kilometers into space.
dfda211e8a54e912bf7f5984735359d1e6ac4d29	Space exploration of the Sun
7a6e431909d95e4b7888d7942f4f372f3fd23da3	The Earth's atmosphere prevents the passage of many types of electromagnetic radiation from space.
29d12ba76a0bd1bce8ca3ed5cf735474a9704230	In addition, even in the visible part of the spectrum, for which the atmosphere is quite transparent, images of space objects can be distorted by its fluctuations, so it is better to make observations of these objects at high altitudes (in high altitude observatories, using instruments raised to the upper atmosphere, etc.) or even from space.
e82fd6ea1d90f43b761537c0871b45d776cf76a5	This is also true for observations of the Sun. If you need to get a very clear image of the Sun, study its ultraviolet or X ray radiation, accurately measure the solar constant, then observations and surveys are carried out from balloons, rockets, satellites and space stations.
3dc49c72adf2a486a8a1873b475ee25794f93383	In fact, the first extra atmospheric observations of the Sun were carried out by the second artificial Earth satellite "Sputnik 2" in 1957.
0cf0ecaae951f45c9fdd10d76eb99feacad28146	The observations were carried out in several spectral ranges from 1 to 120 Å, isolated using organic and metallic filters[81].
5e9d10181b09178064ca223b90b281e2c1989f30	The experimental detection of the solar wind was carried out in 1959 with the help of ion traps of the Luna 1 and Luna 2 spacecraft, the experiments on which were led by Konstantin Gringauz[82][83][84].
c1a66aab579a8cd33df93597fab23d5e35adb310	Other spacecraft that studied the solar wind were the Pioneer series satellites created by NASA with numbers 5-9, launched between 1960 and 1968.
87fbdc2634099695815ad85b724c1381291275b8	These satellites orbited the Sun near the Earth's orbit and performed detailed measurements of the parameters of the solar wind.
2a859a3bab5be6e2d59edfbea9911a074e4fee87	In the 1970s, the Helios I and HeliosII satellites were launched as part of a joint project between the United States and Germany.
44e87b686799b92d8c8652a07b88efbb25e4b3e2	They were in a heliocentric orbit, the perihelion of which lay inside the orbit of Mercury, about 40 million km from the Sun. These devices helped to obtain new data on the solar wind.
2c3dfd5cfbc758f0b63339b63873c62d5a91ed3c	In 1973, the Apollo Telescope Mount space solar Observatory was put into operation. on the Skylab space station.
fa5d713e19de37f054adea667895a9920dbde90d	With the help of this observatory, the first observations of the solar transition region and the ultraviolet radiation of the solar corona were made in a dynamic mode.
a8be0efbeaa38606f84445caffe308faa169b7b1	With its help, coronal mass ejections and coronal holes were also discovered, which, as is now known, are closely related to the solar wind.
1cf5c9c443934ebb539ad21d4170c5517ea1c2e0	In 1980, NASA launched the Solar Maximum Mission (SolarMax) space probe into near Earth orbit, which was designed to observe ultraviolet, X ray and gamma radiation from solar flares during a period of high solar activity.
fbbdff1316d01e137314e35755526565ea1d6d06	However, just a few months after launch, due to an electronic malfunction, the probe switched to passive mode.
6c70be5b7d76f8208cfd43783cd1f8e191246eca	In 1984, the space expedition STS 41C on the shuttle Challenger eliminated the malfunction of the probe and launched it into orbit again.
aaf0dfb5c56ae38f4cf03ff03aad9b2b7f7a601b	After that, before its entry into the atmosphere in June 1989, the device received thousands of images of the solar corona[85].
e738a083135fda49afd823f75ebeef0abb855387	His measurements also helped to find out that the power of the total radiation of the Sun for a year and a half of observations changed only by 0.01 %. The Japanese satellite " Yohkoh "(яここ е е:ko:," sunlight"), launched in 1991, carried out observations of the Sun's radiation in the X ray range.
a86d059d09add2ff1df89c7274f5036647a78758	The data he obtained helped scientists identify several different types of solar flares and showed that the corona, even far from the areas of maximum activity, is much more dynamic than was commonly believed.
d1ba788501e8953ae7eefa0c36220acbf834c5c6	"Eko" functioned during the full solar cycle and switched to passive mode during the solar eclipse of 2001, when it lost its orientation to the Sun.
4e23e3d8c5c80579eacedd1787aabdb16ee097d2	In 2005, the satellite entered the atmosphere and was destroyed[86].
035d94724487ac49106a3a768d27144d5f3d6442	The SOHO (SOlar and Heliospheric Observatory) program, organized jointly by the European Space Agency and NASA, is very important for solar research.
1a750cece3a975961aba8c63c67783c8c93cb2ef	Launched on December 2, 1995, the SOHO spacecraft has been operating for more than ten years instead of the planned two (2009).
c13e3d2df2ba8e123c389a07f80e6a6e48f6bd9a	It turned out to be so useful that on February 11, 2010, the next, similar SDO (Solar Dynamics Observatory) spacecraft was launched[87].
44bf9b3a935776a9996529eeefbf9b1e86816c32	SOHO is located at the Lagrange point between the Earth and the Sun and since its launch, it has been transmitting images of the Sun to the Earth in various wavelength ranges.
ce65da0e82dec6c148d54d680640587301d9e98b	In addition to its main task — the study of the Sun — SOHO has studied a large number of comets, mostly very small ones, which evaporate as they approach the Sun[88].
e858fff24717786aad82f292d9d78c63a6852b1f	All these satellites observed the Sun from the plane of the ecliptic and therefore could only study in detail the regions far from its poles.
b50fd7b00cdc4ec5c71cbeb6be602f894ebe9020	In 1990, the Ulysses space probe was launched to study the polar regions of the Sun. First, he made a gravitational maneuver near Jupiter to get out of the plane t of the ecliptic.
367f96cbb3e3cddb26e5adb16eb11a59d50294e9	By a happy coincidence, he also managed to observe the collision of comet Shoemaker Levy 9 with Jupiter in 1994.
ffafce290917bc84057a9dcc846cf29fbac39668	After he entered the planned orbit, he began to observe the solar wind and the magnetic field strength at high solar latitudes.
00159d8caf84606ea4afb76059d9e46e2bf3ddda	It turned out that the solar wind at these latitudes has a speed of about 750 km/s, which is less than expected, and that there are large magnetic fields on them that scatter galactic cosmic rays[89].
d6eab4f6eb2ff2b976b9555138dc6debb8cb6377	The composition of the solar photosphere has been well studied using spectroscopic methods, but there is much less data on the ratio of elements in the deep layers of the Sun.
186f03b6bc96a0fbe2c0a599bb5de4d7baf8e8b2	In order to get direct data on the composition of the Sun, the Genesis spacecraft was launched.
7cc6f51f94edb5c1ea59c747c7b1263be7153403	He returned to Earth in 2004, but was damaged on landing due to a malfunction of one of the acceleration sensors and a parachute that did not open as a result.
59a7d73fc94f6e7f1186dc278815a7dd1ac29a0c	Despite the severe damage, the return module delivered several samples of the solar wind suitable for studying to Earth.
8e55d54e3a2caa2b8574fa5aaf15c62e8ea6e228	An image of the south pole of the Sun obtained during the STEREO mission.
a8760ae0810ac09b3e7dab60f030a200bd183fe6	In the lower right part of the image, a mass ejection is visible
32bfa511691a1aadbd785bbe03de22303e3700e7	On September 22, 2006, the Hinode Solar Observatory (Solar B) was launched into Earth orbit.
59e3431991023a98bf3087513abfb0ecde36f6d1	The observatory was created at the ISAS Institute in Japan, where the Yohkoh Observatory (Solar A) was developed and is equipped with three instruments: SOT a solar optical telescope, XRT an X ray telescope and EIS an ultraviolet imaging spectrometer.
a75945a2a8c04df80e4dee24dccc4dee2e9dbced	The main task of Hinode is to study active processes in the solar corona and establish their connection with the structure and dynamics of the Sun's magnetic field[90].
39d0b7c1653f6c7639f9ac810e00b9a59cc39135	In October 2006, the STEREO solar observatory was launched.
059551426394116a61de8dd44e76731ca0a4986e	It consists of two identical spacecraft in such orbits that one of them is constantly lagging behind the Earth, and the other is overtaking it.
c59cbbe62db5cf7fd9b913441f95f9785a59e1b3	This makes it possible to obtain stereo images of the Sun and such solar phenomena as coronal mass ejections.
771c62bafa199c88208cb48c79d67711973024a8	In January 2009, the Russian Coronas Photon satellite was launched with the Tesis space telescope complex[91].
7b5c0f3e4a937ec3c2b8fe0366854b388401146c	The observatory includes several telescopes and spectrogeliographs of the extreme ultraviolet range, as well as a wide field of view coronograph operating in the HeII 304 A ionized helium line.
46fb2acf92ce8d45c420204ef5b7774a99e17345	The purpose of the Tesis mission is to study the most dynamic solar processes (flares and coronal mass ejections), as well as round the clock monitoring of solar activity for the purpose of early prediction of geomagnetic disturbances.
3dbbbecdc0d995c04243b10e654744d5460623a1	On February 11, 2010, the Atlas V launch vehicle was launched from the Cape Canaveral cosmodrome in the United States.
060131fdae0ae6a22fb76ddf5670406ca64630cb	The launch task is to put the new SDO (Solar Dynamic Observatory) into geostationary orbit[92].
77f68a044ab21bae43a259fd0df5a637643fad51	For effective observation of the Sun, there are special, so called solar telescopes that are installed in many observatories around the world.
63f96779203ead60110553602749694bfa7a410c	Observations of the Sun have the peculiarity that the brightness of the Sun is great, and therefore, the aperture of solar telescopes can be small.
7c1a110987bd5186bc4eb2def6e2ad9ee82c4421	It is much more important to get the largest possible image scale, and to achieve this goal, solar telescopes have very large focal lengths (meters and tens of meters).
364783723e33bdbe15560087f5269a30937d7279	It is not easy to rotate such a structure, but this is not required.
10d03e95eb15e52cd2b538c9b6a66c79faa9c4c9	The position of the Sun in the sky is limited by a relatively narrow belt, its maximum width is 46 degrees.
0647bed66a4fa28c8f2e762fccf9d19b6580a0f4	Therefore, sunlight is directed using mirrors to a stationary telescope, and then projected onto a screen or viewed using darkened filters.
124088545d40ba735e35ab3de24d0610768cc1d9	Observations of the Sun with the naked eye without damage to vision are possible only at sunrise or sunset (then the brightness of the Sun weakens several thousand times), or during the day with the use of light filters. ениях a darkening light filter placed in front of the lens should also be used in binoculars or a telescope.
9cdbf1942a49c7925af15d16f214038d4042d2db	However, it is better to use another method — to project
e2ea92ac02dbdc21c29ddcee75c9b28f489ed783	Photo of the Sun with a digital camera from the Earth's surface
e58fa8620a5b9e73b0f73ed8862677303cadf725	Through a veil of smoke
0023956c482f4a98779d25ef2c0012c445b39d7f	a solar image through a telescope on a white screen.
ea78c2186459caf5842ad6436afdc04b9172e1e9	Even with a small amateur telescope, you can study sunspots in this way, and in good weather you can see granulation and torches on the surface of the Sun.
37bfdd8e3ea4af0269a74dc133ff8124cb3442ff	However, in this case, there is a risk of damage to the telescope itself, so before using this method, you should read the instructions for the telescope.
c45fe7a6eb31e4f9692b9ce15a0dee27e9ed3107	In particular, with this method of observing the Sun, reflector telescopes and catadioptric telescopes are at risk of damage.
8466a7f3d5fbc5f79a26bb61590c11bcb58b8549	In addition, for any telescope, it is in no case possible to look directly at the Sun through it without a special light filter, and when projecting an image on the screen, it is not recommended to keep it directed at the Sun for a long time, without interruptions[93].
9d2a77f0be5fa19376ac644ba6b8497e7ac584ed	Solar eclipses Solar eclipses are already mentioned in ancient sources[94].
6123a2c0969c73d76087112eef124b9025dea3fd	However, the largest number of dated descriptions is contained in Western European medieval chronicles and annals.
e9766b3f44990cc636838f561a7cb0212fba8193	For example, a solar eclipse is mentioned by Maximin of Trier, who wrote that in "538, on February 16, from the first to the third hour, there was a solar eclipse"[95].
ebad68ebfd850737b720c1d538d77e7e35504e50	This phenomenon occurs due to the fact that the Moon covers (eclipses) completely or partially the Sun from an observer on Earth.
4e1831a2cc431d12341b8e9f7b49a378bf9ea506	A solar eclipse is possible only during the new moon, when the side of the Moon facing the Earth is not illuminated, and the Moon itself is not visible.
c7e89f2b4f0f0c02df127a9962d64fd7a8557744	Eclipses are possible only if the new moon occurs near one of the two lunar nodes (the intersection point of the visible orbits of the Moon and the Sun), no further than about 12 degrees from one of them.
5f35d772c1c63b2919885298facf3d6fd40b7262	According to the astronomical classification, if an eclipse can be observed as complete at least somewhere on the Earth's surface, it is called complete[96].
120bdbdc2c46080a1581d757d9f53f22223e74db	If an eclipse can only be observed as a partial one (this happens when the cone of the Moon's shadow passes near the earth's surface, but does not touch it), the eclipse is classified as a partial one.
0997c609db84344145026acc628837aaea1686c9	When an observer is in the shadow of the moon, he observes a total solar eclipse.
386b9ce4048b5fb714534be3e3e262cc7e8c0995	When it is in the penumbra region, it can observe a partial solar eclipse.
48d1758b873c9b45157e656184468f6f46943720	In addition to total and partial solar eclipses, there are annular eclipses.
63c6949f9d24471a8ac40cb3bf81741af98bfbbe	Visually, during an annular eclipse, the Moon passes through the disk of the Sun, but it turns out to be smaller than the Sun in diameter, and cannot completely hide it.
8cdb12aae6fe60fb71bea3c0dd8d04f491225403	This phenomenon is caused by a change in the angular dimensions of the Moon in the sky due to the ellipticity of its orbit[97][98].
8fc083bc5812e7824fe901777ba4a690e1f2981b	Numerous displays of the solar eclipse on Earth in the shade of the foliage of trees, resulting from the camera obscura effect created by light passing through small gaps between the leaves.
e6e615ffda32de6e4bcfa1ee82e8004f66ea1719	There can be from 2 to 5 solar eclipses per year on Earth, of which no more than two are complete or annular [99][100]. On average, 237 solar eclipses occur over a hundred years, of which 160 are partial, 63 are total, and 14 are annular [101].
04470eb992669e49b9e338423827145f5502f174	At a certain point on the Earth's surface, eclipses in the large phase occur quite rarely, even less often there are total solar eclipses.
d16ecfbeb4c5454aa39e9c2d46e453634da10890	So, on the territory of Moscow from the XI to the XVIII century, it was possible to observe 159 solar eclipses with a phase greater than 0.5, of which only 3 total (11.08.1124, 20.03.1140 and 7.06.1415) [102]. Another total solar eclipse occurred on August 19, 1887.
2b0d4824832cdbfb86a19dd86be6d2649932d6c0	An annular eclipse could be observed in Moscow on April 26, 1827.
1f89f1e0cb499fde385f2e22e93eb6876157ef78	A very strong eclipse with a phase of 0.96 occurred on July 9, 1945.
402867ff2467bbd3a3e43f5d857a6ce2b6b84b3a	The next total solar eclipse is expected in Moscow only on October 16, 2126.
faf45d779720183946103fa3dbbc0f9a1050f259	Total solar eclipses allow us to observe the corona and the nearest vicinity of the Sun, which is extremely difficult under normal conditions (although since 1996, astronomers have been able to constantly observe the surroundings of our star thanks to the work of the SOHO satellite (Solar and Heliospheric Observatory)).
4718316ea9cf146fc70774bef3721224f6324d84	French scientist Pierre Jansen during a total solar eclipse in India on August 18, 1868, for the first time studied the chromosphere of the Sun and obtained the spectrum of a new chemical element.
5c888b395fcf25cc9932d47f8c326554742be17c	This element was named after the Sun — helium[103].
72d71961f482cb7e8b1274a2f6fab993ecb796d4	In 1882, on May 17, during a solar eclipse, observers from Egypt noticed a comet flying near the Sun[104].
a4ba9796a48f788a35ff8f9b1c8a2291bac1f275	Sun and Earth
960fe63171fc63bf4140943d32e9c6de3e4e1053	The spectral range of electromagnetic radiation from the Sun is very wide from radio waves [105] to X rays but its maximum intensity falls on visible light (the yellow green part of the spectrum).
324b77c31625ec42c5c1b96c8f6d317618f5996d	In a significant part of them, light causes a change in the circadian rhythm.
711629c9665edbe59f150800dd9e7b22c5f6385e	Thus, according to some studies, a person is influenced by light of an intensity of more than 1000 lux[106], and its color is important[107].
b9e11fcfb6f4dc06b579f2f560afc2d527a85316	In those areas of the Earth that receive little sunlight on average per year, for example, the tundra, a low temperature is established (up to -35 °C in winter), a short plant growth season, low biodiversity and low vegetation[108].
bba27ccb1a0c656e31012644212ca566df16aab2	Even the view of the Earth from space in The green leaves of plants contain the green pigment chlorophyll.
8dadaf087d1ef4d9fdcc6c8e95f0903be33013fd	This pigment serves as a light energy catcher in the process of photosynthesis — a complex cycle of reactions for the synthesis of organic substances from carbon dioxide and water using light energy.
ae76104016e2a289c473a27aa974d20ec1964b94	One of the products of photosynthesis is oxygen. 109].
8f74dcce2a2dda71ffd566779a65cfadcb881fb2	Thus, photosynthesis provides the possibility of the existence of life on Earth.
6ea13b34a5696da8b8844d28f65678868945bad8	Animals exist by eating plants that accumulate the energy of the Sun in the form of the energy of chemical compounds, and breathing the oxygen released by them[110].
e8f7a7bbeb3d7b426e03100c4683a4d1a8dc7d84	The Earth's surface and the lower layers of the air the troposphere, where clouds form and other meteorological phenomena occur, directly receive energy from the Sun.
db7e31bd9f91daa17971c1bc9204d8160b7f8f3c	The main energy inflow into the atmosphere Earth system is provided by solar radiation in the spectral range from 0.1 to 4 microns.
c9e2097309ce340b9f29bc17541e2d7eef7dc1b4	At the same time, in the range of 0.3 microns to 1.5-2 microns, the Earth's atmosphere is almost completely transparent to solar radiation.
183d4819cef989525c2401a499edbde2f38fb2c8	In the ultraviolet region of the spectrum (for waves shorter than 0.3 microns), the radiation is absorbed mainly by the ozone layer located at altitudes of 20-60 km.
61d90544278c56816c58657956d243500fc805e4	X ray and gamma radiation practically do not reach the Earth's surface[111].
ed4e99bda12ba5b8a03a3824c39572909e5e63f7	The power density of the Sun's radiation at a distance of 1 astronomical unit outside the Earth's atmosphere is about 1367 W / m2 (solar constant).
0649579e5376653d40b95e4be74fa8a9ecb6c1af	According to the data for 2000-2004[112], averaged over time and over the Earth's surface, this flux is 341 W/m2[113][114] or 1.74·1017 W based on the total surface of the Earth (the total radiation of the Sun is about 2.21·109 times greater).
7bd7d7aaa3b85e7b6ea7eefa198ee18e49abfc19	In addition, a stream of ionized particles (mainly helium hydrogen plasma) penetrates into the Earth's atmosphere, flowing from the solar corona at a speed of 300-1200 km / s into the surrounding outer space (solar wind).
fb89e74e22116e9f1e3ce25c02c340cdd43124c3	In many areas near the poles of the planet, this leads to auroras ("northern lights").
728c5e10f71a08d94201aee343527b00df45dd99	Also, many other natural phenomena are associated with the solar wind, in particular, magnetic storms[115].
41d4a0f6f11252966cc0b9e9c205fdb81b23648b	Magnetic storms, in turn, can affect terrestrial organisms.
8fe8c33d5c60d235ebd88665888ca33b7e83b3cc	The section of biophysics that studies such influences is called heliobiology.
0de6f3ca0da408f0e6d4738fabf6dfcbb7ab5f03	Also important for living organisms is the radiation of the Sun in the ultraviolet range.
e739cd7b97073e878864693360a9b4ecce2d9f37	With its lack, a serious disease occurs — rickets[117].
64530edd6edf9422671c802465c09755ec1ede93	Due to the lack of ultraviolet rays, the normal intake of calcium may be disrupted, as a result of which the fragility of small blood vessels increases, the permeability of tissues increases.
263137bddaebf0803e5941fbbd6610ebe6308345	However, the long term effect of ultraviolet light contributes to the development of melanoma, various types of skin cancer, accelerates aging and the appearance of wrinkles.
bb236ca7e22a7902d6eb5e793edc46d2a0fb7caa	The ozone layer protects the Earth from excessive radiation, without which, it is believed, life would not be able to get out of the oceans at all[118].
397bf0e64f7d95539e3d788bb377082c3807e1e1	The sun in world culture In religion and mythology Like many other natural phenomena, throughout the history of human civilization, the Sun has been an object of worship in many cultures.
81722612a67c024e67cdfc675c7f376f612ad858	The cult of the Sun existed in ancient Egypt, where the solar deity was Ra [119].
a87adee274f23b2d8a93f17d4b38a03b5fe7f18e	Among the Greeks, the sun god was Helios [120], who, according to legend, rode through the sky daily on his chariot.
3503f661794e4281f7bad07838495699f9d3619c	In the Old Russian pagan pantheon there were two solar deities Horse (actually the personified sun) and Dazhbog.
d60b96016a881966d2bfd2b1b102fea1cd16c583	In addition, the annual festive ritual cycle of the Slavs, as well as other peoples, was closely connected with the annual solar cycle, and its key moments (solstices) were personified by such characters as Kolyada (Ovsen) and Kupala.
72e4516656fffd2fe45fbadc4c2e9a33fc0a3f86	Most peoples had a male solar deity (for example, in English, the personal pronoun "he" is used in relation to the Sun), but in Norse mythology, the Sun (Sul) is a female deity.
bdd28e00e39cedf892ce7ad7d16adc67b389aa3b	In East Asia, in particular, in Vietnam, the Sun is denoted by the symbol 日 (Chinese pinyin rì), although there is also another symbol -阳阳 (tai yang).
4a107c66519537f39e6da99050d0cad488d30c2d	In these indigenous Vietnamese words, the words nhật and thái dương indicate that in East Asia, the Moon and the Sun were considered two opposites - yin and yang.
9cef42e705a52d9c37c939e656168361042f8c84	Both the Vietnamese and the Chinese in ancient times considered them two primary natural forces, and the Moon was considered to be associated with yin, and the Sun with yang[121].
f53613ad4fdd7226a97c6ddfe4b6ba525a2f3f41	In occultism, in occultism, the Sun is correlated with the Sefira of Tiferet (See also the Chaldean series)[122].
39b4d26425dddb9402f4e1248a0b94a75fc63b92	In the languages of the world In many Indo European languages, the Sun is denoted by a word that has the root sol.
1083403e6025c1de9113bd9ecc102cc5c057eb30	Thus, the word sol means "Sun" in Latin and in modern Portuguese, Spanish, Icelandic, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Catalan and Galician.
7b3145a432257852065417bfcea22ccd14b2c453	In English, the word Sol is also sometimes used (mainly in a scientific context) to refer to the Sun, but the main meaning of this word is the name of the Roman god[123][124]. In Persian, sol means "solar year".
cc7346dc4508a5ecc543da0dc8a9bfce69abdf1c	The Old Russian word sllnce, the modern Russian sun, as well as the corresponding words in many other Slavic languages come from the same root.
c7d7faadd3e674d75fc664f223f7e32b5b290049	The currency of the state of Peru (new sol), previously called inti (the name of the Inca sun god, who occupied a key place in their astronomy and mythology), is named after the Sun, which means the sun in Quechua.
5ad2151d14a68c02df5d22301806370d344f3f49	Urban legends about the Sun In 2002 and subsequent years, a message appeared in the media that in 6 years the Sun will explode (that is, it will turn into a supernova)[125]. The source of the information was called "the Dutch astrophysicist Dr. Piers van der Meer, an expert of the European Space Agency".
1ee381de68347dabf61e6559a4fb2b032ec8ee94	In fact, there is no employee with this name at ESA[126].
ce203e721b68c69fdfc4cf2679aa0033ae42fbf4	Moreover, astrophysics with this name does not exist at all.
4d90a668821eb7bb796170e066b70227f5c8cda9	The hydrogen fuel will last the Sun for several billion years.
2e6ef6cd3f37d16b485d98b9164510485651e810	After this time, the Sun will warm up to high temperatures (although not immediately — this process will take tens or hundreds of millions of years), but it will not become a supernova.
aec02800dcffd7894ccdb472bbc1650e9af5917c	In principle, the sun cannot turn into a supernova due to insufficient mass.
d4eabd8ba749fe90995ed257573a7a3cd3e3592f	The original message was published in the Weekly World News, a newspaper known for its penchant for publishing questionable information[127].
5fcbfbf2f02aa8302d297b4f2e2e270d06887ec5	The hypothetical scenario of the Sun's fading is also considered in the feature film "Inferno", filmed in 2007.
609358df2b9841c98a83efaabfc32f61ee7a9445	The twins of the Sun now known several "doubles" of the Sun is fully analogous to our stars by mass, luminosity, temperature (±50 K) of metallicheski
03d8ae1aa3e90aa5ff40b30f9f141d7b0d4e7be3	(±12 %), age (±1 billion years), etc. [128] Beta venatici 18 Scorpio Twins HD 44594 37 HIP 56948
9c8b9f6d4840a1bdb2fd2641d52253a5dc932649	Ericsson Globe — "The Sun" in the Swedish Solar System
557e30f9eb3b58ccf335aa012bab581c73df4b03	1. Sun Fact Sheet (http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factshe et/sunfact.html).
4c59f606b5a8a5e2df95748b6e5f015f84973f56	NASA.
3986321bfe94c28ff676ed3beabf060778165186	Archived from the original source on August 10, 2011 (http://www.webcitation.org/60qCI3rR8).
89842c5fd4bf54362970963fbcf7a64596047df5	(Checked on October 14, 2011)
a7674b4d387d46c5596abf36b5e1cb6b3218f769	2. ↑ Defining our Place in the Cosmos — the IAU and the Universal Frame of Reference (http://www.iau.org/public p ress/themes/place in cosmos/) 3.
74f65b58666dedc0635c69b5226135f4408c5656	Sun: Facts & figures (http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/p rofile.cfm?Object=Sun&Display=Facts&System=Metric).
d943d7acebfcee803ef48ba41aea234cb7854275	Solar System Exploration.
28d175dc22bed7f0fa116b5bbd6326ff7338c084	Archived from the original source on August 11, 2011 (http://www.webcitation.org/60qCIB Xzd).
fcb0753501ef12ffe13993bef08d5781d1651fa2	(Accessed October 14, 2011)
c79d3606272c689e6eefbad169ec05077963f2ff	4. P. K. Seidelmann; V. K. Abalakin; M. Bursa; M. E. Davies; C. de Bergh; J. H. Lieske; J. Oberst; J. L. Simon; E. M. Standish; P. Stooke; P. C. Thomas.
e73c22a5173c4fc3f154b33555095388b81a3a9c	Report Of The IAU/IAG Working Group On Cartographic Coordinates And Rotational Elements Of The Planets And Satellites: 2000 (http://www.hnsky.org/iau iag.htm) (2000). Archived from the original source on August 11, 2011 (http://www.web citation.org/60qCIcHwA).
b1c127b873d52fa995089f4812668334e0d97c34	5. ↑ The Sun's Vital Statistics (http://solar center.stanford.ed u/vitalstats.html).
2779e9a175cd80c382ae73541190ce222f4f6b84	Stanford Solar Center.
d1ab4d5fd9f85210344a518b970888a6776488fe	Checked on July 29, 2008.
3190c2455fcd9ede0f8cee14fcc9e8ff06c5144d	Archived from the original source on October 14, 2012 (http://w ww.webcitation.org/6BOkQXma3).
4d2b0d94c7833d3b7ddf80912e9d0bd7866973ea	6. ↑ Eddy J.
5e377d84857895341b9805b0dd58ed2fafcf5cf2	A New Sun: The Solar Results From Skylab (htt p://history.nasa.gov/SP 402/contents.htm).
25970e4a5c8302722a1906b9dedc955932d56fe6	- NASA, 1979.
c27399892eb314b068f20ed06e4a205de1ec78f5	- P. 37 — - ISBN NASA SP 402.
3361654f499b467a8c046ce9cfa887ead24ddf2d	7. Солнце The Sun / / Space Physics: A small encyclopedia (http://www.astronet.ru/db/msg/eid/FK86/sun) / Edited by R.
e23059b5f6bd8d9aaa30027c13d53c3ff758bb6b	A. Syunyaev.
ca856dcd03c3e9c142c949ac8fa98e05d018af1f	- Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1986.
496097e4d26e198b7ffde73d9d589d33efd4f354	37 — - 783 p.
cbcd08c801c0e2037517e3555c21ebb15b3ffe31	- ISBN 524(03).
ba43efd51ad86d41ab45cbcc1ab1a786e8161492	(Checked on September 19, 2011) 8.
c68d5fe69c6a096f959f1ae7a93e4e213a257347	ЗАМ THE IDEA OF LIGHT (http://www.sotvoreniye.ru/articles/ light.php) (unavailable link history (https://web.archive.or g/web/*/http://www.sotvoreniye.ru/articles/light.php), a copy (https://we b.archive.org/web/20090304005935/http://www.sotvoreniye.ru/articles/l ight.php))
7d786b2b118879d04ef9aad70c4dd690df58efbd	9. ↑ Basu, Sarbani; Antia, H. M. (2007).
22b3ca3e91468d57591cdd5c7e4f884f50c3f287	«Helioseismology and Solar Abundances (http://front.math.ucdavis.edu/0711. 4590)».
921bc92f032656c62ea246cf44c06ac61c77f6b8	Physics Reports.
9a1727381cf1704bdb1891dac20b7bd02930d25f	Retrieved 2008-09-02.
f611a127e69d639f440fb1f9545189829f9ac1a6	↑ Manuel O. K. and Hwaung Golden (1983), Meteoritics, Volume 18, Number 3, 30 September 1983, pp.
0b304dc14573855619604e4ba059788992300bed	209-222.
0727e8701f8db6e993761d2f517714e1750bc06f	Online: http://web.umr.edu/~om/archive/SolarAbundances. pdf (retrieved 7 December 2007 20: 21 UTC) (link unavailable). 11.
9d1a750f59ed3bbe7a884dce5c52a6a1502a25ff	↑ G2 class star
c6cb372a920acd040fa0e7113b088e26ea68b722	(http://space.rin.ru/articles/html/22.htm (l) 12.
85a986e060ce91f63397f40f8b9be5cfea6c9721	Astronomers weighed the black hole in the center of the Milky Way (http://lenta.ru/news/2008/12/10/blackhol e/).
7ef976058161a6607c222b56657cda4bc9840bbc	Lenta.ru. Archived from the original source on January 22, 2012 (http://www.webcitation.org/64sclYt3h).
73774843524062375ddf9016fc6f15b59d4e756d	↑ Kerr F. J.; Lynden Bell D. (1986).
a5ceafec6402b4f9e7fd599fbd0a67c4dd1aba5d	«Review of galactic constants (http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi bin/nph iart icle query?1986MNRAS.221.1023K&data type=PDF HIG H&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf) » (PDF).
16124499cef48b5c37af0367d2d813051f1c0c40	Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 221: 1023— 1038.
de5c9e54e1fa305390d163fac6d08a9967adfc1c	↑ Falk, S. W.; Lattmer, J. M., Margolis, S. H. (1977).
5c6cbb1c1b3c6dcf8a6694b2e0b6710121e1d219	«Are supernovae sources of presolar grains?
353c7a10de3cb36e23e8d958b370665617f8bb8d	(http://www.n
bc68fb7e7f124f32c0e972642918b28d75dcf1c7	ature.com/nature/journal/v270/n5639/abs/270700a0.html)».
3e55d40dd368c38bb1550e3ae51182dc0ba9449e	Nature 270: 700—701.
e0c2386c032752abd8365732f1caf8f960bda0fb	↑ Barsh G. S., 2003, What Controls Variation in Human Skin Color? (http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerend er.fcgi?artid=212702), PLoS Biology, v.
b8792f2735a83849d1076aa7eeb73ea279e5d3e4	1, p.
dd1a7ad68cf365a6c8f192324c509d88c63ac235	↑ Windows to the Universe (http://www.windows.ucar.edu/t our/link=/physical science/physics/mechanics/orbit/periheli on aphelion.html&edu=high) 17.
f7630661b51af75805fafdb9546e852a9a3ff15c	Пер Perihelion and aphelion (http://www.astronet.ru/db/msg/12 35387).
3985ff001aa79e91ce0051ae574e061643f521a9	Astronet.
035d372f667a5bafc7e77d6e7bc52f9036d07fa8	Archived from the original source on August 11, 2011 (http://www.webcitation.org/60qCIyAYZ).
f0335a8847a666e7e00b45a1532907d1fffc39bd	Магнит Magnetic storms: nature and influence on man.
5d87dbdc680ed990e29d95c6826cfb8f2191ead3	Help (http://eco.ria.ru/documents/20091030/19128932 2.html), RIA Novosti (October 30, 2009).
695620a45a4a50163d405493e09aba8374e00a09	Verified on June 7, 2012.
f15e11b7f097125f264a66b2edce56a1255d6fbb	Breus T. K. Space and earth weather and their impact on the health and well being of people.
9896319dcd35e0b2824b3b5884b86c31f80bf626	In the book " Methods of nonlinear analysis in cardiology and oncology.
3309cc393d3df616576fcff7856ee214d025b389	Physical approaches and clinical practice".
14f3dae3dc6d5d7d4d63b8534d1cfb3f06d70c98	UNIVERSITY BOOK HOUSE, Moscow 2010 (pdf, 6,3 Mb) (http://www.iki.rssi.ru/books/2 010tarusa med. pdf)
5c3dd746fd8a2cbcf90440e310dd9b4fd6b8bad7	Sun: In Depth (http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/sun/inde pth) (English). Solar Systen Exploration.
f6c0e7b0ac90f0461c365952178f61171cc18436	Verified on September 18, 2016.
0ca6b099dbc8e416cb71cc5eb5743083bc5fadb6	↑ Goldsmith D.
07c07324ac054d2a75776d2963bc9cd30fedaf5c	The search for life in the universe (http://bo oks.google.com/?id=Q17NmHY6wloC&pg=PA96).
dd8558ab53f2a4cd90671e843b716fe1f359b5cc	— University Science Books, 2001.
ede889b1b8b6ee66f5ad74540da0ab65ba107623	— P. 96.
391577a194ba3f2fa9f3500a3a52e839337afc2c	— ISBN 9781891389160.
d65046b2f93b3acb7da36a1387f62156bd0ac5fb	Sackmann, I.-J.; Boothroyd, A. I.; Kraemer, K. E. (1993).
024e2fca155e74b7b97c231876831c44b82d36da	«Our Sun. III. Present and Future (http://adsabs.harvard.ed u/cgi bin/nph bib query?bibcode=1993ApJ...418..457S)».
7a0c00aac35dc7a58e0ec2e2bf2009f6c4fb81bc	Astrophysical Journal 418: 457–468.
ad5d71e0b0a03c2e8dc1d679426da35ab7a7f42a	Checked 2007-03-31 .
ae70a4f9be4ea9bc6050972342f7ff13d5422070	Pogge, Richard W.
bef1efa0b8376f512e71b4d1782e7a6376ad08f4	The Once and Future Sun (http://www.a stronomy.ohiostate.edu/~pogge/Lectures/vistas97.html) (English)
81f609009018048e3a0653c8a8340fd2fe43a5b8	(lecture notes).
6eff3f3a5ab4bf228f0b306530b10203f5a20b80	The Ohio State University (1997).
967c558ed1bf2ac3af1c57ea5ba6e03963ba8572	Accessed December 27, 2009.
c316b2f921d059daff92253c03e9ad06a5331467	Archived from the original source on August 22, 2011 (http://www.webcitation.org/617GfSSv2).
3f1a31bc376d950f6aa2bbe0e34060420c44fd96	↑ The sad future of the Earth (http://www.km.ru/nauka/1D 702E09E82911D39730000000000000).
7839a9881d053da859ba6b3cbfa4049bdf596f96	KM.ru. Verified on March 28, 2013.
fd881a0b5cc7c61c06671e994eeb0b94203a1ab6	Archived from the original source on April 3, 2013 (h ttp: / / www.webcitation. org/6FbsMkTlL).
af1b16745c48def1223d965ba93d8d3c5a5966a5	↑ Leonid Popov.
3652e5da9235f22ababa2547830c53bc03880489	A distant star has illuminated plans to save the Earth from the death of the Sun (http://www.membran a.ru/particle/775).
98c54cec15e850465a0ce99a7769360b3331cf37	Membrana.ru — " In the face of the red giant that the Sun will turn into, there will not be so many traces of a man made civilization on our planet.
8a8493a945602f27dd53821da3ce7652e0c96473	And even then not for long.
48c1643b6677271e71d3c5b323aaff4eacd07a8b	Absorption and evaporation awaits the Earth.
29e19333262cebacd112c38191959fecae447464	If the people of the distant future do not undertake a grandiose experience of moving their world.
18a6961606d91e515356a5750d9ba029d262387c	" Checked on March 28, 2013.
971cb532f70132f0be905707d28347a9452c910c	Archived from the original source on April 3, 2013 (http://www.webc itation.org/6FbsOKeqL).
28770b13dedd7362684a8a87f115fec59963ac00	Schröder, K.-P. (2008).
39bbc41cd7f23c4c77edce86a778071c3307ecfd	«Distant future of the Sun and Earth revisited».
6ec65feba97e846ed9081e00a6218ceea9327123	Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 386 (1). arXiv:0801.4031. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13022.x (https://dx.doi.org/ 10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2008.13022.x). .
2cb68f953511e3a30aa56ab3636a9a71d6ad53af	See also Palmer,
a84046d517cfc8355a6b8800015e207ab8d1df44	J.. Hope dims that Earth will survive Sun's death (http://spa ce.newscientist.com/article/dn13369 hope dims that earthwill survive suns death.html?feedId=online news rss20), New Scientist.
274930dca042bb47cccd7cf94df4d9938a89aa76	Checked on March 24, 2008.
ebe0e528a82a5c3f782e987fc2ade489d9f1992e	Car Carrington, D.. Date set for desert Earth (http://news.bb c.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/specials/washington 2000/649913. stm), BBC News (21 February 2000).
38b0e2b481ab80216b99dcb9c3658df17ca8b32f	Verified on March 31, 2007.
a96c8573ff1c11ec02004b8154f9962b5f14fd00	K. P. Schroder, Robert Connon Smith (2008).
5fc5d1de61e6cdb3d14c5678994ca4969ec5f4ca	" Distant future of the Sun and Earth revisited (http://adsabs.harvard. edu/abs/2008MNRAS.386..155S)".
42a6f0359032401ddb7bcba5cd14afc76b53c278	Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 386: 155–163. arXiv:0801.4031. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13022.x (https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2008.13022.x). .
3561e2132f6818b794aa9dce80fdb5ad41bc2828	Guillemot, H.; Greffoz, V. (Mars 2002).
2d413a6863592e27b8233fb0e8d4c9eb871990ed	Ce que sera la fin du monde (French).
bbbafd1783562c0a056111c1ebf6fe14a44d89f9	Science et Vie No. 1014.
ae8cbd3ca03a06426b0457d6e050622e3f969adb	↑ Minard, Anne.
a7d1c59360d631517d3346fcc086de2a3cba3b5d	Sun Stealing Earth's Atmosphere (http://n ews.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/05/090529 sun stea ling atmosphere.html), National Geographic News (May 29, 2009).
e38e30fcf5dff8d671022a257e1c8f7c3ed5080a	Verified on August 30 , 2009.Alexandrovsky.
75f99690a767d17cf1583dba146b98e21781d988	The sun.
9b0e95ea55180d5319ebde4812db689de16d2651	About the future of our Sun (http://astrogalaxy.ru/277.html) (rus.). Astrogalaktika (2001).
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c098e879923ddf4445005d5b07988af7ed802b58	↑ Bethe, H. (1939).
a76212d85435f92a3756ef93020e34c903ef1a86	«Energy Production in Stars».
7bf5d65260a5a12f369be406b1b59c9bbc416240	Physical Review 55: 434—456.
3dc64a1acc2e5bda9d0a4afbe7977712737054e5	↑ E. Margaret Burbidge; G. R. Burbidge; William A. Fowler; F. Hoyle.
110065d509b6a578993e0d4f9b5a496c5f460844	(1957).
b5115f093b9f36ccdce568bfb07c4e831d386e45	«Synthesis of the Elements in Stars (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1957RvMP...29..547B)».
a838e1f22fba11585ce6754cf4f0136365ac4e2c	Reviews of Modern Physics 29 (4): 547—650.
e40726ef791c13b2563585654e3b27ac53640fa0	81.
d5263f2d0bb13a4bfa7ddfe2402b1a146344fbbe	↑ Космические эксперименты ФИАН (http://www.tesis.le bedev.ru/about experiments fian.html) 82.
1c24a92e4ff71bad48e11b49b7217921aa07acd2	↑ Alexander Piel.
fc0ab7307828c8f9707c66e78a0d677dd13505a6	The Solar Wind // Introduction to Plasma Physics (http://books.google.com/books?id=wWlQ4Qz5hc wC&pg=PA7).
1a7cb5c4df61312c5f46d9728f3a24f1f87bc051	— Springer, 2010.
dd693ee1d77b7d04c8039751169dd42592750495	— P. 7.
294941fd1fb63eef169a435fa5a940b0abdc5dfa	— 420 p.
bd2b764212b4b172f30aeb2f45dc0d7b5347077d	— ISBN 9783642104909.
7951de54b5ed2b70b0c4c21836fa7db667ac2d2d	↑ Завидонов И. В. Как американцы искали ветра в поле, а нашли радиационный пояс и как русские искали радиационный пояс, а нашли солнечный ветер, или физические эксперименты на первых искусственных спутниках Земли и открытие её радиационных поясов (ftp://ftp.izmiran.rssi.ru/pub/izmiran/space around us/Child ren/DOC/ZAVIDONOV/Zavidonov/VeterVPole.htm) // Историко астрономические исследования.
1c681b7a39439df6e878497a59163b344a607e34	— М.: Наука, 2002.
3cd487752d20dc0ed147df0154865934628178ec	— Вып.
cdb786e23b4ae719c5179abe0381b977461c6ff1	XXVII.
b60038f7d4f6d982a97fa3a43b67f9d03f158214	— С. 201—222.
19609c851dcad0f236accdc8418410350bf8719e	↑ Алексей Левин.
ce9f1f3dcbb63b9adb5fe977478a7b191e09cbc4	Ветреное светило таит немало загадок (http://www.inauka.ru/astrophisics/article66054/print.html) 85.
392d23bfe6749efaa24f03ad5b5a88ebf067fbeb	↑ Solar Maximum Mission Overview (http://web.hao.ucar.e du/public/research/svosa/smm/smm mission.html) (недоступная ссылка — история (https://web.archive.org/web/*/htt p://web.hao.ucar.edu/public/research/svosa/smm/smm mission.html), копия (https://web.archive.org/web/20060405183758/http://web.hao.ucar.edu/ public/research/svosa/smm/smm mission.html))
d415e99dc0315e50592713f3beedf6d3f15941f7	↑ Result of Re entry of the Solar X ray Observatory Yohkoh (SOLAR A) to the Earth’s Atmosphere (http://ww w.jaxa.jp/press/2005/09/20050913 yohkoh e.html) 87.
2371a5f9bcc0b24c59a4a791abfae33646e97fc1	↑ «Самый передовой солнечный зонд» запустили в США (http://www.aif.ru/society/news/46469) (рус.). Аргументы и факты (12 февраля 2010).
07adabc1660ab60402b4150ea860efb097022fa4	Проверено 24 апреля 2010.
2ca5d80aee5597b3fe3d9687500908f5e99ff2f9	Архивировано из первоисточника 22 января 2012 (h ttp://www.webcitation.org/64scojC85).
fe7a73b4a8961cfd363524eb45f62abb3295704a	88.
a42f62f6dba53c60fa3dd1cff439ad850b1116cd	↑ SOHO Comets (http://sungrazer.nrl.navy.mil/) 89.
6053cebfb649ddac8e807958b9ed252adcfc067a	↑ Primary Mission Results (http://ulysses.jpl.nasa.gov/scie nce/mission primary.html).
b18a0bed260a304c252311bad0466357f765c325	Ulysses.
d8e7ebf858e2570b08d5ace73e09b953869dbf2f	NASA JPL.
0a486abf1d63094687d752e5edc9e6bb3cfdc866	Архивировано из первоисточника 11 августа 2011 (http://www.web citation.org/60qCQXUPw).
4ba2d0aba6a834520b2aca898e39e2063adeaf92	↑ Hinode (Solar B) (http://solarb.msfc.nasa.gov/). NASA.
7d258626503bfc3a7341607208304c2008fbb341	Архивировано из первоисточника 11 августа 2011 (http://www.web citation.org/60qCQpCLW).
d35bf22b8cbf35751a0b1b3638ef0f1947a19782	↑ Тесис — космическая обсерватория (http://www.tesis.l ebedev.ru/).
cb03f1fd137cf74bd5d2d4dae7e146f2ba5cc834	Тесис.
9d56ea6ef6d914b4dc73870a1ebfa101081362fc	Архивировано из первоисточника 11 августа 2011 (http://www.webcitation.org/60qCRDz9G).
007dfb26c8923ae5dc6dcb5f321aa32216cbed22	↑ Solar Dynamic Observatory (http://www.nasa.gov/missio n pages/sdo/main/index.html).
4cf1b35988a3100798cf9f710ec88217c03fcd72	Архивировано из первоисточника 11 августа 2011 (http://www.webcitation.org/60qCR vMC0).
8e87ec1391cea8fd5ff912f40af0001f963fb2e9	↑ Erika Rix, Kim Hay, Sally Russell, Richard Handy.
ad27be4d7fa09d90fd2d911718a06111b1f92f0c	Solar Projection // Solar Sketching: A Comprehensive Guide to Drawing the Sun (https://books.go ogle.com/books?id=7pCKCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA119).
bc7b9e986c38f3983879dfbde42173457ebd61c6	— Springer.
d50f42c33867303e1eb00684a5cd63430913831b	— С. 119-120.
70b206fe259cdd4aabed206bd0965119d4ac1954	↑ Herodotus.
56a80113a567818c475ca7b8e4a6e614e2910e47	Book VII (http://www.bostonleadershipbuilde rs.com/herodotus/book07.htm).
4ccf80f2fd97931f7296badae85c13f0b3c3f45b	— P. 37.
10c5e5314aee50d3f5d7f3d91d5eeca9fc19de1f	↑ Annales Sancti Maximini Trevirensis.
eb0cd569ea4632e55fa928f77c4d1be349e5df76	MGH, SS.
36ce5cf0f8184a3e241a66ead7666c149db36ce1	Bd. IV. Hannover. 184
6d1830e60631c20eb85f78c6a6183cdfc7bf7210	Giant Planets Material from Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
3040756be4ebf288ba219d03494d499e5d29c26d	Giant planets — four planets of the Solar system: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune; located outside the ring of minor planets.
5b9365fc41c31cc4cfa4a29802747b806e215f56	These planets, which have a number of similar physical characteristics, are also called outer planets[1].
c5cee1bb51018db939a4f889e5c69987fdf7ed53	Contents 1 Known 1.1 Jupiter 1.2 Saturn 1.3 Uranus 1.4 Neptune 2 Assumed 2.1 Ninth planet 2.2 Tuhe 2.3 Other "Planets X" 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References
a641ba3cb4de0620d1db91e37bfe795a8f8cada6	From top to bottom: Neptune, Uranus, Saturn and Jupiter (not in scale).
11014d22125e9f5e925509a0748c1ba99a78da69	Famous Unlike the solid state planets of the Earth group, they are all gas planets, have significantly larger sizes and masses (as a result of which the pressure in their bowels is much higher), a lower average density (close to the average Solar, 1.4 g / cm3), powerful atmospheres, fast rotation, as well as rings (while the planets of the earth group do not have such) and a large number of satellites.
ee074923b980b5906b47aa918923dae3a4498577	Almost all of these characteristics decrease from Jupiter to Neptune.
c440ebc6fc318e4125021053a795dd38d6b5f8b3	Jupiter Main article: Jupiter Jupiter has a mass 318 times larger than the Earth, and 2.5 times more massive than all the other planets combined.
95410565156924168937485ed151fd006c0f4a1f	The four largest — Ganymede, Callisto, Io and Europa — are similar to the planets of the Earth group in such phenomena as volcanic activity and internal heating.
648e53c4e43354a9179f980d58bb530f55738b64	Saturn Main article: Saturn
3d85492386d6f2ff51f926d41115b8f3f73a2d36	This activity, however, is not similar to the earth, since it is largely due to the activity of ice.
a0aa7867e95febbcb71132d3fcb07a9aefe1d2c9	Uranus Osnavnaya article: Uranus Uranus with a mass 14 times greater than that of the Earth, is the lightest of the outer planets.
f32cdaa6243a46c03e3eec758381af1ee6cb88a1	What makes it unique among other planets is that it rotates "lying on its side": the inclination of its axis of rotation to the plane of the ecliptic is approximately 98°.
c95820329725a8e195eec978fa271d207233aeae	It has a much colder core than other gas giants, and radiates very little heat into space.
63aa4572c2e87eb08ab6da6ab4db2f5da017a8b6	Neptune Main article: Neptune Neptune, although slightly smaller than Uranus, is more massive (17 Earth masses) and therefore more dense.
26d98b51cb4f261421586bf7d3596412fad62d80	It emits more internal heat, but not as much as Jupiter or Saturn<[2].
041a9c8a0c7245bb075f684c3906a6b73ec0c993	The largest is Triton, which is geologically active, with geysers of liquid nitrogen.
5aaebea8b291ff9d59ad23316167308d5100187d	Neptune is also accompanied by asteroids called Neptune Trojans, which are in a 1:1 resonance with it.
c65b8b2f160347ca3333c37eaa5db22857270dd4	In 2011, scientists proposed a model based on which, after the formation of the Solar System for about another 600 million years, there was a hypothetical fifth giant planet the size of Uranus.
bbaca7a7f96c9d499332b790a09cab853790244e	Subsequently, during the migration of large planets to their current position, this planet had to be either thrown out of the Solar System (becoming an orphan planet), or go to its distant outskirts (becoming a hypothetical planet Tyuhe or another "Planet X" in the Oort cloud), so that the planets could occupy their current orbits without throwing out the currently existing Uranus or Neptune or causing a collision of the Earth with Venus or Mars[3][4].
77c02dd0e1b602c34364081831fadb39031a8efb	The Ninth Planet Main article: On January 20, 2016, astronomers from the California Institute of Technology Konstantin Batygin and Michael Brown announced a possible ninth planet on the outskirts of the Solar System, outside the orbit of Pluto.
80581719692be4d6f17cec6a5865ea0b7129a5ff	According to Michael Brown, the probability that this planet really exists is " perhaps 90 %". So far, scientists call this hypothetical planet simply" The Ninth Planet " (Eng. Planet Nine).
ed8e449702d7470d81d353aa857608e5b064ef58	Tyche Main article: Tyche D. Mathis first proposed the existence of the planet Tyche (Tiheya) in 1999, based on the obtained displacement at the points of origin of long period comets.
5113fe5cfa717198e4409c7ba2ad09fbe029eced	Instead of the common opinion that comets come from random points in the sky, Mathis came to the conclusion that they were actually grouped together by the inclination of the ecliptic and the comets come from the Oort cloud.
7cb044e4d7ece3f8fb748eed354d106f96094177	Such clusters can be explained by the result of interaction with an invisible object, at least such as Jupiter.
16664c89f75d2a7fc383ac240ae632762d3cc39b	Other "Planets X" There are other theories about an unknown gas giant, but they, like the theory about the hypothetical planet Nibiru, are not scientific and are not based on verifiable data.
f79e94409ba1e0911a90b4d30553174ba4d6b9e4	It also significantly reduces the number of assumed planets of the WISE Space Telescope, which limited the albedo of the assumed planets depending on the distance to the Sun.
da74759aad9bab8cffcde8715f362258daaaa201	See also The ninth planet of the Earth group Dwarf planet Gas planet Exoplanet
2678bcb261567e2a72c4967baef19645621c8c26	Notes 1.
378dccaa780876c84f4e2e8d03bd14b7c3015b58	Внешние Outer planets an article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
0bb5cf57b5f575adee9f004ca9bdcb22c3753b80	2. ↑ Podolak, M.; Reynolds, R. T.; Young, R. Post Voyager comparisons of the interiors of Uranus and Neptune (http://ads abs.harvard.edu/abs/1990GeoRL..17.1737 P) (English). NASA Ames Research Center (1990).
8aeee77b7a64ca879c7e76bfc8c0230807536751	Checked on November 22, 2009.
4c70aaad5b751c75340beae38c793cd694f8218f	Archived from the original source on August 22, 2011 (http://www.webcitation.org/617GPD2P7).
71902cb539c77c7073f022e8c9c6708ab5759606	3. ↑ Leonid Popov.
0976060bdde6b9be4b010c107e1455644cc10b63	Traces of the lost giant of the Solar System have been found (http://www.membrana.ru/particle/1711 8) (Rus.). Membrane (November 14, 2011).
3b6ad2228012bcec55fd3ab38ce0e51a0b0645fb	Verified on May 11, 2012.
07b1df90c2efc3eb6938d9d6bb8923dcec61b7c8	Archived from the original source on June 3, 2012 (http://www.web citation.org/688TKNZ7e).
f3a43277b1df848215609340645d2ff193eb67a9	4. ↑ David Nesvorný.
01832d7f4412600fdd00c0a860251323d07e4ba3	Young solar system's fifth giant planet?
eb6198e0d9fc5d62fbea8b55e13fe61ef4d78e27	(http://iopscience.iop.org/2041-8205/742/2/L22) (English) // The Astrophysical Journal: rec. scientific journal.
1480ed50dfbb099d0c6d75b95b7a2bc7a7a96dda	— 2011.
cd0f3253c9e8a4342d25c48892263a485932f22b	— Vol. 742, no.
210e71ff8fe954970501265911136ad4fdfd3cc8	2. — P. 1—6.
f291262ec1a7232498c3e40560c68b8b6af0258c	— ISSN 0004-637X
37f1756d1f927a8a826fd98e5b23454a511c61cd	(http://w ww.sigla.ru/table.jsp?f=8&t=3&v0=0004-637X&f=1003&t=1&v1=&f=4&t=2&v2=&f=21&t=3&v3=&f=1016&t=3&v 4=&f=1016&t=3&v5=&bf=4&b=&d=0&ys=&ye=&lng=&ft=&mt=&dt=&vol=&pt=&iss=&ps=&pe=&tr=&tro=&cc= UNION&i=1&v=tagged&s=0&ss=0&st=0&i18n=ru&rlf=&psz=20&bs=20&ce=hJfuypee8JzzufeGmImYYIpZKRJeeO eeWGJIZRrRRrdmtdeee88NJJJJpeeefTJ3peKJJ3UWWPtzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzbzzvzzpy5zzjzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz zzztzzzzzzzbzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzvzzzzzzyeyTjkDnyHzTuueKZePz9decyzzLzzzL*.c8.NzrGJJvufeeeeeJheeyzjeee eJh*peeeeKJJJJJJJJJJmjHvOJJJJJJJJJfeeeieeeeSJJJJJSJJJ3TeIJJJJ3..E.UEAcyhxD.eeeeeuzzzLJJJJ5.e8JJJheeeeeeeeee eeyeeK3JJJJJJJJ*s7defeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeSJJJJJJJJZIJJzzz1..6LJJJJJJtJJZ4....EK*&debug=false).
5cb6d1b1188f4354ddc69215d291f4dad34ffbab	— DOI:10.1088/2041-8205/742/2/L22 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F2041-8205%2F742%2F2%2FL22)..
927664f2bcc071af717cf6f332910fb657efbf4b	Literature of the Planet an article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
7fa5b3e387dee54debffb0e882e5b099bdeb8187	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giant Planets&oldid=83024060"
19b40d238718c1b22e88bf957bc7f0cab92f73de	Last modified on this page: 10: 07, January 13, 2017.
1f59c6091a6f3723147eed7629eadc0c627a15e3	Asteroid Belt Material from Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
0663508cacd81ed6bf2863f94d6362a302ba3f8f	The asteroid belt is an area of the Solar system located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, which is a place of accumulation of many objects of various sizes, mostly irregular shapes, called asteroids or small planets.
a08eaef6f5beb33ef0c0ffce517d44ca34f6dfff	This region is also often called the main asteroid belt[1] or simply the main belt[2][3], thereby emphasizing its difference from other similar areas of the cluster of minor planets, such as the Kuiper Belt beyond the orbit of Neptune, as well as clusters of objects of the scattered disk and the Oort cloud.
ddd7f03eb8d1ebeb6c20d917cf1fef57a91f3fed	Their average diameter is more than 400 km, and the largest of them, Ceres, the only dwarf planet in the main belt, has a diameter of more than 950 km and its mass is twice the total mass of Pallas and Vesta[7].
785370dae74610afb60243ac5f7270aaadb8604a	Diagram of the location of the asteroid belt in the Solar system
c398a6230366c4911058fe2253b93b7a8e25fae7	The reason for this composition of the asteroid belt is that it began to form directly near Jupiter, whose gravitational field constantly introduced serious disturbances into the orbits of planetesimals.
a3a2f29b89209eed019dff0c26c842844331f493	The excess of orbital energy received from Jupiter led to more severe collisions of these bodies with each other, which prevented them from sticking together into a protoplanet and its further enlargement.
9532b8a0c664b4a4ea9eae933d4e4dce8d961c26	As a result, most of the planetesimals were fragmented into numerous small fragments, most of which were either thrown out of the Solar System, which explains the low density of the asteroid belt, or moved into elongated orbits, along which they, falling into the inner region of the Solar System, collided with the planets of the Earth group; this phenomenon was called late heavy bombardment.
8679072bb1d367ef66a5cf5305127b0ad9a5c1ce	Collisions between asteroids occurred after this period, which led to the appearance of numerous asteroid families — groups of bodies with similar orbits and chemical composition, which include a significant number of asteroids existing today, as well as the formation of fine cosmic dust that forms the zodiac light.
d1c87590fa065779d7ee44b17bf429295cc98acf	In addition, the gravity of Jupiter also creates areas of unstable orbits, where there are practically no asteroids due to resonances with Jupiter.
3f63a6205f0f005640f399aa859635350871a3f0	An asteroid falling there will be thrown out of this orbit outside the Solar System in a relatively short time or will replenish the population of asteroids crossing the orbits of the inner planets.
4f762fe2a4cb2190b34883ccf27c9ab8deacf1d4	Now there are practically no asteroids left in such areas, but the orbits of many small asteroids continue to change slowly under the influence of other factors.
b80dc82376308239c736c3ae94ee698827106094	The main distinguishing feature that characterizes individual asteroids is their spectrum, which can be used to judge the chemical composition of a given body.
7a825b4180e8cdbb75851e6c4df88cb2c8d1f721	In the main belt, depending on the chemical composition, there are 3 main spectral classes of asteroids: carbon (class C), silicate (class S) and metallic or iron (class M).
1e93ebbf735418ae3baa1dcbb8d85b5b7833b13c	All these classes of asteroids, especially metal ones, are of interest from the point of view of the space industry in general and the industrial development of asteroids in particular.
a03d73352e3e968a0a902a10856ebdccff014969	Contents 1 History of asteroid Studies 1.1 The Titius Bode Rule 1.2 Discovery of Ceres 1.3 Discovery of Pallas and Other Asteroids 2 Studies 3 Origin 3.1 Formation 3.2 Evolution 4 Orbits and rotation 4.1 Influence of the Yarkovsky effect 4.2 Kirkwood Gaps 5 Asteroid Families and Groups 5.1 Families at the boundaries of the Main Belt 5.2 Young Families 6 Collisions 6.1 Dust 6.2 Meteorites 7 Physical Characteristics 7.1 Size and Mass 7.2 Composition 8 Main Belt Comets 9 The largest objects of the Asteroid Belt
79bf0b58e890072ba23002579f4db754575ac3cf	10 11 12 13 14
cb351a3697edb8d610c4b0439056ffdc6ac2c199	9.1 Ceres 9.2 Vesta 9.3 Pallas 9.4 Hygeia Asteroids as sources of resources See also Notes References
2d9791e9c961436ac6f912f98c584f33da1238f3	The history of the study of asteroids The Titius — Bode rule A kind of prehistory of the beginning of the study of the asteroid belt can be considered the discovery of a dependence that approximately describes the distances of planets from the Sun, called the Titius — Bode rule.
8f656de1a25f657424464e35b3610c085ed27ec9	The essence of the rule is that the location of the orbits of the planets of the Solar system can be approximately described by an empirical formula of the form:, where is the ordinal number of the planet (while for Mercury it should be assumed that the known planet does not correspond).
8278d2adba7612cf98a492d21a4ac4c78acb1202	, and
751827c407fd1889098f9f5b1563b70c29847c1d	none at all
2473e8d7e55c64e7e96962359fd7d31580290cc9	It was first formulated and published by the German physicist and mathematician Johann Titius back in 1766[8][9][10], but despite the fact that, with the specified reservations, all six planets known at that time (from Mercury to Saturn) satisfied him, the rule did not attract attention for a long time.
dff1fd8f62f2792021a101cf189cbf4eeef78dea	This continued until Uranus was discovered in 1781, the large semi axis of its orbit exactly corresponded to the predicted formula.
cc1d0f2db8fc20fd38e4bb521811ce1776396be5	After that, Johann Ehlert Bode suggested the possibility of the existence of a fifth planet from the Sun between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, which, according to this rule, should have been located at a distance of 2.8 AU and has not yet been discovered[10].
5441900c1fdf00e1da99494f7dae9d131b504d14	The discovery of Ceres in January 1801, and at the specified distance from the Sun, led to increased confidence in the Titius — Bode rule among astronomers, which remained until the discovery of Neptune.
95c2c4d730038e460c2776682893ac7cc003eebe	The Discovery of Ceres
3773c9f6b3107d275d04ac754a4063a074a068e2	Italian astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi, who discovered Ceres, which was initially considered a planet, then for two hundred years just a large asteroid and finally was finally determined in the status as a dwarf planet
741652c38de034ccc0564ebd800e479e19383ca8	The first search for a planet between Mars and Jupiter was started in 1787 by Baron Franz Xaver.
3e5b6da477fe21387049bc3712d5cb1170eb0158	But after several years of unsuccessful observations, he realized that he needed the help of other astronomers, so in September 1800, he gathered a group of 24 scientists to jointly search for the planet, forming something like an informal club called the Lilienthal Society.
75b54d5a713f9635376ae100ed083d5b7184953f	However, this group was best known as the "Himmelspolizei", or"heavenly police".
8ce2ff3bc5aa040f18a19245b570e0d3d1647c3d	Its most famous members were William Herschel, Charles Messier and Heinrich Olbers[11].
c11fb892ae78fcb8a17f018ffc6edad9db69bcdc	They divided the zodiacal part of the sky near the ecliptic into 24 parts (according to the number of astronomers), giving each a zodiacal area with a width of 15° to search for a planet[12].
d2e46db7fb9458b50e78541da8030a5a55c379d8	The task was to describe the coordinates of all the stars in the area of the zodiacal constellations at a certain moment.
34abcd53103ed10a8d5d58e3173f0a5e8a3ab52d	In the following nights, the coordinates were checked and objects that moved a greater distance were highlighted.
32f4654bed2cae51bae7f28f9c91914dfbd473ce	The estimated displacement of the desired planet should have been about 30 arc seconds per hour, which is easy to notice.
823019b945c14a56643599344a204f0455c8f615	Despite the efforts of the "celestial police", the planet was accidentally discovered by a man who was not a member of the club — an Italian astronomer from the University of Palermo in Sicily, Giuseppe Piazzi, who observed it on the night of January 1, 1801.
ebba0fff412ec10e2622582646714166db341eac	While compiling a complete catalog of stars from the constellation of Taurus, he discovered a small point of light moving against the background of stars.
dfd19fd3189920c2fffc74b2f7c0d6b15be291b1	Subsequent observations confirmed that it is not a star, but a new object of the Solar system.
5c8ef93f4c54a9c5bafbe7d4f1a143abea545e76	Initially, Piazzi took it for a comet, but the absence of a coma prompted him to think that this object could be a planet[11].
c212d37f159494e9aee93da5040b550672c7c9e3	It was located at a distance of 2.77 AU from the Sun, which almost exactly corresponded to the predictions of the Titius — Bode rule.
4131f8e9ba075923a15fb7f3b851cef9d6351b75	Piazzi named the planet Ceres, in honor of the Roman goddess of the harvest and the patroness of Sicily.
074f774e0794f444feb916fc479d3b468c2533f0	Soon after the discovery, the object was lost.
5499d5aa6488c19226c3f794dafc098938664a7d	But thanks to the most complex calculations done in just a few hours by 24 year old Karl Gauss using a new, self discovered method (the method of least squares), he managed to indicate the place where to look for the fugitive, where she was soon discovered.
2fd888165ff5e0d4242be095f6770002f105541a	Fifteen months later, on March 28, 1802, Heinrich Olbers discovered the second large object in the same region of the Solar System, which was named Pallas.
4d5fb1570c6b3bc284e0ec3973e69d23d197f360	Its semi major axis was about the same as that of Ceres, but the eccentricity and inclination, on the contrary, were very different from similar parameters of Ceres.
2ea0fa42cb744c3c6f101d6d3bedb8ccaef2068a	The most important thing is that both open bodies, unlike other planets, even in the most powerful telescopes of that time looked like points of light, that is, it was not possible to see their disks, and if it were not for their rapid movement, they would be indistinguishable from stars.
d7e244797aed1ffafc519ff087f6a5cf831f4b9c	Therefore, on May 6, 1802, after studying the nature and size of these two new objects, William Herschel proposes to classify them as a separate class of objects, named by him "asteroids", from Greek. αστεροειδής, which means "star like"[13][14][15].
c2dcb1ecfd5e0cfe28cad950502b08571e2681ae	The definition was deliberately chosen to be somewhat ambiguous, so that it would be "broad enough to cover all possible future discoveries".
d6f2660bf14ca012811226df25a99674839a1fb8	However, despite Herschel's efforts to introduce this new term, for several decades astronomers continued to call newly discovered objects "planets" [8].
eff002b85bfb0f2d7e305f76ce55c2e15bbf5bfb	So, Ceres was called a planet until the 1860s, when it was still assigned to the class of asteroids, in which it was located until 2006, until, together with Pluto and some other trans Neptunian objects, it was transferred to the category of dwarf planets.
27455b3f5d5a910197dc2ae2bab37e2dd600d934	But as the number of discovered asteroids increased, the system of their classification and designation became more and more cumbersome, and in the early 1850s, at the suggestion of Alexander von Humboldt, they were excluded from the composition of planets and gradually began to be called asteroids more and more often.
31c2f5d9425fe0f404c10ab19b905085f5b532f4	It should be noted that the Austrian astronomer Josef Litov proposed another, much more informative designation — "zenareid".
f54b3c4cbfa538594ed4465d6e9e9c77374e6759	Formed from the Greek names of Jupiter and Mars (Zeus and Ares), this name indicated the location of the asteroid belt between the orbits of these two planets.
7a6bddaca9fe9d43d3945d5788d16f7e83c098fd	However, this term was too late: the new bodies were already called by another word, besides the term "zenareid" was somewhat cumbersome and pretentious.
bf6267822acd60bd092a312ab7e269fa233b8a6a	Therefore, it never entered science, only occasionally it is found in the old German astronomical literature[16].
3bb52a7a9b7f5e7405357d5684bd83068c39045e	By 1807, two more objects were discovered, named Juno and Vesta[17].
41fb63db11a11b44f37910de37ed60c21e687e02	But the discoveries ended there.
a65edcbeadc3f3b28bc0b04218b977018d7a18eb	The beginning of the era of the Napoleonic wars served as a kind of end of the first historical stage in the history of the search for asteroids.
a369fa4ef2b6801b117dd2431ae21dc2a7663f21	There was no way to find new asteroids, and most astronomers decided that they were no longer there, and stopped research.
fb01262075ead78cf568c0fef6053a4dd5e90a94	However, Karl Ludwig Henke persevered, resuming the search for new asteroids in 1830, and in 1845 discovered Astraea — the first new asteroid in 38 years.
13d4c0be83b1c83525d5d0601154e7375e2fcade	And less than two years later, there was and Hebe is open.
b3d571b7a77ed6faf76d36d5219a80fe42519db2	After that, other astronomers around the world joined the search, and the discovery of new asteroids went at an accelerating pace — at least one per year.
3233da2f689b7f1a53c0fa0dfdae1c44688f09e1	With the improvement of telescopes, the pace of asteroid discovery constantly increased, and by the middle of 1868, their number exceeded a hundred.
b8e8b000e8c5f66a977b13028bf41eb3ac4c6105	When it became clear that, in addition to Ceres, there are many other smaller bodies at about the same distance from the Sun, in order to somehow explain this from the position of the Titius — Bode rule, a hypothesis was put forward about a planet that used to be in this orbit, the hypothetical planet Phaeton, which in the early stages of the formation of the Solar System collapsed so that its fragments became asteroids that formed the Asteroid Belt.
9a0dca6b2965547f0b42257d741366fed39af282	Subsequently, this hypothesis was refuted, because it turned out that due to the gravitational influence of Jupiter at a given distance from the Sun, any large body simply cannot be formed.
4072a15a0240be82e12ab8608dfe87ff65e073e7	With the discovery of Neptune in 1846, the Titius — Bode rule turned out to be completely discredited in the eyes of scientists, since the semimajor axis of this planet was far from the predicted rule[18].
e7abd9437945479aed23328dd738203dfb013266	Planet
042dc4512fa3d391c5170cf3aa61e6a638f84342	i
88218f3d3265bfaee9b1f536224b1c194cdc88e9	Mercury Venus Earth Mars Asteroid Belt Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Eris
ba88778d35f1db957b42fd1038c60ded4470b6ab	−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
76896d3183735e5dc509cbab97b1b3628cbce551	The radius of the orbit (a. e.) according to the actual rule 0 0,4 0,39 1 0,7 0,72 2 1,0 1,00 4 1,6 1,52 8 2,8 on Wednesday.
4745d165e9b49e824f4780e1915f517c56ab0a58	2,2—3,6 16 5,2 5,20 32 10,0 9,54 64 19,6 19,22 drops out 30.06 128 38.8 39.5 256 77.2 67.7 k
9c81a77ce13327014b6e0e8048dfd2f8180eaa38	A new stage in the study of asteroids began with the use of the astrophotography method by Max Wolf in 1891 to search for new asteroids[19].
28cdfc2204096c07ee1a831ff04b1d1174583946	It consisted in the fact that in photos with a long exposure period, asteroids left short light lines, while the stars remained points due to the fact that the telescope turns after the rotation of the celestial sphere.
211308fa56010bb8c109da39a06c4885ef1cd004	This method significantly accelerated the detection of new asteroids compared to previously used methods of visual observation: Max Wolf alone discovered 248 asteroids, starting with the asteroid (323) Brucia, whereas a little more than 300 were discovered in a few decades before it.
d8f123e23ee9df42cd9def8a49f299c395fa6ba9	The first thousand asteroids were discovered by October 1921, 10,000 by 1981[20], by 2000 the number of discovered asteroids exceeded 100,000, and as of September 6, 2011, the number of numbered asteroids is already 285,075[21].
cc00e8a379e1961dd72c5f1f9c4ad5fa15289fdf	It is known that the asteroid belt contains a much larger number of them than is known now (it all depends on how small bodies can be called asteroids).
96965ceb03373ab50f58939a32638f2d3271de08	However, since modern systems for searching for new asteroids allow them to be detected completely automatically, almost without human participation, most scientists do not search for them, calling asteroids "space debris" left after the formation of the Solar System.
885e5236bac46955395d240a01b5d9aa04fcc768	Now more attention is being paid to asteroids that are potentially dangerous for the Earth.
41c535f35240d6cfc7722b5693137de57f4dab8b	They are called near Earth asteroids and are part of a group of near Earth objects, which also include some comets and meteoroids.
a0c726c87536389c8f13a2d41fdb98c61cc5d10e	Research The first spacecraft to fly through the asteroid belt was Pioneer 10, which flew to the main belt region on July 16, 1972.
2bbc42fcf735ed39309adc9da407a7b6619d9b45	At that time, there was still concern about the possibility of a collision of the spacecraft with one of the small asteroids, but since then, 9 spacecraft have already flown through the asteroid belt on their way to the outer planets without any incidents.
bd838a72c41e66ca9ce9573ae6da8e71b03f0106	The Pioneer 11, Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft, as well as the Ulysses probe, flew through the belt without planned or accidental approaches to asteroids.
0aed10559669795cde9721061bffaea1e38204bc	The Galileo spacecraft became the first spacecraft to take pictures of asteroids.
963fe9e89bed09ad090f0e152b9fdeb6a76b3d8c	The first objects photographed were the asteroid (951) Gaspra in 1991 and the asteroid (243) Ida in 1993.
9a8fa8ba023aebe02da39c5803f41f308a6acbec	After that, NASA adopted a program according to which any vehicle flying through the asteroid belt should, if possible, fly past an asteroid.
32fbcf711219b01c65e53207341ca7c19b710b5d	In the following years, space probes and spacecraft obtained images of a number of small objects, such as (253) Matilda in 1997 from the NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft, (2685) Mazursky in 2000 from Cassini, (5535) Annafrank in 2002 from Stardust, (132524) APL in 2006 from the New Horizons probe, (2867) Steins in 2008 and (21) Lutetia in 2010 from Rosetta[22].
aa87da9a3629a6d7a99dd1d569aa0bcd11b969c7	The flight of the Dawn spacecraft to the asteroids (4) Vesta (left) and Ceres (right)
15637315c96cdd92e707a9a4db7784cda0ef1ccf	Most of the images of asteroids of the main belt transmitted by spacecraft were obtained as a result of a brief flight of probes near asteroids on the way to the main goal of the mission — only two vehicles were sent for a detailed study of asteroids: NEAR Shoemaker, which investigated (433) Eros and Matilda[23], as well as Hayabusa, whose main goal was to study (25143) Itokawa.
9a295a80006e5b13865362a22fb2f5dc5129a616	The spacecraft has been studying the surface of the asteroid for a long time and even, for the first time in history, delivered soil particles from its surface[24].
fdf212e8b1e976521d591d1f7465154e75b74753	for a long time, he studied the surface of an asteroid and even, for the first time in history, delivered soil particles from its surface[24].
c44ff3a4499550d958a57e7773746a47f5aed66b	On September 27, 2007, an automatic interplanetary station Dawn was sent to the largest asteroids Vesta and Ceres.
54b6604e6491050c320c7f40c5fddd032d470eb8	The spacecraft reached Vesta on July 16, 2011 and entered its orbit.
d304893fb81c53638eb03841adfd3fbb6887fc29	After studying the asteroid for six months, he headed for Ceres, which he reached in 2015.
7004aa69905385186dc1f099e063cd4df87c32a1	If the probe continues to work after studying these two asteroids, it is possible to expand its mission to explore Pallas[25].
00df179b56f88064815c95282045b89695fbec67	Space researchers make various assumptions about the reason for the large concentration of asteroids in the relatively narrow space of the interplanetary medium between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
3646366500a76b7eacf2203caf779c7927127c80	The most popular among the prevailing hypotheses in the XIX century about the origin of the bodies of the asteroid belt was the hypothesis proposed in 1802, shortly after the discovery of Pallas, by the German scientist Heinrich Olbers.
13afcda37954149d2c9539577b2d0fcb3f964d13	He suggested that Ceres and Pallas may be fragments of the hypothetical planet Phaethon, which once existed between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter and was destroyed as a result of a collision with a comet many millions of years ago[19].
75b729d90174c99e760cea15e267ce890678b7b1	However, more recent studies refute this hypothesis.
e5cbcbb36d6476bf8ee71cb33d696601d08737fd	The arguments against this are the very large amount of energy required to destroy an entire planet, the extremely small total mass of all the asteroids of the main belt, the distribution diagram of the asteroids of the main belt, which is only 4 % of the mass of the Moon, and the practical impossibility of forming a belt depending on the inclination of the orbit and a large object like a planet in the region of the Solar system experiencing strong Red — gravitational disturbances from Jupiter.
6fe1ef87885d0d7d9151217d0e39b77ee214473d	Significant differences in the chemical composition of the central regions, blue the periphery of asteroids also exclude the possibility of their origin from one body[26].
786b542dab40dac552b28a4db78c5caf8a01450c	Most likely, the asteroid belt is not a destroyed planet, but a planet that could not form due to the gravitational influence of Jupiter and, to a lesser extent, other giant planets.
e5c8b3a5d04f1dbbbb841f6db954b88d1b91b9af	In general, the formation of planets and asteroids of the Solar system is close to the description of this process in the nebular hypothesis, according to which 4.5 billion years ago clouds of interstellar gas and dust under the influence of gravity formed a rotating gas dust disk, in which the disk matter was compacted and condensed.
98d7cf8670829b95c9baf96acbbbf5ea6ed8a410	During the first few million years of the history of the Solar System, as a result of turbulent and other non stationary phenomena, clumps of matter appeared as a result of sticking together during mutual collisions of small particles of frozen gas and dust.
1f2a143e2cedf9f4dfe816402b2cdd6c6d7f94ad	This process is called accretion.
ce388f37d8412601fd2667b26c800194bcad2ca2	Mutual inelastic collisions, along with the gravitational interaction increasing as their size and mass increased, caused an increase in the growth rate of the clots.
d66eb6772deb777cba5b717e5c04cf3b9e00ea5a	Then the clumps of matter attracted the surrounding dust and gas, as well as other clumps, combining into planetesimals, from which planets were subsequently formed[27][28].
226d7864ef14cce718a0bad3a95dae4c9474c3ae	Artistic representation of a protoplanetary disk around a star
006b936c9ca68bbdac8e83798a012969dc2200c7	With increasing distance from the Sun, the average temperature of the gas dust substance decreased, and, accordingly, its overall chemical composition changed.
998de344fe55fd82d87f6a69419909161aabcb87	The annular zone of the protoplanetary disk, from which the main asteroid belt was subsequently formed, turned out to be near the boundary of condensation of volatile compounds, in particular, water vapor.
c46c088cab10d287f9b6a021673ca83c5d3fe452	This is the reason for the formation of an asteroid belt in this place instead of a full fledged planet.
afc9c69ba022af7475b853e5100934890e64df12	The proximity of this boundary led to the outstripping growth of the Jupiter embryo, which was located nearby and became the center of accumulation of hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon and their compounds, leaving the more heated central part of the Solar System.
fe25ad95079cfe3d7c62bd1c18d5c40faf0943ea	Powerful gravitational perturbations from the rapidly growing embryo of Jupiter prevented the formation of a sufficiently large protoplanetary body in the asteroid belt[29].
be3d402151ee774dd29960104ca93ddc82f9438b	The process of accumulation of matter stopped there at the moment when only a few dozen planetesimals of pre planetary size (about 500-1000 km) had time to form, which then began to break up during collisions [30], due to the rapid growth of their relative velocities (from 0.1 to 5 km/s)[31]. The reason for their growth lies in the orbital resonances, namely, in the so called Kirkwood slits, corresponding to the orbits, the periods of rotation on which correspond to the period of Jupiter's rotation as integers (4:1, 3:1, 5:2).
2926cf8f645d84a7b0254af2b69ef422441311ca	In such orbits, the approach is Jupiter happens most often and its gravitational influence is maximum, so there are practically no asteroids there.
87cce561d979597b97524a1175bd970ffa99cebd	Between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter there are several zones of such resonances, more or less strong.
3dac7fdd105e0004055340cf26830b778cca3540	At a certain stage of its formation, Jupiter began to migrate to the inner part of the Solar System[32], as a result, these resonances swept across the entire belt, introducing disturbances into the orbits of asteroids and increasing the speed of their movement[33].
303116907387eaf080077d705b75fd6cacda0da1	At the same time, proto asteroids experienced numerous collisions, not only with each other, but also with bodies that invaded the asteroid belt from the zones of Jupiter, Saturn and the more distant periphery of the Solar System.
722168942820eaa85ac2359faed66fcfa16fbe6d	Prior to this, the gradual growth of the parent bodies of asteroids was possible due to their small relative velocities (up to 0.5 km / s), when collisions of objects ended with their unification, rather than fragmentation.
7d54f881ba49eedb77a46902a120ab7563e14062	The increase in the flow of bodies thrown into the asteroid belt by Jupiter and Saturn led to the fact that the relative velocities of the parent asteroid bodies increased significantly (up to 3-5 km/s) and became more chaotic, which made the process of further enlargement of the bodies impossible.
7f105c0a726dd4c697a8fc39f955172c9f50b379	The process of accumulation of the parent bodies of asteroids was replaced by the process of their fragmentation during mutual collisions, and the possibility of forming a large planet at a given distance from the Sun disappeared forever[34].
e1499409a765c03e9bf649d28789cb56f801dc48	It is assumed that as a result of gravitational perturbations, most of the material of the main belt was dispersed during the first two million years from the moment of its formation, leaving less than 0.1 % of the substance from the initial mass, which, according to the results of computer modeling, could be enough to form a planet with the mass of the Earth[30].
9b193baf229bf24471b9c10b6b052346d6742194	It is quite possible that some of these asteroids could have survived in the Kuiper Belt or among the icy bodies of the Oort Cloud, but a significant part was probably simply thrown out of the Solar System.
f760e16023bf894abde8086e9d7f6c930e923eae	Evolution
79e62421ac8630ba2f89ec1d7837b802f1d571b8	Since the formation of the primary nebula, most asteroids have undergone significant changes, which were caused by significant heating in the first few million years after their formation, the differentiation of the subsurface in large planetesimals and the fragmentation of the latter into separate smaller fragments, melting of the surface as a result of micrometeorite impacts and the influence of cosmic weathering processes that occurred under the influence of solar radiation throughout the history of the Solar System[35][36][37][38].
a5867e39e6f605f609a68ae71fafc759e64b02a2	Despite this, many scientists continue to consider them remnants of planetesimals and hope to find in them the primary substance that made up the gas dust cloud and which could be preserved in the depths of asteroids[39], others believe that since the formation of asteroids, they have undergone too serious changes[40].
e57b8abe3ead7c9dd6f76f0511e5aa739bb767a1	At the same time, the region of the gas dust cloud from which the asteroids were formed, due to its rather specific location, turned out to be very heterogeneous in composition, depending on the distance from the Sun: with distance from the Sun (in the region from 2.0 to 3.5 AU), the relative content of the simplest silicate compounds in it sharply decreased, and the content of light volatile compounds, in particular, water, on the contrary, increased.
e12750c078b2d71e83b4f6aca73535b1a985b271	At the same time, many of the parent bodies of modern asteroids were in a partially or completely melted state.
04dabe63036540628184aac35164c51d26b500ac	At least, those of them that contained a high proportion of silicate compounds and were closer to the Sun were already warmed up and experienced gravitational differentiation of the subsurface (stratification of matter into more and less dense), and some of them could even survive periods of active volcanism and form about
f81dbbe0624d6c6aad2decb088bac6cf4b9c5f99	Seasons of the Year General Education Magazine Magazine
27d882d46a3864083c06461be23a1cbd37115d71	Seasons
438edf99a8bdb584d56ac7c543dad61b68dca423	Surrounding world
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029832e19aba9942d4b11e6d2ca1b5227e6e2b0e	Home "The surrounding world" Planets and stars " Solar system
d60f2bf3d77369eaada965ef3fd23926ab27f1d5	The solar system is a system of planets, in the center of which is a bright star, the source of energy, heat and light, the Sun. According to one theory, the Sun was formed together with the Solar system about 4.5 billion years ago as a result of the explosion of one or more supernovae.
bc873169de8af28ce8181a16d6f4120de6a5f91e	At the center of the Solar system is the Sun, around which nine large planets rotate in orbits.
f8c2b368218977bacdfc6377b21af7bf63222810	Since the Sun is displaced from the center of the planetary orbits, during the cycle of rotation around the Sun, the planets then approach, then move away in their orbits.
91059b205b9f8a3378fa9e28253720bdd43d4146	There are two groups of planets:
0aed1d6f1c6453e1790e20b55607cdd270b79fc3	The giant planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
9222ea7f14ef9cd1799545766019b6e7c2ec7c74	These are large planets consisting mainly of gas and they are characterized by the presence of rings consisting of icy dust and many rocky pieces.
3ea937200f83e1af67b00a5c0c0588b5323b1560	But Pluto does not fall into any group, because, despite its location in the Solar System, it is located too far from the Sun and has a very small diameter, only 2320 km, which is half the diameter of Mercury.
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ebd212234003610eee4a07de93e9f0c8f19c636a	The sun is a giant fireball of very high temperature, consisting of plasma (ionized gas) in the composition with hydrogen and helium.
02d65f8939e7eef6240b9b219d8fd79e3ad2b262	The diameter of the sun is 1.4 million km, the temperature on the surface is 5700° C, and in the core is 14,000,000° C.
fc8d71985e778be000b3315d88316037382e080d	The sun is 149.6 million km away from the Earth and is of vital importance for the entire plant and animal world on Earth.
f001a0f4a67555170af72c706eeb84fa7f6b3bd9	Interestingly, the sun shines almost white, but near the surface of the planet Earth due to strong scattering becomes yellow, and in clear weather, along with the blue color of the sky, the Sun's rays again acquire white illumination... more detailed
4e37032c6a53974a163a2cc363de53aa543170d8	Let's start a fascinating acquaintance with the planets of the Solar System in the order of their location from the Sun, and also consider their main satellites and some other space objects (comets, asteroids, meteorites) in the vast expanses of our planetary system.
4b5e01095248b721a9de944aad68099555a81b21	Mercury is the smallest and closest planet to the Sun. Mercury rotates so slowly that passing a full circle around the sun, it rotates around its axis only 1.5 times, which is why the solar day on the planet lasts 58 earth days.
de766a5686e2a1bec123aa996a38ce7db0532217	Therefore, on the night half of Mercury, the temperature drops to -180° C, and on the day half of the planet it heats up to +430° C ... read more
917fe77e1fc1acbf4c4091d6efc4ccd8a3786c7a	Venus is the closest planet to Earth.
2ee557673306ad1df57f854221f095c4603fa384	Venus is surrounded by a layer of very dense clouds, due to the greenhouse effect.
71564eed941e6e8dae74bd557b8f02e55a56214d	The surface temperature of the planet is heated to +470° C, the percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is much higher than in rocks, while the planet is located very close to the Sun, which leads to this effect
0e7d8d8c539aafe036610c95a5a83b21a6e4d26f	promotions
ab6962b55994cf7820d59342954a28e4b9a58e55	temperatures.
1d78db9025e8f293b99d28b209e89caffe37d0c1	constantly
c40aa649814e362e3f1fc63e4205db7cdb1ac5ed	occur
9518fe0614214e2d0fd6d5df58d896e84d2091b9	flashes
9a118ea603660718639dfa2112bcbce1bdb261c6	lightning bolts,
dbb1d635978edb52948fb146c7a2284169985ced	exceeding the intensity on Earth, which may also be associated with volcanic activity... more detailed
f8a78819d7fff1d2b6315c02aa235091ebd68f5a	The planet Earth has an atmosphere that is held by the forces of gravity, the atmosphere contains important elements of hydrogen, carbon, which make life possible on Earth.
670e2b47553b8731473034be39516da3888862f5	The atmosphere consists of several layers, the lower of which - the troposphere is located 10-15 km from the Earth's surface.
43c44f963aea97e781bc28fe35b3cce31cec3fdd	Clouds and other natural phenomena form in this layer, the temperature of the troposphere is -40° C -50° C.
fe19da94e2238fd45b2e47790c4dc6e655139e64	Above is another stratosphere layer, which contains ozone gas, it absorbs waves of solar radiation, under the influence of which the temperature in the stratosphere rises to +15° C. Even higher is the ionosphere, where the temperature drops to -90° C.
4b7656af6ce76ad4124f429847ba93833f548dbd	The Earth's surface consists of 2/3 of water, the rest is continents, where life develops both in water and on land.
4a81cf06916a61b98ca4e0eaa2a6a45374cbe9ae	The oxygen on Earth, the non critical temperature on the surface of the planet and other properties gave a favorable opportunity for the existence of the plant, animal world and human life on Earth... more detailed
a16ffee42ba82a56c953c2c278fe90c40e8d3958	The Earth's satellite: The Moon The planet Earth has its own faithful satellite, the Moon.
531e77945afe3e9448a80f624ede33d4476dc3f2	There is no atmosphere on its surface, it consists of rocks, and the entire surface of the moon is covered with craters and a thin layer of dust from the fine substance "regolith", which was formed as a result of repeated and constant falls of meteorites.... more detailed
2a84e2d0bd9867dd5bec9ad16c590c837c7338b5	Mars is a small planet that appears to the naked eye as a red planet.
167f23e9eb0fd6811b51a4233254fd39bc0f2f14	The presence on the planet of formations resembling riverbeds, as well as traces of canyons and oceans, speaks in favor of the theory that Mars is most similar in structure to the planet Earth.
226945d72ac82212e32c7b80015e4008c8413a83	Until now, scientists imply the presence of water on the planet.
b46f3d1dda8818c655ca24b10542b2fd49f60014	Just like on our planet, there is an atmosphere on Mars, only the oxygen content in it is negligible, only 0.13%, and the pressure on the surface is much lower than on Earth... more detailed
83ee57f8ea683fc65c153044c9c0f97f74379610	Moons of Mars: Phobos and Deimos Mars has two moons Phobos and Deimos, the diameters of the satellites are very small and they look more like asteroids because of the uneven surface.
dad7b9ef7ca4be0a9677867bf3f6b04c4571cb10	The diameter of Phobos is 27 km, the diameter of Deimos is 15 km... more detailed
deccff2cdb6af45fd74f7bc5b4321da2c7bc48f8	Jupiter is the largest planet in the Solar system, consisting of gas, the layers of which are in constant vortex like movements.
d9a8d8a4ce231caa980e8f1e7dfafea96032ab8d	The diameter of Jupiter is huge - 143,000 km (for comparison, the diameter of the Earth is 13,000 km).
fc730c0642b795fdc2537734546eb440d463a6a6	Despite its large size, Jupiter rotates very quickly around its axis (in 9h 50 min of Earth days), which is why the diameters at the poles of the planet are compressed, and the equator is stretched... more detailed
467940f7337ee8d6a1041e7390fc0b6670d3797d	Rings and moons of Jupiter: Europa, Io, Ganymede, Callisto and others...
17558ce5dbb6a6ce49b9ffee6823be932cd81f05	The planet Jupiter is surrounded by a whole family of 16 satellites, and each of them has its own, unlike other features... more detailed
56a3440521a51687b602ae79c3ca575810d9ab5c	Saturn This amazing and beautiful planet has pronounced rings that are easy to see in an ordinary telescope, and the uniqueness of Saturn is also that its density is lower than the average density of water and, if you imagine that there could be an ocean on the surface, you could see an incredible spectacle of how its waters would easily splash on the surface of the planet... more detailed
d24558ed537d086d8c78392cf76eca169033b0c4	Rings and moons of Saturn: Titan, Enceladus and others ...
6e3f1c4f3ea06975f71b4d1fec59e06860d4d335	There are characteristic rings not only on the planet Saturn, but also on other giant planets.
ed1c5cd36af7869dbc43f47d24190c92767f1e24	The rings around Saturn are especially clearly visible, because they consist of billions of small particles that revolve around the planet, in addition to
fca9ce744b8511a9f59bd57a0f67458acc3e707a	Saturn has 18 moons, one of which is Titan, its diameter is 5000 km, which makes it the largest satellite of the Solar system... more detailed
a7c64f7aab40d7e2480094c7095ffb3019cebf46	Uranus This unusual planet is visible to the observer in blue and green colors due to the absorption of the infrared spectrum by hydrogen and methane.
da69b076784f82491c44a67e78c3d4e9a57a94b7	On the surface of Uranus, winds are raging at a huge speed of up to 600 km/h, moving along the course of the planet's rotation.
11c7b9c2b4914b074f5bbe9c1fa88ae91fb69b87	The uniqueness of Uranus is that its axis of rotation is strongly inclined, almost parallel to the plane of the ecliptic, so from the Earth the poles of the planet can be seen only half and then only for 42 years.
e68f280819c105f6525ec7038e2bbdca6301fd19	So far, the only theory of this phenomenon is this perhaps in the history of the planet there was a collision with some large celestial body... more detailed
fc592ac33e3ab1caef333497324b51bcee85786c	Uranus ' rings and moons: Titania, Oberon and others ...
c2ea4de0ec674acbb4f0e95ca7e7f477960d8d0d	The planet Uranus has 17 satellites and, like other giant planets, thin rings encircling the planet that practically have no ability to reflect light, so they were discovered not so long ago in 1977 by accident... more detailed
40087bd20a7e6a404f6b329ee10826687d4e35fc	Neptune This planet, like Uranus, consists of gas, the main composition of which includes water, methane and ammonia.
003558adaf7775ab943ad6c59872a7760903de63	Precisely, from the high concentration of methane in the atmosphere, the planet acquired a blue color.
968292e0df76a453448ade933cc5de2915a56aab	Above the surface of Neptune, clouds of ammonia and water stretch, and above them a dense layer of methane clouds, in addition, hydrogen and helium are present in the planet's atmosphere.
ef91ac26f35ff1a6fd9e5651e6bac40a3f3a1f30	The atmosphere itself has increased activity, where powerful winds blow at a speed of over 2000 km/h, forming huge spots the size of our planet... more detailed
50eab1c14c649e95251b327849abfeedf8b6d41c	Rings and moons of Neptune: Triton, Nereid and others ...
e669261cca9adde9aceffd3d477451b3cae31a22	Initially, before the exploration of Neptune by the Voyager 2 spacecraft, it was known about two satellites of the planet Triton and Nerida.
fb52b0089a2be9d6a035563f5ed8034ecee18127	An interesting fact is that the satellite Triton has the opposite direction of orbital motion, also strange volcanoes were discovered on the satellite, which spewed nitrogen gas like geysers, spreading a dark colored mass (from a liquid state to steam) for many kilometers into the atmosphere.
408a2a7bd90c859d9cdb5b27bb6aa21d7b43e23c	During its mission, Voyager 2 discovered six more moons of the planet Neptune... more detailed
041f2a00a9c29f1bfbf3606ce518e55e035db561	Space objects of the Solar system Comets Rushing at great speed and traveling along huge orbits laid out in the universe, comets, as these celestial bodies are called, consist of a bright glowing head and an incredibly long (up to 100 million km) tail plume.
f897431cb980682f1370aa2a7ee4efcd065b862f	These solitary wanderers can move away for a long time outside the Solar System and, returning, rush closer to our planet, moving overcoming the gigantic distances of their orbit... more detailed
11f8c75eb5c84d9289027732d9910291450186fb	Asteroids are Like planets, only very small in size, asteroids revolve around the Sun, they have a rocky surface structure and some characteristics are similar to small planets, so they are sometimes called "small planets".
04259dac0e07b426c506ec265a77b672d0255be0	The largest cluster of asteroids is located between Mars and Jupiter, this zone is called the "asteroid belt".
c733f19243dcfd793844a80984970174af846a16	Asteroids have a variety of sizes: small ones from a few tens of centimeters in diameter, like a kitchen saucepan, and large ones with a diameter of up to 250 km or more.
e6ff1bba99cc6e7404bbfbe02c1fe8c054f91088	Thus, the largest known asteroid Ceres has a diameter of 1000 km... more detailed
1d4ba9557ba889731118d56b2f22645b7bed5ecf	Meteorites Shooting stars - this is the name of a meteor shower that occurs every year in early August and at other intervals throughout the year.
0b0d3419a53aac76f1440a0299a76f9d4ec14fe0	Sometimes" shooting stars " meteorites can be seen with the naked eye, they flash like a spark that struck the blue of the night sky for a fraction of seconds.
99193368aa47a9ec0150e4760c147b110539a82f	These are small particles of cosmic dust that fall to the Earth and, evaporating in the dense layers of the atmosphere, leave a short bright trace on the starry sky... more detailed
985d103715452baa8f1346ba1b493ee1a195abca	Distant objects of the Solar system Pluto This ice planet, the most distant in the Solar System, could belong to the terrestrial group of planets by its characteristics, but since 2006, according to the decision of the IAU, Pluto has been classified as or to the dwarf planets along with Eris and Ceres.
85183b1a854c9bfbc6d815e72225c4018f74e08e	Pluto has a rocky core with a possible ice content, an icy mantle and a crust that forms the surface of the planet.
1f99e453139d898395a9ff302e99aea5a1fd477f	Most likely, there is a thick mass of ice over 200 km thick under the upper layer, so the planet consists mainly of water and methane components... more detailed
0c5149d22c8120852cc60a8130d16c956fdce098	Pluto's moons: Charon, Hydra, Necta and others...
65a37a209d7d6df8066044eb626f2e8863a5e7bd	At the moment, the planet Pluto has about 5 satellites.
6eae60ee64d794410ad4ed373e52c22fe1ef4860	These are the large satellite Charon, 2 small satellites Hydra and Nikta, and 2 more small satellites P4 and P5.
01f801736f2e69caf2fcbad1b71325a89683204c	Pluto's moon Charon is unique in that it has a very small size in comparison with the satellites of other planets.
35b5cc4cb178cb103187cc6c5ce26fd3ced6fbc1	It is located very close to the planet and makes a revolution around Pluto with the same speed of the planet's rotation around its axis, so this satellite is always at the same point above the planet... more detailed
cda062eeec7c42f66d4373c9a86492e58f89bd3a	The Edgeworth Kuiper Belt and the Oort cloud Beyond the boundaries of the orbit of Neptune are distant objects of the Solar System that have received the wording "trans Neptunian objects", including objects of the Kuiper belt, small bodies, dwarf planets, for example, the Pluto Charon system, the dwarf planet Eris and other objects, most often consisting of ice.
42acba44f0c517d753326e31f15982490081319d	Even further away is the scattered disk, where objects are strongly scattered, and even further away at a distance of almost 1 light year is the Oort cloud, which is probably the building material for the formation of comets... more detailed
f27416d554672823e4479f0e69282c077ecc4b0e	Dwarf planets of the Solar system In our Solar system there is a place not only for eight planets, there are many more such planets.
3f025715ee8cf1de161f8caffddeed1e7422459a	Being beyond the region of the orbit of Neptune, such
f6563332ddc526ea3f56b9c0b6c15f7a9bd676d6	heavenly
f0f7f39ec7e62249ee81dac2c3f1b3586a4fd52e	objects
fa7e4173e8aa23824417fdde74a0429ab125d769	they are moving
408158643ed564c72fa0921826f8294d71ccbf7c	by
f2104f95264636b0abb0da2ae9f2baa6cf183fdd	huge
d56aef90c02671dc3b8aec823a05627bcfaa92bb	orbits,
33b82201081ec7c438cb5d9a36cd72bcb153050b	that
20379bca0570808fff07c8b48803b0b9a8a5ad73	approaching, then moving away from the Sun by huge astronomical magnitudes, some making a revolution around the Sun for more than 4,000 years.
bdad8b9cccf91fd253c3d6d43f2cd5efae0b6c9a	These are dwarf planets, many of which are now well known, but there may be many more such dwarf planets... more detailed
0002e258d551fbbc616f561c635965b76252a13e	Planets in other solar systems Planets of other solar systems Far away at a distance of many light years from our Sun shine other stars that form their own planetary systems.
b230d251473d29dcb4a8c8f0f6a707533d05083d	Such planets are called "exoplanets" and they also have their own stars, around which their orbits pass.
f9df20c739eba7367f6c7cbb663c0b0008b8d9be	Modern technologies allow us to detect all new planets and entire planetary systems belonging to their star.
fbd28a0b254b2e05b5db9b7a9752d297e272f7b7	In the Milky Way galaxy alone, there may be over 100 billion such planets, up to 20 billion planets may have surface properties similar to those of Earth, and some of them may even have life...more detailed
aca596b52b90d29478656c4fcec7cf40ba01e822	Dima comments on April 13, 2015 19: 45
91461c525b67fdafef566b887e023f3c4fffeb81	nekit 1635 April 15, 2015-13: 35
59582d802266120053d1574a127c35ca5be63aee	zoya April 15, 2015 16: 38
fee1c74b82bba64cc0d605775e8fbecaf795e986	oksana April 18, 2015 09: 53
fc1de908b98e50e242484486ef707a53cf4f7952	Thank you very much, good material and with photos.
afaabc6e5ba219673d7c23b6efa76590d8b85fab	plus sign and then they got it or they spread what I want
da86f8aee14d16bcd2baec1f9e9dfe9e379a0dd8	reply Whoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
71eec22334ee331d8e5bbd2e517e0668158cdb19	answer the question. the little mermaid and the satellite of the giant of the solar system?
ebaf3f755dfa62459e247753a15ab49c0649d055	Arseniy
7e582941b89bceb2ff2e49e5d0062342eb38b0fb	a very good website a friend asked me to make a presentation because she does not have
84cd47ced1f7ac423eda9a65cfb20db5ddc4a96e	April 22, 2015 02: 41
d34af60e6d85771882e760e6567fc38fd53a303e	computer and your site saved me from a difficult situation, I wish you prosperity.
df8cd538ba12f8695eca9cbeb2e38331c4c350c4	Victoria
43d603a434b750200d28df7456dd23c28517518f	please answer, tell me the planets of the solar system in order.
a0d926afb1c57c8d04dcccbc8d5d6813fe0f5617	May 29, 2015-19: 29
1ee29ef219aa0f452864cd1ad375d9581357c31f	Victoria.
77c0db123523d27af37cab346e8698c0e7ce9e51	What you see here on this page, the planets are located by
373bcbbfe02b5a14f23666acb42fb193d1ddbaac	May 29, 2015-23: 13
5aa4565a07d13a1f821175cfb8871ea540e321a5	order from the sun
14c8de2d98948aa733349ba6bdcb341f8b3a6608	DIMA
66f6f532f9d71aefd08de300051a1ccfca77916f	reply THANK YOU VERY COOL SITE
feabc03dff2df884f125eedc7d5e6b8ade36950c	May 31, 2015 09: 34
bc85fb901024a48641266eebe9f8d6d196ef1467	Cool!!It helped me at school.
d3180fe330f169bd06403063068b5dcda82a84b3	September 3, 2015 21: 21
35675e68f4b5af7b995d9205ad0fc43842f16450	guest
d01934334f5d538a81fbacf1b7acf4fb3276045b	I really liked it, it will definitely come in handy in life!
f304ab560c948b1c3566b2dc9a2a0acc2408750e	September 11, 2015 12: 21
85d8d76ba15bde3ef1602f477f32fd64e32fea5a	cool
0fc46c910bd4fc7e0448959b72c96c653ec8940b	October 1, 2015 09: 18
3317062fa6496a0f942ac5556f0c3b53fee360d5	Jeanne
0909c7c814f81e13dc1031449e8ea28b8ed9ecd8	It was very useful!!!!
5ee880e9fc07a707557dd9154cb9d4d548ff39d8	Well done to the one who came up with such an interesting article and
60bc798d56d2330c4ad81524e5e5dd8a6bca1cd5	November 15, 2015 17: 10
f79c04ec717d68bb4aca60f31477655b73b2667d	I spent a lot of time on it!!!
e7533503e3bb829d94afe01dfd679e372a946419	Bravo!!!!
82c9f5c4317ebece7c06e006e4adf41f0c936713	Eugenia
fb5d070e7df754f35904a36f6ecea8053aa79c94	Wow! in the lessons, it was useful to put 5 thank you thank you
47ef47e831eee9c142c32331fff5e3b603a43842	December 21, 2015 17: 09
33f990ee86ac9a520fca7401e6ab57b7b563e6a9	thank you!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
b68e49a388508f5ed7360f3ff07479321a6b0291	Marina
5e9b2bbac2550aecc41772a3ce231da15ac88a11	Thank you, I liked it,I've already graduated from school,I'm just interested in reading about space.
0ff0679ab7fae0bae488af280668bbab459bf7b7	January 29, 2016 22: 33
2519ea30a5c42f260e81e574308ecd2ee1e74bf9	Artem
e89df0de9edbac7e91c8a315acd59f182399cc34	HI I'M ARTEM AND IT'S COOL BECAUSE I'M A SCIENTIST
40dd871ba4b6cc5c9264902d10c6940708ae286c	February 6, 2016 11:15 am
169644f55e1c03109cef9cc6160775f2692dfc92	Aksana Bitner
2991fd24eff8a9749767b496d57d10cd94d9788a	COOL
c6a5feb3dec8c91d537ac6b5e67d1700ed100b7f	February 6, 2016 11:16 am
eec7afac958024df728518bfb06b339d9b2c0c3e	reply thank you very much
ee8dc38bb8da93cd27a8e03d91ca3c1203585192	March 4, 2016 15: 26
b0b6a16e5774ed494e7e7b946c5376a99de1e926	Nastya
fec1bfb63439a9cd3c0e8fa39a1c95bd7b4df22e	Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto the last planet
006613e609000276dc1db40bb4866f9d10e0a7af	March 16, 2016 15: 17
0d99bec28738dd18e3324fe6e1f1f9488c63b335	but now it is dwarfed
92b4d3d74a58643561c7bf210338d31de568bab3	goshankrut228
fb072d4c8064970b711efbf695d1818dc62b3118	the coolest site really helped out with dwarf planets planets
7fc82c0972b915a77da8e9640f81dc5d89120e73	March 28, 2016 18: 31
f6f2269ff7a5cecb29d93ae3f4508b4a3a8e1430	giants and with a solar system can not even describe my delight
711b1f5af750b8aa0f8f7b96c164dbda55caf099	adela 29 march, 2016 15: 34
811c51d0407c2a9b3c93ca4e773d8391593e85ec	nata April 7, 2016 14: 03
c1cd4674fd1bcf7a26fc90a0d4cef168b0e6b479	I get goosebumps when you read all this.
653e00fa4e31387c1cb5ecc622f863cc3f2d2805	Very interesting.
68d060cfa8add27158f0e83a2b8f10739cb2e596	It helped a lot when preparing a project about space in 3 cl.
beb8969082a0dacf1b40ad27228d275611c7e784	Natalya
ad32f9ab10b2face098b2c5b011d829bf514e323	All our lives we were taught that there are 9 planets in the Solar system,and now there are
b64f9381dc962aee0f8c29ea87d5d764c2df3f59	May 19, 2016 16: 34
52637d9c501eeb1c9c4e77fa9caa025b17788c58	8,in 30 years it will turn out to be 11, a madhouse.
f0c53be23931836f384c1664150323735456f6e6	May 19, 2016-23: 56
a1b6cc8d4014fad123dff28b1aadaf8bd774bc7d	Not a madhouse.
e70e4d913fa78da4a87336d46e2cb6cf0d233f1f	The fact is that according to its characteristics, the former 9th planet Pluto cannot be a planet, but only a mini planet, the correct wording is a Dwarf planet.
4196b1ad7d0f2daba170ac677088381eac5d0e49	Therefore, the status of the planet was taken away from Pluto.
59d87ac4d6ddb31e677a5156ed09c55ff0d5c1f9	Over the past two decades, not one, and not two, but many small mini planets have been discovered in the far corners of the Solar System, and there are even more in the Oort Cloud, and it is implied that there may be dozens, hundreds of celestial bodies that have not been discovered, all then, what?
dc8caf63e8ac93135754edbbeb42e02f5c0546cb	Therefore, to claim the title of planets.
3ad1b2f614780b3021988475ff2954d4c2b85ef1	Then we would have not 9, not 11 planets in the Solar system, but dozens, hundreds of planets.
16005820d44640b99ef56cda30b9c809338fff57	Alexander 2 November, 2016-20: 39
811a2bed05010bb4b1196c8a3a5ecea3387923fc	I donot see anything wrong with the fact that there are actually dozens, hundreds of planets!
0cffe01481eb22b43c945f1b6c8f40faac9bad31	Thank you,this information is just for a schoolboy.
2929dfaa512aa675f02cb2e776be23936b70068b	Clearly stated about Pluto, science does not
922e615175b63ce2cca238ce37c589bcc546391b	November 16, 2016 21: 01
067fef7d51d12613c6482acf6734654d87291dd4	it stands still, so it seems, they once said.
ab58f0065384fbca3f11ec911aa80cbfa90f3c87	Rose December 6, 2016 16: 30
e43a5cb5e1af523d0556ced1a3037b9352844e49	I really liked the answer.
1e8cd63083446a15f8ba6262a8838e23a397971a	And although there is no.
fead074c58a058fc07342625e8f8dd7a0ce996f0	I donot like
b8a4be712f5dd13c935a9dff55104e9a68f454fe	What are the dimensions of the solar system compared to the world of the universe
5d4f6c7375f05a9038d9ecde2ec3218c502f5ec5	December 8, 2016 20: 29
aca503ce7d8aa09e7ac1f2f6de3e08080f4a830c	Alena
07b3d6847eb8b8ea1d1a3d6a2878da23e08fba02	Thank you very much, and then it was necessary to make a presentation on geography, in short
517e2b8934db46e0e2dd9f762ffc37159c987479	December 18, 2016 14: 49
d0044421d175440ece185877770e01af534c6419	cool website
7afb943adc6de4b58fd285e3769b735b73df658b	Vlad
47ea4d3aec689b726f13147003d0a3f52e19d30f	1 to infinity, because the universe is growing with every second
0c84a46c18b968953beeda23c40c6b21ecb73580	January 24, 2017 17: 51
dd2ed1b827f8de585d4271f7aef0d4e1470ac967	Olga
4ba968e26fbe6b39f967306c0e75ec5cc2f47af1	everything is written in great detail.
fdcc7062c58180bcb96605473d7cf617ac162699	Thank you very much for helping.
3225f587880f8f66b714998dfab3ad1072530f45	January 27, 2017 14: 32
a04136803cf1deed8ce5e949b989281a773208db	kerya 30 January, 2017 20: 22
2ccd2bb51329d926d67690714d79f67712f2e048	thank you very good reports very useful I am very grateful to you
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371448c51dae3646a08e3c202afc708c537421d2	Catalog of abstracts Collection of abstracts on various topics Home RSS of Abstracts Search query
07808526cd5949b55a0264948ee12572453b72a6	What is the difference between the planets of the inner and outer group Category: Astronomy, Aviation, Cosmonautics
dda188bdc4857680997924a028bfcfd7b8f5e6b6	The solar system is a system of celestial bodies consisting of the Sun, 9 major planets and their satellites, tens of thousands of minor planets and their satellites, tens of thousands of minor planets( asteroids), many comets, small meteor bodies and interplanetary gas and dust.
570363eca0680ee1027c165350dc044f1589e9bd	Everything in the solar system is determined by the Sun, which is the most massive body and the only one that owns its own glow.
4756b6704366543e8ad7c960ab9f9f3b0a06db7f	The sun is an ordinary main sequence star with an absolute magnitude of +5.
ea883010db40a6341f8862246a785cc970f9565b	Its volume is a million times larger than the volume of the Earth, but compared to the giant stars, the Sun is very small.
215eb7e110656245fab33dd60955af54c9443b92	Other members of the Solar system shine with reflected sunlight and look so bright in the sky, it is not difficult to forget that for the universe as a whole they are not even remotely as important objects as they seem to us.
c461ecb3340e2756f48e5eeceb0da41ef6ed4a9c	Nine planets orbit the Sun in ellipses (not much different from circles) in almost the same plane in order of distance from the Sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth (with the Moon), Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto.
dde2da166bd16dd354ba11f11bba00bb2c358b4d	The planets are divided into two distinct groups.
a84d4bcecfcfa715f8fa46303a0352e1ac072115	The first includes relatively small planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars, with diameters from 12756 km (Earth) to 4880 km (Mercury).
39c6eb8fea1cdbfccdb9db280cfe90084d4c21cf	These planets have some common characteristics.
247991c4ab452e9dd2dc21b3d37c3042fe1b0eb7	All of them, for example, have a solid surface and, obviously, consist of a similar substance in composition, although the Earth and Mercury are denser than Mars and Venus.
0b5fba150ded87b7316a071b8c8fe9f396313637	Their orbits generally do not differ from circular ones, only the orbits of Mercury and Mars are more elongated than those of Earth and Venus.
f26dd4b76f565c799f345b70bb9dceabbf6718cc	Mercury and Venus are called inner planets because their orbits lie inside the earth; they, like the Moon, are in different phases — from new to full and remain in the same part of the sky as the Sun. Mercury and Venus HAVE NO satellites, the Earth has one satellite (the Moon is known to us), Mars has two satellites Phobos and Deimos, both very small and clearly different in nature from the Moon.
fc33192180af0ad7cc1defc6edb31862f718823d	On Mars there is a wide gap in which thousands of small bodies are moving, called asteroids, planetoids or small planets.
986e8438e49d00b12248265b0b8624512fe749bd	The diameter of even the largest of them — Ceres is only about 1000-1200 km.
462cee8655d363e8d10b52afb6f4d4c89b1e8bae	Far beyond the main asteroid zone there are four giant planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.
dcb1ce0909c0bdb63eea1ce77bb4d0d1484fb7ad	These planets are completely different from the planets of the Earth group: they are rather gas and liquid
343535e23c75b475c295ecf0755e91f649bfad3a	than solid, with very dense atmospheres.
7a332d83f0e43e3317ea7f714b50ba3462dfccfa	Their mass is so large that they were able to retain most of the original hydrogen.
b27910cbee53b937f46aa41bb2256ab20d4c64b5	So, the rotation speed for Jupiter is 60 km / s, while for the Earth it is 11.2 km / s.
7bb04bb2c8daf0e30d1e13636099258481c5b7f7	Their average distance from the Sun is from 778 million km (Jupiter) up to 4497 million km (Neptune).
16d64de96aee59f5aeb285ffbe5725a5c8fd0a24	The giant planets have a lot in common, but they differ greatly in details.
c3b7f82a21f6b774f3bd31d6451a2a3731745c6a	Their densities are relatively low, and the density of Saturn is even less than the density of water.
acbf07c541535f84fbea77986fb14aacba0eafe0	Although Jupiter is visible solely due to the sunlight reflected from it, the planet also has its own heat sources.
ae56fd0fa41c6e79613de9e84acc966b6b224e4e	However, despite the fact that the temperature of its core should be high, it is far from sufficient for nuclear reactions to begin there, so Jupiter cannot be compared with a star like the Sun. Five planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn have been known since ancient times, since they are all clearly visible to the naked eye.
fa3b1d070caea1569b1d3d1942902bf0cffb49f9	All of them are part of the outer group of planets.
2e46bc91babbd06f5c04ff4280befd7c1477d98f	Uranus, which is at the limit of visibility with the naked eye, was accidentally discovered in 1781.
d49ce756c122bd9af3f4cd41d5e7f17a34b7e7fa	All the giants are accompanied by retinues of satellites: Jupiter has 14 satellites, Saturn — 15, Uranus 5 and Neptune 2.
0c7220fd7f794207d7ec72f98613e7c70e7b4851	Some of the satellites are the size of planets with diameters at least equal to the diameter of Mercury.
28a27f662753e5bba192e9963ac2baa767f7c6cd	Pluto, itself removed from the known planets, was discovered in 1930.
0e53bba3244284b9d6a4ccdb745e1a0c8350d8cf	This is by no means a giant, it is smaller than the Earth in size, and it is usually attributed to the planets of the Earth group, although very little is known about it.
4d222d660667a622fc3410a38099d07d6ec72101	The closer a planet is to the Sun, the greater its linear and angular velocities and the shorter the period of rotation around the Sun. While the planes of the orbits of most planets are close to the plane of the Earth's orbit (the difference is 7 degrees for Mercury and much less for other planets), the orbit of Pluto is inclined to it relatively strongly — by 17 degrees and is so elongated that at the closest approach to the Sun, Pluto comes closer to it than Neptune.
67140260a492e3633063eb90383c5b5d8dd2d895	It is quite likely that Pluto forms its own class of planets; it is even possible that it was once a satellite of Neptune and only later gained independence.
45c25cb5a9c078b76799f9bf3cf67281bb36f95c	These are large formations of rarefied gas and dust particles with a very small solid core, they also orbit the Sun. Most of them have elliptical orbits that go beyond the orbit of Pluto, so that the diameter of the latter is only conditionally taken as the diameter of the Solar System.
824863b52b7eea6d91c6ee4f083aa522f1ee96ba	Together with asteroids and comets, they belong to the small bodies of the Solar system.
42a1b4d4c95b8892371e506318267c48c0d5ca33	The space between the planets is filled with extremely rarefied gas and cosmic dust.
1d204f1975dcd6f73d59eb9d3611ee5e8c2cf592	It is permeated by electromagnetic radiation; it is a carrier of magnetic and gravitational fields.
9259bdd0ad68f77671d4c7af309fe050049ab784	The sun is 109 times larger than the Earth in diameter and about 333,000 times more massive than the Earth.
0b37f0cc2574a748dbd73c0fc5cb0cb41325ef61	The mass of all the planets is only about 0.1% of the mass of the Sun, so it controls the movement of all the members of the Solar system by the force of its attraction.
045fdfabbb808f80c8a6a945f5701b512127efd5	Distinctive features of the planets of the Earth group from the giant planets.
bbda40b4ab57428b9ca608ddb34c115f84ef5382	Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars differ from the giant planets in smaller sizes, lower mass, higher density, slower rotation, much more rarefied atmospheres (there is practically no atmosphere on Mercury, so its daytime hemisphere is very hot; all giant planets are surrounded by powerful extended atmospheres), a small number or lack of satellites.
6180f82ddbdce802b5f57921959f905fae1fcaa6	Since the giant planets are far from the Sun, their temperature (at least above their clouds) is very low: on Jupiter — 145 C, on Saturn 180 C, on Uranus and Neptune even lower.
179132edd2a27e2e65c689bb839d8b8bbd74e3eb	And the temperature of the planets of the Earth group is much higher (on Venus up to plus 500 C).
7fb60d26e0170154c3bf0ce07be5169e3c4e7e9e	The low average density of giant planets can be explained by the fact that it comes out by the distribution of mass on the visible volume, and we estimate the volume by the opaque layer of the large atmosphere.
ca856489aa4ed6072fdf3f4276a4a5565b3ca980	The low density and abundance of hydrogen distinguish the giant planets from other planets.
70f3f6e9e38efd903ea487081ae460796c5c8bab	B. A. Vorontsov Velyaminov "ASTRONOMY 11".
4c03151ac24e05c96d97e9b381707365834e2575	Moscow, "EDUCATION" 1989 Encyclopedia (first volume) "Science and the universe".
a4949502adb9b4147a62648ed71bd1570faed805	Edited by A. D. Sukhanov and G. S. Khromov.
4b4cc3a6eed6934ff83bb3448e90bee89e33f783	Moscow, "MIR", 1983.
a0b1ddc32473767503b328e01366b22a86da5586	Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary.
43e563bd5b7fe60a1ff84ba6208000e51bf54880	Moscow "Soviet Encyclopedia" 1987
dff07be89a6e72ce350b6baa7127d9659744dd9b	Other abstracts of the heading "Astronomy, Aviation, Cosmonautics" The scale of the Universe, the composition and scale of the solar system The composition and scale of the Solar system.
1b3fd58eb19be49da9351cec5c9a65ffb106e981	Configurations and conditions of visibility of planets Yuri Vasilyevich Kondratyuk Sikorsky I. I.-Ukrainian aircraft designer Volcanoes of the Solar system A materialistic picture of the world through the eyes of astronomy The Sun is the nearest star Diffuse matter Determination of geographical latitude by astronomical observations Masses and dimensions vision
fbf06432088d23106d26b307dc797a2a5c82e138	Recent abstracts The concept of spare parts and their accounting Journalistic word as a means of transmitting the inner state of a person Hamerion narrow leaved, khvilivnik ordinary, horsetail field Period of peaceful development of the revolutionary process in Ukraine Common beans, cumin, common goat bearded meadow Millipede, common bagulnik, badan ordinary rake, urban gravilat, buckwheat, Gritsik, Fenugreek Universal fees Transport movement of goods and passengers Stonehenge Mikhail Khanenko Economic analysis of the bank's activities The scale of the Universe, composition and scale congenital malformations of the solar system on the example of the gorges of the lip and sky Physical culture after childbirth Customs and rituals of the Ukrainian people for nature protection Historical prerequisites for the emergence of Keynesianism Tests, research and verification of geodetic instruments What is the difference between the planets of the inner and outer group Composition and scale of the Solar system.
087f3cf4166a6eeed2aab9c38d95aeae4e5ef79e	Configurations and conditions of visibility of planets Published accounting statements and methods of reading it Constitutionalism and freedom of the press Strawberry forest, suripitsa ordinary Geographical features of the countries of the former Soviet Union The basics of tourism
265b9d14292877b3c8a1300f409cf541ce662c37	Copyright © 2010-2017 Catalog of abstracts
b3e8667fefa07c78af03f8c29d07d247e35b3881	Interesting facts about the Solar system The Solar system > Interesting facts about the Solar system While on Earth, we can observe the changes taking place in the sky due to the fact that the atmosphere of our planet is sufficiently transparent.
ac9b756d588dc84b1c3783404188317465d02f8e	Even in ancient times, observers noticed the movement of planets in the sky and the appearance of rare space objects, for example, comets.
3b8b4bbd5d94d56c9a1fd21c5e08ff72c3c5f53e	Over the past millennia, many people have believed that the stars control our fate.
27ece898e9dd4bcddf3c899b9bf415de67dc2066	In our time, science has studied planets, asteroids and comets that are located at a close distance to the Earth.
ec8c1636d768d473cfdf58f5cbdd208995479e0a	What can we learn by studying the Solar System?
49a3c6777f2ec0dd55f6e0c272873a6b4072f5cc	Knowledge about the planets and their moons is not clear enough
56d9f06832e1042fe1440f57a761bcdf225ec5cc	As you know, at the meeting of the International Astronomical Union, which took place in 2006, it was decided to transfer Pluto from the "planet" class to the newly created class, called "dwarf planets".
7f68959f9abf4a8fb46f0de936423ff730178bcb	But this definition has raised objections among those who believe that there are no dwarf planets or any others that could clear the orbit of asteroids or other space objects encountered along the way.
ba06aae6635aff0278aecb2a1e6f9b47d70d858c	Satellites make their way in an orbit around the planet, but it is difficult to assume that their orbits coincide with the orbits of asteroids or these planets are double.
e7bc4019117493746ccbacbe0ca19bea867a6b9b	In order to understand the causes of such phenomena, a more thorough study of the Solar System is necessary.
424d3ad7be2cba0469365f20e1b0242f45e744a1	The significance of comets and parts of asteroids
587098a99dd3a4770cc8ea50e737c9907a349e19	By the parts of asteroids, we mean the particles of what the Solar System used to consist of.
8d9ef1a4660ca832338bab536833f66ce524460c	In addition to the climate, craters and prospects for the appearance of living beings on celestial bodies, it is also necessary to study smaller bodies.
8871f603849f6e79c996f9bccea73c750018a909	Comets and asteroids could have brought organic substances and water in the form of ice to our planet - which could have contributed to the appearance of life on it.
956a5a8a51c2d6a3a78af89f2f4e1bf3f2584bac	The planets are in the same plane and move in orbits in the same direction
38ee3a5a0b195e18d8181c2029e6e2a321423c4d	By the definition of the IAU, the Solar system includes 8 planets.
321f41a25b75d5ff9c9994ff687d0a6a8bc21a91	The first of them is Mercury, the last is Neptune.
05f8e6a13ac9c8c38bf1e95626e44646152d124c	It was determined that the ecliptic of their motion is the same, and the rotation around the Sun has the same direction.
6c2dab70f0a62d9977e0bc80115e1d56792cef15	This supports the leading theory of the creation of the Solar system, which claims the formation of planets and satellites from a large cloud containing gas and dust, dense and rotating.
77507b11046cc0c584754e32cd453f5d124c1930	We are quite close to the center of the galaxy
1484da3525d3ef88abe8e52aecdd97db7f563800	We can measure large distances in the universe using the observation of such a phenomenon as "standard candles" - exploding stars that tend to have the same brightness, which allows us to determine at what distance from us they are.
20a1cd8bd115f6442590aa0363152f9ff1bf33f6	After carrying out the necessary calculations, it was found out that we are not far from the center of the Milky Way galaxy.
4bbca24613ea9660fb879c634e77728002300565	From our system to the center of a supermassive black hole is about 165 quadrillion miles, and, according to NASA, this is good.
4b989baee40ba1065c211bbf0eabc39956f42f89	The size of the solar system is larger than is commonly believed
84f81f09d0b4ce44ce9841bcd052c24e42990fe8	It will take a long time to reach the border of the Solar System, leaving the orbit of its most distant planet - Neptune.
98fb43e7ce5b1a3a31358790b2722b89c90ce447	It was at an amazing distance - 11 billion. miles or 17 billion km - from the Earth, which is about 118 equivalent distances from the Earth to the Sun (in astronomical units)
bdaa4b993a93469459d5398d6bb2830ae2196375	The sun has a huge mass
265fe869c5e22698d3a345d6ccb8064183daca5c	The fact that 96.86% of the total mass of the Solar System is concentrated in the star itself, which is a real heavyweight, allows us to realize how massive the Sun is.
98223cf728d89911ef91a952285aa329e04497c1	The sun consists of hydrogen and helium, which means that these gases are the most common both in our region and in the entire Universe compared to the types of rocks known to us on Earth.
2c9b451b22c51cfa7e3d009df3f60a6e86fe56a3	The search for life in our system is not over yet
3b35d200d96a239a4aa89c0efc4ee0154ae2e35f	We know for sure about the existence of life on Earth, which does not exclude its presence on other celestial bodies.
7f77c2f13ffefb0afe9af2d511e7a7d55388e495	According to astrobiologists, one of these candidates is Mars, on the plains of which water flowed many years ago, and at the poles it is available in the form of ice.
c451768c8e1b6308e07db9892d61fcb770a0b45b	Of great interest is the surface of Titan, on which the presence of organic compounds - "prebiotic chemistry", which precedes the appearance of living matter, is found.
471b5f21cad9d0e262f5974850bb1760e22ae66e	Exoplanets are located at a very distant distance and are so small in our telescopes that it makes it difficult to understand many of the details seen in their atmosphere.
51af1aca0251a57eb7d832d36b90f0fd8c28bd08	But, knowing the chemical composition of Jupiter, for example, we can assume what composition the gas giants far from us have.
9007b71c8a3386c75ad047a4b63655dad3064714	The parameters of the Earth and Neptune allow us to get a better idea of the range of sizes of planets on which life can exist (sometimes referred to as "super Earth" and "mini Neptune").
702645c81eef7dec77fa12e5fa8c80dfe9736343	And even knowing where water freezes in our Solar system can help us determine which objects in space may have ice.
d1544400047bdeec489b7e8a596008e48dfc4206	Facts about the Solar System Interesting facts about the Solar System; Formation of the Solar system
f3c9f9dd486f35b70a80428848ce92a3d7e1e8da	The largest objects of the Solar system; How many satellites are there in the Solar System
98e3f4586c9070df2d0094b3e2bc81f29a9a8822	How the Solar System was formed
f76584169cf7de6e188534144a0923838cf285ea	the system;
5cbd12db3bccf579761cbb8aee2dea6b870b294b	The largest satellite in the
122baae70dac8a111ff3ec6dcacb4e938b6d6da0	Geocentric model of the Solar system
56e64feedb25f8c2a97ca6078ceb7ca10c970ca7	The Solar system;
9c8c9f0b515889d6635353c22326a35e4bfae9b7	The smallest satellite in the
92f21f17e0a5ee1c754dfbd3fef35befe81a5988	Heliocentric model
276dfdc1681d33311afc3d310800fa022d9946c3	How many stars are there in the Solar System;
8d835118c8fd334b6497a4b94013ecc15d3d492a	Solar Nebula Theory;
f7609e6058e575f88449da31cc4cfa5d70f79390	Dimensions of the Solar System;
2095b35491d37afaa1682a4dd9d137d7ae0b1561	Solar Nebula;
ea4629b16f8d85ff7a94cdb4db0f53a64a92390a	The age of the Solar System;
8e9f02b32525ce9273be903339f14d030af93306	THE SOLAR SYSTEM OF M. Ya.
99f67d42e5f69398eb48c4760de7a67e59e98d70	Marov
6501288c00ad5749d25aa69a775e5787675ce925	Transcript of Alexander Gordon's speech in the program on 8.09.03 (according to the text of the website http://www.gordon.ru/konkurssite/030908st.html) Participant: Mikhail Yakovlevich Marov Corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Mikhail Marov: The topic you invited me to talk about is extremely capacious, and it is difficult to cover in more or less detail various aspects of this multifaceted problem in the foreseeable future.
eaf5a9bec85129ac0f67e66bae3397c0308d9d86	First of all, of course, the question arises: why should we study the Solar System, maybe we are comfortable enough on our own planet?
d298afec2a54e2ddc3ff32ce7d104955220e9014	I have heard, and relatively recently, from some colleagues who are even burdened with certain scientific titles, this: why do we need this at all? we have a lot of earthly problems, so let's focus on the Earth first of all.
2c34f5a5fe20734250dc824e7c8aad5b48977acb	In this situation, I have to answer based on completely obvious provisions.
7057a7a5a77c7286a84b80b3fdfbee9b503c8a2e	First of all, we (I mean our country) are a civilized nation, at least we consider ourselves to be such, and we must engage in science, we must learn what is in our immediate environment.
df213383618fe0a1ce5285eb2b8cc0a6685e858b	Secondly – we cannot consider the Earth one of the planets of the Solar system in isolation.
e8322c11e341f09402a826f43418762dd1c49b21	So, speaking conceptually, first of all, we need to know – how did it all work out, how did the Solar system come about, how did it evolve?
846202db83cd9913fdb8e4b4d96cbc1092972467	Secondly – we should try to answer the question of what distinguished the Earth from those nine planets that we traditionally call large planets, leaving aside Pluto, since Pluto currently has the status of a planet purely historically, being a very large body in the zan Neptune belt, comet asteroid belt.
34565f30c23d73e869a64630789bb90bd5f4a910	Therefore, I repeat, it is necessary to understand what distinguished the Earth, and, studying the Earth in a comparative planetary aspect, to give answers to many key questions that geology, climatology, geochemistry and so on are engaged in.
a327595ab8b7e6eac4d5bebe97cad071e9d21480	That is, it is necessary to extrapolate, generalize, or something, this data for the entire
a39c6799bee3191262e7d6b0a3b8289361b96ca2	the scientific field that has passed a certain evolutionary path in its development.
6a917020274aa7632843c14ad2e992df680075b0	And from this point of view, the primary interest, if you will, in the consumer sense, for a better understanding of the Earth are the two models that are closest to us – Venus, from the side closer to the Sun, and Mars, located in the opposite direction.
72f62322a77c60859cb80a1caf07055643098017	These planets are removed from the Earth on a cosmic scale by negligible distances.
e727bf8ad3b21034c81378bf59e1b0dc391ef293	Venus is 0.3 astronomical units (an astronomical unit is 150 million kilometers), and Mars is one and a half times farther from the Sun than our Earth.
a08a03e86e662b6115c4bff76db8bea82aa9cfb6	So, these are two extreme models that are decidedly not similar to the Earth, and accordingly nature itself has given us the opportunity to study them and understand due to what evolutionary path they have become so strikingly different from the Earth.
6c3f3362f1c92a0e374b6a0eb042d1375ea75980	Finally, there is one more aspect, and maybe even two.
3f2b584d3d5c4e2830f5bbbec0fb52a106a93be7	The third aspect that I would highlight is, of course, an understanding of how life on Earth originated, was the Earth itself the cradle of life?
61cd0db90e8750cc373f1658c8947c150067b134	In the ideas of some people, there is a kind of earthly "chauvinism", which consists in the assertion that life could only have arisen on Earth.
55a8f981727cf92a0f8f264d2ce6b8422484c41c	But maybe this is a more common phenomenon?
788e344b2e2c021e62c24c6783cf80be791ae335	And we can say that the Earth is not an exception, but is one of the harbors of life – we will not talk now about whether it is primitive or more highly developed.
2603fc0bafc17abe9dc252abcb706217e865ae11	Finally, the last aspect that I would like to mention is that we should think about the progressive development of humanity.
f63bebe7b80771c92d5f0f2ac37206ddf94c23a1	Let's think about what successes we have achieved in just half a century, less than half a century.
ce4122f7dbcd448a5797092137eddecb099c56f4	After we went into space, at one time we did not think that we would be able to view various bodies of the Solar System in close proximity, put spacecraft there, and conduct even more complex studies.
163e4f03dfd925dec6663eb2daaddfcf9db9e700	So, we must think that humanity will somehow come to start flying to these celestial bodies.
9c1140ca476527ae5e43a8491d4e86b8d3c1c3ce	And I deeply believe that we should not think that this will happen in 100 years or in a millennium.
f59dd201d53c58219560d51fdc4f1e0475d17340	If humanity is destined to survive, if all kinds of environmental, social and other disasters do not destroy us.
7b528a44af7175700dadde6ecfd135f9f1bc2d61	For example, there is a well known formula of Francis Drake for calculating the number of potentially possible highly developed industrial civilizations.
f163a4ec07285ea3357685863c93bc8c861afed0	So, if the multiplier in the Drake formula, which corresponds to the duration of the existence of a high tech civilization, is favorable in the case of the Earth, then we can expect that there will be a kind of, in a good sense, expansion of humanity both within the Solar System and, possibly, outside it.
05c9e13c1d00ff71ada5cf997e1100fad23b42f1	That is, humanity can consider the Solar system, and not just the Earth, as its legitimate, natural home.
7f0a0ed9c07064ff9479d83fb45921ac0a9e3e26	Actually, these are probably the four main criteria that we rely on when we talk about research in this extremely interesting area.
7525c245c0f88c4444613763201ab71163d44284	I must say that I was probably very lucky in my life, because I did not come to this field immediately, not from the student's bench, it turned out through several different stages of my personal biography.
f02fd6249a46efab015c22190df4d0abc32b1ce9	But, one way or another, I happened to conduct various experiments on our spacecraft.
bb7d20e724576949b174cd3558aa2acb592bd405	And, I repeat, it is probably a happy fate that I found the era of our cosmic heyday, when we were really ahead of everyone, when we received very significant, very significant results.
560d543ebcad194da912fd74e50e9164186295fe	When, as they say, "hands were shaking", when we received the information that is not yet known to mankind.
8cf7b0d8a57810e23e4aa4c548b12b61ba1744ee	You can imagine the excitement that a person feels when he discovers something really new.
9f55e8d28590d64e8889e534dfe831b1c78fe014	So, we received this new one in the experimental part.
10f6cea542a0bcc715e686b10892d20135bf330d	And I repeat, my closest colleagues and I were very, very lucky that we found that era.
62b3777ca876d885afbea556071923a79dc83724	It is now that we are very far behind, we will not talk now about all sorts of reasons that led to this.
2d979b3f4593375ed93a8f9943ebdd92753e8b11	But we really deserve quite a certain recognition, because in
e8512755d5335f27d710c21d6253ad7fd73f3b20	to a large extent, they were pioneers in this area.
09861d3b8734ab13a254cf09528f7aa5e2cb28f3	But at the same time, I had a chance to work a lot on various kinds of mathematical models that are designed to generalize, combine various information that comes in, and look at it more broadly, try to rethink certain theoretical concepts that originally existed.
321749764c7507f9a3dc62a7b61240c32d83b716	You mentioned some books, in particular, about the concept of Asimov.
db2b3d26e61b41f506922f125a62570405f161ed	So they rest on our data, reflecting the epoch of the beginning of our deep penetration into the Solar System, which we now call reconnaissance.
40e568403c0f8274f3149bf3c342f52f36eda9da	So, by the end of the last century, after very successful flights, in particular, flights to the far Solar system of Voyager, Galileo, before that Pioneers, our eyes were opened, we really learned a lot.
eca19f2f0267da2254022403aa1f61ea578fcb20	And now absolutely crazy results are obtained both on Mars and on small bodies.
efb3438b55a5a9536baf59996aba4a96d82c1365	We have the opportunity to land vehicles... not us, but the Americans, but by " we " I mean humanity.
ddda0cc61d2f3d360bd2e5bcacd95497c11eb8f4	We are landing vehicles on small bodies, we are talking about launching satellites around these small bodies.
511929df72cec8362570470d8df845b04ea37358	And, for example, NEAR Shoemaker – the so called device for studying asteroids approaching the Earth - has already practically done it.
3113239612671f0608e6f915d103369dd9bb8992	And after it became a satellite, it landed on the surface of this asteroid, I mean the asteroid Eros.
49385534f565462f3f4ac3045bd263d68e23727c	By the way, a very small asteroid.
0ccadc9df451c76b710078ae359fdc6434d59438	It has the shape of a potato, the maximum size is about 35 kilometers, and the other two sizes are 8 each.
551b643ea5a2bfbec54f5e2b467b36872c6e66e9	So, a spacecraft descends on this body, not just photographs it when approaching, but conducts research on the surface.
46afabdf3aafb85aed5f3cfe1c3b39fdbce04661	And again, let's return to mathematical models, to models that generalize these data.
e5de1611cdfc1297fe64564368395899b97c8341	For example, extrapolating the area that NEAR is exploring, we can say that the number of small craters on this asteroid corresponds to a figure (if taken with a threshold of about 15-20 meters) of the order of 100 thousand.
37776dc59b09ae183ece7bde19682c6f92ea5505	This immediately gives an idea of the extremely important dynamic processes that we have in the Solar System.
9dcf77095a8e3876f2e5bfbe8b289b1ca7b38661	That is, this collision is a very strong modification of the substance, its processing as a result of such a meteor bombardment – and so on, and so on.
e04d74eb9e61697bf5e9f8eed2dc2d98f5bfd1af	So, the direction that I have been engaged in for many years (and now it has probably become the main one in my activity, since experiments are very limited) is a kind of mechanics of natural space environments.
de043f1fcc1cae9c3adf40cf70104829daf39fb8	And a lot of things fall into this category – this is the development of various models related to multicomponent radiation hydrodynamics, this is a rarefied gas, these are turbulent processes in various kinds of continuous media involving kinetic processes.
1f268a5a49aa2658bb500f67f4b6cc82900a4d7d	That is, the study of the feedback between hydrodynamics and chemical kinetics.
26d991579d29621733fd76159ffd2f1202ea77d8	This is essentially a completely new direction, which, let me say, we have been developing quite successfully for about the last two decades.
4c800c7d8d8bb04ae709b17034dec532a273eadc	Therefore, these models greatly stimulate experimental research.
5034da4c5fc8d304c0a27c54a067e7680f101e73	At least in the near future, these goals are, for example, such as tracking a comet with the help of a spacecraft, and tracing the entire evolution associated with the sublimation of gas as it approaches the Sun.
24f66eeca7f1c111ab22726a94b3709dffdfff1e	This is an absolutely fantastic thing, it's not just some individual fragments of information during a rapid flight near the comet, it's really its support for, according to some preliminary forecasts, maybe a year, maybe a year and a half.
24e21c62b2554a0fd9efbc2227607f9ed5cb6e8d	This is a very long time – of course, not in the geological sense, but it is a very long time to trace such an evolution.
55d879502320c0dc1615561f0018eae0ca7ef302	So, on the one hand, there is an absolutely colossal prospect and the progress already being observed in space technology.
5b5c0b4ede067fff45caa3977b900c97d5a9a413	In parallel with this, absolutely
5d5c6e78dd37c26936009d0ebb13c2665f467845	colossal, new results that are obtained with the help of ground based instruments.
e5585dda486573d9b29741467389874d0836e644	Ground based astronomical instruments give us the opportunity now to do something that was once absolutely unthinkable.
95660bccfa878860aa8727ace6a3710ada0ed103	For example, as a vivid example, we can call the study of the rings of Uranus.
9c223b304fb00208209522645ee1d53e97e7cc74	By the way, just in passing: all the planet giants have rings, and rings of different configurations.
7af2e59396bc1cbaa8a3d02a7c23c2cb2acca3ed	The most famous example is the rings of Saturn, which has many systems of them.
903ba7a0288ff9980000741a50f57cda5b001742	By the way, there are up to thousands of small rings in each of these visible rings, and this is due, in particular, to the dynamics of the behavior of these rings near a cosmic body.
a6b526e7e35d554ed05ccfb205a1f0708e7593ef	A significant number of these rings, as it is now shown on the screen, are supported by satellites that are located in the vicinity of this ring.
2c01bff72816ddcc50d3ea3b323405f0bbc26150	And it is no coincidence that they are called shepherd satellites, they seem to graze those particles that make up the ring.
13b04f9030f99fb03b3094c6752bf61aa855c074	So, apart from Saturn, I repeat, all the planets Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune – also have their own ring systems with their own remarkable and specific properties.
cc923834251b826615c73e8cf2219d49a738a58f	Let's say that Uranus has very narrow rings, 9 rings, extremely narrow and very thin.
bf12f5695c498acda117a34b848416793bd8bfae	Neptune has rings that do not add up to a single system, but are separate arcs.
0022bfe187e4d67c9c1c40c213685905ffd9142a	This is due to the fact that there is a smearing of particles that exist at different distances, with different speeds – particles orbiting around the body.
3e21a0c16781bbbe8e9fa7358b00dc972142ae2c	And they do not have the opportunity to connect into a single ring, because there is a system of resonances from the satellite, and this resonant phenomenon is reflected in the form of such discontinuous rings.
b8015e198da44ff8f1e7849a2f990011ee7f28d1	There are a lot of examples of such things.
b26232e8591f96dc683a9ba6eb521dea34e7965b	So, I repeat, this was at the beginning of outstanding achievements in terrestrial astronomy.
4ced7b4d88c6a9a6c6887d5301055c4c6619b3a6	And now these successes are generally grandiose.
f54e024eda992ad44e2d8425e9b206cc5452068f	For example, over the past few years, a huge number of satellites have been discovered one after another in the vicinity of giant planets, again.
23c745fd9d06316608336320a5ffeb486528fefc	In general, the discovery of a satellite has always been a grand event.
4bc9ea4ba6393d11aa159f5b857cbd4c3cec1d77	At one time, the Voyagers, American spacecraft, consistently flew past Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.
5b164b2700d9d9fc3e58f88fdd36e29c37255f9f	Somewhere around, in my opinion, 2015, they should go to the periphery of the Solar System, cross the area that is associated with the influx of solar plasma on interstellar gas, where a kind of shock wave is formed.
997a5f4933583983de2cb3265ff6f4078ed5f5d8	This, by the way,is also a very interesting thing to explore.
7027789d10821f952a5c060087255e90271f9c44	The Voyagers discovered a large number of new satellites from all these planets while flying past them, and the discovery of each satellite was an event.
f6840df59f3123b7e050b1f2937a62c11235b152	So, we thought, let's say, that Jupiter has 17 moons, Saturn has 18.
486e867a8d79e1b4191b4a44e396c1d500eb184a	And over the past few years, we have learned that Jupiter has about 40 of them, and Saturn has 32.
9a2bf74cd08e2a5e0f79f08aacb2d8fe483551ba	Now we have received completely new information: Neptune, the most distant planet in the Solar System, has also discovered three new satellites, and this was done not with the help of spacecraft, but with the help of the so called PZMATRIX.
46f11566ca6faf5fbb156f9172bd72f812394ef1	It has a very high sensitivity and is installed on moderate sized telescopes.
4052fa99bfab409578dd4dfecf8bf576957a6c20	This is a huge progress that allows us to greatly expand our understanding of the Solar System.
fe7a80956487130bac2807bdbb2cecf620e01c50	And finally, mathematical modeling.
5db27990dcaf1e4dd48a7fa4f527c93538247414	It is stimulated not only by this new flow of knowledge – you always need to rely on something when you build a model, and not just strain the gray matter and use the qualifications that you have received during your scientific life.
d886ce2cc10c6f60933025e1fd6073d25e4e1b60	It is very important to have very good tools at the same time.
eec46167cd0e0f1eca9760259f3ce84b061a3a6c	And in this case, the tools are, of course, excellent computers, which have now become a familiar tool.
8886587071beb974a140dd1ec62cbc9a6adeec1a	And now we can calculate those models that were previously absolutely unable to count (for example, I mentioned chemical kinetics, which is associated with hydrodynamic processes).
76de0349cb293292783f74b88fe893bc93f94a72	This has become possible precisely because we can use teraflop level machines.
bb5946d4d4f6c8a75344fb6a7082131ee4e1338c	This is, of course, a grandiose achievement.
fec4d981a811bc2bf9baf62d51ab81af64ac730c	I feel that I may have gotten a little carried away with this general aspect.
76b1179328e37b5431c395f7793038798a940813	Alexander Gordon: You have told us about how rich and wide the tools are today, what wonderful discoveries are being made with it.
c23e770278e91d49de5b35b5d501fc85be1aff15	But I
76ecbfb5d73c59e03a988c0bc149ea64f7616394	I would like to build a further conversation, if you allow, in this way: "Before we thought that... now we know that..."
28bf5e36d24054ed2931afefde135a65c32a3353	Knowing from the school curriculum about the achievements of Copernicus, we, one way or another, throughout our lives, receiving some information, we build our own Solar System for ourselves.
7e62361e30a04cd67a110b3fad941a4e58a93cc7	It is quite similar to others – all systems are similar to each other – but it turns out that we do not know some things that are basic, fundamental in this system.
d2f9c9d542275cd857c2ec4c2446b5786347259a	M. M. I will allow myself, Alexander, given the lack of time, to answer your question somewhat schematically.
fe4225f45770039587da58c27be08a2d2fdd1378	Let's say we had an absolutely vague idea about our nearest neighbors, I started with this.
d1ba8785980ab3e96c15358fcd0a7c21731cc90c	So, Venus – when the first spacecraft were launched, we did not know what pressure these vehicles could count on.
a2341be6929dd3054847e75bc8611a19afb0a378	I remember very well the first discussion with the chief designer of the Lavochkin battery, Georgy Nikolaevich Babakin, who passed away very early, to whose memory I dedicated one of my books.
ede02b8cf788e8692791f02ee021d727cd2cd311	We discussed what pressure can be on the surface.
83a45bac0e32ffb614d8fc7934a66e5882ae2f04	A. G. What hypotheses were there?
487c18f185cc21376bcc0aa133614d3c7cb8f8b2	M. M. The hypotheses were as follows: from 0.5 atmospheres to a thousand, roughly speaking.
c69374e6f49176068bcb6120384ca8b7c268dced	Therefore, Babakin made, I would say, a general's decision, he said: "we will build at 15.
ba17175a10a08cedb07a58099b8b51b73d886f97	" And, as it turned out, at an altitude of 23 kilometers at a pressure, however, of 18 atmospheres (this was a design reserve), we were crushed.
9aac5a6ae524169abe511dcd09ecbd255a3f4216	That is, the pressure on the surface turned out to be 92 atmospheres.
d556310536e4edf252353cb23e0dc1967cfb1d6a	We did not imagine this.
d7f0a2127ce7c3974999ce90438630c1bf745b36	Although there were already ideas about the temperature according to radio astronomy data – ambiguous, but, nevertheless, they existed: that the temperature on the surface is about 500 degrees, to be more precise, 470 degrees Celsius.
c7cae8d889cf16a801f64c941f1f1ed0cfa279b8	Further, carbon dioxide is a terribly inhospitable environment.
b5774a97e53121efa05bf0b3969c146fabc53c0b	About what is on the surface, what kind of relief, there were no ideas at all.
63100ba368acd6a8afd447ca1f4e851a94164e85	We had a very vague idea of what this surface hides.
b98d49173f68df166c8033493feb4f3444d76a8d	This is not only a dense atmosphere, but also clouds, which also turned out to be exotic: they are composed of sulfuric acid of about 85 percent concentration.
03cceb835371f26b08a0361e3fb8c309b7cbebd2	This, by the way, forced us to work very seriously in terms of technology so that the parachutes could withstand such conditions.
b53e9fe79f191bb9b6e7c1c38026e9a302b26d5d	Phenomena on the surface.
936ba04478827ded167eb32bf3354441469faa82	We now know that Venus has a fairly young surface, that there, apparently, quite recently in the geological sense (this is tens, hundreds, maybe millions of years, which is incomparable with the age of the Solar system at 4 and a half billion years), volcanic activity ended, and maybe even continues.
9b72615b50ee73afbba5a05eaca972485e5a4088	And so on, you can talk about Venus extremely much.
382869f261bfb41eb3914fb38cea9defe11938d0	So, this is a completely new view of this planet, and we (I have already talked about mathematical models) have been doing a lot about what caused such processes, such are the current conditions on Venus.
32ce96e7b383539f08b118c3e9608c5bfe4d91dd	As for the so called irreversible greenhouse effect, what causes it, how did the planet evolve?
2df5f3e740e8a8aeccbdb75cbb4d6e287e04e38c	We think that Venus originally had a fairly powerful ocean, but due to the initial stages of evolution, this ocean was lost.
3e6ac7940eb32e190304cd456c4f6e0d895bae77	And there is some evidence that supports such a model, such a hypothesis.
20a4953a106626b30e1c7ae7352278868b2457ff	Mars.
1968cc39fb0be128e18fdc13eacc175ebb58e53d	The Mars Express, a European Space Agency vehicle, has now been launched.
1101193871bf02fc68ab8d035b0446fe8add98f4	The Mars Sorweyer and Mars Odyssey, American spacecraft, are successfully working in orbit, they have given a lot of new information.
4cf1a447d8bd957eb9190a5b9dda8d6a537c789e	My colleague Bruce Yanovsky once wrote: "I thought I knew everything about Mars, but it turned out,"he said in 2001," that I know very, very little."
471d8ff17d3362d2ba9cf85656e036e211377823	So, we now have quite a lot of evidence that there is probably water on Mars, which mainly seems to exist in the subsurface
d1dc4f6b4e2aa6985f6d27ec89125b985562325c	the layer is close enough to the surface.
002311a38784fc16db6e5c2925fb02e0266b699b	And this is not just the detection of real evidence of the presence of water with the help of neutron monitors that are still flying on the Mars Odyssey ,and we are very proud that one of these devices is ours, Russian.
6e2a85a63055fd2e6cdd9e13684cd570d51edd6e	But it detects water exclusively in a thin layer of about one meter.
3c11fd514c6a73feab7a9678b8fbd37143476719	By the way, this is also a separate conversation, and very interesting.
023c462773fc150d1fa7c4cfd4beb8b4e7df4633	After all, the presence of hydrogen, not water, is determined.
28eb97d209b7b27d5309fdbe0fdfa08fa60f4574	And there are some variations, both seasonal and longitude latitude variations.
c15039131a2f1284c08a55b6f5c5107b16441777	This is due to the fact that there are certain new ideas about the mineral composition of the surface, because hydrogen is bound not only in water, it is also bound in hydrotated minerals.
a07f8a69203249a6e2502cae01e3f2b6f2dd6ba3	In addition, we know that there is a huge amount of ice stored in the polar caps of Mars, if my memory does not change, it is tens of millions of cubic kilometers.
eca8769bac49526993943ef4e8f2c7f199ff5ee8	But if it is evenly poured over the surface, then it will only be a layer, maybe 25-30 meters.
b43735d37c5e0ab7f574abb26e6426af77a45ebd	But, of course, there is much more water on Mars.
19ab92e938b203b32a4d646fa531318ec5e2df44	By the way, estimates show that only a few meters of such a water layer could have been lost due to dissipation, escape.
f14b118a2a71153dd25ec300b05f1e63d7892775	The question is: where is the rest of the water?
eb97d5b0444ee0a122531728b47b4ce59b84909d	Apparently, it is in the subsurface layer.
d8e1ae258c138981b8da54ba4c8c77a467acc41c	And now there is vivid geological evidence that this water is located quite close.
509e2237d273498cc33e1980e6a732fc2ffc532e	There are not only old dried up riverbeds, but also configurations such as gullies, which show that water is being carried out from the inside.
aa441e9477c87d323dc148b4015fdcda2b79c087	Moreover, again, the models show that already at a depth of several hundred meters, up to a kilometer, there are already quite warm conditions, and there may be liquid water there.
dab418fdabb713390d0f5031b07f429c1435dd08	By the way, I talked about this in one of my books, also somewhere in the 80s.
053a588dd5a9acc039f79473234cb2fb3e483983	We once discussed these issues very violently with an absolutely excellent specialist, planetary scientist Carl Sagan.
c369bcfd5693f44611e66181ddffe3a32585c464	So, these ideas are now supported by real data.
e021c9788fbddeaf4ca699398b403fa45fbc03bf	This is the change in our view of the Solar System that you are asking me about.
41b2dba585b8fbb150200bedaa5bbacc3b757d97	And finally, if there is liquid water there, and we see this evidence, then there is a much greater probability of actually detecting living organisms on Mars.
4bbe7623f53cf7d54e3023b943933ba90a946355	Here is a meteorite that was found in Antarctica, ALH 80001, this is a shergotite meteorite, which is a certain evidence of the presence of life.
9b7efd7199d41d3a7004f690b7c7179943fd9d2a	But the debate continues: is this evidence of the bioproduction of organisms, or is it still just some kind of organic matter.
30b81dd95431bc5d857679ef100ac83e7e1e1f37	For example, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that are found there.
d0e3534901ffd5ae7b0b630af2bbe517e10a98c5	By the way, these finds are nanometre in size, and there were objections that there are no such things on Earth.
cca7d8d8531b33e16e9905e206638060297f8d5a	This is not true, there are such formations on Earth, these are some kind of fossils.
68877247af8c475049a42c025f679784c04809d5	A. G. Fossils.
8b1237c80d1dc36fa222318184df452fac471792	M. M. Yes, fossils.
359702f17ad9161a2f3bc4599e5db5c905ae8bd7	And in this sense, we can say that, after all, it seems that the biogenic origin of these finds is more likely.
e7799d638ee3755e51d9ac04f45099114cf74cc3	This is evidenced, in particular, by the fact that sulfur compounds coexist there together with hematites, that is, with glandular formations, and so on.
692facd62c295d9068e954c0364f1823d398adf2	A. G. But organics does not mean life.
3572318069f8579fd3cbeae3a55d9129bb3ebd09	M. M. I mean "biogenic origin", this means that they are produced precisely due to such processes.
02c2746e5f963a0db52823a40381786dfa4bd710	But the riddles continue, do not think that everything became clear to us immediately.
f3d319aaff1ea3ffbe4549dd870d505c43901df1	Yes, we are talking about the fact that there is a high probability of meeting life there.
6f6a7d8bf4b397c132d16298808e253eded095c3	For me, it is extremely interesting that a paleomagnetic field has been discovered on Mars.
ef73922ef34ae91660ad0ebb78ce5cb5a0128f52	That is, Mars had a sufficiently strong magnetic field when it still apparently had a sufficiently powerful liquid core.
61c44142f6c33c591680a779318b3d83fa01507a	Because we proceed from the ideas about the need for a dynamo mechanism for the formation of a magnetic field, its occurrence and maintenance.
3ee8c586dfbbe81f261968db9aa8025ea7d323fc	So, these traces of the magnetic field are not evenly distributed across the planet, and
ecb8e8d3f14b7290ecc342079f43b9b0e426886c	this may also have an explanation.
914a59e0dab1c433d5c6df3c9b24cd30d190fd57	Different regions may have been heated differently and passed the so called Curie point, where complete demagnetization occurs.
dafa9c4731a9b2764f2dcdfd494d64552aafea42	But in certain places, these traces have been preserved.
b60c488547b3d11bf4637ffd51e18bcb8f74c3e0	And the correlation of magnetic field traces with hematites is very interesting.
ab569335c546e9740f88807f022238f17b3399ac	What is hematite?
ad9cc25517f1fbcd90e265e012305748ee944768	This is a well known rust.
db05dd9c059ac4fbae52954a5dd6f48beb80c8c3	How is rust formed from ferrous compounds?
61e0b903d847c9e092765de012615ba3e3e244d6	In the presence of water (again, water!) and the presence of oxygen.
5fe1590b1472ec6d5c8d97f1c1b7d02b10801ee4	But at the same time, on Mars, colossal spaces are formed by minerals such as feldspar and pyroxenes.
93c75b9ea1e1d47172062a56105294bb336c2b38	These are very well known igneous rocks.
a1c4fb819273bcd1d97caca675d4427b45f0e7cf	But take the example of Hawaii: freshly ignited lava turns into clays within a few years in the presence of water and oxygen.
1e6b730af951f03d6bf06b5b0a62aa1f634e839b	If hematites are formed on Mars (and I said under what conditions it can be), then why are such non oxidized primordial rocks preserved there?
689cb98399acecef3abf69a70f83419ca9c7af78	This is one of the mysteries.
546ced52f7b84b6d911794f96501b27b4fbf6944	And the examples can be continued.
21c5e57ea3f7c15e8ac1306d96911ae678404d87	Again, we knew absolutely nothing about the outer regions of the Solar System, we had very vague ideas.
94c852710ed3741031f0fcb8c38f4f16066a4aeb	The most complete surprise, the discovery was the presence of the most powerful volcanism on Io.
3680fa7088f41162ce4df7419cd1685e0f598a18	It is one of the four Galilean moons of Jupiter.
b95a68fe2a921ceb9731418524397e3853f96ab3	By the way, all these four Galilean satellites are located between the Moon and Mercury in size.
d42288a66512f1b286d2659943d112931d4d7cee	So, the most powerful volcanism on Io, where about a dozen active volcanoes are constantly observed.
08945140f1c57fa3496540566ec879d282bd018a	And there are estimated to be about 500 such volcanoes in total, and this is on a body smaller than the Moon!
db40d3ce2065a849d52247132d806be6b699d3e9	That is, volcanism on Io is much more powerful than on Earth.
e29724be768a4b2c08066b8d0fad94f89f55a27c	How is it supported?
7116dfb6dbb783667a4209a8d922e817d08f5a62	Tidal influences.
fa627c1dfb530725ad49a265107e2c2fd01ab75a	The fact is that there is a certain synchronization of orbits.
6672c324afd4fc257b14cf12635715915f2de209	For four turns of Io, Europa turns twice, and the largest – Ganymede only once.
539b707ebc4ab324689676d6cbcaadb931284ddb	And this attraction in the powerful gravitational field of Jupiter creates a colossal tidal effect, the dissipation of this tidal energy leads to a powerful heating of the subsurface.
24d5d743b826d80534108ca069a3d733efeb6c96	We didnot know anything about this before.
f7bbf829d623c59cfb5151a6b1b9318de6b48fbc	The next one is Europe.
0e35f7ff00d9515bdb217d6e732c2165d55a7a44	Europe turned out to be no less interesting.
84541c0aa99d66e7c901f64f78aa06885cbcee1a	And it is no coincidence that a flight of one of the vehicles is now planned for it, this issue is being seriously discussed in the American NASA.
3efa2974589e92dde5821584ae609fb128e2c2aa	A. G. The flight is almost with landing and drilling.
dd6110adc46bc95e92a0427b2557ad15a19b89f1	M. M. It is absolutely true, with landing and drilling.
00d33ed447a7cefd8cfb7e3a1cea82ad759cca06	By the way, this is also visible in one of our projects.
654764d0f59bab88f017d4f90a38066de21958d9	So, Europe, apparently, has a fairly powerful water ocean, perhaps with a sufficiently high salinity.
7073e4e290659c68439df65481f209bc350ea222	And there is practically no atmosphere there.
c068102ef9e1f267cf5fadb8befab3c054835a14	Therefore, there must be a thick ice crust.
2f97c94711b58e1bdecce7a83bac3605a2970651	We see evidence of this fracturing, the most powerful troughs that run along the surface and are more or less periodically updated with fresh ice.
7876e82a9b9fe7111ecfeeef9a426ea76201c64b	That is, these are exits, these are cracks.
b305a664c8eb3fa85c6dce7052cc47f68fb7c313	Moreover, there are some disordered structures there, and this is due to the fact that during rotation this liquid layer lags behind the rotation of the central core.
9e36da4be23d131f339c983a9e58a5b1c854d989	That is, it turns out, generally speaking, a very interesting pattern, quite easily explained from a physical standpoint.
6a04854d3eb8c8c8a24ccde5fb583bea6706b5ad	But the most interesting thing is that there is some kind of hydrothermal process there, perhaps there are what are called "black smokers" that are found in our oceans.
13dd1e3155ecce52d8c40d2d93493d0a675f4ce9	That is, there is a supply all the time.
337ac3746276f3d5c9008a8718c69a42752e7fa6	And we know that bacteria feel good in black smokers, they simply tolerate hydrothermal, superthermal temperatures in the most magnificent way.
645b49d1b33e138f8726f56324f583b97f87d850	A. G. There is a whole fauna there ...
7dadc369aadd18f15d6742c3a65ffb0e45f9675a	M. M. Absolutely for sure.
20a7a400eff0af6b74aebf15ed16f88eabf1b2f8	There are temperatures above the boiling point.
13846460d0bbee9a139de49cd32d5c77233e4c37	By the way, if I have already mentioned this – there is absolutely clear evidence that there is a biosphere at a great depth in the Earth.
bd62994728621a35081290276ff25f43ad98b81c	This is the so called deep biosphere.
86272bb80b1dc823e286daed98f356d67645af82	And on
791946c2e3249295e396722c096da0546e29b8b7	It is estimated that the amount of biomass that is present at depths up to, perhaps, several kilometers, is comparable to what we have on the surface.
9a6561a765e35ca0aa9ca845219358b9be66aa5b	A. G. This is perfect news for me.
8675e68b9959b3a6dcc61ad4f49cea81d7aad156	M. M. And this shows our narrow mindedness, the limitations of our ideas.
c681c41443448c4f48128a2b3da0b0b9c6d1a517	And since this is a deep biosphere, it does not need a photosynthetic process.
df17f2ebbba91a35914e87cd8a026e24ce7e5b9a	Three factors are necessary for life: energy, nutrition and necessarily breathing.
dc5267319359e60a3531e3b5d42bff9497072a4f	Food, respiration – metabolism.
6699916e8dd9baf4419430181a8aee9108cb385e	So, in the case of photosynthesis, everything is clear, we are used to this.
543a754664ae82f9397961f5e12eb3d7b6d33391	And the deep biosphere, in all probability, is supported by chemical, hydrothermal processes.
698fc00cdbe7fa792616929b6cd26d25465028e4	Various solutions that exist at depths, due to chemical processes, primarily exothermic reactions, support this energy part.
deff8dfb54a30e6ebb46391c7fea59aabc2ecdf4	So, on Europe, perhaps, we have these processes.
c535c7b602cd6681b2b4016a35c6ee5cfa2393c5	By the way, these concepts can be extended further.
28a3b4ff8dbd06ca50409fac3cd39eaa6e3c3830	They are extremely interesting from the point of view of the possibility of life on other planets, not only on Mars or on Europa.
d8d0ec7aba7c13846d28bf802944e0023f9e825e	So, on Europa, we have, generally speaking, a very high probability of the presence of life in this ocean.
925ae5539131d98f414e9bc40b6a45ddfe007178	A. G. Does Europe have a magnetic field?
2684349bba8e03db89974bf17da2fdc48635ead4	M. M. Is small.
cbd94b6929b69ac910f0586f60d89b7420e402d9	And this, by the way, is additional evidence that there is a salty ocean there, without it the magnetic field would not exist.
ee6605cc83696ee7a2ba69e5bb5f079d6af10b4a	And you know, we have an exceptionally interesting thing.
18af52d7faf8582f821a914af23350d1029756ce	I return to what I briefly mentioned – the question of life.
20d03d1324616039276f7243ab74d68735dc5be5	I was talking about life on Mars, I was talking about migration and collision processes in the Solar System, these collision processes are extremely important.
854e1601205d756b9fe9e51da8a16eb57c39332f	If I have time, I will say two more words about this.
ac04e9d44d9fdcd514d800b9f7f6145766652757	So, the fact is that different matter, different bodies fall on the planets all the time.
826d8fde3b2a762bed671facdb477c3e8bee0eec	Again, this was unknown to us.
b94dbd671e0353ba24bed8b3ecf584283550bceb	We lived blinded and said: "all this is there, this does not concern us."
9001d301e25a5b399c52ef073232641f244399f5	Concerns.
d7df6ea6e616bb6d82a07b56c11944ea2b38bc24	It is much easier to deliver matter from Mars or from the Moon to Earth than vice versa – the masses are different, the escape velocity is different.
cb9dd73ddd5e62c06901984c3893d41325e15b2f	So, the origin of the meteorite LLH 800001 is associated with Mars, to a large extent because of the unique isotopic composition of the atmosphere, traces of which are present in this meteorite.
87886af5e6aad7003862338970666041e38ca4b7	A. G. And due to which he was ejected from Mars?
c239d685f65274e3025bc1aef1b5759c84824d69	M. M. It was released, in all probability, due to the powerful impact of the asteroid, these processes are constantly taking place.
6d7d2bfe702ded2757bc660025eeb0f4f51c97c7	This kind of bombardment is constantly happening, look at the moon, look at Mars.
763d2068fa84d91bc74231deef76834991005b31	On Earth, this is more or less erased by the hydrosphere and the biosphere.
a7e14ee64039635d35b79b848931362ff4af51cb	That is, there are craters of different composition, different ages, and eroded to varying degrees everywhere.
3ffbcf32e3810a3a55fc6c4fb017b2961816d1b4	The fall of a sufficiently large asteroid can knock out this substance.
544b3aa40b406130b303b4cfdff5227dc3c67c96	As a result, we have a constant exchange of matter between the planets.
ea3ca4f6ea2a168c931e083175d61f00e047bd8f	This is very interesting the transport of the substance, the carrier of which is these ejected debris.
cded0352b22181862f128f9116eb473e81cdeb5f	And if this is so, then we come to a very interesting conclusion: maybe life did not originate on Earth, but on Mars and was brought to Earth from Mars?
82e8d306844c5be2307c8833dd4d832faee59d2e	We canot answer this question.
cc00ff0e010920a228874c7bb2e1a057131e9fc0	Why did I say this when I was talking about Europe?
766f50dca693d2f36a096be35dee1f5ca4847171	Yes, simply because Europe is more interesting in this sense.
225bc39cc16d448579a09d0aeb1759f4f04d3bc3	It is much more difficult to deliver something to Europa than to any of the planets of the so called Earth group.
905eed90e0b429d055ffec4606857a6803a18414	Let's say we find life on Mars, some primitive forms at the level of bacteria, even prokaryotes, hardly eukaryotes with a nucleus.
561975b773ae8ffc5670ae2cc15c5da07532c9eb	If we find such biological forms, such primitive life, I donot think that it will be very different from Earth, simply because such an exchange should have taken place.
dda58a8817ff9bb1488163f6e9a9c8073046a742	And Europe is absolutely unique in this sense
3800d55c69750967aafdc54ee978fd7e9d6eabb3	object.
9cb89f8b0bcd3e10e28acc5ae863e450416bf81d	From this point of view, Titanium is of exceptional interest to me, because there are quite complex hydrocarbons there – the original, primitive organic matter, which apparently lacked something to make the transition from inanimate to living matter.
9c84bd8e3ec6c9c1517f49929448beb17e02f3e4	What is life?
a446b68e9ef97a6dcd8218549081373a2eeda346	Life is replication, it is primarily systems that are able to exchange information and transfer it.
b300ff66736d8e31d22e6679b0b2c9b4e4302e78	In my opinion, this is obvious.
8fd2bfb01d0beae5cf88b8ac608389286709c664	But it's easy to say that, and the Nobel laureate Francis Crick once said that it was absolutely incredible for him.
2dec0d9c065230951df5c40f1d27566d2b326b9a	More positive is another Nobel laureate – Christian De Duve, who said that life is, from his point of view, a "cosmic imperative".
33e3c16ea33d2309a9959acd6645fa0631c9d0d2	It is very interesting.
dc74102b00c5168b868d1a0d3a3eb6db56121f13	And from this point of view, we can expect that we can still find some traces.
d66c2e8eef82b69abd8c4a94dbc84c524a87ac80	But again, it is necessary to distract from the earthly, so to speak, chauvinism.
4f1f3c40a2669028debd5917b9331dc9aecab365	I still think that it is hardly possible to imagine life originating on one such body – the probability is too small.
84de680ec29dacd5c9d1664d29a0bb5fffd72bd2	But if this probability is multiplied by the number of planetary systems that are now being discovered very quickly by other stars, then the probability increases very much.
03b7a8a0ef45e3e68f14467c8732a4442663714f	By the way, the fears that living matter cannot withstand exposure to harsh radiation in space for millions of years are very much, from my point of view, overstated.
14812e6770fbaa0c272d085d7efbd1a2299adcdb	A little protection is enough against this danger.
b872e576b26c146c64a8ee07156d8764f86903de	The danger is only a direct hit to the core, which is extremely unlikely.
72b7142936f8975ffb965fa50395571adcc126a8	Because there is a difference of about six orders of magnitude between an atom and a nucleus – therefore, the probability of nuclear destruction is very small.
d2f50b6aefa94fb3a17697848b3727a18dd4401f	And from this point of view, I consider the hypothesis of panspermia, expressed by Sventus Arrhenius at the end of the last century, as very seriously worthy of attention.
c47caf45ba89ad6955dabcf0a76a7d9dd7d20353	And finally, since there is not much time left, I would like to say just a few words about the fact that we had absolutely no idea about the complex ring system of all the other planets: Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.
37c9c744832aa98c3576c9ff47ab14e95ca198ec	We didnot know about such a large number of satellites, we only knew the main ones.
135b113f7e4f6a1002fc219331eaaac5842edb2c	We did not know about the extremely interesting dynamics of processes in the atmosphere of Jupiter.
aa6e78b8418c6a12cdf75e1382a6c0fe253d9293	A. G. I wanted to ask a question.
845f6a3f5ab2b71b2278215aae3a737ecfd7d77a	What became known after the fall of fragments of comet Shoemaker on Jupiter?
93e440a633a8a617f64707e5a2a4f6800f1ad3f0	M. M. You know, the planet is too energy intensive to affect it in this way.
1f73611dbb4ab4c5721fcdc1a1c9c3e8e9020946	But the fact itself is interesting: in the powerful gravitational field of Jupiter, a comet was destroyed, which, apparently, was initially captured somewhere in the 30s, then existed, approaching Jupiter, and finally tidal forces were torn into 22, if I'm not mistaken, fragments.
6e21a79781f9c21892fd5e48ccf9e55960498e3b	And they consistently fell into the atmosphere.
91c564d6ee81943889cbb0d83bf1b1cdcc2495cb	I happened to see some of these events.
ca947b3ef1e1bace00387ab37011f2d092b28b7f	And you know, this is, of course, a grandiose spectacle: after all, Jupiter is 330 times larger by mass than the Earth.
4c276facc5a135a5716bc19c13df466fcb1682c0	A. G. And by volume how much?
50a78b827d1fc0be9779490ff593bfbf6ec5bdcd	M. M. By volume is about the same, because the density of Jupiter is about one.
2e4e90496932fa972ca3717049569a12cb732ef3	Jupiter is 10 times the size of the Earth, a little more than 10 times.
2d535e9242ce9c027e297c5a2f4d9d8f1595afe0	So, this powerful gravitational field attracts a body to itself, it enters the atmosphere at a much higher speed than the Earth's atmosphere.
f3d2b5a186cbb4c1dcf36745085684815ee349b0	The largest of the fragments was, in my opinion, about one and a half kilometers in size, this is a process of a million megaton bombs.
649161e7e764211ffa2bb5d47fa9598657b858a7	And, of course, the body cannot remain indifferent, this is a powerful disturbance.
a258fa333595884ae3b479057a06fcea951cc50d	It drags on for several days, maybe weeks, that is, eventually the atmosphere relaxes, comes to a normal state.
5eec755ee80a653681b0deb998bb357a40bb14b6	But the dynamics of these processes are extremely interesting.
db089660c7295d6dc48c0ca5627762d4afae8e05	We see grandiose cyclones and anticyclones, and they exist for a long time.
abd6b47ab0e0acc73fecc99cce37010b670d8e59	And, by the way, it is very interesting to compare these processes taking into account other masses, other
2e02a4c4680a5115749be79adf9221f706378772	energy relations.
980d80e063a0fab2b29709451f52902bd4763b3a	It turns out that if we have an average duration of a cyclone or anticyclone – a week or two, then their duration on Jupiter is tens of thousands of years.
b03da9e81a35c587288c4873f9110c128d775db4	And this, in particular, is evidenced by the large red spot.
51e9c44c5edcd88325cc783fc51addf77ee4d754	By the way, a large black, dark spot was also found on Neptune, a very interesting configuration.
39855fa7b44dca898400b45ad3a135cc8f9e5289	And this is largely due to the fact (this is again a discovery) that there is an internal powerful heat flow from the bowels, which significantly exceeds what such a planet receives from the Sun, exceeds several times.
b3be6aaaa395f4c59b92c6c62db2a9fdbc958c5d	I mentioned Pluto.
36d2e8679fa1e4351b9f308d68268ac135a4ee6f	Pluto is a quasi planet, its diameter is about two and a half thousand kilometers.
ad24c72d4dee4213c0ba5ff82208fc39f129b56c	And this is probably one of the largest bodies in the so called Edgeworth Kuiper Belt.
150a60a16c86e96d6e281392db0a15dd62fbdc87	This is a belt that is located behind Neptune at a distance of 30 to about a thousand astronomical units.
d2c8ba81c9ae200aa6ae853c1d591944ab582e06	Even further away, on the periphery of the Solar System, is the Aorta cloud.
49c9b0525531a9e3dfa1ab1495376907ab863f83	Both from the aortic cloud and from the Kuiper Belt, bodies come to us, carriers of primary information about the early stages of the origin and evolution of the Solar System – comets.
3e247703eb99d35211285e5a4941f61cc8f7396d	Exceptional but interesting bodies.
4e9506d64cad09f2f1c164a93a1f6b72cf492b12	By the way, we are doing quite a lot in our department, at the institute, with these bodies both from the point of view of mechanics and from the point of view of physics, we are developing various numerical models.
18d0c7de13e1db36d3468033cd6dc250f6c31304	So, Pluto... you know, it's interesting that every celestial body in the Solar system has its own characteristics, I tried to mention them somehow.
30c309e64ee99e09d6767abc94ba0a1a1c4dfc35	But now I really want to say about Pluto.
6816a25b0e6c4ea948e5cabe9af51380adc7152d	Pluto has a huge size – in comparison with the body itself the satellite Charon.
c993e7f99e0279c6dd6b2d41efd0c21f3e66da33	And the peculiarity of this binary system is that Charon orbits at exactly the same distance as a geostationary satellite on Earth.
b8ffeca23f76d01ab7494d4eb3666697c6897058	That is, you have a nature created, let's say, not a geo -, but a plutostationary satellite that looks at one point all the time, that is, the way we hang a satellite in a geostationary orbit specifically in order to clearly cover a certain area on Earth.
941b4fbc24843defd89dc8ffb8df7eab35337eeb	And finally, I promised to say a few words about very interesting things related to the fact that the Earth is not isolated from the rest of the Solar system.
c88b72fd84a3689f194d0f8214908021e8e09368	These are constant processes of substance exchange, this is the loss of matter to the Earth.
cdf28fa24a36c87c191ce81a0ca0d77a83cd37a3	There are a huge number of asteroids.
35becdbc58fed085cb81dfc84bb47ab618315ee7	It is estimated that asteroids with a size of about one kilometer are about one hundred thousand, and this, of course, is a huge figure.
c0c1b0c33406f43c792efa01e75fb731b38a6bc7	By the way, only 30 percent are listed in the catalogs.
e2f39d05744539336c4e0d047b7b6b31cbfdca36	Although the orbits are known for about 50 percent.
40dac4f39bb0c0732a0dff3c17e6eb6415e98f0f	But it is necessary that the asteroid came more than once to accurately catalog the object.
daa7d40f8726f5f78eb258b2d3073b8a97477b08	So, it is very interesting that a significant part of the asteroids from the Kuiper Belt through an intermediate capture by Jupiter or directly migrate...
0effff3ab4636866ce698f40352f0396361de123	AG Collisions, changes in orbits...
bc274e0ebe5b3077a08024e78eefb708e3b6d595	MM, not even a collision, but just a perturbation.
2a89fdb68d526f885c9247ed0615d61c6b0b02ab	I want to emphasize this emphatically.
d41661e68b9388f6416544ca7fefd56d7122927a	The fact is that it is not necessary to consider the Solar System as a kind of frozen stationary formation.
945a7ff2e8ef330c89052c267c7cee6487448dfb	This is a dynamic formation, to some extent, even such a concept as chaotic dynamics is well applicable to it.
c23d8425e554fbbf40d46c830fdb5055b352d8ad	Many bodies migrate through the Jupiter region (or directly) to the inner regions of the Solar System.
21176e9cf7dbcc985dd60d66665478e95ecd47cf	In particular, we proceed from the fact that such a process was strongest at the end of the period of the formation of giant planets, it is also called the period of maximum meteor bombardment, when thousands, tens of thousands of comets were thrown into the inner regions and bombarded the Earth, Venus, Mars.
023e97f93f0809d708c36b173999cce989e784a1	By the way, the estimates of the brought matter for these planets are comparable.
3eb5567dce5d6a02c5d671396f579cde8ef7e964	And here there are two interesting problems...
29a4a98fa655a7db53da9158a88b8c8179c0399a	Go to the main and other pages of the project " Sisyphus"
9f97d628026b85bd17f6aaae9471fe4c553adb21	For communication: lazutin@srd.sinp.msu.ru, last updated on 9.10.03
43cf2b013cc618a2ef853756f3657057f012c02f	Home "The surrounding world" Planets and stars "The Solar System" The Edgeworth Kuiper Belt and the Oort Cloud
f2e905d9151511eed6db47bd5d3f8cc6ba93aa8d	The Edgeworth Kuiper Belt and the Oort Cloud are published in the section: Education
a6a115ec4932e07566155bfb4fca4859330af63b	Trans Neptunian objects At the moment, Neptune is recognized as the most distant planet in the Solar system.
e65afdeaf84691d96ca764af64daf35bc01089c0	Distant celestial objects whose average distance to the Sun is greater than that of Neptune, while they orbit the Sun, are called "trans Neptunian objects".
9d242034539f28f5fb5bc9fe9d786247e0996e7d	Therefore, the largest trans Neptunian objects located in the Kuiper Belt include Pluto, its large satellite Charon, the massive dwarf planet Eris and about 1400 other trans Neptunian objects Beyond the orbit of the farthest planet from the Sun of Neptune, the Kuiper Belt begins, which is the residual material after the construction of the Solar System in the form of various objects similar to asteroids, only consisting mainly of ice, methane, ammonia and water.
ac62b9991b4fd0a0df861b994874ba443f0c0a81	After the discovery of the Kuiper Belt in 1992, the number of designated objects exceeded 1000, including the famous dwarf planets Pluto, Haumea and Makemake.
21116aab0dd0bcdd3e3eef0241374c6bbef16e22	At the beginning of the discovery, it was believed that the Kuiper Belt was the building material for comets whose short orbital period did not exceed 200 years, but later it turned out that the source could be a dynamically active region called the scattered disk, whose orbits of objects go a long distance from the Sun (over 100 AU).
c8c3c04f87fcc874b8ed643f23fb2354efd53ff1	Scattered disk This region is too far from the Sun, where there is a small number of celestial bodies consisting mainly of ice.
4fe9a74d6706c5f63bb730ae63c7e99319aee9e2	How and from what did the area with such "scattered" objects appear (they are also classified as "trans Neptunian objects"), but
72623ee872f19db452237a5c2acb6c7e9aa16123	most scientists are inclined to believe that such a field appeared from Kuiper Belt objects due to gravitational interaction with external planets, one of which was the large planet Neptune.
0ed79014a5eb0cc5c52af312c995ac1005bba707	The Oort Cloud
1a5d20a92b959baee4510e9063a14ec131445c1b	The area that has not yet been confirmed by technical means is very far from the Sun from 50 thousand to 100 thousand AU (this is about 1 light year) and about 1/4 of the distance to Proxima Centauri, the closest star to our Solar system.
1bd599ed72b22b66a966e7b745afe702bb4f797b	The outer spherical part of the Oort cloud defines the gravitational boundary of the Solar System — the so called Hill sphere, defined for the Solar system in 2 light years.
1d745dffd92288e30d100a226c2231978c7bafbe	The inner region of the Oort cloud is represented in the form of a disk.
93de65a2e1bebbe8f9b454a4fd8342b728c6c781	The objects of the Oort cloud consist of ice (in composition with water, ammonia and methane).
4205a6291d0e464c26958161991fbe9e99379b75	It is believed that the formation of the Oort cloud began near the Sun, and then its objects were scattered over huge distances by the gravity of large giant planets of the Solar System at the very beginning of its formation.
df94a8402b698dd678b1155e6148c1664449d2a9	Now the Oort cloud is considered a hypothetical region, because direct observations have not yet been technically made, nevertheless, there is reason to believe that this region is the source of the formation of many long period comets whose path passes through the Solar System.
149d3a31bb1bc7b0171e8b4662c1759fab0eca33	At this stage of the study, 4 objects can be assumed to belong to the Oort cloud: a trans Neptunian object, probably a dwarf planet, 90377 Sedna; an object (148209) 2000 CR105 located at an average distance of 216 AU from the Sun and which is unlikely to be classified as a dwarf planet; a distant trans Neptunian object (308933) 2006 SQ372; as well as a trans Neptunian object an asteroid with a diameter of 40-90 km with a very high inclination of the retrograde orbit 2008 KV42
a02e7fcf7d8208fd2b38aa46baabec7721ef454e	Exploration of distant objects of the Solar system
e148cfbd06fee88ce282b0ce1a0483b854650beb	(The red square is the location of "New Horizons", the blue line is the route) The closest exploration by a spacecraft of distant objects of the Solar System is likely to be carried out by the New Horizons spacecraft, which is flying to its goal of studying the Pluto Charon system, in order to then go to study objects of the Kuiper Belt.
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3d4cea1cbbfa81db3e2c93c7254e73a19127067e	Mikhail Sergeyevich Hrushevsky (Ukrainian: Mikhail Sergiyovich Hrushevsky; September 29, 1866, Kholm, Kingdom of Poland — November 24, 1934[1], Kislovodsk, USSR) was a Ukrainian historian, public and political figure, revolutionary.
e3009938db6a1874e5bf346d2c618b06b24660b6	Candidate for the 1st State Duma of the Russian Empire and the All-Russian Constituent Assembly, Professor of history of the Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University in 1923-1930, Deputy Director of the Institute for scientific work, nephew of the Ukrainian historian and public figure Mikhail Hrushevsky.
68b5df8a6266b48c207eaa3b7fde0b8c95ed3243	Hrushevsky is best known as the author of The History of Ukraine of Russia — a ten-volume monograph that became a fundamental work in the history of Ukrainian studies and led to acute scientific disputes.
f9c770cccab0f1b0bd91d9114c256f730c71bcb5	According to Hrushevsky's concept, Kievan Rus was considered as a form of Ukrainian statehood, that is, as "Ukraine Rus".
e959d9d3e4075a1765cdb72e2a54dac233681e6b	Based on this historiographical assumption, Hrushevsky, on the one hand, proclaimed the ethnogenetic difference between the Ukrainian and Russian peoples and the fundamental divergence of the vectors of their development, and on the other hand, postulated the state continuity of Ukrainians as a hegemon in relation to Kievan Rus[3].
403721c56e04ac4cb4b4a3b2115069abc59c8ac1	Russian Russian state's policy of collecting Russian lands in the XV—XVII centuries was considered by Grushevsky as a purely negative phenomenon.
4ef9066cefe1261d7c9f15df6976948ac9c64922	Hrushevsky's concept served as an important milestone in the history of Ukrainian separatism in the XX century.
58620481251a3109a595d46ce7987e4db07f584f	Mikhail Grushevsky was born in Holm, (now-Chelm, Poland) in the family of Professor of Russian literature Sergei Fedorovich Grushevsky and Glafira Zakharovna Grushevskaya (nee-Opokova), who came from a priest's family in Podolia.
f552fa1a6fcfe8dfc04240c548962a6e036c02f2	At the time of Mikhail's birth, Sergey Fedorovich worked as a teacher of Russian language and literature at the Greek Catholic gymnasium in Kholm[5][6].
c0dbb9ff4f7f00b7ebfda3012e5d312135afac14	Sergey Grushevsky was the author of the textbook of the Church Slavonic language adopted by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Empire and repeatedly republished.
df4a9cf54095db7b561925c71ac5b3d4b8aeedbf	The copyright to this textbook brought the family, and later — to Mikhail Grushevsky himself, stable income, which allowed him to focus on historical research.
afea974ace8d2ebd52c8e359b2e913b1b0701a38	Mikhail Grushevsky spent his youth years in the Caucasus, where he studied at the Tiflis gymnasium.
93663c4e0d79a59e78db833a36cf57ba9e122345	Soon the family moved to the Caucasus, where the future historian spent his childhood and adolescence in Stavropol, Vladikavkaz and Tiflis.
ba384a745d53fc5a272623d145f5061126812608	According to Hrushevsky's memoirs, his interest in Ukrainian history and culture was awakened in his childhood.
08bb795f72a300f8ae4aa575a54d3e5172f28892	As a high school student, he independently learned the Ukrainian language.
ed12765cf2904c2510472faea94a79b79d8a9297	When the historical and artistic magazine "Kievskaya Starina" began to be published in Kiev in 1887, Mikhail's father subscribed to this publication.
89283ca6e3a0443e3d4e2663e52078ffe4ef5911	On the pages of "Kiev Antiquity" Grushevsky first got acquainted with the works of V. B. Antonovich.
6da497752e1f0555ec9159909ae6f7c8d5bdcae5	At the same time, in his gymnasium years, his acquaintance with the historical works of N. I. Kostomarov and M. A. Maksimovich began.
22455ef213ad1e80b386dcb01179e8592f6210c8	Thus, by the time he graduated from the gymnasium, Hrushevsky was imbued with the concepts of the founders and ideologists of the Kiev school of historians.
488b258ab629a5590d9788d109c970e52547cfb3	Therefore, it was natural for him to go to the Kiev University of St. Nicholas. Vladimir, where V. B. Antonovich taught.
4ae8a4b5baec119977793c56812b72ba648cffee	In 1886-1890, he studied at the Historical and Philological Faculty of Kiev University.
be1dc145e161109e37a6da9755217cbcfd985978	After graduating from the gymnasium in 1885, he entered and in 1890 graduated from the historical and philological faculty of Kiev University.
733e4921a02a12e2293d48cbc66d0fbd65672dc7	He studied under V. B. Antonovich, under whose guidance, while still a student, he prepared works on the southern Russian castles of the first half of the 16th century and the history of the Kiev land.
cf67d892de42644cb25026943d7de9a854799159	Under the patronage of the scientific supervisor, a capable student was accepted to the Department of history a year after graduation for "preparation for a professorship".
2c71fd355cca4f39a5240d0a273da4a314e3be07	For his student work "An essay on the history of the Kiev land from the death of Yaroslav to the end of the XIV century." he received a gold medal and was left at the university.
43f84552f0b60aadb36c3ce097f68426448d2de4	Antonovich played a crucial role in the formation of Grushevsky as a historian.
af091f4f908676c9501adc8b0d9255c656ac1d02	Under the guidance of Antonovich, he wrote his first works: "South Russian manor castles in the half of the XVI century." and an essay on the history of the Kiev land.
c82c2ce66960107a9386c135ef9f57337429e6ea	In 1891, Antonovich announced the imminent prospect of opening a department of general History at Lviv University with a special review of the history of Eastern Europe and began to prepare Hrushevsky for the occupation of this department.
ef85aa359f13fc89320cd28c7408aed1743f9713	The topic of his master's thesis was proposed to him by Antonovich and is devoted to the history of the Lord's starost – an administrative territorial unit of Poland in the XV – XVIII centuries with a predominantly Ukrainian population.
c76d7a129854a727e07114e1cbd7f25b74e8348d	Having discovered the lack of literature on this issue, Grushevsky processed a lot of material from several archives.
3a9a121f093e73ce58529f67bc7a0f27d997dd7d	By this time, the books of P. V. Golubovsky and D. I. Bagaley about the Seversk land, N. V. Molchanovsky about Podolsk, A.M. Andriyashev about Volyn were already published.
d3d9241197eef9ec5ba91b81b58d79f806b7b6ad	Then, in the 1890s and 1900s, there were studies by M. V. Dovnar Zapolsky about the Krivichi and Dregovich, Golubovsky about the Smolensk land, and others.
d9aa186244704a7d8645ae576555d527d27bb63f	Grushevsky's essay, written according to the general plan of work of the Antonovich school (first a geographical essay, then a historical one), was distinguished by the scale of the research and the conclusions drawn on its basis.
c9c8a36caf2fae4f04836961a2e77f4af67b8bf1	Arguing for his award of the gold medal, Antonovich especially noted the author's conclusions about the presence of zemstvo boyars in Kiev and the assumption about the absence of princes in Southern Russia after the Mongol conquest.
1ec4b1c0dd1669dc317d6be9f9fbab3903649836	Constructed according to the scheme of other "regional" monographs of the Antonovich school, the book " Lordly old age. Historical essays" (Kiev, 1894) went beyond the scheme of the school: chronologically it belonged to a later time, "geographically" went far to the west.
eae600e870b46c5ad244d6df7d3aba3f544aea10	The young scientist passed the master's (candidate's) exams, in 1894 he defended his master's thesis Lordly starostvo.
731f9bd49db1f39ce531ae38b81fad091bc11041	Historical essays on the history of a separate administrative territorial unit of Poland of the 15th-16th centuries with a predominantly Ukrainian population (in the same year, a separate book was published).
a60373e56035ee178d7608e9f4ff4910dfde71c9	After the defense, the scientist went to Lviv, where he took up the department that was waiting for him, which actually became the Department of History of Ukraine.
6d6bf9e7cedd7cc0e42589f126c08a760f287d63	In 1930, during the process of the "Union for the Liberation of Ukraine", he gathered researchers and students at a rally who "angrily condemned the enemies of the people".
7f34962c243069c5a1ab996c13b2626acdd51d18	In 1921, he became the founder and director of the Institute of Public Education named after the III International in Zlatopol, into which the Zlatopol Gymnasium was reorganized.
ef49808079fadc5ff16a52c4306749563703fd33	Initially, Grushevsky intended to publish a three-volume work.
20a294c026258e4c79135231be9e9d16c56b2e1f	But as the research work grew, the work in the final version is an unfinished ten-volume book (the author intended to finish the presentation by the end of the 18th century, but brought it only to 1658).
d1351548ec0eb68735c60e9529bf967be93ca6bd	In this essay, summarizing the results of the research of his predecessors, using the data of archeology, ethnography and philology, extensive documentary material from the archives, the scientist proved that the ancestors of the Ukrainians are the ancient tribes of the Ants, the first independent Ukrainian power was Kievan Rus.
6974912c1edbc8cb22683d81d0976cd40b694b13	Unlike most representatives of Russian science, Hrushevsky considered the successor of Kievan Rus not Vladimir Suzdal, but Galician Volyn land, which gradually lost its independence and was incorporated by neighboring states-Lithuania, Poland, Hungary.
8b7196d300fef8fff136655167d4918db10ba1d5	The Grand Duchy of Lithuania, in his opinion, was the same equivalent center of unification of the ancient Russian lands as Moscow.
bd720d4c0326c769f6180f834cfac66357c62726	However, with the Catholicization and polonization of the principality, the contradictions between the Lithuanians and the Orthodox Eastern Slavs (Belarusians and Ukrainians) intensified, and the latter reoriented to Moscow Russia.
8f76ce16c2d4865ab21741473e4bcf4795e0815c	Having lost their independence and being part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Moscow Russia, the Ukrainians, Grushevsky concluded, were either simply a passive object of management, or were in opposition to the authorities.
f5579923027233ea67f7bf8823da438aec9c7ebf	The only content of their history now remains cultural and economic processes.
15eb9bbb19a3ee1689c8352ff0fbcd2b61d17577	The scientist described the anti-Russian and anti-Polish speeches of Ukrainians sympathetically, although he was far from idealizing the leaders of these speeches.
2fb920ff97fe63f00b8b74d09647a413de345160	Grushevsky outlined his concept in the most concise form in the article published in 1904 and which became widely known, The Usual scheme of" Russian " history and the case of a rational presentation of the history of Eastern Slavs.
4f70adc04993f4f4e5dbf7d99d1560c1b3ac7c33	Enthusiastically received in the circles of Ukrainian nationalists, the article met, with rare exceptions (A. A. Shakhmatov, A. E. Presnyakov), rejection and condemnation in Russian historiography.
3f8fc53aa4471575779c9881587bed86a33628ba	Having headed the Scientific Society named after him in 1897. Taras Shevchenko, he turned it into a semblance of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.
2e121b6bea1733fc262a25d94983eba402f3de31	The Society organized its work in three sections: historical, philological and natural mathematical.
33e6656fcf11506e8bc11f59831dc613313df752	A museum, a library, a large printing house and a bookstore were arranged at the society.
75797e1b47b2bbcf6a41c066e6241e6331739861	At the same time, Grushevsky became the editor of the society's "Notes", transformed from a yearbook into a bi-monthly.
b97af841e2f969047119a7b58f4a6b7f39440fcc	Along with" Notes "Grushevsky directed another magazine – "Literary and Scientific Bulletin".
54ebba1a417b091e56b333457ffef80dd6e68355	The scientist also gave public lectures in Lviv, expanding the horizons of Galician Ukrainians.
93fff51333bb42274d1b18b9d7514ecbca399e5e	Soon after arriving in Lviv, the scientist also engaged in political activities, joining the Galician National Democrats party.
fdfc373ee5c407d031201dc7ab6879bcdd4b9703	Hrushevsky took up political activity in Lviv, joining the Galician National Democrats party.
c62f8001112f4ff5936a58b882f9dcd28f174e3a	On April 7, 1915, a transparent police supervision was established for M. S. Grushevsky by order of the Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
dd9a252a15970e87d51240b5cddb9b0d17486306	On September 2, 1915, he left Simbirsk.
639f7d28e772fab060b816fbac24dcffa441d958	Together with M. S. Grushevsky, his wife M. S. Voyakovskaya and their daughter Ekaterina followed.
5911ddc372f40153025eed6ebd84d50cf282bdd0	On September 4, 1915, upon arrival in Kazan, he signed a subscription to the Kazan police chief that he should not leave the city anywhere without the permission of the Kazan governor and, when changing apartments, declare this to both the police chief and the relevant district bailiffs.
5adb9d0b791f8c8c454734bf709b4a0e4461c671	In Kazan, M. S. Grushevsky first lived in rooms (hotel) "France", located in the city center on Voskresenskaya street (d. 33), and then in the Cloth settlement — on Bolshaya Street in the "Leontiev house" (d. 29, sq.7.).[8][9]
fa8d69a211cc4013163c253664056030d42b7d55	For the transfer of M. S. Grushevsky from Kazan to Moscow, all six members of the State Council from the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences and universities, D. D. Grimm, V. I. Vernadsky, M. M. Kovalevsky, I. H. Ozerov, A. A. Vasiliev and S. F. Oldenburg, petitioned the Minister of Internal Affairs A. N. Khvostov for the transfer of M. S. Grushevsky from Kazan to Moscow.
62b5461208ce633e1131b79423cc1426cfd13ebf	In accordance with the request of M. S. Grushevsky, the commander of the troops of the Moscow Military District allowed him to "move to the city of Moscow for residence".
78976ad570d3430a13769b24a096016f9693df7b	On September 9, 1916, M. S. Grushevsky left Kazan for Moscow, where he lived until the February Revolution, after which he returned to Kiev.
719a8faa182b7eadaf450e8f8d1c87f1aabe82f3	In early March 1917, immediately after the victory of the February Revolution, he was elected in absentia to the leaders of the Ukrainian Central Rada (in the spring of 1917-an Inter-party political club, which in the summer of 1917 turned into the Parliament of the Ukrainian Autonomy).
5d62733ba131f3b634bb4f1b26ee563bf3583b11	On March 14, 1917, Grushevsky arrived from Moscow to Kiev.
a0b58188c497e32a9e935fc7d1fcb313a6dffbdb	He was immediately elected head of the Central Rada as the oldest politician, the charismatic "father of the nation", who in his numerous works sang of its former glory and predicted the arrival of the future Ukrainian statehood.
edbe9c4c6a7ca9c811eb09e70c139b6c875b7db7	At the beginning of 1917, many considered Hrushevsky as the most intelligent Ukrainian socialist politician.
5a29b3ebd88fcfc714ce5bb570c0f50ff1e060fe	Mikhail Sergeyevich's membership in political Freemasonry obviously played a certain role in his election.
d2c20f89e64d3ea2cc834f30b28238a364cab825	In the spring of 1917, Hrushevsky was a cult figure in Ukraine, chairman of meetings and congresses.
1564b73383ef51ee8da2c70fd6ee73357e70af5d	At the same time, he was elected to the Kiev Zemsky Committee.
9c32ad31578991fb0f2d9d2488c41e4543f37486	In April 1917, Grushevsky, at the 100 thousandth demonstration in Kiev, called for the struggle for the creation of an autonomous Ukraine as part of the Russian Federal Republic, without waiting for the convocation of the All-Russian Constituent Assembly.
da1900531604b4e614ab2c9774705d4c322c8eff	Hrushevsky led the work of the Ukrainian National Congress, the All-Ukrainian Village Congress and the First Ukrainian Military Congress.
291ef7719112223aae0826f12736693e2bfb9525	He was one of the initiators of the creation and proclamation of all four " Universals "(manifestos) The Central Rada.
d1fc93937ee4733b59a4f833ce013bd1e2133195	After the October armed uprising in Petrograd, the UCR on November 7 (20) proclaimed the Ukrainian People's Republic as part of a federal state.
2a3bd108c847facf8f398341862dab6df7789a2c	On November 25, 1917, in the general elections, Hrushevsky was elected to the All-Russian Constituent Assembly in the Kiev district No. 1 — Ukrainian Social Revolutionaries, Selyanskaya Spilka, Ukrainian Social Democrats[11].
b61b01e69ccbdab0a04b6b0be12c66fcb676f8ad	After the Bolsheviks dispersed the Constituent Assembly (January 6 (18), 1918), the Central Rada declared the independence of the UPR.
37d2e9729d1c36b598e7ca84ba45d7cefe935f38	In January 1918, the Kiev Bolsheviks raised an uprising, which was suppressed by the troops of the Central Rada.
03bb2c70d6b3779f62ae48e3bcddab760e2c4cbe	On January 26 (February 8), 1918, the Red Army took Kiev.
a16596480093f728ac1984bc236813f98bb6298b	The Central Rada ran.
9b9f785b69fb5a9de1bfb15f6ae7e1013c5a6afc	On January 27 (February 9), 1918, representatives of the Central Rada signed a separate peace treaty with Germany and Austria-Hungary, on the basis of which Ukraine was occupied by Austro-German troops.
1e5b4d3ab0d451aa182aa5eef825ca8bbef77dd8	Under the leadership of Hrushevsky, the Constitution of the UPR was developed.
00e6a6dfb387f2cd19633533d4cf773867ff36f8	The founder of the historical myth that Hrushevsky was the "president of the UPR", which has a circulation in Ukrainian journalism and scientific literature, was Dmitry Doroshenko[12].
307dcfdf16e9d16c882270219dd56af8bf8ea4aa	On April 29, 1918, the Central Rada was abolished as a result of a coup by Hetman P. P. Skoropadsky, supported by the occupation troops.
a8d7486770548805e2e753f74e512d1c9a7b2174	The UPR was going through a crisis, its policy did not suit a significant part of the peasantry.
e186daa66e28c1f7aaacf19b32c2084169adb536	The Council of Ministers failed to master the situation, there was practically no government in Ukraine, chaos and anarchy reigned, which did not suit the German occupation authorities either.
9fbc5f65c34f0847f57d8c16d4374230b9ff2961	On April 28, at the meeting of the Center. Several UNR ministers were arrested by the Germans: Grushevsky protested to the German command.
88a1a197325ab730b1960e3f8ae488b896b2e230	On April 29, the Rada adopted the constitution and elected Hrushevsky President of the Ukrainian People's Republic.
598d8106af0dcf522f3a7ce92be01405a9da2c14	On the night of April 29-30, a coup d'etat took place, the UPR ceased to exist, the Ukrainian State was proclaimed, headed by Hetman P. P. Skoropadsky.
9404746d5492a75733ac8d7a1b82c76b99273b2c	After the coup, Hrushevsky lived in Kiev, retired from politics and returned to scientific work.
ab36f58ea65af23dd293d0be44463d901bd3fcc4	Refused to cooperate with the new administration, did not join the commission on the organization of the Ukrainian People's Republic. The Academy of Sciences (UAN), motivating this by the fact that it cannot cooperate with the regime that destroyed the democratic Ukrainian state.
6e1c0eccfc46381175c0c5d7c53a2f4b6d87bd7f	In February 1919, Grushevsky moved to Kamenets Podolsky, edited the newspaper. "Golos Podillya" ("The Voice of Podolia"), worked on a history textbook for Ukrainian schools.
9ebf12a37a90f816b9a2c4b5d6b6ddee23155dd6	In con. in March 1919, he went abroad.
3304ed623df98b170698eac6a6d5b7f5dc4d6d68	Organized by the Ukrainian sociologist. in t (in Vienna, then in Prague), published the organ of the UPSR zh. "Fight - you will overcome" ("Fight - you will overcome").
bc498f894b8a4941ec3211f96945eab23c0030e3	The Warsaw Pact was condemned by S. V. Petlyura with Yu. Pilsudski. In 1922, he retired from political activity.
80b171367e3cbaa14d9257a51515997ef54112c6	At the end of 1923, he was elected an academician of the VUAN, in March 1924 he returned to Ukraine.
bc5307b49385b9cc1a50f1f01cf4c7544cf252b3	He headed the Historical Section of the VUAN and a number of its commissions - historical and geographical, cultural and historical, folklore, resumed the publication of zh. "Ukraina".
9713aaf5c755bb90ab65f31499da9d414dd7f982	In 1931, Grushevsky was charged with "counter-revolutionary activities", but after being arrested and interrogated in Kharkov and Moscow, he was released.
b218ffb776c28cb5463e4ce9cddaf3fc205b7755	He was assigned to live and work in Moscow (back in 1929, Grushevsky was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences)
e4595fc0feb4f3c1d5c222e3817104bc76a6fb6b	Grushevsky Sergey Grigoryevich
7cd0e8aaac3f696c40b3f9a40805327d7453af99	24.06.1892 — 03.11.1937
0a3c5fae697fccb916d965dc2432ca183b37c3c9	Grushevsky Sergey Grigoryevich Biography
53fc81157b0a845dcda09d4fd24fffae6319b280	Sergey Grigoryevich Grushevsky (24.06.1892-3.11.1937) - to Candidate for the 1st State Duma of the Russian Empire and the All Russian Constituent Assembly, Professor of history of the Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University in 1923-1930, Deputy Director of the Institute for scientific work, nephew of the Ukrainian historian and public figure Mikhail Hrushevsky.
c6dc8dd05f2b3ac15647d212e48ab517b9c2ca85	Father Grigory Hrushevsky, a priest in Cherkasy.
f22380b30d8f396522b7b0d59c3a2dd8d485ff6b	In 1921, it came under the jurisdiction of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church.
707b46fd04d80eb53d51a1b1133017bffea65050	After his arrest in 1937, Grushevsky served his sentence in Siberian camps, where he died.
643a2d4ae0037f76cecb7b34820253a1624856b1	Mother Olga Grushevskaya (nee — Rantsova) came from a St. Petersburg intelligent literary family.
64f9f30ec5817a0cc08e42faec02e66f821fb015	Grigory and Olga got married in Kiev.
0a7ecc890706d5d8c5ad06ca89dca20274a34f2a	They had three sons Sergey, Vasily, Lev and a daughter Irina.
73f9760d5424fb40f5c773d2777026fad2b6bcc6	During the Second World War, Irina, who was married to an ethnic German, took her mother to Germany, where she died in 1945.
36e7df98416ff4a987831a6762605d3c123bbe5d	Sergey's godfather was Mikhail Hrushevsky, an outstanding Ukrainian historian.
2a991c71357d070295e2c335bc52851dd74a471d	Sergey Grushevsky graduated with a gold medal from the gymnasium in Zlatopol, where V. Vinnichenko , M. Zerov , B. Lyatoshinsky , P. Filipovich studied or taught.
c002dd012e295336bd3548efe240a742410b5c4a	In 1909, he entered the Historical and Philological Faculty of the Kiev University.
8546e45250fd7198a97446ddbbd393097c1e9907	He was a member of the Two Headed Eagle youth Society, which carried out Ukrainophobic and anti Semitic actions, in particular, prevented the celebration of the centenary of Taras Shevchenko.
b7d5b67e7b7803d03901e4d9b048025e940802d9	In 1916, Sergei Grushevsky married Olga Levitskaya, the daughter of a priest.
dabd1c230edd4bd31d19759fb28c64f70af5b393	After the revolution, he moved away from Russian nationalism and joined the Ukrainian movements.
6ad8294d3c75e252f0a9ee529ecdf23e268746ca	In the 1920s, he was accused of Ukrainian bourgeois nationalism and sent along with his sister's first husband, R. Kutepov, to Lugansk.
fa75bc14c022533145a522b4a5c7282c395eee8c	There, in 1923-1930, he took an active part in the development of the Donetsk Institute of Public Education.
82a1659a00b8225da25aa2cf48eb50e52da1c19f	He was a professor and dean of this university.
75a085232e087a8a49510426da41c81427eb3af0	In 1930, he moved to Kuban and actively joined the policy of Ukrainization at the Kuban Institute of Public Education named after Skripnik.
b2eb4c414b071def89ff57d5c37a4cbfad91f10c	Grushevsky first supported the punitive policy of the USSR against the Ukrainian intelligentsia.
b1fb0ea0d9f0790c56a5e935bb5c156eff79520c	However, soon he himself became a victim of the Soviet repressive machine.
deed418c4297b12c5c2fe501263a1ed497684398	On January 13, 1933, the professor was arrested.
4e3a457e2689087e1a116a574e69dd6f9feece76	In August, the OGPU board sentenced him to 10 years of imprisonment, which he served in the Solovetsky special purpose camp.
4977d34d96f725a6cf61c26b73f6f5451ba5f3c0	On November 3, 1937, Sergei Grushevsky was shot in the Sandarmokh tract in Karelia.
8f115fd06fd2d800fd627ac25c83b208d0b016e7	He was rehabilitated posthumously in 1960.
8f4290158246bb0e7967e4c6ee72a4f83101c235	HRUSHEVSKY, MIKHAIL SERGEYEVICH (1866-1934), a public and political figure, one of the leaders of the Ukrainian national movement, a historian of Ukraine and Russia, was born on September 17 (29), 1866 in the town of Holm, Lublin province (now Chelm, Poland) in the family of a teacher.
a75d0ddf44f6b32d1866614ba2c69bea4e0ad7c8	Soon the family moved to the Caucasus, where Grushevsky spent his childhood and adolescence in Stavropol, Vladikavkaz and Tiflis.
a8314103fea1858f8126af2fde3c6cc31bad9e17	Historical essays on the history of a separate administrative territorial unit of Poland of the 15th 16th centuries with a predominantly Ukrainian population (in the same year, a separate book was published).
b87617938662c9b62dd6bb9def12daa2876c0b86	After the defense, Hrushevsky went to Austria Hungary, to Lviv, where he took the Department of General History at the local university, which actually became the Department of History of Ukraine.
d8740b8d5abc3bee6b026924d154831382048ca7	In Lviv, the scientist headed in 1897.
e7d52a99a1720c90cd6d97b6dffc509660c72c2d	The Shevchenko Scientific Society, having turned it into a kind of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences (the historical, philological and natural mathematical sections worked in the society, a museum, a library, a printing house, a bookstore operated under it), became the editor of the mouthpiece of the Ukrainian intelligentsia – the "Notes" of the Shevchenko Scientific Society.
d24f7d7403775a71d39abc1b351210b647f5a82e	Reading an annual course of lectures at the Lviv University, the young scientist at the same time decided to create a generalizing History of Ukraine – Russia that had not been written by anyone before (in Ukrainian, volumes 1-10, in 13 books, 1896-1936).
a1cce1b1bc691253906a3ce946252e49b328aa39	Initially, Grushevsky intended to publish a three volume work.
09f599013b8e07b2d0a10c7a52df0e5c6cb87247	But as the research work grew, the work in the final version is an unfinished ten volume book (the author intended to finish the presentation by the end of the 18th century, but brought it only to 1658).
4f8817f3af16e9c66d6a2dba7a286d3d140b24aa	Unlike most representatives of Russian science, Hrushevsky considered the successor of Kievan Rus not Vladimir Suzdal, but Galician Volyn land, which gradually lost its independence and was incorporated by neighboring states Lithuania, Poland, Hungary.
c68d5fb4f9c40567b91330eb59f3dd89ad22b479	Having lost their independence and being part of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth and Moscow Russia, the Ukrainians, Grushevsky concluded, were either simply a passive object of management, or were in opposition to the authorities.
8d9f21a6d6caea42eaa444578b26fd699dae77cb	The scientist described the anti Russian and anti Polish speeches of Ukrainians sympathetically, although he was far from idealizing the leaders of these speeches.
1244b521ff17c7428a53668b949507a20e8462c1	During the First Russian Revolution, the scientist went to St. Petersburg to participate in the work of the Ukrainian faction of the first State Duma.
a71aba180339fdea2e775b539adb14023971d6b4	In numerous journalistic articles, he advocated the autonomy of Ukraine as part of a federal Russia, called on the government to pursue a policy of stimulating the languages and culture of national minorities.
6f84142d54216af79ce2f9c59955532380de696f	On the eve of the First World War, Hrushevsky intended to leave the department of the Lviv University and move to Kiev.
cc0df591b3f4e4eaf749779cb05e5a56feb2591d	This was facilitated by the contradictions within the Ukrainian national democratic movement in Galicia.
26213ec34a2531614634f92ef16f2c78fbb3c6b1	Some of its participants went to cooperate with the Poles, which the scientist objected to.
7b020734e19d742e3029f37b081b35abf1fd0050	In 1913, during the election of the new leadership of the Scientific Society named after T. Shevchenko, Hrushevsky's supporters were defeated, he himself resigned.
d7f5a716c9b22698b7613e3e651a12b8c7d55106	But the war broke the plan of moving.
235466553cb65a5752b7b6c6fac50391cc210a0a	The scientist went first to Hungary, then to Austria.
b9fce33249824d5f71c49743241ece9569aed016	Because of the persecution of the police, who saw him as an agent of the Russians, he moved to Italy, and then through Romania to Russia.
24098b023c1a8e23d1a6fbd19652ee45e34fc09b	In Kiev, Hrushevsky was imprisoned on charges of collaborating with the Austrians.
d79a8cb003441737f1624c711f76d39a431df391	The authorities intended to send the scientist to Siberia, and only the intercession of some famous Russian historians mitigated the punishment – he was exiled to Simbirsk, then allowed to move to Kazan and Moscow.
01620b0816ac4e1dd9a5839d74486b756bebf764	After the February Revolution, Hrushevsky returned to Kiev, joined the Party of Ukrainian Socialist Revolutionaries (SRS), leading the left wing of the party.
0eb0e5ed611106c8a3759f4dfdb1620d9d339b9c	He was elected head of the Central Rada (Central Council) of Ukraine.
de79343990de3292919144a627b309f96f42a778	Hrushevsky still advocated the autonomy of Ukraine within Russia as a federal democratic republic.
215d78c90c97c1cf584a80f602494b5d5cc9ce4b	After the October Revolution, his political attitudes changed somewhat.
a0b24ac47e99d18d4cd321456e1b995536ba551c	Under the threat of the Bolshevik offensive, together with other members of the Central Rada, Grushevsky fled Kiev and returned to the city with German troops.
308bbc2d44d21466108ed8940ceae524a071a520	The Fourth Universal of the Central Rada, compiled by Hrushevsky, proclaimed the independence of Ukraine on January 11, 1918.
7598e4327912c3acb7a6169d0a87c6a9a80608fa	After the seizure of power in April 1918 by Hetman P. P. Skoropadsky, Grushevsky moved to an illegal position.
47bce9abb4f2dc15c08e795db06dab57ca32c1b9	However, according to contemporaries, they knew about his whereabouts, but they did not arrest him, considering him not dangerous.
400ff69c1b9e5ed65fb7938def576eb1c619fa8d	At the end of 1918, when the Ukrainian Directory replaced the hetmanate, Hrushevsky came out of hiding, tried to revive the ideas of the Central Rada, but, meeting opposition from the new government, he left Kiev.
72acfe9738670aa5e943d2dcbcf22d7bdd97be11	He lived for a short time in Kamianets Podolsky, then in Galicia, went to Vienna, moved to Prague.
1a76141b734bfb67fb3fa4e096a9782d1720ae54	Gradually moved away from politics, in 1922 he left the ranks of the Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries, where supporters of the armed struggle against the Soviet government took over.
5704e17de56ce0c968a650202df049b4acd408ca	Hrushevsky focused on his scientific work: he wrote a multi volume History of Ukrainian literature devoted to the study of Ukrainian spirituality.
7f774bf77b5911192b7d9a9ab1c8535c63eb071f	During the author's lifetime, five volumes were published, brought to the beginning of the 17th century, the sixth volume was published only in 1995.
9ce11646e6c73080bf587f279f23773d40bcf27c	Grushevsky sympathized with the formation of the USSR and after receiving permission from the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU(b) in March 1924, he returned to Kiev.
3839be23fe5b0c9a5650b17408318c1ceb852d9e	He was elected an academician of the All Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, head of the historical and Philological department.
1337ceb68a3af36ca587e4c5491a586325cca2a2	Volumes of the History of Ukraine – Rus began to be published again, and his other works were published.
3e63600fe9dd4f5d938157ac33533806e3201284	The closest assistant of the scientist was a talented historian and sociologist, the only daughter – Ekaterina (later she was repressed, died in prison).
6a27e6ead4a9433b8f7e685c57e365777ecebae9	The attack on the pre revolutionary professorship undertaken by the Communist authorities at the turn of the 1920s and 1930s also affected Grushevsky.
a92c44ec928c2b2b793d299c9ba701aa687a0e27	His works were ostracized, the scientist himself was suspended from work at the All Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, and on March 23, 1931, on the way to the session of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow, he was arrested.
08585256eac05551c437f120c4b49780b5d31f21	By that time, the OGPU authorities had fabricated the case of the "Ukrainian National Center", the head of which was allegedly an old academician.
8b89071020d239b95be32a34cbb21e5a6d8ec560	The "center" was accused of trying to tear Ukraine away from the USSR and restore bourgeois order there.
ddffed8f0e72114b1b4601cacdc06d63b18a3c0a	The scientist spent more than half a month in prisons in Moscow and Kharkiv, where he was subjected to intensive interrogations.
de5a3e7b416d2ba117a66edb60ee9086ffc1d145	Grushevsky was released after the petition of his cousin, Deputy Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the USSR G. I. Lomov Oppokov.
a0bb8e8da326657b803a15cbd317120f115fb1c2	However, the release did not bring joy: the scientist was still being poisoned, he lived in Moscow under the vigilant control of the OGPU bodies, he was not allowed to return to his homeland.
3f96c70218a7c21fb7211c706c889b53359ee1c2	Grushevsky died in Kislovodsk (where he was being treated during an operation) on November 25, 1934.
1f0527174ab7ea8293dbe2e423e08a0a5ffe2080	He was buried at the Baykov Cemetery in Kiev.
6a097609e47405779313b00a215019ede9cba200	LITERATURE Grushevsky M. S. An essay on the history of the Ukrainian people.
a7e1b2ed37b35d5c8d0b08eba5be43cb366a7c21	Kiev, 1990
fbbfc3ae83805ed5b680eff1df80033758960b08	An illustrated history of Ukraine.
d5029a3b2472cfa94c275051e15c16017fa896b2	Kiev, 1996
36ac9f735ec9a870243f238a54c95814992e794e	> TO THE MAIN PAGE > BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX > INDEX G >
c6e898a2d739d8c267d7f5942987c8f8cd48b6fe	Grushevsky Mikhail Sergeevich
d7c849e326ab6148611991210b2c2b6e98b750dd	1866-1934
05a65f3523460e1ca6abaad065c21d07d993ed93	Member of the Constituent Assembly
533e149ea7a415a806223ab16d2bcbb2545e8d37	Grushevsky Mikhail Sergeevich (17.09.1866, the Hill of the Lublin province — - 25.11.1934, Kislovodsk).
676d7cb74a4b2892a72f0268a638d9dea09d9ffe	Kiev district.
e2f8647bf1c31c6137bfcbbb812e465fc015d9ab	1 — Ukrainian Social Revolutionaries, Selyanskaya Spilka, Ukrainian Social Democrats.
727ea38d5b689e33ee5bdae1100ec143e8d30f0c	Kiev.
9eabb86e6b80b7cd1c09e5a62d8e7fcab094b9bf	The son of a gymnasium teacher.
a3a71c9accd342d54a1f6d527606643bbcf4a376	He graduated from the Historical and Philological Faculty of the Kiev University in 1891.
c8551256aa845da3dfabe0849491058b2a4233b4	From 1894 he taught at the Lviv University.
a7adc3004ebf2fb1dc935b38183489bbbb61f434	In 1899, he organized the Galician Ukrainian National Democratic Party.
7f92602a3676e0278f4f0591a9059bdc68cc78c9	He was close to the Social Democrats, then a Ukrainian socialist Revolutionary, a federalist.
bdced3d663c9719f0bf334a66ba74755babfd6db	With the beginning of the 1st World War, he moved to Kiev, was arrested and exiled in 1915 to Simbirsk, then received permission to live in Kazan, from 1916 — in Moscow.
595cc358182254ec84ec9c7b3dac7cc3042cb24e	In 1917, he was the chairman of the Central Rada (June 1917 — April 1918), a supporter of the national territorial autonomy of Ukraine as part of Russia.
e07d8fe71ff4f5a78598e1fa9bea6c9929412e77	Since 1919, he was in exile.
85c7a0b1275979bdd6229e141c45bbf751e9ccce	In 1924, he returned to the USSR.
54c178969f272a6491370dc3b5770cd95c2480d2	Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1929).
d0274a90f025043e84cea7430d2daa77b20711e1	In 1931, he was arrested in the so called case of the "Ukrainian National Center", was tortured, but was released.
6d5edd6d32473f4ecd1a89ad45a99b246dd27946	He died during a simple surgical operation.
140841a6a8307f06ed1b662c248f583a2b59d71e	Close relatives were repressed.
2074c00d0502f803ad66ee86e28112fd5e77d37d	Ist.: VI 28, book.
295abecef9774fc886874734309b5a03f383622c	2; VII 36, vol . 1;
87d2ceef7209ebb6e11734292519d21096022e46	VII 44;
627109dfb2e6e553cd76641e5b0b7886a04bf5e7	VII 77.
74b1e335371d0742e03eb61d88bbe359a160a1cf	(See the code decryption here)
eb6a7d5590301d0d3c005d31cdecd9d5082ea688	The materials of the book by L. G. Protasov are used.
edfbb696939443c4b9c6fc7d47d75ca8f55b1478	People of the Constituent Assembly: a portrait in the interior of the epoch.
174e8a35c99d9d1ec8118df94e90ff6ca8dd7fd1	M., ROSPEN, 2008.
70f008ec22345d54e7c34bdfbd06d7b386485d3e	In the revolution of 1917
a3f92c33351e4a39d59aa4a5ca65bee87125844e	Grushevsky Mikhail Sergeevich (September 17, 1866, Holm, Poland - November 25, 1934, Kislovodsk, buried in Kiev).
43d216b4c423ab752265589c63e2d55812775166	Born in the family of a gymnasium teacher.
1fe1410d6c73e67b9a91f6dfc294a4d15af3e3fe	He spent his childhood in the Caucasus, graduated from the Tiflis gymnasium.
ecef6e0c222eeb6ffeb6f419472375a676b64b6b	In 1886-1890, he studied at the Historical and Philological Faculty of the Kiev University, and was left a professorial scholarship at the university.
f71796ffd1c787487bc81c35f8f430b8a15f4ebc	In 1894, he defended his master's thesis and received the Department of Ukrainian History at the Lviv University, led it for about.
ee9b1fbbcfeb63fbdfd96f39a31aabe2b906ff27	20 years, remaining a Russian citizen.
74276f27c3b45d8b117c9b51df90550135d49b2c	He was headed by Nauch.
2d15e48476f39c7c10fc512adc25f6e32fb90c40	T. G. Shevchenko University, editor of his "Notes", "Literary and Scientific Textbook" ("Lit. - Scientific. Vestnik"), other Ukrainian publications.
5bb084894a9c4bfbae7e214b24195faa34386d02	In the society.
f3681a07f2c80e06d76be44855b0c8de58f801bb	- polit. he was close to radical Ukrainian circles.
07d85ceddab95ff8169c0a8e428292ab4f3eb82e	He became an ideologist of the national movement: his concept of the history of Ukraine justified the ist. the justification of the struggle of Ukrainians for the national. liberation and the demand for autonomy ("Essays on the History of the Ukrainian people", 1904; "History of Ukraine Russia", 8 volumes, 898-1913).
135a0767901588975f3fe1247f523c81e9cbf99c	Hrushevsky's articles on the Ukrainian issue were published in Russian newspapers.
5767ffd9a31e207439b932a751d609a454ec5a4c	In 1906, Grushevsky came to St. Petersburg, where he became close to local Ukrainian figures, founded the railway " Ukr.
301e5ce9565e1fba442625ad61fb25c7a34ecc92	Vestnik", published a collection of his articles "The Liberation of Russia and the Ukrainian Question".
102472bd0c1c4b67eac65707d627cfb02a375d01	In 1907, in Kiev, he headed the Ukrainian Scientific Institute. about vo.
9baa8194d78dd769549e80c7473690997e0ec045	One of the leaders of the TUPA (Association of Ukrainian Progressives), created in 1908 , is a Ukrainian liberal democratic organization that stood on the platform of the constitutional democratic system and auth.
5a9531c6187050f3177e86af99ab4b217bd35e87	Ukraine, which is close in political orientation to the Cadets.
cd8903c04aaa1ee8742a2f735ccb6393233aa6f7	In 1914, he was arrested as a supporter of "Mazepinstvo" and after nesk. in February 1915, he was sent to Simbirsk; in the end of 1915, Grushevsky managed to obtain a permit (with the help of the Academy of Sciences. AA Shakhmatova) to move to Kazan, a year later - to Moscow.
81516b61e848e36d06f0437a95073172d8cdb676	After the February revolution of 1917 in Kiev.
5208d911aceac78050623ef1850aa671e56976ee	On March 4, the Center was created.
0ef5a5ca8739b68f9b39c312c5f3fd900ba87594	Rada, which headed the Ukrainian national movement;
70c256c33a06cddd060f73240f7259016abd1d65	Grushevsky was elected in absentia as its chairman.
b229042dbf1472279635ca863af8124f2beff0e1	On March 14, he arrived in Kiev as a universally recognized Ukrainian national. authority and leader.
a59bd9ad75e38e247a775f5d75fd6a4aa95601e2	Consistently and energetically, Hrushevsky began to seek the autonomy of Ukraine - in his program articles, in public speeches and in the policies of the Center he led.
00c112ef11283fd236638eaa42e075303e129762	We are glad.
88330e012a1c3330cc61258a3071034a400035fc	On March 14-15, he attended the gubernatorial co op.
8ad87f091ae97bffc5419faa0b29cf36f3c33c7d	On March 19, he participated in the Ukrainian demonstration organized by the Center.
17dd7365385bfdc28e5f12bfe60b00d249533536	The Verkhovna Rada (about 100 thousand participants), twice made an appeal to fight for the autonomy of Ukraine, said that it was time to " create Ukrainian democracy and state law of Ukraine in union with other peoples of Europe in the federal Republic of Russia."
00373946d87038762157463238abea5508607318	In the pamphlet published in Kiev in 1917, "Zvidki pishlo ukrainstvo I to chogo vono yde" ("Where did Ukrainstvo come from and what is it going to"), he wrote: "Ukrainians have no intention of separating from the Russian Federation.
65d20d65b181fd2689dd120c43b9d836b0b23f81	Republics.
f68a9c206107d2011774273113448ea30e5cb0e4	They want to remain in a voluntary and free connection with it" (p. 14).
cfe20abf2d5e711ee0aabacfe5a6ae48aa4683cd	Speaking at the interpart conference of soc. the Organization (beginning of April), defended the positions of the Center.
fef0b69e2dc4203eb82f2327636fc7fbffc0cf86	Glad, proved
36ae5da6437c2572283ba07cf681d03bb3ab53c5	the groundlessness of the accusations of "separatism" and "chauvinism" made against her.
55d9a87e5571d85b0bb371ffe126eb38c27deaca	In art. "Chi Ukraine tilki for ukrainciv?"
4fca038b54764bd2ab927918cdf8f413e1edefbe	("Is Ukraine only for Ukrainians?") stressed: "We think that Ukraine is not only for Ukrainians, but for everyone who lives in Ukraine, and living, loves it, and loving, wants to work for the benefit of the region and its inhabitants.
57afd895c402fed0059318127060b73f79a7867e	And anyone who shares such views is a dear fellow citizen for us, regardless of who he is a Great Russian, a Jew, a Pole, a Czech" ("Nova Rada", 1917, No. 15).
254548dae4a6a0a14076ed91a7b0157d813e1ddc	Being one of the leaders of the TUPA (he led the work of its congress on March 25-26), Grushevsky increasingly diverged in views with the liberal democratic wing of the Ukrainian movement and became a member of the Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries (UPSR) (it was organized in March). Together with the Ukrainian srs, the social Revolutionaries made up the social majority in the Center.
6abaef9c87b52f67c8f0c6686eb66b845c63ee84	Rade.
a5fc4350b764246ad61efab7099f7579490de31f	In his state activity, Grushevsky was a follower. the conductor is watered.
a443cdc0920a3e555b4c82cccaedc4566c33dace	UPSR lines.
f144c319ec80ca8289773d81440f6e688e232793	Led the work of the Ukrainian National Congress (April 5-7): it will enter. the report outlined its policy. the program, the main content of which was the achievement of the autonomy of Ukraine; by secret ballot, the chairman of the Ukrainian parliament was elected.
7111f08ad465e8c84ce80c84c33897bd1aeb9a75	Centre.
564ed0ed28458cf56f5cd48aae5ab22333a4f0ce	The Rada (UCR), also headed and will execute, for example, the Small Rada.
46f8049b206e829205ab8a0e279147d56ea6e6d4	He participated in the work of three Ukrainian military and peasant congresses.
0030c180f07ba0de17852464b22f68aaca323a28	Having received from Time. the refusal to grant Ukraine autonomy until the consideration and resolution of this issue is established.
94e912d9fdb2b0cd7494be78a95ae0b2c18cb74b	A meeting.
a42887b3cc4d72dc4134c8162cb75d9f3f7c6561	Grushevsky declared on June 3 for the cross. the congress believes that the Ukrainian people should decide their own fate.
fda418e5297045159411bf431b72a80940e688de	Grushevsky led the actions of the UCR, which proclaimed its 1st Universal.
a11ba63a3ef49c0d28a0c0a7d862afc7a08ce928	After the celebrations, the announcement of the 1st Universal on June 12, Hrushevsky said that now Ukrainians will be the creators of their own lives.
ba5d0bb6d1d914169373d9ae78aadb92fca10b8d	On June 23, at the UCR plenum, he reported on the formation of the first Ukrainian pr - Gen.
18bd6faeee1790c81ca5a8e3ae5afd1fbef39ba6	Of the Secretariat.
6b19c456c571530684ff8444ea53d662ca689a08	Together with V. K. Vinnichenko, he conducted negotiations with the Vrem delegation. pr va (A. F. Kerensky, M. I. Tereshchenko, I. G. Tsereteli) on June 29-30 in Kiev, as a result of which agreements were reached and the "Declaration of Time" was adopted. pr va to ukr.
929356601ea2bb78f3fbd3738f911c962fd7fc55	The Parliament of July 2.
5cef5d6a4a4a49a5e4ea6eecb8c45fadf8452f64	On July 3, at the UCR plenum, after the 2nd Universal UCR was read out, Hrushevsky said that the autonomy of Ukraine with legislative and executive bodies - the Rada and the Secretariat had actually been obtained.
e335fd4beffd28540af103f2eb7cc4d7f48c5807	The intensified inter party disagreements forced Grushevsky to resign from the post of chairman on July 6.
2a32c3944661f896df638661671a3485deb5a9d6	UCR, however, the resignation was not accepted.
4671525c7b8a5a3abcf136559daf57c3d7f51e79	In the ser.
9a4dd3c0d834a8836eb188a4234644770c8cd4d5	Aug. the faction of Ukrainian Social Revolutionaries in the UCR (not without the participation of Hrushevsky) achieved the resignation of Gen.
e1f732dfb17260b1b4322337811f6c241f2b727f	The Secretariat, headed by S. D. Vinnichenko, the reason for which was a heated discussion of " Time. instructions Gen.
85969fb6c6525c0d519495fd60e977c800231afb	It's time for the secretariat. pr va in Ukraine " from August 4. about its functions and structure.
e7d02b61fb0fa930c0ef4c2c7eb25e307addb32d	10-15 Sep. before. the Congress of Representatives of Nationalities convened by the UCR, who sought to transform Russia into a federation of auth. nats. regions.
2772d8ad98aea755014d14e40e53775356958964	UCR and its prev. they were convicted on Oct. resst.
6cee5e21e6c1b810b0a420787d120dd80df4211c	On November 7, at a meeting of the Small Rada, Grushevsky made a speech in Petrograd and did not recognize the SNK, where he said that decisions and steps were needed to strengthen the government.
bd979e88db67922d2642bc8e24358341743a42bb	Then Hrushevsky read out the 3rd Universal, which proclaimed the Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR) as a federal part of the Russian Federation.
b22767f370ab3e3f656d18fd6d1d952442afb4d5	On January 9, 1918, at a closed meeting of the Small Rada, Grushevsky proposed his project of the 4th Universal.
b6b2ca6557db57cbbdc4b650e18617de8801dd32	Of the three submitted projects (Vinnichenko, N. Shapoval and Grushevsky), his text was chosen as the basis of the Council of Ministers. editorial offices - from now on, Ukraine was declared an independent state.
9c6c5f7ffeac0b6061dfe92eca217b139ba8d05a	Hrushevsky developed the concept of an independent democratic Ukrainian state with a focus on Europe, reflected on the future of the administrative region. the device, raised questions about state symbols. den. unit, etc. - all this was included in the collection.
6091dd6fa08bac76df7e5f2db51acb7c234a30e0	" On porozi is new?
f5d673fcd8723be14a84611b74a49e5a4d3f0d3a	Ukraini " - "On the threshold of a new Ukraine" (K, 1918).
194c4e457217c9484730ed4d067d02510655382d	26 Jan. sov. the troops occupied Kiev.
ca67aed2c84a80380b24b67e10b4f486f885d26e	Rada and pr in the UPR left for Volyn.
f8eab2ed66df175871e302b0f425d4f1cdf10f92	They were able to return under the cover of the Germans. troops, after the conclusion of the UPR Brest delegation of the Lithuanian Agreement with the countries of the Quadruple Alliance.
f7c9bac7d435ebcf364c465232771605af534355	Upon his return, Grushevsky continued to remain pre.
f636633973846e72960f1b7109d7ee22d0c96f48	UCR and conducted the same political line in it.
e17cee0e902096db960663edca34212abaa0d10d	He wrote in art. There will be no turning" ("There will be no turn"): "Preserving Ukrainian statehood, we will build a strong stronghold, to which the police and bureaucratic reaction will not be able to approach.
270432f7341daafe4d3f09176a467748d5986195	Strengthening the authority of our social network.
03b18cfc0b00dcac927c8fc4329ef3662ae11b2b	Glad and her social network. ministries, we want to make our Ukraine a solid fortress of socialism.
2fd688001d884c806e5dd768564e03bac36a9f99	We will build a republic not for the bourgeoisie, but for the working masses of Ukraine and we will not back down from this!"
a726223e10ce04937705f96ba669bf98a15ed758	("Na porozi novoi Ukraini", p .
a4f30d83fe3e7f05ffac8300ce5da0f25e935312	84).
371e5857ec62289d4585cc5b233caf322ee4bf2f	On April 28, at the meeting of the Center.
67e2ede5e28a70892d4f6757579c4ff9257cfa13	Several UNR ministers were arrested by the Germans: Grushevsky protested to the German command.
187529de584cd85783e84fe762da570d2ad1ea5f	Refused to cooperate with the new administration, did not join the commission on the organization of the Ukrainian People's Republic.
b7d06cf2cdd7a74d5e51c78bd54fdbdf21b35aab	The Academy of Sciences (UAN), motivating this by the fact that it cannot cooperate with the regime that destroyed the democratic Ukrainian state.
6cba663b4970a85e79ba686d06860a4427017777	In February 1919, Grushevsky moved to Kamenets Podolsky, edited the newspaper.
64564dc1bc5899f199d4621933c2daaa19edb995	"Golos Podillya" ("The Voice of Podolia"), worked on a history textbook for Ukrainian schools.
5eef5ddd52dfdae89c46e14c3678eb89d799dd7c	Organized by the Ukrainian sociologist. in t (in Vienna, then in Prague), published the organ of the UPSR zh.
77bfaeecb54f3ebf585756d37842da8dc19fce08	"Fight - you will overcome" ("Fight - you will overcome").
d98d2f837a112afa8d64b81ae1c73a89c1f3a0fb	The Warsaw Pact was condemned by S. V. Petlyura with Yu.
bed9304d448b2e4ad5ec58809cd037959358b714	Pilsudski.
7dd3aaf60f6254dec391c0f8f765dff534904004	In 1922, he retired from political activity.
78ead355416ac3db44154acb5fa0282a9de1587b	He headed the Historical Section of the VUAN and a number of its commissions - historical and geographical, cultural and historical, folklore, resumed the publication of zh.
577a37bcaad8da233e45c31471f0ea21d1eea074	"Ukraina".
19ebe502573fafa25c13adb2f3ce0cd056731bb9	In 1931, Grushevsky was charged with "counter revolutionary activities", but after being arrested and interrogated in Kharkov and Moscow, he was released.
6a9a7797863e042292673d855be2070904d6f115	The materials of the article by E. D. Boyko in the book: Political Figures of Russia 1917. biographical dictionary are used.
bc94002f24d203152fb94b6575a7cea08efb7c1d	Moscow, 1993
eeb56c8c37f86963092472406a5aa3d2d0319a03	Khto taki ukraincii chogo voni khochut.
54c3c5f13b28dcb48519ab8f256e13da7dccb3c2	K., 1917;
74a72d4e0929d503c56b6cf1c2247c4e2a81b010	Vilna Ukraina.
1d29953bd3507d3e6b3c0b25f69f2a4bf75de3bf	Yakoi mi khochemo autonomii i federatsiii, K., 1917;
bf1c57721d8bd7f3eeba944d6f53a263a7e1ccaf	Ukrainska Tsentralnaya Rada i ii Universali, pershy and other K., 1917;
6ccc16dd654439ae7b0cd31cb362a9b44ca38ac7	Ukraina i Rosia, K., 1817.
7cb9c1b09bc25380b6d0c2db1e4d8fc49c0532e0	Literature:
b372431be0e8102d400f7d48743f256be16b2f92	Kripyakevich I., Mikhail Grushevsky.
3971d319821c6546ca6430e02ccaeae281f57f3f	Life and everyday life.
b663e5903ed14afe8acc4a12b2491e9e6e6b9e6d	Lviv, 1935;
c583e306a2ae8ae528f1801212d1b40bc0dceb66	Mikhail Grushevsky: up to 125 richcha vid of the day of birth, "Archiviukraini", 1991, N 1.
18426fcfe077d5d0c55e87a162eb24e2624f9742	Members of the All Russian Constituent Assembly (biographical index).
c73f67b98bcf1a9bfbd2688d1184f7fc3c9342ff	The Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly (KOMUCH) is a government established in Samara on June 8, 1918.
7793c23696172dc9e6799f7c25b7ff80b25da0e4	V. B. Rumyantsev.
f5ce5b571efebc5a53db20b8737ddc1251cd7058	Russia, which has not become, because it never was.
9cc2aa2a6a9805582d15bae24e93d96cfe942396	On the next anniversary of the dispersal of the Constituent Assembly.
99fbb2e9752810e816e3834889cbd3c1bf2c2de6	Sources and literature on the history of the All Russian Constituent Assembly.
ae0f4e0a3a0107efa388ab9de29ce8f0e3e243e2	The Ukrainian People's Republic of 1917-1919.
fe1f4d77e6a91204ed30b5676ba79c4e04991d0c	The West Ukrainian People's Republic.
8e547223899fdb883e7b538e27ac866f1202acec	1918-06. 1919
8456fc021b13128a4be69dad7aa1c2778036691b	Historical persons of Ukraine (biographical index).
b05494834b046baa74c5060ec7e7e6f3724c6315	VVM Library About the work About the book Content Bookmark Input
0bc59e21a0b51a20a80e9d80d5310deea84a7805	HRUSHEVSKY MIKHAIL SERGEYEVICH (born in 1866 died in 1934) is the leader of the Ukrainian national movement and the national revolution of 1917, the head of the Central Rada and the Ukrainian People's Republic, a well known historian.
915dd6a7ba00653ddbfddf72a0fb4ad0c3786041	Mikhail Sergeyevich Hrushevsky was born in September 1866 in the town of Chelm, Lublin province of the Russian Empire (present day Poland) in the Ukrainian family of a teacher of a Russian gymnasium.
427b0f8b815454df93cfdcc4451e6c8ea3d7a236	After graduating from the gymnasium in Tiflis (now Tbilisi), Mikhail Grushevsky entered the Kiev University, where from 1886 to 1890 he mastered historical science under the guidance of Vladimir Antonovich.
d71f3f8362897e0cbe5326b526d7aac74a4a3720	In 1891, the first scientific monographs of the young historian Hrushevsky, devoted to the history of Ukraine of the XIV–XVI centuries, were published.
54965bc0ce0149cbd76da0949de676aedff2e018	Under the influence of Antonovich Grushevsky, he entered the nationalist circle of the "Kiev Hromada".
5390407eae7b11474c8b742736a97d193d7b2e66	The patronage of the teacher gave Mikhail the opportunity to get a scholarship at Kiev University to work on a doctoral dissertation: to get a place as a professor at Lviv University head of the Department of Eastern European History.
c1c4bb3158503553d494ab97019138dc9a097a77	From 1894 to 1913, Hrushevsky lived in Lviv.
11553a67a51b44c0ba1358aee3fdbadbcc50642e	Here he was formed as a liberal Ukrainian politician.
9de4e22e29efadbedd9dc73b814298558216d858	Mikhail Sergeyevich heads the department, calls himself a professor, at the same time he is one of the most significant Ukrainian politicians in Galicia, which was then part of the Austro – Hungarian Empire.
f184da98b7b611b35ebf765219fc805b57be1de7	Hrushevsky became one of the founders of the Ukrainian National Democratic Party in Galicia.
8e6cfb26feb51eee1eee0620efe97c9d070b272c	In Lviv, Hrushevsky is elected head of the local Taras Shevchenko Scientific Society and editor in chief of the Notes of this society, head of the Ukrainian Russian Publishing Union.
aabe521ac1b7cfeb96dc154cc9991eec7eb99234	In 1898, together with the famous Ukrainian writer Ivan Franko, he founded the Literary and Scientific Bulletin magazine in Lviv, which became the most influential Ukrainian magazine for a decade.
b68fd9039d7e709492b9e7e7a1ba42d376658510	In 1903, Grushevsky traveled to Western Europe, lectured at the socialist "Free Russian School" in Paris, visited London and Berlin.
38893ec9f59414646227c76272febe31dce867a7	Perhaps in Paris he becomes a member of the Masonic lodge "The Great East".
7898581359b7cb39ed49a9943bc8831071862bed	In 1904, after returning to Lviv, Hrushevsky headed the "Society of Adherents of Ukrainian Literature, Science and Art".
bfc9f1da1b85b8387238e45acc5762fe71081f69	He criticized the Russian monarchy and ardently advocated the legalization of the Ukrainian language and the Ukrainian press in the Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire.
2e1648080e810a10aa7caa1a783f4c9ac7e38e82	Mikhail Hrushevsky, as a professional historian in society, was known primarily as the "father of Ukrainian history", who wrote the 10 volume "History of Ukraine of Russia".
f50f3b7a7163a85bd577d96e1eb50fb4e57e3448	This fundamental work for the first time summarized a lot of disparate facts from the history of Ukraine from ancient times to the end of the XVII century.
56fe724c5ec309ebcaa3eef8ad00b35d63c323b0	However, according to experts, Grushevsky, making global conclusions, made a number of serious mistakes, and many of his theories were later refuted by historians.
877e45a5d1246c4eb09fae80eb12d362c32a3bbd	Trying to justify the right of Ukrainians to statehood, Hrushevsky politicized the history of Ukraine, became interested in myths, from which many Ukrainian historians are still unable to move away.
f3ea771c6b060824d312310bf853dd59e093713d	From the autumn of 1905 to the summer of 1907, Grushevsky lived in Central Ukraine, then in St. Petersburg, and advocated granting autonomy to the Ukrainian provinces – self government within Russia.
146388fd26924a151f19d73b4da58f2fca64ae6a	At this time, he prepared the "Declaration of Ukrainian Autonomy" for submission to the State Duma.
24c9949c9960bb156dd47d7d920cfca1d0cf0f0f	In 1906, Hrushevsky participated in a meeting of the Ukrainian faction of the First State Duma, in the activities of the political Union of autonomous federalists.
41c185565638e5fd6ce019ba84ba5e3d92b3b0de	In 1907, for a short time, Mikhail Sergeyevich moved the publication of the Literary and Scientific Bulletin from Lviv to Kiev.
63553e22f5093d392bfc2e5b813f6921fbeff5e2	He directs the work of the "Ukrainian Scientific Society" operating in Kiev, participates in the creation of the liberal party of the Cadet direction "Association of Ukrainian Gradualists (Progressives)".
45e818bfc098d302b40ecb882e3e432b9ff6bf98	After the failure of the revolution in the Russian Empire, Hrushevsky again settles in Lviv, teaches history at the university.
37aa01dc5eba50ba1d9dfe68f819b7ed8ab38e3d	However, since 1913, due to financial problems, there has been a protracted conflict with the leaders of the Galician National Democrats, who accuse Hrushevsky of money fraud.
4268a17a6abafd9f97dd3c4cef5d118186cc3e2d	After the Russian army broke through the Austrian front and entered Lviv during the First World War, Grushevsky was arrested by the Russian authorities for "Austrophilism" and "espionage activities".
e9e3fd2fbbe43632a3b6711814d79e15ea044870	After a six month stay in a Kiev prison, he was sent first to Simbirsk, and in the autumn of 1915 to Kazan.
df6e29c514ced7851a36f6ddd9d2b4f3c656c1ed	Only in 1916, thanks to the efforts of patrons, Grushevsky was allowed to live in Moscow under the open supervision of the police.
bd8eecacf590965c532d885e6426de583819b2ea	In early March 1917, immediately after the victory of the February Revolution, he was elected in absentia to the leaders of the Ukrainian Central Rada (in the spring of 1917 an Inter party political club, which in the summer of 1917 turned into the Parliament of the Ukrainian Autonomy).
09c8496071a19367f602ac1c9e3dfc8ec07b7d8a	In April 1917, Grushevsky, at the 100 thousandth demonstration in Kiev, called for the struggle for the creation of an autonomous Ukraine as part of the Russian Federal Republic, without waiting for the convocation of the All Russian Constituent Assembly.
1dc3c7c8f4bd8b5580791c5dc322c9882862c060	Hrushevsky led the work of the Ukrainian National Congress, the All Ukrainian Village Congress and the First Ukrainian Military Congress.
f98d9bcf2a3eb1ced72e2467ca658e31dc68daff	In the spring and autumn of 1917, the Grushevsky politician gradually "left", slipping into social radicalism.
1d70f60c22a3494d4f127a7a87060f7bc5833ac3	From a liberal Democrat - "gradual", he turned into a Ukrainian socialist revolutionary.
f2e9412f85df21a4ba4a194f4b18454736d3ed73	Having become the de facto leader of the Socialist Revolutionary faction of the Central Rada, Hrushevsky surrounded himself with young radicals who called for the immediate elimination of the right of private property and for the immediate declaration of full independence of Ukraine.
39333ffc74af91f4fd189da93d7e73cd632a64a4	Until the end of April 1918, Grushevsky was the head of the Central Rada, the head of the Executive Council of the Small Rada.
369e86299e5affee4f74d3212da6a2de1bbea22b	In September 1917, at the Congress of Representatives of the Peoples of Russia, he was elected chairman of the Presidium of the Council of the Peoples of Russia.
7040f22847d18cd3922c58af47603f8c36aa6b75	In those days, Grushevsky dreams of becoming the president of the Council of Peoples of Eastern Europe, which should be proclaimed as a result of the work of the Congress of Peoples.
5f7eaced4d33f44e6241f79fdc88d5ce939fdb2c	He saw the future of the Russian Empire as a confederation of independent national republics with its capital in ancient Kiev.
895e86676ef116fe68619744c98e0c6e469d289e	A few days before the October Revolution, Hrushevsky announced the possibility of forming an independent Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR).
b8736e95057737c4a4b85c3d193e5f01b2538ec3	On November 7, 1917, when it became clear that the Provisional Government of Russia had fallen, the Central Rada in Ukraine proclaimed the creation of the Ukrainian People's Republic, the abolition of private ownership of land, the abolition of the death penalty, and broad democratic freedoms.
66f2d3bacd255dc270ffce54436f891515d08ca2	Since that day, Hrushevsky has been the independent head of Ukraine, which has turned into a parliamentary republic.
652dc650550b58d324622a380554d32092248ea6	However, the power of Mikhail Hrushevsky until February 1918 was limited by the activities of the strong Prime Minister of Ukraine (General Secretary) Vladimir Vinnichenko.
1900f5cca69f85e8a276cac817a71bc44ef8d313	Proclaiming the federation of Ukraine with the non existent "free federal Russia", Grushevsky went into conflict with the Leninist government.
762dcbe082f461c5aae7c019a826a5ce4ebd6820	The Central Rada did not recognize the Bolshevik government in Russia, and the Leninist Council of People's Commissars (SNK) did not recognize "bourgeois nationalists" in Ukraine.
31343c69d822c954c49240def11861a15a646470	From mid December 1917, military units loyal to the Bolsheviks, Red Guards from the central regions of Russia and local Red Guard detachments began a war against the Central Rada.
89585e99f10cfecaefac2dddfae8be1b0c715e46	They captured Kharkov, where the new government of the Soviet UPR was proclaimed – the People's Secretariat, consisting of Bolsheviks.
73fc9e4a8b5cd19633bd6661065f8f410c4cd430	From Kharkov, the red regiments moved to the cities of the Left Bank Ukraine.
48bea73890c5863909e0a75a4febbc7aa5272993	As the head of the UPR, Hrushevsky showed his weakness and indecision, even began to lean towards the union of Ukraine with the countries of the German bloc.
8e96720967def04128a893e5ca5dc6ab36bf052f	At the same time, he intrigued against Vinnichenko and the Minister of War Petlyura, who resigned at the most crucial moment.
a9215a7fdc72381b04b805e533c010a8dfab9e43	Hrushevsky found support in the young politicians of the Party of Ukrainian Social Revolutionaries.
c880dd1a29783dd1593f8641e70fbffc0a258929	He actually headed the Party of Social Revolutionaries and dragged a mediocre and unknown figure, SR Golubovich, into the premier of the UNR.
23ad84393ce05d643d9dc8aae5e909656c736673	Hrushevsky went to the demobilization of the Ukrainian army, which destroyed the defense of the republic.
9336b287e0fd565e09be01310b3afdd8e9de0c6b	During the uprising of the Kiev workers and the siege of Kiev by the red troops, Grushevsky was engaged not in organizing the defense of the capital, but in preparing for flight.
01e204181da060c08820218ecb16768414c3d23a	At the end of January 1918, the Central Rada lost control over Kiev and almost the entire territory of Ukraine, except for certain counties of Volyn.
d9a721e8fb1b2a8a06f199ac35b4f2edef8a80c6	But then the Austro German troops, called by Grushevsky to Ukraine to fight against the "Soviets", under the Brest Treaty between the UPR and the countries of the German bloc, acted against the Bolsheviks.
eb259da39147fe7e208f33e098c4e38ed3770bed	The arrival of German troops in Ukraine led to a lot of problems and conflicts related to the desire of the Austro German command to control the international, military, food and land policy of the UPR, to establish military field courts and to revive landowners ' farms.
a2b10310a26edb25640265e3d6c64fde631be938	In April 1918, the Austrian and German military commandants became the actual owners of Ukraine.
d231fce5f164a234eb2d058c126a4a3b2de63b5e	Hrushevsky and the Central Rada returned to Kiev in early March 1918 literally on "German bayonets".
addff27bdf5058a9ddc7775cdece636c12c332a1	The Central Rada in March and April 1918 was unable to create either a functioning system of government of the country or a strong Ukrainian army, remaining completely defenseless before the dictates of the Austro German military.
d6a6088c93f19fbe25c8a23ff6f8fd19afbce64e	Already on April 30, 1918, a coup was carried out with the help of the same German bayonets, as a result of which Hrushevsky and the Central Rada lost power, and the paramilitary dictatorship of Hetman P. Skoropadsky was established in Ukraine.
90e92e5cd4e373394fe3f4f4f585488f0ef251b4	The day before the coup, the Central Rada adopted the draft Constitution of Ukraine.
d67c5c18c7d2c3286564986456b39879f206b6cf	Some historians believe that on April 29, 1918, Hrushevsky was proclaimed president of Ukraine and even performed his duties for one day, but no document of that time confirms this fact.
10a924c12c6aa569b2335b48017845feed9c006d	The proclamation of Hrushevsky as the first president of the state of Ukraine is just a persistent myth.
24accd34f0a0fe72e5a20843342fac42631ace32	After the establishment of the Hetman's power in Ukraine, Hrushevsky moved away from big politics and switched to scientific work.
7306fe9e41e83332589fb5cf29b3f55b4585a258	Fearing arrest, he did not participate in the "political adventures" and party activities of the revolutionary Ukrainian social revolutionaries.
802f1fd7ab46fe14b17490890a4b478239c0cdcb	The political authority of the "father of the nation" in the spring and summer of 1918 disappeared like smoke.
8484e5fe75e2967096a2a66e9b55a54795af71f2	Hrushevsky was accused of all the troubles: in the presence of the occupation troops, in the loss of independence of Ukraine, in the collapse of the revolutionary bloc, in intrigues… In November 1918, a general peasant uprising began in Ukraine against the Hetman authorities and the occupiers.
2f624a04ae2fb89d71f349b9f1135bf37e1e5a62	This uprising promoted two Ukrainian Social Democrats, former associates of Hrushevsky – Vinnichenko and Petlyura, to the leadership of the nation.
01d5637780a064b85abd061c1d189ce69185b053	With the victory of the Ukrainian revolution in December 1918, Hrushevsky again presented his claims to power in Ukraine.
04f4719c90b5148a67f41c47acb9634337a722e4	However, the leaders of the UNR Directory Vinnichenko and Petlyura opposed this, and Grushevsky did not receive a "post" in the government of the "second republic".
41b79cd3e66dbfaf5cbfeff0a5b07d6bb28c811f	At the same time, Hrushevsky headed a group of centrists in the Party of Ukrainian Social Revolutionaries.
fbe18f4f59ca4165fe19061f06b7b838fae9a15b	Being in opposition to the UNR Directory, he tried to make a coup and seize power.
418cc8b2fe0e2e298b814ac7084d0963760a9f01	In the provincial town of Kamenets, Podolsky Grushevsky tried to create an alternative power to the Directory, ready to compromise with the Bolsheviks.
14594e84d6a0b5aff35e7b89e338464c30c2b394	However, after the failure of the coup, Grushevsky flees to the West.
de89c37f9b2d521696de2fac22239c44c538d577	From March 1919 to March 1924, Grushevsky lived in exile in Prague and Vienna.
209e51a297381dbdcb49372f9386e9e2b584a3a5	Since the summer of 1920, he has been trying to return to his homeland, looking for a compromise with the Soviet government, repenting, switching to "left positions".
8698c373788f4abdbdfdd663618fa5424efbc474	In 1922, Grushevsky gave up political activity and became a propagandist of the Soviet system in Europe.
a8d867bd14411c65e7be1a5ab3948faf3b3fbb9c	Since 1924, Grushevsky has lived in Soviet Ukraine and in Moscow.
1415468230070289580c2fb0d39415d84511ed99	The Bolsheviks forgave the leader of the "bourgeois nationalists", while ordinary Ukrainian social revolutionaries were shot or put in camps.
90044b0978ae645e2c0b76c97f95b1a406ad41ca	Hrushevsky demonstrates his full loyalty and support for the Soviet government, receives the title of academician, a luxury apartment, an appropriate post in the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, edits the magazine "Ukraine".
f6cd6528dc91aa5bab968c5b81b33f0fb07155f3	A solid position and a high salary (30 times higher than the salary of a worker) allowed Grushevsky to write historical works that were actively published in Soviet Ukraine.
9b95b262a6e071f76c5e28fe953215248bd799ad	Only in 1931 he was arrested as a "bourgeois nationalist" in the case of the "Union for the Liberation of Ukraine", but soon released and again worked in Moscow in the archives, collecting material for a book on Ukrainian history.
71ad3af79df33040ee70aecc835f821233ff271a	Grushevsky died in Kislovodsk in November 1934.
677a4c62a904f924ff1cf39cf4a1f020ac2082df	0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
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12ef3830df63a1aa2eb1134a48dfd4e6cebb270c	New in the library
f704352e856a21d6297c66169e138a868850caae	Years of life: 1866-1934
00b9f15941e250357c25ffb7f457bd743501f171	Brief bibliographic reference
1ee0e46a047a5888ddcebef4bca27bbd3127f65e	(1866-1934), Ukrainian historian, philologist and public and political figure.
980c2f85b290dc48f73729a099c20a9103530cd6	Academician of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
a4027272f57771edc7c15d248e617f61e286f389	He was born on September 17, 1866 in the city of Kholm in the family of a teacher.
3d56c4c3edb45ae1e2efd36295718c9010482aa3	At the same time, in his gymnasium years, his acquaintance with the historical works of N. I. Kostomarov and M.
c5e8de17b63b4227829255115202f433db767a82	A. Maksimovich began.
f6a4f6bdea6d52c524a8d98c9f172f6fad515b61	Therefore, it was natural for him to go to the Kiev University of St. Nicholas.
402e4315ce9d7280dad80973a7769c23231aac01	Vladimir, where V. B. Antonovich taught.
bd80cf424128ee65d62d3f5b87e2f37dce2d074d	It should be noted that assumptions, often completely hypothetical, occupied an unreasonably large place in the book for scientific research.
575ae86c05ac251f8e77e90424dc57f7fc9a8bdf	Hrushevsky graduated from Kiev University in 1890.
426c284b021dd3e91e4bb050f46b26a5fd32e559	In 1892, Mikhail Sergeyevich passed the master's exams.
9e161c574bcadb78a62d83e496a34e6e39f365f2	Constructed according to the scheme of other "regional" monographs of the Antonovich school, the book " Lordly old age.
95e81480852e5004393023768e5deec850a2cd90	Historical essays" (Kiev, 1894) went beyond the scheme of the school: chronologically it belonged to a later time, "geographically" went far to the west.
32ae4557c64598bbca42ca07035f909395520db4	The author paid the main attention to the urban community; much was said in the work about Magdeburg law.
3b6a4e365300d6f0caeeaa3aff2eebc8ac9cc3aa	In 1894, the dissertation was successfully defended, and Grushevsky became a master of Russian history.
8e76a3501b8fba5d547d93812e0431f7a8d3e522	In Lviv, Hrushevsky launched a stormy activity.
1c44d7f3928f288bad0f1dba7e9bf98f23ce7cef	Having headed the Scientific Society named after him in 1897.
c9d5230fb5cd5781d1062531a6641cbf19491cc5	Taras Shevchenko, he turned it into a semblance of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.
7b25d0c058e85b606a1edc9303860fda3eed71b2	At the same time, Grushevsky became the editor of the society's "Notes", transformed from a yearbook into a bi monthly.
60c7ff62e64eeb352bf7ac2e49bdb48c80a1bfdd	Until 1913, more than 100 volumes of this publication were published.
59ab66f9dac3ec98de3ff7e63348171a82031f56	In his scientific work, Grushnitsky directed his main efforts to create a generalizing ("synthetic") history of Ukraine.
bd8d0fbbea894eb82ee6d528bff7830733cdb4af	At first, he intended to publish a relatively small three volume work, but as the research work grew, the work in the final version was an unfinished ten volume book (the author intended to bring the presentation to the end of the 18th century, but brought it only to 1658) The scientist's views on the history of Ukraine in the second half of the 17th early 20th century are set out in his other works - "An Essay on the history of the Ukrainian people" and "Illustrated History of Ukraine").
cded173c54ecc493db5e2debef0b6c53f8e9648d	Unlike Grushevsky's early works, in which he was a supporter of the federalist theory of N. I. Kostomarov and V. B. Antonovich, "The History of Ukraine of Russia" was based on a different concept.
b48380ada0b439eba743e3e28835f9d6e18f0fe1	The author has developed to the logical end the views of his predecessors.
a3a222db2295b75675830ac3380b00c0246c63ae	He believed that the ancestors of the Ukrainians were the ancient tribes of the Ants, in other words, the independent history of the people began with them from the IV century.
a589a5c108ca37b2f4931187dfe8f7bc566e9197	According to Hrushevsky's concept, the first independent Ukrainian power was Kievan Rus, which reached its heyday under Vladimir the Saint, who united various Slavic lands.
5e6f64d8f3615932b5e9954bba69b475fc94b436	The scientist identified several reasons for the collapse of the unified Kievan state into separate lands: the formation of new princely centers, and the economic and colonization processes that seized the Dnieper region.
2d739f8d5a9a78602a859d18d48b46f325a4ad54	Unlike most representatives of Russian science, Grushevsky considered the successor of Kievan Rus not the Vladimir Suzdal land, but the Galician Volyn land.
6ab28b20a2e30976d475a01e094ab71714af7b7b	As the scientist emphasized, this state " continued... a whole century after the decline of the Kiev land in full force the traditions of great power politics, the princely druzhin regime, socio political forms and culture developed by the Kiev state."
6c687ddd8cef6e4169350578532e6056a94597bc	The main content of the late (13th century) history of Galician Volyn Rus, in his opinion, was the gradual incorporation of its neighboring states: Lithuania, Poland and Hungary.
803c4625f5768c443a36c94a24b926e3d7460b60	The most important element of Hrushevsky's concept was the idea of the continuous development of the Ukrainian nation.
ee617b7c26dbbcff434c05b05b35d5cfcc46cac6	Many Russian historians believed that the Tatar invasion led to the desolation of the Dnieper and the departure of the population to the Northeast.
0f7ce1e19d0a3ac8d65e6211b39497f6c72db2b3	The predecessors of Grushevsky: M.
c0c9bfd60dd1282eb182b464c8ad6730e33877d1	A. Maksimovich, V. B. Antonovich and M. F. Vladimirsky Budanov showed that the desolation was not absolute, some population remained.
60506f7ffe3780748b34d9254dc3c60fd8ae206f	Hrushevsky, joining this point of view, emphasized that the main role in the settlement of the Dnieper belonged "not to the newcomer, but to the local population, which never completely disappeared."
3430ceaba847b93ccc6b0eecf106be891e5a6930	Hrushevsky gave a relatively detailed description of the community.
c7b3b157d977c74e5dcbd91b77b633e81237dcc1	He called a community " a self governing public group in various forms (rural community, urban, vechevy district, self governing land).
2d64a1524015bc94ecdbccdaa7800674c57cf4c9	The princely druzhinny element was opposed to the communal one.
d8631e7165ea04cc35051900ffedfd09bdbbffb2	When presenting the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Grushevsky was in line with the traditions of the Kiev school, considering this state one of the two centers of unification of the ancient Russian lands, along with the Moscow state, the successor of the traditions of Kievan Rus.
5498392896323c277872b3e4ebef68c7e11b5e05	The historian emphasized the great importance of the East Slavic population in the political and social structure and life of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
041afd7e70bd338816b9ecb9a8006f372dc501c8	However, as the region becomes Catholicized and Polonized, the previously barely noticeable contradictions between the Eastern Slavs and Lithuanians begin to intensify and eventually lead to the reorientation of the former to Moscow Russia.
41867fc2dc1500c85c92cf8160fade210338a04b	Grushevsky observed this kind of trend since 1385.
33fb1bb604ac3345df8c0ba5b442108a7e700f5e	By the beginning of the 16th century, they were already fully formed, and active polonization after the Lublin Union of Lithuania with Poland in 1569 completed the process of reorientation.
c81bd791d9176369158714c4b76312862de3047f	In the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth, Moscow Russia, and the Russian Empire, Ukrainians were either a simple passive object of government or were in sharp opposition to the state system.
eeaf196b97135a8219162f5ec41eced92e3bcde8	According to Hrushevsky, Ukrainians had no influence on the political life of the country.
eb9acdb737fc9e007d69b25b8808f0271c4289e6	The only content of their history was only cultural and economic processes.
24c1c54847fe61611877dd6f9ec4a8b78ef065c9	Speaking about the origin of the Cossacks, Grushevsky distinguished the Cossacks as a household phenomenon, a social system and a term.
cda560a9c923e731ecd80acb6f8d65b5fe9b343e	The main mistake of the authors of the mid 19th century (Kostomarov, Antonovich, Maksimovic), in his opinion, there was a proliferation of late device Cossacks (early 17th century) in the early period of its history (the end of 15th – beginning of 16th century).
31a844eeb635d208324a1f269d2c2998d11c8714	Hrushevsky rightly observed that in the 15th – 16th centuries "the Cossacks more occupations than social status… There is no trace of the Cossacks as a social class, as any "communities" in our documentary material for a long time, almost until the very end of the 17th century."
96d8eda3fad466a1b877702b04d93497155e185c	The historian believed that the original Cossacks united: the population of the Dnieper region, who lost state power due to the raids of nomads;
c1f46202ce76113ddb5358eff0ad05a2ab420484	"industrialists" from more remote regions attracted by the freedom and natural resources of the region, and, finally, fugitive peasants and townspeople fleeing from oppression.
34ef79a2dad3f4cce700ecbd9bbdf1e48d6a62fa	Following Antonovich, Hrushevsky noted the broad democracy of Ukrainians, which was expressed in the creation of a Cossack state.
164c19ffdf9bfe13f122a12102f15b38b1ca5caa	This feature of Ukrainian statehood came into conflict with the predominance of the monarchical principle in Russia, which ultimately led to the elimination of the autonomy of Ukraine in the second half of the 18th century.
37e23a8199e37ccb8ffa1eebaf7713ceeecefa1a	All manifestations of anti Russian speeches were described by Grushevsky sympathetically, although he was far from idealizing the leaders of these movements, for example, I. S. Mazepa.
2b9d20d52dbce1bd01c0f1b363192c39e8193581	When presenting the history of the 19th century, the scientist focused on the facts of the Russian Ukrainian confrontation (prohibitions of the Ukrainian language, persecution of intellectuals), while practically nothing was said about the economy of Ukraine, its social development.
78176a23d685450e47c2114518dba9e6a2d7d97f	In the most concentrated form, Grushevsky's concept was set out in the article "The Usual scheme of "Russian" History and the matter of rational presentation of the history of Eastern Slavs", published in 1904 and which became widely known, prepared in connection with the intention of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences to publish an encyclopedia of Slavic studies.
58baa52f91b176f94ddee9bec77b67c15cf9ca3a	Grushevsky's concept, with rare exceptions (A. A. Shakhmatov, A. E. Presnyakov), has met with rejection and condemnation in Russian historiography.
4526c330cf3cc3a5a39b3f3f01cc70c995fe40c2	In addition, having become the political basis of Ukrainian nationalism, this theory and Grushevsky himself became persona non grata in the socio political life of the Russian Empire.
6489a1fab2296238ea89532012eea4c6fe3a2adc	At the same time, everyone, including the historian's opponents, recognized the significant factual value of the "History of Ukraine of Russia".
d881d54cb2985751186fdce6d22204737e66c1b4	During the first Russian Revolution, Grushevsky moved the publication of the "Notes" of the Shevchenko Scientific Society and the "Literary and Scientific Bulletin"to Kiev.
5a1d77f9aad26e66f019d4d570f3290df0324dfc	At the same time, he went to St. Petersburg, where he took part in the work of the Ukrainian faction of the first State Duma.
ed4c85d0168c3d861736b1ef0ed35343810954b5	At this time, his numerous journalistic works "Ukrainism in Russia, its requests and needs", "The Ukrainian Question", "Unity or Disintegration of Russia", "Autonomy and the National Question", etc. are published.
8a707a44130c0a4c9fa532baa0247a9a093e1515	In them, the historian advocated the autonomy of Ukraine within the framework of a single Russian state, called on the government to pursue a policy of stimulating the languages and culture of national minorities, including Ukrainians.
0f1571c465a6ec425c8868f87c42f8f1270b5733	Grushevsky's name is becoming popular, but his activities are causing growing discontent among the authorities.
932e1cd7a4bcc0104fb6cacc755ebf58705dbcac	Russian Russian History Department, which was declared vacant after the death of Professor P. V. Golubovsky, was not occupied by Hrushevsky even after receiving the degree of Doctor of Russian History honoris causa from Kharkiv University in 1907.
08b7e6a1432a06ef118800dca092e7487e23b11b	university.
e3974c543e6c4a3f3cb1c2d71369b4dc96ffdd5c	Russian Russian translations of the popular Illustrated History of Ukraine, as well as three volumes of The History of Ukraine of Rus, devoted to Kievan Rus and the history of the Cossacks, were published in 1904-1914, intended for Russian readers, "An Essay on the History of the Ukrainian People" (based on a course of lectures given by Grushevsky at the invitation of M. M. Kovalevsky at the Russian Free School in Paris).
c373e68e224f7db42af4ee39d332ac753e3a9a21	At the same time, the editor of the historical department of the New Brockhaus – Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, N. I. Kareev, suggested that Hrushevsky write a general outline of the history of Ukraine.
8fc141ba9b9f13ab43a4e1a2dff5a17cd7d4c436	The prepared text of the essay almost exceeded the entire volume of the dictionary in volume, and the publication did not take place.
b390b2f578818a550bc44c53bfa0017cfa5a7335	Russian Russian scientists, Grushevsky's participation in the scientific life of Russia was quite broad – he corresponded with many Russian scientists, published reviews of Russian books, and his writings were known in Russia.
133feb2d3c8c2fd13c04ac9c6b74e60d76a504fe	Meanwhile, the scientist became the recognized head of Galician historians.
8b375a194dbb1420ff416f5091bb1f6b594dd74d	His students were: E. Terletsky, M. Korduba, S. Tomashevsky, I. Dzhidzhora, I. Kripyakevich, etc.
9e14d182082a117947d419720b9597a7495e896d	In September 1914, Grushevsky intended to resign, move to Kiev and focus exclusively on scientific work.
67518132faf26b25de264a34d5e0de0cb1819937	This was also facilitated by the contradictions within the Ukrainian national liberation movement in Galicia.
8720097542463eb9bddbbc089b85fe03b11ad6cc	Some of its participants went to cooperate with the Poles, which Grushevsky categorically objected to.
512513c658eb04bf9af69719b2084e12634a3071	In 1913, during the election of the new leadership of the Scientific Society named after T. Shevchenko, all the supporters of Hrushevsky were failed in the voting.
8c474f73fa80d4945d1e297fbe2f363950ba6a02	Under these conditions, he did not want to remain as chairman and, after editing 116 volumes of notes, resigned.
9a51ef4478794197c40b34f52029fd0a1d631b20	However, his plans were not destined to come true – the First World War began.
b9ec724eea709fb4c3945760dd68c9def916a6ca	Military operations caught the Grushevsky family in the Carpathians, where they had their own house.
bd71424c46ed7785acbff05a1c5747045fc4958f	The scientist was forced to leave first to Hungary, then to Vienna.
06fe1593c876fc2d3fd34c70816aebf0fba6bac5	Because of the persecution of the police, who saw him as an agent of the Russians, Grushevsky moved to neutral Italy, and then through Romania to Russia.
8c96aac0cb002a71136a94b7721dfbb157d40775	In mid November 1914, the historian p he moved to Kiev, where he was soon imprisoned on charges of collaborating with the Austrians and anti Russian propaganda.
d22e09408e09e38ca15c59b3ccb8c7d9bf381ca9	Grushevsky's imprisonment lasted until February 1915.
1ebed19a94d07f050fde9f251d6976cca5ddd8ef	The authorities intended to send him to Siberia, and only active requests of Russian historians (in particular, academician A. A. Shakhmatov) and the petition of the president of the Academy of Sciences, Grand Duke K. K. Romanov, led to the change of Siberia to Simbirsk.
2b1924a071798606bb503d7df1a9489bf930fbde	After living in Simbirsk for several months, the scientist received permission to move to the University of Kazan.
c1bea36879d67b1b51696c45afb14d6b914a0f8b	Hrushevsky did not stop his scientific work, he was preparing the next volume of the "History of Ukraine of Russia".
ec13bbaf5529304685c1a55117d296b551ffe914	In the autumn of 1916, he was allowed to move to Moscow.
30ba291446d7f0fd50f61ca390a4fee31111d437	Here he collaborated in the magazine "Ukrainian Life" edited by S. V. Petlyura, often visited the editor of "The Voice of the Past" S. P. Melgunov, met A. F. Kerensky and A.M. Gorky, who made a great impression on the historian.
9915754051f71ca88899113916a3c77557886b39	After the February Revolution on March 11, 1917, he left Moscow and went to Ukraine.
3d7a88592d1fede8869cd2648e912812268029e9	In Kiev, he immediately became involved in political activities.
fe8f3908f3041b31b2c4cd17b0da56c57bb408ff	He is elected head of the Central Rada of Ukraine.
b55fd23dd0a0b53cc255b6bbf323e878076ef7f3	It should be emphasized that before the October Revolution, Hrushevsky spoke from the positions of the federalist republican structure of Russia, for the autonomy of Ukraine as part of this state.
afb1d72e33c6f4c9afa64e90980951cb7afd9c86	At the same time, he saw federal Russia as a democratic republic as a stage for the political restructuring of Europe into a European federation.
4bd42da7ad32d3c4843139c7f4cc5dc03d428cca	During the offensive of the Bolshevik troops on Kiev, Grushevsky's house burned down, numerous books and manuscripts were lost in the fire.
a4362147d1d3d27b94ade214c1e7daac8918c0a1	Together with other members of the Central Rada, Hrushevsky moved to Volyn and returned to Kiev again with German troops who had occupied Ukraine.
4bf48c679aafe3990ff3ba698c23b669eae2b76f	His political attitudes are changing: he has moved away from focusing on Russia.
33a9f4ba8710b048e77b8c76beea9f7a2e5f612b	The fourth universal of the Central Rada, compiled by Hrushevsky, proclaimed the independence of Ukraine on January 11, 1918.
ea18d6717bbf2f4c256975359506ce8b657a4fd3	At the same time, Grushevsky still adhered to federalist ideas, but called for the conclusion of an alliance with the new states that arose on the ruins of the Russian Empire, within the framework of the Black Sea Federation that he projected.
b5eb69870c4a540983851b11acfabbd04656cbb4	The policy of the Central Rada soon began to cause discontent among various segments of the population.
4cf64a701600620bf3c68c458ea39ddc53d9cb4c	On April 29, at the congress of the Union of Land Owners, a new head of state was elected – the former general of the tsarist Army, P. P. Skoropadsky, proclaimed hetman.
e887a506946b3fecd7d1fc11108933a832f647cc	Grushevsky was forced to move to an illegal position.
7d468432b673e55913d06ea92b9da568372338a6	At the end of 1918, after the overthrow of the Hetman and the coming to power of the Directory, Hrushevsky came out of hiding, tried to revive the ideas of the Central Rada, but, meeting opposition from the new authorities, he left Kiev.
85c02e58e6aaedeb1184fb44ffb8d0faa7090f43	At the beginning of 1919, he briefly lived in Kamianets Podilskyi, where he edited the newspaper " Life of Podillya – - the organ of the Ukrainian Socialist Party.
8b900ee8716158e9b193927fbb1fdfb00b67639f	In March, Hrushevsky left for Galicia, and then for Prague.
110f9676d62b0106ff86336755684e6a636802cf	In 1922, he left the Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries and focused on scientific work.
f134b6bab8c8b24993287009e94b69efb34e69cb	The lack of necessary sources did not allow him to continue working on his main work, so there is a temporary reorientation of his scientific interests.
b293dd2c4a1dce5ad358304f42ac901e3f53823d	Back in 1919, he organized the Ukrainian Sociological Institute in Vienna with the money of the Ukrainian diaspora.
a5445a5595a57e8aef0d66f4ea040d6398cfe372	As part of the scientific topics of the Institute's classes, Grushevsky prepared an important theoretical work "The Birth of Society (genetic Sociology)".
df16dbc46288680d9a84352f7d3dd4ccaaf0a6fd	Using the available literary sources, as well as the materials of the new volumes of the "History of Ukraine Russia", the scientist began work on a multi volume"History of Ukrainian Literature".
fbff369d089779a9c81c6ab44344078143b8388f	During the author's lifetime, five volumes were published, brought to the beginning of the 17th century.
9f40c71ed0e4163f356d07e1455172563a299fb5	The sixth volume prepared for publication was released only in 1995.
d96231e32dbce35816bccdfb6d969f15058613db	In fact, this book by Hrushevsky is a study of Ukrainian spirituality.
aaf17c840dd1dd5b07d398a1bc30c6424085edc3	The inability to continue the full fledged work of a scholar of history abroad led to the fact that Hrushevsky offered his services to Kharkiv (then the capital of Ukraine).
5f4f389ba036cc691afcb18ff7ea94555386950c	He sympathized with the formation of the USSR on a federal basis and, after receiving permission from the authorities, returned to Kiev in March 1924.
ada6bb75197734947a826db4f919cf910dc2e582	By this time, he had already been elected an academician of the All Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, where he became the head of the historical and philological department.
5a2833b1117b563aa1acab28044b866d0ce0a3a4	Numerous commissions and dozens of employees worked under his leadership.
e3fc8635e5de302e14e54f711a3aa488a964ff93	The press organ of the department, the magazine "Ukraine", published both articles by Hrushevsky himself and other employees.
cf887f445eaaa1a1b85a35ed9708f5ba1ef38740	The archeographic activity, traditional for the Kiev school, has resumed: many previously unknown documents of Ukrainian history are published in the publications of the department.
e0277c397f85a53346ea72129bd38cb3c5c13027	In 1926, the USSR widely celebrated the 60th anniversary of Grushevsky.
f1072bdbf955bfecbe93f8347dd6a964f3557182	By this date, a collection of works dedicated to him was published.
1fe3de56a6e466b62d2483e29677e6fab24a24c7	The volumes of the "History of Ukraine of Russia" began to be published again.
35fc4bc9af1e8bbb8635b2039faa13c162a01630	He did not stop teaching, he supervised graduate students.
969b1c3df24a8d09e750b95cda930f1c52df960f	His closest assistant was his only daughter Ekaterina, a talented historian and sociologist (she was later repressed and died in the camp).
a3a64356a23eae9330185df7bc1022170a27a92e	Recognition of the merits of the Grushevsky scientist was his election in 1929 as an academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
9dfdadac33d063725a28138696149379fb080ad9	But this success was the last.
aba4e9df2d87c4f5eebf3e59bc2873c1b6843299	The "great turning point" of 1929 – 1931 came.
49e6f43f8658b1cad1bf539d3c0bcc7622124525	Under the pretext of reorganization, the magazine "Ukraine" is actually being closed.
c82c615277279b02f78f1ac4393ff9cb6902b0d7	Transformations in the structure of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine lead to the removal of Hrushevsky from the leadership of the department.
569459f3c85e6754fc1d2885ccadea4cf4fc7925	On March 23, 1931, on the way to Leningrad for the session of the USSR Academy of Sciences, he was arrested in Moscow.
2c0dc494ec8f34b8bcaf744015fd3b98e1cd5733	By this time, one of his employees, Professor F. Savchenko was forced to confirm false information during the interrogation: allegedly Hrushevsky returned to Ukraine to continue the political struggle and unite nationalist forces; he pinned his main hopes on the intervention of Western countries and kulak demonstrations; he headed the "Ukrainian Nationalist Center".
caa9a96b401de4e200bb66d5f731a4115f360429	The academician was transferred to Kharkiv, where he was interrogated from March 28 to April 3 and forced to plead guilty to all charges.
2c50ae57cab4d4065525f3ca772b189c3e03a97c	On April 4, Grushevsky was again transported to Moscow, where he was interrogated by the deputy chairman of the OGPU, Ya.
bef340a3b85fbd48c1192d54a652e01dc765f1ac	S. Agranov.
5f712b2aa87624aca3c591a8345307cae7ef2a8a	It seemed that the fate of the scientist was predetermined.
fc442b51b3e845f4d7b5803e0105d25551b9be54	But on April 14, he was accepted by Agranov and refused his testimony: "It's hard for me to talk about this," Grushevsky said, " but I donot belong to the breed of heroes and I couldnot stand a 9 – hour night interrogation.
97c5c4d6cfbbb6de291400cf907a48ead3d7b5df	I am an old man, my strength has long been undermined.
29483d527d7dbbe2b17e40f366f9c852ede05fb1	Before prison, I had the flu.
316a4387aa56e9cdce27803eb02e2f1769c193bf	I could not withstand the sharp onslaught of the investigator."
0cefd351b3ff7a5bf0c2006bf1b9b02074fad05b	Grushevsky was released.
53322a9730df41d47635234a270cdcc8203f4e3d	As it became known later, the decisive role in his release was played by the petition of his cousin, in 1931, the deputy chairman of the State Planning Committee, G. Lomov Oppokov.
cbcef54e8d4c193a4abf2baf855a9f4cfc0645ef	After his release, Grushevsky lived in Moscow, but the criminal case was not terminated and the scientist lived under the threat of a new arrest.
afd49fed95b843c6b98fe4f810bf17e97e4ed1ce	Probably, on the advice of the same Lomov, in August 1933, Grushevsky sent a letter to the chairman of the State Planning Committee, V. V. Kuibyshev.
78b84311d164c301423497ed729102233980fc15	In the letter, Grushevsky emphasized: "As a result of this cruel and hasty reprisal, I became a scarecrow.
d40218b8ad44f900b7796aeeaa6dfe5149232efa	Everyone is afraid of some kind of touching me.
11ff15de896bb04c11ae94eecb2df954062a4a51	Ideological, political, and criminal charges are floating around me."
14d13a4dab1b8f9c624e5a0bbf2f0d4751761535	In conclusion, the historian asked to return to him the materials left in Kiev and thereby the opportunity for full fledged scientific work.
8c2d7aa21d5cbd67963005b54be6e8778d34320f	In the accompanying note to the letter, Lomov noted: "With Hitler's bid for Ukraine, we need to keep some names of the national liberation movement ready.
d6dfe5949c5e4f9cf9108c7908b21e8a309e4a17	Grushevsky is a big name.
92b8a8b053326d9d6a78640d1dcfa794f0b54552	It is unlikely that it should be completely hammered into the ground, it will certainly come in handy at the right moment.
dada5ba9fd1041ec8b0f97935b6e5dffb1193635	It seems to me that Grushevsky should be supported financially and calmed down a little.
f43fcc4b693bea54520ecf81ce19dda016fa142a	I am convinced that he will agree to make any protest against Hitler Rosenberg, etc." Soon the criminal case was dismissed.
8cea4d6b85729d0cc3cccb5ca996bde9d3e4d288	However, the harassment of Hrushevsky in Ukraine did not stop.
a48482e5acd3187199be9cb8b7bff55d01ba2cde	In May 1934, the People's Commissar of Education of Ukraine V. P. Zatonsky appealed to the head of the republic S. V. Kosior and P. V. Postyshev with a proposal to exclude Hrushevsky from the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
2f64cf1e6be40d369b08b452f57e2312ae083a7d	Grushevsky's views and past activities were fiercely criticized at all levels.
295d8db5d3c398b02419b16e4543da6df049bff6	But they did not have time to exclude Grushevsky.
6108f905604b1e5040c5025c11d3c56d2f62d73f	On November 25, 1934, he died in Kislovodsk, where he was on vacation, during an unsuccessful operation for a carbuncle.
1449af5cf5144acbf8bd14e6ad8905a7682a9117	According to the decree of the government, he was buried in Kiev, at the Baykov Cemetery.
b6deb58c71cc2fd13df849bade2558ce5b32d2fc	Source: Historians of Russia of the XVIII XIX centuries.
d779bfd1d0f8ad92cb532c08696db0db3c1008a5	Issue 5.
55b69e417f2831ea5b5cbb106266886fe4574d54	Moscow, 1998.
781c60652ddd118e1e417914cd11ba083fb83277	Grushevsky M. S.
8ad36cba5ed07bc21981d71f5ce1ba9c478b12af	Illustrated history of Ukraine.
4320ed948390aea3a1f5901d26cb42d088f98505	- St. Petersburg: Tipo litografiya Akc.
34254b2d465696c6c7bb31b0ce402c8e2f069cbe	O va "Self education", 1913— - 556 p.
8ca0dd02028f5d2c8fb0e18fbb4297969e46f258	An essay on the history of the Kievan land from the death of Yaroslav to the end of the XIV century.
0d689812336c5b30b3d6ca79b5b9fcb8e99f8419	- Kiev: Type.
eb9d808dad5cc2c1afecc78e782a11dae58e51b3	The Imperial University of St. Vladimir V. I. Zavadsky, 1891— - 538 p.
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c4f7519078ea9d710207be7c742c25a972022e7d	Grushevsky, Mikhail Sergeevich
96afb1b73fee9b75f5519d6d1a1bfa381525413f	The current version of the page has not yet been checked by experienced participants and may differ significantly from the version checked on February 27, 2017; verification requires 1 edit.
4d6f778e2819c525603a7a5f3adeac3008a47278	Mikhail Sergeyevich Grushevsky
fd984991e8f2349af6e6f2455d6c2206f9defb28	Ukrainian Mikhailo Sergiyovich Grushevsky
a8f18529b5da9fbc752c8b4dd62ad23338d6dd95	1st Chairman of the Central Rada of the Ukrainian People's Republic
4c23e61c3dbce90fbeeb645caacb5c5b3abe13b1	March 7 (20), 1917 April 29, 1918 Predecessor: the position was established,
ecf7406d49cb8731f2a10600d2eda9e87fc87ecf	Vladimir Naumenko
d42308dc5901f9aeab6a7ce64892937e37d8e1d5	as acting Chairman of the UCR Successor: the position has been canceled,
2a9021df5ddec165d9d9bd81d2ec10c14eca7316	Pavel Skoropadsky
a18954de797a7f40715ee42e887770dca75364db	as the Hetman of Ukraine
e0084b32f676f0f74b68ba81010d16e90023ee92	Religion: Orthodoxy Birth: September 29, 1866(1866-09-29)
ecb6e10b3f0f4ede9b692d0c78502a840a8c7c27	Holm, Lublin province, Kingdom of Poland, Russian Empire Lublin Voivodeship Death: November 24, 1934(1934-11-24) (68 years old)
a37297ddb98b93f0c52ddfcff2a6e7844490e87b	Kislovodsk, North Caucasus Region, RSFSR, USSR Place of burial: Baykovo Cemetery Party: Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries Education: Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Academic degree: Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences
89c46f375879cde3b12c454ede4da73929404610	Scientific activity Scientific sphere: history
2a9f591a4ca206bea439631850100ab58949f0c8	Mikhail Sergeyevich Grushevsky on Wikimedia Commons
b647ddd5d59215de41c9e30f562a82c814e33471	There are articles on Wikipedia about other people with this surname, see Grushevsky;
2c0c59bf06f5530bc0cc256b89a5b05fbf0b77b5	Grushevsky, Mikhail.
e0dd9240466d1616872047986c0d10e69a11426b	One of the leaders of the Ukrainian national movement, Chairman of the Ukrainian Central Rada, professor of the Lviv University (1894-1914), member of the Czech Academy of Sciences, academician of the VUAN and the USSR Academy of Sciences, member of the NTSH.
b7604b093d06003d77a441a19af7039c7c62e12e	The founder of the Ukrainian scientific historiography.[2]
a93e9c6389192820861a7e86dde0d5dc0995da95	Hrushevsky is best known as the author of The History of Ukraine of Russia — a ten volume monograph that became a fundamental work in the history of Ukrainian studies and led to acute scientific disputes.
7fe612c617360f58dc2872fad2871d89f0b2e2f2	He defended the thesis about the isolation of the Slavic population on the territory of present day Ukraine, starting from the middle of the I millennium AD.
ce17079eeacb5301939280322a9962115ae5e93a	Thus, Hrushevsky postulated the concept of inseparable ethno cultural development in the region, which, in his opinion, eventually led to the formation of a special ethnic group, different from other Eastern Slavs.
b6b2498eacb35b7652d69ea6f010ce7580b9f5ff	1 Biography 1.1 Galician period 1.2 Arrest and exile 1.3 1917-1918 1.4 1919-1934
a90c718fbe3b252da719c96d307e14748efb6909	2 The fate of the family 3 Criticism 3.1 From Russian figures 3.2 From Ukrainian figures
39959368796404b56593ed28a07653826fbf10a9	4 Memory 4.1 Images on money and stamps 4.2 Monuments 4.3 Film images
9331bb485557a53d28c28fd74b2bd2e05b6fc2e9	5 Notes 6 Works 6.1 Lifetime publications
1b5535f226c480fdd8cbd5b5d18636313e9a6460	7 About Grushevsky
b13a666aede0851c6f662c7ca86464097359d042	Hrushevsky's estate in Lviv, where he lived until 1914, now the Hrushevsky Museum
25e00523a8488dbfdc705d616c2f0cc3b0bf2dac	On his father's side, Mikhail Grushevsky raised his family to the Cossack family of the Grushevskys, mentioned in the Cossack registers since the XVII century, one branch of which later became persons of spiritual rank[4].
208109ccdb0808e29d2b215b9d489d4d6d015c1b	Mikhail Grushevsky was born in Holm, (now Chelm, Poland) in the family of Professor of Russian literature Sergei Fedorovich Grushevsky and Glafira Zakharovna Grushevskaya (nee Opokova), who came from a priest's family in Podolia.
dea5db60dd1f63a09de92065e490f73659d63e73	At the time of Mikhail's birth, Sergey Fedorovich worked as a teacher of Russian language and literature at the Greek Catholic gymnasium in Kholm[5][6]. Sergey Grushevsky was the author of the textbook of the Church Slavonic language adopted by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Empire and repeatedly republished.
d203396b3dff56433d5a93cbd01f3acf43dd0529	After graduating from the university, Hrushevsky published articles in "Kiev Antiquity", "Notes of the Shevchenko Scientific Society", published two volumes of materials in the "Archive of Southwestern Russia" (part VIII, vol.I and II).
30997a059184119d8dd5134a8a0182b7a564bb56	The preface to these materials was Grushevsky's master's thesis, entitled "Lordly Old Age" (Kiev, 1894).
261af43d044b0daa93020d66c33b7acf77773eb6	In 1894, he defended his master's thesis " Lordly Old Age.
774d6005231b5c1b44ee4485ec106e8a249b0b6b	Historical essays".
b2dd2bdbcec5150fa5d3d60b7e5c530269aacd5c	In his works, Grushevsky developed his own theory of the origin and development of the statehood of Kievan Rus and its people.
33850ae8ef9ac950e67d76e5a2f4a1472e219291	Galician period[edit / edit wiki text]
74702aa63529c3404d8e10876d5e4dc45191327d	In 1894, the Department of General History was opened at the Lviv University (Austria Hungary) with a special review of the history of Eastern Europe, which was occupied by Hrushevsky.
72b5751d7c2d2825413ea7ab7cd4cb3e0b132ea5	In Lviv, Hrushevsky wrote and published his historical works "Viimki z jerel before the istorii of Ukrainian Russia" (1895), "Inventories of the Queens in the lands of the Rus of the XVI century" (1895-1903, in 4 volumes), "Rozvidki and materials before the istorii of Ukrainian Russia" (1896-1904, in 5 volumes) and began working on his main work the eight volume "History of Ukraine of Russia".
6b254724cdda65b2dbd0a627f1f1386aa07d6cfb	Gradually, Hrushevsky became the head of the entire scientific and cultural life of Galicia: since 1895 he has been working as the editor of the" Notes of the Shevchenko Scientific Society", and in 1897 he was elected chairman of this society.
c85005241248d125bc704225b3147bab915a4b92	He took a job in the society of the leaders of the national movement of Galicia Franco and Pavlik[7].
ae6418329f259e3ef94119095c7061dd1690ef89	In 1899, Hrushevsky actively participated in the creation of the Ukrainian National Democratic Party in Galicia.
4dfdd3022c22caa54814b06c974c8eebf893807a	In 1906, Kharkiv University awarded Hrushevsky the degree of Honorary Doctor of Russian History.
4aded3304fa5292c9f3f5d9a4b0bd43f21c403fc	In 1908, while continuing to be a professor at the Lviv University and chairman of the "Scientific Association", Hrushevsky put up his candidacy for a chair at Kiev University, but was refused.
73c69b29455f96bc3d6aecc39e0b5e4ca8bc9b8a	Arrest and link[edit / edit wiki text]
66c2f4380f43cdfe7d3616bce4bd5a4b727a4102	On December 11, 1914, Hrushevsky was arrested in Kiev on charges of Austrophilism and involvement in the creation of a Legion of Ukrainian Sich Streltsy; after several months in prison, he was expelled by the decree of the chief chief of the Kiev military District to Simbirsk "for the time of the state of the localities from which he was expelled, under martial law."
f48214b901cc9bacb6c7dab1ed837cf170c12340	8]
e9e004a0c9e965c938dbe116f9cc1d73fdd27e1d	After a short stay in Simbirsk, with the help of Professor of the Imperial Petrograd University A.
896a842c12f48d33d2c56b84062e4675101dbd7e	A. Shakhmatov, M. S. Grushevsky received permission to settle in Kazan.
7cfe3a2e882e1710dde7844a87c18aeeb4c1d5f7	During his stay in Kazan, M. S. Grushevsky managed to convince representatives of the liberal intelligentsia who sympathized with him that local conditions jeopardize not only his scientific work, but also the life and life of his relatives.
49989122b37ec2784c70800b3b574e501ffd6912	For the transfer of M. S. Grushevsky from Kazan to Moscow, all six members of the State Council from the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences and universities, D. D. Grimm, V. I. Vernadsky, M. M. Kovalevsky, I. H. Ozerov, A.
e05c289798987a49d3dcae6ec85fb68e4658cbe9	A. Vasiliev and S. F. Oldenburg, petitioned the Minister of Internal Affairs A. N. Khvostov for the transfer of M. S. Grushevsky from Kazan to Moscow.
e52135dba8c71b8f4a038cc8682d4081b77b741d	In exile, M. S. Grushevsky wrote, in particular, the historical drama "Khmelnitsky in Pereyaslavi" and "Yaroslav Osmomysl", the plot of which was an entry in the Ipatiev chronicle about the expulsion of Prince Yaroslav Osmomysl by the Galicians in 1173 for marrying the daughter of "smerda"with a living princess.
9a0fbb069b606b15c4b83df249cc761b031a34b9	1917-1918 [edit / edit wiki text]
bc058c703d616e996cb0e3d4ecf4d4a6783a72e1	Mikhail Hrushevsky at a military parade in Kiev in the winter of 1917
8e0ec3814b0223fa775c7c4aaa59f65229e3b116	After the February Revolution, on March 4 (17), 1917, the creation of the Central Rada was announced at a meeting of representatives of political, public, cultural and professional organizations in Kiev.
b4a66dae09904d8aacfd72f9b8f0561901cc9387	On March 7 (20), elections of its leadership were held.
2f4bdd814d957d00d98d08f7057c154ebc8446e0	Mikhail Grushevsky, who was serving exile in Moscow at that time, was elected Chairman of the UCR in absentia.
7cd08babe466a4e351461ad08b21f87d87aea783	On March 14 (27), Mikhail Hrushevsky returned to Kiev from exile and personally headed the activities of the UCR.
ccf2d0c1819f810dd903ccfdfe1564b3e4597f71	Grushevsky, who had held liberal democratic views before the revolution, recognized that it was possible to force the national political process in the new environment of complete political and national freedom.
e598c148f8abafd0290214e008866429f7ba97bc	Having made the Ukrainian social Revolutionaries (with whom Hrushevsky became particularly close) and the Ukrainian Social Democrats his main support, he began to fulfill the cardinal political task of the movement — the formation of national statehood, initially in the form of national territorial autonomy of Ukraine in Russia, which was later supposed to be transformed into a treaty federation[10].
335b594d42cc76705b7ea534b3b6071335ab60b5	In early April 1917, the Founding Congress of the Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries (UPSR) was held, one of the founders of which was Hrushevsky (together with N. Kovalevsky, P. Hristyuk, V. Golubovich, N. Shrag, N. Shapoval, etc.)
a7016f99efca0b0b9680d5e6df037cf2fb8f0c7d	On April 6-8 (19-21), the All Ukrainian National Congress was held, 900 delegates of which elected 150 members of the Central Rada and the new presidium of the UCR.
443c345be2f6dfe08161375244934b652c181972	M. S. Hrushevsky was re elected as the head (president) of the UCR.
794ac2a7130f8ff8d3fd7fb48ba4cfa59a6d648e	In this capacity, he negotiated with the Provisional Government of Russia on granting Ukraine autonomy.
c521adcde35b770a2cdf0c2c5a2124bfdd551825	On November 25, 1917, in the general elections, Hrushevsky was elected to the All Russian Constituent Assembly in the Kiev district No.
a5bf5490a4baa69c8e61f06e48590998ddea6b62	1 — Ukrainian Social Revolutionaries, Selyanskaya Spilka, Ukrainian Social Democrats[11].
0b33a3f624adad78b02fcc3de7ccfe21c28e8ec2	On January 27 (February 9), 1918, representatives of the Central Rada signed a separate peace treaty with Germany and Austria Hungary, on the basis of which Ukraine was occupied by Austro German troops.
4a96548049147081a7cf40807628adcf9e690f96	1919-1934[edit / edit wiki text]
dd519a72556e1f655f34a81ffa1e5f23f329cf84	At the end of March 1919, he left for Austria, founded the Ukrainian Sociological Institute in Vienna.
eb8d91b94cf55d79e0072cd469d08a512951e232	After several appeals by Hrushevsky to the Ukrainian Soviet government, in which he condemned his counter revolutionary activities, in 1924, VUTSIK allowed him to return to his homeland for scientific work in order to introduce theoretical foundations into the Ukrainization that was then being carried out in practice.
a836b77a8c50dd6638d5e466785fc02c1e0e2439	He was a professor of history at the Kiev State University, was elected an academician of the All Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, head of the historical and philological department.
e90941971c213a8e0a0b2809ad5f6d63260bcfd5	He headed the VUAN archeographic commission, the purpose of which was to create a scientific description of publications printed on the territory of ethnographic Ukraine in the XVI—XVIII centuries.
3ac5e17499805cc6ad3b15a88a1f0fd7f9055183	In the late 1920s, a number of Marxist historians, in particular M. I. Yavorsky, criticized the works of Hrushevsky and his colleagues who were engaged in studies of the Ukrainian national movement of the second half of the XIX century and focused on the question of the repression of the tsarist authorities against Ukrainophiles.
20c5ef9feaf0fa161c79598ca2d91e050889b424	Hrushevsky's opponents pointed out the underestimation of the social, class factor, criticized the "bourgeois limitations" of the leaders of the Ukrainian national movement and emphasized the importance of Russian Ukrainian revolutionary cooperation[13].
8ce113a5cadcc51a72317e38ed1d48465565250f	In 1929, Grushevsky was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
f01b7f83d7b07d29942874c74c9d19c8c5f02df4	In 1931, Grushevsky was arrested, accused of "counter revolutionary activities".
79dccd22d31ed4c6cd8e2b95555e5840d1abe5b9	He was accused of leading the anti Soviet Ukrainian National Center.
b5b50c5a39ef7097a1645c9809c9c83b4770353b	Also, the repression covered most of his students and employees who worked with him during the 1920s.
3868447b55da2f6a4e9a9a67d4b2c194206bba67	Almost all of them were repressed, and Grushevsky himself worked in Moscow after his release from arrest[2].
60448a05f1e85a2db6c96267c788a6d0bfdb0c73	In 1934, he went to Kislovodsk for treatment, where he died suddenly after a simple surgical operation[2].
5531e118850171ef7f789672e7ec70382568042d	The fate of the family[edit / edit wiki text]
bc6f1df81d428e8a145a9afc3398457287890b2a	In the late 1930s, Grushevsky's works were banned in the USSR, many relatives (among them his daughter, also a well known historian) were repressed.
fbf0531d510532ec041b207b80f5982f557e809a	During the persecution of members of the Hrushevsky family, the testimony of his former student (and at the same time an informant of the NKVD, and later a Ukrainian collaborator) K. F. Shteppa was used.
f58b825f59fd2b02aa96ef91c14f8cf95b3196f6	From the side of Russian figures[edit / edit wiki text]
d5c2082bf8fb4be3fde37614876f883814d4cdaf	Check for compliance with the criteria of balanced presentation.
54fb8479d4a16bbdc6572a18148f5a6c8bd7562c	It is possible that the content of this article violates the principle of balanced presentation, presenting insignificant opinions and facts as well as more important ones, or devotes too much space to the description of one aspect of the topic to the detriment of others, no less significant.
93d243244f7822f03294cdb7fe972afb47fc879f	Please improve it in accordance with the rules of writing articles.
47e3b4ab64ff96fd3b3a6a720b1279d81ae0810e	There should be details on the discussion page.
fb82724a7ef88bc2c7d50c1d5a6e506f3a573fbd	Check the neutrality.
32848b109166e290ddf7ebb5adc59025ca4c8a76	The historical views of M. S. Grushevsky were perceived ambiguously both during his life and after his death, meeting rejection and condemnation in Russian historiography[14].
50c925ffa04dcaf49e9d9572ae08c74d2df4c40d	The beginning of the polemic with Grushevsky and his supporters can be traced in the Russian press since the 1905 revolution.
141de47965a7e7c09bcd4901497c80354740e966	In 1905, a critical article and a book were published in Kharkov under the same title "The scientific work of Professor Hrushevsky:" Essays on the History of the Ukrainian People".
96e557a2f896e1f2cf8fc2e2bf61fc299032e8a4	Their author, historian, writer, member of the Russian Historical Society N. M. Pavlov, condemned Hrushevsky's Ukrainocentrism and the rejection of important aspects of all Russian history that contradict his concept.
a2fba5956ac32b32ddd819ac2ce3a86d0ab3eb9e	In 1907, the influential Kiev public figure and publicist B. M. Yuzefovich, having read the works of Grushevsky, wrote about him as a "learned liar", especially this was sharply reflected in connection with Grushevsky's attempt to take the place of professor of the Department of Russian History of the Kiev University of St. Petersburg.
ac319d48f2a745e1a9777b87858b04d800618bcc	Vladimir [15][16].
80b8c9b7b3aa03886a9fa3e89b5bc6da68e180d6	The Russian historian I.
5b166d1311cd568c7b31fac5ad7ef3d3dc54e425	A. Linnichenko published in 1917 a pamphlet " The Little Russian question and the autonomy of Little Russia.
b66bb909861ad2cebf4dfb4197e18f232767d154	An open letter to Professor Grushevsky", in which he gave a critical analysis of the historical concept of M. S. Grushevsky and proposed a polemic to that.
bdd7641b9cce37f7165629d2e4e8284773258562	However, M. S. Grushevsky did not accept the challenge[15].
a8c9e0076b5156ded8f8d77aa86915da9eb93b06	A. E. Presnyakov subjected Hrushevsky's views to a detailed historiographical criticism[15].
5d711dc545b3200a87fedccce7c256f779bb2ccb	During the civil war, A.V. Storozhenko was an irreconcilable critic of M. S. Hrushevsky's concept of Ukraine Russia, who considered his approach as an attempt to clothe the political tasks of Ukrainian separatism in a historical form.
ad738e8ff5b598bee819b92010b50296493a9c0f	From Storozhenko's point of view, Grushevsky's works are distinguished by a fierce hatred for Russia, for the very names: "Rus", "Russian", the cult of the revolution and an extraordinary sympathy for the foreign conquest of Russia.
9034cae3376a1f4c161afc75db5b87353d619b34	Storozhenko considered the authorities of Austria Hungary to be the original customer of Hrushevsky's works during his activity as a professor at the Lviv University[15].
f9e604435b4bc89d6e62598d0542d077516d07fe	Among the Russian emigration of the first wave, one of the most prominent opponents of Grushevsky was Prince Alexander Volkonsky[15].
388810acbda1cf109cf7bd6c64d9195dff0a4062	A critical work entitled "The Untold History of Ukraine of Russia", which plays off the title of the main work of M. S. Grushevsky, was published in New York by A. I. Dikiy.
16af2190e52b95b78e5cab1b4cf8ec4c018dd3e9	Such historians as V.
96146f280f07c00918cf7801a765fb57deca9991	A. Myakotin and T. D. Florinsky also belonged to the critics of Grushevsky.
766b88089bd7b9798e2a86ae1f1bcc2cdd996099	Russian Russian historian A. P. Ogloblin[15] and Russian historian P. M. Bicilli, who published an essay "The Problem of Russian — Ukrainian relations in the light of history", are among the moderate opponents who recognized the partial correctness of M. S. Hrushevsky.
41dc3e9b9ada05025a1404ed2d725d26e44f61cb	From the side of Ukrainian figures[edit / edit wiki text]
a9de32e98072a9721747f2c2f06f60475242c301	Dmitry Dontsov, who was one of the founders of Ukrainian integral nationalism, in his Kiev diary " Rik 1918.
947ea34503dbf6ba7a892d79b1f825e583950758	Kiev "spoke of Grushevsky as a" political Muscovite "and stated that ""father Grushevsky" with all his views and with his admiration for Russia, was a god and the flag of the entire Ukrainian democratic camp"[17].
b66f4e1b5ed2c4d43414f054b0eab29cc781182f	One of his most irreconcilable opponents was the famous orientalist A. E. Krymsky[15].
75f29d055d62f1a01d4ab51a3199d6d838322cdf	Historical and Memorial Museum of Mikhail Hrushevsky in Kiev.
e47e7b3068c7140aca62235fdf7edd5e6750bd95	In Lviv, on the territory of the estate where M. S. Grushevsky lived until 1914, today there is a museum named after him — "The State Memorial Museum of Mikhail Grushevsky".
0dd1dde1b0ad598903f5c5d559f764351d419181	In Lviv, Lutsk, Chervonograd and Kiev there are monuments to M. S. Grushevsky.
a441a85f49371813900012aec02128cd097cd909	Mikhail Hrushevsky Street (Kiev) - until 1991, Kirov Street.
32ec027946d9a4fca116b534cc46fd2c05f81654	Mikhail Grushevsky Street (Odessa) Memorial plaque on the house No.
cf1d4a2171762c1aebfb375ac41de0905538563e	2/3, building 1 on Pogodinskaya Street in Moscow, where M. S. Grushevsky lived and worked.
ee4ee4e381e1a2aec541c542e2d865988340da4f	A memorial plaque on the house No.
4376ea383727b32b0bce378b23f86188647ad38e	15 on the Kremlin Street of Kazan, where M. S. Grushevsky lived and worked in 1915 (installed on September 16, 2006).[8] The Mikhail Grushevsky Museum in S. Sestrinovka of the Kazatinsky district of the Vinnytsia region..
34fd59e30f8765ff395b8936cad5b259f72ecd21	Images on money and stamps[edit / edit wiki text]
b818b647b098924888f959337d36d4a6281e5310	The portrait of Mikhail Hrushevsky is depicted on banknotes of Ukraine with a nominal value of 50 hryvnia issued in 1996 and 2004 and on commemorative coins of 1996 and 2006.
63c8543209ba7166f0cf8e5ac29049ff8f9bd04d	Monuments[edit / edit wiki text]
4b82d3fae15cfe566a338ac2634a95448ad725f1	The monument to Hrushevsky is installed in Kiev near the Institute of Philology.
e1b450cda22a3789b50ff53e74bb7a94ed01c60e	Taras Shevchenko.[18]
8d67fc7fd6246a6d1031993fd40ed468f3c1f7a5	The monument to Hrushevsky is installed in the Lviv Square.[19]
5e8a8875ab3c9892407a9d479589cb334ffb5c35	Year Country Title Director In the role of Notes 1957 USSR USSR "Pravda" Viktor Dobrovolsky
0440c7110882f693c789d1355e7f6dcfafc3fcb1	Isaac Shmaruk Sergey Petrov Film adaptation of the play by A. Korneychuk 1970 USSR USSR "Peace to huts — war to palaces" Isaac Shmaruk Alexander Guy Film Adaptation of the novel by Yu.
c372fe5a85956a6d76a31c2bc666d935007e3865	Smolich 1970 USSR USSR" The Kotsyubinsky Family " Timofey Levchuk Lavrenty Masokha
b63056557b342d01ccd32934fa87a0fe48408219	Загад The riddle of the date of death of Mikhail Grushevsky | Istorichna pravda ↑ 1 2 3 I. V. Verba.
2039436849542a4e13773ab851c69ad2782c2dc4	Grushevsky Mikhail Sergiyovich.
c7e1501efbd598d3a8e3fe3d088d90c836f180aa	Encyclopedia of the History of Ukraine: Vol. 2: G D / Editor: V.
fb56ae246241482e92f77df0851053bd36b045c7	A. Smoliy (head) ta in.
b3cfd9b713d331ba7fc27ece8c18247d7e3fbccb	NAS of Ukraine.
8e401ca9c7950fca519e88f2bf36868e91f92e16	Institute of History of Ukraine.
203ae1c911a88b61d0d9890ed8bd05bf23b75bd0	- K.: In vo "Naukova dumka", 2004 — - 688 p.: il.
ae6d3850d5e88353e5c69995a80692ff53460915	Grushevsky M. "The usual scheme of "Russian" history and the question of rational ordering of the history of Eastern Slavs" Ivan Kripyakevich.
cddd61c68558b67f711df22bb2f8232b0896b2d2	Mikhailo Grushevsky.
7f5f23fb523fe608ab32db5f95f8f55a98db9899	Zhitya y diyalnist.
639cbf63bc46184f694094f5d4d764ad4bc4e36a	↑ Grushevsky School (Ukrainian) ↑ Grushevsky Sergiy Fedorovich (Ukrainian) Михаил Mikhail Hrushevsky — the first president of Ukraine?
35da589821180465fb96c3bb09feac29e8e61222	1 2 3 4 Alekseev I. Scientific and political activity of M. S. Grushevsky in Kazan in 1915-1916: the problem of civilizational choice / / Russian people's line, 30.03.2015 Мель Melnichenko V. Mikhailo Grushevsky: "I settled in Moscow, Arbat 55".
5000bef28fa23f9eb71723efdb6f910682a238dc	- Moscow: Vidavnitsvo "OLMA PRESS", 2005.
cfaa166ad7eb4f9798fc5da334c3b44c6cb830b4	164-165. д. Doctor of I. N. Mikhutina, I. V. Ukrainian Brest World.
ee1b6329146ecf0eb456a4ddd6e2c8afe219c7a1	The way of Russia's exit from the First World War and the anatomy of the conflict between the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR and the government of the Ukrainian Central Rada.
87867e3da8e83e8adf3b47377a0e7f4017d2cbf9	- Moscow: Europe, 2007.
816e49e7eb74c7de4f368823e12128c5ca3887d6	- 288 p — - 1000 copies.
35a5826bf0975e3f5d3fb9eb02227cc9283a781d	— ISBN 978-5-9739-0090-8.
2fee98dca43cb5c4e93a12da1bfc4c0c214cda7f	Члены Members of the All Russian Constituent Assembly ↑ Doroshenko D. History of Ukraine.
0db39126d82c0f4f1e75255a5303d2298e0d28e2	1917-1923 pp.: Ukrainian Hetman power 1918 roku.
71d9a310af95951232df6b7867692c46e9ab31b5	- Uzhgorod, 1930.
1b2201d3144c37d12dbc4d0cf61649269f2e20af	Мил Miller A. I.
69e41aaa7ebc8da051ad5cb38c6ddafd0fe2cc16	The Ukrainian question in the policy of the authorities of the Russian Empire and in Russian public opinion in the second half of the 1850s early 1880s.
94238f3412fc060a567120d95875d17580009517	Abstract of the dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Historical Sciences.
209310d0a4c2b7ec8f0863a7fb91e807a09dfd10	- M., 2000 ↑ Grushevsky, Mikhail Sergeevich.
54f344d58a0b22ca76b8ec79bc7889094c370262	Brief biographical information.
038dca3773b6dff4376846b7827beca72fed0cd8	Runivers.
5ce321a34f5f6df1c0f3ea8c353895583ab4be7b	↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bondarenko D. Ya.
675f4e6dd4f43be3bff881fbcbe732178a2e5985	Ukrainian national idea as a social utopia / / Philosophical century.
c2df005774ad1212e5edd7dc1c13e8c1ed9fe2a3	Vol. 13.
f5ad72967f8f46a044b62b664fdb988a6766aba3	The Russian utopia of the Enlightenment era and the traditions of world utopianism.
45c96a3a179e880c4f36d6bfbabd921733a5af8b	/ Editors T. V. Artemyeva, M. I. Mikeshin..
8b807793e37eae8bc5d6a56d5704431b032f7562	- St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg Center of History and day, 200.
7fcf72ddd595a4886f7bc06e4022e5e42c09001e	359-370 — - 430 p.
b384f27de3b70d5a76f1c82b41a16fdbf56a0ae8	Ю Yuzefovich B. M. Political letters.
4f8e2d338c4bdaa0e08528fed338fb5e01634974	K., 1908.
e6d2a057a7cdf10c1c4f51838399955118c050ae	Part 3. pp.
e1447d4fa4939e2cdb92af9b38ed2b88f5bee32d	403-407 ↑ Dontsov D. Rik 1918.
226d1b3e8adce9b06af0e70b952b5499ada32bcf	Kiev//The overlay of the vidavnitstva "Homin of Ukraine".
8ed7a612efa6b45c3a68c08a44741f235fc90abb	Toronto, 1954-128 p.
155d3b1149071f268b1f7aed4448d2eb09ce4cad	My MyKiev / Monument to Mikhail Grushevsky. www.mykiev.info. Verified on March 30, 2016.
66999f81cccac288e4d2b5ba5590b7ef5bafcdc6	↑ TuristUA.com Monument To Mykhailo Hrushevsky, Lviv, Ukraine. sightseen.turistua.com. Verified on March 30, 2016.
e637c3970dbe3357cb2ada03c86ec33ecf8fa345	History of Ukrainian literature(Istoria ukrainskoi litterati) History of Ukraine Rus '(Istoria Ukrainy Rus') An essay on the history of the Kievan land from the death of Yaroslav to the end of the XIV century on the website "Runivers"
9352b35967ba6df1da1a26446109c991e760f783	Lifetime publications[edit / edit wiki text]
b48ce38e5c2810e9deb3f39cd8443a0f9c53d4bc	South Russian manor castles in the half of the XVIII century.
5127ef92bb63e6acb949980a3a06624f0150c7b9	Kiev: Type.
8eef4b49a9d687a486521286e873e94bb384d509	Imp. un. of St. Vladimir, 1890.
d3899fc922dfc776bb9a3c3fa91e561162567554	Volyn question.
c92e45ba78a988ac39c10ab5ae852487e6179306	1097-1102, Kiev, 1891.
a5ca4070a48ed52493ca119b42fc5242644e31a4	Barskoe starostvo, historical essays (XV XVIII centuries) - Kiev, 1894.
308549aa9c599c9549e1af20bd695d6190264786	- 404 p.
7cf8a64d638ad82d870959db4b2bae443a56cdc2	Viimki z zherel to the istory of Ukraine Rus to the half of the XI century.
65a580385422ba04d2857a34c7b24e53aa9579ef	Lviv: nakl. auth., 1895.
2def2ee6ed2703a91c6ec6663786ad3a83fbfe7b	Zvenigorod Galitsky / / Zap.
3463f59d0d717bfcf39a225b7efd60e73c88cffc	NTSH, T. XXXI XXXII 1896.
b1ab91c41e32bce4f7c0ce304809f323fc38254c	Inventories of the Ratenskoye old town in 1500-1512 pp.
8755876a66b3a2f7b47db2bca9a762efe68e8e40	// Zap.
a8c3f1b734101a507ea6eb604b1eb76d92afd6a2	NTSH, T. XXVI, book.
ae5d2a8faee75e6f419f6700613f1516fc4a5da6	VI 1898, pp.
3b0cd0aa3168ea3b3c335eff543863ec1daef570	1-40.
a3a6e38aaa51ba4414ee8db7015c7d7309ab2afb	The funeral field in c.
ad9c044eb922529ef2d5d6025c9bd0c5abbba042	Czechs.
79f38fbfc8f90a9cf5ae3485b8c13ae4a1ff877f	[S. L.], 1899.
5b95fe5a94720a3d1af92f10375e4aa5d8d499ba	Khmelnitsky i khmelnishchina.
444e6ec5121c0c02a699d91575fd80ab6265cbf0	Lviv, 1901.
47a114f6f2fe828ffdc37f93180cb31fc23c1adc	Istoria Ukraini Rus.
27d04103ee52f184eabd6a8c726551f321b3e900	Tt.
108555a1bfc2aea59d63d7cc2d82580ee42a4339	Lviv, 1904-1907.
1e0e7519bcfaf59f81717541e77c1be391f2bc45	(repeatedly reprinted) More about the certificates of the book.
985127c0565e4ee62ba7c48044a77a67e1f93945	Lev Galitsky.
53ddc128c4ee18cb31053dde10d61909313bb21e	St. Petersburg.: Type.
6b5069c107e03f903e68767f02ebaf8dde7ea09d	Imp.
2e981f2defb1e4d182913219e239575c90e42b05	Academy of Sciences, 1905.
71a4e7a41f2a2144ac8c3603e6b0d5e04e1cdb2e	Z bizhucho khvili.
27bf2e803292209112b9d5fbcf85d2e150156a56	Kiev, 1906.
c0861462564900bcb67b2c0960990e2872e20ccb	Ukrainism in Russia, its requests and needs.
9374ca85240711ff27adec52e9f4741bd6f52b66	St. Petersburg, 1906.
ebdc666de322d3551c74760f47c2f3f1d58ecce1	For Ukrainian maslak.
3c1518432554b7489d2ee745c2bbed97a6d89b1b	Kiev, 1907.
048fcc473a96a72d49c1e9ea0a0e5b39b7a87505	The movement of political and social Ukrainian thought in the XIX century.
8deee972a0b2906b867754e6d3b83978f5869eba	St. Petersburg: Type. t va "Public benefit", 1907.
b60739ba0b100fcabf222bb5a07bd325adc94a16	The unity or disintegration of Russia.
a1348a473053f2842f51c252a3db5b1d65ed8dcc	St. Petersburg: Type. t va "Public Benefit", 1907.
e82c8ad51257d8a4b21d80088d8c3fda32cd17d1	From the Polish Ukrainian relations of Galicia.
97efd31750e6c53f944f6d442eb9990ae3ac4337	The Liberation of Russia and the Ukrainian question.
490afbe1bcf7fb2999912b1e787765ddf924b46a	Ukrainian question.
383b5d9ea1beba544457ae7cbe3e3ddd481a654d	Volodimir Antonovich.
06b9da8ac027aeb8406b061d68d283c4efbad1cf	Kiev, 1909.
90fcdd8b1acef7e016c8369e735d523a77d5d900	Bayda Vishnevetsky in poezii y istorii.
2b10850b554055fef3648cc516e4c6a52b89f05d	On the Ukrainian themes: on the new rik / / LNV, No.
c96692f71231d2a332da1b32f74687d6233444fa	45-1909, pp.
fd41fff3fe0e7025ac1b7d6f357dbe2348415d4a	115-126.
ac530f26182e8bd48af4a1d592fa96183157078e	Ukraine Weissrussland Litauen // Ukrainische Rundschau, № 2 — 1909.
dfd15f7ffbbd7eff5287ea219d89cf44b77a80a1	Kiev Odessa, 1911.
bfb7611549f227ed4dd703458dcf9f8d8393ebf6	An essay on the history of the Ukrainian people.
e190c2316136c9993ea70015d1c222136fb3e892	Kiev, 1911.
03e167a269c3b052e39e168b32d26f8750963b60	Cultural national collapse in Ukraine in the XVI XVII centuries.
95f669f949b3a057a10f6bad8f0334e2340526f6	Kiev, 1912.
a2d767096a38149bddb2f4e136e30b93f5e354a1	The history of the Ukrainian Cossacks before the union with the Moscow state.
d291f7dac109d6870f50e7ebdd5b52c55e61881e	1-2.
b1957cace2cd72ca5a95bf6f05065e0b78204ac6	Kiev, 1913-1914.
cab3f5e0237d2ce3977cb9404a39a42a0161cc40	Ein Ueberblick der Geschichte der Ukraine.
78dbbc6653cc9b0cded0cbcc49cb6f92ccc9f634	Wien: Verlag d.
1c734e5c379a24c711da108bcc869b4ac225ca1e	Bundes zur Befreiung d.
53bac95f89464eca37d7e7350712e22e18ed108c	Ukraina, 1914.
0310cd0a7059eeec8a71c67f2ad902b1cb9f341c	Translated into Ukrainian history.
6e20c69fa37828e6a52f345fa12ed7f4ab0ae69f	Sofia: Union for the Liberation of Ukraine in Ukraine, 1914.
27481794e145b8c295154c12246a5b6ab54c31f3	The Ukrainian people are still alive.
54d4e49be255f8616db8b4794eee6c13bf206ba2	Tsargorod: incl. To the Union of the Visvolennya of Ukraine, 1915.
c330ee1f9fd48009c1699d3ee928aee861a349cc	Die ukrainische Frage in historischer Entwicklung.
5a7a57f77ded15e973186a7793f89fada35cdaae	Lemberg: Verlag d.
9a1aebd620ac31e4e2982333a698e7b99f385031	Ukraina, 1915.
3f93541a33633d70c13f457b3505fd985f81e60d	(English version — The Historical evolution of the Ukrainian Problem.
029ea4d70810ffd9f5f1057e5f5cc2a7a0ad54b3	London, 1915, translated by George Raffalovich).
6e86a95d60274c4949b74062a4d26052c535b3de	Geschichte der Ukraine.
2bb38806a763f58cfa6d3fe278ee5616f87b0638	T. 1. Lemberg, 1916.
092ad2f733589af1e709cff4143be8641e66137f	The studio of the economical history of Ukraine.
ed572bcf00c2b3af6e64612fb01e7d6708fc2f33	Kiev: Ukr.
84ec38f53a0593fbe8be5b7910268eab574b9e61	Rada, 1917.
2cc25d8e235ec9772a73cf3ddeda0678c879f236	I want autonomy and federation.
b1ca5de385ab0cf054dbc08a11308c95aa92d3a4	Kiev, 1917.
68895c5e68239e2f9bf82b30446036e76aa7040b	Khto so Ukrainian I chogo stink want.
e2aaf46fd498f58d20205c17959d10509c94085d	Vsesvitnya istoriya in a short look.
c673469d35e8f8a1a56e945a29e3b448c26d52a8	On the border of the new Ukraine.
82cafa7ea6288b89ba006920e5232e3d21c051b0	Kiev, 1918.
cd6dce1708e1fb9366098a18345b70b80cfea830	About the old hours in Ukraine.
10462372befdd0366452775c688d26e75fb9c59e	[S. l.], 1918.
5f2a04397c6d6f4adf2c25bbb74af87c275a7f07	(repeatedly reprinted) Z pochiniv ukrainskogo sotsialistichnogo ruhu.
c6d47676e412fb3db6a1399fb571f25e1695b4a4	Midday, 1922.
0fb3092b8b119f73a63a6ae4c06bbd6660226a35	Khmilnichchina in roztsviti (1648-1650).
45687a41ff304e7c06e1c5598995d04e62eb7d14	Kiev Midday, 1922.
967ada7c95407bca602895416b81a0dff3972989	Z istorii religiyno dumki na Ukrainy.
2763ff3c0c3cd07fadf09c29723c848516a714cb	Lviv, 1925.
246f284c913300c7ac9a87e609b3b9a460816972	Autobiography.
4c3a39ec999984381312b14a894239e1efee650e	Kiev, 1926.
4fbc33764028969b92371550e7c3448e350178f6	About Grushevsky[edit / edit wiki text]
58b3011f7947b4c5ba01efd9c262c4a2d1c0585e	M. S. Grushevsky in Wikicitatnik M. S. Grushevsky in Wikitek M. S. Grushevsky on Wikimedia Commons
326ea90be2f52eb39e9f9e53439e9fbfaea3a3ab	Gordienko D. S. Pratsi N. P. Kondakov in otsintsi M. S. Grushevsky / / Kondakov readings IV: antiquity Byzantium Ancient Russia.
4f3f80edb283931145d5de30183da84f8ceafa7c	- Belgorod, 2013.
ce064409fe6f3845087522d4ebf30f422cbc1349	Gordienko D. List of Igor Radin to Mikhail Grushevsky vid 12 zhovtnya 1905 p.
51672895da36b5cc96c14692a916e924c55215e6	// Sofia Kievska: Visantiya.
97a265c4a58e894e496bdbcaa636b12a2866aec2	Russia.
6a1247c00f56e7bd678ecb05f37852d8f5137120	Vip.
4e1c265704b397c69d8603a806f53e5181f74bcb	III: zbirka naukovikh prats, prisvyachena 150 littu z day narodzhennya Yegor Kuzmich Rydin (1863-1908) / Vid. ed. d. ist. nauk, prof . Yu.
2715fadc6405dc919d08d50954d7ca4882a1d49d	A.,; uporyad. d. S. Gordienko, V. V. Kornienko — - K., 2013.
24f71193254f68519999f07cb8172b4f3b1b8a55	Girich I. M. Grushevsky ta I. Franco: To istorii vzaimin / / Ukrainian istorichnyj zhurnal.
b59da7f8e59330355bde69da9282000d6fc583ae	Girich I. B., Kirzhaev S. M. Before the Istory of the All Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.
342cb6da8489444ad2c7aff0fdcd0e773d30584f	Mikhailo Hrushevsky i Agatangel Krimsky (Z drive "Osibno gadki akademika M. Hrushevsky to the protocol of the spilny zibranya UAN vid 17 zhovtnya 1927 rock") / / Ukrainian Archeographic shchorichnik / Institute of Ukrainian Archeography of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
41e060426d5a86e5ca23fe1fef25316d13ce7a7a	- Vipusk 1.
c6d077163f2674e66889cad8063f181ef7889296	Mavrin O. Volodimir Svyaty ta yogo doba in the otsintsi of Mikhail Grushevsky / / Sofia Kievska: Visantiya.
4d724f611af4b0027c84247cb1ebe71774be6307	Zbirka of articles on poshanu, Doctor of Historical Sciences, prof. N. M. Nikitenko / NAS of Ukraine : Int t ukrainskoi archeografii ta jereloznavstvo im.
0048eb96dd2d667b2330c1e602dc06abb80e85f9	M. S. Hrushevsky;
37e546d5983c1e1e244895a978d0ba304dd4e924	Vid. ed. d. ist. nauk, prof., chl.
15bec76341cab4b4c1c9bcb37409e05b8d6d3009	- cor.
a294bc65be4bce5db779f56a294b30e597b3604e	NAS of Ukraine P. S. Sohan; uporyad.
20b1218a88e448d657ab4a10532ca1b95348189a	D. Gordienko, V. Kornienko — - K., 2011.
05f15c92b3338cec3c44bc587a0240d365db134f	86-101.
622f804758b5bc273e6725b28166efbef063d93b	M. Grushevsky (Literary encyclopedia)
aae7e590e1e4dde22d5f9f87fc1a7186e0160f8f	M. Grushevsky (krugosvet.ru)
dac5dc438dcbcd4096ed2657af25f233ca6fcbb9	M. Grushevsky (Russian Biographical Dictionary)
38415f8aac3af2aa6fe7a64aeefe245d92da2a2c	Profile of Mikhail Sergeyevich Grushevsky on the official website of the Russian Academy of Sciences R. Ya.
899920cc283a57203c274fa9d007c77b920c38e6	Pirig.
0e90e30cba44fa3996109257773bd2b9682eb8f2	Problems of preparation of the scientific biography of Mikhail Grushevsky The collection of the main works of M. Grushevsky in the e library READING
244531030b8aa590c1dc5e87004f92c6ff227432	Non Bolshevik leaders of Ukraine in 1917-1921
41ca5976cd12e69d1e38a4d27af683f39217519d	Head of State Mikhail Hrushevsky (Chairman of the Central Committee of the Ukrainian People's Republic from 1917 to 1918) * Pavel Skoropadsky (Hetman of Ukraine in 1918) * Vladimir Vinnichenko (Chairman of the Directory of the Ukrainian National Library from 1918 to 1919) * Simon Petlyura (Chairman of the Directory of the Ukrainian National Library from 1919 to 1926 (since 1920 in exile))
b466d6937e5f090494d955cd5397a0c3fd5186b0	Heads of Government Vladimir Vinnichenko (Chairman of the State Duma of the Central Committee of the Ukrainian People's Republic in 1917; Chairman of the SNM of the Ukrainian People's Republic from 1917 to 1918) * Vsevolod Golubovich (Chairman of the SNM of the Ukrainian People's Republic in 1918) * Mykola Sakhno Ustimovich (Acting otaman of the Minister of Defense of the Ukrainian state in 1918) * Mykola Vasilenko (Acting otaman of the Minister of Defense of the Ukrainian state in 1918) * Fyodor Lizogub
95eaecccca168744dc2bf7883fe0785eef022295	(Otaman Minister of the CM of the Ukrainian state in 1918 · * Sergey Gerbel (Otaman Minister of the CM of the Ukrainian state in 1918) * Vladimir Chekhov (Chairman of the SNM of the Ukrainian People's Republic from 1918 to 1919) * Serhiy Ostapenko (Chairman of the SNM of the Ukrainian People's Republic in 1919) * Boris Martos (Chairman of the SNM of the Ukrainian National Assembly in 1919) · Isaak Mazepa (Chairman of the SNM of the Ukrainian National Assembly from 1919 to 1920) · Vyacheslav Prokopovich
3efd931032a09dbc6e5653acf4ec935cdf970ec2	(Chairman of the SNM of the Ukrainian National Assembly in 1920 · * Andrey Livitsky (Chairman of the SNM of the Ukrainian National Assembly from 1920 to 1921) · Vyacheslav Prokopovich (Chairman of the SNM of the Ukrainian People's Republic in 1921)
76d52a286263faf5e6cdddbf4af5fe676a6fd894	Dictionaries and encyclopedias
048cf771e1b6f31de7ba2b6f2590764690694a11	Big Russian
3f3c117ae8a4848fd44a87cf997dbeb3993d4353	Regulatory Control BAV: ADV12234726 * BNF: 135249218 · GND: 118707361 · ISNI: 0000 0001 0861 681X · LCCN: n82085907 · NKC: jn19990210285 · NLA: 35209980 · NTA: 073722596 · SUDOC: 05855890X · VIAF: 169609
9d67b24b7a78e250c2bc478079199fd473690159	Source — "https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grushevsky, Mikhail Sergeevich&oldid=83959140"
c8e67a0b2e7bf15ebc9204b801f73033285a6329	Categories: Those born on September 29, Those born in 1866, Persons alphabetically Born in Chelm, Those who died on November 24, Those who died in 1934, Those who died in Kislovodsk, Those who died at the Baykov Cemetery, Full members of the USSR Academy of Sciences, those who died of sepsis, Graduates of the Tiflis Gymnasiums of the Russian Empire, Graduates of the Law Faculty of Kiev University, Historians of Ukraine, Politicians of Ukraine, Members of the Ukrainian Central Rada, Ukrainian People's Republic, Rulers of Ukraine, Historians alphabetically, Full members of the All Russian Constituent Assembly, Teachers of the Lviv University, Civil War in Ukraine, Members of the Shevchenko Scientific Society, Members of the Kiev Society Members of the Kiev Society of the Chronicler Nestor Authors of the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Pomegranates
b4ececf789058b8f643b6033c1f18c16b366d852	Hidden Categories: Pages using magic Links ISBN Wikipedia:Articles with redefinition of the value from Wikidata Wikipedia:Articles with a violation of the balanced presentation Wikipedia:Articles whose neutrality is questioned Articles with links to Wikicitatnik Articles with links to Wikiteca
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eb536d814bef14aa8424efcf56b675e1555caa32	The changed demographic situation, accompanied by the "aging" of the population, has put dementia of late age among the most urgent problems of modern psychiatry, which is associated with their steadily increasing frequency and the special severity of the medical and social consequences caused by them.
40b3f38e8961b3fc649ef44057c52c3dcb833441	To date, a number of neurodegenerative diseases have been described, which are characterized by a gradually developing destruction of various brain structures caused by the mass death of neuronal and / or glial cells, which is accompanied by a significant violation of all aspects of the central nervous system.
a7d1feab7713591a62bbee6c4628dc12d7e211c2	Alzheimer's disease occupies a relatively small place in the structure of gerontological psychiatric morbidity, but due to the deep breakdown of mental activity and severe disability, patients suffering from it at one or another stage of the course of the disease inevitably end up in psychiatric hospitals or specialized boarding schools for the mentally ill.
27e11360b046c8a0a5d8dbd8c5fb21d4a45d8012	According to American researchers, in the United States, AD occurs in 2.0-2.5% of the population under the age of 70 years, in older age groups, the frequency of the disease increases approximately twice every five years.
eec8f8769a99adc1e41a74d26228b7dd277a5480	In our country, a large number of elderly people also have AD.
6f331ac3f0b86948eba986f720cfbf87d14af875	Thus, according to the Center for Mental Health of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, up to 4.5-5.0% of the population of Moscow aged 60-65 years suffer from Alzheimer's type dementia.
20d63838a7f4ee680bea05fa541702752f779a98	Most cases of AD have a multifactorial nature and are sporadic.
5b06cd1b23ed6b0d62ab1347512d5bc0c1fdee10	At the same time, numerous population studies have shown that 25-40% of cases of AD can be familial, i.e. there is at least one more patient with this disease in the proband family.
3255d73ee6a0bdc7bc7bea4adb1611ac4354bc17	Late family cases of AD are heterogeneous; most often in these cases there is a polygenically determined predisposition to AD, in which the accumulation of repeated cases of the disease among relatives is associated with the action of a complex of genetic and environmental factors common to members of this family.
f847f9c48bcce121b27544f73faa6220a739547f	In the vast majority of cases (from 70 to 80%), Alzheimer's disease begins at the presenile age (from 45 to 65 years), but cases of earlier and later onset of the disease are possible.
58cee90e66ad650127743672d16a02da9098c5d3	Approximately 5-10% of patients become ill at the age of 40-45 years and from 20 to 25% - after 65 years.
19b4d14b38ec0e6f9922d26f4dc401a0d69acbbb	According to statistics, among people over the age of 65, 5% suffer from this disease.
df52941260ec3d914b98b20e5fc624b5675914b4	But the first signs may appear after 40 years.
ad0434eacc7f1c8e1ac86fbd7fb3a552c42ed1fb	The youngest patient who was diagnosed with this disease was 28 years old.
729728496c8f832d838637ac20e66b7a89fc4b17	The global morbidity rate for 2006 was estimated at 26.6 million people, and by 2050 the number of patients may increase fourfold[3].
585dfc75e86675547240d5840917a01fbfe001b0	In AD, as in most complex neurodegenerative diseases, there is a wide clinical heterogeneity of symptoms.
a30420514c2071b54c34e7c206b562b593cf1ef0	The disease is characterized by a progressive debilitating process, the central place in the development of which is occupied by memory disorders, which are the earliest and most typical manifestation of the disease.
798da9c40a667015b470a75bd4cf5327487efffe	At the beginning of the disease, memory loss may go unnoticed or be mistaken for ordinary forgetfulness.
53678c0957d93938672be6e5410f3b79573eb7c4	A few years after the onset of the disease, disorders of praxis, speech, counting, writing, orientation and recognition naturally join, patients may have acute psychotic episodes, epileptic seizures, various extrapyramidal symptoms.
bdc496af3a3798afc7055fd95347ec56bd416736	Some patients are not aware of these disorders ( anosognosia); in other cases, criticism remains intact, which causes severe experiences.
496c862954c3b9c39fa9e4220aed07e49c143f81	Eventually, deep total dementia develops with the disintegration of the personality, total aphasia, general physical exhaustion.
3f1980cf4f33078e35adff771996bf9fffff7cc9	There is a weakening, primarily of short-term memory, up to the loss of the ability to navigate in the simplest everyday situations; disorders of the emotional sphere, cognitive and motor functions.
2ad766973e9b98edbc7b55f79348b51b79aee732	BA, gradually progressing, turns still physically strong enough elderly people into helpless disabled people, unable to serve themselves and requiring constant care of others [1].
18bb422c17d53beb072d8e5c22e46201bbd57d38	The reason for the differences in the course of the disease is unknown.
8934e5798b7a8f41f5b7f1fdf3779a74967684b2	At the same time, secular skills and stereotypical behavior can be preserved, and with a superficial conversation, you can not notice any violations.
154c4b5512d65b1b65ef4ad34c1eed8b6276925c	At the same time , speech disorders are possible, especially understanding someone else's speech and naming objects .
1eab20213122d099dfc90b789e09738c7705f220	In some cases, severe aphasia appears already at the beginning of the disease.
845c72374129da11b0c7a6e8132f429777800169	Various forms of apraxia are characteristic : dressing is difficult , patients cannot eat independently , they are not able to solve the simplest puzzles and copy geometric shapes .
5121b60a42013e297c1b5f3e3753002159ea54ab	The account is broken , patients can not determine the time by the clock .
27bc634ab2e236277249387d7e5fcff07e32902d	In the later stages, some patients can move independently, but their movements around the house are reduced to aimless wandering ; a complete loss of cognitive functions ( the ability to make judgments and conclusions, etc.) is possible.
fe93184074bde9874722ab31cc655cc62aeca73c	Hallucinations or delusions often occur .
43038510a0c6aad69a0956307fc227c6bae9c280	For example, patients unreasonably suspect their spouse of infidelity , do not recognize old friends , take a visitor for a thief or are afraid of their reflection in the mirror .
8150335f3f057257f5d8cce0d82d5342e5398021	Disinhibition and conflict can be replaced by apathy and alienation .
02703c070761a893f553be0a07e4e62b4396856b	The sleep-wake cycle may be disrupted ; at night, patients wander around the house, which further complicates the care of them by relatives.
cfc01225d60b6cf8283ca46bf818d24b81932aca	Sometimes a shuffling gait and generalized muscle rigidity develop , movements become slow and clumsy , and in general the appearance of patients resembles that of Parkinson's disease ; however, a fast, rhythmic tremor of rest is rare.
0db2876d52d96eae77cf5231d2f0c090dd568f87	For the late stage of Alzheimer's disease, as a rule (but not always), muscle rigidity , mutism , urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence are characteristic ; patients are bedridden.
6b7ea261401b14bdcbbdb7ed2707fdbdc8de3c0a	Without outside help, they can not even eat, dress and recover.
470dc595df1100f841d2eda851a31d9fe792bdb2	Tendon reflexes can increase, there is a sucking reflex and a proboscis reflex .
714fdefa71f43b00717ed2ba9849d63cf928c70a	The disintegration of memory and mental activity in general in Alzheimer's disease occurs according to the laws of progressive amnesia, i.e. from the most complex, late acquired and less firmly fixed knowledge and skills to the early acquired, more organized and automated.
183e970ba2e994ba12b0c91ecb009a09eb8179c7	In accordance with this, the most complex (creative, abstracting) forms of mental activity suffer first of all.
8bbdfc2cde961e1f969baae282e7905880f03869	At the same time, there may be a state of "apractic immobility" (when patients lose the ability to walk, stand, sit down, give a hand, stick out their tongue, etc.) or general "motor confusion", in which purposeful activity is replaced by disorderly motor activity, aimless fussiness and stereotypical, rhythmically repetitive monotonous movements.
6964a42057c5adad91850ce46cb8218b7c740237	At the early stages of the development of the disease, patients seem to "forget" the meaning of a word or concept or its pronunciation.
772fe03738301ffc79fb21dccb563d086c44d6bc	The development of sensory aphasia also occurs through the stage of limited semantic understanding of speech (with relative preservation of phonemic understanding and repeated speech) to total sensory aphasia.
2fbac0e0c593d1ef8c62ecab5f7abfa587f3cc1e	The disintegration of expressive speech, in turn, occurs through a number of stages of increasing impoverishment of speech, impoverishment of vocabulary, simplification of the gammatic and semantic construction of speech and difficulties in pronouncing individual words and syllables ("stumbling speech") to typical violations of word formation, speech automatism (locoglonia) and echolalic forms of speech.
0f35207df2bb6b8d8d9140ec48f912a981d69c8f	These violations of speech function are more often accompanied by an increase in speech activity, up to speech arousal (forced speaking in the later stages of the disease) or - less often - speech spontaneity.
48164a1f650c07c26e5b712063b628ad1aa9f59e	Knowledge of the described sequence of the breakdown of higher mental functions and mental activity in general and taking into account the combination of clinical manifestations characteristic of the course of Alzheimer's disease can provide early diagnosis of the disease and correct assessment of cortical function disorders already at the initial stage of the disease.
7a70e02e935e6b76a202ff7aa7296bde4fc5938d	The different types of onset of Alzheimer's disease show a certain relationship with the age of its debut.
4d30d7d2c3cac6597a674449cf65953aa6f635f7	The correct qualification of the type of onset of the disease allows, thus, to predict the further course of the disease, to properly plan rehabilitation measures and the need for medical and social assistance to various categories of patients.
0d6db2671cf7469697bd76d9f684ddd888e7946a	These symptoms make it possible to exclude Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease .
f571b657f06f29c05d0619a6a9ce718a76c5deb8	In contrast, Alzheimer's disease is characterized by a more protracted course.
d21558f7f9c61fd0b5393021bb437918d32ad82b	Generalized epileptic seizures are possible .
0a44918751a819224b73e92cae485e3654e6a581	Death in most cases occurs from exhaustion, secondary infection or heart disease.
861e7ca71c726d7d2f208def1f7dda3ed6288120	The recent discovery of several AD genes explains the clinical heterogeneity of AD symptoms.
cc94777487de467b49cb3bc822a4cd18d1733830	The average life expectancy for Alzheimer's disease is 8-10 years, but it can range from 1 to 25 years.
76483af1949b37d0ca83d1ee7a738da8564f889e	The average life expectancy after diagnosis is about seven years[7], less than three percent of patients live more than fourteen years[8].
eb8ad10c7cf353422d47b424468b55d6156b2bfb	Women get Alzheimer's disease 10-12 times (according to the literature - 3-8 times) more often than men.
bf7614d2c1b165585bae3fad1de93d46f2a9a340	For unknown reasons, in some cases, the disease progresses slowly and continuously, while in others, long periods of stabilization of the condition are characteristic.
f629cbf171c0e5529770fd774a640b51fcf953b0	To date, it has been established that AD is caused by mutations in 4 genes located on chromosomes 1, 14, 19 and 21 (Table.1) [1].
443572d82b567a28631a1ae954dc5b249ba7f427	The most significant, "marker" sign of AD is the presence of numerous extracellular amyloid deposits (senile plaques) located next to degenerating axons and dendrites.
2ecbca6fdae494fd63e93a96d8405067bb1e21a1	Thanks to the achievements of molecular biologists, geneticists, and neurochemists over the past decade, a number of fundamental data on the biochemical mechanisms associated with the development of AD have been obtained.
e9e1a5392a2a853c31ba287518c7118e8f123a3b	A detailed analysis of the components of amyloid deposits (senile plaques), so characteristic of this disease, was carried out (Table 2).
a89f3a0c7b2e83019619d94921178a0f679c0c48	The prospects of an experimental search for ways to combat AD and related neurodegenerative disorders are discussed.
6783779453998c249da4bd36ae1a92c50d0d9123	In clinical medicine, Alzheimer's disease is the first example of a common disease for which a leading genetic predisposition factor has been established.
13696a21599666ee94d25c374e236f26a2491295	Direct DNA diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease is a difficult task, which is associated with genetic heterogeneity, the relatively large size of the studied genes and the absence of major mutations in them.
5c81eb71d9d889f67e950078ac8da08bf7992008	The experience of such diagnostics in the world is available only in a relatively small number of well-equipped laboratories specializing in the molecular genetic analysis of this disease [2].
dfcb37f0e2c706b1a5ce575b19f0c083e16512bb	In 2008, more than 400 pharmaceutical products were being tested in various countries around the world.
ffb302fd3e92926111be02e49c68e34ef103c900	About a quarter of them passed the phase III clinical trials, at the successful completion of which the issue of using the drug is considered by regulatory authorities[227].
0afe096d52590135aa88ad2399c31d682ff3f4ec	One of the directions of research is to study the course of the disease in patients belonging to different races.
98aa4e415e9b78f9b7a96eeee94a02cf6dae9545	A group of scientists led by Lisa Barnes organized a study in which 122 people took part, of which 81 people belonged to the Caucasian race and 41 to the Black race.
7335b2216cc954dc5183fe4f527b07ee0dd7eb22	Scientists examined the brain tissue of patients.
d6810540733bc42f5942f05bcc9ed75ba0c8e5c6	In 71 % of patients of the Black race, signs of other pathologies besides Alzheimer's disease were found.
b4c7a4b0b8390cce20e58bc6de7d734bb1a1616b	Among the representatives of the Caucasian race, this indicator was 51 %.
405ac91393480fbb6a69d8db1c83bab47514ef1c	Although modern medicine does not yet have the means to cure this mental illness, the use of therapeutic and rehabilitative measures at the early stages of the disease (along with various forms of medical and social assistance to the patient's family) allows the patient to stay in his usual social environment for as long as possible and reduce the period of stay in inpatient psychiatric institutions.
ba74d26c4074cf1b0f557489de7133c331293c96	At the same time, as the analysis of scientific publications on this problem and the results of our own research shows, the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease is usually made only at relatively distant stages of the disease (in most cases - not earlier than 5 years after the onset of the disease).
f8a924c1c7d041959f1ac5b52d515e64e0b815d4	This is caused by serious diagnostic difficulties in assessing the initial manifestations of the disease, the known difficulty of distinguishing them from both signs of physiological involution and other functional and organic mental disorders of late age.
c41945cb3013f04275894dac93741e5a1062bc8e	Of particular importance is their timely differentiation with the manifestations of so-called reversible dementias, with states of "pseudo-dementia" and a number of neurosurgical diseases, i.e. with those forms of mental pathology that represent potentially curable states.
23f158790c538244066afda9c3c88193112a89ce	A detailed analysis of the initial syndromes of the disease, the use of modern methods of neuropsychological, neurophysiological and X-ray (computed tomography) studies of patients are a serious help for solving diagnostic issues at relatively early stages of the disease.
6e8f74e5cf53b113f363dbe6cb8874eb35a9695c	In accordance with the concept of Alzheimer's disease adopted in Soviet gerontopsychiatry *( In modern foreign (especially American) literature, there is a tendency to combine Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type under the general name "Alzheimer's disease" with an early (up to 65 years) and late (after 65 years) onset.), which is part of the general group of Alzheimer's dementia (which also includes senile dementia), is considered as a clinically independent form, differing from dementia depends not only on the age of onset, but also on the qualitative originality of the clinical manifestations of the disease, the sequence of violations of various aspects of mental activity and the depth of the breakdown of mental functions.
7d4aa52635796135468ac8bbbab8f75c6240c4e6	Knowledge of the features of clinical manifestations and dynamics of disorders of higher mental functions in Alzheimer's disease is necessary for the correct diagnosis of the disease, especially at relatively early stages of its course.
5478f687a35cf9c694df8bd45941b69de6f68f7e	The diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease can be: established only if the probability of a causal relationship of dementia with any general or cerebral disease is excluded (for example, heart failure, hypothyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiency, intoxication, normotensive hydrocephalus, brain tumor, cerebral vascular disease, etc.).
b85bbdd95501d2e4203be533beceb17f9b563ca9	The task of timely distinguishing Alzheimer's disease from a number of neurosurgical diseases (volumetric cerebral processes, normotensive hydrocephalus) is especially urgent, because the erroneous diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease in these cases does not allow timely use of the only surgical method of treatment possible to save the patient.
3bfb913c8754bab14acc4161cf5cb86ffeaccffc	No less important is the correct diagnostic qualification of cases of secondary, i.e. caused by other general somatic (infectious, intoxicating, metabolic, endocrine) or cerebral processes (encephalitis, brain injury, subdural hematoma, etc.), dementia, which, with the right therapeutic tactics, can be partially or completely reversible.
7b89c3c6e57406ca5b9b4e295b9355633f568733	It is also significant to distinguish the initial manifestations of Alzheimer's disease (especially in patients with depressive or anxiety-depressive reactions to the disease) from depressive states that are not rare at a late age, accompanied by a picture of apparent dementia ("pseudodementia").
ba01c87fbc426a260e977e31060dadc03b458151	The doctor also faces frequent diagnostic difficulties when it is necessary to differentiate Alzheimer's disease from vascular (multiinfarction) dementia and other atrophic processes of late age (senile dementia, Pick's disease, etc.).
2d6f171ceb2e96969cff972ad30e68232f1a32bd	The need to distinguish Alzheimer's disease from vascular (multi-infarct) dementia occurs mainly in the so-called pseudo-Alzheimer's forms of vascular dementia, accompanied by disorders of higher cortical functions (afato-apracto-agnostic disorders).
fd13c9d7bfe6bb75cee904518b674ef6f597c2a5	Information about the acute onset of the disease, about transient disorders of cerebral circulation with the appearance of transient neurological disorders or short-term episodes of confusion, as well as information about a step-like increase in dementia indicate a probable vascular genesis of the disease.
c55cf9b53a145c7810c26d927734710eda231fa9	The detection of focal neurological symptoms increases the likelihood of this diagnosis.
8a5f25c895630149b411a7be8299eeb31b3e7759	To recognize vascular (multiinfarction) dementia accompanied by cortical focal disorders and distinguish it from Alzheimer's disease, it is useful to use the appropriate scales developed by foreign researchers and widely used abroad - the Khachinsky ischemic scale and the evaluation scale for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease developed by Gustafson and Nilson (see appendix).
b622713afb966974a8c6b2a3aae9e256d3537104	A score of more than 8 points on the Hachinsky scale indicates a high probability of vascular etiology of dementia.
054734f28342c7ca798171c8c7b46e11071e0e2a	A score of more than 5 points and especially 8 points (depending on the duration of dementia) on the Gustafson and Nielson scale speaks in favor of the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.
fe254c858b2b513adf106b1f6450c85e0a93c0bb	But the most significant help in the diagnosis of the pseudo-Alzheimer's form of vascular (multi-infarct) dementia is provided by the study of the patient using computed tomography (multi-infarct dementia is characterized by a combination of focal changes in the density of the brain substance and an indistinct diffuse expansion of both the ventricles and subarachnoid spaces).
afbe9bd98fd68d5fea0da920c7cc669f8279f4b6	The differentiation of Alzheimer's disease from Peak's disease, which is also accompanied by disorders of higher cortical functions and the development of total dementia, is based on certain qualitative differences in the structure of dementia and the dynamics of its development.
2658414eb64ed72a13bda69293a3181a83512074	Unlike Alzheimer's disease, in Peak's disease, deep personal changes occur already at the early stages with spontaneity and impoverishment of speech and motor activity, or with foolishness and disinhibition, stereotypical forms of activity.
c4f95678f41b55fb45f6297461409e7da13db536	At the same time, the instrumental functions of the intellect (memory, attention, orientation, counting, etc.) remain preserved for a long time, although the most complex aspects of mental activity (generalization, abstraction, criticism) are violated already at the initial stage of the development of the disease.
36b5386169e90f85bae767ceede626b4da8417b8	Neurological symptoms (with the exception of amymia and mutism) are usually absent even at the remote stage of Peak's disease.
72c5fd515dfaaeb2616e4a4681920948d3316178	The use of a complex of neuropsychological techniques allows us to significantly expand the possibilities of detecting and evaluating violations of higher cortical functions, memory and mental activity in patients at relatively early stages of the disease.
9999d49dda7a2666e30c140fd0e29326a18f0d90	When evaluating the results of a neuropsychological examination, it should be taken into account that the syndrome of violation of higher mental functions in Alzheimer's disease is characterized by a combination of all three of its components - memory disorders, intellectual operations and certain disorders of higher cortical functions (speech, praxis, gnosis, etc.).
355c84b4379fd14d75741bd08b1de318ce3eda7c	EEG is a method for analyzing the total vibrational electrical activity of the brain.
ee73f5e4496a618ab7e98ddcb8c5c823cc3112e3	In Alzheimer's disease, EEG allows you to identify the presence of brain damage and its localization, to assess the degree of violation of the functional activity of the nervous tissue.
082d20086a01abb4a8006bbc5ba8d51d8ceb0393	To study the VP-the brain's responses to external stimuli-the method of multiple summation of EEG sections following the stimulus is used using computers or specialized averaging devices.
5591cdac44ee6578cceeca2243333cdaeba35986	Changes in visual VP in response to a flash of light are detected in 83% of patients.
504e690f81a71ce652ccd26f88d8fe319bd40bab	Among the modern methods of instrumental imaging of brain structures, the methods of lifetime neurointroscopy, which have become widespread in recent years, based on a fundamentally new technology, referred to as computed tomography, are of particular value.
0367ddf30b25b759d7e8e3978ca254f1f30f573d	In order to make an accurate diagnosis, which means to prescribe the right treatment and prolong the period of active life for a person, it is necessary to conduct a number of studies.
f351f1b9f165016a94e002a7c474a13c40188931	Also, during the study, the doctor collects information about the patient's past illnesses.
426492f99586e09fa570d9cf413d5a6cb9862a49	There are also a number of tests to determine attention, speech.
85471b33148df76c533191e1ed387f5478e5bb19	The patient will be asked to perform daily actions.
f9e38107951a12b882b9567cededf86160b5f000	Each of these methods has its advantages and disadvantages in comparison with others, and none of them can completely replace the other.
0659de3358cbd2d67a3fcb685c057e9ea44ec5c5	The causes of changes that occur in the brain in Alzheimer's disease have remained unexplained for more than a hundred years.
f9055aff991ea1e3d49924c5782fe174adbbfea5	There are many theories that explain its appearance.
e61b154d88e880930f18d97bfab9b636f3a35ae2	These include injuries, poor heredity, viruses, the influence of external toxic factors (aluminum, nitrates), pathological immune reactions.
fe2d88d0c2d43295832a32fea521c49041af5735	Two American companies have stopped developing a once promising drug to alleviate the effects of memory loss in Alzheimer's disease after two clinical trials in which the drug failed to help patients.
55b60140e391df9b48f64f8fade88de22998ef70	Currently, there is no cure for Alzheimer's disease[13].
160e0ffbcbf8991dd7e8adb300c91e7913db2cfc	There are many ways to prevent Alzheimer's disease, but their impact on the course of the disease and its severity has not been noted.
cc8b485222c1801f867258e1fb49b347628b5771	Both to prevent and to combat the disease, it is often recommended to exercise, stimulate thinking and adhere to a balanced diet[14][15].
a3788896717de47418340580a554a8ffb21caef3	In 2016, there were reports that a drug created by Israeli scientists led to the complete disappearance of the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease in mice.[16]
ab6ef7080310d021c268005ce561000f43ea1196	The prevalence of the disease in the population depends on various factors, including morbidity and mortality.
4f84b4a048746460be39e4c8495b08f0ce3ecb19	Since the incidence increases with age, it is absolutely necessary to take into account the average age of the population in the study area.
534e98a754ef339af4715a76f0515f3fce04ebae	To explain the possible causes of the disease, three main competing hypotheses are proposed: the cholinergic, amyloid and tau hypothesis.
ebdbb2df1ef493e631d3f3d17d8415902d6b8501	Chronologically, the cholinergic hypothesis was proposed first, according to which the disease is caused by a reduced synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
dc8a6381d03e5008f5ed326c93525a21d83bd39d	Currently, this hypothesis is considered unlikely, since medications designed to correct acetylcholine deficiency have low effectiveness, but most of the existing methods of maintenance therapy have been created on its basis.
788115e41f6de0324b7233bad2293f50f66c42d5	In 1991, the "amyloid hypothesis" was proposed, according to which the underlying cause of the disease is amyloid beta (Aß) deposits[65][66].
ab668995e6b825a37383fe608e7665e02c3695cd	Intellectual activity, including a passion for playing chess, and regular communication correlate with a reduced risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, according to epidemiological studies, but a causal relationship has not yet been proven.
afb9e724400e5c4751bf8b7270fd1f880e3cb3f8	International studies designed to assess how much a particular measure can slow down or prevent the onset of the disease often give contradictory results.
6f389ed332e3cfe199dccd3fa7e755f2506a6f34	To date, there is no solid evidence of a preventive effect of any of the factors considered[115].
4956cf4253130218958b0a9f0a3812f9f1b8bf34	The ingredients of the Mediterranean diet, including fruits and vegetables, bread, wheat and other cereals, olive oil, fish and red wine, may be able to individually or collectively reduce the risk and mitigate the course of Alzheimer's disease[117].
4be80ef2ac14d617d3c4d79f8449a9d9f6e70be6	Some studies indicate an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease in those people whose work is associated with exposure to magnetic fields[131][132], ingestion of metals, especially aluminum[133][134], or the use of solvents[135].
992389fa13a3de2f7177d740eef9472e4f98f204	Intellectual activities, such as reading, board games, solving crosswords, playing musical instruments, regular communication, may be able to slow down the onset of the disease or mitigate its development[141][142].
577ccd23ead336493c15aeba69633fb6e58ea092	Bilingual proficiency is associated with a later onset of Alzheimer's disease[143].
df5ee270baf4b36bde08e6b8f96c14924b7c4777	Care and supervision of the patient is extremely important because of the incurable and degenerative nature of the disease. This role is often assumed by a spouse or a close relative[178].
a6d90dd2ce42008a3b1a5c01c6d2cbc21a09a5a4	Since Alzheimer's disease is incurable and gradually negates a person's ability to take care of himself, patient care actually forms the basis of therapy and deserves special attention throughout the disease.
d8486fc15015fcc1b68cb613fa1071721cf6e7f2	In the early and moderate stages of the disease, it is possible to increase the patient's safety and ease the burden of caring for him by making changes in the environment and lifestyle[182][183].
8dd10743ac93488031ff33a099c51117eb21835c	As the disease develops, various complications may occur, for example, diseases of the teeth and oral cavity, bedsores, nutritional disorders, hygiene problems, respiratory, eye or skin infections.
141048c9ab7b2697eebc37cf8863954dd8cac22d	They can be avoided with careful care, but if they occur, professional intervention is required[62][189].
25ba1d4edbd4ebe6b1c7294e81eabfd3dcc78ad6	Mortality in patients in 70 % of cases is due to the disease itself[7], while most often the direct causes are pneumonia and dehydration of the body.
4cd7b9cf9d3eaab218f1043824ec392806990dba	Cancer in Alzheimer's disease is less common than in the general population[7][195].
51793679a99f3cc63516333743c7216abc205828	Among the diseases that impose a great burden on society in developed countries, Alzheimer's disease and dementia in general can occupy one of the first places[17][18].
681414a5f68321cf329b3430373d01832e38f377	Alzheimer's disease affects many people, not bypassing celebrities, including such famous ones as former US President Ronald Reagan and Irish writer Iris Murdoch.
9cc1613b3c909a9f678acd1ea613f4f6bf04b0fe	The National Institute of Neurological and Communication Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and the Alzheimer's Association have compiled the most commonly used set of criteria for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease.
20040ade080f08e4054b903187ce4b7d7d5b09f0	According to the criteria, in order to make a clinical diagnosis of possible Alzheimer's disease, it is necessary to confirm the presence of cognitive impairment and suspected dementia syndrome during neuropsychological testing.
8e63c96b0f8c704d242d4926ac9bc2cca7ad6de4	For the final confirmation of the diagnosis, a histopathological analysis of brain tissues is necessary, and during the reconciliation of lifetime diagnoses according to criteria with post-mortem analysis, good statistical reliability and verifiability were noted.
60331b334e040625fcf3b5663cc4622dc4947962	Despite the well-studied genetic and biochemical mechanisms of the disease development, effective measures to combat and prevent the occurrence of this pathology that could actually be applied in practice have not yet been found.
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36c4b8f82973c86a33e388a0ab5d7b0bfa94a8d9	Alzheimer's disease: clinical features and classification
c10325d4e8d63b3fc9c8834c4c0d55142e1eaac6	Gradually, cognitive impairments begin to limit everyday activity (conducting financial affairs, professional activities, driving a car, shopping and taking care of the house).
3b301fa90ef0141b9ce88c4c08c9b84768fea141	Patients get lost in a new environment and may get lost while walking or driving a car.
7e242b83aa1aad1a53d877b963fb2e57ede4bed3	At the height of the disease, patients are not able to work, they are easily disoriented ; they need constant care.
48bbfa35c89c28c30860894c6c7d3778130ee378	Difficulties in the selection of words and verbosity sometimes occur even in patients with satisfactory performance of special speech tests.
d1dce79530ebd8c43ccd91e2de4c809fc95efc47	In addition to naming objects , fluency, understanding and repetition of speech may be impaired .
49632299aac91fdbee12bfd800670dffbed0a4d7	Occasionally, cortical blindness develops , which the patients themselves deny.
7e7df2c71420b93d4a1dcc48c78cf0338fc46673	In such cases, gross changes in the visual cortex are found during autopsy .
bef25001396ed577b747d9ae1ac6db874ffd57db	As a rule, they are simple in content and devoid of quirkiness.
99320ee7c088adbb505b830655f728f9a980cd65	The sleep wake cycle may be disrupted ; at night, patients wander around the house, which further complicates the care of them by relatives.
eafd7ec65b1c2a6474a8d6955aff1ada793c2d81	Spontaneously or in response to stimuli (for example, loud sounds), myoclonic twitching of individual muscles or the entire body sometimes occurs.
a8da971748156e7789f32bbdc24897f1bada7216	These symptoms make it possible to exclude Creutzfeldt Jakob disease .
eaa729c84ea8d9d30f7b353d4d44bb0f38611cde	Being an etiologically heterogeneous disease, AD is characterized by one common pathological phenotype - progressive dementia, accompanied by the following pathomorphological signs [ Selkoe, 1991 ]: 1) intracellular accumulation of filaments forming neurofibrillary tangles in neurons;
2fa71bf33c34656d9fd95c74a9ca59d7e688952d	2) education in the hippocampus, neocortex, and other parts of the brain of senile plaques that are composed of multiple proteins, including alpha antichymotrypsin , the ARI , beta amyloid (A?42)
0d6e1ad911eb3a00946b6694a028b05348282743	(the accumulation of A?42 in the parenchyma is observed at the beginning of the development of ad and, apparently, initiates the formation of protein aggregates [ Hardy, 1997 ; Pollen, 1996 ; Arnold et al, 1997 ]. 3) mass death of neurons, especially in the hippocampus and the temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex - the departments responsible for the processes of storage and active processing of memory .
ae28df8afcb4318fc6498773968d73c62881f2b3	There is still a debate about whether the accumulation of tau proteins and A? 42 are the direct causes that cause the death of neurons, or, conversely, the consequence of such death
b41ec297e44215331b1a64f992824da380b681b7	[Rogaev, 1999 ]. The general neurodegenerative process is accompanied, in addition, by a decrease in the activity of a number of enzymes, in particular, elements of signal transduction and neurotransmitter systems: choline acetyltransferase , norepinephrine, serotonin receptors, nicotine receptors, glutamate receptors and somatostatin receptors
aef10b40644b8f3fc3b3657fa1ed0a0778126e13	[ Myhrer, 1998 ;
351951ad4b0b8ebdf5c4157d7f19d404b0428561	Talbot et al, 2000 ; de la Monte et al, 2000 ;
5423f55ee1532383cb108cf84cf7ac7b5479c9c7	Gattaz et al, 1996 ], - which may be associated with the death of the corresponding neurons
2c950805973b9d1d3aa7c10a1bb7ba4691b8dc20	[ Nakamura et al, 1984 ]. Identification of primary molecular disorders in AD is the main and most difficult task, especially since the first histopathological changes in AD can occur long before the first clinical symptoms appear
a0ffe37d8fc7773f37bb391de937bfa420b62c75	[ Pollen, 1996 ]. There are various clinical forms and, accordingly, classifications of AD.
68981f12733f973beb5b60cfcd2b6b9d3e18055d	In Russia, a classification based on the features of the clinical manifestation of AD has been adopted
e4642deaf7dd8c162e91731bbf38958b68cc34f5	[ Gavrilova et al, 1993 ]. Abroad, a simplified scheme is used, according to which Alzheimer's disease is divided into forms with early (younger than 65 years) and late (65 years and older) onset of development
662bb7ff86467a276e321d2685f518fa2909daf4	[ WHO, 1989 ].
36ee210c094344e974afaaf9dec9171dc57e3f88	See also: ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD, AD)
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d5be631cdc7647859a757ea6ab9ce6cb676d5717	Alzheimer's disease
5585e3774c0477731b4a21c452d342636869a265	This is the stable version, tested on November 3, 2016.
17ddbc02786f76abca3ac9632300fc43259a6a7c	3 edits are waiting to be checked.
f48028bc01bb90e6983eaea3c91250c0c6b53f2d	The brain of an elderly person is normal (left) and with pathology caused by Alzheimer's disease (right), with an indication of differences.
343933a260c8634ef57c458ecac2aa4338367ed2	ICD 10 G3030., F0000.
9fb86fd35c953fe8e3521a6e2d6556c6afb280ff	ICD 9 331.0331.0, 290.1290.1
a115fdbb1ab2c378c5b9ae7f360edcd9963c92f4	OMIM 104300
7668675a650c5192405a9ef1507bf8c2f2fc9400	DiseasesDB 490
8e44a30d834f7c553bb95cfaf314c14fe321400e	MedlinePlus 000760
3e22054e48bc136be65a862159768bcaa3d31465	eMedicine neuro/13
7213bbd016dd1ea683b567a72707d55ecc759856	MeSH D000544
73df50c7d96b13b3a0a06867d82d60e7329cc61f	Alzheimer's disease (also senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type) is the most common form of dementia, a neurodegenerative disease first described in 1907[1] by the German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer.
1c40a0f42beabc401c0db8b6314e53b99f61e55e	As a rule, it is found in people over 65 years of age[2], but there is also early Alzheimer's disease — a rare form of the disease.
9ffef60148df36ef9c16a6bff4a4904a7cb06152	As a rule, the disease begins with subtle symptoms, but progresses over time.
dc384cbb25c8f4b94b4c25649b5fad91dd30a040	Most often, short term memory disorder is recognized in the early stages, for example, the inability to recall recently memorized information.
938a6cdd03bbe91d3ea19f13d88558a7efeefcf7	With the development of the disease, there is a loss of long term memory[4], speech and cognitive functions are impaired, the patient loses the ability to navigate the situation and take care of himself.
e74eac1c4d9ff1473df9d39ab4fc21dbb1bfdd43	The gradual loss of body functions leads to death[5].
7f91ccc4e9af0dbdddc66393f352f5dd4407bacd	When contacting a doctor and Alzheimer's disease is suspected, behavior is usually analyzed to clarify the diagnosis, a series of cognitive tests are performed, if possible, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is performed[6].
54de812a1546c9bf1a0bada879b9d5e4982ea947	Individual prognosis is difficult due to variations in the duration of the disease, which can develop covertly for a long time, before symptoms become noticeable and a diagnosis is made.
f924969c63bcc80d8fd8632b37239609615cdbc7	Currently, a complete understanding of the causes and course of Alzheimer's disease has not been achieved.
ae9733bac7615989cdf19906319774e31f23cd08	The key features of the disease are the accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in brain tissues[9][10]. Modern methods of therapy only slightly mitigate the symptoms, but so far they do not allow either to stop or slow down the development of the disease.
c5969ccaeacaaf8a7a07479c21b18ad3903ddd8c	Many promising therapies have reached the stage of clinical trials, the number of which in 2008 was more than five hundred, but it is unclear whether their effectiveness will be proven.
3dbab95a58f613540c6b607b90f73491c3910af5	In 2013, the method of deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (Deep TMS) received the CE Mark approval for the treatment of symptoms of Alzheimer's disease along with other diseases[11][12]. Two American companies have stopped developing a once promising drug to alleviate the effects of memory loss in Alzheimer's disease after two clinical trials in which the drug failed to help patients.
a129df9298740e598c03648b6fb01982c9b35327	The researchers reported that the positive dynamics of the disease in patients in the mild or early stage of Alzheimer's disease did not differ from that in the control group of patients who were given a placebo.
6fd350b7ec793c0e9bdeec926ca09e8164e12d74	Pfizer and Johnson&Johnson said that all other research in this area has been discontinued.
036105d8607197b1b81b6db29b1ab80cc909e934	Both to prevent and to combat the disease, it is often recommended to exercise, stimulate thinking and adhere to a balanced diet[14][15]. In 2016, there were reports that a drug created by Israeli scientists led to the complete disappearance of the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease in mice.[16]
a826d0e717afc55bc7b8023311600708b2fe224b	Alzheimer's disease belongs to the diseases that impose the heaviest financial burden on society in developed countries[17][18].
bf62fbc12d4f3f6210d4bf224af5307897440180	1 History 2 Epidemiology 3 Characteristics 3.1 Pre dementia 3.2 Early Dementia 3.3 Moderate Dementia 3.4 Severe Dementia
9131675c6150edf73401c9b69531915f5e3b6d43	4 Causes 5 Pathophysiology 5.1 Neuropathology 5.2 Biochemistry 5.3 Pathological mechanism 5.4 Genetics
6e4f2a77deb7729c08f25f3b36bd3e30a0b1b108	6 Diagnostics 6.1 Diagnostic criteria 6.2 Diagnostic methods
8ec7997c66832be9bb7c975123832eb90911bddb	7 Disease prevention 8 Therapy and care 8.1 Pharmacotherapy 8.2 Psychosocial intervention 8.3 Care and supervision
682d3153b75f92d4f04953569102104fab395e4e	9 Forecast 10 Culture and society 10.1 The burden on society 10.2 Patient care 10.3 Famous people, mass media, works of literature and cinema
dc813b2c5301546bb7b836768d54cbb217dad225	11 Research directions 12 Notes 13 Literature 14 References
3747f0efc18b7e52ba7ca610e042bb060fd887ce	Augusta Deter, Alois Alzheimer's patient, 1901
a1b9e97bed03b7e8d82f88f7629a069ba421bfd4	Doctors and philosophers of ancient Greece and Rome associated old age with a weakening of the mind[1], but it was only in 1901 that the German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer noted a case of an illness that was later named after him.
1618ca411f2dab434f714d5598cc966b18da3d55	Analysis of the disease of fifty year old Augusta D. he published it for the first time in 1907, after the patient he was watching died[19].
ec8328110742019812a09bb2901735e6c0bcf706	Over the next five years, eleven more similar descriptions appeared in the medical literature, and the authors of some of them already used the term "Alzheimer's disease" [1].
ebddebd3aa3cfd106fc9294b772e67dffc8ed87a	Emil Kraepelin was the first to call Alzheimer's disease an independent disease.
d591dc029c82fd592a833dfa12349862786287e9	In 1910, he identified it as a subtype of senile dementia in the eighth edition of his textbook on psychiatry, giving it the parallel name "presenile dementia"[20].
e941e3b12ec1f55a234c597e9b14764cb90041e6	For most of the twentieth century, the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease was made only to relatively young patients who had the first symptoms of dementia at the age of 45 to 65 years.
420cc2f60361c1dfabdebeeca9da79ebb53e13cb	The terminology changed after the 1977 conference on Alzheimer's disease, the participants of which came to the conclusion that the clinical and pathological manifestations of presenile and senile dementia are almost identical, although they did not exclude the existence of etiological differences[21].
28579f8d8c50cb24de8021a0fafe4d4997cf0e97	Gradually, the diagnosis began to be made regardless of age[22], although for some time the term "senile dementia of the Alzheimer type" (SDAT) was still used to describe the disease in people over 65 years old, reserving the "classic" diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease for younger people.
8f400c0b04c51e01a778cdfd76bee69610de4f2e	As a result, the term "Alzheimer's disease" was formally adopted into the medical nomenclature as the name of a disease that is diagnosed regardless of age in the presence of appropriate symptoms that develop in a characteristic way and are accompanied by the appearance of typical neuropathological signs[23].
93135bc40fa55dc9a366b6f4f826c577bd022b9e	Epidemiology[edit / edit wiki text]
019d1e2b4836194df03837c3c7a5ea35f62f8755	Life years adjusted for disability in Alzheimer's disease and other dementias per 100,000 population in 2004. no data available ≤ 50 50-70 70-90 90-110 110-130 130-150 150-170 170-190 190-210 210-230 230-250 ≥ 250
d711fed3a6dd5bbc8dbdc3d7807e0f529396e9ae	Morbidity[24]
8f6a09ce4479f6f89ca9b318ea07319102773a6a	in persons over 65 years of age, the incidence of
51ee995eb1a55c8d518164ebc43a2f2cef03d038	(new cases)
288e09aee5a1213b65f4d4bf3b9747cee8675841	per thousand
9d098a2dec52f24067aae3022f8520da1d48f5cb	person years 65-69 3 70-74 6 75-79 9 80-84 23 85-89 40 90- 69
f4c69bff1459f179b14841ea4ab0ff0fb82976e0	The two main indicators used in epidemiological studies are the incidence and prevalence of the disease.
08c6bc3667999aa4b8d1fab4801a267d3412422a	The incidence rate reflects the number of new cases per unit of person time (usually the number of new cases per thousand person years), and the prevalence of the disease indicates the total number of people affected by the disease in the population at a particular time.
1588d9c81cf3faee045b3971ee263f27c605fc79	Cohort longitudinal studies (during which the initially healthy population is tracked for many years) indicate an incidence of 10-15 new cases per thousand person years for all types of dementia and 5-8 cases for Alzheimer's disease[24][25], which is approximately half of the total number of annual diagnoses.
c5c2c17257e49540ce0861067452fd3a188aeb8c	Old age is the main risk factor, which is reflected in statistics: for every five years after the age of 65, the risk indicator increases approximately twice, growing from 3 cases in 65 years to 69 cases per thousand person years by 95 years[24][25], there are also gender differences — women are more likely to develop Alzheimer's disease, especially after 85 years[25][26].
7cec87463c3a68e00f280ab08ee51a2353cd74ba	In the United States, as of 2000, about 1.6 % of the population, both in general and in the 65-74 age group, had Alzheimer's disease.
c5aee6859d869e1724cd45042cf7f148ac0225e8	In the group of 75-84 years, this indicator was already 19 %, and among citizens whose age exceeded 84 years, the prevalence of the disease was 42 %[27].
a4e4090d6314564cb9f77f5ff72cc234e93b88a2	In less developed countries, the prevalence of the disease is lower[28].
04f689b695717d67556aae43ecf26bc465328dd5	According to WHO, in 2005, 0.379% of the world population suffered from dementia, and the forecast for 2015 reached a value of 0.441 % and an even larger percentage of the population, 0.556 %, may be affected by the disease by 2030[29].
37acaa73c6aa69e140fb2679eec374dc0133bbba	The authors of other works come to similar conclusions[28].
63201c8e334aa1fcf9f08d8b3c6a389b93a0b626	Another study says that in 2006, the prevalence of the disease in the world was 0.40 % (a spread of 0.17-0.89 %, the absolute number is 26.6 million people, with a spread of 11.4-59.4 million) and predicts that the share indicator will triple, and the absolute number of patients will quadruple by 2050[3].
60b70ef2894068c96f5e3a936f70d3910a1a7cd8	Characteristics[edit / edit wiki text]
9e4ce7a35ec9609ce9ec1c08d94fd62a8c0a847c	The course of the disease is divided into four stages, with a progressive picture of cognitive and functional disorders.
de9f5a2bd3d73a639d93eb36b22b880ee131103f	Pre dementia[edit / edit wiki text]
f1d5456df09616ac1c536598fb75846a0e7f3435	The first symptoms are often confused with the manifestations of aging or a reaction to stress.
dabf24a62b2afd47dee0ecc91e03cffd0cd20061	The earliest cognitive difficulties are detected in some people with detailed neurocognitive testing eight years before diagnosis[30].
955a507cf27a6289bd1ef80c28c22b58ece21dd2	These initial symptoms may affect the performance of not the most difficult everyday tasks[31].
6a416788c1c9db618114c369cce9e75ffa75fef2	The most noticeable memory disorder is manifested in difficulty when trying to recall recently learned facts and in the inability to assimilate new information[32][33]. Subtle problems of executive functions: concentration, planning, cognitive flexibility and abstract thinking, or a violation of semantic memory (memory of the meaning of words, the relationship of concepts), can also be a symptom of the early stages of Alzheimer's disease[34][35]. At this stage, apathy may be noted, which remains the most stable neuropsychiatric symptom throughout the disease[36][37][38].
fbec4d555493cddade38d10f10fed61b08061f3e	The preclinical stage is also called, depending on the translation of the term "mild cognitive impairment" (MCI) by different authors[39], "mild cognitive decline"[40] or "moderate cognitive impairment"[41], but there are disputes about whether to use the latter name to denote the first stage of Alzheimer's disease or to allocate it to a separate diagnostic unit[42].
1acafdd9b9b0dbddd8a4cfd24d7a07e0f31edf4e	Early dementia[edit / edit wiki text]
97a3ad5a8c4b1270786a4c151fe1be7a0fc122b6	Progressive memory loss and agnosia in Alzheimer's disease sooner or later lead to confirmation of the diagnosis.
fe6b35149a11740ec06d06f2de1a40f909fb1191	In a small number of patients, it is not memory disorders that come to the fore, but speech disorders, executive functions, perception, or motor disorders (apraxia) [43]. The disease affects different aspects of memory in different ways.
025334d63b2d5b987d489b99a308115cdcb876c6	Old memories of one's own life (episodic memory), long memorized facts (semantic memory), implicit memory (unconscious "memory of the body" about a sequence of actions, for example, how to use cutlery) are less susceptible to disorder compared to new facts or memories[44][45]. Aphasia is mainly characterized by a depleted vocabulary and reduced fluency of speech, which generally weakens the ability to verbally and in writing express thoughts.
4f9d420003c6a42ef8294163350476ad1056d520	At this stage of the disease, a person is usually able to adequately operate with simple concepts in speech communication[46][47][48].
e78e0e51c274a4b0d5568f1d4acfcb11db288cf6	When drawing, writing, putting on clothes and other tasks using fine motor skills, a person may seem awkward due to certain problems with coordination and movement planning[49].
f08fddc974f8569baf93cfeaa4107caabf677812	As the disease develops, a person is often quite capable of performing many tasks independently, but he may need help or supervision when trying to perform manipulations that require special cognitive efforts[43].
550673b1e75ffa9c561576b6ad29e62c9dc0f7e5	Moderate dementia[edit / edit wiki text]
67a8972e3a720c808aad191c389fcbcd2c3fe375	The ability to act independently decreases due to the progressive deterioration of the condition[43].
95e0b7c9f165c7e18d5d11461fcc7fce282565af	Speech disorders become obvious, since with the loss of access to the vocabulary, a person increasingly chooses the wrong words to replace the forgotten ones (paraphrasing).
ead05721031a3e81bc3d587a752694bc872516cc	There is also a loss of reading and writing skills[46][50]. Over time, coordination is increasingly disrupted when performing complex sequences of movements, which reduces a person's ability to cope with most everyday tasks[51].
ab8c85e6bf709d29b3fef2b9ae4d265ff4ebccd8	At this stage, memory problems increase, the patient may not recognize close relatives[52].
cb7982a556251f32328fbd902e13d8cad7a76aca	Previously intact long term memory is also disturbed[53] and behavioral deviations become more noticeable.
c4c8aa3732810ea5f493182e51a2a309b138706d	Such neuropsychiatric manifestations as vagrancy, evening exacerbation (English: sundowning)[54], irritability and emotional lability, manifested in crying, spontaneous aggression, in resistance to help and care, are common.
bbf84344e9d3817c0079a623544dfd1d1ac21d83	False identification syndrome and other symptoms of delirium develop in about 30 % of patients[36][55]. Urinary incontinence may develop[56].
91a685093a49d30f467e90c538827f3ae94de1cb	In the relatives of the patient and the persons caring for him, these symptoms cause stress, which can be mitigated by moving the patient from home care to an inpatient institution[43][57].
9e3e9a0904f1b69deb2a070e0339cdabfaab4f3e	Severe dementia[edit / edit wiki text]
dde6399a50d9a42547e4a567808f60cccdf7b3c0	In the last stage of Alzheimer's disease, the patient is completely dependent on outside help.
e19dc8c26d2ca126ce09bc1d128e4cd76132430a	Language proficiency is reduced to the use of single phrases and even individual words, and as a result, speech is completely lost[46].
c8672a11596144291ea96cdfd48483630baecc01	Despite the loss of verbal skills, patients are often able to understand and reciprocate emotional appeals to them[58].
5f0bfda07326822fdcfca0577ed2cdc5388d7b6f	Although at this stage there may still be manifestations of aggression, much more often the patient's condition is characterized by apathy and exhaustion[43], and from some point he is unable to carry out even the simplest action without someone else's help.
33e01982731ef5a80073bb601ae33aa27aaeab73	The patient loses muscle mass, moves with difficulty and at a certain stage is unable to leave the bed[59], and then to eat independently[60].
cae5d88b6c0a0d32cc3955a34b831b1c5269a095	Death usually occurs due to an external factor, such as a bedsore ulcer or pneumonia, and not due to Alzheimer's disease itself[61][62].
b52e7ed9d100b8e1f9a09d5bd7229c8b6ba610ac	Reasons[edit / edit wiki text]
c26671ed9af86647e1c2015f3ff7caa2b5e0e59e	Other cholinergic effects are assumed, for example, the initiation of large scale amyloid aggregation [63], leading to a generalized neuroinflammatory process[64].
4bdc3b9293c778fe858184cf40229977ba84c708	In 1991, the "amyloid hypothesis" was proposed, according to which the underlying cause of the disease is amyloid beta (Aß) deposits[65][66]. The gene encoding the protein (APP) from which beta amyloid is formed is located on chromosome 21.
b4297e5664d1d64ed1b80ad5940d13864c5ada2b	An interesting fact in support of the amyloid hypothesis is that almost all people who have lived to 40 years of age suffering from Down syndrome (an additional copy of chromosome 21 or its section) have Alzheimer's like pathology [67][68]. In addition, APOE4, the main genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, leads to excessive accumulation of amyloid in brain tissues even before the onset of symptoms[69].
34ca7af2b8a37ae6745dbe5e2d12033f892bc3fe	Moreover, in transgenic mice whose bodies produce a mutant form of the human APP gene, fibrillar amyloid plaques are deposited in the brain and other pathological signs characteristic of Alzheimer's disease are noted[70].
e80591e36cfc3366d88cb1126eb08bdc9de8807c	An experimental vaccine demonstrated the ability to clear the brain of amyloid plaques in early human trials, but did not have a significant effect on dementia[71].
eb01162daf56d38f9fc6546abeadf6de250413ac	There was no strong correlation between plaque accumulation and neuronal loss[72].
e7bda6ed5b851d9cef58ca55279f8b11fd2a40a9	Currently, the amyloid hypothesis is the main one, but it also does not allow us to explain all the variety of phenomena in Alzheimer's disease.
6fc088d111a5d83e3f3cb0917a6494ba223fa586	The accumulation of beta amyloid is not considered to be the direct cause of the disease, but rather a trigger that triggers a sequence of neurodegenerative changes, many of which, including taupathies and neuronal death, manifest only after years.
3a35dc4d2dff0709664008b432fa3ab5462d5a7e	What exactly triggers the accumulation of beta amyloid, as well as how it affects the tau protein, and how this accumulation can be prevented, remains unknown[73].
87d5af9d399e8165fdb1b75377afcc1109ac0aab	Along with the amyloid hypothesis, the tau hypothesis is being studied, according to which the cascade of disorders is triggered by deviations in the structure of the tau protein[66].
b1a852932ac34e2a0b39467c8fcd6ecf2f5a3968	Presumably, the strands of hyperphosphorylated tau protein begin to unite with each other, eventually forming neurofibrillary tangles inside nerve cells[74].
7b28774f5aaa65370ba034d7578afff202941fde	This causes the disintegration of microtubules and the collapse of the transport system inside the neuron[75], leading first to a violation of the biochemical signal transmission between cells, and then to the death of the cells themselves[76].
11314bbdd7b01d0bb3bb9886ce97a57221b20887	Pathophysiology[edit / edit wiki text]
665e8a5fa343115417363c4df6622912e24fa704	Histopathological sample of a section of the cerebral cortex with senile plaques.
b355f52ce4fecb680e94fe41afa46790b8eabe80	Silver impregnation.
08b7ef898933cfdfdfa1f6592ad87f4a590b7c86	Neuropathology[edit / edit wiki text]
1f8c2bf31f5fbd6c9173d5eb8b5f9f70f69429e9	The disease is characterized by the loss of neurons and synaptic connections in the cerebral cortex and certain subcortical areas.
f71883e840626afaf054bf3586db934853114551	Cell death leads to pronounced atrophy of the affected areas, including degeneration of the temporal and parietal lobes, areas of the frontal cortex and cingulate gyrus[64].
bac3bbdeba96464214eb92cdd3add93d9d407691	Both amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are clearly visible under the microscope during postmortem analysis of brain samples of patients[10].
d1703b472410b9ddf8c43a063021a99abd3956b7	Plaques are dense, in most cases insoluble deposits of beta amyloid and cellular material inside and outside neurons.
6e03b65b8de51dcbdd6ac259f2f9e4f1376f99b7	Inside the nerve cells, they grow, forming insoluble twisted plexuses of fibers, often called tangles.
d5f6cd34464a0a0edd163b659b8ef3ba932784a9	Many elderly people have a certain number of plaques and tangles in the brain, but in Alzheimer's disease there are more of them in certain parts of the brain, such as the temporal lobes[77].
323b9fcb7af5513be67fa0f1a93dc483dec0d2c9	Biochemistry[edit / edit wiki text]
87ec08ccf8012bf8f0895d21d4769b888a4ca376	The enzymes cut the amyloid beta precursor into sections, one of which plays a key role in the formation of senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease.
d5fa3a3473a7071e8a05b251cbab67d6f1acae8b	It is noted that Alzheimer's disease is always accompanied by proteinopathy — the accumulation of abnormally folded proteins in the brain tissues — beta amyloid and tau protein[78].
c04e73091ccd995156c1c0af958cb2da388ae088	Plaques are formed from small peptides with a length of 39-43 amino acids, called beta amyloid (tj. A beta, Aß).
ce432792d2829f4c369951ba43e084ef7211a204	Beta amyloid is a fragment of a larger precursor protein — APP.
fd53093a54dca488eb577c60e210587d0809e2e8	This transmembrane protein plays an important role in the growth of a neuron, its survival and recovery after damage[79][80]. In Alzheimer's disease, for unknown reasons, APP undergoes proteolysis — it is divided into peptides under the influence of enzymes[81].
f28f73aa0129eda1c9c816f4932b784783ec218f	Beta amyloid filaments formed by one of the peptides stick together in the intercellular space into dense formations known as senile plaques[10][82].
36c66a4aedda2b510d1c40b4a70c2a9d6f066566	In Alzheimer's disease, changes in the structure of the tau protein lead to the disintegration of microtubules in brain cells.
046a052a53f394004d22ed80256ccda48976bfd8	More specifically, Alzheimer's disease is also referred to as taupathies — diseases associated with abnormal aggregation of tau protein.
d95338996129654854a03f5ffdcbc622bbaabb70	Each neuron contains a cytoskeleton, partly composed of microtubules that act like rails, directing nutrients and other molecules from the center to the periphery of the cell, to the end of the axon, and back.
6ef62474e6e807c39792019b924473143584f629	Tau protein, along with several other proteins, is associated with microtubules, in particular, after phosphorylation, it stabilizes them.
702d965280b78c8911c4ccaa8db2b1e80ffd84dd	In Alzheimer's disease, tau protein undergoes excessive phosphorylation, which causes the protein strands to bind to each other, stick together in neurofibrillary tangles and destroy the neuron transport system[83].
96ae6282987318b1bb30c93140560928e103094b	The pathological mechanism[edit / edit wiki text]
1c69d6c9d5760a3d6730ea45d89ccf2e5631abfd	It is not known exactly how the violation of synthesis and the subsequent accumulation of beta amyloid peptides causes pathological deviations in Alzheimer's disease[84].
9fae1eec5f7f3d4754dc16f94d6d254a110d39bf	The amyloid hypothesis has traditionally pointed to the accumulation of amyloid beta as the main event triggering the process of neuronal degeneration.
9f34db30b552aa79df4f4ba1d8c6c07c44cb2fa8	It is believed that the deposits disrupt the homeostasis of calcium ions in the cell and provoke apoptosis[85].
05f59fa5f9263cbd8c587ac09818d97eb736c4f9	It is known that the place of accumulation of Aß in the neurons of patients is mitochondria, also this peptide inhibits the work of some enzymes and affects the use of glucose[86].
ad583a2fab64bd566371ba7aac47ef0d4932232d	Inflammatory processes and cytokines may play a role in pathophysiology.
d9f03a622d77f78a4d7551904e024839bbd49c09	Since inflammation is a sign of tissue damage in any disease, in Alzheimer's disease it can play a secondary role in relation to the main pathology or represent a marker of an immune response[87].
1d1a44c5f3ca6a24aa24be484586cf9b1d3bba35	Genetics[edit / edit wiki text]
0e691cbc648d2995468a0f959d73ecb37b651592	There are three known genes whose mutations mainly allow us to explain the origin of a rare early form, but the common form of Alzheimer's disease does not yet fit into the framework of an exclusively genetic model.
9f84ecb1b2ee5528c3ab36833cdd5b439252935d	APOE is currently considered the most pronounced genetic risk factor, but variations of this gene are associated with only some cases of the disease[88].
be3c69a05435aa39c289418d82a687365219fdaf	Less than 10 % of cases of the disease under the age of 60 years are associated with autosomal dominant (familial) mutations, which in the total array are less than 0,01 %[88][89][90].
8011b5e98d5561d400312fc00f71b8fc1b29a47b	Mutations were found in the genes APP, presenilin 1 and presenilin 2[88], most of them enhance the synthesis of the small protein Abeta42, the main component of senile plaques[91].
7022b0137990694470152dfa9e05bc407ae0f089	In the genus of most patients, there is no predisposition to the disease, but genes may partly determine the risk.
c9f4b9fdb5f5def7ec924fd59f9399752db623b1	The most well — known genetic risk factor is the inherited E4 allele of the APOE gene, which can be associated with up to half of cases of late sporadic Alzheimer's disease[92].
e70e2052d64f47fd4ca78bcedef02475e4fd1d24	Geneticists agree that many other genes may contribute to or hinder the development of late Alzheimer's disease to some extent[88].
b20c1b0882518b866424496dd26e8b8f90aa0d40	In total, more than 400 genes were tested for association with this common type of disease[88].
392aa73dda2122f1be9890efd09c93fc2c55e7ba	One of the recent examples is a variation of the RELN gene associated with increased morbidity in women[93].
218072d497514d22416f14038458c70c5b922ceb	Diagnostics[edit / edit wiki text]
33e8c613956d302a8f4f76a09a75ed41a96f6d04	PET brain scans for Alzheimer's disease show a decline in activity in the temporal lobes.
3565835e33e3c14827f1fab895401311b5106f09	The clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease is usually based on the patient's history (life history), the history of his relatives and clinical observations (hereditary history), while taking into account characteristic neurological and neuropsychological signs and excluding alternative diagnoses[94][95]. In order to distinguish the disease from other pathologies and varieties of dementia, complex methods of medical imaging can be used — computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, single photon emission computed tomography or positron emission tomography[96].
dabb9b76f1ee3633c090874173dc558babf1c3a0	For a more accurate assessment of the state, intelligent functions, including memory, are tested.
cec507c8c98873425d08660f1ba954de86ed926e	Medical organizations develop diagnostic criteria in order to facilitate the diagnosis of a practitioner and standardize the process of making a diagnosis.
34ad95101f9665593ac55b3270192c0f457f9806	Sometimes the diagnosis is confirmed or established postmortem by histological analysis of brain tissues[97].
bd2d19fefb0bf42f9aa156da8227b1842a87a99d	Diagnostic criteria[edit / edit wiki text]
5875ae34a85d4823502ea7684bcae7b476e40e66	The American National Institute of Neurological and Communication Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and the Alzheimer's Association have compiled the most commonly used set of criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease[98].
12695e65f8c14b556afa32f6a1e9034965d8afcf	For the final confirmation of the diagnosis, a histopathological analysis of brain tissues is necessary, and during the reconciliation of lifetime diagnoses according to criteria with post mortem analysis, good statistical reliability and verifiability were noted[99].
02584450e4a27fc2ea5b7da00735ed82fd7e4470	Most often, disorders in Alzheimer's disease affect eight domains: memory, language skills, the ability to perceive the environment, constructive abilities, orientation in space, time and self identity, problem solving skills, functioning, self sufficiency.
55ab8f0f409fe99c21a55589276ac5dc6b5f2c8f	These domains are equivalent to the NINCDS AD criteria The RDA listed in DSM IV TR[100][101].
1321624e73b8da6700a2724778c7236ad70ef2a2	Diagnostic methods[edit / edit wiki text]
f09feac48b361f614b6f896d0efbbaff26cbdae2	Neuropsychological screening testing can help in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, in which patients copy shapes, remember words, read, perform arithmetic operations.
e9678730c223bfdfd52e185e75b310e810d124db	PET scan: In Alzheimer's disease, the Pittsburgh compound B injected into the body accumulates in the brain, anchoring itself to the deposits of beta amyloid (left).
a4acfaa1c3d455ed6f83be2c042f7123d955304e	On the right is the brain of an elderly person without signs of Alzheimer's disease.
83414c0acbc5fe34bc79f312acfff51ba3d4e3ad	Neuropsychological tests, for example, MMSE, are widely used to assess cognitive impairments that should be present in the disease.
3bbb152be95b3d765e7901122bc016d24708ac91	To obtain reliable results, more detailed test sets are required, especially in the early stages of the disease[102][103]. At the beginning of the disease, a neurological examination usually does not show anything unusual, except for obvious cognitive abnormalities that may resemble ordinary dementia.
1042d83b8f11c9fc5a3aa6d27077205f03692ff2	In view of this, an extended neurological study is important for the differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and other diseases[104].
56784e061b54f7b2a8c1595c4453e41ffe63df55	A conversation with family members is also used in assessing the course of the disease, since relatives can provide important information about the level of daily activity of a person and about the gradual decline of his thinking abilities[105].
2c8baa5d48f0023093acd6df40770708bd1a95c9	Since the patient himself usually does not notice violations, the point of view of the people caring for him is especially important[106].
c4ebed66449205687057753ffce73d9ee3f311f9	At the same time, in many cases, the early symptoms of dementia go unnoticed in the family and the doctor receives inaccurate information from relatives[107].
2e7f9262fd2c973a75ac9998c16385b1ad4fb9ca	Additional tests enrich the picture with information about some aspects of the disease or allow you to exclude other diagnoses.
980b1cb9b8e243014d9838ad8b759e1493088a8c	A blood test can reveal alternative causes of dementia[104], which sometimes even respond to therapy that reverses the symptoms[108].
abb5ccbdecbf6e6a15ce86950b2ddfa793717f4f	Psychological tests are also used to detect depression, which can both accompany Alzheimer's disease and cause cognitive decline[109][110].
d79d5f148383dbbbd18d64c46e5e37497fb3d35d	SPECT and PET imaging equipment, if available, can be used to confirm the diagnosis in conjunction with other assessment methods, including mental status analysis[111].
fbdb86f2fbb752db9afce2be46b3622543302b6d	In people who already suffer from dementia, SPECT, according to some data, allows more effectively differentiating Alzheimer's disease from other causes, compared with standard testing and anamnesis[112].
9797afb5875d9a6907033ad9bd05453521a0b538	The opportunity to observe the deposits of amyloid beta in the brain of living people appeared thanks to the creation of the University of Pittsburgh composition B (PiB), which binds to amyloid deposits when injected into the body.
d6a87ccc1d5fc961d393f76378f9cadff161bee1	The short lived radioactive isotope carbon 11 in the compound allows determining the distribution of this substance in the body and obtaining a picture of amyloid deposits in the patient's brain using a PET scanner[113].
ece191b08a82cc890855d96b0d238d8b42e444c8	It has also been shown that the content of beta amyloid or tau protein in the cerebrospinal fluid can be an objective marker of the disease[114].
e7b94b1e12ac94a2cad853d53f10eaf17fae827a	These two new methods have led to proposals for the development of new diagnostic criteria[98][104].
9730659be44468ae181a33eee1c408c046f73b3b	Prevention of the disease[edit / edit wiki text]
1d9817d01ffd108fa5e0e9afde917e28c6cf3139	At the same time, epidemiological studies suggest that some correctable factors — diet, risk of cardiovascular diseases, medication intake, mental activity, and others — are associated with the likelihood of developing the disease.
8d9adf4ebeca5adce670e084fc6d648e6425528d	However, real evidence of their ability to prevent the disease can be obtained only in the course of additional research, which will include clinical studies[116].
f210331b445ea5c09e80339ec36c536e126aa0fa	Taking some vitamins, including B12, B3, C and folic acid, has been associated with a reduced risk of developing the disease in some studies[118], but other studies indicate that there is no significant effect on the onset and course of the disease and the likelihood of side effects[119].
9fd84c21a7aa6ec05265d7e1d01b3c82ea486a76	Curcumin, contained in a common spice, in a study on mice showed some ability to prevent certain pathological changes in the brain[120].
2736adda9ff4277508be67126c434f0f8df5f616	Caprylic acid, contained in coconut oil, reduces the number of amyloid plaques in the neurons of the brain stem.
37fac195dea8b5cb38101285ca1d0e3ccb5a6b90	In the process of metabolism of this substance, ketone bodies are formed, which are involved in the energy processes of the brain.
44ddac6b8dd63344d8dafccedfb3b59e389735f6	Laboratory experiments are supported by practice.
eb7f4fa2045ffde9f65b53d956c018e02f5149e8	There is a famous book by Dr. Mary Newport, " What if this is a medicine?".
9b4b6068ff29df1b7ca447344e9644e55ada2bb4	In it, she describes observations of her husband, who suffers from Alzheimer's disease.
385688cde6ef16a0d40a594d797064059f8330bb	Against the background of using coconut oil for a month, he began to successfully cope with simple psychological tests and resumed his participation in household chores[121].
36d7e0c27992766a0e7d1ab0daf0a16b0e00acf5	Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, such as high cholesterol and hypertension, diabetes, smoking, are associated with an increased risk and a more severe course of Alzheimer's disease[122][123], but cholesterol lowering drugs (statins) have not shown effectiveness in preventing it or improving the condition of patients[124][125]. Long term use of nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs is associated with a reduced probability of developing the disease in some people[126].
fc74cbf0b32cc180eb3746300571877f0d84b720	Other medications, such as hormone replacement therapy in women, are no longer considered effective in preventing dementia[127][128]. A systematic review of ginkgo biloba conducted in 2007 indicates the inconsistent and inconclusive nature of the presented evidence of the drug's effect on cognitive impairment[129], and another study indicates that there is no effect on morbidity[130].
85b084ea9059fc62c9970afd3bb970463d688d3a	Some of these publications have been criticized for the poor quality of the work[136], besides, other studies have not found a link between environmental factors and the development of Alzheimer's disease[137][138][139][140].
5ed8cdf2a0beccde7f7e8732dc27f6adcd8567fb	Intellectual activities, such as reading, board games, solving crosswords, playing musical instruments, regular communication, may be able to slow down the onset of the disease or mitigate its development[141][142]. Bilingual proficiency is associated with a later onset of Alzheimer's disease[143].
9233877fb2f0d742593394cecfda712c5ee06b22	In a review published in 2015, Canadian researchers indicate that psychotechnics based on the practice of mindfulness[en] can prevent the onset of mild cognitive impairment and the development of Alzheimer's disease[144].
e5dad787cdc35584645c9522c0a8042664fb5b88	According to recent studies, a decrease in cognitive functions in Alzheimer's disease correlates with the presence of periodontitis in a patient.[145] Thus, according to the data of the Institute of Dentistry at King's College London, published in the journal PLOS One, gum disease is associated with a six fold decrease in cognitive functions (a sample of 59 people, the duration of observation is 6 months).
32bea90d6a4ae11fd0c52619b7f56687767e3c85	Also, the journal "News of Medicine Today" reported on a similar study in 2014, when the bacterium pathogen of periodontitis Porphyromonas gingivalis was identified in a brain biopsy of patients with Alzheimer's disease.
9342b221a73006290af256af6149c5cff17f6a20	Therapy and care[edit / edit wiki text]
571bf8f4738e5423fff55b57546811a197ebf3d4	There is no cure for Alzheimer's disease; the available therapies can slightly affect the symptoms, but are essentially palliative measures.
1cdd4bef8bd62f13185825b020abf2a45315580a	Pharmacological, psychosocial and patient care measures can be distinguished from the whole range of measures.
04f77087729f75c8ee1bd3bc43d2e9f65afd750d	Pharmacotherapy[edit / edit wiki text]
5ddfce853d37a310b313d13b92cec104ef77dfc6	Three dimensional structure of donepezil, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used for symptomatic therapy.
428a9d72f8531a5975ad615e56c372892989f917	The molecular structure of memantine, a drug approved for use in Alzheimer's disease.
deb9c6f42296cc20571997516f765bdd34b0c188	Currently, there are no drugs that can reverse or at least slow the development of Alzheimer's disease.
00bb6813e72acbaf01ae6e2a3b820a8cc9ea6498	Regulatory agencies such as the FDA and EMEA have approved four drugs for the treatment of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease — three central acting cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine, an NMDA antagonist.
e9756aea5b703da4802db1cce207c230485eb4ce	A well known sign of Alzheimer's disease is a decrease in the activity of cholinergic neurons[146].
f8c6e5455b8f28823f187ba695b3efc8eb83fa96	Central acting cholinesterase inhibitors reduce the rate of destruction of acetylcholine( ACh), increasing its concentration in the brain and compensating for the loss of ACh caused by the death of cholinergic neurons[147].
a7da95c20bf66d4146d44a714bdaab7042fc215b	The first such inhibitor approved for use in Alzheimer's disease was takrin [en], but in 2012 its use in the United States was banned due to hepatotoxic and other side effects[148][149]. As of 2008, doctors used such ACh inhibitors as donepezil[150], galantamine[151], and rivastigmine (in the form of tablets[152] and a patch[153]).
a9da5fdb8f2f24a0fda3236f5500491be5437752	There is evidence of the effectiveness of these drugs at the initial and moderate stages[154], as well as some grounds for their use at a late stage.
b34e0eeac13e1fa1ab0c64caa378c767e1cad226	Only donepezil is approved for use in the onset of severe dementia[155].
6092e82b68c5b0cf783097589270fab1bb242b38	The use of these drugs in mild cognitive impairment does not slow down the onset of Alzheimer's disease[156].
2a318b2165e5231c3bc496a5edcf0b5c680c3f35	Among the side effects of drugs, the most common are nausea and vomiting associated with an excess of cholinergic activity, they occur in 1-10% of patients and can be weakly or moderately expressed.
cc3b3b604cf658980bbc5781e6781db4574c1066	Muscle spasms, bradycardia, decreased appetite, weight loss, and increased acidity of gastric juice are less common[157].
3eab9350c914d1f373e329468275a9f21abea656	Currently, another cholinesterase inhibitor, gupercin, is being studied, which is also an antagonist to NMDA receptors and can mitigate cognitive impairment in patients, but has not yet passed full fledged clinical trials[158].
e49197027158a2abe69293605bc04cb8be47647c	Excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate plays an important role in the nervous system, but its excess leads to excessive activation of glutamate receptors and can cause cell death.
8d1a41d8d0d54fc8e68af5c894b0ce60ced8fbc4	This process, called excitotoxicity, is observed not only in Alzheimer's disease, but also in other conditions, for example, in Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis[159].
adb6cb3fdf549fae85997e1774822919d21d5d3f	A drug called Memantine [160], originally used in the treatment of influenza, inhibits the activation of glutamate NMDA receptors[159].
b0f006fa2214909db2106596c7fc7f43bd6b57f8	Memantine has been shown to be moderately effective in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease, but it is not known how it acts at an early stage[161].
ae460471627cc045a59b778f72caca25ea04de54	Mild side effects are rarely observed, including hallucinations, confusion, dizziness, headache and fatigue[162].
0ee0227ab32fe5efa86fc0d43c0cf139345db576	In combination with donepezil, memantine demonstrates "statistically significant, but clinically barely noticeable effectiveness" in acting on cognitive indicators[163].
46d211c8cce249fd7bfedaae96b975c752590b57	In patients whose behavior is a problem, antipsychotics can moderately reduce aggression and affect psychosis.
daace3fd92e3a6d9b335642bbe6f1dc186744e1a	At the same time, these drugs cause serious side effects, in particular, cerebrovascular complications, motor disorders and a decrease in cognitive abilities, which excludes their daily use[164][165]. With prolonged administration of antipsychotics in Alzheimer's disease, there is an increased mortality [165].
b04c43684ed36b29c50230b2ed00830dd183e1fb	Psychosocial intervention[edit / edit wiki text]
e59ab0841859748ae6b94f62a086f241abeeac96	"Sensory integrative therapy": a special sensory room (English snoezelen) is used for emotionally oriented assistance to people suffering from dementia.
985a86fc2505a1f8090667cee4e3147ff0ffcc51	Psychosocial intervention complements pharmacological intervention and can be divided into the following approaches
aa59bfed2003d6c7a54566375eda5aa5c5fd9ba9	behavioral emotional cognitive stimulant oriented
ef374a0ab06c60bdc86c21317049d3ba4b2fe895	The effectiveness of the intervention has not yet been covered in the scientific literature, moreover, the approach itself does not apply to Alzheimer's disease, but to dementia in general[166].
f3dbe843d91c179444ea84e2e9821e240e1c0138	Behavioral intervention is aimed at identifying the prerequisites and consequences of problematic behavior and working to correct them.
a6b5ac6d6c83ae6d862ffb8b700bbab669408663	When using this approach, there was no improvement in the overall level of functioning[167], but it is possible to mitigate some individual problems, such as urinary incontinence[168].
8de3e167ef6abc4e2761daa5cd8c54cccc8f2147	There is not enough qualitative data on the impact of methods of this direction on other behavioral deviations, such as wandering, [169][170].
f3bd8488ffcbb022690b25cb9a5b1d612103cc86	Interventions affecting the emotional sphere include reminiscence therapy (RT), validation therapy, supportive psychotherapy, sensory integration ("snuzelen"), and "simulated presence therapy" (SPT).
9c6a5368bbcc6519142186d9a9b6964a6cf17493	Supportive psychotherapy has hardly been studied by scientific methods, but some clinical workers believe that it provides benefits when trying to help patients with mild illness adapt to the disease[166].
c1ac87761131197f22af5c6323e276994aa0ee52	In memory therapy (RT), patients discuss their experiences face to face with a therapist or in a group, often using photographs, household items, old music and archival audio recordings, and other familiar objects from the past.
60ab9d186eb014a704e6eda4908cb586508537c4	Although the number of qualitative studies of the effectiveness of RT is small, it is possible that this method has a positive effect on the patient's thinking and attitude[171].
8da8b952751079aeec166a766559f99ca2ebad38	The simulation of presence, based on attachment theories, involves playing audio recordings with the voices of close relatives.
9b08bf75b4c14e0cb9669ee22af251cf05b9700f	According to preliminary data, the level of anxiety decreases in patients undergoing SPT, their behavior becomes calmer[172][173]. Validation therapy is based on the recognition of the reality and personal truth of another person's experiences, and during sensory integration sessions, the patient performs exercises designed to stimulate the senses.
04d7b6ba14aace73ff10847a580f6d9462301b6e	There is not much data to support these two methods[174][175].
ea4ad1278dd85a5b9389ae047c753ba68b1d7ba0	Reality orientation, cognitive retraining, and other cognitively oriented therapies are used to reduce cognitive deficits.
a0c2cda2988dde35e3db5becd2cabe0fe06dcac5	Orientation in reality consists in presenting information about the time, location and personality of the patient in order to facilitate their awareness of the situation and their own place in it.
91920266894279efb6e9276c68d401246c1f5d85	In turn, cognitive retraining is carried out to improve the impaired abilities of the patient, who is given tasks that require mental stress.
352ccec20ecd9551008d3a0a4e1ef8a46ea42708	There was some improvement in cognitive abilities when using both the first and second methods[176][177], but in some studies this effect disappeared over time and negative manifestations were noted, for example, patient disappointment[166].
00fdb08466bae21f8bf313023ca65d0230e9d73f	Stimulating methods of therapy include art therapy, music therapy, as well as types of therapy in which patients communicate with animals, engage in physical exercises and any other restorative activity.
9aab6e0e2cef371c60ae2efeb5f23edac660b24e	According to studies, stimulation has a moderate effect on behavior and mood, and even less on the level of functioning.
577951d6e29bbdbf2abcf9764fc41313c1dfabf1	However, such therapy is carried out mainly to improve the daily life of patients[166].
0cd139defd013ee731458858c851b344821b1acf	Care and supervision[edit / edit wiki text]
34252bda287480b204b6c8c7c8aa3b7eb5095b35	Detailed consideration of the topic: Aspects of dementia care
47d04df7880aac16d4d14d4e4c7d3973f027b0df	Care and supervision of the patient is extremely important because of the incurable and degenerative nature of the disease.
12e794e7f7ce8a783ca3da7bb6dc313eaad132fe	This role is often assumed by a spouse or a close relative[178].
ede05c4a7442ab4e048581a4b8ef1b8272f15b10	Such a heavy burden strongly affects the social, psychological, economic and other aspects of the life of a person engaged in caring for a patient[179][180][181].
e4db24ea9fa35e6f3f70b7ecb049b832737b96f5	In the early and moderate stages of the disease, it is possible to increase the patient's safety and ease the burden of caring for him by making changes in the environment and lifestyle[182][183]. Among such measures is the transition to a simple routine daily routine, hanging safety locks, labels on household accessories with an explanation of how to use them[166][184][185].
f3400b853994775eb9bfc2bc1e1a7523ff230ec8	The patient may lose the ability to eat independently, in this case it is necessary to grind the food or transfer it to a porridge like state[186].
4127cf74f0a5856514ded8f4d8130a6503c3249e	If there are problems with swallowing food, feeding through a tube may be required.
712b83a21c358b7ec67f79596266d9506720b21a	In this case, family members and service workers face an ethical question about how long they should continue feeding, how effective it is from a medical point of view[187][188]. The need to physically fix the patient rarely occurs, but in some situations it is necessary to resort to fixation in order to protect the patient from harming himself or others[166].
00fa6dd4264da71f67d06e524b49240003cf0029	They can be avoided with careful care, but if they occur, professional intervention is required[62][189]. Relieving the patient's well being before approaching death becomes the main task at the last stage of the disease[190].
c7c2817dc16d9ab44351f14f93a7cb284c51b01d	Forecast[edit / edit wiki text]
ae2bd9f793a24bd086023c30c6bab48bdef6cf6c	In the early stages, Alzheimer's disease is difficult to diagnose.
dc8b9099b219a36290c852fedd1861fdaee3bac5	A certain diagnosis is usually made when cognitive disorders begin to affect a person's daily activity, although the patient himself may still be able to live an independent life.
b772c459ed46ae0bd430b29a83e23defc3bc23a4	Gradually, mild problems in the cognitive sphere are replaced by increasing deviations, both cognitive and other, and this process inexorably puts a person into a state dependent on someone else's help[43].
1237f9f85f79fae44a0bc60b8271dba215ec4be1	Life expectancy in the group of patients is reduced[7][191][192], and after the diagnosis, they live on average about seven years[7].
f85f5fd82b4e307f4acd173e3a566b75eaf8a9df	Less than 3 % of patients remain alive for more than fourteen years[8].
cae2c76ec2c09f55ebe4c6de9acf3254aa154f35	Such signs as increased severity of cognitive impairment, reduced level of functioning, falls, deviations during neurological examination are associated with increased mortality.
6b4e6bfb764d549bd2be9e228238468f61cff484	Other concomitant disorders, such as cardiac problems, diabetes, a history of alcohol abuse, are also associated with reduced survival[191][193][194].
cf50411cf262408b23d2f9ab71e931f7649d2e56	The earlier the onset of Alzheimer's disease, the more years on average a patient manages to live after the diagnosis, but when compared with healthy people, the total life expectancy of such a person is especially low[192].
f7f19184575cfb834cfa78bdfe0b98d05cc6d703	The prognosis for survival in women is more favorable than in men[8][195].
87badb7b7332c4394616902045df80944541d985	Culture and society[edit / edit wiki text]
1f57afd9a826a6eda07755accb00cf03a63b976b	The burden on society[edit / edit wiki text]
5325a9cc5024a6cc9ccefacb3a1b45f9e78da51f	Among the diseases that impose a great burden on society in developed countries, Alzheimer's disease and dementia in general can occupy one of the first places[17][18]. In developing countries, such as Argentina[196], and newly developed countries (South Korea)[197], public costs are also high and continue to grow.
2296ccf3787636a58bc9ccea2f9434a2da4e25f3	They are likely to rise even higher as society ages and become an important social problem.
dc3436c01c9f83d6cbac743499080af64dd6fe3c	The costs include direct medical costs for the maintenance of nursing homes and non medical costs for home care of the patient, and indirect costs, for example, loss of productivity both the patient and the person caring for him[18].
503ec59688b8615d07bb858d85edadb54c85c3fd	The estimates given in the studies vary, but in general, the cost of dementia around the world can be about $ 160 billion[198], and in the United States — about $ 100 billion annually[18].
820e92f5a49a411d318410cea09c83bd5451a9d7	The largest public costs go to pay for long term professional care of the patient, in particular, institutionalization, this requires up to two thirds of the total amount of funds[17].
49df56a571a06f3e35db90b806443be5babbfc6b	Home care is also expensive[17], especially when taking into account informal family expenses, including time spent and lost wages[199].
f747a6fb71165496a57dfb749f7b0ce84ca96761	Costs increase in severe dementia and behavioral disorders[200] due to the need to devote more time to patient care[199].
c8c4b78f206d0683a8b7b0f4d1ba5c1c82b21110	Therefore, any therapy that can slow down the decline of cognitive abilities, postpone institutionalization or reduce the number of hours devoted to patient care will be useful from the economic side.
543ef6b02342eaa3e4cf5c93f7211f2a6109f1d3	The economic assessment of the existing methods of therapy indicates positive results[18].
74cfe609bf4c5fc87c93c5c65b4148c8d8ed7263	Patient care[edit / edit wiki text]
ecee184c3fd5207fd1e30b0116839265e340e64c	The main care for the patient is usually taken by a spouse or a close relative[178], thereby shouldering a heavy burden, since care requires physical exertion, financial costs, affects the social side of life and is psychologically very painful[179][180][181].
c717571299e5ea003619a08fba56fbeb54991031	Both patients and relatives usually prefer home care[201].
d8572286be44539a3f9862ed9667ebf65a2a5f7f	At the same time, it is possible to postpone or completely avoid the need for more professional and expensive care[201][202], but two thirds of residents in nursing homes still suffer from dementia[166].
ec07d6bc091749782edb1e910cb60c6ddb772bad	Among those caring for a dementia patient, there is a high level of somatic diseases and mental disorders[203].
3dc1a42e4911ff882327b079c55338ca6e4ea034	If they live under the same roof with a patient, if the patient is a spouse, if the patient becomes depressed, behaves inappropriately, hallucinates, suffers from sleep disorders and is unable to move normally — all these factors, according to research, are associated with an increased number of psychosocial problems[204][205]. The caregiver also has to spend an average of 47 hours a week with the patient, often at the expense of working time, while the cost of care is high.
3c0fec21ec2cb67018fe6354ba145a9ffd5de2f2	Direct and indirect costs of patient care in the United States average from$ 18,000 to $ 77,500 per year, according to various studies[199][206].
61cc6d87df9768bca4deb1828707777653e1710a	According to research, the psychological health of people caring for patients can be strengthened by methods of cognitive behavioral therapy and training in strategies to counteract stress, both individually and in groups[179][207].
fafd29379633373515533282cc32a3ca80e1d6f9	Famous people, mass media, works of literature and cinema[edit / edit wiki text]
9e8dbfe64ad3e0830149f3ebd6e221a991d4ca4f	Charlton Heston and Ronald Reagan at a meeting at the White House, 1981.
3f37ee1268dad62f83a2659deb72c9ad996111de	Both of them fell ill with Alzheimer's disease by the end of their lives.
0dca83b01dbbc7d8277d378ae2541395e8b22468	The fact of the illness of both was not only widely covered in the media, but also served as the basis for scientific articles, the authors of which analyze the progressive weakening of the cognitive functions of these public persons[208][209]. Other famous victims of the disease were football player Ferenc Puskas[210], former British Prime Minister Harold Wilson, Spanish Prime Minister Adolfo Suarez[211][212], actors Peter Falk[213], Rita Hayworth[214], Annie Girardot and Charlton Heston[215], writer Terry Pratchett[216].
8b24803dda6f7cacef4fa9d8e3baa4783a06e26e	Alzheimer's disease is also reflected in films, including "Iris" (2001)[ 217], based on the memoirs of John Bailey, the husband of Iris Murdoch[218];
089a054aeeee5b60b5771fa39b699476b3574a99	"Diary of Memory" (2004)[219] based on the novel of the same name by Nicholas Sparks[220];
9eb6da33b92cae2708f5dfac6c62a1d096e4665e	"I donot want to forget" ("Eraser in my head") (2004) [221];
cc5454729ca17003b9cff94c7ef62cfc188706ff	"Tanmatra" (2005);
947747cb0f6c5fa8d261aac302c6dd01249bd623	[222] "Memory of Tomorrow" (2006)[223] based on the novel of the same name by Hiroshi Ogiwara[224];
720d2e06cf0f8a40b9ed72a7b2aa624d619ebe98	"Far from her" (2006), based on the story of Alice Munro "The Bear crossed the mountain"[225], the TV series "El Internado Laguna Negra" (Black Lagoon; season 7)(2007), "Cortex" (2008), "Rise of the Planet of the Apes" (2011), "Friendship Sex" (2011), "The Iron Lady" (2011), "The divorce of Nader and Simin" (2011), the TV series "Table in the corner", the TV series "Anatomy of Passion", the TV series "Theory of Lies" 2009-2011 season 3, episode 7, the TV series "Detective Nash Bridges", the TV series "They were confused in the maternity hospital" (season 4), the films "Deep Blue Sea", "Ben X" (2007), black and white film "Nebraska" (2013), "Honey in the Head"(2014).
9ed57dfb942675ceb0b8f445052a38121224b4bb	Documentaries include such works as" Malcolm and Barbara: A Love Story "(1999) and" Malcolm and Barbara: The Farewell of Love", with the participation of Malcolm Pointon[226].
e422988914d3ee4fdec25b9f789ae69972320a03	Research directions[edit / edit wiki text]
5ea145b8ec4bdbc1994f07f69b4b14c4cfac30b9	Main article: Clinical studies in Alzheimer's disease
09f2ae2026e3751243cae66ebd126384663e6ba7	There is a direction of clinical research aimed at correcting basic pathological changes.
9d7d3486f5d67e78b7851db69cdfbf8b802c9389	One of the typical targets for drugs undergoing testing are accumulations of beta amyloid, which need to be reduced.
d80765618f2ee68ea2b03aff8157490ac9291949	Methods such as immunotherapy or vaccination against amyloid protein are being tested.
25a0aa4f42c26976a047f68af1a8178f02a91a91	Unlike the usual vaccination carried out in advance, in the case of Alzheimer's disease, the vaccine will be administered to patients who have already received a diagnosis.
504fdb1c32d0e3939bb615527e70790df12219d5	According to the researchers ' concept, the patient's immune system should learn to recognize and attack amyloid deposits, reducing their size and facilitating the course of the disease[228].
0c00618a1fe312994dbbe8bfa4744ac0a0f13955	A specific example of a vaccine is the ACC 001[229][230] molecule, whose clinical trials were frozen in 2008[231].
fea96bfabc046f91a2c79da463fd18e169ba62cc	Another similar remedy is bapinizumab, an artificial antibody identical to a natural anti amyloid antibody[232].
a736e68246c41adb4e29acbd6cb912ed557402e5	Neuroprotective agents, for example, AL 108[233], and inhibitors of metal protein interactions, such as PBT2[234], are also under development.
d0f2a13bce1090111de61ad36f52333e9dd49c94	The hybrid protein etanercept, acting as a TNF inhibitor, shows promising results[235].
c15ddd47fdc828c5a2567a5894a556f98c8864bb	In experiments on mice with a model of Alzheimer's disease, very promising drugs were found that improved cognitive abilities, such as the EPPS compound that protects nerve tissue by actively destroying amyloid plaques[236], as well as the drug J147[237] and the anti asthmatic drug Montelukast[238], which demonstrated an improvement in the brain state similar to rejuvenation.
7f6dd9974fb53300625022af01a1ac44e9a737d2	During clinical trials conducted in 2008, positive changes in the course of the disease were noted in patients at the initial and moderate stages under the influence of tetramethylthionine chloride, which inhibits the aggregation of tau protein[239][240], and antihistamine dimebone[241].
a2b98e73c04ca0d0c3da2b17cba41942bad11b2e	In order to provide scientists from different countries with the opportunity to exchange ideas and propose hypotheses, as well as to provide everyone interested with information about the latest scientific research, the online project Alzheimer Research Forum was created.
40e83b82111048b3004bcfc7b94706723ee3fb5b	In 2014, a team led by Kim Doo yong and Rudolf Tanzi managed to create a three dimensional culture of nervous tissue based on human stem cells in vitro, in which degenerative changes associated with the accumulation of beta amyloid formations and taupathies were experimentally reproduced[242].
671e1faabfc14d0ea29d44c67a7d58d75b11cfd7	Among the representatives of the Caucasian race, this indicator was 51 %. In addition, African Americans were more likely to have blood vessel diseases.
afe6838b9447f0d19362e1a2f0048d5ee8a2ee2e	Medications that are currently used to treat Alzheimer's disease affect only a certain type of pathology.
3bbe692800fb7a6d9add4d9ec957ac3daaa7e1d4	The obtained data on the mixed picture of the disease in representatives of the Black race will help in creating new methods of treatment for this group of patients[243].
3d15fe71c6c8e14f197954c82451878f7da617a2	In 2016, biologists at the RIKEN MIT Center for Neural Circuit Genetics published the results of their study.
fa85fef75cfbf86fc1763920ab1207ba631f56d6	They found that by irritating the areas of the brain responsible for memory with light, it is possible to stimulate the growth of neural connections.
d3561892c940054972f43529ac9843f4a51d8bff	This helps to improve the process of extracting memories, which suffers from a neuro degenerative pathology, such as Alzheimer's disease[244].
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8af9ecbcbe8d2401befaea9ebed7d2f2de19cd50	Checked on February 21, 2008.
2bdeb39102ead7a2bd1f4f54a7cb7077c64ca04b	↑ Alzheimer's diagnosis of AD.
44362fb390965c4ba918a98397d5a21dea0c1ac9	Alzheimer's Research Trust.
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570ce14c256f070d062298b93fe7559acc2e151b	- Deep TMS is approved for the treatment of OCD and other disorders (in particular, Alzheimer's disease).
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7ade2773f2df9d47810a2799c81fc4efba1c0a38	Topic: Alzheimer's disease
470e0c18c863864aee29722e7010668c50afd4a8	Type of work: Abstract
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d8636a361ffa67a6809ae8f29b92c013686241f0	Of particular importance is their timely differentiation with the manifestations of so called reversible dementias, with states of "pseudo dementia" and a number of neurosurgical diseases, i.e. with those forms of mental pathology that represent potentially curable states.
2e2506d3be24f8786f88a811b8148927b86b688c	A detailed analysis of the initial syndromes of the disease, the use of modern methods of neuropsychological, neurophysiological and X ray (computed tomography) studies of patients are a serious help for solving diagnostic issues at relatively early stages of the disease.
127a5ca336ede3e9857cce0299e192aadebc20dc	These guidelines briefly outline the criteria for the clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease; describe the typology of the initial manifestations of the disease and their features depending on the age of onset of the disease; identify those differential diagnostic signs that allow you to distinguish Alzheimer's disease from other forms of mental pathology of late age; provide additional methods (neuropsychological, electrophysiological, X ray) studies that allow you to expand the possibilities of clinical diagnosis of this disease.
10ca73e2ef33e6da6f374c11cc60a793051c8713	Clinical diagnosis
d208434945c8fe790523080ecda5947979c475ab	Alzheimer's disease is an atrophic disease of the brain, which is characterized by a progressive breakdown of higher mental functions (speech, praxis, gnosis) and mental activity in general, with an outcome in global dementia.
660a59f9307966406973fda4f4e0b262f21db81f	Alzheimer's disease is characterized by a gradual, hardly noticeable onset, a relatively slower, but steadily progressive course with the gradual development of dementia - from an initial decrease in mental activity to its total collapse.
593c5c8056aa57842ddbcd006e3e2a90723a9f2b	At different stages of the disease, there is an addition of neurological disorders themselves.
1957735bd36c7059c4e341c1854c58ad7e3baea6	The diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease is established on the basis of studying the mental status of the patient, as well as on the basis of objective anamnestic data confirming the gradual nature of the progression of mental and intellectual disorders and the increase of difficulties in everyday life for a sufficiently long time (at least 6 months).
574be474d833b16b36dbc27e698053455a540996	The pathological anatomical verification of the diagnosis of "Alzheimer's disease" is based on the presence of the following neuromorphological changes: diffuse loss of neurons in the cortex and subcortical nuclei, Alzheimer's degeneration of neuro fibrils, the appearance of senile plaques and granulovacuolar cell degeneration. alzheimer's disease dementia mental
78c06c43042cd0ea6a2161bd5bbd2a7ff9c2bbaf	The average duration of the disease is 8-10 years, but it is possible both more prolonged (up to 20-25 years) and more catastrophic (up to 4 years) the course of the disease.
863a25306d9f8a1b0021682b717fcf6e8f88f4fb	About 1/3 of cases in the families of patients show secondary cases of dementia related diseases of late age.
552668b7089fca27ef034ffaf63532a9291c3cc0	The clinical picture of Alzheimer's disease is determined by a combination of progressive memory disorders and mental activity in general with disorders of higher cortical functions, which seem to gradually pass from special manifestations of dementia to distinct cortical focal disorders.
38d4b38febe5e52c4a22562668680db584d8a450	In Alzheimer's disease, the process of gradual disintegration of mental activity is characterized by a number of features.
8cccaba92bc2ed11f3ae9e4aa0e6fa242868f371	Violations of memorization and the possibility of assimilation of new knowledge and experience, combined with the progressive disintegration of previously acquired memory reserves, are the background against which disorders of attention, comprehension and perception of the environment and the initial symptoms of future cortical focal disorders develop.
16d7fc8e1d096ce681968f5b3b35b7abd2a62d17	For example, optical diagnostic disorders gradually "grow" out of memory and optical attention disorders and initially manifest themselves as spatial orientation disorders in an unfamiliar area, later in a familiar area and environment.
bb0f72c6a81fa445f7a117da4ea6245efb7cd3d1	Only at the later stages of the disease do they turn into more distinct optical and diagnostic disorders, which reach their maximum expression at the distant stage of the disease in autopsychic disorientation (not recognizing one's own image in the mirror).
1b55c3bf1dff4e596420ab42237572d77b3083f9	Similarly, symptoms of apraxia gradually grow out relatively early manifested breaking the traditional skills of others there is the impression that people have forgotten how to do their work (for example, to carry out plans, sewing, cooking, etc.).
0ca07cbc0138e4f753313ba0d8457fb98fd340f5	At the initial stage of the disease these disorders usually intermittent and mostly focuses on the most challenging action ("forgotten" sequence of their execution, action Plan, etc.), while the elementary steps and automated activities remain unchanged.
b38f255e8b4f72c89fcc71edd3199f3c746c2285	Only later, stupidity, inconsistency, helplessness in performing more complex forms of habitual activity "develops" into a violation of automated, elementary actions, and at the final stage of the disease reaches the degree of total apraxia.
3f66450d39e86e413144bcde75c01343c7bd2186	In some cases, however, violations in the performance of elementary actions in the form of motor awkwardness are detected already at the initial stage.
6c1a5d08769924f89ed3564fbccfda932c84e08e	Speech disorders in Alzheimer's disease also in most cases develop in a certain sequence - amnesic afatic symptoms seem to gradually "grow" out of a clearly pronounced amnesic syndrome.
0990944e9b61dbeb8137cb37b1983fa356bedd52	This applies not only to the naming of certain objects (amnesic aphasia), but also to the initial sensory aphasic symptoms and even violations of expressive speech.
297d5892f70902f4c27d1b40c20e808f267be0f4	The described sequence of the decay of the speech function is not the only possible one.
7a942fab5d47ade0a265c096bee71f75611136ce	In some cases, violations of expressive speech may outpace violations of impressive speech.
e31d093bde831ede7960fc0fba19c25c2f8a9276	Disorders - reading, writing, counting, reaching a total violation of the corresponding functions (alexia, agraphy, acalculia) at the remote stages of the disease, can be detected already at the initial stage, often ahead of the breakdown of oral speech.
28c752f80ed7f54e4d4b38e06593c72a46d0dac6	These disorders, however, can not always be detected by anamnestic data, although the corresponding experimental psychological study allows them to be detected already at the 1st stage of initial disorders (see the corresponding section)
f5e453840f13a090fbc3e39cd932be81f793509d	As the research results have shown, the psychopathological structure of the initial manifestations of Alzheimer's disease can detect a certain variability, which, in turn, correlates with the age of onset and the progrediency of the painful process.
cde40aabd17396c6e7b28239edfb37d16bf8e18f	The clinical typology of the initial stage of the course of Alzheimer's disease includes four main variants, differing in different representation in the structure of initial psychopathological disorders of disorders of higher cortical functions, mnestic intellectual disorders and symptoms of personal transformation.
963294a10dafe440e703bad5955f93cc85267964	These structural components of the syndrome of initial psycho organic decline vary both in severity and in relation to each other.
53590adccec04f0c56b0319067057f5260d3c9c4	In the" amnesic " type of onset, memory disorders and personality changes prevail over disorders of higher cortical functions.
5c457055774c444d5a4a17bbe68f3a4c553de8e0	This type of onset of Alzheimer's disease can be accompanied by heterogeneous changes in the personal structure: a distinct sharpening of personal characteristics and a psychopathic restructuring of the personality structure or leveling of individual personal characteristics against the background of increasing aspontality.
82d0f2e27c50c9a97decb9eacad1450fc0f05b9c	Depending on the quality of personal transformation, two variants of the "amnesic" type of the onset of Alzheimer's disease are distinguished: 1) with psychopathic disorders and 2) with spontaneity.
f08b0732046d145e2af7aeb2ceb56eced5e5a934	Both variants of the amnesic type of onset differ in the minimal representation of disorders of higher cortical functions at the initial stage and the absence of their" neurologization " (i.e., the collapse of the corresponding cortical function to the degree of neurological disorders) at the stage of advanced dementia.
081aee72fdde4c5f6c19906dc7ac22f41b61be9c	Cortical focal disorders begin to increase only at the stage of clinically pronounced dementia, against the background of deep memory disorders accompanied by violations of social adaptation.
335a1c92dc202ac26c0aaca2991d59a2211b59fb	In these cases, the decay of the higher cortical functions seems to lag behind for a rather long period (from 5 to 13 years) from the decay of memory and intelligence in general.
8d4f45e28932e85a7bf5fb2c3190870ae0e14b11	Patients with distinct initial psychopathic disorders at various stages of the disease often have psychotic episodes in the form of fragmentary delusions of damage, petty persecution or jealousy, and in some cases - more protracted paranoid states, usually developing against the background of very slowly progressing mnestic disorders.
9ef76a080a243963752534658f7778273aac573a	Much more often (more than two thirds of patients) in the structure of the syndrome of initial psycho organic decline, initial disorders of higher cortical functions are clearly represented.
25e96c80d6ba2cfb03a9e2044ae2ea1037ab9318	Depending on the violation of one or more higher cortical functions, "monocal" and "polyocal" types of the onset of Alzheimer's disease are distinguished.
9f67900777d8952e81e43acb6db3f15468e1f1e3	In these cases, the initial manifestations of future cortical focal disorders occur shortly after the appearance of initial mnestic intellectual disorders, and the rate of their progression often outstrips the disintegration of mnestic intellectual functions.
c3b5ccd70ca76e0cb3c7f189cc1c4666286648dd	Most often, violations of the higher cortical function (for example, speech or praxis), most affected at the initial stage, outstrip the collapse of other cortical functions at the stage of expanded dementia and, as a rule, reach the maximum degree of severity, up to the total collapse of the corresponding function.
6ef5d77368396625da6a821f0dbf2066de32168d	Relatively less often, in the subsequent stages of the disease, the decay of previously preserved cortical functions is observed ahead of the rate of progression.
e03714f9f0b2791bced61004e1ff424117358f71	With the " monocal "and less often with the" polyocal " type of onset, the main personal characteristics, emotional forms of reaction and kinship attachments remain preserved for a long time.
556bcacc6ac32aa5fbdb3f7938eec09ac4cef0c1	It is these patients who at the beginning of the disease show a kind of confusion, complain about memory disorders, decreased performance, difficulty concentrating attention, and also give affective reactions (sometimes in the form of more defined depressive or anxiety depressive states) to their insolvency.
567c4624da543ba18435981f284050a7abc6760a	Even in a state of deep dementia with pronounced focal changes, such patients can detect a sense of their own change and inferiority (complaints that "there is no memory", "the head does not work", etc.) and an adequate emotional reaction to their failure.
8de9a3a9b7e0b5342315b2d7c4d2fa178e9f5971	For example ,the "amnesic" type of the initial stage, accompanied by psychopath like disorders, is more common in patients with a relatively early onset (average age 46.7 years), and the "poly focal" type of initial disorders is more often observed at the onset of the disease about 60 years or later (average age of onset -63.4 years).
6144a39909c153d11c79ce45fcfb2a7a80ee1c30	The "amnesic" variant with signs of aspiration, as well as the "monocal" type of initial disorders, is more often "tied" to the classical presenile age of onset (the average age of onset is 53.1 and 55.1 years, respectively).
547dad509125d90900f64c35d1e75f7a3e4478e2	The type of initial disorders also reveals certain correlations with the subsequent progrediency of the painful process.
c2ef1e0a9b7b1ae6b132407bba5d8de0e3043fa4	The course of Alzheimer's disease with the "amnesic" type of initial disorders and distinct psychopathic like changes at the initial stage is characterized by the lowest rate of progression.
caf4f5a84fd9101e78e3d46fdf44ea320c20ee8f	It is associated with a special duration of the initial stage and the disease as a whole.
05c09af3f843b8b8d27dc1f8858497359f60afef	On the contrary ,the "multi focal" type of initial disorders correlates with the greatest progrediency of the disease, the brevity of the initial stage and the shortest duration of the disease as a whole.
05d7a46b5a7eb0ede64cf63741088f4cf2df6e55	The "monocal" type of initial disorders and the "amnesic with spontaneity" occupy an intermediate position between these two extreme variants in terms of the rate of mental disintegration.
489fcfb65b9aba00e6c0449cbc5db2829ff254ef	Differential diagnosis
4b799a07d8e493df7269d0efcd6836a9fb27549e	Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, especially at relatively early stages of its course, often meets with serious difficulties and requires differentiation with other forms of mental pathology, accompanied by violations of various aspects of cognitive activity, behavior and social adaptation of the patient.
aaa5495c0f7c4b2f35d4fa1cc12485b0c92763d9	It is also significant to distinguish the initial manifestations of Alzheimer's disease (especially in patients with depressive or anxiety depressive reactions to the disease) from depressive states that are not rare at a late age, accompanied by a picture of apparent dementia ("pseudodementia").
4e4a3db4455f0f10ec0111e9e780a32a698109d9	The need to distinguish Alzheimer's disease from a brain tumor usually arises if certain cortical disorders predominate in the early stages of the disease, which are ahead of the rate of progrediency of violations of mnestico intellectual functions.
95bcd55ed4e124b7ed01af1825b1c109d5d5c0e1	For example, in those cases where, with relatively shallow dementia, speech disorders (at a certain stage of the course of the disease) reach the degree of pronounced decay, and violations of other higher cortical functions significantly lag behind them in progrediency and are detected only with a special neuropsychological study.
7553aca50c5d445533fd303655f4c024ebd0c586	Or, on the contrary, with mild speech disorders and a moderate psycho organic decrease, there are distinct violations of writing, counting, reading and agnostic symptoms (i.e., we are talking about a predominant lesion of the parietal occipital regions).
0860e1004e68d6409d8dde575819b5d1a31406fd	The correct diagnostic qualification in these cases is helped by the absence of general brain disorders (headache, vomiting, dizziness, etc.) and local neurological symptoms.
b0c624df9e7632005cdedbcbc6f7b0d5f5b2b0c5	The appearance of local neurological symptoms and epileptic seizures at the stage preceding the development of dementia, or general brain symptoms, calls into question the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and requires mandatory fundus examination, electrophysiological examination, echography, X ray examination, etc.to exclude volume formation.
40602155febafb2b3cdf328991a71cbd7239b09e	Hydrocephalic dementia or normotensive hydrocephalus is the most well known curable dementia (timely bypass surgery gives a high therapeutic effect and almost half of the cases eliminates the symptoms of dementia), is characterized by a triad of disorders - gradually progressive dementia, gait disorders and urinary incontinence, which, unlike Alzheimer's disease, appear at relatively early stages of the disease.
3835697a0b66f79508eb65f7d969e2fc11c26ccf	In some cases, however, not all the structural components of the "triad" are represented evenly.
c55bd2cbf65fd7871969b90c2b81fbbc5cde4f7f	Mnestico intellectual disorders in normotensive hydrocephalus are usually determined by a violation of memorization and memory for recent events and orientation disorders, whereas in Alzheimer's disease, memory disorders are usually more total in nature, not only memorization and memory for recent events are violated, but also past knowledge and experience.
96f621fc31fb8b10671ac3ed89e629250cabe26c	In contrast to the emotional safety of patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease, patients with normotensive hydrocephalus are characterized by indifference, emotional stupidity or disinhibition.
8f5ac6203f828d5f2cc65e44db80352d52487c5c	Patients with normotensive hydrocephalus usually do not detect violations of praxis and speech, and gait disorders are peculiar (slow, on stiff, widely spaced legs).
5c8b0acc6deef9f30cb76691a5a03ad563f612b8	The need to differentiate Alzheimer's disease with endogenous depression usually occurs mainly at a relatively early stage of the disease with a still shallow degree of disintegration of mental and intellectual functions and emotional safety of patients, when patients give reactions of anxiety and confusion to changes occurring with them or express general complaints about fatigue, difficulties in work, difficulties in concentration, decreased activity.
daf589df967dabfdcf34f8f31f082f585ca5fc09	Especially often pronounced depressive reactions occur in the so - called "monocal" type of onset of Alzheimer's disease and somewhat less often in "polyocal" and "amnesic" with psychopathic changes at the initial stage.
b79734eef5b160f91ecf6fe130fa6d54a5cee67f	The distinction between Alzheimer's disease and "pseudodementia" in endogenous depression in elderly patients is based on a thorough clarification of anamnestic data and a comprehensive assessment of the patient's mental state and features of its dynamics.
45795f076fa52a3ee8b4328e53e1b829af5b5b03	In the anamnesis of patients with endogenous depression, previous subdepressive episodes or unexplained periods of "poor health"are often clarified.
b82931046a2b69b8827e2a3722ea359cc37ef2b3	In addition, patients with depression can usually indicate a chronological period or even the date of the onset of the disease, and with Alzheimer's disease, initial symptoms increase so slowly and little noticeably that patients find it difficult to date their onset.
379189d8f810877a0773d4cf696aa83883c22680	The reduced affect in "pseudodementia" in depressive patients is usually stable, while the severity of memory and intellectual activity disorders can vary in intensity not only for a more or less long time interval (a week, a month), but even for one day.
1ce1bfb5f5766b6243eb6615c28768a092e36865	In contrast, in Alzheimer's disease, depressive disorders are usually unstable and changeable, and cognitive disorders are stable and tend to progress slowly.
54c5818d549312b01959ccd59a16eef76e556867	The attitude of patients to their intellectual disorders also differs.
8ea7d1f992f98bd106d7be01dfe8f3d4c7cc612e	If depressive patients are worried about this, are prone to self reproach and increase (according to self assessment) the severity of their intellectual disabilities and their own insolvency, then patients with Alzheimer's disease hide or downplay them.
b93eb285c28d8beffe73ad15083c1b47e6eb79f6	A special study of memory and higher cortical functions using simple neuropsychological tests (see the corresponding section) allows us to detect in patients with Alzheimer's disease, even at an early stage of the disease, the memory disorders described above (with "pseudodementia", memory disorders relate mainly to recent events), as well as visual spatial activity disorders, elements of afatic or apractic disorders.
0ab5071f514d74d8e52ce01277150ec2a067506e	The need to distinguish Alzheimer's disease from vascular (multi infarct) dementia occurs mainly in the so called pseudo Alzheimer's forms of vascular dementia, accompanied by disorders of higher cortical functions (afato apracto agnostic disorders).
eeacd4175650145b3a19e0e2c2d9a061625174ef	The correct diagnostic assessment in these cases is helped by the analysis of objective anamnestic data.
3efc8c7abba29e3ec21cfa7188f67b637889ff07	Information about the acute onset of the disease, about transient disorders of cerebral circulation with the appearance of transient neurological disorders or short term episodes of confusion, as well as information about a step like increase in dementia indicate a probable vascular genesis of the disease.
bf8fcca9aa2a2d685b26b704f0c5be6d5cfe0462	But the most significant help in the diagnosis of the pseudo Alzheimer's form of vascular (multi infarct) dementia is provided by the study of the patient using computed tomography (multi infarct dementia is characterized by a combination of focal changes in the density of the brain substance and an indistinct diffuse expansion of both the ventricles and subarachnoid spaces).
d495289dce12e06d04b753d81fb1f263edc62966	The need to distinguish Alzheimer's disease with other atrophic processes of late age most often arises in relation to senile dementia and Pick's disease.
c9052849fc7a53616039d425085028728f522dc4	About some of the differences in the clinical picture of Alzheimer's disease and dementia stilnoe mentioned above (pronounced dissociation between amnesia and long term preservation of the basic properties of the personality and the emotional sphere, no characteristic pattern of dementia stilnoe phenomenon of "displacement situations in the past" and "past life").
50d7c6fc0e3a26e81a5d8ce94983da7fb32f29fb	Along with the above clinical features of differential diagnostic criteria to distinguish Alzheimer's disease from dementia stilnoe is the emergence of symptoms of higher cortical functions (dysphasia, there is disgnose) already in the early stages of the disease; when stilnoe dementia these phenomena arise, as a rule, only at the stage with advanced dementia and usually does not reach the degree of heavy disruption (neurological) cortical functions characteristic of Alzheimer's disease.
47b40fb6dc821005ed5aeb19facbdebf4f0cc16d	The disintegration of speech in senile dementia is usually limited to amnesic and sensory aphasia, there is no disintegration of motor speech and speech automatisms.
18a60efd8a7d1ba78ed9560dbbe19fbb4842fa74	Senile dementia is also not characterized by a gross breakdown of motor praxis and the appearance of a number of neurological disorders characteristic of the final stages of Alzheimer's disease (a sharp increase in muscle tone, oral and grasping reflexes, myoclonia, epileptic seizures, etc.).
041c5a4cc8cbd20f29655226fd6112fa2a4b707a	Cortical focal disorders also have certain features.
c935068ae1fc336126d6cef6dd067f45e7bf9b15	Speech disorders prevail, which are not only mandatory, but also early manifestations of the disease.
020eade32ad72058a158b3cf8969c23655c32109	There is a gradual impoverishment of speech, a decrease in speech activity to "apparent dumbness" and the appearance of speech stereotypes, "standing turns", which at the later stages of the disease represent the only form of speech activity.
5b148aeb72820b861c3880e847d258a45b6ccaa9	The late stages of Peak's disease are characterized by complete destruction of speech function (total aphasia), while the symptoms of apraxia appear quite late and usually do not reach the degree of severe decay characteristic of Alzheimer's disease.
4f7efdf0ad1d3e065a788f8c0976cd2ba81a7f8d	A differential diagnosis with Huntington's chorea has to be carried out if there are choroid like hyperkineses in the clinical picture of dementia.
ef3f4da179e986d1550bddc6579d9b4a78f02e0b	However, in Alzheimer's disease, hyperkinesis occurs only at remote stages of the course against the background of far reaching dementia and pronounced cortical focal disorders, which is not typical for Huntington's chorea.
a69ac1ecafcf85dddff5e13e231218d33c2a5fa0	Additional research methods
30eea4f9098144af26e37397e04f463daedc5dc1	Neuropsychological examination
25cacb31f1c9d68d656b2bef0c26abb55c191c83	The following is a description of simple neuropsychological techniques that allow us to identify the disorders of praxis and gnosis characteristic of Alzheimer's disease. opto spatial activity, speech, reading, writing, counting, memory and evaluate the possibilities of performing intellectual operations.
0d61fc6c563e3b00d8414340258cc4dd64588c87	The study of praxis is aimed at identifying the defect of both the kinesthetic (praxis of the pose) and the kinetic (dynamic praxis) basis of the motor act.
2ec912d694a5a3a4781b3fbd47a878a881283206	The praxis of the pose is examined alternately on the right and left hands and includes sequential reproduction by patients of the following finger positions according to a visual sample: 1) connect the thumb alternately with the index, middle, little finger;
31e55b5a464750f133f2fe7c0aae0b5e7b367064	2) squeeze your hand into a fist, leaving the index and middle (little finger) fingers free.
95275ba757d25bf294b61d70af67197aaf72a72f	Dynamic praxis is also studied alternately on both hands and includes the reproduction of a three stage program by the patient according to a visual sample: the hand is alternately clenched into a fist, placed on the table with the edge of the palm and placed palm down.
f56d0d4e57f0a2d1179f3fb5d8ef6511a703a1e1	In the praxis of the pose, the main difficulties in patients with Alzheimer's disease are switching from one pose to another, as well as performing the most difficult poses - connecting the thumb and little finger, contrasting the little finger and index finger.
7f4123bde34d9e0584a770d9578a156078421c23	In dynamic praxis, patients skip the middle link of the program, reducing it to a two stage one.
4a2ef50c2bba2b9d9a9e1421ab0ab0503d2e7a51	Optical gnosis is studied under the conditions of sequential presentation of real objects to the patient (a coil, a pencil, a key, a watch, etc.); color object images (an apple, a rooster, scissors, a watch, a phone, a bucket, glasses, a bicycle); contours of objects crossed out by lines of various configurations; superimposed contours of objects.
94047bee3231caba89715727ae1dc465cc7f8505	In Alzheimer's disease, specific paragnosities are detected when recognizing object images (patients take a phone for a watch, a bicycle for glasses).
149a823be1a2a895f5a39239efc9beafac659e79	At the same time, there is no criticism of errors.
0adf0fde4d4ae7e5643a95a2491864939d9e9894	Recognition of crossed out images is usually unavailable due to the fact that it is difficult for the patient to distinguish the figure from the background.
50d2c5865ad17e4155cd1b6eef8e4bb1f81550d2	From the superimposed images, patients recognize objects located in the background worse.
934272d79668d3b46f534d26777ccf4bcdb6ecd1	When studying opto spatial activity, the assessment of its constructive component is of the greatest importance for patients to perform the task of drawing simple geometric shapes, images of a house, a table, a cube, a human figure on their own and on a sample; as well as folding various constructions of increasing complexity from matches.
4f2c2bc74fa94fe548ec4e749e195240ee9d39b7	The performance of these tasks causes distinct difficulties in patients, even at the initial stage of the disease.
8cfcbfd1c7f90185dd3448c37356116db85b6758	The worst patients cope with drawing spatially oriented shapes (cube, table), the presence of a sample slightly improves the performance of the task.
d6dbc27adf4dea050b0358728b463d9725b50630	The study of speech consists of a sequential repetition of the following tasks for the doctor: 1) separate vowel and consonant letters;
4fbe84be8084a8ed0c3c20bcd15b93d0e4570c9c	2) syllables that include deaf and voiced consonants, as well as sounds with different articulatory bases (ba pa, da ta, za sa, ra la, ta ka, ba ma pa, da la na);
6bd76b887b71dcd623a5edef0224bb24709ca9ac	3) compound words (electrician, steam locomotive, shipwreck, etc.);
916856e8c9ac07e968344456cf77e13fdd194b16	4) placed at a normal pace tongue twisters ("whey from the curd from the clatter of hooves dust flying across the field", "Sasha was walking on the highway...", etc.).
e465cb3f39b87ae1c63156306e5356a1a234a190	In addition, fixed defects spontaneous speech of the patient and the naming of objects and object images.
cafcf80702af63c574e7f9b05fa32443008d7b45	Repeated speech of patients with Alzheimer's disease may suffer already at the level of repetition of individual syllables, but a particularly distinct defect is observed when reproducing complex words and tongue twisters, and the first part of them is reproduced well, and the second - with paraphasias or illegible.
fbbfe71859e75b8630c3bea98a21a48325c55d9e	In spontaneous speech, there are difficulties associated with the forced repetition of the beginning of a word (logoclonic "stumbles"), paraphasias (more often literal) and amnesic entanglements.
5083f526a9579077ef8fd9f41dda13ee3943c4f0	When naming objects, an amnesic aphasia is revealed.
0917ec132a2047c5350a0805173ccad62e59b0d5	The study of the letter should include writing several short phrases under dictation, not limited to the task of writing your last name, first name, patronymic.
444b71969302eaa26c64eac93e191329a5a92486	Writing a surname, first name, patronymic, as an autochmatized action, is better for patients than writing under dictation, in which the most frequent omissions of letters (more often consonants), incomplete spelling of the endings of words, extra strokes in the letters.
6af833e84c4c90e787f0c8230030658a19682449	When studying reading, individual words of varying degrees of complexity and the text of a short story (preferably written in large font) are used.
2b28ba7510fcf0f100eb1c67907f9d09d3a69218	In the early stages of the disease, reading individual, especially common words does not cause difficulties for patients.
ad5e6e98dfc5c3d64f4ed32dcd66979c0c433c43	When reading the text, it is possible to lose a line, distort the endings of words, skip the end of the line.
0dc58a017815d56c8f93e882110e1fe4842e38cc	The study of memory involves the reproduction of a series of 5 words (directly and sequentially during 5 presentations) that do not contain an associative connection with each other, and a short story consisting of 5-10 phrases.
316a391001ebb3bf01f6ab8a2555f291579ea175	When studying memory, the failure of patients with direct reproduction of a number of 5 words, the unproductivity of memorization, a significant decrease in the volume of reproduction (or even the inability to reproduce) after the inclusion of side activities (for example, counting) in the task is revealed quite early.
a605a20be9c560b8f64ca54c8bfd25980f00315c	The elements of the first part of the story are usually reproduced in the story.
ec9391f725712eb1c095b430389d11e32f2702e0	It is advisable to include the study of counting in the study of memory, asking the patient to reproduce the words he learned after 5 repetitions after several counting operations.
01a48476594300dfa9d525e02007f562c83cb16c	Counting operations are usually available within the automated actions of the multiplication table and individual operations for addition and subtraction within no more than two dozen.
96653ba1623334b1056675f34fc84b4906351098	As a rule, tasks in the form of arithmetic problems (even elementary ones) are performed by patients much worse than the counting operations themselves included in their solution.
19f51fba889e5c061222131c65a7b59512b1b1be	The study of intellectual operations includes drawing up a plot story based on a picture and checking the understanding of the figurative meaning of proverbs and metaphors.
8c0d2821f8632381a05d1fe7f1588c5cd3785d7b	When composing a story based on a plot picture, fragmentary perception is usually noted (patients describe individual characters and details of the drawing, not being able to assess the situation as a whole).
c5d31ed214033d518d419015966f588d98bdb129	The understanding of the figurative meaning of proverbs is violated already at the early stages of the disease.
0ce909b86001ce6aa2688b5bfc5854a5ee83be33	Patients, as a rule, operate with specific categories.
6aeb5b7523e04eb99cfa8a5a2b8690991ca5ceb9	The evaluation of metaphors remains fully or partially preserved until the stage of severe dementia.
cca5c1a79f528785ab4cc3bc449230d150487f4f	As already mentioned, the degree of severity of the latter and;: the initial stage of the disease .it may vary depending on the structure of the initial syndrome.
6862d6267a043fc3dc877ed4ee93227277bdcf06	It should be noted that the described disorders at the more distant stages of the disease are combined with changes in the general background of the deployment of mental processes: gross inertia, narrowing of the volume of all types of activities, difficulties of inclusion in the task, low productivity even in conditions of stimulation.
fcbc6aaa0a94e737165943903522ceb8000a9213	At the stage of severe dementia, the breakdown of higher mental functions reaches such an extent that patients do not follow even the simplest instructions.
8f182c364edb307bfa443f027e57435164629bad	Electrophysiological examination
ca53c477bfa6ffd185f2e41b461ce44f1ebfbe4f	For diagnostic purposes and monitoring of the functional state of the central nervous system in Alzheimer's disease, the following electrophysiological methods are used: electroencephalography (EEG), analysis of evoked potentials (VP) and the level of constant potential (UPP) of the brain.
a24ac5374332f7403c1e302ba4248cb3c346e23a	EEG examination
a30927a7435baa587a01d6126009bb8ef5fd0723	EEG changes are observed in 94% of patients with Alzheimer's disease and indicate the presence of diffuse brain damage.
fb9b0f9745d0e470b4183ac2ed186cea63ed8942	There is a progressive reduction of normal EEG rhythmics: the frequency of alpha activity and its amplitude decreases, alpha and beta indices decrease.
636086ac7638c43802464a0a9ef87401b5b2da46	Disappearing normal rhythms replace pathological fluctuations - diffuse, often low amplitude theta and, to a lesser extent, delta activity.
81c80fc58796b25585472da80827866946b3cc04	EEG disorders are characteristic, indicating damage to the median structures of the brain: discharges of bilaterally synchronous theta and delta waves.
8b08d79866af696f6818dfd333c468dd6311a93b	Sometimes epileptic activity is detected: peaks, acute waves, peak wave complexes and acute wave slow wave.
db9c3bd7b777fd3a3295787f32ed2565e0257b8d	The reaction of rhythm assimilation during photostimulation is disturbed.
ab200b620310ba919390f02773dec9f0d373f739	The severity of pathological changes (slowing of the EEG rhythm) correlates with the degree of dementia.
7d3b9082a41c0593bbe9c719a752484e699984e3	Although EEG disorders in patients have a certain similarity with the changes observed in normal aging, an earlier age of the appearance of pathological activity in Alzheimer's disease (in healthy subjects, changes occur after 60 years) and a greater degree of violations allow us to distinguish EEG in Alzheimer's disease from the norm.
52819d873016a273fc55128c8827f8c18a1b35be	EEG changes in Alzheimer's disease are nosologically non specific.
4db7aa60899edf8c40104ad632e7106a2329b733	However, a number of features of the EEG in different types of dementia give rise to a presumptive judgment about the nature of the weakening process.
d4c8048a40459de63d9f613daa104d9e92e69d73	In Peak disease, the EEG remains intact for a long time and its changes lag behind the severity of clinical disorders.
f83a4b2315c20cc1ea5d80c41f99f6b8c83bd4a0	With tumors of the cerebral hemispheres, as a rule, pronounced focal changes in the EEG are observed.
26e2ba20bb6c14e442069c8bf28fdee918dc865b	In tumors of the median structures of the brain located supratentorially, discharges of bilaterally synchronous theta and delta waves are recorded, which can also be detected in Alzheimer's disease.
ff6a5ce78fe65ba2cabe8c315ed92d6c9069dcb1	The differences, not always obvious, are in the greater amplitude or asymmetry of these waves in tumors.
1cc2cee508c14bf5e2aa5c876eced3e68305ff20	In multiinfarction dementia, changes of a focal nature are noted in the EEG.
0f4d1d1698a77d7cee3f9aa446467f1c2d946e4e	In Huntington's chorea, a low amplitude (up to 10 mv) EEG is recorded.
ff29f9f3c9f06bdc5952cd98a7ad332d04d75f92	VP Research
c0889cae388a501e874fba761d2b93405e2e267c	To study the VP the brain's responses to external stimuli the method of multiple summation of EEG sections following the stimulus is used using computers or specialized averaging devices.
8a16142a8a15a8a6d7d7bae0bd14e08037b65a23	There is an increase in the latency period of the intermediate and late components of the VP, in particular the P100 wave; an increase in the amplitude of the intermediate components of the VP, a reduction of the late components.
94928ed4a1e68a363ff10f0528f96758c762777c	A positive wave of Ree occurs when recognizing unexpectedly occurring signal stimuli.
5ba10a849a9cae024c353bb233acc042c2854188	Its latency is increased in 80% of patients.
a98fabca40bd543794b5957ea0be490b35de81d7	This technique is applicable only for mild degrees of dementia due to the need for active participation of patients in the examination procedure.
77aa7000bf15912a485d6c777a7c3f069cc73d9c	SCP research
23e8d31b3ba2afa1b815fa15dcc02c1dc40c5554	SCP is a stable potential difference in the millivolt range that exists between brain regions and integratively reflects the value of the membrane potential of nerve and glial cells.
da4d6ec287c6177d55c991f953c9fb45b4924b19	In Alzheimer's disease, there is a violation of the normal regional differences of the SCP.
9e54f4ac674787491e024859cc6b2ba785df61ab	Deviations from the norm are more pronounced in the temporal regions.
48d077c7b7561cfc603a28fff1aaefcaca2e4935	Examination by methods of neurointroscopy (computed tomography)
2c4406ea424346dc8e9e656b82572dffd8016f6b	Initially, the term "computed tomography" (CT) referred to a method for obtaining an image of the cross - section of an organ or system under study using X rays (X ray CT, or currently simply CT).With the advent of other technological methods for obtaining images of cerebral formations, in which the CT method was also used, the term "computed tomography" began to define only the principle of obtaining an image, regardless of the physical basis of the method.
e5865fbf4bf219489c41c1e2bc4b7c8655f7a77d	This approach has been applied in tomography based on the effect of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR tomography), in the study of metabolism in nervous tissue, cerebral blood flow and perfusion by recording in the form of sections of the distribution of the intensity of radioactive radiation after the introduction of an isotonic label into the body.
18781fd123c4a673f5df0fc3aaa9626ec33e7742	The latter methods include single photon and positron emission tomography (PET and PET).
8567b9d9639b01b204375550ec5cc707995883f3	X ray CT, which has been intensively developing in the USSR over the past decade, has proved to be particularly promising for the diagnosis of late age dementia processes, in which it is possible to assess not only the degree of deviation from the norm of the liquor system, but also to identify local and widespread damage to the brain matter.
200d442f3a674294e134219623994076b188d9e4	The methodology of the analysis of computed tomograms obtained in patients with various forms of atrophic processes, including Alzheimer's disease, has some features.
7a63a4e9c4dfd6ede99dc15eb40b459cef0b3c7b	Taking into account that macroscopic changes in these patients are characterized, as a rule, by cerebral atrophy of varying degrees of prevalence and varying severity in different anatomical regions of the brain, the quantitative parameters of the ventricular system and subarachnoid space are studied first of all.
969dac9a84fdbb0eac33b3cce3e22acd70d19123	The measurement of absorption coefficients (KP), whose deviations from normal values reflect the presence of pathology in the nervous tissue itself, should be carried out in different areas of the brain, and separately in the hemispheres of the cerebrum and cerebellum, as well as in gray and white matter.
0ff34c27c87b14e93933897d632a10572dec6fb4	Quantitative assessment of the size of the ventricles of the brain is carried out using the following methods: 1) methods of measuring linear dimensions (ventricular indices and absolute transverse dimensions of all parts of the ventricular system);
2923786183c4a72429b7392838d828776097d42d	2) planimetric methods or methods for measuring the areas of the ventricles and the brain on one of the selected sections, which also allow obtaining ventriculocerebral relations;
af6fc99cf9c69a8cedddef2c1adb682a615a7811	3) methods for calculating the volume of the lateral ventricles; indicators, the ratio of the volume of the lateral ventricles to the volume of the large hemispheres allow you to accurately determine the degree of cerebral atrophy.
b2778f7658874bc928c1b2bccff02d865a30affd	In order to get an idea of the state of the subarachnoid space of the large hemispheres, the following methods are used: 1) determination of the maximum width of the sylvian slits and the interhemispheric gap in its anterior sections;
780d44abb774a4e604406149a5d0adadf98bb494	2) counting the number of hemispheric furrows visible on tomograms on sections above the bodies of the lateral ventricles and the maximum width of one of them;
8f74de394bb9e8a60cb88bcc477a232f51468037	3) calculation of the volume of the subarachnoid space.
bff590a99d04b650a5e6214f7f8f368772f569b4	Alzheimer's disease is characterized by a combination of the following tomographic parameters:
27e168b5e492be4ae131972461440d703a4ae06f	) diffuse expansion of the ventricles and subarachnoid spaces of the cerebral hemispheres;
585887d28d5d340197c912d5d896789cb5ea1fd7	) the maximum severity of the indicators characterizing "central atrophy", i.e. an increase in the ventricular indices of the anterior horns, the central parts of the ventricles and the third ventricle, as well as the transverse dimensions of various parts of the ventricular system (the width of the right and left anterior horns at the level of the middle of the caudate nucleus head, the width of the central part of the right and left lateral ventricles at the level of the medial depression, the width of the third ventricle);
dbd75e9554d7c9df184a9821534e7bdaa6e1a403	) relatively less pronounced indicators characterizing "cortical atrophy", i.e. an increase in the size of the hemispheric furrows (the width of the posterior sections of the sylvian furrow at the level of the epiphysis, the maximum width of the anterior sections of the interhemispheric fissure, the maximum width of one of the largest furrows) and the number of furrows along the periphery of two adjacent sections located immediately above the section with the image of the ventricles;
7d7d02131bf25b72edd00c820d1e4e697d14cc7a	) changes in the parameters of the brain substance density - a decrease in the absorption coefficients of gray matter (in the area of the lenticular nucleus) and white matter (in the area of the semioval center).
0a5bc8c7133f0d791499e96b899e101ab0c8860f	Alzheimer's disease was first described by Professor Alois Alzheimer in Germany in 1907 in a 55 year old woman.
f01e50a2faf7f1f29e72c20bd34cb557ee1091b8	At first, it was considered a relatively rare form of presenile dementia.
7e410a6050686983dbdae36112ece02ff4c37ea1	However, over time it turned out that Alzheimer's disease can ...
60248c24d69f3ba8e627c8fb1b515ae5bf3b50e2	Alzheimer's disease: symptomatology and therapy However, already at the first description of Alzheimer's disease (AD), A. Alzheimer noted the presence of the patient not only signs of afato apracto diagnostic dementia, but also auditory hallucinations and delusional ideas of jealousy.
1c38c8ba0c167076187c01cb40600c2e73d3f0d8	Alzheimer's disease: etiology, behavioral disorders, treatment Alzheimer's disease (presenile dementia of the Alzheimer's type) F00.
86a9aeb4a17f6c573d091db0e8f30b2278ff3312	0 Started mainly at the presenile age, the slow development of the disease at the initial stages and rapid progression at the stage of clinically pronounced dementia.
b73ec63139cebf9d273c0dacbf11d167b1e26875	Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's disease Alzheimer's disease (synonym: Alzheimer's type dementia), according to the experts of the World Health Organization, is recognized as the most common cause of dementia developing in the elderly and senile age.
113980c425322dde241e756f9bfe9414c6bed52d	Alzheimer's disease ...which allow us to distinguish Alzheimer's disease from other forms of mental pathology of late age; additional methods (neuropsychological, electrophysiological, X ray) studies are given, which allow us to expand...
7bfde34c5f536351201476f77a77d20b38db77f0	Cognitive impairment in dementias of various etiologies It is believed that Alzheimer's disease can be inherited in the form of genes that are conducive to its development.
21783a66461ea9b660a73153519c07cdb920fb61	According to some data, the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease in close relatives of the patient is 4 times higher than normal.
4f0096f63f9faf1326b4faf0b0bb10345a7d079a	Do you need high quality work without plagiarism?
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b65b96f81cd559c33743a348eae6332fe01e2fa9	Signs of Alzheimer's disease
32137fdc86ac64cb6690cb00ace4e9198c98d9b9	Alzheimer's disease is an incurable disease of the nervous system.
fc411f20d98f9b0f647d3df3c47d66e8743b2a80	Most often it occurs in the elderly and is characterized by the destruction of brain cells.
64c2632a9a67e75cdc3cbeac6cce1890dbafcc83	Neurofibrillary glomeruli and neuritic plaques are formed in the brain tissue.
26b55f783b1807738fb337fd0880ef7b3ede43be	This degenerative disease is the most common type of senile dementia.
04b12ac64223629c15dbc994816a34cc6e0e0a4c	Doctors warn that changes in memory and behavior of people should be alarming at any age.
bcc84cd0f8e231d933c1973f703b3199805f704f	This is an occasion to immediately consult a neurologist or a psychiatrist.
3af2279f9e306acd0a4644e2b0f2f48a1e06d8d9	Diagnostics
6a0f28d615c9327a31738d83b235eb6273c2e842	First of all, it is necessary to exclude other diseases: Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, atherosclerosis of the cerebral vessels, brain tumor.
2751dab121f953345b3d1ef7d618f85b29391e90	For diagnosis, the following studies are carried out:
893ead92d6fd819354a288a7ade2ec8e94af4eae	detailed blood analysis thyroid studies blood test for HIV and for the Wasserman reaction cardiac cardiogram magnetic resonance imaging of the brain examination of cerebrospinal fluid measurement of pupil dilation after administration of mydriatics
71820a3d4a10b1e013cfb07b22dcd885c9690c12	It tests short term memory and the ability to solve the simplest mathematical problems, the ability to understand what is read.
78bad8c980a02ce2147a689d158aa33c4963714d	In this article, you can get acquainted with the causes of Alzheimer's disease.
efe5d142b826f21fe4b5fc4c2b79e131b4aa758a	And here is a detailed material about the symptoms and treatment of this disease.
07654b99789fdacec4d32a75f0127d45dbfacffe	What to do if you have identified the symptoms of the disease in yourself or in close people, read the link: http://www.neuroplus.ru/bolezni/bolezn alcgeymera/chto delat esli vy zapodozrili bolezn alcgeymera.html.
00983564c311389076e15d8f6786af6ba1a6d5aa	Changes in the cortex and deeper layers of the brain begin long before the first symptoms appear.
f0e351b090d84ee5cef50442a9329ec9778617e0	Of the mental functions, memory is the first to suffer.
b7d91f4e012d650fca17745902c8c673930fad67	The first signs of Alzheimer's disease at an early stage
3ffd577cdd6206a303ecf4fc87ca868f9c901075	Moderate forgetfulness.
100da7e35dfab5aabf0ea7756f7236fc9b61ea6f	The names of friends and recent events fall out of memory.
d7b77b79120bf4a4736e051a43985dd903485796	Finding out one question many times.
0dc335dffb0ed70040c10d401c3ae6632242934f	Repeating one story word for word.
87161f7ab4f8eac424bc0c0362aad7e031cb716f	Inability to pay at the store.
522d0c245757effb3fec3c92a494bebd7a5fdf24	The patient may get lost in a familiar environment.
981c30488725e0d26d867ff334d11b4304ebf3c5	Disregard for hygiene procedures.
a0c56a5e477d9fd57ea262a73ffdac58e3394e5a	Patients stop monitoring the cleanliness of their clothes and their housing.
c05b8a8d44e922c21f35248c2d17c2b0c7c3bdda	There is a habit of shifting the solution of the simplest issues to the relatives, which the patient previously coped with independently.
62069496fa235b7db7486da7e519fce67bb6bb1f	Inserts words that are similar in sound, but different in meaning.
6aec941f5771b088f2e7d184e1ca14a3d124a933	He cannot concentrate his attention for a long time.
56cd6773401b57a92bf52b5602f5012a383a232d	Resists new things or minor changes.
8ca9dbf7f738aa0b08041add6d006c5886bbd11a	Quickly loses interest and becomes irritable and aggressive for no reason.
eb431f2233afeef3f611fc4a38b2adab2b5e1e07	He forgets that he has already eaten.
4c84d22af3e0aeb4019830b077e2b13437458131	Constantly chooses only one type of food.
f8bfc8aa6c6548fcd73c7cf8a38026cb9bc6cf99	Does not experience a feeling of satiety.
68c4a35bb80548368796b658893adc016c5c6a1b	Often loses things.
647ebe27beead26bd2ae330bb5d7fb7d0c928a43	Such patients are characterized by an astonished facial expression with wide open eyes.
046acf849e2263872e5bab61036b801f0568741f	In the middle stage of the disease, the patient has such deviations:
953e6f6b0d050034c77d71460f367897b061302b	Noticeable changes in behavior, ignoring the rules of hygiene.
4ddb474d7eb9b7e0a6fb2dacb561686253dc782b	Confuses close people.
c95f8f1a92b1d6f8ca966654c16b900abfe17c69	He does not know which of them is a son, who is a brother, who is a spouse Can harm himself: get poisoned, fall, get lost.
0db2a4a0a6037a1d728975ea030ef45a3c467081	He can take other people's things, but he wonot recognize his own.
10c842c4bcd3b4b536e704f75a64c1ce03559746	Constantly repeats certain stories, phrases, movements.
83627f26f78122f6f5e8bc098349e0bce2ace0b2	He cannot logically explain events or his actions.
786c635b16c8389f34b9f6cf83cbf25f599d90ef	Loses the ability to read or perceive the read text.
81e9c176963c143b6fe4aa877b3362a3e5f32fdc	Often behaves inappropriately: he can shout, curse, threaten, accuse of theft.
0d28a88c473f1644445991f91d41bbb8a031bf55	Loses the sense of time, wakes up at night for work, etc. She dresses not according to the weather and is not responsible for the situation.
445a2a96bd9d71a32247b9e8425534ae37ef7f91	Needs help when taking a shower, eating.
ecda0a818767dd253a19df61d462e9e9fb01e24b	Has serious deviations in sexual behavior, can perceive a stranger in the role of a spouse.
7729b346649657b58b1e55c0fba351a662ac9888	Symptoms of late stage Alzheimer's disease
c9f4d8e74eda6beb5aefe15276001c0c02212177	Becomes lonely and alienated Speaks incoherently, over time may lose the ability to speak Loses control of urination and bowel emptying processes Loses weight, the skin becomes dry, cracks easily appear on it Becomes sluggish and drowsy
fded1564b8cd892a62cd8f0c6a1aa5c7a28f1a6e	In order to make the picture more vivid, we suggest watching a video about Alzheimer's disease.
8f00e9db68d4164edb7d2fd224e77e68c0851900	It should be noted that each person may have their first symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.
9039bb777ee6a07ecf59ab50d4b9348317a146fd	At the same time, you can not make such a serious diagnosis if you notice several signs of the disease in yourself or someone close to you.
28ad2b8ac4ea75d6df2a10676ecf99aaec62ca2a	Remember that only a qualified specialist can make a diagnosis.
d158fe198090715add65c4304b54ed05fb53afe8	And the sooner you contact him, the better results the treatment will give.
7c0f89c509f90e7e52f91852194d8ad8e761b588	How we save on supplements and vitamins: probiotics, vitamins intended for neurological diseases, etc. and we order on iHerb (at the link $ 5 discount).
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856fd892d4ba885f72777d4f66840a655c30b4ff	Posted on Mon, 08/18/2014 - 15: 35 by Guest user (not verified)
ee383f7d47ec4246a462d1852333491bc7c1c68d	My grandmother of 1933 and my mother in law of 45 years have similar symptoms.everyone has bouts of aggression.
3c1719f6d24994a042e15018983f3f5d13c783e1	They may get confused in a familiar area.the houses seem to be the same, but in a different color.they canot concentrate on their actions.it seems to the mother in law that she is being watched,that a chip has been inserted in her head.at home, they scratch everything with nails.sew on and cut off clothes.but the mother in law does not have memory loss.but a grandmother can ask the same thing 10 times in 10 minutes!!
4d47627bfe4a8842695faa7fd740fc79323a146d	Posted on Thu, 08/13/2015-13: 36 by Sergey Dovganov (not verified)
88a68aa101ed8a7a688b4180669c660cf7574801	In the same way, my grandmother has been since 1928
3dc6347a06415f290c0b2389c09a08b27705feed	Posted on Mon, 09/22/2014-19: 07 by Vlad user (not verified)
ae9cf82f6eac5f4ff781383f99609b6020fdddd8	My mother was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease at the age of 76.
5771d1e70f3b9231c29a5126470e504452a24834	Most likely, she is now in the middle stage of the disease.
ba07ae2066aece9515aea1290d7c4c412fc62151	To the above symptoms, I would add a selfish attitude to others, aggression not only to relatives, neighbors, but also to pets.
e0ee1f624f4742c57938ed71f434191b72daff9e	Lack of a sense of pity, compassion and heartlessness.
7272e5fc54eb2d4f58a26bce5050880d030910b1	A terrible disease. it was as if Satan had possessed the person.
d6db75e0d9e09634565313b02a284730eba31168	Posted on Thu, 10/09/2014-07: 34 by user marianna (not verified)
1792ebd957ccc16403a91935785533751ba1ac5d	After reading the symptoms, I thought my mother has exactly the initial stage...
392106094999f6a714d5c910e7cf77e3481728e7	Posted on Sun, 10/12/2014-04: 10 by Zoya user (not verified)
51eca635009059d57af1838e2d19f3ae01f577c6	Yes, I have seen such sick people many times, it is a terrible disease.
714cf0adf37eb6e96af1280e34f7c693b9a3ff75	I also think that you need to contact a professional doctor, the sooner the better.
b1f024a0dd8e7c004157ffe217d78fa28a47ce79	Posted on Mon, 10/20/2014-17: 30 by Vera (not verified)
234594ae4ba6707cd961085525cb6ce14c5e9ca0	It is only unclear why they write that with Alzheimer's disease, a person does not die from it, but from pneumonia or some other diseases.
d17838fc306ab49fe2a0a5f12640a9791865c064	What is this supposed to mean?
37f8b54d5eefb1d852060235be77153d83e3dc36	Posted on Thu, 04/23/2015-07: 16 by Iprit user (not verified)
5e8c21a2d6ab7c2894c465a553ab850525c284d5	Usually understand: the disease itself does not cause deadly changes in the body, but age and some behavioral features (for example, the same dressing is not according to the weather, decreased activity, eating disorders ) it promotes the addition of other diseases - pneumonia, intestinal infections, etc. My grandfather, for example, died of pneumonia((
56e0a17f73d43790309972d6935a71eb882fb93d	Posted on Sun, 05/10/2015-17: 32 by user Alina 77 (not verified)
94854b80c0ae9e83a95043ba5a400f3723d9f55f	Alzheimer's patients sometimes leave home in the winter without a jacket coat, as a result they get sick.
aa580adaa551648c5eac66a92200f02c2c08382b	The immune system is glorified and it is not difficult to get the strongest pneumonia.
db29dfb6ff71991fe9bd5f742e350ccdb86474e7	Posted on Wed, 11/05/2014-13: 47 by Nick's user (not verified)
93c11127a84f003ac13462d2781ceabd5defb73e	my grandmother has the initial stage... and I can say that this is a complete ppc, and the idea that this is just the beginning scares me... to all of the above, I want to add that a person suffering from alzheimer's chooses one victim in his family, and makes this unfortunate scapegoat... and all kapets to you! every 10-15min, he asks the same question, carries empty pots to the balcony, unzips kitchen rags in the corners, hides sweets... and sharp attacks of aggression are constantly observed... it is not possible to withstand this, I am waiting with horror for what awaits our family next....
2ae9f13c4f428b4be6aaf5dd99e1074771f633e8	Posted on Fri, 01/30/2015 - 11: 58 by user Svetka (not verified)
23b66d37dad21296f17791551865d1c78aa521f1	Hold on, oddly enough, but these are just flowers.
544ebf88f6e5fc1f424061c482a235e18b29da78	It's going to get even worse.
865f7057d881a014fcee427b11de6a52fdf793e9	Prepare yourself in advance for the worst.
3ca09603b773255d709db9b65122639f7a0ad3fc	Do not be angry with the patient, in any case.
aac06232f84253882a005b25efdb34361233b094	Donot blame yourself.
9843a1322c356c30d485497790d83496a90d2e80	Donot blame Grandma.
51c435b1e313d821c9738ea2804d2e02598fb335	It's not her fault.
c4e1ee1e4689b818405b563bd8eaa1a329993866	It's just a disease. and no one is immune from it.
791811a7a224c584d0781d0d8b69e366502d57bf	I survived it.
2dd9d5a80ee5b799c01efc9c78c4070dbf1049aa	At the same time, I had two such patients on my hands.
c0378455fdd5b1226438712850896eaac59e2536	This is my grandma and my mom.
c95deeea89148bb8ae9b5ff8b8047bcc5ba07bae	I canot tell you how scary and hard it is.
a379e5b82fd5867d8739837b6a6732d4e407d581	I wish you PATIENCE, PATIENCE and PATIENCE again.
919d0ae155d4f253342c642c2a08f74af544d0e1	Posted on Wed, 03/02/2016-20: 30 by user laura (not verified)
cad1e770a3efe1ba8efafff06e6e6435bfcb207a	and my mother is also sick with this disease - - - this is something terrible she accuses everyone of stealing food takes and does not remember
97988cabb36ec49f7c9579ff857819498679071a	Posted on Mon, 11/17/2014-16: 07 by Hilkona user (not verified)
7ef0b788b0a499e43fc2b42a06463bec491f398c	My mother died 2 years ago from this terrible disease.
83cb058ce60bd323000cf2ac59a315865c6d8dd4	She was 60 years old.
b969991b50c9aaaeb5bca7304cbb02f349318cd8	They say that only 5 % of patients of this age.
cf20b4878f5c1d66630b3adfd4cf77f7bb99a21c	It is very scary and painful to see how your closest person turns into a vegetable.
be2f470ba2bedf8885214c42da514514e5826965	At first, there were mood swings.
3bc3e74ae2da2db1e0924198659ab3149afe9877	But they didnot pay much attention to this.
0bad9426c34f3edf729ea6170d3f4245ecc28a82	Then the person falls into a terrible depression.
d79efa1f377649307ccdb2de9d0480212068bac9	He forgets simple things, loses everything and gets lost himself.
b7deef5a7351cd38893a5cd8353129b6215b1c69	My mother got lost 3 times, until I stopped leaving her alone.
c51dd7951098c570dde7442770be4a7b20aed6e0	Your life stops because you have to be constantly close to such a patient.
4a88904d4890236d9d5f33eb87755783010519da	And the taps open, and the gas, and things fly out of the window, and they put their underpants on their heads.
0e450dcf829041b65e94fafa1471752dc485994e	If such a disaster has happened in your family, be strong.
512520869b9edcd4eca44e376808e04d8ee0d50c	I wish you patience.
1577e4549c2683760e59018885aabe47fd748112	Because the last stage is very painful.
40749d4d8933a260322afc74efa41d3cf43e391b	First, speech disappears, then he stops walking and recognizing everyone, and then he eats and drinks.....The worst thing is that the end is not avoided.
b499699e4112dfffff90d2bac0e129565d5f7a3f	I hope they will soon find a reason and a cure for this muck.
262fac7fdbd91f5674c8f99bdc6048cc7e48e8c2	Health to all!
ee281ed17c387d150ee2370c589e85e9adebef19	Posted on Tue, 11/18/2014 - 11: 42 by user Natasha (not verified)
cc9bed59c4e8492732e4bddeca99039348487b1b	My mother forgets all recent events, and remembers what happened many years ago. Constantly hungry, she does not remember what she recently ate.
5a6628f4321722bc3f14e9709adfbbd144f83c35	Forgets relatives.
b20ed53524c04a13ac73a1a18e2ba4f2609488f0	Posted on Tue, 12/30/2014 - 10: 30 by user Valentina (not verified)
a577db5398da9ab33f60c21529e4299e2a7fa43d	my mother started everything the same way.
a585eaf4d4ce9c4f6cadcf88d7437bd9e58be109	I had to put a lock on the kitchen door and not only so that I wouldnot eat everything in a row.but also so that it does not approach the stove and water.
0285345cf366b042496c7472e690c50e3572e633	Now she is 75 years old.
17400ea940f5cde9af5e932d412b4336463ef2d1	She is a disabled person of group 1.
ab9f7728a2addb6073989e11902a0b355f35ac4d	Posted on Wed, 03/25/2015 - 15: 15 by Guest user (not verified)
403c6722365629fddb100457eab6636034bc7d7d	Valentina, please tell me, does your mother have a group for the same disease? my mother also has a similar disease, do they register a group with such a disease?
462e0dd01444bb759328dd5160a2d53527f30fb0	Posted on Tue, 11/18/2014 - 15: 50 by user Kristina (not verified)
48eed80aac7a314933498cf47e7108fa416c23cc	I canot understand it!they write an incurable disease....and immediately from the bottom, treatment in Israel. ... treatment here and there!if the disease is not curable !what to do with a person, tell me !?psychiatric clinics do not accept people over the age of 60!...
48c759981233602c3e8f02ac5c51569db49d5b01	Posted on Mon, 05/11/2015 - 21: 28 by user MA RIA (not verified)
0e915ae36a9d2ed3ccd529a10b18dfbd13192a9f	We talked about Alzheimer's on the radio today .this is a gene mutation and the necessary protein is not produced,the treatment consists in obtaining this protein from outside in tablet form so that the disease does not progress
6d6d7f513ffab5f73f3fd235b6bfe9836425de24	Posted on Mon, 12/07/2015-02: 27 by user Sofia (not verified)
565f520d6d166f9fc8835695c64cab4747e348f0	My mother has a twin sister, both are sick.my aunt is in Israel in a special clinic,my mother is with me, she is not receiving treatment at the moment, five years ago she tried to treat, but the money stopped being enough, and the nurses advised that there is no sense at a certain stage anymore.
9efae4b5b4793bd7b401b4586cebbe7ceebb2812	So, the results are the same for both after 6 years, the aunt, who is also being tried to adopt, study with her, treat even worse,she almost does not talk,is completely closed.mine chirps constantly, requires attention and even recognizes others at times
98509d7df0289bedda182679f6600956b09ccd8a	Posted on Sat, 12/13/2014 - 11: 51 by user Tatyana1223 (not verified)
60871b798df74e795ecb3c340e8226074b6a8af5	I also want to get an answer to the question:what to do with a person with Alzheimer's .
b665ede23aec12ad52a3f82417768c7077b230e1	Why are they not admitted to psychiatric clinics at the age of 6o?
065b006d6543b36ced71bb4a065abbcd9375476a	Please help (at least with advice).how can we live?
75aebd4f6f40014ecf261bc3bcfb3f6395dbc9b1	You need to go to work.and you canot leave such a person unattended.
8b9444a908df49024e927334905691b204dad6a0	How to raise your children.after all, there is horror in the family?
53208df20d4055c5ad43dff58d597f15c046ec74	Posted on Mon, 02/23/2015-21: 10 by Guest user (not verified)
2bc242338ecc0cc359f113ec13a1f0442f726469	Hello! my mother also had this disease .
c6a62b2cc61d1fbe41180cee06c7fce021bfd58d	I understand and sympathize with you .
a000daa6316eeffdddd363ad09e1c2b873173546	I couldnot be with her all the time , so very soon the question arose - what should I do ? relatives helped for a while , but they also gave up ... there was nothing left but to look for a good clinic .
c8ddfca737780eebeeb1695301cf90776a79b861	If the limit has come, look for a good psycho neurological boarding school .
1db257acabf37b7a06bca2b81f8d0d9bf45354e1	Posted on Sun, 06/21/2015 - 08: 37 by Guest user (not verified)
0a1c7a381ff1cae0859427d6cc11db2a110c34e7	In Italy, 80 % of elderly people with this disease and here, too, relatives must go to work in order to have a good pension later .
766bfec42ce5242adabfab23e24c5031bf303f38	So they found a way out of the situation they hire a nurse and the problem is solved if the nurse is good :-) and then you can find another problem :-)
5287bc28b4431a0ede76d66efd9c3da7ae7336cb	Posted on Sun, 09/27/2015 - 19: 19 by lisa (not verified)
7a58c7cf239a7897c37eef6d8348cd96e8193aec	they hire a nurse from our family and they go slowly crazy with them....
72930619d3ff08e08c9719a261ed216195d20568	Posted on Fri, 10/23/2015-16: 29 by user Blogger (not verified)
7b3087fedf27f49297186491e4eaf232ac36acc8	If this has started, you need to go to a mental health clinic and negotiate with doctors about establishing a disability!!
3734fad8f388cd678b5a2dc3343ded19c0648dd1	A person can not follow himself, and as a fact, this is the 1st group, which means there must be a guardian.
6a195cd14820520b2b6c2095631450cce094cc4a	The guardian is also entitled to money.
8f39dc3ef6f6e461c992fb88dacabf28a4e1cffc	Patients, as a rule, are pensioners, which means that there is any income + disability and guardianship, so you can allow a caretaker for the patient, although I believe that such patients ( no matter how cruel it is to read and understand!!) even if they are relatives, they should not be with normal people!!
0369c85d199dbd793db46dde413d936e1d23d664	The disease can last for years, and it turns out that you are waiting for death... and this is not healthy.
7f63fbdb0556c85a01c139d618f1f4dc4fafbf5f	Free state institutions are 100% of a person you give, roughly speaking, to death - it's not worth it.
234c2abee270a7a93c255ed9792344ceecb9ebcf	There are specially trained people who get paid for this.
0982e455f30d470f55ec2c8c305e79d56dedee58	As a rule, they are located in the nearest suburb, but many are also in the city itself.
74d10f1d4f56a61c21ec8b80dacce6bef1c55749	(my Petersburg is a city).
344acd209889af907c68fce1790056bf30cc2a19	The prices are, of course, sky high from 45 000-60 000.. maybe there is a higher one - it's expensive, but there are 25-30 000, that's real!
bf9b112a18fbb31a0331d78606adffae4d0da1f6	Well, you pay about 5000-10000 rubles to the pension received by the sick, everyone is cheaper than a nurse!!
bcd9ad1bed85d6fca83f34351f804dac5c37d15a	And you donot observe all this under your nose, again, if it's a suburb, then it's fresh air!!
27301e52dc5f35483d1bf834176e0c91a3e710bd	You come as far as possible, there as you agree with the staff, well, you pay once a month.
c6750ce8210df4a198ce21c4402efdbd58c67258	Patience, everyone.
5f3615802d7700e3d1bc3322b102fcd937d35191	Posted on Sat, 01/10/2015-09: 24 by user Anna K. (not verified)
ceae98b76573ed8480e29f8306c07bae096b34aa	Our mother's disease has been rapidly progressing for the last six months.
9d3f63385bb38b4e859944442e11145d9ac2b1f4	She is constantly experiencing a feeling of hunger and drags everything in her mouth.
dc72c2c75017fcf507230154034fb6bf927de158	We are especially concerned that she is already eating her clothes.
358d049996f886e4825630863f1d051fd8f736e1	She bites her sleeves, pants, chews her socks, and when she goes to bed, she tears the blanket with her teeth ( her teeth are very healthy, like a young one, she is 85).
13cb7bd5038fbf7213953c65e846687a1e34a377	Someone tell me what you can do with her hands so that they are in motion and at the same time safe.
bf7de216943cc8d23ad623179426d21f660161c2	Posted on Sun, 08/30/2015 - 11: 49 by user nell (not verified)
0fcb271713bf59666c5080feefed808deee1afef	My dad is 86 years old, this disease is on his face.
b19dfc0eab1ed16b6bbe1271f5da0b5509a5f9ae	But it also has poor eyesight (one eye sees 30%).
5e94c9c58ab8810796a159560a3d90643e239fac	Glasses give almost nothing to cataracts and glaucoma combined.
03096e75e731a9959ed934e7e8195439b7ab586a	He walks with a wand and only so that someone is nearby.
b5a537a427b8844c93dd82fd162942dc34a96848	But in the past - a very active person, a military man, then a physical education teacher.
d7c2886e23894999942681e069401ab0767bd398	Now every morning he says that he is tired of such a life, every day the same thing, he would rather die.
f33915d013ff2387a8c26ba5cdd008dfe5bf9d11	And what can you do with it???
000531f81ea70299cbc4f1c1f1e00186b7a478a7	I found tips: to dissolve old things and wind them into tangles, Collect the largest and simplest puzzles.
492d31849e4e4dea7754d243cb792bf8621f7db2	I'll go buy it now.
020930049dd90c042bbb814acb54cd04f5502213	Maybe it will help to occupy him at least for a while.
e5f26a91b2a85033ed0193d68a4716b5fb1573d8	And then, especially in winter?
b9f2e19d72f824cdf1c3d1449bcbc93de5b6e677	Now we go for a walk every day, once a week we take with us to the dacha.
8ec1ca29a16e120cb89484ab1d84a841593f92d5	I'm waiting for winter with horror!
a7a1c1651c96c99bcf4ec6da7950c7d34f5e7d9a	I feel sorry for him very much.
f761c91b7a738b54595ecc4abd0d01e42784731c	Posted on Mon, 12/07/2015-02: 19 by user Sofia (not verified)
6b3b232327789922d5a781f048b08d8c14239d1b	Practically nothing, she will return to her favorite business.
69201190b638cc6ed20b149dfea007452d0910ba	Our mother tears and eats diapers,and what we just did not do.I have an experienced and very inventive nurse, but we have already given up.it is useless, the patients become like children, but they are very inventive,cunning and strong enough.
441d62f6b12ec5bcdae942b020843426c94d185d	Posted on Mon, 03/14/2016 - 21: 32 by Guest user (not verified)
3d2c3e184e5c6bc8c0b1bfb0fa46147b6d3bea5c	Our mother lets down knitted things.
1a0c4aefc67dfe3c9015d49493420b3da4a6127c	There are already several bags of balls of thread.
d0220e72eb041c9cf1e03608d53ef50ccd23ce65	He tries to dissolve everything in a row.
db2cdf314d8e71e4464de451eea5c881c7ca4d60	Posted on Sun, 01/11/2015 - 13: 42 by Anastasia(1488) (not verified)
77d9fb313a329ef036f5a074a12ff40e7696a5cd	First, I watched a movie about this disease "still Alice", after I already read this article.
d8a68950139d4b15399d76514f2babb23499bf6e	And somehow I became afraid for myself in the 9th grade the next day I forgot that I had an exam.
28b461c35512fcaf48be757fdadd7c1047bc59bb	I forget the name of some items, I canot always describe something to the interlocutor.
9cc91f05255ddef1b1dfc6d4d052013848c01114	But I think that it's just because of worries, excitement, it's still too early for this disease.
208f55dab86dbe8eec66317b2900eb68bf7f9735	Posted on Fri, 03/27/2015-05: 39 by user Galina Alekseevna (not verified)
ac9dba58e274781775d9246edd6578c31c8667b3	The girl Anastasia, you simply lack some trace elements and vitamins - look on the Internet and consult a neurologist.
cfb07e9588a76de7a7a1fcebda6cb4a68bfadb00	And also the doctor will prescribe injections of memory pills corresponding to your age.
6e11718c80e988d75f4d51763c1ea6367f116f20	And most importantly, DO NOT FORGET that you are the smartest and most beautiful and the brightest of all !
702a83167d451c8f7968cf1ecbfed2f7d265d8a7	Posted on Mon, 04/11/2016 - 10: 48 by Irina L (not verified)
3d7cebf74462d140e8bd4a45f0484bfc72652a82	So I have the same problem, although I am only 26 years old.
8687befb90b6a38ad186b3ddd808b42fb617700d	On the move, it flies out of my head...
1dffc40cd1514e5390a7b5e066aee4c4131be0a7	I leave the house and start thinking whether I turned everything off, whether I left the toilet open for the cat...
0b88da7f5fe49941c68657b7bca1f35868498c65	However, when you think about it at the time when you do, such questions do not arise.
459661759b4f96a50876ec424d14f91f57e75de2	And one more thing: when they remind you in a few words, the whole picture immediately comes to mind.
71b07aadcb73eddcbc4f635a56bec081a08f762a	I think it may be due to the fact that I once stood on my head and slightly injured my neck(((
d958e139d593aeff7f0f91062eff8d2423e116b5	I wish you health and good)))
7f005f43758eefb1b3367cd287bea9f2a770d32c	Posted on Sat, 01/24/2015-16: 31 by Anna Sunrise (not verified)
6b1a85e78350adedec4de133d6f29cc6280ac791	maybe someone knows how to prevent this.
ba282e5957f807b683a5d671934d026cc960b36f	I'm 37,but my memory scares me, I forget how ordinary words are called.
b8e0cb84d7031dcb9095a6fd9d7d826ca7cda39e	Posted on Sun, 08/30/2015 - 11: 55 by Guest user (not verified)
574aeea255e69a96026bab08f00d8b42c2c2dba6	I drink phenotropil, you can tanakan, nootropil.
5e46052216b486b46e62ae9c0192143429efa708	Something nootropic.
7e8cc473436e0927cd8c8b8d7fad396f251dbd4a	And memory is better, and for the vessels of the brain.
07e23efcecc5dfb0bfdfe6fc3b55b5fb0ac14baf	I consulted with a doctor, because not only my father, but also my mother, this disease did not bypass.
ca53e074b47712a85a6e1f10c0ccbbf1f7219dc1	Posted on Mon, 03/02/2015-01: 53 by ZooLoo user (not verified)
a636c49b9c9293e204679404cb3027074a627979	What funny comments!
29c5cf2142daf12b6ed4075eef392f09518f57ea	I was especially pleased with the passage about "cowards on the head".
d8485c2202070264729cc788c71b9d4ab028ff7e	I was in a psychiatric hospital and one grandfather there clearly suffered from Alzheimer's disease.
56be8ef47c484f8e99ae2cd0538e660c942e066a	He confused people all the time, and at night he went to bed with other patients, thinking that it was his wife and tried to have sex with them.
460b995e79c2eb3ed8cbfb4e76a92010a5e3db66	Yes, he also had fecal incontinence and often shat in bed.
67adfb01f4dc55813e1fd6503af2e5694f10617e	Posted on Fri, 09/09/2016 - 21: 22 by Guest user (not verified)
d75c561d4cd5f2cccf565cd0c80bac2fe5365c6d	yes, they are funny.((( it's not fun at all when you see a loved one in such a state and you canot help him in any way.
88f9a9d0778d42cf6f6a1f4ee16a2c55b06639b1	My grandmother's sister is ill now.
e21d1734330335cd64d8abfdba6f3c90c4a14dff	So her daughter turned into an old woman next to her.
cab77608c79b7806dc48457b616b88ebfedf174f	The worst thing is that this disease is developing rapidly, especially at the last stage.
356e56481dee6fbffd287ac740505de7823d4af8	2 months ago, my grandmother recognized everyone and went to the toilet normally.
7d0953c847314588b813c48582eb1145c326c2c5	The first signs of it appeared, however, about 3 years ago: aggression.
a82d7f9adf2d3e766a8e7514ae3848f84a7187fe	Posted on Thu, 03/05/2015-14: 00 by user Elena V. (not verified)
da70a35f8f3ccaf49f1646c263c574383292a1ea	My grandmother had this disease.
8f96a79833d09d7179af4ea74c442a36f4a14514	I did not know. and I was angry at her.
d47aeb5a0f8e928fe7a13a2c331cd6257a3fd6ef	She was staying with me.
b0579d7accb69ed07566c448221d06d5ef9edd31	If I had known, I would probably have been calmer.
4d470ba85ebff00b3b808bf87be77759ec993f74	As it was, it seemed to me that she was mocking me.
78a7ddd06fe7822852e047d7e822241dd6402a0a	I must say that the disease is terrible.
3cea6c3a42925555f8b9352c314073d4a260d194	Especially if you are left alone and alone with a patient.
d5e1fe6a27c29772e3d62be47aa71d8856c25afe	But something even worse happened to me.
29d717cace0e762f93b3c7bc8ff482da7ba9c319	My father (her son) came to help me and.... died of a heart attack.
004163d493ce819fe18dbc972dc07e50abbfe27a	Right in my apartment.
dd425aefb85e0b905fc8766a23fab0a5cdca0b24	Now I know that a sign of indigestion can be a sign of a pre infarction condition.
34e71c2f7413aab6addf600c0caad7c94fec885c	Now I notice early signs of this disease.
2c4bdd63b29fb4d1bfb39c9bafe7b342bdf1ee2c	I am not even 36 years old, but I forget words, confuse letters and numbers, I have socially isolated myself from everyone, I have broken all social ties, I suffer from mood swings.
fd0901bd2e027da4a934809361f6181b336b8458	And now I'm glad that I donot have children.
fba71bf3dc70c9e8b60bb1a12e6b8db8adf56b97	I would not like them to be such a "gift".
3b81a206b4ba76bf550560d6238fd74e6831273f	Now I'm thinking how much to live and how to die, so that other people donot complicate their lives.
29cc4ba2a157138a05d26e995b5a0730ee32c1b8	Posted on Sun, 04/19/2015-08: 27 by user Tatiana (not verified)
cc244ab7620f215ee4ee8b85defef89342216349	Elena, just in such cases, you can not lock yourself in,on the contrary, you need to communicate more, resort to physical exertion,have a good walk, in the morning winter gymnastics and, of course, 2 times a year examination and Prof.treatment.
85e8b3009feb7757a3a7643dc70cf7b0eb069f7c	The disease is not treated,but it can be stopped,everything depends only on you,while you are still in an adequate consciousness.
bc81c4c09d209fe5a96cdfc6483f9cc437c0104f	Act,do not sit and do not wait until it captures you completely.
8d0f80647f57d0c4392e5ced7bc60d9564000d5f	Posted on Mon, 10/12/2015 - 10: 42 by user Tatiana F. (not verified)
05335f0d875a9f8ea30672d0a7affd4a4324c8a0	My husband got sick with this disease, I donot know what to do.
d99cb77e2c38546c5d10e8e883310b2d738c4c0d	He is poor, knocks on all the doors, goes to the doctors, but there is no help.
9f3a3a5e0f7d56756ce24c921a976fd429d89da1	Urinary incontinence, somewhere to go, a look, it's scary to look into his eyes.
7040f8f2617d6b4516e7b9336a2950c486c16972	I donot know what to do, how to behave with him and how to help him.
18340d44ca9595410217fb87b375c6d4fafeb420	He constantly goes to the urologist, it's something with my bladder, I canot explain to him and prove that this is not so.
69dfb7bd5e31f81318af1adb4fc9ca63786a9335	Posted on Wed, 03/18/2015 - 07: 07 by user Ruslan (not verified)
754118f503089a5d14ac85ce6413990d5f8ae93c	I think this stuff started at Grandma's.
63f3a5a48789a2c688bdd7ea2144b5b33087deb6	Memory lasts for 30 minutes, there are often attacks of aggression, bouts of tearfulness, periodically incoherent speech.
cb1d62db11df8f7e336dad346bc17b438bddad28	Recently, I began to get lost in my native area, where I lived for 40 years.
ce93f678f80766d26e43edeee0d04fb607f57cf9	Over the past 5 years, I have lost a lot of weight.
62afd705274a019b1465d5d1267d0988ec5c0130	In general, the degradation of the brain is obvious.
1b015b06638495c8e386c2a498f9b90a32141a7a	Posted on Sat, 03/21/2015 - 09: 49 by user Elena (not verified)
5c14e6447d583cc8d4b3aee1f91c77407be27c53	I read this article and was horrified!
214d02f4322821ef5f2610c84472156bac0b6d74	I donot want that fate for myself.
e297a98131d9fecf522da081021687f2c708e721	And I feel that it is better to be checked.
46733e00000a13e95c1f4a8cb2a27cd82adb23a0	The problem is that I'm only 31 and I began to forget the names of relatives.
ca0a3caa646e5314d847c5dfaccb1dc6be91d2dd	I was so ashamed when I wanted to ask how my cousin was doing, but I couldnot remember the name until I was prompted...
deeb94208959ba8598f37aa325e380d4727907b2	And I also stretched in the parking lot, forgot where the car was, waited for my husband to show me.
63b9b55c1b0c1918b74ff5c0ded0a19c8cc739e1	And I donot say anything about tantrums at home at all.my husband is furious that I ask everything twice.
4c2eea8aea8993a8dc8dddad186e9e1a428fc055	I canot remember people's faces, and I also began to forget where it lies, although there were no problems with this!
3c266a45bbff7c7016827cfe7e1f95e97bd666a1	Posted on Tue, 12/22/2015-20: 37 by Tata user (not verified)
d1f3d96f45e770c738896c1d29e9d51cb92f7939	You most likely have a depressive state.
cc958eb5c0ace4e6ee964042d4edc79244c099b5	The first sign of incipient depression is a lack of concentration, not the ability to remember or remember anything.
7671392932a1ef9f4e5b85143ff014224ef26e85	Not necessarily " Alzheimer's visited"
9ff4538b1e6971569a258e548de9ee9d036567c5	Posted on Sun, 03/22/2015 - 17: 18 by user Tanya (not verified)
cc497e01773e80b13ef92842b4e5aa1c4a085ee7	My grandmother has this disease and it's just hell.
60f21e361a531c4c750accf01126622a8d831d12	We live in a one room apartment in 3.
bbc49e8755b83f247f3b040b696dbcad1fd2baca	For several days now, she has been howling at night and will be accused of theft.
578d7ce8aa296ad09b799a3f6c5972f10725c25f	Suddenly she decided to walk herself, although she is 90 and she has lost this ability.
9cd4c6cb4887bab11447e972b19219fc7d0c1bd8	We donot know what to do.
55073e76397d2244cf44dbe7941b46e72fc735de	We live in Moldova and there is no help from the state.
70e2839e989e85e3a30c7a1c76611715b9199ceb	How to treat, what to do?
5ff45a528c2183e32112aea5f0bcdf284a036306	Posted on Sat, 06/13/2015 - 21: 41 by Nova user (not verified)
279649fed28cc0c8032e067945d6dfd900b1cdc0	yes, it seemed like hell to me at first. then I started trying to figure out what was going on. by the way, the doctors did not warn about anything, they just said - and what you want is old age....... now it will be so. yes, a disappointing forecast, but then it got worse. now I remember how I was pounding a year ago from her behavior....... and today I think, yes, it was flowers....... the disease is progressing, there is no life sense in this body, just a vegetable, but...this is my mom. my life has stopped with the arrival of my mother's illness, I'm taking care of a vegetable, it's all nonsense, and I donot know what will happen next yet.
c722704345e7dde15fc184fe4a9e842b8985dcd3	I'm thinking about boarding schools for such patients, when she gets it, it happens..but I still tolerate it. and at the very beginning I thought that she was mocking her already obnoxious character, and it was so insulting, and now I understand everything, but it doesnot make it any easier. it's a difficult topic.
1d76eed79e7aa9838cec5f54883ef48670010442	Posted on Tue, 02/23/2016 - 09: 36 by user Love (not verified)
4e6f8e7afdcc9fe2526744fddfe872cae7b00509	A very familiar picture.
0beea81c114aaf785dc0401b10dcc3a3a082e0d4	I have the same problem with my mother.
3c9ae846455e112aa9289879960d34712385e70e	Not only that, all her life she had the character "not sugar", but in her old age, in general..".
3eea6677ee19ab6661c06ca85e83cae1819e04a4	And as mentioned above, a person with such a disease
4edd2871fe34e7f35871a12f088219beeb0bbb92	Home Add Alzheimer's Disease to favorites | abstract
66f9aec6ff369bcfd5c4756da4cfb8e2aea70275	Free essays, theses, term papers, reports, etc. - download for free.
bd5e77ffb7470ad19bfcb9040a4aaf9635583a64	Categories of works:
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6456d693b613c0e62780b5e8f83a8fcde510fd45	Alzheimer's disease abstract
9bf26757e1787ec45b72b3e0288b8266c0185b97	Category: Research papers Category: Medicine
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50c860f7ecfa515140fb94bc3e823c065a25ec31	Job description: abstract on the topic of Alzheimer's Disease More about the work: Read or Download
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10634b13f0709dcf93eefc0a0b9a269ccae082fc	FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
0463c353a667a982e1e27a71c0ffe262ba31ebac	Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Altai State University"
fe6a2bf030296eea739ac302c68b3ff2a95df8aa	Faculty of Biology
d0d36d58c9d11ed080e7cbffab833da6f7b48271	Department of Human and Animal Physiology
93aaf1424e21760ff33ac2fa1c4f735ad1a9f662	ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
b9874aba7e0541c7b6a9d0a9a30314e65c29784b	(summary)
b29b5cbb3efd954b6ae31419fa6ad653387df4e2	Barnaul 2006
6b89002c71f216c3a2e6bafa6810698edaf720d3	Introduction 3 1.
4efdf53d679fc5f51797a98f9942b2ee6bf3ca42	Etiology of the disease 4 1.1 Pathogenesis.
517bf7a63100a7ca7492e1de14b3b2611e50b07c	Mechanisms of genetic predisposition 4 1.2 Biochemistry and morphology of disease development 8 2.
b3d57d5eb272977756470b66cbc81f3dd1863aad	Clinical manifestations 13 Conclusion 15 References 16
74c7c8932e3d52913fef9c385769a3b4fef65c0b	Among such diseases, Alzheimer's disease (AD) deserves great attention.
2ca994f5c7b6aabf83b8c5b1b783b304a97c858e	The disease was described in 1906 by the histologist Alois Alzheimer and later named after him.
34b2f10ca3579b23dd40458f21e4fdc1a5d7ba60	The disease affects people of all races and ethnic groups; there are slightly more women than men among the patients, although this may be due to the longer life expectancy of women [1].
e8c9f34689b807fa3ba8a494667a1b629941245c	1. Etiology of the disease
701c18198e49e3fecf893a45ee7e1eb1faca2a4b	The important role of genetic factors in the development of AD is confirmed by the high concordance of the disease among monozygotic twins.
e0e1ff3eb72d74230f158f3f0837dc6ca20146cf	The analysis of a large number of families with AD allowed us to establish a bimodal distribution of the values of the age of onset of symptoms, and the conditional boundary between early and late family cases of the disease is considered to be the age of 58 years.
dc0ac71bad89227af2cf09ca29f15b04b47298b0	In early cases of familial AD, the disease is usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait associated with damage to one main gene.
967b189dd81e54a498c0456df443555e792e6c61	According to some estimates, hereditary monogenic forms account for about 5-10% of AD cases in general [2].
08a96be6cf56879ff39fdba6477e67a0832650c0	1.1 Pathogenesis.
e9665211e97daea3600880251b39cca1b97f229f	Mechanisms of genetic predisposition
4093a5326dd8e8b5513b00226351834cb5feb62a	To date, it has been established that AD is caused by mutations in 4 genes located on chromosomes 1, 14, 19 and 21 (Table.1) [1]. 3 genes have been identified, mutations of which lead to the development of hereditary (autosomal dominant) forms of AD with early onset of symptoms.
bd1071b81651b5d0eb25304ab32d58230586d8d8	One of them is the gene of the amyloid precursor protein, localized on chromosome 21q 21 and designated by the abbreviation ARP (from the English Amyloid Precursor Protein).
e3369773240cb70f288e2a0074fe65636d31bd5f	The gene consists of 19 exons, and the amino acid sequence in amyloid is encoded by part of exons 16 and 17; this amino acid sequence is located in the carboxyl part of the ARP protein.
bcec21a6ad15a55a7b011e43ca669a9328ae2a58	Normally, the ARP protein undergoes proteolysis under the influence of b -, b and g secretases; the last two proteolytic pathways lead to the release of intact b amyloid molecules, which in itself is not accompanied by the development of the disease.
dcb49ad29988087e04b495e4300025993749f2e9	All eight known pathogenic point mutations of ARP are located in the 16 and 17 exons of the gene and lead to a violation of the b - and g secretase processing of the ARP protein product, resulting in hypersecretion of the amyloid peptide b or preferential secretion of longer forms of amyloid that are prone to rapid fibrillar aggregation.
8e68a152ac0f9b2a29c75733356225b427fedfeb	In both cases, the released peptide acquires amyloidogenic properties - the process underlying the formation of senile plaques in the brain parenchyma.
31ef5469a47f630080e580cad0348d77aa54671b	In general, mutations in the ARP gene are very rare: they are detected in only 20 families worldwide and, according to approximate estimates, cause no more than 5% of all cases of familial AD with early onset of symptoms.
4c670b116ec460c87a03cdfa5b1a385a1cabaef9	Two other genes that cause the majority of cases of early familial AD and are located on chromosomes 14q24.3. and 1q31-42, were cloned in 1995.
b9a0c9eccc2fd5aa39cefb6c6d89945b2963d302	These genes are highly homologous and encode related membrane proteins presenilins (presenilin 1 (PS1) and presenilin 2 (PS2), respectively).
5dc9b2f5bcf32602af4c012dcc4dc95985903d69	In the brain, presenilins are expressed mainly in neurons and are localized in the EPR of the bodies of neurons and their dendrites.
7959292f547e21c6bfa633efbb8e05ca35e1223a	It is assumed that one of the functions of presenilins may be associated with the regulation of intracellular transport of membrane proteins, including the precursor protein of amyloid.
54fd052149bc69a9b8e3348976f4ebd657ea60f3	Mutations in the presenilin genes are accompanied by hyperproduction of amyloidogenic forms of the peptide b amyloid, which form senile plaques.
8274a6285c836ecd9062fcfcad8bc44479d95fdb	This phenomenon is most likely due to the activation of the secretase proteolysis of the APP under the conditions of "delay" of this protein in the EPR.
9ef2f39d2f84af4fe1641cc39c9555656e63ad21	Another possible mechanism of the pathogenic effect of mutant presenilins may be the induction of apoptosis due to impaired regulation of calcium homeostasis in the EPR and activation of free radical reactions.
daec0a550f72b90b91340802107b1eb21ab39b1c	In this case, the detected violation of the processing of ARP in cells expressing mutant presenilins is secondary in relation to the implemented "apoptic cascade".
aa7fd6231e5133bfef4b98a4da9003d6fb1bfefe	In general, slightly more than half of all familial cases of AD with early onset are caused by mutations in the presenilin genes; the majority of cases are associated with presenilin 1, while damage to the presenilin 2 gene is very rare (only 3 described mutations).
610eafbdc832d57d23f9c6b624b2c59105dd9bcd	It should be emphasized that 70% of all known mutations in the presenilin genes are unique (i.e., each of them was detected only in one family).
b00081eebe758fce7a4bb3edb4ea9a6de397f384	Most mutations in the genes of ARP and presenilins are characterized by complete penetrance by the end of the 6th decade of life and inevitably lead to the manifestation of the disease, provided that the mutation carrier reaches the appropriate age.
c5d0f6850939402d026e828e276d3f7a02b4ce6c	The analysis of clinical and genetic correlations showed the absence of any significant differences between the phenotypes of individual molecular forms of AD, with the exception of the age range of the appearance of the first symptoms of the disease.
450de46ac71386fa6f10eb6802198bfc82f4288a	When the ARP gene is damaged, the disease manifests at the age of 39-67 years, a slightly later onset of the disease is observed in patients with mutations in the presenilin 2 gene(50-65 years), whereas in the case of mutations in the presenilin 1 gene, it is the most aggressive and early (the onset of the disease is from 24 to 56 years).
4f2a26e7d53bb6fa1686fbb83e29c203ae0b564f	Some mutations in the presenilin 1 gene can in isolated cases cause the development of an atypical BA phenotype characterized by a combination of early dementia with lower spastic paraparesis.
80499800bc6e547ff13283f0bfff7fb9e0613771	In a significant number of families with early AD, mutations in the genes of ARP and presenilins were excluded, which indicates further genetic heterogeneity of the early form of the disease.
2f78c6186ab2f2ce8cd666d537d959252e17dc1a	A classic example of a pronounced genetic association is the importance of apolipoprotein E as the most important endogenous risk factor in the development of a late form of AD.
6899467e793e5532149d38703fe706e68dd2c819	Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a protein with a molecular weight of 34 kDa, encoded by a gene on chromosome 19q13.
0b58d82cc1c0b7479a5ae93da4ea36de6588d5db	2. ApoE plays a key role in the metabolism of lipids (especially cholesterol), contributing to their redistribution between cells of various organs.
13e3c4e372a2093adb6dc8e8fae6e782fa87754d	In 1993, it was established that apoE is one of the proteins that specifically bind to amyloid b.
3efcd9596fb06b31801056b84fee0034ee35a1e2	The apoE gene has 3 main alleles (e2, e3 and e4), which differ by single nucleotide substitutions and determine the existence of 3 isoforms of the apoE protein, and the e3 allele is the most common in the general population.
efefd546be26cea0b47491167395d5a7653c4a13	In a series of studies conducted in 1993-1996, it was found that the e4 allele of the apoE gene is significantly more common in patients with late AD - both familial (50%) and sporadic (40%).
02b6accbfca0244dbb22ec18268d76adc877e396	Moreover, the risk of developing AD throughout life, depending on the apoE genotype, is dose dependent: in homozygous carriers of the e4 allele, it is the highest and is about 90%, in heterozygous carriers of e4, it is 47%, while only 20% of people without the e4 allele develop AD in old age.
74e4877ed5deec63822ea4fb461d53489b875737	The dose of the "unfavorable" e4 allele also directly correlates with the intensity of the formation of amyloid plaques in the brain of patients with AD [2].
6356a009bb62bd48507bd0ec547d308e797b2cb5	Genes associated with Alzheimer's disease [1]
36adafb11498fb7af3281aa78801725a5d1ef7d5	Genes
52e63450199ab2d74266f6b3b3d64159c1ecb8ed	Manifestation of the disease*, type
6524818f01f6456cae856d2296cae68a73921783	Protein is a product of a gene
750ae80535b85a873285d037131adb6260623175	Localization of the gene
187053edf2e651107fcc81f47e337aeee35795eb	AD 1
5bebc7d40eb982f40c49528fa290d7bcf87ab497	Early, inherited
8a9264090726165f4fe8c6d5c772688d42a117b2	ARR
45977001965f65a249abec76f82bc8307a0d62ab	21q.21.2
994808eac784b137813f8fbae3bb9981affba3ad	AD2
6c1b6ecd1f2d5366bd58becd62cba54c1e398b0f	Later, inherited sporadic
5ac2ad16a1674d8d74ac2d7b15318aa1f163a1af	ApoE
ea6b081512f59ed1330e64f4606ffa69e4b61355	19q.13.2
9f80825610ce528783632036f56b5e1bf8b292fd	AD3
e7f1b1879164c57c732bc6486f3bebd6cae44a68	Presenilin 1
36cc4487c9472a479ef96548a10c3cbe995c60f7	14q.24.3
6c21ea42acedc002db96162614664429d3dd776d	AD4
1d32feb739de8fc6cc71f9a01ec1b99f6846358e	Presenilin 2
442e04df7ff4bf837aa1aa4e0c3eeb32a74ea5f4	1q.24.3
509dfd0a6dc6b6e727dc6ef087fdca930bcf1271	* Early manifestation of the disease before 65, later after 65 years.
b0dbd685eb4c345275d026ef30b6443175e527b5	1.2 Biochemistry and morphology of the disease development
5c47440f593f311156036c34f8c9520222ff746a	When examining the brain of deceased patients, atrophy is revealed, especially pronounced in the associative zones of the neocortex, hippocapal and parahippocapal structures, along with a noticeable expansion of the lateral ventricles.
d1c34be6a72cefac043dfa3353debea1b4fd6374	Most of all senile plaques are found in the cortex and limbic structures, in addition, amyloid deposits are observed in the walls of blood vessels of the brain - cortical and meningial arteries, arterioles, capillaries and (to a lesser extent) in veins.
1c522a7066e8375e123a58e9973939070d42ca81	Amyloid deposits are mainly localized on the abluminal membrane of these vessels.
4083d8028f8f4a85c37784e5533cba409968e468	The number of vessels damaged by amyloid clusters can vary greatly in different cases of AD with the same" density " of senile plaques.
bfa5543abaeb782bb6cd6077b624e5999f94e02c	It should be noted that similar amyloid deposits in a small amount and with a limited distribution in limbic structures are also found in the brains of elderly people who do not suffer from AD.
54fdfbb79abb30846ef4aa64674286ba51a695a3	In addition to senile plaques, intraneuronal cytoplasmic filamentous structures - neurofibrillary plexuses were found in the brains of most patients who died from AD.
3c6b22e68c13e40de883c1e9ee1534dd39dbc67a	Most often, they are present in the bodies of those neurons whose degenerated axons are located in the area of senile plaques.
ae77c2640f9b9d512019868e208bb120d796e15c	Numerous neurofibrillary plexuses are found in the neurons of the associative and limbic regions of the cortex, as well as in the neurons of the subcortical nuclei.
7c011445adc05a3dbdf6b9188709568f2b2c6bf7	At the same time, such plexuses are very rare in other brain structures that are minimally affected in AD, for example, in the cerebellum [1].
f58efb9a0d03b79ef53e62bf5ac38ce33ad7c393	Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are characteristic, but not specific signs of AD.
b28ce98ed4f1761caa87113739dfeb15a17b38a8	Similar changes can be detected in healthy people during the aging process and in various other neurodegenerative diseases [7].
45de35336d54333a880a59637343ae26bf150d5a	Chemical composition of senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease [1]
6cd3ebdc6287fbf755b582f7fc1f3a8ed178fe3c	Connection groups
b68e58fe56fffa948d6ae4840496ad156532a12b	Substances found in senile plaques
5ced77dd4483758e3fb1c2b247049a3019a021cf	B Amyloid protein (B A)
8d8b9876768c28bf2cc3ad70acb8f24f8307b793	Proteoglycans: heparin sulfate, keratin sulfate, dermatan sulfate.
0a0d5c008d231b95333c0a511338be67056d6c47	Apolipoproteins: ApoE, ApoJ
4802f12126ab71a0bdf2699e8665bca7e82407a1	Enzymes
3ac112803814ba201eb84fd3e631b0496fc5f85d	Acidic proteases(cathepsins B,D)
492b9d37ffe3635650d9cf7f5a17f32d0e7c52e7	Glucose metabolism enzymes: glucosidase, hexoamidase
9bbfeeac44847fe63e489d6f034fc0148039ce83	Aryl Sulfatase
11a9b7ea7b60daeb423a999100642e1291c74ce5	Acid Phosphotase
c8456c7bfa453627067ab039c991cb5ec1387ea0	Cholinesterase
4547c907f0154ee9b6ca53fdcdf089e8f7b0e21d	Complement: C1q, C4, C5
c16dff67c5170dba295e1b542d74336cb5a2ecee	Protease inhibitors
4ab6ca5cb2b24fa62738984d3291e4b1bd48c60e	Cysteine protease inhibitor
70e2d0a88981819fe92a099bff0b05e73ea9d65d	Serine protease inhibitors: antichymotrypsin, antitrypsin, antithrombin
6355a64a201d538e7b91d439522298448ddef364	Substances contained in small quantities
be4f82fcc89341c6d750f5977d23b5d97f71c751	Glycyration products
ea60a1be7c638e1d2de3b1b9cd00761c655f3491	Metal ions: Al2+, Zn2+
0a6f8d088fb4bdff59e3aeedcdeae646d0781e53	The main component of senile plaques is b amyloid protein, which accounts for up to 25% of the dry weight of plaques.
dbd245edf62839372a4feac8bb756e837c0d9864	The presence of proteoglycans and apolipoproteins in senile plaques is interesting because their ability to significantly accelerate the fibrillogenesis of synthetic amyloid has been established in vitro.
4418cf7b9b250868b571155fd1f4277493b9faec	The detection of aluminum ions in senile plaques served as the basis for the assumption of the toxic effect of this element as the cause of AD.
62a2bff8c0a5fefeb80ed2b3220707b267d3174a	However, more thorough studies carried out in recent years have shown that the penetration of aluminum into the brain and its binding to neurons is a secondary phenomenon caused by a violation of the protective functions of the blood - brain barrier.
036e26949752b880fd9447576f13a2daa8ef300f	The picture of pathological changes associated with a sharp increase in the intracellular concentration of calcium ions in AD is supplemented by disorders caused by the activation of calpain - protease by Ca2+ ions, the main substrate of which is neurofibrillar proteins (tubulin, spectrin, etc.).
62752dc1db76fe5cf43c42781ebad5f6351f886b	A noticeable increase in the activity of calpain is a characteristic sign of AD; at the same time, the cytoskeleton of neurons is destroyed and the formation of neurofibrillar plexuses and strands [1].
b530286a6c804e18f1776a0861d0063f3130be9a	Currently, several possible biochemical mechanisms of the development of this disease have been identified, among them: the ability of aggregated B A to enhance free radical processes in the brain, its ability to initiate apoptosis processes, an increase in excitotoxicity of excitatory amino acids in amyloids, a sharp violation of Ca2+ homeostasis in neurons mediated by the accumulation of B A, etc. (formulated by the author, citir. according to [1]).
540c529dd8eb0de28b8da01c7d418f9d9f591321	Many experts believe that all the described biochemical mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of AD, as well as a number of other neurodegenerative diseases.
3e62011f30313e2c6c047267ac90d5ed13d4dc8a	The relative role of each of them is determined by the individual characteristics of the body and the stage of the pathological process.
9d266bf5c8379e9d1983615e0ea9c0717a18476f	Deep degenerative damage to many brain structures in AD is accompanied by a violation of the functioning of almost all neurotransmitter systems.
43622bb0aa35abfe76ed0c6bb00ac5bbf5927930	In senile dementia, the lesion of the cholinergic system is much more pronounced (compared with other neurodegenerative diseases).
2734ca480e31f23c1006f23558f2cb16b4f73ada	It was found that the release of AH from the vesicles into the synaptic cleft, as well as the process of choline reuptake, was significantly slowed down in the brains of patients with AD [1].
f3dfc3ce1ee07dbd78b3cab857d40c38b4e3efc7	The sequence of molecular events leading to the development of Alzheimer's disease:
e5a23db0b7a15760cbe49dba1002db329d3ee34b	Missense mutations in the genes ARP, PS1,PS2
7a38d8cbd20d9932ba948efaa364bb62651d5ad4	v
efb7a3444027c1e274a8e269045648c303b53359	Altered proteolysis of ARP
48d65660adccac2dd782234ea5a641f5744e3616	Increased education in A 42 or general in A
3a2a15ca10c50fb09d31cb509f9672d4454cb921	Progressive accumulation of insoluble aggregates in A 42 in the intercellular space of the brain
3489f95f74387098a49e44305b8b8cdd78283034	Deposition of aggregated B 42 in the form of diffuse plaques
383aa9171fad0d670bb8b19a0e7c5b6b23e56b48	(in combination with proteoglycans and other amyloid activating substrates)
4c93e4e588d3d6cefadc863f4b9b0197def42269	Aggregation in A 42 in diffuse plaques in A 42
d8a45de7568760f5716e1849f1f12f903a31217a	Accumulation of certain proteins associated with plaques
5b8d018c4a3127c7826e502e4b6bb8214408bbc2	"Inflammatory response":
1871c93bb3dadeb8405a878184f537110d8d4971	* activation of microglia and release of cytokines
cbcd2ca820a7887d4bf7153b93ee48b240502c66	* astrocytosis and protein release
36e1710abca13d702b6ee0543c0badff3df8d154	Progressive destruction of neurites
7f84e18ef85475f5993229286b53038e56f2b7f1	inside the amyloid plaques and in the neuropile
a9afe86976fa7c2c203e74946bc1ce502f8dbe44	Violation of metabolic and ionic homeostasis
3d5c5c49ce39e13bf21014d03da3d9e85d6fc4b5	in neurons; oxidative damage
14e6f5307d2c0ed24ce53b8a2ca5bd9aefc0871f	Modified kinase phosphotase
12a4971d7e84d30fbb1ad3b69cbe006e64566d6c	activity >hyperphosphorylation of ph >formation of PHF
64f25b772e0c6278096d58c52bbc30d24cd81924	Spreading neuronal neuritic dysfunction and
80182bea1e7384d44843f3d6201c3fd2321c5da7	death of hippocampal and cortical cells with
6dd9db43c6d5d6e9bbc9215dc26b64918088840f	progressive neurotransmitter deficiency
087522e1e268730864c1d1a18aa79f540a39c214	dementia
1fec3da9a04bb0aa7a9461a9bb4897b520ec55a9	Some progress has been made in the search for substances that slow down the aggregation of secreted B A into a fibrillar cytotoxic form.
b6f4f2561316d93f6cc8b4484606d0f548a3fe01	The search for such substances is very promising, because their interaction with B and ensembles in the extracellular space of the brain will help to avoid interference with the metabolism and functions of the soluble fragment of the APP [1].
38d3fa116c08421ac780b1461ca30fbb1f9ee18e	2. Clinical manifestations
82540dfd584b9d3c152c6a0d26c757e5c5ba0ceb	The average duration of the disease is about 10 years [2,3].
4af10f711b57853638fc9f83e3ea70d9304ee6d9	There is a weakening, primarily of short term memory, up to the loss of the ability to navigate in the simplest everyday situations; disorders of the emotional sphere, cognitive and motor functions.
0cadca097b64847807cfaf2cc43211b13ff89dcd	The current state of the problem:
75d012d78258da5bd5025ce69da4867ab129a3ae	A new human gene called humain (humain, HN) has been cloned and sequenced.
9b5b97f51669e0b8387e7c0b40a7c112816f1fce	This gene encodes a protein that prevents the death of neurons during mutations in the genes that cause familial BA - the presenilins 1 and 2 genes, the ARP gene.
fa293625acec41df87d0000030edbe9924be18b6	In addition, humaine affects the death of neurons caused by the expression of the amyloid peptide in A [9].
8aa2a7be12ec61d8b55624214880a00331c064ce	Proinflammatory cytokines can play a role in the pathogenesis of AD, and one of the genes of predisposition to the development of this disease is mapped on chromosome 6 in the region of localization of the gene of one of these cytokines, tumor necrosis factor - TNF...
ccd0d160288f17c8346c25db994c69d7fdbede1c	[8].
8f4277021a7a331e2acc2e7f2e8cd202f20fc5ae	Relatives of patients with AD showed signs of dysfunction of deep brain structures.
05727663318f7d4f1d6b3aeaeeeb293751ece5ba	The changes are more pronounced in relatives of patients with familial BA [10].
40bfa533589785537a863c168499b3104e8b0aee	One of the risk factors is a low educational qualification (it increases by 1.8 times).
d4ad7a96769c246c57f7370d9bac7510c50c8f6c	With a daily drinking of 3 glasses of wine, the risk of AD is 2 times less.
9525e54bff9cada49608e10a4aee09e386092bae	Risk factors include: high concentration of cholesterol and high density lipoproteins, increased platelet aggregation capacity, unbalanced diet.
9fed9655d5e1926abaaadd76d2b8646caa5c47dc	The preventive effect of wine is explained by the presence of antioxidant polyphenols in it.
df1180950688b368fef92113e9eb084f124d524a	The probability of developing AD is affected by the degree of mental and physical activity [6].
6c5a5c5785996033745bed4aed414ef41468bc44	It was found that the brain of elderly people and patients with AD contains a high concentration of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV 1).
222feb33ec8c5a847c333d8531cae84a9e648426	It was noted that HSV 1 represents a high risk of AD development in individuals with a carrier of the apolipoprotein E gene allele.
2d367c55e7639fc0d8d0c7525c42512a34f858cd	PCR was used to check the content of other herpes family viruses in the brains of patients with AD: herpes virus type 6, HSV 2 and CMV.
8d45b5b315c8c37b4ed64ea47e2259c3b5bf915b	Marked.
8b446df92ff3ed106974203de99a733aff54412a	That the brain of patients with AD also contains large amounts of the herpes virus type 6 [11].
78150243228d9c3657adb48a34a75f8a2d171af3	The diagnosis of the early stages of AD remains a complex clinical task, but the development of radioisotope methods for studying the brain, especially PECT, allows us to hope for a quick solution to this problem.
c75eca9e8f19ff57015f87570f3f15b65b4c2fa3	The conducted studies have shown a decrease in cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism in the temporoparietal regions in patients with early stages of AD.
dfb234d2cafd497bf0c33c076a20c331f17a60f6	It has been shown that PECT detects AD with an accuracy of >90% 2.5 g earlier than clinical diagnostic methods, such as EEG, etc ., allow [4].
a7a7399fdc8be262abddc20ae6dfbd744cdfb6c6	The role of genetic, cellular and biological genetic engineering research is emphasized.
9d7d097f49e4e59e968a9cbdf9784558f12ee035	The potential of antiamyloid vaccines, gamma secretase inhibitors, B A aggregation blockers, and copper removing chelates is also considered [5].
ac827542ca1e73c17727f2697397461f6bf23967	In this regard, Alzheimer's disease can be considered as a kind of model for the development of methodological aspects of DNA testing in multifactorial human diseases.
84fcdc9b0abdcb703511c1138dd2a6c6de9cc775	The experience of such diagnostics in the world is available only in a relatively small number of well equipped laboratories specializing in the molecular genetic analysis of this disease [2].
cfc3e1209a97e3f1a81d7afbdd763cb700b73be0	Despite the well studied genetic and biochemical mechanisms of the disease development, effective measures to combat and prevent the occurrence of this pathology that could actually be applied in practice have not yet been found.
fce163b78b6c5fa43c3a3d205516915f4098a2cb	I think this is a question of the near future, judging by the intensity with which the search in this direction is going on.
a2e799b096148229ad1e721766a3585b48203fe1	Eshchenko N. D. Biochemistry of mental and nervous diseases.
2a55e2934e7a4ffe6e1ceada0add8df9d86e631c	- St. Petersburg: Publishing House of St. Petersburg.
578545639b3225595766a683cd9cdbb9b0a6167d	Un ta, 2004-200 p.
50c1b99b3d284055d728454fdcb1231a202411ed	Illarioshkin S. N., Ivanova Smolenskaya I.
b19fe9ddb63898b3a136641978d5d7c8f59f1e9c	A., Markova E. D. DNA diagnostics and medical genetic counseling in neurology.
9c45595ceed6d56255f250ef67388f2a7d22f370	- Moscow: Med. inf. ag vo, 2002-591 p.
b3d598996dd05056dee37c394658b3d1aaec572f	Hereditary diseases of the nervous system: hands for doctors /Edited by Yu.
980e190ddf7ceff6d8fe2245bd0c4a49685883c5	E. Veltischev, P.
ec74f86152b15f334a03787ed1b0c3538e1029d5	A. Temin M.: Medicine, 1998-496 p.
d2f9ba39775cf8c8a91f211872f6ae08f74e5ec4	Radioisotope image of the brain and diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease / Li Jian Nan, Shang Yu Kun / / Di er junyi daxue xuebao = Acad.
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adf85b34afa870bd9f8c75ab49d6aa4a5f1cbb58	Alzheimers disease and related dementias: The road to intervention // Exp.
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d69404b332336df115887439f0c9def98f319d37	433-437 (RS, Biology, Genetics and Cytology, Genetics of neurological diseases, 2003, No. 7).
bc291dbcf6b76e59501000ec1c566e3589cef0b1	Alzheimer: Letude Paquid / Letenneur L. / / Biofutur. 2001.
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cfc631b42e6bba2824c349d5e3176f56120df650	16 (RS, Biology, Human and Animal Physiology, General and theoretical problems of normal and pathological physiology, 2002, No. 12).
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f8ae4db396353d8c8a4279ba064ba627f299f8fb	Association of a. haplotipe for tumor necrosis factor in siblings with late onset Alzheimer disease.
008b57688a873c984368b320c7477b9d0f6a36d7	The NIMH Alzheimer disease genetics initiative/ Collins Julianne S.,Perry Rodney T. u. a.
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2d3c7afd0aff11f289dae870572cdd1272ef5d77	A B C G D E F Z I K L M N O P R S T U F X C H W W E Y I
71af65d771e9aae7a1d29d26eca6c8b01ea8e307	What is Alzheimer's Disease What Provokes / Causes of Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis (what happens?) during Alzheimer's Disease Symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease Which doctors should you contact if you have Alzheimer's Disease
ad6ca066d966a219ff71b199b3d6b740f8a5eea9	What is Alzheimer's Disease?
25bfd740b343a2809e10c76d8544767a2e3cb0e2	Alzheimer's disease (also senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type) is the most common form of dementia, an incurable degenerative disease first described in 1906 by the German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer.
a0f40c6261d6d6bc2db3f4c911cfece39f23c7d1	As a rule, it is found in people over 65 years of age, but there is also early Alzheimer's disease - a rare form of the disease.
66c5da1e3c792b2290443f8e6886826634b3e65b	The global morbidity rate for 2006 was estimated at 26.6 million people, and by 2050 the number of patients may increase fourfold.
301e7bbc6779547e45c6b47a12902e73929103ed	Each person has a different disease, but there are a number of common symptoms.
1c27d9ee907580785a64bc65f5f6ee1b05a956f4	The first noticeable manifestations are usually mistakenly associated with old age or explained by the influence of stress.
c2ec0677b96bc5d4af660d955ca0fdad81c5da2a	Most often, a memory disorder is recognized in the early stages, this symptom can manifest itself, for example, by an inability to recall recently memorized information.
3b36e73db5555a03aeda306a631c0c54aaa4ac65	When contacting a doctor and Alzheimer's disease is suspected, behavior is usually analyzed to clarify the diagnosis, a series of cognitive tests are performed, if possible, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is performed.
ed0fb3b563217aa4d04dfcf109a0a6aa91a74801	With the development of the disease, symptoms such as confusion, irritability and aggressiveness, mood fluctuations, the ability to speak and understand what is said (aphasia) is impaired, there is a loss of long term memory and general self withdrawal of the patient from business as consciousness fades.
d56ef0518def4d96fa800dfa1ba841c1ca45217f	The gradual loss of body functions leads to death.
c1fd5f0fdc8ea78116047a149b20419d6f0d5986	Individual prognosis is difficult due to variations in the duration of the disease, which can develop latently for a long time before symptoms become noticeable and a diagnosis is made.
28bacc20dc5508863dc2376e8293e6353285313b	The average life expectancy after diagnosis is about seven years, less than three percent of patients live more than fourteen years.
2a3ca16f33693d3ae490835d024f0668bc255b5a	Studies indicate an association of the disease with the accumulation of plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in brain tissues.
c13424ef750fc752ab0d91762a811e421ff154db	Modern methods of therapy only slightly mitigate the symptoms, but so far they do not allow either to slow down or stop the development of the disease.
821903c2815d7540d1c0374a1c14450e387b0f29	Both to prevent and to combat the disease, it is often recommended to exercise, stimulate thinking and adhere to a balanced diet.
a5725b5171a309929f55ee68ca42508a63f9f4e8	Alzheimer's disease is one of the diseases that impose the heaviest financial burden on society in developed countries.
94c28325c4f76bc98c0d05979213bb342fdc5881	Epidemiology
5a14e65347a367fdd625ac9e9ac84ba8aa78c0ae	The two main indicators used in epidemiological studies are the incidence and prevalence of the disease (morbidity).
e90d3c8830ec9b39423f7f8a052530eb74ce7ed3	Morbidity reflects the number of new cases per unit of person time (usually the number of new cases per thousand person years), and morbidity indicates the total number of people affected by the disease in the population at a particular time.
65952c1c73ff0750643097f4cc8a413782850ee2	Cohort longitudinal studies (during which the initially healthy population is tracked for many years) indicate an incidence of 10-15 new cases per thousand person years for all types of dementia and 5-8 cases for Alzheimer's disease, which is approximately half of the total number of annual diagnoses.
31fb6381de7f978ed231497c9ffe9880f6bbedad	Old age is the main risk factor, which is reflected in statistics: for every five years after the age of 65, the risk indicator increases approximately twice, growing from 3 cases in 65 years to 69 cases per thousand person years by 95 years.
857d3d10e82f71cc6274fb8afb38140748c80e0d	There are also gender differences - women are more likely to develop Alzheimer's disease, especially after the age of 85.
495e990bdb90a4c6ae01b5c8f5f55c2a08993539	In the group of 75-84 years, this indicator was already 19 %, and among citizens whose age exceeded 84 years, the prevalence of the disease was 42 %. In less developed countries, the prevalence of the disease is lower.
2ab303b443f1d226f90ce53478cce4481fba729c	According to WHO, in 2005, 0.379% of the world's population suffered from dementia, and the forecast for 2015 reaches a value of 0.441 % and an even larger percentage of the population, 0.556 %, may be affected by the disease by 2030.
4084d3129681f5d7f4c4464baa1d5bcac963372b	The authors of other works come to similar conclusions.
74a3e6dc6046013faf8e5770f98979b5129bacd4	Another study says that in 2006, the prevalence of the disease in the world was 0.40 % (a spread of 0.17-0.89 %, the absolute number is 26.6 million people, with a spread of 11.4-59.4 million) and predicts that the share indicator will triple, and the absolute number of patients will quadruple by 2050.
fa038568ea8e1c905349d5cbd20b3892d8aed4fe	What Provokes / Causes of Alzheimer's Disease :
184736c8695b9009f18ab599a97044d6fc41b12a	Microscopic image of a neurofibrillary tangle formed by hyperphosphorylated tau protein.
59f620f8ac590c8d1dee4e0acd6f0a429cbd0216	The explanation of the possible causes of the disease is proposed in three main competing hypotheses.
7fae5607022499ea41198232628f8d9b1f28efdd	According to the oldest "cholinergic hypothesis", on which most existing therapies are based, Alzheimer's disease is caused by a reduced synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetyl choline.
fef2c981f1495af16d8f7e1a869d20a94e5d38f5	Support for this hypothesis has weakened, since medications designed to correct acetylcholine deficiency have low effectiveness.
4e6939025e08cb33cd9cb0c030ad81427e2a17f1	Other cholinergic effects are assumed, for example, the initiation of large scale amyloid aggregation, leading to a generalized neuroinflammatory process.
3cbf4401207b008e8a7d3c655457c4a2b169adf0	In 1991, the "amyloid hypothesis" was proposed, according to which the underlying cause of the disease is the deposition of beta amyloid (Aß).
3e4e1ed3cc0902d10ac955a06b619d3398159a9e	The gene encoding the protein (APP) from which beta amyloid is formed is located on chromosome 21.
099661799fdbfa050600534f57db6a516585bc88	An interesting fact in support of the amyloid hypothesis is that almost all people who have lived to 40 years of age suffering from Down syndrome (an additional copy of chromosome 21 or its section), Alzheimer's like pathology is detected.
55629a8968f755671be593154029ce68589ab5a8	In addition, APOE4, the main genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, leads to an excessive accumulation of amyloid in brain tissues even before the onset of symptoms.
3b513dfa05d95a6e63818b8a2594c7f370708635	Moreover, in transgenic mice whose bodies produce a mutant form of the human APP gene, fibrillar amyloid plaques are deposited in the brain and other pathological signs characteristic of Alzheimer's disease are noted.
2b6e73634fadb8bb11c14dfb68ce35bae85ad640	An experimental vaccine demonstrated the ability to clear the brain of amyloid plaques in early human trials, but did not have a significant effect on dementia.
025c7e1a82416a91e55c30451dbfade7b6f50ed1	There was no strong correlation between plaque accumulation and neuronal loss.
0dec93678e57772034bd48a8c0d6da36658c09ac	This supports the tau hypothesis, according to which the cascade of disorders is triggered by deviations in the structure of the tau protein.
34e94497be8091eff3ef24e3d679b348d1ecb2af	Presumably, the strands of hyperphosphorylated tau protein begin to unite with each other, eventually forming neurofibrillary tangles inside nerve cells.
d755afdc3d0af01271949e0425a71d69259bd547	This causes the disintegration of microtubules and the collapse of the transport system inside the neuron, leading first to a violation of the biochemical signal transmission between cells, and then to the death of the cells themselves.
ac7450ee7faa9284468cba66bef004fa7fb292e5	Pathogenesis (what is happening?) during Alzheimer's Disease :
de19ee37bd70eaadbe2a5df6ee19fcfb04ef7e8a	Studies of the pathogenesis and pathomorphology of Alzheimer's disease at the moment with great certainty indicate that Alzheimer's disease is most likely heterogeneous in pathogenetic terms.
5867b21428d842be26d49cadf77dfc36b7718a4f	Thus, one of the hypotheses of the occurrence of Alzheimer's disease is based on intracerebral amyloid deposition, which is characteristic, however, not for all cases of Alzheimer's disease.
f86802426b32fecc38c8dd798d9f5236c7f06971	Intracerebral deposition of pathological amyloid protein, or b amyloidprotein, in addition to Alzheimer's disease, is possible with Down syndrome, congenital cerebral hematomas with Dutch type amyloidosis and normal aging. b amyloidprotein is an insoluble derivative of a large transmembrane glycoprotein, or amyloid precursor protein (amyloid precursor protein, APP).
e30f82b2efe5bf80d6bbe97a120e3e07da064a4d	The mechanism of deposition of amyloidoprotein b is currently unknown.
756b0566f84099618e2e576eee1cc2deceb6d0f5	One of the proposed hypotheses is a point gene mutation, as a result of which a pathological b amyloidprotein is formed.
c137f5986fd1873e87f5bab2037bc836f41c204e	However, this hypothesis is not fully proven today.
6ff8aee3f48468ffc6c11754bee1697e6fb82b4d	A number of predisposing factors leading to the transition of soluble ARP to insoluble b amyloidprotein can be noted.
1f7865d77c1fab575682476f8fa5447c23e7a5c1	These are, in particular, a shift in the pH of the intercellular medium to the acidic side, insufficient mitochondrial oxidation processes, an increase in the content of free radicals.
9b5c58fed134ed2e2b309f37d3cb12f04f5e28ba	M. D. Smyth et al. suggest that in Alzheimer's disease there is a decrease in the activity of lysosomal hydrolases, which, in turn, may be the cause of impaired resorption of amyloidprotein b.
933db8799a4e3227d3f7ab167bf6451a10a903ad	However, in the literature devoted to the pathomorphology of Alzheimer's disease, opposite results are also given.
bd6ff9c8c64f8b8c30f150f95443a42e1f0442b5	Fibrillar amyloid is deposited in the walls of cerebral vessels and in the parenchyma of the brain in the form of so called "senile plaques".
6a8a9bd1458e2723e7f356d72ee5b75ca2fa77d7	The deposition of amyloid leads to the death of neurons located near the senile plaques.
608dd0042ac7c004321404d8a4da4b9dea902b3f	One hypothesis explaining this phenomenon is the activation of b amyloidotic neuronal calcium channels (with increasing levels of intracellular calcium) and the development of free radical oxidation of neuronal membranes.
799ea716aa2151d53642475ee3da275a0bd8c99f	A. J. Anderson et al. assume that nineronline and neuronal cell death in Alzheimer's disease the result of the expression of apoptosis growingmore (cjun) due to the impact of APP and b melodramen, which is consistent with the activation of NMD Receptorul with subsequent increased entry of Ca2+ into the cell and the development of free radical oxidation.
47c79a230893bec6c29661110dde30428e7d458a	A direct toxic effect of amyloid on glial structures is also possible.
f3f1341cbfba3974b6283340670494805dacff32	A. McRae et al. it has been experimentally shown that in Alzheimer's disease, microglial macrophages are activated as a result of the presumably direct toxic effect of amyloid.
e88c90a00598f6850991fb0c06522ead09e30d2b	This data is also confirmed by other researchers.
b4a8b96491e4831ee5e8633b34d0da228e546d10	The result of microglia activation can be the destruction of neurons.
cb009bf006de5c2241a5fb4fd3e13115c53033b7	R. B. Banati et al. the results indicate the ability of activated microglia in Alzheimer's disease to de novo synthesize b amyloidprotein, which, accordingly, can ensure the cyclicity and progrediency of the pathological process.
2e484c491e1be932ed245c5e1afdd42eaad76308	Recent studies indicate the possible involvement of the complement protein in the classical pathway leading to the formation of senile plaques.
c233a507ff910ac6a49336447a6f765d5955cf40	Spherical protein SP 40,40 of the human complement system in various forms is part of the amyloidoprotein b and is able to attack the complement, also containing Sprotein, through the membrane.
0a6ed854042e212098c96db13d63708cb9637ecb	Activation of the classical complement cascade implements cell lysis.
84bb4d2a68c23e0db0c1a05d0b44766e9d478016	In combination with reactive changes in microglia and an increase in the content of cytokines, these changes, in turn, can lead to the development of neuronal degeneration.
4b4341be3fc5bde6484365f42bebd5e70c657090	According to A. Afagh et al., senile plaques positive for the presence of complement are typical for Alzheimer's disease and do not occur in the absence of dementia.
cfd24a2a5fd934e6f89a4b4160544cb308110091	Microglial reactivity and astrogliosis correlate with the presence of complement positive amyloid deposits.
83d8530d8cbb3cd763369d49fc73be06d050b7c8	Another characteristic morphological feature of Alzheimer's disease is intracellular intraneuronal plexuses, which are altered microtubules of the cytoskeleton.
e500a4948e294fafc0d651d5e49aef08bf71a0de	The main composition of neurofibrillary plexuses is hyperphosphorylated tau protein (tauP).
9e338323c9bcce877f5de2433ae0a23c606e8b23	Neurofibrillary plexuses are not strictly a morphological criterion for Alzheimer's disease; their presence has been described in various cerebral degenerations (frontotemporal atrophy, progressive supranuclear paralysis, etc.).
e121c3546487f2ee87d52fa8ec27296a847d504b	Most researchers currently deny the independent pathogenetic significance of tauP; most likely, neurofibrillary plexuses are the result of massive and generalized death of brain cells.
a03b6f7107451f0a78b6aeb1ab80c3ffc5676322	One of the possible components of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease is the formation of pathological forms of apolipoprotein E.
c35bb559aba53c55d1de17c1861b425c664ba93b	Thus, according to T. Lehtimaki et al., the probability of Alzheimer's disease increases by 18 times in individuals carrying heterozygous or homozygous forms of apolipoprotein E e4.
eeaa6ed39131c8e099d0c3cde9fcce43a1ed3c3b	This data is confirmed by other researchers.
15c77d50e7c93271bde54b3c5f5d7db39cc86ffb	The high affinity of pathological forms of apolipoprotein E to the amyloid protein and participation in the transport of tauP may contribute to the development of morphological changes characteristic of Alzheimer's disease.
68096f19d7b9bc2ec338355faeae59bedc877615	Symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease :
03dc729c687b79244b7efc61800f3eca874a937e	Pre dementia
d967ed6abd8ac09b408666372a98ae9681b41cc8	The earliest cognitive difficulties are detected in some people with detailed neurocognitive testing eight years before diagnosis.
2a35fc451c624272d923bd61dfe71faa4c3c6094	These initial symptoms can affect the performance of the most difficult everyday tasks.
72383b57129c62ba3adc0a622e1dc9da307f0140	The most noticeable is a memory disorder that manifests itself in difficulty when trying to recall recently learned facts and in the inability to assimilate new information.
1f7df615e6fe373a821785106719e4a055c44cba	Subtle problems of executive functions: concentration, planning, cognitive flexibility and abstract thinking, or a violation of semantic memory (memory of the meaning of words, the relationship of concepts), can also be a symptom of the early stages of Alzheimer's disease.
cb1e25bea0cfdb98f6fbcb9ff1e43ce3f41b64cc	At this stage, apathy may be noted, which remains the most stable neuropsychiatric symptom throughout the disease.
0f7169c60f8a4028bd58b9bc084ea903cad190bc	The preclinical stage is also called "mild cognitive impairment", but there is a debate about whether to use the latter name to refer to the first stage of Alzheimer's disease or to allocate it to a separate diagnostic unit.
3355572b2747b14c3fc8e8637e8be7a664800b86	Early dementia
2f2ed9d001115cd9ac4a9f43c1d4e50683f5622b	In a small number of patients, it is not memory disorders that come to the fore, but speech disorders, executive functions, perception or motor disorders (apraxia).
647341be1bd80be341963610a807482bb5fc0db0	The disease affects different aspects of memory in different ways.
b513b1062344f11098ac5871f2bb5abbed4fc182	Old memories of one's own life (episodic memory), long memorized facts (semantic memory), implicit memory (unconscious "memory of the body" about a sequence of actions, for example, how to use cutlery) are less susceptible to disorder compared to new facts or memories.
1b4db56608913a786005453eb3630e0fdfce1c4c	Aphasia is mainly characterized by a depleted vocabulary and reduced fluency of speech, which generally weakens the ability to verbally and in writing express thoughts.
7dd1f78c1eacd3e1151acb34c440db67d6e389eb	At this stage of the disease, a person is usually able to adequately operate with simple concepts in speech communication.
b8850afc9ff2428725447ad168ae161ad16e5088	When drawing, writing, putting on clothes and other tasks with ispo due to the use of fine motor skills, a person may seem awkward due to certain problems with coordination and planning of movements.
5f99245c1cc34602ede25af9a09ffab3ef740087	As the disease develops, a person is often quite capable of performing many tasks independently, but he may need help or supervision when trying to perform manipulations that require special cognitive efforts.
3fa61ae89b0b37b4a079729f345f578a2b345690	Moderate dementia
4c25e32011c09dd7135c80347d6bf26cb71736de	The ability to act independently decreases due to the progressive deterioration of the condition.
9e1860e5209c9ba305a85fd98d9bc59379bc9860	There is also a loss of reading and writing skills.
4b6f35bce97c7adf3ca31dde154bf8a6b7b42137	Over time, coordination is increasingly disrupted when performing complex sequences of movements, which reduces a person's ability to cope with most everyday tasks.
90a23b27c4e4e9cf4d8d00011f6179fb8bf1dd40	At this stage, memory problems increase, and the patient may not recognize close relatives.
27ac270561bf581392dd49a0bae583c966720a4f	Previously intact long term memory is also disrupted and behavioral deviations become more noticeable.
61779112af076e6eda80c41ee2086d095526d4ec	Common are such neuropsychiatric manifestations as vagrancy, evening exacerbation (English sundowning), irritability and emotional lability, manifested in crying, spontaneous aggression, or in resistance to care.
6c635d6dfa1183e0e8c02a77d9d7fe18f9db0105	False identification syndrome and other symptoms of delirium develop in about 30 % of patients.
539641d426a8e777a008f0c92fe5aa03af691856	Urinary incontinence may develop.
fef6e57ac056a7288cb1b18c0f1d123926d5827f	In the relatives of the patient and the persons caring for him, these symptoms cause stress, which can be mitigated by moving the patient from under home supervision to an inpatient institution.
9b74bef7828c435ca2bf6ec8e3d1c572e13710d0	Severe dementia
3646f3a0af7c6e680c9e75dd6ddedf68e85cc2b6	Language proficiency is reduced to the use of single phrases and even individual words, and as a result, speech is completely lost.
f82fe8bc550699b073d94dcfa7ccf6cab38c61f7	Despite the loss of verbal skills, patients are often able to understand and reciprocate emotional appeals to them.
7512e09c3319527d3e7ab93bd5dfce03e2e44041	Although at this stage there may still be manifestations of aggression, much more often the patient's condition is characterized by apathy and exhaustion, and from some point he is unable to carry out even the simplest action without someone else's help.
03e9a20d71e4226c08586f388902aaf7c7e517cf	The patient loses muscle mass, moves with difficulty and at a certain stage is unable to leave the bed, and then eat independently.
f1bba6132b4328a673e6e338b4afc435367796cb	Death usually occurs due to an external factor, such as a bedsore ulcer or pneumonia, and not due to Alzheimer's disease itself.
614f58485ed441201ffb94f506cf59bceb56618c	Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease :
2577ad69b4ac3e0073f688be416f8cf7ef9464c2	The clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease is usually based on the patient's history (life history), the history of his relatives and clinical observations (hereditary history), while taking into account characteristic neurological and neuropsychological signs and excluding alternative diagnoses.
11e51fec5a5fb6253bf2fd348c038e52edda8582	In order to distinguish the disease from other pathologies and varieties of dementia, complex methods of medical imaging can be used - computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, photon emission computed tomography or Positron emission tomography.[90] For a more accurate assessment of the state, testing of intelligent functions, including memory, is carried out.
d97d5370aa416ec57d244b221206623af7a8c584	Sometimes the diagnosis is confirmed or established postmortem by histological analysis of brain tissues.
f73d14282ac927a2799a3ed3c6a476c9deba41df	Diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease
a35d3ca9968c28b47b454043281da15cb982df12	For the final confirmation of the diagnosis, a histopathological analysis of brain tissues is necessary, and during the reconciliation of lifetime diagnoses according to criteria with post mortem analysis, good statistical reliability and verifiability were noted.
b9d7e39bcbf062add5af98b092e0df15b151200b	Most often, disorders in Alzheimer's disease affect eight domains: memory, language skills, the ability to perceive the environment, constructive abilities, orientation in the space time of one's own personality, problem solving skills, functioning, self sufficiency.
378da384b7d53d62dec4004bcffc59a150e4321b	These domains are equivalent to the NINCDS ADRDA criteria listed in DSM IV TR.
04ba4d3f21e8b804397bcbbff5ee5a90e69504da	Diagnostic tools
c460ee190816fb70ac762f0ee91cd13c6b5525b9	To obtain reliable results, more detailed test sets are required, especially in the early stages of the disease.
d9130292ef2d153122f20a06ead3822dee3adad0	At the beginning of the disease, a neurological examination usually does not show anything unusual, except for obvious cognitive abnormalities that may resemble ordinary dementia.
6bf47f61c7843931e227a3cfb38b9945c3561795	In view of this, an extended neurological study is important for the differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and other diseases.
b82a84d09677d6b48906fcf3def749e7b4461d10	A conversation with family members is also used to assess the course of the disease, since relatives can provide important information about the level of daily activity of a person and about the gradual decline in his thinking abilities.
797f33e86cbffa971073c95c20efec373ae90440	Since the patient himself usually does not notice violations, the point of view of the people caring for him is especially important.
2799a12da536e400d3f89325c8820d9db563afa1	At the same time, in many cases, the early symptoms of dementia go unnoticed in the family and the doctor receives inaccurate information from relatives.
57a0be01519101fcae5f1733362504ab7484a96b	A blood test can reveal alternative causes of dementia, which sometimes even respond to therapy that reverses the symptoms.
303436cc5755ed6d7e6a8d88fd47c2c79f897dcb	Psychological tests are also used to detect depression, which can both accompany Alzheimer's disease and cause cognitive decline.
b8d26935ed9ee378fdeb8805cef8642a32274d5c	SPECT and PET imaging equipment, if available, can be used to confirm the diagnosis together with other assessment methods, including mental status analysis.
ed85dea0627758b77388643a96c098d1c1077747	In people who already suffer from dementia, SPECT, according to some data, allows you to more effectively differentiate Alzheimer's disease from other causes, compared with standard testing and anamnesis review.
c3ae903161b5202f9e631112df39875c3f693cb1	The short lived radioactive isotope carbon 11 in the compound allows determining the distribution of this substance in the body and obtaining a picture of amyloid deposits in the patient's brain using a PET scanner.
931a489e7f3609e9ce889016427abe712b23a83c	It is also shown that the content of beta amyloid or tau protein in the cerebrospinal fluid can be an objective marker of the disease.
845e93dc041366656b1b256d3acb03913c822cfc	These two new methods have led to proposals for the development of new diagnostic criteria.
6964611bddc1fe3ae42712d76a416783b26a7797	Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease :
da37fee33b3cde4f5daf3d99c28c364e45ed60a0	Pharmacotherapy
364a52566ec0737f9e9556e199648cc912518efd	Regulatory agencies such as the FDA and EMEA have currently approved four drugs for the treatment of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease - three cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine, an NMDA antagonist.
ba05f6d0f28ec5016877e047fb4929c07e7c9526	At the same time, there are no such drugs, among the actions of which it would be indicated to slow down or stop the development of Alzheimer's disease.
6cddcb7f24d48719f4512dd5813ec806294896bd	A well known sign of Alzheimer's disease is a decrease in the activity of cholinergic neurons.
530a277885d738413c56b21fd7533ccc07904a89	Cholinesterase inhibitors reduce the rate of destruction of acetylcholine( ACh), increasing its concentration in the brain and compensating for the loss of ACh caused by the loss of cholinergic neurons.
1112593e01707e345241bd6307d152cddf78c6d3	As of 2008, doctors used such ACh inhibitors as donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine (in the form of tablets and patches) There is evidence of the effectiveness of these drugs at the initial and moderate stages, as well as some grounds for their use at a late stage.
5cd11e797e99de8de425be507e038ae6dbeabd1c	Only donepezil is approved for use in the onset of severe dementia.
78401288731d95bda817110a42d863d1e2d9af64	The use of these drugs in mild cognitive impairment did not slow down the onset of Alzheimer's disease.
b9611cdbd4cc4f50085bc96a85de574fe900501d	Among the side effects of drugs, the most common are nausea and vomiting associated with an excess of cholinergic activity, they occur in 10-10% of patients and can be weakly or moderately expressed.
61b8e323e7ddeb61dfb507592c3ea140dde83baa	Muscle spasms, bradycardia, decreased appetite, weight loss, increased acidity of gastric juice are less common.
b2056e2e55eb0431ee755269b721ffde59aca432	This process, called excitotoxicity, is noted not only in Alzheimer's disease, but also in other conditions, for example, in Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis.
1270920e2da6a5e4b21d39b82b6f3700703d3ea3	A drug called Memantine, originally used in the treatment of influenza, inhibits the activation of glutamate NMDA receptors.
9b18570036e600fa36334ce7297e10f90c65562d	Memantine has been shown to be moderately effective in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease, but it is not known how it acts at an early stage.
3f6484689cb49020b6709d1cdf43301bb5ddee7f	Rarely there are mild side effects, among them - hallucinations, confusion, dizziness, headache and fatigue.
dd4f634a3906bdd8384a866bca816d79e4dad528	In combination with donepezil, memantine demonstrates "statistically significant, but clinically barely noticeable effectiveness" in acting on cognitive indicators.
11b646ff3da81858bdd331f034a6e984fb959e14	At the same time, these drugs cause serious side effects, in particular, cerebrovascular complications, motor disorders and a decrease in cognitive abilities, which excludes their daily use.[151][152]
806209b24bd39a30a5585b2b4225d62a5e6dbd05	With prolonged administration of antipsychotics in Alzheimer's disease, there is an increased mortality rate.
a93ac453d48e1c85fb811243ef32eb8d34b92370	Psychosocial intervention
b5ca1257cbedfe9207a4425af06a55bf2f6ffe85	Psychosocial intervention complements pharmacological intervention and can be divided into the following approaches:
cbba4e29253688b946c615b8769bd6808182a87e	- behavioral;
d6a583c4b51431303660ca85cdd573b2d0a5703d	- emotional;
8b64435225f80eeeea63df8cd1c571b28e51de37	- cognitive;
d915b38c85400a7fb6205799a5f0d8b583610297	- stimulant oriented.
74c1645ed5f1adbf910d606adcdbf8e5acc6f12b	The effectiveness of the intervention is not yet covered in the scientific literature, besides, the approach itself does not apply to Alzheimer's disease, but to dementia in general.
00f2a043d072048440060278c57a02ae3bf80038	When using this approach, there was no improvement in the overall level of functioning, but it is possible to mitigate some individual problems, such as urinary incontinence.
7532c8bc602e363e6e2154c95dd0a97dc02cede0	There is not enough qualitative data on the impact of methods of this direction on other behavioral deviations, such as wandering.
74eee7cef4f00de8020d584dcca5ba1a44b954f6	Supportive psychotherapy has hardly been studied by scientific methods, but some clinical workers believe that it provides benefits when trying to help patients with mild illness adapt to the disease.
20c5f0e30ed044be9fe133800961c9cb6fe34011	Although the number of qualitative studies of the effectiveness of RT is small, there may be a positive impact of this method on the patient's thinking and attitude.
d20c08e6ba9cac9826d700bfdc3c2aeb67e6eae4	According to preliminary data, the level of anxiety decreases in patients undergoing SPT, their behavior becomes calmer.
c82c0f054edd30b362b2231f08e5c067648672ac	Validation therapy is based on the recognition of the reality and personal truth of another person's experiences, and during sensory integration sessions, the patient performs exercises designed to stimulate the senses.
be4ce58ce5d123094c202dc683d799bc32d82e2f	There is not much data to support these two methods.
dc21e364501bebba19a32e2eb594765cfed1b0d3	There was some improvement in cognitive capabilities when using as a pe both the first and the second method, however, in some studies this effect disappeared over time and negative manifestations were noted, for example, patient disappointment.
32316f6e09cc5b4b0e02335bec00cbc7e2121769	Anyway, such therapy is carried out mainly to improve the daily life of patients.
3cbb856405eb080e5442256286af6ced61488552	Prevention Of Alzheimer's Disease :
690f3841f218cf209bf77153f6f3eede3824ce05	To date, there is no solid evidence of the preventive action of any of the factors considered.
32e7ae55f605e26aba229cca83844c5c2563d9e2	At the same time, epidemiological studies suggest that some correctable factors - diet, risk of cardiovascular diseases, medication intake, mental activity, and others - are associated with the likelihood of developing the disease.
77c22720ee1c5352e33702330d9012e7b0cd0c32	However, real evidence of their ability to prevent the disease can be obtained only in the course of additional research, which will include clinical studies.
7cb2e3246677e0df2feb34325e67d5571925ede6	The ingredients of the Mediterranean diet, including fruits and vegetables, bread, wheat and other cereals, olive oil, fish and red wine, may be able to individually or together reduce the risk and mitigate the course of Alzheimer's disease.
3a58d4a4c6d34bbd9a5e1591f38cbf674df45b5f	Taking some vitamins, including B12, B3, C and folic acid, has been associated with a reduced risk of developing the disease in some studies, but other studies indicate that there is no significant effect on the onset and course of the disease and the likelihood of side effects.
b14d3ae36906706d57f25ff4bc4f15b950326817	Curcumin, contained in a common spice, in a study on mice showed some ability to prevent certain pathological changes in the brain.
3861dbcc34f04bcbd2721dcaa1e209caa9d633be	Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, such as high cholesterol and hypertension, diabetes, smoking, are associated with an increased risk and a more severe course of Alzheimer's disease, but cholesterol lowering drugs (statins) have not shown effectiveness in preventing it or improving the condition of patients.
a773d2da088480ea9d65bdc7c3c3fadcd7232fc1	Long term use of nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs is associated with a reduced probability of developing the disease in some people.
771c2384c7599474cbcf458a86b4c034a495cb74	Other medications, such as hormone replacement therapy in women, are no longer considered effective in preventing dementia.
e906a3d927798ee24b0ebfa7ddee88e347e5ab3c	A systematic review of ginkgo biloba conducted in 2007 indicates the inconsistent and inconclusive nature of the presented evidence of the drug's effect on cognitive impairment, and another study indicates that there is no effect on morbidity.
f1635ecad927937b120abc1f5b06de40e0ab465d	Intellectual activities, such as reading, board games, solving crosswords, playing musical instruments, regular communication, may be able to slow down the onset of the disease or mitigate its development.
017dfe70038488e8d16a6dcdbb8086a00d6a781c	Bilingual proficiency is associated with a later onset of Alzheimer's disease.
1964bb02452cb3ef590a390556f1ab552d249337	Some studies suggest an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease in those people whose work is associated with exposure to magnetic fields, ingestion of metals, especially aluminum, or the use of solvents.
bd738e5b82b2e15fda2a9c93512a8413e6e229c1	Some of these publications have been criticized for the poor quality of the work, besides, other studies have not found a link between environmental factors and the development of Alzheimer's disease.
7fc19b2f811cc6d2cb98e0907849faaec303a0b2	Which doctors should you contact if you have Alzheimer's disease :
628dcc83ed6bff4ef1b37a8dc33cedbea1bfdda2	Psychiatrist
e666e82bd41d36bf7efda65f68bdf7ebeb851b8f	Neurologist
fb9f800ee955e59b339e8032a8b441b7cf852311	Is something bothering you?
728c8de398a49a927db2ec61fb730744cb83d7a4	Do you want to learn more detailed information about Alzheimer's disease , its causes, symptoms, methods of treatment and prevention, the course of the disease and diet after it?
0b79c34322981555f334f10fa3fdc2700aff2418	Or do you need an examination?
7d6263799cc6ddc90b1dc3dc8c9b7bc5d5d712bd	You can make an appointment with a doctor – the Eurolab clinic is always at your service!
caca4c80165a1f69124a75bc5d55bbcbe1e2155b	The best doctors will examine you, study the external signs and help you determine the disease by the symptoms, consult you and provide the necessary assistance and make a diagnosis.
e08de156f091aad12a3300258d5a8edabf1cbe43	You can also call a doctor at home.
2fa87a58cdbd18e8220dc2e527b58d88022e4948	The Eurolab clinic is open for you around the clock.
fa9728680dc30abf4a1d1c753bbd2b71b808548e	How to contact the clinic:
f24a9a9a8b0e803223a1dfe43c043fef0d18d2a9	The phone number of our clinic in Kiev: (+38 044) 206-20-00 (multi channel).
443d06e400ad8b2dd74fd2bc4f417c975a175c5d	The clinic secretary will choose a convenient day and hour for your visit to the doctor.
58998b10d77cc864e14a137d7033eb17a6532bf1	Our coordinates and driving directions are listed here.
b9cf062a38acf746531b0ac79fb188437b81b997	Take a closer look at all the clinic's services on its personal page.
e1845919cf59b2d2792df4f24aac8922fb03ecb9	(+38 044) 206-20-00
9ada999bbd6bb4305ef599702b20c2ccd5a3beff	If you have previously performed any studies, be sure to take their results to a doctor's consultation.
15dca7f1381d28ed28eb56cef1f9aefe457aa40a	If the studies were not performed, we will do everything necessary in our clinic or with our colleagues in other clinics.
bd3828792b6793a08a2586d45642da452ee982fa	From you ?
94bee6b3061784c3754c719e8be9fc0e152c9a9a	It is necessary to take a very careful approach to the state of your health in general.
f964f61ceed1c8cb0c067f4fdf8a91b36c9d7717	People do not pay enough attention to the symptoms of diseases and do not realize that these diseases can be life threatening.
ec6faec8e5711b74dcb3ba308bfbc3b589050c11	There are many diseases that do not manifest themselves in our body at first, but in the end it turns out that, unfortunately,it is too late to treat them.
2cd08fbc4b58894f7b4766c67e96089af906863f	Each disease has its own specific signs, characteristic external manifestations – the so called symptoms of the disease.
bd016246347e305470e28beada57f1409b0edbc3	The definition of symptoms is the first step in the diagnosis of diseases in general.
04e32be78f933caea7d980b4fbfac51f331ef68f	To do this, it is simply necessary to undergo a doctor's examination several times a year in order not only to prevent a terrible disease, but also to maintain a healthy spirit in the body and the body as a whole.
5c9d0e1584af04fa16a1ad338af2cec2ce3dfd2f	If you want to ask a question to a doctor, use the online consultation section, perhaps you will find answers to your questions there and read tips on self care.
9f54a21dde5f270c51e5b4e6c36565348aa2e05f	If you are interested in reviews about clinics and doctors try to find the information you need on the forum.
bc40de4fc52ffb32d559e4054229f67beaff953f	Also, register on the Eurolab medical portal to be constantly updated with the latest news and updates of information on the site, which will be automatically sent to your email.
99baedc8aa0e4d11159e3d1c048e858253fea41a	Other diseases from the group Mental disorders and behavioral disorders:
bf91e86f99da80eb2e0fda0f525fec4c835d13ed	Agoraphobia
818c2afd72f5b898a38c4792577d2f4d0fb4c1ac	Agoraphobia (fear of empty spaces)
075877c6064515845021b31da582312d3767f599	Anancastic (obsessive compulsive) personality disorder
e3bddae3a33512e5343c6f4840602b2d444c488d	Anorexia nervosa
c561f2270738cb8c90dc0fee3e1a6038a6ebaf64	Asthenic disorder (asthenia)
dda8e7f13747fd5799f382053d4dd1b1bff34a67	Affective disorder
8f88fd4ee8949ecf51ccec56cdb61b662cc3d309	Affective mood disorders
70602165e8e24cda650efb422ccce9db30b55502	Insomnia of an inorganic nature
35a97940eca8cdb1e8d28c9c66c765d008b80af7	Bipolar affective disorder
93cf7049e97aa412bf8905550377a9f079e78cd3	Delusional disorder
0cf0ffd2584f752c4a0e0abc070120f192738aa3	Bulimia nervosa
9d4b1f0a3ef614972a35e371dee4104656736b4d	Vaginismus of an inorganic nature
a1b5c6ea03642f391e2bf00930ca7cc1425d8368	Voyeurism
00726b72ba98f3eedf16a4c60cd75e164d60596e	Generalized anxiety disorder
fc185a31915e808e7ffb6a587e6101f2795c5edb	Hyperkinetic disorders
b37b5413fef6cf2eefa29b861ceec18a7a511539	Hypersomnia of an inorganic nature
6c644bbf49b5da21103c711e29bc8618a9a9257f	Hypomania
7438ff2d5246e40a19b270c8b4405a069fea7a7d	Motor and volitional disorders
0bcb2614ef70d273496a3b4ea8ab59b77adf268e	Delirium
55782f7919348adf9d33908ccb1b1a3bf4dc7fef	Delirium not caused by alcohol or other psychoactive substances
9c0f1ef0da8c436c8549c5e2153ec5e49eb00953	Dementia in Alzheimer's disease
c0a758780d038ecab259902b2909e8e2ad3cc0d5	Dementia in Huntington's disease
795620a0accad188945c0092e30ef7dc1befb681	Dementia in Creutzfeldt Jakob disease
0c56f994d12f485c7b32abe7303b311c60df411d	Dementia in Parkinson's disease
7877be6d67d6846aa8cc75323be4c0bad6ca4396	Dementia in Pick's disease
0c3115540e5bab54c5bb4ace6e9a3795df0c5c11	Dementia in diseases caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
45d029810158c89cedb1173b6c71ff2a829dc609	Recurrent depressive disorder
eb2378f0ca112bf906087c752ae10582be543804	Depressive episode
086bb3fdbe23c69d713662bff2dabe048052e7e3	Children's autism
0c77d6c4f4347923c8aae0211e6e1e98933144bc	Disocial personality disorder
80649bf21561527664a73b3c2d1167f117e391b6	Dyspareonia of inorganic nature
e689329ba6693ef96c97b73ab8bc5868fdb2d312	Dissociative amnesia
9de9a1c666ab0d544f5a71fbb119fbbd31e61f5e	Dissociative anesthesia
7616d0ab7ddec685ff0e85d478e3aa6531d7bd54	Dissociative fugue
d5bc8cf92e1c0e0abe4ff2c8b3b03d1520fd3271	Dissociative disorder
762134fc607b7541a0cebde886c83f37e133f59b	Dissociative (conversion) disorders
df32adafd5b95062d41a3f68b3863fb966c71249	Dissociative motor disorders
ec1a09b594ed917fac37c1f516926e97cafb4d5a	Dissociative seizures
10df413aded796c0985b163f9e4e8f690d9d2f54	Dissociative stupor
b38d0fbc6ebed6581d11f2762e510f5235b7f7e4	Dysthymia (depressive mood)
b7b278e0e916a49ac1cf4c4c67fb2ba48e80615b	Dysthymia (mood decline)
e3e2cc54da60946bfbdd3e68ba51da03b6a2c929	Other organic personality disorders
bf40da504b1eaa6b42188853c884205ae2a6fd04	Dependent personality disorder
7ea023a71f2abf5f43af3ba7e89a2ea7bb03d29e	Stuttering
7332c940af829bf804c3fea84be605f4e378717a	Induced delusional disorder
45e8f9af06e5fccebca92036ec2dedc7b946262a	Hypochondriac disorder
8a7b8c7d853e258f9393199b10a201a18e9c2ec0	Hysterical personality disorder
c9cab030daa50b75e3f74f9d643841f1035dfc71	Catatonic syndrome
e09d5af9285c43b9059eecb3bdd05b816dc4eb36	Catatonic disorder of an organic nature
db4120323cb2a23591594ec76b0894501d0b9dd6	Nightmares
687a4454dfa9074d2103e005db323c747bf7368a	A mild depressive episode
63e7e291d1a2ea4895f709f2a2374e9c3114a826	Mild cognitive impairment
17eec396882480f494291a56e4c2faed17c0e7b0	Manic episode
a248c9d555fa345979610fafddad234cdb645b60	Mania without psychotic symptoms
7f6ae9e740e60c0ea7ff9f63a011103664aada92	Mania with psychotic symptoms
9603a4eb11494818561eef7cff3098f6eeb7298c	Violation of activity and attention
654780f8cc560228849cad007b6d350498e11f51	Violation of psychological development
8b25e28594889b643a1a8b5b28031a7cc2ef660c	Neurasthenia
051b3f74413731613dd8d65876deec9dcad39cf6	Undifferentiated somatoform disorder
f58ec939e149620e92d6a085cb59e98c0ad96c9a	Inorganic encopresis
e301cdd9797ad30b589a5128d67bf18a18ccd4bb	Inorganic enuresis
2eb54d47cc0fe98236c50887c5ad6769e5f9ed65	Obsessive compulsive disorder
5da5d37aecb939367981c0375a183835ac1d891c	Orgasmic dysfunction
789be99fb8f3b69cb24e820e4d9c85424db1855e	Organic (affective) mood disorders
8340860c52618a7d0ae2fa8d2bfe45c610156b8e	Organic amnesic syndrome
ae4b7718679e2b9c1508066a8a96e4ec0dfcc714	Organic hallucinosis
6220e119f9e3c16605534c5ef2b8642e386c2840	Organic delusional (schizophrenic) disorder
603e103ed01afdf191b8fc6adbe50abfe265ae13	Organic dissociative disorder
9e72c4f0089082dedfe109866d8a4d873b3fdff4	Organic personality disorder
317a9d80d64b965a38bc4cc7d98454439ce658f9	Organic emotionally labile (asthenic) disorder
ba760e95bb7d8cc143982ff7f774e51766d798e4	Acute reaction to stress
5f0f72c23ad27a9272882871a00ea2cfd0cef667	Acute polymorphic psychotic disorder
c17b0de1dcf053735a410a25d84457e1fd100a0e	Acute polymorphic psychotic disorder with symptoms of schizophrenia
07ecff53e6e013913cd47599727efcffc1d80af4	Acute schizophrenic like psychotic disorder
97be0a95b3d316832daf1f47a8d5a440e281dede	Acute and transient psychotic disorders
ca90d78f2df60c9e8e605f698328bd55e31aff21	No genital reaction
6e7e9f2cea711dbc2a25dba76b4aaf333a12a676	Lack or loss of sexual desire
13760f62e52c0de6881db41c4ca03d1aae0504c1	Panic disorder
32c9f61964a3d843b68670a22de7aea50836f8ff	Paranoid personality disorder
e42c6227610d570b59c74b78bddce9f26bd96e9e	Pathological tendency to gambling (ludomania)
b03426522dc0a1b5dd82f996d7c791f70828604f	Pathological arson (pyromania)
793b7c28268e9116468b618db9e7a7afa7b6ce94	Pathological theft (kleptomania)
e067fcf82c9d045a0daacadd5234277597ba9f71	Pedophilia
d28bbd296a57a259ba0204a0d76581bc0679c05c	Increased sexual desire
272270feac0bf251447b7f5a9050ad4b2912321d	Eating inedible (peak) in infancy and childhood
2da86b5239e3f9f6c5b9083ace7e0010caf28fff	Post concussion syndrome
2d6680fa5ceb092980277aac8421f40d10a27287	PTSD
37912df60bc81bf53d255953156bedf4a472b45a	Post traumatic stress disorder
3dce3f2d3081038a5ab854d38db6dbf6fcfb7fb6	Postencephalitic syndrome
7d76270e60aa69118db58f4397b3f4847e62c78e	Premature ejaculation
191fde229bae6779a5512661ac9266fe2de5a124	Acquired aphasia with epilepsy (Landau Kleffner syndrome)
bb9513dd401828b84e7c983af088e82359d8da79	Mental and behavioral disorders due to alcohol consumption
e213ab3b5360a6fddbcd5aa18affb616a36e41ac	Mental and behavioral disorders due to the use of hallucinogens
9ae57a66512c3060d49bde15cb382b247ed39a17	Mental and behavioral disorders due to the use of cannabioids
62f20b9b52d8824673a9416d04ae0814cfef2f32	Mental and behavioral disorders due to cocaine use
87baa048282a8f149e3a9929a165923bec96a5ba	Mental and behavioral disorders due to caffeine use
9a8c890eae24edbd03f0f8db2b618c232be4b94f	Mental and behavioral disorders due to the use of volatile solvents
126479cc5f8008e7f7b9894334a2b73f5755b5e9	Mental and behavioral disorders due to opioid use
3910e4185dbf2bfee367cdb3107aa94c23fc74ec	Mental and behavioral disorders due to the use of psychoactive substances
33dd2b1c68691473af0494c776ee8d11e9f4a07d	Mental and behavioral disorders due to the use of sedatives and hypnotics
53ba940b263589b1b812cdd18558a6196c9598ce	Mental and behavioral disorders due to tobacco use
a08b067a267f2149d70b2418047016d633b2e2ab	Mental and behavioral disorders associated with the postpartum period
331aa332a97455995df36484266223df4b3611b6	Intellectual disorders
7b28ff0e62d6a7ee147fc270a3678327547092d9	Behavioral disorders
5dd7e2eeb199c4881b80dc037ef21113e0c97211	Disorders of sexual identification in children
7f82e414043ec92b373d56e234666a0eb6c3a483	Disorders of habits and drives
cdbefb91412b2382723fac0d88f4f41c9d7fdbb4	Disorders of sexual preference
c3049fa875690474185bc87216f54bd29da154f6	Sleep disorders of an inorganic nature
94f15a36d50e47e4a3dc8e2b3f4fdbd101a6cd45	Disorders of emotions and affect
c69daa320a09e92ac8bd9edd387d03e20c24bd25	Perception and imagination disorder
7174536020931b392fd57ec231453e63779a900a	Personality disorder
b33ea38068d13642e44ea58b2376930c4ebfc22f	Multiple personality disorder
e571820fde353adfc943edec85fc1fb29b436ebd	Thinking disorder
b4a5817fed73bc1c4347d6ddd9f508789809980d	Memory and attention disorder
5f1d54970130cf84032ebbd239de1399537e890f	Eating disorder in infancy and childhood
9b9b5257bf31c7247eb9999723ebfedc7206b85b	Puberty disorder
7ed2bb72bbd4b0e989d44af8e9106b75bb727efb	Disorder of adaptive reactions
9c4563042510e469726bf0a71fe7eed3fe960529	Receptive speech disorder
7e985bdf6b8c36757e5ecf0538efbcbba63f0e00	Sexual connection disorder
0d703d09420a5777581adde75eaefae00c4f6247	Disorder of consciousness
acf30cfa1541383261365829aa1e19fbc8bce436	Expressive speech disorder
ffe86179d62535aa06cd001cd1147fadd33da7c9	Speech excitedly
118d46ed00c9ad90d51884438cf3215dd3bd68f7	Sado masochism
080bfdde2c0213ed137705317e033b8dda645338	Sexual aversion and lack of sexual satisfaction
50bb26d4f5d8b83090a384853e53bf42dc3afdc3	Stendhal Syndrome
d8eeaa07ef823a84d348a3fa1b7b4ec0f4f1f1db	Asperger's syndrome (autistic psychopathy, schizoid disorder of childhood)
50165c300ebf5abc58b09b284b651a688b0b0758	Geller syndrome (symbiotic psychosis, childhood dementia, Geller - Zappert disease)
2dcb7060af9c420ff93e616307c93854c55f877d	De la Tourette Syndrome
7bb630c8c82f6675d80ee453fea140cd33998be9	Lennox - Gastaut syndrome
ac6730edaabf3ca3bce2b6ced95474bf27d12d3b	Otahara Syndrome
4ad439b2b64125b98d7846e9e99495ed770fb5df	Rasmussen's progressive encephalopathy syndrome
1b5aebec4d70a34d059f625f3cea4e0b789bccb8	Rett Syndrome
5a3e29b1a4394f855d68df37ff9fa82c45c2fa83	West's Syndrome
eb1a577cec0dd77fb01c4eb7c643051385776202	Sleepwalking (somnambulism)
e0517e1fb2cfd5596582c600f8f4acc1846c0c3b	Somatized disorder
cfeec38c9550984a37793f4c69f7b8375211b23b	Somatoform dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system
3deb2d7f298387f80d7a41c2b7a4e165f7bc4d68	Somatoform disorders
bd9ab7818d01d14ba7a5deaf5f6ca876dcaaba0c	Vascular dementia
5ff7863a6735be7440894e8d45db77f9f3358fbf	Social phobias
9f02ffc9205f46f4778140cdcecc4b9be91bf78d	Specific (isolated) phobias
38fd07edb3e451b3784456a44a1d479e1a6512c2	Specific personality disorders
cc0df2b9bda719b08a423f626a3b13283447e01e	Specific speech development disorders
82de92f74558f5ea6c3d2623d7cf4f63b7a34915	Specific disorders of the development of school skills
9e7a7f8dbbc6e77865884916209d9f88fd8185ac	Specific speech articulation disorder
19682d55014b42223262306f0e67d04a7ce1dde7	Specific disorder of the development of motor functions
a522f2b828536764f811b96c894b00ff9ebd7971	Tic disorders
edee81b9b123355f351867f51325d96347a35e4d	Transient tic disorder
4f2e350613d76a7e6153221d48b70241256a342e	Trance and obsession
9b5ead0b5d09b8602c3b02c7a200d22ba20fa537	Double role transvestism
80ec9e8cf5fa43115032b2ae2e2bd2f64dde2b91	Transsexualism
1786417f373890dbd5e89ddf62a2d15ccacfea98	Trances and states of mastery
e6d7635cbdb914eacabd5ad6bc3bf15f97b8c966	Anxiety phobic disorders
8ed9337f6aa52f9adff0a8ca8ae8f408ad4451a2	Anxiety (evasive) personality disorder
dd54d536269257628ea20c5122c087a00de2e823	Anxiety disorder
192457c949330fd44f23e60158aa9a01f4ab96b8	An anxiety disorder of an organic nature
0670a49ce62c8bdf7cbc41d03056ed3e2a4c71a1	Trichotillomania (tendency to pull out hair)
7380f6f3e109d9b8d360feba8c83ca9abd4f62f6	Severe depressive episode without psychotic symptoms
fab242ee5d608b452dde995f317dfa76f91c4f95	Severe depressive episode with psychotic symptoms
ce51799cec8ce1d9f3c642e747a9bc9beb5a40dc	Horrors during sleep (night terrors)
e0a8e88afab907a8a4e1bebb984dc4c54f7039b7	Moderate depressive episode
cedae909b38cf73807894687e5ee20e367db4f35	Mental retardation
cf8c535c43b48fc73e3336bb98086a5528b5869d	Febrile convulsions
17f702b818169c687f46f219effc8eaefd873501	Fetishism
b94581873c576a072f43b5f89a47f8b35c36b634	Fetishistic transvestism
16cdb93a13151e29395d7f409221aded1a2606db	Specific (isolated)phobias
2e4b93a57ef1a25c0b8c8d38c6c5bcdadff29e77	Phobic